,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,macmillan icon ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london 4 ,,bombay 4 ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,,*icago ,,dallas 4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,,by ,,edw>d ,,we/]m>ck1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,m>t9 ,,:ite ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sociology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,f9l&1 ,h,e,l,sl,n,g,f,o,r,s ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,human ,,m>riage ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i ,,second ,,edition ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aibd4 ,,copyright ,fir/ ,edition #aijf ,second ,edition #aiab ,repr9t$ #aibd ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,preface ,,! frequ5t ref]5ces made 9 ! pres5t "w1 on my own au?ority1 to cu/oms & ideas preval5t among ! natives ( ,morocco1 require a ^w ( explanation4 ,see+ ! close connection betwe5 moral op9ions & magic & religi\s beliefs1 ,i ?\ght x might be useful = me to acquire fir/-h& k ( ! folk-lore ( "s non-,european p1 & = v>i\s reasons ,i *ose ,morocco z my field ( rese>*4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s ,i sp5t !re1 l>gely among its c\ntry population1 ,i h n only collect$ an?ropological data1 b tri$ to make myself famili> ) ! native way ( ?9k+2 & ,i v5ture to believe t ?is has help$ me to und]/& v>i\s cu/oms occurr+ at a /age ( civilisation diff]5t f our own4 ,i purpose be=e long to publi% ! detail$ results ( my /udies 9 a special monograph on ! popul> religion & magics ( ! ,moors4 ,= ^! rese>*es ,i h d]iv$ mu* mat]ial support f ! ,univ]sity ( ,hels+=s4 ,i am also indebt$ to ! ,russian ,m9i/] at ,tangi]1 ,m4 ,b4 de ,ba*]a*t1 = 8 k9dness 9 help+ me on sev]al occasions :5 ,i 0 dep5d5t on ! ,sultan's ,gov]nm5t4 ,all ! "t ,i h _h ! valuable assi/ance ( my ,moori% fri5d ,%]eef 7,abd-es-,salm el-,bak4k4li1 to :om cr$it vi is due = ! k9d reception ,i inv>iably receiv$ f peasants & m\nta9e]s1 n g5]ally not$ = fri5dl9ess t[>ds ,europeans4 ,i beg to express my be/ ?anks to ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,gwynn = revis+ ! fir/ ?irte5 *apt]s1 & to ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m9*9 = revis+ ! rema9+ portion ( ! book4 ,to _! sugge/ions ,i am indebt$ = ! improvem5t ( _m phrases & expressions4 ,i h likewise to ?ank my fri5d ,mr4 ,alex4 ,f4 ,%& = k9dly read+ ! pro(s ( ! e>li] *apt]s & giv+ me ! b5efit ( 8 op9ion4 ,?r\gh\t ! "w ! read] w easily f9d h[ mu* ,i owe to ,briti% sci5ce & ?\ght--a debt :i* is great] ?an ,i c ev] express4 ,e4 ,w4 ,london1 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,,! pres5t edition is only a repr9t ( ! fir/1 ) a few inaccurate expressions correct$4 ,e4 ,w4 ,london1 ,july1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,introductory ,! orig9 ( ! pres5t inve/igation1 p4 #a4--;,its subject-matt]1 p4 #a sq4--,its practical usefulness1 p4 #b sq4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,emotional ,,orig9 ,,( ,,moral ,,judgm5ts ,! moral concepts ess5tially g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to call =? moral emotions1 pp4 #d-f4--,! assum$ univ]sality or objectivity ( moral judgm5ts1 p4 #f sq4--,!ories accord+ to :i* ! moral pr$icates d]ive all _! import f reason1 !oretical or practical1 p4 #g sq4--,our t5d5cy to objectivise moral judgm5ts1 no suffici5t gr\nd = ref]r+ !m to ! prov9ce ( reason1 p4 #h sq4--,?is t5d5cy p>tly due to ! comp>atively uni=m nature ( ! moral consci\sness1 p4 #i4--;,diff]5ces ( moral e/imates result+ f circum/ances ( a purely intellectual "*1 pp4 #i-aa4--;,diff]5ces ( an emotional orig91 pp4 #aa-ac4--,quantitative1 z well z qualitative1 diff]5ces1 p4 #ac4--,! t5d5cy to objectivise moral judgm5ts p>tly due to ! au?ority ascrib$ to moral rules1 p4 #ad4--,! orig9 & nature ( ?is au?ority1 pp4 #ad-ag4--;,g5]al moral tru?s non-exi/5t1 p4 #ag sq4--,! object ( sci5tific e?ics n to fix rules = human conduct1 b to /udy ! moral consci\sness z a fact1 p4 #ah4--,! suppos$ dang]s ( e?ical subjectivism1 pp4 #ah-bj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions ,! moral emotions ( two k9ds3 disapproval1 or indignation1 & approval1 p4 #ba4--,! moral emotions retributive emotions1 disapproval =m+ a sub-species ( res5tm5t1 & approval a sub-species ( retributive k9dly emotion1 ibid4--,res5tm5t an aggressive attitude ( m9d t[>d a cause ( pa91 p4 #bb sq4--,dr4 ,/e9metz's sugge/ion t rev5ge is ess5tially root$ 9 ! feel+ ( p[] & sup]iority1 & orig9ally undirect$1 pp4 #bc-bg4--,! true import ( ! facts adduc$ z evid5ce = ?is hypo!sis1 pp4 #bg-cj4--,! collective responsibility usually involv$ 9 ! in/itution ( ! blood-feud1 pp4 #cj-cb4--;,explanation ( x1 pp4 #cb-ce4-- viii ,! /rong t5d5cy to discrim9ation :i* *>act]ises res5tm5t n :olly lo/ ev5 beh9d ! veil ( common responsibility1 p4 #ce sq4--,rev5ge among ! l[] animals1 p4 #cg sq4--,violation ( ! self-feel+ a common inc5tive to res5tm5t1 p4 #ch sq4--,b ! reaction ( ! w\nd$ self-feel+ n necess>ily1 9 ! fir/ place1 conc]n$ ) ! infliction ( pa91 p4 #ci sq4--,rev5ge only a l9k 9 a *a9 ( emotional ph5om5a = :i* non-moral res5tm5t may be us$ z a common "n1 p4 #dj4--,! orig9 ( ^! ph5om5a1 pp4 #dj-db4--,moral indignation closely connect$ ) ang]1 p4 #db sq4--,moral indignation1 l non-moral res5tm5t1 a reaction>y attitude ( m9d direct$ t[>ds ! cause ( inflict$ pa91 ?\gh ! reaction sometimes turns aga9/ innoc5t p]sons1 pp4 #dc-dh4--;,9 _! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice gods /ill m indiscrim9ate ?an m51 pp4 #dh-ea4--,reasons = ?is1 p4 #ea sq4--,s9 look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a contagi\s matt]1 *>g$ ) injuri\s en]gy1 pp4 #eb-eg4--,! curse look$ ^u z a baneful sub/ance injur+ or de/roy+ anybody to :om x cleaves1 p4 #eg sq4--,! t5d5cy ( curses to spread1 pp4 #eh-fj4--,_! t5d5cy to contam9ate ^? :o d]ive _! orig9 f ! infect$ individual1 p4 #fj sq4--,! vic>i\s suff]+ involv$ 9 s9-transf]5ce n to be conf\nd$ ) vic>i\s expiatory sacrifice1 p4 #fa4--,:y scapegoats are sometimes kill$1 pp4 #fa-fd4--,:y sacrificial victims are sometimes us$ z scapegoats1 p4 #fd sq4--,vic>i\s expiatory sacrifices1 pp4 #fe-fg4--,! victim accept$ z a sub/itute on ! pr9ciple ( social solid>ity1 p4 #fg sq4--,expiatory sacrifices (f]$ z ransoms1 p4 #fh sq4--,prote/s ( ! moral consci\sness aga9/ ! infliction ( p5al suff]+ ^u ! guiltless1 pp4 #gj-gb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions 7cont9u$7 ,:il/1 9 ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution1 ! true direction ( ! ho/ile reaction involv$ 9 moral disapproval has become m app>5t1 its aggressive "* has become m disguis$1 p4 #gc4--,k9dness to enemies n a rule 9 e>ly e?ics1 p4 #gc sq4--,at ! high] /ages ( moral developm5t retaliation condemn$ & =giv5ess ( enemies laid d[n z a duty1 pp4 #gd-gg4--,! rule ( retaliation & ! rule ( =giv5ess n radically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 p4 #gg sq4--,:y enlight5$ & sympa!tic m9ds disapprove ( res5tm5t & retaliation spr++ f p]sonal motives1 p4 #gh sq4--,! aggressive "* ( moral disapproval has also become m disguis$ by ! diff]5t way 9 :i* ! aggressiv5ess displays itself1 p4 #gi4--,retributive puni%m5t condemn$1 & ! end ( puni%m5t consid]$ to be ei!r to det] f crime1 or to re=m ! crim9al1 or to repress crime by elim9at+ or seclud+ him1 pp4 #gi-ha4--,objections to ^! !ories1 p4 #hb sq4--,facts :i*1 to "s ext5t1 fill up ! gap betwe5 ! !ory ( retribution & ! utilit>ian !ories ( puni%m5t1 pp4 #hd-ia4--,! aggressive elem5t 9 moral disapproval has und]gone a *ange :i* t5ds to conceal its true nature by n>r[+ ! *annel 9 :i* x dis*>ges itself1 delib]ate & discrim9at+ res5tm5t be+ apt to turn aga9/ ! w r ?an aga9/ ! will]1 p4 #ia sq4--,yet x is ! in/9ctive desire to inflict c\nt]-pa9 t gives to moral indignation its mo/ important *>act]i/ic1 p4 #ib sq4--,retributive k9dly emotion a fri5dly attitude ( m9d t[>ds a cause ( pleasure1 p4 #ic sq4--,retributive k9dly emotion among ! l[] animals1 p4 #id4--;,its intr9sic object1 p4 #id sq4--,! want ( discrim9ation :i* is sometimes f\nd 9 retributive k9dness1 p4 #ie4--,moral approval a k9d ( retributive k9dly emotion1 ibid4--,moral approval sometimes be/[s its fav\rs ^u undes]v+ individuals = ! m]its ( o!rs1 pp4 #ie-ig4--;,explanation ( ?is1 p4 #ig sq4--,prote/s aga9/ ! notion ( vic>i\s m]it1 p4 #ih sq4 ix ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions 7conclud$7 ,refutation ( ! op9ion t moral emotions only arise 9 consequ5ce ( moral judgm5ts1 p4 #ajj sq4--,h[ev]1 moral judgm5ts1 be+ def9ite expressions ( moral emotions1 help u to discov] ! true nature ( ^! emotions1 p4 #aja4--;,dis9t]e/$ness & app>5t imp>tiality *>act]i/ics by :i* moral indignation & approval are di/+ui%$ f o!r1 non-moral1 k9ds ( res5tm5t or retributive k9dly emotion1 pp4 #aja-ajd4--;,besides1 a moral emotion has a c]ta9 flav\r ( g5]ality1 p4 #ajd sq4--,! analysis ( ! moral emotions :i* has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ *apt]s holds true n only ( su* emotions z we feel on acc\nt ( ! conduct ( o!rs1 b ( su* emotions z we feel on acc\nt ( our own conduct z well1 pp4 #aje-ajg4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions ,we may feel dis9t]e/$ res5tm5t1 or dis9t]e/$ retributive k9dly emotion1 on acc\nt ( an injury inflict$1 or a b5efit conf]r$1 ^u ano!r p]son ) ^: pa91 or pleasure1 we sympa?ise1 & 9 ^: welf>e we take a k9dly int]e/1 p4 #ajh4--,sympa!tic feel+s bas$ on association1 p4 #aji sq4--,only :5 aid$ by ! altrui/ic s5tim5t sympa?y induces u to take a k9dly int]e/ 9 ! feel+s ( our neighb\rs1 & t5ds to produce dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions1 p4 #aaj sq4--,sympa!tic res5tm5t to be f\nd 9 all animal species :i* possess altrui/ic s5tim5ts1 p4 #aaa sq4--,sympa!tic res5tm5t among savages1 p4 #aac sq4--,sympa!tic res5tm5t may n only be a reaction aga9/ sympa!tic pa91 b may be directly produc$ by ! cognition ( ! signs ( ang] 7puni%m5t1 language1 c471 pp4 #aad-aaf4--;,dis9t]e/$ antipa?ies1 p4 #aaf sq4--,sympa?y spr++ f an altrui/ic s5tim5t may also produce dis9t]e/$ k9dly emotion1 p4 #aag4--;,dis9t]e/$ lik+s1 ibid4--,:y dis9t]e/$ness1 app>5t imp>tiality1 & ! flav\r ( g5]ality h become *>act]i/ics by :i* s-call$ moral emotions are di/+ui%$ f o!r retributive emotions1 p4 #aag sq4--,cu/om n only a public habit1 b a rule ( conduct1 p4 #aah4--;,cu/om conceiv$ ( z a moral rule1 p4 #aah sq4--,9 e>ly society cu/oms ! only moral rules ev] ?\ght (1 p4 #aai4--,! *>act]i/ics ( moral indignation to be s\ght = 9 its connection ) cu/om1 p4 #abj4--;,cu/om *>act]is$ by g5]ality1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & app>5t imp>tiality1 p4 #abj sq4--,public indignation lies at ! bottom ( cu/om z a moral rule1 p4 #aba sq4--,z public indignation is ! prototype ( moral disapproval1 s public approval is ! prototype ( moral approval1 p4 #abb4--,moral disapproval & approval h n always rema9$ insep>ably connect$ ) ! feel+s ( any special society1 p4 #abb sq4--,yet !y rema9 to ! la/ public emotions if n 9 reality1 !n z an ideal1 p4 #abc4--,refutation ( ! op9ion t ! orig9al =m ( ! moral consci\sness has be5 ! individual's own consci5ce1 p4 #abc sq4--,! antiquity ( moral res5tm5t1 p4 #abd4--,! supposition t remorse is unkn[n among ! l[] races contradict$ by facts1 p4 #abd sq4--,criticism ( ,"l ,avebury's /atem5t t mod]n savages seem to be almo/ entirely want+ 9 moral feel+1 pp4 #abe-abi4--,! antiquity ( moral approval1 p4 #abi sq4 x ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,moral ,,concepts ,our analysis to be conc]n$ ) moral concepts =m$ by ! civilis$ m9d1 p4 #aca4--,moral concepts among ! l[] races1 pp4 #aca-acc4--,language a r\gh g5]alis]1 p4 #acc4--;,analysis ( ! concepts bad1 vice1 & wrong1 p4 #acd4--,( ought & duty1 pp4 #acd-acg4--,( "r1 z an adjective1 pp4 #acg-aci4--,( "r1 z a sub/antive1 p4 #aci sq4--,( ! relations betwe5 rights & duties1 p4 #adj sq4--,( inju/ice & ju/ice1 pp4 #ada-ade4--,( good1 pp4 #ade-adg4--,( virtue1 pp4 #adg-adi4--,( ! relation betwe5 virtue & duty1 p4 #adi sq4--,( m]it1 p4 #aej sq4--,( ! relation betwe5 m]it & duty1 p4 #aea sq4--,! "q ( ! sup]-obligatory1 pp4 #aeb-aed4--,! "q ( ! morally indiff]5t1 pp4 #aed-aeg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,cu/oms ,,& ,,laws ,,z ,,expressions ,,( ,,moral ,,ideas ,h[ we c get an insight into ! moral ideas ( mank9d at l>ge1 p4 #aeh4--,! close connection betwe5 ! habitualness & ! obligator9ess ( cu/om1 p4 #aei4--,?\gh e public habit is n a cu/om1 involv+ an obligation1 m5's /&>d ( morality is n indep5d5t ( _! practice1 p4 #aei sq4--,! /udy ( moral ideas to a l>ge ext5t a /udy ( cu/oms1 p4 #afj4--;,b cu/om nev] cov]s ! :ole field ( morality1 & ! uncov]$ space gr[s l>g] 9 proportion z ! moral consci\sness develops1 p4 #afj sq4--,at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation cu/om ! sole rule = conduct1 p4 #afa4--;,ev5 k+s describ$ z autocrats ti$ by cu/om1 p4 #afb4--;,9 competition ) law cu/om frequ5tly c>ries ! day1 p4 #afc sq4--,cu/om /rong] ?an law & religion comb9$1 p4 #afd4--,! laws !mselves comm& ob$i5ce m z cu/oms ?an z laws1 ibid4--,_m laws 7 cu/oms be=e !y became laws1 p4 #afe4--,! trans=mation ( cu/oms into laws1 p4 #afe sq4--,laws z expressions ( moral ideas1 pp4 #aff-afh4--,puni%m5t & indemnification1 p4 #afh sq4--,def9ition ( puni%m5t1 p4 #afi sq4--,savage puni%m5ts inflict$ ^u ! culprit by ! community at l>ge1 pp4 #agj-agc4--;,by "s p]son or p]sons inve/$ ) judicial au?ority1 pp4 #agc-age4--,! developm5t ( judicial organisation out ( a previ\s sy/em ( lyn*-law1 p4 #age4--,out ( a previ\s sy/em ( private rev5ge1 p4 #agf4--,public indignation displays itself n only 9 puni%m5t1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! cu/om ( rev5ge1 p4 #agf sq4--,! social orig9 ( ! lex talionis1 pp4 #agg-ahj4--,! transition f rev5ge to puni%m5t1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a c5tral judicial & executive au?ority1 pp4 #ahj-ahc4--,! jurisdiction ( *iefs1 p4 #ahc sq4--,! injur$ p>ty or ! accus] act+ z execution]1 b n z judge1 p4 #ahdsq4--,! exi/5ce ( puni%m5t & judicial organisation among a c]ta9 p no exact index to its g5]al /ate ( culture1 p4 #ahe4--,! supposition t puni%m5t has be5 int5d$ to act z a det]r5t1 p4 #ahe sq4--,among v>i\s semi-civilis$ & civilis$ peoples ! crim9al law has assum$ a sev]ity :i* f> surpasses ! rig\r ( ! lex talionis1 pp4 #ahf-ahc4--,wanton cruelty n a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ! public ju/ice ( savages1 pp4 #ahh-aij4 ,legislators ref]r+ to ! det]r5t effects ( puni%m5t1 p4 #aij sq4--,! practice ( puni%+ crim9als 9 public1 p4 #aia sq4--,! puni%m5t actually inflict$ on ! crim9al 9 _m cases mu* less sev]e ?an ! puni%m5t ) :i* ! law ?reat5s him1 p4 #aib sq4--,! detection ( crim9als 0 9 e>li] times mu* r>] & m unc]ta9 ?an x is n[1 p4 #aic4--,! *ief explanation ( ! great sev]ity ( c]ta9 xi crim9al codes lies 9 _! connection ) despotism or religion or bo?1 pp4 #aic-aih4--,puni%m5t may also be appli$ z a means ( det]r+ f crime1 p4 #aih sq4--,b ! scope :i* ju/ice leaves = det]m5t pure & simple is n wide1 p4 #aii4--,! crim9al law ( a community on ! :ole a fai?ful expon5t ( moral s5tim5ts preval5t 9 t community at l>ge1 pp4 #aii-bja4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,subjects ,,( ,,enlight5$ ,,moral ,,judgm5ts ,def9itions ( ! t]m conduct1 p4 #bjb sq4--,! mean+ ( ! ^w act1 p4 #bjc sq4--,! mean+ ( ! ^w int5tion1 p4 #bjd4--,!re c be only "o int5tion 9 "o act1 p4 #bjd sq4 ,! moral judgm5ts :i* we pass on acts d n really relate to ! ev5t1 b to ! int5tion1 p4 #bje sq4--,a p]son morally acc\ntable also = 8 delib]ate wi%es1 p4 #bjf4--;,a delib]ate wi% is a volition1 p4 #bjf sq4--,! mean+ ( ! ^w motive1 p4 #bjg4--,motives :i* are volitions fall )9 ! sph]e ( moral valuation1 ibid4--,! motive ( an act may be an int5tion1 b an int5tion belong+ to ano!r act1 ibid4--,ev5 motives :i* consi/ ( non-volitional conations may indirectly ex]cise mu* influ5ce on moral judgm5ts1 p4 #bjg sq4--,refutation ( ,mill's /atem5t t ! motive has no?+ to d ) ! morality ( ! action1 p4 #bjh sq4--,moral judgm5ts really pass$ ^u m5 z act+ or will+1 n ^u acts or volitions 9 ! ab/ract1 p4 #bji4 --,=be>ances morally equival5t to acts1 p4 #bji sq4--,di/9ction betwe5 =be>ances & omissions1 p4 #baj4--,moral judgm5ts ref] n only to will+1 b to n-will+ z well1 n only to acts & =be>ances1 b to omissions1 p4 #baj sq4--,neglig5ce1 he$lessness1 & ra%ness1 p4 #baa4--,moral judgm5ts ( blame conc]n$ ) n-will+ only 9 s f> z ?is n-will+ is attribut$ to a defect ( ! w1 p4 #baa sq4--,di/9ction betwe5 consci\s omissions & =be>ances1 & betwe5 n-will+ to refra9 f do+ & will+ to d1 p4 #bab4--,! kn[n concomitants ( acts1 p4 #bac4--;,abs5ce ( volitions also gives rise to moral praise1 p4 #bac sq4--,! mean+ ( ! t]m conduct1 p4 #bad4--,! subject ( a moral judgm5t is1 /rictly speak+1 a p]son's w1 or "*1 conceiv$ z ! cause ei!r ( volitions or ( ! abs5ce ( volitions1 p4 #bad sq4--,moral judgm5ts t are pass$ on emotions or op9ions really ref] to ! w1 p4 #bae sq4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,w ,,z ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,moral ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,ev5ts ,cases 9 :i* no di/9ction is made betwe5 int5tional & accid5tal injuries1 pp4 #bag-bai4--,yet ev5 9 ! sy/em ( self-r$ress int5tional or =ese5 injuries (t5 di/+ui%$ f un9t5tional & un=ese5 injuries1 pp4 #bai-bba4--;,a simil> di/9ction made 9 ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by _m savages1 p4 #bba sq4--,uncivilis$ peoples :o entirely excuse1 or d n puni%1 p]sons = injuries :i* !y h inflict$ by m]e accid5t1 p4 #bbb sq4--,peoples ( a high] culture :o puni% p]sons = br++ ab\t ev5ts )\t any fault ( !irs1 pp4 #bbc-bbf4--;,at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation gods1 9 p>ticul>1 atta* undue importance to ! outw>d aspect ( conduct1 pp4 #bbf-bca4--;,explanation ( all ^! facts1 pp4 #bca-bcg4--,! great influ5ce :i* ! outw>d ev5t ex]cises ^u moral e/imates ev5 among ourselves1 pp4 #bch-bdj4 --,c>elessness g5]ally n puni%$ if no injuri\s result foll[s1 p4 #bda4--;,an unsuccessful attempt to commit a crim9al act1 if puni%$ at all1 z a rule puni%$ mu* less xii sev]ely ?an ! accompli%$ act1 p4 #bda sq4--,exceptions to ?is rule1 p4 #bdb4--,! "q1 :i* attempts %\ld be puni%$1 p4 #bdc4--,! /age at :i* an attempt beg9s to be crim9al1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 attempts & acts ( prep>ation1 p4 #bdc sq4--,! rule t an outw>d ev5t is requisite = ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 p4 #bdd sq4--,exceptions to ?is rule1 p4 #bde4--;,explanation ( laws ref]r+ to unsuccessful attempts1 pp4 #bde-bdg4--,moral approval influ5c$ by ext]nal ev5ts1 p4 #bdg4--,ow+ to its v nature1 ! moral consci\sness1 :5 suffici5tly influ5c$ by ?\ght1 reg>ds ! w z ! only prop] object ( moral disapproval or praise1 p4 #bdg sq4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ag5ts ,,"u ,,intellectual ,,disability ,an ag5t n responsible = any?+ :i* he c\ld n be aw>e (1 p4 #bdi4--,! irresponsibility ( animals1 pp4 #bdi-bea4--,res5tm5t t[>ds an animal :i* has caus$ "s injury1 p4 #bea4--;,at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation animals delib]ately treat$ z responsible be+s1 ibid4--,! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge ext5d$ to ! animal _w1 pp4 #bea-bec4--;,animals expos$ to regul> puni%m5t1 pp4 #bec-bee4 --,! orig9 ( ! m$ival practice ( puni%+ animals1 p4 #bee sq4 --,explanation ( ! practice ( retaliat+ ^u animals1 pp4 #bef-bfj4 --,at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation ev5 inanimate ?+s treat$ z if !y 7 responsible ag5ts1 pp4 #bfj-bfb4--;,explanation ( ?is1 pp4 #bfb-bfd4--,! total or p>tial irresponsibility ( *ildhood & e>ly y\?1 pp4 #bfd-bfg4--;,accord+ to e>ly cu/om1 *ildr5 sometimes subject to ! rule ( retaliation1 p4 #bfg4 --,p>5ts responsible = ! de$s ( _! *ildr51 p4 #bfg sq4--,9 ,europe !re has be5 a t5d5cy to raise ! age at :i* full legal responsibility comm5ces1 p4 #bfh sq4--,! irresponsibility ( idiots & madm51 p4 #bfi sq4--,idiots & insane p]sons objects ( religi\s rev]5ce1 p4 #bgj sq4--,lunatics treat$ ) great sev]ity or puni%$ = _! de$s1 pp4 #bga-bgd4--;,explanation ( ?is1 p4 #bgd sq4--,! ignorance ( :i* lunatics h be5 victims 9 ! h&s ( lawy]s1 pp4 #bge-bgg4--,! total or p>tial irresponsibility ( intoxicat$ p]sons1 p4 #bgg sq4--,drunk5ness recognis$ z a gr\nd ( ext5uation1 pp4 #bgh-bhj4--,n recognis$ z a gr\nd ( ext5uation1 p4 #bhj sq4--,explanation ( ^! facts1 p4 #bha sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,motives ,motives consid]$ only 9 proportion z ! moral judgm5t is influ5c$ by reflection1 p4 #bhc4--,little consid]ation = ! s5se ( duty z a motive1 ibid4--,some:at great] discrim9ation %[n 9 reg>d to motives consi/+ ( p[]ful non-volitional conations1 p4 #bhc sq4--,compulsion z a gr\nd ( ext5uation1 p4 #bhd sq4--,compulsion by necessity1 pp4 #bhe-bhg4--,self-def5ce1 pp4 #bhh-bij4--,self-r$ress 9 ! case ( adult]y1 & o!r survivals ( ! old sy/em ( self-r$ress1 pp4 #bij-bid4--,! moral di/9ction made betwe5 an injury :i* a p]son inflicts delib]ately1 9 cold blood1 & "o :i* he inflicts 9 ! heat ( ! mom5t1 on provocation1 pp4 #bid-big4--;,explanation ( ?is di/9ction1 p4 #big sq4--,! pressure ( a non-volitional motive on ! w z a gr\nd ( ext5uation1 p4 #bih sq4--,t moral judgm5ts are g5]ally pass$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) ref]5ce to acts imm$iately int5d$1 & consid] motives only 9 proportion z ! judgm5t is influ5c$ by reflection1 holds good n only ( moral blame1 b ( moral praise1 pp4 #bii-cjb4 xiii ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,=be>ances ,,& ,,c>elessness--,,"* ,:y 9 e>ly moral codes ! s-call$ negative comm&m5ts are mu* m prom95t ?an ! positive comm&m5ts1 p4 #cjc4--,! little cognisance :i* ! crim9al laws ( civilis$ nations take ( =be>ances & omissions1 p4 #cjc sq4--,! m scrut9is+ ! moral consci\sness1 ! great] ! importance :i* x atta*es to positive comm&m5ts1 p4 #cjd sq4--,yet ! cu/oms ( all nations conta9 n only prohibitions1 b positive injunctions z well1 p4 #cje4--,! unreflect+ m9d apt to exagg]ate ! guilt ( a p]son :o out ( he$lessness or ra%ness causes h>m by a positive act1 ibid4--,e>ly cu/om & law may be anxi\s en\gh to trace an ev5t to its s\rce1 pp4 #cje-cjg4--;,b !y easily fail to discov] :]e !re is guilt or n1 &1 9 case ( c>elessness1 to det]m9e ! magnitude ( ! (f5d]'s guilt1 p4 #cjg sq4--,! op9ion t a p]son is answ]able = all ! damage :i* directly ensues f an act ( 81 ev5 ?\gh no =esight c\ld h reasonably be5 expect$ to look out = x1 p4 #cjh sq4--,on ! o!r h&1 little or no c5sure pass$ on him ^: want ( =esight or want ( self-re/ra9t is productive ( suff]+1 if only ! effect is suffici5tly remote1 p4 #cji sq4--,! moral emotions may z naturally give rise to judgm5ts on human "* z to judgm5ts on human conduct1 p4 #caj4--;,ev5 :5 a moral judgm5t imm$iately ref]s to a di/9ct act1 x takes notice ( ! ag5t's w z a :ole1 p4 #caj sq4--,! practice ( puni%+ a second or ?ird (f5ce m sev]ely ?an ! fir/1 p4 #caa sq4--,! m a moral judgm5t is influ5c$ by reflection1 ! m x scrut9ises ! "* :i* manife/s itself 9 t individual piece ( conduct by :i* ! judgm5t is occasion$1 p4 #cab sq4--,b h[ev] sup]ficial x be1 x always ref]s to a w conceiv$ ( z a cont9u\s entity1 p4 #cac4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,:y ,,moral ,,judgm5ts ,,are ,,pass$ ,,on ,,conduct ,,& ,,"*--,,moral ,,valuation ,,& ,,free-,,w ,explanation ( ! fact t moral judgm5ts are pass$ on conduct & "*1 p4 #cad4--,! correctness ( ?is explanation prov$ by ! circum/ance t n only moral emotions1 b non-moral retributive emotions z well1 are felt ) ref]5ce to ph5om5a exactly simil> 9 nature to ^? on :i* moral judgm5ts are pass$1 pp4 #cad-cai4--,:e!r moral or non-moral1 a retributive emotion is ess5tially direct$ t[>ds a s5sitive & volitional entity1 or self1 conceiv$ ( z ! cause ( pleasure or ! cause ( pa91 p4 #cai4--,! futility ( o!r attempts to solve ! problem1 p4 #cai sq4--,! nature ( ! moral emotions also gives u ! key to ! problem ( ! co-exi/5ce ( moral responsibility ) ! g5]al law ( cause & effect1 p4 #cbj4--,! !ory accord+ to :i* responsibility1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 & moral judgm5ts g5]ally1 are inconsi/5t ) ! notion t ! human w is det]m9$ by causes1 p4 #cbj sq4--,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 moral indignation & moral approval are felt by det]m9i/s & lib]t>ians alike1 p4 #cba sq4--,explanation ( ! fallacy :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! conception t moral valuation is inconsi/5t ) det]m9ism1 p4 #cbb4--;,causation conf\nd$ ) compulsion1 pp4 #cbb-cbd4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 fatalism & det]m9ism1 pp4 #cbd-cbf4--,! moral emotions n conc]n$ ) ! orig9 ( ! innate "*1 p4 #cbf4 xiv ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks--,,homicide ,,9 ,,g5]al ,necessity ( re/rict+ ! inve/igation to ! m important modes ( conduct ) :i* ! moral consci\sness is conc]n$1 p4 #cbg sq4--,! six gr\ps into :i* ^! modes ( conduct may be divid$1 p4 #cbh4--,! mo/ sacr$ duty :i* we owe to our fell[-creatures g5]ally consid]$ to be reg>d = _! lives1 ibid4--,among v>i\s uncivilis$ peoples human life said to be held v *eap1 p4 #cbh sq4--,among o!rs homicide or murd] said to be h>dly kn[n1 p4 #cbi sq4--,9 o!r in/ances homicide expressly said to be reg>d$ z wrong1 p4 #ccj sq4--,9 e society cu/om prohibits homicide )9 a c]ta9 circle ( m51 p4 #cca4--,savages di/+ui% betwe5 an act ( homicide committ$ )9 _! own community & "o :]e ! victim is a /rang]1 pp4 #cca-ccc4--;,9 v>i\s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! rule1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 applies ev5 to =eign]s1 p4 #ccc sq4--,"s uncivilis$ peoples said to h no w>s1 p4 #ccd4--,savages' recognition ( int]tribal rights 9 times ( peace obvi\s f c]ta9 cu/oms connect$ ) _! w>s1 p4 #ccd sq4--,savage cu/om does n always all[ indiscrim9ate slaught] ev5 9 w>f>e1 p4 #cce sq4--,! read9ess ) :i* savages engage 9 w>1 p4 #ccg4--,! old di/9ction betwe5 injuries committ$ aga9/ compatriots & h>m done to =eign]s rema9s among peoples m advanc$ 9 culture1 p4 #ccg sq4--,! read9ess ) :i* su* peoples wage w> on =eign nations1 & ! e/imation 9 :i* ! successful w>rior is held1 pp4 #cch-cdj4--,! life ( a gue/ sacr$1 p4 #cdj4--,! comm5cem5t ( int]national ho/ilities prec$$ by special c]emonies1 ibid4--,w>f>e 9 "s cases condemn$1 or a di/9ction made betwe5 j & unju/ w>1 pp4 #cdj-cdb4--;,ev5 9 w> ! kill+ ( an enemy "u c]ta9 circum/ances prohibit$1 ei!r by cu/om or by enlight5$ moral op9ion1 pp4 #cdb-cdd4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,homicide ,,9 ,,g5]al 7cont9u$7 ,homicide ( any k9d condemn$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 p4 #cde4--,_! total condemnation ( w>f>e1 p4 #cde sq4--,?is attitude t[>ds w> 0 soon giv5 up1 pp4 #cdf-cdh4--,! feel+ t a soldi] sc>cely c\ld make a good ,*ri/ian1 p4 #cdh4--,p5ance prescrib$ = ^? :o _h %$ blood 9 w>1 p4 #cdh sq4--,w>s =bidd5 by popes1 p4 #cdi4 --,! milit>y ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,crusades1 pp4 #cdh-ceb4--;,*ivalry1 pp4 #ceb-ced4--,! intimate connection betwe5 *ivalry & religion display$ 9 t\rnam5ts1 p4 #ced sq4--,! practice ( private w>1 p4 #cee sq4--,! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds private w>1 p4 #cef4--,! ,truce ( ,god1 p4 #ceg4--,! ma9 cause ( ! abolition ( private w> 0 ! increase ( ! au?ority ( emp]ors or k+s1 p4 #ceg sq4--,w> look$ ^u z a judgm5t ( ,god1 p4 #ceh4--,! attitude adopt$ by ! great ,*ri/ian congregations t[>ds w> "o ( sympa!tic approval1 pp4 #cei-cfb4--,religi\s prote/s aga9/ w>1 pp4 #cfb-cfe4--;,free?9k]s' opposition to w>1 pp4 #cfe-cfg4--,! idea ( a p]petual peace1 p4 #cfg4--,! awak5+ _s ( nationalism1 & ! glorification ( w>1 p4 #cfg sq4--,argum5ts aga9/ arbitration1 p4 #cfh4--,! opposition aga9/ w> rapidly increas+1 p4 #cfh sq4--,! prohibition ( ne$less de/ruction 9 w>1 p4 #cfi sq4--,! survival1 9 mod]n civilisation1 ( ! old feel+ t ! life ( a =eign] is n equally sacr$ ) t ( a c\ntryman1 p4 #cgj4--,! behavi\r ( ,european coloni/s t[>ds col\r$ races1 p4 #cgj sq4 xv ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,homicide ,,9 ,,g5]al 7conclud$7 ,sympa!tic res5tm5t felt on acc\nt ( ! injury suff]$ by ! victim a pot5t cause ( ! condemnation ( homicide1 p4 #cgb sq4--,no su* res5tm5t felt if ! victim is a memb] ( ano!r gr\p1 p4 #cgc4--,:y extra-tribal homicide is approv$ (1 ibid4--,sup]/ition an enc\ragem5t to extra-tribal homicide1 ibid4--,! expansion ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t l>gely expla9s :y ! prohibition ( homicide has come to embrace m & m compreh5sive circles ( m51 ibid4--,homicide view$ z an injury inflict$ ^u ! survivors1 p4 #cgc sq4--,conceiv$ z a brea* ( ! ,k+'s peace1 p4 #cgd4--,/igmatis$ z a di/urbance ( public tranquillity & an outrage on public safety1 ibid4--,homicide disapprov$ ( because ! manslay] gives tr\ble to 8 own p1 p4 #cgd sq4--,! idea t a manslay] is unclean1 pp4 #cge-cgg4--,! influ5ce :i* ?is idea has ex]cis$ on ! moral judgm5t ( homicide1 p4 #cgg4--,! disapproval ( ! de$ easily enhanc$ by ! spiritual dang] att5d+ on x1 z also by ! inconv5i5t re/rictions laid on ! taboo$ manslay] & ! c]emonies ( purification to :i* he is subject1 p4 #cgg sq4--,! notion ( a p]secut+ gho/ may be replac$ by ! notion ( an av5g+ god1 pp4 #cgh-chj4--,! defilem5t result+ f homicide p>ticul>ly %unn$ by gods1 p4 #chj sq4--,prie/s =bidd5 to %$ human blood1 p4 #cha sq4--,reasons = ,*ri/ianity's high reg>d = human life1 p4 #chb4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,kill+ ,,( ,,p>5ts1 ,,sick ,,p]sons1 ,,*ildr5-,,feticide ,p>ricide ! mo/ aggravat$ =m ( murd]1 pp4 #chc-chf4--,! cu/om ( ab&on+ or kill+ p>5ts :o are worn out ) age or disease1 p4 #chf sq4--,its causes1 pp4 #chg-cij4--,! cu/om ( ab&on+ or kill+ p]sons suff]+ f "s illness1 p4 #cia sq4--,its causes1 p4 #cib sq4--,! fa!r's p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 *ildr51 p4 #cic sq4--,infanticide among _m savage races p]mitt$ or ev5 enjo9$ by cu/om1 pp4 #cid-cih4--,! causes ( infanticide1 & h[ x has gr[n into a regul> cu/om1 pp4 #cih-djb4--;,among _m savages infanticide said to be unhe>d ( or almo/ s1 p4 #djb sq4--,! cu/om ( infanticide n a survival ( e>lie/ savag]y1 b seems to h gr[n up "u specific conditions 9 lat] /ages ( developm5t1 p4 #djc4--,savages :o disapprove ( infanticide1 p4 #djc sq4--,! cu/om ( infanticide 9 mo/ cases requires t ! *ild %\ld be kill$ imm$iately or soon aft] its bir?1 p4 #djd sq4--,infanticide among semi-civilis$ or civilis$ races1 pp4 #dje-daa4--,! practice ( expos+ new-born infants vehem5tly d5\nc$ by ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 p4 #daa4--;,*ri/ian horror ( infanticide1 p4 #daa sq4--,! puni%m5t ( infanticide 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 p4 #dab sq4--,feticide among savages1 p4 #dac sq4--,among m civilis$ nations1 p4 #dad sq4--,accord+ to ,*ri/ian views1 a =m ( murd]1 p4 #dae sq4--,di/9ctions betwe5 an embryo in=matus & an embryo =matus1 p4 #daf sq4--,mod]n legislation & op9ion conc]n+ feticide1 p4 #dag4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,kill+ ,,( ,,wom51 ,,& ,,( ,,slaves--,,! ,,crim9ality ,,( ,,homicide ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,di/9ctions ,,( ,,class ,! husb&'s p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 wife among _m ( ! l[] races1 p4 #dah sq4--,! "r ( puni%+ 8 wife capitally n univ]sally xvi grant$ to ! husb& 9 uncivilis$ communities1 p4 #dai4--,! husb&'s p[] ( life & dea? among peoples ( a high] type1 ibid4--,uxoricide puni%$ less sev]ely ?an matricide1 p4 #dai sq4--,! e/imate ( a woman's life sometimes l[] ?an t ( a man's1 sometimes equal to x1 sometimes high]1 p4 #dbj sq4--,! ma/]'s p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 slave1 p4 #dba sq4--,! "r1 among _m savages1 ( kill+ 8 slave at 8 own discretion expressly d5i$ to ! ma/]1 p4 #dbb sq4--,! murd] ( ano!r p]son's slave l>gely reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ! own]1 b n exclusively look$ ^u 9 ?is light1 p4 #dbc4--,:5 ! sy/em ( blood-money prevails1 ! price paid = ! life ( a slave less ?an t paid = ! life ( a freeman1 ibid4--,among ! nations ( ar*aic culture1 also1 ! life ( a slave held 9 less e/imation ?an t ( a freeman1 b n ev5 ! ma/] 9 all circum/ances all[$ to put 8 slave to dea?1 pp4 #dbc-dbf4--;,ef=ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to secure ! life ( ! slave aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ! ma/]1 p4 #dbf4--;,b nei!r ! ecclesia/ical nor ! secul> legislation gave him ! same protection z 0 be/[$ ^u ! free memb] ( ! ,*ur* & ,/ate1 pp4 #dbf-dbh4--;,9 mod]n times1 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 ! life ( ! negro slave 0 only inadequately protect$ by law1 p4 #dbh sq4--,:y ! life ( a slave is held 9 s little reg>d1 p4 #dbi4--,! kill+ ( a freeman by a slave1 especially if ! victim be 8 own]1 commonly puni%$ m sev]ely ?an if ! same act 7 done by a free p]son1 p4 #dbi sq4--,9 ! e/imate ( life a di/9ction also made betwe5 diff]5t classes ( freem51 p4 #dcj sq4--,! magnitude ( ! crime may dep5d n only on ! rank ( ! victim1 b on ! rank ( ! manslay] z well1 pp4 #dca-dcc4 --,explanation ( ?is influ5ce ( class1 p4 #dcc4--;,9 progressive societies ea* memb] ( ! society at la/ admitt$ to be born ) an equal claim to ! "r to live1 ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,human ,,sacrifice ,! preval5ce ( human sacrifice1 pp4 #dcd-dcf4--,?is practice mu* m frequ5tly f\nd among b>b>ians & semi-civilis$ peoples ?an among g5u9e savages1 p4 #dcf sq4--,among "s peoples x has be5 notic$ to become increas+ly preval5t 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 p4 #dcg4--;,human sacrifice p>tly due to ! idea t gods h an appetite = human fle% or blood1 p4 #dcg sq4--,sometimes connect$ ) ! idea t gods require att5dants1 p4 #dch4--,moreov]1 an angry god may be appeas$ simply by ! dea? ( him or ^? :o ar\s$ 8 ang]1 or ( "s repres5tative ( ! (f5d+ community1 or ( somebody belong+ to ! k9 ( ! (f5d]1 pp4 #dch-ddj4--;,human sacrifice *iefly a me?od ( life-insurance1 bas$ on ! idea ( sub/itution1 p4 #ddj4--;,human victims (f]$ 9 w>1 be=e a battle1 or dur+ a siege1 p4 #ddj sq4--,= ! purpose ( /opp+ or prev5t+ epidemics1 p4 #dda sq4--,= ! purpose ( putt+ an end to a deva/at+ fam9e1 p4 #ddb sq4--,= ! purpose ( prev5t+ fam9e1 p4 #ddc sq4--,criticism ( ,dr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis t ! human victim :o is kill$ = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops is reg>d$ z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s & is sla9 z su*1 pp4 #ddd-dea4--;,human victims (f]$ ) a view to gett+ wat]1 p4 #dea sq4--,) a view to av]t+ p]ils aris+ f ! sea or f riv]s1 pp4 #deb-ded4--;,= ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! dea? ( "s p>ticul> individual1 especially a *ief or a k+1 f sickness1 old age1 or o!r circum/ances1 pp4 #ded-deg4--;,= ! purpose ( help+ o!r m5 into exi/5ce1 p4 #deg sq4--,! kill+ ( ! fir/-born *ild1 or ! fir/-born son1 p4 #deh sq4--,explanation ( ?is practice1 pp4 #dei-dfa4--;,human sacrifices (f]$ 9 connection ) ! f\ndation ( build+s1 p4 #dfa sq4--,! build+-sacrifice1 l o!r k9ds ( human sacrifice1 probably bas$ on ! idea ( sub/itution1 pp4#dfb-dfd4 --,! belief t xvii ! s\l ( ! victim is conv]t$ into a protect+ demon1 p4 #dfd sq4--,! human victim reg>d$ z a mess5g]1 p4 #dfe sq4--,human sacrifice n an act ( wanton cruelty1 p4 #dff4--,! k+ or *ief sometimes sacrific$1 ibid4--,! victims frequ5tly prison]s ( w> or o!r ali5s1 or slaves1 or crim9als1 pp4 #dff-dfh4--,! disappe>ance ( human sacrifice1 p4 #dfh4--;,human sacrifice condemn$1 p4 #dfe sq4--,practices int5d$ to replace x1 p4 #dfi4--;,human effigies or animals (f]$ in/ead ( m51 p4 #dfi sq4--,human sacrifices succe$$ by practices involv+ ! effusion ( human blood )\t loss ( life1 p4 #dgj4--;,ble$+ or mutilation practis$ = ! same purpose z human sacrifice1 p4 #dgj sq4--,:y ! p5al sacrifice ( (f5d]s has outliv$ all o!r =ms ( human sacrifice1 p4 #dga4--;,human be+s sacrific$ to ! dead 9 ord] to s]ve !m z slaves1 wives1 or companions1 pp4 #dgb-dgd4--,?is cu/om dw9dl+ into a survival1 p4 #dge4--,! fun]al sacrifice ( m5 & animals also seems to involve an int5tion to vivify ! spirits ( ! deceas$ ) blood1 p4 #dge sq4--,manslay]s kill$ 9 ord] to satisfy _! victims' crav+ = rev5ge1 p4 #dgf4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,blood-,,rev5ge ,,& ,,comp5sation--,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,dea? ,! preval5ce ( ! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge1 pp4 #dgg-dgi4--;,blood-rev5ge reg>d$ n only z a "r1 b z a duty1 p4 #dgi sq4--,?is duty 9 ! fir/ place reg>d$ z a duty to ! dead1 ^: _s is believ$ to f9d no re/ aft] dea? until ! injury has be5 av5g$1 p4 #dha sq4--,blood-rev5ge a =m ( human sacrifice1 p4 #dhb4--;,blood-rev5ge also practis$ on acc\nt ( ! injury inflict$ on ! survivors1 p4 #dhb sq4--,murd] committ$ )9 ! family or k9 left unav5g$1 p4 #dhc4--,! injury inflict$ on ! relatives ( ! murd]$ man sugge/s n only rev5ge1 b rep>ation1 ibid4--,! tak+ ( life = life may itself1 9 a way1 s]ve z comp5sation1 p4 #dhc sq4--,v>i\s me?ods ( comp5sation1 p4 #dhd4--,! advantages ( ! practice ( composition1 p4 #dhd sq4--,its disadvantages1 p4 #dhe4--,! importance ( ^! disadvantages dep5ds on ! circum/ances 9 ea* special case1 p4 #dhf sq4--,among _m peoples ! rule ( rev5ge /rictly foll[$1 & to accept comp5sation consid]$ disgraceful1 p4 #dhg4--,! acceptance ( comp5sation does n always mean t ! family ( ! sla9 altoge!r r5\nce _! "r ( rev5ge1 p4 #dhg sq4--,! acceptance ( comp5sation all[$ z a ju/ifiable alt]native = blood-rev5ge1 or ev5 reg>d$ z ! prop] me?od ( settl+ ! case1 p4 #dhh sq4--,! sy/em ( comp5sation p>tly due to ! pressure ( "s int]v5+ au?ority1 p4 #dhi sq4--,! adoption ( ?is me?od = ! settl+ ( disputes a sign ( weakness1 p4 #dia4--,:5 ! c5tral p[] ( jurisdiction is firmly e/abli%$1 ! rule ( life = life rega9s its sway1 ibid4--,a p]son may =feit 8 "r to live by o!r crimes besides homicide1 p4 #dia sq4--,opposition to & argum5ts aga9/ capital puni%m5t1 pp4 #dib-die4--,mod]n legislation has und]gone a radical *ange ) ref]5ce to capital puni%m5t1 p4 #die4--;,argum5ts aga9/ its abolition1 p4 #die sq4--,! *ief motive = reta9+ x 9 mod]n legislation1 p4 #dif4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,duel ,duell+ resort$ to z a means ( br++ to an end ho/ilities betwe5 diff]5t gr\ps ( p1 p4 #dig sq4--,duels f\ght = ! purpose ( settl+ disputes betwe5 individuals1 ei!r by conf]r+ on ! victor ! "r ( possess+ xviii ! object ( ! /rife1 or by gratify+ a crav+ = rev5ge & wip+ (f ! affront1 pp4 #dih-ejb4--,! circum/ances to :i* ^! cu/oms are due1 p4 #ejc sq4--,! duel z an ordeal or judgm5t ( ,god1 p4 #ejd sq4--,! judicial duel fundam5tally d]iv$ its efficacy z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? f its connection ) an oa?1 p4 #eje sq4 ,h[ x came to be reg>d$ z an appeal to ! ju/ice ( ,god1 p4 #ejf sq4--,! decl9e & disappe>ance ( ! judicial duel1 p4 #ejg4--,! mod]n duel ( hon\r1 pp4 #ejg-eji4--;,its causes1 p4 #eji4--;,argum5ts adduc$ 9 support ( x1 p4 #eji sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,bodily ,,injuries ,9 ! case ( bodily injuries ! magnitude ( ! (f5ce1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 proportionate to ! h>m inflict$1 pp4 #eaa-eac4--,! degree ( ! (f5ce also dep5ds on ! /ation ( ! p>ties conc]n$1 & 9 "s cases ! infliction ( pa9 held all[able or ev5 a duty1 p4 #eac4--;,*ildr5 us+ viol5ce aga9/ _! p>5ts1 ibid4--,p>5ts' "r to inflict corporal puni%m5t on _! *ildr51 p4 #eac sq4--,! husb&'s "r to *a/ise 8 wife1 pp4 #ead-eaf4--,! ma/]'s "r to inflict corporal puni%m5t on 8 slave1 p4 #eaf sq4--,! maltreatm5t ( ano!r p]son's slave reg>d$ z an injury done to ! ma/]1 r ?an to ! slave1 p4 #eag4--,slaves sev]ely puni%$ = inflict+ bodily injuries on freem51 p4 #eaj4--,! p5alties or f9es = bodily injuries influ5c$ by ! class or rank ( ! p>ties :5 bo? ( !m are freem51 p4 #eah sq4--,di/9ction betwe5 compatriots & ali5s ) ref]5ce to bodily injuries1 p4 #eai4--,! infliction ( suff]+s on vanqui%$ enemies1 p4 #eai sq4--,! "r to bodily integrity influ5c$ by religi\s diff]5ces1 p4 #ebj--;,=feit$ by ! commission ( a crime1 p4 #ebj sq4--,amputation or mutilation ( ! (f5d+ memb] has p>ticul>ly be5 9 vogue among peoples ( culture1 p4 #eba sq4--,! disappe>ance ( corporal puni%m5t 9 ,europe1 p4 #ebb4--;,corporal puni%m5t has be5 by pref]5ce a puni%m5t = poor & common p or slaves1 p4 #ebb sq4--,! /atus ( a p]son influ5c+ 8 "r to bodily integrity ) ref]5ce to judicial torture1 p4 #ebc sq4--,explanation ( ! moral notions reg>d+ ! infliction ( bodily injuries1 p4 #ebd4--,! notions t an act ( bodily viol5ce involves a gross insult1 & t corporal puni%m5t disgraces ! crim9al m ?an any o!r =m ( p5alty1 p4 #ebd sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,*>ity ,,& ,,g5]osity ,! "m's duty to re> h] *ildr51 p4 #ebf4--,! husb&'s & fa!r's duty to protect & support 8 family1 pp4 #ebf-ebi4--,! p>5ts' duty ( tak+ c>e ( _! (fspr+ 9 ! fir/ place bas$ on ! s5tim5t ( p>5tal affection1 p4 #ebi4--,! univ]sality n only ( ! mat]nal1 b ( ! pat]nal1 s5tim5t 9 mank9d1 pp4 #ebi-ecb4--,m>ital affection among savages1 p4 #ecb4--;,explanation ( ! simple/ pat]nal & m>ital duties1 p4 #ecc--;,*ildr5's duty ( support+ _! ag$ p>5ts1 pp4 #ecc-ech4 ,! duty ( assi/+ bro!rs & si/]s1 p4 #ech4--,( assi/+ m di/ant relatives1 pp4 #ech-edj4--,uncivilis$ peoples z a rule describ$ z k9d t[>ds memb]s ( _! own community or tribe1 enjo9 *>ity betwe5 !mselves z a duty1 & praise g5]osity z a virtue1 pp4 #edj-edf4--;,among _m savages ! old p1 9 p>ticul>1 h a claim to support & assi/ance1 p4 #edf4--,! sick (t5 c>efully att5d$ to1 pp4 #edf-edh4-- xix ,acc\nts ( un*>itable savages1 p4 #edh sq4--,among semi-civilis$ & civilis$ nations *>ity univ]sally reg>d$ z a duty1 & (t5 /r5u\sly enjo9$ by _! religions1 pp4 #edi-eef4--;,9 ! c\rse ( progress+ civilisation ! obligation ( assi/+ ! ne$y has be5 ext5d$ to wid] & wid] circles ( m51 pp4 #eef-eeh4--,! duty ( t5d+ w\nd$ enemies 9 w>1 p4 #eeh4--;,explanation ( ! gradual expansion ( ! duty ( *>ity1 p4 #eei4--,?is duty 9 ! fir/ place bas$ on ! altrui/ic s5tim5t1 p4 #eei sq4--,egoi/ic motives = ! do+ ( good to fell[-creatures1 p4 #efj4--;,by nigg>dl9ess a p]son may expose himself to sup]natural dang]s1 pp4 #efj-efb4--,lib]ality may entail sup]natural rew>d1 p4 #efb sq4 --,! curses & bless+s ( ! poor p>tly acc\nt = ! fact t *>ity has come to be reg>d$ z a religi\s duty1 pp4 #efc-efe4--,! *ief cause ( ! extraord9>y /ress :i* ! high] religions put on ! duty ( *>ity seems to lie 9 ! connection betwe5 almsgiv+ & sacrifice1 ! poor becom+ ! natural heirs ( ! god1 p4 #efe4--;,in/ances ( sacrificial food be+ left =1 or di/ribut$ among1 ! poor1 p4 #efe sq4--,almsgiv+ itself reg>d$ z a =m ( sacrifice1 or tak+ ! place ( x1 pp4 #eff-efi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,hospitality ,in/ances ( great k9dness display$ by savages t[>ds p]sons ( a =eign race1 pp4 #egj-egb4--;,hospitality a univ]sal cu/om among ! l[] races & among ! peoples ( culture at ! e>li] /ages ( _! civilisation1 pp4 #egb-egd4--,! /rang] treat$ ) special m>ks ( hon\r1 & enjoy+ extraord9>y privileges z a gue/1 pp4 #egd-egf4--;,cu/om may require t hospitality %\ld be %[n ev5 to an enemy1 p4 #egf sq4--,to protect a gue/ look$ ^u z a mo/ /r+5t duty1 p4 #egg sq4--,hospitality 9 a rem>kable degree associat$ ) religion1 pp4 #egh-ehj4--,! rules ( hospitality 9 ! ma9 bas$ on egoi/ic consid]ations1 p4 #eha4--,! /rang]1 suppos$ to br+ ) him good luck or bless+s1 pp4 #eha-ehc4--,! bless+s ( a /rang] consid]$ exceptionally p[]ful1 p4 #ehc sq4--,! visit+ /rang] reg>d$ z a pot5tial s\rce ( evil1 p4 #ehd4--;,8 evil wi%es & curses greatly fe>$1 ow+ p>tly to 8 quasi-sup]natural "*1 p>tly to ! close contact 9 :i* he comes ) ! ho/ & 8 belong+s1 pp4 #ehd-eij4--,precautions tak5 aga9/ ! visit+ /rang]1 pp4 #eij-eic4--,:y no paym5t is receiv$ f a gue/1 p4 #eic sq4--,! duty ( hospitality limit$ by "t1 p4 #eid sq4--,! cause ( ?is1 p4 #eie sq4--,! decl9e ( hospitality 9 progressive communities1 p4 #eif4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,subjection ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,! "r ( p]sonal fre$om nev] absolute1 p4 #eig4--;,among "s savages a man's *ildr5 are 9 ! p[] ( ! head ( _! "m's family or ( _! mat]nal uncle1 p4 #eig sq4--,among ! great bulk ( exi/+ savages *ildr5 are 9 ! p[] ( _! fa!r1 ?\gh he may to "s ext5t h to %>e 8 au?ority ) ! "m1 p4 #eih sq4--,! ext5t ( ! fa!r's p[] subject to great v>iations1 p4 #eii4--;,among "s savages ! fa!r's au?ority practically v slight1 p4 #eii sq4--,o!r savages by no means defici5t 9 filial piety1 p4 #fjj sq4--,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! pat]nal au?ority la/s1 p4 #fja sq4--,old age comm&s respect & gives au?ority1 pp4 #fjc-fje4--,sup]iority ( age also gives a c]ta9 am\nt xx ( p[]1 p4 #fje sq4--,! rev]5ce = old age may cease :5 ! grey-head becomes an incumbrance to ^? ar\nd him1 & imbecility may put an end to ! fa!r's au?ority ov] 8 family1 p4 #fjf sq4--,pat]nal1 or p>5tal1 au?ority & filial rev]5ce at _! height among peoples ( ar*aic culture1 pp4 #fjg-fac4--;,among ^! peoples we also meet ) rev]5ce = ! eld] bro!r1 = p]sons ( a sup]ior age g5]ally1 & especially = ! ag$1 p4 #fad sq4--,decl9e ( ! pat]nal au?ority 9 ,europe1 p4 #fae sq4--,*ri/ianity n unfav\rable to ! emancipation ( *ildr51 ?\gh ob$i5ce to p>5ts 0 enjo9$ z a ,*ri/ian duty1 p4 #faf sq4--,! ,roman notions ( pat]nal rights & filial duties h to "s ext5t surviv$ 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 p4 #fag sq4--,s\rces ( ! p>5tal au?ority1 p4 #fah sq4--,among savages1 9 p>ticul>1 filial reg>d is l>gely reg>d = "o's eld]s or ! ag$1 p4 #fai4--;,causes ( ! reg>d = old age1 pp4 #fai-fba4--,! *ief cause ( ! connection betwe5 filial submissiv5ess & religi\s beliefs ! extreme importance atta*$ to p>5tal curses & bless+s1 pp4 #fba-fbf4--,:y ! bless+s & curses ( p>5ts are suppos$ to possess an unusual p[]1 p4 #fbf sq4--,explanation ( ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! pat]nal au?ority 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate1 p4 #fbg sq4--,causes ( ! d[nfall ( ! pat]nal p[]1 p4 #fbh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,subjection ,,( ,,wives ,among ! l[] races ! wife frequ5tly said to be ! prop]ty or slave ( h] husb&1 p4 #fbi sq4--,yet ev5 9 su* cases cu/om has n left h] entirely de/itute ( rights1 p4 #fcj sq4--,! s-call$ absolute au?ority ( husb&s ov] _! wives n to be tak5 too lit]ally1 p4 #fca sq4--,! bride-price does n eo ipso conf] on ! husb& absolute rights ov] h]1 p4 #fcb sq4--,! h>de/ drudg]ies ( life (t5 said to be impos$ on ! wom51 p4 #fcc sq4--,9 e>ly society ea* sex has its own pursuits1 p4 #fcd4--,! rules accord+ to :i* ! v>i\s occupations ( life are divid$ betwe5 ! sexes are on ! :ole 9 con=mity ) ! indications giv5 by nature1 p4 #fce sq4--,?is division ( lab\r emphasis$ by cu/om & sup]/ition1 p4 #fcf sq4--,x is apt to mislead ! travell+ /rang]1 p4 #fcg4--;,x gives ! wife au?ority )9 ! circle :i* is exclusively h] own1 ibid4--,rejection ( ! broad /atem5t t ! l[] races 9 g5]al hold _! wom5 9 a /ate ( almo/ complete subjection1 pp4 #fch-fdf4--,! op9ion t a p's civilisation may be measur$ by ! position held by ! wom5 n correct1 at lea/ s f> z ! e>li] /ages ( culture are conc]n$1 p4 #fdf sq4--,! position ( woman among ! peoples ( ar*aic civilisation1 pp4 #fdg-fec4--;,*ri/ianity t5d$ to n>r[ ! rem>kable lib]ty grant$ to m>ri$ wom5 "u ! ,roman ,empire1 p4 #fec sq4--,*ri/ian or?odoxy oppos$ to ! doctr9e t m>riage %\ld be a contract on ! foot+ ( p]fect equality betwe5 husb& & wife1 p4 #fed sq4--,criticism ( ! hypo!sis t ! social /atus ( wom5 is connect$ ) ! sy/em ( trac+ desc5t1 p4 #fee sq4--,! au?ority ( a husb& :o lives ) 8 wife 9 ! h\se or community ( h] fa!r1 p4 #fef sq4--,wives' subjection to _! husb&s 9 ! fir/ place due to ! m5's in/9ctive desire to ex]t p[]1 & to ! natural inf]iority ( wom5 9 su* qualities ( body & m9d z are ess5tial = p]sonal indep5d5ce1 p4 #feg4--;,elem5ts 9 ! sexual impulse :i* lead to dom9ation on ! "p ( ! man & to submission on ! "p ( ! woman1 p4 #feg sq4--,b if ! man's dom9ation is c>ri$ beyond ! limits ( female love1 ! woman feels x z a burd51 p4 #feh sq4--,9 extreme cases ( oppression1 at any rate1 ! community at l>ge w\ld sympa?ise ) h]1 & ! public res5tm5t aga9/ ! oppressor w\ld result 9 cu/oms or laws limit+ ! xxi husb&'s rights1 p4 #fei4--,! (f5d$ woman may c\nt ^u ! support ( h] fell[-si/]s1 ibid4--,! *ildr5's affection & reg>d = _! "m gives h] p[]1 ibid4--,! influ5ce :i* economic conditions ex]cise on ! position ( woman1 pp4 #fei-ffa4--,! /atus ( wives connect$ ) ! ideas held ab\t ! female sex 9 g5]al1 p4 #ffa4--,woman reg>d$ z intellectually & morally va/ly inf]ior to man1 especially among nations m advanc$ 9 culture1 pp4 #ffa-ffc4 --,progress 9 civilisation has ex]cis$ an unfav\rable influ5ce on ! position ( woman by wid5+ ! gulf betwe5 ! sexes1 p4 #ffc4--,religion has contribut$ to h] degradation by reg>d+ h] z unclean1 p4 #ffc sq4--,wom5 exclud$ f religi\s wor%ip & sacr$ functions1 pp4 #ffd-fff4--,! notion t woman is unclean1 h[ev]1 gives h] a secret p[] ov] h] husb&1 z wom5 are suppos$ to be bett] v]s$ 9 magic ?an m51 pp4 #fff-ffh4--,! curses ( wom5 greatly fe>$1 p4 #ffh4--,woman z an asylum1 p4 #ffh sq4--,9 ar*aic civilisation ! /atus ( m>ri$ wom5 0 affect$ by ! fact t ! h\se-fa!r 0 inve/$ ) "s "p ( ! p[] :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! clan1 p4 #ffi4--;,causes ( ! decrease ( ! husb&'s au?ority ov] 8 wife 9 mod]n civilisation1 ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,slav]y ,def9ition ( slav]y1 p4 #fgj sq4--,! di/ribution ( slav]y & its causes among savages1 pp4 #fga-fgd4--,! e>lie/ s\rce ( slav]y 0 probably w> or conque/1 p4 #fgd sq4--,intra-tribal slav]y among savages1 p4 #fge sq4--,! ma/]'s p[] ov] 8 slave among slave-hold+ savages1 pp4 #fgf-fgh4--;,among ! l[] races slaves are g5]ally treat$ k9dly1 pp4 #fgh-fhj4--;,intra-tribal slaves1 especially su* z are born 9 ! h\se1 g5]ally treat$ bett] ?an extra-tribal or pur*as$ slaves1 p4 #fhj sq4--,slav]y among ! nations ( ar*aic culture1 pp4 #fha-fic4--,! attitude ( ,*ri/ianity t[>ds slav]y1 pp4 #fic-gjj4--,! suppos$ causes ( ! ext9ction ( slav]y 9 ,europe1 pp4 #fig-gja4--,! *ief cause ! trans=mation ( slav]y into s]fdom1 p4 #gja4--,s]fdom only a transitory condition lead+ up to a /ate ( entire lib]ty1 pp4 #gja-gjc4--,! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds s]fdom1 p4 #gjc sq4--,! negro slav]y 9 ! colonies ( ,european c\ntries & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ! legislation relat+ to x1 pp4 #gjd-gaa4--,! support giv5 to x by ! cl]gy1 pp4 #gaa-gac4--,! want ( sympa?y =1 or positive antipa?y to1 ! col\r$ race1 p4 #gac sq4--,! op9ions reg>d+ slav]y & ! condition ( slaves influ5c$ by altrui/ic consid]ations1 p4 #gad sq4--,! condition ( slaves influ5c$ by ! selfi% consid]ations ( _! ma/]s1 p4 #gae sq4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,,introductory ,,! ma9 object ( ?is book w p]haps be be/ expla9$ by a few words conc]n+ its orig94 ,its au?or 0 once discuss+ ) "s fri5ds ! po9t h[ f> a bad man ought to be treat$ ) k9dness4 ,! op9ions 7 divid$1 &1 9 spite ( mu* delib]ation1 unanimity c\ld n be atta9$4 ,x seem$ /range t ! disagreem5t %\ld be s radical1 & ! "q arose1 ,:5ce ?is div]sity ( op9ion8 ,is x due to defective k1 or has x a m]ely s5tim5tal orig98 ,& ! problem gradually exp&$4 ,:y d ! moral ideas 9 g5]al diff] s greatly8 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :y is !re 9 _m cases su* a wide agreem5t8 ,nay1 :y are !re any moral ideas at all8 ,s9ce !n _m ye>s h pass$1 sp5t by ! au?or 9 try+ to f9d an answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,! pres5t "w is ! result ( 8 rese>*es & ?\ghts4 ,! fir/ "p ( x w comprise a /udy ( ! moral concepts3 "r1 wrong1 duty1 ju/ice1 virtue1 m]it1 c4 ,su* a /udy w be f\nd to require an exam9ation into ! moral emotions1 _! nature & orig91 z also into ! relations betwe5 ^! emotions & ! v>i\s #b moral concepts4 ,!re w !n be a discussion ( ! ph5om5a to :i* su* concepts are appli$--! subjects ( moral judgm5ts4 ,! g5]al "* ( ^! ph5om5a w be scrut9is$1 & an answ] s\ght to ! "q :y facts ( a c]ta9 type are matt]s ( moral conc]n1 :ile o!r facts are n4 f9ally1 ! mo/ important ( ^! ph5om5a w be classifi$1 & ! moral ideas relat+ to ea* class w be /at$1 &1 s f> z possible1 expla9$4 ,an inve/igation ( ?is k9d _c be conf9$ to feel+s & ideas preval5t 9 any p>ticul> society or at any p>ticul> /age ( civilisation4 ,its subject-matt] is ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,x consequ5tly involves ! survey ( an unusually ri* & v>i$ field ( rese>*--psy*ological1 e?nographical1 hi/orical1 juridical1 !ological4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 :5 monographs on mo/ ( ! subjects involv$ are want+1 ,i presume t su* an und]tak+ is1 /rictly speak+1 too big = any man2 at any rate x is s = ! writ] ( ?is book4 ,no?+ l complet5ess c be aim$ at4 ,hypo!ses ( v>y+ degrees ( probability mu/ only too (t5 be resort$ to4 ,ev5 ! c]ta9ty ( ! /atem5ts on :i* conclusions are bas$ is n always beyond a d\bt4 ,b ?\gh fully consci\s ( ! _m defects ( 8 attempt1 ! au?or nev]!less v5tures to ?9k himself ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ x be=e ! public4 ,x seems to him t "o ( ! mo/ important objects ( human speculation _c be left 9 its pres5t /ate ( obscurity2 t at lea/ a glimpse ( light mu/ be ?r[n ^u x by rese>*es :i* h ext5d$ ov] "s fifte5 ye>s2 & t ! ma9 pr9ciples und]ly+ ! v>i\s cu/oms ( mank9d may be arriv$ at ev5 )\t subject+ ^! cu/oms to su* a full & m9ute treatm5t z w\ld be requir$ ( an an?ropological monograph4 ,possibly ?is essay1 9 spite ( its !oretical "*1 may ev5 be ( "s practical use4 ,?\gh root$ 9 ! emotional side ( our nature1 our moral #c op9ions are 9 a l>ge measure am5able to reason4 ,n[ 9 e society ! traditional notions z to :at is good or bad1 obligatory or indiff]5t1 are commonly accept$ by ! majority ( p )\t fur!r reflection4 ,by trac+ !m to _! s\rce x w be f\nd t n a few ( ^! notions h _! orig9 9 s5tim5tal lik+s & antipa?ies1 to :i* a scrut9is+ & enlight5$ judge c atta* little importance2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 he mu/ acc\nt blamable _m an act & omission :i* public op9ion1 out ( ?\ghtlessness1 treats ) indiff]5ce4 ,x w1 moreov]1 appe> t a moral e/imate (t5 survives ! cause f :i* x sprang4 ,& no unprejudic$ p]son c help *ang+ 8 views if he be p]suad$ t !y h no f\ndation 9 exi/+ facts4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,emotional ,,orig9 ,,( ,,moral ,,judgm5ts ,,t ! moral concepts are ultimately bas$ on emotions ei!r ( indignation or approval1 is a fact :i* a c]ta9 s*ool ( ?9k]s h 9 va9 attempt$ to d5y4 ,! t]ms :i* embody ^! concepts mu/ orig9ally h be5 us$--inde$ !y /ill con/antly are s us$--z direct expressions ( su* emotions ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a :i* evok$ !m4 ,m5 pron\nc$ c]ta9 acts to be good or bad on acc\nt ( ! emotions ^? acts ar\s$ 9 _! m9ds1 j z !y call$ sun%9e w>m & ice cold on acc\nt ( c]ta9 s5sations :i* !y exp]i5c$1 & z !y nam$ a ?+ pleasant or pa9ful because !y felt pleasure or pa94 ,b to attribute a quality to a ?+ is nev] ! same z m]ely to /ate ! exi/5ce ( a p>ticul> s5sation or feel+ 9 ! m9d :i* p]ceives x4 ,su* an attribution mu/ mean t ! ?+1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 makes a c]ta9 impression on ! m9d4 ,by call+ an object w>m or pleasant1 a p]son ass]ts t x is apt to produce 9 him a s5sation ( heat or a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,simil>ly1 to "n an act good or bad1 ultimately implies t x is apt to give rise to an emotion ( approval or disapproval 9 him :o pron\nces ! judgm5t4 ,:il/ n affirm+ ! actual exi/5ce ( any specific emotion 9 ! m9d ( ! p]son judg+ or ( anybody else1 ! pr$icate ( a moral judgm5t attributes to ! subject a t5d5cy to ar\se an emotion4 ,! moral #e concepts1 !n1 are ess5tially g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to call =? moral emotions4 ,h[ev]1 z is frequ5tly ! case ) g5]al t]ms1 ^! concepts are m5tion$ )\t any di/9ct idea ( _! cont5ts4 ,! relation 9 :i* _m ( !m /& to ! moral emotions is complicat$2 ! use ( !m is (t5 vague2 & e?ical !oris]s1 in/ead ( subject+ !m to a c>eful analysis1 h done _! be/ to increase ! confusion by adapt+ ! mean+ ( ! t]ms to fit _! !ories4 ,v commonly1 9 ! def9ition ( ! goodness or badness ( acts1 ref]5ce is made1 n to _! t5d5cies to evoke emotions ( approval or indignation1 b to ! causes ( ^! t5d5cies1 t is1 to ^? qualities 9 ! acts :i* call =? moral emotions4 ,?us1 because good acts g5]ally produce pleasure & bad acts pa91 goodness & badness h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! t5d5cies ( acts to produce pleasure or pa94 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,sir ,james ,/eph5 is a cle>ly express$ in/ance ( ?is confusion1 s common among utilit>ians3--,speak+ g5]ally1 ! acts :i* are call$ "r d promote1 or are suppos$ to promote g5]al happ9ess1 & ! acts :i* are call$ wrong d dim9i%1 or are suppos$ to dim9i% x4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t ?is is :at ! words '"r' & 'wrong' mean1 j z ! words 'up' & 'd[n' mean t :i* po9ts f or t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre ( gravity1 ?\gh !y are us$ by millions :o h n ! lea/ notion ( ! fact t su* is _! mean+1 & ?\gh !y 7 us$ = c5turies & mill5niums be=e any "o 0 or ev5 c\ld be aw>e ( x4#a ,s1 too1 ,b5?am ma9ta9$ t words l ought1 "r1 & wrong1 h no mean+ unless int]pret$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( utility2#b & ,james ,mill 0 ( op9ion t ! v morality ( ! act lies1 n 9 ! s5tim5ts rais$ 9 ! brea/ ( him :o p]ceives or contemplates x1 b 9 ! consequ5ces ( ! act1 good or evil1 & _! be+ #f )9 ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4#c ,he adds t a rational ass]tor ( ! pr9ciple ( utility approves ( an action because x is good1 & calls x good because x conduces to happ9ess4#d ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to inv]t ! sequ5ce ( ! facts1 s9ce1 prop]ly speak+1 an act is call$ good because x is approv$ (1 & is approv$ ( by an utilit>ian 9 s f> z x conduces to happ9ess4 ,footnote #a3 ,/eph51 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #b3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #c3 ,james ,mill1 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 pp4 #e1 #cgf4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 p4 #cfh4 ,su* confusion ( t]ms _c affect ! real mean+ ( ! moral concepts4 ,x is true t he :o holds t actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote happ9ess1 wrong z !y t5d to produce ! rev]se ( happ9ess1#e may1 by a m]ely intellectual process1 pass judgm5t on ! moral "* ( p>ticul> acts2 b1 if he is an utilit>ian f conviction1 8 fir/ pr9ciple1 at lea/1 has an emotional orig94 ,! case is simil> ) _m ( ! moral judgm5ts ord9>ily pass$ by m54 ,!y are applications ( "s accept$ g5]al rule3 con=mity or non-con=mity to ! rule decides ! rightness or wrongness ( ! act judg$ (4 ,b :e!r ! rule be ! result ( a p]son's indep5d5t d$uctions1 or be bas$ ^u au?ority1 human or div9e1 ! fact t 8 moral consci\sness recognises x z valid implies t x has an emotional sanction 9 8 own m9d4 ,footnote #e3 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #i sq4 ,:il/ ! import ( ! pr$icate ( a moral judgm5t may ?us 9 e case be trac$ back to an emotion 9 him :o pron\nces ! judgm5t1 x is g5]ally assum$ to possess ! "* ( univ]sality or objectivity z well4 ,! /atem5t t an act is good or bad does n m]ely ref] to an individual emotion2 z w be %[n subsequ5tly1 x always has ref]5ce to an emotion ( a m public "*4 ,v (t5 x ev5 implies "s vague assumption t ! act mu/ be recognis$ z good or bad by ev]ybody :o possesses a suffici5t k ( ! case & ( all att5dant circum/ances1 & :o has a suffici5tly develop$ #g moral consci\sness4 ,we are n will+ to admit t our moral convictions are a m]e matt] ( ta/e1 & we are incl9$ to reg>d convictions diff]+ f our own z errors4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( our moral judgm5ts has be5 adduc$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! emotionali/ !ory ( moral orig9s1 & has l$ to ! belief t ! moral concepts repres5t qualities :i* are disc]n$ by reason4 ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 ,price1 & ,reid are names :i* recall to our m9d a !ory accord+ to :i* ! morality ( actions is p]ceiv$ by ! intellect1 j z are numb]1 div]sity1 causation1 proportion4 ,morality is et]nal & immutable1 says ,ri*>d ,price4 ,"r & wrong1 x appe>s1 d5ote :at actions are4 ,n[ :atev] any ?+ is1 t x is1 n by w1 or degree1 or p[]1 b by nature & necessity4 ,:atev] a triangle or circle is1 t x is un*angeably & et]nally4 4 4 4 ,! same is to be said ( "r & wrong1 ( moral good & evil1 z f> z !y express real *>act]s ( actions4 ,!y mu/ immutably & necess>ily belong to ^? actions ( :i* !y are truly affirm$4#f ,& z hav+ a real exi/5ce outside ! m9d1 !y c only be disc]n$ by ! und]/&+4 ,x is true t ?is disc]nm5t is accompani$ ) an emotion3 ,"s impressions ( pleasure or pa91 satisfaction or disgu/1 g5]ally att5d our p]ceptions ( virtue & vice4 ,b ^! are m]ely _! effects & concomitants1 & n ! p]ceptions !mselves1 :i* ought no m to be conf\nd$ ) !m1 ?an a p>ticul> tru? 7l t = :i* ,py?agoras (f]$ a hecatomb7 ought to be conf\nd$ ) ! pleasure t may att5d ! discov]y ( x4#g ,footnote #f3 ,price1 ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions 9 ,morals1 pp4 #fc1 #gd sq4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 p4 #fc4 ,accord+ to ano!r doctr9e1 ! moral pr$icates1 ?\gh n reg>d$ z expressions ( !oretical tru?1 nev]!less d]ive all _! import f reason f practical or moral reason1 z x is v>i\sly #h call$4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,sidgwick holds t ! fundam5tal notions repres5t$ by ! ^w ought or "r1 :i* moral judgm5ts conta9 expressly or by implication1 are ess5tially diff]5t f all notions repres5t+ facts ( physical or psy*ical exp]i5ce1 & he ref]s su* judgm5ts to ! reason1 und]/ood z a faculty ( cognition4 ,by ?is he implies t :at ought to be is a possible object ( k1 i4e41 t :at ,i judge ought to be1 mu/1 unless ,i am 9 error1 be simil>ly judg$ by all rational be+s :o judge truly ( ! matt]4 ,! moral judgm5ts conta9 moral tru?s1 & _c legitimately be int]pret$ z judgm5ts respect+ ! pres5t or future exi/5ce ( human feel+s or any facts ( ! s5sible _w4#h ,footnote #h3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #be1 #cc sq4 ,yet our t5d5cy to objectivise ! moral judgm5ts is no suffici5t gr\nd = ref]r+ !m to ! prov9ce ( reason4 ,if1 9 ?is respect1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! judgm5ts & o!rs t are root$ 9 ! subjective sph]e ( exp]i5ce1 x is1 l>gely1 a diff]5ce 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d4 ,! ae/hetic judgm5ts1 :i* indisputably h an emotional orig91 also lay claim to a c]ta9 am\nt ( objectivity4 ,by say+ ( a piece ( music t x is beautiful1 we d n m]ely mean t x gives ourselves ae/hetic enjoym5t1 b we make a lat5t assumption t x mu/ h a simil> effect ^u ev]ybody :o is suffici5tly musical to appreciate x4 ,?is objectivity ascrib$ to judgm5ts :i* h a m]ely subjective orig9 spr+s 9 ! fir/ place f ! simil>ity ( ! m5tal con/itution ( m51 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! t5d5cy to reg>d !m z objective is great] 9 proportion z ! impressions v>y less 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,if !re is no disput+ ( ta/es1 t is because ta/e is s extremely v>iable2 & yet ev5 9 ?is in/ance we recognise a c]ta9 objective /&>d by speak+ ( a bad & a good ta/e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! appe>ance ( objectivity 9 ! moral judgm5ts is s illusive z to #i make x seem necess>y to ref] !m to reason1 t is p>tly on acc\nt ( ! comp>atively uni=m nature ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,society is ! s*ool 9 :i* m5 le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,! headma/] is ,cu/om1 & ! lessons are ! same = all4 ,! fir/ moral judgm5ts 7 pron\nc$ by public op9ion2 public indignation & public approval are ! prototypes ( ! moral emotions4 ,z reg>ds que/ions ( morality1 !re 01 9 e>ly society1 practically no diff]5ce ( op9ion2 h5ce a "* ( univ]sality1 or objectivity1 0 f ! v beg9n+ atta*$ to all moral judgm5ts4 ,& :51 ) advanc+ civilisation1 ?is unanimity 0 to "s ext5t di/urb$ by individuals v5tur+ to diss5t f ! op9ions ( ! majority1 ! disagreem5t 0 l>gely due to facts :i* 9 no way affect$ ! moral pr9ciple1 b _h ref]5ce only to its application4 ,mo/ p foll[ a v simple me?od 9 judg+ ( an act4 ,p>ticul> modes ( conduct h _! traditional labels1 _m ( :i* are le>nt ) language itself2 & ! moral judgm5t commonly consi/s simply 9 labell+ ! act accord+ to c]ta9 obvi\s *>act]i/ics :i* x pres5ts 9 common ) o!rs belong+ to ! same gr\p4 ,b a consci5ti\s & intellig5t judge proce$s 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,he c>efully exam9es all ! details connect$ ) ! act1 ! ext]nal & int]nal conditions "u :i* x 0 p]=m$1 its consequ5ces1 its motive2 &1 s9ce ! moral e/imate 9 a l>ge measure dep5ds ^u ! reg>d paid to ^! circum/ances1 8 judgm5t may diff] greatly f t ( ! man 9 ! /reet1 ev5 ?