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camps #cej #be4 ,au/ria4 ,jahn4 ,joseph ,,ii4 ,bee?ov5 #cea ,*ap4 ,,xix--,free?\ght 9 ! ,rema9+ ,european ,/ates #a4 ,holl&4 ,elizabe? ,wolff4 ,le5h(4 ,booms4 ,influ5ce ( ,bayle4 ,pass]ano4 ,lack ( native free?\ght lit]ature #ceb #b4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,/ates4 #a4 ,c\rse ( ! ,re=mation4 ,subsequ5t w>s4 ,retrogression 9 ,d5m>k #ced #b4 ,holb]g's ,nicolas ,klimius #cee #c4 ,sw$54 ,que5 ,*ri/9a #ceg #d4 ,sw$5borg #ceh #e4 ,upp]-class indiff]5ce4 ,gu/avus ,,iii4 ,kjellgr5 & ,bellman4 ,torild4 ,retrogression 9 ,sw$5 #cei #f4 ,revival ( ?\ght 9 ,d5m>k4 ,/ru5see4 ,m>y ,woll/onecraft's survey #cfa #c4 ,! ,slavonic ,/ates4 #a4 ,pol&4 ,lisz9ski #cfb #b4 ,russia4 ,nikon4 ,pet] ! ,great4 ,kantemir4 ,ca!r9e #cfc #d4 ,italy4 #a4 ,decl9e "u ,spani% ,rule4 ,naples #cfe #b4 ,vico #cfe #c4 ,subsequ5t sci5tific ?\ght4 ,g5]al revival ( free?\ght "u ,fr5* influ5ce #cfg #d4 ,becc>ia4 ,alg>otti4 ,filangi]i4 ,galiani4 ,g5ovesi4 ,alfi]i4 ,bett9elli4 ,d&olo4 ,giannone4 ,alg>otti & ! ,popes4 ,! sci5tific revival4 ,progress & reaction 9 ,tuscany4 ,effects ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution #cfh #e4 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 #a4 ,progress "u ,b\rbon rule 9 ,spa94 ,ar&a4 ,d',alba #cgb #b4 ,tyranny ( ! ,inquisition4 ,ar&a4 ,olavids #cgc #c4 ,duke ( ,almodob>4 ,d',az>a4 ,ricla #cgc #d4 ,! case ( ,samaniego #cgd #e4 ,bails4 ,cagnuelo4 ,c5t5o #cge #f4 ,fax>do4 ,iri>te #cge #g4 ,i/a4 ,salas #cgf #h4 ,reaction aft] ,*>les ,,iii #cgf #i4 ,portugal4 ,pombal #cgg #f4 ,switz]l&4 ,soc9ianism & its sequel4 ,! ,turrett9i4 ,g5eva & ,r\sseau4 ,burlamaqui4 ,spread ( deism #cgh ,*ap4 ,,xx--,e>ly ,free?\ght 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #a4 ,deism ( ! revolution>y /atesm5 #cha #b4 ,fir/ traces ( unbelief4 ,frankl9 #cha #c4 ,jeff]son4 ,john ,adams4 ,wa%+ton #chb #d4 ,?omas ,pa9e #chc #e4 ,pa9e's treatm5t 9 ,am]ica #chd #f4 ,palm]4 ,h\/on4 ,deism & ,unit>ianism #che ,*ap4 ,,xxi4--,free?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? 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,africa #dae #af4 ,developm5ts 9 ,sw$5 #dag #ag4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,+]soll4 ,l9coln4 ,/eph5 ,d\glas4 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass4 ,academic p]secution4 ,*anges ( front #dai ,section #b4--;,biblical ,criticism #a4 ,rationalism 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,s*lei]ma*] reaction3 its h]etical "*4 ,or?odox ho/ility #dbj #b4 ,progress 9 bo? camps4 ,/rauss's critical syncretism #dbc #c4 ,criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel #dbe #d4 ,/rauss's a*ievem5t #dbe #e4 ,(ficial reaction #dbf #f4 ,fre% advance4 ,s*wegl]4 ,bruno ,bau] #dbf #g4 ,/rauss's second ,life ( ,jesus4 ,8 politics4 ,8 ,voltaire & ,old & ,new ,fai?4 ,8 total influ5ce #dbh #h4 ,fluctuat+ progress ( criticism4 ,important issues pass$-by4 ,nork4 ,ghillany4 ,daum]4 ,ew]beck4 ,col5so4 ,ku554 ,kalis*4 ,wellhaus5 #dca #i4 ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,baur4 ,zell]4 ,van ,man5 #dcd #aj4 ,fall+-(f 9 ,g]man c&idates = ! m9i/ry z 9 congregations4 ,(ficial or?odox pressures #dce #aa4 ,attack & def5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,tract>ian reaction4 ,progress ( criticism4 ,h5nell4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,p>k]4 ,engli% publici/s3 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman2 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay2 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg4 ,translations4 ,e4 ,p4 ,m]$i?2 ,?omas ,scott2 ,w4 ,r4 ,cassels #dcg #ab4 ,new ,te/am5t criticism 9 ,france4 ,r5an & ,havet #dci ,section #c4--,poetry & ,g5]al ,lit]ature #a4 ,! ,fr5* lit]>y reaction4 ,*ateaubri& #ddj #b4 ,pr$om9ance ( free?\ght 9 lat] belles lettres #dda #c4 ,brang]4 ,de ,musset4 ,victor ,hugo4 ,leconte de ,lisle4 ,! critics4 ,! reactioni/s #ddb #d4 ,poetry 9 ,engl&4 ,%elley4 ,col]idge4 ,! romantic movem5t4 ,scott4 ,byron4 ,keats #ddc #e4 ,*>les ,lamb #dde #f4 ,c>lyle4 ,mill4 ,fr\de #ddg #g4 ,or?odoxy & con=mity4 ,ba9's view ( ,c>lyle1 ,macaulay1 & ,lyell #ddh #h4 ,! lit]>y influ5ce4 ,rusk94 ,arnold4 ,intellectual prepond]ance ( rationalism #dej #i4 ,engli% fiction f ,miss ,edgewor? to ! pres5t "t #dea #aj4 ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies #deb #aa4 ,poetry s9ce ,%elley #deb #ab4 ,am]ican belles lettres #dec #ac4 ,leop>di4 ,c>ducci4 ,klei/4 ,he9e #ded #ad4 ,russian belles lettres #def #ae4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,/ates #deg ,section #d4--,! ,natural ,sci5ces #a4 ,progress 9 cosmology4 ,laplace & mod]n a/ronomy4 ,or?odox resi/ance4 ,leslie #deg #b4 ,physiology 9 ,france4 ,cabanis #dei #c4 ,physiology 9 ,engl&4 ,lawr5ce4 ,morgan #dfa #d4 ,geology aft] ,hutton4 ,hugh ,mill]4 ,bad5 ,p[ell #dfb #e4 ,d>w9 #dfd #f4 ,rob]t ,*amb]s #dfd #g4 ,or?odox resi/ance4 ,g5]al advance #dfe #h4 ,triumph ( evolutionism4 ,sp5c]4 ,clif=d4 ,huxley #dff ,section #e4--,! ,sociological ,sci5ces #a4 ,eighte5?-c5tury sociology4 ,salv]te4 ,*>les ,comte4 ,augu/e ,comte #dfh #b4 ,progress 9 ,engl&4 ,or?odoxy ( ,hallam4 ,c>lyle4 ,grote4 ,?irlwall4 ,long #dfh #c4 ,sociology prop]4 ,or?odox ho/ility #dfi #d4 ,my?ology & an?ropology4 ,tylor4 ,sp5c]4 ,avebury4 ,fraz] #dgj ,section #f4--,philosophy & ,e?ics #a4 ,fi*te4 ,s*ell+4 ,hegel #dga #b4 ,g]many aft] ,hegel4 ,s*op5hau]4 ,h>tmann #dgd #c4 ,feu]ba*4 ,/irn] #dge #d4 ,arnold ,ruge #dgh #e4 ,b*n] #dgh #f4 ,philosophy 9 ,france4 ,ma9e de ,biran4 ,c\s94 ,j\ffroy #dgi #g4 ,movem5t ( ,lam5nais #dhj #h4 ,comte & ,comtism #dhc #i4 ,philosophy 9 ,brita94 ,b5?am4 ,james ,mill4 ,grote4 ,political rationalism #dhd #aj4 ,hamilton4 ,mansel4 ,sp5c] #dhe #aa4 ,semi-rationalism 9 ! *ur*es #dhg #ab4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill #dhi ,section #g4--,mod]n ,jewry ,jewi% influ5ce 9 philosophy s9ce ,sp9oza4 ,mod]n balance ( t5d5cies #dhi ,section #h4--,! ,ori5tal ,civilizations ,asiatic intellectual life4 ,japan4 ,discussions on ,japanese psy*osis4 ,fukuzawa4 ,! rec5t ,cult ( ! ,emp]or4 ,*9a4 ,india4 ,turkey4 ,greece #dij ,conclusion #dii ,index #ejc ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,mod]n ,,free?\ght--7,cont9u$7 #d4 ,engl& ,:ile ,france 0 ?us pass+ f g5]al fanaticism to a l>ge measure ( free?\ght1 ,engl& 0 pass+ by a less tempe/u\s pa? to a h>dly less advanc$ /age ( op9ion4 ,x 0 inde$ a bloody age2 & 9 #aece we h record ( n9ete5 m5 & five wom5 ( ,holl&1 app>5tly ,anabapti/s1 :o d5i$ ! humanity ( ,*ri/ & reject$ infant baptism & transub/antiation1 be+ s5t5c$ to be burn$ alive--two suff]+ at ,smi?field1 & ! re/ at o!r t[ns1 by way ( example4 ,o!rs 9 ,h5ry's reign suff]$ ! same p5alty = ! same (f5ce2 & 9 #aech a prie/ nam$ ,ni*olson or ,lamb]t1 refus+ on ! ,k+'s p]sonal pressure to recant1 0 br5t 9 ,smi?field = d5y+ ! bodily pres5ce 9 ! eu*>i/4 #a ,! fir/ decades ( ,re=mation 9 ,engl& truly saw ! op5+ ( new vials ( blood4 ,m & ,fi%] & scores ( less] m5 di$ z ,ca?olics = d5y+ ! ,k+'s supremacy 9 religion2 z _m m = d5y+ ! ,ca?olic t5ets :i* ! ,k+ held to ! la/2 & n a few by ! cons5t ( ,m & ,fi%] = translat+ or circulat+ ! sacr$ books4 ,latim]1 m>tyr$ "u ,m>y1 _h applaud$ ! burn+ ( ! ,anabapti/s4 ,"o g5]ation slew = d5ial ( ! humanity ( ,*ri/2 ! next = d5ial ( 8 div9ity4 ,"u ,edw>d ,,vi !re 7 burn$ no ,ca?olics1 b sev]al h]etics1 includ+ ,joan ,bo*] & a ,dut* ,unit>ian1 ,george ,van ,p>e1 describ$ z a man ( sa9tly life4 #b ,/ill ! ,engli% evolution 0 less de/ructive ?an ! ,fr5* or ! ,g]man1 & ! comp>ative bloodlessness ( ! /rife betwe5 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic "u ,m>y #c & ,elizabe?1 ! treatm5t ( ! ,jesuit propag&a "u ! latt] que5 z a political r ?an a doctr9al "q1 #d prev5t$ any su* vehem5ce ( recoil f religi\s ideals z took place 9 ,france4 ,:5 9 #aege ! law ,de hretico combur5do1 :i* _h slept = sev5te5 ye>s1 0 set to "w anew "u ,elizabe?1 ! fir/ victims 7 ,dut* ,anabapti/s4 ,( a congregation ( !m at ,aldgate1 tw5ty-sev5 7 imprison$1 ( :om t5 7 burn$1 & ! re/ deport$4 ,two o!rs1 ,john ,wielmack] & ,h5dri* ,t] ,woort1 7 anti-,tr9it>ians1 & 7 burn$ accord+ly4 ,foxe appeal$ to ! ,que5 to appo9t any puni%m5t %ort ( dea?1 or ev5 t ( hang+1 r ?an ! horrible dea? by burn+2 b 9 va94 ,all p>ties at ! "t concurr$ 9 approv+ ! c\rse tak54 #e ,or?odoxy 0 rampant4 ,unbelief1 z we h se51 h[ev]1 !re c]ta9ly 02 & x is record$ t ,walt]1 ,e>l ( ,essex1 on 8 dea?b$ at ,dubl9 9 #aegf1 murmur$ t among 8 c\ntrym5 nei!r ,pop]y nor ,prote/antism prevail$3 !re 0 no?+ b infidelity1 infidelity1 infidelity2 a!ism1 a!ism2 no religion1 no religion4 #f ,& :5 we turn aside f ! beat5 pa?s ( ,elizabe?an lit]ature we see cle>ly :at is p>tly visible f ^? pa?s--a numb] ( free?9k+ v>iations f ! norm ( fai?4 ,as*am1 z we saw1 f\nd "s semblance ( a!ism %ock+ly common among ! travell$ upp] class ( 8 day2 & ! te/imonies cont9ue4 ,edw>d ,kirke1 writ+ 8 glosses to ,sp5s]'s ,%eph]d's ,cal5d> 9 #aegh1 obs]ves t x 0 an old op9ion1 & yet is cont9u$ 9 "s m5's conceit1 t m5 ( ye>s h no fe> ( ,god at all1 or n s mu* z y\ng] folk1 exp]i5ce hav+ made !m skeptical4 ,erasmus1 he notes1 9 8 ,adages makes ! prov]b ,nemo s5ex metuit ,jovem signify m]ely t old m5 are f> f sup]/ition & belief 9 false ,gods4 ,b ,kirke insi/s t1 8 great le>n+ not)/&+1 x is too pla9 to be ga9said t old m5 are mu* m incl9$ to su* fond fool]ies ?an y\ng] m51 #g app>5tly mean+ t eld]ly m5 9 8 day 7 commonly skeptical ab\t div9e provid5ce4 ,o!r writ]s ( ! day d n limit unbelief to ! ag$4 ,lilly1 9 8 ,euphues 7#aegh71 ref]r+ to ,engl& 9 g5]al or ,ox=d 9 p>ticul> z ,a!ns1 asks3 ,be !re n _m 9 ,a!ns :i* ?9k !re is no ,god1 no r$emption1 no resurrection8 ,fur!r1 he compla9s t x 0 op5ly report$ ( an old man 9 ,naples t !re 0 m lightness 9 ,a!ns ?an 9 all ,italy 444 m ,papi/s1 m ,a!i/s1 m sects1 m s*isms1 ?an 9 all ! mon>*ies 9 ! _w2 #h & he proce$s to frame an absurd dialogue ( ,euphues & ,a!os1 9 :i* ! latt]1 mon/r\s1 yet tractable to be p]suad$1 #i is conv]t$ ) a burlesque facility4 ,lilly1 :o writes z a man-(-!-_w believ]1 is a poor witness z to ! a!i/ic argum5ts curr5t2 b ^? he cites are s mu* bett] ?an 8 own1 up to ! po9t ( t]rifi$ collapse on ! a!i/'s "p1 t he _h d\btless he>d !m4 ,! a!i/ speaks z a pan!i/1 id5tify+ deity ) ! univ]se2 & readily meets a simple appeal to ,scripture ) ! reply t :osoev] d5ie? a godhead d5ie? also ! ,scriptures :i* te/ifie ( him4 #aj ,b 9 "o ( 8 own plays1 play$ 9 #aehd1 ,lilly puts on ! /age a glimpse ( curr5t controv]sy 9 a fa%ion :i* sugge/s t he _h n rema9$ s contemptu\sly confid5t ( ! self-evid5t "* ( !ism4 ,9 ,campaspe 7i1 #c7 he introduces1 undramatically en\gh1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,clean!s1 ,crates1 & o!r philosoph]s1 :o conv]se conc]n+ natural causes & sup]natural effects4 ,ari/otle is made to confess t he _c by natural reason give any reason ( ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! sea2 & ,plato cont5ds aga9/ ,clean!s1 se>*+ = ?+s :i* are n to be f\nd1 t !re is no man s savage 9 :om re/e? n ?is div9e p>ticle1 t !re is an omnipot5t1 et]nal1 & div9e mov]1 :i* may be call$ ,god4 ,clean!s replies t t fir/ mov]1 :i* y t]m ,god1 is ! in/rum5t ( all ! mov+s :i* we attribute to ,nature4 ,! e>? 444 seasons 444 fruits 444 ! :ole firmam5t 444 & :atsoev] else appe>e? miracul\s1 :at man almo/ ( mean capacity b c prove x natural4 ,no?+ is conclud$1 & ! debate is adj\rn$4 ,anax>*us decl>es3 ,i w take "p ) ,ari/otle1 t !re is ,natura naturans1 & yet n ,god2 :ile ,crates rejo9s3 ,& ,i ) ,plato1 t !re is ,deus optimus maximus1 & n ,nature4 ,x is a curi\s dialogue to put ^u ! /age1 by ! m\? ( *ildr5-actors1 & ! arbitr>y ascription to ,ari/otle ( high !i/ic views1 9 a sc5e 9 :i* he is expressly describ$ by a fell[ philosoph] z a ,naturali/1 sugge/s t ,lilly felt ! dang] ( giv+ (f5ce by pres5t+ ! supreme philosoph] z an a!i/4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 bo? f ,euphues & f ,campaspe1 t naturali/ic views 7 9 "s vogue1 else !y _h n be5 h&l$ 9 ! !atre & 9 a book ess5tially plann$ = ! g5]al read]4 ,b h[ev] firmly held1 !y c\ld n be directly publi%$2 & a doz5 ye>s lat]1 ov] ?irty ye>s aft] ! outbur/ ( ,as*am1 we /ill f9d only a sporadic & unwritt5 free?\ght1 h[ev] abundant1 go+ at times 9 fe> ( its life4 ,private discussion1 inde$1 !re mu/ h be51 if !re be any tru? 9 ,bacon's phrase t a!i/s w ev] be talk+ ( t op9ion1 z if !y 444 w\ld be glad to be /r5g!n$ by ! cons5t ( o!rs #aa--;an argum5t :i* w\ld make %ort "w ( ! va/ lit]ature ( apologetic !ism--b ev5 private talk _h ne$ be cauti\s1 & !re c\ld be no publication ( a!i/ic op9ions4 ,pr9t$ rationalism c\ld g no fur!r ?an su* a prote/ aga9/ sup]/ition z ,reg9ald ,scot's ,discov]ie ( ,wit*craft 7#aehd71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is a suffici5tly rem>kable expression ( reason 9 an age 9 :i* a ,bod9 held angrily by ! delusion4 #ab ,elizabe? 0 h]self sub/antially irreligi\s1 #ac & pref]r$ to keep ! cl]gy few 9 numb] & subord9ate 9 influ5ce2 #ad b h] ,m9i/]s reg>d$ ! ,*ur* z "p ( ! ,/ate sy/em1 & puni%$ all op5 or at lea/ aggressive h]esy 9 ! mann] ( ! ,inquisition4 ,yet ! import$ doctr9e ( ! subjective "* ( hell & heav51 #ae tak5 up by ,m>l[e1 held its gr\nd1 & is d5\nc$ by ,/ubbes 9 8 ,anatomie ( ,abuses #af 7#aehc72 & o!r =eign philosophy ( ! same ord] f\nd religi\s acceptance4 ,a sect call$ ! ,family ( ,love1 d]iv+ f ,holl& 7already a c\ntry fruitfull ( h]etics71 #ag w5t s f> z to hold t ,*ri/ do? n signify any "o p]son1 b a quality :]e( _m are p>tak]s--a doctr9e :i* we h se5 ascrib$ by ,calv9 to ! lib]t9s ( ,g5eva a g5]ation be=e2 #ah b x does n appe> t !y 7 p]secut$4 #ai ,"s isolat$ propag&i/s1 h[ev]1 paid ! la/ p5alty4 ,"o ,mat!w ,hamont or ,hamond1 a pl\ghwright1 ( ,he!rset1 0 9 #aegi tri$ by ! ,bi%op & ,consi/ory ( ,norwi* = t he d5y$ ,*ri/e1 &1 be+ f\nd guilty1 0 burn$1 aft] hav+ _h 8 e>s cut (f1 because he spake wordes ( blasphemie aga9/ ! ,que5's ,maii/ie & o!rs ( h] ,c\nsell4 #bj ,! victim w\ld ?us seem to h be5 giv5 to viol5ce ( spee*2 b ! record ( 8 negations1 :i* sugge/ developm5ts f ! ,anabapti/ movem5t1 is none ! less notable4 ,9 ,/['s word+1 #ba !y run3-- ,t ! newe ,te/am5t & ,gospell ( ,*ri/e are b m]e fooli%nesse1 a /orie ( m5ne1 or r a m]e fable4 ,item1 t man is re/or$ to grace by ! me]e m]cy ( ,god1 wy?\t ! meane ( ,*ri/'s bl\d1 dea?1 & passion4 ,item1 t ,*ri/e is n ,god1 nor ! ,savi\r ( ! _w1 b a me]e man1 a s9full man1 & an abhom9able ,idoll4 ,item1 t al !y t wor%ippe him are abhom9able ,idolat]s2 ,& t ,*ri/e did n rise agayne f dea? to life by ! p[] ( 8 ,godhead1 nei!r1 t hee did asc5de into ,heav54 ,item1 t ! holy ,gho/e is n ,god1 nei!r t !re is any su*e holy ,gho/e4 ,item1 t ,baptisme is n necess>ie 9 ! ,*ur*e ( ,god1 nei!r ! use ( ! sacram5t ( ! body & bl\de ( ,*ri/4 ,!re is record also ( a free?9k] nam$ ,john ,lewes burn$ at ! same place 9 #aehc = d5y+ ! ,godhead ( ,*ri/1 & hold+ o!r dete/able h]esies1 9 ! mann] ( ,hamond4 #bb ,9 ! same ye> ,elias ,?ack] & ,john ,cop+ 7 hang$ at ,/4 ,edmonsbury = spread+ c]ta9e bookes1 s$iti\sly p5n$ by "o ,rob]t ,br[ne aga9/ ! ,booke ( ,common ,pray]2 & _! bookes s _m z c\ld be f\nd 7 burnt be=e !m4 #bc ,fur!r1 "o ,pet] ,cole1 an ,ipswi* tann]1 0 burn$ 9 #aehg 7also at ,norwi*7 = simil> doctr9e2 & ,francis ,kett1 a "y cl]gyman1 ex-fell[ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 0 burn$ at ! same place 9 #aehi = h]esy ( ! ,unit>ian ord]4 #bd ,hamond & ,cole seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 9 _! own way religi\s m51 #be & ,kett a dev\t my/ic1 ) ideas ( a ,second ,adv5t4 #bf ,all f\nd$ on ! ,bible4 ,mo/ surpris+ ( all p]haps is ! record ( ! trial ( "o ,john ,hilton1 cl]k 9 holy ord]s1 be=e ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,convocation on ,decemb] #bb1 #aehd1 on ! *>ge ( hav+ said 9 a s]mon at ,/4 ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are b fables4 7,lansd[ne ,,mss4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #ihb1 fol4 #df1 cit$ by ,pr(4 ,/oroj5ko1 ,life ( ,rob]t ,gre5e1 ,eng4 tr4 9 ,gros>t's ,hu? ,libr>y ed4 ( ,gre5e's ,works1 i1 #ci1 note47 ,z ,hilton confess$ to ! *>ge & made abjuration1 x may be surmis$ t he _h spok5 "u ! influ5ce ( liquor4 ,ev5 on t view1 h[ev]1 su* an episode tells ( a consid]able curr5cy ( unbeliev+ criticism4 ,ap>t f con/ructive h]esy1 ! p]petual religi\s diss5sions ( ! "t 7 sure to /imulate d\bt2 & !re appe>$ q a numb] ( treatises direct$ :olly or p>tly aga9/ explicit unbelief1 z3 ,! ,fai? ( ! ,*ur* ,militant1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ! ,dani% div9e ,hemm+ 7#aeha71 & address$ to ! confutation ( ! ,jewes1 ,turks1 ,a!i/s1 ,papi/s1 ,h]eticks1 & all o!r adv]s>ies ( ! tru? :atsoev]2 ,! ,t\*/one ( ,true ,religion 444 aga9/ ! impietie ( ,a!i/s1 ,epicures1 ,lib]t9es1 ,hippocrites1 & ,temporis\rs ( ^! times 7#aeij72 ,an ,enemie to ,a!isme1 translat$ by ,t4 ,rog]s f ! ,lat9 ( ,av5> 7#aeia72 ! prea*] ,h5ry ,smi?'s ,god's ,arr[ aga9/ ,a!i/s 7#aeic1 rep4 #afaa72 an ,engli% translation ( ! second volume ( ,la ,primaudaye's ,l',acadmie ,franaise1 conta9+ a refutation ( a!i/ic doctr9e2 & no few] ?an ?ree ,treatises ( ! ,nature ( ,god--all anonym\s1 ! ?ird kn[n to be by ,bi%op ,?omas ,morton--all appe>+ 9 ! ye> #aeii4 ,all ?is smoke--eight apologetic treatises 9 eighte5 ye>s--implies "s fire2 & ! translator ( ,la ,primaudaye1 "o ,t4 ,b41 decl>es 9 8 d$ication t !re has be5 a g5]al gr[? ( a!ism 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t1 :i* he traces to t ,mon/] ,ma*iavell4 ,among ,engli% a!i/s ( t s*ool he ranks ! dramati/ ,rob]t ,gre5e1 :o _h di$ 9 #aeib2 & x has be5 argu$1 n q conv9c+ly1 t x 0 to ,ma*iavelli t ,gre5e _h po9t$1 9 8 dea?-b$ recantation ,a ,groatswor? ( ,wit 7#aeib71 z ! a!i/ic in/ructor ( 8 fri5d ,m>l[e1 #bg :o introduces ,ma*iavel z cynical prologi/ to 8 ,jew ( ,malta4 ,gre5e's own a!ism _h be5 = ! mo/ "p a matt] ( blu/] & disord]ly liv+2 & we f9d 8 zeal\sly or?odox fri5d ,?omas ,na%e1 9 8 ,/range ,news 7#aeib71 call+ ! ,puritan zealot :o us$ ! pseudonym ( ,m>t9 ,m>prelate a mighty plat=m] ( a!ism2 ev5 z 8 own & ,gre5e's enemy1 ,gabriel ,h>vey1 call$ ,na%e an a!i/4 #bh ,b ,na%e 9 8 ,*ri/'s ,te>s ov] ,j]usalem 7#aeib71 ?\gh he speaks *>act]i/ically ( ! a!i/ical ,julian1 discusses contempor>y a!ism 9 a fa%ion descriptive ( an actual gr[? ( ! op9ion1 conc]n+ :i* he alleges t !re is no sect n[ 9 ,engl& s scatt]$ i4e41 s widely spread z a!isme4 ,! outw>d a!i/1 he decl>es1 e/abli%es reason z 8 ,god2 & he (f]s "s suffici5tly primitive argum5ts by way ( confutation4 ,!y foll[ ! ,pironicks i4e41 ,pyrrhoni/s1 ^: position & op9ion x is t !re is no hell or mis]y b op9ion4 ,impud5tly !y p]si/ 9 x1 t ! late discov]$ ,indians %[ antiquities ?\s&s be=e ,adam4 ,= ! re/1 !y n only reject ! miracles ( ,moses z m]e natural exp$i5ts misrepres5t$1 b treat ! :ole ,bible z "s late writ]s ( our side treat ! ,apocrypha4 ,& ,na%e compla9s feel+ly t :ile ! a!i/s are special m5 ( wit1 & t ! ,romi% sem9>ies h n allur$ unto !m s _m good wits z a!ism1 ! prea*]s :o reply to !m are m5 ( dull und]/&+1 ! product ( a sy/em "u :i* pref]m5t is giv5 to graduates on ! score n ( capacity b ( m]e gravity & solemnity4 ,x is ! sup]abundance ( wit1 decl>es ,na%e1 t makes a!i/s3 w y !n hope to beat !m d[n ) fu/y br[n-bread dorbellism8 #bi ,!re _h aris51 9 %ort1 a f]m5t ( rationalism :i* 0 h5ce=? nev] to disappe> f ,engli% life4 ,9 #aeic1 inde$1 we f9d a!ism =mally *>g$ aga9/ two fam\s m51 ,*ri/oph] ,m>l[e & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ( :om ! fir/ is docum5t>ily connect$ ) ,kett1 & ! second 9 turn ) ,m>l[e4 ,an (ficial docum5t1 #cj pres]v$ by "s *ance1 reveals t ,m>l[e 0 giv5--:e!r or n ov] ! w9e-cup--to s+ul>ly audaci\s d]ision ( ! receiv$ beliefs2 & s explicit is ! evid5ce t x is ne>ly c]ta9 he w\ld h be5 execut$ = blasphemy _h he n be5 privately kill$ 7#aeic7 :ile ! proce$+s 7 p5d+4 ,! a!ism imput$ to him is n made out 9 any detail2 b _m ( ! o!r utt]ances are notably 9 keep+ ) ,m>l[e's d>+ temp]2 & !y am\nt to unbelief ( a /r+5t k9d4 ,9 ,doctor ,fau/us #ca he makes ,mephi/opheles affirm t ,hell ha? no limits 444 b :]e we are is hell--a doctr9e :i* we h se5 to be curr5t be=e 8 "t2 & 9 8 private talk he _h gone mu* fur!r4 ,na%e d\btless _h him 9 m9d :5 he spoke ( m5 ( sup]abundance ( wit4 ,n only did he "q1 ) ,raleigh1 ! ,biblical *ronology3 he affirm$ ,t ,moyses 0 b a juggl]1 & t "o ,h]iots i4e41 ,?omas ,h>riott1 or ,h>riots1 ! a/ronom]1 "o ( ,raleigh's circle c d m ?an he2 & conc]n+ ,jesus he us$ language incomp>ably m (f5sive to or?odox feel+ ?an t ( ,hamond & ,kett4 ,!re is m 9 all ?is ?an a m]e assimilation ( ,ma*iavelli2 ?\gh ! fur!r say+ t ! fir/ beg9n+ ( religion 0 only to keep m5 9 awe--put also by ,gre5e if n by ,m>l[e1 ) mu* =ce ( v]sification1 9 ! m\? ( a villa9-h]o 9 ! anonym\s play ( ,selimus #cb--tells ( t influ5ce4 ,m>l[e 0 inde$ n ! man to swe> by any ma/] )\t add+ some?+ ( 8 own4 ,a!ism1 h[ev]1 is n inf]rible f any ( 8 works3 on ! contr>y1 9 ! second "p ( 8 fam\s fir/ play he makes 8 h]o1 describ$ by ! rep5tant ,gre5e z ! a!i/ ,tamburla9e1 declaim ( deity ) signal eloqu5ce1 ?\gh ) a pan!i/ic ca/ ( phrase4 ,9 ano!r passage1 a ,moslem p]sonage claims to be on ! side ( a ,*ri/ :o w\ld puni% p]jury2 & 9 yet ano!r ! h]o is made to trample "u foot ! pret5sions ( ,mohamm$4 #cc ,x 0 probably 8 imputation ( p]jury to ,*ri/ian rul]s 9 p>ticul> t e>n$ = ,m>l[e ! malignant res5tm5t :i* inspir$ ! v>i\s edify+ comm5ts publi%$ aft] 8 un$ify+ dea?4 ,_h he n p]i%$ z he did 9 a tav]n brawl1 he might h _h ! nobl] fate ( a m>tyr4 ,conc]n+ ,raleigh1 aga91 !re is no %ad[ ( pro( ( a!ism1 ?\gh 8 circle1 :i* includ$ ! ,e>ls ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,ox=d1 0 call$ a s*ool ( a!ism 9 a ,lat9 pamphlet by ! ,jesuit ,p>sons1 #cd publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aeic2 & ?is reputation clung to him4 ,x is matt] ( lit]>y hi/ory1 h[ev]1 t he1 l ,montaigne1 _h be5 influ5c$ by ! ,hypotyposes ( ,sextus ,empiricus2 #ce 8 %ort essay ,! ,sceptick be+ a naf exposition ( ! !sis t ! sceptick do? nei!r affirm nei!r d5y any position2 b d\bte? ( x1 & applye? 8 ,reason aga9/ t :i* is affirm$1 or d5i$1 to ju/ifie 8 non-cons5t+4 #cf ,! essay itself1 nev]!less1 proce$s ^u a set ( wildly false propositions 9 natural hi/ory1 conc]n+ :i* ! adv5tur\s reason] has no d\bts :atev]2 & altoge!r we may be sure t 8 artificial skepticism did n c>ry him f> 9 philosophy4 ,9 ! ,discov]y ( ,guiana 7#afjj7 he decl>es t he is resolv$ ( ! tru? ( ! /ories ( m5 ^: heads gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s2 & 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7#afjc-af7 he insi/s t ! />s & o!r cele/ial bodies incl9e ! w by m$iation ( ! s5sitive appetite4 #cg ,9 o!r directions1 h[ev]1 he 0 less cr$ul\s4 ,9 ! same ,hi/ory he po9ts out1 z ,m>l[e _h done 9 talk1 h[ incompatible 0 su* a ph5om5on z ! mature civilization ( anci5t ,egypt 9 ! days ( ,abraham ) ! or?odox *ronology4 #ch ,?is1 inde$1 0 h]esy en\gh1 !n & lat]1 see+ t n only did ,bi%op ,pe>son1 9 #afei1 9 a "w on ,! ,cre$ :i* has be5 circulat$ d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 indignantly d5\nce all :o dep>t$ f ! figures 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,bible2 b ,col]idge1 a c5tury & a half lat]1 took ! v in/ance ( ,egyptian hi/ory z triumphantly e/abli%+ ! accuracy ( ! ,bible record aga9/ ! ,fr5* a!i/s4 #ci ,z reg>ds ,raleigh's philosophy1 ! evid5ce goes to %[ only t he 0 ready to read a ,unit>ian essay1 presumably t already m5tion$1 suppos$ to be ,kett's2 & t he _h int]c\rse ) ,m>l[e & o!rs 79 p>ticul> 8 secret>y1 ,h>riott7 kn[n to be free?9k]s4 ,a prosecution begun aga9/ him on ?is score1 at ! "t ( ! inquiry conc]n+ ,m>l[e 7:5 ,raleigh 0 9 disgrace ) ! ,que571 came to no?+4 ,x _h be5 l$ up to by a translation ( ,p>sons's pamphlet1 :i* affirm$ t 8 private gr\p 0 kn[n z ,sir ,walt] ,rawley's s*ool ( ,a!isme1 & t !re9 bo? ,moyses & our ,savior1 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 are je/$ at1 & ! s*ol>s taught among o!r ?+s to spell ,god backw>ds4 #dj ,?is seems to h be5 idle gossip1 ?\gh x tells ( unbelief some:]e2 & ,raleigh's own writ+s always indicate #da belief 9 ! ,bible2 ?\gh 8 dy+ spee* & epitaph are noticeably dei/ic4 ,t he 0 a dei/1 giv5 to free discussion1 seems ! probable tru?4 ,9 pass+ s5t5ce at ! close ( ,raleigh's trial = treason 9 #afjc1 9 :i* 8 guilt is at lea/ no cle>] ?an ! inequity ( ! proce$+s1 ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,popham unscrupul\sly taunt$ him ) 8 reputation = h]esy4 ,y h be5 tax$ by ! _w ) ! def5ce ( ! mo/ hea!ni% & blasphem\s op9ions1 :i* ,i li/ n to repeat1 because ,*ri/ian e>s _c endure to he> !m1 nor ! au?ors & ma9ta9]s ( !m be suff]$ to live 9 any ,*ri/ian commonweal?4 ,y "k :at m5 said ( ,h>pool4 #db ,if ! preface to 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 writt5 9 ! ,t[]1 be au!ntic1 ,raleigh 0 at due pa9s to make cle> 8 belief 9 deity1 & to repudiate alike a!ism & pan!ism4 ,i d also acc\nt x1 he decl>es1 an impiety mon/r\s1 to conf\nd ,god & ,nature1 be x b 9 t]ms4 #dc ,& he is no m tol]ant ?an 8 judge :5 he discusses ! "q ( ! et]nity ( ! univ]se1 !n ! crucial issue z betwe5 or?odoxy & d\bt4 ,:osoev] w make *oice r to believe 9 et]nal de=mity want ( =m or 9 et]nal dead matt]1 ?an 9 et]nal light & et]nal life1 let et]nal dea? be 8 rew>d4 ,= x is a madness ( t k9d1 z wante? t]ms to express x4 #dd ,inasmu* z ,ari/otle 0 ! great au?ority = ! d5\nc$ op9ion1 ,raleigh is anti-,ari/otelean4 ,i %all nev] be p]suad$ t ,god ha? %ut up all light ( le>n+ )9 ! lant]n ( ,ari/otle's bra9s4 #de ,b 9 ! :ole preface !re is only "o1 & t a conv5tional1 expression ( belief 9 ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( salvation2 & z to t we may note 8 own words3 ,we are all 9 effect become com$ians 9 religion4 #df ,/ill1 untru?ful z he c]ta9ly 01 #dg we may take him z a conv9c$ !i/ ( ! exp]i5tial s*ool1 /&+ at ! ord9>y position ( ! dei/s ( ! next c5tury4 ,notably en\gh1 he anticipates ! critical position ( ,hume z to reason & exp]i5ce3 ,t ^! & ^! be ! causes ( ^! & ^! effects1 "t ha? taught u & n reason2 & s ha? exp]i5ce )\t art4 #dh ,su* utt]ance1 if n connect$ ) pr(essions ( piety1 might 9 ^? days give rise to su* *>ges ( unbelief z 7 s freely ca/ at him4 ,b ! *>ges seem to h be5 9 l>ge "p m]e expressions ( ! malignity :i* religion s normally fo/]s1 & :i* c seldom h be5 m bitt] ?an !n4 ,raleigh is no admirable type ( rectitude2 b he c h>dly h be5 a worse man ?an 8 or?odox enemies4 ,& we mu/ e/imate su* m5 9 full view ( ! l[ /&>ds ( _! age4 ,! belief ab\t ,raleigh's a!ism 0 s /rong t we h ,ar*bi%op ,abbot writ+ to ,sir ,?omas ,roe on ,feb4 #ai1 #afah-afai1 t ,raleigh's end 0 due to 8 que/ion+ ( ,god's be+ & omnipot5ce4 ,x is ass]t$ by ,francis ,osborn1 :o _h kn[n ,raleigh1 t he got 8 title ( ,a!i/ f ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,see ! preface 7,au?or to ,read]7 to ,osborn's ,miscellany ( ,sundry ,essays1 etc41 9 #g? ed4 ( 8 ,works1 #afgc4 ,z to a!ism at ,elizabe?'s c\rt see ,j4 ,j4 ,tayl]1 ,retrospect ( ,relig4 ,life ( ,engl&1 #bnd ed4 p4 #aih1 & ref4 ,lilly makes "o ( 8 *>act]s write ( ! ladies at c\rt t !y nev] j> ab\t matt]s ( religion1 because !y nev] mean to reason ( !m 7,euphues1 ,arb]'s ed4 p4 #aid74 ,a curi\s use 0 made ( ,raleigh's "n & fame aft] 8 dea? = v>i\s purposes4 ,9 #afbj or #afba appe>$ ,vox ,spiritus1 or ,sir ,walt] ,rawleigh's ,gho/2 a ,conf]5ce betwe5 ,signr4 ,gondami] 444 & ,fa!r ,bauldw9e--a s$iti\s tract by "o ,capta9 ,ga9s=d4 ,x appe>s to h be5 repr9t$ 9 #afbb z ,prosopoeia4 ,sir ,walt] ,rawleigh's ,gho/4 ,!n 9 #afbf came a new treatise1 ,sir ,walt] ,rawleigh's ,gho/1 or ,engl&'s ,=ew>n]1 publi%$ 9 #afbf at ,utre*t by ,?omas ,scott1 an ,engli% m9i/] !re1 :o 0 assass9at$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,! title hav+ ?us _h vogue1 !re 0 publi%$ 9 #afca ,rawleigh's ,gho/1 or1 a ,feign$ ,app>ition ( ,syr ,walt] ,rawleigh to a fri5d ( 81 = ! translat+ into ,engli% ! ,booke ( ,leon>d ,lessius 7t mo/ le>n$ man71 entitul$ ,de ,provid5tia ,num9is et animi immortalitate1 writt5 aga9/ ! ,a!i/s & ,polititians ( ^! days4 ,! translation ( a ,jesuit's treatise 7#afac7 ?us accr$it$ purports to be by ,a4 ,b4 ,9 a repr9t ( #afea ! feign$ disappe>s f ! title-page2 b ,sir ,walt] ,rawleigh's ,gho/ rema9s to attract read]s2 & ! translation1 n[ purport+ to be by ,john ,hold51 :o claims to h be5 a fri5d ( ,raleigh's1 is d$icat$ to 8 son ,c>ew4 ,9 ! preface ! ,gho/ adjures ! translator 7:o pr(esses to h he>d him frequ5tly praise ! treatise ( ,lessius7 to translate ! "w ) ,raleigh's "n on ! title1 s z to cle> 8 memory ( a f\l & mo/ unju/ asp]sion ( me = my presum$ d5ial ( a deity4 ,! late/ docum5t>y evid5ce z to ! case ( ,m>l[e is produc$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,boas 9 8 article1 ,new ,light on ,m>l[e & ,kyd1 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahii1 reproduc$ 9 8 edition ( ! works ( ,?omas ,kyd 7,cl>5don ,press1 #aija74 ,9 addition to ! =m]ly kn[n data z to ,m>l[e's a!ism1 x is n[ e/abli%$ t ,?omas ,kyd1 8 fell[ dramati/1 0 arre/$ on ! same *>ge1 & t !re 0 f\nd among 8 pap]s "o conta9+ vile h]eticall conceiptes d5y+e ! div9ity ( ,jhesus ,*ri/e our ,savi\r4 ,?is ,kyd decl>$ he _h _h f ,m>l[e1 d5y+ all sympa?y ) its view4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 put to ! torture4 ,! pap]1 h[ev]1 proves to be a vehem5t ,unit>ian argum5t on ,scriptural gr\nds1 & is mu* m likely to h be5 writt5 by ,francis ,kett ?an by ,m>l[e4 ,9 ! ,,mss4 n[ br\ght to light1 "o ,*olmeley1 :o confess$ t he 0 p]suad$ by ,m>l[e's reasons to become an ,a!i/e1 is repres5t$ by a spy z speak+ all evil ( ! ,c\nsell1 say+ t !y are all ,a!i/es & ,ma*iavillians1 especially my ,"l ,admirall4 ,! same a!i/1 :o imputes a!ism to o!rs z a vice1 is describ$ z regrett+ he _h n kill$ ! ,"l ,treasur]1 say5ge t he c\ld nev] h done ,god bett] s]vice4 ,= ! re/1 ! same spy tells t ,*olmeley believ$ ,m>l[e 0 able to %ewe m s\nd reasons = ,a!isme ?an any dev9e 9 ,engl&e is able to geve to prove dev9itie1 & t ,m>loe told him t he ha? read ! ,a!i/ lecture to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh & o!rs4 ,on ! la/ po9t !re is no fur!r evid5ce1 save t ,sir ,walt]1 8 dep5d5t ,?omas ,h>riott1 & ,mr4 ,c>ewe ,rawley1 7 on ,m>* #ba1 #aeic-aeid1 *>g$ ^u sworn te/imonies ) hold+ impi\s op9ions conc]n+ ,god & ,provid5ce4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no prosecution4 ,h>riott _h publi%$ 9 #aehh a "w on 8 travels 9 ,virg9ia1 at ! close ( :i* is a passage 9 ! dev\te/ ve9 tell+ ( 8 mission>y lab\rs 7quot$ by ,mr4 ,boas1 art4 cit$1 p4 #bbe74 ,yet by #aeib he _h1 ) 8 ma/]1 a reputation = a!ism2 & t x 0 n :olly on ! /r5g? ( 8 great sci5tific k is sugge/$ by ! /atem5t ( ,an?ony ,wood t he made a philosophical !ology1 :]e9 he ca/ (f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,( ?is no trace rema9s2 b x is e/abli%$ t he 0 a highly accompli%$ ma!matician1 mu* admir$ by ,kepl]2 & t he appli$ ! telescope to cele/ial purposes almo/ simultane\sly ) ,galileo 7art4 ,h>riott 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog42 cp4 art4 9 ,encyc4 ,brit474 ,h>riott 444 0 ! fir/ :o d>$ to say ,a,b 9 ! =m ,a - ,b #j1 "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( progress ev] op5$ 9 algebra 7,pr(4 ,a4 ,de ,morgan1 ,newton1 8 ,fri5d & 8 ,niece1 #ahhe1 p4 #ia74 ,fur!r1 he improv$ algebraic notation by ! use ( small italic lett]s 9 place ( ,roman capitals1 & ?rew out ! hypo!sis ( second>y planets z well z ( />s invisible f _! size & di/ance4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to v]ify ! results ( ,galileo4 ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,hi/4 ( ,nat4 ,philos4 #ahcd1 pp4 #abf1 #afh4 ,cp4 ,rigaud1 z cit$ by ,p[ell2 ,ellis's notes on ,bacon1 9 ,r\tl$ge's #a-vol4 ed4 #aije1 pp4 #fgd-gf2 & ,/oroj5ko1 z above cit$1 p4 #ch1 note4 ,aga9/ ! asp]sion ( ,h>riott at ,raleigh's trial may be cit$ ! high panegyric ( ,*apman1 :o t]ms him my admir$ & s\l-lov$ fri5d1 ma/] ( all ess5tial & true k1 #di & "o ^: judgm5t & k1 9 all k9ds1 ,i "k to be incomp>able & bottomless1 yea1 to be admir$ z mu* z 8 mo/ blameless life1 & ! "r sacr$ exp5se ( 8 "t1 is to be hon\r$ & rev]5c$2 ) a fur!r affirmation ( 8 cle> unmat*$ness 9 all mann] ( le>n+4 #ej ,! frequ5cy ( su* traces ( rationalism at ?is p]iod is to be und]/ood 9 ! light ( ! f9ancial & o!r sc&als ( ! ,re=mation2 ! bitt] /rifes ( ,*ur* & diss5t2 & ! horrors ( ! w>s ( religion 9 ,france1 conc]n+ :i* ,bacon rem>ks 9 8 essay ,( ,unity 9 ,religion t ! spectacle w\ld h made ,lucretius sev5 times m ,epicure & a!i/ ?an he 04 ,! proce$+s aga9/ ,raleigh & ,kyd1 accord+ly1 did n *eck ! spread ( ! private av[al ( unbelief4 ,a few ye>s lat] we f9d ,hook]1 9 ! ,fif? ,book ( 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,polity 7#aeig71 bitt]ly decl>+ t ! unbeliev]s 9 ! high] t5ets ( religion are mu* /r5g!n$ by ! /rifes ( believ]s2 #ea z a doz5 ye>s e>li] ,bi%op ,pilk+ton told ( "y :elps :o 9 corn]s make !mselves m]ry ) rail+ & sc(f+ at ! holy scriptures4 #eb ,& 9 ! ,treatise ( ! ,nature ( ,god1 by ,bi%op ,?omas ,morton 7#aeii71 a quasi-dialogue 9 :i* ! argu+ is all on "o side1 ! passive int]locutor indicates1 9 ! process ( repudiat+ !m1 a full acqua9tance ) ! pleas ( ^? :o w\ld op5ly pr(ess !mselves to be ( t ! a!i/ic judgm5t1 & z f> z !y might )\t dang] def5d x by argum5t aga9/ any :atev]4 ,! pleas include ! lack ( moral control 9 ! _w1 ! evid5ces ( natural causation1 ! v>ieties ( religi\s belief1 & ! contradictions ( ,scripture4 ,& su* a!i/s1 we are told1 make nature _! ,god4 #ec ,f ,hook]'s acc\nt also x is cle> t1 at lea/ ) comp>atively pati5t cl]ics l himself1 ! free?9k]s w\ld at times delib]ately press ! "q ( !ism1 & av[ ! conviction t belief 9 ,god 0 a k9d ( h>mless error1 br$ & confirm$ by ! sleights ( wis] m54 ,he fur!r notes ) ev5 great] bitt]ness t "s--an execrable crew--:o 7 !mselves unbeliev]s1 w\ld 9 ! old pagan mann] argue = ! fo/]+ ( religion z a matt] ( ,/ate policy1 h]e9 conn+ ! lesson ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,= 8 own "p ,hook] 0 confess$ly ill-prep>$ to debate ) ! a!i/s1 & 8 attitude 0 n fitt$ to %ake _! op9ions4 ,8 "o res\rce is ! inevitable plea t a!i/s are su* = ! sake ( ?r[+ (f all moral re/ra9t #ed--;a !orem :i* c\ld h>dly be tak5 s]i\sly by ^? :o knew ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ari/ocracies1 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 = ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,hook]'s own measure ( rationalism1 ?\gh rem>kable z comp>$ ) previ\s or?odoxy1 w5t no fur!r ?an ! application ( ! argum5t ( ,pecock t reason mu/ guide & control all resort to ,scripture & au?ority2 #ee & he came to x "u /ress ( dispute1 z a pr9ciple ( accommodation = w>r+ believ]s1 n z an expression ( any indep5d5t skepticism4 ,:5 8 pi\s antagoni/ ,trav]s cit$ him z say+ t 8 be/ au?or 0 8 own reason #ef he 0 prompt to reply t he meant true1 s\nd1 div9e reason2 444 reason prop] to t sci5ce :]eby ! ?+s ( ,god are kn[n2 !ological reason1 :i* out ( pr9ciples 9 ,scripture t are pla91 s\ndly d$uce? m d\btful inf]5ces4 #eg ,( ! application ( rational criticism to ,scriptural claims he _h no idea4 ,! unbeliev]s ( 8 day 7 = him a frightful port5t1 m5ac+ all 8 plans ( or?odox tol]ation2 & he w\ld h _h !m put d[n by =ce--a c\rse :i* 9 "s cases1 z we h se51 _h 9 t age be5 actually tak51 & 0 always apt to be resort$ to4 ,b or?odoxy all ! :ile _h a sure support 9 ! social & political conditions :i* made impossible ! publication ( rationali/ic op9ions4 ,:ile ! :ole ma*9]y ( public doctr9e rema9$ 9 religi\s h&s or "u ecclesia/ical control1 ! mass ( m5 ( all grades inevitably held by ! traditional fai?4 ,:at is rem>kable is ! am\nt ( unbelief1 ei!r privately explicit or implicit 9 ! high] lit]ature1 ( :i* we h trace4 ,above all !re rema9s ! great illu/ration ( ! rationali/ic _s ( ! ,engli% lit]>y r5asc5ce ( ! sixte5? c5tury--! drama ( ,%akespe>e4 ,( t x may confid5tly be said t e attempt to f9d = x a religi\s f\ndation has fail$4 #eh ,g]v9us1 :ile oddly sugge/+ t 9 n only n seek+ a ref]5ce to religion 9 8 works1 b 9 sy/ematically avoid+ x ev5 :5 opportunity (f]$1 ,%akespe>e 0 keep+ cle> ( an embroilm5t ) ! cl]gy1 nev]!less pron\nces ! plays to be :olly secul> 9 _s4 ,:ile cont5d+ t 9 action ! religi\s & div9e 9 man is no?+ else ?an ! moral1 ! ,g]man critic admits t ,%akespe>e :olly disc>d$ f 8 works 444 t :i* religion enjo9s z to fai? & op9ion4 #ei ,&1 :ile refus+ ! inf]5ce ( positive unbelief on ! poet's "p1 he pron\nces t1 ,j z ,bacon bani%$ religion f sci5ce1 s did ,%akespe>e f art4444 ,f ,bacon's example x seems cle> t ,%akespe>e left religi\s matt]s unnotic$ on ! same gr\nds4 #fj ,! late/ & weightie/ criticism comes to ! same conclusion2 & x is only on presupposition t any o!r c be rea*$4 ,"o ( ! able/ ( ,%akespe>ean critics sums up t ! ,elizabe?an drama 0 almo/ :olly secul>2 & :ile ,%akespe>e 0 writ+ he practically conf9$ 8 view to ! _w ( non-!ological obs]vation & ?\ght1 s t he repres5ts x 9 sub/antially "o & ! same way :e!r ! p]iod ( ! /ory is pre-,*ri/ian or ,*ri/ian4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley1 ,%akespe>ean ,trag$y1 #bnd ed4 p4 #be4 ,9 ! conclud+ pages ( 8 lecture on ,hamlet1 ,pr(essor ,bradley slightly modifies ?is /atem5t1 sugge/+ t ! gho/ is made to appe> z ! repres5tative ( ! hidd5 ultimate p[]1 ! mess5g] ( div9e ju/ice 7p4 #agd74 ,"h1 x seems to ! pres5t writ]1 ,pr(essor ,bradley obtrudes ! *ief error ( 8 admirable book--! con/ant implication t ,%akespe>e plann$ 8 plays z moral :oles4 ,! fact is t he f\nd ! gho/ an integral "p ( ! old play :i* he rewrote2 & 9 mak+ x1 9 ,pr(essor ,bradley's words1 s maje/ical a phantom1 he 0 simply height5+ ! "* z he does o!rs 9 ! play1 & z 0 8 habit 9 ! pres5tm5t ( a k+4 ,9 8 volume ( lectures entitl$ ,ox=d ,lectures on ,poetry 7#aiji71 ,pr(essor ,bradley goes m fully into ! problem ( ,%akespe>e's religion4 ,"h he some:at ne$lessly obscures ! issue by cont5d+ 7p4 #cdi7 t x is prepo/]\s to suppose t ,%akespe>e 0 an ard5t & devot$ a!i/ or ,br[ni/ or ,roman ,ca?olic1 & makes ! mo/ ( ! poet's sympa!tic treatm5t ( religi\s types & religi\s s5tim5ts2 b /ill sums up t he 0 n1 9 ! di/9ctive s5se ( ! ^w1 a religi\s man1 & t all 01 = him1 9 ! end1 my/]y 7p4 #cec74 ,?is p]haps some:at und]/ates ! case4 ,! ,elizabe?an drama 0 n :olly secul>2 #fa & c]ta9ly ! dramati/s individually 7 n4 ,peele's ,david & ,be?sabe is :olly ,biblical 9 !me1 &1 ?\gh s5sual 9 s5tim5t1 sub/antially or?odox 9 _s2 & else:]e he has _m passages ( ,prote/ant & propag&i/ f]v\r4 #fb ,gre5e & ,lodge give a highly ,scriptural r+ to _! ,look+-,glass = ,london2 & ,lodge1 :o uses religi\s expressions freely 9 8 e>ly treatise1 ,a ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 ,music1 & ,/age ,plays1 #fc lat] translat$ ,josephus4 ,kyd 9 ,ard5 ( ,fev]%am #fd accepts ! ,*ri/ian view at ! close1 ?\gh ,! ,spani% ,trag$y is pagan2 & ! pre-,%akespe>ean ,k+ ,leir & 8 ,?ree ,daught]s 7#aeid71 probably ! "w ( ,kyd & ,lodge1 has long passages ( specifically ,*ri/ian s5tim5t4 ,na%e1 aga91 0 a hot religi\s controv]siali/ despite 8 ,bohemian habits & 8 indecor\s ve92 ,gre5e on 8 rep5tant dea?b$ 0 pr(us$ly c5sori\s ( a!ism2 #fe ,lilly1 z we h se51 is combatively !i/ic 9 8 ,campaspe2 :ile ,jonson1 z we %all see1 girds at skeptics 9 ,volpone & ,! ,magnetick ,lady1 & fur!r wrote a quantity ( devotional v]se4 ,ev5 ! a!i/ ,m>l[e1 z we saw1 puts !i/ic s5tim5t into ! m\? ( 8 a!i/ ,tamburla9e2 & ( ,doctor ,fau/us1 despite incid5tal h]esy1 ! dn\em5t is religi\sly or?odox4 ,?omas ,heywood may ev5 be pron\nc$ a religi\s man1 #ff z he 0 c]ta9ly a /rong ,prote/ant1 #fg ?\gh an anti-,puritan2 & 8 prose treatise ,! ,hi]>*y ( ! ,bless$ ,angels 7#afce7 exhibits a religi\s temp]am5t4 ,! same may be said ( ,dekk]1 :o is record$ to h writt5 at lea/ ! prologue & ! epilogue = a play on ,pontius ,pilate1 #fh & is believ$ to be ! au?or ( ! be/ sc5es 9 ,! ,virg9 ,m>tyr1 9 :i* he collaborat$ ) ,mass+]4 ,he too uses sup]]ogatory religi\s expressions1 #fi & %[s 8 w>m ,prote/antism 9 ,! ,:ore ( ,babylon1 z he does 8 g5]al religi\s s5tim5t 9 8 treatise ,! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s4 ,*apman 0 c]ta9ly a dev\t !i/1 & probably a ,*ri/ian4 ,9 ! dome/ic trag$y1 ,a ,w>n+ = ,fair ,wom5 7#aeii71 :i* is conjecturally ascrib$ to ,lodge1 ! conclusion is on ,*ri/ian l9es1 z 9 ,ard52 & ! same holds ( ,! ,wit* ( ,edmonton1 by ,dekk] & o!rs4 ,( none ( ^! dramati/s c\ld x be said1 on ! m]e /r5g? ( 8 "w1 t he 0 agno/ic1 ?\gh ,m>l[e 0 c]ta9ly a free?9k]4 ,! o!rs 71 fir/ or la/1 av[$ly religi\s4 ,%akespe>e1 & ,%akespe>e alone1 aft] ,m>l[e1 is p]si/5tly non-religi\s 9 8 h&l+ ( life4 ,le>1 8 d>ke/ trag$y1 is pr$om9antly pagan2 & ,! ,tempe/1 9 its s]5] ve91 is no less s4 ,b inde$ all ! g5u9e plays alike ignore or tacitly negate ! idea ( immortality2 ev5 ! conv5tional religi\s phrases ( ,macbe? be+ b incid5tal poetry4 ,9 ! words ( a cl]ical hi/orian1 ! religi\s phrases :i* are ?9ly scatt]$ ov] 8 "w are little m ?an expressions ( a di/ant & imag9ative rev]5ce4 ,& on ! deep] gr\nds ( religi\s fai? 8 sil5ce is significant4444 ,! riddle ( life & dea? 444 he leaves 444 a riddle to ! la/1 )\t he$+ ! common !ological solutions ar\nd him4 #gj ,! practical wisdom 9 :i* he rose above 8 rivals no less ?an 9 dramatic & poetic g5ius1 kept him prud5tly retic5t on 8 op9ions1 z x set him ^u build+ 8 worldly =tunes :ile ! o!rs ) h>dly an exception liv$ 9 %all[s & mis]ies4 ,z s (t5 happ5s1 x 0 among ! ill-balanc$ types t !re 0 f\nd ! he$less c\rage to cry al\d :at o!rs ?\ght2 b ,%akespe>e's significant sil5ce rem9ds u t ! l>ge/ spirits ( all c\ld live 9 disreg>d ( contempor>y cre$s4 ,=1 :ile !re is no record ( 8 hav+ privately av[$ unbelief1 & c]ta9ly no explicit utt]ance ( x 9 8 plays1 #ga 9 no g5u9e "w ( 8 is !re any m ?an b>e dramatic con=mity to curr5t habits ( religi\s spee*2 & !re is (t5 significantly less4 ,9 ,measure = ,measure ! ,duke1 c\nsell+ z a fri> ! condemn$ ,claudio1 discusses ! ultimate issues ( life & dea? )\t a h9t ( ,*ri/ian cr$5ce4 ,s sil5t is ! dramati/ on ! ecclesia/ical issues ( 8 day t ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics are enabl$ to g on indef9itely claim+ him z !irs2 ! latt] dwell+ on 8 g5]ally k9dly treatm5t ( fri>s2 ! =m] cit+ ! fact t "s ,prote/ant prea*]--evid5tly a protg ( 8 daught] ,susannah--0 all[$ lodg+ at 8 h\se4 ,b ! prea*] 0 n v hospitably treat$2 #gb & o!r clues fail4 ,!re is good reason to ?9k t ,%akespe>e 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,montaigne's ,essays1 read by him 9 ,florio's translation1 :i* 0 issu$ :5 he 0 reca/+ ! old ,hamlet2 & ! :ole treatm5t ( life 9 ! great trag$ies & s]i\s com$ies produc$ by him f t "t =w>d is ev5 m def9itely un!ological ?an ,montaigne's own doctr9e4 #gc ,nor c he be suppos$ to h disreg>d$ ! curr5t disputes z to fundam5tal beliefs1 implicat+ z !y did 8 fell[-dramati/s ,m>l[e1 ,kyd1 & ,gre5e4 ,! treatise ( ,de ,mornay1 ( :i* ,sir ,philip ,sidney began & ,ar?ur ,gold+ f9i%$ ! translation1 #gd 0 9 8 "t widely circulat$ 9 ,engl&2 & its v inadequate argum5tation might well /r5g!n 9 him ! anti-!ological lean+4 ,a s]i\s misconception has be5 set up z to ,%akespe>e's ca/ ( m9d by ! p]si/5ce ( editors 9 includ+ among 8 works )\t discrim9ation plays :i* are c]ta9ly n 81 z ! ,h5ry ,,vi gr\p1 to :i* he contribut$ little1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,fir/ ,"p1 ( :i* he wrote probably no?+4 ,x is on ! assumption t t play is ,%akespe>e's "w t ,lecky 7,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ed4 #ahhg1 i1 #aje-ajf7 speaks ( t melan*oly picture ( ,joan ( ,arc :i* is p]haps ! d>ke/ blot ^u 8 g5ius4 ,n[1 :atev] passages ,%akespe>e may h contribut$ to ! ,second & ,?ird ,p>ts1 x is c]ta9 t he has b>ely a sc5e 9 ! ,fir/1 & t !re is n a l9e f 8 h& 9 ! ,la ,pucelle sc5es4 ,_m /ud5ts ?9k t ,dr4 ,furnivall has ev5 gone too f> 9 say+ t ! only "p 444 to be put d[n to ,%akespe>e is ! ,temple ,g>d5 sc5e ( ! r$ & :ite roses 7,introd4 to ,leopold ,%akespe>e1 p4 xxxviii72 s little is !re to sugge/ ev5 ! juv5ile ,%akespe>e !re4 7,! high proportion ( d\ble-end+s is a gr\nd = reckon+ x a late sample ( ,m>l[e1 :o 9 8 po/hum\sly publi%$ translation ( ,lucan _h approa*$ t proportion4 ,cp4 ! au?or's vol4 on ,titus ,&ronicus1 p4 #aij47 ,b t any critical & qualifi$ read] c /ill hold him to h writt5 ! wor/ ( ! play is un9telligible4 ,! :ole "w w\ld be a blot on 8 g5ius 9 respect ( its lit]>y weakness4 ,! d\bt 0 rais$ long be=e ,lecky wrote1 & 0 made good a g5]ation ago4 ,:5 ,lecky fur!r proce$s1 ) ref]5ce to ! wit*es 9 ,macbe?1 to say 7id4 note7 t x is probable t ,%akespe>e 444 believ$ ) an unfalt]+ fai? 9 ! reality ( wit*craft1 he /rangely misreads t play4 ,no?+ is cle>] ?an t x gr\nds ,macbe?'s action f ! fir/ 9 ,macbe?'s own "* & 8 wife's1 employ+ ! wit* ma*9]y 7already us$ by ,middleton7 to meet ! popul> ta/e1 b nev] once mak+ ! wit*es really causal =ces4 ,an unfalt]+ believ] 9 wit*craft :o wrote = ! /age w\ld surely h turn$ x to s]i\s acc\nt 9 o!r trag$ies4 ,?is ,%akespe>e nev] does4 ,on ,lecky's view1 he is to be held z hav+ believ$ 9 ! fairy magic ( ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream & ! ,tempe/1 & 9 ! actuality ( su* episodes z t ( ! gho/ 9 ,macbe?4 ,b :o = a mom5t supposes him to h _h any su* belief8 ,x is probable t ! entire und]tak+ ( ,macbe? 7#afje87 & lat] ( ! ,tempe/ 7#afaj87 0 due to a wi% on ! "p ( ! !atre managem5t to please ,k+ ,james1 ^: belief 9 wit*craft & magic 0 notori\s4 ,ev5 ! use ( ! ,gho/ 9 ,hamlet is an old /age exp$i5t1 common to ! pre-,%akespe>ean play & to o!rs ( ,kyd's & ,peele's4 ,%akespe>e significantly alt]$ ! dy+ words ( ,hamlet f ! heav5 receive my s\l ( ! old v]sion to ! re/ is sil5ce4 ,! beque/ ( 8 s\l to ! ,deity 9 8 w is m]ely ! regulation te/am5t>y =mula ( ! "t4 ,9 8 sonnets1 :i* h9t 8 p]sonal ca/ if any?+ does1 !re is no real trace ( religi\s cre$ or feel+4 ,& x is cle>ly ! h& ( ,flet*]1 a no less s5sual writ] ?an ,peele1 t p5n$ ! "p ( ,h5ry ,,viii 9 :i* occurs ! ,prote/ant tag3 ,9 h] ,elizabe?'s days 444 ,god %all be truly kn[n4 #ge ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,%akespe>e is notably naturali/ic z comp>$ ) ! o!r ,elizabe?an dramati/s1 x rema9s true t _! "w 9 ! mass tells little ( a habitually religi\s way ( ?9k+4 ,ap>t f ! plays above nam$1 & f polemic passages & devotional utt]ances outside _! plays1 !y h9t z little ( ,*ri/ian dogma z ( ,*ri/ian asceticism4 ,h5ce1 9 fact1 ! g5]al & bitt] ho/ility ( ! ,puritans to ! /age4 ,ev5 at & aft] ,%akespe>e's dea?1 ! drama is sub/antially graceless4 ,jonson1 :o 0 = a "t a ,ca?olic1 b rev]t$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 dislik$ ! ,puritans1 & 9 ,b>?olomew ,fair d]ides !m4 ,! age did n admit ( a pieti/ic drama2 & :5 !re 0 a p[]ful pieti/ic public1 x made an end ( drama altoge!r4 ,to ,elizabe?'s reign probably belongs ! ,a!i/'s ,trag$y ( ,cyril ,t\rneur1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #afaa1 b evid5tly writt5 9 its au?or's e>ly y\?--a co>se & wor?less p]=mance1 full ( extremely bad imitations ( ,%akespe>e4 #gf ,b to ! age ( ,elizabe? also belongs1 p]haps1 ! s5t5ti\s trag$y ( ,mu/apha by ,fulke ,greville1 ,"l ,brooke1 fir/ surreptiti\sly publi%$ 9 #afji4 ,a c5tury & a half lat] ! dei/s 7 fond ( quot+ #gg ! conclud+ ,*orus ,sac]dotum1 beg9n+3 ,o we>isome condition ( humanity1 ,born "u "o law1 to ano!r b\nd2 ,va9ly begot1 & yet =bidd5 vanity2 ,creat$ sick1 comm&$ to be s\nd3 ,if nature did n take delight 9 blood1 ,%e w\ld h made m easy ways to good4 ,x is natural to suspect t ! au?or ( su* l9es 0 less or?odox ?an 8 own day _h reput$ him2 & yet ! :ole ( 8 "w %[s him mu* pre-occupi$ ) religion1 ?\gh p]haps 9 a dei/ic _s4 ,b ,brooke's introspective & undramatic poetry is an exception3 ! prevail+ col\r ( ! :ole drama ( ! ,%akespe>ean p]iod is pre-,puritan & semi-pagan2 & ! !ological _s ( ! next g5]ation1 int5sifi$ by ,k+ ,james1 0 recogniz$ by cultur$ =eign]s z a *ange = ! worse4 #gh ,! _s ( free le>n+ = ! "t 0 gone1 expell$ by !ological ranc\rs2 & :5 ,seld5 v5tur$ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,ty!s 7#afah7 to apply ! me?od ( dispassionate hi/orical criticism to ecclesia/ical matt]s he 0 compell$ to make a =mal retractation4 #gi ,e>ly ,prote/ants _h attack$1 z a papal sup]/ition1 ! doctr9e t ti!s 7 levi$ jure div9o3 ,prote/ants _h n[ come to reg>d z a!i/ic ! h9t t ti!s 7 levi$ o!rwise4 #hj ,n t rationalism became ext9ct4 ,! ,italianate incr$ulity z to a future /ate1 :i* ,sir ,john ,davies _h s\ght to repel by 8 poem1 ,nosce ,teipsum 7#aeii71 c h>dly h be5 ov]?r[n ev5 by t rem>kable production1 :i* 9 ! usual or?odox way pron\nces all d\bt]s to be light & vici\s p]sons1 :o1 ?\gh !y w\ld1 _c q be bea/s4 #ha ,& !re 7 o!r =ms ( d\bt4 ,9 #afjb appe>$ ,! ,unmask+ ( ! ,politique ,a!i/1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,john ,hull1 ,bat*elor ( ,div9itie1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! ma9 a m]e attempt to retort ^u ,ca?olics ! *>ge ( a!ism laid by !m aga9/ ,prote/ants4 ,soon aft]1 9 #afje1 we f9d ,dr4 ,john ,dove produc+ a ,confutation ( ,a!isme 9 ! mann] ( previ\s cont95tal treatises1 mak+ ! ^w a!ism cov] _m %ades ( !ism2 & an essayi/ writ+ 9 #afjh ass]ts t1 on acc\nt ( ! self-seek+ & corruption s common among *ur*m51 prophane ,a!isme ha? tak5 foot+ 9 ! he>ts ( ignorant & simple m54 #hb ,! or?odox ,b5 ,jonson1 9 8 ,volpone 7#afjg71 puts 9 ! m\? ( a fool #hc ! l9es3-- ,& !n1 = y\r religion1 pr(ess none1 ,b wond] at ! div]sity ( all2 ,&1 = y\r "p1 prote/1 7 !re no o!r ,b simply ! laws o' ?' l&1 y w\ld cont5t y4 ,nic ,ma*iavel & ,monsieur ,bod9 bo? ,7 ( ?is m9d4 ,b ! te/imony is n ! less significant2 z is ! acc\nt 9 ,! ,magnetick ,lady 7#afcb7 ( ,a "y physician to ! family ,t1 lett+ ,god alone1 ascribes to ,nature ,m ?an h] %>e2 lic5ti\s 9 disc\rse1 ,& 9 8 life a pr(e/ voluptu>y4 #hd ,su* /atem5ts ( c\rse prove m]ely a frequ5t coolness t[>ds religion1 n a vogue ( reason$ unbelief4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( rationaliz+ h]esy is atte/$ by ! burn+ ( two m51 ,b>?olomew ,legate & ,edw>d ,wightman1 = av[+ ,unit>ian views1 9 #afab4 ,^!1 ! la/ executions = h]esy 9 ,engl&1 7 results ( ! !ological zeal ( ,k+ ,james1 /imulat$ by ! ,calv9i/ic fanaticism ( ,ar*bi%op ,abbot1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,laud4 ,james's c>e] z a p]secutor began *>act]i/ically 9 a m$dlesome attack ^u a pr(essor 9 ,holl&4 ,a ,g]man !ologian ( ,soc9ian lean+s1 nam$ ,conrad ,vor/ius1 pr(essor at ,/e9fur?1 _h produc$ 9 #afjf a some:at h]etical treatise1 ,de ,deo1 b _h nev]!less be5 appo9t$ 9 #afaj pr(essor ( !ology at ,leyd51 9 succession to ,arm9ius4 ,x 0 8 acceptance ( ,arm9ian views1 jo9$ ) 8 repute z a s*ol>1 #he t secur$ him ! invitation1 :i* 0 giv5 )\t ! k t at a previ\s p]iod he _h be5 (f]$ a simil> appo9tm5t by ! ,soc9ians4 ,9 8 ,anti-,bell>m9us contractus1 a brief refutation ( ! f\r tomes ( ,bell>m91 he _h tak5 ! ,arm9ian l9e1 repudiat+ ! ,calv9i/ positions :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,arm9ius1 c\ld n be def5d$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic attack4 ,b he 0 too speculative & ratioc9ative to be safe 9 an age 9 :i* ! fe> ( spread+ ,soc9ianism & ! hate ( ,calv9i/s t[>ds ,arm9ianism _h set up a reign ( t]ror4 ,vor/ius 0 bo? unsettl+ & het]odox4 ,8 op9ions 7 su* z 9 our own day w\ld c]ta9ly disqualify him f hold+ su* an (fice 9 any ,*ri/ian ,univ]sity2 #hf & ,james1 work$ ^u by ,abbot1 w5t s f> z to make ! appo9tm5t ( ,vor/ius a diplomatic "q4 ,! /adh\d] ,maurice & ! bulk ( ! ,dut* cl]gy be+ ( 8 view1 ! m tol]ant /atesm5 ( ,holl&1 & ! m]cantile ari/ocracy1 yield$ f motives ( prud5ce1 & ,vor/ius 0 dismiss$ 9 ord] to save ! ,engli% alliance4 ,rema9+ !nce=? )\t employm5t1 he 0 fur!r d5\nc$ 9 #afai by ! ,synod ( ,dort1 & bani%$ by ! ,/ates ,g5]al4 ,!reaft] he liv$ = two ye>s 9 hid+2 & soon aft] obta9+ a refuge 9 ,hol/e91 di$1 worn out by 8 tr\bles4 ,9 ,engl&1 meantime1 ,james drew up ) 8 own h&s a catalogue ( ! h]esies f\nd by him 9 ,vor/ius's treatise1 & caus$ ! book to be burn$ 9 ,london & at ! two ,univ]sities4 #hg ,on ! heels ( ?is amaz+ episode came ! cases ( ,wightman & ,legate4 ,f9d+1 9 a p]sonal conv]sation1 t ,legate _h ceas$ to pray to ,*ri/1 ! ,k+ _h him br\ght be=e ! ,bi%op ( ,london's ,consi/ory ,c\rt1 :i* s5t5c$ ! h]etic to ,newgate4 ,be+ %ortly releas$1 he _h ! imprud5ce to ?reat5 an action = false imprisonm5t1 :]eupon he 0 re-arre/$4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,coke held t1 te*nically1 ! ,consi/ory ,c\rt c\ld n s5t5ce to burn+2 b ,hob>t & ,bacon1 ! law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n1 & o!r judges1 7 ( op9ion t x c\ld4 ,legate1 accord+ly1 0 duly tri$1 s5t5c$1 & burn$ at ,smi?field2 & ,wightman a few days lat] 0 simil>ly dispos$ ( at ,li*field4 #hh ,bacon's %>e 9 ?is matt] is obscure1 & has n be5 discuss$ by ei!r 8 assailants or 8 v9dicators4 ,z = ! g5]al public1 ! hi/orian records t n a ^w 0 utt]$ aga9/ ?is horrible cruelty4 ,z we read ov] ! brief contempor>y notices :i* h rea*$ u1 we look 9 va9 = ! slighte/ intimation t ! dea? ( ^! two m5 0 reg>d$ ) any o!r feel+s ?an ^? ) :i* ! writ]s 7 accu/om$ to he> ( ! execution ( an ord9>y murd]]4 ,if any rem>k 0 made1 x 0 9 praise ( ,james = ! devotion :i* he %[$ to ! cause ( ,god4 #hi ,t might h be5 reckon$ on4 ,x 0 n tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,hamond1 ,lewis1 ,cole1 & ,kett _h be5 burn$ on simil> gr\nds2 & !re _h be5 no outcry !n4 ,= g5]ations dir5ess _h be5 too famili> to m5's ?\ghts to admit ( _! be+ %ock$ by a judicial murd] or two ! m4 ,ca?olic prie/s _h be5 execut$ by ! score3 :y n a pair ( ,unit>ians8 #ij ,little _h gone on 9 ! av]age intellectual life 9 ! int]im save religi\s discussion & ,bibliolatry1 & n f su* culture c\ld !re come any gr[? ( human k9dness or any cle>] conception ( ! law ( reciprocity4 ,b1 :e!r by =ce ( recoil f a revival ( ! fires ( ,smi?field or f a p]ception t m]e cruelty did n avail to de/roy h]esy1 ! !ological ultima ratio 0 nev] aga9 resort$ to on ,engli% gr\nd4 ,?\gh no public prote/ 0 made1 ! retrospective ,full] te/ifies t su* burn+ ( h]etics mu* />tl$ common p1 pity+ all 9 pa91 & prone to asp]se ju/ice itself ) cruelty1 because ( ! novelty 767 & hide\sness ( ! puni%m5t4 #ia ,x is notewor?y t )9 a few ye>s ( ! burn+ ( ,legate & ,wightman !re appe>$ q a clu/] ( treatises explicitly cont5d+ = tol]ation4 ,9 #afad came ,religion's ,peace3 or1 a ,plea = ,lib]ty ( ,consci5ce1 by ,leon>d ,bu%]1 ! fir/ ,engli% book ( ! k9d4 ,9 #afae came ,p]secution = ,religion ,judg$ & ,condemn$2 & 9 #afbj ,an ,humble ,supplication to ! ,k+'s ,maje/y1 press+ ! same doctr9e4 #ib ,!re is no record ( any outcry ov] ^! works1 ?\gh !y are tol]ably freespok5 9 _! indictm5t ( ! co]cive s*ool2 & !y _h all to be repr9t$ a g5]ation lat]1 _! po9t hav+ nev] be5 c>ri$2 b x may be surmis$ t _! appeal1 :i* is sub/antially well reason$ f a secul> z well z f a !ological po9t ( view1 _h some?+ to d ) ! ab&onm5t ( p]secution unto dea?4 ,ev5 ,k+ ,james1 9 op5+ ! ,p>liam5t ( #afad1 pr(ess$ to recognize t no religion or h]esy 0 ev] extirpat$ by viol5ce4 ,t an age ( cruel repression ( h]esy _h promot$ unbelief is cle> f ! ,a!oma/ix ( ,bi%op ,fo!rby 7#afbb71 :i* notes among o!r ?+s t z a result ( con/ant disput+ ! ,scriptures 7) _m7 h lo/ _! au?ority1 & are ?\ght onely fit = ! ignorant & idiote4 #ic ,on ?is head ! bi%op attempts no answ]2 & on 8 *os5 !me he is p]haps ! wor/ ( all apologi/s4 ,8 admission t !re c be no priori pro( ( deity #id may be c\nt$ to him = c&\r2 b ! *ildi%ness ( 8 reason+ po/]iori excludes ! ascription ( philosophic insight4 ,he does b use ! old pseudo-argum5ts ( univ]sal cons5t & design1 ) ! simple device ( translat+ poly!i/ic t]ms into mono!i/ic4 ,all ! :ile he makes ! usual sugge/ions t !re are few or no a!i/s to conv]t1 & ^! n wor? conv]t+--?is at a folio's l5g?4 ,! book tells only ( difficulties evad$ by vocif]ation4 ,& :ile ! gr[+ /ress ( ! /rife betwe5 ! ecclesia/icism ( ! ,cr[n & ! =ces ( noncon=mity m & m ?ru/ to ! front religio-political issues1 !re began alongside ( ^? /rifes ! new & p[]ful propag&a ( deism1 :i*1 beg9n+ ) ! ,lat9 treatise1 ,de ,v]itate1 ( ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury 7#afbd71 0 gradually to leav5 ,engli% ?\ght = ov] a c5tury4 ,fur!r1 !re n[ came into play ! manifold influ5ce ( ,francis ,bacon1 ^: case illu/rates p]haps m fully ?an any o!r ! difficulties1 alike ext]nal & int]nal1 9 ! way ( "r ?9k+4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 8 "w is on acc\nt ( ^? difficulties divid$ aga9/ itself1 insi/+ z he does alt]nately on a /rict critical me?od & on ! subjection ( reason to ! au?ority ( revelation4 ,he s\nds a trumpet-call to a new & univ]sal ef=t ( free & circumspect intellig5ce2 & on ! in/ant he /ipulates = ! pr]ogative ( ,scripture4 ,?\gh only "o ( _m :o assail$ alike ! me?odic tyranny ( ,ari/otelianism #ie & ! me?odless empiricism ( ! ord9>y sci5tific ?\ght ( ! pa/1 he made 8 attack ) a su/a9$ & manifold =ce ( insight & utt]ance :i* /ill entitles him to pre-em95ce z ! great critic ( wrong me?ods & ! h]ald ( bett]4 ,yet he n only transgresses (t5 8 own pr9cipal precepts 9 8 sci5tific reason+2 he falls bel[ sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors 9 respect ( 8 =mal insi/5ce on ! f9al supremacy ( !ology ov] reason1 alike 9 physics & 9 e?ics4 ,:]e ,hook] is o/5sibly seek+ to wid5 ! field ( rational judgm5t on ! side ( cre$1 ,bacon1 ! v *ampion ( m5tal emancipation 9 ! ab/ract1 decl>es ! b\nd>y to be fix$4 ,( ^? lapses f critical good fai?1 "p ( ! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! innate difficulty ( vital innovation = all intellig5ces2 "p 9 ! special pressures ( ! religi\s environm5t4 ,on ! latt] head ,bacon makes su* frequ5t & emphatic prote/ t we are b\nd to inf] on 8 "p a p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 8 own day ( ! religi\s ho/ility :i* long foll[$ 8 memory4 ,g5]ally1 he wrote ( himself 9 "o fragm5t1 he p]ceiv$ 9 m5 ( dev\t simplicity ?is op9ion1 t ! secrets ( nature 7 ! secrets ( ,god1 & "p ( t glory :]e9to ! m9d ( man if x seek to press %all be oppress$2444 & on ! o!r side1 9 m5 ( a dev\t policy he not$ an incl9ation to h ! p dep5d ^u ,god ! m :5 !y are less acqua9t$ ) second causes1 & to h no /irr+ 9 philosophy1 le/ x may lead to innovation 9 div9ity or else %\ld discov] matt] ( fur!r contradiction to div9ity #if--;a summ>y ( ! :ole e>ly hi/ory ( ! resi/ance to sci5ce4 #ig ,9 ! works :i* he wrote at ! height ( 8 p[]s1 especially 9 8 ma/]piece1 ! ,novum ,organum 7#afbj71 :]e he comes close/ to ! problems ( exact inquiry1 he specifies aga9 & aga9 bo? popul> sup]/ition & or?odox !ology z h9drances to sci5tific rese>*1 comm5t+ on ^? :o out ( fai? & v5]ation mix _! philosophy ) !ology & traditions1 #ih & decl>+ t ( ! drawbacks sci5ce _h to cont5d ) ! corruption ( philosophy by sup]/ition & an admixture ( !ology is f> ! m widely spread1 & does ! greate/ h>m1 :e!r to entire sy/ems or to _! p>ts4 ,= ! human und]/&+ is obnoxi\s to ! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation no less ?an to ! influ5ce ( common notions4 #ii ,9 ! same passage he exclaims at ! extreme levity ( ^? ( ! mod]ns :o h attempt$ to f\nd a sy/em ( natural philosophy on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 on ! book ( ,job1 & o!r p>ts ( ! sacr$ writ+s2 #ajj & yet aga91 c\pl+ z ob/9ate adv]s>ies ( ,natural ,philosophy sup]/ition1 & ! bl9d & immod]ate zeal ( religion1 he r\ndly affirms t by ! simpl5ess ( c]ta9 div9es access to any philosophy1 h[ev] pure1 is well nigh clos$4 #aja ,^! *>ges are repeat$ly salv$ by su* claims z t true religion puts no ob/acles 9 ! way ( sci5ce2 #ajb t ! book ( ,job runs mu* to natural philosophy2 #ajc &1 9 p>ticul>1 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um1 r$act$ aft] 8 disgrace1 by ! decl>ation--m emphatic ?an ^? ( ! e>li] ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+--t ,sacr$ ,!ology ought to be d]iv$ f ! ^w & oracles ( ,god1 & n f ! light ( nature or ! dictates ( reason4 #ajd ,9 ?is mood he goes s f> z to decl>e1 ) ! ?or\gh-go+ obscuranti/s1 t ! m discordant & incr$ible ! div9e my/]y is1 ! m hon\r is %[n to ,god 9 believ+ x1 & ! nobl] is ! victory ( fai?4 ,x 0 probably su* deliv]ances z ^! t l$ to ! ascription to ,bacon ( ,! ,*ri/ian ,p>adoxes1 fir/ publi%$ 7surreptiti\sly71 )\t au?or's "n1 9 #afde4 ,z has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,gros>t 7,"l ,bacon ,,n ! ,au?or ( ,! ,*ri/ian ,p>adoxes1 #ahfe7 t treatise 0 really by ,h]b]t ,palm]1 ,b4,d41 :o publi%$ x 9 full 9 "p ii ( 8 ,memorials ( ,godl9ess & ,*ri/ianity1 #e? ed4 #afee4 ,! argum5t drawn f ?is treatise z to ,bacon's skepticism is a tw(old my/ification4 ,! ,p>adoxes are ! delib]ate decl>ation ( a pieti/ t he believes ! dogmas ( revelation )\t rational compreh5sion4 ,! /yle is pla9ly n ,bacon's2 b ,bacon _h said ! same ?+ 9 ! s5t5ce quot$ above4 ,dr4 ,gros>t's explosive def5ce aga9/ ! criticism ( ,ritt] 7"w cit$1 p4 #ad7 is an illu/ration ( ! intellectual temp] involv$4 ,yet ev5 9 ! calculat$ extravagance ( ?is la/ pron\ncem5t !re is a gr\nd = "q :e!r ! fall5 ,*ancellor1 hop+ to retrieve himself1 & try+ e device ( 8 ripe sagacity to av]t opposition1 0 n /ra9+ 8 =mal or?odoxy beyond 8 real intellectual habit4 ,z aga9/ su* :olesale affirmation we h 8 decl>ations t c]ta9 x is t ,god worke? no?+ 9 nature b by second causes1 & t any pret5ce to ! contr>y is m]e impo/ure z x 7 9 fav\r t[>ds ,god1 & no?+ else b to (f] to ! au?or ( tru? ! unclean sacrifice ( a lie2 #aje 8 repeat$ objection to ! discussion ( ,f9al ,causes2 #ajf 8 attack on ,plato & ,ari/otle = reject+ ! a!i/ic sci5tific me?od ( ,democritus2 #ajg 8 p]emptory ass]tion t motion is a prop]ty ( matt]2 #ajh & 8 almo/ ,democritean h&l+ ( ! f9al problem1 9 :i* he insi/s t primal matt] is1 next to ,god1 ! cause ( causes1 itself only )\t a cause4 #aji ,fur!r1 ?\gh he speaks ( ,scriptural miracles 9 a conv5tional way1 #aaj he drily pron\nces 9 "o passage t1 z = n>rations t\*+ ! prodigies & miracles ( religions1 !y are ei!r n true or n natural1 & !re=e imp]t95t = ! /ory ( nature4 #aaa ,f9ally1 z aga9/ ! =mal capitulation to !ology at ! close ( ! ,de ,augm5tis1 he has left /&+ 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,lat9 v]sion ! r++ doctr9e ( ! orig9al ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afje71 t !re is no p[] on e>? :i* sette? up a ?rone or *air 9 ! spirits & s\ls ( m51 & 9 _! cogitations1 imag9ations1 op9ions1 & beliefs1 b k & le>n+2 #aab & 9 8 ,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts #aac he has contriv$ to turn a crude my? into a subtle allegory 9 behalf ( tol]ation4 ,?us1 despite 8 _m resorts to & pro/rations be=e ! ,scriptures1 ! g5]al effect ( 8 writ+s 9 ?is reg>d is to set up 9 ! m9ds ( 8 read]s ! old semi-rationali/ic equivoque ( a two-fold tru?2 rem9d+ u z !y d t he did 9 ! beg9n+ sep>ate ! div9e te/imony f ! human4 ,:51 !re=e1 he ann\nces t we "k by fai? t matt] 0 creat$ f no?+1 #aad he has ! air ( juggl+ ) 8 problem2 & 8 fur!r sugge/ion z to ! possibility ( matt] be+ end[$ ) a =ce ( evolution1 h[ev] cauti\sly put1 is f> remov$ f or?odoxy4 ,accord+ly1 ! *>ge ( a!ism--:i* he notes z commonly br\ght aga9/ all :o dwell solely on second causes #aae--0 actually ca/ at 8 memory 9 ! next g5]ation4 #aaf ,x 0 ( c\rse false3 on ! issue ( !ism he is cont9ually descant+ ) q conv5tional unction2 z 9 ! famili> essay on a!ism4 #aag ,8 dismissal ( f9al causes z b>r5 meant m]ely t ! notion 0 b>r5 ( sci5tific result2 #aah & he ref]s ! "q to metaphysic4 #aai ,b if 8 !ism 0 ( a k9d di/urb+ to believ]s 9 a controll+ ,provid5ce1 z little 0 x satisfactory to ,*ri/ian f]v\r3 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! ma9 /ream ( 8 argum5t made = a non-,biblical deism1 if n = a!ism2 8 dogmatic or?odoxies be+ und]m9$ by 8 own sci5tific tea*+4 ,le*l] 7,ges*4 des englis*5 ,deismus1 pp4 #bc-be7 notes t ,bacon involunt>ily made = deism4 ,cp4 ,am& ,sa9tes1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 de ,kant1 #ahdd1 p4 #fi2 & ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,francis ,bacon1 ,eng4 tr4 #aheg1 *4 xi1 pp4 #cda-dc4 ,dean ,*ur* 7,bacon1 9 ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies1 pp4 #agd1 #bje7 insi/s t ,bacon held by revelation & immortality2 & c ( c\rse cite 8 pr(ession ( su* belief1 :i* is n to be disput$4 7,cp4 ! c>eful judgm5t ( ,pr(4 ,f[l] 9 8 ,bacon1 pp4 #ahj-ia1 & 8 ed4 ( ! ,novum ,organum1 #ahgh1 pp4 #dc-ec47 ,b ! t5d5cy ( ! specific ,baconian tea*+ is none ! less to put ^! beliefs aside1 & to ov]lay !m ) a naturali/ic habit ( m9d4 ,at ! fir/ remove f ,bacon we h ,hobbes4 ,z reg>ds 8 intellectual inconsi/5cies1 we c b say t !y are su* z meet u 9 m5's ?9k+ at e new turn4 ,?\gh we c see t ,bacon's or?odoxy do? prote/ too mu*1 ) an eye on k+ & commons & public op9ion1 we are n l$ to suppose t he _h ev] 9 8 he>t ca/ (f 8 inh]it$ cre$4 ,he %[s frequ5t ,*ri/ian prejudice 9 8 ref]5ces to pagans2 & c write t ,to seek to ext+ui% ang] utt]ly is b ! brav]y ( ! ,/oics1 #abj pret5d+ t ! ,*ri/ian books are m accommodat+1 & ignor+ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 argu+ t ! religion ( ! hea!n set m5 ^u end+ all inquisition ( nature 9 metaphysical or !ological disc\rse1 & 9 *>g+ ! ,turks ) a special t5d5cy to ascribe ord9>y effects to ! imm$iate work+s ( ,god1 #aba he is play+ n v scrupul\sly on ! vanity ( 8 co-religioni/s4 ,z he 0 only too well aw>e1 bo? t5d5cies rul$ ! ,*ri/ian ?\ght ( 8 own day1 & d]ive direct f ! sacr$ books--n f abuse1 z he pret5ds4 ,& on ! metaphysical z on ! common-s5se side ( 8 ?\ght he is self-contradictory1 ev5 z mo/ m5 h be5 be=e & s9ce1 because judgm5t _c easily fulfil ! precepts x frames = itself 9 illum9at$ h\rs4 ,latt]-day /ud5ts h be5 impress$1 z 0 ,leibnitz1 by ! orig9al insight ) :i* ,bacon negat$ ! possibility ( our =m+ any concrete conception ( a prim>y =m ( matt]1 & insi/$ on its necess>y transc5d5ce ( our p[]s ( k4 #abb ,on ! same pr9ciple he %\ld h negat$ e modal conception ( ! /ill m recondite ,some?+ :i* he put z antec$5t to matt]1 & call$ ,god4 #abc ,yet 9 8 normal ?9k+ he seems to h be5 cont5t ) ! commonplace =mula giv5 9 8 essay on ,a!ism--t we _c suppose ! totality ( ?+s to be )\t a m9d4 ,he has "h endors$ 9 its ess5tials :at he else:]e calls ! h]esy ( ! ,an?ropomorphites1 #abd fail+ to apply 8 own law 9 8 philosophy1 z else:]e 9 8 physics4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we realize t simil> inconsi/5cy is fall5 into aft] him by ,sp9oza1 & :olly escap$ p]haps by no ?9k]1 we are 9 a way to und]/& t ) all 8 deflections f 8 own high] law ,bacon may h pr(\ndly & fruitfully influ5c$ ! ?\ght ( ! next g5]ation1 if n t ( 8 own4 ,! fact ( ?is influ5ce has be5 some:at obscur$ by ! mod]n dispute z to :e!r he _h any important influ5ce on sci5tific progress4 #abe ,at fir/ sight ! old claim = him 9 t reg>d seems to be heavily disc\nt$ by ! simple fact t he def9itely reject$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy4 #abf ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ?is gravely emphasizes 8 fallibility1 x does n cancel 8 s]vices z a /imulator ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,at t "t only a few 7 yet intellig5tly conv9c$ ,cop]nicans2 & we h ! record ( h[1 9 ,bacon's day1 ,h>vey lo/ heavily 9 cr$it & 9 8 m$ical practice by prop\nd+ 8 discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 #abg :i*1 x is said1 no physician ov] =ty ye>s old at t "t believ$ 94 ,= ! sci5tific m5 ( t c5tury--& only among !m did ,cop]nicanism f9d ! slighte/ acceptance--x 0 ?us no fatal %ortcom+ 9 ,bacon to h fail$ to grasp ! true s*eme ( sid]eal motion1 any m ?an x 0 9 ,galileo to be wrong ab\t ! tides & comets4 ,!y c\ld realize t x 0 precisely 9 a/ronomy1 = lack ( special /udy & exp]t k1 t ,bacon 0 lea/ qualifi$ to judge4 ,intellectual influ5ce on sci5ce is n necess>ily dep5d5t on actual sci5tific a*ievem5t1 ?\gh t ( c\rse fur!rs & e/abli%es x2 & ! fact ( ,bacon's impact on ! m9d ( ! next age is abundantly prov$ by te/imonies4 ,= a "t ! explicit tributes came *iefly f abroad2 ?\gh at all times1 ev5 9 ! fir/ %ock ( 8 disgrace1 !re 7 ,engli%m5 p]fectly conv9c$ ( 8 greatness4 ,to ! w9n+ ( =eign fav\r he _h specially address$ himself 9 8 adv]sity4 ,gr[n w>y 9 act z well z wise 9 !ory1 he delet$ f ! ,lat9 ,de ,augm5tis a :ole s]ies ( passages ( ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ :i* disp>ag$ ,ca?olics & ,ca?olicism2 #abh & he _h 8 rew>d 9 be+ appreciat$ by _m ,jesuit & o!r ,ca?olic s*ol>s4 #abi ,b ,prote/ants su* z ,com5ius & ,leibnitz 7 ere long m emphatic ?an any ,ca?olics2 #acj & at ! "t ( ! ,re/oration we f9d ,bacon en?usia/ically prais$ among ! m op5-m9d$ & sci5tifically biass$ ?9k]s ( ,engl&1 :o includ$ "s zeal\s ,*ri/ians4 #aca ,x 0 n t 8 special me?od enabl$ !m to rea* important results ) any new facility2 its impracticability is n[ insi/$ on by fri5ds z well z foes4 #acb ,x 0 t he arraign$ ) extraord9>y psy*ological insight & brilliance ( phrase ! m5tal vices :i* _h made discov]ies s r>e2 ! alt]nate self-complac5cy & despair ( ! av]age indol5t m9d2 ! op9ion ( /ore :i* 0 cause ( want2 ! timid or sup]/iti\s evasion ( rese>*4 ,9 all ?is he 0 us+ 8 own highe/ p[]s1 8 compreh5sion ( human "* & 8 g5ius = spee*4 ,& ?\gh 8 own sci5tific results 7 n to be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,galileo & ,desc>tes1 ! wond]ful range ( 8 obs]vation & 8 curiosity1 ! unwe>y+ ze/ ( 8 scrut9y ( well-nigh all ! kn[n fields ( ,nature1 mu/ h be5 an inspiration to multitudes ( /ud5ts besides ^? :o h record$ _! debt to him4 ,x is probable t b = 8 lit]>y g5ius1 :i* ?\gh little discuss$ is ( a v r>e ord]1 8 influ5ce w\ld h be5 bo? n>r[] & less durable2 b1 be+ "o ( ! great writ]s ( ! mod]n _w1 he has sway$ m5 d[n till our own day4 ,c]ta9 x is t alongside ( 8 doctr9e !re p]si/$ 9 ,engl&1 ap>t f all pr9t$ utt]ance1 a movem5t ( dei/ic rationalism1 ( :i* ! eighte5? c5tury saw only ! full] developm5t4 ,sir ,john ,suckl+ 7#afji-afda71 rewrit+ ab\t #afcg 8 lett] to ! ,e>l ( ,dorset1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,religion by ,reason1 tells h[ 9 a fir/ sket* x _h l to h made me an ,a!i/ at ,c\rt1 & h[ ! fe> ( ,soc9ianism at ?is "t r5d]s e man t (f]s to give an acc\nt ( religion by reason1 suspect$ to h none at all2 #acc b he also m5tions t he kn[s x /ill to be ! op9ion ( good wits t ! p>ticul> religion ( ,*ri/ians has add$ little to ! g5]al religion ( ! _w4 #acd ,himself a "y man ( tal5t1 he (f]s quasi-rational reconciliations ( fai? ) reason :i* c h satisfi$ no real d\bt]1 & c h>dly h fail$ to introduce d\bt into ! m9ds ( "s ( 8 read]s4 #e4 ,popul> ,?\ght 9 ,europe ,( popul> free?\ght 9 ! re/ ( ,europe !re is little to *ronicle = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! epo*-mak+ "w ( ,cop]nicus1 publi%$ 9 #aedc1 _h little or no imm$iate effect 9 ,g]many1 :]e1 z we h se51 physical & v]bal /rifes _h begun ) ! ecclesia/ical revolution1 & 7 to cont9ue to wa/e ! nation's en]gy = a c5tury4 ,9 #aedf1 all attempts at ecclesia/ical reconciliation hav+ fail$1 ! emp]or ,*>les ,v1 9 :om ,melan*?on _h se5 a model mon>*1 #ace decid$ to put d[n ! ,prote/ant h]esy by w>4 ,lu!r _h j di$1 appreh5sive = 8 cause4 ,civil w> n[ rag$ till ! peace ( ,augsburg 9 #aeee2 :]eaft] ,*>les abdicat$ 9 fav\r ( 8 son ,philip4 ,"h 7 9 "p ! conditions :i* 9 ,france & else:]e 7 lat] foll[$ by a gr[? ( rational unbelief2 & !re are "s traces ev5 at ?is "t ( p>tial skepticism 9 high places 9 ! ,g]man _w1 notably 9 ! case ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii1 :o1 gr[n up 9 ! _s ( d\bt1 #acf w\ld nev] id5tify himself ) ei!r ,prote/ants or ,ca?olics4 #acg ,b 9 ,g]many !re 0 /ill too little intellectual light1 too little brood+ ov] exp]i5ce1 to p]mit ( ! spread ( su* a temp]2 & ! balance ( =ces am\nt$ only to a deadlock betwe5 ! ecclesia/ical p>ties4 ,prote/antism on ! intellectual side1 z already not$1 _h sunk into a bitt] & b>r5 polemic #ach among ! re=m]s !mselves2 & _m :o _h jo9$ ! movem5t rev]t$ to ,ca?olicism4 #aci ,mean:ile ! tea*+ & prea*+ ,jesuits 7 zeal\sly at "w1 turn+ ! diss5sions ( ! enemy to acc\nt1 & contra/+ its s*ism ^u s*ism ) ! unity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ,prote/antism 0 well weld$ to ! f9ancial int]e/ ( ! _m pr9ces & o!rs :o _h acquir$ ! ,*ur* l&s confiscat$ at ! ,re=mation2 s9ce a return to ,ca?olicism w\ld mean ! surr5d] ( ^!4 #adj ,?us !re wr\ght on ! "o side ! organiz$ _s ( anti-h]esy #ada & on ! o!r ! organiz$ _s ( ,bibliolatry1 nei!r ga9+ gr\nd2 & betwe5 ! two1 intellectual life 0 p>alys$4 ,prote/antism saw no way ( advance2 & ! prevail+ temp] began to be t ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 expectant ( ! end ( ! _w4 #adb ,sup]/ition ab\nd$1 especially ! belief 9 wit*craft1 n[ act$ on ) frightful cruelty ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w2 #adc & 9 ! nature ( ! case ,ca?olicism c\nt$ = no?+ on ! opposite side4 ,! only elem5t ( rationalism t "o hi/orian ( culture c detect is ! t5d5cy ( ! ,g]man morali/s ( ! "t to turn ! devil into an ab/raction by id5tify+ him ) ! diff]5t aspects ( human folly & vice4 #add ,!re 01 z a matt] ( fact1 a some:at high] manife/ation ( ! _s ( reason 9 ! %ape ( "s new prote/s aga9/ ! sup]/ition ( sorc]y4 ,ab\t #aefj a ,ca?olic prie/ nam$ ,cornelius ,loos ,callidius 0 imprison$ by a papal nuncio = decl>+ t wit*es' confessions 7 m]ely ! results ( torture4 ,=c$ to retract1 he 0 releas$2 b aga9 (f5d$1 & 0 aga9 imprison$1 dy+ 9 "t to escape ! fate ( a c\ncillor ( ,trves1 nam$ ,flade1 :o 0 burn$ alive = argu+1 on ! basis ( an old canon 7mi/ak5ly nam$ f ! ,c\ncil ( ,ancyra71 t sorc]y is an imag9>y crime4 #ade ,su* an infamy expla9s a great deal ( ! /agnation ( _m ,*ri/ian g5]ations4 ,b c\rage 0 n ext9ct2 & 9 #aefc !re appe>$ ! fam\s ,john ,wi]'s treatise on wit*craft1 #adf a "w :i*1 ?\gh fully adh]+ to ! belief 9 ! devil & ?+s demoniac1 argu$ aga9/ ! notion t wit*es 7 consci\s work]s ( evil4 ,wi] #adg 0 a physician1 & saw ! problem p>tly z "o 9 pa?ology4 ,o!r laym51 & ev5 prie/s1 z we h se51 _h react$ /ill m /rongly aga9/ ! prevail+ insanity2 b x _h ! au?ority ( ,lu!r on its side1 & ) ! common p ! e>li] prote/s c\nt$ = little4 ,reactions aga9/ ,prote/ant bigotry 9 ,holl& on o!r l9es 7 n mu* m successful1 & inde$ 7 n num]\s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is t ( ,dirk ,coornh]t 7#aebb-aeij71 :o by 8 manifold lit]>y activities #adh became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,dut* prose4 ,9 8 y\? ,coornh]t _h visit$ ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & _h !re1 x is said1 se5 an execution ( victims ( ! ,inquisition1 #adi d]iv+ !nce ! av]sion to intol]ance :i* /amp$ 8 :ole life's "w4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t any su* p59sul> exp]i5ce 0 requir$1 see+ t ! ,dut* ,inquisition became abundantly active ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,le>n+ ,lat9 at ?irty1 9 ord] to read ,augu/9e1 he became a translator ( ,cic]o &--s+ul>ly en\gh--( ,boccaccio4 ,an engrav] to trade1 he became fir/ not>y & lat] secret>y to ! burgoma/] ( ,ha>lem2 &1 fail+ to /e] cle> ( ! /rifes ( ! "t1 0 arre/$ & imprison$ at ! ,hague 9 #aefg4 ,on 8 release he s\ght safety at ,kleef 9 ,sant51 :5ce he return$ aft] ! capture ( ,brill to become secret>y ( ! new national ,gov]nm5t at ,ha>lem2 b he _h aga9 to take to flight1 & liv$ at ,kleef f #aegb to #aegg4 ,9 #aegh he debat$ at ,leyd5 ) two prea*]s ( ,delft on pr$e/9ation1 :i* he decl>$ to be unscriptural2 & 0 (ficially ord]$ to keep sil5ce4 ,!reupon he publi%$ a prote/1 & got into fre% tr\ble by draw+ up1 z not>y1 an appeal to ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange on behalf ( 8 ,ca?olic fell[-c\ntrym5 = fre$om ( wor%ip1 & by hold+ ano!r debate at ! ,hague4 #aej ,always 8 ma/]-ideal 0 t ( tol]ation1 9 support ( :i* he wrote /rongly aga9/ ,beza & ,calv9 7?is 9 a ,lat9 treatise publi%$ only aft] 8 dea?71 decl>+ ! p]secution ( h]etics to be a crime 9 ! k+dom ( ,god2 & x 0 z a morali/ t he gave ! lead to ,arm9ius on ! "q ( pr$e/9ation4 #aea ,aga9/ ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic sac]dotalism & s*ola/ic he set =? humani/ _w-wisdom & ,biblical e?ic1 #aeb to t end publi%+ a translation ( ,bo?ius 7#aehe71 & compos+ 8 *ief "w on ,z$ekun/ 7,e?ics74 ,*ri/ianity1 he insi/$1 lay n 9 pr(ession or cre$1 b 9 practice4 ,by way ( re/ra9+ ! ev]-increas+ malignity ( !ological /rifes1 he made ! qua9t proposal t ! cl]gy %\ld n be all[$ to utt] any?+ b ! actual words ( ! ,scriptures1 & t all works ( !ology %\ld be seque/rat$4 ,= ^! & o!r het]oclite sugge/ions he 0 expell$ f ,delft 7:]e he s\ght f9ally to settle1 #aehg7 by ! magi/rates1 at ! in/ance ( ! prea*]s1 b 0 all[$ to die 9 peace at ,g\da1 :]e he wrote to ! la/4 #aec ,all ! :ile1 ?\gh he drew = doctr9e on ,plut>*1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius equally ) ! ,bible1 ,coornh]t habitually f\nd$ on ! latt] z ! f9al au?ority4 #aed ,on no o!r foot+ c\ld any "o 9 8 age & c\ntry /& z a tea*]4 ,x 0 n till aft] g5]ations ( furi\s intol]ance t a l>g] outlook 0 possible 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 & ! fir/ /eps t[>ds x 7 naturally tak5 indep5d5tly ( !ology4 ,al?\gh ,grotius figur$ = a c5tury z "o ( ! *ief expon5ts ( ,*ri/ian evid5ces1 x is c]ta9 t 8 great "w on ! ,law ( ,w> & ,peace 7#afbe7 made = a rationali/ic conception ( society4 ,mod]n hi/orians ( jurisprud5ce1 l ,l]m9i] & ,blunts*li1 repres5t x z ! di/9ctive m]it ( ,grotius t he fre$ ! sci5ce f bondage to !ology4 #aee ,! brea*1 inde$1 is n direct1 z !i/ic sanctions are p>ad$ 9 ! ,prolegom5a2 b along ) ^! goes ! av[al t natural e?ic w\ld be valid ev5 7 !re no ,god1 &--z aga9/ ! =mula ( ,horace1 ,utilitas ju/i mat]--t ! "m ( natural "r is human nature itself4 #aef ,:]e ,grotius1 def5d] ( ! fai?1 figur$ z a h]etic1 unbelief c\ld n speak out1 ?\gh !re are traces ( its und]gr\nd life4 ,! *>ge ( a!ism 0 br\ght aga9/ ! ,exc]citationes ,philosophic ( ,gorlu1 publi%$ 9 #afbj2 b1 ! book be+ po/hum\s1 conclusions c\ld n be tri$4 ,views f> %ort ( a!ism1 h[ev]1 7 dang]\s to _! hold]s2 = ! m]ely ,soc9ian "w ( ,voelkel1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #afdb1 0 burn$ by ord] ( ! au?orities1 & a second impression %>$ ! same fate4 #aeg ,9 #afec ! ,/ates ( ,holl& =bade ! publication ( all ,unit>ian books & all ,soc9ian wor%ip2 & ?\gh ! veto z to books 0 soon evad$1 t on wor%ip 0 en=c$4 #aeh ,/ill1 ,holl& 0 relatively tol]ant z beside o!r c\ntries2 & :5 ! ,unit>ian physician ,daniel ,zwick] 7#afab-afgh71 ( ,dantzig1 f\nd 8 own c\ntry too hot to hold him1 he came to ,holl& 7ab\t #afeb7 = security & conv5i5ce4 #aei ,he 0 able to publi% at ,am/]dam 9 #afeh 8 ,lat9 ,ir5icum ,ir5icorum1 :]e9 he lays d[n ?ree pr9ciples = ! settlem5t ( ,*ri/ian difficulties1 ! fir/ be+ ! univ]sal reason ( mank9d1 :ile ,scripture & tradition hold only ! second & ?ird places4 ,8 book is a rem>kable inve/igation ( ! rise ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,logos & ! ,tr9ity1 :i* he trac$ to poly!ism1 mak+ out t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 :om he id5tifi$ ) ! ,naz>5es1 reg>d$ ,jesus z a man4 ,! book evok$ _m answ]s1 & x is some:at surpris+ t ,zwick] escap$ s]i\s p]secution1 dy+ peacefully 9 ,am/]dam 9 #afgh1 :]eas writ]s mu* less pron\nc$ 9 _! h]esy incurr$ aggressive ho/ility4 ,desc>tes1 z we %all see1 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,holl& 0 m5ac$ by cl]ical fanaticism4 ,"s f>$ worse4 ,9 ! g5]ation aft] ,grotius1 "o ,ko]bagh1 a doctor1 = publi%+ 7#affh7 a diction>y ( def9itions conta9+ advanc$ ideas1 _h to fly f ,am/]dam4 ,at ,cul5b]g he translat$ a ,unit>ian "w & began ano!r2 b 0 betray$1 tri$ = blasphemy1 & s5t5c$ to t5 ye>s' imprisonm5t1 to be foll[$ by t5 ye>s' bani%m5t4 ,he compromis$ by dy+ 9 prison )9 ! ye>4 ,ev5 z late z #afgh ! juri-consult ,hadrian ,bev]l& 7aft]w>ds appo9t$1 ?r\gh ,isaac ,vossius1 to a lay (fice "u ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&7 0 imprison$ & /ruck (f ! rolls ( ,leyd5 ,univ]sity = 8 ,peccatum ,orig9ale1 9 :i* he speculat$ erotically z to ! nature ( ! s9 ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,! book 0 furi\sly answ]$1 & publicly burn$4 #afj ,x 0 only aft] an age ( su* intol]ance t ,holl&1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 began to become = ,engl& a model ( fre$om 9 op9ion1 z =m]ly 9 trade4 ,& x seems to h be5 ?r\gh ,holl&1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t !re came ! fre% ,unit>ian impulse :i* l$ to ! consid]able spread ( ! movem5t 9 ,engl& aft] ! ,revolution ( #afhh4 #afa ,unit>ianism1 :i* we h se5 ?us invad+ ,holl& some:at p]si/5tly dur+ half a c5tury1 0 !n z n[ impot5t beyond a c]ta9 po9t by reason ( its divid$ allegiance1 ?\gh x has always _h ! support ( "s good m9ds4 ,its d5ial ( ! deity ( ,jesus c\ld n be made out )\t a c]ta9 sup]pos+ ( reason on ,scripture2 & yet to ,scripture x always f9ally appeal$4 ,! majority ( m5 accept+ su* au?ority h always t5d$ to believe m uncritically2 & ! majority ( m5 :o are habitually critical w always repudiate ! ,scriptural jurisdiction4 ,9 ,pol&1 accord+ly1 ! movem5t1 s fl\ri%+ 9 its e>li] ye>s1 0 soon arre/$1 z we h se51 by ! p]ception t x drove _m ,prote/ants back to ,ca?olicism2 among ^! be+ presumably a numb] ^: critical insight %[$ !m t !re 0 no firm /&+-gr\nd betwe5 ,ca?olicism & ,naturalism4 ,e new advance )9 ! ,unit>ian pale t]rifi$ ! ma9 body1 _m ( :om 7 m]e ,arians1 hold+ by ! t]m ,tr9ity1 & m]ely mak+ ! ,son subord9ate to ! ,fa!r4 ,?us :5 "o ( _! mo/ le>n$ m9i/]s1 ,simon ,budny1 foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ,f]5cz ,davides 7:om we h se5 dy+ 9 prison 9 ,transylvania 9 #aegi71 & repres5t$ ,jesus z a m]e man1 he 0 condemn$ by a synod 7#aehb7 & depos$ f 8 (fice 7#aehd74 ,he recant$1 & 0 re9/at$1 #afb b 8 adh]5ts seem to h be5 excommunicat$4 ,! sect ?us =m$ 7 t]m$ ,semi-,judaiz]s by ano!r h]etic1 ,m>t9 ,cze*[icz1 :o himself d5i$ ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus1 & made him only a species ( demi-god2 #afc yet ,fau/o ,sozz9i1 bett] kn[n z ,fau/us ,soc9us1 :o also wrote aga9/ !m1 & :o _h work$ ) ,bi&rata to h ,davides imprison$1 conc$$ t pray] to ,*ri/ 0 optional4 #afd ,fau/us1 :o arriv$ 9 ,pol& 9 #aegi1 seems to h be5 mov$ to 8 /r5u\sly mod]ate policy1 :i* = a "t unifi$ ! bulk ( ! p>ty1 ma9ly by a desire to keep on tol]able t]ms ) ,prote/antism4 ,t1 h[ev]1 did n s]ve him ) ! ,ca?olics2 & :5 ! reaction set 9 he suff]$ sev]ely at _! h&s4 ,8 treatise1 ,de ,jesu ,*ri/u ,s]vatore1 creat$ bitt] res5tm5t2 & 9 #aeih ! ,ca?olic rabble ( ,crac[1 l$ z usual by ! /ud5ts ( ! univ]sity1 dragg$ him f 8 h\se4 ,8 life 0 sav$ only by ! /r5u\s ef=ts ( ! rector & two pr(essors ( ! univ]sity2 & 8 libr>y 0 de/roy$1 ) 8 manuscripts1 :]e( he p>ticul>ly regrett$ a treatise :i* he _h compos$ aga9/ ! a!i/s2 #afe ?\gh x is n record$ t ! a!i/s _h ev] m5ac$ ei!r 8 life or 8 prop]ty4 ,he seems to h be5 zeal\s aga9/ all h]esy t outw5t 8 own1 prea*+ passive ob$i5ce 9 politics z emphatically z any *ur*man1 & condemn+ alike ! ris+ ( ! ,dut* aga9/ ,spani% rule & ! resi/ance ( ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants to _! k+4 #aff ,?is attitude may h _h some?+ to d ) ! bett] side ( ! e?ical doctr9es ( ! sect1 :i* leant consid]ably to non-resi/ance4 ,cze*[icz 7:o 0 depos$ by 8 fell[-,soc9ians = s*ism7 seems n only to h prea*$ a pati5t endurance ( injuries1 b to h meant x2 #afg & to ! ,soc9ian sect belongs ! ma9 cr$it ( sett+ up a humane compromise on ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t4 #afh ,! "t1 ( c\rse1 _h n come = any fav\rable reception ( su* a compromise 9 ,*ri/5dom2 & x is not$ ( ! ,g]man ,soc9ian1 ,ern/ ,s*on] 7,son]us71 :o wrote aga9/ ! or?odox dogma1 t 8 works are exce$+ly sc>ce4 #afi ,unit>ianism z a :ole1 inde$1 made little headway outside ( ,pol& & ,transylvania4 ,9 ,spa91 meantime1 !re 0 no recov]y f ! p>alysis wr\ght by ! comb9$ tyranny ( ,*ur* & ,cr[n1 inc>nate 9 ! ,inquisition4 ,! mon/r\s multiplication ( h] cl]gy might alone h suffic$ to set up /agnation 9 h] m5tal life2 b1 n cont5t ) ! turn+ ( a va/ multitude #agj ( m5 & wom5 away f ! ord9>y "w ( life1 h] rul]s set !mselves to expatriate z _m m on ! score ( h]esy4 ,a c5tury aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,jews came ! turn ( ! ,moors1 ^: la/ hold 9 ,spa91 ,granada1 _h be5 ov]?r[n 9 #adib4 ,)9 a g5]ation !y _h be5 depriv$ ( all ext]ior practice ( _! religion2 #aga b t did n suffice1 & ! ,inquisition nev] left !m alone4 ,h>ri$1 p]secut$1 compulsorily baptiz$1 depriv$ ( _! ,arabic books1 !y repeat$ly revolt$1 only to be beat5 d[n4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7#afaj-afac71 "u ,philip ,,iii1 on ! score t ! great ,armada _h fail$ because h]etics 7 tol]at$ at home1 x 0 decid$ to expel ! :ole race2 & n[ a million ,moriscoes1 among ! mo/ indu/ri\s inhabitants ( ,spa91 7 driv5 ! way ( ! ,jews4 ,x is ne$less "h to recall ! ru9\s effect ^u ! mat]ial life ( ,spa93 #agb ! aspect ( ! matt] :i* specially conc]ns u is ! consummation ( ! policy ( kill+ out all intellectual v>iation4 ,! ,moriscoes may h c\nt$ = little 9 positive culture2 b !y 7 "o ( ! la/ & mo/ important factors ( v>iation 9 ! c\ntry2 & :5 ,spa9 0 ?us successively d5ud$ ( precisely ! mo/ orig9al & en]getic types among ! ,jewi%1 ! ,spani%1 & ! ,moori% /ocks1 h] m5tal arre/ 0 complete4 ,to mod]n free?\ght1 accord+ly1 %e has till our own age contribut$ practically no?+4 ,hu>te seems to h _h no ,spani% successors4 ,! brilliant dramatic lit]ature ( ! reigns ( ! ?ree ,philips1 :i* influ5c$ ! ris+ drama alike ( ,france & ,engl&1 is notably un9tellectual1 #agc deal+ endlessly 9 plot & adv5ture1 b yield+ no great /udy ( "*1 & c]ta9ly do+ no?+ to fur!r e?ics4 ,cald]on 0 a ?or\gh fanatic1 & became a prie/2 #agd ,lope de ,vega f\nd solace "u b]eavem5t 9 zeal\sly p]=m+ ! duties ( an ,inquisitor2 & 0 s utt]ly sway$ by ! atroci\s cre$ ( p]secution :i* 0 blight+ ,spa9 t he jo9$ 9 ! g5]al exultation ov] ! expulsion ( ! ,moriscoes4 ,ev5 ! m9d ( ,c]vantes _h n on ?is side deep5$ beyond ! av]age ( 8 race & "t2 #age 8 old wrongs at ,moori% h&s p]haps w>p+ 8 bett] judgm5t4 ,8 humor\s & o!rwise k9dly _s1 s incongru\sly neighb\r$1 mu/ inde$ h c\nt$ = mu* 9 keep+ life sweet 9 ,spa9 9 ! succe$+ c5turies ( bigotry & ignorance4 ,b f ! sev5te5? c5tury till ! o!r day ! bra9s 7 out1 9 ! s5se t g5ius 0 lack+4 ,t species ( v>iation _h be5 too effectually extirpat$ dur+ two c5turies to ass]t itself until aft] a simil> duration ( normal conditions4 ,! imm5se advantage ( religi\s unity1 :i* ev5 a mod]n ,spani% hi/orian #agf has describ$ z a ga9 balanc+ ! economic loss f ! expulsion ( ! ,moriscoes1 0 precisely ! condition ( m9imum intellectual activity--! unity ( /agnation4 ,no k9d ( ratioc9ative ?\ght 0 all[$ to raise its head4 ,a ,lat9 translation ( ! ,hypotyposes ( ,sextus ,empiricus _h be5 p]mitt$1 or at lea/ publi%$1 9 ,ca?olic ,france2 b :5 ,m>t9 ,m>t9ez de ,cantatapi$ra1 a le>n$ ori5tali/ & pr(essor ( !ology1 v5tur$ to d ! same ?+ 9 ,spa9--d\btless ) ! idea ( promot+ fai? by disc\rag+ reason--he 0 hal$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 & ! book proscrib$ 7#aehc74 ,he 0 fur!r *>g$ ) ,lu!ran lean+s on ! score t he _h a pref]5ce = ! actual text ( ,scripture ov] t ( ! comm5tators4 #agg ,9 su* an atmosph]e x 0 natural t works on ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & physics %\ld be c5sur$ z fav\r+ mat]ialism & sometimes a!ism4 #agh ,x has be5 held by "o hi/orian t at ! dea? ( ,philip ,,ii !re arose "s su* s5se ( relief ?r\gh\t ,spa9 z 0 felt lat] 9 ,france at ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv2 t ! ,spani>ds n[ v5tur$ to sport ) ! *a9s :i* !y _h n ! p[] to break2 & t ,c]vantes pr(it$ by ! *ange 9 conceiv+ & writ+ 8 ,don ,quixote4 #agi ,b ! same hi/orian _h be=e se5 t poetic fre$om 0 circumscrib$ by ! same %ackles :i* fett]$ moral lib]ty4 ,?\ghts :i* c\ld n be express$ )\t fe> ( ! dungeon & ! /ake 7 no long] mat]ials = ! poet to "w on4 ,8 imag9ation1 in/ead ( improv+ !m into poetic ideas 444 _h to be taught to reject !m4 ,b ! eloqu5ce ( prose 0 m completely b[$ d[n "u ! inquisitorial yoke ?an poetry1 because x 0 m closely alli$ to tru?1 :i* ( all ?+s 0 ! mo/ dread$4 #ahj ,c]vantes1 ,lope de ,vega1 & ,cald]on prov$ t )9 ! iron wall ( ,ca?olic or?odoxy1 9 an age :5 conclusions 7 b sl[ly be+ tri$ betwe5 dogma & reason1 !re c\ld be a vigor\s play ( imag9ative g5ius on ! field ( human nature2 ev5 z 9 ,velasquez1 %elt]$ by royal fav\r1 ! g5ius ( col\r & portraiture c\ld become inc>nate4 ,b aft] ^! h pass$ away1 ! laws ( social progress are reveal$ 9 ! defect ( all fur!r ,spani% g5ius4 ,ev5 ( ,c]vantes x is record$--on v d\btful au?ority1 h[ev]--t he said ,i c\ld h made ,don ,quixote mu* m amus+ if x 7 n = ! ,inquisition2 & x is matt] ( hi/ory t a passage 9 8 book #aha disp>ag+ p]functory works ( *>ity 0 9 #afai ord]$ by ! ,holy ,(fice to be expung$ z impi\s & contr>y to ! fai?4 ,see ,h4 ,e4 ,watts1 ,miguel de ,c]vantes1 p4 #afg4 ,don ,quixote 0 always "u suspicion ( ! or?odox4 ,id4 p4 #aff4 ,mr4 ,watts1 say+ no?+ ( ,c]vantes's approval ( ! expulsion ( ! ,moriscoes1 claims t 8 head 0 cle> ( ! follies & extravagances ( ! reign+ sup]/ition 7id4 p4 #bca74 ,b ! case is truly summ$ up by ,mr4 ,ormsby :5 he says3 ,= "o passage capable ( be+ tortur$ into cov]t satire aga9/ ?+s ecclesia/ical1 !re are t5 9 ,don ,quixote & ! novels t %[--:at inde$ is v obvi\s f ! little we "k ( 8 life & "*--t ,c]vantes 0 a fai?ful son ( ! ,*ur* 7tr4 ( ,don ,quixote1 #ahhe1 introd4 i1 #eg74 ,:5 ! total intellectual life ( a nation falls ev] fur!r 9 ! re> ( ! _w's movem5t1 ev5 ! imag9ative arts are /unt$4 ,turkey except$1 ! civiliz$ nations ( ,europe :i* = two c5turies h contribut$ ! fewe/ great names to ! _w's bead-roll h be5 ,spa91 ,au/ria1 ,portugal1 ,belgium1 & ,greece1 all not$ = _! religi\s unity4 ,& ( all ( ^! ,spa9 is ! supreme in/ance ( positive decad5ce1 %e hav+ exhibit$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury a great] complex ( en]gy ?an any ( ! o!rs4 #ahb ,! lesson is monum5tal4 #f4 ,sci5tific ,?\ght ,x rema9s to trace briefly ! movem5t ( sci5tific & speculative ?\ght :i* con/itut$ ! transition betwe5 ! ,s*ola/ic & ! mod]n philosophy4 ,x may be comp5di\sly not$ "u ! names ( ,cop]nicus1 ,bruno1 ,van9i1 ,galileo1 ,ramus1 ,gass5di1 ,bacon1 & ,desc>tes4 ,! great p]=mance ( ,cop]nicus 7,nicolaus ,kopp]nigk1 #adgc-aedc71 giv5 to ! _w ) an editor's trea*]\s preface z he lay p>alys$ on 8 dea?b$1 did n become a g5]al possession = ov] a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! long reluctance ( its au?or to let x be publi%$1 despite ! express invitation ( a c>d9al 9 ! "n ( ! pope1 0 well f\nd$ 9 8 k ( ! /r5g? ( common prejudice2 & p]haps p>tly 9 a s5se ( ! sci5tific imp]fection ( 8 own case4 #ahc ,only ! special fav\r accord$ to 8 fir/ sket* at ,rome--a fav\r :i* he _h fur!r c>efully plann$ = 9 8 d$icatory epi/le to ,pope ,paul--sav$ 8 ma9 treatise f prohibition till long aft] its "w 0 done4 #ahd ,x 0 9 fact1 ) all its burd5 ( traditional error1 ! mo/ mom5t\s *all5ge t _h yet be5 (f]$ 9 ! mod]n _w to e/abli%$ beliefs1 alike !ological & lay1 = x seem$ to fl\t common s5se z completely z x did ! cosmogony ( ! sacr$ books4 ,x 0 probably f scraps ( anci5t lore curr5t 9 ,italy 9 8 ye>s ( y\?ful /udy !re t he fir/ d]iv$ 8 idea2 & 9 ,italy none _h d>$ publicly to prop\nd ! geoc5tric !ory4 ,its gradual victory1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ great mod]n in/ance ( a triumph ( reason ov] spontane\s & in/ill$ prejudice2 & ,galileo's acc\nt ( 8 reception ( x %\ld be a classic docum5t 9 ! hi/ory ( rationalism4 ,x 0 :5 he 0 a /ud5t 9 8 te5s t !re came to ,pisa "o ,*ri/ianus ,ur/itius ( ,ro/ock1 a foll[] ( ,cop]nicus1 to lecture on ! new doctr9e4 ,! "y ,galileo1 be+ satisfi$ t t op9ion c\ld be no o!r ?an a solemn madness1 did n att5d2 & ^? ( 8 acqua9tance :o did made a je/ ( ! matt]1 all save "o1 v intellig5t & w>y1 :o told him t ! bus9ess 0 n altoge!r to be laugh$ at4 ,!nce=? he began to inquire ( ,cop]nicans1 ) ! result inevitable to su* a m9d z 84 ,( z _m z ,i exam9$ ,i f\nd n s mu* z "o :o told me n t he _h be5 a long "t ( ! contr>y op9ion1 b to h *ang$ x = ?is1 z conv9c$ by ! /r5g? ( ! reasons prov+ ! same2 & aft]w>ds que/ion+ !m "o by "o1 to see :e!r !y 7 well possess$ ( ! reasons ( ! o!r side1 ,i f\nd !m all to be v ready & p]fect 9 !m1 s t ,i c\ld n truly say t !y took ?is op9ion out ( ignorance1 vanity1 or to %[ ! acut5ess ( _! wits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! oppos+ ,ari/oteleans & ,ptolemeans _h seldom ev5 sup]ficially /udi$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & _h 9 no case be5 conv]t$ f x4 ,:]eupon1 consid]+ t !re 0 no man :o foll[$ ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus t _h n be5 fir/ on ! contr>y side1 & t 0 n v well acqua9t$ ) ! reasons ( ,ari/otle & ,ptolemy1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 !re 0 n "o ( ! foll[]s ( ,ptolemy t _h ev] be5 ( ! judgm5t ( ,cop]nicus1 & _h left t to embrace ?is ( ,ari/otle1 he began to realize h[ /rong mu/ be ! reasons t ?us drew m5 away f beliefs imbib$ ) _! milk4 #ahe ,we c div9e h[ sl[ w\ld be ! progress ( a doctr9e :i* c\ld only ?us beg9 to f9d its way into "o ( ! mo/ gift$ sci5tific m9ds ( ! mod]n _w4 ,x 0 only a m9ority ( ! lite ( ! intellectual life :o c\ld receive x1 ev5 aft] ! lapse ( a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s two-fold motion1 z we h se51 _h actually be5 taught 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ,nicolaus ( ,cusa 7#adja-adfd71 :o1 in/ead ( be+ prosecut$1 0 made a c>d9al1 s little 0 ! "q !n consid]$ 7,ueb]weg1 ii1 #bc-bd74 ,see above1 vol4 i1 p4 #cfh1 z to ,pulci4 ,only v sl[ly did ! "w ev5 ( ,cop]nicus make its impression4 ,gre5 7,%ort ,hi/ory1 ed4 #ahha1 p4 #big7 makes fir/ ! mi/ake ( /at+ t x influ5c$ ?\ght 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & !n ! fur!r mi/ake ( say+ t x 0 br\ght home to ! g5]al intellig5ce by ,galileo & ,kepl] 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7id4 p4 #dab74 ,galileo's ,european notoriety dates f #afaf2 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,two ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w appe>$ only 9 #afcb2 & 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,new ,sci5ces 9 #afch4 ,kepl]'s indecisive ,my/]ium ,cosmographicum appe>$ only 9 #aeig2 8 treatise on ! motions ( ! planet ,m>s n till #afji4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to br+ ! new cosmological conception to be> on philosophic ?\ght 0 ,giordano ,bruno ( ,nola 7#aedh-afjj71 ^: life & dea? ( lonely *ivalry h won him 8 place z ! typical m>tyr ( mod]n free?\ght4 #ahf ,he may be conceiv$ z a bl5d+ ( ! pan!i/ic & naturali/ic lore ( anci5t ,greece1 #ahg assimilat$ ?r\gh ! ,flor5t9e ,platoni/s1 ) ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce 7itself a revival ( ! ,greek7 z x fir/ takes firm =m 9 ,cop]nicus1 ^: doctr9e ,bruno e>ly & ard5tly embrac$4 ,baptiz$ ,filippo1 he took ,giordano z 8 cloi/]-"n :5 he ent]$ ! great conv5t ( ,s4 ,dom5ico ,maggiore at ,naples 9 #aefc1 9 8 fifte5? ye>4 ,no human be+ 0 ev] m unfitly plac$ among ! ,dom9icans1 punn+ly nam$ ! h\nds ( ! ,"l 7dom9i canes7 = _! "w z ! corps ( ! ,inquisition2 & v e>ly 9 8 cloi/] life he came ne> be+ =mally proce$$ aga9/ = %[+ disreg>d ( sacr$ images1 & mak+ light ( ! sanctity ( ! ,virg94 #ahh ,he pass$ 8 novitiate1 h[ev]1 )\t fur!r tr\ble1 & 0 fully orda9$ a prie/ 9 #aegb1 9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>4 ,pass+ !n ?r\gh sev]al ,neapolitan mona/]ies dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 he seems to h become n a little ( a free?9k] on 8 return to 8 fir/ cloi/]1 z he _h already rea*$ ,arian op9ions 9 reg>d to ,*ri/1 & soon proce$$ to sub/itute a my/ical & ,py?agorean = ! or?odox view ( ! ,tr9ity4 #ahi ,= ! second "t a process 0 begun aga9/ him1 & he took flight to ,rome 7#aegf71 pres5t+ himself at a conv5t ( 8 ,ord]4 ,news spe$ily came f ,naples ( ! process aga9/ him1 & ( ! discov]y t he _h possess$ a volume ( ! works ( ,*ryso/om & ,j]ome ) ! s*olia ( ,erasmus--a prohibit$ ?+4 ,only a few mon?s be=e ,b>tolomeo ,c>ranza1 ,bi%op ( ,tol$o1 :o _h won ! praise ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t = 8 index ( prohibit$ books1 _h be5 condemn$ to abjure = ! doctr9e t ! wor%ip ( ! relics ( ! sa9ts is ( human in/itution1 & _h di$ 9 ! same ye> at ! conv5t to :i* ,bruno _h n[ gone4 ,?us d\bly w>n$1 he ?rew (f 8 prie/ly habit1 & fl$ to ! ,g5oese t]ritory1 #aij :]e1 9 ! commune ( ,noli1 he taught gramm> & a/ronomy4 ,9 #aegh he visit$ successively ,tur91 ,v5ice1 ,padua1 ,b]gamo1 & ,milan1 resum+ at ! la/-nam$ t[n 8 monk's habit4 ,!reaft] he aga9 return$ to ,tur91 pass+ !nce to ,*ambry at ! end ( #aegh1 & !nce to ,g5eva e>ly 9 #aegi4 #aia ,8 wi%1 he said1 0 to live 9 lib]ty & security2 b = t he mu/ fir/ r5\nce 8 ,dom9ican habit2 o!r ,italian refugees1 ( :om !re 7 _m at ,g5eva1 help+ him to a layman's suit4 ,becom+ a corrector ( ! press1 he seems to h con=m$ ext]nally to ,calv9ism2 b aft] a /ay ( two & a-half mon?s he publi%$ a %ort diatribe aga9/ "o ,antonio de ,la ,faye1 :o pr(ess$ philosophy at ! ,academy2 & = ?is he 0 arre/$ & s5t5c$ to excommunication1 :ile 8 booksell] 0 subject$ to "o day's imprisonm5t & a f9e4 #aib ,aft] ?ree weeks ! excommunication 0 rais$2 b he nev]!less left ,g5eva1 & aft]w>ds spoke ( ,calv9ism z ! de=m$ religion4 ,aft] a few weeks' soj\rn at ,lyons he w5t to ,t\l\se1 ! v c5tre ( inquisitional or?odoxy2 & !re1 /rangely en\gh1 he 0 able to /ay = m ?an a ye>1 #aic tak+ 8 degree z ,ma/] ( ,arts & becom+ pr(essor ( a/ronomy4 ,b ! civil w>s made ,t\l\se unsafe2 & at l5g?1 probably 9 #aeha or #aehb1 he rea*$ ,p>is1 :]e = a "t he lectur$ z pr(essor extraord9>y4 #aid ,9 #aehc he rea*$ ,engl&1 :]e he rema9$ till #aehe1 lectur+1 debat+ at ,ox=d on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & publi%+ a numb] ( 8 works1 f\r ( !m d$icat$ to 8 patron ,ca/elnau de ,mauvissire1 ! ,fr5* ambassador4 ,ox=d 0 !n a /ronghold ( bigot$ ,ari/otelianism1 :]e ba*elors & ma/]s deviat+ f ! ma/] 7 f9$1 or1 if op5ly ho/ile1 expell$4 #aie ,9 t camp ,bruno 0 n welcome4 ,b he _h o!r %elt]1 at ! ,fr5* ,embassy 9 ,london1 & !re he _h notable acqua9tances4 ,he _h met ,sir ,philip ,sidney at ,milan 9 #aegh2 & 8 dialogue1 ,c5a de le ,c5]i1 gives a vivid acc\nt ( a discussion 9 :i* he took a lead+ "p at a banquet giv5 by ,sir ,fulke ,greville4 ,8 picture ( ,ox=d ignorance & ,engli% ill-mann]s #aif is n l5i5t2 & !re is no reason to suppose t 8 doctr9e 0 !n assimilat$ by _m2 #aig b 8 /ay 9 ! h\sehold ( ,ca/elnau 0 "o ( ! happie/ p]iods ( 8 *equ]$ life4 ,:ile 9 ,engl& he wrote no few] ?an sev5 works1 f\r ( !m d$icat$ to ,ca/elnau1 & two--! ,h]oic ,f]v\rs & ! ,expulsion ( ! ,triumphant ,bea/--to ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,return+ to ,p>is on ! recall ( ,ca/elnau 9 #aehe1 he made an attempt to reconcile himself to ! ,*ur*1 b x 0 fruitless2 & !reaft] he w5t 8 own way4 ,aft] a public disputation at ! univ]sity 9 #aehf1 he set out on a new p]egr9ation1 visit+ fir/ ,may5ce1 ,m>burg1 & ,wittemb]g4 ,at ,m>burg he 0 refus$ leave to debate2 & at ,wittemb]g he seems to h be5 c>efully conciliatory1 z he n only matriculat$ b taught = ov] a ye> 7#aehf-aehh71 till ! ,calv9i/ p>ty c>ri$ ! day ov] ! ,lu!ran4 #aih ,!reaft] he rea*$ ,prague1 ,helm/adt1 ,frank=t1 & ,zuri*4 ,at l5g?1 on ! fatal invitation ( ! ,v5etian y\? ,moc5igo1 he re-ent]$ ,italian t]ritory1 :]e1 9 ,v5ice1 he 0 betray$ to ! ,inquisition by 8 trea*]\s & wor?less pupil4 #aii ,:at _h be5 done = free?\ght by ,bruno 9 8 f\rte5 ye>s ( w&]+1 debat+1 & tea*+ ?r\gh ,europe x is impossible to e/imate2 b x is safe to say t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful antagoni/s to or?odox unreason t _h yet appe>$4 ,( all m5 ( 8 "t he _h p]haps ! lea/ aff9ity ) ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 :i* 0 repell5t to him alike 9 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,prote/ant v]sions4 ,! attempt to prove him a believ] on ! /r5g? ( a non-autograph manuscript #bjj is idle4 ,8 approbation ( a religion = ! discipl9e ( unciviliz$ peoples is put 9 t]ms ( unbelief4 #bja ,9 ! ,spaccio della be/ia trionfante he d]ides ! notion ( a union ( div9e & human natures1 & sub/antially proclaims a natural 7!i/ic7 religion1 negat+ all reveal$ religions alike4 ,:]e ,boccaccio _h accr$it$ all ! ?ree lead+ religions1 ,bruno disall[s all ) paganism1 ?\gh he puts t above ,*ri/ianity4 #bjb ,& 8 disbelief grew m /r+5t ) 8 ye>s4 ,among ! h]etical propositions *>g$ aga9/ him by ! ,inquisition 7 ^!3 t !re is transmigration ( s\ls2 t magic is "r & prop]2 t ! ,holy ,_s is ! same ?+ z ! s\l ( ! _w2 t ! _w is et]nal2 t ,moses1 l ! ,egyptians1 wr\ght miracles by magic2 t ! sacr$ writ+s are b a romance 7sogno72 t ! devil w be sav$2 t only ! ,hebrews are desc5d$ f ,adam1 o!r m5 hav+ desc5d$ f prog5itors creat$ by ,god be=e ,adam2 t ,*ri/ 0 n ,god1 b 0 a notori\s sorc]] 7insigne mago71 :o1 hav+ deceiv$ m51 0 des]v$ly hang$1 n crucifi$2 t ! prophets & ! apo/les 7 bad m5 & sorc]]s1 & t _m ( !m 7 hang$ z su*4 ,! crud] ( ^! propositions re/ solely on ! allegation ( ,moc5igo1 & 7 w>mly repudiat$ by ,bruno3 o!rs are pr(ess$ly drawn1 always1 ( c\rse1 by =c+ 8 language1 b n )\t "s col\rable pretext1 f 8 two poems1 ,de triplice1 m9imo1 et m5sura1 & ,de monade1 num]o et figura1 publi%$ at ,frank=t 9 #aeia1 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 fre$om4 #bjc ,b ! allusions 9 ! ,sigillus ,sigillorum #bjd to ! weep+ wor%ip ( a suff]+ ,adonis1 to ! exhibition ( suff]+ & mis]able ,gods1 to transpi]c$ div9ities1 & to %am miracles1 7 c]ta9ly int5d$ to contemn ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,alike 9 ! details ( 8 propag&a & 9 ! temp] ( 8 utt]ance1 ,bruno expresses f fir/ to la/ ! _s ( free?\ght & free spee*4 ,lib]tas philosophica #bje is ! brea? ( 8 no/rils2 & by 8 life & 8 dea? alike he upholds ! ideal = m5 z no o!r be=e him did4 ,! w>9ess ( ,rabelais & ! non-committal skepticism ( ,montaigne are alike ali5 to him2 he is too lack+ 9 retic5ce1 too explosive1 to give due he$ ev5 to ! common-s5se am5ities ( life1 mu* m to h$ge 8 mean+ ) safegu>d+ qualifications4 ,& x 0 d\btless z mu* by ! contagion ( 8 mood z by 8 lore t he impress$ m54 ,8 p]sonal & lit]>y influ5ce 0 probably mo/ p[]ful 9 respect ( 8 eag] propag&a ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e1 :i* he ( 8 own =ce vitally exp&$ & made "p ( a pan!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 #bjf ,:]e ,cop]nicus adh]$ by implication to ! idea ( an ext]nal & limit>y sph]e--! la/ ( ! eight ( ! ,ptolemaic !ory--,bruno rev]t$ boldly to ! doctr9e ( ,anaxim&ros1 & decl>$ firmly = ! inf9ity ( space & ( ! s]ies ( ! worlds4 ,9 reg>d to biology he makes an equival5t advance1 />t+ f ! ?\ght ( ,emp$ocles & ,lucretius1 & sub/itut+ an idea ( natural selection = t ( creative provid5ce4 #bjg ,! conception is def9itely ?\ght out1 & m>ks him z "o ( ! r5ovators ( sci5tific no less ?an ( philosophic ?\ght = ! mod]n _w2 ?\gh ! special p>alysis ( sci5ce "u ,*ri/ian !ology kept 8 ideas on ?is side pretty mu* a dead lett] = 8 own day4 ,& inde$ x 0 to ! univ]sal & n ! p>ticul> t 8 ?\ght *iefly & mo/ en?usia/ically turn$4 ,a philosophic poet r ?an a philosoph] or man ( sci5ce1 he yet set abroad = ! mod]n _w t conception ( ! physical inf9ity ( ! univ]se :i*1 once psy*ologically assimilat$1 makes an end ( ! m$ieval !ory ( ?+s4 ,on ?is head he 0 eag]ly affirmative2 & ! m]ely ,pyrrhonic skeptics he assail$ z he did ! as99e or?odox1 ?\gh he insi/$ on d\bt z ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,( 8 ext5sive lit]>y output n mu* is /amp$ ) la/+ sci5tific fitness or lit]>y *>m2 & "s ( 8 treatises1 z ^? on mnemonics1 h no m value ?an ! product ( 8 didactic model1 ,raymond ,lully4 ,z a writ] he is at 8 be/ 9 ! sweep+ expatiation ( 8 m g5]al philosophic treatises1 :]e he atta9s a lift+ ard\r ( inspiration1 a f]v\r ( so>+ outlook1 t puts him 9 ! front rank ( ! ?9k]s ( 8 age4 ,& if 8 lit]>y "* is at times op5 to sev]e criticism 9 respect ( 8 lack ( balance1 sobriety1 & self-comm&1 8 f9al c\rage atones = su* %ortcom+s4 ,8 case1 inde$1 s]ves to rem9d u t at c]ta9 junctures x is only ! unbalanc$ types t aid humanity's advance4 ,! p]fectly prud5t & self-suffic+ man does n a*ieve revolutions1 does n revolt aga9/ tyrannies2 he wisely adapts himself & subsi/s1 lett+ ! evil prevail z x may4 ,x is ! m impati5t & unretic5t1 ! eag] & hot-bra9$--9 a ^w1 ! faulty--:o cla% ) oppression & break a way = quiet] spirits ?r\gh ! h$ges ( en?ron$ au?ority4 ,! s]5ely contemplative _s is r a possession ?an a possessor = 8 fell[s2 he may in=m & enlight51 b is n 9 himself a c\nt]+ or inspirit+ =ce3 a ,%elley avails m ?an a ,goe! aga9/ tyrann\s p[]4 ,& x may be t ! battl+ en?usia/ 9 8 own way w9s lib]ation = himself f fe> ( =tune & dea?1 z he w9s = o!rs lib]ty ( action4 #bjh ,ev5 su* a lib]ator1 be>+ o!r m5's griefs & tak+ /ripes t !y might be kept :ole1 0 ,bruno4 ,& ?\gh he quail$ at ! fir/ %ock ( capture & torture1 :5 ! end came he v9dicat$ human nature z wor?ily z c\ld any quieti/4 ,x 0 a long-drawn te/4 ,*>g$ on ! traitor's te/imony ) _m blasphemies1 he d5i$ !m all1 #bji b /ood to 8 publi%$ writ+s #baj & vividly exp\nd$ 8 !ories1 #baa pr(ess+ 9 ! usual mann] to believe 9 con=mity ) ! ,*ur*'s tea*+s1 :atev] he might write on philosophy4 ,x is impossible to tru/ ! ,inquisition records z to 8 words ( self-humiliation2 #bab ?\gh on ! o!r h& no blame c rationally atta* to anyone :o1 9 8 place1 %\ld try to deceive su* enemies1 morally on a level ) ho/ile savages4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,inquisitors frequ5tly wrung recantations by torture4 #bac ,:at is hi/orically c]ta9 is t ,bruno 0 n releas$1 b s5t on to ,rome1 & 0 kept !re 9 prison = sev5 ye>s4 ,he 0 n ! sort ( h]etic likely to be releas$2 ?\gh ! fact ( 8 be+ a ,dom9ican1 & ! desire to ma9ta9 ! ,*ur*'s intellectual cr$it1 delay$ s long 8 execution4 ,c]ta9ly n an a!i/ 7he call$ himself 9 sev]al ( 8 book-titles ,philo!us2 he consigns insano ateismo to p]dition2 #bad & 8 quasi-pan!ism or monism (t5 lapses into !i/ic modes71 #bae he yet 0 f fir/ to la/ ess5tially ?\gh n pr(ess$ly anti-,*ri/ian 9 8 view ( ! univ]se4 ,if ! ,*ur* _h cause to fe> any philosophic tea*+1 x 0 81 prea*$ ) ! ard\r ( a prophet & ! eloqu5ce ( a poet4 ,8 doctr9e t ! worlds 9 space are innum]able 0 z (f5sive to or?odox e>s z 8 specific negations ( ,*ri/ian dogma1 outgo+ z x did ! lat] idea ( ,kepl] & ,galileo4 ,he _h1 moreov]1 f9ally refus$ to make any fre% recantation2 & ! only detail$ docum5t extant conc]n+ 8 f9al trial describes him z say+ to 8 judges3 ,) m fe>1 p]*ance1 d y pass s5t5ce on me ?an ,i receive x4 #baf ,accord+ to all accessible records1 he 0 burn$ alive at ,rome 9 ,febru>y1 #afjj1 9 ! ,field ( ,fl[]s1 ne> :]e 8 /atue n[ /&s4 ,z 0 probably cu/om>y1 !y ti$ 8 tongue be=e lead+ him to ! /ake1 le/ he %\ld speak to ! p2 #bag & 8 m>tyrdom 0 an edify+ spectacle = ! va/ multitude ( pilgrims :o _h come f all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom = ! jubilee ( ! pope4 #bah ,at ! /ake1 :5 he 0 at ! po9t ( dea?1 !re 0 duly pres5t$ to him ! crucifix1 & he duly put x aside4 ,an attempt has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,desd\its 9 a pamphlet 7,la lg5de tragique de ,jordano ,bruno2 ,p>is1 #ahhe7 to %[ t !re is no evid5ce t ,bruno 0 burn$2 & an anonym\s writ] 9 ! ,scotti% ,review 7,octob]1 #ahhh1 ,art4 ,,ii71 rabidly ho/ile to ,bruno1 has ma9ta9$ ! same proposition4 ,d\bt on ! subject dates f ,bayle4 ,its ma9 gr\nd is ! fewness ( ! docum5t>y records1 ( :i*1 fur!r1 ! g5u95ess is n[ call$ 9 "q4 ,b no good reason is %[n = d\bt+ !m4 ,!y are ?ree4 #a4 ,! ,lat9 lett] ( ,gasp> ,s*opp 7,scioppius71 dat$ ,febru>y #ag1 #afjj1 is an eye-witness's acc\nt ( ! s5t5c+ & burn+ ( ,bruno at t date4 7,see x 9 full1 9 ! orig9al ,lat91 9 ,b]ti1 p4 #dfa sq41 & 9 ,app4 ,v to ,fri?1 ,life ( ,bruno1 & p>tly translat$ 9 ,pr(4 ,adamson's lectures1 z cit$4 ,x 0 rep4 by ,/ruvius 9 8 ,acta ,lit]>ia1 tom4 v1 & by ,la ,croze 9 8 ,entreti5s sur div]s sujets 9 #agaa1 p4 #bhg47 ,x 0 n pr9t$ till #afba1 b ! gr\nds urg$ = its rejection are totally inadequate1 & involve assumptions1 :i* are !mselves entirely unprov$1 z to :at ,scioppius 0 likely to d4 ,f9ally1 no intelligible reason is sugge/$ = ! =g+ ( su* a docum5t4 ,! rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,desd\its on ?is head h no =ce :atev]4 ,! writ] 9 ! ,scotti% ,review 7p4 #bfc1 & note7 sugge/s z at lea/ z possible an hypo!sis z any o!r t he ,bruno 0 ! au?or ( ! =g$ acc\nts ( 8 own dea?4 ,comm5t is unnecess>y4 #b4 ,!re are pres]v$ two extracts f ,roman news-lett]s 7,avvisi7 ( ! "t2 "o1 dat$ ,febru>y #ab1 #afjj1 comm5t+ on ! case2 ! o!r1 dat$ ,febru>y #ai1 relat+ ! execution on ! #ag?4 7,see bo? 9 ,s4 ,r41 pp4 #bfd-fe4 ,!y 7 fir/ pr9t$ by ,b]ti 9 ,docum5ti intorno a ,giordano ,bruno1 ,rome1 #ahhj1 & are repr9t$ 9 8 ,vita1 ed4 #ahhi1 cap4 xix2 also by ,levi1 z cit$47 ,aga9/ ^! te/imonies ! sole plea is t !y mis-/ate ,bruno's op9ions & ! duration ( 8 imprisonm5t--a te/ :i* w\ld r$uce to my?ology ! cont5ts ( mo/ newspap]s 9 our own day4 ,! writ] 9 ! ,scotti% ,review makes ! suicidal sugge/ion t1 inasmu* z ! errors z to dates occur 9 ,s*opp's lett]1 ! s-call$ ,s*opp 0 fabricat$ f ^! notices1 or !y f ,s*opp--?us admitt+ "o to be hi/orical4 #c4 ,!re has be5 f\nd1 by a ,ca?olic inve/igator1 a d\ble entry 9 ! books ( ! ,lay ,bro!rhood ( ,san ,giovanni ,decollato1 ^: function 0 to m9i/] to prison]s "u capital s5t5ce1 giv+ a circum/antial acc\nt ( ,bruno's execution4 7,see x 9 ,s4 ,r41 pp4 #bff1 #bfi1 #bgj47 ,9 ?is case1 ! ma9 entry be+ dat$ #afjj4 ,?ursday4 ,febru>y #af?1 ! anonym\s writ] argues t ! :ole ?+ resolves itself into a make-up1 because ,febru>y #af 0 ! ,w$nesday4 ,! entry ref]s to ! proc$ure ( ! ,w$nesday night & ! ,?ursday morn+2 & su* an error c\ld easily occur 9 any case4 ,:atev] may be "o day prov$1 ! cavils ?us f> c\nt = no?+4 ,all ! :ile1 ! records z to ,bruno rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! ,ca?olic au?orities2 b1 despite ! discr$it con/antly ca/ on ! ,*ur* on ! score ( ,bruno's execution1 !y (f] no (ficial d5ial ( ! common /atem5t2 :ile !y d (ficially admit 7,s4 ,r41 p4 #beb7 t on ,febru>y #h ,bruno 0 s5t5c$ z an ob/9ate h]etic1 & giv5 ov] to ! ,secul> ,c\rt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! episode is well v\*$2 & ! argum5t f ! sil5ce ( ambassadors' lett]s is s f> void4 ,no pret5ce is made ( trac+ ,bruno any:]e aft] ,febru>y1 #afjj4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ note appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition ,i h met ) ! essay ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,copley ,*ri/ie1 ,0 ,giordano ,bruno ,really ,burn$8 7,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #ahhe2 rep4 9 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie's ,select$ ,essays & ,pap]s1 #aijb74 ,?is is a cru%+ answ] to ! !sis ( ,m4 ,desd\its1 %[+ z x does cle> gr\nds n only = affirm+ ! g5u95ess ( ! lett] ( ,scioppius1 b = d\bt+ ! dilig5ce ( ,m4 ,desd\its4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie po9ts out 7#a7 t 9 8 book ,ecclesia/icus1 pr9t$ 9 #afab1 ,scioppius ref]s to ! burn+ ( ,bruno almo/ 9 ! words ( 8 lett] ( #afjj2 7#b7 t 9 #afjg ,kepl] wrote to a correspond5t ( ! burn+ ( ,bruno1 giv+ z 8 au?ority ,j4 ,m4 ,wack]1 :o 9 #afjj 0 liv+ at ,rome z ! imp]ial ambassador2 & 7#c7 t ! tract ,ma*iavellizatio1 #afba1 9 :i* ! lett] ( ,scioppius 0 fir/ pr9t$1 0 well kn[n 9 its day1 be+ plac$ on ! ,index1 & answ]$ by two writ]s )\t elicit+ any repudiation f ,scioppius1 :o liv$ till #afdi4 ,z ,m4 ,desd\its /ak$ 8 case on ! abs5ce ( allusion to ! subject be=e #affa 7ov]look+ ev5 ! allusion by ,m]s5ne1 9 #afbd1 cit$ by ,bayle71 8 !ory may be tak5 z explod$4 ,bruno has be5 zeal\sly black5$ by ,ca?olic writ]s = ! obsc5ity ( "s ( 8 writ+ #bai & ! alleg$ fre$om ( 8 life--piquant *>ges1 :5 we rememb] ! life ( ! ,papal ,italy 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,lucilio ,van9i 7o!rwise ,julius ,cs> ,van9i71 ! next m>tyr ( free?\ght1 also an ,italian 7b4 at ,taurisano1 #aehe71 is op5 to ! m relevant *>ges ( an inord9ate vanity & "s duplicity4 ,figur+ z a ,c>melite fri>1 :i* he 0 n1 he came to ,engl& 7#afab7 & deceitfully pr(ess$ to abjure ,ca?olicism1 #bbj ga9+1 h[ev]1 no?+ by ! /ep1 & contriv+ to be reconcil$ to ! ,*ur*1 aft] be+ imprison$ = =ty-n9e days on an unrecord$ *>ge4 ,previ\sly he _h figur$1 l ,bruno1 z a w&]+ s*ol> at ,am/]dam1 ,brussels1 ,cologne1 ,g5eva1 & ,lyons2 & aft]w>ds he taught natural philosophy = a ye> at ,g5oa4 ,8 treatise1 ,amphi!atrum t]na ,provid5ti 7,lyons1 #afae71 is pr(ess$ly direct$ aga9/ anci5t philosoph]s1 ,a!i/s1 ,epicureans1 ,p]ipatetics1 & ,/oics1 & is o/5sibly q or?odox4 #bba ,9 "o passage he untru?fully tells h[1 :5 imprison$ 9 ,engl&1 he burn$ ) ! desire to %$ 8 blood = ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 #bbb ,9 ano!r1 aft] decl>+ t "s ,*ri/ian doctors h argu$ v weakly aga9/ ! ,epicureans on immortality1 he av[s t he1 ,*ri/ianus nom9e cognom9e ,ca?olicus1 c\ld h>dly h held ! doctr9e if he _h n le>n$ x f ! ,*ur*1 ! mo/ c]ta9 & infallible mi/ress ( tru?4 #bbc ,z usual1 ! attack leaves u 9 d\bt z to ! am\nt ( real a!ism curr5t at ! "t4 ,! preface ass]ts t ,a!otto autem secta pe/il5tissima quotidie1 latius et latius vires acquirit eundo1 & !re are v>i\s ho/ile allusions to a!i/s 9 ! text2 #bbd b ! argum5ts cit$ f !m are su* z might be br\ght by dei/s aga9/ miracles & ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( s92 & !re is an allusion ( ! cu/om>y k9d to ,nicolaus ,ma*iavellus ,a!orum facile pr9ceps1 #bbe :i* puts all 9 d\bt4 ,! lat] publi%$ ,dialogues1 ,de ,admir&is ,natur ,arcanis1 #bbf :ile %[+ a fre] critical _s1 w\ld seem to be 9 "p e>li] 9 composition1 if we c tru/ ! pr9t]'s preface1 :i* repres5ts !m z collect$ f v>i\s qu>t]s1 & publi%$ only ) ! reluctant cons5t ( ! au?or4 #bbg ,?is1 ( c\rse1 may be a my/ification2 9 any case ! ,dialogues twice m5tion ! ,amphi!atrum2 & ! f\r? book1 9 :i* ?is m5tion occurs1 may be tak5 on ?is & o!r gr\nds to set =? 8 lat] ideas4 ,ev5 ! ,dialogues1 h[ev]1 :ile discuss+ _m que/ions ( cre$ & sci5ce 9 a free fa%ion1 no less pr(ess or?odoxy2 &1 :ile "o passage is pan!i/ic1 #bbh !y also d5\nce a!ism4 #bbi ,& :]eas "o passage does av[ t ! au?or 9 8 ,amphi!atrum _h said _m ?+s he did n believe1 ! context cle>ly sugge/s t ! ref]5ce 0 n to ! ma9 argum5t1 b to "s ( its dubi\s facts4 #bcj ,9 any case1 ?\gh ! title--*os5 by ! editors--speaks d>+ly en\gh ( ,nature1 ! que5 & goddess ( mortals1 ,van9i _c be %[n to be an a!i/2 #bca & ! attacks ^u him z an immoral writ] are n any bett] support$4 #bcb ,! publication ( ! dialogues 0 9 fact =mally au?oriz$ by ! ,sorbonne1 #bcc & x does n ev5 appe> t :5 he 0 *>g$ ) a!ism & blasphemy at ,t\l\se t "w 0 f\nd$ on1 save 9 respect ( its title4 #bcd ,! *>ges re/$ on ! te/imony ( a trea*]\s associate z to 8 private conv]sation2 &1 if true1 x only am\nt$ to prov+ 8 pan!ism1 express$ 9 8 use ( ! ^w ,nature4 ,at 8 trial he expressly av[$ & argu$ = !ism4 ,! judges1 by "o acc\nt1 did n agree4 ,yet he 0 convict$1 by ! voices ( ! majority1 & burn$ alive 7,febru>y #i1 #afai7 on ! day ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,drawn on a hurdle1 9 8 %irt1 ) a plac>d on 8 %\ld]s inscrib$ ,a!i/ & ,blasphem] ( ! "n ( ,god1 he w5t to 8 dea? ) a high he>t1 rejoic+1 z he cri$ 9 ,italian1 to die l a philosoph]4 #bce ,a ,ca?olic hi/orian1 #bcf :o 0 pres5t1 says he h>dily decl>$ t ,jesus fac+ dea? sweat$ ) fe>3 ,i die undaunt$4 ,b be=e burn+ him !y tore out 8 tongue by ! roots2 & ! ,*ri/ian hi/orian is humor\s ov] ! victim's long cry ( agony4 #bcg ,no m>tyr ev] fac$ dea? ) a m dauntless c\rage ?an ?is ,lonely antagoni/ ( ,de/9y ,t w5t d[n scornful be=e _m spe>s2 #bch & if ! man _h all ! faults falsely imput$ to him1 #bci 8 dea? might %ame 8 accus]s4 ,van9i1 l ,bruno1 c n[ be recogniz$ & und]/ood z an ,italian ( vivaci\s temp]am5t1 /udi\s )\t ! /ud5t's calm1 e>ly le>n$1 al]t 9 debate1 flu5t1 imprud5t1 & ill-balanc$4 ,by 8 own acc\nt he /udi$ !ology "u ! ,c>melite ,b>tolomeo ,argotti1 pho5ix ( ! prea*]s ( ! "t2 #bdj b f ! ,engli% ,c>melite1 ,john ,bacon1 ! pr9ce ( ,av]ro/s1 #bda he decl>es1 he le>n$ to swe> only by ,av]ros2 & ( ,pomponazzi he speaks z 8 ma/]1 & z pr9ce ( ! philosoph]s ( our age4 #bdb ,he has criticiz$ bo? freely 9 8 ,amphi!atrum2 b :]eas t "w is a pr(ess$ v9dication ( or?odoxy1 we may inf] f ! ,de ,arcanis t ! argum5ts ( ^! skeptics1 l ^? ( ! contempor>y a!i/s :om he _h met 9 8 travels1 _h kept _! hold on 8 ?\ght ev5 :ile he controv]t$ !m4 ,= x _c be disput$ t ! long passages :i* he quotes f ! a!i/ at ,am/]dam #bdc are put ) a ze/ & cog5cy :i* are n infus$ into ! pr(ess$ rebuttals1 & are 9 !mselves q en\gh to ar\se ! ang] & suspicion ( a pi\s read]4 ,a writ] :o set =? s fully ! acute argum5ts ( unbeliev]s1 unpr9table by _! au?ors1 might well be suspect$ ( writ+ at ,*ri/ianity :5 he confut$ ! cre$s ( ! pagans4 ,z 0 not$ lat] ( ,font5elle1 he put argum5ts aga9/ oracles :i* endang]$ prophecy2 8 dismissal ( sorc]y z ! dream ( tr\bl$ bra9s appeals to reason & n to fai?2 & 8 disp>agem5t ( pagan miracles logically bore ^u ! ,*ri/ian4 ,:5 he comes to ! "q ( immortality he gr[s ov]tly irrev]5t4 ,ask$ by ! int]locutor 9 ! la/ dialogue to give 8 views on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he begs to be excus$1 prote/+3 ,i h v[$ to my ,god t t "q %all n be h&l$ by me till ,i become old1 ri*1 & a ,g]man4 ,& )\t ov]t irrev]5ce he is ev] & aga9 uns]i\s4 ,p]fectly transp>5t is ! irony ( ! appeal1 ,let u give fai? to ! prescripts ( ! ,*ur*1 & due hon\r to ! sacrosanct ,gregorian app>itions1 #bdd & ! prote/ation1 ,i w n invalidate ! p[]s ( holy wat]1 to :i* ,alex&]1 ,doctor & ,pontifex ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & int]pret] ( ! div9e w1 accord$ su* c\ntless privileges4 #bde ,& ev5 9 ! ,amphi!atrum1 ) all ! p>ade ( def5d+ ! fai?1 !re is a pla9 balance ( cog5cy on ! side ( ! case = ! attack1 #bdf & a notable disposition to rely f9ally on l9es ( argum5t to :i* fai? c\ld nev] give real welcome4 ,! writ]'s m9d1 x is cle>1 0 famili> ) d\bt4 ,9 ! malice ( or?odoxy !re is sometimes an in/9ctive p]ception ( ho/ility2 & ?\gh ,van9i _h writt51 among o!r ?+s1 #bdg an ,apologia pro lege mosac et *ri/ian1 to :i* he (t5 ref]s1 & an ,apologia pro concilio ,trid5t9o1 he c be se5 ev5 9 ! hymn to deity ) :i* he concludes 8 ,amphi!atrum to h no "p 9 evangelical ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 9 fact a dei/ ) ! inevitable lean+ ( ! philosophic !i/ to pan!ism2 & :atev] he may h said to ar\se prie/ly hatr$ at ,t\l\se1 he 0 r less ( an a!i/ ?an ,sp9oza or ,bruno or ,john ,scotus4 ,on 8 trial1 #bdh press$ z to 8 real beliefs by judges :o _h d\btless *all5g$ 8 id5tification ( ,god ) ,nature1 he pass$ f a pr(ession ( or?odox fai? 9 a tr9ity into a fl[+ disc\rse :i* c\ld z well h avail$ = a v9dication ( pan!ism z = ! proposition ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,see+ a /raw on ! gr\nd1 he pick$ x up & talk$ ( its hi/ory2 & :5 br\ght back aga9 f 8 affirmation ( ,deity to 8 doctr9e ( ,nature1 he set =? ! famili> or?odox !orem t1 :ile ,nature wr\ght ! succession ( se$s & fruits1 !re mu/ h be5 a fir/ se$ :i* 0 creat$4 ,x 0 ! habitual /&+ gr\nd ( !ism2 & !y burn$ him all ! same4 ,x rema9s an op5 "q :e!r p]sonal enmity on ! "p ( ! prosecut+ (ficial #bdi or a real belief t he _h utt]$ blasphemies aga9/ ,jesus or ,m>y 0 ! det]m9+ =ce1 or :e!r ev5 less motive suffic$4 ,a vitup]ative ,jesuit ( t age sees intol]able free?9k+ 9 8 sugge/ion ( ! unreality ( demoniacal possession & ! futility ( exorcisms4 #bej ,& = t mu* !y 7 n incapable ( burn+ m5 9 ,ca?olic ,t\l\se 9 ! days ( ,m>y de ,m$ici4 ,!re are 9 fact reasons = surmiz+ t 9 ! cases alike ( ,bruno & ( ,van9i x 0 ! attitude ( ! speculator t[>ds sci5tific problems t prim>ily or ma9ly ar\s$ di/ru/ & ang] among ! !ologians4 ,van9i is c>eful to speak equivocally ( ! et]nity ( ! univ]se2 & ?\gh he makes a pass+ m5tion ( ,kepl]1 #bea he does n "n ,cop]nicus4 ,he _h le>n$ some?+ f ! fate ( ,bruno4 ,yet 9 ! ,dialogue ,de coeli =ma et motore #beb he decl>es s explicitly = a naturali/ic explanation ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies t he mu/ h ar\s$ 9 "s or?odox read]s su* ang] z 0 set up 9 ,plato by a physical !ory ( sun & />s4 ,aft] an priori discussion on ,ari/otelian l9es1 ! qu]i/ 9 ! dialogue asks :at may fitly be held1 ) an eye to religion1 conc]n+ ! movem5ts ( ! sph]es4 ,?is1 answ]s ,van9i1 unless ,i am 9 error3 ! mass ( ! heav5 is mov$ 9 its prop] gyratory way by ! nature ( its elem5ts4 ,h[ !n1 asks ! qu]i/1 are ! heav5s mov$ by c]ta9 & fix$ laws1 unless div9e m9ds1 p>ticipat+ 9 ! primal motion1 !re op]ate8 ,:]e is ! wond]8 returns ,van9i4 ,does n a c]ta9 & fix$ law ( motion act 9 ! mo/ paltry clockwork ma*9es1 made by a drunk5 ,g]man1 ev5 z !re works sil5tly 9 a t]tian & qu>tan fev] a motion :i* comes & goes at fix$ p]iods )\t transgress+ its l9e by a mom5t8 ,! sea also at c]ta9 & fix$ times1 by its nature1 z y p]ipatetics affirm1 is mov$ 9 progressions & regressions4 ,no less1 !n1 ,i affirm ! heav5 to be =ev] c>ri$ by ! same motion 9 virtue ( its nature 7a sua pura =ma7 & n to be mov$ by ! w ( intellig5ce4 ,& ! disciple ass5ts4 ,kepl] _h se5 fit1 ei!r 9 s9c]ity or ( prud5ce1 to leave div9e m9ds 9 ! planets2 & ,van9i's negation1 ?\gh n accompani$ by any ass]tion ( ! motion ( ! e>?1 0 en\gh to provoke ! m9ds :i* _h only ?ree ye>s be=e put ,cop]nicus on ! ,index1 & *all5g$ ,galileo = v5t+ 8 doctr9e4 ,x is at ?is /age t we beg9 to realize ! full play ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 z aga9/ ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,! movem5t ( m]e !ological & ecclesia/ical h]esy _h visibly begun to rec$e 9 ! _w ( m9d1 & 9 its /ead1 alike 9 ,prote/ant & 9 ,ca?olic l&s1 !re 0 em]g+ a new activity ( sci5tific rese>*1 vaguely m5ac+ to all !i/ic fai?4 ,kepl] repres5t$ x 9 ,g]many1 ,h>riott & ,h>vey & ,gilb]t & ,bacon 9 ,engl&2 f ,italy _h come ( late ! port5ts ( ,bruno & ,galileo2 ev5 ,spa9 yield$ ! ,exam5 de ,+5ios ( ,hu>te 7#aege71 :]e ) due prote/ation ( !ism ! physici/ insi/s ^u natural causation2 & n[ ,van9i 0 exhibit+ ! same incorrigible ze/ = a naturali/ic explanation ( all ?+s4 ,8 dialogues are full ( su* que/ion+s2 ! m]e metaphysic & !osophy ( ! ,amphi!atrum are be+ sup]s$$ by discussions on physical & physiological ph5om5a4 ,x 0 = ?is1 d\btless1 t ! ,de ,arcanis won ! special vogue ov] :i* ! ,jesuit ,g>asse 0 angrily exclaim+ t5 ye>s lat]4 #bec ,n m]ely ! d\bts ca/ ^u sorc]y & diabolical possession1 b ! :ole drift1 (t5 en\gh erratic1 ( ! inquiry z to h[ ?+s 9 nature came ab\t1 caught ! curiosity ( ! "t1 soon to be /imulat$ by m pot5t & bett]-gov]n$ m9ds ?an t ( ! ill-/>r$ ,van9i4 ,& = e new inquir] !re w\ld be a ho/ile zealot 9 ! ,*ur*1 :]e ! anti-intellectual in/9ct 0 n[ s mu* m pot5t ?an x _h be5 9 ! days be=e ,lu!r1 :5 h]esy 0 diagnos$ only z a dang] to rev5ue4 ,x 0 ) ,galileo t !re began ! practical application ( ! ,cop]nican !ory to a/ronomy1 &1 inde$1 ! decisive demon/ration ( its tru?4 ,) him1 accord+ly1 began ! positive rejection ( ! ,cop]nican !ory by ! ,*ur*2 = ?us f> x _h nev] be5 (ficially veto$--hav+ inde$ be5 g5]ally treat$ z a wild absurdity4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ,galileo's ,sid]eus ,nuncius 7#afaj7 8 "n is f\nd 9 ! pap]s ( ! ,inquisition1 ) t ( ,cremon9i ( ,padua1 z a subject ( inve/igation4 #bed ,! juxtaposition is notewor?y4 ,cremon9i 0 an ,ari/otelian1 ) ,av]ro/ lean+s1 & reput$ an a!i/2 #bee & x 0 presumably on ?is score t ! ,inquisition 0 look+ into 8 case4 ,at ! same "t1 z an ,ari/otelian he 0 /rongly oppos$ to ,galileo1 & is said to h be5 "o ( ^? :o refus$ to look ?r\gh ,galileo's telescope4 #bef ,galileo1 on ! o!r h&1 0 o/5sibly a good ,ca?olic2 b 8 discov]y ( ! moons ( ,jupit] 0 a signal confirmation ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & ! new /atus at once giv5 to t made a correspond+ commotion 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?us he _h aga9/ him bo? ! unbeliev+ p$ants ( ! s*ools & ! typical prie/s4 ,9 8 book ! great discov]] _h said no?+ explicitly on ! subject ( ! ,cop]nican !ory2 b 9 lectures & conv]sations he _h freely av[$ 8 belief 9 x2 & ! implications ( ! publi%$ treatise 7 cle> to all ?9k]s4 #beg ,& ?\gh1 :5 he visit$ ,rome 9 #afaa1 he 0 well receiv$ by ,pope ,paul ,v1 & 8 discov]ies 7 fav\rably report$ ( by ! f\r sci5tific exp]ts nom9at$ at ! reque/ ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9 to exam9e !m1 #beh x only ne$$ t ! ,biblical cry %\ld be rais$ to *ange ! situation4 ,! ,*ur* /ill conta9$ m5 individually op5 to new sci5tific ideas2 b %e 0 !n m ?an ev] dom9at$ by ! =ces ( tradition2 & z soon z ^? =ces _h be5 practically evok$ 8 prosecution 0 b\nd to foll[4 ,! cry ( religion 9 dang] sil5c$ ! san] m5 at ,rome4 ,! fa%ion 9 :i* ,galileo's sid]eal discov]ies 7 met is inde$ typical ( ! :ole hi/ory ( free?\ght4 ,! cl]gy po9t$ to ! /ory ( ,jo%ua /opp+ ! sun & moon2 ! av]age layman sc\t$ ! new !ory z pla9 folly2 & typical s*oolm5 insi/$ t ! heav5s are un*angeable1 & t !re 0 no au?ority 9 ,ari/otle = ! new ass]tions4 ,) su* m9ds ! man ( sci5ce _h to argue1 & 9 def]5ce to su* he _h at l5g? to affect to d\bt 8 own demon/rations4 #bei ,! ,ca?olic ,reaction _h f9ally creat$ z bitt] a _s ( ho/ility to free sci5ce 9 ! ,*ur* z exi/$ among ! ,prote/ants2 & 9 ,italy ev5 ^? :o saw ! moons ( ,jupit] ?r\gh 8 telescope d>$ n av[ :at !y _h se54 #bfj ,x 0 !re=e an un=tunate /ep on ,galileo's "p to g f ,padua1 :i* 0 "u ! rule ( ,v5ice1 !n anti-papal1 #bfa to ,tuscany1 on ! invitation ( ! ,gr& ,duke4 ,:5 9 #afac he publi%$ 8 treatise on ! sol> spots1 def9itely uphold+ ,cop]nicus aga9/ ,jesuits & ,ari/otelians1 tr\ble became inevitable2 & 8 lett] #bfb to 8 pupil1 ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,pisa1 discuss+ ! ,biblical argum5t ) :i* !y _h bo? be5 met1 at once evok$ an explosion :5 circulat$ by ,ca/elli4 ,new tr\ble arose :5 ,galileo 9 #afae wrote 8 apology 9 ! =m ( a lett] to 8 patroness ! ,d[ag] ,gr& ,du*ess ,cri/9a ( ,tuscany1 extracts f :i* became curr5t4 ,an outcry ( ignorant ,dom9ican monks #bfc suffic$ to set at "w ! ma*9]y ( ! ,index1 #bfd ! fir/ result ( :i* 7#afaf7 0 to put on ! li/ ( condemn$ books ! great treatise ( ,cop]nicus1 publi%$ sev5ty-?ree ye>s be=e4 ,galileo p]sonally escap$ = ! pres5t ?r\gh ! fri5dly int]v5tion ( ! ,pope1 ,paul ,v1 on ! appeal ( 8 patron1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t he _h n publicly taught ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,x w\ld seem z if "s ( ! heads ( ! ,*ur* 7 at he>t ,cop]nicans2 #bfe b !y 7 9 any case oblig$ to dis[n a doctr9e felt by s _m o!rs to be subv]sive ( ! ,*ur*'s au?ority4 ,see ! details ( ! proc$ure 9 ,dom5ico ,b]ti1 ,il ,processo ,orig9ale de ,galileo ,galilei1 ed4 #ahgh1 cap4 iv2 9 ,fahie1 *4 viii2 & 9 ,gebl]1 *4 vi4 ,! la/-cit$ writ] claims to %[ t1 ( two records ( ! admonition to ,galileo1 "o1 ! m /r+5t 9 its t]ms1 0 false1 ?\gh made at ! date x be>s1 to p]mit ( subsequ5t proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo4 ,b ! :ole !sis is otiose4 ,x is admitt$ 7,gebl]1 p4 #hi7 t ,galileo 0 admoni%$ n to def5d or hold ! ,cop]nican doctr9e4 ,gebl] cont5ds1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 n a comm& to keep entire sil5ce1 & t !re=e ,galileo is n ju/ly to be *>g$ ) hav+ disobey$ ! injunction ( ! ,inquisition :51 9 8 ,dialogues on ! ,two ,pr9cipal ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican 7#afcb71 he dealt dialectically ) ! subject1 nei!r affirm+ nor d5y+1 b treat+ bo? !ories z hypo!ses4 ,b ! real issue is n ,galileo's cauti\s disob$i5ce 7see ,gebl]'s own admissions1 p4 #adi7 to an irrational decree1 b ! crime ( ! ,*ur* 9 sil5c+ him4 ,x is n likely t ! enemies ( ,galileo1 z ,gebl] supposes 7pp4 #ij1 #cch71 anticipat$ 8 lat] dialectical h&l+ ( ! subject1 & s falsifi$ ! decision ( ! ,inquisition aga9/ him 9 #afaf4 ,gebl] _h at fir/ adopt$ ! ,g]man !ory t ! absolute comm& to sil5ce 0 =g$ 9 #afcb2 &1 f9d+ ! docum5t c]ta9ly belong$ to #afaf1 fram$ ! new !ory1 q unnecess>ily1 to save ,galileo's cr$it4 ,! two records are q 9 ! _s & mann] ( ,inquisitorial diplomacy4 ,z ,b]ti rem>ks1 ! ,holy ,(fice proce$$ ) mu* he$lessness 7leg]ezza7 & mu* confusion 9 #afaf4 ,its fir/ judgm5t1 9 ei!r =m1 m]ely emphasizes ! guilt ( ! second4 ,cp4 ,fahie1 pp4 #afg-fi4 ,?us (ficially admoni%$ = 8 h]esy1 b n puni%$1 9 #afaf1 ,galileo kept sil5ce = "s ye>s1 till 9 #afah he publi%$ 8 7errone\s7 !ory ( ! tides1 :i* he s5t ) an ironical epi/le to ! fri5dly ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria1 pr(ess+ to be prop\nd+ a m]e dream1 disall[$ by ! (ficial veto on ,cop]nicus4 #bff ,?is1 h[ev]1 did him less h>m ?an 8 essay ,il ,saggiatore 7,! ,scales71 9 :i* he oppos$ ! ,jesuit ,grassi on ! "q ( comets4 ,receiv+ ! imprimatur 9 #afbc1 x 0 d$icat$ to ! new pope1 ,urban ,,viii1 :o1 z ! ,c>d9al ,maffeo ,b>b]9i1 _h be5 ,galileo's fri5d4 ,! latt] c\ld n[ hope = fre$om ( spee*1 z he _h all along _h a numb] ( fri5ds at ! papal c\rt1 besides _m prie/s1 among 8 admir]s & disciples4 ,b ! enmity ( ! ,jesuits c\nt]vail$ all4 ,!y did n succe$ 9 procur+ a c5sure ( ! ,saggiatore1 ?\gh t subtly v9dicates ! ,cop]nican sy/em :ile pr(ess+ to hold x disprov$ by ! fiat ( ! ,*ur*2 #bfg b :51 v5tur+ fur!r1 he aft] ano!r lapse ( ye>s produc$ 8 ,dialogues on ! ,two ,sy/ems1 = :i* he obta9$ ! papal imprimatur 9 #afcb1 !y caught him 9 _! net4 ,hav+ con/ant access to ! pope1 !y contriv$ to make him believe t ,galileo _h ridicul$ him 9 "o ( ! p]sonages ( 8 ,dialogues4 ,x 0 q false2 b "o ( ! pope's anti-,cop]nican argum5ts 0 !re unconsci\sly made light (2 & 8 w\nd$ vanity 0 probably a ma9 factor 9 ! impea*m5t :i* foll[$4 #bfh ,8 ,hol9ess pr(ess$ to h be5 deceiv$ into grant+ ! imprimatur2 #bfi a ,special ,commission 0 set on foot2 ! proce$+s ( #afaf 7 rak$ up2 & ,galileo 0 aga9 summon$ to ,rome4 ,he 0 old & frail1 & s5t m$ical c]tificates ( 8 unfitness = su* travel2 b x 0 insi/$ on1 & z "u ! papal tyranny !re 0 no help1 he accord+ly made ! j\rney4 ,aft] _m delays he 0 tri$1 &1 on 8 =mal abjuration1 s5t5c$ to =mal imprisonm5t 7#afcc7 = tea*+ ! absurd & false doctr9e ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! non-motion ( ! sun f ea/ to we/4 ,9 ?is case ! pope1 :atev] 7 8 motives1 act$ z a hot anti-,cop]nican1 express+ 8 p]sonal op9ion on ! "q aga9 & aga91 & always 9 an anti-,cop]nican s5se4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! popes1 :ile agree+ to ! v]dict1 ab/a9$ f (ficially ratify+ x1 #bgj s t1 9 proce$+ to =ce ,galileo to abjure 8 doctr9e1 ! ,inquisition te*nically exce$$ its p[]s--a circum/ance 9 :i* "s ,ca?olics appe> to f9d com=t4 ,see+ t ?ree ( ! t5 c>d9als nam$ 9 ! preamble to ! s5t5ce did n sign1 x has be5 inf]r$ t !y diss5t$2 b !re is no good reason to suppose t ei!r ! pope or !y wilfully ab/a9$ f sign+4 ,!y _h ga9$ _! po9t--! humiliation ( ! great discov]]4 ,comp>e ,gebl]1 p4 #bda2 ,private ,life1 p4 #beg1 quot+ ,tirabos*i4 ,= an exposure ( ! _m p]v]sions ( ! facts z to ,galileo by ,ca?olic writ]s see ,p>*appe1 ,galile1 sa vie1 etc41 #b;e ,p>tie4 ,to su* /raits has ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* be5 r$uc$ 9 ?is matt] t "p ( its def5ce ( ! treatm5t ( ,galileo is ! plea t he unw>rantably ass]t$ t ! fixity ( ! sun & ! motion ( ! e>? 7 taught 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,sir ,rob]t ,+lis is quot$ z hav+ ma9ta9$ ?is view 9 ,engl& 9 #ahbd 7,m5dham1 ,! ,lit]>y ,policy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 #bnd ed4 #ahcj1 p4 #agf71 & ! same proposition 0 ma9ta9$ 9 #ahej by a ,roman c>d9al4 ,see ,galileo e l',inquisizione1 by ,monsignor ,m>9i1 ,roma1 #ahej1 pp4 #a1 #ec-ed1 etc4 ,_h ,galileo really taught z is !re ass]t$1 he w\ld only h be5 ass5t+ to :at 8 prie/ly oppon5ts con/antly d9n$ 9 8 e>s4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact he _h n s ass5t$2 = 9 8 lett] to ,ca/elli 7see ,gebl]1 pp4 #df-ej7 he _h e>ne/ly deprecat$ ! argum5t f ! ,bible1 urg+ t1 ?\gh ,scripture c\ld n err1 its int]pret]s might misund]/& x2 & ev5 go+ s f> z to argue1 ) mu* +5uity1 t ! /ory ( ,jo%ua1 lit]ally int]pret$1 c\ld be made to h>monize ) ! ,cop]nican !ory1 b n at all ) ! ,ptolemaic4 ,! !sis reviv$ by ,monsignor ,m>9i des]ves to rank z ! highe/ flight ( absurdity & effront]y 9 ! entire discussion 7cp4 ,b]ti1 ,giordano ,bruno1 #ahhi1 p4 #cjf1 note74 ,e /ep 9 bo? proc$ures ( ! ,inquisition insi/s on ! falsity & ! anti-scriptural "* ( ! doctr9e t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun 7see ,b]ti1 ,il ,processo1 p4 #aae sq42 ,gebl]1 pp4 #gf-gg1 #bcj-cd72 & nev] once is x h9t$ t ,galileo's error lay 9 ascrib+ to ! ,bible ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s fixity4 ,9 ! ,roman ,index ( #affd ! works ( ,galileo & ,cop]nicus are alike veto$1 ) all o!r writ+s affirm+ ! movem5t ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun2 & 9 ! ,index ( #agjd are includ$ libri omnes doc5tes mobilitatem t]rae et immobilitatem solis 7,putnam1 ,! ,c5sor%ip ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 #aijf-aijg1 i1 #cjh1 #cab74 ,! /ories ( 8 be+ tortur$ & bl9d$1 & say+ ,/ill x moves1 are inde$ my?s4 #bga ,! brok5-spirit$ old man 0 9 no mood s to speak2 he 01 moreov]1 9 all respects save 8 sci5ce1 an or?odox ,ca?olic1 #bgb & z su* n likely to defy ! ,*ur* to its face4 ,9 reality he 0 =mally 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,inquisition--& ?is n 9 a cell1 b 9 ! h\se ( an (ficial--= only tw5ty-two days4 ,aft] ! s5t5ce he 0 aga9 =mally deta9$ = "s sev5te5 days 9 ! ,villa ,m$ici1 b 0 !n all[$ to return to 8 own rural home at ,acatri1 #bgc on condition t he liv$ 9 solitude1 receiv+ no visitors4 ,he 0 ?us mu* m truly a prison] ?an ! s-call$ prison] ( ! ,vatican 9 our own day4 ,! wor/ "p ( ! s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 0 ! plac+ ( all 8 works1 publi%$ & unpubli%$1 on ! ,index ,expurgatorius1 & ! gag ?us laid on all utt]ance ( rational sci5tific ?\ght 9 ,italy--an evil ( incalculable influ5ce4 ,! lack ( lib]ty & speculation1 writes a c>eful ,italian /ud5t1 0 ! cause ( ! dea? fir/ ( ! ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 an in/itution unique 9 its "t2 !n ( ! ,accademia del ,cim5to4 ,?us ,italy1 aft] ! m>vell\s p]iod ( vigor\s native civilization 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 aft] a second p]iod ( civilization less native b /ill its own1 z be+ ,lat91 saw itself arre/$ on ! ?re%old ( a ?ird & n less spl5did p]iod4 ,vexations & prohibitions expell$ c\rage1 spontaneity1 & univ]sality f ! national m9d2 lit]>y /yle became unc]ta91 indet]m9ate2 &1 =bidd5 to treat ( gov]nm5t1 sci5ce1 or religion1 turn$ to ?+s frivol\s & fruitless4 ,= ! great academies1 in/itut$ to r5ovate & fur!r ! /udy ( natural philosophy1 7 sub/itut$ small ones )\t any su* aim4 ,intellectual en]gy1 ! love ( rese>* & ( objective tru?1 greatness ( feel+ & nobility ( "*1 all suff]$4 ,no?+ s injures a p z ! compulsion to express or conceal its ?\ght solely f motives ( fe>4 ,! nation 9 :i* ^? conditions 7 set up became intellectually inf]ior to ^? 9 :i* x 0 possible to pass freely 9 ! va/ regions ( k4 ,h] culture grew re/rict$1 devoid ( orig9ality1 vapor\s1 umbratile2 !re arose habits ( s]vility & dissimulation2 great books1 great m51 great purposes 7 d5aturaliz$4 #bgd ,x 0 ?us 9 ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe t ,galileo's tea*+ bore its fruit1 = he spe$ily got 8 condemn$ ,dialogues publi%$ 9 ,lat9 by ! ,elzevirs2 & 9 #afch1 also at ! h&s ( ! ,elzevirs1 appe>$ 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,new ,sci5ces i4e41 ( me*anics & motion1 ! f\ndation ( me*anical physics4 ,by ?is "t he 0 totally bl9d1 & !n only1 :5 physicians c\ld n help him save by prolong+ 8 life1 0 he all[$ to live "u /rict surveillance 9 ,flor5ce1 ne$+ a special indulg5ce f ! ,inquisition to p]mit him ev5 to g to *ur* at ,ea/]4 ,! desire ( 8 la/ bl9d days1 to h ) him 8 be/-belov$ pupil1 ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 0 grant$ only "u rigid limitation & sup]vision1 ?\gh ev5 ! papacy c\ld n keep f him ! plaudits ( ! ?9k]s ( ,europe4 ,f9ally he pass$ away 9 8 rural prison--aft] five ye>s ( bl9dness--9 #afdb1 ! ye> ( ,newton's bir?4 ,at t "t 8 doctr9es 7 "u ana!ma 9 ,italy1 & kn[n else:]e only to a few4 ,hobbes 9 #afcd tri$ 9 va9 to procure = ! ,e>l ( ,newca/le a copy ( ! e>li] ,dialogues 9 ,london1 & wrote3 ,x is n possible to get x = money4444 ,i he> say x is call$-91 9 ,italy1 z a book t w d m hurt to _! religion ?an all ! books ( ,lu!r & ,calv91 su* opposition !y ?9k is betwe5 _! religion & natural reason4 #bge ,n till #ageg did ! papacy p]mit o!r books tea*+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em2 9 #agfe ,galileo 0 /ill "u ban2 n until #ahbb 0 p]mission giv5 to treat ! !ory z true2 & n until #ahce 0 ! "w ( ,cop]nicus )drawn f ! ,index4 #bgf ,:ile mod]n sci5ce 0 ?us be+ plac$ on its special basis1 a cont9u\s resi/ance 0 be+ made 9 ! s*ools to ! dogmatism :i* held ! mutilat$ lore ( ,ari/otle z ! sum ( human wisdom4 ,l ! ecclesia/ical revolution1 ?is _h be5 protract$ ?r\gh c5turies4 ,ari/otelianism1 :e!r !i/ic or pan!i/ic1 :e!r or?odox or het]odox1 #bgg _h become a dogmatism l ano!r1 a code t veto$ revision1 a fett] laid on ! m9d4 ,ev5 z a negation ( ,*ri/ian sup]/ition x _h become impot5t1 = ! ,p]ipatetics 7 n only ready to make common cause ) ! ,jesuits aga9/ ,galileo1 z we h se52 "s ( !m 7 cont5t ev5 to jo9 9 ! appeal to ! ,bible4 #bgh ,! result ( su* uncritical p>tisan%ip 0 t ! imm5se s]vice ( ,ari/otle to m5tal life--! compreh5sive grasp :i* gave him 8 long supremacy z aga9/ rival sy/em-mak]s1 & makes him /ill s mu* m important ?an any ( ! ?9k]s :o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury revolt$ aga9/ him--0 by oppon5ts disreg>d$ & d5i$1 ?\gh ! range & dep? ( 8 influ5ce are app>5t 9 all ! polemic aga9/ him1 notably 9 t ( ,bacon1 :o is con/antly cit+ him1 & relates 8 reason+ to him1 h[ev] antagoni/ically1 at e turn4 ,naturally1 ! less sacrosanct dogmatism 0 ! m freely assail$2 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! attacks became num]\s & vehem5t4 ,lu!r 0 a furi\s anti-,ari/otelian1 #bgi z 7 also "s ,calv9i/s2 b 9 #aegj we f9d ,beza decl>+ to ,ramus #bhj t ! ,g5evese h decre$1 once & = ev]1 t !y w nev]1 nei!r 9 logic nor 9 any o!r bran* ( le>n+1 turn away f ! tea*+ ( ,ari/otle4 ,at ,ox=d ! same code held4 #bha ,9 ,italy1 ,telesio1 :o notably anticipates ! tone ( ,bacon z to natural sci5ce1 & is l>gely foll[$ by him1 influ5c$ ,bruno 9 ! anti-,ari/otelian direction1 #bhb ?\gh x 0 9 a long l9e f ,ari/otle t he got 8 pr9ciple ( ! et]nity ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,spani>d ,ludovicus ,vives1 too 7#adib-aedj71 pron\nc$ by ,lange "o ( ! cle>e/ heads ( 8 age1 _h insi/$ on progress beyond ,ari/otle 9 ! _s ( naturali/ sci5ce4 #bhc ,b ! typical anti-,ari/otelian ( ! c5tury 0 ,ramus 7,pi]re de la ,rame1 #aeae-aegb71 ^: long & /r5u\s battle aga9/ ! rul+ s*ool at ,p>is br\ght him to 8 dea? 9 ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 #bhd ,ramus h>dily laid x d[n t !re is no au?ority ov] reason1 b reason ought to be que5 & rul] ov] au?ority4 #bhe ,su* a message 0 ( m value ?an 8 imp]fect attempt to sup]s$e ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,bacon1 :o c>ri$ on 9 ,engl& ! w>f>e aga9/ ! ,ari/otelian tradition1 nev] v5tur$ s to express himself z aga9/ ! !ological tyranny 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 ! g5]al en]gy & vividness ( 8 argum5tation gave him an influ5ce :i* und]m9$ ! or?odoxies to :i* he pr(ess$ to con=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he did no su* s]vice to exact sci5ce z 0 r5d]$ 9 8 day by ,kepl] & ,galileo & _! ,engli% emulators2 & 8 full didactic influ5ce came mu* lat] into play4 ,l fallacies to ,bacon's may be f\nd 9 ,desc>tes1 ^: sev5te5?-c5tury reputation z a *ampion ( !ism prov$ ma9ly ! eag]ness ( !i/s = a plausible def5ce4 ,already 9 8 own day 8 argum5ts 7 logically confut$ by bo? ,gass5di & ,hobbes2 & 8 p>tial success ) !i/s 0 a success ( p>tisanism4 ,x 0 prim>ily 9 respect ( 8 habitual appeal to reason & argum5t1 9 disreg>d ( ! assumptions ( fai?1 & second>ily 9 respect ( 8 real sci5tific "w1 t he c\nts = free?\ght4 ,ultimately 8 me?od und]m9$ 8 cre$2 & x is n too mu* to say ( him t1 next to ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo1 #bhf he laid a good "p ( ! f\ndation ( mod]n philosophy & sci5ce1 #bhg ,gass5di l>gely aid+4 ,?\gh he nev] does ju/ice to ,galileo1 f 8 fe> ( provok+ ! ,*ur*1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t he owes to him 9 l>ge "p ! e>ly det]m9ation ( 8 m9d to sci5tific me?ods2 = x is difficult to believe t ! acc\nt he gives ( 8 m5tal developm5t 9 ! ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode 7#afcg7 is biographically true4 ,x is r ! s*em$ /atem5t1 by a rip5$ m9d1 ( h[ x might be/ h be5 develop$4 ,nor did ,desc>tes1 any m ?an ,bacon1 live up to ! intellectual idea he _h fram$4 ,all ?r\gh 8 life he anxi\sly s\ght to propitiate ! ,*ur*2 #bhh & 8 sci5tific z well z 8 philosophic "w 0 hamp]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 ,engl& ,h5ry ,m1 :o latt]ly recoil$ f 8 philosophy1 /ill ?\ght 8 physics _h be5 spoil$ by fe> ( ! ,*ur*1 decl>+ t ! imprisonm5t ( ,galileo fright$ ,des ,c>tes into su* a di/ort$ description ( motion t no man's reason c\ld make good s5se ( x1 nor mode/y p]mit him to fancy any?+ nons5se 9 s excell5t an au?or4 #bhi ,b none!less ! unusual rationalism ( ,desc>tes's me?od1 av[$ly aim+ at ! uproot+ ( all 8 own prejudices #bij z a fir/ /ep to tru?1 displeas$ ! ,jesuits1 & c\ld n escape ! ho/ile att5tion ( ! ,prote/ant !ologians ( ,holl&1 :]e ,desc>tes pass$ s _m ye>s ( 8 life4 ,despite 8 con/ant !ism1 accord+ly1 he _h at l5g? to )draw4 #bia ,a ,jesuit1 ,pre ,b\rd91 s\ght to h ! ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode at once condemn$ by ! ,fr5* cl]gy1 b ! attempt fail$ = ! "t be+4 ,france 0 j !n1 9 fact1 ! mo/ free?9k+ "p ( ,europe2 #bib & ,desc>tes1 ?\gh n s unsp>+ ) 8 prejudices z he set out to be1 0 ! greate/ innovator 9 philosophy t _h aris5 9 ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he made real sci5tific discov]ies1 too1 :]e ,bacon only inspir$ an approa* & s*em$ a w&]+ road to !m4 ,he fir/ effectively appli$ algebra to geometry2 he fir/ sci5tifically expla9$ ! ra9b[2 he at once accept$ & f\nd$ on ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* mo/ physiologi/s ( ! day d]id$2 & he welcom$ ,aselli's discov]y ( ! lacteals1 :i* 0 reject$ by ,h>vey4 #bic ,& ?\gh z reg>ds religion 8 timor\s con=mities deprive him ( any h]oic /atus1 x is p]haps n too mu* to pron\nce him ! great re=m] & lib]ator ( ! ,european intellect4 #bid ,"o n giv5 to w>m sympa?y ) free?\ght has av[$ t ! common root ( mod]n philosophy is ! d\bt :i* is alike ,baconian & ,c>tesian4 #bie ,only less important1 9 "s reg>ds1 0 ! influ5ce ( ,pi]re ,gass5d or ,gass5di 7#aeib-afee71 :o1 liv+ 8 life z a canon ( ! ,*ur*1 rev]t$ 9 8 doctr9e to ! philosophy ( ,epicurus1 alike 9 physics & e?ics4 #bif ,x seems cle> t he nev] _h any religi\s lean+s1 b simply ent]$ ! ,*ur* on ! advice ( fri5ds :o po9t$ out to him h[ mu* bett] a provision x gave1 9 income & leisure1 ?an ! pr(essor%ip he held 9 8 y\? at ! univ]sity ( ,aix4 #big ,pr(ess+ l ,desc>tes a /rict submission to ! ,*ur*1 he yet set =? a !ory ( ?+s :i* _h 9 all ages be5 recogniz$ z fundam5tally irreconcilable ) ! ,*ri/ian cre$2 & 8 sub/antial exemption f p5alties is to be set d[n to 8 position1 8 prud5ce1 & 8 c>eful con=mities4 ,! correspond5t ( ,galileo & ,kepl]1 he 0 ! fri5d ( ,la ,mo! le ,vay] & ,naud2 & ,gui ,pat9 0 8 physician & intimate4 #bih ,/rong z a physici/ & a/ronom] :]e ,desc>tes 0 weak1 he divides ) him & ,galileo ! cr$it ( practically r5ew+ natural philosophy2 ,newton be+ ,gass5di/ r ?an ,c>tesian4 #bii ,inde$1 ,gass5di's y\?ful attack on ! ,ari/otelian physics 7#afbd7 makes him ! pr$ecessor ( ,desc>tes2 & he expressly oppos$ 8 contempor>y on po9ts ( physics & metaphysics on :i* he ?\ght him *im]ical1 & s promot$ unbelief :]e ,desc>tes made = or?odoxy4 #cjj ,( ! criticisms on 8 ,mditations to :i* ,desc>tes publi%$ replies1 ^? ( ,gass5di are1 ) ! p>tial exception ( ^? ( ,hobbes1 di/9ctly ! mo/ se>*+ & su/a9$4 ,! lat] position ( ,hume1 inde$1 is explicitly tak5 up 9 ! fir/ objection ( ,cratrus2 #cja b ! p]si/5t pressure ( ,gass5di on ! !i/ic & spiriti/ic assumptions ( ,desc>tes reads l ! reason+ ( a mod]n a!i/4 #cjb ,yet ! works ( ,desc>tes 7 9 "t plac$ on ! ,index1 condemn$ by ! k+'s c\ncil1 & ev5 veto$ 9 ! univ]sities1 :ile ^? ( ,gass5di 7 n1 ?\gh 8 e>ly "w on ,ari/otelianism _h to be /opp$ aft] ! fir/ volume because ( ! ang] x ar\s$4 #cjc ,himself "o ( ! mo/ ab/emi\s ( m51 #cjd l 8 ma/] ,epicurus 7( :om he wrote a ,life1 #afdg71 he attract$ disciples ( ano!r temp]am5tal ca/ z well z _m ( 8 own2 & z usual 8 sy/em is associat$ ) ! =m]1 :o are duly vilifi$ by or?odoxy1 al?\gh c]ta9ly no worse ?an ! av]age or?odox4 ,among 8 o!r practical s]vices to rationalism 0 a curi\s exp]im5t1 made 9 a village ( ! ,l[] ,alps1 by way ( inve/igat+ ! doctr9e ( wit*craft4 ,a drug prep>$ by "o sorc]] 0 adm9i/]$ to o!rs ( ! craft 9 pres5ce ( witnesses4 ,x ?rew !m into a deep sleep1 on awak5+ f :i* !y decl>$ t !y _h be5 at a wit*es' ,sabba?4 ,z !y _h nev] left _! b$s1 ! exp]im5t w5t f> to discr$it ! sup]/ition4 #cje ,"o significant result ( ! exp]im5t 0 se5 9 ! c\rse lat] tak5 by ,colb]t 9 ov]rid+ a decision ( ! ,p>lem5t ( ,r\5 z to wit*craft 7#afgj74 ,t ,p>lem5t propos$ to burn f\rte5 sorc]]s4 ,colb]t1 :o _h d\btless read ,montaigne z well z ,gass5di1 gave ,montaigne's prescription t ! culprits %\ld be dos$ ) hellebore--a m$ic9e = bra9 di/urbance4 #cjf ,9 #afgb1 f9ally1 ! k+ issu$ a decl>ation =bidd+ ! tribunals to admit *>ges ( m]e sorc]y2 #cjg & any future condemnations 7 on ! score ( blasphemy & poison+4 ,yet fur!r1 9 ! section ( 8 po/hum\s ,syntagma ,philosophicum 7#afeh7 entitl$ ,de ,effectibus ,sid]um1 #cjh ,gass5di dealt ! fir/ great bl[ on ! rationali/ side to ! v5]able cre$ ( a/rology1 assail$ (t51 b to little purpose1 f ! side ( fai?2 br++ to 8 task1 inde$1 m asp]ity ?an he is commonly cr$it$ )1 b also a /r+5t sci5tific & logical me?od1 lack+ 9 ! polemic ( ! *ur*m51 :o _h attack$ a/rology ma9ly because x ignor$ revelation4 ,x is sob]+ to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t he 0 "o ( ^? :o c\ld n assimilate ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* ,desc>tes at once adopt$ & prop\nd$4 ,su* anomalies meet u _m times 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific z ( o!r l9es ( ?\ght2 & ! residual lesson is ! recognition t progress is inf9itely multiplex 9 its causation4 ,no?+ is m vital 9 ?is reg>d ?an sci5tific tru?1 :i* is z a light-h\se 9 seas ( speculation2 & ^? :o1 l ,galileo & ,desc>tes1 add to ! _w's exact k1 p]=m a specific s]vice n mat*$ by t ( ! ,bacons1 :o urge "r me?od )\t apply+ x4 ,yet 9 t k9d also an incalculable influ5ce has be5 wield$4 ,_m m9ds c accept sci5tific tru?s )\t be+ !reby l$ to sci5tific ways ( ?\ght2 & ?us ! reason]s & speculators1 ! ,brunos & ! ,van9is1 play _! fruitful "p1 z d ! m5tors :o turn m5's eyes on _! own vices ( intellectual habit4 ,& 9 respect ( cre$s & philosophies1 f9ally1 x is n s mu* %e] s\ndness ( result z educativ5ess ( me?od1 effectual appeal to ! ?9k+ faculty & to ! _s ( reason1 t det]m9es a ?9k]'s influ5ce4 ,?is k9d ( impact we %all f9d hi/orically to be ! s]vice done by ,desc>tes to ,european ?\ght = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,f ,desc>tes1 !n1 z reg>ds philosophy1 m ?an f any pr(ess$ ?9k] ( 8 day1 b also f ! o!r ?9k]s we h not$1 f ! reactions ( sci5tific discov]y1 f ! t]rible exp]i5ce ( ! pot5cy ( religion z a bre$] ( /rife & its impot5ce z a curb] ( evil1 & f ! practical free?9k+ ( ! m op5-m9d$ ( t age 9 g5]al1 d]ives ! great rationali/ic movem5t1 :i*1 tak+ cle> lit]>y =m fir/ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has ) "s fluctuations broad5$ & deep5$ d[n to our own day4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,briti% ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #a ,! propag&i/ lit]ature ( deism beg9s ) an ,engli% diplomati/1 ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 ! fri5d ( ,bacon1 :o /ood 9 ! full /ream ( ! curr5t free?\ght ( ,engl& & ,france #cji 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,engli% deism1 z lit]ature1 is ?us at its v outset affiliat$ ) ,fr5*2 all ( its elem5ts1 critical & e?ical1 are g]m9al 9 ,bod91 ,montaigne1 & ,*>ron1 ea* & all ( :om _h a direct influ5ce on ,engli% ?\ght2 & we %all f9d lat] ,fr5* ?\ght1 z 9 ! cases ( ,gass5di1 ,bayle1 ,simon1 ,/4 ,evremond1 & ,voltaire1 alt]nately influ5c$ by & react+ on ,engli%4 ,b1 ap>t f ! undevelop$ rationalism ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 :i* nev] f\nd lit]>y expression1 ! ,fr5* f]m5t seems to h giv5 ! fir/ effective impulse2 ?\gh x is to be rememb]$ t ab\t ! same "t ! w>s ( religion 9 ,g]many1 foll[+ on an age ( !ological upro>1 _h develop$ a common temp] ( indiff]5tism :i* w\ld react on ! ?9k+ ( m5 ( affairs 9 ,france4 ,we h se5 ! /ate ( upp]-class & middle-class op9ion 9 ,france ab\t #afbd4 ,x 0 9 ,p>is 9 t ye> t ,h]b]t publi%$ 8 ,de ,v]itate1 aft] act+ = five ye>s z ! ,engli% ambassador at ! ,fr5* c\rt--an (fice f :i* he 0 recall$ 9 ! same ye>4 #caj ,by 8 own acc\nt ! book _h be5 begun by me 9 ,engl&1 & =m$ !re 9 all its pr9cipal p>ts1 #caa b f9i%$ at ,p>is4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 gone to ,france 9 #afjh1 & _h s]v$ 9 v>i\s cont95tal w>s 9 ! ye>s foll[+2 & x 0 presumably 9 ^! ye>s1 n 9 8 y\? 9 ,engl&1 t he _h =m$ ! rem>kable op9ions set =? 9 8 epo*-mak+ book4 ,hi!rto deism _h be5 repres5t$ by unpubli%$ argum5ts dis+5u\sly dealt ) 9 publi%$ answ]s2 h5ce=? !re sl[ly gr[s up a dei/ic lit]ature4 ,h]b]t 0 a p[]ful & audaci\s nobleman1 ) a weak k+2 & he c\ld v5ture on a publication :i* w\ld h co/ an ord9>y man de>4 ,yet ev5 he saw fit to publi% 9 ,lat92 & he av[$ hesitations4 #cab ,! mo/ puzzl+ ?+ ab\t x is 8 decl>ation t ,grotius & ! ,g]man !ologian ,tiel5us1 hav+ read ! book 9 ,,ms41 exhort$ him e>ne/ly to pr9t & publi% x4 ,x is difficult to believe t !y _h ga!r$ its sub/ance4 ,h]b]t's "w has two aspects1 a philosophical & a political1 & 9 bo? x is rem>kable4 #cac ,l ! ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode ( ,desc>tes1 :i* 0 to appe> ?irte5 ye>s lat]1 x is inspir$ by an orig9al det]m9ation to get at ! rational gr\nds ( conviction2 & 9 ,h]b]t's case ! ov]we5+ self-e/eem :i* disfigures 8 ,autobiography seems to h be5 motive =ce = ! production ( a book signally recalcitrant to au?ority4 ,:]e ,bacon attacks ,ari/otelianism & ! habits ( m9d x _h eng5d]$1 ,h]b]t c\nt]s ! :ole conception ( revelation 9 religion4 ,reject+ tacitly ! !ological basis ( curr5t philosophy1 he divides ! human m9d into f\r faculties--,natural ,in/9ct1 ,int]nal ,s5se1 ,ext]nal ,s5se1 & ! ,discursive faculty--?r\gh "o or o!r ( :i* all our k em]ges4 ,( c\rse1 l ,desc>tes1 he makes ! fir/ ! v]ification ( 8 idea ( ,god1 pron\nc+ t to be prim>y1 indep5d5t1 & univ]sally ent]ta9$1 & !re=e n lawfully to be disput$ 7already a contradiction 9 t]ms72 b1 inasmu* z scriptural revelation has no place 9 ! process1 ! position is conspicu\sly m advanc$ ?an t ( ,bacon 9 ! ,de ,augm5tis1 publi%$ ! ye> be=e1 & ev5 ?an t ( ,locke1 sixty ye>s lat]4 ,on ! "q ( concrete religion ,h]b]t is /ill m aggressive4 ,8 argum5t #cad is1 9 brief1 t no pr(ess$ revelation c h a decisive claim to rational acceptance2 t none escapes sect>ian dispute 9 its own field2 t1 z ea* "o misses mo/ ( ! human race1 none seems to be div9e2 & t human reason c d = morals all t any "o ( !m does4 ,! negative g5]alities ( ,montaigne "h pass into a positive anti-,*ri/ian argum5t2 = ,h]b]t goes on to pron\nce ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess = fai? immoral4 ,l all pione]s1 ,h]b]t falls into "s inconsi/5cies on 8 own "p2 ! mo/ flagrant be+ 8 claim to h _h a sign f heav5--t is1 a private & special revelation--enc\rag+ him to publi% 8 book4 #cae ,b 8 criticism is none!less tell+ & p]suasive s f> z x goes1 & rema9s valid to ?is day4 ,nor d 8 lat] & po/hum\s works #caf add to x 9 ess5tials1 ?\gh !y d mu* to con/ruct ! dei/ic case on hi/orical l9es4 ,! ,de religione g5tilium 9 p>ticul> is a notewor?y /udy ( pre-,*ri/ian religions1 app>5tly motiv$ by d\bt or *all5ge z to 8 !orem ( ! univ]sality ( ! ,god-idea4 ,x proves only racial univ]sality )\t agreem5t2 b x is s f> a s*ol>ly beg9n+ ( rational hi]ology4 ,! ,engli% ,dialogue betwe5 a ,tea*] & 8 ,pupil1 :i* seems to h be5 ! fir/ =m ( ! ,religio ,g5tilium1 #cag is a *>act]i/ic expression ( 8 :ole way ( ?\ght1 & 0 d\btless left unpubli%$ = ! prud5tial reasons :i* l$ him to put all 8 publi%$ works 9 ,lat94 ,b ! fact t ! ,lat9 quotations are translat$ %[s t ! book _h be5 plann$ = publication--a risk :i* he did wisely to %un4 ,! rem>kable ?+ is t 8 ,lat9 books 7 s little debat$1 ! ,de ,v]itate be+ n[h]e discuss$ be=e ,culv]wel4 #cah ,baxt] 9 #afgb c\ld say t ,h]b]t1 nev] hav+ be5 answ]$1 might be ?\ght unansw]able2 #cai & 8 own answ] is m]ely !ological4 ,! next great free?9k+ figure 9 ,engl& is ,?omas ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi71 ! mo/ important ?9k] ( 8 age1 aft] ,desc>tes1 & h>dly less influ5tial4 ,b ! purpose ( ,hobbes be+ always sub/antially political & regulative1 8 unfai? 9 ! curr5t religion is only incid5tally reveal$ 9 ! writ+s 9 :i* he seeks to %[ ! ne$ = keep+ x "u mon>*ic control4 #cbj ,hobbes is 9 fact ! anti-,presbyt]ian or anti-,puritan philosoph]2 & to discr$it an>*ic religion 9 ! eyes ( ! majority he is oblig$ to speak z a judicial ,*ur*man4 ,yet no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t he 0 no or?odox ,*ri/ian2 & ev5 8 pr(ess$ !ism resolves itself some:at easily into virtual agno/icism on logical pressure4 ,no ?\ght ( prud5ce c\ld )hold him f %[+1 9 a discussion on words1 t he held ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos to be mean+less4 #cba ,( a!ism he 0 repeat$ly accus$ by bo? royali/s & rebels2 & 8 answ] 0 =5sic r ?an f]v5t1 alike z to 8 scripturalism1 8 ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 imp]sonal conception ( ,deity4 #cbb ,reviv+ z he did ! anci5t rationali/ic doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( ! _w1 #cbc he gave a cle> foot+ = a!ism z aga9/ ! ,judo-,*ri/ian view4 ,9 affirm+ "o ,god et]nal ( :om m5 _c h any idea 9 _! m9d1 answ]able to 8 nature1 he 0 negat+ all cre$s4 ,he expressly cont5ds1 x is true1 = ! pr9ciple ( a ,provid5ce2 b x is h>d to believe t he laid any /ore by pray]1 public or private2 & x w\ld appe> t :atev] ?\ghtful a!ism !re 0 9 ,engl& 9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury look$ to him z its philosoph]1 ins(> z x did n d]ive f ,sp9oza4 #cbd ,nor c\ld ! ,naturali/ s*ool ( t day desire a bett]1 t]s]1 or m dra/ic sci5tific def9ition ( religion ?an ,hobbes gave !m3 ,fe> ( p[] invisible1 feign$ by ! m9d or imag9$ f tales publicly all[$1 ,religion2 n all[$1 ,sup]/ition4 #cbe ,z ! ,*ur*m5 readily saw1 8 insi/5ce on id5tify+ ! religion ( a c\ntry ) its law pla9ly impli$ t no religion is any m reveal$ ?an ano!r4 ,) him too beg9s 7#afea7 ! public criticism ( ! ,bible on lit]>y or docum5t>y gr\nds2 #cbf ?\gh1 z we h se51 ?is _h already gone f> 9 private2 #cbg & he gave a new lead1 p>tly z aga9/ ,desc>tes1 to a mat]iali/ic philosophy4 #cbh ,8 replies to ! !i/ic & spiriti/ic reason+s ( ,desc>tes's ,mditations are1 l ^? ( ,gass5di1 unrefut$ & irrefutable2 & !y are fundam5tally mat]iali/ic 9 _! drift4 #cbi ,he 01 9 fact1 9 a special & peculi> degree = 8 age1 a free?9k]2 & s deep 0 8 intellectual ho/ility to ! cl]gy ( all species t he c\ld n =ego enrag+ ^? ( 8 own political side by 8 s>casms4 #ccj ,"h he is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ,desc>tes1 :o dissembl$ 8 op9ion ab\t ,cop]nicus & ,galileo = peace' sake1 #cca & 0 ! close fri5d ( ! apologi/ ,m]s5ne d[n to 8 dea?4 #ccb ,) ! p>tial exception ( ! m ref9$ & graceful ,pecock1 ,hobbes has ( all ,engli% ?9k]s d[n to 8 p]iod ! cle>e/ & h>de/ head = all purposes ( reason+1 save 9 ! s+le field ( ma!matics1 :]e he m$dl$ )\t ma/]y2 & aga9/ ! !ologians ( 8 "t 8 argum5tation is z a two-edg$ sword4 ,t su* a man %\ld h be5 resolutely on ! side ( ! k+ 9 ! ,civil ,w> is "o ( ! pro(s ( ! ess5tial fanaticism & arbitr>9ess ( ! or?odox ,puritans1 :o plott$ m h>m to ! h]esies !y dislik$ ?an 0 ev] wreak$ on !mselves4 ,hobbes came ne> en\gh be+ cl]ically o/raciz$ among ! royali/s2 b among ! e>li] ,puritans1 or "u an ,indep5d5t ,puritan ,p>liam5t at any "t1 he w\ld h /ood a fair *ance ( execution4 ,x 0 d\btless l>gely due to ! anti-p]secut+ influ5ce ( ,cromwell1 z well z to 8 hav+ o/5sibly des]t$ ! royali/s1 t ,hobbes 0 all[$ to settle quietly 9 ,engl& aft] mak+ 8 submission to ! ,rump ,p>liam5t 9 #afea4 ,9 #afff 8 ,levia?an & ,de ,cive 7 toge!r condemn$ by ! ,re/oration ,p>liam5t 9 its grotesque panic ( piety aft] ! ,great ,fire ( ,london2 & x 0 actually propos$ to revive aga9/ him ! writ de h]etico combur5do2 #ccc b ,*>les ,,ii protect$ & p5sion$ him1 ?\gh he 0 =bidd5 to publi% any?+ fur!r on burn+ que/ions1 & ,levia?an 0 n p]mitt$ 9 8 lifetime to be republi%$ 9 ,engli%4 #ccd ,he 0 ?us = 8 g5]ation ! typical infidel1 ! royali/ cl]gy be+ p]haps 8 bitt]e/ enemies4 ,8 spontane\s ho/ility to fanaticism %ap$ 8 lit]>y c>e]1 :i* began 9 #afbh ) a translation ( ,?ucydides1 und]tak5 by way ( %[+ ! dang]s ( democracy4 ,next came ! ,de ,cive 7,p>is1 #afdb71 writt5 :5 he 0 already an eld]ly man2 & !nce=? ! ,civil ,w> t+es 8 :ole temp]4 ,x is 9 fact by way ( a revolt aga9/ all !ological e?ic1 z demon/rably a s\rce ( civil an>*y1 t ,hobbes =mulates a /rictly civic or legali/ e?ic1 d5y+ ! supremacy ( an ab/ract or priori natural moral law 7?\gh he f\nd$ on natural law71 z well z reject+ all sup]natural illum9ation ( ! consci5ce4 #cce ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome itself !re _h inevitably aris5 ! practice ( ,casui/ry1 9 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t e?ics _h to be rationally /udi$2 & e>ly ,prote/ant ,casui/ry1 repudiat+ ! au?ority ( ! prie/1 _h to rely /ill m on reason4 ,comp>e ,:ewell1 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ed4 #ahfb1 pp4 #be-ch1 :]e x is affirm$ t1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 ,s9ce ! ass]tions ( ! tea*] _h no inh]5t au?ority1 he 0 oblig$ to give 8 pro(s z well z 8 results1 & ! det]m9ation ( cases 0 replac$ by ! discipl9e ( consci5ce 7p4 #bi74 ,!re is an int]e/+ progression 9 ,engli% ,prote/ant casui/ry f ,w4 ,p]k9s 7#aeeh-afjb7 & ,w4 ,ames 7pub4 #afcj71 ?r\gh ,bi%ops ,hall & ,s&]son1 to ,j]emy ,taylor4 ,mo%eim 7#ag ,c5t4 sec4 ii1 pt4 ii1 #i7 pron\nces ,ames ! fir/ among ! ,re=m$ :o attempt$ to elucidate & arrange ! sci5ce ( morals z di/9ct f t ( dogmatics4 ,see biog4 notes on ,p]k9s & ,ames 9 ,:ewell1 pp4 #bg-bi1 & ,reid's ,mo%eim1 p4 #fha4 ,b ,hobbes pass$ 9 two /rides to ! position t natural morality is a set ( demon/rable inf]5ces z to :at adju/m5ts promote g5]al well-be+2 & fur!r t !re is no practical code ( "r & wrong ap>t f positive social law4 #ccf ,he ?us practically introduc$ once = all into mod]n ,*ri/5dom ! fundam5tal dilemma ( rationali/ic e?ics1 n only posit+ ! problem = 8 age1 #ccg b anticipat+ x z h&l$ 9 lat] times4 #cch ,h[ f> 8 rationalism 0 ahead ( t ( 8 age may be realiz$ by comp>+ 8 positions ) ^? ( ,john ,seld51 ! mo/ le>n$ &1 outside ( philosophy1 "o ( ! %rewde/ ( ! m5 ( t g5]ation4 ,seld5 0 sometimes spok5 ( by ! ,hobbi/s z a free?9k]2 & 8 ,table ,talk conta9s "s sallies :i* w\ld />tle ! or?odox if publicly deliv]$2 #cci b n only is !re explicit te/imony by 8 associates z to 8 or?odoxy3 #cdj 8 own treatise1 ,de ,jure ,naturali et ,g5tium juxta discipl9am ,ebrorum1 ma9ta9s ! gr\nd t ! ,law ( ,nature :i* und]lies ! v>iants ( ! ,laws ( ,nations is limit$ to ! precepts & traditions set =? 9 ! ,talmud z deliv]$ by ,noah to 8 po/]ity4 #cda ,le ,cl]c said ( ! "w1 ju/ly en\gh1 t 9 x ,seld5 only copies ! ,rabb9s1 & sc>cely ev] reasons4 ,x is likely en\gh t ! furi\s outcry aga9/ ,seld5 = 8 /rictly hi/orical inve/igation ( ti!s1 & ! humiliation ( apology =c$ ^u him 9 t connection 9 #afah1 #cdb made him specially *>y ev] aft]w>ds ( any semblance ( a d5ial ( ! pl5>y tru? ( !ological tradition2 b !re is no reason to ?9k t he _h ev] really transc5d$ ! ,biblical view ( ! _w's ord]4 ,he illu/rates1 9 fact1 ! ext5t to :i* a s*ol> c\ld 9 t day be anti-cl]ical )\t be+ rationali/ic4 ,l ! bulk ( ! ,p>liam5t>ians1 ?\gh )\t _! fanaticism1 he 0 ?or\ghly oppos$ to ! political pret5sions ( ! ,*ur*1 #cdc desir+ h[ev] to leave episcopacy alone1 z a matt] outside ( legislation1 :5 ! ,h\se ( ,commons aboli%$ x4 ,yet he spoke ( ! "n ( ,puritan z "o :i* he tru/$ he 0 n ei!r mad en\gh or fooli% en\gh to des]ve4 #cdd ,!re 7 ?us 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y p>ty m5 ( v diff]5t %ades ( op9ion4 ,! l>ge/ p>ty1 p]haps1 0 t ( ! fanatics :o1 z ,mrs4 ,hut*9son--h]self fanatical en\gh--tells conc]n+ h] husb&1 w\ld n all[ him to be religi\s because 8 hair 0 n 9 _! cut4 #cde ,next 9 /r5g? 7 ! m or less or?odox b anti-cl]ical & less pi\s ,scripturali/s1 ( :om ,seld5 0 ! mo/ illu/ri\s4 ,by f> ! smalle/ gr\p ( all 7 ! free?9k]s1 m5 ( _! type be+ z (t5 repell$ by ! zealotry ( ! ,puritans z by ! sac]dotalism ( ! ,/ate cl]gy4 ,! ,rebellion1 9 %ort1 ?\gh x evok$ rationalism1 0 n evok$ by x4 ,l all religi\s /rifes--l ! va/] ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 contempor>y ,g]many--x g5]at$ bo? d\bt & indiff]5tism 9 m5 :o w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ undi/urb$ 9 or?odoxy4 #b ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn f ! high] lit]>y propag&a to ! v]bal & o!r transitory debates ( ! p]iod ( ! ,rebellion1 we realize h[ mu* p>tial rationalism _h hi!rto subsi/$ )\t notice4 ,9 t imm5se f]m5t "s v advanc$ op9ions1 su* z quasi-,an>*ism 9 politics #cdf & anti-,scripturalism 9 religion1 7 m or less directly pr(ess$4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #afdf 7,n4,s471 ! au?orities ( ! ,city ( ,london1 al>m$ at ! unhe>d-( am\nt ( discussion1 petition$ ,p>liam5t to put d[n all private meet+s2 #cdg & on ,febru>y #f1 #afdf 7,n4,s471 a solemn fa/1 or day ( publique humiliation1 0 proclaim$ on ! score ( ! increase ( errors1 h]esies1 & blasphemies4 ,on ! same gr\nds1 ! ,presbyt]ian p>ty 9 ,p>liam5t press$ an ,ord9ance = ! suppression ( ,blasphemies & ,h]esies1 :i*1 long held back by ,vane & ,cromwell1 0 c>ri$ 9 _! despite 9 #afdh1 by l>ge majorities1 :5 ! royali/s r5ew$ ho/ilities4 ,x enact$ ! dea? p5alty aga9/ all :o %\ld d5y ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 a day ( judgm5t1 or a future /ate2 & prescrib$ imprisonm5t = ,arm9ianism1 rejection ( infant baptism1 anti-,sabbat>ianism1 anti-,presbyt]ianism1 or def5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory or ! use ( images4 #cdh ,& ( aggressive h]esy !re are "s notewor?y traces4 ,9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,hell ,broke ,loose3 a ,catalogue ( ! _m spread+ ,errors1 ,h]esies1 & ,blasphemies ( ^! ,times1 = :i* we are to be humbl$ 7,m>* #i1 #afdf1 ,n4,s471 ! fir/ entry--& 9 ! simil> ,catalogue 9 ,edw>ds's ,gangrna1 ! second entry--is a citation ( ! notable !sis1 ,t ! ,scripture1 :e!r a true manuscript or no1 :e!r ,hebrew1 ,greek1 or ,engli%1 is b humane1 & n able to discov] a div9e ,god4 #cdi ,?is is cit$ f ,! ,pilgrimage ( ! ,sa9ts1 by ,lawr5ce ,cl>kson1 presumably ! ,lawr5ce ,cl>kson :o = 8 book ,! ,s+le ,eye 0 s5t5c$ by resolution ( ,p>liam5t on ,septemb] #bg1 #afej1 to be imprison$1 ! book be+ burn$ by ! common hangman4 #cej ,he is fur!r cit$ z tea*+ t ev5 unbaptiz$ p]sons may prea* & baptize4 ,( ! o!r h]esies cit$ ! pr9cipal is ! old d5ial ( a future life1 & especially ( a physical & future hell4 ,9 g5]al ! h]esy is pieti/ic or ant9omian2 b we h also ! decl>ation t "r ,reason is ! rule ( ,fai?1 & t we are to believe ! ,scriptures & ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 ,inc>nation1 ,resurrection1 s f> z we see !m to be agreeable to reason & no fur!r4 ,conc]n+ ,jesus !re are v>i\s h]esies1 f simple ,unit>ianism to contemptu\s disp>agem5t1 ) ! /ipulation = a ,*ri/ =m$ 9 u4 ,b ?\gh !re are cases ( unquotable or ribald blasphemy !re is little trace ( s*ol>ly criticism ( ! ,bible1 ( reason+ aga9/ miracles or ! inconsi/5cies ( ,scripture1 z ap>t f ! doctr9e ( deity4 ,none!less1 x is v cr$ible t multitudes1 unsettl$ 444 h *ang$ _! fai?1 ei!r to ,scepticisme1 to d\bt ( ev]y?+1 or ,a!isme1 to believe no?+4 #cea ,aga9/ ! furi\s intol]ance ( ! ,puritan legislature "s plead$ ) new zeal = tol]ance all r\nd2 argu+ t c]ta9ty on articles ( fai? & po9ts ( religion 0 impossible--a doctr9e promptly class$ z a bad h]esy4 #ceb ,! plea t tol]ation w\ld mean concord 0 met by ! confid5t & n unf\nd$ retort t ! sect>ies w\ld !mselves p]secute if !y c\ld4 #cec ,b ?is c\ld h>dly h be5 true ( all4 ,notable among ! new p>ties 7 ! ,levell]s1 :o insi/$ t ! ,/ate %\ld leave religion entirely alone1 tol]at+ all cre$s1 includ+ ev5 a!ism2 & :o put =w>d a new & /rik+ e?ic1 gr\nd+ on univ]sal reason ! "r ( all m5 to ! soil4 #ced ,9 ! /rictly !ological field ! mo/ /rik+ innovation1 ap>t f simple ,unit>ianism1 is ! d5ial ( ! et]nity or ev5 ! exi/5ce ( future torm5ts--a position fir/ tak5 up1 z we h se51 ei!r by ! cont95tal ,soc9ians or by ! unnam$ ,engli% h]etics ( ! ,tudor p]iod1 :o pass$ on _! h]esy to ! "t ( ,m>l[e4 #cee ,9 ?is connection ! le>n$ booklet #cef entitl$ ,( ! ,torm5ts ( ,hell3 ! f\ndations & pill>s !re( discov]'d1 se>*'d1 %ak51 & remov$ 7#afeh7 0 rightly ?\ght wor? translat+ into ,fr5* by d',holba* ov] a c5tury lat]4 #ceg ,x is an argum5t on scriptural l9es1 d5y+ t ! conception ( a place ( et]nal torm5t is ei!r scriptural or cr$ible2 & po9t+ out t _m _h expla9$ x 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,humane feel+ ( ?is k9d c\nt$ = mu* 9 ! f]m5t2 b a contr>y hate 0 no less abundant4 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,?omas ,edw>ds1 :o 9 a vocif]\s passion ( fe> & zeal set himself to catalogue ! ho/ ( h]esies t ?reat5$ to ov]:elm ! times1 speaks ( mon/]s unhe>d-( !ret(ore1 n[ common among u--z d5y+ ! ,scriptures1 plead+ = a tol]ation ( all religions & wor%ips1 yea1 = blasphemy1 & d5y+ !re is a ,god4 #ceh ,a ,tol]ation1 he decl>es1 is ! gr& design ( ! ,devil1 8 ma/]piece & *ief eng9e2 e day n[ br+s =? books = a ,tol]ation4 #cei ,among ! #ahj sects nam$ by him #cfj !re 7 ,lib]t9es1 ,antiscripturi/s1 ,skeptics & ,que/ioni/s1 #cfa :o held no?+ save ! doctr9e ( free spee* & lib]ty ( consci5ce2 #cfb z well z ,soc9ians1 ,arians1 & ,anti-tr9it>ians2 & he speaks ( s]i\s m5 :o _h n only ab&on$ _! religi\s beliefs1 b s\ght to p]suade o!rs to d ! same4 #cfc ,"u ! rule ( ,cromwell1 tol]ant z he 0 ( ,*ri/ian sect>ianism1 & ev5 ( ,unit>ianism z repres5t$ by ,biddle1 ! m advanc$ h]esies w\ld get small lib]ty2 ?\gh t ( ,?omas ,muggleton & ,john ,reeve1 :i* took %ape ab\t #afea z ! ,muggletonian sect1 does n seem to h be5 mole/$4 ,muggleton1 a my/ic1 c\ld tea* t !re 0 no devil or evil _s1 save 9 man's _s ( unclean reason & curs$ imag9ation2 #cfd b x 0 only privately t su* m5 z ,h5ry ,m>t5 & ,?omas ,*alon]1 ! regicides1 c\ld av[ !mselves to be ( ! natural religion4 ,! /atem5t ( ,bi%op ,burnet1 foll[+ ,cl>5don1 t _m ( ! republicans began to pr(ess deism1 _c be tak5 lit]ally1 ?\gh x is broadly intelligible t almo/ all ( !m 7 = de/roy+ all cl]gym5 444 & = leav+ religion free1 z !y call$ x1 )\t ei!r enc\ragem5t or re/ra9t4 ,see ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,own ,"t1 bk4 i1 ed4 #ahch1 p4 #dc4 ,! phrase1 ,!y 7 = pull+ d[n ! *ur*es1 aga91 _c be tak5 lit]ally4 ,( ^? :o pret5d$ to little or no religion & act$ only ^u ! pr9ciples ( civil lib]ty1 ,burnet goes on to "n ,sidney1 ,h5ry ,nevill1 ,m>t51 ,wildman1 & ,h>r+ton4 ,! la/ 0 c]ta9ly ( ,hobbes's way ( ?9k+ 9 philosophy 7,croom ,rob]tson1 ,hobbes1 p4 #bbc1 note72 b ,wildman 0 "o ( ! sign]s ( ! ,anabapti/ petition to ,*>les ,,ii 9 #afeh 7,cl>5don1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,rebellion1 bk4 xv1 ed4 #ahdc1 p4 #hee74 ,z to ,m>t5 & ,*alon]1 see ,c>lyle's ,cromwell1 iii1 #aid2 & articles 9 ,nat4 ,dict4 ( ,biog4 ,vaughan 7,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 #ahdj1 ii1 #dgg1 note7 speaks ( ,walwyn & ,ov]ton z among ! free?9k]s ( ! times ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ,biblici/s1 n unbeliev]s4 ,pr(4 ,g>d9] 7,hi/4 ( ! ,commonweal? & ,protectorate1 ii1 #bec1 cit+ a ,news-lett] 9 ! ,cl>5don ,,mss47 f9ds record 9 #afec ( a man :o prea*$ flat a!ism 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 un9t]rupt$ by ! soldi]s ( ! gu>d2 b ?is obvi\sly c\nts = little4 ,betwe5 ! advance 9 speculation =c$ on by ! disputes !mselves1 & ! usual revolt aga9/ ! !ological _s aft] a long & f]oci\s display ( x1 !re spread ev5 "u ! ,commonweal? a new temp] ( secul>ity4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! temp]am5tal di/a/e = !ology1 ant9omian or o!r1 took =m 9 ! private associations = sci5tific rese>* :i* 7 ! antec$5ts ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _s ( religi\s d\bt spread widely 9 ! middle & upp] classes2 & betwe5 ! dislike ( ! ,r\ndheads = ! e/abli%$ cl]gy & ! ang] ( ! ,cavali]s aga9/ all ,puritanism !re 0 fo/]$ t contempt ( ! cl]gy :i* _h become a cl]ical sc&al at ! ,re/oration & 0 to rema9 s = ab\t a c5tury4 #cfe ,_! social /atus 0 9 g5]al l[1 & _! f9ancial position bad2 & ^! circum/ances1 possible only 9 a "t ( weak5$ religi\s belief1 necess>ily t5d$ to fur!r ! process ( m5tal *ange4 ,)9 ! sph]e ( or?odoxy1 x op]at$ op5ly4 ,x is notewor?y t ! t]m rationali/ em]ges z ! label ( a sect ( ,indep5d5ts or ,presbyt]ians :o decl>e t ,:at _! reason dictates to !m 9 *ur* or ,/ate /&s = good1 until !y be conv9c$ ) bett]4 #cff ,! rationalism1 s-call$1 ( t g5]ation rema9$ o/5sibly scriptural2 b on o!r l9es ?\ght w5t fur!r4 ,( a!ism !re are at ?is /age only dubi\s biographical & controv]sial traces1 su* z ,mrs4 ,hut*9son's *>act]ization ( a ,nott+ham physician1 possibly a dei/1 z a horrible a!i/1 #cfg & ! ,rev4 ,john ,dove's ,confutation ( ,a!ism 7#afdj71 :i* does n be> out its title4 ,ephraim ,pagitt1 9 8 ,h]esiography 7#afdd71 speaks loosely ( an a!i/ical sect :o affirm t m5's s\les sleep ) !m until ! day ( judgm5t2 & tells ( "s alleg$ a!i/ m]ely t he mock$ & je>$ at ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation4 #cfh ,simil>ly a "w1 entitl$ ,dispute betwixt an ,a!i/ & a ,*ri/ian 7#afdf71 %[s ! exi/5ce n ( a!i/s b ( dei/s1 & ! dei/ 9 ! dialogue is a ,flem+4 ,m tru/wor?y is ! allusion 9 ,na?aniel ,culv]wel's ,disc\rse ( ! ,light ( ,nature 7writt5 9 #afdf1 publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #afeb7 to ^? lumps & dunghills ( all sects 444 t "y & up/>t g5]ation ( gross anti-scripturali/s1 t h a p[d]-plot aga9/ ! ,gospel1 t w\ld v comp5di\sly behead all ,*ri/ian religion at "o bl[1 a device :i* old & ord9>y h]etics 7 nev] acqua9t$ )al4 #cfi ,! ref]5ce is presumably to ! foll[]s ( ,lawr5ce ,cl>kson4 ,yet ev5 "h we h no m5tion ( a!ism1 :i* is treat$ z some?+ almo/ impossible4 ,inde$1 ! v c\rse ( argu+ 9 fav\r ( a ,light ( ,nature seems to h br\ght suspicion on ,culv]wel himself1 :o %[s a noticeable lik+ = ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury4 #cgj ,he is1 h[ev]1 z may be inf]r$ f 8 angry tone t[>ds anti-scripturali/s1 sub/antially or?odox1 & n v important4 ,x is cont5d$ = ,culv]wel by mod]n admir]s 7ed4 cit$1 p4 xxi7 t he des]ves ! praise giv5 by ,hallam to ! lat] ,bi%op ,cumb]l& z ! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ] :o s\ght to e/abli% sy/ematically ! pr9ciple ( moral "r indep5d5t ( revelation4 ,see above1 p4 #gd1 ! simil> tribute ( ,mo%eim to ,ames4 ,b ,culv]wel does n really make ?is attempt4 ,8 proposition is t reason1 ! c&le ( ! ,"l1 discov]s t all ! moral law is f\nd$ 9 natural & common light1 9 ! light ( reason1 & t !re is no?+ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,gospel contr>y to ! light ( reason 7,introd4 end72 yet he cont5ds n only t fai? transc5ds reason1 b t ,abraham's attempt to slay 8 son 0 a dutiful obey+ ( ! ,god ( nature 7pp4 #bbe-bf74 ,he does n a*ieve ! simple /ep ( not+ t ! recognition ( revelation z su* mu/ be p]=m$ by reason1 & ?us makes no advance on ! position ( ,bacon1 mu* less on ^? ( ,pecock & ,hook]4 ,8 object1 inde$1 0 n to ju/ify or?odoxy by reason aga9/ rationali/ic unbelief1 b to make a case = reason 9 !ology aga9/ ! ,lu!rans & o!rs :o1 because ,soc9us has burnt 8 w+s at ?is c&le ( ! ,"l1 sc\t$ all use ( x 7,introd474 ,culv]wel1 h[ev]1 0 "o ( ! le>n$ gr\p 9 ,emanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 ^: tradition develop$ 9 ! next g5]ation into ,latitud9>ianism2 & he may be tak5 z a le>n$ type ( a numb] ( ! cl]gy :o 7 l$ by ! abundant discussion all ar\nd !m into pr(ess+ & enc\rag+ a ratioc9ative habit ( m9d4 ,?us we f9d ,dean ,/u>t1 ,cl]k ( ! ,closet to ,*>les ,i1 devot+ "o ( 8 %ort homilies to ,j]ome's text1 ,t5temus animas qu deficiunt a fide naturalibus rationibus adjur>e4 ,x is n en\gh1 he writes1 = y to re/ 9 an imag9>y fai?1 & eas9ess 9 beleev+1 except yee "k also :at & :y & h[ y come to t beleef4 ,implicite beleev]s1 ignorant beleev]s1 ! adv]s>y may swall[1 b ! und]/&+ beleev] hee mu/ *aw1 & pick bones be=e hee come to assimilate him1 & make him l himself4 ,! implicite beleev] /&s 9 an op5 field1 & ! enemy w ride ov] him easily3 ! und]/&+ beleev] is 9 a f5c$ t[n4 7,ca?olique ,div9ity1 #afeg1 pp4 #acc-cd--;a "w writt5 _m ye>s e>li]47 ,! disc\rse on ,a!ism1 aga91 9 ! po/hum\s works ( ,john ,smi? ( ,cambridge 7d4 #afeb71 is entirely retrospective2 b soon ano!r note is s\nd$4 ,z e>ly z #afeb1 ! ye> aft] ! issue ( ,hobbes's ,levia?an1 ! prolific ,walt] ,*>leton1 :o _h be5 physician to ! k+1 publi%$ a book entitl$ ,! ,d>kness ( ,a!ism ,expell$ by ! ,light ( ,nature1 :]e9 he ass]t$ t ,engl& ha? ( late produc$ & do? 444 fo/] m sw>ms ( a!i/ical mon/]s 444 ?an any age1 ?an any ,nation ha? be5 infe/$ )al4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,h5ry ,m1 ! ,cambridge ,platoni/1 publi%$ 8 ,antidote aga9/ ,a!ism4 ,! flamboyant d$ication to ,visc\ntess ,conway affirms t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is z cle>ly demon/rable z any !orem 9 ma!maticks2 b1 ! rev]5d au?or adds1 consid]+ ! /ate ( ?+s z !y are1 ,i _c b pron\nce t !re is m necessity ( ?is my ,antidote ?an ,i c\ld wi% !re 74 ,at ! close ( ! preface he pleasantly expla9s t he w use no ,biblical argum5ts1 b talk to ! a!i/ z a m]e ,naturali/2 inasmu* z he t conv]ses ) a b>b>ian mu/ disc\rse to him 9 8 own language1 & he t w\ld ga9 ^u ! m weak & sunk m9ds ( s5sual mortals is to accommodate himself to _! capacity1 :o1 l ! bat & owl1 c see n[h]e s well z 9 ! %ady glimm]+s ( _! twilight4 ,!n1 aft] "s elem5t>y play ) ! design argum5t1 ! entire ,?ird ,book ( =ty-six folio pages is devot$ to a p>ade ( old wives' tales ( wit*es & wit*craft1 wit*es' sabba?s1 app>itions1 commotions by devils1 gho/s1 incubi1 polt]-gei/s--! :ole vulg> m$ley ( ! peasant sup]/itions ( ,europe4 ,x is n t ! ,platoni/ does viol5ce to 8 own philosophic ta/es by way ( influ5c+ ! bats & owls ( a!ism4 ,?is mass ( sup]/ition is 8 own special pabulum4 ,9 ! preface he has ann\nc$ t1 :ile he may ab/a9 f ! use ( ! ,scriptures1 no?+ %all re/ra9 him f tell+ :at he kn[s ( spirits4 ,i am s cauti\s & circumspect1 he claims1 t ,i make use ( no n>rations t ei!r ! av>ice ( ! prie/ or ! cr$ulity & fancifulness ( ! melan*oli/ may r5d] suspect$4 ,z = ! unbeliev]s1 _! confid5t ignorance %all nev] da% me out ( confid5ce ) my well-gr\nd$ k2 = ,i h be5 no c>eless inquir] into ^! ?+s4 ,x is aft] a polt]-gei/ tale ( ! crasse/ description t he ann\nces t x 0 /rictly inve/igat$ & atte/$ by t excell5tly-le>n$ & noble g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,boyle1 :o av[$ t all 8 settl$ indispos$ness to believe /range ?+s 0 ov]come by ?is special conviction4 #cga ,& ! section ends ) ! proposition3 ,assur$ly t say+ is n m true 9 politick1 ,no ,bi%op1 no ,k+1 ?an ?is 9 metaphysicks1 ,no ,_s1 no ,god4 ,su* 0 ! m5tality ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t & s*ol>ly ,*ri/ian apologi/s ( ! "t4 ,x seems safe to conclude t ! ,platoni/ made few conv]ts4 ,m av[$ t he wrote )\t hav+ read previ\s apologi/s2 & o!rs 7 simil>ly spontane\s 9 ! def5ce ( ! fai?4 ,9 #afed !re is not$ #cgb a treatise call$ ,a!ismus ,vapulans1 by ,william ,t[]s1 ^: message c 9 "p be inf]r$ f 8 title2 #cgc & 9 #afeg ,*>leton issu$ 8 ,immortality ( ! ,human ,s\l demon/rat$ by ! ,light ( ,nature1 :]e9 ! argum5t1 :i* says no?+ ( revelation1 is s s+ul>ly unconfid5t1 & s mu* brok5 9 ^u by excursus1 z to leave x d\btful :e!r ! au?or 0 m lack+ 9 dialectic skill or 9 conviction4 ,& /ill ! traces ( unbelief multiply4 ,baxt] & ,h[e 7 agre$1 9 #afeh1 t !re 7 bo? infidels & papi/s at "w ar\nd !m2 & 9 #afei ,h[e writes3 ,i "k "s lead+ m5 are n ,*ri/ians4 #cgd ,seek]s1 ,vani/s1 & ,behm5i/s are specifi$ z gr\ps to :i* bo? infidels & papi/s atta* !mselves4 ,& ,h[e1 recogniz+ h[ religi\s /rifes promote unbelief1 be>s witness ,:at a cl\dy1 wav]+1 unc]ta91 lank1 spiritless ?+ is ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians 9 ?is age become6444 ,mo/ cont5t !mselves to pr(ess x only z ! religion ( _! c\ntry4 #cge ,alongside ( all ?is v9dication ( ,*ri/ianity !re 0 go+ on con/ant & cruel p]secution ( h]etic ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,unit>ian ,john ,biddle1 ma/] ( ! ,gl\ce/] ,gramm> ,s*ool1 0 dismiss$ = 8 d5ial ( ! ,tr9ity2 & 9 #afdg he 0 imprison$1 & 8 book burn$ by ! hangman4 ,9 #afed he 0 aga9 imprison$2 & 9 #afee he 0 bani%$ to ! ,scilly ,isl&s4 ,return+ to ,london aft] ! ,re/oration1 he 0 aga9 arre/$1 & di$ 9 gaol 9 #affb4 #cgf ,"u ! ,commonweal? 7#afef7 ,james ,naylor1 ! ,quak]1 n>r[ly escap$ dea? = blasphemy1 b 0 :ipp$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 pillori$1 bor$ ?r\gh ! tongue ) a hot iron1 br&$ 9 ! =ehead1 & s5t to h>d lab\r 9 prison4 ,_m hundr$s ( ,quak]s 7 imprison$ & m or less cruelly h&l$4 ,f ! ,orig9es ,sacr 7#affb7 ( ,/ill+fleet1 nev]!less1 x w\ld appe> t bo? deism & a!ism 7 becom+ m & m common4 #cgg ,he /ates t ! mo/ popul> pret5ces ( ! a!i/s ( our age h be5 ! irreconcilabl5ess ( ! acc\nt ( times 9 ,scripture ) t ( ! le>n$ & anci5t hea!n nations1 ! inconsi/5cy ( ! belief ( ! ,scriptures ) ! pr9ciples ( reason2 & ! acc\nt :i* may be giv5 ( ! orig9 ( ?+s f ! pr9ciples ( philosophy )\t ! ,scriptures4 ,^! positions are at lea/ z natural to dei/s z to a!i/s2 & ,/ill+fleet is lat] f\nd prote/+ aga9/ ! policy ( "s pr(ess$ ,*ri/ians :o give up ! argum5t f miracles z valueless4 #cgh ,8 :ole treatise1 9 %ort1 assumes ! ne$ = meet+ a v widespread unbelief 9 ! ,bible1 ?\gh x r>ely deals ) ! a!ism ( :i* x s con/antly speaks4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 naturally1 all ! new t5d5cies 7 greatly re9=c$1 #cgi alike by ! attitude ( ! k+ & 8 companions1 all influ5c$ by ,fr5* culture1 & by ! g5]al reaction aga9/ ,puritanism4 ,:atev] ways ( ?\ght _h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,puritans 7 n[ 9 m or less complete disfav\r2 ! belief 9 wit*craft 0 sc\t$ z mu* on ?is gr\nd z on any o!r2 #chj & ! dei/ic doctr9es f\nd a ready audi5ce among royali/s1 ^: enemies _h be5 above all ?+s ,bibliolat]s4 ,!re is evid5ce t ,*>les ,,ii1 at lea/ up to ! "t ( 8 becom+ a ,ca?olic1 & probably ev5 to ! end1 0 at he>t a dei/4 ,see ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,"t1 ed4 #ahch1 pp4 #fa1 #age1 & notes2 & cp4 refs4 9 ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 i1 #cfb1 note2 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #bje4 ,/4 ,evremond1 :o knew him & _m ( 8 associates1 affirm$ expressly t ,*>les's cre$ toit seulem5t ce qui passe vulgairem5t1 quoiqu' inju/em5t1 p\r une ext9ction totale de ,religion3 je veux dire le ,disme 7,o,euvres mles3 t4 viii ( ,o,euvres1 ed4 #agad1 p4 #ced74 ,8 op9ion1 ,/4 ,evremond admits1 0 ! result ( simple recognition ( ! actualities ( religi\s life1 n ( read+1 or ( mu* reflection4 ,& 8 adoption ( ,ca?olicism1 9 ,/4 ,evremond's op9ion1 0 purely political4 ,he saw t ,ca?olicism made mu* m ?an ,prote/antism = k+ly p[]1 & t 8 ,ca?olic subjects 7 ! mo/ subs]vi5t4 ,we ga!r ?is1 h[ev]1 /ill f ! apologetic treatises & ! hi/orians1 n f new dei/ic lit]ature2 = 9 virtue ( ! ,press ,lic5s+ ,act1 pass$ on behalf ( ! ,*ur* 9 #affb1 no h]etical book c\ld be pr9t$2 s t ,h]b]t 0 ?us f> ! only pr(ess$ dei/ic writ] 9 ! field1 & ,hobbes ! only o!r ( simil> influ5ce4 ,baxt]1 writ+ 9 #afee on ,! ,unreasonabl5ess ( ,infidelity1 h&les *iefly ,anabapti/s2 & 9 8 ,re=m$ ,pa/or 7#afef71 ?\gh he av[s t ! common ignorant p1 see+ ! endless /rifes ( ! cl]gy1 are h>d5$ by u aga9/ all religion1 ! only specific unbelief he m5tions is t ( ! devil's own ag5ts1 ! unhappy ,soc9ians1 :o _h writt5 s _m treatises = 444 unity & peace4 #cha ,b 9 8 ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 issu$ 9 #affg1 he ?9ks fit to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god & a future /ate1 & ! tru? & ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,any dei/ or a!i/ :o took ! tr\ble to read ?r\gh x w\ld h be5 rew>d$ by ! discov]y t ! le>n$ au?or has annihilat$ 8 own case4 ,9 8 fir/ "p he affirms3 ,if !re 7 no life ( ,retribution aft] ?is1 ,ob$i5ce to ,god w\ld be f9ally m5's loss & ru9e3 ,b ,ob$i5ce to ,god %all n be f9ally m5's loss & ru9e3 ,ergo1 !re is ano!r life4 #chb ,9 ! second "p he writes t ,man's p]sonal int]e/ is an unfit rule & measure ( ,god's goodness2 #chc &1 go+ on to meet ! new argum5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity bas$ on ! inf]5ce t an inf9ity ( />s are inhabit$1 he writes3-- ,ask any man :o kn[e? ^! ?+s :e!r all ?is e>? be any m 9 comp>ison ( ! :ole creation ?an "o ,prison is to a ,k+dom or ,empire1 or ! p>+ ( "o nail 444 9 comp>ison ( ! :ole body4 ,& if ,god %\ld ca/ (f all ?is e>?1 & use all ! s9n]s 9 x z !y des]ve1 x is no m sign ( a want ( b5ignity or m]cy 9 him ?an x is = a ,k+ to ca/ "o subject ( a million into a jail 444 or ?an x is to p>e a man's nails1 or cut (f a w>t1 or a hair1 or to pull out a rott5 ak+ too?4 #chd ,?us ! second "p absolutely de/roys "o ( ! fundam5tal positions ( ! fir/4 ,no semblance ( levity on ! "p ( ! free?9k]s c\ld comp>e ) ! pr(\nd intellectual ins9c]ity ( su* a propag&a z ?is2 & t deism & a!ism cont9u$ to ga9 gr\nd is prov$ by ! multitude ( apologetic treatises4 ,ev5 9 *ur*-ridd5 ,scotl& !y 7 f\nd necess>y2 at lea/ ! "y advocate ,george ,mack5zie1 aft]w>ds to be fam\s z ! bluidy ,mack5zie ( ! "t ( p]secution1 ?\ght x exp$i5t to make 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 lit]ature ) a ,religio ,/oici 7#affc71 :]e9 he sets out ) a refutation ( a!ism4 ,x is difficult to believe t 8 c\nsel to ,*ri/ians to wat* ! horror-creat+ b$s ( dy+ a!i/s #che--;a false pret5ce z x /&s--repres5t$ any k :atev] ( pr(ess$ a!ism 9 8 own c\ntry2 & 8 discussion ( ! subject is :olly on ! conv5tional l9es--notably s :5 he uses ! cu/om>y plea1 lat] associat$ ) ,pascal1 t ! !i/ runs no risk ev5 if !re is no future life1 :]eas ! a!i/ runs a trem5d\s risk if !re is "o2 #chf b :5 he writes ( t my/]y :y ! greate/ wits are mo/ frequ5tly ! greate/ a!i/s1 #chg he mu/ be presum$ to ref] at lea/ to dei/s4 ,& o!r passages %[ t he _h li/5$ to free?9k+ argum5ts4 ,?us he speaks #chh ( ^? :o detract f ,scripture by attribut+ ! production ( miracles to natural causes2 & aga9 #chi ( ^? :o cont5d t ! ,scriptures are writt5 9 a mean & l[ /yle2 are 9 "s places too my/]i\s1 9 o!rs too obscure2 conta9 _m ?+s incr$ible1 _m repetitions1 & _m contradictions4 ,8 own answ]s are conspicu\sly weak4 ,9 ! latt] passage he cont9ues3 ,b ^? miscreants %\ld consid] t mu* ( ! ,scripture's native spl5d\r is impair$ by its translators2 & z to miracles he makes ! inept answ] t if second>y causes 7 9 op]ation !y act$ by ,god's w2 go+ on lat] to sugge/ on 8 own "p t prophecy may be n a miracul\s gift1 b a natural 7?\gh ! highe/7 p]fection ( our human nature4 #cij ,ap>t f 8 weak dialectic1 he writes 9 g5]al ) clev]ness & lit]>y f9i%1 b )\t any note ( s9c]ity2 & 8 pr(ession ( conc]n t reason %\ld be respect$ 9 !ology #cia is z little act$ on 9 8 lat] life z 8 prote/ aga9/ p]secution4 #cib ,! inf]5ce f ! :ole essay is t 9 ,scotl&1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! civil w> _h br\ght up a consid]able crop ( reason$ unbelief2 & t ,mack5zie1 pr(ess$ def5d] ( ! fai? z he 0 at tw5ty-five1 & (ficial p]secutor ( noncon=mi/s z he aft]w>ds became1 met ) a good deal ( x 9 8 cultur$ circle4 ,9 8 lat] booklet1 ,reason3 an ,essay 7#afij71 he speaks ( ! ridicul\s & impud5t extravagance ( "s :o 444 take pa9s to p]suade !mselves & o!rs t !re is n a ,god4 #cic ,he fur!r co>sely asp]ses all a!i/s z debau*ees1 #cid ?\gh he av[s t ,infidelity is n ! cause ( false reason+1 because su* z are n a!i/s reason falsely4 ,:5 anti-!i/ic ?\ght c\ld subsi/ 9 ! ecclesia/ical climate ( ,puritan ,scotl&1 x mu/ h fl\ri%$ some:at 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #affg appe>$ ,a ,philosophicall ,essay t[>ds an eviction ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 etc41 ( :i* ! preface proclaims ! bold & horrid pride ( ,a!i/s & ,epicures :o h lab\r$ to introduce into ! _w a g5]al ,a!ism1 or at lea/ a d\btful ,skepticisme 9 matt]s ( ,religion4 ,9 #affh 0 publi%$ ,m]ic ,casaubon's treatise1 ,( ,cr$ulity & ,incr$ulity 9 ?+s ,natural1 ,civil1 & ,div9e1 assail+ n only ! ,sadducism ( ^! times 9 d5y+ spirits1 wit*es1 etc41 b ,epicurus 444 & ! juggl+ & false deal+ lately us$ to br+ ,a!ism into ,cr$it--a ?ru/ at ,gass5di4 ,a simil> polemic is entomb$ 9 a pond]\s folio romance entitl$ ,b5tivolio & ,urania1 by ,na?aniel ,+elo1 ,d4,d41 a fell[ fir/ ( ,emanuel ,college1 & aft]w>ds ( ,que5's ,college1 ,cambridge 7#affj2 #d? ed4 am5d$1 #afhb74 ,! second "p1 edify+ly d$icat$ to ! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale1 "o ( ! wor/ m5 ( 8 day1 und]takes to h&le ! ,a!i/s1 ,epicureans1 & ,skepticks2 & 9 ! preface ! a!i/s are duly vitup]at$2 :ile ,epicurus is describ$ z a gross s5suali/1 9 t]ms ( ! leg5d1 & ! skeptics z resign$ to ! slav]y ( vice4 ,9 ! six? book ! a!i/s are all[$ a mom5t>y he>+ 9 def5ce ( _! horrid absurdities1 f :i* x appe>s t !re 7 curr5t argum5ts alike an?ropological & metaphysical aga9/ !ism4 ,! mo/ compet5t "p ( ! au?or's own argum5t1 :i* is unlimit$ z to space1 is t :i* controv]ts ! !sis ( ! inv5tion ( religi\s beliefs by politicians #cie--;a notion fir/ put 9 curr5cy1 z we h se51 by ^? :o insi/$ on ! exp$i5cy & value ( su* inv5tions2 z1 ,polybius among ! anci5ts1 & ,ma*iavelli among ! mod]ns2 & fur!r by ,*ri/ian prie/s1 :o describ$ all non-,*ri/ian religions z human inv5tions4 ,dr4 ,+elo's folio seems to h _h _m read]s2 b he av[$ly did n look = conv]ts2 & def5ces ( ! fai? on a less =midable scale 7 multipli$4 ,a ,p]son ( ,hon\r 7,sir ,*>les ,wolseley7 produc$ 9 #affi an essay on ,! ,unreasonabl5ess ( ,a!ism made ,manife/1 :i*1 )\t supply+ any valid argum5ts1 gives "s explanation ( ! gr[? ( unbelief 9 t]ms ( ! political & o!r antec$5ts2 #cif & 9 #afgj appe>$ ,ri*>d ,b>?ogge's ,div9e ,goodness ,explicat$ & ,v9dicat$ f ! ,exceptions ( ! ,a!i/s4 ,baxt] 9 #afga #cig compla9s t infidels are gr[n s num]\s & s audaci\s1 & look s big & talk s l\d2 & /ill ! process cont9ues4 ,9 #afgb ,sir ,william ,temple writes indignantly ( ^? :o w\ld pass = wits 9 our age by say+ ?+s :i*1 ,david tells u1 ! fool said 9 8 he>t4 #cih ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,scripture-,belief1 by ,sir ,*>les ,wolseley1 & ,! ,a!i/ ,sil5c$1 by "o ,j4 ,m42 9 #afgd1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,good's ,firmianus et ,dubitantius1 or ,dialogues conc]n+ ,a!ism1 ,infidelity1 & ,pop]y2 9 #afge1 ! po/hum\s treatise ( ,bi%op ,wilk9s 7d4 #afgb71 ,( ! ,pr9ciples & ,duties ( ,natural ,religion1 ) a preface by ,tillotson2 & a ,brevis ,demon/ratio1 ) ! mode/ sub-title1 ,! ,tru? ( ,*ri/ian ,religion ,demon/rat$ by ,reasons ! be/ t h yet be5 out 9 ,engli%2 9 #afgg1 ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet's ,lett] to a ,dei/2 & 9 #afgh ! massive "w ( ,cudwor? on ,! ,true ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se attack+ a!ism 7n deism7 on philosophic l9es :i* sadly compromis$ ! le>n$ au?or4 #cii ,engli% dialectic be+ f\nd insuffici5t1 !re 0 ev5 produc$ 9 #afgi a translation by ! ,rev4 ,jo%ua ,bonhome ( ! ,fr5* ,l',a?isme ,conva9cu ( ,david ,d]sdon1 publi%$ tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,all ( ^! works explicitly av[ ! abundance ( unbelief2 ,tillotson1 himself accus$ ( x1 pron\nces ! age mis]ably ov]run ) ,skepticism & ,infidelity2 & ,wilk9s1 av[+ t ^! t5d5cies are common n only among s5sual m5 ( ! vulg> sort1 b ev5 among ^? :o pret5d to a m ?an ord9>y measure ( wit & le>n+1 attempts to meet !m by a purely dei/ic argum5t1 ) a claim = ,*ri/ianity app5d$1 z if he 7 conc]n$ *iefly to rebut a!ism1 & held 8 own ,*ri/ianity on a v rationali/ic t5ure4 ,! fact 0 t ! or?odox cl]gy 7 z h>d put to x to repel religi\s ant9omianism on ! "o h& z to repel a!ism on ! o!r2 & no small "p ( ! dei/ic movem5t seems to h be5 set up by ! reaction aga9/ pi\s lawlessness4 #djj ,?us we h ,tillotson1 writ+ z ,dean ( ,cant]bury1 driv5 to plead 9 8 preface to ! "w ( ,wilk9s t x is a great mi/ake to ?9k ! obligation ( moral duties do? solely dep5d ^u ! revelation ( ,god's w made to u 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,x 0 su* reason+ t br\ght ^u him ! *>ge ( free?9k+4 ,if x be n[ possible to =m any accurate picture ( ! /ate ( belief 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x may p]haps be done by recogniz+ ?ree categories ( temp]am5t or m5tal proclivity4 ,fir/ we h to reckon ) ! great mass ( p held to religi\s obs]vance by hebetude1 #dja devoid ( ! deep] my/ical impulse or psy*ic bias :i* exhibit$ itself on ! "o h& among ! diss5t]s :o p>tly pres]v$ ! en?usiasms ( ! ,commonweal? p]iod1 & on ! o!r among ! m cultur$ pieti/s ( ! ,*ur* :o1 bann+ en?usiasm 9 its /rong] =ms1 cultivat$ a c]ta9 en?usiasm ( _! own4 ,religioni/s ( ! latt] type 7 m9i/]$ to by sup]/iti\s my/ics l ,h5ry ,m1 :o1 ev5 :5 und]tak+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l by argum5t & by demonology1 taught !m to cultivate a w>rant$ en?usiasm1 & to endeav\r aft] a c]ta9 pr9ciple m noble & inw>d ?an reason itself1 & )\t :i* reason w falt]1 or at lea/ rea* b to mean & frivol\s ?+s 444 some?+ 9 me :ile ,i ?us speak1 :i* ,i mu/ confess is ( s retruse a nature t ,i want a "n = x1 unless ,i %\ld adv5ture to t]m x div9e sagacity1 :i* is ! fir/ rise ( successful reason1 especially 9 matt]s ( great compreh5sion & mom5t4 #djb ,!re 0 small psy*ic diff]5ce betwe5 ?is dubi\sly drap$ affirmation ( ! inn] light & ! m orotund proclamations ( x by ! diss5t]s :o1 = a consid]able section ( ! p1 /ill c>ri$ on ! tradition ( raptur\s pietism2 & ! diss5t]s 7 n always at a disadvantage 9 t faculty = rhetoric :i* has g5]ally be5 a ma9 factor 9 doctr9al religion4 #djc ,f ! popul> & ! eclectic pieti/ alike ! g5]ality ( ! ,anglican cl]gy /ood alo(2 & among !m1 9 turn1 a rationali/ic & anti-my?ical habit ( m9d 9 a mann] jo9$ m5 :o 7 divid$ 9 _! beliefs4 ,! cl]gym5 :o wrote lawy]-l treatises aga9/ s*ism 7 ak9 9 psy*osis to ^? :o1 9 _! di/a/e = ! p>ade ( inspiration1 ve]$ t[>ds deism4 ,tillotson 0 n ! only man reput$ to h done s3 f]vid diss5t]s decl>$ t _m ( ! e/abli%$ cl]gy paid m respect to ! light ( reason ?an to ! light ( ! ,scriptures1 & fur!r left ,*ri/ out ( _! religion1 dis[n$ imput$ righte\sness1 d]id$ ! op]ations ( ! holy _s z ! empty pret5ces ( en?usia/s4 #djd ,( m5 ( ?is temp]am5t1 "s w\ld op5 dialectic batt]ies aga9/ diss5t2 :ile o!rs1 ( a m se>*+ proclivity1 w\ld t5d to con/ruct = !mselves a rationali/ic cre$ out ( ! curr5t m$ley ( !ological & philosophic doctr9e4 ,! great mass ( c\rse ma9ta9$ an allegiance ( habit to ! ma9 =mulas ( ! fai?1 putt+ quasi-rational aspects on ! tr9ity1 provid5ce1 r$emption1 & ! future life1 v mu* z ! adh]5ts ( political p>ties normally v9dicate _! suppos$ pr9ciples2 & !re 0 a good deal ( surviv+ temp]am5tal piety ev5 9 ! ,re/oration p]iod4 #dje ,b ! out/&+ feature ( ! age1 z contra/$ ) previ\s p]iods1 0 ! increas+ commonness ( ! skeptical or rationali/ic attitude 9 g5]al society4 ,sir ,*>les ,wolseley prote/s #djf t ,irreligion1 'tis true1 9 its practice ha? /ill be5 ! companion ( e age1 b its op5 & public def5ce seems ! peculi> ( ?is2 add+ t mo/ ( ! bad pr9ciples ( ?is age are ( no e>li] a date ?an "o v ill book1 & inde$ b ! spawn ( ! ,levia?an4 ,?is1 z we h se51 is a delusion2 b ! influ5ce ( ,hobbes 0 a pot5t factor4 ,all ! :ile1 ! c5sor%ip ( ! press1 :i* 0 "o ( ! means by :i* ! cl]ical p>ty "u ,*>les combat$ h]esy1 prev5t$ any new & outspok5 writ+ on ! dei/ic side4 ,! ,treatise ( ,humane i4e4 ,human ,reason 7#afgd7 #djg ( ,m>t9 ,clif=d1 a s*ol>ly man-ab\t-t[n1 #djh :o 0 made ,ma/] ( ! ,*>t]h\se1 w5t inde$ to ! bottom ( ! "q ( au?ority by %[+1 z ,sp9oza _h done %ortly be=e1 #dji t ! acceptance ( au?ority is itself 9 ! la/ resort gr\nd$ 9 reason4 ,! au?or makes no ov]t attack on religion1 & pr(esses ,*ri/ian belief1 b po9ts out t _m mod]n w>s _h be5 on subjects ( religion1 & elaborates a skilful argum5t on ! ga9 to be d]iv$ f tol]ation4 ,reason alone1 fairly us$1 w br+ a man to ! ,*ri/ian fai?3 he :o d5ies ?is _c be a ,*ri/ian4 ,z = s*ism1 x is creat$ n by v>iation 9 belief1 b by ! refusal to tol]ate x4 ,?is +5i\s & well-writt5 treatise spe$ily elicit$ ?ree replies1 all pron\nc+ x a p]nici\s "w4 ,dr4 ,laney1 ,bi%op ( ,ely1 is report$ to h decl>$ t book & au?or might fitly be burn$ toge!r2 #daj & ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts1 :ile prais+ x = _m useful notions1 f\nd x exalt reason z ! rule ( religion z well z ! guide1 to a degree v dang]\s4 #daa ,its actual effect seems to h be5 to re/ra9 ! p]secution ( diss5t]s4 #dab ,9 #afhj1 ?ree ye>s aft] ,clif=d's dea?1 !re appe>$ ,an ,apology = a ,treatise ( ,humane ,reason1 by ,alb]tus ,w>r51 :]e9 "o ( ! attacks1 entitl$ ,pla9 ,deal+1 by a ,cambridge s*ol>1 is specially answ]$4 #dac ,?is help$ to evoke ! anonym\s ,disc\rse ( ,?+s above ,reason 7#afha71 by ,rob]t ,boyle1 ! di/+ui%$ au?or ( ,! ,sceptical ,*emi/1 :om we h se5 back+ up ,h5ry ,m 9 acceptance ( ! grosse/ ( ignorant sup]/itions4 ,! mo/ notable ?+ ab\t ! ,disc\rse is t x anticipates ,b]keley's argum5t aga9/ free?9k+ ma!maticians4 #dad ,! /ress ( new discussion is fur!r to be ga!r$ f ! "w ( ,h[e1 ,on ! ,reconcilabl5ess ( ,god's ,presci5ce ( ! ,s9s ( ,m5 ) ! ,wisdom & ,s9c]ity ( 8 ,c\nsels & ,exhortations1 produc$ 9 #afgg at ,boyle's reque/4 ,z a mod]n admir] admits t ! !sis 0 a hopeless "o1 #dae x is n to be suppos$ t x did mu* to less5 d\bt 9 its own day4 ,! preface to ,/ill+fleet's ,lett] to a ,dei/ 7#afgg71 :i* = ! fir/ "t br+s t appellation into prom95ce 9 ,engli% controv]sy1 tacitly ab&on+ ! usual ascription ( a!ism to all unbeliev]s1 av[s t a mean e/eem ( ! ,scriptures & ! ,*ri/ian ,religion has become v common among ! ,skepticks ( ?is ,age1 & compla9s v mu*1 z ,butl] did sixty ye>s lat]1 ( ! _s ( ,raill]y & ,buffoon]y 9 :i* ! matt] 0 too commonly approa*$4 ,! ,lett] %[s t a multitude ( ! inconsi/5cies & o!r blemi%es ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 be+ ke5ly discuss$2 & x _c be said t ! ,bi%op's v9dication 0 well calculat$ to *eck ! t5d5cy4 ,inde$1 we h ! angry & reit]at$ decl>ation ( ,ar*deacon ,p>k]1 writ+ 9 #afha1 t ! ignorant & ! unle>n$ among ourselves are become ! greate/ pret5d]s to skepticism2 & x is ! common p t n[adays set up = ,skepticism & ,infidelity2 t ,a!ism & ,irreligion are at l5g? become z common z ,vice & ,debau*]y2 & t ,plebeans & ,me*anicks h philosophiz$ !mselves into ,pr9ciples ( ,impiety1 & read _! ,lectures ( ,a!ism 9 ! ,/reets & ,highways4 ,& !y are able to demon/rate out ( ! ,levia?an t !re is no ,god nor ,provid5ce1 & s on4 #daf ,z ! ,ar*deacon's me?od ( refutation consi/s ma9ly 9 abuse1 he d\btless _h ! usual measure ( success4 ,a simil> ord] ( dialectic is employ$ by ,dr4 ,%]lock 9 8 ,practical ,disc\rse ( ,religi\s ,assemblies 7#afha74 ,! op5+ section is address$ to ! speculative a!i/s1 "h describ$ z rec$+ f ! pr9ciples ( _! great ,ma/]1 ,mr4 ,hobbs1 :o1 ?\gh he _h no great op9ion ( religion 9 itself1 yet ?\ght x some?+ consid]able :5 x became ! law ( ! nation4 ,su* a!i/s1 ! rev]5d writ] notes1 :5 x is urg$ on !m t all mank9d wor%ip "s ,god or o!r1 reply t su* an argum5t is z good = poly!ism & idolatry z = mono!ism2 s1 aft] =mally invit+ !m to cure _! s\ls ( t fatal & mortal disease1 :i* makes !m bea/s "h & devils h]eaft]1 & lam5t+ t he is n deal+ ) reasonable m51 he be?9ks him t ! laws ( conv]sation require u to treat all m5 ) j respects1 & admits t !re h be5 "s few wise & cauti\s a!i/s4 ,to su*1 accord+ly1 he sugge/s t ! a!i/ has already a great advantage 9 a _w morally re/ra9$ by religion1 :]e he is "u no su* re/ra9t1 & t1 if he %\ld by 8 wit & le>n+ proselyte a :ole nation to a!ism1 ,hell w\ld break loose on ,e>?1 & he might soon f9d himself expos$ to all ^? viol5ces & injuries :i* he n[ securely practises4 ,= ! re/1 !y _h bett] n affront ,god1 :o may aft] all exi/1 & be able to rev5ge himself4 #dag ,& s =?4 ,( dei/s z su*1 ,%]lock has no?+ to say beyond treat+ z practical a!i/s m5 :o admit ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 yet nev] g to *ur*1 ?\gh religi\s wor%ip is no?+ else b a public ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god4 ,_! non-att5dance is z great1 if n a great] affront to ,god1 & contempt ( him1 ?an a!ism itself4 #dah ,b ! rev]5d writ]'s /ronge/ res5tm5t is ar\s$ by ! spectacle ( free?9k]s ask+ = lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,x is a fulsome & nause\s ?+1 he brea?lessly prote/s1 to see ! a!i/s & infidels ( our days to turn great re=m]s ( religion1 to set up a mighty cry = lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,= :atev] re=mation ( religion may be ne$ful at ?is "t1 :atev] lib]ty ( consci5ce may be fit to be grant$1 yet :at h ^! m5 to d to m$dle ) x2 ^? :o ?9k religion a m]e fable1 & ,god to be an ,utopian pr9ce1 & consci5ce a man ( cl\ts set up = a sc>ecr[ to fright su* silly creatures f _! belov$ enjoym5ts1 & hell & heav5 to be =g$ 9 ! same m9t ) ! poet's ,/yx & ,a*]on & ,elysian ,fields8 ,we are l to see bless$ times1 if su* m5 _h b ! re=m+ ( religion4 #dai ,dr ,%]lock 0 n go+ to d good if ! devil bade him4 ,! fai? _h a witti] *ampion 9 ,s\?2 b he1 9 a ,we/m9/] ,abbey s]mon ( #afhd-e1 #dbj m\rnfully decl>es t ,! weakness ( our *ur* discipl9e s9ce its re/oration1 :]eby x has be5 sc>ce able to get any hold on m5's consci5ces1 & mu* less able to keep x2 & ! great preval5ce ( t a!i/ical doctr9e ( ! ,levia?an2 & ! unhappy propagation ( ,era/ianism2 ^! ?+s 7,i say7 ) "s o!rs h be5 ! sad & fatal causes t h loos$ ! b&s ( consci5ce & eat5 out ! v he>t & s5se ( ,*ri/ianity among u1 to t degree1 t !re is n[ sc>ce any religi\s tye or re/ra9t ^u p]sons1 b m]ely f ^? fa9t rema9d]s ( natural consci5ce1 :i* ,god w be sure to keep alive ^u ! he>ts ( m51 z long z !y are m51 = ! great ends ( 8 own provid5ce1 :e!r !y w or no4 ,s t1 7 x n = ?is sole ob/acle1 religion is n n[ s mu* 9 dang] ( be+ divid$ & torn piecemeal by sects & factions1 z ( be+ at once dev\r$ by a!ism4 ,:i* be+ s1 let none wond] t irreligion is acc\nt$ policy :5 x is gr[n ev5 to a fa%ion2 & passes = wit1 ) "s1 z well z = wisdom ) o!rs4 ,h[ g5]al 0 ! f]m5t ( discussion may be ga!r$ f ,dryd5's ,religio ,laici 7#afhb71 address$ to ! y\?ful ,h5ry ,dick9son1 translator ( ,pre ,ri*>d ,simon's ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,fr4 #afgh74 ,! ,fr5* s*ol> 0 suspect to beg9 )2 & ,bi%op ,burnet tells t ,ri*>d ,hampd5 7gr&son ( ! patriot71 :o 0 connect$ ) ! ,rye ,h\se ,plot & committ$ suicide 9 ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y1 _h be5 mu* corrupt$ 9 8 religi\s pr9ciples by ,simon's conv]sation at ,p>is4 ,9 ! poem1 ,dryd5 recognizes ! upsett+ t5d5cy ( ! treatise1 albeit he t]ms x mat*less3-- ,= "s1 :o h 8 secret mean+ guess$1 ,h f\nd our au?or n too mu* a prie/2 & 8 fl[+ disquisition1 :i* />ts f poetic contempt ( reason & ends 9 prosaic advice to keep quiet ab\t its f9d+s1 leaves ! matt] at t4 ,! hopelessly confus$ b musical passage3 ,dim z ! borr[$ beams ( moon & />s1 ,to lonely1 we>y1 w&]+ travell]s1 ,is ,reason to ! s\l1 beg9s ! poem2 b ! poet ?9ks x necess>y bo? 9 8 preface & 9 8 piece to argue ) ! dei/s 9 a fa%ion :i* mu/ h ent]ta9$ !m z mu* z x emb>rass$ ! m ?\ghtful or?odox1 8 simple !sis be+ t all ideas ( deity 7 dbris f ! primeval revelation to ,noah1 & t natural reason c\ld nev] h atta9$ to a ,god-idea at all4 ,& ev5 at t1 z reg>ds ! ,h]b]tian argum5t3 ,no sup]natural wor%ip c be true1 ,because a g5]al law is t alone ,:i* mu/ to all & ev]y:]e be kn[n3 he confesses t ,( all objections ?is inde$ is *ief ,to />tle reason1 /agg] frail belief2 & feebly proce$s to argue away ! wor/ mean+ ( ! cre$ ( ! good old man ,a?anasius4 ,f9ally1 we h a fa!rly appeal = peace & quietness among ! sects3-- ,& aft] he>+ :at our ,*ur* c say1 ,if /ill our reason runs ano!r way1 ,t private reason 'tis m j to curb ,?an by disputes ! public peace di/urb2 ,= po9ts obscure are ( small use to le>n1 ,b common quiet is mank9d's conc]n4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! g5]al disbelief 9 ,dryd5's s9c]ity on religi\s matt]s t caus$ ! ascription to him ( v>i\s free?9k+ treatises1 = !re is no decisive evid5ce t he 0 ev] pron\nc$ly het]odox4 ,8 attitude to rationalism 9 ! ,religio ,laici is inde$ t ( "o :o ei!r c\ld n see ! scope ( ! problem or 0 det]m9$ n to indicate 8 recognition ( x2 & on ! latt] view ! ins9c]ity ( bo? poem & preface w\ld be exorbitant4 ,by 8 nom9al ho/ility to deism1 h[ev]1 ,dryd5 did free?\ght a s]vice ( "s importance4 ,aft] 8 antagonism _h be5 proclaim$1 no "o c\ld plausibly associate free?9k+ ) lic5ti\sness1 9 :i* ,dryd5 s f> exce$$ ne>ly e poet & dramati/ ( 8 age t ! non-juror ,j]emy ,colli] 0 free to s+le him out z ! repres5tative ( !atrical lubricity4 ,b 9 simple ju/ice x mu/ also be av[$ t ( all ! oppon5ts ( deism 9 t day he is "o ( ! lea/ embitt]$1 & t 8 amiable sup]ficiality ( argum5t mu/ h t5d$ to /imulate ! claims ( reason4 ,! late ,dr4 ,v]rall1 a ke5 b unprejudic$ critic1 sums up z reg>ds ,dryd5's religi\s poetry 9 g5]al t ,:at is cle> is t he _h a m>k$ dislike ( cl]gy ( all sorts1 z su*2 t ! ma9 po9ts ( ,deism are not$ 9 ,religio ,laici 7#df-fa72 & t 8 cre$ 0 presumably "s sort ( ,deism 7,lectures on ,dryd51 #aiad1 pp4 #adh-ej74 ,fur!r1 ,! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce is really dei/ic & n ,*ri/ian 9 tone3 9 8 play ( ,tyrannic ,love1 ! religion ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e may be m]e philosophy2 & ?\gh ! poet 9 8 preface to t play prote/s t 8 outw>d conv]sation %all nev] be ju/ly tax$ ) ! note ( a!ism or pr(an5ess1 ! disclaim] proves no?+ z to 8 positive belief3 ,deism is n pr(ane4 ,9 ,absalom & ,a*itophel1 aga91 ! co>se satire on ,transub/antiation 7#aah ff47 %[s r religi\s ins5sibility ?an ho/ile !ology1 ?\gh ! poem %[s 8 dislike ( lib]ty & private judgm5t 7#di-ej74 ,( ! ,religio ,laici ! critic asks3 ,n[ 9 all ?is1 is !re any religion at all8 ,! poem might well be dismiss$ z m]e politics b = its a/\nd+ comm5cem5t 7p4 #aee74 ,! critic unexpect$ly fails to note t ! admir$ comm5cem5t is an insoluble confusion ( metaphors4 ,h[ f> ! process ( reason+ _h gone among quiet ?9k+ p be=e ! ,revolution may be ga!r$ f ! essay entitl$ ,miracles no ,violations ( ! ,laws ( ,nature1 publi%$ 9 #afhc4 #dba ,its !sis is t put explicitly by ,montaigne & implicitly by ,bacon1 t ,ignorance is ! only work] ( miracles2 9 o!r words1 t ! p[] ( ,god & ! p[] ( ,nature are "o & ! same--a simple & /raight=w>d way ( putt+ a conception :i* ,cudwor? _h put circuit\sly & less c\rage\sly a few ye>s be=e4 ,no ,scriptural miracle is *all5g$ qua ev5t4 ,among ! _m miracles relat$ to be done 9 fav\r ( ! ,israelites1 says ! writ]1 !re is 7,i ?9k7 no "o t c be apodictically demon/rat$ to be repugnant to ?' e/abli%t ,ord] ( ,nature2 #dbb & he calmly accepts ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! fir/ ra9b[1 expla9+ x z pass+ = a miracle m]ely because x 0 ! fir/4 ,he takes 8 motto f ,pl9y3 ,quid non miraculo e/1 cum primum 9 notitiam v5it8 #dbc ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a prelim9>y /rategy2 z is ! op5+ rem9d] t mo/ ( ! anci5t ,fa!rs 444 & ( ! mo/ le>n$ ,!ologues among ! mod]ns hold t ! ,scriptures z reg>ds natural ?+s d n design to in/ruct m5 9 physics b aim only to excite pi\s affections 9 _! brea/s4 ,we accord+ly rea* ! position t ! ,scripture _m times speaks ( natural ?+s1 yea ev5 ( ,god himself1 v improp]ly1 z aim+ to affect & occupy ! imag9ation ( m51 n to conv9ce _! reason4 ,_m ,scriptural n>ratives1 !re=e1 are ei!r deliv]$ poetically or relat$ accord+ to ! preconceiv$ op9ions & prejudices ( ! writ]4 ,:]e=e we "h absolutely conclude t all ! ev5ts t are truly relat$ 9 ! ,scripture to h come to pass1 proce$$ necess>ily 444 accord+ to ! immutable ,laws ( ,nature2 & t if any?+ be f\nd :i* c be apodictically demon/rat$ to be repugnant to ^? laws 444 we may safely & pi\sly believe ! same n to h be5 dictat$ by div9e inspiration1 b impi\sly add$ to ! sacr$ volume by sacrilegi\s m52 = :atev] is aga9/ ,nature is aga9/ ,reason2 & :atev] is aga9/ ,reason is absurd1 & !re=e also to be reject$ & refut$4 #dbd ,le/ ?is %\ld be f\nd too h>d a doctr9e !re is add$1 propos ( ,jo%ua's /ay+ ( ! sun & moon1 a lit]>y solution :i* has (t5 done duty 9 lat] times4 ,to int]pret ,scripture-miracles1 & to und]/& f ! n>rations ( !m h[ !y really happ5$1 'tis necess>y to "k ! op9ions ( ^? :o fir/ report$ !m 444 o!rwise we %all conf\nd 444 ?+s :i* h really happ5'd ) ?+s purely imag9>y1 & :i* 7 only prophetic repres5tations4 ,= 9 ,scripture _m ?+s are relat$ z real1 & :i* 7 also believ'd to be real ev5 by ! relators !mselves1 t not)/&+ 7 only repres5tations =m'd 9 ! bra91 & m]ely imag9>y--z t ,god1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 desc5d$ f heav5 444 ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai4442 t ,elias asc5d$ to heav5 9 a fi]y *>iot 444 :i* 7 only repres5tations accommodat$ to _! op9ions :o deliv]'d !m d[n to u4 #dbe ,su* argum5tation _h to prep>e ! way = ,hume's ,essay ,( ,miracles1 half a c5tury lat]2 & conc]n+ bo? reason]s x is to be rememb]$ t _! ?\ght 0 to be infidelity = c5turies aft] !m4 ,x ne$$ real free?9k+1 !n1 to produce su* doctr9e 9 ! days ( ! ,rye ,h\se ,plot4 ,mean:ile1 dur+ an accid5tal lapse ( ! press laws1 ! dei/ ,*>les ,bl\nt #dbf 7#afed-afic7 _h produc$ ) 8 fa!r's help 8 ,anima ,mundi 7#afgi71 9 :i* !re is set =? a measure ( cauti\s unbelief2 foll[+ x up 7#afhj7 by 8 mu* m pron\nc$ essay1 ,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 a ke5 attack on ! pr9ciple ( revelation & cl]icalism 9 g5]al1 & 8 translation f ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ,philo/ratus's ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 s annotat$ #dbg z to be an +5i\s c\nt]bla/ to ! ,*ri/ian claims1 & s prefac$ z to be an op5 *all5ge to or?odoxy4 ,! book 0 condemn$ to be burnt2 & only ! influ5ce ( ,bl\nt's family1 #dbh probably1 prev5t$ 8 be+ prosecut$4 ,! propag&a1 h[ev]1 0 resum$ by ,bl\nt & 8 fri5ds 9 small tracts1 & aft] 8 suicide #dbi 9 #afic ^! 7 collect$ z ! ,oracles ( ,reason 7#afic71 8 collect$ works 7)\t ! ,apollonius7 appe>+ 9 #afie4 ,by ?is "t ! political t5sion ( ! ,revolution ( #afhh 0 ov]2 ,le ,cl]c's "w on ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 rais+ _m d\bts z to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 _h be5 translat$ 9 #afij2 ,sp9oza's ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus 7#afgj7 _h be5 translat$ into ,engli% 9 #afhi1 & _h impress$ 9 a simil> s5se a numb] ( s*ol>s2 8 ,e?ica _h giv5 a new direction to ! !i/ic controv]sy2 ! ,boyle ,lecture _h be5 e/abli%$ = ! confutation ( unbeliev]s2 & aft] ! political convulsion ( #afhh has subsid$ x ra9s refutations4 ,a!ism is n[ s fi]cely attack$1 & ) su* specific argum5ts--z 9 ,b5tley's ,boyle ,lectures 7#afib71 ,edw>ds's ,?\ghts conc]n+ ! ,causes ( ,a!ism 7#afie71 & _m o!r treatises--t !re c be no "q z to ! private vogue ( a!i/ic or agno/ic op9ions4 ,if we are to judge solely f ! apologetic lit]ature1 x 0 m common ?an deism4 ,yet x seems impossible to d\bt t !re 7 t5 dei/s = "o a!i/4 ,b5tley's admission t he nev] met an explicit a!i/ #dcj sugge/s t mu* ( ! a!ism w>r$ aga9/ 0 t5tative4 ,x 0 only ! dei/s :o c\ld v5ture on op5 av[als2 & ! replies to !m 7 mo/ discuss$4 ,mu* acc\nt 0 made ( "o ( ! mo/ comp5di\s1 ! ,%ort & ,easy ,me?od ) ! ,dei/s 7#afig71 by ! nonjuror ,*>les ,leslie2 b ?is h&y argum5t 7:i* is really adopt$ )\t ackn[l$gm5t f an apologetic treatise by a ,fr5* ,prote/ant refugee1 publi%$ 9 #afhh #dca7 0 n only mu* bant]$ by dei/s1 b 0 %>ply c5sur$ z incompet5t by ! ,fr5* ,prote/ant ,le ,cl]c2 #dcb & _m o!r disputants _h to come to ! rescue4 ,a p>tial li/ w suffice to %[ ! rate ( increase ( ! f]m5t3-- #afhc4 ,dr4 ,ru/1 ,disc\rse on ! ,use ( ,reason 9 444 ,religion1 aga9/ ,en?usia/s & ,dei/s4 #afhe4 ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 ,a ,%ort ,disc\rse ^u ! ,reasonabl5ess ( m5's hav+ a religion or wor%ip ( ,god4 #afhe4 ,! ,a!i/ ,unmask'd4 ,by a ,p]son ( ,hon\r4 #afhh4 ,pet] ,allix1 ,d4,d4 ,reflexions1 etc41 z above cit$4 #afia4 ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison1 ,! ,folly ( ,a!ism4 #afia4 ,disc\rse ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 #afia4 ,john ,ray1 ,wisdom ( ,god manife/$ 9 ! ,works ( ! ,creation4 7,_m repr9ts47 #afib4 ,c4 ,ellis1 ,! ,folly ( ,a!ism ,demon/rat$4 #afib4 ,b5tley's ,s]mons on ,a!ism4 7,fir/ ,boyle ,lectures47 #afic4 ,ar*bi%op ,davies1 ,an ,anatomy ( ,a!ism4 ,a poem4 #afic4 ,a ,conf]5ce betwe5 an ,a!i/ & 8 ,fri5d4 #afid4 ,j4 ,goodman1 ,a ,w9t] ,ev5+ ,conf]5ce betwe5 ,neighb\rs4 #afid4 ,bi%op ,kidd]1 ,a ,demon/ration ( ! ,messias4 7,boyle ,lect47 #afie4 ,john ,locke1 ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity4 #afie4 ,john ,edw>ds1 ,b4,d41 ,"s ,?\ghts conc]n+ ! ,sev]al ,causes & occasions ( ,a!ism4 7,direct$ aga9/ ,locke47 #afif4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,gr[? ( ,deism 9 ,engl&4 #afif4 ,reflections on a ,pamphlet1 etc4 7! la/ nam$74 #afif4 ,sir ,c4 ,wolseley1 ,! ,unreasonabl5ess ( ,a!ism ,demon/rat$4 7,rep47 #afif4 ,dr4 ,ni*ols' ,conf]5ce ) a ,!i/4 ,pt4 ,i4 7,answ] to ,bl\nt47 #afif4 ,j4 ,edw>ds1 ,d4,d41 ,a ,demon/ration ( ! ,evid5ce & ,provid5ce ( ,god4 #afif4 ,e4 ,pell+1 ,disc\rse 444 on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god4 7,pt4 ,,ii 9 #agje74 #afig4 ,/eph5 ,eye1 ,a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 #afig4 ,bi%op ,ga/rell1 ,! ,c]ta9ty & ,necessity ( ,religion4 7,boyle ,lect47 #afig4 ,h4 ,prideaux1 ,disc\rse v9dicat+ ,*ri/ianity1 etc4 #afig4 ,c4 ,leslie1 ,a ,%ort & ,easy ,me?od ) ! ,dei/s4 #afih4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h>ris1 ,a ,refutation ( ,a!i/ical ,objections4 7,boyle ,lect47 #afih4 ,?os4 ,emes1 ,! ,a!i/ turn$ ,dei/1 & ! ,dei/ turn$ ,*ri/ian4 #afii4 ,c4 ,lidg\ld1 ,proclamation aga9/ ,a!ism1 etc4 #afii4 ,j4 ,bradley1 ,an ,imp>tial ,view ( ! ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 7,answ] to ,bl\nt47 #agjj4 ,bi%op ,brad=d1 ,! ,cr$ibility ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation4 7,boyle ,lect47 #agjj4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,b]ault1 ,disc\rses on ! ,tr9ity1 ,a!ism1 etc4 #agja4 ,t4 ,knaggs1 ,aga9/ ,a!ism4 #agja4 ,w4 ,scot1 ,disc\rses conc]n+ ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god4 #agjb4 ,a ,confutation ( ,a!ism4 #agjb4 ,dr4 ,/anhope1 ,! ,tru? & ,excell5cy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 7,boyle ,lect47 #agjd4 ,an ,antidote ( ,a!ism4 78 ,repr9t ( ,m74 #agje4 ,translation ( ,h]b]t's ,anci5t ,religion ( ! ,g5tiles4 #agje4 ,*>les ,gildon1 ,! ,dei/'s ,manual 7a recantation74 #agje4 ,ed4 ,pell+1 ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,"p ,,ii4 #agje4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 ,a ,demon/ration ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 etc4 7,boyle ,lect4 ( #agjd47 #agjf4 ,a ,pres]vative aga9/ ,a!ism & ,infidelity4 #agjf4 ,?4 ,wise1 ,b4,d41 ,a ,confutation ( ! ,reason & ,philosophy ( ,a!ism 7reca/ & abridgm5t ( ,cudwor?74 #agjf4 ,t4 ,oldfield1 ,mille ,te/es2 aga9/ ! ,a!i/s1 ,dei/s1 & ,skepticks4 #agjf4 ,! ,case ( ,deism fully & fairly /at$1 ) ,dialogue1 etc4 #agjg4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hancock1 ,argum5ts to prove ! ,be+ ( a ,god4 7,boyle ,lect47 ,/ill !re 0 no new dei/ic lit]ature ap>t f ,tol&'s ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s 7#afif7 & 8 unau?oriz$ issue 7( c\rse )\t au?or's "n7 ( ,%aftesbury's ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,virtue 9 #afii2 & 9 t !re is little direct conflict ) or?odoxy1 ?\gh x pla9ly en\gh impli$ t scripturalism w\ld injuri\sly affect morals4 ,x seems at t date1 p]haps ?r\gh ! au?or's objection to its circulation1 to h attract$ little att5tion2 b he tells t x incurr$ ho/ility4 #dcc ,bl\nt's fam\s /ratagem ( #afic #dcd _h l$ to ! dropp+ ( ! (ficial c5sor%ip ( ! press1 ! ,lic5s+ ,act hav+ be5 r5ew$ = only two ye>s 9 #afic & dropp$ 9 #afie2 b aft] ! prompt issue ( ,bl\nt's collect$ works 9 t ye>1 & ! appe>ance ( ,tol&'s ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s 9 ! next1 ! new & compreh5sive ,blasphemy ,law ( #afig #dce s]v$ suffici5tly to t]rorize writ]s & pr9t]s 9 t reg>d = ! "t be+4 #dcf ,b>e d5ial ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or ( ! div9e au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 0 made puni%able by disability = any civil (fice2 & on a second (f5ce by ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t1 ) )drawal ( all legal rights4 ,! fir/ cle> ga9 f ! fre$om ( ! press 0 ?us simply a *eap5+ ( books 9 g5]al4 ,by ! ,lic5s+ ,act ( ,*>les ,,ii1 & by a sep>ate pat5t1 ! ,/ation]s' ,company _h a monopoly ( pr9t+ & sell+ all classical au?ors2 & :ile _! editions 7 disgracefully bad1 ! import]s ( ! excell5t editions pr9t$ 9 ,holl& _h to pay !m a p5alty ( #fs4 #h;d4 on ea* copy4 #dcg ,by ! same ,act1 pass$ "u cl]ical influ5ce1 ! numb] ev5 ( ma/] pr9t]s & lett]-f\nd]s _h be5 r$uc$1 & ! numb] ( presses & appr5tices /rictly limit$2 & ! total effect ( ! monopolies 0 t :5 ,dut*-pr9t$ books 7 import$ 9 ex*ange = ,engli%1 ! latt] sold m *eaply at ,am/]dam ?an !y did 9 ,london1 ! ,engli% consum]1 ( c\rse1 be>+ ! burd54 #dch ,! imm$iate effect1 !re=e1 ( ! lapse ( ! ,lic5s+ ,act mu/ h be5 to *eap5 greatly all =eign books by removal ( duties1 & at ! same "t to *eap5 ,engli% books by leav+ pr9t+ free4 ,x w be se5 above t ! output ( treatises aga9/ free?\ght at once increases 9 #afif4 ,b ! revolution ( #afhh1 l ! ,great ,rebellion1 _h d\btless giv5 a new /imulus to free?9k+2 & ! total effect ( fre] trade 9 books1 ev5 ) a veto on blasphemy1 c\ld only be to fur!r x4 ,?is 0 ere long to be made pla94 #c ,alongside ( ! m popul> & native influ5ces1 !re 7 at "w o!rs1 =eign & m academic2 & ev5 9 pr(ess$ly or?odox writ]s !re are signs ( ! influ5ce ( dei/ic ?\ght4 ,?us ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne's ,religio ,m$ici 7writt5 ab\t #afcd1 publi%$ #afdb7 has be5 repeat$ly *>act]iz$ #dci z t5d+ to promote deism by its tone & me?od2 & !re c be no "q t x assumes a great preval5ce ( critical unbelief1 to :i* its attitude is an odd comb9ation ( humor\s cynicism & tranquil dogmatism1 (t5 recall+ ,montaigne1 #ddj & at times anticipat+ ,em]son4 ,!re is little sav\r ( confid5t belief 9 ! smil+ maxim t to confirm & e/abli% our belief 'tis be/ to argue ) judgm5ts bel[ our own2 or 9 ! av[al1 ,9 div9ity ,i love to keep ! road2 & ?\gh n 9 an implicit yet an humble fai?1 foll[ ! great :eel ( ! ,*ur*1 by :i* ,i move4 #dda ,! pose ( ! typical believ]3 ,i c answ] all ! objections ( ,satan & my rebelli\s reason ) t odd resolution ,i le>n$ ( ,t]tullian1 ,c]tum e/ quia impossibile e/1 #ddb tells 9 8 case ( no anxi\s h\rs2 & su* smil+ incuri\sness is n conducive to conviction 9 o!rs1 especially :5 foll[$ by a recital ( "s ( ! _m insoluble dilemmas ( ,scripture4 ,:5 he reasons he is m]ely self-subv]sive1 z 9 ! say+1 ',tis n a ridicul\s devotion to say a pray] be=e a game at tables2 = ev5 9 sortileges & matt]s ( greate/ unc]ta9ty !re is a settl$ & pre-ord]$ c\rse ( effects2 #ddc & aft] rem>k+ t ! notions ( ,=tune & a/ral influ5ce h p]v]t$ ! devotion ( _m into a!ism1 he proce$s to av[ t 8 _m d\bts nev] incl9$ him to any po9t ( infidelity or desp]ate positions ( a!ism2 = ,i h be5 ^! _m ye>s ( op9ion !re nev] 0 any4 #ddd ,yet 9 8 lat] treatise on ,vulg> ,errors 7#afde7 he devotes a *apt] #dde to ! activities ( ,satan 9 in/ill+ ! belief t !re is no ,god at all 444 t ! necessity ( 8 entity dep5de? ^u ours4442 t ! natural tru? ( ,god is an artificial erection ( ,man1 & ! ,creator himself b a subtile inv5tion ( ! ,creature4 ,he fur!r notes z com+ f ! same s\rce a second>y & d$uctive ,a!ism--t al?\gh m5 conc$e !re is a ,god1 yet %\ld !y d5y 8 provid5ce4 ,& !re=e ass]tions h fl[n ab\t1 t he int5de? only ! c>e ( ! species or common natures1 b lette? loose ! gu>d ( individuals1 & s+le exi/5ces !re94 #ddf ,br[ne n[ ass]ts m]ely t _m !re are :o _c conceive t !re 0 ev] any absolute ,a!i/1 & does n cle>ly affirm t ,satan lab\rs :olly 9 va94 ,! broad fact rema9s t he av[s reason is a rebel unto fai?2 & 9 ! ,vulg> ,errors he %[s 9 8 own reason+ mu* ( ! practical play ( ! new skepticism4 #ddg ,yet x is f9ally on record t 9 #affd1 on ! trial ( two wom5 = wit*craft1 ,br[ne decl>$ t ! fits suff]$ f by ! *ildr5 said to h be5 bewit*$ 7 natural1 b height5$ by ! devil's co-op]at+ ) ! malice ( ! wit*es1 at ^: in/ance he did ! villa9ies4 #ddh ,?is amaz+ deliv]ance is believ$ to h turn$ ! scale 9 ! m9ds ( ! jury aga9/ ! poor wom51 & !y 7 s5t5c$ by ! sitt+ judge1 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 to be hang$4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,br[ne's latt] ye>s ! irrational elem5t 9 him1 nev] long dormant1 ov]p[]$ ! rational4 ,! judgm5t is a sad "o to h to pass on "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( prose 9 any language4 ,9 o!r m51 happily1 ! progression 0 diff]5t4 ,! op5+ ev5 ( ,j]emy ,taylor's ,ductor ,dubitantium1 s f> z x goes1 falls little %ort ( ! dei/ic position4 #ddi ,a new ve9 ( rationalism1 too1 is op5$ 9 ! !ological field by ! great ,cambridge s*ol> ,john ,sp5c]1 ^: ,disc\rse conc]n+ ,prodigies 7#affc2 #bnd ed4 #affe71 ?\gh q or?odox 9 its ma9 positions1 has 9 "p ! effect ( a plea = naturalism z aga9/ sup]naturalism4 ,sp5c]'s great "w1 ,de legibus ,hebrorum 7#afhe71 is1 ap>t f ,sp9oza1 ! mo/ sci5tific view ( ,hebrew in/itutions produc$ be=e ! rise ( ,g]man !ological rationalism 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,hold+ mo/ ( ! ,jewi% rites to h be5 plann$ by ! deity z sub/itutes = or safegu>ds aga9/ ^? ( ! ,g5tiles :i* !y resembl$1 he unconsci\sly laid1 ) ,h]b]t1 ! f\ndations ( comp>ative hi]ology1 br++ to ! "w a le>n+ :i* is /ill s]viceable to s*ol>s4 #dej ,& !re 7 yet o!r new dep>tures by cl]ical writ]s1 :o ( c\rse exhibit ! difficulty ( atta9+ a consi/5t rationalism4 ,"o cl]gyman1 ,joseph ,glanvill1 is f\nd publi%+ a treatise on ,! ,vanity ( ,dogmatiz+ 7#affa2 am5d$ 9 #affe "u ! title ,scepsis ,sci5tifica71 #dea :]e91 ) c>eful res]vation ( religion1 ! _s ( critical sci5ce is appli$ to ! ord9>y processes ( op9ion ) mu* en]gy1 & ! me*anical philosophy ( ,desc>tes is embrac$ ) zeal4 ,foll[+ ,raleigh & ,hobbes1 #deb ,glanvill also puts ! positive view ( causation #dec aft]w>ds fully develop$ by ,hume4 #ded ,yet he n only veto$ all innovation 9 div9ity1 b held /\tly by ! crude/ =ms ( ! belief 9 wit*craft1 & 0 ) ,h5ry ,m its *ief ,engli% *ampion 9 8 day aga9/ rational disbelief4 #dee ,9 religion he _h s little ( ! skeptical faculty t he decl>$ ,our religi\s f\ndations are fa/5$ at ! pill>s ( ! intellectual _w1 & ! gr& articles ( our belief z demon/rable z geometry4 ,nor w ev] ei!r ! subtile attempts ( ! resolv$ ,a!i/1 or ! passionate hurricanes ( ! wild en?usia/1 any m be able to prevail aga9/ ! reason our fai? is built on1 ?an ! blu/]+ w9ds to bl[ out ! ,sun4 #def ,he _h 8 due rew>d 9 be+ philosophically assail$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/ ,?omas ,:ite z a promot] ( skepticism1 #deg & by an ,anglican cl]gyman1 wro? ) ! ,royal ,society & all its works1 z an infidel & an a!i/4 #deh ,?is 0 z true z cl]ical *>ges ( ! k9d usually 7 9 ! p]iod4 ,b )\t any animus or viol5ce ( int]pretation1 a read] ( ,glanvill's visitation s]mon on ,! ,agreem5t ( ,reason & ,religion #dei might h inf]r$ t he 0 a dei/4 ,x sets =? t religion prim>ily & ma9ly consi/s 9 wor%ip & v]tue1 & t x 9 a second>y s5se consi/s 9 "s pr9ciples relat+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & ( 8 ,son1 9 ! ways ( dev\t & v]tu\s liv+2 ,*ri/ianity hav+ sup]add$ baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] to ! religion ( mank9d4 ,ap>t f 8 obsession z to wit*craft--& p]haps ev5 z to t--,glanvill seems to h gr[n m & m rationali/ic 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,! ,scepsis omits "s ( ! cr$ul\s flights ( ! ,vanity ( ,dogmatiz+2 #dfj ! re-writt5 v]sion 9 ! collect$ ,essays omits su* di?yrambs z t above quot$2 & ! s]mon 9 its revis$ =m sets out ) ! emphatic decl>ation3 ,!re is n any?+ t ,i "k :i* ha? done m mis*ief to religion ?an ! disp>ag+ ( reason "u pret5ce ( respect & fav\r to x2 = h]eby ! v f\ndations ( ,*ri/ian fai? h be5 und]m9$1 & ! _w prep>$ = a!ism4 ,& if reason mu/ n be he>d1 ! ,be+ ( a ,god & ! au?ority ( ,scripture c nei!r be prov$ nor def5d$2 & s our fai? drops to ! gr\nd l an h\se t ha? no f\ndation4 ,su* reason+ c\ld n b be suspect to ! or?odoxy ( ! age4 ,ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ,hobbes1 :o1 l ,desc>tes1 %ap$ 8 ?9k+ f ! />t+-po9t ( ,galileo1 ! ,c>tesian philosophy play$ 9 ,engl& a great transitional "p4 ,at ! univ]sity ( ,cambridge x 0 already naturaliz$2 #dfa & ! influ5ce ( ,glanvill1 :o 0 an active memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 mu/ h c>ri$ x fur!r4 ,! rem>kable treatise ( ! anatomi/ ,glisson1 #dfb ,de natura sub/anti en]getica 7#afgb71 sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ei!r ,desc>tes or ,gass5di2 & x is rem>kable t ! cl]ical morali/ ,cumb]l&1 writ+ 8 ,disquisitio de legibus ,natur 7#afgb7 9 reply to ,hobbes1 n only takes up a utilit>ian position ak9 to ,hobbes's own1 & expressly avoids any appeal to ! !ological doctr9e ( future puni%m5ts1 b introduces physiology into 8 e?ic to ! ext5t ( p>tially figur+ z an e?ical mat]iali/4 #dfc ,9 reg>d to ,gass5di's direct influ5ce x has to be not$ t 9 #afei !re appe>$ ,! ,vanity ( ,judici>y ,a/rology1 translat$ by ,a ,p]son ( ,quality1 f ,p4 ,gass5dus2 & fur!r t1 z is rem>k$ by ,reid1 ,locke borr[$ m f ,gass5di ?an f any o!r writ]4 #dfd ,x is /at$ by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 7,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #bnd ed4 i1 #cb7 t 9 ,engl& ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes made no di/+ui%$ disciples2 & t ,john ,norris seems to be ! only exception to ! g5]al indiff]5ce4 ,?is ov]looks 7#a7 ,glanvill1 :o con/antly cites & applauds ,desc>tes 7,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 passim74 7#b7 ,9 ,h5ry ,m's ,div9e ,dialogues1 aga9 7#affh71 "o ( ! disputants is made to speak 7,dial4 i1 *4 xxiv7 ( t admir$ wit ,desc>tes2 & he lat] praises him ev5 :5 pass+ c5sure 7above1 p4 #fe74 ,m _h be5 "o ( ! admir]s 9 8 y\?1 & *ang$ 8 view 7cp4 ,w>d's ,life ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m1 pp4 #fc-fd74 ,b 8 fir/ lett] to ,desc>tes beg9s3 ,quanta voluptate p]fusus e/ animus meus1 ,vir cl>issime1 scriptis tuis leg5dis1 nemo quisquam prt] te unum pote/ conject>e4 7#c7 ,!re 0 publi%$ 9 #afgj a translation ( ,des ,f\rneillis's lett] 9 def5ce ( ! ,c>tesian sy/em1 ) ,franois ,bayle's ,g5]al ,sy/em ( ! ,c>tesian ,philosophy4 7#d7 ,! cont9ual objections to ! a!i/ic t5d5cy ( ,desc>tes ?r\gh\t ,cudwor?'s ,true ,intellectual ,sy/em imply any?+ b g5]al indiff]5ce2 & 7#e7 ,b>r['s tone 9 v5tur+ to oppose him 7cit4 9 ,:ewell's ,philosophy ( ,discov]y1 #ahfj1 p4 #agi7 pays tribute to 8 great influ5ce4 7#f7 ,molyneux1 9 ! preface to 8 translation ( ! ,six ,metaphysical ,m$itations ( ,desc>tes 9 #afhj1 speaks ( him z ?is excell5t philosoph] & ?is prodigi\s man4 7#g7 ,maxwell1 9 a note to 8 translation 7#agbg7 ( ,bi%op ,cumb]l&'s ,disquisitio de legibus ,natur1 rem>ks t ! doctr9e ( a univ]sal pl5um 0 accept$ f ! ,c>tesian philosophy by ,cumb]l&1 9 ^: "t t philosophy prevail$ mu* 7p4 #abj74 ,see aga9 7#h7 ,cl>ke's ,answ] to ,butl]'s ,fif? ,lett] 7#agah7 z to ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ,desc>tes's notions 9 natural philosophy4 7#i7 ,! ,scotti% ,"l ,presid5t ,=bes 7d4 #agdg7 summ$ up t ,desc>tes's romance kept entire possession ( m5's belief = fully fifty ye>s 7,works1 ii1 #acb74 7#aj7 ,& 8 fell[-judge1 ,sir ,william ,an/ru!r1 9 8 ,disc\rse aga9/ ,a!ism 7,essays1 ,moral & ,div9e1 #agja1 pp4 #f1 #h1 #i71 cites ) mu* approval ! !i/ic argum5t ( ! celebrat$ ,desc>tes z ! la/ evid5ces :i* appe>$ ^u ! /age ( le>n+ 9 t connection4 ,cp4 ,b]keley1 ,siris1 #cca4 ,( ,b]keley himself1 ,pr(essor ,adamson writes 7,encyc4 ,brit4 iii1 #ehi7 t ,desc>tes & ,locke 444 are 8 real ma/]s 9 speculation4 ,! ,c>tesian view ( ! et]nity & inf9ity ( matt] _h fur!r become an accept$ gr\nd = philosophical a!i/s 9 ,engl& be=e ! end ( ! c5tury 7,molyneux1 9 ,famili> ,lett]s ( ,locke & 8 ,fri5ds1 #agjh1 p4 #df74 ,z to ! _m writ]s :o *>g$ ,desc>tes ) promot+ a!ism1 see ,mo%eim's notes 9 ,h>rison's ed4 ( ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em1 i1 #bge-gf2 ,cl>ke1 z above cit$2 ,leibnitz's lett] to ,philip1 cit$ by ,latta1 ,leibnitz1 #ahih1 p4 #h1 note2 & ,brew/]'s ,memoirs ( ,newton1 ii1 #cae4 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 seems to h foll[$1 "u a misappreh5sion1 ,:ewell1 :o cont5ds m]ely t ! ,c>tesian doctr9e ( vortices 0 nev] widely accept$ 9 ,engl& 7,philos4 ( ,discov]y1 pp4 #agg-gh2 cp4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 ed4 #aheg1 ii1 #ajg1 #adg-dh74 ,buckle 0 p]haps simil>ly misl$ :5 he wrote 9 8 note-book3 ,desc>tes 0 nev] popul> 9 ,engl& 7,misc4 ,works1 abridg$ ed4 i1 #bfi74 ,:ewell himself m5tions t ,cl>ke1 soon aft] tak+ 8 degree at ,cambridge1 0 actively engag$ 9 introduc+ into ! academic c\rse ( /udy1 fir/1 ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes 9 its be/ =m1 &1 next1 ! philosophy ( ,newton 7,lectures on ,moral ,philosophy1 ed4 #ahfb1 pp4 #ig-ih74 ,& ,pr(essor ,f[l]1 9 correct+ 8 fir/ rem>ks on ! po9t1 decides t _m ( ! ma!matical tea*]s at ,cambridge cont9u$ to tea* ! ,c>tesian sy/em = "s "t aft] ! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia 7ed4 ( ,nov4 ,org41 p4 xi74 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ins(> z new sci5ce set up a direct conflict ) ,scriptural assumptions x ga9$ gr\nd b sl[ly & indirectly4 ,x is difficult to-day to realize ) :at difficulty ! ,cop]nican & ,galilean doctr9e ( ! e>?'s rotation & movem5t r\nd ! sun f\nd acceptance ev5 among /udi\s m54 ,we h se5 t ,bacon f9ally reject$ x4 ,& z ,pr(essor ,masson po9ts out1 #dfe n only does ,milton seem unc]ta9 to ! la/ conc]n+ ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 b 8 fri5ds & lit]>y associates1 ! ,smectymnuans1 9 _! answ] to ,bi%op ,hall's ,humble ,remon/rance 7#afda71 _h po9t$ to ! ,cop]nican doctr9e z an unque/ion$ in/ance ( a supreme absurdity4 ,glanvill1 rem>k+ 9 #affe t x is g5]ally op9ion'd t ! ,e>? re/s z ! _w's c5tre1 av[s t = a man to g ab\t to c\nt]-argue ?is belief is z fruitless z to :i/le aga9/ ! w9ds4 ,i %all n und]take to ma9ta9 ! p>adox t confronts ?is almo/ ,ca?olic op9ion4 ,its ass]tion w\ld be ent]ta9$ ) ! hoot ( ! rabble2 ! v m5tion ( x z possible1 is among ! mo/ ridicul\s4 #dff ,all he v5tures to d is to %[ t ! s5ses d n really v\* ! ord9>y view4 ,n till ! eighte5? c5tury1 probably1 did ! common run ( educat$ p any:]e accept ! sci5tific tea*+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re 0 gr[+ up n a little ,soc9ian & o!r ,unit>ianism1 = "s v>iety ( :i* we h se5 two m5 burn$ 9 #afab4 ,*ur* measures _h be5 tak5 aga9/ ! importation ( ,soc9ian books z e>ly z #afdj4 ,! fam\s ,"l ,falkl&1 sla9 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 is suppos$ to h leant to t op9ion2 #dfg & ,*ill+wor?1 ^: ,religion ( ,prote/ants 7#afcg7 0 already a rem>kable application ( rational te/s to ecclesia/ical que/ions 9 defiance ( patri/ic au?ority1 #dfh seems 9 8 old age to h turn$ ,soc9ian4 #dfi ,viol5t attacks on ! ,tr9ity are not$ among ! h]esies ( #afdf4 #dgj ,colonel ,john ,fry1 "o ( ! regicides1 :o 9 ,p>liam5t 0 accus$ ( reject+ ! ,tr9ity1 cle>$ himself by expla9+ t he simply object$ to ! t]ms p]sons & subsi/5ce1 b 0 "o ( ^? :o s\ght to help ! p]secut$ ,unit>ian ,biddle4 ,9 #afeb ! ,p>liam5t ord]$ ! de/ruction ( a c]ta9 ,soc9ian ,cate*ism2 & by #afee ! h]esy seems to h become common4 #dga ,x is n[ c]ta9 t ,milton 0 sub/antially a ,unit>ian1 #dgb & t ,locke & ,newton 7 at he>t no less s4 #dgc ,! temp] ( ! ,unit>ian s*ool appe>s p]haps at its be/ 9 ! anonym\s ,rational ,cate*ism publi%$ 9 #afhf4 ,x purports to be an in/ructive conf]5ce betwe5 a fa!r & 8 son1 & is d$icat$ by ! fa!r to 8 two daught]s4 ,! ,cate*ism rises above ! common run ( its species 9 t x is really a dialogue1 9 :i* ! rles are at times rev]s$1 & ! cate*um5 is p]mitt$ to ?9k & speak = himself4 ,! exposition is entirely unevangelical4 ,"r religion is decl>$ to consi/ 9 "r conduct2 & :ile ! actuality ( ! ,*ri/ian record is ma9ta9$ on argu$ gr\nds1 on ! l9es ( ,grotius & ,p>k]1 ! doctr9e ( salvation by fai? is /rictly exclud$1 future happ9ess be+ posit$ z ! rew>d ( good life1 n ( fai?4 ,!re is no negation1 ! au?or's object be+ av[$ly peace & conciliation2 b ! ,epi/le ,d$icatory decl>es t religi\s reason]s h hi!rto fail$ 9 _! f\ndation-"w4 ,!y h too mu* slight$ t philosophy :i* is ! natural religion ( all m52 & :i*1 be+ natural1 mu/ ne$s be univ]sal & et]nal3 & ^u :i* !re=e1 or at lea/ 9 con=mity ) :i*1 all in/itut$ & reveal$ religion mu/ be suppos$ to be built4 ,we h "h 9 effect ! position tak5 up by ,tol& t5 ye>s lat]2 &1 9 g]m1 ! pr9ciple :i* develop$ deism1 albeit 9 connection ) an affirmation ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian records4 ,( ! c5tral ,*ri/ian doctr9e !re is no acceptance1 ?\gh !re is laudation ( ,jesus2 & repr9ts aft] #afie bore ! motto1 f ,locke3 #dgd ,z ! f\ndation ( virtue1 !re ought v e>ne/ly to be impr9t$ on ! m9d ( a "y man a true notion ( ,god1 z ( ! indep5d5t supreme ,be+1 ,au?or1 & ,mak] ( all ?+s3 ,&1 consequ5t to ?is1 in/il into him a love & rev]5ce ( ?is supreme ,be+4 ,we are already m ?an half-way f ,unit>ianism to deism4 ,inde$1 ! !ism ( ,locke's ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+ und]m9$ ev5 8 ,unit>ian ,scripturalism1 inasmu* z x d5ies1 albeit confus$ly1 t revelation c ev] ov]ride reason4 ,9 "o passage he decl>es t reason is natural revelation1 :ile revelation is natural reason enl>g$ by a new set ( discov]ies communicat$ by ,god imm$iately1 :i* reason v\*safes ! tru? (4 #dge ,?is compromise appe>s to be borr[$ f ,sp9oza1 :o _h put x ) simil> vagu5ess 9 8 great ,tractatus1 #dgf ( :i* pre-em95t "w ,locke _c h be5 ignorant1 ?\gh he prote/$ himself little read 9 ! works ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza1 ^? ju/ly decri$ names4 #dgg ,! ,tractatus be+ translat$ into ,engli% 9 ! same ye> ) ! publication ( ! ,essay1 its influ5ce w\ld concur ) ,locke's 9 a wid5$ circle ( read]s2 & ! sub/antially naturali/ic doctr9e ( bo? books inevitably promot$ ! dei/ic movem5t4 ,we h ,locke's own av[al t he _h _m d\bts z to ! ,biblical n>ratives2 #dgh & he nev] attempts to remove ! d\bts ( o!rs4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 8 doctr9e provid$ a sph]e = revelation on ! t]ritory ( ignorance1 giv+ x pr]ogative :]e its ass]tions 7 outside k1 x c\nt$ sub/antially = ,unit>ianism ins(> z x did n lead to deism4 ,see ! ,essay1 bk4 iv1 *4 xviii4 ,locke's treatm5t ( revelation may be said to be ! la/ & mo/ att5uat$ =m ( ! doctr9e ( two-fold tru?4 ,on 8 pr9ciple1 any proposition 9 a pr(ess$ revelation t 0 n provable or disprovable by reason & k mu/ pass z true4 ,8 f9al position1 t :atev] is div9e revelation ought to ov]rule all our op9ions 7bk4 iv1 *4 xviii1 #aj71 is tol]ably ela/ic1 inasmu* z he really res]ves ! "q ( ! actuality ( revelation4 ,?us he evades ! c5tral issue4 ,naturally he 0 by critical =eign]s class$ z a dei/4 ,cp4 ,go/wick1 ,g]man ,culture & ,*ri/ianity1 #ahhb1 p4 #cf4 ,! ,g]man hi/orian ,t5nemann sums up t ,cl>ke wrote 8 apologetic works because ! consequ5ces ( ! empiricism ( ,locke _h become s decid$ly fav\rable to ! cause ( a!ism1 skepticism1 mat]ialism1 & irreligion 7,manual ( ! ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 ,bohn ed4 #cdi74 ,9 8 practical treatise on ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity 7#afie7 ,locke play$ a simil> "p4 ,x 0 inspir$ by ! g5u9e conc]n = social peace :i* _h mov$ him to write an essay on ,tol]ation z e>ly z #affg1 #dgi & to produce f #afhe onw>ds 8 fam\s ,lett]s on ,tol]ation1 by f> ! mo/ p]suasive appeal ( ! k9d t _h yet be5 produc$2 #dhj all ! m successful s f> z x w5t1 d\btless1 because ! fir/ ,lett] end$ ) a memorable capitulation to bigotry3 ,la/ly1 ^? are n at all to be tol]at$ :o d5y ! be+ ( ,god4 ,promises1 cov5ants1 & oa?s1 :i* are ! bonds ( human society1 c h no hold ^u an a!i/4 ,! tak+ away ( ,god1 ?\gh b ev5 9 ?\ght1 dissolves all4 ,besides1 also1 ^? t by _! a!ism und]m9e & de/roy all religion c h no pret5ce ( religion :]eupon to *all5ge ! privilege ( a tol]ation4 ,?is h&some endorsem5t ( ! religion :i* _h repeat$ly dissolv$ all 9 a p&emonium ( int]nec9e hate1 z comp>$ ) ! "o h]esy :i* _h nev] brok5 treaties or %$ blood1 is presumably m ( a prud5t surr5d] to normal fanaticism ?an an expression ( ! philosoph]'s own /ate ( m9d2 #dha & 8 treatise on ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity is an attempt to limit religion to a humane e?ic1 ) sacram5ts & my/]ies r$uc$ to c]emonies1 :ile claim+ t ! gospel e?ic 0 n[ ) div9e au?ority e/abli%$ into a legible law1 f> surpass+ all t philosophy & human reason _h atta9$ to4 #dhb ,its effect 01 h[ev]1 to promote rationalism )\t do+ mu* to mitigate ! fanaticism ( belief4 ,locke's practical position has be5 fairly summ$ up by ,pr(4 ,ba93 ,locke propos$1 9 8 ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 to asc]ta9 ! exact mean+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ca/+ aside all ! glosses ( comm5tators & div9es1 & apply+ 8 own unassi/$ judgm5t to spell out its tea*+s4444 ,! fallacy ( 8 position obvi\sly 0 t he c\ld n /rip himself ( 8 education & acquir$ notions4444 ,he seem$ unconsci\s ( ! necessity ( try+ to make all[ance = 8 unavoidable prepossessions4 ,9 consequ5ce1 he simply fell into an old groove ( receiv$ doctr9es2 & ^! he h&l$ "u ! set purpose ( simplify+ ! fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ianity to ! utmo/4 ,su* purpose 0 n ! result ( 8 ,bible /udy1 b ( 8 wi% to ov]come ! political difficulties ( ! "t4 ,he f\nd1 by keep+ close to ! ,gospels & mak+ prop] selections f ! ,epi/les1 t ! belief 9 ,*ri/ z ! ,messiah c\ld be %[n to be ! c5tral fact ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 t ! o!r ma9 doctr9es foll[$ out ( ?is by a process ( reason+2 & t1 z all m9ds might n p]=m ! process alike1 ^! doctr9es c\ld n be ess5tial to ! practice ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he got out ( ! difficulty ( fram+ a cre$1 z _m o!rs h done1 by simply us+ ,scripture language1 )\t subject+ x to any v /rict def9ition2 c]ta9ly )\t ! op]ation ( /ripp+ ! mean+ ( its words1 to see :at x am\nt$ to4 ,t 8 %ort & easy me?od 0 n v successful ! hi/ory ( ! dei/ical controv]sy suffici5tly proves 7,practical ,essays1 pp4 #bbf-bg74 ,t ,locke 0 felt to h injur$ or?odoxy is fur!r prov$ by ! _m attacks made on him f ! or?odox side4 ,ev5 ! fir/ ,lett] on ,tol]ation elicit$ retorts1 "o ( :i* claims to demon/rate ! ,absurdity & ,impiety ( an ,absolute ,tol]ation4 #dhc ,on 8 positive tea*+s he 0 assail$ by ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet2 by ! ,rev4 ,john ,miln]1 ,b4,d42 by ! ,rev4 ,john ,morris2 by ,william ,c>rol2 & by ! ,rev4 ,john ,edw>ds1 ,b4,d42 #dhd 8 only assailant ) a rationali/ic repute be+ ,dr4 ,?omas ,burnet4 ,"s attack$ him on 8 ,essays2 "s on 8 ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity2 or?odoxy f9d+ 9 bo? ! same t5d5cy to subv]t ! nature & use ( div9e revelation & fai?4 #dhe ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bolde1 :o def5d$ him 9 ,"s ,consid]ations publi%$ 9 #afii1 ! ho/ile cl]icals _h treat$ him ) a rud5ess peculi> to "s :o make a pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & seem to pride !mselves 9 be+ ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 #dhf ,?is is especially true ( ,edw>ds1 a notably ignoble type2 #dhg b h>dly ( ,miln]1 ^: lat] ,acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,lock's ,religion out ( 8 ,own ,writ+s1 & 9 8 ,own ,words 7#agjj71 press$ him %rewdly on ! score ( 8 ,soc9ianism4 ,9 ! eyes ( a pieti/ l ,william ,law1 aga91 ,locke's conception ( ! infant m9d z a tabula rasa 0 dang]\s to religion1 besides be+ philosophically false4 #dhh ,yet ,locke agre$ ) ,law #dhi t moral obligation is dep5d5t solely on ! w ( ,god--a doctr9e d5\nc$ by ! dei/ ,%aftesbury z ! negation ( morality4 ,see ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue or ,m]it1 pt4 iii1 #b2 & ! ,lett]s to a ,/ud5t1 "u date ,june #c1 #agji 7p4 #djc 9 ,r&'s ,life1 ,lett]s1 etc41 ( ,%aftesbury1 #aijj74 ,! extraord9>y lett] ( ,newton to ,locke1 writt5 j aft] or dur+ a spell ( insanity1 fir/ apologizes = hav+ believ$ t ,locke endeav\r$ to embroil me ) wom5 & by o!r means1 & goes on to beg p>don = repres5t+ t y /ruck at ! root ( morality1 9 a pr9ciple y laid d[n 9 y\r book ( ideas4 ,9 8 subsequ5t lett]1 reply+ to t ( ,locke grant+ =giv5ess & g5tly ask+ = details1 he writes3 ,:at ,i said ( y\r book ,i rememb] n4 7,lett]s ( ,septemb] #af & ,octob] #e1 #afic1 giv5 9 ,fox ,b\rne's ,life ( ,locke1 ii1 #bbf-bg1 & ,sir ,d4 ,brew/]'s ,memoirs ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 #ahee1 ii1 #adh-ea47 ,newton1 :o _h be5 on v fri5dly t]ms ) ,locke1 mu/ h be5 repeat+1 :5 8 m9d 0 disord]$1 criticisms o!rwise curr5t4 ,aft] pr9t+ 9 full ! lett]s above cit$1 ,brew/] insi/s1 on 8 pr9ciple ( sacrific+ all o!r consid]ations to ,newton's glory 7cp4 ,de ,morgan1 ,newton3 8 ,fri5d3 & 8 ,niece1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ii-aaa71 t all ! :ile ,newton 0 9 ! full possession ( 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,! :ole diction ( ! fir/ lett] tells ! contr>y4 ,if we are n to suppose t ,newton _h be5 tempor>ily insane1 we mu/ ?9k ( 8 judgm5t z ev5 less rational1 ap>t f physics1 ?an x is se5 to be 9 8 diss]tations on prophecy4 ,c]ta9ly ,newton 0 at all times apt to be suspici\s ( 8 fri5ds to ! po9t ( moral disease 7see 8 attack on ,montague1 9 8 lett] to ,locke ( ,janu>y #bf1 #afia-afib2 9 ,fox ,b\rne1 ii1 #bah2 & cp4 ,de ,morgan1 z cit$1 p4 #adf72 b ! lett] to ,locke indicates a po9t at :i* ! normal malady _h upset ! m5tal balance4 ,x rema9s1 nev]!less1 "p ( ! evid5ce z to bitt] or?odox criticism ( ,locke4 ,on ! :ole1 x is cle>1 ! effect ( 8 "w1 especially ( 8 naturali/ic psy*ology1 0 to make = rationalism2 & 8 compromises fur!r$ in/ead ( *eck+ ! movem5t ( unbelief4 ,8 ideal ( practical & undogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 inde$1 0 h>dly di/+ui%able f t ( ,hobbes1 #dij &1 z previ\sly set =? by ! ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,bury 9 8 ,nak$ ,gospel 7#afij71 0 s repugnant to ! ,*ur* t t book 0 burn$ at ,ox=d z h]etical4 #dia ,locke's position z a believ+ ,*ri/ian 0 inde$ extremely weak1 & c\ld easily h be5 demoli%$ by a compet5t dei/1 su* z ,coll9s1 #dib or a skeptical dogmati/ :o c\ld control 8 temp] & avoid ! gross misrepres5tation s (t5 resort$ to by ,locke's or?odox enemies4 ,b by ! dei/s he 0 valu$ z an auxili>y1 & by _m latitud9>ian ,*ri/ians z a help] t[>ds a rationali/ic if n a logical compromise4 ,rationalism ( "o or ! o!r t9t1 9 fact1 seems to h spread 9 all directions4 ,deism 0 ascrib$ to "s ( ! mo/ em95t public m54 ,bi%op ,burnet has a viol5t passage on ,sir ,william ,temple1 to ! effect t ,he _h a true judgm5t 9 affairs1 & v good pr9ciples ) relation to gov]nm5t1 b 9 no?+ else4 ,he seem$ to ?9k t ?+s are z !y 7 f all et]nity2 at lea/ he ?\ght religion 0 only = ! mob4 ,he 0 a great admir] ( ! sect ( ,confucius 9 ,*9a1 :o 7 a!i/s !mselves1 b left religion to ! rabble4 #dic ,! praise ( ,confucius is ! note ( deism2 & ,burnet rightly held t no or?odox ,*ri/ian 9 ^? days w\ld s\nd x4 ,o!r prom95t m5 reveal$ _! religi\s lib]alism4 ,! accompli%$ & influ5tial ,george ,savile1 ,m>quis ( ,halifax1 (t5 spok5 ( z a dei/1 & ev5 z an a!i/1 by 8 contempor>ies1 #did appe>s cle>ly f 8 own writ+s to h be5 ei!r t or a ,unit>ian2 #die & x is n improbable t ! simil> gossip conc]n+ ,"l ,keep] ,som]s 0 sub/antially true4 #dif ,t ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 "s k9d ( ,unit>ian #dig is prov$ by docum5ts long )held f publication1 & disclos$ only 9 ! second edition ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s ,memoirs4 ,!re is inde$ no "q t he rema9$ a m]e scripturali/1 h&l+ ! texts z su*1 #dih & wa/+ mu* "t 9 va9 int]pretations ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse4 #dii ,temp]am5tally1 also1 he 0 av]se to any?+ l bold discussion1 decl>+ t ^? at ,cambridge ought n to judge & c5sure _! sup]iors1 b to obey & hon\r !m1 accord+ to ! law & ! doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce #ejj--?is aft] he _h sat on ! ,conv5tion :i* depos$ ,james ,,ii4 ,9 no aspect1 inde$1 ap>t f 8 supreme sci5tific g5ius1 does he appe> z morally #eja or intellectually pre-em95t2 & ev5 on ! side ( sci5ce he 0 limit$ by 8 !ological presuppositions1 z :5 he reject$ ! nebul> hypo!sis1 writ+ to ,b5tley t ! gr[? ( new sy/ems out ( old ones1 )\t ! m$iation ( a ,div9e p[]1 seems to me app>5tly absurd4 #ejb ,!re is !re=e m ?an usual absurdity 9 ! proclamation ( 8 pi\s biograph] t ! apo/le ( infidelity c[]s b5ea? ! impli$ rebuke #ejc ( 8 or?odoxy4 ,! v anxiety %[n by ,newton & 8 fri5ds #ejd to *eckmate ! infidels is a pro( t 8 religi\s "w 0 n sci5tific ev5 9 inception1 b ! expression ( 8 neurotic side2 & ! attempt ( "s ( 8 sci5tific admir]s to %[ t 8 religi\s rese>*es belong solely to ! ye>s ( 8 decl9e is a correspond+ ov]sight4 ,newton 0 always pa?ologically prepossess$ on ! side ( 8 religion1 & subord9at$ 8 sci5ce to 8 !ology ev5 9 ! ,pr9cipia4 ,x is !re=e all ! m significant ( ! set ( op9ion 9 8 day t1 ti$ z he 0 to ,scriptural int]pretations1 he drew away f or?odox dogma z to ! ,tr9ity4 ,n only does he %[ himself a de/ructive critic ( ,tr9it>ian texts & an oppon5t ( ,a?anasius #eje3 he expressly =mulates ! propositions 7#a7 t !re is "o ,god ! ,fa!r 444 & "o m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus2 7#b7 t ! ,fa!r is ! invisible ,god :om no eye ha? se5 or c see4 ,all o!r be+s are sometimes visible2 & 7#c7 t ! ,fa!r ha? life 9 himself1 & ha? giv5 ! ,son to h life 9 himself4 #ejf ,su* op9ions1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be publi%$3 "u ! ,act ( #afig !y w\ld h made ,newton liable to loss ( (fice & all civil rights4 ,9 8 own day1 !re=e1 8 op9ions 7 r gossipp$-( ?an kn[n2 #ejg b ins(> z 8 h]esy 0 realiz$1 x mu/ h wr\ght mu* m = unbelief ?an c\ld be a*iev$ = or?odoxy by 8 surpris+ly commonplace /rictures on a!ism1 :i* %[ ! ord9>y inability to see :at a!ism means4 ,! argum5t ( 8 ,%ort ,s*eme ( ,true ,religion brackets a!ism ) idolatry1 & goes on3 ,a!ism is s s5seless & odi\s to mank9d t x nev] _h _m pr(essors4 ,c x be by accid5t t all birds1 bea/s1 & m5 h _! "r side & left side alike %ap$ 7except 9 _! b[els71 & j two eyes1 & no m1 on ei!r side ( ! face8 etc4 7,brew/]1 ii1 #cdg74 ,! logical implication is t a mon/r\s organism1 ) ! sides unlike1 repres5ts accid5t1 & t 9 t case !re has ei!r be5 no causation or no purpose by ,omnipot5ce4 ,x is only fair to rememb] t no av[$ly a!i/ic argum5t c\ld 9 ,newton's day f9d publication2 b 8 rem>ks are ^? ( a man :o _h nev] contemplat$ philosophically ! negation ( 8 own religi\s s5tim5t at ! po9t 9 "q4 ,brew/]1 ^: judgm5t & good fai? are alike prec>i\s1 writes t ,:5 ,voltaire ass]t$ t ,sir ,isaac expla9$ ! prophecies 9 ! same mann] z ^? :o w5t be=e him1 he only exhibit$ 8 ignorance ( :at ,newton wrote1 & :at o!rs _h writt5 7ii1 #cca1 note2 #cee74 ,! writ] did n und]/& :at he c5sur$4 ,voltaire meant t ,newton's treatm5t ( prophecy is on ! same plane ( cr$ulity z t ( 8 or?odox pr$ecessors4 ,ev5 )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,*ur* ! ,unit>ian t5d5cy1 ) or )\t dei/ic introduction1 0 traceable4 ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson 7d4 #afid7 0 (t5 accus$ ( ,soc9ianism2 & 9 ! next g5]ation 0 smil+ly spok5 ( by ,an?ony ,coll9s z a lead+ ,free?9k]4 ,! pi\s ,dr4 ,hickes _h 9 fact decl>$ ( ! ,ar*bi%op t he caus$ sev]al to turn a!i/s & ridicule ! prie/hood & religion4 #ejh ,! h]esy mu/ h be5 enc\rag$ ev5 )9 ! ,*ur* by ! sc&al :i* broke out :5 ,dean ,%]lock's ,v9dication ( ,tr9it>ianism 7#afij71 writt5 9 reply to a widely-circulat$ antitr9it>ian compilation1 #eji 0 attack$ by ,dean ,s\? #eaj z ! "w ( a ,tri!i/4 ,! plea ( ,dr4 ,wallis1 ,locke's old tea*]1 t a doctr9e ( ?ree some:ats--he object$ to ! t]m p]sons--9 "o ,god 0 z reasonable z ! concept ( ?ree dim5sions1 #eaa 0 ( c\rse only a h]esy ! m4 ,outside ! ,*ur*1 ,william ,p5n1 ! great ,quak]1 held a p>tially ,unit>ian attitude2 #eab & ! fir/ ( 8 _m imprisonm5ts 0 on a *>ge ( blasphemy & h]esy 9 respect ( 8 treatise ,! ,s&y ,f\ndation ,%ak51 :i* d5i$ 7#a7 t !re 7 9 ! ,"o ,god ?ree di/9ct & sep>ate p]sons2 7#b7 ! doctr9e ( ! ne$ ( pl5>y satisfaction2 & 7#c7 ! ju/ification ( s9n]s by an imputative righte\sness4 ,b ?\gh _m ( ! e>ly ,quak]s seem to h %unn$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 ,p5n really affirm$ ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & 0 n a ,soc9ian b a ,sabellian 9 8 !ology4 ,positive ,unit>ianism all ! :ile 0 be+ pu%$ by a numb] ( tracts :i* escap$ prosecution1 be+ prud5tly h&l$ by ,locke's fri5d1 ,?omas ,firm94 #eac ,a new impulse _h be5 giv5 to ,unit>ianism by ! le>n+ & critical en]gy ( ! ,prussian ,dr4 ,zwick]1 :o _h settl$ 9 ,holl&2 #ead & among ^? ,engli%m5 :om 8 works _h f\nd ready = agreem5t 0 ,gilb]t ,cl]ke 7b4 #afda71 :o1 l sev]al lat] h]etics1 0 educat$ at ,sidney ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,9 #afie he publi%$ a ,unit>ian "w entitl$ ,anti-,nic5ismus1 & two o!r tracts 9 ,lat91 all reply+ to ! or?odox polemic ( ,dr4 ,bull1 aga9/ :om ano!r ,unit>ian _h writt5 ,consid]ations on ! ,explications ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 #afid1 bitt]ly res5t+ 8 viol5ce4 #eae ,9 #afie appe>$ yet ano!r treatise ( ! same s*ool1 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,fa!rs conc]n+ ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,mu* 0 ?us done on ,unit>ian l9es to prep>e an audi5ce = ! dei/s ( ! next reign4 #eaf ,b ! mo/ effective influ5ce 0 probably ! ludicr\s /rife ( ! or?odox cl]gy z to :at or?odoxy 04 ,! fray ov] ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity wax$ s furi\s1 & ! discr$it ca/ on or?odoxy 0 s s]i\s1 #eag t 9 ! ye> #agjj an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$ =bidd+ ! publication ( any m works on ! subject4 ,mean:ile ! s-call$ ,latitud9>ians1 #eah all ! :ile aim+ z !y did at a non-dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 s]v$ z a connect+ m$ium = ! diff]5t =ms ( lib]al ?\ght2 & a new elem5t ( critical dis9tegration 0 introduc$ by a speculative treatm5t ( ,g5esis 9 ! ,ar*ologi ,philosophi 7#afib7 ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,burnet1 a pr(ess$ly or?odox s*ol>1 ,ma/] ( ! ,*>t]h\se & *apla9 9 ord9>y to ,k+ ,william1 :o nev]!less treat$ ! ,creation & ,fall /ories z allegories1 & ?rew d\bt on ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?\gh ! book 0 d$icat$ to ! k+1 x ar\s$ s mu* cl]ical ho/ility t ! k+ 0 oblig$ to dismiss him f 8 po/ at c\rt4 #eai ,8 ideas 7 p>tly popul>iz$ ?r\gh a translation ( two ( 8 *apt]s1 ) a v9dicatory lett]1 9 ,bl\nt's ,oracles ( ,reason 7#afie72 & t !y _h consid]able vogue may be ga!r$ f ! ,essay t[>ds a ,v9dication ( ! ,vulg> ,exposition ( ! ,mosaic ,hi/ory ( ! ,fall ( ,adam1 by ,john ,witty1 publi%$ 9 #agje4 ,burnet1 :o publi%$ ?ree sets ( anonym\s ,rem>ks on ! philosophy ( ,locke 7#afig-afii71 criticiz+ its s5sationi/ basis1 figur$ aft] 8 dea? 7#agae71 9 po/hum\s publications1 z a h]etical !ologian 9 o!r reg>ds2 & !n play$ 8 "p 9 ! g5]al dei/ic movem5t2 b 8 allegorical view ( ,g5esis does n seem to h s]i\sly affect$ speculation 9 8 "t1 ! bulk ( ! debate turn+ on 8 e>li] ,telluris ,!oria ,sacra 7#afha2 trans4 #afhd71 to :i* !re 7 _m rejo9d]s1 bo? sci5tific & or?odox4 ,on ?is side he is unimportant1 8 sci5ce be+ :olly imag9ative2 & 9 ! competition betwe5 8 ,!ory & ,j4 ,woodw>d's ,essay t[>ds a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? 7#afie7 no?+ 0 a*iev$ = sci5tific progress4 ,mu* m rem>kable1 b outside ( popul> discussion1 7 ! ,evangelium m$ici 7#afig7 ( ,dr4 ,b4 ,connor1 :]e9 ! gospel miracles 7 expla9$ away1 on l9es lat] associat$ ) ,g]man rationalism1 z natural ph5om5a2 & ! curi\s treatise ( ,newton's fri5d1 ,john ,craig1 #ebj ,!ologi *ri/ian pr9cipia ma!matica 7#afii71 :]e9 x is argu$ t all evid5ce gr[s progressively less valid 9 c\rse ( "t2 #eba & t accord+ly ! ,*ri/ian religion w cease to be believ$ ab\t ! ye> #cadd1 :5 probably w occur ! ,second ,com+4 ,connor1 :5 attack$1 prote/$ 8 or?odoxy2 ,craig held successively two preb5ds ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 #ebb & bo? liv$ & di$ unmole/$1 probably because !y _h ! prud5ce to write 9 ,lat91 & ma9ta9$ gravity ( /yle4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 fur!r1 ! title ( ,rationali/ made "s fre% headway z a designation1 n ( unbeliev]s1 b ( believ]s :o s\ght to gr\nd !mselves on reason4 ,su* books z ^? ( ,clif=d & ,boyle tell ( mu* discussion z to ! efficacy ( reason 9 religi\s ?+s2 & 9 #afhf1 z above not$1 !re appe>s ,a ,rational ,cate*ism1 #ebc a sub/antially ,unit>ian production1 notable = its alo(ness f evangelical feel+1 despite its _m ref]5ces to ,biblical texts 9 support ( its propositions4 ,9 ! ,essays ,moral & ,div9e ( ! ,scot* judge1 ,sir ,william ,an/ru!r1 publi%$ 9 #agja1 !re is a ref]5ce to ^? :o arrogantly t]m !mselves ,rationali/s #ebd 9 ! s5se ( claim+ to f9d ,*ri/ianity n only1 z ,locke put x1 a reasonable religion1 b "o mak+ no /ra9 ^u fai?4 ,already ! t]m _h become pot5tially "o ( vitup]ation1 & x is appli$ by ! le>n$ judge to ! wick$ repreh5d$ by ! ,psalmi/4 #ebe ,=ty ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 x 0 /ill appli$ r to ! ,*ri/ian :o claim$ to believe ^u rational gr\nds ?an to ! dei/ or unbeliev]2 #ebf & x 0 to h a /ill long] lease ( life 9 ,g]many z a "n = !ologians :o believ$ 9 ,scripture on condition t all miracles 7 expla9$ away4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,fr5* ,,& ,,dut* ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #a4 ,we h se5 ,france1 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 p]vad$ 9 its upp] classes by a free?\ght p>tly born ( ! k t religion c\nt$ = little b h>m 9 public affairs1 p>tly ! result ( su* argum5tation z _h be5 ?r[n out by ,montaigne & codifi$ by ,*>ron4 ,t x 0 n ! free?9k+ ( m]e idle m5 ( ! _w is cle> :5 we note ! names & writ+s ( ,la ,mo! le ,vay] 7#aehh-afgb71 ,gui ,pat9 7#afja-afga71 & ,gabriel ,naud 7#afjj-afec71 all s*ol>s1 all h]etics ( ! skeptical & rationali/ic ord]4 ,! la/ two inde$1 sid$ ) ! ,ca?olics 9 politics1 ,pat9 approv+ ( ! ,fronde1 & ,naud ( ! ,massacre1 on :i* gr\nd !y are sometimes claim$ z believ]s4 #ebg ,b ?\gh 9 ! nature ( ! case _! inclusion on ! side ( free?\ght is n to be zeal\sly cont5d$ =1 !y mu/ be class$ 9 t]ms ( ! balance ( te/imony4 ,pat9 0 ! admir+ fri5d ( ,gass5di2 & ?\gh he 0 nev] explicitly h]etical1 & inde$ wrote ( ,soc9ianism z a pe/il5t doctr9e1 #ebh 8 habit ( irony & ! risk ( writt5 av[als to correspond5ts mu/ be kept 9 view 9 decid+ on 8 ca/ ( m9d4 ,he is con/antly anti-cl]ical2 #ebi & ! g]m9al skepticism ( ,montaigne & ,*>ron cle>ly p]si/s 9 him4 ,x is true t1 z "o critic puts x1 su* rationali/s 7 n q cle> :i!r !y 7 b\nd4 ,at fir/ sight1 he adds1 no "o looks m negative ?an ,gui ,pat94444 ,he 0 always congratulat+ himself on be+ 'deliv]$ f ! nightm>e'2 & he rivals ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! scorn he p\rs on prie/s1 monks1 & especially 't black ,loyolitic scum f ,spa9' :i* call$ itself ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,yet ,pat9 0 no free?9k]4 ,skeptics :o made game ( ! k]nel ( religion came q z mu* "u ! la% ( 8 tongue z bigots :o d>$ def5d its husks4 ,8 lett]s end ) ! *>act]i/ic confession3 ',cr$o 9 ,deum1 ,*ri/um crucifixum1 etc42 444 ,de m9imis non curat prtor' 7,visc\nt ,/4 ,cyres 9 ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 v1 #gc74 ,b ! la/ /atem5t is an error1 & ,pat9 did n attack ,gass5di1 ?\gh he did ,desc>tes4 ,he says ( ,rabelais3 ,c'toit un homme qui se moquoit de t\t2 en v]it il y a bi5 des *oses dont on doit raisonnablem5t se moqu] 444 elles sont presque t\s remplies de vanit1 d'impo/ure et d'ignorance3 ceux qui sont un peu philosophes ne doiv5t-ils pas s'en moqu]8 7,lett4 #dhe1 d4 cit$1 iii1 #adh74 ,aga9 he writes t la vie huma9e n'e/ qu'un bureau de r5contre et un ?tre sur lesquels dom9e la =tune 7,lett4 #gbf1 iii1 #fbj74 ,?is is pure ,montaigne4 ,! =mula cit$ by ,visc\nt ,/4 ,cyres is nei!r a g5]al nor a f9al conclusion to ! lett]s ( ,pat94 ,x occurs1 ,i ?9k1 only once 7#ah juillet1 #afdb1 ,m4 ,bel97 9 ! #hcf lett]s1 & n at ! end ( t "o 7,lett4 #ee1 d4 cit$1 i1 #ij74 ,conc]n+ 8 fri5d ,naud1 ,pat9 writes3 ,je suis =t de l'avis de feu ,m4 ,naud1 qui disoit qu'il y avait quatre *oses dont il se fallait g>d]1 af9 de n'tre po9t tromp1 savoir1 de prophties1 de miracles1 de rvlations1 et d'app>itions 7,lett4 #cec1 d4 cit$1 ii1 #dij74 ,aga91 he writes ( a symposium ( ,naud1 ,gass5di1 & himself3 ,peut-tre1 t\s trois1 guris de l\p-g>\ et delivrs du mal des scrupules1 qui e/ le tyran des consci5ces1 n\s irons peut-tre jusque =t prs du sanctuaire4 ,je fis l'an pass ce voyage de ,g5tilly avec ,m4 ,naud1 moi seul avec lui tte--tte2 il n'y avait po9t de tmo9s1 aussi n'y en falloit-il po9t3 n\s y p>lmes =t librem5t de t\t1 sans que p]sonne en ait t sc&alis 7,lett4 #cfb1 ii1 #ejh74 ,?is seems tol]ably free?9k+4 ,all t ! ,*ri/ian editor c>es to claim ^u ! latt] passage is t assur$ly l'unit de ,dieu1 l'immortalit de l'me1 l'galit des hommes devant la loi1 ces v]its fondam5tales de la raison et consacres p> le ,*ri/ianisme1 y tai5t places au premi] rang 9 ! discussion4 ,z to ! skepticism ( ,naud ! editor rem>ks3 ,ce qu'il y a de rem>quable1 c'e/ que ,gui ,pat9 s\t5ait que son ami 444 avait puis son op9ion1 en gnral trs peu or?odoxe1 en ,italie1 p5dant le long sj\r qu'il fit dans ce pays avec le c>d9al ,bagni 7ii1 #dij2 cp4 ,lett4 #haf2 iii1 #geh1 :]e ,naud is aga9 cit$ z mak+ small acc\nt ( religion74 ,c]ta9ly ,pat9 & ,naud are ( less importance = free?\ght ?an ,la ,mo! le ,vay]4 ,t s*ol>1 a ,conseill] d',e/at ord9aire1 tutor ( ! bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 & "o ( ! e>ly memb]s ( ! new ,academy f\nd$ by ,ri*elieu1 is an int]e/+ figure #ecj 9 ! hi/ory ( culture1 be+ a skeptic ( ! s*ool ( ,sextus ,empiricus1 & practically a great fri5d ( tol]ance4 ,/&+ 9 fav\r ) ,ri*elieu1 he wrote at t /atesman's sugge/ion a treatise ,on ! ,virtue ( ! ,hea!n1 #eca ju/ify+ tol]ation by pagan example--a c\rse :i* raises ! "q :e!r ,ri*elieu himself 0 n /rongly t\*$ by ! rationalism ( 8 age4 ,if x be true t ! great ,c>d9al believ$ z all ! _w did 9 8 "t1 #ecb !re is little m to be said2 = unbelief1 z we h se51 0 already abundant1 & ev5 some:at fa%ionable4 ,c]ta9ly no ecclesia/ic 9 high p[] ev] foll[$ a less ecclesia/ical policy2 #ecc & f ! date ( 8 appo9tm5t z ,m9i/] to ,l\is ,,xiii 7#afbd71 = =ty ye>s1 !re 0 no burn+ ( h]etics or unbeliev]s 9 ,france4 ,if he 0 or?odox1 x 0 v passively4 #ecd ,& ,le ,vay]'s way ( h&l+ ! dicta ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,?omas ,aqu9as z to ! virtues ( unbeliev]s be+ m]ely vices is = its "t s h>dy t ! ,c>d9al's protection alone c expla9 its immunity f c5sure4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas1 says ! critic calmly1 _h reg>d m]ely to et]nal happ9ess1 :i* virtue alone c obta9 = no "o4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 to be always int]pret$ 9 ?is special s5se4 ,& s at ! v outset ! gr\nd is summ>ily cle>$ ( or?odox ob/acles4 #ece ,! ,petit disc\rs *rti5 sur l'immortalit de l'me1 also address$ to ,ri*elieu1 tells ( a good deal ( curr5t unbelief on t subject2 & ! epi/le d$icatory pr(esses pa9 ov] ! philosoph] ( our day ,van9i :o has _h ! impiety to write t1 unless "o is v old1 v ri*1 & a ,g]man1 "o %\ld nev] expatiate on ?is subject4 ,b on ! v ?re%old ( ! disc\rse1 aga91 ! skeptic tranquilly sugge/s t !re w\ld be p]haps some?+ unreasonable 9 foll[+ ,augu/9e's precept1 s popul> 9 lat] times1 t ! problem ( immortality %\ld be solv$ by ! dictates ( religion & feel+1 n ( unc]ta9 reason4 ,:y1 he asks1 %\ld ! s\l be h] own judge8 #ecf ,& he %[s a di/9ct appreciation ( ! av[al ( ,augu/9e 9 8 ,retractationes t 8 own book on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l 0 s obscure to him t 9 _m places he himself c\ld n und]/& x4 #ecg ,! ,little ,*ri/ian ,disc\rse is1 9 fact1 n ,*ri/ian at all2 & its argum5ts are b dialectic ex]cises1 on a p> ) ^? ( ! ,disc\rs sceptique sur la musique :i* foll[s4 ,he 01 9 %ort1 a skeptic by temp]am5t2 & 8 ,preface d'une hi/oire #ech %[s 8 m9d to h play$ on ! ,mississippi ( falsehood call$ hi/ory v mu* z did t ( ,bayle 9 a lat] g5]ation4 ,le ,vay]'s ,dialogues ( ,oratius ,tub]o 7#afcc7 is philosophically 8 mo/ important "w2 #eci b its tranquil ,pyrrhonism 0 n calculat$ to affect greatly ! curr5t ?\ght ( 8 day2 & he rank$ r z a man ( all-r\nd le>n+ #edj ?an z a polemi/1 be+ reput$ a little contradictory1 b 9 no way bigot$ or ob/9ate1 all op9ions be+ to him ne>ly indiff]5t1 except+ ^? ( :i* fai? does n p]mit u to d\bt4 #eda ,! la/ phrase tells ( ! fact t x affects to negate3 ,le ,vay]'s g5]al skepticism 0 well kn[n4 #edb ,he 0 n inde$ an orig9al ?9k]1 mo/ ( 8 ideas be+ e*oes f ! skeptics ( antiquity2 #edc & x has be5 n unju/ly said ( him t he is r ( ! sixte5? c5tury ?an ( ! sev5te5?4 #edd #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! resort on ! "p ( ! ,ca?olics to a skeptical me?od1 z aga9/ bo? ,prote/ants & free?9k]s1 :i* we h se5 orig9at+ soon aft] ! issue ( ,montaigne's ,essais1 seems to h become m & m common2 & ?is process mu/ rank z 9 "s degree a product ( skeptical ?\ght ( a m s9c]e sort4 ,9 any case x 0 turn$ vigor\sly1 ev5 recklessly1 aga9/ ! ,prote/ants4 ,?us we f9d ,daill1 at ! outset ( 8 "w ,on ! ,true ,use ( ! ,fa!rs1 #ede compla9+ t :5 ,prote/ants quote ! ,scriptures "s ,romani/s at once ask :5ce & 9 :at way ^? books may be kn[n to be really writt5 by ! prophets & apo/les ^: names & titles !y be>4 ,?is *all5ge1 ra%ly incurr$ by ,lu!r & ,calv9 9 _! pron\ncem5ts on ! ,canon1 lat] ,prote/ants did n z a rule attempt to meet1 save 9 ! fa%ion ( ,la ,placette1 :o 9 8 "w ,de insanibili ,ecclesi ,roman ,scepticismo 7#afhh7 #edf und]takes to %[ t ,romani/s !mselves are )\t any gr\nds ( c]titude = ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 inde$ c]ta9 t ! ,ca?olic me?od w\ld make m skeptics ?an x won4 #c4 ,betwe5 ! negative developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,montaigne & ! vogue ( upp]-class deism1 ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 ) its c>eful pr(ession ( submission to ! ,*ur*1 _h at fir/ an easy reception2 & on ! appe>ance ( ! ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode 7#afcg7 x spe$ily affect$ ! :ole ?\ght ( ,france2 ! wom5 ( ! leisur$ class1 n[ mu* giv5 to lit]ature1 be+ among its /ud5ts4 #edg ,f ! fir/ ! ,jans5i/s1 :o 7 ! mo/ s]i\s religi\s ?9k]s ( ! "t1 accept$ ! ,c>tesian sy/em z 9 ! ma9 s\ndly ,*ri/ian2 & its f\nd]'s au?ority _h "s su* influ5ce 9 keep+ up ! pre/ige ( or?odoxy z _h t ( ,locke lat] 9 ,engl&4 ,boileau1 :o wrote a satire 9 def5ce ( ! sy/em :5 x 0 p]secut$ aft] ,desc>tes's dea?1 is nam$ among ^? :om he s influ5c$4 #edh ,b a m]ely ext]nal influ5ce ( ?is k9d c\ld n c\nt]act ! fundam5tal rationalism ( ,desc>tes's ?\ght1 & ! :ole social & intellectual t5d5cy t[>ds a secul> view ( life4 ,soon1 inde$1 ,desc>tes became suspect1 p>tly by reason ( ! ho/ile activities ( ! ,jesuits1 :o oppos$ him because ! ,jans5i/s g5]ally held by him1 ?\gh he _h be5 a ,jesuit pupil1 & _h always "s adh]5ts 9 t ord]2 #edi p>tly by reason ( ! inh]5t naturalism ( 8 sy/em4 ,t 8 doctr9e 0 incompatible ) ! eu*>i/ 0 ! /&+ *>ge aga9/ x1 #eej & 8 def5ce 0 n f\nd satisfactory1 #eea ?\gh 8 or?odox foll[]s obta9$ f ,que5 ,*ri/9a a decl>ation t he _h be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 conv]t+ h] to ,ca?olicism4 #eeb ,pascal reproa*$ him ) hav+ done 8 be/ to d )\t ,god 9 8 sy/em2 #eec & ?is seems to h be5 ! common cl]ical impression4 ,?irte5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 9 #affc1 8 "w 0 plac$ on ! ,index ,librorum ,prohibitorum1 "u a modifi$ c5sure1 #eed & 9 #afga a royal ord] 0 obta9$ "u :i* 8 philosophy 0 proscrib$ 9 all ! univ]sities ( ,france4 #eee ,c>tesian pr(essors & curs 7 p]secut$ & exil$1 or compell$ to recant2 among ! victims be+ ,pre ,lami ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,oratory & ,pre ,&r ! ,jesuit2 #eef & ! ,oratorians 7 9 #afgh =c$ to und]go ! humiliation ( n only r5\nc+ ,desc>tes & all 8 works1 b ( abjur+ _! =m] ,c>tesian decl>ations1 9 ord] to pres]ve _! corporate exi/5ce4 #eeg ,precisely 9 ?is p]iod ( (ficial reaction1 h[ev]1 !re 0 go+ on n m]ely an academic b a social developm5t ( a rationali/ic k9d1 9 :i* ! p]secut$ philosophy play$ its "p1 ev5 ?\gh "s free?9k]s disp>ag$ x4 #d4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy is reveal$ on ! "o h& by ! s]ies ( treatises f em95t ,*ur*m51 def5d+ ! fai? aga9/ unpubli%$ attacks1 & on ! o!r h& by ! prevail+ tone 9 belles lettres4 ,malh]be1 ! lit]>y dictator ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 _h di$ 9 #afbh ) ! "* ( a sc(f]2 #eeh & ! fa%ion n[ la/$ till ! latt] half ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,9 #afba1 two ye>s aft] ! burn+ ( ,van9i1 a "y man nam$ ,jean ,fontani] _h be5 burn$ alive on ! ,place de ,grve at ,p>is1 app>5tly = ! doctr9es laid d[n by him 9 a manuscript entitl$ ,le ,trsor ,ine/imable1 writt5 on dei/ic & anti-,ca?olic l9es4 #eei ,he 0 said to h be5 successively ,prote/ant1 ,ca?olic1 ,turk1 ,jew1 & a!i/2 & _h conduct$ himself l "o ( %ak5 m9d4 #efj ,b ! cases ( ! poet ,?ophile de ,viau1 :o ab\t #afbc suff]$ prosecution on a *>ge ( impiety1 #efa & ( 8 companions ,b]!lot & ,colletet--:o l him 7 condemn$ b set free by royal fav\r--appe> to be ! only o!rs ( ! k9d = ov] a g5]ation4 ,frivolity ( tone suffic$ to w>d (f legal pursuit4 ,x 0 9 #affe1 "s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,maz>91 :o _h ma9ta9$ ,ri*elieu's policy ( tol]ance1 t ,claude ,petit 0 burnt at ,p>is = impi\s pieces2 #efb & ev5 !n !re 0 no g5]al rev]sion to or?odoxy1 ! upp]-class tone rema9+1 z 9 ! age ( ,ri*elieu & ,maz>91 m or less unbeliev+4 ,:5 ,corneille _h introduc$ a t\* ( ,*ri/ian zeal into 8 ,polyeucte 7#afdc7 he _h giv5 g5]al (f5ce to ! dilettants ( bo? sexes4 #efc ,molire1 aga91 ! disciple ( ,gass5di #efd & ! v g5ius ( reason1 #efe 0 unque/ionably an unbeliev]2 #eff & only ! p]sonal protection ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 :i* aft] all c\ld n avail to support su* a play z ,t>tufe aga9/ ! fury ( ! bigots1 enabl$ him to su/a9 himself at all aga9/ !m4 #e4 ,equally free?9k+ 0 8 brilliant pr$ecessor & e>ly comrade1 ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac 7#afbj-afee71 :o did n fe> to indicate 8 frame ( m9d 9 "o ( 8 dramas4 ,9 ,la ,mort d',agripp9e he puts 9 ! m\? ( ,sejanus1 z 0 said by a contempor>y1 horrible ?+s aga9/ ! ,gods1 notably ! phrase1 :om m5 made1 & :o did n make m51 #efg :i*1 h[ev]1 g5]ally pass$ z an attack on poly!ism2 & ?\gh !re 0 c]ta9ly no blasphem\s int5tion 9 ! phrase1 ,frappons1 voil l'ho/ie ho/ia1 victim1 "s pret5d$ to reg>d x z an insult to ! ,ca?olic ho/4 #efh ,at times ,cyrano writes l a dei/2 #efi b 9 s _m o!r passages does he hold ! language ( a conv9c$ mat]iali/1 & ( a sc(f] at t1 #egj t he c h>dly be tak5 s]i\sly on ! =m] head4 #ega ,9 %ort1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! h>dy free?9k]s :o1 "u ! tol]ant rule ( ,ri*elieu & ,maz>91 gave cle> voice to ! new] _s4 ,"u any o!r gov]nm5t1 he w\ld h be5 9 dang] ( 8 life3 z x 01 he 0 m5ac$ ) prosecutions2 8 ,agripp9e 0 =bidd52 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,pdant j\ 0 confiscat$2 dur+ 8 la/ illness !re 0 an attempt to seize 8 manuscripts2 & d[n till ! "t ( ! ,revolution ! editions ( 8 works 7 eag]ly b\ght up & de/roy$ by zealots4 #egb ,8 rec5t lit]>y rehabilitation ?us h>dly s]ves to realize 8 importance 9 ! hi/ory ( free?\ght4 ,betwe5 ,cyrano & ,molire x w\ld appe> t !re 0 little less ( rationali/ic f]m5t 9 ! ,france ( _! day ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,bossuet av[s 9 a lett] to ,huet 9 #afgh t impiety & unbelief ab\nd m ?an ev] be=e4 #egc #f4 ,ev5 9 ! apologetic reason+ ( ! greate/ ,fr5* prose writ] ( t age1 ,pascal1 we h ! mo/ pregnant te/imony to ! preval5ce ( unbelief2 = n only 7 ! fragm5ts pres]v$ z ,p5ses 7#afgj71 h[ev] orig9at$1 #egd develop$ z "p ( a plann$ def5ce ( religion aga9/ contempor>y rationalism1 #ege b !y !mselves %[ _! au?or pr(\ndly unable to believe save by a desp]ate abnegation ( reason1 ?\gh he p]petually commits ! gross fallacy ( tru/+ to reason to prove t reason is untru/wor?y4 ,8 "w is ?us "o cont9u\s p>alogism1 9 :i* reason is disp>ag$ m]ely to make way = a p>ade ( bad reason+4 ,! case ( ,pascal is t ( ,b]keley ) a diff]5ce3 ! latt] suff]$ f hypo*ondria1 b react$ ) n]v\s en]gy2 ,pascal1 a physical deg5]ate1 prematurely pr(\nd1 0 prematurely old2 & 8 pietism 9 its f9al =m is ! expression ( ! physical collapse4 ,?is is disput$ by ,m4 ,lanson1 an always weighty au?ority4 ,he writes 7p4 #dfd7 t ,pascal 0 nei!r mad nor ill :5 he gave himself up :olly to religion4 ,b ill he c]ta9ly 04 ,he _h *ronically suff]$ f int5se pa9s 9 ! head f 8 eighte5? ye>2 & ,m4 ,lanson admits 7p4 #dea7 t ! ,p5ses 7 writt5 9 int]vals ( acute suff]+4 ,?is inde$ und]/ates ! case4 ,pascal sev]al times told 8 family t s9ce ! age ( eighte5 he _h nev] pass$ a day )\t pa94 ,8 si/]1 ,madame ,p]i]1 9 h] biographical sket*1 speaks ( him z suff]+ cont9ual & ev]-increas+ maladies1 & av[s t ! f\r la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 9 :i* he p5n$ ! fragm5ts call$ ,p5ses1 7 b a cont9ual langui%m5t4 ,! ,port ,royal preface ( #afgj says ! same ?+1 speak+ ( ! f\r ye>s ( languor & malady 9 :i* he wrote all we h ( ! book he plann$1 & call+ ! ,p5ses ! feeble essays ( a sick man4 ,cp4 ,pascal's ,prire p\r dem&] ,dieu le bon usage des maladies3 & ,ow5 ,fr5* ,skeptics1 pp4 #gdf1 #ghd4 ,d\btless ! levity & lic5ce ( ! lib]t9s 9 high places #egf confirm$ him 9 8 revolt aga9/ unbelief2 b 8 own cr$5ce 0 an act r ( despair+ emotion ?an ( rational conviction4 ,! man :o advis$ d\bt]s to make a habit ( caus+ masses to be said & foll[+ religi\s rites1 on ! score t cela v\s f]a croire et v\s abtira--t w make y believe & w /upefy y #egg--0 a pa?ological case2 & ?\gh ! :ole ,jans5i/ movem5t latt]ly /ood = a reaction aga9/ free?9k+1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! ,p5ses g5]ally act$ z a solv5t r ?an z a su/a9] ( religi\s beliefs4 #egh ,?is *>ge 0 made aga9/ !m imm$iately on _! publication by ! ,abb de ,vill>s1 :o po9t$ out t !y did ! rev]se ( :at !y claim$ to d 9 ! matt] ( appeal+ to ! he>t & to good s5se1 s9ce !y set =? all ! ord9>y argum5ts ( ,pyrrhonism1 d5i$ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god c\ld be e/abli%$ by reason or philosophy1 & /ak$ ! case on a wag] :i* %ock$ good s5se & feel+ alike4 ,h y resolv$1 asks ?is critic 9 dialogue1 to make a!i/s on pretext ( combatt+ !m8 #egi ,! same "q arises conc]n+ ! fam\s ,lettres ,prov9ciales 7#afef71 writt5 by ,pascal 9 def5ce ( ,arnauld aga9/ ! p]secution ( ! ,jesuits1 :o c>ri$ on 9 ,arnauld's case _! campaign aga9/ ,jans51 :om !y *>g$ ) mis-/at+ ! doctr9e ( ,augu/9e 9 8 great "w exp\nd+ t ,fa!r4 ,once m ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 sw]v+ f its own e/abli%$ doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 ! ,spani% ,jesuit ,mol9a hav+ set up a new movem5t 9 ! ,pelagian or ,arm9ian direction4 ,! cause ( ! ,jans5i/s has be5 repres5t$ z t ( fre$om ( ?\ght & spee*2 #ehj & ?is x relatively 0 ins(> z ,jans5 & ,arnauld s\ght = a he>+1 :ile ! ,jesuit-ridd5 ,sorbonne /rove to sil5ce & puni% !m4 ,pascal _h to g f pr9t] to pr9t] z 8 ,lett]s succe$$ ea* o!r1 ! fir/ ?ree be+ successively prosecut$ by ! cl]ical au?orities2 & 9 _! collect$ =m !y f\nd publicity only by be+ pr9t$ at ,r\5 & publi%$ at ,am/]dam1 ) ! rubric ( ,cologne4 ,all ! :ile ,jans5ism claim$ to be /rict or?odoxy2 & x 0 9 virtue only ( ! irr$ucible elem5t ( rationalism 9 ,pascal t ! s*ool ( ,port ,royal made = free?\ght 9 any high] or m g5]al s5se4 ,inde$1 betwe5 8 own reputation = piety & t ( ! ,jans5i/s = or?odoxy1 ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s h a conv5tional /&+ z or?odox compositions4 ,x is /range1 h[ev]1 t ^? :o *>ge ^u ! satire ( ! lat] philosoph]s ! d[nfall ( ,ca?olicism 9 ,france %\ld n realize ! pla9 t5d5cy ( ^! brilliant satires to discr$it ! entire au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 &1 fur!r1 by _! own dogmatic weaknesses1 to put all dogma alike "u suspicion4 #eha ,few ?\ghtful m5 c n[ read ! ,prov9ciales )\t be+ impress$ by ! utt] absurdity ( ! problem ov] :i* ! entire religi\s intellig5ce ( a great nation 0 engross$4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! endless wrangles ( ! religi\s factions ov] un9telligible issues t m ?an any o!r s+le cause fo/]$ ! unbelief previ\sly set up by religi\s w>s2 #ehb & ,pascal's writ+s only deep5$ ! tr\ble4 ,ev5 ,bossuet1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es 7#afhh71 did b ?r[ a new light on ! holl[ness ( ! gr\nds ( religion2 & = ?\ghtful read]s gave a lead r to a!ism ?an to ,ca?olicism4 ,! conv]ts x w\ld make to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* w\ld be precisely ^? ^: adh]5ce 0 ( lea/ value1 s9ce !y _h n ev5 ! temp]am5tal basis :i*1 r ?an argum5t1 kept ,bossuet a believ]1 & 7 ,ca?olics only = lack ( c\rage to put all religion aside4 ,:5 v>iation 0 put z a sign ( error by a ,*ur*man ! bulk ( ^: life 0 sp5t 9 bitt] /rifes ) sections ( 8 own ,*ur*1 critical p 7 h>dly likely to be confirm$ 9 ! fai?4 ,)9 t5 ye>s ( writ+ 8 book aga9/ ! ,prote/ants1 ,bossuet 0 engag$ 9 an acrid controv]sy ) ,fnelon1 8 fell[ prelate & fell[ demon/rator ( ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god1 accus+ him ( hold+ un*ri/ian positions2 & bo? prelates 7 always fight+ _! fell[-*ur*m5 ! ,jans5i/s4 ,if ! v>iations ( ,prote/ants help$ ,ca?olicism1 ^? ( ,ca?olics mu/ h help$ unbelief4 #g4 ,a simil> fatality att5d$ ! lab\rs ( ! le>n$ ,huet1 ,bi%op ( ,avran*es1 ^: ,demon/ratio ,evangelica 7#afgh7 is rem>kable 7) ,boyle's ,disc\rse ( ,?+s above ,reason7 z anticipat+ ,b]keley 9 ! argum5t f ! arbitr>9ess ( ma!matical assumptions4 ,he too1 by t & by 8 lat] works1 made = %e] philosophical skepticism1 #ehc always a dang]\s basis = or?odoxy4 #ehd ,su* an evolution1 on ! "p ( a man ( uncommon intellectual en]gy1 *all5ges att5tion1 ! m s see+ t x typifies a good deal ( ?9k+ )9 ! ,ca?olic pale1 on l9es already not$ z foll[+ on ! debate ) ,prote/antism4 ,hone/ly pi\s by b5t ( m9d1 b always occupi$ ) processes ( reason+ & rese>*1 ,huet leant m & m1 z he grew 9 ye>s1 to ! skeptical def5ce aga9/ ! pressures ( ,prote/antism & rationalism1 at once foll[+ & fur!r+ ! t5d5cy ( 8 age4 ,t ! skeptical me?od is a la/ weapon ( def5ce c be se5 f ! temp] 9 :i* ! demon/rator assails ,sp9oza1 :om he abuses1 )\t nam+ him1 9 ! fa%ion ( 8 day1 & to ^: argum5ts conc]n+ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu* he makes s+ul>ly feeble answ]s4 #ehe ,!y are too wor?less to h satisfi$ himself2 & x is easy to see h[ he 0 driv5 to seek a m plausible rebuttal4 #ehf ,a di/+ui%$ ,engli% critic1 not+ ! g5]al movem5t1 pron\nces1 ju/ly en\gh1 t ,huet took up philosophy n z an end1 b z a means--n = its own sake1 b = ! support ( religion2 & !n adds t 8 attitude is ?us q diff]5t f ,pascal's4 #ehg ,b ! two cases are really on a level4 ,pascal too 0 driv5 to philosophy 9 reaction aga9/ incr$ulity2 & ?\gh ,pascal's "w is ( a m bitt] & morbid int5sity1 ,huet also _h 9 him t psy*ic crav+ = a sup]natural support :i* is ! ess5ce ( latt]-day religion4 ,& if we cr$it ?is _s to ,pascal & to ,huet1 z we d to ,newman1 we mu/ suppose t x p>tly t\*$ ! :ole movem5t ( pro-,ca?olic skepticism :i* has be5 above not$ z foll[+ on ! ,re=mation4 ,x is ascrib+ to x z a :ole too mu* ( calculation & /rategy to say ( its combatants t !y conceiv$ ! desp]ate design ( fir/ ru9+ ! t]ritory !y 7 prep>$ to evacuate2 be=e philosophy 0 h&$ ov] to ! philosoph]s ! old ,ari/otelean citadel 0 to be bl[n into ! air4 #ehh ,9 reality !y caught1 z religi\s m5 w1 ) passion r ?an ) policy1 at any plea t might seem fitt$ to beat d[n ! presumption ( ! wild1 liv+ intellect ( man2 #ehi & _! skepticism _h a c]ta9 s9c]ity inasmu* z1 tra9$ to uncritical belief1 !y _h nev] f\nd = !mselves ! gr\nds ( rational c]titude4 ,inasmu* too z ,prote/antism _h no su* gr\nd1 & rationalism 0 /ill f> f hav+ cle>$ its bases1 ,huet1 z ?+s w5t1 0 )9 8 moral rights :5 he set =? 8 transc5d5tali/ skepticism 9 8 ,qu/iones ,alnetan 9 #afij4 ,?\gh writt5 9 v limpid ,lat91 #eij t "w attract$ practically no att5tion2 & ?\gh1 hav+ a repute = prov9cialism 9 8 ,fr5* /yle1 ,huet 0 lo? to resort to ! v]nacul>1 he did devote 8 sp>e h\rs ?r\gh a numb] ( 8 latt] ye>s to prep>+ 8 ,trait ,philosophique de la faiblesse de l'esprit huma91 :i*1 dy+ 9 #agbb1 he left to be publi%$ po/hum\sly 7#agbc74 ,! outcry aga9/ 8 criticism ( ,desc>tes & 8 ,demon/ratio _h indispos$ him = fur!r p]sonal /rife2 b he 0 det]m9$ to leave a complet$ message4 ,?us x came ab\t t a s9c]e & devot$ ,ca?olic bi%op left1 z 8 la/ legacy to 8 fell[-m51 a "w ( ! mo/ outrage\s skepticism4 #eia #h4 ,mean:ile ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 if less /rictly propiti\s to sci5ce at "s po9ts ?an t ( ,gass5di1 0 bo? directly & indirectly mak+ = ! activity ( reason4 ,9 virtue ( its =mal spiritualism1 x f\nd access :]e any cle>ly mat]iali/ic doctr9e w\ld h be5 taboo$2 s t we f9d ! ,c>tesian ecclesia/ic ,rgis n only eag]ly li/5$ to & acclaim$ at ,t\l\se 9 #affe1 b (f]$ a civic p5sion by ! magi/rates #eib--?is )9 two ye>s ( ! plac+ ( ,desc>tes's works on ! ,index4 ,aft] ar\s+ a simil> en?usiasm at ,montpelli] & at ,p>is1 ,rgis 0 sil5c$ by ! ,ar*bi%op1 :]eupon he set himself to develop ! ,c>tesian philosophy 9 8 /udy4 ,! result 0 t he ultimately w5t beyond 8 ma/]1 op5ly reject+ ! idea ( creation out ( no?+1 #eic & f9ally foll[+ ,locke 9 reject+ ! innate ideas :i* ,desc>tes _h affirm$4 #eid ,ano!r "y ,*ur*man1 ,desgabets1 develop+ f ,desc>tes & 8 pupil ,malebran*e1 comb9$ ) _! spiriti/ doctr9e mu* ( ! virtual mat]ialism ( ,gass5di1 arriv+ at a k9d ( pan!ism1 & at a c\rage\s pan!i/ic e?ic1 :]e9 ,god is recogniz$ z ! au?or alike ( good & evil #eie--;a doctr9e :i* we f9d ev5 gett+ a he>+ 9 g5]al society1 & notic$ 9 ! correspond5ce ( ,madame de ,svign 9 #afgg4 #eif ,malebran*e's treatise ,de la ,re*]*e de la ,vrit 7#afgd7 0 9 fact a developm5t ( ,desc>tes :i* on ! "o h& s\ght to connect 8 doctr9e ( innate ideas ) 8 ,god-idea1 & on ! o!r h& head$ ! :ole sy/em t[>ds pan!ism4 ,! t5d5cy _h aris5 be=e him 9 ! congregation ( ! ,oratory1 to :i* he belong$1 & 9 :i* ! ,c>tesian philosophy _h s spread t :51 9 #afgh1 ! al>m$ sup]iors propos$ to eradicate x1 !y 7 told by ! memb]s t1 ,if ,c>tesianism is a plague1 !re are two hundr$ ( u :o are infect$4 #eig ,b if ,c>tesianism al>m$ ! (ficial or?odox1 ,malebran*e wr\ght a deep] dis9tegration ( ! fai?4 ,9 8 old age 8 "y disciple ,de ,mairan1 :o _h deeply /udi$ ,sp9oza1 press$ him fatally h>d on ! virtual co9cid5ce ( 8 philosophy ) t ( ! m ?or\ghgo+ pan!i/2 & ,malebran*e indignantly repudiat$ all agreem5t ) ! mis]able ,sp9oza1 #eih ! a!i/1 #eii ^: sy/em he pron\nc$ a frightful & ridicul\s *im]a4 #fjj ,nev]!less1 x 0 t[>ds ?is *im]a t ,malebran*e t5d$4 #fja ,on all h&s ! new developm5t set up new /rife2 & ,malebran*e1 :o dislik$ controv]sy1 f\nd himself embroil$ alike ) ,jans5i/s & ,jesuits1 ) or?odox & ) innovat+ ,c>tesians1 & ) 8 own ,sp9ozi/ic disciples4 ,! ,jans5i/ ,arnauld attack$ 8 book 9 a long & /r+5t treatise1 ,des vrayes at des fausses ides 7#afhc71 #fjb accumulat+ d5ials & contradictions ) a cold t5acity ( ratioc9ation :i* nev] laps$ into passion1 & 0 all ! m de/ructive4 ,= ! ,jans5i/s ,malebran*e 0 a dang] to ! fai? 9 ! ratio ( 8 exaltation ( x1 inasmu* z ref]5ce ( ! mo/ ord9>y beliefs back to fai? left !m no gr\nd ^u :i* to argue up to fai?4 #fjc ,?is seems to h be5 a common feel+ among 8 read]s4 ,= ! same reason he made no appeal to m5 ( sci5ce4 ,he w\ld h no recognition ( second>y causes1 ! acceptance ( :i* he decl>$ to be a dang]\s relapse into paganism4 #fjd ,!re 0 ?us no sci5tific pr9ciple 9 ! new doctr9e :i* c\ld enable x to solve ! problems or absorb ! sy/ems ( o!r s*ools4 ,locke 0 z little mov$ by x z 7 ! ,jans5i/s4 ,malebran*e won read]s ev]y:]e by 8 *>m ( /yle2 #fje b he 0 z mu* ( a di/urb] z ( a reconcil]4 ,! v controv]sies :i* he set up made = dis9tegration2 & ,fnelon f\nd x necess>y to refute ,malebran*e z well z ,sp9oza1 & did 8 c5sure ) z great sev]ity z ,arnauld's4 #fjf ,! m]e fact t ,malebran*e put aside miracles 9 ! "n ( div9e law 0 fatal f ! po9t ( view ( or?odoxy4 #i4 ,yet ano!r philosophic figure ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! ,jesuit ,pre ,buffi] 7#affa-agcg71 des]ves a pass+ notice "h--out ( 8 *ronological ord]--?\gh ! hi/orians ( philosophy h mo/ly ignor$ him4 #fjg ,he is inde$ ( no p]man5t philosophic importance1 be+ a precursor ( ! ,scotti% s*ool ( ,reid1 n\ri%$ on ,locke1 & some:at on ,desc>tes2 b he is significant = ! elem5t ( practical rationalism :i* p]vades 8 reason+1 & :i* recomm5d$ him to ,voltaire1 ,reid1 & ,de/utt de ,tracy4 ,on ! "q ( prim>y tru?s 9 !ology he decl>es s boldly = ! au?ority ( revelation 9 all dogmas :i* pass compreh5sion1 & = ! non-conc]n ( !ology ) any process ( rational pro(1 #fjh t x is h>dly possible to suppose him a believ]4 ,on ^? pr9ciples1 ,islam has exactly ! same au?ority z ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 8 metaphysic he rejects all ! ontological pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 &1 among o!rs1 ! pro( ( ,desc>tes f inf9itude3 he ma9ta9s t ! idea ( ,god is n innate1 & t x c be rea*$ only f consid]ation ( ! ord] ( nature4 #fji ,he is ?us z mu* ( a =ce = deism z 0 8 ma/]1 ,locke2 & he outgoes him 9 po9t ( rationalism :5 he puts ! prim>y e?ic ( reciprocity z a univ]sally recogniz$ tru?1 #faj :]e ,locke _h helplessly fall5 back on ! w ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h& he c5sures ,desc>tes = n admitt+ ! equal validity ( o!r te/s ) t ( prim>y consci\sness1 ?us 9 effect putt+ himself 9 l9e ) ,gass5di4 ,= ! re/1 8 ,exam5 des prjugs vulgaires1 ! mo/ popul> ( 8 works1 is s full ( practical rationalism1 & decl>es among o!r ?+s s /rongly 9 fav\r ( free discussion1 t its influ5ce mu/ h be5 :olly 9 ! direction ( free?\ght4 ,give me1 he makes "o ( 8 disputants say1 a nation :]e !y d n dispute1 d n conte/3 x w be1 ,i assure y1 a v /upid & a v ignorant nation4 #faa ,su* reason+ c\ld h>dly please ! ,jesuits1 #fab & mu/ h pleas$ free?9k]s4 ,& yet ,buffi]1 l ,gass5di1 9 virtue ( 8 cl]ical /atus & 8 purely pr(essional or?odoxy1 escap$ all p]secution4 ,:ile an evolv+ ,c>tesianism1 modifi$ by ! ?\ght ( ,locke & ! critical evolution ( t1 0 ?us react+ on ?\ght 9 all directions1 ! prim>y & prop] impulse ( ,desc>tes & ,locke 0 do+ on ! ,cont95t :at t ( ,bacon _h already done 9 ,engl&--sett+ m5 on actual sci5tific obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & turn+ !m f traditionalism ( e k9d4 ,! m religi\s m9ds1 z ,malebran*e1 set _! faces almo/ fanatically aga9/ erudition1 ?us mak+ an enemy ( ! all-le>n$ ,huet1 #fac b on ! o!r h& prep>+ ! way = ! sci5tific age4 ,= ! re/ we f9d ! influ5ce ( ,desc>tes at "w 9 h]esies at :i* he _h n h9t$4 ,f9ally we %all see x tak+ deep root 9 ,holl&1 fur!r+ a rationali/ic view ( ! ,bible & ( popul> sup]/itions4 #aj4 ,yet ano!r new dep>ture 0 made 9 ! ,france ( ,l\is ,,xiv by ! s*ol>ly p]=mance ( ,ri*>d ,simon 7#afch-agab71 :o 0 z reg>ds ! ,scriptural texts :at ,sp5c] ( ,cambridge 0 z reg>ds ! culture-hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n me?odical criticism4 ,x 0 z a dev\t ,ca?olic refut+ ,prote/ants1 & a *ampion ( ! ,bible aga9/ ,sp9oza1 t ,simon began 8 "w2 b1 m s9c]ely critical ?an ,huet1 he rea*$ views m ak9 to ^? ( ,sp9oza ?an to ^? ( ! ,*ur*4 #fad ,! congregation ( ! ,oratory1 :]e ,simon laid ! f\ndations ( 8 le>n+1 0 s little incl9$ to 8 critical views t he decid$ to leave x2 & ?\gh p]suad$ to /ay1 & to become = a "t a pr(essor ( philosophy at ,julli1 he at l5g? broke ) ! ,ord]4 ,!n1 f 8 native t[n ( ,dieppe1 came 8 /r5u\s s]ies ( critical works--,l'hi/oire critique du ,vieux ,te/am5t 7#afgh71 :i* among o!r ?+s decisively impugn$ ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*2 ! ,hi/oire critique du texte du ,n\veau ,te/am5t 7,rott]dam1 #afhi72 num]\s o!r volumes ( critical /udies on texts1 v]sions1 & comm5tators2 & f9ally a ,fr5* translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) notes4 ,8 ,biblio?que ,critique 7#d vols4 "u ! "n ( ,sa9t-,jore7 0 suppress$ by an ord] 9 c\ncil2 ! translation 0 condemn$ by ,bossuet & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is2 & ! two fir/-nam$ works 7 suppress$ by ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is & attack$ by a ho/ ( or?odox s*ol>s2 b !y 7 translat$ promptly into ,lat9 & ,engli%2 & !y gave a new bread? ( foot+ to ! dei/ic argum5t1 ?\gh ,simon always wrote z an av[$ believ]4 ,be=e ,simon1 ! ,prote/ant ,isaac la ,peyrre1 ! fri5d ( ,la ,mo! le ,vay] & ,gass5di1 & ! libr>ian ( ,cond1 _h fir$ a some:at />tl+ %ot at ! ,p5tateu* 9 8 ,pradamit #fae & ,sy/ema ,!ologica ex ,pr-adamit>um ,hypo!si 7bo? #afee3 pr9t$ 9 ,holl& #faf71 = :i* he 0 imprison$ at ,brussels1 ) ! result t he recant$ & jo9$ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 go+ to ! ,pope 9 p]son to receive absolution1 & publi%+ an ,epi/ola ad ,philotimum 7,frank=t1 #afeh71 9 :i* he pr(ess$ to expla9 8 reasons = abjur+ at once 8 ,calv9ism & 8 treatise4 ,x is cle> t all ?is 0 done to save 8 sk91 = !re is explicit te/imony t he held firmly by 8 ,preadamite doctr9e to ! end ( 8 life1 despite ! sev5 or eight confutations ( 8 "w publi%$ 9 #afef4 #fag ,7 x n = 8 con/ructive !ses--especially 8 idea t ,adam 0 a real p]son1 b simply ! fa!r ( ! ,hebrews & n ( ! human race--he w\ld des]ve to rank high among ! sci5tific pione]s ( mod]n rationalism1 = 8 negative "w is %rewd & s\nd4 ,l s _m o!r e>ly rationali/s1 collectively accus$ ( de/roy+ )\t replac+1 he err$ precisely 9 8 eag]ness to build up1 = 8 negations h all become accept$ tru?s4 #fah ,z x is1 he may be rank$1 aft] ,tol&1 z a ma9 f\nd] ( ! old] rationalism1 develop$ *iefly 9 ,g]many1 :i* s\ght to r$uce z _m miracles z possible to natural ev5ts misund]/ood4 ,b he 0 too f> be=e 8 "t to w9 a fair he>+4 ,:]e ,simon laid a cauti\s s*ol>ly f\ndation1 ,peyrre sudd5ly *all5g$ immemorial beliefs1 & fail$ accord+ly4 #aa4 ,su* an evolution c\ld n occur 9 ,france )\t affect+ ! neighb\r+ civilization ( ,holl&4 ,we h se5 ,dut* life at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury full ( ,prote/ant fanaticism & sect>ian /rife2 & 9 ! "t ( ,desc>tes ^! elem5ts1 especially on ! ,calv9i/ side1 7 /rong en\gh virtually to drive him out ( ,holl& 7#afdg7 aft] n9ete5 ye>s' resid5ce4 #fai ,he _h1 h[ev]1 made disciples2 & 8 doctr9e bore fruit1 f9d+ d\btless "s old soil ready4 ,?us 9 #afff "o ( 8 disciples1 ! ,am/]dam physician ,l\is ,mey]1 publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,philosophia ,sacrae ,scripturae ,int]pres1 #fbj 9 :i*1 aft] =mally affirm+ t ! ,scripture is ! infallible ,^w ( ,god1 he proce$s to argue t ! int]pretation ( ! ,^w mu/ be made by ! human reason1 & accord+ly sets aside all mean+s :i* are irreconcilable !re)1 r$uc+ !m to allegories or tropes4 ,ap>t f ?is1 !re is some:at /rong evid5ce t 9 ,holl& 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury ,c>tesianism 0 9 l>ge "p id5tifi$ ) a widespread movem5t ( rationalism1 ( a suffici5tly pron\nc$ k9d4 ,pet] von ,ma/ri*t1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,utre*t1 publi%$ 9 #afgg a ,lat9 treatise1 ,novitatum ,c>tesian>um ,gangrna1 9 :i* he made out a li/ ( fifty-six anti-,*ri/ian propositions ma9ta9$ by ,c>tesians4 ,among !m are ^!3 ,t ! div9e ess5ce1 also t ( angels1 & t ( ! s\l1 consi/s only 9 ,cogitation2 ,t philosophy is n subs]vi5t to div9ity1 & is no less c]ta9 & no less reveal$2 ,t 9 ?+s natural1 moral1 & practical1 & also 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ! ,scripture speaks accord+ to ! errone\s notions ( ! vulg>2 ,t ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity may be demon/rat$ by natural reason2 ,t ! fir/ *aos 0 able ( itself to produce all ?+s mat]ial2 ,t ! _w has a s\l2 & t x may be inf9ite 9 ext5t4 #fba ,! !ologian 0 ?us visibly ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ t ! novelties ( ,c>tesianism outw5t by a long way ^? ( ,arm9ianism4 #fbb ,x _h 9 fact e/abli%$ a new po9t ( view2 see+ t ,arm9ius _h claim$ = !ology all ! supremacy ev] accord$ to x 9 ! ,*ur*4 #fbc #ab4 ,z ,mey] 0 "o ( ! mo/ intimate fri5ds ( ,sp9oza1 be+ ) him at dea?1 & became ! editor ( 8 po/hum\s works1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t 8 treatise1 :i* prec$$ ,sp9oza's ,tractatus by f\r ye>s1 influ5c$ ! great ,jew1 :o spe$ily eclips$ him4 #fbd ,sp9oza1 h[ev] 7#afcb-afgg71 0 fir/ l$ to rationalize by 8 ,am/]dam fri5d & tea*]1 ,van d5 ,ende1 a sci5tific mat]iali/1 ho/ile to all religion2 #fbe & x 0 :ile "u 8 influ5ce t he 0 excommunicat$ by 8 fa!r's synagogue4 ,f ! fir/1 app>5tly1 ,sp9oza's ?\ght 0 %ap$ p>tly by ! m$ieval ,hebrew philosophy #fbf 7:i*1 z we h se51 comb9$ ,ari/otelean & ,s>ac5 influ5ces71 p>tly by ! tea*+ ( ,bruno1 ?\gh he modifi$ & correct$ t at v>i\s po9ts4 #fbg ,lat] he 0 deeply influ5c$ by ,desc>tes1 :om he specially exp\nd$ = a pupil 9 a tractate4 #fbh ,"h he endorses ,desc>tes's doctr9e ( freewill1 :i* he 0 lat] to repudiate & ov]?r[4 ,b he drew f ,desc>tes 8 reta9$ pr9ciple t evil is n a real exi/5ce4 ,9 a mu* less degree he 0 influ5c$ by ,bacon1 ^: psy*ology he ultimately condemn$2 b f ,hobbes he took n only 8 rationali/ic attitude t[>ds revelation1 b 8 doctr9e ( ecclesia/ical subord9ation4 #fbi ,f9ally evolv+ 8 own conceptions1 he produc$ a philosophic sy/em :i* 0 de/9$ to affect all ,european ?\ght1 rema9+ ! :ile quietly occupi$ ) ! h&icraft ( l5s-gr9d+ by :i* he e>n$ 8 livelihood4 ,! ,gr& ,p5sion>y ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,john de ,witt1 seems to h be5 9 full sympa?y ) ! "y h]etic1 on :om he conf]r$ a small p5sion be=e he _h publi%$ any?+ save 8 ,c>tesian ,pr9cipia 7#affc74 ,! mu* m d>+ & p[]ful ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus 7#afgj #fcj7 0 promptly condemn$ by a ,dut* cl]ical synod1 along ) ,hobbes's ,levia?an1 :i* x greatly surpass$ 9 ! matt] ( criticism ( ! scriptural text4 ,x 0 ! mo/ /r+5t c5sure ( sup]naturalism t _h ?us f> appe>$ 9 any mod]n language2 & its preface is an ev5 m mordant attack on popul> religion & cl]icalism ?an ! ma9 body ( ! "w4 ,:at seems to-day an odd compromise--! res]vation ( supra-rational au?ority = revelation1 alongside ( unqualifi$ claims = ! fre$om ( reason #fca--0 b an adaptation ( ! old s*ola/ic =mula ( tw(old tru?1 & 0 p]haps at ! "t ! possible maximum ( op5 rationalism 9 reg>d to ! curr5t cre$1 s9ce bo? ,bacon & ,locke1 z we h se51 7 fa9 to resort to x4 ,z reveal$ 9 8 lett]s1 ,sp9oza 9 almo/ all ?+s /ood at ! po9t ( view ( ! cultivat$ rationalism ( two c5turies lat]4 ,he believ$ 9 a hi/orical ,jesus1 reject+ ! ,resurrection2 #fcb disbeliev$ 9 gho/s & spirits2 #fcc reject$ miracles2 #fcd & refus$ to ?9k ( ,god z ev] angry2 #fce av[+ t he c\ld n und]/& ! ,scriptures1 & _h be5 able to le>n no?+ f !m z to ,god's attributes4 #fcf ,! ,tractatus c\ld n g s f>2 b x w5t f> en\gh to horrify _m :o c\nt$ !mselves latitud9>ian4 ,x 0 only 9 ,holl& t s aggressive a criticism ( ,*ri/ian fai? & practice c\ld !n appe>2 & ev5 !re nei!r publi%] nor au?or d>$ av[ himself4 ,sp9oza ev5 veto$ a translation into ,dut*1 =esee+ t su* a book w\ld be plac$ "u an int]dict4 #fcg ,x 0 z mu* an appeal = fre$om ( ?\ght 7lib]tas philosoph&i7 z a demon/ration ( rational tru?2 & ,sp9oza dext]\sly po9t$ 7c4 #bj7 to ! social effects ( ! religi\s lib]ty already enjoy$ 9 ,am/]dam z a reason = c>ry+ lib]ty fur!r4 ,!re c be no "q t x p[]fully fur!r$ alike ! dei/ic & ! ,unit>ian movem5ts 9 ,engl& f ! ye> ( its appe>ance2 &1 ?\gh ! ,/ates-,g5]al felt b\nd =mally to prohibit x on ! issue ( ! second edition 9 #afgd1 its effect 9 ,holl& 0 probably z great z else:]e3 at lea/ !re seems to h gone on !re f ?is "t a rapid modification ( ! old or?odoxy4 ,/ill m pr(\nd1 probably1 0 ! effect ( ! po/hum\s ,e?ica 7#afgg71 :i* he _h be5 prev5t$ f publi%+ 9 8 lifetime1 #fch & :i* n only prop\nd$ 9 p>ts an absolute pan!ism 7 a!ism #fci71 b def9itely gr\nd$ e?ics 9 human nature4 ,if m 7 ne$$ to ar\se !ological rage1 x 0 to be f\nd 9 ! repeat$ & insi/5t criticism ( ! moral & m5tal p]v]sity ( ! def5d]s ( ! fai? #fdj--;a position n inde$ q consi/5t ) ! prim>y tea*+ ( ! treatise on ! subject ( ,w1 ( :i* x d5ies ! entity 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,sp9oza 0 "h rev]t+ to ! practical attitude ( ,bacon1 :i*1 "u a p>tial misconception1 he _h repudiat$2 & he did n =mally solve ! contradiction4 ,8 purpose 0 to confute ! ord9>y or?odox dogma t unbelief is wilful s92 & to retort ! *>ge )\t reconcil+ x ) ! !sis 0 to impair ! philosophic argum5t4 #fda ,x 0 n on t score1 h[ev]1 t x 0 res5t$1 b z an unp>donable attack on or?odoxy1 n to be aton$ = by any words ab\t ! _s ( ,*ri/4 #fdb ,! discussion w5t deep & f>4 ,a reply to ! ,tractatus :i* appe>$ 9 #afgd1 by an ,utre*t pr(essor 7!n dead71 is spok5 ( by ,sp9oza ) contempt2 #fdc b abl] discussion foll[$1 ?\gh ! assailants mo/ly fell f\l ( ea* o!r4 ,franz ,cup] or ,kuyp] ( ,am/]dam1 :o 9 #afgf publi%$ an ,arcana ,a!ismi ,revelata1 pr(ess$ly refut+ ,sp9oza's ,tractatus1 0 *>g$ ) writ+ 9 bad fai? & ) be+ on ,sp9oza's side--an accusation :i* he promptly retort$ on o!r critics1 app>5tly ) ju/ice4 #fdd ,! able treatise ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,e4 ,p[ell on ,sp9oza & ,religion is op5 to demur at "o po9t--its reit]at$ dictum t ,sp9oza's "* 0 m>r$ by lack ( moral c\rage 7p4 #dd74 ,?is expression is lat] 9 a measure retreat$ f3 aft] 8 habitual attitude ( timid caution1 we h3 ,sp9oza's timidity1 or1 if y w1 8 peaceable disposition4 ,if ! la/-cit$ concession is to /&1 ! o!r phrases %\ld be )drawn4 ,moral c\rage1 l e o!r human attribute1 is to be e/imat$ comp>atively2 & ! te/-"q "h is3 ,did any o!r writ] 9 ,sp9oza's day v5ture fur!r ?an he8 ,moral c\rage is n id5tical ) ! fanaticism :i* invites de/ruction2 fanaticism supplies a motive :i* disp5ses ) c\rage1 ?\gh x op]ates z c\rage might4 ,b refusal to *all5ge de/ruction gratuit\sly does n imply lack ( c\rage1 ?\gh ( c\rse x may be !reby motiv$4 ,a q brave man1 x has be5 not$1 w quietly %un a gratuit\s risk :]e "o :o is afraid ( be+ afraid may face x4 ,:5 all is said1 ,sp9oza 0 "o ( ! mo/ d>+ writ]s ( 8 day2 & 8 e?ic made x no m a d]eliction ( duty = him to avoid provok+ arre/ & capital puni%m5t ?an x is = ei!r a ,prote/ant or a rationali/ to refra9 f c\rt+ dea? by op5ly defy+ ,ca?olic beliefs be=e a ,ca?olic mob 9 ,spa94 ,x is easy = any ( u to-day to be f> m explicit ?an ,sp9oza 04 ,x is d\btful :e!r any ( u1 if we _h liv$ 9 8 day & 7 capable ( go+ z f> 9 h]esy1 w\ld h run su* risks z he did 9 publi%+ ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus4 ,= ^? :o h liv$ mu* 9 8 society1 x %\ld be difficult to d\bt t1 if all[$1 he w\ld h d>$ dea? on ! night ( ! mob-murd] ( ! ,de ,witts4 ,! =m]ly suppress$ pro( ( 8 v pla9 speak+ on ! subject ( pray]1 & 8 indications ( av]sion to ! practice ( grace be=e meals 7,p[ell1 pp4 #cbc-be7 %[ lack ev5 ( prud5ce on 8 "p4 ,pr(4 ,p[ell is c]ta9ly entitl$ to c5sure ^? rec5t writ]s :o h wilfully kept up a my/ification z to ,sp9oza's religiosity2 b _! lack ( c\rage or c&\r does n ju/ify an imputation ( ! same k9d ^u him4 ,t ,sp9oza 0 no sa9t 7,p[ell1 p4 #dc7 is true 9 ! remote s5se t he 0 n incapable ( ang]4 ,b x w\ld be h>d to f9d a ,*ri/ian :o w\ld comp>e ) him 9 g5]al nobility ( "*4 ,! proposition t he 0 n 9 any s5se religi\s 7id4 ib47 seems op5 to v]bal *all5ge4 #ac4 ,! appe>ance 9 #afgh ( a ,dut* treatise aga9/ all sorts ( a!i/s1 #fde & 9 #afha1 at ,am/]dam1 ( an attack 9 ,fr5* on ,sp9oza's ,scriptural criticism1 #fdf po9ts to a movem5t outside ( ! cl]ical & s*ol>ly class4 ,all along1 inde$1 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,arm9ian or ,remon/rant ,s*ool 9 ,holl& mu/ h be5 fairly lib]al4 #fdg ,already 9 #afhe ,locke's fri5d ,le ,cl]c _h tak5 up ! position ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza & ,simon on ! ,p5tateu* 9 8 ,s5tim5s de quelques ?ologi5s de ,holl&e 7translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ 9 #afij z ,five ,lett]s ,conc]n+ ! ,inspiration ( ! ,holy ,scriptures74 #fdh ,& al?\gh ,le ,cl]c always rema9$ some?+ ( a ,scripturali/1 & refus$ to g ! way ( ,sp9oza1 he _h c\rage en\gh to revive an anci5t h]esy by urg+1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! f\r? ,gospel 7#agja71 t ! ,logos %\ld be r5d]$ ,reason--an idea :i* he probably d]iv$ f ! ,unit>ian ,zwick] )\t realiz+ h[ f> x c\ld take him4 ,8 ultimate recantation1 on ! subject ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 s]v$ only to weak5 8 cr$it ) free?9k]s1 & came too late to arre/ ! intellectual movem5t :i* he _h =w>d$4 ,a rationaliz+ _s _h n[ begun to spread widely 9 ,holl&2 & )9 tw5ty ye>s ( ,sp9oza's dea? !re _h aris5 a ,dut* sect1 l$ by ,pontiaan van ,hattem1 a pa/or at ,philipsl&1 :i* bl5d$ ,sp9ozism ) evangelicalism 9 su* a way z to incur ! ana!ma ( ! ,*ur*4 #fdi ,9 ! "t ( ! ,engli% ,civil ,w> ! fe> ( ! oppon5ts ( ! new multitude ( sects 0 t ,engl& %\ld become ano!r ,am/]dam4 #fej ,?is v multiplicity t5d$ to promote d\bt2 & 9 #agac we f9d ,an?ony ,coll9s #fea po9t+ to ,holl& z a c\ntry :]e fre$om to ?9k has und]m9$ sup]/ition to a rem>kable degree4 ,dur+ 8 /ay1 9 ! previ\s g5]ation1 ,locke _h f\nd a measure ( lib]al !ology1 9 h>mony ) 8 own2 b 9 ^? days d[nright h]esy 0 /ill dang]\s4 ,deurh(f 7d4 #agag71 :o translat$ ,desc>tes & 0 accus$ ( ,sp9ozism1 ?\gh he /rongly attack$ x1 #feb _h at "o "t to fly ,holl&1 ?\gh by 8 writ+s he f\nd$ a pan!i/ic sect kn[n z ,deurhovians2 & ,bal?as> ,bekk]1 a ,c>tesian1 p]secut$ fir/ = ,soc9ianism1 incurr$ s mu* odium by publi%+ 9 #afia a treatise d5y+ ! reality ( wit*craft t he _h to give up 8 (fice z a prea*]4 ,cp4 art4 9 ,biographie ,univ]selle1 & ,mo%eim1 #ag ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #ce1 & notes 9 ,reid's ed4 ,bekk] 0 n ! fir/ to combat demonology on scriptural gr\nds2 ,arnold ,geul9cx1 ( ,leyd51 & ! ,fr5* ,prote/ant refugee ,daillon hav+ less confid5tly put ! view be=e him1 ! latt] 9 8 ,daimonologia1 #afhg 7trans4 9 ,engli%1 #agbc71 & ! =m] 9 8 sy/em ( e?ics4 ,gass5di1 z we saw1 _h notably discr$it$ wit*craft a g5]ation e>li]2 ,reg9ald ,scot _h impugn$ its actuality 9 #aehd2 & ,wi]1 /ill e>li]1 9 #aefc4 ,& ev5 be=e ! ,re=mation ! le>n$ ,k+ ,*ri/ian ,,ii ( ,d5m>k 7depos$ #aebc7 _h veto$ wit*-burn+ 9 8 dom9ions4 7,all51 ,hi/4 de ,danem>k1 ,fr5* tr4 #ahgh1 i1 #bha47 ,z ,scot's ,discov]ie _h be5 translat$ into ,dut* 9 #afji1 ,bekk] probably _h a lead f him4 ,glanvill's ,bl[ at ,mod]n ,sadducism 7#afhh71 reproduc$ 9 ,sadducismus ,triumphatus1 und]takes to answ] "s objections ( ! k9d lat] urg$ by ,bekk]2 & ! discussion 0 practically int]national4 ,bekk]'s treatise1 entitl$ ,de ,betoov]te ,w]eld1 0 translat$ into ,engli%--fir/ 9 #afie1 f ! ,fr5*1 "u ! title ,! ,_w ,bewit*$ 7only #a vol4 publi%$71 & aga9 9 #agjj z ,! ,_w turn$ upside d[n4 ,9 ! ,fr5* translation1 ,le ,monde ,en*ant 7#d tom4 #afid71 x _h a great vogue4 ,a refutation 0 publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 ,an ,hi/orical ,treatise ( ,spirits1 by ,j4 ,beaumont1 9 #agje4 ,x is notewor?y t ,bekk] 0 includ$ z "o ( f\r mod]n sages 7vi] neu] ,welt-,weis57 ) ,desc>tes1 ,hobbes1 & ,sp9oza1 9 a ,g]man folio tractate 7ho/ile7 ( #agjb4 #ad4 ,no great] s]vice 0 r5d]$ 9 t age to ! spread ( rational views ?an t embodi$ 9 ! great ,dictionnaire ,hi/orique et ,critique #fec ( ,pi]re ,bayle 7#afdg-agjf71 :o1 born 9 ,france1 b driv5 out by ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 sp5t ! be/ "p ( 8 life & did 8 ma9 "w at ,rott]dam4 ,p]secut$ !re = 8 free?9k+1 to ! ext5t ( hav+ to give up 8 pr(essor%ip1 he yet produc$ a virtual encyclop$ia = free?9k]s 9 8 incomp>able ,diction>y1 baffl+ ho/ility by ! ,pyrrhonian imp>tiality ) :i* he h&l$ all religi\s que/ions4 ,9 8 y\?1 :5 s5t by 8 ,prote/ant fa!r to /udy at ,t\l\se1 he _h be5 tempor>ily conv]t$1 z 0 ! "y ,gibbon lat]1 to ,ca?olicism2 #fed & ! retrospect ( t exp]i5ce seems 9 ,bayle's case1 z 9 ,gibbon's1 to h be5 a p]man5t motive to practical skepticism4 #fee ,b1 aga91 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 skepticism 0 =tifi$ by abundant k4 ,bayle _h read ev]y?+ & ma/]$ e controv]sy1 & 0 !reby ! bett] able to seem to h no convictions ( 8 own4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ! notable def5ce ( ! "* ( a!i/s dropp$ by him 9 ! fam\s ,p5ses div]ses sur la ,comte 7#afhb71 & 9 ! claircissem5ts 9 :i* he def5d$ x1 x is abundantly evid5t t he 0 an unbeliev]4 ,! only alt]native view is t he 0 /rictly or philosophically a skeptic1 rea*+ no conclusions = himself2 b ?is is exclud$ by ! :ole managem5t ( 8 expositions4 #fef ,x is record$ t x 0 8 vehem5t description ( himself z a ,prote/ant 9 ! full =ce ( ! t]m1 accompani$ ) a quotation f ,lucretius1 t set ! cl]ical diplomati/ ,polignac ^u re-read+ ! ,roman a!i/ & writ+ 8 poem ,anti-,lucretius4 #feg ,bayle's o/5sible ,pyrrhonism 0 simply ! tactic =c$ on him by 8 conditions2 & x 0 ! positive unbeliev]s :o specially delight$ 9 8 volumes4 ,he laid d[n no cosmic doctr9es1 b he illum9at$ all2 & 8 air ( repudiat+ su* views z ,sp9oza's _h ! effect r ( =c+ ,sp9ozi/s to leave neutral gr\nd ?an ( rehabilitat+ or?odoxy4 ,on "o !me he spoke )\t any semblance ( d\bt4 ,above all m5 :o _h yet writt5 he is ! *ampion ( tol]ation4 #feh ,at a "t :5 9 ,engl& ! s*ool ( ,locke /ill held t a!ism mu/ n be tol]at$1 he w\ld accept no su* position1 insi/+ t error z su* is n culpable1 & t1 save 9 ! case ( a sect positively incit+ to viol5ce & disord]1 all puni%m5t ( op9ion is irrational & unju/4 #fei ,on ?is !me1 mov$ by ! memory ( 8 own life ( exile & ! atroci\s p]secution ( ! ,prote/ants ( ,france1 he lo/ 8 normal imp]turbability1 z 9 8 ,lett] to an ,abb 7if x be really 871 entitl$ ,ce que c'e/ que la ,france t\te ca?olique s\s le rgne de ,l\is le ,gr&1 9 :i* a controll$ passion ( accusation makes e s5t5ce bite l an acid1 leav+ a m>k t no dialectic c efface4 ,b x 0 n only f ,ca?olicism t he suff]$1 & n only to ,ca?olics t 8 message 0 address$4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ malignant enemies 0 ! ,prote/ant ,jurieu1 :o x 0 t succe$$ 9 hav+ him depriv$ ( 8 *air ( philosophy & hi/ory at ,rott]dam 7#afic7 on ! score ( ! free?9k+ ( 8 ,p5ses sur la ,comte4 ,?is wrong ca/ a %ad[ ov] 8 life1 r$uc+ him to f9ancial /raits 9 :i* he _h to curtail greatly ! plan ( 8 ,diction>y4 ,fur!r1 x mov$ him to "s inconsi/5t c5sure ( ! political writ+s ( ,fr5* ,prote/ant refugees #ffj--;,jurieu be+ ! reput$ au?or ( a viol5t attack on ! rule ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 "u ! title ,les ,s\pirs de la ,france esclave qui aspire aprs la lib]t 7#afhi74 #ffa ,yet aga91 ! malici\s ,jurieu induc$ ! ,consi/ory ( ,rott]dam to c5sure ! ,diction>y on ! score ( ! tone & t5d5cy ( ! article ,david & ! r5ew$ v9dications ( a!i/s4 ,b no?+ c\ld turn ,bayle f 8 loyalty to reason & tol]ation2 & ! malice ( ! bigots c\ld n deprive him ( 8 lit]>y vogue1 :i* 0 9 ! ratio ( 8 unp>allel$ indu/ry4 ,z a m]e writ] he is admirable3 save 9 po9t ( %e] wit1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he has n a little1 he is to ?is day z readable z ,voltaire4 ,by =ce ( unfail+ lucidity1 wisdom1 & k1 he made ! conque/ ( lit]>y ,europe2 & fifty ye>s aft] 8 dea? we f9d ! ,jesuit ,delam>e 9 8 7anonym\s7 apologetic treatise1 ,la ,foi ju/ifie de t\t repro*e de contradiction avec la raison 7#agfa71 speak+ ( him to ! dei/s z _! !ologian1 _! doctor1 _! oracle4 #ffb ,he 0 inde$ no less2 & 8 s]5e exposure ( ! hi/oric failure ( ,*ri/ianity 0 all ! m deadly z com+ f a ma/] ( !ological hi/ory4 #ae4 ,meantime1 ,sp9oza _h re9=c$ ! critical movem5t 9 ,france1 #ffc :]e decl9e ( belief c be se5 proce$+ aft] z be=e ! def9ite adoption ( pieti/ic c\rses by ! k+1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,abbadie1 writ+ 8 ,trait de la v]it de la religion *rti5ne at ,b]l9 9 #afhd1 speaks ( an inf9ity ( prejudic$ dei/s z aga9/ ! inf9ity ( prejudic$ believ]s #ffd--;evid5tly ?9k+ ( nor!rn ,europeans 9 g5]al2 & he /rives h>d to refute bo? ,hobbes & ,sp9oza on po9ts ( ,biblical criticism4 ,9 ,france he c\ld n turn ! tide4 ,t radical di/ru/ ( religi\s motives & illum9ation :i* c be se5 gr[+ up 9 e c\ntry 9 mod]n ,europe :]e religion l$ to w>1 0 b\nd to be /r5g!n$ by ! spectacle ( ! re=m$ s5suali/ h>ry+ h]esy 9 8 own k+dom 9 ! int]vals ( 8 w>s ) 8 neighb\rs4 ,! cr[n+ folly ( ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes #ffe 7#afhe71 =c+ ! flight f ,france ( "s ?ree hundr$ ?\s& indu/ri\s #fff & educat$ inhabitants = ! (f5ce ( ,prote/antism1 0 z mad a bl[ to religion z to ! ,/ate4 ,less p>alys+ to economic life ?an ! simil> policy ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! ,moriscoes 9 ,spa91 x is no less /rik+ a pro( ( ! p>alysis ( practical judgm5t to :i* unreason+ fai? & sy/ematic ecclesia/icism c lead4 ,or?odoxy 9 ,france 0 z ec/atic 9 its praise ( ! act z _h be5 t ( ,spa9 9 ! case ( ! expulsion ( ! ,moriscoes4 ,! de$ is n to be laid at ! s+le door ( ! k+ or ( any ( 8 advis]s1 male or female3 ! act :i* depriv$ ,france ( a va/ ho/ ( h] s\nde/ citiz5s 0 applaud$ by ne>ly all cultur$ ,ca?olicism4 #ffg ,n m]ely ! bi%ops1 ,bossuet & ,fnelon #ffh & ,masillon1 b ! ,jans5i/ ,arnauld2 n m]ely ! female devotees1 ,mademoiselle de ,scudry & ,madame ,de%\lires1 b ,rac9e1 ,la ,bruyre1 & ! s5ile la ,fonta9e--all extoll$ ! s5seless de$4 ,! n ov]-pi\s ,madame de ,svign 0 delight$ ) ! dragonnades1 decl>+ t no?+ c\ld be f9]3 no k+ has done or w d any?+ m memorable2 ! /ill less my/ical ,bussy1 au?or ( ! ,hi/oire am\reuse des ,gaules1 0 mov$ to pi\s exultation2 & ! dy+ ,*anceli] le ,telli]1 on sign+ ! edict ( revocation1 repeat$ ! leg5d>y cry ( ,simeon1 ,nunc dimitte s]vum tuum1 ,dom9e6 ,to ?is pass _h ! ,ca?olic cre$ & discipl9e br\ght ! m9d ( ,france4 ,only ! m5 ( affairs1 n\ri%$ ^u realities--! ,vaubans1 ,sa9t ,simons1 & ,cat9ats--realiz$ ! insanity ( ! action1 :i* ,colb]t 7d4 #afhc7 w\ld nev] h all[$ to come to bir?4 ,! triumph]s1 d\btless1 did n contemplate ! expatriation ( ! myriads ( ,prote/ants :o escap$ ov] ! fronti]s 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( ! royal police1 c>ry+ ) !m1 z a lat] ,fr5* hi/orian writes1 our arts1 ! secrets ( our manufactures1 & _! hatr$ ( ! k+4 ,! ,ca?olics1 z deep 9 civics z 9 sci5ce1 ?\ght only ( ! humiliation & subjection ( ! h]etics--d\btless feel+ t !y 7 gett+ a rev5ge aga9/ ,prote/antism = ! ,te/ ,act & ! atrocities ( ! ,popi% ,plot mania 9 ,engl&4 ,! bl[ recoil$ on _! c\ntry4 ,)9 a g5]ation1 _! *ildr5 7 endur+ ! agonies ( utt] defeat at ! h&s ( a coalition ( ,prote/ant nations e "o ( :i* _h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! pi\sly exil$ sons ( ,france2 & 9 ! mid/ ( _! mortal /ruggle ! revolt$ ,prote/ants ( ! ,cv5nes s furi\sly assail$ f ! re> t ! dra9 ^u ! k+'s =ces precipitat$ ! loss ( _! hold on ,g]many4 ,= e ,prote/ant :o cross$ ! fronti]s betwe5 #afhe & #agjj1 p]haps1 a ,ca?olic ne>$ or cross$ ! l9e betwe5 indiff]5tism & active d\bt4 ,! /eady advance ( sci5ce all ! :ile infallibly und]m9$ fai?2 & h>dly 0 ! bolt laun*$ aga9/ ! ,prote/ants :5 new sapp+ & m9+ 0 go+ on4 ,font5elle 7#afeg-ageg71 ^: ,conv]sations on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds 7#afhf7 popul>iz$ = ! elegant _w ! new cosmology1 _c b h und]m9$ dogmatic fai? 9 "s directions2 above all by 8 graceful & skilful ,hi/oire des ,oracles 7also #afhf71 :]e ! argum5tation passes beyond ! !sis advanc$4 ,all t he says ( oracles c\ld be said ( miracles4 #ffi ,! ,jesuits f\nd ! book ess5tially impi\s2 & a ,fr5* culture-hi/orian sees 9 x ! fir/ attack :i* directs ! sci5tific _s aga9/ ! f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ! purely philosophic argum5ts ) :i* religion has be5 assail$ are 9 pr9ciple 9 ! "w ( ,font5elle4 #fgj ,9 8 ab/ract ?9k+ he 0 no less radical1 & 8 ,trait de la ,lib]t #fga e/abli%$ s well ! det]m9i/ position t x 0 decisively held by ! majority ( ! ,fr5* free?9k]s :o foll[$4 ,liv+ to 8 hundr$? ye>1 he c\ld jo9 h&s ) ! free?\ght ( ,gass5di & ,voltaire1 #fgb ,desc>tes & ,did]ot4 ,yet we %all f9d him lat]1 9 8 (ficial capacity ( c5sor ( lit]ature1 refus+ to pass h]etical books1 on pr9ciples t w\ld h veto$ 8 own4 ,he is 9 fact a type ( ! free?\ght ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv--,epicurean 9 ! common s5se1 unh]oic1 resolute only to evade p5alties1 guiltless ( ov]-zeal4 ,n 9 t age c\ld m5 g5]ate an en?usiasm = tru?4 #af4 ,( ! new ,epicureans1 ! mo/ fam\s 9 8 day 0 ,sa9t-,evremond1 #fgc :o1 exil$ f ,france = 8 politics1 ma9ta9$ bo? 9 ,london & 9 ,p>is1 by 8 writ+s1 a lead]%ip 9 polite lett]s4 ,9 ,engl& he greatly influ5c$ "y m5 l ,bol+broke2 & a translation 7attribut$ to ,dryd57 ( "o ( 8 writ+s seems to h giv5 ,bi%op ,butl] ! provocation to ! fir/ & weake/ *apt] ( 8 ,analogy4 #fgd ,z to 8 skepticism !re 0 no d\bt 9 8 own day2 & 8 complim5ts to ,*ri/ianity are mu* on a p> ) ^? paid lat] by ! equally con=m+ & unbeliev+ ,%aftesbury1 :om he also anticipat$ 9 8 p]suasive advocacy ( tol]ation4 #fge ,regn>d1 ! dramati/1 _h a simil> private repute z an ,epicurean4 ,& ev5 among ! nom9ally or?odox writ]s ( ! "t 9 ,france a subtle skepticism t\*es ne>ly all op9ion4 ,la ,bruyre is almo/ ! only lay classic ( ! p]iod :o is pron\nc$ly religi\s2 & 8 essay on ! free?9k]s1 #fgf aga9/ :om 8 reason+ is s =cibly feeble1 te/ifies to _! numb]s & to ! /ress ( debate set up by !m4 ,ev5 he1 too1 writes z a dei/ aga9/ a!i/s1 h>dly z a believ+ ,*ri/ian4 ,if he 7 a believ] he c]ta9ly f\nd no com=t 9 8 fai?3 :atev] 7 8 capacity = good feel+1 no great writ] ( 8 age betrays su* bitt]ness ( _s1 su* suff]+ f ! brutalities ( life1 su* utt] disillusionm5t1 su* unfai? 9 m54 ,& a c]ta9 d\bt is ca/ ^u all 8 pr(essions ( op9ion by ! sombre av[al3 ,a man born a ,*ri/ian & a ,fr5*man f9ds himself con/ra9$ #fgg 9 satire3 ! great subjects are =bidd5 him3 he takes !m up at times1 & !n turns aside to little ?+s1 :i* he elevates by 8 444 g5ius & 8 /yle4 #fgh ,m4 ,lanson rem>ks t we mu/ n let ourselves be abus$ by ! la/ *apt] ,des esprits =ts1 a collection ( philosophic reflections & reason+s1 :]e ,la ,bruyre m+les ,plato1 ,desc>tes1 & ,pascal 9 a vague ,*ri/ian spiritualism4 ,?is *apt]1 evid5tly s9c]e1 b )\t individuality1 & conta9+ only ! reflex ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 is n a conclusion to :i* ! :ole "w conducts4 ,x m>ks1 on ! contr>y1 ! lack ( conclusion & ( g5]al views4 ,:at is m1 ) ! *apt] ,on ! ,sov]eign1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! volume1 x is de/9$ to dis>m ! temporal & spiritual p[]s1 to s]ve z passport = ! indep5d5t fre$om ( obs]vation 9 ! re/ ( ! ,c>actres 7p4 #eii74 ,on ?is x may be rem>k$ t ! essay 9 "q is n s mu* ,*ri/ian z !i/ic2 b ! sugge/ion z to ! object is plausible4 ,ta9e 7,essais de critique et d'hi/oire1 ed4 #aija7 fir/ rem>ks 7p4 #aa7 on ! *ri/ianisme ( ! essay1 & !n decides 7p4 #ab7 t he m]ely exposes 9 brief & imp]i\s /yle ! reason+s ( ! s*ool ( ,desc>tes4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is essay ,la ,bruyre does n scruple to write3 ,if all religion is a respectful fe> ( ,god1 :at is to be ?\ght ( ^? :o d>e to w\nd him 9 8 mo/ liv+ image1 :i* is ! sov]eign8 7 #bg 9 ed4 ,walck5a]1 p4 #egh4 ,pascal holds ! same tone4 ,vie1 p> ,madame ,p]i]47 ,?is appe>s fir/ 9 ! f\r? edition2 & _m o!r passages 7 ins]t$ 9 t & lat] issues3 ! :ole is an inh>moni\s mosaic4 ,conc]n+ ,la ,bruyre1 ! tru? w\ld seem to be t ! inconsequ5ces 9 ! /ructure ( 8 essays 7 symptomatic ( v>iability 9 8 moods & op9ions4 ,ta9e & ,lanson are /ruck by ! premonitions ( ! revolution 9 8 fam\s picture ( ! peasants1 & o!r passages2 & ! latt] rem>ks 7p4 #fjc7 t ! po9ts t\*$ by ,la ,bruyre are precisely ^? :]e ! writ]s ( ! next age und]m9$ ! old ord]3 ,la ,bruyre is already philosophe 9 ! s5se :i* ,voltaire & ,did]ot gave to t t]m4 ,b we _c be sure t ! plunges into conv5tion 7 n real sw]v+s ( a vacillat+ _s4 ,x is difficult o!rwise to expla9 8 record$ approbation ( ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,! ,dialogues sur le ,quitisme1 publi%$ po/hum\sly "u 8 "n 7#afii71 appe> to be spuri\s4 ,?is 0 emphatically ass]t$ by contempor>ies 7,s5tim5ts critiques sur les ,c>actres de ,m4 de la ,bruyre1 #agja1 p4 #ddg2 ,apologie de ,m4 de la ,bruyre1 #agja1 p4 #ceg1 bo? cit$ by ,walck5a]7 :o on o!r po9ts 7 9 opposition4 ,b>on ,walck5a] 7tude1 ed4 cit$1 p4 #gf sq47 pron\nces t !y 7 ! "w ( ,ellis du ,p91 a doctor ( ! ,sorbonne1 & gives good reasons = ! attribution4 ,! ,abb d',olivet 9 8 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie franaise decl>es t ,la ,bruyre only draft$ !m1 & t du ,p9 edit$ !m2 b ! int]nal evid5ce is aga9/ _! conta9+ any?+ ( ,la ,bruyre's draught4 ,!y are inde$ s feeble t no admir] c>es to accept !m z 84 7,cp4 note to ,su>d's ,notice sur la p]sonne et les crits de la ,bruyre1 9 ,didot ed4 #ahfe1 p4 #bj47 ,writt5 aga9/ ,madame ,guyon1 !y 7 n wor? 8 :ile4 ,if ! apologetics ( ,huet & ,pascal1 ,bossuet & ,fnelon1 _h any influ5ce on ! rationali/ic _s1 x 0 b 9 ! direction ( mak+ x m circumspect1 nev] ( driv+ x out4 ,x is significant t :]eas 9 ! ye> ( ! issue ( ! ,demon/ratio ! ,du*esse d',orlans c\ld write t e "y man ei!r is or affects to be an a!i/1 ,le ,vassor wrote 9 #afhh3 ,p talk only ( reason1 ( good ta/e1 ( =ce ( m9d1 ( ! advantage ( ^? :o c raise !mselves above ! prejudices ( education & ( ! society 9 :i* "o is born4 ,pyrrhonism is ! fa%ion 9 _m ?+s3 m5 say t rectitude ( m9d consi/s 9 'n believ+ lightly' & 9 be+ 'ready to d\bt4' #fgi ,pascal & ,huet betwe5 !m _h only multipli$ d\bt]s4 ,on bo? l9es1 obvi\sly1 free?\ght 0 ! ga9]2 & 9 a ,jesuit treatise1 ,le ,monde condamn p> luymesme1 publi%$ 9 #afie1 ! ,prface contre l'incrdulit des lib]t9s sets out ) ! av[al t to draw ! condemnation ( ! _w out ( its own m\?1 x is necess>y to attack fir/ ! incr$ulity ( ! unbeliev]s 7lib]t9s71 :o compose ! ma9 "p ( x1 & :o "u "s appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity conceal a m9d ei!r ,judaic read dei/ic or pagan4 ,su* 0 ,france to a religi\s eye at ! height ( ! ,ca?olic triumph ov] ,prote/antism4 ,! /atem5t t ! lib]t9s =m$ ! majority ( ! _w is ( c\rse a furi\s extravagance4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 a good deal ( unbelief to h mov$ a prie/ to su* an explosion4 ,& ! unbelief mu/ h be5 z mu* a product ( revulsion f religi\s savag]y z a result ( direct critical impulse1 = !re 0 z yet no circulation ( positively free?9k+ lit]ature4 ,= a "t1 inde$1 !re 0 a g5]al fall+ away 9 ,fr5* intellectual pre/ige1 #fhj ! result1 n ( ! m]e protective _s 9 lit]ature1 z is sometimes argu$1 b ( ! imm5se div]sion ( national en]gy "u ,l\is ,,xiv to milit>ism2 #fha & ! free?9k]s lo/ "s ( ! confid5ce z well z "s ( ! compet5ce !y _h exhibit$ 9 ! days ( ,molire4 #fhb ,!re _h be5 too little solid ?9k+ done to preclude a reaction :5 ! k+1 l$ by ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 w5t ab\t to atone = 8 debau*]ies by an old age ( piety4 ,! k+ _h be5 put 9 su* fe> ( hell t he believ$ t all :o _h n be5 in/ruct$ by ! ,jesuits 7 damn$4 ,to ru9 anyone x 0 necess>y only to say1 ',he is a ,hugu5ot1 or a ,jans5i/1' & ! ?+ 0 done4 #fhc ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s !re spread 9 ,france ! reviv$ doctr9e or temp] ( ,quietism1 set up by ! ,spani% prie/1 ,miguel de ,mol9os 7#afdj-afig71 ^: ,spiritual ,guide1 publi%$ 9 ,spani% 9 #afge1 appe>$ 9 #afha 9 ,italian at ,rome1 :]e he 0 a highly influ5tial confessor4 ,x 0 soon translat$ into ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,dut*4 ,9 #afhe he 0 cit$ be=e ! ,inquisition2 9 #afhg ! book 0 condemn$ to be burn$1 & he 0 compell$ to retract sixty-eight propositions decl>$ to be h]etical2 :]eaft]1 none!less1 he 0 imprison$ till 8 dea? 9 #afif4 ,9 ,france1 :5ce ! attack on him _h begun1 8 tea*+ made _m conv]ts1 notably ,madame ,guyon1 & may be said to h creat$ a measure ( religi\s revival4 ,b :5 ,fnelon took x up 7#afig71 modify+ ! t]m9ology ( ,mol9os to evade ! (ficial condemnation1 he 0 bitt]ly attack$ by ,bossuet z putt+ =? doctr9e incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity2 ! prelates f\ght = two ye>s2 & f9ally ! ,pope condemn$ ,fnelon's book1 :]eupon he submitt$1 limit+ 8 polemic to attacks on ! ,jans5i/s4 ,?us ! gloomy or?odoxy ( ! c\rt & ! my/icism ( ! new s*ool alike fail$ to affect ! g5]al intellig5ce2 !re 0 no real build+ up ( belief2 & ! =w>d movem5t at l5g? recomm5c$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,briti% ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #a ,x appe>s f our survey t ! dei/ic movem5t1 commonly assign$ to ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h be5 abundantly prep>$ = 9 ! sev5te5?1 :i*1 9 turn1 0 b develop+ ideas curr5t 9 ! sixte5?4 ,:51 9 #afif1 ,john ,tol& publi%$ 8 ,*ri/ianity ,n ,my/]i\s1 ! s5sation x made 0 due n s mu* to any unhe>d-( boldness 9 its ?\ght z to ! simple fact t dei/ic ideas _h ?us f\nd _! way into pr9t4 #fhd ,s f> ! dei/ic position 0 explicitly repres5t$ 9 ,engli% lit]ature only by ! works ( ,h]b]t1 ,hobbes1 & ,bl\nt2 & ( ^! only ! fir/ 7:o wrote 9 ,lat97 & ! ?ird _h put ! case at any l5g?4 ,aga9/ ! dei/s or a!i/s ( ! s*ool ( ,hobbes1 & ! ,scriptural ,unit>ians :o ?\ght ) ,newton & ,locke1 !re /ood array$ ! great mass ( or?odox intol]ance :i* clam\r$ = ! viol5t suppression ( e sort ( infidelity4 ,x 0 ?is feel+1 ( :i* ! army ( ignorant rural cl]gy 7 ! spokesm51 t f\nd v5t 9 ! ,blasphemy ,act ( #afig4 ,! new lit]>y gr[? dat+ f ! "t ( ,tol& is ! evid5ce ( ! ri*ness ( ! rationali/ic soil already creat$4 ,?9k+ m5 crav$ a new atmosph]e4 ,locke's ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity is an unsuccessful compromise3 ,tol&'s book beg9s a new propag&i/ era4 ,tol&'s treatise1 #fhe h]etical z x 01 pr(ess$ to be a def5ce ( ! fai?1 & av[$ly f\nd$ on ,locke's anonym\s ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 its "y au?or be+ on t]ms ( acqua9tance ) ! philosoph]4 #fhf ,he claim$1 9 fact1 to take = grant$ ! ,div9ity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to demon/rate ! v]ity ( div9e revelation aga9/ a!i/s & all enemies ( reveal$ religion1 f :om1 accord+ly1 he expect$ to receive no qu>t]4 ,br\ght up1 z he decl>$1 f my cradle1 9 ! grosse/ sup]/ition & idolatry1 he _h be5 div9ely l$ to make use ( 8 own reason2 & he assur$ 8 ,*ri/ian read]s ( 8 p]fect s9c]ity 9 def5d+ ! true religion4 #fhg ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 8 prim>y positions 7 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ratioc9ative *ampions ( ! cre$1 save 9 respect t he 0 *all5g+ or?odoxy :]e !y 7 reply+ to unbeliev]s4 ,tol&1 h[ev]1 lack$ alike ! timidity & ! prud5ce :i* s safely guid$ ,locke 9 8 latt] ye>s2 & ?\gh 8 argum5t 0 only a logical & outspok5 ext5sion ( ,locke's position1 to ! end ( %[+ t !re 0 no?+ supra-rational 9 ,*ri/ianity ( ,locke's type1 x sep>at$ him f respectable society 9 ,engl& & ,irel& = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,! book 0 pres5t$ by ! ,gr& ,juries ( ,middlesex & ,dubl92 #fhh ! diss5t]s 9 ,dubl9 be+ *iefly active 9 d5\nc+ x--) or )\t k ( its cont5ts2 #fhi half-a-doz5 answ]s appe>$2 & :5 9 #afih ,tol& produc$ ano!r1 entitl$ ,amyntor1 %[+ ! infirm f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian canon1 !re 0 aga9 a spe$y crop ( replies4 ,despite ! ov]sights inevitable to su* pione] "w1 ?is op5s1 f ! side ( free?\ght1 ! era ( docum5t>y criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & 9 "s ( 8 lat] free?9k+ books1 z ! ,naz>5us 7#agah7 & ! ,pan!i/icon 7#agbj71 he cont9ues to %[ himself 9 advance ( 8 "t 9 op5+ new w9d[s = 8 m9d4 #fij ,! latt] "w repres5ts 9 p>ticul> ! influ5ce ( ,sp9oza1 :om he _h =m]ly criticiz$ some:at =cibly #fia = 8 failure to recognize t motion is inh]5t 9 matt]4 ,on t head he lays d[n #fib ! doctr9e t motion is b matt] "u a c]ta9 consid]ation--an ess5tially mat]iali/ position1 d]iv+ f ! pre-,socratic ,greeks1 & incid5tally affirm$ by ,bacon4 #fic ,he 0 n exactly an indu/ri\s /ud5t or writ]2 b he _h s*ol>ly k & in/9ct1 & sev]al ( 8 works %[ close /udy ( ,bayle4 ,z reg>ds 8 m orig9al views on ,*ri/ian orig9s1 he is n impressive to ! mod]n read]2 b !ses :i* to-day /& = little 7 9 _! own day important4 ,?us 9 8 ,hodegus 7pt4 i ( ! ,tetradymus1 #agbj7 x is elaborately argu$ t ! pill> ( fire by night & ( cl\d by day 0 no miracle1 b ! regul> proc$ure ( guides 9 des]ts1 :]e night m>*es are ! rule2 ! cl\d be+ simply ! smoke ( ! vangu>d's fire1 :i* by night fl>$ r$4 ,lat] criticism decides t ! :ole n>rative ( ! ,exodus is my?4 ,tol&'s me?od1 h[ev]1 0 relatively s advanc$ t x _h n be5 ab&on$ by !ological rationali/s a c5tury lat]4 ,( t movem5t he mu/ be rank$ an en]getic pione]3 ?\gh he lack$ some:at ! /r5g? ( "* t 9 8 day 0 peculi>ly ne$$ to su/a9 a free?9k]4 ,mu* ( 8 lat] life 0 sp5t abroad2 & 8 ,lett]s to ,s]5a 7#agjd7 %[ him p]mitt$ to disc\rse to ! ,que5 ( ,prussia on su* topics z ! orig9 & =ce ( prejudice1 ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( immortality1 & ! orig9 ( idolatry4 ,he pays 8 correspond5t ! complim5t ( treat+ 8 topics ) mu* le>n+2 & 8 mann] ( assum+ h] own or?odoxy 9 reg>d to revelation c\ld h s]v$ z a model to ,gibbon4 #fid ,b1 despite su* di/+ui%$ patronage1 8 life 0 l>gely pass$ 9 pov]ty1 *e]fully endur$1 #fie ) only *ronic help f well-to-d sympa?iz]s1 su* z ,%aftesbury1 :o 0 n ov]-sympa!tic4 ,:5 x is not$ t d[n to #agfa !re _h appe>$ no few] ?an fifty-f\r answ]s to 8 fir/ book1 #fif 8 importance z an intellectual influ5ce may be realiz$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( evasion 0 =c$ ^u ,tol& by ! ,blasphemy ,law ( #afig2 inf]5tially1 h[ev]1 he 0 a ?or\gh dei/ until he became pan!i/2 & ! discussion ov] 8 books %[$ t views ess5tially dei/ic 7 held ev5 among 8 antagoni/s4 ,"o1 an ,iri% bi%op1 got into tr\ble by sett+ =? a notion ( deity :i* squ>$ ) t ( ,hobbes4 #fig ,! :ole ( our pres5t subject1 inde$1 is mu* complicat$ by ! di/ribution ( h]etical views among ! nom9ally or?odox1 & ( or?odox views among h]etics4 #fih ,?us ! s*ool ( ,cudwor?1 zeal\s aga9/ a!ism1 0 less truly !i/ic ?an t ( ,bl\nt1 #fii :o1 foll[+ ,hobbes1 po9t$ out t to d5y to ,god a cont9ual p]sonal & provid5tial control ( human affairs 0 to hold to a!ism "u ! "n ( !ism2 #gjj :]eas ,cudwor?1 ! *ampion ( !ism aga9/ ! a!i/s1 entangl$ himself hopelessly #gja 9 a !ory :i* made deity end[ ,nature ) pla/ic p[]s & leave x to its own evolution4 ,! position 0 s]5ely demoli%$ by ,bayle1 #gjb z aga9/ ,le ,cl]c1 :o s\ght to def5d x2 & 9 ,engl& ! cl]ical outcry 0 s g5]al t ,cudwor? gave up au?or%ip4 #gjc ,ov] ! same crux1 9 ,irel&1 ,bi%op ,br[ne & ,bi%op ,b]keley accus$ ea* o!r ( promot+ a!ism2 & ,ar*bi%op ,k+ 0 embroil$ 9 ! dispute4 #gjd ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !i/ic ,desc>tes _h laid d[n a me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se :i* p]fectly comport$ ) a!ism1 & p>tly promot$ t way ( ?9k+2 #gje & a selection f ,gass5di's e?ical writ+s1 translat$ into ,engli% #gjf 7#afii71 wr\ght 9 ! same direction4 ,! ,*ur* itself conta9$ ,c>tesians & ,cudwor?ians1 ,soc9ians & dei/s4 #gjg ,ea* gr\p1 fur!r1 _h inn] diff]5ces z to free-w #gjh & ,provid5ce2 & ! !i/ic s*ools ( ,newton1 ,cl>ke1 & ,leibnitz reject$ ea* o!r's philosophies z well z t ( ,desc>tes4 ,leibnitz compla9$ grimly t ,newton & 8 foll[]s _h a v odd op9ion conc]n+ ! ,"w ( ,god1 mak+ ! univ]se an imp]fect ma*9e1 :i* ! deity _h frequ5tly to m5d2 & treat+ space z an organ by :i* ,god p]ceives ?+s1 :i* are ?us reg>d$ z n produc$ or ma9ta9$ by him4 #gji ,newton's pr9ciples ( explanation1 he insi/$1 7 ^? ( ! mat]iali/s4 #gaj ,john ,hut*9son1 a pr(essor at ,cambridge1 9 8 ,treatise ( ,p[]1 ,ess5tial & ,me*anical1 also bitt]ly assail$ ,newton z a dei/ical & anti-scriptural sophi/4 #gaa ,cl>ke1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>$ t ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz 0 t5d+ to bani% ,god f ! _w4 #gab ,alongside ( su* int]nec9e /rife1 x 0 n surpris+ t ! great a/ronom] ,halley1 :o accept$ ,newton's pr9ciples 9 physics1 0 commonly reput$ an a!i/2 & t ! free?9k]s pitt$ 8 "n 9 t connection aga9/ ,newton's4 #gac ,z x 0 he :o fir/ sugge/$ #gad ! idea ( ! total motion ( ! entire sol> sy/em 9 space--describ$ by a mod]n pieti/ z ?is great cosmical tru?1 ! gr&e/ 9 a/ronomy #gae--!y 7 n ill ju/ifi$4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t if intellectual ,engl& c\ld h be5 poll$ 9 #agaj1 "u no re/ra9ts f economic1 social1 & legal pressure1 "s =m ( rationalism inconsi/5t ) ,*ri/ianity w\ld h be5 f\nd to be ne>ly z common z or?odoxy4 ,9 outly+ prov9ces1 9 ,devon & ,cornwall1 9 ,ul/]1 9 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 z well z 9 ! metropolis1 ! pressure ( deism on ! popul> cre$ evok$ expressions ( ,arian & ,soc9ian ?\ght among ! cl]gy4 #gaf ,x 01 9 fact1 ! v>i\s re/ra9ts "u notice t det]m9$ ! outw>d =tunes ( belief & unbelief1 & h sub/antially det]m9$ !m s9ce4 ,:5 ! dev\t ,:i/on 0 depos$ f 8 pr(essor%ip = 8 ,arianism1 & ! unbeliev+ ,saund]son 0 put 9 8 place1 #gag & :5 ,simson 0 susp5d$ f 8 m9i/]ial functions 9 ,glasg[1 #gah ! lesson 0 le>n$ t outw>d con=mity 0 ! suffici5t way to income4 #gai ,h>d z x 01 h[ev]1 to kick aga9/ ! pricks ( law & prejudice1 x is cle> t _m 9 ! upp] & middle classes privately did s4 ,! cl]ical & ! new popul> lit]ature ( ! "t prove ?is abundantly4 ,9 ! ,tatl] & its successors1 #gbj ! decor\s ,addison & ! indecor\s ,/eele1 nei!r ( !m a compet5t ?9k]1 frigidly or furi\sly asp]se ! new tribe ( free?9k]s2 :ile ! evangelically pi\s ,b]keley & ! extremely unevangelical ,swift rival ea* o!r 9 ! malice ( _! attacks on ^? :o reject$ _! cre$4 ,b]keley1 a man ( philosophic g5ius b int5se prepossessions1 ma9ta9$ ,*ri/ianity on gr\nds :i* are ! negation ( philosophy4 #gba ,swift1 ! g5ius ( neurotic misan?ropy1 :o1 9 ! words ( ,macaulay1 ?\gh he _h no religion1 _h a great deal ( pr(essional _s1 #gbb f\ght v5om\sly = ! cre$ ( salvation4 ,& /ill ! dei/s multipli$4 ,9 ! ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury #gbc !y _h a satiri/ ) a f9] & ke5] weapon ?an 0 wield$ by ei!r ,/eele or ,addison1 & a mu* bett] temp] ?an 0 own$ by ,swift or ,b]keley4 ,he did n v5ture to p>ade 8 unbelief3 to d s 0 positively dang]\s2 b 8 ?ru/s at fai? left little d\bt z to 8 !ory4 ,he 0 at once dealt ) by ! or?odox z an enemy1 & z promptly adopt$ by ! dei/s z a *ampion1 important no less = 8 ability ?an = 8 rank4 ,nor1 inde$1 is he lack+ 9 boldness 9 comp>ison ) contempor>y writ]s4 ,! anonym\s pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,sup]/ition1 by ! dei/ ,john ,tr5*>d1 ,m4,p4 7#agji71 does n v5ture on ov]t h]esy4 ,b ,%aftesbury's ,lett] ,conc]n+ ,en?usiasm 7#agjh71 8 ,essay on ! ,fre$om ( ,wit & ,hum\r 7#agji71 & 8 treatise ,! ,morali/s 7#agji71 _h ne$ be anonym\s because ( _! ess5tial ho/ility to ! reign+ religi\s e?ic4 ,su* polemic m>ks a new /age 9 rationali/ic propag&a4 ,swift1 writ+ 9 #agji1 angrily proposes to prev5t ! publi%+ ( su* p]nici\s works z "u pret5ce ( free?9k+ endeav\r to ov]?r[ ^? t5ets 9 religion :i* h be5 held inviolable 9 almo/ all ages4 #gbd ,b 8 fur!r prote/ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ev5 ! tru? ( all revelation1 are daily explod$ & d5i$ 9 books op5ly pr9t$1 po9ts ma9ly to ! ,unit>ian propag&a4 ,among free?9k]s he names1 9 8 ,argum5t ,aga9/ ,aboli%+ ,*ri/ianity 7#agjh71 ,asgill1 ,c[>d1 ,tol&1 & ,t9dal4 ,b ! fir/ 0 an ultra-,*ri/ian2 ! second 0 a ,*ri/ian uphold] ( ! !sis t _s is n immat]ial2 & ! la/1 at t date1 _h publi%$ only 8 ,f\r ,disc\rses 7collect$ 9 #agji7 & 8 ,rights ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* are anti-cl]ical1 b n anti-,*ri/ian4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,dodwell1 :o ab\t #afgc publi%$ ,two ,lett]s ( ,advice1 ,i1 ,= ! ,susception ( ,holy ,ord]s2 ,,ii1 ,= ,/udies ,!ological1 especially su* z are ,rational1 & 9 #agjf an ,epi/ol>y ,disc\rse ,conc]n+ ! ,s\l's ,natural ,mortality1 ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( conditional immortality1 #gbe :i* he made dep5d5t on baptism 9 ! apo/olical succession1 0 a dev\t ,*ri/ian2 & no writ] ( t date w5t fur!r4 ,dodwell is 9 fact blam$ by ,bi%op ,burnet = /irr+ up fanaticism aga9/ lay-baptism among diss5t]s4 #gbf ,x w\ld appe> t ,swift spoke ma9ly f he>say1 & on ! /r5g? ( ! conv]sational free?9k+ s common 9 society4 #gbg ,b ! anonym\s essays ( ,%aftesbury :i* 7 issu$ 9 #agji might be ! imm$iate provocation ( 8 outbreak4 #gbh ,an (ficial picture ( ! situation is =mally drawn 9 ,a ,repres5tation ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,religion1 ) reg>d to ! late excessive gr[? ( infidelity1 h]esy1 & pr(an5ess1 drawn up by ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,convocation ( ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury 9 #agaa4 #gbi ,?is sets =?1 z a result ( ! disord]s ( ! ,rebellion1 a gr[? ( all mann] ( unbelief & pr(anity1 includ+ d5ial ( inspiration & ! au?ority ( ! canon2 ! lik5+ ( ,*ri/ian miracles to hea!n fables2 ! treat+ ( all religi\s my/]ies z absurd speculations2 ,arianism & ,soc9ianism & sc(f+ at ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity2 d5ial ( natural immortality2 ,era/ianism2 mock]y ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]2 decry+ ( all prie/s z impo/ors2 ! collect+ & repr9t+ ( infidel works2 & publication ( mock cate*isms4 ,x is expla9$ t all su* pr9t+ has greatly increas$ s9ce ! expiration ( ! ,act = re/ra9+ ! press2 & m5tion is made ( an ,arian "w j publi%$ to :i* ! au?or has put 8 "n1 & :i* he has d$icat$ to ! ,convocation itself4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ volume ( ,:i/on's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity ,reviv$1 ! "w ( a dev\t ecc5tric1 :o _h j be=e be5 depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ,cambridge = 8 orally av[$ h]esy4 ,:i/on1 ^: cause 0 *ampion$1 & ^: cl]ical oppon5ts 7 lampoon$1 9 an indecor\s b vigor\s sket*1 ,! ,tryal ( ,william ,:i/on1 ,cl]k1 = defam+ & d5y+ ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 be=e ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,reason 7#agab2 #crd ed4 #agdj71 always rema9$ p]fectly dev\t 9 8 ,arian or?odoxy2 b 8 & 8 fri5ds' argum5ts 7 r bett] fitt$ to make dei/s ?an to p]suade ,*ri/ians2 & ,convocation's appeal = a new ,act re/ra9+ ! pres5t excessive & sc&al\s lib]ty ( pr9t+ wick$ books at home1 & import+ ! l f abroad 0 n respond$ to4 ,!re 0 no love lo/ betwe5 ,bol+broke & ,%aftesbury2 b ! gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! =m]1 a kn[n dei/1 0 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 c\ld h>dly und]take to suppress ! works ( ! latt]4 #b ,deism _h be5 ?us made 9 a mann] fa%ionable #gcj :51 9 #agac1 ,an?ony ,coll9s 7#afgf-agbi7 began a new developm5t by 8 ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+4 ,he _h previ\sly publi%$ a notably free?9k+ ,essay ,conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,reason 7#agjg71 albeit )\t specific impea*m5t ( ! reign+ cre$2 c>ri$ on a discussion ) ,cl>ke on ! "q ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l2 & issu$ treatises entitl$ ,prie/craft 9 ,p]fection 7#agji1 deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles7 #gca & ,a ,v9dication ( ! ,div9e ,attributes 7#agaj71 expos+ ! ,hobbesian !ism ( ,ar*bi%op ,k+ on l9es foll[$ tw5ty ye>s lat] by ,b]keley 9 8 ,m9ute ,philosoph]4 ,b none ( ^! works ar\s$ su* a tumult z ! ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+1 :i* may be said to sum up & unify ! drift n only ( previ\s ,engli% free?9k+1 b ( ! great contribution ( ,bayle1 ^: le>n+ & temp] influ5ce all ,engli% deism f ,%aftesbury onw>ds4 #gcb ,coll9s's book1 h[ev]1 0 unique 9 its outspok5ness4 ,to ! read] ( to-day1 inde$1 x is no v aggressive p]=mance3 ! writ] 0 a man ( imp]turbable am5ity & g5u9e k9dl9ess ( nature2 & 8 /yle is ! complete/ possible contra/ to t ( ! furi\s replies x elicit$4 ,x 0 to ,coll9s t ,locke wrote1 9 #agjc3 ,believe x1 my good fri5d1 to love tru? = tru?'s sake is ! pr9cipal "p ( human p]fection 9 ?is _w1 & ! se$-plot ( all o!r virtues2 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 y h z mu* ( x z ,i ev] met ) 9 anybody4 #gcc ,! ,disc\rse does no discr$it to ?is uncommon encomium1 be+ a lum9\s & le>n$ plea = ! conditions "u :i* alone tru? c be prosp]\sly /udi$1 & ! habits ( m9d :i* alone c atta9 x4 ,( ! _m replies1 ! mo/ notori\s is t ( ,b5tley writ+ z ,phileleu!rus ,lipsi5sis1 a p]=mance :i*1 on ! /r5g? ( its au?or's reputation = s*ol>%ip1 has be5 uncritically applaud$ by n a few critics1 ( :om "s ( ! mo/ em95t d n appe> to h read ,coll9s's treatise4 #gcd ,b5tley's is 9 reality pre-em95t only = insol5ce & bad fai?1 ! latt] complicat$ by lapses ( s*ol>%ip h>dly cr$ible on its au?or's "p4 ,see ! details 9 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 *4 vii4 ,i am compell$ to call att5tion to ! uncritical v]dict giv5 on ?is matt] by ! late ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 :o ass]ts 7,engli% ,?\ght1 i1 #bjf7 t ,b5tley convicts ,coll9s ( unwor?y %uffl+ 9 respect ( 8 claim t free?9k+ _h bani%$ ! devil4 ,b5tley affirm$ t ?is _h be5 ! "w1 n ( ! free?9k]s1 b ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,boyles & ! ,newtons2 & ,sir ,leslie comm5ts t no?+ c\ld be m true4 ,no?+ c\ld be m untrue4 ,z we h se5 7above p4 #hb71 ,boyle 0 a conv9c$ believ] 9 demonology2 & ,newton did absolutely no?+ to disp]se x4 ,glanvill1 a ,royal ,society man1 _h be5 a vehem5t support] ( ! belief 9 wit*craft2 & ! ,society z su* nev] m$dl$ ) ! matt]4 ,z to ,coll9s's claim = ! virtue ( free?9k+1 ,sir ,leslie /rangely misses ! po9t t ,coll9s meant by ! ^w n unbelief1 b free inquiry4 ,he c\ld n h meant to say t ,holl& 0 full ( dei/s4 ,9 ,coll9s's s5se ( ! ^w1 ! ,royal ,society's "w 9 g5]al 0 free?9k+ "w4 ,"o mi/ranslation :i* appe>s to h be5 a pr9t]'s error1 & "o mis-spell+ ( a ,greek "n1 are ! only heads on :i* ,b5tley confutes 8 au?or4 ,he _h1 9 fact1 nei!r ! k9d ( k nor ! c&\r t c\ld fit him to h&le ! problems rais$4 ,x 0 ,b5tley's cue to repres5t ,coll9s z an a!i/1 ?\gh he 0 a v pron\nc$ dei/2 #gce & 9 ! fir/ upro> ,coll9s ?\ght x well to fly to ,holl& to avoid arre/4 #gcf ,b deism 0 too g5]al to p]mit ( su* a repres5tative be+ exil$2 & he return$ to /udy quietly1 leav+ ,b5tley's vitup]ation & prev>ication unansw]$1 ) ! o!r attacks made ^u him4 ,9 #agae he publi%$ 8 brief b ma/]ly ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,lib]ty--anonym\s1 l all 8 works--:i* rema9s unsurpass$ z a /atem5t ( ! case = ,det]m9ism4 #gcg ,! welcome giv5 to ,b5tley's attack ^u ,coll9s by ! or?odox 0 w>m 9 proportion to _! s5se ( ! g5]al inadequacy ( ! apologetics on _! side4 ,amid ! common sw>m ( voluble futilities put =? by ,*ur*m51 ! /rid5t vehem5ce z well z ! erudite repute ( ! old s*ol> 7 fitt$ at lea/ to attract ! att5tion ( lay read]s 9 g5]al4 ,mo/ ( ! contempor>y v9dications ( ! fai?1 h[ev]1 7 fitt$ only to move intellig5t m5 to new d\bt or m]e contempt4 ,a sample ( ! curr5t def5ce aga9/ deism is ! treatise ( ,joseph ,smi? on ,! ,unreasonabl5ess ( ,deism1 or1 ! ,c]ta9ty ( a ,div9e ,revelation1 etc4 #agbj1 :]e dei/s 9 g5]al are call$ ! ,wick$ & ,unhappy m5 we h to deal )3 #gch & ! argum5tation consi/s 9 alleg+ t a good ,god mu/ reveal himself1 & t if ! miracle /ories ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 false ! ,jews w\ld h expos$ & disc>d$ !m4 ,aga9/ su* nugatory traditionalism1 ! criticism ( ,coll9s %one ) ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,n till #agbc did he publi% 8 next "w1 ,a ,disc\rse ( ! ,gr\nds & ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 a weighty attack on ! argum5t f prophecy1 to :i* ! replies numb]$ ?irty-five2 on :i* foll[$ 9 #agbg 8 ,s*eme ( ,lit]al ,prophecy ,consid]$1 a reply to criticisms4 ,! =m] "w 0 pron\nc$ by ,w>burton "o ( ! mo/ plausible ev] writt5 aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 & he might well say s4 ,x fac$ ! argum5t f prophecy n m]ely ) ! skepticism ( ! ord9>y dei/1 b ) t weapon ( critical analysis ( :i* ! use _h be5 briefly %[n by ,hobbes & ,sp9oza4 ,app>5tly = ! fir/ "t1 he po9t$ out t ! virg9 prophecy 9 ,isaiah _h a pla9 ref]5ce to contempor>y & n to future ev5ts2 he %[$ t ! out ( ,egypt prophecy ref]r$ to ! ,hebrew pa/2 & he reviv$ ! anci5t demon/ration ( ,porphyry t ! ,book ( ,daniel is ,maccabean4 ,! g5]al dilemma put by ,coll9s--t ei!r ! prophecies mu/ be r$uc$1 textually & o!rwise1 to non-prophetic utt]ances1 or ,*ri/ianity mu/ give up prophetic claims--has nev] s9ce be5 solv$4 ,! dei/ic movem5t 0 n[ 9 full flood1 ! acute ,m&eville #gci hav+ issu$ 9 #agbj 8 ,free ,?\ghts on ,religion1 & 9 #agbc a fre%ly-exp&$ edition ( 8 v anti-evangelical ,fable ( ! ,bees2 :ile an ecc5tric ex-cl]gyman1 ,?omas ,wool/on1 :o _h already lo/ 8 fell[%ip ( ,sidney-,sussex ,college1 ,cambridge1 = vag>ies ( doctr9e & action1 contribut$ 9 #agbf-bh 8 fre%ly reason$ b he$lessly ribald ,disc\rses on ,miracles4 ,voltaire1 :o 0 9 ,engl& 9 #agbh1 tells t ?irty ?\s& copies 7 sold2 #gdj :ile sixty pamphlets 7 writt5 9 opposition4 ,wool/on's 7 inde$ well fitt$ to ar\se wra? & rejo9d]4 ,! dialectic aga9/ ! argum5t f miracles 9 g5]al1 & ! irrelevance or nullity ( c]ta9 miracles 9 p>ticul>1 is really cog5t1 & anticipates at po9ts ! ?\ght ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ,wool/on 0 ( ! tribe :o c argue no issue )\t je/+1 & :o /amp levity on e cause by =ce ( innate :imsicality4 ,?us he c\ld be/ sway ! light-he>t$ :5 8 cause call$ = ! w9n+-ov] ( ! e>ne/4 ,argum5ts t might h be5 made conv9c+ 7 made to pass z bant]1 & s]i\s spirits 7 repell$4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is debate t ,cony]s ,middleton1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 produc$ 8 ,lett] f ,rome 7#agbi71 :]e9 ! "p ( paganism 9 ,*ri/ianity is s set =? z to c>ry inf]5ce fur!r ?an ! argum5t o/5sibly goes4 ,9 t ye> ! heads ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity publicly lam5t$ ! spread ( op5 deism among ! /ud5ts2 & ! proclamation did no?+ to *eck ! contagion4 ,9 ,fogg's ,weekly ,j\rnal ( ,july #d1 #agcj1 x is ann\nc$ t "o ( ! pr9cipal colleges 9 ,ox=d has ( late be5 infe/$ ) dei/s2 & t ?ree dei/ical /ud5ts h be5 expell$2 & a f\r? has _h 8 degree def]r$ two ye>s1 dur+ :i* he is to be closely conf9$ 9 college2 &1 among o!r ?+s1 is to translate ,leslie's ,%ort & ,easy ,me?od ) ! ,dei/s4 #gda ,x is n h>d to div9e ! effect ( su* exegetic me?ods4 ,9 #agca1 ! au?or ( an apologetic pamphlet 9 reply to ,wool/on lam5ts t ev5 at ! univ]sities "y m5 too (t5 become ta9t$ ) infidelity2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 direct+ 8 batt]y aga9/ ^? :o causelessly pr(ess to build _! skeptical notions on ! writ+s ( ,locke1 he compla9s ( ,dr4 ,holdswor? & o!r academic polemi/s :o _h s\ght to rob or?odoxy ( ! cr$it ( su* a *ampion z ,locke by consign+ him ov] to t class ( free?9k]s & skeptics to :i* he 0 an adv]s>y4 #gdb ,) ! mo/ fam\s "w ( ,mat!w ,t9dal1 #gdc ,*ri/ianity z ,old z ,creation 7#agcj71 ! excitem5t seems to h rea*$ high-wat] m>k4 ,"h 0 vivacity )\t flippancy1 & argum5t )\t irrelevant mir?2 & ! "w elicit$ f fir/ to la/ ov] a hundr$ & fifty replies1 at home & abroad4 ,t9dal's !sis is t ! idea ( a good ,god involv$ t ( a simple1 p]fect1 & univ]sal religion1 :i* mu/ always h exi/$ among mank9d1 & mu/ h ess5tially consi/$ 9 moral conduct4 ,*ri/ianity1 ins(> z x is true1 mu/ !re=e be a /atem5t ( ?is primordial religion2 & moral reason mu/ be ! te/1 n tradition or ,scripture4 ,"o ( ! fir/ replies 0 ! ,v9dication ( ,scripture by ,wat]l&1 to :i* ,middleton promptly (f]$ a bit+ retort 9 a ,lett] to ,dr4 ,wat]l& 7#agca7 t s]ves to %[ ! slightness ( its au?or's fai?4 ,aft] demoli%+ ,wat]l&'s case z calculat$ r to ar\se ?an to allay skepticism1 he und]takes to (f] a bett] reply ( 8 own4 ,x is to ! simple effect t "s religion is necess>y to mank9d 9 mod]n z 9 anci5t times2 t ,*ri/ianity meets ! ne$ v well2 & t to set up reason 9 its place is impracticable & ! attempt !re=e fooli% & irrational1 9 addition to be+ crim9al & immoral1 :5 politically consid]$4 #gdd ,su* legali/ criticism1 if s]i\sly meant1 0 h>dly likely to discr$it ,t9dal's book4 ,its directness & simplicity ( appeal to :at pass$ = !i/ic common-s5se 7 inde$ fitt$ to give x ! wide/ audi5ce yet won by any dei/2 & its anti-cl]icalism w\ld c>ry x f> among 8 fell[ ,:igs to beg9 )4 #gde ,"o tract ( ! p]iod1 d$icat$ to ! ,que5 ,reg5t1 compla9s t ! pres5t rag+ infidelity ?reat5s an univ]sal infection1 & t x is n conf9$ to ! capital1 b is dissem9at$ ev5 to ! conf9es ( y\r k+dom4 #gdf ,t9dal1 l ,coll9s1 wrote anonym\sly1 & s escap$ prosecution1 dy+ 9 #agcc1 :5 ! second "p ( 8 book1 left ready = publication1 0 delib]ately de/roy$ by ,bi%op ,gibson1 into ^: h&s x came4 ,9 #agcf he & ,%aftesbury are describ$ by an or?odox apologi/ z ! two oracles ( deism4 #gdg ,wool/on1 :o put 8 "n to 8 books1 aft] be+ arre/$ 9 ,may1 #agbh1 & releas$ on bail1 0 prosecut$ 9 #agbi on ! *>ge ( blasphemy1 9 t he _h d]id$ ! gospel miracles & repres5t$ ,jesus alt]nately z an impo/or1 a sorc]]1 & a magician4 ,8 fri5dly c\nsel +5i\sly argu$ t ,wool/on _h aim$ at safegu>d+ ,*ri/ianity by return+ to ! allegorical me?od ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs2 & t he _h %[n 8 rev]5ce = ,jesus & religion by _m specific expressions2 b ! jury took a simpl] view1 &1 )\t leav+ ! c\rt1 f\nd ,wool/on guilty4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to pay a f9e ( #ajj1 to suff] a ye>'s imprisonm5t1 & ei!r to f9d surety = 8 future good conduct or pay or give sureties = #b1jjj4 #gdh ,he is commonly said to h paid ! p5alty ( imprisonm5t = ! re/ ( 8 life 7d4 #agcc71 be+ unable to pay ! f9e ( #ajj2 b ,voltaire positively ass]ts t no?+ is m false ?an ! /atem5t t he di$ 9 prison2 add+3 ,sev]al ( my fri5ds h se5 him 9 8 h\se3 he di$ !re1 at lib]ty4 #gdi ,! solution ( ! conflict seems to be t he liv$ 9 8 own h\se 9 ! rules ( ! ,k+'s ,b5* ,prison--t is1 9 ! prec9cts1 & "u te*nical sup]vision4 #gej ,9 any case1 he 0 s5t5c$2 & ! puni%m5t 0 ! measure ( ! ang] felt at ! cont9u\s advance ( dei/ic op9ions1 or at lea/ aga9/ ho/ile criticism ( ! ,scriptures4 #c ,unit>ianism1 =m]ly a hat$ h]esy1 0 n[ 9 comp>ison l5i5tly treat$1 because ( its def]5ce to ,scriptural au?ority4 ,:]e ! dei/s reject$ all revelation1 ,unit>ianism held by ! ,bible1 call+ only = a revision ( ! c5tral ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,x _h inde$ ga9$ mu* !ological gr\nd 9 ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,no?+ is m in/ructive 9 ! culture-hi/ory ( ! p]iod ?an ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,presbyt]ian succession ( cl]gy pass$ f viol5t ,calv9ism1 by way ( ,baxt]ian ,arm9ianism1 to ,arianism1 & !nce 9 _m cases to ,unit>ianism4 ,fir/ !y virtually adopt$ ! cre$ ( ! dete/$ ,laud1 :om _! fa!rs _h hat$ = x2 !n !y pass$ /ep by /ep to a h]esy = :i* _! fa!rs _h sla9 m54 ,a closely simil> process took place 9 ,g5eva1 :]e ,s]vetus aft] dea? triumph$ ov] 8 slay]4 #gea ,9 #afia1 aft] a g5]ation ( common suff]+1 a prec>i\s union 0 effect$ betwe5 ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1 n[ mo/ly semi-,arm9ians1 & ! ,indep5d5ts1 /ill mo/ly ,calv9i/s3 b 9 #afid x 0 dissolv$4 #geb ,!reaft] ! =m] body1 l>gely end[$ by ! w ( ,lady ,hewley 9 #agaj1 became z reg>ds its ,tru/ ,de$s ! free/ ( all ! ,engli% sects 9 matt]s ( doctr9e4 #gec ,! recognition ( pa/ *anges _h made _! cl]gy *>y ( a rigid subscription4 ,naturally ! movem5t did n ga9 9 popul>ity z x fell away f fanaticism2 b ! decl9e ( ,noncon=mity 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 common to all ! sects1 & did n specially affect ! ,presbyt]ians4 ,( ! _m free *ur*es e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales aft] ! ,act ( ,tol]ation 7#afhi71 ab\t half 7 ext9ct 9 #agae2 #ged & ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*es ! numb] 9 ,york%ire alone fell f fifty-n9e 9 #agae to a little ov] =ty 9 #agcj4 #gee ,economic causes 7 probably ! ma9 ones4 ,! ,/ate-end[$ p>i% prie/ _h an endur+ advantage ov] 8 rival4 ,b ! ,hewley end[m5t gave a c]ta9 economic basis to ! ,presbyt]ians2 & ! conc]n = s*ol>%ip :i* _h always m>k$ _! body kept !m m op5 to intellectual influ5ces ?an ! o/5sibly m free-m9d$ & c]ta9ly m democratic sect>ies ( ! ,indep5d5t & ,bapti/ bodies4 #gef ,! result 0 t1 ) free ,tru/ ,de$s1 ! ,presbyt]ians op5ly exhibit$ a t5d5cy :i* 0 lat5t 9 all ! o!r *ur*es4 ,9 #agai1 at a special assembly ( ,presbyt]ian m9i/]s at ,salt]s' ,hall1 x 0 decid$ by a majority ( #gc to #fi t subscription to ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity %\ld no long] be dem&$ ( c&idates = ! m9i/ry4 #geg ,( ! #gc1 ! majority pr(ess$ to be !mselves or?odox2 b !re 0 no "q t antitr9it>ian op9ions _h become common1 especially 9 ,devon%ire1 :]e ! h]esy case ( ,mr4 ,peirce ( ,exet] _h br\ght ! matt] to a crisis4 #geh ,f ?is date ,arian op9ions spread m rapidly 9 ! dw9dl+ d5om9ation1 %ad+ yet fur!r into ,unit>ianism1 /ep = /ep ) ! dei/ic movem5t 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 less ?an half a c5tury ! doctr9es ( ! great f\nd]s ( ,presbyt]ianism c\ld sc>cely be he>d f any ,presbyt]ian pulpit 9 ,engl&4 #gei ,9 ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ian m9i/ry ! process 0 f ,arian op9ions to ^? call$ ,unit>ian 444 by a gradual slid+1 ev5 z ! transition _h be5 made f ,calv9ism to ,arm9ianism 9 ! previ\s c5tury4 #gfj ,presbyt]ianism hav+ ?us come pretty mu* into l9e ) ,anglicanism on ! old "q ( pr$e/9ation1 :ile /ill hold+ fa/ by ,scriptural /&>ds z aga9/ ! dei/s1 ! old /ress ( ,anglican dislike _h slack5$1 despite ! rise ( ! new h]etical elem5t4 ,unit>ian argum5ts 7 n[ =?com+ f qu>t]s n associat$ ) diss5t1 z 9 ! case ( ,?omas ,*ubb's fir/ treatise1 ,! ,supremacy ( ! ,fa!r ,ass]t$ 7#agae71 c\rte\sly d$icat$ ,to ! ,rev]5d ! ,cl]gy1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! ,"r ,rev]5d ,gilb]t ,"l ,bi%op ( ,s>um1 our vigilant & labori\s ,diocesan4 ,*ubb 7#afgi-agdg7 _h be5 tra9$ to glove-mak+1 &1 z 8 oppon5ts took c>e to record1 act$ also z a tall[-*&l]2 #gfa & ! good lit]>y quality ( 8 "w made "s s5sation 9 an ,engl& :i* _h n le>n$ to ?9k respectfully ( ,bunyan4 ,*ubb's impulse to write _h come f ! p]usal ( ,:i/on's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity ,reviv$1 9 #agaa1 & t s+le-m9d$ ,arian publi%$ 8 book = him4 ,! ,unit>ians w\ld naturally repudiate all connection ) su* a p]=mance z ,a ,sob] ,reply to ,mr4 ,higgs's ,m]ry ,argum5ts f ! ,light ( ,nature = ! ,tri!i/ic ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* 0 condemn$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ,febru>y #ab1 #agbj1 to be burnt1 z hav+ 9 a d>+1 impi\s mann]1 ridicul$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity & all reveal$ religion4 ,its au?or1 ,joseph ,hall1 a s]jeant-at-arms to ! ,k+1 seems to h und]gone no puni%m5t1 & m decor\s antitr9it>ians receiv$ public c\nt5ance4 ,?us ! ,unit>ian ,edw>d ,elwall1 #gfb :o _h publi%$ a book call$ ,a ,true ,te/imony = ,god & 8 ,sacr$ ,law 7#agbd71 = :i* he 0 prosecut$ at ,/af=d 9 #agbf1 0 all[$ by ! judge to argue 8 cause fully1 & 0 unconditionally acquitt$1 to ! displeasure ( ! cl]gy4 #d ,anti-scriptural writ]s c\ld n hope = su* tol]ation1 be+ d\bly odi\s to ! ,*ur*4 ,b]keley1 9 #agba1 _h compla9$ bitt]ly #gfc ( ! g5]al indiff]5ce to religion1 :i* 8 writ+s _h done no?