\gh ! moral /&>d :i* !y apply be exactly ! same4 ,b to acquire a full insight into all ! details :i* are apt to influ5ce ! moral value ( an act is 9 _m cases any?+ b easy1 & ?is naturally increases ! disagreem5t4 ,!re is ?us 9 e advanc$ society a div]sity ( op9ion reg>d+ ! moral value ( c]ta9 modes ( conduct :i* results f circum/ances ( a purely #aj intellectual "*--f ! k or ignorance ( positive facts1--& involves no discord 9 pr9ciple4 ,n[ x has be5 assum$ by ! advocates ( v>i\s e?ical !ories t all ! diff]5ces ( moral ideas orig9ate 9 ?is way1 & t !re is "s ultimate /&>d :i* mu/ be recognis$ z au?oritative by ev]ybody :o und]/&s x rightly4 ,accord+ to ,b5?am1 ! rectitude ( utilit>ianism has be5 conte/$ only by ^? :o h n kn[n _! own mean+3--,:5 a man attempts to combat ! pr9ciple ( utility 4 4 4 8 argum5ts1 if !y prove any?+1 prove n t ! pr9ciple is wrong1 b t1 accord+ to ! applications he supposes to be made ( x1 x is misappli$4#i ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 to :om good conduct is t :i* conduces to life 9 ea* & all1 believes t he has ! support ( ! true moral consci\sness1 or moral consci\sness prop]1 :i*1 :e!r 9 h>mony or 9 conflict ) ! pro-e?ical s5tim5t1 is vaguely or di/9ctly recognis$ z ! rightful rul]4#aj ,samuel ,cl>ke1 ! intuitioni/1 aga91 is ( op9ion t if a man end[$ ) reason d5ies ! et]nal & necess>y moral diff]5ces ( ?+s1 x is ! v same z if a man t has ! use ( 8 sight1 %\ld at ! same "t t he beholds ! sun1 d5y t !re is any su* ?+ z light 9 ! _w2 or z if a man t und]/&s ,geometry or ,ari?metick1 %\ld d5y ! mo/ obvi\s & kn[n proportions ( l9es or numb]s4#aa ,9 %ort1 all disagreem5t z to que/ions ( morals is attribut$ to ignorance or misund]/&+4 ,footnote #i3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #d sq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #de1 #ccg sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,cl>ke1 ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,un*angeable ,obligations ( ,natural ,religion1 p4 #agi4 ,! influ5ce ( intellectual consid]ations ^u moral judgm5ts is c]ta9ly imm5se4 ,we %all f9d t ! evolution ( ! moral consci\sness to a l>ge ext5t consi/s 9 its developm5t f ! unreflect+ to ! reflect+1 f ! un5light5$ to ! enlight5$4 ,all high] emotions are det]m9$ by cognitions1 !y arise #aa f ! pres5tation ( det]m9ate objective conditions2#ab & moral enlight5m5t implies a true & compreh5sive pres5tation ( ^? objective conditions by :i* ! moral emotions1 accord+ to _! v nature1 are det]m9$4 ,morality may ?us 9 a mu* high] degree ?an1 = in/ance1 beauty be a subject ( in/ruction & ( pr(itable discussion1 9 :i* p]suasion is c>ri$ by ! repres5tation ( exi/+ data4 ,b al?\gh 9 ?is way _m diff]5ces may be accord$1 !re are po9ts 9 :i* unanimity _c be rea*$ ev5 by ! mo/ accurate pres5tation ( facts or ! subtle/ process ( reason+4 ,footnote #ab3 ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & ,ae/hetics1 p4 #hc4 ,:il/ c]ta9 ph5om5a w almo/ ( necessity ar\se simil> moral emotions 9 e m9d :i* p]ceives !m cle>ly1 !re are o!rs ) :i* ! case is diff]5t4 ,! emotional con/itution ( man does n pres5t ! same uni=mity z ! human intellect4 ,c]ta9 cognitions inspire fe> 9 ne>ly e brea/2 b !re are brave m5 & c[>ds 9 ! _w1 indep5d5tly ( ! accuracy ) :i* !y realise imp5d+ dang]4 ,"s cases ( suff]+ c h>dly fail to awak5 compassion 9 ! mo/ pitiless he>t2 b ! sympa!tic dispositions ( m5 v>y greatly1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! be+s ) ^: suff]+s !y are ready to sympa?ise1 & ) ref]5ce to ! int5sity ( ! emotion4 ,! same holds good = ! moral emotions4 ,! exi/+ div]sity ( op9ion z to ! rights ( diff]5t classes ( m5 & ( ! l[] animals1 :i* spr+s f emotional diff]5ces1 may no d\bt be modifi$ by a cle>] insight into c]ta9 facts1 b no p]fect agreem5t c be expect$ z long z ! conditions "u :i* ! emotional dispositions are =m$ rema9 un*ang$4 ,:il/ an enlight5$ m9d mu/ recognise ! complete or relative irresponsibility ( an animal1 a *ild1 or a madman1 & mu/ be influ5c$ 9 its moral judgm5t by ! motives ( an act--no intellectual enlight5m5t1 no scrut9y ( facts1 c decide h[ f> ! int]e/s ( ! #ab l[] animals %\ld be reg>d$ :5 conflict+ ) ^? ( m51 or h[ f> a p]son is b\nd1 or all[$1 to promote ! welf>e ( 8 nation1 or 8 own welf>e1 at ! co/ ( t ( o!r nations or o!r individuals4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's well-kn[n moral axiom1 ,i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r1#ac w\ld1 if expla9$ to a ,fuegian or a ,hott5tot1 be reg>d$ by him1 n z self-evid5t1 b z simply absurd2 nor c x claim g5]al acceptance ev5 among ourselves4 ,:o is t ,ano!r to ^: great] good ,i ought n to pref] my own less] good8 ,a fell[-c\ntryman1 a savage1 a crim9al1 a bird1 a fi%--all )\t di/9ction8 ,x w1 p]haps1 be argu$ t on ?is1 & on all o!r po9ts ( morals1 !re w\ld be g5]al agreem5t1 if only ! moral consci\sness ( m5 7 suffici5tly develop$4#ad ,b !n1 :5 speak+ ( a suffici5tly develop$ moral consci\sness 7beyond insi/5ce ^u a full insight into ! gov]n+ facts ( ea* case71 we practically mean no?+ else ?an agreem5t ) our own moral convictions4 ,! expression is faulty & deceptive1 because1 if int5d$ to mean any?+ m1 x presupposes an objectivity ( ! moral judgm5ts :i* !y d n possess1 & at ! same "t seems to be prov+ :at x presupposes4 ,we may speak ( an intellect z suffici5tly develop$ to grasp a c]ta9 tru?1 because tru? is objective2 b x is n prov$ to be objective by ! fact t x is recognis$ z true by a suffici5tly develop$ intellect4 ,! objectivity ( tru? lies 9 ! recognition ( facts z true by all :o und]/& !m fully1 :il/ ! appeal to a suffici5t k assumes _! objectivity4 ,to ! v]dict ( a p]fect intellect1 t is1 an intellect :i* kn[s ev]y?+ exi/+1 all w\ld submit2 b we c =m no idea ( a moral consci\sness :i* c\ld lay claim to a simil> au?ority4 ,if ! believ]s 9 an all-good #ac ,god1 :o has reveal$ 8 w to mank9d1 ma9ta9 t !y 9 ?is revelation possess a p]fect moral /&>d1 & t1 consequ5tly1 :at is 9 accordance ) su* a /&>d mu/ be objectively "r1 x may be ask$ :at !y mean by an all-good ,god4 ,& 9 _! attempt to answ] ?is "q1 !y w\ld inevitably h to assume ! objectivity !y want$ to prove4 ,footnote #ac3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is1 9 fact1 0 ! explanation giv5 by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick himself 9 a conv]sation :i* ,i _h ) him reg>d+ 8 moral axioms4 ,! error we commit by attribut+ objectivity to moral e/imates becomes p>ticul>ly conspicu\s :5 we consid] t ^! e/imates h n only a c]ta9 quality1 b a c]ta9 quantity4 ,!re are diff]5t degrees ( badness & goodness1 a duty may be m or less /r+5t1 a m]it may be small] or great]4#ae ,^! quantitative diff]5ces are due to ! emotional orig9 ( all moral concepts4 ,emotions v>y 9 int5sity almo/ indef9itely1 & ! moral emotions =m no exception to ?is rule4 ,inde$1 x may be fairly d\bt$ :e!r ! same mode ( conduct ev] ar\ses exactly ! same degree ( indignation or approval 9 any two individuals4 ,_m ( ^! diff]5ces are ( c\rse too subtle to be manife/$ 9 ! moral judgm5t2 b v frequ5tly ! int5sity ( ! emotion is indicat$ by special words1 or by ! way 9 :i* ! judgm5t is pron\nc$4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! quantity ( ! e/imate express$ 9 a moral pr$icate is n id5tical ) ! int5sity ( ! moral emotion :i* a c]ta9 mode ( conduct ar\ses on a special occasion4 ,we are liable to feel m indignant if an injury is committ$ be=e our eyes ?an if we read ( x 9 a newspap]1 & yet we admit t ! degree ( wrongness is 9 bo? cases ! same4 ,! quantity ( moral e/imates is det]m9$ by ! int5sity ( ! emotions :i* _! objects t5d to evoke "u exactly simil> ext]nal circum/ances4 ,footnote #ae3 ,x w be %[n 9 a foll[+ *apt] :y !re are no degrees ( rightness4 ,?is concept implies accordance ) ! moral law4 ,! adjective "r means t duty is fulfill$4 #ad ,besides ! relative uni=mity ( moral op9ions1 !re is ano!r circum/ance :i* tempts u to objectivise moral judgm5ts1 namely1 ! au?ority :i*1 rightly or wrongly1 is ascrib$ to moral rules4 ,f our e>lie/ *ildhood we are taught t c]ta9 acts are "r & t o!rs are wrong4 ,ow+ to _! exceptional importance = human welf>e1 ! facts ( ! moral consci\sness are emphasis$ 9 a mu* high] degree ?an any o!r subjective facts4 ,we are all[$ to h our private op9ions ab\t ! beauty ( ?+s1 b we are n s readily all[$ to h our private op9ions ab\t "r & wrong4 ,! moral rules :i* are preval5t 9 ! society to :i* we belong are support$ by appeals n only to human1 b to div9e1 au?ority1 & to call 9 "q _! validity is to rebel aga9/ religion z well z aga9/ public op9ion4 ,?us ! belief 9 a moral ord] ( ! _w has tak5 h>dly less firm hold ( ! human m9d ?an ! belief 9 a natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,& ! moral law has reta9$ its au?oritativ5ess ev5 :5 ! appeal to an ext]nal au?ority has be5 reg>d$ z inadequate4 ,x fill$ ,kant ) ! same awe z ! />-spangl$ firmam5t4 ,accord+ to ,butl]1 consci5ce is a faculty 9 k9d & 9 nature supreme ov] all o!rs1 & :i* be>s its own au?ority ( be+ s4#af ,its supremacy is said to be felt & tacitly ackn[l$g$ by ! wor/ no less ?an by ! be/ ( m54#ag ,adam ,smi? calls ! moral faculties ! viceg]5ts ( ,god )9 u1 :o nev] fail to puni% ! violation ( !m by ! torm5ts ( inw>d %ame & self-condemnation2 &1 on ! contr>y1 always rew>d ob$i5ce ) tranquillity ( m9d1 ) cont5tm5t1 & self-satisfaction4#ah ,ev5 ,hut*eson1 :o raises ! "q :y ! moral s5se %\ld n v>y 9 diff]5t m5 z ! palate does1 consid]s x #ae to be naturally de/9$ to comm& all ! o!r p[]s4#ai ,footnote #af3 ,butl]1 ',s]mon ,,ii4--,^u ,human ,nature1' 9 ,analogy ( ,religion1 c4 p4 #djc4 ,footnote #ag3 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s ( ,man1 i4 #cjb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #ai3 ,hut*eson1 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 i4 #fa4 ,au?ority is an ambigu\s ^w4 ,x may indicate k ( tru?1 & x may indicate a rightful p[] to comm& ob$i5ce4 ,! au?oritativ5ess attribut$ to ! moral law has (t5 ref]5ce to bo? k9ds ( au?ority4 ,! moral lawgiv] lays d[n 8 rules 9 ord] t !y %\ld be obey$1 & !y are au?oritative 9 s f> z !y h to be obey$4 ,b he is also believ$ to "k :at is "r & wrong1 & 8 comm&s are reg>d$ z expressions ( moral tru?s4 ,z we h se51 h[ev]1 ?is latt] k9d ( au?ority involves a false assumption z to ! nature ( ! moral pr$icates1 & x _c be ju/ly inf]r$ f ! p[] to comm&4 ,aga91 if ! notion ( an ext]nal lawgiv] be put aside1 ! moral law does n g5]ally seem to possess supreme au?ority 9 ei!r s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x does n comm& ob$i5ce 9 any exceptional degree2 few laws are brok5 m frequ5tly4 ,nor c ! reg>d = x be call$ ! ma9spr+ ( action2 x is only "o spr+ out ( _m1 & v>iable l all o!rs4 ,9 "s in/ances x is ! rul+ p[] 9 a man's life1 9 o!rs x is a voice call+ 9 ! des]t2 & ! majority ( p seem to be m afraid ( ! blame or ridicule ( _! fell[m51 or ( ! p5alties ) :i* ! law ?reat5s !m1 ?an ( ! viceg]5ts ( ,god 9 _! own he>ts4 ,t mank9d pref] ! possession ( virtue to all o!r enjoym5ts1 & look ^u vice z worse ?an any o!r mis]y1#bj is un=tunately an imag9ation ( "s morali/s :o conf\nd m5 z !y are ) m5 z !y ought to be4 ,footnote #bj3 ,idem1 ,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue1 p4 #bdh4 ,x is said t ! au?ority ( ! moral law ass]ts itself e "t ! law is brok51 t virtue be>s 9 itself its own rew>d1 & vice its own puni%m5t4 ,b1 to be sure1 consci5ce is a v unju/ retribut]4 ,! m a p]son habituates himself to virtue ! m he #af %>p5s its /+1 ! deep] he s9ks 9 vice ! m he blunts x4 ,:il/ ! be/ m5 h ! mo/ s5sitive consci5ces1 ! wor/ h h>dly any consci5ce at all4 ,x is argu$ t ! habitual s9n] has rid himself ( remorse at a great co/2#ba b x may be fairly d\bt$ :e!r ! loss is an adequate p5alty = 8 wick$ness4 ,we are rem9d$ t m5 are rew>d$ = good & puni%$ = bad acts by ! moral feel+s ( _! neighb\rs4 ,b public op9ion & law judge ( detect$ acts only4 ,_! judgm5t is seldom bas$ ^u an exhau/ive exam9ation ( ! case4 ,!y (t5 apply a /&>d :i* is itself op5 to criticism4 ,& ! feel+s ) :i* m5 reg>d _! fell[-creatures1 & :i* are "s ( ! ma9 s\rces ( human happ9ess & suff]+1 h (t5 v little to d ) morality4 ,a p]son is respect$ or prais$1 blam$ or despis$1 on o!r gr\nds ?an 8 "*4 ,nay1 ! admiration :i* m5 feel = g5ius1 c\rage1 pluck1 /r5g?1 or accid5tal success1 is (t5 sup]ior 9 int5sity to ! admiration !y feel = virtue4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ziegl]1 ,social ,e?ics1 p4 #ajc4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! supreme au?ority assign$ to ! moral law is n altoge!r an illusion4 ,x really exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( ! be/1 & is nom9ally ackn[l$g$ by ! _m4 ,by ?is ,i d n ref] to ! univ]sal admission t ! moral law1 :e!r obey$ or n1 ought "u all circum/ances to be obey$2 = ?is is ! same z to say t :at ought to be ought to be4 ,b x is recognis$1 9 !ory at lea/1 t morality1 ei!r alone or 9 connection ) religion1 possesses a high] value ?an any?+ else2 t rightness & goodness are pref]able to all o!r k9ds ( m5tal sup]iority1 z well z ( physical excell5ce4 ,if ?is !ory is n m commonly act$ ^u1 t is due to its be+1 9 mo/ p1 mu* less ! outcome ( _! own feel+s ?an ( in/ruction f ! outside4 ,x is ultimately traceable to "s great tea*] ^: own m9d 0 rul$ by ! ideal ( moral p]fection1 & ^: #ag words became sacr$ on acc\nt ( 8 supreme wisdom1 l ,confucius or ,buddha1#bb or on religi\s gr\nds1 l ,jesus4 ,! au?ority ( ! moral law is ?us only an expression ( a /rongly develop$1 ov]rul+ moral consci\sness4 ,x c h>dly1 z ,mr4 ,sidgwick ma9ta9s1 be said to dep5d ^u ! conception ( ! objectivity ( duty4#bc ,on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a cause ( ?is conception--n only1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 :]e x is traceable to "s ext]nal au?ority1 b :]e x results f ! /r5g? ( ! individual's own moral emotions4 ,z cle>ness & di/9ctness ( ! conception ( an object easily produces ! belief 9 its tru?1 s ! int5sity ( a moral emotion makes him :o feels x dispos$ to objectivise ! moral e/imate to :i* x gives rise1 9 o!r words1 to assign to x univ]sal validity4 ,! en?usia/ is m likely ?an anybody else to reg>d 8 judgm5ts z true1 & s is ! moral en?usia/ ) ref]5ce to 8 moral judgm5ts4 ,! int5sity ( 8 emotions makes him ! victim ( an illusion4 ,footnote #bb3 ,besides ! ideal k+1 ! p]sonification ( ,p[] & ,ju/ice1 ano!r ideal has play$ an important "p 9 ! =mation ( e>ly ,buddhi/ ideas reg>d+ _! ,ma/]4 4 4 4 ,x 0 ! ideal ( a p]fectly ,wise ,man1 ! p]sonification ( ,wisdom1 ! ,buddha 7,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,"s ,po9ts 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 p4 #ada74 ,footnote #bc3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajd4 ,! presum$ objectivity ( moral judgm5ts ?us be+ a *im]a1 !re c be no moral tru? 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! ultimate reason = ?is is1 t ! moral concepts are bas$ ^u emotions1 & t ! cont5ts ( an emotion fall entirely outside ! category ( tru?4 ,b x may be true or n t we h a c]ta9 emotion1 x may be true or n t a giv5 mode ( conduct has a t5d5cy to evoke 9 u moral indignation or moral approval4 ,h5ce a moral judgm5t is true or false accord+ z its subject has or has n t t5d5cy :i* ! pr$icate attributes to x4 ,if ,i say t x is wrong to resi/ evil1 & yet resi/ance to evil has no t5d5cy :atev] to call #ah =? 9 me an emotion ( moral disapproval1 !n my judgm5t is false4 ,if !re are no g5]al moral tru?s1 ! object ( sci5tific e?ics _c be to fix rules = human conduct1 ! aim ( all sci5ce be+ ! discov]y ( "s tru?4 ,x has be5 said by ,b5?am & o!rs t moral pr9ciples _c be prov$ because !y are fir/ pr9ciples :i* are us$ to prove ev]y?+ else4#bd ,b ! real reason = _! be+ inaccessible to demon/ration is t1 ow+ to _! v nature1 !y c nev] be true4 ,if ! ^w ,e?ics1 !n1 is to be us$ z ! "n = a sci5ce1 ! object ( t sci5ce c only be to /udy ! moral consci\sness z a fact4#be ,footnote #bd3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #d4 ,cf4 ,hffd+1 ,etik1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #be3 ,cf4 ,simmel1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft1 i4 p4 iii4 sq42 ,we/]m>ck1 ',normative und psy*ologis*e ,e?ik1' 9 ,dritt] ,int]national] ,congress fr ,psy*ologie 9 ,mn*51 p4 #dbh sq4 ,e?ical subjectivism is commonly held to be a dang]\s doctr9e1 de/ructive to morality1 op5+ ! door to all sorts ( lib]t9ism4 ,if t :i* appe>s to ea* man z "r or good1 /&s = t :i* is "r or good2 if he is all[$ to make 8 own law1 or to make no law at all2 !n1 x is said1 ev]ybody has ! natural "r to foll[ 8 caprice & incl9ations1 & to h9d] him f do+ s is an infr+em5t on 8 rights1 a con/ra9t ) :i* no "o is b\nd to comply provid$ t he has ! p[] to evade x4 ,?is inf]5ce 0 long ago drawn f ! tea*+ ( ! ,sophi/s1#bf & x w no d\bt be /ill repeat$ z an argum5t aga9/ any !ori/ :o d>es to ass]t t no?+ c be said to be truly "r or wrong4 ,footnote #bf3 ,zell]1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy1 ii4 #dge4 ,to ?is argum5t may1 fir/1 be object$ t a sci5tific !ory is n invalidat$ by ! m]e fact t x is likely to cause mis*ief4 ,! un=tunate circum/ance t !re d exi/ dang]\s ?+s 9 ! _w1 proves t some?+ may be dang]\s & yet true4 ,ano!r "q is :e!r any sci5tific tru? really is mis*iev\s #ai on ! :ole1 al?\gh x may cause mu* discom=t to c]ta9 p4 ,i v5ture to believe t ?is1 at any rate1 is n ! case ) t =m ( e?ical subjectivism :i* ,i am "h advocat+4 ,! *>ge br\ght aga9/ ! ,sophi/s does n at all apply to x4 ,i d n ev5 subscribe to t beautiful mod]n sophism :i* admits e man's consci5ce to be an infallible guide4 ,if we _h to recognise1 or r if we did recognise1 z "r ev]y?+ :i* is held to be "r by anybody1 savage or ,*ri/ian1 crim9al or sa9t1 morality w\ld really suff] a s]i\s loss4 ,b we d n1 & we _c1 d s4 ,my moral judgm5ts are my own judgm5ts2 !y spr+ f my own moral consci\sness2 !y judge ( ! conduct ( o!r m5 n f _! po9t ( view b f m9e1 n ) prim>y ref]5ce to _! op9ions ab\t "r & wrong1 b ) ref]5ce to my own4 ,mo/ ( u inde$ admit t1 :5 judg+ ( an act1 we also ought to take into consid]ation ! moral conviction ( ! ag5t1 & ! agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 8 do+ & 8 idea ( :at he ought to d4 ,b al?\gh we hold x to be wrong ( a p]son to act aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 we may at ! same "t blame him = hav+ su* a consci5ce z he has4 ,e?ical subjectivism cov]s all su* cases4 ,x c]ta9ly does n all[ ev]ybody to foll[ 8 own incl9ations2 nor does x l5d sanction to arbitr>9ess & caprice4 ,our moral consci\sness belongs to our m5tal con/itution1 :i* we _c *ange z we please4 ,we approve & we disapprove because we _c d o!rwise4 ,c we help feel+ pa9 :5 ! fire burns u8 ,c we help sympa?is+ ) our fri5ds8 ,are ^! ph5om5a less necess>y or less p[]ful 9 _! consequ5ces1 because !y fall )9 ! subjective sph]e ( exp]i5ce8 ,s1 too1 :y %\ld ! moral law comm& less ob$i5ce because x =ms "p ( our own nature8 ,f> f be+ a dang]1 e?ical subjectivism seems to me m likely to be an acquisition = moral practice4 #bj ,c\ld x be br\ght home to p t !re is no absolute /&>d 9 morality1 !y w\ld p]haps be some:at m tol]ant 9 _! judgm5ts1 & m apt to li/5 to ! voice ( reason4 ,if ! "r has an objective exi/5ce1 ! moral consci\sness has c]ta9ly be5 play+ at bl9dman's buff ev] s9ce x 0 born1 & w cont9ue to d s until ! ext9ction ( ! human race4 ,b :o does admit ?is8 ,! popul> m9d is always incl9$ to believe t x possesses ! k ( :at is "r & wrong1 & to reg>d public op9ion z ! reliable guide ( conduct4 ,we h1 inde$1 no reason to regret t !re are m5 :o rebel aga9/ ! e/abli%$ rules ( morality2 x is m deplorable t ! rebels are s few1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! old rules *ange s sl[ly4 ,f> above ! vulg> idea t ! "r is a settl$ some?+ to :i* ev]ybody has to adju/ 8 op9ions1 rises ! conviction t x has its exi/5ce 9 ea* individual m9d1 capable ( any expansion1 proclaim+ its own "r to exi/1 &1 if ne$ be1 v5tur+ to make a /& aga9/ ! :ole _w4 ,su* a conviction makes = progress4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions ,,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x 0 ass]t$1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t ! moral concepts are bas$ on emotions1 & ! lead+ argum5ts to ! contr>y 7 met4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e ! nature ( ! moral emotions4 ,^! emotions are ( two k9ds3 disapproval1 or indignation1 & approval4 ,!y h 9 common *>act]i/ics :i* make !m moral emotions1 9 di/9ction f o!rs ( a non-moral "*1 b at ! same "t bo? ( !m belong to a wid] class ( emotions1 :i* ,i call retributive emotions4 ,aga91 !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 po9ts :i* make ea* ( !m alli$ to c]ta9 non-moral retributive emotions1 disapproval to ang] & rev5ge1 & approval to t k9d ( retributive k9dly emotion :i* 9 its mo/ develop$ =m is gratitude4 ,!y may ?us1 on ! "o h&1 be reg>d$ z two di/9ct divisions ( ! moral emotions1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 disapproval1 l ang] & rev5ge1 =ms a sub-species ( res5tm5t1 & approval1 l gratitude1 =ms a sub-species ( retributive k9dly emotion4 ,! foll[+ diagram w help to elucidate ! matt]3-- ,retributive ,emotions4 ---------------------------------------- ,res5tm5t4 ,retributive ,k9dly ,emotion4 ----------------- --------------------------- ,ang] & ,moral ,moral ,non-moral retributive ,rev5ge4 disapproval4 approval ,k9dly ,emotion1 includ+ ,gratitude4 --------------- ,moral ,emotions4 #bb ,t moral disapproval is a k9d ( res5tm5t & ak9 to ang] & rev5ge1 & t moral approval is a k9d ( retributive k9dly emotion & ak9 to gratitude1 are1 ( c\rse1 /atem5ts :i* call = pro(4 ,an analysis ( all ^! emotions1 & a detail$ /udy ( ! causes :i* evoke !m1 w1 ,i hope1 be> out ! correctness ( my classification4 ,9 ?is connection only ! analysis c be attempt$4 ,! /udy ( causes w be involv$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subjects ( moral judgm5ts4 ,res5tm5t may be describ$ z an aggressive attitude ( m9d t[>ds a cause ( pa94 ,ang] is sudd5 res5tm5t1 9 :i* ! ho/ile reaction aga9/ ! cause ( pa9 is unre/ra9$ by delib]ation4 ,rev5ge1 on ! o!r h&1 is a m delib]ate =m ( non-moral res5tm5t1 9 :i* ! ho/ile reaction is m or less re/ra9$ by reason & calculation4#a ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to draw any di/9ct limit betwe5 ^! two types ( res5tm5t1 z also to disc]n :]e an actual desire to inflict pa9 comes 94 ,9 its primitive =m1 ang]1 ev5 :5 direct$ aga9/ a liv+ be+1 conta9s a vehem5t impulse to remove ! cause ( pa9 )\t any real desire to produce suff]+4#b ,ang] is /rik+ly %[n by _m fi%1 & notori\sly by /icklebacks :5 _! t]ritory is invad$ by o!r /icklebacks4 ,9 su* circum/ances ( provocation ! :ole animal *anges col\r1 &1 d>t+ at ! trespass]1 %[s rage & fury 9 e movem5t2#c b we c h>dly believe t any idea ( inflict+ pa9 is pres5t to its m9d4 ,z we proce$ /ill l[] d[n ! scale ( animal life we f9d ! conative elem5t itself gradually dw9dle away until no?+ is left b m]e reflex action4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,ribot1 ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bbj sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,!re are "s good rem>ks on ?is 9 ,mr4 ,hiram ,/anley's ,/udies 9 ! ,evolution>y ,psy*ology ( ,feel+1 p4 #ach sq4 ,footnote #c3 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 p4 #bdf sqq4 ,t ! fury ( an injur$ animal turns aga9/ ! real or assum$ cause ( its injury is a matt] ( notoriety1 & ev]ybody kn[s t ! same is ! case ) ! #bc ang] ( a *ild4 ,no d\bt1 z ,pr(essor ,sully obs]ves1 hitt+ out "r & left1 ?r[+ ?+s d[n on ! floor & break+ !m1 h[l+1 wild agitat$ movem5ts ( ! arms & :ole body1 ^! are ! outw>d v5ts :i* ! gu/ ( *ildi% fury is apt to take4#d ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we "k well en\gh t ,d>w9's little boy1 :o became a great adept at ?r[+ books & /icks at any "o :o (f5d$ him1#e 0 9 ?is respect no exceptional *ild4 ,t[>ds ! age ( "o ye>1 accord+ to ,m4 ,p]ez1 *ildr5 w beat p1 animals1 & inanimate objects if !y are angry ) !m2 !y w ?r[ _! toys1 _! food1 _! plate1 any?+1 9 %ort1 t is at h&1 at ! p :o h displeas$ !m4#f ,t a simil> discrim9ation *>act]ises ! res5tm5t ( a savage is a fact ^u :i* x is necess>y to dwell at "s l5g? = ! reason t x has be5 disput$1 & because !re are "s seem+ anomalies :i* require an explanation4 ,footnote #d3 ,sully1 ,/udies 9 ,*ildhood1 p4 #bcb sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,d>w91 ',biographical ,sket* ( an ,infant1' 9 ,m9d1 ii4 #bhh4 ,footnote #f3 ,p]ez1 fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #ff sq4 ,9 a compreh5sive "w1#g ,dr4 ,/e9metz has made ! feel+ ( rev5ge ! object ( a detail$ inve/igation1 :i* _c be left unnotic$4 ,! ultimate conclusions at :i* he has arriv$ are ^!3 ,rev5ge is ess5tially root$ 9 ! feel+ ( p[] & sup]iority4 ,x arises consequ5tly ^u ! exp]i5ce ( injury1 & its aim is to enhance ! self-feel+ :i* has be5 l[]$ or degrad$ by ! injury suff]$4 ,x answ]s ?is purpose be/ if x is direct$ aga9/ ! aggressor himself1 b x is n ess5tial to x t x %\ld take any det]m9ate direction1 =1 p] se1 & orig9ally1 x is undirect$4#h ,footnote #g3 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe4 ,footnote #h3 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is !ory is n new4 ,dr4 ,paul ,re1 9 8 book ,die ,ent/ehung des ,gewiss5s1 has pron\nc$ rev5ge to be a reaction aga9/ ! feel+ ( inf]iority :i* ! aggressor impresses ^u 8 victim4 ,! injur$ man1 he says 7ibid4 p4 #dj7 is naturally reluctant to feel himself inf]ior to ano!r man1 & consequ5tly /rives1 by av5g+ ! aggression1 to %[ himself equal or ev5 sup]ior to ! aggressor4 ,a simil> view 0 previ\sly express$ by ,s*op5hau] 7,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a1 ii4 #dge sq474 ,b ,dr4 ,/e9metz has elaborat$ 8 !ory ) an indep5d5ce & fulness :i* make any "q ( priority q insignificant4 #bd ,we are told1 9 fact1 t ! fir/ /age ?r\gh :i* rev5ge pass$ )9 ! human race 0 *>act]is$ by a total1 or almo/ total1 want ( discrim9ation4 ,! aim ( ! (f5d$ man 0 m]ely to raise 8 injur$ self-feel+ by inflict+ pa9 ^u somebody else1 & 8 savage desire 0 satisfi$ :e!r ! man on :om he wreak$ 8 wra? 0 guilty or innoc5t4#i ,no d\bt1 !re 7 f ! outset in/ances 9 :i* ! (f5d] himself 0 purposely made ! victim1 especially if he 0 a fell[-tribesman2 b x 0 n really due to ! feel+ ( rev5ge if ! suff]+ 0 inflict$ ^u him1 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,ev5 primitive man mu/ h f\nd out t v5geance direct$ aga9/ ! actual culprit1 besides be+ a /rong det]r5t to o!rs1 0 a capital means ( mak+ a dang]\s p]son h>mless4 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,/e9metz adds1 ^! advantages %\ld n be ov]e/imat$1 z ev5 indiscrim9ate rev5ge has a det]r+ influ5ce on ! malefactor4#aj ,9 e>ly times1 !n1 v5geance1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 0 9 ! ma9 undirect$4 ,footnote #i3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 #cee1 #cef1 #cei1 #efa4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid4 i4 #cfb4 ,at ! next /age x becomes1 he says1 some:at less indiscrim9ate4 ,a prop] victim is s\ght = ev5 9 cases ( :at we %\ld call natural dea?1 :i* ! savage g5]ally attributes to ! ill-w ( "s foe skill$ 9 sorc]y2#aa ?\gh inde$ ,dr4 ,/e9metz d\bts :e!r 9 su* cases ! un=tunate suff]] is really suppos$ to h committ$ ! de$ imput$ to him4#ab ,at all ev5ts1 a ne$ is felt ( *oos+ somebody = a victim1 & undirect$ v5geance gradually gives way to direct$ v5geance4 ,a rude specim5 ( ?is is ! blood-feud1 9 :i* ! individual culprit is left out ( consid]ation1 b w> is c>ri$ on aga9/ ! gr\p ( :i* he is a memb]1 ei!r 8 family or 8 tribe4 ,& #be f ?is sy/em ( jo9t responsibility we f9ally come1 by sl[ degrees1 says ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 to ! mod]n conception1 accord+ to :i* puni%m5t %\ld be inflict$ ^u ! crim9al & nobody else4#ac ,dr4 ,/e9metz believes t ! vis ag5s 9 ?is long process ( evolution lies 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! human race3 man f\nd out m & m di/9ctly t ! be/ means ( re/ra9+ wrongs 0 to puni% a c]ta9 p]son1 namely1 ! wrong-do]4#ad ,on ?is utilit>ian calculation our au?or lays mu* /ress 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 inve/igation2 :]eas 9 ano!r place he obs]ves t a rev5ge :i* is direct$ aga9/ ! (f5d] is p>ticul>ly apt to remove ! feel+ ( inf]iority1 by effectually humiliat+ ! hi!rto triumphant foe4#ae ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 i4 #cef sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid4 i4 #cei sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 #cfa4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibid4 i4 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfa sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 i4 #aaa4 ,9 ?is hi/orical acc\nt ! ma9 po9ts ( int]e/ are ! initial /age ( undirect$ v5geance1 & ! way 9 :i* su* v5geance gradually became discrim9ate4 ,if1 9 primitive times1 a man did n c>e 9 ! lea/ on :om he retaliat$ an injury1 !n ( c\rse ! direction ( 8 v5geance c\ld n be ess5tial to ! rev5ge itself1 b w\ld be m]ely a lat] app5dix to x4 ,! "q is1 :at evid5ce c ,dr4 ,/e9metz adduce to support 8 !ory8 ,( primitive man we h no direct exp]i5ce2 no savage p n[ exi/+ is a fai?ful repres5tative ( him1 ei!r physically or m5tally4 ,yet h[ev] greatly ! human race has *ang$1 primitive man is n altoge!r dead4 ,traits ( 8 "* /ill l+] 9 8 desc5dants2 & ( primitive rev5ge1 we are told1 !re are suffici5t survivals left4#af ,footnote #af3 ,ibid4 i4 #cfd4 ,"u ! head+ ,p]fectly ,undirect$ ,rev5ge1 ,dr4 ,/e9metz sets out sev]al alleg$ cases ( su* s-call$ survivals#ag #a4 ,an ,indian ( ! ,omaha tribe1 :o 0 kick$ out ( a trad+ e/abli%m5t :i* he _h be5 =bidd5 to ent]1 decl>$ 9 a rage t he w\ld rev5ge himself = an injury s gross1 &1 seek+ "s object to de/roy1 he enc\nt]$ a #bf s[ & pigs1 & appeas$ 8 rage by putt+ !m all to dea?4 #b4 ,! p ( t same tribe believe t if a man :o has be5 /ruck by lightn+ is n buri$ 9 ! prop] way1 & 9 ! place :]e he has be5 kill$1 8 _s w n re/ 9 peace1 b w walk ab\t till ano!r p]son is sla9 by lightn+ & laid beside him4 #c4 ,at ! burial ( a ,l\*eux ,indian1 ! relatives sometimes w cut & lac]ate _! bodies1 or1 z sometimes happ5s1 w1 9 a fit ( rev5ge aga9/ fate1 /ab "s poor1 fri5dless p]son :o may be soj\rn+ among !m4 #d4 ,! ,navahoes1 :5 jeal\s ( _! wives1 are apt to wreak _! sple5 & ill-w ^u ! fir/ p]son :om !y *ance to meet4 #e4 ,! ,great ,eskimo1 z x is report$1 once aft] a sev]e epidemic swore to kill all :ite p :o might v5ture into _! c\ntry4 #f4 ,! ,au/ralian fa!r1 ^: little *ild happ5s to hurt itself1 attacks 8 innoc5t neighb\rs1 believ+ t he ?us di/ributes ! pa9 among !m & consequ5tly less5s ! suff]+ ( ! *ild4 #g4 ,! ,brazilian ,tupis ate ! v]m9 :i* mole/$ !m1 = ! sake ( rev5ge2 & if "o ( !m /ruck 8 foot aga9/ a /one1 he rag$ ov] x & bit x1 :il/1 if he 7 w\nd$ ) an arr[1 he pluck$ x out & gnaw$ ! %aft4 #h4 ,! ,dacotahs av5ge !ft by /eal+ ! prop]ty ( ! ?ief or ( somebody else4 #i4 ,among ! ,t%atrali 7,pamir71 if a man is robb$ ( 8 meat by a neighb\r's dog1 he w1 9 a fit ( rage1 n only kill ! (f5d+ dog1 b w1 9 addition1 kick 8 own4 #aj4 ,9 ,new ,gu9ea ! be>]s ( evil tid+s sometimes get knock$ on ! head dur+ ! fir/ outbur/ ( indignation evok$ by _! news4 #aa4 ,"s natives ( ,motu1 :o _h rescu$ two %ipwreck$ crews & safely br\ght !m to _! home 9 ,port ,moresby1 7 attack$ !re by ! v fri5ds ( ^? !y _h sav$1 ! reason = ?is be+ t ! ,port ,moresby p 7 angry at ! loss ( ! canoes1 & c\ld n be> t ! ,motuans 7 happy :ile !y !mselves 7 9 tr\ble4 #ab4 ,ano!r /ory f ,new ,gu9ea tells u ( a man :o kill$ "s innoc5t p]sons1 because he _h be5 disappo9t$ 9 8 plans & depriv$ ( valuable prop]ty4 #ac4 ,among ! ,maoris x sometimes happ5$ t ! fri5ds ( a murd]$ man kill$ ! fir/ man :o came 9 _! way1 :e!r enemy or fri5d4 #ad4 ,among ! same p1 *iefs :o _h suff]$ "s loss (t5 us$ to rob _! subjects ( prop]ty 9 ord] to make good ! damage4 #ae4 ,if ! son ( a ,maori is hurt1 8 mat]nal relatives1 to ^: tribe he is consid]$ to belong1 come to pillage 8 fa!r's h\se or village4 #af4 ,if #bg a tree falls on a ,kuki 8 fell[s *op x up1 & if "o ( t tribe kills himself by fall+ f a tree ! tree f :i* he fell is promptly cut d[n4 #ag4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,daghe/an1 :5 ! cause ( a dea? is unkn[n1 ! relatives ( ! deceas$ decl>e "s p]son *os5 at r&om to h murd]$ him1 & retaliate 8 dea? ^u t p]son4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid4 i4 #cah sqq4 ,i h be5 oblig$ to enum]ate all ^! cases = ! reason t a !ory _c be satisfactorily refut$ unless on its own gr\nd4 ,i may confess at once t ,i sc>cely ev] saw an hypo!sis v9dicat$ by ! aid ( m futile evid5ce4 ,! cases #g & #af illu/rate j ! rev]se ( undirect$ rev5ge1 &1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! animi/ic beliefs ( savages1 pres5t little to a/oni% u4 ,9 case #ag ! guilt is c]ta9ly imput$ to somebody at r&om1 b only :5 ! culprit is unkn[n4 ,cases #a1 #d1 #aj & #ab & p]haps also #aa1 imply t rev5ge is tak5 ^u an innoc5t p>ty 9 a fit ( passion2 9 cases #a & #ab ! (f5d] himself _c be got at1 9 case #aj ! man :o is knock$ on ! head appe>s = ! mom5t z ! imm$iate cause ( ! grief or indignation evok$1 :ile case #aa exhibits envy comb9$ ) extreme +ratitude4 ,9 case #i ! ang] is *iefly direct$ aga9/ ! guilty dog1 & aga9/ ! innoc5t "o evid5tly by an association ( ideas4 ,cases #h & #ad illu/rate indemnification = loss ( prop]ty1 & 9 case #h ! ?ief himself is specifically m5tion$ fir/4 ,9 case #ae ! rev5g+ attack is made ^u ! prop]ty ( ^? p among :om ! *ild lives1 & :o may be consid]$ responsible = ! loss its mat]nal clan su/a9s by ! injury4 ,case #f m]ely %[s ! attempt ( a sup]/iti\s fa!r to less5 ! suff]+ ( 8 *ild4 ,z reg>ds case #e1 ,petitot1 :o has record$ x1 says expressly t ! :ite p 7 suppos$ to h caus$ ! epidemic by displeas+ ! god ,tornr>k4#ah ,case #b po9ts to a sup]/iti\s belief :i* is int]e/+ en\gh 9 itself1 b :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 is )\t any be>+ :atev] on ! po9t we are discuss+4 ,case #c looks l a dea?-(f]+4 ,! /abb+ ( an innoc5t p]son is m5tion$ 9 connection )1 or r z an alt]native to1 ! self-lac]ation ( ! m\rn]s1 :i* la/ has probably a sacrificial "*4 ,moreov]1 !re is 9 ?is case no "q ( a culprit4 ,9 case #ac1 f9ally1 ! idea ( sacrifice is v conspicu\s4 ,dr4 ,/e9metz has borr[$ 8 /atem5t f ,waitz1 ^: acc\nt is incomplete4 ,dieff5ba*1 ! orig9al au?ority1 says t ! cu/om 9 "q 0 call$ by ! ,maori taua tapu1 i4e41 sacr$ fight1 #bh or taua toto1 i4e41 fight = blood4 ,he describes x z foll[s3--,if blood has be5 %$1 a p>ty sally =? & kill ! fir/ p]son !y fall 9 )1 :e!r an enemy or belong+ to _! own tribe2 ev5 a bro!r is sacrific$4 ,if !y d n fall 9 ) anybody1 ! tohunga 7t is1 ! prie/7 pulls up "s grass1 ?r[s x into a riv]1 & repeats "s incantation4 ,aft] ?is c]emony1 ! kill+ ( a bird1 or any liv+ ?+ t comes 9 _! way1 is reg>d$ z suffici5t1 provid$ t blood is actually %$4 ,all :o p>ticipate 9 su* an excursion are tapu1 & are n all[$ ei!r to smoke or to eat any?+ b indig5\s food4#ai ,x seems probable t ?is c]emony 0 und]tak5 9 ord] to appease ! enrag$ _s ( ! dead1#bj & at ! same "t x may h be5 int5d$ to refre% ! _s ) blood4#ba ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is1 ,:y 0 n 8 dea? av5g$ ^u ! actual culprit8 ,to ?is ,dr4 ,/e9metz w\ld answ] t ! deceas$ 0 ?\ght to be indiscrim9ate 9 8 crav+ = v5geance4#bb ,b s f> z ! res5tm5t ( ! dead is conc]n$1 ! sacr$ fight ( ! ,maoris only seems to illu/rate ! impulsive "* ( ang]4 ,f ,dieff5ba*'s description ( x1 x is obvi\s t ! fri5ds ( ! sla9 man consid]$ x to be a matt] ( p>am\nt importance t blood %\ld be %$ imm$iately4 ,if no human be+ came 9 _! way1 an animal 0 kill$1 b !n an incantation 0 utt]$ be=eh&4 ,i presume t ! reason = ?is 0 ! t]ror :i* ! suppos$ wra? ( ! dead man's _s /ruck into ! liv+1 comb9$ p]haps ) ! idea t x 0 9 imm$iate ne$ ( fre% blood4 ,! ,maoris consid]$ all spirits ( ! dead to be malici\sly incl9$ t[>ds !m1#bc & ! gho/ ( a p]son :o _h di$ a viol5t dea? 0 c]ta9ly look$ ^u z especially dang]\s4 ,! crav+ = in/antane\s %$d+ ( blood is ev5 m conspicu\s 9 ano!r case :i* may be appropriately m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! ,aetas ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 we are told1 d n always #bi wait = ! dea? ( ! afflict$ be=e !y bury him4 ,imm$iately aft] ! body has be5 deposit$ 9 ! grave1 x becomes necess>y1 accord+ to _! usages1 t 8 dea? %\ld be av5g$4 ,! hunt]s ( ! tribe g out ) _! lances & arr[s to kill ! fir/ liv+ creature !y meet )1 :e!r a man1 a /ag1 a wild hog1 or a buffalo4#bd ,dr4 ,/e9metz himself quotes "s o!r in/ances f ! same gr\p ( isl&s1 9 :i*1 :5 a man dies1 8 ne>e/ k9sm5 g out to requite 8 dea? by ! dea? ( ! fir/ man :o comes 9 _! way4#be ,x is wor? notic+ t ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s h ! v wor/ op9ion ( _! gho/s1 & believe t ^! are p>ticul>ly blood?ir/y soon aft] dea?4#bf ,footnote #ah3 ,petitot1 ,les ,gr&s ,esqimaux1 p4 #bjg sq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #abg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #abi4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! latt] object is sugge/$ by "s fun]al c]emonies :i* w be notic$ 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,among ! ,dyaks1 a fa!r :o lo/ 8 *ild w\ld g out & kill ! fir/ man he met1 z a fun]al c]emony1 believ+ t he ?us provid$ ! deceas$ ) a slave to accompany him to ! habitation ( s\ls 7,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dei74 ,among ! ,g>os1 x 0 =m]ly ! practice1 :5ev] ! dea? ( a great man among/ !m occurr$1 to s5d out a p>ty ( assass9s to murd] & br+ back ! head ( ! fir/ ,b5gali !y met4 ,! victims s immolat$ w\ld1 x 0 suppos$1 be acceptable to _! gods 7,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #fh74 ,footnote #bb3 ,cf4 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 #cdc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #bd3 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #be3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 #cce sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,blum5tritt1 ',d] ,ahn5cultus d] ,malai5 des ,philipp95-,ar*ipels' 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,geogr4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xxv4 #aff sqq4 ,de ,mas1 ,in=me sobre el e/ado de las ,islas filip9as en #ahdb1 ,orij51 c4 p4 #ae4 ,dr4 ,/e9metz also ref]s to "s /atem5ts accord+ to :i*1 among c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes1 ! relatives ( a p]son :o dies av5ge 8 dea? by kill+ an innoc5t man4#bg ,b 9 ^! cases ! av5g$ dea?1 ?\gh natural accord+ to our t]m9ology1 is1 9 ! belief ( ! savages1 caus$ by sorc]y1 & ! rev5ge is n s indiscrim9ate z ,dr4 ,/e9metz seems to assume4 ,among ! ,well+ton tribe1 z appe>s f a /atem5t :i* he quotes himself1 x is ! sorc]]'s life t mu/ be tak5 = satisfaction4#bh ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 aft] ! dead man has be5 int]rogat$ z to ! cause ( 8 dea?1 8 k9sm5 are resolute 9 tak+ v5geance1 if !y imag9e t !y h got sure indications ( ! p]petrator ( ! wrong4#bi ,among ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1 n infrequ5tly ! dy+ man w :isp] 9 ! e> ( a ,railt*awa1 or m$ic9e man1 ! "n ( ! man ^: magic is kill+ him1 & if ?is be n done1 !re is no difficulty1 by "s o!r me?od1 ( fix+ soon] or lat] on ! guilty p>ty2 b only aft] ! culprit has be5 reveal$ by ! m$ic9e man is x decid$ by a c\ncil ( ! old m5 :e!r an av5g+ p>ty is to be arrang$ or n4#cj ,among ! aborig9es ( ,we/ ,au/ralia1 ! survivors are pretty busy 9 seek+ out ! sorc]] :o is suppos$ to h caus$ ! dea? ( _! fri5d4#ca ,footnote #bg3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccg sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition ,vol4 ,,vi4--,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #aae2 quot$ by ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccg4 ,footnote #bi3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dgf sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,calv]t1 ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #bj sq4 #cj ,to sum up3 all ! facts :i* ,dr4 ,/e9metz has adduc$ z evid5ce = 8 hypo!sis ( an orig9al /age ( undirect$ rev5ge only %[ t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ei!r 9 a fit ( passion1 or :5 ! actual (f5d] is unkn[n or out ( rea*1 rev5ge may be tak5 on an innoc5t be+1 :olly unconnect$ ) ! inflict] ( ! injury :i* x is s\ght to rev5ge4 ,!re is su* an intimate connection betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( injury & ! ho/ile reaction by :i* ! injur$ individual gives v5t to 8 passion1 t ! reaction does n fail to appe> ev5 :5 x misses its aim4 ,ang]1 z ,s5eca said1 does n rage m]ely aga9/ its object1 b aga9/ e ob/acle :i* x enc\nt]s on its way4#cb ,_m infants1 :5 angry & p[]less to hurt o!rs1 /rike _! heads aga9/ doors1 po/s1 walls ( h\ses1 & sometimes on ! floor4#cc ,well kn[n are ! amucks ( ! ,malays1 9 :i* ! desp]ado assails indiscrim9ately fri5d & foe1 &1 ) di%evell$ hair & frantic look1 murd]s or w\nds all :om he meets )\t di/9ction4#cd ,b all ?is is n rev5ge2 x is sudd5 ang] or bl9d rage4 ,nor is x rev5ge 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w if a p]son :o has be5 humiliat$ by 8 sup]ior retaliates on ^? "u him4 ,x is only ! outbur/ ( a w\nd$ self-feel+1 :i*1 :5 n direct$ aga9/ its prop] object1 c af=d no adequate consolation to a rev5geful man4 ,footnote #cb3 ,s5eca1 ,de ira1 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #cc3 ,/anley ,hall1 ',a ,/udy ( ,ang]1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\r4 ( ,psy*ology1 x4 #eed4 ,footnote #cd3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #fg4 ,cf4 ,ellis1 ',! ,amok ( ! ,malays1' 9 ,j\r4 ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 xxxix4 #cbe sqq4 ,9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 x is n uncommon = a man to v5t 8 ill-temp]1 or %[ 8 res5tm5t at any act1 by de/roy+ 8 own prop]ty z well z t ( 8 neighb\rs 7,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aaa74 ,among ! ,k> ,nicob>ese1 :5 a qu>rel takes place1 9 s]i\s cases1 a man w probably burn 8 own h\se d[n 7,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #caj74 ,b 9 ^! in/ances x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! (f5d$ p>ty de/roys 8 own prop]ty 9 bl9d rage1 or ) "s def9ite object 9 view4 ,9 ! in/itution ( ! blood-feud "s sort ( collective responsibility is usually involv$4#ce ,if ! #ca (f5d] is ( ano!r family ?an 8 victim1 "s ( 8 relatives may h to expiate 8 de$4#cf ,if he belongs to ano!r clan1 ! :ole clan may be held responsible = x4#cg ,& if he is a memb] ( ano!r tribe1 ! v5geance may be wreak$ ^u 8 fell[-tribesm5 indiscrim9ately4#ch ,footnote #ce3 ,cf4 ,po/1 ,anfnge des ,/aats- und ,re*tsleb51 p4 #ahj2 ,re1 op4 cit4 p4 #di sq42 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 i4 *4 vi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,besides ! au?orities quot$ infra1 see ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 7,bakwiri72 ibid4 p4 #di 7,banaka & ,bapuku72 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cda 7,ondonga72 ,walt]1 ibid4 p4 #cij 7natives ( ,nossi-,b & ,mayotte1 ne> ,madagasc>72 von ,langsdorf1 ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 #acb 7,nukahivans72 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #dgc 7,timorese72 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #bac 7,igorrotes ( ,luzon72 ,kovalewsky1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #aac 7p ( ,daghe/an72 ,idem1 ,c\tume contempora9e et loi anci5ne1 p4 #bdh sq4 7,ossetes72 ,m]zba*]1 ,aus d5 ,ho*region5 des ,kaukasus1 ii4 #ea 7,khevsurs74 ,footnote #cg3 ,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjg 7,fuegians74 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi4 ,ridley1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #bfh 7,kamil>oi 9 ,au/ralia74 ,godw9-,au/51 ibid4 ii4 #cid 7,g>o ,hill tribes74 ,footnote #ch3 von ,m>t9s1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #abg sqq4 7,brazilian ,indians74 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #abd 7natives ( ,celebes74 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 vgl4 ,re*tswiss4 vii4 #chc 7,goajiros ( ,columbia74 ,ibid4 vii4 #cgf 7,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea74 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #gj4 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #ci4 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bc 7,bakwiri74 ,ibid4 p4 #di 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,among ! ,fuegians1 says ,mr4 ,bridges1 etiquette & cu/om require t all ! relatives ( a murd]$ p]son %\ld 4 4 4 visit _! displeasure ^u e connection ( ! manslay]s1 ea* p]sonally4 ,! av5g]s ( blood w\ld by no means be satisfi$ ) a p>ty ( natives if !y %\ld actually deliv] up into _! h&s a manslay]1 or kill him !mselves1 b w\ld yet exact f all ! murd]]'s fri5ds tribute or infliction ( injuries ) /icks or /ones4#ci ,among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 grudges are h&$ d[n f fa!r to son = g5]ations1 & fri5dly relations are nev] free f ! risk ( be+ int]rupt$4#dj ,among ! ,gre5l&]s1 ! rev5ge = a murd] g5]ally co/s ! execution] himself1 8 *ildr51 c\s9s1 or o!r relatives _! lives2 or if ^! are inaccessible1 "s o!r acqua9tance 9 ! neighb\rhood4#da ,among ! ,maoris1 blood-rev5ge might be tak5 on any relative ( ! homicide1 no matt] h[ di/ant4#db ,9 ,tana1 #cb rev5ge is (t5 s\ght 9 ! dea? ( ! bro!r1 or "s o!r ne> relative ( ! culprit4#dc ,among ! ,kabyles1 la v5geance peut port] sur *acun des membres de la famille du meurtri]1 quel qu'il soit4#dd ,! ,b$\9s1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 claim ! blood n only f ! actual homicide1 b f all 8 relations2 & x is ^! claims t con/itute ! "r ( ?r1 or ! blood-rev5ge4#de ,among ! p ( ,ibrim1 9 ,nubia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same travell] obs]ves1 x is n consid]$ z suffici5t to retaliate ^u any p]son )9 ! fif? degree ( consangu9ity1 z among ! ,b$\9s ( ,arabia2 only ! bro!r1 son1 or fir/ c\s9 c supply ! place ( ! murd]]4#df ,traces ( collective responsibility 9 connection ) blood-rev5ge are f\nd among ! ,hebrews4#dg ,x has prevail$1 or /ill prevails1 among ! ,japanese#dh & ,coreans1#di ! ,p]sians#ej & ,h9dus1#ea ! anci5t ,greeks#eb & ,teutons4#ec ,x 0 a rule among ! ,wel%#ed & ! ,scot* 9 =m] days1#ee & is s /ill 9 ,corsica1#ef ,albania1#eg & among "s ( ! ,s\!rn ,slavs4#eh ,9 ,mont5egro1 if a homicide :o _c be caught himself has no relatives1 rev5ge is sometimes tak5 on "s inhabitant ( ! village or di/rict to :i* he belongs1 or ev5 on a p]son :o only is ( ! same religion & nationality z ! murd]]4#ei ,9 ,albania1 "u simil> circum/ances1 ! victim may be a p]son :o has _h no?+ else to d ) ! (f5d] ?an t he has p]haps once be5 speak+ to him4#fj ,footnote #ci3 ,bridges1 9 ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e1 xiii4 #aea sqq4 ,footnote #dj3 ,macfie1 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #da3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agh4 ,footnote #db3 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 p4 #bac sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bah sq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #dd3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 iii4 #fa4 ,footnote #de3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #he4 ,see1 also1 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #cjf2 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #acc4 ,footnote #df3 ,burckh>dt1 ,travels 9 ,nubia1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #dg3 #b ,samuel1 xiv4 #g4 ,cf4 ibid4 xxi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,dautrem]1 ',! ,v5detta or ,legal ,rev5ge 9 ,japan1' 9 ,trans4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,japan1 xiii4 #hd4 ,footnote #di3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,spiegel1 ,ernis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iii4 #fhg4 ,polak1 ,p]si51 ii4 #if4 ,footnote #ea3 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,"*1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #eb3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #ec3 ,gotl&s-,lag51 #ac4 ,footnote #ed3 ,walt]1 ,das alte ,wales1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #ee3 ,mack9to%1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ef3 ,gregorovius1 ,w&]+s 9 ,corsica1 i4 #agi4 ,footnote #eg3 ,gopvcevi'c1 9999,ob]albani5 und se9e ,liga1 p4 #cbd sqq4 ,footnote #eh3 ,miklosi*1 ',die ,blutra*e bei d5 ,slav51' 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]l4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,philos4-hi/or4 ,classe1 ,vi5na1 xxxvi4 #aca1 #adf sq4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lago1 ,memorie sulla ,dalmazia1 ii4 #ij4 ,footnote #fj3 ,gopvcevi'c1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 expla9+ ^! facts4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,romilly ) ref]5ce #cc to ! ,solomon ,isl&]s has1 und\bt$ly1 a mu* wid] application3--,9 ! cases :i* call = puni%m5t1 ! difficulties 9 ! way ( captur+ ! actual culprits are great] ?an any "o1 :o has n be5 engag$ 9 ?is disagreeable "w1 c imag9e4#fa ,?\gh x may happ5 t a manslay] is ab&on$ by 8 own p1#fb ! sy/em ( blood-rev5ge m (t5 seems to imply1 n only t all ! memb]s ( a gr\p are engag$1 m or less effectually1 9 ! act ( rev5ge1 b t !y mutually protect ea* o!r aga9/ ! av5g]s4 ,a homicide frequ5tly provokes a w>1#fc 9 :i* family /&s aga9/ family1 clan aga9/ clan1 or tribe aga9/ tribe4 ,9 su* cases ! :ole gr\p take ^u !mselves ! de$ ( ! p]petrator1 & any ( 8 fell[s1 because /&+ up = him1 becomes a prop] object ( rev5ge4 ,! guilt ext5ds itself1 z x 71 9 ! eyes ( ! (f5d$ p>ty4 ,s1 also1 any p]son :o lives on fri5dly t]ms ) ! (f5d]1 or is suppos$ to sympa?ise ) him1 is liable to ar\se a feel+ ( res5tm5t1 & may consequ5tly1 9 extreme cases1 h to expiate 8 crime4 ,moreov]1 because ( ! close relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 ! actual culprit w be mortifi$ by any successful attack t ! av5g]s make on 8 p1 &1 if he be dead1 its pa9ful & humiliat+ effects may /ill be suppos$ to rea* 8 _s4 ,:5 ! (f5d] himself is beyond ! rea* ( direct attack1 says ,mr4 ,wilk9s1 x is n b5ea? a ,b5gali's view to try to w\nd him ?r\gh 8 *ildr5 or o!r memb]s ( 8 family4#fd ,among ! ,s\? ,slavonians1 9 a simil> case1 ! av5g]s ( blood fir/ attempt to kill ! fa!r1 bro!r1 #cd or gr[n-up son ( ! murd]]1 s z to inflict ^u him a v heavy & pa9ful loss2 & only :5 ?is has be5 tri$ 9 va91 are m di/ant relatives attack$4#fe ,! ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates ev5 pref] kill+ ! *ief man among ! murd]]'s relations )9 ! second degree to tak+ 8 own life1 on ! pr9ciple1 ,y h kill$ my c\s91 ,i w kill y\rs4#ff ,& ! ,cali=nian ,ni%9am consid] t ! ke5e/ & mo/ bitt] rev5ge :i* a man c take is1 n to slay ! murd]] himself1 b 8 de>e/ fri5d4#fg ,9 ^! in/ances v5geance is exact$ ) ref]5ce r to ! loss suff]$ by ! survivors ?an to ! injury committ$ aga9/ ! murd]$ man1 ! culprit be+ subject$ to a deprivation simil> to t :i* he has inflict$ himself4 ,s1 also1 among ! ,m>ea1 if a common] is sla9 by a nobleman1 8 dea? is n av5g$ directly on ! slay]1 b on "s common] :o is subs]vi5t to him4#fh ,if1 aga91 among ! ,quianganes ( ,luzon1 a noble is kill$ by a plebeian1 ano!r nobleman1 ( ! k9 ( ! murd]]1 mu/ be kill$1 :ile ! murd]] himself is ignor$4#fi ,if1 among ! ,igorrotes1 a man slays a woman ( ano!r h\se1 h] ne>e/ k9sman endeav\rs to slay a woman belong+ to ! h\sehold ( ! homicide1 b to ! guilty man himself he does no?+4#gj ,9 all ^! cases ! culprit is n lo/ sight (2 v5geance is inv>iably wreak$ ^u somebody connect$ ) him4 ,b any consid]ation ( guilt or innoc5ce is ov]%ad[$ by ! bl9d subord9ation to t p[]ful rule :i* requires /rict equival5ce betwe5 injury & puni%m5t--an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?--& :i*1 :5 /ra9$ to ! utmo/1 _c all[ ! life ( a man to be sacrific$ = t ( a woman1 or ! life ( a nobleman to be #ce sacrific$ = t ( a common]1 or ! life ( a common] to expiate ! dea? ( a noble4 ,?is rule1 z we %all see lat] on1 is n sugge/$ by rev5ge itself1 b is due to ! influ5ce ( o!r factors :i* int]m+le ) ?is feel+1 & help1 ) x1 to det]m9e ! action4 ,footnote #fa3 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ha4 ,cf4 ,fri$ri*s1 ',m5s* und ,p]son1' 9 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahia1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #fb3 ,see1 e4g41 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #fc3 ,dr4 ,po/'s /atem5t 7,die ,ges*le*tsg5oss5s*aft d] ,urzeit1 p4 #aef7 t ! blood-rev5ge *>act]isirt si* 4 4 4 ganz und g> als e9 ,privatkrieg zwis*5 zwei ,ges*le*tsg5oss5s*aft51 h[ev]1 is n q correct 9 ?is unqualifi$ =m1 z may be se51 e4g41 f von ,m>tius's description ( ! blood-rev5ge ( ! ,brazilian ,indians1 op4 cit4 i4 #abg sqq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #fe3 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #ff3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjf sq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #fi3 ,blum5tritt1 quot$ by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #cgj sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,jagor1 ,travels 9 ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #bac4 ,nev]!less1 ! /rong t5d5cy to discrim9ation :i* *>act]ises res5tm5t1 is n :olly lo/ ev5 beh9d ! veil ( common responsibility4 ,mr4 ,h[itt has come to ! conclusion t1 among ! ,au/ralian ,kurnai1 if a homicide has be5 committ$ by an ali5 tribe1 ! feud _c be satisfi$ b by ! dea? ( ! (f5d]1 al?\gh x is c>ri$ on1 n aga9/ him alone1 b aga9/ ! :ole gr\p ( :i* he is a memb]4#ga ,x is only if !y fail to secure ! guilty p]son t ! natives ( ,we/]n ,victoria consid] x _! duty to kill "o ( 8 ne>e/ relatives4#gb ,conc]n+ ! ,we/ ,au/ralian aborig9es1 ,sir ,george ,grey obs]ves1 ,! fir/ great pr9ciple ) reg>d to puni%m5ts is1 t all ! relations ( a culprit1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 n be+ f\nd1 are implicat$ 9 8 guilt2 if1 !re=e1 ! pr9cipal _c be caught1 8 bro!r or fa!r w answ] ne>ly z well1 & fail+ ^!1 any o!r male or female relative1 :o may fall into ! h&s ( ! av5g+ p>ty4#gc ,among ! ,papuans ( ! ,tami ,isl&s1 rev5ge may be tak5 on "s o!r memb] ( ! murd]]'s family only if x is absolutely impossible to cat* ! guilty p]son himself4#gd ,t ! blood-rev5ge is 9 ! fir/ place direct$ aga9/ ! malefactor1 & aga9/ "s relative ( 8 only if he _c be f\nd out1 is expressly /at$ ) ref]5ce to v>i\s peoples 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2#ge & x is #cf probable t mu* m to ! same effect might h be5 discov]$1 if ! obs]v]s ( savage life _h paid m att5tion to ?is p>ticul> aspect ( ! matt]4 ,among ! ,fuegians1 ! mo/ s]i\s riots take place :5 a manslay]1 :om "s "o wi%es to puni%1 takes refuge ) 8 relations or fri5ds4#gf ,von ,m>tius rem>ks ( ! ,brazilian ,indians 9 g5]al t1 ev5 :5 an int]tribal w> ensues f ! committ+ ( homicide1 ! ne>e/ relations ( ! kill$ p]son endeav\r1 if possible1 to de/roy ! culprit himself & 8 family4#gg ,) ref]5ce to ! ,creek ,indians1 ,mr4 ,hawk9s says t ?\gh1 if a murd]] flies & _c be caught1 !y w take rev5ge ^u "s innoc5t individual belong+ to 8 family1 !y are g5]ally e>ne/ ( !mselves1 9 _! endeav\rs to put ! guilty to dea?4#gh ,! same is decid$ly ! case 9 ^? p>ts ( ,morocco :]e ! blood-feud /ill prevails4 ,footnote #ga3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #gb3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #gc3 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions1 ii4 #bci4 ,footnote #gd3 ,baml]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #chj4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #dcd 7natives ( ,wett]74 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #agi4 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #ddf 7"s ,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ibid4 xv4 #ec sq4 7,wad%agga74 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #ceg4 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #eg4 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #daf4 ,boas1 ',! ,c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehb4 ,jacob1 ,leb5 d] vorislmis*5 ,b$u951 p4 #add4 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #bdh 7,ossetes74 ,popovi'c1 ,re*t und ,g]i*t 9 ,mont5egro1 p4 #fi2 ,lago1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ij 7,mont5egr9es74 ,miklosi*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aca 7,slavs74 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #agc sq4 7anci5t ,teutons74 ,footnote #gf3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #cge4 ,footnote #gg3 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,hawk9s1 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 #fg4 ,n only has ,dr4 ,/e9metz fail$ to prove 8 hypo!sis t rev5ge 0 orig9ally undirect$1 b ?is hypo!sis is q oppos$ to all ! mo/ probable ideas we c =m ) reg>d to ! rev5ge ( e>ly man4 ,= my own "p ,i am conv9c$ t we may obta9 a good deal ( k ab\t ! primitive condition ( ! human race1 b n by /udy+ mod]n savages only4 ,i h dealt ) ?is "q at "s l5g? 9 ano!r place1#gi & wi% n[ m]ely to po9t out t ^? g5]al physical & psy*ical qualities :i* are n only common to all races ( mank9d1 b :i* are %>$ by !m ) ! animals mo/ alli$ to man1 may be assum$ to h be5 pres5t also 9 ! e>li] /ages ( #cg human developm5t4 ,n[1 conc]n+ rev5ge among animals1 m especially among monkeys1 _m anecdotes h be5 told by tru/wor?y au?orities1 & 9 e case ! rev5ge has be5 cle>ly direct$ aga9/ ! (f5d]4 ,footnote #gi3 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #c sqq4 ,on ! au?ority ( a zoologi/ ^: scrupul\s accuracy 0 kn[n to _m p]sons1 ,d>w9 relates ! foll[+ /ory3--,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope an (fic] _h (t5 plagu$ a c]ta9 baboon1 & ! animal1 see+ him approa*+ "o ,sunday = p>ade1 p\r$ wat] into a hole & ha/ily made "s ?ick mud1 :i* he skilfully da%$ ov] ! (fic] z he pass$ by1 to ! amusem5t ( _m by/&]s4 ,= long aft]w>ds ! baboon rejoic$ & triumph$ :5ev] he saw 8 victim4#hj ,pr(4 ,romanes consid]s ?is to be a good in/ance ( :at may be call$ brood+ res5tm5t delib]ately prep>+ a satisfactory rev5ge4#ha ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is to put into ! /atem5t some:at m ?an x really conta9s2 b at all ev5ts x records a case ( rev5ge1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,dr4 ,/e9metz uses ! ^w4 ,! same may be said ( o!r in/ances m5tion$ by s accurate obs]v]s z ,brehm & ,r5gg] 9 _! descriptions ( ,african & ,am]ican monkeys1 & ( v>i\s examples ( res5tm5t 9 elephants & ev5 9 camels4#hb ,accord+ to ,palgrave1 ! camel possesses ! passion ( rev5ge1 & 9 c>ry+ x out %[s an unexpect$ degree ( f>-?\ght$ malice1 unit$ mean:ile ) all ! cold /upidity ( 8 usual "*4 ,! foll[+ in/ance1 :i* occurr$ 9 a small ,arabian t[n1 des]ves to be quot$1 s9ce x seems to h escap$ ! notice ( ! /ud5ts ( animal psy*ology4 ,a lad ( ab\t f\rte5 _h conduct$ a l>ge camel1 lad5 ) wood1 f t v village to ano!r at half an h\r's di/ance or s4 ,z ! #ch animal loit]$ or turn$ out ( ! way1 its conductor /ruck x repeat$ly1 & h>d] ?an x seems to h ?\ght he _h a "r to d4 ,b n f9d+ ! occasion fav\rable = tak+ imm$iate quits1 x 'bode its "t'2 nor 0 t "t long 9 com+4 ,a few days lat] ! same lad _h to re-conduct ! bea/1 b unlad51 to 8 own village4 ,:5 !y 7 ab\t half way on ! road1 & at "s di/ance f any habitation1 ! camel sudd5ly /opp$1 look$ delib]ately r\nd 9 e direction1 to assure itself t no "o 0 )9 sight1 &1 f9d+ ! road f> & ne> cle> ( pass]s-by1 made a /ep =w>d1 seiz$ ! unlucky boy's head 9 its mon/r\s m\?1 & lift+ him up 9 ! air flung him d[n aga9 on ! e>? ) ! upp] "p ( 8 skull completely torn (f1 & 8 bra9s scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4#hc ,we are also told t elephants1 ?\gh v s5sitive to insults1 are nev] provok$1 ev5 "u ! mo/ pa9ful or di/ract+ circum/ances1 to hurt ^? f :om !y h receiv$ no h>m4#hd ,sometimes animals %[ a rem>kable degree ( discrim9ation 9 f9d+ out ! prop] object = _! res5tm5t4 ,x is h>dly surpris+ to read t a baboon1 :i* 0 mole/$ 9 its cage ) a /ick1 tri$ to seize1 n ! /ick1 b ! h& ( its torm5tor4#he ,m int]e/+ is ! rev5ge :i* an elephant at ,v]sailles inflict$ ^u a c]ta9 arti/ :o _h employ$ 8 s]vant to tease ! animal by mak+ a fe9t ( ?r[+ apples into its m\?3--,?is conduct enrag$ ! elephant2 &1 z if x knew t ! pa9t] 0 ! cause ( ?is teas+ imp]t95ce1 in/ead ( attack+ ! s]vant1 x ey$ ! ma/]1 & squirt$ at him f its trunk su* a quantity ( wat] z spoil$ ! pap] on :i* he 0 draw+4#hf ,footnote #hj3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ha3 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 p4 #dgh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,brehm1 ,?i]leb51 i4 #aef4 ,idem1 ,f ,nor? ,pole to ,equator1 p4 #cje4 ,r5gg] 7,naturges*i*te d] ,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1 p4 #eb7 gives ! foll[+ in=mation ab\t ! ,cay3--,fr*tet er 4 4 4 se95 ,gegn]1 s nimmt er se9e ,zuflu*t zur ,v]/ellung1 und su*t si* er/ dann an ihm zu r*51 w5n er ihn unv]mu!t b]fall5 kann4 ,s hatte i* e95 ,cay1 wel*] mehr]e ,p]son5 die ihn (t auf e9e grobe ,art g5eckt hatt51 9 e9em ,aug5blicke lass1 wo sie im be/5 ,v]nehm5 mit ihm zu se9 glaubt54 ,na* v]bt] ,t klett]te er s*nell auf e95 hoh5 ,balk51 wo man ihm ni*t beikomm5 konnte1 und gr9/e s*ad5froh d5 ,geg5/& se9] ,ra*e an4 ,see1 moreov]1 ,watson1 ,! ,reason+ ,p[] 9 ,animals1 especially pp4 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #aef sq42 ,romanes1 op4 cit4 p4 #chg sqq42 b also ,morgan1 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #dja sq4 ,footnote #hc3 ,palgrave1 ,n>rative ( a ,ye>'s ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia1 i4 #dj4 ,footnote #hd3 ,watson1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf sq4 ,footnote #he3 ,aas1 ,sjaeleliv og intellig5s hos ,dyr1 i4 #gb4 ,footnote #hf3 ,smellie1 ,philosophy ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 i4 #ddh4 ,i f9d x inconceivable t anybody1 9 ! face ( su* facts1 c\ld /ill believe t ! rev5ge ( e>ly man 0 at fir/ ess5tially indiscrim9at+1 & became gradually discrim9at+ f consid]ations ( social exp$i5cy4 ,b by ?is ,i c]ta9ly d n mean to d5y t violation ( ! self-feel+ is an extremely common & p[]ful inc5tive to res5tm5t4 ,x is s #ci among savage#hg & civilis$ m5 alike2 ev5 dogs & monkeys get angry :5 laugh$ at4 ,no?+ m easily r\ses 9 u ang] & a desire = retaliation1 no?+ is m difficult to =give1 ?an an act :i* indicates contempt1 or disreg>d ( our feel+s4 ,long aft] ! bodily pa9 ( a bl[ has ceas$1 ! m5tal suff]+ caus$ by ! insult rema9s & calls = v5geance4 ,?is is an old tru? (t5 told4 ,accord+ to ,s5eca1 ! great] "p ( ! ?+s :i* enrage u are insults1 n injuries4#hh ,plut>* obs]ves t1 ?\gh diff]5t p]sons fall into ang] = diff]5t reasons1 yet 9 ne>ly all ( !m is to be f\nd ! idea ( _! be+ despis$ or neglect$4#hi ,contempt1 says ,bacon1 is t :i* putte? an edge ^u ang]1 z mu*1 or m1 ?an ! hurt itself4#ij ,b1 inde$1 !re is no ne$ to resort to diff]5t pr9ciples 9 ord] to expla9 ! res5tm5t excit$ by diff]5t k9ds ( pa94 ,9 all cases rev5ge implies1 primordially & ess5tially1 a desire to cause pa9 or de/ruction 9 return = hurt suff]$1 :e!r ! hurt be bodily or m5tal2 &1 if to ?is impulse is add$ a desire to enhance ! w\nd$ self-feel+1 t does n int]f]e ) ! true nature ( ! prim>y feel+ ( rev5ge4 ,!re are g5u9e specim5s ( res5tm5t )\t ! co-op]ation ( self-reg>d+ pride2#ia &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reaction ( ! w\nd$ self-feel+ is n necess>ily1 9 ! fir/ place1 conc]n$ ) ! infliction ( pa94 ,if a p]son has writt5 a bad book :i* is sev]ely criticis$1 he may desire to repair 8 reputation by writ+ a bett] book1 n by humiliat+ 8 critics2 & if he attempts ! latt] r ?an ! =m]1 he does s1 n m]ely 9 ord] to enhance 8 self-feel+1 #dj b because he is driv5 on by rev5ge4 ,dr4 ,boas tells u t ! ,briti% ,columbia ,indian1 :5 8 feel+s are hurt1 sits d[n or lies d[n sull5ly = days )\t p>tak+ ( food1 & t1 :5 he rises 8 fir/ ?\ght is1 n h[ to take rev5ge1 b to %[ t he is sup]ior to 8 adv]s>y4#ib ,footnote #hg3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #bgj 7,hudson ,bay ,indians74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bje 7,aleuts74 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss4 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #ecg 7,v$dahs74 von ,wr$e1 ,reise 9 ,h4adhramaut1 p4 #aeg 7,b$\9s74 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #baa4 ,footnote #hh3 ,s5eca1 ,de ira1 iii4 #bh4 ,footnote #hi3 ,plut>*1 ,de cohib5da ira1 #ab4 ,footnote #ij3 ,bacon1 ',essay ,,lvii4 ,( ,ang]1' 9 ,essays1 p4 #ead4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ba91 ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ib3 ,boas1 ,fir/ ,g5]al ,report on ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 read at ! ,newca/le-^u-,tyne meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahhi1 p4 #ai4 ,9 ! feel+ ( gratification :i* results f successful res5tm5t1 ! pleasure ( p[] or sup]iority also may =m a v important elem5t1 b x is nev] ! exclusive elem5t4#ic ,z ! satisfaction ( e desire is accompani$ by pleasure1 s ! satisfaction ( ! desire involv$ 9 res5tm5t gives a pleasure by itself4 ,! angry or rev5geful man :o succe$s 9 :at he aims at1 delights 9 ! pa9 he inflicts = ! v reason t he desir$ to inflict x4 ,footnote #ic3 ,cf4 ,ribot1 op4 cit4 p4 #bba sq4 ,rev5ge ?us only =ms a l9k 9 a *a9 ( emotional ph5om5a1 = :i* non-moral res5tm5t may be us$ z a common "n4 ,9 ?is long *a9 !re is no miss+ l9k4 ,ang] )\t any def9ite desire to cause suff]+1 ang] ) su* a desire1 m delib]ate res5tm5t--all ^! ph5om5a are s insep>ably connect$ ) ea* o!r t no "o c say :]e "o passes into ano!r4 ,_! common *>act]i/ic is t !y are m5tal /ates m>k$ by an aggressive attitude t[>ds ! cause ( pa94 ,z to _! orig91 ! evolutioni/ c h>dly ent]ta9 a d\bt4 ,res5tm5t1 l protective reflex action1 out ( :i* x has gradually develop$1 is a means ( protection = ! animal4 ,its intr9sic object is to remove a cause ( pa91 or1 :at is ! same1 a cause ( dang]4 ,two diff]5t attitudes may be tak5 by an animal t[>ds ano!r :i* has made x feel pa93 x may ei!r %un or attack its enemy4 ,9 ! =m] case its action is prompt$ by fe>1 9 ! latt] by ang]1 & x dep5ds on ! circum/ances :i* ( ^! emotions is ! actual #da det]m9ant4 ,bo? ( !m are ( supreme importance = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 & may consequ5tly be reg>d$ z elem5ts 9 ! animal's m5tal con/itution :i* h be5 acquir$ by means ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we h already not$ t1 orig9ally1 ! impulse ( attack+ ! enemy c\ld h>dly h be5 guid$ by a repres5tation ( ! enemy z suff]+4 ,b1 z a successful attack is necess>ily accompani$ by su* suff]+1 ! desire to produce x naturally1 ) ! increase ( intellig5ce1 ent]$ z an important elem5t 9 res5tm5t4 ,! ne$ = protection ?us lies at ! f\ndation ( res5tm5t 9 all its =ms4 ,?is view is n new4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ,d>w91 ,%aftesbury wrote ( res5tm5t 9 ^! words3--,not)/&+ its imm$iate aim be inde$ ! ill or puni%m5t ( ano!r1 yet x is pla9ly ( ! sort ( ^? affections :i* t5d to ! advantage & int]e/ ( ! self-sy/em1 ! animal himself2 & is )al 9 o!r respects contribut+ to ! good & int]e/ ( ! species4#id ,a simil> op9ion is express$ by ,butl]1 accord+ to :om ! reason & end = :i* man 0 made liable to ang] is1 t he might be bett] qualifi$ to prev5t & resi/ viol5ce & opposition1 :ile delib]ate res5tm5t is to be consid]$ z a weapon1 put into our h&s by nature1 aga9/ injury1 inju/ice1 & cruelty4#ie ,adam ,smi?1 also1 believes t res5tm5t has be5 giv5 u by nature = def5ce1 & = def5ce only1 z be+ ! safegu>d ( ju/ice & ! security ( innoc5ce4#if ,exactly ! same view is tak5 by sev]al mod]n evolutioni/s z reg>ds ! end ( res5tm5t1 ?\gh !y1 ( c\rse1 d n re/ cont5t$ ) say+ t ?is feel+ has be5 giv5 u by nature1 b try to expla9 9 :at way x has develop$4 ,among memb]s ( ! same species1 says ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^? individuals :i* h n1 9 any consid]able degree1 res5t$ aggressions1 mu/ h ev] t5d$ to disappe>1 & to h left beh9d ^? :i* h ) "s effect made c\nt]-aggressions4#ig ,mr4 #db ,hiram ,/anley1 too1 quot+ ,junk]'s /atem5t reg>d+ ! pigmies ( ,africa1 t !y are mu* fe>$ = _! rev5geful _s1#ih obs]ves t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! mo/ rev5geful are ! mo/ successful 9 ! /ruggle = self-cons]vation & self-fur!rance4#ii ,?is evolutioni/ !ory ( rev5ge has be5 criticis$ by ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 b 9 my op9ion ) no success4 ,he rem>ks t ! feel+ ( rev5ge c\ld n h be5 ( any use to ! animal1 ev5 ?\gh ! act ( v5geance might h be5 useful4#ajj ,b ?is way ( reason+1 accord+ to :i* ! :ole m5tal life w\ld be exclud$ f ! influ5ce ( natural selection1 is bas$ on a false conception ( ! relation betwe5 m9d & body1 &1 ultimately1 on a wrong idea ( cause & effect4 ,footnote #id3 ,%aftesbury1 ',inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue or ,m]it1' ii4 #b4 #b1 9 ,*>act]i/icks1 ii4 #ade4 ,footnote #ie3 ,butl]1 ',s]mon ,,viii4--,^u ,res5tm5t1' op4 cit4 p4 #deg4 ,footnote #if3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #ig3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #cfa4 ,footnote #ih3 ,junk]1 ,travels 9 ,africa dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahhb-ahhf1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ii3 ,hiram ,/anley1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahj4 ,cf4 also ,guyau1 ,esquisse d'une ,morale sans obligation ni sanction1 p4 #afb sq4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi51 c4 i4 #ace4 ,f non-moral res5tm5t we %all pass to ! emotion ( moral indignation4 ,t ?is is closely connect$ ) ang] is indicat$ by language itself3 we may feel indignant on o!r ?an moral gr\nds1 & we may feel righte\s ang]4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ^! emotions is also conspicu\s 9 _! outw>d expressions1 :i*1 :5 ! emotion is /rong en\gh1 pres5t simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 possess$ ) /rong moral indignation1 a p]son looks z if he 7 angry1#aja & s he really is1 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is relation%ip has n seldom be5 recognis$ by morali/s1 ?\gh x has m (t5 be5 =gott54 ,"s two ?\s& ye>s ago ,polybius wrote3--,if a man has be5 rescu$ or help$ 9 an h\r ( dang]1 &1 in/ead ( %[+ gratitude to 8 pres]v]1 seeks to d him h>m1 x is cle>ly probable t ! re/ w be displeas$ & (f5d$ ) him :5 !y "k x1 sympa?is+ ) _! neighb\r & imag9+ !mselves 9 8 case4 ,h5ce arises a notion 9 e brea/ ( ! mean+ & !ory ( duty1 :i* is 9 fact ! beg9n+ & end ( ju/ice4#ajb ,h>tley reg>d$ res5tm5t & gratitude #dc z intimately connect$ ) ! moral s5se4#ajc ,adam ,smi? made ! res5tm5t ( ! imp>tial spectator a corn]-/one ( 8 !ory ( ! moral s5tim5ts4#ajd ,butl] f\nd ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 sudd5 & delib]ate ang] to consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! natural prop] end ( ! latt] is to rem$y or prev5t only t h>m :i* implies1 or is suppos$ to imply1 injury or moral wrong4#aje ,& to ,/u>t ,mill1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 at lea/1 appe>$ to be d]iv$ f ! animal desire to repel or retaliate a hurt or damage to oneself1 or to ^? ) :om "o sympa?ises4#ajf ,footnote #aja3 ,notice1 = in/ance1 ,mi*elangelo's ,moses4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,polybius1 ,hi/oriae1 vi4 #f4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,h>tley1 ,obs]vations on ,man1 i4 #ebj4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,adam ,smi?1 op4 cit4 passim4 ,footnote #aje3 ,butl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #gi4 ,moral indignation1 or disapproval1 l non-moral res5tm5t1 is a reaction>y attitude ( m9d direct$ t[>ds ! cause ( inflict$ pa94 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] we %all see t bo? are 9 a simil> way det]m9$ by ! answ] giv5 to ! "q1 ,:at is ! cause ( ! pa98--a fact :i*1 :il/ /rongly confirm+ _! aff9ity1 ?r[s light ^u "s ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,nay1 moral indignation resembles non-moral res5tm5t ev5 9 ?is respect t1 9 v>i\s cases1 ! aggressive reaction turns aga9/ innoc5t p]sons :o did n commit ! injury :i* gave rise to x4 ,! collective responsibility assum$ 9 c]ta9 types ( blood-rev5ge is an evid5ce ( ?is 9 s f> z su* rev5ge is n m]ely a matt] ( individual practice1 b has ! sanction ( cu/om4 ,& ev5 puni%m5t1 :i*1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 is a m def9ite expression ( public1 or moral1 indignation ?an ! cu/om ( private retaliation1 is (t5 simil>ly indiscrim9ate4 ,l rev5ge1 & = simil> reasons1 puni%m5t sometimes falls on a relative ( ! culprit 9 cases :5 he himself _c be caught4 ,9 ,fiji1 says ,mr4 ,williams1 ! virtue ( vic>i\s suff]+ is recognis$4 ,x once happ5$ t a w>rior left 8 *>g$ musket s #dd c>elessly t x w5t (f & kill$ & w\nd$ "s individuals1 :]eupon he fl$ himself4 ,8 case 0 judg$ wor?y ( dea? by ! *iefs ( ! tribe1 & ! (f5d]'s ag$ fa!r 0 9 consequ5ce seiz$ & /rangl$4#ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bd4 ,9 o!r cases an innoc5t p]son is kill$ = ! (f5ce ( ano!r1 n because ! (f5d] _c be seiz$1 b ) a view to inflict+ on him a loss1 accord+ to ! rule ( l = l4 ,! puni%m5t1 !n1 is meant = ! culprit1 ?\gh ! *ief suff]] is somebody else4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 if a build] has built a h\se = a man & has n made /rong 8 "w1 & ! h\se he built has fall51 & he has caus$ ! dea? ( ! own]1 t build] %all be put to dea?4 ,b if he has caus$ ! son ( ! own] ( ! h\se to die1 "o %all put to dea? ! son ( t build]4#ajh ,simil>ly1 if a man has /ruck a g5tleman's daught] & caus$ h] to drop :at is 9 h] womb1 he %all pay t5 %ekels ( silv] = :at 0 9 h] womb4 ,b if t woman has di$1 "o %all put to dea? 8 daught]4#aji ,! foll[+ cu/om :i* ,mr4 ,gason reports1 z exi/+ among ! ,au/ralian ,diey]ie1 9 case a man %\ld un9t5tionally kill ano!r 9 a fight1 is probably bas$ on a simil> pr9ciple3--,%\ld ! (f5d] h an eld] bro!r1 !n he mu/ die 9 8 place2 or1 %\ld he h no eld] bro!r1 !n 8 fa!r mu/ be 8 sub/itute2 b 9 case he has no male relative to suff] = him1 !n he himself mu/ die4#aaj ,footnote #ajh3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #bbi sq4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ibid4 #bji sq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bfe4 ,?is extreme disreg>d ( ! suff]+ ( guiltless p]sons is probably n s mu* due to d[nright call\sness z to a /rong feel+ ( family solid>ity4 ,! same feel+ is v obvi\s 9 ^? num]\s in/ances 9 :i* bo? ! crim9al himself & memb]s ( 8 family are implicat$ 9 ! puni%m5t4 #de ,among ! ,atkha ,aleuts1 ! puni%m5t = c]ta9 (f5ces 0 sometimes c>ri$ s f> z to include ! wife ( ! (f5d]4#aaa ,among ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 a p]son f\nd guilty ( hav+ procur$1 or endeav\r$ to procure1 ! dea? ( ano!r ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! gods ,hunt9 & ,loko1 is put to dea?1 & 8 family is g5]ally enslav$ z well4#aab ,among ! ,matabele1 if a p]son is decl>$ by ! wit*-doctor to h caus$ injury to somebody else by mak+ *>ms1 he is imm$iately put to dea?1 8 wife & ! :ole ( 8 family %>+ 8 fate4#aac ,among ! ,%illuks ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 murd] is puni%$ ) dea? to ! crim9al & ! =feiture ( wives & *ildr5 to ! ,sultan1 :o reta9s !m 9 bondage4#aad ,among ! ,kafirs1 9 cases ( trespasses aga9/ ! k+1 ! s5t5ce falls n only on ! individual1 b on 8 :ole h\se4#aae ,9 ,madagasc>1 ! code ( native laws1 up to rec5t "t1 r$uc$ = _m (f5ces ! culprit's wife & *ildr5 to slav]y4#aaf ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 accord+ to ,crawfurd1 a fa!r & *ild are consid]$ almo/ insep>able1 h5ce :5 ! "o is puni%$ ! o!r seldom escapes4#aag ,9 ,bali1 ! law prescribes t = c]ta9 k9ds ( sorc]y ! (f5d] %all be put to dea?4 ,x adds1 ,if ! matt] be v cle>ly made out1 let ! puni%m5t ( dea? be ext5d$ to 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 to 8 *ildr5 & to 8 gr&-*ildr52 let none ( !m live2 let none connect$ ) "o s guilty rema9 on ! face ( ! l&1 & let _! goods be 9 l mann] confiscat$4#aah ,footnote #aaa3 ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #aab3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #aac3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #aad3 ,pe!rick1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #c4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #dde4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #aha4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #agd1 #age1 #aic4 ,footnote #aag3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 i4 #hb4 ,footnote #aah3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ach4 ,! ,*9ese doctr9e ( responsibility is to a great ext5t bas$ ^u family solid>ity2 9 great crimes all ! male relatives ( ! (f5d] are held responsible = 8 de$4 ,e male relative1 ( :atev] degree1 :o may be dwell+ "u ! ro( ( a man guilty ( treason1 is doom$ to dea?1 ) ! exception ( "y boys1 :o are all[$ _! lives1 b on ! condition t !y are made eunu*s = s]vice 9 ! imp]ial palace4#aai ,9 anci5t ,mexico1 traitors & conspirators 7 n only !mselves kill$1 b _! *ildr5 & relatives #df 7 made slaves to ! f\r? g5]ation4#abj ,accord+ to an ,a!nian law1 a man :o committ$ sacrilege or betray$ 8 c\ntry 0 bani%$ ) all 8 *ildr54#aba ,ari/otle m5tions a case ( sacrilege 9 :i* ! bones ( ! guilty dead 7 dis5tomb$ & ca/ beyond ! bord]s ( ,attica2 ! liv+ clan 7 condemn$ to p]petual exile1 & ! city 0 subsequ5tly purifi$4#abb ,! ,mac$onian law involv$ 9 puni%m5t ! k9dr$ ( conspirators aga9/ ! mon>*4#abc ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus /ates t "s ( ! ,greeks ?9k x reasonable to put to dea? ! sons ( tyrants toge!r ) _! fa!rs1 :]eas o!rs puni% !m ) p]petual bani%m5t2 & he contra/s ?is ) ! ,roman pr9ciple t ! sons %all be exempt$ f all puni%m5t1 ^: fa!rs are (f5d]s1 :e!r !y happ5 to be ! sons ( tyrants1 ( p>ricides1 or ( traitors4#abd ,b aft] ! end ( ! ,m>sic1 & civil w>s1 ?is rule 0 transgress$2#abe & lat] on ,arcadius1 ?\gh expressly orda9+ t ! puni%m5t ( ! crime %all ext5d to ! crim9al alone1#abf took a diff]5t view ( ! puni%m5t = treason4 ,by a special ext5sion ( 8 imp]ial clem5cy1 he all[s ! sons ( ! crim9al to live1 al?\gh 9 /rict ju/ice1 be+ ta9t$ ) h]$it>y guilt1 !y ought to suff] ! puni%m5t ( _! fa!r4 ,b !y %all be incapable ( inh]itance2 !y %all be ab&on$ to ! extreme ( pov]ty & p]petual indig5ce2 !y %all be exclud$ f all hon\rs & f ! p>ticipation ( religi\s rites2 ! infamy ( _! fa!r %all ev] att5d !m1 & su* %all be ! mis]y ( _! condition1 t life %all be a puni%m5t & dea? a com=t4#abg ,among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 be=e ! "t ( ,cnut1 ! *ild1 ev5 ! infant 9 ! cradle1 0 liable to be sold into slav]y = ! paym5t ( p5alties incurr$ by ! fa!r1 be+ held by ! covet\s to be equally guilty z if x _h discretion4#abh ,ev5 lat]1 ! *ild ( an outlaw1 foll[+ ! condition ( ! fa!r1 also became an outlaw2 & ?is grievance 0 only p>tly rem$i$ by ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 :o reliev$ f ! consequ5ces ( ! fa!r's outlawry su* *ildr5 z 7 born be=e he 0 #dg outlaw$1 b n su* z 7 born aft]w>ds4#abi ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x 0 ! inv>iable rule to confiscate ! entire prop]ty ( an imp5it5t h]etic1 a rule :i* 0 ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t 8 crime is s great t some?+ ( 8 impurity falls ^u all relat$ to him4#acj ,! ,pope ,alex&] ,,iv4 also exclud$ ! desc5dants ( an h]etic to ! second g5]ation f all (fices 9 ! ,*ur*4#aca ,ow+ to religi\s influ5ce1 illegitimate *ildr5 7 n only depriv$ ( ! title to inh]itance1 b !y 7 treat$ by "s law-books z almo/ rightless be+s1 on a p> ) robb]s & ?ieves4#acb ,if a p]son committ$ suicide1 8 goods 7 confiscat$1 &1 accord+ to a ,fr5* m$ival law1 8 wife 0 besides depriv$ ( h] own private prop]ty4#acc ,ev5 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ,france1 9 ! case ( an attempt made aga9/ ! life ( ! k+1 ! :ole family ( ! crim9al 0 bani%$4#acd ,nay1 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries1 up to q rec5t times--9 ,engl& till #ahgj--;=feiture ( prop]ty has be5 ! puni%m5t prescrib$ = c]ta9 crimes1 includ+ suicide2#ace :i* means1 if n actually ! imposition ( p5alties on ! survivors 9 a case :]e ! culprit himself is out ( rea*1 at lea/ a gross disreg>d ( _! ord9>y rights ( prop]ty4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out h[ (t51 9 ! v society 9 :i* we live1 social puni%m5ts are inflict$ ^u *ildr5 = _! fa!r's wrongs4 ,footnote #aai3 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #ga sq4 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 ccliv4 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #abj3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #dei4 ,footnote #aba3 ,meursius1 ,!mis ,attica1 ii4 #b1 9 ,gronovius1 ,!saurus ,graec>um ,antiquitatum1 v4 #aifh4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ari/otle1 ,de republica ,a!ni5sium #a4 ,cf4 ibid4 #bj4 ,footnote #abc3 ,curtius ,rufus1 ,de ge/is ,alex&ri ,magni1 vi4 #aa4 #bj4 ,footnote #abd3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,romanae1 viii4 #hj4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid4 viii4 #hj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,codex ,iu/9ianus1 ix4 #dg4 #bb4 ,footnote #abg3 ,ibid4 ix4 #h4 #e4 ,footnote #abh3 ,laws ( ,cnut1 ii4 #gg4 ,cf4 ,lapp5b]g1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& "u ! ,anglo-,saxon ,k+s1 ii4 #dad2 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #ijf4 ,footnote #abi3 ,leges ,edw>di ,confessoris1 #ai4 ,footnote #acj3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ii4 #cf1 n4 #a4 ,eick51 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #egb sq4 ,p>amo1 ,de orig9e et progressu ,sancti ,inquisitionis p4 #ehg sq4 ,footnote #aca3 ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #egc4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ibid4 p4 #egc4 ,footnote #acc3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #bcf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,h]tz1 ,voltaire und die franzsis*e ,/rafre*tspflege im a*tzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ace3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #dhg sq42 iii4 #aje4 ,= ! explanation ( ^! facts we h to rememb] :at has be5 said be=e ab\t collective responsibility 9 ! case ( rev5ge4 ,speak+ ( ! ,*9ese doctr9e ( family solid>ity1 ,dr4 de ,groot obs]ves t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is doctr9e1 families1 n m5 individually1 came to be reg>d$1 f ! ,gov]nm5t's po9t ( view1 z ! smalle/ p>ticles1 ! molecules ( ! nation1 ea* individual be+ swall[$ up 9 ! circle ( 8 k9sfolk4#acf ,su* a doctr9e assumes t ! o!r memb]s ( ! family-gr\p are1 9 a way1 accessories #dh to any crime committ$ by a fell[-memb]4 ,human nature1 says ,"l ,kames1 is n s p]v]se1 z )\t veil or disguise to puni% a p]son ackn[l$g$ to be innoc5t4 ,an irregul> bias ( imag9ation1 :i* ext5ds ! qualities ( ! pr9cipal to its accessories1 paves ! way to t unju/ practice4 ,?is bias1 /r5g!n$ by indignation aga9/ an atroci\s crim9al1 leads ! m9d ha/ily to conclude1 t all 8 connections are p>tak]s ( 8 guilt4#acg ,among ! anci5ts we also meet ) a /rong belief t1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( nature1 wick$ fa!rs h wick$ sons4 ,t :i* is begot1 says ,plut>*1 is n1 l "s production ( art unlike ! begett]1 = x proce$s f him1 & is n m]ely produc$ by him1 s t x appropriately receives 8 %>e1 :e!r t be hon\r or puni%m5t4#ach ,to de/roy1 or to make h>mless1 ! family ( an (f5d] may be1 n only an act ( retaliation1 b a precaution2 accord+ to an old ,greek adage1 a man is a fool if he kills ! fa!r & leaves ! sons alive4#aci ,?is especially holds good = treason1 :i* g5]ally sugge/s accomplices2 & ( all crimes = :i* p5alties are impos$ ^u o!r individuals besides ! culprit1 treason is probably ! mo/ common4 ,?is crime is also p>ticul>ly apt to evoke ! hatr$ ( ^? :o h ! p[] to puni%1 h5ce ! puni%m5t ( x1 be+ closely alli$ to an act ( rev5ge1 is (t5 inflict$ )\t due discrim9ation4 ,moreov]1 by be+ ext5d$ to ! crim9al's family1 ! puni%m5t falls m heavily ^u himself z well4 ,aga91 9 case ! crime is ( a sacrilegi\s "*1 x is suppos$ to pollute ev]ybody connect$ ) ! crim9al1 & ev5 ! :ole community :]e he dwells4 ,footnote #acf3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #eci4 ,footnote #acg3 ,kames1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 iv4 #adh4 ,footnote #ach3 ,plut>*1 ,de s]a num9is v9dicta1 #af4 ,cf4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 op4 cit4 viii4 #hj4 ,footnote #aci3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #abf4 ,9 _! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 gods are /ill m indiscrim9ate ?an m54 ,!y hold ! individual responsible = ! :ole to :i* he belongs4 ,!y #di puni% ! community = ! s9s ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,!y visit ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs & =efa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 & desc5dants4 ,! ,sibuyaus1 a tribe belong+ to ! ,sea ,dyaks1 are ( op9ion t an unm>ri$ girl prov+ ) *ild mu/ be (f5sive to ! sup]ior p[]s1 :o1 in/ead ( always *a/is+ ! individual1 puni% ! tribe by mis=tunes happ5+ to its memb]s4 ,!y1 !re=e1 on ! discov]y ( ! pregnancy f9e ! lov]s1 & sacrifice a pig to propitiate (f5d$ ,heav51 & to av]t t sickness or ^? mis=tunes t might o!rwise foll[2 & !y inflict heavy mulcts = e "o :o may h suff]$ f any sev]e accid5t1 or :o may h be5 dr[n$ )9 a mon? be=e ! religi\s atonem5t 0 made4#adj ,accord+ to ,*9ese beliefs1 :ole k+doms are puni%$ = ! conduct ( _! rul]s by spirits :o act z av5g]s ) ord]s or approval f ! ,tao1 or ,heav54#ada ,preval5t op9ion 9 ,*9a1 cont9u\sly inspir$ anew by lit]ature ( all times & ages1 fur!r admits t spiritual v5geance may come d[n ^u ! culprit's (fspr+ 9 ! =m ( disease or dea?4#adb ,:5 a maim$ or de=m$ *ild is born ! ,japanese say t its p>5ts or ance/ors mu/ h committ$ "s great s94#adc ,! ,v$ic p ask ,v>una to =give ! wrongs committ$ by _! fa!rs4#add ,says ! poet3--,:at we ourselves h s9n$ 9 m]cy p>don2 my own misde$s d ?\1 ,o god1 take f me1 & = ano!r's s9 let me n suff]4#ade ,accord+ to ! anci5t ,greek !ory ( div9e retribution1 ! community has to suff] = ! s9s ( "s ( its memb]s1 *ildr5 = ! s9s ( _! fa!rs4#adf ,hesiod says t (t5 a :ole t[n is puni%$ ) fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 b>r5ness ( its wom51 or loss ( its army or vessels = ! misde$s ( a s+le individual4#adg ,croesus aton$ by ! =feiture ( 8 k+dom = ! crime ( ,gyges1 8 fif? ance/or1 :o _h murd]$ 8 ma/] & usurp$ 8 ?rone4#adh ,cytissorus br\ght d[n ! ang] ( gods ^u 8 desc5dants by #ej rescu+ ,a?amas1 :om ! ,a*aians int5d$ to (f] up z an expiatory sacrifice on behalf ( _! c\ntry4#adi ,:5 he>+ ( ! dea? ( 8 wife1 ,!seus exclaims1 ,?is mu/ be a heav5-s5t calamity 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9s ( an ance/or1 :i* f "s remote s\rce ,i am br++ on myself4#aej ,accord+ to ,hebrew notions1 s9 affects ! nation ?r\gh ! individual & entails guilt on succe$+ g5]ations4#aea ,! ang] ( ! ,"l is k9dl$ aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel on acc\nt ( ,a*an's s94#aeb ,! s9 ( ! sons ( ,eli is visit$ on 8 :ole h\se f g5]ation to g5]ation4#aec ,because ,saul has sla9 ! ,gibeonites1 ! ,"l s5ds1 9 ! days ( ,david1 a ?ree ye>s' fam9e1 :i* ceases only :5 sev5 ( ,saul's sons are hang$4#aed ,! s9s ( ,manasseh are expiat$ ev5 by ! bett] g5]ation "u ,josiah4#aee ,! notion ( a jeal\s ,god :o visits ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate ,him1#aef is also frequ5tly met ) 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha4 ,! inh]itance ( s9n]s' *ildr5 %all p]i%1 & _! po/]ity %all h a p]petual reproa*4#aeg ,! se$ ( an unrighte\s b$ %all be root$ out4#aeh ,! same idea has surviv$ among ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to 9 ,canon ,law z a pr9ciple to be imitat$ by human ju/ice1#aei & by ,innoc5t ,,iii4 9 ju/ification ( a bull :i* au?oris$ ! confiscation ( ! goods ( h]etics4#afj ,up to q rec5t times x 0 a common belief 9 ,scotl& t ! puni%m5t ( ! cruelty1 oppression1 or misconduct ( an individual desc5d$ z a curse on 8 *ildr5 to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,x 0 n conf9$ to ! common p2 all ranks 7 influ5c$ by x2 & _m believ$ t if ! curse did n fall ^u ! fir/ or second g5]ation x w\ld inevitably desc5d ^u ! succe$+4#afa ,9 ! dogma t ! :ole human race is condemn$ on #ea acc\nt ( ! s9 ( its fir/ p>5ts1 ! doctr9e ( collective responsibility has rea*$ its pit*4 ,footnote #adj3 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #fc4 ,footnote #ada3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #dcb1 #dce4 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #cd sq4 ,footnote #adb3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #deb4 ,footnote #adc3 ,griffis1 ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #add3 ,rig-,v$a1 vii4 #hf4 #e4 ,cf4 ,a?>va-,v$a1 v4 #cj4 #d2 x4 #c4 #h4 ,footnote #ade3 ,rig-,v$a1 ii4 #bh4 #i4 ,cf4 ibid4 vi4 #ea4 #g2 vii4 #eb4 #b4 ,footnote #adf3 ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom]is*e ,!ologie des grie*is*5 ,volksglaub5s1 p4 #cd sq4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 i4 #fg sqq4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #gf sq4 ,footnote #adg3 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #bdj sqq4 ,footnote #adh3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #ia4 ,footnote #adi3 ,ibid4 vii4 #aig4 ,footnote #aej3 ,euripides1 ,hippolytus1 #hca sq4 ,footnote #aea3 ,oehl]1 ,!ology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 i4 #bcf4 ,dorn]1 ,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 ii4 #cbe4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ajc4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dba4 ,s*ultz1 ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology1 ii4 #cjh4 ,b]n>d1 ',s91' 9 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 iv4 #ecj1 #ecd4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,jo%ua1 vii4 #a4 ,footnote #aec3 #a ,samuel1 ii4 #bg sqq4 ,footnote #aed3 #b ,samuel1 xxi4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,deut]onomy1 i4 #cg2 iii4 #bf2 iv4 #ba4 #b ,k+s1 xxiii4 #bf2 xxiv4 #c4 ,j]emiah1 xv4 #d sqq4 ,footnote #aef3 ,exodus1 xx4 #e2 xxiv4 #g1 ,numb]s1 xiv4 #ah4 ,deut]onomy1 v4 #i4 ,cf4 ,leviticus1 xxvi4 #ci4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xli4 #f4 ,cf4 ibid4 xvi4 #d2 xli4 #e1 #g sqq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 iii4 #af4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #ab1 #ac1 #ag sqq4 ,footnote #aei3 ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #egb4 ,footnote #afj3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ii4 #cg n4 ,footnote #afa3 ,/ew>t1 ,sket*es ( ! ,"*1 c41 ( ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&1 p4 #abg4 ,m5 orig9ally attribute to _! gods m5tal qualities simil> to _! own1 & imag9e !m to be no less fi]ce & v9dictive ?an !y are !mselves4 ,?us ! retribution ( a god is1 9 _m cases1 no?+ b an outbur/ ( sudd5 ang]1 or an act ( private rev5ge1 & z su* p>ticul>ly liable to comprise1 n only ! (f5d] himself1 b ^? connect$ ) him4 ,plut>* ev5 argu$ t ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by gods on cities = ill-de$s committ$ by _! =m] inhabitants all[$ ( a j def5ce1 on ! gr\nd t a city is "o cont9u\s entity1 a sort ( creature t nev] *anges f age1 or becomes diff]5t by "t1 b is ev] sympa!tic ) & con=mable to itself1 & !re=e answ]able = :atev] x does or has done = ! public weal1 z long z ! community by its union & f$]al bonds pres]ves its unity4#afb ,he fur!r obs]ves t a bad man is n bad only :5 he breaks out into crime1 b has ! se$s ( vice 9 8 nature1 & t ! deity1 kn[+ ! nature & disposition ( e man1 pref]s /ifl+ crime 9 embryo to wait+ till x becomes ripe4#afc ,footnote #afb3 ,plut>*1 ,de s]a num9is v9dicta1 #ae4 ,footnote #afc3 ,ibid4 #bj4 ,b !re are yet special reasons = ext5d+ ! retribution ( a god beyond ! limits ( individual guilt4 ,:il/ ! res5tm5t ( a man is a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 t ( a god is a matt] ( inf]5ce4 ,t "s p>ticul> case ( suff]+ is a div9e puni%m5t1 is inf]r$ ei!r f its own peculi> "*1 sugge/+ ! direct int]f]5ce ( a god1 or f ! assumption t a c]ta9 act1 on acc\nt ( its (f5siv5ess1 _c be left unpuni%$4 ,n[ exp]i5ce %[s t1 9 _m in/ances1 ! s9n] himself escapes all puni%m5t1 lead+ a happy life till 8 dea?2 h5ce ! conclusion is ne> at h& t any grave mis=tune :i* befalls 8 desc5dants1 is ! delay$ retribution ( ! (f5d$ #eb god4#afd ,su* a conclusion is q 9 h>mony ) ! common notions ( div9e p[]4 ,x especially =ces itself ^u a m9d :i* has no idea ( a hell ) po/ mortem puni%m5ts = ! wick$4 ,&1 :]e ! _s ( a man aft] 8 dea? is believ$ to be /ill ard5tly conc]n$ = ! welf>e ( 8 family1#afe ! affliction ( 8 desc5dants naturally appe>s z a puni%m5t inflict$ ^u himself4 ,z ,dr4 de ,groot obs]ves1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*9ese1 t spiritual v5geance may desc5d on ! (f5d]'s (fspr+1 tallies p]fectly ) _! conception t ! sev]e/ puni%m5t :i* may be inflict$ on "o1 bo? 9 8 pres5t life & ! next1 is decl9e or ext]m9ation ( 8 male issue1 leav+ nobody to support him 9 8 old age1 nobody to protect him aft] 8 dea? f mis]y & hung] by c>+ = 8 corpse & grave1 & sacrific+ to 8 manes4#aff ,footnote #afd3 ,cf4 ,isocrates1 ,oratio de pace1 #abj2 ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 iii4 #ch2 ,ngelsba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc sq4 ,footnote #afe3 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 i4 #ga sq4 7anci5t ,greeks74 ,footnote #aff3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #deb4 ,! retributive suff]+s :i* innoc5t p]sons h to und]go 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9s ( ! guilty1 are n always suppos$ to be inflict$ ^u !m directly1 z a result ( div9e res5tm5t4 ,!y are (t5 attribut$ to infection4 ,s9 is look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a contagi\s matt] :i* may be transmitt$ f p>5ts to *ildr51 or be communicat$ by contact4 ,?is idea is well illu/rat$ by ! fun]al c]emonies ( ! ,tahitians4 ,:5 ! h\se = ! dead _h be5 erect$1 & ! corpse plac$ ^u ! plat=m or bi]1 ! prie/ ord]$ a hole to be dug 9 ! e>? or floor ne> ! foot ( ! plat=m4 ,ov] ?is he pray$ to ! god by :om x 0 suppos$ ! _s ( ! deceas$ _h be5 requir$4 ,! purport ( 8 pray] 0 t all ! dead man's s9s1 & especially t = :i* 8 s\l _h be5 call$ to ! po1 might be deposit$ !re1 t !y might n atta* 9 any degree to ! survivors1 & t ! ang] ( ! god might be appeas$4 ,all :o 7 employ$ 9 embalm+ ! dead 7 also1 dur+ ! process1 c>efully avoid$ by e p]son1 #ec z ! guilt ( ! crime = :i* ! deceas$ _h di$ 0 believ$ to contam9ate su* z came 9 contact ) ! corpse2 & z soon z ! c]emony ( deposit+ ! s9s 9 ! hole 0 ov]1 all :o _h t\*$ ! body or ! g>m5ts ( ! deceas$1 :i* 7 buri$ or de/roy$1 fl$ precipitately into ! sea to cleanse !mselves f ! pollution4#afg ,9 "o "p ( ,new ,zeal& a s]vice 0 p]=m$ ov] an individual1 by :i* all ! s9s ( ! tribe 7 suppos$ to be transf]r$ to him1 a f]n /alk 0 previ\sly ti$ to 8 p]son1 ) :i* he jump$ into ! riv] & !re unb9d+1 all[$ x to float away to ! sea1 be>+ _! s9s ) x4#afh ,! ,iroquois ,:ite ,dog ,fea/1 :i* 0 held e ye> 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 or e>ly 9 ,m>*1#afi impli$1 accord+ to mo/ au?orities1 a c]emony ( s9-transf]5ce4#agj ,! foll[+ description ( x is giv5 by ,mrs4 ,jemison1 a :ite woman :o 0 captur$ by ! ,indians 9 ! ye> #agee3--,two :ite dogs1 )\t spot or blemi%1 are /rangl$ & hung ne> ! door ( ! c\ncil-h\se4 ,on ! f\r? or fif? day ! committee1 consi/+ ( f t5 to tw5ty active m5 :o h be5 appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! fe/ivities1 collect ! evil _s1 or drive x (f entirely1 = ! pres5t1 & also conc5trate )9 !mselves all ! s9s ( _! tribe1 h[ev] num]\s or he9\s4 ,on ! eigh? or n9? day1 ! committee hav+ receiv$ all ! s91 z be=e obs]v$1 into _! own bodies1 !y take d[n ! dogs1 & aft] hav+ transfus$ ! :ole ( x into "o ( _! own numb]1 he1 by a peculi> sleight ( h&1 or k9d ( magic1 works x all out ( himself into ! dogs4 ,! dogs1 ?us load$ ) all ! s9s ( ! p1 are plac$ ^u a pile ( wood t is directly set on fire4 ,"h !y are burnt1 toge!r ) ! s9s ) :i* !y 7 load$4#aga ,among ! ,badgas ( ,india1 at a burial1 an eld]1 /&+ by ! corpse1 (f]s up a pray] t ! dead may n g to hell1 t ! s9s committ$ on e>? may be =giv51 & t ! s9s may be borne by a calf1 :i* is let loose 9 ! jungle & us$ !nce=? = no mann] ( "w4#agb ,at ,ut*-,kurgan1 9 ,turke/an1 ,mr4 ,s*uyl] saw an old man1 con/antly #ed engag$ 9 pray]1 :o 0 said to be an iskat*i1 t is1 a p]son :o gets 8 liv+ by tak+ on himself ! s9s ( ! dead1 & !nce=? devot+ 8 life to pray] = _! s\ls4#agc ,footnote #afg3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #dja sqq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #afi3 ,beau*amp1 ',iroquois ,:ite ,dog ,fea/1' 9 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 vii4 #bcf sq4 ,hale1 ',iroquois ,sacrifice ( ! ,:ite ,dog1' ibid4 vii4 #g4 ,footnote #agj3 ,beau*amp1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bcg sq4 ,footnote #aga3 ,seav]1 ,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,jemison1 p4 #aeh sqq4 ,cf4 ,mr4 ,cl>k's description1 quot$ by ,beau*amp1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #agb3 ,?ur/on1 ',badgas ( ! ,nilgiris1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 ii4 #d4 ,cf4 ,metz1 ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #gh2 ,graul1 ,reise na* ,o/9di51 iii4 #bif sqq4 ,footnote #agc3 ,s*uyl]1 ,turki/an1 ii4 #bh4 ,9 anci5t ,p]u1 an ,inca1 aft] confession ( guilt1 ba!d 9 a neighb\r+ riv]1 & repeat$ ?is =mula3--,o ?\ ,riv]1 receive ! s9s ,i h ?is day confess$ unto ! ,sun1 c>ry !m d[n to ! sea1 & let !m nev] m appe>4#agd ,accord+ to ,v$ic beliefs1 s9 is a contam9ation :i* may be inh]it$1 or contract$ 9 v>i\s ways1#age & ( :i* ! s9n] tries to rid himself by transf]r+ x to "s enemy1#agf or by invok+ ! gods ( wat] or fire4#agg ,x is wa%$ out by ,v>una1 9 8 capacity ( a wat]-god1#agh & by ,trita1 ano!r wat]-god1#agi & ev5 by ! ,wat]s 9 g5]al1 z appe>s f ! pray] address$ to !m3--,o ,wat]s1 c>ry (f :atev] s9 is 9 me & untru?4#ahj ,= a simil> reason1 z x seems1 wat] became 9 ! lat]1 ,brahmanic age1 ! ess5ce 7sap7 ( immortality#aha & ! belief 9 its purify+ p[] /ill survives 9 mod]n ,india4 ,no s9 is too he9\s to be remov$1 no "* too black to be wa%$ clean1 by ! wat]s ( ,ganges4#ahb ,at sacr$ places ( pilgrimage on ! banks ( riv]s1 ! ,h9dus p]=m special religi\s %av+s = ! purpose ( purify+ s\l & body f pollution2 & p]sons :o h committ$ great crimes or are tr\bl$ by uneasy consci5ces1 travel hundr$s ( miles to su* holy places :]e !y may be releas$ f e s9 by fir/ be+ reliev$ ( e hair & !n plung+ into ! sacr$ /ream4#ahc ,s1 also1 accord+ to ,h9du beliefs1 contact ) c[s purifies1 &1 z 9 ! ,p>si ritual1 ! dung & ur9e ( c[s h ! p[] ( prev5t+ or cleans+ away n only mat]ial1 b moral defilem5ts4#ahd ,9 po/-,hom]ic ,greece1 individuals & a :ole p 7 cleans$ f _! s9s by wat] or "s o!r mat]ial means ( purification4#ahe ,plut>*1 aft] obs]v+ #ee t !re are o!r prop]ties t h connection & communication1 & t transf] !mselves f "o ?+ to ano!r ) incr$ible quickness & ov] imm5se di/ances1 asks :e!r x is m wond]ful t ,a!ns %\ld h be5 smitt5 ) a plague :i* />t$ 9 ,arabia1 ?an t1 :5 ! ,delphians & ,syb>ites became wick$1 v5geance %\ld h fall5 on _! desc5dants4#ahf ,! ,hebrews annually laid ! s9s ( ! p ^u ! head ( a goat1 & s5t x away into ! wild]ness2#ahg & !y cleans$ e impurity ) consecrat$ wat] or ! spr9kl+ ( blood4#ahh ,to ?is day1 ! ,jews 9 ,morocco1 on _! ,new-,ye>'s day1 g to ! sea-%ore1 or to "s spr+1 & remove _! s9s by ?r[+ /ones into ! wat]4 ,! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 wa% me ?or\ghly f m9e iniquity1 & cleanse me f my s91#ahi 7 n altoge!r a figure ( spee*2 nor is ,*ri/ian baptism orig9ally a m]e symbol4 ,its result is =giv5ess ( s9s2#aij by ! wat]1 z a m$ium ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! /a9s ( s9 are wa%$ away4#aia ,t s9 is contagi\s has be5 expressly /at$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,novatian says t ! "o is defil$ by ! s9 ( ! o!r1 & ! idolatry ( ! transgressor passes ov] to him :o does n transgress4#aib ,footnote #agd3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #dce4 ,footnote #age3 ,a?>va-,v$a1 v4 #cj4 #d2 x4 #c4 #h2 vii4 #fd4 i4 sq4 ,cf4 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #agf3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #cf4 #i2 x4 #cg4 #ab4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ibid4 x4 #afd4 #c4 ,a?>va-,v$a1 vii4 #fd4 #b4 ,cf4 ,kaegi1 ,rig-,v$a1 p4 #aeg2 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bia-bih1 #cai sqq4 ,footnote #agh3 ,cf4 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india pp4 #fe n4 #a1 #ff4 ,footnote #agi3 ,a?>va-,v$a1 vi4 #aac4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #bc4 #bb4 ,s9 is also look$ ^u z a gall+ *a9 f ! captivity ( :i* release is bes\ght 7ibid4 i4 #bd4 #i1 #ac sq42 ii4 #bg4 #af2 ii4 #bh4 #e2 v4 #he4 #h2 vi4 #gd4 #c2 c474 ,footnote #aha3 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,moni] ,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duuism1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ibid4 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bfd4 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #bjf2 v4 #aje1 #aba1 #abd2 xi4 #aaj1 #bjc1 #bac4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,/5gel1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]1 p4 #ach sqq4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,plut>*1 ,de s]a num9is v9dicta1 #ad4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,leviticus1 xvi4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,numb]s1 viii4 #g2 xix4 #d-i1 #ac sqq42 xxxi4 #bc4 ,leviticus1 xvi4 #ad sqq4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,psalms1 li4 #b4 ,footnote #aij3 ,h>nack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adj sqq4 ,footnote #aia3 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ii4 #b4 #aj1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #aib3 ,quot$ by ,h>nack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aai4 ,9 ?is mat]iali/ic conception ( s9 !re is an obvi\s confusion betwe5 cause & effect1 betwe5 ! s9 & its puni%m5t4 ,s9 is look$ ^u z a sub/ance *>g$ ) injuri\s en]gy1 :i* w soon] or lat] dis*>ge itself to ! discom=t or de/ruction ( anybody :o is infect$ ) x4 ,! sick ,*9ese says ( 8 disease1 x is my s91 in/ead ( say+1 x is ! puni%m5t ( my s94#aic ,bo? 9 ,hebrew & 9 ! ,v$ic language ! ^w = s9 is us$ 9 a simil> way4#aid ,9 ! consci\sness ( ! pi\s ,israelite1 ,pr(essor ,s*ultz obs]ves1 s91 guilt1 & puni%m5t1 are ideas s directly connect$ t ! words = !m are int]*angeable4#aie #ef ,! prophets frequ5tly & emphatically decl>e t !re is 9 s9 itself a p[] :i* mu/ de/roy ! s9n]4#aif ,s1 too1 z ,m4 ,b]gaigne po9ts out1 !re is 9 ! ,v$ic notion ( s91 la croyance une sorte de v]tu propre du p*1 grce laquelle il produit de lui-mme son effet ncessaire1 savoir le *tim5t du p*eur4#aig ,s9s are ?us treat$ l diseases1 or ! g]ms ( diseases1 ( :i* pati5ts likewise try to rid !mselves by wa%+ or burn+1 or :i* are describ$ 9 ! v language (t5 appli$ to s9s z fett]s :i* hold !m *a9$4#aih ,all k9ds ( evil are 9 ?is way mat]ialis$4 ,! ,%amani/ic peoples ( ,sib]ia1 says ,georgi1 hold evil to be a self-exi/+ sub/ance :i* !y call by an inf9itude ( p>ticul> names4#aii ,accord+ to ,moori% ideas1 l-bas1 or mis=tune1 is a k9d ( infection1 :i* may be contract$ by contact & remov$ by wat] or fire2 h5ce 9 all p>ts ( ,morocco wat]- & fire-c]emonies are p]=m$ annually1 ei!r on ! 7%ur-eve or at midsumm]1 l-7ans4ara1 = ! purpose ( purify+ m51 animals1 & fruit-trees4#bjj ,& j z ! ,moors1 on ^! #eg occasions1 rid !mselves ( l-bas1 s1 9 mod]n ,greece1 ! wom5 make a fire on ,midsumm] ,eve1 & jump ov] x1 cry+1 ,i leave my s9s4#bja ,footnote #aic3 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #aid3 ,holzman1 ',snde und ,shne 9 d5 ,rigv$ahymn5 und d5 ,psalm51' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie1 xv4 #i4 ,footnote #aie3 ,s*ultz1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjf4 ,cf4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 p4 #abd sqq4 ,footnote #aif3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cjh sq4 ,footnote #aig3 ,b]gaigne1 ,religion vdique1 iii4 #afc4 ,cf4 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #acb4 #e4 ,footnote #aih3 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #aii3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #beg4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( transf]r+ or expell+ evil1 :i* abundantly illu/rate ! mat]iali/ic notions held ab\t x1 h be5 treat$ by ,dr4 ,fraz] ) unrivall$ le>n+ 7,! ,gold5 ,b\gh71 iii4 #a sqq4 ,i h little d\bt t ! fire- & wat]-c]emonies1 once practis$ all ov] ,europe on a c]ta9 day e ye>1 belong to ! same gr\p ( rites4 ,! be/ g5]al explanation ( ^! ,european fire-fe/ivals1 says ,dr4 ,fraz] 7ibid4 iii4 #cjj71 seems to be ! "o giv5 by ,mannh>dt1 namely1 t !y are sun-*>ms or magical c]emonies int5d$ to ensure a prop] supply ( sun%9e = m51 animals1 & plants4 ,b x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ,europe1 z 9 ,morocco1 a purificatory purpose is expressly ascrib$ to !m by ! v p]sons by :om !y are practis$ 7see ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bch sqq471 t !y alt]nate ) lu/ration by wat] 7see ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ii4 #ehh sqq474 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s exhau/ive description ( ^! c]emonies ,i fail to discov] a s+le fact :i* w\ld make ,mannh>dt's hypo!sis at all probable4 ,dr4 ,fraz] says 7op4 cit4 iii4 #cja71 ,! cu/om ( roll+ a burn+ :eel d[n a hillside1 :i* is (t5 obs]v$ at ^! times1 seems a v natural imitation ( ! sun's c\rse 9 ! sky4 ,to me x appe>s z a me?od ( di/ribut+ ! purificatory en]gy ov] ! fields or v9ey>ds4 ,notice1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ /atem5ts3--,9 ! ,rhon ,m\nta9s1 ,bav>ia1 a :eel wrapt 9 combu/ibles1 0 k9dl$ & roll$ d[n ! hill2 & ! "y p ru%$ ab\t ! fields ) _! burn+ tor*es & brooms4 4 4 4 ,9 neighb\r+ villages ( ,hesse 4 4 4 x is ?\ght t :]ev] ! burn+ :eels roll1 ! fields w be safe f hail & /orm 7ibid4 iii4 #bdc sq474 ,at ,volkm>s51 9 ,hesse1 9 "s places t>-b>rels or :eels wrapt 9 /raw us$ to be set on fire1 & !n s5t roll+ d[n ! hillside4 ,9 o!rs ! boys light tor*es & :isps ( /raw at ! bonfires & ru% ab\t br&i%+ !m 9 _! h&s 7ibid4 iii4 #bed74 ,9 ,mn/]l&1 boys ) blaz+ bundles ( /raw run ov] ! fields to make !m fruitful 7ibid4 iii4 #bee74 ,dr4 ,fraz] says 7ibid4 iii4 #cja71 ,! cu/om ( ?r[+ blaz+ discs1 %ap$ lik$ suns1 into ! air is probably also a piece ( imitative magic4 ,b :y %\ld x n1 9 con=mity ) o!r practices1 be reg>d$ z a means ( purify+ ! air8 ,accord+ to old writ]s1 ! object ( ,midsumm] fires 0 to disp]se ! a]ial dragons 7ibid4 iii4 #bfg74 ,x w\ld c>ry me too f> f my subject to ent] into fur!r details4 ,i h dealt ) ! matt] 9 my article ',midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco4' 9 ,folk-,lore1 xvi4 #bg-dg4 ,footnote #bja3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ii4 #fbc4 ,closely connect$ ) ! primitive conception ( s91 is t ( a curse4 ,9 fact1 ! injuri\s en]gy attribut$ to a s9ful act1 is 9 _m cases obvi\sly due to ! curse ( a god4 ,! curse is look$ ^u z a baneful sub/ance1 z a miasma :i* injures or de/roys anybody to :om x cleaves4 ,! curse ( ,moses 0 said to lie on m\nt ,ebal1 ready to desc5d ) puni%m5ts :5ev] !re 0 an occasion = x4#bjb ,! ,arabs1 :5 be+ curs$1 sometimes lay !mselves d[n on ! gr\nd s t ! curse1 in/ead ( hitt+ !m1 may fly ov] _! bodies4#bjc ,accord+ to ,teutonic notions1 curses alight1 settle1 cl+1 !y take flight1 & turn home z birds to _! ne/s4#bjd ,x is ! vulg> op9ion 9 ,irel& t a curse once utt]$ mu/ alight on some?+3 x w float 9 ! air sev5 ye>s1 & may desc5d any mom5t on ! p>ty x 0 aim$ at2 if 8 gu>dian angel b =sake him1 x takes =?) ! %ape ( "s mis=tune1 sickness or temptation1 & /rikes 8 devot$ head4#bje ,we %all lat] on see t curses are communicat$ ?r\gh mat]ial m$ia4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,morocco1 if a man is n p[]ful en\gh to av5ge an infr+em5t on 8 m>riage-b$1 he leaves sev5 tufts ( hair on 8 head & goes to ano!r tribe to ask = help4 ,?is is l-7r1 a conditional curse1 :i* is fir/ seat$ 9 ! tufts1 & #eh f !re transf]r$ to ^? :om he invokes4 ,simil>ly1 a p]son "u ! v[ ( blood-rev5ge lets 8 hair gr[ until he has fulfill$ 8 v[4 ,! oa? cl+s to 8 hair1 & w fall ^u 8 head if he violates x4#bjf ,footnote #bjb3 ,deut]onomy1 xi4 #bi4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,goldzih]1 ,abh&lung5 zur arabis*5 ,philologie1 i4 #bi4 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #aci1 n4 #d4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 iv4 #afij4 ,footnote #bje3 ,ibid4 iii4 #abbg4 ,wood-,m>t91 ,traces ( ! ,eld] ,fai?s ( ,irel& ii1 #eg sq4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,! same practice prevail$ among ! anci5t ,arabs 7,wellhaus51 op4 cit4 p4 #abb71 & "s o!r cases are record$ by ,dr4 ,fraz] 7op4 cit4 i4 #cgj sq474 ,i _c accept ,wellhaus5's explanation 7op4 cit4 p4 #abd7 t ! hair is all[$ to gr[ = ! purpose ( be+ sacrific$ :5 ! v[ is fulfill$4 ,g5]ally1 a curse foll[s ! c\rse :i* is indicat$ by ! curs]4 ,b x does n d s 9 e case1 & x has a t5d5cy to spread4 ,9 anci5t ,india#bjg & among ! ,arabs#bjh & ,hebrews1#bji !re 0 a belief t a curse1 especially if x 0 undes]v$1 might fall back on ! head ( him :o utt]$ x4 ,! same belief prevail$1 or /ill prevails1 among ! ,iri%2#baj s1 also1 accord+ to an ,engli% prov]b1 curses1 l *ick5s1 come home to roo/4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! curse ( a fa!r or "m ta9ts ev]y?+ ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,any "o :o is f\nd guilty ( assault+ a p>5t1 %all be = ev] bani%$ f ! city into ! c\ntry1 & %all ab/a9 f ! temples2 & if any freeman eat or dr9k1 or h any o!r sort ( int]c\rse ) him1 or only meet+ him h volunt>ily t\*$ him1 he %all n ent] into any temple1 nor into ! agora1 nor into ! city1 until he is purifi$2 = he %\ld consid] t he has become ta9t$ by a curse4#baa ,plut>* asks :e!r ,jupit]'s prie/ 0 =bidd5 to swe> = ! reason t ! p]il ( p]jury w\ld rea* 9 common to ! :ole commonweal?1 if a wick$1 godless1 & =sworn p]son %\ld h ! *>ge & sup]9t5d5ce ( ! pray]s1 v[s1 & sacrifices made on behalf ( ! city4#bab ,! ,romans believ$ t c]ta9 horrid imprecations _h su* p[]1 t n only ! object ( !m nev] escap$ _! influ5ce1 b t ! p]son :o us$ !m also 0 sure #ei to be unhappy4#bac ,among ! ,ar9zes1 an oa? is reckon$ a t]rible ?+3--,!y d n suff] a p]son1 :o has be5 "u ! necessity ( expurgat+ himself 9 s dreadful a mann]1 to rema9 among !m3 he is s5t into exile4#bad ,accord+ to ,b$\9 notions1 a solemn oa? %\ld only be tak5 at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! camp1 because ! magical nature ( ! oa? might prove p]nici\s to ! g5]al body ( ,arabs1 7 x to take place 9 _! vic9ity4#bae ,to take an oa? ( any sort1 says ,burckh>dt1 is always a matt] ( great conc]n among ! ,b$\9s4 ,x seems z if !y atta*$ to an oa? consequ5ces ( a sup]natural k9d4 4 4 4 ,a ,b$\91 ev5 9 def5ce ( 8 own "r1 w seldom be p]suad$ to take a solemn oa? be=e a kadhy1 or be=e ! tomb ( a %eikh or sa9t1 z !y are sometimes requir$ to d2 & w\ld r =feit a small sum ?an expose himself to ! dread$ consequ5ces ( an oa?4#baf ,exactly ! same holds good = ! ,moors4 ,! conditional self-curse is suppos$ 9 "s degree to pollute ! swe>] ev5 ?\gh ! condition ref]r$ to 9 ! oa? be only imag9>y1 9 o!r words1 ?\gh he d n p]jure himself4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! reason :y1 among ! ,b]b]s 9 ! ,s\? ( ,morocco1 p]sons :o h be5 wrongly accus$ ( a crime1 sometimes entirely undress !mselves 9 ! sanctu>y :]e !y are go+ to swe>4 ,!y believe t1 if !y d s1 ! sa9t w puni% ! accus]2 & ,i conclude t at ! bottom ( ?is belief !re is a vague idea t ! abs5ce ( all clo!s w prev5t ! oa? f cl++ to !mselves4 ,!y say t x is bad n only to swe>1 b ev5 to be pres5t :5 an oa? is tak5 by somebody else4 ,& at ,demnat1 9 ! ,great ,atlas1 ,i 0 told t :5 a p]son has made oa? at a %r9e1 he avoids go+ back to 8 h\se ! same way z he came1 s9ce o!rwise1 at lea/ if he #fj has sworn false1 8 family z well z himself w\ld h to suff]4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,a?>va-,v$a1 ii4 #g4 #e4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,goldzih]1 ,abh&lung51 i4 #ch sq4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxi4 #bg4 ,footnote #baj3 ,wood-,m>t91 op4 cit4 ii4 #eg sq4 ,footnote #baa3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hha4 ,footnote #bab3 ,plut>*1 ,que/iones ,romanae1 #dd4 ,footnote #bac3 ,idem1 ,vita ,cassi1 #af4 ,footnote #bad3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ed sq4 ,footnote #bae3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #baf3 ,ibid4 p4 #afe4 ,if a curse is infecti\s1 x is naturally liable to contam9ate ^? :o d]ive _! orig9 f ! infect$ individual4 ,! h\se ( ,glaucus 0 utt]ly extirpat$ f ,sp>ta1 9 accordance ) ! words ( ! oracle1 ,!re is a nameless son ( ! ,oa?-god :o has nei!r h&s nor feet2 he pursues swiftly1 until1 hav+ seiz$1 he de/roys ! :ole race1 & all ! h\se4#bag ,s1 too1 ! ,er9yes visit$ ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ev5 on ! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr52#bah & ! ,er9yes 7 orig9ally only p]sonifications ( curses4#bai ,x is said 9 ! ,ecclesia/icus3--,a man t use? mu* swe>+ %all be fill$ ) iniquity1 & ! plague %all nev] dep>t f 8 h\se4 4 4 4 ,if he swe> 9 va91 he %all n be innoc5t1 b 8 h\se %all be full ( calamities4#bbj ,casalis rem>ks ( ! ,basutos1 t ! dreadful consequ5ces t ! curse ( ,noah has _h = ,ham & 8 desc5dants appe> q natural to ^! p4#bba ,! ,dh>kr & ,majhwr 9 ,mirzapur1 believe t a p]son :o =swe>s himself w lose 8 prop]ty & 8 *ildr52#bbb b z we d n "k ! cont5ts ( ! oa?1 x is possible t ! de/ruction ( ! latt] is n ascrib$ to m]e contagion1 b is expressly imprecat$ on !m by ! swe>]4#bbc ,among ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra1 #fa any accid5t t happ5s to a man1 :o has be5 kn[n to take a false oa?1 or to 8 *ildr5 or gr&*ildr51 is c>efully record$ 9 memory1 & attribut$ to ?is sole cause4#bbd ,among ! ,k>5s ! foll[+ /ory is told3--,anci5tly !re 0 a man :o _h t5 *ildr51 & he curs$ "o ( 8 bre?r51 :o _h done him no injury2 b ! curse did ! man no h>m1 & he did n die4 ,!n ! curse return$ to ! man :o s5t x1 & all 8 t5 *ildr5 di$4#bbe ,! ,moors are fond ( curs+ ea* o!r's fa!r or "m1 or gr&fa!r1 or gr&fa!r's fa!r1 su* a curse be+ und]/ood to involve _! desc5dants z well4 ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor says ( ! ,maoris1 ,to bid y g & cook y\r fa!r w\ld be a great curse1 b to tell a p]son to g & cook 8 great-gr&fa!r w\ld be f> worse1 because x includ$ e individual :o has sprung f him4#bbf ,footnote #bag3 ,h]odotus1 vi4 #hf4 ,cf4 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #bhb sqq4 ,footnote #bah3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #icd sqq4 ,footnote #bai3 ,aes*ylus 7,eum5ides1 #daf sq47 expressly designates ! ,er9yes by ! title ( curses 7,greek3 a7rai71 & ,pausanias d]ives ! "n ,er9ys f an ,arcadian ^w signify+ a fit ( ang]4 ,cf4 von ,lasaulx1 ',d] flu* bei ,grie*5 und ,rm]n1' 9 ,v]zei*nis d] ,vorlesung5 an d] ,julius-,maximilians-,univ]sitaet zu ,wrzburg im ,somm]-,seme/] #ahdc1 p4 #h2 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides ( ,aes*ylus1 p4 #aee sqq42 ,rohde1 ',p>alipom5a1' 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahie1 p4 #af sq4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxiii4 #aa4 ,cf4 ibid4 xli4 #e sqq42 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 iii4 #ab sq41 xii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bba3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 ii4 #bhg2 iii4 #ddd4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #acb4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,among ^! tribes x is usual to swe> by putt+ a bamboo on ! head1 or t\*+ a broad-sword1 t\*+ ! feet ( a ,brhman1 hold+ a c['s tail1 t\*+ ,ganges wat]4 ,b among _m ( ! o!r tribes describ$ by ,mr4 ,crooke1 p]sons swe> on ! heads ( _! *ildr5 7ibid4 i4 #aa1 #acj1 #agb2 ii4 #if1 #ach1 #cci1 #ceg2 iii4 #dj1 #aac1 #bea1 #bfb2 iv4 #ce71 or ) a son or gr&son 9 ! arms 7ibid4 ii4 #dbh71 & 9 su* cases ! dea? ( ! *ild w\ld naturally be expect$ to foll[ p]jury z a direct result ( x4 ,among ! ,kol1 ! usual =m ( an oa? is1 ,may my *ildr5 die if ,i lie 7ibid4 iii4 #cac74 ,footnote #bbd3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #acg4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #bjh4 ,?us1 f ! conception t s9s & curses are contagi\s x foll[s t an innoc5t p]son may h to suff] = ! s9 ( ano!r4 ,8 suff]+ does n necess>ily relieve ! s9n] f puni%m5t2 s91 l an infecti\s disease1 may spread )\t vacat+ ! seat ( infection4 ,b1 z we h se51 x may also be transf]r$1 & s9-transf]5ce involves vic>i\s suff]+4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is k9d ( vic>i\s suff]+ mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) vic>i\s expiatory sacrifice4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! scapegoat is driv5 or ca/ away1 n kill$4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule seem to be due to two diff]5t causes4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! scapegoat may be *as$ to dea?1 or p]haps be pu%$ ov] a precipice1#bbg = ! sake ( ridd+ ! community z #fb effectively z possible ( ! evils load$ on ! victim4 ,?us ! ,bhotiys ( ,juhr take a dog1 make him drunk1 & hav+ f$ him ) sweetmeats1 lead him r\nd ! village & let him loose4 ,!y !n *ase & kill him ) /icks & /ones1 & believe t by s do+ no disease or mis=tune w visit ! village dur+ ! ye>4#bbh ,on ! o!r h&1 ! transf]5ce ( evil may be comb9$ ) a sacrifice4 ,b ( su* a comb9ation only a few in/ances are record$1 & mo/ ( !m are ambigu\s4 ,consid]+ fur!r t 9 ^! cases1 or at lea/ 9 ! be/ kn[n ( !m1 ! act ( transf]5ce takes place aft] ! victim has be5 kill$1 x seems to me extremely probable t we h "h to d ) a fusion ( two di/9ct rites into "o1 & t ! victim is n (f]$ up z a sacrifice 9 its capacity ( a scapegoat1 b1 once sacrific$1 has be5 made use ( z a conductor = all ! evils ) :i* ! p are beset4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,accord+ to ! ,mi%na1 ! ,hebrew scapegoat 0 n all[$ to g free 9 ! wild]ness1 b 0 kill$ by be+ pu%$ ov] a precipice 7,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dah74 ,see also ! ambigu\s passage 9 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,virgilii ,a5eidos1 iii4 #eg4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,atk9son1 ',notes on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion 9 ! ,himlaya ( ! ,n4,w4 ,prov9ces1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 liii4 pt4 i4 #fb4 ,9 8 li/ ( scapegoats1 ,dr4 ,fraz] ref]s to a case ( human sacrifice witness$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,taylor at ,onit%a1 on ! ,nig]4#bbi ,a "y woman 0 drawn1 ) h] face to ! e>?1 f ! k+'s h\se to ! riv]4 ,z ! p drew h] along1 !y cri$1 ,wick$ness6 ,wick$ness6 s z to notify to ! pass]s-by to scre5 !mselves f witness+ ! dismal sc5e4 ,! sacrifice 0 to take away ! iniquities ( ! l&4 ,! body 0 dragg$ along 9 a m]ciless mann] z if ! weight ( all _! wick$ness 7 ?us c>ri$ away2 & x 0 f9ally dr[n$ 9 ! riv]4 ,our in=mant also he>d t !re 0 a man kill$1 z a sacrifice = ! s9s ( ! k+4 ,?us two human be+s 7 (f]$ z sacrifices1 to propitiate _! hea!n deities1 ?9k+ t !y w\ld ?us atone = ! individual s9s ( ^? :o _h brok5 ,god's laws dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 4 4 4 ,^? :o _h fall5 into gross s9s dur+ ! pa/ ye>--su* z inc5di>isms1 !fts1 =nications1 adult]ies1 wit*crafts1 ince/s1 sl&]s1 c4--7 expect$ to pay 9 tw5ty-eight ngugus1 or #b #js4 #g;d41 z a f9e2 & ?is money 0 tak5 into ! int]ior1 to pur*ase two sickly p]sons1 to be #fc (f]$ z a sacrifice = all ^! abom9able crimes--"o = ! l&1 & "o = ! riv]4#bcj ,z w be se5 9 a foll[+ *apt]1 human sacrifices to riv]s are v common 9 ! ,nig] c\ntry4 ,9 ! cases m5tion$ by ! ,engli% mission>y1 ! idea ( vic>i\s expiation is obvi\s4 ,b ,i f9d no evid5ce ( actual s9-transf]5ce4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aji sq4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,cr[!r & ,taylor1 ,gospel on ! ,banks ( ! ,nig]1 p4 #cdd sq4 ,dr4 ,fraz] fur!r m5tions a cu/om :i*1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 prevail$ among ! ,albanians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caucasus4#bca ,9 ! temple ( ! ,moon !y kept a numb] ( sacr$ slaves1 ( :om _m 7 inspir$ & prophesi$4 ,:5 "o ( ^! m5 exhibit$ m ?an usual symptoms ( inspiration or insanity1 ! high prie/ _h him b\nd ) a sacr$ *a9 & ma9ta9$ him 9 luxury = a ye>4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> he 0 ano9t$ ) ungu5ts & l$ =? to be sacrific$4 ,a man ?ru/ a sacr$ spe> into 8 side1 pi]c+ 8 he>t4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! victim fell1 om5s 7 drawn z to ! welf>e ( ! commonweal?4 ,!n ! body 0 c>ri$ to a c]ta9 spot :]e all ! p /ood ^u x z a purificatory c]emony4#bcb ,dr4 ,fraz] ma9ta9s t ! la/ circum/ance cle>ly indicates t ! s9s ( ! p 7 transf]r$ to ! victim1 j z ! ,jewi% prie/ transf]r$ ! s9s ( ! p to ! scapegoat by lay+ 8 h& on ! animal's head4#bcc ,s x may be1 al?\gh1 9 my op9ion1 ! purificatory c]emony describ$ by ,/rabo also all[s ( ano!r int]pretation4 ,! victim 0 evid5tly held to be saturat$ ) magic en]gy2 ?is is commonly ! case ) m51 or animals1 or ev5 inanimate ?+s1 t are (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance ! man 0 reg>d$ z holy already1 long be=e he 0 sla94 ,to /& on ! corpse1 !n1 might h be5 reg>d$ z purify+ 9 consequ5ce ( ! b5ign virtue inh]5t 9 x1 j z1 accord+ to ,muhamm$an notions1 contact ) a sa9t cures disease1 n by transf]r+ x to ! sa9t1 b by annihilat+ x or expell+ x f ! body ( ! pati5t4 ,b :e!r ! c]emony 9 "q involv$ ! idea ( s9-transf]5ce or n1 !re is no indication t ! sacrifice ( ! slave 0 ( an expiatory "*4 ,! same may be said bo? ( ! ,egyptian sacrifice ( a bull1 m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 & ( ! :ite dog sacrifice p]=m$ by ! ,iroquois4 ,! ,egyptians fir/ invok$ ! god & slew ! bull4 ,!y !n cut (f 8 head & flay$ ! body4 ,next #fd !y took ! head1 & heap$ imprecations on x1 pray+ t1 if any evil 0 imp5d+ ei!r ov] ^? :o sacrific$ or ov] ! l& ( ,egypt1 x might be made to fall ^u t head4 ,& f9ally1 !y ei!r sold ! head to ,greek trad]s or ?rew x into ! riv]#bcd--:i* %[s t ! real scapegoat1 ! head1 0 n reg>d$ z a sacrifice to ! god4 ,among ! ,iroquois1 also1 ! victims 7 sla9 be=e ! s9s ( ! p 7 transf]r$ to !m4 ,accord+ to ,hale's & ,morgan's acc\nts ( ?is rite1 :i* h ref]5ce to diff]5t tribes ( ! ,iroquois1 no m5tion ( s9-transf]5ce is made 9 ! hymn :i* accompani$ ! sacrifice4#bce ,only bless+s 7 invok$4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! *ant3--,n[ we are ab\t to (f] ?is victim adorn$ = ! sacrifice1 9 hope t ! act w be pleas+ & acceptable to ! ,all-,rul]1 & t he w s adorn 8 *ildr51 ! r$ m51 ) 8 bless+s1 :5 !y appe> be=e him4#bcf ,mr4 ,morgan ev5 d5ies t ! burn+ ( ! dog _h ! slighte/ connection ) ! s9s ( ! p1 & /ates t 9 ! religi\s sy/em ( ! ,iroquois1 !re is no recognition ( ! doctr9e ( atonem5t = s91 or ( ! absolution or =giv5ess ( s9s4#bcg ,footnote #bca3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aab sq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,/rabo1 xi4 #d4 #g4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aac4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #ci4 ,footnote #bce3 ,hale1 9 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 vii4 #aj sqq4 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #bag sq4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,hale1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,morgan1 op4 cit4 p4 #baf4 ,i ?9k we c see ! reason :y1 9 "s cases1 a sacrificial victim is us$ z scapegoat4 ,! transf]5ce ( s9s or evils is n look$ ^u z a m]e natural process1 x c h>dly be accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( my/]i\s1 magic en]gy4 ,among ! ,b]b]s ( ,ait ,zelt4n1 9 ,s\!rn ,morocco1 sick p us$ to visit a miracle-work+ wild olive-tree1 gr[+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! suppos$ grave ( ,sdi ,butlla4 ,!y !re relieve !mselves ( _! compla9ts by ty+ a wooll5 /r+ to "o ( its bran*es2 9 case ( heada*e ! pati5t previ\sly w9ds ! /r+ ?ree times r\nd ! top ( 8 head1 :il/1 9 case ( fev]1 he spits on ! /r+1 &1 :5 ty+ x to ! tree1 says1 ,i left my fev] 9 !e1 ,o wild olive-tree4 ,he believes t he may ?us transf] 8 disease to ?is tree because !re is b>aka1 b5ign virtue1 9 x2 he w\ld n expect to be cur$ #fe by ty+ ! /r+ to any ord9>y tree4 ,?is illu/rates a pr9ciple ( probably _w-wide application4 ,9 ,morocco1 &1 ,i presume1 9 o!r c\ntries :]e disease-transf]5ce is believ$ 91 rags ti$ to a tree are a sure indication t ! tree is reg>d$ z holy4 ,simil>ly ,i v5ture to believe t ! transf]5ce ( s9s & evils to a scapegoat is g5]ally suppos$ to require magic aid ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,among ! ,hebrews1 x took place on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t only1 & ! act 0 p]=m$ by ! high-prie/4#bch ,among ! ,iroquois1 x 0 by a k9d ( magic t ! s9s ( ! p 7 work$ into ! :ite dogs2#bci & t ! animals !mselves 7 held to be *>g$ ) sup]natural en]gy1 appe>s f ! fact t1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! a%es ( ! pyre on :i* "o ( !m 0 burnt 7 ga!r$ up1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! village1 & spr9kl$ at ! door ( e h\se4#bdj ,consid]+1 !n1 t sacrificial victims1 ow+ to _! close contact ) ! deities to :om !y are (f]$1 are held m or less sacr$1 ! idea ( employ+ !m z scapegoats is c]ta9ly ne> at h&4 ,b ?is does n make ! sacrifice expiatory4 ,9 fact1 ,i "k ( no in/ance ( an expiatory sacrifice be+ connect$ ) a c]emony ( s9-transf]5ce4 ,h5ce ! mat]iali/ic conception ( s9 h>dly helps to expla9 ! belief t ! s9s ( a p]son may be aton$ by ano!r p]son be+ (f]$ z a sacrifice to ! (f5d$ god4 ,footnote #bch3 ,leviticus1 xvi4 #ba4 ,footnote #bci3 ,seav]1 op4 cit4 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,beau*amp1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bci4 ,a sacrifice is expiatory if its object is to av]t ! suppos$ ang] or indignation ( a sup]human be+ f ^? on ^: behalf x is (f]$4 ,9 v>i\s cases ! (f5d$ god is ?