+ to alt]2 & 9 #agcf he angrily dem&$ t blasphemy %\ld be puni%$ l high treason4 #gfd ,8 ,m9ute ,philosoph] 7#agcb7 betrays ?r\gh\t 8 angry consci\sness ( ! vogue ( free?9k+ aft] tw5ty ye>s ( resi/ance f 8 pr(ession2 & t p]=mance is s+ul>ly ill fitt$ to alt] ! op9ions ( unbeliev]s4 ,9 8 e>li] pap]s attack+ !m he _h put a /ress ( malice t1 9 a m9d ( 8 calibre1 is />tl+ ev5 to ! /ud5t ( religi\s hi/ory4 #gfe ,x reveals him z no less possess$ by ! passion ( cre$ ?an ! mo/ ignorant prie/ ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,= him all free?9k]s 7 dete/$ di/urb]s ( 8 emotional life2 & ( ! be/ ( !m1 z ,coll9s1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,sp9oza1 he speaks ) positive fury4 ,9 ! ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 half-consci\s ( ! wrongness ( 8 temp]1 he sets himself to make ! unbeliev]s figure 9 dialogue z ignorant1 pret5ti\s1 & co>se-natur$2 :ile 8 own m\?pieces are meant to be b5ign1 urbane1 wise1 & p]suasive4 ,yet 9 ! v pages s plann$ he unwitt+ly reveals t ! free?9k]s :om he goes ab\t to c>icature 7 commonly good-natur$ 9 tone1 :ile he becomes z virul5t z ev] 9 8 eag]ness to discr$it !m4 ,n a p>agraph 9 ! book atta9s to ! _s ( judgm5t or fairness2 all is special plead+1 ov]/ra9$ & embitt]$ s>casm1 rankl+ animus4 ,gift$ alike = lit]ature & = philosophy1 ke5 ( vision 9 economic problems :]e ! mass ( m5 7 %ort-sight$1 he 0 flaw$ on ! side ( 8 fai? by ! hy/]ia to :i* x always /irr$ him4 ,no man 0 less qualifi$ to write a well-balanc$ dialogue z betwe5 8 own side & its oppon5ts4 ,to c&\r he nev] atta9s1 unless x be 9 ! s5se t 8 passion recoils on 8 own case4 ,ev5 :ile sett+ up n9ep9s ( ill-put infidel argum5t to knock d[n1 he elaborates futilities ( rebuttal1 indicat+ to e att5tive read] ! slightness ( 8 rational basis4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is p]=mance he might fitly be t]m$ ! mo/ ill-condition$ sophi/ ( 8 age1 7 x n = ! p]ception t religi\s feel+ 9 him has become a pa?ological phase1 & t he suff]s incomp>ably m f 8 own passions ?an he c inflict on 8 enemies by 8 eag] ?ru/s at !m4 ,m ?an almo/ any gift$ pieti/ ( mod]n times he sets u wond]+ at ! p[] ( cre$ 9 c]ta9 cases to ov]gr[ judgm5t & turn to naught ! r>e/ faculties4 ,no man 9 ,b]keley's day _h a f9] natural lucidity & suppl5ess ( intellig5ce2 yet p]haps no polemi/ on 8 side did less ei!r to make conv]ts or to e/abli% a s\nd intellectual practice4 ,pla9 m5 on ! free?9k+ side he mu/ ei!r h bewild]$ by 8 metaphysic or revolt$ by 8 spite2 :ile to ! m effici5t m9ds he /ood reveal$ z a k9d ( inspir$ *ild1 rapt 9 ! con/ruction & manipulation ( a set ( brilliant sophisms :i* avail$ z mu* = any o!r cre$ z = 8 own4 ,to ! arm\ry ( ,*ri/ian apologetic n[ gr[+ up 9 ,engl& he contribut$ a special =m ( ! skeptical argum5t3 free?9k]s1 he decl>$1 made c]ta9 arbitr>y or irrational assumptions 9 accept+ ,newton's doctr9e ( fluxions1 & x 0 only _! prejudice t prev5t$ !m f be+ simil>ly accommodat+ to ,*ri/ian my/]ies4 #gff ,x is a k9d ( argum5t de> to m9ds pre-conv9c$ & incapable ( a logical revision1 b worse ?an inept z aga9/ oppon5ts2 & x avail$ no m 9 ,b]keley's h&s ?an x _h done 9 ^? ( ,huet4 #gfg ,to !osophy1 inde$1 ,b]keley r5d]$ a m successful s]vice 9 pres5t+ x ) ! no bett] =mula ( exi/5ce i4e41 9 consci\sness dep5d5t ^u consci\sness--a v]balism :i* has s]v$ ! purposes ( !ology 9 ! philosophic s*ools d[n till our own day4 ,= 81 h[ev]1 ! popul> polemic value ( su* a !orem mu/ h be5 suffici5tly c\nt]vail$ by 8 vehem5t *ampion%ip ( ! doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce 9 its mo/ extreme =m--t loyalty is a virtue or moral duty2 & disloyalty or rebellion1 9 ! mo/ /rict & prop] s5se1 a vice or crime aga9/ ! law ( nature4 #gfh ,x belong$ to ! ov]/rung temp]am5t ( ,b]keley t1 l a n]v\s arti/1 he %\ld figure to himself all 8 free?9k+ antagoni/s z p]sonally odi\s1 himself gr[+ odi\s "u ! obsession2 & he solemnly ass]ts1 9 8 ,disc\rse to ,magi/rates1 t !re _h be5 lately set up )9 ?is city ( ,dubl9 an execrable frat]nity ( blasphem]s1 call+ !mselves bla/]s1 & =m+ a di/9ct society1 :]e( ! prop] & av[$ bus9ess %all be to %ock all s]i\s ,*ri/ians by ! mo/ impi\s & horrid blasphemies1 utt]$ 9 ! mo/ public mann]4 #gfi ,!re appe>s to be n a gra9 ( tru? 9 ?is a/oni%+ ass]tion1 to :i* no subsequ5t hi/orian has paid ! slighte/ att5tion4 ,9 a p]iod 9 :i* free?9k+ books _h be5 aga9 & aga9 burn$ 9 ,dubl9 by ! public hangman1 su* a society c\ld be project$ only 9 a nightm>e2 & ,b]keley's halluc9ation may s]ve z a sign ( ! ext5t to :i* 8 judgm5t _h be5 d]ang$ by 8 passions4 #ggj ,8 =5sic temp] is really on a level ) t ( ! mo/ incompet5t swa%buckl]s on 8 side4 ,:5 educat$ ,*ri/ians c\ld be s habitually env5om$ z 0 ,b]keley1 !re 0 d\btless a measure ( contr>y heat among ,engli% unbeliev]s2 b1 ap>t altoge!r f :at c\ld be describ$ z blasphemy1 unbelief ab\nd$ 9 ! mo/ cultur$ society ( ! day4 ,bol+broke's rationalism _h be5 privately well kn[n2 & s di/+ui%$ a p]sonage z ! brilliant & s*ol>ly ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu1 hat$ by ,pope1 is "o ( ! reput$ free?9k]s ( h] "t4 #gga ,9 ! v ye> ( ! publication ( ,b]keley's ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 ! fir/ two epi/les ( ! ,essay on ,man ( 8 own fri5d & admir]1 ,pope1 gave a new curr5cy to ! =m ( optimi/ic deism creat$ by ,%aftesbury1 & lat] elaborat$ by ,bol+broke4 ,pope 0 always anxi\sly ho/ile 9 8 allusions to ! pr(ess$ free?9k]s #ggb--;among :om ,bol+broke only po/hum\sly enroll$ himself--& 9 private he specially asp]s$ ,%aftesbury1 f :om he _h tak5 s mu*2 #ggc b 8 prud5tial tactic gave all ! m curr5cy to ! virtual deism he enunciat$4 ,giv5 out )\t any critical allusion to ,*ri/ianity1 & put =w>d z a v9dication ( ! ways ( ,god to m51 x gave to h]esy1 albeit 9 a philosophically incoh]5t exposition1 ! /atus ( a well-br$ piety4 ,a good au?ority pron\nces t ! ,essay on ,man did m to spread ,engli% deism 9 ,france ?an all ! works ( ,%aftesbury2 #ggd & we h explicit te/imony t ! poet privately av[$ ! dei/ic view ( ?+s4 #gge ,! l9e ( ! ,essay :i* n[ reads3 ,! s\l1 uneasy & conf9$ f home1 orig9ally ran at home2 b1 says ,w>ton1 ?is expression seem+ to exclude a future exi/5ce1 z1 to speak ! pla9 tru?1 x 0 int5d$ to d1 x 0 alt]$--presumably by ,w>burton4 7,w>ton's ,essay on ,pope1 #d? ed4 ii1 #fg47 ,! ,sp9ozi/ic or pan!i/ic "* ( mu* ( ! ,essay on ,man 0 not$ by v>i\s critics1 9 p>ticul> by ! ,fr5* ,academician ,de ,cr\saz 7,exam5 de l',essay de ,m4 ,pope sur l',homme1 #agdh1 p4 #ij1 etc47 ,aft] promis+ to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man1 writes ,cr\saz 7p4 #cc71 ,pope turns r\nd & ju/ifies man1 leav+ ,god *>g$ ) all m5's s9s4 ,:5 ! y\ng] ,rac9e1 writ+ to ! ,*evali] ,ramsay 9 #agdb1 *>g$ ! ,essay ) irreligion1 ,pope wrote him repudiat+ alike ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz4 7,w>ton1 ii1 #aba47 ,9 #agee1 h[ev]1 ! ,abb ,gau*at r5ew$ ! attack1 decl>+ t ! ,essay 0 nei!r ,*ri/ian nor philosophic 7,lettres ,critiques1 i1 #cdf74 ,w>burton at fir/ *>g$ ! poem ) rank a!ism1 & aft]w>ds v9dicat$ x 9 8 mann]4 7,w>ton1 i1 #abe47 ,b 9 ,g]many1 9 ! y\? ( ,goe!1 we f9d ! ,essay reg>d$ by ,*ri/ians z an unequivocally dei/ic poem4 7,goe!'s ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,?4 ,,ii1 ,b4 vii3 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahff1 xi1 #bfc47 ,& by a mod]n ,*ri/ian polemi/ ! ,essay is describ$ z ! be/ positive result ( ,engli% deism 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7,go/wick1 ,g]man ,culture & ,*ri/ianity1 #ahhb1 p4 #ca74 ,9 po9t ( fact1 deism 0 ! fa%ionable way ( ?9k+ among cultur$ p4 ,?\gh ,voltaire te/ifies f p]sonal k t !re 7 9 ,engl& 9 8 day _m pr9cipl$ a!i/s1 #ggf !re 0 little ov]t a!ism1 #ggg :e!r by reason ( ! special odium atta*+ to t way ( ?\ght1 or ( a real production ( !i/ic belief by ! concurr5ce ( ! dei/ic propag&a on ?is head ) t ( ! cl]gy1 !mselves 9 s _m cases dei/s4 #ggh ,bi%op ,burnet1 9 ! ,conclusion to ! ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,"t1 pron\nces t !re are few a!i/s1 b _m infidels1 :o are inde$ v little bett] ?an ! a!i/s4 ,coll9s obs]v$ t nobody _h d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god until ! ,boyle lectur]s began to prove x2 & ,cl>ke _h m ?an ju/ifi$ ! je/ by argu+1 9 8 ,boyle ,lectures = #agje1 t all deism logically leads to a!ism4 ,b ?\gh ! apologi/s r\s$ mu* discussion on ! !i/ic issue1 ! /ress ( ! apologetic lit]ature pass$ f ! !me ( a!ism to t ( deism4 ,%aftesbury's e>ly ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,virtue _h assum$ ! exi/5ce ( a good deal ( a!ism2 b 8 lat] writ+s1 & ^? ( 8 s*ool1 d n indicate mu* a!i/ic opposition4 #ggi ,ev5 ! reviv$ discussion on ! immat]iality & immortality ( ! s\l--:i* began ) ! ,gr& ,essay ( ,dr4 ,william ,c[>d1 #ghj 9 #agjd1 & 0 tak5 up1 z we h se51 by ! non-juror ,dodwell #gha--0 conduct$ on ei!r or?odox or dei/ic l9es4 ,c[>d wrote z a pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian1 #ghb to ma9ta91 aga9/ impo/ures ( philosophy1 t matt] & motion mu/ be ! f\ndation ( ?\ght 9 m5 & brutes4 ,coll9s ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,cl>ke ! proposition t matt] is capable ( ?\ght2 & ,samuel ,/rutt 7( ! ,temple71 ^: ,philosophical ,inquiry into ! ,physical ,spr+ ( ,human ,actions1 & ! ,imm$iate ,cause ( ,?9k+ 7#agcb71 is a mo/ t]sely cog5t sequ5ce ( mat]iali/ic argum5t1 nev] raises any "q ( deity4 ,! result 0 t ! problem ( mat]ialism 0 virtually dropp$1 ,/rutt's essay 9 p>ticul> pass+ into g5]al oblivion4 ,x 0 repli$ to1 h[ev]1 ) ! ,inquiry ( ,coll9s1 z late z #agfj1 by a ,*ri/ian controv]siali/ :o admits ,/rutt to h be5 a g5tleman ( an excell5t g5ius = philosophical inquiries1 & a close reason] f ^? pr9ciples he laid d[n 7,an ,essay t[>ds demon/rat+ ! ,immat]iality & ,free ,ag5cy ( ! ,s\l1 #agfj1 p4 #id74 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,monk1 9 8 ,life ( ,b5tley 7#bnd ed4 #ahcc1 ii1 #cia71 absurdly speaks ( ,/rutt z hav+ dress$ up ! argum5ts ( ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury & o!r enemies ( religion 9 a new %ape4 ,! rev]5d g5tleman _c h paid any att5tion to ! argum5ts ei!r ( ,h]b]t or ( ,/rutt1 :i* h no m 9 common ?an ^? ( ,tol& & ,hume4 ,/rutt's book 0 mu* too closely reason$ to be popul>4 ,8 "n 0 = ! "t1 h[ev]1 associat$ ) a fam\s sc&al at ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,:5 9 #agci proce$+s 7 tak5 aga9/ :at 0 describ$ z an a!i/ical society !re1 ,/rutt 0 spok5 ( z its oracle4 ,"o ( ! memb]s 0 ,paul ,:itehead1 satiriz$ by ,pope4 ,ano!r1 ,t9kl] ,ducket1 a ,fell[ ( ,caius ,college1 9 holy ord]s1 0 prosecut$ 9 ! ,vice-,*ancellor's ,c\rt on ! tw(old *>ge ( proselytiz+ = a!ism & ( attempt+ to s$uce a female4 ,9 8 def5ce he expla9$ t he _h be5 = "s "t once m a believ] 9 ,god & ,*ri/ianity2 b 0 nev]!less expell$4 ,see ,monk's ,life ( ,b5tley1 z cit$1 ii1 #cia sq4 #e ,no less m>k$ is ! failure to develop ! high] criticism f ! notable />t made 9 #agci 9 ! v rem>kable ,inquiry into ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,revelations by ,samuel ,p>vi%1 :o made ! vital discov]y t ,deut]onomy is a product ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 #ghc ,8 book1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( a dialogue betwe5 a ,*ri/ian & a ,japanese1 w5t into a second edition 7#agdf72 b 8 idea /ruck too deep = ! critical faculty ( t age1 & n till ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! clue f\nd aga9 by ,de ,wette1 9 ,g]many4 #ghd ,p>vi% came at ! end ( ! ma9 dei/ic movem5t1 #ghe & by t "t ! m op5-m9d$ m5 _h come to a po9t ( view f :i* x did n greatly matt] :5 ,deut]onomy 0 writt51 or precisely h[ a cultus 0 built up2 :ile or?odoxy c\ld n dream ( ab&on+ its view ( inspiration4 ,!re 0 ?us an arre/ alike ( hi/orical criticism & ( ! high] philosophic ?\ght "u ! /ress ( ! concrete disputes ov] e?ics1 miracles1 prophecy1 & politics2 & a habit ( tak+ deity = grant$ became normal1 ) ! result t :5 ! weak po9t 0 press$ ^u by ,law & ,butl] !re 0 a s5se ( blankness on bo? sides4 ,b among m5 !i/ically incl9$1 ! argum5t ( ,t9dal aga9/ revelationism 0 extremely tell+1 & x _h m lit]>y impressiv5ess ?an any writ+ on ! or?odox side be=e ,butl]4 ,by ?is "t ! philosophic influ5ce ( ,sp9oza--se5 z e>ly z #afii 9 ,%aftesbury's ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,virtue1 #ghf & av[$ by ,cl>ke :5 he address$ 8 ,demon/ration 7#agje7 m p>ticul>ly 9 answ] to ,mr4 ,hobbs1 ,sp9oza1 & _! foll[]s--_h spread among ! /udi\s class1 greatly re9=c+ ! dei/ic movem5t2 s t 9 #agcb ,b]keley1 :o rank$ him among weak & wick$ writ]s1 describ$ him z ! great lead] ( our mod]n infidels4 ,see ! ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 ,dial4 vii1 #bi4 ,simil>ly ,lel&1 9 ! ,supplem5t 7#agef7 to 8 ,view ( ! ,dei/ical ,writ]s 7aft]w>ds incorporat$ z ,lett] ,,vi71 speaks ( ,sp9oza z ! mo/ applaud$ doctor ( mod]n a!ism4 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's op9ion 7,engli% ,?\ght1 i1 #cc71 t few ( ! dei/s1 probably1 read ,sp9oza1 seems to be ?us outweigh$4 ,if !y did n 9 great numb]s read ! ,e?ica1 !y c]ta9ly read ! ,tractatus & ! lett]s4 ,z e>ly z #afgg we f9d ,/ill+fleet1 9 ! preface to 8 ,lett] to a ,dei/1 speak+ ( ,sp9oza z a late au?or :o ,i he> is mightily 9 vogue among _m :o cry up any?+ on ! a!i/ical side1 ?\gh nev] s weak & trifl+2 & fur!r ( a moot$ proposal to translate ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus into ,engli%4 ,a translation 0 publi%$ 9 #afhi4 ,9 #afhe ! ,scot* ,pr(essor ,george ,s9cl>1 9 ! ,preface to ! ,read] ( 8 ,satan's ,invisible ,_w ,discov]$1 writes t ,!re are a mon/r\s rabble ( m51 :o foll[+ ! ,hobbesian & ,sp9osian pr9ciples1 slight religion & und]value ! ,scripture1 etc4 ,9 ,gildon's "w ( recantation1 ,! ,dei/'s ,manual 7#agje1 p4 #aib71 ! indiff]5t ,pleonexus1 :o took m delight 9 bags ?an 9 books1 & demurs to accumulat+ ! latt]1 av[s t he has a few1 among !m be+ ,hobbes & ,sp9oza4 ,evelyn1 writ+ ab\t #afhj-ij1 speaks ( t infam\s book1 ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1 z a wret*$ ob/acle to ! se>*]s ( holy tru? 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 #ahej1 p4 xxvii74 ,cp4 ,halyburton1 ,natural ,religion ,insuffici5t1 ,ed9burgh1 #agad1 p4 #ca1 z to ! great vogue among our "y ,g5try & ,/ud5ts ( ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 & o!rs4 #f ,among ! dei/s ( ! upp] classes 0 ! "y ,william ,pitt1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,*a?am1 if1 z has be5 alleg$1 x 0 he :o 9 #agcc1 two ye>s be=e he ent]$ ,p>liam5t1 contribut$ to ! ,london ,j\rnal a ,lett] on ,sup]/ition1 ! "w ( a pron\nc$ free?9k]4 #ghg ,on ! o!r h&1 su* dei/ic writ+ z t ) :i* ,*ubb1 9 a multitude ( tracts1 foll[$ up 8 e>ly ,unit>ian essay ( #agae1 br\ght an e?ical ,*ri/ian rationalism )9 ! range ( ! uns*ol>ly _m4 ,?omas ,morgan 7d4 #agda71 a physician1 began 9 ! ,moral ,philosoph]1 #agci-agdj1 #ghh to sket* a rationali/ic !ory ( ,*ri/ian orig9s1 besides putt+ ! critical case ) new complet5ess4 ,morgan _h be5 at "o "t a diss5t+ m9i/] at ,frome1 ,som]set1 & _h be5 dismiss$ because ( 8 dei/ical op9ions4 ,t[>ds ! ,jehovah & ! e?ic ( ! ,old ,te/am5t he holds1 h[ev]1 ! attitude r ( an anci5t ,gno/ic ?an ( a mod]n rationali/2 & 9 8 philosophy he is ei!r a v godly dei/ or a pan!i/ misc>ri$4 #ghi ,at ! same "t ,pet] ,annet 7#afic-agfi71 a s*oolma/] & inv5tor ( a sy/em ( %or?&1 wid5$ ! propag&a 9 o!r directions4 ,he seems to h be5 ! fir/ free?\ght lectur]1 = 8 fir/ pamphlet1 ,judg+ = ,ourselves3 or1 ,free?9k+ ! ,great ,duty ( ,religion1 ,by ,p4 ,a41 ,m9i/] ( ! ,gospel 7#agci71 consi/s ( ,two ,lectures deliv]$ at ,plai/]]s' ,hall4 ,?r\gh all 8 propag&a1 ( :i* ! m notable portions are 8 ,sup]naturals ,exam9$ & a s]ies ( controv]sies on ! ,resurrection1 !re runs a tra9 ( %rewd critical s5se1 put =? 9 crisp & vivaci\s ,engli%1 :i* made him a popul> =ce4 ,:at he lack$ 0 ! due gravity & dignity = ! h&l+ ( su* a !me z ! rev]sal ( a nation's fai?4 ,l ,wool/on1 he is faceti\s :]e he %\ld be s]i\s2 ent]ta9+ :]e he _h ne$ be impressive2 provocative :]e he %\ld h aim$ at p]suasion4 ,we _c say :at types he influ5c$1 or h[ deep 8 influ5ce w5t3 x appe>s only t he sway$ _m ^: suffrages weigh$ little4 ,at l5g?1 :5 9 #agfa he issu$ n9e numb]s ( ,! ,free ,inquir]1 9 :i* he attack$ ! ,p5tateu* ) mu* insight & cog5cy1 b ) a c]ta9 want ( rational balance 7%[n also 9 8 treatise1 ,social ,bliss ,consid]$1 #agdi71 he 0 made a victim ( ! !n /r5g!n$ _s ( p]secution1 be+ s5t5c$ to /& ?rice 9 ! pillory ) ! label ,= ,blasphemy1 & to suff] a ye>'s h>d lab\r4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 popul> en\gh to />t a s*ool on 8 release4 ,su* popul>ity1 ( c\rse1 0 ali5 to ! lit]>y & social traditions ( ! c5tury2 & f ! lit]>y po9t ( view ! ma9 l9e ( dei/ic propag&a1 z ap>t f ! essays & treatises ( ,hume & ! po/hum\s works ( ,bol+broke1 ends ) ! y\ng] ,h5ry ,dodwell's 7anonym\s7 ironical essay1 ,*ri/ianity n ,f\nd$ on ,argum5t 7#agda74 ,s rigor\sly congru\s is ! reason+ ( t brilliant treatise t "s h n q unju/ifiably tak5 x = ! "w ( a dogmatic believ]1 /&+ at "s su* position z t tak5 up be=e him by ,huet1 & 9 rec5t times by ,c>d9al ,newman4 #gij ,he argues1 = in/ance1 n m]ely t reason c yield none ( ! confid5ce :i* belongs to true fai?1 b t x _c duly /r5g!n ! moral w aga9/ temptations4 #gia ,b ! book at once elicit$ a numb] ( replies1 all treat+ x unhesitat+ly z an anti-,*ri/ian "w2 & ,lel& assails x z bitt]ly z he does any op5ly free?9k+ treatise4 #gib ,its !sis might h be5 s]i\sly support$ by ref]5ce to ! intellectual hi/ory ( ! prec$+ ?irty ye>s1 :]e9 mu* argum5t _h c]ta9ly fail$ to e/abli% ! reign+ cre$ or to discr$it ! unbeliev]s4 #g ,( ! "w done by ,engli% deism ?us f>1 x may suffice to say t )9 two g5]ations x _h m pr(\ndly alt]$ ! intellectual temp] ( educat$ m5 ?an any religi\s movem5t _h ev] done 9 ! same "t4 ,?is appe>s above all f ! lit]ature produc$ by or?odoxy 9 reply1 :]e ! m]e def5sive resort to reason+1 ap>t f ! acc\nts ( curr5t rationalism1 outgoes any?+ 9 ! previ\s hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,! :ole evolution is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! effect on intellectual progress ( ! div]sion ( a nation's g5]al en]gy f w> & int5se political faction to m5tal activities4 ,a simil> div]sion _h tak5 place at ! ,re/oration1 to be foll[$ by a return to civil & =eign /rife1 :i* arre/$ x4 ,x 0 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ,anne1 & 9 ! /eady rgime ( ,walpole "u ! fir/ two ,georges1 t ! f]m5t work$ at its height4 ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+ 0 syn*ron\s ) ! ,peace ( ,utre*t3 ! era ( w> re-op5$ 9 #agci1 mu* aga9/ ! w ( ,walpole1 :o resign$ 9 #agdb4 ,home & =eign w>s !reaft] became common2 & 9 #agea ,clive op5$ ! p]iod ( imp]iali/ic expansion1 det]m9+ national developm5ts on t ma9 l9e1 concurr5tly ) t ( ! new indu/ry4 ,c\ld ! discussion h be5 cont9u\s--c\ld ,engl& h rema9$ :at %e 0 9 ! ma9 dei/ic p]iod1 a work%op ( inve/igation & a battlegr\nd ( ideas--all ,european developm5t might h be5 indef9itely ha/5$4 ,b ! dei/s1 = ! mo/ "p educat$ m5 appeal+ to educat$ m5 or to ! %rewde/ read]s among ! artisans1 _h n le>n$ to reckon ) ! great] social =ces2 & beyond a c]ta9 po9t !y c\ld n affect ,engl&'s intellectual de/9ies4 ,x is worse ?an idle to argue t ! true cause ( ! decay ( deism is to be s\ght 9 its int]nal weakness1 9 ! s5se t x 0 n root$ 9 ! deepe/ convictions1 nor associat$ ) ! mo/ p[]ful emotions ( its adh]5ts4 #gic ,no su* *>ge c be ev5 p>tially prov$4 ,! dei/s 7 at lea/ z mu* 9 e>ne/ z two-?irds ( ! cl]gy3 ! det]m9+ diff]5ce1 9 ?is reg>d1 0 ! economic basis ( ! latt]1 & _! social hold ( an ignorant population4 ,! cl]gy1 :o c\ld n argue ! dei/s d[n 9 ! c\rt ( culture1 _h 9 _! own jurisdiction ! great mass ( ! un$ucat$ l[] classes1 & ! great mass ( ! wom5 ( all classes1 :om ! ideals ( ! age kept un$ucat$1 ) a diff]5ce4 ,& :ile ! m cultur$ cl]gy 7 !mselves 9 l>ge measure dei/s1 ! majority1 9 ! c\ntry p>i%es1 rema9$ uncritical & unreflective1 c>+ little ev5 to cultivate belief among _! flocks4 ,! contempt ( ! cl]gy :i* _h subsi/$ f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7if1 inde$1 x %\ld n be dat$ f ! middle ( ! sixte5?7 meant among o!r ?+s t popul> culture rema9$ on a l[] plane4 ,) ! multitude rema9+ a ready hotb$ = new en?usiasm1 & ! wom5 ( ! middle & upp] ord]s no less ready nurtur]s ( new g5]ations ( "y believ]s1 ! "w ( emancipation 0 b begun :5 deism 0 made fa%ionable4 ,& ) ,engl& on ! way to a new era at once ( indu/rial & imp]ial expansion1 9 :i* ! en]gies t = a g5]ation _h made h] a lead] ( ,european ?\ght 7 div]t$ to arms & to comm]ce1 ! critical & rationaliz+ "w ( ! dei/ical g5]ation c\ld n g on z x _h begun4 ,t g5]ation left its specific m>k on ! /atute-book 9 a complete repeal ( ! old laws relat+ to wit*craft2 #gid on lit]ature 9 a :ole libr>y ( propag&a & apology2 on moral & hi/oric sci5ce 9 a new movem5t ( humanism1 :i* 0 to f9d its *eck 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,h[ x affect$ ! g5]al intellig5ce = good may be p>tly ga!r$ f a comp>ison ( ! common ,engli% political attitudes t[>ds ,irel& 9 ! fir/ & ! la/ qu>t]s ( ! c5tury4 ,"u ,william 0 wr\ght ! arre/ ( ,iri% indu/ry & comm]ce1 begun aft] ! ,re/oration2 "u ,anne 7 enact$ ! p5al laws aga9/ ,ca?olics--z signal an example ( religi\s iniquity z c well be f\nd 9 all hi/ory4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury ^! laws _h become ana*ronisms = all save bigots4 ,! wave ( free?\ght t 0 spread+ ov] ,europe & p]meat+ its lit]ature _h n fail$ to affect ,irel&4444 ,an atmosph]e ( skepticism 0 fatal to ! ,p5al ,code4 ,:at elem5t ( religi\s p]secution !re _h be5 9 x _h long ceas$ to be op]ative 7,r4 ,dunlop1 9 ,camb4 ,mod4 ,hi/4 vi1 #dhi74 ,macaulay's te/imony on ?is head is notewor?y3 ,! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h purifi$ ,engli% ,:iggism ( ! deep ta9t ( intol]ance :i* _h be5 contract$ dur+ a long & close alliance ) ! ,puritanism ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7,hi/ory1 *4 xvii1 end74 ,! d5unciations ( ! p5al laws by ,ar?ur ,"y 9 #aghj #gie are ! outcome ( two g5]ations ( dei/ic ?9k+2 ! _s ( religion has be5 ou/$ by judgm5t4 #gif ,c\ld t _s h _h fre] play1 less h9drance f bl9d passion1 lat] hi/ory w\ld h be5 a happi] record4 ,b = reasons ly+ 9 ! environm5t z well z 9 its own /&po9t1 deism 0 n de/9$ to rise on cont9u\s /epp+-/ones to social dom9ion4 ,curr5cy has be5 giv5 to a misconception ( intellectual hi/ory by ! au?oritative /atem5t t 9 ! dei/ic controv]sy all t 0 intellectually v5]able 9 ,engl& appe>$ on ! side ( ,*ri/ianity 7,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 i1 #hf74 ,! same ?+1 9 effect1 is said by ,lecky3 ,x 0 to repel ^! dei/ic attacks '^u ! miracles' t ! evid5tial s*ool arose1 & ! annals ( religi\s controv]sy n>rate few m complete victories ?an !y a*iev$ 7,rise & ,influ5ce ( ,rationalism1 pop4 ed4 i1 #age74 ,! proposition seems to be an e*o ( or?odox hi/oriography1 z ,buckle _h be=e writt5 9 8 note-book3 ,9 ,engl& skepticism made no head4 ,su* m5 z ,tol& & ,t9dal1 ,coll9s1 ,%aftesbury1 ,wool/on1 7 no mat* = ,cl>ke1 ,w>burton1 & ,l>dn]4 ,!y c\ld make no head till ! "t ( ,middleton 7,misc4 ,works1 abridg$ ed4 i1 #cba7--;a /ra9 ( ass]tion :i* cle>ly proce$s on no close /udy ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! writ+ on ! free?9k+ side 0 done "u p]il ( ,blasphemy ,laws1 & "u m5ace ( all ! calumny & o/racism t 9 ,*ri/ian society foll[ on advanc$ h]esy2 :ile ! or?odox side c\ld draw on ! entire cl]ical pr(ession1 ov] t5 ?\s& /rong1 & tra9$ = & pl$g$ to def5ce ( ! fai?4 ,yet1 :5 all is said1 ! ord9>y li/ ( dei/s amply suffices to disprove ,sir ,l4 ,/eph5's phrase4 ,8 intellectually v5]able li/ runs3 ,b5tley1 ,locke1 ,b]keley1 ,cl>ke1 ,butl]1 ,wat]l&1 ,w>burton1 ,%]lock1 ,gibson1 ,conybe>e1 ,smalbroke1 ,leslie1 ,law1 ,lel&1 ,l>dn]1 ,fo/]1 ,doddridge1 ,lyttelton1 ,b>r+ton1 ,addison1 ,pope1 ,swift4 ,he might h add$ ,newton & ,boyle4 ,sykes1 #gig ,balguy1 ,/ebb+1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 he decl>es to be n[ = ! mo/ "p z mu* =gott5 z _! victims2 ,"y & ,blackmore he admits to be 9 simil> case4 ,x is expressly told ( ,doddridge1 he might h add$1 t :]eas t well-mean+ apologi/ put be=e 8 /ud5ts at ,nor?ampton ! able/ writ+s bo? = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 leav+ !m to draw _! own conclusions1 _m ( 8 pupils1 on leav+ 8 in/itution1 became confirm$ ,arians & ,soc9ians 7,ni*ols 9 ,app4 ,p to ,life ( ,arm9ius--,works ( ,arm9ius1 #ahbe1 i1 #bbc-be74 ,?is h>dly spells success4 #gih ,all told1 ! li/ includes only ?ree or f\r m5 ( any p]man5t int]e/ z ?9k]s1 ap>t f ,newton2 & only ?ree or f\r m important z writ]s4 ,! description ( ,wat]l&1 #gii ,w>burton1 #hjj ,smalbroke1 #hja ,%]lock1 ,leslie1 & half-a-doz5 m z intellectually v5]able is grotesque2 ev5 ,b5tley is a /range subject = v5]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! li/ ( ! despis$ dei/s1 :o make b a poor %[ :5 comp>$ ) ?is impos+ li/1 runs ?us3 ,h]b]t1 ,hobbes1 ,bl\nt1 ,halley 7well kn[n to be an unbeliev]1 ?\gh he did n write on ! subject71 ,tol&1 ,%aftesbury1 ,coll9s1 ,m&eville1 ,t9dal1 ,*ubb1 ,morgan1 ,dodwell1 ,middleton1 ,hume1 ,bol+broke1 ,gibbon4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k on :at pr9ciples ?is gr\p is exclud$ f ! intellectual v5]ation s lib]ally allott$ to ! o!r4 ,x is no?+ to ! purpose t ,%aftesbury & ,m&eville wrote cov]tly & indirectly4 ,! law & ! conditions compell$ !m to d s4 ,x is /ill m beside ! case to say t ,hume c sc>cely be reckon$ among ! dei/s4 ,he is already :58 em]g+ into a high] atmosph]e4 ,hume wrote explicitly z a dei/2 & only 9 8 po/hum\s ,dialogues did he pass on to ! a!i/ic position4 ,at no "t1 moreov]1 0 he on ! side ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,locke & ,cl>ke & ,pope 7 cle>ly em]g+ into a high] atmosph]e ?an ,*ri/ianity1 s9ce ,locke is commonly reckon$ by ! culture-hi/orians1 & ev5 by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 z mak+ = deism2 ,pope 0 ! pupil ( ,bol+broke1 & wrote z su*2 & ,cl>ke 0 %unn$ z an ,arian4 ,newton1 aga91 0 a ,unit>ian1 & ,leibnitz accus$ 8 sy/em ( mak+ = irreligion4 ,x w\ld be h>d to %[1 fur!r1 :o are ! =gott5 victims ( ,balguy & ! re/4 ,balguy criticiz$ ,%aftesbury1 ^: "n is /ill a good deal bett] kn[n ?an ,balguy's4 ,! ma9 l9e ( dei/s is pretty well rememb]$4 ,& if we pair (f ,hume aga9/ ,b]keley1 ,hobbes aga9/ ,locke1 ,middleton 7z hi/orical critic7 aga9/ ,b5tley1 ,%aftesbury aga9/ ,addison1 ,m&eville aga9/ ,swift1 ,bol+broke aga9/ ,butl]1 ,coll9s aga9/ ,cl>ke1 ,h]b]t aga9/ ,lyttelton1 ,t9dal aga9/ ,wat]l&1 & ,gibbon aga9/--%all we say8--,w>burton1 x h>dly appe>s t ! ov]plus ( m]it goes z ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 alleges1 ev5 if we leave ,newton1 ) bra9 unh+$1 /&+ aga9/ ,halley4 ,! /atem5t t ! dei/s are b a ragg$ regim5t1 & t 9 speculative ability mo/ ( !m 7 *ildr5 by ! side ( _! able/ antagoni/s1 is simply un9telligible unless ! names ( all ! able/ dei/s are left out4 ,locke1 be x rememb]$1 did n live to meet ! ma9 dei/ic attack on ,*ri/ianity2 & ,sir ,leslie admits ! weakness ( 8 pro-,*ri/ian p]=mance4 ,! bases ( ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's v]dict may be te/$ by 8 rem>ks t ,coll9s1 a respectable c\ntry g5tleman1 %[$ consid]able acut5ess2 ,tol&1 a poor d5iz5 ( ,grub ,/reet1 & ,t9dal1 a ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls1 made a c]ta9 display ( le>n+1 & succe$$ 9 plant+ "s effective argum5ts4 ,else:]e 7pp4 #bag-bbg7 ,sir ,leslie admits t ,coll9s _h ! be/ ( ! argum5t aga9/ 8 v5]able oppon5ts on ,prophecy2 & ,huxley cr$its him ) equal success 9 ! argum5t ) ,cl>ke4 ,! "w ( ,coll9s on ,human ,lib]ty1 prais$ by a long s]ies ( /ud5ts & exp]ts1 & entirely above ! capacity ( ,b5tley1 is philosophically z durable z any portion ( ,locke1 :o made ,coll9s 8 *os5 fri5d & tru/ee1 & :o did n live to meet 8 anti-,biblical argum5ts4 ,t9dal1 :o _h also won ,locke's high praise by 8 political essays1 pr(\ndly influ5c$ su* a /ud5t z ,laukh>d 7,le*l]1 p4 #dea74 ,& ,tol&1 :om ev5 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,f>r> 7,bampton ,lectures1 p4 #agi7 admitt$ to possess mu* orig9ality & le>n+1 has /ruck ,lange z a notable ?9k]1 ?\gh he 0 a poor man4 ,leibnitz1 :o answ]$ him1 praises 8 acut5ess1 z does ,pusey1 :o fur!r admits ! uncommon ability ( ,morgan & ,coll9s 7,hi/or4 ,enq4 into ,g]man ,rationalism1 #ahbh1 p4 #abf74 ,x is "t t ! conv5tional ,engli% /&>ds 9 ^! matt]s %\ld be ab&on$ by mod]n rationali/s4 ,! un=tunate effect ( ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's dictum is se5 9 ! ass]tion ( ,pr(4 ,hffd+ 7,hi/4 ( ,mod]n ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 #aijj1 i1 #djc71 t ,sir ,leslie rightly rem>ks ( ! ,engli% dei/s t !y 7 altoge!r inf]ior to _! adv]s>ies2 & fur!r 7p4 #dje71 t by ! lat] dei/s1 ,coll9s1 ,t9dal1 ,morgan1 etc41 ! dispute z to miracles 0 c>ri$ on ) great viol5ce4 ,x is "h evid5t t ,pr(4 ,hffd+ has n read ! writ]s he depreciates1 = ^? he names 7 f> f be+ viol5t4 ,_h he kn[n ! lit]ature1 he w\ld h nam$ ,wool/on1 n ,coll9s & ,t9dal & ,morgan4 ,he is m]ely e*o+1 )\t inquir+ = himself1 a judgm5t :i* he reg>ds z au?oritative4 ,9 ! same passage he decl>es t only "o ( all ! m5 =m]ly kn[n z ! ',engli% dei/s' ,tol& has r5d]$ contributions ( any value to ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,if ?is is said ) a k ( ! works ( ,coll9s1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,m&eville1 x argues a sad lack ( critical judgm5t4 ,b !re is reason to inf] "h also t ,pr(4 ,hffd+ writes 9 ignorance ( ! lit]ature he discusses4 ,:ile "s pr(ess$ rationali/s ?us belittle a s]ies ( pione]s :o did s mu* to make lat] rationalism possible1 "s em95t !ologians d !m ju/ice4 ,?us does ,pr(4 ,*eyne beg9 8 s]ies ( lectures on ,f\nd]s ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism 7#ahic73 ,a well-kn[n & hon\r$ repres5tative ( progressive ,g]man or?odoxy 7,j4 ,a4 ,dorn]7 has set a f9e example ( hi/orical c&\r by admitt+ ! obligations ( 8 c\ntry to a mu*-dislik$ =m ( ,engli% het]odoxy4 ,he says t ,engli% deism1 :i* f\nd s _m apt disciples 9 ,g]many1 'by cle>+ away dead matt]1 prep>$ ! way = a recon/ruction ( !ology f ! v dep?s ( ! he>t's beliefs1 & also subject$ man's nature to /rict] obs]vation4' #hjb ,?is1 h[ev]1 z x appe>s to me1 is a v inadequate description ( ! facts4 ,x 0 n m]ely a new con/ructive /age ( ,g]man !oretic !ology1 & a ke5] psy*ological inve/igation1 = :i* deism help$ to prep>e ! way1 b also a great movem5t1 :i* has 9 our own day become 9 a /rict s5se int]national1 conc]n$ ) ! lit]>y & hi/orical criticism ( ! ,scriptures4 ,beyond all d\bt1 ! ,biblical discussions :i* ab\nd 9 ! works ( ! dei/s & _! oppon5ts contribut$ 9 no slight degree to ! developm5t ( t semi-apologetic criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ( :i* ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 & 9 "s degree ev5 ,ei*horn1 7 lead+ repres5tatives4444 ,x is inde$ s+ul> t deism %\ld h pass$ away 9 ,engl& )\t hav+ produc$ a great critical movem5t among ourselves4 ,n q s s+ul>1 p]haps1 :5 we note t 9 our own day ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 & ,lecky & ,pr(4 ,hffd+ c\ld sum up ! "w ( ! dei/s )\t a glance at :at x meant = ,biblical criticism4 #h ,if we 7 to set up a !ory ( intellectual possibilities f :at has actually tak5 place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 & )\t reg>d to ! economic & political conditions above m5tion$1 we might reason t deism fail$ p]man5tly to ov]?r[ ! curr5t cre$ because x 0 n prop]ly prec$$ by discipl9e 9 natural sci5ce4 ,!re might well be /agnation 9 ! high] criticism ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures :5 all natural sci5ce 0 /ill col\r$ by !m4 ,9 no?+1 p]haps1 is ! dang] ( ,sacr$ ,books m fully exemplifi$ ?an 9 _! influ5ce = ! suppression ( true sci5tific ?\ght4 ,a hundr$fold m pot5tly ?an ! fai?s ( anci5t ,greece has t ( ,*ri/5dom block$ ! way to all intellectually vital discov]y4 ,if ev5 ! fame & ! pietism ( ,newton c\ld n save him f ! *>ge ( promot+ a!ism1 mu* less c\ld obscure m5 hope to set up any view ( natural ?+s :i* cla%$ ) pulpit prejudice4 ,b ! h>m lay deep]1 inasmu* z ! gr\nd 0 preoccupi$ by pseudo-sci5tific !ories :i* 7 at be/ fanciful modifications ( ! my?s ( ,g5esis4 ,types ( ^! p]=mances are ! treatise ( ,sir ,mat!w ,hale on ,! ,primitive ,orig9ation ( ,mank9d 7#afhe72 ,dr4 ,?omas ,burnet's ,sacr$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>? 7#afhj-afhi72 & ,:i/on's ,new ,!ory ( ! ,e>? 7#afif7--;all devoid ( sci5tific value2 ,hale's "w be+ pre-,newtonian2 ,burnet's anti-,newtonian1 ?\gh p>tly critical z reg>ds ! s\rces ( ! ,p5tateu*2 & ,:i/on's a comb9ation ( ,newton & my? ) 8 own qua9t speculations4 ,ev5 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? ( ,pr(4 ,john ,woodw>d 7#afie71 aft] recogniz+ t fossils 7 really prehi/oric rema9s1 decid$ t !y 7 deposit$ by ! ,deluge4 #hjc ,woodw>d's book is 9 its own way in/ructive z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( op9ion4 ,a ,pr(essor ( ,physick 9 ,gre%am ,college1 ,f4,c4,p41 & ,f4,r4,s41 he goes ab\t 8 "w 9 a me?odical & o/5sibly sci5tific fa%ion1 colligates ! ph5om5a1 exam9es temp]ately ! hypo!ses ( ! _m previ\s inquir]s1 & %[s no viol5ce ( or?odox prepossession4 ,he claims to h consid]$ ,moses only z an hi/orian1 & to give him cr$it f9ally because he f9ds 8 n>rative punctually true4 #hjd ,he _h be=e him an abundance ( facts irreconcilable ) ! explanation (f]$ by ! ,flood /ory2 yet he actually adds to t my? a !sis ( univ]sal decomposition & dissolution ( ! e>?'s /rata by ! flood's action #hje--;a hypo!sis f> m extravagant ?an any ( ^? he dismiss$4 ,) all 8 me?od & scrut9y he _h rema9$ possess$ by ! tradition1 & c\ld n ca/ x (f4 ,x w\ld seem z if su* a book1 r$uc+ ! tradition to an absurdity1 0 b\nd at lea/ to put its m ?\ghtful read]s on ! "r track4 ,b ! leg5d rema9$ 9 possession ( ! g5]al intellig5ce z ( ,woodw>d's2 & beyond 8 /&po9t sci5ce made little advance = _m ye>s4 ,moral & hi/orical criticism1 !n1 z reg>ds "s ma9 issues1 _h gone fur!r ?an sci5tific2 & m5's ?9k+ on c]ta9 problems ( cosmic philosophy 0 ?us arre/$ = lack ( due basis or discipl9e 9 exp]i5tial sci5ce4 ,! f9al acc\nt ( ! arre/ ( exact ,biblical criticism 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 is t :i* expla9s also ! arre/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,engli% en]gy1 broadly speak+1 0 div]t$ into o!r *annels4 ,9 ! age ( ,*a?am x became m & m milit>y & indu/rial1 imp]iali/ & comm]cial2 & ! sci5tific "w ( ,newton 0 consid]ably less develop$ by ,engli% h&s ?an 0 ! critical "w ( ! fir/ dei/s4 ,long be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ma!matical & a/ronomical sci5ce 7 be+ advanc$ by ,fr5* m9ds1 ! ,engli% do+ no?+4 ,lagrange & ,eul]1 ,clairaut & ,d',alemb]t1 c>ri$ on ! task1 till ,laplace consummat$ x 9 8 great !ory1 :i* is to ,newton's :at ,newton's 0 to t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,x 0 ,fr5*m51 free?9k]s to a man1 :o built up ! new a/ronomy1 :ile ,engl& 0 produc+ only eulogies ( ,newton's greatness4 ,no ,briti% "n is ev] m5tion$ 9 ! li/ ( ma!maticians :o foll[$ ,newton 9 8 brilliant c>e] & complet$ ! magnific5t edifice ( :i* he laid ! f\ndation4 #hjf ,scotl& contribut$ h] ,maclaur91 b ,engl& no ,european "n4 #hjg ,?r\gh\t ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0 h>dly an individual 9 ?is c\ntry :o possess$ an intimate acqua9tance ) ! me?ods ( inve/igation :i* _h conduct$ ! =eign ma!maticians to s _m sublime results4 #hjh ,! ,engli% ma!maticians seem to h be5 s dazzl$ ) ! spl5d\r ( ,newton's discov]ies t !y nev] conceiv$ !m capable ( be+ ext5d$ or improv$ ^u2 #hji & ,newton's "n 0 all ! :ile vaunt$1 unw>rantably en\gh1 z be+ on ! side ( ,*ri/ian or?odoxy4 ,halley's great hypo!sis ( ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em 9 space1 put =w>d 9 #agah1 borne out by ,cass9i & ,le ,monni]1 0 left to be e/abli%$ by ,may] ( ,gtt+54 #haj ,!re 0 no?+ specially incid5tal to deism1 !n1 9 ! non-developm5t ( ! high] criticism 9 ,engl& aft] ,coll9s & ,p>vi%1 or 9 ! lull ( critical speculation 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 "p ( a g5]al social readju/m5t 9 :i* ,engli% att5tion 0 turn$ f ! m5tal life to ! physical1 f int5sion ( ?\ght to ext5sion ( empire4 ,playfair 7z cit$1 p4 #ci2 ,brew/]1 ,memoirs ( ,newton1 i1 #cdh1 note7 puts =w>d ! !ory t ! progress ( ! high] sci5ce 9 ,france 0 due to ! small p5sions & great hon\rs be/[$ on sci5tific m5 by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! lack ( su* an in/itution 9 ,engl& he traces to m]cantile prejudices1 )\t expla9+ ^! 9 _! turn4 ,!y are to be und]/ood z ! consequ5ces ( ! special expansion ( comm]cial & indu/rial life 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 los+ ,india & ,nor? ,am]ica1 _h h] en]gies 9 a proportional degree ?r[n back on ! life ( ! m9d4 ,fr5* free?\ght1 x w be obs]v$1 exp&$ ) sci5ce1 :ile 9 ,engl& !re occurr$1 n a spontane\s rev]sion to or?odoxy any m ?an a surr5d] ( ! doctr9e ( ,newton1 b a g5]al turn+ ( att5tion 9 o!r directions4 ,x is significant t ! mo/ important names 9 ! lit]ature ( deism aft] #agdj are ^? ( ,hume & ,smi?1 late products ( ! intellectual atmosph]e ( pre-indu/rial ,scotl&2 ( ,bol+broke1 an ari/ocrat ( ! dei/ic g5]ation1 long an exile 9 ,france1 :o left 8 works to be publi%$ aft] 8 dea?2 & ( ,gibbon1 :o also brea!d ! intellectual air ( ,france4 #i ,x has be5 commonly assum$ t aft] ,*ubb & ,morgan ! dei/ic movem5t 9 ,engl& decay$1 or pass$ into skepticism ) ,hume2 & t ! decay 0 ma9ly ow+ to ! p]suasive effect ( ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy 7#agcf74 #haa ,?is appe>s to be a complete misconception1 aris+ out ( ! habit ( look+ to ! m]e succession ( books )\t consid]+ _! vogue & ! accompany+ social conditions4 ,butl]'s book _h v little influ5ce till long aft] 8 dea?1 #hab be+ inde$ v ill-fitt$ to turn contempor>y dei/s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x does b develop "o =m ( ! skeptical argum5t = fai?1 z ,b]keley _h develop$ ano!r2 & t =m ( reason+ nev] does atta9 to any?+ bett] ?an a success ( despair4 ,! ma9 argum5t be+ t natural religion is op5 to ! same objections z reveal$1 on ! score 7#a7 ( ! inconsi/5cy ( ,nature ) div9e b5evol5ce1 & 7#b7 t we mu/ be guid$ 9 op9ion z 9 conduct by probability1 a ,mohamm$an c\ld z well use ! !orem = ! ,koran z c\ld a ,*ri/ian = ! ,bible2 & ! argum5t aga9/ ! ju/ice ( ,nature t5d$ logically to a!ism4 ,b ! dei/s _h left to !m ! res\rce ( our mod]n !i/s--t ( surmis+ a b5efic5ce above human compreh5sion2 & x is cle> t if ,butl] made any conv]ts !y mu/ h be5 ( a v un5?usia/ic k9d4 ,x is !re=e safe to say ) ,pattison t ,to :atev] causes is to be attribut$ ! decl9e ( deism f #agej onw>ds1 ! books polemically writt5 aga9/ x _c be reckon$ among !m4 #hac ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 dei/s :o 7 affect$ by ! plea t ! ,bible ne$ n be m consi/5t & satisfactory ?an ,nature1 c\ld f9d refuge 9 ,unit>ianism1 a cre$ :i*1 z indu/ri\sly prop\nd$ by ,prie/ley #had t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 made a num]ical progress out ( all proportion to t ( or?odoxy4 ,! argum5t ( ,william ,law1 #hae aga91 :i* insi/$ on ! irreconcilability ( ! c\rse ( ?+s ) human reason1 & call$ = an abject submission to revelation1 c\ld appeal only to m9ds already ?us pro/rate4 ,bo? 8 & ,butl]'s me?ods1 9 fact1 prep>$ ! way = ,hume4 ,& 9 ! ye> #agda1 five ye>s aft] ! issue ( ! ,analogy & sev5 be=e ! issue ( ,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 we f9d ! !sis ( t essay t]sely affirm$ 9 a note to ,book ,,ii ( an anonym\s translation 7ascrib$ to ,t4 ,franckl97 ( ,cic]o's ,de ,natura ,deorum4 ,! passage is wor? comp>+ ) ,hume3 ,h5ce we see :at little cr$it ought to be paid to facts said to be done out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,^! miracles cutt+ ! :et/one1 etc41 relat$ by ,cic]o1 ,de ,div4 i1 c4 xvii are well atte/$4 ,!y 7 record$ 9 ! annals ( a great p1 believ$ by _m le>n$ & o!rwise sagaci\s p]sons1 & receiv$ z religi\s tru?s by ! populace2 b ! te/imonies ( anci5t records1 ! cr$ulity ( "s le>n$ m51 & ! implicit fai? ( ! vulg>1 c nev] prove t to h be51 :i* is impossible 9 ! nature ( ?+s ev] to be4 ,m4 ,tullius ,cic]o ,( ! ,nature ( ! ,gods 444 ) ,notes1 ,london1 #agda1 p4 #he4 ,x does n appe> to h be5 not$ t 9 reg>d to ?is z to ano!r ( 8 be/-kn[n !ses1 ,hume develops a proposition laid d[n be=e him4 ,:at ,hume did 0 to elaborate ! skeptical argum5t ) a p[] & fullness :i* =c$ att5tion once = all1 alike 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ,hume's philosophy1 ins(> z x 0 /rictly skeptical--t is1 susp5sory--drew away dei/s f _! =m] attitude ( confid5ce to "o ( absolute d\bt4 ,nor did ,hume ev] aim at su* a result4 ,:at he did 0 to c\nt]m9e ! m9es ( ,b]keley & o!rs1 :o1 f9d+ _! supra-rational dogmas set aside by rationalism1 dei/ic or a!i/ic1 s\ght to discr$it at once dei/ic & a!i/ic philosophies bas$ on /udy ( ! ext]nal _w1 & to e/abli% _! cre$ anew on ! basis ( _! subjective consci\sness4 ,z aga9/ t me?od1 ,hume %[$ ! futility ( all apriorism alike1 de/roy+ ! %am skepticism ( ! ,*ri/ian !i/s by =c+ _! me?od to its conclusions4 ,if ! univ]se 0 to be r$uc$ to a m]e cont+5t ( consci\sness1 he calmly %[$1 consci\sness itself 0 z easily r$ucible1 on ! same pr9ciples1 to a m]e s]ies ( /ates4 ,ideali/ic skepticism1 hav+ dispos$ ( ! univ]se1 mu/ make %ort "w ( ! hypo/atiz$ process ( p]ception4 ,hume1 kn[+ t /rict skepticism is practically null 9 life1 c\nt$ on leav+ ! gr\nd cle>$ = exp]i5tial rationalism4 ,& he did1 ins(> z he 0 read4 ,8 essay1 ,( ,miracles 7) ! re/ ( ! ,inquiries ( #agdh-agea1 :i* reca/ 8 e>ly ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 #agci71 posits a pr9ciple valid aga9/ all sup]naturalism :atev]2 :ile 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion 7#ageg71 ?\gh affirm+ deism1 reject$ ! !ory ( a primordial mono!ism1 & laid ! basis ( ! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,hi]ology4 #haf ,f9ally1 8 po/hum\s ,dialogues ,conc]n+ ,natural ,religion 7#aggi7 admit1 ?\gh indirectly1 ! unt5abl5ess ( deism1 & fall back decisively ^u ! a!i/ic or agno/ic position4 #hag ,l ,desc>tes1 he lack$ ! h]oic fibre2 b l him he reca/ philosophy = mod]n ,europe2 & its subsequ5t c\rse is b a developm5t ( or a reaction aga9/ 8 "w4 #aj ,x is rem>kable t ?is developm5t ( op9ion took place 9 t "p ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s :]e religi\s fanaticism _h gone fur!/1 & spee* & ?\ght 7 socially lea/ free4 ,free?\ght 9 ,scotl& be=e ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury c h exi/$ only z a ?+ furtive & accurs$2 & ?\gh1 z we h se5 f ! ,religio ,/oici ( ,sir ,george ,mack5zie1 unbelief _h em]g$ 9 "s abundance at or be=e ! ,re/oration1 only weal?y m5 c\ld d>e op5ly to av[ _! deism4 #hah ,e>ly 9 #afig ! cl]gy _h actually succe$$ 9 gett+ a lad ( eighte51 ,?omas ,aik5head1 hang$ = pr(ess+ deism 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> = call+ ! ,old ,te/am5t ,ezra's ,fables1 ridicul+ ! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 & express+ ! hope & belief t ,*ri/ianity w\ld be ext9ct )9 a c5tury4 #hai ,! _s ( ! prosecution may be ga!r$ f ! facts t ! boy broke d[n & plead$ p5it5ce1 #hbj & t ! /atute enact$ ! capital p5alty only = ob/9ately p]si/+ 9 ! d5ial ( any ( ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity4 #hba ,he _h talk$ recklessly aga9/ ! curr5t cre$ among y\?s ab\t 8 own age1 "o ( :om 0 9 ,locke's op9ion ! decoy :o gave him ! books & made him speak z he did4 #hbb ,x w\ld appe> t a victim 0 v mu* want$2 & ,aik5head 0 n all[$ ! help ( a c\nsel4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! dead5+ effect ( dogmatic religion on ! he>t t an act ( su* bruti% cruelty elicit$ no cry ( horror f any ,*ri/ian writ]4 ,at ?is date ! cl]gy 7 h\nd+ on ! ,privy ,c\ncil to new activity 9 try+ wit*es2 & all works ( suppos$ h]etical t5d5cy import$ f ,engl& 7 confiscat$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh %ops1 among !m be+ ,?omas ,burnet's ,sacr$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 #hbc ,scotti% intellectual developm5t _h 9 fact be5 arre/$ by ! ,re=mation1 s t1 save = ,napi]'s ,log>i?ms 7#afad7 & su* a political treatise z ,ru!r=d's ,lex ,rex 7#afdd71 ! nation ( ,dunb> & ,lyndsay produc$ = two c5turies no secul> lit]ature ( ! lea/ value1 & n ev5 a !ology ( any endur+ int]e/4 ,deism1 accord+ly1 seems 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? & ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury to h made fully z mu* progress 9 ,scotl& z 9 ,engl&2 & ! bigot$ cl]gy c\ld (f] little intellectual resi/ance4 ,z e>ly z #afif ! ,scotti% ,g5]al ,assembly1 ) !ological c&\r1 pass$ an ,act aga9/ ! ,a!i/ical op9ions ( ! ,dei/s4 7,abridgm5t ( ! ,acts ( ! ,g5]al ,assemblies1 #agba1 pp4 #af1 #gf2 ,cunn+ham1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*4 ( ,scotl&1 ii1 #cac47 ,! op9ions specifi$ 7 ,! d5y+ ( all reveal$ religion1 ! gr& my/]ies ( ! gospels 444 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 &1 9 a ^w1 ! c]ta9ty & au?ority ( ,scripture revelation2 z also1 _! ass]t+ t !re mu/ be a ma!matical evid5ce = ea* purpose 444 & t ,natural ,light is suffici5t to ,salvation4 ,all ?is is deism1 pure & simple4 ,b ,sir ,w4 ,an/ru!r 7a judge 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,session71 9 ! preface to 8 ,essays ,moral & ,div9e1 ,ed9burgh1 #agaj1 speaks ( ! spread+ contagion ( a!ism1 :i* ?reat5s ! ru9 ( our excell5t & holy religion4 ,to a!ism he devotes two essays2 & nei!r 9 ^! nor 9 "o on ! ,inc>nation does he discuss deism1 ! argum5ts he h&les be+ really a!i/ic4 ,scotti% free?\ght w\ld seem ?us to h gone fur!r ?an ,engli% at ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,z to ! preval5ce ( deism1 h[ev]1 see ! po/hum\s "w ( ,pr(4 ,halyburton1 ( ,/4 ,&rews1 ,natural ,religion ,insuffici5t 7,ed9burgh1 #agad71 ,epi/4 ( ,recom42 pref4 pp4 #be1 #bg1 & pp4 #h1 #ae1 #ai1 #bc1 #ca1 etc4 ,halyburton's treatise is int]e/+ z %[+ ! psy*ological /ate ( argum5tative ,scot* or?odoxy 9 8 day4 ,he pr(esses to repel ! dei/ical argum5t ?r\gh\t by reason2 he foll[s ,huet1 & concurs ) ,b]keley 9 cont5d+ t ma!matics involves anti-rational assumptions2 & he takes entire satisfaction 9 ! execution ( ! lad ,aik5head = deism4 ,yet 9 a second treatise1 ,an ,essay ,conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ,fai?1 he cont5ds1 z aga9/ ,locke & ! ,rationali/s1 t ! p[] to believe 9 ! ^w ( ,god is expressly d5y'd to man 9 8 natural e/ate1 & is a sup]natural gift4 ,?us ! ,calv9i/s1 l ,baxt]1 7 at bottom absolutely ins9c]e 9 _! pr(ession to act ^u reason1 :ile insol5tly *>g+ ins9c]ity on o!rs4 ,ev5 ap>t f deism !re _h aris5 a widespread av]sion to dogmatic !ology & =mal cre$s1 s t an apologi/ ( #agae speaks ( 8 day z a "t :5 cre$s & ,confessions ( ,fai? are s g5]ally decri$1 & n only expos$ to contempt1 z useless inv5tions 444 b are load$ by _m writ]s ( di/+ui%$ wit & le>n+ ) ! mo/ fatal & dang]\s consequ5ces4 #hbd ,?is writ] admits ! int5se bitt]ness ( ! !ological disputes ( ! "t2 #hbe & he speaks1 on ! o!r h&1 ( see+ ! mo/ sacr$ my/]ies ( godl9ess impud5tly d5i$ & impugn$ by "s1 :ile ! di/+ui%+ doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity are by o!rs trea*]\sly und]m9$1 subtiliz$ into an airy phantom1 or at lea/ d\bt$1 if n disclaim$4 #hbf ,8 ref]5ces are probably to works publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 notably ^? ( ,locke1 ,tol&1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,coll9s1 s9ce 9 ,scotl& no su* lit]ature c\ld !n be publi%$2 b he d\btless has an eye to ,scotti% op9ion4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! rationalism ( ! "t c\ld n take book =m1 !re are cle> traces ( its exi/5ce among educat$ m51 ev5 ap>t f ! g5]al compla9ts ( ! apologi/s4 ,?us ! ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,john ,john/on1 0 a kn[n free?9k]4 #hbg ,9 ! way ( mod]ate or ,*ri/ian rationalism1 ! tea*+ ( ! prosecut$ ,simson seems to h c\nt$ = some?+1 see+ t ,francis ,hut*eson at lea/ imbib$ f him lib]al views ab\t future puni%m5t & ! salvation ( ! hea!n1 :i* gave mu* (f5ce 9 ! ,presbyt]ian pulpit 9 ,ul/]4 #hbh ,& ,hut*eson's lat] v9dication ( ! e?ical sy/em ( ,%aftesbury 9 8 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue 7#agbe7 mu/ h t5d$ to attract att5tion 9 ,scotl& to ! ,*>act]i/ics aft] 8 in/alm5t z a ,pr(essor at ,glasg[4 ,9 an ,engli% pamphlet1 9 #agcb1 he 0 satiriz$ z introduc+ ,%aftesbury's sy/em into a ,univ]sity1 #hbi & x 0 f ! ,%aftesbury camp t ! fir/ lit]>y expression ( free?\ght 9 ,scotl& 0 s5t =?4 ,a "y ,scot* dei/ ( t s*ool1 ,william ,dudgeon1 publi%$ 9 #agcb a dialogue entitl$ ,! ,/ate ( ! ,moral ,_w ,consid]$1 :]e9 ! optimi/ic position 0 tak5 up ) uncommon explicitness2 & 9 #agci ! same writ] pr9t$ ,a ,cate*ism ,f\nd$ ^u ,exp]i5ce & ,reason1 prefac$ by an ,introductory ,lett] on ,natural ,religion1 :i* takes a di/9ctly anti-cl]ical attitude4 ,! ,cate*ism answ]s to its title1 save ins(> z x is priori 9 its !ism & optimi/ic 9 its e?ic1 z is ano!r "w ( its au?or 9 ! same ye>1 ,a ,view ( ! ,necess>ian or ,be/ ,s*eme1 def5d+ ! ,%aftesburyan doctr9e aga9/ ! criticism ( ,cr\saz on ,pope's ,essay4 ,/ill m het]odox is 8 little volume ( ,philosophical ,lett]s ,conc]n+ ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god 7#agcg71 :]e ! doctr9e goes f> t[>ds pan!ism4 ,all ?is propag&a seems to h elicit$ only "o pr9t$ reply--an attack on 8 fir/ treatise 9 #agcb4 ,9 ! lett] prefac$ to 8 ,cate*ism1 h[ev]1 he tells t ! b>e suspicion ( my n believ+ ! op9ions 9 fa%ion 9 our c\ntry ha? already caus$ me suffici5t tr\ble4 #hcj ,8 case _h 9 fact be5 rais$ 9 ! ,*ur* c\rts1 ! proce$+s go+ ?r\gh _m /ages 9 ! ye>s #agcb-cf2 b 9 ! end no decision 0 tak51 #hca & ! special /ress ( 8 rationalism 9 #agci d\btless owes some?+ alike to ! prosecution & to its collapse4 ,despite su* ho/ility1 he mu/ privately h _h fair support4 #hcb ,! prosecution ( ,hut*eson be=e ! ,glasg[ ,presbyt]y 9 #agch reveals vividly ! !ological temp] ( ! "t4 ,he 0 indict$ = tea*+ to 8 /ud5ts ! foll[+ two false & dang]\s doctr9es3 fir/1 t ! /&>d ( moral goodness 0 ! promotion ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 &1 second1 t we c\ld h a k ( good & evil )\t & prior to a k ( ,god4 #hcc ,!re has be5 a natural disposition on ! or?odox side to suppress ! fact t su* tea*+s 7 ev] ecclesia/ically d5\nc$ z false1 dang]\s1 & irreligi\s2 & ! prosecution seems to h _h no effect beyond int5sify+ ! devotion ( ,hut*eson's /ud5ts4 ,among !m 0 ,adam ,smi?1 ( :om x has ju/ly be5 said t1 if he 0 any man's disciple1 he 0 ,hut*eson's1 inasmu* z he d]iv$ f 8 tea*] ! bases alike ( 8 moral & political philosophy & ( 8 dei/ic optimism4 #hcd ,ano!r prosecution soon aft]w>ds %[$ t ! new influ5ces 7 vitally affect+ ?\ght )9 ! ,*ur* itself4 ,hut*eson's fri5d ,lee*man1 :om he & 8 p>ty contriv$ to elect z pr(essor ( !ology 9 ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 0 9 turn proce$$ aga9/ 7#agdc-dd7 = a s]mon on ,pray]1 :i* ,hut*eson & 8 sympa?iz]s pron\nc$ noble1 #hce b :i* resolv$ ! efficacy ( pray] into its reflex influ5ce on ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp] #hcf--;a !orem :i* has *ronically made its appe>ance 9 ! ,scotti% ,*ur* ev] s9ce1 /ill rank+ z a h]esy1 aft] hav+ br\ght a cl]ical prosecution 9 ! la/ c5tury on at lea/ "o div9e1 ,pr(4 ,william ,knight1 & r\s+ a sc&al aga9/ ano!r1 ! late ,dr4 ,rob]t ,wallace4 #hcg ,lee*man 9 turn held 8 gr\nd1 & lat] became ,pr9cipal ( 8 ,univ]sity2 b /ill ! or?odox 9 ,scotl& f\ght bitt]ly aga9/ e semblance ( rationalism4 ,ev5 ! anti-dei/ic essays ( ,"l-,presid5t ,=bes ( ,cullod51 head ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session1 :5 collect$ #hch & po/hum\sly publi%$1 7 (f5sive to ! ,*ur* z lay+ undue /ress on reason2 z accept+ ! het]odox ,biblical !ories ( ,dr4 ,john ,hut*9son2 & z mak+ ! awkw>d admission t ! free?9k]s1 ) all _! p]v]sity1 g5]ally are s5sible ( ! social duties1 & act up to !m bett] ?an o!rs d :o 9 o!r respects ?9k m ju/ly ?an !y4 #hci ,su* an utt]ance f su* a dignit>y told ( a pr(\nd *ange2 &1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,hut*eson & ,lee*man on a g5]ation ( /ud5ts1 ! educat$ ,scotl& ( ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 9 l>ge "p ei!r ,mod]ate or dei/ic4 ,aft] g5]ations ( b>r5 controv]sy1 #hdj ! v aridity ( ! ,presbyt]ian life int5sifi$ ! recoil among ! educat$ classes to philosophical & hi/orical int]e/s1 lead+ to ! p]=mances ( ,hume1 ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 ,mill>1 ,f]guson1 & yet o!rs1 all rationali/s 9 me?od & sociologi/s 9 _! int]e/s4 ,( ^!1 ,mill>1 "o ( ,smi?'s fav\rite pupils1 & a table-talk] ( magical vivacity1 #hda 0 kn[n to be rationali/ic 9 a high degree2 #hdb :ile ,smi? & ,f]guson 7 c]ta9ly dei/s1 z 0 ,h5ry ,home 7! judge1 ,"l ,kames71 :o _h ! di/9ction ( be+ attack$ along ) 8 fri5d ,hume 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 9 #agee-ef4 ,home wrote expressly to controv]t ,hume1 alike z to utilit>ianism & ! idea ( causation2 b 8 book1 ,essays on ,morality & ,natural ,religion 7publi%$ anonym\sly1 #agea71 h&l$ ! ?orny "q ( free-w 9 su* fa%ion z to give no less (f5ce ?an ,hume _h done2 & ! or?odox bracket$ him ) ! subject ( 8 criticism4 ,8 doctr9e 0 inde$ s+ul>1 its purport be+ t !re c be no free-w1 b t ! deity has = wise purposes implant$ 9 m5 ! feel+ t _! wills are free4 ,! fact ( 8 hav+ be5 made a judge ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session s9ce writ+ 8 book _h probably some?+ to d ) ! rejection ( ! :ole subject by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,ed9burgh ,presbyt]y2 b !re _h evid5tly aris5 a c]ta9 diffid5ce 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* w\ld be assidu\sly promot$ by mod]ates su* z ,pr9cipal ,rob]tson1 ! hi/orian4 ,x is notewor?y t1 :ile ,home & ,hume ?us escap$1 ! o!r ,home1 ,john1 :o wrote ! !n admir$ trag$y ( ,d\glas1 0 soon aft] =c$ to resign 8 position z a m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* = t au?or%ip1 deism hav+ app>5tly m fri5ds 9 ! fold ?an drama4 #hdc ,:ile ! !atre 0 ?us be+ treat$ z a place ( s91 _m ( ! *ur*es 9 ,scotl& 7 ! sc5es ( repeat$ ,sunday riots4 ,a new mann] ( psalm-s++ _h be5 introduc$1 & x frequ5tly happ5$ t ! congregations divid$ into two p>ties1 ea* s++ 9 its own way1 till !y came to bl[s4 ,accord+ to "o ( ,hume's biograph]s1 unbeliev]s 7 at ?is p]iod wont to g to *ur* to see ! fun4 #hdd ,naturally or?odoxy did n ga9 gr\nd4 ,9 ! case ( ,adam ,smi? we h "o ( ! lead+ in/ances ( ! divorce betwe5 culture & cre$ 9 ! ,scotl& ( t age4 ,8 intellectual t5d5cies1 prim$ by ,hut*eson1 7 already reveal+ !mselves :51 seek+ = some?+ wor? /udy 9 ! un/udi\s ,ox=d ( 8 day1 he 0 f\nd by "s suspici\s sup]visor read+ ,hume's ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,! book 0 seiz$ & ! /ud5t scold$4 #hde ,:51 9 #agea1 he became ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 he ar\s$ or?odox comm5t by ab&on+ ! ,sunday class on ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces set up by ,hut*eson1 & /ill fur!r1 x is said1 by petition+ ! ,s5atus to be all[$ to be reliev$ ( ! duty ( op5+ 8 class ) pray]4 #hdf ,! p]mission 0 n giv52 & ! compulsory pray]s 7 ?\ght to sav\r /rongly ( natural religion2 :ile ! lectures on ,natural ,!ology1 :i* 7 "p ( ! "w ( ! *air1 7 said to lead presumptu\s /ripl+s to hold t ! great tru?s ( !ology1 toge!r ) ! duties :i* man owes to ,god & 8 neighb\rs1 may be discov]$ by ! light ( nature )\t any special revelation4 #hdg ,smi? 0 ?us well f\nd$ 9 rationalism be=e he became p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,voltaire & ! o!r ,fr5* free?9k]s2 & ! pi\s contempor>y :o deplores 8 associations av[s t nei!r be=e nor aft] 8 ,fr5* t\r 0 8 religi\s cre$ ev] prop]ly asc]ta9$4 #hdh ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t x /eadily develop$ 9 a rationali/ic direction4 ,9 ! ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts 7#agei7 ! prevail+ ve9 ( !i/ic optimism is suffici5tly uncritical2 b ev5 !re !re em]ges an app>5t d\bt on ! doctr9e ( a future /ate1 & positive ho/ility to c]ta9 ecclesia/ical =ms ( x4 #hdi ,9 ! six? edition1 :i* he prep>$ = ! press 9 #agij1 he delet$ ! passage :i* pron\nc$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t to be 9 h>mony ) natural e?ics4 #hej ,b mo/ notewor?y ( all is 8 h&l+ ( ! "q ( religi\s e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 #hea ,x is s completely naturali/ic t only ! habit ( tak+ ! ,*ri/ian religion = grant$ c\ld make m5 miss see+ t its acc\nt ( ! conditions ( ! rise ( new cults appli$ to t 9 its orig9 no less ?an to ! rise ( any ( its sects4 ,z a :ole1 ! argum5t might =m "p ( ,gibbon's fifte5? *apt]4 ,& ev5 all[+ = ! sl[ness ( ! av]age believ] to see ! application ( a g5]al sociological law to 8 own sy/em1 !re mu/ be inf]r$ a great *ange 9 ! intellectual climate ( ,scotti% life be=e we c acc\nt = ,smi?'s g5]al popul>ity at home z well z abroad aft] 8 h&l+ ( en?usiasm & sup]/ition 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,! fact /&s out t ! two mo/ em95t ?9k]s 9 ,scotl& 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 non-,*ri/ians1 #heb & t _! mo/ intellectual associates 7 9 g5]al sympa?y ) !m4 #aa ,9 ,irel&1 at lea/ 9 ,dubl91 dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury1 !re occurr$1 on a small] scale1 a simil> movem5t ( rationalism1 also l>gely associat$ ) ,%aftesbury4 ,9 ,dubl9 t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we h se5 ,molyneux1 ! fri5d & correspond5t ( ,locke1 int]e/$ 9 free?\ght1 albeit mu* sc>$ by ! imprud5ce ( ,tol&4 ,at ! same p]iod !re g]m9at$ a gr[? ( ,unit>ianism1 :i* 0 ev5 m fi]cely p]secut$ ?an t ( ,tol&'s deism4 ,! ,rev4 ,?omas ,emlyn1 an ,engli%man1 co-pa/or ( ! ,prote/ant ,diss5t+ ,congregation ( ,wood ,/reet 7n[ ,/r& ,/reet71 ,dubl91 0 f\nd by a ,presbyt]ian & a ,bapti/ to be h]etical on ! subject ( ! ,tr9ity1 & 0 indict$ 9 #agjb = blasphemy4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #a1jjj1 :i* 0 p>tly commut$ on 8 release4 ,he prote/$ t ,s\? & ,%]lock & o!r writ]s on ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sy might h be5 z ju/ly prosecut$ z he2 b ,iri% ,prote/ant or?odoxy 0 ( a ke5] sc5t ?an ,engli%1 & ,emlyn 0 fa91 :5 releas$1 to return to 8 native l&4 #hec ,8 colleague ,boyse1 l _m o!r ,*ur*m51 wi%$ t ! unhappy tr9it>ian controv]sy 7 buri$ 9 sil5ce1 b 0 c>eful to con=m doctr9ally4 ,m advanc$ ?9k]s _h d\ble reason to be retic5t4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 p]secution provok$ ! gr[? x s\ght to /ifle2 & aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,iri% ,tol]ation ,act ( #agai1 a m lib]al measure ?an ! ,engli%1 !re develop$ 9 ,ul/]1 & ev5 9 ,dubl91 a ,unit>ian movem5t ak9 to t proce$+ 9 ,engl&4 #hed ,9 ! next g5]ation we f9d 9 ! same city a cot]ie ( ,%aftesburyans1 c5tr+ ar\nd ,"l ,moleswor?1 ! fri5d ( ,hut*eson1 a man ( affairs devot$ to intellectual int]e/s4 ,x 0 )9 a few ye>s ( 8 meet+ ,moleswor? t ,hut*eson produc$ 8 ,inquiry1 *ampion+ ,%aftesbury's ideas2 #hee & o!r lit]>y m5 7 simil>ly influ5c$4 ,x is ev5 sugge/$ t ,hut*eson's cl]ical fri5d ,synge1 :om we h se5 #hef 9 #agac attempt+ a ratioc9ative answ] to ! unbelief he decl>$ to be abundant ar\nd him1 0 n only influ5c$ by ,%aftesbury ?r\gh ,moleswor?1 b latt]ly avoid$ publication le/ 8 op9ions %\ld prejudice 8 c>e] 9 ! ,*ur*4 #heg ,aft] ! dea? ( ,moleswor?1 9 #agbe1 ! movem5t he set up seems to h langui%$2 #heh b1 z we h se51 !re 7 among ! ,iri% bi%ops m5 giv5 to philosophic controv]sy1 & ! influ5ce ( ,b]keley _c h be5 :olly obscuranti/4 ,:5 9 #agef we read ( ! ,arian ,bi%op ,clayton #hei propos+ 9 ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,lords to drop ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian cre$s1 we realize t 9 ,irel& ?\ght 0 f> f /agnant4 ,! h]etic bi%op1 h[ev]1 di$ 7,febru>y1 #ageh7 j z he 0 ab\t to be prosecut$ = ! anti-,a?anasian h]esies ( 8 la/ book2 & !nce=? ,irel& plays no noticeable "p 9 ! developm5t ( rationalism1 political int]e/s soon tak+ ! place ( religi\s1 ) ! result t or?odoxy recov]$ gr\nd4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! spectacle ( religi\s wick$ness pres5t$ by ! op]ation ( ! odi\s p5al laws aga9/ ,ca?olics1 & ! temp] ( ! ,prote/ant ,asc5dancy p>ty 9 religi\s matt]s1 _h br$ rational skepticism 9 ,irel& 9 ! usual way4 ,moleswor? /&s out 9 ,iri% hi/ory z a f\nd] ( a new & san] patriotism2 & 8 doctr9es w\ld specially appeal to m5 ( a secul> & critical way ( ?9k+4 ,h]etical bi%ops imply h]etical laym54 ,b ! environm5t 0 unpropiti\s to dispassionate ?9k+4 ,! v relaxation ( ! ,p5al ,code fav\r$ a rev]sion to mod]ate or?odoxy2 & ! new political /rifes ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 de/9$ z !y 7 to be reop5$ 9 ! next1 det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ,iri% culture 9 ano!r way4 #ab ,9 ,engl&1 mean:ile1 !re 0 beg9n+ ! r$i/ribution ( en]gies :i* c be se5 to h prep>$ = ! intellectual & political reaction ( ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,!re _h be5 no su* victory ( fai? z is suppos$ to h be5 wr\ght by ! =5sic !orem ( ,butl]4 ,an or?odox ,g]man obs]v]1 mak+ a close inque/ ab\t #agej1 cites ! ,briti% ,magaz9e z /at+ 9 #agdi t half ! educat$ p 7 !n dei/s2 & he1 aft] full inquiry1 agrees4 #hfj ,9 ! same ye>1 ,ri*>dson speaks tragically 9 ! ,po/scriptum to ,cl>issa ( see+ skepticism & infidelity op5ly av[$1 & ev5 endeav\r$ to be propagat$ f ! press2 ! great doctr9es ( ! gospel br\ght into "q2 & he describes himself z seek+ to /eal 9 ) a disguis$ plea = religion4 ,in/ead ( be+ de/roy$ by ! cl]ical def5ce1 ! dei/ic movem5t _h really p5etrat$ ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 become z rationali/ic 9 its me?ods z its function w\ld p]mit1 & ! educat$ classes1 :i* _h arriv$ at a /ate ( compromise4 ,pope1 ! *ief poet ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 _h be5 visibly dei/ic 9 8 ?9k+2 z ,dryd5 _h inf]ribly be5 be=e him2 & to su* lit]>y pre/ige 0 add$ ! pre/ige ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! academic ,cony]s ,middleton1 ^: ,lett] f ,rome _h told s heavily aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 9 expos+ ! pagan d]ivations ( mu* ( ,ca?olicism1 & :o _h fur!r damag$ ! doctr9e ( inspiration 9 8 anonym\s ,lett] to ,dr4 ,wat]l& 7#agca71 :ile pr(ess+ to refute ,t9dal1 _h c>ri$ to yet fur!r l5g?s 8 s]vice to ! critical _s4 ,9 8 fam\s ,free ,inquiry into ! miracles ( po/-apo/olic ,*ri/ianity 7#agdi71 aga9 pr(ess+ to /rike at ,rome1 he _h laid ! f\ndations ( a new /ructure ( comp>ative criticism1 & _h giv5 p]man5t gr\nds = reject+ ! miracles ( ! sacr$ books4 ,middleton's book appe>$ a ye> aft] ,hume's essay ,( ,miracles1 & x made out no su* philosophic case z ,hume's aga9/ ! concept ( miracle2 b x creat$ at once1 by its lit]>y brilliance & its cog5t argum5t1 a s5sation su* z _h ?us f> be5 made nei!r by ,hume's philosophic argum5t nor by ,franckl9's anticipation ( t4 #hfa ,middleton _h duly safegu>d$ himself by posit+ ! c]ta9ty ( ! gospel miracles & ( ^? wr\ght by ! ,apo/les1 on ! old pr9ciple #hfb t prodigies 7 div9ely arrang$ s f> =? z 0 necess>y to e/abli% ,*ri/ianity1 b no fur!r4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gospel1 he writes1 ,i hope may be true1 ?\gh ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* be fabul\s4 #hfc ,b 8 argum5t aga9/ po/-,apo/olic miracles is s /rictly naturali/ic t no vigilant read] c\ld fail to realize its full] be>+ ^u all miracles :atsoev]4 ,) ,hume & ,franckl91 he insi/$ t facts incr$ible 9 !mselves c\ld n be e/abli%$ by any am\nt or k9d ( te/imony2 & he sugge/$ no measure ( comp>ative cr$ibility z betwe5 ! two ord]s ( miracle4 ,) ! dei/s 9 g5]al1 he argu$ t k ei!r ( ! ways or w ( ! ,creator 0 to be _h only ?r\gh /udy ( t revelation :i* he made ( himself f ! beg9n+ 9 ! beautiful fabric ( ?is visible _w4 #hfd ,an antagoni/ accord+ly wrote t 8 !ses 73 ,fir/1 t !re 7 no miracles wr\ght 9 ! primitive ,*ur*2 ,secondly1 t all ! primitive fa!rs 7 fools or knaves1 & mo/ ( !m bo? "o & ! o!r4 ,& x is easy to obs]ve1 ! :ole t5or ( y\r argum5t t5ds to prove1 ,?irdly1 t no miracles 7 wr\ght by ,*ri/ or 8 apo/les2 & ,f\r?ly1 t ^! too 7 fools or knaves1 or bo?4 #hfe ,a m temp]ate oppon5t press$ ! same po9t 9 less explosive language4 ,cit+ ,middleton's dem& = an inductive me?od1 ?is critic asks ) mu* po9t3 ,:at does he mean by 'des]t+ ! pa? ( ,nature & exp]i5ce1' b giv+ 9 to ! belief ( any miracles1 & ackn[l$g+ ! reality ( ev5ts contr>y to ! kn[n effects ( ! e/abli%$ ,laws ( ,nature8 #hff ,no o!r answ] 0 s]i\sly possible4 ,9 ! v act ( o/5tati\sly t]m+ ,t9dal an infidel1 ,middleton describes an answ] made to him by ! apologi/ ,*apman z a sample ( a k9d ( writ+ :i* did m hurt & discr$it to ,*ri/ianity ?an all ! attacks ( its op5 adv]s>ies4 #hfg ,9 support ( ! miracles ( ! gospel & ! apo/olic hi/ory he (f]s m]ely conv5tional pleas3 aga9/ ! miracles relat$ by ! ,fa!rs he br+s to be> an incessant batt]y ( de/ructive criticism4 ,we may sum up t by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ess5tials ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 op5ly *all5g$ = a g5]ation by av[$ dei/s1 7 ab&on$ by n a few s*ol>s )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 ( :om ,middleton 0 m]ely ! lea/ retic5t4 ,aft] 8 dea? 0 publi%$ 8 ,v9dication ( ! ,inquiry 7#agea72 & 9 8 collect$ works 7#ageb7 0 includ$ 8 ,reflections on ! ,v>iations or ,inconsi/5cies :i* are f\nd among ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 :]e9 x is demon/rat$ t ! belief ( ! inspiration & absolute infallibility ( ! evangeli/s seems to be m absurd ?an ev5 t ( transub/antiation itself4 #hfh ,! ma9 gr\nds ( or?odoxy 7 ?us put 9 d\bt 9 ! "n ( a critical or?odoxy4 ,9 %ort1 ! dei/ic movem5t _h done :at x lay 9 x to d4 ,! old evangelical or pieti/ic view ( life 0 discr$it$ among in/ruct$ p1 & 9 ?is s5se x 0 ,*ri/ianity t _h decay$4 ,its lat] recov]y 0 economic1 n intellectual4 ,?us ,skelton writes 9 #agea t our mod]n apologi/s = ,*ri/ianity (t5 def5d x on dei/ical pr9ciples 7,deism ,reveal$1 pref4 p4 xii4 ,cp4 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bcd1 #bcg74 ,see also ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 z cit$ above1 p4 #adi1 note2 & ,go/wick1 ,g]man ,culture & ,*ri/ianity1 #ahhb1 pp4 #cc-cf4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( lib]aliz+ or?odoxy is furni%$ by ! ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,a%ley ,sykes1 :o contribut$ _m volumes to ! g5]al dei/ic discussion1 "s ( !m anonym\sly4 ,9 ! preface to 8 ,essay on ! ,tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 7#agcb2 #bnd ed4 enl>g$1 #agee7 ,sykes rem>ks t s9ce 444 sy/ematical op9ions h be5 receiv$ & embrac$ 9 su* a mann] t x has n be5 safe to contradict !m1 ! burd5 ( v9dicat+ ,*ri/ianity has be5 v mu* increas$4 ,its fri5ds h be5 mu* emb>rass$ ?r\gh fe> ( speak+ aga9/ local tru?s2 & its adv]s>ies h s successfully attack$ ^? weaknesses t ,*ri/ianity itself has be5 deem$ indef5sible1 :5 9 reality ! follies ( ,*ri/ians alone h be5 s4 ,7 ,*ri/ians left to ! simple doctr9es ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 he cont5ds1 ,infidelity c\ld make no conv]ts4 ,& at ! close ( ! book he writes3 ,w\ld to ,god t ,*ri/ians w\ld be cont5t ) ! pla9ness & simplicity ( ! gospel4444 ,t !y w\ld n v5d "u ! "n ( evangelical tru? ! absurd & contradictory s*emes ( ignorant or wick$ m56 ,t !y w\ld "p ) t load ( rubbi% :i* makes ?9k+ m5 almo/ s9k "u ! weight1 & gives too great a h&le = ,infidelity6 ,su* writ+ c\ld n give satisfaction to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities2 & z little c\ld ,sykes's rem>kable admission 7,! ,pr9ciples & ,connection ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 #agdj1 p4 #bdb73 ,:5 ! advantages ( revelation are to be specifi$1 ,i _c conceive t x %\ld be ma9ta9$ z necess>y to fix a rule ( morality4 ,= :at "o pr9ciple ( morality is !re :i* ! hea!n morali/s _h n ass]t$ or ma9ta9$8 ,be=e ev] any revelation is (f]$ to mank9d !y are suppos$ to be s well acqua9t$ ) moral tru?s z f !m to judge ( ! tru? ( ! revelation itself4 ,aga9 he writes3-- ,nor c revelation be necess>y to asc]ta9 religion4 ,= religion consi/+ 9 no?+ b do+ our duties f a s5se ( ! be+ ( ,god1 revelation is n necess>y to ?is end1 unless x be said t we _c "k t !re is a ,god1 & :at our duties are1 )\t x4 ,reason w tea* u t !re is a ,god 444 t we are to be j & *>itable to our neighb\rs2 t we are to be temp]ate & sob] 9 ourselves 7id4 p4 #bdd74 ,?is is simple ,%aftesburyan deism1 & all t ! apologi/ goes on to cont5d = is t revelation conta9s motives & reasons = ! practice ( :at is "r1 m & diff]5t f :at natural reason )\t ?is help c sugge/4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h believ$ 9 miracles1 ?\gh an anonym\s ,essay on ! ,nature1 ,design1 & ,orig9 ( ,sacrifices 7#agdh7 :i* is ascrib$ to him quietly und]m9es ! :ole evangelical doctr9e4 ,?r\gh\t1 he is rem>kable = ! am5ity ( 8 tone t[>ds infidels4 ,balguy1 a man ( less ability1 is notably latitud9>ian 9 8 !ology4 ,9 ! v act ( criticiz+ ! dei/s1 he compla9s ( ,locke's arbitr>9ess 9 d]iv+ morality f ! w ( ,god4 ,religion1 he argues1 is s d]iv$1 b morality is inh]5t 9 ! :ole nature ( ?+s1 & is ! same = ,god & m54 ,?is position1 common to ! s*ool ( ,cl>ke1 is at bottom t ( ,%aftesbury & ! ,naturali/s4 ,all t ,balguy says = religion is t a doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts is necess>y to /imulate ! av]age moral s5se2 & t ! ,*ri/ian /ory ( ! condesc5sion ( ,omnipot5ce 9 com+ to e>? & suff]+ mis]y = man's sake ought to ov]:elm ! imag9ation6 7,see ,a ,lett] to a ,dei/1 #bnd ed4 #agcj1 pp4 #e1 #ad1 #ae1 #ca2 ,f\ndation ( ,moral ,goodness1 pt4 ii1 #agbi1 p4 #da sq47 ,! next intellectual /ep 9 natural c\rse w\ld h be5 a revision ( ! dei/ic assumptions1 ins(>1 t is1 z c]ta9 positive assumptions 7 common to ! dei/s4 ,b1 z we h se51 c]ta9 fre% issues 7 rais$ z among ! dei/s !mselves4 ,9 addition to ^? above not$1 !re 0 ! pr(\ndly important "o z to e?ics4 ,%aftesbury1 :o reject$ ! religi\s basis1 held a cre$ ( optimism2 & ?is optimism 0 assail$ by ,m&eville1 :o 9 consequ5ce 0 oppos$ z w>mly by ! dei/ ,hut*eson & o!rs z by ,law & ,b]keley4 ,to grapple ) ?is problem1 & ) ! und]ly+ cosmic problem1 !re 0 ne$$ at lea/ z mu* g5]al m5tal activity z w5t to ! antec$5t discussion2 & ! ma9 activity ( ! nation 0 n[ be+ o!rwise direct$4 ,! negative process1 ! impea*m5t ( ,*ri/ian sup]naturalism1 _h be5 accompli%$ s f> z ! curr5t argum5ts w5t4 ,tol& & ,coll9s _h f\ght ! battle ( free discussion1 =c+ ratioc9ation on ! ,*ur*2 ,coll9s _h %ak5 ! cre$ ( prophecy2 ,%aftesbury _h impugn$ ! religi\s conception ( morals2 & ,m&eville _h done s m pr(\ndly1 lay+ ! f\ndations ( sci5tific utilit>ianism4 #hfi ,s effective _h be5 ! utilit>ian propag&a 9 g5]al t ! or?odox ,br[n 7au?or ( ! once fam\s ,e/imate ( ! life ( 8 c\ntrym571 9 8 criticism ( ,%aftesbury 7#agea71 wrote z a pure utilit>ian aga9/ an inconsi/5t "o1 & def5d$ ,*ri/ianity on /rictly utilit>ian l9es4 ,wool/on1 foll[+ up ,coll9s1 _h %ak5 ! fai? 9 ,new ,te/am5t miracles2 ,middleton _h done x afre% ) all ! decorum t ,wool/on lack$2 & ,hume _h laid d[n ) ma/]ly cle>ness ! philosophic pr9ciple :i* rebuts all attempts to prove miracles z su*4 #hgj ,t9dal _h cl9*$ ! case = natural !ism z aga9/ revelationism2 & ! lat] dei/s1 notably ,morgan1 _h to "s ext5t comb9$ ^! results4 #hga ,?is lit]ature 0 g5]ally di/ribut$2 & s f> ! case _h be5 ?ra%$ out4 #ac ,to c>ry intellectual progress mu* fur!r !re 0 ne$$ a g5]al movem5t ( sci5tific /udy & a re=m 9 education4 ,! translation ( ,la ,mettrie's ,man a ,ma*9e 7#agdi7 #hgb f\nd a public no bett] prep>$ = ! problems he rais$ ?an t address$ by ,/rutt eighte5 ye>s be=e2 & ! reply ( ,luzac1 ,man ,m ?an a ,ma*9e1 9 ! preface to :i* ! translator 7#ageb7 decl>$ t irreligion & infidelity ov]spread ! l&1 probably satisfi$ :at appetite !re 0 = su* a discussion4 ,!re _h begun a *ange 9 ! prevail+ m5tal life1 a div]sion ( int]e/ f ideas z su* to political & m]cantile int]e/s4 ,! middle & latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury is ! p]iod ( ! rise ( 7#a7 ! new ma*9e indu/ries1 & 7#b7 ! new imp]iali/ic policy ( ,*a?am4 #hgc ,bo? alike )drew m5 f problems ( m]e belief1 :e!r !ological or sci5tific4 #hgd ,t ! reaction 0 n "o ( m]e fatigue ov] deism we h already se54 ,x 0 a g5]al div]sion ( en]gy1 analog\s to :at _h previ\sly tak5 place 9 ,france 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,z ! poet ,gray1 himself or?odox1 put ! case 9 #aged1 ! mode ( free?9k+ has giv5 place to ! mode ( n ?9k+ at all4 #hge ,9 ,hume's op9ion ! g5]al pit* ( national intellig5ce s\? ( ! ,twe$ 0 l[]$4 #hgf ,?is /ate ( ?+s ( c\rse 0 fav\rable to religi\s revival2 b :at took place 0 r a new gr[? ( emotional pietism 9 ! new indu/rial masses 7! population be+ n[ on a rapid increase71 "u ! m9i/ry ( ! ,wesleys & ,:itefield1 & a fur!r gr[? ( simil> religion 9 ! new prov9cial middle-class t grew up on ! indu/rial basis4 ,! univ]sities all ! :ile 7 at ! l[e/ ebb ( culture1 b (ficially rabid aga9/ philosophic free?9k+4 #hgg ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t all ?is meant a dy+ out ( deism among ! educat$ classes4 ,! /atem5t ( ,goldsmi?1 ab\t #agfj1 t dei/s 9 g5]al h be5 driv5 into a confession ( ! necessity ( revelation1 or an op5 av[al ( a!ism1 #hgh is n to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,goldsmi?1 ^: own or?odoxy is v d\btful1 _h a :imsical !ory t skepticism1 ?\gh x might n injure morals1 has a manife/ t5d5cy to subv]t ! lit]>y m]its ( any c\ntry2 #hgi & argu$ accord+ly4 ,deism1 rema9+ fa%ionable1 did b fall p>tly into ! backgr\nd ( liv+ int]e/s1 ! m concrete issues ( politics & ! new imag9ative lit]ature occupy+ ! =egr\nd4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii t ,sir ,william ,black/one1 hav+ _h ! curiosity to li/5 9 succession to ! prea*+ ( e cl]gyman 9 ,london1 did n he> a s+le disc\rse :i* _h m ,*ri/ianity 9 x ?an ! writ+s ( ,cic]o1 & decl>$ t x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to discov] f :at he he>d :e!r ! prea*] 7 a foll[] ( ,confucius1 ( ,mahomet1 or ( ,*ri/4 #hhj ,:5 ! ,*ur* 0 ?us dei/ic1 ! educat$ laity c h be5 no less s4 ,! lit]>y /atus ( deism aft] #agej 0 really high] ?an ev]4 ,x 0 n[ repres5t$ by ,hume2 by ,adam ,smi? 7,moral ,s5tim5ts1 #agei72 by ! s*ol>%ip ( ,cony]s ,middleton2 & by ! po/hum\s works 7#ageb-ed7 ( ,"l ,bol+broke1 :o1 albeit m ( a debat] ?an a ?9k]1 debat$ (t5 ) ma/]ly skill1 9 a /yle unmat*$ = h>mony & en]getic grace1 :i* _h already won him a great lit]>y pre/ige1 ?\gh ! visible ins9c]ity ( 8 "*1 & ! habit ( br[beat+1 always c\nt]vail$ 8 *>m4 ,8 influ5ce1 commonly belittl$1 0 mu* great] ?an writ]s l ,johnson w\ld admit2 & x w5t deep4 ,voltaire1 :o _h be5 8 intimate1 tells #hha t he _h kn[n "s "y pupils ( ,bol+broke :o altoge!r d5i$ ! hi/oric actuality ( ! ,gospel ,jesus--a /ret* ( criticism beyond ! assimilative p[] ( t age4 ,8 motive to write = po/hum\s publication1 h[ev]1 seems r to h be5 ! v5t+ ( 8 tumultu\s feel+s ?an any philosophic purpose4 ,an ov]we5+ dei/1 he is yet at mu* pa9s to disp>age ! priori argum5t = deism1 be/[+ "s ( 8 mo/ viol5t epi!ts on ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 :o seems to h exasp]at$ him 9 politics4 ,b 8 ca/igation ( div9es is tol]ably imp>tial on t side2 & he is l>gely conc]n$ to deprive !m ( gr\nds = _! functions1 ?\gh he f9ally insi/s t *ur*es are necess>y = purposes ( public moral tea*+4 ,8 own tea*+s repres5t an ef=t to rationalize deism4 ,! ,god :om he affirms is to be conceiv$ or describ$ only z omnipot5t & omnisci5t 7or all-wise71 n z good or b5evol5t any m ?an z v9dictive4 ,?us he _h assimilat$ "p ( ! ,sp9ozi/ic & ! a!i/ic case aga9/ an?ropomorphism1 :ile /ill us+ an?ropomorphic language on ! score t we mu/ speak ( ,god aft] ! mann] ( m54 ,beyond ?is po9t he compromises to ! ext5t ( d5y+ special :ile admitt+ collective or social provid5ces2 ?\gh he is positive 9 8 d5ial ( ! actuality or ! moral ne$ ( a future /ate4 ,z to morals he takes ! ord9>y dei/ic l9e1 putt+ ! innate law ( nature z ! suffici5t & only revelation by ! deity to 8 creatures4 ,on ! basis ( t inn] te/imony he rejects ! ,old ,te/am5t z utt]ly unwor?y ( deity1 b endorses ! univ]sal morality f\nd 9 ! gospels1 :ile reject+ _! !ology4 ,x 0 v mu* ! deism ( ,voltaire1 save t x made m concessions to anti-!i/ic logic4 ,! weak side ( ,bol+broke's polemic 0 its inconsi/5cy--a flaw d]iv+ f 8 "*4 ,9 ! _s ( a p>tisan debat] he ?rew out at any po9t any criticism t appe>$ = ! mom5t plausible2 &1 hav+ no sci5tific basis or sav+ rectitude1 w\ld else:]e take up ano!r & a contradictory position4 ,c>eful antagoni/s c\ld ?us discr$it him by m]e collation ( 8 own utt]ances4 #hhb ,b1 ! enemy be+ no m consi/5t ?an he1 8 influ5ce 0 n s]i\sly affect$ 9 ! _w ( ord9>y read]s2 & mu* ( 8 attack on div9es1 on dogmas1 & on ,old ,te/am5t morality mu/ h appeal$ to _m1 ?us c>ry+ on ! discr$it ( or?odoxy 9 g5]al4 ,lel& devot$ to him an entire volume ( 8 ,view ( ! ,pr9cipal ,dei/ical ,writ]s1 & 9 all be/[s m space ^u him ?an on all ! o!rs toge!r--a suffici5t indication ( 8 vogue4 ,9 8 lifetime1 h[ev]1 ,bol+broke _h be5 extremely c>eful to avoid compromis+ himself4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,hassall1 9 8 g5]ally excell5t monograph on ,bol+broke 7,/atesm5 ,s]ies1 #ahhi1 p4 #bbf71 writes1 9 answ] to ! attack ( ,johnson1 t ,bol+broke1 dur+ 8 lifetime1 _h nev] scrupl$ to publi% criticisms1 rem>kable = _! fre$om1 on religi\s subjects4 ,i _c ga!r to :at he ref]s2 & ,mr4 ,walt] ,si*el1 9 8 copi\s biography 7#b vols4 #aija-aijb71 indicates no su* publications4 ,! ,lett]s on ! ,/udy & ,use ( ,hi/ory1 :i* conta9 7,lett4 iii1 sect4 #b7 a skeptical discussion ( ! ,p5tateu* z hi/ory1 ?\gh writt5 9 #agce-cf1 7 only po/hum\sly publi%$1 9 #ageb4 ,! ,exam5 ,important de ,milord ,bol+broke1 produc$ by ,voltaire 9 #agfg1 b dat$ #agcf1 is ,voltaire's own "w1 bas$ on ,bol+broke4 ,9 8 lett] to ,swift ( ,septemb] #ab1 #agbd 7,swift's ,works1 ,scott's ed4 #ahbd1 xvi1 #ddh-di71 ,bol+broke angrily repudiates ! title ( esprit =t1 decl>+1 9 ! v temp] 9 :i* pi\s po/]ity has asp]s$ himself1 t su* are ! pe/s ( society1 because !y endeav\r to loos5 ! b&s ( x4444 ,i !re=e n only dis[n1 b ,i dete/1 ?is "*4 ,9 ?is lett] he ev5 affects to believe 9 ! tru? ( ! div9e revelation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he began to write 8 essays1 x is true1 be=e 8 )drawal to ,france 9 #agce1 b ) no int5tion ( spe$ily publi%+ !m4 ,9 8 ,lett] to ,mr4 ,pope 7publi%$ ) ! ,lett] to ,wyndham1 #agec71 p4 #dha1 he writes3 ,i h be5 a m>tyr ( faction 9 politics1 & h no vocation to be s 9 philosophy4 ,cp4 pp4 #dhe-hf4 ,x is ?us a complete blund] on ! "p ( ,bagehot to say 7,lit]>y ,/udies1 ,hutton's ed4 iii1 #acg7 t ,butl]'s ,analogy1 publi%$ 9 #agcf1 0 design$ z a confutation ( ,%aftesbury & ,bol+broke4 ,x is ev5 said 7,w>ton1 ,essay on ,pope1 #d? ed4 ii1 #bid-ie7 t ,pope did n "k ,bol+broke's real op9ions2 b ,pope's untru?fulness 0 su* z to discr$it su* a /atem5t4 ,cp4 ,bol+broke's ,lett] z cit$1 p4 #eba1 & 8 ,philosophical ,works1 #hvo-ed4 #aged1 ii1 #dje4 ,x is notewor?y t a volume ( controv]sial s]mons entitl$ ,a ,pres]vative aga9/ unsettl$ notions & ,want ( ,pr9ciples 9 ,religion1 s entirely /upid 9 its apologetics z to be at times positively ent]ta9+1 0 publi%$ 9 #agae by ,joseph ,trapp1 ,m4,a41 ,*apla9 to ! ,"r ,honble4 ,! ,"l ,visc\nt ,bol+broke4 ,9 seek+ to e/imate ,bol+broke's po/hum\s influ5ce we h to rememb] t aft] ! publication ( 8 works ! or?odox memb]s ( 8 own p>ty1 :o o!rwise w\ld h =giv5 him all 8 vices & ins9c]ities1 h held him up to hatr$4 ,scott1 = in/ance1 f\nd+ on ,bol+broke's own di%one/ d5unciation ( free?9k]s z m5 seek+ to loos5 ! b&s ( society1 pron\nc$ 8 arrangem5t = ! po/hum\s issue ( 8 works an act ( wick$ness m purely diabolical ?an any hi!rto ^u record 9 ! hi/ory ( any age or nation 7,note to ,bol+broke's lett] above cit$ 9 ,swift's ,works1 xvi1 #dej74 ,x w\ld be an error1 on ! o!r h&1 to class him among ei!r ! great sociologi/s or ! great philosoph]s4 ,mr4 ,si*el und]takes to %[ 7vol4 ii1 *4 x7 t ,bol+broke _h /imulat$ ,gibbon to a consid]able ext5t 9 8 treatm5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is 9 itself q probable1 & "s ( ! p>allels cit$ are notewor?y2 b ,mr4 ,si*el1 :o always writes z a panegyri/1 makes no attempt to trace ! common ,fr5* s\rces = bo?4 ,he does %[ t ,voltaire manipulat$ ,bol+broke's op9ions 9 reproduc+ !m4 ,b he does n critically recognize ! incoh]5ce ( ,bol+broke's eloqu5t treatises4 ,mr4 ,hassall's summ>y is ne>] ! tru?2 b t 9 turn does n note h[ well fitt$ 0 ,bol+broke's swift & graceful declamation to d its "w ) ! g5]al public1 :i* 7if x accept$ him at all7 w\ld make small acc\nt ( self-contradiction4 #ad ,9 view ( su* a re9=cem5t ( its propag&a1 deism c\ld n be reg>d$ z 9 ! lea/ degree writt5 d[n4 ,9 #agfe1 9 fact1 we f9d ,did]ot rec\nt+1 on ! au?ority ( d',holba*1 :o _h j return$ f a visit to ?is c\ntry1 t ! ,*ri/ian religion is ne>ly ext9ct 9 ,engl&4 ,! dei/s are innum]able2 !re are almo/ no a!i/s2 ^? :o are s conceal x4 ,an a!i/ & a sc\ndrel are almo/ synonym\s t]ms = !m4 #hhc ,nor did ! output ( dei/ic lit]ature end ) ! po/hum\s works ( ,bol+broke4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by translations ( ! new writ+s ( ,voltaire1 #hhd :o _h assimilat$ ! :ole propag&a ( ,engli% deism1 & gave x out anew ) a wit & brilliancy hi!rto unkn[n 9 argum5tative & critical lit]ature4 ,! free?9k+ ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 ?\gh kept second>y to m press+ que/ions1 0 ?us at lea/ z deeply root$ & z conv9c$ z t ( ! fir/ qu>t]2 & x 0 probably n mu* less common among educat$ m51 ?\gh new social influ5ces caus$ x to be m decri$4 ,! hapless ,*att]ton1 fatally precoci\s1 a boy 9 ye>s & exp]i5ce ( life1 a man 9 und]/&+ at sev5te51 incurr$ po/hum\s obloquy m = 8 infidelity ?an = ! h>mless lit]>y =g]ies :i* reveal 8 poetic aff9ity to a less prosaic age4 ,x is a memorable fact t ?is fir/ recov]y ( ! lo/ note ( imag9ative poetry 9 t age ( prose & reason is ! exploit ( a boy ^: m9d 0 z indep5d5tly free?9k+ on curr5t religion z x 0 orig9al ev5 9 its imitative rev]sion to ! poetics ( ! pa/4 ,turn+ away f ! impossible my?icism & my/icism ( ! ,tudor & ,/u>t lit]atures1 z f ! fanaticism ( ! ,puritans1 ! *ang+ ,engli% _w aft] ! ,re/oration _h let fall ! arti/ic possession ( imag9ative feel+ & /yle :i* 0 ! true glory ( ! "t ( ,r5asc5ce4 ,! ill-/rung g5ius ( ,*att]ton seems to h be5 ! fir/ to reunite ! s5se ( romantic beauty ) ! _s ( critical reason4 ,he 0 a conv9c$ dei/1 av[+ 9 8 v]se1 9 8 pa!tic w 7#aggj71 9 a late lett]1 & at times 9 8 talk1 t he 0 no ,*ri/ian1 & contemn+ ! e?ic ( ,scripture hi/ory & ! absurdity ( lit]al inspiration4 #hhe ,_m !re mu/ h be5 :o w5t z f>1 ) less c\rage ( av[al4 ,:at 0 lack+ to ! age1 once m1 0 a social f\ndation on :i* x c\ld n only endure b develop4 ,9 a nation ( :i* ! majority _h no intellectual culture1 su* a f\ndation c\ld n exi/4 ,gre5 exagg]ates #hhf :5 he writes t s*ools !re 7 none1 save ! gramm> s*ools ( ,edw>d & ,elizabe?2 #hhg b by ano!r acc\nt only twelve public s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 ! long reign ( ,george ,,iii2 #hhh &1 z a result ( ! indiff]5ce ( two g5]ations1 masses ( ! p 7 ignorant & brutal to a degree :i* x is h>d to conceive4 #hhi ,a great increase ( population _h foll[$ on ! gr[? ( t[ns & ! developm5t ( comm]ce & manufactures ev5 betwe5 #agjj & #agfj2 #hij & !reaft] ! multiplication 0 /ill m rapid4 ,!re 0 ?us a positive fall 9 ! culture /&>ds ( ! majority ( ! p4 ,accord+ to ,massey1 h>dly any tradesman 9 #agfj _h m in/ruction ?an qualifi$ him to add up a bill2 & a lab\r]1 me*anic1 or dome/ic s]vant :o c\ld read or write possess$ a r>e accompli%m5t4 #hia ,z = ! ,*>ity ,s*ools e/abli%$ betwe5 #agjj & #agej1 _! express object 0 to re> humble tradesm5 & dome/ics1 n to educate 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 ! view ( life :i* accept$ ?is /ate ( ?+s ! educat$ dei/s seem to h %>$2 at lea/1 !re is no record ( any agitation by !m = bett]m5t4 ,! /ate ( political ?\ght 0 typifi$ 9 ! /ruggle ov] ,wilkes & ,lib]ty1 f :i* cool temp]am5ts l ,hume's turn$ away 9 contempt2 & x is significant t poor m5 7 p]secut$ = free?9k+ :ile ! bett]-plac$ w5t free4 ,jacob ,ilive1 = d5y+ 9 a pamphlet 7#agec7 ! tru? ( revelation1 0 pillori$ ?rice1 & s5t to h>d lab\r = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 #aged ! ,gr& ,jury ( ,middlesex pres5t$ ! editor & publi%] ( ,bol+broke's po/hum\s works #hib--;a di/9ction t 9 ! previ\s g5]ation _h be5 be/[$ on ,m&eville's ,fable ( ! ,bees2 & 9 #agfa1 z be=e not$1 ,pet] ,annet1 ag$ sev5ty1 0 pillori$ twice & s5t to prison = discr$it+ ! ,p5tateu*2 z if t 7 a m s]i\s (f5ce ?an 8 =m] attacks on ! gospels & on ,/4 ,paul4 ,! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,george ,,iii1 fur!r1 told ev]y:]e aga9/ free?9k+2 & ! revival ( p5alties w\ld h *eck$ publi%+ ev5 if !re _h be5 no )drawal ( int]e/ to politics4 ,yet m or less free?9k+ treatises did appe> at int]vals 9 addition to ! works ( ! bett]-kn[n writ]s1 su* z ,bol+broke & ,hume1 aft] ! p]iod commonly m>k$ z t ( ! decl9e ( deism4 ,9 ! li/ may be includ$ a few by ,unit>ians1 :o at ?is /age 7 do+ critical "w4 ,l a numb] ( ! e>li] works above m5tion$1 ! foll[+ 7save ,evanson7 are ov]look$ 9 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's survey3-- #agdf4 ,essay on ,natural ,religion4 ,falsely attribut$ to ,dryd54 #agdf4 ,deism fairly /at$ & fully v9dicat$1 etc4 ,anon4 #agdi4 ,j4 ,g4 ,coop]1 ,life ( ,socrates4 #agej4 ,john ,dove1 ,a ,cre$ f\nd$ on ,tru? & ,common ,s5se4 #agej4 ,! ,briti% ,oracle4 7,two numb]s only47 #ageb4 ,! ,pill>s ( ,prie/craft & ,or?odoxy ,%ak54 ,f\r vols4 ( free?9k+ pamphlets1 collect$ 7& "s writt57 by ,?omas ,gordon1 =m]ly secret>y to ,tr5*>d4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,b>ron4 7,rep4 #agfh47 #agfe4 ,w4 ,dudgeon1 ,philosophical ,works 7repr9ts ( ^? ( #agcb1 -#d1 -#g1 -#i1 above m5tion$74 ,privately pr9t$--at ,glasg[8 #aggb4 ,e4 ,evanson1 ,! ,doctr9es ( a ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 etc4 #aggc4 ---- ,?ree ,disc\rses 7#a4 ,^u ! ,man aft] ,god's own ,he>t2 #b4 ,^u ! ,fai? ( ,abraham2 #c4 ,^u ! ,seal ( ! ,f\ndation ( ,god74 #aggg4 ---- ,lett] to ,bi%op ,hurd4 #agha4 ,w4 ,ni*olson1 ,! ,d\bts ( ! ,infidels4 7,rep4 by ,r4 ,c>lile47 #aghb4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,answ] to ,dr4 ,prie/ley's ,lett]s to a ,philosophical ,unbeliev]4 #aghe4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,hogg>t ,t\lm91 ,! ,antiquity & ,duration ( ! ,_w4 #aghi4 ---- ,! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se4 #hic 7,rep4 #ahbe47 #aghi4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,coop]1 ,tracts1 ,e?ical1 ,!ological1 & ,political4 #agib4 ,e4 ,evanson1 ,! ,dissonance ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s4 7,rep4 #ahje47 #agie4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,o',keefe1 ,on ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,und]/&+4 #agig4 ,john ,c4 ,davies1 ,! ,scripturian's ,cre$4 ,prosecut$ & imprison$4 7,book rep4 #ahbb & #ahci47 ,( ! "w "h not$ a consid]able am\nt 0 done by ,unit>ians1 ,evanson be+ ( t p]suasion1 ?\gh at ! "t ( writ+ 8 e>li] ,unit>ian works he 0 an ,anglican vic>4 #hid ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 despite ! movem5t at ! end ( ! sev5te5?1 specific anti-,tr9it>ianism 0 n mu* 9 evid5ce1 ! dei/ic controv]sy hold+ ! =egr\nd4 ,b gradually ,unit>ianism made fre% headway4 ,"o diss5t+ cl]gyman1 ,m>t9 ,tomkyns1 :o _h be5 dismiss$ by 8 congregation at ,/oke ,new+ton = 8 ,arian or ,unit>ian op9ions1 publi%$ 9 #agbb ,a ,sob] ,appeal to a ,turk or an ,indian1 conc]n+ ! pla9 s5se ( ! ,tr9ity1 9 reply to ! treatise ( ,dr4 ,isaac ,watts on ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,a second edition ( ,tomkyns's book appe>$ 9 #agdh1 ) a fur!r reply to ,watts's ,diss]tations ( #agbd4 ,! result seems to h be5 an unsettlem5t ( ! or?odoxy ( ! hymn-writ]4 ,!re is express te/imony f ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 a v tru/wor?y witness1 t ,watts 9 8 latt] ye>s1 be=e he 0 seiz$ ) an imbecility ( 8 faculties1 0 sub/antially a ,unit>ian4 ,8 special pap]s on ! subject 7 suppress$ by 8 executors2 b ! full text ( 8 ,solemn ,address to ! ,great & ,bless$ ,god goes f> to be> out ,l>dn]'s express ass]tion4 #hie ,o!r prom95t religioni/s 7 m outspok54 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ names associat$ ) ! position 7 ^? ( ,l>dn] & ,prie/ley1 ( :om ! =m]1 tra9$ z a simple diss5t]1 av[$ly rea*$ 8 conclusions )\t mu* ref]5ce to ,soc9ian lit]ature2 #hif & ! second1 :o 0 simil>ly educat$1 no less indep5d5tly gave up ! doctr9es ( ! ,atonem5t & ! ,tr9ity1 pass+ lat] f ! ,arian to ! ,soc9ian position aft] read+ ,l>dn]'s ,lett] on ! ,logos4 #hig ,z ,prie/ley d]iv$ 8 det]m9ism f ,coll9s1 #hih x w\ld appe> t ! dei/ical movem5t _h set up a g5]al habit ( reason+ :i* ?us wr\ght ev5 on ,*ri/ians :o1 l ,l>dn] & ,prie/ley1 und]took to rebut ! objections ( unbeliev]s to _! fai?4 ,a g5]ally rationali/ic influ5ce is to be not$ 9 ! works ( ! ,unit>ian ,antipdobapti/ ,dr4 ,jo%ua ,t\lm91 au?or ( lives ( ,soc9us 7#aggg7 & ,biddle 7#aghi71 & _m o!r solid works1 includ+ a s]mon on ,! ,inju/ice ( class+ ,unit>ians ) ,dei/s & ,infidels 7#agig74 ,9 8 case ! class+ 0 c]ta9ly inconv5i5t4 ,9 #agia ! effigy ( ,pa9e 0 burn$ be=e 8 door1 & 8 w9d[s brok54 ,8 h\se 0 sav$ by be+ closely gu>d$2 b 8 bus9esses ( s*oolkeep+ & booksell+ _h to be giv5 up4 ,x ?us becomes intelligible h[1 aft] a p]iod 9 :i* ,diss5t1 contemn$ by ! ,/ate ,*ur*1 le>n$ to criticize t ,*ur*'s cre$1 !re em]g$ 9 ,engl& t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury a fre% movem5t ( specific ,unit>ianism4 ,evanson & ,t\lm9 7 s*ol>ly writ]s1 ?\gh )\t ! l>ge le>n+ ( ,l>dn] & ! propag&i/ en]gy & reputation ( ,prie/ley2 & ! ,unit>ian movem5t1 9 a quiet fa%ion1 made a num]ical progress out ( all proportion to t ( or?odoxy4 ,x ow$ mu* ( its immunity at ?is /age1 d\btless1 to ! l>ge elem5t ( tacit deism 9 ! ,*ur*2 & ap>t f ! s*ol>ly "w ( ,l>dn] bo? ,prie/ley & ,evanson did some?+ = ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 z well z t[>ds ! cle>+-up ( ,*ri/ian orig9s4 ,evanson 0 actually prosecut$ 9 #aggc1 on local initiative1 = a s]mon ( ,unit>ian "* deliv]$ by him 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,tewkesbury on ,ea/]-,day ( #agga2 &1 :at is mu* m rem>kable1 memb]s ( 8 congregation1 at a s+le def5ce-meet+ 9 an inn1 collect$ #aej to meet 8 co/s4 #hii ,five ye>s lat] he _h giv5 up ! belief 9 et]nal puni%m5t1 ?\gh cont9u+ to believe 9 long protract$ mis]y = s9n]s4 #ijj ,/ill lat]1 aft] produc+ 8 ,dissonance1 he became uncommonly dra/ic 9 8 h&l+ ( ! ,canon4 ,he liv$ well into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & publi%$ 9 #ahje a vigor\s tractate1 ,second ,?\ghts on ! ,tr9ity1 recomm5d$ to ! ,"r ,rev]5d ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,9 t he treats ! ,fir/ ,gospel z a =g]y ( ! second c5tury4 ,! me?od is indiscrim9at+1 & ! au?or lays mu* uncritical /ress ^u prophecy4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,unit>ian contribution to rational ?\ght1 !n z lat]1 0 second>y or ancill>y1 ?\gh on ! side ( hi/orical inve/igation x 0 important4 ,l>dn]'s c&\r is z uncommon z 8 le>n+2 & ,prie/ley #ija & ,evanson h a solv5t virtue4 #ijb ,9 all ?ree ! limitation lies 9 ! fix$ adh]5ce to ! concept ( revelation1 :i* )held !m f radical rationalism ev5 z x did f ,arianism4 ,evanson's ultra-or?odox acceptance ( ! ,apocalypse is significant ( 8 limitations2 & ,prie/ley's calibre is indicat$ by 8 life-long refusal to accept ! true sci5tific inf]5ce f 8 own discov]y ( oxyg54 ,a m pron\nc$ evolution 0 t ( ! ,wel% dei/ ,david ,williams1 :o1 aft] publi%+ two volumes ( ,s]mons on ,religi\s ,hypocrisy 7#aggd71 gave up 8 po/ z a diss5t+ prea*]1 &1 9 conjunction ) ,frankl9 & o!r free?9k]s1 op5$ a %ort-liv$ dei/ic *apel 9 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ,london 7#aggf71 :]e !re 0 us$ a ,liturgy on ! ,univ]sal ,pr9ciples ( ,religion & ,morality4 #ijc #ae ,on ! o!r h&1 ap>t f ! revival ( popul> religion "u ,:itefield & ,wesley1 :i* won multitudes ( ! p :om no high] culture c\ld rea*1 !re 0 no recov]y ( educat$ belief ^u intellectual l9es2 ?\gh !re 0 a /eady deta*m5t ( en]gy to ! new activities ( conque/ & comm]ce :i* m>k ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&4 ,on ?is /ate ( ?+s sup]v5$ ! massive p]=mance ( ! greate/ hi/orical writ] ,engl& _h yet produc$4 ,gibbon1 educat$ n by ,ox=d b by ! rec5t s*ol>ly lit]ature ( ,france1 _h z a m]e boy se51 on read+ ,bossuet1 ! !oretic weakness ( ,prote/antism1 & _h /raightway pr(ess$ ,romanism4 ,%ak5 z to t by a skill$ ,swiss ,prote/ant1 he spe$ily became a rationali/ pure & simple1 ) z little ( ! dregs ( deism 9 him z any writ] ( 8 age2 & 8 great "w beg9s1 or r signalizes 7s9ce ,hume & ,rob]tson prec$$ him71 a new era ( hi/orical writ+1 n m]ely by its sociological treatm5t ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 b by its absolutely anti-!ological h&l+ ( all ?+s4 ,! importance ( ! new approa* may be at once measur$ by ! zeal ( ! opposition4 ,9 no case1 p]haps1 has ! ess5tially passional "* ( religi\s resi/ance to new ?\ght be5 m vividly %[n ?an 9 t ( ! contempor>y attacks ^u ,gibbon's ,hi/ory4 ,!re is n to be f\nd 9 controv]sial lit]ature su* ano!r annihilat+ rejo9d] z 0 made by ,gibbon to ! cl]ical zealots :o und]took to conf\nd him on po9ts ( s*ol>%ip1 hi/ory1 & ratioc9ation4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! mo/ly spiteful incompet5ce ( ! attack & ! f9i%$ ma/]y ( ! reply put ! fai? at a disadvantage f :i* x nev] intellectually recov]$1 ?\gh o!r =ces re9/at$ x socially4 ,by ! admission ( ,macaulay1 :o ?\ght ,gibbon mo/ unfair to religion1 ! :ole tr\p ( 8 assailants are n[ utt]ly =gott52 & ^? or?odox comm5tators :o lat] s\ght to improve on _! criticism h 9 turn1 ) a notable uni=mity1 be5 rebutt$ by _! successors2 till ,gibbon's critical section ranks z ! fir/ sy/ematically sci5tific h&l+ ( ! problem ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he c be se5 to h pr(it$ by all ! relevant dei/ic "w done be=e him1 le>n+ alike f ,tol&1 f ,middleton1 & f ,bol+broke2 ?\gh 8 ackn[l$gm5ts are mo/ly paid to respectable ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics1 z ,basnage1 ,beausobre1 ,l>dn]1 ,mo%eim1 & ,tillemont2 & ! %e] solidity ( ! "w has su/a9$ x aga9/ a hundr$ ye>s ( ho/ile comm5t4 #ijd ,:ile ,gibbon 0 ?us e>n+ = 8 c\ntry a new lit]>y di/9ction1 ! or?odox int]e/ 0 conc]n$ above all ?+s to convict him ( ignorance1 incompet5ce1 & di%one/y2 & ,davis1 ! "o ( 8 assailants :o mo/ fully manife/$ all ( ^! qualities1 & :o w long be rememb]$ solely f ,gibbon's deadly exposure1 0 rew>d$ ) a royal p5sion4 ,ano!r1 ,ap?orp1 receiv$ an ar*iepiscopal liv+2 :ile ,*elsum1 ! "o :o almo/ alone wrote aga9/ him l a g5tleman1 got no?+4 ,b no cabal c\ld avail to prev5t ! in/ant recognition1 at home & abroad1 ( ! adv5t ( a new ma/] 9 hi/ory2 & 9 ! wor/ times ( reaction :i* foll[$1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire impassively defi$ ! claims ( ! rul+ cre$4 ,9 a lit]>y _w :i* 0 eag]ly read+ ,gibbon #ije & ,voltaire1 #ijf !re 0 a peculi> absurdity 9 ,burke's fam\s "q 7#agij7 z to ,:o n[ reads ,bol+broke & ! re/ ( ! old] dei/s4 #ijg ,! fa%ionable public 0 actually read+ ,bol+broke ev5 !n2 #ijh & ! "w ( ! old] dei/s 0 be+ done ) new incisiv5ess & ?or\ghness by _! successors4 #iji ,9 ! un/udi\s _w ( politics1 if ! read]s 7 few ! indiff]5ti/s 7 _m4 ,evanson c\ld tru?fully write to ,bi%op ,hurd 9 #aggg t ,t g5]al unbelief ( reveal$ religion among ! high] ord]s ( our c\ntrym51 :i*1 h[ev] y\r ,lord%ip & ,i might diff] 9 our mann] ( acc\nt+ = x1 is too notori\s = ei!r ( u to d\bt (1 ha?1 by a necess>y consequ5ce1 produc$ 9 ! majority ( our pres5t legislators an absolute indiff]5ce t[>ds religi\s que/ions ( e k9d4 #iaj ,beside ,burke 9 ,p>liam5t1 all ! :ile1 0 ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,william ,pitt ! y\ng]1 an agno/ic dei/4 ,:e!r or n ! eld] ,pitt 0 a dei/1 ! y\ng] gave v pla9 signs ( be+ at lea/ no m4 ,glad/one 7,/udies subsidi>y to ! ,works ( ,bi%op ,butl]1 ed4 #ahif1 pp4 #cj-cc7 has s\ght to discr$it ! record$ te/imony ( ,wilb]=ce 7,life ( ,wilb]=ce1 #ahch1 i1 #ih7 t ,pitt told him ,bi%op ,butl]'s "w rais$ 9 8 m9d m d\bts ?an x _h answ]$4 ,glad/one po9ts to ano!r passage 9 ,wilb]=ce's di>y :i* /ates t ,pitt comm5d$ ,butl]'s ,analogy 7,life1 i1 #ij74 ,b ! context %[s t ,pitt _h comm5d$ ! book = ! express purpose ( turn+ ,wilb]=ce's m9d f its evangelical bias4 ,wilb]=ce 0 nev] a dei/1 & ! purpose accord+ly c\ld n h be5 to make him or?odox4 ,! two te/imonies are ?us p]fectly consi/5t2 especially :5 we note ! fur!r /atem5t cr$ibly report$ to h be5 made by ,wilb]=ce 7,life1 i1 #ie71 t ,pitt lat] tri$ to reason me out ( my convictions4 ,we h yet fur!r ! emphatic decl>ation ( ,pitt's niece1 ,lady ,he/] ,/anhope1 t he nev] w5t to *ur* 9 8 life 444 nev] ev5 talk$ ab\t religion 7,memoirs ( ,lady ,he/] ,/anhope1 #ahde1 iii1 #aff-fg74 ,?is 0 said 9 emphatic d5ial ( ! g5u95ess ( ! unctu\s dea?-b$ spee* put 9 ,pitt's m\? by ,gif=d4 ,lady ,he/]'s high v]acity is accr$it$ by h] physician 7,travels ( ,lady ,he/] ,/anhope1 #ahdf1 i1 pref4 p4 #aa74 ,no su* "* c be giv5 to ! conv5tional ,engli% biography ( ! p]iod4 ,we h fur!r to note ! circum/antial acc\nt by ,wilb]=ce 9 8 lett] to ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,gisborne imm$iately aft] ,pitt's dea? 7,correspond5ce1 #ahdj1 ii1 #fi-gj71 giv+ ! details he _h _h 9 confid5ce f ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln4 ,!y are to ! effect t1 aft] "s demur on ,pitt's "p 7t he 0 n wor?y to (f] up any pray]1 or 0 too weak17 ! ,bi%op pray$ ) him once4 ,wilb]=ce adds 8 fe> t no fur!r religi\s int]c\rse took place be=e or aft]1 & ,i own ,i ?\ght :at 0 ins]t$ 9 ! pap]s impossible to be true4 ,!re is cle> te/imony t ,*>les ,james ,fox1 ,pitt's illu/ri\s rival1 0 no m ( a believ] ?an he1 #iaa ?\gh equally c>eful to make no pr(ession ( unbelief4 ,& x 0 ,fox :o1 above all ! ,engli% /atesm5 ( 8 day1 f\ght ! battle ( religi\s tol]ation #iab--;a s]vice :i* f9ally puts him above ,burke1 & atones = _m levities ( political action4 ,among ?9k+ m5 too ! nasc5t sci5ce ( geology 0 sett+ up a new criticism ( revelation--?is tw5ty ye>s be=e ! issue ( ! epo*-mak+ works ( ,hutton4 #iac ,9 ,engl& ! impulse seems to h come f ! writ+s ( ! ,abb ,langlet du ,fresnoy1 ,de ,maillet1 & ,mirabaud1 *all5g+ ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! antiquity ( ! e>?4 ,! new phase ( infidelity 0 ( c\rse furi\sly d5\nc$1 "o ( ! mo/ angry & mo/ absurd ( its oppon5ts be+ ! poet ,c[p]4 #iad ,/ill rationalism p]si/$4 ,paley1 writ+ 9 #aghf1 prote/s t ,infidelity is n[ s]v$ up 9 e %ape t is likely to allure1 surprise1 or beguile ! imag9ation1 9 a fable1 a tale1 a novel1 or a poem1 9 int]sp]s$ or brok5 h9ts1 remote & oblique surmises1 9 books ( travel1 ( philosophy1 ( natural hi/ory--9 a ^w1 9 any =m r ?an t ( a pr(ess$ & regul> disquisition4 #iae ,! or?odox ,dr4 ,j4 ,ogilvie1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,inquiry into ! ,causes ( ! ,infidelity & ,skepticism ( ! ,times 7#aghc71 beg9s3 ,t ! op9ions ( ! dei/s & skeptics h spread m univ]sally dur+ a "p ( ! la/ c5tury & 9 ! pres5t ?an at any =m] ra s9ce ! resurrection ( lett]s1 is a tru? to :i* ! fri5ds & ! enemies ( religion w give _! suffrage )\t hesitation4 ,9 %ort1 until ! g5]al rev]sal ( all progress :i* foll[$ on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 !re _h be5 no su* *ange ( op9ion z ,burke alleg$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> poets & writ]s ( ! day 0 ! celebrat$ ,erasmus ,d>w91 a dei/1 ^: ,zoonomia 7#agid7 br\ght on him ! *>ge ( a!ism1 z x well might4 ,h[ev] he might poetize ab\t ! ,creator1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 9 8 v]se & prose alike laid ! f\ndations ( ! doctr9es ( ! transmutation ( species & ! aque\s orig9 ( simple =ms ( life :i* evolv$ into high] =ms2 ?\gh ! idea ( ! desc5t ( man f a simian species _h be5 broa*$ be=e him by ,buffon & ,helvtius 9 ,france1 & ,lords ,kames & ,monboddo 9 ,scotl&4 ,! idea ( a ,natura naturans 0 inde$ anci5t2 b x has be5 au?oritatively said ( ,erasmus ,d>w9 t he 0 ! fir/ :o propos$ & consi/5tly c>ri$ out a well-r\nd$ !ory ) reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! liv+ _w--a m]it :i* %9es =? m brilliantly :5 we comp>e x ) ! vacillat+ & confus$ attempts ( ,buffon1 ,l9nu1 & ,goe!4 ,x is ! idea ( a p[] work+ f )9 ! organisms to improve _! natural position #iaf--! idea :i*1 develop$ by ,lam>ck1 0 modifi$ by ! great ,d>w9 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury into ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,& 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury !re arose a new promise ( high] life 9 ! app>ition ( ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 ill-/>r$ b noble1 ^: ,lett]s on ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k 7#agif7 %[ h] to h be5 a free?9k+ dei/ ( rem>kable orig9al faculty1 #iag & ^: ,v9dication ( ! ,rights ( ,woman 7#agib7 0 ! fir/ great plea = ! emancipation ( h] sex4 #af ,ev5 9 rural ,scotl&1 ! vogue ( ! poetry ( ,burns told ( g]m9al d\bt4 ,to say no?+ ( 8 mordant satires on pieti/ic types--notably ,holy ,willie's ,pray]1 8 ma/]piece 9 t l9e--,burns ev5 9 8 av[$ poems #iah %[s small reg>d = or?odox beliefs2 & 8 lett]s reveal him z sub/antially a dei/1 %ad+ into a ,unit>ian4 ,su* pieces z ,a ,pray] 9 ! prospect ( ,dea?1 & ,a ,pray] "u ! pressure ( ,viol5t ,angui%1 are pla9ly unevangelical2 #iai & ! allusions to ,jesus 9 8 lett]s1 ev5 :5 writ+ to ,mrs4 ,maclehose1 :o desir$ to br+ him to confession1 exclude or?odox belief1 #ibj ?\gh !y sugge/ ,unit>ianism4 ,he frequ5tly ref]s to religion 9 8 lett]s1 yet s con/antly re/ricts himself to ! affirmation ( a belief 9 a b5evol5t ,god & 9 a future /ate t he _c be suppos$ to h held ! fur!r beliefs :i* 8 or?odox correspond5ts w\ld wi% him to express4 ,a rationali/ic habit is %[n ev5 9 8 pr(essions ( belief1 z "h3 ,/ill ,i am a v s9c]e believ] 9 ! ,bible2 b ,i am drawn by ! conviction ( a man1 n ! halt] ( an ass2 #iba & 9 ! passage3 ,?\gh ,i h no objection to :at ! ,*ri/ian sy/em tells u ( ano!r _w1 yet ,i own ,i am p>tial to ^? pro(s & ideas ( x :i* we h wr\ght out ( our own heads & he>ts4 #ibb ,)al1 ,burns always claim$ to be religi\s1 & 0 s ev5 9 a some:at conv5tional s5se4 ,! l9es3 ,an a!i/-laugh's a poor ex*ange ,= ,deity (f5d$ #ibc exhibit a suffici5tly commonplace conception ( ,omnipot5ce2 & !re is no sign t ! poet ev] did any h>d ?9k+ on ! problem4 ,b1 emotionali/ ( g5ius z he 01 8 influ5ce z a satiri/ & mitigator ( ! crudities & b>b>ities ( ,scots religion has be5 incalculably great1 & und]lies all popul> culture progress 9 ,scotl& s9ce 8 "t4 ,con/antly asp]s$ 9 8 own day & _w z an infidel1 he yet f ! fir/ conqu]$ ! devotion ( ! mass ( 8 c\ntrym52 ?\gh he w\ld h be5 m pot5t = intellectual lib]ation if he _h be5 by !m m intellig5tly read4 ,few ( !m n[1 probably1 realize t _! ador$ poet 0 ei!r a dei/ or a ,unit>ian--presumably ! =m]4 #ag ,) ! infelicity 9 pr$iction :i* is s mu* common] ) him ?an ! presci5ce = :i* he is prais$1 ,burke _h ann\nc$ t ! :ole dei/ s*ool repose 9 la/+ oblivion4 ,! proposition w\ld be mu* m true ( #iii out ( e ?\s& writ]s on behalf ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,burke1 h[ev]1 t he does n "n ,%aftesbury1 a ,:ig nobleman ( ! sacr$ p]iod4 #ibd ,a seem+ ju/ice 0 giv5 to ,burke's phrase by ! und\bt$ reaction :i* took place imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! va/ panic :i* foll[$ on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! multitude ( m$iocre m9ds 9 ! middle & upp] classes1 =m]ly dei/ic or indiff]5t1 took fright at unbelief z some?+ n[ visibly connect$ ) democracy & regicide2 new money end[m5ts 7 rapidly be/[$ on ! ,*ur*2 & or?odoxy became fa%ionable on political gr\nds j z skepticism _h become fa%ionable at ! ,re/oration4 ,class int]e/ & political prejudice wr\ght mu* 9 bo? cases2 only 9 opposite directions4 ,democracy 0 no long] ,bibliolatr\s1 !re=e ari/ocracy 0 fa9 to became s1 or at lea/ to gr[ respectful t[>ds ! ,*ur* z a means ( social control4 ,gibbon1 9 8 clos+ ye>s1 w5t ) ! /ream4 ,& z religi\s w>s h always t5d$ to discr$it religion1 s a w> p>tly associat$ ) ! free?9k+ ( ! ,fr5* revolutioni/s t5d$ to discr$it free?\ght4 ,! bruti% wreck+ ( ,prie/ley's h\se & libr>y & *apel by a mob at ,birm+ham 9 #agia 0 b an extreme manife/ation ( a reaction :i* affect$ e =m ( m5tal life4 ,b :ile ,prie/ley w5t to die 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ano!r ,engli% exile1 tempor>ily return$ !nce to 8 native l&1 0 op5+ a new era ( popul> rationalism4 ,ev5 9 ! height ( ! revolution>y tumult1 & :ile ,burke 0 blu/]+ ab\t ! disappe>ance ( unbelief1 ,?omas ,pa9e 0 lay+ deep & wide ! ,engli% f\ndations ( a new democratic free?\ght2 & ! upp]-class reaction 9 ! nature ( ! case 0 doom$ to imp]man5cy1 ?\gh x 0 to arre/ ,engli% intellectual progress = ov] a g5]ation4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution _h re-introduc$ free?\ght z a vital issue1 ev5 9 caus+ x to be bann$ z a dang]4 ,t free?\ght at ! end ( ! c5tury 0 r driv5 inw>ds & d[nw>ds ?an expell$ is made cle> by ! multitude ( fre% treatises on ,*ri/ian evid5ces4 ,gr[+ num]\s aft] #agij1 !y positively sw>m = a g5]ation aft] ,paley 7#agid74 ,cp4 ,essays on ! ,evid5ce & ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,ba?1 #agij1 pref42 ,&rew ,full]1 ,! ,gospel its own ,witness1 #agii1 pref4 & conclud+ address to dei/s2 ,watson's s]mon ( #agie1 9 ,two ,apologies1 ed4 #ahjf1 p4 #cii2 ,prie/ley's ,memoirs 7writt5 9 #agie71 #ahjf1 pp4 #abg-bh2 ,wilb]=ce's ,practical ,view1 #agig1 passim 7e4g41 pp4 #cff-fi1 #h? ed4 #ahda72 ,rev4 ,d4 ,simpson1 ,a ,plea = ,religion 444 address$ to ! ,disciples ( ,?omas ,pa9e1 #agig4 ,! latt] writ] /ates 7#bnd ed4 p4 #abf7 t infidelity is at ?is mom5t runn+ l wildfire among ! common p2 & ,full] 7#bnd ed4 p4 #abh7 speaks ( ! ,mon?ly ,magaz9e z pretty evid5tly devot$ to ! cause ( infidelity4 ,a pamphlet on ,! ,rise & ,dissolution ( ! ,infidel ,societies 9 ?is ,metropolis 7,london1 #ahjj71 by ,w4 ,hamilton ,reid1 describes ! p]iod z ! fir/ 9 :i* ! doctr9es ( infidelity h be5 ext5sively circulat$ among ! l[] ord]s2 & a ,summ>y ( ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces1 by ,bi%op ,porte\s 7#ahjj2 #af? ed4 #ahbf71 affirms1 9 agreem5t ) ! #agii ,report ( ! ,lords' ,committee on ,treasonable ,societies1 t new comp5diums ( infidelity1 & new libels on ,*ri/ianity1 are disp]s$ cont9ually1 ) indefatigable indu/ry1 ?r\gh e "p ( ! k+dom1 & e class ( ! community4 ,free?\ght1 9 %ort1 0 becom+ democratiz$4 ,z reg>ds ,engl&1 ,pa9e is ! great popul> factor2 & x is ! b>e tru? to say t he br\ght into ! old debate a new e>ne/ness & a new moral impetus4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,age ( ,reason1 ha/ily put toge!r 9 expectation ( spe$y dea? 9 #agic1 & includ+ "s a/ronomic matt] t app>5tly ant$ates #agha1 #ibe is a swift outl9e ( ! position ( ! rationaliz+ dei/1 newly consci\s ( firm /&+-gr\nd 9 a/ronomic sci5ce4 ,t is ! special note ( ,pa9e's gospel4 ,he 0 no s*ol>2 & ! *ampions ( ! religion ( ,galilee h always be5 prompt to disp>age any unle>n$ p]son :o m$dles ) religion z an antagoni/2 b 9 ! second "p ( 8 book ,pa9e put h>d criticism en\gh to keep a _w ( popul> read]s int]e/$ = well ov] a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! _m replies are =gott53 ! ,biblical criticism ( ,pa9e w cont9ue to d its "w till popul> or?odoxy foll[s ! lead ( pr(essional s*ol>%ip & gives up at once ! acceptance & ! circulation ( ?+s incr$ible & indef5sible z sacrosanct4 ,mr4 ,b5n 7,hi/4 ( ,eng4 ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 i1 #bag7 rem>ks t ,pa9e's ,new ,te/am5t criticisms are su* z at all times w\ld naturally occur to a read] ( indep5d5t m9d & /rong common s5se4 ,if s1 ^! _h be5 up to ,pa9e's "t1 & rema9$ long aft]w>ds1 r>e *>act]i/ics4 ,& !re is "s mi/ake ab\t ,mr4 ,b5n's criticism t ! repeat$ *>ges ( fraud & impo/ure br\ght aga9/ ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s 444 j> pa9fully on a mod]n e>4 ,b !y are l>gely due to ! mi/ak5 notion1 %>$ by ,pa9e ) 8 or?odox contempor>ies1 t ! ,gospels & ,acts 7 writt5 by contempor>ies & eye-witnesses ( ! ev5ts relat$4 ,_m times ov]1 ,pa9e argues t ! docum5ts c\ld n h be5 s writt54 ,e4g4 9 ,conway's ed4 ( ,works1 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afd1 #afg1 #afh1 etc4 ,! reit]at$ proposition is t ! writ]s _c h be5 eye-witnesses & e>-witnesses ( :at !y relate2 444 & consequ5tly t ! books h n be5 writt5 by ! p]sons call$ apo/les 7p4 #afh74 ,& !re is "s exagg]ation ev5 9 ,mr4 ,b5n's rem>k t1 /rangely en\gh1 he accepts ! ,book ( ,daniel z g5u9e4 ,pa9e 7ed4 p4 #add7 m]ely puts a balance ( probability 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess4 ,x may be sometimes--x is c]ta9ly n always--true t ,pa9e _c di/+ui% betwe5 leg5d>y or 8 & my?ical n>ratives 7,b5n1 p4 #baf72 b x is to be fe>$ t ! disability subsi/s to-day 9 m s*ol>ly qu>t]s4 ,despite 8 deadly directness1 ,pa9e1 9 virtue ( 8 /rong s9c]ity1 probably j>s mu* less on ! mod]n e> ?an he did on t ( 8 own1 :i* 0 s ready to make felony ( any op9ion ho/ile to reign+ prejudices4 ,b if x be o!rwise1 x is to be fe>$ t no less (f5ce w be giv5 by ,mr4 ,b5n's own acc\nt ( ! ,hexateu* z ! records kept by a ly+ & blood?ir/y prie/hood2 ev5 if t e/imate be foll[$ by ! v *all5geable admission t prie/hoods are g5]ally di/+ui%$ = _! sup]ior humanity 7,b5n1 p4 #cej1 & note74 ,h5ce=? !re is a vital diff]5ce 9 ! =tunes ( free?\ght & religion alike4 ,always 9 ! pa/ ! in/itutional /r5g? ( religion & ! social weakness ( free?\ght _h la9 9 ! cr$ulity ( ! ignorant mass1 :i* _h turn$ to naught an inf9ity ( rational ef=t4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :5 ov] a l>ge area ! critical _s began simultane\sly to play on fai? & life1 politics & religion1 its d\bl$ activity gave x a new bread? ( outlook z ( en]gy1 & ! sl[ enlight5m5t ( ! mass op5$ up a new promise = ! ultimate reign ( reason4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,fr5* ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #a4 ,! fruits ( ! intellectual movem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are se5 beg9n+ to take =m on ! v ?re%old ( ! eighte5?4 ,9 #agjj1 at ! height ( ! reign ( ! ,k+'s confessors1 !re 0 privately pr9t$ ! ,lettre d',hippocrate ,damagte1 describ$ z ! fir/ ,fr5* "w op5ly de/ructive ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ascrib$ to ! ,comte de ,b\la9villi]s1 a pill> ( ! feudal sy/em4 #ibf ,?us e>ly is ! s\nd ( dis9tegration he>d 9 ! composite fabric ( ,*ur* & ,/ate2 & v>i\s fissures are se5 9 all p>ts ( ! /ructure4 ,! k+ himself1 s long morally discr$it$1 c\ld only discr$it pietism by 8 adoption ( x2 ! ,jans5i/s & ! ,mol9i/s i4e41 ! s*ool ( ,mol9a1 n ( ,mol9os f\ght incessantly2 ev5 on ! side ( au?ority !re 0 bitt] diss5sion betwe5 ,bossuet & ,fnelon2 #ibg & ! movem5t ( my/icism associat$ ) ! latt] came to no?+1 ?\gh he _h ! r>e cr$it ( conv]t+1 albeit to a d\btful or?odoxy1 ! emotional "y ,scot* dei/ ,*evali] ,ramsay4 #ibh ,:]e ! subtlety ( ,fnelon 0 n all[$ to op]ate1 ! l\d dialectic ( ,bossuet c\ld n avail = fai? z aga9/ rationalism1 :atev] x might d to upset ! imp]fect logic ( ,prote/ant sects4 ,9 no society1 inde$1 does m]e declamation play a l>g] "p ?an 9 t ( mod]n ,france2 b 9 no society1 on ! o!r h&1 is m]e declamation m sure to be disda9$ & d]id$ by ! ke5] spirits4 ,9 ! ye>s ( disa/] & decad5ce :i* r\nd$ (f 9 gloom ! life ( ! ,gr& ,mon>que1 ) defeat dogg+ 8 armies & bankruptcy ?reat5+ 8 f9ances1 ! _s ( criticism 0 n likely to slack54 ,lit]>y polemic1 inde$1 0 h>dly to be ?\ght ( at su* a "t1 ev5 if x _h be5 safe4 ,9 #agji ! k+ de/roy$ ! ,jans5i/ sem9>y ( ,port ,royal1 wreak+ an ignoble v5geance on ! v bones ( ! dead !re buri$2 & m h]etical ?9k]s _h ne$ g w>ily4 ,yet ev5 9 ^? ye>s ( calamity1 p]haps by reason ( ! v /ress ( x1 "s free?9k+ books someh[ pass$ ! press1 ?\gh a sy/em ( police espionage _h be5 built up by ! k+1 /ep = /ep ) "s real re=ms 9 ! municipal gov]nm5t ( ,p>is4 ,! fir/ 0 a romance ( ! fav\rite type1 9 :i* a travell] discov]s a /range l& inhabit$ by surpris+ly rational p4 ,su* appe> to h be5 ! ,hi/oire de ,calejava1 by ,claude ,gilb]t1 produc$ at ,dijon 9 #agjj1 & ! imag9>y travels ( ,juan de ,posos1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agjh4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 promptly suppress$2 ! next contriv$ to get into circulation4 ,! "w ( ,symon ,tyssot de ,patot1 ,voyages et ,avantures de ,jacques ,mass1 publi%$ 9 #agaj1 puts 9 ! m\?s ( prie/s ( ! imag9>y l& discov]$ by ! travell] su* mordant argum5ts aga9/ ! idea ( a resurrection1 ! /ory ( ! fall1 & o!r items ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 t !re c\ld be small "q ( ! deism ( ! au?or2 #ibi & ! prefatory ,lettre de l'diteur indicates misgiv+s4 ,! ,rflexions sur les gr&s hommes qui sont morts en plaisantant1 by ,desl&es1 o/5sibly publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agab1 seems to h _h a prec>i\s circulation1 inasmu* z ,brunet nev] saw ! fir/ edition4 ,to p]mit ( ! issue ( su* a book z ,jacques ,mass--ev5 at ,bordeaux--! c5sure mu/ h be5 notably lax2 z x 0 aga9 9 ! ye> ( ! k+'s dea?1 :5 !re appe>$ a translation ( ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+4 ,= ! mom5t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 occupi$ ov] an ins5sate r5ewal ( ! old p]secution ( ,prote/ants1 promulgat+ 9 #agae a decree t all :o di$ aft] refus+ ! sacram5ts %\ld be refus$ burial1 & t _! goods %\ld be confiscat$4 ,! edict seems to h be5 9 l>ge measure disreg>d$4 #b4 ,at ! same "t ! cont9u\s output ( apologetics te/ifi$ to ! ga!r+ tide ( unbelief4 ,! ,b5$ict9e ,lami foll[$ up 8 attack on ,sp9oza ) a m popul> treatise1 ,l',incrdule am5 la religion p> la raison 7#agaj72 ! ,abb ,g5e/ turn$ ,desc>tes into v]se by way ( ,preuves naturelles de l'exi/5ce de ,dieu et de l'immortalit de l'me 7#agaf72 & ! ,anti-,lucretius ( ,c>d9al ,polignac 7#affa-agda71 ?\gh only po/hum\sly publi%$ 9 full 7#agde71 did b pass on to ! next age1 :5 deism 0 ! prevail+ h]esy1 a dei/ic argum5t aga9/ a!ism4 ,x is difficult to see any ,*ri/ian s5tim5t 9 t dialectic p]=mance ( a born diplomati/4 #icj ,:5 ! old k+ di$1 ev5 ! fa%ion ( con=mity pass$ away among ! upp] classes2 #ica & ! fev]i% manufacture ( apologetic works te/ifies to an unslack5$ activity ( unbelief4 ,9 #agai ,jean ,d5yse1 pr(essor ( philosophy at ! college ( ,montaigu1 produc$ ,la vrit de la religion *rti5ne demontre p> ordre gomtrique 7a title app>5tly sugge/$ by ,sp9oza's e>ly exposition ( ,desc>tes71 )\t mak+ any p]man5t impression on het]odox op9ion4 ,n m successful1 app>5tly1 0 ! p]=mance ( ! ,abb ,h\teville1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agbb4 #icb ,mu* m amiable 9 tone1 & m sci5tific 9 temp]1 ?an ! common run ( def5ces1 x 0 f\nd1 says an or?odox biographical diction>y1 to be bett] fitt$ to make unbeliev]s ?an to conv]t !m1 see+ t objections 7 pres5t$ ) mu* =ce & fulness1 & ! replies ) m am5ity ?an weight4 #icc ,t ! ,abb 0 9 fact n rigor\sly or?odox might almo/ be suspect$ f 8 hav+ be5 appo9t$1 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life 7#agdb71 p]petual secret>y to ! ,acadmie1 an (fice :i* someh[ t5d$ to fall to m or less free?9k+ memb]s1 be+ held be=e him by ! ,abb ,dubos1 & aft] him by ,mirabaud1 ! ,abb ,duclos1 #icd ,d',alemb]t1 & ,m>montel4 ,! ,traits des ,premires ,v]itz ( ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,buffi] 7#agbd7 c h>dly h be5 m helpful to ! fai?4 #ice ,ano!r exp]im5t by way ( popul>iz+ or?odoxy1 ! copi\s ,hi/oire du peuple de ,dieu1 by ! ,jesuit ,b]ruy]1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agbh1 #icf _h little bett] =tune1 inasmu* z x sc&aliz$ ! or?odox by its secul>ity ( tone )\t p]suad+ ! free?9k]s4 ,condemn$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,montpelli] 9 #agca1 x 0 c5sur$ by ,rome 9 #agcd2 & ! second "p1 produc$ long aft]w>ds1 ar\s$ ev5 m antagonism4 #c4 ,!re 0 ?us no adaptation on ! side ( ! ,*ur* to ! =ces :i* 9 an increas+ degree m5ac$ h] rule4 ,"u ! reg5cy ( ,orlans 7#agae-agbc71 ! op5 disord] ( ! c\rt on ! "o h& & ! ru9 ( ! disa/r\s f9ancial exp]im5t ( ,law on ! o!r 7 at lea/ fav\rable to tol]ation2 b "u ! ,duc de ,b\rbon1 put 9 p[] & soon sup]s$$ by ,fleury 7bi%op ( ,frjus & tutor ( ,l\is ,,xv2 lat] c>d9al7 !re 0 a r5ewal ( ! rig\rs aga9/ ! ,prote/ants & ! ,jans5i/s2 ! edict ( #agae 0 r5ew$2 emigration recomm5c$2 & only public outcry *eck$ ! policy ( p]secution on t side4 ,b ,fleury & ! k+ w5t on fight+ ! ,jans5i/s2 & :ile ?is embitt]$ /rife ( ! religi\s sections c\ld n b fav\r ! gr[? ( free?\ght1 x 0 incompatible alike ) (ficial tol]ance ( unbelief & ) any effectual diffusion ( lib]al culture4 ,_h ! t]rorism & ! wa/e ( ,l\is ,,xiv be5 foll[$ by a sane sy/em ( f9ance & "o ( religi\s tol]ation2 & _h n ! exhau/$ & bankrupt c\ntry be5 kept = ano!r half c5tury--save = eight ye>s ( peace & prosp]ity f #agdh to #agee--on ! rack ( ru9\s w>s1 alike "u ! reg5cy ( ,orlans & ! rule ( ,l\is ,,xv1 ! intellectual life might h gone fa/ & f>4 ,z x 01 w> aft] w> absorb$ its en]gy2 & ! debt ( five milli>ds left by ,l\is ,,xiv 0 nev] s]i\sly light5$4 ,"u su* a sy/em ! ve/iges ( con/itutional gov]nm5t 7 gradually swept away4 #d4 ,z ! new intellectual movem5t began to f9d expression1 !n1 x f\nd ! =ces ( resi/ance m & m organiz$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! autocracy long ma9ta9$ ! sev]e/ *ecks on pr9t+1 s t free?\ght c\ld n save by a r>e *ance atta9 to op5 spee*4 ,any book ) ! lea/ t5d5cy to rationalism _h to seek pr9t]s1 or at lea/ publi%]s1 9 ,holl&4 ,hu>d1 9 publi%+ 8 anonym\s translation ( ! ,hypotyposes ( ,sextus ,empiricus 7#agbe71 is c>eful to say 9 8 preface t he makes no application ( ! ,pyrrhonian objections to any dogma t may be call$ !ological2 b he goes on to add t ! sc&al\s qu>rels ( ,*ri/ian sects are well fitt$ to confirm ,pyrrhoni/s 9 _! d\bts1 ! sects hav+ no solid gr\nd on :i* to condemn ea* o!r4 ,z su* an ass]tion 0 rank h]esy1 ! translation _h to be issu$ 9 ,am/]dam1 & ev5 !re )\t a publi%]'s "n4 #icg ,& /ill x rema9s cle> t ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv _h pass$ on to ! next a h]itage ( hidd5 free?9k+1 z well z "o ( debt & misgov]nm5t4 ,:at takes place !reaft] is r an evolution ( & a cl]ical resi/ance to a gr[? kn[n to h begun previ\sly1 & always fe>$ & hat$1 ?an any new plant+ ( unbelief 9 or?odox soil4 ,z we h se51 inde$1 a "p ( ! e>ly "w ( skepticism 0 done by di/+ui%$ apologi/s4 ,huet1 dy+ 9 #agbb1 left = po/hum\s publication 8 ,trait philosophique de la faiblesse de l'esprit huma9 7#agbc74 ,x 0 imm$iately translat$ into ,engli% & ,g]man2 & ?\gh x 0 probably f\nd some:at sup]flu\s 9 dei/ic ,engl&1 & sup]subtle 9 ,lu!ran ,g]many1 x help$ to prep>e ! gr\nd = ! active unbelief ( ! next g5]ation 9 ,france4 #e4 ,a cont9u\s developm5t may be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,montesquieu1 :o 9 8 e>ly ,p]sian ,lett]s 7#agba7 _h reveal$ himself z fundam5tally irreligi\s #ich & a c5sor ( intol]ance1 #ici proce$$ 9 8 ma/]ly little book on ! ,greatness & ,decad5ce ( ! ,romans 7#agcd7 & 8 fam\s ,_s ( ,laws 7#agdh7 to treat ! problems ( human hi/ory 9 an absolutely secul> & sci5tific _s1 mak+ only su* conv5tional allusions to religion z 7 advisable 9 an age 9 :i* all h]etical works 7 suppressible4 #idj ,! attempts ( ,la ,h>pe & ,villema9 #ida to e/abli% ! inf]5ce t he rep5t$ 8 y\?ful levity 9 ! ,p]sian ,lett]s1 & recogniz$ 9 ,*ri/ianity ! ma9 pill> ( society1 w n be> exam9ation4 ,! v passages on :i* !y f\nd #idb are entirely secul> 9 tone & purpose1 & tell ( no belief4 #idc ,s late z #agea !re appe>$ a "w1 ,les ,lettres ,p]sanes conva9cues d'impit1 by ! ,abb ,gaulti]4 ,! election ( ,montesquieu 0 9 fact ! beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,philosophe p>ty 9 ! ,academy & _! oppon5ts2 #idd & 9 8 own day !re 0 nev] mu* d\bt ab\t ,montesquieu's deism4 ,9 8 po/hum\s ,p5ses 8 anti-cl]icalism is suffici5tly emphatic4 ,*ur*m51 he writes1 are int]e/$ 9 keep+ ! p ignorant4 ,he expresses himself z a conv9c$ dei/1 &1 ) no great air ( conviction1 z a believ] 9 immortality4 ,b !re 8 fai? ends4 ,i call piety1 he says1 a malady ( ! he>t1 :i* plants 9 ! s\l a malady ( ! mo/ in]adicable k9d4 ,! false notion ( miracles comes ( our vanity1 :i* makes u believe we are important en\gh = ! ,supreme ,be+ to upset ,nature on our behalf4 ,?ree incr$ibilities among incr$ibilities3 ! pure me*anism ( animals ! doctr9e ( ,desc>tes2 passive ob$i5ce2 & ! infallibility ( ! ,pope4 #ide ,8 h]esy 0 ( c\rse div9$ by ! gu>dians ( ! fai?1 ?r\gh all 8 panegyric ( x4 ,ev5 9 8 lifetime1 ,jesuits & ,jans5i/s comb9$ to attack ! ,_s ( ,laws1 :i* 0 d5\nc$ at an assembly ( ! cl]gy1 put on ! ,roman ,index1 & prohibit$ by ! c5sure until ,male%]bes came into (fice 9 #agej4 #idf ,! ,c\nt de ,cataneo1 a ,v5etian noble 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* ab\t #agea a treatise on ,! ,s\rce1 ! ,/r5g?1 & ! ,true ,_s ( ,laws1 #idg 9 :i* ! political rationalism & ! e?ical utilit>ianism ( ,cumb]l& & ,grotius 7 alike repell$ z irreconcilable ) ! doctr9e ( revelation4 ,x 0 d\btless because ( ?is atmosph]e ( ho/ility t on ! dea? ( ,montesquieu at ,p>is1 9 #agee1 ,did]ot 0 ! only man ( lett]s :o att5d$ 8 fun]al1 #idh ?\gh ! ,acadmie p]=m$ a commemorative s]vice4 #idi ,nev]!less1 ,montesquieu 0 ?r\gh\t 8 life a figure 9 good society1 & suff]$ no mole/ation ap>t f ! outcry aga9/ 8 books4 ,he liv$ "u a tradition ( private free?9k+ & public cl]icalism1 ev5 z did ,molire 9 ! previ\s c5tury2 & :]e ! two traditions _h to cla%1 z at int]m5t1 ! cl]ical dom9ion affirm$ itself4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,*ur* !re 7 always successors ( ,gass5di1 to wit1 philosophic unbeliev]s1 z well z quiet fri5ds ( tol]ation4 ,& x 0 giv5 to an obscure ,*ur*man to %[ ! way ( free?\ght to a g5]ation ( lay combatants4 #f4 ,"o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive free?9k+ works ( ! c5tury1 ! ,te/am5t ( ,jean ,mesli]1 cur ( ,etrpigny1 9 ,*ampagne 7d4 #agbc1 #agbi1 or #agcc71 ?\gh x inspir$ numb]s ( eighte5?-c5tury free?9k]s :o read x 9 manuscript1 0 nev] pr9t$ till #ahfa-fd4 ,x des]ves "h "s special notice4 #iej ,at 8 dea?1 by common acc\nt1 ,mesli] left two autograph copies ( 8 book1 aft] hav+ deposit$ a ?ird copy 9 ! ar*ives ( ! jurisdiction ( ,sa9te-,m5eh\ld4 ,by a /range *ance "o 0 p]mitt$ to circulate1 & ultimately !re 7 "s hundr$ copies 9 ,p>is1 sell+ at t5 l\is apiece4 ,z he told on ! wrapp] ( ! copy he left = 8 p>i%ion]s1 he _h n d>$ to speak out dur+ 8 life2 b he _h made full am5ds4 ,he is record$ to h be5 an exceptionally *>itable prie/1 devot$ to 8 p>i%ion]s1 ^: int]e/s he indignantly *ampion$ aga9/ a tyrann\s "l ( ! manor2 #iea apropos ( ,desc>tes's doctr9e ( animal automatism1 :i* he fi]cely repudiates1 he d5\nces ) deep feel+ all cruelty to animals1 at ^: slaught] = food he w9ces2 & 8 book reveals him z a man pr(\ndly impress$ at once by ! suff]+s ( ! p "u he>tless k+s & nobles1 & ! imm5se impo/ure ( religion :i*1 9 8 eyes1 ma9ta9$ ! :ole evil sy/em4 ,"s m5 be=e him _h impugn$ miracles1 "s ! gospels1 "s dogma1 "s ! conception ( deity1 "s ! tyranny ( k+s4 ,he impugns all2 & :]e ne>ly all ! dei/s _h eulogiz$ ! "* ( ! ,gospel ,jesus1 ! prie/ envelops x 9 8 h>%e/ invective4 ,he mu/ h writt5 dur+ :ole ye>s1 ) a sombre1 inv9cible pati5ce1 dumbly build+ up1 9 8 lonely leisure1 8 unfalt]+ negation ( all t ! m5 ar\nd him held = sacr$1 & t he 0 sworn to prea*--! :ole to be 8 te/am5t to 8 p>i%ion]s4 ,9 ! sl[1 heavy /yle--! /yle ( a c>t horse1 ,voltaire call$ x--!re is an indubitable s9c]ity1 a sm\ld]+ passion1 b no ha/e1 no explosion4 ,! long-drawn1 =mless1 prolix s5t5ces say ev]y?+ t c be said on _! !me2 & :5 ! long book 0 done x 0 sl[ly copi$1 & yet aga9 copi$1 by ! same heavy1 unwe>y+ h&4 ,he _h read few books1 x seems--only ! ,bible1 "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,montaigne1 ! ,turki% ,spy1 ,naud1 ,*>ron1 ,pl9y1 ,t\rnm9e on a!ism1 & ,fnelon on ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ) "s hi/ory1 & ,mor]i's ,diction>y2 b he _h re-read !m (t54 ,he does n cite ,bayle2 & ,montaigne is evid5tly 8 *ief ma/]4 ,b on 8 mode/ read+ he _h rea*$ z absolute a conviction ( ! untru? ( ! entire ,judo-,*ri/ian religion z any free?9k] ev] _h4 ,mov$ above all by 8 s5se ( ! corruption & misrule ar\nd him1 he sets out ) a tw(old indictm5t aga9/ religion & gov]nm5t1 ( :i* ea* "p su/a9s ! o!r1 & he tells 8 p>i%ion]s h[ he _h be5 hundr$s ( times #ieb on ! po9t ( bur/+ out ) an indignant av[al ( 8 contempt = ! rites he 0 compell$ to adm9i/]1 & ! sup]/itions he _h to inculcate4 ,!n1 9 a grimly-plann$ ord]1 he proce$s to demoli%1 section by section1 ! :ole /ructure4 ,religions 9 g5]al he exhibits z tissues ( error1 illusion1 & impo/ure1 ! endless s\rces ( tr\bles & /rifes = m54 ,_! hi/orical pro(s & docum5t>y bases are !n assail$1 & ! gospels 9 p>ticul> are gr\nd betwe5 ! sl[ mill-/ones ( 8 dialectic2 miracles1 promises1 & prophecies be+ h&l$ 9 turn4 ,! e?ic & ! doctr9e are next assail$ all along ! l9e1 f _! !oretic bases to _! political results2 & ! k+s ( ,france f>e no bett] ?an _! cre$4 ,z aga9/ ! !i/ic argum5t ( ,fnelon1 ! entire !i/ic sy/em is !n oppugn$1 sometimes ) prec>i\s erudition1 g5]ally ) cumbr\s b solid reason+2 & ! et]nity ( matt] is affirm$ ) m ?an ,av]ro/ic conviction1 ! ,c>tesians com+ 9 = a long s]ies ( heavy bl[s4 ,immortality is fur!r d5i$1 z miracles _h be52 & ! treatise ends ) a /]n affirmation ( its au?or's rectitude1 &1 z x 71 a massive ge/ure ( contempt = all t w be said aga9/ him :5 he has pass$ into ! no?+ness :i* he is ne>+4 ,i h nev] committ$ any crime1 he writes1 #iec nor any bad or malici\s action3 ,i defy any man to make me on ?is head1 ) ju/ice1 any s]i\s reproa*2 b he quotes f ! ,psalms1 ) grim ze/1 phrases ( hate t[>ds work]s ( iniquity4 ,!re is n ev5 ! h9t ( a smile at ! a/oni%+ beque/ he 0 lay+ up = 8 p>i%ion]s & 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 sure he w\ld be read1 & he 0 "r4 ,! :ole polemic ( ! next sixty ye>s1 ! indictm5t ( ! gov]nm5t no less ?an t ( ! cre$1 is laid out 9 8 sombre treatise4 ,to ! g5]al public1 h[ev]1 he 0 nev] kn[n save by ! ,extract--really a dei/ic adaptation--made by ,voltaire1 #ied & ! re-writt5 summ>y by d',holba* & ,did]ot entitl$ ,le ,bon ,s5s du ,cur ,mesli] 7#aggb74 #iee ,ev5 ?is publicity 0 delay$ = a g5]ation1 s9ce ,voltaire1 :o he>d ( ! ,te/am5t z e>ly z #agce1 seems to h made no use ( x till #agfb4 ,b ! entire gr\p ( fight+ free?9k]s ( ! age 0 9 "s s5se inspir$ by ! old prie/'s legacy4 #g4 ,ap>t f ?is direct influ5ce1 too1 o!rs ( ! clo? bore "s "p 9 ! g5]al process ( enlight5m5t4 ,a good type ( ! agno/ic prie/ ( ! p]iod 0 ! ,abb ,t]rasson1 ! au?or ( ! philosophic romance ,se?os 7#agcb71 :o di$ 9 #agej4 ,n v judici\s 9 8 !ory ( human evolution 7:i* he repres5t$ z a cont9u\s gr[? f a /age ( lit]>y infancy1 se5 9 ,hom]71 he adopt$ ! ,newtonian !ory at a "t :5 ! entire ,academy /ood by ,c>tesianism4 ,among 8 fri5ds he tranquilly av[$ 8 a!ism4 #ief ,he di$ )\t ! sacram5ts1 & :5 ask$ :e!r he believ$ all ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 he repli$ t = him t 0 n possible4 #ieg ,ano!r anti-cl]ical ,abb 0 ,gaidi1 ^: poem1 ,la ,religion l',assembl du ,cl]g de ,france 7#agfb71 0 condemn$ to be burn$4 #ieh ,among or alongside ( su* disillusion$ ,*ur*m5 !re mu/ h be5 a c]ta9 numb] :o1 desir+ no brea* ) ! organization to :i* !y belong$1 saw ! fatal t5d5cy ( ! _s ( p]secution ^u :i* its rul]s always fell back 9 _! /ruggle ) free?\ght1 & s\ght to op5 _! eyes to ! folly & futility ( _! c\rse4 ,free?9k]s1 ( c\rse1 _h to lead ! way1 z we h se54 ,x 0 ! "y ,turgot :o 9 #agec publi%$ two p[]ful ,lettres sur la tolrance1 & 9 #aged a fur!r s]ies ( admirable ,lettres d'un ecclsia/ique un magi/rat1 plead+ ! same cause4 #iei ,b simil> appeals 7 anonym\sly made1 by a cl]ical p51 at a mom5t :5 ! ,*ur* 0 ab\t to ent] on a new & exasp]at+ conflict ) ! gr[+ b& ( free?9k+ writ]s :o ralli$ r\nd ,voltaire4 ,! small book ( ,que/ions sur la tolrance1 ascrib$ to ! ,abb ,tailh or ,tailhi & ! canoni/ ,maultrot 7,g5eva1 #ageh71 is conceiv$ 9 ! v _s ( rationalism1 yet ) a c>eful conc]n to p]suade ! cl]gy to sane c\rses1 & is to ?is day wor? read+ z a utilit>ian argum5t4 ,b ! ,*ur* 0 n fat$ to be l$ by su* light4 ,! pr9ciple ( tol]ation 0 left to become ! wat*word ( free?\ght1 :ile ! ,*ur* id5tifi$ h]self collectively ) t ( tyranny4 ,anecdotes ( ! "t reveal ! co9cid5ce ( tyranny & evasion1 intol]ance & defiance4 ,( ,nicolas ,bo9d9 7#afgf-agea71 procureur 9 ! royal ,bureau des ,f9ances1 :o 0 receiv$ into ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions & ,belles-,lettres 9 #agjf1 x is told t he w\ld h be5 receiv$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy if ! public pr(ession he made ( be+ an a!i/ _h n exclud$ him4 #ifj ,b ! publicity 0 gu>d$4 ,:5 he conv]s$ ) ! "y ,m>montel #ifa & o!rs at ! ,caf ,procope1 !y us$ a conv]sational code 9 :i* ! s\l 0 call$ ,m>got1 religion ,javotte1 lib]ty ,jeanneton1 & ! deity ,monsieur de l'tre4 ,once a li/5] ( furtive aspect ask$ ,bo9d9 :o might be ?is ,monsieur de l'tre :o behav$ s ill1 & ) :om !y 7 s displeas$8 ,monsieur1 repli$ ,bo9d91 he is a police spy--su* be+ ! avocation ( ! que/ion]4 #ifb ,! morals ( ,bo9d91 says a biographical diction>y ( ! p]iod1 7 z pure z ^? ( an a!i/ c be2 8 he>t 0 g5]\s2 b to ^! virtues he jo9$ presumption & ! ob/9acy :i* foll[s f x1 a biz>re hum\r1 & an unsociable "*4 #ifc ,o!r te/imonies occur on ! fir/ two heads1 n on ! la/4 ,b he 0 fitt+ly refus$ ,*ri/ian int]m5t1 & 0 buri$ by night1 sans pompe4 #h4 ,) ! gr\nd prep>$ z we h se51 free?\ght 0 b\nd to progress 9 ,france 9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xv2 b x *anc$ t ! lead fell into ! h&s ( ! mo/ brilliant & fecund ( all ! writ]s ( ! c5tury4 ,voltaire #ifd 7#afid-aggh7 0 already some?+ ( a free?9k] :5 a m]e *ild4 ,s common 0 deism already become 9 ,p>is at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t 8 godfa!r1 an abb1 is said to h taught him1 at ! age ( ?ree1 a poem by ,j4 ,b4 ,r\sseau1 #ife !n privately circulat$1 9 :i* ,moses 9 p>ticul> & religi\s revelations 9 g5]al are d]id$ z fraudul5t4 #iff ,kn[+ ?is poem by he>t 9 8 *ildhood1 ! boy 0 well on ! way to 8 life's "w4 ,x is on record t _m ( 8 s*ool-fell[s 71 l himself1 already dei/s1 ?\gh 8 bro!r1 a juv5ile ,jans5i/1 made v[s to propitiate ! deity on ! small unbeliev]'s behalf4 #ifg ,x may h be5 a g5]al reputation = audaci\s ?9k+ t l$ to 8 be+ *>g$ ) ! au?or%ip ( a /++ philippic publi%$ 9 #agae1 aft] ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! unkn[n au?or1 a "y man1 enum]at$ ! manifold abuses & iniquities ( ! reign1 conclud+3 ,i h se5 all ^!1 & ,i am n tw5ty ye>s old4 ,voltaire 0 !n tw5ty-two2 b ,d',arg5son1 :o 9 ! poem _h be5 call$ ! enemy ( ! human race1 f9d+ no likeli] au?or = ! v]ses1 put him "u surveillance & exil$ him f ,p>is2 & on 8 imprud5t return imprison$ him = ne>ly a ye> 9 ! ,ba/ille 7#agaf71 releas+ him only :5 ! real au?or ( ! v]ses av[$ himself4 ,unconqu]able !n z always1 ,voltaire devot$ himself 9 prison to 8 lit]>y ambitions1 plann+ 8 ,h5riade & complet+ 8 ,o,edipe1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 #agah ) signal success4 ,voltaire 0 ?us already a di/+ui%$ "y poet & dramati/ :51 9 #agbf1 aft] endur+ ! affronts ( an assault by a nobleman's lacqueys1 & ( imprisonm5t 9 ! ,ba/ille = seek+ am5ds by duel1 he came to ,engl&1 :]e1 l ,desl&es be=e him1 he met ) a ready welcome f ! free?9k]s4 #ifh ,f\r ye>s previ\sly1 9 ! p[]ful poem1 ,= & ,aga9/1 #ifi he _h put 8 e>ly dei/ic conviction 9 a vehem5t impea*m5t ( ! immoral cre$ ( salvation & damnation1 mak+ ! decl>ation1 ,i am n a ,*ri/ian4 ,?us :at he _h to le>n 9 ,engl& 0 n deism1 b ! physics ( ,newton & ! details ( ! dei/ campaign aga9/ revelationism2 & ^! he ma/]$4 #igj ,n only 0 he directly & p[]fully influ5c$ by ,bol+broke1 :o became 8 intimate fri5d1 b he read widely 9 ! philosophic1 sci5tific1 & dei/ic ,engli% lit]ature ( ! day1 #iga & w5t back to ,france1 aft] ?ree ye>s' /ay1 n only equipp$ = 8 ultimate battle ) tyrann\s religion1 b deeply impress$ by ! moral :olesom5ess ( free discussion4 #igb ,n all at once1 inde$1 did he become ! m\?piece ( critical reason = 8 age3 8 lit]>y ambitions 7 prim>ily on ! l9es ( belles lettres1 & second>ily on ^? ( hi/orical writ+4 ,aft] 8 ,p\r et ,contre1 8 fir/ free?9k+ production 0 ! n v h]etical ,lettres philosophiques or ,lettres anglaises1 writt5 9 ,engl& 9 #agbh1 &1 aft] circulat+ 9 ,,ms41 publi%$ 9 five editions 9 #agcd2 & ! (ficial burn+ ( ! book by ! common hangman1 foll[$ by ! imprisonm5t ( ! booksell] 9 ! ,ba/ille1 #igc 0 a suffici5t *eck on su* activity = ! "t4 ,save = ! je/s ab\t ,adam & ,eve 9 ! ,monda9 7#agcf71 a slight satire = :i* he _h to fly f ,p>is2 & ! indirect ?\gh effective ?ru/s at bigotry 9 ! ,ligue 7#agbc2 lat] ! ,h5riade72 9 ! trag$y ( ,mahomet 7#agci2 pr9t$ 9 #agdb71 9 ! tales ( ,memnon & ,zadig 7#agdg-dh71 & 9 ! ,ides de ,la ,mo! le ,vay] 7#agea7 & ! ,df5se de ,milord ,bol+broke 7#ageb71 he produc$ no?+ else m>k$ly dei/ic till #agee1 :5 he publi%$ ! ,poem to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 o!rwise nam$ ,sur la loi naturelle 7:i* appe>s to h be5 writt5 9 #agea1 :ile he 0 on a visit to ! ,m>grav9e ( ,bayreu?71 & t on ! ,e>?quake ( ,lisbon4 ,s def9itely did ! =m] poem base all morality on natural pr9ciples t x 0 ord]$ to be burn$ by ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is1 !n equally al>m$ at free?9k+ & at ,mol9ism4 #igd ,& s impossible 0 x /ill 9 ,france to pr9t any specific criticism ( ,*ri/ianity t :5 9 #agei he issu$ 8 v]se translations ( ! ,song ( ,solomon & ,ecclesia/es !y also 7 publicly burn$1 ?\gh he _h actually s(t5$ in/ead ( height5+ ! eroticism ( ! fir/ & ! mat]ialism ( ! second4 #ige #i4 ,x is ?us a complete mi/ake on ! "p ( ,buckle to affirm t ! activity ( ! ,fr5* re=m]s up to #agej 0 direct$ aga9/ religion1 & t x 0 !reaft] turn$ aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 mu* free?9k+ among in/ruct$ m5 & o!rs1 b x proce$$1 z "u ,l\is ,,xiv1 ma9ly by way ( manuscripts & conv]sation1 or at be/ by ! circulation ( ,engli% books & a few translations ( ^!2 & only gu>d$ly be=e #agde by means ( publi%$ ,fr5* books4 #igf ,! ,abb ,ran*on1 9 8 ,,ms4 ,life ( ,c>d9al ,fleury1 truly says t ! "t ( ! ,reg5cy 0 a p]iod ( ! _s ( dissolut5ess & irreligion2 b :5 he ascribes to ^? times _m lic5ti\s & de/ructive writ+s he c specify only ^? ( ! ,engli% dei/s4 ,precisely 9 ! "t ( ! ,reg5cy a multitude ( ^? (f5sive & irreligi\s books 7 br\ght ov] ! sea3 ,france 0 delug$ ) !m4 #igg ,x is incr$ible t multitudes ( ,fr5*m5 read ,engli% 9 ! days ( ! ,reg5cy4 ,fr5* free?9k]s l ,sa9t ,evremond & ,desl&es1 :o visit$ or soj\rn$ 9 ,london be=e #agae1 took _! free?\ght !re ) !m2 & ! only translations !n 9 pr9t 7 ^? ( ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+ & ,%aftesbury's essays on ! ,use ( ,ridicule & on ,en?usiasm4 ,ap>t f ^!1 ! only kn[n ,fr5* free?9k+ book ( ! ,reg5cy p]iod 0 ! "w ( ,vroes1 a c\ncillor at ! c\rt ( ,brabant1 on ! ,_s ( ,sp9oza1 repr9t$ z ,des trois impo/eurs4 ,mesli] di$ n e>li] ?an #agbi2 ! ,hi/oire de la philosophie pay5ne ( ,burigny belongs to #agbd2 ! ,lettres philosophiques ( ,voltaire to #agcd2 ! e>li] works ( d',arg5s to #agcg-ch2 ! ,n\velles lib]ts de p5s]1 edit$ by ,dum>sais1 to #agdc2 & ! militant treatise ( ,de la ,s]re1 be/ kn[n z ! ,exam5 de la ,religion1 to #agde4 ,! f]m5t ?us kept up 0 inde$ s great t ab\t #agdh ! ecclesia/ical au?orities decid$ on ! rem>kable /ep ( adopt+ = _! purposes ! apologetic treatise adapt$ by ,jacob ,v]net1 pr(essor ( belles lettres at ,g5eva1 f ! works ( ,jean-,alphonse ,turrett91 #igh n only a ,prote/ant b a sub/antially ,soc9ian pr(essor ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory at ! same univ]sity4 ,! treatise is itself a te/imony to ! advance ( rationalism 9 ! ,prote/ant _w2 & its adoption1 ev5 "u correction1 by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,france tells ( a ke5 consci\sness ( ne$4 ,b ! dread$ advance1 z we h se51 0 only to a small ext5t yet traceable by new lit]ature4 ,! ,exam5 critique des apologi/es de la religion *rti5ne ( ,lvesque de ,burigny 0 probably writt5 ab\t #agcb1 & !n & !reaft] circulat$ 9 manuscript1 b x 0 n publi%$ till #agff2 & ev5 9 manuscript its circulation 0 probably small1 ?\gh v>i\s apologetic works _h te/ifi$ to ! increas+ uneas9ess ( ! or?odox _w4 ,su* titles z ,la religion *rti5ne demontre p> la ,resurrection 7by ,arm& de la ,*apelle1 #agbh7 & ,la religion *rti5ne pr\ve p> l'accomplissem5t des prophties 7by ,pre ,baltus1 #agbh7 tell ( private unbelief "u ! ,reg5cy4 ,9 #agcg appe>$ ! volum9\s treatise 7anonym\s7 ( ! ,abb de la ,*ambre1 ,trait de la vritable religion contre les a?es1 les di/es1 etc4 7#e vols474 ,9 #agdg1 aga91 !re appe>$ a le>n$1 labori\s1 & un9tellig5t "w 9 ?ree volumes 7au?oriz$ 9 #agdb71 ,le ,lib]t9age combattu p> la tmoignage des auteurs pr(anes1 by an unnam$ ,b5$ict9e #igi ( ! ,congregation ( ,/4 ,vanne4 ,x decl>es t1 betwe5 a!ism & deism1 !re has nev] be5 s mu* unbelief z n[2 b x cites no mod]n books1 & is devot$ to array+ classic argum5ts 9 support ( !ism & morals4 ,"p ( ! exposition consi/s 9 %[+ t ,epicurus1 ,lucian1 & ,euripides1 :om mod]n a!i/s are wont to cite z _! ma/]s1 7 n & c\ld n h be5 a!i/s2 & ! pi\s au?or r\ndly decl>es 9 fav\r ( paganism z aga9/ a!ism4 ,s mu* smoke tells ( fire2 b only 9 #agde & #agdf did ! pr9t$ ,exam5 ( ,de la ,s]re & ! ,p5ses philosophiques ( ,did]ot beg9 to build up 9 ,france ! mod]n s*ool ( critical & philosophic deism4 ,:5 9 #agea ! ,abb ,gau*at began 8 s]ies ( ,lettres critiques1 he set out by attack+ ,voltaire's ,lettres philosophiques1 ,did]ot's ,p5ses philosophiques1 ! anonym\s ,disc\rs sur la vie heureuse 7#agdh71 ,les ,moeurs #ihj 7#agdh71 & ,pope's ,essay on ,man2 tak+ up 9 8 second volume ! ,lettres ,p]sanes ( ,montesquieu 7#agba71 & o!r sets ( ,lettres writt5 9 imitation ( !m4 ,9 ! ?ird volume he has no?+ m aggressive ( ,voltaire's to deal ) ?an ,la ,h5riade1 ! ,mahomet1 & "s ( 8 fugitive pieces4 ,& ! ,bi%op ( ,puy1 writ+ 9 #aged 8 ,la ,dvotion concilie avec l'esprit1 c\ld say to ! fai?ful3 ,y live 9 an age f]tile 9 pret5d$ esprits =ts1 :o1 too weak nev]!less to attack 9 front an inv9cible religion1 skirmi% lightly ar\nd x1 & 9 default ( ! reasons !y lack1 employ raill]y4 #iha ,! *ivalr\s bi%op knew p]fectly well t _h a s]i\s attack be5 publi%$ au?or & publi%] w\ld h be5 s5t if possible to ! ,ba/ille1 if n to ! scaffold4 ,b 8 evid5ce is explicit4 ,!re is "h no recognition ( any lit]>y bomb>dm5t1 ?\gh !re 0 c]ta9ly an abundance ( unbelief4 #ihb ,buckle has probably mi/ak5 ! mean+ ( ! summ+ up ( "s previ\s writ] to ! effect t up to #agej or a few ye>s lat] ! political opposition to ! ,c\rt 0 religi\s1 9 ! s5se ( ecclesia/ical or sect>ian 7,jans5i/71 #ihc & t x aft]w>ds turn$ to matt]s ( public adm9i/ration4 #ihd ,x w\ld be tru] to say t ! e>ly ,lettres philosophiques1 ! read+ ( :i* lat] made ! boy ,lafayette a republican at n9e1 7 a polemic = political & social fre$om1 & z su* a m direct criticism ( ! ,fr5* adm9i/rative sy/em ?an ,voltaire ev] p5n$ aft]w>ds1 save 9 ! ,voix du ,sage et du ,peuple 7#agej74 ,9 po9t ( fact1 z w be %[n bel[1 only "s tw5ty scatt]$ free?9k+ works _h appe>$ 9 ,fr5* up to #agde1 almo/ none ( !m directly attack+ ,*ri/ian beliefs2 &1 despite ! above-not$ sallies ( ,voltaire1 ,condorcet comes to ! g5]al conclusion t x 0 ! h>dihood ( ,r\sseau's deism 9 ! ,confession ( a ,savoy>d ,vic> 9 8 mile 7#agfb7 t spurr$ ,voltaire to new activity4 #ihe ,?is is p]haps n q c]ta92 !re is "s reason to believe t 8 ,s]mon ( ! ,fifty1 8 fir/ frontal attack on ,*ri/ianity1 #ihf 0 writt5 a ye> be=e2 b 9 any case t & o!r productions ( 8 at once left ,r\sseau f> 9 ! re>4 ,ev5 n[ he _h no fix$ purpose ( cont9u\s w>f>e aga9/ s p[]ful & cruel an enemy z ! ,*ur*1 :i* 9 #ageg _h actually procur$ an edict pron\nc+ ! dea? p5alty aga9/ all writ]s ( works attack+ religion2 ?\gh ! fall ( ! ,jesuits 9 #agfd rais$ new hopes ( fre$om4 ,b :51 aft] t hopeful episode1 !re began a new movem5t ( ,jans5i/ fanaticism2 & :51 aft] ! age ( religi\s savag]y _h seem$ to be ov]1 !re began a new s]ies ( religi\s atrocities 9 ,france itself 7#agfb-ff71 he gird$ on a sword t 0 n to be laid d[n till 8 dea?4 ,ev5 s late z #agfh1 9 8 la/ lett] to ,damilaville 7#h fv471 ,voltaire expresses a revulsion aga9/ ! aggressive free?\ght propag&a ( ! "t :i* is ei!r "o ( 8 epi/ol>y /ratagems or ! expression ( a n]v\s reaction 9 a "t ( protract$ bad heal?4 ,mes *agr9s r$\bl5t1 he writes1 p> la quantit incroyable d'crits contre la religion *rti5ne1 qui se succd5t aussi rapidem5t en ,holl&e que les gazettes et les j\rnaux4 ,8 enemies h ! b>b>ism to impute to him1 at 8 age1 une p>tie de ces extravagances composes p> de jeunes g5s et p> des mo9es dfroqus4 ,8 imm$iate gr\nd = *agr9 may h be5 ! fact t ?is outbreak ( anti-,*ri/ian lit]ature 0 likely to ?w>t him 9 ! campaign he 0 !n mak+ to secure ju/ice to ! ,sirv5 family z he _h already v9dicat$ t ( ,calas4 ,sirv5 b>ely miss$ ! fate ( ! latt]4 ,! misconception ( ,buckle1 above discuss$1 has be5 widely %>$ ev5 among /ud5ts4 ,?us ,"l ,morley1 discuss+ ! ,cre$ ( ! ,savoy>d ,vic> 9 ,r\sseau's mile 7#agfb71 writes t ,s\ls we>y ( ! fi]ce mock]ies t _h s long be5 fly+ l fi]y %afts aga9/ ! f> ,jehovah ( ! ,hebrews1 & ! sil5t ,*ri/ ( ! lat] doctors & dignit>ies1 may well h turn$ to x ) ard\r 7,r\sseau1 ed4 #ahhf1 ii1 #bff74 ,he fur!r speaks ( ! sup]iority ( ! sceptical p>ts ( ! ,savoy>d ,vic>'s pr(ession 444 ov] ! bit+ mock]ies :i* ,voltaire _h made ! fa%ionable me?od ( assault 7p4 #bid74 ,no specifications are (f]$1 & ! *ronology is se5 to be a/ray4 ,! only mock]ies :i* ,voltaire c\ld be said to h made fa%ionable be=e #agfj 7 ^? ( 8 ,lettres philosophiques1 8 ,monda91 8 ,df5se de ,milord ,bol+broke1 & 8 philosophically humor\s tales1 z ,c&ide1 ,zadig1 ,micromgas1 etc43 all 8 di/9ctive attacks on ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 7 yet to come4 ,! ,abb ,guyon1 9 8 ,l',oracle des n\veaux philosophes 7,b]ne1 #agei-fj1 #b tom471 proclaims an attack on doctr9es taught dans les livres de nos beaux esprits 7,av]t4 p4 xi72 b he specifies only d5ials ( 7#a7 revelation1 7#b7 immortality1 & 7#c7 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( man's creation2 & he is l>gely occupi$ ) ,did]ot's ,p5ses philosophiques1 ?\gh 8 book is writt5 at ,voltaire4 ,! second volume is devot$ to ,c&ide & ! ,prcis ( ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,solomon--n v fi]ce p]=mances4 ,"l ,morley1 z x happ5s1 does n make ?is *ronological mi/ake 9 8 e>li] "w on ,voltaire1 :]e he rightly repres5ts him z beg9n+ 8 attack on ! ,infam\s aft] he _h settl$ at ,f]ney 7#ageh74 ,8 fi]ce mock]ies beg9 at ! e>lie/ 9 #agfa4 ,! mi/ake may h aris5 ?r\gh tak+ z true ! fictiti\s date ( #agcf = ! writ+ ( ! ,exam5 ,important de ,milord ,bol+broke4 ,x belongs to #agfg4 ,buckle's error1 x may be not$1 is repeat$ by s c>eful a /ud5t z ,dr4 ,r$li*1 ,local ,gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijc1 i1 #fd4 #aj4 ,! re/ ( ,voltaire's long life 0 a sleepless & dext]\s w>f>e1 by all mann] ( lit]>y /ratagem1 #ihg facilitat$ by va/ lit]>y fame & ample acquir$ weal?1 aga9/ :at he call$ ! ,infam\s--! ,*ur* & ! cre$ :i* he f\nd /ill swift to slay = m]e v>iation ( belief1 & sl[ to let any good ?+ be wr\ght = ! bett]+ ( m5's lives4 ,( 8 prodigi\s lit]>y p]=mance x is probably )9 ! tru? to say t 9 respect ( rapid influ5ce on ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! _w x has nev] be5 equall$ by any "o man's writ+2 & t1 :atev] its measure ( error & ( p]sonal misdirection1 its broad] influ5ce 0 inv>iably = peace on e>?1 = tol]ance among m51 & = reason 9 all ?+s4 ,8 faults 7 _m1 & "s 7 s]i\s2 b to no o!r man ( 8 age1 save possibly ,becc>ia1 c be attribut$ s mu* b5efic5t accompli%m5t4 ,he c p]haps bett] be e/imat$ z a =ce ?an z a man4 ,s great 0 ! area ( 8 lit]>y en]gy t he is inevitably inadequate at _m po9ts4 ,less+ c\ld successfully impugn him 9 drama2 ,did]ot 9 metaphysic2 ,gibbon 9 hi/ory2 & x is notewor?y t all ( ^! m5 #ihh at diff]5t times criticiz$ him ) asp]ity1 te/+ him by ! giv5 item ( p]=mance1 & disp>ag+ 8 p]sonality4 ,yet 9 8 own way he 0 a great] p[] ?an any ( !m2 & 8 range1 z di/+ui%$ f 8 dep?1 outgoes !irs4 ,9 sum1 he 0 ! greate/ m5tal fight] ( 8 age1 p]haps ( any age3 9 t aspect he is a p[]-h\se n to be mat*$ 9 human hi/ory2 & 8 polemic is ma9ly = good4 ,x 0 a di/+ui%$ ,engli% academic :o decl>$ t civilization owes m to ,voltaire ?an to all ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* put toge!r4 #ihi ,if 9 a lit]>y way he hat$ 8 p]sonal foes1 mu* m did he hate cruelty & bigotry2 & x 0 8 "w m ?an any t made impossible a repetition 9 ,europe ( su* cl]ical crimes z ! hang+ ( ! ,prote/ant pa/or1 ,la ,ro*ette2 ! execution ( ! ,prote/ant1 ,calas1 on an unprov$ & absurdly false *>ge2 ! torture ( 8 wid[ & *ildr52 ! behead+ ( ! lad ,la ,b>re = ill-prov$ blasphemy4 #iij ,z aga9/ 8 _m humanities1 !re is n to be *>g$ on him "o act ( public malevol5ce4 ,9 8 relations ) 8 fickle admir]1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & ) o!rs ( 8 fell[-?9k]s1 he & !y pa9fully br\ght home to free?9k]s ! lesson t = !m z = all m5 !re is a p]sonal art ( life t has to be le>n$1 ov] & above ! rectification ( op9ion4 ,b he & ! o!rs wr\ght imm5sely t[>ds t lib]ation alike f unreason & f bondage :i* mu/ prec$e any great improvem5t ( human ?+s4 ,voltaire's con/ant burd5 0 t religion 0 n only untrue b p]nici\s1 & :5 he 0 n dramatically %[+ ?is ( ,*ri/ianity1 z 9 8 poem ,la ,ligue 7#agbc71 he 0 say+ x by implication 9 su* plays z ,zare 7#agcb7 & ,mahomet 7#agdb71 deal+ ) ! fanaticism ( ,islam2 :ile 9 ! ,essai sur les moeurs 7#agef71 really a broad survey ( g5]al hi/ory1 & 9 ! ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv1 he appli$ ! me?od ( ,montesquieu1 ) pung5t criticism ?r[n 94 ,lat]1 he add$ to 8 output direct criticisms ( ! ,*ri/ian books1 z 9 ! ,exam5 important de ,milord ,bol+broke 7#agfg71 & ! ,re*]*es hi/oriques sur le ,*ri/ianisme 78 #agfi71 cont9u+ all 8 =m] l9es ( activity4 ,mean:ile1 ) ! aid ( 8 companion ! ,m>quise du ,*atelet1 an accompli%$ ma!matician1 he _h done mu* to popul>ize ! physics ( ,newton & discr$it ! sci5tific fallacies ( ! sy/em ( ,desc>tes2 all ! :ile prea*+ a ,newtonian b r agno/ic deism4 ,?is is ! purport ( 8 ,philosophe ,ignorant1 8 longe/ philosophical essay4 #iia ,! de/ruction ( ,lisbon by ! e>?quake ( #agee seems to h %ak5 him 9 8 dei/ic fai?1 s9ce ! up%ot ( 8 poem on t subject is to leave ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se an absolute enigma2 & 9 ! lat] ,c&ide 7#agei7 he attacks !i/ic optimism ) 8 mat*less ridicule4 ,inde$1 z e>ly z #agdi1 9 8 ,trait de la ,mtaphysique1 writt5 = ! ,m>quise du ,*atelet1 he rea*es virtually pan!i/ic positions 9 def5ce ( ! ,god-idea1 decl>+ ) ,sp9oza t deity c be nei!r good nor bad4 ,b1 l s _m pr(ess$ pan!i/s1 he relaps$1 & he nev] accept$ ! a!i/ic view2 on ! contr>y1 we f9d him argu+ absurdly en\gh1 9 8 ,homily on ,a!ism 7#agfe71 t a!ism _h be5 ! de/ruction ( morality 9 ,rome2 #iib on ! publication ( d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature 9 #aggj he ?rew (f an article ,dieu3 rponse au ,sy/me de la ,nature1 :]e he argu$ on ! old dei/ic l9es2 & 8 tale ( ,j5ni2 or1 ! ,sage & ! ,a!i/ 7#agge71 is a polemic on ! same !me4 ,by ?is "t ! inconsi/5t deism ( 8 y\? _h itself be5 discr$it$ among ! m ?or\ghgo+ free?9k]s2 & = ye>s x _h be5 said 9 "o section ( lit]>y society t ,voltaire aft] all is a bigot2 he is a dei/6 #iic ,b = free?9k]s ( all s*ools ! supreme s]vice ( ,voltaire lay 9 8 tw(old triumph ov] ! _s ( religi\s p]secution4 ,he _h contriv$ at once to make x hateful & to make x ridicul\s2 & x is a great !i/ic poet ( our own day t has pron\nc$ 8 blade ! %>pe/1 %rewde/ /eel t ev] /abb$ ,to dea? ,impo/ure ?r\gh ! arm\r jo9ts4 #iid ,to be p]fect1 ! tribute %\ld h not$ t he hat$ cruelty mu* m ?an impo/ure2 & su* is ! note ( ! :ole movem5t ( :i* 8 "n 0 ! oriflamme4 ,voltaire p]sonally 0 at once ! mo/ pugnaci\s & ! mo/ =giv+ ( m54 ,few ( ! ,*ri/ians :o hat$ him _h s (t5 z he fulfill$ _! own precept ( return+ good = evil to enemies2 & none excell$ him 9 he>ty philan?ropy4 ,x is notable t mo/ ( ! humanit>ian ideas ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury--! dem& = ! re=m ( crim9al treatm5t1 ! d5unciation ( w> & slav]y1 ! insi/5ce on good gov]nm5t1 & tol]ation ( all cre$s--are m def9itely associat$ ) ! free?9k+ ?an ) any religi\s p>ty1 except+ p]haps ! laudable b un9flu5tial sect ( ,quak]s4 ,! "* ( ,voltaire is /ill ! subject ( *ronic debate2 b ! old deadlock ( laudation & abuse is be+ solv$ 9 a critical recognition ( him z a man ( g5ius flaw$ by ! in/ability :i* g5ius s commonly involves4 ,c>lyle 7t model ( s]5ity71 :ile dwell+ on 8 p]petual p]turbations1 half-humanely sugge/s t we %\ld ?9k ( him z "o con/antly hag-ridd5 by maladies ( _m k9ds2 & ?is recognition is really ev5 m important 9 ,voltaire's case ?an 9 ,c>lyle's own4 ,he 0 a bundle ( n]ves1 & ! cle> light ( 8 sympa!tic intellig5ce 0 (t5 bl[n aside by gu/s ( passion--(t5 en\gh excusably4 ,b :ile 8 temp]am5tal weaknesses expos$ him at times to humiliation1 & (t5 to s>casm2 & :ile 8 compell$ resort to con/ant /ratagem made him m prone to trick]y ?an 8 admir]s c well c>e to ?9k him1 ! balance ( 8 "* is abundantly on ! side ( g5]osity & humanity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unju/ifiable ( rec5t attacks ^u him 7"o regrets to h to say x7 came f ! p5 ( ! late ,pr(4 ,*urton ,coll9s4 ,9 8 book on ,voltaire1 ,montesquieu1 & ,r\sseau 9 ,engl& 7#aijh7 t critic gives 9 ! ma9 an unbiass$ acc\nt ( ,voltaire's ,engli% exp]i5ce2 b at "o po9t 7p4 #ci7 he plunges into a viol5t impea*m5t ) ! slighte/ possible ju/ification4 ,he 9 effect adopts ! old allegation ( ,ruffhead1 ! biograph] ( ,pope--a /atem5t repeat$ by ,johnson--t ,voltaire us$ 8 acqua9tance ) ,pope & ,bol+broke to play ! spy on !m1 convey+ in=mation to ,walpole1 = :i* he 0 rew>d$4 ,! :ole /ory collapses ^u critical exam9ation4 ,ruffhead's /ory is1 9 brief1 t ,pope purposely li$ to ,voltaire z to ! au?or%ip ( c]ta9 publi%$ lett]s attack+ ,walpole4 ,!y 7 by ,bol+broke2 b ,pope1 que/ion$ by ,voltaire1 said !y 7 8 own1 begg+ him to keep ! fact absolutely secret4 ,next day at c\rt ev]yone 0 speak+ ( ! lett]s z ,pope's2 & ,pope accord+ly knew t ,voltaire 0 a traitor4 ,= ?is tale !re is absolutely no?+ b he>say evid5ce4 ,ruffhead1 z ,johnson decl>$1 knew no?+ ( ,pope1 & simply us$ ,w>burton's mat]ial4 ,! "o quasi-confirmation cit$ by ,mr4 ,coll9s is ,bol+broke's lett] to ,swift 7,may #ah1 #agbg7 ask+ him to ins9uate t ,walpole's only gr\nd = ascrib+ ! lett]s to ,bol+broke is ! au?ority ( "o ( 8 spies 444 :o reports1 n :at he he>s 444 b :at he guesses4 ,?is is an absolute contradiction ( ! ,pope /ory1 at two po9ts4 ,x ref]s to a guess at ,bol+broke1 & tells ( no citation f ,pope4 ,to put x z confirm+ ! *>ge is to exhibit a complete failure ( judgm5t4 ,aft] ?is irrational argum5t1 ,mr4 ,coll9s (f]s a worse4 ,he admits 7p4 #dc7 t ,voltaire always rema9$ on fri5dly t]ms ) bo? ,pope & ,bol+broke2 b adds t ?is c sc>cely be alleg$ z a pro( ( 8 innoc5ce1 = nei!r ,pope nor ,bol+broke w\ld1 = su* an (f5ce1 h be5 likely to qu>rel ) a man 9 a position s peculi> z t ( ,voltaire4 ,8 flatt]y 0 pleasant4444 ,su* an argum5t is worse ?an nugatory4 ,t ,bol+broke spoke ill 9 private ( ,voltaire on g5]al gr\nds c\nts = no?+4 ,he did ! same ( ,pope & ( ne>ly all 8 fri5ds4 ,mr4 ,coll9s fur!r accuses ,voltaire ( bas5ess1 falsehood1 & hypocrisy on ! m]e score ( 8 habit ( extravagant flatt]y4 ,?is 0 notori\sly ! ,fr5* mode 9 t age2 b x _h be5 j z mu* ! mode 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,engl&1 f ! ,jacobean translators ( ! ,bible to ,dryd5--to "n no o!rs4 ,& ,mr4 ,coll9s 9 effect *>ges sy/ematic hypocrisy ^u bo? ,pope & ,bol+broke4 ,o!r /ories ( ,ruffhead's aga9/ ,voltaire are equally improbable & ill-v\*$--z ,mr4 ,coll9s incid5tally admits1 ?\gh he =gets ! admission4 ,!y all come f ,w>burton1 himself convict$ ( d\ble-deal+ ) ,pope2 & !y f9ally /& = ! hatr$ ( ,fr5*m5 :i* 0 s common 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,engl&1 & is app>5tly n yet q ext9ct4 ,^? :o w\ld h a sane1 se>*+1 & compet5t e/imate ( ,voltaire1 lean+ humanely to ! side ( goodwill1 %\ld turn to ! ,voltaire ( ,m4 ,*ampion4 ,a brief e/imate 0 attempt$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 ,annual = #aiab4 #aa4 ,x is difficult to realize h[ f> ! m]e dem& = tol]ance :i* s\nds f ,voltaire's plays & poems be=e he has begun to assail cr$5ces 0 a signal & an inspiration to new ?9k]s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation1 pass$ on by ,holl& to ,engl&1 0 reg>d$ by ! or?odox prie/hood 9 ,france z ! abom9ation ( desolation1 & resi/$ by !m ) all _! p[]4 ,b ! contagion 0 unqu5*able4 ,x 0 presumably 9 ,holl& t !re 7 pr9t$ 9 #agch ! two volumes ( ,lettres sur la religion ess5tielle l'homme1 di/+ue de ce qui n'en e/ que l'accessoire1 by ,m>ie ,hub]1 a ,g5evese lady liv+ 9 ,lyons2 also ! two foll[+ p>ts 7#agci71 reply+ to criticisms on ! e>li]4 ,9 its g5tle way1 ! book /&s v di/9ctly = ! natural & e?ical pr9ciple 9 religion1 d5y+ t ! deity dem&s f m5 ei!r s]vice or wor%ip1 or t he c be wrong$ by _! de$s1 or t he c puni% !m et]nally = _! s9s4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,fr5* fruits1 aft] ,voltaire1 ( ! ,engli% dei/ic influ5ce2 #iie & x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! au?oress escap$ mole/ation4 ,p]haps ! memory ( ! p]secution inflict$ on ! my/ic ,madame ,guyon )held ! h& ( p[]4 ,z x 01 f\r ,prote/ant !ologians op5$ fire on h]1 reg>d+ h] doctr9e z ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o pa/or wrote f ,g5eva1 "o f ,am/]dam1 & two pr(essors f ,zuri*--! two la/ 9 ,lat94 #iif ,f ab\t #agdf onw>ds1 ! rationali/ movem5t 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,france rapidly wid5s & deep5s4 ,! numb] ( rationali/ic writ]s1 despite ! press laws :i* 9 t age inflict$ ! indignity ( imprisonm5t on half ! m5 ( lett]s1 increas$ f decade to decade1 & ! ris+ pre/ige ( ! philosophes 9 connection ) ! ,encyclopdie 7#agea-gb7 gave new c\rage to writ]s & pr9t]s4 ,at once ! ecclesia/ical p[]s saw 9 ! ,encyclopdie a dang]\s enemy2 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ageb1 ! ,sorbonne condemn$ a !sis ,to ! cele/ial ,j]usalem1 by ! ,abb de ,prades4 ,x _h at fir/ 7#agea7 be5 receiv$ ) (ficial applause1 b 0 f\nd on /udy to brea! ! _s ( ! new "w1 #iig to :i* ! ,abb _h contribut$1 & ^: editor1 ,did]ot1 0 8 fri5d4 ,soo? to say1 x conta9$ n a little matt] calculat$ to act z a solv5t ( fai?4 ,"u ! =m ( a v9dication ( or?odox ,ca?olicism1 x negat$ alike ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz2 & decl>$ t ! sci5ce ( ,newton & ! ,dut* physiologi/s 0 a bett] def5ce ( religion ?an ! !ses ( ,cl>ke1 ,desc>tes1 ,cudwor?1 & ,malebran*e1 :i* made = mat]ialism4 ,! h&l+1 too1 ( ! "q ( natural v]sus reveal$ religion1 9 :i* !ism is decl>$ to be sup]ior to all religions si unam excipias v]am1 if y except ! "o true1 might well ar\se di/ru/ 9 a vigilant ,ca?olic read]4 #iih ,! :ole argum5t sav\rs f> m ( ! sci5tific comp>ative me?od ?an 0 natural 9 ! "w ( an eighte5?-c5tury sem9>i/2 & ! pr9ciple1 ,ei!r we are ocul> witnesses ( ! facts or we "k !m only by he>say1 #iii 0 pla9ly z dang]\s to ! ,*ri/ian cre$ z to any o!r4 ,accord+ to ,naigeon1 #ajjj ! treatise 0 :olly ! "w ( de ,prades & ano!r ,abb1 ,yvon2 #ajja b x rema9s probable t ,did]ot inspir$ n a little ( ! reason+2 & ! cl]icals1 b5t on putt+ d[n ! ,encyclopdie1 pr(ess$ to h discov]$ t he 0 ! real au?or ( ! !sis4 ,ei!r ?is belief or a desire to /rike at ! ,encyclopdie ?r\gh "o ( its collaborators #ajjb 0 ! motive ( ! absurdly belat$ c5sure4 ,su* a fiasco evok$ mu* d]ision f ! philosophic p>ty1 p>ticul>ly f ,voltaire2 & ! ,sorbonne compass$ a new rev5ge4 ,soon aft] came ! =mal condemnation ( ! fir/ two volumes ( ! ,encyclopdie1 ( :i* ! second _h j appe>$4 #ajjc ,d',arg5son1 wat*+ 9 8 vigilant retirem5t ! c\rse ( ?+s on all h&s1 sees 9 ! episode a new & dang]\s developm5t1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a v]itable inquisition 9 ,france1 ( :i* ! ,jesuits joyfully take *>ge1 ?\gh he repeat$ly rem>ks also on ! eag]ness ( ! ,jans5i/s to outgo ! ,jesuits4 #ajjd ,b soon ! publication ( ! ,encyclopdie is resum$2 & 9 #agec ,d',arg5son cont5t$ly notes ! (ficial be/[al ( tacit p]missions to pr9t secretly books :i* c\ld n obta9 =mal au?orization4 ,! p]mission _h be5 giv5 fir/ by ! ,presid5t ,male%]bes2 b ev5 :5 t (ficial lo/ ! k+'s confid5ce ! practice 0 cont9u$ by ! lieut5ant ( police4 #ajje ,despite ! /agg]+ bl[ ( ! suppression ( ! ,encyclopdie1 ! philosophes spe$ily triumph$4 ,s great 0 ! discont5t ev5 at c\rt t soon 7#ageb7 ,madame de ,pompad\r & "s ( ! m9i/ry invit$ ,d',alemb]t & ,did]ot to resume _! "w1 obs]v+ a necess>y res]ve 9 all ?+s t\*+ religion & au?ority4 ,madame de ,pompad\r 0 9 fact1 z ,d',alemb]t said at h] dea?1 9 h] he>t "o ( ours1 z 0 ,d',arg5son4 ,b ,d',alemb]t1 9 a long private conf]5ce ) ,d',arg5son1 insi/$ t !y mu/ write 9 fre$om l ! ,engli% & ! ,prussians1 or n at all4 ,already !re 0 talk ( suppress+ ! philosophic works ( ,condillac1 :i* a few ye>s be=e _h gone uncondemn$2 & fre$om mu/ be pres]v$ at any co/4 ,i acquiesce1 writes ! ex-,m9i/]1 9 ^! argum5ts4 #ajjf ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! free?9k+ ,font5elle1 :o = a "t 7! dates are elusive7 held ! (fice ( royal c5sor1 0 m rigor\s ?an o!r (ficials :o _h n 8 reputation = het]odoxy4 ,"o day he refus$ to pass a c]ta9 manuscript1 & ! au?or put ! *all5ge3 ,y1 sir1 :o h publi%$ ! ,hi/oire des ,oracles1 refuse me ?is8 ,if ,i _h be5 ! c5sor ( ! ,oracles1 repli$ ,font5elle1 ,i %\ld n h pass$ x4 #ajjg ,& he _h cause = 8 caution4 ,! unlucky ,t]ci]1 :o1 engross$ 9 =eign affairs1 _h au?oriz$ ! publication ( ! ,de l',esprit ( ,helvtius1 0 compell$ to resign ! c5sor%ip1 & sev]ely rebuk$ by ! ,p>is ,p>lem5t4 #ajjh ,b ! culture-hi/ory ( ! p]iod1 l ! political1 0 "o ( ups & d[ns4 ,f "t to "t ! philosophic p>ty _h fri5ds at c\rt1 z 9 ! p]sons ( ! ,m>quis ,d',arg5son1 ,male%]bes1 & ! ,duc de ,*oiseul1 ( :om ! la/-nam$ eng9e]$ ! suppression ( ! ,jesuits4 #ajji ,!n !re 7 *ecks to ! =w>d movem5t 9 ! press1 z :51 9 #aggj1 ,*oiseul 0 =c$ to retire on ! adv5t ( ,madame ,du ,b>ry4 ,! output ( free?9k+ books is aft] t ye> visibly curtail$4 ,b no?+ c\ld arre/ ! =w>d movem5t ( op9ion4 #ab4 ,a new era ( propag&a & /ruggle _h visibly begun4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury free?\ght _h be5 dissem9at$ l>gely by way ( manuscripts #ajaj & repr9ts ( =eign books 9 translation2 b f ! middle onw>ds1 despite d5unciations & prohibitions1 new books multiply4 ,to ! policy ( tacit tol]ation impos$ by ,male%]bes a viol5t end 0 tempor>ily put 9 #ageg1 :5 ! ,jesuits obta9$ a proclamation ( ! dea? p5alty aga9/ all writ]s :o %\ld attack ! ,*ri/ian religion1 directly or indirectly4 ,x 0 d\btless "u ! m5ace ( ?is decree t ,desl&es1 be=e dy+ 9 #ageg1 caus$ to be drawn up by two not>ies an acte by :i* he disav[$ & d5\nc$ n only 8 ,gr&s hommes morts en plaisantant b all 8 o!r works1 :e!r pr9t$ or 9 ,,ms41 9 :i* he _h laid d[n pr9ciples or su/a9$ s5tim5ts contr>y to ! _s ( religion4 #ajaa ,b 9 #agfd1 on ! suppression ( ! ,jesuits1 !re 0 a vigor\s resumption ( propag&a4 ,!re are books1 writes ,voltaire 9 #agfe1 ( :i* =ty ye>s ago "o w\ld n h tru/$ ! manuscript to "o's fri5ds1 & ( :i* !re are n[ publi%$ six editions 9 eighte5 mon?s4 #ajab ,voltaire s+le-h&$ produc$ a libr>y2 & d',holba* is cr$it$ ) at lea/ a doz5 free?9k+ treatises1 e "o rem>kable 9 its day4 ,b !re 7 _m m combatants4 ,! reputation ( ,voltaire has ov]%ad[$ ev5 t ( 8 lead+ contempor>ies1 & !irs & 8 h fur!r obscur$ t ( ! less] m52 b a li/ ( miscellane\s free?9k+ works by ,fr5* writ]s dur+ ! c5tury1 up to ! ,revolution1 w s]ve to %[ h[ g5]al 0 ! activity aft] #agej4 ,x w be se5 t v little 0 publi%$ 9 ,france 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* ,engli% deism 0 mo/ fecund4 ,a noticeable activity ( publication beg9s ab\t #agde4 ,b x 0 :5 ! long p]iod ( *ronic w>f>e end$ = ,france ) ! peace ( ,p>is 7#agfc72 :5 %e _h lo/ ,india & ,nor? ,am]ica2 :5 %e _h suppress$ ! ,jesuit ord] 7#agfd72 & :5 ,engl& _h 9 ! ma9 turn$ f intellectual int]e/s to ! pursuit ( empire & ! developm5t ( manufactur+ indu/ry1 t ! releas$ ,fr5* intellig5ce #ajac turn$ ) irresi/ible en]gy to ! rational criticism ( e/abli%$ op9ions4 ,! foll[+ table is ?us symbolic ( ! :ole c5tury's developm5t3-- #agjj4 ,lettre d',hypocrate ,damagte1 attribut$ to ! ,comte de ,b\la9villi]s4 7,cologne47 ,rep4 9 ,biblio?que ,volante1 ,am/]dam1 #agjj4 #agjj4 ,claude ,gilb]t4 ,hi/oire de ,calejava1 ou de l'isle des hommes raisonnables1 avec le p>allle de leur morale et du ,*ri/ianisme4 ,dijon4 ,suppress$ by ! au?or3 only "o copy kn[n to h escap$4 #agjd4 ,gueudeville4 ,dialogues de ,m4 le ,b>on de la ,h\tan et d'un sauvage dans l',amrique4 7,am/]dam47 #agji4 ,lettre sur l'en?\siasme 7,fr4 tr4 ( ,%aftesbury1 by ,samson74 ,la ,haye4 #agaj4 ,tyssot de ,patot1 ,symon4 ,voyages et ,avantures de ,jaques ,mass4 7,b\rdeaux47 #agaj4 ,essai sur l'usage de la raill]ie 7,fr4 tr4 ( ,%aftesbury1 by ,van ,eff574 ,la ,haye4 #agab4 ,desl&es1 ,a4 ,f4 ,b4 ,reflexions sur les gr&s hommes qui sont morts en plaisantant4 #ajad 7,am/]dam47 #agad4 ,disc\rs sur la lib]t de p5s] ,fr5* tr4 ( ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+1 traduit de l'anglois et augm5t d'une ,lettre d'un ,mdec9 ,arabe4 7,tr4 by ,h5ri ,s*eurler & ,jean ,r\sset47 ,rep4 #agag4 #ajae #agai4 ,vroes4 ,la ,vie et l',esprit de ,m4 ,b5ot de ,sp9oza4 #agbj4 ,same "w rep4 "u ! d\ble title3 ,de tribus impo/oribus3 ,des trois impo/eurs4 ,frank=t on ,ma94 #agbd4 ,lvesque de ,burigny4 ,hi/oire de la philosophie pay5ne4 ,la ,haye1 #b tom4 #agcj4 ,b]n>d1 ,j4-,f4 ,dialogues critiques et philosophiques4 ,p> l',abb de ,*>te-,livry4 7,am/]dam47 ,rep4 #agce4 #agca4 ,rfutation des erreurs de ,b5ot de ,sp9oza1 p> ,fnelon1 le ,p4 ,laury1 b5dict91 et ,b\la9villi]s1 avec la vie de ,sp9oza 444 p> ,col]us1 etc4 7collect$ & publi%$ by ,l5glet du ,fresnoy74 ,bruxelles 7really ,am/]dam74 ,! treatise ( ,b\la9villi]s is really a popul> exposition4 #agcb4 ,re-issue ( ,desl&es's ,rflexions4 #agcd4 ,voltaire4 ,lettres philosophiques4 #d edd4 )9 ! ye>4 ,condemn$ to be burn$4 ,publi%] imprison$4 #agcd4 ,longue1 ,l\is-,pi]re de4 ,les ,pr9cesses ,malab>es1 ou le ,clibat ,philosophique4 ,dei/ic allegory4 ,condemn$ to be burn$4 #agcg4 ,m>quis ,d',arg5s4 ,la ,philosophie du ,bon ,s5s4 7,b]l93 #h? edition1 ,dresd51 #aged47 #agch4 ----1 ,lettres ,juives4 #f tom4 7,b]l947 #agch4 ,m>ie ,hub]4 ,lettres sur la religion ess5tielle l'homme1 di/+ue de ce qui n'en e/ que l'accessoire4 #b tom4 7,nom9ally ,london47 ,rep4 #agci & #agef4 #agci4 ----1 ,suite to ! =ego+1 s]vant de rponse aux objections1 etc4 ,also ,suite de la troisime p>tie4 #agda4 ,desl&es4 ,pigmalion1 ou la ,/atue anime4 ,condemn$ to be burnt by ,p>lem5t ( ,dijon1 #agdb4 #agda4 ----1 ,de la ,c]titude des connaissances huma9es 444 traduit de l'anglais p> ,f4 ,a4 ,d4 ,l4 ,v4 #agdc4 ,n\velles lib]ts de p5s]4 ,am/]dam4 ,edit$ by ,dum>sais4 ,conta9s ! fir/ pr9t ( ,font5elle's ,trait de la ,lib]t1 ,dum>sais's %ort essays ,le ,philosophe & ,de la raison1 ,mirabaud's ,s5tim5s des philosophes sur la nature de l'me1 etc4 #agde4 ,lieut4 ,de la ,s]re4 ,la vraie religion traduite de l',ecriture ,sa9te1 p> p]mission de ,jean1 ,luc1 ,m>c1 et ,mat?ieu4 7,nom9ally ,trv\x1 aux dp5s des ,pres de la ,socit de ,jsus47 ,appe>$ lat] z ,exam51 etc4 ,condemn$ to be burnt by ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is4 ,?is book 0 republi%$ 9 ! same ye> ) demontre p> sub/itut$ 9 ! title = traduite de1 & purport+ to be traduit de l',anglais de ,gilb]t ,burnet1 ) ! impr9t ,londres1 ,g4 ,cock1 #agde4 ,x appe>$ aga9 9 #agfa z ,exam5 de la religion dont on *]*e l'claircissem5t de bonne foi4 ,attribu ,m4 de ,sa9t-,evremont1 traduit1 etc41 ) ! same impr9t4 ,x aga9 bore ! latt] title :5 repr9t$ 9 #agfc1 & aga9 9 ! vangile de la ,raison 9 #agfd4 ,voltaire 9 #agfc decl>$ x to be ! "w ( ,dum>sais1 pron\nc+ x to be assur$ly n 9 ! /yle ( ,sa9t-,evremond 7,grimm1 iv1 #he-hh2 ,voltaire1 ,lettre ,damilaville1 #f dc4 #agfc71 add+ mais il e/ =t tronqu et dte/ablem5t imprim4 ,?is is true ( ! repr9ts 9 ! vangile de la ,raison 7#agfd1 etc471 ( "o ( :i* ! pres5t writ] possesses a copy to :i* !re has be5 app5d$ 9 ,,ms4 a long section :i* _h be5 lack+4 ,! vangile z a :ole purports to be ,ouvrage po/hume de ,m4 ,d4 ,m444444y4 #ajaf ,b its fir/ volume includes f\r pieces ( ,voltaire's1 & 8 abridg$ ,te/am5t de ,jean ,mesli]4 ,fur!r1 ,de la ,s]re is record$ to h claim$ ! au?or%ip 9 writ+ on ! eve ( 8 dea?4 ,b>bi]1 ,dict4 des ,anonymes1 #b;e d1 ,no4 #faeh4 ,he is said to h be5 hang$ z a spy at ,mae/ri*t1 ,april #aa1 #agdh4 #agde4 ,la ,mettrie4 ,hi/oire naturelle de l'me4 ,condemn$ to be burnt1 #agdf4 ,rep4 z ,trait de l'me4 #agdf4 ,did]ot4 ,p5ses philosophiques4 ,condemn$ to be burnt4 #agdh4 ,p4 ,e/ve4 ,l',orig9e de l',univ]s explique p> un pr9cipe de matire4 7,b]l947 #agdh4 ,b5ot de ,maillet4 ,telliam$1 ou ,entreti5s d'un philosophe indi5 avec un missionaire franais4 7,pr9t$ privately1 #agce2 rep4 #agee47 #agdh4 ,la ,mettrie4 ,l',homme ,ma*9e4 #agej4 ,n\velles lib]ts de p5s]4 ,rep4 #agea4 ,mirabaud1 ,j4 ,b4 de4 ,le ,monde1 son orig9e et son antiquit4 ,edit$ by ! ,abb ,le ,mas]i] 7:o contribut$ ! preface & ! ?ird "p7 & ,dum>sais4 #agea4 ,de ,prades4 ,sorbonne ,!sis4 #ageb4 ,g\ve/1 ,j4 ,h4 ,maub]t de4 ,lettres ,iroquoises4 ,irocopolis1 *ez les ,vnrables4 #b tom4 7,rep4 #agfi z ,lettres *]aksi5nes47 #ageb4 ,gn>d1 ,f4 ,l'cole de l'homme1 ou ,p>allle des ,portraits du sicle et des tableaux de l'criture sa9te4 #ajag ,am/]dam1 #c tom4 ,au?or imprison$4 #agec4 ,baume-,desdossat1 ,canon ( ,avignon4 ,la ,*ri/iade4 ,book suppress$4 ,au?or f9$4 #ajah #agec4 ,maup]tuis4 ,sy/me de la nature4 #agec4 ,a/ruc1 ,jean4 ,conjectures sur les mmoires orig9aux dont il p>ait que ,mose s'e/ s]vi p\r compos] le livre de la ,g5se4 ,bruxelles4 #aged4 ,prmontval1 ,a4 ,i4 le ,guay de4 ,le ,diogne de d',alemb]t1 ou ,p5ses libres sur l'homme4 ,b]l94 7#bnd ed4 enl>g$1 #agee47 #aged4 ,burigny1 ,j4 ,l4 ,?ologie pay5ne4 #b tom4 7,new ed4 ( 8 ,hi/oire de la philosophie1 #agbd47 #aged4 ,did]ot4 ,p5ses sur l'int]pretation de la nature4 #aged4 ,beausobre1 ,l4 de 7! y\ng]74 ,pyrrhonisme du ,sage4 ,b]l94 7,burn$ by ,p>is ,p>lem5t47 #agee4 ,re*]*es philosophiques sur la lib]t de l'homme4 ,trans4 ( ,coll9s's ,philosophical ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,lib]ty4 #agee4 ,voltaire4 ,pome ,sur la loi naturelle4 #agee4 ,analyse raisonne de ,bayle4 #d tom4 ,by ! ,abb de ,m>sy4 ,suppress$4 #ajai ,cont9u$ 9 #aggc1 9 #d new vols41 by ,rob9et4 #agee4 ,morelly4 ,code de la ,nature4 #agee4 ,deleyre4 ,analyse de la philosophie de ,bacon4 7,l>gely an exposition ( ,deleyre's own views47 #ageg4 ,prmontval4 ,vues ,philosophiques4 7,am/]dam47 ,9 ?is ye>--app>5tly aft] "o ( vigilant repression--0 pron\nc$ ! dea? p5alty aga9/ all writ]s attack+ religion4 ,h5ce a g5]al susp5sion ( publication4 ,9 #agfd ! ,jesuits 7 suppress$1 & ! policy ( c5sor%ip 0 soon p>alys$4 #ageh4 ,helvtius4 ,de l',esprit4 7,au?oriz$4 ,!n condemn$47 #agei4 ,voltaire4 ,c&ide4 7,g5ve47 #agei4 ,translation ( ,hume's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion & ,philosophical ,essays4 7,by ,mrian47 ,am/]dam4 #agfa4 ,n4-,a4 ,b\lang]4 #ajbj ,re*]*es sur l'orig9e du despotisme ori5tal1 et des sup]/itions4 ,ouvrage po/hume de ,mr4 ,d4 ,j4 ,d4 ,p4 ,e4 ,c4 #agfa4 ,rep4 ( ,de la ,s]re's ,la vraie religion z ,exam5 de la religion1 etc4 #agfa4 ,d',holba*4 ,le ,*ri/ianisme dvoil4 ,impr9t3 ,londres1 #agef4 ,really pr9t$ at ,nancy 9 #agfa4 ,wrongly attribut$ to ,b\lang] & to ,damilaville4 ,rep4 #agfg & #aggg4 ,grimm 7,corr4 9dite1 #ahbi1 p4 #aid7 speaks 9 #agfc ( ?is book 9 8 notice ( ,b\lang]1 rem>k+ t ! title 0 app>5tly meant to sugge/ ! au?or ( ,l',antiquit dvoile1 b t x 0 obvi\sly by ano!r h&4 ,! ,antiquit1 9 fact1 0 ! conclud+ section ( ,b\lang]'s po/hum\s ,despotisme ,ori5tal 7#agfa71 & 0 n publi%$ till #agff4 ,grimm pr(ess$ ignorance z to ! au?or%ip1 b mu/ h kn[n x1 z did ,voltaire1 :o by way ( my/ification ascrib$ ! book to ,damilaville4 ,see ,b>bi]4 #agfb4 ,r\sseau4 mile4 ,publicly burn$ at ,p>is & at ,g5eva4 ,condemn$ by ! ,sorbonne4 #agfb4 ,rob9et1 ,j4 ,b4 ,de la nature4 ,vol4 i4 7,vol4 ii 9 #agfd2 iii & iv 9 #agff47 #agfc4 ,voltaire4 ,sal4 ,g5ve4 #agfc4 ---- ,dialogue entre un ,caloy] et un honnte homme4 #agfc4 ,rep4 ( ,de la ,s]res' ,exam54 #agfd4 ,disc\rs sur la lib]t de p5s]4 7,rep4 ( trans4 ( ,coll9s47 #agfd4 ,voltaire4 ,dictionnaire philosophique portatif4 #ajba ,fir/ =m ( ! ,dictionnaire philosophique4 ,burn$ 9 #agfe4 #agfd4 ,lettres secrtes de ,m4 de ,voltaire4 ,holl&4 ,collection ( tracts made by ,rob9et1 aga9/ ,voltaire's w4 #agfd4 ,voltaire4 ,mlanges1 #c tom4 ,g5ve4 #agfd4 ,dulaur5s1 ,abb ,h4 ,j4 ,l',art94 #agfd4 ,l'vangile de la ,raison4 ,ouvrage po/hume de ,m4 ,d4 ,m----y4 ,ed4 by ,abb ,dulaur5s2 conta9+ ! ,te/am5t de ,jean ,mesli] 7greatly abridg$ & adapt$ by ,voltaire72 ,voltaire's ,cat*isme de l'honnte homme1 ,s]mon des c9quante1 etc42 ! ,exam5 de la religion1 attribu ,m4 de ,/4 ,evremond2 ,r\sseau's ,vicaire ,savoy>d1 f mile2 ,dum>sais's ,analyse de la religion *rti5ne1 etc4 ,rep4 #agfe & #agff4 #agfe4 ,recueil ,ncessaire1 avec ,l'vangile de la ,raison1 #b tom4 ,rep4 ( p>ts ( ! vangile4 ,rep4 #agfg1 #ajbb #agfh1 ) ,voltaire's ,exam5 important de ,milord ,bol+broke sub/itut$ = t ( ,de la ,s]re 7attribu a ,m4 de ,/4 ,evremond71 & ) a revis$ set ( extracts f ,mesli]4 #agfe4 ,ca/illon1 ,j4 ,l4 ,essai de philosophic morale4 #agff4 ,b\lang]1 ,n4 ,a4 ,l',antiquit dvoile4 #ajbc #c tom4 ,reca/ by d',holba*4 ,life ( au?or by ,did]ot4 #agff4 ,voyage de ,rob]tson aux t]res au/rales4 ,traduit sur le ,manuscrit ,anglois4 ,am/]dam4 ,b>bi] 7,dict4 des ,ouvr4 ,anon41 #b;e d4 iii1 #dcg7 has a note conc]n+ ?is ,voyage :i* pleasantly illu/rates ! /rategy t w5t on 9 ! issue ( free?9k+ books4 ,an ex-c5sor ( ! p]iod1 he tells u1 wrote a note on ! orig9al edition po9t+ out t x conta9s 7pp4 #ade-ed7 a tirade aga9/ ,p>lem5ts4 ,?is passage 0 suppress$ to obta9 p]mission to br+ ! book into ,france1 & a new passage attack+ ! ,encyclopdi/es "u ! "n ( ,pansophi/es 0 ins]t$ at ano!r po9t4 ,! ex-c5sor _h a copy ( an edition ( #agfg1 9 #abmo1 bett] pr9t$ ?an ! fir/ & on bett] pap]4 ,9 ?is1 at p4 #hg1 l9e #cj1 beg9s ! attack on ! ,encyclopdi/es1 :i* cont9ues to p4 #ic4 ,if ?is is accurate1 !re has tak5 place a d\ble my/ification4 ,i possess a copy dat$ #agfg1 9 #abmo1 9 :i* no page has s _m z #cj l9es1 & 9 :i* !re has be5 no typographical *ange :atev] 9 pp4 #hg-ic1 :]e !re is no m5tion ( ,encyclopdi/es4 ,b pp4 #ade-ed are cle>ly a typographical sub/itution1 9 diff]5t type1 ) few] l9es to ! page4 ,"h !re is a n>rative ab\t ! ,pansophi/es ( ! imag9>y ,au/ralie2 b :ile x beg9s ) enigmatic satire x ends by prais+ !m = br++ ab\t a great intellectual & social re=m4 ,if ! c5sure 0 induc$ to pass ! book z x is 9 ?is edition by ?is ins]tion1 x 0 ei!r v he$less or v indulg5t4 ,!re is a sweep+ attack on ! papacy 7pp4 #ia-ii71 & ano!r on ! ,jesuits 7pp4 #ajj-ajb72 & x leans a good deal t[>ds republicanism4 ,b on a balance1 ?