\ght to be appeas$ only by ! dea? ( a man4 ,b x is n always necess>y t ! victim %\ld be ! actual (f5d]4 ,! dea? ( a sub/itute may expiate 8 guilt4 ,! expiatory sacrifice may be vic>i\s4 ,we %all see1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 t1 z a g5]al #ff rule1 human victims are sacrific$ = ! purpose ( sav+ ! lives ( ! sacrific]s3 be=e ! beg9n+ ( a battle or dur+ a siege1 previ\sly to a dang]\s sea-exp$ition1 dur+ epidemics1 fam9es1 or on o!r simil> occasions1 :5 murd]\s designs are attribut$ to "s sup]human be+ on ^: w ! lives ( m5 are suppos$ to dep5d4 ,b ^! sacrifices are n always expiatory 9 nature4 ,a god may desire to cause ! dea? ( m5 n only because he is (f5d$1 b because he delights 9 human fle%1 or because he wants human att5dants1 or--no "o kn[s exactly :y4 ,x is impossible to f9d out 9 ea* p>ticul> case :e!r ! sacrifice is meant to be an expiation or n2 x is n c]ta9 t ! sacrific]s "k x !mselves4 ,yet 9 _m in/ances !re c be no d\bt t its object is to s]ve z a vic>i\s atonem5t4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 if a freeman 7 to set fire to ! grass or re$s beside a lake1 & cause a great conflagration close to ! *os5 abode ( ! deity1 he is liable to be (f]$ up to ! god t is ?us annoy$1 b if he be ! own] ( _m slaves he c easily r$eem himself by (f]+ "o ( !m 9 8 place4#bda ,! ,ojibways1 x is said1 7 once visit$ ) an epidemic1 :i* !y reg>d$ z a div9e puni%m5t s5t !m on acc\nt ( _! wick$ness2 & :5 all o!r ef=ts fail$1 x 0 decid$ t ! mo/ beautiful girl ( ! tribe %\ld ent] a canoe1 pu% into ! *annel j above ! ,sault1 & ?r[ away h] paddle4#bdb ,9 ,boeotia1 a drunk5 man hav+ kill$ a prie/ ( ,dionysus ,aegobolus1 & a pe/il5ce hav+ brok5 out imm$iately aft]1 ! calamity 0 reg>d$ z a judgm5t on ! p = ! sacrilege1 & ! oracle ( ,delphi ord]$ !m to expiate x by sacrific+ to ! god a bloom+ boy4#bdc ,9 8 "w on ! ,jews1 ,philo ( ,byblus /ates t x 0 ! cu/om among ! anci5ts 9 cases ( great dang]s1 t ! rul]s ( a city or a nation1 9 ord] to av]t univ]sal de/ruction1 %\ld give ! de>e/ ( _! *ildr5 to be kill$ z a ransom (f]$ to av5g+ demons4#bdd ,! idea t s9s c\ld be expiat$ by ! dea? ( "o :o #fg _h n des]v$ x1 0 famili> to ! ,hebrews4 ,x 0 said t ! dea? ( ! righte\s makes atonem5t4#bde ,! passage 9 ,isaiah liii4 #ab 0 int]pret$ ( ,moses1 :o p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?#bdf & 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors 7! g5]ation t di$ 9 ! wild]ness7 & b>e ! s9 ( _m t he might atone = ! s9 ( ! gold5 calf4#bdg ,ezekiel suff]$ t he might wipe out ! transgressions ( ,israel4#bdh ,& ( ! ,maccabaean m>tyrs x is said1 ,hav+ become z x 7 a vic>i\s expiation = ! s9s ( ! nation1 & ?r\gh ! blood ( ^? godly m5 & _! aton+ dea?1 div9e provid5ce sav$ ,israel :i* _h be=e be5 evil entreat$4#bdi ,9 ^! cases1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 no sacrifice 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 b !y obvi\sly illu/rate ! same *>act]i/ic ( ! div9e m9d4 ,9 fact1 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 by :i* he aton$ & oblit]at$ ! s9s ( all ages1 0 conceiv$ z a sacrifice1 or spok5 ( 9 sacrificial figures4#bej ,footnote #bda3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #if sq4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,pausanias1 ix4 #h4 #b4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelica1 i4 #aj4 #dj 7,migne1 ,patrologia1 ,s]4 ,gr4 xxi4 #he74 ,footnote #bde3 ,moore1 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 iv4 #dbbf4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,exodus1 xxxii4 #cb4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,sot4ah1 #ad ,a1 quot$ by ,moore1 loc4 cit4 col4 #dbbf4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,sanh$r91 #ci ,a1 quot$ ibid4 col4 #dbbf4 ,footnote #bdi3 #d ,maccabaeans1 xvii4 #bb1 quot$ ibid4 col4 #dbcb4 ,footnote #bej3 ,see ,moore1 loc4 cit4 col4 #dbbi sqq4 ,x is said t1 accord+ to e>ly ideas1 x did n ess5tially conc]n div9e ju/ice t ! puni%m5t ( faults committ$ %\ld fall precisely on ! guilty2 :at did conc]n x 0 t x %\ld fall on "s "o1 t x %\ld h its accompli%m5t4#bea ,m51 we are told1 c\ld n fail to disc]n t a transgression produces suff]+ z its consequ5ce1 &1 see+ ?is1 !y associate suff]+ ) ! expiation ( s91 &1 9 aton+ = _! transgressions1 !y m>k _! contrition by ! suff]+ :i* !y inflict vic>i\sly on ! victim4 ,!y argue ?us3 ',i h brok5 a law ( ,god4 ,god exacts pa9 z a consequ5ce ( su* a brea*4 ,i w !re=e slay ?is lamb1 & its suff]+s %all make ! atonem5t requisite4'#beb ,b1 s f> z ,i c see1 ?is int]pretation ( ! idea ( vic>i\s expiation is n support$ by facts4 ,! victim ^: suff]+ or dea? is calculat$ to appease ! wra?ful god is n anybody #fh at r&om1 :osoev] he may be4 ,he is a repres5tative ( ! community :i* has incurr$ ! ang] ( ! god1 & is accept$ z a sub/itute on ! pr9ciple ( social solid>ity4 ,s1 also1 accord+ to ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ dis*>g$ ! puni%m5t due to ! s9s ( mank9d & propitiat$ ! ju/ice ( 8 ,fa!r1 9 8 capacity ( a man1 z a repres5tative ( ! human race2 :]eas 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x 0 ma9ta9$ t ! deity suff]$ 7?\gh he suff]$ ?r\gh ! human nature :i* he _h made 8 own71 ! idea ( sub/itution c\ld h>dly take root1 s9ce1 z ,h>nack rem>ks1 ! dy+ ,god-man really repres5t$ no "o4#bec ,! ,greek ,*ur* reg>d$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ z a ransom = mank9d paid to ! devil1 & ?is doctr9e 0 also accept$ by ! mo/ important ( ! ,we/]n ,fa!rs1 al?\gh x flatly contradict$ _! own !ory ( atonem5t4#bed ,!re c be no d\bt t expiatory sacrifices are frequ5tly (f]$ z ransoms1 9 o!r words1 t ! god or demon is suppos$ to be appeas$1 n by ! suff]+ ( ! victim1 b by ! gift4 ,among m5 x (t5 occurs t ! (f5d$ p>ty is induc$ by "s mat]ial comp5sation to desi/ f av5g+ ! injury--9 _m societies su* placability is ev5 prescrib$ by cu/om1--& some?+ simil> is naturally believ$ to be ! case ) gods4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ( c\rse1 x is n necess>y t ! victim %\ld be a p]son :o is connect$ ) ! (f5d] by ties ( social solid>ity1 al?\gh he may /ill be reg>d$ z 9 a way a sub/itute4 ,he may be an ali5 or a slave2 or animals or inanimate ?+s may be (f]$ to expiate ! s9s ( m54 ,among ! ,dacotahs1 = ! expiation ( s9s or crimes a sacrifice is made ( "s k9d ( an animal4#bee ,( ! ,melanesian sacrifices1 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 "s are propitiatory1 sub/itut+ an animal = ! p]son :o has (f5d$4#bef ,! ,%nrs ( ,t9nevelly (f] up a #fi goat1 a %eep1 or a f[l1 9 ord] to appease ! angry demon1 & induce him to remove ! evil he has inflict$1 or ab/a9 f ! infliction he may m$itate4#beg ,x w\ld be almo/ absurd to suppose t 9 simil> cases ! suff]+ or dea? ( ! animal is look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a vic>i\s puni%m5t4 ,( ! ,hebrew s9-(f]+1 ,pr(essor ,ku55 aptly rem>ks3--#beh;,accord+ to ! ,israelite's notion1 ,yahveh 9 8 clem5cy p]mits ! s\l ( ! animal sacrific$ to take ! place ( t ( ! sacrific]4 ,no transf] ( guilt to ! animal sacrific$ takes place3 ! blood ( ! latt] is clean & rema9s s1 z is evid5t f ! v fact t ?is blood is put ^u ! alt>2 x is a tok5 ( m]cy on ,yahveh's "p t he accepts x4 4 4 4 ,nor c x be ass]t$ t ! animal sacrific$ und]goes ! puni%m5t 9 ! place ( ! transgressor3 ?is is said n[h]e1 & !re=e1 9 any case1 gives ano!r1 m %>ply def9$ idea ?an t :i* ! ,israelite mu/ h =m$ = himself2 moreov]1 x is irreconcilable ) ! rule t ! indig5t may br+ ! t5? "p ( an ephah ( f9e fl\r z a s9-(f]+4#bei ,x %\ld also be notic$ t a purify+ effect 0 ascrib$ to contact ) ! victim's blood3 ! high prie/ %\ld put or spr9kle "s blood ^u ! alt> & cleanse x1 & hall[ x f ! uncleanness ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4#bfj ,footnote #bea3 ,rville1 ,prolegom5a ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #beb3 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief1 i4 #chg sq4 ,footnote #bec3 ,h>nack1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cab sqq4 ,footnote #bed3 ,ibid4 iii4 #cjg1 #cae n4 #b4 ,footnote #bee3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aif4 ,footnote #bef3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #beg3 ,p]cival1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a1 p4 #cji sq4 ,cf4 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%nrs1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #beh3 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 ii4 #bff sq4 ,footnote #bei3 ,leviticus1 v4 #aa sqq4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,ibid4 xvi4 #ah sq4 ,to sum up3--,! fact t puni%m5ts = (f5ces are frequ5tly inflict$1 or are suppos$ to be inflict$1 by m5 or gods ^u individuals :o h n committ$ ^? (f5ces1 is explicable f circum/ances :i* 9 no way cla% ) our !sis t moral indignation is1 9 its ess5ce1 direct$ t[>ds ! assum$ cause ( inflict$ pa94 ,9 _m cases ! victim1 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( collective responsibility1 is puni%$ because he is consid]$ to be involv$ 9 ! guilt--ev5 :5 he is really innoc5t--or because he is reg>d$ z a fair #gj repres5tative ( an (f5d+ community4 ,9 o!r cases1 he is suppos$ to be pollut$ by a s9 or a curse1 ow+ to ! contagi\s nature ( s9s & curses4 ,! pr9ciple ( social solid>ity also acc\nts = ! efficacy ascrib$ to vic>i\s expiatory sacrifices2 b 9 _m in/ances expiatory sacrifices only h ! "* ( a ransom or bribe4 ,& :il/ ?us our !sis z to ! true direction ( moral indignation is n 9 ! lea/ invalidat$ by facts1 app>5tly1 b only app>5tly1 contradictory1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 /rongly support$ by ! prote/ :i* ! moral consci\sness1 :5 suffici5tly guid$ by discrim9ation & sympa?y1 ent]s aga9/ ! infliction ( p5al suff]+ ^u ! guiltless4 ,su* a prote/ is he>d f v>i\s qu>t]s1 bo? ) ref]5ce to human ju/ice & ) ref]5ce to ! res5tm5t ( gods4 ,confucius taught t ! vices ( a fa!r %\ld n discr$it a virtu\s son4#bfa ,plato lays d[n ! rule t ! disgrace & puni%m5t ( ! fa!r is n to be visit$ on ! *ildr52 on ! contr>y1 he says1 if ! *ildr5 ( a crim9al :o has be5 puni%$ capitally avoid ! wrongs ( _! fa!r1 !y %all h glory1 & hon\rable m5tion %all be made ( !m1 z hav+ nobly & manfully escap$ out ( evil into good4#bfb ,accord+ to ,roman law1 crim5 vel po5a pat]na nullam maculam filio inflig]e pote/4#bfc ,no?+1 says ,s5eca1 is m unju/ ?an t any "o %\ld inh]it ! qu>rels ( 8 fa!r4#bfd ,! ,deut]onomi/ enjo9s1 ,! fa!rs %all n be put to dea? = ! *ildr51 nei!r %all ! *ildr5 be put to dea? = ! fa!rs3 e man %all be put to dea? = 8 own #ga s94#bfe ,lawgiv]s h be5 anxi\s to re/rict ! blood-feud to ! actual culprit4 ,! ,koran =bids ! av5g] ( blood to kill any o!r p]son ?an ! manslay] himself4#bff ,9 ,engl&1 accord+ to a law ( ,edmund1 ! feud 0 n to be prosecut$ aga9/ ! k9dr$ ( ! slay]1 unless !y made 8 misde$ _! own by h>b\r+ him4#bfg ,s1 also1 9 ,sw$51 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! blood feud 0 limit$ by law to ! guilty individual2#bfh & we meet ) a simil> re/riction 9 ,slavonic law-books4#bfi ,footnote #bfa3 ,lun ,y1 vi4 #d4 ,cf4 ,?i-,%ang #d4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hed sqq4 ,plato makes an exception = ^? ^: fa!rs1 gr&fa!rs1 & great-gr&fa!rs h successively und]gone ! p5alty ( dea?3 ,su* p]sons ! city %all s5d away ) all _! possessions to ! city & c\ntry ( _! ance/ors1 reta9+ only & :olly _! appo9t$ lot 7ibid4 ix4 #hef74 ,b ?is enactm5t _h no d\bt a purely utilit>ian f\ndation1 ! (fspr+ ( a ?or\ghly wick$ family be+ consid]$ a dang] to ! city4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #ai4 #bf4 ,cf4 ibid4 xlviii4 #ai4 #bj4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,s5eca1 ,de ira1 ii4 #cd4 ,cf4 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #be4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,deut]onomy1 xxiv4 #af4 ,cf4 #b ,k+s xiv4 #f4 ,footnote #bff3 ,koran1 xvii4 #ce4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,laws ( ,edmund1 ii4 #a4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #ajc1 #ccd1 #cce1 #cii4 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #bdh4 ,9 ,mont5egro x 0 enjo9$ by ,daniel ,i4 7,po/1 ,anfnge des ,/aats- und ,re*tsleb51 p4 #aha74 ,pass+ to ! v5geance ( gods3 accord+ to ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 ,agni1 :o =gives s9 committ$ ?r\gh folly & av]ts ,v>una's wra?1 also frees f ! consequ5ce ( a s9 committ$ by a man's fa!r or "m4#bgj ,!ognis asks1 ,h[1 ,o k+ ( immortals1 is x j t :oso is alo( f unrighte\s de$s1 hold+ no transgression1 nor s9ful oa?1 b be+ righte\s1 %\ld suff] :at is n j8#bga ,accord+ to ,bion1 ! deity1 9 puni%+ ! *ildr5 ( ! wick$ = _! fa!rs' crimes1 is m ridicul\s ?an a doctor adm9i/]+ a potion to a son or gr&son = a fa!r's or gr&fa!r's disease4#bgb ,! e>ly ,greek notion ( an inh]it$ curse 0 modifi$ into ! belief t ! curse works ?r\gh g5]ations because ! desc5dants ea* commit new acts ( guilt4#bgc ,! p]sons :o prohibit$ ! sons ( su* z _h be5 proscrib$ by ,sylla1 f /&+ c&idates = _! fa!rs' hon\rs1 & f be+ admitt$ into ! s5ate1 7 suppos$ to h be5 puni%$ by ! gods = ?is inju/ice3--,9 process ( "t1 says ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 a blameless puni%m5t1 ! av5g] ( _! crimes1 pursu$ #gb !m1 by :i* !y !mselves 7 br\ght d[n f ! greate/ height ( glory1 to ! l[e/ degree ( obscurity2 & none1 ev51 ( _! race are n[ left1 b wom54#bgd ,among ! ,hebrews1 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel broke ) ! old notion ( div9e v5geance4 ,! law ( individual responsibility1 :i* _h already previ\sly be5 laid d[n z a pr9ciple ( human ju/ice1 0 to be ext5d$ to ! sph]e ( religion4#bge ,e "o %all die = 8 own iniquity3 e man t eate? ! s\r grape1 8 tee? %all be set on edge4#bgf ,! s\l t s9ne?1 x %all die4 ,! son %all n be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r1 nei!r %all ! fa!r be> ! iniquity ( ! son3 ! righte\sness ( ! righte\s %all be ^u him1 & ! wick$ness ( ! wick$ %all be ^u him4#bgg ,footnote #bgj3 ,a?>va-,v$a1 v4 #cj4 #d4 ,cf4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #bga3 ,!ognis1 #gdc sqq4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,plut>*1 ,de s]a num9is v9dicta #ai4 ,cf4 ibid4 #ab2 ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 iii4 #ch4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #gg4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 op4 cit4 viii4 #hj4 ,footnote #bge3 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbj2 ,ku551 op4 cit4 ii4 #ce sq4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,j]emiah1 xxxi4 #cj4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,ezekiel1 xviii4 #bj4 ,= ,talmudic views1 see ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions 7cont9u$7 ,,x 0 said 9 ! la/ *apt] t moral disapproval is a sub-species ( res5tm5t1 & t res5tm5t is1 9 its ess5ce1 an aggressive attitude ( m9d t[>ds an assum$ cause ( pa94 ,x 0 %[n t1 9 ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution1 ! true direction ( ! ho/ile reaction involv$ 9 moral disapproval has become m app>5t4 ,we %all n[ see t1 at ! same "t1 its aggressive "* has become m disguis$4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! *ang$ op9ion ab\t ang] & rev5ge :i* we meet at ! high] /ages ( moral developm5t4 ,retaliation is condemn$1 & =giv5ess ( injuries is laid d[n z a duty4 ,! rule t a p]son %\ld be =be>+ & k9d to 8 enemy has no place 9 e>ly e?ics4 ,let ^? t speak evil ( u p]i%4 ,let ! enemy be clubb$1 swept away1 utt]ly de/roy$1 pil$ 9 heaps4 ,let _! tee? be brok54 ,may !y fall headlong into a pit4 ,let u live1 & let our enemies p]i%4 ,su* 7 ! reque/s :i* g5]ally conclud$ ! pray]s ( ! ,fijians4#a ,a savage w\ld f9d no?+ objectionable 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 he reg>ds rev5ge z a duty1#b & =giv5ess ( enemies z a sign ( weakness1 or c[>dice1 or want ( hon\r4#c ,nor #gd is ?is op9ion re/rict$ to ! savage _w4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! _s ( v9dictiv5ess p]vades bo? ! m5 & _! god4 ,! la/ ?+ ) :i* ,david on 8 dea?-b$ *>g$ ,solomon 0 to de/roy an enemy :om he himself _h sp>$4#d ,sira* c\nts among ! n9e causes ( a man's happ9ess to see ! fall ( 8 enemy4#e ,! enemies ( ,yahveh c expect no m]cy f him1 b utt] de/ruction is _! lot4#f ,to d good to a fri5d & to d h>m to an enemy 0 a maxim ( ! anci5t ,sc&9avians4#g ,x 0 tak5 = a matt] ( c\rse by popul> op9ion 9 ,greece#h & ,rome4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 x belongs to ! c\rage\s man nev] to be wor/$2 to take rev5ge on a foe r ?an to be reconcil$ is j1 & !re=e hon\rable4#i ,cic]o def9es a good man z a p]son :o s]ves :om he c1 & injures none except :5 provok$ by injury4#aj ,except 9 dome/ic life & 9 ! case ( fri5ds1 ,pr(essor ,seeley obs]ves1 p n only did n =give _! enemies1 b did n wi% to d s1 nor ?9k bett] ( !mselves = hav+ done s4 ,t man consid]$ himself =tunate :o on 8 dea?b$ c\ld say1 9 review+ 8 pa/ life1 t no "o _h done m good to 8 fri5ds or m mis*ief to 8 enemies4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ felicity ( ,sulla2 ?is ! cr[n ( ,x5ophon's panegyric on ,cyrus ! ,y\ng]4#aa ,footnote #a3 ,fison1 quot$ by ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #adg1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,see infra1 on ,blood-rev5ge4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 ,dom5e*1 ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #ig1 #cch1 #dch 7,dacotahs72 ,boas1 fir/ ,g5]al ,report on ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #ch2 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza i4 #bdj sq4 7,latukas74 ,footnote #d3 #a ,k+s1 ii4 #h sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxv4 #g4 ,footnote #f3 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #g3 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #aed sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,maury1 ,hi/oire des religions de la ,grce antique1 i4 #chc4 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #cji sqq4 ,footnote #i3 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetorica1 i4 #i4 #bd4 ,cf4 ,aes*ylus1 ,*oeophori1 #cji sqq42 ,plato1 ,m5o1 p4 #ga2 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia1 ii4 #f4 #ce4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 iii4 #ai4 iii4 #ai4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #ad2 b cf4 also ibid4 i4 #be1 :]e x is said t no?+ is m wor?y ( a great & a good man ?an placability & mod]ation4 ,footnote #aa3 ,seeley1 ,ecce ,homo1 p4 #bgc4 ,b side by side ) ! doctr9e ( res5tm5t1 we meet1 among peoples ( culture1 ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess4 ,recomp5se injury ) k9dness1 says ,lao-,tsze4#ab ,accord+ to ,m5cius1 a b5evol5t man does n lay up ang]1 nor *]i% res5tm5t aga9/ 8 bro!r1 b only reg>ds him ) affection & love4#ac ,9 ! laws ( ,manu ! foll[+ rule is laid d[n = ! twice-born man3--,aga9/ an angry man let him n 9 return %[ ang]1 let him bless #ge :5 he is curs$4#ad ,x is said 9 ! ,buddhi/ic ,dhammapada3 ,hatr$ does n cease by hatr$ at any "t2 hatr$ ceases by love1 ?is is an old rule 4 4 4 4 ,among m5 :o hate u we dwell free f hatr$4 4 4 4 ,let a man ov]come ang] by love1 let him ov]come evil by good2 let him ov]come ! gre$y by lib]ality1 ! li> by tru?4#ae ,accord+ to "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts1 we ought n to indulge 9 wra?fulness2 wra? is "o ( ! fi5ds besett+ man1 & goodness is little 9 ! m9d ( a man ( wra?4#af ,footnote #ab3 ,to ,teh ,k+1 ii4 #fc4 #a4 ,accord+ to ,?i-,%ang1 #d1 a bad man broods ov] res5tm5t )\t ceas+4 ,footnote #ac3 ,m5cius1 v4 #a4 #c4 #b4 ,footnote #ad3 ,laws ( ,manu1 vi4 #dh4 ,cf4 ibid4 viii4 #cac2 ,moni]-,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 pp4 #ddd1 #ddf2 ,muir1 ,additional ,moral & ,religi\s ,passages1 r5d]$ f ! ,sanskrit1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,dhammapada1 i4 #e2 xv4 #aig2 xvii4 #bbc4 ,cf4 ,jataka ,tales1 i4 #bb2 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #af3 ,dn--,mang- ,khirad1 ii4 #af2 xli4 #aa2 xxxix4 #bf4 ,9 ,leviticus hatr$ is condemn$3--,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?9e he>t4 4 4 4 ,?\ %alt n av5ge1 nor be> any grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p4#ag ,sira*1 :om ,i h already quot$1 says 9 ano!r passage1 ,=give ?y neighb\r ! hurt t he has done unto !e1 s %all ?y s9s also be =giv5 :5 ?\ praye/4#ah ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 :osoev] does n p]secute !m t p]secute him1 :osoev] takes an (f5ce 9 sil5ce1 he :o does good because ( love1 he :o is *e]ful "u 8 suff]+s !y are ! fri5ds ( ,god1 & ( !m ! ,scripture says1 ,& !y %all %9e =? z does ! sun at noon-day4#ai ,! ,koran1 :il/ repeat+ ! old rule1 an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?1#bj at ! same "t tea*es t ,p>adise is = ^? :o repress _! rage1 & ^? :o p>don m52 ,god loves ! k9d4#ba ,muhamm$an tradition puts ! foll[+ words 9 ! m\? ( ! ,prophet3--,say n1 if p d good to u1 we w d good to !m1 & if p oppress u1 we w oppress !m3 b resolve t if p d good to y1 y w d good to !m1 & if !y oppress y1 oppress !m n aga94#bb ,pr(essor ,goldzih] emphasises ,muhamm$'s opposition to ! traditional rule ( ! ,arabs t an enemy is a prop] object ( hatr$2#bc & ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali has collect$ v>i\s passages f ! writ+s ( ,muhamm$an s*ol>s1 :i* prove t1 #gf 9 spite ( :at has (t5 be5 said to ! contr>y1 =giv5ess ( injuries is by no means =eign to ! _s ( ,islam4#bd ,?us ! au?or ( ! ,ka%%f prescribes1 ,seek aga9 him :o drives y away2 give to him :o takes away f y2 p>don him :o injures y3 = ,god love? t y %\ld ca/ into ! dep? ( y\r s\ls ! roots ( ,8 p]fections4#be ,t ! s&al-tree p]fumes ! axe t fells x1 is a say+ 9 ev]yday use among ! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india4#bf ,& ,lane (t5 he>d ,egyptians =giv+ly say1 on receiv+ a bl[ f an equal1 ,god bless !e1 ,god requite !e good1 ,beat me aga94#bg ,footnote #ag3 ,leviticus1 xix4 #ag sq4 ,cf4 ,exodus1 xxiii4 #d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxviii4 #b4 ,cf4 ibid4 x1 #f2 ,prov]bs1 xxv4 #ba4 ,footnote #ai3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eh4 ,cf4 ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #aa1 sq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,koran1 ii4 #aij3 ,:oso transgresses aga9/ y1 transgress aga9/ him l z he transgress$ aga9/ y4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ibid4 iii4 #abe4 ,cf4 ibid4 xxiii4 #ih2 xxiv4 #bb2 xli4 #cd4 ,footnote #bb3 ,lane-,poole1 ,spee*es & ,table-,talk ( ,mohammad1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #bc3 ,goldzih]1 ,mohamm$anis*e ,/udi51 i4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islam1 p4 #bf sqq4 ,footnote #be3 ,ibid4 p4 #g4 ,idem1 ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,poole1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #cad sq4 ,! pr9ciples ( =giv5ess _h also advocates 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,9 "o ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 ,socrates says1 ,we ought n to retaliate or r5d] evil = evil to any "o1 :atev] evil we may h suff]$ f him2 ?\gh he wisely adds t ?is op9ion has nev] be5 held1 & nev] w be held1 by any consid]able numb] ( p]sons4#bh ,! ,/oics /rongly condemn$ ang] z unnatural & unreasonable4 ,mank9d is born = mutual assi/ance1 ang] = mutual ru94#bi ,ang] is a crime ( ! m9d2 4 4 4 x (t5 is ev5 m crim9al ?an ! faults ) :i* x is angry4#cj ,he is ! be/ & pure/ :o p>dons o!rs z if he s9n$ himself daily1 b avoids s9n+ z if he nev] p>don$4#ca ,if any "o is angry ) y1 meet 8 ang] by return+ b5efits = x4#cb ,! cynic loves ^? :o beat him4#cc ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,crito1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #bi3 ,s5eca1 ,de ira1 i4 #e4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 i4 #af2 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #ca3 ,pl9y1 ,epi/ol1 ix4 #bb 7viii4 #bb74 ,footnote #cb3 ,s5eca1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cd4 ,footnote #cc3 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 iii4 #bb1 #ed4 ,=giv5ess ( enemies is ?us by no means an exclusively ,*ri/ian t5et1 al?\gh x has nev] be=e or aft] be5 inculcat$ ) ! same emphasis z x 0 by ,jesus4 ,love y\r enemies2 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 & pray = !m :i* despitefully use y1 & p]secute y4#cd ,:5 ,/4 ,pet] ask$1 ,"l1 h[ (t %all my bro!r s9 aga9/ me1 & ,i =give him8 till sev5 times8 ,jesus repli$1 ,i say n unto !e1 ,until sev5 times3 b1 ,until sev5ty times sev51#ce--t is1 z (t5 z he repeats ! (f5ce4 ,x w\ld seem t ,jesus by ^! s5t5ces expressly =bade m5 to av5ge !mselves1 or ev5 #gg to feel res5tm5t on _! own behalf2 & s also he 0 und]/ood by ,/4 ,paul4#cf ,footnote #cd3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 v4 #dd4 ,cf4 ibid4 v4 #ci sq42 vi4 #ad sq42 ,/4 ,luke1 vi4 #bg sqq42 xvii4 #c sq42 ,/4 ,m>k1 xi4 #be sq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xviii4 #ba sq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,romans1 xii4 #ai sqq42 #a ,!ssalonians1 v4 #ad sq42 ,colossians1 iii4 #ab sq4 ,! rule ( retaliation & ! rule ( =giv5ess1 h[ev]1 are n s radically oppos$ to ea* o!r z !y appe> to be4 ,:at ! latt] condemns is1 9 reality1 n e k9d ( res5tm5t1 b non-moral res5tm5t2 n imp>tial indignation1 b p]sonal hatr$4 ,x prohibits rev5ge1 b n puni%m5t4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 crime 0 s indisp5sably to be foll[$ by puni%m5t1 t if ! k+ p>don$ a ?ief or a p]petrator ( viol5ce1 in/ead ( slay+ or /rik+ him1 ! guilt fell on ! k+2#cg & if ,lao-tsze 0 an enemy to ! infliction ( any k9d ( suff]+1 x 0 because he held t 9 a well-gov]n$ ,/ate ! necessity = puni%m5t c\ld n arise1 z crime w\ld cease to exi/4#ch ,! ,*9ese book1 ,m]its & ,errors ,scrut9is$1 :i* reg>ds x z a m]it to refra9 f av5g+ an injury1 adds t1 if a man %\ld omit to av5ge ! injuries ( 8 p>5ts1 x w\ld become an error4#ci ,jesus 0 c]ta9ly n free f righte\s indignation4 ,x does n appe> t he ev] =gave ! legali/s :o s9n$ aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & he told 8 disciples t1 if a bro!r :o _h trespass$ aga9/ 8 bro!r neglect$ to he> ! *ur*1 he %\ld be look$ ^u z a hea!n & a publican4#dj ,*ri/ian writ]s h laid mu* /ress ^u ! circum/ance t ,jesus enjo9$ m5 to =give _! own enemies1 b n to ab/a9 f res5t+ injuries done to o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! good be> ) ! wick$ to ?is ext5t1 t1 s f> z x is prop] to d s1 !y pati5tly endure at _! h&s ! injuries done to !mselves2 b !y d n be> ) !m to ! ext5t ( endur+ ! injuries done to ,god & _! neighb\rs4 ,= ,*ryso/om says1 ',= x #gh is praisewor?y to be pati5t "u "o's own wrongs1 b ! height ( impiety to dissemble injuries done to ,god4'#da ,practically1 at lea/1 ,*ri/ianity has n alt]$ ! validity ( ! ,ari/otelian rule t ang] admits n only ( an excess1 b ( a defect1 & t we ought to feel angry at c]ta9 ?+s4#db ,z ,plut>* says1 we ev5 ?9k ^? wor?y ( hatr$ :o are n vex$ at hateful individuals2 & we c sympa?ise ) ! man :o1 he>+ somebody praise ,*>illus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 = 8 g5tl5ess1 repli$1 ,h[ c ,*>illus be good1 :o is n h>% ev5 to ! bad8#dc ,moreov]1 ! belief 9 a transc5d5tal retributive ju/ice1 9 an ultimate puni%m5t ( badness1 :i* we meet ) 9 ,ta\ism1#dd ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1#de ,*ri/ianity1#df side by side ) ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess1 is bas$ ^u ! dem& t wrong %\ld be res5t$4 ,footnote #cg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #caf1 #cdf sq4 ,cf4 ,gautama1 xii4 #de2 pa/amba1 i4 #i4 #be4 #e4 ,footnote #ch3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ci3 ',m]its & ,errors scrut9is$1' 9 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #aec4 ,footnote #dj3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xviii4 #ae sqq4 ,footnote #da3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ologia1 ii4-ii4 #ajh4 #a4 #b4 ,cf4 ,lactantius1 ,de ira ,dei1 #ag4 ,footnote #db3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 ii4 #g4 #aj2 iii4 #a4 #bd2 iv4 #e4 #c sqq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,plut>*1 ,de invidia et odio1 #e4 ,footnote #dd3 ,d\glas1 op4 cit4 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #de3 ,dhammapada1 i4 #ae1 #ag2 x4 #acg sqq4 ,footnote #df3 ,cf4 ,romans1 xii4 #ai3 ,v5geance is m9e2 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,x is easy to see :y enlight5$ & sympa!tic m9ds disapprove ( res5tm5t & retaliation spr++ f p]sonal motives4 ,su* res5tm5t is apt to be p>tial4 ,x is too (t5 direct$ aga9/ p]sons :om imp>tial reflection f9ds to be no prop] objects ( indignation1 & /ill m frequ5tly x is unduly excessive4 ,z ,butl] ays1 we are 9 su* a peculi> situation1 ) respect to injuries done to ourselves1 t we c sc>ce any m see !m z !y really are1 ?an our eye c see itself4#dg ,z bodies seem great] 9 a mi/1 s d little matt]s 9 a rage2 h5ce ! old rule t we ought n to puni% :il/ angry4#dh ,! m ! moral consci\sness is influ5c$ by sympa?y1 ! m sev]ely x condemns any retributive infliction ( pa9 :i* x reg>ds z undes]v$2 & x seems to be 9 ! fir/ place ) a #gi view to prev5t+ su* inju/ice t tea*]s ( morality h enjo9$ ^u m5 to love _! enemies4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be absurd to blame a p]son = express+ moral indignation at an act simply because he himself happ5s to be ! (f5d$ p>ty2 practically we all[ him to be ev5 m indignant ?an ! imp>tial spectator w\ld be1 :]eas excessive placability (t5 meets ) c5sure4 ,l ,ari/otle1 we ma9ta9 t to submit to insult1 or to ov]look an insult (f]$ to our fri5ds1 %[s a slavi% _s#di2 & we agree ) ! ,confucian maxims1 t injuries %\ld be recomp5s$1 n ) k9dness1 b ) ju/ice1 & t nobody b he :o des]ves x %\ld be an object ( hatr$4#ej ,footnote #dg3 ,butl]1 ',s]mon ,,ix4--,^u ,=giv5ess ( ,injuries1' 9 ,analogy ( ,religion1 c41 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,plut>*1 ,de cohib5da ira1 #aa4 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ii4 #ca 7,oeuvres1 p4 #cif74 ,footnote #di3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 #e4 #f4 ,footnote #ej3 ,lun ,y xiv4 #cf4 #c2 xvii4 #i4 #a1 #e2 xvii4 #bd4 #a4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #i4 ,cf4 ,*ung ,yung1 x4 #c2 xxxi4 #a2 xxxiii4 #d4 ,at ! same "t1 ! injunctions ( morali/s t unju/ res5tm5t %\ld be suppress$1 are f> f introduc+ any absolutely new elem5t into ! e/imation ( conduct4 ,!y only repres5t a high] /age ( a process ( moral developm5t ! e>ly phases ( :i* are f\nd already 9 primitive societies4 ,ev5 ! savage :o enjo9s rev5ge z a duty1 reg>ds rev5ge "u c]ta9 circum/ances z wrong4#ea ,! re/ra9+ rule ( l = l1 z we %all see1 is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,footnote #ea3 ,conc]n+ ! ,dacotahs1 ,prescott obs]ves1 ,!re are cases :]e ! ,indians say retaliation is wrong1 & !y try to prev5t x 7,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 ii4 #aig74 ,! aggressive "* ( moral disapproval has become m disguis$1 n only by ! m scrut9is+ attitude t[>ds ! res5tm5t & retaliation :i* di/+ui%es ! moral consci\sness ( a high] type1 b by ! diff]5t way 9 :i* ! aggressiv5ess displays itself4 ,! infliction ( suff]+ m]ely = ! sake ( retribution is condemn$1 & ! rule is laid d[n t we %\ld hate1 n ! s9n]1 b only ! s94 ,puni%m5t1 :i* expresses m or less fai?fully ! moral indignation ( ! society :i* inflicts x1 is ext]nally simil> to an act ( rev5ge2 x causes1 or is int5d$ #hj to cause1 pa9 9 return = inflict$ pa94 ,= ages x 0 look$ ^u z a matt] ( c\rse t if a p]son _h committ$ an (f5ce he %\ld h to suff] = x4 ,?is is /ill ! notion ( ! multitude1 z also ( a ho/ ( !oris]s1 :o1 by call+ puni%m5t an expiation1 or a rep>ation1 or a re/oration ( ! di/urb$ equilibrium ( ju/ice1 only endeav\r to give a philosophical sanction to a v simple fact1 ! true nature ( :i* !y too (t5 h fail$ to grasp4 ,! infliction ( pa91 h[ev]1 is n an act :i* ! moral consci\sness reg>ds ) indiff]5ce1 ev5 9 ! case ( a crim9al2 & to _m enlight5$ m9ds ) ke5 sympa?y = human suff]+1 x has appe>$ bo? unreasonable & cruel t ! ,/ate %\ld wilfully torm5t him to no purpose4 ,b :il/ retributive puni%m5t has be5 condemn$1 puni%m5t itself has be5 def5d$2 x is only look$ ^u 9 a diff]5t light1 n z an end by itself1 b z a means ( atta9+ an end4 ,x is to be inflict$1 n because wrong has be5 done1 b 9 ord] t wrong be n done4 ,its object is held to be1 ei!r to det] f crime1 or to re=m ! crim9al1 or by means ( elim9ation or seclusion1 to make x physically impossible = him to commit fre% crimes4 ,^! views 7 express$ already 9 ,greek & ,roman antiquity4#eb ,accord+ to ,plato1 a reasonable man puni%es = ! sake ( det]r+ f wick$ness1 or ) a view to correct+ ! (f5d]4#ec ,ari/otle looks ^u puni%m5t z a moral m$ic9e4#ed ,s5eca ma9ta9s t ! law1 9 puni%+ wrong1 aims at ?ree ends3 ei!r t x may correct him :om x puni%es1 or t 8 puni%m5t may r5d] o!r m5 bett]1 or t1 by bad m5 be+ put out ( ! way1 ! re/ may live )\t fe>4#ee ,9 mod]n times all ^! !ories h _h1 & /ill h1 _! num]\s adh]5ts4 ,accord+ to ,hugo ,grotius1 m5 are s b\nd toge!r by _! common #ha nature1 t !y ought n to d ea* o!r h>m1 except = ! sake ( "s good to be atta9$2 h5ce man is n rightly puni%$ by man m]ely = ! sake ( puni%+2 advantage alone makes puni%m5t "r--ei!r ! advantage ( ! (f5d]1 or ( him :o suff]s by ! (f5ce1 or ( p]sons 9 g5]al4#ef ,= a long "t ! view tak5 by ,hobbes1 t ! aym ( ,puni%m5t is n a rev5ge1 b t]r\r1#eg rema9$ ! lead+ doctr9e on ! subject1 among philosoph]s1 z well z legislators4 ,x 0 %>$ by ,montesquieu1#eh ,becc>ia1#ei & filangi]i1#fj by ,anselm von ,feu]ba*#fa & ,s*op5hau]1#fb &1 9 ! ma91 by ,b5?am4#fc ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! pr9ciple ( det]m5t 0 l>gely sup]s$$ by ! pr9ciple ( re=mation2 :il/ c]ta9 contempor>y crim9ologi/s--l "s previ\s ones#fd--;are ( op9ion t puni%m5t %\ld aim to repress crime by an absolute or relative elim9ation ( ! crim9al1 t is1 9 extreme cases by kill+ him1 b g5]ally by inc>c]at+ him 9 a crim9al lunatic asylum1 or by bani%+ him = ev] or = a c]ta9 p]iod1 or by int]dict+ him f a p>ticul> neighb\rhood4#fe ,footnote #eb3 ,cf4 ,lai/n]1 ,das ,re*t 9 d] ,/rafe1 p4 #i sqq42 ,?oniss51 ,le droit pnal de la rpublique ,a?ni5ne1 p4 #dah sqq4 ,footnote #ec3 ,plato1 ,protagoras1 p4 #cbd4 ,idem1 ,politicus1 p4 #bic4 ,idem1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgi4 ,idem1 ,leges1 ix4 #hed2 xi4 #icd2 xii4 #idd4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 ii4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #ee3 ,s5eca1 ,de clem5tia1 i4 #bb4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,de ira1 i4 #ai4 ,footnote #ef3 ,grotius1 ,de iure belli et pacis1 ii4 #bj4 #d sqq4 ,footnote #eg3 ,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 ii4 #bh1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #eh3 ,montesquieu1 ,lettres ,p]sanes1 #ha4 ,footnote #ei3 ,becc>ia1 ,dei delitti e delle p5e1 passim4 ,footnote #fj3 filangi]i1 ,la sci5za della legislazione1 iii4 #b4 #bg1 vol4 iv4 #ac sq4 ,footnote #fa3 von ,feu]ba*-,mitt]mai]1 ,lehrbu* des geme95 9 ,deuts*l& gltig5 ,pe9li*5 ,re*ts1 p4 #ch sqq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,s*op5hau]1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ii4 #fhc sqq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #agj sq4 n4 #a3 4 4 4 ,example is ! mo/ important end ( all4 ,idem1 ,rationale ( ,puni%m5t1 p4 #ai sqq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see von ,feu]ba*-,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #fe3 ,g>(alo1 ,crim9ologie1 p4 #bea sqq4 ,f]ri1 ,crim9al ,sociology1 p4 #bjd sqq4 ,! advocates ( ^! v>i\s !ories are unanim\s 9 condemn+ retributive puni%m5t z wrong4 ,)\t ! gr\nds ( social def5ce1 says ,m4 ,guyau1 ! puni%m5t w\ld be z blamewor?y z ! crime1 & 4 4 4 ! lawgiv]s & ! judges1 by delib]ately condemn+ ! guilty to puni%m5t1 w\ld become _! fell[s4#ff ,= my own "p ,i believe1 on ! contr>y1 t ^? :o w\ld v5ture to c>ry out all ! consequ5ces to :i* ! !ories ( social def5ce or ( re=mation might lead1 w\ld be reg>d$ ev5 z m crim9al ?an ^? !y puni%$1 n only by ! #hb oppon5ts1 b probably by ! v support]s ( ! !ories 9 "q4 ,a brief /atem5t ( "s ( ^? consequ5ces w1 ,i hope1 suffice to prove t puni%m5t c h>dly be guid$ exclusively by utilit>ian consid]ations1 b requires ! sanction ( ! retributive emotion ( moral disapproval4 ,footnote #ff3 ,guyau1 ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction1 p4 #adh4 ,! pr9ciple ( repress+ crime by elim9at+ ! crim9al may at once be put aside1 because x has no ref]5ce to ! puni%m5t ( crim9als1 al?\gh x conta9s a sugge/ion--& a mo/ excell5t "o inde$--z to ! prop] mode ( treat+ !m4 ,_! exclusion f ! company ( _! fell[-m5--n to speak ( _! elim9ation by dea?--c]ta9ly entails suff]+1 b1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ) :i* we are deal+1 ?is suff]+ is n int5d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 puni%m5t1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 always involves an express int5tion to inflict pa91 :atev] be ! object = :i* pa9 is inflict$4 ,we d n puni% an ill-natur$ dog :5 we tie him up s z to prev5t him f do+ h>m1 nor d we puni% a lunatic by conf9+ him 9 a madh\se4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( det]m5t1 ! infliction ( suff]+ 9 consequ5ce ( an (f5ce is ju/ifi$ z a means ( increas+ public safety4 ,! (f5d] is sacrific$ = ! common weal4 ,b :y ! (f5d] only8 ,x is q probable t a m effective way ( det]r+ f crime w\ld be to puni% 8 *ildr5 z well2 & if ! notion ( ju/ice d]iv$ all its import f ! result a*iev$ by ! puni%m5t1 !re w\ld be no?+ unju/ 9 do+ s4 ,! only objection :i*1 f ?is po9t ( view1 might ev] be rais$ aga9/ ! practice ( visit+ ! wrongs ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 is t x is ne$lessly sev]e2 ! innoc5ce ( ! *ildr5 c\ld c\nt = no?+4 ,nor d ,i see :y ! law %\ld n all[ our own judges n[ & !n to foll[ ! example ( _! ,egyptian colleague :o 9 an intricate lawsuit caus$ a p]son av[$ly innoc5t to be ba/9ado$ ) ! hope t :oev] 0 ! real #hc culprit might be induc$ to confess out ( compassion4#fg ,moreov]1 if ! object ( puni%m5t is m]ely prev5tive1 ! heavie/ puni%m5t %\ld be ?reat5$ :]e ! /ronge/ motive is ne$$ to re/ra94 ,consequ5tly1 an injury committ$ "u great temptation1 or 9 a passion1 %\ld be puni%$ ) p>ticul> sev]ity2 :]eas a crime l p>ricide might be treat$ ) m indulg5ce ?an o!r k9ds ( homicide1 ow+ to ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( filial affection4 ,c\ld ! moral consci\sness approve ( ?is8 ,footnote #fg3 ,burckh>dt1 ,arabic ,prov]bs1 p4 #ajc sq4 ,aga91 if puni%m5t 7 to be regulat$ by ! pr9ciple ( re=m+ ! crim9al1 ! result w\ld 9 "s cases be v a/oni%+4 ,!re is no m incorrigible set ( (f5d]s ?an habitual vagrants & drunk>ds1 :]eas exp]i5ce has %[n t ! mo/ easily re=m$ ( all (f5d]s is (t5 "s p]son :o has committ$ a s]i\s crime4 ,accord+ to ! re=mation !ory1 ! latt] %\ld soon be set free1 :il/ ! petty (f5d] might h to be %ut up = all 8 life4 ,nay m1 if ! crim9al proves absolutely incorrigible1 & n ! slighte/ hope ( 8 re=mation is left1 !re w\ld no long] be any reason = puni%+ him at all4#fh ,! re=mationi/ may also be ask$ :y he does n try "s m humane me?od ( improv+ p's *>act]s ?an by ! infliction ( suff]+4 ,footnote #fh3 ,cf4 ,morrison1 ,crime & its ,causes1 p4 #bjc2 ,durkheim1 ,division du travail social1 p4 #id4 ,x may seem /range t !ories :i* are op5 to su* objections %\ld h be5 able to attract s _m intellig5t p>tisans4 ,^! !ories mu/ at lea/ possess a c]ta9 plausibility4 ,if puni%m5t on ! "o h& spr+s f moral indignation1 & on ! o!r h& is frequ5tly int]pret$ z a means ei!r ( det]r+ f crime or ( re=m+ ! crim9al1 !re mu/ obvi\sly be "s connection betwe5 ^! ends & ! retributive aim ( moral res5tm5t4 ,!re mu/ be c]ta9 facts :i*1 to "s ext5t1 fill up ! gap betwe5 ! !ory ( retribution & ! o!r !ories ( puni%m5t4 #hd ,! doctr9e ( det]m5t reg>ds puni%m5t z a means ( prev5t+ crime4 ,a crime always involves ! infliction ( pa92 & ! "o ?+ :i* m5 try to prev5t = its own sake is pa94 ,! "o ?+ :i* ar\ses res5tm5t is likewise pa94 ,!re mu/ consequ5tly be a g5]al co9cid5ce betwe5 ! acts :i* p res5t & ! acts :i* ! law w\ld puni% if x 7 fram$ on ! pr9ciple ( det]m5t4 ,b ! resemblance betwe5 ! desire to det] & res5tm5t is great] /ill4 ,res5tm5t is n only ar\s$ by pa91 b is a ho/ile attitude t[>ds its cause1 & its intr9sic object is to remove ?is cause1 t is1 to prev5t pa94 ,an act ( moral res5tm5t is !re=e apt to resemble a puni%m5t inflict$ ) a view to det]r+ f crime1 provid$ t ! puni%m5t is direct$ aga9/ ! cause ( crime--! crim9al himself--& is n unduly sev]e4 ,! doctr9e ( re=mation aims at ! removal ( a crim9al disposition ( m9d by improv+ ! (f5d]4 ,moral res5tm5t likewise aims at ! removal ( a volitional cause ( pa91 by br++ ab\t rep5tance 9 ! (f5d]4 ,t rep5tance ought to be foll[$ by =giv5ess1 p>tial or total1 is a widely recognis$ moral claim4 ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 :oev]1 hav+ committ$ an injury :i* c be repair$ by re/itution or comp5sation1 surr5d]s himself volunt>ily1 & ackn[l$ges 8 guilt to a magi/rate1 be=e x is o!rwise discov]$1 %all be freely p>don$1 ?\gh all claims ^u 8 prop]ty %all be duly liquidat$4#fi ,9 ,madagasc>1 accord+ to a law made 9 #ahbh1 all ! f9es %all be r$uc$ "o-half1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! f9es1 if ! p]sons guilty accuse !mselves4#gj ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rianism1 "o elem5t ( atonem5t consi/s 9 rep5tance1 z manife/$ by av[al ( ! guilt & by ! recital ( a =mula1 ! ,patet4#ga ,x is said 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu3--,9 proportion z a man :o has done wrong1 himself #he confesses x1 ev5 s f> he is fre$ f guilt1 z a snake f its sl\gh4 4 4 4 ,he :o has committ$ a s9 & has rep5t$1 is fre$ f t s91 b he is purifi$ only by ! resolution ( ceas+ to s9 & ?9k+ ',i w d s no m4'#gb ,accord+ to ! ,rig-,v$a1 ,v>una inflicts t]rible puni%m5ts on ! h>d5$ crim9al1 b is m]ciful to him :o rep5ts2 to ,v>una ! cry ( angui% f remorse asc5ds1 & be=e him ! s9n] comes to dis*>ge himself ( ! burd5 ( 8 guilt by confession4#gc ,s1 also1 ,zeus p>dons ! rep5tant4#gd ,! ma9 doctr9e ( ,judaism on ! subject ( atonem5t is compris$ 9 ! s+le ^w ,rep5tance4 ,no tea*]s1 says ,mr4 ,montefiore1 exalt$ ! place & p[] ( rep5tance m ?an ! ,rabbis4 ,!re 0 no s9 = :i* 9 _! eyes a true rep5tance c\ld n obta9 =giv5ess f ,god4#ge ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 a space ( only two f+]s' bread? lies betwe5 ,hell & ,heav53 ! s9n] has only to rep5t s9c]ely1 & ! gates to ev]la/+ bliss w spr+ op54#gf ,jesus comm&$ 8 disciples to =give injuries if foll[$ by rep5tance3--,if ?y bro!r trespass aga9/ !e1 rebuke him2 & if he rep5t1 =give him4 ,& if he trespass aga9/ !e sev5 times 9 a day1 & sev5 times 9 a day turn aga9 to !e1 say+1 ,i rep5t2 ?\ %alt =give him4#gg ,footnote #fi3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 xxv4 p4 #bg sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #chf4 ,footnote #ga3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxxxvi4 ,footnote #gb3 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #bbi1 #bca4 ,cf4 ibid4 xi4 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #be4 #a sq42 ii4 #bh4 #e sqq42 v4 #he4 #g sq42 vii4 #hg4 #g1 #hh4 #f sq41 #hi4 #a sqq4 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #gd3 ,ilias1 ix4 #ejb sqq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ebd1 #cce n4 ,footnote #gf3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #ec4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #ef2 ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #hg sq42 ,kohl]1 ',atonem5t1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 ii4 #bgi2 ,moore1 ',sacrifice' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iv4 #dbbd sq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,/4 ,luke1 xvii4 #c sq4 ,b rep5tance n only blunts ! edge ( moral indignation & recomm5ds ! (f5d] to ! m]cy ( m5 & gods3 x is ! sole gr\nd on :i* p>don c be giv5 by a scrupul\s judge4 ,:5 suffici5tly guid$ by delib]ation & left to itself1 )\t be+ unduly *eck$ by o!r emotions1 ! feel+ ( moral res5tm5t is apt to la/ z long z its cause rema9s unalt]$1 t is until ! w ( ! (f5d] has ceas$ to be (f5sive2 & x ceases to be (f5sive only :5 he ackn[l$ges 8 guilt & rep5ts4 ,x is true t ! m]e p]=mance ( c]ta9 c]emonies is frequ5tly suppos$ to relieve ! p]=m] ( 8 s9s1#gh & t ! #hf same end is ?\ght to be atta9$ by pleas+ ,god 9 "s way or o!r1 by sacrifice1 or alms-giv+1 or ! l4 ,m5 ev5 lay claim to div9e =giv5ess z a "r belong+ to !m 9 virtue ( "s m]itori\s de$s ( !irs1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( op]a sup]]ogativa--a doctr9e :i*1 9 sub/ance1 is n re/rict$ to ,roman ,ca?olicism1 b is f\nd1 9 a m or less develop$ =m1 9 ,judaism1#gi ,muhamm$anism1#hj ,brahmanism1#ha & deg5]at$ ,buddhism4#hb ,b all su* ideas are objectionable to ! moral consci\sness ( a high] type4 ,!y are bas$ on ! crude notion t s9 is a mat]ial sub/ance :i* may be remov$ by mat]ial means2 or on ! belief t an (f5d] may comp\nd ) ! deity = s9n+ aga9/ him1 9 ! same way z he pacifies 8 injur$ neighb\r1 by brib]y or flatt]y2 or on ! assumptions t by a good or m]itori\s de$ a man has done m ?an 8 duty1 t a good de$ /&s 9 ! same relation to a bad de$ z a claim to a debt1 t ! claim is made on ! same p]son to :om ! debt is due1 namely1 ,god--ev5 ?\gh x be9clih$9clih$ only by 8 m]cy--& t ! debt consequ5tly may be comp5sat$ by ! claim 9 ! same way z ! paym5t ( a c]ta9 sum may comp5sate = a loss inflict$4 ,?is doctr9e atta*es badness & goodness to ext]nal acts r ?an to m5tal facts4 ,rep>ation implies comp5sation = a loss4 ,! loss may be comp5sat$ by ! be/[al ( a correspond+ advantage2 b no rep>ation c be giv5 = badness4 ,badness c only be =giv51 & moral =giv5ess c be grant$ only on condition t ! ag5t's m9d has und]gone a radical alt]ation = ! bett]1 t ! badness ( ! w has giv5 way to rep5tance4#hc ,h5ce ! ,re=mation #hg proscrib$ (f]+s = ! r$emption ( s9s1 toge!r ) ! trade 9 indulg5ces2 & we meet ) an analog\s movem5t 9 o!r comp>atively advanc$ =ms ( religion4 ,9 re=m$ ,brahmanism1 rep5tance is decl>$ to be ! only means ( r$eem+ trespasses4#hd ,! idea express$ 9 ! ,psalms1 t ,god delights n 9 burnt (f]+s1 b t ! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 & a contrite he>t1#he became ! prevail+ op9ion among ! ,rabbis1 mo/ ( :om reg>d$ rep5tance z ! conditio s9e qu non ( expiation & ! =giv5ess ( s9s4#hf ,let u also rememb] t he :o comm&$ 8 foll[]s to =give a bro!r = 8 s91 at ! same "t pron\nc$ ! qualification3 if he rep5t4#hg ,footnote #gh3 ,supra1 p4 #ec sqq4 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #cgh 7anci5t ,mexicans74 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #aej4 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kam*atka1 p4 #agh4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #gi3 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #ebe sqq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,koran1 xi4 #aaf4 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #bbj sq4 ,accord+ to ,muhammadanism1 h[ev]1 x is only little s9s t are =giv5 if "s good actions are done1 :]eas great s9s c only be =giv5 aft] due rep5tance 7ibid4 p4 #bad74 ,footnote #ha3 ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ii4 #dge4 ,footnote #hb3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #aej1 #afa1 #afd4 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #dh4 ,footnote #hc3 ,?is po9t 0 c]ta9ly n ov]look$ by ! ,ca?olic morali/s1 b ev5 ! mo/ ard5t apology _c expla9 away ! idea ( rep>ation 9 ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! ju/ification ( man 7cf4 ,manzoni1 ,oss]vazioni sulla ,morale ,cattolica1 p4 #ajj74 ,p5ance consi/s ( contrition1 confession1 & satisfaction1 & contrition itself is *iefly a will+ness to comp5sate 7,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ii4 #e4 #bb74 ,footnote #hd3 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,conception ( ,god1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #he3 ,psalms1 li4 #af sq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,moore1 loc4 cit4 col4 #dbbe4 ,footnote #hg3 ,cf4 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ii4 #bjc4 ,t moral indignation is appeas$ by rep5tance1 & t rep5tance is ! only prop] gr\nd = =giv5ess1 is ?us due1 n to ! specifically moral "* ( su* indignation1 b to its be+ a =m ( res5tm5t4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! fact t an angry & rev5geful man is apt to be 9 a simil> way influ5c$ by ! s9c]e apologies ( ! (f5d]4 ,z ,ari/otle said1 m5 are placable 9 reg>d to ^? :o ackn[l$ge & rep5t _! guilt3 !re is pro( ( ?is 9 ! case ( *a/is+ s]vants2 = we *a/ise m viol5tly ^? :o contradict u1 & d5y _! guilt2 b t[>ds su* z ackn[l$ge !mselves to be ju/ly puni%$1 we cease f our wra?4#hh ,to take an in/ance f ! savage _w4 ,! ,c>ol9e ,isl&]1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 is incl9$ to be rev5geful1 & w bide 8 "t pati5tly until 8 opportunity comes4 ,yet he is n implacable1 & c\nts reconciliation a noble & a pr9cely ?+4 ,!re is a =m ( etiquette to be obs]v$ on #hh ^! occasions--a pres5t 7katom7 is made1 an apology (f]$--a piece ( sug>-cane accept$ by ! aggriev$ p>ty--hon\r is satisfi$ & ! matt] ends4#hi ,9 ! case ( rev5ge1 ext]nal satisfaction or mat]ial comp5sation is (t5 all[$ to take ! place ( g5u9e rep5tance1 & ! humiliation ( ! adv]s>y may be suffici5t to quiet ! angry passion4 ,b ! rev5ge felt by a reflect+ m9d is n s readily satisfi$4 ,x wants to remove ! cause :i* ar\s$ x4 ,! object :i* res5tm5t is *iefly int5t ^u1 ,adam ,smi? obs]ves1 is n s mu* to make our enemy feel pa9 9 8 turn1 z to make him consci\s t he feels x ^u acc\nt ( 8 pa/ conduct1 to make him rep5t ( t conduct1 & to make him s5sible1 t ! p]son :om he injur$ did n des]ve to be treat$ 9 t mann]4#ij ,! delight ( rev5ge1 says ,bacon1 seeme? to be n s mu* 9 do+ ! hurt1 z 9 mak+ ! p>ty rep5t4#ia ,footnote #hh3 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetorica1 ii4 #c4 #e4 ,footnote #hi3 ,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ij3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #ach sq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,bacon1 ',essay ,,iv4 ,( ,rev5ge1' 9 ,essays1 p4 #de4 ,cf4 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ii4 #bg 7,oeuvres1 p4 #chd74 ,we c n[ see ! orig9 ( ! idea t ! true end ( puni%m5t is ! re=mation ( ! crim9al4 ,?is idea m]ely emphasises ! mo/ humane elem5t 9 res5tm5t1 ! dem& t ! (f5d]'s w %all cease to be (f5sive4 ,! pr9ciple ( re=mation has ?us itself a retributive orig94 ,?is expla9s ! fact1 o!rwise inexplicable1 t ! am5dm5t :i* x has 9 view is to be effect$ by ! infliction ( pa94 ,x also acc\nts = ! inconsi/5t attitude ( ! re=mationi/ t[>ds incorrigible (f5d]s1 already comm5t$ ^u4 ,res5tm5t gives way to =giv5ess only 9 ! case ( rep5tance1 n 9 ! case ( incorrigibility4 ,h5ce1 n ev5 ! re=mationi/ reg>ds incorrigibility z a legitimate gr\nd = exempt+ a p]son f puni%m5t1 al?\gh ?is flatly contradicts 8 !ory ab\t ! true aim ( all puni%m5t4 ,?us ! !ories bo? ( det]m5t & ( re=mation are ultimately (fspr+ ( ! same emotion t fir/ #hi induc$ m5 to inflict puni%m5t on _! fell[-creatures4 ,x escap$ ! advocates ( ^! !ories t !y !mselves 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ! v pr9ciple !y f\ght aga9/1 because !y fail$ to grasp its true import4 ,rightly und]/ood1 res5tm5t is prev5tive 9 its nature1 &1 :5 suffici5tly delib]ate1 reg>ds ! infliction ( suff]+ z a means r ?an z an end4 ,x n only gives rise to puni%m5t1 b readily sugge/s1 z a prop] end ( puni%m5t1 ei!r det]m5t or am5dm5t or bo?4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 moral res5tm5t wants to raise a prote/ aga9/ wrong4 ,& ! imm$iate aim ( puni%m5t has always be5 to give expression to ! righte\s indignation ( ! society :i* inflicts x4 ,n[ x may be ?\ght t m5 h no "r to give v5t to _! moral res5tm5t 9 a way :i* hurts _! neighb\rs unless "s b5efit may be expect$ f x4 ,9 ! case ( _m o!r emotions1 we hold t ! conative elem5t 9 ! emotion ought n to be all[$ to develop into a di/9ct volition or act2 & x w\ld seem t a simil> view might be tak5 ) ref]5ce to ! aggressiv5ess inh]5t 9 moral disapproval4 ,x is a notion ( ?is k9d t lies at ! bottom ( ! utilit>ian !ories ( puni%m5t4 ,!y are prote/s aga9/ purposeless infliction ( pa91 aga9/ crude ideas ( retributive ju/ice1 aga9/ !ories h>dly 9 advance ( ! l[ feel+s ( ! popul> m9d4 ,!re=e1 !y m>k a /age ( high] ref9em5t 9 ! evolution ( ! moral consci\sness2 & if ! pr9ciples ( det]m5t & re=mation are op5 to objections :i* w be %>$ by almo/ ev]yone1 t is due to o!r circum/ances ?an _! dem& t puni%m5t %\ld s]ve a useful end4 ,z we h se51 !y ignore ! fact t a puni%m5t1 9 ord] to be recognis$ z j1 mu/ n transgress ! limits set d[n by moral disapproval1 t x mu/ n be inflict$ on innoc5t p]sons1 t x mu/ be proportion$ to ! guilt1 t (f5d]s :o are am5able to discipl9e mu/ n be treat$ m sev]ely #ij ?an incorrigible crim9als4 ,^! !ories also seem to exagg]ate ! det]r+ or re=m+ influ5ce :i* puni%m5ts ex]cise ^u crim9als1#ib :il/1 9 ano!r respect1 !y take too n>r[ a view ( its social usefulness4 ,:e!r its voice inspire fe> or n1 :e!r x wake up a sleep+ consci5ce or n1 puni%m5t1 at all ev5ts1 tells p 9 pla9 t]ms :at1 9 ! op9ion ( ! society1 !y ought n to d4 ,x gives ! multitude a sev]e lesson 9 public morality2 & x is difficult to see h[ q ! same effect c\ld be atta9$ by any o!r me?od4 ,retaliation is su* a spontane\s expression ( indignation1 t p w\ld h>dly realise ! (f5siv5ess ( an act :i* evokes no signs ( res5tm5t4 ,( c\rse1 puni%m5t1 9 ! legal s5se ( ! t]m1 is only "o =m--! mo/ concrete =m--( public retaliation2 x is1 inde$1 probable t public op9ion ex]cises a great] influ5ce on m5 ?an puni%m5t w\ld d )\t its aid4#ic ,b puni%m5t1 9 comb9ation ) public op9ion1 has no d\bt to "s ext5t an educat+1 & n m]ely a det]r+1 influ5ce ^u ! memb]s ( a society4 ,z ,sir ,james ,/eph5 obs]ves1 ! s5t5ce ( ! law is to ! moral s5tim5t ( ! public 9 relation to any (f5ce :at a seal is to hot wax4 ,x conv]ts into a p]man5t f9al judgm5t :at might o!rwise be a transi5t s5tim5t4#id f9ally1 x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! infliction ( puni%m5t ^u ! p]petrator ( a grave (f5ce gratifies a /rong g5]al desire1 &1 ev5 ?\gh ! pa9 :i* always accompanies an unsatisfi$ desire w\ld by itself af=d no suffici5t ju/ification = subject+ ! (f5ce to su* int5se #ia suff]+1 o!r m s]i\s consequ5ces might easily result f leav+ him unpuni%$4 ,! public indignation might f9d a v5t 9 "s less regul> & less discrim9at+ mode ( retaliation1 l lyn*+2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 by rema9+ unsatisfi$1 ! desire might dw9dle away f want ( n\ri%m5t1 & ! moral /&>d suff] a correspond+ loss4 ,footnote #ib3 ,on ! limit$ effici5cy ( puni%m5t z a det]r5t1 see ,f]ri1 op4 cit4 p4 #hb sq4 ,on ! moral ins5sibility ( ! in/9ctive & habitual crim9al1 & abs5ce ( remorse1 see ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,crim9al1 p4 #abd sqq4 ,footnote #ic3 ,cf4 ,locke1 ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ii4 #bh4 #ab 7,philosophical ,works1 p4 #bhc72 ,%aftesbury1 ',inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue & ,m]it1' i4 #c4 #c1 9 ,*>act]i/icks1 ii4 #fd4 ,footnote #id3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #ha4 ,cf4 ,%aftesbury1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fd3 ,z to puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 _! efficacy is n s mu* f ! fe> or expectation :i* !y raise1 z f a natural e/eem ( virtue1 & dete/ation ( villa9y1 :i* is awak5'd & excit$ by ^! publick expressions ( ! approbation & hatr$ ( mank9d 9 ea* case4 ,h[ev]1 x is n to be believ$ t1 9 practice1 ! infliction ( puni%m5t is1 or ev] w be1 regulat$ m]ely by consid]ations ( social utility1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( :at is recognis$ z legitimate by ! moral s5tim5t4 ,! retributive desire is s /rong1 & appe>s s natural1 t we c nei!r help obey+ x1 nor s]i\sly disapprove ( its be+ obey$4 ,! !ory t we h a "r to puni% an (f5d] only 9 s f> z1 by do+ s1 we promote ! g5]al happ9ess1 really s]ves 9 ! ma9 z a ju/ification = gratify+ su* a desire1 r ?an z a f\ndation = p5al practice4 ,moreov]1 ?is !ory ref]s1 & pret5ds to ref]1 only to outw>d behavi\r--to puni%m5t1 n to ! emotion f :i* puni%m5t spr+s4 ,x condemns ! retributive act1 n ! retributive desire4 ,b at ! same "t ! aggressive elem5t 9 ! emotion itself has und]gone a *ange1 :i* t5ds to conceal its true nature by p>tly lead+ x into a new *annel1 or1 r1 by n>r[+ ! *annel 9 :i* x dis*>ges itself4 ,res5tm5t is direct$ aga9/ ! cause ( ! (f5ce by :i* x 0 ar\s$--broadly speak+1 ! (f5d]4 ,b :5 duly reflect+ ^u ! matt]1 we _c fail to admit t ! real cause 0 n ! (f5d] z a :ole1 b 8 w4 ,delib]ate & discrim9at+ res5tm5t is !re=e apt to turn aga9/ ! w r ?an aga9/ ! will]2 z we h se51 x is desir\s to inflict pa9 on ! (f5d] *iefly z a means ( remov+ ! cause ( pa9 suff]$1 i4e41 ! exi/5ce ( ! bad w4 ,if ?is is ! case ) delib]ate res5tm5t 9 g5]al1 x mu/ p>ticul>ly be ! case ) moral indignation1 :i* is m likely to be #ib influ5c$ by sympa?y1 & h5ce m discrim9ate1 ?an non-moral res5tm5t4 ,?is fact gives rise to ! moral comm&m5t t we %\ld hate1 n ! s9n]1 b ! s94 ,! ho/ile reaction %\ld be focuss$ on ! w ( ! (f5d]1 & 8 s5sibility %\ld be reg>d$ m]ely z an in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! w is work$ ^u4 ,b !re is little hope t su* a dem& c ev] be /rictly en=c$4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick ju/ly rem>ks t1 ?\gh morali/s try to di/+ui% betwe5 ang] direct$ aga9/ ! act & ang] direct$ aga9/ ! ag5t1 x may be fairly d\bt$ :e!r x is )9 ! capacity ( ord9>y human nature to ma9ta9 ?is di/9ction 9 practice4#ie ,! w :i* (f5ds1 & ! s5sibility :i* suff]s1 _c s]i\sly be look$ ^u z two diff]5t entities ! "o ( :i* %\ld n be puni%$ = ! fault ( ! o!r4 ,! p]son himself is held responsible = ! (f5ce4 ,! ho/ile reaction turns aga9/ 8 w because only by act+ ^u ! w c ! cause ( pa9 be remov$4 ,b s9ce ! remote/ ages ! aggressive attitude t[>ds ?is cause has be5 connect$ ) an in/9ctive desire to produce c\nt]-pa92 &1 ?\gh we may recognise t su* a desire1 or r ! volition into :i* x t5ds to develop1 may be morally ju/ifiable only if x is int5d$ to remove ! cause ( pa91 we c h>dly help be+ indulg5t to ! gratification ( a human in/9ct :i* seems to be well nigh in]adicable4 ,x is ! in/9ctive desire to inflict c\nt]-pa9 t gives to moral indignation its mo/ important *>act]i/ic4 ,)\t x1 moral condemnation & ! ideas ( "r & wrong w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,)\t x1 we %\ld no m condemn a bad man ?an a poison\s plant4 ,! reason :y moral judgm5ts are pass$ on volitional be+s1 or _! acts1 is n m]ely t !y are volitional1 b t !y are s5sitive z well2 & h[ev] mu* we try to conc5trate our indignation on ! act1 x d]ives its peculi> flav\r f be+ direct$ #ic aga9/ a s5sitive ag5t4 ,i h he>d p]sons ( a highly sympa!tic ca/ ( m9d ass]t t a wrong act awak5s 9 !m only sorr[1 n indignation2 b ?\gh sorr[ be ! pr$om9ant elem5t 9 _! /ate ( m9d1 ,i believe t1 on a close inspection1 !y w\ld f9d !re ano!r emotion z well1 "o 9 :i* !re is imman5t an elem5t ( ho/ility1 h[ev] slight4 ,x is true t ! int5sity ( moral indignation _c always be measur$ by ! actual desire to cause pa9 to ! (f5d]2 b its int5sity seems nev]!less to be connect$ ) ! am\nt ( suff]+ :i* ! indignant man is will+ to let ! (f5d] und]go 9 consequ5ce ( ! (f5ce4 ,:i* ( u c\ld ev]1 q ap>t f any utilit>ian consid]ations1 feel ! same sympa?y ) a p]son :o suff]s on acc\nt ( 8 badness z ) "o :o suff]s innoc5tly8 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts relat$ to ! moral consci\sness ( a high] type1 t x 9 va9 condemns ! gratification ( ! v desire f :i* x sprang4 ,x is l a man ( l[ extraction1 :o1 9 spite ( all acquir$ ref9em5t1 be>s 8 orig9 /amp$ on 8 face4 ,footnote #ie3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cfd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:il/ res5tm5t is a ho/ile attitude ( m9d t[>ds a cause ( pa91 retributive k9dly emotion is a fri5dly attitude ( m9d t[>ds a cause ( pleasure4 ,j z 9 ! l[] =ms ( ang] !re is h>dly any def9ite desire to produce suff]+1 only a vehem5t desire to remove ! cause ( pa91 s 9 ! l[] =m ( retributive k9dly emotion !re is h>dly any def9ite desire to produce pleasure1 only a fri5dly endeav\r to reta9 ! cause ( ! pleasure exp]i5c$4 ,:5 ! emotion conta9s a def9ite desire to give pleasure 9 return = pleasure receiv$1 & at ! same "t is felt by ! fav\r$ p>ty 9 8 capacity ( be+ himself ! object ( ! b5efit1 x is call$ gratitude4 ,we (t5 f9d int]m+l$ ) gratitude a feel+ ( indebt$ness2 he ^u :om a b5efit has be5 conf]r$ feels himself z a debtor1 & reg>ds ! b5efactor z 8 cr$itor4 ,?is feel+ has #id ev5 be5 repres5t$ z ess5tial to1 or z a condition (1 gratitude2#if b x is n impli$ 9 :at ,i "h und]/& by gratitude4 ,x is "o ?+ to be grateful1 & ano!r ?