\gh cle>ly anti-cl]ical1 x is r socio-political ?an free?9k+ 9 its criticism4 ,! words on ! title-page1 traduit sur le manuscrit anglois1 are ( c\rse pure my/ification4 ,x is a romance ( ! ,utopia s*ool1 & criticizes ,engli% conditions z well z ,fr5*4 #agff4 ,de ,prades4 ,abrg de l'hi/oire ecclsia/ique de ,fleury4 7,b]l947 ,pref4 by ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 7,rep4 #agfg47 #agff4 ,burigny4 ,exam5 critique des ,apologi/es de la religion *rti5ne4 ,publi%$ 7by ,naigeon 87 "u ! "n ( ,frret4 #ajbd ,twice rep4 9 #agfg4 ,condemn$ to be burnt1 #aggj4 #agff4 ,voltaire4 ,le philosophe ignorant4 #agff4 ,abb ,millot4 ,hi/oire philosophique de l'homme4 ,naturali/ic !ory ( human beg9n+s4 #agfg4 ,ca/illon4 ,almana* ,philosophique4 #agfg4 ,d\tes sur la religion 7attribut$ to ,gu]\lt de ,pival71 suivi de l',analyse du ,trait ?ologique-politique de ,sp9oza 7by ,b\la9villi]s74 ,rep4 ) additions 9 #agib "u ! title ,d\tes sur les religions rvles1 adresss ,voltaire1 p> milie du ,*atelet4 ,ouvrage po/hume4 #agfg4 ,dulaur5s4 ,l'antipapisme rvl4 #agfg4 ,lettre de ,?rasybule ,leucippe4 ,publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,frret 7d4 #agdi74 ,writt5 or edit$ by ,naigeon4 #ajbe #agfg4 ,d',holba*4 ,l',impo/ure sac]dotale1 ou ,recueil de pices sur la cl]g1 traduites de l'anglois4 #agfg4 ,voltaire4 ,collection des lettres sur les miracles4 #agfg4 ---- ,exam5 important de milord ,bol+broke4 #agfg4 ,m>montel4 ,blisaire4 7,c5sur$ by ! ,sorbonne47 #agfg4 ,damilaville4 ,l'honntet ?ologique4 #agfg4 ,repr9t ( ,le ,*ri/ianisme dvoil4 ,condemn$ to be burnt1 #agfh & #aggj4 #agfg4 ,voltaire4 ,que/ions sur les ,miracles4 ,p> un ,proposant4 #agfg4 ,seconde p>tie ( ! ,re*]*es sur l'orig9e du despotisme4 #agfh4 ,mei/]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,de l'orig9e des pr9cipes religieux4 ,au?or bani%$ f 8 native t[n1 ,zuri*1 9 p]petuity 7decree resc9d$ 9 #aggb71 & book publicly burn$ !re by ! hangman4 #ajbf ,mei/] publi%$ a modifi$ edition at ,zuri* 9 #agfi4 ,orig4 rep4 9 ! ,recueil ,philosophique1 #aggj4 #agfh4 ,catalogue raisonn des esprits =ts1 depuis le cur ,rabelais jusqu'au cur ,mesli]4 #agfh4 ,d',holba*4 ,la ,contagion sacre1 ou hi/oire naturelle de la sup]/ition4 ,condemn$ to be burnt1 #aggj4 #agfh4 ---- ,lettres philosophiques sur l'orig9e des prjugs1 etc41 traduites de l'anglois 7( ,tol&74 #agfh4 ---- ,lettres ,eugnie1 ou pres]vatif contre les prjugs4 #b tom4 #agfh4 ---- ,?ologie ,portative4 ,p> l'abb ,b]ni]4 ,also burnt1 #aggf4 #agfh4 ,trait des trois ,impo/eurs4 7,see #agai & #agbj47 ,rep4 #agge1 #aggg1 #agic4 #agfh4 ,naigeon1 ,j4 ,a4 ,le militaire philosophe4 ,adaptation ( a ,,ms4 ,! la/ *apt] by d',holba*4 #agfh4 ,d',arg5s4 ,o,euvres compltes1 #bd tom4 ,b]l94 #agfh4 ,exam5 des prophties qui s]v5t de fondem5t la religion *rti5ne 7tr4 f ,coll9s by d',holba*74 #agfh4 ,rob9et4 ,considrations philosophiques4 #agfi-aghj4 ,l'vangile du j\r4 #ah tom4 ,s]ies ( pieces1 *iefly by ,voltaire4 #agfi4 ,did]ot4 ,also ascrib$ to ,ca/illon4 ,hi/oire gnrale des dogmes et op9ions philosophiques 444 tire du ,dictionnaire encyclopdique4 ,londres1 #c tom4 #agfi4 ,mirabaud4 ,op9ions des anci5s sur les juifs1 & ,rflexions imp>tiales sur l'vangile #ajbg 7rep4 9 #aggg z ,exam5 critique du ,n\veau ,te/am5t74 #agfi4 ,iso>d-,delisle1 o!rwise ,delisle de ,sales4 ,de la ,philosophie de la ,nature4 #f tom4 ,au?or imprison$4 ,book condemn$ to be burnt1 #agge4 #agfi4 ,segui] de ,sa9t-,brisson4 ,trait des ,droits de ,gnie1 dans lequel on exam9e si la connoissance de la v]it e/ avantageuse aux hommes et possible au philosophe4 ,c>olsr\he1 #agfi4 ,a /rictly naturali/ic-e?ical !ory ( society4 ,conta9s an attack on ! doctr9e ( ,r\sseau1 9 mile1 on ! usefulness ( religi\s error4 #agfi4 ,l'enf] dtruit1 traduit de l',anglois by d',holba*4 #aggj4 ,d',holba*4 ,hi/oire critique de ,jsus ,*ri/4 #aggj4 ---- ,exam5 critique de la vie et des ouvrages de ,sa9t ,paul 7tr4 f ,engli% ( ,pet] ,annet74 #aggj4 ---- ,essai sur les ,prjugs4 7,n by ,dum>sais1 ^: "n on ! title-page is a my/ification47 #aggj4 ---- ,sy/me de la ,nature4 #b tom4 #aggj4 ,recueil ,philosophique4 #b tom4 ,edit$ by ,naigeon4 ,conta9s a rep4 ( ,dum>sais's essays ,le ,philosophe & ,de la raison1 an extract f ,t9dal1 essays by ,vauv5>gues & ,frret 7or ,font5elle71 ?ree by ,mirabaud1 ,did]ot's ,p5ses sur la religion1 sev]al essays by d',holba*1 ,mei/]'s ,de l'orig9e des pr9cipes religieux1 etc4 #aggj4 ,analyse de ,bayle4 ,rep4 ( ! f\r vols4 ( ,de ,m>sy1 ) f\r m by ,rob9et4 #aggj4 ,l',esprit du ,judaisme4 7,trans4 f ,coll9s by d',holba*47 #aggj4 ,raynal 7) ,did]ot & o!rs74 ,hi/oire philosophique des deux ,indes4 ,conta9+ a!i/ic argum5ts by ,did]ot4 ,suppress$1 #aggb4 ,9 ?is ye> !re 7 condemn$ to be burn$ sev5 free?9k+ works3 d',holba*'s ,contagion ,sacre2 ,voltaire's ,dieu et les ,hommes2 ! ,fr5* translation 7undat$7 ( ,wool/on's ,disc\rses on ! ,miracles ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 ,frret's 7really ,burigny's7 ,exam5 critique de la religion *rti5ne2 an ,exam5 imp>tial des pr9cipales religions du monde1 undat$2 d',holba*'s ,*ri/ianisme dvoil2 & 8 ,sy/me de la ,nature4 #aggb4 ,le ,bon ,s5s4 ,adaptation f ,mesli] by ,did]ot & d',holba*4 ,condemn$ to be burnt1 #aggd4 #aggb4 ,de la nature huma9e4 ,trans4 ( ,hobbes by d',holba*4 #aggc4 ,helvtius4 ,de l',homme4 ,ouvrage po/hume4 #b tom4 ,condemn$ to be burnt1 ,jan4 #aj1 #aggd4 ,rep4 #agge4 #aggc4 ,c>ra1 ,j4 ,l4 ,sy/me de la ,raison1 ou le prophte philosophe4 #aggc4 ,burigny 7874 ,re*]*es sur les miracles4 #aggc4 ,d',holba*4 ,la politique naturelle4 #b tom4 #aggc4 ----4 ,sy/me ,sociale4 #c tom4 #aggd4 ,abauzit1 ,f4 ,rflexions imp>tiales sur les vangiles1 suivies d'un essai sur l',apocalypse4 7,abauzit di$ #agfg47 #aggd4 ,condorcet4 ,lettres d'un ,?ologi54 7,a!i/ic47 #aggd4 ,new edition ( ,!ologie ,portative4 #b tom4 ,condemn$ to be burnt4 #agge4 ,voltaire4 ,hi/oire de ,j5ni1 ou ,le ,sage et l',a?e4 ,attack on a!ism4 #aggf4 ,d',holba*4 ,la morale univ]selle4 #c tom4 #aggf4 ---- ,e?ocratie4 #aggg4 ,exam5 critique du ,n\veau ,te/am5t1 p> ,m4 ,frret4 ,n by ,frret4 ,a rep4 ( ,mirabaud's ,rflexions imp>tiales sur l'vangile1 #agfi1 :i* 0 probably writt5 ab\t #agej1 be+ repli$ to 9 ! ,rfutation du ,celse mod]ne ( ! ,abb ,gauti]1 #ageb & #agfe4 #aggg4 ,c>ra4 ,esprit de la morale et de la philosophie4 #aggh4 ,b>!z1 ,p4 ,j4 ,n\veaux lm5ts de la sci5ce de l'homme4 #aggi4 ,vie d',apollonius de ,tyane p> ,philo/rate1 avec les comm5taires donns en anglois p> ,*>les ,bl\nt sur les deux premi]s livres4 ,trans4 by ,j4-,f4 ,salvem9i de ,ca/illon1 ,b]l94 ,am/]dam1 #d tom4 7,9 addition to ,bl\nt's pref4 & notes !re is a sc(f+ d$ication to ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv47 #aghj4 ,duv]net1 ,abb ,?4 ,j4 ,l',intolrance religieuse4 #aghj4 ,clootz1 ,ana*>sis4 ,la ,c]titude des preuves du ,mahomtisme4 ,reply by way ( p>ody to ,b]gi]'s "w1 not$ on p4 #bej4 #aghj4 ,second ed4 ( ,raynal's ,hi/oire philosophique1 ) additions4 7,condemn$ to be burnt1 #agha47 #agha4 ,m>*al1 ,sylva94 ,le n\veau ,lucrce4 #aghc4 ,brissot de ,w>ville4 ,lettres philosophiques sur ,s4 ,paul4 #aghd4 ,doray de ,longrais4 ,fau/91 ou le sicle philosophique4 #aghd4 ,p\g5s1 ,m4 ,c4 ,j4 de4 ,rcrations de philosophie et de morale4 #aghe4 ,m>*al4 ,livre *app au ,dluge4 ,au?or dismiss$4 #aghg4 ,m>quis ,pa/oret4 ,zoroa/re1 ,confucius1 et ,mahomet4 #aghh4 ,mei/]4 ,de la morale naturelle4 #aghh4 ,pa/oret4 ,mose considr comme legislateur et comme morali/e4 #aghh4 ,m>*al4 ,almana* des honntes g5s4 ,au?or imprison$2 book burnt4 #aghi4 ,volney4 ,les ,ru9es des ,empires4 #aghi4 ,duv]net1 ,abb4 ,les ,dvotions de ,madame de ,betzamoo?4 #aghi4 ,c]utti 7,jesuit ,fa!r74 ,brviaire ,philosophique1 ou ,hi/oire du ,judaisme1 du ,*ri/ianisme1 et du ,disme4 #agia-c4 ,naigeon4 ,dictionnaire de la philosophie anci5ne et mod]ne4 #agie4 ,dupuis4 ,de l'orig9e de t\s les ,cultes4 #e tom4 #agie4 ,la ,fable de ,*ri/ dvoile2 ou ,lettre du muphti de ,con/ant9ople ,jean ,ange ,bras*y1 muphti de ,rome4 #agig4 ,rep4 ( d',holba*'s ,contagion sacre1 ) notes by ,lemaire4 #agih4 ,m>*al4 ,p5ses libres sur les prtres4 ,a ,rome1 et se tr\ve ,p>is1 *ez les ,m>*&s de ,n\veauts4 ,l',an ,i] de la ,raison1 et ,,vi de la ,rpublique ,franaise4 #ac4 ,x w be not$ t aft] #aggj--;co9cid5tly1 inde$1 ) a r5ew$ re/ra9t ^u ! press--!re is a notable fall+-(f 9 ! free?9k+ output4 ,rationalism _h n[ p]meat$ educat$ ,france2 &1 = diff]5t b analog\s reasons1 ! /ress ( discussion gradually %ift$ z x _h done 9 ,engl&4 ,france 9 #agfj /ood to ! religi\s problem some:at z ,engl& did 9 #agcj1 repeat+ ! dei/ic evolution ) a diff]5ce4 ,by t "t ,engl& 0 committ$ to ! new pa?s ( imp]ialism & comm]cialism2 :]eas ,france1 ?r[n back on ! life ( ideas & on h] own politico-economic problems1 w5t on produc+ ! abundant propag&a we h not$1 &1 alongside ( x1 an indep5d5t propag&a ( economics & politics4 ,at ! end ( #agfg1 ! lead+ ,fr5* di>i/ #ajbh notes t !re is =m$ at ,p>is a new sect1 call$ ! ,economi/s1 & names its lead+ p]sonages1 ,quesnay1 ,mirabeau ! eld]1 ! ,abb ,baudeau1 ,m]ci] de la ,rivire1 & ,turgot4 ,^! develop$ ! doctr9e ( agricultural or real production :i* s /imulat$ & influ5c$ ,adam ,smi?4 ,b imm$iately aft]w>ds #ajbi ! di>i/ notes a rival sect1 ! s*ool ( ,=bonnais1 :o f\nd$ ma9ly on ! importance ( comm]ce & manufactures4 ,ea* sect _h its j\rnal4 ,! intellectual f]m5t _h inevitably fructifi$ ?\ght ^u economic z ^u hi/orical1 religi\s1 & sci5tific problems2 & !re 0 9 op]ation a f\rfold movem5t1 all t5d+ to make possible ! imm5se dis9tegration ( ! ,/ate :i* began 9 #aghi4 ,aft] ! ,economi/s came ! ,patriots1 :o direct$ t[>ds ! actual political ma*9e ! _s ( inve/igation & re=m4 ,& ! :ole effective movem5t is n unplausibly to be dat$ f ! fall ( ! ,jesuits 9 #agfd4 #ajcj ,inevitably ! =ces int]act$3 ,montesquieu & ,r\sseau alike dealt ) bo? ! religi\s & ! social issues2 d',holba* 9 8 fir/ polemic1 ! ,*ri/ianisme dvoil1 op5s ! /]n impea*m5t ( k+s & rul]s :i* he develops s p[]fully 9 ! ,essai sur les ,prjugs2 & ! ,encyclopdie s5t its se>*-rays ov] all ! fields ( inquiry4 ,b ( ! manifold "w done by ! ,fr5* intellect 9 ! second & ?ird g5]ations ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ copi\s & ! mo/ widely influ5tial body ( writ+s t c be put "u "o category is t ( :i* we h above made a *ronological conspectus4 ,( ^! works ! m]it is ( c\rse v v>i\s2 b ! total effect ( ! propag&a 0 =midable1 & "s ( ! treatises are extremely effective4 ,! ,exam5 critique ( ,burigny1 #ajca = in/ance1 :i* quickly won a wide circulation :5 pr9t$1 is "o ( ! mo/ tell+ attacks ?us f> made on ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 rais+ z x does mo/ ( ! issues f\ght ov] by mod]n criticism4 ,x tells inde$ ( a :ole g5]ation ( private inve/igation & debate2 & ! ,abb ,b]gi]1 assum+ x to be ! "w ( ,frret1 9 ^: "n x is publi%$1 av[s t its au?or has writt5 x 9 ! same /yle z 8 academic diss]tations3 he has spread ov] x ! same erudition2 he seems to h read ev]y?+ & ma/]$ ev]y?+4 #ajcb ,p]haps n ! lea/ effective "p ( ! book is ! *apt] :i* asks3 ,are m5 m p]fect s9ce ! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/82 & x is "h t ! cl]ical reply is mo/ feeble4 ,! critic cites ! claims made by apologi/s z to ! bett]m5t ( life by ,*ri/ianity1 & !n contra/s ) ^? claims ! ?\s&-&-"o lam5tations by ,*ri/ian writ]s ov] ! utt] badness ( all ! life ar\nd !m4 ,b]gi] 9 reply foll[s ! tactic habitually employ$ 9 ! same difficulty to-day3 he ignores ! fact t 8 own apologi/s h be5 claim+ a va/ bett]m5t1 & cont5ds t religion is n to be blam$ = ! evils x condemns4 ,n by su* furtive sophi/ry c\ld ! ,*ur* turn ! attack1 :i*1 z ,b]gi] bitt]ly obs]ves1 0 be+ made by ,voltaire 9 a new book e ye>4 ,z always1 ! weak] side ( ! critical propag&a is its ef=t at recon/ruction4 ,z 9 ,engl&1 s 9 ,france1 ! fai?ful accus$ ! critics ( pull+ d[n )\t build+ up1 :5 9 po9t ( fact _! *ief error 0 to build up--t is1 to rewrite ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght--be=e !y _h ! requir$ mat]ials1 or _h ev5 ma/]$ ^? :i* exi/$4 ,?us ,voltaire & ,r\sseau alike fram$ priori syn!ses ( ! orig9s ( religion & society4 ,b !re 7 clos] ?9k]s ?an !y 9 ! rationali/ic ranks4 ,font5elle's essay ,de l'orig9e des fables1 ?\gh n :olly exempt f error1 admitt$ly lays aright ! f\ndations ( my?ology & hi]ology2 & ,de ,brosses 9 8 treatise ,du ,culte des dieux fti*es 7#agfj7 does a simil> s]vice on ! side ( an?ropology4 ,mei/]'s essay ,de l'orig9e des pr9cipes religieux is full ( insight & bread?2 &1 despite "s errors due to ! backw>dness ( an?ropology1 ess5tially sci5tific 9 temp] & /&po9t4 ,8 lat] essay1 ,de la morale naturelle1 %[s ! same indep5d5ce & f95ess ( speculation1 seem+ inde$ to tell ( a "* :i* miss$ fame by reason ( ov]-delicacy ( fibre & lack ( ! driv+ =ce :i* m>k$ ! =emo/ m5 ( t tempe/u\s "t4 ,vauv5>gues's essay ,de la suffisance de la religion naturelle is no less cl9*+1 grant$ its deism4 ,s1 on ! side ( philosophy1 ,mirabaud1 :o 0 secret>y ( ! ,acadmie f #agdb to #agee1 h&les ! problem ( ! relation ( deism to e?ics--if ! po/hum\s essays 9 ! ,recueil philosophique be inde$ 8--9 a mu* m philosophic fa%ion ?an does ,voltaire1 argu+ unansw]ably = ! ultimate self-dep5d5ce ( morals4 ,! ,lettre de ,?rasybule ,leucippe1 ascrib$ to ,frret1 aga91 is a notably skilful attack on !ism4 #ad4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! company 9 "s respects is ,nicolas-,anto9e ,b\lang] 7#agbb-agei71 ( :om ,did]ot gives a vivid acc\nt 9 a sket* prefix$ to ! po/hum\s ,l',antiquit dvoile p> ses usages 7#agff74 ,at ! ,collge de ,beauvais1 ,b\lang] 0 s little /imulat$ by 8 s*ola/ic tea*]s t !y look$ = no?+ f him 9 8 maturity4 ,:51 h[ev]1 at ! age ( sev5te51 he began to /udy ma!matics & ar*itecture1 8 faculties began to develop2 & ! life1 fir/ ( a milit>y eng9e] 9 #agdc-dd1 & lat] 9 ! s]vice ( ! notable dep>tm5t ( ,roads & ,bridges--! mo/ effici5t ( all ,/ate s]vices "u ,l\is ,,xv--made him an indep5d5t & en]getic ?9k]4 ,! *ronic spectacle ( ! corve1 ! =c$ lab\r ( peasants on ! roads1 mov$ him to indignation2 b he s\ght peace 9 manifold /udy1 ! eng9e]'s contact ) nature ar\s+ 9 him all mann] ( speculations1 geological & sociological4 ,seek+ = hi/oric light1 he ma/]$ ,lat91 :i* he _h fail$ to d at s*ool1 read+ widely & voraci\sly2 & :5 ! ,lat9s fail$ to yield him ! light he crav$ he sy/ematically ma/]$ ,greek1 read+ ! ,greeks z hungrily & ) z little satisfaction4 ,!n he turn$ indefatigably to ,hebrew1 ,syriac1 & ,arabic1 glean+ at be/ v]bal clues :i* at l5g? he wr\ght into a l>ge1 loose1 imag9ative yet imm5sely erudite s*ema ( anci5t social evolution1 9 :i* ! physici/'s pione] /udy ( ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! globe controls ! an?ropologi/'s guesswork z to ! beg9n+s ( human society4 ,! :ole is set =? 9 ! bulky po/hum\s "w ,re*]*es sur l'orig9e du despotisme ori5tal 7#agfa71 & 9 ! fur!r treatise ,l'antiquit dvoile 7#c tom4 #agff71 :i* is b ! conclud+ section ( ! fir/-nam$4 ,x all yields no?+ to mod]n sci5ce2 ! unwe>y+ rese>* is all c>ri$ on1 z x 71 9 ! d>k2 & ! sleepless bra9 ( ! pione] c b weave webs ( imp]man5t speculation f masses ( unsift$ & unmanageable mat]ial4 ,p[]s :i* to-day1 on a prep>$ gr\nd ( asc]ta9$ sci5ce1 might yield ! greate/ results1 7 wa/$ 9 a gigantic ef=t to build a social sci5ce out ( ! *aos ( undeciph]$ antiquity1 natural & human4 ,b ! man is none!less morally memorable4 ,did]ot pictures him ) a head ,socratically ugly1 simple & innoc5t ( life1 g5tle ?\gh vivaci\s1 read+ ,rabb9ical ,hebrew 9 8 walks on ! high roads1 suff]+ all 8 life f dome/ic p]secution1 little contradictory ?\gh inf9itely le>n$1 & capable ( pass+ 9 a mom5t1 on ! /imulus ( a new idea1 into a /ate ( pr(\nd & entranc$ absorption4 ,did]ot is always en?usia/ically g5]\s 9 praise2 b 9 read+ & review+ ,b\lang]'s "w we c h>dly refuse ass5t to 8 fri5d's claim t if ev] man has %[n 9 8 c>e] ! true *>act]s ( g5ius1 x 0 he4 ,8 imm5se rese>* 0 all compass$ 9 a life ( ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 occupi$ ?r\gh\t 9 an active pr(ession2 & ! diction 9 :i* he sets =? 8 imag9ative con/ruction ( ! pa/ reveals a con/ant int5sity ( ?\ght r>ely comb9$ ) s*ol>ly k4 ,b x 0 an age ( conc5trat$ en]gy1 c>ry+ 9 its womb ! ,revolution4 ,! p]usal ( ,b\lang] is a suffici5t safegu>d aga9/ ! long-*]i%$ halluc9ation t ! ,fr5* free?9k+ ( 8 age 0 b a sp>kle ( raill]y4 ,ev5 among "s rationali/s1 h[ev]1 :o are cont5t to take he>say report on ^! matt]s1 !re appe>s /ill to subsi/ a notion t ! ma9 body ( ! ,fr5* free?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 m]e sc(f]s1 proce$+ ^u no basis ( k & ) no conc]n = rese>*4 ,su* an op9ion is possible only to ^? :o h n exam9$ _! "w4 ,to say no?+ m ( ! ef=t ( ,b\lang]1 an erudition mu* m exact ?an ,voltaire's & a deep] insight ?an 8 & ,r\sseau's into ! causation ( primitive religion inspires ! writ+s ( m5 l ,burigny & ,frret on ! "o h&1 & ,font5elle & ,mei/] on ! o!r4 ,! philosophic rea* ( ,did]ot1 "o ( ! mo/ conv9c$ oppon5ts ( ! rul+ religion1 0 recogniz$ by ,goe!4 ,& no critic ( ! philosophes h&l$ m uncompromis+ly ?an did ,dum>sais #ajcc ! vanity ( ! assumption t a man became a philosoph] by m]ely sett+ himself 9 opposition to or?odox belief4 ,dum>sais1 long s*ola/ically fam\s = 8 y\?ful treatise ,des ,tropes1 liv$ up to 8 /&>d1 :atev] "s ( ! m em95t philosophes may h done1 be+ f\nd em95tly lovable by pieti/s :o knew him2 :ile = ,d',alemb]t he 0 ! ,la ,fonta9e ( ! philosoph]s 9 virtue ( 8 lucid simplicity ( /yle4 #ajcd ,! ,analyse de la religion *rti5ne pr9t$ "u 8 "n 9 "s editions ( ! vangile de la ,raison has be5 pron\nc$ supposititi\s4 ,x seems to be ! "w ( at lea/ two h&s #ajce ( diff]5t degrees ( in/ruction2 b1 ap>t f "s errors due to "o ( ^!1 x does him no discr$it1 be+ a vigor\s criticism ( ,scriptural contradictions & anomalies1 su* z a ,jans5i/ a!i/ might well compose1 ?\gh x makes ! usual pr(ession ( dei/ic belief4 ,lat] polemic works1 inspir$ by ^? above notic$1 reproduce "s ( _! argum5ts1 b ) an advance 9 lit]>y skill1 z 9 ! anonym\s ,bon ,s5s giv5 =? 7#aggb7 by ,did]ot & d',holba* z ! "w ( ,jean ,mesli]1 b really an indep5d5t compilation1 embody+ o!r argum5ts ) 81 & putt+ ! :ole ) a concision & brilliancy to :i* he c\ld make no approa*4 ,prmontval1 a bad writ]1 #ajcf contrives none!less to say _m pung5t ?+s ( a dei/ic ord] 9 8 ,diogne de d',alemb]t1 &1 foll[+ ,m>ie ,hub]1 puts =w>d ! =mula ( religion v]sus !ology1 :i* has done s mu* duty 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,( ! :ole lit]ature x is n too mu* to say t x cov]$ cog5tly mo/ ( ! important gr\nds ( latt]-day debate1 f ! que/ions ( revelation & ! doctr9e ( torm5ts to ! bases ( e?ics & ! problem ( deity2 & x w\ld be h>d to %[ t ! n9ete5? c5tury has h&l$ ! ma9 issues ) m s9c]ity1 lucidity1 or logic ?an 7 atta9$ by ,fr5*m5 9 ! eighte5?4 ,to-day1 no d\bt1 9 ! light ( a c5tury & a-half ( sci5tific1 hi/oric1 & philosophic accumulation1 ! rationali/ case is put ) m pr(undity & accuracy by _m writ]s ?an x c\ld be 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b we h to weigh ! free?9k]s ( t age aga9/ _! oppon5ts1 & ! ,fr5* p]=m]s aga9/ ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 to make a fair e/imate4 ,:5 ?is is done _! cr$it is safe4 ,:5 ,g]man & o!r writ]s say ) ,?oluck t unbelief ent]$ ,g]many n by ! weapons ( m]e wit & sc(f+ z 9 ,france2 x gr\nd$ itself on le>n$ rese>*1 #ajcg !y m]ely prove _! ignorance ( ,fr5* culture-hi/ory4 ,an abundance ( le>n$ rese>* 9 ,france prec$$ ! triumphant campaign ( ,voltaire1 :o did mo/ ( ! witty writ+ on ! subject2 & ^: light artill]y 0 to ! la/ re9=c$ by ! heavi] guns ( d',holba*4 ,x is only 9 ! analysis ( ! hi/orical problem by ! new] te/s ( an?ropology & hi]ology1 & 9 ! light ( latt]ly discov]$ docum5ts1 t our g5]ation has made mu* advance on ! /r5u\s pione]s ( ! age ( ,voltaire4 ,& ev5 9 ! field ( an?ropology ! s\nd ?9k+ ( ,font5elle & ,de ,brosses long prec$$ any equally valid "w by rationali/s 9 ,g]many2 ?\gh ,sp5c] ( ,cambridge _h prec$$ !m 9 8 "w ( con/ructive or?odoxy4 #ae4 ,?\gh ! bibliograph]s claim to h trac$ ! au?or%ip 9 mo/ cases1 su* works 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance g5]ally publi%$ anonym\sly1 #ajch z 7 ^? ( ,voltaire1 d',holba*1 & ! lead+ free?9k]s2 & ! cl]ical policy ( suppression _h ! result ( leav+ !m g5]ally unansw]$1 save 9 anonym\s writ+s1 :5 !y nev]!less got into private circulation4 ,x 0 g5]ally impolitic t an (ficial answ] %\ld appe> to a book :i* 0 (ficially held n to exi/2 s t ! or?odox def5ce 0 long conf9$ ma9ly to ! classic p]=mances ( ,pascal1 ,bossuet1 ,huet1 ,fnelon1 & "s outsid]s su* z ! ,prote/ant ,abbadie1 :o settl$ fir/ 9 ,b]l9 & lat] 9 ,london4 ,! polemic ( e "o ( ! writ]s nam$ is a "w ( ability2 ev5 t ( ,abbadie 7,trait de la ,vrit de la religion *rti5ne1 #afhd71 ?\gh n[ little kn[n1 0 9 its day mu* e/eem$4 #ajci ,9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv ^? classic answ]s to unbelief 7 by believ]s held to be conclusive2 & ?us f> ! ,fr5* def5ce 0 c]ta9ly m ?or\gh & philosophical ?an ! ,engli%4 ,b ,fr5* free?\ght1 :i* 9 ,h]b]t's day _h giv5 ! lead to ,engli%1 n[ drew new en]gy f ! ,engli% gr[?2 & ! g5]al argum5ts ( ! old apologi/s did n explicitly meet ! new attack4 ,_! books hav+ be5 writt5 to meet ! mo/ly unpubli%$ objections ( previ\s g5]ations1 ! ,*ur* ?r\gh its *os5 policy _h ! air ( utt] inability to confute ! new] propag&a1 ?\gh "s apologetic treatises ( fair p[] did appe>1 9 p>ticul> ^? ( ! ,abb ,b]gi]4 #ajdj ,by ! av[al ( a ,*ri/ian hi/orian1 ,s l[ _h ! tal5ts ( ! once illu/ri\s ,*ur* ( ,france fall5 t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,*ri/ianity itself 0 assail$1 n "o *ampion ( note appe>$ 9 its ranks2 & :5 ! convocation ( ! cl]gy1 9 #aggj1 publi%$ _! fam\s ana!ma aga9/ ! dang]s ( unbelief1 & (f]$ rew>ds = ! be/ essays 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! productions call$ =? 7 s despicable t !y s5sibly injur$ ! cause ( religion4 #ajda ,! free?9k+ attack1 9 fact1 _h n[ become ov]:elm+4 ,aft] ! suppression ( ! ,jesuit ,ord] 7#agfd7 #ajdb ! press grew practically m & m free2 & :51 aft] ! accession ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv 7#agfi71 ! free?9k+ books circulat$ ) less & less re/ra9t1 ,b]gi] ext5d$ 8 attack on deism1 & dei/s & cl]ics jo9$ 9 answ]+ ! a!i/ic ,sy/me de la ,nature ( d',holba*4 ,b by ?is "t ! dei/ic books 7 legion1 & ! political battle ov] ! taxation ( ,*ur* prop]ty _h become ! m press+ problem1 especially see+ t ! mass ( ! p rema9$ con=m+4 ,! manife/o ( ! cl]gy 9 #aggj 0 accompani$ by an address to ! k+ ,on ! evil results ( lib]ty ( ?\ght & pr9t+1 foll[+ up a previ\s appeal by ! pope2 #ajdc & 9 consid]ation ( ! donation by ! cl]gy ( sixte5 million livres ! ,gov]nm5t recomm5d$ ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is to proce$ aga9/ impi\s books4 ,!re seems accord+ly to h be5 "s h9drance to publication = a ye> or two2 b 9 #aggb appe>$ ! ,bon ,s5s ( d',holba* & ,did]ot2 & !re 0 no fur!r s]i\s *eck1 ! ,jesuits be+ disb&$ by ! pope 9 #aggc4 ,! ,engli% view t ,fr5* or?odoxy made a bad def5ce to ! free?9k+ attack z comp>$ ) :at 0 done 9 ,engl& 7,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph51 ,hor ,sabbatic1 #bnd4 s]4 p4 #bha2 ,alison1 z cit$ above7 proce$s on "s misconception ( ! circum/ances1 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 7 sub/antially diff]5t 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,c\ld ! ,engli% cl]gy h resort$ to (ficial suppression ( dei/ic lit]ature1 !y too w\ld d\btless h done s4 ,swift & ,b]keley bitt]ly desir$ to4 ,b ! view t ! ,engli% def5ce 0 relatively good1 & t ,butl]'s 9 p>ticul> 0 decisive1 is also1 z we h se51 fallaci\s4 ,9 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's analysis1 z ap>t f 8 preamble1 ! or?odox def5ce is exhibit$ z g5]ally weak1 & (t5 absurd4 ,no?+ c\ld be m futile ?an ! ?ree ,pa/oral ,lett]s publi%$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,london 7#agbh1 #agcj1 #agca7 z c\nt]bla/s to ! free?9k+ books ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ,france ! def5ce began soon]1 & 0 m pr(\nd & ev5 m me?odical4 ,pascal at lea/ w5t deep]1 & ,bossuet 79 8 ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle7 m widely1 into c]ta9 inw>d & outw>d problems ( ! controv]sy ?an did any ( ! ,engli% apologi/s2 ,huet produc$1 9 8 ,demon/ratio ,evangelica1 "o ( ! mo/ me?odical ( all ! def5sive treatises ( ! "t2 ,abbadie1 z be=e not$1 gave great satisfaction1 & c]ta9ly grappl$ zeal\sly ) ,hobbes & ,sp9oza2 ,allix1 ?\gh no great dialectician1 gave a lead to ,engli% apologetics aga9/ ! dei/s 7above1 p4 #ig71 & 0 ev5 adapt$ by ,paley2 & ,fnelon1 ?\gh 8 ,trait de l',exi/5ce et des ,attributs de ,dieu 7#agab7 & ,lettres sur la ,religion 7#agaf7 are n v p[]ful processes ( reason+1 contribut$ ?r\gh 8 reproduc$ conv]sations 7#agaj7 ) ,ramsay a set ( argum5ts at lea/ z plausible z any?+ on ! ,engli% side1 &1 :at is m notable1 m>k$ by an am5ity :i* almo/ no ,engli% apologi/ atta9$4 ,! gr\nd _h be5 ?us v fully cov]$ by ! def5ce 9 ,france be=e ! ma9 battle 9 ,engl& began2 & :5 a new ,fr5* campaign comm5c$ ) ,voltaire1 ! def5ce aga9/ t incomp>able attack1 s f> z ! sy/em all[$ ( any1 0 probably z good z x c\ld h be5 made 9 ,engl&1 save ins(> z ! ,prote/ants gave up mod]n miracles1 :ile mo/ ( ! ,ca?olics claim$ !m = _! ,*ur*4 ,c\nt]bla/s su* z ! essay ( ,l+uet1 ,le ,fanatisme des ,philosophes 7#agfd71 7 b g5]al indictm5ts ( rationalism2 & o!r apologetic treatises1 z we saw1 h&l$ only ! mo/ prom95t books on ! o!r side4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 t z late z #agfd ! police made x almo/ impossible to obta9 9 ,p>is works ( ,voltaire rec5tly pr9t$ 9 ,holl& 7,grimm1 vii1 #abc1 #acc1 #dcd74 ,b1 z ,paley admitt$ ) ref]5ce to ,gibbon 7,:o c refute a sne]871 ! new attack 0 9 any case v h>d to meet4 ,a sne] is n h>d to refute :5 x is unf\nd$1 inasmu* z x implies a proposition1 :i* c be rebutt$ or turn$ by ano!r sne]4 ,! ,anglican ,*ur* _h be5 well en\gh pleas$ by ! polemic sne]s ( ,swift & ,b]keley2 b ! o!r side _h ! heavi] guns1 & ( ! mass ( def5ces produc$ 9 ,engl& no?+ rema9s save 9 ! neat compilation ( ,paley4 ,alison's :ole av[al might equally well apply to any?+ produc$ 9 ,engl& z aga9/ ,voltaire4 ,! skeptical l9e ( argum5t = fai? _h be5 already employ$ by ,huet & ,pascal & ,fnelon1 ) visibly small success2 ,b]keley _h a*iev$ no?+ ) x z aga9/ ,engli% deism2 & ,butl] _h no su* effect 9 8 day 9 ,engl& z to induce ,fr5* ,ca?olics to use him4 7,he does n appe> to h be5 translat$ into ,fr5* till #ahba47 ,an ,oratorian prie/1 aga91 translat$ ! anti-dei/ic essays ( ,presid5t ,=bes2 & ! ,p5ses ,!ologiques relatives aux erreurs du temps ( ,pre ,jam9 7#agfh2 #d;e dit4 #aggc7 7 ?\ght wor?y ( be+ translat$ into ,g]man1 poor z !y 74 ,) _! empty affirmation ( au?ority !y sugge/ s mu* blank c>tridge1 :i* c\ld avail no?+ ) ?9k+ m52 & "h d\btless ! ,engli% def5ce makes a bett] impression4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,voltaire circulat$ widely 9 ,engl&1 & 0 no bett] answ]$ !re ?an 9 ,france4 ,8 attack 01 9 tru?1 at _m po9ts peculi>ly baffl+1 7 x only by its inimitable wit4 ,! ,engli% replies to ,sp9oza1 aga91 7 z entirely ineffici5t or defici5t z ! ,fr5*2 ! only intellig5t ,engli% answ]s to ,hume on ,miracles 7! replies on o!r issues 7 ( no acc\nt7 made use ( ! ,fr5* inve/igations ( ! ,jans5i/ miracles2 & ! replies to ,gibbon 7 9 g5]al ignom9i\s failures4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh ! deep] reason+s ( ,did]ot 7 ov] ! heads alike ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli% cl]gy1 ! ,sy/me de la ,nature ( d',holba* 0 met skilfully en\gh at _m po9ts by ,g4 ,j4 ,holl& 7#aggb71 :o1 ?\gh n a ,fr5*man1 wrote excell5t ,fr5*1 & suppli$ = ,fr5* read]s a v respectable rejo9d]2 #ajdd :]eas 9 ,engl& !re 0 practically none4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 ! def5ce 0 dei/ic2 z 0 t ( ,voltaire1 :o criticiz$ d',holba* z ,bol+broke attack$ ,sp9oza & ,hobbes4 ,b ! ,exam5 du ,matrialisme ( ! ,abb ,b]gi] 7#agga71 :o 0 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 0 at lea/ z good z any?+ t c\ld !n h be5 done 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 & ! same may be said ( 8 reply to ,frret's 7really ,burigny's7 ,exam54 ,x is c]ta9ly poor en\gh2 b ,bi%op ,watson us$ "s ( its argum5ts = 8 reply to ,pa9e4 ,broadly speak+1 z we h said1 mu* m ( ,fr5* ?an ( ,engli% intellig5ce _h be5 turn$ to ! dispute 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ,engl&1 political & indu/rial discussion reliev$ ! pressure on cre$2 9 ,france1 be=e ! ,revolution1 ! :ole habit ( absolutism t5d$ to re/rict discussion to que/ions ( cre$2 & ! attack w\ld 9 any case h _h ! be/ ( x1 because x embodi$ all ! critical =ces hi!rto available4 ,! controv]sy ?us w5t mu* fur!r ?an ! pre-,humian issues rais$ 9 ,engl&2 & ! ,engli% or?odoxy ( ! end ( ! c5tury 01 9 comp>ison1 intellectually z weak z politically & socially x 0 /rong4 ,9 ,france1 f ! fir/1 ! great] intellectual fre$om 9 social int]c\rse1 exemplifi$ 9 ! read9ess ( wom5 to decl>e !mselves free?9k]s 7cp4 ,jam91 z cit$1 *4 xix1 #a71 w\ld h made ! task ( ! apologi/s h>d] ev5 _h !y be5 m compet5t4 #af4 ,above ! scatt]$ b& ( m9or combatants rises a gr\p ( writ]s ( special p[]1 sev]al ( :om1 )\t equall+ ,voltaire 9 ubiquity ( influ5ce1 rivall$ him 9 intellectual p[] & indu/ry4 ,! names ( ,did]ot1 ,d',holba*1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,helvtius1 & ,condorcet are among ! fir/ 9 lit]>y ,france ( ! g5]ation be=e ! ,revolution2 aft] !m come ,volney & ,dupuis2 & 9 t\* ) ! :ole s]ies /&s ! l9e ( great ma!maticians & physici/s 7to :i* also belongs ,d',alemb]t71 ,laplace1 ,lagrange1 ,lal&e1 ,delambre4 ,:5 to ^! we add ! names ( ,montesquieu1 ,buffon1 ,*am=t1 ,riv>ol1 ,vauv5>gues2 ( ! mat]iali/s ,la ,mettrie & ,cabanis2 ( ! philosoph]s ,condillac & ,de/utt de ,tracy2 ( ! hi/orian ,raynal2 ( ! poet ,&r ,*ni]2 ( ! politicians ,turgot1 ,mirabeau1 ,danton1 ,desm\l9s1 ,robespi]re--all 7save p]haps ,raynal7 dei/s or else pan!i/s or a!i/s--x becomes cle> t ! intellig5ce ( ,france 0 pr$om9antly rationali/ic be=e ! ,revolution1 ?\gh ! mass ( ! nation c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,x is necess>y to deprecate ,mr4 ,lecky's /atem5t 7,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i1 #agf7 t ,raynal has tak51 ) ,did]ot1 a place 9 ,fr5* lit]ature :i* is probably p]man5t--an e/imate z f> a/ray z ! decl>ation on ! same page t ! ,engli% dei/s are buri$ 9 unbrok5 sil5ce4 ,raynal's vogue 9 8 day 0 inde$ imm5se 7cp4 ,morley1 ,did]ot1 *4 xv72 & ,edmond ,s*]] 7tudes sur la litt4 du #ah;e ,sicle1 #ahia1 pp4 #bgg-gh7 held t ,raynal's ,hi/oire philosophique des deux ,indes _h _h m influ5ce on ! ,fr5* ,revolution ?an ev5 ,r\sseau's ,contrat ,social4 ,b ! book has long be5 discr$it$ 7cp4 ,s*]]1 pp4 #bge-gf74 ,a biographical ,diction>y ( #ahdd spoke ( x z cet ouvrage amp\l qu'on ne lit pas auj\rd'hui4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ edition 7#aggj7 pass$ ! c5sure only by means ( brib]y1 & ! second 7#aghj7 0 publicly burn$1 & its au?or =c$ to leave ,france1 he 0 said to reject1 9 religion1 only ! pope1 hell1 & monks 7,s*]]1 p4 #bhf72 & mo/ ( ! anti-religi\s declamation 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,hi/oire is said to be f ! p5 ( ,did]ot1 :o wrote x v mu* at r&om1 at ,raynal's reque/4 ,no li/ ( or?odox names remotely comp>able ) ^! c be drawn f ! lit]ature ( ,france1 or inde$ ( any o!r c\ntry ( t "t4 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau 7#agab-aggh71 ! "o o!r pre-em95t figure1 ?\gh n an anti-,*ri/ian propag&i/1 is di/9ctly on ! side ( deism4 ,9 ! ,contrat ,social1 #ajde writ+ ) express approbation ( ,hobbes1 he decl>es t ! ,*ri/ian law is at bottom m injuri\s ?an useful to ! s\nd con/itution ( ! ,/ate2 & ev5 ! fam\s ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,savoy>d ,vic> 9 ! mile is anti-revelationi/1 & practically anti-cl]ical4 ,he 0 accord+ly ana!matiz$ by ! ,sorbonne1 :i* f\nd 9 mile n9ete5 h]esies2 ! book 0 seiz$ & burn$ bo? at ,p>is & at ,g5eva )9 a few weeks ( its appe>ance1 #ajdf & ! au?or decre$ to be arre/$2 ev5 ! ,contrat ,social 0 seiz$ & its v5dors imprison$4 ,all ! :ile he _h ma9ta9$ 9 mile doctr9es ( ! usefulness ( religi\s delusion & fanaticism4 ,/ill1 al?\gh 8 temp]am5tal way ( reg>d+ ?+s has a cle> aff9ity ) "s lat] religi\s philosophy ( a m sy/ematic sort1 he und\bt$ly made = free?\ght z well z = ! revolution>y _s 9 g5]al4 ,?us ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity /ood almo/ d5ud$ ( intellectually em95t adh]5ts 9 ! ,france ( #aghi2 = ev5 among ! writ]s :o _h dealt ) public que/ions )\t discuss+ religion1 or :o _h criticiz$ ,r\sseau & ! philosophes--z ! ,abbs ,mably1 ,morellet1 ,millot--! tone 0 ess5tially rationali/ic4 ,x has be5 ju/ly en\gh argu$1 conc]n+ ,r\sseau 7see bel[1 p4 #bhg71 t ! g5]ation ( ! ,revolution made him its prophet 9 8 own despite1 & t _h he liv$ tw5ty ye>s long] he w\ld h be5 its vehem5t adv]s>y4 ,b ?is does n alt] ! facts z to 8 influ5ce4 ,a great writ] ( emotional g5ius1 l ,r\sseau1 inevitably impels m5 beyond ! range ( 8 own ideals1 z 9 rec5t times ,rusk9 & ,tol/oy1 bo? anti-,sociali/s1 h l$ ?\s&s t[>ds ,socialism4 ,9 8 own g5]ation & ! next1 ,r\sseau c\nt$ ess5tially = criticism ( ! exi/+ ord]2 & x 0 ! revolution>ies1 nev] ! cons]vatives1 :o acclaim$ him4 ,de ,tocqueville 7,hi/4 philos4 du rgne de ,l\is ,,xv1 #ahdi1 i1 #cc7 speaks ( 8 impit dogmatique4 ,m>t9 du ,!il1 9 8 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau apologi/e de la religion *rti5ne 7#b;e dit4 #ahdj71 makes out 8 case by id5tify+ emotional deism ) ,*ri/ianity1 z did ,r\sseau himself :5 he insi/$ t ! true ,*ri/ianity is only natural religion well expla9$4 ,r\sseau's praise ( ! gospel & ( ! "* ( ,jesus 0 su* z _m dei/s acquiesc$ 94 ,simil> language1 9 ! m\? ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 gave r m (f5ce to ,glad/one1 z a believ+ ,*ri/ian1 ?an did ! language ( simple unbelief2 & a rec5t ,*ri/ian polemi/1 at ! close ( a copi\s monograph1 has repudiat$ ! association ( ,r\sseau ) ! fai? 7see ,j4 ,f4 ,n\rrisson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau et le ,r\sseauisme1 #aijc1 p4 #dig sq474 ,:at is true ( him is t he 0 m religi\sly a !i/ ?an ,voltaire1 ^: impea*m5t ( ,provid5ce 9 ! poem on ! ,e>?quake ( ,lisbon he s\ght /r5u\sly ?\gh n v p]suasively to refute 9 a lett] to ! au?or4 ,b1 ) all 8 manifold inconsi/5cies1 :i* may be work$ d[n to ! neurosis s pa9fully manife/ 9 8 life & 9 8 relations to 8 contempor>ies1 he nev] writes z a believ] 9 ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity or 9 ! pr9ciple ( revelation2 & x 0 z a dei/ t he 0 recogniz$ by 8 ,*ri/ian contempor>ies4 ,a demi-,*ri/ian is all t ,mi*elet w call him4 ,8 compatriot ! ,swiss pa/or ,r\/an1 locat$ 9 ,london1 direct$ aga9/ him 8 ,(fr&e aux ,autels et la ,patrie1 ou ,df5se du ,*ri/ianisme 7#agfd71 reg>d+ him z an assailant4 ,! "w ( ! ,abb ,b]gi]1 ,le ,disme refut p> lui-mme 7#agfe1 & lat]71 takes ! =m ( lett]s address$ to ,r\sseau1 & is ?r\gh\t an attack on 8 works1 especially ! mile4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,buckle 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #dge7 speaks ( him z n hav+ attack$ ,*ri/ianity1 & ,"l ,morley 7,r\sseau1 *4 xiv7 treats him z creat+ a religi\s reaction aga9/ ! dei/s1 !y d n fully repres5t 8 influ5ce on 8 "t4 ,z we h se51 he /imulat$ ,voltaire to new audacities by 8 example4 #ag4 ,an int]lude 9 ! critical campaign1 little notic$ at ! "t1 develop$ importance a g5]ation lat]4 ,9 #agec ,jean ,a/ruc1 doctor ( m$ic9e1 publi%$ aft] long hesitation 8 ,conjectures on ! orig9al docum5ts :i* ,moses seems to h us$ 9 compos+ ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,only 9 respect ( 8 fla% ( insight into ! composite /ructure ( ! ,p5tateu* 0 ,a/ruc a free?9k]4 ,8 hesitation to publi% 0 due to 8 fe> t les pret5dus esprits =ts might make a bad use ( 8 "w2 & he 0 q satisfi$ t ,moses 0 ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu* z x /&s4 ,! d5ial ( t au?or%ip1 impli$ 9 ! criticisms ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza1 he describ$ z ! disease ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is attitude may expla9 ! lack ( int]e/ 9 ,a/ruc's "w %[n by ! free?9k]s ( ! "t4 #ajdg ,none!less1 by 8 p]ception ( ! clue giv5 by ! n>rative use ( ! two names ,yahweh & ,elohim 9 ,g5esis1 he laid a new f\ndation ( ! ,high] ,criticism ( ! ,bible 9 mod]n times1 advanc+ alike on ,sp9oza & on ,simon4 ,= free?\ght he _h build$ bett] ?an he knew4 #ah4 ,9 ! select ,p>isian ar5a ( ! ,acadmie1 ! intellectual movem5t ( ! age is z x 7 dramatiz$2 & !re m cle>ly ?an 9 ! lit]>y record we c trace ! /ruggle ( op9ions1 f ! admission ( ,voltaire 7#agdf7 onw>ds4 ,9 ! old days ! ,acadmie _h be5 r ! home ( conv5tion1 royalism1 & or?odoxy ?an ( ideas1 ?\gh be=e ,voltaire !re 7 "s free?9k+ memb]s ( ! less] ,acadmies1 notably ,bo9d94 #ajdh ,! admission ( ,montesquieu 7#agbh71 aft] mu* opposition f ! c\rt1 preludes a new era2 & f ! entrance ( ,voltaire1 f\rte5 ye>s aft] 8 fir/ attempt1 #ajdi ! atmosph]e beg9s p]ceptibly to *ange4 ,:51 9 #agbg1 ! academician ,bonamy _h read a memoir ,on ! "* & ! paganism ( ! emp]or ,julian1 p>tly v9dicat+ him aga9/ ! asp]sions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ! ,academy fe>$ to pr9t ! pap]1 ?\gh its au?or 0 a dev\t ,ca?olic4 #ajej ,:5 ! ,abb ,la ,blett]ie1 also or?odox1 read to ! ,academy portions ( 8 ,vie de ,juli51 ! memb]s 7 n n[ sc&aliz$1 ?\gh ! ,abb's ,jans5ism mov$ ! ,k+ to veto 8 nom9ation4 ,s1 :5 ,blan*>d 9 #agce read a memoir on ,les exorcismes magiques !re 0 mu* trepidation among ! memb]s1 & aga9 ! ,secret>y ins]t$ m]ely an analysis1 conclud+ ) ! words ( ,philetas1 ,believe & fe> ,god2 bew>e ( que/ion+4 #ajea ,ev5 su* a play ( criticism z ! *all5g+ ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome by ,lvesque de ,p\illy 7bro!r ( ,lvesque de ,burigny7 9 a diss]tation be=e ! ,acadmie 9 #agbb1 r\s$ ! fe>s & ! res5tm5t ( ! or?odox2 ! ,abb ,salli]1 9 und]tak+ to refute him1 ins9uat$ t he _h %[n a _s :i* might be dang]\s to o!r beliefs2 & :isp]s ( a!ism pass$ among ! academicians4 #ajeb ,p\illy1 :o _h be5 made a free?9k] by ,engli% contacts1 w5t aga9 to ,engl& lat]1 & sp5t 8 la/ ye>s at ,rheims4 #ajec ,8 !sis 0 mu* m p[]fully su/a9$ 9 #agch by ,beau=t1 9 ! fam\s diss]tation ,sur l'inc]titude des c9q premi]s sicles de l'hi/oire roma9e2 b ,beau=t 0 ( a refugee-,hugu5ot /ock2 8 book 0 publi%$1 "u 8 initials1 at ,utre*t2 & n till #agec did ! ,acadmie aw>d him a m$al--on ! score ( an e>li] treatise4 ,& 9 #agdh ! ,religio vet]um ,p]s>um ( ! ,engli% ,ori5tali/ ,hyde1 publi%$ z long be=e z #agjj1 f\nd a vehem5t assailant )9 ! ,academy 9 ! ,abb ,f\*]1 :o saw dang] 9 a fav\rable view ( any hea!n religion4 ,yet ev5 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv ! ,abb ,mongault1 tutor ( ! son ( ! ,reg5t1 & not$ alike = 8 private free?9k+ & = ! rigid or?odoxy :i* he in/ill$ into 8 pupil1 treat$ ! hi/oric subject ( ! div9e hon\rs r5d]$ to ,roman gov]nors ) su* latitude z to elicit f ,frret1 9 8 loge ( ,mongault1 ! rem>k t ! tutor _h res]v$ to himself a lib]ty ( ?\ght :i* he d\btless felt to be dang]\s 9 a pr9ce4 #ajed ,& aft] #agej ! old ord] c be se5 pass+ away4 ,d',arg5son notes 9 8 di>y 9 #aged3 ,i obs]ve 9 ! ,acadmie de belles-lettres1 ( :i* ,i am a memb]1 t !re beg9s to be a decid$ /ir aga9/ ! prie/s4 ,x began to %[ itself at ! dea? ( ,bo9d91 to :om our bigots refus$ a s]vice at ! ,oratory & a public commemoration4 ,our dei/ philosoph]s 7 %ock$1 & ev] s9ce1 at ea* election1 !y are on gu>d aga9/ ! prie/s & ! bigots4 ,n[h]e is ?is division s m>k$1 & x beg9s to be> fruits4 #ajee ,! old /atesman indicates 8 own sympa?ies by add+3 ,:y has a bad "n be5 made ( ! title ( dei/8 ,x is t ( ^? :o h true religion 9 _! he>ts1 & :o h abjur$ a sup]/ition t is de/ructive to ! :ole _w4 ,x 0 9 ?is ye> t ,d',alemb]t1 :o took ne>ly z mu* pa9s to /ay out z ,voltaire _h done to ent]1 #ajef 0 elect$ a memb]2 & ) two lead+ encyclopdi/es 9 ! =ty1 & a fri5dly abb 7,duclos7 9 ! secret>y%ip 7#agee71 & ano!r zeal\s free?9k]1 ,lvesque de ,burigny1 admitt$ 9 #agef1 #ajeg ! =tunes ( free?\ght 7 visibly ris+4 ,its influ5ce 0 ?r[n on ! side ( ! academic orator ,?omas1 a s9c]e believ] b a hat] ( all p]secution1 & z su* (f5sive to ! ,*ur* p>ty4 #ajeh #ai4 ,9 #agei !re came a *eck4 ,! ,encyclopdie1 :i* _h be5 all[$ to resume publication aft] its fir/ suppression 9 #ageb1 0 aga9 /opp$2 & ! battle betwe5 philosophes & fanatics1 dramatiz$ = ! "t be+ 9 ,palissot's com$y ,les ,philosophes & 9 ,voltaire's rejo9d] to ,frron1 ,l'cossaise1 came to be f\ght out 9 ! ,academy itself4 ,! poet ,lefranc de ,pompignan1 #ajei elect$ 9 #agei )\t any opposition f ! free?9k]s1 _h 9 8 y\? translat$ ,pope's ,dei/'s ,pray]1 & _h suff]$ = x to ! ext5t ( be+ depriv$ by ,d',aguesseau ( 8 (ficial *>ge #ajfj = six mon?s4 ,) su* a pa/1 ) a ke5 conc]n = /atus1 & ) a "* t did n /ick at t]giv]sation1 ,pompignan saw fit to signalize 8 election by mak+ 8 disc\rs de rception 7,m>*1 #agfj7 a viol5t attack on ! :ole philosophic s*ool1 :i*1 9 8 conclusion1 he decl>$ to be und]m9+ equally ! ?rone & ! alt>4 ,! academicians he>d him out 9 p]fect sil5ce1 leav+ x to ! few pieti/s among ! audi5ce to applaud2 b z soon z ! reports rea*$ ,f]ney !re began ! v5geance ( ,voltaire4 ,fir/ came a leaflet ( /++ s5t5ces1 ea* beg9n+ ) ,qu&3 ,:5 "o has translat$ & ev5 exagg]at$ ! ',dei/'s ,pray]' compos$ by ,pope 4441 & s on4 ,! madd5$ ,pompignan address$ a fatu\s memorial to ! ,k+ 7:o notori\sly hat$ ! philosophes1 & _h ass5t$ only "u petticoat influ5ce to ,voltaire's election #ajfa72 &1 presum+ to pr9t x )\t ! usual (ficial sanction1 suff]$ at ! h&s ( ,male%]bes ! bl[ ( hav+ ! pr9t]'s plant sma%$4 ,o!r combatants ent]$ ! fray4 ,voltaire's leaflet les qu& 0 foll[$ by les si1 les p\r1 les qui1 les quoi1 les c>1 les ah6--by him or o!rs--& ! ma/]-mock] produc$ 9 swift succession ?ree satires 9 v]se1 #ajfb all accompani$ by murd]\s prose annotations4 ,! spe$y result 0 ,pompignan's retirem5t into prov9cial life4 ,he c\ld n face ! m]ciless hail ( rejo9d]s2 & :5 at 8 dea?1 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 ! ,abb ,maury _h to pron\nce 8 loge1 ! m5tion ( 8 fam\s humiliation 0 h>dly temp]$ by compassion4 #ajfc #bj4 ,voltaire c\ld n compass1 z he = a "t s*em$1 ! election ( ,did]ot2 b o!r philosophes ( less note ent]$ f "t to "t2 #ajfd ,m>montel 0 elect$ 9 #agfc2 & :5 9 #agfd ! ,academy's prize = poetry 0 giv5 to ,*am=t = a piece :i* sav\r$ ( :at 7 !n call$ ! dete/able pr9ciples ( ,montesquieu1 ,r\sseau1 & ,helvtius1 & 9 #agfh its prize = eloqu5ce w5t to ! same writ]1 ! society z a :ole _h acquir$ a c]ta9 "* = impiety4 #ajfe ,9 #agfg !re _h occurr$ ! fam\s ecclesia/ical explosion ov] ,m>montel's philosophic romance ,blisaire1 a p]=mance 9 :i* x is some:at difficult to-day to detect any excit+ quality4 ,x 0 by a *apt] 9 praise ( tol]ation t ! univ]sal & m$iocre ,m>montel #ajff secur$ f ! ,sorbonne ! f9e/ adv]tisem5t ev] giv5 to a "w ( fiction1 ! ecclesia/ics ( ! old s*ool be+ /ill too ?or\ghly /eep$ 9 ! pa/ to realize t a gospel ( p]secution 0 a bad w>cry = a religion t 0 be+ m & m put on ! def5sive4 ,only an angry fe> be=e ! ris+ flood ( unlic5s$ lit]ature1 comb9+ ) ! long-baffl$ desire to /rike "s bl[ at free?9k+1 c\ld h mov$ ! ,sorbonne to select = c5sure ! duly lic5s$ "w #ajfg ( a popul> academician & noveli/2 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t x 0 at a "t ( great activity 9 ! unlic5s$ production ( free?9k+ lit]ature t ! attack 0 made4 ,! bl[ recoil$ signally4 ,! book 0 ( c\rse promptly translat$ into all ! languages ( ,europe1 sell+ by t5s ( ?\s&s2 #ajfh & two sov]eigns took occasion to give x _! express approval4 ,^! 7 ! ,empress ,ca!r9e 7:o caus$ ! book to be translat$ by memb]s ( h] c\rt :ile %e 0 mak+ a t\r ( h] empire1 %e h]self tak+ a *apt]71 & ! ,empress ,m>ia-,!resa4 ,f ,ca!r9e1 h]self a free?9k]1 ! approbation might h be5 expect$2 b ! kn[n or?odoxy & au/]ity ( ,m>ia-,!resa made h] support ! m tell+4 ,9 ,france a small lit]>y tempe/ rag$ = a ye>4 ,m>montel publi%$ 8 correspond5ce ) ! syndic ( ! ,sorbonne & ) ,voltaire2 & 9 all !re appe>$ "s doz5 docum5ts pro & con1 among !m an anonym\s satire by ,turgot1 ,les xxxvii v]its opposes aux xxxvii impits de ,blisaire1 ,p> un ,ba*eli] ,ubiqui/e1 #ajfi :i*1 ) ! contributions ( ,voltaire1 gave ! victim v mu* ! be/ ( ! battle4 #ba4 ,alongside ( ! m /rictly lit]>y or humani/ movem5t1 too1 !re w5t on "o ( a sci5tific k9d1 :i* divid$ into two l9es1 a speculative & a practical4 ,on ! =m] ! freelance philosoph] ,juli5 ,(fray la ,mettrie gave a p[]ful initial pu% by 8 mat]iali/ic !ses1 9 :i* a m$ical k t = ! "t 0 advanc$ is appli$ ) a v ke5 if unsy/ematic reason+ faculty to ! prim>y problem ( m9d & body2 & o!rs aft] him cont9u$ ! impulse4 ,la ,mettrie produc$ 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,m9d 9 #agde2 #ajgj & 9 #agdf appe>$ ! ,essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,human ,k ( ! ,abb ,condillac1 bo? ess5tially rationali/ic & anti-!ological works1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 _! psy*ological positions1 ,condillac be+ a non-mat]iali/1 ?\gh a /rong uphold] ( s5sism4 ,la ,mettrie foll[$ up 8 doctr9e ) ! m def9itely mat]iali/ic b less he$fully plann$ works1 ,l',homme ,plante & ,l',homme ,ma*9e 7#agdh71 ! second ( :i*1 publi%$ at ,leyd5 #ajga & wick$ly d$icat$ to ! pi\s ,b>on von ,hall]1 0 burn$ by ord] ( ! magi/rates1 its au?or be+ at ! same "t expell$ f ,holl&4 ,bo? books are rem>kable = _! orig9ality ( ?\ght1 biological & e?ical4 ,?\gh ,la ,mettrie pr(ess$ to ?9k ! greate/ degree ( probability 0 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 #ajgb 8 o!r writ+s gave small support to ! hypo!sis2 & ev5 9 putt+ x he rejects any inf]5ce z to wor%ip4 ,& he goes on to quote v placidly an a!i/ :o insi/s t only an a!i/ic _w c atta9 to happ9ess4 ,x is notable t he1 ! typical mat]iali/ ( 8 age1 seems to h be5 "o ( its k9dlie/ m51 by ! cons5t ( all :o knew him1 #ajgc ?\gh he$less 9 8 life to ! po9t ( end+ x by eat+ a mon/r\s meal out ( bravado4 ,! conv5tional d5unciation ( ,la ,mettrie 7endors$ by ,"l ,morley1 ,voltaire1 p4 #abb7 proce$s o/5sibly ^u ^? ( 8 writ+s 9 :i* he discuss$ sexual que/ions ) absolute sci5tific fre$om4 ,he1 h[ev]1 insi/$ t 8 !oretic discussion _h no?+ :atev] to d ) 8 practice2 & !re is no evid5ce t he liv$ o!rwise ?an z mo/ m5 did 9 8 age1 & ours4 ,/ill1 ! sev]e c5sure pass$ on him by ,did]ot 7,essai sur les rgnes de ,claude et de ,nron1 ed4 #aghb1 ii1 #bb-bd7 seems to convict him ( at lea/ levity ( "*4 ,voltaire sev]al times holds ! same tone4 ,b ,did]ot writes s angrily t 8 v]dict incurs suspicion4 ,z ,lange notes1 !re has be5 mu* loose g5]alization z to ! place & be>+ ( ,la ,mettrie 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* ?\ght4 ,hettn]1 :o app>5tly _h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to read him1 has ascrib$ 8 m5tal movem5t to ! influ5ce ( ,did]ot's ,p5ses philosophiques 7#agdf71 :]eas x _h begun 9 8 own ,hi/oire naturelle de l'me1 publi%$ a ye> be=e4 ,la ,mettrie's orig9ality & influ5ce 9 g5]al h be5 und]e/imat$ z a result ( ! ho/ility set up by disp>agem5t ( 8 "*4 ,! idea ( a fundam5tal unity ( type 9 nature--an idea und]ly+ all ! successive /eps ( ,lam>ck1 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,goe!1 & o!rs1 t[>ds ! complete conception ( evolution--is set =? by him 9 ,l',homme ,plante 9 #agdh1 ! ye> 9 :i* appe>$ ,de ,maillet's ,telliam$4 ,buffon foll[s 9 "t z 9 ?\ght1 only beg9n+ 8 great "w 9 #agdi2 ,maup]tuis1 ) 8 pseudonym\s diss]tation on ! ,univ]sal sy/em ( ,nature1 applies ,la ,mettrie's conception 9 #agea2 & ,did]ot's ,p5ses sur l'int]prtation de la nature1 /imulat$ by ,maup]tuis1 appe>$ only 9 #aged4 ,la ,mettrie proce$$ f ! classification ( ,l9nu1 b did n !re f9d 8 idea4 ,9 ! words ( ,lange1 ^! =gott5 writ+s are 9 n[ise s empty & sup]ficial z is commonly assum$4 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #cbh-bi4 ,lange seems to h be5 ! fir/ to make a judicial /udy ( ,la ,mettrie's "w1 z di/+ui%$ f ! sc&als ab\t 8 "*4 #bb4 ,a m g5]al influ5ce1 naturally1 atta*$ to ! simple concrete h&l+ ( sci5tific problems4 ,! int]e/ 9 su* que/ions1 noticeable 9 ,engl& at ! ,re/oration & radiat+ !nce1 is se5 widely diffus$ 9 ,france aft] ! publication ( ,font5elle's ,entreti5s1 & !nce=w>d x rapidly /r5g!ns4 ,b>r5 !ological disputations set m5 n m]ely aga9/ !ology1 b ^u ! /udy ( ,nature1 :]e real k 0 visibly possible4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! /udy took op5ly h]etical l9es4 ,! ,abb ,l5glet du ,fresnoy1 :o 0 f\r times imprison$ 9 ! ,ba/ille1 suppli$ mat]ial ( :i* ,d',arg5s made mu* use1 t5d+ to ov]?r[ ! ,biblical *ronology & to discr$it ! /ory ( ! ,flood4 #ajgd ,b5ot de ,maillet 7#afef-agch71 :o _h be5 = fifte5 ye>s inspector ( ! ,fr5* e/abli%m5ts 9 ,egypt & ,b>b>y1 left = po/hum\s publication 7#agdh7 a "w ( :i* ! fir/ title 0 an anagram ( 8 "n1 ,telliam$1 ou ,entreti5s d'un philosophe indi5 avec un missionaire franais4 ,( ?is treatise ! !sis is t ! %ell deposits 9 ! ,alps & else:]e %[$ ! sea to h be5 :]e l& n[ 02 & t ! rocks 7 gradually deposit$ 9 _! diff]5t k9ds 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* ev5 n[ are be+ =m$ mud1 s&1 & %+le4 ,de ,maillet _h ?us anticipat$ ! c5tral conception ( mod]n geology1 albeit reta9+ _m traditional delusions4 ,8 ab/5tion f publication dur+ 8 lifetime te/ifies to 8 s5se ( ! dang] he und]w5t1 ! treatise hav+ be5 pr9t$ by him only 9 #agce1 at ! age ( sev5ty-n9e2 & n till t5 ye>s aft] 8 dea? 0 x giv5 to ! _w1 ) a preface & d$ication s word$ z1 9 case ( necessity1 to give ! pr9t] a fair *ance ( fall+ back on ! excuse t ! "w 0 int5d$ = a m]e jeu d'esprit4 #ajge ,! !sis 0 adopt$1 inde$ plagi>iz$1 #ajgf by ,mirabaud 9 8 ,le ,monde1 son orig9e et son antiquit 7#agea74 ,/rangely en\gh1 ,voltaire refus$ to be conv9c$1 & (f]$ amaz+ sugge/ions z to ! possible deposit ( %ells by pilgrims4 #ajgg ,x is n unlikely t x 0 ,voltaire's opposition r ?an any or?odox argum5tation t ret>d$ 9 ,france ! acceptance ( an evolution>y view ( ! orig9 ( ! e>? & ( life4 ,x probably _h a m practical effect on sci5tific ?\ght 9 ,engl& #ajgh--;at lea/ z reg>ds geology3 its speculations on ! modification ( species1 :i* loosely b noticeably anticipate "s ( ! inf]5ces ( ,d>w91 f\nd no acceptance any:]e till ,lam>ck4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,huxley1 ! speculations ( ,rob9et1 9 ! next g5]ation1 are r beh9d ?an 9 advance ( ^? ( ,de ,maillet2 #ajgi & x may be add$ t ! =m]1 ) 8 pet !ory t all ,nature is animat$1 & t ! />s & planets h ! faculty ( reproduc+ !mselves l animals1 w&]$ z f> f s\nd bases z ,de ,maillet ev] did4 ,! v =m ( ,de ,maillet's "w1 inde$1 0 n fav\rable to its s]i\s acceptance2 & 9 8 case1 z 9 ^? ( s _m pione]s ( new ideas1 errors & extravagances & ov]sights 9 reg>d to matt]s ( detail w5t to ju/ify practical m5 9 dismiss+ novel speculations4 ,ne$less to say1 ! common run ( sci5tific m5 rema9$ l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s presuppositions 9 sci5ce ev5 :5 !y _h turn$ _! backs on ! ,*ur*4 ,none!less1 on all sides ! /udy ( natural fact began to play its "p 9 break+ d[n ! dom9ion ( cre$4 ,ev5 9 hideb\nd ,prote/ant ,switz]l&1 ! %e] ennui ( ,puritanism is se5 driv+ ! desc5dants ( ! ,hugu5ot refugees to ! physical sci5ces = an int]e/ & an occupation1 be=e any free?9k+ c safely be av[$2 & 9 ,france1 z ,buckle has %[n 9 abundant detail1 ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces became = _m ye>s be=e ! ,revolution almo/ a fa%ionable mania4 ,& at ! />t ! ,*ur* _h contriv$ t su* /udy %\ld rank z unbelief1 & s make unbeliev]s4 ,:5 ,buffon #ajhj 9 #agdi-ej publi%$ 8 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 ! delight :i* 0 giv5 to mo/ read]s by its f9i%$ /yle 0 p>allel$ by ! wra? :i* its ,?orie de la ,t]re ar\s$ among ! cl]gy4 ,aft] mu* discussion ,buffon receiv$ e>ly 9 #agea f ! ,sorbonne an (ficial lett] specify+ z repreh5sible 9 8 book f\rte5 propositions :i* he 0 invit$ to retract4 ,he /oically obey$ 9 a decl>ation to ! effect t he _h no int5tion to contradict ! text ( ,scripture1 & t he believ$ mo/ firmly all !re relat$ ab\t ! creation1 add+3 ,i ab&on ev]y?+ 9 my book respect+ ! =mation ( ! e>?4 #ajha ,/ill he 0 attack$ z an unbeliev] by ! ,bi%op ( ,aux]re 9 t prelate's pa/oral aga9/ ! !sis ( de ,prades4 #ajhb ,dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life he outw>dly con=m$ to religi\s usage1 b all m5 knew t 9 8 he>t he believ$ :at he _h writt52 & ! memory ( ! affront t ! ,*ur* _h ?us put ^u s hon\r$ a /ud5t help$ to id5tify h] cause no less ) ignorance ?an ) insol5ce & oppression4 ,= all su* insults1 & = ! long roll ( h] cruelties1 ! ,*ur* 0 soon to pay a trem5d\s p5alty4 #bc4 ,b sci5ce1 l !ology1 _h its s*isms1 & ! rationaliz+ camp _h its own /rifes4 ,maup]tuis1 = in/ance1 is rememb]$ ma9ly z "o ( ! victims ( ! mock]y ( ,voltaire 7:i* he well e>n$ by 8 own antagonism at ! c\rt ( ,fr$]ick72 yet he 0 really an en]getic man ( sci5ce1 & _h prec$$ ,voltaire 9 sett+ up 9 ,france ! ,newtonian aga9/ ! ,c>tesian physics4 ,9 8 ,sy/em ( ,nature #ajhc 7n to be confus$ ) ! lat] "w ( d',holba* "u ! same title7 he 9 #agea prop\nd$ a new v]sion ( ! hylozoisms ( anci5t ,greece2 develop$ ! idea ( an und]ly+ unity 9 ! =ms ( natural life1 already prop\nd$ by ,la ,mettrie 9 8 ,l',homme ,plante2 connect$ x ) ,leibnitz's =mula ( ! economy ( nature 7m9imum ( action--! g]m ( ! mod]n l9e ( lea/ resi/ance71 & at ! same "t anticipat$ "s ( ! special philosophic positions ( ,kant4 #ajhd ,did]ot1 impress$ by b pr(ess$ly diss5t+ f ,maup]tuis's ,sy/me 9 8 ,p5ses sur l'int]prtation de la nature 7#aged71 promptly po9t$ out t ! conception ( a primordially vitaliz$ atom exclud$ t ( a ,creator1 & = 8 own "p !reaft] took t /&po9t4 #ajhe ,9 #aged came ! ,trait des ,s5sations ( ,condillac1 9 :i* is mo/ sy/ematically develop$ ! physio-psy*ological conception ( man z an animat$ /atue1 ( :i* ! ?\ght is :olly condition$ by ! s5ses4 ,! mode ( approa* _h be5 laid d[n be=e by ,la ,mettrie1 by ,did]ot1 & by ,buffon2 & ,condillac is r a develop] & sy/ematiz] ?an an orig9ator2 #ajhf b 9 ?is case ! process ( unification 0 to ! full z important z ! fir/ /eps2 #ajhg & ,condillac has an importance :i* is latt]ly be+ r$iscov]$ by ! s*ool ( ,sp5c] on ! "o h& & by t ( ,james on ! o!r4 ,condillac1 commonly t]m$ a mat]iali/1 no m held ! leg5d>y mat]iali/ic view ?an any o!r s nam$2 & ! same may be said ( ! next figure 9 ! mat]iali/ic s]ies1 ,j4 ,b4 ,rob9et1 a ,fr5*man settl$ at ,am/]dam1 aft] hav+ be51 x is said1 a ,jesuit4 ,8 ,nature 7#d vols4 #agfa-agfh7 is a rem>kable attempt to rea* a /rictly naturali/ic conception ( ?+s4 #ajhh ,b he is a !ori/1 n an inve/igator4 ,ev5 9 8 fix$ idea t ! univ]se is an animal he _h p]haps a premonition ( ! mod]n discov]y ( ! imm5se diffusion ( bact]ial life2 b he seems to h _h m d]id]s ?an disciples4 ,he f\nds at once on ,desc>tes & on ,leibnitz1 b 9 8 ,philosophical ,consid]ations on ! natural gradation ( liv+ =ms 7#agfh7 he def9itely sets aside !ism z illusory1 & puts e?ics on a /rictly sci5tific & human foot+1 #ajhi ext5d+ ! argum5ts ( ,hume & ,hut*eson some:at on ! l9es ( ,m&eville4 #ajij ,on ano!r l9e ( reason+ a simil> application ( ,m&eville's !sis _h already be5 made by ,helvtius 9 8 ,trait de l',esprit #ajia 7#ageh71 a "w :i* excit$ a ho/ility n[ difficult to und]/&1 b /ill reflect$ 9 c5sures no less surpris+4 ,"o ( ! wor/ misrepres5tations 9 !ological lit]ature is ! acc\nt ( ,helvtius by ! late ,pr9cipal ,cairns 7,unbelief 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #ahha1 p4 #aeh7 z appeal+ to gov]nm5t to promote luxury1 &1 ?r\gh luxury1 public good1 by aboli%+ all ^? laws t *]i% a false mode/y & re/ra9 lib]t9age4 ,helvtius simply press$ ! consequ5ces ( ! exi/+ !ory ( luxury1 :i* = 8 own "p he disclaim$4 ,de l',esprit1 ,disc4 ii1 *4 xv4 ,dr4 ,pnj] 7i1 #dfb7 falls s f> bel[ 8 usual /&>d z to speak ( ,helvtius 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,z aga9/ su* detraction x is fitt+ to note t ,helvtius1 l ,la ,mettrie1 0 "o ( ! mo/ lovable & mo/ belov$ m5 ( 8 "t1 ?\gh1 l him1 suffici5tly lic5ti\s 9 8 y\?4 ,x 0 at once suppress$ by royal ord] z sc&al\s1 lic5ti\s1 & dang]\s1 ?\gh ,helvtius held a po/ at c\rt z matre d'htel to ! ,que54 ,ord]$ to make a public retractation1 he did s 9 a lett] address$ to a ,jesuit2 & ?is be+ deem$ insuffici5t1 he _h to sign ano!r1 s humiliat+1 wrote ,grimm1 #ajib t "o w\ld n h be5 a/oni%$ to see a man take refuge ) ! ,hott5tots r ?an put 8 "n to su* av[als4 ,! wits expla9$ t ! c5sor :o _h pass$ ! book1 be+ an (ficial 9 ! ,bureau ( ,=eign ,affairs1 _h treat$ ,de l',esprit z belong+ to t dep>tm5t4 #ajic ,a sw>m ( replies appe>$1 & ! book 0 =mally burnt1 ) ,voltaire's poem ,sur la loi naturelle1 & sev]al obscure works ( old] /&+4 #ajid ,! ,de l',esprit1 appe>+ alongside ( ! ev]-advanc+ ,encyclopdie1 #ajie 0 9 %ort a =midable *all5ge to ! p[]s ( bigotry4 ,its real faults are lack ( sy/em1 undue /ra9+ aft] popul>ity1 "s ha/y g5]alization1 & a great] conc]n = ! air ( p>adox ?an = p]suasion2 b x ab\nds 9 acut5ess & critical wisdom1 & x def9itely & s]i\sly f\nds public e?ics on utility4 ,its mo/ s]i\s error1 ! assumption t all m5 are born ) equal faculties1 & t education is ! sole diff]5tiat+ =ce1 0 repeat$ 9 our own age by ,john ,/u>t ,mill2 b 9 ,helvtius ! error is balanc$ by ! ?or\ghly s\nd & pr(\ndly important !sis t ! g5]al sup]iorities ( nations are ! result ( _! culture-conditions & politics4 #ajif ,! ov]-balance ( 8 /ress on self-int]e/ #ajig is an error easily soluble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! memorable te/imony ( ,becc>ia t x 0 ! "w ( ,helvtius t inspir$ him to 8 great ef=t = ! humaniz+ ( p5al laws & policy2 #ajih & ! only less notable te/imony ( ,b5?am t ,helvtius 0 8 tea*] & inspir]4 #ajii ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any su* fruits c be claim$ = ! tea*+s ( ! :ole ( ! or?odox morali/s ( ! age4 ,= ! re/1 ,helvtius is n to be rank$ among ! great ab/ract ?9k]s2 b x is notewor?y t 8 ?9k+ w5t on advanc+ to ! end4 ,always greatly influ5c$ by ,voltaire1 he did n philosophically h>d5 z did 8 ma/]2 & ?\gh 9 8 po/hum\s "w1 ,les ,progrs de la ,raison dans la re*]*e du ,vrai 7publi%$ 9 #agge71 he /&s = deism aga9/ a!ism1 ! argum5t ends 9 ! pan!ism to :i* ,voltaire _h once atta9$1 b did n adh]e4 #bd4 ,ov] all ( ^! m51 & ev5 9 "s measure ov] ,voltaire1 ,did]ot 7#agac-aghd7 /&s pre-em95t1 on retrospect1 = v>iety ( p[] & dep? & subtlety ( ?\ght2 ?\gh = ^! v reasons1 z well z because "s ( 8 mo/ ma/]ly works 7 nev] pr9t$ 9 8 lifetime1 he 0 less ( a recogniz$ popul> =ce ?an "s ( 8 fri5ds4 ,9 8 own m5tal hi/ory he reproduces ! c\rse ( ! ,fr5* ?\ght ( 8 "t4 ,beg9n+ z a dei/1 he assail$ ! contempor>y mat]iali/s2 9 ! end1 ) :atev] ( inconsi/5cy1 he 0 emphatically an a!i/ & a mat]iali/4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds 0 ,damilaville1 ( :om ,voltaire speaks z a vehem5t anti-!i/2 #aajj & 8 biograph] ,naigeon1 :o at times ov]/at$ 8 positions b always rev]$ him1 0 ! mo/ zeal\s a!i/ ( 8 day4 #aaja ,comp>e1 z to ,did]ot's position1 ,s\ry's cont5tion 7p4 #egg7 t we %all nev] make an a!i/ & a mat]iali/ out ( ?is en?usia/ic arti/1 ?is poet-pan!i/ 7cit+ ,ros5kranz 9 support71 ) 8 own admissions1 pp4 #ehi-ij1 & ) ,"l ,morley's rem>ks1 pp4 #cc1 #dja1 #dah4 ,see also ,lange1 i1 #caj sq42 ii1 #fc 7,eng4 tr4 ii1 #cb1 #bef74 ,9 ! affectionate loge ( 8 fri5d ,mei/] 7#aghf7 !re is an express av[al t x _h be5 mu* to be desir$ = ! reputation ( ,did]ot1 p]haps ev5 = ! hon\r ( 8 age1 t he _h n be5 an a!i/1 or t he _h be5 s ) less zeal4 ,! fact is ?us put beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,9 ! ,correspondance ,littraire ( ,grimm & ,did]ot1 "u date ,septemb] #ae1 #agfe 7vii1 #cff71 !re is a lett] 9 criticism ( ,desc>tes1 ?or\ghly a!i/ic 9 its reason+1 :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly by ,did]ot4 ,& if ! criticism ( ,voltaire's ,dieu1 above ref]r$ to 7p4 #bca71 be n by him1 he 0 c]ta9ly 9 entire agreem5t ) x1 z ) ,grimm 9 g5]al4 ,ros5kranz f9ally 7ii1 #dba7 sums up t ,did]ot w> als ,a!i/ ,pan!i/1 :i* is m]ely a way ( say+ t he 0 sci5tifically moni/ic 9 8 a!ism4 ,lange po9ts out 9 ?is connection 7i1 #caj7 t ! ,hegelian s*ema ( philosophic evolution1 ) its sov]eign contempt = *ronology1 has wr\ght mu* confusion z to ! real developm5ts ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,x is record$ t ,did]ot's own la/ words 9 s]i\s conv]sation 73 ,! beg9n+ ( philosophy is incr$ulity2 & x may be inf]r$ f 8 writ+s t 8 fir/ impulses to se>*+ ?\ght came f 8 /udy ( ,montaigne1 :o mu/ always h be5 = him "o ( ! mo/ cong5ial ( spirits4 #aajb ,at an e>ly /age ( 8 indep5d5t m5tal life we f9d him turn+ to ! lit]ature :i* 9 t age yield$ to su* a m9d z 8 ! l>ge/ measure bo? ( nutrim5t & /imulus--! ,engli%4 ,9 #agde he translat$ ,%aftesbury's ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue & ,m]it2 & he mu/ h read ) prompt appreciation ! o!r ,engli% free?9k]s !n fam\s4 ,ere long1 h[ev]1 he _h ris5 above ! dei/ical plane ( ?\ght1 & grappl$ ) ! fundam5tal issues :i* ! dei/s took = grant$1 p>tly because ( an innate b5t to psy*ological analysis1 p>tly because he 0 m int]e/$ 9 sci5tific problems ?an 9 s*ol>ly rese>*4 ,! ,p5ses philosophiques1 publi%$ 9 #agdf1 really des]ve _! "n2 & ?\gh !y exhibit him z /ill a satisfi$ dei/1 & an oppon5t ( ! con/ructive a!ism !n beg9n+ to sugge/ itself1 !y conta9 ab/ract reason+s suffici5tly di/urb+ to ! dei/ic position4 #aajc ,! ,prom5ade du ,sceptique 7writt5 ab\t #agdg1 publi%$ po/hum\sly7 goes fur!r1 & pres5ts t5tatively ! reply to ! design argum5t :i* 0 adopt$ by ,hume4 ,9 its brilliant pages may be f\nd a conspectus ( ! intellectual life ( ! day1 on ! side ( ! religi\s problem4 ,e type ( ?9k] is !re t]sely *>act]iz$--! or?odox1 ! dei/1 ! a!i/1 ! %e] skeptic1 ! sc(f]1 ! pan!i/1 ! solipsi/1 & ! free?9k+ lib]t9e1 ! la/ figur+ z no small nuisance to ! s]i\s unbeliev]4 ,s dra/ic is ! criticism ( or?odoxy t ! book 0 unpr9table 9 its day2 #aajd & x 0 little kn[n ev5 9 manuscript4 ,b ere long !re appe>$ ! ,lett] on ! ,bl9d1 = ! use ( ^? :o see 7#agdi71 9 :i* a logical rebuttal alike ( ! e?ical & ! cosmological assumptions ( !ism1 develop$ f h9ts 9 ! ,p5ses1 is put 9 ! m\? ( ! bl9d ,engli% ma!matician1 ,s&]son4 ,x is n surpris+ t :]eas ! ,p5ses _h be51 ) "s o!r books1 ord]$ by ! ,p>is ,p>lem5t to be burnt by ! common hangman1 ! ,lettre sur les ,aveugles l$ to 8 arre/ & an imprisonm5t ( six mon?s #aaje 9 ! ,*teau de ,v9c5nes4 ,bo? books _h ( c\rse be5 publi%$ )\t lic5ce2 #aajf b ! second book 0 m ?an a defiance ( ! c5sor%ip3 x 0 a *all5ge alike to ! philosophy & ! fai? ( ,*ri/5dom2 & z su* c\ld n h miss$ d5unciation4 #aajg ,b ,did]ot 0 n ! k9d ( man to be sil5c$ by m5aces4 ,9 ! fam\s ,sorbonne !sis ( ! ,abb de ,prades 7#agea7 he probably _h1 z we h se51 "s %>e2 & :5 ,de ,prades 0 condemn$ & depriv$ ( 8 lic5ce 7#ageb7 ,did]ot wrote ! ?ird "p ( ! ,apologie 7publi%$ by ,de ,prades 9 ,holl&71 :i* def5d$ 8 positions2 & possibly assi/$ 9 ! o!r p>ts4 #aajh ,! h& ( ,did]ot p]haps may be discov]$ 9 ! skilful allusions to ! skeptical ,demon/ratio ,evangelica ( ,huet1 :i* ,de ,prades pr(esses to h translat$ :5 at 8 sem9>y1 seek+ !re ! antidote to ! poison ( ! dei/s4 ,! entire h&l+ ( ! "q ( pagan & ,*ri/ian miracles1 too1 sugge/s ! skill$ dialectician1 ?\gh x is sub/antially an adaptation ( ,leslie's ,%ort & ,easy ,me?od ) ! ,dei/s4 ,! alt]nate eulogy & criticism ( ,locke are likely to be 81 z is inde$ ! abundant k ( ,engli% ?\ght %[n alike 9 ! !sis & 9 ! ,apologie4 ,:e!r he wrote ! passage :i* claims to rebut an argum5t 9 8 own ,p5ses philosophiques #aaji is surely d\btful4 ,b 81 c]ta9ly1 is ! fur!r reply to ! pa/oral ( ! ,jans5i/ ,bi%op ( ,aux]re aga9/ de ,prades's !sis1 9 :i* ! p]petual disp>agem5t ( reason by ,ca?olic !ologians is d5\nc$ #aaaj z ! mo/ injuri\s ( all proc$ures aga9/ religion4 ,& 81 probably1 is ! p]oration #aaaa arraign+ ! ,jans5i/s & imput+ to _! fanaticism & sup]/ition1 _! miracle-mong]+ & _! sect>ian bitt]ness1 ! discr$it :i* among ?9k+ m5 _h latt]ly fall5 ^u ,*ur* & cre$ alike4 #aaab ,de ,prades1 :o 9 8 !sis & ,apologie _h always pr(ess$ to be a believ+ ,*ri/ian1 0 n a useful recruit to rationalism4 ,pass+ f ,holl& to ,b]l91 he 0 !re appo9t$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,voltaire1 read] & amanu5sis to ! ,k+1 #aaac :o 9 #aged arrang$ = him an (ficial reconciliation ) ! ,*ur*4 ,a =mal retractation 0 s5t to ! ,pope1 ! ,sorbonne1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,montauban2 #aaad & ,fr$]ick 9 due c\rse pres5t$ him to a ,ca?olic canonry at ,glogau4 ,9 #ageg1 h[ev]1 he 0 put "u arre/ on ! *>ge1 x is commonly said1 ( supply+ milit>y in=mation to 8 c\ntrym52 #aaae & !reaft]1 return+ to ,france 9 #agei1 he obta9$ a ,fr5* b5efice4 ,did]ot1 :o 0 n[ a recogniz$ *ampion ( free?\ght1 turn$ away ) indignation4 #aaaf ,!nce=w>d he nev] falt]$ on 8 pa?4 ,x is 8 peculi> excell5ce to be an orig9al & innovat+ ?9k] n only 9 philosophy b 9 psy*ology1 9 /hetics1 9 e?ics1 9 dramatic art2 & 8 endless & miscellane\s lab\rs 9 ! ,encyclopdie1 ( :i* he 0 ! mo/ loyal & devot$ produc]1 repres5t an extraord9>y range ( int]e/s4 ,he suff]$ f 8 position z a hack writ] & z a =c$ dissembl] 9 8 articles on religi\s matt]s2 & !re is probably a v real connection betwe5 8 compulsory ins9c]ities #aaag 9 ! ,encyclopdie--to say no?+ ( ! (ficial prosecution ( t & ( o!rs ( 8 works--& 8 misde$s 9 ! way ( indec5t fiction4 ,:5 organiz$ society is made to figure z ! he>tless enemy ( ?9k+ m51 x is no great wond] if !y are c>eless at times ab\t ! effect ( _! writ+s on society4 ,b x /&s to 8 la/+ hon\r t 8 suff]+s at ! h&s ( prie/s1 pr9t]s1 & p>lem5ts nev] s\r$ 8 natural goodness ( he>t4 #aaah ,hav+ 9 8 y\? kn[n a day's unreliev$ hung]1 he made a v[ t he w\ld nev] refuse help to any human be+2 &1 says 8 daught]1 no v[ 0 ev] m fai?fully kept4 ,no "o 9 tr\ble 0 ev] turn$ away f 8 door2 & ev5 8 enemies 7 help$ :5 !y 7 base en\gh to beg ( him4 ,x seems no exagg]ation to say t ! bulk ( 8 life 0 giv5 to help+ o!r p2 & ! indirect effect ( 8 "w1 :i* is r intellectually dis9t]e/$ ?an didactic1 is no less lib]ative & humanit>ian4 ,to d good1 & to f9d tru?1 7 8 mottoes = life4 ,8 daught]1 ,madame de ,v&eul1 :o 9 h] old age rema9$ tranquilly divid$ betwe5 ! religion in/ill$ into h] by h] pi\s "m & ! rationalism %e _h ga!r$ f h] fa!r & 8 fri5ds1 te/ifi$1 !n1 to 8 con/ant goodness 9 ! home2 #aaai & 8 fa!r bore a simil> te/imony1 contra/+ him ) 8 pi\s bro!r4 #aabj ,he 01 9 8 way1 z b5efic5t z ,voltaire1 )\t ,voltaire's faults ( private malice2 & 8 life's "w 0 a great m9i/ry ( light4 ,x 0 ,goe! :o said ( him 9 ! next g5]ation t :oev] holds him or 8 do+s *eaply is a ,phili/9e4 ,8 l>ge humanity rea*es f ! planes ( exp]t ?\ght to t ( popul> feel+2 & :ile by 8 ,lett] on ! ,bl9d he c\ld advance speculative psy*ology & pure philosophy1 he c\ld by 8 tale ,! ,nun 7,la ,religeuse1 #aaba writt5 ab\t #agfj1 publi%$ #agif7 enli/ ! sympa?ies ( ! p aga9/ ! rule ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x belong$ to 8 "* to be g5]\sly appreciative ( all excell5ce2 he delight$ 9 o!r m5's capacity z 9 pictures & poetry2 & he lov$ to praise4 ,at a "t :5 ,bacon & ,hobbes 7 little reg>d$ 9 ,engl& he made !m newly fam\s ?r\gh\t ,europe by 8 praises4 ,9 him 0 realiz$ ,bacon's say+1 ,admiratio sem5 sci5tiae1 9 e s5se1 = 8 curiosity 0 z ke5 z 8 s5sibility4 #be4 ,) ,did]ot 7 specially associat$1 9 diff]5t ways1 ,d',alemb]t1 ! ma!matician1 = "s ye>s 8 special colleague on ! ,encyclopdie1 & ,b>on d',holba*4 ,! =m]1 "o ( ! /aun*e/ fri5ds ( ,voltaire1 ?\gh a less inv9cible fight] ?an ,did]ot1 c\nt$ = practical free?\ght by 8 miscellane\s articles1 8 little book on ! ,jesuits 7#agfe71 8 ,p5ses philosophiques1 8 physics1 & ! g5]al rationalism ( 8 ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse to ! ,encyclopdie4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 8 intimate correspond5ce ) ,voltaire he nev] av[s !ism1 & t 8 & ,did]ot's fri5d1 ! a!i/ ,damilaville1 di$ 9 8 arms4 #aabb ,on ,dum>sais1 too1 he p5n$ an loge ( :i* ,voltaire wrote3 ,dum>sais only beg9s to live s9ce 8 dea?2 y h giv5 him exi/5ce & immortality4 #aabc ,& p]petual secret>y z he 0 ( ! ,academy1 ! fanatical daught] ( ,madame ,ge(fr9 c\ld write to him 9 #aggf3 ,= _m ye>s y h set all respectable p aga9/ y by y\r indec5t & imprud5t mann] ( speak+ aga9/ religion4 #aabd ,b>on d',holba*1 a naturaliz$ ,g]man ( l>ge =tune1 0 on ! o!r h& "o ( ! mo/ /r5u\s propag&i/s ( free?\ght 9 8 age4 ,p]sonally no less belov$ ?an ,helvtius1 #aabe he gave 8 life & 8 =tune to ! "w ( enlight5+ m5 on all ! l9es on :i* he felt !y ne$$ light4 ,mu* ( ! progress ( ! physical sci5ces 9 pre-revolution>y ,france 0 due to ! long s]ies--at lea/ elev5 9 all--( 8 translations ( solid treatises f ! ,g]man2 & 8 /ill long] s]ies ( orig9al works & translations f ! ,engli% 9 all bran*es ( free?\ght--a really a/oni%+ movem5t ( intellectual en]gy despite ! emotion atta*+ to ! subject-matt]--0 = ! mo/ "p prep>$ 9 ! same ess5tially sci5tific temp]4 ,( all ! free?9k]s ( ! p]iod he _h p]haps ! l>ge/ range ( practical erudition2 #aabf & he drew ^u x ) unha/+ & unre/+ indu/ry4 ,imitat+ ! tactic ( ,voltaire1 he produc$1 ) "s assi/ance f ,did]ot1 ,naigeon1 & o!rs1 a small libr>y ( anti-,*ri/ian treatises "u a v>iety ( pseudonyms2 #aabg & 8 pr9cipal "w1 ! fam\s ,sy/em ( ,nature 7#aggj71 0 put out "u ! "n ( ,mirabaud1 an actual p]son1 !n dead4 ,summ+ up z x does ) /r+5t =ce ! :ole anti-!ological propag&a ( ! age1 x has be5 describ$ z a ?und]+ eng9e ( revolt & de/ruction4 #aabh ,x 0 ! fir/ publi%$ a!i/ic #aabi treatise ( a sy/ematic k9d1 if we except t ( ,rob9et1 issu$ "s ye>s be=e2 & x significantly m>ks ! era ( mod]n free?\ght1 z does ! p[]ful ,essai sur les prjugs1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 #aacj by its /]n impea*m5t ( ! s9s ( mon>*y--"h c>ry+ on ! note /ruck by ,jean ,mesli] 9 8 manuscript ( half-a-c5tury e>li]4 ,r a practical argum5t ?an a dispassionate philosophic rese>*1 its polemic aga9/ human folly laid x op5 to ! regulation retort t on its own necess>ian pr9ciples no su* polemic 0 admissible4 ,t retort is1 ( c\rse1 ultimately invalid :5 ! d5unciation is resolv$ into demon/ration4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be t]m$ %all[ on ! score ( its c5sori\s treatm5t ( ! pa/1 #aaca ! t]m w h to be appli$ to ! ,hebrew books1 to ! ,gospel ,jesus1 to ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 to ,pascal1 ,milton1 ,c>lyle1 ,rusk91 & a good _m o!r prophets1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,! syn!sis ( ! book is really emotional r ?an philosophic1 & hortatory r ?an sci5tific2 & x 0 all ! m influ5tial on t acc\nt4 ,to ! s5sation x produc$ is to be ascrib$ ! edict ( #aggj condemn+ a :ole %elf ( previ\s works to be burnt along ) x by ! common hangman4 #bf4 ,! dea? ( d',holba* 7#aghi7 br+s u to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,by t "t all ! great free?9k+ propag&i/s & non-combatant dei/s ( ! ,voltairean gr\p 7 gone1 save ,condorcet4 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau _h di$ 9 #aggh1 ,helvtius 9 #agga1 ,turgot 9 #agha1 ,d',alemb]t 9 #aghc1 ,did]ot 9 #aghd4 ,aft] all _! lab\rs1 only ! educat$ m9ority1 broadly speak+1 _h be5 made free?9k]s2 & ( ^!1 despite ! vogue ( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature1 only a m9ority 7 a!i/s4 ,deism prevail$1 z we h se51 among ! =emo/ revolutioni/s2 b a!ism 0 relatively r>e4 ,voltaire1 inde$1 impress$ by ! numb] ( cultur$ m5 ( 8 acqua9tance :o av[$ x1 latt]ly speaks #aacb ( !m z v num]\s2 & ,grimm mu/ h _h a good _m among ! subscrib]s to 8 correspond5ce1 to p]mit ( 8 p5n+ or pass+ ! a!i/ic criticism !re giv5 ( ,voltaire's fir/ reply to d',holba*4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0 no cont9u\s a!i/ic movem5t2 & aft] #aghi ! new free?9k+ works run to critical & e?ical attack on ! ,*ri/ian sy/em r ?an on !ism4 ,volney comb9$ bo? l9es ( attack 9 8 fam\s ,ru9s ( ,empires 7#agia72 & ! le>n$ ,dupuis1 9 8 volum9\s ,orig9 ( all ,cults 7#agie71 took an important /ep1 n yet fully reckon$ ) by lat] my?ologi/s1 t[>ds ! my?ological analysis ( ! gospel n>rative4 ,aft] ^! vigor\s p]=mances1 ! popul> progress ( ,fr5* free?\ght 0 = long practically susp5d$ #aacc by ! tumult ( ! ,revolution & ! reaction :i* foll[$ x1 ?\gh ,laplace w5t on 8 way ) 8 epo*-mak+ !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 = :i*1 z he told ,napoleon1 he _h no ne$ ( ! hypo!sis ( a ,god4 ,! admirable ,condorcet _h di$1 p]haps by 8 own h&1 9 #agid1 :5 9 hid+ f ! ,t]rori/s1 leav+ beh9d him 8 ,esquisse d'un tableau hi/orique des progrs de l'esprit huma91 9 :i* ! mo/ sangu9e convictions ( ! rationali/ic s*ool are re=mulat$ )\t a trace ( bitt]ness or ( despair4 #bg4 ,no "p ( ! hi/ory ( free?\ght has be5 m di/ort$ ?an t at :i* x is embroil$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! conv5tional view 9 ,engl& /ill is t ! ,revolution 0 ! "w ( dei/s & a!i/s1 b *iefly ( ! latt]2 t !y suppress$ ,*ri/ianity & set up a wor%ip ( a ,goddess ( ,reason1 repres5t$ by a woman ( ! t[n2 & t ! blood%$ ( ! ,t]ror repres5t$ ! application ( _! pr9ciples to gov]nm5t1 or at lea/ ! political result ( ! )drawal ( religi\s *ecks4 #aacd ,^? :o rememb] 9 ! briefe/ summ>y ! records ( massacre connect$ ) ! affirmation ( religi\s beliefs--! int]nec9e w>s ( ,*ri/ian sects "u ! ,roman ,empire2 ! va/ slaught]s ( ,mani*ans 9 ! ,ea/2 ! blood%$ ( ! p]iod ( propagation 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 f ,*>lemagne onw>ds2 ! /ory ( ! ,crusades1 9 :i* n9e millions ( human be+s are e/imat$ to h be5 de/roy$2 ! g5]ation ( :olesale murd] ( ! h]etics ( ,langu$oc by ! papacy2 ! protract$ savag]ies ( ! ,hussite ,w>2 ! e>ly holocau/ ( ,prote/ant h]etics 9 ,france2 ! massacres ( ,g]man peasants & ,anabapti/s2 ! reciprocal p]secutions 9 ,engl&2 ! civil /rifes ( sect>ies 9 ,switz]l&2 ! f]oci\s w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots & ! ,league2 ! long-drawn agony ( ! w> ( ?irty ye>s 9 ,g]many2 ! annihilation ( myriads ( ,mexicans & ,p]uvians by ! conqu]+ ,spani>ds 9 ! "n ( ! ,cross--^? :o recall ^! ?+s ne$ sp5d no "t ov] ! proposition t rationalism /&s = a removal ( re/ra9ts on blood%$4 ,b x is necess>y to put concisely ! facts z aga9/ ! leg5d 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 7a7 ,t _m ( ! lead+ m5 among ! revolutioni/s 7 dei/s is true2 & ! fact goes to prove t x 0 *iefly ! m5 ( ability 9 ,france :o reject$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,( a numb] ( ^! ! normal attitude 0 repres5t$ 9 ! "w ( ,neck]1 ,sur l'importance des ides religieuses 7#aghg71 :i* repudiat$ ! de/ructive attitude ( ! few1 & may be describ$ z an utt]ance ( pi\s !ism or ,unit>ianism4 #aace ,or?odox he _c well h be51 s9ce1 l 8 wife1 he 0 ! fri5d ( ,voltaire4 #aacf ,b ! majority ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 0 nev] ev5 dei/ic2 x pr(ess$ itself cordially ,ca?olic2 #aacg & ! a!i/s !re might be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&4 #aach ,! ,abb ,b]gi]1 9 answ]+ d',holba* 7,exam5 du ,matrialisme1 ii1 *4 i1 #a71 d5ies t !re has be5 any wide spread ( a!i/ic op9ion4 ,?is is mu* m probable ?an ! /atem5t ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\l\se1 on a deputation to ! k+ 9 #agge1 t le mon/rueux a?isme e/ dev5u l'op9ion dom9ante 7,s\lavie1 ,rgne de ,l\is ,,xvi1 iii1 #af2 cit$ by ,buckle1 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #dhh1 note74 ,joseph ,droz1 a mon>*i/ & a ,*ri/ian1 writ+ "u ,l\is ,philippe1 sums up t ! a!i/s =m$ only a small numb] ( adepts 7,hi/oire du ,rgne de ,l\is ,,xvi1 d4 #ahci1 p4 #db74 ,& ,riv>ol1 :o at ! "t ( writ+ 8 ,lettres ,m4 ,neck] 0 sub/antially an a!i/1 says 9 s _m words t1 :ile ,r\sseau's ,confession ( a ,savoy>d ,vic> 0 naturally v attractive to _m1 su* a book z ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 7 x z attractive z x is t$i\s1 w\ld w9 nobody 7,o,euvres1 d4 #aheb1 p4 #acd74 ,/ill1 x ran into sev5 editions betwe5 #aggj & #aghj4 ,nor 7 !re lack+ vigor\s repres5tatives ( or?odoxy3 ! p[]ful ,abb ,grgoire1 9 p>ticul>1 0 a conv9c$ ,jans5i/ ,*ri/ian1 & at ! same "t an ard5t democrat & anti-royali/4 #aaci ,he saw ! imm5se importance to ! ,*ur* ( a good und]/&+ ) ! ,revolution1 & he accept$ ! con/itution ( #agij4 ,) him w5t a v l>ge numb] ( prie/s4 ,m4 ,lonce de ,lav]gne1 :o 0 pi\s en\gh to write t ! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h _h ! audacity to lay h&s on ,god2 & ?is impi\s attempt has _h = puni%m5t ! revolution>y expiation1 also admits t1 ( ! cl]gy1 x 0 n ! m9ority b ! majority :i* w5t along ) ! ,ti]s tat4 #aadj ,_m ( ! cl]gy1 h[ev]1 be+ refractory1 ! ,assembly press$ its po9t1 & ! brea* wid5$4 ,x 0 solely ?r\gh ?is political ho/ility on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* to ! new con/itution t any civic int]f]5ce ) public wor%ip ev] took place4 ,grgoire 0 extremely popul> ) ! advanc$ types1 #aada ?\gh 8 piety 0 conspicu\s2 #aadb & !re 7 n a few prie/s ( 8 way ( ?9k+1 #aadc among !m be+ "s ( ! able/ bi%ops4 #aadd ,on ! flight ( ! k+1 he & !y w5t ) ! democracy2 & x 0 ! ob/9ate refusal ( ! o!rs to accept ! con/itution t provok$ ! new ,legislative ,assembly to co]ce !m4 ,?\gh ! new body 0 m anti-cl]ical ?an ! old1 h[ev]1 x 0 simply do+ :at successive ,prote/ant mon>*s _h done 9 ,engl& & ,irel&2 & probably no ,gov]nm5t 9 ! _w w\ld !n h act$ o!rwise 9 a simil> case4 #aade ,pati5ce might p]haps h won ! day2 b ! ,revolution 0 fight+ = its life2 & ! cons]vative ,*ur*1 z all m5 knew1 0 eag] to /rangle x4 ,_h ! cl]gy left politics alone1 or simply accept$ ! con/itutional action ( ! ,/ate1 !re w\ld h be5 no religi\s "q4 ,to speak ( su* a body ( prie/s1 :o _h at all times be5 eag] to put m5 to dea? = h]esy1 z v9dicat+ lib]ty ( consci5ce :5 !y refus$ fealty to ! con/itution1 #aadf is some:at to /ra9 ! t]ms4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits "u ! ,old ,rgime _h be5 a m co]cive measure ?an ! dem& ( ! ,assembly on ! allegiance ( ! ,/ate cl]gy4 ,& all ! :ile ! reaction>y section ( ! prie/hood 0 kn[n to be conspir+ ) ! royali/s abroad4 ,x 0 only :51 9 #agic1 ! cons]vative cl]gy 7 se5 to be ! great ob/acle to ! levy ( an army ( def5ce1 t ! m radical spirits began to ?9k ( int]f]+ ) _! functions4 #aadg 7b7 ,an priori me?od has s]v$ alike 9 free?9k]s' & 9 pieti/s' h&s to obscure ! facts4 ,:5 ,mi*elet insi/s on ! irreconcilable opposition ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,revolution--a !sis 9 :i* he 0 he>tily support$ by ,pr\dhon #aadh--;he means t ! c5tral ,*ri/ian dogmas ( salvation by sacrifice & fai? exclude any political e?ic ( ju/ice #aadi--;any doctr9e ( equality & equity4 ,b ?is is only to say t ,*ri/ianity z an organization is 9 p]petual contradiction ) "s ma9 "p ( its pr(ess$ cre$2 & t has be5 a commonplace s9ce ,con/ant9e4 ,x does n mean t ei!r ,*ri/ians 9 multitudes or _! *ur*es z organizations h n con/antly proce$$ on ord9>y political motives1 :e!r populi/ or anti-populi/4 ,9 ,g]many we h se5 ,lu!ranism fir/ fom5t+ & aft]w>ds repudiat+ ! movem5t ( ! peasants = bett]m5t2 & 9 ,engl& 9 ! next c5tury bo? p>ties 9 ! civil w> invoke religi\s doctr9es1 meet+ texts ) texts4 ,jans5ism 0 9 con/ant friction ) ! mon>*y f its outset2 & ,l\is ,,xiv & ,l\is ,,xv alike reg>d$ ! ,jans5i/s z ! enemies ( ! ?rone4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld be z easily reconcil$ ) a democratic movem5t 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury z ) ! ,massacre ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew's ,day 9 ! sixte5?4 ,if ^? ,*ri/ians :o /ill *>ge ! blood%$ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution on ! _s ( incr$ulity desire to corroborate ,mi*elet to ! ext5t ( mak+ ,*ri/ianity ! bulw>k ( absolute mon>*y1 ! fri5d ( a cruel feudalism1 & ! gu>dian g5ius ( ! ,ba/ille1 !y may be left to ! criticism ( _! fell[-believ]s :o h embrac$ ! new] pr9ciple t ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is to be prov$ by connect+ x 9 practice ) ! _s ( social re=m4 ,to po9t out to ei!r p>ty1 z did ,mi*elet1 t evangelical ,*ri/ianity is a religion ( submission & prep>ation = ! end ( all ?+s1 & has no?+ to d ) rational political re=m1 is to be/[ logic :]e logic is indomiciliable4 ,:ile rationalism und\bt$ly fo/]s ! critical _s1 pr(ess$ ,*ri/ians h dur+ _m ages %[n !mselves z prone to rebellion z to w>1 :e!r on religi\s or on political pretexts4 7c7 ,= ! re/1 ! leg5d falsifies :at took place4 ,! facts are n[ e/abli%$ by exact docum5t>y rese>*4 ,! ,gov]nm5t nev] sub/itut$ any species ( religion = ! ,ca?olic4 #aaej ,! ,fe/ival ( ,reason at ,ntre ,dame 0 an act n ( ! ,conv5tion b ( ! ,commune ( ,p>is & ! ,dep>tm5t2 ! ,conv5tion _h no "p 9 promot+ x2 half ! memb]s /ay$ away :5 invit$ to att5d2 & !re 0 no ,goddess ( ,reason 9 ! c]emony1 b only a ,goddess ( ,lib]ty1 repres5t$ by an actress :o _c ev5 be id5tifi$4 #aaea ,?r\gh\t1 ! dev\tly !i/ic ,r\sseau 0 ! *ief lit]>y h]o ( ! movem5t4 ,! two executive ,committees 9 no way c\nt5anc$ ! de*ri/ianization ( ! ,*ur*es1 b on ! contr>y imprison$ p]sons :o remov$ *ur* prop]ties2 & ^! 9 turn prote/$ t !y _h no ?\ght ( aboli%+ religion4 ,! acts ( irresponsible viol5ce did n am\nt to a hundr$? "p ( ! sacrilege wr\ght 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries at ! ,re=mation1 & d n comp>e ) ! acts *>g$ on ,cromwell's troop]s4 ,! policy ( invit+ prie/s & bi%ops to abdicate _! functions 0 /rictly political2 & ! ,ar*bi%op ,gobel did n abjure ,ca?olicism1 b only surr5d]$ 8 (fice4 ,t a numb] ( prie/s did gratuit\sly abjure _! religion is only a pro( ( :at 0 well kn[n--t a good _m prie/s 7 simple dei/s4 ,we h se5 h[ _m abbs f\ght 9 ! free?\ght ranks1 or ne> !m4 ,did]ot 9 a lett] ( #agfi tells ( a day :i* he & a fri5d _h pass$ ) two monks :o 7 a!i/s4 ,"o ( !m read ! fir/ draft ( a v fre% & v vigor\s treatise on a!ism1 full ( new & bold ideas2 ,i le>n$ ) edification t ?is doctr9e 0 ! curr5t doctr9e ( _! cloi/]s4 ,= ! re/1 ^! two monks 7 ! 'big bonnets' ( _! mona/]y2 !y _h intellect1 gaiety1 good feel+1 k4 #aaeb ,& a prie/ ( ! ca!dral ( ,aux]re1 ^: recollections w5t back to ! revolution>y p]iod1 has confess$ t at t "t philosophic op9ions prevail$ 9 mo/ ( ! mona/]ies4 ,8 words ev5 imply t 9 8 op9ion ! unbeliev+ monks 7 ! majority4 #aaec ,9 ! prov9ces1 :]e ! movem5t w5t on ) v>i\s degrees ( activity1 x _h ! same g5]al "*4 ,reason itself 0 (t5 id5tifi$ ) deity1 or decl>$ to be an emanation !re(4 ,hb]t1 commonly describ$ z an a!i/ = 8 %>e 9 ! movem5t1 expressly d5i$ ! *>ge1 & claim$ to h exhort$ ! p to read ! gospels & obey ,*ri/4 #aaed ,danton1 ?\gh at 8 dea? he disav[$ belief 9 immortality1 _h decl>$ 9 ! ,conv5tion 9 #agic t we h n /riv5 to aboli% sup]/ition 9 ord] to e/abli% ! reign ( a!ism4 #aaee ,ev5 ,*aumette 0 n an a!i/2 #aaef & ! ,prussian ,clootz1 :o probably 01 _h c]ta9ly little or no doctr9>y influ5ce2 :ile ! two or ?ree o!r pr(ess$ a!i/s ( ! ,assembly _h no "p 9 ! public action4 7d7 ,f9ally1 ,robespi]re 0 all along ?or\ghly ho/ile to ! movem5t2 9 8 "* ( ,r\sseaui/ & dei/ he argu$ t a!ism 0 ari/ocratic2 he put to dea? ! lead]s ( ! ,cult ( ,reason2 & he set up ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,be+ z a c\nt]-move4 ,broadly speak+1 he affiliat$ to ,neck]1 & /ood v mu* at ! /&po9t ( ! ,engli% ,unit>ianism ( ! pres5t day4 ,?us ! blood%$ ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 if x is to be *>g$ on any species ( philosophic doctr9e r ?an on ! unscrupul\s policy ( ! enemies ( ! ,revolution 9 & out ( ,france1 /&s to ! cr$it ( ! belief 9 a ,god1 ! cre$ ( ,fr$]ick1 ,turgot1 ,neck]1 ,frankl91 ,pitt1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,! "o conv9c$ & reason+ a!i/ among ! publici/s ( ! ,revolution1 ! j\rnali/ ,salaville1 #aaeg oppos$ ! ,cult ( ,reason ) s\nd & s]i\s & p]suasive argum5t1 & /rongly blam$ all =cible int]f]5ce ) wor%ip1 :ile at ! same "t calmly ma9ta9+ a!ism z aga9/ !ism4 ,! age ( a!ism _h n come1 any m ?an ! triumph ( ,reason4 ,mallet du ,pan specifies1 z among ^? :o s9ce #aghh h pu%$ ! blood-/a9$ c> ( an>*y & a!ism1 ,*am=t1 ,gronvelle1 ,g>at1 & ,c]utti4 ,*am=t 0 z high-m9d$ a man z ,mallet himself1 & is to-day s recogniz$ by e unprejudic$ read]4 ,! o!rs are =gott54 ,gronvelle1 :o z secret>y ( ! executive c\ncil read to ,l\is ,,xvi 8 dea?-s5t5ce1 wrote ,de l'autorit de ,montesquieu dans la rvolution prs5te 7#aghi74 ,g>at 0 ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice 9 #agib & ( ! ,int]ior 9 #agic1 & 0 ennobl$ by ,napoleon4 ,he _h publi%$ ,considrations sur la ,rvolution 7#agib7 & a ,mmoire sur la ,rvolution 7#agie74 ,c]utti1 orig9ally a ,jesuit1 became a memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly1 & 0 ! fri5d ( ,mirabeau1 ^: fun]al oration he deliv]$4 #bh4 ,! anti-a!i/ic & anti-philosophic leg5d 0 born ( ! exasp]ation & bad fai? ( ! de?ron$ ari/ocracy1 !mselves (t5 unbeliev]s 9 ! day ( _! asc5dancy1 &1 :e!r unbeliev]s or n1 responsible ) ! ,*ur* & ! c\rt = t long ins5sate resi/ance to re=m :i* made ! revolution inevitable4 ,m]e r&om d5unciation ( new ideas z t5d+ to g5]ate rebellion 0 ( c\rse an anci5t commonplace4 ,m$ieval h]etics _h be5 s d5\nc$2 ,wiclif 0 9 8 day2 & :5 ! ,c\nt de ,cataneo attack$ ,montesquieu's ,_s ( ,laws1 he spoke ( all su* reason+s z attempts :i* %ake ! sacr$ basis ( ?rones4 #aaeh ,b he & 8 contempor>ies knew t free?9k]s 7 n specially giv5 to mut9y2 & :51 lat]1 ,fr5* ,*ur*m5 _h begun sy/ematically to accuse ! philosoph]s ( und]m9+ alike ! ,*ur* & ! ?rone1 #aaei ! unbeliev+ nobles1 consci\s ( entire political cons]vatism1 _h simply laugh$4 ,bett] ?an anyone else !y knew t political revolt _h o!r roots & motives ?an incr$ulity2 & !y c\ld n b rememb] h[ _m ,fr5* k+s _h be5 rebell$ aga9/ by ! ,*ur*1 & h[ _m sla9 by prie/ly h&s4 ,_! acceptance ( ! prie/ly =mula came lat]4 ,9 ! life ( ! brilliant ,riv>ol1 :o associat$ ) ! noblesse :ile disda9$ by _m ( !m because ( 8 obscure bir?1 we may read ! intellectual hi/ory ( ! case4 ,brilliant )\t pati5ce1 ke5 )\t sci5tific coh]5ce1 #aafj ,riv>ol 9 #aghg met ! pi\s deism ( ,neck] ) a dialectic 9 :i* cynicism z (t5 disord]s z illum9ates ! argum5t4 ,) prompt v]acity he fir/ rejects ! ideal ( a b5efic5t reign ( delusion1 & insi/s t religion is se5 9 all hi/ory p[]less alike to ov]rule m5's passions & prejudices1 & to console ! oppress$ by its promise ( a rev]sal ( e>?ly conditions 9 ano!r _w4 ,b 9 ! same brea?1 by way ( prov+ t ! a!i/ is less di/urb+ to conv5tion ?an ! dei/1 he insi/s t ! unbeliev] soon le>ns to see t irrev]5ces are crimes aga9/ society2 & !n1 9 ord] to ju/ify su* con=mity1 ass]ts :at he _h be=e d5i$4 ,& ! self-contradiction recurs4 #aafa ,! und]ly+ motive ( ! :ole polemic is simply ! grudge ( ! upp] class d9]-out aga9/ ! s]i\s & consci5ti\s b\rgeois :o /rives to re=m ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,consci\s ( be+ m enlight5$1 ! wit is eag] at once to disp>age ,neck] = 8 religiosity & to discr$it him politically z ! enemy ( ! socially useful ecclesia/ical ord]4 ,yet 9 8 second lett] ,sur la morale 7#aghh7 he is s pla9ly an unbeliev] t ! treatise _h to be pr9t$ at ,b]l94 ,! due sequ5ce is t :5 ! ,revolution breaks out ,riv>ol sides ) ! c\rt & ! noblesse1 :ile p]fectly aw>e ( ! ineptitude & malfeasance ( bo?2 #aafb &1 liv+ 9 exile1 proce$s to d5\nce ! philosoph]s z hav+ caus$ ! ov]turn by _! univ]sal criticism4 ,9 #aghg he _h decl>$ t he w\ld n ev5 h writt5 8 ,lett]s to ,neck] if he 7 n c]ta9 t ! p does n read4 ,!n ! p _h read nei!r ! philosoph]s nor him4 ,b 9 exile he mu/ ne$s frame = ! migrs a =mula1 true or false4 ,x is ! falsity ( m5 divid$ aga9/ !mselves1 :o pay !mselves ) recrim9ations r ?an realize _! own des]ts4 #aafc ,& 9 ! end ,riv>ol is b a dei/4 #bi4 ,if any c>eful attempt be made to analyse ! situation1 ! /irr+ example ( ! prec$5t revolution 9 ! ,briti% ,am]ican colonies w probably be recogniz$ z c\nt+ = v mu* m ?an any m]ely lit]>y influ5ce 9 promot+ t ( ,france4 ,a c]ta9 republican _s _h inde$ exi/$ among educat$ m5 9 ,france ?r\gh\t ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv3 ,d',arg5son not$ x 9 #agej & lat]4 #aafd ,b ?is _s1 :i* ,d',arg5son 9 l>ge measure %>$1 :ile hold+ firmly by mon>*y1 #aafe 0 simply ! _s ( con/itutionalism1 ! love ( law & good gov]nm5t1 & x d]iv$ f ,engli% example & ! tea*+s ( su* ,engli%m5 z ,locke1 #aaff ins(> z x 0 n spontane\s4 ,if acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( con/itutional gov]nm5t c lead to an>*y1 let x be av[$2 b let n ! cause be pret5d$ to be deism or a!ism4 ,! political tea*+ = :i* ! ,p>is ,p>lem5t d5\nc$ ,r\sseau's mile 9 #agfb1 & = :i* ! !ologians ( ! ,sorbonne c5sur$ ,m>montel's ,blisaire 9 #agfg1 0 ! old doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,b ?is _h be5 ma9ta9$ by a :ole s*ool ( ,engli% ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians be=e ,bossuet d5\nc$ ! ,prote/ant ,jurieu = ma9ta9+ x4 ,nay1 x _h be5 repeat$ly ma9ta9$ by ,ca?olic !ologians1 f ,?omas ,aqu9as to ,su>ez1 #aafg especially :5 !re 0 any "q ( putt+ d[n a ,prote/ant mon>*4 ,prote/ants on _! "p prote/$ indignantly1 & reciprocat$4 ,! recrim9ations ( ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics on ?is head =m "o ( ! /&+ f>ces ( human hi/ory4 ,cog]1 attack+ ,m>montel1 unctu\sly cites ,bayle's c5sure ( 8 fell[ ,prote/ants 9 8 ,avis aux ,rfugiz #aafh = _! tone t[>ds k+s & mon>*y1 b says no?+ ( ,bayle's qu>rel ) ,jurieu1 :i* motiv$ su* an utt]ance1 or ( 8 ,critique ,gnrale ( ,maimb\rg's ,hi/oire du ,calv9isme1 9 :i* he %[s h[ ! ,ca?olic hi/orian's pr9ciples w\ld ju/ify ! rebellion alike ( ,ca?olics 9 e ,prote/ant c\ntry & ( ,prote/ants 9 e ,ca?olic c\ntry1 #aafi ?\gh all ! :ile x is assum$ t true ,*ri/ians nev] resort to viol5ce4 ,&1 unless !re has be5 an error z to 8 au?or%ip1 ,bayle himself1 be x rememb]$1 _h 9 8 lett] ,ce que c'e/ que la ,france t\te ca?olique s\s le rgne de ,l\is le ,gr& pass$ z sca?+ a criticism on ,l\is ,,xiv z any ,prote/ant refugee c\ld well h compass$4 ,sect>ian hypocrisies ap>t1 ! doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p--= oppos+ :i* ! free?9k] ,hobbes has be5 execrat$ by g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians--is ! pr(ess$ political cre$ ( ! v classes :o1 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h s long d5\nc$ ,fr5* free?9k]s = an alleg$ subv]sive social tea*+ :i* fell f> %ort ( :at ,engli% & ,am]ican ,prote/ants _h actually practis$4 ,! revolt ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 9 fact1 precipitat$ democratic feel+ 9 ,france 9 a way t no writ+ _h ev] done4 ,lafayette1 no free?9k]1 decl>$ himself republican at once on read+ ! ,am]ican decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man4 #aagj ,9 all ?is ! free?9k+ propag&a c\nt$ = no?+ directly & = little indirectly1 inasmu* z !re 0 no cl]ical qu>rel 9 ! colonies4 ,& if we seek = ev5 an indirect or g5]al influ5ce1 ap>t f ! affirmation ( ! duty ( k+s to _! p1 ! !sis z to ! activity ( ! philosophes mu/ at once be re/rict$ to ! cases ( ,r\sseau1 ,helvtius1 ,raynal1 & d',holba*1 = ,m>montel nev] pass$ beyond s\nd g5]alities4 ,z = ! pret5ce t x 0 free?9k+ doctr9es t br\ght ,l\is ,,xvi to ! scaffold1 x is ei!r ! mo/ impud5t or ! mo/ ignorant ( hi/orical imputations4 ,! "r ( tyrannicide _h be5 ma9ta9$ by ,ca?olic s*oolm5 be=e ! ,re=mation1 & by bo? ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics aft]w>ds1 times )\t numb]1 ev5 z !y ma9ta9$ ! "r ( ! p to depose & *ange k+s4 ,! doctr9e 0 9 fact n ev5 a mod]n innovation1 ! !ory be+ s well prim$ by ! practice--"u e sort ( gov]nm5t1 ,jewi% & pagan 9 antiquity1 ,moslem 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,*ri/ian f ! day ( ,pep9 to ! day ( ,john ,knox--t a c]ta9 novelty lay on ! side ( ! div9e "r ( k+s :5 t 0 popul>ly =mulat$4 ,& on ! :ole "q ( revolution1 or ! "r ( peoples to reca/ _! laws1 ! g5]al doctr9e ( ! mo/ advanc$ ( ! ,fr5* free?9k]s is p>allel$ or outgone by popes & ,*ur* ,c\ncils 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,occam & ,m>siglio ( ,padua & ,wiclif & m ?an "o ,g]man legi/ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 by ,john ,major & ,george ,bu*anan 9 ,scotl&1 by ,goodman 9 ,engl&1 & by _m ,hugu5ots 9 ,france1 9 ! sixte5?2 by ,hotman 9 8 ,francogallia 9 #aegd2 by ! au?or ( ! ,s\pirs de la ,france ,esclave #aaga 9 #afhi2 & by ! :ole propag&i/ lit]ature ( ! ,engli% & ,am]ican ,revolutions 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5?4 ,s f> f be+ a specialty ( free?9k]s1 s$ition 0 9 all ^! & o!r cases habitually gr\nd$ on ,biblical texts & religi\s prote/ations2 s t ,bacon1 little giv5 z he 0 to def5d+ rationali/s1 c\ld confid5tly av[ t ,a!ism leaves a man to s5se1 to philosophy1 to natural piety1 to laws1 to reputation 444 b sup]/ition dism\nts all ^!1 & erecte? an absolute mon>*y 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,!re=e a!ism did nev] p]turb /ates4444 ,b sup]/ition ha? be5 ! confusion ( _m /ates4 ,= sup]/ition read sect>ianism1 fanaticism1 & ecclesia/icism4 ,bacon's g5]alization is ( c\rse m]ely empirical1 a!ism be+ capable ( alliance ) revolution>y passion 9 its turn2 b ! hi/orical summ>y holds good4 ,only by m5 :o _h n read or _h =gott5 univ]sal hi/ory c\ld ! ascription ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution to rationali/ic ?\ght h be5 made4 #aagb #cj4 ,a survey ( ! "w & attitude ( ! lead+ ,fr5* free?9k]s ( ! c5tury may s]ve to settle ! po9t once = all4 ,voltaire is admitt$ly out ( ! "q4 ,mallet du ,pan1 ^: resi/ance to ! ,revolution develop$ into a fanaticism h>dly less p]turb+ to judgm5t #aagc ?an t ( ,burke1 expressly disp>ag$ him z hav+ s repell$ m5 by 8 cynicism t he _h little influ5ce on _! feel+s1 & s c\ld n be reckon$ a prime =ce 9 prep>+ ! ,revolution4 #aagd ,mably1 ! critic adds1 ^: republican declamations h intoxicat$ _m mod]n democrats1 0 religi\s to au/]ity3 at ! fir/ /roke ( ! tocs9 aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 he w\ld h ?r[n 8 books 9 ! fire1 except+ 8 sca?+ apo/rophes to ,voltaire & ! a!i/s4 ,m>montel1 ,sa9t-,lamb]t1 ,morellet1 ,encyclop$i/s1 7 adv]s>ies ( ! revolution4 #aage ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b>ante av[s t ,mably1 dete/+ z he did ! free?9k+ philosoph]s ( 8 day1 foll[$ no less ?an o!rs a de/ructive c\rse1 & contribut$1 )\t kn[+ x1 to weak5 ! already fray$ ties :i* /ill unit$ ! p>ts ( an anci5t society4 #aagf ,z ,b>ante _h previ\sly ascrib$ ! :ole dissolution to ! autocratic process "u ,l\is ,,xiv1 #aagg ev5 ?is indictm5t ( ! or?odox ,mably is invalid4 ,voltaire1 on ! o!r h&1 ,b>ante *>ges ) an undue lean+ to ! me?ods ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,voltaire1 9 fact1 0 9 ?+s political a cons]vative1 save ins(> z he f\ght = tol]ation1 = l5ity1 & = ! mo/ necess>y re=ms4 ,& if ,voltaire's attack on :at he held to be a demoraliz+ & knew to be a p]secut+ religion be saddl$ ) ! causation ( ! political cra%1 ! blame w h to be c>ri$ back equally to ! ,engli% dei/s & ! tyranny ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,to su* indictm5ts1 z ,b>ante prote/s1 !re is no limit3 e age pivots on its pr$ecessor2 & to blame = ! ,fr5* ,revolution ev]ybody b a corrupt ari/ocracy1 a tyrann\s & ru9\sly sp5d?rift mon>*y1 & a cruel *ur*1 is to miss ! la/ semblance ( judicial me?od4 ,x may be conc$$ t ! works ( ,mesli] & d',holba*1 nei!r ( :om is notic$ by ,b>ante1 are directly ?\gh only g5]ally revolution>y 9 _! be>+4 ,b ! ma9 works ( d',holba* appe>$ too close ^u ! ,revolution to be cr$it$ ) g5]at+ x2 & ,mesli]1 z we "k1 _h be5 g5]ally read only 9 abridgm5ts & adaptations1 9 :i* 8 political doctr9e disappe>s4 ,mallet du ,pan1 /rik+ 9 all directions1 indicts alt]nately ,r\sseau1 ^: vogue lay l>gely among religi\s p1 & ! d[nright free?9k]s4 ,! great fom5t] ( ! ,revolution1 ! critic av[s1 0 ,r\sseau4 ,he _h a hundr$ times m read]s ?an ,voltaire 9 ! middle & l[] classes4444 ,no "o has m op5ly attack$ ! "r ( prop]ty 9 decl>+ x a usurpation4444 ,x is he alone :o has inoculat$ ! ,fr5* ) ! doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 & ) its mo/ extreme consequ5ces4 #aagh ,aft] ?is he alone1 ! critic oblivi\sly proce$s to exclaim3 ,did]ot & ,condorcet3 !re are ! true *iefs ( ! revolution>y s*ool1 add+ t ,did]ot _h proclaim$ equality be=e ,m>at2 ! ,rights ( ,man be=e ,siys2 sacr$ insurrection be=e ,mirabeau & ,lafayette2 ! massacre ( prie/s be=e ! ,septembri/s4 #aagi ,b ?is is m]e furi\s declamation4 ,only by he$less misread+ or malice c support be giv5 to ! pret5ce t ,did]ot wr\ght = ! viol5t ov]?r[ ( ! exi/+ political sy/em4 ,passages d5\nc+ k+ly tyranny _h be5 ins]t$ 9 _! plays by bo? ,corneille & ,voltaire1 & applaud$ by audi5ces :o nev] dreamt ( aboli%+ mon>*y4 ,a phrase ab\t /rangl+ k+s 9 ! b[els ( prie/s is expressly put by ,did]ot 9 ! m\? ( an leu?romane or ,lib]ty-maniac2 #aahj :i* %[s t ! type _h aris5 9 8 lifetime 9 opposition to 8 own bias4 ,?is v poem he read to ! ,pr9ce von ,galitz91 ! ambassador ( ! ,empress ,ca!r9e & 8 own e/eem$ fri5d4 #aaha ,! tyranny ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 sway$ by ! k+'s mi/resses & fav\rites & by ! ,jesuits1 he did inde$ dete/1 z he _h cause to d1 & z e man ( good feel+ did ) him2 b no writ+ ( 8 wr\ght measurably = its viol5t ov]?r[4 #aahb ,d',arg5son 9 #agea 0 express+ 8 fe>s ( a revolution1 & not+ ! dsobeissance con/ante ( ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is & ! disaffection ( ! p1 be=e he _h he>d ( un ,m4 ,did]ot1 qui a beauc\p d'esprit1 mais qui affecte trop l'irreligion4 ,& :5 he notes t ! ,jesuits h secur$ ! suppression ( ! ,encyclopdie z be+ ho/ile to ,god & ! royal au?ority1 he does n atta* ! slighte/ weight to ! *>ge4 ,he knew t ,l\is call$ ! pi\s ,jans5i/s enemies ( ,god & ( ! k+4 #aahc ,mallet du ,pan gr\nds 8 *>ge aga9/ ,did]ot almo/ solely on ^? inc5di>y diatribes int]calat$ 9 ! ,hi/oire philosophique des deux ,indes :i* di%on\r t "w1 & :i* ,raynal1 9 8 latt] days1 excis$ ) horror f a new edition :i* he 0 prep>+4 ,b suppos+ ! passages 9 "q to be all ,did]ot's #aahd--:i* is f> f c]ta9--!y are to be saddl$ ) responsibility = ! ,reign ( ,t]ror only on ! pr9ciple t x 0 m provocative 9 ! days ( tyranny to d5\nce ?an to ex]cise x4 ,to ?is complexion ,mallet du ,pan came1 ) ! anti-,revolutioni/s 9 g5]al2 b to-day we c recognize 9 ! :ole process ( reason+ a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,! s*ool 9 "q came 9 all s]i\sness to ascribe ! evils ( ! ,revolution to ev]y?+ & ev]ybody save ! m5 & classes ^: misgov]nm5t made ! ,revolution inevitable4 ,"s ( ! philosoph]s1 x is true1 !mselves gave col\r to ! view t !y 7 ! mak]s ( ! ,revolution1 z :5 ,d',alemb]t said to ,romilly t philosophy _h produc$ 9 8 "t t *ange 9 ! popul> m9d :i* exhibit$ itself 9 ! indiff]5ce ) :i* !y receiv$ ! news ( ! bir? ( ! dauph94 #aahe ,! error is none ! less pla94 ,! philosophes _h done no?+ to promote anti-mon>*ism among ! common p1 :o did n read4 #aahf ,x 0 ! :ole political & social evolution ( two g5]ations t _h wr\ght ! *ange2 & ! p 7 /ill = ! mo/ "p believ+ ,ca?olics4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 probably )9 ! m>k :5 9 #agfi he privately rem9d$ ! m optimi/ic philosoph]s t _! entire ,fr5* public did n numb] above #bjj1jjj p]sons4 ,! p ( ,p>is1 :o play$ ! *ief "p 9 precipitat+ ! ,revolution1 7 spontane\sly mut9\s & disord]ly1 b 7 c]ta9ly n 9 any consid]able numb] unbeliev]s4 ,:ile ,voltaire de*ri/ianiz$ a portion ( polite society ! p rema9$ v pi\s1 ev5 at ,p>is4 ,9 #agff ,l\is ,,xv1 s unpopul>1 0 acclaim$ because he knelt1 on ! ,pont ,neuf1 be=e ! ,holy ,sacram5t4 #aahg ,& ?is is ! f9al answ] to any pret5ce t ! ,revolution 0 ! "w ( ! s*ool ( d',holba*4 ,b]gi] ! prie/1 & ,riv>ol ! cons]vative unbeliev]1 alike d5i$ t d',holba*'s sy/ematic writ+s _h any wide public4 ,d\btless ! same m5 7 ready to eat _! words = ! satisfaction ( vilify+ an oppon5t4 ,x has always be5 ! way ( or?odoxy to tell a!i/s alt]nately t !y are an impot5t h&ful & t !y are ! ru9 ( society4 ,b by ?is "t x ought to be a matt] ( elem5t>y k t a great political revolution c be wr\ght only by f>-rea*+ political =ces1 :e!r or n ^! may concur ) a propag&a ( rationalism 9 religion4 #aahh ,if any philosoph] s-call$ is to be cr$it$ ) specially promot+ ! ,revolution1 x is ei!r ,r\sseau1 :o is s (t5 hail$ latt]ly z ! eng9e] ( a religi\s reaction1 & ^: works1 z has be5 repeat$ly rem>k$1 conta9 mu* t is utt]ly & irreconcilably oppos$ to ! ,revolution1 #aahi or ,raynal1 :o 0 only anti-cl]ical1 n anti-,*ri/ian1 & :o actually c5sur$ ! revolution>y proc$ure4 ,:5 he publi%$ 8 fir/ edition he mu/ be held to h acquiesc$ 9 its doctr9e1 :e!r x 7 f ,did]ot's p5 or 8 own4 ,r\sseau & ,raynal 7 ! two mo/ popul> writ]s ( _! day :o dealt ) social z ap>t f religi\s or philosophical issues1 & to bo? is ?us imput$ a g5]al subv]siv5ess4 ,b "h too ! *>ge re/s ^u a sociological fallacy4 ,! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is1 compos$ ( ri* b\rgeois & ari/ocrats1 _m ( !m ,jans5i/s1 v few ( !m free?9k]s1 mo/ ( !m ready to burn free?9k+ books1 play$ a subv]sive "p ?r\gh\t ! c5tury1 inasmu* z x s frequ5tly resi/$ ! k+'s w4 #aaij ,! />s 9 _! c\rses f\ght aga9/ ! old despotism4 ,r\sseau 0 ultimately influ5tial t[>ds *ange because *ange 0 inevitable & ess5tial1 n because he 0 re/less4 ,! :ole drift ( ?+s fur!r$ 8 ideas1 :i* at ! outset won no great vogue4 ,he 0 foll[$ because he set =? :at s _m felt2 & simil>ly ,raynal 0 read because he *im$ ) a /r5g!n+ feel+4 ,9 direct contradiction to ,mallet du ,pan1 ,*am=t1 a ke5] obs]v]1 wrote :ile ! ,revolution 0 /ill 9 action t ! prie/hood 0 ! fir/ bulw>k ( absolute p[]1 & ,voltaire ov]?rew x4 ,)\t ?is decisive & indisp5sable fir/ /ep no?+ w\ld h be5 done4 #aaia ,! same obs]v] goes on to say t ,r\sseau's political works1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,contrat ,social1 7 fitt$ = few read]s1 & caus$ no al>m at c\rt4444 ,t !ory 0 reg>d$ z a holl[ speculation :i* c\ld h no fur!r consequ5ces ?an ! en?usiasm = lib]ty & ! contempt ( royalty c>ri$ s f> 9 ! pieces ( ,corneille1 & applaud$ at c\rt by ! mo/ absolute ( k+s1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,all t seem$ to belong to ano!r _w1 & to h no connection ) ours2 444 9 a ^w1 ,voltaire above all has made ! ,revolution1 because he has writt5 = all2 ,r\sseau above all has made ! ,con/itution because he has writt5 = ! ?9k]s4 #aaib ,& s ! *anges may be rung = ev]4 ,! f9al philosophy ( hi/ory _c be rea*$ by any su* artificial selection ( factors2 #aaic & ! e?ical problem equally evades su* solutions4 ,if we are to pass any e?ico-political judgm5t :atev]1 x mu/ be t ! evils ( ! ,revolution lie at ! door n ( ! re=m]s1 b ( ! m51 ! classes1 & ! in/itutions :i* fir/ provok$ & !n resi/$ x4 #aaid ,to describe ! =m] z ! au?ors ( ! process is z intellig5t z x 0 to *>ge ^u ,sokrates ! decay ( or?odox tradition 9 ,a!ns1 & to *>ge ^u t ! lat] d[nfall ( ! ,a!nian empire4 ,! wise/ m5 ( ! age1 notably ! great ,turgot1 s\ght a gradual trans=mation1 a peaceful & h>mless transition f uncon/itutional to con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,_! policy 0 furi\sly resi/$ by an untea*able ari/ocracy4 ,:5 at la/ =tuit\s viol5ce made a brea* 9 ! feudal walls1 a p unprep>$ = self-rule1 & f\ght by an ari/ocracy eag] = blood1 surg$ into an>*y1 & convulsion foll[$ on convulsion4 ,t is 9 brief ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution4 #ca4 ,:ile ! true causation ( ! ,revolution is ?us kept cle>1 x mu/ n be =gott51 fur!r1 t to ! v la/1 save :]e controll$ by disguis$ rationali/s l ,male%]bes1 ! t5d5cy ( ! old rgime 0 to p]secute brutally & s5selessly :]ev] x c\ld lay h&s on a free?9k]4 ,9 #aghh1 only a ye> be=e ! fir/ explosion ( ! ,revolution1 !re appe>$ ! ,almana* des ,honntes ,g5s ( ,sylva9 ,m>*al1 a "w ( :i* ! (f5ce consi/$ n 9 any attack ^u religion1 b 9 simply con/ruct+ a cal5d> 9 :i* ! names ( r5[n$ laym5 7 sub/itut$ = sa9ts4 ,in/antly x 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,p>is ,p>lem5t1 ! pr9t] prosecut$1 & ! au?or imprison$2 & ,de ,sauvigny1 ! c5sor :o _h pass$ ! book1 0 exil$ ?irty leagues f ,p>is4 #aaie ,"s idea ( ! int5sity ( ! tyranny ov] all lit]ature 9 ,france "u ! ,old ,rgime may be ga!r$ f ,buckle's comp5di\s acc\nt ( ! books (ficially condemn$1 & ( au?ors puni%$1 dur+ ! two g5]ations be=e ! ,revolution4 ,ap>t f ! record ( ! treatm5t ( ,buffon1 ,m>montel1 ,morellet1 ,voltaire1 & ,did]ot1 x runs3 ,! 444 t5d5cy 0 %[n 9 matt]s s trifl+ t no?+ b ! gravity ( _! ultimate results prev5ts !m f be+ ridicul\s4 ,9 #aggj1 ,imb]t translat$ ,cl>ke's ,lett]s on ,spa91 "o ( ! be/ works !n exi/+ on t c\ntry4 ,?is book1 h[ev]1 0 suppress$ z soon z x appe>$2 & ! only reason assign$ = su* a /ret* ( p[] is t x conta9$ "s rem>ks respect+ ! passion ( ,*>les ,,iii = hunt+1 :i* 7 consid]$ disrespectful to ! ,fr5* cr[n1 because ,l\is ,,xv himself 0 a great hunt]4 ,sev]al ye>s be=e ?is ,la ,blett]ie1 :o 0 fav\rably kn[n 9 ,france by 8 works1 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,b he1 x seems1 0 a ,jans5i/1 & _h moreov] v5tur$ to ass]t t ! ,emp]or ,julian1 not)/&+ 8 apo/asy1 0 n entirely devoid ( good qualities4 ,su* (f5ces c\ld n be ov]look$ 9 s pure an age2 & ! k+ oblig$ ! ,academy to exclude ,la ,blett]ie f _! society4 ,t ! puni%m5t ext5d$ no fur!r 0 an in/ance ( rem>kable l5i5cy2 = ,frret1 an em95t critic & s*ol>1 0 conf9$ 9 ! ,ba/ille because he /at$1 9 "o ( 8 memoirs1 t ! e>lie/ ,franki% *iefs _h receiv$ _! titles f ! ,romans4 ,! same p5alty 0 inflict$ f\r diff]5t times ^u ,l5glet du ,fresnoy4 ,9 ! case ( ?is amiable & accompli%$ man1 !re seems to h be5 h>dly ! %ad[ ( a pretext = ! cruelty ) :i* he 0 treat$2 ?\gh on "o occasion ! alleg$ (f5ce 0 t he _h publi%$ a supplem5t to ! ,hi/ory ( ,de ,?\4 ,inde$1 we h only to op5 ! biographies & correspond5ce ( t "t to f9d in/ances cr[d+ ^u u f all qu>t]s4 ,r\sseau 0 ?reat5$ ) imprisonm5t1 0 driv5 f ,france1 & 8 works 7 publicly burn$4 ,! celebrat$ treatise ( ,helvtius on ! ,m9d 0 suppress$ by an ord] ( ! ,royal ,c\ncil2 x 0 burn$ by ! common hangman1 & ! au?or 0 compell$ to write two lett]s retract+ 8 op9ions4 ,"s ( ! geological views ( ,buffon hav+ (f5d$ ! cl]gy1 t illu/ri\s naturali/ 0 oblig$ to publi% a =mal recantation ( doctr9es :i* are n[ kn[n to be p]fectly accurate4 ,! le>n$ ,obs]vations on ! ,hi/ory ( ,france1 by ,mably1 7 suppress$ z soon z !y appe>$3 = :at reason x w\ld be h>d to say1 s9ce ,m4 ,guizot1 c]ta9ly no fri5d ei!r to an>*y or to irreligion1 has ?\ght x wor? :ile to republi% !m1 & ?us /amp !m ) ! au?ority ( 8 own great "n4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 by ,raynal1 0 condemn$ to ! flames1 & ! au?or ord]$ to be arre/$4 ,lanju9ais1 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ,joseph ,,ii1 advocat$ n only religi\s tol]ation1 b ev5 ! abolition ( slav]y2 8 book1 !re=e1 0 decl>$ to be 's$iti\s'2 x 0 pron\nc$ 'de/ructive ( all subord9ation1' & 0 s5t5c$ to be burn$4 ,! ,analysis ( ,bayle1 by ,m>sy1 0 suppress$1 & ! au?or 0 imprison$4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits1 by ,l+uet1 0 deliv]$ to ! flames2 eight ye>s lat] 8 j\rnal 0 suppress$2 &1 ?ree ye>s aft] t1 z he /ill p]si/$ 9 writ+1 8 ,political ,annals 7 suppress$1 & he himself 0 ?r[n into ! ,ba/ille4 ,delisle de ,sales 0 s5t5c$ to p]petual exile & confiscation ( all 8 prop]ty on acc\nt ( 8 "w on ! ,philosophy ( ,nature4 ,! treatise by ,mey1 on ,fr5* ,law1 0 suppress$2 t by ,bonc]f1 on ,feudal ,law1 0 burn$4 ,! ,memoirs ( ,beaum>*ais 7 likewise burn$2 ! loge on ,fnelon1 by ,la ,h>pe1 0 m]ely suppress$4 ,duv]net1 hav+ writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,sorbonne1 :i* 0 /ill unpubli%$1 0 seiz$ & ?r[n into ! ,ba/ille1 :ile ! manuscript 0 yet 9 8 own possession4 ,! celebrat$ "w ( ,de ,lolme on ! ,engli% con/itution 0 suppress$ by edict directly x appe>$4 ,! fate ( be+ suppress$ or prohibit$ also await$ ! ,lett]s ( ,g]vaise 9 #agbd2 ! ,diss]tations ( ,c\ray] 9 #agbg2 ! ,lett]s ( ,montgon 9 #agcb2 ! ,hi/ory ( ,tam]lane1 by ,m>gat1 also 9 #agcb2 ! ,essay on ,ta/e1 by ,c>taud1 9 #agcf2 ,! ,life ( ,domat1 by ,prvo/ de la ,janns1 9 #agdb2 ! ,hi/ory ( ,l\is ,,xi1 by ,duclos1 9 #agde2 ! ,lett]s ( ,b>geton 9 #agej2 ! ,memoirs on ,troyes1 by ,grosley1 9 ! same ye>2 ! ,hi/ory ( ,clem5t ,,xi1 by ,reb\let1 9 #ageb2 ,! ,s*ool ( ,man1 by ,gn>d1 also 9 #ageb2 ! ,!rapeutics ( ,g>lon 9 #agef2 ! celebrat$ !sis ( ,l\is1 on ,g5]ation1 9 #aged2 ! treatise on ,presidial ,jurisdiction1 by ,j\sse1 9 #agee2 ! ,ericie ( ,font5elle 9 #agfh2 ! ,?\ghts ( ,jam9 9 #agfi2 ! ,hi/ory ( ,siam1 by ,turp91 & ! loge ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 by ,?omas1 bo? 9 #aggj2 ! works on ,f9ance by ,d>igr&1 9 #agfd1 & by ,le ,trosne 9 #aggi2 ! ,essay on ,milit>y ,tactics1 by ,guib]t1 9 #aggb2 ! ,lett]s ( ,b\cquet 9 ! same ye>2 & ! ,memoirs ( ,t]rai1 by ,coqu]eau1 9 #aggf4 ,su* wanton de/ruction ( prop]ty 01 h[ev]1 m]cy itself comp>$ to ! treatm5t exp]i5c$ by o!r lit]>y m5 9 ,france4 ,des=ges1 = example1 hav+ writt5 aga9/ ! arre/ ( ! ,pret5d] to ! ,engli% ?rone1 01 solely on t acc\nt1 buri$ 9 a dungeon eight feet squ>e & conf9$ !re = ?ree ye>s4 ,?is happ5$ 9 #agdi2 & 9 #aggj1 ,audra1 pr(essor at ! ,college ( ,t\l\se1 & a man ( "s reputation1 publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,abridgem5t ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,beyond ?is ! "w nev] proce$$2 x 0 at once condemn$ by ! ar*bi%op ( ! diocese1 & ! au?or 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fice4 ,audra1 held up to public opprobrium1 ! :ole ( 8 lab\rs r5d]$ useless1 & ! prospects ( 8 life sudd5ly blight$1 0 unable to survive ! %ock4 ,he 0 /ruck ) apoplexy1 & )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 ly+ a corpse 9 8 own h\se4 #cb4 ,among _m o!r illu/rations ( ! passion = p]secution 9 ! p]iod may be not$ ! fact t aft] ! dea? ( ! a!i/ ,damilaville 8 enemies contriv$ to deprive 8 bro!r ( a po/ f :i* he _h 8 sole livelihood4 #aaif ,x is b "o ( an inf9ity ( pro(s t ! _s ( %e] sect>ian malevol5ce1 :i* is f> f be+ elim9at$ 9 mod]n life1 0 9 ! ,fr5* ,*ur* ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! rul+ passion4 ,lov]s ( mod]ate c\rses !re 71 ev5 9 ! ,*ur*2 b ev5 among pr(essors ( l5ity we f9d an +ra9$ belief 9 ! virtue ( vitup]ation & co]cion4 ,& x is n until ! p]secut$ m9ority has develop$ its p[] ( writt5 retaliation1 & ! deadly arr[s ( ,voltaire h ar\s$ 9 ! m9ds ( p]secutors a new t]ror1 t !re seems to arise on t side a suspicion t !re c be any bett] way ( h&l+ unbelief ?an by invective & imprisonm5t4 ,aft] !y _h taught ! h]etics to def5d !mselves1 & f\nd !m possess$ ( weapons su* z or?odoxy c\ld n hope to h&le1 we f9d ,*ur*m5 talk+ newly ( ! duty ( g5tl5ess t[>ds error2 & ev5 !n cl++ to ! la/ to ! weapons ( public o/racism & asp]sion4 ,s ! fight 0 ( necessity f\ght on ! side ( free?\ght 9 ! temp] ( m5 w>r+ on incorrigible oppression & cruelty z well z on error4 ,! wond] is t ! free?9k]s pres]v$ s mu* am5ity4 #cc4 ,?is section w\ld n be complete ev5 9 outl9e )\t "s notice ( ! attitude held t[>ds religion by ,napoleon1 :o at once cr[n$ & 9 l>ge measure undid ! "w ( ! ,revolution4 ,he has 8 place 9 its religi\s leg5d 9 ! curr5t datum t he wr\ght = ! fai? by re/or+ a suppress$ public wor%ip & enabl+ ! p ( ,france once m to he> *ur*-bells4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 z 0 po9t$ out by ,bi%op ,grgoire 9 #ahbf1 x is mat]ially prov$ t 9 #agif1 be=e he 0 ,consul1 & f\r ye>s be=e ! ,concordat1 accord+ to a /atem5t drawn up at ! (fice ( ! ,doma9es ,nationaux1 !re 7 9 ,france #cb1bad p>i%es :]e ! culte 0 c>ri$ on4 #aaig ,o!r commonplaces conc]n+ ,napoleon are n mu* bett] f\nd$4 ,on ! /r5g? ( a numb] ( oral utt]ances1 _m ( !m imp]fectly v\*$ =1 & none ( !m m>k$ by mu* delib]ation1 he has be5 claim$ by ,c>lyle #aaih z a !i/ :o philosophically disda9$ ! clatt] ( mat]ialism1 & believ$ 9 a ,p]sonal ,creator ( an inf9ite univ]se2 :ile by o!rs he is put =w>d z a k9d ( exp]t 9 "* /udy :o v\*$ = ! div9ity ( ,jesus4 #aaii ,9 effect1 8 v]dict t ?is 0 n a man w\ld tell1 if any?+1 9 fav\r ( ! view t ,jesus is a my?ical con/ruction4 ,he 01 inde$1 by temp]am5t quasi-religi\s1 lik+ ! s\nd ( *ur* bells & ! atmosph]e ( devotion2 & 9 8 boyhood he _h be5 a r f]v5t ,ca?olic4 ,z he grew up he read1 l 8 contempor>ies1 ! ,fr5* dei/s ( 8 "t1 & became a dei/ l 8 fell[s1 recogniz+ t religions 7 human productions4 ,decl>+ t he 0 lo9 d'tre a?e1 he prop\nd$ to ,o',me>a all ! conv5tional views--t religion %\ld be made a support to morals & law2 t m5 ne$ to believe 9 m>vels2 t religion is a great consolation to ^? :o believe 9 x2 & t no "o c tell :at he w d 9 8 la/ mom5ts4 #abjj ,! op9ion to :i* he seems to h adh]$ mo/ /eadily 0 t e man %\ld die 9 ! religion 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up4 ,& he himself (ficially did s1 ?\gh he put (f almo/ to ! la/ ! =mality ( a dea?b$ pr(ession4 ,8 language on ! subject is irreconcilable ) any real belief 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion3 he 0 a dei/ la ,voltaire :o recall$ ) t5d]ness 8 ,ca?olic *ildhood1 & :o at dea? rev]t$ to 8 fir/ beliefs4 #abja ,= ! re/1 he c]ta9ly believ$ 9 religion z a "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate1 & repeat$ ! usual platitudes ab\t its value z a moral re/ra9t4 ,he 0 c&id en\gh1 h[ev]1 n to pret5d t x _h ev] re/ra9$ him2 & no free?9k] condemn$ m sweep+ly ?an he ! p>alys+ effect ( ! ,ca?olic sy/em on ,spa94 #abjb ,to ! ,*ur* 8 attitude 0 purely political2 & 8 p]sonal lik+ = ! ,pope nev] mov$ him to yield1 :]e he c\ld avoid x1 to ! temporal pret5sions ( ! papacy4 ,! ,concordat ( #ahjb1 t brilliant triumph ov] ! g5ius ( ! ,revolution1 #abjc 0 purely & simply a political measure4 ,if he _h _h 8 way1 he w\ld h set up a sy/em ( religi\s c\ncils 9 ,france1 to be utiliz$ aga9/ all di/urb+ t5d5cies 9 politics4 #abjd ,_h he succe$$1 he 0 capable ( suppress+ all manife/ations ( free?\ght 9 ! int]e/s ( ord]4 #abje ,he _h1 9 fact1 no dis9t]e/$ love ( tru?2 & we h 8 express decl>ation1 at ,/4 ,hel5a1 on ! subject ( ,molire's ,t>tufe3 ,i d n hesitate to say t if ! piece _h be5 writt5 9 my "t1 ,i w\ld n h p]mitt$ its repres5tation4 #abjf ,free?\ght c make no w>m claim to ! allegiance ( su* a rul]2 & if ! ,*ur* ( ,rome is conc]n$ to claim him z a son on ! score ( 8 dea?b$ adh]5ce1 aft] a reign :i* l$ ! ,ca?olic cl]gy ( ,spa9 to hold him up to ! fai?ful z an inc>nation ( ! devil1 #abjg %e w h>dly ga9 by ! association4 ,napoleon's ideas on religi\s que/ions 7 9 fact no m notewor?y ?an 8 views on economics1 :i* 7 ?or\ghly conv5tional4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,g]man ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies #a4 ,:5 two g5]ations ( ,prote/ant /rife _h turn$ to naught ! intellectual promise ( ! ,re=mation1 & mu* ( ! gr\nd fir/ won by x _h laps$ to ,ca?olicism1 ! g5]al =w>d movem5t ( ,european ?\ght avail$ to set up 9 ,g]many z else:]e a measure ( critical unbelief4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t ! ,lu!ran cl]gy n only fail$ to hold ! be/ intellig5ce ( ! c\ntry ) !m1 b 9 l>ge "p fell into p]sonal disrepute4 #abjh ,! sc5es ( cl]ical immorality1 says an em95tly or?odox hi/orian1 are en\gh to *ill "o's blood ev5 at ! di/ance ( two c5turies4 #abji ,a ,*ur* ,ord9ance ( #afjj ackn[l$ges in=mation to ! effect t a numb] ( cl]gym5 & s*oolma/]s are guilty ( :or$om & =nication1 & comm&s t if !y are notori\sly guilty !y %all be susp5d$4 ,details are pres]v$ ( cases ( cl]ical drunk5ness & ruffianism2 & ! wom5 ( ! prie/s' families d n escape ! pillory4 #abaj ,ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 ,arnold resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,giess5 f despair ( produc+ any am5dm5t 9 ! dissolute habits ( ! /ud5ts4 #abaa ,x is not$ t ! great moral decl9e ( ! cl]gy 0 conf9$ *iefly to ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,! ,re=m$ ,calv9i/ic 0 e>ne/1 pi\s1 & aggressive #abab--! usual result ( (ficial ho/ility4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! active free?\ght exi/+ 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury c\ld n fail to affect ,g]many2 & ev5 be=e ! date ( ! polemic ( ,g>asse & ,m]s5ne !re appe>$ 7#afae7 a c\nt]bla/ to ! new ?\ght 9 ! ,!ologia ,naturalis ( ,j4 ,h4 ,al/$1 ( ,frank=t1 direct$ adv]sus a!os1 ,epicureos1 et sophi/as hujus temporis4 ,! preface to ?is solid qu>to 7a rem>kable sample ( good pr9t+ = ! p]iod7 decl>es t !re are m5 9 ?is diseas$ 7exulc]ato7 age :o d>e to oppose sci5ce to revelation1 reason to fai?1 nature to grace1 ! creator to ! r$eem]1 & tru? to tru?2 & ! writ] und]takes to rise argum5tatively f nature to ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 )\t1 h[ev]1 transc5d+ ! logical plane ( ,de ,mornay4 ,! tr\ble ( ! "t1 unhappily = ! fai?1 0 n rationalism1 b ! inext+ui%able hatr$s ( ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 & ! /rife ( economic int]e/s dat+ f ! appropriations ( ! fir/ re=m]s4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a g5]ation ( gloomy susp5se1 came ! explosion ( ! ho/ile ecclesia/ical int]e/s1 & ! long-drawn horror ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* left ,g]many mangl$1 deva/at$1 dra9$ ( blood & treasure1 deciviliz$1 & well-nigh de/itute ( ! ma*9]y ( culture4 ,no su* pr9t+ z t ( ,al/$'s book 0 to be done 9 ! ,g]man _w = _m g5]ations4 ,b z 9 ,france1 s 9 ,g]many1 ! exhau/+ exp]i5ce ( ! moral & physical evil ( religi\s w> wr\ght some?+ ( an antidote1 9 ! %ape ( a new _s ( rationalism4 ,n only 0 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia an ess5tially secul> arrangem5t1 subord9at+ all religi\s claims to a political settlem5t1 #abac b ! drift ( op9ion 0 m>k$ly free?9k+4 ,already 9 #afcj "o writ] describes ?ree classes ( skeptics among ! nobility ( ,hamburg3 fir/1 ^? :o believe t religion is no?+ b a m]e fiction1 inv5t$ to keep ! masses 9 re/ra9t2 second1 ^? :o give pref]5ce to no fai?1 b ?9k t all religions h a g]m ( tru?2 & ?ird1 ^? :o1 confess+ t !re mu/ be "o true religion1 are unable to decide :e!r x is papal1 ,calv9i/1 or ,lu!ran1 & consequ5tly believe no?+ at all4 ,no less explicit is ! writt5 te/imony ( ,wal!r1 ! c\rt *apla9 ( ,ulri* ,,ii ( ,ea/ ,friesl&1 #afcg3 ,^! inf]nal c\rti]s1 among :om ,i am compell$ to live aga9/ my w1 d\bt ^? tru?s :i* ev5 ! hea!n h le>n$ to believe4 #abad ,9 ,g]many z 9 ,france ! free?9k+ :i* ?us grew up dur+ ! religi\s w> exp&$ aft] ! peace4 ,z usual1 ?is is to be ga!r$ f ! or?odox propag&a aga9/ x1 sett+ out 9 #affb ) a ,pres]vative aga9/ ! ,pe/ ( ,pres5t-day ,a!i/s1 #abae by "o ,!ophilus ,geg5bau]4 ,s f> 0 ?is f atta9+ its end t !re ensu$ ere long a m positive & aggressive developm5t ( free?9k+ ?an any o!r c\ntry _h yet se54 ,a w&]+ s*ol>1 ,mat?ias ,knutz5 ( ,hol/e9 7b4 #afde71 :o _h /udi$ philosophy at ,knigsb]g1 w5t ab\t 9 #afgd tea*+ a h>dy ,religion ( ,humanity1 reject+ alike immortality1 ,god & ,devil1 *ur*es & prie/s1 & insi/+ t consci5ce c\ld p]fectly well take ! place ( ! ,bible z a guide to conduct4 ,8 doctr9es are to be ga!r$ *iefly f a curi\s ,lat9 lett]1 #abaf writt5 by him = circulation1 head$ ,amicus ,amicis ,amica2 & 9 ?is ! pr(ession ( a!ism is explicit3 ,insup] ,deum negamus4 ,9 two dialogues 9 ,g]man he set =? ! same ideas4 ,8 foll[]s1 z hold+ by consci5ce1 7 call$ ,gewiss5]2 & he or ano!r ( 8 gr\p ass]t$ t 9 ,j5a alone !re 7 sev5 hundr$ ( !m4 #abag ,! figures 7 fanta/ic1 & ! :ole movem5t pass$ rapidly out ( sight--h>dly by reason ( ! or?odox refutations1 h[ev]4 ,g]many 0 9 no /ate to su/a9 su* a p>ty2 & :at happ5$ 0 a necess>ily sl[ ge/ation ( ! se$ ( new ?\ght ?us ca/ abroad4 ,knutz5's ,lat9 lett] is giv5 9 full by a ,wel% s*ol> settl$ 9 ,g]many1 ,j5k9us ,?omasius 7,j5k9 ,?omas71 9 8 ,hi/oria ,a!ismi 7,altdorf1 #afib71 ed4 ,basel1 #agji1 pp4 #ig-aja2 also by ,la ,croze 9 8 7anon47 ,entreti5s sur div]s sujets1 #agaa1 p4 #djb sq4 ,?omasius ?us codifies its doctr9e3--#a4 ,!re is nei!r ,god nor ,devil4 #b4 ,! magi/rate is no?+ to be e/eem$2 temples are to be condemn$1 prie/s to be reject$4 #c4 ,9 place ( ! magi/rate & ! prie/ are to be put k & reason1 jo9$ ) consci5ce1 :i* tea*es to live hone/ly1 to injure none1 & to give ea* 8 own4 #d4 ,m>riage & free union d n diff]4 #e4 ,?is is ! only life3 aft] x1 !re is nei!r rew>d nor puni%m5t4 #f4 ,! ,scripture contradicts itself4 ,knutz5 admitt$ly wrote l a s*ol> 7,?omasius1 p4 #ig72 b 8 treatm5t ( ,scripture contradictions belongs to ! infancy ( criticism2 ?\gh ,la ,croze1 reply+ ?irty ye>s lat]1 c\ld only meet x ) *>ges ( impiety & /upidity4 ,z to ! numb]s ( ! movem5t see ,tr9ius1 ,freyd5k] ,lexicon1 #agei1 s4 v4 ,knutz54 ,kurtz 7,hi/4 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfd1 i1 #bac7 /ates t a c>eful academic inve/igation prov$ ! claim to a memb]%ip ( #gjj to be an empty boa/ 7cit+ ,h4 ,rossel1 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahdd1 iv74 ,?is d\btless ref]s to ! treatise ( ,musu1 ,j5a1 #afge1 cit$ by ,la ,croze1 p4 #dja4 ,"s conv]ts ,knutz5 c]ta9ly made2 & z only ! h>die/ w\ld d>e to av[ !mselves1 8 influ5ce may h be5 consid]able4 ,examples ( total unbelief come only s+ly to k1 says ,?oluck2 b total unbelief _h /ill to ! end ( ! c5tury to be> p5al treatm5t4 ,he gives ! in/ances 7#a7 ( ! ,sw$i% ,b>on ,skytte1 report$ 9 #affi by ,sp5] to ! ,frank=t au?orities = hav+ said at table1 be=e ! c\rt prea*]1 t ! ,scriptures 7 n holy1 & n f ,god b f m52 & 7#b7 a c]ta9 m9i/] :o at ! end ( ! c5tury 0 prosecut$ = blasphemy4 7,das kir*li*e ,leb5 des #agt5 ,jahrhund]ts1 #b ,ab?4 pp4 #ef-eg47 ,ev5 ,anabapti/s 7 /ill liable to bani%m5t 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,id4 #a ,ab?4 #ahfa1 p4 #cf4 ,z to cl]ical intol]ance see pp4 #dj-dd4 ,on ! m]its ( ! ,knutz5 movem5t cp4 ,pnj]1 ,hi/1 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,philos4 ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #dcg-h4 #b4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 cl]ical action c\ld drive su* a movem5t "u ! surface1 x c\ld n prev5t ! spread ( rationalism 9 all directions2 & !re 0 n[ g]m9at+ a philosophic unbelief #abah "u ! influ5ce ( ,sp9oza4 ,n[h]e 7 !re m prompt & num]\s answ]s to ,sp9oza ?an 9 ,g]many1 #abai :5ce x may be inf]r$ t )9 ! educat$ class he soon _h a good _m adh]5ts4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,elector ,palat9e (f]$ him a pr(essor%ip ( philosophy at ,heidelb]g 9 #afgc1 promis+ him ! mo/ ample fre$om 9 philosophical tea*+1 & m]ely /ipulat+ t he %\ld n use x to di/urb ! religion publicly e/abli%$4 #abbj ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,rappolt1 ( ,leipzig1 attack$ him z an a!i/1 9 an ,oratio contra naturali/as 9 #afgj2 ,pr(essor ,musu1 ( ,j5a1 assail$ him 9 #afgd2 #abba & ! ,*ancellor ,kor?olt1 ( ,kiel1 gr\p$ him1 ,h]b]t1 & ,hobbes z ,! ,?ree ,great ,impo/ors 9 #afhj4 #abbb ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,e?ica ! replies multipli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cuffela] v9dicat$ ,sp9oza 9 #afhd2 & 9 #afia ,f4 ,w4 ,/os*1 a c\rt (ficial1 & son ( ! c\rt prea*]1 publi%$ a /r+5t attack on revelationism1 entitl$ ,concordia rationis et fidei1 p>tly on ,sp9ozi/ic l9es1 :i* creat$ mu* commotion1 & 0 =cibly suppress$ & condemn$ to be burnt by ! hangman at ,b]l91 #abbc z x d5i$ n only ! immat]iality b ! immortality ( ! s\l & ! hi/orical tru? ( ! ,scriptural n>ratives4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! fir/ "w ( mod]n free?\ght publi%$ by a ,g]man1 #abbd ap>t f ,knutz5's lett]2 b a p>tial li/ ( ! apologetic works ( ! p]iod1 f ,geg5bau] onw>ds1 may suffice to sugge/ ! real vogue ( het]odox op9ions3-- #affb4 ,?4 ,geg5bau]4 ,pres]vatio wid] die ,pe/ d] heutig5 ,a!i/54 ,erfurt4 #affh4 ,j4 ,musu4 ,exam5 ,*]burianismi4 ,contra ,e4 ,h]b]tum de ,*]bury4 #affh4 ,anton ,reis]4 ,de orig9e1 progressu1 et increm5to ,anti!ismi seu ,a!ismi4 #abbe ,augsburg4 #afgj4 ,rappolt4 ,oratio contra ,naturali/as4 ,leipzig4 #afgb4 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,a!ismus devictus 79 ,g]man74 ,hamburg4 #afgb4 ,j4 ,lass54 ,arcana-,politica-,a!i/ica 79 ,g]man74 #afgc4 ---- ,besiegte ,a!i/]ey4 #afgc4 ,*r4 ,pfaff4 ,disputatio contra ,a!i/as4 #afgd4 ,j4 ,musu4 ,sp9ozismus4 ,j5a4 #afgg4 ,val4 ,greiss+4 ,corona ,transylvani2 ,ex]c4 #b1 de ,a!ismo1 contra ,c>tesium et ,ma?4 ,knutz54 ,wittemb]g4 #afgg4 ,tobias ,wagn]4 ,exam5 444 a!ismi speculativi4 ,tb+54 #afgg4 ,k4 ,rudrauff1 ,giess54 ,diss]tatio de ,a!ismo4 #afhj4 ,*r4 ,kor?olt4 ,de tribus impo/oribus magnis lib]4 ,kiloni4 #afhi4 ,?4 ,und]eyck4 ,d] ,nrris*e ,a!i/ 9 se9] ,?orheit ueb]zeugt4 ,brem54 #afib4 ,j5k9us ,?omasius4 ,hi/oria ,a!ismi4 ,altdorf4 #afif4 ,j4 ,lass54 ,arcana-,politica-,a!i/ica4 ,repr9t4 #afig4 ,a4 ,h4 ,grosse4 ,an ,a!ismus necess>io ducat ad corruptionem morum4 ,ro/ock4 #afig4 ,em4 ,web]4 ,beur!ilung d] ,a!i/]ei4 #agjj4 ,tribbe*ov4 ,hi/oria ,naturalismi4 ,j5a4 #agjh4 ,loes*]4 ,prnotiones ,!ologic contra ,naturali/>um et ,fanaticorum omne g5us1 ,a!os1 ,dei/as1 ,indiff]5ti/as1 etc4 ,wittemb]g4 #agjh4 ,s*w>tz4 ,demon/rationes ,dei4 ,leipzig4 #agjh4 ,re*5b]g4 ,fundam5ta v] religionis ,prud5tum1 adv]sus ,a!os1 etc4 #agaj4 ,j4 ,c4 ,wolfius4 ,diss]tatio de ,a!ismi falso suspectis4 ,wittemb]g4 #agac4 ,j4 ,n4 ,fromman4 ,a!us ,/ultus4 ,tb+54 #agac4 ,anon4 ,wid]legung d] ,a!i/51 ,dei/51 und neu5 ,zweifel]4 ,frank=t4 ,lat] came ! works ( ,buddeus 7#agaf7 & ,reimmann & ,fabricius1 not$ above1 vol4 i1 *4 i1 #b4 #c4 ,= a community 9 :i* ! read+ class 0 ma9ly cl]ical & s*ola/ic1 ! se$s ( rationalism 7 ?us 9 "p s[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b ! gr\nd 0 n yet propiti\s4 ,leibnitz 7#afdf-agaf71 ! *ief ?9k] produc$ by ,g]many be=e ,kant1 liv$ 9 a /ate ( s+ul> intellectual isolation2 #abbf & %[$ 8 s5se ( x by writ+ 8 philosophic treatises *iefly 9 ,fr5*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widely le>n$ m5 ( 8 age1 he 0 wont f 8 boyhood to grapple critically ) e sy/em ( ?\ght t came 9 8 way2 &1 :ile claim+ to be always eag] to le>n1 #abbg he 0 z a rule /rongly conc]n$ to affirm 8 own p[]ful bias4 ,e>ly 9 life he writes t x horrifies him to ?9k h[ _m m5 he has met :o 7 at once intellig5t & a!i/ic2 #abbh & 8 propag&a is always dom9at$ by ! desire r to confute unbelief ?an to f9d out ! tru?4 ,z e>ly z #affh 7aet4 #bb7 he wrote an essay to t end1 :i* 0 publi%$ z a ,confessio natur contra ,a!i/as4 ,aga9/ ,sp9oza he react$ in/antly & viol5tly1 pron\nc+ ! ,tractatus on its fir/ 7anonym\s7 appe>ance an unbe>ably bold 7lic5tiosum7 book1 & res5t+ ! ,hobbesian criticism :i* x d>$ to apply to sacr$ ,scripture4 #abbi ,yet 9 ! next ye> we f9d him writ+ to ,arnauld 9 e>ne/ prote/ aga9/ ! hideb\nd or?odoxy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a philosophic age1 he decl>es1 is ab\t to beg91 9 :i* ! conc]n = tru?1 fl\ri%+ outside ! s*ools1 w spread ev5 among politicians4 ,no?+ is m likely to /r5g!n a!ism & to upset fai?1 already s %ak5 by ! attacks ( great b bad m5 a pleas+ allusion to ,sp9oza1 ?an to see on ! "o side ! my/]ies ( ! fai? prea*$ ^u z ! cre$ ( all1 & on ! o!r h& become matt] ( d]ision to all1 convict$ ( absurdity by ! mo/ c]ta9 rules ( common reason4 ,! wor/ enemies ( ! ,*ur* are 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,let u take c>e le/ ! late/ h]esy--,i w n say a!ism1 b--naturalism1 be publicly pr(ess$4 #abcj ,= a "t he seem$ ?us dispos$ to lib]alize4 ,he wrote to ,sp9oza on po9ts ( optics be=e he discov]$ ! au?or%ip2 & he is repres5t$ lat] z speak+ ( ! ,tractatus ) respect4 ,he ev5 visit$ ,sp9oza 9 #afgf1 & obta9$ a p]usal ( ! manuscript ( ! ,e?ica2 b he rema9$ ho/ile to him 9 !ology & philosophy4 ,to ! la/ he call$ ,sp9oza a m]e develop] ( ,desc>tes1 #abca :om he also habitually resi/$4 ,?is 0 n hopeful2 & ,leibnitz1 ) all 8 p[] & orig9ality1 really wr\ght little = ! direct rationalization ( religi\s ?\ght4 #abcb ,8 philosophy1 ) all its +5uity1 has ! common /amp ( ! det]m9ation ( ! !i/ to f9d reasons = ! ,god 9 :om he believ$ be=eh&2 & 8 pr9ciple t all is = ! be/ is ! fatal r\nd+ ( 8 argum5tative circle4 ,?us 8 doctr9e t t is true :i* is cle> 0 turn$ to ! acc\nt ( an empiricism ( :i* ! cle>ness 0 really pr$et]m9$ by ! conviction ( tru?4 ,8 ,!odice1 #abcc writt5 9 reply to ,bayle1 is by ! admission ev5 ( admir]s #abcd a process ( begg+ ! "q4 ,deity1 a m]e inf9ition ( f9ite qualities1 is prov$ priori1 ?\gh x is expressly argu$ t a f9ite m9d _c grasp inf9ity2 & ! necess>y goodness ( necess>y deity is posit$ 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,x is v significant t su* a philosoph]1 himself mu* giv5 to d5y+ ! religi\sness ( o!r m5's !ories1 0 nev]!less accus$ among bo? ! educat$ & ! populace ( be+ ess5tially non-religi\s4 ,nom9ally he adh]$ to ! entire ,*ri/ian sy/em1 includ+ miracles1 ?\gh he decl>$ t 8 belief 9 dogma re/$ on ! agreem5t ( reason ) fai?1 & claim$ to keep 8 ?\ght free on unassail$ tru?s2 #abce & he always discuss$ ! ,bible z a believ]2 yet he r>ely w5t to *ur*2 #abcf & ! ,l[ ,g]man nickname ,lv5ix 7 ,glaubet ni*ts1 believes no?+7 express$ 8 local reputation4 ,no cl]gyman att5d$ 8 fun]al2 b inde$ no "o else w5t1 save 8 secret>y4 #abcg ,x is on ! :ole difficult to d\bt t 8 indirect influ5ce n only 9 ,g]many b else:]e _h be5 & has be5 = deism & a!ism4 #abch ,he & ,newton 7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ma!maticians & !i/s ( ! age2 & ,leibnitz1 z we saw1 busi$ himself to %[ t ! philosophy ( ,newton #abci t5d$ to a!ism1 & t t ( _! !i/ic pr$ecessor ,desc>tes w\ld n /& criticism4 #abdj ,sp9oza be+1 accord+ to him1 9 /ill worse case1 & ,locke h>dly any s\nd]1 #abda !re rema9$ = !i/s only 8 cosmology ( monads & 8 e?ic ( optimism--all = ! be/ 9 ! be/ ( all possible worlds--:i* seems at lea/ z well fitt$ z any o!r !ism to make ?\ghtful m5 give up ! pr9ciple4 #d4 ,o!r culture-conditions concurr$ to set up a _s ( rationalism 9 ,g]many4 ,aft] ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> !re arose a religi\s movem5t1 call$ ,pietism by its !ological oppon5ts1 :i* aim$ at an emotional inw>dness ( religi\s life z aga9/ :at its adh]5ts held to be an irreligi\s or?odoxy ar\nd !m4 #abdb ,cont5d+ aga9/ rigid articles ( cr$5ce1 !y inevitably prep>$ ! way = less cr$5t =ms ( ?\ght4 #abdc ,?\gh ! fir/ lead]s ( ,pietism grew embitt]$ ) _! unsuccess & ! attacks ( _! religi\s enemies1 #abdd _! impulse w5t f>1 & greatly influ5c$ ! cl]gy ?r\gh ! univ]sity ( ,halle1 :i* 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury turn$ out #f1jjj cl]gym5 9 "o g5]ation4 #abde ,aga9/ ! ,pieti/s 7 furi\sly array$ ! ,lu!rans ( ! old ord]1 :o ev5 contriv$ 9 _m places to suppress _! s*ools4 #abdf ,virtues g5]at$ "u p]secution1 h[ev]1 und]w5t ! law ( deg5]ation :i* dogs all intellectual subjection2 & ! inn] life ( ,pietism1 lack+ m5tal fre$om & intellectual play1 grew z cramp$ 9 its emotionalism z t ( or?odoxy 9 its dogmatism4 ,religion 0 ?us repres5t$ by a species ( extremely unattractive & frequ5tly absurd =mali/s on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r by a s*ool :i* at its be/ unsettl$ religi\s usage1 & o!rwise t5d$ alt]nately to fanaticism & cant4 #abdg ,?us ! rationali/ t5d5cies ( ! age 7 promot$ by ?is treble exhibition ( ! ab]rations ( belief4 #abdh ,h[ sorely1 says ,?oluck1 ! hold n only ( ecclesia/ical b ( ,biblical belief on m5 ( all grades _h be5 %ak5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury is se5 9 _m in/ances4 #abdi ,or?odoxy selects t ( a ,hol/e9 /ud5t :o hang$ himself at ,wittemb]g 9 #afhh1 leav+ writt5 9 8 ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ,lat91 ! decl>ation t ,our s\l is mortal2 religion is a popul> delusion1 inv5t$ to gull ! ignorant1 & s gov]n ! _w ! bett]4 #abej ,b aga9 !re is ! te/imony ( ! m9t-ma/] at ,hanov] t at c\rt !re all liv$ z free a!i/s4 ,& ?\gh ! "n free?9k] 0 n yet mu* us$ 9 discussion1 x _h become curr5t 9 ! =m ( ,freigei/--! ,g]man equival5t /ill us$4 ,?is1 z we h not$1 #abea 0 probably a survival f ! "n ( ! old sect ( ! ,free ,_s1 r ?an an adaptation f ! ,fr5* esprit =t or ! ,engli% free?9k]4 #e4 ,aft] ! collapse ( ! popul> movem5t ( ,mat?ias ,knutz51 ! ?9 end ( ! new w$ge may be se5 9 ! manifold "w ( ,*ri/ian ,?omasius 7#afee-agbh71 :o 9 #afhg publi%$ a treatise on ,div9e ,jurisprud5ce1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ,puf5dorf on natural law1 already (f5sive to ! !ologians1 7 c>ri$ s f> z to give new (f5ce4 ,read+ ,puf5dorf 9 8 nonage z a /ud5t ( jurisprud5ce1 he 0 s consci\s ( ! conflict betwe5 ! utilit>ian & ! ,scriptural view ( moral law t1 taught by a ma/] :o _h d5\nc$ ,puf5dorf1 he recoil$ 9 a /ate ( !ological fe>4 #abeb ,"s ye>s lat]1 ga9+ self-possession1 he recogniz$ ! rationality ( ,puf5dorf's sy/em1 & bo? exp\nd$ & def5d$ him1 ?us e>n+ 8 %>e 9 ! ho/ility :i* ! great juri/ enc\nt]$ at cl]ical h&s4 ,betwe5 t ho/ility & ! naturali/ bias :i* he _h acquir$ f ,puf5dorf1 !re grew up 9 him an av]sion to ! me?ods & pret5sions ( !ologians :i* made him _! lifelong antagoni/4 #abec ,puf5dorf _h b gu>d$ly introduc$ "s ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,hobbes1 relat+ morals to ! social /ate1 & ?us prep>+ ! way = utilit>ianism4 #abed ,?is suffic$ to make ! !ologians 8 enemies2 & x is significant t ,?omasius1 het]odox at ! outset only ?us f> =?1 becomes f t po9t onw>ds an important pione] ( free?\ght1 tol]ation1 & humane re=m4 ,innovat+ 9 all ?+s1 he began1 :ile /ill a ,privatdoc5t at ,leipzig ,univ]sity1 a campaign on behalf ( ! ,g]man language2 &1 n cont5t ) ar\s+ mu* p$antic enmity by deliv]+ lectures = ! fir/ "t 9 8 "m tongue1 & d]id+ at ! same "t ! bad s*ola/ic ,lat9 ( 8 compatriots1 he set on foot ! fir/ v]nacul> ,g]man p]iodical1 #abee :i* ran = two ye>s 7#afhh-ij71 & caus$ s mu* ang] t he 0 twice prosecut$ be=e ! ecclesia/ical c\rt ( ,dresd51 ! second "t on a *>ge ( contempt ( religion4 ,! p]iodical 0 9 effect a crusade aga9/ all ! p$antries1 ! !ologians com+ 9 = ! h>de/ bl[s4 #abef ,o!r satirical writ+s1 & a def5ce ( int]m>riage betwe5 ,calv9i/s & ,lu!rans1 #abeg at l5g? put him 9 su* dang] t1 to escape imprisonm5t1 he s\ght ! protection ( ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg at ,halle1 :]e he ultimately became pr(essor ( jurisprud5ce 9 ! new univ]sity1 f\nd$ by 8 advice4 ,!re = a "t he leant t[>ds ! ,pieti/s1 f9d+ 9 t body a conc]n = natural lib]ty ( feel+ & ?9k+ :i* 0 abs5t f ! m5tal life ( or?odoxy2 b he 0 ( ano!r _s ?an !y1 & took 8 own way4 ,9 philosophy an unsy/ematic pan!i/1 he taught1 aft] ,plut>*1 ,bayle1 & ,bacon1 t sup]/ition is worse ?an a!ism2 b 8 great practical s]vice to ,g]man civilization1 ov] & above 8 fur!r+ ( ! native spee*1 0 8 vigor\s polemic aga9/ prosecutions = h]esy1 trials = wit*craft1 & ! use ( torture1 all ( :i* he did m ?an any o!r ,g]man to discr$it1 ?\gh judicial torture subsi/$ = ano!r half-c5tury4 #abeh ,x 0 by 8 propag&a t ! pr9ces ( ,g]many 7 mov$ to aboli% all trials = sorc]y4 #abei ,9 su* a battle he ( c\rse _h ! cl]gy aga9/ him all along ! l9e2 & x is z an anti-cl]ical t he figures 9 cl]ical hi/ory4 ,! cl]ical ho/ility to 8 e?ics he repaid ) int]e/1 sett+ himself to develop to ! utmo/1 9 ! int]e/ ( lay fre$om1 ! ,lu!ran admission ( ! div9e "r ( pr9ces4 #abfj ,?is he turn$ n aga9/ fre$om ( op9ion b aga9/ ecclesia/ical claims1 v mu* 9 ! _s ( ,hobbes1 :o may h influ5c$ him4 ,! p]turb$ ,mo%eim1 :ile c&idly confess+ t ,?omasius is ! f\nd] ( academic fre$om 9 ,g]many1 pron\nces t ! fam\s juri/s :o 7 l$ by ,?omasius set up a new fundam5tal pr9ciple ( *ur* polity--namely1 ! supreme au?ority & p[] ( ! civil magi/rate1 s t5d+ to create ! op9ion t ! m9i/]s ( religion are n to be acc\nt$ ambassadors ( ,god1 b viceg]5ts ( ! *ief magi/rates4 ,!y also weak5$ n a little ! few rema9+ pr]ogatives & advantages :i* 7 left ( ! va/ numb] =m]ly possess$ by ! cl]gy2 & ma9ta9$ t _m ( ! maxims & regulations ( our *ur*es :i* _h come d[n f our fa!rs 7 relics ( popi% sup]/ition4 ,?is af=d$ matt] = long & p]nici\s feuds & conte/s betwe5 our !ologians & our juri/s4444 ,x w be suffici5t = u to obs]ve1 :at is abundantly atte/$1 t !y dim9i%$ mu* 9 v>i\s places ! respect = ! cl]gy1 ! rev]5ce = religion1 & ! security & prosp]ity ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 #abfa ,pusey1 9 turn1 grudg+ly all[s t ! /udy ( hi/ory 0 reviv$ & trans=m$ ?r\gh ! views ( ,?omasius4 #abfb #f4 ,a p]sonality ( a v diff]5t k9d em]ges 9 ! same p]iod 9 ,johann ,conrad ,dippel 7#afgc-agcd71 :o develop$ a sy/em ( rationali/ic my/icism1 & z to :om1 says an or?odox hi/orian1 "o is d\btful :e!r to place him 9 ! class ( pieti/s or ( rationali/s1 ( en?usia/s or ( sc(f]s1 ( my/ics or ( free?9k]s4 #abfc ,! son ( a prea*]1 he yet exhibit$ 9 8 n9? ye> /rong d\bts z to ! cate*ism4 ,aft] a tol]ably free life z a /ud5t he turn$ ,pieti/ at ,/rasburg1 lectur$ on a/rology & palmi/ry1 prea*$1 & got into tr\ble ) ! police4 ,9 #afih he publi%$ "u ! p5-"n ( ,*ri/ianus ,democritus 8 book1 ,ge/uptes ,pap/?um d] ,prote/ir5d5 7,! ,pop]y ( ! ,prote/antiz]s ,:ipp$71 9 :i* he s attack$ ! curr5t ,*ri/ian e?ic ( salvation z to exasp]ate bo? ,*ur*es4 #abfd ,! /ress ( 8 criticism fell fir/ly on ! un?9k+ ,scripturalism ( ! av]age ,prote/ant1 :o1 he said1 :ile reproa*+ ! ,ca?olic ) sett+ up 9 ! crucifix a ,god ( wood1 0 apt to make = himself a ,god ( pap]4 #abfe ,9 8 repudiation ( ! b>ga9 or r$emption doctr9e ( ! hi/oric ,*ur* he took up positions :i* 7 z old z ,abail>d1 & :i* 7 "o day to become respectable2 b 9 8 own life he 0 mu* ( an ,i%maelite1 ) wild notions ( al*emy & gold-mak+2 & aft] pr$ict+ t he %\ld live till #ahjh1 he di$ sudd5ly 9 #agcd1 leav+ a doctr9e :i* appeal$ only to ^? con/itutionally incl9$1 on ! l9es ( ! e>li] ,engli% ,quak]s1 to set ! inn] light above ,scripture4 #abff #g4 ,among ! pupils ( ,?omasius at ,halle 0 ,!odore ,l\is ,lau1 :o1 born ( an ari/ocratic family1 became ,m9i/] ( ,f9ances to ! ,duke ( ,c\rl&1 & aft] leav+ t po/ held a high place 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,elector ,palat9e4 ,:ile hold+ t (fice ,lau publi%$ a small ,lat9 volume ( p5ses entitl$ ,m$itationes ,!ologic-,physic1 notably dei/ic 9 tone4 ,?is gave rise to su* an outcry among ! cl]gy t he _h to leave ,frank=t1 only1 h[ev]1 to be summon$ be=e ! consi/ory ( ,knigsb]g1 8 native t[n1 & *>g$ ) a!ism 7#agai74 ,he !reupon retir$ to ,altona1 :]e he _h fre$om en\gh to publi% a reply to 8 cl]ical p]secutors4 #abfg #h4 ,:ile ,?omasius 0 /ill at "w1 a new =ce arose ( a m di/9ctly academic ca/4 ,?is 0 ! adaptation ( ,leibnitz's sy/em by ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 :o1 aft] build+ up a l>ge influ5ce among /ud5ts by 8 me?od ( tea*+1 #abfh came into public prom95ce by a rectorial address #abfi at ,halle 7#agba7 9 :i* he w>mly prais$ ! e?ics ( ,confucius4 ,su* praise 0 naturally held to imply disp>agem5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 & z a result ( ! pieti/ outcry ,wolff 0 condemn$ by ! k+ to exile f ,prussia1 "u p5alty ( ! gall[s1 #abgj all a!i/ical writ+s be+ at ! same "t =bidd54 ,wolff's sy/em1 h[ev]1 prevail$ s completely1 9 virtue ( its lucidity & ! rationaliz+ t5d5cy ( ! age1 t 9 ! ye> #agch !re 7 said to be already #ajg au?ors ( 8 ca/ ( ?9k+4 ,nev]!less1 he refus$ to return to ,halle on any invitation till ! accession 7#agdj7 ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 "o ( 8 w>me/ admir]s1 :]eaft] he figur$ z ! ,g]man ?9k] ( 8 age4 ,8 tea*+1 :i* = ! fir/ "t popul>iz$ philosophy 9 ! ,g]man language1 9 turn help$ greatly1 by its ratioc9ative ca/1 to promote ! rationali/ic temp]1 ?\gh or?odox en\gh f ! mod]n po9t ( view4 ,"u ! new reign1 h[ev]1 pietism & ,wolffism alike lo/ pre/ige1 #abga & ! age ( anti-,*ri/ian & ,*ri/ian rationalism began4 ,?us ! p]iod ( free?9k+ 9 ,g]many foll[s close ^u "o ( religi\s revival4 ,! #f1jjj !ologians tra9$ at ,halle 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! c5tury _h work$ l a leav5 ?r\gh all ,g]many4 #abgb ,n s9ce ! "t ( ! ,re=mation _h ,g]many su* a l>ge numb] ( truly pi\s prea*]s & laym5 z t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #abgc ,!re1 z else:]e1 religion intellectually collaps$4 ,z to ,wolff's rationali/ic influ5ce see ,cairns1 ,unbelief 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #ahha1 p4 #agc2 ,pusey1 pp4 #aae-ai2 ,pnj]1 p4 #ebi2 ,le*l]1 pp4 #ddh-di4 ,x _c be que/ion$ t1 9 8 philosophy1 ! ma9 /ress re/s ^u ! rational 7,kahnis1 z cit$1 p4 #bh74 ,francke & ,lange 7pieti/s7 444 saw a!ism & corruption ( mann]s spr++ up f ,wolff's s*ool 7be=e 8 exile74 ,id4 p4 #aac4 ,wolff's *ief (f5ce lay 9 /ress+ natural religion1 & 9 indicat+1 z ,?oluck obs]ves1 t t c\ld be demon/rat$1 :]eas reveal$ religion c\ld only be believ$ 7,abriss1 p4 #ah74 ,he greatly pleas$ ,voltaire by ! dictum t m5 ought to be j ev5 ?\gh !y _h ! mis=tune to be a!i/s4 ,x is not$ by ,?oluck1 h[ev] 7,abriss1 z cit$1 p4 #aa1 note71 t ! decree = ,wolff's expulsion 0 inspir$ n by 8 !ological colleagues b by two milit>y advis]s ( ! k+4 ,?oluck's own criticism resolves itself into a prote/ aga9/ ,wolff's pr$ilection = logical connection 9 8 exposition4 ,! fatal ?+ 0 t ,wolff accu/om$ ,g]man ,*ri/ians to reason4 #i4 ,ev5 be=e ! g5]ation ( active pressure f ,engli% & ,fr5* deism !re 7 cle> signs t rationalism _h tak5 root 9 ,g]man life4 ,on ! impulse set up by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,gr& ,lodge at ,london 9 #agag1 ,freemasonic lodges began to spr+ up 9 ,g]many1 ! fir/ be+ f\nd$ at ,hamburg 9 #agcc4 #abgd ,! deism :i* 9 ! ,engli% lodges 0 lat] ton$ d[n by or?odox reaction 0 f ! fir/ pron\nc$ 9 ! ,g]man societies1 :i* ultimately pass$ on ! tradition to ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,b ! new _s 0 n conf9$ to secret societies4 ,wolffianism work$ widely4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,w]!im ,bible 7#agce7 ,johann ,lor5z ,s*mid1 9 ! _s ( ! ,leibnitz-,wolffian !ology1 und]took to translate ! ,bible1 & to expla9 x accord+ to ! pr9ciple t 9 revelation only t c be accept$ z true :i* does n contradict ! reason4 #abge ,?is ( c\rse involv$ no ?or\gh-go+ criticism2 b ! _s ( innovation 0 /rong en\gh 9 ,s*mid to make him und]m9e tradition at _m po9ts1 & lat] c>ri$ him s f> z to translate ,t9dal's ,*ri/ianity z old z ,creation4 ,s f> 0 he 9 advance ( 8 "t t :5 8 ,w]!im ,bible 0 (ficially condemn$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many he f\nd no def5d]s4 #abgf ,! ,wolffians 7 9 comp>ison g5]ally or?odox2 & ano!r writ] ( ! same s*ool1 ,m>t9 ,knutz51 pr(essor at ,knigsb]g 7#agae-agea71 und]took 9 a y\?ful !sis ,de t]nitate mundi impossibili 7#agce7 to rebut ! old ,av]ro/ doctr9e1 reviv$ by mod]n sci5ce1 ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! univ]se4 ,a few ye>s lat] 7#agci7 he publi%$ a treatise entitl$ ,! ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity ,demon/rat$ by ,ma!matics1 :i* succe$$ z might h be5 expect$4 #aj4 ,to ! same p]iod belong ! fir/ activities ( ,johann ,*ri/ian ,edelmann 7#afih-agfg71 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic free?9k]s ( 8 age4 ,tra9$ philosophically at ,j5a "u ! !ologian ,budde1 a bitt] oppon5t ( ,wolff1 & !ologically 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,pieti/s1 he 0 /rongly influ5c$ aga9/ (ficial or?odoxy ?r\gh read+ ! ,imp>tial ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & ( ,h]etics1 by ,gottfri$ ,arnold1 an em95tly anti-cl]ical "w1 :i* ne>ly always takes ! side ( ! h]etics4 #abgg ,9 ! same het]odox direction he 0 sway$ by ! works ( ,dippel4 ,at ?is /age ,edelmann produc$ 8 ,uns*uldige ,wahrheit5 7,innoc5t ,tru?s71 9 :i* he takes up a pron\nc$ly rationali/ & latitud9>ian position1 b )\t reject+ revelation2 & 9 #agcf he w5t to ,b]leburg1 :]e he work$ on ! ,b]leburg translation ( ! ,bible1 a ,pieti/ und]tak+1 some:at on ! l9es ( ,dippel's my/ical doctr9e1 9 :i* a v>iety ( incr$ible ,scriptural n>ratives1 f ! six days' creation onw>ds1 are turn$ to my/ical purpose4 #abgh ,9 ?is occupation ,edelmann seems to h pass$ "s ye>s4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 he came m & m "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% dei/s2 & he at l5g? )drew f ! ,pieti/ camp1 attack+ 8 =m] associates = ! fanaticism into :i* _! ?\ght 0 deg5]at+4 ,x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,sp9oza1 h[ev]1 t he took 8 mo/ important /eps4 ,a few mon?s aft] meet+ ) ! ,tractatus he began 7#agdj7 ! fir/ "p ( 8 treatise ,moses mit aufg$ecktem ,angesi*te 7,moses ) unveil$ face71 an attack at once on ! doctr9e ( inspiration & on t ( ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! book 0 int5d$ to consi/ ( twelve p>ts2 b aft] ! appe>ance ( ?ree x 0 prohibit$ by ! imp]ial fisc1 & ! publi%$ p>ts burn$ by ! hangman at ,hamburg & else:]e4 ,none!less1 ,edelmann cont9u$ 8 propag&a1 publi%+ 9 #agda or #agdb ,! ,div9ity ( ,reason1 #abgi & 9 #agda ,*ri/ & ,belial4 ,9 #agdi or #agej 8 works 7 aga9 publicly burn$ at ,frankfurt by ord] ( ! imp]ial au?orities2 & he _h mu* ado to f9d any:]e 9 ,g]many safe h>b\rage1 till he f\nd protection "u ,fr$]ick at ,b]l91 :]e he di$ 9 #agfg4 ,edelmann's tea*+ 0 ess5tially ,sp9ozi/ & pan!i/ic1 #abhj ) a lean+ to ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,z a pan!i/ he ( c\rse entirely reject$ ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 pron\nc+ inspiration ! appanage ( all2 & ! gospels 7 by him dismiss$ z late fabrications1 f :i* ! true tea*+s ( ! f\nd] c\ld n be le>n$2 ?\gh1 l ne>ly all ! free?9k]s ( t age1 he e/imat$ ,jesus highly4 #abha ,a ,g]man !ologian compla9s1 nev]!less1 t he 0 m j t[>d hea!nism ?an t[>d ,judaism2 & m j t[>d ,judaism ?an t[>d ,*ri/ianity2 add+3 ,:at he taught _h be5 ?or\ghly & +5i\sly said 9 ,france & ,engl&2 b f a ,g]man !ologian1 & t ) su* eloqu5t co>s5ess1 ) su* a ma/]y 9 expatiat+ 9 blasphemy1 su* ?+s 7 unhe>d (4 #abhb ,! =ce ( ,edelmann's attack may be ga!r$ f ! same writ]'s acc\nt ( him z a bird ( prey :o rose to a wick$ height ( opposition1 n only aga9/ ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 b aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al4 #aa4 ,ev5 f decor\s & (ficial expon5ts ( religion1 h[ev]1 !re came naturali/ic & semi-rationali/ic tea*+1 z 9 ! ,reflections on ! mo/ important tru?s ( religion #abhc 7#agfh-agfi7 ( ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,j]usalem1 ,abbot ( ,m>i5?al 9 ,brunswick1 & lat] ( ,riddag%aus5 7#agji-aghi74 ,j]usalem _h travell$ 9 ,europe1 & _h sp5t two ye>s 9 ,holl& & "o 9 ,engl&1 :]e he /udi$ ! dei/s & _! oppon5ts4 ,9 ,engl& alone1 he decl>$1 is mank9d orig9al4 #abhd ,?\gh really writt5 by way ( def5d+ ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! free?9k]s1 9 p>ticul> aga9/ ,bol+broke & ,voltaire1 #abhe ! v title ( 8 book is sugge/ive ( a process ( dis9tegration2 & 9 x c]ta9 un$ify+ ,scriptural miracles are actually reject$4 #abhf ,x 0 probably ?is measure ( adaptation to new ne$s t gave x its great popul>ity 9 ,g]many & secur$ its translation into sev]al o!r languages4 ,goe! call$ him a freely & g5tly ?9k+ !ologian2 & a mod]n or?odox hi/orian ( ! ,*ur* gr\ps him ) ^? :o contribut$ to ! spread ( ,rationalism by s]mons & by popul> doctr9al & devotional works4 #abhg ,j]usalem 01 h[ev]1 at mo/ a semi-rationali/1 tak+ a view ( ! fundam5tal ,*ri/ian dogmas :i* approa*$ closely to t ( ,locke4 #abhh ,x 01 z ,goe! said lat]1 ! epo* ( common s5se2 & ! v !ologians t5d$ to a religion ( nature4 #abhi #ab4 ,alongside ( home-made h]esy !re _h come into play a new initiative =ce 9 ! lit]ature ( ,engli% deism1 :i* began to be translat$ aft] #agdj1 #abij & 0 widely circulat$ till1 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury1 x 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,engli% answ]s to ! dei/s 7 frequ5tly translat$ likewise1 & notori\sly help$ to promote deism #abia--;ano!r pro( t x 0 n _! influ5ce t _h *ang$ ! balance ( activity 9 ,engl&4 ,"u a free?9k+ k+1 ev5 cl]gym5 began gu>d$ly to accept ! dei/ic me?ods2 & ! optimism ( ,%aftesbury began to ov]lay ! optimism ( ,leibnitz2 #abib :ile a ,fr5* sci5tific influ5ce began ) ,la ,mettrie1 #abic ,maup]tuis1 & ,rob9et4 ,ev5 ! ,leibnitzian s*ool1 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple ( immortal monads1 develop$ a doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\ls ( animals #abid--;a position n helpful to or?odoxy4 ,!re 0 ?us a g5]al /irr+ ( d\bt among educat$ p1 #abie & we f9d m5tion 9 ,goe!'s ,autobiography ( an old g5tleman ( ,frank=t :o av[$1 z aga9/ ! optimi/s1 ,ev5 9 ,god ,i f9d defects 7,fehl]74 #abif ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 in/ances 9 ,g]many ( ! ph5om5on1 already se5 9 ,engl& 9 ,newton & ,boyle1 ( m5 ( sci5ce devot+ !mselves to ! def5ce ( ! fai?4 ,! mo/ notable cases 7 ^? ( ! ma!matician ,eul] & ! biologi/ von ,hall]4 ,! latt] wrote ,lett]s 7to 8 ,daught]7 ,on ! mo/ important ,tru?s ( ,revelation 7#aggb7 #abig & o!r apologetic works4 ,eul] 9 #agdg publi%$ at ,b]l91 :]e he 0 pr(essor1 8 ,def5ce ( ,revelation aga9/ ! ,reproa*es ( ,free?9k]s2 #abih & 9 #agfi 8 ,lett]s to a ,g]man ,pr9cess1 ( :i* ! argum5t notably co9cides ) "p ( t ( ,b]keley aga9/ ! free?9k+ ma!maticians4 ,hall]'s position comes to ! same ?+4 ,all ?ree m51 9 fact1 grasp$ at ! argum5t ( despair--! inadequacy ( ! human faculties to s\nd ! my/]y ( ?+s2 & all alike 7 entirely unable to see t x logically cancell$ _! own judgm5ts4 ,ev5 a !ologian1 contemplat+ ,hall]'s !orem ( an incompreh5sible omnipot5ce c\nt]$ 9 its m]ciful plan ( salvation by ! set ( worms x s\ght to save1 comm5ts on ! *ildi%ness ( ! philosophy :i* confid5tly describ$ ! plans ( deity 9 t]ms ( :at x decl>$ to be ! blank ignorance ( ! worms 9 "q4 #abii ,eul] & ,hall]1 l "s lat] m5 ( sci5ce1 kept _! sci5tific me?od = ! me*anical or physical problems ( _! sci5tific "w1 & br\ght to ! deepe/ problems ( all ! self-w1 ! emotionalism1 & ! irresponsibility ( ! ignorant av]age man4 ,ea* did b express 9 8 own way ! res5tm5t ( ! undiscipl9$ m9d at attacks ^u its prejudices2 & ,hall]'s resort to poetry z a vehicle = 8 religion gives ! measure ( 8 p[]s on t side4 ,?us 9 ,g]many z 9 ,engl& ! answ] to ! free?9k]s 0 a failure4 ,m5 ( sci5ce play+ at !ology & !ologians play+ at sci5ce alike fail$ to turn ! tide ( op9ion1 n[ socially fav\r$ by ! kn[n deism ( ! k+4 ,g]man or?odoxy1 says a rec5t ,*ri/ian apologi/1 fell ) a rapidity rem9d+ "o ( ! capture ( ,j]i*o4 #acjj ,goe!1 writ+ ( ! g5]al attitude to ,*ri/ianity ab\t #agfh1 sums up t ! ,*ri/ian religion wav]$ betwe5 its own hi/oric-positive base & a pure deism1 :i*1 gr\nd$ on morality1 0 9 turn to re-e/abli% e?ics4 #acja ,fr$]ick's attitude1 said an e>ly ,kantian1 _h _h an almo/ magical influ5ce on popul> op9ion 7,willi*1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,critical ,philosophy1 #agih1 p4 #b74 ,) ?is 8 ,fr5* tea*]s mu/ h _h mu* to d4 ,"l ,morley pron\nces 7,voltaire1 #d? ed4 p4 #abc7 t ,fr5* deism nev] made any impression on ,g]many1 & t ! tea*+ ( ,leibnitz & ,wolff /ood l a =tifi$ wall aga9/ ! ,fr5* invasion4 ,?is is contradict$ by mu* ,g]man te/imony2 9 p>ticul> by ,lange's 7,ges*4 des ,mat]4 i1 #cah71 ?\gh he notes t ,fr5* mat]ialism c\ld n get ! upp] h&4 ,laukh>d1 :o express$ ! highe/ admiration = ,t9dal1 z hav+ :olly deliv]$ him f dogmatism1 av[$ t ,voltaire1 :om ev]ybody read1 _h p]haps done m h>m to prie/ religion ?an all ! books ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man dei/s toge!r 7,leb51 #agib-ahjb1 ,?4 i1 p4 #bfh74 ,?oluck gravely affirms 7,abriss1 p4 #cc7 t ! acqua9tance ) ! ,fr5* dei/]y & frivolity 9 ,g]many belongs to a some:at lat] p]iod ?an t ( ! ,engli%4 ,naturally x did4 ,! bulk ( ! ,engli% dei/ic lit]ature 0 pr9t$ be=e ! pr9t+ ( ! ,fr5* _h begun6 ,fr5* ,,mss4 w\ld rea* ,g]man pr9ces1 b n ,g]man pa/ors4 ,b ,?oluck sadly av[s t ! ,fr5* deism 7( ! s]i\s & pre-,voltairean portions ( :i* he seems to h kn[n no?+7 _h a frightful influ5ce on ! upp] classes1 ?\gh n on ! cl]gy 7p4 #cd74 ,foll[+ him1 ,kahnis writes 7,int]nal ,hi/ory1 p4 #da7 t ,engli% & ,fr5* ,deism met ) a v fav\rable reception 9 ,g]many--! latt] *iefly 9 ! high] circles1 ! =m] r among ! educat$ middle classes4 7,he %\ld h add$1 ! y\ng] !ologians47 ,baur1 ev5 9 speak+ disp>ag+ly ( ! ,fr5* z comp>$ ) ! ,engli% influ5ce1 admits 7,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #bte ,aufl4 p4 #cdg7 t ! =m] told ^u ,g]many4 ,cp4 ,t5nemann1 ,bohn4 tr4 pp4 #che1 #chh4 ,hag5ba* %[s great ignorance ( ,engli% deism1 b he mu/ h kn[n some?+ ( ,g]man2 & he writes 7tr4 p4 #eg7 t ! import$ deism1 bo? ,engli% & ,fr5*1 soon swept ?r\gh ! rifts ( ! ,*ur*1 & ga9$ supreme control ( lit]ature4 ,cp4 pp4 #fg-fh4 ,see ,croom ,rob]tson's ,hobbes1 pp4 #bbe-bf1 z to ! p]si/5ce ( a succession ( ,hobbes & ,locke 9 ,g]many 9 ! tee? ( ! ,wolffian s*ool1 :i* soon lo/ gr\nd aft] #agdj4 ,x is fur!r notewor?y t ,bruck]'s copi\s ,hi/oria ,critica ,philosophi 7#agdb-dd71 :i* z a m]e le>n$ record has great m]it1 & 0 long ! /&>d au?ority 9 ,g]many1 gives great praise to ,locke & little space to ,wolff4 7,see ,enfield's ab/ract1 pp4 #fad1 #fai sq47 ,! ,wolffian philosophy1 too1 _h be5 reject$ & disp>ag$ by bo? ,h]d] & ,kant--:o 7 alike deeply influ5c$ by ,r\sseau--9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury2 & 0 g5]ally discr$it$1 save 9 ! s*ools1 :5 ,kant produc$ ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ccg1 #cde4 #ac4 ,fr$]ick1 ?\gh reput$ a ,voltairean free?9k] p> excell5ce1 may be claim$ = ,g]many z p>tly a product ( ! rationaliz+ philosophy ( ,wolff4 ,9 8 fir/ lett] to ,voltaire1 writt5 9 #agcf1 f\r ye>s be=e 8 accession1 he promises to s5d him a translation he has _h made ( ! accusation & ! ju/ification ( ,wolff1 ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph] ( our days1 :o1 = hav+ c>ri$ light into ! d>ke/ places ( metaphysics1 & = hav+ treat$ ! mo/ difficult matt]s 9 a mann] no less elevat$ ?an precise & cle>1 is cruelly accus$ ( irreligion & a!ism2 & he speaks ( gett+ translat$ ,wolff's ,treatise ( ,god1 ! ,s\l1 & ! ,_w4 ,:5 he became a ?or\ghgo+ free?9k] is n cle>1 = ,voltaire at ?is "t _h produc$ no explicit anti-,*ri/ian propag&a4 ,at fir/ ! new k+ %[$ himself dispos$ to act on ! old maxim t free?\ght is bad = ! common p4 ,9 #agdc-dd he caus$ to be suppress$ two ,g]man treatises by "o ,gebh>di1 a contributor to ,gotts*$'s magaz9es1 attack+ ! ,biblical miracles2 & 9 #agdh he s5t a "y man nam$ ,rdig] to ,sp&au = six mon?s' conf9em5t = pr9t+ an anti-,*ri/ian "w by "o ,dr4 ,pott4 #acjb ,b z he grew m confid5t 9 8 own me?ods he ext5d$ to m5 ( 8 own way ( ?9k+ ! tol]ation he all[$ to all religioni/s1 save ins(> z he veto$ ! mutual vitup]ation ( ! sects1 & su* proselytiz+ z t5d$ to create /rife4 ,) an ev5 h& he protect$ ,ca?olics1 ,greek ,*ri/ians1 & ,unit>ians1 lett+ !m h *ur*es :]e !y w\ld2 #acjc & :51 aft] ! battle ( ,/riegau1 a body ( ,prote/ant peasantry ask$ 8 p]mission to slay all ! ,ca?olics !y c\ld f9d1 he answ]$ ) ! gospel precept1 ,love y\r enemies4 #acjd ,beyond ! tol]ation ( all =ms ( religion1 h[ev]1 he nev] w5t2 ?\gh he himself add$ to ! lit]ature ( deism4 ,ap>t f 8 v]ses we h f him ! po/hum\s treatise ,p5ses sur la ,religion1 probably writt5 e>ly 9 8 life1 :]e ! rational case aga9/ ! concepts ( revelation & ( miracles is put ) a calm & su/a9$ =ce4 ,l ! re/1 he is uncritical 9 8 deism2 b1 t grant$1 8 reason+ is unansw]able4 ,9 talk he 0 wont to treat ! cl]gy ) small respect2 #acje & he wrote m d5unciatory ?+s conc]n+ !m ?an almo/ any free?9k] ( ! c5tury4 #acjf ,bayle1 ,voltaire1 & ,lucretius 7 8 fav\rite /udies2 & z ! !n crude ,g]man lit]ature _h no attraction = him1 he drew to 8 c\rt _m di/+ui%$ ,fr5*m51 includ+ ,la ,mettrie1 ,maup]tuis1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,d',arg5s1 & above all ,voltaire1 betwe5 :om & him !re 0 an incurable incompatibility ( temp] & "*1 & a p]si/5t attraction ( =ce ( m9d1 :i* left !m admir+ )\t respect+ ea* o!r1 & unable to ab/a9 f mutual vitup]ation4 ,"u ,fr$]ick's vigor\s rule all spee* 0 free save su* z he consid]$ p]sonally (f5sive1 z ,voltaire's attack on ,maup]tuis2 & aft] a /ormy reign he c\ld say1 :5 ask$ by ,pr9ce ,william ( ,brunswick :e!r he did n ?9k religion "o ( ! be/ supports ( a k+'s au?ority1 ,i f9d ord] & ! laws suffici5t4444 ,dep5d ^u x1 c\ntries h be5 admirably gov]n$ :5 y\r religion _h no exi/5ce4 #acjg ,religion c]ta9ly _h no "p 9 8 p]sonality 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,voltaire 0 wont to impute to him a!ism2 :5 ,la ,mettrie di$1 ! mock]1 !n at ,fr$]ick's c\rt1 rem>k$ t ! po/ ( 8 maje/y's a!i/ 0 vacant1 b happily ! ,abb de ,prades 0 !re to fill x4 ,9 effect1 ,fr$]ick pr(ess$ ,voltaire's own deism2 b ( all ! dei/s ( ! "t he _h lea/ ( ! religi\s temp]am5t & mo/ ( %e] cynicism4 ,! attempt ( ,c>lyle to exhibit ,fr$]ick z a practical believ] is a flagrant in/ance ( t writ]'s subjective me?od4 ,he tells 7,hi/4 ( ,fri$ri*1 bk4 xviii1 *4 x7 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! battle ( ,leu!n a column ( troops ne> ! k+ sang a hymn ( duty 7:i* ,c>lyle calls ! s\nd ( ,psalms72 t an (fic] ask$ :e!r ! s++ %\ld be /opp$1 & t ! k+ said ,by no means4 ,8 h>d he>t seems to h be5 t\*$ by x4 ,inde$1 !re is 9 him1 9 ^? grim days1 a tone 767 z ( tru/ 9 ! ,et]nal1 z ( real religi\s piety & fai?1 sc>cely noticeable else:]e 9 8 hi/ory4 ,8 religion--& he _h 9 )]$ =ms a good deal ( x1 if we w look well--be+ almo/ always 9 a /rictly voiceless /ate1 nay1 ultra voiceless1 or voic$ ! wrong way1 z is too well kn[n4 ,!n comes ! ass]tion t a mom5t aft] ! k+ said to someone1 ,zie!n probably1 ',) m5 l ^!1 don't y ?9k ,i %all h victory ?is day6' ,"h1 ) ! v _s ( unv]acity at "w be=e 8 eyes1 ,c>lyle plumps = ! fable4 ,yet ! /ory1 ev5 if true1 w\ld give no pro( :atev] ( religi\s belief4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,fr$]ick 0 a mu* less religi\s dei/ ?an ,voltaire4 ,he erect$ no temple to 8 unlov$ ,god4 ,& a p]usal ( 8 dialogue ( ,pompad\r & ! ,virg9 7,dialogues des morts7 may s]ve to dispose ( ! !sis t ! ,g]man m9d dealt rev]5tly & dec5tly ) matt]s :i* ! ,fr5* m9d h&l$ frivol\sly4 ,t p]=mance outgoes 9 ribaldry any?+ ( ! age 9 ,fr5*4 ,z ! fir/ mod]n free?9k+ k+1 ,fr$]ick is some?+ ( a te/ case4 ,son ( a man ( n>r[ m9d & odi\s "*1 he 0 himself no admirable type1 be+ nei!r b5evol5t nor consid]ate1 nei!r tru?ful nor g5]\s2 & 9 int]national politics1 aft] writ+ 9 8 y\? a treatise 9 c5sure ( ,ma*iavelli1 he play$ ! old game ( unscrupul\s aggression4 ,yet he 0 n only ! mo/ compet5t1 b1 z reg>ds home adm9i/ration1 ! mo/ consci5ti\s k+ ( 8 "t4 ,to f9d him a rival we mu/ g back to ! pagan ,anton9es & ,julian1 or at lea/ to ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 r wors5$ ?an bett]$ by 8 cre$4 #acjh ,h5ri ,,iv ( ,france1 :o rivall$ him 9 sagacity & greatly excell$ him 9 human k9dness1 0 f> 8 inf]ior 9 devotion to duty4 ,! effect ( ,fr$]ick's tra9+ is se5 9 8 f9al attitude to ! advanc$ criticism ( ! s*ool ( d',holba*1 :i* assail$ gov]nm5ts & cre$s ) ! same unsp>+ sev]ity ( logic & moral reprobation4 ,/ung by ! uncompromis+ attack1 ,fr$]ick retorts by c5sur+ ! ra%ness :i* w\ld plunge nations into civil /rife because k+s misc>ry :]e no human wisdom c\ld avoid misc>riage4 ,he :o _h wantonly plung$ all ,g]many into a hell ( w> = 8 sole ambition1 br++ myriads to mis]y1 ?\s&s to viol5t dea?1 & hundr$s ( 8 own soldi]s to suicide1 c\ld be virtu\sly indignant at ! irresponsible audacity ( writ]s :o indict$ ! :ole exi/+ sy/em = its imbecility & inju/ice4 ,b he did reason on ! criticism2 he did pond] x2 he did feel b\nd to meet argum5t ) argum5t2 & he left 8 argum5ts to ! _w4 ,! advance on previ\s regal practice is notewor?y3 ! :ole problem ( politics is at once br\ght to ! te/ ( judgm5t & p]suasion4 ,beside ! ,*ri/ian ,georges & ! ,l\is's ( 8 c5tury1 & beside 8 ,*ri/ian fa!r1 8 sup]iority 9 judgm5t & ev5 9 "s ess5tial po9ts ( "* is signal4 ,su* 0 ! great dei/ k+ ( ! dei/ age2 a dei/ ( ! lea/ religi\s temp] & ( no v f9e moral mat]ial to beg9 )4 ,! "o contempor>y mon>* :o 9 any way comp>es ) him 9 enlight5m5t1 ,joseph ,,ii ( ,au/ria1 belong$ to ! same s*ool4 ,! ma9 *>ge aga9/ ,fr$]ick z a rul] is t he did n act up to ! ideals ( ! s*ool ( ,voltaire4 ,9 reply to ! dem& ( ! ,fr5* dei/s = an abolition ( all sup]/iti\s tea*+1 he obs]v$ t among ! #af1jjj1jjj inhabitants ( ,france at mo/ #bjj1jjj 7 capable ( philosophic views1 & t ! rema9+ #ae1hjj1jjj 7 held to _! op9ions by insurm\ntable ob/acles4 #acji ,?is1 h[ev]1 _h be5 said by ! dei/s !mselves 7e4g41 d',holba*1 prf4 to ,*ri/ianisme dvoil72 & su* an answ] meant t he _h no idea ( s spread+ in/ruction t all m5 %\ld h a *ance ( rea*+ rational beliefs4 ,?is attitude 0 8 inh]itance f ! pa/4 ,yet x 0 "u him t ,prussia began to figure z a fir/-rate culture =ce 9 ,europe4 #ad4 ,! social vogue ( dei/ic ?\ght c\ld n[ be trac$ 9 mu* ( ! ,g]man belles-lettres ( ! "t4 ,! "y ,jakob von ,mauvillon 7#agdc-agid71 secret>y ( ! ,k+ ( ,pol& & au?or ( sev]al hi/ories1 9 8 y\? translat$ f ! ,lat9 into ,fr5* ,holb]g's ,voyage ( ,nicolas ,klimius 7#agff71 :i* made ! t\r ( ,europe1 & _h a special vogue 9 ,g]many4 ,lat] 9 life1 besides translat+ & writ+ abundantly & intellig5tly on matt]s ( economic & milit>y sci5ce--9 ! latt] ( :i* he _h some?+ l exp]t /atus--,mauvillon became a pron\nc$ h]etic1 ?\gh c>eful to keep 8 propag&a anonym\s4 ,! mo/ sy/ematic dissem9ation ( ! new ideas 0 t c>ri$ on 9 ! p]iodical publi%$ by ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri* ,nicolai 7#agcc-ahaa7 "u ! title ( ,! ,g5]al ,g]man ,libr>y 7f\nd$ #agfe71 :i* began ) fifty contributors1 & at ! height ( its p[] _h a hundr$ & ?irty1 among !m be+ ,less+1 ,eb]h>d1 & ,moses ,m5delssohn4 ,9 ! p]iod f its />t to ! ye> #agib x ran to #ajf volumes2 & x has always be5 m or less bitt]ly spok5 ( by lat] or?odoxy z ! great libr>y ( t movem5t4 ,nicolai1 himself an indu/ri\s & s*ol>ly writ]1 produc$ among _m o!r ?+s a satirical romance fam\s 9 its day1 ! ,life & ,op9ions ( ,magi/] ,sebaldus ,no?ank]1 ridicul+ ! bigots & p]secutors ! type ( ,klotz1 ! antagoni/ ( ,less+1 & "s ( ,nicolai's less unamiable antagoni/s1 #acaj z well z v>i\s aspects ( ! g5]al social & lit]>y life ( ! "t4 ,to ,nicolai is fully due ! g5ial tribute paid to him by ,he9e1 #acaa 7 x only = ! national s]vice ( 8 ,libr>y4 ,its _m translations f ! ,engli% & ,fr5* free?9k]s1 old] & new]1 concurr$ ) native "w to spread a dei/ic rationalism1 labell$ ,aufklrung1 or enlight5m5t1 ?r\gh ! :ole middle class ( ,g]many4 #acab ,native writ]s 9 indep5d5t works add$ to ! propag&a4 ,&reas ,riem 7#agdi-ahjg71 a ,b]l9 prea*]1 appo9t$ by ,fr$]ick a hospital *apla91 #acac wrote anonym\sly aga9/ prie/craft z no o!r prie/ _h yet done4 ,no class ( m51 he decl>$1 9 language p]haps e*o$ f 8 k+1 has ev] be5 s p]nici\s to ! _w z ! prie/hood4 ,!re 7 laws at all times aga9/ murd]]s & b&its1 b n aga9/ ! assass9 9 ! prie/ly g>b4 ,w> 0 repell$ by w>1 & x came to an end4 ,! w> ( ! prie/hood aga9/ reason has la/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & x /ill goes on )\t ceas+4 #acad ,georg ,s*ade 7#agab-agie71 :o appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! believ]s 9 ! immortality ( animals1 & :o 9 #aggj 0 imprison$ = 8 op9ions 9 ! ,dani% isl& ( ,*ri/iansoe1 0 no less emphatic1 decl>+1 9 a "w on ,natural ,religion on ! l9es ( ,t9dal 7#agfj71 t all :o ass]t a sup]natural religion are godless impo/ors4 #acae ,con/ructive "w ( great importance1 aga91 0 done by ,j4 ,b4 ,bas$[ 7#agbc-agij71 :o e>ly became an active dei/1 b di/+ui%$ himself *iefly z an educational re=m]1 on ! inspiration ( ,r\sseau's mile1 #acaf sett+ up a sy/em :i* tore education away f ! ,*ri/ian basis1 #acag & becom+ 9 virtue ( t "o ( ! mo/ popul> writ]s ( 8 day4 ,x is latt]ly admitt$ ev5 by or?odoxy t s*ool education 9 ,g]many _h 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury become a matt] ( le>n+ by rote1 & t su* re=ms z _h be5 set up 9 "s ( ! s*ools ( ! ,pieti/s _h 9 ,bas$['s day come to no?+4 #acah ,z ,bas$[ 0 ! fir/ to set up vigor\s re=ms1 x is n too mu* to call him an in/aurator ( rational education1 ^: *ief fault 0 to be too f> ahead ( 8 age4 ,?is1 ) ! p]sonal flaw ( an unamiable habit ( wrangl+ 9 all companies1 caus$ ! failure ( 8 ,philan?ropic ,in/itute1 e/abli%$ 9 #agga1 on ! invitation ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,dessau1 to c>ry out 8 educational ideals4 ,q a numb] ( o!r in/itutions1 simil>ly plann$1 aft] 8 lead1 by m5 ( ! same way ( ?9k+1 z ,canope & ,salzmann1 9 ! same p]iod1 _h no bett] success4 ,goe!1 :o 0 cle>ly mu* impress$ by ,bas$[1 & travell$ ) him1 draws a some:at antagoni/ic picture ( him on retrospect 7,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,b4 xiv74 ,he accuses him 9 p>ticul> ( always obtrud+ 8 anti-or?odox op9ions2 n *oos+ to admit t religi\s op9ions 7 be+ con/antly obtrud$ on ,bas$[4 ,prais+ ,lavat] = 8 m amiable nature1 ,goe! reveals t ,lavat] 0 con/antly prop\nd+ 8 or?odoxy4 ,goe!1 9 f9e1 0 always l5i5t to pietism1 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up1 & to :i* he 0 wont to make s5tim5tal concessions4 ,he c\ld nev] =get 8 c\rtly duties t[>ds ! e/abli%$ conv5tion1 & s f> play$ ! game ( bigotry4 ,hag5ba* notes 7i1 #bih1 note71 )\t any deprecation1 t aft] ,bas$[ _h publi%$ 9 #agfc-agfd 8 ,philale?ie1 a p]fectly s]i\s treatise on natural z aga9/ reveal$ religion1 "o ( ! _m or?odox answ]s1 t by ,pa/or ,goeze1 s inflam$ aga9/ him ! p ( 8 native t[n ( ,hamburg t he c\ld n %[ himself !re )\t dang]4 ,& ?is is ! man accus$ ( obtrud+ 8 views4 ,baur is driv51 by way ( disp>agem5t ( ,bas$[ & 8 s*ool1 to c5sure _! self-confid5ce--precisely ! quality :i*1 9 religi\s tea*]s ) :om he agre$1 he z a !ologian w\ld treat z a m>k ( sup]iority4 ,baur's attack on ! moral utilit>ianism ( ! s*ool is /ill less wor?y ( him4 7,ges*4 d] *ri/l4 ,kir*e1 iv1 #eie-if74 ,x reads l an e*o ( ,kahnis 7z cit$1 p4 #df sq474 ,yet ano!r influ5tial dei/ 0 ,johann ,augu/ ,eb]h>d 7#agci-ahji71 = a "t a prea*] at ,*>lott5burg1 b driv5 out ( ! ,*ur* = ! h]esy ( 8 ,new ,apology ( ,sokrates2 or ! ,f9al ,salvation ( ! ,hea!n 7#aggb74 #acai ,! "w 9 effect plac$ ,sokrates on a level ) ,jesus1 #acbj :i* 0 blasphemy4 #acba ,b ! outcry attract$ ! att5tion ( ,fr$]ick1 :o made ,eb]h>d a ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,halle1 :]e lat] he oppos$ ! idealism ( bo? ,kant & ,fi*te4 ,sub/antially ( ! same s*ool 0 ! less pron\nc$ly dei/ic cl]ic ,/e9b>t1 #acbb au?or ( a utilit>ian ,sy/em ( ,pure ,philosophy1 or ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,happ9ess1 n[ =gott51 :o _h be5 v>i\sly influ5c$ by ,locke & ,voltaire4 #acbc ,among ! less het]odox b /ill rationaliz+ cl]gy ( ! p]iod 7 ,j4 ,j4 ,spald+1 au?or ( a "w on ,! ,utility ( ! ,prea*]'s ,(fice1 a man ( ! type labell$ ,mod]ate 9 ! ,scotl& ( ! same p]iod1 & z su* antipa!tic to emotional pieti/s2 #acbd & ,zollik(]1 ( ! same s*ool--bo? inf]ribly influ5c$ by ! deism ( _! day4 ,consid]ably m ( a rationali/ ?an ^! 0 ! cl]gyman ,w4 ,a4 ,tell] 7#agcd-ahjd71 au?or ( a ,new ,te/am5t ,lexicon1 :o rea*$ a position virtually dei/ic1 & intimat$ to ! ,jews ( ,b]l9 t he w\ld receive !m into 8 *ur* on _! mak+ a dei/ic pr(ession ( fai?4 #acbe #ae4 ,if x be true t ev5 ! rationaliz+ def5d]s ( ,*ri/ianity l$ m5 on ! :ole t[>ds deism1 #acbf mu* m mu/ ?is hold true ( ! new s*ool :o appli$ rationali/ic me?ods to religi\s que/ions 9 _! capacity z !ologians4 ,( ?is s*ool ! f\nd] 0 ,johann ,salomo ,seml] 7#agbe-agia71 :o1 tra9$ z a ,pieti/ at ,halle1 e>ly ?\ght himself into a m critical attitude1 #acbg albeit rema9+ a !ological tea*]4 ,son ( a mu*-travell$ army *apla91 :o 9 8 _m campaigns _h le>n$ mu* ( ! _w1 & 9 p>ticul> se5 some?+ ( religi\s frauds 9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ,seml] />t$ ) a critical bias :i* 0 cultivat$ by wide miscellane\s read+ f 8 boyhood onw>ds4 ,z e>ly z #agej1 9 8 doctoral diss]tation def5d+ c]ta9 texts aga9/ ! criticism ( ,:i/on1 he set =? ! view1 develop$ a c5tury lat] by ,baur1 t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* conta9$ a ,paul9e & a ,petr9e p>ty1 mutually ho/ile4 ,! m]it ( 8 rese>* won him a pr(essor%ip at ,halle2 & ?is position he held till 8 dea?1 despite su* h]esy z 8 rejection f ! canon ( ! books ( ,ru?1 ,e/h]1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 ! two books ( ,*ronicles1 & ! ,apocalypse1 9 8 ,freie ,unt]su*ung des ,canons 7#agga-aggd7--;a "w app>5tly inspir$ by ! e>li] p]=mance ( ,ri*>d ,simon4 #acbh ,8 intellectual life 0 = long a cont9u\s advance1 always 9 ! direction ( a m rationali/ic compreh5sion ( religi\s hi/ory2 & he rea*$1 = 8 day1 a rem>kably critical view ( ! my?ical elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #acbi ,n only did he recognize t ,g5esis mu/ h pre-,mosaic orig9s1 & t su* books z ! ,prov]bs & ! ,psalms 7 ( lat] date & o!r orig9 ?an ^? traditionally assign$3 #accj 8 hi/orical s5se work$ on ! :ole n>rative4 ,?us he recogniz$ ! my?ical "* ( ! /ory ( ,samson1 & 0 at lea/ on ! way t[>ds a sci5tific h&l+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #acca ,b 9 8 p]iod & environm5t a sy/ematic rationalism 0 impossible2 he 0 always a revelation-believ+ ,*ri/ian2 8 critical intellig5ce 0 always divid$ aga9/ itself2 #accb & 8 p[]s 7 exp5d$ 9 an imm5se numb] ( works1 #accc :i* fail$ to yield any ord]ly sy/em1 :ile sett+ up a g5]al /imulus1 9 despite ( _! admitt$ unreadabl5ess4 #accd ,9 8 latt] days he /rongly oppos$ & condemn$ ! m radical rationalism ( 8 pupil ,bahrdt1 & ( ! po/hum\s "w ( ,reim>us1 "h exemplify+ ! common dang] ( ! intellectual life1 = critical z well z uncritical m9ds4 ,aft] provok+ _m or?odox m5 by 8 own *all5ges1 he is r\s$ to fury alike by ! g5ial rationalism ( ,bahrdt & by ! cold analysis ( ,reim>us2 & 8 attack on ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts publi%$ by ,less+ is load$ ) a vocabul>y ( abuse su* z he _h nev] be=e employ$ #acce--;a sure sign t he _h no sci5tific hold ( 8 own hi/orical conception4 ,l ! simil>ly infuriat$ semi-rational def5d]s ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus 9 our own day1 he m]ely foll[$ ! tactic ( expos+ ! lack ( sci5tific k & !ological le>n+ ( ! innovat+ writ]4 ,always temp]am5tally religi\s1 he di$ 9 ! evangelical fai?4 ,b 8 own influ5ce 9 promot+ rationalism is n[ obvi\s & unque/ion$1 #accf & he is rightly to be reckon$ a ma9 f\nd] ( ,g]man rationalism--t is1 academic rationalism on !ologico-hi/orical l9es #accg--;al?\gh he always pr(ess$ to be m]ely rectify+ or?odox conceptions4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,pusey ! revival ( hi/orical int]pretation by ,seml] became ! mo/ ext5sive in/rum5t ( ! degradation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,among ! o!r !ologians ( ! "t :o ex]cis$ a simil> influ5ce to ! ,wolffian1 ,tlln] attracts notice by ! comp>ative c\rage ) :i*1 9 ! words ( an or?odox critic1 he rais$1 z mu* z possible1 natural religion to revelation1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 l[]$ ,scripture to ! level ( natural light4 #acch ,fir/ he publi%$ 7#agfd7 ,true ,reasons :y ,god has n furni%$ ,revelation ) evid5t pro(s1 #acci argu+ = ! mod]n att5uation ( ! idea ( revelation2 !n a "w on ,div9e ,inspiration 7#agga7 9 :i* he explicitly av[$ t ,god has 9 no way1 ei!r inw>dly or outw>dly1 dictat$ ! sacr$ books4 ,! writ]s 7 ! real au?ors #acdj--;a decl>ation n to be c\nt]balanc$ by fur!r g5]alities ab\t actual div9e influ5ce4 ,lat] /ill he publi%$ a ,pro( t ,god leads m5 to salvation ev5 by 8 revelation 9 ,nature #acda 7#agff7--;a =m ( ,*ri/ianity little remov$ f deism4 ,o!r !ologians1 su* z ,erne/i1 w5t f> ) ! tide ( illum9ism2 & :5 ! or?odox ,*r4 ,a4 ,crusius di$ at ,leipzig 9 #agha1 ,jean ,paul ,ri*t]1 !n a /ud5t1 wrote t p _h become too mu* imbu$ ) ! _s ( illum9ism to be ( 8 s*ool4 ,mo/1 almo/ all ! /ud5ts1 adds ,ri*t]1 incl9e to het]odoxy2 & ( ! pr(essor ,morus he tells t :]ev] he c expla9 away a miracle1 ! devil1 etc41 he does s4 ,( ?is ord] ( accommodators1 a prom95t example 0 ,mi*aelis 7#agag-agia71 ^: r$uction ( ! ,mosaic legislation to motives ( e-day utility is /ill ent]ta9+4 #af4 ,mu* m notori\s ?an any o!r ,g]man dei/ ( 8 "t 0 ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,bahrdt 7#agda-agib71 a k9d ( raw ,teutonic ,voltaire1 & ! mo/ popul>ly influ5tial ,g]man free?9k] ( 8 age4 ,9 all he is said to h publi%$ a hundr$ & tw5ty-six books & tracts1 #acdb ?us approximat+ to ,voltaire 9 quantity if n 9 quality4 ,!ological hatr$ has s pursu$ him t x is h>d to =m a fair op9ion z to 8 "*2 b ! record runs t he l$ a some:at ,bohemian & disord]ly life1 ?