+ to feel t x is "o's duty to be grateful4 ,a depression ( ! self-feel+1 a feel+ ( humiliation1 also frequ5tly accompanies gratitude z a motive = requit+ ! b5efit2 b x is c]ta9ly n an elem5t 9 gratitude itself4 ,footnote #if3 ,horwicz1 ,psy*ologis*e ,analys51 ii4 #ccc3 ,ohne dieses ,gefhl des ,v]bund5se9s 4 4 4 4 kann ke9e ,dankb>keit auskomm54 ,cf4 ,milton1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 iv4 #eb sqq4 ,retributive k9dly emotion is a mu* less frequ5t ph5om5on 9 ! animal k+dom ?an is ! emotion ( res5tm5t4 ,9 _m animal species n ev5 ! g]m ( x is f\nd1 & :]e x occurs x is g5]ally re/rict$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,anybody may provoke an animal's ang]1 b only t[>ds c]ta9 individuals x is apt to feel retributive k9dl9ess4 ,! limits = ?is emotion are m>k$ (f by ! conditions "u :i* altrui/ic s5tim5ts 9 g5]al t5d to arise--a subject :i* w be discuss$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,inde$1 social affection is itself ess5tially retributive4 ,greg>i\s animals take pleasure 9 ea* o!r's company1 & ) ?is pleasure is intimately associat$ k9dly feel+ t[>ds its cause1 ! companion himself4 ,social affection presupposes reciprocity2 x is n only a fri5dly s5tim5t t[>ds ano!r individual1 b t[>ds an individual :o is conceiv$ ( z a fri5d4 ,! intr9sic object ( retributive k9dl9ess be+ to reta9 a cause ( pleasure1 we may assume t ! def9ite desire to produce pleasure 9 return = pleasure receiv$ is due to ! fact t su* a desire mat]ially promotes ! object 9 "q--exactly 9 ! same way z ! def9ite desire to inflict pa9 9 return = pa9 inflict$ has become an elem5t 9 res5tm5t because su* a desire promotes ! intr9sic object ( res5tm5t1 ! removal ( ! cause ( pa94 ,& z natural selection acc\nts = ! orig9 ( res5tm5t1 s x also acc\nts = ! #ie orig9 ( retributive k9dly emotion4 ,bo? ( ^! emotions are useful /ates ( m9d2 by res5tm5t evils are av]t$1 by retributive k9dl9ess b5efits are secur$4 ,t !re is su* a wide diff]5ce 9 _! preval5ce is explicable f ! simple facts t greg>i\sness--:i* is ! root ( social affection1 &1 l>gely at lea/1 a condition ( ! rise ( retributive k9dly emotions--is an advantage only to "s species1 n to all1 & t ev5 greg>i\s animals h _m enemies1 b few fri5ds4 ,9 "s cases ! fri5dly reaction 9 retributive k9dl9ess is direct$ t[>ds individuals :o h 9 no way be5 ! cause ( ! pleasure :i* gave rise to ! emotion4 ,s intimate is ! connection betwe5 ! /imulus & ! reaction1 t he :o is made happy (t5 feels a g5]al desire to make o!rs happy4#ig ,b su* an indiscrim9ate reaction is only an (fset ( ! emotion ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,moreov]1 retributive k9dly emotion (t5 conf]s b5efits ^u somebody ne>ly relat$ to ! b5efactor1 if he himself be out ( rea*1 or 9 addition to b5efits conf]r$ on him4 ,b 9 su* cases ! gratitude t[>ds ! b5efactor is ! real motive4 ,footnote #ig3 ,t a happy man wants to see glad faces ar\nd him1 is also due to ano!r cause1 :i* has be5 po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,hirn 7,orig9s ( ,art1 p4 #hc73 f _! expression he wants to d]ive fur!r n\ri%m5t & increase = 8 own feel+4 ,t moral approval--by :i* ,i und]/& t emotion ( :i* moral praise or rew>d is ! outw>d manife/ation--is a k9d ( retributive k9dly emotion & z su* alli$ to gratitude1 w probably be admitt$ )\t mu* hesitation4#ih ,its fri5dly "* is n1 l ! ho/ile "* ( moral disapproval1 disguis$ by any app>5tly contradictory facts4 ,to conf] a b5efit ^u a p]son is n g5]ally reg>d$ z wrong1 unless1 inde$1 x involves an encroa*m5t on somebody's rights or is contr>y to ! feel+ ( ju/ice4 ,& t moral approval sometimes be/[s its fav\rs ^u undes]v+ #if individuals = ! m]its ( o!rs1 c no m invalidate ! fact t x is ess5tially direct$ t[>ds ! cause ( pleasure1 ?an ! occasional infliction ( puni%m5ts ^u innoc5t individuals invalidates ! fact t moral disapproval is ess5tially direct$ aga9/ ! cause ( pa94 ,unm]it$ rew>ds are explicable on gr\nds analog\s to ^? to :i* we h trac$ unm]it$ puni%m5ts4 ,footnote #ih3 ,! relation%ip betwe5 gratitude & moral approval has be5 recognis$ by ,h>tley 7,obs]vations on ,man1 i4 #ebj7 & ,adam ,smi? 7,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 passim74 ,! doctr9e ( family solid>ity leads1 n only to common responsibility = crimes1 b to common enjoym5t ( m]its4 ,9 ,madagasc>1 exemption f puni%m5t 0 claim$ by ! desc5dants ( p]sons :o _h r5d]$ any p>ticul> s]vice to ! sov]eign or ! ,/ate1 z also by o!r bran*es ( ! family1 on ! same plea4#ii ,accord+ to ,*9ese ideas1 ! virtu\s conduct ( any individual w result1 n only 9 prosp]ity to himself1 b 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( happ9ess to 8 po/]ity1 unless inde$ ! p]sonal wick$ness ( "s ( ! desc5dants neutralise ! b5efits :i* w\ld o!rwise accrue f ! virtue ( ! ance/or2#ajj &1 conv]sely1 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t conf]s titles ( nobility ^u ! dead p>5ts ( a di/+ui%$ son4#aja ,! idea t ! dead %>e 9 punya or ppa1 t is1 ! m]it or dem]it ( ! liv+1 & t ! happ9ess ( a man 9 ! next life dep5ds on ! good works ( 8 desc5dants1 0 e>ly famili> to ! civilis$ natives ( ,india2 almo/ all legal de$s ( gift conta9 ! =mula t ! gift is made = ! increase ( ! punya ( ! donor & t ( 8 fa!r & "m4#ajb ,footnote #ii3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 #cgf4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 i4 #dbf1 n4 #c2 ii4 #chd1 n4 #fc4 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #cih4 ,footnote #aja3 ,giles1 op4 cit4 i4 #cje1 n4 #f4 ,wells ,williams1 ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #dbb4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #eb1 n4 #d4 ,b ! vic>i\s efficacy ( good de$s is n necess>ily re/rict$ to ! memb]s ( ! same family4 ,9 a hymn ( ! ,rig-,v$a we f9d ! idea t ! m]its or ! pi\s may b5efit _! neighb\rs4#ajc ,accord+ to "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts1 p]sons :o are :olly unable to p]=m good works are suppos$ to be entitl$ to a %>e ( any sup]]ogatory good works p]=m$ by o!rs4#ajd ,! ,*9ese believe t #ig :ole k+doms are bless$ by b5evol5t spirits = ! virtu\s conduct ( _! rul]s4#aje ,yahveh promis$ n to de/roy ,sodom = ! sake ( t5 righte\s1 provid$ t s _m righte\s c\ld be f\nd 9 ! t[n4#ajf ,! doctr9e ( vic>i\s rew>d or satisfaction ?r\gh good works is1 9 fact1 m preval5t ?an ! doctr9e ( vic>i\s puni%m5t4 ,jewi% !ology has a great deal m to say ab\t ! acceptance ( ! m]its ( ! righte\s on behalf ( ! wick$1 ?an ab\t atonem5t ?r\gh sacrifice4#ajg ,! ,muhamm$ans1 :o "k no?+ ( vic>i\s suff]+ z a means ( expiation1 conf] m]its ^u _! dead by recit+ *apt]s ( ! ,koran & almsgiv+1 & "s ( !m all[ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca to be done by proxy4#ajh ,*ri/ian !ology itself ma9ta9s t salvation dep5ds on ! m]it ( ! passion ( ,*ri/2 & f e>ly times ! m]its ( m>tyrs & sa9ts 7 believ$ to b5efit o!r memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4#aji ,footnote #ajc3 ,rig-,v$a1 vii4 #ce4 #d4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,dn--,mang- ,khirad xv4 #c4 ,footnote #aje3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #dce4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,g5esis1 xviii4 #cb4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dbd1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh1 #ecb4 ,sell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdb1 #bgh1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bih4 ,cf4 ,wall91 ,fr/a ,resa frn ,cairo till ,arabiska kn51 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aji3 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ii4 #acc1 n4 #c4 ,= ! explanation ( ^! & simil> facts v>i\s circum/ances h to be consid]$4 ,good de$s may be s pleas+ to a god z to induce him to =give ! s9s ( ! wick$ 9 accordance ) ! rule t ang] yields to joy4 ,!re is solid>ity n only betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family1 b betwe5 memb]s ( ! same social unit2 h5ce ! virtues ( individuals may b5efit ! :ole community to :i* !y belong4 ,! ,ca?olic !ologian argues t1 s9ce we are all reg5]at$ unto ,*ri/ by be+ wa%$ 9 ! same baptism1 made p>tak]s ( ! same sacram5ts1 &1 especially1 ( ! same meat & dr9k1 ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1 we are all memb]s ( ! same body4 ,z1 !n1 ! foot does n p]=m its functions solely = itself1 b also = ! b5efit ( ! eyes2 & z ! eyes ex]cise _! sight1 n = _! own1 b = ! common b5efit ( all ! memb]s2 s %\ld works ( satisfaction be deem$ common to all ! memb]s ( ! #ih ,*ur*4#aaj ,moreov]1 virtues1 l s9s1 are believ$ to be 9 a mat]ial way transf]able4 ,9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 :5 a dead p]son is laid out1 a cake ( fl\r is plac$ on 8 brea/ 9 ord] to absorb ! virtues ( ! deceas$1 :]eupon ! cake is eat5 by ! ne>e/ relatives4#aaa ,& we are told t1 9 a c]ta9 di/rict 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 if a *ild is br\ght to ! font at ! same "t z a body is committ$ to ! gr\nd1 :atev] 0 good 9 ! deceas$ p]son is suppos$ to be transf]r$ to ! little *ild1 s9ce ,god does n all[ any goodness to be buri$ & lo/ to ! _w1 & su* goodness is mo/ likely to ent] a little *ild com+ to ! sacram5t ( ,baptism4#aab ,a bless+1 also1 no less ?an a curse1 is look$ ^u 9 ! light ( mat]ial en]gy2 goodness is n requir$ = ! acquisition ( x1 m]e contact w d4 ,bless+s are h]$it>y3--,! j man walke? 9 8 integrity3 8 *ildr5 are bless$ aft] him4#aac ,footnote #aaj3 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ii4 #e4 #gb4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,am ,urquell1 ii4 #aja4 ,footnote #aab3 ,peacock1 ',execut$ ,crim9als & ,folk-,m$ic9e1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 vii4 #bhj4 ,footnote #aac3 ,prov]bs1 xx4 #g4 ,x is no d\bt m becom+ = a god to p>don ! s9n] on acc\nt ( ! m]its ( ! virtu\s1 ?an to puni% ! innoc5t = ! s9s ( ! wick$4 ,x %[s t 8 compassion ov]comes 8 wra?2 & ! m]cy ( ! deity is1 among all div9e attributes1 t on :i* ! high] mono!i/ic religions lay mo/ /ress4 ,allah said1 ,:oso do? "o good act1 = him are t5 rew>ds1 & ,i also give m to :omsoev] ,i w2 & :oso do? ill1 its retaliation is equal to x1 or else ,i =give him4#aad ,nev]!less1 ! moral consci\sness ( a high] type c h>dly approve t ! wick$ %\ld be p>don$ = ! sake ( ! virtu\s1 or t ! rew>d = an act %\ld be be/[$ ^u anybody else ?an ! ag5t4 ,! doctr9e ( vic>i\s m]it or recomp5se is n j2 x involves t badness is unduly ignor$2 x is bas$ on crude ideas ( goodness & m]it4 ,! !ory ( op]a sup]]ogativa1 z we h se51 atta*es badness #ii & goodness to ext]nal acts r ?an to m5tal facts1 & assumes t rep>ation c be giv5 = badness1 :]eas ! scrut9is+ moral judge only =gives badness 9 case x is sup]s$$ by rep5tance4 ,if ?us a bad act _c be comp5sat$ by a good "o1 ev5 ?\gh bo? be p]=m$ by "o & ! same p]son1 x c /ill less be comp5sat$ by ! good act ( ano!r man4 ,f v>i\s qu>t]s we he> prote/s aga9/ ! notion ( vic>i\s m]it--prote/s :i* emphasise ! true direction ( moral rew>d4 ,ezekiel1 :o reprov$ ! old idea t ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge because ! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 also taught t a wick$ son is to reap no b5efit f ! bless+s be/[$ ^u a righte\s fa!r4#aae ,fe> ! day1 says ! ,koran1 :]e9 no s\l %all pay any recomp5se = ano!r s\l4#aaf ,! ,buddhi/ic ,dhammapada conta9s ! foll[+ passage1 :i* sums up our :ole argum5t3--,by oneself ! evil is done1 by oneself "o suff]s2 by oneself evil is left undone1 by oneself "o is purifi$4 ,! pure & ! impure /& & fall by !mselves1 no "o c purify ano!r4#aag ,footnote #aad3 ,lane-,poole1 ,spee*es & ,table-,talk ( ,mohammad1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ezekiel1 xviii4 #e sqq4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,koran1 ii4 #dd4 ,footnote #aag3 ,dhammapada1 xii4 #afe4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions 7conclud$7 ,,we h se5 t moral disapproval is a =m ( res5tm5t1 & t moral approval is a =m ( retributive k9dly emotion4 ,x /ill rema9s = u to exam9e 9 :at respects ^! emotions diff] f k9dr$ non-moral emotions--disapproval f ang] & rev5ge1 approval f gratitude--9 o!r words1 :at *>act]ises !m z specifically moral emotions4 ,x is a common op9ion1 held by all :o reg>d ! intellect z ! s\rce ( moral concepts1 t moral emotions only arise 9 consequ5ce ( moral judgm5ts1 & t1 9 ea* case1 ! "* ( ! emotion is det]m9$ by ! pr$icate ( ! judgm5t4 ,we are told t1 :5 ! intellectual process is complet$1 :5 ! act 9 "q is def9itely class$ "u su* or su* a moral category1 !n1 & only !n1 !re foll[s in/antane\sly a feel+ ( ei!r approbation or disapprobation z ! case may be4#a ,:5 we he> ( a murd]1 = in/ance1 we mu/ disc]n ! wrongness ( ! act be=e we c feel moral indignation at x4 ,footnote #a3 ,flem+1 ,manual ( ,moral ,philosophy1 p4 #ig sqq4 ,f[l]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ii4 #aih sqq4 ,x is true t a moral judgm5t may be foll[$ by a moral emotion1 t ! f9d+ out ! t5d5cy ( a c]ta9 mode ( conduct to evoke indignation or approval is apt to call =? su* an emotion1 if !re 0 none be=e1 or o!rwise to increase ! "o exi/+4 ,x is1 moreov]1 true t ! pr$icate ( a moral judgm5t1 z #aja well z ! g5]alisation lead+ up to su* a pr$icate1 may give a specific col\r+ to ! approval or disapproval :i* x produces1 q ap>t f ! g5]al *>act]i/ics belong+ to t emotion 9 its capacity ( a moral emotion2 ! concepts ( duty & ju/ice1 = in/ance1 no d\bt h a peculi> flav\r ( _! own4 ,b = all ?is1 moral emotions _c be describ$ z res5tm5t or retributive k9dl9ess call$ =? by moral judgm5ts4 ,su* a def9ition w\ld be a mean+less play ) words4 ,:atev] emotions may foll[ moral judgm5ts1 su* judgm5ts c\ld nev] h be5 pron\nc$ unless !re _h be5 moral emotions antec$5t to !m4 ,_! pr$icates1 z 0 po9t$ out above1 are ess5tially bas$ on g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to ar\se moral emotions2 h5ce ! crit]ion ( a moral emotion c 9 no case dep5d ^u its proce$+ f a moral judgm5t4 ,b at ! same "t moral judgm5ts1 be+ def9ite expressions ( moral emotions1 naturally help u to discov] ! true nature ( ^! emotions4 ,! pr$icate ( a moral judgm5t always involves a notion ( dis9t]e/$ness4 ,:5 pron\nc+ an act to be good or bad1 ,i mean t x is s1 q indep5d5tly ( any ref]5ce x might h to my own int]e/s4 ,a moral judgm5t may c]ta9ly h a selfi% motive2 b !n x1 nev]!less1 pret5ds to be dis9t]e/$1 :i* %[s t dis9t]e/$ness is a *>act]i/ic ( moral concepts z su*4 ,?is is admitt$ ev5 by ! egoi/ic h$oni/1 :o ma9ta9s t we approve & condemn acts f self-love4 ,accord+ to ,helvetius1 x is ! love ( consid]ation t a virtu\s man takes to be 9 him ! love ( virtue2 & yet ev]ybody pret5ds to love virtue = its own sake1 ?is phrase is 9 e "o's m\? & 9 no "o's he>t4#b ,footnote #b3 ,helvetius1 ,de l',homme1 i4 #bfc4 ,if ! moral concepts are ess5tially g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to call =? moral emotions1 &1 at ! same "t1 conta9 ! notion ( #ajb dis9t]e/$ness1 we mu/ conclude t ! emotions f :i* !y spr+ are felt dis9t]e/$ly4 ,( ?is fact we f9d an e*o--m or less fai?ful--9 ! maxims ( v>i\s e?ical !oris]s1 z well z practical morali/s4 ,we f9d x 9 ! utilit>ian dem& t1 9 reg>d to 8 own happ9ess & t ( o!rs1 an ag5t %\ld be z /rictly imp>tial z a dis9t]e/$ & b5evol5t spectator2#c 9 ! rule ( righte\sness laid d[n by ,samuel ,cl>ke1 t ,we s deal ) e man1 z 9 l circum/ances we c\ld reasonably expect he %\ld ) u2#d 9 ,kant's =mula1 ,act only on t maxim :i* ?\ can/ at ! same "t w to become a univ]sal law2#e 9 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's s-call$ axiom1 ,i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r2#f 9 ! biblical say+s1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1#g &1 ,:atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d ye ev5 s to !m4#h ,! same fact is express$ 9 ! ,indian ,mahabh>ata1 :]e x is said3--,let no man d to ano!r t :i* w\ld be repugnant to himself2 ?is is ! sum ( righte\sness2 ! re/ is accord+ to incl9ation4 ,9 refus+1 9 be/[+1 9 reg>d to pleasure & to pa91 to :at is agreeable & disagreeable1 a man obta9s ! prop] rule by reg>d+ ! case z l 8 own4#i ,simil> words are ascrib$ to ,confucius4#aj ,:5 ,tsze-kung ask$ if !re is any "o ^w :i* may s]ve z a rule ( practice = all "o's life1 ! ,ma/] answ]$1 ,is n ,reciprocity su* a ^w8 ,:at y d n want done to y\rself1 d n d to #ajc o!rs4 ,& 9 ano!r utt]ance ,confucius %[$ t ! rule _h = him n only a negative1 b a positive =m4 ,he said t1 9 ! way ( ! sup]ior man1 !re are f\r ?+s to none ( :i* he himself _h z yet atta9$2 to s]ve 8 fa!r z he w\ld require 8 son to s]ve him1 to s]ve 8 pr9ce z he w\ld require 8 m9i/] to s]ve him1 to s]ve 8 eld] bro!r z he w\ld require 8 y\ng] bro!r to s]ve him1 & to set ! example 9 behav+ to a fri5d z he w\ld require ! fri5d to behave to him4#aa ,footnote #c3 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #d3 ,cl>ke1 ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,un*angeable ,obligations ( ,natural ,religion1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #e3 ,kant1 ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 sec4 #b 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 iv4 #bfi74 ,footnote #f3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #chc4 ,h[ev]1 z we h se5 above1 ?is s-call$ axiom is n a correct repres5tation ( ! dis9t]e/$ness ( moral emotions4 ,footnote #g3 ,leviticus1 xix4 #ah4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxii4 #ci4 ,footnote #h3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 vii4 #ab4 ,cf4 ,/4 ,luke1 vi4 #ca4 ,footnote #i3 ,mahabh>ata1 xiii4 #eega sq41 9 ,muir1 ,religi\s & ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 r5d]$ f ,sanskrit ,writ]s1 p4 #ajg4 ,cf4 ,pan*atantra1 iii4 7,b5fey's translation1 ii4 #bce74 ,footnote #aj3 ,lun ,y1 xv4 #bc4 ,cf4 ibid4 xii4 #b2 ,*ung ,yung1 xiii4 #c4 ,footnote #aa3 ,*ung ,yung1 xiii4 #d4 ,?is gold5 rule is n1 z has be5 sometimes argu$1 a rule ( retaliation4#ab ,x does n say1 ,d to o!rs :at !y wi% to d to y2 x says1 ,d to o!rs :at y wi%1 or require1 !m to d to y4 ,x br+s home to u ! fact t moral rules are g5]al rules1 :i* ought to be obey$ irrespectively ( any selfi% consid]ations4 ,if =mulat$ z an injunction t we %\ld treat our neighb\r 9 ! same mann] z we consid] t he1 "u exactly simil> circum/ances1 ought to treat u1 x is simply id5tical ) ! s5t5ce1 ,d y\r duty1 ) emphasis laid on ! dis9t]e/$ness :i* is involv$ 9 ! v conception ( duty4 ,s f>1 ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 "r 9 say+ t ,d z ?\ w\ld/ be done by is a s5t5ce :i* all nations "u heav5 are agre$ ^u4#ac ,footnote #ab3 ,let\rneau1 ,l'volution religieuse dans les div]ses races huma9es1 p4 #eec4 ,footnote #ac3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 quot$ by ,lilly1 ,"r & ,wrong1 p4 #ajf4 ,dis9t]e/$ness1 h[ev]1 is n ! only *>act]i/ic by :i* moral indignation & approval are di/+ui%$ f o!r1 non-moral1 k9ds ( res5tm5t or retributive k9dly emotion4 ,x is1 inde$1 itself a =m ( a m compreh5sive quality :i* *>act]ises moral emotions--app>5t imp>tiality4 ,if ,i pron\nce an act done to a fri5d or to an enemy to be ei!r good or bad1 t implies t ,i assume x to be s indep5d5tly ( ! fact t ! p]son to :om ! act is done is my fri5d or my enemy4 ,conv]sely1 if ,i pron\nce an #ajd act done by a fri5d or by an enemy to be good or bad1 t implies t ,i assume ! act to be ei!r good or bad indep5d5tly ( my fri5dly or ho/ile feel+s t[>ds ! ag5t4 ,all ?is means t res5tm5t & retributive k9dly emotion are moral emotions 9 s f> z !y are assum$ by ^? :o feel !m to be un9flu5c$ by ! p>ticul> relation%ip 9 :i* !y /&1 bo? to ^? :o are imm$iately affect$ by ! acts 9 "q1 & to ^? :o p]=m ^? acts4 ,a moral emotion1 !n1 is te/$ by an imag9>y *ange ( ! relation%ip betwe5 him :o approves or disapproves ( ! mode ( conduct by :i* ! emotion 0 evok$ & ! p>ties imm$iately conc]n$1 :il/ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! p>ties !mselves is left unalt]$4 ,at ! same "t x is n necess>y t ! moral emotion %\ld be really imp>tial4 ,x is suffici5t t x is tacitly assum$ to be s1 nay1 ev5 t x is n kn[+ly p>tial4 ,9 attribut+ diff]5t rights to diff]5t individuals1 or classes ( individuals1 we are (t51 9 reality1 influ5c$ by ! relation%ip 9 :i* we /& to !m1 by p]sonal sympa?ies & antipa?ies2 & yet ^? rights may be moral rights1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 n m]e pref]5ces1 namely1 if we assume t any imp>tial judge w\ld recognise our attribution ( rights z j1 or ev5 if we are unaw>e ( its p>tiality4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! savage c5sures a homicide committ$ ^u a memb] ( 8 own tribe1 b praises "o committ$ ^u a memb] ( ano!r tribe1 8 c5sure & praise are c]ta9ly influ5c$ by 8 relations to ! victim1 or to ! ag5t1 or to bo?4 ,he does n reason ?us3 x is blamable to kill a memb] ( "o's own tribe1 & x is praisewor?y to kill a memb] ( a =eign tribe--:e!r ! tribe be m9e or n4 ,nev]!less1 8 blame & 8 praise mu/ be reg>d$ z expressions ( moral emotions4 ,f9ally1 a moral emotion has a c]ta9 flav\r ( g5]ality4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ t a moral judgm5t v frequ5tly implies "s vague assumption #aje t x mu/ be %>$ by ev]ybody :o possesses bo? a suffici5t k ( ! case & a suffici5tly develop$ moral consci\sness4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t ?is assumption is illusory4 ,x _c1 consequ5tly1 be reg>d$ z a conditio s9e qu non = a moral judgm5t1 unless1 inde$1 x be ma9ta9$ t su* a judgm5t1 ow+ to its v nature1 is necess>ily a *im]a--an op9ion :i*1 to my m9d1 w\ld be simply absurd4 ,b1 ?\gh moral judgm5ts _c lay claim to univ]sality or objectivity1 x does n foll[ t !y are m]ely individual e/imates4 ,ev5 he :o fully sees _! limitations mu/ admit t1 :5 he pron\nces an act to be good or bad1 he gives expression to some?+ m ?an a p]sonal op9ion1 t 8 judgm5t has ref]5ce1 n only to 8 own feel+s1 b to ! feel+s ( o!rs z well4 ,& ?is is true ev5 ?\gh he be aw>e t 8 own conviction is n %>$ by ^? ar\nd him1 nor by anybody else4 ,he !n feels t x w\ld be %>$ if o!r p knew ! act & all its att5dant circum/ances z well z he does himself1 & if1 at ! same "t1 _! emotions 7 z ref9$ z are 8 own4 ,?is feel+ gives to 8 approval or indignation a t\* ( g5]ality1 :i* belongs to public approval & public indignation1 b :i* is nev] f\nd 9 any m]ely individual emotion ( gratitude or rev5ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! analysis ( ! moral emotions :i* has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 holds good1 n only = su* emotions z we feel on acc\nt ( ! conduct ( o!rs1 b = su* emotions z we feel on acc\nt ( our own conduct z well4 ,moral self-condemnation is a ho/ile attitude ( m9d t[>ds "o's self z ! cause ( pa91 moral self-approval is a k9dly attitude ( m9d t[>ds "o's self z a cause ( pleasure4 ,g5u9e remorse1 ?\gh focuss$ on ! w ( ! p]son :o feels x1 involves1 vaguely or di/9ctly1 "s desire to suff]4 ,! rep5tant man wants to ?9k ( ! wrong he has committ$1 he wants cle>ly to realise #ajf its wick$ness2 & he wants to d ?is1 n m]ely because he desires to become a bett] man1 b because x gives him "s relief to feel ! /+ 9 8 he>t4 ,if puni%$ = 8 de$1 he will+ly submits to ! puni%m5t4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&]1 says ,mr4 ,=eman1 if he recognises a fault by 8 own consci5ce1 w receive a flogg+ )\t res5tm5t or compla9t1 al?\gh1 if he is n s conv9c$ ( ! misde$1 he w await 8 *ance to give v5t to 8 ranc\r4#ad ,we may feel actual hatr$ t[>ds ourselves1 we may desire to inflict bodily suff]+ ^u ourselves z a puni%m5t = :at we h done2#ae nay1 !re are in/ances ( crim9als1 guilty ( capital (f5ces1 hav+ giv5 !mselves up to ! au?orities 9 ord] to appease _! consci5ces by suff]+ ! p5alty ( ! law4#af ,yet ! desire to puni% ourselves has a natural antagoni/ 9 our g5]al av]sion to pa91 & ?is (t5 blunts ! /+ ( ! consci5ce4 ,suicide prompt$ by remorse1 :i* sometimes occurs ev5 among savages1#ag is to be reg>d$ r z a me?od ( putt+ an end to agonies1 ?an z a k9d ( self-execution2 & beh9d ! self-torm5ts ( ! s9n] frequ5tly lurks ! hopeful prospect ( heav5ly bliss4 ,self-approval1 aga91 is n m]ely joy at "o's own conduct1 b is a k9dly emotion1 a fri5dly attitude t[>ds "o's self4 ,su* an attitude1 = in/ance1 lies at ! bottom ( ! feel+ t "o's own conduct m]its praise or rew>d4 ,footnote #ad3 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahe4 ,cf4 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #cd2 ,zll]1 ,das ,togol&1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,cf4 ,jodl1 ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie1 p4 #fge4 ,footnote #af3 von ,feu]ba*1 ,akt5mssige ,d>/ellung m]kwrdig] ,v]bre*51 i4 #bdi2 ii4 #dgc1 #dgi sq4 von ,lasaulx1 ,shnopf] d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see infra1 on ,suicide4 ,n e =m ( self-reproa* or ( self-approval is a moral emotion--no m ?an is e =m ( res5tm5t or retributive k9dly emotion t[>ds o!r p]sons4 ,we may be angry ) ourselves on acc\nt ( "s act ( ours :i* is injuri\s to our own int]e/s4 ,he :o has lo/ at play may be z vex$ at himself z he :o has #ajg *eat$ at play1 & ! egoi/ may bitt]ly reproa* himself = hav+ yield$ to a mom5t>y impulse ( b5evol5ce1 or ev5 to consci5ce itself4 ,9 ord] to be moral emotions1 our self-condemnation & self-approval mu/ pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics z make res5tm5t & retributive k9dl9ess moral emotions :5 !y are felt ) ref]5ce to ! conduct ( o!r p4 ,a p]son does n feel remorse :5 he reproa*es himself f an egoi/ic motive1 or :5 he aft]w>ds regrets t he has sacrific$ ! int]e/s ( 8 *ildr5 to ! imp>tial claim ( ju/ice4 ,nor does a p]son feel moral self-approval :5 he is pleas$ ) himself = hav+ committ$ an act :i* he recognises z selfi% or unju/4 ,& besides be+ dis9t]e/$ & app>5tly imp>tial1 remorse & moral self-approval h a flav\r ( g5]ality4 ,z ,pr(essor ,baldw9 rem>ks1 moral approval or disapproval1 n only ( o!r p1 b ( "o's self1 is nev] at its be/ except :5 x is accompani$1 9 ! consci\sness :i* has x1 ) ! k or belief t x is also socially %>$4#ah ,inde$1 almo/ insep>able f ! moral judgm5ts :i* we pass on our own conduct seems to be ! image ( an imp>tial outsid] :o acts z our judge4 ,footnote #ah3 ,baldw91 ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretation 9 ,m5tal ,developm5t1 p4 #cad4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,emotions ,,we h f\nd t res5tm5t & retributive k9dly emotion are easily explicable f _! usefulness1 bo? ( !m hav+ a t5d5cy to promote ! int]e/s ( ! individuals :o feel !m4 ,?is explanation also holds good = ! moral emotions1 9 s f> z !y are retributive emotions3 x acc\nts = ! ho/ile attitude ( moral disapproval t[>ds ! cause ( pa91 & = ! fri5dly attitude ( moral approval t[>ds ! cause ( pleasure4 ,b x /ill rema9s = u to discov] ! orig9 ( ^? elem5ts 9 ! moral emotions by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f o!r1 non-moral1 retributive emotions4 ,fir/1 h[ %all we expla9 _! dis9t]e/$ness8 ,we h to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t classes ( conditions "u :i* dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions arise4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may feel dis9t]e/$ res5tm5t1 or dis9t]e/$ retributive k9dly emotion1 on acc\nt ( an injury inflict$1 or a b5efit conf]r$1 ^u ano!r p]son ) ^: pa91 or pleasure1 we sympa?ise1 & 9 ^: welf>e we take a k9dly int]e/4 ,our retributive emotions are1 ( c\rse1 always reactions aga9/ pa91 or pleasure1 felt by ourselves2 ?is holds true = ! moral emotions z well z = rev5ge & gratitude4 ,! "q to be answ]$1 !n1 is1 ,:y %\ld we1 q dis9t]e/$ly1 feel pa9 call+ =? indignation because our neighb\r is hurt1 & pleasure call+ =? approval because he is b5efit$8 #aji ,t a c]ta9 act causes pleasure or pa9 to ! by-/&] is p>tly due to ! close association :i* exi/s betwe5 ^! feel+s & _! outw>d expressions4 ,! sight ( a happy face t5ds to produce "s degree ( pleasure 9 him :o sees x2 ! sight ( ! bodily signs ( suff]+ t5ds to produce a feel+ ( pa94 ,9 ei!r case ! feel+ ( ! spectator is ! result ( a process ( reproduction1 ! p]ception ( ! physical manife/ation ( ! feel+ recall+ ! feel+ itself on acc\nt ( ! e/abli%$ association betwe5 !m4 ,sympa!tic pa9 or pleasure may also be ! result ( an association betwe5 cause & effect1 betwe5 ! cognition ( a c]ta9 act or situation & ! feel+ g5]ally produc$ by ?is act or situation4 ,a bl[ may cause pa9 to ! spectator be=e he has witness$ its effect on ! victim4 ,! sympa!tic feel+ is ( c\rse /rong] :5 bo? k9ds ( association concur 9 produc+ x1 ?an :5 x is ! result ( only "o4 ,z ,adam ,smi? obs]ves1 g5]al lam5tations :i* express no?+ b ! angui% ( ! suff]]1 create r a curiosity to inquire into 8 situation1 along ) "s disposition to sympa?ise ) him1 ?an any actual sympa?y t is v s5sible4#a ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sympa?y :i* spr+s f an association betwe5 cause & effect is mu* enhanc$ by ! p]ception ( outw>d signs ( pleasure or pa9 9 ! individual ) :om we sympa?ise4 ,footnote #a3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #g4 ,b ! sympa!tic feel+ :i* results f association alone is n :at is g5]ally und]/ood by sympa?y4 ,aris+ m]ely f ! habitual connection ( c]ta9 cognitions ) c]ta9 feel+s 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! spectator1 x is1 /rictly speak+1 n at all conc]n$ ) ! feel+s ( ! o!r p]son4 ,x is n a reflex ( :at he feels--:i*1 inde$1 is a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce--& ! activity :i* x calls =? is ?or\ghly selfi%4 ,if x is a feel+ ( pa91 ! spectator naturally1 = 8 own sake1 tries to get rid ( x2 b ?is #aaj may be done by turn+ ! back ^u ! suff]]1 & look+ out = "s div]sion4 ,! sympa!tic feel+ :i* spr+s f association alone1 may also produce a b5evol5t or ho/ile reaction aga9/ its imm$iate cause3 ! smil+ face (t5 evokes a k9dly feel+ t[>ds ! smil]1 & ! sight ( suff]+ (t5 directs irritation aga9/ ! suff]]4#b ,9 su* cases x is ! o!r p]son himself1 r ?an 8 b5efactor or 8 torm5tor1 t is reg>d$ z cause by ! sympa?is]4 ,:5 bas$ on association alone1 ! sympa!tic feel+ ?us lacks ! mo/ vital *>act]i/ic ( sympa?y1 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! t]m3 x lacks k9dl9ess4#c ,footnote #b3 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #c3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 sympa?y & k9dly 7t5d]7 emotion has be5 comm5t$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,ribot 7,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bcc71 & by ,mr4 ,%&1 9 8 excell5t *apt] on ! ',s\rces ( ,t5d] ,emotion1' 9 ,/\t's ,gr\ndwork ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #aih sqq4 ,sympa?y1 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 requires ! co-op]ation ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t or affection--a disposition ( m9d :i* is p>ticul>ly apt to display itself z k9dly emotion t[>ds o!r be+s4 ,?is s5tim5t1#d only1 induces u to take a k9dly int]e/ 9 ! feel+s ( our neighb\rs4 ,x involves a t5d5cy1 or will+ness1 &1 :5 /rongly develop$1 gives rise to an eag] desire1 to sympa?ise ) _! pa9s & pleasures4 ,"u its influ5ce1 our sympa!tic feel+ is no long] a m]e matt] ( association2 we take an active "p 9 its production1 we direct our att5tion to any circum/ance :i* we believe may affect ! feel+s ( ! p]son :om we love1 to any ext]nal manife/ation ( 8 emotions4 ,we are anxi\s to f9d out 8 joys & sorr[s1 s z to be able to rejoice ) him & to suff] ) him1 &1 especially1 :5 he /&s 9 ne$ ( x1 to console or to help him4 ,= ! altrui/ic s5tim5t is n m]ely will+ness to sympa?ise2 x is above all a conative #aaa disposition to d good4 ,! latt] aptitude mu/ be reg>d$ r z ! cause ?an z ! result ( ! =m]2 affection is n1 z ,adam ,smi? ma9ta9$1#e m]ely habitual sympa?y1 or its necess>y consequ5ce4 ,x is true t sympa!tic pa91 unaid$ by k9dl9ess1 may induce a p]son to relieve ! suff]+ ( 8 neighb\r1 in/ead ( %utt+ 8 eyes to x2 b !n he does s1 n out ( reg>d to ! feel+s ( ! suff]]1 b simply to free himself ( a pa9ful cognition4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ! altrui/ic s5tim5t prompts to assi/ance only by /r5g!n+ ! sympa!tic feel+4 ,! sight ( ! w\nd$ travell] may h caus$ no less pa9 to ! ,ph>isee ?an to ! good ,sam>itan2 yet x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! ,sam>itan to dismiss 8 pa9 by go+ away1 s9ce he felt a desire to assi/ ! w\nd$1 & 8 desire w\ld h be5 left ungratifi$ if he _h n /opp$ by ! wayside4 ,to ! egoi/1 ! relief (f]$ to ! suff]] is a means ( suppress+ ! sympa!tic pa92 to ! altrui/1 ! sympa!tic pa9 is1 s to say1 a means ( giv+ relief4 ,! altrui/ wants to "k1 to feel ! pa9 ( 8 neighb\r1 because he desires to help him4 ,:y are ! mo/ k9d-he>t$ p (t5 ! mo/ *e]ful1 if n because !y ?9k ( alleviat+ ! mis]y ( _! fell[-creatures1 in/ead ( indulg+ 9 ! sympa!tic pa9 :i* x evokes8 ,footnote #d3 ,i use ! ^w s5tim5t 9 ! s5se propos$ by ,mr4 ,%&1 9 8 article1 ',"* & ! ,emotions1' 9 ,m9d1 ,n4,s4 v4 #bjc sqq41 & adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,/\t1 op4 cit4 p4 #bba sqq4 ,s5tim5ts _c be actually felt at any "o mom5t2 !y are complex m5tal dispositions1 & may1 z div]s occasions arise1 give bir? to ! :ole gamut ( ! emotions 7ibid4 p4 #bbc sq474 ,footnote #e3 ,adam ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbc4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t sympa?y aid$ by ! altrui/ic s5tim5t--sympa?y 9 ! common s5se--t5ds to produce dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions4 ,:5 we to "s ext5t id5tify1 z x 71 our feel+s ) ^? ( our neighb\r1 we naturally look ^u any p]son :o causes him pleasure or pa9 z ! cause ( our sympa!tic pleasure or pa91 & are apt to exp]i5ce t[>ds t p]son a retributive emotion simil> 9 k9d1 if n always 9 degree1 to ! emotion :i* we feel :5 we are ourselves b5efit$ or injur$4 ,9 all animal species :i* possess altrui/ic s5tim5ts 9 "s =m or o!r1 we may be sure to f9d sympa!tic res5tm5t z _! accompanim5t4 #aab ,a mammalian "m is z ho/ile to ! enemy ( h] "y z to h] own enemy4 ,among social animals ^: greg>i\s in/9ct has develop$ into social affection1#f sympa!tic res5tm5t is felt t[>ds ! enemy ( any memb] ( ! gr\p2 !y mutually def5d ea* o!r1 & ?is und\bt$ly involves "s degree ( sympa!tic ang]4 ,) ref]5ce to animals 9 conf9em5t & dome/icat$ animals1 _m /rik+ in/ances ( ?is emotion might be quot$1 ev5 9 cases :5 injuries h be5 inflict$ on memb]s ( diff]5t species to :i* !y h become atta*$4 ,pr(essor ,romanes' t]ri]1 :5ev] or :]ev] he saw a man /rik+ a dog1 :e!r 9 ! h\se1 or outside1 ne> at h& or at a di/ance1 4 4 4 4 us$ to ru% 9 to int]f]e1 sn>l+ & snapp+ 9 a mo/ ?reat5+ way4#g ,d>w9 makes m5tion ( a little ,am]ican monkey 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london :i*1 :5 see+ a great baboon attack 8 fri5d1 ! keep]1 ru%$ to ! rescue & by screams & bites s di/ract$ ! baboon1 t ! man 0 able to escape4#h ,! dog :o flies at any "o :o /rikes1 or ev5 t\*es1 8 ma/]1 is a v famili> in/ance ( sympa!tic res5tm5t4 ,! ,rev4 ,*>les ,williams m5tions a dog at ,liv]pool :o sav$ a cat f ! h&s ( "s "y ruffians :o 7 maltreat+ x3 he ru%$ 9 among ! boys1 b>k$ furi\sly at !m1 t]rifi$ !m into flight1 & c>ri$ ! cat (f 9 8 m\?1 ble$+ & almo/ s5seless1 to 8 k5nel1 :]e he laid x on ! /raw1 & nurs$ x4#i ,9 man1 sympa!tic res5tm5t beg9s at an e>ly age4 ,pr(essor ,sully m5tions a little boy "u f\r :o 0 indignant at any picture :]e an animal suff]$4#aj ,footnote #f3 ,! connection betwe5 social affection & ! greg>i\s in/9ct w be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,footnote #g3 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #h3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #ajc4 ,cf4 ,fi%]1 9 ,revue ,sci5tifique1 xxxiii4 #fah4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( a t]ri] av5g+ ! dea? ( ano!r t]ri]1 8 insep>able fri5d1 is m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,m$w9 7,angl] 9 ,wales1 ii4 #afb-afd1 #aig1 #baf sq474 ,footnote #i3 ,williams1 ,dogs & _! ,ways1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sully1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bej4 ,! altrui/ic s5tim5ts ( mank9d w be treat$ at #aac l5g? 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,we %all f9d reason to believe t n only mat]nal1 b to "s ext5t1 pat]nal & conjugal affection1 prevail$ 9 ! human race f anci5t times1 & t social affection arose 9 ^? days :5 ! conditions ( life became fav\rable to an expansion ( ! e>ly family1 :5 ! *ief ob/acle to a greg>i\s life--sc>city ( food--0 ov]come1 & sociality1 be+ an advantage to man1 became 8 habit4 ,!re are /ill savages :o live 9 families r ?an 9 tribes1 b we "k ( no p among :om social organisation outside ! family is totally want+4 ,lat] discov]ies only t5d to confirm ,d>w9's /atem5t t1 ?\gh s+le families or only two or ?ree toge!r1 roam ! solitudes ( "s savage l&s1 !y always hold fri5dly relations ) o!r families inhabit+ ! same di/rict2 su* families occasionally meet+ 9 c\ncil & unit+ = _! common def5ce4#aa ,b z a g5]al rule1 to :i* !re are few exceptions1 ! l[] races live 9 communities l>g] ?an family gr\ps1 & all ! memb]s ( ! community are unit$ ) "o ano!r by common int]e/s & common feel+s4 ,( ! h>mony1 mutual good-w1 & s5se ( solid>ity1 :i* "u normal conditions prevail 9 ^! societies1 mu* evid5ce w be adduc$ 9 foll[+ pages4 ,mr4 ,melville's rem>k ) ref]5ce to "s ,m>quesas cannibals may be quot$ z to "s ext5t typical4 ,) !m1 he says1 !re h>dly appe>$ to be any diff]5ce ( op9ion ^u any subject :atev]4 4 4 4 ,!y %[$ ?is _s ( unanimity 9 e action ( life3 ev]y?+ 0 done 9 conc]t & good fell[%ip4#ab ,:5 a memb] ( ! gr\p is hurt1 ! feel+ ( unanimity takes ! =m ( public res5tm5t4 ,z ,rob]tson obs]v$ long ago1 9 small communities1 e man is t\*$ ) ! injury or affront (f]$ to ! body ( :i* he is a memb]1 z if x 7 a p]sonal attack ^u 8 own hon\r or safety4 ,! desire ( rev5ge is communicat$ f brea/ to brea/1 #aad & soon k9dles into rage4#ac ,speak+ ( "s ,au/ralian savages1 ,mr4 ,fison rem>ks3--,to ! savage1 ! :ole g5s is ! individual1 & he is full ( reg>d = x4 ,/rike ! g5s any:]e1 & e memb] ( x consid]s himself /ruck1 & ! :ole body corporate rises up 9 arms aga9/ ! /rik]4#ad ,nobody w d5y t !re is a dis9t]e/$ elem5t 9 ?is public res5tm5t1 ev5 ?\gh e memb] ( ! gr\p consid] ! enemy ( any o!r memb] to be actually 8 own enemy z well1 &1 p>tly1 hate him z su*4 ,footnote #aa3 ,d>w91 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #big sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 i4 #cej4 ,cf4 ,clif=d's !ory ( ! tribal self 7,lectures & ,essays1 p4 #bij sqq474 ,he says 7ibid4 p4 #bia71 ,! savage is n only hurt :5 anybody treads on 8 foot1 b :5 anybody treads on 8 tribe4 ,footnote #ad3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #agj4 ,our explanation ( :at has "h be5 call$ sympa!tic res5tm5t1 h[ev]1 is n yet complete4 ,?is emotion1 z we h se51 may be a reaction aga9/ sympa!tic pa92 b x may also be directly produc$ by ! cognition ( ! signs ( ang]4 ,9 ! =m] case x is1 /rictly speak+1 indep5d5t ( ! emotion ( ! injur$ individual2 we may feel res5tm5t on 8 behalf ?\gh he himself feels none4 ,9 ! latt] case x is a reflect$ emotion1 felt indep5d5tly ( ! cause ( ! orig9al emotion ( :i* x is a reflection--z :5 ! yells & %rieks ( a /reet dog-fight are he>d1 & dogs f all sides ru% to ! spot1 ea* dog be+ app>5tly ready to bite any ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is1 by ! m$ium ( sympa!tic pa91 closely connect$ ) ! inflict$ injury2 9 ! latt] case x may ev5 be ! reflection ( an emotion :i* is itself sympa!tic1 & ! orig9 ( :i* is p]haps out ( sight4 ,9 an infuriat$ cr[d ! "o gets angry because ! o!r is angry1 & v (t5 ! "q1 ,:y8 is h>dly ask$4 ,?is =m ( sympa!tic res5tm5t is ( consid]able importance bo? z an orig9ator & z a communicator ( moral ideas4 ,to tea* t a c]ta9 act is wrong is to tea* t x is an object1 & a prop] object1 ( moral indignation1 & ! aim ( ! in/ructor #aae is to inspire a simil> indignation 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil4 ,an intellig5t tea*] tries to atta9 ?is end by repres5t+ ! act 9 su* a light z to evoke disapproval indep5d5tly ( any appeal to au?ority2 b1 un=tunately1 9 _m cases :]e ! duties ( curr5t morality are to be enjo9$1 he _c d s--= a v obvi\s reason4 ,( v>i\s acts :i*1 ?\gh in(f5sive by !mselves1 are consid]$ wrong1 he c say little m ?an t !y are =bidd5 by ,god & man2 & if1 nev]!less1 su* acts are n only pr(ess$1 b actually felt1 to be wrong1 t is due to ! fact t m5 are incl9$ to sympa?ise ) ! res5tm5t ( p]sons = :om !y feel reg>d4 ,x is ?is fact t acc\nts = ! connection betwe5 ! puni%m5t ( an act & ! consequ5t idea t x des]ves to be puni%$4 ,we %all see t ! puni%m5t :i* society inflicts is1 z a rule1 an expression ( its moral indignation2 b !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! ord] is rev]s$1 & 9 :i* human1 or1 z x may be suppos$1 div9e1 puni%m5t or ang] is ! cause1 & moral disapproval ! effect4 ,*ildr51 z ev]ybody kn[s1 gr[ up ) _! ideas ( "r & wrong graduat$1 to a great ext5t1 accord+ to ! temp] ( ! fa!r or "m2#ae & m5 are n seldom1 z ,hobbes said1 l little *ildr51 t h no o!r rule ( good & evill mann]s1 b ! correction !y receive f _! ,p>5ts1 & ,ma/]s4#af ,! case is ! same ) any outbreak ( public res5tm5t1 ) any puni%m5t inflict$ by society at l>ge4 ,h[ev] selfi% x may be 9 its orig91 to :atev] ext5t x may spr+ f p]sonal motives1 x always has a t5d5cy to become 9 "s degree dis9t]e/$1 ea* individual n only be+ angry on 8 own behalf1 b at ! same "t reflect+ ! ang] ( ev]ybody else4 ,footnote #ae3 ,cf4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,orig9 & ,developw5t ( ,religi\s ,belief1 i4 #bab4 ,footnote #af3 ,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 i4 #b1 p4 #gf4 ,any means ( express+ res5tm5t may s]ve z a communicator ( ! emotion4 ,besides puni%m5t1 language des]ves special m5tion4 ,moral disapproval may #aaf be evok$ by ! v s\nds ( c]ta9 words1 l murd]1 !ft1 c[>dice1 & o!rs1 :i* n m]ely indicate ! commission ( c]ta9 acts1 b also express ! opprobrium atta*$ to !m4 ,by be+ call$ a li>1 a p]son is m disgrac$ ?an by any pla9 /atem5t ( 8 untru?fulness2 & by ! use ( "s /rong ^w ! orator raises ! indignation ( a sympa!tic audi5ce to its pit*4 ,all ! cases ( dis9t]e/$ res5tm5t :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ fall "u ! head+ ( sympa!tic res5tm5t4 ,b !re are o!r cases into :i* sympa?y does n ent] at all4 ,res5tm5t is n always caus$ by ! infliction ( an injury2 x may be call$ =? by any feel+ ( pa9 traceable to a liv+ be+ z its direct or indirect cause4 ,q ap>t f our sympa?y ) ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* we feel ho/ile t[>ds a p]son on acc\nt ( "s act ( 8 :i* 9 no way int]f]es ) our int]e/s1 :i* conflicts ) no self-reg>d+ feel+ ( ours4 ,!re are 9 ! human m9d :at ,pr(essor ,ba9 calls dis9t]e/$ antipa?ies1 s5tim5tal av]sions ( :i* our fell[-be+s are ! subjects1 & on acc\nt ( :i* we ov]look our own int]e/ q z mu* z 9 display+ our sympa?ies & affections4#ag ,diff]5ces ( ta/e1 habit1 & op9ion1 are p>ticul>ly apt to create simil> dislikes1 :i*1 z w be se51 h play$ a v prom95t "p 9 ! m\ld+ ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,:5 a c]ta9 act1 ?\gh h>mless by itself 7ap>t f ! pa9ful impression x makes ^u ! spectator71 fills u ) disgu/ or horror1 we may feel no less incl9$ to inflict h>m ^u ! ag5t1 ?an if he _h committ$ an (f5ce aga9/ p]son1 prop]ty1 or good "n4 ,& "h1 aga91 our res5tm5t is sympa!tically increas$ by our obs]v+ a simil> disgu/ 9 o!rs4 ,we are easily affect$ by ! av]sions & lik+s ( our neighb\rs4 ,z ,tuck] said1 we gr[ to love ?+s we p]ceive #aag !m fond (1 & contract av]sions f _! dislikes4#ah ,footnote #ag3 ,ba91 ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,tuck]1 ,light ( ,nature ,pursu$1 i4 #aed4 ,we h already se5 t sympa?y spr++ f an altrui/ic s5tim5t may produce1 n only dis9t]e/$ res5tm5t1 b dis9t]e/$ retributive k9dly emotion z well4 ,:5 tak+ a pleasure 9 ! b5efit be/[$ on our neighb\r1 we naturally look ) k9dness ^u ! b5efactor2 & j z sympa!tic res5tm5t may be produc$ by ! cognition ( ! outw>d signs ( res5tm5t1 s sympa!tic retributive k9dly emotion may be produc$ by ! signs ( retributive k9dl9ess4 ,language communicates emotions by t]ms ( praise1 z well z by t]ms ( condemnation2 & a rew>d1 l a puni%m5t1 t5ds to reproduce ! emotion f :i* x sprang4 ,moreov]1 m5 h dis9t]e/$ lik+s1 z !y h dis9t]e/$ dislikes4 ,z an in/ance ( su* lik+s may be m5tion$ ! common admiration ( c\rage :5 felt irrespectively ( ! object = :i* x is display$4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd ! orig9 ( dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions1 we h at ! same "t p>tly expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! moral emotions4 ,b1 z we h se51 dis9t]e/$ness is n ! sole *>act]i/ic by :i* moral indignation & approval are di/+ui%$ f o!r retributive emotions3 a moral emotion is assum$ to be imp>tial1 or1 at lea/1 is n kn[+ly p>tial1 & x is col\r$ by ! feel+ ( be+ publicly %>$4 ,h[ev]1 ! real problem :i* we h n[ to solve is n h[ retributive emotions may become app>5tly imp>tial & be col\r$ by a feel+ ( g5]ality1 b :y dis9t]e/$ness1 app>5t imp>tiality1 & ! flav\r ( g5]ality h become *>act]i/ics by :i* s-call$ moral emotions are di/+ui%$ f o!r retributive emotions4 ,! solution ( ?is problem lies 9 ! fact t society is ! bir?place ( ! moral consci\sness2 t ! fir/ moral judgm5ts express$1 n ! private emotions ( isolat$ individuals1 b emotions :i* 7 #aah felt by ! society at l>ge2 t tribal cu/om 0 ! e>lie/ rule ( duty4 ,cu/oms h be5 def9$ z public habits1 z ! habits ( a c]ta9 circle1 a racial or national community1 a rank or class ( society4 ,b :il/ be+ a habit1 cu/om is at ! same "t some?+ else z well4 ,x n m]ely involves a frequ5t repetition ( a c]ta9 mode ( conduct1 x is also a rule ( conduct4 ,z ,cic]o obs]ves1 ! cu/oms ( a p are precepts 9 !mselves4#ai ,we say t cu/om comm&s1 or cu/om dem&s1 & speak ( x z /rict & inexorable2 & ev5 :5 cu/om simply all[s ! commission ( a c]ta9 class ( actions1 x implicitly lays d[n ! rule t su* actions are n to be int]f]$ )4 ,footnote #ai3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 i4 #da4 ,! rule ( cu/om is conceiv$ ( z a moral rule1 :i* decides :at is "r & wrong4#bj ,les loix de la consci5ce1 says ,montaigne1 que n\s disons nai/re de nature1 naiss5t de la c\/ume4#ba ,mr4 ,h[itt once said to a "y ,au/ralian native ) :om he 0 speak+ ab\t ! food prohibit$ dur+ initiation1 ,b if y 7 hungry & caught a female opossum1 y might eat x if ! old m5 7 n !re4 ,! y\? repli$1 ,i c\ld n d t2 x w\ld n be "r2 & he c\ld give no o!r reason ?an t x w\ld be wrong to disreg>d ! cu/oms ( 8 p4#bb ,mr4 ,b]nau says ( ! ,briti% ,guiana ,indians3--,_! moral s5se ( good & evil is entirely regulat$ by ! cu/oms & practices inh]it$ f _! =efa!rs4 ,:at _! pr$ecessors believ$ & did mu/ h be5 "r1 & !y deem x ! height ( presumption to suppose t any c\ld ?9k & act o!rwise4#bc ,! moral evil ( ! pagan ,gre5l&]s 0 all t 0 contr>y to laws & cu/oms1 z #aai regulat$ by ! angakoks1 & :5 ! ,dani% mission>ies tri$ to make !m acqua9t$ ) _! own moral conceptions1 ! result 0 t !y conceiv$ ! idea ( virtue & s9 z :at 0 pleas+ or displeas+ to ,europeans1 z accord+ or disaccord+ ) _! cu/oms & laws4#bd ,! ,africans1 l mo/ hea!ns1 ,mr4 ,r[ley obs]ves1 d n reg>d s91 accord+ to _! idea ( s91 z an (f5ce aga9/ ,god1 b simply z a transgression ( ! laws & cu/oms ( _! c\ntry4#be ,! ,ba-,ronga call d]ogations ( univ]sally recognis$ cu/om yila1 prohibit$1 taboo$4#bf ,! ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates make no appeal to consci5ce or ! w ( ,god 9 _! di/9ctions betwe5 "r & wrong1 b appeal only to cu/om4#bg ,accord+ to ! laws ( ,manu1 ! cu/om h&$ d[n 9 regul> succession s9ce "t immemorial is call$ ! conduct ( virtu\s m54#bh ,! ,greek idea ( ! cu/om>y1 ,greek3 to no_/mimon1 %[s ! close connection betwe5 morality & cu/om2 & s d ! words ,greek3 e7_/?os1 7_/?os1 & ,greek3 e7?ika_/1 ! ,lat9 mos & moralis1 ! ,g]man ,sitte & ,sittli*keit4#bi ,moreov]1 9 e>ly society1 cu/oms are n only moral rules1 b ! only moral rules ev] ?\ght (4 ,! savage /rictly complies ) ! ,hegelian comm& t no man mu/ h a private consci5ce4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i* ref]s to ! ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 may be quot$ z a typical example3--,solit>y individuals among/ !m r>ely adopt any new op9ions1 or any new c\rse ( proc$ure4 ,!y foll[ ! multitude to d evil1 & !y foll[ ! multitude to d good4 ,!y ?9k 9 h]ds4#cj ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 ,au/91 ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 i4 #ajd2 ,tnnies1 ',philosophical ,t]m9ology1' 9 ,m9d1 ,n4,s41 viii4 #cjd4 ,von ,jh]+ 7,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #bc7 def9es ! ,g]man ,sitte z die im ,leb5 des ,volks si* bild5de v]pfli*t5de ,gewohnheit2 & a simil> view is express$ by ,wundt 7,e?ik1 p4 #abh sq474 ,footnote #ba3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 i4 #bb 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #dh74 ,footnote #bb3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,r9k1 ,gre5l&1 p4 #bja sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,r[ley1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #bf3 ,junod1 ,ba-,ronga1 p4 #dgg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bbd4 ,footnote #bh3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #ah4 ,footnote #bi3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ^! words1 see ,wundt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai sqq4 ,= o!r in/ances illu/rat+ ! moral "* ( cu/om1 see ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,law & ,cu/oms1 p4 #cd 7,amaxosa72 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #id 7,k&hs72 ,kub>y1 ,e?nographis*e ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,k>ol9is*5 ,inselgruppe1 i4 #gc 7,pelew ,isl&]s72 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #cj3 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 p4 #fi4 ,disob$i5ce to cu/om evokes public indignation4 ,9 #abj ! l[] /ages ( civilisation1 especially1 cu/om is a tyrant :o b9ds man 9 iron fett]s1 & :o ?reat5s ! transgressor1 n only ) g5]al disgrace1 b (t5 ) bodily suff]+4 ,to believe t man 9 a savage /ate is end[$ ) fre$om ei!r ( ?\ght or action1 says ,sir ,g4 ,grey1 is errone\s 9 ! highe/ degree2#ca & ?is /atem5t is corroborat$ by an array ( facts f all qu>t]s ( ! savage _w4#cb ,n[1 z ! rule ( cu/om is a moral rule1 ! indignation ar\s$ by its transgression is naturally a moral emotion4 ,moreov]1 :]e all ! duties incumb5t on a man are express$ 9 ! cu/oms ( ! society to :i* he belongs1 x is obvi\s t ! *>act]i/ics ( moral indignation are to be s\ght = 9 its connection ) cu/om4 ,! mo/ sali5t feature ( cu/om is its g5]ality4 ,its transgression calls =? public indignation2 h5ce ! flav\r ( g5]ality :i* *>act]ises moral disapproval4 ,cu/om is fix$ once = all1 & takes no notice ( ! pref]5ces ( individuals4 ,by recognis+ ! validity ( a cu/om1 ,i implicitly admit t ! cu/om is equally b9d+ = me & = y & = all ! o!r memb]s ( ! society4 ,?is involves dis9t]e/$ness2 ,i admit t a brea* ( ! cu/om is equally wrong :e!r ,i myself am imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ! act or n4 ,x also involves app>5t imp>tiality2 ,i assume t my condemnation ( ! act is indep5d5t ( ! relation%ip 9 :i* ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 x /& to me p]sonally1 or1 at lea/1 ,i am n aw>e t my condemnation is influ5c$ by any #aba su* relation%ip4 ,& ?is holds good :atev] be ! orig9 ( ! cu/om4 ,?\gh cu/oms are v frequ5tly root$ 9 public sympa!tic res5tm5t or 9 public dis9t]e/$ av]sions1 !y may h a selfi% & p>tial orig9 z well4 ,at fir/ ! lead+ m5 ( ! society may h prohibit$ c]ta9 acts because !y f\nd !m disadvantage\s to !mselves1 or to ^? ) :om !y p>ticul>ly sympa?is$4 ,:]e cu/om is an oppressor ( wom51 ?is oppression may c]ta9ly be trac$ back to ! selfi%ness ( m54 ,:]e cu/om sanctions slav]y1 x is c]ta9ly n imp>tial to ! slaves4 ,yet 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ,i assume cu/om to be 9 ! "r1 irrespectively ( my own /ation1 & ,i ev5 expect ! wom5 & slaves !mselves to be ( ! same op9ion4 ,su* an expectation is by no means a *im]a4 ,"u normal social conditions1 l>gely ow+ to m5's t5d5cy to %>e sympa!tically ! res5tm5t ( _! sup]iors1 ! cu/oms ( a society are will+ly submitt$ to1 & recognis$ z "r1 by ! l>ge majority ( its memb]s1 :atev] may be _! /ation4 ,among ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra1 says ,m>sd51 a man )\t prop]ty1 family1 or connections1 nev]1 9 ! p>tiality ( self-love1 consid]s 8 own life z be+ ( equal value ) t ( a man ( sub/ance4#cc ,h[ev] selfi%1 h[ev] p>tial a c]ta9 rule may be1 x becomes a true cu/om1 a moral rule1 z soon z ! selfi%ness or ! p>tiality ( its mak]s is lo/ sight (4 ,footnote #ca3 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bag4 ,footnote #cb3 ,tylor1 ',primitive ,society1' 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 xxi4 #gjf4 ,idem1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #djh sq4 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #dff sqq4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #chd1 #che1 #chh4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ea4 ,ma!w1 ',au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,j\r4 & ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #cih4 ,idem1 ,eaglehawk & ,cr[1 p4 #ic4 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ce1 #acf sq4 ,hawtrey1 ',l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #bib4 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dbg sq4 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo74 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #he4 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #bie4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #deb4 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #aaj 7,wanika74 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ahc sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bdg4 ,x w p]haps be argu$ t1 by d]iv+ ! *>act]i/ics ( moral indignation f its connection ) cu/om1 we implicitly contradict our initial assumption t moral emotions lie at ! bottom ( all moral judgm5ts4 ,b x is n s4 ,cu/om is a moral rule only on acc\nt ( ! indignation call$ =? by its transgression4 ,9 its e?ical aspect x is no?+ b a g5]alisation ( emotional t5d5cies1 appli$ to c]ta9 modes ( conduct1 & transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,public indignation lies at ! bottom ( x4 ,9 its capacity #abb ( a rule ( duty1 cu/om1 mos1 is d]iv$ f ! emotion to :i* x gave its "n4 ,z public indignation is ! prototype ( moral disapproval1 s public approval1 express$ 9 public praise1 is ! prototype ( moral approval4 ,l public indignation1 public approval is *>act]is$ by a flav\r ( g5]ality1 by dis9t]e/$ness1 by app>5t imp>tiality4 ,b ( ^! two emotions public indignation1 be+ at ! root ( cu/om & lead+ to ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 is by f> ! m impressive4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t ! t]m moral is etymologically connect$ ) mos1 :i* always implies ! exi/5ce ( a social rule ! transgression ( :i* evokes public indignation4 ,only by analogy x has come to be appli$ to ! emotion ( approval z well4 ,?\gh tak+ _! place 9 ! sy/em ( human emotions z public emotions felt by ! society at l>ge1 moral disapproval & approval h n always rema9$ insep>ably connect$ ) ! feel+s ( any special society4 ,! unanimity ( op9ion :i* orig9ally *>act]is$ ! memb]s ( ! same social unit 0 di/urb$ by its advancem5t 9 civilisation4 ,individuals arose :o f\nd fault ) ! moral ideas preval5t 9 ! community to :i* !y belong$1 criticis+ ^? ideas on ! basis ( _! own individual feel+s4 ,su* rebels are c]ta9ly no less ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ 9 ! "n ( morality true & prop]1 ?an is society itself4 ,! emotions f :i* _! opposition aga9/ public op9ion spr+s may be1 9 nature1 exactly simil> to ! approval or disapproval felt by ! society at l>ge1 ?\gh !y are call$ =? by diff]5t facts or1 o!rwise1 diff] f ^! emotions 9 degree4 ,!y may pres5t ! same dis9t]e/$ness & app>5t imp>tiality--inde$1 diss5t f ! e/abli%$ moral ideas l>gely rises f ! conviction t ! app>5t imp>tiality ( public feel+s is an illusion4 ,z w be se51 ! evolution ( ! moral consci\sness involves a progress 9 imp>tiality & ju/ice2 x t5ds t[>ds an equalisation #abc ( rights1 t[>ds an expansion ( ! circle )9 :i* ! same moral rules are held applicable2 & ?is process is 9 no small degree effect$ by ! ef=ts made by high-m9d$ individuals to raise public op9ion to _! own /&>d ( "r4 ,nay1 z we h already notic$1 individual moral feel+s d n ev5 lack t flav\r ( g5]ality :i* *>act]ises ! res5tm5t & approval felt unanim\sly by a body ( m54 ,?\gh1 p]haps1 p]secut$ by 8 own p z an outca/1 ! moral diss5t] does n reg>d himself z ! advocate ( a m]e private op9ion4#cd ,ev5 :5 /&+ alone1 he feels t 8 conviction is %>$ at lea/ by an ideal society1 by all ^? :o see ! matt] z cle>ly z he does himself1 & :o are animat$ ) equally wide sympa?ies1 an equally broad s5se ( ju/ice4 ,?us ! moral emotions rema9 to ! la/ public emotions--if n 9 reality1 !n z an ideal4 ,footnote #cd3 ,cf4 ,pollock1 ,essays 9 ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics1 p4 #cji4 ,! fact t ! e>lie/ moral emotions 7 public emotions implies t ! orig9al =m ( ! moral consci\sness _c1 z is (t5 ass]t$1 h be5 ! individual's own consci5ce4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's obs]vation1 t ! inn] spr+s ( o!r m5's actions may be read (f only by inf]5ce f our own exp]i5ce1 by no means w>rants 8 conclusion t ! moral consci\sness is at its orig9 engag$ 9 self-e/imation1 in/ead ( circuit\sly rea*+ ?is end ?r\gh a prior critique ^u our fell[-m54#ce ,! moral elem5t :i* may be conta9$ 9 ! emotion ( self-reproa* or self-approval1 is g5]ally to su* an ext5t mix$ up ) o!r & non-moral elem5ts1 t x c be dis5tangl$ only by a c>eful process ( ab/raction1 guid$ by ! feel+s ( o!r p ) ref]5ce to our conduct or by our own feel+s ) ref]5ce to ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,! moral emotion ( remorse presupposes "s notion ( "r & wrong1 & ! application ( ?is notion to "o's own conduct4 ,h5ce x c\ld nev] h #abd be5 di/+ui%$ z a special =m (1 or elem5t 91 ! wid] emotion ( self-reproa*1 unless ! idea ( morality _h be5 previ\sly d]iv$ f ano!r s\rce4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 regret & remorse is s close1 t 9 c]ta9 ,european languages !re is only "o ^w = bo?4#cf ,footnote #ce3 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ii4 #bi sqq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,z1 9 ,sw$i%1 ! ^w ng]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f :at has be5 said above x is obvi\s t moral res5tm5t is ( extreme antiquity 9 ! human race1 nay1 t ! g]m ( x is f\nd ev5 9 ! l[] animal _w1 among social animals capable ( feel+ sympa!tic res5tm5t4 ,! orig9 ( cu/om z a moral rule no d\bt lies 9 a v remote p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,we h no k ( a savage p )\t cu/oms1 &1 z w be se5 subsequ5tly1 savages (t5 express _! indignation 9 a v unmi/akable mann] :5 _! cu/oms are transgress$4 ,v>i\s data prove t ! l[] races h "s feel+ ( ju/ice1 ! fl[] ( all moral feel+s4 ,& ! supposition t remorse is unkn[n among !m1#cg is n only unf\nd$1 b contradict$ by facts4 ,inde$1 g5u9e remorse is s hidd5 an emotion ev5 among ourselves1 t x _c be expect$ to be v conspicu\s among savages4 ,z we h se51 x requires a c]ta9 p[] ( ab/raction1 z well z great imp>tiality ( feel+1 & mu/ !re=e be s\ght = at ! highe/ rea*es ( ! moral consci\sness r ?an at its l[e/ degrees4 ,b to suppose t savages are entirely )\t a consci5ce is q contr>y to :at we may inf] f ! great reg>d 9 :i* !y hold _! cu/oms1 z also contr>y to ! direct /atem5ts ( travell]s :o h tak5 "s pa9s to exam9e ! matt]4 ,! answ] giv5 by ! "y ,au/ralian :5 ask$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt :e!r he might n eat a female opossum if ! old m5 7 n pres5t1#ch c]ta9ly indicates consci5ti\s respect = a moral rule1 & is1 z ,mr4 ,fison obs]ves1 a /rik+ in/ance ( t 'moral #abe feel+' :i* ,sir ,john ,lubbock d5ies to savages4#ci ,dr4 ,hbbe-,s*leid5 ass]ts t1 among ! p :om he _h 9 8 s]vice1 he f\nd ! ,negroes1 9 _! s5se ( duty1 n inf]ior1 b r sup]ior to ! ,europeans4#dj ,mr4 ,new says ( ! ,wanika3--,consci5ce lives 9 !m z ! viceg]5t ( ,almighty ,god1 & is ev] excus+ or else accus+ !m4 ,x may be blunt$1 h>d5$1 resi/$1 & l>gely suppress$1 b !re x is4#da ,m4 ,arb\sset once desir$ "s ,be*uanas to tell him :e!r ! blacks _h a consci5ce4 ,yes1 all h "o1 !y said 9 reply4 ,& :at does x say to !m8 ,x is quiet :5 !y d well & torm5ts !m :5 !y s94 ,:at d y call s98 ,! !ft1 :i* is committ$ trembl+1 & ! murd] f :i* a man purifies & re-purifies himself1 b :i* always leaves remorse4#db ,mr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws ref]s to a passage 9 a ,navaho /ory :i* %[s u t he :o compos$ ?is tale knew :at ! pangs ( remorse might be1 ev5 = an act n crim9al1 z we consid] x1 b m]ely ung5]\s & unfilial4#dc ,footnote #cg3 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #dba1 #dbf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,see supra1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #ci3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #beg n4 ,footnote #dj3 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #ahd sq4 ,footnote #da3 ,new1 op4 cit4 p4 #if4 ,footnote #db3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,mat!ws1 ',/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #g4 ,a diff]5t op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( moral feel+s among savages has be5 express$ by ,"l ,avebury4 ,to him ev5 mod]n savages seem to be almo/ entirely want+ 9 moral feel+2 & he says t he has be5 =c$ to ?is conclusion1 n only by ! direct /atem5ts ( travel]s b by ! g5]al t5or ( _! rem>ks1 & especially by ! rem>kable abs5ce ( rep5tance & remorse among ! l[] races ( m54#dd ,! importance ( ! subject r5d]s #abf x necess>y to scrut9ise ! facts :i* ,"l ,avebury has adduc$ 9 support ( 8 conclusion4 ,footnote #dd3 ,avebury1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dad1 #dbf4 ,"l ,avebury quotes ,burton's /atem5t t 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 z also among ! ,yoruba negroes1 consci5ce does n exi/1 & t rep5tance expresses regret = miss$ opportunities ( mortal crime4 ,speak+ ( ! /age ( savag]y repres5t$ by ! ,bakari1 ,dr4 von d5 ,/e95 likewise obs]ves 7,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #cea71 ,goodness & badness exi/ only 9 ! crude s5se ( do+ to o!rs :at is agreeable or disagreeable1 b ! moral consci\sness1 & ! ideal initiative1 influ5c$ nei!r by prospect ( rew>d nor fe> ( puni%m5t1 are entirely lack+4 ,lipp]t ma9ta9s 7,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 i4 #bg7 dass si* das ,gewiss5 beim ,naturm5s*5 ni*t als ',selb/tadel1' sond]n nur als ,fur*t zeigt4 ,mr4 ,neighbors /ates t1 among ! ,coman*es ( ,texas1 no individual action is consid]$ a crime1 b e man acts = himself accord+ to 8 own judgm5t1 unless "s sup]ior p[]--= in/ance1 t ( a popul> *ief--%\ld ex]cise au?ority ov] him4 ,ano!r writ] says1 ,! ,r$sk9 has no moral s5se :atev]4 ,among ! ,basutos1 accord+ to ,casalis1 morality dep5ds s entirely ^u social ord] t all political disorganisation is imm$iately foll[$ by a /ate ( deg5]acy1 :i* ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ord] alone c rectify4 ,simil> acc\nts are giv5 z reg>ds ,c5tral ,africa & "s o!r places4 ,?us at ,j5na1 & 9 ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 :5ev] a t[n is depriv$ ( its *ief1 ! inhabitants ackn[l$ge no law--an>*y1 tr\bles1 & confusion imm$iately prevail1 & till a successor is appo9t$ all lab\r is at an end4 ,! ,dam>as seem to h no p]ceptible notion ( "r or wrong4 ,! ,tasmanians 7 )\t any moral views & impressions4 ,eyre says ( ! ,au/ralians t !y h no moral s5se ( :at is j & equitable 9 ! ab/ract2 & a mission>y _h v great difficulty 9 convey+ to ^? natives any idea ( s94 ,! ,ka*>is _h 9 _! own language no words = s91 = piety1 = pray]1 = rep5tance2 & ( ano!r ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india ,mr4 ,campbell rem>ks t !y are 4 4 4 said to be )\t moral s5se4 ,"l ,avebury 9 ?is connection ev5 quotes a /atem5t to ! effect t ! expressions :i* ! ,tonga ,isl&]s h = ideas l vice & inju/ice are equally applicable to o!r ?+s4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco are said by ! mission>ies to make no di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 & h !re=e nei!r fe> nor hope ( any pres5t or future puni%m5t or rew>d1 nor any my/]i\s t]ror ( "s sup]natural p[]4 ,f9ally1 ,"l ,avebury obs]ves t religion1 except 9 ! m advanc$ races1 has no moral aspect or influ5ce1 t ! deities are almo/ inv>iably reg>d$ z evil1 & t ! belief 9 a future /ate is n at fir/ associat$ ) rew>d or puni%m5t4#de ,footnote #de3 ,avebury1 op4 cit4 p4 #dag sqq4 ,_m ( ! facts ref]r$ to by ,"l ,avebury d n at all presuppose ! abs5ce ( moral feel+s4 ,x is difficult to see :y ! malevol5ce ( gods %\ld prev5t m5 f hav+ notions ( "r & wrong1 & we "k f ! ,old ,te/am5t itself t !re may be a moral law )\t ,p>adise #abg & ,hell4 ,! /atem5t conc]n+ ! ,coman*es only implies t1 among !m1 individual fre$om is great2 :il/ ! social disord] :i* prevails among v>i\s peoples at times ( political disorganisation indicates t ! cohesiv5ess ( ! political aggregate is weak1 z well z a c]ta9 discrepancy betwe5 moral ideas & moral practice4 ,9 ,morocco1 also1 ! dea? ( a ,sultan is imm$iately foll[$ by almo/ p]fect an>*y1 & yet ! p recognise bo? ! moral t5ets ( ! ,koran & ! /ill m /r+5t t5ets ( _! anci5t cu/oms4 ,z to ! ,basutos1 ,casalis expressly /ates t !y h ! idea ( moral evil1 & repres5t x 9 _! language by words :i* mean ugl9ess1 or damage1 or debt1 or incapacity2#df & ,m4 ,arb\sset once he>d a ,basuto say1 on an unju/ judgm5t be+ pron\nc$1 ,! judge is p[]ful1 !re=e we mu/ be sil5t2 if he 7 weak1 we %\ld all cry out ab\t 8 inju/ice4#dg ,moreov]1 a p may be unconsci\s ( :at is j 9 ! ab/ract1 & ( moral notions1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 & at ! same "t1 9 concrete cases1 di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 j & unju/4 ,( ! ,we/]n ,au/ralians1 ,mr4 ,*auncy expressly says t !y h a ke5 s5se ( ju/ice1 & m5tions an in/ance ( x2#dh :il/ our late/ au?orities on ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians obs]ve t1 ?\gh _! moral code diff]s radically f ours1 x _c be d5i$ t _! conduct is gov]n$ by x1 & t any kn[n brea*es are dealt ) bo? surely & sev]ely4#di ,z reg>ds ! ,tonga ,isl&]s1 ,m>9] /ates t _! ideas ( hon\r & ju/ice d n v mu* diff] f ours except 9 degree1 !y consid]+ "s ?+s m hon\rable ?an we %\ld1 & o!rs mu* less s2 & 9 ano!r place he says t ! notions ( ! ,tonga p1 9 respect to hon\r & ju/ice 4 4 4 are tol]ably well def9$1 /eady & univ]sal1 ?