\gh a v indu/ri\s "o4 ,:ile a prea*] 9 ,leipzig 9 #agfh he fir/ got into tr\ble--p]secution by 8 own acc\nt2 disgrace = lic5ti\s conduct1 by t ( 8 enemies4 ,9 any case1 he 0 at ?is p]iod q or?odox 9 8 beliefs4 #acdc ,t !re 0 no s]i\s disgrace is sugge/$ by ! fact t he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,antiquities at ,erfurt2 & soon aft]w>ds1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,seml] & ,erne/i1 at ,giess5 7#agga74 ,:ile hold+ t po/ he publi%$ 8 mod]niz$ translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 done f ! po9t ( view ( belief 9 revelation1 foll[+ x up by 8 ,new ,revelations ( ,god 9 ,lett]s & ,tales 7#aggc71 :i* ar\s$ ,prote/ant ho/ility4 ,aft] tea*+ = a "t 9 a new ,swiss ,philan?rop9--an educational in/itution on ,bas$['s l9es--he obta9$ a po/ z a di/rict ecclesia/ical sup]9t5d5t 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,trkheim on ! ,h>dt2 :]eaft] he 0 enabl$ to set up a ,philan?rop9 ( 8 own 9 ! ca/le ( ,heide%eim1 ne> ,worms4 ,! second edition ( 8 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 ar\s$ ,ca?olic ho/ility 9 ! di/rict2 ! edition 0 confiscat$1 & he f\nd x prud5t to make a t\r 9 ,holl& & ,engl&1 only to receive1 on 8 return1 a missive f ! imp]ial consi/ory decl>+ him disabl$ = any spiritual (fice 9 ! ,holy ,g]man ,empire4 ,seek+ refuge 9 ,halle1 he f\nd ,seml] gr[n ho/ile2 b made ! acqua9tance ( ,eb]h>d1 ) ! result ( ab&on+ ! rema9s ( 8 or?odox fai?4 ,h5ce=? he reg>d$ ,jesus1 albeit ) admiration1 z simply a great tea*]1 l ,moses1 ,confucius1 ,sokrates1 ,seml]1 ,lu!r1 & myself2 #acdd & to ?is view he gave effect2 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,new ,te/am5t translation1 :i* 0 foll[$ 9 #aghb by 8 ,lett]s on ! ,bible 9 ,popul> ,/yle 7,volk/on71 & 9 #aghd by 8 ,completion 7,ausfhrung7 ( ! ,plan & ,aim ( ,jesus 9 ,lett]s 7#aghd71 & 8 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,religion 7#aghg74 ,m & m fi]cely antagoniz$1 he duly retaliat$ on ! cl]gy 9 8 ,*ur* & ,h]etic ,almanack 7#agha72 & aft] = a "t keep+ a tav]n1 he got into fre% tr\ble by pr9t+ anonym\s satires on ! religi\s edict ( #aghh1 direct$ aga9/ all k9ds ( h]esy1 #acde & 0 s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 a =tress--a t]m r$uc$ by ! k+ to "o ye>4 ,!reaft] he end$ n v happily 8 tr\bl\s life 9 ,halle 9 #agib4 ,! weake/ "p ( ,bahrdt's p]=mance is n[ se5 to be 8 application ( ! empirical me?od ( ! e>ly !ological rationali/s1 :o 7 wont to take e ,biblical prodigy z a m]ely p]v]t$ acc\nt ( an incid5t :i* c]ta9ly happ5$4 ,t me?od--:i* became id5tifi$ ) ! s-call$ rationalism ( ,g]many 9 t age1 & is n yet disc>d$ by rationaliz+ !ologians--is r$uc$ to op5 absurdity 9 8 h&s1 z :5 he makes ,moses employ fireworks on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ,jesus fe$ ! five ?\s& by /ratagem1 )\t miracle4 ,b x 0 n by su* extravagances t he won & kept a he>+ ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,x is easy to see on retrospect t ! s\rce ( 8 influ5ce z a writ] lay above all ?+s 9 8 heal?y critical e?ic1 8 own mode ( progression be+ by way ( simple common s5se & natural feel+1 n ( critical rese>*4 ,8 fir/ /ep 9 rationalism 0 to ask himself h[ ,?ree ,p]sons c\ld be ,"o ,god--?is :ile believ+ dev\tly 9 revelation1 miracles1 ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 & ! ,atonem5t4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a naturali/ travell+ 9 8 di/rict1 he gave up ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 feel+ himself z if new-born 9 be+ fre$ ( :at he _h le>n$ to see z a p]nici\s & damnable error4 #acdf ,x 0 = su* writ+ t he 0 hat$ & p]secut$1 despite 8 habitual eulogy ( ,*ri/ z ! greate/ & mo/ v5]able ( mortals4 ,8 (f5ce 0 n aga9/ morals1 b aga9/ !ology2 & he height5$ ! (f5ce by 8 vanity4 ,bahrdt's real p[] may be inf]r$ f ! fury ( "s ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,! wret*$ ,bahrdt is ,dr4 ,pusey's ,*ri/ian acc\nt ( him4 ,ev5 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur is abusive4 ,! ,am]ican translators ( ,hag5ba*1 ,messrs4 ,gage & ,/uck5b]g1 h ?\ght fit to ins]t 9 _! *apt]-head+ ! phrase ,bahrdt1 ! ,!odore ,p>k] ( ,g]many4 ,z ,hag5ba* has spok5 ( ,bahrdt ) special contempt1 ! int5tion c be appreciat$2 b ! int5d$ insult may n[ s]ve z a c]tificate ( m]it to ,bahrdt4 ,bi%op ,hur/ solemnly affirms t ,:at ,jeffreys is to ! judicial hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,bahrdt is to ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,g]man ,prote/antism4 ,:atev] he t\*$ 0 disgrac$ by ! vil5ess ( 8 he>t & ! ,satanic d>+ ( 8 m9d 7,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 ed4 #ahfg1 p4 #aai2 ed4 #aija1 p4 #aci74 ,?is conc]n+ doctr9es ( a ne>ly inv>iable moral s\ndness1 :i* to-day w\ld be almo/ univ]sally receiv$ ) approbation4 ,pnj]1 :o _c at any po9t indict ! doctr9es1 falls back on ! pr(essional device ( class+ !m ) ! platitudes ( ! ,aufklrung2 &1 f9d+ ?is insuffici5t to convey a disp>ag+ impression to ! g5]al read]1 intimates t ,bahrdt1 connect+ e?ic ) rational sanitation1 does n %r9k f ! co>s5ess ( lay+ d[n a rule = bodily heal?1 :i* ,pnj] does n %r9k f quot+ 7pp4 #edi-ej74 ,f9ally ,bahrdt is dismiss$ z ! !ological public-h\se-keep] ( ,halle4 ,s h>d is x = m5 cl]ically tra9$ to atta9 to a manly rectitude 9 _! criticism ( anti-cl]icals4 ,bahrdt 0 a great admir] ( ! ,gospel ,jesus2 s ,cairns 7p4 #agh7 takes a l5i5t view ( 8 life4 ,on t & 8 doctr9e cp4 ,hag5ba*1 pp4 #ajg-aj2 ,pnj]1 i1 #edf-ej2 ,noack1 ,?4 iii1 ,kap4 #e4 ,goe! satiriz$ him 9 a y\?ful ,prolog1 b speaks ( him n unk9dly 9 ! ,wahrheit und ,di*tung4 ,z a writ] he is mu* above ! ,g]man av]age4 #ag4 ,alongside ( ^! propagators ( popul> rationalism /ood a gr\p ( companion dei/s usually consid]$ toge!r--,got?old ,ephraim ,less+ 7#agbi-agha71 ,h]mann ,samuel ,reim>us 7#afid-agfh71 & ,moses ,m5delssohn 7#agbi-aghf74 ,! la/-nam$1 a ,jew1 liv$ entirely 9 ! sph]e ( deism & ( natural religion1 #acdg & s\ght1 l ! dei/s 9 g5]al1 to give religion an e?ical /ructure2 b he 0 popul> *iefly z a con/ructive !i/ & a def5d] ( ! doctr9e ( immortality on non-,*ri/ian l9es4 ,8 ,phdon 7#agfg71 sett+ =? t view1 _h a great vogue4 #acdh ,"o ( 8 m notable tea*+s 0 an e>ne/ decl>ation aga9/ any connection betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate2 b l ,locke & ,r\sseau he s f> sank bel[ 8 own ideals z to agree 9 argu+ = a ,/ate en=cem5t ( a pr(ession ( belief 9 a ,god #acdi--;a negation ( 8 own plea4 ,) mu* contempor>y popul>ity1 he _h no p]man5t influ5ce2 & he seems to h be5 completely brok5-he>t$ ov] ,jacobi's disclosure ( ! f9al pan!ism ( ,less+1 = :om he _h a great affection4 ,see ! monograph ( ,rabbi ,s*reib]1 ( ,bonn1 ,moses ,m5delssohn's ,v]di5/e um die deuts*e ,nation 7,zri*1 #ahhj71 pp4 #da-db4 ,! /ronge/ claim made = ,m5delssohn by ,rabbi ,s*reib] is t he1 a ,jew1 0 mu* m ( a ,g]man patriot ?an ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 or ,less+4 ,he9e1 h[ev]1 pron\nces t ,z ,lu!r aga9/ ! ,papacy1 s ,m5delssohn rebell$ aga9/ ! ,talmud 7,zur ,ges*4 d] ,relig4 und ,philos4 9 ,deuts*l&3 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahgf1 iii1 #fe74 ,less+1 on ! o!r h&1 is "o ( ! out/&+ figures 9 ! hi/ory ( ,biblical criticism1 z well z ( ,g]man lit]ature 9 g5]al4 ,! son ( a ,lu!ran pa/or1 ,less+ became 9 a consid]able measure a rationali/1 :ile con/antly res5t+1 z did ,goe!1 ! treatm5t ( religion 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* he himself treat$ non-religi\s op9ions ) :i* he did n agree4 #acej ,x is cle> t already 9 8 /ud5t days he _h become sub/antially an unbeliev]1 & t x 0 on ?is z well z o!r gr\nds t he refus$ to become a cl]gyman4 #acea ,nor 0 he unready to je] at ! bigots :5 !y *anc$ to hate :]e he 0 sympa!tic4 #aceb ,on ! side ( religi\s problems1 he 0 prim>ily & p]man5tly influ5c$ by two su* s+ul>ly diff]5t m9ds z ,bayle #acec & ,r\sseau1 ! fir/ appeal+ to & elicit+ 8 ke5 critical faculty1 ! second 8 w>m emotional nature2 & he nev] q unifi$ ! result4 ,f fir/ to la/ he 0 a free?9k] 9 ! s5se t he nev] admitt$ any pr9ciple ( au?ority1 & 0 /$fa/ly loyal to ! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( utt]ance4 ,he /eadily refus$ to break ) 8 free?9k+ fri5d ,mylius1 & he nev] s\ght to raise odium aga9/ any m advanc$ free?9k] on ! score ( 8 audacity4 #aced ,9 8 ,hamburgis*e ,dramaturgie1 inde$1 deal+ ) a ,g]man play 9 :i* ,mohamm$anism 9 g5]al1 & "o ,ism5or 9 p>ticul>1 9 ! "t ( ! ,crusades are *>g$ ) ! s9 ( p]secution1 he rem>ks t ^! v ,crusades1 :i* 9 _! orig9 7 a political /ratagem ( ! popes1 develop$ into ! mo/ inhuman p]secutions ( :i* ,*ri/ian sup]/ition has ev] made itself guilty3 ! true religion _h !n ! mo/ & ! bloodie/ ,ism5ors4 #acee ,9 8 e>ly ,rettung5 7,v9dications71 aga91 he def5ds ! dubi\s ,c>dan & imp]sonally argues ! pros & cons ( ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism 9 a fa%ion possible only to a skeptical m9d4 #acef ,& 9 8 y\?1 z 9 8 la/ ye>s1 he ma9ta9$ t !re h long be5 m5 :o disreg>d$ all reveal$ religions & h yet be5 good m54 #aceg ,9 8 y\?1 h[ev]1 he 0 m ( a ,r\sseaui/ ?an ( an intellectual philosoph]1 sett+ up a pr9ciple ( ! he>t aga9/ e species ( analytic ?\ght1 includ+ ev5 t ( ,leibnitz1 :i* he e>ly *ampion$ aga9/ ! ,wolfian adaptation ( x4 #aceh ,! s\nd pr9ciple t conduct is m important ?an op9ion he 0 always apt1 on ! religi\s side1 to /ra9 into ! really contr>y pr9ciple t op9ions :i* (t5 w5t ) good conduct 7 necess>ily to be e/eem$4 ,s :5 ! rationalism ( ! day s]i\sly or o!rwise 79 ,voltairean ,b]l9 x 0 too apt to be o!rwise7 assail$ ! cre$ ( 8 p>5ts1 :om he lov$ & hon\r$1 sympa?y 9 8 case z 9 ,goe!'s always pr$et]m9$ 8 attitude2 #acei & x is n untruly said ( him t he did pref] ! or?odox to ! het]odox p>ty1 l ,gibbon1 inasmu* z ! balance ( le>n+ :i* attract$ 8 e/eem 0 !n on t side4 #acfj ,we ?us f9d him1 ab\t ! "t :5 he ann\nces to 8 fa!r t he _h d\bt$ conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ian dogmas1 #acfa r n]v\sly prov+ 8 ess5tial religi\sness by dramatically def5d+ ! cl]gy aga9/ ! prejudices ( popul> free?\ght z repres5t$ by 8 fri5d ,mylius1 :o = a "t ran 9 ,leipzig a j\rnal call$ ! ,freigei/--n a v advanc$ organ4 #acfb ,less+ 0 9 fact1 ) 8 v]satile g5ius & 8 va/ read+1 a man ( moods r ?an a sy/ematic ?9k]1 despite 8 p[]ful critical faculty2 & alike 8 emotional & 8 critical side det]m9$ 8 av]sion to ! attempts ( ! rationaliz+ cl]gy to put religion on a common-s5se foot+4 ,8 p]sonal animosity to ,voltaire & to ,fr$]ick w\ld also influ5ce him2 b he repugn$ ev5 ! decor\s rationalism ( ! !ologians ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,:5 8 bro!r wrote him to ! effect t ! basis ( ! curr5t religion 0 false1 & ! /ructure ! "w ( %all[ bungl]s1 he repli$ t he admitt$ ! falsity ( ! basis1 b n ! incompet5ce ( ^? :o built up ! sy/em1 9 :i* he saw mu* skill & address4 ,%all[ bungl]s1 on ! o!r h&1 he t]m$ ! s*em]s ( ! new sy/em ( compromise & accommodation4 #acfc ,9 %ort1 z he av[$ 9 8 fragm5t on ,bibliolatry1 he 0 always pull$ ?is way & t 9 8 ?\ght on ! problem ( religion4 #acfd ,= himself1 he fram$ 7or p]haps adopt$7 #acfe a pseudo-!ory ( ! ,education ( ! ,human ,race 7#aghj71 :i* has s]v$ ! semi-rationali/ic cl]gy ( our own day 9 good /ead2 & adapt$ ,r\sseau's cat*+ doctr9e t ! true te/ ( religion lies 9 feel+ & n 9 argum5t4 #acff ,nei!r doctr9e1 9 %ort1 has a :it m philosophical value ?an ! o!r popul> philosophy ( ! "t1 & nei!r 0 fitt$ to h mu* imm$iate influ5ce2 b bo? po9t$ a way to ! m philosophic apologi/s ( religion1 :ile baulk+ ! or?odox4 #acfg ,if all ?is 7 m ?an a piece ( def5sive /rategy1 x 0 no m sci5tific ?an ! semi-rationali/ !ology :i* he contemn$4 ,! education !orem1 on its m]its1 is inde$ a discr$itable p>alogism2 & only our k ( 8 affectional bias c )hold u f c\nt+ x a my/ification4 ,on analysis x is f\nd to h no logical cont5t :atev]4 ,*ri/ianity ,less+ made out to be a univ]sal pr9ciple1 indep5d5t ( its pseudo-hi/orical sett+2 ?us giv+ to ! totality ( ! admitt$ly false tradition ! cr$it ( an e?ic :i* 9 ! t]ms ( ! case is simply human1 & 9 all ess5tials demon/rably pre-,*ri/ian4 ,8 propag&a ( ?is k9d squ>es ill ) 8 pap] on ,! ,orig9 ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 writt5 ab\t #ahfj4 ,!re he pr(esses to hold by a naturali/ view ( religion4 ,all positive or dogmatic cre$s he ascribes to ! arrangem5ts t m5 f "t to "t f\nd x necess>y to make z to ! means ( apply+ natural religion4 ,h5ce all positive & reveal$ religions are alike true & alike false2 alike true1 inasmu* z x has ev]y:]e be5 necess>y to come to t]ms ov] diff]5t ?+s 9 ord] to secure agreem5t & unity 9 ! public religion2 alike false1 inasmu* z t ov] :i* m5 came to t]ms does n s mu* /& close to ! ess5tial 7ni*t s[ohl 444 neb5 dem ,wes5tli*5 be/eht71 b r weak5s & oppresses x4 ,! be/ reveal$ or positive religion is t :i* conta9s ! fewe/ conv5tional additions to natural religion2 t :i* lea/ limits ! effects ( natural religion4 #acfh ,?is is ! position ( ,t9dal & ! ,engli% dei/s 9 g5]al2 & x seems to h be5 9 ?is mood t ,less+ wrote to ,m5delssohn ab\t be+ able to help ! d[nfall ( ! mo/ frightful /ructure ( nons5se only "u ! pretext ( giv+ x a new f\ndation4 #acfi ,on ! hi/orical side1 too1 he _h e>ly conv9c$ himself t ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ & propagat$ by entirely natural means #acgj--?is be=e ,gibbon4 ,b1 fight] z he 01 he 0 n prep>$ to lay 8 c>ds on ! table 9 ! society 9 :i* he f\nd himself4 ,9 8 /ronge/ polemic !re 0 always an elem5t ( my/ification2 #acga & 8 f9al pan!ism 0 only privately av[$4 ,x 0 ?r\gh a s]ies ( outside influ5ces t he w5t s f>1 9 ! op51 z he did4 ,becom+ ! libr>ian ( ! great ,biblio!k ( ,wolf5bttel1 ! possession ( ! h]$it>y ,pr9ce 7aft]w>ds ,duke7 ( ,brunswick1 he 0 l$ to publi% ! ,anonym\s ,fragm5ts kn[n z ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts 7#aggd-aggh71 :]e9 ! me?ods ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* dei/s are appli$ ) a new sev]ity to bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,x is n[ put beyond d\bt t !y 7 ! "w ( ,reim>us1 #acgb :o _h 9 #agee produc$ a def5ce ( ,natural ,religion--t is1 ( ! !ory ( a ,provid5ce--aga9/ ,la ,mettrie1 ,maup]tuis1 & old] mat]iali/s1 :i* _h a great success 9 its day4 #acgc ,at 8 dea?1 accord+ly1 ,reim>us rank$ z an admir$ def5d] ( !ism & ( ! belief 9 immortality4 #acgd ,he 0 ! son-9-law ( ! e/eem$ s*ol> ,fabricius1 & 0 = _m ye>s ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages 9 ! ,hamburg ,academy4 ,! fam\s rese>* :i* pres]ves 8 memory 0 begun by him at ! age ( fifty1 = 8 own satisfaction1 & 0 elaborat$ by him dur+ tw5ty ye>s1 :ile he sil5tly endur$ ! regim5 ( ! intol]ant ,lu!ranism ( 8 day4 #acge ,z he left ! book x 0 a complete treatise entitl$ ,an ,apology = ! ,rational ,wor%ipp] ( ,god2 b 8 son fe>$ to h x publi%$1 ?\gh ,less+ (f]$ to take ! :ole risk2 & x 0 only by ! help ( ! daught]1 ,elise ,reim>us1 #acgf ,less+'s fri5d1 t ! fragm5ts came to light4 ,z ! ,b]l9 c5sor w\ld n give (ficial p]mission1 #acgg ,less+ took ! c\rse ( issu+ !m piecemeal 9 a p]iodical s]ies ( selections f ! treasures ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,libr>y1 :i* _h privilege ( publication4 ,! fir/1 ,on ! ,tol]ation ( ,dei/s1 :i* attract$ little notice1 appe>$ 9 #aggd2 f\r m1 :i* made a /ir1 9 #aggg2 & only 9 #aggh 0 ! mo/ audaci\s ( all1 ,on ! ,aim ( ,jesus & 8 ,disciples1 #acgh publi%$ z a sep>ate book4 ,collectively !y con/itut$ ! mo/ s]i\s attack yet made 9 ,g]many on ! curr5t cre$1 ?\gh _! !ory ( ! true mann] ( ! gospel hi/ory ( c\rse smacks ( ! pre-sci5tific p]iod4 ,a g5]ation lat]1 h[ev]1 !y 7 /ill ! radical book ( ! anti-sup]naturali/s 9 ,g]many4 #acgi ,z aga9/ miracles 9 g5]al1 ! ,resurrection 9 p>ticul>1 & ,biblical e?ics 9 g5]al1 ! attack ( ,reim>us 0 irresi/ible1 b 8 hi/orical con/ruction is pre-sci5tific4 ,! me?od is1 to accept z real occurr5ces all ! non-miracul\s episodes1 & to expla9 !m by a g5]al !ory4 ,?us ! appo9tm5t ( ! sev5ty apo/les--a palpable my?--is tak5 z a fact1 & expla9$ z "p ( a s*eme by ,jesus to obta9 temporal p[]2 & ! sc\rg+ ( ! money-*ang]s f ! ,temple1 improbable en\gh z x /&s1 is made /ill m s by suppos+ x to be "p ( a s*eme ( insurrection4 ,! me?od fur!r involves *>ges ( calculat$ fraud aga9/ ! disciples or evangeli/s--a hi/orical misconception :i* ,less+ repudiat$1 albeit n on ! "r gr\nds4 ,see ! sket* 9 ,cairns1 p4 #aig sq41 :i* indicates ! portions ( ! treatise produc$ lat] by ,/rauss4 ,cp4 ,pnj]1 i1 #eej-eg2 ,noack1 ,?4 iii1 ,kap4 #d4 ,s*weitz] 7,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e71 9 8 satisfaction at ! agreem5t ( ,reim>us ) 8 own conception ( an es*atological ,jesus1 occupi$ ) ! la/ ?+s1 gives ,reim>us extravagant praise4 ,/rauss rightly notes ! weakness ( ! indictm5t ( ,moses z a work] ( fraud 7,voltaire1 #bte ,ausg4 p4 #djg74 ,x is b fair to say t ,reim>us's fallacy ( me?od1 :i* 0 ! prevail+ "o 9 8 day1 has n yet disappe>$ f criticism4 ,z we h se51 x 0 employ$ by ,pomponazzi 9 ! ,r5aissance 7vol4 i1 p4 #cgg71 & re9troduc$ 9 ! mod]n p]iod by ,connor & ,tol&4 ,x is /ill employ$ by "s pr(ess$ rationali/s1 z ,dr4 ,conybe>e4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 9 all likelihood sugge/$ itself spontane\sly to _m inquir]s4 ,9 ! ,phdrus ,plato pres5ts x z appli$ by empirical rationaliz]s to my?s at t "t4 ,?\gh ,less+ at _m po9ts oppugn$ ! positions ( ! ,fragm5ts1 he 0 l$ into a fi]y controv]sy ov] !m1 9 :i* he 0 unwor?ily attack$ by1 among o!rs1 ,seml]1 f :om he _h look$ = support2 & ! s]ies 0 f9ally /opp$ by au?ority4 ,!re c n[ be no d\bt t ,less+ at he>t agre$ ) ,reim>us on mo/ po9ts ( negative criticism1 #achj b rea*$ a diff]5t emotional e/imate & attitude4 ,all ! great] is ! m]it ( 8 battle = fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,!reaft]1 z a f9al *eck to 8 oppon5ts1 he produc$ 8 fam\s drama ,na?an ! ,wise1 :i* embodies ,boccaccio's /ory ( ,! ,?ree ,r+s1 & has ev] s9ce s]v$ z a popul> lesson ( tol]ance 9 ,g]many4 #acha ,9 ! end1 he seems to h become1 to at lea/ "s ext5t1 a pan!i/2 #achb b he nev] exp\nd$ any coh]5t & compreh5sive set ( op9ions1 #achc pref]r+1 z he put x 9 an (t-quot$ s5t5ce1 ! /ate ( se>* = tru? to any consci\sness ( possess+ x4 #achd ,he left beh9d him1 h[ev]1 an important fragm5t1 :i* con/itut$ "o ( 8 mo/ important s]vices to national culture--8 ,new ,hypo!sis conc]n+ ! evangeli/s z m]ely human writ]s4 ,he himself ?\ght t he _h done no?+ m important or +5i\s #ache ( ! k9d2 & ?\gh 8 results 7 9 "p uns\nd & imp]man5t1 he is ju/ly to be cr$it$ ) ! fir/ sci5tific attempt to d$uce ! process ( composition ( ! gospels #achf f prim>y writ+s by ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,hold+ z he did to ! au!nticity & hi/oricity ( ! f\r? gospel1 he _c be said to h gone v deep2 b two g5]ations 7 to pass be=e ! speciali/s got any fur!r4 ,less+ _h %[n m sci5ce & m c\rage ?an any o!r pro-,*ri/ian s*ol> ( ! "t1 &1 z ! or?odox hi/orian ( rationalism has x1 ,?\gh he did n array himself z a *ampion ( rationalism1 he prov$ himself "o ( ! /ronge/ promot]s ( its reign4 #achg #ah4 ,deism 0 n[ z preval5t 9 educat$ ,g]many z 9 ,france or ,engl&2 &1 accord+ to a contempor>y prea*]1 ,b]l9] 0 ab\t #aggg a synonym = rationali/4 #achh ,wiel&1 "o ( ! =emo/ ,g]man m5 ( lett]s ( 8 "t1 is kn[n to h become a dei/ ( ! s*ool ( ,%aftesbury2 #achi & 9 ! lead+ j\rnal ( ! day he wrote on ! free use ( reason 9 matt]s ( fai?4 #acij ,"s acts ( p]secution by ! ,*ur* %[ h[ f> ! movem5t _h gone4 ,9 #aggd we f9d a ,ca?olic pr(essor at ,may5ce1 ,lor5zo ,is5biehl1 depos$ & s5t back to ! sem9>y = two ye>s on ! score ( defici5t !ological k1 because he argu$ 7aft] ,coll9s7 t ! text ,isaiah vii1 #ad appli$ n to ! "m ( ,jesus b to a contempor>y ( ! prophet2 & :51 f\r ye>s lat]1 he publi%$ a book on ! same !sis1 9 ,lat91 he 0 imprison$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] /ill1 a "y ,jesuit ( ,salzburg1 nam$ ,/e9buhl]1 0 actually condemn$ to dea? = writ+ "s satires on ,roman ,ca?olic c]emonies1 &1 ?\gh aft]w>ds p>don$1 di$ ( ! ill-usage he _h und]gone 9 prison4 #acia ,x may h be5 ! s5se ( dang] ar\s$ by su* p]secution t l$ to ! f\nd+1 9 #aghj1 ( a curi\s society :i* comb9$ an elem5t ( free?9k+ ,jesuitism ) freemasonry1 & :i* includ$ a numb] ( /atesm51 noblem51 & pr(essors--,goe!1 ,h]d]1 & ! ,duke ( ,weim> be+ among its adh]5ts4 ,b x is difficult to take s]i\sly ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! ord]4 #acib ,! _s ( rationalism1 9 any case1 0 n[ s preval5t t x began to dom9ate ! "w ( ! m intellig5t !ologians1 to ^: consequ5t illogical attempts to /ra9 out by ! mo/ dubi\s means ! sup]natural elem5ts f ! ,bible n>ratives #acic ! "n ( rationalism came to be specially appli$1 #acid t be+ ! k9d ( criticism naturally mo/ discuss$ among ! cl]gy4 ,tak+ rise broadly 9 ! "w ( ,seml]1 re9=c$ by t ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* dei/s & t ( ,reim>us1 ! me?od l$ /age by /age to ! sci5tific p]=mance ( ,/rauss & ,baur1 & ! rec5t high] criticism ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,notewor?y at its outset z exhibit+ ! t5d5cy ( (ficial believ]s to make m51 9 ! words ( ,less+1 irrational philosoph]s by way ( mak+ !m rational ,*ri/ians1 #acie ?is ord] ( rationalism 9 its int]m$iate /ages belongs r to ! hi/ory ( ,biblical s*ol>%ip ?an to t ( free?\ght1 s9ce m radical "w 0 be+ done by unpr(essional writ]s outside1 & deep] problems 7 rais$ by ! new sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,)9 ! ,lu!ran pale1 h[ev]1 !re 7 "s h>dy ?9k]s4 ,a /rik+ figure ( ! "t1 9 respect ( 8 c\rage & ?or\ghness1 is ! ,lu!ran pa/or ,j4 ,h4 ,s*ulz1 #acif :o s /rongly combatt$ ! compromises ( ! ,seml] s*ool 9 reg>d to ! ,p5tateu*1 & argu$ s pla9ly = a sev]ance ( morals f religion z to br+ ab\t 8 own dismissal 7#agib74 #acig ,s*ulz's ,philosophical ,m$itation on ,!ology & ,religion #acih 7#aghd7 is inde$ "o ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ attacks on or?odox religion produc$ 9 t age4 ,b x is 9 itself a purely speculative con/ruction4 ,foll[+ ! curr5t hi/orical me?od1 he makes ,moses ! *ild ( ! ,egyptian pr9cess1 & repres5ts him z impos+ on ! ignorant ,israelites a religion inv5t$ by himself1 & expressive only ( 8 own passions4 ,jesus 9 turn is extoll$ 9 ! t]ms common to ! free?9k]s ( ! age2 b 8 conception ( ,god is dismiss$ z *im]ical2 & ,s*ulz f9ally re/s 9 ! position ( ,edelmann1 t ! only rational conception ( deity is t ( ! suffici5t gr\nd ( ! _w1 & t on ?is view no man is an a!i/4 #acii ,s*ulz's dismissal appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! fruits ( ! or?odox edict 7#aghh7 ( ! new k+1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii1 ! bro!r ( ,fr$]ick1 :o succe$$ 9 #aghf4 ,x ann\nc$ him--9 reality a /range comp\nd ( lawless debau*]y & prie/-ridd5 sup]/ition #adjj--;z ! *ampion ( religion & ! enemy ( free?9k+2 =bade all proselytiz+1 & m5ac$ ) p5alties all =ms ( h]esy1 #adja :ile pr(ess+ to ma9ta9 fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,! edict seems to h be5 specially provok$ by fre% lit]ature ( a pron\nc$ly free?9k+ /amp1 ?\gh x lays /ress on ! fact t s _m cl]gym5 h ! boldness to dissem9ate ! doctr9es ( ! ,soc9ians1 ,dei/s1 & ,naturali/s "u ! "n ( ,aufklrung4 ,! "w ( ,s*ulz w\ld be "o ( ! provocatives1 & !re 7 o!rs4 ,9 #aghe _h appe>$ ! anonym\s ,moroccan ,lett]s1 #adjb :]e91 aft] ! model ( ! ,p]sian ,lett]s & o!rs1 ! life & cre$s ( ,g]many are h&l$ 9 a q ,voltairean fa%ion4 ,! writ] is evid5tly famili> ) ,fr5* & ,engli% dei/ic lit]ature1 & draws freely on bo?1 mak+ no pret5ce ( sy/ematic treatm5t4 ,su* writ+1 quietly turn+ a dis5*ant+ light ( common s5se on ,scriptural incr$ibilities & ,*ri/ian hi/orical sc&als1 )\t a trace ( polemical zeal1 illu/rat$ at once ! futility ( ,kant's claim1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 to c\nt]act free?9k+ unbelief by transc5d5tal philosophy4 ,& ?\gh ! writ] is c>eful to po9t to ! frequ5t association ( ,*ri/ian fanaticism ) regicide1 8 v explicit appeal = a unification ( ,g]many1 #adjc 8 acc\nt ( ! ,g]man ,prote/ant peasant & lab\r] z ! mo/ dismal figure 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,switz]l&1 #adjd & 8 *>ge aga9/ ,g]mans ( degrad+ _! wom51 #adje w\ld n enli/ ! fav\r ( ! au?orities = 8 "w4 ,)9 two ye>s 7#aghg7 appe>$1 unsign$1 an ev5 m /rongly anti-,*ri/ian & anti-cl]ical "w1 ,! ,9 ,"p ,only ,true ,sy/em ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #adjf ascrib$ to ,jakob von ,mauvillon1 #adjg :om we h se5 tw5ty-"o ye>s be=e translat+ ! free?9k+ romance ( ,holb]g4 ,beg9n+ 8 c>e] z a s]i\s publici/ by translat+ ,raynal's explosive hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7#g vols4 #aggd-gh71 he _h done solid "w z a hi/orian & z an economi/1 & also z an (fic] 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick & a writ] on milit>y sci5ce4 ,! ,true ,sy/em is ho/ile alike to prie/hoods & to ! accommodat+ !ologians1 ^: attempt to rationalize ,*ri/ianity on hi/orical l9es x fl\ts 9 ,less+'s ve9 z futile4 ,mauvillon f9ds un?9kable ! idea ( a revelation :i* c\ld n be univ]sal2 rejects miracles & prophecies z va9 bases = a cre$2 sums up ! ,new ,te/am5t z planless2 & pron\nces ! e?ic ( ,*ri/ianity1 commonly reg>d$ z its /ronge/ side1 ! weake/ side ( all4 ,he sums up1 9 fact1 9 a logical :ole1 ! "w ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* dei/s4 #adjh ,to su* propag&a ! edict ( repression 0 ! (ficial answ]4 ,x naturally r\s$ a /rong opposition2 #adji b ?\gh x ultimately fail$1 ?r\gh ! g5]al breakd[n ( ,european despotisms1 x 0 n )\t injuri\s effect4 ,! fir/ edict 0 foll[$ 9 a few mon?s by "o :i* plac$ ! press & all lit]ature1 native & =eign1 "u c5sor%ip4 ,?is policy1 :i* 0 *iefly inspir$ by ! new k+'s ,m9i/] ( ,religion1 ,woelln]1 0 foll[$ up 9 #agia by ! appo9tm5t ( a committee ( ?ree reaction>ies--,h]mes1 ,hilm]1 & ,wolt]sdorf--:o n only saw to ! execution ( ! edicts1 b sup]vis$ ! s*ools & *ur*es4 ,su* a regim51 aid$ by ! reaction aga9/ ! ,revolution1 = a "t prev5t$ any op5 propag&a on ! "p ( m5 (ficially plac$2 & we %all see x hamp]+ & humiliat+ ,kant2 b x left ! leav5 ( anti-sup]naturalism to "w all ! m effectively among ! increas+ cr[d ( univ]sity /ud5ts4 ,_m m9ds ( ! p]iod1 d\btless1 are typifi$ by ,h]d]1 :o1 ?\gh a practis+ cl]gyman1 0 cle>ly a ,sp9ozi/ic !i/1 accommodat+ himself to popul> ,*ri/ianity 9 a g5ially latitud9>ian _s4 #adaj ,:5 9 8 y\? he publi%$ an essay discuss+ ,g5esis z a piece ( ori5tal poetry1 n to be treat$ z sci5ce or !ology1 he evok$ an am\nt ( ho/ility :i* />tl$ him4 #adaa ,le>n+ 8 lesson1 he 0 = ! future gu>d$ en\gh to escape p]secution4 ,he 0 l$ by 8 own temp]am5tal bias1 h[ev]1 to a transc5d5tal position 9 philosophy4 ,orig9ally 9 agreem5t ) ,kant1 #adab z aga9/ ! curr5t metaphysic1 9 ! p]iod be=e ! issue ( ! latt]'s ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 he n\ri%$ 8 religi\s in/9cts by a discursive read+ ( hi/ory1 :i* he h&l$ 9 a comp>atively sci5tific yet above all poetic or !osophic _s1 :ile ,kant1 :o _h little or no int]e/ 9 hi/ory1 develop$ 8 ?\ght on ! side ( physical sci5ce4 #adac ,! philosophic me?ods ( ! two m5 ?us became oppos$2 & :5 ,h]d] f\nd ,kant's philosophy produc+ a /rongly rationali/ic ca/ ( ?\ght among ! div9ity /ud5ts :o came be=e him = exam9ation1 he directly & %>ply antagoniz$ x #adad 9 a !i/ic s5se4 ,yet 8 own influ5ce on 8 age 0 on ! :ole latitud9>ian & anti-!ological2 he oppos$ to ! apriorism ( ,kant ! view t ! concepts ( space & "t are ! results ( exp]i5ce & an ab/raction ( its cont5ts2 8 hi/oric /udies _h develop$ 9 him a conception ( ! process ( evolution alike 9 life1 op9ion1 & faculty2 & or?odoxy & philosophy alike incl9e to rank him z a pan!i/4 #adae #ai4 ,mean:ile1 ! drift ( ! age ( ,aufklrung 0 app>5t 9 ! practically free?9k+ attitude ( ! two =emo/ m5 ( lett]s 9 ! new ,g]many--,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,( ! =m]1 despite ! blu/] ( ,c>lyle1 & despite ! /hetic fav\r %[n to ,*ri/ianity 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 no religi\s +5uity c make m ?an a pan!i/1 #adaf :o1 ins(> z he t\*$ on ,biblical que/ions1 copi$ ! half-gr[n rationalism ( ! s*ool ( ,seml]4 #adag ,! great ,pagan 0 ! common label among 8 or?odox or con=mi/ contempor>ies4 #adah ,z a boy1 le>n+ a little ,hebrew1 he 0 already at ! critical po9t ( view 9 reg>d to ,biblical m>vels1 #adai ?\gh he nev] became a sci5tific critic4 ,he has told h[1 9 8 y\?1 :5 ,lavat] insi/$ t he mu/ *oose betwe5 or?odox ,*ri/ianity & a!ism1 he answ]$ t1 if he 7 n free to be a ,*ri/ian 9 8 own way 7wie i* es bi%] gehegt htte71 he w\ld z soon turn a!i/ z ,*ri/ian1 ! m s z he saw t nobody knew v well :at ei!r signifi$4 #adbj ,z he puts x1 he _h made a ,*ri/ & a ,*ri/ianity ( 8 own4 #adba ,8 admir$ fri5d ,frule9 von ,klett5b]g1 ! ,beautiful ,s\l ( "o ( 8 pieces1 told him t he nev] satisfi$ h] :5 he us$ ! ,*ri/ian t]m9ology1 :i* he nev] seem$ to get "r2 & he tells h[ he gradually turn$ away f h] religion1 :i* he _h = a "t approa*$1 9 its ,moravian aspect1 ) a too passionate zeal4 #adbb ,9 8 lett]s to ,lavat]1 he wrote q explicitly t a voice f heav5 w\ld n make him believe 9 a virg9 bir? & a resurrection1 su* tales be+ = him r blasphemies aga9/ ! great ,god & 8 revelation 9 ,nature4 ,?\s&s ( pages ( e>li] & lat] writ+s1 he decl>$1 7 = him z beautiful z ! gospel4 #adbc ,nor did he ev] yield to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* m ?an a ,platonic amity2 s t mu* ( ! peculi> ho/ility t 0 long felt = 8 poetry & 0 long %[n to 8 memory 9 ,g]many is to be expla9$ z an expression ( ! normal malice ( pietism aga9/ unbeliev]s4 #adbd ,su* utt]ances z ! av[al t he rev]$ ,jesus z he rev]$ ! ,sun1 #adbe & ! o!r to ! effect t ,*ri/ianity has no?+ to d ) philosophy1 :]e ,hegel s\ght to br+ x--t x is simply a b5efic5t influ5ce1 & is n to be look$ to = pro( ( immortality #adbf--;are cle>ly n ^? ( a believ]4 ,to-day belief is glad to claim ,goe! z a fri5d 9 respect ( 8 _m concessions to x1 z well z ( 8 occasional fl+s at m consi/5t free?9k]s4 ,b a great pagan he rema9s = ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! op9ion ( lat] or?odoxy 8 influ5ce on religion 0 v p]nici\s4 #adbg ,he inde$ %[$ small conc]n = religi\s susceptibilities :5 he humor\sly wrote t f 8 y\? up he believ$ himself to /& s well ) 8 ,god z to fancy t he might ev5 h some?+ to =give ,him4 #adbh ,"o passage 9 ,goe!'s essay on ! ,p5tateu*1 app5d$ to ! ,we/-,oe/li*] ,divan1 is wor? not+ "h z illu/rat+ ! ability ( g5ius to *]i% & propagate hi/orical fallacies4 ,x runs3 ,! peculi>1 unique1 & deepe/ !me ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w & man1 to :i* all o!rs are subord9ate1 is always ! conflict ( belief & unbelief4 ,all epo*s 9 :i* belief rules1 "u :atev] =m1 are illu/ri\s1 inspirit+1 & fruitful = t "t & ! future4 ,all epo*s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* unbelief1 9 :atev] =m1 secures a mis]able victory1 ev5 ?\gh = a mom5t !y may flaunt x pr\dly1 disappe> = po/]ity1 because no man will+ly tr\bles himself ) k ( ! unfruitful 7fir/ ed4 pp4 #dbd-be74 ,goe! goes on to speak ( ! f\r latt] books ( ,moses z occupi$ ) ! !me ( unbelief1 & ( ! fir/ z occupi$ ) belief4 ,?us 8 =mula 0 bas$1 to beg9 )1 on purely fabul\s hi/ory1 into ! nature ( :i* 8 poetic faculty gave him no true insight4 7,see 8 idyllic reca/ ( ! patri>*al hi/ory 9 ,?4 ,i1 ,b4 iv ( ! ,wahrheit und ,di*tung47 ,appli$ to real hi/ory1 8 =mula has no validity save on a def9ition :i* implies ei!r an equivoque or an argum5t 9 a circle4 ,if x ref]1 9 ! natural s5se1 to epo*s 9 :i* any giv5 religion is widely reject$ & assail$1 x is palpably false4 ,! ,r5aissance & ,goe!'s own c5tury 7 ages ( su* unbelief2 & !y rema9 mu* m deeply int]e/+ ?an ! ,ages ( ,fai?4 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome is ! "w ( a reput$ly unbeliev+ pope4 ,if on ! o!r h& 8 =mula be meant to apply to belief 9 ! s5se ( en]gy & en?usiasm1 x is /ill fallaci\s4 ,! crusades 7 manife/ations ( en]gy & en?usiasm2 b !y 7 pr(\ndly unfruitful1 & !y are n deeply int]e/+4 ,! only s5se 9 :i* ,goe!'s =mula c\ld /& w\ld be "o 9 :i* x is recogniz$ t all vigor\s intellectual life /&s = belief--t is to say1 t ,lucretius & ,voltaire1 ,pa9e & d',holba*1 /& = belief :5 confid5tly attack+ beliefs4 ,! =mula is ?us true only 9 a /ra9$ & non-natural s5se2 :]eas x is sure to be read & to be believ$1 by ?\ghtless admir]s1 9 its natural & false s5se1 ?\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ,byzantium & mod]n ,islam is a hi/ory ( /agnant & unfruitful belief1 & t ( mod]n ,europe a hi/ory ( fruitful d\bt1 disbelief1 & d5ial1 involv+ new affirmations4 ,goe!'s own m9d on ! subject 0 9 a /ate ( v]baliz+ confusion1 ! result or expression ( 8 temp]am5tal av]sion to cle> analytical ?\ght 7,above all1 he boa/s1 ,i nev] ?\ght ab\t ?9k+7 & 8 habit ( poetic allegory & apriorism4 ,logic 0 inv9cibly repugnant to him 7,lewes1 ,life ( ,goe!1 #crd ed4 p4 #ch74 ,! mosaic ( 8 ?9k+ is suffici5tly indicat$ 9 ,lewes's sympa!tically confus$ acc\nt 7id4 pp4 #ebc-bg74 ,:]e he himself d\bt$ & d5i$ curr5t cre$s1 z 9 8 "w 9 natural sci5ce1 he 0 mo/ fruitful #adbi 7?\gh he 0 n always "r--e4g41 8 polemic aga9/ ,newton's !ory ( col\r72 & ! p]man5tly int]e/+ tea*+ ( 8 ,fau/ is precisely t :i* arti/ically utt]s ! d\bt ?r\gh :i* he pass$ to a pan!i/ic ,naturalism4 #bj4 ,no less c]ta9 is ! unbelief ( ,s*ill] 7#agei-ahje71 :om ,hag5ba* ev5 takes z ! repres5tative ( ! rationalism ( 8 age4 ,9 8 juv5ile ,robb]s1 inde$1 he makes 8 wor/ villa9s free?9k]s2 & 9 ! preface he /\tly *ampions religion aga9/ all assailants2 b h>dly ev] aft] t piece does he give a fav\rable portrait ( a prie/4 #adcj ,he himself soon jo9$ ! ,aufklrung2 & all 8 /hetic appreciation ( ,*ri/ianity nev] c>ri$ him beyond ! position t x virtually _h ! t5d5cy 7,anlage7 to ! highe/ & noble/1 ?\gh t 0 9 g5]al ta/elessly & repulsively repres5t$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,he add$ t 9 a c]ta9 s5se x is ! only /hetic religion1 :5ce x is t x gives su* pleasure to ! fem99e nature1 & t only among wom5 is x to be met ) 9 a tol]able =m4 #adca ,l ,goe!1 he s\ght to r$uce ! ,biblical sup]natural to ! plane ( possibility1 #adcb 9 ! mann] ( ! lib]al !ologians ( ! p]iod2 & l him he (t5 writes z a dei/1 #adcc ?\gh pr(ess$ly = a "t a ,kanti/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he does n hesitate to say t a heal?y nature 7:i* ,goe! _h said ne$$ no morality1 no ,natur-re*t1 #adcd & no political metaphysic7 requir$ nei!r deity nor immortality to su/a9 x4 #adce #ba4 ,! critical philosophy ( ,immanuel ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd7 may be said to repres5t mo/ compreh5sively ! outcome 9 ,g]man intellig5ce ( ! high] free?\ght ( ! age1 ins(> z its results c\ld be at all widely assimilat$4 ,9 its mo/ truly critical "p1 ! analytic treatm5t ( previ\s !i/ic sy/ems 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 7#agha71 he is fundam5tally anti-!ological2 ! effect ( ! argum5t be+ to negate all previ\sly curr5t pro(s ( ! exi/5ce & cognizabl5ess ( a supreme p[] or deity4 ,already ! metaphysics ( ! ,leibnitz-,wolff s*ool 7 discr$it$2 #adcf & s f> ,kant c\ld c\nt on a fair he>+ = a sy/em :i* reject$ t ( ! s*ools4 ,c]ta9ly he meant 8 book to be an antidote to ! prevail+ religi\s cr$ulity4 ,h5ce=? !re 7 to be no m dreams ( gho/-se]s1 metaphysicians1 & en?usia/s4 #adcg ,on 8 own "p1 h[ev]1 no d\bt 9 sympa?y ) ! attitude ( _m ( 8 read]s1 !re foll[$ a species ( intuitional reaction4 ,9 8 %ort essay ,:at is ,free?9k+8 #adch 7#aghd7 he def9es ,aufklrung or free?9k+ z ! advance ( m5 f _! self-imput$ m9ority2 & m9ority z ! inability to use "o's own und]/&+ )\t ano!r's guidance4 ,sap]e aude2 d>e to use ?9e own und]/&+1 he decl>es to be ! motto ( free?\ght3 & he dwells on ! laz9ess ( _s :i* keeps m5 9 ! /ate ( m9ority1 lett+ o!rs d _! ?9k+ = !m z ! doctor prescribes _! m$ic9e4 ,9 ?is _s he ju/ifies ! movem5t ( rational criticism :ile insi/+1 ju/ly en\gh1 t m5 h /ill f> to g ere !y c reason s\ndly 9 all ?+s4 ,if1 he obs]ves1 we ask :e!r we live 9 an enlight5$ 7aufgeklrt7 age ! answ] is1 ,no1 b 9 an age ( enlight5+ 7aufklrung74 ,!re is /ill great lack ( capacity among m5 9 g5]al to ?9k = !mselves1 free ( lead+-/r+s4 ,only sl[ly c a community 7,publikum7 atta9 to free?9k+4 ,b he repeats t ! age is ! age ( aufklrung1 ! age ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great3 & he pays a high tribute to ! k+ :o repudiat$ ev5 ! arrogant pret5ce ( tol]ation1 & alone among mon>*s said to 8 subjects1 ,reason z y w2 only obey6 ,b ! elem5t ( appreh5sion ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! ag+ free?9k]4 ,9 #aghg appe>$ ! second edition ( ! ,critique1 ) a preface av[+ sympa?y ) religi\s z aga9/ free?9k+ t5d5cies2 & 9 ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason 7#aghh7 he makes an almo/ av[$ly unsci5tific attempt to re/ore ! reign ( !ism on a basis ( a m]e emotional & e?ical necessity assum$ to exi/ 9 human nature--a necessity :i* he nev] ev5 attempts to demon/rate4 ,) ! magic w& ( ! ,practical ,reason1 z ,he9e has x1 he reanimat$ ! corpse ( !ism1 :i* ! ,!oretic ,reason _h sla94 #adci ,9 ?is adju/m5t he 0 p]haps consci\sly copy+ ,r\sseau1 :o _h greatly influ5c$ him1 #addj & ^: !ism is an av[$ly subjectivi/ pr$ication4 ,b ! same attitude to ! problem _h be5 sub/antially adopt$ by ,less+2 #adda & inde$ ! process is at bottom id5tical ) t ( ! quasi-skeptics1 ,pascal1 ,huet1 ,b]keley1 & ! re/1 :o at once impugn & employ ! rational process1 reason+ t reason is n reasonable4 ,kant did b set up ! practical aga9/ ! pure reason1 z o!r !i/s be=e him _h set up fai? aga9/ sci5ce1 or ! he>t aga9/ ! head1 & z !i/s to-day exalt ! w aga9/ k1 ! emotional nature aga9/ ! logical4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t ,kant's motive at ?is /age 0 an unphilosophic fe> t ,naturalism w\ld "w moral h>m #addb--;a fe> %>$ by him ) ! mass ( ! av]age m9ds ( 8 age4 ,! same motive & purpose are cle>ly at "w 9 8 treatise on ,religion )9 ! b\nds ( ,pure i4e4 ,m]e ,reason 7#agib-agid71 :]e1 :ile insi/+ on ! purely e?ical & rational "* ( true religion1 he pa9fully elaborates reasons = cont9u+ to use ! ,bible 7conc]n+ :i* he cont5ds t1 9 view ( its practically godly cont5ts1 no "o c d5y ! possibility ( its be+ held z a revelation7 z ! basis ( ecclesia/ical in/ruction no less ?an a means ( sway+ ! populace4 #addc ,miracles1 he 9 effect av[s1 are n true2 /ill1 !re mu/ be no c>p+ criticism ( ! miracle /ories1 :i* s]ve a good end4 ,!re is to be no p]secution2 b !re is to be no su* op5 disputation z w\ld provoke x4 #addd ,aga9 & aga91 ) a visible uneas9ess1 ! writ] returns to ! !sis t ev5 reveal$ religion _c d )\t sacr$ books :i* are p>tly untrue4 #adde ,! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity he labori\sly metamorphos$1 z s _m _h done be=e him1 & z ,col]idge & ,hegel did aft] him1 into a =mula ( ?ree modes or aspects ( ! moral deity #addf :i* 8 e?ical purpose requir$4 ,& all ?is divagation f ! pla9 pa? ( ,tru? is ju/ifi$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ,goodness4 ,all ! :ile ! book is f beg9n+ to end pr(\ndly divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,x indicates disbelief 9 e "o ( ! /&+ ,*ri/ian dogmas--,creation1 ,fall1 ,salvation1 ,miracles1 & ! sup]natural basis ( morals4 ,! fir/ p>agraph ( ! preface insi/s t morality is f\nd$ on ! free reason1 & t x ne$s no religion to aid x4 ,aga9 & aga9 ?is note is s\nd$4 ,! pure religi\s fai? is t alone :i* c s]ve z basis = a univ]sal ,*ur*2 because x is a pure reason-fai?1 9 :i* ev]yone c p>ticipate4 #addg ,b )\t ! slighte/ attempt at ju/ification !re is ?r[n 9 ! =mula t no religion is ?9kable )\t belief 9 a future life4 #addh ,?us heav5 & hell #addi & ,bible & *ur* are arbitr>ily impos$ on ! pure religion = ! com=t ( unbeliev+ cl]gym5 & ! moraliz+ ( life4 ,error is to ca/ out error1 & evil1 evil4 ,! process ( ,kant's adju/m5t ( 8 philosophy to social ne$s z he reg>d$ !m is to be und]/ood by foll[+ ! *ronology & ! vogue ( 8 writ+s4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason excit$ little att5tion 7,/uck5b]g1 ,life ( ,kant1 p4 #cfh72 b 9 #aghg appe>$ ! second & modifi$ edition1 ) a new preface1 cle>ly writt5 ) a propitiatory eye to ! or?odox reaction4 ,all at once ! "w n[ became popul>1 & ! praise 0 z l\d & z fulsome z at fir/ ! sil5ce _h be5 pr(\nd4 ,! lit]ature ( ! day began to teem ) ,kantian ideas1 ) discussions ( ! new philosophy1 & ) ! praises ( its au?or4444 ,high (ficials 9 ,b]l9 w\ld lay aside ! weighty affairs ( ,/ate to consid] ! ,kritik1 & among !m 7 f\nd w>m admir]s ( ! "w & its au?or4 ,id4 p4 #cfi4 ,cp4 ,he9e1 ,rel4 und ,phil4 9 ,deuts*l&1 ,b4 iii--,w]ke1 iii1 #ge1 #hb4 ,?is popul>ity becomes intelligible 9 ! light ( ! new edition & its preface4 ,to say no?+ ( ! alt]ations 9 ! text1 pron\nc$ by ,s*op5hau] to be c[>dly accommodations 7z to :i* "q see ,adamson1 z cit$1 & ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #dfa1 note #id71 ,kant writes 9 ! preface t he _h be5 oblig$ to de/roy k 9 ord] to make room = fai?2 &1 aga91 t only ?r\gh criticism c ! roots be cut ( mat]ialism1 fatalism1 a!ism1 free?9k+ unbelief 7freigei/]is*5 ,unglaub571 fanaticism & sup]/ition1 :i* may become univ]sally injuri\s2 also ( idealism & skepticism1 :i* are dang]\s r to ! ,s*ools1 & c h>dly rea* ! g5]al public4 7,meiklejohn mi/ranslates3 :i* are univ]sally injuri\s--,bohn ed4 p4 xxxvii47 ,?is passage virtually puts ! popul> religion & all philosophies save ,kant's own on "o level ( moral dubiety4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly unc&id z reg>ds ! free?9k+ unbelief1 = ,kant himself 0 c]ta9ly an unbeliev] 9 ,*ri/ian miracles & dogmas4 ,8 read9ess to make an appeal to prejudice appe>s aga9 9 ! second edition ( ! ,critique :5 he asks3 ,:5ce does ! free?9k] d]ive 8 k t !re is1 = in/ance1 no ,supreme ,be+8 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 ,transc4 ,me?od5lehre1 #a ,h4 #b ,abs*4 ed4 ,kir*mann1 #ahgi1 p4 #ehg2 ,bohn tr4 p4 #deh47 ,he _h j be=e pr(ess$ to be deal+ ) d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god--a proposition ( no significance :atev] unless ,god be def9$4 ,he n[ )\t w>n+ sub/itutes ! /ill m undef9$ expression ,supreme ,be+ = ,god1 ?us imput+ a proposition probably nev] su/a9$ ) cle> v]bal purpose by any human be+4 ,ei!r1 !n1 ,kant's own proposition 0 ! entirely vacu\s "o t nobody c demon/rate ! impossibility ( an alleg$ undef9$ exi/5ce1 or he 0 virtually ass]t+ t no "o c disprove any alleg$ sup]natural exi/5ce--_s1 demon1 ,molo*1 ,kri%na1 ,bel1 ,siva1 ,aphrodite1 or ,isis & ,osiris4 ,9 ! latt] case he w\ld be absolutely /ultify+ 8 own claim to cut ! roots ( sup]/ition & fanaticism z well z ( free?9k+ & mat]ialism2 =1 if ! free?9k] _c disprove ,jehovah1 nei!r c ! ,kanti/ disprove ,allah & ,satan2 & ,kant _h no basis = d5y+1 z he did ) ,sp9oza1 ! exi/5ce ( gho/s or spirits4 ,f ?is dilemma ,kant's argum5t _c be deliv]$4 ,& z he f9ally introduces deity z a psy*ologically & morally necess>y regulative idea1 h[beit indemon/rable1 he leaves e species ( sup]/ition exactly :]e x /ood be=e--e sup]/ition be+ practically held1 z aga9/ free?9k+ unbelief1 on j su* a t5ure4 ,if he c\ld ?us react aga9/ free?9k+ be=e #aghi1 he mu/ ne$s c>ry ! reaction fur!r aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 & 8 ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft 7#agib-agid7 is a sy/ematic ef=t to draw ! tee? ( ! ,aufklrung1 modifi$ only by 8 res5tm5t ( ! tyranny ( ! political au?ority t[>ds himself4 ,conc]n+ ! age-long opposition betwe5 rationalism 7,v]/&esaufklrung7 & intuitionism or emotionalism 7,gefhlsphilosophie71 x is claim$ by mod]n transc5d5tali/s t ,kant1 or ,h]d]1 or ano!r1 has effect$ a solution on a plane high] ?an ei!r4 7,e4g4 ,kron5b]g1 ,h]d]'s ,philosophie1 #ahhi1 p4 #f47 ,! true solution c]ta9ly mu/ acc\nt = bo? po9ts ( view--no v difficult matt]2 b no solution is really atta9$ by ei!r ( ^! writ]s4 ,kant alt]nately /ood at ! two positions2 & 8 unhi/orical m9d did n seek to unify !m 9 a /udy ( human evolution4 ,= popul> purposes he let pass ! assumption t a cosmic emotion is a clue to ! nature ( ! cosmos1 z ! wat]-f9d]'s hazel-twig is said to po9t to ! :]eab\ts ( wat]4 ,h]d]1 recognisant ( evolution1 w\ld n foll[ out any rational analysis4 ,all ! :ile1 h[ev]1 ,kant's !ism 0 radically irreconcilable ) ! prevail+ religion4 ,z appe>s f 8 cordial ho/ility to ! belief 9 gho/s1 he really lack$ ! religi\s temp]am5t4 ,he himself1 says a rec5t biograph]1 0 too suspici\s ( ! emotions to desire to inspire any en?usiasm ) ref]5ce to 8 own he>t4 #adej ,?is mis/ates ! fact t 8 ,practical ,reason 0 b an ab/raction ( 8 own emotional pr$ilection2 b x rema9s true t t pr$ilection 0 ne>ly free f ! common] =ms ( pi\s psy*osis2 & typical ,*ri/ians h nev] f\nd him satisfactory4 ,f my he>t1 writes "o ( 8 fir/ biograph]s1 ,i wi% t ,kant _h n reg>d$ ! ,*ri/ian religion m]ely z a necessity = ! ,/ate1 or z an in/itution to be tol]at$ = ! sake ( ! weak 7:i* n[ s _m1 foll[+ 8 example1 d ev5 9 ! pulpit71 b _h kn[n t :i* is positive1 improv+1 & bless$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 #adea ,he _h 9 fact nev] kept up any !ological /udy2 #adeb & 8 plan ( compromise _h ?us1 l ^? ( ,sp5c] & ,mill 9 a lat] day1 a fatal unreality = all m5 :o h disc>d$ !ology ) a full k ( its /ructure1 ?\gh x appeals v conv5i5tly to ^? dispos$ to reta9 x z a means ( popul> influ5ce4 ,all 8 adaptations1 !re=e1 fail$ to conciliate ! mass ( ! or?odox2 & ev5 aft] ! issue ( ! second ,critique 7,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft7 he _h be5 ! subject ( discussion among ! reactioni/s4 #adec ,b t ,critique1 & ! preface to ! second edition ( ! fir/1 7 at bottom only pleas = a revis$ e?ic1 ,kant's conc]n ) curr5t religion be+ solely e?ical2 #aded & ! =ce ( t conc]n l$ him at l5g?1 9 :at 0 s*em$ z a s]ies ( magaz9e articles1 #adee to exp\nd 8 notion ( religion 9 relation to morals4 ,:5 he did s he ar\s$ a res5tm5t mu* m en]getic ?an t felt by ! old] academics aga9/ 8 philosophy4 ,! title ( 8 complete treatise1 ,religion )9 ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,m]e ,reason1 is obvi\sly fram$ to p>ry criticism2 yet s dra/ic is its treatm5t ( its problems t ! ,college ( ,c5sors at ,b]l9 "u ! new !ological rgime veto$ ! second "p4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! law z to ! c5sor%ip1 ! publi%] 0 entitl$ to "k ! reason = ! decision2 b on 8 ask+ = x he 0 in=m$ t ano!r in/ruction 0 on h&1 :i* ! c5sor foll[$ z 8 law1 b ^: cont5ts he refus$ to make kn[n4 #adef ,greatly inc5s$1 ,kant submitt$ ! reject$ article ) ! re/ ( 8 book to ! !ological faculty ( 8 own univ]sity ( ,knigsb]g1 ask+ !m to decide 9 :i* faculty ! c5sor%ip 0 prop]ly ve/$4 ,!y ref]r$ ! decision to ! philosophical faculty1 :i* duly proce$$ to lic5se ! book 7#agic74 ,z complet$1 x conta9$ passages m>k$ly ho/ile to ! ,*ur*4 ,8 oppon5ts 9 turn 7 n[ s enrag$ t !y procur$ a royal cab9et ord] 7,octob]1 #agid7 *>g+ him ) di/ort+ & degrad+ _m ( ! *ief & fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,holy ,scriptures & ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ord]+ all ! in/ructors at ! univ]sity n to lecture on ! book4 #adeg ,su* 0 ! rew>d = a capitulation ( philosophy to ! philosophic ideals ( ! police4 ,kant1 call$ ^u to r5d] an acc\nt ( 8 conduct to ! ,gov]nm5t1 =mally def5d$ x1 b 9 conclusion decor\sly said3 ,i ?9k x safe/1 9 ord] to obviate ! lea/ suspicion 9 ?is respect1 z y\r ,royal ,maje/y's mo/ fai?ful subject1 to decl>e solemnly t h5ce=? ,i w refra9 altoge!r f all public discussion ( religion1 :e!r natural or reveal$1 bo? 9 lectures & 9 writ+s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii 7#agig7 & ! accession ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii1 :o susp5d$ ! edict ( #aghh1 ,kant held himself free to speak out aga91 & publi%$ 7#agih7 an essay on ,! ,/rife ( ! ,univ]sity ,faculties1 :]e9 he argu$ t philosoph]s %\ld be free to discuss all que/ions ( religion s long z !y did n h&le ,biblical !ology z su*4 ,! belat$ prote/1 h[ev]1 l$ to no?+4 ,by ?is "t ! philosoph] 0 incapable ( fur!r effici5t "w2 & :5 he di$ 9 #ahjd ! *ief manuscript he left1 plann$ z a syn!sis ( 8 philosophic tea*+1 0 f\nd to be hopelessly confus$4 #adeh ,! attitude1 !n1 9 :i* ,kant /ood to ! reign+ religion 9 8 latt] ye>s rema9$ fundam5tally ho/ile1 f ! po9t ( view ( believ+ ,*ri/ians z di/+ui%$ f t ( ecclesia/ical opportuni/s4 ,:at 7 = temporiz]s argum5ts 9 def5ce ( didactic deceit1 7 = s9c]] spirits fre% gr\nds = recoil+ f ! :ole ecclesia/ical field4 ,kant mu/ h made m rebels ?an compli]s by 8 v doctr9e ( compliance4 ,religion 0 = him ess5tially e?ic2 & !re is no reconcil+ ! process ( propitiation ( deity1 9 ! ,*ri/ian or any o!r cult1 ) 8 express decl>ation t all attempts to w9 ,god's fav\r save by simple "r-liv+ are %e] feti*ism4 #adei ,he ?us ends practically at ! po9t ( view ( ! dei/s1 ^: influ5ce on him 9 e>ly life is se5 9 8 "w on cosmogony4 #adfj ,he _h1 moreov]1 long ceas$ to g to *ur* or foll[ any religi\s usage1 ev5 refus+ to att5d ! s]vices on ! in/allation ( a new univ]sity rector1 save :5 he himself held ! (fice4 ,at ! close ( 8 treatise on religion1 aft] all 8 anxi\s accommodations1 he becomes almo/ viol5t 9 8 repudiations ( sac]dotalism & sect>ian self-e/eem4 ,he did n l ! s++ 9 ! *ur*es1 & pron\nc$ x m]e bawl+4 ,9 pray]1 :e!r public or private1 he _h n ! lea/ fai?2 & 9 8 conv]sation z well z 8 writ+s he treat$ x z a sup]/ition1 hold+ t to address any?+ unse5 w\ld op5 ! way = fanaticism4 ,n only did he argue aga9/ pray]2 he also ridicul$ x1 & decl>$ t a man w\ld be a%am$ to be caught by ano!r 9 ! attitude ( pray]4 ,"o ( 8 maxims 0 t ,to kneel or pro/rate himself on ! e>?1 ev5 = ! purpose ( symboliz+ to himself rev]5ce = a heav5ly object1 is unwor?y ( man4 #adfa ,s too he held t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity _h no practical value1 & he _h a l[ op9ion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,yet 8 ef=t at compromise _h c>ri$ him to positions :i* are ! negation ( "s ( 8 own mo/ emphatic e?ical tea*+s4 ,l ,plato1 he is f9ally occupi$ 9 discuss+ ! "r fictions = didactic purposes4 ,sw]v+ f ?or\ghgo+ free?\ght = fe> ( moral h>m1 he ends by sacrific+ intellectual morality to :at seems to him social security4 ,8 doctr9e1 borr[$ f ,less+1 ( a conceivable revelation :i* told man only :at he c\ld f9d out = himself1 is a m]e fl\t to reason4 ,:ile he c>ries 8 categorical imp]ative1 or priori conception ( duty1 s extravagantly f> z to argue t x is wrong ev5 to tell a falsehood to a w\ld-be murd]] 9 ord] to mislead him1 he approves ( ! sy/ematic employm5t ( ! pulpit function by m5 :o d n believe 9 ! cre$ !y !re exp\nd4 ,! prie/1 ) ,kant's enc\ragem5t1 is to draw all ! practical lessons = 8 congregation f dogmas :i* he himself _c subscribe ) a full conviction ( _! tru?1 b :i* he c tea*1 s9ce x is n altoge!r impossible t tru? may be conceal$ !re91 :ile he rema9s free z a s*ol> to write 9 a contr>y s5se 9 8 own "n4 ,& ?is doctr9e1 set =? 9 ! c5sur$ "w ( #agic1 is repeat$ 9 ! morali/'s la/ treatise 7#agih71 :]e9 he expla9s t ! prea*]1 :5 speak+ doctr9ally1 c put into ! passage "u consid]ation 8 own rational views1 :e!r f\nd !re or n4 ,kant ?us end$ by reviv+ = ! conv5i5ce ( *ur*m51 9 a worse =m1 ! m$ieval pr9ciple ( a tw(old tru?4 ,s little efficacy is !re 9 a transc5d5tal e?ic = any ( ! actual em]g5cies ( life4 ,on ?is "q comp>e ,kant's ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 ,/ck iii1 ,ab?4 i1 #f2 ,/ck iv1 ,?4 ii1 preamble & i1 #c1 & #d2 ) ! essay ,ueb] e9 v]me9tes ,re*t aus ,m5s*5liebe zu lg5 7#agig71 9 reply to ,con/ant--rep4 9 ,kant's ,vorzgli*e kle9e ,s*rift51 #ahcc1 ,bd4 ii1 & 9 ,app4 to ,ros5kranz's ed4 ( ,w]ke1 vii1 #bie--;giv5 by ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott 9 8 tr4 ( ! ,critique ( ,judgm5t4 ,see also ,/uck5b]g1 pp4 #cda-de1 & ! g5]al comm5t ( ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ait5 ,jahrhund]ts1 #ahfb1 p4 #fe4 ,kant's recognition ( ,scripture is purely a matt] ( exp$i5ce4 ,! ,/ate ne$s ! ,bible to control ! p2 ! masses ne$ x 9 ord] t !y1 hav+ weak consci5ces1 may recognize _! duty2 & ! philosoph] f9ds x a conv5i5t vehicle = convey+ to ! p ! fai? ( reason4 ,7 x reject$ x might be difficult1 if n impossible1 to put 9 its place ano!r book :i* w\ld inspire z mu* confid5ce4 ,all ! :ile ,kant's pr9ciples ( c\rse l$ him to d5y t ! ,bible is au?oritative 9 matt]s ( religion1 or t x is ( itself a safe guide 9 morals4444 ,its value consi/s 9 ! fact t1 ow+ to ! confid5ce ( ! p 9 x1 reason c use x to int]pret into ,scripture its own doctr9es1 & c ?us make x ! means ( popul>iz+ rational fai?4 ,if anyone imag9es t ! aim ( ! int]pretation is to obta9 ! real mean+ ( ,scripture1 he is no ,kantian on ?is po9t 7,/uck5b]g1 p4 #cda74 #bb4 ,! total p]=mance ( ,kant ?us left ,g]many ) a p[]ful lead on ! "o h& t[>ds t unbelief 9 religion :i* 9 ! la/ reign _h be5 fa%ionable1 & on ! o!r h& a s]ies ( prescriptions = compromise2 ! mon>*y all ! :ile ?r[+ its weight aga9/ all innovation 9 doctr9e & practice4 ,9 #agii ,fi*te is f\nd express+ ! utmo/ al>m at ! comb9ation ( ! ,european despotisms to r\t out free?\ght2 #adfb & s /rong did ! (ficial reaction become t 9 ! op9ion ( ,he9e all ! ,g]man philosoph]s & _! ideas w\ld h be5 suppress$ by :eel & gall[s b = ,napoleon1 #adfc :o int]v5$ 9 ! ye> #ahje4 ,! ,prussian despotism be+ ?us weak5$1 :at actually happ5$ 0 an adaptation ( ,kant's tea*+ to ! ne$s alike ( religion & ( rationalism4 ,! religi\s _w 0 assur$ by x t1 ?\gh all previ\s argum5ts = !ism 7 philosophically wor?less1 !ism 0 n[ safe on ! fluid basis ( feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 rationalism alike 9 e?ics & 9 hi/orical criticism 0 visibly re9=c$ on all sides4 ,h]d]1 z be=e not$1 f\nd div9ity /ud5ts gr\nd+ _! unbelief on ,kant's tea*+4 ,/adl9 beg9s ! preface to 8 ,hi/ory & ,_s ( ,skepticism 7#agid7 ) ! rem>k t ,skepticism beg9s to be a disease ( ! age2 & ,kant is ! la/ 9 8 li/ ( skeptics4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury ! numb] ( ,kantian !ologians 0 legion1 & x 0 ?r\gh ! ,kantian influ5ce t ! v>i\s anti-or?odox t5d5cies :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ,illum9ation 7 conc5trat$ 9 ,rationalism #adfd--;9 ! t5d5cy1 t is1 to br+ rational criticism to be> alike on hi/ory1 dogma1 & philosophy4 ,bor[ski 9 #ahjd compla9s t be>dless y\?s & idle babbl]s devoid ( k appeal to ,kant's views respect+ ,*ri/ianity4 #adfe ,^! views1 z we h se51 7 p>tly accommodat+1 p>tly subv]sive 9 ! extreme4 ,kant reg>ds ,jesus z an edify+ ideal ( p]fect manhood1 belief 9 :om z su* makes a man acceptable to ,god1 because ( foll[+ a good model4 ,:ile he ?us treats ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ,jesus z ( no significance1 except z a %ell into :i* ! practical reason puts ! k]nel1 8 :ole argum5t t5ds to de/roy fai? 9 ! hi/oric p]son ( ,jesus z giv5 9 ! gospel1 treat+ ! acc\nt itself z some?+ ^: tru?fulness x is n wor? :ile to inve/igate4 #adff ,9 po9t ( fact we f9d 8 devot$ disciple ,erh>d decl>+3 ,i reg>d ,*ri/ian morality z some?+ :i* has be5 falsely imput$ to ,*ri/ianity2 & ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ does n at all seem to me to be a probable hi/orical fact--?is :ile decl>+ t ,kant _h giv5 him ! indescribable com=t ( be+ able to call himself op5ly1 & ) a good consci5ce1 a ,*ri/ian4 #adfg ,:ile !re=e a multitude ( prea*]s avail$ !mselves ( ,kant's philosophic lic5ce to rationalize 9 ! pulpit & out ( x z occasion (f]$1 & yet o!rs oppos$ !m only on ! score t all div]g5ce f or?odoxy %\ld be av[$1 ! dissolution ( or?odoxy 9 ,g]many 0 rapid & g5]al2 & ! anti-sup]naturali/ h&l+ ( ,scripture1 prep>$ = z we h se51 w5t on cont9u\sly4 ,ev5 ! positive disp>agem5t ( ,*ri/ianity 0 c>ri$ on by ,kantian /ud5ts2 & ,hamann1 dubb$ ! ,magician ( ! ,nor? = 8 allur+ exposition ( emotional !ism1 caus$ "o ( !m1 a tutor1 to be br\ght be=e a cl]ical consi/ory = hav+ taught 8 pupil to ?r[ all specifically ,*ri/ian doctr9es aside4 ,! tutor admitt$ ! *>ge1 & ) f\r o!rs sign$ a decl>ation t nei!r morality nor s\nd reason nor public welf>e c\ld exi/ 9 connection ) ,*ri/ianity4 #adfh ,hamann's own influ5ce 0 too mu* a matt] ( lit]>y tal5t & caprice to be durable2 & rec5t attempts to re-e/abli% 8 reputation h evok$ ! delib]ate judgm5t t he has no p]man5t importance4 #adfi ,aga9/ ! intellectual influ5ce ?us set up by ,kant !re 0 none 9 contempor>y ,g]many capable ( resi/ance4 ,philosophy = ! mo/ "p w5t 9 ,kant's direction1 hav+ inde$ be5 s t5d+ be=e 8 day4 ,rationalism ( a k9d _h already _h a repres5tative 9 ,*r4 ,a4 ,crusius 7#agab-agge71 :o 9 treatises on logic & metaphysics oppos$ alike ,leibnitz & ,wolff1 & taught = 8 own "p a k9d ( ,epicureanism1 nom9ally ,*ri/ianiz$4 ,to 8 s*ool belong$ ,platn] 7mu* admir$ by ,jean ,paul ,ri*t]1 8 pupil7 & ,tet5s1 ! ,g]man ,locke1 :o attempt$ a common-s5se answ] to ,hume4 ,8 ideal 0 a philosophy at once intelligible & religi\s1 agreeable to ,god & accessible to ! p4 #adgj ,platn] on ! o!r h&1 lean+ /rongly t[>ds a psy*ological & an?ropological view ( human problems1 #adga oppos$ fir/ to a!ism #adgb & lat] to ,kantian !ism #adgc a mod]ate ,pyrrhonic skepticism2 "h foll[+ a rem>kable lead f ! y\ng] ,beausobre1 :o 9 #agee _h publi%$ 9 ,fr5*1 at ,b]l91 a treatise entitl$ ,le ,pyrrhonisme ,raisonnable1 tak+ up ! position1 among o!rs1 t :ile x is h>d to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god by reason x is impossible to disprove x4 ,?is 0 virtually ! position ( ,kant a g5]ation lat]2 & x is cle> t ?us e>ly ! dogmatic position 0 discr$it$4 #bc4 ,"s philosophic opposition !re 0 to ,kant1 alike on intuitioni/ gr\nds1 z 9 ! cases ( ,hamann & ,h]d]1 & on gr\nds ( academic prejudice1 z 9 ! case ( ,kraus2 b ! m important ?9k]s :o foll[$ him 7 all z het]odox z he4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad71 :o began 9 au?or%ip by be+ a ,kantian zealot1 gave ev5 great] sc&al ?an ! ,ma/] _h done4 ,fi*te's :ole c>e] is a k9d ( ab/ract & brief *ronicle ( ! movem5ts ( ?\ght 9 ,g]many dur+ 8 life4 ,9 8 boyhood1 at ! public s*ool ( ,p=ta1 we f9d him & 8 comrades already influ5c$ by ! new curr5ts4 ,books imbu$ ) all ! _s ( free inquiry 7 secretly obta9$1 &1 9 spite ( ! /ricte/ prohibitions1 great "p ( ! night 0 sp5t 9 _! p]usal4 ,! works ( ,wiel&1 ,less+1 & ,goe! 7 positively =bidd52 yet !y f\nd _! way )9 ! walls1 & 7 eag]ly /udi$4 #adgd ,9 p>ticul>1 ,fi*te foll[$ closely ! controv]sy ( ,less+ ) ,goeze2 & ,less+'s lead gave him at once ! _s ( free?\ght1 z di/9ct f any specific op9ion4 ,nev] a consi/5t ?9k]1 ,fi*te 9 8 /ud5t & tutorial days is f\nd pr(ess+ at once det]m9ism & a belief 9 ,provid5ce1 accept+ ,sp9oza & contemplat+ a village pa/orate4 #adge ,b :ile ready to frame a plea = ,*ri/ianity on ! score ( its psy*ic adaptation to ! s9n]1 he sw]v$ f ! pa/orate :5 x came )9 sight1 decl>+ t no purely ,*ri/ian community n[ exi/s4 #adgf ,ab\t ! age ( tw5ty-eight he became an en?usia/ic conv]t to ! ,kantian philosophy1 especially to ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 & ?rew ov] det]m9ism on :at appe> to be gr\nds ( empirical utilit>ianism1 fail+ to face ! philosophical issue4 ,)9 a ye> ( 8 visit to ,kant1 h[ev]1 he 0 writ+ to a fri5d t ,kant has only indicat$ ! tru?1 b nei!r unfold$ nor prov$ x1 & t he himself has discov]$ a new pr9ciple1 f :i* all philosophy c easily be d$uc$4444 ,9 a c\ple ( ye>s we %all h a philosophy ) all ! cle>ness ( geometrical demon/ration4 #adgg ,he _h 9 fact pass$1 p]haps "u ,sp9oza's influ5ce1 to pan!ism1 f :i* /&po9t he reject$ ,kant's anti-rational gr\nd = affirm+ a ,god n imman5t 9 ?+s1 & claim$1 z did 8 contempor>ies ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 to e/abli% !ism on rational gr\nds4 ,reject+1 fur!r1 ,kant's reit]at$ doctr9e t religion is e?ic1 ,fi*te ultimately insi/$ t1 on ! contr>y1 religion is k1 & t x is only a corrupt society t has to use religion z an impulse to moral action4 ,b alike 9 8 ,kantian y\? & lat] he 0 def9itely anti-revelationi/1 h[ev] mu* he con=m$ to cl]ical prejudice by attacks ^u ! movem5t ( free?\ght4 ,9 8 w&]-ye>s he writes ) vehem5ce ( ! worse ?an ,spani% inquisition "u :i* ! ,g]man cl]gy are compell$ to cr+e & dissemble1 p>tly because ( lack ( ability1 p>tly ?r\gh economic ne$4 #adgh ,9 8 ,v]su* e9] ,kritik all] ,(f5b>ung 7,essay t[>ds a ,critique ( all ,revelation71 publi%$ ) "s difficulty1 ,kant help+ 7#agib71 he 9 effect negates ! or?odox assumption1 &1 9 ! _s ( ,kant & ,less+1 b ) m directness ?an !y _h %[n1 concludes t belief 9 revelation is an elem5t1 & an important elem5t1 9 ! moral education ( humanity1 b x is n a f9al /age = human ?\ght4 #adgi ,9 ,kant's bi-frontal fa%ion1 he _h pr(ess$ #adhj to sil5ce ! oppon5ts ( positive religion n less ?an its dogmatical def5d]s2 b t result did n foll[ on ei!r side1 & ere long1 z a pr(essor at ,j5a1 he 0 be+ repres5t$ z "o ( ! mo/ aggressive ( ! oppon5ts4 ,soon aft] produc+ 8 ,critique ( all ,revelation he _h publi%$ anonym\sly two pamphlets v9dicat+ ! _s z di/+ui%$ f ! conduct ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 & ^u a "y writ] kn[n to h>b\r su* ideas enmity 0 b\nd to fall4 ,soon x took ! =m ( *>ges ( a!ism4 ,x does n appe> to be true t he ev] told 8 /ud5ts at ,j5a3 ,9 five ye>s !re w be no m ,*ri/ian religion3 reason is our religion2 #adha & x w\ld seem t ! fir/ *>ges ( a!ism br\ght aga9/ him 7 purely malici\s4 #adhb ,b 8 c>e] h5ce=? 0 "o ( /rife & friction1 fir/ ) ! /ud5t-blackgu>dism :i* _h be5 rife 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities ev] s9ce ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & :i* he p>tly subdu$2 !n ) ! academic au?orities & ! traditionali/s1 :o1 :5 he began lectur+ on ,sunday morn+s1 accus$ him ( attempt+ to ?r[ ov] ,*ri/ianity & set up ! wor%ip ( reason4 ,he 0 arraign$ be=e ! ,high ,consi/ory ( ,weim> & acquitt$2 b 8 wife 0 insult$ 9 ! /reets ( ,j5a2 8 h\se 0 riot\sly attack$ 9 ! night2 & he ceas$ to reside !re4 ,!n1 9 8 ,wiss5s*aftslehre 7,doctr9e ( ,k1 #agid-ie7 he came into conflict ) ! ,kantians1 ) :om 8 rupture /eadily deep5$ on e?ical gr\nds4 ,aga9 he 0 accus$ ( a!ism 9 pr9t2 & aft] a def5ce 9 :i* he retort$ ! *>ge on ! utilit>ian !i/s he resign$4 ,9 ,b]l91 :]e ! new k+ held ! old view t ! wrongs ( ! ,gods 7 ! ,gods' affair1 he f\nd h>b\rage2 & s\ght to put himself "r ) ! religi\s _w by 8 book ,die ,be/immung des ,m5s*5 7,! ,vocation ( ,man1 #ahjj71 :]e9 he speaks ( ! ,et]nal ,inf9ite ,w z regulat+ human reason s f> z human reason is "r--! old c\nt]-s5se & ! old evasion4 ,by ?is book he repell$ 8 rationali/ic fri5ds ,s*ell+ & ! ,s*legels2 :ile 8 religi\s ally ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o *ose ano!r tactic1 wrote on x a bitt] & contemptu\s review1 & c\ld h>dly f9d words /rong en\gh to express 8 dete/ation ( x4 #adhc ,a few ye>s lat] ,fi*te 0 writ+ no less contemptu\sly ( ,s*ell+2 & 9 8 rema9+ ye>s1 ?\gh ! ,napoleonic w>s p>tly br\ght him into sympa?y ) 8 c\ntrym51 f :om he _h turn$ away 9 angry ali5ation1 he rema9$ a philosophic ,i%mael1 w>r+ & w>r$ ^u all r\nd4 ,he 0 ?us left to figure = po/]ity z a religioni/ = 8 own h&1 :o reject$ all curr5t religion :ile angrily dismiss+ curr5t unbelief z free?9k+ *att]4 #adhd ,if 8 philosophy be e/imat$ by its logical cont5t z di/+ui%$ f its conflict+ v]balisms1 x is fundam5tally z a!i/ic z t ( ,sp9oza4 #adhe ,t he 0 consci\s ( a vital sund]ance betwe5 8 ?\ght & t ( ! pa/ is made cle> by 8 answ]1 9 #ahje1 to ! compla9t t ! p _h lo/ _! religi\s feel+ 7,religiositt74 ,8 retort is t a new religi\s feel+ has tak5 ! place ( ! old2 #adhf & t 0 ! position tak5 up by ! g5]ation :i* swore by him1 9 ! ,g]man mann]1 z ! la/ _h sworn by ,kant4 ,b ! successive philosophies ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 all ris+ out ( ! ,illum9ation ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h be5 alike imp]man5t4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght ?an ! int]nec9e /rife ( ! sy/ems :i* insi/$ on putt+ some?+ 9 ! place ( ! unt5able sy/ems ( ! pa/4 ,!y h be5 b s _m toppl+ spires ( cl\d4 ,fi*te1 l ,h]d]1 broke away f ! doctr9e ( ,kant2 & lat] became bitt]ly oppos$ to t ( 8 =m] fri5d ,s*ell+1 z did ,hegel 9 8 turn4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ho/ile to ,kant1 0 /ill m ho/ile to ,fi*te2 & ,hegel1 dete/+ ,s*lei]ma*] #adhg & develop+ ,fi*te1 give rise to s*ools array$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 ( :i* ! anti-,*ri/ian 0 by f> ! /rong]4 ,all t is p]man5t 9 ! product ( ! age ( ,g]man ,rationalism is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ^u :i* x proce$$1 ! confutation ( ! dogmas & leg5ds ( ! pa/1 & ! concrete results ( ! hi/orical1 critical1 & physical rese>* to :i* ! pr9ciple & ! confutation l$4 #bd4 ,x is true t ! progressive "w 0 n all done by ! ,rationali/s s-call$4 ,z always1 incoh]5ces 9 ! pione]s l$ to retorts :i* made = rectification4 ,"o ( ! errors ( bias ( ! e>ly naturali/s1 z we h not$1 0 _! t5d5cy to take e religi\s docum5t z g5u9e & at bottom tru/wor?y1 provid$ only t its allegations ( miracles 7 expla9$ away z mis9t]pretations ( natural ph5om5a4 ,s satisfi$ 7 _m ( !m ) ?is inexp5sive me?od t !y positively resi/$ ! attempts ( sup]naturali/s1 seek+ a way out ( _! special dilemma1 to rectify ! false ascriptions ( ! docum5ts4 ,b5t solely on "o solution1 !y 7 oddly bl9d to evid5tial consid]ations :i* po9t$ to int]polation1 =g]y1 v>iety ( s\rce1 & error ( lit]>y tradition2 :ile s*ol>s b5t on sav+ inspiration 7 (t5 ready 9 "s measure = su* recognitions4 ,^! arre/s ( insight took place alt]nately on bo? sides1 9 ! normal way ( intellectual progress by alt]nate movem5ts4 ,all ! :ile1 x is ! same prim>y =ce ( reason t sets up ! alt]nate pressures1 & ! second>y pressures are g5]at$ by1 & are impossible )\t1 ! fir/4 #be4 ,! emancipation1 too1 0 limit$ 9 area 9 ! ,g]man-speak+ _w4 ,9 ,au/ria1 despite a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,fr5* culture1 ! rule ( ! ,jesuits 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 too effective to p]mit ( any intellectual developm5ts4 ,m>ia ,!resa1 :o knew too well t ! b\ndless sexual lic5ce aga9/ :i* %e f\ght _h no?+ to d ) innovat+ ideas1 _h to issue a special ord] to p]mit ! importation ( ,montesquieu's ,esprit des ,lois2 & works ( m subv]sive doctr9e c\ld n op5ly pass ! fronti]s at all4 ,an attempt to br+ ,less+ to ,vi5na 9 #aggd1 ) a view to f\nd+ a new lit]>y ,academy1 collaps$ be=e ! opposition2 & :5 ,pr(4 ,jahn1 ( ! ,vi5na ,univ]sity--describ$ z free?9k+1 latitud9>ian1 anti-sup]naturali/ic--develop$ some:at anti-cl]ical t5d5cies 9 8 tea*+ & writ+1 he 0 =c$ to resign1 & di$ a simple ,canon4 #adhh ,! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii 9 8 day pass$ = an unbeliev]2 #adhi b !re 0 no g5]al movem5t4 ,au/ria1 9 a "t ( univ]sal eff]vesc5ce1 produc$ only musicians1 & %[$ ze/ only = pleasure4 #adij ,yet among ! music-mak]s 0 ! ,g]man-born ,bee?ov51 ! greate/ ma/] ( 8 age4 ,k9dr$ 9 _s to ,goe!1 & mu* m ( a revolutioni/ ?an he 9 all ?+s1 ,bee?ov5 sp5t ! creative "p ( 8 life at ,vi5na )\t ceas+ to be a free?9k]4 #adia ,=mal religion he app>5tly _h none4 ,he copi$ out a k9d ( !i/ic cre$ consi/+ ( ?ree anci5t =mulas3 ,i am t :i* is3 ,i am all t is1 t 01 t %all be3 ,he is alone by ,himself2 & to ,him alone d all ?+s owe _! be+4 ,beyond ?is 8 beliefs did n g4 ,:5 8 fri5d ,mos*eles at ! end ( 8 arrangem5t ( ,fidelio wrote3 ,f9e1 ) ,god's help1 ,bee?ov5 add$1 ,o man1 help ?yself4 #adib ,8 reception ( ! ,ca?olic sacram5ts 9 extremis 0 n 8 act4 ,he _h left to mank9d a pur] & a m la/+ gift ?an ei!r ! cre$s or ! philosophies ( 8 age4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,rema9+ ,,european ,,/ates #a4 ,holl& ,holl&1 s notable = relative hospitality to free?9k+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 cont9u$ to exhibit x 9 ! eighte5?1 ?\gh )\t putt+ =? mu* native response4 ,aft] h] desp]ate w>s ) ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! ,dut* ,/ate1 n[ mon>*ically rul$1 turn$ on ! intellectual side r to imitative belles lettres ?an to ! problems :i* _h begun to ex]cise s mu* ( ,engli% ?\ght4 ,x 0 an age ( retrogression & weakness4 #adic ,elizabe? ,wolff1 ne ,bekk]1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! num]\s ,dut* wom5-writ]s ( ! c5tury 7#agch-ahjd71 is notable = h] religi\s z well z = h] political lib]alism2 #adid b h] ma9 activity 0 9 novel-writ+2 & !re are few o!r signs ( free?9k+ t5d5cies 9 popul> ,dut* culture4 ,x 0 impossible1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ces at "w 9 ! neighb\r+ l&s %\ld be %ut out2 & if ,holl& did n produce innovat+ books %e pr9t$ _m ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,9 #agjh !re 0 publi%$ at ,am/]dam a "w "u ! pseudonym ( ,juan di ,posos1 :]e91 by way ( a relation ( imag9>y travels1 some?+ l a!ism 0 said to be taught2 b ! pa/or ,le5h( _h 9 #agjc be5 accus$ ( a!ism = 8 treatise1 ,heav5 on ,e>?1 :i* 0 at mo/ ,sp9ozi/ic4 #adie ,ev5 z late z #agad a ,sp9ozi/ %oemak]1 ,booms1 0 bani%$ = 8 writ+s2 b h5ce=? lib]al influ5ces1 l>gely traceable to ! works ( ,bayle1 beg9 to pr$om9ate4 ,welcom$ by /ud5ts ev]y:]e1 ,bayle mu/ h made p[]fully = tol]ance & rationalism 9 8 adopt$ c\ntry1 :i* aft] 8 "t became a c5tre ( culture = ! ,/ates ( nor!rn ,europe r ?an a s\rce ( orig9al works4 ,holl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 receptive alike ( ,fr5* & ,engli% ?\ght & lit]ature1 especially ! =m]2 #adif &1 besides repr9t+ _m ( ! ,fr5* dei/s' works & translat+ "s ( ! ,engli%1 ! ,dut* cities h>b\r$ su* h]etics z ! ,italian ,alb]to ,radicati1 ,c\nt ,pass]ano1 :o1 dy+ at ,rott]dam 9 #agcf1 left a collection ( dei/ic treatises ( a /rongly free?9k+ ca/ to be po/hum\sly publi%$4 ,! ,g]man travell] ,alb]ti1 #adig cit+ ! ,london ,magaz9e1 #agcb1 /ates t ,pass]ano visit$ ,engl& & publi%$ works 9 ,engli% ?r\gh a translator1 ,joseph ,morgan1 & t bo? 7 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t4 ,?is presumably ref]s to 8 anonym\s ,philosophical ,diss]tation ^u ,dea?1 by a fri5d to tru?1 publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 #agcb4 #adih ,x is a rem>kable treatise1 be+ a h>dy ju/ification ( suicide1 compos$ = ! consolation ( ! unhappy1 f a practically a!i/ic /&po9t4 ,two ye>s e>li] he _h publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 also anonym\sly1 a tract entitl$ ,*ri/ianity set 9 a ,true ,light1 by a ,pagan ,philosoph] newly conv]t$2 & x may be t ! />tl+ nature ( ! second pamphlet elicit$ a prosecution :i* includ$ bo?4 ,! pamphlet ( #agcj1 h[ev]1 is a eulogy ( ! e?ic ( ,jesus1 :o is dei/ically treat$ z a simple man1 b ) all ! am5ity :i* ! dei/s usually br\ght to be> on t !me4 ,pass]ano's ,recueil des pices curieuses sur les matires les plus int]essants1 publi%$ ) 8 "n at ,rott]dam 9 #agcf1 #adii includes a translation ( ,swift's ironical ,project conc]n+ babies1 & an ,hi/oire abrege de la pr(ession sac]dotale1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 a sep>ate ,engli% translation4 #aejj ,pass]ano is noticeable *iefly = ! relative ?or\ghness ( 8 rationalism4 #aeja ,9 ! ,recueil he speaks ( dei/s & a!i/s z be+ ! same1 ^? call$ a!i/s hav+ always admitt$ a fir/ cause "u ! names ,god1 ,nature1 ,et]nal ,g]ms1 movem5t1 or univ]sal s\l4 #aejb ,9 #agcg 0 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* a small my/ification consi/+ ( a ,s]mon pr* dans la gr&e ,assemble des ,quak]s de ,londres1 p> le fameux ,frre ,e4 ,e41 & ano!r little tract1 ,la ,religion ,muham$ane comp>e la paenne de l',indo/an1 p> ,ali-,ebn-,om>4 ,e4 ,e4 /ood = ,edw>d ,elwall1 a well-kn[n ,unit>ian ( ! "t1 :o1 z we saw1 0 tri$ at ,/af=d ,assizes 9 #agbf = publi%+ a ,unit>ian treatise1 & :o 9 #agdb publi%$ ano!r1 entitl$ ,! ,sup]natural ,inc>nation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ prov$ to be false 444 & t our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! real son ( ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,! two tracts are bo? by ,pass]ano1 & are on dei/ic l9es1 ! text ( ! ,s]mon be+ 79 ,engli%7 ,! ,religion ( ! ,gospel is ! true ,orig9al ,religion ( ,reason & ,nature4 ,! proposition is ( c\rse purely e?ical 9 its be>+4 ,! curr5cy giv5 9 ,holl& to su* lit]ature tells ( gr[+ lib]ality ( ?\ght z well z ( political fre$om4 ,b ! conditions 7 n fav\rable to su* g5]al lit]>y activity z prevail$ 9 ! l>g] ,/ates1 ?\gh good "w 0 done 9 m$ic9e & ! natural sci5ces4 ,n till ! n9ete5? c5tury did ,dut* s*ol>s aga9 give a lead to ,europe 9 religi\s ?\ght4 #b4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,/ates #a4 ,traces ( new rationali/ic life are to be se5 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries at lea/ z e>ly z ! times ( ,desc>tes4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 ! ,re=mation _h be5 sub/antially a fiscal or economic revolution1 proce$+ on v>i\s l9es4 ,9 ,d5m>k ! movem5t1 fav\r$ by ! k+1 began among ! p2 ! nobility rapidly foll[+1 to _! own great pr(it2 & f9ally ,*ri/ian ,,iii1 :o rul$ bo? ,d5m>k & ,norway1 act+ ) ! nobles1 suppress$ ,ca?olic wor%ip1 & confiscat$ to ! cr[n ! ca/les1 =tresses1 & va/ doma9s ( ! prelates4 #aejc ,9 ,sw$5 ! k+1 ,gu/avus ,vasa1 took ! initiative1 mov$ by sore ne$ ( funds1 & a ?or\ghly anti-ecclesia/ical temp]1 #aejd ! cl]gy hav+ support$ ! ,dani% rule :i* he ?rew (f4 ,! burgh]s & peasants promptly jo9$ him aga9/ ! cl]gy & nobles1 enabl+ him to confiscate ! bi%ops' ca/les & e/ates1 z 0 done 9 ,d5m>k2 & he f9ally secur$ himself ) ! nobles by lett+ !m reclaim l&s grant$ by _! ance/ors to mona/]ies4 #aeje ,8 anti-feudal re=ms hav+ /imulat$ new life 9 _m ways1 fur!r evolution foll[$4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! /imulative reign ( ,gu/avus ,vasa 0 foll[$ by a long p]iod ( ! /rife :i* ev]y:]e trod on ! heels ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! second successor ( ,gu/avus1 8 son ,john1 _h m>ri$ a daught] ( ! ,ca?olic ,sigismund ( ,pol&1 & s\ght to re/ore h] religion to p[]1 caus+ mu* turmoil until h] dea?1 :]eaft] he ab&on$ ! cause4 ,8 ,ca?olic son ,sigismund recklessly r5ew$ ! ef=t1 & 0 depos$ 9 consequ5ce2 ,john's bro!r ,*>les becom+ k+4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 mean:ile1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii 7d4 #aehh7 _h be5 a bigot$ *ampion ( ,lu!ranism1 expell+ a pr(essor ( ,calv9i/ic lean+s on ! ,eu*>i/1 & refus+ a l&+ to ! ,calv9i/s :o fl$ f ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,on ! o!r h& he patroniz$ & p5sion$ ,ty*o ,brah1 :o1 until driv5 into bani%m5t by a c\rt cabal dur+ ! m9ority ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv1 did mu* = a/ronomy1 ?\gh unable to accept ,cop]nicanism4 ,9 #afaa !re broke out betwe5 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k ! sangu9>y two-ye>s' ,w> ( ,calm>1 _! common religion avail+ no?+ to av]t /rife4 ,!reaft] ,gu/avus ,adolphus ( ,sw$51 z ,prote/ant *ampion 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 9 succession to ,*ri/ian ,,iv ( ,d5m>k1 fills ! eye ( ,europe till 8 dea? 9 #afcb2 elev5 ye>s aft] :i* ev5t ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k 7 aga9 at w>4 ,9 #affj ! latt] c\ntry1 = lack ( goodwill betwe5 nobles & common]s1 und]w5t a political revolution :]eby its k+1 ^: pr$ecessors _h held ! cr[n on an elective t5ure1 became absolute1 & set up a h]$it>y l9e4 ,! fir/ result 0 a m>k$ intellectual /agnation4 ,div9ity1 law1 & philosophy 7 :olly neglect$2 surg]y 0 practis$ only by b>b]s2 & :5 ,fr$]ick ,,iv & 8 que5 requir$ m$ical aid1 no native physician c\ld be f\nd to :om x 0 deem$ safe to entru/ ! cure ( ! royal pati5ts4444 ,! only "n1 aft] ,ty*o ,brah1 ( :i* a/ronomy c boa/1 is t ( ,pet] ,horreb[1 & ) him ! cultivation ( ! sci5ce became ext9ct4 #aejf #b4 ,= long1 ! only p]sonality mak+ p[]fully = culture 0 ,holb]g1 #aejg c]ta9ly a ho/ 9 himself4 ,( all ! writ]s ( 8 age1 ! only "o :o c be comp>$ ) him 9 v]satility ( p[] is ,voltaire1 :om he emulat$ z satiri/1 dramati/1 & hi/orian2 b all 8 dramatic g5ius c\ld n avail to su/a9 aga9/ ! puritanical pietism :i* !n fl\ri%$1 ! ,dani% drama ( :i* he 0 ! fecund creator4 ,aft] produc+ a brilliant s]ies ( plays 7#agbb-agbg7 he _h to witness ! clos+ ( ! ,cop5hag5 ,!atre1 & take to g5]al writ+1 hi/orical & didactic4 ,9 #agda he produc$ 9 ,lat9 8 fam\s ,subt]ranean ,j\rney ( ,nicolas ,klimius1 #aejh "o ( ! mo/ widely fam\s p]=mances ( its age4 #aeji ,he knew ,engli%1 & mu/ h be5 influ5c$ by ,swift's ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 :i* 8 /ory frequ5tly recalls4 ,! h]o cata/rophically rea*es a subt]ranean planet1 ) ano!r social sy/em1 & peopl$ by mov+ trees & civiliz$ & socializ$ animals4 ,) ! tree-p1 ! ,potuans1 ! tale deals at "s l5g?1 giv+ a *apt] on _! religion1 #aeaj aft] ! mann] ( ,tyssot de ,patot 9 ,jacques ,mass4 ,!y are simple dei/s1 kn[+ no?+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! au?or makes !m ! m\?pieces ( criticisms ^u ,*ri/ian pray]s1 ,te ,deums1 & hymn-s++ 9 g5]al4 ,!y believe 9 future recomp5ses1 b n 9 provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ?is life2 & at v>i\s po9ts !y improve ^u ! curr5t e?ic ( ,*ri/5dom4 #aeaa ,!re is a trace ( ! tone ( ,fr$]ick alike 9 ! eulogy ( tol]ance & 9 ! intimation t anyone :o disputes ab\t ! "* ( ! deity & ! prop]ties ( spirits or s\ls is condemn$ to phlebotomy & to be deta9$ 9 ! g5]al hospital 7nosocomium74 #aeab ,x 0 probably by way ( precaution t 9 ! clos+ p>agraph ( ! *apt] ! ,potuans are alleg$ to ma9ta9 t1 ?\gh _! cre$ seem$ m]e natural religion1 x 0 all reveal$ 9 a book :i* 0 s5t f ! sky "s c5turies ago2 b ! precaution is slight1 z !y are decl>$ to h practically no dogmas at all4 ,x is ?us easy to read betwe5 ! l9es ( ! decl>ation ( ,potuan or?odoxy3 ,=m]ly our ance/ors cont5t$ !mselves to live 9 natural religion alone2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t ! m]e light ( nature does n suffice1 & t its precepts are effac$ 9 "t by ! slo? & neglig5ce ( "s & ! philosophic subtleties ( o!rs1 s t no?+ c arre/ free?9k+ 7lib]tatem cogit&i7 or keep x )9 j b\nds4 ,!nce came depravation2 & !re=e x 0 t ,god _h *os5 to give !m a writt5 law4 #aeac ,su* a confutation ( ! error ( ^? :o pret5d t a revelation is unnecess>y mu/ h giv5 m ent]ta9m5t to ^? 9 "q ?an satisfaction to ! def5d]s ( ! fai?4 ,b a g5]al tone ( levity & satire1 ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( v>i\s ,european nations1 ,engl& includ$1 #aead toge!r ) 8 popul>ity z a dramati/1 sav$ ,holb]g f ! imputation ( h]esy4 ,8 satire rea*$ & 0 realiz$ by ! cultur$ few alone3 ! multitude 0 q unaffect$2 & dur+ ! reign ( ,*ri/ian ,,vi all intellectual ef=ts beyond ! reign ( sci5ce 7 subject$ to rigor\s control4 #aeae ,z a culture =ce1 ,prote/antism _h fail$ 9 ! nor? l&s z completely z ,ca?olicism 9 ! s\?4 #c4 ,9 ,sw$51 meantime1 !re _h occurr$ "s reflex ( ! intellectual r5asc5ce4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !re are increas+ traces ( rationalism at ! c\rt ( ! fam\s ,*ri/9a1 :o already 9 h] y\? is f\nd mu* int]e/$ 9 ! objections ( ,jews1 hea!ns1 & philosoph]s aga9/ ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 #aeaf & h] invitation ( ,desc>tes to h] c\rt 7#afdi7 implies t ,sw$5 _h be5 n a little affect$ by ! revulsion ( popul> ?\ght :i* foll[$ on ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many4 ,*ri/9a h]self1 h[ev]1 0 a rem>kable p]sonality1 unfem99e1 /rong-will$1 ) a vigor\s b immature intellig5ce2 & %e did mu* ( h] e>ly skeptical ?9k+ = h]self4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 ! new _s _h gone s f> z to make *ur*-go+ matt] = op5 sc(f+ at ! ,sw$i% c\rt2 #aeag & ! ,que5's adoption ( ,romanism1 = :i* %e prep>$ by abdicat+ ! cr[n1 appe>s to h be5 by way ( revulsion f a /ate ( m9d approa*+ a!ism1 to :i* %e _h be5 l$ by h] free?9k+ ,fr5* physician1 ,b\rdelot1 aft] ,desc>tes's dea?4 #aeah ,x has be5 confid5tly ass]t$ t %e really c>$ = nei!r cre$1 & embrac$ ,ca?olicism only by way ( con=mity = social purposes1 reta9+ h] free?9k+ views4 #aeai ,x is c]ta9 t %e 0 always unhappy 9 h] ,sw$i% surr\nd+s4 ,b h] c\rse may m reasonably be expla9$ z t ( a m9d :i* c\ld n re/ 9 deism or face a!ism1 & s\ght 9 ,ca?olicism ! s5se ( an*orage :i* is crav$ by temp]am5ts ill-fram$ = ! discipl9e ( reason4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire des intrigues galantes de la re9e ,*ri/9e de ,sude 7#afig71 :o seems to h be5 "o ( h] suite1 insi/s t :ile %e lov$ bigots no m ?an a!i/s1 #aebj & al?\gh h] religion _h be5 %ak5 9 h] y\? by ,b\rdelot & o!r free?9k]s1 %e 0 regul> 9 all ,ca?olic obs]vances2 & t once1 look+ at ! portrait ( h] fa!r1 %e said he _h fail$ to provide = ! safety ( 8 s\l1 & ?ank$ ,god = hav+ guid$ h] aright4 #aeba ,h] annotations ( ,desc>tes are ( little importance2 b x is notewor?y t %e accord$ to 8 or?odox adh]5ts a decl>ation t he _h greatly contribut$ to h] glori\s conv]sion to ! ,ca?olic fai?4 #aebb ,:atev] fav\r %e may h %[n to lib]ty ( ?\ght 9 h] y\?1 no important lit]>y results c\ld foll[ 9 ! !n /ate ( ,sw$i% culture1 :5 ! /udies at ev5 ! new colleges 7 ma9ly conf9$ to ,lat9 & !ology4 #aebc ,! ,g]man ,puf5dorf1 inde$1 by 8 treatises ,on ! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations & ,on ! ,duty ( ,man & ,citiz5 7publi%$ at ,lund1 :]e he 0 pr(essor1 9 #afgb-gc71 did mu* to e/abli% ! utilit>ian & naturali/ic t5d5cy 9 e?ics :i* 0 at "w at ! same "t 9 ,engl&2 b 8 lat5t deism _h no great influ5ce ev5 9 ,g]many1 8 ,scripture-cit+ or?odoxy c\nt]vail+ x1 al?\gh he argu$ = a sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 #aebd #d4 ,t !re 01 h[ev]1 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,sw$5 a consid]able am\nt ( unpubli%$ rationalism may be ga!r$ f ! writ+s ( ,emanuel ,sw$5borg1 himself some?+ ( a free?9k] 9 8 v sup]naturalism4 ,8 frequ5t subacid allusions to ^? :o reg>d$ ,nature in/ead ( ! div9e1 & ?\ght f sci5ce1 #aebe tell n m]ely ( mu* passive opposition to 8 own prophetic claims 7:i* he av5g$ by mu* s]5e mal$iction & ! allotm5t ( bad qu>t]s 9 ! next _w71 b ( reason$ rejection ( all ,scriptural claims4 ,?us 9 8 ,sapi5tia ,angelica de ,div9a ,provid5tia #aebf 7#agfd7 he sets himself #aebg to deal ) a numb] ( ! ways 9 :i* ! m]ely natural man confirms himself 9 fav\r ( ,nature aga9/ ,god & comes to ! conclusion t religion 9 itself is no?+1 b yet t x is necess>y because x s]ves z a re/ra9t4 ,among ! s\rces ( unbelief specifi$ are e?ical revolt alike aga9/ ! ,biblical n>ratives & aga9/ ! lack ( moral gov]nm5t 9 ! _w2 ! recognition ( ! success ( o!r religions ?an ! ,*ri/ian1 & ( ! _m h]esies )9 t2 & dissatisfaction ) ! ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,z ,sw$5borg soj\rn$ mu* 9 o!r c\ntries1 he may be describ+ m5 o!r ?an 8 c\ntrym52 b x is v unlikely t ! l>g] "p ( 8 int]c\rse ) 8 fell[s c\nt$ = no?+ 9 ?is acc\nt ( contempor>y rationalism4 ,) 8 odd mixture ( scripturalism & innovat+ dogmatism1 ,sw$5borg disposes ( difficulties ab\t ,g5esis by r$uc+ ,adam & ,eve to an allegory ( ! ,mo/ ,anci5t ,*ur*1 tranquilly dismiss+ ! or?odox belief by ask+1 ,= :o c suppose t ! creation ( ! _w c\ld h be5 z !re describ$8 #aebh ,8 own sci5tific tra9+1 :i* _h enabl$ him to make 8 notable anticipation ( ! nebul> !ory1 #aebi made x also easy = him to r$uce to allegory ! text ( :at he nev]!less insi/$ on treat+ z a div9e revelation2 & 8 moral s5se1 active :]e he felt no p]v]t+ res5tm5t ( contradiction by reason]s1 #aecj made him reject ! or?odox doctr9e ( salvation by fai?1 ev5 z he did ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,on ^! po9ts he seems to h _h a lead f 8 fa!r1 ,bi%op ,jasp] ,sv$b]g1 #aeca z he _h 9 8 ov]:elm+ physiological bias to subjective vision-mak+4 ,b a message :i* f9ally am\nt$ to ! oracul> prop\nd+ ( a new & bewild]+ sup]naturalism1 to be tak5 on au?ority l ! old1 c\ld make = free?\ght only by r\s+ rational reaction4 ,x 0 ,sw$5borg's de/9y to e/abli%1 9 virtue ( 8 great p[] ( ord]ly dogmatism1 a new sup]naturali/ & scripturali/ sect1 :ile 8 sci5tific conceptions 7 left = o!r m5 to develop4 ,9 8 own c\ntry1 9 8 own day1 he _h little success qua prophet1 ?\gh always e/eem$ = 8 "* & 8 high secul> compet5ce2 & he f9ally figur$ r z a h]esi>* ?an o!rwise4 #aecb #e4 ,accord+ to "o ( ,sw$5borg's biograph]s1 ! worldl9ess ( mo/ ( ! ,sw$i% cl]gy 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury s f> outw5t ev5 t ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* t ! laity 7 left to !mselves2 :ile g5tlem5 disda9$ ! lea/ ta9t ( religion1 & except on =mal occasions w\ld h be5 a%am$ to be caught *ur*-go+4 #aecc ,b ?is 0 a matt] r ( fa%ion ?an ( free?\ght2 & !re is little trace ( critical life 9 ! p]iod4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 d\btless1 ! ari/ocracies & ! cultur$ class 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,/ates 7 influ5c$ l ! re/ ( ,europe by ! _s ( ,fr5* free?\ght1 #aecd :i* ev]y:]e foll[$ ! vogue ( ! ,fr5* language & lit]ature4 ,?us we f9d ,gu/avus ,,iii ( ,sw$51 an ard5t admir] ( ,voltaire1 def5d+ him 9 company1 & propos+ 9 #aggj1 be=e ! dea? ( 8 fa!r prev5t$ x1 to make a pilgrimage to ,f]ney4 #aece ,x is )\t reg>d to ?is te/imony t ,gu/avus1 :o 0 assass9at$1 is said to h di$ ) ! =titude & resignation ( a ,*ri/ian4 #aecf ,he 0 inde$ flighty & *angeable1 #aecg & aft] gr[+ up a ,voltairean 0 turn$ = a ye> or two into a cr$ul\s my/ic1 ! dupe ( pseudo-,sw$5borgian *>latans2 #aech b !re is small sign ( religi\s e>ne/ness 9 8 fa%ion ( mak+ 8 dy+ confession4 #aeci ,claim+ at an e>li] date to believe m ?an ,joseph ,,ii1 :o 9 8 op9ion believ$ 9 no?+ at all1 he makes light ( _! jo9t p>ade ( piety at ,rome1 #aedj & seems to h be5 at bottom a good deal ( an indiff]5ti/4 ,dur+ 8 reign 8 influ5ce on lit]ature fo/]$ a measure ( ! _s ( free?\ght 9 belles lettres2 & 9 ! poets ,j4 ,h4 ,kjellgr5 & ,j4 ,m4 ,bellman 7bo? d4 #agie7 !re is to be se5 ! effect ( ! ,g]man ,aufklrung & ! _s ( ,voltaire4 #aeda ,_! contempor>y1 ,tomas ,?or51 :o call$ himself ,torild 7d4 #ahab71 ?\gh m ( an innovator 9 poetic /yle ?an 9 ?\ght1 wrote among o!r ?+s a pamphlet on ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,g5]al ,intellig5ce4 ,b ,torild's nickname1 ! mad magi/]1 tells ( 8 extravagance2 & none ( ! ,sw$i% belletri/s ( t age am\nt$ to a ,european influ5ce4 ,f9ally1 9 ! calamit\s p]iod :i* foll[$ on ! assass9ation ( ,gu/avus ,,iii1 all ,sw$i% culture sank heavily4 ,! desp]ate en]gies ( ,*>les ,,xii _h left 8 c\ntry half-ru9$ 9 #agah2 & ev5 :ile ,l9nu & 8 pupils 7 build+ up ! mod]n sci5ce ( botany 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury ! economic exhau/ion ( ! p 0 a *eck on g5]al culture4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 :i* at "o "t _h ov] #b1jjj /ud5ts1 c\nt$ only "s #ejj at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #aedb #f4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /agnation ( ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s _h be5 end$ at ! accession ( ,fr$]ick ,v 9 #agdf4 #aedc ,national lit]ature1 revivifi$ by ,holb]g1 0 fur!r advanc$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a society ( polite le>n+ 9 #agfc2 "u ,fr$]ick's auspices ,dani% naturali/s & s*ol>s 7 s5t abroad = /udy2 & 9 p>ticul> a lit]>y exp$ition 0 s5t to ,arabia4 ,! ,european movem5t ( sci5ce1 9 %ort1 _h gripp$ ! little k+dom1 & ! usual intellectual results began to foll[1 ?\gh1 z 9 ,ca?olic ,spa91 ! =ces ( reaction soon ralli$ aga9/ a movem5t :i* _h be5 impos$ f above r ?an evolv$ f )94 ,! mo/ celebrat$ nor!rn unbeliev] ( ! ,fr5* p]iod 0 ,c\nt ,/ru5see1 :o = "s ye>s 7#aggj-gb7 virtually rul$ ,d5m>k z ! fav\rite ( ! "y que51 ! k+ be+ half-witt$ & wor?less4 ,/ru5see 0 an en]getic & capable ?\gh injudici\s re=m]3 he aboli%$ torture2 emancipat$ ! enslav$ peasantry2 secur$ tol]ation = all sects2 enc\rag$ ! arts & indu/ry2 e/abli%$ fre$om ( ! press2 & re=m$ ! f9ances1 ! police1 ! law c\rts1 & sanitation4 #aedd ,8 v re=ms1 be+ made ) headlong rapidity1 made 8 position unt5able1 & 8 enemies soon effect$ 8 d[nfall & dea?4 ,! "y que51 :o 0 n alleg$ to h be5 a free?9k]1 0 savagely seiz$ by ! ho/ile faction & put on h] trial on a *>ge ( adult]y1 :i* be+ :olly unprov$1 ! ari/ocratic faction propos$ to try h] on a *>ge ( drugg+ h] husb&4 ,only by ! ef=ts ( ! ,briti% c\rt 0 %e sav$ f imprisonm5t = life 9 a =tress1 & s5t to ,hanov]1 :]e1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 %e di$4 ,%e too 0 a re=m]1 & x 0 on t score t %e 0 hat$ by ! nobles4 #aede ,bo? %e & ,/ru5see1 9 %ort1 7 ! victims ( a viol5t political reaction4 ,!re is an elaborate acc\nt ( ,/ru5see's conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity 9 prison by ! ,g]man ,dr4 ,munt]1 #aedf :i* makes him out by 8 own confession an excessive voluptu>y4 ,x is an extremely suspici\s docum5t1 exhibit+ /rong political bias1 & giv+ ,/ru5see no cr$it = re=ms2 ! app>5t assumption be+ t ! conv]sion ( a reprobate 0 ( m evid5tial value ?an t ( a reputable & reflective type4 ,9 spite ( ! reaction1 rationalism p]si/$ among ! cultur$ class4 ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 visit+ ,d5m>k 9 #agie1 not$ t !re & 9 ,norway ! press 0 free1 & t new ,fr5* publications 7 translat$ & freely discuss$4 ,! press _h 9 fact be5 fre$ by ,/ru5see1 & 0 left free by 8 enemies because ( ! facilities x _h giv5 !m to attack him4 #aedg ,on ! subject ( religion1 %e add$1 !y are likewise becom+ tol]ant1 at lea/1 & p]haps h advanc$ a /ep fur!r 9 free?9k+4 ,"o writ] has v5tur$ to d5y ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & to "q ! necessity or utility ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 )\t be+ consid]$ univ]sally z a mon/]1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! case a few ye>s ago4 #aedh ,%e likewise not$ t !re 0 9 ,norway v little ( ! fanaticism %e _h se5 ga9+ gr\nd1 on ,wesleyan l9es1 9 ,engl&4 #aedi ,b ?\gh ! ,danes _h translat$ _m ,g]man works on education1 !y _h n adopt$ any ( _! plans2 !re 7 few s*ools1 & ^? n good4 ,norway1 aga91 _h be5 kept )\t a univ]sity "u ,dani% rule2 & n until "o 0 e/abli%$ at ,*ri/iania 9 #ahaa c\ld ,norwegian faculty play its "p 9 ! intellectual life ( ,europe4 ,! reaction1 accord+ly1 soon aft]w>ds began to ga9 head4 ,already 9 #agij precaution>y measures _h be5 attempt$ aga9/ ! press2 #aeej &1 ^! be+ f\nd ineffici5t1 an edict 0 issu$ 9 #agii en=c+ p5alties aga9/ all anonym\s writ]s--a plan :i* ( c\rse /ruck at ! publi%]s4 ,b ! great geograph]1 ,malte-,brun1 0 exil$1 z 7 ,heib]g1 ! dramatic poet1 & o!rs2 & aga9 !re 0 a tempor>y /agnation 9 lit]ature1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon pass$ away 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,meantime ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k _h alike contribut$ vitally to ! progress ( ,european sci5ce2 ?\gh nei!r _h %>$ 9 ! "w ( free?\ght z aga9/ dogma4 #c4 ,! ,slavonic ,/ates #a4 ,9 ,pol&1 :]e1 z we saw1 ,unit>ian h]esy _h spread consid]ably 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 positive a!ism is he>d ( 9 #afhh-hi1 :5 ,c\nt ,lisz9ski 7or ,lyszczynski71 among ^: pap]s1 x 0 said1 _h be5 f\nd ! writt5 /atem5t t !re is no ,god1 or t man _h made ,god out ( no?+1 0 d5\nc$ by ! bi%ops ( ,pos5 & ,ki(f1 tri$1 & f\nd guilty ( d5y+ n only ! exi/5ce ( ,god b ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,virg9 ,bir?4 ,aft] be+ tortur$1 behead$1 & burn$1 8 a%es 7 scatt]$ f a cannon4 #aeea ,! fir/ /ep 0 to te> out 8 tongue1 ) :i* he _h be5 cruel t[>ds ,god2 ! next to burn 8 h&s at a sl[ fire4 ,x is all told by ,zulaski1 ! lead+ ,inquisitioni/4 #aeeb ,b ev5 _h a less murd]\s treatm5t be5 met$ out to su* h]esy1 an>*ic ,pol&1 ridd5 by ,jesuits1 0 9 no /ate to develop a rationali/ic lit]ature4 ,! old k+1 ,john ,sobieski1 made no attempt to /op ! execution1 ?\gh he is cr$it$ ) a philosophical habit ( m9d1 & ) reprim&+ ! cl]gy = n admitt+ mod]n philosophy 9 ! univ]sities & s*ools4 #aeec #b4 ,9 ,russia ! possibilities ( mod]n free?\ght em]ge only 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,muscovy 0 /ruggl+ out ( ,byzant9e b>b>ism4 ,! late-recov]$ treasure ( anci5t folk-poesy1 p>tly pres]v$ by *ance among ! nor!rn peasantry1 tells ( ! complete rupture wr\ght 9 ! racial life by ! imposition ( ,byzant9e ,*ri/ianity f ! s\?4 ,z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,/rigolniks1 :o ab\nd$ at ,novgorod1 _h held /rongly by anti-ecclesia/ical doctr9es ( ! ,paulician & ,loll>d type2 #aeed b or?odox fanaticism rul$ life 9 g5]al d[n to ! age ( ,pet] ! ,great4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d ! usual symptom ( criticism ( ! lives ( ! monks2 #aeee b ! culture 0 almo/ :olly ecclesia/ical2 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ef=t ( ! turbul5t ,patri>* ,nikon 7#afje-afha71 to correct ! corrupt sacr$ texts & ! traditional het]odox practices1 0 furi\sly resi/$1 to ! po9t ( a great s*ism4 #aeef ,he himself _h viol5tly d5\nc$ o!r innovations1 de/roy+ pictures & an organ 9 ! mann] ( ,savon>ola2 b 8 own elem5t>y re=ms 7 f\nd intol]able by ! or?odox1 #aeeg ?\gh !y 7 fav\r$ by ,sophia1 ! able & ambiti\s si/] ( ,pet]4 #aeeh ,! prie/ ,kriezanit* 7#afag-afgh71 :o wrote a "w on ,! ,russian ,empire 9 ! second half ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 d5\nc$ rese>*es 9 physical sci5ce z devili% h]esies2 #aeei & x is on record t s*ol>s 7 oblig$ to /udy 9 secret & by night = fe> ( ! ho/ility ( ! common p4 #aefj ,half-a-c5tury lat] ! or?odox majority seems to h rema9$ conv9c$ ( ! a!i/ic t5d5cy ( all sci5ce2 #aefa & ! fri5ds ( ! new light d\btless includ$ dei/s f ! fir/4 ,n till ! re=ms ( ,pet] _h begun to be> fruit1 h[ev]1 c\ld free?\ght raise its head4 ,! great ,cz>1 :o promot$ pr9t+ & lit]ature z he did e o!r new activity ( a practical k9d1 took ! s+ul> /ep ( actually )draw+ writ+ mat]ials f ! monks1 ^: influ5ce he held to be :olly reaction>y4 #aefb ,9 #agjc appe>$ ! fir/ ,russian j\rnal2 & 9 #agbd ,pet] f\nd$ ! fir/ ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 enjo9+ ^u x ! /udy ( languages & ! production ( translations4 ,n[ began ! era ( =eign culture & translations f ! ,fr5*4 #aefc ,pr9ce ,kantemir1 ! satiri/1 :o 0 ) ! ,russian embassy 9 ,london 9 #agcc1 pron\nc$ ,engl&1 !n at ! height ( ! dei/ic tide1 ! mo/ civiliz$ & enlight5$ ( ,european nations4 #aefd ,! fact t he translat$ ,font5elle on ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds tells fur!r ( 8 lib]alism4 #aefe ,gradually !re arose a new secul> faction1 "u ,we/]n influ5ces2 & o!r =ms ( culture sl[ly advanc$ likewise1 notably "u ,elisabe? ,petrovna4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! reign ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii1 call$ ! ,great1 ,fr5* ideas1 already h]ald$ by belles lettres1 f\nd comp>atively free headway4 ,%e h]self 0 a dei/1 & a satiri/ ( bigots 9 h] com$ies2 #aeff %e accompli%$ :at ,pet] _h plann$1 ! secul>ization ( ,*ur* prop]ty2 #aefg & %e 0 long ! admir+ correspond5t ( ,voltaire1 to :om & to ,d',alemb]t & ,did]ot %e (f]$ w>m invitations to reside at h] c\rt4 ,did]ot alone accept$1 & him %e specially befri5d$1 buy+ 8 libr>y :5 he 0 fa9 to sell x1 & con/itut+ him its sal>i$ keep]4 ,9 no c\ntry1 n except+ ,engl&1 0 !re m ( practical fre$om ?an 9 ,russia "u h] rule2 #aefh & if aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution %e turn$ political p]secutor1 %e 0 /ill n bel[ ! ,engli% level4 ,h] half-crazy son ,paul ,,ii1 :om %e _h giv5 cause to hate h]1 undid h] "w :]ev] he c\ld4 ,b nei!r h] reaction nor 8 rule c\ld eradicate ! movem5t ( ?\ght begun 9 ! educat$ classes2 ?\gh 9 ,russia1 z 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,/ates1 x 0 n till ! n9ete5? c5tury t orig9al s]i\s lit]ature fl\ri%$4 #d4 ,italy #a4 ,return+ to ,italy1 no long] ! lead] ( ,european ?\ght1 b /ill full ( veil$ free?9k+1 we f9d 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! pro( t no am\nt ( su* pr$isposition c c\nt]vail ?or\ghly bad political conditions4 ,gr\nd d[n by ! mat*less misrule ( ,spa91 f :i* ! conspiracy ( ! monk ,campanella va9ly s\ght to free h]1 & by ! k9dr$ tyranny ( ! papacy1 ,italy c\ld produce 9 its educat$ class1 save = ! m5 ( sci5ce & ! /ud5ts ( economics1 only trifl]s1 ^: unbelief 0 ( a piece ) _! cynicism4 ,:ile ,naples & ! s\? decay$1 m5tal en]gy _h = a "t fl\ri%$ 9 ,tuscany1 :]e1 "u ! gr& dukes f ,f]d9&o ,i onw>ds1 indu/ry & comm]ce _h reviv$2 & ev5 aft] a "t ( retrogression ,f]d9&o ,,ii enc\rag$ sci5ce1 n[ made newly glori\s by ! names ( ,galileo & ,torricelli4 ,b aga9 !re 0 a relapse2 & at ! end ( ! c5tury1 "u a bigot$ duke1 ,flor5ce 0 prie/-ridd5 &1 at lea/ 9 outw>d seem+1 gloomily sup]/iti\s2 :ile1 save = ! bett] conditions secur$ at ,naples "u ! vic]oyalty ( ! ,m>quis ( ,c>pi1 #aefi ! re/ ( ,italy 0 cynically corrupt & intellectually sup]ficial4 #aegj ,ev5 9 ,naples1 ( c\rse1 enlight5m5t 0 re/rict$ to ! few4 ,burnet obs]ves t !re are societies ( m5 at ,naples ( fre] ?\ghts ?an c be f\nd 9 any o!r place ( ,italy2 & he admits a g5]al t5d5cy ( intellig5t ,italians to recoil f ,*ri/ianity by reason ( ,ca?olic corruption4 ,b at ! same "t he insi/s t1 ?\gh ! laity speak ) scorn ( ! cl]gy1 yet !y are ma/]s ( ! spirits ( ! p4 #aega ,yet x only ne$$ ! brea?+ "t & ! improv$ conditions "u ! ,b\rbon rule 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to set up a wond]ful intellectual revival4 #b4 ,fir/ came ! great "w ( ,vico1 ! ,pr9ciples ( a ,new ,sci5ce 7#agbe71 :]e( ! orig9ality & ! dep?--qualities 9 :i*1 despite its incoh]5ces1 x on ! :ole excels ,montesquieu's ,_s ( ,laws--place him among ! great free?9k]s 9 philosophy4 ,x 0 significant ( mu* t ,vico's book1 :ile con/antly us+ ! vocabul>y ( fai?1 grappl$ ) ! sci5ce ( human developm5t 9 an ess5tially secul> & sci5tific _s4 ,?is is ! note ( ! :ole eighte5? c5tury 9 ,italy4 #aegb ,vico posits ,deity & ,provid5ce1 b proce$s nev]!less to /udy ! laws ( civilization inductively f its ph5om5a4 ,he p]man5tly obscur$ 8 case1 inde$1 by insi/+ on putt+ x !ologically1 & condemn+ ,grotius & o!rs = sep>at+ ! idea ( law f t ( religion4 ,only 9 a pan!i/ic s5se has ,vico's =mula any validity2 & he nev] av[s a pan!i/ic view1 refus+ ev5 to g ) ,grotius 9 all[+ t ,hebrew law 0 ak9 to t ( o!r nations4 ,b a rationali/ic view1 _h he put x1 w\ld h be5 b>r$4 ,! wond] is1 9 ! circum/ances1 n t he makes s mu* p>ade ( religion1 b t he c\ld v5ture to und]m9e s vitally its pret5sions1 especially aft] he _h f\nd x prud5t to r5\nce ! project ( annotat+ ! great "w ( ,grotius1 ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 on ! score t 7z he puts x 9 8 ,autobiography7 a good ,ca?olic mu/ n endorse a h]etic4 ,signor ,b5$etto ,croce1 9 8 valuable "w on ,vico 7,! ,philosophy ( ,giambatti/a ,vico1 ,eng4 tr4 #aiac1 pp4 #hi-id71 admits t ,vico is fundam5tally at "o ) ! ,naturali/s3 ,l !m1 9 con/ruct+ 8 sci5ce ( human society1 he excludes ) ,grotius all idea ( ,god1 & ) ,puf5dorf consid]s man z )\t help or att5tion f ,god1 exclud+ him1 t is1 f reveal$ religion & its ,god4 ,( ,vico's opposition to ,grotius1 ,signor ,croce (f]s two unsatisfactory explanations4 ,fir/3 ,vico's opposition1 :i* he expresses ) 8 accu/om$ confusion & obscurity1 turns 444 ^u ! actual conception ( religion4444 ,religion 444 means = ,vico n necess>ily revelation1 b conception ( reality4 ,?is r$uces ! def5ce to a quibble2 b f9ally ,signor ,croce asks himself ,:y--if ,vico agre$ ) ! natural-"r s*ool 9 ignor+ revelation1 & if he in/ead ( x deep5$ _! sup]ficial imman5tal doctr9e--:y he put himself =w>d z _! implacable enemy & p]si/$ 9 boa/+ l\dly be=e prelates & pontiffs ( hav+ =mulat$ a sy/em ( natural rights diff]5t f t ( ! ?ree ,prote/ant au?ors & adapt$ to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! natural sugge/ion ( politic caution ,signor ,croce rejects1 decl>+ t ! spotless "* ( ,vico entirely precludes x2 & we c only suppose t1 lack+ z 8 ideas always 7 9 cl>ity1 on ?is occasion he indulg$ 8 t5d5cy to confusion & n\ri%$ 8 illusions1 to ! ext5t ( conf]r+ ^u himself ! flatt]+ /yle & title ( ,def5sor ,ecclesi at ! v mom5t :5 he 0 de/roy+ ! religion ( ! ,*ur* by means ( humanity4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ?is equivocal v9dication is m s]viceable to ,vico's fame ?an ! pla9 av[al t a writ] plac$ z he 01 9 ! ,ca?olic _w ( #agbj1 c\ld n be expect$ to be /raight=w>d ^u su* an issue4 ,vico comport$ himself t[>ds ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* v mu* z ,desc>tes did4 ,8 own decl>ation z to 8 motives is surely valid z aga9/ a =mula :i* comb9es spotless "* ) a *]i%$ t5d5cy to confusion4 ,! famili> t5d5cy to h$ge is a simpl] conception4 #c4 ,x is notewor?y1 inde$1 t ! ,new ,sci5ce1 z ,vico boa/$1 arose 9 ! ,ca?olic & n 9 ! ,prote/ant _w4 ,we might say t1 g5ius ap>t1 ! reason 0 t ! en]gy :i* else:]e ran to criticism ( religion z su* _h 9 ,ca?olic ,italy to take o!r *annels4 ,by attack+ a ,prote/ant position :i* 0 really less deeply het]odox ?an 8 own1 ,vico secur$ ,ca?olic curr5cy = a philosopheme :i* on its own m]its ,ca?olic !ologians w\ld h sc\t$ z a!ism4 ,z x 01 ,vico's sociology ar\s$ on ! "o h& new rationali/ic speculation z to ! orig9 ( civilization1 & on ! o!r or?odox prote/ on ! score ( its fundam5tally anti-,biblical "*4 ,x 0 ?us attack$ 9 #agdi by ,damiano ,romano1 & lat] by ,f9etti1 a pr(essor at ,padua1 propos ( ! propag&a rais$ by ,vico's foll[]s z to ! animal orig9 ( ! human race4 ,?is began ) ,vico's disciple1 ,emmanuele ,duni1 a pr(essor at ,rome1 :o publi%$ a s]ies ( sociological essays 9 #agfc4 ,!nce=? = _m ye>s !re rag$1 "u ! eyes ( ,pope & c>d9als1 an ,italian debate betwe5 ! ,f]9i & ,antif]9i1 ! affirm]s & d5i]s ( ! animal orig9 ( man1 ! latt] ( c\rse tak+ up _! gr\nd on ! ,bible1 f :i* ,f9etti drew tw5ty-?ree objections to ,vico4 #aegc ,duni f\nd x prud5t to decl>e t he _h no int5tion ( discuss+ ! orig9 ( ! _w1 /ill less t ( ! ,hebrew nation1 b solely t ( ! ,g5tile nations2 b ev5 :5 ?us limit$ ! debate set up f>-rea*+ di/urbance4 ,at ?is /age ,italian sociology d\btless ow$ some?+ to ,montesquieu & ,r\sseau2 b ! fact rema9s t ! ,sci5za ,nuova 0 a book truly ,italian2 ,italian p> excell5ce4 #aegd ,x 0 ,vico1 too1 :o l$ ! way 9 ! critical h&l+ ( e>ly ,roman hi/ory1 tak5 up lat] by ,beau=t1 & /ill lat] by ,niebuhr2 & x 0 he :o began ! sci5tific analysis ( ,hom]1 foll[$ up lat] by ,f4 ,a4 ,wolf4 #aege ,by a =tunate co9cid5ce1 ! papal *air 0 held at ! middle ( ! c5tury 7#agdj-ageh7 by ! mo/ le>n$1 tol]ant1 & judici\s ( mod]n popes1 ,b5$ict ,,xiv1 #aegf ^: influ5ce 0 us$ = political peace 9 ,europe & = tol]ation 9 ,italy2 & :om we %all f9d1 l ,clem5t ,,xiv1 on fri5dly t]ms ) a free?9k]4 ,9 ! same age ,muratori & ,giannone amass$ _! unequall$ hi/orical le>n+2 & a :ole s]ies ( ,italian writ]s broke new gr\nd on ! field ( social sci5ce1 ,italy hav+ l$ ! way 9 ?is z =m]ly 9 philosophy & physics4 #aegg ,! ,hanov]ian ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,alb]ti1 ( ,italian desc5t1 writes 9 #ageb t ,italy is full ( a!i/s2 #aegh & ,grimm1 writ+ 9 #agfe1 records t accord+ to capable obs]v]s ! effect ( ! ,fr5* free?9k+ lit]ature 9 ! pa/ ?irty ye>s _h be5 imm5se1 especially 9 ,tuscany4 #aegi #d4 ,betwe5 #agcg & #agih may be c\nt$ tw5ty-eight ,italian writ]s on political economy2 & among !m 0 "o1 ,ces>e ,becc>ia1 :o on ano!r !me produc$ p]haps ! mo/ practically influ5tial s+le book ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #aehj ! treatise on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts 7#agfd71 :i* affect$ p5al me?ods = ! bett] ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,ev5 7 he n kn[n to be a dei/1 8 /rictly secul> & rationali/ me?od w\ld h br\ght ^u him prie/ly suspicion2 & he _h 9 fact to def5d himself aga9/ p]t9aci\s & unscrupul\s attacks1 #aeha ?\gh he _h s\ght 9 8 book to gu>d himself by occasionally veil+ ! tru? 9 cl\ds4 #aehb ,z we h se51 ,becc>ia ow$ 8 intellectual awak5+ fir/ to ,montesquieu & above all to ,helvtius--ano!r te/imony to ! re=mative virtue ( all free?\ght4 ,( ! a=esaid eight-&-tw5ty writ]s on economics1 probably ! majority 7 free?9k]s4 ,among !m1 at all ev5ts1 7 ,c\nt ,alg>otti 7#agab-agfd71 ! di/+ui%$ /hetician1 "o ( ! gr\p r\nd ,fr$]ick at ,b]l9 & au?or ( ,il ,newtonianismo p] le dame 7#agcg72 ,filangi]i1 ^: "w on legislation 7put on ! ,index by ! papacy7 won ! high praise ( ,frankl92 ! ,neapolitan abbate ,f]d9&o ,galiani1 "o ( ! brighte/ & s\nde/ wits 9 ! circle ( ! ,fr5* philosophes2 ! o!r ,neapolitan abbate ,antonio ,g5ovesi 7#agab-agfi71 ! r$eem] ( ! ,italian m9d1 #aehc & ! *ief e/abli%] ( economic sci5ce = mod]n ,italy4 #aehd ,to ^! names may be add$ ^? ( ,alfi]i1 "o ( ! /ronge/ anti-cl]icali/s ( 8 age2 ,bett9elli1 ! correspond5t ( ,voltaire & au?or ( ,! ,resurrection ( ,italy 7#agge72 ,c\nt ,d&olo1 au?or ( a ,fr5* "w on ,! ,new ,m5 7#agii72 & ! le>n$ ,giannone1 au?or ( ! great anti-papal ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples 7#agbc71 :o1 aft] m ?an "o n>r[ escape1 0 ?r[n 9 prison by ! k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 & di$ !re 7#agdh7 aft] twelve ye>s' conf9em5t4 ,to ! m]its ( ,alg>otti & ,g5ovesi !re are high contempor>y te/imonies4 ,alg>otti 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,c>d9al ,ganganelli1 :o 9 #agfi became ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv4 ,9 #aged ! latt] writes #aehe him3 ,my de> ,c\nt1 ,contrive matt]s s1 9 spite ( y\r philosophy1 t ,i may see y 9 heav52 = ,i %\ld be v sorry to lose sight ( y = an et]nity4 ,y are "o ( ^? r>e m51 bo? = he>t & und]/&+1 :om we c\ld wi% to love ev5 beyond ! grave1 :5 we h once _h ! advantage ( kn[+ !m4 ,no "o has m reasons to be conv9c$ ( ! spirituality & immortality ( ! s\l ?an y h4 ,! ye>s glide away = ! philosoph]s z well z = ! ignorant2 & :at is to be ! t]m ( !m _c b employ a man :o ?9ks4 ,own t ,i c manage s]mons s z n to fright5 away a bel esprit2 & t if e "o deliv]$ z %ort & z fri5dly s]mons z ,i d1 y w\ld sometimes g to he> a prea*]4 ,b b>ely he>+ w n d 444 ! amiable ,alg>otti mu/ become z good a ,*ri/ian z he is a philosoph]3 !n %\ld ,i d\bly be 8 fri5d & s]vant4 #aehf ,9 an e>li] lett]1 ,ganganelli writes3 ,! ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv is ev] great & ent]ta9+ = 8 bons mots4 ,he 0 say+ ! o!r day t he _h always lov$ y1 & t x w\ld give him v great pleasure to see y aga94 ,he speaks ) admiration ( ! k+ ( ,prussia 444 ^: hi/ory w make "o ( ! f9e/ monum5ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,see "h & ackn[l$ge my g5]osity6 ,= t pr9ce makes ! greate/ je/ possible ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome1 & ( u monks & fri>s4 ,c>d9al ,qu]9i w n be satisfi$ unless he h y ) him = "s "t at ,brescia4 ,he "o day told me t he w\ld invite y to come & d$icate 8 libr>y4444 ,!re is no h>m 9 prea*+ to a philosoph] :o seldom goes to he> a s]mon1 & :o w n h become a great sa9t by resid+ at ,potsdam4 ,y are !re ?ree m5 ^: tal5ts might be ( great use to religion if y w\ld *ange _! direction--viz4 ,y\rself1 ,mons4 de ,voltaire1 & ,m4 de ,maup]tuis4 ,b t is n ! ton ( ! age1 & y are resolv$ to foll[ ! fa%ion4 #aehg ,ganganelli 9 8 correspond5ce reveals himself z an admir] ( ,newton #aehh & some:at av]se to religi\s zeal4 #aehi ,( ! papal gov]nm5t he admitt$ t x 0 fav\rable nei!r to comm]ce1 to agriculture1 nor to population1 :i* precisely con/itute ! ess5ce ( public felicity1 :ile suavely rem9d+ ! ,engli%man ( ! inconv5i5ces ( 8 own gov]nm5t4 #aeij ,to ! le>n$ ,muratori1 :o suff]$ at ! h&s ( ! bigots1 he & ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv gave _! sympa?y4 #aeia ,b ,ganganelli's own ?9k+ on ! issues betwe5 reason & religion 0 entirely commonplace4 ,:atev]1 he wrote1 dep>ts f ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! ,creation 9 ! book ( ,g5esis has no?+ to support x b p>adoxes1 or1 at mo/1 m]e hypo!ses4 ,moses alone1 z be+ an inspir$ au?or1 c\ld p]fectly acqua9t u ) ! =mation ( ! _w1 & ! developm5t ( its p>ts4444 ,:oev] does n see ! tru? 9 :at ,moses relates 0 nev] born to "k x4 #aeib ,x 0 only 9 8 relation to ! bigots ( 8 own ,*ur* t 8 ?9k+ 0 rationali/ic4 ,! ,pope1 he writes to a ,fr5* m>quis1 relies on ,provid5ce2 b ,god does n p]=m miracles e "t he is ask$ to d x4 ,besides1 is he to p]=m "o t ,rome may enjoy a "r ( seignory ov] ! ,du*y ( ,p>ma8 #aeic ,at 8 dea? an ,italian wrote ( him t ! di/9ction he 0 able to draw betwe5 dogmas or discipl9e & ultramontane op9ions gave him ! c\rage to take _m opportunities ( promot+ ! peace ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 tol]ance is suffici5tly exhibit$ 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,alg>otti3 ,i hope t y w prea* to me "s ( ^! days1 s t ea* may h 8 turn4 #aeid ,free?\ght _h a*iev$ some?+ :5 a ,roman ,c>d9al1 a pr$e/9ate ,pope1 c\ld s write to an av[$ free?9k]4 ,conc]n+ ,galiani we h ! w>m panegyric ( ,grimm4 ,if ,i h any vanity ) :i* to reproa* myself1 he writes1 x is t :i* ,i d]ive 9 spite ( myself f ! fact ( ! con=mity ( my ideas ) ^? ( ! two r>e/ m5 :om ,i h ! happ9ess to "k1 ,galiani & ,d5is ,did]ot4 #aeie ,grimm held ,galiani to be ( all m5 ! be/ qualifi$ to write a true ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,b ! hi/ory t w\ld h satisfi$ him & ,grimm 0 n to be publi%$ 9 t age4 ,italy1 h[ev]1 _h done h] full %>e1 consid]+ h] h]itage ( burd5s & h9drances1 9 ! intellectual "w ( ! c5tury2 & 9 ! names ( ,galvani & ,volta /&s ! record ( "o m ( h] great contributions to human enlight5m5t4 ,"u ,duke ,leopold ,,ii ( ,tuscany ! papacy 0 s f> defi$ t books put on ! ,index 7 produc$ = him "u ! impr9t ( ,london2 #aeif & ! papacy itself at l5g? gave way to ! _s ( re=m1 ,clem5t ,,xiv cons5t+ among o!r ?+s to aboli% ! ,ord] ( ,jesuits 7#aggc71 aft] 8 pr$ecessor _h di$ ( grief ov] 8 prov$ impot5ce to resi/ ! secul> policy ( ! ,/ates ar\nd him4 #aeig ,9 ,tuscany1 inde$1 ! reaction aga9/ ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 in/ant & sev]e4 ,leopold succe$$ 8 bro!r ,joseph z emp]or ( ,au/ria 9 #agij1 b di$ 9 #agib2 & 9 8 realm1 z 0 ! case 9 ,d5m>k & 9 ,spa9 9 ! same c5tury1 ! re=ms impos$ f above by a lib]al sov]eign 7 f\nd to h left mu* traditionalism unt\*$4 ,aft] #agib1 ,f]d9&o ,,iii susp5d$ "s ( 8 fa!r's mo/ lib]al edicts1 amid ! applause ( ! reaction>ies2 & 9 #agii1 aft] ! fir/ %ort /ay ( ! revolution>y ,fr5* army1 out ( its "o million inhabitants no few] ?an #bb1jjj 7 prosecut$ = ,fr5* op9ions4 #aeih ,c]ta9ly "s ( ! ,fr5* op9ions 7 wild en\gh2 = in/ance1 ! practice among ladies ( dress+ alla ghigliott9a1 ) a r$ ribbon r\nd ! neck1 a usage borr[$ ab\t #agie f ,france4 #aeii ,z ,qu9et sums up1 ! revolution 0 too /rong a m$ic9e = ! ,italy ( t age4 ,! "y abbate ,monti1 ! *ief poet ( ! "t1 0 a free?9k]1 b he alt]nat$ 8 /rokes = fre$om ) unwor?y compliances4 #afjj ,su* 0 ! dawn ( ! new ,italian day t has s9ce sl[ly b /eadily broad5$1 albeit "u _m a cl\d4 #e4 ,spa9 & ,portugal #a4 ,= ! re/ ( ,europe dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 we h to note only traces ( receptive ?\ght4 ,spa9 "u ,b\rbon rule1 z already not$1 exp]i5c$ an adm9i/rative r5asc5ce4 ,su* m5 z ,c\nt ,ar&a 7#agah-ii7 & ,aszo y del ,rio 7#agdb-ahad7 wr\ght to cut ! claws ( ! ,inquisition & to put d[n ! ,jesuits2 b n yet1 aft] ! long "w ( de/ruction accompli%$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ! pa/1 c\ld ,spa9 produce a fre% lit]ature ( any f>-rea*+ p[]4 ,:5 ,ar&a 0 ab\t to be appo9t$ 9 #agff1 8 fri5ds ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdi/es prematurely proclaim$ _! exultation 9 ! re=ms he 0 to accompli%2 & he sadly prote/$ t !y _h !reby limit$ 8 possibilities4 #afja ,none!less he wr\ght mu*1 ! p[] ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa9 be+ already on ! wane4 ,dr4 ,joaqu9 ,villanueva1 "o ( ! ecclesia/ical /atesm5 :o took "p 9 its suppression by ! ,cortes at ,cadiz 9 #ahac1 tells h[1 9 8 y\?1 "u ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii1 x 0 a curr5t say+ among ! /ud5ts at college t :ile ! clev] ones c\ld rise to important po/s 9 ! ,*ur*1 or 9 ! law1 ! blockheads w\ld be sure to f9d places 9 ! ,inquisition4 #afjb ,x 0 ( c\rse /ill p[]ful = social t]rorism & m9or p]secution2 b its p[] ( tak+ life 0 rapidly dw9dl+4 ,betwe5 #agdf & #agei x _h burn$ only t5 p]sons2 f #agei until #agha x burn$ only f\r2 !reaft] none1 #afjc ! la/ case hav+ provok$ prote/s :i* te/ifi$ to ! moral *ange wr\ght 9 ,europe by a g5]ation ( free?\ght4 ,9 ,spa9 too1 z else:]e1 free?\ght _h made way among ! upp] classes2 & 9 #aggc we f9d ! ,duke d',alba 7=m]ly ,huesc>71 ex-ambassador ( ,spa9 to ,france1 subscrib+ eighty l\is = a /atue to ,voltaire4 ,condemn$ to cultivate my reason 9 secret1 he wrote to ,d',alemb]t1 ,i see ?is opportunity to give a public te/imony ( my gratitude to & admiration = ! great man :o fir/ %[$ me ! way4 #afjd #b4 ,/ill all free?9k+ 9 ,spa9 ran imm5se risks1 ev5 "u ,*>les ,,iii4 ,! ,spani% admiral ,solano 0 d5\nc$ by 8 almon] to ! ,inquisition = hav+ read ,raynal1 & _h to dem& p>don on 8 knees ( ! ,inquisition & ,god4 #afje ,ar&a himself 0 f fir/ to la/ f\r times arraign$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 #afjf escap+ only by 8 pre/ige & p[]4 ,s em95t a p]sonage z ,p4 ,a4 ,j4 ,olavids1 kn[n 9 ,france z ! ,c\nt ( ,pilos 7#agbf-ahjc71 c\ld n ?us escape4 ,he _h be5 appo9t$ by ,*>les ,,iii prefect ( ,seville1 & _h c>ri$ out = ! k+ ! great "w ( coloniz+ ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 #afjg ( :i* region he 0 gov]nor4 ,at ! height ( 8 c>e]1 9 #aggf1 he 0 arre/$ & imprison$1 z suspect$ ( pr(ess+ impi\s s5tim5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 ) :om he _h c>ri$ on a v intimate correspond5ce4 ,he _h spok5 unw>ily to inhabitants ( ! new t[ns "u 8 jurisdiction conc]n+ ! ext]ior wor%ip ( deity 9 ,spa91 ! wor%ip ( images1 ! fa/ days1 ! cessation ( "w on holy days1 ! (f]+s at mass1 & all ! re/ ( ! app>atus ( popul> ,ca?olicism4 #afjh ,olavids prud5tly confess$ 8 error1 decl>+ t he _h nev] lo/ 8 inn] fai?4 ,aft] two ye>s' det5tion he 0 =c$ to make 8 p5ance at a less] auto da f 9 pres5ce ( sixty p]sons ( di/9ction1 _m ( :om 7 suspect$ ( hold+ simil> op9ions1 & 7 ?us grimly w>n$ to keep _! c\nsel4 ,dur+ f\r h\rs ! read+ ( 8 process w5t on1 & !n came ! s5t5ce4 ,he 0 condemn$ to pass eight ye>s 9 a conv5t2 to be bani%$ =ev] f ,madrid1 ,seville1 ,cordova1 & ! new t[ns ( ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 & to lose all 8 prop]ty2 he 0 pron\nc$ incapable h5ce=? ( hold+ any public employm5t or title ( hon\r2 & he 0 =bidd5 to m\nt a horse1 to we> any ornam5t ( gold1 silv]1 pe>ls1 diamonds1 or o!r preci\s /ones1 or clo?+ ( silk or f9e l954 ,on he>+ 8 s5t5ce he fa9t$4 ,aft]w>ds1 on 8 knees1 he receiv$ absolution4 ,escap+ "s "t aft]w>ds f 8 conv5t1 he rea*$ ,france4 ,aft] "s ye>s m1 he cynically produc$ a "w entitl$ ,! ,gospel ,triumphant1 or ! ,philosoph] ,conv]t$1 :i* avail$ to procure a repeal ( 8 s5t5ce2 & he return$ into fav\r4 #afji ,9 8 y\? he _h n ! tal5t to play ! hypocrite4 ,9 ! end he ma/]$ ! art z few _h done4 #c4 ,ano!r gr&ee1 ,don ,*ri/ophe ,xim5ez de ,gongora1 ,duke ( ,almodob>1 publi%$ a free & expurgat$ translation ( ,raynal's ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies "u ano!r title2 #afaj & ?\gh he put ^u ! book only an anagram ( 8 "n1 he pres5t$ copies to ! k+4 ,! inquisitors1 le>n+ z mu*1 d5\nc$ him z suspect$ ( hav+ embrac$ ! sy/ems ( unbeliev+ philosoph]s2 b ?is "t ! prosecution broke d[n = lack ( evid5ce4 #afaa ,a simil> escape 0 made by ,don ,joseph ,ni*olas d',az>a1 :o _h be5 m9i/] ( =eign affairs1 m9i/] pl5ipot5ti>y ( ! k+ at ,rome1 & ambassador extraord9>y at ,p>is1 & 0 yet d5\nc$ at ,s>agossa & ,madrid z an unbeliev+ philosoph]4 #afab ,c\nt ,ricla1 m9i/] ( w> "u ,*>les ,,iii1 0 simil>ly *>g$1 & simil>ly escap$ = lack ( pro(s4 #afac #d4 ,9 ano!r case1 a free?9k+ prie/ skilfully anticipat$ prosecution4 ,don ,philip de ,samaniego1 prie/1 ar*deacon ( ,pampeluna1 *evali] ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,james1 c\nsellor ( ! k+ & secret>y-g5]al1 int]pret] ( =eign languages1 0 "o ( ^? invit$ to assi/ at ! auto da f ( ,olavids4 ,! impression made ^u him 0 s /rong t he spe$ily prep>$ ) 8 own h& a confession to ! effect t he _h read _m =bidd5 books1 su* z ^? ( ,voltaire1 ,mirabeau1 ,r\sseau1 ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 ,montesquieu1 ,bayle1 ,d',alemb]t1 & ,did]ot2 & t he _h be5 ?us l$ into skepticism2 b t aft] s]i\s reflection he _h resolv$ to atta* himself firmly & =ev] to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & n[ begg$ to be absolv$4 ,! s5t5ce 0 memorable4 ,he 0 ord]$ fir/ to confirm 8 confession by oa?2 !n to /ate h[ & f :om he _h obta9$ ! prohibit$ books1 :]e !y n[ 71 ) :at p]sons he _h talk$ on ^! matt]s1 :at p]sons _h ei!r refut$ or adopt$ 8 views1 & :i* ( ^? p]sons _h seem$ to be aw>e ( su* doctr9es 9 advance2 su* a detail$ /atem5t be+ ! condition ( 8 absolution4 ,samaniego obey$1 & produc$ a long decl>ation 9 :i* he incrim9at$ ne>ly e enlight5$ man at ! c\rt1 nam+ ,ar&a1 ! ,duke ( ,almodob>1 ,ricla1 & ! m9i/] ,florida ,blanca2 also ,g5]al ,ric>dos1 ,c\nt ( ,truillas1 ,g5]al ,massones1 ,c\nt ( ,montalvo1 ambassador at ,p>is & bro!r ( ! ,duke ( ,sotomayor2 & ,c\nts ,campomanes1 ,orreilly1 & ,lascy4 ,proce$+s 7 begun aga9/ "o & all2 b ! und]tak+ 0 too compreh5sive1 & ! pro(s 7 av[$ to be insuffici5t4 #afad ,:at became ( ,samaniego1 hi/ory sai? n4 ,a namesake ( 81 ,don ,felix-,m>ia de ,samaniego1 "o ( ! lead+ m5 ( lett]s ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iv1 0 arraign$ be=e ! ,inquisition ( ,logrogno z suspect$ ( hav+ embrac$ ! errors ( mod]n philosoph]s & read prohibit$ books1 b contriv$1 ?r\gh 8 fri5d%ip ) ! m9i/] ( ju/ice1 to arrange ! matt] privately4 #afae #e4 ,out ( a long s]ies ( o!r m5 ( lett]s p]secut$ by ! ,inquisition = giv+ signs ( enlight5m5t1 a few cases are pres]v$ by its hi/orian1 ,llor5te4 ,don ,b5$ict ,bails1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,madrid & au?or ( a s*ool-book on ! subject1 0 proce$$ aga9/ 9 8 old age1 t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii1 z suspect$ ( a!ism & mat]ialism4 ,he 0 +5u\s en\gh to confess t he _h _h d\bts on ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b t aft] s]i\s reflection he 0 rep5tant & ready to abjure all 8 errors4 ,he ?us escap$1 aft] an imprisonm5t4 ,don ,l\is ,cagnuelo1 advocate1 0 =c$ to abjure = hav+ writt5 aga9/ popul> sup]/ition & aga9/ monks 9 8 j\rnal ,! ,c5sor1 & 0 =bidd5 to write 9 future on any subject ( religion or morals4 ,f4 ,p4 ,c5t5o1 "o ( ! lead+ critics ( ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,iii & ,*>les ,,iv1 0 an ,augu/9ian monk2 b 8 pr(ession did n save him f ! ,inquisition :5 he made enemies by 8 satirical criticisms1 ?\gh he 0 patroniz$ by ! m9i/] ,florida ,blanca4 ,to make q sure1 he 0 accus$ at once ( a!ism & ,lu!ranism4 ,he _h 9 fact prea*$ aga9/ c]emonialism1 & z c5sor he _h delet$ f a cate*ism = ! free s*ools ( ,madrid an article affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,limbo ( *ildr5 :o _h di$ unbaptiz$4 ,despite a mo/ le>n$ def5ce1 he 0 condemn$ z viol5tly suspect$ ( h]esy & =c$ to abjure1 :]eaft] he w5t mad & 9 t /ate di$4 #afaf #f4 ,ano!r savant ( ! same p]iod1 ,don ,joseph de ,clavijo y ,fax>do1 director ( ! natural hi/ory collection at ,madrid1 0 9 turn arraign$ z hav+ adopt$ ! anti-,*ri/ian pr9ciples ( mod]n philosophy4 ,he _h be5 ! fri5d ( ,buffon & ,voltaire at ,p>is1 _h admirably translat$ ,buffon's ,natural ,hi/ory1 ) notes1 & 0 naturally some?+ ( a dei/ & mat]iali/4 ,hav+ ! protection ( ,ar&a1 he escap$ ) a secret p5ance & abjuration4 #afag ,don ,?omas ,iri>te1 *ief ( ! ar*ives 9 ! m9i/ry ( =eign affairs1 0 likewise indict$ t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii1 z suspect$ ( anti-,*ri/ian philosophy1 & escap$ ) simil>ly light puni%m5t4 #afah #g4 ,/ill 9 ! same reign1 ! ,jesuit ,francisco de ,i/a1 au?or ( an extremely popul> satire aga9/ absurd prea*]s1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! fam\s prea*] ,fray ,g]ondif1 publi%$ "u ! pseudonym ( ,don ,francisco ,lobon de ,salaz>--a k9d ( ecclesia/ical ,don ,quixote--s infuriat$ ! prea*+ monks t ! ,holy ,(fice receiv$ an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( d5unciations ( ! book4 ,i/a1 h[ev]1 0 a ,jesuit1 & escap$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 ord]1 ) a w>n+4 #afai ,influ5ce1 inde$1 c\ld a*ieve almo/ any?+ 9 ! ,holy ,(fice1 :e!r = culprits or aga9/ ! un9culpable4 ,9 #agif1 ,don ,raymond de ,salas1 a pr(essor at ,salamanca1 0 actually prosecut$ by ! ,inquisition ( ,madrid z be+ suspect$ ( hav+ adopt$ ! pr9ciples ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 & o!r mod]n philosoph]s1 he hav+ read _! works4 ,! poor man prov$ t he _h done s only 9 ord] to refute !m1 & produc$ ! !ses publicly ma9ta9$ at ,salamanca by 8 pupils z a result ( 8 tea*+s4 ,! prosecution 0 a pure "w ( p]sonal enmity on ! "p ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,santiago 7=m]ly bi%op ( ,salamanca7 & o!rs1 & ,salas 0 acquitt$1 ) ! /atem5t t he 0 entitl$ to rep>ation4 ,aga9 & aga9 did 8 enemies revive ! case1 despite repeat$ acquittals1 he be+ all ! :ile 9 durance1 & at l5g? he _h to abjure1 & 0 bani%$ ! capital4 ,aft] a "t ! matt] 0 =c$ on ! att5tion ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! result t ev5 ,*>les ,,iv 0 ask$ by 8 m9i/]s to orda9 t h5ce=? ! ,inquisition %\ld n arre/ anyone )\t prior intimation to ! k+4 ,at ?is /age1 h[ev]1 ! intrigu+ ar*bi%op successfully int]v5$1 & ! anci5t ma*9]y = ! /ifl+ ( ?\ght rema9$ intact = ! "t4 #afbj #h4 ,x is pla9 t ! comb9$ p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ord]s1 & ! ,inquisition1 ev5 "u ,*>les ,,iii1 _h be5 sub/antially unimpair$1 & re/$ on a broad f\ndation ( popul> fanaticism & ignorance4 ,! ,inquisition attack$ n m]ely free?\ght b h]esy ( e k9d1 p]secut+ ,jans5i/s & ,mol9i/s z ( old x _h p]secut$ ,lu!rans1 only ) less p[] ( murd]4 ,t mu* ! ,b\rbon k+s & _! m9i/]s c\ld accompli%1 b no m4 ,! tr\ble 0 t ! enlight5$ adm9i/ration ( ,*>les ,,iii 9 ,spa9 did n build up a valid popul> education1 ! sole security = durable rationalism4 ,its s*ool policy1 ?\gh n )\t zeal1 0 undemocratic1 & s left ! prie/s 9 control ( ! m9d ( ! multitude2 & ?r\gh\t ! reign ! ecclesia/ical rev5ues _h be5 all[$ to increase greatly f private s\rces4 #afba ,l ,leopold ( ,tuscany1 he 0 9 advance ( 8 p1 & impos$ 8 re=ms f above4 ,:51 accord+ly1 ! weak & pi\s ,*>les ,,iv succe$$ 9 #aghh1 ?ree ( ! anti-cl]ical ,m9i/]s ( 8 pr$ecessor1 includ+ ,ar&a1 7 put "u arre/1 #afbb & cl]icalism resum$ full sway1 to ! ext5t ev5 ( veto+ ! /udy ( moral philosophy 9 ! univ]sities4 #afbc ,m5tally & mat]ially alike1 ,spa9 relaps$ to h] =m] /ate ( indig5ce2 & ! /ruggle = national exi/5ce aga9/ ,napoleon help$ r traditionali/ s5tim5t ?an ! _s ( innovation4 #i4 ,portugal 9 ! same p]iod1 despite ! anti-cl]ical policy ( ! fam\s ,m>quis ( ,pombal1 made no noticeable intellectual progress4 ,?\gh t p[]ful /atesman 9 #agfa aboli%$ slav]y 9 ! k+dom1 #afbd he too fail$ to see ! ne$ = popul> education1 :ile promot+ t ( ! upp] classes4 #afbe ,8 expulsion ( ! ,jesuits1 accord+ly1 did b raise up aga9/ him a new set ( enemies 9 ! %ape ( ! ,jacobeos1 ! ,bless$1 a species ( ,ca?olic ,puritan1 :o accus$ him ( impiety4 ,8 some:at =5sic def5ce #afbf leaves ! impression t he 0 9 reality a dei/2 b ?\gh he f\ght ! fanatics by imprison+ ! ,bi%op ( ,coimbra1 _! lead]1 & by caus+ ,molire's ,t>tufe to be translat$ & p]=m$1 he does n seem to h %[n any fav\r to ! dei/ical lit]ature ( :i* ! ,bi%op _h compos$ a local ,index ,expurgatorius4 #afbg ,9 ,portugal1 z lat] 9 ,spa91 accord+ly1 a complete reaction set 9 ) ! dea? ( ! enlight5$ k+4 ,dom ,joseph di$ 9 #aggg1 & ,pombal 0 at once disgrac$ & 8 enemies releas$1 ! pi\s ,que5 ,m>ia & h] ,m9i/]s subject+ him to p]secution = "s ye>s4 ,9 #aghc1 ! ,que51 :o became a religi\s maniac1 & di$ insane1 #afbh is f\nd e/abli%+ new nunn]ies1 & s add+ to "o ( ! ma9 factors 9 ! impov]i%m5t1 moral & f9ancial1 ( ,portugal4 #f4 ,switz]l& ,dur+ ! p]iod we h be5 survey+1 up to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,switz]l&1 :i* ow$ mu* ( new intellectual life to ! influx ( ,fr5* ,prote/ants at ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 #afbi exhibit$ no less ?an ! o!r ,european c\ntries ! inability ( ! tradition>y cre$ to /& criticism4 ,calv9ism by its v rig\r g5]at$ a reaction )9 its own special field2 & ! _s ( ! sla9 ,s]vetus triumph$ /rangely ov] t ( 8 slay]4 ,g5evan ,calv9ism1 l t ( ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1 0 transmut$ fir/ into a modifi$ ,arm9ianism1 !n into ,arianism or ,soc9ianism1 !n into ! ,unit>ianism ( mod]n times4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,switz]l& contribut$ to ! ,european movem5t "s names1 ( :i* by f> ! mo/ fam\s is ,r\sseau2 & ! pot5t pres5ce ( ,voltaire _c h fail$ to affect ,swiss culture4 ,be=e 8 p]iod ( influ5ce1 inde$1 !re _h tak5 place n a little sil5t evolution ( a ,unit>ian & dei/ic k9d2 ,soc9ianism1 z usual1 lead+ ! way4 ,among ! families ( ,italian ,prote/ant refugees :o help$ to invigorate ! life ( ,switz]l&1 z ,fr5* ,prote/ants did lat] t ( ,g]many1 7 ! ,turrett9i1 ( :om ,francesco came to ,g5eva 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( 8 sons1 ,b5$ict1 made a pr(essor at tw5ty-f\r1 became a lead+ !ologian & prea*] ( or?odox ,calv9ism1 & di/+ui%$ himself z an oppon5t ( ,arm9ianism4 #afcj ,/ill m di/+ui%$ 9 8 day 0 ,b5$ict's son ,franois 7#afbc-afhg71 also a pr(essor1 :o repeat$ 8 fa!r's s]vices1 political & controv]sial1 to or?odoxy1 & combat$ ,soc9ianism1 z ,b5$ict _h done ,arm9ianism4 ,b ,franois's son ,jean-,alphonse1 also a pr(essor 7^: ,lat9 "w on ,*ri/ian evid5ces1 translat$ into ,fr5* by a colleague1 we h se5 adopt$ & adapt$ by ! ,ca?olic au?orities 9 ,france71 became a virtual ,unit>ian #afca 7#afga-agcg71 & z su* is /ill ana!matiz$ by ,swiss ,calv9i/s4 ,aga9/ ! dei/s1 h[ev]1 he 0 indu/ri\s1 z 8 gr&fa!r1 a h]etic to ,ca?olicism1 _h be5 aga9/ ! ,arm9ians1 & 8 fa!r aga9/ ! ,soc9ians4 ,! family evolution 9 "s degree typifies ! !ological process f ! sixte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury2 & ! apologetics ( ,jean-,alphonse te/ify to ! vogue ( critical deism among ! educat$ class at ,g5eva 9 ! days ( ,voltaire's nonage4 ,he 7or 8 translator7 deals ) ! natural objections to ! fai?1 cites approv+ly ,locke1 ,l>dn]1 & ,cl>ke1 & combats ,wool/on1 b names no o!r ,engli% dei/4 ,! h]esy1 !re=e1 w\ld seem to be a dome/ic developm5t f ! roots not$ by ,viret ne>ly two c5turies be=e4 ,"o ( ,turrett9i's annotators complac5tly obs]ves #afcb t ?\gh dei/s talk ( natural religion1 none ( !m has ev] writt5 a book 9 exposition ( x1 ! task be+ left to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! writ] mu/ h be5 aw>e1 on ! "o h&1 t any dei/ :o 9 ^? days %\ld op5ly exp\nd natural religion z aga9/ reveal$ w\ld be liable to execution = blasphemy 9 any ,european c\ntry save ,engl&1 :]e1 z x happ5$1 ,h]b]t1 ,hobbes1 ,bl\nt1 ,tol&1 ,coll9s1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,t9dal _h all ma9ta9$ ! position1 & on ! o!r h& he mu/ h kn[n t ! ,e?ica ( ,sp9oza 0 naturali/ic4 ,! false taunt m]ely goes to prove t dei/s c\ld ma9ta9 _! h]esy on ! ,cont95t at t "t )\t ! support ( books4 ,b soon aft] ,turrett9i's "t !y give lit]>y indication ( _! exi/5ce ev5 9 ,switz]l&2 & 9 #agfc we f9d ,voltaire s5d+ a package ( copies ( 8 treatise on ,tol]ation by ! h& ( a "y ,m4 ,turret9 ( ,g5eva1 :o is wor?y to see ! bre?r51 ?\gh he is ! gr&son ( a celebrat$ prie/ ( ,baal4 ,he is res]v$1 b decid$1 z are mo/ ( ! ,g5evese4 ,calv9 beg9s 9 our cantons to h no m cr$it ?an ! pope4 #afcc ,= ?is fl+ !re 0 a good deal ( ju/ification4 ,:5 9 #agfc ! ,c\ncil ( ,g5eva (ficially burn$ a pamphlet repr9t ( ! ,vicaire ,savoy>d f ,r\sseau's mile !re 0 an imm$iate public prote/ by two hundr$ p]sons1 among :om !re 7 ?ree prie/s2 #afcd & "s five weeks lat] a hundr$ p]sons came = ! ?ird "t to prote/4444 ,!y say t x is p]missible to e citiz5 to write :at he w on religion2 t he %\ld n be condemn$ )\t a he>+2 & t ! rights ( m5 mu/ be respect$4 #afce ,all ?is 0 n a sudd5 product ( ! free?9k+ influ5ce ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 :i* _h b rec5tly begun4 ,an old] leav5 _h long be5 at "w4 ,! ,pr9cipes du ,droit ,naturel ( ,j4 ,j4 ,burlamaqui 7#agdh71 save = its subsumption ( deity z ! orig9ator ( all human t5d5cies1 is /rictly naturali/ic & utilit>ian 9 its reason+1 & cle>ly exhibits ! influ5ce ( ,hobbes & ,m&eville4 #afcf ,voltaire1 too1 9 8 correspond5ce1 is f\nd frequ5tly speak+ ) a wick$ *uckle ( ! ,unit>ianism ( ! cl]gy ( ,g5eva1 #afcg a !me on :i* ,d',alemb]t _h writt5 op5ly 9 8 article ,g5ve 9 ! ,encyclopdie 9 #agef4 #afch ,s e>ly z #ageg1 ,voltaire r\ndly affirms t !re are only a few ,calv9i/s left3 t\s les honntes g5s sont di/es p> ,*ri/4 #afci ,& :5 ! y\ng] ,sal*i1 pr(essor at ,lausanne1 writes 9 #agei t deism is become ! fa%ionable religion4444 ,europe is inundat$ ) ! works ( dei/s2 & _! p>tisans h made p]haps m proselytes 9 ! space ( eighty ye>s ?an 7 made by ! apo/les & ! fir/ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 #afdj he mu/ be held to te/ify 9 "s degree conc]n+ ,switz]l&4 ,! *ief native s]vice to intellectual progress ?us f>1 h[ev]1 0 r5d]$ 9 ! field ( ! natural sci5ces1 ,swiss religi\s op9ion be+ only passively lib]aliz$1 ma9ly 9 a ,unit>ian direction4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,e>ly ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #a4 ,p]haps ! mo/ signal ( all ! pro(s ( ! *ange wr\ght 9 ! op9ion ( ! civiliz$ _w 9 ! eighte5? c5tury is ! fact t at ! "t ( ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce ! lead+ /atesm5 ( ! ,am]ican colonies 7 dei/s4 ,su* 7 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ! diplomati/ ( ! ,revolution2 ,?omas ,pa9e1 its prophet & inspir]2 ,wa%+ton1 its comm&]2 & ,jeff]son1 its typical legislator4 ,b = ^! f\r m5 ! ,am]ican ,revolution probably c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ 9 t age2 & !y ?us repres5t 9 a peculi> degree ! p[] ( new ideas1 9 fit conditions1 to trans=m societies1 at lea/ politically4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fa%ion 9 :i* _! relation to ! cre$s ( _! "t has be5 g>bl$1 alike 9 ,am]ican & ,engli% hi/ories1 proves h[ completely !y 7 9 advance ( ! av]age ?\ght ( _! day2 & also h[ effectively ! m]e in/itutional influ5ce ( cre$s c arre/ a nation's m5tal developm5t4 ,x is /ill "o ( ! /ock doctr9es ( religi\s sociology 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica t deism1 miscall$ a!ism1 wr\ght ! ,reign ( ,t]ror 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 :5 z a matt] ( fact ! same deism 0 at ! head ( affairs 9 ! ,am]ican4 #b4 ,! rise ( rationalism 9 ! colonies mu/ be trac$ 9 ! ma9 to ! import$ ,engli% lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 = ! fir/ ,puritan settlem5ts _h conta9$ at mo/ only a fraction ( free?\ght2 & ! conditions1 s deadly = all mann] ev5 ( dev\t h]esy1 made av[$ unbelief impossible4 ,! sup]/itions & cruelties ( ! ,puritan cl]gy1 h[ev]1 mu/ h br$ a sil5t reaction1 :i* prep>$ a soil = ! deism ( ! next age4 #afda ,! p]usal ( ,%aftesbury & ,coll9s1 writes ,frankl9 ) ref]5ce to 8 e>ly y\?1 _h made me a skeptic1 aft] be+ previ\sly s z to _m doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 #afdb ,?is 0 9 8 sev5te5? or eighte5? ye>1 ab\t #agbj1 s t ! importation ( deism _h be5 prompt4 #afdc ,?r\gh\t life he held to ! same op9ion1 con=m+ suffici5tly to keep on fair t]ms ) 8 neighb\rs1 #afdd & avoid+ any?+ l critical propag&a2 ?\gh on *all5ge1 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life1 he av[$ 8 negatively dei/ic position4 #afde #c4 ,simil>ly prud5t 0 ,jeff]son1 :o1 l ,frankl9 & ,pa9e1 extoll$ ! ,gospel ,jesus & 8 tea*+s1 b reject$ ! notion ( sup]natural revelation4 #afdf ,9 a lett] writt5 s late z #ahbb to a ,unit>ian correspond5t1 :ile refus+ to publi% ano!r ( simil> tone1 on ! score t he 0 too old = /rife1 he decl>$ t he %\ld z soon und]take to br+ ! crazy skulls ( ,b$lam to s\nd und]/&+ z to inculcate reason into t ( an ,a?anasian4 #afdg ,8 exp]i5ce ( ! ,new ,engl& cl]gy is express$ 9 allusions to ,connecticut z hav+ be5 ! la/ retreat ( monki% d>kness1 bigotry1 & abhorr5ce ( ^? advances ( ! m9d :i* _h c>ri$ ! o!r ,/ates a c5tury ahead ( !m2 & 9 congratulations ) ,john ,adams 7:o _h writt5 t ?is w\ld be ! be/ ( all possible worlds if !re 7 no religion 9 x71 :5 ?is d5 ( ! prie/hood is at la/ brok5 up4 #afdh ,john ,adams1 ^: lett]s ) _! cr[d ( skepticisms kept ev5 ,jeff]son f sleep1 #afdi seems to h figur$ z a memb] ( a ,congregationali/ *ur*1 :ile 9 reality a ,unit>ian4 #afej ,/ill m prud5t 0 ,wa%+ton1 :o seems to h rank$ habitually z a memb] ( ! ,episcopal *ur*2 b conc]n+ :om ,jeff]son relates t1 :5 ! cl]gy1 hav+ not$ 8 con/ant ab/5tion f any public m5tion ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 s p5n$ an address to him on 8 )drawal f ! ,presid5cy z almo/ to =ce him to "s decl>ation1 he answ]$ e "p ( ! address b t1 :i* he entirely ignor$4 ,x is fur!r not$ t only 9 8 val$ictory lett] to ! gov]nors ( ! ,/ates1 on resign+ 8 commission1 did he speak ( ! b5ign influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion #afea--! common tone ( ! ,am]ican dei/s ( t day4 ,x is fur!r e/abli%$ t ,wa%+ton avoid$ ! ,communion 9 *ur*4 #afeb ,= ! re/1 ! broad fact t all m5tion ( deity 0 exclud$ f ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be hi/orically tak5 to signify a pr(\nd *ange 9 ! convictions ( ! lead+ m9ds among ! p z comp>$ ) ! beliefs ( _! ance/ors4 ,at ! same "t1 ! fact t !y z a rule dissembl$ _! unbelief is a pro( t1 ev5 :]e legal p5alties d n atta* to an av[al ( s]i\s h]esy1 !re inh]es 9 ! m5ace ( m]e social o/racism a p[] suffici5t to co]ce ! outw>d life ( public & pr(essional m5 ( all grades1 9 a democratic community :]e fai? ma9ta9s & is ma9ta9$ by a competitive multitude ( prie/s4 ,) ?is =ce ! free?\ght ( our own age has to reckon1 aft] ,inquisitions & blasphemy laws h become obsolete4 #d4 ,no?+ 9 ,am]ican culture-hi/ory m cle>ly proves ! la/ proposition ?an ! case ( ,?omas ,pa9e1 ! virtual f\nd] ( mod]n democratic free?\ght 9 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,/ates4 #afec ,x does n appe> t ,pa9e op5ly pr(ess$ any h]esy :ile he liv$ 9 ,engl&1 or 9 ,am]ica be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,yet ! fir/ s5t5ce ( 8 ,age ( ,reason1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p 0 writt5 %ortly be=e 8 imprisonm5t1 "u s5t5ce ( dea? f ! ,robespi]re ,gov]nm5t1 9 ,p>is 7#agic71 %[s t he _h long held pron\nc$ dei/ic op9ions4 #afed ,!y 7 probably matur$ 9 ! ,/ates1 :]e1 z we h se51 su* views 7 (t5 privately held1 ?\gh !re1 z ,frankl9 is said to h jesuitically decl>$ 9 8 old age1 by way ( enc\rag+ immigration3 ,a!ism is unkn[n2 infidelity r>e & secret1 s t p]sons may live to a great age 9 ?is c\ntry )\t hav+ _! piety %ock$ by meet+ ) ei!r an a!i/ or an infidel4 ,pa9e did an unequall$ s]vice to ! ,am]ican ,revolution by 8 ,common ,s5se & 8 s]ies ( pamphlets head$ ,! ,crisis3 !re is1 9 fact1 little "q t b = ! int5se /imulus ?us giv5 by him at critical mom5ts ! movem5t might h collaps$ at an e>ly /age4 ,yet he seems to h _h no ?\ght !re & !n ( av[+ 8 deism4 ,x 0 9 "p = ! express purpose ( resi/+ ! ev]-/r5g!n+ attack ( a!ism 9 ,france on deism itself t he und]took to save x by repudiat+ ! ,judo-,*ri/ian revelation2 & x is n ev5 c]ta9 t he w\ld h issu$ ! ,age ( ,reason :5 x did appe>1 _h he n suppos$ he 0 go+ to 8 dea? :5 put "u arre/1 on :i* score he left ! manuscript = publication4 #afee #e4 ,its imm$iate effect 0 mu* great] 9 ,brita91 :]e 8 ,rights ( ,man _h already won him a va/ popul>ity 9 ! tee? ( ! mo/ furi\s reaction1 ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re1 to 8 pr(\nd *agr91 he f\nd t 8 hone/ utt]ance ( 8 h]esy br\ght on him hatr$1 calumny1 o/racism1 & ev5 p]sonal & political mole/ation4 ,9 #agig he _h f\nd$ 9 ,p>is ! little ,*ur* ( ,!o-philan?ropy1 beg9n+ 8 inaugural disc\rse ) ! words3 ,religion has two pr9cipal enemies1 ,fanaticism & ,infidelity1 or t :i* is call$ a!ism4 ,! fir/ requires to be combat$ by reason & morality2 ! o!r by natural philosophy4 #afef ,^! 7 8 settl$ convictions2 & he liv$ to f9d himself %unn$ & vilifi$1 9 ! "n ( religion1 9 ! c\ntry ^: fre$om he _h s puissantly wr\ght to w94 #afeg ,! ,quak]s1 8 fa!r's sect1 refus$ him a burial-place4 ,he has _h sympa?y & fair play1 z a rule1 only f ! a!i/s :om he di/ru/$ & oppos$1 or f ?9k]s :o no long] hold by deism4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t 9 8 la/ ye>s ! dei/ic optimism :i* surviv$ ! deep disappo9tm5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution began to give way be=e deep] reflection on ! cosmic problem1 #afeh if n be=e ! treatm5t he _h und]gone at ! h&s ( ,unit>ians & ,tr9it>ians alike4 ,! ,butl]ian argum5t1 t ,nature is z unsatisfactory z revelation1 _h be5 press$ ^u him by ,bi%op ,watson 9 a reply to ! ,age ( ,reason2 & ?\gh1 l mo/ dei/s ( 8 age1 he reg>d$ x z a va9 def5ce ( or?odoxy1 he 0 n ! man to rema9 long bl9d to its =ce aga9/ dei/ic assumptions4 ,l ,frankl91 he _h en]getically absorb$ & giv5 out ! new ideals ( physical sci5ce2 8 orig9ality 9 ! inv5tion ( a tubul> iron bridge1 & 9 ! application ( /eam to navigation1 #afei be+ ne>ly z notable z t ( ,frankl9's great discov]y conc]n+ electricity4 ,_h ! two m5 drawn _! philosophy f ! ,france ( ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury in/ead ( ! ,engl& ( ! fir/1 !y _h d\btless gone deep]4 ,z x 01 temp]am5tal optimism _h kept bo? satisfi$ ) ! transitional =mula2 & 9 ! ,france ( be=e & aft] ! ,revolution !y liv$ pre-occupi$ ) politics4 #f4 ,! habit ( retic5ce or dissimulation among ,am]ican public m5 0 only too surely confirm$ by ! treatm5t met$ out to ,pa9e4 ,few /ood by him2 & ! vigor\s dei/ic movem5t set up 9 8 latt] ye>s by ,elihu ,palm] soon succumb$ to ! conditions1 #affj ?\gh ,palm]'s book1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,nature 7#ahjb1 rep4 by ,ri*>d ,c>lile1 #ahai71 is a p[]ful attack on ! ,judaic & ,*ri/ian sy/ems all along ! l9e4 ,george ,h\/on1 leav+ ,engl& aft] two ye>s' imprisonm5t = 8 translation ( d',holba*'s ,ecce ,homo1 w5t to ,new ,york1 :]e he edit$ ! ,m9]va 7#ahbb71 repr9t$ 8 book1 & />t$ a free?\ght j\rnal1 ,! ,correspond5ce4 ,t1 h[ev]1 la/$ only eighte5 mon?s4 ,all ! :ile1 su* /atesm5 z ,madison & ,monroe1 ! latt] ,pa9e's p]sonal fri5d1 seem to h be5 ( 8 way ( ?9k+1 #affa ?\gh ! evid5ce is scanty4 ,?us x came ab\t t1 save = ! lib]al movem5t ( ! ,hicksite ,quak]s1 #affb ! ,am]ican deism ( ,pa9e's day 0 decor\sly trans=m$ into ! lat] ,unit>ianism1 ! extremely rapid advance ( :i* 9 ! next g5]ation is ! be/ pro( ( ! commonness ( private unbelief4 ,! influ5ce ( ,prie/ley1 :o1 p]secut$ at home1 w5t to end 8 days 9 ! ,/ates1 _h d\btless mu* to d ) ! ,unit>ian developm5t !re1 z 9 ,engl&2 b x seems c]ta9 t ! :ole dei/ic movem5t1 includ+ ! "w ( ,pa9e & ,palm]1 _h t5d$ to move out ( or?odoxy _m ( ^? :o n[1 recoil+ f ! fi]ce ho/ility direct$ aga9/ ! outspok5 free?9k]s1 s\ght a m rational =m ( cre$ ?an t ( ! or?odox *ur*es4 ,! dei/ic tradition 9 a mann] c5tr$ 9 ! "n ( ,jeff]son1 & ! kn[n deism ( t lead] w\ld d mu* to make fa%ionable a h]esy :i* comb9$ 8 views ) a decor\s attitude to ! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,! ,reaction ,all ov] ! civiliz$ _w1 z we h se51 ! t]rors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution evok$ an intellectual no less ?an a political reaction1 its /ress be+ mo/ app>5t & mo/ de/ructive 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* !re _h be5 previ\sly ! l>ge/ measure ( lib]ty4 ,n[h]e 0 x m int5se or m disa/r\s ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,9 c\ntries su* z ,d5m>k & ,spa91 only lately & sup]ficially lib]aliz$1 !re 0 no great progress to undo3 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh lib]ty 0 nev] left )\t an indomitable witness1 !re 0 a viol5t rev]sal ( g5]al movem5t1 n to be :olly rectifi$ 9 half a c5tury4 ,jo9$ 9 a new activity ) ! civil p[] = ! suppression ( all innovat+ ?\ght1 ! ,*ur* rapidly atta9$ to an influ5ce x _h n possess$ s9ce ! days ( ,sa*ev]el & a degree ( weal? x _h n be=e rea*$ s9ce ! ,re=mation4 ,! weal? ( ! upp] class 0 at its disposal to an unhe>d-( ext5t1 !re be+ app>5tly no bett] way ( fight+ ! new dang] ( democracy2 & diss5t jo9$ h&s ) ! e/abli%m5t to promote or?odoxy4 ,! av]age tone 9 ,engl& 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury may be ga!r$ f ! language held by a man s enlight5$1 comp>atively speak+1 z ,sydney ,smi?1 wit1 hum\ri/1 ,:ig1 & cl]gyman4 ,9 #ahja we f9d him1 9 a preface nev] repr9t$1 prescrib+ v>i\s measures ( religi\s /rategy 9 addition to ! j1 necess>y1 & innum]able invectives :i* h be5 levell$ aga9/ ,r\sseau1 ,voltaire1 ,d',alemb]t1 & ! :ole p&emonium ( ^? m>tyrs to a!ism1 :o toil$ ) su* labori\s malice1 & suff]$ odium ) su* inflexible pr(ligacy1 = ! wret*$ness & despair ( _! fell[ creatures4 #affc ,t ?is 0 n je/+ may be ga!r$ f 8 daught]'s acc\nt ( 8 indignation :5 a publi%] s5t him a "w ( irreligi\s t5d5cy1 & :5 ,jeffrey admitt$ irreligi\s op9ions to ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,to ! =m] he writes t e pr9ciple ( suspicion & fe> w\ld be excit$ 9 me by a man :o pr(ess$ himself an infidel2 & to ,jeffrey3 ,d y mean to take c>e t ! ,review %all n pr(ess infidel pr9ciples8 ,unless ?is is ! case ,i mu/ absolutely give up all connection ) x4 #affd ,all ! :ile any semblance ( infidelity 9 any article 9 ! ,review mu/ h be5 ( ! mo/ cauti\s k9d4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries1 naturally1 ! reaction 0 no less viol5t4 ,9 ,italy1 z we saw1 x began 9 ,tuscany almo/ at once4 ,! rule ( ,napoleon1 x is true1 secur$ complete fre$om ( ! ,press z reg>d$ translation ( free?9k+ books1 an entire lib]ty ( consci5ce 9 religi\s matt]s1 & a %>p repression ( cl]icalism1 ! latt] policy go+ to ! l5g? ( expell+ all ! religi\s ord]s & confiscat+ _! prop]ty4 #affe ,all ?is c\nt$ = *ange2 b ! ,napoleonic rule all ! :ile *ok$ "o ( ! spr+s ( vital ?\ght--to wit1 ! _s ( political lib]ty2 & 9 #ahad-ae ! cl]ical sy/em return$ 9 full =ce1 z x did all ov] ,italy4 ,ev]y:]e free?\ght 0 bann$4 ,all criticism ( ,ca?olicism 0 a p5al (f5ce2 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples alone1 9 #ahbe1 !re 7 #bg1fab prie/s1 #h1dee monks1 #h1ahe nuns1 #bj ar*bi%ops1 & #gc bi%ops1 ?\gh 9 #ahjg ! ,fr5* influ5ce _h caus$ ! dissolution ( "s #bej conv5ts4 #afff ,at ,flor5ce ! ,c5sure =bade1 9 #ahag1 ! issue ( a new edition ( ! translat$ "w ( ,cabanis on ,les ,rapports du physique et du moral2 & ,mascagni1 ! physiologi/1 0 invit$ to delete f 8 "w a def9ition ( man 9 :i* no notice 0 tak5 ( ! s\l4 #affg ,x 0 ev5 proclaim$ t ! works ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau 7 n to be read 9 ! public libr>ies )\t ecclesia/ical p]mission2 b ?is veto 0 n s]i\sly treat$4 #affh ,all native en]gy1 h[ev]1 0 ei!r c[$ or cajol$ into passivity4 ,if1 accord+ly1 ! m9d ( ,italy 0 to survive1 x mu/ be by ! assimilation ( ! culture ( fre] ,/ates2 & ?is culture1 re9=c$ by ! writ+s ( ,leop>di1 g5]at$ a new intellectual life1 :i* 0 a ma9 factor 9 ! ultimate a*ievem5t ( ,italian lib]ation f ,au/rian rule4 ,spa91 "u ,*>les ,,iv1 became s ?or\ghly re-cl]icaliz$ at ! v outbreak ( ! ,revolution t no m leeway seem$ possible2 b ev5 9 ,spa91 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! gov]nm5t f\nd means to retrogress yet fur!r1 & ! m9i/] ,caball]o s5t an ord] to ! univ]sities =bidd+ ! /udy ( moral philosophy4 ,! k+1 he ju/ly decl>$1 did n want philosoph]s1 b good & ob$i5t subjects4 #affi ,9 ,france1 :]e ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon meant ! re/oration ( ! mon>*y1 ! intellectual reaction 0 really less p[]ful ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! new _s _h be5 too widely & cont9u\sly at "w1 f ,voltaire onw>ds1 to be politically expell$2 & ! revolutions ( #ahcj & #ahdh gave ! pro( t ev5 on ! political side ! old _s 0 incapable ( p]man5t recov]y4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e free?9k+ 0 associat$ n ) ! beat5 cause ( ! ,revolution b 9 l>ge measure ) ! national movem5t = lib]ation f ! tyranny ( ,napoleon1 #afgj ! religi\s reaction 0 sub/antially emotional & un9tellectual1 ?\gh x _h intellectual repres5tatives1 notably ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,ap>t f 8 culture-movem5t1 ! revival consi/$ ma9ly 9 a new ,pietism1 p>tly or?odox1 p>tly my/ical2 #afga & on ^? l9es x ran lat] to ! grosse/ excesses4 ,b among ! educat$ classes ( ,g]many !re 0 ! m9imum ( arre/1 because !re ! intellectual life 0 lea/ directly associat$ ) ! political1 & ! ecclesia/ical life relatively ! lea/ organiz$4 ,! v sep>at5ess ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 !n & lat] s (t5 deplor$ by ,g]man patriots1 0 really a condition ( relative security = fre$om ( ?\ght & rese>*2 & ! result+ multiplicity ( univ]sities meant a v>iety ( intellectual ef=t n !n p>allel$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 #afgb ,:at may be rank$ z ! mo/ important effect ( ! reaction 9 ,g]many--! turn+ ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel 9 succession to ! task ( reconcil+ rational philosophy ) religion 9 ! int]e/s ( social ord]--0 9 itself a rationali/ic process z comp>$ ) ! attitude ( or?odoxy 9 o!r l&s4 ,g]man s*ol>%ip1 l$ by ! re-organiz$ univ]sity ( ,b]l91 0 9 fact "o ( ! mo/ progressive intellectual =ces 9 ,europe dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & only its comp>ative isolation1 its conf9em5t to a cultur$ class1 prev5t$ x f affect+ popul> ?\ght z widely z deism _h done 9 ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,ev5 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* popul> & univ]sity culture 7 less %>ply divid$1 ! ,g]man influ5ce 0 held at bay l o!rs4 ,b 9 "t ! _s ( progress rega9$ /r5g?1 ! mo/ decisive =m ( recov]y be+ ! new developm5t ( ! /ruggle = political lib]ty f ab\t #ahcj onw>ds4 ,9 ,engl& ! advance !nce=w>d 0 to be broadly cont9u\s on ! political side4 ,on ! ,cont95t x culm9at$ = ! "t 9 ! explosions ( #ahdh1 :i* 7 foll[$ 9 ! ,g]manic _w by ano!r political reaction1 9 :i* free?\ght suff]$2 & 9 ,france1 aft] a few ye>s1 by ! ,second ,empire1 9 :i* cl]icalism 0 aga9 fo/]$4 ,b ^! *ecks h prov$ imp]man5t4 ,! ,=ces ( ,r5asc5ce ,z ) ! cause ( democracy1 s ) ! cause ( rationalism1 ! =w>d movem5t grew only ! deep] & m p[]ful ?r\gh ! *eck2 & ! n9ete5? c5tury clos$ on a record ( free?9k+ progress :i* may be said to outbulk t ( all ! previ\s c5turies ( ! mod]n era toge!r4 ,s great 0 ! activity ( ! c5tury 9 po9t ( m]e quantity t x is impossible1 )9 ! s*eme ( a ,%ort ,hi/ory1 to treat x on ev5 su* a r$uc$ scale ( n>rative z has be5 appli$ to ! pa/4 ,a detail$ hi/ory on national l9es f ! ,fr5* ,revolution onw>ds w\ld mean ano!r book z l>ge z ! pres5t4 ,on h[ev] l>ge a scale x might be writt51 fur!r1 x w\ld involve a recognition ( int]national influ5ces su* z _h nev] be=e be5 evolv$1 save :5 on a mu* small] scale ! educat$ _w all r\nd read & wrote ,lat94 ,s9ce ,goe!1 ! int]national aspect ( culture ^u :i* he laid /ress has become ev] m app>5t2 & sci5tific & philosophical ?\ght1 9 p>ticul>1 are _w-wide 9 _! scope & be>+4 ,x mu/ "h suffice1 !re=e1 to take a s]ies ( broad & g5]al views ( ! pa/ c5tury's "w1 leav+ adequate critical & n>rative treatm5t = sep>ate und]tak+s4 #afgc ,! mo/ helpful me?od seems to be t ( a conspectus 7#a7 ( ! ma9 movem5ts & =ces t dur+ ! c5tury affect$ 9 v>y+ degrees ! ?\ght ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & 7#b7 ( ! ma9 advances made & ! po9t rea*$ 9 ! culture ( ! nations1 sep>ately consid]$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! =ces ( rationalism may be discrim9at$ into ,p>ticul> & ,g5]al4 ,we may !n r\ghly repres5t ! l9es ( movem5t1 9 non-*ronological ord]1 z foll[s3-- ,i4--,=ces ( criticism & corrective ?\ght be>+ expressly on religi\s beliefs4 #a4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 ! new movem5ts ( popul> free?\ght begun by ,pa9e1 & la/+ cont9u\sly to ! pres5t day4 #b4 ,9 ,france & else:]e1 ! rev]b]ation ( ! attack ( ,voltaire1 d',holba*1 ,dupuis1 & ,volney1 c>ri$ on mo/ p]si/5tly 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries by ! ,freemasons1 z aga9/ (ficial or?odoxy aft] #ahae4 #c4 ,g]man rationalism1 proce$+ f ,engli% deism1 mov+ t[>ds naturali/ z aga9/ sup]naturali/ conceptions1 dissolv+ ! notion ( ! miracul\s 9 bo? ,old & ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory1 analys+ ! lit]>y /ructure ( ! sacr$ books1 & all along affect+ /udi\s ?\ght 9 o!r c\ntries4 #d4 ,! lit]>y compromise ( ,less+1 claim+ = all religions a place 9 a s*eme ( div9e education4 #e4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! neo-,*ri/ianity ( ! s*ool ( ,col]idge1 a dis9tegrat+ =ce1 promot+ ! ,broad ,*ur* t5d5cy1 :i* 9 ,dean ,milman 0 s pron\nc$ z to br+ on him *>ges ( rationalism4 #f4 ,! utilit>ianism ( ! s*ool ( ,b5?am1 c>ri$ into moral & social sci5ce4 #g4 ,comtism1 mak+ little direct impression on ! con/ructive l9es laid by ! f\nd]1 b affect+ critical ?\ght 9 _m directions4 #h4 ,g]man philosophy1 ,kantian & po/-,kantian1 9 p>ticul> ! ,hegelian1 turn$ to anti-,*ri/ian & anti-sup]naturali/ acc\nt by ,/rauss1 ,vatke1 ,bruno ,bau]1 ,feu]ba*1 & ,m>x4 #i4 ,g]man a!ism & sci5tific mat]ialism--repres5t$ by ,feu]ba* & ,b*n] 7:o1 h[ev]1 reject$ ! t]m mat]ialism z inappropriate74 #aj4 ,reviv$ ,engli% deism1 involv+ de/ructive criticism ( ,*ri/ianity1 z 9 ,h5nell1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay1 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg1 ,!odore ,p>k]1 & ,?omas ,scott1 p>tly 9 co-op]ation ) ,unit>ianism4 #aa4 ,am]ican transc5d5talism or pan!ism--! s*ool ( ,em]son4 #ab4 ,col5so's prelim9>y attack on ! n>rative ( ! ,p5tateu*1 a sy/ematiz$ return to ,voltairean common-s5se1 rectify+ ! unsci5tific c\rse ( ! e>li] high] criticism on ! hi/orical issue4 #ac4 ,! lat] or sci5tific high] criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--repres5t$ by ,ku551 ,wellhaus51 & _! successors4 #ad4 ,new hi/orical criticism ( ,*ri/ian orig9s1 9 p>ticul> ! "w ( ,/rauss & ,baur 9 ,g]many1 ,r5an & ,havet 9 ,france1 & _! successors4 #ae4 ,exhibition ( rationalism )9 ! *ur*es1 z 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,switz]l& g5]ally2 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,essays & ,reviews2 lat] 9 multitudes ( essays & books1 & 9 ! e?ical criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 9 ,am]ica 9 popul> !ology4 #af4 ,association ( rationali/ic doctr9e ) ! ,sociali/ movem5ts1 new & old1 f ,ow5 to ,bebel4 #ag4 ,communication ( d\bt & moral que/ion+ ?r\gh poetry & belles-lettres--z 9 ,%elley1 ,byron1 ,col]idge1 ,cl\gh1 ,t5nyson1 ,c>lyle1 ,arnold1 ,br[n+1 ,sw9burne1 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,he9e1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,leconte de ,lisle1 ,leop>di1 & c]ta9 ,fr5* & ,engli% noveli/s4 ,,ii4--,mod]n ,sci5ce1 physical1 m5tal1 & moral1 sapp+ ! bases ( all sup]naturali/ sy/ems4 #a4 ,a/ronomy1 newly direct$ by ,laplace4 #b4 ,geology1 gradually connect$ 7z 9 ,brita9 by ,*amb]s7 ) #c4 ,biology1 made def9itely non-dei/ic by ,d>w94 #d4 ,! compreh5sion ( all sci5ce 9 ! ,evolution ,!ory1 z by ,sp5c]1 advanc+ on ,comte4 #e4 ,psy*ology1 z reg>ds localization ( bra9 functions4 #f4 ,comp>ative my?ology1 z yet imp]fectly appli$ to ,*ri/ism4 #g4 ,sociology1 z outl9$ by ,comte1 ,buckle1 ,sp5c]1 ,w9wood ,reade1 ,le/] ,w>d1 ,gidd+s1 ,t>de1 ,durkheim1 & o!rs1 on /rictly naturali/ic l9es4 #h4 ,comp>ative ,hi]ology2 ! me?odical application ( pr9ciples insi/$ on by all ! dei/s1 & =mulat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( deism by ,less+1 b latt]ly fre$ ( 8 implications4 #i4 ,above all1 ! lat] developm5t ( ,an?ropology 79 ! wide ,engli% s5se ( ! t]m71 :i*1 beg9n+ to take %ape 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 came to new life 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5?2 & is n[ "o ( ! mo/ widely cultivat$ ( all ! sci5ces--especially on ! side ( religi\s cre$ & psy*ology4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may gr\p some:at z foll[s ! g5]al =ces ( ret>dation ( free?\ght op]at+ ?r\gh\t ! c5tury3-- #a4 ,p5al laws1 /ill op]ative 9 ,brita9 & ,g]many aga9/ popul> free?\ght propag&a1 & till rec5tly 9 ,brita9 aga9/ any end[m5t ( free?\ght4 #b4 ,class int]e/s1 involv+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury a social conspiracy aga9/ rationalism 9 ,engl&4 #c4 ,comm]cial pressure ?us set up1 & always involv$ 9 ! influ5ce ( *ur*es4 #d4 ,9 ,engl&1 id5tification ( or?odox ,diss5t ) political ,lib]alism--a s$ative4 #e4 ,concessions by ! cl]gy1 especially 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--to _m1 ano!r s$ative4 #f4 ,above all1 ! production ( new masses ( popul> ignorance 9 ! indu/rial nations1 & cont9u$ lack ( education 9 ! o!rs4 #g4 ,on ?is basis1 bus9ess-l & 9 l>ge "p secul>-m9d$ organization ( ! end[$ *ur*es1 z aga9/ a free?\ght propag&a hamp]$ by ! previ\sly nam$ causes1 & 9 ,engl& by laws :i* veto all direct end[m5t ( anti-,*ri/ian h]esy4 ,x rema9s to make1 ) =c$ brevity1 ! surveys ?us outl9$4 ,section #a4--,popul> ,propag&a & ,culture #a4 ,if any "o circum/ance m ?an ano!r diff]5tiates ! life ( to-day f t ( old] civilizations1 or f t ( previ\s c5turies ( ! mod]n era1 x is ! diffusion ( rationali/ic views among ! common p4 ,9 no o!r era is to be f\nd ! ph5om5on ( widespread critical skepticism among ! lab\r+ masses3 9 all previ\s ages1 ?\gh *ronic compla9t is made ( "s unbelief among ! un$ucat$1 ! con/ant & abject ignorance ( ! mass ( ! p has be5 ! sure foo?old ( sup]/iti\s sy/ems4 ,)9 ! la/ c5tury ! area ( ! recognizably civiliz$ _w has gr[n f> va/]2 & 9 ! imm5se populations t h ?us aris5 !re is a relative degree ( enlight5m5t1 c\pl$ ) a degree ( political p[] nev] be=e atta9$4 ,m]ely to survey1 !n1 ! broad movem5t ( popul> culture 9 ! p]iod 9 "q w yield a useful notion ( ! dynamic *ange 9 ! balance ( ?\ght 9 mod]n times1 & w make m intelligible ! special aspects ( ! culture process4 ,?is vital *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( k is l>gely to be attribut$ to ! writt5 & spok5 tea*+ ( a l9e ( m5 :o made popul> enlight5m5t _! great aim4 ,_! lead+ type among ! ,engli%-speak+ races is ,?omas ,pa9e1 :om we h se5 comb9+ a gospel ( democracy ) a gospel ( critical reason 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,nev] be=e _h rationalism be5 made widely popul>4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* dei/s _h writt5 = ! middle & upp] classes4 ,pet] ,annet 0 practically ! fir/ :o s\ght to rea* ! multitude2 & 8 puni%m5t express$ ! special res5tm5t ar\s$ 9 ! gov]n+ classes by su* a policy4 ,( all ! ,engli% free?9k]s ( ! e>li] dei/ical p]iod he alone 0 select$ = repr9t+ by ! propag&i/s ( ! ,pa9e p]iod4 ,pa9e 0 to ,annet1 h[ev]1 z a cannon to a musket1 & ?r\gh ! democratic f]m5t ( 8 day he won an audi5ce a hundr$fold wid] ?an ,annet c\ld h dreamt ( rea*+4 ,! ang] ( ! gov]n+ classes1 9 a "t ( anti-democratic panic1 0 proportional4 ,pa9e w\ld h be5 at lea/ imprison$ = 8 ,rights ( ,man _h he n fl$ f ,engl& 9 "t2 & ! sale ( all 8 books 0 furi\sly prohibit$ & f]oci\sly puni%$4 ,yet !y circulat$ ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ,prote/ant ,irel&1 #afgd hi!rto affect$ only "u ! surface ( upp]-class life by deism4 ,! circulation ( ,bi%op ,watson's ,apology 9 reply only s]v$ to spread ! contagion1 z x br\ght ! issues be=e multitudes :o w\ld n o!rwise h he>d ( !m4 #afge ,all ! :ile1 direct propag&a 0 c>ri$ on by translations & repr9ts z well z by fre% ,engli% tractates4 ,did]ot's ,?\ghts on ,religion1 & ,frret's ,lett] f ,?rasybulus to ,leucippus1 seem to h be5 great fav\rites among ! ,pa9ites1 z 0 ,elihu ,palm]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,nature2 & ,volney's ,ru9s ( ,empires _h a l>ge vogue4 ,condorcet's ,esquisse _h be5 promptly translat$ 9 #agie2 ! translation ( d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature rea*$ a ?ird edition 9 #ahag2 #afgf t ( ,raynal's ,hi/ory _h be5 repr9t$ 9 #ahjd2 & t ( ,helvtius ,on ! ,m9d 9 #ahaj2 :ile an ,engli% abridgm5t ( ,bayle 9 f\r volumes1 on free?9k+ l9es1 appe>$ 9 #ahbf4 #b4 ,meantime1 new writ]s arose to c>ry into full] detail ! attacks ( ,pa9e1 %>p5+ _! weapons on ^? ( ! m s*ol>ly ,fr5* dei/s4 ,a ,life ( ,jesus1 includ+ 8 ,apocryphal ,hi/ory1 #afgg 0 publi%$ 9 #ahah1 ) su* a/ute avoidance ( all comm5t t x escap$ prosecution4 ,o!rs1 tak+ a m d>+ c\rse1 f>$ accord+ly4 ,george ,h\/on translat$ ! ,ecce ,homo ( d',holba*1 fir/ publi%+ x at ,ed9burgh 9 #agii1 & repr9t+ x 9 ,london 9 #ahac4 ,= ! second issue he 0 prosecut$1 f9$ #bjj1 & imprison$ = two ye>s 9 ,newgate4 ,rob]t ,w$d]burn1 a mulatto call+ himself ! ,rev41 9 reality a sup]annuat$ j\rneyman tailor :o (ficiat$ 9 ,hopk9s ,/reet ,unit>ian ,*apel1 ,london1 0 9 #ahbj s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 ,dor*e/] ,jail = a blasphem\s libel conta9$ 9 "o ( 8 pulpit disc\rses4 ,8 ,lett]s to ! ,rev4 ,solomon ,h]s*ell 7! ,jewi% ,*ief ,rabbi7 & to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury %[ a happy ve9 ( ord]ly irony & n a little le>n+1 despite 8 pr(ession ( apo/olic ignorance2 & at ! trial ! judge admitt$ 8 def5ce to be exce$+ly well drawn up4 ,8 publications naturally receiv$ a new impetus1 & pass$ to a m dra/ic ord] ( mock]y4 #c4 ,z ! ye>s w5t on1 ! p]secution 9 ,engl& grew /ill fi]c]2 b x 0 met ) a /ubborn h>dihood :i* wore out ev5 ! bitt] malice ( piety4 ,"o ( ! wor/ features ( ! religi\s crusade 0 t x affect$ to attack n unbelief b vice1 su* be+ ! plea on :i* ,wilb]=ce & o!rs prosecut$1 dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 ! publi%]s & booksell]s :o issu$ ! works ( ,pa9e4 #afgh ,b ev5 t dissembl+ device did n ultimately avail4 ,a "n n to be =gott5 by ^? :o value obscure s]vice to human fre$om is t ( ,ri*>d ,c>lile1 :o betwe5 #ahai & #ahce und]w5t n9e ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 8 unyield+ /ruggle = ! fre$om ( ! ,press1 ( ?\ght1 & ( spee*4 #afgi ,john ,cl>ke1 an ex-,me?odi/1 became "o ( ,c>lile's %opm51 0 tri$ 9 #ahbd = sell+ "o ( 8 publications1 & aft] a spirit$ def5ce1 9 :i* he read _m ( ! wor/ passages ( ! ,bible1 0 s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t1 & to f9d securities = good behavi\r dur+ life4 ,! latt] disability he effectively anticipat$ by writ+1 :ile 9 prison1 ,a ,critical ,review ( ! ,life1 ,"*1 & ,miracles ( ,jesus1 :]e9 ,*ri/ian feel+s 7 treat$ z ,*ri/ians _h treat$ ! feel+s ( free?9k]s1 ) a mu* m de/ructive result4 ,publi%$ fir/1 /rangely en\gh1 9 ! ,newgate ,magaz9e1 x 0 republi%$ 9 #ahbe & #ahci1 ) impunity4 ,?us did a brutal bigotry br+ ^u itself ev] a deadli] retaliation1 till x sick5$ ( ! conte/4 ,^? :o ?rew up ! /ruggle on ! or?odox side declaim$ z be=e ab\t ! tone ( ! unbeliev]'s attack1 fail+ to read ! pla9 lesson t1 :ile noisy fanaticism1 do+ its own wor/ & vile/1 det]r$ f utt]ance all ! g5tl] & m sympa!tic spirits on ! side ( reason1 ! "w ( reason c\ld be done only by ! h>d] natures1 :i* gave back bl[ = bl[ & insult = insult1 rejoic+ 9 ! enc\nt]4 ,?us *ampion$1 free?\ght c\ld n be cru%$4 ,! propag&i/ & publi%+ "w done by ,c>lile 0 c>ri$ on div]sely by su* free lances z ,rob]t ,taylor 7ex-cl]gyman1 au?or ( ! ,diegesis1 #ahbi1 & ,! ,devil's ,pulpit1 #ahcj71 ,*>les ,s\?well 7#ahad-ahfj71 & ,william ,hone1 #afhj :o ultimately became an indep5d5t prea*]4 ,s\?well1 a disciple ( ,rob]t ,ow51 :o edit$ ,! ,oracle ( ,reason1 0 imprison$ = a ye> 9 #ahdj = publi%+ 9 t j\rnal an article entitl$ ,! ,jew ,book2 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! editor%ip by ,george ,jacob ,holyoake 7#ahag-aijf71 ano!r ,ow5ite mission>y1 :o met a simil> s5t5ce2 :]eaft] ,george ,adams & 8 wife1 :o cont9u$ to publi% ! j\rnal1 7 imprison$ 9 turn4 ,matilda ,roalfe & ,mrs4 ,emma ,m>t9 ab\t ! same p]iod und]w5t imprisonm5t = l causes4 #afha ,9 ?is fa%ion1 by ! /eady c\rage ( a mu*-endur+ b& ( m5 & wom51 0 set on foot a sy/ematic ,secul>i/ propag&a--! "n hav+ relation to ! t]m ,secul>ism1 co9$ by ,holyoake4 #d4 ,9 ?is evolution political activities play$ an important "p4 ,h5ry ,he!r+ton 7#agib-ahdi71 ! /r5u\s democrat :o 9 #ahcj began ! trade union movem5t1 & s became ! f\nd] ( ,*>tism1 f\ght = ! "r ( publication 9 matt]s ( free?\ght z 9 politics4 ,aft] und]go+ two imprisonm5ts ( six mon?s ea* 7#ahcb71 & c>ry+ on = ?ree & a half ye>s ! /ruggle = an untax$ ,press1 :i* end$ 9 8 victory 7#ahcd71 he 0 9 #ahdj indict$ = publi%+ ,haslam's ,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy ( all ,d5om9ations1 a free?9k+ criticism ( ,old ,te/am5t morality4 ,he def5d$ himself s ably t ,"l ,d5man1 ! judge1 confess$ to h li/5$ ) feel+s ( great int]e/ & s5tim5ts ( respect too2 & ,ju/ice ,talf\rd lat] spoke ( ! def5ce z m>k$ by great propriety & tal5t4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 puni%$ by f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t4 #afhb ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 on ! advice ( ,francis ,place1 he br\ght a te/ prosecution = blasphemy aga9/ ,moxon1 ! poet-publi%]1 = issu+ ,%elley's complete works1 includ+ ,que5 ,mab4 ,talf\rd1 !n ,s]jeant1 def5d$ ,moxon1 & plead$ t !re mu/ be "s alt]ation ( ! law1 or "s re/riction ( ! "r to put x 9 action2 b ! jury 7 imp>tial en\gh to f9d ! publi%] guilty1 ?\gh he receiv$ no puni%m5t4 #afhc ,among o!r works publi%$ by ,he!r+ton 0 "o entitl$ ,a ,hunt aft] ! ,devil1 by ,dr4 ,p4 ,y4 7really by ,lieut5ant ,lec\nt71 9 :i* ! /ory ( ,noah's ark 0 subject$ to a de/ructive criticism4 #afhd #e4 ,holyoake _h be5 a mission>y & m>tyr 9 ! movem5t ( ,socialism set up by ,rob]t ,ow51 ^: tea*+1 ess5tially sci5tific on its psy*ological or philosophical side1 0 ! fir/ ef=t to give sy/ematic effect to democratic ideals by organiz+ indu/ry4 ,x 0 9 ! discussions ( ! ,association ( all ,classes ( all ,nations1 =m$ by ,ow5 9 #ahce1 t ! ^w ,socialism fir/ became curr5t4 #afhe ,ow5 0 a free?9k] 9 all ?+s2 #afhf & 8 :ole movem5t 0 s p5etrat$ by an anti-!ological _s t ! cl]gy z a rule became its bitt] enemies1 ?\gh su* publici/s z ,macaulay & ,john ,mill also comb9$ ) !m 9 sc\t+ x on political & economic gr\nds4 #afhg ,up till ! middle ( #ahag he _h on 8 side a l>ge body ( respectable & highly-plac$ philan?ropi/s1 8 notable success 9 8 own social & comm]cial und]tak+s be+ 8 ma9 recomm5dation4 ,8 e>ly ,essays on ! ,=mation ( ,"*1 inde$1 7 suffici5t to reveal 8 het]odoxy2 b n until1 at 8 memorable public meet+ on ,augu/ #ba1 #ahag1 he began to expatiate on ! gross errors t h be5 comb9$ ) ! fundam5tal notions ( e religion t has hi!rto be5 taught to m5 #afhh did he rank z an aggressive free?9k]4 ,x 0 9 8 own view ! turn+-po9t ( 8 life4 ,he 0 n prosecut$2 ?\gh ,br\gham decl>$ t if any politician _h said half z mu* he w\ld h be5 burn$ alive2 b ! ali5ation ( mod]ate op9ion at once began2 & ,ow51 always m f]vid ?an prud5t1 nev] recov]$ 8 influ5ce among ! upp] classes4 ,none!less1 8 secul>i/ic tea*+ ga9$ su* influ5ce among ! work+ classes z to give occasion = ! /atem5t 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review 7#ahci7 t 8 pr9ciples 7 ! actual cre$ ( a great portion ( !m4 #afhi ,ow5's polemic me?od--if x c\ld prop]ly be s call$--0 n s mu* a criticism ( dogma z a calm impea*m5t ( religion 9 a _s ( philan?ropy4 ,no re=m] 0 ev] m entirely free f ! _s ( wra?3 on ?is side ,ow5 t[]s above comp>ison4 ,!re is no place f\nd 9 him = scorn or indignation4 ,he _c br+ himself to speak or ?9k evil ( any man4 ,he c>ri$ out 9 8 daily life 8 own tea*+ t man is n ! prop] object ( praise or blame4 ,?r\gh\t 8 num]\s works !re is h>dly a s5t5ce ( indignation--( p]sonal d5unciation nev]4 ,he loves ! s9n]1 & c h>dly br+ himself to hate ! s94 #afij ,he _h come by 8 rationalism ?r\gh ! influ5ce r ( ,r\sseau ?an ( ,voltaire2 & he _h assimilat$ ! philosophic doctr9e ( det]m9ism--( all ideals ! mo/ difficult to realize 9 conduct--) a ?or\ghness ( :i* ! flaw$ ,r\sseau 0 incapable4 ,!re 0 ?us pres5t$ to ! _w ! curi\s case ( a man :o on ! side ( "* c>ri$ rationalism to ! p]fection ( ideal sa9tl9ess1 :ile 9 ! g5]al application ( rational ?\ght to concrete problems he 0 virtually untea*able4 ,= an absolute & immovable conviction 9 8 own practical rightness 0 9 ,ow5 z ess5tial a con/itu5t z 8 absolute b5evol5ce4 #afia ,^! 7 ! two poles ( 8 p]sonality4 ,he 01 9 %ort1 a fair embodim5t ( ! ideal =m$ by _m p--doctr9e & dogma ap>t--( ! ,gospel ,jesus4 ,& mo/ ,*ri/ians accord+ly %unn$ & fe>$ or hat$ him4 ,su* a p]sonality 0 evid5tly a =midable =ce z aga9/ ! re9=c$ ,engli% or?odoxy ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! nature ( ,ow5's propag&a z aga9/ religion may be be/ sampl$ f 8 lecture1 ,! ,new ,religion3 or1 ,religion f\nd$ on ! ,immutable ,laws ( ! ,univ]se1 contra/$ ) all ,religions f\nd$ on ,human ,te/imony1 deliv]$ at ! ,london ,tav]n on ,octob] #bj1 #ahcj3 #afib-- ,"u ! arrangem5ts :i* h hi!rto exi/$ = educat+ & gov]n+ man1 f\r g5]al *>act]s h be5 produc$ among ! human race4 ,^! f\r *>act]s appe> to be =m$1 "u ! pa/ & pres5t arrangem5ts ( society1 f f\r diff]5t orig9al organizations at bir?4444 ,no4 #a4 ,may be t]m$ ! consci5ti\s religi\s 9 all c\ntries4 ,no4 #b4 ,unbeliev]s 9 ! tru? ( any religion1 b :o /r5u\sly support ! religion ( _! c\ntry1 "u ! conviction t1 al?\gh religion is n necess>y to insure _! own good conduct1 x is em95tly requir$ to compel o!rs to act "r4 ,no4 #c4 ,unbeliev]s :o op5ly av[ _! disbelief 9 ! tru? ( any religion1 su* z ,dei/s1 ,a!i/s1 ,skeptics1 etc41 etc41 b :o d n p]ceive ! laws ( nature relative to man z an individual1 or :5 unit$ 9 a social /ate4 ,no4 #d4 ,disbeliev]s 9 all pa/ & pres5t religions1 b believ]s 9 ! et]nal un*ang+ laws ( ! univ]se1 z develop$ by facts d]iv$ f all pa/ exp]i5ce2 & :o1 by a c>eful /udy ( ^! facts1 d$uce f !m ! religion ( nature4 ,class ,no4 #a is =m$1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 f ^? orig9al organizations :i* possess at bir? /rong moral & weak intellectual faculties4444 ,class ,no4 #b is compos$ ( ^? individuals :o by nature possess a small] quantity ( moral & a l>g] quantity ( intellectual faculty4444 ,class ,no4 #c is compos$ ( m5 ( /rong moral & mod]ate intellectual faculty4444 ,class ,no4 #d comprises ^? :o1 by nature1 possess a high degree ( intellectual & moral faculty4444 ,?us all =ms ( op9ion 7 %[n to proce$ ei!r f intellectual or moral defect1 save ! op9ions ( ,ow54 ,su* propositions1 tranquilly elaborat$1 7 probably z effective 9 produc+ irritation z any frontal attack ^u any dogmas1 n>ratives1 or polities4 ,b1 ?\gh n ev5 consi/5t 7inasmu* z ! fundam5tal !sis t "* is =m$ by circum/ances is und]m9$ by ! datum ( f\r v>ieties ( organization71 !y 7 pot5t to influ5ce s]i\s m5 o!rwise broadly in/ruct$ z to ! nature ( religi\s hi/ory & ! irrationality ( dogma2 & ,ow5 = a g5]ation1 despite ! inevitable failure & fru/ration ( 8 social s*emes1 ex]cis$ by 8 movem5t a v wide influ5ce on popul> life4 ,to a consid]able ext5t x 0 fur!r$ by ! popul> dei/ic philosophy ( ,george & ,&rew ,combe--a k9d ( dei/ic positivism--:i* !n _h a great vogue2 #afic & by ! implications ( phr5ology1 !n also 9 its mo/ sci5tific & progressive /age4 ,:51 = v>i\s reasons1 ,ow5's movem5t dissolv$1 ! free?9k+ elem5t seems to h be5 absorb$ 9 ! secul> p>ty1 :ile ! o!rs appe> to h gone 9 l>ge "p to build up ! movem5t ( ,co-op]ation4 ,on ! :ole1 ! movem5t ( popul> free?\ght 9 ,engl& c\ld be describ$ z poor1 /ruggl+1 & p]secut$1 only ! mo/ h>dy & zeal\s v5tur+ to associate !mselves ) x4 ,! imprisonm5t ( ,holyoake 7#ahdb7 = six mon?s1 on a trifl+ *>ge ( blasphemy1 is an illu/ration ( ! brutal _s ( public or?odoxy at ! "t4 #afid ,:]e bigotry c\ld ?us only injure & oppress )\t suppress+ h]esy1 x /imulat$ resi/ance2 & ! result ( ! /imulus 0 a revival ( popul> propag&a :i* l$ to ! f\nd+ ( a ,secul> ,society 9 #aheb4 #f4 ,?is date broadly co9cides ) ! maximum dom9ation ( conv5tional or?odoxy 9 ,engli% life4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ! balance gradually *anges4 ,9 #aheb we f9d ! publi%] ,h5ry ,bohn reissu+ ! wor?less apologetic works ( ! ,rev4 ,&rew ,full]1 ) a publi%]'s preface 9 :i* !y are said to ma9ta9 an ackn[l$g$ pre-em95ce1 ?\gh writt5 at a p]iod ( our national hi/ory :5 ! writ+s ( ,volney & ,gibbon1 & especially ( ,?omas ,pa9e1 fo/]$ by ! political effects ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 _h det]iorat$ ! morals ( ! p1 & infus$ ! poison ( infidelity into ! disaffect$ portion ( ! public4 ,we h "h /ill ! note ( e>ly-n9ete5?-c5tury ,anglican respectability1 n easily to be mat*$ 9 human hi/ory = holl[ness & blatancy4 ,full] is at once "o ( ! mo/ rabid & "o ( ! mo/ futile ( ! ?\s& & "o def5d]s ( ! fai?4 ,a sample ( 8 m9d & me?od is ! v]dict t ,if ! light t is gone abroad on e>? w\ld p]mit ! re>+ ( temples to ,v5us1 or ,bac*us1 or any ( ! rabble ( hea!n deities1 !re is little d\bt b t mod]n unbeliev]s w\ld 9 great numb]s become _! devotees2 b1 see+ !y _c h a ,god ^: wor%ip %all accord ) _! incl9ations1 !y seem det]m9$ n to wor%ip at all4 #afie ,9 ! v next ye> ! same publi%] began ! issue ( a repr9t ( ,gibbon1 ) v>iorum notes1 edit$ by ,an ,engli% ,*ur*man1 :o = ! mo/ "p def5d$ ,gibbon aga9/ 8 or?odox critics4 ,?is ent]prise 9 turn br\ght ^u ! pi\s publi%] a fair %>e ( odium4 ,b ! second half ( ! c5tury1 albeit soon d>k5$ by new w>s 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 0 to be = ,engl& "o ( ,lib]alism alike 9 politics & 9 ?\ght1 free trade1 & relatively free publication1 ) progress 9 enlight5m5t = bo? ! populace & ! educat$ classes4 #g4 ,9 #aheh !re 0 elect$ to ! presid5cy ( ! ,london ,secul> ,society ! "y ,*>les ,bradlaugh1 "o ( ! greate/ orators ( 8 age1 & "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful p]sonalities ev] associat$ ) a progressive movem5t4 ,e>ly exp]i5ce ( cl]ical p]secution1 :i* ev5 drove ! boy f 8 fa!r's ro(1 help$ to make him a fight]1 b nev] infirm$ 8 humanity4 ,9 ! ma9 self-taught1 he acquir$ a l>ge measure ( culture 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 & 8 r>e natural gift = debate 0 %>p5$ by a legal tra9+4 ,a p]sonal admir] ( ,ow51 he nev] accept$ 8 social polity1 b 0 at all times ! mo/ zeal\s ( democratic re=m]s4 ,!nce=w>d ! work+ masses 9 ,engl& 7 9 l>ge "p kept 9 t\* ) a free?\ght :i* drew on ! results ( ! sci5tific & s*ol>ly rese>* ( ! "t1 & wield$ a dialectic ( :i* tra9$ oppon5ts confess$ ! p[]4 #afif ,9 ! place ( ! bl& dogmatism ( ,ow51 & ! calm assumption t all mank9d c\ld & %\ld be s*oolma/]$ into happ9ess & ord]1 !re came ! al]t recognition ( ! absolut5ess ( individualism z reg>ds conviction1 & its pres5t pre-pot5cy z reg>ds social arrangem5ts4 ,e !sis 0 br\ght to ! te/ ( argum5t & evid5ce2 & 9 due c\rse _m :o _h compla9$ t ,ow5 w\ld n argue1 compla9$ t ! new s*ool argu$ ev]y?+4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 0 t ! p 7 receiv+ vitally ne$$ in/ruction2 & 7 be+ taught ) a new p[] to ?9k = !mselves4 ,incid5tally !y 7 fre$ f an old burd5 by ,bradlaugh's successful resi/ance to ! dem& ( surety%ip f newspap]s1 & by 8 no less successful battle = ! "r ( non-!i/ic witnesses to make affirmation in/ead ( tak+ ! oa? 9 ! law c\rts4 #afig ,! inspiration & ! in/ruction ( ! popul> movem5t ?us ma9ta9$ 7 at once lit]>y1 sci5tific1 e?ical1 hi/orical1 s*ol>ly1 & philosophic4 ,%elley 0 its poet2 ,voltaire its fir/ /ory-tell]2 & ,gibbon its fav\rite hi/orian4 ,9 philosophy1 ,bradlaugh le>n$ less f ,hume ?an f ,sp9oza2 9 ,biblical criticism--himself possess+ a work+ k ( ,hebrew--he collat$ ! "w ( ,engli% & ,fr5* speciali/s1 d[n to & includ+ ,col5so1 apply+ all ! :ile to ! consecrat$ record ! m]ciless te/s ( a consi/5t e?ic4 ,at ! same "t1 ! :ole batt]y ( argum5t f ! natural sci5ces 0 turn$ aga9/ traditionalism & sup]naturalism1 alike 9 ! lectures ( ,bradlaugh & ! o!r speak]s ( 8 p>ty1 & 9 ! pages ( 8 j\rnal1 ,! ,national ,re=m]4 ,! g5]al outcome 0 an unprec$5t$ diffusion ( critical ?\ght among ! ,engli% masses1 & a proportionate antagonism to ^? :o _h wr\ght su* a result4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,bradlaugh1 z deeply conc]n$ = political z = intellectual righte\sness1 set himself to ! task ( ent]+ ,p>liam5t1 he comm5c$ a /ruggle :i* %ort5$ 8 life1 ?\gh x promot$ 8 ma9 objects4 ,n till aft] a s]ies ( electoral conte/s ext5d+ ov] twelve ye>s 0 he elect$ = ,nor?ampton 9 #ahhj2 & ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 a mann] enact$ afre% ! long resi/ance made to him 9 t city4 #afih ,:51 h[ev]1 on 8 election 9 #ahhj1 ! ,cons]vative ,opposition began ! hi/oric proce$+s ov] ! ,oa? "q1 !y probably did ev5 m to deep5 & diffuse ! popul> free?\ght movem5t ?an ,bradlaugh himself _h done 9 ! :ole ( 8 previ\s c>e]4 ,! process 0 fur!r$ by ! policy ( prosecut+ & imprison+ 7#ahhc7 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,foote1 editor ( ! ,free?9k]1 "u ! ,blasphemy ,laws--a c\rse n directly v5tur$ on z aga9/ ,bradlaugh1 ?\gh x 0 s\ght to connect him ) ! publication ( ,mr4 ,foote's j\rnal4 ,to ?is day x is common to give a false acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! episode1 repres5t+ ,bradlaugh z hav+ =c$ 8 op9ions on ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se4 ,r he /rove unduly to avoid w\nd+ religi\s feel+4 ,wont to make affirmation by law 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 he held t ! same law appli$ to ! oa? ( allegiance1 & felt t x w\ld be unseemly on 8 "p to use ! words ( adjuration if he c\ld legally affirm4 ,on ?is po9t he expressly consult$ ! law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n1 & !y gave ! op9ion t he _h ! legal "r1 :i* 0 8 own belief z a lawy]4 ,! faction call$ ! f\r? p>ty1 h[ev]1 saw an opportunity to emb>rass ! ,glad/one ,gov]nm5t by *all5g+ ! act ( affirmation1 & ?us arose ! protract$ /ruggle4 ,only :5 a committee ( ! ,h\se decid$ t he c\ld n prop]ly affirm did ,bradlaugh propose to take ! oa?1 9 ord] to take 8 seat4 ,! pret5ce ( zeal = religion1 made by ! politicians :o _h rais$ ! issue1 0 kn[n by all m5 to be ! m]e/ hypocrisy4 ,"l ,r&olph ,*ur*ill1 :o di/+ui%$ himself by insi/+ on ! moral necessity = a belief 9 "s div9ity or o!r1 is record$ to h pr(ess$ a special e/eem = ,mr4 7n[ ,"l7 ,morley1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,positivi/ ( 8 "t4 #afii ,! :ole proc$ure1 9 ,p>liam5t & out1 0 s visibly t ( ! l[e/ political malice1 exploit+ ! crude/ religi\s intol]ance1 t x turn$ into active free?9k]s _m :o _h be=e be5 only passive d\bt]s1 & rais$ ! secul>i/ p>ty to an int5sity ( zeal nev] be=e se54 ,at no p]iod 9 mod]n ,briti% hi/ory _h !re be5 s con/ant & s ke5 a plat=m propag&a ( unbelief2 s unsp>+ an indictm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 hi/ory1 & practice2 su* contemptu\s rebuttal ( e ,*ri/ian pret5sion2 su* asp]ity ( _s aga9/ ! cre$ :i* 0 once m be+ *ampion$ by *ican]y1 calumny1 & inju/ice4 ,9 ^? five ye>s ( indignant w>f>e 7 s[n ! se$s ( a m abundant gr[? ( rationalism ?an _h ev] be=e be5 kn[n 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,) inv9cible det]m9ation ,bradlaugh f\ght 8 case ?r\gh ,p>liam5t & ! law c\rts1 incurr+ debts :i* =c$ ^u him fur!r toils t cle>ly %ort5$ 8 life1 b nev] yield+ = an in/ant 9 8 battle ) ! bigotry ( half ! nation4 ,lib]alism 0 %am$ by _m defections2 ,cons]vatism1 ) ! ass5t ( ,mr4 ,balf\r1 0 solid = inju/ice2 #agjj & 9 ! entire ,*ur* ( ,engl& less ?an a doz5 prie/s /ood = tol]ance4 ,b ! cause at /ake 0 inde/ructible4 ,:5 ,bradlaugh at l5g? took ! oa? & 8 seat 9 #ahhf1 "u a rul+ ( ! new ,speak] 7,peel7 :i* /ultifi$ ! :ole action ( ! ,speak] & majorities ( ! previ\s ,p>liam5t1 & no less t ( ! law c\rts1 /raight=w>d free?\ght /ood ?ree-fold /rong] 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any previ\s g5]ation4 ,ap>t f _! educative "w1 ! /ruggles & suff]+s ( ! secul>i/ lead]s won = ,great ,brita9 ! abolition )9 "o g5]ation ( ! old burd5 ( surety%ip on newspap]s1 & ( ! disabilities ( non-!i/ic witnesses2 ! fre$om ( public meet+ 9 ! ,london p>ks2 ! "r ( av[$ a!i/s to sit 9 ,p>liam5t 7,bradlaugh hav+ secur$ 9 #ahhh _! title to make affirmation in/ead ( oa?72 & ! virtual discr$it ( ! ,blasphemy ,laws z su*4 ,x is probable also t ! treatm5t met$ out to ,mrs4 ,besant--!n associat$ ) ,bradlaugh 9 free?\ght propag&a--m>k$ ! end ( ano!r =m ( tyrann\s outrage1 already made hi/oric 9 ! case ( ,%elley4 ,secur$ ! cu/ody ( h] *ildr5 "u a m>ital de$ ( sep>ation1 %e 0 depriv$ ( x at law 7#ahgi7 on h] av[al ( a!i/ic op9ions1 ) ! result t h] influ5ce z a propag&i/ 0 imm5sely increas$4 #h4 ,! special en]gy ( ! ,engli% secul>i/ movem5t 9 ! n9? decade 0 p>tly due to ! fact t by t "t !re _h appe>$ a rem>kable am\nt ( mod]n free?9k+ lit]ature ( high lit]>y & intellectual quality1 & good social /atus4 ,d[n to #ahgj ! new lit]>y names committ$ to ! rejection ( ,*ri/ianity1 ap>t f ! m5 ( sci5ce :o kept to _! own "w1 7 ! !i/s ,h5nell1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 ,w4 ,e4 ,greg1 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay1 ,buckle1 & ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 all ( !m influ5tial1 b none ( !m at once recogniz$ z a fir/-rate =ce4 ,b ) ! appe>ance ( ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe 7#ahfe71 lack+ ?\gh x 0 9 cle>ness ( ?\ght1 a new tone began to prevail2 & 8 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne 7#ahfi71 equally readable & n m uncompromis+1 0 soon foll[$ by a s]ies ( p[]ful pron\ncem5ts ( a m explicit k9d4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ! lit]>y class to come =w>d ) an express impea*m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ,moncure ,daniel ,conway1 ^: ,e>?w>d ,pilgrimage 7#ahgj7 0 ! arti/ic record ( a gift$ prea*]'s progress f ,wesleyan ,me?odism1 ?r\gh ,unit>ianism1 to a !ism :i* 0 soon to pass into agno/icism4 ,9 #ahga appe>$ ! rem>kable "w ( ,w9wood ,reade1 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1 :]e9 a rapid survey ( anci5t & m$ieval hi/ory1 & ( ! gr[? ( religion f savage beg9n+s1 leads up to a def9itely anti-!i/ic pres5tm5t ( ! future ( human life ) ! claim to h %[n t ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity is ess5tial to ! int]e/s ( civilization4 #agja ,"s eighte5 editions tell ( ! acceptance won by ! book4 ,less vogue1 b "s />tl$ notice1 0 won by ! ,duke ( ,som]set's ,*ri/ian ,!ology & ,mod]n ,scepticism 7#ahgb71 a "w ( mod]ate rationalism1 b by a pe]4 ,9 #ahgc appe>$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,sociology1 :]e9 ! implicit anti-sup]naturalism ( t philosoph]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 0 advanc$ ^u1 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,!ological ,bias1 by a mordant attack on t ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,t attack _h be5 prec$$ by ,mat!w ,arnold's ,lit]ature & ,dogma 7#ahgb71 :]e9 ! publici/ :o _h c5sur$ ,col5so = n writ+ 9 ,lat9 describ$ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity z ! fairy-tale ( ?ree ,"l ,%aftesburys4 ,mu* plead+ = ! recognition by unbeliev]s ( ! value ( ! ,bible fail$ to conv9ce ,*ri/ians ( ! value ( su* a ?9k]'s ,*ri/ianity4 ,a m important s5sation 0 provid$ 9 #ahgc by ! po/hum\s publication ( ,mill's ,autobiography1 &1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 by 8 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 :i* exhibit$ its e/eem$ au?or z n only n a ,*ri/ian b z nev] hav+ be5 "o1 al?\gh he =mulat$ a species ( limit$ liability !ism1 z unsatisfactory to ! rationali/s z to ! or?odox4 ,/ill ! fre% manife/ations ( free?9k+ multipli$4 ,on ! "o h& ! massive treatise entitl$ ,sup]natural ,religion 7#ahgd71 & on ! o!r ! free?9k+ essays ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ! mo/ vigor\sly outspok5 ev] yet writt5 by an ,engli% academic1 %[$ t ! :ole field ( debate 0 be+ reop5$ ) a new p[] & confid5ce4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 by ,leslie ,/eph5 7#ahgf71 set up ! same impression f ano!r side2 yet ano!r social s5sation 0 creat$ by ! appe>ance ( ,visc\nt ,amb]ley's ,analysis ( ,religi\s ,belief 7#ahgg72 & all ! :ile ! ,high] ,criticism proce$$ )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! lit]>y situation 0 n[ s *ang$ t1 :]eas f #ahej to #ahhj ! s5sations 9 ! religi\s _w 7 ^? made by rationali/ic attacks1 !reaft] !y 7 ^? made by new def5ces4 ,h4 ,drummond's ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w 7#ahhc71 ,mr4 ,balf\r's ,def5ce ( ,philosophic ,d\bt 7#ahgi7 & ,f\ndations ( ,belief 7#ahie71 & ,mr4 ,kidd's ,social ,evolution 7#ahid71 7 successively welcom$ z be+ decl>$ to r5d] su* a s]vice4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !y are to-day valu$ ^u t score 9 any qu>t]4 #i4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury popul> =ms ( free?\ght propag&a 7 h>dly possible 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,france _h be5 too long us$ to regulation alike "u ! mon>*y & "u ! empire to p]mit ( op5 promotion ( unbelief 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,re/oration4 ,yet z e>ly z #ahbh we f9d ! ,prote/ant ,coqu]el av[+ t 9 8 day ! ,b\rbonism ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy _h reviv$ ! old anti-cl]icalism1 & t x 0 common to f9d ! mo/ high-m9d$ patriots unbeliev]s & mat]iali/s4 #agjb ,b /ill m rem>kable 0 ! p]si/5ce ( deep free?9k+ curr5ts 9 ! ,ca?olic _w ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,ab\t #ahcj rationalism _h become normal among ! y\ng] /ud5ts at ,p>is2 #agjc & ! revolution ( t ye> elicit$ a *>t] putt+ all religions on an equality4 #agjd ,soon ! ?rone & ! *amb]s 7 on a foot+ ( practical ho/ility to ! ,*ur*4 #agje ,"u ,l\is ,philippe m5 d>$ to tea* 9 ! ,collge de ,france t ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation is b "o l9k 9 ! *a9 ( div9e revelations to man4 #agjf ,ev5 dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( reaction aft] ! re/oration num]\s editions ( ,volney's ,ru9es & ( ! ,abrg #agjg ( ,dupuis's ,orig9e de t\s les ,cultes s]v$ to ma9ta9 among ! m intellig5t ( ! prolet>iat an almo/ sci5tific rationalism1 :i* c h>dly be said to h be5 improv$ on by su* hi/oriography z t ( ,r5an's ,vie de ,jsus4 ,& !re 7 o!r =ces1 ov] & above freemasonry1 :i* 9 ,france & o!r ,lat9 c\ntries has s9ce ! ,revolution be5 /eadily anti-cl]ical4 ,! w\ld-be social recon/ructor ,*>les ,f\ri] 7#aggb-ahcg7 0 an indep5d5t & non-,*ri/ian ?\gh n an anti-cl]ical !i/1 & 8 sy/em may h c\nt$ = some?+ z organiz+ ! secul> _s among ! work]s 9 ! p]iod ( ! mon>*ic & ,ca?olic reaction4 ,f\ri] approximat$ to ,*ri/ianity inasmu* z he believ$ 9 a div9e ,provid5ce2 b l ,ow5 he _h an unb\nd$ & het]odox fai? 9 human goodness & p]fectibility2 & he claim$ to h discov]$ ! plan ( ,god = m54 ,b ,f\ri] 0 nev]1 l ,ow51 a popul> =ce2 & popul> rationalism w5t on o!r l9es4 ,at no "t 0 ! prolet>iat ( ,p>is o!rwise ?an l>gely ,voltairean aft] ! ,revolution1 ( :i* "o ( ! great s]vices 7c>ri$ on by ,napoleon7 0 an improvem5t 9 popul> education4 ,! rival non-,*ri/ian sy/ems ( ,sa9t-,simon 7#agfj-ahbc7 & ,augu/e ,comte 7#agih-aheg7 also nev] took any practical hold among !m2 b ?r\gh\t ! c5tury !y h be5 fully ! mo/ free?9k+ work+-class population 9 ! _w4 ,z to ,f\ri] see ! ,o,euvres ,*oisies de ,f\ri]1 ed4 ,*4 ,gide1 pp4 #a-c1 #i4 ,cp4 ,solid>it3 ,vue ,syn?tique sur la doctr9e de ,*4 ,f\ri]1 p> ,hippolyte ,r5aud1 #c;e dit4 #ahdf1 *4 i3 ,p\r ram5] l'homme la foi en ,dieu1 writes ,r5aud1 il faut lui (frir auj\rd'hui une foi complte et compose1 une foi solidem5t assise sur le tmoignage de la raison4 ,p\r cela il faut que la flambeau de la sci5ce dissipe t\tes les obscurits 7p4 #i74 ,?is is n propiti\s to dogma2 b ,f\ri] plann$ & promis$ to leave prie/s & m9i/]s undi/urb$ 9 8 new _w1 & ev5 decl>$ religions to be mu* sup]ior to unc]ta9 sci5ces4 ,gide1 introd4 to ,o,euvres ,*oisies1 pp4 xxii-xxiii1 cit+ ,manuscrits1 vol4 de #ahec-ahef1 p4 #bic4 ,cp4 ,dr4 ,*4 ,pell>91 ,f\ri]1 sa vie et sa ?orie1 #e;e dit4 p4 #adc4 ,sa9t-,simon1 :o propos$ a new ,*ri/ianity1 expressly gu>d$ aga9/ direct appeals to ! p4 ,see ,weil1 ,sa9t-,simon et son ,o,euvre1 #ahid1 p4 #aic4 ,z to ! ,sa9t-,simonian sect1 see an int]e/+ te/imony by ,r5an1 ,les ,aptres1 p4 #adh4 ,! g5]ation aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon 0 pre-em95tly ! p]iod ( new s*emes ( society2 & x is notewor?y t !y 7 all non-,*ri/ian1 ?\gh all1 includ+ ev5 ,ow5's1 claim$ to provide a religion1 & ! ,fr5* may seem all to h be5 conv9c$ by ,napoleon's practice t "s k9d ( cult mu/ be provid$ = ! peoples4 ,ow5 alone reject$ alike sup]naturalism & cultus2 & 8 movem5t left ! mo/ def9ite rationali/ic traces4 ,all seem to h be5 g5]at$ by ! d\ble influ5ce ( 7#a7 ! social failure ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* left s _m anxi\s = ano!r & bett] ef=t at recon/ruction1 & 7#b7 ( ! spectacle ( ! rule ( ,napoleon1 :i* seems to h elicit$ new ideals ( b5efic5t autocracy4 ,ow51 ,f\ri]1 ,sa9t-,simon1 & ,comte 7 all alike w\ld-be f\nd]s ( a new society or social religion4 ,x seems probable t ?is proclivity to sy/ematic recon/ruction1 9 a _w :i* /ill c>ri$ a panic-memory ( "o great social ov]turn1 help$ to l5g!n ! rule ( or?odoxy4 ,consid]ably m progress 0 made :5 free?\ght became deta*$ f special plans ( polity1 & grew up anew by way ( %e] tru?-seek+ on all ! l9es ( inquiry4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 ! free?9k+ tradition f ! eighte5? c5tury nev] pass$ away1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! life ( ! great t[ns4 ,& :ile ,napoleon ,,iii made x 8 bus9ess to conciliate ! ,*ur*1 :i* 9 ! p]son ( ! some:at latitud9>ian ,d>boy1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 _h endors$ 8 c\p d'tat ( #ahea1 #agjh ev5 "u 8 rule ! irrev]sible movem5t ( free?\ght reveal$ itself among 8 own m9i/]s4 ,victor ,duruy1 ! em95t hi/orian1 8 en]getic ,m9i/] ( ,education1 0 a free?9k]1 non-aggressive t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 b p]fectly det]m9$ n to p]mit aggression by x4 #agji ,& :5 ! ,*ur*1 9 its immemorial way1 declaim$ aga9/ all =ms ( rationali/ic tea*+ 9 ! colleges1 & insi/$ on controll+ ! in/ruction 9 all ! s*ools1 #agaj 8 firm resi/ance made him "o ( its mo/ hat$ antagoni/s4 ,ev5 9 ! ,s5ate1 !n ! asylum ( all =ms ( antiquat$ ?\ght & prejudice1 ,duruy 0 able to c>ry 8 po9t aga9/ ! prelates1 ,sa9te-,beuve /rongly & skilfully support+ him4 #agaa ,?us 9 ! ,france ( ! ,?ird ,empire1 on ! op5 field ( ! educational battle-gr\nd betwe5 fai? & reason1 ! rationali/ic advance 0 app>5t 9 adm9i/ration no less ?an 9 ! tea*+ ( ! pr(ess$ m5 ( sci5ce & ! polemic ( ! pr(ess$ critics ( religion4 #aj4 ,9 o!r ,ca?olic c\ntries ! c\rse ( popul> culture 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury 0 n greatly dissimil> to t se5 9 ,france1 ?\gh less rapid & expansive4 ,?us we f9d ! ,spani% ,inquisitor-,g5]al 9 #ahae decl>+ t all ! _w sees ) horror ! rapid progress ( unbelief1 & d5\nc+ ! errors & ! new & dang]\s doctr9es :i* h pass$ f o!r c\ntries to ,spa94 #agab ,?is evolution 0 to "s ext5t *eck$2 b 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 especially 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 all ! ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ,europe 7 m or less p]meat$ ) demotic free?\ght1 usually go+ h& 9 h& ) republican or sociali/ic propag&a 9 politics4 ,x is inde$ a significant fact t free?\ght propag&a is (t5 mo/ active 9 c\ntries :]e ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is mo/ p[]ful4 ,?us 9 ,belgium !re are at lea/ ?ree sep>ate f$]ations1 /&+ = hundr$s ( free?9k+ gr\ps2 9 ,spa91 a few ye>s ago1 !re 7 free?\ght societies 9 all ! l>ge t[ns1 & at lea/ half-a-doz5 free?\ght j\rnals2 9 ,portugal !re h be5 a numb] ( societies--a weekly j\rnal1 ,o ,secolo1 ( ,lisbon1 & a mon?ly review1 ,o ,livre ,exame4 ,9 ,france & ,italy1 :]e educat$ society is 9 l>ge measure rationali/ic1 ! ,masonic lodges d mo/ ( ! p]sonal & social propag&a2 b !re are f$]ations ( free?\ght societies 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,9 ,switz]l& free?\ght is m aggressive 9 ! ,ca?olic ?an 9 ! ,prote/ant cantons4 #agac ,9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 aga91 z 9 ,italy & ,france1 ! ,masonic lodges are pr$om9antly free?9k+2 & 9 ,p]u !re 01 a few ye>s ago1 a ,free?\ght ,league1 ) a weekly organ4 ,z long ago z #ahef ! ,am]ican diplomati/ & ar*ologi/1 ,squi]1 wrote t1 ,al?\gh ! p ( ,honduras1 9 common ) ^? ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 9 g5]al1 are nom9ally ,ca?olics1 yet1 among ^? capable ( reflection or possess$ ( education1 !re are m :o are de/itute ( any fix$ cre$--,rationali/s or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 ,free?9k]s1 ?an adh]5ts ( any =m ( religion4 #agad ,t ! movem5t is also active 9 ! o!r republics ( ! s\!rn cont95t may be inf]r$ f ! facts t a ,positivi/ organization has long subsi/$ 9 ,brazil2 t its memb]s 7 active 9 ! peaceful revolution :i* !re sub/itut$ a republic = a mon>*y2 & t at ! ,free?\ght ,congresses ( ,rome & ,p>is 9 #aijd & #aije !re 0 an en]getic dem& = a ,congress at ,bu5os ,aires1 :i* 0 f9ally agre$ to = #aijf4 ,:ile popul> propag&a is h>dly possible save on political l9es1 free?9k+ j\rnalism has c\nt$ = mu* 9 ! mo/ ,ca?olic p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! influ5ce ( su* j\rnals is to be measur$ n by _! circulation1 :i* is nev] great1 b by _! keep+ up a habit ( m or less in/ruct$ free?9k+ among read]s1 to _m ( :om ! in/ruction is n o!rwise easily accessible4 ,probably ! lea/ ambiti\s ( !m is an intellectual =ce ( a high] ord] ?an ! highe/ grade ( popul> religi\s j\rnalism2 :ile "s ( ! /rong]1 z ,de ,dag]aad ( ,am/]dam1 h rank$ z high-class s]i\s reviews4 ,9 ! m free & progressive c\ntries1 h[ev]1 free?\ght affects all p]iodical lit]ature2 & 9 ,france x p>tly p]meates ! ord9>y newspap]s4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e a s]ies ( mon?ly or weekly publications ( an emphatically free?9k+ sort has be5 ne>ly cont9u\s f ab\t #ahdj1 #agae new ones ris+ 9 place ( ^? :i* succumb$ to ! comm]cial difficulties1 su* p]iodicals suff] an economic p9* 9 t !y _c hope = mu* income f adv]tisem5ts1 :i* are ! *ief su/5ance ( popul> j\rnals & magaz9es4 ,! same law holds else:]e2 b 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ! high-pric$ reviews h be5 gradually op5$ to rationali/ic articles1 ! way be+ l$ by ! ,engli% ,we/m9/] ,review #agaf & ,=tnightly ,review1 bo? f\nd$ ) an eye to fre] discussion4 ,among ! e>li] free?9k+ p]iodicals may be not$ ,! ,republican1 #ahai-bf 7edit$ by ,c>lile72 ,! ,dei/'s ,magaz9e1 #ahbj2 ,! ,lion1 #ahbh 7,c>lile72 ,! ,prompt]1 #ahcj 7,c>lile72 ,! ,gauntlet1 #ahcc 7,c>lile72 ,! ,a!i/ & ,republican1 #ahda-db2 ,! ,blasphem]1 #ahdb2 ,! ,oracle ( ,reason 7f\nd$ by ,s\?well71 #ahdb1 etc42 ,! ,reason] & ,h]ald ( ,progress 7l>gely conduct$ by ,holyoake71 #ahdf-ahfa2 ,coop]'s ,j\rnal2 or1 unfett]$ ,?9k]1 etc41 #ahej1 etc42 ,! ,movem5t1 #ahdc2 ,! ,free?9k]'s ,in=mation = ! ,p 7undat$3 aft] #ahdj72 ,free?9k]'s ,magaz9e1 #ahej1 etc42 ,london ,inve/igator1 #ahed1 etc4 ,bradlaugh's ,national ,re=m]1 begun 9 #ahfj1 la/$ till #ahic4 ,mr4 ,foote's ,free?9k]1 begun 9 #ahha1 /ill subsi/s4 ,v>i\s free?9k+ mon?lies h ris5 & fall5 s9ce #ahhj--;e4g41 ,our ,corn]1 edit$ by ,mrs4 ,besant1 #ahhc-hh2 ,! ,lib]al & ,progress1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,foote1 #ahgi-hg2 ! ,free ,review1 trans=m$ into ! ,univ]sity ,magaz9e1 #ahic-ahih4 ,! ,re=m]1 a mon?ly1 edit$ by ,mrs4 ,bradlaugh ,bonn]1 subsi/$ f #ahig to #aijd4 ,! ,lit]>y ,guide1 :i* began z a small %eet 9 #ahhe1 fl\ri%es4 ,s9ce #aijj1 a popul> ,sociali/ j\rnal1 ,! ,cl>ion1 has decl>$ = rationalism ?r\gh ! p5 ( its editor1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,blat*=d 7,nunquam71 ^: polemic has caus$ mu* controv]sy4 ,= a g5]ation back1 fur!r1 rationali/ic essays h appe>$ f "t to "t n only 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review 7f\nd$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 & long edit$ by ,mr4 ,john 7n[ ,"l7 ,morley1 mu* ( ^: writ+ on ! ,fr5* philosophes appe>$ 9 its pages71 b 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :]e9 0 c>ri$ on1 = in/ance1 ! fam\s controv]sy betwe5 ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,pr(4 ,huxley4 ,9 ! e>ly 'sev5ties1 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,leslie ,/eph51 issu$ s]ially ,mat!w ,arnold's ,lit]ature & ,dogma & ,/4 ,paul & ,prote/antism4 ,9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! c5tury q a numb] ( reviews1 "s ( !m %ort-liv$1 gave space to advanc$ op9ions4 ,b propag&a has latt]ly become m & m a matt] ( all-p]vad+ lit]>y influ5ce1 ! imm5se circulation ( ! sixp5ny repr9ts ( ! ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 hav+ put ! advanc$ lit]ature ( ! la/ g5]ation )9 ! rea* ( all4 #aa4 ,9 ,g]many1 z we h se51 ! relative selectness ( culture1 ! comp>ative alo(ness ( ! enlight5$ f ! mass ( ! p1 made possible aft] ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce a c]ta9 pieti/ic reaction1 9 ! abs5ce ( any popul> propag&i/ ma*9]y or purpose on ! side ( ! rationali/s4 ,9 ! op9ion ( an evangelical au?ority1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?r\gh mod]n enlight5m5t 7,aufklrung7 ! p _h become indiff]5t to ! ,*ur*2 ! ,bible 0 reg>d$ z a m]ely human book1 ! ,savi\r m]ely z a p]son :o _h liv$ & taught long ago1 n z "o ^: almighty pres5ce is ) 8 p /ill4 #agag ,accord+ to ! same au?ority1 be=e ! w>1 ! indiff]5ce to ! ^w ( ,god :i* prevail$ among ! upp] classes _h p5etrat$ to ! l[]2 b aft] x1 a desire = ! ,scriptures 0 ev]y:]e felt4 #agah ,?is involves an admission t ! religion ( ! he>t prop\nd$ by ,s*lei]ma*] 9 8 addresses ,on ,religion to ! educat$ among its despis]s #agai 7#agii7 0 n really a ,*ri/ian revival at all4 ,s*lei]ma*] himself 9 #ahjc decl>$ t 9 ,prussia !re 0 almo/ no att5dance on public wor%ip1 & ! cl]gy _h fall5 into pr(\nd discr$it4 #agbj ,a pieti/ic movem5t _h1 h[ev]1 begun dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* asc5dancy2 #agba & see+ t ! free?9k+ ( ! previ\s g5]ation _h be5 9 "p associat$ ) ,fr5* op9ion1 x 0 natural t on ?is side anti-,fr5* feel+ %\ld promote a rev]sion to old] & m national =ms ( feel+4 ,?us aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon ! tone ( ! /ud5ts :o _h f\ght 9 ! w> seems to h be5 m religi\s ?an t ( previ\s ye>s4 #agbb ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! enlight5m5t ( ! s*ol>ly class 0 ma9ta9$1 & appli$ anew to critical problems1 ! religi\s revival did n turn back ! c\rse ( progress4 ,:5 ! ?ird c5t5>y commemoration1 9 #ahag1 ( ! ,re=mation approa*$1 ! ,prussian p 7 9 a /ate ( /olid indiff]5ce1 app>5tly1 on religi\s matt]s4 #agbc ,alongside ( ! pieti/ic reaction ( ! ,lib]ation p]iod !re w5t on an op5 ecclesia/ical /rife1 dat+ f an anti-rationali/ decl>ation by ! ,c\rt prea*] ,re9h>d at ,dresd5 9 #ahaa1 #agbd betwe5 ! rationali/s or ,fri5ds ( ,light & ! ,scripturali/s ( ! old s*ool2 & ! effect 0 a g5]al dis9tegration ( or?odoxy1 despite1 or x may be l>gely 9 virtue (1 ! gov]nm5tal policy ( rew>d+ ! ,pieti/s & disc\rag+ _! oppon5ts 9 ! way ( (ficial appo9tm5ts4 #agbe ,! ,prussian measure 7#ahag7 ( =cibly unit+ ! ,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*es1 ) a neutral sacram5tal ritual 9 :i* ! eu*>i/ 0 treat$ z a hi/orical commemoration1 t5d$ to ! same consequ5ces1 ?\gh x also reviv$ old ,lu!ran zeal2 #agbf & :5 ! new revolution>y movem5t broke out 9 #ahdh1 popul> feel+ 0 sub/antially non-religi\s4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,g]many especially ! conflict ( political op9ions & revolution>y t5d5cies produc$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 an entire pro/ration ( religi\s s5tim5t4 ,! bulk ( society %[$ entire indiff]5ce to wor%ip1 ! *ur*es be+ ev]y:]e des]t$2 & a!ism 0 op5ly av[$1 & ,*ri/ianity ridicul$ z ! inv5tion ( prie/craft4 #agbg ,"o result 0 a desp]ate ef=t ( ! cl]gy to effect a union among all :o reta9$ any measure ( ,*ri/ian belief1 9 ord] to raise up _! national religion & fai? f ! l[e/ /ate into :i* x has ev] fall5 s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b ! cl]ical ef=t evok$ a c\nt] ef=t4 ,already1 9 #ahdf1 (ficial int]f]5ce ) fre$om ( utt]ance l$ to ! =mation ( a free religi\s society by ,dr4 ,rupp1 ( ,knigsb]g1 "o ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,light 9 ! ,/ate ,*ur*2 & he 0 foll[$ by ,wislic5us ( ,halle1 a ,hegelian1 & by ,uhli* ( ,magdeburg4 #agbh ,z a result ( ! det]m9$ pressure1 social & (ficial1 :i* ensu$ on ! collapse ( ! revolution ( #ahdh1 ^! societies fail$ to develop on ! scale ( _! beg9n+s2 & t ( ,magdeburg1 :i* at ! outset _h #g1jjj memb]s1 has latt]ly only #ejj2 ?\gh t ( ,b]l9 has ne>ly #d1jjj4 #agbi ,!re is fur!r a ,freid5k] ,bund1 ) bran*es 9 _m t[ns2 & ! two organizations1 ) _! total memb]%ip ( "s fifty ?\s&1 may be held to repres5t ! militant side ( popul> free?\ght 9 ,g]many4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 con/itutes only a fraction ( ! total am\nt ( passive rationalism4 ,!re is a l>ge measure ( enlight5m5t 9 bo? ! work+ & ! middle classes2 & ! o/5sible =ce ( or?odoxy among ! (ficial & con=mi/ middle class is 9 _m respects illusory4 ,! ,g]man police laws put a rigid *eck on all mann] ( plat=m & press propag&a :i* c\ld be indict$ z hurt+ ! feel+s ( religi\s p2 s t a je/ at ! ,holy ,coat ( ,trves c\ld ev5 9 rec5t ye>s s5d a j\rnali/ to jail1 & ! plat=m "w ( ! militant societies is closely trammell$4 ,yet !re are1 or h be51 ov] a doz5 j\rnals :i* s f> z may be take ! free?\ght side2 #agcj & ! :ole /ress ( ,bism>ckian reaction & ( (ficial or?odoxy "u ! pres5t ,kais] has nev] avail$ to make ! tone ( popul> ?\ght pieti/ic4 ,k>l ,m>x1 ! prophet ( ! ,g]man ,sociali/ movem5t 7#ahah-ahhc71 laid x d[n z "p ( its mission to free consci\sness f ! religi\s spectre2 & 8 two mo/ influ5tial foll[]s 9 ,g]many1 ,bebel & ,liebkne*t1 7 av[$ a!i/s1 ! =m] ev5 go+ s f> z to av[ (ficially 9 ! ,rei*/ag t ! aim ( our p>ty is on ! political plane ! republican =m ( ,/ate2 on ! economic1 ,socialism2 & on ! plane :i* we t]m ! religi\s1 a!ism2 #agca ?\gh ! p>ty attempts no propag&a ( ! latt] ord]4 ,*ri/ianity & ,social-,democracy1 said ,bebel aga91 are oppos$ z fire & wat]4 #agcb ,"s index to ! am\nt ( popul> free?\ght t normally exi/s "u ! surface 9 ,g]many is furni%$1 fur!r1 by ! /r5g? ( ! ,g]man free?\ght movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e1 despite ! t5d5cy to ! adoption ( ! common spee*1 !re grew up 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _m ,g]man free?9k+ societies1 a ,g]man f$]ation ( a!i/s1 & a vigor\s popul> organ1 ,d] ,freid5k]4 ,?us1 "u ! s\nd] moral & economic conditions ( ! life ( ! prolet>iate 9 ,g]many1 /raight=w>d rationalism1 z ap>t f propag&a1 is becom+ among !m m & m ! rule4 ,! bureaucratic control ( education =ces religi\s tea*+ 9 ! common s*ools2 & !re is no consci5ce clause = unbeliev+ p>5ts4 #agcc ,a ,prote/ant pa/or at ! end ( ! c5tury made an inve/igation into ! /ate ( religi\s op9ion among ! work+ ,sociali/s ( "s prov9cial t[ns & rural di/ricts1 & f\nd ev]y:]e a det]m9$ attitude ( rationalism4 ,! =mula ( ! ,social ,democrats1 ,religion is a private matt]1 he bitt]ly p]ceives to c>ry ! implication a private matt] = ! fools2 & :ile he holds t ! belief 9 a spe$y collapse ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is latt]ly less common ?an =m]ly among ! upp] & middle classes1 he compla9s t ! ,sociali/s are n simil>ly enlight5$4 #agcd ,bebel's dra/ic tea*+ z to ! economic & social conditions ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 #agce & ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory set =? by ,m>x & ,engels1 he f9ds g5]ally accept$4 ,n only d mo/ ( ! p>ty lead]s decl>e !mselves to be )\t religion1 b ^? :o d n s decl>e !mselves are s no less4 #agcf ,nor is ! unbelief a m]e sequel to ! ,socialism3 (t5 ! developm5t is ! o!r way4 #agcg ,! op9ion is almo/ univ]sal1 fur!r1 t ! cl]gy 9 g5]al d n believe :at !y tea*4 #agch ,a!i/s are num]\s among ! peasantry2 m num]\s among ! work]s 9 ! prov9cial t[ns2 & /ill m num]\s 9 ! l>ge t[ns2 #agci & :ile _m take a sympa!tic view ( ,jesus z a man & tea*]1 n a few d5y 8 hi/oric exi/5ce #agdj--;a view set =? 9 non-,sociali/ circles also4 #agda #ab4 ,"u ! widely-diff]5t political conditions 9 ,russia & ! ,sc&9avian ,/ates x is ! m significant t 9 all alike rationalism is latt]ly common among ! educat$ classes4 ,9 ,norway ! latt] p]haps include a l>g] proportion ( work+ p ?an c be s class$ ev5 9 ,g]many2 & rationalism is relatively hopeful1 ?\gh social fre$om is /ill f> f p]fect4 ,x is ! old /ory ( tol]ation = a dang]\sly well-plac$ free?\ght1 & intol]ance = t :i* rea*es ! common p4 ,9 ,russia rationalism has be=e x ! task ( transmut+ a sy/em ( autocracy into "o ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,9 no ,european c\ntry1 p]haps1 is rationalism m g5]al among ! educat$ classes2 & 9 none is !re a great] mass ( popul> ignorance4 #agdb ,! popul> icon-wor%ip 9 ,mosc[ c h>dly be p>allel$ outside ( ,asia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ari/ocracy became ,voltairean 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & has rema9$ m or less incr$ul\s s9ce1 ?\gh x n[ jo9s h&s ) ! ,*ur*2 :ile ! democratic movem5t1 9 its v>i\s phases ( socialism1 con/itutionalism1 & ,nihilism1 has be5 m>k$ly anti-religi\s s9ce ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 #agdc ,subsidi>y revivals ( my/icism1 su* z are *ronicl$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 are ( c\rse to be se5 9 ,russia2 b ! in/ruct$ class1 ! intelligu5tia1 is ess5tially naturali/ic 9 its ca/ ( ?\ght4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s subsi/s despite ! read9ess ( ! gov]nm5t to suppress ! slighte/ sign ( (ficial het]odoxy 9 ! univ]sities4 #agdd ,! /ruggle is ?us sub/antially betwe5 ! _s ( fre$om & t ( arbitr>y rule2 & ! =tunes ( free?\ght g ) ! =m]4 #ac4 ,free-religi\s societies1 su* z h be5 not$ 9 ,g]many1 may be rat$ z =ms ( mod]ate free?\ght propag&a1 & are to be f\nd 9 all ,prote/ant c\ntries1 ) all %ades ( developm5t4 ,a movem5t ( ! k9d has exi/$ = a numb] ( ye>s back 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & else:]e1 & may be held to repres5t a !i/ic or agno/ic ?\ght too advanc$ to adh]e ev5 to ! ,unit>ianism :i* dur+ ! two middle qu>t]s ( ! c5tury 0 p]haps ! pr$om9ant cre$ 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! ,!i/ic ,*ur* conduct$ by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,voysey aft] 8 expulsion f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 #ahga to 8 dea? 9 #aiab1 & s9ce !n by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,walt] ,wal%1 is an example4 ,ano!r type ( su* a gradual & peaceful evolution is ! ,s\? ,place ,in/itute 7=m]ly ,*apel7 ( ,london1 :]e1 "u ! fam\s orator ,w4 ,j4 ,fox1 nom9ally a ,unit>ian1 !re 0 prea*$ betwe5 #ahbd & #aheb a !ism t5d+ to pan!ism1 p]haps traceable to elem5ts 9 ! doctr9e ( ,prie/ley1 & pass$ on by ,mr4 ,fox to ,rob]t ,br[n+4 #agde ,9 #ahfd ! *>ge pass$ to ,moncure ,d4 ,conway1 "u :om ! congregation quietly advanc$ dur+ tw5ty ye>s f ,unit>ianism to a non-scriptural rationalism1 embrac+ ! %ades ( philosophic !ism1 agno/icism1 & anti-!ism4 ,9 ,conway's ,lessons = ! ,day w be f\nd a s]ies ( peculi>ly vivid mem5tos ( t p]iod1 a k9d ( it9]>y1 m intimate ?an any retrospective record4 ,! latt] "p ( 8 life1 p>tly pres]v$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ autobiographies ( ! c5tury1 0 sp5t betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 travel4 ,aft] 8 fir/ )drawal to ! ,/ates 9 #ahhd ! ,in/itute became an op5 plat=m = rationali/ & non-!ological e?ics & social & hi/orical tea*+1 & x n[ /&s z an ,e?ical ,society 9 t\* ) ! num]\s gr\ps s nam$ :i* h come into exi/5ce 9 ,engl& 9 ! la/ doz5 ye>s on l9es orig9ally laid d[n by ,dr4 ,felix ,adl] 9 ,new ,york4 ,at ! "t ( ! pres5t writ+ ! ,engli% societies ( ?is k9d numb] betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty1 ! majority be+ 9 ,london & its environs4 ,_! op5 adh]5ts1 :o are "s ?\s&s /rong1 are 9 mo/ cases non-!i/ic rationali/s1 & include _m =m] memb]s ( ! ,secul>i/ movem5t1 ( :i* ! organization has latt]ly dw9dl$4 ,on p>tly simil> l9es !re 7 develop$ 9 prov9cial t[ns ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury a small numb] ( ,lab\r ,*ur*es1 9 :i* ! t5d5cy 0 to sub/itute a rationali/ humanit>ian e?ic = sup]naturalism2 & ! same lectur]s frequ5tly spoke f _! plat=ms & f ^? ( ,e?ical & ,secul>i/ societies4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ! ,lab\r ,*ur*es h t5d$ to disappe>4 ,all ?is means no resumption ( *ur*-go+1 b1 by ! confession ( ! ,*ur*es1 a complet] secul>ization ( ! ,sunday4 #ad4 ,alongside ( ! l9es ( movem5t be=e sket*$1 !re has subsi/$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a consid]able organization ( ,unit>ianism4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 /rong en\gh to obta9 ! repeal 7#ahac7 ( ! p5al laws aga9/ anti-,tr9it>ianism1 :]eaft] ! use ( ! "n ,unit>ian became m common1 & a sect s call$ 0 f\nd$ =mally 9 #ahbe4 ,:5 ! h]etical prea*]s ( ! ,presbyt]ian sect began op5ly to decl>e !mselves z ,unit>ians1 !re naturally arose a prote/ f ! or?odox1 & an attempt 0 made 9 #ahcc to save f its new de/9ation ! prop]ty own$ by ! h]etical congregations4 #agdf ,?is 0 fru/rat$ by ! ,diss5t]s' ,*apels ,act ( #ahdd1 :i* gave to ea* gr\p s+ly ! p[] to int]pret its tru/ 9 its own fa%ion4 ,!nce=w>d ! sect prosp]$ consid]ably1 albeit n s greatly z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! c5tury ,engli% ,unit>ianism has be5 associat$ ) s*ol>%ip ?r\gh su* names z ,john ,k5rick & ,samuel ,%>pe1 ! hi/orians ( ,egypt1 & ,j4 ,j4 ,tayl]2 &1 less directly1 ) philosophy 9 ! p]son ( ,dr4 ,james ,m>t9eau1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 r a coadjutor ?an a *ampion ( ! sect4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! movem5t1 greatly aid$ to popul>ity by ! eloqu5t humanism ( ! two ,*ann+s1 lo/ ! pre/ige ( ! "n ( ,em]son1 :o _h be5 "o ( its m9i/]s1 by ! inability ( 8 congregation to g ! :ole way ) him 9 8 op9ions4 ,9 #ahec ,em]son told ! "y ,moncure ,conway t ! ,unit>ian ,*ur*es 7 /at$ to be no long] produc+ m9i/]s equal to _! =]unn]s1 b 7 m & m f9d+ _! be/ m5 9 ^? com+ f or?odox ,*ur*es1 :o w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h "s en?usiasm = _! new fai?4 #agdg ,latt]ly ,unit>ians h be5 entitl$ to say t ! ,tr9it>ian ,*ur*es are approximat+ to _! position4 #agdh ,su* an approa*1 h[ev]1 involves r a weak5+ ?an a /r5g!n+ ( ! small] body2 ?\gh "s ( its tea*]s are to ! full z bigot$ & embitt]$ 9 _! propag&a z ! bulk ( ! traditionally or?odox4 ,o!rs adh]e to _! ritual practices 9 ! _s ( use & wont1 z ,em]son f\nd :5 he s\ght to rationalize 9 8 own ,*ur* ! usage ( ! eu*>i/4 #agdi ,on ! o!r h&1 numb]s h pass$ f ,unit>ianism to ?or\ghgo+ rationalism2 & "s :ole congregations1 foll[+ m or less ! example ( t ( ,s\? ,place ,*apel1 h latt]ly rea*$ a position sc>cely di/+ui%able f t ( ! ,e?ical ,societies4 #ae4 ,a p>tly simil> evolution has tak5 place among ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es ( ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,hung>y1 & ,holl&4 ,fr5* ,prote/antism c\ld n b be intellectually mov$ by ! int5se f]m5t ( ! ,revolution2 &1 :5 f9ally secur$ aga9/ active oppression f ! ,ca?olic side1 c\ld n b develop an intellectual opposition to ! ,ca?olic ,reaction aft] #ahae4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 always 9 intellectual t\* ) ,france & ,g]many1 ! t5d5cies :i* _h be5 /amp$ z ,soc9ian 9 ! days ( ,voltaire soon reass]t$ !mselves s /rongly z to provoke fanatical reaction4 #agej ,! nom9ation ( ,/rauss to a *air ( !ology at ,zri* by a ,radical ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahci actually gave rise to a viol5t revolt1 inflam$ & l$ by ,prote/ant cl]gym54 ,! ,executive ,c\ncil 7 expell$1 & a numb] ( p]sons kill$ 9 ! /rife4 #agea ,9 ! canton ( ,a>gau 9 #ahda1 aga91 ! cry ( religion 9 dang] suffic$ to br+ ab\t a ,ca?olic insurrection aga9/ a ,lib]al ,c\ncil2 & yet aga9 9 #ahdd x l$1 among ! ,ca?olics ( ! ,valais canton1 to ! bloodie/ insurrection ( all4 ,s9ce ^! disgraceful outbreaks ! progress ( ,rationalism 9 ,switz]l& has be5 /eady4 ,9 #ahdg a *air 0 giv5 at ,b]ne to ! rationali/ic s*ol> ,zell]1 )\t any su* resi/ance z 0 made to ,/rauss at ,zri*4 ,9 #ahib1 out ( a total numb] ( #c1aea /ud5ts 9 ! five univ]sities ( ,switz]l& & 9 ! academies ( ,frib\rg & ,neu*tel1 ! numb] ( !ological /ud5ts 0 only #cgd1 positively less ?an t ( ! tea*+ /aff1 :i* 0 #dca4 ,leav+ out ! academies nam$1 :i* _h no m$ical faculty1 ! numb] ( !ological /ud5ts /ood at #bge out ( #b1iag4 ,! ,*ur* 9 ,switz]l& has ?us und]gone ! relative re/riction 9 p[] & pre/ige se5 9 ! o!r ,european c\ntries ( long-e/abli%$ culture4 ,! evolution1 h[ev]1 rema9s negative r ?an positive4 ,?\gh a numb] ( pa/ors latt]ly call !mselves libres p5seurs or p5seurs libres1 & a movem5t ( e?ical culture 7morale sociale7 has made progress1 ! =ces ( positive free?\ght are n num]ically /rong4 ,an economic basis /ill supports ! ,*ur*es1 & ! lack ( x leaves rationalism non-aggressive4 #ageb ,a some:at simil> /ate ( ?+s exi/s 9 ,holl&1 :]e ! high] criticism ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts made notable progress 9 ! middle decades ( ! c5tury4 ,!re !n result$ n only an ext5sive decay ( or?odoxy )9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 b a movem5t ( aggressive popul> free?\ght1 :i* 0 = a numb] ( ye>s well repres5t$ 9 j\rnalism4 ,to-day1 or?odoxy & free?\ght are alike less demon/rative2 ! broad explanation be+ t ! ,dut* p 9 ! mass has ceas$ to be pieti/ic1 & has secul>iz$ its life4 ,ev5 9 ! ,bible-lov+ ,bo] ,republic ( ,s\? ,africa 7,transvaal71 9 its "t "o ( ! mo/ or?odox ( ! civiliz$ communities ( ! _w1 !re 0 se5 9 ! pa/ g5]ation ! ph5om5on ( an agno/ic ex-cl]gyman's election to ! po/ ( presid5t1 9 ! p]son ( ,t4 ,f4 ,burg]s1 :o succe$$ ,pretorius 9 #ahga4 ,8 election 0 ( c\rse on political & n on religi\s gr\nds2 & panic fe> on ! score ( 8 h]esy1 besides driv+ "s fanatics to emigrate1 is said to h disorganiz$ a ,bo] exp$ition "u 8 comm&2 #agec b 8 views 7 kn[n :5 he 0 elect$4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahii-aijb ! t]rible exp]i5ce ( ! la/ ,bo] ,w>1 9 ,s\? ,africa z 9 ,brita91 p]haps did m to turn critical m9ds aga9/ sup]naturalism ?an 0 accompli%$ by almo/ any o!r ag5cy 9 ! same p]iod4 ,9 ,brita9 ! ov]turn 0 by way ( ! revolt ( _m e?ically-m9d$ ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! attitude ( ! or?odox *ur*es1 :i* 7 s g5]ally & s unscrupul\sly bellig]5t z to a/oni% _m ev5 ( _! free?9k+ oppon5ts4 #aged ,z reg>ds ! ,bo]s & ! ,cape ,dut* ! resultant unbelief 0 among ! y\ng] m51 :o h>ass$ _! eld]s ) *all5ges z to ! ju/ice or ! activity ( a ,god :o p]mitt$ ! lib]ties ( 8 mo/ devot$ wor%ipp]s to be wantonly de/roy$4 ,among ! m educat$ burgh]s 9 ! ,orange ,free ,/ate comm&os unbelief ass]t$ itself ) increas+ =ce & frequ5cy4 #agee ,an e?ical rationalism ?us motiv$ is n likely to be displac$2 & ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( ,brita9 h ?us ! sob]+ k t ! w> :i* !y s vocif]\sly glorifi$ #agef has wr\ght to ! discr$it ( _! cre$ alike 9 _! own c\ntry & among ! vanqui%$4 #af4 ,! hi/ory ( popul> free?\ght 9 ,sw$5 yields a good illu/ration1 9 a compact =m1 #ageg ( ! normal play ( =ces & c\nt]-=ces4 ,s9ce ! day ( ,*ri/9a1 z we saw1 ?\gh !re h be5 _m evid5ces ( passive unbelief1 active rationalism has be5 little kn[n 9 h] k+dom d[n till mod]n times1 ,sw$5 z a :ole hav+ be5 little t\*$ by ! great f]m5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution1 h[ev]1 /irr$ ! wat]s !re z else:]e4 ,tegnr1 ! poet-bi%op1 au?or ( ! once-fam\s ,fri?i('s ,saga1 0 notable 9 8 day = a det]m9$ rejection ( ! evangelical doctr9e ( salvation2 & 8 lett]s conta9 mu* criticism ( ! rul+ sy/em4 ,b ! fir/ recognizable *ampion ( free?\ght 9 ,sw$5 is ! ?9k] & hi/orian ,e4 ,g4 ,geij] 7d4 #ahdg71 ^: hi/ory ( 8 native l& is "o ( ! be/ ,european p]=mances ( 8 g5]ation4 ,9 #ahbj he 0 prosecut$ = 8 attack ^u ! dogmas ( ! ,tr9ity & r$emption--long ! special !mes ( discussion 9 ,sw$5--9 8 book ,?orild2 b 0 acquitt$ by ! jury4 ,!nce=? ,sw$5 foll[s ! g5]al developm5t ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahda ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu 0 translat$ 9 ,sw$i%1 & wr\ght its usual effect4 ,on ! popul> side ! poet ,wilhelm von ,braun c>ri$ on an anti-,biblical w>f>e2 & a blacksmi? 9 a prov9cial t[n contriv$ to pr9t 9 #ahej a translation ( ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason4 ,once m ! _s ( p]secution blaz$ =?1 & he 0 prosecut$ & imprison$4 ,h4 ,b4 ,palma] 7d4 #ahed7 0 likewise prosecut$ = 8 satire1 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t 9 ,cocaigne 7,krkw9kel71 ) ! result t 8 def5ce ext5d$ 8 influ5ce4 ,9 ! same p]iod ! ,/ockholm curate ,nils ,ignell 7d4 #ahfd7 produc$ a :ole s]ies ( critical pamphlets & a naturali/ic ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,man1 besides supply+ a preface to ! ,sw$i% translation ( ,r5an's ,vie de ,jsus4 ,meantime translations ( ! works ( ,!odore ,p>k]1 by ,v4 ,pfeiff & ,a4 ,f4 ,ak]b]g1 _h a l>ge circulation & a wide influ5ce2 & ! c\rage ( ! gymnasium rector ,n4 ,j4 ,cram] 7d4 #ahic71 au?or ( ,! ,f>ewell to ! ,*ur*1 gave an edge to ! movem5t4 ,! p>tly rationali/ic doctr9e ( ,victor ,rydb]g 7d4 #ahie7 0 9 comp>ison uncritical1 & 0 proportionally popul>4 ,on ano!r l9e ! books ( ,dr4 ,nils ,lilja 7d4 #ahgj71 writt5 = work+ p1 creat$ a curr5t ( rationalism among ! masses2 & 9 ! next g5]ation ,g4 ,j4 ,leuf/$t ma9ta9$ x by popul> lectures & by ! issue ( translations ( ,col5so1 ,+]soll1 ,b*n]1 & ,r5an4 ,hjalm> ,/rom] 7d4 #ahhf7 did simil> plat=m "w4 ,meantime ! foll[]s ( ,p>k] & ,rydb]g f\nd$ 9 #ahgg a mon?ly review1 ,! ,tru?seek]1 :i* la/$ till #ahid1 & an association ( ,believ]s 9 ,reason1 closely resembl+ ! ,briti% ,e?ical ,societies ( our own day4 ,among its lead+ adh]5ts has be5 ,k4 ,p4 ,arnoldson1 ! well-kn[n peace advocate4 ,lib]al cl]ics 7 n[ fairly num]\s2 ,positivism1 repres5t$ by ,dr4 ,anton ,ny/rm's ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 play$ its "p2 & ! m radical free?9k+ movem5t1 n\ri%$ by new translations1 became specially active1 ) ! usual effect on or?odox feel+4 ,augu/ ,/r9db]g1 au?or & lectur]1 0 prosecut$ 9 #ahhd on a *>ge ( ridicul+ ! eu*>i/1 b 0 decl>$ n guilty4 ,! /r5u\s ,victor ,l5n/r&1 lectur] & j\rnali/1 prosecut$ 9 #ahhh & lat] = 8 anti-,*ri/ian propag&a1 0 twice f9$ & imprison$1 ) ! result ( ext5d+ 8 influ5ce & discr$it+ 8 oppon5ts4 ,utilit>ian ,associations1 creat$ by 8 activity1 7 set up 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & 8 movem5t survives 8 dea?4 #ag4 ,only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ! public lecture plat=m be5 made a means ( propag&a to any?+ l ! ext5t se5 9 ,brita92 & ! greate/ "p ( ! "w 9 ! ,/ates has ?us f> be5 done by ! late ,colonel ,+]soll1 ! lead+ ,am]ican orator ( ! la/ g5]ation1 & ! mo/ widely influ5tial plat=m propag&i/ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,no o!r s+le free?9k]1 x is believ$1 has rea*$ su* an audi5ce by public spee*2 & betwe5 8 propag&a & t ( ! free?\ght j\rnals !re has be5 ma9ta9$ = a g5]ation back a l>ge body ( vigor\s free?9k+ op9ion 9 all p>ts ( ! ,/ates4 ,be=e ! ,civil ,w> ?is c\ld h>dly be said4 ,9 ! middle decades ( ! c5tury ! conditions _h be5 s little *ang$ t aft] ! dea? ( ,presid5t ,l9coln1 :o 0 c]ta9ly a non-,*ri/ian dei/1 & an agno/ic dei/ at t1 #ageh x 0 s\ght to be e/abli%$ t he 0 latt]ly or?odox4 ,9 8 presid5tial campaign ( #ahfj he escap$ attack on 8 op9ions simply because 8 oppon5t1 ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas1 0 likewise an unbeliev]4 #agei ,! great negro orator1 ,fr$]ick ,d\glas1 0 z het]odox z ,l9coln4 #agfj ,x is ev5 alleg$ t ,presid5t ,grant #agfa 0 ( ! same ca/ ( op9ion4 ,su* is ! g5]al drift ( intellig5t ?\ght 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,wa%+ton onw>ds2 & /ill ! social conditions impose on public m5 ! burd5 ( concealm5t1 :ile popul> hi/ory is g>bl$ = ! same reasons4 ,despite ! great propag&i/ p[] ( ! late ,colonel ,+]soll1 !re=e1 ,am]ican free?\ght rema9s dep5d5t l>gely on /ruggl+ organizations & j\rnals1 #agfb & its special lit]ature is r ( ! popul>iz+ ?an ( ! s*ol>ly ord]4 ,n[h]e else has e new advance ( rationali/ic sci5ce be5 m angrily oppos$ by ! prie/hood2 because n[h]e is ! ord9>y prejudice ( ! prie/ m voluble or bett]-bottom$ 9 self-complac5cy4 ,z late z #ahia ! ,me?odi/ ,bi%op ,ke5] deliv]$ a ridicul\s attack on ! evolution !ory be=e ! ,o,ecumenical ,c\ncil ( ,me?odism at ,wa%+ton1 decl>+ t x _h be5 utt]ly refut$ by a c]ta9 wond]ful deposit ( ! ,a%ley b$s4 #agfc ,v>i\s pr(essors 9 ecclesia/ical colleges h be5 driv5 f _! po/s = accept+ 9 turn ! discov]ies ( geology1 biology1 & ! high] criticism--= in/ance1 ,woodr[ ( ,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 ,toy ( ,l\isville2 ,w9*ell ( ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity2 & m ?an "o pr(essor 9 ! ,am]ican college at ,beyr\t4 #agfd ,9 e "o ( ! ?ree =m] cases1 x is true1 ! d5\nc$ pr(essor has be5 call$ to a bett] *air2 & latt]ly "s ( ! m lib]al cl]gy h ev5 comm]cially exploit$ ! high] criticism by produc+ ! ,ra9b[ ,bible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %e] preoccupation ) bus9ess1 & lack ( leisure1 c\nt]act 9 a measure ! relative advantage ( social fre$om2 & :ile culture is m widely diffus$ ?an 9 ,engl&1 x rema9s on ! :ole less radical 9 ! educat$ classes s-call$4 ,s f> z x is possible to make a quantitative e/imate1 x may be said t 9 ! m d5sely populat$ p>ts ( ! ,/ates !re is latt]ly less ( /udi\s free?9k+ because !re is less leisure ?an 9 ,engl&2 b t 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates !re is a relative sup]iority1 class = class1 because ( ! special fre$om ( ! conditions & ! indep5d5t "* ( _m ( ! immigrants :o con/itute ! new populations4 #agfe ,section #b4--;,biblical ,criticism ,x is )9 ! la/ g5]ation t ! critical analysis ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian sacr$ books has be5 mo/ g5]ally c>ri$ on2 b ! process has nev] be5 susp5d$ s9ce ! ,g]man ,aufklrung arose on ! /imuli ( ,engli% & ,fr5* deism4 #a4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 educat$ m5 9 g5]al believ$ 9 ! ,semitic my?s ( creation1 z giv5 9 ,g5esis3 long be=e ! end ( x !y _h m or less explicitly rectifi$ _! beliefs 9 ! light ( new natural sci5ce & new ar*ology4 ,! *ange became rapid aft] #ahfj2 b x _h be5 l$ up to ev5 9 ! p]iod ( reaction4 ,:ile 9 ,france1 "u ! re/or$ mon>*y1 rationali/ic activity 0 ma9ly head$ into hi/orical1 philosophical1 & sociological /udy1 & 9 ,engl& or?odoxy pr$om9at$ 9 !ological discussion1 ! ,g]man rationali/ic movem5t w5t on among ! speciali/s1 despite ! lib]al religi\s reaction ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 #agff :o himself gave =? su* an unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,8 case & t ( 8 fa!r1 an army *apla91 tell signally ( ! p[] ( ! m]e cl]ical occupation to develop a species ( emotional belief 9 "o :o has ev5 atta9$ rationalism4 ,:5 ! son1 tra9$ = ! *ur*1 av[$ to 8 fa!r 7#aghg7 t he _h lo/ fai? 9 ! sup]natural ,jesus1 ! fa!r pr(ess$ to m\rn bitt]ly1 b ?ree ye>s lat] av[$ t he 9 8 own y\? _h prea*$ ,*ri/ianity = twelve ye>s :ile simil>ly disbeliev+ its fundam5tal t5et4 #agfg ,he pr(essionally c\nsell$ compromise1 :i* ! son duly practis$1 ) su* success t1 :]eas he orig9ally address$ 8 ,disc\rses on ,religion 7#agii7 to ! educat$ among its despis]s1 he 0 able to say 9 ! preface to ! ?ird edition1 tw5ty ye>s lat] 7#ahba71 t ! ne$ n[ 0 to reason ) ! pieti/s & lit]ali/s1 ! ignorant & bigot$1 ! cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s4 #agfh ,9 %ort1 he & o!rs _h be5 able to set up a fa%ion ( poetic religion among dei/s1 b n to light5 ! d>kness ( or?odox belief4 ,! o/5sible religi\s revival associat$ ) ,s*lei]ma*]'s "n 0 9 fact a reaction ( temp]am5t1 ak9 to ! romantic movem5t 9 lit]ature1 ( :i* ,*ateaubri& 9 ,france 0 ! expon5t z reg>d$ religi\s feel+4 ,! ,g]man rationalism ( ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) its /olid translation ( ! miracul\s into ! hi/orical1 & its (ficial accommodation ( ! result to ! purposes ( ! pulpit1 _h n rea*$ any firm sci5tific f\ndation2 & ,s*lei]ma*] on ! o!r side1 prote/+ t religion 0 a matt] n ( k b ( feel+1 attract$ alike ! religi\s emotionali/s1 ! seek]s ( compromise1 & ! romantics4 ,8 p]sonal & lit]>y *>m1 & 8 tol]ance ( mundane morals1 gave him a ,g]man vogue n unlike t ( ,*ateaubri& 9 ,france4 ,8 intellectual ca/ & ultimate philosophic bias1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) 8 fre$om ( private life1 #agfi ultimately ali5at$ him f ! or?odox1 & ?us x 0 t he di$ 7#ahcd7 9 ! od\r ( h]esy4 ,h]esy1 9 fact1 he _h prea*$ f ! outset2 & x 0 only 9 a highly emancipat$ society t 8 tea*+ c\ld h be5 fa%ionable4 ,! /atem5t t by 8 ,disc\rses ) "o /roke he ov]?rew ! c>d-ca/le ( rationalism & ! old =tress ( or?odoxy #aggj is lit]ally q false1 = ! old compromis+ pseudo-rationalism surviv$ a long :ile1 & or?odoxy /ill long]2 & x is q mislead+ inasmu* z x sugge/s a resurg5ce ( fai?4 ,! same hi/orian proce$s to record t "s saw 9 ! "w only a slightly disguis$ return to sup]/ition1 & o!rs a brilliant confession ( unbelief4 ,! g5]al public saw 9 ! ,disc\rses a new assault ( romanticism ^u religion4 ,! cl]gy 9 p>ticul> 7 pa9fully ar\s$1 & did n dissemble _! irritation4 ,spald+ himself c\ld n re/ra9 8 ang]4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s fri5d ,sa*1 :o _h pass$ ! ,disc\rses 9 manuscript1 woke up to d5\nce !m z un*ri/ian1 pan!i/ic1 & d5ud$ ( ! ideas ( ,god1 immortality1 & morality4 #agga ,9 ,engl& ! "w w\ld h be5 s d5\nc$ on all sides2 & ! bulk ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s tea*+ w\ld !re h be5 reckon$ revolution>y & godless4 ,he 0 a lov] ( bo? political & social fre$om2 & 9 8 ,two ,memor&a on ! ,*ur* ,"q 9 reg>d to ,prussia 7#ahjc7 he made a v]itable decl>ation ( w> on ! cl]ical _s4 #aggb ,recogniz+ t ecclesia/ical discipl9e _h rea*$ a l[ ebb1 he ev5 propos$ t civil m>riage %\ld prec$e religi\s m>riage1 & be alone obligatory2 besides plann+ a dra/ic subjection ( ! ,prussian ,*ur* to ,/ate regulation4 #aggc ,9 8 pamphlet on ,! ,s-call$ ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 ( :i* he d5i$ ! au!nticity1 he play$ ! "p ( a de/ructive critic4 #aggd ,he saw ) pa9 ! approa* ( ! ris+ tide ( confessionalism--t is1 ! movem5t = an exact /atem5t ( cre$4 #agge ,nor c x be said t1 despite 8 attempts 9 lat] life to rea* a m def9ite !ology1 ,s*lei]ma*] really held firmly any ,*ri/ian or ev5 !i/ic dogma4 ,he seems to h be5 at bottom a pan!i/2 #aggf & ! secret ( 8 attraction = s _m ,g]man prea*]s & !ologians !n & s9ce is t he (f]$ !m 9 eloqu5t & mov+ diction a k9d ( pr(ession ( fai? :i* avoid$ alike ! fatal und]tak+ ( ! old religi\s rationalism to r$uce ! sacr$ n>ratives to t]ms ( reason1 & ! dogg$ refusal ( or?odoxy to admit t !re 0 any?+ to expla9 away4 ,philosophically & critically speak+1 8 tea*+ has no la/+ intellectual sub/ance1 be+ fir/ a negation ( intellectual te/s & !n a belat$ attempt to apply !m4 ,x is n ev5 orig9al1 be+ a developm5t f ,r\sseau & ,less+4 ,b x _h und\bt$ly a free+ & civiliz+ influ5ce = _m ye>s2 & x did little h>m save ins(> z x fo/]$ ! ,g]man proclivity to ! nebul\s 9 ?\ght & language1 & p>tly enc\rag$ ! normal resi/ance to ! critical _s4 ,all irrationalism1 to be sure1 9 "s sort spells self-w & lawlessness2 b ! or?odox negation ( reason 0 f> m primitive ?an ,s*lei]ma*]'s4 ,f t side1 accord+ly1 he nev] _h any sympa?y4 ,:51 soon aft] 8 fun]al1 9 :i* 8 c(f9 0 borne & foll[$ by troops ( /ud5ts1 8 *ur* 0 clos$ to ! fri5ds :o wi%$ !re to commemorate him1 x 0 fairly cle> t 8 own popul>ity lay ma9ly ) ! progressive spirits1 & n among ! or?odox2 & 9 ! end 8 influ5ce t5d$ to m]ge 9 t ( ! critical movem5t4 #aggg #b4 ,gradually t _h develop$ a great] precision ( me?od1 ?\gh !re 7 to be witness$ repetitions ( ! intellectual anomalies ( ! pa/1 s-call$ rationali/s los+ ! way :ile sup]naturali/s occasionally f\nd x4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,reuss t ,paulus1 a cl]ical rationali/1 f\ght = ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* ,?oluck1 a reconv]t$ evangelical1 gave up ! ,paul9e au?or%ip z hopeless2 t :5 ,s*lei]ma*]1 o/5sibly a believ] 9 inspiration1 d5i$ ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 ! !ological rationali/ ,wegs*eid] oppos$ him2 & t ! rationali/ic ,ei*horn ma9ta9$ ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu* long aft] ! sup]naturali/ ,vat] _h disprov$ x4 #aggh ,/ill ! g5]al movem5t 0 inevitably & irrevocably rationali/ic4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 criticism gradually saw m & m ( m]e my? :]e ( old m5 _h se5 miracle1 & :]e ! fir/ rationali/s saw natural ev5ts misconceiv$4 ,soon ! process rea*$ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 e successive /ep be+ resi/$ 9 ! old fa%ion2 & mu* labori\s "w1 n[ mo/ly =gott51 0 done by a :ole company ( s*ol>s1 among :om ,paulus1 ,ei*horn1 ,de ,wette1 ,g4 ,l4 ,bau]1 ,wegs*eid]1 ,brets*neid]1 & ,gabl] 7 prom95t4 #aggi ,! tra9 z x 7 explod$ on ! _w 9 ! great ,life ( ,jesus by ,/rauss 7#ahce71 a ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,?is 0 9 "s respects ! high-wat] m>k ( rational critical sci5ce = ! c5tury1 inasmu* z x repres5t$ ! fulle/ use ( free judgm5t4 ,! p[]ful & ord]ly m9d ( ,/rauss1 work+ sy/ematically on a l>ge body ( previ\s unsy/ematic criticism1 produc$ some?+ m massive & coh]5t ?an any previ\s writ] _h a*iev$4 ,x 0 n t he appli$ any new pr9ciple4 ,criticism _h long be5 sl[ly dis5gag+ itself f ! prim>y fallacy ( tak+ all scriptural records z /&+ = facts1 & expla9+ away ! sup]natural side4 ,/ep by /ep x 0 recogniz$ t n mis9t]pretation ( ev5ts b my?ology und]lay mu* ( ! sacr$ hi/ory4 ,already 9 #agii an anonym\s & almo/ unnotic$ writ] #aghj _h argu$ t ! entire gospel /ory 0 a pre-exi/5t conception 9 ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,9 #ahjb ,g4 ,l4 ,bau] _h produc$ a treatise on ,hebrew ,my?ology1 #agha 9 :i* n only 0 ! actuality ( my? 9 ,bible n>rative insi/$ on1 b ! g5]al pr9ciple ( animism 9 savage ?\ght 0 cle>ly =mulat$4 ,seml] _h se5 t ! /ories ( ,samson & ,e/h] 7 my?s4 ,ev5 ,ei*horn--:o r$uc$ all ! ,old ,te/am5t /ories to natural ev5ts misund]/ood1 accept$ ,noah & ! patri>*s z hi/orical p]sonages1 & foll[$ ,bahrdt 9 mak+ ,moses light a fire on ,m\nt ,s9ai--*ang$ 8 me?od on com+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & po9t$ out t only indemon/rable hypo!ses c\ld be rea*$ by turn+ sup]natural ev5ts into natural :]e !re 0 no outside hi/orical evid5ce4 ,o!r writ]s--z ,krug1 ,gabl]1 ,kais]1 ,wegs*eid]1 & ,hor/--ably press$ ! my?ical pr9ciple1 "s ( !m prec$+ ,bau]4 ,! s-call$ natural !ory--:i* 0 n at all t ( ! naturali/s b ! specialty ( ! compromis+ rationali/s--0 ?us effectively %ak5 by a :ole s]ies ( critics4 ,b ! p[] ( intellectual habit & environm5t 0 /ill /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! inability ( all ( ! critics to %ake (f completely ! old fallacy4 ,bau] expla9$ ! div9e promise to ,abraham z /&+ = ! patri>*'s own prophetic anticipation1 set up by a contemplation ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,ano!r gave up ! sup]natural promise ( ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/1 b held to ! dumbness ( ,ze*>iah4 ,krug simil>ly accept$ ! item ( ! *ildless m>riage1 & claim$ to be apply+ ! my?ical pr9ciple 9 tak+ ! ,magi )\t ! />1 & call+ !m ori5tal m]*ants4 ,kais] took ! /ory ( ! fi% ) a co9 9 its m\? z fact1 :ile compla9+ ( o!r less absurd r$uctions ( miracle to natural occurr5ces4 ,! me?od ( ,paulus1 #aghb ! ,*ri/ian ,evm]os--:o loyally reject$ all miracles1 b got rid ( !m on ! plan ( expla9+1 e4g41 t :5 ,jesus 0 suppos$ to be walk+ on ! wat] he 0 really walk+ on ! bank--0 /ill popul>1 a g5]ation aft] ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,r$54 ,! my?ical !ory z a :ole w5t on hesitat+ among def9itions & g5]a--saga & leg5d1 hi/orical my?1 my?ical hi/ory1 philosophical my?1 poetic my?--& ! diff]5ces ( ! my?ological s*ool ov] me?od arre/$ ! acceptance ( _! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 #c4 ,no less rem>kable 0 ! *eck to ! few attempts :i* _h be5 made at cle>+ ! gr\nd by remov+ ! ,f\r? ,gospel f ! hi/orical field4 ,less+ _h tak5 ?is gospel z peculi>ly hi/orical1 z did ,fi*te & ,s*lei]ma*] & ! ma9 body ( critics aft] him4 ,only 9 ,engl& 7by ,evanson7 _h ! case be5 m radically h&l$4 ,9 #ahbj ,brets*neid]1 foll[+ up a few t5tative ,g]man utt]ances1 put =?1 by way ( hypo!sis1 a g5]al argum5t #aghc to ! effect t ! :ole pres5tm5t ( ,jesus 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is irreconcilable ) t ( ! ,synoptics1 t x c\ld n be tak5 z hi/orical1 & t x c\ld n !re=e be ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 #aghd ,! result 0 a g5]al discussion & a g5]al rejection4 ,! innovation 9 !ory 0 too sudd5 = assimilation3 & ,brets*neid]1 f9d+ no support1 lat] decl>$ t he _h be5 reliev$ ( 8 d\bts by ! discussion1 & _h ?us atta9$ 8 object4 ,/rauss himself1 9 8 fir/ ,leb5 ,jesu1 fail$ to realize ! case2 & x 0 n till ! second 7#ahfc7 t he develop$ x1 pr(it+ by ! int]m$iate "w ( ,f4 ,c4 ,baur4 #d4 ,b z reg>ds ! gospel hi/ory 9 g5]al1 ! fir/ ,leb5 ,jesu is a great advance 9 =ce z comp>$ ) all prec$+ "w4 ,himself hold+ und\bt+ly to ! vital assumption ( ! rationaliz+ s*ool t ! c5tral /ory ( ,jesus & ! disciples & ! crucifixion 0 hi/ory1 he yet appli$ ! my?ical pr9ciple sy/ematically to ne>ly all ! episodes1 h&l+ ! case ) ! calmness ( a great judge & ! skill ( a great critic4 ,ev5 ,/rauss1 inde$1 paid ! p5alty :i* seems s g5]ally to atta* to ! academic discipl9e--! lack ( ultimate hold on life4 ,aft] %[+ t mu* ( ! gospel n>rative 0 m]e my?1 & leav+ utt]ly problematical all ! re/1 he saw fit to beg9 & end ) ! ann\ncem5t t no?+ really matt]$--t ! ideal ,jesus 0 unaffect$ by hi/oric analysis1 & t x 0 ! ideal t c\nt$4 #aghe ,9 a _w 9 :i* n9e hone/ believ]s out ( t5 held t ! facts matt]$ ev]y?+1 !re c\ld be no spe$y or practical triumph = a demon/ration :i* ?us ann\nc$ its own inutility4 ,/rauss _h a*iev$ = ,new ,te/am5t criticism :at ,kant & ,fi*te & ,hegel _h compass$ = rational philosophy 9 g5]al1 o/5sibly pr(f]+ toge!r bane & antidote4 ,z 9 _! case1 h[ev]1 s 9 81 ! truly critical "w _h an effect 9 despite ( ! !oretic surr5d]4 ,among in/ruct$ m51 hi/orical belief 9 ! gospels has nev] be5 ! same s9ce ,/rauss wrote2 & he liv$ to figure = 8 c\ntrym5 z "o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ free?9k]s ( 8 age4 #e4 ,= a "t !re 0 und\bt$ly reaction1 eng9e]$ ) ! full p[] ( ! ,prussian ,/ate 9 p>ticul>4 ,! pi\s ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv1 already furi\s aga9/ ,swiss ,radicalism 9 #ahdg1 0 mov$ by ! revolution>y outbreaks ( #ahdh to a fi]ce repression ( ev]y?+ lib]al 9 !ological tea*+4 ,?is dismal p]iod ( ,prussian hi/ory 0 ! bloom-p]iod ( ! ,h5g/]b]gan !ology #aghf--! s*ool ( rabid or?odoxy4 ,9 #ahed1 ,edu>d ,zell]1 br++ out 9 book =m 8 "w on ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7orig9ally produc$ 9 ! ,tb+5 ,!ological ,j\rnal1 #ahdh-ea71 writes t ,! ex]tions ( our ecclesia/ics1 assi/$ by political reaction1 h be5 s effectual t ! majority ( our !ologians n only look ) suspicion or indiff]5ce on ?is or t sci5tific op9ion1 b reg>d sci5tific k 9 g5]al ) ! same feel+s2 & he leaves x an op5 "q :e!r "t w br+ a *ange1 or :e!r ,g]man ,prote/antism w /agnate 9 ! ,byzant9e conditions t[>ds :i* x is n[ ha/5+ ) all sail on4 #aghg ,= 8 own "p1 ,zell] ab&on$ ! field ( !ology = t ( philosophy1 produc+ a hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 & "o ( ,g]man philosophy s9ce ,leibnitz4 #f4 ,ano!r exp]t ( ,baur's s*ool1 ,albre*t ,s*wegl]1 au?or ( works on ,montanism1 ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age1 & o!r problems ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 & ( a ,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy :i* = half a c5tury _h an imm5se circulation1 0 simil>ly driv5 out ( !ological rese>* by ! virul5ce ( ! reaction1 #aghh & turn$ to ! task ( ,roman hi/ory1 9 :i* he di/+ui%$ himself z he did 9 e o!r he essay$4 ,! bra9s 7 be+ expell$ f ! *airs ( !ology4 ,b ?is v fact t5d$ to discr$it ! reaction itself2 & outside ( ! ,prussian sph]e ( influ5ce ,g]man criticism w5t actively on4 ,gu/av ,volkm>1 turn+ 8 back on ,g]many 9 #ahed1 settl$ 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 #ahfc became pr(essor at ,zri*1 :]e he add$ to 8 e>ly ,religion ,jesu 7#aheg7 & o!r p[]ful works 8 treatises on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,gospels 7#ahff71 ,! ,gospels 7#ahfi71 ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse 7#ahfj-fe71 & ,jesus ,naz>5us 7#ahha7--;all /r+5t critical p]=mances1 irreconcilable ) or?odoxy4 ,else:]e too !re 0 a g5]al resumption ( progress4 ,to ?is a c]ta9 contribution 0 made by ,bruno ,bau] 7#ahji-ahhb71 :o1 aft] sett+ out z an or?odox ,hegelian1 outw5t ,/rauss 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 #ahch1 z a lic5tiate at ,bonn1 he produc$ two volumes on ,! ,religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* ! only critical elem5t is ! notion ( a hi/orical evolution ( revelation4 ,soon he _h got beyond belief 9 revelation4 ,9 #ahdj appe>$ 8 ,critique ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory ( ,john1 & 9 #ahda 8 mu* m di/urb+ ,critique ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory ( ! ,synoptics1 :]e9 !re is sub/itut$ = ,/rauss's =mula ( ! community-m9d work+ on tradition1 t ( individual lit]>y con/ruction4 ,weisse & ,wilcke _h conv9c$ him t ,m>k 0 ! fir/ gospel1 & ,wilcke 9 p>ticul> t x 0 no m]e copy ( an oral tradition b an arti/ic con/ruction4 ,z he claim$1 ?is 0 a mu* m positive conception ?an ,/rauss's1 :i* 0 fundam5tally my/]i\s4 #aghi ,un=tunately1 ?\gh he saw t ! new position involv$ ! non-hi/oricity ( ! ,gospel ,jesus1 he left 8 own hi/oric conception my/]i\s1 giv+ no reason :y ! ,urevangeli/ fram$ 8 romance4 ,bau] 0 non-an?ropological1 & left 8 !ory z x began1 "o ( an arbitr>y con/ruction by gospel-mak]s4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 book appe>$ t ( ,ghillany on ,human ,sacrifice among ! anci5t ,hebrews 7#ahdb71 :i* might h giv5 him clues2 b !y seem to h _h = him no significance4 ,z x 01 8 book on ! ,synoptics rais$ a great /orm2 & :5 ! (ficial reque/ = ! views ( ! univ]sity faculties z to ! cont9uance ( 8 lic5ce evok$ v>y+ answ]s1 ,bau] settl$ ! matt] by a viol5t attack on pr(essional !ologians 9 g5]al1 & 0 duly expell$4 #agij ,= ! re/ ( 8 long life he 0 a freelance1 do+ "s relatively valid "w on ! ,paul9e problem1 b p\r+ out 8 turbid _s 9 a v>iety ( political writ+s1 figur+ by turns z an anti-,semite 7#ahdc71 a culture-hi/orian1 #agia & a pre-,bism>ckian imp]iali/1 despair+ ( ,g]man unity1 b look+ hopefully to ,g]man absorption 9 a va/ empire ( ,russia4 #agib ,naturally he f\nd political happ9ess 9 #ahgj1 #agic liv+ on1 a sp5t =ce1 to d fre% books on ,*ri/ian orig9s1 #agid on ,g]man culture-hi/ory1 & on ! glories ( imp]ialism4 #g4 ,9 #ahfd1 aft] an ab/5tion ( tw5ty ye>s f discussion ( ! problem1 ,/rauss re/at$ 8 case 9 a ,life ( ,jesus1 adapt$ = ! ,g]man ,p4 ,"h1 accept+ ! cont5tion ( ,f4 ,c4 ,baur t ! prop] l9e ( inquiry 0 to settle ! ord] ( composition ( ! synoptic gospels1 & agree+ 9 ,baur's view t ,mat!w came fir/1 he und]took to (f] m ( positive result ?an 0 rea*$ 9 8 e>li] rese>*1 :i* simply dealt sci5tifically ) ! abundant elem5ts ( dubiety 9 ! records4 ,! new proc$ure 0 really mu* less valid ?an ! old4 ,baur _h q unw>rantably decid$ t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9ly g5u9e ( ! disc\rses ascrib$ to ,jesus2 #agie & ,/rauss1 :ile exhibit+ a res]ve ( d\bt #agif z to all su* spee*es1 none!less committ$ himself to ! c]ta9 g5u95ess alike ( ! ,s]mon & ( ! sev5 p>ables 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,mat!w4 #agig ,_m s*ol>s :o cont9ue to hold by ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus h s9ce recogniz$ t ! ,s]mon is no real disc\rse1 b a compilation ( gnomic say+s or maxims previ\sly curr5t 9 ,jewi% lit]ature4 #agih ,?us ! c]ta9ties ( ,baur & ,/rauss pass into ! category ( ! crud] c]ta9ties :i* ,/rauss impugn$2 & ! latt] left ! life ( ,jesus an unsolv$ enigma aft] all 8 analysis4 ,z he himself not$1 ! ,g]man ,new ,te/am5t criticism ( ! previ\s tw5ty ye>s _h run to se$ #agii 9 a multitude ( treatises on ! s\rces1 aims1 composition1 & mutual relations ( ! ,synoptics1 z if ^! 7 ! f9al issues4 ,!y _h settl$ no?+2 & aft] a lapse ( fifty ye>s ! same problems are be+ endlessly discuss$4 ,! sci5tific c\rse = ,/rauss w\ld h be5 to develop m radically ! me?od ( 8 fir/ ,life3 fail+ to d ?is1 he made no new contribution to ! problem1 ?\gh he deftly en\gh indicat$ h[ little diff]5ce !re 01 save 9 =mula1 betwe5 ,baur's negations & 8 own4 ,some?+ ( ! explanation is to be detect$ 9 ! sub-title1 ,adapt$ = ! ,g]man ,p4 ,f 8 fir/ entrance into ! ar5a he _h met ) endless odium !ologicum2 be+ at once depriv$ ( 8 po/ z a philosophical lectur] at ,tb+51 & virul5tly d5\nc$ on all h&s4 ,8 propos$ appo9tm5t to a *air at ,zri* 9 #ahci1 z we h se51 l$ !re to some?+ approa*+ a revolution4 ,lat]1 he f\nd t acqua9tance ) him 0 made a gr\nd ( damage to 8 fri5ds2 & ?\gh he _h actually be5 elect$ to ! ,wirtemb]g ,diet 9 #ahdh by 8 fell[ citiz5s ( ,ludwigsburg t[n1 aft] be+ defeat$ 9 8 c&idature = ! new p>liam5t at ,frank=t ?r\gh ! ho/ility ( ! rural vot]s1 he _h abundant cause to reg>d himself z a bann$ p]son 9 ,g]many4 ,a crav+ = ! goodwill ( ! p z aga9/ ! hatr$ ( ! prie/s 0 ?us v naturally & ju/ifiably op]ative 9 ! conception ( 8 second "w2 & ?is none ! less because 8 fundam5tal political cons]vatism _h soon cut %ort 8 repres5tation ( radical ,ludwigsburg4 ,z he ju/ly said1 ! "q ( ! true hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n "o = !ologians alone4 ,b ! emotional aim affect$ ! intellectual process4 ,z previ\sly 9 8 ,life ( ,ulri* von ,hutt51 he /rove to e/abli% ! proposition t ! new ,re=mation he desir$ 0 ak9 to ! old2 & t ! ,g]mans1 z ! p ( ! ,re=mation1 w\ld %[ !mselves true to _! pa/ by ca/+ out ! religion ( dogma & sup]naturalism4 ,su* an attempt to id5tify ! _s ( free?\ght ) ! old _s ( ,bibliolatry 0 9 itself fanta/ic1 & c\ld n create a g5u9e movem5t1 ?\gh ! book _h a wide audi5ce4 ,! ,glaub5slehre1 9 :i* he made good 8 maxim t ! true criticism ( dogma is its hi/ory1 is a s\nd] p]=mance4 ,/rauss's av[$ desire to write a book z suitable to ,g]mans z 0 ,r5an's ,vie de ,jsus to ,fr5*m5 0 some?+ less ?an sci5tific4 ,! "r book w\ld be writt5 = all nations4 ,l mo/ o!r ,g]mans1 ,/rauss exult$ imm5sely ov] ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,9 :at is n[ recogniz$ z ! national mann]1 he wrote two boa/ful op5-lett]s to ,r5an expla9+ t :atsoev] ,g]many did 0 "r1 & :atsoev] ,france did 0 wrong1 & t ! annexation ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e 0 altoge!r j4 ,^! lett]s =m an important contribution to ! va/ cairn ( self-praise rais$ by latt]-day ,g]man culture4 ,b ,/rauss's lit]>y life end$ on a nobl] note & 9 a high] w>f>e4 ,aft] all 8 ef=ts at popul>ity1 & all 8 frat]nization ) 8 p on ! gr\nd ( racial animosity 7n visible 9 8 volume ( lectures on ,voltaire1 writt5 & deliv]$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,pr9cess ,alice71 8 fundam5tal s9c]ity mov$ him to produce a f9al ,confession1 "u ! title ( ,! ,old & ! ,new ,fai? 7#ahgb74 ,x ask$ ! que/ions3 ,are we /ill ,*ri/ians82 ,h we /ill religion82 ,h[ d we conceive ! _w82 ,h[ d we ord] our life82 & x answ]$ !m all 9 a calmly & uncompromis+ly naturali/ic s5se1 dismiss+ all t m5 commonly call religi\s belief4 ,! book z a :ole is het]og5e\s 9 respect ( its two f9al *apt]s1 ,( our ,great ,poets & ,( our ,great ,musicians1 :i* seem to h be5 app5d$ by way ( keep+ up ! attitude ( national frat]nity evok$ by ! w>4 ,b !y c\ld n & did n avail to conciliate ! !ologians1 :o op5$ fire on ! book ) all _! old animosity1 & ) an unconceal$ delight 9 ! def9ite committal ( ! great negative critic to an attitude ( practical a!ism4 ,! book ran ?r\gh six editions 9 z _m mon?s1 & cry/alliz$ mu* ( ! indef9ite free?9k+ ( ,g]many into some?+ cle>] & firm]4 ,all ! m 0 x a new eng9e ( /rife & dis9tegration2 & ! ag+ au?or1 %ock$ b /eadi$ by ! unexpect$ outbur/ ( ho/ility1 p5n$ a quatra9 to himself1 end+3 ,9 /orm ha/ ?\ begun2 9 /orm %alt ?\ end4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! ye> he wrote an aft]word summ+ up 8 "w & 8 position4 ,he _h n writt51 he decl>$1 by way ( cont5d+ ) oppon5ts2 he _h s\ght r to commune ) ^? ( 8 own way ( ?9k+2 & to !m1 he felt1 he _h ! "r to appeal to live up to _! convictions1 n compromis+ ) o!r op9ions1 & n adh]+ to any ,*ur*4 ,= 8 ,confession he anticipat$ ! ?anks ( a m enlight5$ future g5]ation4 ,! "t ( agreem5t1 he conclud$1 w come1 z x came = ! ,leb5 ,jesu2 only ?is "t ,i %all n live to see x4 #ahjj ,a little m ?an a ye> lat] 7#ahgd7 he pass$ away4 ,x is notewor?y t he %\ld h held t agreem5t _h come z to ! fir/ ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,he 0 9 fact conv9c$ t all educat$ m5--at lea/ 9 ,g]many--_h ceas$ to believe 9 miracles & ! sup]natural1 h[ev] !y might affect to con=m to or?odoxy4 ,&1 broadly speak+1 ?is 0 true3 all ,new ,te/am5t criticism ( any /&+ _h come r\nd to ! naturali/ic po9t ( view4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! second ,leb5 ,jesu 0 f> en\gh f rea*+ a solid hi/orical foot+2 & ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ made only a piecemeal & unsy/ematic advance to a sci5tific solution4 #h4 ,& x 0 long be=e ev5 ,/rauss's e>ly me?od ( sci5tific criticism 0 appli$ to ! initial problems ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,! inve/igation lagg$ /rangely4 ,/>t+ f ! clues giv5 by ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,simon1 & above all by ! sugge/ion ( ,a/ruc 7#agec7 z to ! tw(old elem5t impli$ 9 ! ,god-names ,jehovah & ,elohim1 x _h proce$$1 = %e] lack ( radical skepticism1 on ! assumption t ! ,p5tateu*al hi/ory 0 true4 ,on ?is basis1 mod]n ,old ,te/am5t criticism ( a pr(essional k9d may be said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,ei*horn1 :o hop$ by a quasi-rationali/ic me?od to br+ back unbeliev]s to belief4 #ahja ,( 8 successors1 "s1 l ,ilg51 7 ahead ( _! "t2 "s1 l ,de ,wette1 fail$ to make progress 9 _! criticism2 "s1 l ,ewald1 rema9$ always arbitr>y2 & "s ( ! able/ & mo/ orig9al1 z ,vatke1 fail$ to cord9ate fully _! critical me?ods & results4 #ahjb ,?us1 despite all ! ,g]man activity1 little sure progress _h be5 made1 ap>t f discrim9ation ( s\rces1 betwe5 ! issue ( ! ,critical ,rem>ks on ! ,hebrew ,scriptures ( ! ,scot* ,ca?olic prie/1 ,dr4 ,g$des1 9 #ahjj1 & ! publication ( ! fir/ "p ( ! "w ( ,bi%op ,col5so on ,! ,p5tateu* 7#ahfb74 ,?is1 by ! admission ( ,ku551 :o _h begun z a r n>r[ believ]1 #ahjc correct$ ! initial error ( ! ,g]man speciali/s by apply+ to ! n>rative ! common-s5se te/s sugge/$ long be=e by ,voltaire4 #ahjd ,t academic s*ol>%ip ?us wa/$ two g5]ations 9 its det]m9ation to adh]e to ! rev]5t me?od1 & 9 its av]sion to ! irrev]5ce :i* proce$$ on ! simple p[] to see facts1 is a suffici5t comm5t on ! ,kantian doctr9e t x 0 ! bus9ess ( s*ol>s to adapt ! sacr$ books to popul> ne$s4 ,tamp]+ ) ! judgm5t ( _! flocks1 ! ,g]man !ologians injur$ _! own4 ,z ( old1 "p ( ! explanation lay 9 ! malignant resi/ance ( or?odoxy to e new advance4 ,we h se5 h[ ,/rauss's appo9tm5t to a *air at ,zri* 0 met by ,swiss pietism4 ,! same _s s\ght to rev]t1 ev5 9 intellectually free ,g]many1 to its old me?ods ( repression4 ,! au?orities ( ,b]l9 discuss$ ) ,ne&] ! propriety ( suppress+ ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu2 #ahje & aft] a "t ^? :o %>$ 8 views 7 exclud$ ev5 f philosophical *airs4 #ahjf ,lat]1 ! bro*ure 9 :i* ,edg> ,bau] def5d$ 8 bro!r ,bruno aga9/ 8 oppon5ts 7#ahdb7 0 seiz$ by ! police2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 = publi%+ ,! ,/rife ( ,criticism ) ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! same writ] 0 s5t5c$ to f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,9 private life1 p]secution 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! usual ways2 & ! virul5ce ( ! !ological resi/ance recall$ ! palmy days ( ,lu!ran polemics4 ,9 ! s5se t ! mass ( or?odoxy held its gr\nd = ! "t be+1 ! attack fail$4 ,naturally ! mo/ advanc$ & uncompromis+ly sci5tific positions 7 lea/ discuss$1 ! /ress ( dispute go+ on ar\nd ! criticism :i* modifi$ )\t annihilat+ ! ma9 elem5ts 9 ! curr5t cre$1 or t :i* did ! "w ( annihilation on a popul> level ( ?\ght4 ,only 9 our day is ,g]man exp]t criticism beg9n+ op5ly to reckon ) propositions fairly & fully made out by ,g]man writ]s ( ?ree or m g5]ations back4 ,?us 9 #agha ,corodi 9 8 ,ges*i*te des ,*iliasmus dwelt on ! pre-,hebraic orig9s ( ! belief 9 angels1 9 immortality1 & heav5 & hell1 & on ! ,p]sian d]ivation ( ! ,jewi% sev5 ar*angels2 ,wegs*eid] 9 #ahai 9 8 ,in/itutes ( ,!ology indicat$ fur!r connections ( ! same ord]1 & cit$ pagan p>allels to ! virg9-bir?2 ,j4 ,a4 ,l4 ,ri*t] 9 ! same ye> po9t$ to ,indian & ,p]sian prec$5ts = ! ,logos & _m o!r ,*ri/ian doctr9es2 & sev]al o!r writ]s1 ,/rauss includ$1 po9t$ to bo? ,p]sian & ,babylonian influ5ces on ,jewi% !ology & my?4 #ahjg ,! my?ologi/ & ,hebrai/ ,f4 ,korn 7:o wrote z ,f4 ,nork71 9 a s]ies ( le>n$ & vigor\s b r loosely speculative works1 #ahjh indicat$ _m ( ! my?ological elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & endors$ _m ( ! a/ronomical argum5ts ( ,dupuis1 :ile hold+ to ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 #ahji ,:5 ev5 ^! !ses 7 9 ! ma9 ignor$1 m mordant doctr9e 0 necess>ily burk$4 ,su* subv]sive criticism ( religi\s hi/ory z ,ghillany's ,die ,m5s*5opf] d] alt5 ,hebrer 7#ahdb71 insi/+ t human sacrifice _h be5 habitual 9 e>ly ,jewry1 & t ritual cannibalism und]lay ! pas*al eu*>i/1 f\nd ev5 few] /ud5ts prep>$ to appreciate x ?an did ! se>*+ e?ico-philosophical criticism pass$ on ! ,*ri/ian cre$ by ,feu]ba*4 ,f4 ,daum]1 #ahaj :o 9 #ahdb publi%$ a treatise on ! same l9es z ,ghillany's 7,d] ,feu] und ,molo*di5/71 & foll[$ x up 9 #ahdg ) ano!r on ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 ne>ly z dra/ic1 wav]$ lat] 9 8 rationalism & av[$ 8 conv]sion to a species ( fai?4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 setback = 8 s*ool4 ,9 ,france ! g5ial ,g]man revolutioni/ & exile ,ew]beck publi%$1 "u ! titles ( ,qu'e/ ce que la ,religion8 & ,qu'e/ ce que la ,bible8 7#ahej71 two volumes ( v freely edit$ translations f ,feu]ba*1 ,daum]1 ,ghillany1 ,ltzelb]g] 7on ! simple humanity ( ,jesus71 & ,bruno ,bau]1 av[+ t aft] va9ly seek+ a publi%] = ye>s he _h produc$ ! books at 8 own exp5se4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 s mutilat$ ! orig9als z to make ! "w ineffectual = s*ol>s1 )\t mak+ x attractive to ! g5]al public2 & !re is no?+ to %[ t 8 =midable-look+ ars5al ( explosives _h mu* effect on contempor>y ,fr5* ?\ght1 :i* develop$ on o!r l9es4 ,old ,te/am5t criticism1 nev]!less1 has 9 ! la/ g5]ation be5 mu* develop$1 aft] hav+ long miss$ "s ( ! fir/ l9es ( advance4 ,aft] ,col5so's rectification ( ! fundam5tal error z to ! hi/oricity ( ! n>rative ( ! ,p5tateu*1 s long & s ob/9ately p]si/$ 9 by ! ,g]man speciali/s 9 contempt ( ,voltaire1 ! high] criticism proce$$ ) su* sub/antial c]ta9ty on ! sci5tific l9es ( ,ku55 & ,wellhaus5 t1 :]eas ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? _h to leave ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 9 #ahha #ahaa = propagat+ ,ku55's views1 be=e ! c5tury 0 out ,canons ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* 7 do+ ! "w ) ! acquiesc5ce ( p]haps six cl]gym5 out ( t52 & ,am]ican prea*]s 7 f\nd promot+ an edition ( ! ,bible :i* exhibit$ "s ( ! critical results to ! g5]al read]4 ,h]esy on ?is score _h become m]*&ise4 ,nev]!less1 ! pr(essional t5d5cy to compromise 7a result ( economic & o!r pressures7 keeps mo/ ( ! ecclesia/ical critics f> %ort ( ! outspok5 utt]ances ( ,m4 ,m4 ,kalis*1 :o 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,leviticus 7#ahfg-gb7 repudiates e ve/ige ( ! doctr9e ( inspiration4 #ahab ,lat] cl]ical critics1 notably ,canon ,driv]1 use language on t subject :i* _c be read ) critical respect4 #ahac ,b among /ud5ts at ! end ( ! c5tury ! or?odox view 0 practically ext9ct4 ,:]eas ! def5d]s ( ! fai? ev5 a g5]ation be=e habitually /ood to ! argum5t f prophecy1 ! conception ( prophecy z pr$iction has n[ become mean+less z reg>ds ! s-call$ ,mosaic books2 & ! con/ant disclosure ( int]polations & adaptations 9 ! o!rs has discr$it$ x z reg>ds ! prophets !mselves4 ,= ! re/1 mu* ( ! secul> hi/ory /ill accept$ is t5tatively r$uc$ to my? 9 ! ,ges*i*te ,israels ( ,hugo ,w9ckl] 7#ahie-aijj74 ,! peculi> !ory ( ,dr4 ,*eyne is no less de/ructive4 #i4 ,9 ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 ?\gh ! /rict critical me?od ( ,/rauss's fir/ book 0 n fai?fully foll[$1 critical rese>* w5t on cont9u\sly2 & ! s*ool ( ,f4 ,c4 ,baur ( ,tb+5 9 p>ticul> impos$ a measure ( rational criticism on !ologians 9 g5]al4 ,ap>t f ,/rauss1 ,baur 0 probably ! able/ ,*ri/ian s*ol> ( 8 day4 ,always lam$ by 8 pr(essionalism1 he yet toil$ endlessly to br+ sci5tific me?od into ,*ri/ian rese>*4 ,8 ,paulus1 d] ,apo/el ,jesu ,*ri/i1 #ahde2 ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,kanonis*5 ,evangeli51 #ahdg2 & ,das ,*ri/5?um und die *ri/li*e ,kir*e d] drei er/5 ,jahrhund]te1 #ahec1 7 epo*-m>k+ works1 :i* reca/ s radically1 9 ! "n ( or?odoxy1 ! hi/orical conception ( ,*ri/ian orig9s1 t he figur$ z ! mo/ unsettl+ critic ( 8 "t aft] ,/rauss4 ,) 8 e>li] rese>*es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian sects & 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 !y con/itute a memorable mass ( /udi\s & orig9al "w4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool z ( e o!r !re 0 reaction1 ) ! usual pret5ce by pr(essional or?odoxy t ! innovat+ criticism _h be5 dispos$ (2 b no real refutation has ev] tak5 place4 ,:]e ,baur r$uc$ ! g5u9e ,paul9e epi/les to f\r1 ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury witness$ ! adv5t ( ,van ,man51 :o1 foll[+ up e>li] sugge/ions1 wr\ght out ! !sis t ! epi/les are all alike supposititi\s4 ,?is may or may n hold good2 b !re has be5 no re/oration ( tradition>y fai? among ! mass ( op5-m9d$ inquir]s4 ,su* "w z ,zell]'s ,cont5ts & ,orig9 ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7#ahed71 produc$ 9 ,baur's circle1 has sub/antially held its gr\nd2 & su* a comp>atively safe book ( ! next g5]ation z ,weizsck]'s ,apo/olic ,age 7,eng4 tr4 ( #bnd ed4 #ahic7 leaves no d\bt z to ! untru/wor?9ess ( ! ,acts4 ,?us at ! close ( ! c5tury ! curr5t pr(essional treatises indicat$ a ,*ri/ianity /ripp$ n only ( all sup]naturalism1 & !re=e ( ! ma9 religi\s cont5t ( ! hi/oric cre$1 b ev5 ( cr$ibility z reg>ds l>ge p>ts ( ! non-sup]naturali/ n>ratives ( its sacr$ books4 ,! m9ute analysis & collocation ( texts :i* has occupi$ s mu* ( critical indu/ry has b made cle>] ! extreme prec>i\sness ( e item 9 ! records4 ,! am\nt ( cr$it = hi/oricity t cont9ues to be giv5 to !m is demon/rably unju/ifiable on sci5tific gr\nds2 & ! /& = a ,*ri/ianity )\t dogma is m & m cle>ly se5 to be an economic adju/m5t1 n an outcome ( fai?ful criticism4 #aj4 ,! movem5t ( ,biblical & o!r criticism 9 ,g]many has _h a significant effect on ! supply ( /ud5ts = ! !ological pr(ession4 ,! numb]s ( ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic !ological /ud5ts 9 all ,g]many h v>i$ z foll[s3--,prote/ant3 #ahca1 #d1adg2 #ahea1 #a1fca2 #ahfj1 #b1ebj2 #ahgf1 #a1eci2 #ahhb-hc1 #c1afh4 ,ca?olic3 #ahca1 #a1hja2 #ahdj1 #hff2 #ahej1 #a1cic2 #ahfj1 #a1bji2 #ahhj1 #fai4 #ahad ,?us1 "u ! reign ( reaction :i* set 9 aft] #ahdh !re 0 a prolong$ recov]y2 & aga9 s9ce #ahgf ! figures rise = ,prote/antism ?r\gh f9ancial /imulus4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we take population into acc\nt1 ! ma9 movem5t is cle>4 ,9 an increas+ proportion1 ! !ological /ud5ts come f ! rural di/ricts 7#fid 9 #ahfa-gj71 ! t[ns furni%+ ev] few]2 #ahae s t ! cons]vative measures d b outw>dly & =mally affect ! c\rse ( ?\ght2 ! cl]gy !mselves %[+ less & less incl9ation to make cl]gym5 ( _! sons4 #ahaf ,ev5 among ! ,ca?olic population1 ?\gh t has increas$ f t5 millions 9 #ahcj to sixte5 millions 9 #ahhj1 ! numb] ( !ological /ud5ts has fall5 f elev5 to f\r p] #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 #ahag ,?us1 aft] _m reactions & mu* ,bism>ckism1 ! ,zeit-,gei/ 9 ,g]many 0 /ill pron\nc$ly skeptical 9 all classes 9 #ahha1 #ahah :5 ! *ur* accommodation 9 ,b]l9 provid$ only two p] c5t4 ( ! population1 & ev5 t provision outw5t ! dem&4 #ahai ,& ?\gh !re h be5 yet o!r alleg$ reactions s9ce1 & ! imp]ial influ5ce is zeal\sly us$ = or?odoxy1 a l>ge proportion ( ! intellig5t work]s 9 ! t[ns rema9 sociali/ic & free?9k+2 & ! mass ( ! educat$ classes rema9 unor?odox 9 ! tee? ( ! sociali/ m5ace4 ,reaction>y pr(essors c make an academic fa%ion3 ! majority ( in/ruct$ m5 rema9 tacitly naturali/ic4 ,alongside ( ! invet]ate rationalism ( mod]n ,g]many1 h[ev]1 a no less invet]ate bureaucratism pres]ves a c]ta9 (ficial con=mity to religion4 ,univ]sity fre$om does n ext5d to op5 & direct criticism ( ! or?odox cre$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! applause won by ,vir*[ 9 #ahgg on 8 decl>ation aga9/ ! doctr9e ( evolution1 & ! tactic resort$ to by him 9 putt+ ^u t doctr9e ! responsibility ( ,sociali/ viol5ce1 are in/ances ( ! normal op]ation ( ! l[] motives aga9/ fre$om 9 sci5tific tea*+4 #ahbj ,! pressure op]ates 9 o!r sph]es 9 ,g]many1 especially "u su* a regim5 z ! pres5t4 ,m5 :o nev] g to *ur* save on (ficial occasions1 & :o h absolutely no belief 9 ! ,*ur*'s doctr9e1 nev]!less rema9 nom9ally its adh]5ts2 #ahba & ! ,press laws make x peculi>ly difficult to rea* ! common p ) free?9k+ lit]ature1 save ?r\gh ,sociali/ *annels4 ,?us ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is p]haps n[h]e--save 9 ,irel& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--m practically influ5tial ?an 9 nom9ally ,prote/ant ,g]many1 :]e x wields a compact vote ( a hundr$ or m 9 ! ,rei*/ag1 & c g5]ally c\nt on well-fill$ *ur*es z beside ! half-empty temples ( ,prote/antism4 ,ano!r circum/ance p>tly fav\rable to reaction is ! simple ma9t5ance ( all ! old !ological *airs 9 ! univ]sities4 ,z ! field ( sci5tific "w wid5s1 & increas+ comm]ce raises ! social /&>d ( com=t1 m5 ( orig9al intellectual p[] gr[ less apt to devote !mselves to !ological pursuits ev5 "u ! comp>atively free conditions :i* s long kept ,g]man ,biblical s*ol>%ip f> above t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x c h>dly be said t m5 ( ! m5tal calibre ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,volkm>1 & ,wellhaus5 cont9ue to arise among ! speciali/s 9 _! /udies4 ,h>nack1 ! mo/ prom95t ,g]man ,biblical s*ol> ( our day1 despite 8 great le>n+1 creates no su* impression ( orig9ality & insight1 &1 ?\gh latt]ly =c$ =w>d by m indep5d5t m9ds1 exhibits (t5 a v uncritical or?odoxy4 ,?us x is priori possible en\gh t ! or?odox reactions s (t5 claim$ h actually occurr$1 9 ! s5se t ! exp]ts h rev]t$ to a prior type4 ,a sci5tifically-m9d$ !ologian 9 ,g]many has n[ little (ficial scope = 8 faculty save 9 ! analysis ( ! ,hebrew ,sacr$ ,books & ! ,new ,te/am5t docum5ts z su*2 & ?is has be5 on ! :ole v well done1 %ort ( ! po9t ( express impea*m5t ( ! hi/oric delusion2 b !re is a limit to ! attraction ( su* /udies = m9ds ( a mod]n ca/4 ,?us !re is always a *ance t *airs w be fill$ by m5 ( ano!r type4 #aa4 ,on a less ext5sive scale ?an 9 ,g]many1 critical /udy ( ! sacr$ books made "s progress 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury2 ?\gh = a "t ! att5tion ev5 ( ! educat$ _w 0 c5tr$ mu* m ^u ! ,ox=d tract>ian religi\s reaction ?an ^u ! movem5t ( rationalism4 ,! reaction1 associat$ ma9ly ) ! "n ( ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 0 r aga9/ ! political ,era/ianism & /hetic apa?y ( ! ,:ig type ( ,*ri/ian ?an aga9/ ,g]man or o!r criticism1 ( :i* ,newman knew little4 ,b aga9/ ! attitude ( ^? mod]ate ,anglicans :o 7 dispos$ to dise/abli% ! ,*ur* 9 ,irel& & to mod]nize ! liturgy some:at1 ! language ( ! ,tracts = ! ,times is z au?orit>ian & anti-rationali/ic z t ( ,ca?olics d5\nc+ free?\ght4 ,su* expressions z ! fil? ( h]etical novelty #ahbb are meant to apply to any?+ 9 ! nature ( innovation2 ! causes at /ake are ritual & prec$5t1 ! apo/olic succession & ! /atus ( ! prie/1 n ! tru? ( revelation or ! cr$ibility ( ! scriptures4 ,! ?ird ,tract appeals to ! cl]gy to resi/ ! alt]ation ( ev5 "o jot or tittle ( ! liturgy2 & conc]n+ ! burial s]vice ! l9e ( argum5t is3 ,d y pret5d y c discrim9ate ! :eat f ! t>es8 ,( c\rse n4 ,all attempts ev5 to modify ! ritual are an abuse ( reason2 & ! true believ] is adjur$ to /& fa/ 9 ! anci5t ways4 #ahbc ,at a p9* he is to consid] :at ,reason says2 :i* surely1 z well z ,scripture1 0 giv5 u = religi\s ends2 #ahbd b ! only reason ?us recogniz$ is "o :i* accepts ! :ole app>atus ( revelation4 ,previ\s to & alongside ( ?is s+le-m9d$ rev]sion to ! ideals ( ! ,d>k ,ages--a ph5om5on n unconnect$ ) ! revival ( romanticism by ,scott & ,*ateaubri&--!re 0 go+ on a movem5t ( mod]nism1 ( :i* "o ( ! ov]t traces is ,milman's ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews 7#ahbi71 a "w to-day reg>d$ z h>mless ev5 by ! or?odox1 b suffici5t 9 its "t to let ,newman see :i!r religi\s ,lib]alism 0 head+4 ,o!r & lat] rese>*es dug mu* deep] into ! problems ( religi\s hi/oriography4 ,! ,unit>ian ,c4 ,c4 ,h5nell produc$ an ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahch71 s important = its "t z to be ?\ght wor? translat+ into ,g]man by ,/rauss2 & ?is f\nd a consid]able response f ! educat$ ,engli% public ( its day4 ,9 ! preface to 8 second edition 7#ahda7 ,h5nell spoke v pla9ly ( ! l>ge & probably increas+ am\nt ( unbelief 9 all classes ar\nd u2 & made ! !n rem>kably c\rage\s decl>ations t 9 8 exp]i5ce nei!r deism1 pan!ism1 nor ev5 a!ism indicates modes ( ?\ght incompatible ) uprightness & b5evol5ce2 & t ! real or affect$ horror :i* x is /ill a prevail+ cu/om to exhibit t[>ds _! names w\ld be bett] res]v$ = ^? ( ! selfi%1 ! cruel1 ! bigot1 & o!r torm5tors ( mank9d4 ,x 0 9 ! circle ( ,h5nell t ,m>ian ,evans1 lat] to become fam\s z ,george ,eliot1 grew into a rationali/ 9 despite ( h] religi\s temp]am5t2 & x 0 %e :o1 :5 ,h5nell's bride gave up ! task1 und]took ! toil ( translat+ ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu--?\gh at _m po9ts %e ?\ght him wrong4 #ahbe ,9 ! *ur*es he _h ( c\rse no ov]t acceptance4 ,at ?is /age1 ,engli% or?odoxy 0 ( su* a ca/ t ! pi\s ,tregelles1 himself fi]cely oppos$ to all =ms ( rationalism1 _h to compla9 t ! mo/ incontrov]tible corrections ( ! curr5t text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 angrily d5\nc$4 #ahbf ,9 ! next g5]ation ,!odore ,p>k] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 develop+ 8 critical faculty *iefly by /udy ( ! ,g]mans1 at ! co/ ( mu* obloquy =c$ "s k ( critical results & a measure ( !i/ic or pan!i/ic rationalism on ! att5tion ( ! or?odox _w2 promot+ at ! same "t a semi-philosophic1 semi-e?ical reaction aga9/ ! ,calv9i/ic !ology ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 !ret(ore preval5t among ! or?odox ( ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! old c\ntry a numb] ( writ]s develop$ new movem5ts ( criticism f !i/ic po9ts ( view4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 ! s*ol>ly bro!r ( ,john ,h5ry1 #ahbg produc$ a book entitl$ ,! ,s\l 7#ahdi71 & ano!r1 ,phases ( ,fai? 7#ahec71 :i* _h mu* influ5ce 9 promot+ rationalism ( a r rigidly !i/ic ca/4 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay 9 ! same p]iod publi%$ two le>n$ treatises1 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahed71 notably sci5tific 9 me?od = its "t2 & ,! ,progress ( ! ,intellect z ,exemplifi$ 9 ! ,religi\s ,developm5t ( ! ,greeks & ,hebrews 7#ahej71 :i* won ! admiration ( ,buckle2 ,george ,eliot translat$ ,feu]ba*'s ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahed7 "u h] own "n1 ,m>ian ,evans2 & ,w4 ,r4 ,greg1 "o ( ! lead+ publici/s ( 8 day1 put =? a rationali/ /udy ( ,! ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom3 ,its ,f\ndations ,contra/$ ) its ,sup]/ructure 7#ahej71 :i* has gone ?r\gh _m editions & is /ill repr9t$4 ,9 #ahfd appe>$ ,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 by ,evan ,p[ell ,m]$i?1 :o _h be5 a ,bapti/ m9i/] 9 ,wales4 ,! book is a bulky prize essay on ! !me ( ,new ,te/am5t es*atology1 :i* develops into a dei/ic attack on ! c5tral ,*ri/ian dogma & on gospel e?ics4 ,ano!r zeal\s !i/1 ,?omas ,scott1 ^: pamphlet-propag&a on dei/ic l9es _h s wide an influ5ce dur+ _m ye>s1 produc$ an ,engli% ,life ( ,jesus 7#ahga71 :i*1 ?\gh less important ?an ! works ( ,/rauss & less popul> ?an ^? ( ,r5an1 play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! traditional fai? among ,engli% *ur*m54 ,/ill ! primacy 9 critical rese>* on s*ol>ly l9es lay ) ! ,g]mans2 & x 0 ! results ( _! "w t 7 co-ord9at$1 f a !i/ic /&po9t1 #ahbh 9 ! anonym\s "w1 ,sup]natural ,religion 7#ahgd-gg71 a massive & decisive p]=mance1 too p[]ful to be dispos$ ( by ! episcopal & o!r attacks made ^u x4 #ahbi ,s9ce its assimilation ! or?odox or inspirationi/ view ( ! gospels has lo/ cr$it among compet5t s*ol>s ev5 )9 ! *ur*es4 ,! battlegr\nd is n[ remov$ to ! problem ( ! hi/oricity ( ! o/5sible orig9s ( ! cult2 & s*ol>ly or?odoxy takes = grant$ _m positions :i* fifty ye>s ago 7 typical ( ,g]man rationalism4 #ab4 ,9 ,france sy/ematic criticism ( ! sacr$ books recomm5c$ 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury ) su* writ+s z ^? ( ,p4 ,l>roque 7,exam5 ,critique des doctr9es de la religion *rti5ne1 #ahfj72 ,gu/ave d',ei*?al 7,les vangiles1 ptie4 i1 #ahfc72 & ,alphonse ,peyrat 7,hi/oire lm5taire et critique de ,jsus1 #ahfd72 :]eaft] ! rationali/ic view 0 appli$ ) s+ul> lit]>y *>m1 if ) imp]fect consi/5cy1 by ,r5an 9 8 s]ies ( sev5 volumes on ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ) m sci5tific bread? ( view by ,erne/ ,havet 9 8 ,*ri/ianisme et ses ,orig9es 7#ahgb1 etc474 ,r5an's ,vie de ,jsus 7#ahfc7 especially has be5 read ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x has be5 q ju/ly pron\nc$1 by ,g]man & o!r critics1 a romance2 b no o!r life prop]ly s call$ has be5 any?+ else1 ,/rauss's fir/ ,life be+ an analysis r ?an a con/ruction2 & ! epi!t 0 b an unwitt+ av[al t to accept ! gospels1 b>r+ miracles1 z biography--:i* is :at ,r5an did--is to be committ$ to ! unhi/orical4 ,he began by accept+ ! f\r? z equipoll5t ) ! synoptics2 & ^u ?is ,/rauss 9 8 second ,life confid5tly call$ = a recantation1 :i* came 9 due c\rse4 ,b ,r5an1 9 8 fitful way1 _h critical glimpses :i* 7 d5i$ to ,/rauss--= in/ance1 z to ! mat]ial ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,! :ole s]ies ( ! ,orig9es1 :i* w\nd up ) ,m>c ,aurle 7#ahhb71 has a simil> fluctuat+ value1 %[+ on ! :ole a progressive critical s5se4 ,! ,sa9t ,paul1 = example1 at ! close sudd5ly disc>ds ! traditional view previ\sly accept$ 9 ,les ,aptres1 & recognizes t ! m9i/ry ( ,paul c h be5 no m ?an a propag&a ( small conv5ticles1 ^: total memb]%ip ?r\gh\t ! ,empire c\ld n h be5 above a ?\s&4 ,b ,r5an's total s]vice consi/$ r 9 a highly arti/ic & w9n+ application ( rational hi/orical me?ods to e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 ) ! effect ( displac+ ! traditioni/ me?od1 ?an 9 any la/+ or compreh5sive solution ( ! problem ( ! orig9s4 ,havet's survey is bo? corrective & complem5t>y to 84 ,r5an's influ5ce on op9ion ?r\gh\t ! _w1 h[ev]1 0 enorm\s1 7 x only because he 0 "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ lit]>y arti/s ( 8 "t4 ,section #c4--,poetry & ,g5]al ,lit]ature #a4 ,! :ole imag9ative lit]ature ( ,europe1 9 ! g5]ation aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 reveals directly or indirectly ! transmutation t ! eighte5? c5tury _h work$ 9 religi\s ?\ght4 ,ei!r x reacts aga9/ or x develops ! rationali/ic movem5t4 ,9 ,france ! lit]>y reaction is "o ( ! fir/ factors 9 ! or?odox revival4 ,its lead] & type 0 ,*ateaubri&1 9 ^: typical "w1 ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme 7#ahjb71 lies ! pro( t1 :atev] might be ! %all[ness ( ,voltairism1 x 0 pr(undity beside ! philosophy ( ! majority :o repell$ x4 ,on "o :o n[ reads x ) ! slighte/ sci5tific prep>ation1 ! book makes an impression 9 p>ts ( some?+ l fatuity4 ,! h&l+ ( ! sci5tific "q at ! ?re%old ( ! inquiry is t ( a man incapable ( a sci5tific idea4 ,all ! accumulat+ evid5ce ( geology & palontology is dispos$ ( by ! grotesque !orem t ,god made ! _w out ( no?+ ) all ! m>ks ( antiquity ^u x--! oaks at ! />t be>+ la/ ye>'s ne/s--on ! gr\nd t1 if ! _w 7 n at once "y & old1 ! great1 ! s]i\s1 ! moral w\ld disappe> f nature1 = ^! s5tim5ts by _! ess5ce atta* to antique ?+s4 #ahcj ,9 ! same fa%ion ! fable ( ! s]p5t is ) p]fect gravity homologat$ z a lit]al tru?1 on ! /r5g? ( an anecdote ab\t ! *>m+ ( a rattlesnake ) music4 #ahca ,x is humiliat+1 b in/ructive1 to realize t only a c5tury ago a ,*ri/ian reaction1 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry1 0 inspir$ by su* an ord] ( ideas2 & t 9 ! nation ( ,laplace1 ) 8 !ory 9 view1 x 0 ! fa%ion ?us to prattle 9 ! ta/e ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 #ahcb ,! book is m]ely ! eloqu5t expression ( a n]v\s recoil f ev]y?+ sav\r+ ( cool reason & cle> ?\ght1 a recoil p>tly initiat$ by ! %e] /ress ( excitem5t ( ! ne> pa/2 p>tly fo/]$ by ! vague belief t free?9k+ 9 religion _h caus$ ! ,revolution2 p>tly enhanc$ by ! t5d5cy ( e w>like p]iod to develop emotional r ?an reflective life4 ,:at 0 really ma/]ly 9 ,*ateaubri& 0 ! /yle2 & s5tim5tal pietism _h n[ ! pre/ige ( f9e writ+1 s long ! specialty ( ! o!r side4 ,yet a g5]ation ( mon>*ism s]v$ to we> out ! ill-bas$ cr$it ( ! lit]>y reaction2 & belles lettres began to be rationali/ic z soon z politics began aga9 to be radical4 ,?us ! pre/ige ( ! neo-,*ri/ian s*ool 0 already sp5t be=e ! revolution ( #ahdh2 #ahcc & ! inord9ate vanity ( ,*ateaubri&1 :o di$ 9 t ye>1 _h undone 8 special influ5ce /ill e>li]4 ,he _h creat$ m]ely a lit]>y mode & s5tim5t4 #b4 ,! lit]>y hi/ory ( ,france s9ce 8 dea? decides ! "q1 s f> z x c be ?us decid$4 ,f #ahdh till our own day x has be5 pr$om9antly naturali/ic & non-religi\s4 ,aft] ,guizot & ! ,?i]rys1 ! ne>e/ approa* to ,*ri/ianity by an influ5tial ,fr5* hi/orian is p]haps 9 ! case ( ! v het]odox ,edg> ,qu9et4 ,mi*elet 0 a m]e h]etic 9 ! eyes ( ! fai?ful1 ,saisset describ+ 8 book ,du ,prtre1 de la ,femme1 et de la ,famille 7#ahde71 z a r5aissance ( ,voltaireanism4 #ahcd ,8 :ole brilliant ,hi/ory1 inde$1 is f beg9n+ to end rationali/ic1 *all5g+ z x does all ! decor\s traditions1 expos+ ! failure ( ! fai? to civilize1 pron\nc+ t ! mona/ic ,middle ,age is an age ( idiots & ! s*ola/ic _w :i* foll[$ x an age ( artificially =m$ fools1 #ahce fl\t+ dogma & discr$it+ cre$ ov] ea* ( _! misc>riages4 #ahcf ,& he 0 popul>1 )al1 n only because ( 8 vividness & unfail+ fre%ness1 b because 8 convictions 7 ^? ( ! be/ intellig5ce ar\nd him4 ,9 poetry & fiction ! pr$om9ance ( "o or o!r %ade ( free?9k+ is signal4 ,balzac1 :o grew up 9 ! age ( reaction1 makes ess5tially = rationalism by 8 int5se analysis2 & aft] him ! difficulty is to f9d a great ,fr5* noveli/ :o is n frankly rationali/ic4 ,george ,s& w probably n be claim$ by or?odoxy2 & ,beyle1 ,con/ant1 ,flaub]t1 ,mrime1 ,zola1 ,daudet1 ,maupassant1 & ! ,de ,gonc\rts make a li/ aga9/ :i* c be set only ! names ( ,m4 ,b\rget1 an arti/ ( ! second ord]1 & ( ! di/+ui%$ dcad5t ,huysmans1 :o became a ,trappi/ aft] a life m>k$ by a philosophy & practice ( an extremely diff]5t complexion4 #c4 ,9 ,fr5* poetry ! case is h>dly o!rwise4 ,brang]1 :o pass$ = a ,voltairean1 did inde$ claim to h sav$ f ! wreck an inde/ructible belief2 #ahcg & ,lam>t9e goes to ! side ( ,*ri/ianity2 b de ,musset1 ! mo/ inspir$ ( dcad5ts1 0 no m ,*ri/ian ?an ,he9e1 save = :at a critic has call$ la banale religiosit de l',espoir en ,dieu1 #ahch & ! pessimi/ ,baudelaire _h n ev5 t to %[4 ,de ,musset's absurd attack on ,voltaire 9 8 ,byronic poem1 ,rolla1 well des]ves ! same epi!ts4 ,x is a m]e product ( hy/]ia1 repres5t+ nei!r k nor reflection4 ,! gr&iose !ism ( ,victor ,hugo1 aga91 is /amp$ only ) 8 own image & sup]scription2 & 9 8 great contempor>y ,leconte de ,lisle we h "o ( ! mo/ conv9c$ & aggressive free?9k]s ( ! c5tury1 a f9e s*ol> & a self-controll$ pessimi/1 :o felt x well wor? 8 :ile to write a little ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahga7 :i* w\ld h delight$ d',holba*4 ,x is significant1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! exquisite religi\s v]se ( ,v]la9e 0 ! product ( an incurable neuropa?1 l ! lat] "w ( ,huysmans1 & /&s = decad5ce pure & simple4 ,:ile ,fr5* belles lettres ?us 9 g5]al made = rationalism1 criticism 0 naturally n beh9dh&4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ! mo/ widely appreciative ?\gh n ! mo/ sci5tific or j ( critics1 _h only a lit]>y sympa?y ) ! religi\s types ov] :om he sp5t s mu* effusive rese>*2 #ahci ,edmond ,s*]] 0 an unbeliev] almo/ aga9/ 8 w2 ,ta9e1 ?\gh reaction>y on political gr\nds 9 8 latt] ye>s1 0 ! typical ,fr5* rationali/ ( 8 "t2 & ?\gh ,m4 ,brunetire1 ^: pref]5ces 7 all = ,bossuet1 made ! bankruptcy ( sci5ce ! text ( 8 v facile philosophy1 ! mo/ sci5tific & philosophic head 9 ! :ole l9e ( ,fr5* critics1 ! late mile ,h5nequ91 0 :olly a rationali/2 & ev5 ! r reaction>y ,jules ,lematre did n ma9ta9 8 e>ly attitude ( au/]ity t[>ds ,r5an4 #d4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 due above all to ,%elley t ! v age ( reaction 0 confront$ ) unbelief 9 lyric =m4 ,8 immature ,que5 ,mab 0 vital en\gh ) conviction to s]ve z an inspiration to a :ole ho/ ( unlett]$ free?9k]s n only 9 its own g5]ation b 9 ! next4 ,its notes pres]v$1 & greatly exp&$1 ! tract entitl$ ,! ,necessity ( ,a!ism1 = :i* he 0 expell$ f ,ox=d2 & aga9/ 8 w x became a p's book1 ! law refus+ him copyright 9 8 own "w1 on ! memorable pr9ciple t !re c\ld be no protection = a book sett+ =? p]nici\s op9ions4 ,:e!r he might n 9 lat] life1 _h he surviv$1 h pass$ to a species ( my/ic ,*ri/ianity1 react+ l ,col]idge1 b ) a necess>y diff]5ce1 is a "q rais$ by p>ts ( ! ,hellas4 ,glad/one seems to h ?\ght t he _h 9 him su* a pot5tiality4 ,b ,%elley's "w1 z done1 suffic$ to keep = radicalism & rationalism ! cr[n ( song z aga9/ ! f9al ,tory or?odoxy #ahdj ( ! eld]ly ,wordswor? & ( ,s\!y2 & ,col]idge's zeal = 7am5d$7 dogma came ^u him aft] 8 h\r ( poetic transfiguration 0 pa/4 ,& ev5 ,col]idge1 :o held ! h]esies ( a modal ,tr9ity & ! non-expiatory "* ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 0 widely di/ru/$ by ! pi\s1 & express$ himself privately 9 t]ms :i* w\ld h outrag$ !m4 ,miracles1 he decl>$1 are sup]]ogatory4 ,! law ( ,god & ! great pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion w\ld h be5 ! same _h ,*ri/ nev] assum$ humanity4 ,x is = ^! ?+s1 & = su* z ^!1 = tell+ unwelcome tru?s1 t ,i h be5 t]m$ an a!i/4 ,x is = ^! op9ions t ,william ,smi? assur$ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury t ,i 0 7:at half ! cl]gy are 9 _! lives7 an a!i/4 ,little d ^! m5 "k :at a!ism is4 ,n "o man 9 a ?\s& has ei!r /r5g? ( m9d or goodness ( he>t to be an a!i/4 ,i repeat x4 ,n "o man 9 t5 ?\s& has goodness ( he>t or /r5g? ( m9d to be an a!i/4 ,allsopp's ,lett]s1 etc41 z cit$1 p4 #dg4 ,b at o!r times ,col]idge 0 a def5d] ( ! fai?1 :ile contemn+ ! me?ods ( ! evid5tial s*ool4 ,id4 pp4 #ac-ad1 #ca4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,scott's hone/ b un9tellectual romanticism1 z we "k f ,newman1 c]ta9ly fav\r$ ! ,tract>ian reaction1 to :i* x 0 /hetically ?\gh h>dly emotionally ak94 ,yet ,george ,eliot c\ld say 9 lat] life t x 0 ! influ5ce ( ,scott t fir/ unsettl$ h] or?odoxy2 #ahda mean+1 d\btless1 t ! prevail+ secul>ity ( 8 view ( life & 8 objective h&l+ ( sects & fai?s exclud$ ev5 a !i/ic solution4 ,scott's or?odoxy 0 9 fact ne>ly on all f\rs ) 8 ,jacobitism--a matt] ( temp]am5tal loyalty to a tradition4 #ahdb ,b ! f> m pot5t influ5ce ( ,byron1 too wayw>d to hold a firm philosophy1 b too int5sely alive to realities to be capable ( ,scott's feudal or?odoxy1 mu/ h c\nt$ mu* = h]esy ev5 9 ,engl&1 & 0 "o ( ! lit]>y =ces ( revolution>y revival = ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,?\gh he nev] came to a cle> a!i/ical decision z did ,%elley1 #ahdc & (t5 9 private gave himself out = a ,calv9i/1 he s h&l$ !ological problems 9 8 ,ca9 t he1 l ,%elley1 0 refus$ copyright 9 8 "w2 #ahdd & x 0 widely appropriat$ = free?9k]s' purposes4 ,! or?odox ,s\!y 0 on ! same gr\nds d5i$ ! "r to suppress 8 e>ly revolution>y drama1 ,wat ,tyl]1 :i* accord+ly 0 made to d duty 9 ,radical propag&a by free?9k+ publi%]s4 ,keats1 aga91 ?\gh he melodi\sly declaim$1 9 a boyi% mood1 aga9/ ! sci5tific analysis ( ! ra9b[1 & ?\gh he nev] ass5t$ to ,%elley's impea*m5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 9 no active s5se a believ] 9 x1 & aft] 8 long sickness met dea? gladly )\t ! consolations ascrib$ to cre$4 #ahde #e4 ,"o ( ! be/-belov$ names 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 ,*>les ,lamb1 is on sev]al c\nts to be numb]$ ) ^? ( ! free?9k]s ( 8 day--:o includ$ ,godw9 & ,hazlitt--?\gh he _h no "p 9 any direct propag&a4 ,himself at mo/ a ,unit>ian1 b n at all giv5 to argum5t on po9ts ( fai?1 he did 8 "w = reason p>tly by way ( ! subtle & w9n+ humanism ( su* an essay z ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 :i* seems to h be5 :at br\ght ^u him ! p$antically pi\s c5sure ( ,s\!y1 app>5tly = its lack ( allusion to a future /ate2 p>tly by 8 delicately-entitl$ lett]1 ,! ,tombs 9 ! ,abbey1 9 :i* he repli$ to ,s\!y's /ricture4 ,a book :i* wants only a s\nd] religi\s feel+ to be z delightful z x is orig9al _h be5 ,s\!y's pomp\s criticism1 9 a pap] on ,infidelity4 #ahdf ,9 8 reply1 ,lamb comm5t$ on ,s\!y's life-long habit ( sc(f+ at ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & gravely repudiat$ ! te/ ( or?odoxy = human "*4 ,lamb's words are n g5]ally kn[n1 & are wor? rememb]+4 ,i own1 he wrote1 ,i nev] c\ld ?9k s consid]ably ( myself z to decl9e ! society ( an agreeable or wor?y man ^u diff]5ce ( op9ion only4 ,! imp$im5ts & ! facilitations to a s\nd belief are v>i\s & inscrutable z ! he>t ( man4 ,"s believe ^u weak pr9ciples2 o!rs _c feel ! efficacy ( ! /ronge/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ c&id1 mo/ upright1 & s+le-mean+ m5 ,i ev] knew 0 ! late ,?omas ,holcr(t4 ,i believe he nev] said "o ?+ & meant ano!r 9 8 life2 &1 z ne> z ,i c guess1 he nev] act$ o!rwise ?an ) ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion to consci5ce4 ,ought we to wi% ! "* false = ! sake ( a holl[ complim5t to ,*ri/ianity8 ,( ! free?9k+ & unpopul> ,hazlitt1 :o _h s\r$ t[>ds ,lamb 9 8 p]v]se way1 ! essayi/ spoke /ill m g5]\sly4 ,( ,leigh ,hunt he speaks m critically1 b ) ! same resolution to /& by a man kn[n z a h]etic4 ,b ! sev]e/ fl\t to ,s\!y & 8 ,*ur* is 9 ! next p>agraph1 :]e1 aft] ! av[al t ! la/ sect ) :i* y c rememb] me to h made common pr(ession 7 ! ,unit>ians1 he tells h[1 on ! previ\s ,ea/] ,sunday1 he _h att5d$ ! s]vice 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & :5 he w\ld h l+]$ aft]w>ds among ! tombs to m$itate1 0 turn$1 l a dog or "s pr(ane p]son1 out into ! common /reet1 ) feel+s :i* ,i c\ld n help1 b n v cong5ial to ! day or ! disc\rse4 ,i d n "k1 he adds1 t ,i %all ev] v5ture myself aga9 into "o ( y\r *ur*es4 ,^! words 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,magaz9e 9 #ahbe2 b 9 ! po/hum\s collect$ edition ( ! ,essays ( ,elia all ! portions above cit$ 7 dropp$1 & ! p>agraph la/ quot$ f 0 modifi$1 leav+ out ! la/ words4 ,! essay does n seem to h be5 repr9t$ 9 full till x appe>$ 9 ,r4 ,h4 ,%eph]d's edition ( #ahgh4 ,b ! orig9al issue 9 ! ,london ,magaz9e creat$ a tradition among ! lov]s ( ,lamb1 & 8 "n has always be5 associat$ ) "s repute = free?9k+4 ,!re is fur!r v important te/imony z to ,lamb's op9ions 9 "o ( ,allsopp's records ( ! conv]sation ( ,col]idge3-- ,no1 no2 ,lamb's skepticism has n come lightly1 nor is he a skeptic sic3 ,qu]y1 sc(f]84 ,! h>% repro( to ,godw9 = 8 contemptu\s allusion to ,*ri/ be=e a well-tra9$ *ild proves t he is n a skeptic 8 sc(f]4 ,8 m9d1 nev] prone to analysis1 seems to h be5 disgu/$ ) ! holl[ pret5ces1 ! false reason+s & absurdities ( ! rogues & fools ) :om all e/abli%m5ts1 & all cre$s seek+ to become e/abli%$1 ab\nd4 ,i look ^u ,lamb z "o hov]+ betwe5 e>? & heav52 nei!r hop+ mu* nor fe>+ any?+4 ,x is curi\s t he %\ld reta9 _m usages :i* he le>nt or adopt$ 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 e>ly religi\s feel+s1 n[ t 8 fai? is 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation4 ,believe me1 :o "k him well1 t ,lamb1 say :at he w1 has m ( ! ess5tials ( ,*ri/ianity ?an n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians4 ,he has all t w\ld /ill h be5 ,*ri/ian _h ,*ri/ nev] liv$ or be5 made manife/ ^u e>?4 7,allsopp's ,lett]s1 etc41 z cit$1 p4 #df47 ,9 connection ) ! frequ5tly cit$ anecdote z to ,lamb's religi\s feel+ giv5 9 ,leigh ,hunt's ,autobiography 7rep4 p4 #bec71 also by ,hazlitt 7,w9t]sl[1 essay ii1 ed4 #aijb1 p4 #ci71 may be not$ ! foll[+1 giv5 by ,allsopp3 ,aft] a visit to ,col]idge1 dur+ :i* ! conv]sation _h tak5 a religi\s turn1 ,leigh ,hunt 444 express$ 8 surprise t su* a man z ,col]idge %\ld1 :5 speak+ ( ,*ri/1 always call him ,our ,savi\r4 ,lamb1 :o _h be5 exhil>at$ by "o glass ( t gooseb]ry or rais9 cordial :i* he has s (t5 ana!matiz$1 /amm]$ out3 ',ne-ne-nev] m9d :at ,col]idge says2 he is full ( fun4' #f4 ,:ile a semi-,bohemian l ,lamb c\ld ?us d>e to *all5ge ! reign+ bigotry1 ! grav] ,engli% writ]s ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury :o _h ab&on$ or nev] accept$ or?odoxy felt !mselves = ! mo/ "p compell$ to sil5ce or o/5sible compliance4 ,x 0 made cle> by ,c>lyle's po/hum\s ,rem9isc5ces t he _h e>ly turn$ away f ,*ri/ian dogma1 hav+ 9 fact giv5 up a cl]ical c>e] because ( unbelief4 ,lat] evid5ce ab\nds4 ,at ! age ( fifte51 by 8 own acc\nt1 he _h horrifi$ 8 "m ) ! "q3 ,did ,god ,almighty come d[n & make :eel-b>r[s 9 a %op8 #ahdg ,( 8 college life he told3 ,i /udi$ ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity = sev]al ye>s1 ) ! greate/ desire to be conv9c$1 b 9 va94 ,i read ,gibbon1 & !n fir/ cle>ly saw t ,*ri/ianity 0 n true4 ,!n came ! mo/ try+ "t ( my life4 #ahdh ,goe!1 he claim$1 l$ him to peace2 b philosophic peace he nev] atta9$4 ,he 0 contemptu\s to ^? :o held to ,*ri/ian dogmas2 he 0 angry ) ^? :o gave !m up2 he 0 furi\s ) ^? :o attack$ !m4 ,if equanimity be ! m>k ( a ,philosoph]1 he 0 ( all great-m9d$ m5 ! lea/ ( a ,philosoph]4 #ahdi ,to all free?9k+ "w1 s*ol>ly or o!r1 he 0 ho/ile ) ! ho/ility ( a man consci\sly 9 a false position4 ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu he pron\nc$1 q late 9 life1 a revolution>y & ill-advis$ ent]prise1 sett+ =? 9 words :at all wise m5 _h 9 _! m9ds = fifty ye>s pa/1 & ?\ght x fitte/ to hold _! peace ab\t4 #ahej ,he 01 9 fact1 s false to 8 own doctr9e ( v]acity z to disp>age all :o spoke out2 :ile privately agree+ ) ,mill z to ! ne$ = speak+ out4 #ahea ,ev5 ,mill did s only p>tially 9 8 lifetime1 z 9 8 address to ! ,/4 ,&rews /ud5ts 7#ahfg71 :51 9 ! reception giv5 to ! ,address1 he 0 mo/ /ruck by ! vocif]\s applause ( ! div9ity /ud5ts at ! free?\ght passage4 #aheb ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury su* displays ( c\rage 7 r>e inde$4 ,only aft] ! dea? ( ,romilly 0 x tacitly av[$1 by ! publication ( a dei/ic pray] f\nd among 8 pap]s1 t he _h _h no belief 9 revelation4 #ahec ,mu* lat] 9 ! c5tury1 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 = op5ly av[+ h] unbelief1 incurr$ ! angry public c5sure ( h] own bro!r4 ,despite 8 anxi\s caution1 ,c>lyle's writ+ convey$ to susceptible read]s a non-,*ri/ian view ( ?+s4 ,we "k f a po/hum\s writ+ ( ,mr4 ,fr\de's t1 :5 t writ] _h gone ?r\gh ! univ]sity & tak5 holy ord]s )\t ev] hav+ _h a s+le d\bt z to 8 cre$1 ,c>lyle's books taught him t ! religion 9 :i* he _h be5 re>$ 0 b "o ( _m dresses 9 :i* spiritual tru? _h array$ itself1 & t ! cre$ 0 n lit]ally true s f> z x 0 a n>rative ( facts4 #ahed ,x 0 presumably f ! ,s>tor ,res>tus & "s ( ! ,essays1 su* z t on ,voltaire--p]haps1 also1 negatively f ! g5]al abs5ce ( ,*ri/ian s5tim5t 9 ,c>lyle's works--t su* lessons 7 le>n$2 & ?\gh x is c]ta9 t _m non-zeal\s ,*ri/ians saw no h>m 9 ,c>lyle1 !re is reason to believe t = multitudes ( read]s he _h ! same awak5+ virtue4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t 8 fri5d ,em]son ex]cis$ x 9 no less degree4 ,mr4 ,fr\de 0 rem>kable 9 8 y\? = 8 surr5d] ( ! cl]ical pr(ession1 9 ! tee? ( a bitt] opposition f 8 family1 & fur!r = 8 publication ( a free?9k+ romance1 ,! ,nemesis ( ,fai? 7#ahdi72 b he w5t f> to conciliate ,anglican or?odoxy by 8 ,hi/ory4 ,! romance _h a tempor>y vogue r above its arti/ic m]its z a result ( be+ publicly burn$ by ! au?orities ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 ( :i* he 0 a ,fell[4 #ahee #g4 ,?is attitude ( or?odoxy1 ?reat5+ o/racism to any av[$ free?9k] :o _h a position to lose1 mu/ be kept 9 m9d 9 e/imat+ ! ,engli% evolution ( t "t4 ,a pr(ess$ man ( sci5ce c\ld write 9 #ahch t ! new mode ( int]pret+ ! ,scriptures :i* has sprung up 9 ,g]many is ! d>ke/ cl\d :i* l[]s ^u ! horizon ( t c\ntry4444 ,! ,g]mans h be5 conduct$ by "s ( _! tea*]s to ! bord]s ( a precipice1 "o leap f :i* w plunge !m into deism4 ,he add$ t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe ! heavie/ calamity imp5d+ ov] ! :ole fabric ( society 9 our "t is ! l5g!n+ /ride ( bold skepticism 9 "s p>ts1 & ! m /eal?y onw>ds-creep+ /ep ( critical cavil 9 o!rs4 #ahef ,su* declamation c\ld t]rorize ! timid & con/ra9 ! prud5t 9 su* a society z t ( e>ly ,victorian ,engl&4 ,! prevail+ note is /ruck 9 ,macaulay's description ( ,*>les ,bl\nt z an infidel1 & ! head ( a small s*ool ( infidels :o 7 tr\bl$ ) a morbid desire to make conv]ts4 #aheg ,all ! :ile1 ,macaulay 0 himself privately infidel2 #aheh b he cle>$ 8 consci5ce by ?us d5\nc+ ^? :o _h ! c\rage ( _! op9ions4 ,9 ?is simple fa%ion "s ( ! sane/ writ]s 9 hi/ory 7 complac5tly put bel[ ! level ( ! commonplace dissembl]s :o asp]s$ !m2 & ! av]age educat$ man saw no bas5ess 9 ! proc$ure4 ,! op9ion delib]ately express$ 9 ?is connection by ! late ,pr(essor ,ba9 is wor? not+3-- ,x c at la/ be cle>ly se5 :at 0 ! motive ( ,c>lyle's p]plex+ /yle ( composition4 ,we n[ "k :at 8 op9ions 7 :5 he began to write1 & t to express !m w\ld h be5 fatal to 8 success2 yet he 0 n a man to indulge 9 rank hypocrisy4 ,he accord+ly adopt$ a /udi$ & ambigu\s phraseology1 :i* = long impos$ ^u ! religi\s public1 :o put _! own int]pretation ^u 8 my/ical utt]ances1 & gave him ! b5efit ( any d\bt4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,/]l+ he ?rew (f ! mask1 b /ill 0 n tak5 at 8 ^w4 ,_h !re be5 a p]fect tol]ance ( all op9ions1 he w\ld h begun z he end$2 & 8 /ra9 ( composition1 :ile /ill my/ical & high-fl[n1 w\ld nev] h be5 id5tifi$ ) our national or?odoxy4 ,i h grave d\bts z to :e!r we possess ,macaulay's real op9ions on religion4 ,8 way ( deal+ ) ! subject is s l ! h$g+ ( an unbeliev] t1 )\t "s good assurance to ! contr>y1 ,i mu/ include him also among ! imitators ( ,ari/otle's 'caution4'444 ,:5 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell br\ght out 8 ,antiquity ( ,man1 he too 0 cauti\s4 ,kn[+ ! dang]s ( 8 foot+1 he ab/a9$ f giv+ an e/imate ( ! ext5sion ( "t requir$ by ! evid5ces ( human rema9s4 ,society 9 ,london1 h[ev]1 w\ld n put up ) ?is retic5ce1 & he _h to disclose at d9n] p>ties :at he _h )held f ! public--namely1 t 9 8 op9ion ! duration ( man c\ld n be less ?an #ej1jjj ye>s 7,practical ,essays1 p4 #bgd47 #h4 ,?us = a :ole g5]ation hone/ & n>r[-m9d$ believ]s 7 tra9$ to suppose t _! views 7 triumphant ov] all attacks1 #ahei & to see 9 infidelity a disease ( an ill-in=m$ pa/2 & z ! ,*ur* _h really ga9$ 9 conv5tional culture z well z 9 weal? & pre/ige 9 ! p]iod ( reaction1 ! p[] ( m]e conv5tion to ov]ride ideas 0 /ill enorm\s4 ,b ?r\gh ! :ole /ress ( reaction & cons]vatism1 ev5 ap>t f ! positive criticism ( cre$ :i* f "t to "t =c$ its head up1 !re is a visible play ( a new _s 9 ! mo/ notable ( ! s]i\s writ+ ( ! "t4 ,c>lyle und]m9$ or?odoxy ev5 9 8 assev]ation ( unreason$ !ism2 ,em]son di/urbs x alike :5 he acclaims my/ics & welcomes evolution>y sci5ce2 & ! :ole inspiration ( ,mill's ,logic no less ?an ( 8 ,lib]ty is some?+ ali5 to ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,( ,rusk91 aga91 ! same may be ass]t$ 9 respect ( 8 _m se>*+ ?ru/s at cl]ical & lay practice1 8 def5ce ( ,col5so1 & ! obvi\s disappe>ance f 8 lat] books ( ! evangelical or?odoxy ( ! e>li]4 #ahfj ,?us ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s ( s]i\s ,engli% prose 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury 7 9 a measure associat$ ) ! _s ( critical ?\ght on matt]s religi\s4 ,9 a mu* /rong] degree ! same ?+ may be pr$icat$ f9ally ( ! writ] :o 9 ! field ( ,engli% belles lettres1 ap>t f fiction1 came ne>e/ !m 9 fame & influ5ce4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 pass+ ins5sibly f ! ,engli% attitude ( academic or?odoxy to t ( ! humani/ = :om ,*ri/ is b an admirable tea*] & ,god a ,some?+ n ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness1 became = ! ,engl& ( 8 lat] ye>s ! fav\rite pilot across ! b> betwe5 sup]naturalism & naturalism4 ,only 9 ,engl&1 p]haps1 c\ld 8 curi\s gospel ( *ur*-go+ & ,bible-read+ a!ism h prosp]$1 b !re x prosp]$ exce$+ly4 ,alike z poet & z essayi/1 ev5 :5 essay+ to disp>age ,col5so or to confute ! ,g]mans :]e !y jo/l$ 8 pr$ilection = ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 he 0 a dis9tegrator ( tradition1 &1 9 8 dogmatic way1 a dissolv] ( dogmatism4 ,:51 !re=e1 beside ! f\r names j m5tion$ ! ,briti% public plac$ ^? ( ! philosoph]s ,sp5c]1 ,lewes1 & ,mill1 & ! sci5ti/s ,d>w91 ,huxley1 ,clif=d1 & ,tyndall1 !y c\ld n b recognize t ! m9d ( ! age 0 divorc$ f ! nom9al fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 #i4 ,9 ,engli% fiction1 ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( g5u9e fai? 0 app>5t to ! prophetic eyes ( ,wilb]=ce & ,rob]t ,hall1 ( :om ! =m] lam5t$ ! total abs5ce ( ,*ri/ian s5tim5t f ne>ly all ! successful fiction ev5 ( 8 day2 #ahfa & ! latt] av[$ ! pa9 ) :i* he not$ t ,miss ,edgewor?1 :om he admir$ = h] /yle & art1 put absolutely no religion 9 h] books1 #ahfb :ile ,hannah ,m1 ^: pr9ciples 7 s excell5t1 _h su* a vici\s /yle4 ,) ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s1 inde$1 s]i\s fiction might seem to be on ! side ( fai?1 bo? be+ lib]ally or?odox1 ?\gh nei!r v5tur$ on religi\s romance2 b ) ,george ,eliot ! balance began to lean ! o!r way1 h] sympa!tic treatm5t ( religi\s types c\nt+ = little z aga9/ h] kn[n rationalism4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury almo/ all ( ! lead+ writ]s ( ! high] fiction 7 kn[n to be ei!r rationali/s or simple !i/s2 & aga9/ ! heavy metal ( ,mr4 ,m]$i?1 ,mr4 ,conrad1 ,mr4 ,h>dy1 ,mr4 ,b5nett1 ,mr4 ,moore 7^: sympa!tic h&l+ ( religi\s motives sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ,huysmans71 & ! didactic-dei/ic ,mrs4 ,humphry-,w>d1 or?odoxy c b claim arti/s ( ! ?ird or l[] grades4 ,! *ampion%ip ( "s ( ! latt] may be reg>d$ z ! la/ humiliation ( fai?4 ,9 #aije !re 0 curr5t a vulg> novel entitl$ ,:5 x 0 ,d>k1 :]e9 0 said to be drawn a blood-curdl+ picture ( :at w\ld happ5 9 ! ev5t ( a g5]al surr5d] ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,despite "s episcopal approbation1 ! book excit$ mu* disgu/ among ! m enlight5$ cl]gy4 ,! preface to ,miss ,m>ie ,corelli's ,mighty ,atom may s]ve to convey to ! _m read]s :o _c p]use ! works ( t lady an idea ( ! temp] 9 :i* %e v9dicates h] fai?4 ,ano!r popul> noveli/ ( a l[ arti/ic grade1 ! late ,mr4 ,seton-,m]riman1 has av[$ 8 religi\s s\ndness 9 a romance ) a ,russian plot1 entitl$ ,! ,s[]s4 ,ref]r+ to ! impressions produc$ by great sc5es ( ,nature1 he writes3 ,^! places & ^! times are good = convalesc5t a!i/s & su* z pose z unbeliev]s--! *eape/ =m ( notoriety 7p4 #afh74 ,! noveli/'s own ,*ri/ian e?ic is ?us indicat$3 ,he _h ,jewi% blood 9 8 ve9s1 :i* 444 c>ri$ ) x ! usual t5d5cy to cr+e4 ,x is 9 ! blood2 x is "p ( t :i* ! p :o /ood )\t ,pilate's palace took ^u !mselves & _! *ildr5 7p4 #ei74 ,b ! enorm\s mass ( mod]n novels includes "s tol]able pleas = fai?1 z well z _m manife/oes ( agno/icism4 ,"o ( ! works ( ! late ,edna ,lyall1 ,we ,two1 0 notable z ! expression ( ! sympa?y ( a dev\t1 g5]\s1 & amiable ,*ri/ian lady ) ! p]sonality & c>e] ( ,mr4 ,bradlaugh4 #aj4 ,among ! mo/ arti/ically gift$ ( ! ,engli% /ory-writ]s & essayi/s ( ! la/ g5]ation ( ! c5tury 0 ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies 7d4 #ahhg71 :o 9 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,he>t 7#ahhc7 has told h[ ! la/ traces & relics ( sup]/itions acquir$ compulsorily 9 *ildhood f9ally pass$ away f 8 m9d1 leav+ him a ,naturali/ 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! ,eulogy ( ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies publi%$ by ,sir ,walt] ,besant 9 #ahhh x is ass]t$ t on 8 dea?b$ ,jeff]ies return$ to 8 fai?1 & di$ li/5+ ) fai? & love to ! words conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,book4 ,a popul> acc\nt ( ?is conv]sion accord+ly became curr5t1 & 0 employ$ to ! usual purpose4 ,z has be5 %[n by a c>eful /ud5t1 & z 0 admitt$ on inquiry by ,sir ,walt] ,besant1 !re _h be5 no conv]sion :atev]1 ,jeff]ies hav+ simply li/5$ to 8 wife's read+ )\t h9t+ at any *ange 9 8 convictions4 #ahfc ,despite 8 biograph]'s express admission ( 8 error1 ,*ri/ian j\rnals1 su* z ! ,spectator1 h burk$ ! facts2 "o1 ! ,*ri/ian1 has pi\sly *>g$ di%one/y on ! writ] :o br\ght !m to light2 & a ?ird1 ! ,salvationi/ ,w> ,cry1 has pron\nc$ 8 action ! base/ =m ( *ican]y & falsehood4 #ahfd ,! episode is wor? not+ z indicat+ ! qualities :i* /ill atta* to or?odox propag&a4 #aa4 ,?\gh ,%elley 0 ana!ma to ,engli% ,*ri/ians 9 8 own clay1 8 fame & /&+ /eadily rose 9 ! g5]ations aft] 8 dea?4 ,nor has ! balance ( ,engli% poetry ev] rev]t$ to ! side ( fai?4 ,ev5 ,t5nyson1 :o m ?an once /ruck at rationalism bel[ ! belt1 is 9 8 own despite ! poet ( d\bt z mu* z ( cr$5ce1 h[ev] he might wilfully attune himself to ! key ( fai?2 & ! unp>allel$ optimism ( ,br[n+ evolv$ a =m ( ,*ri/ianity suffici5tly ali5 to ! hi/oric cre$4 #ahfe ,9 ,cl\gh & ,mat!w ,arnold1 aga91 we h ! positive record ( surr5d]$ fai?4 ,alongside ( ,arnold1 ,sw9burne put into 8 v]se ! free?9k+ temp] t ,leconte de ,lisle res]v$ = prose2 & ! ill-/>r$ b f9ely gift$ ,james ,?omson 7,b4,v47 0 no less def9itely ?\gh despair+ly an unbeliev]4 ,among our lat] poets1 f9ally1 ! balance is pretty mu* ! same4 ,mr4 ,watson has decl>$ 9 wor?ily noble diction = a high agno/icism1 & ! late ,john ,davidson defi$ or?odox e?ics 9 ! "n ( 8 v ant9omian !ology2 #ahff :ile on ! side ( ! regulation religion--s9ce ,mr4 ,yeats is b a /ray ,druid--c be cit$ at be/ ! regim5tal psalmody ( ,mr4 ,kipl+1 lyri/ ( trumpet & drum2 ! /a9$-glass ,m>iolatries ( ! late ,francis ,?ompson2 ! declamatory or?odoxy ( ,mr4 ,noyes2 & ! ,godism ( ,w4 ,e4 ,h5ley1 :]eat ! prosaic godly look askance4 #ab4 ,( ! imag9ative lit]ature ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z ( t ( ,engl&1 ! same g5]alization broadly holds good4 ,! incomp>able ,haw?orne1 :atev] 8 psy*ological sympa?y ) ! ,puritan pa/1 wr\ght inevitably by 8 art = ! loos5+ ( its intellectual hold2 ,poe1 ?\gh he did n v5ture till 8 days ( d[nfall to write 8 ,eureka1 !reby proves himself an entirely non-,*ri/ian !i/2 & ,em]son's poetry1 no less ?an 8 prose1 con/antly expresses 8 pan!ism2 :ile 8 gift$ disciple ,?oreau1 9 "s ways a m /r+5t ?9k] ?an 8 ma/]1 0 ei!r a pan!i/ or a ,lucretian !i/1 /&+ alo( f all *ur*es4 #ahfg ,! economic conditions ( ,am]ican life h till rec5tly be5 unfav\rable to ! high] lit]ature1 z ap>t f fiction2 b ! unique figure ( ,walt ,:itman /&s = a ?or\ghly naturali/ic view ( life2 #ahfh ,mr4 ,h[ells appe>s to be at mo/ a !i/2 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,james has n ev5 exhibit$ ! bias ( 8 gift$ bro!r to ! !ism ( _! no less gift$ fa!r2 & "s ( ! mo/ e/eem$ m5 ( lett]s s9ce ! ,civil ,w>1 z ,dr4 ,w5dell ,holmes & ,colonel ,w5twor? ,higg9son1 h be5 av[$ly on ! side ( rationalism1 or1 z ! t]m goes 9 ! ,/ates1 lib]alism4 ,?\gh ! tone ( ord9>y conv]sation is m (t5 rem9isc5t ( religion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,engl&1 ! novel & ! newspap] h be5 p]haps m ?or\ghly secul>iz$ !re ?an "h2 & 9 ! public hon\r done to s ?or\gh a rationali/ z ! late ,dr4 ,moncure ,conway at ! h&s ( 8 alma mat]1 ! ,dick9son ,college1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 may be se5 ! pro( t ! (ficial or?odoxy ( 8 y\? has disappe>$ f ! region ( 8 bir?4 #ac4 ,( ! va/ mod]n output ( belles lettres 9 cont95tal ,europe1 f9ally1 a simil> acc\nt is to be giv54 ,! supreme poet ( mod]n ,italy1 ,leop>di1 is "o ( ! mo/ def9itely rationali/ic z well z "o ( ! greate/ philosophic poets 9 lit]ature2 ,c>ducci1 ! greate/ ( 8 successors1 0 explicitly anti-,*ri/ian2 & despite all ! claims ( ! ,ca?olic sociali/s1 !re is little mod]n ,ca?olic lit]ature 9 ,italy ( any ,european value4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( mod]n ,italian s*ol>s1 ,pr(essor ,a4 de ,gub]natis1 has 9 8 ,letture sopra la mitologia v$ica 7#ahgd7 explicitly treat$ ! ,*ri/ian leg5d z a my?4 ,9 ,g]many we h se5 ,goe! & ,s*ill] di/9ctly c\nt+ = naturalism2 & ( ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] 7#agfc-ahbe7 an or?odox hi/orian decl>es t 8 religion 0 a *aotic f]m5t+ ( ! m9d1 out ( :i* n[ deism1 !n ,*ri/ianity1 !n a new religion1 seems to come =?4 #ahfi ,! naturali/ic l9e is f\nd to be cont9u$ 9 ,he9ri* von ,klei/1 ! unhappy b ma/]ly dramati/ ( ,d] ,z]bro*5e ,krug1 "o ( ! true/ g5iuses ( 8 "t2 & above all 9 ,he9e1 ^: *>act]i/ic pr(ession ( reconcil+ himself on 8 dea?b$ ) ! deity he imag$ z ! ,ari/ophanes ( heav5 #ahgj s]ves s scantily to console ! or?odox lov]s ( 8 mat*less song4 ,8 criticism ( ,kant & ,fi*te is a suffici5t clue to 8 s]i\s convictions2 & t ,god is all t !re is #ahga is ! suffici5t expression ( 8 pan!ism4 ,! :ole purport ( 8 brilliant sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion & ,philosophy 9 ,g]many 7#ahcd2 #bnd ed4 #aheb7 is a propag&a ( ! v _s ( free?9k+1 :i* con/itutes = ,g]many at once a lit]>y classic & a manife/o ( rationalism4 ,z he himself said ( ! return ( ! ag$ ,s*ell+ to ,ca?olicism1 we may say ( ,he9e1 t a dea?b$ rev]sion to e>ly beliefs is a pa?ological ph5om5on4 ,! use latt]ly made ( ,he9e's dea?b$ re-conv]sion by or?odoxy 9 ,engl& is *>act]i/ic4 ,! late lett]s & conv]sations 9 :i* he said edify+ ?+s ( ,god & ! ,bible are cit$ = read]s :o "k no?+ ( ! context1 & almo/ z little ( ! speak]4 ,he _h simil>ly prais$ ! ,bible 9 #ahcj 7,lett] ( ,july1 9 ,b4 iii ( 8 volume on ,brne--,w]ke1 vii1 #afj74 ,to ! read] ( ! :ole x is cle> t1 :ile ,he9e's v]bal r5unciation ( 8 =m] pan!ism1 & 8 *>act]ization ( ! pan!i/ic position z a timid a!ism1 might h be5 made indep5d5tly ( 8 physical pro/ration1 8 pr(ession ( ! !ism at :i* he _h =m]ly sc(f$ is only mom5t>ily s]i\s1 ev5 at a "t :5 su* a rev]sion w\ld h be5 9 no way surpris+4 ,8 return to & praise ( ! ,bible1 ! book ( 8 *ildhood1 dur+ ye>s ( extreme suff]+ & utt] helplessness1 0 9 ! ord9>y way ( physiological reaction4 ,b inasmu* z 8 ?9k+ faculty 0 nev] ext+ui%$ by 8 tortures1 he *ronically indicat$ t 8 religi\s talk 0 a half-consci\s indulg5ce ( ! ov]/ra9$ emotional nature1 & sub/antially an ex]cise ( 8 poetic feel+--always z l>ge a "p ( 8 psy*osis z 8 reason+ faculty4 ,ev5 9 dea?b$ pr(ession he 0 nei!r a ,jew nor a ,*ri/ian1 8 language be+ t ( a deism sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 any ess5tial elem5t f t ( ,voltaire or ,did]ot 7,/rodtmann1 ,he9e's ,leb5 und ,w]ke1 #bte ,aufl4 ii1 #chf74 ,my religi\s convictions & views1 he writes 9 ! preface to ! late ,romanc]o1 rema9 free ( all *ur*ism4444 ,i h abjur$ no?+1 n ev5 my old hea!n ,gods1 f :om ,i h p>t$ 9 love & fri5d%ip4 ,9 8 w he p]emptorily =bade any cl]ical proc$ure at 8 fun]al2 & 8 feel+ on t side is reveal$ 9 8 sad je/s to 8 fri5d ,meissn] 9 #ahej4 ,if ,i c\ld only g out on crut*es6 he exclaim$2 add+3 ,d y "k :]e ,i %\ld g8 ,/raight to *ur*4 ,on 8 fri5ds express+ disbelief1 he w5t on3 ,c]ta9ly1 to *ur*6 ,:]e %\ld a man g on crut*es8 ,naturally1 if ,i c\ld walk )\t crut*es1 ,i %\ld g to ! laugh+ b\lev>ds or ! ,j>d9 ,mabille4 ,! /ory is told 9 ,engl& )\t ! conclusion1 z a piece ( ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce4 ,b ev5 z to 8 !ism ,he9e 0 nev] m ?an wilfully & poetically a believ]4 ,9 #ahdi we f9d him je/+ ab\t ,god & ! ,gods1 decl>+ he w n (f5d ! lieb] ,gott1 ^: vultures he kn[s & respects4 ,opium is also a religion1 he writes 9 #ahej4 ,*ri/ianity is useless = ! heal?y 444 = ! sick x is a v good religion4 ,if ! ,g]man p 9 _! ne$ accept ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 :y %\ld n ,i accept ! p]sonal ,god8 ,& 9 speak+ ( ! po/script to ! ,romanc]o he writes 9 #ahea3 ,alas1 ,i _h nei!r "t nor mood to say !re :at ,i want$--namely1 t ,i die z a ,poet1 :o ne$s nei!r religion nor philosophy1 & has no?+ to d ) ei!r4 ,! ,poet und]/&s v well ! symbolic idiom ( ,religion1 & ! ab/ract j>gon ( ,philosophy2 b nei!r ! religi\s g5try nor ^? ( philosophy w ev] und]/& ! ,poet4 ,a few weeks be=e 8 dea? he signs a ,new ,ye> lett]1 ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii1 =m]ly ,prussian ,a!i/1 n[ ,lotosfl[]-ador]4 ,at ?is "t he 0 tak+ imm5se doses ( morphia to make 8 tortures be>able4 ,a few h\rs be=e 8 dea? a qu]y+ pieti/ got f him ! answ]3 ,god w p>don me2 x is 8 bus9ess4 ,! ,ge/ndnisse1 writt5 9 #ahed1 ends 9 absolute irony2 & 8 alleg$ gr\nds = giv+ up a!ism1 sometimes quot$ s]i\sly1 are purely humor\s 7,w]ke1 iv1 #cc74 ,if x be 9 any s5se true1 z he tells 9 ! preface to ! ,romanc]o1 t ! high cl]isy ( a!ism pron\nc$ its ana!ma ov] him--t is to say1 t =m] fri5ds d5\nc$ him z a weak turncoat--x ne$$ only ! publication ( 8 ,life & ,lett]s to enable free?9k]s to take an entirely sympa!tic view ( 8 case1 :i* may s]ve z a supreme example ( ! m>tyrdom ( man4 ,on ! :ole "q see ,/rodtmann1 z cit$1 ii1 #cgb sq41 & ! ,ge/ndnisse1 :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) ! e>li] writt5 fragm5ts ( ,briefe b] ,deuts*l& 7,w]ke1 iii1 #aaj71 :]e !re are "s significant v>iations 9 /atem5ts ( fact4 ,s9ce ,he9e1 ,g]man belles lettres has n be5 a fir/-rate influ5ce 9 ,europe2 b "s ( ! lead+ noveli/s1 z ,au]ba* & ,heyse1 are well kn[n to h %>$ 9 ! rational philosophy ( _! age2 & ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,wagn]1 ^: prec>i\s support to ! cause ( fai? has be5 welcom$ *iefly by its het]oclite adh]5ts1 c\nts = no?+ 9 ! critical scale4 #ahgb #ad4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ consid]able evid5ce1 9 belles lettres1 ( ! pr$om9ance ( rationalism 9 mod]n ,europe is to be f\nd 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,sc&9avian ,/ates & ,russia4 ,! ,russian developm5t inde$ _h gone f> ere ! mod]n ,sc&9avian lit]atures _h well begun4 ,already 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury ! poet ,p\%k9e 0 an av[$ h]etic2 & ,gogol ev5 let 8 art suff] f 8 preoccupations ) ! new humanit>ian ideas2 :ile ! critic ,bil9sky1 class$ by ,t\rgunief z ! ,less+ ( ,russia1 #ahgc 0 pron\nc$ly rationali/ic1 #ahgd z 0 8 contempor>y ! critic ,granovsky1 #ahge reput$ ! f9e/ ,russian /yli/ ( 8 day4 ,at ?is p]iod belles lettres /ood = e =m ( intellectual influ5ce 9 ,russia1 #ahgf & all educat$ ?\ght 0 m\ld$ by x4 ,! mo/ p]fect arti/ic result is ! fiction ( ! free?9k] ,t\rgunief1 #ahgg ! ,sophocles ( ! mod]n novel4 ,8 two great contempor>ies1 ,do/oyevsky & ,tol/oy1 c\nt inde$ = sup]naturalism2 b ! truly wond]ful g5ius ( ! =m] 0 some?+ ap>t f 8 philosophy1 :i* 0 m]ely *ildlike2 & ! latt]1 ! lea/ ma/]ly if ! mo/ /r5u\s arti/ ( ! ?ree1 made 8 religi\s conv]ts 9 ,russia *iefly among ! un$ucat$1 & 0 9 any case %>ply antagoni/ic to or?odox ,*ri/ianity4 ,x does n appe> t ! y\ng] writ]1 ,potap5ko1 a f9e arti/1 is or?odox1 despite 8 extremely sympa!tic pres5tm5t ( a sup]ior prie/2 & ! /ill y\ng] ,gorky is an absolute ,naturali/4 #ae4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian ,/ates1 aga91 !re are h>dly any exceptions to ! free?9k+ t5d5cy among ! lead+ liv+ m5 ( lett]s4 ,9 ! p]son ( ! abnormal religioni/ ,sr5 ,ki]kega>d 7#ahac-ahee7 a new =ce ( criticism began to /ir 9 ,d5m>k4 ,sett+ out z a !ologian1 ,ki]kega>d gradually develop$1 always on quasi-religi\s l9es1 into a vehem5t assailant ( conv5tional ,*ri/ianity1 some:at 9 ! _s ( ,pascal1 some:at 9 t ( ,feu]ba*1 aga9 9 t ( ,rusk92 & 9 a temp] recall+ n[ a ,b]s]k] & n[ a ,hebrew prophet4 ,! g5]al effect ( 8 tea*+ may be ga!r$ f ! mass ( ! "w ( ,h5rik ,ibs51 :o 0 8 disciple1 & 9 p>ticul> f ,ibs5's ,br&1 ( :i* ! h]o is p>tly modell$ on ,ki]kega>d4 #ahgh ,ibs51 ?\gh 8 ,br& 0 c\nt$ to him = righte\sness by ! ,*ur*es1 %[$ himself a ?or\gh-go+ naturali/ 9 all 8 lat] "w2 ,bjrnson 0 an active free?9k]2 ! em95t ,dani% critic1 ,georg ,br&es1 e>ly av[$ himself to ! same effect2 & 8 bro!r1 ! dramati/1 ,edw>d ,br&es1 0 elect$ to ! ,dani% ,p>liam5t 9 #ahga despite 8 decl>ation t he believ$ 9 nei!r ! ,*ri/ian nor ! ,jewi% ,god4 ,mo/ ( ! y\ng] littrateurs ( ,norway & ,sw$5 seem to be ( ! same ca/ ( ?\ght4 ,section #d4--,! ,natural ,sci5ces #a4 ,! p[] ( intellectual habit & tradition _h pres]v$ among ! majority ( educat$ m51 to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a notion ( deity ei!r slightly remov$ f t ( ! anci5t ,hebrews or e?ically purifi$ )\t be+ philosophically trans=m$1 ?\gh ! a/ronomy ( ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 & ,newton _h imm5sely modifi$ ! ,hebraic conception ( ! physical univ]se4 ,we h se5 t ,newton did n really hold by ! ,*ri/ian s*eme--he wrote1 at times1 9 fact1 z a pan!i/--b "s lat] a/ronom]s seem to h done s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! great ,laplace develop$ ! nebul> hypo!sis1 previ\sly guess$ at by ,bruno & outl9$ by ,kant1 or?odox psy*ological habit 0 rudely %ak5 z reg>ds ! ,biblical acc\nt ( creation2 & l e o!r previ\s advance 9 physical sci5ce ?is 0 d5\nc$ z a!i/ic #ahgi--:i*1 z we "k1 x 01 ,laplace hav+ decl>$ 9 reply to ,napoleon t he _h no ne$ ( ! ,god hypo!sis4 ,confirm$ 9 ess5tials by all subsequ5t sci5ce1 ,laplace's sy/em wid5s imm5sely ! gulf betwe5 mod]n cosmology & ! hi/oric !ism ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 & ! subsequ5t concrete developm5ts ( a/ronomy1 giv+ z !y d su* an insi/5t & ov]:elm+ impression ( physical inf9ity1 h made ! ,*ri/ian hypo!sis #ahhj fanta/ic save = m9ds capable ( endur+ any /ra9 on ! s5se ( consi/5cy4 ,pa9e _h br\ght ! difficulty vividly home to ! common intellig5ce2 & ?\gh ! hi/ory ( or?odoxy is a hi/ory ( ! success ( in/itutions & majorities 9 impos+ incongru\s con=mities1 ! p]ception ( ! incongruity on ?is side mu/ h be5 a =ce ( dis9tegration4 ,! free?9k+ ( ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s ( ! ,revolution p]iod m>ks a decisive *ange2 & z e>ly z #ahbf we f9d 9 a "w on ,jewi% antiquities by a ,scot* cl]gyman a v pla9 indication #ahha ( disbelief 9 ! ,hebrew /ory ( ! /opp+ ( ! sun & moon1 or 7alt]natively7 ( ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,x is typical ( ! t5acity ( religi\s delusion t a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] ?is among o!r irrational cr$5ces 0 cont5d$ = by ! ,swiss !ologian ,gauss51 #ahhb & by ! or?odox majority else:]e1 :5 = all sci5tifically tra9$ m5 !y _h become unt5able4 ,& t ! g5]al gr[? ( sci5tific ?\ght 0 dis9tegrat+ among sci5tific m5 ! old belief 9 miracles may be ga!r$ f an article1 rem>kable 9 its day1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review ( ,janu>y1 #ahad 7,no4 #df71 & 0 univ]sally attribut$ to ,pr(4 ,leslie1 #ahhc ! di/+ui%$ physici/4 ,review+ ! argum5t ( ,laplace's essay1 ,sur les probabilits1 x sub/antially endors$ ! !sis ( ,hume t miracles _c be prov$ by any te/imony4 ,leslie's own case is "o ( ! mile/ones m>k+ ! sl[ recov]y ( progress 9 ,brita9 aft] ! ,revolution4 ,8 appo9tm5t to ! *air ( ,ma!matics1 aft] ,playfair1 at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity 9 #ahje 0 bitt]ly resi/$ by ! or?odox on ! score t he 0 a disbeliev] 9 miracles & an infidel ( ! s*ool ( ,hume1 :o _h be5 8 p]sonal fri5d4 ,nev]!less he aga9 succe$$ ,playfair 9 ! *air ( ,physics 9 #ahai1 & 0 knight$ 9 #ahcb4 ,! inv5tion ( ! hygromet] & ! discov]y ( ! relations ( light & heat _h begun to c\nt = m 9 sci5ce ?an ! pr(ession ( or?odoxy4 #b4 ,f ,france came likewise ! impulse to a naturali/ic h&l+ ( biology1 long be=e ! day ( ,d>w94 ,! protagoni/ 9 ?is case 0 ! physician ,p4-,j4-,g4 ,cabanis 7#agcg-ahjh71 ! colleague ( ,laplace 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,sci5ces4 ,gr[+ up 9 ! g5]ation ( ! ,revolution1 ,cabanis _h met1 9 ! salon ( ,madame ,helvtius1 d',holba*1 ,did]ot1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,condorcet1 ,laplace1 ,condillac1 ,volney1 ,frankl91 & ,jeff]son1 & became ! physician ( ,mirabeau4 ,8 treatise on ! ,rapports du physique et du morale de l'homme 7#agif-ahjb7 #ahhd might be describ$ z ! sy/ematic application to psy*ology ( t positive me?od to :i* all ! ke5e/ ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h be5 t5d+1 yet ) mu* ( ! lit]>y or rhetorical tone by :i* ! ,fr5* writ]s ( t age _h ne>ly all be5 *>act]iz$4 ,= ,cabanis1 ! psy*ology ( ,helvtius & ,condillac _h be5 hamp]$ by _! ignorance ( physiology2 #ahhe & he easily put aside ! prim>y errors1 su* z ! equality ( m9ds & ! entity ( ! s\l1 :i* !y took ov] f previ\s ?9k]s4 ,8 own "w is on ! :ole ! mo/ se>*+ & orig9al h&l+ ( ! ma9 problems ( psy*o-physiology t _h yet be5 a*iev$2 & to ?is day its sugge/iv5ess has n be5 exhau/$4 ,b ,cabanis1 9 8 turn1 made ! mi/ake ( ,helvtius & ,condillac4 ,n cont5t ) pres5t+ ! results ( 8 /udy 9 ! prov9ce 9 :i* he 0 relatively ma/]1 he und]took to rea* ultimate tru? 9 ^? ( e?ics & philosophy1 9 :i* he 0 n s4 ,9 ! preface to ! ,rapports he lays d[n an emphatically agno/ic conviction z to f9al causes3 ignorance ! mo/ inv9cible1 he decl>es1 is all t is possible to man on t issue4 #ahhf ,b n only does he 9 8 ma9 "w freely & loosely g5]alize on ! ph5om5a ( hi/ory & ov]leap ! e?ical problem3 he p5n$ %ortly be=e 8 dea? a ,lettre sur les causes premires1 address$ to ,fauriel1 #ahhg 9 :i* ! ag+ intellig5ce is se5 rev]t+ to priori processes1 & conclud+ 9 fav\r ( a sort ( /oic pan!ism #ahhh ) a balance t[>ds normal !ism & a belief 9 immortality4 ,! f9al doctr9e did n 9 ! lea/ affect ! argum5t ( ! e>li]1 :i* 0 simply "o ( positive sci5ce2 b ! cl]ical _w1 :i* _h 9 ! usual fa%ion d5\nc$ ! sci5tific doctr9e1 n on ! score ( any attack by ,cabanis ^u religion1 b because ( its incompatibility ) ! notion ( ! s\l1 naturally made mu* ( ! my/ical1 #ahhi & accord$ its fram] au?ority f t mom5t4 ,z = ! conception ( vitalism put =w>d 9 ! ,lett] to ,fauriel by way ( explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 x is b a rev]sion to ! e>li] doctr9e ( ,/ahl1 ( :i* ,cabanis _h be5 a p>tisan 9 8 y\?4 #ahij ,! fact rema9s t he gave an endur+ impulse to positive sci5ce1 #ahia 8 own f9al vacillation fail+ to arre/ ! employm5t ( ! me?od he _h inh]it$ & improv$4 ,mo/ p "k him solely ?r\gh "o misquotation1 ! fam\s phrase t ! bra9 secretes ?\ght z ! liv] secretes bile4 ,?is is n only an imp]fect /atem5t ( 8 doctr9e3 x suppresses precisely ! idea by :i* ,cabanis diff]5tiates f pure s5sationalism4 ,:at he taught 0 t impressions1 rea*+ ! bra91 set x 9 activity1 z alim5ts rea*+ ! /oma* excite x to a m abundant secretion ( ga/ric juice4444 ,! function prop] to ! fir/ is to p]ceive p>ticul> impressions1 to atta* to !m signs1 to comb9e diff]5t impressions1 to sep>ate !m1 to draw f !m judgm5ts & det]m9ations1 z ! function ( ! second is to act on nutritive sub/ances1 etc4 #ahib ,x is aft] ?is /atem5t ( ! kn[n processus1 & aft] po9t+ out t !re is z mu* ( pure inf]5ce 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 t he concludes3 ,! bra9 9 a mann] dige/s impressions1 & makes organically ! secretion ( ?\ght & ?is conclusion1 he po9ts out1 disposes ( ! difficulty ( ^? :o _c conceive h[ judg+1 reason+1 imag9+1 c ev] be any?+ else ?an feel+4 ,! difficulty ceases :5 "o recognizes1 9 ^! diff]5t op]ations1 ! action ( ! bra9 ^u ! impressions :i* are pass$ on to x4 ,! doctr9e is1 9 %ort1 an elem5t>y tru? ( psy*ological sci5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ! ,ego consid]$ z an entity4 ,to t pseudo-sci5ce ,cabanis gave a vital w\nd2 & 8 d]id$ =mula is = true sci5ce to-day almo/ a truism4 ,! attacks made ^u 8 doctr9e 9 ! next g5]ation only s]v$ to emphasize anew ! et]nal dilemma ( !ism4 ,on ! "o h& 8 f9al vitalism 0 repugnant to ^? :o1 on traditional l9es1 insi/$ ^u a di/9ction betwe5 s\l & vital =ce2 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o s\ght to make a philosophic case = !ism aga9/ him made ! usual plunge into pan!ism1 & 7 reproa*$ accord+ly by ! or?odox4 #ahic ,all t rema9$ 0 ! indisputable positive ga94 #c4 ,9 ,engl& ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* /imulus 9 physiology 0 se5 ev5 m cle>ly ?an t ( ! great g5]alization ( ,laplace4 ,pr(essor ,william ,lawr5ce 7#aghc-ahfg71 ! physiologi/1 publi%$ 9 #ahaf an ,introduction to ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,physiology1 conta9+ "s rem>ks on ! nature ( life1 :i* elicit$ f ! !n fam\s ,dr4 ,ab]ne?y a f\l attack 9 8 ,physiological ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,lawr5ce 0 *>g$ ) belong+ to ! p>ty ( ,fr5* physiological skeptics ^: aim 0 to loos5 ^? re/ra9ts on :i* ! welf>e ( mank9d dep5ds4 #ahid ,9 ! introductory lecture ( 8 c\rse ( #ahag be=e ! ,college ( ,physicians1 ,lawr5ce sev]ely retaliat$1 repudiat+ ! g5]al *>ge1 b reass]t+ t ! dep5d5ce ( life on organization is z cle> z ! d]ivation ( daylight f ! sun4 ,! w> 0 adroitly c>ri$ at once into ! enemy's t]ritory 9 ! decl>ation t ,! pr(\nd1 ! virtu\s1 & f]v5tly pi\s ,pascal ackn[l$g$1 :at all s\nd !ologians ma9ta91 t ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! great tru?s ( religion1 & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( morals _c be demon/rably prov$ by m]e reason2 & t revelation alone is capable ( dissipat+ ! unc]ta9ties :i* p]plex ^? :o inquire too curi\sly into ! s\rces ( ^! important pr9ciples4 ,all w ackn[l$ge t1 z no o!r rem$y c be s p]fect & satisfactory z ?is1 no o!r c be necess>y1 if we resort to ?is ) firm fai?4 #ahie ,! value ( ?is pron\ncem5t is indicat$ lat] 9 ! same volume by subacid allusions to ^? :o reg>d ! ,hebrew ,scriptures z writ+s compos$ ) ! assi/ance ( div9e inspiration1 & :o receive ,g5esis z a n>rative ( actual ev5ts4 ,indicat+ v>i\s gr\nds ( d\bt respect+ inspiration1 ! lectur] adds t ! /ories ( ! nam+ ( ! animals & _! collection 9 ! ark1 if we are to und]/& !m z appli$ to ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! :ole _w1 are zoologically impossible4 #ahif ,on ! pr9ciple !n gov]n+ su* matt]s ,lawr5ce 0 9 #ahbb1 on ! score ( 8 h]esies1 refus$ copyright 9 8 lectures1 :i* 7 accord+ly repr9t$ _m times 9 a *eap /]eotyp$ edition1 & ?us widely diffus$4 #ahig ,?is h>dy attack 0 re9=c$ 9 #ahai by ! publication ( ,sir ,t4 ,c4 ,morgan's ,sket*es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,life1 :]e9 ! physiological mat]ialism ( ,cabanis is quietly b firmly develop$1 & a typical s5t5ce ( 8 figures z a motto on ! title-page4 ,! me?od is /rictly naturali/ic1 alike on ! m$ical & on ! philosophic side2 & vitalism is argu$ d[n z explicitly z is an?ropomorphism4 #ahih ,z a :ole ! book tells notably ( ! /imulus ( rec5t ,fr5* ?\ght ^u ,engli%4 #d4 ,a m g5]al effect1 h[ev]1 0 probably wr\ght by ! sci5ce ( geology1 :i* 9 a /able & te/$ =m belongs to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,( its !oretic f\nd]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,w]n] & ,dr4 ,james ,hutton 7#agbf-agig71 ! latt] & m important #ahii is kn[n f 8 ,inve/igation ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,k 7#agid7 to h be5 consci\sly a free?9k] on m gr\nds ?an t ( 8 naturali/ic sci5ce2 & 8 ,!ory ( ! ,_w 7#agie7 0 duly d5\nc$ z a!i/ic4 #aijj ,:]eas ! physical inf9ity ( ! univ]se almo/ =c$ ! or?odox to conc$e a va/ cosmic process ( "s k9d z prec$+ ! %ap+ ( ! e>? & sol> sy/em1 ! =mation ( ^! )9 six days 0 "o ( ! pla9e/ ass]tions 9 ! sacr$ books2 & e sy/em ( geology exclud$ su* a conception4 ,z ! evid5ce accumulat$1 9 ! h&s ( m5 mo/ly cont5t to deprecate religi\s opposition1 #aija !re 0 duly evolv$ ! qua9t compromise ( ! doctr9e t ! ,biblical six days meant six ages--a fantasy /ill *]i%$ 9 ! pulpit4 ,on ! gr\nd ( t absurdity1 nev]!less1 !re gradually grew up a new conception ( ! antiquity ( ! e>?4 ,?us a popul> "w on geology su* z ,! ,anci5t ,_w1 by ,pr(4 ,an/$ 7#ahdg71 c\ld beg9 ) ! proposition t long be=e ! human race _h be5 introduc$ on ! e>? ?is _w ( ours exi/$ z ! habitation ( liv+ ?+s diff]5t f ^? n[ inhabit+ its surface4 ,ev5 ! !sis ( six ages1 & o!rs ( ! same ord]1 drew ^u _! support]s angry *>ges ( infidelity4 ,hugh ,mill]1 ^: natural gifts = geological rese>* 7 *ronically turn$ to confusion by 8 or?odox bias1 0 repeat$ly s assail$1 :5 9 po9t ( fact he 0 p]petually tamp]+ ) ! facts to salve ! ,scriptures4 #aijb ,( all ! inductive sci5ces geology _h be5 mo/ ret>d$ by ! ,*ri/ian canonization ( error4 #aijc ,ev5 ! pla9 fact t :at is dry l& _h once be5 sea 0 ob/9ately di/ort$ ?r\gh c5turies1 ?\gh ,ovid #aijd _h put ! obs]vations ( ,py?agoras 9 ! way ( all s*ol>s2 & ?\gh ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h insi/$ on ! visible evid5ce2 nay1 dei/ic habit c\ld keep ev5 ,voltaire1 z we saw1 prepo/]\sly incr$ul\s on ! subject4 ,:5 ! sci5tific tru? began to =ce its way 9 ! tee? ( su* au?orities z ,cuvi]1 :o /ood = ! ,mosaic doctr9e1 ! effect 0 proportionately m>k$2 & :e!r or n ! suicide ( ,mill] 7#ahef7 0 9 any way due to despair on p]ception ( ! collapse ( 8 reconciliation ( geology ) ,g5esis1 #aije ! sci5tific demon/ration made an end ( revelationism = _m4 ,:at help$ mo/ to save or?odoxy f humiliation on ! sci5tific side 0 ! attitude ( m5 l ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ^: sci5tific k & habit ( m9d mov$ him to attack ! ,judaism ( ! ,bibliolat]s 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! "n ( tru? to decl>e t no?+ 9 geology be>s ! smalle/ semblance to any "p ( ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 torture ! int]pretation to :at ext5t we may4 #aijf ,9 #aheg ?is 0 v bold language4 #e4 ,/ill m r\s+1 f9ally1 0 ! effect ( ! sci5ce ( zoology1 z plac$ ^u a broad sci5tific f\ndation by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,"h aga9 /eps _h be5 tak5 9 previ\s g5]ations on ! "r pa?1 )\t any g5]al movem5t on ! "p ( sci5tific & educat$ m54 ,d>w9's own gr&fa!r1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 _h 9 8 ,zoonomia 7#agid7 anticipat$ _m ( ! positions ( ! ,fr5* ,lam>ck1 :o 9 #ahja began develop+ ! views he fully elaborat$ 9 #ahae1 z to ! desc5dance ( all exi/+ species f e>li] =ms4 #aijg ,z e>ly z #agie ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire _h begun to suspect t all species are v>iants on a primordial =m ( life2 & at ! same "t 7#agid-ie7 ,goe! 9 ,g]many _h rea*$ simil> convictions4 #aijh ,t views ?us rea*$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,france1 at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 %\ld h to wait = two g5]ations be=e ev5 meet+ ! full /ress ( battle1 mu/ be put d[n z "o ( ! results ( ! g5]al reaction4 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 publi%+ 8 views 9 #ahbh1 0 (ficially ov]borne by ! ,cuvi] s*ool 9 ,france4 ,9 ,engl&1 inde$1 s late z #ahee1 we f9d ,sir ,david ,brew/] d5\nc+ ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis3 t dull & dang]\s h]esy ( ! age4444 ,an omnipot5t arm 0 requir$ to give ! planets _! position & motion 9 space1 & a presid+ intellig5ce to assign to !m ! diff]5t functions !y _h to p]=m4 #aiji ,& ,mur*ison ! geologi/ 0 no less emphatic aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 :i* he reject$ till 8 dy+ day 7#ahga74 #f4 ,o!r anticipations ( ,d>w9's doctr9e 9 ,engl& & else:]e came practically to no?+1 #aiaj z reg>d$ ! g5]al op9ion1 until ,rob]t ,*amb]s 9 #ahdd publi%$ anonym\sly 8 ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 a "w :i* f\nd a wide audi5ce1 incurr+ bitt] ho/ility n only f ! cl]gy b f "s speciali/s :o1 l ,huxley1 7 lat] to take ! evolutioni/ view on ,d>w9's p]suasion4 ,*amb]s x 0 t br\ght ! issue )9 g5]al k2 & he improv$ 8 position 9 successive editions4 ,a ho/ile cl]ical read]1 ,:ewell1 admitt$ ( him1 9 a lett] to a less ho/ile memb] ( 8 pr(ession1 t1 z to ! degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! au?or & ! ,fr5* physiological a!i/s1 he uses rev]5t phrases3 !irs w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 ,engl&2 add+3 ,y w\ld be surpris$ to he> ! contempt & abhorr5ce ) :i* ,ow5 & ,s$gwick speak ( ! ,ve/iges4 #aiaa ,hugh ,mill]1 himself accus$ ( infidelity = 8 measure ( inductive c&\r1 held a simil> tone t[>ds m5 ( great] intellectual rectitude1 call+ ! lib]aliz+ religioni/s ( 8 day v]m9 & reptiles1 #aiab & classify+ z degrad$ & lo/ #aiac all :o %\ld accept ! new doctr9e ( evolution1 :i*1 z put by ,*amb]s1 0 !n com+ =w>d to evict 8 own delusions f ! field ( sci5ce4 ,! "y ,max ,mll]1 ) ! c]titude born ( an entire ignorance ( physical sci5ce1 decl>$ 9 #ahef t ! doctr9e ( a human evolution f l[] types c nev] be ma9ta9$ aga91 & pron\nc$ x an unhall[$ imputation4 #aiad #g4 ,contempt & abhorr5ce _h 9 fact at all times con/itut$ ! common ,*ri/ian temp] t[>ds e =m ( critical diss5t f ! body ( receiv$ op9ion2 & only s9ce ! contempt1 d\bl$ ) criticism1 began to be 9 a l>ge degree retort$ on ! bigots by in/ruct$ m5 has a bett] _s prevail$4 ,su* a reaction 0 greatly promot$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,x 0 aft] ! above-not$ prep>ation1 popul> & academic1 & aft] ! !ory ( transmutation ( species _h be5 def9itely pron\nc$ errone\s by ! omnisci5t ,:ewell1 #aiae t ,d>w9 produc$ 7#ahei7 8 irresi/ible ars5al ( argum5ts & facts1 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 exp\nd+ sy/ematically ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection1 sugge/$ to him by ! economic philosophy ( ,mal?us1 & indep5d5tly & contemporane\sly arriv$ at by ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,! outcry 0 enorm\s2 & ! ,*ur*1 z always1 array$ itself viol5tly aga9/ ! new tru?4 ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce po9t$ out 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review t ! pr9ciple ( natural selection is absolutely incompatible ) ! ^w ( ,god1 #aiaf :i* 0 p]fectly true2 & at a fam\s meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfj he s trave/i$ ! doctr9e z to goad ,huxley into a fi]ce decl>ation t he w\ld r be a desc5dant ( an ape ?an ( a man :o 7l ! ,bi%op7 plung$ into que/ions ) :i* he _h no real acqua9tance1 only to obscure !m & di/ract 8 he>]s by appeals to religi\s prejudice4 #aiag ,! mass ( ! cl]gy kept up ! w>f>e ( ignorance2 b ! battle 0 practically won )9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates lead+ !ologians _h made ! same suicidal decl>ations1 entitl+ all m5 to say t1 if evolution prov$ to be true1 ,*ri/ianity 0 false4 ,pr(essor ,lu?>dt1 ( ,leipzig1 took up ! same position z ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce1 decl>+ t ! :ole sup]/ructure ( p]sonal religion is built ^u ! doctr9e ( creation2 #aiah lead+ ,am]ican !ologians pron\nc$ ! new doctr9e a!i/ic2 & ev]y:]e gross vitup]ation ek$ out ! !ological argum5t4 #aiai #h4 ,?us ! idea ( a specific creation ( all =ms ( life by an orig9at+ deity--! conception :i* virtually unit$ ! dei/s & ,*ri/ians ( ! eighte5? c5tury aga9/ ! a!i/s--0 at l5g? sci5tifically explod$4 ,! pr9ciple ( p]sonal div9e rule or provid5tial int]v5tion _h n[ be5 philosophically exclud$ successively 7#a7 f a/ronomy by ! sy/em ( ,newton2 7#b7 f ! sci5ce ( e>?-=mation by ! sy/em ( ,laplace & ! new geology2 7#c7 f ! sci5ce ( liv+ organisms by ! new zoology4 ,x only ne$$ t ! dei/ic conception %\ld be fur!r exclud$ f ! human sci5ces--f an?ropology1 f ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 & f e?ics--to complete1 at lea/ 9 outl9e1 ! rationalization ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,n t ! process 0 complete 9 detail ev5 z reg>d$ zoology4 ,despite ! pla9 implications ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man 7#ahga7 came on _m z a %ock+ surprise & evok$ a new fury ( prote/4 ,! lacun 9 ,d>w91 fur!r1 _h to be supplem5t$2 & mu* speculative p[] has be5 sp5t on ! task by ,haeckel1 )\t ?us f> e/abli%+ complete agreem5t4 ,b ! desp]ate /& s long made on ! score ( ! miss+ l9k seems to h be5 f9ally discr$it$ 9 #ahid2 & ! ,judo-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( special creation & provid5tial design appe>s1 ev5 9 ! imp]fectly educat$ society ( our day1 to be already a lo/ cause4 ,z we h se51 h[ev]1 x 0 n m]ely ! cl]ical class t resi/$ ! new tru?3 ! m5 ( sci5ce !mselves 7 (t5 disgracefully ho/ile2 & t class cont9u$ to give a suffici5cy ( support to cl]icalism4 ,if ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces be no gu>antee = recognition ( new tru? 9 ^? sci5ces1 /ill less is x a sure prep>ation = "r judgm5t 9 matt]s ( sociology1 or1 inde$1 = a c\rage\s attitude t[>ds conv5tions4 ,sp5c] 9 8 e>li] works us$ ! language ( deism #aibj at a "t :5 ,comte _h disc>d$ x4 ,x takes a r>e comb9ation ( intellectual p[]1 moral c\rage1 & (ficial fre$om to p]mit ( su* a directly rationali/ic propag&a z 0 c>ri$ on by ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 or ev5 su* z has be5 accompli%$ by ,presid5t ,&rew ,:ite 9 ,am]ica "u ! comp>atively popul> pr(ession ( deism4 ,x 0 only 9 8 leisur$ latt] ye>s t ,huxley c>ri$ on a g5]al conflict ) or?odoxy4 ,9 middle age he frequ5tly cov]$ himself by attacks on pr(ess$ free?9k]s2 & he did m ?an any o!r man ( 8 "t 9 ,engl& to cons]ve ! ,bible z a s*ool manual by 8 politic panegyric ( x 9 t aspect at a "t :5 bold] rationali/s 7 /riv+ to get x exclud$ f ! ,/ate s*ools4 #aiba ,o!r m5 ( sci5ce h furni%$ an abundance ( support to or?odoxy by m or less vaguely religi\s pron\ncem5ts on ! problem ( ! univ]se2 s t ,ca?olic & o!r obscuranti/ ag5cies are able to cite f !m _m quasi-sci5tific phrases #aibb--tak+ c>e n to ask :at be>+ _! language has on ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,physici/s :o attempt to be m precise are r>ely f\nd to be or?odox2 & ! moral & social sci5ce ( su* writ]s is too (t5 a species ( *>latanism4 ,b ! :ole t5d5cy ( natural sci5ce1 :i* z su* is necess>ily ali5 to sup]naturalism1 makes = a rejection ( ! religi\s tradition2 & ! real lead]s ( sci5ce are f\nd m & m op5ly ali5at$ f ! cre$ ( fai?4 ,we "k t ,d>w91 ?\gh ! son & gr&son ( free?9k]s1 0 br\ght up 9 ord9>y or?odoxy by 8 "m1 & gave up common religi\s belief almo/ indep5d5tly f 8 own reflections4 #aibc ,all ov] ! _w t has s9ce be5 an increas+ly common exp]i5ce among sci5tific m54 ,section #e4--,! ,sociological ,sci5ces #a4 ,a rationali/ic treatm5t ( human hi/ory _h be5 explicit or implicit 9 ! :ole lit]ature ( ,deism2 & _h be5 attempt$ ) v>i\s degrees ( success by ,bod91 ,vico1 ,montesquieu1 ,m&eville1 ,hume1 ,smi?1 ,voltaire1 ,volney1 & ,condorcet1 z well z by less] m54 #aibd ,s cle> _h be5 ! classic lead to naturali/ic views ( social gr[? 9 ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 & s /rong ! influ5ce ( ! new naturali/ic _s1 t x is se5 ev5 9 ! "w ( ,goguet 7#agfi71 :o sets out z biblically z ,bossuet2 :ile 9 ,g]many ,h]d] & ,kant fram$ really lum9\s g5]alizations2 & a :ole gr\p ( sociological writ]s rose up 9 ! ,scotl& ( ! middle & latt] p>ts ( ! c5tury4 #aibe ,"h aga9 !re 0 reaction2 b 9 ,france ! or?odox ,guizot did mu* to promote broad] views ?an 8 own2 ,eusbe ,salv]te 9 8 essay ,de la ,civilisation 7#ahac7 made a highly intellig5t ef=t t[>ds a g5]al view2 & ,*>les ,comte 9 8 ,trait de ,lgislation 7#ahbf7 made a m>k$ sci5tific advance on ! sugge/ive "w ( ,h]d]4 ,z we h se51 ! eclectic ,j\ffroy put human affairs 9 ! sph]e ( natural law equally ) cosmic ph5om5a4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! great "w ( ,augu/e ,comte1 sci5tific me?od 0 appli$ s effectively & concretely to ! g5]al problem t1 despite 8 s]i\s fallacies1 social sci5ce aga9 took rank z a solid /udy4 #b4 ,9 ,engl& ! anti-revolution reaction 0 visible 9 ?is z 9 o!r fields ( ?\ght4 ,hume & ,gibbon _h set ! example ( a /rictly naturali/ic treatm5t ( hi/ory2 & ! cl]ical ,rob]tson 0 fai?ful to _! me?od2 b ,hallam makes a /& = sup]naturalism ev5 9 apply+ a g5]ally sci5tific critical /&>d4 ,! majority ( hi/orical ev5ts he is cont5t to let pass z natural1 ev5 z ! av]age man sees ! h& ( ! doctor 9 8 escape f rheumatism1 b ! h& ( ,god 9 8 escape f a railway accid5t4 ,discuss+ ! defeat ( ,b>b>ossa at ,legnano1 ,hallam pron\nces t x is n mat]ial to allege 444 t ! accid5tal de/ruction ( ,fr$]ic's army by disease enabl$ ! cities ( ,lomb>dy to succe$ 9 _! resi/ance4444 ,provid5ce res]ves to itself v>i\s means by :i* ! bonds ( ! oppressor may be brok52 & x is n = human sagacity to anticipate :e!r ! army ( a conqu]or %all m\ld] 9 ! un:olesome m>%es ( ,rome or /iff5 ) fro/ 9 a ,russian w9t]4 #aibf ,b ,hallam 0 ne>ly ! la/ hi/orian ( di/9ction to v5d su* nugatory oracles z ei!r a philosophy or a religion ( hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! oracul> ,c>lyle did n cle>ly /ipulate = special provid5ces 9 8 hi/ories1 ?\gh he leant to t conception2 & ?\gh ,ranke also uses my/ify+ language1 he writes z a ,naturali/2 :ile ,mi*elet is op5ly anti-cl]ical4 ,grote 0 :olly a rationali/2 ! hi/oric me?od ( 8 fri5d & competitor1 ,bi%op ,?irlwall1 0 z non-!ological z 82 ,macaulay1 :atev] might be 8 con=mities or 8 bias1 wrote 9 8 mo/ secul> _s :5 exhibit+ !ological evolution2 & ,george ,long indicat$ 8 rationalism aga9 & aga94 #aibg ,x is only 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ primitively prejudic$ ( ^? ,g]man hi/orians :o elim9ate e?ics f hi/oriography t ! ,god factor is latt]ly emphasiz$ 9 o/5sibly exp]t hi/oriography4 #c4 ,all /udy ( economics & ( political hi/ory fo/]$ su* views1 & at l5g?1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 by ! works ( ,drap] & ,buckle1 9 ! six? & lat] decades ( ! c5tury1 ! conception ( law 9 human hi/ory 0 widely if sl[ly popul>iz$1 to ! due indignation ( ! sup]naturali/s1 :o saw ! la/ great field ( natural ph5om5a pass+ l o!rs into ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,drap]'s av[$ !ism p>tly protect$ him f attack2 b ,buckle's /raight=w>d attacks on cre$s & on ,*ur*es br\ght ^u him a peculi>ly fi]ce ho/ility1 :i* 0 unmollifi$ by 8 incid5tal av[al ( belief 9 a future life & 8 erratic attacks ^u unbeliev]s4 ,= long ?is ho/ility told aga9/ 8 sociological tea*+4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology nev]!less cl9*$ ! sci5tific claim by tak+ sociological law = grant$2 & ! new sci5ce has cont9ually progress$ 9 acceptance4 ,9 ! h&s ( all its lead+ mod]n expon5ts 9 all c\ntries--,le/] ,w>d1 ,gidd+s1 ,guyau1 ,let\rneau1 ,t>de1 ,f]ri1 ,durkheim1 ,de ,greef1 ,gumpl[icz1 ,lili5feld1 ,s*ffle--x has be5 entirely naturali/ic1 ?\gh "s ,ca?olic pr(essors cont9ue to inject into x !ological assumptions4 ,x _c be said1 h[ev]1 t a g5]al doctr9e ( social evolution is ev5 yet fully e/abli%$4 ,! problem is complicat$ by ! pr(\ndly cont5ti\s issues ( practical politics2 & 9 ! result+ diffid5ce ( (ficial tea*]s !re arises a notable op5+ = obscurantism1 :i* has be5 duly =?com+4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury su* an em95t ,*ur*man z ,dean ,milman incurr$ at ! h&s ( ,j4 ,h4 ,newman & o!rs ! *>ge ( writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews & ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 a rationali/ic _s1 pres5t+ religion z a human ph5om5on4 #aibh ,lat] ,*ur*m51 ) all _! prep>ation1 h r>ely gone fur!r4 #d4 ,two l9es ( sci5tific /udy1 x w\ld appe>1 mu/ be ?or\ghly foll[$ up be=e ! gr\nd c be pron\nc$ cle> = au?oritative conclusions--^? ( an?ropological ar*ology 7includ+ comp>ative my?ology & comp>ative hi]ology7 & economic analysis4 ,on bo? l9es1 h[ev]1 great progress has be5 made2 & on ! =m] 9 p>ticul> ! result is pr(\ndly dis9tegrat+ to traditional belief4 ,! lessons ( an?ropology _h be5 long available to ! mod]n _w be=e !y began to be sci5tifically appli$ to ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,! issues rais$ by ,font5elle & ,de ,brosses 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 9 practice put aside 9 fav\r ( direct debate ov] ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 dogma1 & e?ic2 ?\gh _m ( ! dei/s dwelt on ! analogies ( hea!n & reveal$ religion4 ,z e>ly z #ahbd ,b5jam9 ,con/ant made a vigor\s attempt to br+ ! :ole ph5om5a "u a g5]al evolution>y conception 9 8 "w ,de la ,religion4 #aibi ,b x 0 n till ! treasure ( mod]n an?ropology _h be5 sci5tifically mass$ by su* /ud5ts z ,!odor ,waitz 7,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 #f ,bde4 #ahei-ga7 & ,adolf ,ba/ian 7,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 #c ,bde4 #ahfj71 & above all by ,sir ,edw>d ,tylor1 :o fir/ lucidly elaborat$ ! sci5ce ( x all1 t ! arbitr>y religi\s conception ( ! psy*ic evolution ( humanity began to be decisively sup]s$$4 ,9 #ahga ,tylor c\ld /ill say t to _m educat$ m9ds !re seems some?+ presumptu\s & repulsive 9 ! view t ! hi/ory ( mank9d is "p & p>cel ( ! hi/ory ( nature2 t our ?\ghts1 wills1 & actions accord ) laws z def9ite z ^? :i* gov]n ! motion ( waves1 ! comb9ation ( acids & bases1 & ! gr[? ( plants & animals4 #aicj ,b ! old repulsion _h already be5 pr(\ndly impair$ by biological & social sci5ce2 & ,tylor's book met ) h>dly any ( ! odium t _h be5 lavi%$ on ,d>w9 & ,buckle4 ,x w make me = ! future look on religion--a belief 9 ! s\l1 etc4--f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 wrote ,d>w9 #aica to ,tylor on its appe>ance4 ,s ?or\ghly did ! book press home ! fact ( ! evolution ( religi\s ?\ght f savag]y t !nce=w>d ! sci5ce ( my?ology1 :i* _h nev] yet ris5 9 pr(essional h&s to ! height ( vision ( ,font5elle1 began to be decisively adapt$ to ! an?ropological /&po9t4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,sp5c] #aicb all ! ph5om5a ( primitive m5tal life--beliefs1 practices1 in/itutions--are consid]$ z purely natural data1 no o!r po9t ( view be+ recogniz$2 & ! an?ropological treatises ( ,"l ,avebury 7,sir ,john ,lubbock7 are at ! same /&po9t4 ,:5 at l5g? ! mass ( savage usages :i* lie ar\nd ! beg9n+s ( hi/oric religion began to be closely scann$ & classifi$1 notably 9 ! great latt]-day compilations ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 :at _h appe>$ to be sacr$ peculi>ities ( ! ,*ri/ian cult 7 se5 to be b v>iants ( univ]sal primitive practice4 ,!nce=? ! problem = s]i\s inquir]s 0 n :e!r ,*ri/ianity 0 a sup]natural revelation--! sup]natural is no long] a gr\nd ( s]i\s discussion--b :e!r ! c5tral n>rative is hi/orical 9 any degree :atev]4 ,! def5ce is latt]ly conduct$ f a /&po9t indi/+ui%able f ! ,unit>ian4 ,b an enorm\s am\nt ( an?ropological rese>* is be+ c>ri$ on )\t any ref]5ce to su* issues1 ! total effect be+ to exclude ! sup]naturali/ premiss f ! /udy ( religion z completely z f t ( a/ronomy4 ,section #f4--,philosophy & ,e?ics #a4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant1 :ile giv+ ! !ological class a new app>atus ( def5ce z aga9/ common-s5se free?9k+1 =c$ none ! less on !i/ic philosophy a great advance f ! or?odox positions4 ,?us 8 imm$iate successors1 ,fi*te & ,s*ell+1 produc$ sy/ems ( :i* "o 0 l\dly d5\nc$ z a!i/ic1 & ! o!r z pan!i/ic1 #aicc despite its dualism4 ,nei!r seems to h _h mu* influ5ce on concrete religi\s op9ion outside ! univ]sities2 #aicd & :5 ,s*ell+ 9 old age turn$ ,ca?olic obscuranti/1 ! ga9 to cl]icalism 0 n great4 ,hegel 9 turn loosely wr\ght out a sy/em ( :i* ! great m]it is to sub/itute ! conception ( exi/5ce z relation = ! nihili/ic idealism ( ,fi*te & ! unsolv$ dualism ( ,s*ell+4 ,?is sy/em he latt]ly adapt$ to practical exig5cies #aice by =mulat+1 z ,kant _h rec5tly done1 a philosophic ,tr9ity & h>dily def9+ ,*ri/ianity z ,absolute ,religion 9 comp>ison ) ! v>i\s =ms ( ,natural ,religion4 ,nev]!less1 he c\nt$ 9 a great degree z a dis9tegrat+ influ5ce1 & 0 9 a v practical way anti-,*ri/ian4 ,m explicitly ?an ,kant1 he admitt$ t ! ,aufklrung1 ! free?9k+ movem5t ( ! pa/ g5]ation1 _h made good its case s f> z x w5t2 & ?\gh1 by ! admission ( admir]s1 he took = grant$ )\t ju/ification t x _h c>ri$ its po9t ) ! _w at l>ge1 #aicf he 0 *ronically at /rife ) ! !ologians z su*1 *>g+ !m on ! "o h& ) des]t+ ! dogmas :i* he re-/at$1 #aicg & on ! o!r decl>+ t ! common run ( !m "k z little ( ,god z a bl9d man sees ( a pa9t+1 ev5 ?\gh he h&les ! frame4 #aich ,( ! belief 9 miracles he 0 simply contemptu\s4 ,:e!r at ! m>riage ( ,cana ! gue/s got a little m w9e or a little less is a matt] ( absolutely no importance2 nor is x any m ess5tial to dem& :e!r ! man ) ! )]$ h& 0 heal$2 = millions ( m5 g ab\t ) )]$ & crippl$ limbs1 ^: limbs no man heals4 ,on ! /ory ( ! m>ks made = ! in=mation ( ! angel on ! ,hebrew h\ses at ! ,passov] he asks3 ,w\ld ! angel n h kn[n !m )\t ^! m>ks81 add+3 ,?is fai? has no real int]e/ = ,_s4 #aici ,su* writ+1 f ! or?odox po9t ( view1 0 n comp5sat$ = by a philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity :i* d5aturaliz$ its dogmas1 & a pres5tm5t ( ! ,god-idea & ( moral law :i* made religion alt]nately a phase ( philosophy & a =m ( political utilit>ianism4 ,z to ! impression made by ,hegel on mo/ ,*ri/ians1 comp>e ,hag5ba*1 ,g]man ,rationalism 7,eng4 tr4 ( ,kir*5ges*i*te71 pp4 #cfd-fi2 ,r5an1 tudes d'hi/oire religieuse1 #e;e dit4 p4 #djf2 ,j4 ,d4 ,morell1 ,hi/or4 & ,crit4 ,view ( ! ,spec4 ,philos4 ( ,europe 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #bnd ed4 #ahdg1 ii1 #ahi-ia2 ,rob9s1 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,fai?1 #ahfb1 pt4 i1 pp4 #ace-da1 #agf2 ,es*5m5g]1 ,die ,hegel's*e ,religions-philosophie1 #ahcd2 quot$ 9 ,be>d's ,voices ( ! ,*ur*1 p4 #h2 ,leo1 ,die ,hegel+51 #ahch2 & ,re9h>d1 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 #bnd ed4 #ahci1 pp4 #gec-ed--;also cit$ by ,be>d1 pp4 #i-ab4 ,! gi/ ( ,hegel's rehabilitation ( ,*ri/ianity is well set =? by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison 9 8 essay on ,! ,philosophy ( ,religion 9 ,kant & ,hegel 7rep4 9 ,! ,philos4 ,radicals & o!r ,essays1 #aijg71 *4 iii4 ,consid]$ 9 connection ) 8 demon/ration t 9 politics ! ,prussian ,/ate 0 ! ideal gov]nm5t1 x is se5 to be ev5 m ( an arbitr>y & unv]idical accommodation to ! social environm5t ?an ,kant's ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft4 ,x approximates intellectually to ! process by :i* ! neo-,platoni/s & o!r eclectics ( ! classic decad5ce f\nd a semblance ( allegorical or symbolical ju/ification = e item 9 ! old !ology4 ,no?+ c\ld be m false to ! _s ( ,hegel's g5]al philosophy ?an ! repres5t+ ( ,*ri/ianity z a culm9ation or ultimate ( all religion2 & no?+1 9 fact1 0 m readily se5 by 8 contempor>ies4 ,we :o look back1 h[ev]1 may take a m l5i5t view ( ,hegel's process ( adaptation ?an 0 tak5 9 ! next g5]ation by ,haym1 :o1 9 8 ,hegel und se9e ,zeit 7#aheg71 pres5t$ him z always foll[+ ! prevail+ fa%ion 9 ?\ght1 & l5d+ himself z ! tool ( reaction>y gov]nm5t4 ,hegel's (ficialism 0 9 ! ma9 probably :olehe>t$4 ,ev5 z ,kant felt driv5 to d some?+ = social cons]vation at ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & ,fi*te to %ape = 8 c\ntry ! s9i/] ideal ( ,! ,clos$ ,indu/rial ,/ate1 s ,hegel1 aft] see+ ,prussia %ak5 to its f\ndations at ! battle ( ,j5a & be+ turn$ out ( 8 own h\se by ! loot+ ,fr5* soldi]s1 0 v naturally impell$ to support ! exi/+ ,/ate by quasi-philosophico-religi\s consid]ations4 ,x 0 an ab&onm5t ( ! true function ( philosophy2 b x may h be5 done 9 all good fai?4 ,an int5se political cons]vatism 0 equally m>k$ 9 ,/rauss1 :o dread$ demagogy1 & 9 ,s*op5hau]1 :o left 8 =tune to ! fund = ! wid[s & families ( soldi]s kill$ or injur$ 9 ! revolution>y /rifes ( #ahdh4 ,x came 9 _! case f ! same s\rce--an al>m$ memory ( social convulsion4 ,! fact rema9s t ,hegel _h no real "p 9 ! ,/ate religion :i* he cr[n$ ) =mulas4 ,n only does ,hegel's conception ( ! ,absolute make deity simply ! et]nal process ( ! univ]se1 & ! div9e consci\sness indi/+ui%able f ! total consci\sness ( mank9d1 #aidj b 8 ab/ractions l5d !mselves equally to all cre$s2 #aida & "s ( ! mo/ revolution>y ( ! succe$+ movem5ts ( ,g]man ?\ght--z ^? ( ,vatke1 ,/rauss1 #aidb ,feu]ba*1 & ,m>x--pr(ess$ly f\nd$ on him4 ,x is c]ta9ly a /rik+ te/imony to ! influ5ce ( ,hegel t five su* p[]ful innovators z ,vatke #aidc 9 ,old-,te/am5t1 ,bruno ,bau] & ,/rauss 9 ,new-,te/am5t criticism1 ,feu]ba* 9 ! philosophy ( religion1 & ,m>x 9 social philosophy1 %\ld at fir/ fly ! ,hegelian flag4 ,x c h>dly h be5 t ,hegel's =mulas suffic$ to g5]ate ! criticism !y all br\ght to be> ^u _! subject matt]2 r we mu/ suppose t _! naturally p[]ful m9ds 7 attract$ by ! critical & recon/ructive aspects ( 8 doctr9e2 b ! philosophy :i* /imulat$ !m mu/ h _h great aff9ities = revolution1 z well z = all =ms ( ! idea ( evolution4 #b4 ,9 respect ( 8 =mal *ampion%ip ( ,*ri/ianity ,hegel's me?od1 arbitr>y ev5 = him1 appeal$ nei!r to ! or?odox nor1 ) a few exceptions1 #aidd to 8 own disciples1 "s ( :om1 z ,ruge1 at l5g? def9itely r5\nc$ ,*ri/ianity4 #aide ,9 #ahed ,he9e told 8 ,fr5* read]s t !re 7 9 ,g]many fanatical monks ( a!ism :o w\ld will+ly burn ,voltaire z a besott$ dei/2 #aidf & ,he9e himself1 9 8 la/ ye>s ( suff]+ & ( reviv$ poetic religiosity1 c\ld see 9 ,hegel's sy/em only a!ism4 ,bruno ,bau] at fir/ oppos$ ,/rauss1 & aft]w>ds w5t ev5 fur!r ?an he1 pr(ess+ ,hegelianism all ! :ile4 #aidg ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann 9 turn be+ ev5 less su/a9+ to or?odoxy1 & lat] or?odox sy/ems fail+ to impress1 !re came 9 due c\rse ! cry ( ,back to ,kant1 :]e at lea/ or?odoxy _h "s =mal semblance ( sanction4 ,h>tmann's "w on ,! ,self-,decomposition ( ,*ri/ianity #aidh is a /r+5t exposure ( ! unreality ( :at pass$ = lib]al ,*ri/ianity 9 ,g]many a g5]ation ago1 & an appeal = a new concrete religion ( monism or pan!ism z a bulw>k aga9/ ,ultramontanism4 ,on ?is monism1 h[ev]1 ,h>tmann insi/$ on gr\nd+ 8 pessimism2 & ) ?is pessimi/ic pan!ism he hop$ to outbid ,ca?olicism aga9/ ! irreligi\s ,/rauss & ! lib]al ,*ri/ians--9 8 view no less irreligi\s4 ,x does n seem to h _h mu* acceptance4 ,on ! :ole1 ! effect ( all ,g]man philosophy has probably be5 to make = ! g5]al discr$it ( !i/ic ?9k+1 ! surviv+ =ms ( ,hegelianism be+ little propiti\s to curr5t religion4 ,& ?\gh ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e c h>dly be said to c>ry on ! task ( philosophy ei!r 9 _s or 9 effect1 yet ! rapid int5sification ( ho/ility to curr5t religion :i* _! writ+s 9 p>ticul> manife/ #aidi mu/ be admitt$ to /& = a deep revolt aga9/ ! ,kantian compromise4 ,& ?is revolt 0 b\nd to come ab\t4 ,! tru?-%unn+ tactic ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel--aim+ at ! f9al discr$it+ ( ! ,aufklrung z a =ce t _h done its "w1 & c\ld f9d no m to d1 h[ev] x be expla9$ & excus$--0 a m]e expression ( _! own f9al lack ( sci5tific in/9ct4 ,x is h>d to believe t ?9k]s :o _h p]ceiv$ & ass]t$ ! fact ( progression 9 religion c\ld suppose t true philosophy consi/$ 9 putt+ a /op on priori gr\nds to ! hi/orical analysis1 & sett+ up an ultimate ( philosophic !ory4 ,! /raight=w>d inve/igators1 seek+ simply = tru?1 h pass$ on to po/]ity a _s :i*1 correct+ _! inevitable errors1 rea*es a f> deep] & wid] compreh5sion ( religi\s evolution & psy*osis ?an c\ld be rea*$ by ! v]baliz+ me?ods ( ! self-satisfi$ & self-suffic+ metaphysicians4 ,^!1 s f> z !y prevail$1 did b delay ! advance ( real k4 ,_! "w1 9 fact1 0 fatally %ap$ by ! g5]al reaction aga9/ ! ,revolution1 :i* 9 _! case took a quasi-philosophic =m1 :ile 9 ,france & ,engl& x work$ out z a crude return to cl]ical & political au?orit>ianism4 #aiej #c4 ,f ! collisions ( philosophic sy/ems 9 ,g]many !re em]g$ two great practical free?9k+ =ces1 ! tea*+s ( ,ludwig ,feu]ba* 7#ahjd-gf71 :o 0 oblig$ to give up 8 lectur+ at ,erlang5 9 #ahcj aft] ! issue ( 8 ,?\ghts ^u ,dea? & ,immortality1 & ,ludwig ,b*n]1 :o 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air ( cl9ic at ,tb+5 9 #ahee = 8 ,=ce & ,matt]4 ,! =m]1 orig9ally a ,hegelian1 expressly broke away f 8 ma/]1 decl>+ t1 :]eas ,hegel belong$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t ( mod]n philosophy1 he himself w\ld set =? ! ,new1 :]e9 ,hegel's fundam5tally incoh]5t treatm5t ( deity 7z ! total process ( ?+s on ! "o h&1 & an objective p]sonality on ! o!r7 %\ld be cur$4 #aiea ,feu]ba* accord+ly1 9 8 ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahda7 & ,ess5ce ( ,religion 7#ahea71 suppli$ "o ( ! fir/ adequate mod]n /atem5ts ( ! positively rationali/ic position z aga9/ ,*ri/ianity & !ism1 9 t]ms ( philosophic z well z hi/orical insight--a /atem5t to :i* !re is no *>act]i/ically mod]n answ] save 9 t]ms ( ! ref9$ s5tim5talism ( ! y\?ful ,r5an1 #aieb fundam5tally av]se alike to sci5tific precision & to intellectual consi/5cy4 ,feu]ba*'s special s]vice consi/s 9 ! rebuttal ( ! metaphysic 9 :i* religion _h *ronically tak5 refuge f ! /raight=w>d criticism ( free?9k]s1 9 itself admitt$ly unansw]able4 ,!y _h %[n _m times ov] its hi/oric falsity1 its moral p]v]sity1 & its philosophic self-contradiction2 & ! m a/ute (ficial def5d]s1 leav+ to ! less compet5t ! task ( re-v9dicat+ miracles & prophecy & def5d+ ! indef5sible1 proce$$ to %r\d ! p>ticul> defeat 9 a pseudo-philosophic process :i* claim$ = all religion alike an inde/ructible inn] tru?1 9 ! light ( :i* ! in/9ctive believ] c\ld aga9 make %ift to affirm 8 discr$it$ cr$5ces4 ,x 0 ?is process :i* ,feu]ba* explod$1 = all :o c>$ to read him4 ,he _h gone ?r\gh x4 ,int5sely religi\s 9 8 y\?1 he _h f\nd 9 ! tea*+ ( ,hegel an attractive philosophic g>b = 8 intuitional ?\ght4 ,b a wid] conc]n ?an ,hegel's = actual k1 & = ! k ( ! actual1 mov$ him to say to 8 tea*]1 on leav+3 ,two ye>s h ,i atta*$ myself to y2 two ye>s h ,i completely devot$ to y\r philosophy4 ,n[ ,i feel ! necessity ( />t+ 9 ! directly opposite way3 ,i am go+ to /udy anatomy4 #aiec ,x may h be5 t :at sav$ him f ! ,hegelian fate ( turn+ to ! end ! squirrel-cage ( con=mi/ philosophy 0 ! p]sonal exp]i5ce :i* put him 9 fix$ antagonism to ! gov]nm5tal =ces t ,hegel 0 mov$ to s]ve4 ,! ho/ility evok$ by 8 ,?\ghts on ,dea? & ,immortality complet$ 8 ali5ation f ! (ficial side ( ?+s1 & left him to ! life ( a devot$ tru?-seek]--a c>e] z r>e 9 ,g]many z else:]e4 ,! up%ot 0 t ,feu]ba*1 9 ! words ( ,/rauss1 broke ! d\ble yoke 9 :i*1 "u ,hegel1 philosophy & !ology /ill w5t4 #aied ,= ! task he und]took he _h consummately equipp$ himself4 ,9 a s]ies ( f\r volumes 7,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy f ,bacon to ,sp9oza1 #ahcc2 ,exposition & ,criticism ( ! ,leibnitzian ,philosophy1 #ahcg2 ,pi]re ,bayle1 #ahch2 ,on ,philosophy & ,*ri/ianity1 #ahci7 he explor$ ! field ( philosophy1 & re-/udi$ !ology 9 ! light ( moral & hi/orical criticism1 be=e he produc$ 8 ma/]piece1 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums4 ,"h ! tactic ( ,hegel is turn$ irresi/ibly on ! ,hegelian def5ce2 & religion1 defiantly decl>$ by ,hegel to be an affair ( self-consci\sness1 #aiee is %[n to be 9 v tru? no?+ else4 ,su* z are a man's ?\ghts & dispositions1 su* is 8 ,god2 s mu* wor? z a man has1 s mu* & no m has 8 ,god4 ,consci\sness ( ,god is self-consci\sness2 k ( ,god is self-k4 #aief ,?is ( c\rse is op5ly :at ,hegelian !ism is 9 effect--philosophic a!ism2 & ?\gh ,feu]ba* at times disclaim$ ! t]m1 he decl>es 9 8 preface t a!ism1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se ( ?is "w1 is ! secret ( religion itself2 t religion itself 444 9 its he>t1 9 its ess5ce1 believes 9 no?+ else ?an ! tru? & div9ity ( human nature4 ,9 ! prelim9>y section on ,! ,ess5ce ( ,religion he makes 8 position cle> once = all3 ,a ,god :o has ab/ract pr$icates has also an ab/ract exi/5ce4444 ,n ! attribute ( ! div9ity1 b ! div95ess or deity ( ! attribute1 is ! fir/ true ,div9e ,be+4 ,?us :at !ology & philosophy h held to be ,god1 ! ,absolute1 ! ,inf9ite1 is n ,god2 b t :i* !y h held n to be ,god1 is ,god--namely ! attribute1 ! quality1 :atev] has reality4 ,h5ce1 he alone is ! true a!i/ to :om ! pr$icates ( ! ,div9e ,be+--= example1 love1 wisdom1 ju/ice--are no?