\gh n always act$ ^u4#ej ,! /atem5t t ! ,am]ican ,indians h no moral s5se :atev]1 s\nds v /range :5 comp>$ ) :at is kn[n ab\t _! social & moral life2 ,bu*anan1 = in/ance1 ass]ts t !y h a /rong innate s5se ( ju/ice4#ea ,( c\rse1 !re may be div]sity ( op9ion z to :at con/itutes ! moral s5se2 if ! conception ( s9 or o!r !ological notions are reg>d$ z ess5tial to x1 x is probably #abh want+ 9 a l>ge portion ( mank9d1 & n only 9 ! lea/ civilis$4 ,:5 mission>ies or travell]s d5y to c]ta9 savages moral feel+s & ideas1 !y seem *iefly to mean feel+s or ideas simil> to _! own4 ,footnote #df3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #dg3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 op4 cit4 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bbh4 ,footnote #di3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ej3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #aei1 #afc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,bu*anan1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory1 c41 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #aeh4 ,( _m savage & b>b>\s peoples x is directly affirm$ t !y h a s5se ( ju/ice4 ,mr4 ,man says conc]n+ ! ,&aman ,isl&]s1 ,c]ta9 traits :i* h be5 noticeable 9 _! deal+s ) u w\ld give col\r to ! belief t !y are n altoge!r lack+ 9 ! s5se ( hon\r1 & h "s fa9t idea ( ! mean+ ( ju/ice4#eb ,colonel ,dalton /ates t1 among ! ,korws on ! highl&s ( ,sirgja1 :5 sev]al p]sons are implicat$ 9 "o (f5ce1 he has f\nd !m mo/ anxi\s t to ea* %\ld be ascrib$ 8 fair %>e ( x1 & no m1 ! olde/ ( ! p>ty inv>iably tak+ on himself ! *ief responsibility z lead] or in/igator1 & do+ 8 utmo/ to exculpate z unacc\ntable ag5ts ! "y memb]s ( ! gang4#ec ,! ,aleuts1 accord+ to ,v5iam9(1 are naturally incl9$ to be j1 & feel deeply undes]v$ injuries4#ed ,kolb51 :o is n[adays recognis$ z a good au?ority1#ee wrote ( ! ,hott5tots1 ,! /rictness & cel]ity ( ! ,hott5tot ju/ice are ?+s 9 :i* !y out%9e all ,*ri/5dom4#ef ,mission>ies h wond]$ t1 among ! ,zulus1 9 ! abs5ce = ages ( all reveal$ tru? & all prop] religi\s in/ruction1 !re %\ld /ill rema9 s mu* ( m5tal integrity1 s mu* ability to disc]n tru? & ju/ice1 & )al s mu* reg>d = ^! pr9ciples 9 _! daily int]c\rse ) "o ano!r4#eg ,zll] ascribes to ! ,negro a well-develop$ feel+ ( ju/ice4 ,no ,european1 he says1 at lea/ no ,european *ild1 c\ld discrim9ate s ke5ly betwe5 j & unju/ puni%m5t4#eh ,mr4 ,h9de obs]ves3--,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( black p is _! ke5 p]ception ( ju/ice4 ,!y d n res5t m]it$ puni%m5t :]e x is c\pl$ ) ju/ice ^u o!r matt]s4 ,! ,masai h _! s5se ( ju/ice p>ticul>ly /rongly develop$4#ei ,dieff5ba* writes ( ! ,maoris1 ,!re is a high natural s5se ( ju/ice among/ !m2 #abi & x is f u t !y h le>nt t _m =bidd5 ?+s c be done ) impunity1 if !y c only be kept secret4#fj ,ju/ice is a virtue :i* always comm&s respect among ! ,b$\9s1 & inju/ice on ! "p ( ^? 9 p[] is almo/ impossible4 ,public op9ion at once ass]ts itself2 & ! ,%eykh1 :o %\ld attempt to ov]ride ! law1 w\ld spe$ily f9d himself des]t$4#fa ,footnote #eb3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ib4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #ed3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #ee3 ,!ophilus ,hahn rem>ks 7,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 p4 #dj7 t ,kolb5's reports h be5 d\bt$ by ,european writ]s )\t any good reason4 ,footnote #ef3 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #cja4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #cci4 ,footnote #eg3 ,quot$ by ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #eh3 ,zll]1 ,kam]un1 ii4 #ib4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,das ,togol&1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ei3 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #cd4 ,cf4 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #fj3 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #ajf4 ,footnote #fa3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bbd sqq4 ,mu* less conspicu\s ?an ! emotion ( public res5tm5t is ! emotion ( public approval4 ,^! public emotions are l>gely ( a sympa!tic "*1 &1 :il/ a t5d5cy to sympa!tic res5tm5t is always involv$ 9 ! s5tim5t ( social affection1 a t5d5cy to sympa!tic retributive k9dly emotion is n4 ,among ! l[] animals ?is latt] emotion seems h>dly to occur at all1 & 9 m5 x is (t5 deplorably defective4 ,res5tm5t t[>ds an enemy is itself1 z a rule1 a mu* /rong] emotion ?an retributive k9dly emotion t[>ds a fri5d4 ,&1 z = ! sympa!tic =ms ( ^! emotions1 x is n surpris+ t ! altrui/ic s5tim5t is m readily mov$ by ! sight ( pa9 ?an by ! sight ( pleasure1#fb consid]+ t its fundam5tal object is to be a means ( protection = ! species4 ,moreov]1 sympa!tic retributive k9dl9ess has p[]ful rivals 9 ! feel+s ( jeal\sy & envy1 :i* t5d to make ! individual ho/ile bo? t[>ds him :o is ! object ( a b5efit & t[>ds him :o be/[s x4 ,z an anci5t writ] obs]ves1 _m suff] ) _! fri5ds :5 ! fri5ds are 9 di/ress1 b are envi\s ( !m :5 !y prosp]4#fc ,b ?\gh ^! circum/ances are a h9drance to ! rise ( retributive k9dly emotions ( a sympa!tic k9d1 !y d n prev5t public approval 9 a case :5 ! :ole society pr(its by a b5efit1 nor h !y any be>+ on ^? dis9t]e/$ in/9ctive lik+s ( :i* ,i h spok5 above4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 we may #acj safely conclude t public praise & moral approval occurr$1 to "s degree1 ev5 9 ! infancy ( human society4 ,x w appe> f num]\s facts record$ 9 foll[+ *apt]s1 t ! moral consci\sness ( mod]n savages conta9s n only condemnation1 b praise4 ,footnote #fb3 ,cf4 ,jodl1 ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie1 p4 #fhf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #bei4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,moral ,,concepts ,,we h assum$ t ! moral concepts are ess5tially g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to call =? moral emotions4 ,we h fur!r assum$ t !re are two k9ds ( moral emotions3 indignation & approval4 ,if ^! assumptions hold good1 ei!r indignation or approval mu/ be at ! bottom ( e moral concept4 ,t su* is really ! case w1 ,i ?9k1 become evid5t f ! pres5t *apt]1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal ( ^? concepts w be analys$4 ,our analysis w be conc]n$ ) moral concepts =m$ by ! civilis$ m9d4 ,:il/ ! mo/ repres5tative ( ,engli% t]ms = moral e/imates h equival5ts 9 ! o!r ,european languages1 ,i d n take ^u myself to decide to :at ext5t !y h equival5ts 9 non-,european tongues4 ,t all exi/+ peoples1 ev5 ! v l[e/1 h moral emotions is z c]ta9 z t !y h cu/oms1 & !re c be no d\bt t !y give expression to ^? emotions 9 _! spee*4 ,b x is ano!r "q h[ f> _! emotions h l$ to su* g5]alisations z are impli$ 9 moral concepts4 ,conc]n+ ! ,fuegians ,m4 ,hyades obs]ves1 ,les ides ab/raites sont *ez eux peu prs nulles4 ,il e/ difficile de df9ir exactem5t ce qu'ils appell5t un homme bon et un homme m*ant2 mais c\p sr ils n'ont pas la notion de ce qui e/ bon ou mauvais1 ab/raction faite de l'individu ou de l'objet auquel ils appliqu]ai5t l'un ou l'autre #acb de ces attributs4#a ,! language ( ! ,cali=nian ,k>ok1 ?\gh ri* 9 its vocabul>y1 is said to possess no equival5t = virtue4#b ,9 ! aborig9al tongues ( ! highl&]s ( ,c5tral ,india !re seem to be no expressions = ab/ract ideas1 ! few su* :i* !y possess be+ d]iv$ f ! ,h9d4 4 4 4 4 ,! nom5clature ( religi\s c]emony1 ( moral qualities1 & ( ne>ly all ! arts ( life !y possess1 are all ,h9d4#c ,on a /rict exam9ation ( ! language ( ! ,tonga ,isl&]s1 ,m>9] c\ld discov] no words ess5tially expressive ( "s ( ! high] qualities ( human m]it1 z virtue1 ju/ice1 humanity2 nor ( ! contr>y1 z vice1 inju/ice1 cruelty1 c4 ,!y h inde$ expressions = ^! ideas1 he adds1 b ^! expressions are equally applicable to o!r ?+s4 ,to express a virtu\s or good man1 !y w\ld say1 tangata lill1 a good man1 or tangata loto lill1 a man ) a good m9d2 b ! ^w lill1 good 7unlike our ^w virtu\s71 is equally applicable to an axe1 canoe1 or any?+ else4#d ,( ! ,au/ralian natives ab\t ,botany ,bay & ,port ,jackson ,coll9s wrote1 ,t !y h ideas ( a di/9ction betwe5 good & bad is evid5t f _! hav+ t]ms 9 _! language significant ( ^! qualities4 ,a fi% ( :i* !y nev] ate1 0 wee-re1 or bad1 :]eas ! kang>oo 0 bood-y]-re1 or good2 & ^! expressions 7 us$ n only = qualities :i* !y p]ceiv$ by _! s5ses1 b = all k9ds ( badness & goodness1 & 7 ! only t]ms !y _h = wrong & "r4 ,_! enemies 7 wee-re2 _! fri5ds bood-y]-re4 ,on our speak+ ( cannibalism1 !y express$ great horror at ! m5tion1 & said x 0 wee-re4 ,on see+ any ( our p puni%$ or reprov$ = ill-treat+ !m1 !y express$ _! approbation1 & said x 0 bood-y]-re1 x 0 "r4#e ,footnote #a3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bea4 ,footnote #b3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,=sy?1 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #d3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #adg sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #edh sq4 #acc ,consid]+1 moreov]1 t ev5 ! ,european languages make use ( su* g5]al t]ms z good & bad = ! purpose ( express+ moral qualities1 x seems likely t1 orig9ally1 moral concepts 7 n cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f o!r m compreh5sive g5]alisations1 & t !y assum$ a m def9ite %ape only by sl[ degrees4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n expect to f9d ! beg9n+ ( ?is process reflect$ 9 ! vocabul>ies ( languages4 ,!re is e reason to believe t a savage practically di/+ui%es betwe5 ! badness ( a man & ! badness ( a piece ( food1 al?\gh he may =m no cle> idea ( ! di/9ction4 ,z ,pr(essor ,wundt obs]ves1 ! ph5om5a ( language d n admit ( direct translation back aga9 into e?ical processes3 ! ideas !mselves are diff]5t f _! vehicles ( expression1 & "h z ev]y:]e ! ext]nal m>k is lat] ?an ! int]nal act = :i* x /&s4#f ,language is a r\gh g5]alis]2 ev5 sup]ficial resemblance betwe5 diff]5t ph5om5a (t5 suffices to e/abli% l+ui/ic id5tity betwe5 !m4 ,comp>e ! rightness ( a l9e ) ! rightness ( conduct1 ! wrongness ( an op9ion ) ! wrongness ( an act4 ,& notice ! diff]5t significations giv5 to ! v]b ought 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3--,!y ought to be 9 t[n by ?is "t1 z ! tra9 left ,p>is la/ night2 ,if y wi% to be heal?y y ought to rise e>ly2 ,y ought always to speak ! tru?4 ,?\gh x may be %[n t 9 ^! /atem5ts ! pr$icate ought signifies some?+ :i* !y all h 9 common--! ref]5ce to a rule1#g--we mu/ by no means assume t ?is con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! moral ought1 or gives u ! clue to its orig94 ,footnote #f3 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 p4 #cf 7,engli% translation1 p4 #dd74 ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 ,/eph51 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 p4 #cdc sq4 ,disc>d+ all que/ions ( etymology z irrelevant to our subject1#h we %all1 9 our analysis ( moral concepts1 #acd endeav\r to fix ! true import ( ea* concept by exam9+ h[1 & "u :at circum/ances1 ! t]m express+ x is g5]ally appli$4 ,we %all re/rict ourselves to ! pr9cipal1 typical t]ms :i* are us$ z pr$icates 9 moral judgm5ts4 ,if we succe$ 9 prov+ t !y are all fundam5tally d]iv$ f ei!r moral indignation or moral approval1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt z to ! orig9 ( ! re/4 ,footnote #h3 ,! attempt to apply ! philological me?od to an exam9ation ( moral concepts has1 9 my op9ion1 prov$ a failure--:i* may be se5 f ,mr4 ,baynes' book on ,! ,idea ( ,god & ! ,moral ,s5se 9 ! ,light ( ,language4 ,! t5d5cy 9 a ph5om5on to ar\se moral indignation is directly express$ by ! t]m bad1 & a disposition ( m9d :i* is *>act]is$ by "s special k9d ( badness is call$ vice4 ,closely alli$ to ! t]m bad is ! t]m wrong4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! use ( ^! words4 ,:il/ bad may be appli$ bo? to a p]son's "* & to 8 conduct1 only 8 conduct may be said to be wrong4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! concept ( moral wrongness is modell$ on ! idea ( a moral law1 ! brea* ( :i* is reg>d$ z wrong4 ,&1 by lay+ d[n a moral law1 we only enjo9 a c]ta9 mode ( conduct2 we d n comm& a p]son to h a c]ta9 "*4 ,! moral law is express$ by ! t]m ought1 a t]m :i*1 9 mod]n e?ics1 g5]ally occupies a c5tral position among moral pr$icates4 ,! notion :i* x embodies is frequ5tly look$ ^u z ultimate & incapable ( analysis--too elem5t>y 7to quote ,pr(essor ,sidgwick7 to admit ( any =mal def9ition4#i ,?is view1 ,i ?9k1 in/ead ( simplify+ ! matt]1 has be5 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! prevail+ confusion 9 e?ical ?\ght4 ,footnote #i3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cc4 ,f> f be+ a simple notion1 ought appe>s to me cle>ly decomposable1 ev5 ?\gh x h a special flav\r ( its own4 ,fir/ ( all1 x expresses a conation4 ,:5 ,i feel t ,i ought to d a ?+1 ,i exp]i5ce an impulse to d x1 ev5 ?\gh "s opposite impulse may f9ally det]m9e my action4 ,& :5 ,i say to ano!r man1 ,y ought to d ?is1 or t1 !re is c]ta9ly impli$ #ace a purpose to influ5ce 8 action 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,9 ! notion ( duty1 ! e?ical import ( :i* is id5tical ) t ( ought1 ?is conative elem5t is n s obvi\s4 ,closely connect$ ) ! conative nature ( ought is ! imp]ative "* x is apt to assume4 ,b1 ?\gh frequ5tly us$ imp]atively1 ought is n necess>ily & ess5tially imp]ative4 ,ev5 if ! ought :i* ,i address to myself1 9 a figurative s5se1 may be /yl$ a comm&1 x is h>dly appropriate to speak ( a pres5t comm& ) ref]5ce to pa/ actions4 ,! common phrase1 ,y ought to h done ?is1 or t1 _c be call$ a comm&4 ,! conation express$ 9 ought is det]m9$ by ! idea t ! mode ( conduct :i* ought to be p]=m$ is n1 or w possibly n be1 p]=m$4 ,x is also ?is idea ( its n be+ p]=m$ t det]m9es ! emotion :i* gives to ought ! "* ( a moral pr$icate4 ,! do+ ( :at ought n to be done1 or ! omission ( :at ought n to be omitt$1 is apt to call =? moral indignation--?is is ! mo/ ess5tial fact involv$ 9 ! notion ( ought4 ,e ought-judgm5t conta9s implicitly a negation4 ,nobody w\ld ev] h dreamt ( lay+ d[n a moral rule if ! idea ( its transgression _h n pres5t$ itself to 8 m9d4 ,we may rev]se ! words ( ! ,apo/le1#aj & say t :]e no transgression is1 !re is no law4 ,:5 ,solon 0 ask$ :y he _h specifi$ no puni%m5t = "o :o _h murd]$ a fa!r1 he repli$ t he suppos$ x c\ld n occur to any man to commit su* a crime4#aa ,simil>ly1 ! mod]n ,%9toi/ concludes t ! primval ,japanese 7 pure & holy f ! fact t !y are repres5t$ z a p :o _h no moral comm&m5ts4#ab ,x is ?is prohibitive "* ( ought t has imp>t$ to duty t idea ( antagonism to incl9ation :i* has f\nd its mo/ fam\s expression #acf 9 ! ,kantian e?ics1 & :i* made ,b5?am look ^u ! ^w itself z hav+ 9 x some?+ disagreeable & repulsive4#ac ,x is ! intr9sic connection betwe5 ought & wrong t has giv5 to duty ! mo/ prom95t place 9 e?ical speculation :5ev] moral pessimism has be5 pr$om9ant4 ,:il/ ! anci5t ,greeks1 ) :om happ9ess 0 ! /ate ( nature1 nev] spoke ( duty1 b held virtue to be ! ,supreme ,good1 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* look$ ^u man z a be+ born & br$ 9 s91 reg>d$ morals pre-em95tly z ! sci5ce ( duty4 ,!n1 aga91 9 mod]n times1 ,kant's categorical imp]ative came z a reaction aga9/ t moral optimism :i* once m _h giv5 ! pref]5ce to virtue1 consid]+ ev]y?+ 9 ! _w or 9 humanity z beautiful & good f ! v beg9n+4#ad ,x is also wor? not+ t ! feel+ ( self-complac5cy connect$ ) ! consci\sness ( hav+ act$ 9 accordance ) ! law ( duty1 has no di/9ctively expressive "n 9 ord9>y language1 :ile ! opposite feel+ is kn[n by s famili> & di/9ctive a t]m z remorse4 ,?is is n1 z has be5 said1#ae a significant indication ( ! moral condition ( mank9d1 b a significant indication ( ! true import ( ! notion ( duty itself4 ,footnote #aj3 ,romans1 iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #aa3 ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,solon1 #aj4 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,s4 ,roscio ,am]9o1 #be4 ,footnote #ab3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ac3 ,b5?am1 ,deontoiogy1 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ziegl]1 ,social ,e?ics1 pp4 #bb1 #ge sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,murray1 ,introduction to ,e?ics1 p4 #ajh4 ,x is n1 !n1 9 ! emotion ( approval t we mu/ seek = ! orig9 ( ?is concept4 ,we may und\bt$ly applaud him :o is fai?ful to 8 duty1 b ! idea ( duty involves no applause4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 ! omission ( an act be+ disapprov$ ( & ! p]=mance ( x be+ prais$4 ,ought & duty express only ! t5d5cy ( an omission to call =? disapproval1 & say no?+ ab\t ! consequ5ces ( ! act's p]=mance4 ,! consci5ti\s man refuses ! homage paid to him1 by say+1 ,i h only done my duty4 ,duty is a /]n #acg lawgiv]1 :o ?reat5s ) puni%m5t1 b promises no rew>d4#af ,footnote #af3 ,! intr9sic connection betwe5 duty & disapproval has previ\sly be5 notic$ by ,/u>t ,mill 79 a note to ,james ,mill's ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ii4 #cbe71 accord+ to :om no case c be po9t$ out 9 :i* we consid] any?+ z a duty1 & any act or omission z immoral or wrong1 )\t reg>d+ ! p]son :o commits ! wrong & violates ! duty z a fit object ( puni%m5t4 ,cf4 also ,ba91 ,emotions & ! ,w1 *4 #ae1 & ,gizycki1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 ,engli% adaptation by ,/anton ,coit1 p4 #ajb sq4 ,! ideas ( ought & duty ?us spr+ f ! same s\rce z ! ideas ( bad & wrong4 ,to say t a man ought to d a ?+ is1 s f> z ! morality ( 8 action is conc]n$1 ! v same ?+ z to say t x is bad1 or wrong1 ( him n to d x--9 o!r words1 t ! n-do+ ( x has a t5d5cy to call =? moral disapproval4 ,wrong is popul>ly reg>d$ z ! opposite ( "r1 & !y are really contradictories1 b only )9 ! sph]e ( positive moral valuation4 ,we d n call ! actions ( irresponsible be+s1 l animals or infants1 "r1 al?\gh !y are n wrong2 nor d we pron\nce morally indiff]5t actions ( responsible be+s to be "r1 unless we wi% !reby especially to m>k _! moral value z n be+ wrong4 ,an act :i* is p]missible is ( c\rse n wrong1 & s f> x may be said to be "r2 b x w\ld be m accurate to say t p h a "r to d x4 ,! adjective "r1 9 its /rict s5se1 ref]s to cases f :i* ! indiff]5t is exclud$4 ,a "r action is1 on a giv5 occasion1 ! "r action1 & o!r alt]natives are wrong4 ,"r is ?us closely relat$ to ought1 b at ! same "t "r & obligatory are n id5tical4 ,i _c q subscribe to ! view ( ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 t 9 ! recognition ( conduct z '"r' is involv$ an au?oritative prescription to d x4#ag ,:at is "r is 9 accordance ) ! moral law2 ! adjective "r means t duty is fulfill$4 ,x is true t ! sup]-obligatory also is "r4 ,b "r takes no notice ( ! sup]-obligatory z di/9ct f ! obligatory1 & :at goes #ach beyond duty always involves ! fulfilm5t ( "s duty4 ,x may be admitt$ to be n only "r1 b n to be m "r4 ,"r has no comp>ative4 ,a duty is ei!r fulfill$ or n1 & unless x be p]fectly fulfill$ ! conduct is wrong4 ,!re are degrees ( wrongness & ( goodness1 z ! moral indignation & ! moral approval may be /rong] or weak]1 b !re are no degrees ( rightness4 ,footnote #ag3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajf4 ,! fact t ! "r action is a duty fulfill$ acc\nts = ! errone\s op9ion s g5]ally held by e?ical writ]s t "r is intr9sically connect$ ) moral approval4#ah ,! *oice ( ! "r alt]native may give u satisfaction & call =? 9 u an emotion ( approval4 ,?is emotion may be ! motive = our po9t+ out ! rightness ( ! act1 & ! judgm5t 9 :i* we d s may ev5 intr9sically conta9 applause4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! judgm5t ,t is "r1 is pron\nc$1 (t5 %[s t x is meant to be an expression ( praise4 ,b ?is does n imply t ! concept "r by itself has ref]5ce to moral approval & involves praise4 ,x only means t 9 "o ^w is express$ a c]ta9 concept--! concept t a duty is fulfill$--plus an emotion ( approval4 ,t "r p] se involves no praise is obvi\s f ! fact t we reg>d x z p]fectly "r to pay a debt & to keep a promise1 or to ab/a9 f kill+1 robb+1 or ly+1 al?\gh su* acts or omissions g5]ally h no t5d5cy :atev] to evoke 9 u an emotion ( moral approval4 ,footnote #ah3 ,hut*eson1 ,essay on ! ,nature & ,conduct ( ! ,passions & ,affections1 ) ,illu/rations on ! ,moral ,s5se1 p4 #bgi4 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 pp4 #bid1 #cjd sq4 ,f[l] & ,wilson1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ii4 #aii4 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 p4 #cii4 ,! concept ( "r1 !n1 z imply+ t ! opposite mode ( conduct w\ld h be5 wrong1 ultimately d]ives its moral significance f moral disapproval4 ,?is may seem /range consid]+ t "r is commonly look$ ^u z positive & wrong z its negation4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t language & popul> conceptions 9 ^! matt]s />t #aci f ! notion ( a moral rule or comm&4 ,x is a matt] ( p>am\nt importance t su* modes ( conduct z are apt to ar\se moral indignation %\ld be avoid$4 ,p try to prev5t !m by prohibitions & injunctions1 (t5 emphasis$ by ?reats ( p5alties = ! transgressors4 ,! :ole moral & social discipl9e is bas$ ^u comm&s2 cu/oms are rules ( conduct1 & s are laws4 ,x is natural1 !n1 t ! notion ( a comm& %\ld figure upp]mo/ 9 popul> conceptions ( morality4 ,ob$i5ce to ! comm& is "r1 a brea* ( x is wrong4 ,b ! fact :i* gives bir? to ! comm& itself is ! indignation call$ =? by ! act :i* ! comm& =bids1 or by ! omission ( t :i* x enjo9s4 ,i h spok5 "h ( "r z an adjective4 ,us$ z a sub/antive1 to d5ote a "r1 x also1 9 :atev] s5se x be us$1 expresses a concept :i* is root$ 9 ! emotion ( moral disapproval4 ,to h a "r to d a ?+ is to be all[$ to d x1 ei!r by positive law1 9 ! case ( a legal "r1 or by ! moral law1 9 ! case ( a moral "r2 9 o!r words1 to h a moral "r to d a ?+ means t x is n wrong to d x4 ,b g5]ally ! concept ( a "r means some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,f ! fact t an act is all[able1 t x is n wrong1 x foll[s1 z a rule1 t x ought n to be prev5t$1 t no h9drance ought to be put 9 ! way ( its p]=mance2 & ?is "* ( inviolability is l>gely includ$ 9 ! v concepts ( rights4 ,t a man has a "r to live does n m]ely mean t he commits no wrong by support+ 8 life1 b x *iefly means t x w\ld be wrong ( o!r p to prev5t him f liv+1 t x is _! duty n to kill him1 or ev51 z ! case may be1 t x is _! duty to help him to live4 ,& 9 ord] to con/itute a "r 9 him1 ! duty 9 "q mu/ be a duty to him4 ,t a "r belong+ to ,a is n m]ely a duty incumb5t on ,b1 b a duty to ,a incumb5t on ,b1 w become evid5t f an example4 ,to kill ano!r #adj p]son's slave may be condemn$ z an injury done to ! slave himself1 9 :i* case x is a duty to ! slave n to kill him2 or to kill ano!r p]son's slave may be condemn$ on acc\nt ( ! loss x causes to ! ma/]1 9 :i* case x is deem$ a duty to ! ma/] n to kill ! slave4 ,9 ! latt] case we c h>dly say t ! duty ( n kill+ ! slave con/itutes a "r to live 9 ! slave--x only con/itutes a "r 9 ! ma/] to reta9 8 slave alive1 n to be depriv$ ( him by an act caus+ 8 dea?4 ,s commonly does ! conception ( a "r belong+ to a p]son conta9 ! idea ( a duty :i* o!r p]sons owe him1 t x seems necess>y to po9t out ! exi/5ce ( rights 9 :i* no su* idea is involv$4 ,a man's "r to def5d 8 c\ntry1 = in/ance1 does n intr9sically imply t x is wrong ( ! enemy to disable him f do+ s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are rights :i* are no?+ else ?an duties t[>ds ^? :o h ! rights4 ,a "r is n always a p]son's "r to a c]ta9 activity1 or to ab/a9+ f a c]ta9 activity2 x may h exclusive ref]5ce to o!r p's acts or omissions4 ,t a man has ! "r to be rew>d$ by 8 c\ntry only means t 8 c\ntry is "u an obligation to rew>d him4 ,t a fa!r has a "r to be obey$ by 8 *ildr5 only means t x is a duty incumb5t on 8 *ildr5 to obey him4 ,t a p]son has ! "r ( bodily integrity only means t x is wrong to inflict on him a bodily injury4 ,^! rights may1 no d\bt1 if violat$1 give rise to c]ta9 rights ( activity3 a man may h a "r to claim ! rew>d :i* is due to him1 a fa!r to exact f 8 *ildr5 ! ob$i5ce :i* !y owe him1 a p]son :o is wrong$ to def5d himself4 ,b ! rights ( claim+ a rew>d1 ( exact+ ob$i5ce1 ( resi/+ wrong1 are c]ta9ly n id5tical ) ! rights ( be+ rew>d$1 ( be+ obey$1 ( n be+ wrong$4 ,x is commonly said t rights h _! correspond+ duties4 ,b if ?is expression is to be us$1 x mu/ be #ada rememb]$ t ! duty :i* corresponds to a "r1 z a matt] ( fact1 is ei!r includ$ 9 t "r or simply id5tical ) x4 ,! id5tity betwe5 ! "r & ! duty1 !n1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! notion ( a "r belong+ to a p]son is id5tical ) ! notion ( a duty t[>ds him4 ,rights & duties are n id5tical 9 ! s5se t x is always a duty to insi/ on a "r1 ?\gh ?is has be5 urg$4#ai ,if anybody prev5ts me f mak+ use ( my "r x may no d\bt be deem$ a duty on my "p n to tol]ate ! wrong committ$ aga9/ me1 b no?+ ( ! k9d is involv$ 9 ! concept ( a "r4 ,& ! same may be said ) ref]5ce to ! ass]tion t a "r to d a ?+ is always1 at ! same "t1 a duty to d x--an ass]tion :i* is a consequ5ce ( ! doctr9e t !re is no?+ morally indiff]5t & no?+ t goes beyond duty2 9 o!r words1 t all conduct ( responsible be+s is ei!r wrong or obligatory4 ,ev5 if ?is doctr9e 7 psy*ologically correct--:i* x is n--ev5 if !re 7 a con/ant co9cid5ce betwe5 ! acts :i* a p]son has a "r to p]=m & acts :i* x is 8 duty to p]=m1 t w\ld n con/itute id5tity betwe5 ! concepts ( rights & duties4 ,accord+ to ! mean+ ( a "r1 ,a's "r may be ,b's duty t[>ds ,a1 b ,a's "r _c be ,a's duty t[>ds ,b or anybody else4 ,footnote #ai3 ,alex&]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf sq4 ,closely connect$ ) ! notions ( wrongness & rightness are ! notions ( inju/ice & ju/ice4 ,inju/ice1 inde$1 is a k9d ( wrongness4 ,to be unju/ is always to be unju/ to somebody1 & ?is implies a do+ ( wrong to somebody1 a violation ( somebody's "r4 ,ju/ice1 aga91 is a k9d ( rightness4 ,x involves ! notion t a duty to somebody1 a duty correspond+ to a "r1 is fulfill$2#bj we say t ju/ice dem&s t x %\ld be fulfill$4 ,z an act is "r if its omission #adb is wrong1 s an act is j1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 if its omission is unju/4 ,b1 l ! adjective "r1 ! adjective j is also sometimes us$ 9 a wid] s5se1 to d5ote t some?+ is n unju/4 ,z non-obligatory acts t are n wrong c h>dly be d5i$ to be "r1 s non-obligatory acts t are n unju/ c h>dly be d5i$ to be j1 al?\gh !y are n dem&$ by ju/ice4 ,footnote #bj3 ,accord+ to ! ,in/itutiones ( ,ju/9ian 7i4 #a4 #a7 ju/ice is ! con/ant & p]petual w to r5d] to ea* "o 8 "r1--ju/itia e/ con/ans et p]petua voluntas jus suum cuique tribu5s4 ,at ! same "t1 inju/ice & ju/ice are n simply o!r names = violat+ or respect+ rights4 ,:5ev] we /yle an act unju/1 we emphasise t x involves p>tiality4 ,we d n d5om9ate murd] & robb]y unju/1 b wrong or crim9al1 because ! p>tiality involv$ 9 _! commission is q obscur$ by _! g5]al wrongness or crim9ality2 b we at once admit _! gross inju/ice :5 we consid] t ! murd]] & robb] indulg$ _! own incl9ations ) utt] disreg>d ( _! neighb\rs' rights4 ,& we look ^u unju/ z an exce$+ly appropriate t]m = a judge :o condemns an innoc5t man ) ! int5tion to save ! culprit1 & = an employ] :o keeps = himself a pr(it :i* he ought to %>e ) 8 employees4 ,aga91 :5 we /yle an act j1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 we po9t out t an undue pref]5ce w\ld h be5 %[n to somebody by its omission4 ,x is true t1 z ,adam ,smi? obs]ves1 we may (t5 fulfil all ! rules ( ju/ice by sitt+ /ill & do+ no?+1#ba & t ! man :o b>ely ab/a9s f violat+ ei!r ! p]son or ! e/ate or ! reputation ( 8 neighb\rs s f> does ju/ice to !m2 b 9 su* a case we h>dly apply ! epi!t j1 simply because !re is no reason = emphasis+ ! p>tiality involv$ 9 ! opposite mode ( conduct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we say x is j1 or1 m emphatically1 t ju/ice dem&s1 t ! innoc5t %\ld n suff] 9 ! place ( ! guilty1 or t ! employ] %\ld give 8 employees all _! dues4 ,footnote #ba3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #aag4 ,x is necess>y to note t ! imp>tiality :i* ju/ice #adc dem&s is imp>tiality )9 ! recognis$ ord] ( rights1 :e!r ^! rights !mselves h a p>tial orig9 or n4 ,a fa!r is unju/ if he gives away prop]ty to "o ( 8 *ildr5 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 9 case all ( !m are recognis$ to h a "r to an equal %>e 9 8 prop]ty1 ev5 ?\gh x be only a conditional "r2 & a man is unju/ if he keeps = himself a pr(it to :i* ano!r man has an equal "r4 ,b 9 a society :i* reg>ds slav]y z a morally p]missible in/itution1 a man is n necess>ily deem$ unju/ if he beats a slave 9 a case :]e x w\ld h be5 wrong to beat a freeman4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! case ( unequal rights1 ju/ice admits ( no great] diff]5ce ( treatm5t ?an :at ! diff]5ce 9 rights implies4 ,x may be j to puni% a man :o by a crime has =feit$ t "r to be protect$ f wilfully inflict$ pa9 :i* e law-abid+ citiz5 possesses1 b x is unju/ to ext5d ! inequality betwe5 8 condition & ! condition ( o!rs beyond ! inequality ( _! rights by inflict+ ^u him a puni%m5t :i* is unduly sev]e4 ,x is ! emphasis laid on ! duty ( imp>tiality t gives ju/ice a special prom95ce 9 connection ) puni%m5ts & rew>ds4 ,a man's rights dep5d to a great ext5t ^u 8 actions4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! crim9al has n ! same rights to inviolability z reg>ds reputation1 or fre$om1 or prop]ty1 or life1 z ! innoc5t man2 ! mis] & egoi/ h n ! same rights z ! b5efactor & ! philan?ropi/4 ,on ^! diff]5ces 9 rights due to diff]5ces 9 conduct1 ! t]ms j & unju/ lay /ress2 = 9 su* cases an inju/ice w\ld h be5 committ$ if ! rights _h be5 equal4 ,:5 we say ( a crim9al t he has be5 ju/ly imprison$ we po9t out t he 0 no victim ( undue p>tiality1 z he _h =feit$ ! g5]al "r to fre$om on acc\nt ( 8 crime4 ,:5 we say ( a b5efactor t he has be5 ju/ly rew>d$1 we po9t out t no fav\r 0 p>tially be/[$ ^u him 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 z he _h acquir$ ! special "r ( be+ rew>d$4 ,b ! #add ju/ice ( a puni%m5t or a rew>d1 /rictly speak+1 involves some?+ m ?an ?is2 z we h se51 :at is /rictly j is always ! dis*>ge ( a duty correspond+ to a "r :i* w\ld h be5 9 a p>tial mann] disreg>d$ by a transgression ( ! duty4 ,if x is j t a p]son %\ld be rew>d$1 he ought to be rew>d$1 & to fulfil ?is duty is to d him ju/ice4 ,aga91 if x is j t a p]son %\ld be puni%$1 he ought to be puni%$1 & 8 n be+ puni%$ is an inju/ice to o!r p]sons4 ,x is an inju/ice t[>ds all ^? ^: condemnation ( ! wrong act f9ds its recognis$ expression 9 ! puni%m5t1 inasmu* z _! rightful claim t ! crim9al %\ld be puni%$1 _! "r ( resi/+ wrong1 is !reby violat$ 9 fav\r ( ! wrong-do]4 ,moreov]1 8 n be+ puni%$ is an inju/ice t[>ds o!r crim9als1 :o h be5 puni%$ = simil> acts1 9 s f> z !y h a "r to dem& t no undue pref]5ce %\ld be %[n to anybody ^: guilt is equal to !irs4 ,retributive ju/ice may admit ( a c]ta9 latitude z to ! retribution4 ,x may be a matt] ( small conc]n f ! community's po9t ( view :e!r m5 are f9$ or imprison$ = ! commission ( a c]ta9 crime4 ,b x may be a dem& ( ju/ice t1 "u equal circum/ances1 all ( !m %\ld be puni%$ ) ! same sev]ity1 s9ce ! crime has equally affect$ _! rights4 ,! emphasis :i* inju/ice lays on ! p>tiality ( a c]ta9 mode ( conduct always involves a condemnation ( t p>tiality4 ,l e o!r k9d ( wrongness1 inju/ice is ?us a concept :i* is obvi\sly bas$ on ! emotion ( moral disapproval4 ,& s is ! concept ( ju/ice1 :e!r x involves ! notion t an inju/ice w\ld be committ$ if a c]ta9 duty 7 n fulfill$1 or x is simply us$ to d5ote t a c]ta9 mode ( conduct is n unju/4 ,b !re is yet ano!r s5se 9 :i* ! ^w j is appli$4 ,x may emphasise ! imp>tiality ( an act 9 a tone ( praise4 ,consid]+ h[ difficult x is to be p]fectly imp>tial & to give e man 8 due1 especially :5 "o's own int]e/s are #ade conc]n$1 x is only natural t m5 %\ld be applaud$ = be+ j1 & consequ5tly t to call a p]son j %\ld (t5 be to praise him4 ,s1 also1 ju/ice is us$ z ! "n = a virtue1 ! mi/ress & que5 ( all virtues4#bb ,b all ?is does n imply t an emotion ( moral approval ent]s into ! concept ( ju/ice4 ,x only means t "o ^w is us$ to express a c]ta9 concept--a concept :i*1 z we h se51 ultimately d]ives its import f moral disapproval--plus an emotion ( approval4 ,t ! concept ( ju/ice by itself involves no ref]5ce to ! emotion ( moral approval appe>s f ! fact t x is no praise to say ( an act t x is only j4 ,footnote #bb3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 iii4 #f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! concepts spr++ f moral disapproval we pass to ^? spr++ f moral approval4 ,=emo/ among ^! ranks ! concept good4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,pr(essor ,ba91 :o takes a v legal view ( ! moral consci\sness1 ma9ta9s 7,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #bib7 t positive good de$s & self-sacrifice 4 4 4 transc5d ! region ( morality prop]1 & occupy a sph]e ( _! own4 ,a simil> op9ion has be5 express$ by ,pr(4 ,durkheim 7,division du travail social71 &1 m rec5tly1 by ,dr4 ,lag]borg1 9 8 int]e/+ essay1 ',la nature de la morale' 7,revue int]nationale de ,sociologie1 xi4 #dff74 ,pr(4 ,durkheim argues 7p4 #cj7 t x w\ld be contraire t\te m?ode to include "u ! same head+ acts :i* are obligatory & acts :i* are objects ( admiration1 & at ! same "t exempt f all regulation4 ,si donc1 p\r re/] fidle l'usage1 on rs]ve aux premi]s la qualification de moraux1 on ne saurait la donn] galem5t aux seconds4 ,b ,i fail to see t ord9>y usage recognises regulation z ! te/ ( morality4 ,on ! contr>y1 t]ms l goodness & virtue1 ?\gh hav+ no ref]5ce :atev] to any moral rule1 h always hi!rto be5 appli$ to qualities av[$ly moral4 ,?\gh good1 be+ affix$ to a great v>iety ( objects1 takes diff]5t %ades ( mean+ 9 diff]5t cases1 !re is "o *>act]i/ic common to ev]y?+ call$ good4 ,?is is h>dly1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] ma9ta9s1#bd its quality ( be+ well adapt$ to a giv5 end4 ,x is true t ! good knife is "o :i* w cut1 ! good gun "o :i* c>ries f> & true4 ,b ,i fail to see t good 9 a moral s5se involves any idea ( an adaptation to a giv5 purpose1 &1 by call+ conduct #adf good1 we c]ta9ly d n mean t x conduces to life 9 ea* & all4 ,good simply expresses approval or praise ( some?+ on acc\nt ( "s quality :i* x possesses4 ,a h\se is prais$ z good because x fulfils ! end desir$1 a w9e because x has an agreeable ta/e1 a man on acc\nt ( 8 moral wor?4 ,good1 z a moral epi!t1 involves a praise :i* is ! outw>d expression ( ! emotion ( moral approval1 & is affix$ to a subject ( moral valuation on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to call =? su* an emotion4 ,footnote #bd3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #ba sqq4 ,good has commonly be5 id5tifi$ ) "r1 b su* an id5tification is incorrect4 ,a fa!r does "r 9 support+ 8 "y *ildr51 inasmu* z he1 by support+ !m1 dis*>ges a duty incumb5t ^u him1 b we d n say t he does a good de$ by support+ !m1 or t x is good ( him to d s4 ,nor d we call x good ( a man n to kill or rob 8 neighb\rs1 al?\gh 8 conduct is s f> "r4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 "r & wrong is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se at lea/1 contradictory1 ! anti!sis betwe5 good & bad is only contr>y4 ,e act--provid$ t x falls )9 ! sph]e ( positive moral valuation--t is n wrong is "r1 b e act t is n bad is n necess>ily good4 ,j z we may say ( a ?+ t x is n bad1 & yet refuse to call x good1 s we may object to call+ ! simple dis*>ge ( a duty good1 al?\gh ! opposite mode ( conduct w\ld be bad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no confusion ( e?ical concepts is involv$ 9 attribut+ goodness to ! p]=mance ( a duty1 or1 9 o!r words1 prais+ a man = an act ! omission ( :i* w\ld h incurr$ blame4 ,to say ( "o & ! same act t x is "r & t x is good1 really means t we look ^u x f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,s9ce moral praise expresses a b5evol5t attitude ( m9d1 x is comm5dable = a man n to be nigg>d 9 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( o!r p's "r conduct2 :]eas1 self-praise be+ objectionable1 only ! o!r po9t ( view is deem$ prop] :5 he passes a #adg judgm5t ^u himself4 ,he may say1 )\t incurr+ c5sure1 ,i h done my duty1 ,i h done :at is "r1 b h>dly1 ,i h done a good de$2 & x w\ld be p>ticul>ly obnoxi\s to say1 ,i am a good man4 ,! be/ man ev5 refuses to be call$ good by o!rs3--,:y calle/ ?\ me good8 !re is none good b "o1 t is1 ,god4#be ,footnote #be3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xix4 #ag4 ,:il/ goodness is ! g5]al expression = moral praise1 virtue d5otes a disposition ( m9d :i* is *>act]is$ by "s special k9d ( goodness4 ,he :o is habitually temp]ate possesses ! virtue ( temp]ance1 he :o is habitually j ! virtue ( ju/ice4 ,& ev5 :5 a man is simply said to be virtu\s1 ?is epi!t is giv5 to him1 m or less di/9ctly1 ) ref]5ce to "s bran* ( goodness :i* con/itutes 8 virtue4 ,a ,supreme ,be+1 to :om is attribut$ p]fect goodness1 is n call$ virtu\s1 b good4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle t virtue is imp]fect s long z ! ag5t _c d ! virtu\s action )\t a conflict ( impulses4 ,o!rs ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 t virtue ess5tially expresses ef=t1 resi/ance1 & conque/4 ,x has be5 repres5t$ z m$iation ?r\gh pa92#bf accord+ to ,kant1 x is ! moral disposition 9 /ruggle4#bg ,b ,i d n see t virtue presupposes /ruggle1 nor t x is less5$ by be+ ex]cis$ ) little or no ef=t4 ,a virtue consi/s 9 ! disposition to w or n to w acts ( a c]ta9 k9d1 & is by no means r$uc$ by ! fact t no rival impulses make !mselves felt4 ,x is true t by /ruggle & conque/ a man may display m virtue1 namely1 ! virtue ( self-re/ra9t 9 addition to ! virtue ga9$ by x4 ,! vigor\s & successful conte/ aga9/ temptation con/itutes a virtue by itself4 ,= in/ance1 ! quality ( m9d :i* is exhibit$ 9 a habitual & victori\s ef=t to conqu] /rong sexual passions is a virtue di/+ui%able f t ( *a/ity4 ,b ev5 ?is virtue ( #adh resi/+ s$uctive impulses is n great]1 cet]is p>ibus1 9 proportion z ! victory is m difficult4 ,take two m5 ) equally /rong passions & equally expos$ to temptations1 :o e>ne/ly endeav\r to lead a *a/e life4 ,he :o succe$s ) less /ruggle1 ?anks to 8 great] p[] ( w1 is surely inf]ior nei!r 9 *a/ity nor 9 self-re/ra9t4 ,suppose1 aga91 t ! two m5 7 expos$ to diff]5t degrees ( temptation4 ,he :o ov]comes ! great] temptation displays m self-re/ra9t2 yet ! o!r man may possess ?is virtue 9 an equal degree1 & 8 *a/ity is c]ta9ly n made great] !reby4 ,he may h m m]it1 b m]it is n necess>ily proportionate to virtue4 ,footnote #bf3 ,laurie1 ,e?ica1 p4 #bec sqq4 ,footnote #bg3 ,kant1 ,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 i4 #a4 #c 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 v4 #hi74 ,! virtues are broad g5]alisations ( m5tal dispositions :i*1 on ! :ole1 are reg>d$ z laudable4 ,ow+ to _! /]eotyp$ "*1 x easily happ5s1 9 individual cases1 t ! possession ( a virtue conf]s no m]it ^u ! possessor2 &1 at lea/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! enlight5$ moral consci\sness1 a man's virtues are no exact gauge ( 8 moral wor?4 ,9 ord] to =m a j op9ion ( ! value ( a p]son's "*1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! /r5g? ( 8 in/9ctive desires & ! motives ( 8 conduct4 ,!re are virtues t pay no reg>d to ?is4 ,a sob] man1 :o has no ta/e = intoxicants1 possesses ! virtue ( sobriety 9 no less degree ?an a man ^: sobriety is ! result ( a difficult conque/ ov] a /rong desire4 ,he :o is brave ) a view to be applaud$ is n1 z reg>ds ! virtue ( c\rage1 inf]ior to him :o faces dang]s m]ely f a feel+ ( duty4 ,! only ?+ t ! possession ( a virtue presupposes is t x %\ld h be5 tri$ & te/$4 ,we _c say t p unacqua9t$ ) intoxicants possess ! virtue ( sobriety1 & t a man :o nev] _h any?+ to sp5d di/+ui%es himself = frugality4 ,= to attribute a virtue to somebody is always to be/[ ^u him "s degree ( praise1 & x is no praise1 only irony1 to say ( a man t he makes a virtue ( necessity4 #adi ,attempts h be5 made to reconcile ! ,ari/otelian & ! ,kantian views ( ! relation betwe5 virtue & ef=t1 by say+ t virtue is ! h>mony won & m]it is ! w9n+ ( x4#bh ,?is presupposes t a man to :om virtue is natural has _h 8 fights4 ,b1 surely1 x is n always s4 ,:o c\ld affirm t e temp]ate1 or *>itable1 or j man has acquir$ ! virtue only z a result ( inw>d /ruggle8 ,!re are p to :om "s virtues at lea/ are natural f ! beg9n+1 & o!rs :o acquire !m ) a m9imum ( ef=t4 ,footnote #bh3 ,dewey1 ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 p4 #acc sq4 ,simmel1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft1 i4 #bbh4 ,cf4 also ,%aftesbury ',inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue & ,m]it1' i4 #b4 #d1 9 ,*>act]i/icks1 ii4 #cf sqq4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion ab\t ! relation betwe5 virtue & duty4 ,x has be5 said t !y are co-ext5sive1 ! =m] describ+ conduct by ! quality ( ! ag5t's m9d1 ! latt] by ! nature ( ! act p]=m$2#bi t !y express ! same ideal1 virtue subjectively1 duty objectively2#cj or t virtue1 9 its prop] s5se1 is ! quality ( "* t fits = ! dis*>ge ( duty1 & t x only lives 9 ! p]=mance ( duty4#ca ,at ! same "t x is admitt$ t ! di/9ctive m>k ( virtue seems to lie 9 :at is beyond duty1 & t ?\gh e virtue is a duty1 & e duty a virtue1 !re are c]ta9 actions to :i* x is m natural to apply ! t]m virtu\s4#cb ,pr(4 ,sidgwick1 aga91 9 8 elaborate *apt] on ',virtue & ,duty1' rem>ks t he has ?\ght x be/ to employ ! t]ms s t virtu\s conduct may include ! p]=mance ( duty z well z :atev] good actions may be commonly ?\ght to g beyond duty2 ?\gh recognis+ t virtue 9 its ord9>y use is mo/ conspicu\sly manife/$ 9 ! latt]4#cc ,footnote #bi3 ,alex&]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,grote1 ,treatise on ! ,moral ,ideals1 p4 #bb4 ,cf4 ,se?1 ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #ca3 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aij n499 ,footnote #cb3 ,alex&]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdc sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #bba4 ,x c be no matt] ( surprise t ^? :o reg>d ! notion ( duty z incapable ( be+ analys$1 or #aej :o fail to recognise its true import1 are emb>rass$ by its relation to virtue4 ,we d n call x a virtue if a man habitually ab/a9s f kill+ or robb+1 or pays 8 debts1 or p]=ms a great numb] ( o!r duties4 ,we d call *a/ity & temp]ance & ju/ice virtues1 al?\gh we reg>d x z obligatory on a man to be *a/e1 temp]ate1 j4 ,we also call hospitality1 g5]osity1 & *>ity virtues 9 cases :]e !y g beyond ! /rict limits ( duty4 ,! relation ( virtue & duty is complicat$1 says ,pr(essor ,alex&]4#cd ,9 its common use ea* t]m seems to include some?+ exclud$ f ! o!r1 obs]ves ,pr(essor ,sidgwick4#ce ,b1 inde$1 ! relation is n complicat$1 = !re is no o!r intr9sic relation betwe5 !m ?an _! common antagonism to wrong4 ,t some?+ is a duty implies t its non-p]=mance t5ds to evoke moral indignation1 t x is a virtue implies t its p]=mance t5ds to evoke moral approval4 ,t ! virtues actually cov] a comp>atively l>ge field ( ! prov9ce ( duty is simply ow+ to _! be+ dispositions ( m9d4 ,we may praise ! habits ( ju/ice & gratitude1 ev5 ?\gh we f9d no?+ praisewor?y 9 an isolat$ j or grateful act4 ,footnote #cd3 ,alex&]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #ce3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #bai4 ,!re has be5 no less confusion ) reg>d to ! relation betwe5 duty & m]it4 ,l ! notions ( good & virtue1 ! m]itori\s d]ives its orig9 f ! emotion ( moral approval2 b :ile ! =m] m]ely express a t5d5cy to give rise to su* an emotion1 m]itori\s implies t ! object to :i* x ref]s m]its praise1 t x has a j claim to praise1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x ought to be recognis$ z good4 ,?is makes ! t]m m]itori\s m emphatic ?an ! t]m good1 b at ! same "t x n>r[s its prov9ce 9 a peculi> way4 ,j z ! expression t some?+ ought to be done implies ! idea ( its n be+ done1 s ! ^w m]itori\s sugge/s ! idea ( goodness :i* may fail ( due recognition4 ,& z x is mean+less to speak ( duty 9 a case :]e ! #aea opposite mode ( conduct is entirely out ( ! "q1 s x w\ld be an absurdity to attribute m]it to somebody = an act ! goodness ( :i* is univ]sally admitt$4 ,?us m]itori\s involves a re/riction4 ,x w\ld be almo/ blasphem\s to call ! acts ( a ,god conceiv$ to be inf9itely good m]itori\s1 s9ce x w\ld sugge/ a limitation ( 8 goodness4 ,! emphatic claim to praisewor?9ess made by ! m]itori\s has r5d]$ x objectionable to a great numb] ( morali/s4 ,x has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! sup]-obligatory--a conception :i* is to _m an abom9ation4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 h[ev]1 x is manife/ t !y are n id5tical4 ,z ! dis*>ge ( a duty may be reg>d$ z a good act1 s x may also be reg>d$ z an act :i* ought to be recognis$ z good4 ,practically1 no d\bt1 !re is a c]ta9 antagonism betwe5 duty & m]it4 ,we praise1 &1 especially1 we reg>d z des]v+ praise1 only :at is above ! av]age1#cf & we c5sure :at is bel[ x4 ,no m]it is conf]r$ ^u him :o p]=ms a duty :i* is seldom transgress$1 or ! transgression ( :i* w\ld actually incur puni%m5t or c5sure4 ,we d n ?9k t a man ought to be prais$ = :at 8 own int]e/ prompts him to p]=m2 &1 s9ce ! transgression ( a moral comm& :i* is usually obey$ is g5]ally c5sur$ or puni%$1 !re is "u ord9>y circum/ances no?+ m]itori\s 9 p]=m+ a duty4 ,b ?\gh ?us probably mo/ acts :i* are deem$ m]itori\s fall outside ! limits ( duty z r\ghly drawn by ! popul> m9d1 we are on ! o!r h& (t5 dispos$ to attribute m]it to a man on acc\nt ( an act :i*1 f a /rict po9t ( view1 is 8 duty1 b a duty :i* mo/ p1 "u ! same circum/ances1 w\ld h left undis*>g$4 ,?is %[s t ! antagonism betwe5 duty & m]it is n absolute4 ,& 9 ! concept ( m]it p] se no su* antagonism is involv$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,m]it1 z ,pr(essor ,alex&] puts x 7op4 cit4 p4 #aif71 expresses ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! m]itori\s f ! av]age4 #aeb ,i confess t ,i fail to grasp :at ^? writ]s really mean :o id5tify ! m]itori\s ) ! sup]-obligatory1 & at ! same "t d5y ! exi/5ce ( any sup]-obligatory4 ,d !y %ut _! eyes to ! important psy*ical fact indicat$ by ! t]m m]it1 or d !y look ^u x z a *im]a inconsi/5t ) a suffici5tly enlight5$ moral consci\sness8 ,= my own "p1 ,i _c see h[ ! moral consci\sness c\ld disp5se ) ! idea t !re are actions :i* m]it praise or rew>d1 :i* ought to be prais$ or rew>d$4 ,! d5ial ( m]it c be def5d$ f a purely !ological po9t ( view1 b !n only ) reg>d to man's relation to ,god4 ,x is obvi\s t a fall5 be+ :o is s9n+ ev5 :5 he does 8 be/1 c\ld n be recognis$ z good by ,god & c\ld h no m]it4 ,b x is h>dly j1 nor is x practically possible1 t a man %\ld measure 8 fell[-man by a sup]human /&>d ( p]fection1 & try to suppress ! natural emotion ( moral approval & ! claims spr++ f x1 by p]suad+ himself t !re is no mortal be+ :o ev] does any?+ :i* ought to be recognis$ z good4 ,q di/9ct f ! "q ( m]it1 !n1 is t ( ! sup]-obligatory4 ,c a man d m ?an 8 duty1 or1 9 o!r words1 is !re any?+ good :i* is n at ! same "t a duty8 ,! answ] dep5ds on ! cont5ts giv5 to ! comm&m5ts ( duty1 h5ce x may v>y )\t affect+ ! concept ( duty itself4 ,if we consid] t !re is an obligation on e man to promote ! g5]al happ9ess to ! v utmo/ ( 8 ability1 we mu/ also ma9ta9 t nobody c ev] d any?+ good beyond 8 duty4 ,! same is ! case if we reg>d self-realisation1 or a normal ex]cise ( 8 natural functions1 z a man's fundam5tal duty4 ,9 all ^! cases to aim at act+ beyond obligation1 z ,price puts x1#cg is ! same ) aim+ at act+ contr>y to obligation1 & do+ m ?an is fit to be done1 ! same ) do+ wrong4 ,x c h>dly be d5i$1 h[ev]1 #aec t ^? :o hold simil> views h actually two /&>ds ( duty1 "o by :i* !y measure man & 8 do+s 9 ! ab/ract1 ) ref]5ce to a c]ta9 ideal ( life :i* !y please to id5tify ) duty1 & ano!r by :i* !y are guid$ 9 _! practical moral judgm5ts ^u _! own & _! neighb\rs' conduct4 ,! consci5ti\s man is apt to judge himself m sev]ely ?an he judges o!rs1 p>tly because he kn[s 8 own case bett] ?an !irs1#ch & p>tly because he is naturally afraid ( be+ intol]ant & unju/4 ,he may inde$ be unwill+ to admit t he ev] c d m ?an 8 duty1 see+ h[ difficult x is ev5 to d :at he ought to d1 & impress$1 z he w\ld be1 ) ! feel+ ( 8 own %ortcom+s4 ,yet ,i d n see h[ he c\ld consci5ti\sly d5y t he has omitt$ to d _m praisewor?y or h]oic de$s )\t hold+ himself blamable = su* omissions4 ,footnote #cg3 ,price1 ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions 9 ,morals1 p4 #bjd sq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,cf4 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #bba4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick obs]ves t we %\ld n d5y t x is1 9 "s s5se1 a man's /rict duty to d :atev] action he judges mo/ excell5t1 s f> z x is 9 8 p[]4#ci ,?is1 z x seems to me1 is n a matt] ( c\rse1 & no?+ ( ! k9d is involv$ 9 ! notion ( duty itself4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! moral law ) ! moral ideal4 ,duty is ! m9imum ( morality1 ! supreme moral ideal ( ! be/ man is ! maximum ( x4 ,^? :o sum up ! :ole ( morality 9 ! ^w ought id5tify ! m9imum & ! maximum1 b ,i fail to see t morality is bett] = ?is4 ,r x is worse4 ,! recognition ( a sup]-obligatory does n l[] ! moral ideal2 on ! contr>y x raises x1 or at any rate makes x m possible to v9dicate ! moral law & to adm9i/] x ju/ly4 ,x is n[adays a recognis$ pr9ciple 9 legislation t a law loses "p ( its weight if x _c be /rictly en=c$4 ,if ! realisation ( ! highe/ moral ideal is comm&$ by a moral law1 su* a law w always rema9 a dead lett]1 & morality w ga9 no?+4 ,f> above ! anxi\s #aed ef=t to fulfil ! comm&m5ts ( duty /&s ! free & l(ty aspiration to live up to an ideal1 :i*1 unatta9able z x may be1 ?reat5s nei!r ) blame nor remorse him :o fails to rea* its summits4 ,does n exp]i5ce %[ t ^? ^: ?\ghts are con/antly occupi$ ) ! prescriptions ( duty are apt to become h>d & intol]ant8 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 p4 #bai4 ,^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( any?+ morally praisewor?y :i* is n a duty1 are also g5]ally liable to d5y ! exi/5ce ( any?+ morally indiff]5t 9 ! conduct ( responsible be+s4 ,! sup]-obligatory & ! indiff]5t h ?is 9 common1 t !y are ultra-obligatory1 & ! d5ial ( ! "o z well z ( ! o!r is an expression ( ! same t5d5cy to look ^u ! moral law z ! sole fact ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,ev5 ,utilit>ianism _c consi/5tly admit ( any?+ indiff]5t )9 ! prov9ce ( moral valuation1 s9ce two opposite modes ( conduct c h>dly produce absolutely ! same sum ( happ9ess4 ,su* a repudiation ( ! indiff]5t be+ q contr>y to ! morality ( common s5se1 :i*1 aft] all1 no e?ical !ory c af=d to neglect1 consid]able +5uity has be5 wa/$ on va9 attempts to %[ t ! indiff]5t is no?+ b a rude popul> conception unable to keep its gr\nd aga9/ a ?or\ghgo+ exam9ation4 ,pr(essor ,ziegl] ironically asks3--,su* outw>d matt]s z eat+ & dr9k+ are surely morally indiff]5t8 ,& yet is eat+ & dr9k+ too mu*1 is sp5d+ too mu* "t 9 outdoor ex]cise1 is l\ng+ idly ab\t1 morally indiff]5t8 or1 on ! o!r h&1 is x morally all[able or :olesome to r$uce oneself & make oneself weak & ill by fa/+1 or to become a hypo*ondriac by cont9ually /ay+ indoors8#dj ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 involves a confusion ( diff]5t volitions4 ,! fact t eat+ or dr9k+ g5]ally1 or eat+ or dr9k+ too mu* or too little1 are no matt]s ( indiff]5ce1 surely does n prev5t #aee eat+ or dr9k+ on "s c]ta9 occasion f be+ indiff]5t4 ,mr4 ,bradley aga9 obs]ves3--,x is "r & a duty t ! sph]e ( indiff]5t detail %\ld exi/4 ,x is a duty t ,i %\ld develop my nature by private *oice !re94 ,!re=e1 because t is a duty1 x is a duty n to make a duty ( e detail2 & ?us 9 e detail ,i h done my duty4#da ,?is /atem5t also %[s a curi\s confusion ( entirely diff]5t facts4 ,x may be v true t x is a duty to recognise c]ta9 actions z indiff]5t4 ,?is is "o ?+ by itself4 ,b x is q ano!r ?+ to p]=m ^? actions4 ,& if x is a duty to recognise c]ta9 actions z indiff]5t h[ c\ld x possibly at ! same "t be held a duty to p]=m !m8 ,footnote #dj3 ,ziegl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #he4 ,footnote #da3 ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #aie1 n4 #a4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! sph]e ( ! indiff]5t =ms ! totality ( ought2 t :5 ! same end may be rea*$ by a v>iety ( means1 an action may be indiff]5t m]ely 9 relation to ! *oice ( means1 b n s f> z reg>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! end1 & h5ce is only app>5tly indiff]5t4#db ,if x is my moral duty to g f "o t[n to ano!r1 says ,mr4 ,bradley1 & !re are two roads :i* are equally good1 x is indiff]5t to ! propos$ moral duty :i* road ,i take2 x is n indiff]5t t ,i d take "o or ! o!r2 & :i*ev] road ,i d take1 ,i am do+ my duty on x1 & h5ce x is f> f indiff]5t3 my walk+ on road ,a is a matt] ( duty 9 ref]5ce to ! end1 ?\gh n a matt] ( duty if y consid] x aga9/ walk+ on road ,b2 & s ) ,b--b ,i c escape ! sph]e ( duty nei!r on ,a nor on ,b4 ,all ?is is true1 b =ms no argum5t aga9/ ! indiff]5t4 ,! /atem5t1 ,y ought to g to ! t[n & to take ei!r road ,a or ,b1 ref]s to two volitions :i* are reg>d$ z wrong1 namely1 ! volition n to g to ! t[n at all1 & ! volition to take any road n ,a or ,b2 & x #aef ref]s also to two pairs ( volitions 9 ref]5ce to :i* x indicates t ! *oice betwe5 ! volitions con/itut+ ea* pair is indiff]5t4 ,y may *oose to take road ,a or n to take x2 y may *oose to take road ,b or n to take x4 ,! indiff]5t is always an alt]native betwe5 contradictories4 ,x c !re=e nev] =m "p ( an ought-totality1 be+ itself a totality z complete z possible4 ,?is is some:at disguis$ by a judgm5t :i* makes an obligation ( a *oice betwe5 ,a & ,b1 b becomes conspicu\s if we consid] a simple case ( indiff]5ce4 ,suppose t x is consid]$ indiff]5t :e!r y speak or d n speak on a c]ta9 occasion4 ,:at is "h ! ought t =ms ! totality ( ! indiff]5t8 ,w\ld !re be any s5se 9 say+ t y ought ei!r to speak or n to speak8 or is ! alt]native1 speak+--n speak+1 only a l9k 9 an indef9ite *a9 ( alt]natives1 ea* ( :i* is by itself indiff]5t1 9 a relative s5se1 b ! sum ( :i* =ms ! ought8 ,y may be p]mitt$--x w p]haps be argu$--9 a giv5 mom5t to speak or to ab/a9 f speak+1 to write or to ab/a9 f writ+1 to read or to ab/a9 f read+1 & s on2 b h[ev] wide ! prov9ce ( ! p]missible may be1 !re mu/ always be a limit inside :i* y ought to rema94 ,t y d ?is or t may be a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 b only ( relative indiff]5ce1 = x is n indiff]5t :at y d on ! :ole2 h5ce !re is no?+ absolutely indiff]5t4 ,su* an argum5t1 h[ev]1 involves a misappreh5sion ( ! true mean+ ( ! indiff]5t4 ,! pr$icate express+ indiff]5ce ref]s to c]ta9 def9ite volitions & _! contradictories1 n to ! :ole ( a man's conduct 9 a c]ta9 mom5t4 ,! :ole ( a man's conduct is nev] indiff]5t4 ,b nei!r is ! :ole ( a man's conduct ev] wrong4 ,9 ! mom5t :5 a murd]] kills 8 victim he is fulfill+ an endless numb] ( duties3 he ab/a9s f /eal+1 ly+1 committ+ adult]y1 suicide1 & s on4 ,! pr$icate wrong only m>ks ! moral #aeg "* ( a special mode ( conduct4 ,:y %\ld n ! indiff]5t be all[$ to d ! same8 ,footnote #db3 ,simmel1 op4 cit4 i4 #ce sqq4 ,alex&]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ej sqq4 ,murray1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf sq4 ,bradley1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie sq4 ,x has1 f9ally1 be5 obs]v$ t ! s-call$ indiff]5t is some?+ ! morality ( :i* c only be individually det]m9$4#dc ,?is rem>k calls att5tion to ! fact t no mode ( conduct c be reg>d$ z indiff]5t )\t a c>eful consid]ation ( individual circum/ances1 & t mu* :i* is app>5tly indiff]5t is n really s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n involve an abolition ( ! indiff]5t4 ,su* an abolition w\ld be ! extreme ( moral intol]ance4 ,he :o tri$ to put x into practice w\ld be ! mo/ insupportable ( be+s1 & to himself life w\ld be unbe>able4 ,=tunately1 su* a man has nev] exi/$4 ,! attempts to make e action1 ev5 ! mo/ trivial1 ( responsible be+s a matt] ( moral conc]n1 are only !oretical fancies )\t practical be>+1 a holl[ & flatt]+ tribute to ! idol ( ,duty4 ,footnote #dc3 ,m>t5s51 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #dae4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,cu/oms ,,& ,,laws ,,z ,,expressions ,,( ,,moral ,,ideas ,,moral ideas are express$ 9 moral judgm5ts4 ,we h hi!rto exam9$ ! pr$icates ( su* judgm5ts1 ! import & orig9 ( ! moral concepts4 ,n[ a mu* wid] field or rese>* rema9s = u to trav]se4 ,we %all direct our att5tion to ! subjects ( moral judgm5ts1 to ! mass ( ph5om5a :i*1 among diff]5t peoples & 9 diff]5t ages1 h _h a t5d5cy to call =? moral blame & moral praise4 ,we %all discuss ! g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* all ^! ph5om5a h 9 common4 ,we %all classify ! mo/ important ( !m1 & /udy ! moral ideas held ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a ( ea* class sep>ately4 ,& 9 bo? cases we %all n only analyse1 b try to f9d an answ] to ! "q1 ,:y8--! ultimate aim ( all sci5tific rese>*4 ,b be=e ent]+ ^u ?is va/ und]tak+1 we mu/ def9e ! l9es on :i* x is to be conduct$4 ,h[ c we get an insight into ! moral ideas ( mank9d at l>ge8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q ,i ne$ n dwell ^u su* obvi\s means ( in=mation z direct exp]i5ce1 or records ( moral maxims & s5tim5ts f\nd 9 prov]bs1 lit]>y & philosophical works1 & religi\s codes4 ,! s\rces :i*1 f an evolution>y po9t ( view1 are ( ! mo/ compreh5sive importance = our /udy1 are tribal & national cu/oms & laws4 ,x is to ^! s\rces t ! pres5t *apt] w be devot$4 #aei ,we h se5 t a cu/om1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 is n m]ely ! habit ( a c]ta9 circle ( m51 b at ! same "t involves a moral rule4 ,!re is a close connection betwe5 ^! two *>act]i/ics ( cu/om3 its habitualness & its obligator9ess4 ,:atev] be ! f\ndation = a c]ta9 practice1 & h[ev] trivial x may be1 ! unreflect+ m9d has a t5d5cy to disapprove ( any deviation f x = ! simple reason t su* a deviation is unusual4 ,z ,abraham ,tuck] obs]ves1 x is a con/ant argum5t among ! common p1 t a ?+ mu/ be done1 & ought to be done1 because x always has be5 done4#a ,*ildr5 %[ respect = ! cu/om>y1#b & s d savages4 ,if y ask a ,kaffir :y he does s & s1 he w answ]--',h[ c ,i tell8 ,x has always be5 done by our =efa!rs4'#c ,! only reason :i* ! ,eskimo c give = "s ( _! pres5t cu/oms1 to :i* !y adh]e f fe> ( ill report among _! p1 is t ! old ,innuits did s1 & !re=e !y mu/4#d ,9 ! behavi\r ( ! ,aleut1 :o is ba%ful if caught do+ any?+ unusual among 8 p1#e & 9 ! av]age ,european's dread ( appe>+ s+ul>1 we recognise ! influ5ce ( ! same =ce ( habit4 ,footnote #a3 ,tuck]1 ,light ( ,nature1 ii4 #eic4 ,cf4 also ,simmel1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft1 i4 #fe sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,sully1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bhj sq4 ,footnote #c3 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #d3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #efi4 ,footnote #e3 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cif4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t n e public habit is a cu/om1 involv+ an obligation2 c]ta9 practices1 ?\gh v g5]al 9 a society1 may ev5 be reprobat$ by almo/ e "o ( its memb]s4 ,! habits ( a p mu/ !re=e be h&l$ ) discretion by ! /ud5t ( moral ideas4 ,yet :5 he has no reason to conclude z to "s special habit t x is held obligatory1 he may1 probably always1 be sure t x is ei!r all[$1 or1 9 spite ( all assurances ( its wick$ness1 t ! disapproval ( x is n g5]ally v deep or g5u9e4 ,9 a community :]e ly+ is a #afj prevail+ vice1 tru?fulness _c be reg>d$ z a v sacr$ duty2 & :]e sexual immorality is widely spread1 ! public condemnation ( x always smacks ( hypocrisy4 ,m5's /&>d ( morality is n indep5d5t ( _! practice4 ,! consci5ce ( a community foll[s ! same rule z ! consci5ce ( an individual4 ,commit a s9 twice1 says ! ,talmud1 & y w ?9k x p]fectly all[able4#f ,h5ce = ! /udy ( ! inmo/ convictions ( a nation1 its bad habits =m a valuable complem5t to its pr(ess$ op9ions4 ,footnote #f3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eh4 ,! dictates ( cu/om be+ dictates ( morality1 x is obvi\s t ! /udy ( moral ideas w1 to a l>ge ext5t1 be a /udy ( cu/oms4 ,b at ! same "t x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t cu/om nev] cov]s ! :ole field ( morality1 & t ! uncov]$ space gr[s l>g] 9 proportion z ! moral consci\sness develops4 ,be+ a rule ( duty1 cu/om may only indirectly be an expression ( moral approval1 by claim+1 9 c]ta9 cases1 t goodness %\ld be rew>d$4 ,b ev5 :5 dem&+ praise1 cu/om is n always a reliable expon5t ( m]it2 x includes polit5ess1 & polit5ess is a great deceiv]4 ,cu/om may compel u to praise a man = =m's sake1 :5 he des]ves no praise1 & to ?ank him :5 he des]ves no ?anks4 ,moreov]1 cu/om regulates ext]nal conduct only4 ,x tol]ates all k9ds ( volitions & op9ions if n op5ly express$4 ,x does n condemn ! h]etical m9d1 b ! h]etical act4 ,x dem&s t "u c]ta9 circum/ances c]ta9 actions %all be ei!r p]=m$ or omitt$1 &1 provid$ t ?is dem& is fulfill$1 x takes no notice ( ! motive ( ! ag5t or omitt]4 ,aga91 9 case ! c\rse ( conduct prescrib$ by cu/om is n obs]v$1 ! m5tal facts connect$ ) ! transgression1 if reg>d$ at all1 are dealt ) 9 a r\gh & ready mann]1 accord+ to g5]al rules :i* h>dly admit ( individualisation4 ,yet ! incongruity betwe5 cu/om & morality :i* ensues f ^! circum/ances is on #afa ! :ole m app>5t ?an real4 ,x is r an incongruity betwe5 diff]5t moral /&>ds4 ,! unreflect+ moral consci\sness1 l cu/om1 c>es comp>atively little = ! int]nal aspect ( conduct4 ,x does n ask :e!r a man goes to *ur* on ,sunday f a religi\s motive or f fe> ( public op9ion2 x does n ask :e!r he /ays at home f love ( ease or f diss5t ( belief & avoidance ( hypocrisy4 ,x is ready to blame z soon z ! dictate ( cu/om is disobey$4 ,! rule ( cu/om is ! rule ( duty at e>ly /ages ( developm5t4 ,only progress 9 culture less5s its sway4 ,f9ally1 ! moral ideas :i* are express$ 9 ! cu/oms ( a c]ta9 circle ( m5 are n necess>ily %>$ by e "o ( its memb]s4 ,?is may1 9 ! pres5t connection1 be consid]$ a matt] ( slight importance by him :o reg>ds morality z objectively realis$ 9 ! cu/oms ( a p1 & :o d5ies ! individual ! "r to a private consci5ce4 ,b f ! subjective po9t ( view :i* ,i am v9dicat+1 individual conviction has a claim to equal consid]ation ) public op9ion1 nay frequ5tly1 to high] respect1 repres5t+ z x does 9 _m cases a high] morality1 a moral /&>d m purifi$ by reflection & imp>tiality4 ,at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation1 h[ev]1 :]e a man is l$ by 8 feel+s m ?an by 8 ?\ghts1 su* a diff]5tiation ( moral ideas h>dly occurs4 ,! op9ions ( ! _m are ! op9ions ( all1 & ! cu/oms ( a society are recognis$ z rules ( duty by all its memb]s4 ,9 primitive society cu/om /&s = law1 & ev5 :]e social organisation has made "s progress x may /ill rema9 ! sole rule = conduct4#g ,! au?ority ( #afb a *ief does n necess>ily involve a p[] to make laws4 ,ev5 k+s :o are describ$ z autocrats may be z mu* ti$ by cu/om z is any ( _! subjects4 ,footnote #g3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agj4 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cha 7,tuski74 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 p4 #ie4 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry1 p4 #aja sq4 ,hold51 ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,kaffir ,races1 p4 #ccf4 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #af4 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #ci4 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #aje 7,arru ,isl&]s74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #dgc 7,timorese74 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #ea 7,manipuris74 ,rockhill1 ,l& ( ! ,lamas1 p4 #bbj 7,ea/]n ,tibetans74 ,! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra d n ackn[l$ge a "r 9 ! *iefs to con/itute :at laws !y ?9k prop]1 or to repeal or alt] _! anci5t usages1 ( :i* !y are extremely t5aci\s & jeal\s4 ,!re is no ^w 9 _! language :i* signifies law1 & ! *iefs1 9 pron\nc+ _! decisions are n he>d to say1 ,s ! law directs1 b1 ,su* is ! cu/om4#h ,accord+ to ,ellis1 ! v5]ation ( ! ,malagasy = ! cu/oms d]iv$ f tradition1 or any acc\nts ( _! ance/ors 4 4 4 influ5ces bo? _! public & private habits2 & ^u no individual is x m imp]ative ?an ^u _! mon>*1 :o1 absolute z he is 9 o!r respects1 wants ei!r ! w or ! p[] to break ?r\gh ! long-e/abli%$ regulations ( a sup]/iti\s p4#i ,! k+ ( ,a%anti1 al?\gh repres5t$ z a despotic mon>*1 is nev]!less "u an obligation to obs]ve ! national cu/oms :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to ! p f remote antiquity1 & a practical disreg>d ( ?is obligation1 9 ! attempt to *ange "s ( ! old cu/oms1 co/ "o ( ! k+s 8 ?rone4#aj ,! ,africans1 says ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade1 ) special ref]5ce to ,dahomey1 h sometimes _! enlight5$ k+s1 z ! old b>b>ians _h _! sages & _! prie/s4 ,b x is seldom 9 ! p[] ( ! heads ( a p to alt] ^? cu/oms :i* h be5 held sacr$ f "t immemorial4#aa ,! ,basutos1 among :om ! *iefs h ! "r ( mak+ laws & publi%+ regulations requir$ by ! necessities ( ! times1 reg>d su* laws1 or molaos1 z inf]ior to ! mekhoas1 ! use & wont1 :i* con/itute ! real laws ( ! c\ntry4#ab ,among ! anci5t ,iri%1 !re 0 no sov]eign au?ority compet5t to enact a new law1 ! function ( ! k+ be+ m]ely1 z *ief ( ! tribal assembly1 to see t ! prop] cu/oms 7 obs]v$4#ac ,footnote #h3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #i3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cei4 ,footnote #aj3 ,bee*am1 ,a%antee & ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #ij sq4 ,cf4 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika1 p4 #ebc 7,a-lur74 ,footnote #aa3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #eb sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 p4 lxxxvi4 sq4 ,*]ry1 ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #cc4 #afc ,9 competition ) law1 cu/om frequ5tly c>ries ! day4 ,9 ,india1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 cu/om has always be5 to a great ext5t sup]ior to ! writt5 law4#ad ,9 ! ,ramnad case1 ! ,judicial ,committee expressly decl>$ t1 "u ! ,h9du sy/em ( law1 cle> pro( ( usage w outweigh ! writt5 text ( ! law4#ae ,x 0 also a maxim ( ! ,roman juri/s t laws may be abrogat$ by desuetude or contr>y usage2#af & 9 mod]n times ! same doctr9e is act$ ^u 9 ,scotl&4#ag ,moreov]1 :5 a cu/om _c abrogate ! law1 x may /ill h a p>alys+ influ5ce on its execution4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( ,european nations1 a man :o has kill$ ano!r 9 a duel is to be treat$ z a homicide2 yet :]ev] ! duel exi/s z a cu/om1 ! law aga9/ x is ineffective4 ,s x is on ! ,cont95t1 & s x 0 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 a well-in=m$ writ] c\ld affirm t he _h n f\nd any case ( an actual execution 9 ,engl& 9 consequ5ce ( a duel fairly f\ght4#ah ,9 ?is in/ance ! ineffectiv5ess ( ! law is ow+ to ! fact t ! law has n be5 able to aboli% an old cu/om4 ,b ! sup]iority ( cu/om also %[s itself 9 cases :]e ! law itself is gett+ antiquat$1 & a new cu/om1 en=c$ by public op9ion1 spr+s up 9 opposition to x4 ,?us1 contr>y to law & e>li] usage1 x is n[adays ! cu/om ( c]ta9 ,european c\ntries t a s5t5ce ( dea? is n c>ri$ into execution4 ,ev5 bad habits t5d to weak5 ! au?ority ( ! law4 ,probably ! two mo/ prom95t civil vices ( ! ,*9ese are brib]y & gambl+4 ,aga9/ bo? ^! vices _! p5al code speaks ) no unc]ta9 s\nd2 & yet1 accord+ to #afd ,pr(essor ,d\glas1 x is no exagg]ation to say t if ! law 7 en=c$1 x w\ld make a clean sweep ( n9ety-n9e ( e hundr$ (ficials 9 ! empire4#ai ,o!r illu/rations ( ! same pr9ciple may be f\nd mu* ne>] home4 ,footnote #ad3 ,burnell1 quot$ by ,nelson1 ,view ( ! ,h9du ,law1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,mayne1 ,treatise on ,h9du ,law & ,usage1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #af3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #b4 #aa4 ,dige/a1 i4 #c4 #cb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,mack5zie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #ah3 ,quot$ by ,bosquett1 ,treatise on ,duell+1 p4 #hj4 ,cf4 ,a ,%ort ,treatise ^u ! ,propriety & ,necessity ( ,duell+1 pr9t$ at ,ba? 9 #aggi4 ,9 #ahjh1 h[ev]1 ,major ,campbell 0 s5t5c$ to dea? & execut$ = kill+ ,capta9 ,boyd 9 a duel 7,/orr1 ',duel1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vii4 #ead74 ,footnote #ai3 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #hb4 ,cu/om has prov$ /rong] ?an law & religion comb9$4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton writes ( ! ,b$\9s1 ,?\gh ! reveal$ law ( ! ,koran1 be+ insuffici5t = ! ,des]t1 is op5ly disreg>d$1 ! immemorial cu/oms ( ! ,kazi al-,arab 7! ,judge ( ! ,arabs7 =m a sy/em /r+5t 9 ! extreme4#bj ,s1 also1 ! ,turkomans are rul$1 (t5 tyrannis$ ov]1 by a mighty sov]eign1 invisible inde$ to !mselves1 b ^: pres5ce is pla9ly disc]n$ 9 ! ^w deb--cu/om1 usage4 ,our au?ority adds3--,x is v rem>kable h[ little ! ',deb' has suff]$ 9 its /ruggle ( eight c5turies ) ,mahomm$anism4 ,_m usages1 :i* are prohibit$ to ! ,islamite1 & :i* ! ,mollahs make ! object ( viol5t attack1 exi/ 9 all _! anci5t orig9ality4#ba ,footnote #bj3 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah1 ii4 #hg4 ,footnote #ba3 ,vmbry1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 p4 #caj sqq4 ,! laws !mselves1 9 fact1 comm& ob$i5ce m z cu/oms ?an z laws4 ,a rule ( conduct :i*1 f "o po9t ( view1 is a law1 is 9 mo/ cases1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 a cu/om2 =1 z ,hegel rem>ks1 ! valid laws ( a nation1 :5 writt5 & collect$1 d n cease to be cu/oms4#bb ,!re are in/ances ( laws t 7 nev] publi%$1 ! k & adm9i/ration ( :i* belong$ to a privileg$ class1 & :i* nev]!less 7 respect$ & obey$4#bc ,& among ourselves ! ord9>y citiz5 /&s 9 no ne$ ( /udy+ ! laws "u :i* he lives1 cu/om be+ g5]ally ! safe guid+ /> ( 8 conduct4 ,cu/om1 z ,bacon said1 is ! pr9cipal magi/rate ( man's life1#bd or1 z ! anci5ts put x1 ! k+ ( all m54#be ,footnote #bb3 ,hegel1 ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 #baa1 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #bc3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #bd3 ,bacon1 ',essay xxxix4 ,( ,cu/om & ,education1' 9 ,essays1 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #be3 ,h]odotus1 iii4 #ch4 #afe ,_m laws 7 cu/oms be=e !y became laws4 ,anci5t cu/oms lie at ! f\ndation ( all ,aryan law-books4 ,mr4 ,mayne is ( op9ion t ,h9du law is bas$ ^u cu/oms :i* exi/$ ev5 prior to & indep5d5t ( ,brahmanism4#bf ,! ,greek ^w ,greek3 no_/mos means bo? cu/om & law1 & ?is comb9ation ( mean+s 0 n ow+ to pov]ty ( language1 b to ! deep-root$ idea ( ! ,greek p t law is1 & ought to be1 no?+ m & no?+ less ?an ! outcome ( national cu/om4#bg ,a great "p ( ! ,roman law 0 f\nd$ on ! mores majorum2 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian1 x is expressly said t long prevail+ cu/oms1 be+ sanction$ by ! cons5t ( ^? :o use !m1 assume ! nature ( ,laws4#bh ,! case 0 simil> ) ! anci5t laws ( ! ,teutons & ,iri%4#bi ,footnote #bf3 ,mayne1 op4 cit4 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ziegl]1 ,social ,e?ics1 p4 #cj4 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #bja4 ,footnote #bh3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #b4 #i4 ,footnote #bi3 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #aha4 ,! trans=mation ( cu/oms into laws 0 n a m]e c]emony4 ,law1 l cu/om1 is a rule ( conduct1 b1 :ile cu/om is e/abli%$ by usage & obta9s1 9 a m or less indef9ite way1 its b9d+ =ce f public op9ion1 a law orig9ates 9 a def9ite legislative act1 be+ set1 z ,au/9 says1 by a sov]eign p]son1 or a sov]eign body ( p]sons1 to a p]son or p]sons 9 a /ate ( subjection to its au?or4#cj ,by becom+ laws1 !n1 ! cu/oms 7 expressly =mulat$1 & 7 en=c$ by a m def9ite sanction4 ,x seems t ! process 9 "q arose bo? f consid]ations ( social utility & f a s5se ( ju/ice4 ,cic]o obs]ves t x 0 = ! sake ( equity t laws 7 inv5t$1 :i* p]petually spoke to all m5 ) "o & ! same voice4#ca ,f ^! po9ts ( view x 0 nei!r necess>y nor desirable t m ?an a limit$ set ( cu/oms %\ld pass into laws4 ,!re are cu/oms :i* are too indef9ite to assume ! /]eotyp$ %ape ( law4#cb ,!re are o!rs1 ! brea* #aff ( :i* excites too little public indignation1 or :i* are ( too little importance = ! public welf>e1 to be prop] objects ( legislation4 ,& !re are o!rs :i* may be said to exi/ unconsci\sly1 t is1 :i* are univ]sally obs]v$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & :i*1 nev] be+ transgress$1 are nev] ?\ght (4 ,footnote #cj3 ,au/91 ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 i4 #hg1 #aha1 c4 ,footnote #ca3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 v4 #aj4 #f4 ,laws :i* are bas$ on cu/oms naturally express moral ideas preval5t at ! "t :5 !y are e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh /ill 9 exi/5ce1 !y are n necess>ily fai?ful repres5tatives ( ! ideas ( a lat] age4 ,law may be ev5 m cons]vative ?an cu/om4 ,?\gh ! latt] ex]cises a v pres]vative influ5ce on public op9ion1 x eo ipso *anges :5 public op9ion *anges4 ,ev5 among savages1 9 spite ( _! extreme reg>d = ! cu/oms ( _! ance/ors1 x is q possible = *anges to be introduc$2 ! traditions ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian ,arunta1 = in/ance1 indicate _! own recognition ( ! fact t cu/oms h v>i$ f "t to "t4#cc ,b ! legal =m gives to an anci5t cu/om su* a fixity z to enable x to survive1 z a law1 ! *ange ( public op9ion & ! introduction ( a new cu/om4 ,9 all progressive societies1 z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e obs]ves1 social necessities & social op9ion are always m or less 9 advance ( law4 ,we may come indef9itely ne> to ! clos+ ( ! gap betwe5 !m1 b x has a p]petual t5d5cy to re-op54#cd ,footnote #cc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ab sqq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bd4 ,! moral ideas ( a p are less ext5sively repres5t$ 9 its laws ?an 9 its cu/oms4 ,?is is a coroll>y ( ! fact t !re are always a great numb] ( cu/oms :i* nev] become laws4 ,moreov]1 :il/ law1 l cu/om1 directly expresses only :at is obligatory1 x h>dly ev] deals ) m]it1 ev5 indirectly4 ,! ,*9ese h a me?od ( rew>d+ & commemorat+ m]itori\s & virtu\s subjects by erect+ gates 9 _! hon\r1 & conf]r+ ^u !m m>ks ( public di/9ction2#ce #afg & ! ,japanese & ,coreans aw>d prizes 9 ! =m ( money or silv] cups or monum5tal columns to signal exempl>s ( filial piety1 argu+ t1 if ! law puni%es crime1 x ought also to rew>d virtue4#cf ,9 ,europe we h titles & hon\rs1 p5sions = di/+ui%$ s]vice1 & ! l2 b ! di/ribution ( !m is n regulat$ by law1 & has (t5 little to d ) morality4 ,footnote #ce3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gfi1 #ghi sq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bcf4 ,law1 l cu/om1 only deals ) ov]t acts1 or omissions1 & c>es no?+ = ! m5tal side ( conduct1 unless ! law be transgress$4 ,yet1 z w be se5 subsequ5tly1 ?\gh ?is con/itutes an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 law & ! enlight5$ moral consci\sness1 x ?r[s consid]able light on ! moral judgm5ts ( ! unreflect+ m9d4 ,be+ a g5]al1 & at ! same "t a /rictly def9$1 rule ( conduct1 a law c ev5 less ?an a cu/om make special provision = e case s z to satisfy ! dem& ( ju/ice4 ,?is disadvantage1 h[ev]1 0 h>dly felt 9 e>ly p]iods ( legislation1 :5 little acc\nt 0 tak5 ( :at 0 beh9d ! ov]t act2 & at lat] /ages ( developm5t1 ! difficulty 0 ov]come by leav+ great] discretion to ! judge4 ,! hi/ory ( legal puni%m5ts 9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 %[s a *ange f a sy/em :i*1 except 9 cases ( misdemean\r1 left no discretion at all to judges1 to a sy/em "u :i* unlimit$ discretion is left to !m 9 all cases except ^? :i* are /ill liable to capital puni%m5t--practically1 high treason & murd]4#cg ,! /udy ( law1 !n1 mu/ = our purpose be supplem5t$ by ! /udy ( judicial practice4 ,footnote #cg3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #hg4 ,laws :i* repres5t public op9ion are no m ?an cu/oms safe expon5ts ( ! moral ideas held by p>ticul> memb]s ( ! society4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 !re are cases 9 :i* a law1 unlike a cu/om1 may express ! ideas1 or simply ! w1 ( a few1 or ev5 ( #afh a s+le individual1 t is1 ( ! sov]eign p[] only4 ,x is obvi\s t laws impos$ ^u a b>b>\s p by civilis$ legislators may diff] widely f ! p's own ideas ( "r & wrong4 ,= in/ance1 :5 /udy+ ! moral s5tim5ts ( ! ,teutonic peoples f _! e>ly law-books1 we mu/ c>efully set aside all elem5ts ( ,roman or ,*ri/ian orig94 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! moral consci\sness ( a p may gradually be br\ght into h>mony ) a law orig9ally =eign to x4 ,if ! law is 9 advance ( public op9ion--z ,roman law und\bt$ly 0 9 ,teutonic c\ntries--x may raise ! views ( ! p up to its own /&>d by awak+ 9 !m dormant s5tim5ts1 or by tea*+ !m great] discrim9ation 9 _! judgm5ts4 ,&1 z has be5 already notic$1 :at is =bidd5 & puni%$ may1 = ! v reason t x is s1 come to be reg>d$ z wrong & wor?y ( puni%m5t4 ,f9ally1 a law may enjo9 or =bid acts :i* by !mselves are reg>d$ z indiff]5t f a moral po9t ( view4 ,?is is1 = in/ance1 ! case ) ! laws :i* require m>riages to be celebrat$ at c]ta9 times & places only1 & :i* =bid ! cultivation ( tobacco 9 ,engl&4 ,juri/s divide crimes into mala 9 se & mala quia prohibita4 ,! =m] w\ld be wrong ev5 if !y 7 n prohibit$ by law1 ! latt] are wrong only because !y are illegal4 ,a law expresses a rule ( duty by mak+ an act or omission :i* is reg>d$ z wrong a crime1 t is1 by =bidd+ x "u pa9 ( puni%m5t4 ,law does n 9 all cases directly ?reat5#ch ) puni%m5t--,i say directly1 s9ce all law is co]cive1 & all co]cion at "s /age involves ! possibility ( puni%m5t4#ci ,sanctions1 or ! consequ5ces by :i* ! sov]eign political au?ority ?reat5s to en=ce ! laws set by x1 may #afi h 9 view ei!r ! indemnification ( ! injur$ p>ty1 or ! suff]+ ( ! injur]4 ,9 ! latt] case ! sanctions are call$ puni%m5ts4 ,b1 ?\gh highly important1 ! di/9ction betwe5 indemnification & puni%m5t is n absolute4 ,a p]son :o causes h>m to ano!r w\ld h>dly h to pay damages unless "s k9d ( guilt or quasi-guilt 7 imput$ to him2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 puni%m5t may actually consi/ 9 ! damages he has to pay4 ,moreov]1 ! suff]+ involv$ 9 puni%m5t mu/ be reg>d$ z a k9d ( indemnification 9 s f> z x is int5d$ to gratify ! injur$ p>ty's crav+ = rev5ge4 ,! pleasure ( v5geance1 says ,b5?am1 is a ga92 x calls to m9d ,samson's riddle--x is sweet com+ out ( ! t]rible1 x is honey dropp+ f ! lion's m\?4#dj ,9 cases :]e ! injur$ p>ty is all[$ to decide :e!r ! injur] %all be puni%$ or n1 or :at puni%m5t 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 %all be inflict$ ^u him1 x is obvi\s t puni%m5t is l>gely look$ ^u z a means ( indemnification4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t su* a privilege is grant$ to ! injur$ p>ty indicates ! exi/5ce ( "s degree ( sympa!tic res5tm5t 9 ! public4 ,puni%m5t1 9 all its =ms1 is ess5tially an expression ( indignation 9 ! society :i* inflicts x4#da ,h5ce x is ( extreme importance = ! /udy ( moral ideas1 & calls = our c>eful consid]ation4 ,footnote #ch3 ,n e sov]eign c make sure ( en=c+ 8 comm&s2 & sometimes laws are made )\t ev5 any great int5tion ( en=c+ !m 7,pollock1 ,essays 9 ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics1 p4 #i sq474 ,footnote #ci3 ,cf4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #b4 ,footnote #dj3 ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #da3 ,die ,missbilligung i/ das ,wes5tli*e all] ,/rafe 7von ,b>1 ,die ,grundlag5 des ,/rafre*ts1 p4 #d74 ,la pe9e consi/e dans une raction passionnelle d'int5sit gradue 7,durkheim1 ,division du travail social1 p4 #if74 ,by puni%m5t ,i d n und]/& "h e suff]+ inflict$ ^u an (f5d] 9 consequ5ce ( 8 (f5ce1 b only su* suff]+ z is inflict$ ^u him 9 a def9ite way by1 or 9 ! "n (1 ! society ( :i* he is a p]man5t or tempor>y memb]4 ,?is def9ition holds good :atev] may be ! op9ion ab\t ! f9al object ( puni%m5t4 ,:e!r its purpose is1 or is suppos$ to be1 ei!r re=mation1 or det]m5t1 or retribution1 its imm$iate aim is always to cause suff]+4 #agj ,we %\ld n call x puni%m5t if ! re=mation ( ! crim9al 7 attempt$1 say1 by means ( hypnotism4 ,x is a common op9ion t puni%m5t1 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 is a social in/itution ( comp>atively mod]n orig91 :i* has sprung f1 & gradually sup]s$$1 ! e>li] cu/om ( individual or family rev5ge4 ,?is op9ion may seem plausible to ! /ud5t ( ,european & ,ea/]n law1 b1 z we %all see1 ! e>ly hi/ory ( civilis$ races is apt to give a some:at errone\s idea ( ! evolution ( puni%m5t4 ,ev5 among savages public indignation frequ5tly assumes t def9ite %ape :i* con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 puni%m5t & m]e condemnation4#db ,footnote #db3 ,see ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #cbg sqq42 ,mak>ewicz1 volution de la pe9e1 passim4 ,savage puni%m5t sometimes simply consi/s 9 publicly putt+ ! (f5d] to %ame4 ,9 ,gre5l& ! c\rts ( ju/ice 7 ! public assemblies1 :i* at ! same "t suppli$ ! national sports & ent]ta9m5ts4 ,"h ni?-songs 7 us$ = settl+ all sorts ( crimes or brea*es ( public ord] or cu/om1 ) ! exception ( ^? :i* c\ld only be expiat$ by dea?2 by means ( cutt+ cap]s & s++1 ! (f5d] 0 told ( 8 faults1 & ! opposite virtues 7 prais$ to all :o 7 pres5t4#dc ,! same in/itution is f\nd1 ) only incid5tal diff]5ces1 among sev]al o!r tribes )9 & beyond ! ,arctic circle4#dd ,&1 kn[+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ^! peoples1 we may assume t ! puni%m5t 9 "q is by no means l5i5t4 ,9 ,gre5l& x n[ & !n happ5s t "s "o or o!r1 w\nd$1 p]haps1 by a s+le ^w f "o ( 8 k9sfolk1 runs away to ! m\nta9s1 & is lo/ = sev]al days at lea/4#de ,& ,adair1 speak+ ( ! public je/+ by :i* ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians us$ to puni% "y p :o 7 guilty ( petty crimes1 says t !y w\ld soon] die by torture1 ?an r5ew _! %ame by repeat+ ! actions4#df ,footnote #dc3 ,r9k1 ,eskimo ,tribes1 p4 #bd sq4 ,idem1 ,gre5l&1 pp4 #ada1 #aej4 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #afe sq4 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,kane1 ,arctic ,explorations1 ii4 #abh sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bfg sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #dbi sq4 #aga ,9 o!r in/ances ! community z a :ole expresses its indignation by inflict+ suff]+ ( a m mat]ial k9d ^u ! culprit4 ,9 c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes1 :5 a native = any transgression incurs ! displeasure ( 8 tribe1 cu/om compels him to /& puni%m5t1 z x is call$2 t is1 he /&s ) a %ield at a fair di/ance1 :ile ! :ole tribe1 ei!r simultane\sly or 9 rapid succession1 ca/ _! spe>s at him4 ,_! exp]tness g5]ally enables ^? :o are expos$ to ?is trial to escape )\t s]i\s injury1 ?\gh in/ances ( a fatal result occasionally occur2 h[ev]1 !re is a c]ta9 propriety ev5 9 ?is extraord9>y puni%m5t1 z ! accuracy & =ce ) :i* ! weapons are ?r[n w dep5d v mu* on ! op9ion ent]ta9$ ( ! enormity ( ! (f5ce4#dg ,among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& aborig9es1 ?\gh ea* individual1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 c d :at he pleases1 he has to reckon n only ) ! p>ticul> p]son injur$1 or 8 relatives1 b also1 9 "s cases1 ) ! :ole camp collectively4 ,?us ! camp z a body1 z a camp c\ncil1 w take ^u itself to mete out puni%m5t 9 crimes ( murd]1 ince/1 or ! promiscu\s use ( fight+-implem5ts )9 ! prec9cts ( ! camp+-gr\nd3 dea?1 & probably ! digg+ ( 8 own grave1 awaits ! del9qu5t 9 ! =m] case1 :ile 'crippl+1' g5]ally ) knives1 con/itutes ! p5alty = a violation ( ! latt]4 ,aga91 if a woman makes h]self obnoxi\s 9 ! camp1 especially to ! female portion ( x1 %e is liable to be set ^u & hamm]$ by h] fell[-si/]s collectively1 ! m5 on su* occasions n int]f]+4#dh ,among ! ,bang]ang tribe ( ,victoria1 any "o :o _h suff]$ a wrong compla9$ ( x1 if at all1 at night al\d to ! camp1 :i* 0 sil5t & att5tive4 ,!n ! accus$ 0 he>d4 ,aft]w>ds ^? :o *ose1 m5 or wom51 express$ _! views on ! subject2 & if g5]al op9ion pron\nc$ ! grievance a good "o1 ! accus$ accept$ ! p5alty sanction$ by cu/om4#di ,among v>i\s tribes 9 ,we/]n ,victoria1 %\ld a p]son1 ?r\gh bad conduct1 become a con/ant anxiety & tr\ble #agb to ! tribe1 a consultation is held1 & he is put to dea?4#ej ,among ! ,mpongwe1 if a man murd]s ano!r1 he is put to dea?1 n by ! ne>e/ ( k91 b by ! :ole community1 be+ ei!r dr[n$ or burn$ alive4#ea ,among ! ,hudson ,bay ,eskimo1 :5 a p]son becomes s bad 9 "* t ! community w no long] tol]ate 8 pres5ce he is =bidd5 to ent] ! huts1 p>take ( food1 or hold any int]c\rse ) ! re/4 ,nev]!less1 z long z he ?reat5s no "o's life1 b little att5tion is paid to him4 ,%\ld he be guilty ( a murd]1 sev]al m5 wat* _! opportunity to surprise him & put him to dea?1 usually by /on+4 ,! execution]s make no concealm5t ( _! action & are support$ by public op9ion 9 ! community4#eb ,footnote #dg3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #aad4 ,cf4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #chh2 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #ehf2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bie4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #aci1 #ada4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fa sq4 ,footnote #di3 ,curr1 ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #ej3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #ea3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #eb3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahf4 ,among v>i\s savage peoples expulsion f ! tribe is ! puni%m5t ( p]sons ^: conduct excites great public indignation1 & among o!rs su* p]sons are outlaw$4 ,! ,*ippewyans1 among :om ord] is ma9ta9$ 9 ! tribe solely by public op9ion1 ! *ief hav+ no p[] to puni% crimes1 occasionally expel f ! society individuals ^: conduct is exceptionally bad & ?reat5s ! g5]al peace4#ec ,! ,sali%1 or fla!ad ,indians1 sometimes puni%$ notori\s crim9als by expulsion f ! tribe or b& to :i* !y belong$4#ed ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn1 :il/ prais+ ! ,indians ( ,guiana = _! admirable morality z long z !y rema9 9 a /ate ( nature1 adds t !re are exceptions to ! rule1 & t su* individuals are soon kill$ or driv5 out f _! tribe4#ee ,among ! ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates1 9 extreme cases1 & z ! utmo/ p5alty ( ! law1 ! (f5d] is turn$ out ( ! tribe2#ef & ! same is ! case among ! ,b5i ,mzab4#eg ,9 ! ,scot* ,highl&s1 ev5 to ?is day1 in/ances are common ( public op9ion op]at+ z a puni%m5t1 to ! ext5t ( =c+ individuals into exile4#eh ,!re are cases report$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! savage _w ( bani%m5t be+ inflict$ z a puni%m5t = sexual #agc (f5ces2#ei & o!r in/ances ( expulsion are m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,/e9metz4#fj ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 expulsion is to be reg>d$ r z a means ( ridd+ ! community f a pollution1 ?an z a puni%m5t 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4#fa ,footnote #ec3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #bf sq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #ee3 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #ef3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,*avanne1 ,sah>a1 p4 #cae4 ,tri/ram1 ,great ,sah>a1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #eh3 ,/ew>t1 ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&1 p4 #chj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #fa sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 ii4 *4 #e4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see infra1 on ,homicide4 ,ne>ly relat$ to ! puni%m5t ( expulsion is t ( outlawry4 ,von ,wr$e /ates t ! ,b$\9s ( ,h4adhramaut give a respite ( ?ree days to ! bani%$ man1 & t aft] ! lapse ( ?is p]iod e memb] ( ! tribe is all[$ to kill him4#fb ,among ! ,wy&ots ! l[e/ grade ( outlawry consi/s 9 a decl>ation t1 if ! (f5d] %all cont9ue 9 ! commission ( crimes simil> to t ( :i* he has be5 guilty1 x w be lawful = any p]son to kill him1 :il/ outlawry ( ! highe/ degree makes x ! duty ( any memb] ( ! tribe :o may meet ) ! (f5d] to kill him4#fc ,among ! anci5t ,teutons1 also1 outlawry 0 orig9ally a decl>ation ( w> by ! commonweal? aga9/ an (f5d+ memb]1 & became only lat] on a regul> means ( compell+ submission to ! au?ority ( ! c\rts4#fd ,footnote #fb3 von ,wr$e1 ,reise 9 ,h4adhramaut1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #fc3 ,p[ell1 ',wy&ot ,gov]nm5t1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #fh4 ,footnote #fd3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i4 i4 #di4 ,mo/ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 puni%m5t is inflict$ ^u ! culprit1 n by ! :ole ( ! community1 b by "s p]son or p]sons inve/$ ) judicial au?ority4 ,inde$1 x is n only civilis$ races :o h judges & c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,among savages & b>b>ians ju/ice is v frequ5tly adm9i/]$ by a c\ncil ( eld]s or by a *ief4#fe ,ev5 p ( s l[ a type z ! ,au/ralian aborig9es h _! tribunals4 ,footnote #fe3 ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #aeb 7,aleuts74 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #ccj4 ,p[ell1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #fc1 #ff sq4 7,wy&ots74 ,idem1 ',sociology1' 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4,s4 i4 #gjf 7,nor? ,am]ican tribes74 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4 #bgg 7,creeks74 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #hh 7,brazilian ,indians74 ,cook1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #da 7,tahitians74 ,li/]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxi4 #ed 7,b[dit* ,isl&]s74 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #cde 7,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,hunt1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #f 7,murray ,isl&]s74 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #ddh2 ,s5fft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ddh2 ,kub>y1 ',die ,ebongruppe im ,m>%all's ,ar*ipel1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 i4 #cg 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,idem1 ,e?nographis*e ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,k>ol9is*5 ,inselgruppe1 p4 #gc sqq42 ,idem1 ',die ,palau-,inseln1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #db 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y1 iii4 #bjh 7,c>ol9e ,isl&]s74 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ajg 7,tagbanuas ( ,palawan74 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bag 7,rejangs74 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #baa 7,bataks74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #bdc 7,kubus ( ,sumatra74 ,man1 ,son?alia1 p4 #hh sq4 ,coop]1 ,mi%mee ,hills1 p4 #bch4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hc 7,k&hs74 ,/ew>t1 9 ,j\r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fji1 #fbj 7,nagas1 ,old ,kukis74 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #de 7,kukis74 ,=sy?1 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india1 p4 #cfa 7,bygs74 ,%ortt1 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 vii4 #bda 7,todas74 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bgh2 von ,siebold1 ,die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #cd4 ,f ,africa a great numb] ( in/ances might be quot$1 e4g43--,na*tigal1 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 i4 #ddi 7,t$74 ,pe!rick1 ,egypt1 ! ,s\dan1 & ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #cbj 7,n\a] tribes74 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco1 p4 #gg 7,%illuk74 ,la+1 ,travels 9 ! ,timannee1 c4 ,c\ntries1 p4 #cfe 7,soolimas74 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #ae sq4 7,m&+oes74 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bb 7,bakwiri74 ,ibid4 p4 #dg 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,telli]1 ibid4 p4 #age 7,kreis ,kita1 9 ! ,fr5* ,s\dan74 ,bosman1 ,new ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #cca 7,negroes ( ,fida74 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 p4 #aeh1 #afc 7,akkas1 ,mambettu74 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,africa1 p4 #ebc 7,a-lur74 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hi 7,wanyoro74 ,bask]ville1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aic 7,wag&a74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bad 7,wagogo74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bec sqq4 7,wa%ambala74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgi sq4 7,msalala74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 pp4 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #dhg 7,b>otse1 ,wakamba74 ,junod1 ,les ,ba-,ronga1 p4 #aee sq4 ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 ii4 #id 7,wanika74 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #cai 7,m>utse74 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #caf 7,h]]o74 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aig 7,ovambo74 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cdj 7,ondonga74 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #hf1 #big 7,hott5tots74 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #ccc 7,be*uanas74 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbf4 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 pp4 #ce1 #aaj4 ,hold51 ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,kaffir ,races1 pp4 #ccc1 #ccf4 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #ii sq4 #agd ,speak+ ( ! native tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve3--,%\ld any man break ?r\gh ! /rict m>riage laws1 x is n only an 'imp]sonal p[]' :i* he has to deal )4 ,! head m5 ( ! gr\p or gr\ps conc]n$ consult toge!r ) ! eld] m51 &1 if ! (f5d]1 aft] long consultation1 be adjudg$ guilty & ! det]m9ation be arriv$ at t he is to be put to dea?--a by no means purely hypo!tical case--!n ! same eld] m5 make arrangem5ts to c>ry ! s5t5ce out1 & a p>ty1 :i* is call$ an in9ja1 is organis$ = ! purpose4#ff ,we he> ( simil> c\ncils f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t4 ,9 8 description ( ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,dr4 ,fras] /ates1 ,! ,au/ralian c\ncil ( old & exp]i5c$ m5--?is aborig9al s5ate & wit5agemot--has ! p[] to decree puni%m5t = tribal (f5ces4 ,! *iefs sit z magi/rates to decide all cases :i* are br\ght be=e !m1 su* z ! divulg+ ( sacr$ ?+s1 speak+ to a "m-9-law1 ! adult]y ( a wife2 & !re is ev5 a #age tribal execution]4 ,at ! same "t1 _m grievances are arrang$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! *iefs2 = in/ance1 if a man has be5 f\nd /eal+ f 8 neighb\r1 or two m5 qu>rel ab\t a woman1 a fight ensues1 ! "o or ! o!r gets 8 head brok51 & !re ! matt] ends4#fg ,! ,n>r9y]i h a judgm5t c\ncil ( ! eld]s ( ! clan1 call$ t5di1 :i* is presid$ ov] by ! *ief ( ! clan2 & :5 any memb] ( ! t5di dies1 ! surviv+ memb]s select a suitable man f ! clan to succe$ him4 ,all (f5d]s are br\ght to ?is tribunal = trial4 ,9 cases ( ! slay+ by a p]son or p]sons ( "o clan ( ! memb] ( ano!r clan 9 "t ( peace1 ! fell[-clansm5 ( ! murd]$ man w s5d to ! fri5ds ( ! murd]] & invite !m to br+ him to trial be=e ! unit$ t5dies4 ,if1 aft] full inquiry1 he is f\nd to h committ$ ! crime1 he w be puni%$ accord+ to ! degree ( guilt4#fh ,among ano!r ,au/ralian tribe1 ! ,g\rndit*-m>a1 aga91 ! headman1 ^: (fice 0 h]$it>y1 settl$ all qu>rels & disputes 9 ! tribe4 ,:5 he _h he>d bo? sides1 & _h giv5 8 decision 9 a matt]1 no "o ev] disput$ x4#fi ,footnote #ff3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #fg3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #fh3 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #cd sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #bgg4 ,among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 !n1 we f9d cases 9 :i* puni%m5t is inflict$ by ! :ole community1 & o!r cases 9 :i* x is inflict$ by a tribunal or a *ief4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! latt] sy/em has develop$ out ( ! =m]2 !re are obvi\s in/ances ( transition f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& natives1 = in/ance1 9 cases ( major (f5ces1 su* z murd]1 ince/1 or physical viol5ce1 ! old m5 are only said to influ5ce aborig9al public op9ion4#gj ,x is an inconv5i5t1 & 9 l>g] communities a difficult1 proc$ure = ! :ole gr\p to inflict puni%m5ts 9 common1 h5ce ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice naturally t5ds to pass into ! h&s ( ! lead+ m5 or ! *ief4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( a judicial au?ority )9 ! society may also h a diff]5t orig94 ,v frequ5tly judicial organisation #agf seems to h develop$1 n out ( a previ\s sy/em ( lyn*-law1 b out ( a previ\s sy/em ( private rev5ge4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ada4 ,an act ( individual or family rev5ge is by itself1 ( c\rse1 an expression ( private1 n ( public1 feel+s--( rev5ge1 n ( moral indignation4 ,b ! case is diff]5t ) ! cu/om ( rev5ge4 ,we %all see 9 a foll[+ *apt] t blood-rev5ge is reg>d$ n only z a "r1 b1 v frequ5tly1 z a duty incumb5t ^u ! relatives ( ! sla9 p]son4 ,s1 also1 rev5ge may be deem$ a duty 9 cases :]e !re is no blood-guilt9ess4 ,among ! ,au/ralian ,geawe-gal tribe1 = in/ance1 ! (f5d]1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( 8 (f5ce1 0 to receive "o or m spe>s f m5 :o 7 relatives ( ! deceas$ p]son2 or ! injur$ man himself1 :5 he _h recov]$ /r5g?1 might dis*>ge ! spe>s at ! (f5d]4 ,& our au?ority adds1 ,ob$i5ce to su* laws 0 nev] )held1 b w\ld h be5 en=c$1 )\t d\bt1 if necess>y1 by ! assembl$ tribe4#ga ,! obligatory "* ( rev5ge implies t its omission is disapprov$ (4 ,x is ( c\rse ! man on :om ! duty ( v5geance is incumb5t t is ! imm$iate object ( blame1 :5 ?is duty is omitt$2 & ! blame may p>tly be due to contempt1 especially :5 !re is a suspicion ( c[>dice4 ,b beh9d ! public c5sure !re is obvi\sly a desire to see ! injur] suff]4 ,in/ances may be quot$ 9 :i* ! society actually assi/s ! av5g]1 9 "s way or o!r1 9 atta9+ 8 object4 ,speak+ ( ! ,fuegians1 ,m4 ,hyades obs]ves3--,n\s avons ent5du p>l] d'individus c\pables de meurtre sur leur femme1 p> exemple1 et qui1 p\rsuivis p> t\t un gr\pe de familles1 f9issai5t1 quelquefois un an ou deux aprs leur crime1 p> tomb] s\s les c\ps des p>5ts de la victime4 ,il s'agit l plutt d'un acte de ju/ice que d'une satisfaction de v5geance4 ,n\s devons faire rem>qu] en outre que1 dans ces cas1 le meurtri] e/ ab&onn de t\s1 et qu'il ne peut se s\/raire que p5dant un temps #agg relativem5t assez c\rt au *tim5t qui le m5ace4#gb ,among/ ! ,c5tral ,eskimo1 :o h no puni%m5t = transgressors except ! blood v5geance1 a man has committ$ a murd] or made himself odi\s by o!r outrages1 he may be kill$ by any "o simply z a matt] ( ju/ice4 ,! man :o int5ds to take rev5ge on him mu/ ask 8 c\ntrym5 s+ly if ea* agrees 9 ! op9ion t ! (f5d] is a bad man des]v+ dea?4 ,if all answ] 9 ! affirmative he may kill ! man ?us condemn$1 & no "o is all[$ to rev5ge ! murd]4#gc ,among ! ,gre5l&]s1 9 cases ( extreme atrocity1 ! m5 ( a village h be5 kn[n to make common cause aga9/ a murd]]1 & kill him1 ?\gh x o!rwise is ! bus9ess ( ! ne>e/ relatives to take rev5ge4#gd ,x is also notewor?y t1 among ! crimes :i* 9 savage communities are puni%$ by ! community at l>ge1 ince/ is p>ticul>ly prom95t4 ,! *ief reason = ?is ,i take to be ! abs5ce ( an individual naturally designat$ z ! av5g]4 ,footnote #ga3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #gb3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bdj sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehb4 ,footnote #gd3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #afc4 ,?us public indignation displays itself n only 9 puni%m5t1 b1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ! cu/om ( rev5ge4 ,9 bo? cases ! society desires t ! (f5d] %all suff] = 8 de$4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! cu/om ( rev5ge & puni%m5t is n1 z has be5 (t5 suppos$1 t betwe5 p>5t & *ild4 ,x is a collat]al relation%ip4 ,!y h a common ance/or1 ! feel+ ( public res5tm5t4 ,b :il/ public op9ion dem&s t v5geance %all be exact$ = injuries1 x is also op]ative 9 ano!r way4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases ! res5tm5t may seem to outsid]s to be too weak or too mu* *eck$ by o!r impulses1 x may 9 o!r cases appe> unduly great4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we frequ5tly f9d ! practice ( rev5ge be+ regulat$ by a rule :i* requires equival5ce betwe5 ! injury & ! suff]+ inflict$ 9 return = #agh x4 ,sometimes ?is rule dem&s t only "o life %all be tak5 = "o2#ge sometimes t a dea? %all be av5g$ on a p]son ( ! same rank1 sex1 or age z ! deceas$2#gf sometimes t a murd]] %all die 9 ! same mann] z 8 victim2#gg sometimes t v>i\s k9ds ( injuries %all be retaliat$ by ! infliction ( simil> injuries on ! (f5d]4#gh ,?is /rict equival5ce is n *>act]i/ic ( res5tm5t z su*4#gi ,!re is und\bt$ly a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 ! pa9-/imulus & ! reaction2 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 res5tm5t increases 9 int5sity along ) ! pa9 by :i* x is excit$4 ,! m a p]son feels (f5d$1 ! great] is 8 desire to retaliate by inflict+ c\nt]-pa91 & ! great] is ! pa9 :i* he desires to inflict4 ,b res5tm5t involves no accurate balanc+ ( suff]+ aga9/ suff]+1 h5ce !re may be a cry+ disproportion betwe5 ! act ( rev5ge & ! injury evok+ x4#hj ,z ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne obs]ves1 a rev5geful m9d holds no rule 9 retaliations1 requir+ too (t5 a head = a too?1 & ! supreme rev5ge = trespasses1 :i* a night's re/ %\ld oblit]ate4#ha ,if1 !n1 ! rule ( #agi equival5ce is n sugge/$ by res5tm5t itself1 ?is rule mu/ be due to o!r factors1 :i* int]m+le ) res5tm5t1 & help1 ) x1 to det]m9e ! action4 ,"o ( ^! factors1 ,i believe1 is self-reg>d+ pride1 ! desire to pull d[n ! humiliat+ arrogance ( ! aggressor naturally sugge/+ ! idea ( pay+ him back 9 8 own co92 & x seems probable t ! natural disposition to imitate1 especially 9 cases ( sudd5 ang]1 acts 9 ! same direction4 ,b besides ?is qualitative equival5ce betwe5 injury & retaliation1 ! lex talionis requires1 9 a r\gh way1 quantitative equival5ce1 & ?is dem& has no d\bt a social orig94 ,if ! (f5d] is a p]son ) ^: feel+s m5 are ready to sympa?ise1 _! sympa?y w keep ! desire to see him suff] )9 c]ta9 limits2 & if1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 !y t5d to sympa?ise equally ) bo? p>ties1 ! injur] & ! p]son injur$1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 conf] ^u ^! equal rights1 !y w dem& a retaliation :i* is only equal 9 degree to ! (f5ce4 ,by suff]+ a loss ! (f5d] comp5sates1 z x 71 = ! loss :i* he has inflict$2 & :5 equal reg>d is paid to 8 feel+s & to ^? ( 8 victim1 x is deem$ j t ! loss requir$ ( him z a comp5sation %\ld be equival5t to ! loss = :i* he comp5sates1 any?+ beyond equival5ce be+ reg>d$ z undes]v$ suff]+4 ,if ?is explanation is correct1 ! rule ( equival5ce mu/ orig9ally h be5 re/rict$ to (f5ces )9 ! social gr\p2 =1 accord+ to e>ly cu/om & law1 only memb]s ( ! same society h equal rights4 ,9 speak+ ( ! tit-=-tat sy/em preval5t among ! ,guiana ,indians1 ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn expressly says1 ,( c\rse all ?is ref]s *iefly to ! mutual relations ( memb]s ( ! same tribe4#hb ,& :5 we f9d savages act+ accord+ to ! same pr9ciple 9 _! relations to o!r tribes1 ! reason = ?is may be s\ght p>tly 9 ! /rong hold :i* t pr9ciple has tak5 ( _! m9ds1 & p>tly 9 ! dang]s accompany+ int]tribal rev5ge1 #ahj :i* make x desirable to re/rict x )9 reasonable limits4 ,footnote #ge3 ,krause1 ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #bde sq4 ,macfie1 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #dgj4 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #bac 7,negrito & ,igorrote tribes 9 ! prov9ce ( ,la ,isabela74 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #bab 7,dyaks74 von ,langsdorf1 ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 #acb 7,nukahivans74 ,footnote #gf3 ,jagor1 ,travels 9 ! ,philipp9es1 p4 #bac 7,igorrotes74 ,blum5tritt1 quot$ by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #cgj sq4 7,quianganes ( ,luzon74 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bdc 7,m>ea74 ,koran1 ii4 #agc4 ,footnote #gg3 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #abi 7,brazilian ,indians74 ,wallace1 ,travels on ! ,amazon1 p4 #dii 7,uaups74 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iii4 #bdf 7,dacotahs74 ,/ell]1 ,kamts*atka1 p4 #cee2 ,hickson1 ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nor? ,celebes1 p4 #aih 7,sangirese ( ,manganitu74 ,fras]1 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r ?r\gh ,"p ( ! ,himala ,m\nta9s1 p4 #cci 7,butias74 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cga4 ,munz+]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejb 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 de ,abreu1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 p4 #bg 7aborig9es ( ,f]ro74 ,footnote #gh3 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 p4 #bac sq4 7,guiana ,indians74 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #hf 7,bataks74 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #fg 7,mantetis74 ,munz+]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejb 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #bg 7v>i\s o!r ,african peoples71 de ,abreu1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga 7aborig9es1 ( ,gran ,can>ia74 ,footnote #gi3 ,cf4 ,tissot1 ,le droit pnal1 i4 #bbf2 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 i4 #dja2 ,mak>ewicz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #hj3 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #abh 7,brazilian aborig9es74 ,cald]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #ba 7,tasmanians74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #dgc 7,timorese74 ,s>as91 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #eci 7,v$dahs74 ,jacob1 ,das ,leb5 d] vorislmis*5 ,b$u951 p4 #add sq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,br[ne1 ,*ri/ian ,morals1 iii4 #ab1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #hb3 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 p4 #bad4 ,! regulations to :i* ! practice ( rev5ge is subject1 help u to und]/& ! transition f rev5ge to puni%m5t1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a special judicial au?ority4 ,z long z retaliation is 9 ! h&s ( private individuals1 !re is no gu>antee1 on ! "o h&1 t ! (f5d] w h to suff]1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! act ( retaliation w be suffici5tly discrim9ate4 ,! injur$ p>ty may be too weak1 or o!rwise unable1 to av5ge himself4 ,8 readie/ c\rse1 !n1 is to appeal to ! *ief = help4 ,! *ief1 on 8 "p1 has an int]e/ 9 int]f]+--he may ( c\rse expect a h&some rew>d = 8 assi/ance1#hc--;&1 9 s f> z ! community at l>ge wi%es t ! (f5d] %all suff]1 ! *ief may ev5 be b\nd to int]f]e4 ,?us 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! family or ! fri5ds ( an injur$ p]son--:o 9 cases ( assault or murd] 7 by common cons5t ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ rev5ge--us$ to appeal to ! *ief ( ! di/rict or to ! k+1 :5 !y 7 too weak to attack ! (f5d] !mselves4#hd ,among ! ,wanyoro1 accord+ to ,em9 ,pa%a1 %\ld ! murd]] escape1 ! ne>e/ relatives ( ! murd]$ man apply to ! *ief ( ! tribe to procure ! puni%m5t ( ! culprit4#he ,! ,indians ( ,brazil1 :5 (f5d$1 sometimes br+ _! cause be=e ! *ief2 b !y d x seldom1 s9ce !y consid] x disgraceful = a man n to be able to av5ge himself4#hf ,! judicial au?ority grant$ to ! ,basuto *ief also insures ju/ice to =eign]s1 & to individuals :o1 hav+ no relations1 are depriv$ ( _! natural def5d]s & av5g]s4#hg ,9 anci5t ,greece1 9 e>ly times1 special c>e 0 tak5 by ! ,/ate = ! protection ( ! weak & helpless1 :o o!rwise _h be5 unav5g$4#hh ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! #aha poor & ! weak 7 plac$ "u ! ,k+'s protection2 ! int]v5tion ( royal ju/ice1 z ,du ,boys obs]ves1 app>aissait comme un bi5fait p\r les faibles et un sec\rs p\r les opprims4#hi ,footnote #hc3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #caa4 ,cf4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #afe4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #he3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #hf3 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #acb4 ,footnote #hg3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #hh3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #hi3 9999,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #bcg4 ,:il/ res5tm5t on behalf ( injuries inflict$ ^u p]sons :o are unable to av5ge !mselves has ?us1 to "s ext5t1 contribut$ t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a c5tral judicial & executive au?ority1 ! sympa?y naturally felt = ! object ( an improp] & immod]ate rev5ge und\bt$ly t5d$ to br+ ab\t a simil> result4 ,! same feel+ :i* *eck$ indiscrim9ate rev5ge by e/abli%+ ! rule ( /rict equival5ce1 re/rict$ x once m1 & 9 a m effective way1 by ref]r+ ! case to a judge :o 0 less p>tial1 & m discrim9ate1 ?an ! suff]] himself or 8 fri5ds4 ,speak+ ( ! feuds ( ! ,teutons1 ,kemble rem>ks1 ,sett+ aside ! loss to ! :ole community :i* may arise f private feud1 ! moral s5se ( m5 may be %ock$ by its results3 an individual's own e/imate ( ! satisfaction necess>y to atone = ! injury done to him1 may lead to ! commission ( a wrong on 8 "p1 great] ?an any he ha? suff]$2 nor c ! /rict rule ( 'an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?1' be appli$ :]e ! exaction ( ! p5alty dep5ds ^u ! measure ( =ce betwe5 appellant & def5d]4#ij ,9 ! ,isl& ( ,bali ! judge /eps 9 betwe5 ! prosecutor & ! p]son :om he pursues1 s z to re/ra9 ! indiscrim9ate animosity ( ! "o1 & to det]m9e ! crim9ality ( ! o!r4#ia ,crawfurd1 9 8 acc\nt ( native cu/oms 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 says t ! law ev5 expressly int]dicts all int]f]5ce :5 !re appe>s a "* ( fairness 9 ! qu>rel4#ib ,a ,k>51 we are told1 always ?9ks himself "r 9 tak+ ! law into 8 own h&s1 ?is be+ ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 & he is nev] int]f]$ )1 unless he is guilty ( "s #ahb act contr>y to ,k>5 ideas ( propriety1 :5 ! eld]s & ! villag]s int]f]e & ex]cise a *eck ^u him4#ic ,among ! ,basutos ! au?ority ( ! *ief is /at$ to be suffici5tly respect$ to protect crim9at$ p]sons1 until _! cases h be5 lawfully exam9$4#id ,among ! ,cali=nian ,gall9om]o ! av5g] ( blood has 8 option betwe5 money & ! murd]]'s life2 b he does n seem to be all[$ to wreak on him a p]sonal & irresponsible v5geance1 ! *ief tak+ ! crim9al & execut+ ! puni%m5t4#ie ,footnote #ij3 ,kemble1 ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bfh sq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 ii4 p4 ccxxxvii4 ,footnote #ib3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #abj4 ,footnote #ic3 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 li4 #ade4 ,cf4 ,mac,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay & ,f>!r ,india1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #id3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #agg4 ,besides ! desire t ! (f5d] %all suff] & ! desire t 8 suff]+ %all correspond to 8 guilt1 !re is a ?ird factor ( importance :i* has contribut$ to ! sub/itution ( puni%m5t = rev5ge & to ! rise ( a judicial organisation4 ,= e society x is a matt] ( great consequ5ce t !re %\ld be peace betwe5 its v>i\s memb]s4 ,?\gh ! sy/em ( rev5ge helps to keep d[n crime1#if x also has a t5d5cy to cause di/urbance & de/ruction4 ,any act ( v5geance :i* goes beyond ! limits fix$ by cu/om is apt to call =? retaliation 9 return4 ,among ! ,ossetes1 says ,b>on von ,hax?aus51 if ! retaliation does n exce$ ! orig9al injury ! affair t]m9ates2 b if ! w\nd giv5 is great] ?an ! "o receiv$1 ! feud beg9s afre% f ! o!r side4#ig ,! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge c]ta9ly does n imply t ! av5g] ( unju/ifiable homicide may himself be a prop] object ( retaliation2#ih b 9 ! abs5ce ( a tribunal x may be #ahc no easy ?+ to decide ! "q ( guilt1 &1 besides1 ! dictate ( cu/om may be ov]rul$ by passion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! blood-feud (t5 consi/s ( a :ole s]ies ( murd]s1 ! rev5ge itself call+ =? a new act ( r$ress1 & s on1 until ! /ate or ho/ility may become m or less p]man5t4#ii ,9 ! long run ?is w prove injuri\s bo? to ! families implicat$ 9 ! feud & to society z a :ole1 & "s me?od ( putt+ a /op to ! feud w readily be adopt$4 ,"o su* me?od is to sub/itute ! paym5t ( blood-money = rev5ge2 ano!r is to submit ! cause to an au?ority inve/$ ) judicatory p[]4 ,casalis tells u t ! ,basutos are (t5 he>d to say1 ,if we 7 to rev5ge ourselves1 ! t[n or community w\ld soon be disp]s$2 & he adds t ! in/9ctive fe> ( ! disord]s t might arise f ! ex]cise ( individual law has induc$ !m to all[ ! *ief ( ! tribe a c]ta9 "r ov] ! p]son ( e memb] ( ! community4#ajj ,footnote #if3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #if 7,maori74 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bac1 #ccj 7,guiana ,indians74 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #hd1 sq42 ,blunt1 ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjg2 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #cje sq4 7,b$\9s74 ,kohl1 ,reise na* ,i/ri51 i4 #dji sq4 7,mont5egr9es74 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #fj 7,anglo-,saxons74 ,nord/rm1 ,sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #bbh 7anci5t ,sc&9avians74 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #abe sqq4 ,footnote #ig3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #ih3 ,among ! aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,victoria1 :5 life has be5 tak5 = life1 ! feud is end$ 7,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj74 ,among ! ,gre5l&]s1 if ! victim ( rev5ge be a notori\s (f5d]1 or hat$ = 8 bloody de$s1 or if he h no relations1 ! matt] re/s2 b m frequ5tly ! act ( v5geance co/s ! av5g] himself 8 life 7,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agh74 ,among ! ,b$\9s1 if ! family ( ! man kill$ %\ld 9 rev5ge kill two ( ! homicide's family1 ! latt] retaliate by ! dea? ( "o4 ,if "o only be kill$1 ! affair re/s !re & all is quiet2 b ! qu>rel is soon reviv$ by hatr$ & rev5ge 7,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #hf74 ,9 8 book1 ,das ,leb5 d] vorislmis*5 ,b$u951 ,dr4 ,jacob likewise obs]ves 7p4 #add73--;,irrtmli* i/ die ,ansi*t1 dass ,blut imm] neues ,blut =d]e4 ,0 fr e95 ,getdtet5 e9 ,&]] ers*lag51 s galt die ,sa*e 9 d] ,regel damit fr erl$igt und abgetan4 ,cf4 ,a*elis1 ,mod]ne ,vlk]kunde1 p4 #djg1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ii3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bic4 ,miklosi*4 ',blutra*e bei d5 ,slav51' 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d4 kais]l4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,phil4-hi/4 ,classe1 ,vi5na1 xxxvi4 #acb2 c4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbe4 ,cf4 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bag2 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi sq4 7,rejangs74 ,z may be expect$1 x is only by sl[ degrees t rev5ge has yield$ to puni%m5t1 & ! private av5g] has be5 succe$$ by ! judge & ! public execution] ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,among _m savages ! *ief is said to h no?+ :atev] to d ) jurisdiction4#aja ,among #ahd o!rs he acts m]ely z an advis]1 or is appeal$ to z an arbit]2#ajb or ! injur$ p>ty may *oose betwe5 av5g+ himself & appeal+ to ! *ief = r$ress2#ajc or ! judicial p[] ) :i* ! *ief is inve/$ is /at$ to be m nom9al ?an real4#ajd ,x is also int]e/+ to note t 9 sev]al cases ! injur$ p>ty or ! accus] acts z execution]1 b n z judge4 ,footnote #aja3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #abc 7,potawatomis74 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #bg 7,*ippewyans71 ,c>v]1 ,travels1 p4 #bei 7,naud[essies74 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #afc2 c4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 p4 #cjf sq4 7,%o%ones74 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #de 7,k>ok & ,yurok74 ,dunb>1 ',pawnee ,indians' 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 iv4 #bfa4 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 op4 cit4 p4 #fg 7,mantetis74 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #cjj 7,t%i- & ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,african ,we/ ,coa/74 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 pp4 #fh1 #gj4 ,blunt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcb sq4 7,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates74 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dae 7,ossetes74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #dbi4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #bc4 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #dgc 7,timorese74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,falkn]1 ,description ( ,patagonia1 p4 #abc4 ,&]son1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bca 7,dam>as74 ,?us among "s ,au/ralian tribes1 a man accus$ ( a s]i\s (f5ce gets a mon?'s citation to appe> be=e ! tribunal1 on pa9 ( dea? if he disobeys4 ,if he is f\nd guilty ( a private wrong1 he is pa9t$ :ite1 & made to /& out at fifty paces 9 front ( ! accus] & 8 fri5ds1 all fully arm$4 ,!y ?r[ at him a %[] ( spe>s & 'bum>angs1' f :i* he protects himself ) a light %ield4#aje ,among ! ,aric>a ,indians ( ! ,miss\ri1 :o1 = ! mo/ "p1 puni% murd] ) dea?1 ! ne>e/ relative ( ! murd]$ man 0 deput$ by ! c\ncil to act ! "p ( execution]4#ajf ,) ref]5ce to ! natives ( ,bali1 ,raffles says t 9 ! execution ( ! puni%m5t aw>d$ by ! c\rt !re is ?is peculi>ity1 t ! aggriev$ p>ty or 8 fri5ds are appo9t$ to inflict x4#ajg ,9 "s p>ts ( ,afghani/an1 if ! (f5d$ p>ty compla9s to ! ,sird>1 or if he he>s ( a murd] committ$1 he fir/ endeav\rs to br+ ab\t a compromise1 by (f]+ ! ,khoon ,behau1 or price ( blood2 b if ! injur$ p>ty is inexorable1 ! ,sird> lays ! affair be=e ! ,k+1 :o ord]s ! ,cauzy to try x2 &1 if ! crim9al is convict$1 gives him up to be execut$ by ! relations ( ! deceas$4#ajh ,among ! peoples r\nd ,lake ,nyassa & ,tanganyika & among ! ,bantu tribes g5]ally1 :5 a murd]] is caught & prov$ guilty he is giv5 ov] #ahe to ! relatives ( ! p]son murd]$1 :o h p[] to dispose ( him z !y *oose4#aji ,a simil> practice prevails among ! ,mi%mis1#aaj ,bataks1#aaa & ,kam*adales4#aab ,x 0 also recognis$ by e>ly ,slavonic1#aac ,teutonic1 & ,engli% codes4#aad ,accord+ to ! provisions ( a code grant$ s late z #abca1 by ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,b]t9 to ! t[n ( ,arques1 :5 a man 0 convict$ ( int5tional homicide1 he 0 h&$ ov] to ! family ( ! murd]$ p]son1 to be sla9 by !m4#aae ,footnote #aje3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #dj sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,bradbury1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,am]ica1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,raffles1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 ccxxxvii4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,elph9/one1 ,k+dom ( ,caubul1 ii4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #aji3 ,macdonald1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxii4 #ajh4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,coop]1 ,mi%mee ,hills1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #aaa3 von ,br5n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #aab3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #acg4 ,footnote #aac3 ,maciei[ski1 ,slavis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #abg4 ,footnote #aad3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #afg4 ,lex ,salica1 #fh4 ,laws ( ,cnut1 i4 #ec4 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 lxxi4 #a4 ,footnote #aae3 ,leges vill de ,arkes ab abbate ,s4 ,b]t9i concess1 #bh 7d',a*]y1 ,spicilegium1 iii4 #fjh74 ,b al?\gh1 9 innum]able cases1 puni%m5t & judicial organisation h succe$$ a previ\s sy/em ( rev5ge1 & ?us are products ( social developm5t1 _! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce among a c]ta9 p is no exact index to ! g5]al /ate ( culture :i* t p has atta9$4 ,ev5 among l[ savages we h notic$ in/ances ( puni%m5ts :i* are inflict$ by ! community z a :ole1 z also by special judicial au?orities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are taught by ! hi/ory ( ,european & ,ori5tal nations1 t ! sy/em ( rev5ge is n inconsi/5t ) a comp>atively high degree ( culture4#aaf ,we c n[ see ! reason = ?is app>5t anomaly4 ,9 a small savage community1 all ! memb]s ( :i* are closely unit$ ) ea* o!r1 an injury inflict$ ^u "o is readily felt by all4 ,! case may be diff]5t 9 a ,/ate consi/+ ( loosely-connect$ social compon5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh =m+ a political unity1 h little communication betwe5 !mselves1 & take no int]e/ 9 ea* o!r's private deal+s4 ,&1 :il/ 9 ! small] society public res5tm5t is ?us m easily ar\s$1 su* a society also /&s 9 m urg5t ne$ ( int]nal peace4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see infra1 on ,blood-rev5ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our assumption t puni%m5t is1 9 ! ma91 an expression ( public indignation1 is oppos$ to ano!r !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! *ief object ( puni%m5t1 n only ought to be1 b actually is1 or has be51 #ahf to prev5t crime by det]r+ p f committ+ x4 ,we are ev5 told t puni%m5t1 inflict$ = su* a purpose1 is1 l>gely1 at ! root ( ! moral consci\sness2 t puni%m5t is n ! result ( a s5se ( ju/ice1 b t ! s5se ( ju/ice is a result ( puni%m5t2 t1 by be+ puni%$ by ! ,/ate1 c]ta9 acts gradually came to be reg>d$ z wor?y ( puni%m5t1 9 o!r words1 z morally wrong4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,re1 ,ursprung d] moralis*5 ,empf9dung51 p4 #de sqq4 ,idem1 ,ent/ehung des ,gewiss5s1 p4 #aij sqq4 ,!re are c]ta9 facts :i* seem to support ! supposition t puni%m5t has1 to a l>ge ext5t1 be5 int5d$ to act z a det]r5t4 ,we f9d t among v>i\s semi-civilis$ & civilis$ peoples ! crim9al law has assum$ a sev]ity :i* f> surpasses ! rig\r ( ! lex talionis4 ,speak+ ( ! ,azteks1 ,mr4 ,bancr(t obs]ves t ! great] "p ( _! code might1 l ,draco's1 h be5 writt5 9 blood--s sev]e 7 ! p5alties inflict$ = crimes t 7 comp>atively slight1 & s brutal & bloody 7 ! ways ( c>ry+ ^? puni%m5ts into execution4#aah ,! puni%m5t ( dea? 0 inflict$ on ! man :o dress$ himself l a woman1 on ! woman :o dress$ h]self l a man1#aai on tutors :o did n give a good acc\nt ( ! e/ates ( _! pupils1#abj on ^? :o c>ri$ (f1 or *ang$1 ! b\nd>ies plac$ 9 ! fields by public au?ority2#aba & %\ld an adult]] endeav\r to save himself by kill+ ! injur$ husb&1 8 fate 0 to be roa/$ alive be=e a sl[ fire1 8 body be+ ba/$ ) salt & wat] t dea? might n come to 8 relief too soon4#abb ,nor did ! anci5t ,p]uvian code economise human suff]+ by proportion+ p5alties to crimes2 ! puni%m5t mo/ commonly prescrib$ by x 0 dea?4#abc ,! p5al code ( ,*9a1 ?\gh less cruel 9 v>i\s respects ?an ! ,european legislation ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 aw>ds dea? = a ?ird & aggravat$ !ft1 = defac+ ! br&+ inflict$ = =m] (f5ces1#abd & = privately ca/+ copp] co92#abe :il/ = ! commission ( ! mo/ he9\s crimes #ahg ! p5alty is to be cut into t5 ?\s& pieces1 :i* appe>s to am\nt1 at lea/1 to a lic5se to ! execution] to aggravate & prolong ! suff]+s ( ! crim9al by any species ( cruelty he may ?9k prop] to inflict4#abf ,9 ,japan1 be=e ! revolution ( #ahga1 ! puni%m5ts = crime _h be5 bo? rigor\s & cruel2 dea? 0 ! usual puni%m5t1 & dea? accompani$ by tortures 0 ! p5alty = aggravat$ crimes4#abg ,accord+ to ! ,mosaic law1 dea? is inflict$ = su* (f5ces z brea* ( ! ,"l's day1#abh go+ to wiz>ds1#abi eat+ ! fat ( a bea/ ( sacrifice1#acj eat+ blood1#aca approa*+ unto a woman z long z %e is put ap>t = h] uncleanness1#acb & v>i\s k9ds ( sexual (f5ces4#acc ,! laws ( ,manu provide capital puni%m5t = ^? :o =ge royal edicts & corrupt royal m9i/]s2#acd = ^? :o break into a royal /ore-h\se1 an arm\ry1 or a temple1 & ^? :o /eal elephants1 horses1 or *>iots2#ace = ?ieves :o are tak5 ) ! /ol5 goods & ! implem5ts ( burgl>y2#acf = cut-purses on ! ?ird conviction2#acg :il/ a wife1 :o1 pr\d ( ! greatness ( h] relatives or h] own excell5ce1 violates ! duty :i* %e owes to h] "l1 %all be dev\r$ by dogs 9 a place frequ5t$ by _m1 & ! male (f5d] %all be burnt on a r$-hot iron b$4#ach ,footnote #aah3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #ded4 ,footnote #aai3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #ceh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,ibid4 i4 #cei4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ibid4 i4 #cee4 ,footnote #abb3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dfe sq4 ,footnote #abc3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #ade1 #aea sq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,wells ,williams1 ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #eab4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 ccclix4 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ibid4 sec4 ccliv4 p4 #bfi n4 dagg] ,footnote #abg3 ,re$1 ,japan1 i4 #cbc4 ,?unb]g1 ,travels1 iv4 #fe4 ,footnote #abh3 ,exodus1 xxxi4 #ad4 ,footnote #abi3 ,leviticus1 xx4 #f4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ibid4 vii4 #be4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ibid4 vii4 #bg4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ibid4 xviii4 #ai4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ibid4 xviii4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,ibid4 ix4 #bhj4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid4 ix4 #bgj4 ,footnote #acg3 ,ibid4 ix4 #bgg4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ibid4 viii4 #cga sq4 ,increas+ sev]ity has be5 a *>act]i/ic ( ,european legislation up to q mod]n times4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,engli% law kn[s "s sev5 crimes :i* x treats z capital1 namely1 treason1 homicide1 arson1 rape1 robb]y1 burgl>y1 & gr& l>c5y2 b ! numb] ( capital (f5ces grew rapidly4#aci ,f ! ,re/oration to ! dea? ( ,george ,,iii4--a p]iod ( #afj ye>s--no less ?an #ahg su* (f5ces1 :olly diff]5t 9 "* & degree1 7 add$ to ! crim9al code2 & :51 9 #ahcg1 ! puni%m5t ( dea? 0 remov$ f ab\t #bjj crimes1 x 0 /ill left applicable to exactly ! same (f5ces z 7 capital at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#adj ,pocket-pick+ 0 puni%able ) dea? until ! ye> #ahjh2ada horse-/eal+1 cattle-/eal+1 #ahh %eep-/eal+1 /eal+ f a dwell+-h\se1 & =g]y1 until #ahcb2adb lett]-/eal+ & sacrilege1 until #ahce2adc rape1 until #ahda2add robb]y ) viol5ce1 arson ( dwell+-h\ses1 & sodomy1 until #ahfa4ade ,& n only 0 human life recklessly sacrific$1 b ! mode ( execution 0 (t5 exce$+ly cruel4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,pe9e =te et dure1 or press+ to dea? ) e aggravation ( torture1 0 adopt$ z a mann] ( puni%m5t suitable to cases :]e ! accus$ refus$ to plead4#adf ,burn+ alive ( female (f5d]s /ill occurr$ 9 ,engl& at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1#adg be+ consid]$ by ! fram]s ( ! law z a commutation ( ! s5t5ce ( hang+ requir$ by dec5cy4#adh ,/ill m cruel 0 ! puni%m5t inflict$ on male traitors3 !y 7 fir/ hang$ by ! neck & cut d[n be=e life 0 ext9ct1 _! entrails 7 tak5 out & burn$ be=e _! face1 !n !y 7 behead$ & qu>t]$1 & ! qu>t]s 7 set up 9 div]se places4#adi ,?is puni%m5t cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,engl& z late z 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii41 & ev5 !n ,sir ,samuel ,romilly1 ! great agitator aga9/ its cont9uance1 br\ght ^u himself ! odium ( ! law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n1 :o decl>$ t he 0 break+ d[n ! bulw>ks ( ! ,con/itution4#aej ,su* cruelties 7 n peculi> to ! ,engli%4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,sir ,james ,/eph5 obs]ves1 ?