+2 n he to :om m]ely ! subject ( ^! pr$icates is no?+4444 ,^! h an intr9sic1 indep5d5t reality2 !y =ce _! recognition ^u man by _! v nature2 !y are self-evid5t tru?s to him2 !y approve1 !y atte/ !mselves4444 ,! idea ( ,god is dep5d5t on ! idea ( ju/ice1 ( b5evol5ce4444 ,?is is obvi\sly ! answ] to ,baur1 :o1 aft] pay+ tribute to ! p]sonality ( ,feu]ba*1 & pres5t+ a tol]ably fair summ>y ( 8 critical philosophy1 c f9d no answ] to x save ! inept prote/ t x is "o-sid$ 9 respect ( its r$uction ( religion to ! subjective 7! v c\rse insi/$ on by a hundr$ def5d]s671 t x fav\rs ! communi/ic & o!r extreme t5d5cies ( ! "t1 & t x br+s ev]y?+ "u ! rude rule ( egoism4 #aieg ,"h a philosophic & an asp]sive mean+ are furtively comb9$ 9 "o ^w4 ,! sci5tific subjectivism ( ,feu]ba*'s analysis ( religion is no m a v9dication or acceptance ( rude egoism ?an is ! ,*ri/ian =mula ( ,god's w a condonation ( murd]4 ,! re/ra9t ( egoism by altruism lies 9 human "* & polity alike = ! rationali/ & = ! irrationali/1 z ,baur mu/ h kn[n well en\gh aft] 8 long survey ( ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,8 really contemptible escape f ,feu]ba*'s criticism1 "u cov] ( alt]nate cries ( ,communism & egoism--a self-/ultification :i* ne$s no comm5t--is simply "o m illu/ration ( ! fa%ion 9 :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( ,kant1 philosophy 9 ,g]many z else:]e has be5 *ronically demoraliz$ by resort to non-philosophical te/s4 ,max ,/irn] 7p5-"n ( ,johann ,casp> ,s*midt1 #ahjf-ahef7 c>ri$ ! philosophic egoism ( ,feu]ba* ab\t z f> 9 words z might be2 b 8 "w on ! ,ego 7,d] ,e9zige und se9 ,eig5?um1 #ahde7 rema9s an e?ical curiosity r ?an a =ce4 #aieh #d4 ,arnold ,ruge 7#ahjb-ahhj71 :o 0 ( ! same philosophical s*ool1 #aiei gave 8 life to a dis9t]e/$ propag&a ( democracy & light2 & if 9 #ahgj he capitulat$ to ! new ,empire1 & !reby won a small p5sion = ! two la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 he 0 b go+ ! way ( _m ano!r vet]an1 dazzl$ 9 8 old age by v old fires4 ,8 ,addresses on ,religion1 its ,rise & ,fall3 to ! educat$ among its ,rev]]s #aifj 7#ahfi7 is a lucid & p[]ful p]=mance1 proce$+ f a my?ological analysis ( religion to a cordial plea = rationalism 9 all ?+s4 ,! *>ge ( mat]ialism 0 = him no bugbe>4 ,truly1 he writes1 we are n )\t ! e>? & ! sol> sy/em1 n )\t ! plants & ! animals1 n )\t head4 ,b :oev] has head en\gh to und]/& sci5ce & its conque/s 9 ! field ( nature & ( m9d 7,gei/7 kn[s also t ! mat]ial _w re/s 9 ! immat]ial1 moves 9 x1 & is by x animat$1 fre$1 & ens\l$2 t s\l & idea are inc>nate 9 ,nature1 b t also logic1 idea1 _s1 & sci5ce free !mselves out ( ,nature1 become ab/ract$ & z immat]ial ,p[] erect _! own realm1 ! realm ( _s 9 ,/ate1 sci5ce1 & art4 #aifa #e4 ,on ,feu]ba*'s ,ess5ce ( ,religion foll[$ ! res\nd+ explosion ( ,b*n]'s ,=ce & ,matt] 7#ahee71 :i* 9 l>ge measure1 b ) mu* great] ma/]y ( sci5tific detail1 does = ! pla9 man ( 8 c5tury :at d',holba* 9 8 *ief "w s\ght to d = 8 day4 ,con/antly vilifi$1 ev5 9 ! "n ( philosophy1 9 ! exact tone & _s ( animal irritation :i* m>ks ! religi\s vitup]ation ( all =ms ( rationalism 9 previ\s ages2 & con/antly misrepres5t$ z pr(ess+ to expla9 an inf9ite univ]se :5 x does b %[ ! holl[ness ( all sup]naturali/ explanations1 #aifb ! book /eadily holds its gr\nd z a manual ( anti-my/icism4 #aifc ,betwe5 !m1 ,feu]ba* & ,b*n] may be said to h fram$ = _! age an a!i/ic ,sy/em ( ,nature1 concrete & ab/ract1 )\t fall+ into ! old error ( sub/itut+ "o apriorism = ano!r4 ,:osoev] endorses ,baur's prote/ aga9/ ! "o-sid$ness ( ,feu]ba*1 :o treats ( religion on its *os5 gr\nd ( self-consci\sness1 has b to turn to ,b*n]'s /udy ( ! objective _w & see :e!r 8 cause f>es any bett]4 #f4 ,9 ,france ! c\rse ( ?\ght _h be5 h>dly less revolution>y4 ,philosophy1 l ev]y?+ else1 _h be5 affect$ by ! legitimi/ re/oration2 & betwe5 ,victor ,c\s9 & ! o!r classic philosoph]s ( ! fir/ ?ird ( ! c5tury or?odoxy 0 nom9ally re9/at$4 ,yet ev5 among ^! !re 0 no firm coh]5ce4 ,ma9e de ,biran1 "o ( ! %r9k+ spirits :o pass$ gradually into an intol]ant au?orit>ianism f fe> ( ! p]petual pressures ( reason1 latt]ly decl>$ 7#ahba7 t a philosophy :i* ascrib$ to deity only inf9ite ?\ght or supreme intellig5ce1 elim9at+ volition & love1 0 pure a!ism2 & ?is pron\ncem5t /ruck at ! philosophy ( ,c\s94 ,nor 0 ?is species ( or?odoxy any m successful ?an ! furi\s irrationalism ( ,joseph ,de ,mai/re 9 sett+ up a philosophic =m ( fai?1 z di/9ct f ! cult ( rhetoric & s5tim5t f\nd$ by ,*ateaubri&4 ,c\s9 0 deeply di/ru/$ by ^? :o knew him1 & at ! height ( 8 popul>ity he 0 contemn$ by ! m compet5t m9ds ar\nd him1 su* z ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,comte1 & ,edg> ,qu9et4 #aifd ,! latt] ?9k] himself c\nt$ = a measure ( rationalism1 ?\gh he argu$ = !ism1 & und]took to make good ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus aga9/ ^? :o *all5g$ x4 ,= ! re/1 ev5 among ! o/5sibly cons]vative & (ficial philosoph]s1 ,?odore ,j\ffroy1 an eclectic1 :o held ! *air ( moral philosophy 9 ! ,facult des ,lettres at ,p>is1 0 at he>t an unbeliev] f 8 y\? up1 #aife & ev5 9 8 gu>d$ writ+s 0 f> f satisfy+ ! or?odox4 ,god1 he wrote1 #aiff int]poses z little 9 ! regul> developm5t ( humanity z 9 ! c\rse ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,he add$ a fatali/ic !orem ( div9e pr$et]m9ation1 :i* he v]bally salv$ 9 ! usual way by say+ t pr$et]m9ation presuppos$ individual lib]ty4 ,eclecticism ?us fell1 z usual1 betwe5 two /ools2 b x 0 n or?odoxy t w\ld ga94 ,on ano!r l9e ,j\ffroy op5ly bant]$ ! au?orit>ians on _! appeal to a popul> judgm5t :i* !y decl>$ to be incapable ( pron\nc+ on religi\s que/ions4 #aifg #g4 ,on retrospect1 ! :ole (ficial ,fr5* philosophy ( ! p]iod1 h[ev] cons]vative 9 pr(ession1 is f\nd to h be5 at bottom rationali/ic1 & only sup]ficially fri5dly to fai?4 ,! ,abb ,felice de ,lam5nais declaim$ w>mly aga9/ ,l'indiffr5ce en matire de religion 7#d vols4 #ahah-bd71 resort+ to ! old ,ca?olic device1 fir/ employ$ by ,montaigne1 ( turn+ ,pyrrhonism aga9/ unbelief4 ,hav+ o/5sibly discr$it$ ! au?ority ( ! s5ses & ! reason 7by :i* he 0 to be read & und]/ood71 he proce$$ 9 ! cu/om>y way to set up ! anci5t /&>d ( ! cons5sus univ]salis1 ! au?ority ( ! majority1 ! lea/ reflective & ! mo/ fallaci\s4 ,?is he s\ght to elevate into a k9d ( corporate wisdom1 sup]ior to all individual judgm5t2 & he m>*$ /raight into ! c\nt]s5se ( claim+ ! pagan cons5sus z a confirmation ( religion 9 g5]al1 :ile argu+ = a religion :i* claim$ to put aside paganism z error4 ,! f9al logical cont5t ( ! !sis 0 ! inanity t ! majority = ! "t be+ mu/ be "r4 ,damiron1 writ+ 8 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de la philosophie en ,france au ,x,i,xe ,sicle 9 #ahbh1 replies 9 a fa%ion m amiable ?an reassur+1 comm5t+ on ! /range skepticism ( ,lam5nais z to ! human reason4 #aifh ,= himself1 he takes up ! p>able ( ,less+1 & decl>es t :]e ,less+ spoke d\btfully1 m5 _h n[ rea*$ conviction4 ,x 0 no long] a "q ( :e!r1 b ( :51 religion 0 to be reca/ 9 t]ms ( full] intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is religi\s reg5]ation we %all be to ! ,*ri/ians :at ! ,*ri/ians 7 to ! ,jews1 & ! ,jews to ! patri>*s3 we %all be ,*ri/ians & some?+ m4 ,! !ologian ( ! future w be half-physici/1 half-philosoph]4 ,we %all /udy ,god ?r\gh nature & ?r\gh m52 & a new ,messiah w n be necess>y to tea* u miracul\sly :at we c le>n ( ourselves & by our natural lights4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 a useful discipl9e2 b our education is s advanc$ t h5ce=? we c be our own tea*]s2 &1 hav+ no ne$ ( an extrane\s inspiration1 we draw fai? f sci5ce4 #aifi ,pray] is good1 d\btless1 b x has only a my/]i\s1 unc]ta91 remote action on our environm5t4 #aigj ,all ?is "u ,l\is ,philippe1 f a pr(essor at ! cole ,normale4 ,n to ?is day has (ficial academic philosophy 9 ,brita9 v5tur$ to g s f>4 ,9 ,france ! bra9s 7 nev] out1 ev5 "u ! ,re/oration4 ,lam5nais himself gave ! pro(4 ,8 employm5t ( skepticism z an aid to fai? _h be51 l ,montaigne's1 ! expression ( a temp]am5t sl[ to rea* rational positions1 b surely driv5 ?i!r4 ,z a boy ( twelve1 :5 a prie/ s\ght to prep>e him = communion1 he _h %[n su* abnormal incr$ulity t ! prie/ gave him up2 & lat] he read omnivor\sly among ! dei/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,r\sseau attract+ him 9 p>ticul>4 ,lat] he pass$ ?r\gh a religi\s crisis1 sl[ly cov]+ gr\nd :i* o!rs trav]se e>ly4 ,he did n become a communicant till he 0 tw5ty-two2 he ent]$ ! sem9>y only at tw5ty-sev52 & he 0 orda9$ only :5 he 0 ne>ly ?irty-two4 ,yet he _h exp]i5c$ mu*4 ,already 9 #ahjh 8 ,rflexions sur l'tat de l'glise _h be5 suppress$ by ,napoleon's police2 9 #ahad he _h writt51 along ) 8 bro!r1 9 ^: sem9>y he taught ma!matics1 a treatise ma9ta9+ ! papal claims2 & 9 ! ,hundr$ ,days ( #ahae he took flight to ,london4 ,8 m9d 0 always at "w4 ,8 ,essay on ,indiff]5ce express$ 8 ne$ ( a conviction2 ) unbelief he c\ld reckon & sympa?ize2 ) indiff]5ce he c\ld n2 b :5 ! indiff]5ce 0 by 8 own acc\nt ! result ( reflective unbelief he treat$ x 9 ! same fa%ion z ! spontane\s =m4 ,at bottom1 8 qu>rel 0 ) reason4 ,yet ! v elem5t 9 8 m9d :i* prompt$ 8 anti-rational polemic 0 ratioc9ative2 & z he sl[ly rea*$ cle>ness ( ?\ght he came m & m into conflict ) ,ca?olicism4 ,x 0 all v well to fl\t ! individual reason 9 ! "n ( ! univ]sal2 b to give mank9d a total infallibility 0 n ! way to satisfy a pope or a ,*ur* :i* claim$ a monopoly ( ! gift4 ,9 #ahbd he 0 well receiv$ by ! pope2 b :5 9 #ahcj he began to write ,lib]al articles 9 ! j\rnal ,l',av5ir1 9 :i* he collaborat$ ) ,lacordaire1 ! ,comte de ,montalemb]t1 & o!r neo-,ca?olics1 (f5ce 0 quickly tak51 & ! j\rnal 0 soon susp5d$4 ,lam5nais & 8 disciples ,lacordaire & ,montalemb]t w5t to ,rome to plead _! cause1 b 7 coldly receiv$2 & on _! way home 9 #ahcb receiv$ at ,muni* a missive ( sev]e reprim&4 ,r5d]+ =mal ob$i5ce1 ,lam5nais retir$1 disillusion$1 ) 8 fri5ds to 8 & 8 bro!r's e/ate 9 ,brittany1 & began 8 process ( intellectual sev]ance4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahcc1 he p]=m$ mass1 & at ?is /age he held by 8 artificial di/9ction betwe5 ! sph]es ( fai? & reason4 ,9 ,may ( t ye> he decl>$ 8 det]m9ation to place himself z a writ] outside ( ! ,*ur* & ,ca?olicism1 decl>+ t outside ( ,ca?olicism1 outside fai?1 !re is reason2 outside ( ! ,*ur* !re is humanity2 ,i place myself 7je me r5f]me7 9 ?is sph]e4 #aiga ,/ill he claim$ to be simple fidle en religion1 & to comb9e fidelity 9 ob$i5ce ) lib]ty 9 sci5ce4 #aigb ,9 ,janu>y ( #ahcd1 h[ev]1 he _h ceas$ to p]=m any cl]ical function2 & 8 ,p>oles d'un ,croyant1 publi%$ 9 t ye>1 /& = a fai? :i* ! ,*ur* reckon$ z infidelity4 ,lacordaire1 sep>at+ f 8 insubord9ate colleague1 publi%$ an ,exam5 de la philosophie de ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 9 :i* ! true papal /&po9t 0 duly tak54 ,!nce=? ,lam5nais 0 an ,i%maelite4 ,feel+ z /rongly 9 politics z 9 ev]y?+ else1 he 0 infuriat$ by ! brutal suppression ( ! ,poli% ris+ 9 #ahca-cb2 & ! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,philippe pleas$ him z little z t ( ,*>les ,x _h done4 ,9 #ahda he 0 s5t5c$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t = 8 bro*ure ,le pays et le g\v]nem5t 7#ahdj74 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahed he claim$ t he _h nev] *ang$3 ,i h gone on1 t is all4 ,b he _h 9 effect *ang$ f a ,ca?olic to a pan!i/2 #aigc & 9 #ahdh1 z a memb] ( ! ,national ,assembly1 he m ?an once />tl$ 8 colleagues by an affectation ( impiety4 #aigd ,on 8 dea?b$ he refus$ to receive ! cur ( ! p>i%1 & by 8 own wi% he 0 buri$ )\t any religi\s c]emony1 9 ! fosse commune ( ! poor & ) no cross on 8 grave4 ,su* a type does n v cle>ly belong to rationalism2 & ,lam5nais nev] enroll$ himself save negatively "u t flag4 ,always emotional & impulsive1 he _h 9 8 p]iod ( aggressive f]v\r z a ,*ur*man play$ a r s9i/] "p 9 ! matt] ( ! tempor>y insanity ( ,augu/e ,comte1 l5d+ himself to ! unscrupul\s tactics ( ! philosoph]'s "m1 :o did n /ick at libell+ h] son's wife 9 ord] to get him put "u cl]ical control4 #aige ,x 0 p]haps well = him t he 0 =c$ out ( ! ,*ur*2 = 8 love ( lib]ty 0 too subjective to h qualifi$ him = a wise use ( p[]4 ,b ! spectacle ( su* a temp]am5t =c$ into antagonism ) ! ,*ur* on moral & social gr\nds c\ld n b /imulate anti-cl]icalism 9 ,france1 :atev] 8 philosophy may h done to promote rational ?9k+4 #h4 ,! mo/ en]getic & *>act]i/ic philosophy produc$ 9 ! new ,france 0 t ( ,augu/e ,comte1 :i* z set =? 9 ! ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive 7#ahcj-db7 practically reaffirm$ :ile x reca/ & supplem5t$ ! ess5tials ( ! anti-!ological rationalism ( ! previ\s age1 & 9 t s5se rebuilt ,fr5* positivism1 giv+ t new "n to ! naturali/ic pr9ciple4 ,?\gh ,comte's direct foll[+ 0 nev] l>ge1 x is significant t soon aft] ! completion ( 8 ,c\rs we f9d ,saisset lam5t+ t ! w> betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! philosoph]s1 susp5d$ by ! great political commotion ( #ahcj1 _h be5 reviv$ ) a new en]gy4 #aigf ,! lat] ef=t ( ,comte to frame a politico-ecclesia/ical sy/em nev] succe$$ beyond ! =mation ( a politically p[]less sect2 & ! attempt to prove its consi/5cy ) 8 philosophic sy/em by claim+ t f ! fir/ he _h h>b\r$ a plan ( social regulation #aigg is beside ! case4 ,a man's way ( ?9k+ may involve intellectual contradictions all ?r\gh 8 life2 & ,comte's did4 ,positivism 9 ! sci5tific s5se _c be committ$ to any "o man's s*eme = regulat+ society & cons]v+ cultus2 & ,comte's 0 m]ely "o ( ! _m evok$ 9 ,france by ! memory ( an age ( revolutions4 ,x belongs1 inde$1 to ! unsci5tific & unphilosophic side ( 8 m9d1 ! crav+ = au?ority & ! temp] ( asc5d5cy1 :i* connect ) 8 admiration ( ! m$ieval ,*ur*4 ,himself philosophically an a!i/1 he condemn$ a!i/s because !y mo/ly contemn$ 8 passion = regim5tation4 ,by reason ( ?is idiosyncrasy & ( ! habitually dictatorial tone ( 8 doctr9e1 he has made 8 conv]ts latt]ly m f ! religi\s ?an f ! free?9k+ ranks4 ,b bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,engl& 8 philosophy t+$ all ! new ?\ght ( 8 "t1 8 lead+ ,engli% adh]5ts 9 p>ticul> be+ among ! mo/ e/eem$ publici/s ( ! day4 ,above all1 he introduc$ ! conception ( a sci5ce ( society :]e hi!rto !re _h rul$ ! hazie/ =ms ( provid5tialism4 ,9 ,france ! g5]al effect ( ! rationali/ic movem5t _h be5 su* t :5 ,ta9e1 "u ! ,?ird ,empire1 assail$ ! :ole classic s*ool 9 8 ,philosophes classiques 7#aheg71 8 success 0 at once g5]ally recogniz$1 & a non-,comti/ positivism 0 !nce=? ! rul+ philosophy4 ,! same ?+ has happ5$ 9 ,italy1 :]e q a numb] ( univ]sity pr(essors are explicitly positivi/ 9 _! philosophic tea*+4 #aigh #i4 ,9 ,brita91 :]e ab/ract philosophy aft] ,b]keley _h be5 ma9ly left to ,hume & ! ,scot* ?9k]s :o oppos$ him1 metaphysics 0 = a g5]ation practically ov]rid5 by ! moral & social sci5ces2 ,h>tley's ,*ri/ian ,mat]ialism mak+ small headway z =mulat$ by him1 ?\gh x 0 foll[$ up by ! ,unit>ian ,prie/ley4 ,! reaction aga9/ ! ,revolution1 inde$1 seems to h evict$ ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( active philosophic ?\ght f ! univ]sities 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 at ,ox=d x 0 taught 9 a m]ely tradition>y fa%ion1 9 lam5table contra/ to :at 0 go+ on 9 ,g]many2 #aigi & 9 ,scotl& 9 ! '?irties ?+s _h fall5 to a simil> level4 #aihj ,x 0 ov] practical issues t new ?\ght g]m9at$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! pro( ( ! *ange wr\ght 9 ! direction ( native ?\ght is se5 9 ! p]sonalities ( ! m5 :o1 9 ! tee? ( ! reaction1 appli$ rationali/ic me?od to e?ics & psy*ology4 ,b5?am & ,james ,mill 7 9 _! k9dr$ fields among ! mo/ conv9c$ & active free?9k]s ( _! day1 ! =m] attack+ bo? cl]icalism & or?odoxy2 #aiha :ile ! latt]1 no less pron\nc$ 9 8 private op9ions1 m cauti\sly built up a rigor\sly naturali/ic psy*ology 9 8 ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d 7#ahbi74 ,b5?am's utilit>ianism 0 s ess5tially anti-,*ri/ian t he c\ld h>dly h be5 m dislik$ by disc]n+ !i/s if he _h av[$ 8 %>e 9 ! au?or%ip ( ! a!i/ic ,analysis ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,natural ,religion1 :i*1 elaborat$ f 8 manuscript by no less a ?9k] ?an ,george ,grote1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbb4 #aihb ,pseudonym\s z t essay is1 x seeks to gu>d aga9/ ! risk ( prosecution by ! elaborate /ipulation t :at x discusses is always ! influ5ce ( natural religion on life1 reveal$ religion be+ ano!r matt]4 ,b ?is is ( c\rse ! m]e/ /ratagem1 ! :ole drift ( ! book be+ a criticism ( ! effects ( ! curr5t religion on contempor>y society4 ,x greatly influ5c$ ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ^: essay on ,! ,utility ( ,religion e*oes its beg9n+2 & if x _h be5 a little less drab 9 /yle x might h influ5c$ _m m4 ,b ,b5?am's o/5sible re/riction ( 8 logic to practical problems ( law & morals secur$ him a wid] influ5ce ?an 0 wield$ by any ( ! high] publici/s ( 8 day4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( 8 s*ool 0 int5sely rationali/ic2 & x indirectly affect$ all ?\ght by its treatm5t ( economics1 :i* f ,hume & ,smi? onw>ds _h be5 practically divorc$ f !ology4 ,ev5 cl]ical economi/s1 su* z ,mal?us & ,*alm]s1 alike or?odox 9 religion1 fur!r$ naturalism 9 philosophy 9 spite ( !mselves by _! insi/5ce on ! law ( population1 :i* is ! negation ( div9e b5evol5ce z popul>ly conceiv$4 ,a n unnatural result 0 a religi\s fe> ( all reason+ :atev]1 & a disp>agem5t ( ! v faculty ( reason4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 %>ply resi/$ by ! m cultur$ *ampions ( or?odoxy1 #aihc to ! great advantage ( critical discussion4 #aj4 ,:5 ,engli% metaphysical philosophy reviv$ ) ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 #aihd x 0 on ! l9es ( a dialectical resi/ance to ! pan!ism ( ,g]many1 9 ! int]e/s ( fai?2 ?\gh ,hamilton's dogmatic views 7 always d\btful4 #aihe ,admirably le>n$1 & adroit 9 metaphysical f5ce1 he always gr\nd$ 8 !ism on ! alleg$ ne$s ( our moral nature--a decl>ation ( philosophical bankruptcy4 ,! vital issue 0 br\ght to ! front aft] 8 dea? 9 ! ,bampton ,lectures 7#aheh7 ( 8 support] ,dean ,mansel2 & betwe5 !m !y gave ! decisive pro( t ! or?odox cause _h be5 philosophically lo/ :ile be+ socially won1 s9ce _! !ism emphasiz$ 9 ! /ronge/ way ! negative criticism ( ,kant1 leav+ deity void ( all philosophically cognizable qualities4 ,hamilton & ,mansel alike h receiv$ sev]e treatm5t at ! h&s ( ,mill & o!rs = ! calculat$ irrationalism & ! consequ5t immoralism ( _! doctr9e1 :i* insi/$ on attribut+ moral bias to an admitt$ly ,unkn[able ,absolute1 & on /&+ = ,*ri/ian my/]ies on ! skeptical gr\nd t reason is an imp]fect in/rum5t1 & t our moral faculties & feel+s dem& ! traditional beliefs4 ,b !y did exactly :at 0 ne$$ to =ce rationalism ^u op5 & able m9ds4 ,x is inde$ a/oni%+ to f9d s con/antly repeat$ by tra9$ reason]s ! old religi\s blund] ( reason+ f ! inadequacy ( reason to ! ne$ = fai?4 ,! disputant says 9 effect3 ,our reason is n to be tru/$2 let u !n on t score rationally decide to believe :at is h&$ d[n to u3 = if ! argum5t is n a process ( reason+ x is no?+2 & if x is to /&1 x is an ass]tion ( ! validity x d5ies4 ,evid5tly ! numb] ( m9ds capable ( su* self-/ultification is great2 b among m9ds at once hone/ & compet5t ! numb] capable ( detect+ ! absurdity mu/ be consid]able2 & ! inv>iable result ( its use d[n to our own "t is to multiply unbeliev]s 9 ! cre$ s absurdly def5d$4 ,x is difficult to free ,mansel f ! *>ge ( seek+ to confuse & bewild]2 b m]e contact ) ! processes ( reason+ 9 8 ,bampton ,lectures is almo/ refre%+ aft] mu* acqua9tance ) ! see-saw ( vitup]ation & platitude :i* up to t "t mo/ly pass$ mu/] = def5ce ( religion 9 n9ete5?-c5tury ,engl&4 ,he made = a revival ( intellectual life4 ,& he suff]$ en\gh at ! h&s ( 8 co-religioni/s1 includ+ ,f4 ,d4 ,maurice1 to set up some?+ l compassion 9 ! m9d ( ! retrospective rationali/4 ,accus$ ( hav+ adopt$ ! absolute & inf9ite1 z def9$ aft] ! lead]s ( ,g]man metaphysics1 z a synonym = ! true & liv+ ,god1 he prote/$ t he _h done exactly ! rev]se4 ,i ass]t t ! absolute & inf9ite1 z def9$ 9 ! ,g]man metaphysics1 & 9 all o!r metaphysics ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is a notion :i* de/roys itself by its own contradictions4 ,i believe also t ,god is1 9 "s mann] incompreh5sible by me1 bo? absolute & inf9ite2 & t ^? attributes exi/ 9 ,him )\t any repugnance or contradiction at all4 ,h5ce ,i ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t t ! inf9ite ( philosophy is n ! true inf9ite4 #aihf ,*>g$ fur!r ) borr[+ )\t ackn[l$gm5t f ,newman1 ! ,dean 0 r$uc$ to cr$it+ ,newman ) transc5d5t gifts :ile claim+ to h read almo/ no?+ by him1 #aihg & w9d+ up ) a quotation f ,newman invit+ m5 to seek solace f ! s5se ( nesci5ce 9 bl9d belief4 ,x 0 said ( ,hamilton t1 hav+ scrat*$ 8 eyes out 9 ! bu% ( reason1 he scrat*$ !m 9 aga9 9 ! bu% ( fai?2 & :5 t c\ld obvi\sly be said also ( 8 rev]5d pupil1 ! philosophic tide 0 cle>ly on ! turn4 ,)9 two ye>s ( ! deliv]y ( ,mansel's lectures 8 & ,hamilton's philosophic positions 7 be+ confid5tly employ$ z an op5 & av[$ basis = ! naturali/ic ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 7#ahfj-fb7 ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :]e91 ) an un=tunate laxity ( metaphysic on ! au?or's own "p1 & a no less un=tunate lack ( consi/5cy z reg>ds ! criticism ( religi\s & anti-religi\s positions1 #aihh ! new cosmic conceptions are unifi$ 9 a ma/]ly conception ( evolution z a univ]sal law4 ,?is s]vice1 ! r5d]+ ( :i* 0 q beyond ! capacity ( ! multitude ( ,sp5c]'s metaphysical critics1 m>ks him z "o ( ! great influ5ces ( 8 age4 ,/rictly1 ! book is a ,sy/em ( ,nature r ?an a philosophy 9 ! s5se ( a /udy ( ! gr\nds & limitations ( k2 t is to say1 x is on ! =m] gr\nd alone t x is coh]5t & orig9al4 ,b its v imp]fections on ! o!r side h probably promot$ its reception among m9ds already %ak5 9 !ology by ! progress ( concrete sci5ce2 :ile at ! same "t su* imp]fections give a ho/ile foo?old to ! reviv$ =ms ( !ism4 ,9 any case1 ! agno/ic f\ndation suppli$ by ! despair+ dialectic ( ,hamilton & ,mansel has always con/itut$ ! mo/ effective "p ( ! ,sp5c]ian case4 #aa4 ,! effect ( ! e?ical pressure ( ! dei/ic attack on ! intellig5ce ( educat$ ,*ri/ians 0 fully se5 ev5 )9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! un/able ,col]idge1 :o _h gone r\nd ! :ole compass ( op9ion #aihi :5 he began to wield an influ5ce ov] ! m s5sitive ( ! y\ng] ,*ur*m51 0 /r5u\s 9 a =mal affirmation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 b no less anxi\s to modify ! doctr9e ( ,atonem5t on :i* ! conception ( ! ,tr9ity 0 hi/orically f\nd$4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,maurice ! doctr9e ( sacrifice became "o ( example to ! end ( subjective reg5]ation ( ! s9n]4 ,?is view1 :i* 0 develop$ by ,john ! ,scot--p]haps f h9ts 9 ,orig5 #aiij--;& aga9 by ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o1 #aiia is specially associat$ ) ! tea*+ ( ,col]idge2 b x 0 q indep5d5tly held 9 ,engl& be=e him by ! ,anglican ,dr4 ,p>r 7#agdg-ahbe71 :o appe>s to h be5 het]odox ^u mo/ po9ts 9 ! or?odox cre$1 #aiib & :o1 l ,s]vetus & ,col]idge & ,hegel1 held by a modal z aga9/ a p]sonal ,tr9ity4 ,! advance 9 e?ical s5sitiv5ess :i* _h latt]ly m>k$ ,engli% ?\ght1 & :i* may p]haps be trac$ 9 equal degrees to ! influ5ce ( ,%elley & to t ( ,b5?am1 c\nt$ = mu* 9 ?is %ift+ ( ,*ri/ian gr\nd4 ,! doctr9e ( salvation by fai? 0 by _m felt to be morally indef5sible4 ,su* ,unit>ian accommodations presumably reconcil$ to ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur* _m :o w\ld o!rwise h ab&on$ !m2 & ! only or?odox rebuttal seems to h be5 ! old & dang]\s resort to ! ,butl]ian argum5t1 to ! effect t ! ,god ( ,nature %[s no su* b5ign fa!rl9ess z ! anti-sacrificial s*ool ascribe to him4 #aiic ,?is c\ld only s]ve to emphasize ! moral bankruptcy ( ,butl]'s philosophy1 to :i* ,mansel1 9 an a/oni%+ passage ( 8 ,bampton ,lectures1 #aiid _h %[n himself incr$ibly bl9d4 ,! same pressure ( moral argum5t 0 d\btless pot5t 9 ! developm5t ( ,soc9ian or o!r rationali/ic views 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es ( ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,hung>y1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,su* developm5t _h gone s f> t by ! middle ( ! c5tury ! ,*ur*es 9 "q 71 to ! eye ( an ,engli% evangelical *ampion1 pr$om9antly rationali/ic1 & 9 t s5se infidel4 #aiie ,reactions h be5 claim$ be=e & s9ce2 b 9 our own age !re is little to %[ = !m4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aga91 ! e?ical elem5t probably pr$om9at$ 9 ! recoil ( ,em]son f ,*ri/ian or?odoxy ev5 ( ! ,unit>ian /amp1 z well z 9 ! h]esy ( ,!odore ,p>k]1 ^: av]sion to ! !i/ic e?ic ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds 0 s /rong z to make him bl9d to ! reason+ p[] ( t /r+5t ,calv9i/4 #ab4 ,a p[]ful & :olesome /imulus 0 giv5 to ,engli% ?\ght ?r\gh\t ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by ! _m-sid$ influ5ce ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o1 beg9n+ by a brilliant ,sy/em ( ,logic 7#ahdc71 :i* he foll[$ up ) a less durable exposition ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 7#ahdh71 became ?r\gh 8 %ort] works ,on ,lib]ty & on v>i\s political problems "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! s]i\s writ]s ( 8 age4 ,x 0 n till ! po/hum\s issue ( 8 ,autobiography & 8 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion 7#ahgd7 t _m ( 8 read]s realiz$ h[ complete 0 8 ali5ation f ! curr5t religion1 f 8 *ildhood up4 ,9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy 7#ahfe71 inde$1 he _h indignantly repudiat$ ! wor%ip ( an un9telligibly good ,god2 b he _h !re seem$ to take = grant$ ! ,god-idea2 & save 9 inconclusive passages 9 ! ,lib]ty 7#ahei7 he _h indicat$ no rejection ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?\gh ! ,lib]ty 0 prais$ by ,k+sley & contemn$ by ,c>lyle1 x made = free?9k+ no less ?an = tol]ance2 & 8 :ole life's "w made = reason4 ,! sa9t ( rationalism 0 ,glad/one's #aiif acc\nt ( him z a p>liam5t>ian4 ,8 po/hum\s pres5tm5t to ! _w ( ! /range conception ( a limit$-liability ,god1 ! victim ( circum/ances--a !orem :i* meets nei!r ! dem& = a !i/ic explanation ( ! univ]se nor ! wor%ipp]'s crav+ = support--sets up "s wond] z to 8 philosophy2 b 0 probably z dis9tegrative ( or?odoxy z a m philosophical p]=mance w\ld h be54 ,section #g4--,mod]n ,jewry ,9 ! culture-life ( ! disp]s$ ,jews1 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 !re is probably z mu* v>iety ( cr$5ce 9 reg>d to religion z occurs 9 ! life ( ,*ri/5dom s call$4 ,su* names z ^? ( ,sp9oza1 ,jacobi1 ,moses ,m5delssohn1 ,he9e1 & ,k>l ,m>x tell suffici5tly ( ,jewi% s]vice to free?\ght2 & ea* "o ( ^! mu/ h _h _m disciples ( 8 own race4 ,deism among ! educat$ ,jews ( ,g]many 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 probably common4 #aiig ,! fam\s ,rabbi ,elijah ( ,wilna 7d4 #agig71 entitl$ ! ,gaon1 ! great "o1 set up a movem5t ( relatively rationali/ic pietism t l$ to ! e/abli%m5t 9 #ahjc ( a ,rabb9ical college at ,walos91 :i* has fl\ri%$ ev] s9ce1 & _h 9 #ahhh no few] ?an #djj /ud5ts1 among ^: successors !re goes on a c]ta9 am\nt ( indep5d5t /udy4 #aiih ,9 ! fre] _w outside critical ?\ght has ass]t$ itself )9 ! pale ( or?odox ,judaism2 witness su* a writ] z ,na*man ,kro*mal 7#aghe-ahdj71 ^: po/hum\s ,guide to ! ,p]plex$ ( ! ,"t #aiii 7#ahea71 ?\gh n a sci5tific "w1 is e?ically & philosophically 9 advance ( ! or?odox ,judaism ( its age4 ,( ,kro*mal x has be5 said t he 0 inspir$ 9 8 "w by ! /udy ( ,hegel1 j z ,maimonides _h be5 by ! /udy ( ,ari/otle4 #bjjj ,! result is only a lib]aliz+ ( ,jewi% or?odoxy 9 ! light ( hi/oric /udy1 #bjja su* z w5t on among ,*ri/ians 9 ! same p]iod2 b x is ?us a /epp+-/one to fur!r sci5ce4 ,to-day educat$ ,jewry is divid$ 9 some:at ! same proportions z ,*ri/5dom into absolute rationali/s & lib]al & fanatical believ]s2 & repres5tatives ( all ?ree types1 ( diff]5t social grades1 may be f\nd among ! ,zioni/s1 ^: movem5t = ! acquisition ( a new racial home has attract$ s mu* att5tion & sympa?y 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,:e!r or n t movem5t atta9s to any decisive political success1 ,judaism cle>ly _c escape ! solv5t influ5ces :i* affect all ,european op9ion4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! synagogue 9 ! c5tres ( culture keeps ! =mal adh]5ce ( "s :o no long] ?9k on its plane2 b :ile attempts are made f "t to "t to set up m rationali/ic in/itutions = ,jews ) ! mod]n bias1 ! g5]al t5d5cy is to a division betwe5 devotees ( ! old =ms & ^? :o h decid$ to live by reason4 ,section #h4--,! ,ori5tal ,civilizations ,we h already se51 9 discuss+ ! culture hi/ories ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,moslem ,p]sia1 h[ anci5t elem5ts ( rationalism cont9ue to g]m9ate m or less obscurely 9 ! unpropiti\s soils ( ,asiatic life4 ,ignorance is 9 mo/ ori5tal c\ntries too imm5sely prepond]ant to p]mit ( any o!r species ( survival4 ,b sociology1 :ile recogniz+ ! va/ ob/acles to ! high] life pres5t$ by conditions :i* ) a fatal facility multiply ! l[]1 c set no limit to ! possibilities ( upw>d evolution4 ,! case ( ,japan is a suffici5t rebuke to ! ?\ghtless it]ators ( ! =mula ( ! unprogressiv5ess ( ! ,ea/4 ,:ile a *e]fully sup]/iti\s religion is !re /ill normal among ! mass1 ! trans=mation ( ! political ideals & practice ( ! nation "u ! influ5ce ( ,european example is s great z to be unp>allel$ 9 human hi/ory2 & x has inevitably involv$ ! sub/itution ( rationalism = sup]naturalism among ! great majority ( ! educat$ y\ng] g5]ation4 ,! late ,yuki*i ,fukuzawa1 :o did m ?an any o!r man to prep>e ! ,japanese m9d = ! great trans=mation effect$ 9 8 "t1 0 spontane\sly a free?9k] f 8 *ildhood2 #bjjb & ?r\gh a long life ( devot$ tea*+ he tra9$ ?\s&s to a naturali/ way ( ?\ght4 ,t !y %\ld rev]t to ,*ri/ian or native or?odoxy seems z impossible z su* an evolution is se5 to be 9 educat$ ,h9do/an1 :]e ! high] ord]s ( intellig5ce are probably n relatively m common ?an among ! ,japanese4 ,! f9al "q1 !re z ev]y:]e1 is "o ( social recon/ruction & organization2 & 9 ! enorm\s population ( ,*9a ! problem1 ?\gh v diff]5t 9 degree ( imm95ce1 is ! same 9 k9d4 ,p]haps ! mo/ hopeful consid]ation ( all is t ( ! ev]-increas+ int]-communication :i* makes ,european & ,am]ican progress t5d 9 e succe$+ g5]ation to tell m & m on ,asiatic life4 ,z to ,japan1 ,pr(essor ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 pron\nc$ tw5ty ye>s ago t ! ,japanese n[ b[ d[n be=e ! %r9e ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7,?+s ,japanese1 #crd ed4 #ahih1 p4 #cba4 ,cp4 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 #crd ed4 p4 #ajc71 proce$+ 9 ano!r connection 7p4 #ceb7 to describe !m z ess5tially an undevotional p4 ,su* a judgm5t w\ld be h>d to su/a94 ,! ,japanese p 9 ! pa/ h exhibit$ ! am\nt ( sup]/ition normal 9 _! culture /age 7cp4 ! ,voyages de ,c4 ,p4 ,?unb]g au ,japon1 ,fr5* tr4 #agif1 iii1 #bjf72 & 9 our own day !y diff] f ,we/]n peoples on ?is side m]ely 9 respect ( _! great] g5]al s]5ity ( temp]am5t4 ,!re 7 9 ,japan 9 #ahid no few] ?an #ga1hca ,buddhi/ temples1 & #aij1hjc ,%9to temples & %r9es2 & ! l>ge/ temple ( all1 co/+ sev]al million doll>s1 0 built 9 ! la/ doz5 ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to ! l>g] %r9es !re are habitual pilgrimages1 ! numb]s annually visit+ "o lead+ ,buddhi/ %r9e rea*+ f #bjj1jjj to #bej1jjj1 :ile at ! ,%9t %r9e ( ,kompira ! pilgrims are said to numb] ab\t #ijj1jjj ea* ye>4 7,see ,! ,evolution ( ! ,japanese1 #aijc1 by ,l4 ,gulick1 an ,am]ican mission>y organiz]47 ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 appe>s to h con/ru$ devotional 9 ! light ( a special conception ( true devotion4 ,yet a ,*ri/ian obs]v] te/ifies1 ( ! revivali/ sect ( ,ni*ir5ites1 ! ,rant]s ( ,buddhism1 t ! wilde/ excesses t seek ! mantle ( religion 9 o!r l&s are by !m equall$ if n excell$ 7,griffis1 ,! ,mikado's ,empire1 #ahgf1 p4 #afc72 & ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 admits t ! religion ( ! family b9ds !m ! ,japanese 9 g5]al1 includ+ ! 'mo/ mat]iali/ic' d[n 9 truly sacr$ bonds2 :ile ano!r writ]1 :o ?9ks ,*ri/ianity desirable = ,japan1 ?\gh he app>5tly ranks ,japanese morals above ,*ri/ian1 decl>es t 9 8 travels he 0 mu* reassur$ by ! sup]/ition ( ! innkeep]s1 feel+ ?ankful t 8 ho/s 7 n ,agno/ics or ,secul>i/s1 b dev\t believ]s 9 future puni%m5ts 7,tracy1 ,rambles ?r\gh ,japan )\t a ,guide1 #ahib1 pp4 #aca1 #bgf1 etc474 ,a ?ird au?ority ) ,japanese exp]i5ce1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,g4 ,dixon1 :ile not+ a g5]ation ago t among c]ta9 classes 9 ,japan n only religi\s e>ne/ness b fanaticism & sup]/ition /ill prevail1 decides t at ! same "t x rema9s true t ! ,japanese are n 9 ! ma9 a v religi\s p1 & t at ! pres5t day religion is 9 l[] repute ?an probably x has ev] be5 9 ! c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,religi\s indiff]5ce is "o ( ! prom95t features ( new ,japan 7,! ,l& ( ! ,morn+1 #ahhb1 p4 #eag74 ,! reconciliation ( ^! e/imates lies 9 ! recognition ( ! fact t ! ,japanese populace is religi\s 9 v mu* ! same way z ^? ( ,italy & ,engl&1 :ile ! m educat$ classes are rationali/ic1 n because ( any ess5tial incapacity = devotion1 b because ( enlight5m5t & lack ( c\nt]vail+ social pressure4 ,to ! eye ( ! devotional ,prote/ant ! ,ca?olics ( ,italy1 ) _! reg>d to ext]nals1 seem ess5tially irreligi\s2 & vice v]s4 ,su* =mulas miss sci5ce4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago ,*>ron1 foll[+ previ\s s*emati/s1 made a classification 9 :i* nor!rn]s figur$ z /rong1 active1 /upid1 w>like1 & little giv5 to religion2 ! s\!rn]s z slight1 ab/95t1 ob/9ate1 unw>like1 & sup]/iti\s2 & ! middle peoples z betwe5 ! two4 ,la ,sagesse1 liv4 i1 *4 #db4 ,! cognate =mulas ( to-day are h>dly m tru/wor?y4 ,buddhism triumph$ ov] ,%9tism 9 ,japan bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times precisely because its lore & ritual make s mu* m appeal to ! devotional s5se4 7,cp4 ,*amb]la91 pp4 #ceh-fb2 ,dixon1 *4 x2 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 pp4 #ajc1 #aaa2 ,griffis1 p4 #aff47 ,b ! /hetically *>m+ cult ( ! family1 ) its poetic recognition ( ance/ral spirits 7z to :i* see ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,japan3 ,an ,attempt at ,int]pretation1 #aijd71 seems to hold its gr\nd z well z any4 ,s univ]sal is sociological l o!r law t we f9d 9 ,japan1 among "s free?9k]s1 ! same disposition z among "s 9 ,europe to decide t religion is necess>y = ! p4 ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 7p4 #ceb7 cites ,fukuzawa1 ,japan's mo/ repres5tative ?9k] & educationi/1 z op5ly decl>+ t ,x goes )\t say+ t ! ma9t5ance ( peace & security 9 society requires a religion4 ,= ?is purpose any religion w d4 ,i lack a religi\s nature1 & h nev] believ$ 9 any religion4 ,i am ?us op5 to ! *>ge t ,i am advis+ o!rs to be religi\s :ile ,i am n s4 ,yet my consci5ce does n p]mit me to clo! myself ) religion :5 ,i h x n at he>t4444 ,( religions !re are sev]al k9ds--,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & :at n4 ,f my /&po9t !re is no m diff]5ce betwe5 ^? ?an betwe5 gre5 tea & black4444 ,see t ! /ock is well select$ & ! prices *eap4444 7,japan ,h]ald1 ,septemb] #i1 #ahig74 ,to ?is view1 h[ev]1 ,fukuzawa did n f9ally adh]e4 ,! ,rev4 ,isaac ,dooman1 a mission>y 9 ,japan :o knew him well1 te/ifies to a *ange t 0 tak+ place 9 8 views 9 lat] life reg>d+ ! value ( religion4 ,9 an unpubli%$ lett] to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,"y1 ( ,kobe1 ,mr4 ,dooman says t on "o occasion1 :5 conv]s+ on ! subject ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,fukuzawa rem>k$3 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,i advocat$ its adoption z a means to elevate our l[] classes2 b1 aft] f9d+ out t all ,*ri/ian c\ntries h _! own l[] classes j z bad1 if n worse ?an ours1 ,i *ang$ my m9d4 ,fur!r reflection1 m>k$ by equal c&\r1 may lead ! pupils ( ,fukuzawa to see t nations _c be l$ to adore any =m ( tea by ! m]e assurance ( its indisp5sabl5ess f lead]s :o confess !y nev] take any4 ,8 view is d\btless %>$ by ^? prie/s conc]n+ :om x may be que/ion$ :e!r 9 _! fundam5tal beliefs ! m s*ol>ly ( ! ,%9%i prie/s diff] v widely f ! mat]iali/ic agno/ics ( ,europe 7,dixon1 p4 #eaf74 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s ! ,*ri/ian ?9ks he sees 8 special opportunity4 ,pr(essor ,dixon writes 7p4 #eah71 9 ! mann] ( ! mission>y1 t decay+ %r9es & brok5 gods are to be se5 ev]y:]e4 ,n only is !re indiff]5ce1 b !re is a rapidly-gr[+ skepticism4444 ,! masses too are becom+ affect$ by x4444 ,%9tism & 444 ,buddhism are doom$4 ,:at is to take _! place8444 ,x mu/ be ei!r ,*ri/ianity or ,a!ism4 ,we h ! brighte/ hopes t ! =m] w triumph 9 ! ne> future4444 ,! ,am]ican mission>y be=e cit$1 ,mr4 ,gulick1 argues alt]nately t ! educat$ ,japanese are religi\s & t !y are n1 mean+ t !y h religi\s in/9cts1 :ile reject+ curr5t cre$s4 ,! s-call$ religi\s in/9ct is 9 fact simply ! _s ( moral & intellectual s]i\sness4 ,mr4 ,gulick's summ+-up1 z di/9ct f 8 !ory & =eca/1 is z foll[s3 ,= ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! intellig5ce ( ! nation has be5 dom9at$ by ,confucian ?\ght1 :i* rejects active belief 9 supra-human be+s4444 ,! t5d5cy ( all p]sons tra9$ 9 ,confucian classics 0 t[>ds ?or\ghgo+ skepticism z to div9e be+s & _! relation to ?is _w4 ,= ?is reason1 beyond d\bt1 has ,we/]n agno/icism f\nd s easy an entrance into ,japan4444 ,complete indiff]5ce to religion is *>act]i/ic ( ! educat$ classes ( to-day4 ,japanese & =eign]s1 ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians alike1 unite 9 ?is op9ion4 ,! impression usually convey$ by ?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is t agno/icism is a new ?+ 9 ,japan4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! old agno/icism is m]ely re9=c$ by 444 ! agno/icism ( ! ,we/ 7,! ,evolution ( ! ,japanese1 pp4 #bhf-hg74 ,?is may be tak5 z broadly accurate4 ,cp4 ! au?or's pap] on ,free?\ght 9 ,japan 9 ! ,agno/ic ,annual = #aijf4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h4 ,p>k] notes 7,*9a & ,religion1 #aije1 p4 #bfc7 t ! ,japanese 9 translat+ ,we/]n books are beg9n+1 to ! dismay ( our mission>ies1 to leave out all ! ,*ri/ianity t is 9 !m4 ,b a v grave dang] to ! intellectual & moral life ( ,japan has be5 ( late set up by a new application ( ,%9tism1 on ! l9es ( ! emp]or-wor%ip ( anci5t ,rome4 ,a rec5t pamphlet by ,pr(essor ,*amb]la91 entitl$ ,! ,inv5tion ( a ,new ,religion 7,r4 ,p4 ,a42 #aiab71 incid5tally %[s t ! ,japanese temp]am5t is s f> f be+ ess5tially devoid ( devotion z to be capable ( build+ up a fre% cultus to ord]4 ,x appe>s t s9ce ! s-call$ ,re/oration ( #ahfh1 :5 ! ,imp]ial ,h\se1 aft] m ?an two c5turies ( seclusion 9 ,kyoto1 0 br\ght f its retirem5t & ! ,emp]or publicly in/all$ z rul] by "r ( 8 div9e orig91 ! s5tim5t ( religi\s devotion to ! ,imp]ial ,h\se has be5 /eadily inculcat$1 rea*+ its height dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 :5 ! messages ( victori\s g5]als & admirals pi\sly ascrib$ _! successes ov] ! enemy to ! virtues ( ! ,imp]ial ,ance/ors4 ,9 e s*ool ?r\gh\t ! ,empire !re hangs a portrait ( ! emp]or1 :i* is reg>d$ & treat$ z is a sacr$ image 9 ,russia & 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! curators ( s*ools h be5 kn[n on occasion ( fire & e>?quake to save ! imp]ial portrait be=e wife or *ild2 & _! action has elicit$ popul> acclamation4 ,on ! imp]ial bir?day tea*]s & pupils assemble1 & pass+ s+ly be=e ! portrait1 b[ 9 solemn adoration4 ,! div9e orig9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\se & ! grossly my?ical hi/ory ( ! e>ly emp]ors are taught z articles ( fai? 9 ,japanese s*ools precisely z ! cosmogony ( ,g5esis has be5 taught = ages 9 ! s*ools ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,"s ye>s ago a pr(essor :o expos$ ! absurdity ( ! *ronology ^u :i* ! religion is bas$ 0 remov$ f 8 po/1 & a tea*] :o decl9$ to b[ be=e a casket conta9+ an imp]ial rescript 0 dismiss$4 ,8 life 01 9 fact1 = "s "t 9 dang] f ! fury ( ! populace4 ,s dom9ant has ,mikado-wor%ip become t "s ,japanese ,*ri/ian pa/ors h endeav\r$ to reconcile x ) ,*ri/ianity1 & to be ,mikado-wor%ipp]s & ,*ri/-wor%ipp]s at ! same "t4 #bjjc ,all cre$s are nom9ally tol]at$ 9 ,japan1 b av[$ h]esy z to ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\se is a b> to public employm5t1 & exposes ! h]etic to suspicion ( treason4 ,! new religion1 :i* is m]ely old ,%9tism revis$1 has be5 inv5t$ z a political exp$i5t1 & may possibly n long survive ! decease ( ,mutsu ,hito1 ! late emp]or1 :o cont9u$ ?r\gh\t 8 reign to live 9 comp>ative seclusion1 & has be5 succe$$ by a "y pr9ce educat$ on ,european l9es4 ,b ! cult has obta9$ a /rong hold ^u ! p2 & by reason ( social pressure receives ! conv5tional support ( educat$ m5 exactly z ,*ri/ianity does 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,g]many1 & ,russia4 ,?us !re is n pla9 sail+ = free?\ght 9 ,japan4 ,9 su* a political atmosph]e nei!r moral nor sci5tific ?\ght has a good prognosis2 & if x be n *ang$ = ! bett] mu* ( ! ,japanese advance may be lo/4 ,rationalism on any l>ge scale is always a product ( culture2 & culture = ! mass ( ! p ( ,japan has only rec5tly begun4 ,d[n till ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury no?+ m ?an sporadic free?\ght exi/$4 #bjjd ,"s fam\s capta9s 7 irrev]5t z to ! om5s2 & 9 a sev5te5?-c5tury manual ( ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 ascrib$ to ! great f\nd] ( mod]n feudalism1 ,iyyasu1 ! sacrifices ( vassals at ! graves ( _! lords are d5\nc$1 & ,confucius is ev5 cit$ z ridicul+ ! burial ( effigies 9 sub/itution4 #bjje ,b1 z else:]e "u simil> conditions1 su* displays ( orig9ality 7 conf9$ to ! rul+ ca/e4 #bjjf ,i h se51 inde$1 a delightful popul> satire1 app>5tly a product ( "m-wit1 on ! me?ods ( popul> ,buddhi/ %r9e-mak+2 b1 suppos+ x to be g5u9e & v]nacul>1 x c /& only = t measure ( free?\ght :i* is nev] abs5t f any society n pi!d by a long process ( religi\s tyranny4 ,old ,japan1 ) its int5se feudal discipl9e & its indurat$ etiquette1 exhibit$ ! social ord]1 ! grace1 ! moral *>m1 & ! intellectual vacuity ( a hive ( bees4 ,! high] m5tal life 0 h>dly 9 evid5ce2 & ! e?ical lit]ature ( native inspiration is ( no importance4 #bjjg ,to ?is day ! educat$ ,*9ese1 ?\gh lack+ 9 ,japanese effici5cy & devotion to drill ( all k9ds1 are ! m freely intellectual 9 _! habits ( m9d4 ,! ,japanese feudal sy/em1 inde$1 0 s immitigably ironb\nd1 s incomp>ably de/ructive ( individuality 9 ^w1 ?\ght1 & de$1 t only 9 ! uncodifi$ life ( art & h&icraft 0 any free play ( faculty possible4 ,:at has happ5$ ( late is ! rapid & docile assimilation ( we/]n sci5ce4 ,ano!r & a necess>ily long] /ep is ! indep5d5t developm5t ( ! speculative & critical intellig5ce2 & 9 ! ,ea/1 z 9 ! ,we/1 ?is is subject to economic conditions4 ,a simil> g5]alization holds good z to ! o!r ,ori5tal civilizations4 ,analog\s developm5ts to ^? se5 9 ! latt]-day ,mohamm$an _w1 & equally m>k$ by fluctuation1 h be5 not$ 9 ! m5tal life alike ( ! non-,mohamm$an & ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( ,india2 & at ! pres5t day ! ?\ght ( ! relatively small educat$ class is und\bt$ly mu* affect$ by ! *anges go+ on 9 t ( ,europe1 & especially ( ,engl&4 ,! va/ ,indian masses1 h[ev]1 are f> f any?+ 9 ! nature ( critical culture2 & ?\gh "s sy/em ( education = !m is probably on ! way to e/abli%m5t1 #bjjh _! life mu/ long rema9 quasi-primitive1 m5tally z well z physically4 ,buddhism is !oretically m capable ( adaptation to a rationali/ view ( life ?an is ,*ri/ianity2 b its intellectual activities at pres5t seem to t5d m t[>ds an esot]ic cr$ulity ?an t[>ds a rational or sci5tific adju/m5t to life4 ,( ! nature ( ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ,burmah1 :]e x has prosp]$1 a vivid & ?\ghtful acc\nt is giv5 9 ! "w ( ,h4 ,field+1 ,! ,s\l ( a ,p1 #ahih4 ,at its be/ ! cult !re deifies ! ,buddha2 else:]e1 x is int]wov5 ) aborig9al poly!ism & sup]/ition 7,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #bjg-baa2 ,max ,mll]1 ,an?ro4 ,rel41 ,p4 #acb74 ,)9 ,brahmanism1 aga91 !re h be5 at diff]5t times attempts to set up p>tly naturali/ic re=ms 9 religi\s ?\ght--e4g4 t ( ,*aitanya 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 b ^! h nev] be5 pron\nc$ly free?9k+1 & ,*aitanya prea*$ a surr5d] ( all to ,kri%na1 v mu* 9 ! mann] ( evangelical ,*ri/ianity4 ,f9ally he has be5 deifi$ by 8 foll[]s4 7,mll]1 ,nat4 ,rel4 p4 #ajj2 ,phys4 ,rel4 p4 #cef47 ,m def9itely free?9k+ 0 ! mono!i/ic cult set up among ! ,sikhs 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z ! hi/ory runs1 by ,nanak1 :o _h be5 influ5c$ bo? by ,p>sees & by ,mohamm$ans1 & ^: e?ical sy/em repudiat$ ca/e4 ,b ?\gh ,nanak object$ to any adoration ( himself1 he & all 8 desc5dants h be5 virtually deifi$ by 8 devotees1 despite _! pr(ession ( a !oretically pan!i/ic cre$4 7,cp4 ,de la ,saussaye1 ,manual ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #fei-fb2 ,mll]1 ,phys4 ,rel4 p4 #cee47 ,trumpp 7,die ,religion d] ,sikhs1 #ahha1 p4 #abc7 tells ( o!r ,sikh sects1 includ+ "o ( a m>k$ly a!i/ic "* belong+ to ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b all alike seem to gravitate t[>ds ,h9duism4 ,simil>ly among ! ,ja9as1 :o comp>e ) ! ,buddhi/s 9 _! nom9al a!ism z 9 _! t5d]ness to animals & 9 "s o!r respects1 !re has be5 decl9e & compromise2 & _! numb]s appe> /eadily to dw9dle1 ?\gh 9 ,india !y surviv$ :ile ,buddhism disappe>$4 ,cp4 ,de la ,saussaye1 ,manual1 pp4 #eeg-fc2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,robson1 ,h9duism1 #ahgd1 pp4 #hj-hf2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #ada4 ,f9ally1 ! ,brahmo-,somaj movem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury appe>s to h come to little 9 ! way ( rationalism 7,mit*ell1 ,h9duism1 pp4 #bbd-df2 ,de la ,saussaye1 pp4 #ffi-ga2 ,tiele1 p4 #afj74 ,! pr9ciple ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! ext]nal & ! int]nal life1 f9ally1 applies ev5 9 ! case ( ,turkey4 ,! notion t ,turki% civilization 9 ,europe is unimprovable1 ?\gh p>tly c\nt5anc$ by despond5t ?9k]s ev5 among ! enlight5$ ,turks1 #bjji _h no ju/ification 9 social sci5ce1 ?\gh bad politics may ru9 ! ,turki%1 l o!r ,moslem ,/ates2 & al?\gh ,turki% free?9k+ has n 9 g5]al pass$ ! !i/ic /age1 #bjaj & its spread is griev\sly h9d]$ by ! national religiosity1 #bjaa :i* ! age-long ho/ility ( ! ,*ri/ian ,/ates s mu* t5ds to int5sify1 a gradual improvem5t 9 ! educational & political conditions w\ld suffice to evolve x1 accord+ to ! obs]v$ laws ( all civilization4 ,x may be t a result ( ! rationali/ic evolution 9 ! o!r ,european ,/ates w be to make !m intellig5tly fri5dly to su* a process1 :]e at pres5t !y are ei!r pi\sly malevol5t t[>ds ! rival cre$ or m]ely self-seek+ z aga9/ ea* o!r's influ5ce on ,turki% de/9ies4 ,9 any case1 x _c s]i\sly be pret5d$ t ! m5tal life ( ,*ri/ian ,greece 9 mod]n times has yield$1 ap>t f s]vices to simple s*ol>%ip1 a mu* bett] result to ! _w at l>ge ?an has t ( ,turkey4 ,! usual reactions 9 individual cases ( c\rse take place4 ,an ,am]ican travell] writ+ 9 #ahef notes h[ illit]ate ,greek prie/s glory 9 _! ignorance1 ass]t+ t a m lib]al education has ! effect ( mak+ a!i/s ( ! y\?4 ,he adds t he has kn[n sev]al deacons & o!rs 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns t 7 skeptics ev5 z to ! tru? ( religion1 & w\ld gladly h become laym5 if !y c\ld h secur$ a livelihood4 #bjab ,b !re 0 !n & lat] 9 ! c5tury no measurable movem5t ( a rationali/ic k9d4 ,at ! "t ( ! emancipation ! ,greek prie/hood 0 9 g5]al at once ! mo/ ignorant & ! mo/ vici\s portion ( ! community2 #bjac & x rema9$ socially pr$om9ant & reaction>y4 ,:atev] progress has be5 made 9 ,greece has receiv$ b little assi/ance f !m4 #bjad ,lib]al-m9d$ pr(essors 9 ! !ological s*ool 7 mut9i$ aga9/ by bigot$ /ud5ts1 #bjae a type /ill mu* 9 evid5ce at ,a!ns2 & ! lib]al ?9k] ,!ophilus ,kares1 *>g$ ) tea*+ a!i/ic doctr9es1 & f\nd guilty ) ?ree ( 8 foll[]s1 di$ ( jail fev] :ile 8 appeal to ! ,areopagus 0 p5d+4 #bjaf ,?us f> ,*ri/ian bigotry seems to h held its own 9 :at once 0 ,hellas4 ,on ! surface1 ,greece %[s little trace ( in/ruct$ free?\ght2 :ile 9 ,bulg>ia1 by ,greek te/imony1 s*ool tea*]s op5ly proclaim _! rationalism1 & call = ! exclusion ( religi\s tea*+ f ! s*ools4 #bjag ,despite ! political fre$om ( ! ,*ri/ian ,/ate1 !re has ?us f> occurr$ !re no su* g5]al f]tilization by ! culture ( ! re/ ( ,europe z is ne$$ to produce a new intellectual evolution ( any importance4 ,! m]e geographical isolation ( mod]n ,greece f ! ma9 curr5ts ( ,european ?\ght & comm]ce is probably ! mo/ ret>dative ( h] conditions2 & x is h>d to see h[ x c be c\nt]vail$4 ,italy1 9 comp>ison1 is pulsat+ ) orig9al life1 indu/rial & intellectual4 ,b1 giv5 ei!r a r5asc5ce ( ,mohamm$an civilization or a great political recon/ruction su* z is latt]ly on foot1 ! :ole life ( ! ne>] ,ea/ may take a new dep>ture2 & 9 su* an evolution ,greece w\ld be likely to %>e4 ,,conclusion ,any full] survey ( ! intellectual hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w b reveal m fully ! signal & ev]-wid5+ gr[? ( rational ?\ght among all classes ( ! m advanc$ nations1 & among ! m in/ruct$ ( ! less advanc$4 ,! retrospect ( ! :ole pa/ tells ( a cont9u\s evolution1 :i* 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury proce$s m ext5sively ?an ev] be=e4 ,!re has em]g$ ! curi\s fact t 9 our own c\ntry a measure ( rational d\bt has be5 almo/ con/antly at "w 9 ! sph]e 9 :i* x c\ld p]haps lea/ confid5tly be expect$--to wit1 t ( poetry4 ,f ,*auc] onw>ds x is h>d to f9d a great or?odox poet4 ,ev5 ,sp5s] 0 z mu* ,platoni/ z ,*ri/ian2 & ,m>l[e1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,dryd51 ,pope1 ,burns1 ,wordswor?1 ,%elley1 ,byron1 ,col]idge1 ,keats1 ,t5nyson1 ,arnold1 & ,br[n+ 7to "n no o!rs7 9 _! v>i\s ways baffle ! dem& ( fai?4 ,latt]ly1 ! sex :i* has always be5 reckon$ ! m giv5 to religion has %[n _m signs ( adaptation to ! high] law4 ,9 ,brita91 z 9 ,france1 wom5 began to appe> 9 ! ranks ( reason 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #bjah ,9 ! n9ete5? ! numb] has increas$ at a significant rate4 ,already 9 ! fi]ce battles f\ght 9 ! "t ( reaction aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution wom5 took _! place on ! side ( fre$om2 & ,frances ,wright 7,madame d',arusmont7 play$ a notable "p z a free?9k+ publici/ & philan?ropi/4 #bjai ,s9ce h] day ! names ( ,h>riet ,m>t9eau & ,george ,eliot tell ( ! cont9ual ga9 ( k2 & wom5 rationali/s are n[ to be c\nt$ by ?\s&s 9 all ! m civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,! same law holds ( public life 9 g5]al4 ,glad/one eag]ly ma9ta9$ 9 8 latt] ye>s t politicians1 9 virtue ( _! practical hold ( life1 7 little giv5 to skepticism2 b ! facts 7 & are increas+ly aga9/ him4 ,! balance ( ! evid5ce is aga9/ ! ascription ( or?odoxy to ei!r ( ! ,pitts1 or to ,fox2 & we h se5 t ! /atesm5 ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 z ( ! ,fr5*1 7 9 g5]al dei/s4 ,g>ibaldi #bjbj 9 ,italy1 & ,gambetta 9 ,france1 7 free?9k]s2 ,l9coln & 8 oppon5t1 ,d\glas1 7 dei/s2 t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ,sir ,rob]t ,/\t & ! late ,mr4 ,john ,ballance1 av[$ rationali/s1 7 among ! =emo/ politicians ( _! g5]ation2 & 9 ! ,engli% ,cab9et rationalism began to be repres5t$ 9 ! p]son ( ,"l ,morley4 ,:ile su* developm5ts h be5 possible 9 ! fi]ce light ( political /rife1 ! process ( dis9tegration & decomposition has proce$$ 9 society at l>ge till unbelief c h>dly be reckon$ a s+ul>ity4 ,)9 ! pale ( all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es dogmatic belief has greatly dw9dl$1 & goes on dw9dl+3 & ,*ri/ianity is made to figure m & m z an e?ical doctr9e :i* has ab&on$ its hi/orical f\ndations1 :ile pres]v+ =mulas & rituals :i* h no "p 9 rational e?ics4 ,! my?ical cosmogony out ( :i* ! :ole orig9ally grew is no long] believ$ 9 by any educat$ p]son1 ?\gh x is habitually pres5t$ to ! "y z div9e tru?4 ,?\s&s ( cl]gym51 economically gripp$ to a false position1 w\ld gladly rectify _! pr(ess$ cre$s1 b _c2 because ! political & economic bases involve ! cons5t ( ! majority1 & *anges _c be made )\t angry resi/ance & upro> among ! less in/ruct$ multitude ( all classes4 ,! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es collectively dread to figure z repudiat+ ! hi/oric cre$2 :ile ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 consci\s ( ! situation1 ma9ta9s a semblance ( rigid discipl9e & a m9imum /&>d ( in/ruction = its adh]5ts1 c\nt+ on hold+ its gr\nd :ile ! faculty ( uncritical fai? subsi/s4 ,only by ! sil5t ali5ation ( ! m ?\ghtful & s9c]e m9ds f ! prie/hood c ! %[ ( or?odoxy be ma9ta9$ ev5 )9 ! ,ca?olic pale4 ,9 all ord]s alike1 nev]!less1 ! practice ( religion decays ) ! !ory4 ,! ,*ur*es are con/antly *all5g$ to ju/ify _! exi/5ce by social re=ms & philan?ropic works3 no o!r plea passes z g5]ally valid2 & x is only by reason ( a g5]al transf]5ce ( int]e/ f religi\s to social problems t ! decay ( belief is disguis$4 ,piety1 9 ! old s5se1 c\nts relatively = little2 & :ile or?odoxy is /ill a means ( advantage 9 political life1 religion c\nts = no?+ 9 int]national relations4 ,9 ! w> ( #ahii-aijb1 ,bible-lov+ ,engl& =c$ a qu>rel on ! mo/ ,bible-lov+ race 9 ! _w2 & at ! "t ( ! p5n+ ( ^! l9es six nations are wag+ ! greate/ w> ( all "t irrespectively ( racial & religi\s ties alike1 ?\gh all alike (ficially claim ! support ( ,omnipot5ce4 ,9 ,b]l9 a popul> prea*] edifies great audi5ces by proclaim+ t ,god is n neutral2 & 8 ,emp]or habitually p>ades ! same fai?1 ) ! support ( all ! !ologians ( ,g]many--! ,/ate supremely guilty ( ! :ole embroilm5t1 & ! delib]ate p]petrator ( ! grosse/ aggression 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,on ! side ( ! ,allies ,*ri/ianity is less sy/ematically b /ill frequ5tly invok$4 ,on bo? sides ! =ms ( pray] are (ficially practis$ by ! non-combatants1 v mu* z ! ,romans 9 _! w>s ma9ta9$ ! practice ( augury f ! entrails ( sacrific$ victims2 & family pray] is said to be reviv+4 ,ev]y:]e1 nev]!less1 ! m rational1 rememb]+ h[ 9 ! ages ( fai? deadly w>s 7 wag$ = :ole g5]ations 9 ! v "n ( religion1 recognize t ,*ri/ianity furni%es nei!r control = ! pres5t nor solution = ! future2 & t ! hope ( civilization lies 9 ! resort ( ! nations to human /&>ds ( sanity & reciprocity4 ,! ties :i* hold are ^? ( fell[-citiz5%ip4 ,!re c be no d\bt among rationali/s t if mod]n civilization escapes ! ru9 :i* milit>ism br\ght ^u ^? ( all previ\s eras1 ! pr9ciple ( reason w cont9ually wid5 its control1 latt]ly se5 to be ev]y:]e /r5g!n+ ap>t f ! dang]\s p]si/5ce ( milit>i/ ideals & impulses4 ,:5 x controls int]national relations1 x w be dom9ant 9 ! life ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! words ( a great fight] = free?\ght1 ,no man ev] saw a religion die2 & !re are abundant survivals ( pre-,*ri/ian paganism 9 ,europe aft] two ?\s& ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity2 b x seems likely t :5 ! hi/ory ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is writt5 x w be recogniz$ t :at has hi/orically figur$ z religion belongs 9 all its =ms to ! pa/4 ,! "q is sometimes rais$ :e!r ! age ( decl9e w be m>k$ by movem5ts ( active & p]secut+ fanaticism4 ,"h1 aga91 ! answ] mu/ be t ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! g5]al =tunes ( civilization4 ,x is significant t a numb] ( cl]ical voices proclaim a revival ( religion z a product ( w>1 :ile o!rs compla9 t ! /ate ( /ruggle has a /]iliz+ effect ^u religi\s life4 ,:ile organiz$ religions subsi/1 !re w always be adh]5ts ) ! w to p]secute2 & f "t to "t acts ( public p]secution occur1 9 addition to _m ( a private "*4 ,b 9 ,brita9 public p]secution is latt]ly re/rict$ to cases 9 :i* ! te*nical (f5ce ( blasphemy is associat$ ) acts :i* come "u ord9>y police jurisdiction4 ,aft] ! unque/ionable blasphemies ( ,arnold & ,sw9burne _h to be (ficially ignor$1 x became impossible1 9 ! pres5t /age ( civilization1 t any s]i\s & dec5t lit]>y indictm5t ( ! prevail+ cre$s %\ld be made a subject ( p]secution2 & be=e long1 probably1 su* indictm5ts w be ab&on$ 9 ! cases ( (f5d]s aga9/ police regulations4 ,! ma9 dang] appe>s to lie 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 & f ! action ( ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y4 ,! common p ev]y:]e1 save 9 ! mo/ backw>d c\ntries1 are increas+ly dis9cl9$ to p]secution4 ,9 ,irel& !re is mu* less ( t _s among ! ,ca?olic population ?an among t ( ,prote/ant ,ul/]4 ,b ! infam\s execution ( ,francisco ,f]r] 9 ,spa91 9 #aiji1 :i* ar\s$ passionate reprobation 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry1 0 def5d$ 9 ,engl& & else:]e ) extravagant bas5ess by ,ca?olic littrateurs1 :o1 ) _! reaction>y prie/s1 are ! la/ to le>n ! lesson ( tol]ance4 ,! indignation ev]y:]e excit$ by ! judicial murd] #bjba ( ,f]r]1 h[ev]1 gives promise t ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s fanatics ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* w hesitate aga9 to r\se ! wra? ( ! nations by su* a rev]sion to ! me?ods ( ! eras ( religi\s rule4 ,,notes #a ,/['s ,annals1 ed4 #afae1 pp4 #egj1 #ege4 #b ,burnet1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=mation1 ed4 ,n>es1 ii1 #agi2 iii1 #bhi2 ,/rype1 ,memorials ( ,cranm]1 ed4 #ahdh-ed1 ii1 #ajj4 #c ,! ,m>ian p]secutions und\bt$ly did mu* to /imulate ,prote/antism4 ,x is n g5]ally realiz$ t _m ( ! burn+s ( h]etics "u ,m>y 7 quasi-sacrifices on h] behalf4 ,on ea* occasion ( h] hopes ( pregnancy be+ disappo9t$1 "s victims 7 s5t to ! /ake4 ,see ,/rype1 ed4 cit$1 iii1 #aif1 & ,pet] ,m>tyr1 !re cit$2 ,fr\de1 ed4 #ahgj1 v1 #eba sq41 #eci sq4 ,! influ5ce ( ,spani% ecclesia/ics may be inf]r$4 ,! expulsions ( ! ,jews & ! ,moriscoes f ,spa9 7 by way ( av]t+ ! wra? ( ,god4 ,/ill1 a ,spani% prie/ at ,c\rt prea*$ 9 fav\r ( m]cy4 ,l+>d1 ed4 #ahee1 v1 #bca4 #d ,! numb] sla9 0 c]ta9ly n small4 ,x am\nt$ to at lea/ #aij1 p]haps to #bjd4 ,soames1 ,elizabe?an ,religi\s ,hi/ory1 #ahci1 p4 #eif-ih4 ,"u ,m>y !re p]i%$ "s #bhh4 ,durham ,dunlop1 ,! ,*ur* "u ! ,tudors1 #ahfi1 p4 #ajd & refs4 #e ,soames1 z cit$1 pp4 #bac-ah1 & refs4 #f ,fr\de1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 ed4 #ahgj1 x1 #ede 7ed4 #ahge1 xi1 #aii71 cit+ ,,mss4 ,irel&4 #g ,gloss to ,febru>y 9 ! ,%eph]d's ,cal5d>1 ,globe ed4 pp4 #dea-eb4 #h ,euphues3 ,! ,anatomy ( ,wit1 ,arb]'s repr9t1 pp4 #adj1 #aec4 ,t ! ref]5ce 0 ma9ly to ,ox=d is to be inf]r$ f ! address ,to my v]ie good fri5ds ! ,g5tlem5 ,s*oll]s ( ,ox=d1 prefix$ to ! ed4 ( #aeha4 ,id4 p4 #bjg4 #i ,id4 p4 #aeh4 #aj ,id4 pp4 #afa1 #aff4 #aa ,essay ,( ,a!ism4 #ab ,lecky1 ,rationalism1 i1 #ajc-ajd4 ,scot's book 7n[ made accessible by a repr9t1 #ahhf7 _h practically no influ5ce 9 8 own day2 & ,k+ ,james1 :o wrote aga9/ x1 caus$ x to be burn$ by ! hangman 9 ! next4 ,scot ins]ts ! infidelitie ( a!i/s 9 ! li/ ( intellectual evils on 8 title-page2 b save = an allusion to ! abhom9ation ( idolatrie all ! o!rs indict$ are aspects ( ! black art4 #ac ,no woman ev] liv$ :o 0 s totally de/itute ( ! s5tim5t ( religion 7,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/ory1 *4 vii1 #c1 p4 #cfi74 #ad ,cp4 ,soames1 ,elizabe?an ,religi\s ,hi/ory1 #ahci1 p4 #bbe4 ,yet :5 ,morris1 ! attorney ( ! ,du*y ( ,lanca/]1 introduc$ 9 ,p>liam5t a ,bill to re/ra9 ! p[] ( ! ecclesia/ical c\rts1 %e _h him dismiss$ & imprison$ = life1 be+ det]m9$ t ! control %\ld rema91 ?r\gh ^? c\rts1 9 h] own h&s4 ,heylyn1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=mation1 ed4 #ahdi1 pref4 vol4 i1 pp4 xiv-xv4 #ae ,see above1 vol4 i1 pp4 #dce1 #ddf1 #dei4 #af ,colli]'s ,repr9t1 p4 #aij4 #ag ,camd51 ,annals ( ,elizabe?1 sub4 ann4 #aehj2 #crd ed4 #afce1 p4 #bah4 ,cp4 ,soames1 p4 #bad4 #ah ,hook]1 ,pref4 to ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 *4 iii1 #i1 ed4 #ahej4 ,camd5 7p4 #bai7 /ates t ! ,dut* tea*] ,h5ry ,ni*alai1 ^: works 7 translat$ = ! sect1 gave out t he did p>take ( ,god1 & ,god ( 8 humanity4 #ai ,see above1 i1 #deh1 z to a mu* m pron\nc$ h]esy 9 #aedi1 :i* also seems to h escap$ puni%m5t4 ,camd5 tells t ! books ( ! ,family ( ,love 7 burnt 9 #aehj1 b m5tions no o!r p5alties4 ,/[ records t on ,octob] #i1 #aehj1 proclamation 0 publi%$ at ,london = ! appreh5sion & sev]e puni%+ ( all p]sons suspect$ to be ( ! family ( love4 ,ed4 #afae1 p4 #fhg4 ,five ( !m _h be5 fright5$ into a public recantation 9 #aege4 ,id4 p4 #fgi4 #bj ,may #ac1 #aegi4 ,! burn+ 0 on ! #bj?4 #ba ,/['s ,annals1 ed4 #aehj1 pp4 #a1 #aid-ie4 ,ed4 #afae1 p4 #fie4 #bb ,/[1 ed4 #afae1 p4 #fig2 ,david's ,evid5ce1 by ,william ,burton1 ,prea*] ( ,read+1 #aeib 7871 p4 #abe4 #bc ,/[1 ed4 #afae1 p4 #fif4 #bd ,burton1 z cit$4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #g1 #ab1 z to ,kett's writ+s4 #be ,art4 ,mat!w ,hamond1 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 #bf ,art4 ,francis ,kett1 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 #bg ,pr(4 ,/oroj5ko1 ,life ( ,gre5e1 ,eng4 tr4 9 ,gros>t's ,hu? ,libr>y ed4 ( ,gre5e's ,works1 i1 #db-ej4 ,x is q cle> t ,malone & ! critics :o h foll[$ him 7 wrong 9 suppos+ ! unnam$ in/ructor to be ,francis ,kett1 :o 0 a dev\t ,unit>ian4 ,pr(4 ,/oroj5ko speaks ( ,kett z hav+ be5 made an ,arian at ,norwi*1 aft] 8 return !re 9 #aehe1 by ! influ5ce ( ,lewes & ,hawor?4 ,qu]y ,hamond8 #bh ,9 ,pi]ce's ,sup]]ogation1 ,colli]'s ed4 p4 #he4 #bi ,rep4 ( ,na%e's ,works 9 ,gros>t's ,hu? ,libr>y ed4 vol4 iv1 pp4 #agb1 #agc1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahc4 etc4 ,ed4 ,mc,kerrow4 #aijd1 ii1 #aad-abi4 #cj ,,ms4 ,h>l4 #fhec1 fol4 #cbj4 ,x is giv5 9 full 9 ! app5dix to ! fir/ issue ( ! select$ plays ( ,m>l[e 9 ! ,m]maid ,s]ies1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis3 &1 ) omissions1 9 ! editions ( ,cunn+ham1 ,dyce1 & ,bull54 #ca ,act ,,ii1 sc4 i4 #cb ,gros>t's ed4 9 ,temple ,dramati/s s]ies1 #aa4 #bdf-cga4 ,!re is pl5ty ( irreligion 9 ! passage1 b n a!ism1 ?\gh !re is a d5ial ( a future /ate 7#cfe-gj74 ,! l9es 9 "q /rongly sugge/ ,m>l[e's influ5ce or au?or%ip1 :i* inde$ is claim$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,craw=d = ! :ole play4 ,b all ! ext]nal evid5ce ascribes ! play to ,gre5e4 #cc ,tamburla9e1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,act ,,ii1 sc4 ii1 iii2 ,v1 sc4 i4 #cd ,writ+ z ,&rew ,philopat]4 ,see ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog41 art4 ,rob]t ,p>sons1 & ,/oroj5ko1 z cit$1 i1 #cf1 & note4 #ce ,translat$ into ,lat9 by ,h5ri ,e/i5ne 9 #aefb4 #cf ,rema9s ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ed4 #afeg1 p4 #abc4 #cg ,bk4 i1 *4 i1 sec4 #aa4 #ch ,bk4 ii1 *4 i1 sec4 #g4 #ci ,essay on ! ,prome!us4 #dj ,art4 ,raleigh1 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog41 xlvii1 #aib4 #da ,id4 pp4 #bjj-bja4 #db ,report 9 #agcf ed4 ( ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 p4 ccxlix4 ,h>pool seems an error = ,h>riott4 ,cp4 ,edw>ds1 ,life ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 #ahfh1 i1 #dcb1 #dcf4 ,x is aft] nam+ ,h>pool t ! judge says3 ,let n any devil p]suade y to ?9k !re is no et]nity 9 heav54 #dc ,ed4 cit$1 p4 xxviii4 #dd ,id4 p4 xxiv4 #de ,id4 p4 xxii4 #df ,id4 p4 xvi4 #dg ,cp4 ,g>d9]1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #afjc-afdb1 #aj-vol4 ed4 i1 #acb-ce2 iii1 #aej1 #aeb4 #dh ,ed4 cit$1 p4 xxii4 #di ,title ( v]ses app5d$ to trans4 ( ,a*illes ,%ield1 #aeih4 ,*apman spells ! "n ,h>riots4 #ej ,pref4 to complete trans4 ( ,iliad4 #ea ,bk4 v1 *4 ii1 #a-d4 ,works1 ed4 #ahej1 i1 #dcb-cf4 #eb ,exposition ^u ,nehemiah 7#aehe7 9 ,p>k] ,soc4 ed4 ( ,works1 #ahab1 p4 #dja4 #ec ,"w cit$1 pp4 #h-aa1 #bb4 #ed ,works1 i1 #dcb2 ii1 #gfb-fc4 #ee ,eccles4 ,pol4 bk4 i1 *4 vii2 bk4 ii1 *4 i1 vii2 bk4 iii1 *4 viii1 #af2 bk4 v1 *4 viii2 bk4 vii1 *4 xi2 bk4 viii1 #f 7,works1 i1 #afe1 #bca1 #cjj1 #ddf2 ii1 #chh1 #ecg74 ,see ! citations 9 ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 iii1 #cda-db2 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #aic-id4 #ef ,supplication ( ,trav]s1 9 ,hook]'s ,works1 ed4 #ahej1 ii1 #ffb4 #eg ,answ] to ,trav]s1 id4 p4 #fic4 #eh ,"s typical attempts ( ! k9d are discuss$ 9 ! au?or's two lectures on ,! ,religion ( ,%akespe>e1 #ahhg 7,s\? ,place ,in/itute74 #ei ,%akespe>e ,comm5t>ies1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfc1 ii1 #fah-ai4 #fj ,id4 ii1 #ehf4 #fa ,9 ! la/ edition ,i _h writt5 to t effect2 b ,i h modifi$ ! op9ion4 #fb ,! allusion to popi% c]emonies 9 ,titus ,&ronicus is probably f 8 h&4 ,see ! au?or's "w1 ,did ,%akespe>e ,write ,titus ,&ronicus81 :]e x is argu$ t ! play 9 "q is sub/antially ,peele's & ,gre5e's4 #fc ,%akespe>e ,soc4 rep4 #ahec1 pp4 #ad1 #af-ag1 #ah1 #bd1 #bh1 etc4 #fd ,?is has be5 %[n to be 8 by ,fleay & ,mr4 ,craw=d4 #fe ,see 8 ,groatswor? ( ,wit ,b\ght ) a ,million ( ,rep5tance4 #ff ,comp>e ! ,jane ,%ore portions ( 8 ,edw>d ,,iv ) ! close ( ,a ,woman ,kill$ ) ,k9dness4 ,note also ! conclusion ( ,! ,engli% ,travell]4 #fg ,see ! poem ,engl&'s ,elizabe?1 #afca4 #fh ,h5sl[e's ,di>y1 ed4 ,greg1 i1 fol4 #if4 #fi ,e4g41 ! l9es1 ,! be/ ( m5 ,t e'er wore e>? ab\t him1 0 a suff]]1 ,a s(t1 meek1 pati5t1 humble1 tranquil _s1 ,! fir/ true g5tleman t ev] brea!d1 at ! close ( ,"p ,i ( ,! ,hone/ ,:ore2 & ! phrase1 ,heav5's great ari?metician1 at ! close ( ,old ,=tunatus4 #gj ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/4 *4 vii1 #g end4 ,cp4 ,rusk91 ,sesame & ,lilies1 ,lect4 iii1 #aae4 #ga ,! old "w ( ,w4 ,j4 ,bir*1 ,m4,a41 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,philosophy & ,religion ( ,%aksp]e 7#ahdh71 is an unjudicial ex p>te /atem5t ( ! case = ,%akespe>e's unbelief2 b x is wor? /udy4 #gb ,! t[n paid = 8 bread & w9e1 no d\bt by way ( complim5t4 #gc ,cp4 ! au?or's ,montaigne & ,%akespe>e1 #bnd ed4 sec4 viii4 #gd ,a ,woorke conc]n+ ! trewnesse ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #aehg4 ,repr9t$ 9 #aeib1 #afjd1 & #afag4 #ge ,z to ! exp]t analysis ( ?is play1 :i* %[s x to be 9 l>ge "p ,flet*]'s1 see ,furnivall1 z cit$1 pp4 xciii-xcvi4 #gf ,cp4 ,seccombe & ,all51 ,! ,age ( ,%aksp]e1 #aijc1 ii1 #ahi4 #gg ,alb]ti1 ,briefe betreff5de d5 ,zu/& d] ,religion 9 ,gross-,britanni51 ,hanov]1 #ageb1 ii1 #dbi4 ,alb]ti reads ,god at ! end ( ! passage2 ,i foll[ ,gros>t's edition4 #gh ,hallam1 ,lit4 ,europe1 ii1 #cga1 #cgf2 ,pattison1 ,isaac ,casaubon1 #bnd ed4 p4 #bhf sq4 #gi ,pattison1 z cit$1 p4 #bij2 ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ,memoirs ( ,john ,seld51 #ahce1 pp4 #ef-gj4 #hj ,memoirs cit$1 pp4 #fj-fa4 ,on ! :ole "q see ! ,review app5d$ by ,seld5 to 8 ,hi/ory aft] a few copies _h be5 di/ribut$4 #ha ,poems ( ,sir ,john ,davies1 ed4 ,gros>t1 #ahgf1 i1 #hb1 #hc4 #hb ,essaies ,politicke & ,morall1 by ,d4 ,t4 ,g5t1 #afjh1 fol4 #i4 #hc ,act iv1 sc4 #a4 #hd ,act i1 sc4 #a4 ,jonson himself c\ld h be5 s indict$ on ! /r5g? ( c]ta9 v]ses4 #he ,he _h be5 (f]$ pr(essor%ips ( div9ity at ,saumur & ,m>burg4 #hf ,g>d9]1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #afjc-afdb1 #d? ed4 ii1 #abh4 ,cp4 ,bayle1 art4 ,vor/ius1 ,note ,n4 ,by 8 !ological oppon5ts & by ,james1 ,vor/ius 0 ( c\rse call$ an a!i/4 ,he 0 9 reality n a ,soc9ian1 b a /rict ,arian1 :o believ$ t ! ,son ( ,god 0 at fir/ creat$ by ! ,fa!r1 & !n delegat$ to create ! univ]se--a sort ( inf]ior deity1 :o 0 nev]!less entitl$ to religi\s homage 7,james ,ni*ols1 note to ,app4 ,p4 on ,br&t's ,life ( ,arm9ius 9 ,works ( ,arm9ius1 #ahbe1 i1 #bah74 ,ni*ols gives a full survey ( ! subject1 pp4 #bjb-bcg4 ,full] 7,*4 ,hi/4 ,b4 x1 c5t4 #ag1 sec4 iv1 #a-e7 tells ! /ory1 & pron\nces ! op9ions ( ,vor/ius fitt] to be rem&$ to hell ?an committ$ to writ+4 #hg ,bayle 7art4 cit$1 ,note ,f7 says bo? ,univ]sities1 z does ,full]4 ,at ! ,synod ( ,dort1 h[ev]1 ! ,briti% repres5tatives read only1 x seems1 a decree 7dat$ ,sept4 #ba1 #afaa7 ( ! ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,cambridge1 ord]+ ! burn+ ( ! book !re4 7,ni*ols1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,synod ( ,dort1 9 ,works ( ,arm9ius1 i1 #dig74 #hh ,g>d9]1 pp4 #abi-cj4 ,full] 7z la/ cit$1 #f-ad7 gives a li/ ( ,legate's damnable t5ets4 ,see x 9 ,mrs4 ,bradlaugh ,bonn]'s ,p5alties ^u ,op9ion1 pp4 #ab-ad4 #hi ,g>d9]1 z cit$4 ,full] is *e]fully acquiesc5t1 ?\gh he notes ! private demurs1 :i* he d5\nces4 ,god1 he says1 may seem well pleas$ ) ?is seasonable sev]ity4 #ij ,9 #aehj ,/[ records h[ "o ,r&all 0 put on trial = conjur+ to "k :]e treasure 0 hid 9 ! e>? & goods feloni\sly tak5 7 become2 & f\r o!rs 7 tri$ = be+ pres5t4 ,f\r 7 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to be hang$4 ,r&all 0 execut$1 & ! o!rs repriev$4 7,ed4 #afae1 p4 #fhh47 #ia ,full] actually alleges t !re 0 none ev] aft] t op5ly av[$ ^! h]etical doctr9es--an un9telligible figm5t4 #ib ,all repr9t$ 9 #ahaf = ! ,hans]d ,knollys ,society1 ) hi/or4 introd4 by ,e4 ,b4 ,und]hill1 9 ! vol4 ,tracts on ,lib]ty ( ,consci5ce & ,p]secution1 #afad-affa4 ,!y d n speak ( ,legate or ,wightman4 #ic ,a!oma/ix1 #afbb1 pref4 ,sig4 ,b4 #c1 v]so4 ,! "w 0 po/hum\s & incomplete4 #id ,bk4 i1 *4 i1 p4 #e4 #ie ,9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 bk4 i 7,r\tl$ge ed4 p4 #ed71 he himself notes h[1 long be=e 8 "t1 ! new le>n+ _h 9 "p discr$it$ ! s*oolm54 #if ,filum ,labyr9?i--an ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,cogitata et ,visa-- #g4 #ig ,cp4 ,hu>te1 cit$ above1 p4 #dga4 #ih ,nov4 ,org4 bk4 i4 ,aph4 #fb 7,works1 ,r\tl$ge ed4 p4 #bga74 #ii ,id4 ,aph4 #fe4 #ajj ,id4 ib4 ,cp4 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 bk4 ii1 & ! ,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 ix1 ne> end4 7,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #agc1 #fcd47 #aja ,nov4 ,org4 ,aph4 #hi4 ,cp4 ,aph4 #df1 #di1 #if2 ! ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 xxv2 ! ,engli% ,filum ,labyr9?i1 #g2 & ! ,de ,pr9cipiis atque ,orig9ibus 7ed4 cit$1 p4 #fej74 #ajb ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 cap4 i4 7,ed4 cit$1 p4 #ahh47 #ajc ,id4 p4 #ahg2 ,filum ,labyr9?i1 p4 #bji4 #ajd ,bk4 ix1 *4 i4 7,ed4 cit$1 p4 #fca47 ,comp>e ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 i 7p4 #ahf71 & ,de ,aug4 bk4 iii1 *4 ii 7p4 #def71 z to ! impossibility ( kn[+ ! w & "* ( ,god f ,nature1 ?\gh 7,de ,aug4 la/ cit47 x reveals 8 p[] & glory4 #aje ,advancem5t1 bk4 i 7ed4 cit$1 p4 #de74 ,cp4 ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 i 7p4 #ahg74 #ajf ,advancem5t1 bk4 ii2 ,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 iii1 *s4 iv & v2 ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 xxv2 ,novum ,organum1 bk4 i1 ,aph4 #dh2 bk4 ii1 ,aph4 #b4 7,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #if1 #bje1 #bff1 #cjb1 #dga1 #dgc47 #ajg ,de ,pr9cipiis atque ,orig9ibus4 7,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #fdi-ej47 ,else:]e 7,de ,aug4 bk4 iii1 *4 iv1 p4 #dga7 he expressly puts x t ! sy/em ( ,democritus1 :i* remov$ ,god & m9d f ! /ructure ( ?+s1 0 m fav\rable to true sci5ce ?an ! teleology & !ology ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 #ajh ,id4 pp4 #fea1 #feg4 #aji ,id4 p4 #fdh4 #aaj ,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 iii1 *4 ii2 bk4 iv1 *4 ii4 7,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #def1 #dhb47 #aaa ,id4 bk4 ii1 *4 i4 7,ed4 cit$1 p4 #dbh47 #aab ,de ,augm5tis1 ed4 cit$1 p4 #gc4 #aac ,no4 xviii1 ,diom$es4 ,ed4 cit$1 p4 #hda4 #aad ,de ,pr9cipiis atque ,orig9ibus1 p4 #ffd4 #aae ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #hi2 ,filum ,labyr9?i1 #g2 ,essay #af4 #aaf ,francis ,osborn1 pref4 to 8 ,miscellany1 9 ,works1 #g? ed4 #afgc4 #aag ,cp4 ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 i4 #aah ,?is is not$ by ,glass=d 9 8 tr4 ( ! ,novum ,organum 7#ahdd1 p4 #bf72 & by ,ellis 9 8 & ,sp$d+'s edition ( ! ,works4 7,r\tl$ge ed4 pp4 #cb1 #dgc1 note47 #aai ,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 iii1 *4 iv1 end4 #abj ,essay #eg1 ,( ,ang]4 #aba ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 xxv4 #abb ,de ,pr9cipiis1 ed4 cit$1 pp4 #fdh-di4 ,cp4 pp4 #fab-dc4 #abc ,id4 p4 #fdh4 #abd ,val]ius ,t]m9us1 *4 ii2 ,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 v1 *4 iv4 ,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #aii1 #eag4 #abe ,cp4 ,brew/]1 ,life ( ,newton1 #ahee1 ii1 #djj-djd2 ,drap]1 ,intel4 ,devel4 ( ,europe1 ed4 #ahge1 ii1 #beh-fj2 ,dean ,*ur*1 ,bacon1 pp4 #ahj-bja2 ,f[l]1 ,bacon1 *4 vi2 ,lodge1 ,pione]s ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ade-ea2 ,lange1 ,ges*4 d4 ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #aig sq4 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bcf-cg71 & cit4 f ,liebig--z to :om1 h[ev]1 see ,f[l]1 pp4 #acc1 #aeg4 #abf ,novum ,organum1 ii1 #df & #dh1 #ag2 ,de ,aug4 iii1 #d2 ,!ma ,coeli4 ,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #cfd1 #cge1 #dfa1 #gje1 #gji4 ,:ewell 7,hi/4 ( ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 #crd ed4 i1 #bif1 #bih7 ignores ! second & ?ird ( ^! passages 9 d5y+ ,hume's ass]tion t ,bacon reject$ ! ,cop]nican !ory ) disda94 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ,bacon _h vacillat$4 ,! facts are fairly fac$ by ,pr(4 ,f[l] 9 8 ,bacon1 #ahha1 pp4 #aea-eb1 & 8 ed4 ( ,novum ,organum1 ,introd4 pp4 #cj-cf4 ,see also ! summ+-up ( ,ellis 9 notes to passages above cit$1 & at p4 #fge4 #abg ,aubrey1 ,lives ( ,em95t ,p]sons1 ed4 #ahac1 vol4 ii1 pt4 ii1 p4 #chc4 #abh ,see notes 9 ed4 cit$1 pp4 #ej1 #ec1 #fa1 #fc1 #fh1 #ge1 #gf1 #hd1 #aaj4 #abi ,f[l]1 ed4 ( ,nov4 ,org4 #ad1 pp4 #aja-ajd4 #acj ,id4 #ad1 p4 #ajh2 ,ellis 9 ed4 cit$1 p4 #fdc4 #aca ,rawley's ,life1 9 ed4 cit$1 p4 #i2 ,osborn1 z above cit$2 ,f[l]1 ed4 ( ,nov4 ,org4 ,introd4 #ad2 ,t4 ,m>t91 ,"* ( ,bacon1 #ahce1 pp4 #baf1 #bbg1 #bbb-bc4 #acb ,cp4 ,f[l]1 ,bacon1 pp4 #aci-da2 ,mill1 ,logic1 bk4 vi1 *4 v1 #e2 ,jevons1 ,pr9c4 ( ,sci5ce1 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #egf2 ,tyndall1 ,sci5tific ,use ( ! ,imag9ation1 #crd ed4 pp4 #d1 #h-i1 #db-dc2 ,t4 ,m>t91 z cit$1 pp4 #baj-ch2 ,bagehot1 ,po/ulates ( ,eng4 ,polit4 ,econ4 ed4 #ahhe1 pp4 #ah-ai2 ,ellis & ,sp$d+1 9 ed4 cit$1 pp4 x1 xii1 #bb1 #chi4 ,! notion ( a dialectic me?od :i* %\ld me*anically enable any man to make discov]ies is an irr$eemable fallacy1 & mu/ be ab&on$4 ,bacon's own rem>kable anticipation ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght 9 ! =mula t heat is a mode ( motion 7,nov4 ,org4 ii1 #bj7 is n me*anically yield$ by 8 own process1 notewor?y & sugge/ive ?\gh t is4 #acc ,pref4 ,epi/le4 #acd ,works1 ed4 ,dubl94 #agff1 p4 #aei2 ed4 #aiaj1 p4 #cdd4 #ace ,kohlraus*1 ,hi/4 ( ,g]many1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #che4 #acf ,moritz ,ritt]1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,union1 #ahfg-gc1 ii1 #ee4 #acg ,m5zel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*51 #cte ,aufl4 ,cap4 #daf4 #ach ,cp4 ,g>d9]1 ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 pp4 #ab-ac2 ,kohlraus*1 p4 #dch2 ,pusey1 ,hi/or4 ,enq4 into ,g]4 ,rationalism1 pp4 #i-be2 ,h5d]son1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,g]many1 i1 *4 xvi4 #aci ,kohlraus*1 p4 #dci4 ,a specially /rong reaction set 9 ab\t #aegc4 ,ritt]1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,union1 i1 #ai4 ,cp4 ,m5zel1 ,cap4 #dcc4 #adj ,cp4 ,g>d9]1 ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 pp4 #af1 #ah1 #ba2 ,kohlraus*1 p4 #cgj4 #ada ,z to ?is see ,moritz ,ritt]1 z cit$1 i1 #i1 #bg2 ii1 #abb sq42 ,dunham1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,g]manic ,empire1 iii1 #ahf2 ,h5d]son1 i1 #daa sq4 #adb ,freytag1 ,bild] aus d4 deuts*5 ,v]gang5heit1 ,bd4 ii1 #ahhc1 p4 #cha2 ,bd4 iii1 ad init4 #adc ,cp4 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i1 #ec-hc4 #add ,freytag1 ,bild]1 ,bd4 ii1 ,ab?4 ii1 p4 #cgh4 #ade ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #bfj2 ,fr5* tr4 p4 #bhe4 #adf ,de ,prae/igiis ,daemonum1 #aefc4 ,see x describ$ by ,lecky1 ,rationalism1 i1 #he-hg2 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #gf4 #adg ,by ,dut* hi/orians ,wi] is claim$ z a ,dut*man4 ,he 0 born at ,grave1 9 ,nor? ,brabant1 b /udi$ m$ic9e at ,p>is & ,orleans1 & aft] practis+ physic at ,arnheim 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 0 call$ to ,dsseldorf z physician to ! ,duke ( ,jli*1 to :om he d$icat$ 8 treatise4 ,8 ideas are probably traceable to 8 /udies 9 ,france4 #adh ,8 collect$ works 7#afcb7 am\nt to ne>ly #g1jjj folio pages4 ,j4 ,t5 ,br9k1 ,kle9e ,ges*i$5is d] ,n$]l&s*e ,lett]51 #ahhb1 p4 #ia4 #adi ,t5 ,br9k1 p4 #hf4 ,jonckbloet 7,beknopte ,ges*i$5is d] ,n$]l4 ,lett]kunde1 ed4 #ahhj1 p4 #adh7 is less specific4 #aej ,t5 ,br9k1 pp4 #hi-ij4 #aea ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #hc4 #aeb ,t5 ,br9k1 p4 #hg4 #aec ,jonckbloet1 ,beknopte ,ges*i$5is1 p4 #adi2 ,t5 ,br9k1 p4 #ia2 ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,koornh]t2 ,pnj]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,philos4 ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #bfi2 ,dr4 ,e4 ,gosse1 art4 on ,dut* ,lit]ature 9 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #i? ed4 xii1 #ic4 #aed ,t5 ,br9k1 p4 #ia4 #aee ,fl9t1 ,vico1 p4 #adb4 #aef ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 proleg4 #aa1 #af4 #aeg ,bayle1 art4 ,voelkel4 #aeh ,s*legel's note on ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #hfb4 #aei ,nelson1 ,life ( ,bi%op ,bull1 #bnd ed4 #agad1 p4 #cib4 #afj ,nicron1 ,mmoires p\r s]vir1 etc41 xiv 7#agca71 #cdj sq4 ,"o ( ! replies is ! ,ju/a ,dete/atio scel]atissimi libelli ,adriani ,bev]l&i ,de ,peccato ,orig9ali1 by ,leon>d ,ryss51 #afhj4 ,a v free v]sion ( ,bev]l&'s book appe>$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #agad "u ! title ,etat de l',homme dans le ,pe* ,orig9el4 ,x rea*$ a six? edition 9 #agda4 #afa ,nelson1 ,life ( ,bi%op ,bull1 z cit$1 p4 #bhj4 #afb ,kras9ski1 ,ref4 9 ,pol&1 #ahdj1 ii1 #cfc2 ,mo%eim1 #af ,c5t4 sec4 iii1 pt4 ii1 *4 iv1 #bb4 ,budny translat$ ! ,bible1 ) rationali/ic notes4 #afc ,kras9ski1 p4 #cfa4 #afd ,mo%eim1 la/ cit4 #bc1 note #d4 #afe ,kras9ski1 p4 #cfg2 ,wallace1 ,antitr94 ,biog4 #ahej1 ii1 #cbj4 #aff ,bayle1 art4 ,fau/e ,soc94 ,kras9ski1 p4 #cgd4 #afg ,kras9ski1 pp4 #cfa-fb4 ,fau/o ,sozz9i also c\ld app>5tly =give ev]ybody save ^? :o believ$ less ?an he did4 #afh ,cp4 ! inquiry z to ,locke's ,soc9ianism 9 ,j4 ,miln]'s ,acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,lock's ,religion out ( 8 own ,writ+s1 #agjf1 & ,less+'s ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur1 i1 z to ,leibnitz's criticism ( ,son]us4 #afi ,enfield's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7an ab/ract ( ,bruck]71 ed4 #ahdj1 p4 #ecg4 #agj ,9 ! dom9ions ( ,philip ,,ii !re are said to h be5 #eh ar*bi%ops1 #fhd bi%ops1 #aa1djj abbeys1 #bc1jjj religi\s frat]nities1 #df1jjj mona/]ies1 #ac1ejj nunn]ies1 #cab1jjj secul> prie/s1 #djj1jjj monks1 #bjj1jjj fri>s & o!r ecclesia/ics4 ,h4 ,e4 ,watts1 ,miguel de ,c]vantes1 #ahie1 pp4 #fg-fh4 ,spa9 alone _h #i1jhh mona/]ies4 #aga ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #dhd2 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #efd1 & refs4 #agb ,cp4 ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #dig-ii2 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #egb-gc2 ,la ,rigaudire1 ,hi/4 des ,p]sc4 ,relig4 en ,espagne1 #ahfj1 pp4 #bbj-bf4 #agc ,cp4 ,lewes1 ,spani% ,drama1 passim4 #agd ,he inspires me only ) horror = ! fai? :i* he pr(esses4 ,no "o ev] s f> disfigur$ ,*ri/ianity2 no "o ev] assign$ to x passions s f]oci\s1 or morals s corrupt 7,sismondi1 ,lit4 ( ,s\? ( ,europe1 ,bohn tr4 ii1 #cgi74 #age ,ticknor1 ,hi/4 ( ,spani% ,lit4 #f? ed4 ii1 #eja2 ,don ,quixote1 pt4 ii1 *4 liv2 ,ormsby1 tr4 ( ,don ,quixote1 #ahhe1 introd4 i1 #eh4 #agf ,lafu5te1 ,hi/oria de ,espaa1 #ahef1 xvii1 #cdj4 ,x is n q c]ta9 t ,lafu5te express$ 8 s9c]e op9ion4 #agg ,llor5te1 ii4 #dcc4 #agh ,id4 p4 #dbj4 #agi ,b\t]wek1 ,hi/4 ( ,spani% & ,portuguese ,lit]ature1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahbc1 i1 #cca4 #ahj ,id4 p4 #aea4 #aha ,"p ,,ii1 *4 xxxvi4 #ahb ,b\t]wek1 ^: sociology1 ?\gh m]itori\s1 is ill-cl>ifi$1 argues t ! ,inquisition 0 9 a mann] cong5ital to ,spa9 because be=e its e/abli%m5t ! suspicion ( h]esy 0 already m degrad+ 9 ,spa9 ?an ! mo/ odi\s crimes 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,b ! same might h be5 said ( ! o!r c\ntries also4 ,z to e>li] ,spani% h]esy see above1 vol4 i1 p4 #ccg sq4 #ahc ,despite ! _m fallacies reta9$ by ,cop]nicus f ! curr5t a/ronomy1 he mu/ be pron\nc$ an exceptionally sci5tific _s4 ,tra9$ z a ma!matician1 a/ronom]1 & physician1 he %[$ a ke5 & compet5t int]e/ 9 ! practical problem ( curr5cy2 & "o ( ! two treatises :i* alone he publi%$ ( 8 own accord 0 a s\nd s*eme = ! rectification ( t ( 8 own gov]nm5t4 ,?\gh a canon ( ,frau5burg1 he nev] took ord]s2 b did manifold & unselfi% secul> s]vice4 #ahd ,x 0 %ield$ by ?irte5 popes--f ,paul ,,iii to ,paul ,v4 #ahe ,galileo1 ,dialogi dei due massimi si/emi del mondo1 ii 7,op]e1 ed4 #ahaa1 xi1 #cjc-cjd74 #ahf ,a good /udy ( ,bruno is suppli$ by ,ow5 9 8 ,skeptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 omitt$ to embody ! lat] discov]ies ( ,duf\r & ,b]ti1 & has "s wrong dates4 ,! ,life ( ,giordano ,bruno1 by ,i4 ,fri? 7,mrs4 ,opp5heim71 #ahhg1 gives all ! data1 b is inadequate on ! philosophic side4 ,a compet5t e/imate is giv5 9 ! late ,pr(4 ,adamson's lectures on ,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 etc41 #aijc1 ii1 #bc sq42 also 9 8 art4 9 ,encyc4 ,brit4 ,= a ho/ile view see ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #aje-aaa4 ,! biography ( ,b>?olmss1 ,jordano ,bruno1 #ahdf1 is extremely full & sympa!tic1 b 0 unavoidably loose z to dates4 ,mu* new matt] has s9ce be5 collect$1 = :i* see ! ,vita di ,giordano ,bruno ( ,dom5ico ,b]ti1 rev4 & enl>g$ ed4 #ahhi2 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,l4 ,mc,intyre1 ,giordano ,bruno1 #aijc2 ,duf\r1 ,giordano ,bruno ,gnve3 ,docum5ts ,9dits1 #ahhd2 ,david ,levi1 ,giordano ,bruno1 o la religione del p5si]o3 l'uomo1 l'apo/olo e il m>tire1 #ahhg2 ,dr4 ,h4 ,brunnh(]'s ,giordano ,bruno's ,weltans*auung und ,v]hngniss1 #ahhb2 & ! doctoral treatise ( ,c4 ,sigw>t1 ,die ,leb5sges*i*te ,giordano ,brunos1 ,tb+51 #ahhj4 ,= o!r au?orities see ,ow5's & ,i4 ,fri?'s li/s1 & ! f9al ,lit]aturna*weis 9 ,gu/av ,l\is's ,giordano ,bruno1 se9e ,weltans*auung und ,leb5sv]fassung1 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,! /udy ( ,bruno has be5 c>ri$ fur!r 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&2 b ,mr4 ,:ittak] 7,essays & ,notices1 #ahie7 & ,pr(4 ,mc,intyre make up mu* leeway4 #ahg ,cp4 ,b>?olmss1 i1 #di-ec2 ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #aia-id 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bcb72 ,gu/av ,l\is1 z cit$1 pp4 #aa1 #hh4 #ahh ,b]ti1 ,vita di ,giordano ,bruno1 #ahhi1 pp4 #dj-da1 #dbj4 ,bruno gives ! facts 9 8 own n>rative be=e ! ,inquisitors at ,v5ice4 #ahi ,b]ti1 pp4 #db-dc1 #dg2 ,ow51 p4 #bfe4 #aij ,n to ,g5oa1 z ,b]ti /at$ 9 8 fir/ ed4 ,see ed4 #ahhi1 pp4 #ed1 #cib4 #aia ,b]ti1 p4 #fe4 ,ow5 has ! uncorrect$ date1 #aegf4 #aib ,duf\r1 ,giordano ,bruno ,gnve3 ,docum5ts ,9dits1 #ahhd2 ,b]ti1 pp4 #ie-ig2 ,gu/av ,l\is1 ,giordano ,bruno1 pp4 #gc-ge4 ,ow5 7p4 #bfi7 has ov]look$ ^! facts1 set =? by ,duf\r 9 #ahhd4 ,! docum5ts are giv5 9 full 9 ,fri?1 ,life1 #ahhg1 p4 #fj sq4 #aic ,! dates are 9 d\bt4 ,cp4 ,b]ti1 p4 #aae1 & ,fri?1 p4 #fe4 #aid ,see 8 own n>rative be=e ! ,inquisitors 9 #aeib4 ,b]ti1 p4 #cid4 #aie ,mc,intyre1 ,giordano ,bruno1 #aijg1 pp4 #ba-bb4 #aif ,fri?1 ,life1 p4 #aba1 & refs42 ,ow51 p4 #bge2 ,b>?olmss1 ,jordano ,bruno1 i1 #acf-ch4 #aig ,cp4 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #aaa1 note4 ,z to ,bruno's suppos$ influ5ce on ,bacon & ,%akespe>e1 cp4 ,b>?olmss1 i1 #acd-ce2 ,fri?1 ,life1 pp4 #ajd-dh2 & ! au?or's ,montaigne & ,%aksp]e1 pp4 #acb-ch4 ,"h !re is no case2 b !re is mu* to be said = ,mr4 ,:ittak]'s view 7,essays & ,notices1 p4 #id7 t ,sp5s]'s late ,cantos on ,mutability 7 sugge/$ by ,bruno's ,spaccio4 ,pr(4 ,mc,intyre supports4 #aih ,8 praise ( ,lu!r1 & 8 complim5ts to ! ,lu!rans1 are 9 notable contra/ to 8 v]dict on ,calv9ism4 ,:at happ5$ 0 t at ,wittemb]g he 0 on 8 be/ behavi\r1 & 0 well treat$ accord+ly4 #aii ,z to ! traitor's motives cp4 ,mc,intyre1 p4 #ff sq42 ,b]ti1 p4 #bfb sq4 #bjj ,nor(f1 z cit$ 9 ,fri?1 p4 #cde4 #bja ,de l',inf9ito1 ed4 ,wagn]1 ii1 #bg2 ,c5a de la ,c5]i1 ed4 ,wagn]1 i1 #agc2 ,acrotismus1 ed4 ,gfrr]1 p4 #ab4 #bjb ,cp4 ,b]ti1 pp4 #ahg-hh2 ,:ittak]1 ,essays & ,notices1 #ahie1 p4 #hi2 & ,l\is's section1 ,/ellung zu ,*ri/5?um und ,kir*e4 #bjc ,b]ti1 pp4 #big-ih4 ,x takes mu* se>*+ 9 ! two poems to f9d any ( ! ideas 9 "q1 & ,b]ti has attempt$ no collation2 b1 all[+ = di/ortions1 ! ,inquisition has suffici5t gr\nd = outcry4 #bjd ,sigillus ,sigillorum3 ,de duodecima contractionis speciae4 ,cp4 ,f4 ,j4 ,clem5s1 ,giordano ,bruno und ,nicolaus von ,cusa1 #ahdg1 pp4 #agf1 #ahc2 & ,h4 ,brunnh(]1 ,giordano ,bruno's ,weltans*auung und ,v]hngniss1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bbg1 #bcg4 #bje ,9 ! treatise ,de ,lampade comb9atoria ,lulliana 7#aehg74 ,accord+ to ,b]ti 7p4 #bbj7 he is ! fir/ to employ ?is phrase1 :i* becomes ! wat*word ( ,sp9oza 7lib]tas philosoph&i7 a c5tury lat]4 #bjf ,b]ti1 cap4 iv2 ,ow51 p4 #bdi2 ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #bg2 ,pnj]1 p4 #ic sq42 ,:ittak]1 ,essays & ,notices1 p4 #ff4 ,z to ,bruno's debt to ,nicolaus ( ,cusa cp4 ,gu/av ,l\is1 z cit$1 p4 #aa2 ,pnj]1 z cit$2 ,c>ri]e1 ,die philosophis*e ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit1 p4 #be2 & ,:ittak]1 p4 #fh4 ,! argum5t ( ,c>ri]e's second edition is analys$ & rebutt$ by ,mr4 ,:ittak]1 p4 #bec sq4 #bjg ,de ,imm5so1 vii1 c4 #ah1 cit$ by ,:ittak]1 ,essays & ,notices1 p4 #gj4 #bjh ,z to ,bruno's own claim 9 ! ,eroici ,furori1 cp4 ,:ittak]1 ,essays1 p4 #ij4 #bji ,docum5ts 9 ,b]ti1 pp4 #djg-ah2 ,mc,intyre1 p4 #ge sq4 #baj ,see ! docum5t 9 ,b]ti1 p4 #cih sq42 ,fri?1 pp4 #bgj-ha4 #baa ,b]ti1 p4 #djj sq4 #bab ,see ,b]ti1 p4 #cif2 ,ow51 pp4 #bhe-hf2 ,fri?1 pp4 #bhb-hc4 #bac ,! controv]sy z to :e!r ,galileo 0 tortur$ leaves x cle> t torture 0 common4 ,see ,dr4 ,p>*appe1 ,galile1 sa vie1 etc41 #ahff1 ,ptie4 ii1 *4 #g4 #bad ,spaccio della be/ia trionfante1 ed4 ,wagn]1 ii1 #abj4 #bae ,pr(4 ,c>ri]e has cont5d$ t a transition f pan!ism to !ism m>ks ! gr[? ( 8 ?\ght2 b1 z is %[n by ,mr4 ,:ittak]1 he is m>k$ly pan!i/ic 9 8 late/ "w ( all1 ?\gh 8 pan!ism is n m]ely naturali/ic4 ,essays & ,notices1 pp4 #gb1 #bec-eh4 #baf ,italian v]sions diff] v]bally4 ,cp4 ,levi1 p4 #cgi2 ,b]ti1 p4 #chf4 ,t inscrib$ on ! ,bruno /atue at ,rome is a close r5d]+ ( ! ,lat93 ,majori =san cum timore s5t5tiam 9 me f]tis quam ego accipiam1 pres]v$ by ,scioppius4 #bag ,avviso1 9 ,b]ti1 p4 #cbi2 9 ,levi1 p4 #chf4 #bah ,levi1 pp4 #chd-ib4 ,levi relates 7p4 #cij7 t ,bruno at ! /ake 0 he>d to utt] ! words3 ,o ,et]no1 io fo uno s=zo supremo p] attr>re 9 me quanto vi tra di pi div9o nell'univ]so4 ,he cites no au?ority4 ,an ,avviso reports t ,bruno said 8 s\l w\ld rise ) ! smoke to ,p>adise 7p4 #chf2 ,b]ti1 p4 #ccj71 b does n /ate t ?is 0 said at ! /ake4 ,& ,levi accepts ! o!r report t ,bruno 0 gagg$4 #bai ,notably 8 com$y ,il ,c&elaio4 #bbj ,ow51 ,skeptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 p4 #ceg4 ,a full n>rative1 f ! docum5ts1 is giv5 9 ,r4 ,c4 ,*ri/ie's essay1 ,van9i 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review ( ,april1 #ahie1 repr9t$ 9 8 ,select$ ,essays & ,pap]s1 #aijb4 #bba ,see x analys$ by ,ow51 pp4 #cfa-fh1 & by ,c>ri]e1 ,weltans*auung1 pp4 #dif-ejd4 #bbb ,amphi!atrum1 #afae1 ,ex]cit4 xix1 pp4 #aag-ah4 #bbc ,amphi!atrum1 ,ex]cit4 xxvii1 p4 #afa4 #bbd ,id4 pp4 #gb1 #gc1 #gh1 #aac1 etc4 #bbe ,p4 #ce4 ,ma*iavelli is else:]e attack$4 ,pp4 #cf1 #ej4 #bbf ,julii ,cs>is ,van9i ,neapolitani1 ,!ologi1 ,philosophi1 et juris utriusque ,doctoris1 de ,admir&is ,natur ,reg9que ,deque ,mortalium ,arcanis1 libri quatuor4 ,luteti1 #afaf4 #bbg ,mr4 ,ow5 makes a s]i\s mis/atem5t on ?is po9t1 by :i* ,i 0 =m]ly misl$4 ,he writes 7p4 #cfi7 t f ! publi%]'s preface we le>n t ! ,dialogues 7 n writt5 by ,van9i1 b by 8 disciples4 ,!y are a collection ( discursive conv]sations embody+ _! ma/]'s op9ions4 ,?is is n :at ! preface says4 ,x tells1 aft] a high-pit*$ eulogy ( ,van9i1 t nos public utilitatis solliciti1 alia eius monum5ta1 qu av>ius ret9ebat1 p] idoneos ex scriptores nancisci curavimus4 ,9 ascrib+ ! matt] ( ! dialogues to ,van9i's "y days1 ,mr4 ,ow5 =gets ! ref]5ces to ! ,amphi!atrum4 #bbh ,alex4 ,s$ 9 qua nam ,religione v] et pi ,deum coli vetu/i ,philosophi exi/im>unt8 ,van9i4 ,9 unica ,natur lege1 quam ipsa ,natura1 qu ,deus e/ 7e/ enim pr9cipium motus74444 ,de ,arcanis1 z cit$1 p4 #cff4 ,lib4 iv1 ,dial4 #ej4 ,see ,r\sselot's ,fr5* tr4 #ahdb1 p4 #bbg4 ,?is passage is cit$ by ,hallam 7,lit4 ,hi/4 ii1 #dfa7 z av[+ disbelief ( all religion except su* z ,nature 444 has plant$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5--a he$less p]v]sion4 #bbi ,de ,arcanis1 pp4 #ced-fj1 #dbj-bb 7,dial4 #ej1 #ef72 ,r\sselot1 pp4 #bai-bc1 #bga-gc4 #bcj ,! special ref]5ce 7lib4 iv1 dial4 #ef1 p4 #dbh7 is to a /ory ( an infant prophesy+ :5 only tw5ty-f\r h\rs old4 7,amphi!atrum1 ,ex4 vi1 p4 #ch2 cp4 ,ow51 p4 #cfh1 note47 ,on ?is & on o!r po9ts ,c\s9 7cit$ by ,ow51 pp4 #cfh1 #cga1 #cgg7 & ,hallam 7,lit4 ,hi/4 ii1 #dfa7 make highly prejudic$ /atem5ts4 ,quot+ ! f9al pages on :i* ! dialogui/ passes f s]i\s debate to a pr(ession ( levity1 & ends by call+ = ! play-table1 ! ,engli% hi/orian dismisses him z ! wret*$ man4 #bca ,cp4 ,c>ri]e's analysis ( ! ,dialogues1 pp4 #eje-ei2 & ! ,apologia pro ,jul4 ,cs>e ,van9o 7by ,arpe71 #agab4 #bcb ,see ,ow5's v9dication1 pp4 #cga-gd4 ,r5an's criticism 7,av]ros1 pp4 #dbj-bc7 is n q judicial4 ,see _m o!rs cit$ by ,c>ri]e1 p4 #eaf4 #bcc ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! c5sor c\ld let pass ! description ( ,nature 9 ! title2 b ?is may h be5 add$ aft] ! au?orization4 ,! book is d$icat$ by ,van9i to ,m>%al ,bassompi]re1 & ! epi/le d$icatory makes m5tion ( ! ,s]5issima ,reg9a aet]ni nom9is ,m>ia ,m$ica1 :i* w\ld dis>m suspicion4 ,9 any case ! p]mit 0 revok$1 & ! book condemn$ to be burn$4 #bcd ,ow51 p4 #cie4 #bce ,m]cure ,franais1 #afai1 tom4 v1 p4 #fd4 #bcf ,gramond 7,b>?lemi de ,grammont71 ,hi/oria ,galli ab excessu ,h5rici ,,iv1 #afdc1 p4 #bji4 ,c>ri]e translates ! passage 9 full1 pp4 #ejj-ab1 #eae2 z does ,david ,dur& 9 8 ho/ile ,vie et ,s5tim5s de ,lucilio ,van9i1 #agag4 ,z to ,gramond see ! ,lettres de ,gui ,pat91 :o 7,lett4 #dbh1 ed4 ,reveill-,p>ise7 calls him me foible et bigote1 & guilty ( falsehood & flatt]y4 #bcg ,gramond1 p4 #baj4 ,( ,van9i1 z ( ,bruno1 x is record$ t at ! /ake he repell$ ! pr(f]$ crucifix4 ,ow5 & o!r writ]s1 :o ju/ly rem>k t he well might1 ov]look ! once receiv$ belief t x 0 ! (ficial practice1 ) ob/9ate h]etics1 to pr(f] a r$-hot crucifix1 s t ! victim %\ld be sure to spurn x ) op5 ang]4 #bch ,/eph5 ,phillips1 ,m>pessa4 #bci ,cp4 ,ow51 pp4 #chi1 #cia1 & ,c>ri]e1 pp4 #eab-ac1 z to ! wor/ calumnies4 ,x is significant t ,van9i 0 tri$ solely = blasphemy & a!ism4 ,:at is prov$ aga9/ him is t he & an associate practis$ a r gross fraud on ! ,engli% ecclesia/ical au?orities1 hav+ app>5tly no high] motive ?an ga9 & a free life4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie notes1 h[ev]1 t ,van9i 9 8 writ+s always speaks v k9dly ( ,engl& & ! ,engli%1 & s did n add +ratitude to 8 act ( impo/ure4 #bdj ,de ,arcanis1 p4 #bje4 ,lib4 iii1 dial4 #cj4 #bda ,amphi!atrum1 p4 #ag4 #bdb ,de ,arcanis1 lib4 iv1 dial4 #eb1 p4 #cgi2 dial4 #ea1 p4 #cgc4 ,cp4 ,amphi!atrum1 p4 #cf2 & ,de ,arcanis1 p4 #bj4 #bdc ,de ,arcanis1 dial4 #ej & #ef4 ,9 ! ,amphi!atrum he adduces an equally skilful ,g]man a!i/ 7p4 #gc74 #bdd ,dial4 li1 p4 #cga4 #bde ,dial4 liv1 p4 #djg4 #bdf ,cp4 ,r\sselot1 notice1 p4 xi4 #bdg ,dur& compiles a li/ ( t5 or elev5 works ( ,van9i f ! allusions 9 ! ,amphi!atrum & ! ,de ,arcanis4 #bdh ,report$ by ,gramond1 z cit$4 #bdi ,ow51 pp4 #cic-id4 #bej ,g>asse1 ,doctr9e curieuse des beaux esprits1 #afbc4 #bea ,de ,arcanis1 dial4 vii1 p4 #cf4 #beb ,dial4 iv1 p4 #ba4 #bec ,doctr9e curieuse des beaux esprits de ce temps1 #afbc1 p4 #hdh4 #bed ,k>l von ,gebl]1 ,galileo ,galilei & ! ,roman ,curia1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgi1 pp4 #cf-cg4 #bee ,?is appe>s f ! lett]s ( ,sagr$o to ,galileo4 ,gebl]1 p4 #cg4 ,cp4 ,gui ,pat91 ,lett4 #haf1 ed4 ,reveill-,p>ise1 #ahdf1 iii1 #geh2 ,bayle1 art4 ,cremon91 notes ,c & ,d2 & ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 #c;e dit4 pp4 #djh-ac4 ,pat9 writes t 8 fri5d ,naud avoit t intime ami de ,cremon91 qui n'toit po9t meilleur ,*rti5 que ,pomponace1 que ,ma*iavel1 que ,c>dan et telles autres 444 dont le pays abonde4 #bef ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #ahc 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bbj72 ,gebl]1 p4 #be4 ,libri actually made ! refusal2 b all t is prov$ z to ,cremon9i is t he oppos$ ,galileo's discov]ies priori4 ,z to ! attitude ( su* oppon5ts see ,galileo's lett] to ,kepl]4 ,j4 ,j4 ,fahie1 ,galileo3 8 ,life & ,"w1 #aijc4 pp4 #aja-ajb4 #beg ,fahie1 ,galileo1 p4 #ajj4 #beh ,id4 p4 #abg4 #bei ,gebl]1 pp4 #ed1 #abi1 & passim2 ,! ,private ,life ( ,galileo 7by ,mrs4 ,olney71 ,bo/on1 #ahgj1 pp4 #fg-gb4 #bfj ,galileo's lett] to ,kepl]1 cit$ by ,gebl]1 p4 #bf4 #bfa ,! ,jesuits 7 expell$ f ,v5ice 9 #afaf1 9 retaliation = a papal int]dict4 #bfb ,see x summ>iz$ by ,gebl]1 pp4 #df-fj1 & quot$ 9 ! ,private ,life1 pp4 #hc-he4 #bfc ,! measure ( rev]5ce ) :i* ! or?odox h&l$ ! matt] may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! ,dom9ican ,cacc9i1 :o prea*$ aga9/ ,galileo 9 ,flor5ce1 took z "o ( 8 texts ! v]se 9 ,acts i3 ,viri ,galilaei1 quid /atis aspici5tes 9 coelum1 mak+ a pun on ! ,scripture4 #bfd ,see ?is summ>iz$ by ,gebl]1 pp4 #fd-gj4 #bfe ,see ,! ,private ,life ( ,galileo1 pp4 #hf-hg1 #ia1 #ii2 ,gebl]1 p4 #dd2 ,fahie1 pp4 #afi-gj2 ,b]ti1 ,il ,processo ,orig9ale de ,galileo ,galilei1 #ahgh1 p4 #ec4 #bff ,gebl] 7p4 #aja7 solemnly comm5ts on ?is lett] z a lapse into s]vility on ,galileo's "p4 #bfg ,gebl]1 pp4 #aab-ac4 #bfh ,private ,life1 pp4 #baf-ah2 ,gebl]1 pp4 #aeg-fb4 #bfi ,b]ti1 pp4 #fa-fd2 ,private ,life1 pp4 #bab-ac2 ,gebl]1 p4 #afb4 #bgj ,gebl]1 p4 #bci2 ,private ,life1 p4 #bef4 #bga ,gebl]1 pp4 #bdi-fc2 ,private ,life1 pp4 #bee-ef2 ,m>9i1 pp4 #ee-eg4 ,! e pur si muove /ory is fir/ he>d ( 9 #aggd4 ,z to ! torture1 x is to be rememb]$ t ,galileo recant$ "u ?reat ( x4 ,see ,b]ti1 pp4 #ic-aja2 ,m>9i1 p4 #ei2 ,sir ,o4 ,lodge1 ,pione]s ( ,sci5ce1 #ahic1 pp4 #abh-ca4 ,b]ti argues t only ! special humanity ( ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al1 ,macolano1 sav$ him f ! torture4 ,cp4 ,gebl]1 p4 #bei1 note4 #bgb ,gebl]1 p4 #bha4 #bgc ,private ,life1 pp4 #bfe-fj1 #bfh2 ,gebl]1 p4 #beb4 #bgd ,b]ti1 ,il ,processo di ,galileo1 pp4 #aaa-ab4 #bge ,lett] ( ,hobbes to ,newca/le1 9 ,report ( ! ,hi/4 ,mss4 ,comm4 on ! ,duke ( ,portl&'s ,pap]s1 #ahib1 ii4 ,hobbes expla9s t few copies 7 br\ght ov]1 & !y t buy su* books are n su* m5 z to "p ) !m aga94 ,i d\bt n1 he adds1 b ! translation ( x w "h be publicly embrac$4 #bgf ,gebl]1 pp4 #cab-ae2 ,putnam1 ,c5sor%ip ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 i1 #cac-ad4 #bgg ,see ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #ab1 z to ! conflict+ types4 ,9 addition to ,cremon9i1 sev]al lead+ ,ari/otelians 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 7 accus$ ( a!ism 7,hallam1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ii1 #aja-ajb71 ! old *>ge aga9/ ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,hallam 7p4 #ajb7 compla9s t ,cesalp9i ( ,pisa sub/itutes ! b>r5 unity ( pan!ism = religion4 ,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #ad2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 #c;e dit4 p4 #dag4 ,an ,av]ro/ on "s po9ts1 he believ$ 9 sep>ate immortality4 #bgh ,gebl]1 pp4 #cg1 #de4 ,gebl] appe>s to surmise t ,cremon9i may h escap$ ! attack ^u himself by turn+ suspicion ^u ,galileo1 b z to ?is !re is no evid5ce4 #bgi ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #ag4 #bhj ,epi/4 #cf4 #bha ,see above1 p4 #de4 #bhb ,b>?olmss1 ,jordano ,bruno1 i1 #di4 #bhc ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]4 i1 #ahi-ij 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bbh74 ,born 9 ,val5cia & tra9$ at ,p>is1 ,vives became a humani/ tea*] at ,l\va91 & 0 call$ to ,engl& 7#aebc7 to be tutor to ! ,pr9cess ,m>y4 ,dur+ 8 /ay he taught at ,ox=d4 ,be+ oppos$ to ! divorce ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 he 0 imprison$ = a "t1 aft]w>ds liv+ at ,bruges4 #bhd ,see ! monograph1 ,ramus1 sa vie1 ses crits1 et ses op9ions1 p> ,*4 ,wadd+ton1 #ahee4 ,ow5 has a good acc\nt ( ,ramus 9 8 ,fr5* ,skeptics4 #bhe ,s*ol ma?4 l4 iii1 p4 #gh1 cit$ by ,wadd+ton1 p4 #cdc4 #bhf ,9 _m respects ,galileo des]ves to be rank$ ) ,desc>tes z inaugurat+ mod]n philosophy4 ,pr(4 ,adamson1 ,developm5t ( ,mod4 ,philos4 #aijc1 i1 #e4 ,we may comp>e 8 ,hobbes's ?\ght ) ,desc>tes's1 b ! impulse came to him f ! physical reason+s ( ,galileo4 ,pr(4 ,croom ,rob]tson1 ,hobbes1 #ahhf1 p4 #db4 #bhg ,buckle1 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #cbg-cf2 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #gg-he4 ,cp4 ,lange1 i1 #dbe 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bdh1 note72 ,adamson1 ,philosophy ( ,kant1 #ahgi1 p4 #aid4 #bhh ,cp4 ,lange1 i1 #dbe 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bdh-di1 note72 ,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>tsi5ne1 #ahed1 i1 #dj-dg1 #ahe-hf2 ,b>?olmss1 ,jordano ,bruno1 i1 #ced-ee2 ,memoir 9 ,g>ni] ed4 ( ,o,euvres ,*oisies1 p4 v1 also pp4 #f1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba4 ,bossuet pron\nc$ ! precautions ( ,desc>tes excessive4 ,b cp4 ,dr4 ,l&'s notes 9 ,sp9oza3 ,f\r ,essays1 #ahhb1 p4 #ee4 #bhi ,coll4 ( ,philos4 ,writ+s1 ed4 #agab1 pref4 p4 xi4 #bij ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode1 pties4 i1 ii1 iii1 iv 7,o,euvres ,*oisies1 pp4 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #bb1 #bd72 ,m$itation ,i 7id4 pp4 #gc-gd74 #bia ,full details 9 ,kuno ,fis*]'s ,desc>tes & 8 ,s*ool1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahij1 bk4 i1 *4 vi2 ,b\illi]1 i1 *s4 xii1 xiii4 #bib ,buckle1 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #ccg-ci2 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #id1 #ig4 #bic ,buckle1 pp4 #cbg-cj2 ii1 #ha4 #bid ,id4 p4 #ccj2 ii1 #hb4 ,! process is trac$ h]e9aft]4 #bie ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,francis ,bacon1 ,eng4 tr4 #aheg1 p4 #gd4 #bif ,= an exact summ>y & criticism ( ,gass5di's positions see ! ma/]ly monograph ( ,pr(4 ,brett ( ,lahore1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,gass5di1 #aijh--;a real contribution to ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 #big ,cp4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 v1 *4 i 7,mc,culloch's ed4 #ahci1 pp4 #cfd-fe74 ,x is told ( him1 ) d\btful au?ority1 t :5 dy+ he said3 ,i "k n :o br\ght me into ! _w1 nei!r d ,i "k :at 0 to d !re1 nor :y ,i g out ( x4 ,reflections on ! ,dea? ( ,free?9k]s1 by ,desl&es 7,eng4 tr4 ( ! ,rflexions sur les gr&s hommes qui sont morts en plaisantant71 #agac1 p4 #aje4 #bih ,= a good acc\nt ( ,gass5di & 8 gr\p 7f\nd$ on ,lange1 iii1 *4 i7 see ,s\ry1 ,brviaire de l'hi/4 de matrialisme1 ptie4 iii1 *4 ii4 #bii ,voltaire1 lm5ts de philos4 de ,newton1 *4 ii2 ,lange1 i1 #bcb 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bfg7 & #bfi4 #cjj ,bayle1 art4 ,pomponace1 ,notes ,f4 & ,g4 ,! compla9t 0 made by ,arnauld1 :o ) ! re/ ( ! ,jans5i/s 0 sub/antially a ,c>tesian4 #cja ,see x 9 ,g>ni]'s ed4 ( ,desc>tes's ,o,euvres ,*oisies1 p4 #ade4 #cjb ,id4 pp4 #aeh-fd4 #cjc ,app>5tly j because ! ,jans5i/s adopt$ ,desc>tes & oppos$ ,gass5di4 ,b ,gass5di is extremely gu>d$ 9 all 8 /atem5ts1 save1 inde$1 9 8 objections to ! ,mditations ( ,desc>tes4 #cjd ,see ,s\ry1 pp4 #cig-ih1 z to a wat]-dr9k+ debau* ( ,gass5di & 8 fri5ds4 #cje ,rambaud1 z cit$1 p4 #aed4 #cjf ,id4 p4 #aee4 #cjg ,voltaire1 ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv1 ed4 ,didot1 p4 #cff4 ,on ne l'et pas os s\s ,h5ri ,,iv et s\s ,l\is ,,xiii1 adds ,voltaire4 ,cp4 ,mi*elet1 ,la ,sorcire1 d4 ,sailles1 #aijc1 p4 #cjb4 #cjh ,tr4 into ,engli% 9 #afei1 "u ! title ,! ,vanity ( ,judici>y ,a/rology4 #cji ,j5k9 ,?omasius 9 8 ,hi/oria ,a!ismi 7#afib7 jo9s ,h]b]t ) ,bod9 z hav+ five po9ts 9 common ) him 7ed4 #agji1 *4 ix1 #b1 pp4 #gf-gg74 #caj ,x might h be5 suppos$ t he 0 recall$ on acc\nt ( 8 book2 b x 0 n s4 ,he 0 recall$ by lett] 9 ,april1 return$ home 9 ,july1 & seems to h s5t 8 book !nce to ,p>is to be pr9t$4 #caa ,autobiography1 ,sir ,s4 ,lee's #bnd ed4 p4 #acb4 #cab ,! book 0 repr9t$ at ,london 9 ,lat9 9 #afcc2 aga9 at ,p>is 9 #afcf2 & aga9 at ,london 9 #afde4 ,x 0 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #afci1 b nev] 9 ,engli%4 #cac ,comp>e ! v]dict ( ,hamilton 9 8 ed4 ( ,reid1 note ,a1 #f1 #ce 7p4 #gha74 #cad ,= a good analysis see ,pnj]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ri/4 ,philos4 ( ,religion1 ,eng4 trans4 #ahhg1 pp4 #bib-ii2 also ,noack1 ,die ,freid5k] 9 d] ,religion1 ,b]n1 #ahec1 i1 #ag-dj2 & ,le*l]1 ,ges*i*te des englis*5 ,deismus1 pp4 #cf-ed4 #cae ,see 8 ,autobiography1 z cit$1 pp4 #acc-cd4 #caf ,de causis errorum1 una cum tractate de religione laici et app5dice ad sac]dotes 7#afde72 ,de religione g5tilium 7#affc74 ,! latt] 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9 #agje4 ,! =m] are %ort app5dices to ! ,de ,v]itate4 ,9 #agfh 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t f a manuscript1 ,a ,dialogue betwe5 a ,tutor & 8 ,pupil1 :i*1 despite ! d\bts ( ,le*l]1 may confid5tly be pron\nc$ ,h]b]t's f int]nal evid5ce4 ,see ! ,adv]tisem5t by ! editor ( ! volume1 & cp4 ,lee1 p4 xxx1 & notes !re ref]r$ to4 ,! five po9ts1 9 p>ticul>1 occur n only 9 ! ,religio ,g5tilium1 b 9 ! ,de ,v]itate4 ,! /yle is cle>ly ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #cag ,sir ,sidney ,lee c h>dly be "r 9 tak+ ! ,dialogue to be ! little treatise :i* ,h]b]t propos$ to write on behavi\r 7,autobiography1 ,lee's #bnd ed4 p4 #dc74 ,x does n answ] to t description1 be+ r an elaborate discussion ( ! !mes ( ,h]b]t's ma9 treatises1 runn+ to #bgb qu>to pages4 #cah ,see bel[1 p4 #hj4 #cai ,m ,reasons = ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #afgb1 p4 #gi4 #cbj ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! doctr9e ( ! supremacy ( ! civil p[] 9 religi\s matt]s 7,era/ianism7 0 ma9ta9$ by "s ( ! able/ m5 on ! ,p>liam5t>y side1 9 p>ticul> ,seld54 #cba ,levia?an1 *4 iv1 ,h4 ,morley's ed4 p4 #bf4 #cbb ,cp4 8 lett] to an oppon5t1 ,consid]ations ^u ! ,reputation1 etc41 ( ,?omas ,hobbes1 #afhj1 ) *s4 xi & xii ( ,levia?an1 & ,de ,corpore ,politico1 pt4 ii1 c4 #f4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ explicit decl>ations = !ism is 9 ! ,de ,hom9e1 c4 #a1 :]e he employs ! design argum5t1 decl>+ t he :o w n see t ! bodily organs are a m5te aliqua conditas ord9atasque ad sua quasque (ficia mu/ be himself )\t m9d4 ,?is ascription ( m9d1 h[ev]1 he tacitly negates 9 ,levia?an1 *4 xi1 & ,de ,corpore ,politico1 pt4 ii1 c4 #f4 #cbc ,de ,corpore1 pt4 ii1 c4 #h1 #bj4 #cbd ,cp4 ,b5tley's lett] to ,b]n>d1 #afib1 cit$ 9 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #hb-hc4 #cbe ,levia?an1 pt4 i1 *4 vi4 ,morley's ed4 p4 #cd4 #cbf ,levia?an1 pt4 iii1 *4 xxxiii4 #cbg ,above1 p4 #bd4 #cbh ,on ?is see ,lange1 ,hi/4 ( ,mat]ialism1 sec4 iii1 *4 ii4 #cbi ,molyneux1 an anti-,hobbesian1 9 translat+ ,hobbes's objections along ) ! ,m$itations 7#afhj7 claims t ! slightness ( ,desc>tes's replies 0 due to 8 unacqua9tance ) ,hobbes's works & philosophy 9 g5]al 7trans4 cit$1 p4 #aad74 ,?is is an obvi\sly lame def5ce4 ,desc>tes does p>ry "s ( ! ?ru/s ( ,hobbes2 o!rs he simply _c meet4 #ccj ,e4g41 ,levia?an1 pt4 iv1 *4 xlvii4 #cca ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,desc>tes & 8 ,s*ool1 pp4 #bcb-ce4 ,cp4 ,b5tley1 ,s]mons on ,a!ism 7i4e41 8 ,boyle ,lectures71 ed4 #agbd1 p4 #h4 #ccb ,hobbes also 0 ( ,m]s5ne's acqua9tance1 b only z a man ( sci5ce4 ,:51 9 #afdg1 ,hobbes 0 believ$ to be dy+1 ,m]s5ne = ! fir/ "t s\ght to discuss !ology ) him2 b ! sick man in/antly *ang$ ! subject4 ,9 #afdh ,m]s5ne di$4 ,he ?us did n live to meet ! /ra9 ( ,levia?an 7#afea71 :i* enrag$ ! ,fr5* no less ?an ! ,engli% cl]gy4 7,croom ,rob]tson's ,hobbes1 pp4 #fc-fe47 #ccc ,hobbes liv$ to see ?is law aboli%$ 7#afgg74 ,!re 0 left1 h[ev]1 ! jurisdiction ( ! bi%ops & ecclesia/ical c\rts ov] cases ( a!ism1 blasphemy1 h]esy1 & s*ism1 %ort ( ! dea? p5alty4 #ccd ,croom ,rob]tson1 ,hobbes1 p4 #aif2 ,pepys's ,di>y1 ,sept4 #c1 #affh4 #cce ,levia?an1 *4 ii2 ,morley's ed4 p4 #ai2 *s4 xiv1 xv1 pp4 #ff1 #ga1 #gb1 #gh2 *4 xxix1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 #ccf ,levia?an1 *s4 xv1 xvii1 xviii4 ,morley's ed4 pp4 #gb1 #hb1 #hc1 #he4 #ccg ,= two g5]ations ! ef=t to con/ruct morality on a philosophical basis takes m or less ! =m ( answ]s to ,hobbes 7,sidgwick1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 #crd ed4 p4 #afi74 #cch ,z :5 he pres5ts ! law ( ,nature z dictat+ peace1 = a means ( ! cons]vation ( m5 9 multitudes 7,levia?an1 *4 xv4 ,morley's ed4 p4 #gg74 #cci ,see ! head+s1 ,c\ncil1 ,religion1 etc4 #cdj ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ,memoirs ( ,john ,seld51 #ahce1 pp4 #cdh1 #cfb4 #cda ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson1 p4 #bfd4 #cdb ,above1 p4 #bj4 #cdc ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson1 pp4 #beh1 #cjb4 #cdd ,id4 p4 #cjb4 ,cp4 9 ! ,table ,talk1 art4 ,tr9ity1 8 view ( ! ,r\ndheads4 #cde ,memoirs ( ,colonel ,hut*9son1 ed4 #ahaj1 i1 #aha4 ,cp4 i1 #bib2 ii1 #dd4 #cdf ,cp4 ,ov]ton's pamphlet1 ,an ,arr[ aga9/ all ,tyrants & ,tyranny 7#afdf71 cit$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,passive ,ob$i5ce s9ce ! ,re=mation1 #afhi1 i1 #ei2 pt4 ii ( ,?omas ,edw>ds's ,gangrna3 or a ,catalogue & ,discov]y ( _m ( ! ,err\rs1 ,h]esies1 ,blasphemies1 & p]nici\s ,practices ( ! ,sect>ies ( ?is "t1 etc41 #bnd ed4 #afdf1 pp4 #cc-cd 7,nos4 #aea-ec74 #cdg ,lords ,j\rnals1 ,janu>y #af1 #afde-afdf2 ,gangrna1 z cit$1 p4 #aej2 cp4 ,g>d9]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ed4 #ahic1 iii1 #aa4 #cdh ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/4 *4 viii1 #h1 pp4 #eea-eb2 ,g>d9]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,civil ,w>1 iv1 #bb4 #cdi ,gangrna1 p4 #ah4 #cej ,9 #afdd he _h be5 imprison$ at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds = dipp+ adults1 & aft] six mon?s' durance _h be5 releas$ on a recantation & promise ( am5dm5t4 ,gangrna1 z cit$1 pp4 #ajd-aje4 #cea ,rev4 ,james ,cran=d1 ,hreseo-,ma*ia1 a ,s]mon1 #afdf1 p4 #aj4 #ceb ,no4 #ajj 9 ,gangrna4 #cec ,cran=d1 z cit$1 p4 #aa sq4 #ced ,see ,g4 ,p4 ,goo*'s ,hi/4 ( ,democ4 ,ideas 9 ,engl& 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 #ahih1 *4 vi4 #cee ,above1 pp4 #d & #h4 #cef ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum copy ! "n ,ri*>dson is p5n$1 n 9 a contempor>y h&1 at ! end ( ! preface2 & 9 ! preface to vol4 ii ( ! ,ph5ix1 #agjh1 9 :i* ! treatise is repr9t$1 ! same "n is giv51 b ) unc]ta9ty4 ,! ,ri*>dson po9t$ at 0 ! au?or ( ,! ,necessity ( ,tol]ation 9 ,matt]s ( ,religion 7#afdg74 ,e4 ,b4 ,und]hill1 9 8 collection ( t & o!r ,tracts on ,lib]ty ( ,consci5ce = ! ,hans]d ,knollys ,society1 #ahdf1 rema9s d\btful 7p4 #bdg7 z to ! au?or%ip ( ! tract on hell4 #ceg ,! f\r? ,engli% edition appe>$ 9 #aged4 #ceh ,gangrna1 ep4 d$4 7p4 #e74 ,cp4 pp4 #dg1 #aea1 #agh-gi2 & ,bailie's ,lett]s1 ed4 #ahda1 ii1 #bcd-cg2 iii1 #cic4 ,! mo/ sweep+ plea = tol]ation seems to h be5 ! book entitl$ ,tol]ation ,ju/ifi$1 #afdf4 7,gangrna1 p4 #aea47 ,! ,hans]d ,knollys collection1 above m5tion$1 does n conta9 "o ( t title4 #cei ,gangrna1 pp4 #aeb-ec4 #cfj ,pp4 #ah-cf4 #cfa ,id4 p4 #ae4 ,z to o!r sects m5tion$ by him cp4 ,tayl]1 p4 #aid4 #cfb ,on ! int5se av]sion ( mo/ ( ! ,presbyt]ians to tol]ation see ,tayl]1 ,retrospect ( ,relig4 ,life ( ,eng4 p4 #acf4 ,!y insi/$1 rightly en\gh1 t ! pr9ciple 0 nev] recogniz$ 9 ! ,bible4 #cfc ,see ! citations 9 ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 i1 #cdg2 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #aif4 #cfd ,alex4 ,ross1 ,pansebeia1 #d? ed4 #afgb1 p4 #cgi4 #cfe ,cp4 ! pres5t writ]'s ,buckle & 8 ,critics1 #ahie1 *4 viii1 #b4 #cff ,see above1 vol4 i1 p4 #e4 #cfg ,memoirs ( ,colonel ,hut*9son1 #crd ed4 i1 #bjj4 #cfh ,h]esiography3 ,! ,h]etics & ,sect>ies ( ^! ,times1 #afad4 ,epi/4 ,d$4 #cfi ,disc\rse1 ed4 #aheg1 p4 #bbf4 #cgj ,dr4 ,j4 ,br[n's pref4 to ed4 ( #aheg1 p4 xxii4 #cga ,m1 ,collection ( ,philosophical ,writ+s1 #d? ed4 #afib1 p4 #ie4 #cgb ,fabricius1 ,delectus ,argum5torum et ,syllabus ,scriptorum1 #agbe1 p4 #cda4 #cgc ,no copy 9 ,briti% ,museum4 #cgd ,urwick1 ,life ( ,john ,h[e1 ) #ahdf ed4 ( ,h[e's ,select ,works1 pp4 xiii1 xix4 ,urwick1 a le>n$ evangelical1 fully admits ! pres5ce ( infidels on bo? sides 9 ! politics ( ! "t4 #cge ,disc\rse ,conc]n+ ,union ,among ,prote/ants1 ed4 cit$1 pp4 #adf1 #aef1 #aeh4 ,9 ! preface to 8 treatise1 ,! ,r$eem]'s ,te>s ,wept ov] ,lo/ ,s\ls1 ,h[e compla9s ( ! a!ism ( "s1 ! av[$ m]e !ism ( o!rs1 & ( a fa%ionable habit ( ridicul+ religion4 ,?is s]mon1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 fir/ publi%$ 9 #afhd2 & ! date ( its application is unc]ta94 #cgf ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 ,art4 #bhe4 #cgg ,! preface beg9s3 ,x is nei!r to satisfie ! importunity ( fri5ds1 nor to prev5t false copies 7:i* & su* l excuses ,i "k are expect$ 9 usual prefaces71 t ,i h adv5tur$ abroad ?is foll[+ treatise3 b x is out ( a j res5tm5t ( ! affronts & indignities :i* h be5 ca/ on religion1 by su* :o acc\nt x a matt] ( judgm5t to disbelieve ! ,scriptures1 & a piece ( wit to dispute !mselves out ( ! possibility ( be+ happy 9 ano!r _w4 #cgh ,see bk4 ii1 *4 x4 ,page #cch1 #crd ed4 #afff4 #cgi ,cp4 ,glanvill1 pref4 ,address to 8 ,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 ,ow5's ed4 #ahhe1 pp4 lv-lvii2 & ,h5ry ,m's ,div9e ,dialogues1 ,dial4 i1 *4 xxxii4 #chj ,cp4 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i4 #aji4 #cha ,! ,re=m$ ,pa/or1 abr4 ed4 #ahbf1 pp4 #bcf1 #bci4 #chb ,"w cit$1 ed4 #affg1 p4 #acf4 ,! proposition is reit]at$4 #chc ,id4 p4 #chh4 #chd ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 pp4 #chh-hi4 #che ,religio ,/oici1 ,ed9burgh1 #affc4 p4 #ai4 ,! essay 0 repr9t$ 9 #affe1 & 9 ,london 9 #afic "u ! title ( ,! ,religi\s ,/oic4 #chf ,id4 p4 #ah4 #chg ,id4 p4 #abd4 #chh ,id4 p4 #gf4 #chi ,id4 p4 #fi4 #cij ,religio ,/oici1 p4 #aaf4 #cia ,id4 p4 #abb4 #cib ,?is la/ is int]e/+ z a probable e*o ( op9ions he _h he>d f "s ( 8 old] contempor>ies3 ,op9ion kept )9 its prop] b\nds is an ! ,scotti% ane pure act ( ! m9d2 & s x w\ld appe> t to puni% ! body = t :i* is a guilt ( ! s\l is z unju/ z to puni% "o relation = ano!r 7pref4 pp4 #aj-aa74 ,he adds t ! ,almighty ha? left no w>r& ^u holy record = p]secut+ su* z diss5t f u4 #cic ,reason3 an ,essay1 ed4 #afij1 p4 #ba4 ,cp4 p4 #aeb4 #cid ,id4 p4 #hb4 ,x is notewor?y t ,mack5zie puts 9 a prote/ aga9/ implicit ,fai? & ,infallibility1 ^? great tyrants ov] ,reason 7p4 #hh74 ,b ! essay z a :ole is ill-plann$ & unimpressive4 #cie ,"w cit$1 #bnd ed4 pt4 ii1 pp4 #ajf-ae4 #cif ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #hf-hg1 #hi-ij4 ,?is explanation is also giv5 by ,bi%op ,wilk9s 9 8 treatise on ,natural ,religion1 #g? ed4 p4 #ced4 #cig ,reply+ to ,h]b]t's ,de ,v]itate1 :i* he seems n to h read be=e4 #cih ,pref4 to ,obs4 ^u ! ,unit$ ,prov4 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 ,works1 ed4 #ahad1 i1 #cf4 #cii ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #hg1 #id-ih1 #aaa1 #aab4 #djj ,z to ! religi\s immoralism see ,mo%eim1 #ag ,c5t4 sec4 ii1 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #bc1 & ,murdock's notes4 #dja ,comp>e ! picture ( av]age ,prote/ant deportm5t giv5 by ,b5jam9 ,b5net 9 8 ,disc\rses aga9/ ,pop]y1 #agad1 p4 #cgg4 #djb ,m1 ,coll4 ( ,philos4 ,writ+s1 #d? ed4 #agab1 g54 pref4 p4 #g4 #djc ,comp>e "s ( ! extracts 9 ,?omas ,b5net's ,def5ce ( ! ,disc\rse ( ,s*ism1 etc41 #bnd ed4 #agjd1 f ! s]mons ( ,r4 ,g\ge 7#afhh74 ,! description ( m5 z mortal crumbl+ bits ( dep5d5cy1 ye/]day's />t-ups1 t come out ( ! abyss ( no?+1 ha/5+ to ! bosom ( _! "m e>? 7"w cit$1 p4 #ic7 is a rem9d] t ! resonant & cad5c$ rhetoric ( ! ,br[nes & ,taylors & ,cudwor?s 0 an art ( ! age1 at ! comm& ( diff]5t ord]s ( propag&a4 #djd ,cit$ by ,bonnet1 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,disc\rse ( ,s*ism1 etc41 z cit$1 p4 #da4 #dje ,?us ,h5ry ,m's biograph]1 ! ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,w>d1 says ! late ,mr4 ,*iswel told a fri5d ( m9e t = tw5ty ye>s toge!r aft] ! return ( ,k+ ,*>les ! ,second ! ,my/]y ( ,godl9ess1 & ,dr4 ,m's o!r works1 rul$ all ! booksell]s 9 ,london 7,life ( ,m1 #agaj1 pp4 #afb-fc74 ,we h se5 ! nature ( "s ( ,m's o!r works4 #djf ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,scripture ,belief1 #afgb1 ,epi/4 ,d$4 #djg ,rep4 #afge2 #bnd ed4 #afia2 rep4 9 ! ,pho5ix1 vol4 ii1 #agjh2 #crd ed4 #agcf4 #djh ,a v ho/ile acc\nt ( him is giv5 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 ! fri5d ( ,c[ley1 & ! ,m4 ,clif=d to :om ,sprat address$ 8 sket* ( ,c[ley's ,life4 ,he 0 also a foe ( ,dryd5--! malici\s ,matt ,clif=d ( ,dryd5's ,sessions ( ! ,poets2 & he attack$ ! poet 9 ,notes on ,dryd5's ,poems 7publi%$ #afhg71 & is suppos$ to h _h a h& 9 ! ,rehe>sal4 ,he 0 befri5d$ by ,%aftesbury4 #dji ,tract4 ,!ol4 ,polit4 c4 #ae4 #daj ,wood1 ,a!n ,oxoni5ses1 ii1 #cha-hb2 ,grang]1 ,biog4 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 #e? ed4 v1 #bic4 #daa ,johnson's ,life ( ,dr4 ,watts1 #aghe1 ,app4 i4 #dab ,t\lm91 ,hi/4 ( ! ,prot4 ,diss5t]s1 #ahad1 cit+ ,johnson's ,life ( ,dr4 ,watts4 #dac ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is 0 really writt5 by ,clif=d1 = po/hum\s publication4 ,! humor\s sket* ( ,8 ,"* at ! close1 sugge/+ t 8 vices seem to ! writ] to h outweigh$ 8 virtues1 h9ts ( ironical my/ification4 #dad ,"w cit$1 pp4 #aj1 #ad1 #cj1 #ee4 #dae ,dr4 ,urwick1 ,life ( ,h[e1 z cit$1 p4 xxxii4 #daf ,a ,demon/ration ( ! ,div9e ,au?ority ( ! ,law ( ,nature & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 by ,samuel ,p>k]1 ,d4,d41 #afha1 pref4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is treatise is av[$ly a popul>ization ( ! argum5t ( ,cumb]l&'s ,disquisitio de ,legibus ,natur1 #afgb4 ,p>k] _h previ\sly publi%$ 9 ,lat9 a ,disiputatio de ,deo et ,provid5tia ,div9a1 9 :i* he rais$ ! "q1 ,an ,philosophorum ulli1 et qu9am ,a!i fu]unt 7#afgh74 #dag ,"w cit$1 #bnd ed4 #afhb1 pp4 #cb1 #ch-dj1 #de-dh4 #dah ,id4 pp4 #ed-ee4 #dai ,id4 p4 #eb4 #dbj ,twelve ,s]mons ,prea*$ ^u ,sev]al ,occasions1 #afib1 pp4 #dch-ci4 #dba ,?is has be5 ascrib$1 )\t any good gr\nd1 to ,*>les ,bl\nt4 ,x does n seem to me to be 9 8 /yle4 #dbb ,premonition to ! ,c&id ,read]4 #dbc ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii1 #a4 #dbd ,pamphlet cit$1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #dbe ,id4 p4 #bc4 #dbf ,conc]n+ :om see ,macaulay's ,hi/ory1 *4 xix1 ed4 #ahgg1 ii1 #daa-ab--;a v prejudic$ acc\nt4 ,bl\nt is !re spok5 ( z "o ( ! mo/ unscrupul\s plagi>ies t ev] liv$1 & z hav+ /ol5 f ,milton1 because he issu$ a pamphlet ,by ,philopatris1 l>gely made up f ! ,areopagitica4 ,comp>e ,macaulay's treatm5t ( ,locke1 :o adopt$ ,dudley ,nor?'s curr5cy s*eme 7*4 xxi1 vol4 ii1 p4 #edg74 #dbg ,bayle 7art4 ,apollonius1 note71 :o is foll[$ by ! ,fr5* translator ( ,philo/ratus ) ,bl\nt's notes 9 #aggi 7,j4 ,f4 ,salvem9i de ,ca/illon71 says ! notes 7 drawn f ! pap]s ( ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury2 b ( ?is ,bl\nt says no?+4 #dbh ,z to ^! see ! ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,an?ony ,wood z to ! writ+s ( ,bl\nt's fa!r1 reli$ on 9 ! au?or's ,dynamics ( ,religion1 appe> to be errone\s4 ,sir ,?omas ,pope ,bl\nt1 ,*>les's elde/ bro!r1 %[s a skeptical turn ( m9d 9 8 ,essays 7#crd ed4 #afig1 ,essay #g74 ,himself a le>n$ man1 he disp>ages le>n+ z *eck+ ?\ght2 &1 pr(ess+ belief 9 ! longevity ( ! patri>*s 7p4 #ahg71 pron\nces pop]y & pagan religion to be m]e works ( prie/craft 7,essay #a74 ,he dete/$ !ological controv]sy & intol]ance1 & seems to h be5 a ,lockian4 #dbi ,all t is kn[n ( ?is trag$y is t ,bl\nt lov$ 8 deceas$ wife's si/] & wi%$ to m>ry h]2 b %e held x unlawful1 & he 0 9 despair4 ,accord+ to ,pope1 a suffici5tly untru/wor?y au?ority1 he gave himself a /ab 9 ! arm1 z pret5d+ to kill himself1 ( ! consequ5ce ( :i* he really di$ 7note to ,epilogue to ! ,satires1 i1 #abc74 ,an ov]/rung n]v\s sy/em may be diagnos$ f 8 writ+4 #dcj ,boyle ,lectures on ,a!ism1 ed4 #agbd1 p4 #d4 #dca ,reflexions ^u ! ,books ( ! ,holy ,scriptures to e/abli% ! ,tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 by ,pet] ,allix1 ,d4,d41 #afhh1 i1 #f-g4 #dcb ,z cit$ by ,leslie1 ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity ,demon/rat$1 #agaa1 pp4 #ag-ba4 #dcc ,*>act]i/ics1 ii1 #bfc 7,morali/s1 pt4 ii1 #c74 ,"o ( ! mo/ dang]\s positions f ! or?odox po9t ( view w\ld be ! !sis t :ile religion c\ld d ei!r great good or great h>m to morals1 a!ism c\ld d nei!r4 7,bk4 ,i1 pt4 iii1 #a47 ,cp4 ,bacon's ,essay1 ,( ,a!ism4 #dcd ,bl\nt1 aft] assail+ 9 anonym\s pamphlets ,bohun ! lic5s]1 induc$ him to lic5se a "w entitl$ ,k+ ,william & ,que5 ,m>y ,conqu]ors1 :i* infuriat$ ! nation4 ,macaulay calls ! device a base & wick$ s*eme4 ,x 0 almo/ innoc5t 9 comp>ison ) ,bl\nt's promotion ( ! ,popi% plot mania4 ,see ,:o ,kill$ ,sir ,edmund ,godfrey ,b]ry8 by ,alfr$ ,m>ks4 #aije1 pp4 #acc-ce1 #aej4 #dce ,see ! text 9 ,mrs4 ,bradlaugh ,bonn]'s ,p5alties ^u ,op9ion1 pp4 #ai-ba4 ,macaulay does n m5tion ?is measure4 #dcf ,! ,act _h be5 prec$$ by a proclamation ( ! k+1 dat$ ,feb4 #bd4 #afig4 #dcg ,z to an e>li] monopoly ( ! ,london booksell]s1 see ,george ,h]b]t's lett]s to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & to ,bacon1 ,jan4 #bi1 #afbj4 ,9 ,works ( ,george ,h]b]t1 ed4 #ahda1 i4 #bag-ah4 #dch ,see ,locke's notes on ! ,lic5s+ ,act 9 ,"l ,k+'s ,life ( ,locke1 #ahbi1 pp4 #bjc-bjf2 ,fox ,b\rne's ,life ( ,locke1 ii4 #cac-ad2 ,macaulay's ,hi/ory1 ii1 #ejd4 #dci ,tr9ius1 ,freyd5k]-,lexicon1 #agei1 p4 #abj2 ,pnj]1 i1 #bia1 #cjj-cja4 ,br[ne 0 ev5 call$ an a!i/4 ,arpe1 ,apologia pro ,van9o1 #agab1 p4 #bg1 cit+ ,wels*ius4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,bull51 9 8 introduction to 8 ed4 ( ,m>l[e 7#ahhe1 vol4 i1 p4 lviii71 rem>ks t ,br[ne1 :o kept ! road 9 div9ity1 expos$ ! vuln]able po9ts 9 ! ,scriptural n>ratives ) m acum5 & gu/o ?an ! :ole army ( free?9k]s1 f ,an?ony ,coll9s d[nw>ds4 ,?is is ( c\rse an extravagance1 b1 z ,mr4 ,bull5 rem>ks 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 vii1 #ff1 ,br[ne discusses ) evid5t reli% ! seem+ absurdities 9 ! ,scriptural n>rative4 #ddj ,br[ne's ,annotator po9ts to ! d]ivation ( 8 skepticism f t excell5t ,fr5* writ] ,monsieur ,m\ntaign1 9 :om ,i (t5 trace him 7,sayle's ed4 #aijd1 i1 p4 xviii74 #dda ,religio ,m$ici1 i1 #f4 #ddb ,id4 i1 #i4 #ddc ,id4 i1 #ah4 #ddd ,religio ,m$ici1 i1 #bj4 #dde ,bk4 ,i1 *4 x4 #ddf ,"h we h a !orem indep5d5tly rea*$ lat] 7) ! sub/itution ( ,nature = ,god7 by ,m>y ,woll/onecraft & ,t5nyson 9 turn4 ,br[ne cites yet ano!r3 t he looks n bel[ ! moon1 b ha? resign$ ! regim5t ( sublun>y affairs unto inf]ior deputations--a !sis adopt$ 9 effect by ,cudwor?4 #ddg ,by an error ( ! press1 ,br[ne is made 9 ,mr4 ,sayle's excell5t repr9t 7i1 #ajh7 to beg9 a s5t5ce 9 ! middle ( a clause1 ) an odd result3--,i d confess ,i am an ,a!i/4 ,i _c p]suade myself to hon\r t ! _w adores4 ,! passage %\ld obvi\sly read3 to t subt]rane\s ,idol 7av>ice7 & ,god ( ! ,e>? ,i d confess ,i am an ,a!i/1 etc4 #ddh ,hut*9son1 ,hi/or4 ,essay ,conc4 ,wit*craft1 #agah1 p4 #aah2 #bnd ed4 #agbj1 p4 #aea4 #ddi ,cp4 ,:ewell1 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ed4 #ahfb1 p4 #cc4 #dej ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ahhi1 pref4 p4 vi2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,duff1 ,hi/4 ( ,old ,te/4 ,criticism1 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 #aiaj1 p4 #aac4 #dea ,?is appe>s aga91 mu* curtail$ & s alt]$ z to be 9 a mann] new1 9 its au?or's collect$ ,essays on ,sev]al ,important ,subjects 9 ,religion & ,philosophy 7#afgf71 "u ! title ,aga9/ ,confid5ce 9 ,philosophy4 #deb ,see ! ,humane ,nature 7#afdj71 *4 iv1 #g-i4 #dec ,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 *4 #bc1 #a4 #ded ,see ! passages comp>$ by ,lewes1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #d? ed4 ii1 #cch4 #dee ,9 8 ,bl[ at ,mod]n ,sadducism 7#d? ed4 #affh71 ,sadducismus ,triumphatus 7#afha2 #crd ed4 #afhi71 & ,a ,:ip to ! ,droll1 ,fidl] to ! ,a!i/ 7#afhh--;a lett] to ,h5ry ,m1 :o 0 zeal\s on ! same l9es74 ,^! works seem to h be5 mu* m widely circulat$ ?an ! ,scepsis ,sci5tifica4 #def ,scepsis1 *4 #bj1 #c4 #deg ,see ,glanvill's reply 9 a lett] to a fri5d 7#affe71 re-writt5 z ,essay ,,ii1 ,( ,scepticism & ,c]ta9ty3 9 ,a %ort ,reply to ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,?omas ,:ite 9 8 collect$ ,essays on ,sev]al ,important ,subjects1 #afgf4 #deh ,see ! reply 9 ,plus ,ultra3 or1 ! ,progress & ,advancem5t ( ,k s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle1 #affh1 ,epi/4 ,d$4 ,pref4 *4 xviii1 & ,conclusion4 ,! re-writt5 treatise1 9 ! collect$ ,essays1 elim9ates ! controv]sial matt]4 #dei ,fir/ pr9t$ ) ,glanvill's ,philosophia ,pia 9 #afga4 ,rep4 z an essay 9 ! collect$ ,essays4 #dfj ,ow51 pref4 to ,scepsis1 pp4 xx-xxii4 #dfa ,ow51 pref4 to ed4 ( ,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 p4 ix4 #dfb ,( :om1 h[ev]1 a high m$ical au?ority decl>es t1 z a physiologi/1 he 0 sunk 9 realism 7t is1 metaphysical apriorism74 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,h>veian ,oration on ,sci5ce & ,m$ieval ,?\ght1 #aija1 p4 #dd4 #dfc ,cp4 ,:ewell1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #ge-hc2 ,hallam1 ,lit]ature ( ,europe1 iv1 #aei-ga4 #dfd ,reid1 ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,i1 *4 i2 ,hamilton's ed4 ( ,works1 p4 #bbf4 ,glanvill calls ,gass5di t noble wit4 7,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 ,ow5's ed4 p4 #aea47 #dfe ,poet4 ,works ( ,milton1 #ahgd1 ,introd4 i1 #ib sq4 #dff ,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 ,ow5's ed4 p4 #ff4 ,9 ! cond5s$ v]sion ( ! treatise 9 ,glanvill's collect$ ,essays 7#afgf1 p4 #bj71 ! language is to ! same effect4 #dfg ,j4 ,j4 ,tayl]1 ,retrospect ( ! ,religi\s ,life ( ,engl&1 ,m>t9eau's ed4 p4 #bjd2 ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 iii1 #aeb-ec4 #dfh ,cp4 ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #cdg-ea2 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #aif-ii4 #dfi ,tayl]1 ,retrospect1 pp4 #bjd-bje2 ,wallace1 iii1 #aed-ef4 #dgj ,gangrna1 pt4 i1 p4 #ch4 #dga ,tayl]1 p4 #bba4 ,z to ,biddle1 ! *ief propag&i/ ( ! sect1 see pp4 #bba-bd1 & ,wallace1 ,art4 #bhe4 #dgb ,macaulay1 ,essay on ,milton4 ,cp4 ,br[n's ed4 7,cl>5don ,press7 ( ! poems ( ,milton1 ii1 #cj4 #dgc ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 *4 v4 #dgd ,( ,education1 #acf4 #dge ,essay1 bk4 iv1 *4 xix4 #d4 #dgf ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1 c4 #ae4 #dgg ,?ird ,lett] to ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/]4 #dgh ,"s ,famili> ,lett]s betwe5 ,mr4 ,locke & ,sev]al ( 8 ,fri5ds1 #agjh1 pp4 #cjb-cjd4 #dgi ,fox ,b\rne1 ,life ( ,locke1 #ahgf1 ii1 #cd4 #dhj ,! fir/ ,lett]1 writt5 :ile he 0 hid+ 9 ,holl& 9 #afhe1 0 9 ,lat91 b 0 translat$ into ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,engli%4 #dha ,mr4 ,fox ,b\rne1 9 8 biography 7ii1 #da71 apologizes = ! lapse1 s ali5 to 8 own ideals1 by ! rem>k t ! a!ism !n 9 vogue 0 ( a v viol5t & rampant sort4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ?is palliation w n hold good--at lea/1 ! pres5t writ] has be5 unable to trace ! a!ism 9 "q4 ,= a!ism we _h bett] read religion4 #dhb ,second ,v9dication ( ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 #afig1 pref4 #dhc ,fox ,b\rne1 ,life ( ,locke1 ii1 #aha4 #dhd ,son ( ! ,presbyt]ian au?or ( ! fam\s ,gangrna4 #dhe ,said by ,c>rol1 ,diss]tation on ,mr4 ,lock's ,essay1 #agjf1 cit$ by ,an?ony ,coll9s1 ,essay ,conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,reason1 #agji1 p4 #cj4 #dhf ,cit$ by ,fox ,b\rne1 ,life ( ,locke1 ii1 #dch4 #dhg ,^: calibre may be ga!r$ f 8 egregi\s doctoral !sis1 ,concio ad cl]um de dmonum malorum exi/5tia et natura 7#agjj74 ,aft] a li/ ( ! d5i]s ( evil spirits1 f ! ,sadducees & ,sallu/ius to ,bekk] & ,van ,dale1 he addresses to 8 dilectissimi 9 ,*ri/o fratres ! exordium3 ,en1 ,academici1 vet]es ac hodi]nos ,sadducos6 quibuscum tota ,a!orum cohors amicissim congruit2 nam qui div9um num51 iidem ipsi inf]nales spiritus acrit] negant4 #dhh ,confutation ( ,w>burton 7#ageg7 9 ,extracts f ,law's ,works1 #agfh1 i1 #bjh-bji4 #dhi ,cp4 ! ,essay1 bk4 i1 *4 iii1 #f1 ) ,law's ,case ( ,reason1 9 ,extracts1 z cit$1 p4 #cf4 #dij ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 p4 #abb4 #dia ,fox ,b\rne1 ii1 #djd-dje4 #dib ,an o/5sibly or?odox ,pr(essor ( our own day has writt5 t ,locke's doctr9e z to religion & e?ics %[s at once ! s9c]ity ( 8 religi\s convictions & ! inadequate conception he _h =m$ to himself ( ! gr\nds & nature ( moral philosophy 7,f[l]1 ,locke1 #ahhj1 p4 #gf74 #dic ,burnet1 ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,"t1 ed4 #ahch1 p4 #bea4 ,burnet adds t ,temple 0 a corrupt] ( all t came ne> him4 ,! #ahch editor prote/s aga9/ ! :ole attack z ! mo/ unfair & exagg]at$ ( ,burnet's portraits2 & a writ] 9 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,republick ( ,lett]s1 ,jan41 #agcf1 p4 #bf1 c>ries ! def5ce to claim+ or?odoxy = ,temple4 ,b ! :ole ca/ ( 8 ?\ght is dei/ic4 ,cp4 ! ,essay ^u ! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,gov]nm5t1 & *4 v ( ! ,obs]vations ^u ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7,works1 ed4 #aggj1 i1 #bi1 #cf1 #agj-gd74 #did ,cp4 ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory1 *4 ii4 ,/ud5t's ed4 i1 #abj4 #die ,comp>e 8 ,advice to a ,daught]1 #a 79 ,miscellanies1 #agjj71 & 8 ,political ,?\ghts & ,reflections3 ,religion4 #dif ,see ,macaulay1 *4 xx4 ,/ud5t's ed4 ii1 #dei4 #dig ,de ,morgan1 z cit$1 p4 #ajg4 #dih ,see ,brew/]1 ii1 #cah1 #cba-bb1 #cbc1 #cca sq41 #cdb sq4 #dii ,id4 p4 #cbg sq4 #ejj ,id4 p4 #aae4 #eja ,cp4 ,de ,morgan1 pp4 #acc-de4 #ejb ,f\r ,lett]s f ,sir ,isaac ,newton to ,dr4 ,b5tley1 ed4 #agef1 p4 #be4 ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #ig-ajb4 #ejc ,brew/]1 ii1 #cad4 #ejd ,id4 pp4 #cae-af4 #eje ,id4 pp4 #cdb-df4 #ejf ,brew/]1 p4 #cdi4 ,see ! rema9+ articles1 & ,app4 ,,xxx1 p4 #ecb4 #ejg ,id4 p4 #chh4 #ejh ,disc\rse on ,tillotson & ,burnet1 pp4 #ch1 #dj1 #gd1 cit$ by ,coll9s1 ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+1 #agac1 pp4 #aga-gb4 #eji ,! ,brief ,notes on ! ,cre$ ( ,/4 ,a?anasius 7au?or unkn[n71 pr9t$ by ,?omas ,firm94 ,late 9 #afic appe>$ ano!r antitr9it>ian tract1 by ,william ,freke1 :o 0 prosecut$1 f9$ #ejj1 & ord]$ to make a recantation 9 ! ,f\r ,c\rts ( ,we/m9/] ,hall4 ,! book 0 burnt by ! hangman4 ,wallace1 ,art4 #ced4 ,!re _h also be5 two qu>to volumes ( tracts 9 support ( ,unit>ianism1 publi%$ 9 #afia 7,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,drummond1 ,an ,explanation & ,def5ce ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,prote/ant ,diss5t1 #ahdb1 p4 #ag74 #eaj ,locke's ribald s*oolfell[ ( ne>ly fifty ye>s ago 7,fox ,b\rne1 ii1 #dje74 #eaa ,id4 ib4 #eab ,tayl]1 ,retrospect1 p4 #bbf2 ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 i1 #afj-fi4 #eac ,fox ,b\rne1 ii1 #dje2 ,wallace1 art4 #cec4 #ead ,above1 pp4 #ce-cf4 #eae ,nelson's ,life ( ,bi%op ,bull1 #bnd ed4 #agad1 p4 #cih4 #eaf ,p]haps at no p]iod 0 ! ,unit>ian controv]sy s actively c>ri$ on 9 ,engl& z betwe5 #afij & #agbj4 ,hi/ory1 ,op9ions1 etc41 ( ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1 #ahcd1 p4 #bb4 #eag ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #aac-ae--,tayl]1 ,retrospect1 p4 #bbg4 #eah ,z to :om see ,tayl]1 ,retrospect1 *4 v4 #d4 ,!y are spok5 ( z ! new sect ( ,latitude-,m5 9 #affb2 & 9 #agjh are said to be at ?is day ,l[ ,*ur*m54 ,see ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ! ,new ,sect ( ,latitude-,m51 by ,s4 ,p4 ( ,cambridge1 #affb1 repr9t$ 9 ,! ,ph5ix1 vol4 ii1 #agjh4 & pref4 to t vol4 ,f ,s4 ,p4's acc\nt x is cle> t !y connect$ ) ! new sci5tific movem5t1 & leant to ,c>tesianism4 ,z above not$1 !y includ$ su* prelates z ,wilk9s & ,tillotson4 ,! "w ( ,e4 ,a4 ,george1 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,m5 ( ,latitude 7#aijh71 deals ) ,hales1 ,*ill+wor?1 ,:i*cote1 ,h4 ,m1 ,taylor1 ,br[ne1 & ,baxt]4 #eai ,t\lm91 ,hi/or4 ,view ( ! ,prot4 ,diss5t]s1 #ahad1 p4 #bgj4 ,a ma9 gr\nd ( ! (f5ce tak5 0 a some:at trivial dialogue 9 ,burnet's book betwe5 ,eve & ! s]p5t1 indicat+ ! popul> "* ( ! tale4 ,?is 0 omitt$ f a ,dut* edition at ! au?or's reque/1 & f ! #crd ed4 #agcc 7,t\lm91 z cit$74 ,x is giv5 9 ! p>tial translation 9 ,bl\nt's ,oracles ( ,reason4 #ebj ,see ,brew/]'s ,memoirs ( ,newton1 #ahee1 ii1 #cae-af1 = a lett] indicat+ ,craig's religi\s attitude4 ,he contribut$ to ,dr4 ,george ,*eyne's ,philosophical ,pr9ciples ( ,religion1 ,natural & ,reveal$1 #agje4 7,pref4 to pt4 i1 ed4 #agbe47 #eba ,see ! note ( ,pope & ,w>burton on ! ,dunciad1 iv1 #dfb4 #ebb ,see arts4 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 #ebc ,repr9t$ at ,am/]dam1 #agab4 #ebd ,essays z cit$1 p4 #hd4 #ebe ,id4 p4 #cj4 #ebf ,see ,*ri/ianity n ,f\nd$ on ,argum5t 7by ,h5ry ,dodwell1 jr471 #agda1 pp4 #aa1 #cd4 ,wat]l&1 z cit$ by ,bi%op ,hur/1 treats ! t]ms ,reasoni/ & ,rationali/ z labels or nicknames ( ^? :o untruly pr(ess to reason m scrupul\sly ?an o!r p4 ,! =m] t]m may1 h[ev]1 h be5 set up z a result ( ,le ,cl]c's r5d]+ ( ! ,logos1 9 ,john i1 #a1 by ,reason--an argum5t to :i* ,wat]l& repeat$ly ref]s4 #ebg ,pr(4 ,/r[ski1 :o is conc]n$ to prove t ! free?9k]s ( ! p]iod 7 mo/ly m5-ab\t-t[n1 claims ,pat9 z a ,frondeur 7,de ,montaigne ,pascal1 p4 #bae74 ,b ,pat9's attitude 9 ?is matt] 0 det]m9$ by 8 dete/ation ( ,maz>91 :om he reg>d$ z an ar*-sc\ndrel4 ,naud's def5ce ( ! ,massacre is =5sic4 #ebh ,lettres de ,gui ,pat91 ,no4 #ahh1 dit4 ,reveill-,p>ise1 #ahdf1 i1 #cfd4 #ebi ,cp4 ,reveill-,p>ise1 z cit$1 ,notice sur ,gui ,pat91 pp4 xxiii-xxvii1 & ,bayle1 art4 ,pat94 #ecj ,see ! notices ( him 9 ,ow5's ,skeptics ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance2 & 9 ,sa9te-,beuve4 ,port ,royal1 iii1 #ahj1 etc4 #eca ,de la ,v]tu des ,pay5s1 9 t4 v4 ( ! #abmo ed4 ( ,o,euvres1 #affi4 #ecb ,hanotaux1 ,hi/4 du ,c>d9al de ,ri*elieu1 #ahic1 i1 pref4 p4 #g4 #ecc ,cp4 ,buckle1 *4 viii1 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #cje-aj1 #cbe-bh4 #ecd ,see ! good criticism ( ,m4 ,hanotaux 9 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s en ,france au xvii4 sicle1 p4 #ie sq4 #ece ,o,euvres1 ed4 #affi1 v1 #d sq4 ,bell>m91 z ,le ,vay] %[s1 _h simil>ly expla9$ away ,augu/9e4 ,b ! doctr9e t hea!n virtue 0 n true virtue _h rema9$ or?odox4 #ecf ,ed4 cit$1 iv1 #abe4 #ecg ,id4 pp4 #abc-bd4 #ech ,tom4 iii1 #bea4 #eci ,he wrote v _m1 ! f9al collection fill+ ?ree volumes folio1 & fifte5 9 duodecimo4 ,! ,c9cq ,dialogues faits l'imitation des ,anci5s 7 pseudonym\s1 & are n includ$ 9 ! collect$ works4 #edj ,on le rg>de comme le ,plut>que de notre sicle 7,p]rault1 ,les ,hommes ,illu/res du ,x,v,i,ie ,sicle1 d4 #agja1 ii4 #aca74 #eda ,p]rault1 ii1 #acb4 #edb ,bayle1 ,dict4 art4 ,la ,mo! le ,vay]4 ,cp4 introd4 to ,l',esprit de la ,mo! le ,vay]1 p> ,m4 de ,m4 ,c4 ,d4 ,s4 ,p4 ,d4 ,l4 7i4e4 ,de ,montl9ot1 *ano9e de ,sa9t ,pi]re de ,lille71 #agfc1 pp4 xviii1 xxi1 xxvi4 #edc ,m4 ,p]r5s1 :o endorses ?is criticism1 does n note t "s passages he quotes f ! ,dialogues1 z to a!ism be+ less di/urb+ to ,/ates ?an sup]/ition1 are borr[$ f ,bacon's essay ,( ,a!ism1 ( :i* ,le ,vay] w\ld read ! ,lat9 v]sion4 #edd ,p]r5s1 p4 #acb4 #ede ,9 ,fr5*1 #afca2 9 ,lat91 #afef1 am5d$4 #edf ,translat$ into ,engli% 9 #afhh1 & into ,fr5*1 "u ! title ,trait du ,pyrrhonisme de l'glise roma9e1 by ,n4 ,*alaire1 ,am/]dam1 #agba4 #edg ,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la ,philos4 c>tsi5ne1 #ahed1 i1 #daj sq41 #dbj sq42 ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 franaise1 #e;e dit4 p4 #cif2 ,brunetire1 tudes ,critiques1 #c;e srie1 p4 #b2 ,buckle1 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #cch4 ,b\illi] notes 7i1 #dbf7 t ! femmes savantes ridicul$ by ,molire are ,c>tesians4 #edh ,b\illi]1 i1 #def2 ,lanson1 p4 #cig4 #edi ,b\illi]1 i1 #daa sq4 #eej ,id4 p4 #dca sq4 #eea ,id4 p4 #dcg sq4 #eeb ,id4 pp4 #ddi-ej4 #eec ,il disait trs s\v5t1 said ,pascal's niece3--,je ne puis p>donn] ,desc>tes3 il aurait bi5 v\lu1 dans t\te sa philosophie1 p\voir se pass] de ,dieu2 mais il n'a pu s'emp*] de lui accord] une *iqu5ade1 p\r mettre le monde en m\vem5t2 aprs cela il n'a plus que faire de ,dieu4 ,rcit de ,m>gu]ite ,p]i] 7,de ce que j'ai ou dire p> ,m4 ,pascal1 mon oncle71 rep4 ) ,p5ses1 ed4 #ahec4 pp4 #ch-ci4 #eed ,b\illi]1 p4 #dec4 #eee ,id4 p4 #dee sq4 #eef ,see ,b\illi]1 i1 #dfj sq42 ii1 #cgc sq42 & introd4 to ,o,euvres philos4 du ,pre ,buffi]1 #ahdf1 p4 #d2 & cp4 ,rambaud1 ,hi/4 de la civilisation franaise1 #f;e dit4 ii1 #ccf4 #eeg ,b\illi]1 i1 #dfe4 #eeh ,p]r5s1 pp4 #hd-he4 #eei ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 pp4 #fh-fi1 & refs4 #efj ,cp4 ,/r[ski1 ,de ,montaigne ,pascal1 p4 #ada4 #efa ,see ,duv]net1 ,vie de ,voltaire1 *4 i1 & note #a2 & ,p]r5s1 pp4 #gd-hj4 #efb ,= all t is kn[n ( ,petit see ! ,av]tissem5t to ,bibliophile ,jacob's edition ( ,p>is ridicule et burlesque au #ag;ime sicle1 & refs4 9 ,p]r5s1 p4 #aec4 ,aft] ,petit's dea?1 8 fri5d ,du ,pelleti] def5d$ him z be+ a dei/2 b he seems 9 8 y\?ful writ+s to h blasphem$ at l>ge1 & he _h be5 guilty ( assass9at+ a "y monk4 ,he 0 burn$1 h[ev]1 = blasphem+ ! ,virg94 #efc ,guizot1 ,corneille et son temps1 ed4 #ahhj1 p4 #bjj4 ,! circle ( ! ,htel ,ramb\illet 7 especially ho/ile4 ,cp4 ,palissot's note to ,polyeucte1 end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,corneille f\nd x prud5t to cancel f\r skeptical l9es :i* he _h orig9ally put 9 ! m\? ( ! pagan ,sev]us1 ! sage ( ! piece4 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #adj4 #efd ,"u :om he /udi$ 9 8 y\? ) a numb] ( o!r notably indep5d5t spirits1 among !m ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac4 ,see ,sa9te-,beuve's essay on ,molire1 prefix$ to ! ,ha*ette edition4 ,molire held by ,gass5di z aga9/ ,desc>tes4 ,b\illi]1 i1 #edb sq4 #efe ,con/ant ,coquel91 art4 ,don ,juan 9 ! ,int]national ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aijc1 p4 #fa--;an acute & s*ol>ly /udy4 #eff ,molire is a free?9k] to ! m>r[ ( 8 bones 7,p]r5s1 p4 #bhj74 ,cp4 ,lanson1 p4 #ebj2 ,f\rni]1 tudes sur ,molire1 #ahhe1 pp4 #abb-bc2 ,s\ry1 ,brv4 de l'hi/4 du matr4 p4 #chd4 ,g+u51 writes ,sa9te-,beuve1 a publi une bro*ure p\r montr] ,rabelais prcurseur de la rvolution franaise3 c'toit inutile pr\v] sur ,molire 7essay cit$74 #efg ,act ,,ii1 sc4 iv4 9 ,o,euvres ,comiques1 etc41 ed4 ,jacob1 rep4 by ,g>ni]1 pp4 #dbf-bg4 #efh ,see ,jacob's note 9 loc41 ed4 cit$1 p4 #dee4 #efi ,e4g4 8 ,lettre contre un ,pdant 7,no4 #ac ( ! ,lettres ,satiriques 9 ed4 cit$1 p4 #aha71 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 mutilat$ 9 "s editions2 z "o ( ! dei/ic s5t5ces cit$ by ,m4 ,p]r5s1 p4 #bdg1 does n appe> 9 ! repr9t ( ,bibliophile ,jacob4 #egj ,e4g4 ! ,hi/oire des ,oiseaux 9 ! ,hi/oire ,comique des tats et empires du ,soleil1 ed4 ,jacob 7,g>ni]71 p4 #bgh2 & ! ,fragm5t de ,physique 7same vol474 #ega ,see ! c>eful criticism ( ,p]r5s1 pp4 #bdh-ej4 #egb ,bibliophile ,jacob1 pref4 to ed4 cit$1 pp4 i-ii4 #egc ,p]r5s1 p4 #cjb4 ,comp>e ,bossuet's e>li] s]mon = ! ,second ,sunday ( ,adv5t1 #affe1 cit$ by ,p]r5s1 pp4 #bec-ed1 :]e he speaks ) some?+ l fury ( ! free discussion ar\nd him4 #egd ,c\s9 plausibly argues t ,pascal began writ+ ,p5ses "u ! influ5ce ( a practice set up 9 h] circle by ,madame de ,sabl4 ,mme4 de ,sabl1 #e;e dit4 p4 #abd sq4 #ege ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! "w z publi%$ conta9$ matt] n ,pascal's4 ,cp4 ,brunetire1 tudes1 iii1 #df-dg2 & ! editions ( ! ,p5ses by ,faugre & ,havet4 #egf ,z to "s ( ^! see ,p]r5s1 pp4 #aeh-fi4 ,!y includ$ ! great ,cond & "s ( ! wom5 9 8 circle2 all ( !m uns]i\s 9 _! skepticism1 & all conv]t$ :5 ! physique gave ! requir$ cue4 #egg ,p5ses1 ed4 ,faugre1 ii1 #afh-fi4 ,! abtira comes f ,montaigne4 #egh ,?us ,mr4 ,ow5 treats ,pascal z a skeptic1 :i* philosophically he 01 ins(> z he really philosophiz$ & did n m]ely cat* at pleas = 8 emotional beliefs4 ,les ,p5ses de ,pascal1 writes ,pr(4 ,le ,dantec1 sont mon avis le livre le plus capable de r5=c] l'a?isme *ez un a?e 7,l',a?isme1 #aijf1 pp4 #bd-be74 ,!y h 9 fact always _h t effect4 #egi ,de la ,delicatesse1 #afga1 dial4 v1 p4 #cbi1 etc4 #ehj ,v9et1 tudes sur ,blaise ,pascal1 #c;e dit4 p4 #bfg sq4 #eha ,cp4 ! loge de ,pascal by ,bordas ,dem\l9 9 ,didot ed4 ( ! ,lettres1 #ahed1 pp4 xxii-xxiii1 & cit4 f ,sa9t-,beuve4 ,m>k ,pattison1 x seems1 held t ! ,jesuits _h ! be/ ( ! argum5t4 ,see ! ,lett]s ( ,"l ,acton to ,m>y ,glad/one1 #aijd1 p4 #bjg4 ,z reg>ds ! effect ( ,jans5ism on belief1 we f9d ,de ,tocqueville pron\nc+ t ,le ,jans5isme ouvrit 444 la br*e p> laquelle la philosophie du #ah;e sicle devait faire irruption 7,hi/4 philos4 du rgne de ,l\is ,,xv1 #ahdi1 i1 #b74 ,?is c\ld truly be said ( ,pascal4 #ehb ,cp4 ,voltaire's lett] ( #agfh1 cit$ by ,morley1 ,voltaire1 #d? ed4 p4 #aei4 #ehc ,cp4 ,ow51 ,fr5* ,skeptics1 pp4 #gfb-fc1 #gfg4 #ehd ,?is 0 expressly urg$ aga9/ ,huet by ,arnauld4 ,see ! ,notice 9 ,j\rda9's ed4 ( ! ,logique de ,port ,royal1 #ahed1 p4 xi2 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #cja2 & ,b\illi] ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>tsi5ne1 #ahed1 i1 #eie-if1 :]e are cit$ ! lett]s ( ,arnauld 7,nos4 #hcj1 #hcd1 & #hcg 9 ,o,euvres ,compl4 iii1 #cif1 #djd1 #dbd7 d5\nc+ ,huet's ,pyrrhonism z impi\s & p]fectly adapt$ to ! purposes ( ! free?9k]s4 #ehe ,cp4 ,alex&re ,we/phal1 ,les ,s\rces du ,p5tateuque1 i 7#ahhh71 pp4 #fd-fh4 #ehf ,huet himself incurr$ a *>ge ( tem]ity 9 8 h&l+ ( textual que/ions4 ,id4 p4 #ff4 #ehg ,pattison1 ,essays1 #ahhi1 i4 #cjc-cjd4 #ehh ,pattison1 z cit$4 #ehi ,aft] all1 a book ! ,bible _c make a /& aga9/ ! wild1 liv+ intellect ( man4 ,newman1 ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua1 #a/ ed4 p4 #chb2 ed4 #ahge1 p4 #bde4 ,! same is said by ,newman ( religion 9 g5]al 7p4 #bdc74 #eij ,pattison disp>ages x z col\rless1 a fault he *>ges on ,jesuit ,lat9 9 g5]al4 ,b by mo/ mod]ns ! ,lat9 /yle ( ,huet w be f\nd pure & pleasant4 #eia ,pattison1 ,essays1 i1 #bii4 ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 i1 #eie4 #eib ,font5elle1 loge sur ,rgis2 ,b\illi]1 ,philos4 c>ts41 i1 #ejg4 #eic ,rponse to ,huet's ,c5sura philosophi c>tes41 #afia2 ,b\illi]1 i1 #eae4 #eid ,usage de la raison et de la foi1 #agjd1 liv4 i1 ptie4 i1 *4 vii2 ,b\illi]1 p4 #eaa4 #eie ,b\illi]1 i1 #eba-be4 #eif ,lettre de #aj aot1 #afgg1 ,no4 #eia1 d4 ,nodi]4 #eig ,b\illi]1 ii1 #aj4 #eih ,mditations *rti5nes1 ix1 #ac4 #eii ,entreti5s mtaphysiques1 viii4 #fjj ,id4 viii1 ix4 #fja ,b\illi]1 ii1 #cc4 ,s ,kuno ,fis*]3 ,9 brief1 ,malebran*e's doctr9e1 rightly und]/ood1 is ,sp9oza's 7,desc>tes & 8 ,s*ool1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahij1 p4 #ehi4 ,cp4 p4 #edb74 #fjb ,! "w ( ,arnauld 0 repr9t$ 9 #agbd ) a rem>kable ,approbation by ,clavel1 9 :i* he eulogizes ! /yle & ! dialectic ( ,arnauld1 & expresses ! hope t ! book may gurir1 s'il se peut1 d'une trange proccupation et d'une excessive confiance1 ceux qui enseign5t ou s\ti5n5t comme evid5t ce qu'il y a de plus dang]eux dans la n\velle philosophie non-ob/ant les df5ses faites p> le feu ,roi ,l\is ,,xiv l',univ]sit d',ang]s en l'anne #afge et l',univ]sit de ,p>is aux annes #afia et #agjd de le laiss] enseign] ou s\t5ir4 #fjc ,des vrayes et des fausses ides1 *4 xxviii4 #fjd ,re*]*e de la ,vrit1 liv4 vi1 ptie4 ii1 *4 iii4 #fje ,?is 0 ! ma9 !me ( ! f9i%$ loge ( ,font5elle1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,bayle1 ,daguesseau1 ,arnauld1 ,bossuet1 ,voltaire1 & ,did]ot1 none ( :om agre$ ) him4 ,b\illi]1 ii1 #ai4 ,font5elle oppos$ ,malebran*e's philosophy 9 8 ,d\tes sur le sy/me physique des causes occasionelles4 ,id4 p4 #ege4 #fjf ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 ii1 #bfj-fa4 #fjg ,he is n m5tion$ by ,ueb]weg1 ,lange1 or ,lewes4 ,8 importance 9 /hetics1 h[ev]1 is recogniz$ by "s mod]ns1 ?\gh he is n nam$ 9 ,mr4 ,bosanquet's ,hi/ory ( /hetic4 #fjh ,trait des premires vrits1 #agbd1 #eba-ca4 #fji ,b\illi]1 introd4 to ,buffi]'s ,o,euvres philosophiques1 #ahdf1 p4 xiii4 #faj ,rem>ques sur les pr9cipes de la metaphysique de ,locke1 passages cit$ by ,b\illi]4 #faa ,o,euvres1 d4 ,b\illi]1 p4 #cbi4 #fab ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>ts41 ii1 #cia4 #fac ,malebran*e1 ,trait de ,morale1 liv4 ii1 *4 #aj4 ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 i1 #ehb1 #ehh-ij2 ii1 #bc4 #fad ,cp4 ,we/phal1 ,les ,s\rces du ,p5tateuque1 #ahhh1 i1 #fg sq4 #fae ,pradamit1 sive ,ex]citatio sup] v]sibus #ab1 #ac1 #ad cap4 #e1 ,epi/4 ,d4 ,pauli ad ,romanos1 ,quibus inducuntur ,primi ,hom9es ante ,adamum conditi4 ,! notion ( a pre-,adamite human race1 z we saw1 _h be5 held by ,bruno4 7,above1 p4 #df47 #faf ,my copies ( ! ,pradamit & ,sy/ema be> no place-impr9t1 b simply ,anno ,salutis ,,mdclv4 ,bo? books seem to h be5 at once repr9t$ 9 #abmo4 #fag ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,peyr]e4 ,a correspond5t ( ,bayle's concludes 8 acc\nt ( le ,pradamite ?us3 ,le ,p]eire toit le meilleur homme du monde1 le plus d\x1 et qui tranquillem5t croyoit =t peu de *ose4 ,!re is a satirical acc\nt ( him 9 ! ,lettres de ,gui ,pat91 ,april #e1afeh 7,no4 #ded1 ed4 ,reveill-,p>ise1 #ahdf1 iii1 #hc71 cit$ by ,bayle4 #fah ,see ! acc\nt ( 8 book by ,mr4 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i1 #bie-ig4 ,reject+ z he did ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 he ranks ) ,hobbes & ,sp9oza among ! pione]s ( true criticism4 ,inde$1 z 8 book seems to h be5 9 ,,ms4 9 #afde1 he may prec$e ,hobbes4 ,pat9 _h he>d ( ,peyrre's ,pradamit z ready = pr9t+ 9 #afdc4 ,let4 #afi1 ed4 cit$1 i1 #big4 #fai ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,desc>tes & 8 ,s*ool1 pp4 #bed-fh4 #fbj ,col]us 7i4e41 ,khl]71 ,vie de ,sp9oza1 9 ,gfrr]'s ed4 ( ! ,op]a1 pp4 xlv-xlvii4 #fba ,cit$ by ,george ,s9cl> 9 pref4 to ,satan's ,invisible ,_w ,discov]$1 #afhe1rep4 #ahga4 ,i h be5 unable to meet ) a copy ( ,ma/ri*t's book4 #fbb ,novitates ,c>tesian multis p>asangas sup]unt ,arm9ianas4 #fbc ,ni*ols1 ,works ( ,arm9ius1 #ahbd1 i1 #beg b 7pag+ p>tly duplicat$74 #fbd ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 i1 #bic-id4 #fbe ,col]us1 ,vie de ,sp9oza1 9 ,gfrr]'s ed4 ( ,op]a1 p4 xxv2 ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,sp9oza1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bj-bb2 ,pollock1 ,sp9oza1 #bnd ed4 #ahii1 pp4 #aj-ad4 #fbf ,z set =? by ,joel1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*4 d] ,philos41 ,breslau1 #ahgf4 ,see citations 9 ,l&'s note to 8 lecture 9 ,sp9oza3 ,f\r ,essays1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ea-ec4 #fbg ,l&1 ,9 ,memory ( ,sp9oza1 9 ,sp9oza3 ,f\r ,essays1 pp4 #eg-eh2 ,sigw>t1 z !re cit$2 ,pollock1 ,sp9oza1 p4 #ab4 ,cp4 h[ev]1 ,m>t9eau1 p4 #aja1 note4 #fbh ,r5ati ,des ,c>tes ,pr9cip4 ,philos4 m geometrico demon/rat1 #affc4 #fbi ,cp4 ,m>t9eau1 pp4 #df1 #eg4 #fcj ,repr9t$ 9 #afgd1 )\t place-"n1 & ) ! impr9t ( an imag9>y ,hamburg publi%]4 #fca ,tractatus1 c4 #ae4 #fcb ,ep4 xxiv1 to ,old5burg4 #fcc ,epp4 lviii1 lx1 to ,boxel4 #fcd ,ep4 xxiii1 to ,old5burg4 #fce ,ep4 xxiv4 #fcf ,ep4 xxxiv1 to ,w4 van ,bley5b]g4 #fcg ,ep4 xlvii1 to ,jellis1 ,feb4 #afga4 #fch ,ep4 xix1 #afge1 to ,old5burg4 #fci ,sp9ozism is a!i/ic1 & has no valid gr\nd = reta9+ ! ^w ',god' 7,m>t9eau1 p4 #cdi74 ,?is e/imate is sy/ematically made good by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,e4 ,p[ell ( ,miami ,univ]sity 9 8 ,sp9oza & ,religion 7#aijf74 ,see 9 p>ticul> *4 v4 ,! summ+-up is t ! "r "n = ,sp9oza's philosophy is ,a!i/ic ,monism 7pp4 #cci-dj74 #fdj ,e?ica1 pt4 i1 ,app42 pt4 ii1 end2 pt4 v1 prop4 #da1 s*ol4 ,cp4 ! ,lett]s1 passim4 #fda ,! solution is1 ( c\rse1 t ! attitude ( ! w 9 ! =m+ ( op9ion may or may n be passionally p]v]se1 9 ! s5se ( be+ inconsi/5t4 ,to %[ t x is inconsi/5t may be a means ( enlight5+ x2 & an asp]sion to t effect may be m$ic9al4 ,sp9oza might truly h said t passional p]v]sity 0 at lea/ z common on ! or?odox side z on ! o!r4 ,9 any case1 he qua%es 8 own criticism ( ,bacon4 ,cp4 ! au?or's essay on ,sp9oza 9 ,pione] ,humani/s4 #fdb ,pt4 iv1 prop4 #fh1 s*ol4 #fdc ,ep4 #a2 #b ,june1 #afgd4 #fdd ,col]us1 z cit$1 p4 liv4 ,cup] appe>s to h be5 g5u9ely anti-,sp9ozi/1 :ile 8 oppon5t1 ,breitburg1 or ,br$5burg1 ( ,rott]dam1 0 a ,sp9ozi/4 ,bo? 7 memb]s ( ! society ( ,collegiants1 a body ( non-dogmatic ,*ri/ians1 :i* = a "t 0 brok5 up ?r\gh _! diss5sions4 ,mo%eim1 #ag ,c5t4 sec4 ii1 pt4 ii1 *4 vii1 #b1 & note4 #fde ,!ologis*1 ,philosophis*1 en ,hi/oris* process voor ,god1 teg5 all]ley ,a!i/54 ,by ,francis ,ridd]1 ,rott]dam1 #afgh4 #fdf ,l',impiti ,conva9cu1 p> ,pi]re ,yvon1 ,am/]dam1 #afha4 ,really by ! ,sieur ,nol ,aub]t de ,v]s4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 repr9t$ 9 #afhe "u ! title ,l',impie conva9cu1 ou ,diss]tation contre ,sp9osa1 ou l'on rfute les fondem5s de son a?isme4 #fdg ,see ,fox ,b\rne's ,life ( ,locke1 ii1 #bhb-hc1 z to ,locke's fri5dly relations ) ! ,remon/rants 9 #afhc-hi4 #fdh ,see ! summ>y ( 8 argum5t by ,alex&re ,we/phal1 ,les ,s\rces du ,p5tateuque1 #ahhh1 i1 #gh sq4 #fdi ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #hcf2 ,m>t9eau1 pp4 #cbg-bh4 ,! fir/ ,,ms4 ( ! treatise ( ,sp9oza1 ,de ,deo et ,hom9e1 f\nd & publi%$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 bore a note :i* %[$ x to h be5 us$ by a sect ( ,*ri/ian ,sp9ozi/s4 ,see ,janet's ed4 #ahgh1 p4 #c4 ,!y alt]$ ! text1 putt+ fai? = op9ion4 ,id4 p4 #ec1 notes4 #fej ,edw>ds1 ,gangrna1 z be=e cit$4 #fea ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+1 p4 #bh4 #feb ,col]us1 z cit$1 p4 lviii4 #fec ,fir/ ed4 ,rott]dam1 #b vols4 folio1 #afif4 #fed ,alb]t ,cazes1 ,pi]re ,bayle1 sa vie1 ses ides1 son influ5ce1 son oeuvre1 #aije1 pp4 #f1 #g4 #fee ,a movem5t ( skepticism _h probably be5 fir/ set up 9 ! "y ,bayle by ,montaigne1 :o 0 "o ( 8 fav\rite au?ors be=e 8 conv]sion 7,cazes1 p4 #e74 ,montaigne1 x w be rememb]$1 _h be5 a fanatic 9 8 y\?4 ,?us ?ree typical skeptics ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies _h kn[n :at x 0 to be ,ca?olic believ]s4 #fef ,cp4 ! essay on ,! ,skepticism ( ,bayle 9 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph5's ,hor ,sabbatic1 vol4 iii1 & ! rem>ks ( ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 pp4 #cca-cg4 #feg loge de ,m4 le ,c>d9al ,polignac prefix$ to ,b\ga9ville's translation1 ,l',anti-,lucrce1 #agfg1 i1 #ada4 ,bayle's quot$ words are3 ,oui1 monsieur1 je suis bon ,prote/ant1 et dans t\te la =ce du mot2 c> au fond de mon me je prote/e contre t\t ce qui se dit et t\t ce qui se fait4 #feh ,cp4 ! te/imony ( ,bonet-,maury1 ,hi/oire de la lib]t de consci5ce en ,france1 #aijj1 p4 #ee4 ,besides ! writ+s above cit$1 note1 9 ! ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,mahomet1 ix2 art4 ,conecte2 art4 ,simonide1 notes ,h & ,g2 art4 ,sponde1 note ,c4 #fei ,comm5taire philosophique sur la p>abole3 ,contra9s-les d'entr]1 #b;e ptie1 vi4 ,cp4 ! ,critique gnrale de l'hi/oire du ,calv9isme du ,pre ,maimb\rg1 passim4 #ffj ,see pref4 to ,eng4 tr4 ( ,hotman's ,franco-,gallia1 #agaa4 #ffa ,rep4 at ,am/]dam1 #aghh1 "u ! title1 ,voeux d'un ,patriote4 ,jurieu's au?or%ip is n c]ta94 ,cp4 ,*4 ,nodi]1 ,mlanges tirs d'une petite biblio?que1 #ahbi1 p4 #ceg4 ,b x is m likely ?an ! alt]native ascription to ,le ,vassor4 ,! book made su* a s5sation t ! police ( ,l\is ,,xiv de/roy$ e copy !y c\ld f9d2 & 9 #aggb ! ,*anceli] ,maupe\ 0 said to h paid #ejj livres = a copy at auction ov] ! ,duc d',orlans4 #ffb ,ed4 #agff1 p4 #g4 #ffc ,! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus _h be5 translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #afgh by ,sa9t-,gla91 a ,prote/ant1 :o gave x no few] ?an ?ree o!r titles 9 succession to evade prosecution4 7,note to ,col]us 9 ,gfrr]'s ed4 ( ,sp9oza1 p4 xlix47 ,9 addition to ! "w ( ,aub]t de ,v]s1 above m5tion$1 replies 7 publi%$ by ,simon1 ,de la ,motte 7m9i/] ( ! ,savoy ,*apel1 ,london71 ,lami1 a ,b5$ict9e1 & o!rs4 ,_! _s may be div9$ f ,lami's title1 ,n\vel a?isme r5v]s1 #agjf4 #ffd ,tom4 ,i4 ii1 *4 ix 7ed4 #ahfd1 i1 #acd4 #agg74 #ffe ,! de/ruction ( ,prote/ant lib]ties 0 n ! "w ( ! s+le ,act ( ,revocation4 ,x _h begun 9 detail z e>ly z #affc4 ,f ! )hold+ ( c\rt fav\r x proce$$ to subsidies = conv]sions1 & !nce to a graduat$ s]ies ( invasions ( ,prote/ant rights1 s t ! =mal ,revocation 0 only ! viol5t consummation ( a process4 ,see ! recital 9 ,bonet-,maury1 ,hi/oire de la lib]t de consci5ce en ,france1 #aijj1 pp4 #df-eb4 #fff ,z to ! loss to ,fr5* indu/ry see ,bonet-,maury1 z cit$1 p4 #ei1 & refs4 #ffg ,see ,duruy1 ,hi/4 de la ,france1 ii1 #bec2 ,bonet-,maury1 z cit$1 pp4 #ec-ff4 #ffh ,z to ^: attitude at ?is crisis see ,o4 ,d\51 ,l',intolrance de ,fnelon1 #ahhj4 #ffi ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 franaise1 p4 #fbg4 #fgj ,id ib4 ,cp4 ,demogeot1 p4 #dfh4 #fga ,n pr9t$ till #agdc1 9 ! ,n\velles lib]ts de p5s]2 & /ill read 9 ,,ms4 by ,grimm 9 #aged4 ,font5elle 0 also cr$it$ ) a h]etical lett] on ! resurrection1 & an essay on ! ,inf9ite1 po9t+ to disbelief4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t he /&s = deism 9 8 essay1 ,de l'exi/5ce de ,dieu1 :i* is a gu>d$ application ( ! design argum5t aga9/ :at 0 !n assum$ to be ! only alt]native--! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 #fgb ,b ,voltaire & he 7 n at "o4 ,he is ! na9 de ,saturne 9 ,micromgas4 #fgc ,b4 #afac2 d4 #agjc4 ,a man :o liv$ to n9ety c h be5 no great debau*ee4 #fgd ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 p4 #agb4 #fge ,cp4 ,gidel1 tude prefix$ to ,o,euvres ,*oisies de ,sa9t-,evremond1 ed4 ,g>ni]1 pp4 #fd-fi4 #fgf ,c>actres 7#afhg71 *4 xvi3 ,les ,esprits ,=ts4 #fgg ,is emb>rass$ 9 ! fir/ edition4 #fgh ,des ouvrages de l'esprit1 ne> end4 #fe 9 ed4 ,walck5a]1 p4 #agf4 #fgi ,m4 ,le ,vassor1 ,de la vritable religion1 #afhh1 prf4 ,le ,vassor speaks 9 ! same preface ( ?is multitude ( lib]t9s & ( unbeliev]s :i* n[ t]rifies u4 ,8 book seeks to v9dicate ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 inspiration1 prophecies1 & miracles1 aga9/ ,sp9oza1 ,le ,cl]c1 & o!rs4 #fhj ,cp4 ,huet1 ,huetiana1 #a4 #fha ,! "q is discuss$ 9 ! au?or's ,buckle & 8 ,critics1 pp4 #cbd-db1 & ed4 ( ,buckle's ,introduction4 ,buckle's view1 h[ev]1 0 held by ,huet1 ,huetiana1 #gc4 #fhb ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 pp4 #caj-ad4 #fhc ,lett] ( ! ,du*esse d',orlans1 cit$ by ,rocqua91 ,l',esprit rvolutionnaire avant la rvolution1 #ahgh1 p4 #c1 note4 #fhd ,z ,voltaire not$1 ,tol& 0 p]secut$ 9 ,irel& = 8 circumspect & cauti\s fir/ book1 & left unmole/$ 9 ,engl& :5 he grew mu* m aggressive4 #fhe ,fir/ ed4 anonym\s4 ,second ed41 ( same ye>1 gives au?or's "n4 ,ano!r ed4 9 #agjb4 #fhf ,see ,dynamics ( ,religion1 p4 #abi4 #fhg ,pref4 to #bnd ed4 pp4 vi1 viii1 xxiv1 xxvi4 #fhh ,z late z #agja a vote = its prosecution 0 pass$ 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se ( ,convocation4 ,f>r>1 ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 p4 #ahj4 #fhi ,molyneux1 9 ,famili> ,lett]s ( ,locke1 etc4 p4 #bbh4 #fij ,no cr$it = ?is is giv5 9 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's notice ( ,tol& 9 ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 i1 #aja-ab4 ,comp>e ! e/imate ( ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #bgb-gf 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #cbd-cj74 ,lange p]haps idealizes 8 subject some:at4 #fia ,9 two lett]s publi%$ along ) ! ,lett]s to ,s]5a1 #agjd4 #fib ,lett]s to ,s]5a1 etc4 #agjd1 pref4 #fic ,de ,pr9cipiis atque ,orig9ibus 7,r\tl$ge's #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #fea1 #ffg74 #fid ,lett]s to ,s]5a1 pp4 #ai1 #fg4 #fie ,sir ,h5ry ,craik 7cit$ by ,temple ,scott1 ,bohn ed4 ( ,swift's ,works1 iii1 #i7 speaks ( ,tol& z a man ( utt]ly wor?less "*4 ,?is is m]e malignant abuse4 ,tol& is describ$ by ,pope 9 a note to ! ,dunciad 7ii1 #cii7 z a spy to ,"l ,ox=d4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a worse au?ority = su* a *>ge4 #fif ,go/wick1 ,g]man ,culture & ,*ri/ianity1 #ahhb1 p4 #bf4 #fig ,cp4 ,/eph51 z cit$1 p4 #aae4 #fih ,! ,*ri/ianity ( _m writ]s consi/$ simply 9 express+ dei/ op9ions 9 ! old-fa%ion$ phraseology 7,/eph51 i1 #ia74 #fii ,cp4 ,pnj]1 ,*ri/4 ,philos4 ( ,religion1 i1 #bhi-ij2 & ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #id-ih4 ,"l ,morley's ref]5ce to ! godless deism ( ! ,engli% s*ool 7,voltaire1 #d? ed4 p4 #fi7 is puzzl+4 ,cp4 ,ros5kranz 7,did]ot's ,leb5 und ,w]ke1 #ahff1 ii1 #dba7 on d5 ungttli*5 ,gott d] ,jesuit5 & ,jans5i/51 dies mon/rse ,z]rbild des alt5 ,jehovah1 dies5 apo!osirt5 ,tyrann51 dies5 ,molo*4 ,! latt] application ( ! t]m seems ! m plausible4 #gjj ,macaulay's description ( ,bl\nt z an a!i/ is !re=e d\bly unw>rant$4 #gja ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #id-ih4 #gjb ,cont9uation des ,p5ses ,div]ses 444 l'occasion de la ,comte 444 de #afhj1 ,am/]dam1 #agje1 i1 #ia4 #gjc ,w>burton1 ,div9e ,legation1 vol4 ii1 preface4 #gjd ,/eph51 ,engli% ,?\ght1 i1 #aad-ah4 #gje ,?is1 accord+ to ,john ,craig1 0 ,newton's op9ion4 ,! reason ( 8 ,newton's %[+ ! errors ( ,c>tes's philosophy 0 because he ?\ght x made on purpose to be ! f\ndation ( infidelity4 ,lett] to ,conduitt1 ,april #g1 #agbg1 9 ,brew/]'s ,memoirs ( ,newton1 ii1 #cae4 ,cl>ke1 9 8 ,answ] to ,butl]'s ,fif? ,lett]1 expresses a simil> view4 #gjf ,?ree ,disc\rses ( ,happ9ess1 ,virtue1 & ,lib]ty1 ,collect$ f ! ,works ( ! ,le>n'd ,gass5di by ,monsieur ,b]ni]4 ,translat$ out ( ! ,fr5*1 #afii4 #gjg ,cp4 ,w4 ,si*el1 ,bol+broke & ,8 ,times1 #aija1 i1 #age4 #gjh ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 7i1 #cc7 makes ! surpris+ /atem5t t a dogmatic ass]tion ( free-w became a m>k ( ! :ole dei/ & semi-dei/ s*ool4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hobbes & ,an?ony ,coll9s1 n to speak ( ,locke1 wrote ) uncommon p[] aga9/ ! conception ( free-w1 & _h _m disciples on t head4 #gji ,lett] to ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 ,novemb]1 #agae1 9 ,brew/]1 ii1 #bhd-he4 #gaj ,second ,lett] to ,cl>ke1 p>4 #a4 #gaa ,ab/ract f ! ,works ( ,john ,hut*9son1 #agee1 pp4 #adi-fc4 #gab ,cl>ke's ,answ] to ,leibnitz's ,fir/ ,lett]1 end4 #gac ,b]keley1 ,def5ce ( ,free?9k+ 9 ,ma!matics1 p>4 vii2 & ,/ock's ,memoir ( ,b]keley4 ,cp4 ,brew/]1 ,memoirs ( ,newton1 ii1 #djh4 #gad ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #agah1 ,no4 #cee1 i1 v1 vi4 #gae ,brew/]1 ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 #ahed1 p4 #aaj4 #gaf ,lecky1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5t4 ed4 #ahib1 iii1 #bb-bd4 #gag ,! tradition ( ,saund]son's unbelief is con/ant4 ,9 ! memoir prefix$ to 8 ,elem5ts ( ,algebra 7#agdj7 no ^w is said ( 8 cre$1 ?\gh at dea? he receiv$ ! sacram5t4 #gah ,see ,! ,/ate ( ! ,process dep5d+ aga9/ ,mr4 ,john ,simson1 ,ed9burgh1 #agbh4 ,simson always express$ himself pi\sly1 b _h ?r[n out su* expressions z ,ratio e/ pr9cipium et fundam5tum !ologi1 :i* contrav5$ ! ,act ( ,assembly1 #agag 7vol4 cit$1 p4 #caf74 ,! process aga9/ him began 9 #agad1 & dragg$ on = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 ) ! result ( 8 resign+ 8 pr(essor%ip ( !ology at ,glasg[ 9 #agbi1 & sec$+ f ! ,associate ,presbyt]y 9 #agcc4 ,burton1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 viii1 #cii-djj4 #gai ,cp4 ! pamphlet by ,a ,presbyt] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 attribut$ to ,bi%op ,h>e1 cit$ 9 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #agg-gh1 & by ,lecky1 iii1 #be4 #gbj ,tatl]1 ,nos4 #ab1 #aaa1 #ace2 ,spectator1 ,nos4 #bca1 #cha1 #chi1 #eii2 ,gu>dian1 ,nos4 #c1 #i1 #bg1 #ce1 #ci1 #ee1 #fb1 #gj1 #gg1 #hc1 #hh1 #abj1 #acj1 #afi4 ,mo/ ( ! ,gu>dian pap]s cit$ are by ,b]keley4 ,!y are extremely virul5t2 b ,/eele's run !m h>d4 #gba ,analy/1 ,qu]ies #fj & #fb3 ,def5ce ( ,free?9k+ 9 ,ma!matics1 #e1 #f1 #ej4 ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #ada-db4 #gbb ,lett] 9 ,de ,morgan's ,newton3 8 ,fri5d3 & 8 ,niece1 #ahhe1 p4 #fi4 #gbc ,! essays 9 ! ,*>act]i/ics 7except+ ! ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,virtue & ,m]it1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ,tol&1 )\t p]mission1 9 #afii7 appe>$ betwe5 #agjh & #agaa1 be+ collect$ 9 ! latt] ye>4 ,%aftesbury di$ 9 #agac1 9 :i* ye> appe>$ 8 pap] on ,! ,judgm5t ( ,h]cules4 #gbd ,a ,project = ! ,advancem5t ( ,religion4 ,bohn ed4 ( ,works1 iii1 #dd4 ,9 ?is pap] ,swift reveals 8 moral /&>ds by ! av[al 7p4 #dj7 t hypocrisy is mu* m eligible ?an op5 infidelity & vice3 x we>s ! liv]y ( religion 444 & is cauti\s ( giv+ sc&al4 #gbe ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 7,engli% ,?\ght1 i1 #bhc7 speaks ( ,dodwell's !sis z des]v+ only pity or contempt4 ,cp4 ,macaulay1 ,/ud5t's ed4 ii1 #ajg-ajh4 ,b a doctr9e ( conditional immortality _h be5 explicitly put by ,locke 9 8 ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 #afie1 p4 #ac4 ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,fras]'s ,locke1 #ahij1 pp4 #bei-fj1 & ,fox ,b\rne's ,life ( ,locke1 ii1 #bhg4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t ,dodwell elaborately gave 8 reasons1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,cl>ke put x1 made all good m5 sorry1 & all pr(ane m5 rejoice4 #gbf ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,"t1 ed4 #ahch1 p4 #hhg4 #gbg ,comp>e 8 ironical ,argum5t ,aga9/ ,aboli%+ ,*ri/ianity1 #agjh4 #gbh ,he _h1 h[ev]1 hail$ ! anonym\s ,lett] ,conc]n+ ,en?usiasm z v well writ1 believ+ x to be by a fri5d ( 8 own--7,rob]t ,hunt]1 to :om1 accord+ly1 x has s9ce be5 mi/ak5ly attribut$ by v>i\s bibliograph]s1 includ+ ,b>bi]74 ,en?usiasm1 z mean+ popul> fanaticism1 0 ( c\rse z repell5t to a ,*ur*man z to ! dei/s4 #gbi ,pr9t$ 9 folio #agaa4 ,rep4 9 vol4 xi ( ! ,h>leian ,miscellany1 p4 #afh sq4 7#bnd ed4 p4 #afc sq474 #gcj ,dr4 ,e4 ,synge1 ( ,dubl9 7aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,tuam71 9 8 ,religion ,try$ by ! ,te/ ( ,sob] & ,imp>tial ,reason1 publi%$ 9 #agac1 seems to be writ+ be=e ! issue ( ,coll9s's book :5 he says 7,d$ication1 p4 #aa7 t ! spread ( ! disease n only ( ,het]odoxy b ( ,infidelity is too pla9 to be ei!r d5i$ or dissembl$4 #gca ,leslie affirms 9 8 ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity ,demon/rat$ 7#agaa1 p4 #ad7 t ! satirical ,detection ( 8 ,%ort ,me?od ) ! ,dei/s1 to :i* ! ,tru? is a reply1 0 by ! au?or ( ,prie/craft 9 ,p]fection2 b1 :ile ! ,detection has "s ( ,coll9s's hum\r1 x lacks 8 am5ity1 & is evid5tly n by him4 #gcb ,an ,engli% translation ( ! ,diction>y1 9 #e vols4 folio1 ) _m passages re/or$1 appe>$ 9 #agcd4 #gcc ,a ,collection ( ,sev]al ,pieces ( ,mr4 ,john ,locke1 #agbj1 p4 #bga4 #gcd ,e4g4 ,m>k ,pattison1 :o calls ,coll9s's book ( #agh pages a small tract4 #gce ,ignorance1 ,coll9s writes1 is ! f\ndation ( ,a!ism1 & ,free?9k+ ! cure ( x 7,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+1 p4 #aje74 ,l ,newton1 he contemplat$ only an impossible a!ism1 nev] =mulat$ by any writ]4 ,! ,philosophical ,pr9ciples ( ,religion1 ,natural & ,reveal'd1 ( ,dr4 ,george ,*eyne 7#agje1 #bnd ed4 #agae71 simil>ly decl>es 7pref4 end7 t if ! mod]n i4e4 ,newtonian philosophy demon/rates no?+ else1 yet x infallibly proves ,a!ism to be ! mo/ gross ignorance4 ,?us ! v9dicator ( religion 0 writ+ 9 ! key ( ! dei/4 #gcf ,mr4 ,temple ,scott1 9 8 ,bohn ed4 ( ,swift's ,works 7iii1 #aff71 ass]ts t ,swift's satire fright5$ ,coll9s into ,holl&4 ,= ?is /atem5t !re is no evid5ce :atev]1 & z x /&s x is un9telligible4 ,! ass]tion t ,coll9s _h _h to fly to ,holl& 9 #agaa 7,dr4 ,conybe>e1 ,hi/4 ( ,n4 ,t4 ,crit4 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 #aiaj1 p4 #ch7 is also a/ray4 #gcg ,second ed4 #agag4 ,ano!r writ]1 ,william ,lyons1 0 on ! same track1 publi%+ ,! ,infallibility ( ,human ,judgm5t1 its ,dignity & ,excell5ce 7#bnd ed4 #agbj71 & ,a ,disc\rse ( ! ,necessity ( ,human ,actions 7#agcj74 #gch ,"w cit$1 p4 #ac4 #gci ,z to ^: positions see a pap] 9 ! writ]'s ,pione] ,humani/s1 #aijg4 #gdj ,!re 7 six sep>ate ,disc\rses4 ,voltaire speaks ( ?ree editions c\p sur c\p ( t5 ?\s& ea* 7,lettre sur les auteurs ,anglais--9 ,o,euvres1 ed4 #agib4 lxviii1 #cei74 ,?is seems extremely unlikely z to any "o ,disc\rse2 & ev5 #e1jjj copies ( ea* ,disc\rse is a h>dly cr$ible sale1 ?\gh ! writ] ( ! sket* ( 8 life 7#agcc7 says t ! sale ( ,mr4 ,wool/on's works 0 v great4 ,9 any case1 ,wool/on's ,disc\rses are n[ seldom] met ) ?an ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+4 ,alb]ti 7,briefe betreff5d d5 ,zu/& d] ,religion 9 ,gross-,brittanni57 wrote 9 #ageb t ! ,disc\rses 7 ev5 9 t day some:at r>e1 & seldom f\nd toge!r4 ,_m copies 7 probably de/roy$ by ! or?odox1 & _m w\ld d\btless be ?r[n away1 z tracts s (t5 are4 #gda ,ty]man's ,life ( ,wesley1 ed4 #ahga1 i1 #fe-ff4 #gdb ,! ,infidel ,convict$1 #agca1 pp4 #cc1 #fb4 #gdc ,t9dal 7#afec-agcc7 0 ! son ( a cl]gyman1 & 9 #afgh 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls1 ,ox=d4 ,f #afhe to #afhh he 0 a ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,"u ,william ,,iii he wrote ?ree works on po9ts ( political fre$om--"o1 #afih1 on ,! ,lib]ty ( ! ,press4 ,8 ,rights ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 anonym\sly publi%$ 9 #agjf1 a def5ce ( ,era/ianism1 made a great s5sation1 & 0 prosecut$--only to be repr9t$4 ,8 lat] ,def5ce ( ! ,rights ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 9 #agaj1 by ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 burn$ by ! common hangman4 #gdd ,middleton's ,works1 #bnd ed4 #agee1 iii1 #ej-ef4 #gde ,t9dal 7,voltaire tells7 reg>d$ ,pope z devoid ( g5ius & imag9ation1 & s trebly e>n$ 8 place 9 ! ,dunciad4 #gdf ,a ,layman's ,fai?4444 ,by a ,free?9k] & a ,*ri/ian1 #agcb4 #gdg ,title-page ( ,rev4 ,eli%a ,smi?'s ,cure ( ,deism1 #a/ ed4 #agcf2 #crd ed4 #agdj4 #gdh ,le ,mo9e1 ,diss]tation hi/orique sur les crits de ,wool/on1 sa condemnation1 etc4 pp4 #bi-ca1 cit$ by ,sal*i1 ,lettres sur le ,disme1 #agei1 p4 #fg sq4 #gdi ,lettre sur les auteurs ,anglais1 z cit$4 ,voltaire tells t1 :5 a %e-bigot "o day spat 9 ,wool/on's face1 he calmly rem>k$3 ,x 0 s t ! ,jews treat$ y\r ,god4 ,ano!r /ory reads l a c>efully-improv$ v]sion ( ! =ego+4 ,a woman is said to h acco/$ him z a sc\ndrel1 & ask$ him :y he 0 n yet hang$4 ,on 8 ask+ h] gr\nds = su* an acco/1 %e repli$3 ,y h writ aga9/ my ,savi\r4 ,:at w\ld become ( my poor s9ful s\l if x 0 n = my de> ,savi\r--my ,savi\r :o di$ = su* wick$ s9n]s z ,i am4 ,life ( ,mr4 ,wool/on1 prefix$ to a repr9t ( 8 collect$ ,disc\rses1 #agcc1 p4 #bg4 ,cp4 ,sal*i1 p4 #gh4 #gej ,life cit$1 pp4 #bb1 #bf1 #bi4 #gea ,an ,hi/orical ,def5ce ( ! ,tru/ees ( ,lady ,hewley's ,f\ndations1 by ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,hunt]1 #ahcd1 pp4 #ag1 #ce2 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,op9ions1 & pres5t legal position ( ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1 #ahcd1 pp4 #ah1 #bi2 ,skeats1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,free ,*ur*es ( ,engl&1 ed4 ,miall1 p4 #bdj4 #geb ,hunt]1 z cit$1 p4 #ag2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,presbyt]ians1 z cit$1 p4 #ai2 ,flet*]1 ,hi/ory ( ,indep5d5cy1 #ahfb1 iv1 #bff-fg4 #gec ,hunt]1 pp4 #cg1 #ci4 #ged ,skeats1 z cit$1 p4 #bbf4 #gee ,hunt]1 pp4 #bd-be4 #gef ,skeats 7pp4#bci-dj7 sums up t :ile ! ,bapti/s _h probably nev] be5 entirely free f ! ta9t ( ,unit>ianism1 ! ,p>ticul> ,bapti/s & ! ,congregationali/s 7 sav$ f x by _! lack ( m5 ( em95tly speculative m9d2 :ile ! ,presbyt]ians 7 m51 = ! mo/ "p1 ( l>g] read+ ?an o!r ,noncon=mi/s1 & ! writ+s ( ,:i/on & ,cl>ke _h f\nd _! way among !m4 ,b ! t5d5cy exi/$ be=e ,:i/on & ,cl>ke4 #geg ,hi/ory1 cit$1 p4 #bb2 ,hunt]1 pp4 #dd-de2 ,skeats1 pp4 #bdc-dd4 #geh ,skeats1 pp4 #bdj-dc1 #bde sq4 #gei ,skeats1 p4 #bdh4 #gfj ,hunt]1 p4 #ej4 #gfa ,z ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 has obs]v$ 7,engli% ,?\ght1 i1 #afd71 ,*ubb des]ves ! praise ( ,mal?usians4 ,hav+ a suffici5cy ( means = himself1 b n m1 he liv$ a s+le life1 judg+ x greatly improp] to introduce a family into ! _w )\t a prospect ( ma9ta9+ !m4 ,! prov]b z to m\?s & meat1 he drily obs]ves1 _h n be5 v]ifi$ 9 8 exp]i5ce4 7,! ,au?or's ,acc\nt ( ,himself1 pref4 to ,po/hum\s ,works1 #agdh1 i1 p4 iv47 #gfb ,"o ( ! !n num]\s tribe ( ecc5trics4 ,he held by ,judaic ,sabbat>ianism1 & affect$ a ,rab9nical co/ume4 ,he made a compet5ce1 h[ev]1 z an ironmong]4 #gfc ,essay ,t[>ds ,prev5t+ ! ,ru9 ( ,great ,brita94 #gfd ,disc\rse to ,magi/rates4 #gfe ,gu>dian1 ,nos4 #c1 #ee1 #hh4 #gff ,! ,analy/1 ,qu]ies1 #ee-fg4 #gfg ,see above1 pp4 #abf-bh4 #gfh ,disc\rse ( ,passive ,ob$i5ce1 #bf4 #gfi ,works1 ed4 #ahcg1 p4 #ceb4 #ggj ,see ! :ole context1 :i* palpitates ) excitem5t4 #gga ,mr4 ,walt] ,si*el 7,bol+broke & 8 ,times1 #aija1 i1 #age7 ?9ks fit to dispose ( h] attitude z h] av]sion to ! ,*ur* & to ev]y?+ t transc5d$ h] own faculties4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 h] faculties 7 mu* sup]ior to ^? ( mo/ ( h] or?odox contempor>ies4 ,= h] tone see h] lett]s4 #ggb ,e4g4 ,dunciad1 ii1 #cii2 iii1 #bab2 iv1 #dib4 #ggc ,voltaire comm5t$ po9t$ly on ,pope's omission to make any ref]5ce to ,%aftesbury1 :ile v5d+ 8 doctr9e4 7,lettres ,philosophiques1 xxii47 ,z a matt] ( fact ,pope does 9 ! ,dunciad 7iv1 #dhh7 ref] malici\sly to ! ,!ocles ( ,%aftesbury's ,morali/s z ma9ta9+ a ,lucretian !ism or virtual a!ism4 ,! explanation is t ,%aftesbury _h %>ply criticiz$ ! political c\rse ( ,bol+broke1 :o 9 turn ignor$ him z a ?9k]4 ,see ! pres5t writ]'s introd4 to ,%aftesbury's ,*>act]i/ics1 ed4 #aijj 7rep4 9 ,pione] ,humani/s72 & cp4 ,w4 ,r4 ,scott1 ,francis ,hut*eson1 #aijj1 p4 #aja4 #ggd ,texte1 ,r\sseau & ! ,cosmopolitan ,_s 9 ,lit]ature1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #aag-ah4 #gge ,*e/]field 9 8 ,*>act]s 7app4 to ! ,lett]s7 te/ifies t ,pope 0 a dei/ believ+ 9 a future /ate2 ?is he has (t5 own$ himself to me4 7,brad%aw's ed4 ( ,lett]s1 iii1 #adaj47 ,*e/]field makes a simil> /atem5t conc]n+ ,que5 ,c>ol9e3--,aft] puzzl+ h]self 9 all ! :imsies & fanta/ical speculations ( diff]5t sects1 %e fix$ h]self ultimately 9 ,deism1 believ+ 9 a future /ate4 7,id4 p4 #adjf47 #ggf ,dict4 ,philos4 art4 ,a?e1 #b4 #ggg ,wise1 9 8 adaptation ( ,cudwor?1 ,a ,confutation ( ! ,reason & ,philosophy ( ,a!ism 7#agjf71 writes 7i1 #e7 t ! philosophical a!i/s are b few 9 numb]1 & _! objections s weak z t !y des]ve n a he>+ b r neglect2 b confus$ly goes on to admit t "o or two broa*]s ( 'em maybe ?\ght able to infect a :ole nation1 z 444 sad exp]i5ce tells u4 #ggh ,compla9t to ?is effect 0 made by or?odox writ]s4 ,! ,scot* ,pr(essor ,halyburton1 = in/ance1 compla9s t 9 _m s]mons 9 8 day ,hea!n ,morality has be5 sub/itut$ 9 ! room ( ,gospel ,hol9ess4 ,& ,e?icks by "s h be5 prea*$ in/ead ( ! ,gospels ( ,*ri/4 ,natural ,religion ,insuffici5t 7,ed9burgh71 #agad1 p4 #be4 ,cp4 pp4 #bc1 #bf-bg1 #ei1 etc4 ,bi%op ,burnet1 9 ! ,conclusion to 8 ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,"t1 decl>es1 ,i mu/ own t ! ma9 body ( our cl]gy has always seem$ dead & lifeless to me1 & ascribes mu* m zeal to ,ca?olics & diss5t]s4 7,ed4 #ahch1 pp4 #ijg-iaj47 #ggi ,! ,morali/s deals r ) /rict skepticism ?an ) sub/antive a!ism4 #ghj ,! ,gr& ,essay3 or1 a ,v9dication ( ,reason & ,religion aga9/ ,impo/ures ( ,philosophy4 ,! book 01 on ,m>* #ah1 #agjd1 condemn$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons to be burn$ 9 ,palace ,y>d1 along ) its au?or's ,second ,?\ghts ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,s\l 7#agjb74 ,a second ed4 ( ! latt] appe>$ soon aft]4 #gha ,above1 p4 #aec4 #ghb ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,paul1 9 8 essay on ,swift 7,m5 & ,lett]s1 #aija1 p4 #bfg71 lumps z dei/s ! f\r writ]s nam$ by ,swift 9 8 ,argum5t4 ,n hav+ read !m1 he ?9ks fit to asp]se all f\r z bad writ]s4 ,asgill1 z 0 not$ by ,col]idge 7,table ,talk1 ,july #cj1 #ahca2 ,april #cj1 #ahcb71 0 "o ( ! be/ writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,he 01 9 fact1 a ma/] ( ! /accato /yle1 practis$ by ,mr4 ,paul ) less success4 #ghc ,"w cit$1 p4 #cbd4 ,! book is n[ r>e4 #ghd ,cp4 ,*eyne1 ,f\nd]s ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 #ahic1 p4 #b4 #ghe ,dr4 ,*eyne expresses surprise t a !ological writ] :o got no f> %\ld n h be5 prompt$ by 8 good g5ius to foll[ up 8 advantage4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r rem>kable t ,p>vi%1 :o 0 a booksell] at ,guild=d 7,alb]ti1 ,briefe1 p4 #dbf71 %\ld h a*iev$ :at he did4 ,x 0 ?r\gh n be+ a !ological writ] t he w5t s f>1 no !ologian ( 8 day foll[+ him4 #ghf ,see ! au?or's introduction to ed4 ( ! ,*>act]i/ics1 #aijj1 rep4 9 ,pione] ,humani/s4 #ghg ,! "q rema9s obscure4 ,cp4 ! ,lett] cit$1 repr9t$ at end ( ,c>v]'s #ahcj ed4 ( ,pa9e's ,works 7,new ,york72 ,f4 ,?ack]ay's ,life ( ,*a?am1 ii1 #dje2 & ,*a?am's scalp+-knife spee*4 #ghh ,a ,v9dication ( ! ,moral ,philosoph] appe>$ 9 #agda4 #ghi ,cp4 ,le*l]1 pp4 #cga1 #chf4 #gij ,cp4 ,cairns1 ,unbelief 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #ahha1 p4 #aja4 #gia ,ed4 #agda1 p4 #cj sq4 #gib ,view ( ! ,dei/ical ,writ]s1 ,lett] ,,xi 7,x 9 #a/ ed474 #gic ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 ,engli% ,?\ght1 i1 #afi4 #gid ,act #i?1 ,geo4 ,,ii 7#agcf71 *4 #e4 #gie ,a ,t\r 9 ,irel&1 ed4 #ahib1 ii1 #ei-gb4 #gif ,"y at ?is p]iod 0 entirely secul> 9 8 ?9k+4 ,tell+ ( 8 recov]y f a fev] 9 #agij1 he writes3 ,i fe> t n "o ?\ght ( ,god ev] occurr$ to me at t "t 7,autobiography1 #ahih1 p4 #ahh74 ,aft]w>ds he fell into religi\s melan*olia 7,introd4 note ( editor74 #gig ,really an abl] man ?an half ! o!rs 9 ! li/1 b himself a good deal ( a h]etic4 ,s f> f attempt+ to make victims1 he plead$ = a m c&id treatm5t ( dei/ic objections4 #gih ,doddridge himself 0 n !ologically or?odox1 b 0 an evangelical ,*ri/ian4 ,dr4 ,/\ghton1 ,religion 9 ,engl& "u ,que5 ,anne & ! ,georges1 #ahgh1 i1 #cdd-df4 #gii ,^: doctr9e ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 else:]e 7p4 #beh7 calls a brutal !ology :i* glori$ 9 trampl+ on ! be/ in/9cts ( its oppon5ts1 & a mo/ unlovely product ( eighte5?-c5tury speculation4 #hjj ,( ,w>burton ,sir ,leslie writes else:]e 7p4 #cec7 t ?is colossus 0 built up ( rubbi%4 ,see p4 #ceb = samples4 ,aga9 he speaks 7p4 #cfh7 ( ! bi%op's pret5sions z colossal impud5ce4 ,x %\ld be not$1 fur!r1 t ,w>burton's tea*+ 9 ! ,div9e ,legation 0 a gross h]esy 9 ! eyes ( ,william ,law1 :o 9 8 ,%ort b ,suffici5t ,confutation pron\nc$ its ma9 !sis a mo/ horrible doctr9e4 ,ed4 #agfh1 z cit$1 i1 #bag4 #hja ,z to ^: s5ile incompet5ce see same vol4 p4 #bcd4 #hjb ,hi/ory ( ,prote/ant ,!ology1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #gg4 ,= ! influ5ce ( deism on ,g]many1 see ,?oluck 7,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 ,bd4 ii7 & ,le*l] 7,ges*4 des englis*5 ,deismus74--,note by ,dr4 ,*eyne4 #hjc ,an ,essay t[>ds a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 #crd ed4 #agbc1 pref4 & pp4 #af sq41 #gg sq4 ,cp4 ,:ite1 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 i4 #bbg4 #hjd ,end ( pref4 #hje ,"w cit$1 p4 #he4 #hjf ,playfair1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahjh1 cit$ by ,brew/]1 ,memoirs ( ,newton1 #ahee4 i1 #cdg4 #hjg ,brew/]1 z la/ cit$4 #hjh ,grant1 ,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 #aheb1 p4 #ajh4 #hji ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,hi/4 ( ,nat4 ,philos4 #ahcd1 p4 #cfc4 #haj ,brew/]1 ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 #ahed1 p4 #aaa4 #haa ,sir ,james ,/eph51 ,hor ,sabbatic1 ii1 #bha2 ,le*l]1 p4 #dea4 #hab ,see details 9 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 *4 viii4 #hac ,essay on ,t5d5cies ( ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ,engl&3 #afhh-agej1 9 ,essays & ,reviews1 #i? ed4 p4 #cjd4 #had ,9 criticiz+ :om ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 b>ely notices 8 sci5tific "w1 b dwells mu* on 8 religi\s fallacies--a c\rse :i* w\ld make %ort "w ( ! fame ( ,newton4 #hae ,9 8 ,case ( ,reason2 or1 ,natural ,religion ,fully & ,fairly ,/at$1 9 answ] to ,t9dal 7#agcb74 ,see ! argum5t set =? by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 i1 #aeh-fc4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t 9 8 ,_s ( ,pray] 7#agej71 pt4 ii1 dial4 i1 ,law expressly argues t ,no o!r religion c be "r b t :i* has its f\ndation 9 ,nature4 ,= ! ,god ( ,nature c require no?+ ( 8 creatures b :at ! /ate ( _! nature calls !m to4 ,l ,baxt]1 ,b]keley1 ,butl]1 & s _m o!r or?odox polemi/s1 ,law uses ! argum5t f ignorance :5 x suits him1 & ignores or rejects x :5 us$ by o!rs4 #haf ,! g5]al read] %\ld take note t 9 ,a4 ,murray's issue ( ,hume's ,essays 7aft]w>ds publi%$ by ,w>d1 ,lock1 & ,co471 :i* omits altoge!r ! essays on ,miracles & a ,future ,/ate1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion is mu* mutilat$1 ?\gh ! book pr(esses to be a v]batim repr9t4 #hag ,ev5 be=e 8 dea? he 0 suspect$ ( t view4 ,:5 8 c(f9 0 be+ c>ri$ f 8 h\se = int]m5t1 "o ( ! refuse ( ! rabble is said to h rem>k$1 ,ah1 he 0 an a!i/4 ,no matt]1 repli$ ano!r1 he 0 an hone/ man 7,curi\s ,p>ticul>s1 etc41 respect+ ,*e/]field & ,hume1 #aghh1 p4 #ae74 #hah ,see ,burton1 ,hi/4 ( ,scotl&1 viii1 #edi-ej1 z to ! case ( ,pitcairne4 #hai ,h[ell's ,/ate ,trials1 xiii 7#ahab71 coll4 #iag-ch4 #hbj ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory1 *4 xxii2 /ud5t's ed4 ii1 #fbj-ba2 ,burton1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 viii1 #gf-gg4 ,aik5head seems to h be5 a boy ( unusual if unbalanc$ capacity1 ev5 by ! bully+ acc\nt ( ,macaulay1 :o miss$ no opportunity to cov] himself by /on+ h]etics4 ,see ! boy's argum5ts on ! bases ( e?ics1 set =? 9 8 dy+ spee*1 z cit$ by ,halyburton1 ,natural ,religion ,insuffici5t1 #agad1 pp4 #aai-bc1 #aca1 & ! v]sion 9 ! ,/ate ,trials1 xiii1 #icj-cd4 #hba ,macaulay ascribes ! savag]y ( ! prosecution to ! ,"l ,advocate1 ,sir ,james ,/ew>t1 z cruel z he 0 base2 b a lett] pr9t$ 9 ! ,/ate ,trials1 f a memb] ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 says ! s5t5ce w\ld h be5 commut$ if ! m9i/]s w\ld int]c$e4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 spoke & prea*$ = cutt+ him (f4 ,trials1 xiii1 #icj2 ,burton1 viii1 #gg4 #hbb ,lett] to ,sir ,francis ,ma%am1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,/ate ,trials1 xiii1 #ibh-bi--;evid5tly writt5 by ,locke1 :o seems to h pres]v$ all ! pap]s pr9t$ by ,h[ell4 #hbc ,macaulay1 z cit$4 ,9 #afha "o ,francis ,bor?wick1 :o _h gone abroad at ! age ( f\rte5 & turn$ ,jew1 0 accus$ ( blasphem+ ,jesus1 & _h to fly = 8 life1 be+ outlaw$4 ,/ate ,trials1 z cit$1 col4 #ici4 #hbd ,a ,full ,acc\nt ( ! ,sev]al ,ends & ,uses ( ,confessions ( ,fai?1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agai z a preface to a ,collection ( ,confessions ( ,fai?1 by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,dunb>1 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 #crd ed4 #agge1 p4 #a4 #hbe ,"w cit$1 p4 #dh4 #hbf ,id4 p4 #aih4 #hbg ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ! ,,mss4 ( ,john ,ramsay1 ( ,o*t]tyre1 #ahhh1 i1 #bgg4 ,ramsay describes ,john/on z a joy\s1 manly1 hon\rable man1 ( :om ,kames 0 exce$+ly fond 7p4 #bgh74 #hbh ,w4 ,r4 ,scott1 ,francis ,hut*eson1 #aijj1 pp4 #ae1 #bj-ba4 #hbi ,id4 p4 #eb4 #hcj ,cp4 ,alb]ti1 ,briefe betreff5de d5 ,zu/& d] ,religion 9 ,gross-,brittanni51 #ageb1 pp4 #dcj-ca4 #hca ,see ,dr4 ,mc,cosh's ,scotti% ,philosophy1 #ahge1 pp4 #aaa-ac4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh notes t at "s po9ts ,dudgeon anticipat$ ,hume4 #hcb ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 h[ev]1 admits t ! abs5ce ( ! pr9t]'s "n on ! #agfe edition ( ,dudgeon's works %[s t !re 0 !n no ?or\gh fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ,scotl&4 #hcc ,rae1 ,life ( ,adam ,smi?1 #ahie1 p4 #ac4 ,pr(4 ,f[l] %[s no k ( ?is prosecution 9 8 monograph on ,hut*eson 7,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson1 #ahhb72 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,scott1 9 81 seems to rely = ! word+ ( ! indictm5t solely on ,mr4 ,rae1 :o gives no ref]5ces1 draw+ app>5tly on unpubli%$ ,,mss4 #hcd ,rae1 z cit$1 pp4 #aa-ae4 #hce ,scott1 z cit$1 p4 #hg4 #hcf ,dr4 ,james ,orr1 ,david ,hume & 8 ,influ5ce1 etc41 #aijc4 pp4 #cf-cg4 #hcg ,also = a "t a !ological pr(essor 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 #hch ,! ,?\ghts ,conc]n+ ,religion1 ,natural & ,reveal$1 appe>$ 9 #agce2 ! ,lett] to a ,bi%op 9 #agcb2 & ! ,reflections on ! ,s\rces ( ,incr$ulity 7left unf9i%$7 po/hum\sly ab\t #agej4 ,=bes 9 8 y\? _h be5 fam$ z "o ( ! h>de/ dr9k]s ( 8 day4 #hci ,reflections on ,incr$ulity1 9 ,works1 undat$1 ii1 #ada-db4 ,yet ! works ( ,=bes 7 translat$ = or?odox purposes into ,g]man1 & lat] into ,fr5* by ,pre ,h\bigant 7#agfi71 :o pres]ves ! passage on free?9k]s' morals1 ?\gh curtail+ ! ,reflections z a :ole4 #hdj ,z to :i* see ,a ,sob] ,enquiry into ! ,gr\nds ( ! ,pres5t ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 #agbc4 #hda ,cockburn's ,life ( ,jeffrey1 ed4 #ahgb1 p4 #aj4 #hdb ,see ! ,autobiography ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c>lyle1 #ahfj1 pp4 #dib-ic4 ,mill>'s ,hi/orical ,view ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 7c5sur$ by ,hallam7 0 once mu* e/eem$2 & 8 ,orig9 ( ,ranks is /ill wor? ! att5tion ( sociologi/s4 #hdc ,rit*ie's ,life ( ,hume1 #ahjg1 pp4 #eb-ha2 ,tytl]'s ,life ( ,"l ,kames1 #bnd ed4 #ahad1 i1 *4 v2 ,burton's ,life ( ,hume1 i1 #dbe-cj4 #hdd ,rit*ie1 z cit$1 p4 #eg4 #hde ,mc,culloch1 ,life ( ,smi? prefix$ to ed4 ( ,weal? ( ,nations1 ed4 #ahci1 p4 ii4 #hdf ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #ahhh1 i1 #dfb-fc4 ,mr4 ,rae d\bts ! /ory1 ,life ( ,adam ,smi?1 #ahie1 p4 #fj4 #hdg ,ramsay1 z la/ cit$4 #hdh ,ramsay1 passage cit$4 #hdi ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 pt4 iii1 *4 ii1 end4 #hej ,cp4 ,rae1 pp4 #dbg-cj4 ,mr4 ,rae ?9ks ! deletion /ood = no *ange ( op9ion1 & cites ,smi?'s own private explanation 7,s9clair's ,life ( ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 i1 #dj7 t he ?\ght ! passage unnecess>y & misplac$4 ,b ?is expression mu/ be read 9 ! light ( ,smi?'s g5]al retic5ce conc]n+ e/abli%$ dogmas4 ,c]ta9ly he adh]$ to 8 argum5t--:i* does n claim to be a demon/ration--= ! doctr9e ( a future /ate4 #hea ,bk4 v1 *4 i1 pt4 iii1 art4 #c4 #heb ,smi?'s admiration = ,voltaire might alone indicate 8 m5tal attitude4 ,z to t see ,f4 ,w4 ,hir/1 ,adam ,smi? 7,eng4 ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]471 pp4 #abg-bh4 ,b ! ass]tion ( ,sk>z9ski1 t ,smi?1 aft] be+ an ,ideali/ "u ! influ5ce ( ,hume1 return$ a mat]iali/ f 8 int]c\rse ) ,voltaire & o!r ,fr5* free?9k]s1 is an exhibition ( le>n$ ignorance4 ,see ,hir/1 p4 #aha4 #hec ,an ,explanation & ,def5ce ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,prote/ant ,diss5t1 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,drummond1 #ahdb1 pp4 #e-f4 #dg2 ,skeats1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,free ,*ur*es ( ,engl&1 ed4 ,miall1 pp4 #bch-ci2 ,wallace1 ,anti-,tr9it>ian ,biography1 iii1 art4 #cfj4 #hed ,cp4 ,drummond1 z cit$1 pp4 #bi-cj2 ,hi/ory1 ,op9ions1 etc41 ( ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1 #ahcd1 p4 #bi4 #hee ,w4 ,r4 ,scott1 ,francis ,hut*eson1 p4 #ca4 #hef ,above1 p4 #aed1 note4 #heg ,scott1 pp4 #bh-bi1 #ce-cf4 ,! sugge/ion is n q conv9c+4 ,synge1 aft] becom+ ,ar*bi%op ( ,tuam1 cont9u$ to publi% 8 propag&i/ tracts1 among !m ,an ,essay t[>ds mak+ ! ,k ( ,religion ,easy to ! ,meane/ ,capacity 7#f? ed4 #agcd71 :i* is q or?odox1 & :i* argues 7p4 #c7 t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is to be believ$1 & n pri$ into1 because x is above our und]/&+ to compreh5d4 ,all ! :ile !re 0 be+ sold also 8 e>ly treatise1 ,a ,g5tleman's ,religion3 9 ,?ree ,p>ts 444 ) an ,app5dix1 :]e9 x is prov$ t no?+ contr>y to our ,reason c possibly be ! object ( our belief1 b t x is no j exception aga9/ "s ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity t !y are above our reason4 #heh ,scott1 p4 #cf4 #hei ,all t is told ( ?is prelate by ,lecky 7,hi/4 ( ,irel& 9 ! #ah? ,c5t4 #ahib4 i1 #bjg7 is t at ,killala he patroniz$ horse-races4 ,he 0 indu/ri\s on m episcopal l9es4 ,he wrote an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews2 a ,v9dication ( ,biblical ,*ronology2 two treatises on prophecy2 an anti-,a?anasian ,essay on ,_s 7#agea71 :i* ar\s$ mu* controv]sy2 ,a ,v9dication ( ! ,hi/ories ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 9 answ] to ,bol+broke 7#b vols4 #ageb-aged2 #bnd ed4 #ageg2 rep4 ) ! ,essay on ,_s1 ,dubl91 #agei71 :i* l$ to 8 be+ prosecut$2 & o!r works4 ,! (f5ce giv5 by ! ,v9dication lay 9 8 d5unciation ( ! ,a?anasian cre$1 & ( ! bigotry ( ^? :o support$ x4 ,see pt4 iii1 lett]s i & ii4 ,! ,essay on ,_s is no less het]odox4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 ,clayton is ultra-or?odox4 #hfj ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,alb]ti1 ,briefe betreff5de d5 ,zu/& d] ,religion 9 ,gross-,brittanni51 ,hannov]1 #ageb1 p4 #ddj4 #hfa ,above1 p4 #ahj4 #hfb ,put by ,hu>te 9 #aege4 ,above1 i1 #dgb4 #hfc ,inquiry1 p4 #afb4 #hfd ,inquiry1 pref4 pp4 x1 xxii4 #hfe ,a ,lett] to ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cony]s ,middleton1 occasion$ by 8 late ,free ,inquiry1 #agdi1 pp4 #c-d4 #hff ,a ,free ,answ] to ,dr4 ,middleton's ,free ,inquiry1 by ,william ,dodwell son ( ! eld] & bro!r ( ! y\ng] ,h5ry1 ,rector ( ,%ottesbrook1 #agdi1 pp4 #ad-ae4 #hfg ,inquiry1 p4 #afb4 #hfh ,works1 #bnd ed4 #agee1 ii1 #cdh4 #hfi ,cp4 essay on ,m&eville1 9 ! au?or's ,pione] ,humani/s1 #aijg4 #hgj ,z aga9/ ! objections ( ,mr4 ,lang1 see ! au?or's pap] 9 ,/udies 9 ,religi\s ,fallacy4 #hga ,cp4 ! summ>y ( ,f>r>1 ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 pp4 #agg-gh1 :i* is f\nd$ on t ( ,pusey's e>ly ,hi/orical ,enquiry conc]n+ ,g]man ,rationalism1 pp4 #abd-bf4 #hgb ,rep4 same ye> at ,dubl93 #bnd ed4 #agej4 ,! fir/ ed4 0 ascrib$ to ,d',arg5s--an error caus$ ?\gh n ju/ifi$ by ! publi%]'s notice4 #hgc ,! po9t is fur!r discuss$ 9 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #age-gf4 #hgd ,cp4 ,g4 ,b4 ,h]tz1 ,! ,old ,colonial ,sy/em1 #aije1 pp4 #d1 #bb1 #ic1 #aeg4 #hge ,lett] xxxi1 9 ,mason's ,memoir4 #hgf ,hill ,burton's ,life ( ,hume1 ii1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dhd-he1 #dhg4 #hgg ,comp>e ! v]dicts ( ,gibbon 9 8 ,autobiography1 & ( ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 v1 *4 i1 art4 #b2 & see ! memoir ( ,smi? 9 #ahca ed4 & ,mc,culloch's ed41 & ,rae's ,life ( ,adam ,smi?1 p4 #bd4 ,x appe>s t ab\t #agfd _m ,engli% p s5t _! sons to ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity on acc\nt ( ! bett] education !re4 ,lett] ( ,blair1 9 ,burton's ,life ( ,hume1 ii1 #bbi4 #hgh ,essays1 iv1 end4 #hgi ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,polite ,le>n+1 #agfe1 *4 vi4 ,8 /ory ( h[ ! fa!r ( ,/4 ,foix cur$ ! y\? ( ! desire to rationalize 8 cre$ is n sugge/ive ( conviction4 ,! fa!r po9t$ to a crucifix1 say+1 ,behold ! fate ( a re=m]4 ,! /ory has be5 (t5 plagi>iz$ s9ce--e4g41 9 ,galt's ,annals ( ! ,p>i%4 #hhj ,abbey & ,ov]ton1 ,! ,engli% ,*ur* 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #ahgh1 ii1 #cg4 #hha ,dieu et les ,hommes1 *4 xxxix4 #hhb ,cp4 ,bi%op ,law1 ,consid]ations on ! ,!ory ( ,religion1 #f? ed4 #aggd1 p4 #fe1 note1 & ! ,analysis ( ,bol+broke's writ+s 7#agee7 !re cit$4 ,mr4 ,si*el's reply to ,sir ,l4 ,/eph5's criticism may or may n be successful2 b he does n deal ) ,bi%op ,law's4 #hhc ,mmoires de ,did]ot1 ed4 #ahda1 ii1 #be4 #hhd ,^! _h begun z e>ly z #agec 7,micromgas74 #hhe ,works1 ed4 #ahdb1 i1 pp4 cix1 #dde2 ii1 #fbh1 #gbh4 ,cp4 ! poem ,kew ,g>d5s1 left 9 ,,ms4 #hhf ,i "h take a few s5t5ces f my pap]1 ,! ,*ur* & ,education1 #aijc4 #hhg ,%ort ,hi/ory1 p4 #gag4 ,! ,concise ,description ( ! ,end[$ ,gramm> ,s*ools1 by ,ni*olas ,c>lisle1 #ahah1 %[s t s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry by private beque/ or public action dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 #hhh ,collis1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,social ,sci5ce ,association1 #aheg1 p4 #abf4 ,accord+ to ,collis1 #dh _h be5 f\nd$ by ,james ,i1 #bh "u ,*>les ,i1 #af "u ! ,commonweal?1 #cf "u ,*>les ,,ii1 #d "u ,james ,,ii1 #g "u ,william & ,m>y1 #aa "u ,anne1 #ag "u ,george ,i1 & #g "u ,george ,,ii4 ,he does n indicate _! size4 #hhi ,gre51 z la/ cit$4 #hij ,gibb9s1 ,indu/rial ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #ahid1 p4 #aea4 #hia ,hi/4 ( ,engl& "u ,george ,,iii1 ed4 #ahfe1 ii1 #hc4 #hib ,! docum5t is giv5 9 ,rit*ie's ,life ( ,hume1 #ahjg1 pp4 #ec-ee4 #hic ,a reply1 ,! ,_w prov$ to be n et]nal nor me*anical1 appe>$ 9 #agij4 #hid ,! ,doctr9es ( a ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation ( ,god 0 publi%$ anonym\sly4 #hie ,see ! ,biographical ,introduction to ! ,unit>ian repr9t ( ,watts's ,solemn ,address1 #ahdj1 :i* gives ! lett]s ( ,l>dn]4 ,& cp4 ,skeats1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,engli% ,free ,*ur*es1 ed4 ,miall1 p4 #bdj4 #hif ,life ( ,l>dn]1 by ,dr4 ,kippis1 prefix$ to ,works1 ed4 #ahce1 i1 p4 xxxii4 #hig ,memoirs ( ,prie/ley1 #ahjf1 pp4 #cj-cb1 #ce1 #cg4 ,! ,lett] on ! ,logos 0 address$ by ,l>dn] to ! fir/ ,"l ,b>r+ton1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ anonym\sly1 9 #agei4 #hih ,memoirs ( ,prie/ley1 p4 #ai4 #hii ,pamphlet ( #aggh1 pr9t+ ! s]mon1 ) reply to a local attack4 #ijj ,,ms4 alt]ation 9 pr9t4 ,see also p4 #a ( ,epi/le ,d$icatory4 #ija ,9 criticiz+ :om ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 b>ely notices 8 sci5tific "w1 b dwells mu* on 8 religi\s fallacies--a c\rse :i* w\ld make %ort "w ( ! fame ( ,newton4 #ijb ,a ,*ur* dignit>y has describ$ ,evanson's ,dissonance z ! comm5cem5t ( ! de/ructive criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 7,ar*deacon ,watk9s's ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahij1 p4 #agd74 #ijc ,williams 7d4 #ahaf71 :o publi%$ #c vols4 ( ,lectures on ,education & o!r works1 has a long] claim on remembrance z ! f\nd] ( ! ,lit]>y ,fund4 #ijd ,! subject is discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! essay on ,gibbon 9 ! au?or's ,pione] ,humani/s4 #ije ,cp4 ,bi%op ,watson's ,apology = ,*ri/ianity 7#aggf7 z to ! vogue ( unbelief at t date4 7,two ,apologies1 ed4 #ahjf1 p4 #aba4 ,cp4 pp4 #agi1 #cii47 #ijf ,! panegyric on ,voltaire deliv]$ at 8 dea? by ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7,nov4 #bf1 #aggh7 0 promptly translat$ into ,engli% 7#aggi74 #ijg ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 #agij1 p4 #aca4 #ijh ,see ,hannah ,m's lett] ( ,april1 #aggg1 9 h] ,life1 abridg$ #afmo-ed4 p4 #cf4 ,an edition ( ,%aftesbury1 app>5tly1 appe>$ 9 #aggc1 & ano!r 9 #agij4 #iji ,! essays ( ,hume1 includ+ ! ,dialogues conc]n+ ,natural ,religion 7#aggi71 7 n[ circulat$ 9 repeat$ editions4 ,mr4 ,rae1 9 8 valuable ,life ( ,adam ,smi?1 p4 #caa1 cites a ,g]man obs]v]1 ,w5deborn1 z writ+ 9 #aghe t ! ,dialogues1 ?\gh a good deal discuss$ 9 ,g]many1 _h made no s5sation 9 ,engl&1 & 7 at t date entirely =gott54 ,b a second edition _h be5 call$ = 9 #aggi1 & !y 7 add$ to a fre% edition ( ! essays 9 #aghh4 ,any =gett+ is to be set d[n to preoccupation ) o!r int]e/s4 #iaj ,lett] to ! ,bi%op ( ,li*field & ,cov5try1 #aggg1 p4 #c4 #iaa ,dr4 ,p>r1 ,*>act]s ( ,c4 ,j4 ,fox1 i1 #bbj2 cit$ 9 ,*>les ,james ,fox1 a ,comm5t>y1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,l&or1 ed4 by ,s4 ,:eel]1 #aijg1 p4 #adg4 ,fox's secret>y & biograph]1 ,trott]1 :ile anxi\s to discr$it ! /atem5t ( ,p>r1 gives su* a qualifi$ acc\nt 7,memoirs ( ! ,latt] ,ye>s ( ,c4 ,j4 ,fox1 #ahaa1 pp4 #dgj-ga7 ( ,fox's views on immortality z to ?r[ mu* d\bt on ! /rong] te/imony ( ,b4 ,c4 ,walpole 7,recollections ( ,c4 ,j4 ,fox1 #ahjf1 p4 #bdb74 #iab ,see ,j4 ,l4 ,le ,b4 ,hammond1 ,*>les ,james ,fox1 #aijc1 *4 xiii4 #iac ,see a lett] 9 ,bi%op ,watson's ,life1 i1 #djb2 & cp4 ,buckle1 *4 vii1 note #bah4 #iad ,see 8 ,task1 bk4 iii1 #aej-ij 7#aghc-aghd71 = ! prevail+ religi\s tone4 #iae ,pr9c4 ( ,moral ,philos4 bk4 v1 *4 ix4 ,! *apt] tells ( widespread free?9k+4 #iaf ,erne/ ,krause1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgi1 p4 #baa4 ,cp4 pp4 #aic1 #aid4 #iag ,lett]s vii1 viii1 ix1 xix1 xxii4 #iah ,e4g41 ,! ,ord9ation1 ! ,address to ! ,deil1 ,a ,d$ication to ,gav9 ,hamilton1 ,! ,kirk's ,al>m1 etc4 #iai ,see also ! pieces pr9t$ betwe5 ^! 9 ! ,globe edition1 pp4 #ff-fh4 #ibj ,! b5evol5t ,supreme ,be+1 he writes1 has put ! imm$iate adm9i/ration ( all ?is into ! h&s ( ,jesus ,*ri/--a great p]sonage1 ^: relation to ,him we _c fa?om1 b ^: relation to u is t ( a guide & ,savi\r4 ,lett] #hf 9 ,globe ed4 ,lett]s #ahi & #aig1 to ,mrs4 ,dunlop1 simil>ly fail to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! or?odox correspond5t4 ,! poem ,look up & ,see1 latt]ly pr9t$ sev]al times ap>t f ,burns's works1 & extremely likely to be 81 is a q ,voltairean criticism ( ,david4 ,if ! poem be ung5u9e1 x is c]ta9ly by f> ! able/ ( ! unackn[l$g$ pieces ascrib$ to him1 alike 9 diction & 9 purport4 #iba ,lett] to ,mrs4 ,dunlop1 ,jan4 #a1 #aghi1 9 ,rob]t ,burns & ,mrs4 ,dunlop1 ed4 by ,w4 ,wallace1 #ahih1 p4 #abi4 ,! passage is omitt$ f ,lett] #afh 9 ! ,globe ed41 & presumably f o!r repr9ts4 #ibb ,lett] to ,mrs4 ,dunlop1 ,july #i1 #agij4 ,publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 vol4 cit$1 p4 #bff4 #ibc ,epi/le to a ,"y ,fri5d4 #ibd ,lecky1 writ+ 9 #ahfe1 & advanc+ on ,burke1 has said ( ! :ole s*ool1 includ+ ,%aftesbury1 t ! %ad[ ( ! tomb re/s on all3 a deep1 unbrok5 sil5ce1 ! *ill ( dea?1 surr\nds !m4 ,!y h long ceas$ to wake any int]e/ 7,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i1 #aaf74 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y _h be5 discuss$ by ,taylor 9 #ahec2 by ,pattison 9 #ahfj2 & by ,f>r> 9 #ahfb2 & !y h s9ce be5 discuss$ at l5g? by ,dr4 ,hunt1 by ,dr4 ,cairns1 by ,lange1 by ,gyzicki1 by ,m4 ,say\s1 by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 by ,pr(4 ,hffd+1 & by _m o!rs4 #ibe ,conway1 introd4 to ,age ( ,reason1 9 8 ed4 ( ,pa9e's ,works1 iv1 #c4 #ibf ,lemontey1 ,hi/4 de la rg5ce et de la m9orit de ,l\is ,,xv1 #ahce1 ii1 #ceh1 note4 ,9 #agca !re 0 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,b\la9villi]s 7d4 #agbb7 a s-call$ ,rfutation de ,sp9oza1 :i* 0 really a popul> exposition4 ,pollock1 ,sp9oza1 #bnd ed4 p4 #cfc4 ,sir ,f4 ,pollock ass5ts to ,voltaire's rem>k t ,b\la9villi]s gave ! poison & =got to give ! antidote4 #ibg ,= a brief view ( ! facts1 usually misconceiv$1 see ,lanson1 pp4 #faj-aa4 ,fnelon seems to h be5 unc&id1 :ile ,bossuet1 by common cons5t1 0 malevol5t4 ,!re is probably tru?1 h[ev]1 9 ! view ( ,%aftesbury 7,*>act]i/ics1 ed4 #aijj1 ii1 #bad71 t ! real grievance ( ,fnelon's ecclesia/ical oppon5ts 0 ! t5d5cy ( 8 my/icism to )draw devotees f c]emonial duties4 #ibh ,n[ rememb]$ *iefly ?r\gh ! acc\nt ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,fnelon 7repr4 9 ,didot ed4 ( ,fnelon's misc4 works71 & ,hume's long extract f 8 ,philosophical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion 9 ! conclud+ note to ! ,essays4 ,cp4 ,m4 ,matt]1 ,le ,my/icisme en ,france au temps de ,fnelon1 #ahfe1 pp4 #ceb-ed4 #ibi ,tyssot de ,patot 0 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,dev5t]4 ,9 8 ,lettres *oisies1 publi%$ 9 #agbf1 !re is an av[al t he might be *>g$ ) hav+ diff]5t notions f ^? ( ! vulg> 9 po9t ( religion 7,new ,memoirs ( ,lit]ature1 iv 7#agbf71 #bfg72 & 8 acc\nts ( pieti/s & unbeliev+ & o!r prie/s suffici5tly convey t impression 7id4 pp4 #bfh-hd74 #icj ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 poem ,polignac speaks ( a def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity z a future task4 ,he di$ )\t ev5 complet+ ! ,anti-,lucretius1 begun half a c5tury be=e4 ,( him are relat$ two classic anecdotes4 ,s5t at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 to discuss ,*ur* que/ions ) ! ,pope1 he e>n$ f ,8 ,hol9ess ! complim5t3 ,y seem always to be ( my op9ion2 & 9 ! end x is y\rs t prevails4 ,l\is ,,xiv gave him a long audi5ce1 aft] :i* ! ,k+ said3 ,i h _h an int]view ) a "y man :o has con/antly contradict$ me )\t my be+ able to be angry = a mom5t4 7loge prefix$ to ,b\ga9ville's trans41 ,l',anti-,lucrce1 #agfg1 i4 #aca47 #ica ,cp4 ,duv]net1 ,vie de ,voltaire1 *4 i4 ,riv>ol 7,lettres ,neck]1 9 ,o,euvres1 ed4 #aheb1 p4 #ach7 wrote t "u ,l\is ,,xv !re began a g5]al insurrection ( discussion1 & t ev]ybody !n talk$ only ( religion & philosophy dur+ half a c5tury4 ,b ?is exagg]ates ! beg9n+s1 ( :i* ,riv>ol c\ld h no exact k4 #icb ,la v]it de la religion *rti5ne pr\ve p> les faits3 prcde d'un disc\rs hi/orique et critique sur la m?ode des pr9cipaux auteurs qui ont crit p\r et contre le *ri/ianisme depuis son orig9e1 #agbb4 ,rep4 #agda1 #c vols4 #dto41 #d vols4 #abmo4 #icc ,n\veau ,dictionnaire hi/orique portatif1 #agga1 art4 ,h\teville1 tom4 ii4 #icd ,^: ,considrations sur les ,moeurs 7#agea7 does n seem to conta9 a s+le religi\s s5tim5t4 ,hi/oriograph] ( ,france1 he _h n escap$ ! suppression ( 8 ,hi/oire de ,l\is ,,xi1 #agde4 #ice ,see above1 p4 #acj4 ,buffi] seems to h begun an attempt at spell+ re=m 7by dropp+ d\bl$ lett]s71 foll[$ 9 #agbe by ,hu>d & lat] by ,prmontval4 #icf #g vols4 #dto41 #aj vols4 #abmo4 ,rep4 ) corrections #agcc4 ,seconde p>tie1 #agec1 #h vols4 #abmo4 #icg ,a repr9t 9 #agce be>s ! impr9t ( ,london1 ) ! note ,aux dp5s de la ,compagnie4 #ich ,lanson1 p4 #gjb4 ,! ,p]sian ,lett]s1 l ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s ( ,pascal1 _h to be pr9t$ at ,r\5 & publi%$ at ,am/]dam4 ,_! free?9k+ expressions put consid]able difficulties 9 ! way ( 8 election 7#agbg7 to ! ,academy4 ,see ,e4 ,edw>ds1 ,*apt]s ( ! ,biog4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 #ahfd1 pp4 #cd-ce1 & ,d4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 #aiaj1 p4 #ib1 z to ! my/ification ab\t ! alleg$ repr9t )\t ! obnoxi\s passages4 #ici ,lettre #hf4 #idj ,au po9t de vue religieux1 ,montesquieu tirait polim5t son c\p de *apeau au *ri/ianisme 7,lanson1 p4 #gad74 ,e4g4 9 ! ,esprit des ,lois1 liv4 xxiv1 *s4 i1 ii1 iii1 iv1 vi1 & ! footnote to *4 x ( liv4 xxv4 ,montesquieu's lett] to ,w>burton 7#af mai1 #aged71 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( t prelate's attack on ! po/hum\s works ( ,bol+broke1 is a sample ( 8 social make-believe4 ,b no religi\s read] c\ld suppose x to come f a religi\s man4 #ida ,also ( ,e4 ,edw>ds1 z cit$ above4 #idb ,see ! notes cit$ on pp4 #dje1 #djg ( ,g>ni]'s v>iorum ed4 ( ! ,esprit des ,lois1 #ahga4 ,la ,h>pe & ,villema9 seem bl9d to irony4 #idc ,! fl+s at ,bayle 7liv4 xxiv1 *s4 ii1 vi7 are "p ( a subtly ironical v9dication ( ideal z aga9/ ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 & !y h no note ( fai?4 #idd ,paul ,mesn>d1 ,hi/4 de l'acadmie franaise1 #aheg1 pp4 #fa-fc4 #ide ,p5ses ,div]ses3 ,de la religion4 #idf ,lanson1 p4 #gad1 note4 #idg ,tr4 9 ,engli%1 #agec4 ,x is notewor?y t ,cataneo =mally accepts ,montesquieu's pr(essions ( or?odoxy4 #idh ,correspondance littraire de ,grimm et ,did]ot1 ed4 #ahbi-ca1 i1 #bgc4 ,see ! footnote = an acc\nt ( ! indec5t ef=ts ( ! ,jesuits to get at ! dy+ philosoph]4 ,! cur ( ! p>i% :o 0 all[$ entry began 8 exhortation )3 ,v\s savez1 ,m4 le ,prsid5t1 combi5 ,dieu e/ gr&4 ,oui1 monsieur1 return$ ,montesquieu1 et combi5 les hommes sont petits4 #idi ,mesn>d1 ,hi/4 de l'acadmie franaise1 p4 #fc4 #iej ,a full analysis is giv5 by ,/rauss 9 ! second ,app5dix to 8 ,voltaire3 ,se*s ,vortrge1 #bte ,aufl4 #ahgj4 #iea ,! details are dubi\s4 ,see ! memoir compil$ by ,rudolf ,*>les 7,r4 ,c4 ,d',abla+ van ,giess5burg71 ! editor ( ! ,te/am5t1 ,am/]dam1 #c tom4 #ahfa-fd4 ,x draws *iefly on ! ,mmoires secrets de ,ba*aumont1 "u date ,sept4 #cj1 #agfd4 #ieb ,te/am5t1 z cit$1 i1 #be4 #iec iii1 #cif4 #ied ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #agfb or #agfd8 ,see ,ba*aumont1 ,oct4 #cj1 ) ! date #agdb2 & repr9t$ 9 ! vangile de la ,raison1 #agfd4 ,x 0 no few] ?an f\r times ord]$ to be de/roy$ 9 ! ,re/oration p]iod4 #iee ,probably ,did]ot did ! mo/ ( ! adaptation4 ,il y a plus que du bon s5s dans ce livre1 writes ,voltaire to ,d',alemb]t2 il e/ t]rible4 ,s'il sort de la b\tique du ,sy/me de la ,nature1 l'auteur s'e/ bi5 p]fectionn 7,lettre de #bg ,juillet1 #agge74 #ief ,il leur faut un tre ces messieurs2 p\r moi1 je m'en passe4 ,grimm1 ,correspondance ,littraire1 ed4 #ahbi-ca1 iv1 #ahf4 #ieg ,grimm1 z cit$1 i1 #bce4 ,grimm tells a delightful /ory ( 8 reception ( ! confessor4 #ieh ,cet ouvrage1 dont les v]s sont gr&s et bi5 t\rns1 e/ une satire des plus lic5cieuses contre les moeurs de nos vques4 ,ba*aumont1 ,mmoires ,secrets1 ,ju9 #ae1 #agfb4 #iei ,bonet-,maury1 ,hi/4 de la lib4 de consci5ce en ,france1 #aijj1 p4 #fh4 #ifj ,n\veau dictionnaire hi/orique-portatif 444 p> une ,socit de ,g5s de ,lettres1 ed4 #agga1 i1 #cad4 #ifa ,m>montel does n relate ?is 9 8 ,mmoires1 :]e he insi/s on ! decorum ( ! talk1 ev5 at d',holba*'s table4 #ifb ,*am=t1 ,c>actres et ,anecdotes4 #ifc ,n\veau dictionnaire1 above cit$1 i1 #cae4 #ifd ,"n assum$ = lit]>y purposes1 & probably compos$ by anagram f ! real "n ,ar\et1 ) le jeune 7junior7 add$1 ?us3 ,a4 ,r4 ,o4 ,v4 ,e4 ,t4 ,l7e74 ,i7eune74 #ife ,n to be conf\nd$ ) ! great] & lat] ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4 ,j4 ,b4 ,r\sseau became ,voltaire's bitt] enemy--on ! score1 x is said1 ( ! "y man's epigram on ! eld] poet's ,ode to ,po/]ity1 :i*1 he said1 w\ld n rea* its address4 ,himself a r ribald free?9k]1 ,r\sseau pr(ess$ to be outrag$ by ! irreligion ( ,voltaire4 #iff ,see ! poem 9 note #d to *4 ii ( ,duv]net's ,vie de ,voltaire4 ,duv]net calls x "o ( ! fir/ attacks on :i* philosophy 9 ,france _h v5tur$ aga9/ sup]/ition 7,vie de ,voltaire1 ed4 #agig1 p4 #ai74 #ifg ,duv]net1 *4 ii4 ,! free-he>t$ ,n9on de l',enclos1 brighte/ ( old ladies1 is to be numb]$ among ! pre-,voltairean free?9k]s1 & to be rememb]$ z leav+ "y ,voltaire a legacy to buy books4 ,%e refus$ to sell h] s\l by turn+ dvote on ! invitation ( h] old fri5d ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,madame ,d'p9ay1 ,voltaire's belle philosophe et aimable ,habacuc1 ,madame du ,deff&1 & ,madame ,ge(fr9 7 among ! lat] free?9k+ gr&es dames ( ! ,voltairean p]iod2 & s1 presumably1 0 ! ,madame de ,crqu1 quot$ by ,riv>ol1 :o rem>k$ t ,provid5ce is ! baptismal "n ( ,*ance4 ,z to ,madame ,ge(fr9 see ! ,o,euvres ,po/humes de ,d',alemb]t1 #agii1 i1 #bdj1 #bga2 & ! ,mmoires de ,m>montel1 #ahjd1 ii1 #ajb sq4 ,if ,m>montel is accurate1 %e w5t secretly at times to mass 7p4 #ajd74 #ifh ,desl&es wrote "s new *apt]s ( 8 ,rflexions 9 ,london1 = ! ,engli% translation4 ,eng4 tr4 #agac1 p4 #ii4 #ifi ,p\r et ,contre1 ou pitre ,uranie4 ,x 0 ( c\rse n pr9t$ till long aft]w>ds4 ,did]ot1 writ+ 8 ,prom5ade du ,sceptique 9 #agdg1 says3 ,c'e/1 je crois1 dans l'alle des fleurs ( 8 allegory entre le *ampagne et le tokay1 que l'pitre ,uranie prit naissance4 7,l',alle des ,m>ronni]s1 ad init47 ,?is seems unju/4 #igj ,he has be5 alt]nately repres5t$ z ow+ ev]y?+ & ow+ v little to ,engl&4 ,cp4 ,texte1 ,r\sseau & ! ,cosmopolitan ,_s1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #eh4 ,nei!r view is j4 #iga ,9 8 ,essay ^u ! ,civil ,w>s ( ,france1 & 444 ^u ,epick ,poetry 7#bnd ed4 #agbh1 correct$ by himself71 writt5 & publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 he beg9s 8 ,adv]tisem5t ) ! rem>k3 ,x has ! appe>ance ( too great a presumption 9 a travell] :o ha? be5 b eighte5 mon?s 9 ,engl&1 to attempt to write 9 a language :i* he _c pron\nce at all1 & :i* he h>dly und]/&s 9 conv]sation4 ,z ! book is rem>kably well writt51 he mu/ h read mu* ,engli%4 #igb ,"l ,morley 7,voltaire1 #d? ed4 p4 #dj7 speaks ( ! ,engli% p z hav+ !n won a full lib]ty ( ?\ght & spee* & p]son4 ,?is1 z we h se51 some:at ov]/ates ! case4 ,b discussion 0 mu* m ne>ly free ?an 9 ,france4 #igc ,probably z mu* on political z on religi\s gr\nds4 ,! #h? lett]1 ,sur le ,p>lem5t1 mu/ h be5 v (f5sive to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t2 & 9 #agci1 mov$ by angry criticisms1 ,voltaire saw fit to modify its language4 ,see ,lanson's ed4 ( ! ,lettres1 #aiji1 i1 #ib1 #aaj4 #igd ,condorcet1 ,vie de ,voltaire1 ed4 #agib1 p4 #ib4 ,9 repr9ts ! poem 0 entitl$ ,sur la religion naturelle1 & 0 s commonly cit$4 #ige ,condorcet1 p4 #ii4 #igf ,see above1 pp4 #bac-ad1 z to ! works ( ,b\la9villi]s1 ,tyssot de ,patot1 ,desl&es1 & o!rs :o wrote betwe5 #agjj & #agae4 #igg ,cit$ by ,s*loss]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #adf-g4 #igh ,trait de la v]it de la religion *rti5ne1 tir en p>tie du lat9 de ,m4 ,j4 ,alphonse ,turrett91 pr(esseur 444 en l'acadmie de ,gnve1 p> ,m4 ,j4 ,v]net1 pr(esseur de belles-lettres en la mme ,acadmie4 ,revue et corrig p> un ,?ologi5 ,ca?olique4 #a;e d4 ,gnve1 #agcj4 ,rep4 9 #b tom4 #agec4 ,ecclesia/ical approbation giv5 #ae janv4 #agdi2 privilge1 juillet1 #agea4 #igi ,dom ,remi ,desmonts1 accord+ to ,b>bi]4 #ihj ,p> ,panage 7,t\ssa9t874 ,rep4 #agee & #agfg 7,b]l974 #iha ,"w cit$1 ed4 #agee1 p4 #beb4 #ihb ,a glimpse ( old ,p>is be=e or ab\t #agej is af=d$ by ,font5elle's rem>k t ! prevail+ diseases might be kn[n f ! affi*es4 ,at e /reet corn] 7 to be se5 two1 ( :i* "o adv]tis$ a ,trait sur l'incrdulit4 7,grimm1 ,corr4 litt4 iii1 #cgc47 #ihc ,?us ,duruy _h said 9 8 ,hi/oire de ,france 7#a/ ed4 #aheb7 t 9 ! "w ( ! ,jans5i/s ( ,port ,royal l'esprit d'opposition politique se ca*a s\s l'opposition religieuse 7ed4 #ahhj1 ii1 #bih74 #ihd ,! case has be5 ?us correctly put by ,m4 ,rocqua91 :o1 h[ev]1 decides t de religieuse qu'elle tait1 l'opposition devi5t politique z e>ly z ab\t #agbd-agcc4 ,l',esprit rvolutionnaire avant la rvolution1 #ahgh2 table des matires1 liv4 #b;e4 ,duruy 7la/ note7 puts ! t5d5cy /ill e>li]4 #ihe ,cette h>diesse tonna ,voltaire1 et excita son mulation 7ed4 cit$1 p4 #aah74 #ihf ,av]tissem5t des diteurs1 9 ,basle ed4 ( #agib1 vol4 xlv1 p4 #ib4 #ihg ,x has be5 c\nt$ t he us$ no few] ?an a hundr$ & ?irty diff]5t pseudonyms2 & ! p]petual prosecution & confiscation ( 8 books expla9s ! proc$ure4 ,z we h se51 ! ,lettres philosophiques 7o!rwise ! ,lettres anglaises7 7 burn$ on _! appe>ance1 9 #agcd1 & ! booksell] put 9 ! ,ba/ille2 ! ,recueil des pices fugitives 0 suppress$ 9 #agci2 ! ,voix du ,sage et du ,peuple 0 (ficially & cl]ically condemn$ 9 #agea2 ! poem on ,natural ,law 0 burn$ at ,p>is 9 #ageh2 ,c&ide at ,g5eva 9 #agei2 ! ,dictionnaire philosophique at ,g5eva 9 #agfd1 & at ,p>is 9 #agfe2 & _m ( 8 m9or pseudonym\s p]=mances _h ! same adv]tisem5t4 ,b ev5 ! ,h5riade1 ! ,*>les ,,xii1 & ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv 7 prohibit$2 & 9 #aghe ! ?irty volumes publi%$ ( ! #aghd edition ( 8 works 7 condemn$ en masse4 #ihh ,did]ot1 critique ( ,le philosophe ignorant 9 ,grimm's ,corr4 ,litt4 #a ju9 #agff2 ,less+1 ,hamburgis*e ,dramaturgie1 ,/ck #aj-ab1 #ae2 ,gibbon1 *4 i1 note ne> end2 *4 li1 note on siege ( ,damascus4 ,r\sseau 0 z ho/ile z any 7see ,morley's ,r\sseau1 *4 ix1 #a74 ,b ,r\sseau's v]dict is ! lea/ important1 & ! lea/ judicial4 ,he _h himself e>n$ ! dete/ation ( ,voltaire1 z ( _m o!r m54 ,9 a mom5t ( pique1 ,did]ot wrote ( ,voltaire3 ,cet homme n'e/ que le second dans t\s les g5res 7,lettre #ga ,mdlle4 ,vol&1 #ab aot1 #agfb74 ,he =got wit & hum\r6 #ihi ,pr(4 ,j[ett1 ( ,balliol ,college4 ,see ,l4 ,a4 ,tollema*e1 ,b5jam9 ,j[ett1 ,ma/] ( ,balliol1 #d? ed4 pp4 #bg-bh4 #iij ,see details 9 ,"l ,morley's ,voltaire1 #d? ed4 pp4 #afe-gj1 #beg-eh4 ,! erection by ! ,fr5* free?9k]s ( a monum5t to ,la ,b>re 9 #aije1 opposite ! ,ca!dral ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 ,montm>tre1 ,p>is1 is an expression at once ( ! old feud ) ! ,*ur* & ! ,fr5* appreciation ( high p]sonal c\rage4 ,la ,b>re 0 9 tru? some?+ ( a scapegrace1 b 8 execution 0 an infamy1 & he w5t to 8 dea? z to a bridal4 ,! erection ( ! monum5t has be5 ! occasion ( a futile pret5ce on ! cl]ical side t = ,la ,b>re's dea? ! ,*ur* _h no responsibility1 ! mov]s 9 ! case be+ laym54 ,no?+1 app>5tly1 c tea* ,ca?olic ,*ur*m5 t ! ,*ur*'s pa/ s9s ought to be confess$ l ^? ( individuals4 ,x is q true t x 0 a ,p>lem5t t condemn$ ,la ,b>re4 ,b :at a religi\s tra9+ 0 x t turn$ laym5 into murd]\s fanatics6 #iia ,m4 ,lanson seems to ov]look x :5 he writes 7p4 #gdg7 t ! affirmation ( ,god1 ! d5ial ( ,provid5ce & miracles1 is ! :ole metaphysic ( ,voltaire4 #iib ,"l ,morley writes 7p4 #bji73 ,we d n "k h[ f> he ev] s]i\sly approa*$ ! "q 444 :e!r a society c exi/ )\t a religion4 ,?is ov]looks bo? ! ,homlie sur l',a?isme & ! article ,a?isme 9 ! ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 :]e ! "q is discuss$ s]i\sly & explicitly4 #iic ,horace ,walpole1 ,lett] to ,gray1 ,nov4 #ai1 #agfe4 ,comp>e ! mordant criticism ( ,grimm 7,corr4 litt4 vii1 #ed sq47 on 8 tract ,dieu 9 reply to d',holba*4 ,il raisonne l-dessus comme un enfant1 writes ,grimm1 mais comme un joli enfant qu'il e/4 #iid ,br[n+1 ,! ,two ,poets ( ,croisic1 /4 cvii4 #iie ,cp4 ,/ndl91 ,ges*4 des ,rationalismus und ,sup]naturalismus1 #ahbf1 pp4 #bhg-ij4 ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ah4 und #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts1 #bte ,aufl4 #ahdh1 i1 #bah-bj4 #iif ,zimm]man1 ,de causis magis magisque invalesc5tis incr$ulitatis1 et m$ela huic malo adhib5da1 ,tiguri1 #agci1 #dto4 ,pr(4 ,breit+] ( ,zuri* wrote a criticism aft]w>ds tr4 7#agda7 z ,exam5 des ,lettres sur la religion ess5tielle4 ,de ,ro*es1 pa/or at ,g5eva1 publi%$ 9 lett]-=m #b vols4 entitl$ ,df5se du ,*ri/ianisme1 z prs]vatif contre ! ,lettres ( ,mdlle4 ,hub] 7#agdj72 & ,b\illi] ( ,am/]dam also #b vols4 ( ,lettres 7#agda74 #iig ,cp4 ,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>ts1 ii1 #fbd-be2 ,d',arg5son1 ,mmoires1 ed4 ,jannet1 iv4 #fc4 #iih ,see ! !sis 7,j]usalem ,coele/i7 z pr9t$ 9 ! ,apologie de ,m4 l',abb ,de ,prades1 ,am/]dam1 #ageb1 pp4 #d1 #f4 #iii ,id4 p4 #aj4 #ajjj ,mmoires sur la vie et les ouvrages de ,did]ot1 #ahba1 p4 #afj4 #ajja ,cp4 ,ba*aumont1 ,mmoires secrets1 #d fv4 #agfb2 #bb avril1 #agfh4 ,tn ! latt] entry1 ,yvon is describ$ z p\rsuivi comme infidle1 quoique le plus croyant de ,france4 ,9 #agfh1 aft] ! ,blisaire sc&al1 he 0 refus$ p]mission to proce$ ) ! publication ( 8 ,hi/oire ecclsia/ique4 #ajjb ,?is 0 de ,prades's own view ( ! matt] 7,apologie1 z cit$1 p4 v72 & ,d',arg5son repeat$ly says z mu*4 ,mmoires1 iv1 #eg1 #fe1 #ff1 #gd1 #gg4 #ajjc ,rocqua91 ,l'esprit revolutionnaire avant la rvolution1 #ahgh1 pp4 #adi-ea2 ,morley1 ,did]ot1 *4 v2 ,d',arg5son1 iv1 #gh4 ,! decree ( suppression 0 dat$ #ac fv4 #ageb4 #ajjd ,mmoires1 iv1 #fd1 #gd4 #ajje ,id4 iv1 #abi1 #adj4 #ajjf ,id4 iv1 #ib-ic4 #ajjg ,maury1 ,hi/4 de l'anci5ne ,acadmie des ,inscriptions1 #ahfd1 pp4 #cab-ac4 #ajjh ,j\rnal hi/orique de ,b>bi]1 #ahdg-ef1 iv1 #cjd4 #ajji ,a/ruc1 we le>n f ,d',alemb]t1 connect$ _! decl9e ) ! influ5ce ( ! new op9ions4 ,ce ne sont pas les jans5i/es qui tu5t les jsuites1 c'e/ l',encyclopdie4 ,le m>\fle ,a/ruc1 adds ,d',alemb]t1 e/ comme ,pasqu91 il p>le quelquefois d'assez bon s5s4 ,lettre ,voltaire4 #d mai1 #agfb4 #ajaj ,cp4 pref4 7,la ,vie de ,salvi57 to ,fr5* tr4 ( ,salvian1 #agcd1 p4 lxix4 ,i h se5 ,,ms4 translations ( ,tol& & ,wool/on4 #ajaa ,,ms4 /atem5t1 9 eighte5?-c5tury h&1 on flyleaf ( a copy ( #agee ed4 ( ! ,gr&s hommes1 9 ! writ]'s possession4 #ajab ,lettre ,d',alemb]t1 #af ,octobre1 #agfe4 #ajac ,( ! works not$ bel[1 ! majority appe> or pr(ess to h be5 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam1 ?\gh _m bore ! impr9t ,londres4 ,all ! free?9k+ books & translations ascrib$ to d',holba* bore x4 ,! ,art9 ( ,abb ,dulaur5s bore ! impr9t3 ,rome1 aux dp5s de la ,congrgation de l',index4 ,my/ifications conc]n+ au?or%ip h be5 z f> z possible cle>$ up 9 ! pres5t edition4 #ajad ,giv5 by ,brunet1 :o is foll[$ by ,:eel]1 z appe>+ 9 #agcb1 & z translat$ into ,engli%1 "u ! title ,dy+ ,m]rily1 9 #agde4 ,b ,i possess an ,engli% translation ( #agac 7pref4 dat$ ,m>* #be71 entitl$ ,a ,philological ,essay3 or1 ,reflections on ! ,dea? ( ,free?9k]s4444 ,by ,monsieur ,d----1 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,france1 & au?or ( ! ,poetae ,ru/icantis ,lit]atum ,otium4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,mr4 ,b----1 ) additions by ! au?or1 n[ 9 ,london1 & ! translator4 ,a note 9 a contempor>y h& makes ,b ,boy]4 ,b>bi] gives #agab = ! fir/ edition1 #agcb = ! second4 ,rep4 #agee & #aggf4 #ajae ,!re is no sign ( any su* excitem5t 9 ,france ov] ! translation z 0 ar\s$ 9 ,engl& by ! orig9al2 b an ,exam5 du trait de la lib]t de p5s]1 by ,de ,cr\saz1 0 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agah4 #ajaf ,?is 0 probably meant to po9t to ! ,abb de ,m>sy1 :o di$ 9 #agfc4 #ajag ,! ,abb ,seph] ascrib$ ?is book to "o ,dupuis1 a ,royal ,gu>dsman4 #ajah ,?is prose poem 0 n an int5tional burlesque1 z ! ecclesia/ical au?orities alleg$2 b x did n /& = or?odoxy4 ,see ,grimm's ,correspondance1 i1 #aac4 #ajai ,a eu les honneurs de la brlure1 et t\tes les c5sures cumules des ,facults de ,?ologie1 de la ,sorbonne et des vques4 ,ba*aumont1 dc4 #bc1 #agfc4 ,m>sy1 :o 0 expell$ f ! ,ord] ( ,jesuits1 0 ( bad "*1 & 0 hotly d5\nc$ by ,voltaire4 #ajbj ,see ,grimm1 ,corr4 v4 #ae4 #ajba ,a second edition appe>$ )9 ! ye>4 ,quoique proscrit presque p>t\t1 et mme en ,holl&e1 c'e/ de l qu'il n\s arrive4 ,ba*aumont1 dc4 #bg1 #agfd4 #ajbb ,ba*aumont1 mai #g1 #agfg4 #ajbc ,se rep& ,p>is avec la p]mission de la police4 ,ba*aumont1 #ac fv4 #agff4 #ajbd ,il e/ facile de se conva9cre que les p>ties les plus importantes et les plus solides de cet ouvrage sont empruntes aux travaux de ,burigny4 ,l4-,f4 ,alfr$ ,maury1 ,l'anci5ne ,acadmie des ,incriptions et bellet-lettres1 #ahfd1 p4 #caf4 ,maury leaves x op5 "q :e!r ! compilation 0 made by ,burigny or by ,naigeon4 ,! ,abb ,b]gi] accept$ x )\t hesitation z ! "w ( ,frret1 :o 0 kn[n to hold "s h]etical views4 7,maury1 p4 #cag47 ,b>bi] confid5tly ascribes ! "w to ,burigny4 #ajbe ,! my/ification 9 reg>d to ?is "w is elaborate4 ,x purports to be translat$ f an ,engli% v]sion1 decl>$ 9 turn by its translator to be made f ! ,greek4 ,x is n[ commonly ascrib$ to ,naigeon4 7,maury1 z cit$1 p4 #cag47 ,its ma*9]y1 & its def9ite a!ism1 m>k x z ( ! s*ool ( d',holba*1 ?\gh x is alleg$ to h be5 writt5 by ,frret z e>ly z #agbb4 ,x is h[ev] repr9t$1 ) ! ,exam5 critique des ,apologi/es1 9 ! #agif edition ( ,frret's works )\t comm5t2 & ,b>bi] 0 satisfi$ t x 0 ! "o g5u9e philosophic "w ascrib$ to ,frret1 b t x 0 r$act$ by ,naigeon f imp]fect ,,mss4 #ajbf ,notice sur ,h5ri ,mei/]1 pref4 to ,lettres 9dites de ,madame de ,/al ,h5ri ,mei/]1 #aijc1 p4 #ag4 #ajbg ,deux n\veaux livres inf]naux 444 connus comme manuscrits depuis longtemps et g>ds dans l'obscurit des portefeuilles4444 ,ba*aumont1 #bb m>s1 #agfi4 #ajbh ,ba*aumont1 ,mmoires ,secrets1 dc4 #bj1 #agfg4 #ajbi ,id4 ,jan4 #ah1 #agfh4 #ajcj ,s ,pidansat de ,mairob]t 9 8 preface to ! fir/ ed4 7#aggg7 ( ! ,mmoires ,secrets ( ,ba*aumont1 cont9u$ by him4 ,see pref4 to ! abridg$ ed4 by ,bibliophile ,jacob4 #ajca ,z to ! au?or%ip see above1 p4 #bda4 #ajcb ,la ,c]titude des preuves du ,*ri/ianisme 7#agfg74 #b;e dit4 #agfh1 ,av]tissem5t4 #ajcc ,9 ! %ort essay ,le ,philosophe1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,n\velles ,lib]ts de ,p5s]1 #agdc & #agej1 & 9 ! ,recueil ,philosophique1 #aggj4 ,9 ! #agic rep4 ( ! ,essai sur les prjugs 7aga9 rep4 9 #ahbb7 x is unhesitat+ly affirm$1 on ! /r5g? ( its title-page & ! prefix$ lett] ( ,dum>sais1 dat$ #agej1 t t book is an expansion ( ! essay ,le ,philosophe1 & t ?is 0 publi%$ 9 #agfj4 ,b ,le ,philosophe is an entirely diff]5t production1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t criticizes les philosophes s-call$4 ,! ,essai sur les prjugs publi%$ 9 #aggj is n ! "w ( ,dum>sais2 x is a new "w by d',holba*4 ,?is 0 app>5tly kn[n to ,fr$]ick1 :o 9 8 r angry criticism ( ! book writes t1 :]eas ,dum>sais _h always respect$ con/itut$ au?orities1 o!rs _h put out 9 8 "n1 two ye>s aft] he 0 dead & buri$1 a libel ( :i* ! v]itable au?or c\ld only be a s*oolboy z new to ! _w z he 0 puzzle-head$4 7,mlanges en v]s et en prose de ,fr$]ic ,,ii1 #agib1 ii1 #bae74 ,dum>sais di$ 9 #aged1 b ,i c f9d no good evid5ce t ! ,essai sur les prjugs 0 ev] pr9t$ be=e #aggj4 ,z to d',holba*'s au?or%ip see ! ,o,euvres de ,did]ot1 ed4 #ahba1 xii1 #aae sq4--passage copi$ 9 ! #ahbi-ca ed4 ( ! ,correspondance littraire ( ,grimm & ,did]ot1 xiv1 #bic sq4 ,9 a lett] to ,d',alemb]t dat$ ,m>s #bg1 #aggc1 ,voltaire writes t 9 a newly-pr9t$ collection ( treatises conta9+ 8 own ,lois de ,m9os is includ$ le philosophe de ,dum>sais1 qui n'a jamais t imprim jusqu' pres5t4 ,?is seems to be a complete mi/ake4 #ajcd ,grimm 7iv1 #hf7 has "s good /ories ( him4 ,he ann\nc$ "o day t he _h ound tw5ty-five fatal flaws 9 ! /ory ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 ! fir/ be+ t ! dead d n rise4 ,8 s*ol>ly fri5d ,nicolas ,bo9d9 7see above1 p4 #bbb7 said3 ,dum>sais is a ,jans5i/ a!i/2 z = me1 ,i am a ,mol9i/ a!i/4 #ajce ,on two successive pages ! title ,messiah is decl>$ to mean simply "o s5t & simply ano9t$4 #ajcf ,l ,buffi] & ,hu>d1 h[ev]1 he /rives = a re=m 9 spell+1 dropp+ _m d\bl$ lett]s1 & writ+ home1 bone1 acuse1 fole1 apelle1 honte1 afreux1 etc4 #ajcg ,abriss e9] ,ges*i*te d] ,umwlzung wel*e seit #agej auf dem ,gebiete d] ,!ologie 9 ,deuts*l& /att gefund51 9 ,?oluck's ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 #ahci1 ii1 #e4 ,! proposition is repeat$ pp4 #bd1 #cc4 #ajch ,! exceptions 7 books publi%$ outside ( ,france4 #ajci ,madame de ,svign1 = in/ance1 decl>$ t %e w\ld n let pass a ye> ( h] life )\t re-read+ ! second volume ( ,abbadie4 #ajdj ,le ,disme refut p> lui-mme 7l>gely a reply to ,r\sseau71 #agfe2 #aggj1 ,apologie de la religion *rti5ne2 #aggc1 ,la c]titude des preuves du *ri/ianisme4 ,9 #agei _h appe>$ ! ,lettres sur le ,disme ( ! y\ng] ,sal*i1 pr(essor at ,lausanne4 ,x deals *iefly ) ! ,engli% dei/s1 & ) ,d',arg5s4 ,z be=e not$1 ! ,abb ,gau*at began 9 #agea 8 ,lettres ,critiques1 :i* 9 "t ran to #ae volumes 7#agea-fa74 ,!re 7 also two j\rnals1 ,jesuit & ,jans5i/1 :i* f\ght ! philosophes 7,lanson1 p4 #gba72 & sometimes ev5 a manuscript 0 answ]$--e4g4 ! ,rfutation du ,celse mod]ne ( ! ,abb ,gauti] 7#ageb71 a reply to ,mirabaud's unpubli%$ ,exam5 critique4 #ajda ,alison1 ,hi/ory ( ,europe1 ed4 #ahdi1 i1 #ahj-ha4 #ajdb ,! ,jesuits 7 expell$ f ,portugal 9 #agei2 f ,bohemia & ,d5m>k 9 #agff2 f ! :ole dom9ions ( ,spa9 9 #agfg2 f ,g5oa & ,v5ice 9 ! same ye>2 & f ,naples1 ,malta1 & ,p>ma 9 #agfh4 ,(ficially suppress$ 9 ,france 9 #agfd1 !y 7 expell$ !nce 9 #agfg4 ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiii /rove to def5d !m2 b 9 #aggc ! ,society 0 suppress$ by papal bull by ,clem5t ,,xiv2 :]eaft] !y took refuge 9 ,prussia & ,russia1 rul$ by ! free?9k+ ,fr$]ick & ,ca!r9e4 #ajdc ,see ! ,correspondance de ,grimm1 ed4 #ahbi-ca1 vii1 #ea sq4 #ajdd ,?is apologetic "w1 aft] hav+ be5 prais$ by ! c5sor & regi/]$ ) privilge du roi 9 ,novemb]1 #aggb1 0 (ficially suppress$ on ,jan4 #ag1 #aggc1 &1 x w\ld appe>1 reissu$ 9 t ye>4 #ajde ,liv4 i4 *4 viii4 #ajdf ,ba*aumont1 ju9 #bb2 juillet #i1 #bj1 #bg2 novembre #ad1 #agfb4 #ajdg ,grimm notices ,a/ruc's ,diss]tations sur l'immortalit1 l'immat]ialit1 et la lib]t de l'me1 publi%$ 9 #agee 7,corr4 i1 #dch71 b n 8 ,conjectures4 ,at 8 dea? 7#agff7 he pron\nces him un des hommes les plus decris de ,p>is1 ,il passait p\r fripon1 f\rbe1 m*ant1 en un mot p\r un trs-malhonnte homme4 ,il tait viol5t et emport1 et d'une av>ice sordide4 ,f9ally1 he di$ sans sacrem5s aft] hav+ fait le dvot & atta*$ himself to ! ,jesuits 9 _! day ( p[]4 ,corr4 v1 #ih4 ,b ,grimm 0 a man ( _m hates1 & n ! be/ ( hi/orians4 #ajdh ,cp4 ,maury1 ,l'anci5ne ,acadmie des inscriptions et belles-lettres1 #ahfd1 pp4 #ee-ef4 #ajdi ,voltaire's v>i\s /ratagems to secure election are n to 8 cr$it4 ,see ,paul ,mesn>d1 ,hi/oire de l'acadmie franaise1 #aheg1 pp4 #fh-gd4 ,b ev5 ,montesquieu is said to h resort$ to "s que/ionable devices = ! same end4 ,id4 p4 #fb4 #ajej ,maury1 ,l'anci5ne ,acadmie des inscriptions1 pp4 #ed-ee1 #id1 #cjh4 #ajea ,id4 p4 #ic4 #ajeb ,id4 pp4 #aaf-bj4 #ajec ,:]e he 0 lieut5ant-gnral1 & di$ 9 #agej4 #ajed ,maury1 pp4 #ec1 #hf-hg4 #ajee ,mmoires1 ed4 ,jannet1 iv1 #aha4 #ajef ,cp4 ,mesn>d1 z cit$1 pp4 #gi-hj4 #ajeg ,maury1 p4 #cae4 #ajeh ,id4 pp4 #hb-hd4 ,x is notewor?y t ! or?odox ,?omas1 & n any ( ! philosophes1 0 ! fir/ to impea* ! ,gov]nm5t 9 academic disc\rses4 ,mesn>d1 pp4 #hb-hd1 #ajj sq4 #ajei ,l'excell5t ,pompignan1 ,m4 ,lanson calls him1 p4 #gbc4 #ajfj ,les provisions de sa *>ge p5dant six mois en #agcf4 ,voltaire1 ,lettre ,mme4 ,d'p9ay1 #ac ju91 #agfj4 ,je le s]vis dans cette affaire1 adds ,voltaire4 #ajfa ,mesn>d1 pp4 #fg1 #ga1 #gc1 #hi4 #ajfb ,le ,pauvre ,diable1 ouvrage en v]s aiss de feu ,m4 ,vad1 mis en lumire p> ,ca!r9e ,vad1 sa c\s9e 7falsely dat$ #ageh72 ,la ,vanit2 & ,le ,russe ,p>is4 #ajfc ,mesn>d1 pp4 #hf-ib4 #ajfd ,id4 pp4 #ic-id4 #ajfe ,id4 pp4 #ie-if4 #ajff ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 franaise1 p4 #gbe4 #ajfg ,! =mal approval ( a ,sorbonni/ 0 necess>y4 ,"o refus$ x2 ano!r gave x4 ,m>montel1 ,mmoires1 #ahjd1 iii1 #ce-cf4 #ajfh ,m>montel m5tions t :ile he 0 /ill discuss+ a compromise ) ! syndic ( ! ,sorbonne1 #dj1jjj copies _h be5 sold ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,mmoires1 iii1 #ci4 #ajfi ,?is satire 0 tak5 by ! ,g]man free?9k] ,eb]h>d1 9 8 ,new ,apology = ,socrates1 z ! actual publication ( ! ,sorbonne4 ,b>bi]1 ,dict4 des ,ouvr4 anon et ,pseud41 #b;e dit41 i1 #dfh4 #ajgj ,publi%$ pseudonym\sly z a translation f ! ,engli%3 ,hi/oire naturelle de l'me1 traduite de l',anglais de ,m4 ,*>p1 p> feu ,m4 ,h----1 de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces4 ,la ,haye1 #agde4 ,republi%$ "u ! title ,trait de l'me4 #ajga ,by ,elie ,luzac1 to :om is ascrib$ ! reply entitl$ ,l',homme plus que ,ma*9e 7#agdh also74 ,?is is pr9t$ 9 ! ,o,euvres philosophiques ( ,la ,mettrie z if x 7 83 & ,lange 7i1 #dbj7 seems to ?9k x 04 ,b ! bibliograph]s ascribe x to ,luzac1 :o 0 a man ( culture & ability4 #ajgb ,l',homme ,ma*9e1 ed4 ,asszat1 #ahfe1 p4 #ig2 ,o,euv4 philos4 ed4 #aggd1 iii1 #ea4 #ajgc ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #cfb sq4 7,eng4 tr4 ii1 #gh-hj72 ,s\ry1 ,brvi>e de l'hi/4 du matrialisme1 pp4 #ffc1 #fff-fh2 ,voltaire1 ,homlie sur l'a?isme1 end4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o gave ,la ,mettrie h>b\rage1 support1 & fri5d%ip1 & :o 0 n a bad judge ( m51 wrote & read 9 ! ,b]l9 ,academy ! fun]al loge ( ,la ,mettrie1 & pron\nc$ him une me pure et un coeur s]viable4 ,by pure he meant s9c]e4 #ajgd ,sal*i1 ,lettres sur le ,disme1 #agei1 pp4 #agg1 #aig1 #bci1 #bhc sq4 #ajge ,huxley1 essay on ,d>w9 on ! ,orig9 ( ,species2 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 ed4 ( ,twelve ,lectures & ,essays1 p4 #id4 #ajgf ,see ! p>allel passages 9 ! ,lettres ,critiques ( ! ,abb ,gau*at1 vol4 xv 7#agfa71 p4 #aib sq4 #ajgg ,see 8 essay ,des ,s+ul>its de la ,nature1 *4 xii1 & 8 ,diss]tation sur les *angem5ts arrivs dans notre globe4 #ajgh ,eng4 tr4 #agej4 #ajgi ,essay cit$1 p4 #if4 ,! criticism ignores ! great] compreh5siv5ess ( ,rob9et's survey ( nature4 #ajhj ,george-,l\is ,lecl]c1 ,comte de ,buffon1 #agjg-aghh4 #ajha ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 #ab? ed4 #ahge1 i1 #eg-eh4 #ajhb ,suite de l',apologie de ,m4 l',abb ,de ,prades1 #ageb1 p4 #cg sq4 #ajhc ,diss]tatio inauguralis metaphysica de univ]sali natur sy/emate1 publi%$ at ,gtt+5 z ! doctoral !sis ( an imag9>y ,dr4 ,baumann1 #agea4 ,9 ,fr5*1 #agec4 #ajhd ,s\ry1 p4 #egi4 ,! lat] speculations ( ,maup]tuis by _! extravagance discr$it$ ! e>li]4 #ajhe ,s*e9b> bekmpft er ,maup]tuis dessweg51 ab] im geheim5 /immt er ihm bei7,ros5kranz1 i1 #add74 #ajhf ,x %\ld be not$ t by ,condillac's av[al he 0 mu* aid$ by 8 fri5d ,mdlle4 ,f]r&4 #ajhg ,cp4 ,r?or1 ,condillac1 ou l'empirisme et le rationalisme1 #ahfd1 *4 i4 #ajhh ,lange1 ii1 #bg1 #bi2 ,s\ry1 pp4 #fjc-dd4 #ajhi ,s\ry1 pp4 #eif-fjj2 ,lange1 ii1 #bg4 #ajij ,oddly en\gh he became ultimately press c5sor6 ,he liv$ till #ahbj1 dy+ at ,r5nes at ! age ( #he4 #ajia ,?is may be/ be translat$ ,treatise on ! ,m9d4 ,! ,engli% translation ( #agei 7rep4 #ahjg7 is entitl$ ,de l',esprit3 or1 ,essays on ! ,m9d1 etc4 #ajib ,correspondance1 ii1 #bfb4 #ajic ,id4 p4 #bfc4 #ajid ,id4 p4 #bic4 #ajie ,at ! "t ! pieti/s decl>$ t ,did]ot _h collaborat$ 9 ,de l',esprit4 ,?is 0 d5i$ by ,grimm1 :o affirm$ t ,did]ot & ,helvtius 7 little acqua9t$1 & r>ely met2 b 8 ,secret>y1 ,mei/]1 wrote 9 #aghf t ! f9e/ pages 9 ! book 7 ,did]ot's4 ,id4 p4 #bid1 note4 ,9 8 sket* la mmoire de ,did]ot 7#aghf1 app4 to ,naigeon's ,mmoires1 #ahba1 p4 #dbe1 note71 ,mei/] speaks ( a numb] ( belles pages1 b does n p>ticul>ize4 #ajif ,de l',esprit1 ,disc1 iii1 *4 #cj4 #ajig ,cp4 ,morley's criticism4 ,did]ot1 ed4 #ahhd1 pp4 #cca-cb4 #ajih ,becc>ia's ,lett] to ,morellet1 cit$ 9 *4 i ( ,j4 ,a4 ,f>r]'s ed4 ( ! ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts1 p4 #f4 ,x is notewor?y t ! p>tial re=m effect$ e>li] 9 ,engl& by ,ogle?orpe1 on behalf ( imprison$ debtors 7#agcj-cb71 belongs to ! "t ( propag&i/ deism !re4 #ajii ,morley1 ,did]ot1 p4 #cbi4 #aajj ,lettre d',alemb]t1 #i janvi]1 #aggc4 #aaja ,cp4 ,ros5kranz1 ,vorb]i*t1 p4 vi4 #aajb ,cp4 ,morley1 ,did]ot1 ed4 #ahcd1 p4 #cb4 #aajc ,e4g4 #ba4 #aajd ,a police ag5t seiz$ ! ,,ms4 9 ,did]ot's libr>y1 & ,did]ot c\ld n get x back4 ,male%]bes1 ! c5sor1 kept x safe = him6 #aaje ,accord+ to ,naigeon 7,mmoires1 #ahba1 p4 #aca71 ?ree mon?s & t5 days4 #aajf ,! ,lettre purports1 l s _m o!r books ( t & ! next g5]ation1 to be publi%$ ,a ,londres4 #aajg ,did]ot's daught]1 9 h] memoir ( him1 speaks ( 8 imprisonm5t 9 ! ,ba/ille z br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! res5tm5t ( a lady ( :om he _h spok5 slight+ly2 & h] husb& left a /atem5t 9 ,,ms4 to ! same effect 7pr9t$ at ! end ( ! ,mmoires by ,naigeon74 ,! lady is nam$ z ,madame ,dupr de ,sa9t-,maur1 a mi/ress ( ! ,k+1 & ! (f5ce is said to h be5 committ$ 9 ! /ory entitl$ ,le ,pigeon blanc4 ,h[soev] ?is may h be51 ! prosecution 0 q 9 ! _s ( ! p]iod1 & ! e>li] ,p5ses 7 made "p ( ! case aga9/ him4 ,see ,delort1 ,hi/4 de la dt5tion des philosophes1 #ahbi1 ii1 #bjh-af4 ,m4 de ,v&eul-,did]ot te/ifies t ! ,m>quis ,du ,*atelet1 ,gov]nor ( ,v9c5nes1 treat$ 8 prison] v k9dly4 ,buckle 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #dbe7 does n seem to h fully read ! ,lettre1 :i* he describes z m]ely discuss+ ! diff]5tiation ( ?\ght & s5sation among ! bl9d4 #aajh ,8 fri5d ,mei/] 7 la mmoire de ,did]ot1 #aghf1 app4 to ,naigeon's ,mmoires de ,did]ot1 #ahba1 p4 #dbd7 writes z if ,did]ot _h writt5 ! :ole ,apologie 9 a few days4 ,! ?ird "p1 a reply to ! pa/oral ( ! ,bi%op ( ,aux]re1 appe>$ sep>ately z a ,suite to ! o!rs4 #aaji ,apologie1 z cit$1 #b;e p>tie1 p4 #hg sq4 #aaaj ,obs]vations sur l'in/ruction pa/orale de ,mons4 l'vque d',aux]re1 ,b]l91 #ageb1 p4 #ag4 #aaaa ,id4 p4 #ajb sq4 #aaab ,cp4 ,morley1 ,did]ot1 pp4 #ih-ii4 #aaac ,c>lyle1 ,fr$]ick1 bk4 xviii1 *4 ix1 end4 #aaad ,d',arg5son1 ,mmoires1 iv1 #ahh4 #aaae ,c>lyle1 z cit$4 #aaaf ,quelle abom9able homme6 he writes to ,mdlle4 ,vol& 7#ae juillet1 #agei72 & ,"l ,morley pron\nces de ,prades a rascal 7,did]ot1 p4 #ih74 ,c>lyle is in>ticulate ) disgu/--b z mu* aga9/ ! orig9al h]esy z aga9/ ! treason to ,fr$]ick4 ,z to t1 ,?ibault 0 conv9c$ t de ,prades 0 innoc5t & calumniat$4 ,ev]ybody at c\rt1 he decl>es1 held ! same view4 ,mes ,s\v5irs de v+t ans de sj\r ,b]l91 #b;e dit4 #ahje1 v1 #djb-djd4 #aaag ,x is n cle> h[ ^! are to be di/+ui%$ f ! mutilations ( ! lat] volumes by 8 trea*]\s publi%] ,le ,breton4 ,( ?is trea*]y ! details are giv5 by ,grimm1 ,corr4 litt4 ed4 #ahbi4 vii1 #add sq4 #aaah ,buckle's acc\nt ( him 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #dbf7 z burn+ ) hatr$ aga9/ 8 p]secutors aft] 8 imprisonm5t is ov]drawn4 ,he 0 a poor hat]4 #aaai ,madame ,did]ot1 says h] daught]1 0 v upright z well z v religi\s1 b h] temp]1 t]nellem5t grondeur1 faisait de notre intrieur un enf]1 dont mon pre tait l'ange consolateur 7,lett] to ,mei/]1 9 ,notice pref4 to ,lettres ,9dites de ,mme4 de ,/al ,h5ri ,mei/]1 #aijc1 p4 #fb74 #aabj ,hlas6 disait mon excell5t gr&-pre1 j'ai deux fils3 l'un s]a srem5t un sa9t1 et je cra9s bi5 que l'autre ne soit damn2 mais je ne puis vivre avec le sa9t1 et je suis trs heureux du temps que je passe avec le damn 7,lett] ( ,mme4 de ,v&eul1 la/ cit$74 ,free?9k] z he 01 8 fell[-t[nsm5 (ficially reque/$ 9 #aghj to be all[$ to pay = a portrait ( him = public exhibition1 & ! bronze bu/ he s5t !m 0 plac$ 9 ! htel de ville 7,,ms4 ( ,m4 de ,v&eul-,did]ot1 z cit$74 #aaba ,madame de ,v&eul /ates t ?is /ory 0 motiv$ by ! case ( ,did]ot's si/]1 :o di$ mad at ! age ( #bg or #bh 7,lett] above cit$2 ,ros5kranz1 i1 #i74 #aabb ,lettre de ,voltaire ,d',alemb]t1 #bg aot1 #aggd4 #aabc ,lettre de #b dcembre1 #ageg4 #aabd ,o,euvres po/humes de ,d',alemb]t1 #agii1 i1 #bdj4 #aabe ,d',holba* 0 ! orig9al ( ! "* ( ,wolm> 9 ,r\sseau's ,n\velle ,hlose1 ( :om ,julie says t he does good )\t recomp5se4 ,i nev] saw a man m simply simple 0 ! v]dict ( ,madame ,ge(fr94 ,corr4 litt4 de ,grimm 7notice probably by ,mei/]71 ed4 #ahbi-ca1 xiv1 #bia4 #aabf ,m>montel says ( him t he avoit t\t lu et n'avoit jamais ri5 oubli d'int]essant4 ,mmoires1 #ahjd1 ii1 #cab4 #aabg ,see a full li/ ( 8 works 7compil$ by ,julian ,hibb]t aft] ! li/ giv5 9 ! #ahba ed4 ( ,did]ot's ,works1 xii1 #aae1 & rep4 9 ! #ahbi-ca ed4 ( ,grimm & ,did]ot's ,correspondance1 xiv1 #bic71 prefix$ to ,watson's ed4 7#ahcd & lat]7 ( ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 #aabh ,morley1 ,did]ot1 p4 #cda4 ,! *apt] gives a good acc\nt ( ! book4 ,cp4 ,lange1 i1 #cfd sq4 7,eng4 trans1 ii1 #bf sq47 z to its mat]ialism4 ,! be/ pages 7 said to be by ,did]ot 7,corr4 de ,grimm1 z cit$1 p4 #bhi2 ! /atem5t ( ,mei/]1 :o makes x also 9 8 loge74 ,naigeon d5i$ t ,did]ot _h any "p 9 ! ,sy/me1 b 9 #ahbj !re 0 publi%$ an edition ) notes & corrections by ,did]ot4 #aabi ,x is to be not$ t ! ,engli% translation 7#c vols4 #crd ed4 #ahag2 #d? ed4 #ahbj7 delib]ately tamp]s ) ! language ( ! orig9al to ! ext5t ( mak+ x dei/ic4 ,?is p]v]sion has be5 by ov]sight pres]v$ 9 all ! repr9ts4 #aacj ,mirabeau spoke ( ! ,essai z le livre le mo9s connu1 et celui qui mrite le plus l'tre4 ,ev5 ! repr9t ( #agic _h become extremely r>e 9 #ahbb4 ,! book seems to h be5 specially disquiet+ to or?odoxy1 & 0 hunt$ d[n accord+ly4 #aaca ,s ,morley1 p4 #cdg4 ,x does n occur to ,"l ,morley1 & to ! ,comti/s :o take a simil> tone1 t 9 ?us disp>ag+ pa/ ?9k]s !y are really do+ ! ?+ !y blame4 #aacb ,lettres de ,memmius ,cicron 7#agga72 ,hi/oire de ,j5ni 7#agge74 ,9 ! e>li] article1 ,a?e1 9 ! ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 he speaks ( hav+ met 9 ,france v good physici/s :o 7 a!i/s4 ,9 8 lett] ( ,septemb] #bf1 #aggj1 to ,madame ,neck]1 he writes conc]n+ ! ,sy/me de la ,nature3 ,il e/ un peu honteux notre nation que tant de g5s ai5t embrass si vite une op9ion si ridicule4 ,& yet ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,sloane1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 /ill writes ( ,voltaire1 9 ! mann] ( ,engli% bi%ops1 z a!i/ical 7,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,religi\s ,re=m1 #aija1 p4 #bf74 #aacc ,?\gh 9 #agig we h ,m>*al's ,code d'une ,socit d'hommes sans ,dieu1 & 9 #agih 8 ,p5ses libres sur les prtres4 #aacd ,?us ,dr4 ,cairns 7,unbelief 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #afe7 gravely argues t ! ,fr5* ,revolution proves ! inefficacy ( !ism )\t a ,tr9ity to control conduct4 ,he has omitt$ to comp>e ! !i/ic blood%$ ( ! ,revolution ) ! ,tr9it>ian blood%$ ( ! ,crusades1 ! papal suppression ( ! ,albig5ses1 ! ,hussite w>s1 & o!r or?odox und]tak+s4 #aace ,! book 0 accord$ ! ,mon?yon prize by ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,9 translation 7#aghh7 x f\nd a welcome 9 ,engl& among ,*ur*m5 by reason ( its pro-,*ri/ian tone & its g5]al v9dication ( religi\s in/itutions4 ,! translation 0 ! "w ( ,m>y ,woll/onecraft4 ,see ,kegan ,paul's ,william ,godw91 #ahgf1 i1 #aic4 ,mrs4 ,dunlop1 ! fri5d ( ,burns1 recomm5d+ its p]usal to ! poet1 paid x a curi\s complim5t3 ,he does n write l a sect>y1 h>dly l a ,*ri/ian1 b yet :ile ,i read him1 ,i l bett] my ,god1 my neighb\r1 ,monsieur ,neck]1 & myself4 ,rob]t ,burns & ,mrs4 ,dunlop1 ed4 by ,w4 ,wallace1 #ahih1 p4 #beh4 #aacf ,see ,voltaire's lett]s to ,madame ,neck]1 ,corr4 de ,grimm1 ed4 #ahbi1 vii1 #bc1 #aah4 ,( ! lady1 ,grimm writes 7p4 #aah73 ,hypa?ie ,neck] passe sa vie avec des sy/matiques1 mais elle e/ devote sa manire4 ,elle v\drait tre s9crem5t hug5ote1 ou soc9i5ne1 ou di/ique1 ou plutt1 p\r tre quelque *ose1 elle pr5d le p>ti de ne se r5dre compte sur ri54 ,hypa?ie 0 ,voltaire's complim5t>y "n = h]4 #aacg ,cp4 ,aul>d1 ,le ,culte de la ,raison et le ,culte de l'tre ,suprme1 #ahib1 pp4 #ag-ai4 ,m4 ,gazi] 7tudes sur l'hi/oire religieuse de la rvolution franaise1 #ahgg1 pp4 #dh1 #agc1 #ahi sq47 speaks some:at loosely ( a prevail+ anti-,*ri/ian feel+ :5 actually cit+ only isolat$ in/ances1 & giv+ pro(s ( a g5]al or?odoxy4 ,yet he po9ts out ! complete misconception ( ,?i]s on ! subject 7p4 #bjb74 #aach ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,sloane1 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,religi\s ,re=m1 p4 #dc4 #aaci ,gazi]1 z cit$1 pp4 #b1 #d1 #ab1 #ai-ba1 #ga1 etc4 #aadj ,les ,assembles ,prov9ciales s\s ,l\is ,,xvi1 #ahfd1 pref4 pp4 viii-ix4 #aada ,gazi]1 ,l4 ii1 *4 i4 #aadb ,id4 p4 #fg4 #aadc ,id4 p4 #fi4 #aadd ,lonce de ,lav]gne1 z cit$4 #aade ,! au?ority ( ,turgot himself c\ld be cit$ = ! dem& t ! ,/ate cl]gy %\ld accept ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate4 ,cp4 ,aul>d1 ,le ,culte de la ,raison1 p4 #ab2 ,tissot1 tude sur ,turgot1 #ahgh1 p4 #afj4 #aadf ,gazi]1 p4 #aac4 #aadg ,aul>d1 ,culte1 pp4 #ai-bj4 #aadh ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de la rvolution franaise1 ed4 #hvo #ahfh & lat]1 i1 #af4 ,cp4 ,pr\dhon's ,de la ju/ice1 #aheh4 #aadi ,t\t jugem5t religieux ou politique e/ une contradiction flagrante dans une religion uniquem5t fonde sur un dogme trang] la ju/ice4 ,ed4 cit$1 introd4 p4 #fj4 #aaej ,! grave mis/atem5t ( ,mi*elet on ?is head is expos$ by ,aul>d1 ,culte1 p4 #fj4 #aaea ,yet x is cu/om>y among ,*ri/ians to speak ( ?is lady 9 ! mo/ opprobri\s t]ms4 ,! royali/ 7b malcont5t7 ,m>quis de ,vill5euve1 :o _h se5 ! ,revolution 9 8 y\?1 claim$ 9 8 old age to h aft]w>ds conv]s$ ) ! ,goddess ,reason ( ,p>is & ) ! ,goddess ,reason ( ,b\rges 7:]e he became gov]nor72 b1 ?\gh he twice alludes to ^? wom51 he says no?+ :atev] aga9/ _! *>act]s 7,de l',agonie de la ,france1 #ahce1 i1 #c1 #ai74 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,sloane1 ) all 8 religi\s prejudice1 is satisfi$ t ! wom5 *os5 z ,goddesses ( ,reason outside ( ,p>is 7 not$ = _! spotless "*4 ,"w cit$1 p4 #aih4 #aaeb ,mmoires1 ed4 #ahda1 ii1 #aff4 #aaec ,pre ,f4-,j4-,f4 ,=t91 ,s\v5irs1 ,aux]re1 #ahfg1 ii1 #da4 #aaed ,see ! spee* 9 ,aul>d1 ,culte1 p4 #bdj2 & cp4 pp4 #gi-he4 #aaee ,le peuple aura des ftes dans lesquelles il (frira de l'enc5s l'tre ,suprme1 au matre de la nature1 c> n\s n'avons pas v\lu anantir la sup]/ition p\r tablir le rgne de l'a?isme4 ,spee* ( ,nov4 #bf1 #agic1 9 ! ,moniteur4 7,disc\rs de ,danton1 ed4 ,&r ,frib\rg1 #aiaj1 p4 #eii47 #aaef ,aul>d1 ,culte1 pp4 #ha-hb4 #aaeg ,conc]n+ :om see ,aul>d1 ,culte1 pp4 #hf-if4 #aaeh ,! ,s\rce1 ! ,/r5g?1 & ! ,true ,_s ( ,laws1 ,eng4 tr4 #agec1 p4 #f4 #aaei ,e4g41 9 ! ,arrt du ,p>lem5t ( #i ju91 #agfb1 d5\nc+ ,r\sseau's mile z t5d+ to make ! royal au?ority odi\s & to de/roy ! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce2 & 9 ! ,exam5 du ,bllisaire de ,m4 ,m>montel1 by ,cog] 7,n\v4 d4 augm4 #agfg1 p4 #de sq4 ,cp4 ,m>montel's ,mmoires1 #ahjd1 iii1 #df1 z to 8 be+ call$ ennemi du trne et de l'autel74 ,?is k9d ( invective 0 kept up aga9/ ! philosophes to ! mom5t ( ! ,revolution4 ,see = in/ance ,le vrai religieux1 ,disc\rs ddi ,madame ,l\ise de ,france1 p> le ,r4 ,p4 ,c4 ,a4 #aghg1 p4 #d3 ,une philosophie orgueilleuse a r5v]s les limites sacres que la ma9 du ,trs-,haut avoit elle-mme leves4 ,la raison de l'homme a os sond] les dcrets de ,dieu4444 ,dans les accs de son ivresse1 n'a-t-elle pas sap les fondem5s du trne et des lois1 etc4 #aafj ,cp4 ! admissions ( ,curni] 7,riv>ol1 sa vie et ses oeuvres1 #aheh1 p4 #adi7 9 deprecation ( ,burke's wild lik5+ ( ,riv>ol's j\rnalism to ! ,annals ( ,tacitus4 #aafa ,o,euvres1 ed4 cit$1 pp4 #acf-dj1 #adg-ee4 #aafb ,cp4 ! critique ( ,sa9te-,beuve1 prefix$ to ed4 cit$1 pp4 #ad-ag1 & t ( ,arsne ,h\ssaye1 id4 pp4 #ca-cc4 ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury1 ?\gh biass$ to ! side ( ! royali/1 admits t ,riv>ol h>dly kn[s :at s9c]ity is 7,miscellane\s ,essays1 #ahib1 p4 #fg74 #aafc ,*>les ,comte is ?us p>tly inaccurate 9 say+ 7,trait de ,lgislation1 #ahce1 i1 #gb7 t ! *>ge aga9/ ! philosoph]s began on ! day on :i* !re 0 set up a gov]nm5t 9 ,france t s\ght to re-e/abli% ! abuses ( :i* !y _h s\ght ! de/ruction4 ,:at is true is t ! *>ge1 fram$ at once by ! back]s ( ! ,old ,rgime1 has always s9ce done duty = reaction4 #aafd ,mmoires1 ed4 ,jannet1 iii1 #cac2 iv1 #gj2 v1 #cdf1 #cdh4 #aafe ,id4 iii1 #cdf-dg4 #aaff ,d',arg5son1 not+ 9 8 old age h[ on n'a jamais autant p>l de nation et d'tat qu'auj\rd'hui1 h[ no su* talk _h be5 he>d "u ,l\is ,,xiv1 & h[ he himself _h develop$ on ! subject1 adds1 cela vi5t du p>lem5t et des ,anglois4 ,he goes on to speak ( a reissue ( ! translation ( ,locke on ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 orig9ally made by ! ,jans5i/s 7,mmoires1 iv1 #ahi-ij74 #aafg ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ed4 #ahgb1 iii1 #afj-fc4 #aafh ,o,euvres div]ses de ,pi]re ,bayle1 ,la ,haye1 #d vols4 fol4 #agcg1 ii1 #efd sq4 #aafi ,?is ,critique appe>s 9 ! v volume to :i* ,cog] ref]s = ! ,avis aux ,rfugiz4 ,see ,lett4 viii1 xiii1 xvii1 etc41 vol4 & ed4 cit$1 pp4 #cf1 #ed1 #ga1 etc4 #aagj ,cp4 ! survey ( ,aul>d1 ,hi/4 polit4 de la rv4 franaise1 #b;e dit4 #aijc1 pp4 #b-bc4 #aaga ,probably ! "w ( a ,jans5i/4 #aagb ,on ! :ole "q ( ! gr[? ( ab/ract revolution>y doctr9e 9 politics cp4 ,w4 ,s4 ,mc,kechnie on ! ,de ,jure ,regni apud ,scotos 9 ! ,george ,bu*anan vol4 ( ,glasg[ ,quat]c5t5>y ,/udies1 #aijf1 pp4 #bef-gf2 ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,maitl&'s tr4 #aijj1 p4 #cg sq4 #aagc ,mallet actually reproa*es ! philosophes 9 ! mass--:ile admitt+ ! ho/ility ( _m ( !m to ! ,revolution--) hav+ accel]at$ ,fr5* deg5]ation & depravation 444 by r5d]+ ! consci5ce argum5tative 7raisonneuse71 by sub/itut+ = duties inculcat$ by s5tim5t1 tradition1 & habit1 ! unc]ta9 rules ( ! human reason & sophisms adapt$ to passions1 etc41 etc4 7,b4 ,mallet1 z cit$1 p4 #cfj74 ,) all 8 natural vig\r ( m9d1 ,mallet du ,pan ?us came to talk ! language ( ! ord9>y irrationali/ ( ! ,reaction4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ! /imulation ( ! habit ( reason+ be a de/ructive c\rse1 ! philosophes /& condemn$4 ,b z ,*ri/ians _h be5 reason+ z be/ !y c\ld1 9 an et]nal s]ies ( va9 disputes1 = a mill5nium & a-half be=e ! ,revolution1 ) habitual appeal to ! passions1 ! argum5t only proves h[ vacu\s a ,*ri/ian *ampion's reason+ c be4 #aagd ,art4 9 ,m]cure ,britannique1 ,no4 #ac1 ,feb4 #ba1 #agii2 cit$ by ,b4 ,mallet 9 ,mallet du ,pan & ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 #aijb1 ,app4 p4 #ceg4 #aage ,id4 p4 #cei4 #aagf ,tableau littraire du dix-huitime sicle1 #h;e dit4 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #aagg ,id4 p4 #gb4 #aagh ,"w cit$1 p4 #ceh4 #aagi ,id4 p4 #cei4 #aahj ,cp4 ,morley1 ,did]ot1 p4 #djg4 ,"l ,morley po9ts to ! phrase 9 ano!r =m 9 a lett] ( ,voltaire's 9 #agfa4 ,x really d]ives f ,jean ,mesli]1 :o quotes x f an unlett]$ man 7,te/am5t1 i4 #ai74 #aaha ,ros5kranz1 ,did]ot's ,leb5 und ,w]ke1 #ahff1 ii1 #chj-ha4 #aahb ,z ,"l ,morley po9ts out1 ,h5ri ,m>t9 absolutely rev]ses ! purport ( a passage 9 ord] to convict ,did]ot ( ju/ify+ regicide4 #aahc ,mmoires1 ed4 ,jannet1 iv1 #dd1 #ea1 #fh1 #fi1 #gd1 #ia1 #ic1 #aja1 #ajc4 #aahd ,mallet du ,pan says he saw ! ,,ms41 & knew ,did]ot to h receiv$ #aj1jjj livres t\rnois = 8 additions4 ,?is /atem5t is incr$ible4 ,b ,mei/] is explicit1 9 8 loge1 z to ,did]ot hav+ writt5 = ! book mu* t he ?\ght nobody w\ld sign1 :]eas ,raynal 0 ready to sign any?+4 #aahe ,memoirs ( ,sir ,samuel ,romilly1 #crd ed4 #ahda1 i1 #df4 #aahf ,:5 ,d',arg5son writes 9 #ageb 7,mmoires1 d4 ,jannet1 iv1 #ajc7 t he he>s only philosophes say1 z if conv9c$1 t ev5 an>*y w\ld be bett] ?an ! exi/+ misgov]nm5t1 he makes no sugge/ion t !y tea* ?is4 ,& he decl>es = 8 own "p t ev]y?+ is drift+ to ru93 nulle r=mation 444 nulle amlioration4444 ,t\t tombe1 p> lambeaux4 #aahg ,aul>d1 ,hi/4 polit4 de la rvol4 p4 #bd4 #aahh ,?is is ! suffici5t comm5t on a p]plex+ page ( ,"l ,morley's second monograph on ,burke 7pp4 #aaj-aa71 :i* ,i h nev] be5 able to reconcile ) ! re/ ( 8 writ+4 #aahi ,lecky1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 small ed4 vi1 #bfc4 #aaij ,d',arg5son notes ?is repeat$ly1 ?\gh 9 "o passage he praises ! ,p>lem5t z hav+ alone made head aga9/ absolutism 7dc4 #ageb2 ed4 cit$1 iv1 #aaf74 #aaia ,maximes et ,p5ses1 ed4 #ahef1 p4 #gb4 #aaib ,id4 pp4 #gc-gd4 #aaic ,*am=t 9 ano!r passage ma9ta9s aga9/ ,s\lavie t ! ,academy did mu* to develop ! _s ( fre$om 9 ?\ght & politics4 ,id4 p4 #ajg4 ,& ?is too is arguable1 z we h se54 #aaid ,on ?is complicat$ issue1 :i* _c be "h h&l$ at any fur!r l5g?1 see ,pr(4 ,p4 ,a4 ,wadia's essay ,! ,philosoph]s & ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7,social ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 #aijd71 :i*1 h[ev]1 ne$s revision2 & comp>e ! argum5t ( ,n\rrisson1 ,j4-,j4 ,r\sseau et le ,r\sseauisme1 #aijc1 *4 xx4 #aaie ,correspondance de ,grimm1 ed4 cit$1 xiv1 #e-f4 ,lettre de janv4 #aghh4 #aaif ,lettre de ,voltaire ,d',alemb]t1 #bg aot1 #aggd4 #aaig ,hi/oire du m>iage des prtres en ,france1 p> ,m4 ,grgoire1 anci5 vque de ,blois1 #ahbf1 p4 v4 ,comp>e ! details 9 ! ,app5dice to ! ,etudes ( ,m4 ,gazi]1 be=e cit$4 ,t writ]'s acc\nt is ! m decisive see+ t 8 bias is cl]ical1 & t1 writ+ be=e ,m4 ,aul>d1 he _h to a consid]able ext5t reta9$ ! old illusion z to ! decree+ ( a!ism by ! ,conv5tion 7p4 #cac74 ,see pp4 #bcj-bfj z to ! readju/m5t effect$ by ,grgoire1 :ile ! cons]vative cl]gy 7 /ill /riv+ to undo ! ,revolution4 #aaih ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip3 ,napoleon4 #aaii ,see ! ,s5tim5ts de ,napolon sur le ,*ri/ianisme3 conv]sations recueillies ,sa9te-,hlne p> le ,comte de ,mon?olon1 #ahda4 ,_m ( ! utt]ances "h set =? are irreconcilable ) ,napoleon's g5]al tone4 #abjj ,o',me>a1 ,napolon en ,exil1 ed4 ,lacroix1 #ahig1 ii1 #ci4 #abja ,ph4 ,gonn>d1 ,les orig9es de la lg5de ,napoloni5ne1 #aijf1 p4 #beh4 #abjb ,id4 p4 #bfj4 #abjc ,pasqui]1 cit$ by ,rose1 ,life ( ,napoleon1 ed4 #aiac1 i1 #bhb4 ,! ,concordat 0 bitt]ly res5t$ by ! free?9k]s 9 ! army4 ,id4 p4 #bha4 #abjd ,see ,jules ,b>ni's ,napolon ,i]4 ed4 #ahgj1 p4 #hc1 z to ! amaz+ ,cate*ism impos$ by ,napoleon on ,france 9 #ahaa4 ,= ! hi/ory ( its prep>ation & imposition see ,de ,labone1 ,p>is s\s ,napolon3 ,la ,religion1 #aijg1 p4 #ajj sq4 #abje ,z to ! ,napoleonic c5sor%ip ( lit]ature1 cp4 ,madame de ,/al1 ,considrations sur la rvolution franaise1 ptie4 iv1 *4 #af2 ,dix ,annes d',exil1 prf42 ,wels*+]1 ,la ,c5sure s\s le premi] ,empire1 #ahhb4 #abjf ,las ,cases1 ,mmorial de ,sa9te-,hlne1 #ai aot1 #ahaf4 #abjg ,mignet1 ,hi/4 de la rvolution franaise1 #d;e dit4 ii1 #cdj4 #abjh ,cp4 ,pusey1 ,hi/or4 ,enquiry into ! ,probable ,causes ( ! ,rationali/ ,"* 444 ( ! ,!ology ( ,g]many1 #ahbh1 p4 #gi4 #abji ,bi%op ,hur/1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 ed4 #ahfg1 p4 #ef4 #abaj ,id4 pp4 #eg-eh 7la/ ed4 pp4 #gd-gf71 cit+ ,?oluck1 ,deuts*e ,univ]sitt51 i1 #ade-dh1 & ,d[d+1 ,life ( ,calixtus1 pp4 #acb-cc4 #abaa ,pusey1 p4 #aac4 #abab ,hur/1 p4 #ei4 #abac ,cp4 ,buckle1 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #cjc-cji4 ,! result ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 0 indiff]5ce1 n only to ! ,confession1 b to religion 9 g5]al4 ,ev] s9ce t p]iod1 secul> int]e/s decid$ly occupy ! =egr\nd 7,kahnis1 ,int]nal ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,prote/antism1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahef1 p4 #ba74 #abad ,quot$ by ,bi%op ,hur/1 ed4 cit$1 p4 #fj 7#gh74 #abae ,pres]vatio wid] die ,pe/ d] heutig5 ,a!i/54 #abaf ,dat$ f ,rome2 b ?is 0 a my/ification4 #abag ,kahnis1 p4 #abe2 ,la ,croze1 ,entreti5s1 #agaa1 p4 #dja4 #abah ,ev5 ,knutz5 seems to h be5 influ5c$ by ,sp9oza4 ,pnj]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ri/4 ,philos4 ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #dcg4 ,pnj]1 h[ev]1 seems to h exagg]at$ ! connection4 #abai ,cp4 ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 #cte ,aufl4 i1 #cah 7,eng4 tr4 ii1 #ce74 #abbj ,epi/ol ad ,sp9ozam et ,responsiones1 9 ,gfrr]1 liii4 #abba ,col]us1 ,vie de ,sp9oza1 9 ,gfrr]'s ed4 ( ! ,op]a1 #ahcj1 pp4 lv1 lvi4 #abbb ,pnj]1 z cit$1 i1 #dcd-cj3 ,lange1 la/ cit4 ,lange notes t ,g5!'s ,comp5dium de impo/ura religionum1 :i* has be5 errone\sly assign$ to ! sixte5? c5tury1 mu/ belong to ! p]iod ( ,kor?olt's "w4 #abbc ,pnj]1 p4 #dci2 ,lange1 la/ cit42 ,?oluck1 ,kir*4 ,leb51 #b ,ab?4 pp4 #eg-eh4 #abbd ,x 0 nom9ally issu$ at ,am/]dam1 really at ,b]l94 #abbe ,?is writ] gives 7p4 #ab7 a notable li/ ( ! =ms ( a!ism3 ,a!ismus directus1 indirectus1 =malis1 virtualis1 !oreticus1 practicus1 in*oatus1 consummatus1 subtilis1 crassus1 privativus1 negativus1 & s on1 ad lib4 #abbf ,cp4 ,buckle & 8 ,critics1 pp4 #aga-gb2 ,pnj]1 i1 #eae4 #abbg ,lett] cit$ by ,dr4 ,latta4 ,leibniz1 #ahih1 p4 #b1 note4 #abbh ,philos4 ,s*rift51 ed4 ,g]h>dt1 i1 #bf2 ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,sp9oza1 p4 #gg4 #abbi ,lett] to ,?omas1 ,decemb] #bc1 #afgj4 #abcj ,quot$ by ,?oluck1 z la/ cit$1 p4 #fa4 ,sp5] took ! same tone4 #abca ,philos4 ,s*rift51 ed4 ,g]h>dt1 i1 #cd2 ii1 #efc2 ,latta1 p4 #bd2 ,m>t9eau1 p4 #ge4 ,cp4 ,refutation ( ,sp9oza by ,leibnitz1 ed4 by ,f\*] de ,c>eil4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahee4 #abcb ,8 notable surmise z to gradation ( species 7see ,latta1 pp4 #ch-ci7 0 tak5 up among ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s1 b did n !n modify curr5t sci5ce4 #abcc ,! only l5g?y treatise publi%$ by him 9 8 lifetime4 #abcd ,m4 ,a4 ,jacques1 intr4 to ,o,euvres de ,leibniz1 #ahdf1 i1 #ed-eg4 #abce ,cp4 ,?oluck1 ,das kir*li*e ,leb51 z cit$1 #b ,ab?4 pp4 #eb-ee4 ,kahnis1 co9cid+ ) ,erdmann1 pron\nces t1 al?\gh ,leibnitz ackn[l$ges ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 yet 8 sy/em assign$ to ,him a v unc]ta9 position only 7,int4 ,hi/4 ( ,g]4 ,prote/antism1 p4 #bf74 #abcf ,cp4 ,pnj]1 i1 #eji1 z to 8 attitude on ritual4 #abcg ,latta1 z cit$1 p4 #af2 ,vie de ,leibnitz1 p> ,de ,jauc\rt1 9 ed4 #agdg ( ! ,essais de ,?odice1 i1 #bce-ci4 #abch ,z to 8 virtual deism see ,pnj]1 i1 #eac-ae4 ,b he propos$ to s5d ,*ri/ian mission>ies to ! hea!n4 ,?oluck1 z la/ cit$1 p4 #ee4 #abci ,lettres entre ,leibnitz et ,cl>ke4 #abdj ,disc\rs de la con=mit de la foi avec la raison1 #fh-gj2 ,essais sur la bont de ,dieu1 etc41 #ej1 #fa1 #afd1 #ahj1 #bib-ic4 #abda ,! ,n\veaux ,essais sur l',ent5dem5t huma91 refut+ ,locke1 appe>$ po/hum\sly 9 #agfe4 ,locke _h treat$ 8 !i/ic critic ) contempt4 7,latta1 p4 #ac47 #abdb ,am& ,sa9tes1 ,hi/4 crit4 du ,rationalisme en ,allemagne1 #ahda1 *4 vi2 ,he9ri* ,s*mid1 ,die ,ges*i*te des ,pietismus1 #ahfc1 *4 ii4 #abdc ,sa9tes1 p4 #ea2 cp4 ,pusey1 p4 #aje1 z to ! want ( resi/ance f ! s*ool ( ,pieti/s to ! subsequ5t invasion ( unbelief4 #abdd ,hag5ba*1 ,g]man ,rationalism1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfe1 p4 #i4 #abde ,id4 p4 #ci2 ,pusey1 ,hi/or4 ,enquiry into ! ,causes ( ,g]man ,rationalism1 #ahbh1 pp4 #hh1 #ig2 ,?oluck1 ,abriss e9] ,ges*i*te des ,umwlzung 444 seit #agej auf dem ,gebiete d] ,!ologie 9 ,deuts*l&1 9 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 #ahci1 ii1 #e4 #abdf ,pusey1 pp4 #hf1 #hg1 #ih4 #abdg ,cp4 ,pusey1 pp4 #cg-ch1 #de1 #dh1 #di1 #ec-ed1 #gi1 #aja-aji2 ,sa9tes1 pp4 #bh1 #gi-hj2 ,hag5ba*1 pp4 #da1 #gb1 #aje4 #abdh ,pusey1 p4 #aaj4 ,cp4 ,sa9tes1 *4 vi4 #abdi ,das kir*li*e ,leb51 z cit$1 #b ,ab?4 p4 #eh4 #abej ,id4 pp4 #ef-eg4 #abea ,vol4 i1 p4 #f4 #abeb ,h4 ,lud51 ,*ri/ian ,?omasius na* se95 ,s*icksal5 und ,s*rift5 d>ge/ellt1 #ahje1 p4 #g4 #abec ,cp4 ,s*mid1 ,ges*i*te des ,pietismus1 pp4 #dhf-hh4 #abed ,puf5dorf's bulky treatise ,de ,jure ,natur et ,g5tium 0 publi%$ at ,lund1 :]e he 0 pr(essor1 9 #afgb4 ,! %ort] ,de ,(ficio hom9is et civis 7also ,lund1 #afgc7 is a cond5sation & p>tly a v9dication ( ! o!r1 & ?is x 0 t conv9c$ ,?omasius4 ,z to ,puf5dorf's "p 9 ! transition f !ological to rational moral philosophy1 see ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 iv1 #aga-gh4 ,he is fairly to be bracket$ ) ,cumb]l&2 b ,hallam h>dly recognizes t x 0 ! *all5ge ( ,hobbes t =c$ ! *ange4 #abee ,freim?ige1 lu/ige und ern/hafte1 j$o* v]nunft- und gesetzmssige ,g$ank51 od] ,monatgespr*e b] all]h&1 vornehmli* b] neue ,b*]4 ,!re _h be5 an e>li] ,acta ,eruditorum1 9 ,lat91 publi%$ at ,leipzig1 & a ,fr5* ,ephem]ides savantes1 ,hamburg1 #afhf4 ,o!r ,g]man & ,fr5* p]iodicals soon foll[$ t ( ,?omasius4 ,lud51 p4 #afb4 #abef ,s*mid1 pp4 #dhh-ib1 gives a sket* ( "s ( ! cont5ts4 #abeg ,pusey1 p4 #hf1 note4 ,x is surpris+ t ,pusey does n make m acc\nt ( ,?omasius's naturali/ic treatm5t ( polygamy & suicide1 :i* he %[$ to be n crim9al 9 t]ms ( natural law4 #abeh ,comp>e ,web]1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,lit4 #ha 7ed4 #ahhj1 pp4 #ij-ia72 ,pusey1 z cit$1 p4 #aad4 note2 ,enfield's ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 7ab/4 ( ,bruck]'s ,hi/4 crit4 philos471 #ahdj4 pp4 #faj-fab2 ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #aae2 & ,s*legel's note 9 ,reid's ,mo%eim1 p4 #gij1 ) ,k>l ,hillebr&1 ,six ,lect4 on ! ,hi/4 ( ,g]man ,?\ght1 #ahhj1 pp4 #fd-fe4 ,!re is a mod]n monograph by ,a4 ,nicoladoni1 ,*ri/ian ,?omasius2 e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,aufklrung1 #ahhh4 #abei ,b>on de ,bielfeld1 ,progrs des ,allem&s1 #c;e d4 #agfg1 i1 #bd4 ,be=e ,?omasius1 writes ,bielfeld1 an old woman c\ld n h r$ eyes )\t runn+ ! risk ( be+ accus$ ( wit*craft & burn$ at ! /ake4 #abfj ,s*mid1 pp4 #dic-ig4 ,?omasius's pr9cipal writ+s on ?is !me 73 ,vom ,re*t evangelis*5 ,fr/5 9 ,mitteld+5 7#afib72 ,vom ,re*t evangelis*5 ,fr/5 9 !ologis*5 ,/reitigkeit5 7#afif72 ,vom ,re*t evangelis*5 ,fr/5 geg5 ,ketz] 7#afig74 #abfa ,ec4 ,hi/4 #ag ,c5t4 sect4 ii1 pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #aa1 #ad4 ,x is notewor?y t ! ,pieti/s at ,halle did n scruple to ally !mselves = a "t ) ,?omasius1 he be+ oppos$ to ! or?odox p>ty4 ,kahnis1 ,int]nal ,hi/4 ( ,g]4 ,prote/antism1 p4 #aad4 #abfb ,pusey1 z cit$1 p4 #aba4 ,cp4 p4 #aac4 #abfc ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ah4 und #ai4 ,jahrh41 #bte ,aufl4 i1 #afd4 7,?is matt] is n 9 ! abridg$ translation47 #abfd ,see ! furi\s acc\nt ( him by ,mo%eim1 #ag ,c4 sec4 ii1 pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #cc4 #abfe ,hag5ba*1 la/ cit4 p4 #afi4 #abff ,noack1 ,die ,freid5k] 9 d] ,religion1 ,?4 iii1 ,kap4 #a2 ,bruno ,bau]1 ,e9fluss des englis*5 ,quk]?ums auf die deuts*e ,cultur und auf das englis*-russis*e ,projekt e9] ,weltkir*e1 #ahgh1 pp4 #da-dd4 #abfg ,pref4 to ,fr5* tr4 ( ! ,m$itationes1 #aggj1 pp4 xii-xvii4 ,lau di$ 9 #agdj4 #abfh ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 z cit$1 p4 #aj4 #abfi ,trans4 9 ,engli%1 #agej4 #abgj ,hag5ba*1 tr4 pp4 #ce-cf2 ,sa9tes1 p4 #fa2 ,kahnis1 z cit$1 p4 #aad4 #abga ,hag5ba*1 pp4 #cg-ci4 ,x is to be obs]v$ 7,?oluck1 ,abriss1 p4 #bc7 t ! ,wolffian philosophy 0 re9/at$ 9 ,prussia by royal m&ate 9 #agci1 a ye> be=e ! accession ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,b we "k t ,fr$]ick *ampion$ him4 #abgb ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 z cit$1 p4 #e4 #abgc ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 z cit$1 p4 #f4 #abgd ,kahnis1 p4 #ee4 #abge ,pnj]1 i1 #edd4 ,cp4 ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 pp4 #ai-bb4 #abgf ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 p4 #bb4 ,s*mid 0 = a "t suppos$ to be ! au?or ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts ( ,reim>us 7bel[1 p4 #cbg74 #abgg ,unp>!yis*e ,kir*5- und ,ketz]hi/orie1 #afii-agjj1 #b tom4 fol4--full] ed4 #c tom4 fol4 #agdj4 ,comp>e ,mo%eim's angry acc\nt ( x ) ,murdock's note 9 def5ce3 ,reid's ed4 p4 #hjd4 ,bruno ,bau] describes x z epo*-mak+ 7,e9fluss des englis*5 ,quk]?ums1 p4 #db74 ,?is hi/ory _h a great influ5ce on ,goe! 9 8 te5s1 lead+ him1 he says1 to ! conviction t he1 l s _m o!r m51 %\ld h a religion ( 8 own1 :i* he goes on to describe4 ,x 0 a re-ha% ( ,gno/icism4 7,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,b4 viii2 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahff1 xi1 #cdd sq47 #abgh ,cp4 ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #aga3 ,pnj]1 i1 #bgi4 #abgi ,die ,gttli*keit d] ,v]nunft4 #abhj ,noack1 ,?4 iii1 ,kap4 #b3 ,sa9tes1 pp4 #he-hf2 ,pnj]1 p4 #ddb4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ,edelmann supply+ a =mula latt]ly utiliz$ by ! s-call$ ,new ,!ology 9 ,engl&--! !sis t ! reality ( ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is ,god1 & t !re c !re=e be no a!i/s1 s9ce he :o recognizes ! univ]se recognizes ,god4 #abha ,naigeon1 by alt]+ ! words ( ,did]ot1 caus$ him to appe> "o ( ! exceptions2 b he 0 n4 ,see ,ros5kranz1 ,did]ot's ,leb5 und ,w]ke4 ,vorb4 p4 vii4 #abhb ,kahnis1 pp4 #abh-bi4 ,edelmann's ,life 0 writt5 by ,pratje4 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t5 von ,edelmann's ,leb51 #agee4 ,x gives a li/ ( replies to 8 writ+s 7p4 #bje sq474 ,apropos ( ! fir/ issue ( ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu1 a volume ( ,er9n]ung5 ( ,edelmann 0 publi%$ at ,clau/hal 9 #ahci by ,w4 ,el/]2 & ,/rauss 9 8 ,dogmatik av[$ ! pleasure ) :i* he _h made ! acqua9tance ( s int]e/+ a writ]4 ,a collection ( extracts f ,edelmann's works1 entitl$ ,d] neu erffnete ,edelmann1 0 publi%$ at ,b]n 9 #ahdg2 & ! ,uns*uldige ,wahrheit5 0 repr9t$ 9 #ahdf4 ,8 ,autobiography1 writt5 9 #ageb1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdi4 #abhc ,betra*tung5 b] die vornehm/5 ,wahrheit5 d] ,religion4 ,ano!r apologetic "w ( ! p]iod m>k$ by rational mod]ation & tol]ance 0 ! ,v]!idigt5 ,glaub5 d] ,*ri/5 ( ! ,b]l9 c\rt-prea*] ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sack 7#aged74 #abhd ,art4 by ,wag5mann 9 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie4 #abhe ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #cee4 #abhf ,pnj]1 i1 #edb4 #abhg ,kurz1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #bgd4 ,a ,jesuit1 ,a4 ,m]z1 wrote f\r replies to ,j]usalem4 ,"o 0 entitl$ ,frag ob dur* die biblis*e ,simplicitt alle9 e9 ,freyd5k] od] ,dei/ bekehret 444 w]d5 knne 7,c a ,free?9k] or ,dei/ be conv]t$ by ,biblical ,simplicity alone871 #agge4 #abhh ,cp4 ,hag5ba*1 i1 #cec2 tr4 p4 #abj4 ,j]usalem 0 ! fa!r ( ! gift$ y\? ^: suicide 7#agge7 mov$ ,goe! to write ,! ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r1 a false pres5tm5t ( ! real p]sonality1 :i* /irr$ ,less+ 78 affectionate fri5d7 to publi% a volume ( ! dead y\?'s essays1 9 v9dication ( 8 "*4 ,! fa!r _h consid]able influ5ce 9 purify+ ,g]man /yle4 ,cp4 ,goe!1 ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,?4 ii1 ,b4 vii2 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahff4 xi1 #bgb2 & ,hag5ba*1 i1 #ced4 #abhi ,goe!1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #bfh-fi4 #abij ,le*l]1 ,ges*4 des englis*5 ,deismus1 pp4 #ddg-eb4 ,! translations began ) t ( ,t9dal 7#agda71 :i* made a great s5sation4 #abia ,pusey1 pp4 #abe1 #abg1 cit+ ,twe/52 ,go/wick1 ,g]man ,culture & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #cf1 cit+ ,erne/i4 ,?ors*mid's ,freid5k] ,biblio!k1 issu$ 9 #agfe-fg1 collect$ bo? translations & refutations4 ,le*l]1 p4 #dea4 #abib ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i4 #dje 7,eng4 tr4 ii1 #adf-dg74 #abic ,lange1 i1 #cdg1 #cii 7,eng4 tr4 ii1 #gf1 #acg74 #abid ,lange1 i1 #cif-ig 7ii1 #acd-ce74 #abie ,goe! tells ( hav+ se5 9 8 boyhood1 at ,frank=t1 an irreligi\s ,fr5* romance publicly burn$1 & ( hav+ 8 int]e/ 9 ! book !reby awak5$4 ,b ?is seems to h be5 dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation4 7,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,b4 iv2 ,w]ke1 xi1 #adf47 #abif ,id4 ,b4 iv1 end4 #abig ,translat$ into ,engli% #aghj2 #bnd ed4 #agic4 ,! translator claims = ,hall] great le>n+ 7#bnd ed4 p4 xix74 ,he seems 9 reality to h _h v little1 z he repres5ts t ,jesus 9 8 day 0 ! only tea*] :o recomm5d$ *a/ity to m5 7p4 #hb74 #abih ,rettung d] ,(f5b>ung geg5 die ,e9wrfe d] ,freigei/]4 ,hall] wrote "u a simil> title1 #agge-gf4 #abii ,baur1 ,ges*4 d] *ri/l4 ,kir*e1 iv1 #eii4 #acjj ,go/wick1 p4 #ae4 #acja ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,b4 viii2 ,w]ke1 xi1 #cbi4 #acjb ,s*loss]1 ,hi/4 ( ,eighte5? ,c5t41 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdc4 i1 #aej2 ,hag5ba*1 tr4 p4 #ff4 #acjc ,hag5ba*1 tr4 p4 #fc4 #acjd ,id41 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #bcb4 #acje ,kahnis1 p4 #dc2 ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 p4 #cd4 #acjf ,see ! extracts ( ,b*n]1 ,zwei gekrnte ,freid5k]1 #ahij1 pp4 #de-dg4 #acjg ,?ibault1 ,mes ,s\v5irs de ,v+t ,ans de ,sj\r ,b]l91 #b;e dit4 #ahje1 i1 #abf-bh4 ,see i1 #cee-ef1 ii1 #gh-hb1 z to ! baselessness ( ! /ories 7e4g41 ,pusey1 ,hi/or4 ,inq4 into ,g]4 ,rationalism1 p4 #abc7 t ,fr$]ick *ang$ 8 views 9 old age4 ,?ibault1 a /rict ,ca?olic1 is emphatic 9 8 negation3 ,! p]sons :o ass]t t 8 pr9ciples became m religi\s 444 h ei!r li$ or be5 !mselves mi/ak54 ,c>lyle naturally dete/s ,?ibault4 ,! rum\r may h aris5 out ( ! fact t 9 8 ,exam5 critique du ,sy/me de la ,nature ,fr$]ick c\nt]-argues d',holba*'s impea*m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! attack on k+s gave him a fell[-feel+ ) ! ,*ur*4 #acjh ,cp4 ! argum5t ( ,faure1 ,hi/4 de ,sa9t ,l\is1 #ahff1 i1 #bdb-dc2 ii1 #eig4 #acji ,exam5 de l',essai sur les prjugs1 #agfi4 ,see ! passage 9 ,lvy-,bruhl1 ,l',allemagne depuis ,leibniz1 p4 #hi74 #acaj ,g4 ,web]1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,lit]atur1 #aate ,aufl4 p4 #ii4 #acaa ,zur ,ges*4 d] ,relig4 und ,philos4 9 ,deuts*l&--,w]ke1 ed4 #ahgf1 iii1 #fc-fd4 ,goe!'s blame 7,w4 und ,d41 ,b4 vii7 is pass$ on purely lit]>y gr\nds4 #acab ,hag5ba*1 tr4 pp4 #ajc-ajd2 ,cairns1 p4 #agg4 #acac ,?is po/ he left to become secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,pa9t+4 #acad ,cit$ by ,pnj]1 i1 #ede-df4 #acae ,id4 p4 #edf4 #acaf ,hag5ba*1 tr4 pp4 #ajj-ajc2 ,sa9tes1 pp4 #ia-ib2 ,pnj]1 p4 #ecf2 ,noack1 ,?4 iii1 ,kap4 #g4 #acag ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #bih1 #cea4 #acah ,id4 i1 #bid sq4 #acai ,! book is rememb]$ 9 ,france by reason ( ,eb]h>d's amus+ mi/ake ( treat+ z a s]i\s production ( ! ,sorbonne ! skit 9 :i* ,turgot d]id$ ! ,sorbonne's f9d+s aga9/ ,m>montel's ,blisaire4 #acbj ,hag5ba*1 tr4 p4 #aji4 #acba ,eb]h>d1 h[ev]1 is respectfully treat$ by ,less+ 9 8 discussion on ,leibnitz's view z to et]nal puni%m5t4 #acbb ,noack1 ,?4 iii1 ,kap4 #h4 #acbc ,sa9tes1 pp4 #ib-ic4 #acbd ,cp4 ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #cdh1 #cfc4 #acbe ,id4 i1 #cfg2 tr4 pp4 #abd-be2 ,sa9tes1 p4 #id2 ,kahnis1 p4 #de4 ,pusey 7#aej-ea1 note7 speaks ( ,tell] & ,spald+ z belong+1 ) ,nicolai1 ,m5delssohn1 & o!rs1 to a secret in/itute1 ^: object 0 to remodel religion & alt] ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is seems to be a fantasy4 #acbf ,s ,/eff5s1 cit$ by ,hag5ba*1 tr4 p4 #abd4 #acbg ,p4 ,ga/r[1 ,joh4 ,salomo ,seml]1 #aije1 p4 #de4 ,see ,pusey1 #adj-da1 note1 = ,seml]'s acc\nt ( ! rigid & unreason+ or?odoxy aga9/ :i* he react$4 7,cit+ ,seml]'s ,leb5s*reibung1 ii1 #aba-fa47 ,seml]1 h[ev]1 records t ,baumg>t51 "o ( ! !ological pr(essors at ,halle1 w\ld 9 expansive moods def5d !ism & make light ( !ology 7,leb5s*reibung1 i1 #ajc 74 ,cp4 ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 z cit$1 pp4 #ab1 #ah4 ,pusey notes t _m ( ! pr9cipal innovators _h be5 pupils ( ,baumg>t5 7p4 #acb1 cit+ ,niemey]74 #acbh ,cp4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,k>o1 ,johann ,salomo ,seml]1 #aije1 p4 #be2 ,sa9tes1 pp4 #abi-ca4 #acbi ,cp4 ,go/wick1 p4 #ea2 ,pnj]1 i1 #efa4 #accj ,k>o1 p4 #dd4 #acca ,cp4 ,sa9tes1 p4 #acb sq4 #accb ,cp4 ,k>o1 pp4 #c1 #h1 #af1 #bh4 #accc ,ov] a hundr$ & sev5ty 9 all4 ,pnj]1 i1 #efj2 ,ga/r[1 p4 #fcg4 #accd ,k>o1 pp4 #e-f4 #acce ,ga/r[1 p4 #bbc4 #accf ,pusey1 p4 #adb2 ,a4 ,s4 ,f>r>1 ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 p4 #cac4 #accg ,cp4 ,k>o1 p4 #e sq42 ,/udl91 cit$ by ,?oluck1 ,abriss1 p4 #ci4 #acch ,kahnis4 p4 #aaf4 #acci ,wahre ,grnde wanum ,gott die ,(f5b>ung ni*t mit aug5s*e9li*5 ,beweis5 v]seh5 hat4 #acdj ,die ,gttli*e ,e+ebung1 #agga4 #acda ,beweis das ,gott die ,m5s*5 b]eits dur* se9e ,(f5b>ung 9 d] ,natur zur ,seligkeit fuhre4 #acdb ,go/wick1 p4 #ec2 ,pnj]1 i1 #edf1 note4 #acdc ,cp4 ,kahnis1 pp4 #acb-cf1 z to ,bahrdt's e>ly morals4 #acdd ,ges*i*te se9es ,leb5s1 etc4 #agjj-ia1 iv1 #aai4 #acde ,see bel[1 p4 #cca4 #acdf ,ges*i*te se9es ,leb5s1 ,kap4 #bb2 ii1 #bbc sq4 #acdg ,baur1 ,ges*4 d] *r4 ,kir*e1 iv4 #eig4 #acdh ,translat$ into ,engli% 9 #aghi4 #acdi ,m5delssohn1 ,j]usalem1 ,abs*n4 ,i--,w]ke1 #ahch p4 #bci 7,eng4 tr4 #ahch1 pp4 #ej-ea72 ,r\sseau1 ,contrat ,social1 liv1 iv1 *4 viii1 ne> end2 ,locke1 z cit$ above1 p4 #aag4 ,cp4 ,b>?olmss1 ,hi/4 crit4 des doctr4 relig4 de la philos4 mod]ne1 #ahee1 i1 #ade2 ,baur1 z la/ cit$4 #acej ,see 8 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahff1 v1 #cag--;,aus dem ,briefe1 die neue/e ,lit]atur betreff5d1 #dit] ,brief4 #acea ,if ,less+'s life 7 sket*$ 9 ! _s 9 :i* or?odoxy has h&l$ t ( ,bahrdt1 x c\ld be made un$ify+ en\gh4 ,ev5 ,goe! rem>ks t ,less+ enjoy$ himself 9 a disord]ly tav]n life 7,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,b4 vii72 & all t ,hag5ba* malici\sly *>ges aga9/ ,bas$[ 9 ! way ( irregul>ity ( /udy is true ( him4 ,on t & o!r po9ts1 usually gloss$ ov]1 see ! sket* 9 ,taylor's ,hi/oric ,survey ( ,g]man ,poetry1 #ahcj1 i1 #ccb-cg4 ,all ! :ile1 ,less+ is an ess5tially s\nd-he>t$ & e/imable p]sonality2 & he w\ld probably h be5 ! la/ man to e*o ! tone ( ! or?odox t[>ds ! p]sonal life ( ! free?9k]s :o w5t fur!r 9 unbelief ?an he4 #aceb ,e4g4 8 fable ,! ,bull & ! ,calf 7,fabeln1 ii1 #e71 propos ( ! cl]gy & ,bayle4 #acec ,sime1 ,life ( ,less+1 #ahgg1 i1 #ajb4 #aced ,e4g4 8 e>ly notice ( ,did]ot's ,lettre sur les ,aveugles4 ,sime1 i1 #id4 #acee ,dramaturgie1 ,/ck #g4 #acef ,sime1 i1 #ajc-aji4 #aceg ,sime1 i1 #gc1 #ajg2 ii1 #bec4 #aceh ,9 8 ,g$anke b] die ,h]rnhut]1 writt5 9 #agej4 ,see ,adolf ,/ahr's ,less+1 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,w]ke1 #gte ,aufl4 ii1 #ahc sq4 #acei ,julian ,s*midt puts ! case sympa!tically3 ,he _h le>n$ 9 8 fa!r's h\se :at value ! pa/oral function may h = ! culture ( ! p4 ,he 0 bibelfe/1 in/ruct$ 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 *ur*1 ,prote/ant 9 _s1 full ( g5u9e rev]5ce = ,lu!r1 full ( high respect = hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh on read+ ! ,fa!rs he c\ld say h>d ?+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,litt]atur von ,leibniz bis auf uns]e ,zeit1 ii 7#ahhf71 #cbf4 #acfj ,taylor1 z cit$1 p4 #cfa4 #acfa ,sime1 i1 #gc4 #acfb ,see ,less+'s r crude com$y1 ,d] ,freigei/1 & ,sime's ,life1 i1 #da-db1 #gb1 #gg4 #acfc ,cp4 8 lett]s to 8 bro!r ( :i* extracts are giv5 by ,sime1 ii1 #aia-ib4 #acfd ,sime1 ii1 #ahh4 #acfe ,z to ! au?or%ip see ,sa9tes1 pp4 #aja-ajb2 & ,sime's ,life ( ,less+1 i1 #bfa-fb1 :]e ! c\nt]-claim is reject$4 #acff ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur1 aus dem #dt5 ,beitr4--,w]ke1 vi4 #adb sq4 ,see also 9 8 ,!ologis*e ,/reits*rift5 ! ,axiomata writt5 aga9/ ,pa/or ,goeze4 ,cp4 ,s*w>z1 ,less+ als ,!ologe1 #ahed1 pp4 #adf1 #aea2 & ,pusey1 z cit$1 p4 #ea4 note4 #acfg ,comp>e ! regrets ( ,pusey 7pp4 #ea1 #aec71 ,cairns 7p4 #aie71 ,hag5ba* 7pp4 #hi-ig71 & ,sa9tes 7p4 #ajj74 #acfh ,smmtli*e ,s*rift51 ed4 ,la*mann1 #aheg1 xi 7#b71 #bdh4 ,sime 7ii1 #aij7 mi/ranslates ?is passage2 & ,s*midt 7ii1 #cbf7 mutilates x by omissions4 ,fontanes 7,le ,*ri/ianisme mod]ne3 tude sur ,less+1 #ahfg1 p4 #aga7 p>aphrases x v loosely4 #acfi ,sime1 ii1 #aij4 #acgj ,/ahr1 ii1 #bci2 ,sime1 ii4 #ahi4 #acga ,see ,sime1 ii1 #bbb1 #bcc3 ,/ahr1 ii1 #bed4 ,hettn]1 an admir]1 calls ! e>ly ,*ri/ianity ( ,reason a piece ( sophi/ical dialectic4 ,litt]aturges*i*te des #aht5 ,jahrhund]ts1 ed4 #ahgb1 iii4 #ehh-hi4 #acgb ,/ahr1 ii1 #bdc4 ,less+ said ! report to ?is effect 0 a lie2 b ?is & o!r my/ifications appe> to h be5 by way ( fulfill+ 8 promise ( secrecy to ! ,reim>us family4 ,cairns1 pp4 #bjc1 #bji4 ,cp4 ,f>r>1 ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 note #bi4 #acgc ,see x analys$ by ,b>?olmss1 ,hi/4 crit4 des doctr4 relig4 de la philos4 mod]ne1 i1 #adg-fg2 & by ,s*weitz]1 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/oric ,jesus 7trans4 ( ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e71 #aiaj4 #acgd ,go/wick1 p4 #dg2 ,b>?olmss1 i1 #aff4 ,8 book 0 translat$ into ,engli% 7,! ,pr9cipal ,tru?s ( ,natural ,religion ,def5d$ & ,illu/rat$7 9 #agff2 into ,dut* 9 #ageh2 9 "p into ,fr5* 9 #agfh2 & sev5 editions ( ! orig9al _h appe>$ by #agih4 #acge ,/ahr1 ii1 #bda-dd4 #acgf ,id4 ii1 #bde4 #acgg ,! /atem5t t1 9 ,less+'s age1 9 nor? ,g]many m5 7 able to ?9k & write freely 7,conybe>e1 ,hi/4 ( ,n4 ,t4 ,crit41 p4 #hj7 is ?us se5 to be highly mislead+4 #acgh ,von dem ,zwecke1 ,jesus und se9] ,jng]1 ,brauns*weig1 #aggh4 #acgi ,taylor1 ,hi/or4 ,survey ( ,g]man ,poetry1 i1 #cfe4 #achj ,/ahr1 ii1 #bec-ed4 #acha ,cp4 ,introd4 to ,willis's trans4 ( ,na?an4 ,! play is sometimes attack$ z be+ grossly unfair to ,*ri/ianity4 7,e4g4 ,cr\sl1 ,less+1 #ahfc1 p4 #bjf47 ,! answ] to ?is compla9t is giv5 by ,sime1 ii1 #beb sq4 #achb ,see ,cairns1 ,app5dix1 ,note ,i2 ,willis1 ,sp9oza1 pp4 #adi-fb2 ,sime1 ii1 #bii-cjc2 & ,/ahr1 ii1 #bai-cj1 giv+ ! te/imony ( ,jacobi4 ,cp4 ,pnj]1 i1 #efd-he4 ,b ,he9e laugh+ly adjures ,moses ,m5delssohn1 :o griev$ s int5sely ov] ,less+'s ,sp9ozism1 to re/ quiet 9 8 grave3 ,?y ,less+ 0 inde$ on ! way to t t]rible error 444 b ! ,highe/1 ! ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 sav$ him 9 "t by dea?4 ,he di$ a good dei/1 l !e & ,nicolai & ,tell] & ! ,univ]sal ,g]man ,libr>y 7,zur ,ges*4 d] ,rel4 und ,philos4 9 ,deuts*l&1 ,b4 ii1 ne> end4--,w]ke1 ed4 #ahgf1 iii4 #fi74 #achc ,see 9 ,/ahr1 ii1 #ahd-he4 ! v>i\s *>act]izations ( 8 indef9ite philosophy4 ,/ahr's own acc\nt ( him z anticipat+ ! moral philosophy ( ,kant is z ov]/ra9$ z ! o!rs4 ,ga/r[1 an admir]1 expresses wond] 7,johann ,salomo ,seml]1 p4 #ahh7 at ! indiff]5ce ( ,less+ to ! critical philosophy 9 g5]al4 #achd ,sime1 ii1 *4 xxix1 gives a good survey4 #ache ,lett] to 8 bro!r1 ,feb41 #aggh4 #achf ,/rauss1 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu 7! second7 ,e9leitung1 #ad4 #achg ,hur/1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 #crd ed4 p4 #acj4 ,x 0 a popul> belief1 z an organ ( pi\s op9ion ann\nc$ to its read]s1 t at 8 dea? ! devil came & c>ri$ him away l a second ,fau/4 ,sime1 ii1 #ccj4 #achh ,cit$ by ,hur/1 ,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1 #crd ed4 p4 #abe4 ,outside ,b]l91 h[ev]1 matt]s w5t o!rwise till late 9 ! c5tury4 ,kurz tells 7,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,lit]atur1 ii1 #dfa b7 t ! indiff]5ce ( ! le>n$ t[>ds native lit]ature 0 s great t ev5 9 ! ye> #agfa ,abbt c\ld write t 9 ,r9teln !re 0 nobody :o knew ! names ( ,moses ,m5delssohn & ,less+4 #achi ,k>l ,hillebr&1 ,lectures on ! ,hi/4 ( ,g]man ,?\ght1 #ahhj1 p4 #aji4 #acij ,deuts*e ,m]kur1 ,jan4 & ,m>*1 #aghh 7,w]ke1 ed4 #agig1 xxix1 #a-add2 cit$ by ,/udl91 ,ges*4 d] ,rationalismus und ,sup]naturalismus1 #ahbf1 p4 #bcc74 #acia ,kurtz1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfd1 ii1 #bbd4 #acib ,t4 ,c4 ,p]!s1 ,das ,deuts*e ,/aatsleb5 vor d] ,revolution1 #bfb sq41 cit$ by ,kahnis pp4 #eh-ei4 #acic ,see above1 pp4 #cba1 #cbh4 #acid ,kant di/+ui%es explicitly betwe5 rationali/s1 z ?9k]s :o w\ld n d5y ! possibility ( a revelation1 & naturali/s1 :o did4 ,see ! ,religion inn]halb d] gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 ,/ck iv1 ,?4 i4 ,?is 0 9 fact ! /&+ significance ( ! t]m 9 ,g]many = a g5]ation4 #acie ,lett] to 8 bro!r1 ,febru>y #b1 #aggd4 #acif ,kn[n z ,zopf-,s*ulz f 8 we>+ a pigtail 9 ! fa%ion !n common among ! laity4 ,an old insol5t rationali/1 ,kurtz calls him 7ii1 #bgj74 #acig ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #cgb2 ,go/wick1 pp4 #eb1 #ed4 #acih ,philosophis*e ,betra*tung b] ,!ologie und ,religion b]haupt1 und b] die ,jdis*e insond]heit1 #aghd4 #acii ,pnj]1 i1 #edd-de4 #adjj ,col]idge1 ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 *4 ix1 ,bohn ed4 p4 #ga4 #adja ,see ! details 9 ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i1 #cfh-gb2 ,kahnis1 p4 #fj4 #adjb ,m>okkanis*e ,briefe4 ,aus dem ,arabis*54 ,frankfurt & ,leipzig1 #aghe4 ,! ,lett]s purport to be writt5 by "o ( ! ,moroccan embassy at ,vi5na 9 #aghc4 #adjc ,briefe1 xxi4 #adjd ,p4 #di4 #adje ,p4 #bcb4 #adjf ,das zum ,!il e9zige wahre ,sy/em d] *ri/li*5 ,religion4 ,x _h be5 compos$ 9 its au?or's y\? "u ! title ,false ,reason+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion2 & ! ,,ms4 0 lo/ ?r\gh ! bankruptcy ( a ,dut* publi%]4 #adjg ,noack1 ,?4 ,,iii1 ,kap4 #i1 p4 #aid4 #adjh ,mauvillon fur!r collaborat$ ) ,mirabeau1 & became a great admir] ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,he left free?9k+ writ+s among 8 rema9s4 ,!y are n describ$ by ,noack1 & ,i h be5 unable to meet ) !m4 #adji ,x 0 a te/ ( ! dep? ( ! free?9k+ _s 9 ! m5 ( ! day4 ,seml] ju/ifi$ ! edict2 ,bahrdt vehem5tly d5\nc$ x4 ,hag5ba*1 i1 #cgb4 #adaj ,cp4 ,crabb ,rob9son's ,di>y1 iii1 #dh2 ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,sp9oza1 p4 #cbh2 ,willis1 ,sp9oza1 pp4 #afb-fh4 ,bi%op ,hur/ lam5ts 7,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1 #crd ed4 p4 #ade7 t ,h]d]'s e>ly views z to ! mission ( ,*ri/ 71 9 common ) _m o!r evangelical views1 doom$ to an unhappy obscuration ^u ! advance ( 8 lat] ye>s by frequ5t int]c\rse ) m skeptical m9ds4 #adaa ,on ! cl]ical opposition to him at ,weim> on ?is score see ,dntz]1 ,life ( ,goe!1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahhc1 i1 #cag4 #adab ,cp4 ,kron5b]g1 ,h]d]'s ,philosophie na* ihrem ,entwickelungsgang1 #ahhi4 #adac ,kron5b]g1 p4 #ij4 #adad ,/uck5b]g1 ,life ( ,immanuel ,kant1 #ahhb1 pp4 #cha-hg2 ,kron5b]g1 ,h]d]'s ,philosophie1 pp4 #ia1 #ajc4 #adae ,kahnis1 p4 #gh1 & ,erdmann1 z !re cit$4 ,erdmann f9ds ! pan!ism ( ,h]d] to be1 n ,sp9ozi/ic z he suppos$1 b ak9 to t ( ,bruno & 8 ,italian successors4 #adaf ,! *ief sample passages 9 8 works are ! poem ,das ,gttli*e & ! spee* ( ,fau/ 9 reply to ,gret*5 9 ! g>d5 sc5e4 ,x 0 ! surmis$ pan!ism ( ,goe!'s poem ,prome!us t1 accord+ to ,jacobi1 drew f ,less+ 8 av[al ( a pan!i/ic lean+4 ,! poem has ev5 an a!i/ic r+2 b we h ,goe!'s own acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( ,sp9oza on him f 8 y\? onw>ds 7,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,?4 ,,iii1 ,b4 xiv2 ,?4 ,,iv1 ,b4 xvi74 ,see also 8 rem>ks on ! natural religion ( conviction or rational inf]5ce1 & t ( fai? 7,glaube7 or revelationism1 9 ,b4 iv 7,w]ke1 ed4 #ahff1 xi1 #acd72 also ,ke/n]'s acc\nt ( 8 op9ions at tw5ty-?ree1 9 ,dntz]'s ,life1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #ahe2 & aga9 8 lett] to ,jacobi1 ,janu>y #f1 #ahac1 quot$ by ,dntz]1 ii1 #bij4 #adag ,see ! ,alt-,te/am5tli*es ,app5dix to ! ,we/-,oe/li*] ,divan4 #adah ,he9e1 ,zur ,ges*4 d] ,rel4 u4 ,phil4 9 ,deuts*l& 7,w]ke1 ed4 #ahgf1 iii1 #ib74 #adai ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,?4 ,i1 ,b4 iv 7,w]ke1 ed4 #ahhf1 xi1 #abc74 #adbj ,id4 ,?4 ,,iii1 ,b4 xiv1 p>4 #bj 7,w]ke1 xii1 #aei74 #adba ,id4 pp4 #afe1 #ahf4 #adbb ,id4 p4 #ahd4 #adbc ,cit$ by ,baur1 ,ges*4 d] *ri/l4 ,kir*e1 v1 #ej4 #adbd ,comp>e1 z to ! ho/ility he ar\s$1 ,dntz]1 i1 #aeb1 #cag1 #cbi-cj1 #dea2 ii1 #bia note1 #dee1 #dfa2 ,eck]mann1 ,gespr*e mit ,goe!1 ,mrz #f1 #ahcj2 & ,he9e1 la/ cit4 p4 #ic4 #adbe ,eck]mann1 ,mrz #aa1 #ahcb4 #adbf ,id4 ,feb4 #d1 #ahbi4 #adbg ,hur/1 ,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1 #crd ed4 p4 #aej4 #adbh ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,?4 ,,iii1 ,b4 viii2 ,w]ke1 xi1 #ccd4 #adbi ,cp41 h[ev]1 ! e/imate ( ,krause1 above1 p4 #bjg4 ,vir*[1 ,g! als ,natur=s*]1 #ahfa1 goes into detail on ! biological po9ts1 )\t rea*+ any g5]al e/imate4 #adcj ,rem>k$ by ,hag5ba*1 tr4 p4 #bch4 #adca ,lett] to ,goe!1 ,augu/ #ag1 #agie 7,briefwe*sel1 ,no4 #hg74 ,! passage is giv5 9 ,c>lyle's essay on ,s*ill]4 #adcb ,9 ,die ,s5dung ,moses4 #adcc ,see ! ,philosophis*e ,briefe4 #adcd ,c>lyle translates1 ,no ,rights ( ,man1 :i* 0 probably ! idea4 #adce ,lett] to ,goe!1 ,july #i1 #agif 7,briefwe*sel1 ,no4 #ahh74 ,x is evid5t t he 0 e/rang$ n only f ! *ur* b f ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity 7,rev4 ,w4 ,baur1 ,religi\s ,life ( ,g]many1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgb1 p4 #bb74 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur has a curi\s page 9 :i* he seeks to %[ t1 ?\gh ,s*ill] & ,goe! _c be call$ ,*ri/ian 9 a natural s5se1 ! age 0 n made un-,*ri/ian by !m to su* an ext5t z is commonly suppos$ 7,ges*4 d] *ri/l4 ,kir*e1 v1 #df74 #adcf ,cp4 ,tieftrunk1 z cit$ by ,/uck5b]g1 ,life ( ,immanuel ,kant1 p4 #bbe4 #adcg ,id4 p4 #cgf4 ,9 8 e>ly essay ,trume e9es ,gei/]seh]s1 erlut]t dur* ,trume d] ,metaphysik 7#agff7 ?is attitude is cle>4 ,x ends ) an admir+ quotation f ,voltaire's ,c&ide4 #adch ,beantwortung d] ,frage3 ,0 i/ ,aufklrung8 9 ! ,b]l9] ,monats*rift1 ,dec4 #aghd1 rep4 9 ,kant's ,vorzgli*e kle9e ,s*rift51 #ahcc1 ,bd4 i4 #adci ,= an able argum5t v9dicat+ ! unity ( ,kant's sy/em1 h[ev]1 see ,pr(4 ,adamson1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,kant1 #ahgi1 p4 #ba sq41 z aga9/ ,lange4 ,) ! v]dict 9 ! text comp>e t ( ,he9e1 ,zur ,ges*4 d] ,relig4 u4 ,philos4 9 ,deuts*l&1 ,b4 iii 7,w]ke1 z cit$1 iii1 #ha-hb72 t ( ,pr(4 ,g4 ,santayana1 ,! ,life ( ,reason1 vol4 i1 #aije1 p4 #id sq42 & t ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,religion 9 ,kant & ,hegel1 rep4 9 vol4 entitl$ ,! ,philosophical ,radicals & ,o!r ,essays1 #aijg1 pp4 #bfd1 #bff4 #addj ,/uck5b]g1 pp4 #bbe1 #ccb4 #adda ,cp4 ,haym1 ,h]d] na* se9em ,leb5 444 d>ge/ellt1 #ahgg1 i1 #cc1 #dh2 ,kron5b]g1 ,h]d]'s ,philosophie1 p4 #aj4 #addb ,cp4 ,hag5ba*1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #bbc4 #addc ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 ,/ck iii1 ,ab?4 i1 #e2 ,ab?4 ii 7ed4 #agic1 pp4 #ade-df1 #ahh-hi74 #addd ,"w cit$1 ,/ck ii1 ,abs*n4 ii1 ,allg4 ,anm4 p4 #ajh sq4 #adde ,e4g4 ,/ck iv1 ,?4 i1 preamble 7p4 #bba1 ed4 cit$74 #addf ,id4 ,/ck iii1 ,ab?4 ii1 ,allg4 ,anm43 ,?is belief1 he av[s frankly en\gh1 involves no my/]y 7p4 #aii74 ,9 a note to ! second edition he sugge/s t !re mu/ be a basis 9 reason = ! idea ( a ,tr9ity1 f\nd z x is among s _m anci5t & primitive peoples4 ,! speculation is 9 itself evasive1 = he does n give ! slighte/ reason = ?9k+ ! ,go?s capable ( su* metaphysic4 #addg ,/ck iii1 ,ab?4 i1 #e2 pp4 #acg1 #aci4 #addh ,/ck iii1 ,ab?4 ii1 p4 #agh4 #addi ,kant explicitly concurs 9 ,w>burton's !sis t ! ,jewi% lawgiv] purposely omitt$ all m5tion ( a future /ate f ! ,p5tateu*2 s9ce su* belief mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 curr5t 9 ,jewry4 ,b he goes fur!r1 & pron\nces t simple ,judaism conta9s absolutely no religi\s belief4 ,to ?is complexion c philosophic compromise come4 #adej ,/uck5b]g1 ,life ( ,immanuel ,kant1 p4 #cbi4 #adea ,bor[ski1 ,d>/ellung des ,leb5s und ,*>akt]s ,immanuel ,kant's1 #ahjd1 cit$ by ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #ceg4 #adeb ,/uck5b]g1 pp4 #cei-fj4 #adec ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #cfa4 #aded ,cp4 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ,ges*4 d] *ri/l4 ,kir*e1 v1 #fc-ff4 #adee ,! fir/1 on ,radical ,evils1 appe>$ 9 a ,b]l9 mon?ly 9 ,april1 #agib1 & 0 !n repr9t$ sep>ately4 #adef ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #cfa4 #adeg ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #ada2 ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #cfc4 #adeh ,/uck5b]g1 pp4 #cjd-cji4 #adei ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 ,/ck iv1 ,?4 #b4 #adfj ,cp4 ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #ccb2 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 z cit$4 #adfa ,/uck5b]g1 pp4 #cdj1 #cdf1 #ced1 #dfh4 #adfb ,lett] ( ,may #bb1 #agii1 reproduc$ by ,he9e4 #adfc ,zur ,ges*4 d] ,rel4 u4 ,philos4 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,w]ke1 z cit$1 iii1 #if1 #ih4 #adfd ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #caa4 #adfe ,id4 p4 #ceg4 #adff ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #cea4 ,x is only necess>y1 adds ,/uck5b]g 7p4 #dfh1 note #adb71 to develop ,kant's h9ts 9 ord] to get ! views ( ,/rauss 9 8 ,leb5 ,jesu4 #adfg ,id4 p4 #cge4 ,erh>d /at$ t ,pe/alozzi %>$ 8 views on ,*ri/ian e?ics4 #adfh ,/uck5b]g1 p4 #ceh4 #adfi ,cp4 ,web]1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,lit]atur1 #aate ,aufl4 p4 #aai2 ,r4 ,ung]1 ,hamann und die ,aufklrung1 #aiaa4 #adgj ,b>?olmss1 ,hi/4 crit4 des doctr4 relig4 de la philos4 mod]ne1 #ahee1 i1 #acf-dj4 #adga ,9 dem&+ a hi/ory ( ! human consci5ce 7,neue ,an?ropologie1 #agij7 ,platn] seems to h anticipat$ ! mod]n sci5tific approa* to religion4 #adgb ,gespr*e b] d5 ,a!ismus1 #agha4 #adgc ,lehrbu* d] ,logik und ,metaphysik1 #agie4 #adgd ,w4 ,smi?1 ,memoir ( ,fi*te1 #bnd ed4 p4 #aj4 #adge ,id4 pp4 #ab1 #ac1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 etc4 #adgf ,id4 pp4 #cd-ce4 #adgg ,smi?1 p4 #id4 #adgh ,id4 p4 #cd4 #adgi ,adamson1 ,fi*te1 #ahha1 p4 #cb2 ,smi?1 z cit$1 pp4 #fd-fe4 #adhj ,lett] to ,kant1 cit$ by ,smi?1 p4 #fc4 #adha ,ass]t$ by ,/uck5b]g1 ,life ( ,kant1 p4 #chf4 #adhb ,cp4 ,rob9s1 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,fai?1 #ahfb1 pt4 i1 pp4 #acb-cc2 ,adamson1 ,fi*te1 pp4 #ej-fg2 ,w4 ,smi?1 ,memoir ( ,fi*te1 pp4 #ajf-ajg4 #adhc ,adamson1 pp4 #ga1 #gc4 #adhd ,grundzge des geg5wrtig5 ,zeitalt]s1 #afte ,vorles4 ed4 #ahjf1 pp4 #eji-eaj4 #adhe ,comp>e ! compla9ts ( ,hur/1 ,hi/4 ( ,rationalism1 #crd ed4 pp4 #acf-cg1 & ( ,col]idge1 ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ,bohn ed4 p4 #gb4 ,fi*te's !ory1 says ,col]idge 7aft] prais+ him z ! de/roy] ( ,sp9ozism71 deg5]at$ into a crude egoismus1 a boa/ful & hyp]/oic ho/ility to ,nature1 z lifeless1 godless1 & altoge!r unholy1 :ile 8 religion consi/$ 9 ! assumption ( a m]e ordo ord9ans1 :i* we 7 p]mitt$ exot]ic to call ,god4 ,he9e 7z la/ cit$1 p4 #ge7 insi/s t ,fi*te's ,idealism is m ,godless ?an ! crasse/ ,mat]ialism4 #adhf ,grundzge1 z cit$1 p4 #ejb4 #adhg ,cp4 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 z cit$1 p4 #bhj1 note4 #adhh ,kurtz1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfd1 ii1 #bbe4 ,jahn 0 well 9 advance ( 8 age 9 8 explanation ( ,jo%ua's cosmic miracle z ! mi/ak5 lit]aliz+ ( a flight ( poetic phrase4 ,see ! passage 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 cit$ by ,r[l& ,williams1 ,! ,hebrew ,prophets1 ii 7#ahga71 #ca1 note #cc4 #adhi ,r4 ,n4 ,ba91 ,gu/avus ,vasa & 8 ,contempor>ies1 #ahid1 i4 #bfe-fh4 #adij ,a4 ,sorel1 ,l',europe et la rvolution franaise1 i 7#ahhe71 p4 #deh4 #adia ,see articles on ,bee?ov5 by ,macf>r5 9 ,diction>y ( ,univ]sal ,biography1 & by ,grove 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians4 #adib ,grove1 art4 cit$1 ed4 #aijd1 i1 #bbd4 #adic ,jonckbloet1 ,beknopte ,ges*i$5is d] n$]l4 ,lett]kunde1 ed4 #ahhj1 p4 #bhb4 #adid ,id4 pp4 #cae-af4 #adie ,cp4 ,tr9ius1 ,freyd5k]-,lexicon1 pp4 #ccf-cg2 ,col]us1 ,vie de ,sp9oza1 z cit$1 p4 lviii4 #adif ,see ,texte1 ,r\sseau & ! ,cosmopolitan ,_s1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #bi4 #adig ,briefe1 #ageb1 p4 #dea4 #adih ,?is is ! basis ( ,pope's ref]5ce to illu/ri\s ,pass]an 9 8 ,epilogue to ! ,satires1 #agch1 ii1 #abd4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,bram/one's satire1 ,! ,man ( ,ta/e 7#agcc71 spells ! "n ,pas>an1 :5ce may be inf]r$ ! ext5t ( ! satiri/'s k ( 8 topic4 #adii ,repr9t$1 9 ,fr5*1 at ,london 9 #agdi1 9 a m complete & correct edition1 publi%$ by ,j4 ,br9dley4 #aejj ,! copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is dat$ #agcg1 & ! title-page describes ,pass]ano z a ,piemontse exile n[ 9 ,holl&1 a ,*ri/ian ,free?9k]4 ,x is presumably a re-issue4 #aeja ,w>burton 9 a note on ,pope 7,epilogue1 z cit$7 *>act]i/ically alleges t ,pass]ano _h be5 bani%$ f ,pi$mont = 8 impieties1 & liv$ 9 ! utmo/ mis]y1 yet fe>$ to practise 8 own precepts2 & at la/ di$ a p5it5t4 ,! s\rce ( ^! allegations may s]ve z w>rant = disbeliev+ !m4 ,w>burton1 x w be obs]v$1 says no?+ ( an imprisonm5t 9 ,engl&4 #aejb ,london ed4 #agdi1 pp4 #bd-be4 #aejc ,ko*1 ,hi/or4 ,view ( ! ,european ,nations1 ,eng4 tr4 #crd ed4 p4 #ajc4 ,cp4 ,cri*ton & ,:eaton1 ,sc&9avia1 #ahcg1 i1 #chc-if2 ,ott1 ,sc&9avian ,hi/ory1 #ahgd1 pp4 #bbb-bd2 ,villi]s1 ,essay on ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahcf1 p4 #aje4 ,b cp4 ,all51 ,hi/oire de ,danem>k1 ,fr4 tr4 i1 #bih-cjj4 #aejd ,ott1 pp4 #bcb-cf2 ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 i1 #cih-djj2 ,geij]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,sw$es1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #abe4 #aeje ,ko*1 p4 #ajd2 ,geij]1 i1 #abi4 #aejf ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #cbb4 #aejg ,ludwig ,holb]g1 ,b>on ,holb]g1 born at ,b]g51 ,norway1 #afhd4 ,aft] a y\? ( pov]ty & /ruggle he settl$ at ,cop5hag5 9 #agah1 z pr(essor ( metaphysics1 & atta9$ ! *air ( eloqu5ce 9 #agbj4 ,made ,b>on by ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,v ( ,d5m>k at 8 accession 9 #agdg4 ,d4 #aged4 #aejh ,nicolai ,klimii ,it] ,subt]raneum novam telluris !oriam ac hi/oriam qu9t mon>*i 444 exhib5s1 etc4 ,dr4 ,gosse1 9 art4 ,holb]g1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 makes ! mi/ake ( call+ ! book a poem4 ,x is 9 ,lat9 prose1 ) v]se passages4 #aeji ,x 0 publi%$ ?rice 9 ,dani%1 t5 times 9 ,g]man1 ?rice 9 ,sw$i%1 ?rice 9 ,dut*1 ?rice 9 ,engli%1 twice 9 ,fr5*1 twice 9 ,russian1 & once 9 ,hung>ian4 #aeaj ,cap4 vi1 ,de religione g5tis ,potuan4 #aeaa ,cp4 pp4 #ge-gh1 ed4 #aged4 #aeab ,cap4 vi1 p4 #fi2 cp4 cap4 viii1 ,de ,academia1 p4 #aja4 #aeac ,id4 p4 #gg4 #aead ,he _h visit$ ,engl& 9 8 y\?4 #aeae ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #cbb4 ,on p4 #aei a some:at contr>y /atem5t is made1 :i* obscures ! facts4 ,cp4 ,s*loss]1 iv1 #ac1 z to ,*ri/ian's m>t9et me?ods4 #aeaf ,geij]1 i1 #cbd4 #aeag ,id4 p4 #cdc2 ,ott1 p4 #bib4 #aeah ,geij]1 i1 #cdb4 ,cp4 ,ranke1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,popes1 ,eng4 tr4 ed4 #aijh1 ii1 #cii2 iii1 #cde-df4 #aeai ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #hh-hi1 & refs4 #aebj ,cp4 ,ranke1 z cit$1 ii1 #djg4 #aeba ,"w cit$1 pp4 #bhh-hi4 ,?is writ] gives ! only intelligible acc\nt ( ! private execution ( ,*ri/9a's secret>y1 ,monaldes*i1 by h] ord]s4 ,monaldes*i _h ei!r pass$ ov] to o!r h&s "s ( h] lett]s to him1 or kept !m s c>elessly z to let !m be /ol54 ,id4 p4 #aa4 ,= h] cruel act %e %[s no trace ( religi\s or any o!r remorse4 ,%e 01 9 fact1 a neurotic egoi/4 ,cp4 ,ranke1 ii1 #cid1 #dje4 #aebb ,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>ts41 i1 #ddi-ej4 #aebc ,geij]1 i1 #cdb4 #aebd ,see 8 treatise1 ,( ! ,nature & ,qualification ( ,religion 9 ,ref]5ce to ,civil ,society1 ,eng4 tr4 by ,crull1 #afih4 #aebe ,heav5 & ,hell1 #ageh1 #cec1 #ced1 #dfd4 #aebf ,translat$ z ,! ,div9e ,provid5ce4 #aebg #bce-bfd4 #aebh ,"w cit$1 #bda4 #aebi ,de cultu et amore ,dei1 #agde4 tr4 z ,! ,wor%ip & ,love ( ,god1 ed4 #ahhe1 p4 #ah4 #aecj ,:5 he 0 contradict$ he kept sil5ce4 ,docum5ts conc]n+ ,sw$5borg1 ed4 by ,dr4 ,tafel1 #ahge-ahgg1 ii1 #efd4 #aeca ,cp4 ,sw$5borg's lett] to ,bey]1 9 ,docum5ts1 z cit$1 ii1 #bgi4 #aecb ,= _m ye>s he seldom w5t to *ur*1 be+ unable to li/5 peacefully to ! tr9it>ian doctr9e he he>d !re4 ,docum5ts1 z cit$1 ii1 #efj4 #aecc ,w4 ,:ite1 ,sw$5borg3 8 ,life & ,writ+s1 ed4 #ahfg1 i1 #ahh4 #aecd ,s*weitz]1 ,ges*i*te d] sk&9avis*5 ,lit]atur1 ii1 #age1 #bbe2 ,c4-,f4 ,all51 ,hi/oire de ,danem>k1 ,fr4 tr4 ii1 #aijj-aija2 ,r4 ,n4 ,ba91 ,gu/avus ,vasa & 8 ,contempor>ies1 #ahid1 i1 #bbf4 #aece ,correspondance de ,grimm1 ed4 #ahbi-ahca1 vii1 #bbi4 #aecf ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #bjf4 #aecg ,writ+ to 8 "m on 8 fir/ visit to ,p>is1 he takes h]1 o/5sibly z a libre esprit1 into 8 confid5ce1 disp>ag+ ,m>montel & ,grimm z va94 ,joseph ,,ii 9 turn pron\nc$ ,gu/avus a conceit$ fop1 an impud5t bragg>t 7,ba91 z cit$1 i1 #bff74 ,bo? mon>*s set up an impression ( want ( balance1 & ! "m ( ,gu/avus1 :o =c$ him to break ) h]1 does ! same4 #aech ,ba91 z cit$1 i1 #bbd-ca4 #aeci ,id4 ii1 #bjh-ab4 #aedj ,id4 i1 #bfg-fh4 #aeda ,cp4 ,ba91 ii1 #bgb1 #bhg1 #bic-if4 #aedb ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #cce4 #aedc ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #cbb4 ,cp4 pp4 #afa-fc4 ,s*loss]1 iv1 #ae4 #aedd ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #aij2 ,ott1 p4 #cbb2 ,c4-,f4 ,all51 z cit$1 ii1 #aid-bja2 ,s*loss]1 iv1 #cai sq4 #aede ,cp4 ,m>y ,woll/onecraft's ,lett]s f ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k1 #agif1 ,let4 xviii4 ,"o ( ! gr\nds on :i* ! que5 0 *>g$ ) un*a/ity 01 t %e _h e/abli%$ a hospital = f\ndl+s4 #aedf ,trans4 f ! ,g]man1 #aggd2 #bnd ed4 #ahbe4 ,see x also 9 ! "w1 ,conv]ts f ,infidelity1 by ,&rew ,cri*ton2 vols4 vi & vii ( ,con/able's ,miscellany1 #ahbg4 ,?is s+ul> compilation includes lives ( ,boyle1 ,bunyan1 ,hall]1 & o!rs1 :o 7 nev] infidels4 #aedg ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #aij-ia4 #aedh ,"w cit$1 ,lett] vii4 #aedi ,id4 ,lett] viii1 ne> end4 #aeej ,cri*ton-,:eaton1 ii1 #cbd4 #aeea ,he claim$ t ! rem>ks p5n$ by him 9 an anti-a!i/ic "w1 *all5g+ its argum5t1 repres5t$ n unbelief b ! dem& = a bett] pro(1 :i* he und]took to produce4 ,see ,kras9ski1 ,sket* ( ! ,religi\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,slavonic ,nations1 #ahea1 pp4 #bbd-be4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,pope1 ,innoc5t ,,xi1 bitt]ly c5sur$ ! execution4 #aeeb ,flet*]1 ,hi/ory ( ,pol&1 #ahca1 p4 #ada4 #aeec ,flet*]1 pp4 #ade-df4 #aeed ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 #ahec1 pp4 #chf-hg4 #aeee ,l4 ,si*l]1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 ,russe1 #ahhg1 pp4 #hh-hi1 #aci4 ,cp4 ,rambaud1 ,hi/4 de ,russie1 #b;e dit4 pp4 #bdi1 #bei1 etc4 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #cji1 #cba1 #cbh74 #aeef ,r4 ,n4 ,ba91 ,! ,fir/ ,romanovs1 #aije1 pp4 #acf-ea2 ,rambaud1 p4 #ccc 7tr4 i1 #dad-ag74 ,! /ruggle 7#afed7 elicit$ old =ms ( h]esy1 go+ back to ,mani*eism & ,gno/icism4 ,9 ?is furi\s s*ism ,nikon de/roy$ irregul> ikons or sacr$ images2 & savage p]secutions result$ f 8 insi/5ce t ! fai?ful %\ld use ?ree f+]s in/ead ( two 9 cross+ !mselves4 ,_m resi/$ to ! dea?4 #aeeg ,pr9ce ,s]ge ,wolkonsky1 ,russian ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 #ahig1 pp4 #ih-aja4 #aeeh ,morfill1 ,hi/ory ( ,russia1 #aijb1 p4 #ad2 ,ba91 p4 #bja4 #aeei ,cp4 ,wolkonsky1 p4 #aja4 #aefj ,c4 ,e4 ,turn]1 ,/udies 9 ,russian ,lit]ature1 #ahhb1 p4 #b4 #aefa ,id4 pp4 #af1 #ag1 #be1 #bf1 #dj2 ,si*l]1 p4 #adh4 #aefb ,si*l]1 p4 #aci4 ,pet]'s dislike ( monks won him ! repute ( a free?9k]4 ,morfill1 p4 #ig4 ,he 0 actually attack$ z ,anti*ri/ 9 a pr9t$ pamphlet on ! score ( 8 innovations4 ,p]sonally1 he dete/$ religi\s p]secution1 & 0 will+ to tol]ate anybody b ,jews2 b he _h to let p]secution take place2 & ev5 to cons5t to remov+ /atues ( pagan deities f 8 palace4 ,ba91 pp4 #cjd-cji4 #aefc ,cp4 ,ba91 p4 #cib4 #aefd ,turn]1 p4 #bb4 ,kantemir 0 ! fri5d ( ,bol+broke & ,montesquieu 9 ,p>is4 #aefe ,si*l]1 p4 #adg4 #aeff ,turn]1 pp4 #dj-da4 #aefg ,see ! passages cit$ by ,rambaud1 p4 #dhb1 f h] lett] to ,voltaire4 #aefh ,seume1 ,ueb] das ,leb5 444 d] ,kais]9 ,ca?>9a ,,ii3 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahci1 v1 #bci-dj2 ,rambaud1 pp4 #dhb-hd4 #aefi ,see ,bi%op ,burnet's ,lett]s1 iv1 ed4 ,rott]dam1 #afhf1 pp4 #ahg-ia4 #aegj ,zell]1 ,hi/oire d',italie1 pp4 #dbf-cb1 #dej2 ,proct]1 ,hi/4 ( ,italy1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #bdj1 #bfh4 #aega ,burnet1 z cit$1 pp4 #aie-ig4 #aegb ,pr(4 ,fl9t1 :o insi/s on ! deep piety ( ,vico1 notes t he appe>s to h _h /rangely little int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ian sy/ematic !ology 7,vico1 #ahhd1 p4 #gj74 #aegc ,siciliani1 ,sul ,r9novam5to della filos(ia positiva 9 ,italia1 #ahga1 pp4 #cg-da4 #aegd ,siciliani1 p4 #cf4 #aege ,introduction 7by ,mignet87 to ! ,pr9cess ,belgiojoso's tr4 ,la ,sci5ce ,n\velle1 #ahdd1 p4 cxiii4 ,cp4 ,fl9t1 ,vico1 #bca4 #aegf ,ganganelli1 ,pap/ ,clem5s ,,xiv1 se9e ,briefe und se9e ,zeit1 vom ,v]fass] d] ,rmis*5 ,briefe 7,von ,reumont71 #ahdg1 pp4 #ce-cf1 & p4 #aee1 note4 #aegg ,see ! ,/oria della economia pubblica 9 ,italia ( ,g4 ,pec*io1 #ahbi1 p4 #fa sq41 z to ! claim ( ,antonio ,s]ra 7,breve trattato1 etc4 #afac7 to be ! pione] ( mod]n political economy4 ,cp4 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 iii1 #afd-ff4 ,buckle 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #abb1 note7 has claim$ ! title = ,william ,/af=d1 ^: ,comp5di\s or briefe ,exam9ation ( c]ta9 ord9>y ,compla9ts 7o!rwise call$ ,a ,briefe ,conceipt ( ,engli% ,policy7 appe>$ 9 #aeha4 ,b cp4 ,+ram 7,hi/4 ( ,pol4 ,econ4 #ahhh1 pp4 #dc-de7 z to ! prior claims ( ,bod94 #aegh ,briefe1 z be=e cit$1 p4 #djh4 #aegi ,correspond5ce littraire1 ed4 #ahbi-ca1 vii1 #cca4 ,cp4 ,von ,reumont1 ,ganganelli1 p4 #cc4 #aehj ,! ,dei delitti e delle p5e 0 translat$ into #bb languages4 ,pec*io1 p4 #add4 #aeha ,see 9 ! #f? ed4 ( ! ,dei delitti 7,h>lem1 #agff7 ! app5d$ ,rispo/a ad uno scritto1 etc41 ,p>te prima1 ,accuse d'empiet4 #aehb ,see 8 lett] to ! ,abb ,morellet1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,f>r] 9 *4 i ( 8 ed4 ( ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts1 #ahhj1 p4 #e4 ,x describes ! ,milanese z deeply sunk 9 prejudices4 #aehc ,pec*io1 p4 #abc4 #aehd ,cp4 ,mc,culloch1 ,lit]ature ( ,political ,economy1 #ahde1 p4 #fd2 ,blanqui1 ,hi/4 de l'economie politique1 #b;e dit4 ii1 #dcb4 #aehe ,z to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ganganelli lett]s1 orig9ally mu* disput$1 see ,von ,reumont's ,ganganelli1 ,pap/ ,clem5s ,,xiv2 se9e ,briefe und se9e ,zeit1 #ahdg1 pp4 #dj-dd4 #aehf ,lett4 lvi1 ,eng4 tr4 #aggg1 i1 #ada-db4 ,no4 lxxii 9 ,von ,reumont's ,ganganelli1 #ahdg4 #aehg ,lett4 xiii1 #agdi4 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #dd-df2 ,no4 cxiv 9 ,von ,reumont's translation4 #aehh ,lett4 vi & xiv2 ,nos4 ix & xxii 9 ,von ,reumont4 #aehi ,lett4 xxx1 p4 #hc2 ,no4 xxxiv 9 ,von ,reumont4 #aeij ,lett4 xci2 ,no4 xcii 9 ,von ,reumont4 #aeia ,lett4 cxlvi2 ,no4 xiii 9 ,von ,reumont4 #aeib ,lett4 lxxxii1 #agec or #aged2 ,no4 lxi 9 ,von ,reumont4 #aeic ,lett4 cxxiv1 #agfi4 ,?is lett] is n 9 ,von ,reumont's collection1 & appe>s to be reg>d$ by him z spuri\s--or unduly indiscreet4 #aeid ,lett4 lxxxiii1 #aged2 ,no4 lxxiii 9 ,von ,reumont4 #aeie ,corr4 ,litt4 z cit$1 vii1 #ajd4 #aeif ,zell]1 p4 #dgc4 #aeig ,zell]1 pp4 #dgh-gi4 #aeih ,juli5 ,lu*aire1 ,essai sur l'evolution intellectuelle de l',italie de #ahae #ahcj1 #aijf1 p4 #c4 #aeii ,p>9i wrote a reprov+ ,ode on ! subject4 7,h5ri ,hauvette1 ,littrature ,itali5ne1 #aijf1 p4 #cga47 ,he 0 "o ( ^? disillusion$ by ! c\rse ( ! ,revolution4 7,id4 p4 #cge47 #afjj ,hauvette1 pp4 #cia-ic4 #afja ,coxe1 ,memoirs ( ! ,b\rbon ,k+s ( ,spa91 ed4 #ahae1 iv1 #djh4 #afjb ,villanueva1 ,vida ,lit]>ia1 ,london1 #ahbe4 #afjc ,buckle1 iii1 #edg-dh 7#a-vol4 ed4 #eii-fjj74 ,! la/ victim seems to h be5 a woman accus$ ( wit*craft4 ,h] nose 0 cut (f be=e h] execution4 ,see ! ,m>okkanis*e ,briefe1 #aghe1 p4 #cf2 & ,buckle's note #bgb4 #afjd ,lett] ( ,d',alemb]t to ,voltaire1 #ac mai1 #aggc4 #afje ,grimm1 ,corr4 ,litt4 x1 #cic4 #afjf ,llor5te1 ii1 #ecd4 #afjg ,z to :i* see ,buckle1 p4 #fjg4 #afjh ,llor5te1 ii1 #edd4 #afji ,id4 ii1 #edd-dg4 #afaj ,grimm is evid5tly 9 error 9 8 /atem5t 7,correspondance1 ed4 #ahbi-ca1 x1 #cid7 t "o ( ! ma9 grievances aga9/ ,olavids 0 8 hav+ caus$ to be made a ,spani% translation ( ,raynal's book1 :i* 0 nev] publi%$4 ,no su* (f5ce is m5tion$ by ,llor5te4 ,! case ( ,almodob> _h be5 connect$ 9 ,fr5* rum\r ) t ( ,olavids4 #afaa ,llor5te1 ii1 #ecb4 #afab ,id4 ii1 #ecd-ce4 #afac ,id4 pp4 #edg-dh4 #afad ,llor5te1 ii4 #edi-ej4 #afae ,id4 ii1 #dgb-gc4 #afaf ,id4 pp4 #dcf-dj4 #afag ,id4 ii1 #ddj-db4 ,llor5te m5tions t ,clavijo edit$ a j\rnal nam$ ,! ,?9k]1 at a "t :5 h>dly anyone 0 to be f\nd :o ?\ght4 ,a ,fr5*man1 ,langle hav+ ass]t$1 9 8 ,voyage d',espagne1 t ! ,?9k] 0 )\t m]it1 ! hi/orian comm5ts t if ,langle is "r 9 ! ass]tion1 x w be ! sole v]ity 9 8 book1 b t1 9 view ( 8 errors on all o!r matt]s1 x is probable t he is wrong !re also4 #afah ,llor5te1 p4 #ddi4 #afai ,id4 ii1 #dej-ea4 ,! book 0 prohibit$1 b a pr9t] at ,bayonne reissu$ x ) an additional volume ( ! tracts writt5 = & aga9/ x4 #afbj ,id4 ii1 #dfi-gb4 #afba ,buckle1 p4 #fah4 #afbb ,id4 p4 #fab4 #afbc ,id4 p4 #fac4 #afbd ,c>nota1 ,! ,m>quis ( ,pombal1 #bnd ed4 #ahga1 p4 #bdb4 #afbe ,id4 p4 #bdj4 #afbf ,id4 pp4 #bfa-fb4 #afbg ,id4 p4 #bfb4 #afbh ,id4 p4 #cge4 #afbi ,cp4 ,p4 ,godet1 ,hi/4 litt4 de la suisse franaise1 #aijj4 #afcj ,e4 de ,bud1 ,vie de ,franois ,turrett9i1 #ahga1 pp4 #ab-ah4 ,b4 ,turrett9i 0 commission$ to write a hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation at ,g5eva1 :i* h[ev] rema9s 9 ,,ms4 ,he 0 fur!r commission$ 9 #afba to g to ,holl& to obta9 f9ancial help = ! city1 !n s]i\sly m5ac$ by ,savoy2 & obta9$ #cj1jjj flor9s1 besides small] sums f ,hamburg & ,brem54 #afca ,cp4 ,bud1 z cit$1 pp4 #bd 7bir?-date wrong71 #bid2 & ! ,avis de l'diteur to ! ,trait de la ,v]it de la ,religion ,*rti5ne ( ,j4 ,a4 ,turret91 ,p>is1 #agec4 #afcb ,"w cit$1 i1 #h1 note4 #afcc ,lettre ,damilaville1 #f dcembre1 #agfc4 ,! res]v$ y\? may h be5 ei!r ,jean-,alphonse1 gr&son ( ! ,soc9ian pr(essor1 :o 0 born 9 #agce & di$ *ildless1 or "s o!r memb] ( ! num]\s ,turrett9i clan4 #afcd ,voltaire to ,damilaville1 #ab juillet1 #agfc4 ,il faut que v\s sa*iez1 expla9s ,voltaire que ,jean ,jacques n'a t condamn que p>ce qu'on n'aime pas sa p]sonne4 #afce ,voltaire to ,damilaville1 #ba augu/e1 #agfc4 #afcf ,cp4 i1 #b1 #af1 #ef1 #eh1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 #id2 ii1 #bij1 etc4 #afcg ,= in/ance3 ,je me recomm&e contr'eux les prtres ,dieu le pre1 c> p\r le fils1 v\s savez qu'il a aussi peu de crdit que sa mre ,g5ve 7,lettre ,d',alemb]t1 #be m>s1 #ageh74444 ,une rpublique o t\t le monde e/ ouv]tem5t soc9i51 excepts ceux qui font anabapti/es ou moraves4 ,figurez-v\s1 mon *] ami1 qu'il n'y a pas actuellem5t un *rti5 de ,g5ve ,b]ne2 cela fait frmir6 7,to ! same1 #h fv4 #aggf47 #afch ,on ?is see ! correspond5ce ( ,voltaire & ,d',alemb]t1 "u dates #h1 #bh1 & #bi janvi]1 #ageg4 #afci ,lettre ,d',alemb]t1 #bg aot1 #ageg4 #afdj ,lettres sur le ,disme1 #agei1 p4 #f4 ,cp4 pp4 #hd1 #id1 #ajc1 #aje1 #dab4 #afda ,john ,wesley 9 8 ,j\rnal1 dat+ ,may1 #agcg1 speaks ( hav+ ev]y:]e met _m m conv]ts to infidelity ?an conv]ts to ,pop]y1 ) app>5t ref]5ce to ,c>ol9a4 #afdb ,su* is ! word+ ( ! passage 9 ! ,autobiography 9 ! ,ed9burgh edition ( #ahjc1 p4 #be1 :i* foll[s ! ,fr5* translation ( ! orig9al ,,ms4 ,9 ! edition ( ! ,autobiography & ,lett]s 9 ! ,m9]va ,libr>y1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,bettany 7#ahia1 p4 #aa71 :i* foll[s ,mr4 ,bigel['s edition ( #ahgi1 x runs3 ,be+ !n1 f read+ ,%aftesbury & ,coll9s1 become a real d\bt] 9 _m po9ts ( our religi\s doctr9e4444 #afdc ,only 9 #aghd1 h[ev]1 appe>$ ! fir/ anti-,*ri/ian "w publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,e?an ,all5's ,reason ! only ,oracle ( ,man4 ,z to its positions see ,conway1 ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #aib-ic4 #afdd ,autobiography1 ,bettany's ed4 pp4 #ef1 #fe1 #gd1 #gg1 etc4 #afde ,lett] ( ,m>* #i1 #agij4 ,id4 p4 #fcf4 #afdf ,cp4 ,j4 ,t4 ,morse's ,?omas ,jeff]son1 pp4 #cci-dj4 #afdg ,,ms4 cit$ by ,dr4 ,conway1 ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #caj-aa4 #afdh ,memoirs ( ,jeff]son1 #ahbi1 iv1 #cjj-cja4 ,! date is #ahag4 ,^! & o!r passages exhibit+ ,jeff]son's deism are cit$ 9 ,rayn]'s ,sket*es ( ! ,life1 etc41 ( ,jeff]son1 #ahcb1 pp4 #eac-ag4 #afdi ,memoirs ( ,jeff]son1 iv1 #cca4 #afej ,dr4 ,conway1 ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #caj4 #afea ,extract f ,jeff]son's ,j\rnal "u date ,febru>y #a1 #ahjj1 9 ! ,memoirs1 iv1 #eab4 ,g\v]neur ,morris1 :om ,jeff]son fur!r cites z to ,wa%+ton's unbelief1 is n a v good witness2 b ! ma9 fact cit$ is significant4 #afeb ,comp>e ! te/imony giv5 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wilson1 ( ,albany1 9 #ahca1 z cit$ by ,r4 ,d4 ,ow5 9 8 ,discussion on ! ,au!nticity ( ! ,bible ) ,o4 ,ba*el] 7,london1 ed4 #ahdj1 p4 #bca71 ) ! replies on ! o!r side 7pp4 #bcc-cd74 ,wa%+ton's dea?-b$ attitude 0 t ( a dei/4 ,see all ! available data = 8 suppos$ or?odoxy 9 ,sp>ks's ,life ( ,wa%+ton1 #aheb1 app4 iv4 #afec ,s f> z is kn[n1 ,pa9e 0 ! fir/ writ] to use ! expression ! religion ( ,humanity4 ,see ,conway's ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #bjf4 ,to ,pa9e's influ5ce1 too1 appe>s to be due ! f\nd+ ( ! fir/ ,am]ican ,anti-,slav]y ,society4 ,id4 i1 #ea-eb1 #fj1 #hj1 etc4 #afed ,cp4 ,conway's ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #bje-bjg4 #afee ,a lett] ( ,frankl9 to someone :o _h %[n him a free?9k+ manuscript1 advis+ aga9/ its publication 7,bettany's ed4 p4 #fbj71 has be5 conjecturally connect$ ) ,pa9e1 b 0 cle>ly n address$ to him4 ,frankl9 di$ 9 #agij1 & ,pa9e 0 out ( ,am]ica f #aghg onw>ds4 ,b ! lett] is 9 e way inapplicable to ! ,age ( ,reason4 ,! rem>k3 ,if m5 are s wick$ ) religion1 :at w\ld !y be )\t x8 c\ld n be made to a dev\t dei/ l ,pa9e4 #afef ,conway1 ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #bed-ee4 #afeg ,see ,dr4 ,conway's *apt]1 ,! ,am]ican ,inquisition1 vol4 ii1 *4 xvi2 also pp4 #cfa-fb1 #cgd1 #cgi4 ,! falsity ( ! ord9>y *>ges aga9/ ,pa9e's "* is f9ally made cle> by ,dr4 ,conway1 *4 xix1 & pp4 #cga1 #chc1 #dai1 #dbc4 ,cp4 ! au?or's pamphlet1 ,?omas ,pa9e3 ,an ,inve/igation 7,bonn]74 ,! *ronically reviv$ /ory ( 8 dea?-b$ remorse = 8 writ+s--long ago expos$ 7,conway1 ii1 #dbj7--;is def9itively discr$it$ 9 ! late/ reit]ation4 ,t occurs 9 ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,?omas 7#aije71 ! "m ( ^: /epmo!r 0 ! ,mrs4 ,m>y ,h9sdale1 ne ,roscoe1 on ^: te/imony ! leg5d re/s4 ,dr4 ,?omas1 a ,quak] ( ! highe/ "*1 accept$ ! /ory )\t "q1 b incid5tally tells ( ! old lady 7p4 #ac7 t h] w&]+ fancies _h all ! *>m ( a pres5t fairy-tale to u4 ,no fur!r pro( is ne$$1 aft] ! previ\s exposure1 ( ! wor?lessness ( ! te/imony 9 "q4 #afeh ,conway1 ii1 #cga4 #afei ,see ! details 9 ,conway's ,life1 ii1 #bhj-ha1 & note4 ,he _h also a s*eme = a gunp[d] motor 7id4 & i1 #bdj71 & v>i\s o!r rem>kable plans4 #affj ,conway1 ii1 #cfb-ga4 #affa ,te/imonies quot$ by ,r4 ,d4 ,ow51 z cit$1 pp4 #bca-cb4 #affb ,conway1 ii1 #dbb4 #affc ,memoir ( ,sydney ,smi?1 by 8 daught]1 ,lady ,holl&1 ed4 #ahfi1 p4 #di4 ,lady ,holl& rem>ks on ! same page t h] fa!r's religion _h 9 x no?+ intol]ant4 #affd ,memoir ( ,sydney ,smi?1 p4 #adb4 #affe ,juli5 ,lu*aire1 ,essai sur l'volution intellectuelle de l',italie1 #aijf1 pp4 #e-g4 #afff ,dr4 ,ramage1 ,nooks & ,byeways ( ,italy1 #ahfh1 pp4 #gf1 #aje-ac4 ,ramage describes ! helplessness ( ! bett] m9ds be=e #ahcj4 #affg ,lu*aire1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 #affh ,id4 p4 #cj4 #affi ,doblado 7,blanco ,:ite71 ,lett]s f ,spa91 #ahbb4 p4 #ceh4 #afgj ,?us ! travell] & belletri/ ,j4 ,g4 ,seume1 a zeal\s dei/ & oppon5t ( a!ism1 & a no less zeal\s patriot1 p5n$ _m fi]cely free?9k+ maxims1 z3 ,:]e 7 ! mo/ s-call$ positive religions1 !re 0 always ! lea/ morality2 ,grotius & ! ,bible are ! be/ supports ( despotism2 ,heav5 has lo/ u ! e>?2 ,! be/ apo/les ( despotism & slav]y are ! my/ics4 ,apokryph51 #ahjf-ahjg1 9 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 #ahci1 iv1 #aeg1 #agc1 #agg1 #bai4 #afga ,c4 ,h4 ,cottrell1 ,religi\s ,movem5ts ( ,g]many1 #ahdi1 p4 #ab sq4 #afgb ,cp4 ! au?or's ,evolution ( ,/ates1 pp4 #ach-ci4 #afgc ,:5 ,i ?us plann$ ! treatm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book1 x 0 kn[n to me t ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,b5n _h 9 h& a "w on ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 & ! k made me ! m resolv$ to keep my own record cond5s$4 ,duly publi%$ 9 #aijf 7,longmans1 #b vols471 ,mr4 ,b5n's book amply fulfill$ expectations2 & to x ,i w\ld ref] e read] :o seeks a full] survey ?an ! pres5t4 ,its fre%ness ( ?\ght & vig\r ( execution w m ?an repay him4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,b5n's copi\s "w1 h[ev]--devot+ z x does a l>ge am\nt ( space to a prelim9>y survey ( ! eighte5? c5tury--leaves room = v>i\s ,engli% monographs on ! n9ete5?1 to say no?+ ( ! culture hi/ory ( a doz5 o!r c\ntries4 #afgd ,lecky1 ,hi/4 ( ,irel& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ed4 #ahib1 iii1 #chb4 #afge ,cp4 ,conway's ,life ( ,pa9e1 ii1 #beb-ec4 #afgf ,?is translation1 issu$ by ,%]wood1 ,neely1 & ,jones1 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 & all booksell]s1 purports to be ) additions4 ,! translation1 h[ev]1 has alt]$ d',holba*'s a!ism to deism4 #afgg ,by ,w4 ,huttman4 ,! book is embelli%$ ) a head ( ,jesus--a conv5tional religi\s picture4 ,huttman's op9ions may be div9$ f ! la/ s5t5ce ( 8 preface1 allud+ to ! high pret5tions & inflat$ /ile ( ! lives ( ,*ri/ :i* issue p]iodically f ! ,engli% press4 #afgh ,cp4 ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #bjh-bji4 #afgi ,see ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's ,hi/ory ( ! ,peace1 ed4 #ahgg1 ii1 #hg1 & ,mrs4 ,c>lile ,campbell's ,! ,battle ( ! ,press 7,bonn]1 #ahii71 passim1 z to ! treatm5t ( ^? :o act$ z ,c>lile's %opm54 ,wom5 7 imprison$ z well z m5--e4g4 ,susanna ,wright1 z to :om see ,:eel]'s ,diction>y1 & la/ ref4 ,c>lile's wife & si/] 7 likewise imprison$ ) him2 & ov] tw5ty volunte] %opm5 9 all w5t to jail4 #afhj ,hone's mo/ important s]vice to popul> culture 0 8 issue ( ! ,apocryphal ,new ,te/am5t1 :i*1 by co-ord9at+ "w ( ! same k9d1 gave a fre% sci5tific basis to ! popul> criticism ( ! gospel hi/ory4 ,z to 8 fam\s trial = blasphemy on ! score ( 8 hav+ publi%$ c]ta9 p>odies1 political 9 int5tion1 see bk4 i1 *4 x 7by ,knight7 ( ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's ,hi/ory ( ! ,peace4 #afha ,holyoake1 ,sixty ,ye>s ( an ,agitator's ,life1 i1 #aji-aj4 ,see p4 #aaa z to o!r cases4 #afhb ,art4 by ,holyoake 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 ,cp4 ,sixty ,ye>s1 p] index4 #afhc ,articles 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 #afhd ,holyoake1 ,sixty ,ye>s1 i1 #dg4 #afhe ,kirkup1 ,hi/ory ( ,socialism1 #ahib1 p4 #fd4 #afhf ,f an e>ly age he _h lo/ all belief 9 ! prevail+ =ms ( religion 7,kirkup1 p4 #ei74 #afhg ,re=m]s ( almo/ all s*ools1 inde$1 f ! fir/ reg>d$ ,ow5 ) m or less g5ial incr$ulity1 "s criticiz+ him acutely )\t any ill-w4 ,see ,podmore's ,rob]t ,ow51 #aijf1 i1 #bch-db4 ,s\!y 0 "o ( ! fir/ to detect 8 lack ( religi\s belief4 ,id4 p4 #bbb1 n4 #afhh ,podmore1 i1 #bdf4 #afhi ,kirkup1 z cit$1 p4 #fd4 #afij ,podmore1 ii1 #fdj4 #afia ,extraord9>y self-complac5cy1 autocratic action1 arrogance1 are among ! expressions us$ ( him by 8 able/ biograph]4 7,podmore1 ii1 #fda47 ,( him might be said1 z ( ,em]son by himself1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,gods d n argue--! faculty be+ abs5t4 #afib ,pamphlet sold at #a #a_/b;d41 & to be _h ( all ! ,booksell]s4 #afic ,( ,george ,combe's ,con/itution ( ,man 7#ahbh71 a dei/ic "w1 ov] #ej1jjj copies 7 sold 9 ,brita9 )9 twelve ye>s1 & #aj1jjj 9 ,am]ica4 ,advt4 to #d? ed4 #ahci4 ,combe av[s t 8 impulse came f ! phr5ologi/ ,spurzheim4 #afid ,see ! details 9 8 ,la/ ,trial by ,jury = ,a!ism 9 ,engl&4 #afie ,! ,gospel its ,own ,witness1 #agii4 rep4 9 ,bohn's ed4 ( ,! ,pr9cipal ,works & ,rema9s ( ! ,rev4 ,&rew ,full]1 #aheb1 pp4 #acf-cg4 #afif ,see ,pr(4 ,fl9t's tribute to ! reason+ p[] ( ,bradlaugh & ,holyoake 9 8 ,anti-,!i/ic ,!ories1 #d? ed4 pp4 #eah-ai4 #afig ,see ,mrs4 ,bradlaugh ,bonn]'s ,*>les ,bradlaugh1 i1 #adi1 #bhh-hi4 #afih ,= a full record see ,"p ,,ii ( ,mrs4 ,bradlaugh ,bonn]'s ,*>les ,bradlaugh4 #afii ,aft] ,bradlaugh _h secur$ 8 seat1 ! noble "l ev5 s\ght 8 acqua9tance4 #agjj ,?\gh "y ,cons]vative memb]s1 aft] #ahhf1 privately pr(ess$ sympa?y4 #agja ,"w cit$1 p4 #ebd4 #agjb ,coqu]el1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire gnrale du *ri/ianisme1 #ahbh1 prf4 #agjc ,dr4 ,*ri/oph] ,wordswor?1 ,di>y 9 ,france1 #ahde1 pp4 #ge-gg4 #agjd ,! mis]able & dei/ical pr9ciple ( ! equality ( all religions 7id4 p4 #ahh74 ,cp4 pp4 #aea1 #aec4 #agje ,id4 pp4 #ae1 #cg1 #de1 #aha1 #ahe1 #aij4 #agjf ,id4 pp4 #aeg-fa4 ,z to ! g5]al vogue ( rationalism 9 ,france at t p]iod1 see pp4 #ce1 #bjd3 & comp>e ,saisset1 ,essais sur la philosophie et la religion1 #ahde2 ,! ,progress ( ,religi\s ,?\ght z illu/rat$ 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ,france1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,be>d1 #ahfa2 & ,wilson's article 9 ,essays & ,reviews4 ,z to ,switz]l& & ,holl&1 see ,pe>son1 ,infidelity1 its ,aspects1 etc41 #ahec1 pp4 #efj-fd1 #ege-hd4 #agjg ,l\is ,philippe s\ght to suppress ?is book1 ( :i* _m editions _h appe>$ be=e #ahcj4 ,see ,blanco ,:ite's ,life1 #ahde1 ii4 #afh4 #agjh ,pr(4 ,e4 ,lavisse1 ,un ,m9i/re3 ,victor ,duruy1 #ahie 7rep4 ( art4 9 ,revue de ,p>is1 ,janv4 #ae & ,m>s #a1 #ahie71 p4 #aag4 #agji ,id4 pp4 #ii-aje4 #agaj ,id4 pp4 #ajg-aah4 #agaa ,id4 pp4 #aah-bg4 #agab ,llor5te1 ,hi/4 crit4 de l',inquisition de l',espagne1 #b;e dit1 iv1 #aec4 #agac ,rapport ( ,*4 ,fulpius 9 ! ,almana* de ,libre ,p5se1 #aijf4 #agad ,squi]1 ,notes on ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #ahef1 p4 #bbg4 #agae ,be=e #ahdj ! popul> free?\ght propag&a _h be5 p>tly c>ri$ on "u cov] ( ,radicalism1 z 9 ,c>lile's ,republican1 & ,lion1 & 9 v>i\s publications ( ,william ,hone4 ,cp4 ,h4 ,b4 ,wilson's article ,! ,national ,*ur*1 9 ,essays & ,reviews1 #i? ed4 p4 #aeb4 #agaf ,describ$ z our *ief a!i/ic organ by ! late ,f4 ,w4 ,newman because ,dr4 ,james ,m>t9eau decl9$ to cont9ue writ+ = x1 because x int]polat$ a!i/ical articles betwe5 8 !i/ic articles 7,contributions 444 to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! late ,c>d9al ,newman1 #ahia1 p4 #ajc74 ,! review 0 = a "t edit$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 & = long aft] him by ,dr4 ,john ,*apman4 ,x la/$ into ! tw5tie? c5tury1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,dr4 ,*apman's wid[1 & kept a free plat=m to ! end4 #agag ,pa/or ,w4 ,baur1 ,hamburg1 ,religi\s ,life 9 ,g]many dur+ ! ,w>s ( ,indep5d5ce1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgb1 p4 #da4 ,h4 ,j4 ,rose & ,pusey1 9 _! controv]sy z to ! causes ( ,g]man rationalism1 7 sub/antially at "o on ?is po9t ( fact4 ,rose1 ,lett] to ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 #ahbi1 pp4 #ai1 #aej1 #afa4 #agah ,id4 p4 #dha4 #agai ,ueb] die ,religion3 ,r$5 an die gebildet5 unt] ihr5 ,v]*t]n4 ,^! are discuss$ h]e9aft]4 #agbj ,li*t5b]g]1 ,hi/4 ( ,g]4 ,!ol4 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5t4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahhi1 pp4 #abb-bc4 #agba ,see ! same volume1 passim4 #agbb ,k>l von ,raum]1 ,contrib4 to ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,g]man ,univ]sities1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahei1 p4 #gi4 ,! intellectual tone ( ,w4 ,baur & ,k4 von ,raum] c]ta9ly protects !m f any *>ge ( enlight5m5t4 #agbc ,la+1 ,notes ( a ,travell]1 #ahdb1 p4 #aha4 #agbd ,c4 ,h4 ,cott]ill1 ,relig4 ,movem5ts ( ,g]many 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahdi1 pp4 #ci-dj4 #agbe ,id4 pp4 #bg-bh1 #da-db4 #agbf ,cp4 ,la+1 z cit$1 pp4 #bjf-bjg1 #baa4 #agbg ,cott]ill1 z cit$1 p4 #hd4 #agbh ,cott]ill4 z cit$1 pp4 #dc-dg4 #agbi ,rapport de ,ida ,altmann1 9 ,almana* de ,libre ,p5se1 #aijf1 p4 #bj4 #agcj ,! pr9cipal h be53 ,das freie ,wort & ,frankfurt] ,zeitung1 ,frank=t-on-,ma92 ,d] ,freid5k]1 ,fri$ri*%ag51 ne> ,b]l92 ,das freireligise ,sonntagsblatt1 ,breslau2 ,die freie ,geme9de1 ,magdeburg2 ,d] ,a!i/1 ,nuremb]g2 ,m5s*5tum1 ,go?a2 ,vossis*e ,zeitung1 ,b]l92 ,b]l9] ,volkszeitung1 ,b]l92 ,vorwrts 7,sociali/71 ,b]l92 ,wes] ,zeitung1 ,brem52 ,h>tungs*e ,zeitung1 ,knigsb]g2 ,klnis*e ,zeitung1 ,cologne4 #agca ,/udemund1 ,d] mod]ne ,unglaube 9 d5 unt]5 ,/nd51 #aija1 p4 #ad4 #agcb ,id4 p4 #bb4 #agcc ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,laren1 ,an ,au/ralian 9 ,g]many1 #aiaa1 pp4 #aha1 #ahd4 #agcd ,/udemund1 ,d] mod]ne ,unglaube 9 d5 unt]5 ,/nd51 #aija1 pp4 #ag1 #ba4 #agce ,gloss5 zu ,yves ,guyot's und ,sigismund ,lacroix's ,die wahre ,ge/alt des ,*ri/5tums4 #agcf ,/udemund1 p4 #bb4 #agcg ,id4 p4 #bc4 #agch ,id4 p4 #bg4 #agci ,id4 pp4 #cg-ch4 #agdj ,id4 pp4 #dj-db4 ,cp4 p4 #dc4 ,pa/or ,/udemund cites o!r inquir]s1 notably ,rade1 ,gebh>dt1 ,lor5z1 & ,dietzg51 all to ! same effect4 #agda ,e4g4 ,pa/or ,a4 ,kal?(f's ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 #aija4 ,s9ce t date ! op9ion has f\nd new & p[]ful support]s 9 ,g]many4 #agdb ,! p 9 ! c\ntry d n read2 9 ! t[ns !y read little4 ,! j\rnals are little circulat$4 ,9 ,russia "o nev] sees a cabman1 an artisan1 a lab\r] read+ a newspap] 7,ivan ,/rannik1 ,la p5se russe contempora9e1 #aijc1 p4 #e74 #agdc ,cp4 ,e4 ,lavigne1 ,introduction l'hi/oire du nihilisme russe1 #ahhj1 pp4 #adi1 #afa1 #bbd2 ,arnaudo1 ,le ,nihilisme1 ,fr5* trans4 pp4 #cg1 #eh1 #fa1 #fc1 #gg1 #hf1 etc42 ,tikhomirov1 ,la ,russie1 p4 #bij4 #agdd ,tikhomirov1 ,la ,russie1 pp4 #cbe-bf1 #cch-ci4 #agde ,cp4 ,prie/ley1 ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t1 #bnd ed4 #agga1 pp4 #beg-fa1 & ,conway's ,c5t5>y ,hi/ory ( ,s\? ,place1 pp4 #fc1 #gg1 #hj4 #agdf ,see ,rev4 ,joseph ,hunt]1 ,an ,hi/orical ,def5ce ( ! ,tru/ees ( ,lady ,h5ley's ,f\ndations1 #ahcd2 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,op9ions1 & ,pres5t ,legal ,position ( ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians 7(ficial71 #ahcd2 ,an ,exam9ation & ,def5ce ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,prote/ant ,diss5t1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,drummond1 ( ,dubl91 #ahdb4 #agdg ,conway1 ,autobiography1 #aije1 i1 #abc4 #agdh ,s ,pr(4 ,william ,james1 ,! ,w to ,believe1 etc41 #ahig1 p4 #acc4 #agdi ,conway1 ,em]son at ,home & ,abroad1 #ahhc1 *4 vii4 #agej ,hag5ba*1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ah4 und #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts1 #ahdh1 ii1 #dbb4 ,rationalism seems to h spread soone/ 9 ! canton ( ,zri*4 ,id4 ii1 #dbg4 #agea ,grote1 ,sev5 ,lett]s conc]n+ ! ,politics ( ,switz]l&1 pp4 #cd-ce4 ,hag5ba* 7,kir*5ges*i*te1 ii1 #dbg-bh7 %[s no %ame ov] ! insurrection at ,zri*4 ,b cp4 ,be>d1 9 ,voices ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,reply to ,dr4 ,/rauss1 #ahde1 pp4 #ag-ah4 #ageb ,cp4 ! rapport ( ,*4 ,fulpius 9 ! ,almana* de ,libre ,p5se1 #aijf4 #agec ,g4 ,m4 ,!al1 ,s\? ,africa 7,/ory ( ! ,nations s]ies71 pp4 #cdj1 #cde4 ,mr4 ,!al's view ( ! m5tal processes ( ! ,bo]s is some:at priori1 & 8 explanation seems 9 "p inconsi/5t ) 8 own n>rative4 #aged ,an ,engli% acqua9tance ( my own at ,cape ,t[n1 :o be=e ! w> n only 0 an or?odox believ]1 b f\nd 8 *ief weekly pleasure 9 att5d+ *ur*1 0 s a/\nd$ by ! g5]al attitude ( ! cl]gy on ! w> t he sev]$ 8 connection1 once = all4 ,?\s&s did ! same 9 ,engl&4 #agee ,i write on ! /r5g? ( p]sonal te/imonies spontane\sly giv5 to me 9 ,s\? ,africa1 "s ( !m by cl]gym5 ( ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 #agef ,see ! evid5ce collect$ 9 ! pamphlet ,! ,*ur*es & ! ,w>1 by ,alfr$ ,m>ks4 ,new ,age ,(fice1 #aije4 #ageg ,= ! survey "h r$uc$ to outl9e ,i am indebt$ to two ,sw$i% fri5ds4 #ageh ,cp4 ,lamon's ,life ( ,l9coln1 & ,j4 ,b4 ,remsburg's ,abraham ,l9coln3 ,0 he a ,*ri/ian8 7,new ,york1 #ahic47 #agei ,remsburg1 pp4 #cah-ai4 #agfj ,p]sonal in=mation4 #agfa ,remsburg1 p4 #cbd4 #agfb ,( ^! ! ,new ,york ,tru?seek] has be5 ! mo/ en]getic & successful4 #agfc ,:ite1 ,w>f>e1 i1 #ha4 #agfd ,:ite1 ,w>f>e1 i1 #hd1 #hf1 #cad1 #cag1 #cah4 #agfe ,?is view is n inconsi/5t ) ! fact t popul> =ms ( cr$ulity are also f\nd specially fl\ri%+ 9 ! ,we/4 ,cp4 ,bryce1 ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 #crd ed4 ii1 #hcb-cc4 #agff ,z to ! absolute pr$om9ance ( rationali/ic unbelief 79 ! or?odox s5se ( ! ^w7 9 educat$ ,g]many 9 ! fir/ ?ird ( ! c5tury1 see ! ,memoirs ( ,f4 ,p]!s1 ,eng4 tr4 #bnd ed4 ii1 #bdj-de1 #bee1 #bff-ge4 ,despite ! v>i\s reactions claim$ by ,p]!s & o!rs1 x is cle> t ! tables h nev] s9ce be5 turn$4 ,cp4 ,pe>son1 ,infidelity1 pp4 #eed-ei1 #efi-gd4 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 *>g$ on 8 own side ) mak+ fatal concessions4 ,kahnis1 ,int]nal ,hi/4 ( ,g]man ,prote/antism1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahef1 pp4 #baj-aa2 ,rob9s1 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,fai?1 #ahfb1 i1 #aha2 & ,qu9et z !re cit$4 #agfg ,aus ,s*lei]ma*]s ,leb53 ,9 ,brief51 #ahfj1 i1 #db1 #hd4 ,! fa!r's lett]s1 ) _! unctu\s rhetoric1 are a revelation ( ! p[] ( declamatory habit to elim9ate s9c]e ?\ght4 #agfh ,w]ke1 #ahdc1 i1 #adj4 #agfi ,see ,kabnis1 p4 #bad1 & refs4 z to 8 relations ) ,frau ,grun[4 ,he belong$ to ! circle ( ,pr9ce ,l\is1 9 :i* intellect & art1 b n morality1 reign$4 ,ib4 ,comp>e ! sympa!tic ,li*t5b]g]1 ,hi/4 ( ,g]4 ,!ol4 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5t4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahhi1 pp4 #ajc-ajd4 ,x 0 ( c\rse 8 cl]ical "* t disadvantag$ ,s*lei]ma*] 9 su* matt]s4 #aggj ,li*t5b]g]1 z cit$1 p4 #hg4 #agga ,li*t5b]g]1 z cit$1 p4 #hi4 #aggb ,id4 p4 #aji4 #aggc ,id4 pp4 #abc-bd4 #aggd ,id4 p4 #aai4 #agge ,id4 p4 #abi4 #aggf ,/rauss1 ,die ,halb5 und die ,ganz51 #ahfe1 p4 #ah4 #aggg ,= e/imates ( 8 "w cp4 ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ait5 ,jahrh41 p4 #de2 ,kahnis1 z la/ cit$2 ,pfleid]]1 ,developm5t ( ,!ology 9 ,g]many1 #ahic1 bk4 i1 *4 iii2 bk4 ii1 *4 ii2 ,li*t5b]g]1 z cit$2 & art4 by ,rev4 ,f4 ,j4 ,smi? 9 ,!ol4 ,review1 ,july1 #ahfi4 #aggh ,reuss1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahij1 p4 #chg4 ,cp4 ,/rauss1 ,e9leitung 9 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 #aj4 #aggi ,see a good acc\nt ( ! developm5t 9 ,/rauss's ,introductions to 8 two ,lives ( ,jesus4 #aghj ,9 a volume entitl$ ,(f5b>ung und ,my?ologie4 #agha ,hebris*e ,my?ologie des alt5 und neu5 ,te/am5ts4 #aghb ,evangeli5comm5t>1 #ahjj-ahjd2 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #ahbh4 #aghc ,probabilia de ,evangelii et ,epi/ol>um ,joannis ,apo/oli indole et orig9e4 #aghd ,x is ?us inaccurate--,/rauss himself be+ ! witness--to say1 z does ,dr4 ,conybe>e 7,hi/4 ( ,n4 ,t4 ,crit4 p4 #ajg71 t ,/rauss 0 ! fir/ ,g]man writ] to disc]n ! unhi/oricity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 #aghe ,das ,leb5 ,jesu1 pref4 to fir/ ed4 end4 #aghf ,hausra?1 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss und die ,!ologie se9] ,zeit1 #ahgh1 ii1 #bcc-cd4 #aghg ,pref4 to "w cit$4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahge1 i1 #hf1 #hi4 #aghh ,li*t5b]g]1 z cit$1 p4 #cia4 #aghi ,kritik d] evang4 ,ges*4 d] ,synoptik]1 ed4 #ahdf1 ,vorr$e1 pp4 v-xiii4 #agij ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*4 des #ait5 ,jahrh41 pp4 #chh-hi4 #agia ,ges*4 d] ,politik1 ,kultur1 und ,aufklrung des #aht5 ,jahrh4 #d ,bde4 #ahdc-de2 ,ges*4 d] franzs4 ,revolution1 #c ,bde4 #ahdg4 #agib ,russl& und das ,g]man5?um1 #ahdg4 #agic ,li*t5b]g]1 p4 #cgh4 #agid ,philo1 ,/rauss1 ,r5an1 und das ,ur*ri/5?um1 #ahgd2 ,*ri/us und die ,cs>51 #ahgg4 #agie ,das ,*ri/5?um und die *r4 ,kir*e1 #ahed1 p4 #cd4 #agif ,das ,leb5 ,jesu fr das deuts*e ,volk be>beitet1 #da1 #cte ,aufl4 p4 #bed1 #a/ p>4 #agig ,id4 ib4 #agih ,cp4 ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 pt4 iii1 div4 ii1 #f4 #agii ,pref4 to second ,leb5 ,jesu1 ed4 cit$1 p4 xv4 #ahjj ,zell]1 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 #bte ,aufl4 p4 #aac4 #ahja ,*eyne1 ,f\nd]s ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 #ahic1 p4 #af4 ,ei*horn seems to h kn[n ,a/ruc's "w only at second-h&1 yet1 )\t him1 x might be cont5d$1 ,a/ruc's "w w\ld h be5 completely lo/ to sci5ce4 7,id4 p4 #bc47 #ahjb ,see ,dr4 ,*eyne's surveys1 :i* are ^? ( a lib]al ecclesia/ic--a po9t ( view on :i* he has s9ce notably advanc$4 #ahjc ,*eyne1 pp4 #ahg-hh4 #ahjd ,ku551 ,! ,hexateu*1 ,eng4 tr4 introd4 pp4 xiv-xvii4 #ahje ,dr4 ,be>d1 9 ,voices ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,reply to ,/rauss1 #ahde1 pp4 #af-ag4 #ahjf ,zell]1 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgi1 p4 #ef4 #ahjg ,see ,gunkel1 ,zum religionsges*i*tli*5 ,v]/ndnis des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aijc1 pp4 #a-b1 note4 #ahjh ,my!n d] alt5 ,p]s] als ,quell5 *ri/li*] ,glaub5slehr51 #ahce2 ,d] ,my/agog1 od] ,deutung d] ,geheim5lehr51 ,symbole und ,fe/e d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e1 #ahch2 ,rabb9is*e ,quell5 und ,p>allel5 zu neute/am5tli*5 ,s*rift/ell51 #ahci2 ,biblis*e ,my?ologie des alt5 und neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #ahdb2 ,d] ,fe/kal5d]1 #ahdg1 etc4 #ahji ,d] ,my/agog1 #ahch1 p4 vii1 note1 & p4 #bda4 #ahaj ,see ,nork's preamble on ,hr4 ,fr4 ,daum]1 e9 kurzweilig] ,molo*sfng]1 9 8 ,biblis*e ,my?ologie1 ,bd4 i4 #ahaa ,aft] be+ acquitt$ 9 #ahhj4 ,! fir/ *>ge 0 f\nd$ on 8 ,britannica article ,bible2 ! second on ! article ,hebrew ,language & ,lit]ature1 :i* appe>$ aft] ! acquittal4 #ahab ,^! utt]ances 7 not$ = _! vig\r & indep5d5ce by ,ku551 & also by ,dr4 ,*eyne1 :o rem>ks t ! e>li] "w ( ,kalis* on ,exodus 7#ahee7 0 some:at beh9d ! critical /&po9t ( contempor>y inve/igators on ! ,cont95t4 7,f\nd]s ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 p4 #bjg47 #ahac ,see 8 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pref4 ,x is ! _s ( compromise t ,i *iefly dread = our y\ng] /ud5ts1 wrote ,dr4 ,*eyne 9 #ahic 7,f\nd]s1 p4 #bdg74 ,8 c\rte\s criticism ( ,dr4 ,driv] does n fail to po9t ! moral 9 t writ]'s direction4 #ahad ,conrad1 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities = ! ,la/ ,fifty ,ye>s1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahhe1 p4 #gd4 ,see p4 #ajj z to ! f9ancial measures tak52 & p4 #aje z to ! ess5tially f9ancial nature ( ! reaction4 #ahae ,id4 p4 #ajc4 #ahaf ,id4 p4 #ajd4 #ahag ,id4 p4 #aab4 ,see pp4 #aah-ai z to ,au/ria4 #ahah ,id4 pp4 #ig-ih4 #ahai ,:ite1 ,w>f>e1 i1 #bci4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiad1 on a giv5 ,sunday1 out ( a ,prote/ant population ( ov] two millions1 only #ce1jjj p]sons att5d$ *ur* 9 ,b]l94 ,art4 on ,cre$s1 ,h]esy-,hunt+1 & ,secession 9 ,g]man ,prote/antism ,to-day1 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,july1 #aiad1 p4 #gbb4 #ahbj ,see ,haeckel's ,fre$om 9 ,sci5ce & ,tea*+1 ,eng4 tr4 ) pref4 by ,huxley1 #ahgi1 pp4 xix1 xxv1 xxvii1 #hi-ij2 & ,clif=d4 #ahba ,b*n]1 = /raight=w>dly r5\nc+ 8 connection ) ! ,/ate ,*ur* a g5]ation ago1 0 blam$ by _m :o held 8 philosophic op9ions4 ,9 our own day1 !re has aris5 a consid]able ,au/rittsbewegung1 or ,)drawal ,movem5t2 :ile cre$less cl]ics /rive to rema9 inside a ,*ur* b5t on eject+ !m4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,laren1 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,july1 #aiad1 art4 cit$4 #ahbb ,tracts = ! ,times1 vol4 ii1 ed4 #ahci2 ,records ( ! ,*ur*1 ,no4 xxiv4 #ahbc ,tracts = ! ,times1 ,no4 #c4 #ahbd ,id4 ,no4 #cb4 #ahbe ,cross's ,life1 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #gi4 #ahbf ,acc\nt ( ! ,pr9t$ ,text ( ! ,greek ,n4 ,t41 #ahed1 pref4 & pp4 #dg1 #aab-ac1 #bff4 #ahbg ,a ?ird bro!r1 ,*>les ,rob]t1 became an a!i/4 ,?is1 z well z 8 psy*ic infirmity1 insures him suffici5tly sev]e treatm5t at ! h&s ( 8 !i/ic bro!r 9 ! introduction to ! latt]'s ,contributions ,*iefly to ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! late ,c>d9al ,newman1 #ahia4 #ahbh ,latt]ly ab&on$ by ! le>n$ au?or1 :o be=e 8 dea? disclos$ 8 "n--,w4 ,r4 ,cassels4 #ahbi ,see ! te/imonies ( ,pfleid]]1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,!ology s9ce ,kant1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahij1 p4 #cig1 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,davidson1 ,introd4 to ! ,/udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pref4 to #bnd ed4 #ahcj ,ptie4 i1 liv4 i1 *4 v4 #ahca ,id4 i1 liv4 iii1 *4 ii4 #ahcb ,x is fur!r to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold saw fit to def5d ,*ateaubri&1 call+ him great1 :5 8 fame 0 be+ undone by common s5se4 #ahcc ,c4 ,wordswor?1 ,di>y 9 ,france1 #ahde1 pp4 #ee-ef1 #abd1 #bjd4 #ahcd ,essais sur la philosophie et la religion1 #ahde1 p4 #aic4 #ahce ,hi/oire1 tom4 vii1 ,r5aissance1 introd4 #f4 #ahcf ,m4 ,faguet writes 7tudes sur le ,x,i,xe ,sicle1 p4 #ceb7 t ,mi*elet croit l'me plus qu' ,dieu1 encore que pr(ondm5t di/e4 ,les ?ories philosophiques mod]nes lui tai5t pnibles4 ,?is may be true1 ?\gh1 h>dly any evid5ce is (f]$ on ! latt] head2 b :5 ,m4 ,faguet writes1 ,e/-il *rti58 ,je n'en sais ri5 444 mais il sympa?ise avec la p5se *rti5ne1 he seems to ignore ! preface to ! lat] editions ( ! ,hi/oire de la rvolution franaise4 ,to pron\nce ,*ri/ianity1 z ,mi*elet !re does1 ess5tially anti-democratic1 & !re=e ho/ile to ! ,revolution1 01 = him1 to condemn x4 #ahcg ,lett] to ,sa9te-,beuve1 cit$ by ,levallois1 ,sa9te-,beuve1 #ahgb1 p4 #ad4 #ahch ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 franaise1 p4 #iea4 #ahci ,l'incrdulit de ,sa9te-,beuve tait s9cre1 radicale1 et absolue4 ,elle a t inv>iable et inv9cible p5dant tr5te ans4 ,voil la vrit 7,jules ,levallois1 ,sa9te-,beuve1 #ahgb1 prf4 p4 xxxiii74 ,m4 ,levallois1 :o writes z a !i/1 0 "o ( ,sa9te-,beuve's secret>ies4 ,m4 ,zola1 :o spoke ( ! fam\s critic's rationalism z une ngation n'osant conclure1 admitt$ lat] t x 0 h>dly possible = him to speak m boldly ?an he did 7,docum5ts ,littraires1 #ahha1 pp4 #cad1 #cbe-bh74 ,& ,m4 ,lavisse has %[n 7z cit$ above1 p4 #djf7 ) :at c\rage he support$ ,duruy 9 ! ,s5ate aga9/ ! attacks ( ! exasp]at$ cl]ical p>ty4 ,see also 8 lett] ( #ahfg to ,l\is ,vi>dot 9 ! avant-propos to t writ]'s ,libre ,exam53 ,apologie d'un ,incrdule1 #f;e dit4 #ahha1 p4 #c4 #ahdj ,t ,wordswor? 0 n an or?odox ,*ri/ian is fairly c]ta94 ,bo? 9 talk & 9 poetry he put =? a pan!i/ic doctr9e4 ,cp4 ,b5n1 ,hi/4 ( ,eng4 ,rationalism1 i1 #bbg-bi2 & ,col]idge's lett] ( ,aug4 #h1 #ahbj1 9 ,allsopp's ,lett]s1 etc41 ( ,s4 ,t4 ,col]idge1 #crd ed4 #ahfd1 pp4 #ef-eg4 #ahda ,leslie ,/eph51 ,george ,eliot1 p4 #bg4 #ahdb ,mr4 ,b5n 7,hi/4 ( ,eng4 ,rationalism1 i1 #bbf1 #cji sq47 has "s int]e/+ discussions on ,scott's relation to religion1 b does n take full acc\nt ( biographical data & ( ,scott's utt]ances outside ( 8 novels4 ,! tru? probably is t ,scott's bra9 0 "o ) wat]tight comp>tm5ts4 #ahdc ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five we f9d him writ+ to ,gif=d3 ,i am no bigot to infidelity1 & did n expect t because ,i d\bt$ ! immortality ( man ,i %\ld be *>g$ ) d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god 7lett] ( ,june #ah1 #ahac74 #ahdd ,by ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 9 #ahbb1 ! ye> 9 :i* copyright 0 refus$ to ! ,lectures ( ,dr4 ,lawr5ce4 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,peace1 ii1 #hg4 #ahde ,w4 ,%>p1 ,life ( ,sev]n1 #ahib1 pp4 #hf-hg1 #ij1 #aag-ah4 #ahdf ,on read+ ,lamb's sev]e rejo9d]1 ,s\!y1 9 di/ress1 apologiz$1 & ,lamb at once rel5t$ 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,john ,rickman1 by ,orlo ,williams1 #aiab1 p4 #bbe74 ,h5ce ! curtailm5t ( ,lamb's lett] 9 ! ord9>y editions ( 8 works4 #ahdg ,william ,all+ham3 ,a ,di>y1 #aijg1 p4 #bec4 ,cp4 p4 #bfh4 #ahdh ,id4 p4 #bcb4 #ahdi ,all+ham1 z cit$1 p4 #bed4 #ahej ,id4 p4 #baa4 ,c>lyle said ! same ?+ to ,moncure ,conway4 #ahea ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,ba9's ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 pp4 #aeg1 #aia2 ,fr\de's ,london ,life ( ,c>lyle1 i1 #deh4 #aheb ,ba91 p4 #abh4 #ahec ,see ,br\gham's lett]s 9 ! ,correspond5ce ( ,macvey ,napi]1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ccc-cg4 ,br\gham is deeply indignant1 n at ! fact1 b at ! indiscreet revelation ( x--z also at ! simil> revelation conc]n+ ,pitt 7p4 #ccd74 #ahed ,my ,relations ) ,c>lyle1 #aijc1 p4 #b4 #ahee ,morn+ ,po/1 ,m>* #i1 #ahdi4 #ahef ,g]many1 by ,bisset ,hawk9s1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,inspector ( ,prisons1 late ,pr(essor at ,k+'s ,college1 etc41 #ahch1 p4 #aga4 #aheg ,hi/ory1 *4 xix4 ,/ud5t's ed4 ii1 #daa4 #aheh ,sometimes he gives a clue2 & we f9d ,br\gham privately d5\nc+ him = 8 rem>k 7,essay on ,ranke's ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 #f? p>47 t to try )\t ! help ( revelation to prove ! immortality ( man is va94 ,x is next ?+ to prea*+ a!ism1 %\ts ,br\gham 7,lett] ( ,octob] #bj1 #ahdj1 9 ,correspond5ce ( ,macvey ,napi]1 p4 #ccc71 :o at ! same "t hotly insi/$ t ,cuvi] _h made an advance 9 ,natural ,!ology by prov+ t !re mu/ h be5 "o div9e int]position aft] ! creation ( ! _w--to create species4 7,id4 p4 #ccg47 #ahei ,9 #ahcj1 = in/ance1 we f9d a ,scotti% episcopal ,d4,d4 writ+ t ,infidelity has _h its day2 x1 dep5d ^u x1 w nev] be reviv$--,,no ,,man ,,( ,,g5ius ,,w ,,ev] ,,write ,,ano!r ,,^w ,,9 ,,its ,,support4 ,morehead1 ,dialogues on ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 p4 #bff4 #ahfj ,cp4 ! au?or's ,mod]n ,humani/s1 pp4 #ahi-id4 #ahfa ,practical ,view ( ! ,prevail+ ,religi\s ,sy/em 7#agig71 #h? ed4 p4 #cfh4 ,wilb]=ce po9ts ) *agr9 to ! sup]iority ( ,mohamm$an writ]s 9 ^! matt]s4 #ahfb ,9 po9t ( t5d5cy ,i %\ld class h] books among ! mo/ irreligi\s ,i ev] read1 del9eat+ good *>act]s 9 e aspect1 & all ?is )\t ! remote/ allusion to ,*ri/ianity1 ! only true religion4 ,cit$ 9 ,o4 ,gregory's ,brief ,memoir ( ,rob]t ,hall1 #ahcc1 p4 #bdb4 ,! context tells h[ ,miss ,edgewor? av[$ t %e _h n ?\ght religion necess>y 9 books meant = ! upp] classes4 #ahfc ,art4 ,! ,fai? ( ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,salt1 9 ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,augu/1 #aije1 rep4 z pamphlet by ! ,r4 ,p4 ,a41 #aijf4 #ahfd ,! writ] ( ^! scurrilities is ,mr4 ,bramwell ,boo?1 ,w> ,cry1 ,may #bg1 #aije4 #ahfe ,cp4 ,mrs4 ,su!rl& ,orr's article on ,! ,religi\s ,op9ions ( ,rob]t ,br[n+ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahia1 p4 #hgh2 & ! pres5t writ]'s ,t5nyson & ,br[n+ z ,tea*]s1 #aijc4 #ahff ,apropos ( 8 ,!atrocrat1 :i* he pron\nc$ ! mo/ pr(\nd & orig9al ( ,engli% books4 ,mr4 ,davidson 9 a newspap] article proclaim$ himself on socio-political gr\nds an anti-,*ri/ian4 ,i take ! fir/ resolute /ep out ( ,*ri/5dom1 0 8 claim 7,daily ,*ronicle1 ,decemb] #bj1 #aije74 #ahfg ,see ,talks ) ,em]son1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,woodbury1 #ahij1 pp4 #ic-id4 #ahfh ,x 0 9 8 old age t ,:itman t5d$ mo/ to !ize ,nature4 ,9 conv]sation ) ,dr4 ,moncure ,conway1 he once us$ ! expression t ! spectacle ( a m\se is en\gh to /agg] a sextillion ( infidels4 ,dr4 ,conway repli$3 ,& ! sight ( ! cat play+ ) ! m\se is en\gh to set !m on _! feet aga92 :]eat ,:itman tol]antly smil$4 #ahfi ,kahnis1 ,int]nal ,hi/4 ( ,g]4 ,prote/antism1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahef1 p4 #gh4 #ahgj ,ge/ndnisse1 end 7,w]ke1 ed4 #ahgf1 iv1 #ei74 #ahga ,zur ,ges*4 d] ,relig4 und ,philos4 9 ,w]ke1 ed4 cit$1 iii1 #hj4 #ahgb ,see ,erne/ ,newman's ,/udy ( ,wagn]1 #ahii1 p4 #cij1 note1 z to ! vagu5ess ( ,wagn]ians on ! subject4 #ahgc ,tikhomirov1 ,la ,russie1 #b;e dit4 p4 #cdc4 #ahgd ,see ,comte de ,vogu's ,le roman russe1 p4 #bah1 z to 8 propag&a ( a!ism4 #ahge ,arnaudo1 ,le ,nihilisme et les ,nihili/es1 ,fr5* tr4 #ej4 #ahgf ,tikhomirov1 p4 #cdd4 #ahgg ,il ,t\rgunief tait libre-p5seur1 et dte/t l'app>at religieux d'une manire t\te p>ticulire4 ,i4 ,pavlovsky1 ,s\v5irs sur ,t\rgunief1 #ahhg1 p4 #bdb4 #ahgh ,see ! article ,un ,prcurseur d',h5rik ,ibs51 ,so]5 ,ki]kega>d1 9 ! ,revue de ,p>is1 ,july #a1 #aija4 #ahgi ,pr(4 ,a4 ,d4 ,:ite1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 #ahif1 i1 #ag1 #bb4 #ahhj ,! phrase is us$ by a ,fr5* ,prote/ant pa/or4 ,la vrit *rti5ne et la d\te mod]ne 7,confr5ces71 #ahgi1 pp4 #bd-be4 #ahha ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 by ,william ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbf1 i1 #aba-bb4 ,br[n quotes f a fri5d a demon/ration ( ! mon/r\s consequ5ces ( a /oppage ( ! e>?'s rotation4 #ahhb ,!opneu/ia3 ,! ,pl5>y ,inspiration ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ,eng4 trans4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahej1 pp4 #bdf-di4 ,gauss5 elaborately argues t if eighte5 m9utes 7 all[$ = ! /oppage ( ! e>?'s rotation1 no %ock w\ld occur4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 he argues t !re may h be5 a m]e refraction ( ! sun's rays--an old !ory1 already set =? by ,br[n4 #ahhc ,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,edmonds1 ,introd4 to rep4 ( ,lel&'s ,view ( ! ,dei/ical ,writ]s1 ,tegg's ed4 #ahcg1 p4 xxiii4 #ahhd ,! "w consi/s ( twelve ,mmoires or treatises1 six ( :i* 7 read 9 #agif-agig at ! ,in/itute4 ,!y appe>$ 9 book =m 9 #ahjb4 #ahhe ,rapports1 ,i] ,mmoire1 ii1 ne> end4 7d4 #ahdc1 p4 #gc47 ,cp4 ,prf4 7pp4 #df-dg74 #ahhf ,ed4 cit$1 p4 #ed4 ,cp4 p4 #bjg1 note4 #ahhg ,n publi%$ till #ahbd4 #ahhh ,ueb]weg1 ii1 #cci4 #ahhi ,cp4 ,lu*aire1 z cit$1 p4 #cf4 #ahij ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 ii1 #acd4 #ahia ,s9ce ,cabanis1 ! ref]r+ back ( m5tal functions to ! n]v\s sy/em has rema9$ dom9ant 9 physiology1 :atev] individual physiologi/s may h ?\ght ab\t f9al causes 7,lange1 ii1 #gj74 ,comp>e ! tribute ( ,cabanis's or?odox editor ,c]ise 7ed4 #ahdc1 ,introd4 pp4 xlii-iii74 #ahib ,rapports1 ,i,ie ,mmoire1 ne> end4 7,ed4 cit$1 p4 #abb47 #ahic ,see ! already cit$ introduction ( ,c]ise1 :o solv$ ! problem religi\sly by posit+ a =ce :i* executes ! plans ( ,god )\t our k or int]v5tion 7p4 xix74 ,he goes on to lam5t ! pan!ism ( ,dr4 ,dubois 7^: ,exam5 des doctr9es de ,cabanis1 ,gall1 et ,br\ssais 7#ahdb7 0 put =w>d z a v9dication ( ! spiritual pr9ciple71 & ( ! ,g]man s*ool ( physiology repres5t$ by ,ok5 & ,burda*4 #ahid ,lawr5ce's ,lectures on ,physiology1 ,zoology1 & ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man1 #h? ed4 #ahdj1 pp4 #a-c4 ,! asp]sion ( ,ab]ne?y is typical ( ! or?odox malignity ( ! "t4 ,cabanis 9 8 preface _h expressly cont5d$ = ! all-importance ( morals4 ,! or?odox ,dr4 ,c]ise1 :o edit$ 8 book 9 #ahdc1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! high "* ( ,cabanis1 ?\ght fit to speak ( ! mat]iali/s z int]e/$ 9 abas+ man 7introd4 p4 xxi74 ,on ! score ( fe> ( demoralization1 ! *ampions ( _s !mselves exhibit$ ! maximum ( bas5ess4 #ahie ,lawr5ce's ,lectures1 p4 #i1 note4 #ahif ,id4 pp4 #afh-fi4 #ahig ,yet ,lawr5ce 0 creat$ a b>onet two mon?s be=e 8 dea?4 ,s mu* progress _h be5 made 9 half a c5tury4 #ahih ,"w cit$1 pp4 #cee sq41 #cge sq4 ,! tone is at times expressive ( a simil> attitude t[>ds hi/orical religion--e4g43 ,human te/imony is ( s little value 444 t x _c be receiv$ ) suffici5t caution4 ,to d\bt is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,id4 p4 #bfi4 #ahii ,cp4 ,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #crd ed4 iii1 #eje4 #aijj ,:ite1 z cit$1 i1 #bbb-bc1 gives a selection ( ! language 9 g5]al use among !ologians on ! subject4 #aija ,! e>ly policy ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 7#ahjg71 :i* pr(ess$ to seek = facts & to disclaim !ories z premature 7cp4 ,:ewell1 iii1 #dbh2 ,buckle1 iii1 #cib71 0 at lea/ z mu* socially z sci5tifically prud5tial4 #aijb ,see ! excell5t monograph ( ,w4 ,m4 ,mack5zie1 ,hugh ,mill]3 ,a ,critical ,/udy1 #aije1 *4 vi2 & cp4 ,sp5c]'s essay on ,illogical ,geology--,essays1 vol4 i2 & ,bad5 ,p[ell's ,*ri/ianity )\t ,judaism1 #aheg1 p4 #bed sq4 ,mill]'s fri5d ,dick1 ! ,?urso naturali/1 be+ a free?9k]1 escap$ su* error4 7,mack5zie1 pp4 #afa-fd47 #aijc ,cp4 ! details giv5 by ,:ewell1 iii1 #djf-djh1 #daa-ac1 #ejf-ejg1 z to e>ly !ories ( a s\nd ord]1 all ( :i* came to no?+4 ,/5o1 a ,dane resid5t 9 ,italy 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h rea*$ non-,scriptural & j views on sev]al po9ts4 ,cp4 ,:ite1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 i1 #bae4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,frascatorio _h rea*$ !m /ill e>li]4 ,above1 vol4 i1 p4 #cga4 #aijd ,metamorphoses1 lib4 xv4 #aije ,he _h j complet$ a "w on ! subject at 8 dea?4 ,cp4 ,mack5zie1 ,hugh ,mill]1 z cit$1 pp4 #acd-ce1 #adf-dg4 #aijf ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism1 pp4 #bef-eg4 #aijg ,see ,*>les ,d>w9's ,hi/orical ,sket* prefix$ to ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 #aijh ,m$+1 z cit$ by ,d>w91 #f? ed4 i1 p4 xv4 ,goe! seems to h _h 8 g5]al impulse f ,kielmey]1 :o also taught ,cuvi]4 ,vir*[1 ,g! als ,natur=s*]1 #ahfa1 ,beilage x4 #aiji ,memoirs ( ,newton1 i1 #aca4 ,cp4 ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 #ahed1 pp4 vi1 #bbf4 #aiaj ,see ,d>w9's ,sket*1 z cit$4 #aiaa ,lett] ( ,m>* #af1 #ahde1 9 ,life ( ,:ewell1 by ,mrs4 ,/air ,d\glas1 #bnd ed4 #ahhb1 pp4 #cah-ai4 ,if ?is /atem5t be true z to ,ow51 he %uffl$ badly 9 8 correspond5ce ) ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges4 ,see ! ,life ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 #ahid1 i1 #bea4 #aiab ,mack5zie1 ,hugh ,mill]1 p4 #ahe4 #aiac ,foot-,pr9ts ( ! ,creator1 end4 #aiad ,ox=d ,essays1 #ahef1 p4 #e4 #aiae ,hi/4 ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #crd ed4 iii1 #dgi-hc2 ,life1 z above cit$4 ,:ewell is said to h refus$ to all[ a copy ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species to be plac$ 9 ! ,tr9ity ,college ,libr>y4 ,:ite1 i1 #hd4 #aiaf ,:ite1 i1 #gj sq4 #aiag ,edw>d ,clodd1 ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 #aijb1 pp4 #ai-bj4 #aiah ,lu?>dt1 ,fundam5tal ,tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfe1 p4 #gd4 #aiai ,see ! _m examples cit$ by ,:ite4 ,z late z #ahhe ! ,scotti% cl]gyman ,dr4 ,lee is quot$ z call+ ! ,d>w9ians gospell]s ( ! gutt]1 & *>g+ on _! doctr9e utt] blasphemy aga9/ ! div9e & human "* ( our inc>nate ,"l 7,:ite1 i1 #hc74 ,c>lyle is quot$ z call+ ,d>w9 an apo/le ( dirt-wor%ip4 ,8 admir]s appe> to reg>d him z hav+ made am5ds by admitt+ t ,d>w9 0 p]sonally *>m+4 #aibj ,e4g4 ! ,education1 small ed4 pp4 #da1 #aee4 #aiba ,i am in=m$ on good au?ority t 9 lat] life ,huxley *ang$ 8 views on ! subject4 ,he _h abundant cause4 ,z e>ly z #ahgi he is f\nd compla9+ 7pref4 to ,eng4 tr4 ( ,haeckel's ,fre$om 9 ,sci5ce & ,tea*+1 p4 xvii7 ( ! mass ( falsities at pres5t foi/$ ^u ! "y 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur*4 #aibb ,see a *oice collection 9 ! pamphlet ,:at ,m5 ( ,sci5ce say ab\t ,god & ,religion1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,proctor2 ,ca?olic ,tru? ,society4 #aibc ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ed4 #ahhh1 iii1 #agi4 #aibd ,x is d\btful :e!r ,c4 ,a4 ,walck5a] %\ld be s describ$4 ,8 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de l'espce huma9e 7#agih7 has real sci5tific value4 #aibe ,see ! au?or's ,buckle & 8 ,critics1 #ahie4 #aibf ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #aa? ed4 i1 #cgg4 #aibg ,cp4 8 ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,republic1 #ahfd1 i1 #cde-dg2 & note on p4 #ddg ( 8 translation ( ,plut>*'s ,brutus1 ,bohn ed4 ( ,lives1 vol4 iv4 #aibh ,see ,! ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #bbg-cc4 #aibi ,x is difficult to und]/& ! claim made = ,hegel by 8 translator1 ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,speirs1 t any /ud5t ( 8 lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,religion w be con/ra9$ to admit t 9 !m we h ! true 's\rces' ( ! evolution pr9ciple z appli$ to ! /udy ( religion 7edit4 pref4 to trans4 ( "w cit$1 i1 p4 viii74 ,to say no?+ ( ,font5elle & ,de ,brosses1 ,con/ant _h laid out ! :ole subject be=e ,hegel4 #aicj ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #b4 #aica ,life & ,lett]s1 i1 #aea4 #aicb ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #c vols4 #ahgf-if4 #aicc ,cp4 ,sa9tes1 ,hi/4 crit4 du rationalisme en ,allemagne1 p4 #cbc4 #aicd ,id4 pp4 #cbb-bd4 #aice ,z to ,hegel's m5tal developm5t cp4 ,dr4 ,be>d on ,/rauss1 ,hegel1 & _! ,op9ions1 9 ,voices ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,reply to ,/rauss1 #ahde1 pp4 #c-d4 #aicf ,e4 ,caird1 ,hegel1 #ahhc1 p4 #id4 #aicg ,e4g4 ,philos4 ( ,religion1 introd4 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #ch-dj4 #aich ,id4 p4 #da4 ,cp4 pp4 #baf-ag4 #aici ,id4 p4 #bai4 #aidj ,cp4 ,morell1 z cit$1 & pp4 #aie-if2 & ,feu]ba*1 z summ>iz$ by ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ait5 ,jahrh4 p4 #cij4 #aida ,cp4 ,mi*elet z cit$ by ,morell1 ii1 #aib-ic4 #aidb ,z to ,/rauss cp4 ,be>d1 z above cit$1 pp4 #ba-bb1 #cj2 & ,zell]1 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #ce1 #dg-dh1 #ga-gb1 etc4 #aidc ,z to ,vatke see ,pfleid]]1 z cit$1 p4 #beb sq42 ,*eyne1 ,f\nd]s ( ,o4 ,t4 ,criticism1 #ahic1 p4 #ace4 #aidd ,e4g4 ,dr4 ,hut*ison ,/irl+4 ,see 8 trans4 ( ,s*wegl]'s ,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #f? ed4 p4 #dch sq4 #aide ,baur1 la/ cit4 p4 #chi4 #aidf ,ge/ndnisse1 ,w]ke1 iv1 #cc4 ,cp4 iii1 #aaj4 #aidg ,cp4 ,hag5ba*1 pp4 #cfi-gb2 ,f>r>1 ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 pp4 #chg-hh4 ,on ,bau]'s critical developm5t & academic c>e] see ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*4 des #ait5 ,jahrh4 pp4 #chf-hi4 #aidh ,die ,selb/z]setzung des ,*ri/5?ums und die ,religion d] ,zukunft1 #bte ,aufl4 #ahgd trans4 9 ,eng4 z ,! ,religion ( ! ,future1 #ahhf4 #aidi ,see ,s*op5hau]'s dialogues on ,religion & ,immortality1 & 8 essay on ,! ,*ri/ian ,sy/em 7,eng4 tr4 by ,t4 ,b4 ,sampl]s71 & ,nietzs*e's ,anti*ri/4 ,! latt] "w is discuss$ by ! writ] 9 ,essays 9 ,sociology1 vol4 ii4 #aiej ,pr(4 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 :o passes _m j criticisms on _! "w 7,philos4 ( ,relig4 9 ,kant & ,hegel1 rep4 ) ,! ,philosophical ,radicals71 does n seem to suspect ?is det]m9ation4 #aiea ,baur gives a good summ>y1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 pp4 #cij-id4 #aieb ,m4 ,feu]ba* et la n\velle cole hgli5ne1 9 tudes d'hi/oire religieuse4 #aiec ,a4 ,kohut1 ,ludwig ,feu]ba*1 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,w]ke1 #aiji1 p4 #dh4 #aied ,die ,halb5 und die ,ganz51 p4 #ej4 ,feu]ba* a ru9 le sy/me de ,hegel et fond la positivisme4 ,a4 ,lvy1 ,la philosophie de ,feu]ba* et son influ5ce sur la litt4 allem&e1 #aijd1 introd4 p4 xxii4 #aiee ,e4g4 ,all k1 all conviction1 all piety 444 is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t 9 ! _s1 z su*1 ! consci\sness ( ,god exi/s imm$iately ) ! consci\sness ( itself4 ,philos4 ( ,relig4 ,eng4 tr4 introd4 i4 #db-dc4 #aief ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahed1 p4 #ab4 #aieg ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ait5 ,jahrhund]ts1 pp4 #cic-id4 #aieh ,cp4 ,a4 ,lvy1 z cit$1 *4 iv4 #aiei ,id4 *4 ii4 #aifj ,r$5 b] ,religion1 ihr ,ent/eh5 und ,v]geh51 an die ,gebildet5 unt] ihr5 ,v]ehr]n--a p>ody ( ! title ( ! fam\s "w ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 #aifa ,"w cit$1 p4 #aai4 #aifb ,b*n] expressly reject$ ! t]m mat]ialism because ( its mislead+ implications or connotations4 ,cp4 9 ,mrs4 ,bradlaugh ,bonn]'s ,*>les ,bradlaugh ! discussion 9 ,pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #c 7by ,j4 ,m4 ,r474 #aifc ,:ile ! cognate works ( ,c>l ,vogt & ,moles*ott h gone out ( pr9t1 ,b*n]'s1 reca/ aga9 & aga91 cont9ues to be republi%$4 #aifd ,cp4 ,paul ,des*anel1 ,figures ,littraires1 #ahhi1 pp4 #acj-cb1 #aga-gc2 ,lvy-,bruhl1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,augu/e ,comte1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijc1 p4 #aij2 & ,*4 ,adam1 ,la ,philosophie en ,france1 #ahid4 p4 #bbh4 #aife ,adam1 z cit$1 pp4 #bbg-cj4 #aiff ,9 8 ,mlanges philosophiques 7#ahcc71 ,eng4 trans4 7incomplete7 by ,george ,ripley1 ,philos4 ,essays ( ,?4 ,j\ffroy1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahci1 ii1 #cb4 ,ripley1 :o 0 "o ( ! ,am]ican transc5d5tali/ gr\p & a memb] ( ! ,brook ,f>m ,colony1 indicates 8 own semi-rationalism 9 8 ,introductory ,note1 p4 xxv4 #aifg ,mlanges philosophiques1 trans4 z cit$1 ii1 #ie4 #aifh ,essai1 cit$1 i1 #bcb1 #bcg4 #aifi ,id4 pp4 #bda-dc4 #aigj ,id4 p4 #bba4 #aiga ,correspondance1 #aheh-hf1 lett] ( ,may #bf1 #ahcc4 #aigb ,lett]s ( ,augu/ #a & ,novemb] #be4 #aigc ,cp4 ,*4 ,adam1 ,la ,philosophie en ,france1 #ahid1 p4 #aje4 #aigd ,id4 p4 #hd4 #aige ,littr1 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophie positive1 pp4 #abc1 #abe-bf4 #aigf ,article 9 #ahdd1 rep4 9 ,essais sur la philosophie et la religion1 #ahde1 p4 #a4 #aigg ,see ,m4 ,lvy-,bruhl's ,philosophy ( ,augu/e ,comte1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #aj-ae4 ,m4 ,lvy-,bruhl really does n attempt to meet ,littre's argum5t1 :i* he puts aside4 #aigh ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,botta's *apt] 9 ,ueb]weg's ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 ii1 #eac-af4 #aigi ,veit*'s ,memoir ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 #ahfi1 p4 #ed4 ,cp4 ,hamilton's own ,discussions1 #aheb1 p4 #ahg 7rep4 ( article ( #ahci74 #aihj ,veit*1 p4 #bad4 #aiha ,9 8 ,*ur* ( ,engl&ism & its ,cate*ism ,exam9$ 7#ahah71 & ,n ,paul b ,jesus 7#ahbc71 by ,gamaliel ,smi?4 #aihb ,"u ! pseudonym ( ,philip ,beau*amp4 ,see ,! ,m9or ,works ( ,george ,grote1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,ba91 #ahgc1 p4 #ah2 ,a!num1 ,may #ca1 #ahgc2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,autobiography1 p4 #fi2 & ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 p4 #gf4 #aihc ,cp4 ,morell1 ,spec4 ,philos4 ( ,europe 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ii1 #fbj2 & ,life & ,corr4 ( ,:ately1 by ,e4 ,jane ,:ately1 abridg$ ed4 p4 #aei4 #aihd ,articles 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7#ahbi-cj72 & pr(essorial lectures at ,ed9burgh 7#ahci-ef74 #aihe ,cp4 ,veit*'s ,memoir1 pp4 #aie-ig4 #aihf ,bampton ,lectures on ,! ,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 #d? ed4 pref4 p4 xxxvi1 note4 ,aft] ?us decl>+ all metaphysics to be pr(\ndly delusive1 ,mansel %[s at 8 wor/ 7,philosophy ( ! ,condition$1 #ahff1 p4 #ahh7 by disp>ag+ ,mill z an incompet5t metaphysician4 #aihg ,id4 p4 xxxviii4 #aihh ,sp5c] has av[$ 9 8 ,autobiography 7ii1 #ge7 :at might be surmiz$ by critical read]s1 t he wrote ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! *>ge ( mat]ialism4 ,?is motive l$ him to misrepres5t a!ism1 & !re 0 a t\* ( retribution 9 ! g5]al disreg>d ( 8 disav[al ( mat]ialism1 at :i* he expresses surprise4 ,! broad fact rema9s t = prud5tial reasons he set =? at ! v outset ( 8 sy/em a set ( conclusions :i* c\ld prop]ly be rea*$ only at ! end1 if at all4 #aihi ,z to 8 fluctuations1 :i* la/$ till 8 dea?1 cp4 ! au?or's ,new ,essays t[>ds a ,critical ,me?od1 #ahig1 pp4 #add-dg1 #adi-ed1 #afh-fi4 #aiij ,baur1 ,die *ri/li*e ,lehre d] ,v]shnung1 #ahch1 pp4 #ed-fc1 #abd-ca4 #aiia ,b5ra?1 ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #bdh-hg4 #aiib ,field's ,memoirs ( ,p>r1 #ahbh1 ii1 #cfc1 #cgd-gi4 #aiic ,see ,pe>son's ,infidelity1 its ,aspects1 ,causes1 & ,ag5cies1 #ahec1 p4 #bae sq4 ,! position ( ,maurice & ,p>r 7associat$ ) o!r & lat] names7 is !re treat$ z "o ( ! prevail+ =ms ( infidelity1 & call$ spiritualism4 ,9 ,g]many ! or?odox made ! same dang]\s answ] to ! !i/ic criticism4 ,see ! ,memoirs ( ,f4 ,p]!s1 ,eng4 tr4 #bnd4 ed4 ii1 #bdb-dc4 #aiid ,ed4 cit$1 pp4 #aeh-ei4 #aiie ,pe>son1 z cit$1 pp4 #efj-fb1 #efh-gi1 #ehd-hd4 #aiif ,lett] 9 ,w4 ,l4 ,c\rtney's ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 #ahhi1 p4 #adb4 #aiig ,cp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 #ahif1 pp4 #ei1 #ga4 ,s*e*t] writes ) a m>k$ ,judaic prejudice4 #aiih ,id4 pp4 #aag-ah4 #aiii ,?is title imitates t ( ! fam\s ,m ,nebu*im ( ,maimonides4 #bjjj ,zunz1 cit$ by ,s*e*t]1 p4 #gi4 #bjja ,:5ce ,kro*mal is t]m$ ! ,fa!r ( ,jewi% ,sci5ce4 ,id4 p4 #ha4 #bjjb ,a ,life ( ,mr4 ,yuki*i ,fukuzawa1 by ,asat> ,miyamori1 revis$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,h4 ,vick]s1 ,tokyo1 #aijb1 pp4 #i-aj4 #bjjc ,pamphlet cit$1 p4 #af4 #bjjd ,a curi\s example ( sporadic free?\ght occurs 9 a pamphlet publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #agga a writ] nam$ ,motoori began a propag&a 9 fav\r ( ,%9tism ) ! publication ( a tract entitl$ ,_s ( ,/raight5+4 ,?is tract emphatically ass]t$ ! div9ity ( ! ,mikado1 & elicit$ a reply f ano!r writ] nam$ ,i*ikawa1 :o wrote3 ,! ,japanese ^w kami 7,god7 0 simply a title ( hon\r2 b 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ be5 us$ to translate ! ,*9ese "* %9 7%n7 a mean+ has come to be atta*$ to x :i* x did n orig9ally possess4 ,! ance/ors ( ! ,mikados 7 n ,gods1 b m51 & 7 no d\bt wor?y to be rev]5c$ = _! virtues2 b _! acts 7 n miracul\s nor sup]natural4 ,if ! ance/ors ( liv+ m5 7 n human be+s1 !y are m likely to h be5 birds or bea/s ?an ,gods4 ,art43 ,! ,revival ( ,pure ,%9to1 by ,sir ,e4 ,n4 ,sat[1 9 ,trans4 ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 #bjje ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,japan3 ,an ,attempt at ,int]pretation1 #aijd1 p4 #cac2 cp4 p4 #df4 #bjjf ,?us ! ?ird emp]or ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 9 ,*9a 7#adbe-adce71 ref]r+ to ! belief 9 a future life1 makes ! av[al3 ,i am fa9 to sigh ) despair :5 ,i see t 9 our own day m5 are j z sup]/iti\s z ev] 7,pr(4 ,e4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 ,*9a & ,religion1 #aije1 p4 #ii74 #bjjg ,see ,he>n1 z cit$1 passim4 #bjjh ,cp4 ,sir ,f4 ,s4 ,p4 ,lely1 ,sugge/ions = ! ,bett] ,gov]n+ ( ,india1 #aijf1 p4 #ei4 #bjji ,see article on ,! ,future ( ,turkey 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april1 #ahii1 by ,a ,turki% ,(ficial4 #bjaj ,yet1 z e>ly z ! date ( ! ,crimean ,w>1 x 0 not$ by an obs]v] t "y ,turkey makes pr(ession ( a!ism4 ,ubic9i1 ,la ,turquie actuelle1 #ahee1 p4 #cfa4 ,cp4 ,sir ,g4 ,campbell1 ,a ,v ,rec5t ,view ( ,turkey1 #bnd ed4 #ahgh1 p4 #fe4 ,vambry makes some:at light ( su* t5d5cies 7,d] ,islam im #ait5 ,jahrhund]t1 #ahge1 pp4 #ahe1ahg72 b admits cases ( a!ism ev5 among mollahs1 z a result ( ,european culture 7p4 #aja74 #bjaa ,ubic9i 7p4 #cdd71 ) ,vambry & mo/ o!r obs]v]s1 pron\nces ! ,turks ! mo/ religi\s p 9 ,europe4 #bjab ,h4 ,m4 ,baird1 ,mod]n ,greece1 ,new ,york1 #ahef1 pp4 #abc-bd4 #bjac ,id41 p4 #cbj4 #bjad ,id41 p4 #cci4 #bjae ,id41 p4 #hf4 #bjaf ,id41 p4 #cdj4 #bjag ,pr(4 ,neocles ,k>asis1 ,greeks & ,bulg>ians 9 ! ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,c5turies1 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #ae-ag1 cit+ a ,bulg>ian j\rnal4 #bjah ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,mirror ( #aggi 7,no4 #cj7 ,h5ry ,mack5zie speaks ( wom5 free?9k]s z a new ph5om5on4 #bjai ,%e b\ght #b1jjj acres 9 ,t5nessee1 & peopl$ !m ) slave families %e pur*as$ & r$eem$ 7,:eel]1 ,biog4 ,dict474 #bjbj ,see ,"l ,morley's ,life ( ,glad/one1 #aijc1 ii1 #aaj-aa1 z to ! emb>rassm5t felt 9 ,engli% (ficial circles at ! "t ( ,g>ibaldi's visit4 #bjba ,on ! :ole case see ,! ,life1 ,trial1 & ,dea? ( ,francisco ,f]r]1 by ,william ,ar*]3 ,*apman ,hall1 #aiaa2 & ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,f]r]1 by ,joseph ,mc,cabe3 ,r4 ,p4 ,a41 #aiaj4