\gh ,engli% p1 z a rule1 h be5 s+ul>ly reckless ab\t tak+ life1 !y h usually be5 av]se to ! infliction ( dea? by torture4#aea ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t we f9d su* puni%m5ts z break+ on ! :eel1 qu>t]+ alive1 & te>+ ) r$-hot p9c]s1 9 use d[n to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #aci3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eaa4 ,footnote #adj3 ,may1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ii4 #eie4 ,mack5zie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 p4 #dbd sq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #dej4 ,footnote #adb3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dea4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #dgd4 ,footnote #adc3 ,pike1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dea4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #dgd4 ,footnote #add3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #dge4 ,footnote #ade3 ,ibid4 i4 #dge4 ,footnote #adf3 ,= ! mann] 9 :i* ?is torture 0 inflict$1 see ,&rews1 ,old-,"t ,puni%m5ts1 p4 #bjc sq4 ,footnote #adg3 ,ibid4 p4 #aih4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #dgg4 ,footnote #adh3 ,&rews1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #adi3 ,hol9%$1 ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 c4 i4 #caj4 ,?omas ,smi?1 ,commonweal? ( ,engl&1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #aej3 ,&rews1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjc4 ,an e>li] me?od ( puni%+ traitors 0 boil+ to dea?1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 z a puni%m5t = poison]s z well 7,hol9%$1 op4 cit4 i4 #caa74 ,footnote #aea3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #dgh4 ,cf4 ,?omas ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #aic sq4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! puni%m5ts ) ^? practis$ among savages4 ,wanton cruelty is n a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( _! public ju/ice4 #ahi ,among sev]al uncivilis$ peoples capital puni%m5t is said to be unkn[n or almo/ s4#aeb ,among o!rs x is re/rict$ to a few p>ticul>ly atroci\s (f5ces4 ,among ! ,gre5l&]s none are put to dea? b murd]]s1 & su* wit*es z are ?\ght to h kill$ "s "o by _! art4#aec ,! ,aleuts puni%$ ) dea? murd]]s & betray]s ( community secrets4#aed ,9 ,samoa & ,new ,gu9ea murd] & adult]y are puni%$ capitally2#aee among ! ,bataks1 op5 robb]y & murd]1 provid$ t ! (f5d] is unable to r$eem 8 life by a sum ( money2#aef among ! ,kukis1 only treason or an attempt at viol5ce on ! p]son ( ! ,k+4#aeg ,among ! ,mi%mis1 adult]y committ$ aga9/ ! cons5t ( ! husb& is puni%$ ) dea?1 b all o!r crimes1 includ+ murd]1 are puni%$ by f9es2 h[ev] if ! am\nt is n =?com+ ! (f5d] is cut up by ! company assembl$4#aeh ,9 ,k> ,nicob> ! only cause = a dea? p5alty t ,mr4 ,di/ant c\ld discov] 0 madness4#aei ,among ! ,soolimas murd] is ! only crime puni%able ) dea?4#afj ,among ! ,congo natives ! only capital crimes are /at$ to be ^? ( poison+ & adult]y4#afa ,( ! k+dom ( ,fida ,bosman writes1 ,"h are v few capital crimes1 :i* are only mur!rs1 & committ+ adult]y ) ! ,k+'s or 8 great m5's wives4#afb ,among ! ,wanika two crimes are visit$ ) capital puni%m5t--murd] & an improp] use ( sorc]y2#afc among ! ,wagogo#afd & ,wa%ambala1#afe wit*craft only4 ,among ! ,basutos e murd]] is by law liable to dea?1 b ! s5t5ce is g5]ally commut$ into confiscation2 an incorrigible ?ief sometimes pays ) 8 head1 b is g5]ally f9$1 :]eas treason & rebellion aga9/ au?ority are treat$ ) m sev]ity4#aff ,among ! ,kafirs1 cases ( assault on ! p]sons ( wives ( ! *iefs1 #aij & :at are deem$ aggravat$ cases ( wit*craft1 are ! only crimes :i* usually involve ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 v summ>ily inflict$2 :]eas ?is puni%m5t seldom foll[s ev5 murd]1 :5 committ$ )\t ! suppos$ aid ( sup]natural p[]s4#afg ,footnote #aeb3 von ,siebold1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 b] die ,a9o auf ,yesso1 p4 #ce2 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bhd4 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aae 7,kakhy5s74 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh 7,rejangs ( ,sumatra74 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #ajc 7,s]angese74 ,worce/]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dac1 #dib 7,mangyans & ,tagbanuas74 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #db 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 de ,abreu1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeb 7,can>y ,isl&]s74 ,fris*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cbb 7,hott5tots74 ,footnote #aec3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agg4 ,footnote #aed3 ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #aee3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #agh4 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #aef3 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #de4 ,/ew>t1 9 ,j\r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 p4 #fbg4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,griffi?1 ibid4 vi4 #ccb4 ,footnote #aei3 ,di/ant1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #f4 ,footnote #afj3 ,la+1 ,travels1 p4 #cfe4 ,footnote #afa3 ,tuck]1 ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #afb3 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #afc3 ,new1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #afd3 ,bev]ley1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #afe3 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #aff3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #afg3 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #ce sq4 ,nor1 z x seems1 is savage ju/ice fond ( tortur+ its victims be=e !y are kill$4 ,! ,maoris exclaim$ l\dly aga9/ ! ,engli% me?od ( execut+ crim9als1 fir/ tell+ !m t !y are to die1 !n lett+ !m lie = days & nights 9 prison1 & f9ally lead+ !m sl[ly to ! gall[s4 ,if a man commits a crime wor?y ( dea?1 !y said1 we %oot him1 or *op (f 8 head2 b we d n tell him fir/ t we are go+ to d s4#afh ,dr4 ,codr+ton gives ! foll[+ description ( ! cases ( burn+ p]sons alive :i* h occasionally happ5$ 9 ,p5teco/ ,isl&3--,9 fight+ "t !re1 if a great man 7 v angry ) ! ho/ile p>ty1 he w\ld burn a w\nd$ enemy4 ,:5 peace _h be5 made & ! *iefs _h ord]$ all to behave well t ! c\ntry might settle d[n 9 quiet1 if any "o committ$ su* a crime z w\ld break up ! peace1 su* z adult]y1 !y w\ld tie him to a tree1 heap fire-wood r\nd him1 & burn him alive1 a pro( to ! opposite p>ty ( _! dete/ation ( 8 wick$ness4 ,?is 0 n done coolly z a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! execution ( a law1 b z a horrible ?+ to d1 & done = ! horror ( x2 a horror r5ew$ 9 ! voice & face ( ! native :o told me ( ! ro>+ flames & %rieks ( agony4#afi ,?is /ory is n )\t int]e/ :5 comp>$ ) ! cold-blood$ burn+ ( female crim9als & wom5 suspect$ ( wit*craft 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,footnote #afh3 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #afi3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdg4 ,!re is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ! sev]e puni%m5ts adopt$ by peoples ( a high] culture h be5 reg>d$ by !m z b5eficial to society4 ,! legislators !mselves (t5 ref] to ! det]r5t effects ( puni%m5t4 ,! ,p]uvian ,incas consid]$ t light puni%m5ts gave confid5ce to evil-do]s1 :il/ ?r\gh _! great c>e 9 puni%+ a man's fir/ del9qu5cy1 !y avoid$ ! effects ( 8 second & ?ird1 & ( ! ho/ ( o!rs t are committ$ 9 e commonweal? :]e no dilig5ce is obs]v$ #aia to root up ! evil plant at ! comm5cem5t4#agj ,accord+ to ! ,prefatory ,edict ( ! ,emp]or ,kaung-hee1 publi%$ 9 #afgi1 ! *ief ends propos$ by ! in/itution ( puni%m5ts 9 ! ,*9ese ,empire h be5 to gu>d aga9/ viol5ce & injury1 to repress inord9ate desires1 & to secure ! peace & tranquillity ( an hone/ & un(f5d+ community4#aga ,9 ! ,laws ( ,manu puni%m5t is describ$ z a protector ( all creatures3--,if ! k+ did n1 )\t tir+1 inflict puni%m5t on ^? wor?y to be puni%$1 ! /rong] w\ld roa/ ! weak]1 l fi% on a spit2 ! cr[ w\ld eat ! sacrificial cake & ! dog w\ld lick ! sacrificial vi&s1 & own]%ip w\ld n rema9 ) any "o1 ! l[] ones w\ld usurp ! place ( ! high] ones4 ,! :ole _w is kept 9 ord] by puni%m5t1 = a guiltless man is h>d to f9d2 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t ! :ole _w yields ! enjoym5ts :i* x owes4#agb ,ev5 ! gods1 ! ,dnavas1 ! ,g&h>vas1 ! ,rk%asas1 ! bird & snake deities1 give ! enjoym5ts due f !m only if !y are torm5t$ by ! fe> ( puni%m5t4#agc ,9 m$ival law-books det]m5t is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z an object ( puni%m5t4#agd ,& 9 m mod]n times1 till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury at lea/1 ! idea t puni%m5t %\ld inspire fe> 0 ev] pres5t to ! m9ds ( legislators4 ,footnote #agj3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #aea sq4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 p4 lxvii4 ,footnote #agb3 ,laws ( ,manu1 vii4 #ad1 #ae1 #bj-bb1 #bd sq4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ibid4 vii4 #bc4 ,footnote #agd3 ,leges ,burgundionum1 ,leges ,gundebati1 #eb3 ,rectius enim paucorum condempnatione multitudo corregitur1 quam sub specie incongruae civilitatis intromittatur occasio1 quae lic5tiam tribuat del9qu5di4 ,capitul>e ,aquisgran5se ,an4 #hjb1 #cc3 ,s$ talit] hoc corripiantur1 ut caet]i metum habeant talia p]petr&i 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xcvii4 #bcj74 ,*lot> ,,ii4 ,edictum de ,synodo ,p>isi5si1 #bd3 ,9 ipsum capitali s5t5tia judicetur1 qualit] alii non debeant similia p]petr>e 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxxx4 #ded74 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #ehh1 n4 #f4 ,! same idea is also conspicu\s 9 ! practice ( puni%+ crim9als 9 public4#age ,a petty ?ief 9 ! pillory & a scold on ! cuck+-/ool 71 9 e>li] times1 spectacles famili> to ev]ybody1 :il/ p]sons /ill liv+ rememb] see+ (f5d]s publicly :ipp$ 9 ! /reets4 ,a gall[s or tree ) a man hang+ ^u x1 says ,mr4 ,wright1 0 s frequ5t an object 9 ! c\ntry t x seems to h be5 almo/ a natural ornam5t ( a l&scape1 & x is ?us introduc$ by no #aib means uncommonly 9 m$ival manuscripts4#agf ,9 atroci\s cases x 0 usual = ! c\rt to direct ! murd]]1 aft] execution1 to be hung ^u a gibbet 9 *a9s ne> ! place :]e ! fact 0 committ$1 ) ! int5tion ( !reby det]r+ o!rs f capital (f5ces2 & 9 ord] t ! body might all ! long] s]ve ?is useful purpose1 x 0 saturat$ ) t> be=e x 0 hung 9 *a9s4#agg ,! popul>ity :i* mutilation z a puni%m5t enjoy$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 l>gely due to ! op9ion1 t a malefactor mis]ably liv+ 0 a m /rik+ example ( ju/ice ?an "o put to dea? at once4#agh ,footnote #age3 ,gn!r1 ,die ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 i4 #baa sq4 n4 #ca4 ,footnote #agf3 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cdf4 ,footnote #agg3 ,hol9%$1 op4 cit4 i4 #caa4 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #bja4 ,cox1 ',hang+ 9 ,*a9s1' 9 ,! ,antiqu>y1 xxii4 #bac sq4 ,footnote #agh3 ,/rutt1 ,view ( ! ,mann]s1 c4 ( ! ,inhabitants ( ,engl&1 ii4 #h4 ,we %all n[ consid] :e!r ^! facts really contradict our !sis t puni%m5t is ess5tially an expression ( public indignation4 ,x may1 fir/1 be notic$ t ! puni%m5t actually inflict$ on ! crim9al is 9 _m cases mu* less sev]e ?an ! puni%m5t ) :i* ! law ?reat5s him4 ,9 ,*9a ! execution ( ! law is1 on ! :ole1 l5i5t 9 comp>ison ) its lit]al & prima facie int]pretation4#agi ,_m ( ! laws seem design$ to op]ate *iefly 9 t]rorem1 & ! p5alty is plac$ high] ?an ! puni%m5t really int5d$ to be inflict$1 to ! end t ! ,emp]or may h scope = m]cy1 or1 z he says1 '= l5i5cy beyond ! b\nds ( ! law4'#ahj ,9 ,europe1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 malefactors frequ5tly receiv$ *>t]s ( p>don1 & 9 lat] times x became a fav\rite !ory t x 0 good policy1 9 fram+ p5al /atutes1 to make z _m (f5ces z possible capital1 & to leave to ! ,cr[n to relax ! sev]ity ( ! law4 ,9 ,engl&1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! puni%m5t ( dea? 0 actually inflict$ 9 only a small proportion ( ! cases 9 #aic :i* s5t5ce 0 pass$2 inde$1 n "o 9 tw5ty ( ! s5t5ces 0 c>ri$ into execution4#aha ,?is discrepancy betwe5 law & practice be>s witness1 n only to ! ext5t to :i* ! m9ds ( legislators 7 sway$ by ! idea ( inspir+ fe>1 b to ! limitation ( det]m5t z a p5al pr9ciple4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! excessive sev]ity ( laws h9d]s _! execution4 ,society revolt$ aga9/ b>b>ities :i* ! law prescrib$4 ,m5 wrong$ by crimes1 %rank f ! %$d+ ( blood1 & =bore to prosecute3 juries =got _! oa?s & acquitt$ prison]s1 aga9/ evid5ce3 judges recomm5d$ ! guilty to m]cy4#ahb ,yet1 9 spite ( all su* d$uctions1 !re c be no d\bt t ! hangman _h pl5ty to d4 ,hang+ p]sons1 says ,mr4 ,&rews1 0 almo/ a daily occurr5ce 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = =g+ notes1 pass+ =g$ notes1 & o!r crimes :i* we n[ almo/ reg>d ) indiff]5ce4#ahc ,footnote #agi3 ,/aunton1 9 8 ,preface to ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 p4 xxvii4 sq4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,wells ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #cib sq4 ,footnote #aha3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #dga4 ,may1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eig4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,may1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eig4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,&rews1 op4 cit4 p4 #bah4 ,cf4 ,olivecrona1 ,om dds/raffet1 p4 x4 ,ano!r circum/ance wor? m5tion+ is1 t 9 e>li] times ! detection ( crim9als 0 mu* r>] & m unc]ta9 ?an x is n[4#ahd ,x has be5 argu$ on utilit>ian gr\nds t1 to enable ! value ( ! puni%m5t to outweigh t ( ! pr(it ( ! (f5ce1 x mu/ be increas$1 9 po9t ( magnitude1 9 proportion z x falls %ort 9 po9t ( c]ta9ty4#ahe ,b ! r>5ess ( detection w\ld also = purely emotional reasons t5d to increase ! sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t4 ,:5 "o crim9al out ( t5 or tw5ty is caught1 ! accumulat$ indignation ( ! public turns aga9/ him1 & he becomes a scapegoat = all ! re/4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,cf4 ,morrison1 ,crime & its ,causes1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #ahd4 ,cf4 ,paley1 ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 vi4 #i 7,complete ,works1 ii4 #cga74 ,h[ev]1 ! *ief explanation ( ! great sev]ity ( c]ta9 crim9al codes lies 9 _! connection ) despotism or religion or bo?4#ahf ,an act :i* is prohibit$ #aid by law may be puni%$1 n only on acc\nt ( its intr9sic "*1 b = ! v reason t x is illegal4 ,:5 ! law is1 f ! outset1 an expression ( popul> feel+s1 ! sev]ity ( ! p5alty ) :i* x ?reat5s ! transgressor dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! public indignation evok$ by ! act itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! legal prohibition ( x4 ,b ! case is diff]5t ) laws e/abli%$ by despotic rul]s or ascrib$ to div9e lawgiv]s4 ,su* laws h a t5d5cy to treat crim9als n only z (f5d]s aga9/ ! individuals :om !y injure or aga9/ society at l>ge1 b z rebels aga9/ _! sov]eign or _! god4 ,_! disob$i5ce to ! w ( ! mighty legislator incurs1 or is suppos$ to incur1 8 ang]1 & is1 9 consequ5ce1 sev]ely res5t$4 ,b h[ev] sev]e !y be1 ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by ! despot on disob$i5t subjects are n reg>d$ z m]e outbur/s ( p]sonal ang]4 ,9 ! ar*aic ,/ate ! k+ is an object ( pr(\nd reg>d1 & ev5 ( religi\s v5]ation4 ,he is look$ ^u z a sacr$ be+1 & 8 decrees z ! embodim5t ( div9e ju/ice4 ,! transgression ( any law he makes is1 !re=e1 apt to evoke a feel+ ( public indignation proportionate to ! puni%m5t :i* he pleases to inflict on ! transgressor4 ,aga91 z to acts :i* are suppos$ to ar\se ! ang] ( invisible p[]s1 ! p are anxi\s to puni% !m ) ! utmo/ sev]ity s z to prev5t ! div9e wra? f turn+ aga9/ ! community itself4 ,b ! fe> :i*1 9 su* cases1 lies at ! bottom ( ! puni%m5t1 is c]ta9ly comb9$ ) g5u9e indignation aga9/ ! (f5d]1 bo? because he rebels aga9/ ,god & religion1 & because he !reby exposes ! :ole community to sup]natural dang]s4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,?is has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out by ,pr(4 ,durkheim1 9 8 int]e/+ essay1 ',deux lois de l'volution pnale' 7,l'anne sociologique1 iv4 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #fd sqq471 ) :i* ,i became acqua9t$ only :5 ! pres5t *apt] 0 already 9 type4 ,montesquieu obs]ves 7,de l'esprit des lois1 vi4 #i ,,oeuvres1 p4 #bca71 ,il s]ait ais de pr\v] que1 dans t\s ou presque t\s les tats d',europe1 les pe9es ont dim9u ou augm5t mesure qu'on s'e/ plus appro* ou plus loign de la lib]t4 #aie ,v>i\s facts might be quot$ 9 support ( ?is explanation4 ,:il/ ! puni%m5ts practis$ among ! l[] races g5]ally1 are n conspicu\s = _! sev]ity1 !re are exceptions to ?is rule among peoples :o are gov]n$ by despotic rul]s4 ,"u ! ,a%anti code1 ev5 ! mo/ trivial (f5ces are puni%able ) dea?4#ahg ,9 ,madagasc>1 also1 dea? 0 =m]ly inflict$ = almo/ e (f5ce4#ahh ,9 ,ug&a ! ord9>y puni%m5ts 7 dea? by fire1 be+ hack$ to pieces by re$ spl9t]s1 f9e1 imprisonm5t 9 ! /ocks mvuba1 or 9 ! 9999slave =k kaligo1 also mutilation4 ,x is mo/ common to see p depriv$ ( an eye1 or 9 "s cases ( bo? eyes2 p]sons lack+ _! e>s are also frequ5tly met )4#ahi ,among ! ,wassukuma1 ^: *iefta9s us$ to h p[] ( life & dea? ov] _! subjects1 a p]son :o 0 guilty ( disob$i5ce to 8 rul]1 or ( "s action :i* ! rul] consid]$ wick$ & puni%able1 0 condemn$ to dea?4#aij ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 a *ief takes ! life ( "o ( 8 own p = any (f5ce he may commit1 & no "o ?9ks he has a "r to int]f]e4#aia ,footnote #ahg3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cgd4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #bic4 ,cf4 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a & ! ,egyptian ,s\dan1 i4 #bja4 ,footnote #aij3 ,kollmann1 ,victoria ,nyanza1 p4 #dca4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #dca4 ,9 ! old mon>*ies ( ,am]ica & ,asia !re 0 an obvi\s connection betwe5 ! puni%m5ts prescrib$ by _! laws & ! religi\s-autocratic =m ( _! gov]nm5ts4 ,accord+ to ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ! ,p]uvians--among :om ! mo/ common puni%m5t 0 dea?--ma9ta9$ t a culprit 0 n puni%$ = ! del9qu5cies he _h committ$1 b = hav+ brok5 ! comm&m5t ( ! ,ynca1 :o 0 respect$ z ,god1 & t1 view$ 9 ?is light1 ! slighte/ (f5ce m]it$ to be puni%$ ) dea?4#aib ,9 ,*9a ! ,emp]or 0 reg>d$ z ! viceg]5t ( ,heav5 especially *os5 to gov]n all nations1 & 0 supreme 9 ev]y?+1 hold+ at once ! highe/ legislative & executive p[]s1 )\t limit or control4#aic ,accord+ #aif to anci5t ,japanese ideas1 ! duty ( a good ,japanese consi/s 9 obey+ ! ,mikado1 )\t que/ion+ :e!r 8 comm&s are "r or wrong4 ,! ,mikado is god & vic> ( all ! gods1 h5ce gov]nm5t & religion are ! same4#aid ,9 ,rome ! crim9al law1 :i* = a long "t 0 *>act]is$ by great mod]ation1#aie gradually grew m sev]e accord+ z absolutism made progress4 ,sylla1 ! dictator1 n only put ?\s&s ( citiz5s to dea? by proscription )\t any =m ( trial1 b fix$1 9 ! ,cornelian crim9al code1 = he9\s (f5ces ! puni%m5t call$ aqu et ignis int]dictio4 ,"u ! ,emp]ors "s new & cruel capital puni%m5ts 7 introduc$1 su* z burn+ alive & expos+ to wild bea/s2 :il/ at ! same "t (f5ces su* z driv+ away horses or cattle 7 made capital4#aif ,9 m$ival & mod]n ,europe ! increase ( ! royal p[] 0 accompani$ by increas+ sev]ity ( ! p5al codes4 ,e crime came to be reg>d$ z a crime aga9/ ! ,k+4 ,inde$1 brea* ( ! ,k+'s peace became ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&2 ! "r ( p>don1 = in/ance1 z a pr]ogative ( ! ,cr[n1 took its orig9 9 ! fact t ! ,k+ 0 suppos$ to be injur$ by a crime1 & c\ld !re=e waive 8 rem$y4#aig ,& ! ,k+ 0 n only reg>d$ z ! f\nta9 ( social ju/ice1 b z ! e>?ly repres5tative ( ! heav5ly lawgiv] & judge4#aih ,footnote #aib3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #ade4 ,footnote #aic3 ,wells ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #cic4 ,footnote #aid3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #ib4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #aie3 ,cf4 ,livy1 x4 #i2 ,polybius1 vi4 #ad2 ,gibbon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 v4 #cah1 #cbf4 ,footnote #aif3 ,mack5zie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 pp4 #djh1 #dji1 #dad4 ,gibbon1 op4 cit4 v4 #cbj4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #idc4 ,footnote #aig3 ,*]ry1 ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law 9 ,anci5t ,communities1 pp4 #fh1 #aje4 ,footnote #aih3 ,h5ke1 ,grundriss e9] ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 pe9li*5 ,re*ts1 ii4 #caj4 ,abegg1 ,die v]s*i$55 ,/rafre*t/heorie51 p4 #aag4 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #cbc4 ,( ! connection betwe5 puni%m5t & ! belief 9 sup]natural ag5cies _m in/ances are f\nd already 9 ! savage _w4#aii ,! great sev]ity ) :i* c]ta9 #aig infractions ( cu/om are puni%$ has obvi\sly a sup]/iti\s orig94 ,9 ,polynesia1 accord+ to ,ellis1 ! prohibitions & requisitions ( ! tabu 7 /rictly en=c$1 & e brea* ( !m puni%$ ) dea?1 unless ! del9qu5ts _h "s v p[]ful fri5ds :o 7 ei!r prie/s or *iefs4#bjj ,among ! we/]n tribes ( ,torres ,/raits1 dea? 0 ! p5alty = infr++ ! rules connect$ ) ! initiation p]iod i4e41 = sacrilege4#bja ,among ! ,port ,l9coln aborig9es ! wom5 & *ildr5 are n all[$ to see any ( ! initiation c]emonies1 & any imp]t95t curiosity on _! "p is puni%able ) dea?1 accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om4#bjb ,among ! ,masai1 :o believe t ! boil+ ( milk w cause ! c[s to run dry1 any "o caught do+ s c only atone = ! s9 ) a fe>fully heavy f9e1 or1 fail+ t1 ! insult to ! holy cattle w be wip$ out 9 8 blood4#bjc ,! p5alty ( dea? :i* is frequ5tly impos$ on ince/ or o!r sexual (f5ces is l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( religi\s or sup]/iti\s beliefs4#bjd ,& 9 v>i\s cases ( sacrilege ! (f5d] is (f]$ up z a sacrifice to ! res5tful god4#bje ,footnote #aii3 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #cdj sq4 ,! connection betwe5 puni%m5t & religion has be5 emphasis$ by ,pr(4 ,durkheim 7,division du travail social1 p4 #ig sqq47 & ,m4 ,mauss 7',la religion et les orig9es du droit pnal1' 9 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 vols4 xxxiv4 & xxxv474 ,b ,pr(4 ,durkheim exagg]ates ! importance ( ?is connection by assum+ 7p4 #ig7 t le droit pnal l'orig9e tait ess5tiellem5t religieux4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cid4 ,cf4 ,olm/$1 ,incid5ts ( a ,:al+ ,voyage1 p4 #bdh sq42 ,mauss1 9 op4 cit4 xxxv4 #ee4 ,footnote #bja3 ,haddon1 ',e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribes ( ,torres ,/raits1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #cce4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,s*rmann1 ',aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,see infra1 on ,sexual ,morality4 ,footnote #bje3 ,see infra1 on ,human ,sacrifice4 ,accord+ to ,hebrew notions1 x is man's duty to av5ge (f5ces aga9/ ,god2 e crime involves a brea* ( ,god's law1 & is puni%able z su*1 & h>dly any puni%m5t is too sev]e to be inflict$ on ! ungodly4#bjf ,^! ideas 7 adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & by ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts4#bjg ,! pr9ciple #aih /at$ 9 ! ,laws ( ,cnut1 t x belongs v rightly to a ,*ri/ian k+ t he av5ge ,god's ang] v deeply1 accord+ z ! de$ may be1#bjh 0 act$ ^u till q mod]n times1 & l>gely contribut$ to ! increas+ sev]ity ( ! p5al codes4 ,x 0 !re=e "o ( ! mo/ important /eps t[>ds a m humane legislation :51 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is pr9ciple 0 sup]s$$ by ! contr>y doctr9e1 ,il faut faire honor] la ,div9it1 et ne la v5g] jamais4#bji ,footnote #bjf3 ,cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #afb sq4 ,footnote #bjg3 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #efc sqq4 ,abegg1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaa sq4 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #ecj sq4 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ab sqq4 ,h5ke1 op4 cit4 ii4 #caj sq4 ,brunn]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ehg4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,laws ( ,cnut1 ii4 #dj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des lois1 xii4 #d 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #bhb74 ,f ! fact1 !n1 t crimes are puni%$ n only z wrongs aga9/ individuals1 b z wrongs aga9/ ! ,/ate1 &1 especially1 z wrongs aga9/ "s despotic or semi-div9e lawgiv]1 or aga9/ ! ,deity1 x foll[s t ev5 seem+ly excessive puni%m5ts may1 to a l>ge ext5t1 be reg>d$ z manife/ations ( public res5tm5t4 ,?is emotion does n necess>ily dem& l = l4 ,! law ( talion presupposes equality ( rights2 x is n applicable to imp]sonal (f5ces1 nor to (f5ces aga9/ k+s or gods4 ,& z ! dem&s ( public res5tm5t may exce$ ! lex talionis1 s !y may on ! o!r h& fall %ort ( x4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ! degree ( puni%m5t on ! :ole m or less fai?fully repres5ts ! degree ( indignation ar\s$ by any p>ticul> crime 9 comp>ison ) o!r crimes belong+ to ! same p5al sy/em1 we mu/ n take ! comp>ative sev]ity ( ! crim9al laws ( diff]5t peoples z a safe index to ! int5sity ( _! reprobation ( crime4 ,z we h se5 be=e1 ! /r5g? ( moral indignation _c be absolutely measur$ by ! desire to cause pa9 to ! (f5d]4 ,:5 ! emotion ( res5tm5t is suffici5tly ref9$1 ! infliction ( suff]+ is reg>d$ z a means r ?an z an end4 ,by all ?is ,i c]ta9ly d n mean to d5y t puni%m5t1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 an expression ( public indignation1 is also appli$ z a means ( det]r+ f crime4 ,crim9al law is prev5tive1 its object is to =bid & #aii to w>n1 & x uses puni%m5t z a ?reat4 ,b ! acts :i* ! law =bids are1 z a rule1 su* z public op9ion condemns z wrong1 & x is _! wrongness t 9 all ages has be5 reg>d$ z ! ju/ification ( ! p5alties to :i* !y are subject4 ,x is true t !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! law puni%es acts :i* 9 !mselves are n apt to evoke public res5tm5t1 & o!rs 9 :i* ! sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t does n exactly correspond ) ! res5tm5t !y evoke4 ,! ,/ate may h a "r to sacrifice ! welf>e ( individuals 9 ord] to atta9 "s desirable end4 ,x may h a "r to d s 9 cases :]e no crime has be5 committ$1 x w\ld !re=e seem to be all ! m ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s :5 ! evil has be5 prec$$ by a w>n+4 ,& yet1 9 ! case ( puni%m5t1 x is only )9 n>r[ limits t su* a "r is grant$ to ! ,/ate4 ,to puni% a p]son c\ld n simply mean t he has to suff] = ! b5efit ( ! society2 !re is always opprobrium connect$ ) puni%m5t4 ,h5ce ! scope :i* ju/ice leaves = det]m5t pure & simple is n wide4 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 obs]ves3--,y _c puni% any?+ :i* public op9ion1 z express$ 9 ! common practice ( society1 does n /r5u\sly & unequivocally condemn4 ,to try to d s is a sure way to produce gross hypocrisy & furi\s reaction4#baj ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! fate ( all disproportionately sev]e laws :i* make too lib]al use ( puni%m5t z a det]r5t is t !y come to be little foll[$ 9 practice & are f9ally annull$4 ,z ,gibbon says1 :5ev] an (f5ce inspires less horror ?an ! puni%m5t aw>d$ to x1 ! rig\r ( p5al law is oblig$ to give way to ! common feel+s ( mank9d4 ,footnote #baj3 ,/eph51 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 p4 #aei4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ia sq4 ,num]\s data1 to be ref]r$ to 9 foll[+ *apt]s1 w %[ h[ fai?fully puni%m5t reflects ! emotion ( res5tm5t1 & h[ impossible x w\ld be to expla9 x f consid]ations ( social utility )\t close ref]5ce #bjj to ! feel+ ( ju/ice4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 %\ld ! attempt to commit a crime1 :5 its failure obvi\sly dep5ds on m]e *ance1 be puni%$ less sev]ely ?an ! accompli%$ crime1 if n because ! indignation x ar\ses is less int5se8 ,w\ld n ! same am\nt ( suff]+ be requisite to det] a p]son f attempt+ to murd] 8 neighb\r z to det] him f actually committ+ ! murd]8 ,& is !re any reason to suppose t ! unsuccessful (f5d] is less dang]\s to society ?an he :o succe$s8 ,all ! facts ref]r+ to crim9al responsibility1 z we %all see1 sugge/ res5tm5t1 n det]m5t1 z ! basis ( puni%m5t1 & s does ! gradation ( ! puni%m5t con=mably to ! magnitude ( ! crime4#baa ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( det]m5t1 z express$ by ,anselm von ,feu]ba* & o!rs1 puni%m5t %\ld be nei!r m nor less sev]e ?an is necess>y = ! suppression ( crime4#bab ,b if ?is rule 7 really act$ ^u1 ! p5alties impos$1 especially on m9or (f5ces1 :i* ! law has be5 utt]ly unable to suppress1 w\ld c]ta9ly be mu* less l5i5t ?an !y actually are4 ,moreov]1 if !re 7 no intr9sic connection betwe5 puni%m5t & res5tm5t1 h[ c\ld we expla9 ! pr$ilection ( e>ly law = ! pr9ciple ( talion--an eye = an eye1 a too? = a too?1 a life = a life--#bac :i*1 z we h se51 s frequ5tly regulates ! cu/om ( rev5ge8 ,footnote #baa3 ,cf4 ,durkheim1 ,division du travail social1 p4 #ic sq4 ,footnote #bab3 von ,feu]ba*1 ,ueb] die ,/rafe als ,si*]ungsmittel vor knftig5 ,beleidigung5 des ,v]bre*]s1 p4 #hc4 von ,gizycki1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #bac3 ,on ?is subject1 see ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 passim4 ,! crim9al law ( a society may ?us1 on ! :ole1 be tak5 = a fai?ful expon5t ( moral s5tim5ts preval5t 9 t society at l>ge4 ,! attempt to make law indep5d5t ( morality1 & to allot to x a k+dom ( its own1 is really1 ,i ?9k1 only an excuse = ! moral %ortcom+s :i* x reveals if scrut9is$ f ! /&po9t ( a high] morality4 ,law does n %[ u ! moral consci\sness 9 its ref9em5t4 ,b ref9em5t #bja is a r>e ?+1 & crim9al law is 9 ! ma9 on a level ) ! unreflect+ morality ( ! vulg> m9d4 ,philosoph]s & !oris]s on law w\ld d bett] s]vice to humanity if !y tri$ to p]suade p n only t _! moral ideas require improvem5t1 b t _! laws1 s f> z possible1 ought to come up to ! improv$ /&>d1 ?an !y d by wa/+ _! +5uity 9 sophisms ab\t ! sov]eignty ( ,law & its indep5d5ce ( ! realm ( ,ju/ice4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,subjects ,,( ,,enlight5$ ,,moral ,,judgm5ts ,,! subjects ( moral judgm5ts call = a v compreh5sive inve/igation1 :i* w occupy ! ma9 "p ( ?is "w4 ,z already said1 we %all fir/ discuss ! g5]al nature1 & aft]w>ds ! p>ticul> bran*es1 ( ^? ph5om5a :i* h a t5d5cy to evoke moral condemnation or moral praise2 & 9 ea* case our inve/igation w be bo? hi/orical & explanatory4 ,! pres5t *apt]1 h[ev]1 w be nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,x seems desirable to exam9e ! g5]al nature ( ! subjects ( moral valuation f ! /&po9t ( ! enlight5$ moral consci\sness be=e deal+ ) ! influ5ce :i* _! v>i\s elem5ts h come to ex]cise ^u moral judgm5ts 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,by do+ ?is1 we %all be able1 f ! outset1 to di/+ui% betwe5 elem5ts :i* are h>dly disc]nible1 or sep>able1 at ! l[] /ages ( m5tal developm5t1 z also to fix ! t]m9ology :i* w be us$ 9 ! future discussion4 ,moral judgm5ts are commonly said to be pass$ ^u conduct & "*4 ,?is is a conv5i5t mode ( expression1 b ! t]ms ne$ an explanation4 ,conduct has be5 def9$ sometimes z acts adju/$ to ends1#a sometimes z acts t are n only adju/$ to ends1 b def9itely will$4#b ,! latt] def9ition is too #bjc n>r[ = our pres5t purpose1 because1 z w be se51 x excludes f ! prov9ce ( conduct _m ph5om5a ) ref]5ce to :i* moral judgm5ts are pass$4 ,! same may be said ( ! =m] def9ition also1 :i*1 moreov]1 is unnecess>ily wide1 includ+ z x does an imm5se numb] ( ph5om5a ) :i* moral judgm5ts are nev] conc]n$4 ,?\gh no def9ition ( conduct c\ld be re/rict$ to su* ph5om5a z actually evoke moral emotions1 ! t]m conduct seems1 nev]!less1 to sugge/ at lea/ ! possibility ( moral valuation1 & is !re=e h>dly applicable to su* acts adju/$ to ends z are p]=m$ by obvi\sly irresponsible be+s4 ,x may be well fir/ to fix ! mean+ ( ! ^w act4 ,footnote #a3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,e4g41 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 p4 #he4 ,accord+ to ,b5?am1 acts may be di/+ui%$ z ext]nal1 or acts ( ! body1 & int]nal1 or acts ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 to /rike is an ext]nal or ext]ior act3 to int5d to /rike1 an int]nal or int]ior "o4#c ,b ?is application ( ! ^w is nei!r popul> nor conv5i5t4 ,! t]m act sugge/s some?+ besides int5tion1 :il/1 at ! same "t1 x sugge/s some?+ besides muscul> contractions4 ,to int5d to /rike is no act1 nor are ! movem5ts involv$ 9 an epileptic fit acts4 ,footnote #c3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #gc4 ,an act comprises an ev5t & its imm$iate m5tal cause4 ,! ev5t is g5]ally spok5 ( z ! outw>d act1 b ?is t]m seems to be too n>r[1 s9ce ! int5tional production ( a m5tal fact--= in/ance1 a s5sation1 or an idea1 or an emotion l joy or sorr[ or ang]--may be prop]ly /yl$ an act4 ,! objection w p]haps be rais$ t ,i conf\nd acts ) _! consequ5ces1 & t :at ,i call ! ev5t is1 z ,au/9 ma9ta9s1 no?+ b bodily movem5ts4 ,b ,au/9 himself admits t he mu/ (t5 speak ( acts :5 he means acts & _! consequ5ces1 s9ce mo/ ( ! names :i* seem to be names ( acts1 are names ( acts1 c\pl$ ) c]ta9 ( _! consequ5ces1 #bjd & x is n 9 our p[] to disc>d ^! =ms ( spee*4#d ,i reg>d ! s-call$ consequ5ces ( acts1 9 s f> z !y are int5d$1 z acts by !mselves1 or z p>ts ( acts4 ,footnote #d3 ,au/91 ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 i4 #dbg1 #dcb sq4 ,! v expression outw>d act implies t acts also h an inn] aspect4 ,int5tion1 says ,butl]1 is "p ( ! action itself4#e ,by int5tion ,i und]/& a volition or det]m9ation to realise ! idea ( a c]ta9 ev5t2 h5ce !re c be only "o int5tion 9 "o act4 ,c]ta9 writ]s di/+ui% betwe5 ! imm$iate & ! remote int5tions ( an act4 ,suppose t a tyrant1 :5 8 enemy jump$ into ! sea to escape him1 sav$ 8 victim f dr[n+ ) a view to inflict+ ^u him m exquisite tortures4 ,! imm$iate int5tion1 x is ma9ta9$1 0 to save ! enemy f dr[n+1 ! remote int5tion 0 to inflict ^u him tortures4#f ,b ,i %\ld say t1 9 ?is case1 we h to di/+ui% betwe5 two acts1 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 a means ( produc+ ! ev5t belong+ to ! second1 & t1 :5 ! =m] 0 accompli%$1 ! latt] 0 /ill only 9 prep>ation4 ,a di/9ction has1 moreov]1 be5 drawn betwe5 ! direct & ! indirect int5tion ( an act3--,if a ,nihili/ seeks to bl[ up a tra9 conta9+ an ,emp]or & o!rs1 8 direct int5tion may be simply ! de/ruction ( ! ,emp]or1 b indirectly also he int5ds ! de/ruction ( ! o!rs :o are 9 ! tra91 s9ce he is aw>e t _! de/ruction w be necess>ily includ$ along ) t ( ! ,emp]or4#g ,9 ?is case we h two int5tions1 &1 s f> z ,i c see1 two acts1 provid$ t ! nihili/ succe$$ 9 c>ry+ out 8 int5tions1 namely 7#a7 ! bl[+ up ( ! tra91 & 7#b7 ! kill+ ( ! emp]or2 ! =m] ( ^! acts does n ev5 necess>ily involve ! latt]4 ,b ,i fail to see t !re is any int5tion at all to kill o!r #bje p]sons4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick ma9ta9s t x w\ld be ?\ght absurd to say t1 9 su* a case1 ! nihili/ did n int5d to kill !m2#h b ! reason = ?is is simply ! vagu5ess ( language1 & a confusion betwe5 a psy*ical fact & ! moral e/imate ( t fact4 ,x might be absurd to br+ =w>d ! nihili/'s non-int5tion z an ext5uation ( 8 crime2 b x w\ld h>dly be correct to say t he int5d$ ! dea? ( o!r pass5g]s1 besides t ( ! emp]or1 :5 he only int5d$ ! de/ruction ( ! tra91 ?\gh ?is int5tion involv$ an extreme disreg>d ( ! v>i\s consequ5ces :i* 7 likely to foll[4 ,he kn[+ly expos$ ! pass5g]s to great dang]2 b if we speak ( an int5tion on 8 "p to expose !m to su* a dang]1 we reg>d ?is exposure z an act by itself4 ,footnote #e3 ,butl]1 ',diss]tation ,,ii4 ,( ! ,nature ( ,virtue1' 9 ,analogy ( ,religion1 c4 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #f3 ,mack5zie1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj4 ,! example is borr[$ f ,/u>t ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bg note4 ,footnote #g3 ,mack5zie1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa4 ,cf4 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bjb1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #h3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjb1 n4 #a4 ,on ! subject ( indirect int5tion1 cf4 also ,b5?am1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hd1 #hf4 ,a moral judgm5t may ref] to a m]e int5tion1 indep5d5tly ( its be+ realis$ or n4 ,moreov]1 ! moral judgm5ts :i* we pass on acts d n really relate to ! ev5t1 b to ! int5tion4 ,9 ?is po9t morali/s ( all s*ools seem to agree4#i ,ev5 ,/u>t ,mill1 :o drew s %>p a di/9ction betwe5 ! morality ( ! act & ! moral wor? ( ! ag5t1 admits t ! morality ( ! action dep5ds entirely ^u ! int5tion4#aj ,! ev5t is ( moral importance only 9 s f> z x indicates a decision :i* is f9al4 ,f ! moral po9t ( view !re may be a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 a resolution to d a c]ta9 ?+ 9 a di/ant future & a resolution to d x imm$iately4 ,h[ev] det]m9$ a p]son may be to commit a crime1 or to p]=m a good de$1 ! idea ( ! imm$iacy ( ! ev5t may1 9 ! la/ mom5t1 induce him to *ange 8 m9d4 ,! road to hell is pav$ ) good int5tions4 ,ext]nal ev5ts are g5]ally ! direct causes ( our moral emotions2 inde$1 )\t ! do+ ( h>m & ! do+ ( good1 ! moral consci\sness w\ld nev] #bjf h come into exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! in]adicable t5d5cy to pass moral judgm5ts ^u acts1 ev5 ?\gh !y really relate to ! f9al int5tions involv$ 9 acts4 ,x w\ld be bo? inconv5i5t & useless to deviate1 9 ?is respect1 f ! e/abli%$ application ( t]ms4 ,& no misund]/&+ c arise f su* application if x be borne 9 m9d t by an act1 z ! subject ( a moral judgm5t1 is inv>iably und]/ood ! ev5t plus ! int5tion :i* produc$ x1 & t ! v same moral judgm5t z is pass$ on acts w\ld also1 on due reflection1 be recognis$ z valid ) ref]5ce to f9al decisions 9 cases :]e accid5tal circum/ances prev5t$ ! accompli%m5t ( ! act4 ,footnote #i3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #aj3 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bg note4 ,cf4 ,james ,mill1 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 p4 #cgf4 ,x is 9 _! capacity ( volitions t int5tions are subjects ( moral judgm5ts4 ,:at is p]fectly indep5d5t ( ! w is no prop] object ( moral blame or moral praise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any volition may h a moral value4 ,b1 s f> z ,i c see1 !re are volitions :i* are n int5tions4 ,a p]son is morally acc\ntable also = 8 delib]ate wi%es1 & ! reason = ?is is t a delib]ate wi% is a volition4 ,i am aw>e t1 by call+ delib]ate wi%es volitions1 ,i (f5d aga9/ ! t]m9ology g5]ally adopt$ by psy*ologi/s4 ,h[ev]1 a delib]ate wi% is n only f a moral po9t ( view--z be+ a prop] subject ( moral valuation--b psy*ologically z well1 s closely ak9 to a decision1 t !re mu/ be a common t]m compris+ bo?4 ,9 ! realm ( conations1 delib]ate wi%es & decisions =m toge!r a prov9ce by !mselves4 ,9 contradi/9ction to m]e conative impulses1 !y are expressions ( a p]son's "*1 ( 8 w4 ,a delib]ate wi% may j z well z a decision repres5t 8 true self4 ,x has be5 argu$ t a p]son may w "o ?+ & yet wi% ! opposite ?+4 ,locke obs]ves3--,a man :om ,i _c d5y1 may oblige me to use p]suasions to ano!r1 :i*1 at ! same "t ,i am speak+1 ,i may wi% may n prevail ^u him4 ,9 ?is case x is pla9 ! w & desire run c\nt]1 ,i w ! action t #bjg t5ds "o way1 :il/ my desire t5ds ano!r1 & t ! direct contr>y way4#aa ,yet 9 ?is case ,i ei!r d n int5d to p]suade ! man1 b only to dis*>ge my (fice by speak+ to him words :i* are apt to h a p]suasive effect on him2 or1 if ,i d int5d to p]suade him1 ,i d n 9 ! same mom5t feel any delib]ate wi% to ! contr>y1 al?\gh ,i may feel su* a wi% be=e or aft]w>ds4 ,we _c simultane\sly h an int5tion to d a ?+ & a delib]ate wi% n to d x4 ,footnote #aa3 ,locke1 ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ii4 #ba4 #cj 7,philosophical ,works1 p4 #bai74 ,if x is admitt$ t moral judgm5ts are pass$ on acts simply 9 virtue ( _! volitional "*1 x seems impossible to d5y t su* judgm5ts may be pass$ on ! motives ( acts z well4 ,by motive ,i und]/& a conation :i* moves ! w1 9 o!r words1 ! conative cause ( a volition4#ab ,! motive itself may be1 or may n be1 a volition4 ,if x is1 x obvi\sly falls )9 ! sph]e ( moral valuation4 ,! motive ( an act may ev5 be an int5tion1 b an int5tion belong+ to ano!r act4 ,:5 ,brutus help$ to kill ,cs> 9 ord] to save 8 c\ntry1 8 int5tion to save 8 c\ntry 0 ! cause1 & !re=e ! motive1 ( 8 int5tion to kill ,cs>4 ,! fact t an int5tion frequ5tly acts z a motive has l$ "s writ]s to ! conclusion t ! motive ( an act is a "p ( ! int5tion4 ,b if ! int5tion ( an act is "p ( ! act itself1 & a motive is ! cause ( an int5tion1 ! motive ( an int5tion _c be a "p ( t int5tion1 s9ce a "p _c be ! cause ( ! :ole ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! t]m 'motive1' says ,pr(essor ,/\t 7,gr\ndwork ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #bcc sq47 is ambigu\s4 ,x may ref] to ! v>i\s conations :i* come into play 9 ! process ( delib]ation & t5d to influ5ce its result4 ,or x may ref] to ! conations :i* we m5tally assign z ! gr\nd or reason ( our decision :5 x has be5 fully =m$4 ,motive1 9 ! =m] s5se ( ! t]m1 is n impli$ 9 :at ,i "h und]/& by motive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t !re are motives n only = decisions1 b = delib]ate wi%es--ano!r circum/ance :i* %[s ! aff9ity betwe5 ^! two classes ( m5tal facts4 ,b ev5 motives :i*1 be+ nei!r delib]ate wi%es #bjh nor int5tions1 consi/ ( non-volitional conations1 &1 !re=e1 are no prop] subjects ( moral valuation1 may nev]!less indirectly ex]cise mu* influ5ce on moral judgm5ts4 ,suppose t a p]son )\t p]mission gratifies 8 hung] ) food :i* is n 8 own4 ,! motive ( 8 act is a non-volitional conation1 an appetite1 & has consequ5tly no moral value4 ,yet x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt by him :o judges ^u ! act4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! p]son 9 "q is less guilty 9 proportion z 8 hung] is m int5se4 ,! moral judgm5t is modifi$ by ! pressure :i* ! non-volitional motive ex]cises ^u ! ag5t's w4 ,! same is ! case :5 ! motive ( an act is ! conative elem5t involv$ 9 an emotion4 ,if a p]son commits a c]ta9 crime "u ! influ5ce ( ang]1 he is n s blamable z if he commits ! same crime 9 cold blood4 ,?us1 also1 x is m m]itori\s to be k9d to an enemy f a feel+ ( duty1 ?an to be k9d to a fri5d f a feel+ ( love4 ,no man des]ves blame or praise = ! pressure ( a non-volitional conation ^u 8 w1 unless1 inde$1 su* a pressure is due to *oice1 or unless x might h be5 avoid$ ) due =esight4 ,b a p]son may des]ve blame or praise = n resi/+ t impulse1 or = all[+ x to influ5ce 8 w = evil or good4 ,x is true t moral judgm5ts are commonly pass$ on acts )\t mu* reg>d be+ paid to _! motives2#ac b ! reason = ?is is only ! sup]ficiality ( ord9>y moral e/imates4 ,moral indignation & moral approval are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ar\s$ by conspicu\s facts1 &1 :il/ ! int5tion ( an act is express$ 9 ! act itself1 its motive is n4 ,b a consci5ti\s judge _c1 l ! multitude1 be cont5t ) judg+ ( ! surface only4 ,/u>t ,mill1 9 8 fam\s /atem5t t ! motive has no?+ to d ) ! morality ( ! action1 ?\gh mu* ) ! wor? ( ! ag5t1#ad has drawn a di/9ction #bji betwe5 acts & ag5ts :i* is =eign to ! moral consci\sness4 ,x _c be admitt$ t he :o saves a fell[ creature f dr[n+ does :at is morally "r1 :e!r 8 motive be duty1 or ! hope ( be+ paid = 8 tr\ble4 ,he ought1 ( c\rse1 to save ! o!r p]son f dr[n+1 b at ! same "t he ought to save him f a bett] motive ?an a wi% = money4 ,x may be t he :o betrays 8 fri5d t tru/s him is guilty ( a crime1 ev5 if 8 object be to s]ve ano!r fri5d to :om he is "u great] obligations2#ae b surely 8 guilt w\ld be great] if he betray$ 8 fri5d1 say1 9 ord] to ga9 "s p]sonal advantage !reby4 ,int5tions & motives are subjects ( moral valuation n sep>ately1 b z a unity2 & ! reason = ?is is t moral judgm5ts are really pass$ ^u m5 z act+ or will+1 n ^u acts or volitions 9 ! ab/ract4 ,x is true t our dete/ation ( an act is n always proportionate to our moral condemnation ( ! ag5t2 p d t]rible ?+s 9 ignorance4 ,b our dete/ation ( an act is1 prop]ly speak+1 a moral emotion only 9 s f> z x is direct$ aga9/ him :o committ$ ! act1 9 8 capacity ( a moral ag5t4 ,we are /ruck ) horror :5 we he> ( a wolf eat+ a *ild1 b we d n morally condemn ! wolf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cf4 ,james ,mill1 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 p4 #cgf2 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 p4 #bf4 ,a volition may h ref]5ce n only to ! do+ ( a ?+1 b to ! ab/a9+ f do+ a ?+4 ,x may =m "p n only ( an act1 b ( a =be>ance4 ,a =be>ance is morally equival5t to an act1 & ! volition involv$ 9 x is equival5t to an int5tion4 ,sitt+ /ill1 or hold+ "o's peace1 says ,locke1 :5 walk+ or speak+ are propos$1 ?\gh m]e =be>ances1 requir+ z mu* ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 & be+ z (t5 weighty 9 _! consequ5ces z ! contr>y actions1 may1 on t consid]ation1 well en\gh pass = actions too4#af ,yet x is h>dly correct to call !m acts4 ,b5?am's division ( acts into acts ( commission #baj & acts ( omission or =be>ance#ag is n to be recomm5d$4 ,a n-do+ ,i d n call an act1 & ! purpose ( n do+ ,i d n call an int5tion4#ah ,b ! fact rema9s t a =be>ance involves a di/9ct volition1 :i*1 z su*1 may be ! subject ( moral judgm5t no less ?an ! int5tion involv$ 9 an act4 ,footnote #af3 ,locke1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ba1 #bh 7,philosophical ,works1 p4 #bah74 ,footnote #ag3 ,b5?am1 op4 cit4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,cf4 ,cl>k1 ,analysis ( ,crim9al ,liability1 p4 #db4 ,will+ n to d a ?+ mu/ be di/+ui%$ f n will+ to d a ?+2 =be>ances mu/ be di/+ui%$ f omissions4 ,an omission--9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w--is *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( volition4 ,x is1 z ,au/9 puts x1 ! n do+ a giv5 act1 )\t adv]t+ 7at ! "t7 to ! act :i* is n done4#ai ,n[ moral judgm5ts ref] n only to will+1 b to n-will+ z well1 n only to acts & =be>ances1 b to omissions4 ,x is curi\s t ?is important po9t has be5 s little notic$ by writ]s on e?ics1 al?\gh x con/itutes a di/9ct & extremely frequ5t elem5t 9 our moral judgm5ts4 ,x has be5 argu$ t :at is condemn$ 9 an omission is really a volition1 n ! abs5ce ( a volition2 t an omission is bad1 n because ! p]son did n d some?+1 b because he did some?+ else1 or 0 9 su* a condition t he c\ld n w1 & is condemn$ = ! acts :i* br\ght him into t condition4#bj ,9 ! latt] case1 ( c\rse1 ! man _c be condemn$ = 8 omission1 s9ce he _c be blam$ = n do+ :at #baa he c\ld n w2 b to say t an omission is condemn$ only on acc\nt ( ! p]=mance ( "s act is und\bt$ly a psy*ological error4 ,if a p]son =gets to dis*>ge a c]ta9 duty incumb5t on him1 say1 to pay a debt1 he is c5sur$1 n = any?+ he did1 b = :at he omitt$ to d4 ,he is blam$ = n do+ a ?+ :i* he ought to h done1 because he did n ?9k ( x2 he is blam$ = 8 =getfulness4 ,9 o!r words1 8 guilt lies 9 8 neglig5ce4 ,footnote #ai3 ,au/91 op4 cit4 i4 #dch4 ,footnote #bj3 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 p4 #cd sq4 ,s1 also1 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick ma9ta9s 7op4 cit4 p4 #fj7 t ! prop] imm$iate objects ( moral approval or disapproval w\ld seem to be always ! results ( a man's volitions s f> z !y 7 int5d$--i4e41 repres5t$ 9 ?\ght z c]ta9 or probable consequ5ces ( su* volitions1 & t1 9 cases ( c>elessness1 moral blame1 /rictly speak+1 atta*es to ! ag5t1 only 9 s f> z 8 c>elessness is ! result ( "s wilful neglect ( duty4 ,a simil> view is tak5 by ! moral philosophy ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 7,gpf]t1 ,moral!ologie1 i4 #aac74 ,b9d+1 aga91 assumes 7,die ,norm51 ii4 #aje sqq47 t a p]son may h a volition )\t hav+ an idea ( :at he wills1 & t c>elessness implies a volition ( ?is k9d4 ,o!rwise1 he says1 ! w c\ld n be held responsible = ! result4 ,b1 z we %all see imm$iately1 ! abs5ce ( a volition may v well be attribut$ to a defect ( ! w1 & ! w ?us be reg>d$ z ! cause ( an un9t5d$ ev5t4 ,to speak ( a volition or w to d a ?+ ( :i* ! p]son :o wills x has no idea seems absurd4 ,closely relat$ to neglig5ce is he$lessness1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ seem+ly great] ?an x really is4 ,:il/ ! neglig5t man omits an act :i* he ought to h done1 because he does n ?9k ( x1 ! he$less man does an act f :i* he ought to h =borne1 because he does n consid] its probable or possible consequ5ces4#ba ,9 ! latt] case !re is act+1 9 ! =m] case !re is abs5ce ( act+4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! moral judgm5t ref]s to want ( att5tion1 9 o!r words1 to n-will+4 ,! fault ( ! neglig5t man is t he does n ?9k ( ! act :i* he ought to p]=m1 ! fault ( ! he$less man is t he does n ?9k ( ! probable or possible consequ5ces ( ! act :i* he p]=ms4 ,9 ra%ness1 aga91 ! p>ty adv]ts to ! mis*ief :i* 8 act may cause1 b1 f insuffici5t adv]t5ce assumes t x w n ensue2 ! fault ( ! ra% man is p>tial want ( att5tion4#bb ,neglig5ce1 he$lessness1 & ra%ness1 are all includ$ "u ! common t]m c>elessness4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w neglig5ce1 9 ! common use ( language1 is v indef9ite4 ,x (t5 /&s = he$lessness z well1 or = c>elessness4 ,i use x "h 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 appli$ by ,au/9 7op4 cit4 i4 #dci sq474 ,footnote #bb3 ,au/91 op4 cit4 i4 #ddj sq4 ,cl>k1 op4 cit41 p4 #aja4 ,our moral judgm5ts ( blame1 h[ev]1 are conc]n$ ) n-will+ only 9 s f> z ?is n-will+ is attribut$ to a defect ( ! w1 n to ! influ5ce ( intellectual or o!r circum/ances = :i* no man c be held responsible4 ,t p[] 9 a p]son :i* we call 8 w is reg>d$ by u z a cause1 n only ( #bab su* ev5ts z are int5d$1 b ( su* ev5ts z we ?9k t ! p]son c\ld h prev5t$ by 8 w4 ,& j z1 9 ! case ( volitions1 ! guilt ( ! p>ty is affect$ by ! pressure ( non-volunt>y motives1 s 9 ! case ( c>elessness m5tal facts fall+ outside ! sph]e ( ! w mu/ be closely consid]$ by ! consci5ti\s judge4 ,b no?+ is h>d] ?an to apply ?is rule 9 practice4 ,equally difficult is x1 9 _m cases1 to decide :e!r a p]son's behavi\r is due to want ( adv]t5ce1 or is comb9$ ) a k ( :at 8 behavi\r implies1 or ( ! consequ5ces :i* may result f x--to decide :e!r x is due to c>elessness1 or to some?+ worse ?an c>elessness4 ,= him :o refra9s f p]=m+ an obligatory act1 ?\gh adv]t+ to x1 neglig5t is c]ta9ly too mild an epi!t1 & he :o kn[s t mis*ief w probably result f 8 de$ is c]ta9ly worse ?an he$less4 ,yet ev5 9 su* cases ! imm$iate object ( blame may be ! abs5ce ( a volition--n a want ( att5tion1 b a n-will+ to d1 or a n-will+ to refra9 f do+1 an act 9 spite ( adv]t5ce to :at ! act implies or to its consequ5ces4 ,i may ab/a9 f p]=m+ an obligatory act ?\gh ,i ?9k ( x1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 make no resolution n to p]=m x4 ,s1 too1 if a man is ru9+ 8 family by 8 drunk5ness1 he may be aw>e t he is do+ s1 & yet he may d x )\t any volition to t effect4 ,9 ^! cases ! moral blame ref]s nei!r to neglig5ce or he$lessness1 nor to any def9ite volition1 b to disreg>d ( "o's duty or ( ! int]e/s ( "o's family4 ,at ! same "t1 ! transition f consci\s omissions into =be>ances1 & ! transition f n-will+ to refra9 f do+ into will+ to d1 are easy & natural2 h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 will+ & n-will+ may be ( little or no significance f an e?ical po9t ( view4 ,= ?is reason su* consequ5ces ( an act z are =ese5 z c]ta9 or probable h commonly be5 includ$ "u ! t]m int5tion1#bc #bac (t5 z a special bran* ( int5tion--oblique1 or indirect1 or virtual int5tion2#bd b1 z 0 already notic$1 ?is t]m9ology is h>dly appropriate4 ,i %all call su* consequ5ces ( an act z are =ese5 by ! ag5t1 & su* incid5ts z are kn[n by him to be involv$ 9 8 act1 ! kn[n concomitants ( ! act4 ,:5 ! nihili/ bl[s up ! tra9 conta9+ an emp]or & o!rs1 ) a view to kill+ ! emp]or1 ! extreme dang] to :i* he exposes ! o!rs is a kn[n concomitant ( 8 act4 ,s1 also1 9 mo/ crimes1 ! brea* ( law1 z di/9ct f ! act int5d$1 is a kn[n concomitant ( ! act1 inasmu* z ! crim9al1 ?\gh aw>e t 8 act is illegal1 does n p]=m x = ! purpose ( violat+ ! law4 ,z ,bacon said1 no man do? a wrong = ! wrong's sake1 b !reby to pur*ase himself pr(it1 or pleasure1 or hon\r1 or ! l4#be ,footnote #bc3 ,cf4 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #bd3 ,b5?am1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 ,au/91 op4 cit4 i4 #dhj4 ,cl>k1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ig1 #ajj4 ,footnote #be3 ,bacon1 ',essay ,,iv4 ,( ,rev5ge' 9 ,essays1 p4 #de4 ,cf4 ,grotius1 ,de jus belli et pacis1 ii4 #bj4 #bi4 #a3 ,vi quisquam gratis malus e/4 ,abs5ce ( volitions1 l volitions !mselves1 give rise n only to moral blame1 b to moral praise4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 applaud a p]son = ab/a9+ f do+ a ?+1 b5eficial to himself b h>mful to o!rs1 :i*1 9 simil> circum/ances1 w\ld h prov$ too great a temptation to any ord9>y man2 & x does n necess>ily less5 8 m]it if ! opposite alt]native did n ev5 occur to 8 m9d1 & 8 ab/95ce1 !re=e c\ld n possibly be ascrib$ to a volition4 ,v frequ5tly moral praise ref]s to kn[n concomitants ( acts r ?an to ! acts !mselves4 ,! m]it ( sav+ ano!r p]son's life at ! risk ( los+ "o's own1 really lies 9 ! fact t ! k ( ! dang] did n prev5t ! sav] f p]=m+ 8 act2 & ! m]it ( ! *>itable man really dep5ds on ! loss :i* he inflicts ^u himself by giv+ 8 prop]ty to ! ne$y4 ,9 ^! & analog\s cases ( self-sacrifice = a good end1 ! m]it1 /rictly speak+1 consi/s 9 n-will+ to #bad avoid a kn[n concomitant ( a b5eficial act4 ,b !re are in/ances1 ?\gh mu* less frequ5t1 9 :i* moral praise is be/[$ on a p]son = n-will+ to avoid a kn[n concomitant :i* is itself b5eficial4 ,?us x may on c]ta9 conditions be magnanim\s ( a p]son n to refra9 f do+ a ?+1 ?\gh he kn[s t 8 de$ w b5efit somebody :o has injur$ him1 & t[>ds :om ! av]age man 9 simil> circum/ances w\ld display res5tm5t4 ,all ^! v>i\s elem5ts into :i* ! subjects ( moral judgm5ts may be resolv$1 are includ$ 9 ! t]m conduct4 ,by a man's conduct 9 a c]ta9 case is und]/ood a volition1 or ! abs5ce ( a volition 9 him--:i* is (t51 b n always or necess>ily1 express$ 9 an act1 =be>ance1 or omission--view$ ) ref]5ce to all su* circum/ances z may influ5ce its moral "*4 ,9 ord] to =m an accurate idea ( ^! circum/ances1 x is necess>y to consid] n only ! case itself1 b ! man's "*1 if by "* is und]/ood a p]son's w reg>d$ z a cont9u\s entity4#bf ,! subject ( a moral judgm5t is1 /rictly speak+1 a p]son's w conceiv$ z ! cause ei!r ( volitions or ( ! abs5ce ( volitions2 &1 s9ce a man's w or "* is a cont9uity1 x is necess>y t any judgm5t pass$ ^u him 9 a p>ticul> case1 %\ld take notice ( 8 w z a :ole1 8 "*4 ,we impute a p]son's acts to him only 9 s f> z we reg>d !m z a result or manife/ation ( 8 "*1 z directly or indirectly due to 8 w4 ,hume obs]ves3--,actions are1 by _! v nature1 tempor>y & p]i%+2 & :]e !y proce$ n f "s cause 9 ! "* & disposition ( ! p]son :o p]=m$ !m1 !y c nei!r r$\nd to 8 hon\r1 if good2 nor infamy1 if evil4 4 4 4 ,! p]son is n answ]able = !m2 & z !y proce$$ #bae f no?+ 9 him1 t is durable & con/ant1 & leave no?+ ( t nature beh9d !m1 x is impossible he c1 ^u _! acc\nt1 become ! object ( puni%m5t or v5geance4#bg ,!re is ?us an intimate connection betwe5 "* & conduct z subjects ( moral valuation4 ,:5 judg+ ( a man's conduct 9 a special in/ance1 we judge ( 8 "*1 & :5 judg+ ( 8 "*1 we judge ( 8 conduct 9 g5]al4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cf4 ,alex&]1 op4 cit4 p4 #di3 ,"* is simply t ( :i* individual pieces ( conduct are ! manife/ation4 ,to ! ^w "* has also be5 giv5 a broad] mean+4 ,accord+ to ,john ,grote 7,treatise on ! ,moral ,ideals1 p4 #ddb71 a p]son's "* is 8 habitual way ( ?9k+1 feel+1 & act+4 ,footnote #bg3 ,hume1 ,enquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 viii4 #b 7,philosophical ,works1 iv4 #hj74 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 iii4 #b 7ibid4 ii4 #aia74 ,see also ,s*op5hau]1 ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 vol4 vii471 pp4 #abc1 #abd1 #bha4 ,x w p]haps be rem>k$ t moral judgm5ts are pass$ n only on conduct & "*1 b on emotions & op9ions2 = in/ance1 t res5tm5t 9 _m cases is deem$ wrong1 & love ( an enemy is deem$ praisewor?y1 & t no puni%m5t has be5 ?\ght too sev]e = h]etics & unbeliev]s4 ,b ev5 9 su* in/ances ! object ( blame or praise is really ! w4 ,! p]son :o feels res5tm5t is c5sur$ because 8 w has n giv5 a *eck to t emotion1 or because ! ho/ile attitude ( m9d has l$ up to a def9ite volition4 ,v frequ5tly ! irascible impulse 9 res5tm5t or ! fri5dly impulse 9 k9dly emotion develops into a volition to inflict an injury or to be/[ a b5efit on its object2 & ! words res5tm5t & love !mselves are (t5 us$ to d5ote1 n m]e emotions1 b /ates ( m9d *>act]is$ by g5u9e volitions4 ,an emotion1 or ! abs5ce ( an emotion1 may also1 :5 view$ z a symptom1 give rise to1 & be ! app>5t subject (1 a moral judgm5t4 ,we are apt to blame a p]son ^: feel+s are n affect$ by ! news ( a mis=tune :i* has befall5 8 fri5d1 because we reg>d ?is z a sign ( an un*>itable "*4 ,we may be mi/ak51 ( c\rse4 ,! same p]son might h be5 ! fir/ to try to prev5t ! mis=tune if x _h be5 9 8 p[]2 b we judge f av]age cases4 ,z = op9ions & beliefs1 x may be said t !y involve responsibility 9 s f> z !y are suppos$ to #baf dep5d on ! w4 ,g5]ally x is n s mu* ! op9ion itself b r ! expression1 or ! outw>d consequ5ce1 ( x t calls =? moral indignation2 & 9 any case ! blame1 /rictly speak+1 ref]s ei!r to su* acts1 or to ! cause ( ! op9ion )9 ! w4 ,t a c]ta9 belief1 or unbelief1 is nev] z su* a prop] object ( c5sure is recognis$ bo? by ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant !ology4 ,?omas ,aqu9as po9ts out t ! s9 ( unbelief consi/s 9 contr>y opposition to ! fai?1 :]eby "o /&s out aga9/ ! he>+ ( ! fai?1 or ev5 despises fai?1 & t1 ?\gh su* unbelief itself is 9 ! intellect1 ! cause ( x is 9 ! w4 ,& he adds t 9 ^? :o h he>d no?+ ( ! fai?1 unbelief has n ! "* ( a s91 b r ( a p5alty1 inasmu* z su* ignorance ( div9e ?+s is a consequ5ce ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t4#bh ,dr4 ,w>dlaw likewise obs]ves3--,! ,bible condemns no man = n kn[+ :at he nev] he>d (1 or = n believ+ :at he c\ld n "k4 4 4 4 ,ignorance is crim9al only :5 x arises f wilful inatt5tion1 or f av]sion ( he>t to tru?4 ,unbelief involves guilt1 :5 x is ! effect & manife/ation ( ! same av]sion--( a want ( w to t :i* is "r & good4#bi ,to %ut "o's eyes to tru? may be a he9\s wrong1 b nobody is blamable = see+ no?+ ) 8 eyes %ut4 ,footnote #bh3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aj4 #a sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,w>dlaw1 ,s]mons on ,man's ,acc\ntabl5ess = 8 ,belief1 c4 p4 #ch4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 :i* ref] to ! scrut9is+ & enlight5$ moral consci\sness1 we %all proce$ to discuss 9 detail1 & f an evolution>y po9t ( view1 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* ! subjects ( moral judgm5ts consi/4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,w ,,z ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,moral ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,ev5ts ,,h[ev] obvi\s x may be to ! reflect+ moral consci\sness t ! only prop] object ( moral blame & praise is ! w1 x w\ld be a ha/y conclusion to assume t moral judgm5ts always & necess>ily relate to ! w4 ,!re are num]\s facts :i* t5d to %[ t su* judgm5ts are l>gely influ5c$ by ext]nal ev5ts involv$ 91 or result+ f1 ! conduct ( m54 ,"s peoples are said to make no di/9ction betwe5 int5tional & accid5tal injuries4 ,mo/ /atem5ts to ?is effect ref] to rev5ge or comp5sation4 ,von ,m>tius /ates t1 among ! ,arawaks1 ! blood-rev5ge is s bl9d & is practis$ s ext5sively1 t _m times an accid5tal dea? leads to ! de/ruction ( :ole families1 bo? ! family ( him :o kill$ & ( ! family ( ! victim2#a &1 accord+ to ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn1 ! smalle/ injury done by "o ,guiana ,indian to ano!r1 ev5 if un9t5tional1 mu/ be aton$ by ! suff]+ ( a simil> injury4#b ,adair1 9 8 "w on ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 says t !y pursu$ ! law ( retaliation ) su* a fix$ eag]ness1 t =m]ly if a little boy %oot+ birds 9 ! high & ?ick cornfields un=tunately *anc$ slightly to w\nd ano!r ) 8 *ildi% arr[1 ! "y v9dictive fox 0 excit$ by cu/om to wat* 8 ways ) ! utmo/ e>ne/ness1 till ! w\nd 0 return$ 9 z equal a mann] #bah z c\ld be expect$4#c ,among ! ,ondonga 9 ,s\? ,africa1#d ! ,nissan ,isl&]s 9 ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1#e & c]ta9 ,m>%all ,isl&]s1#f ! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge makes no di/9ction betwe5 wilful & accid5tal homicide4 ,among ! ,kasias de/ruction ( human life1 :e!r by accid5t or design1 9 op5 w> or secret1 is always ! cause ( feud among ! relations ( ! p>ties4#g ,x seems t ! blood-rev5ge ( ! e>ly ,greeks 0 equally indiscrim9ate4#h ,z = ! blood-feuds ( ! anci5t ,teutons1 ,wilda ma9ta9s t1 ev5 9 prehi/oric times1 x 0 h>dly con=mable to good cu/om to kill ! involunt>y manslay]2#i b !re is e reason to believe t cu/om made no prote/ aga9/ x4 ,accord+ to ! my? ( ,bald]1 accid5t 0 no excuse = %$d+ blood4 ,loke gives to ,hdur ! mi/letoe twig1 & asks him to d l ! re/ ( ! gods1 & %[ ,bald] hon\r1 by %oot+ at him ) ! twig4 ,hdur ?r[s ! mi/letoe at ,bald]1 & kills him1 n kn[+ its p[]4 ,accord+ to our notions1 bl9d ,hdur is p]fectly innoc5t ( 8 bro!r's dea?2 yet ! av5g]1 ,vali1 by ! usual ,g]manic v[1 nei!r wa%es nor combs 8 hair till he has kill$ ,hdur4 ,x is also in/ructive to note t ! n>rator ( ?is /ory f9ds himself call$ ^u to expla91 &1 9 a mann]1 to excuse ! ,asas = n puni%+ ,hdur at once1 ! place :]e !y 7 assembl$ be+ a sacr$ place4#aj ,we f9d survivals ( a simil> view 9 laws ( a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,norman cu/omals decl>es q pla9ly t ! man :o kills 8 "l by misadv5ture mu/ die4#aa ,&1 accord+ to a passage 9 ',leges ,h5rici ,i41' 9 case ,a by mis*ance falls f a tree ^u ,b & kills him1 !n1 if ,b's k9sman mu/ ne$s h v5geance1 he may climb a tree & fall ^u ,a4#ab ,?is provision has be5 ju/ly repres5t$ z a curi\s in/ance ( a gr[+ appreciation ( moral diff]5ces1 :i* has n d>$ to aboli%1 b has tri$ to circumv5t ! anci5t rule4#ac ,footnote #a3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zr ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #fic sq4 ,footnote #b3 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #c3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #d3 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #e3 ,sorge1 ibid4 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #f3 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #ddc4 ,see also ,idem1 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #g3 ,fi%]1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 #hce4 ,footnote #h3 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 pp4 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdb4 ,footnote #i3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #aj3 ,snorri ,/urluson1 ',gylfag9n+1' #ej1 9 ,edda1 p4 #ei4 ,cf4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 und franzsis*5 ,re*tes1 p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #dhb4 ,footnote #ab3 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 xc4 #g4 ,footnote #ac3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dga4 #bai ,among ! ,k&hs simil> comp5sation is made 9 all cases bo? ( excusable homicide & ( manslaught]4#ad ,& ! same is said to be ! case among v>i\s o!r savages or b>b>ians4#ae ,footnote #ad3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #abc4 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bbc4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ejb 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,h[ev]1 ?is want ( discrim9ation betwe5 int5tional & accid5tal injuries is n re/rict$ to cases ( rev5ge or comp5sation4 ,e>ly puni%m5t is sometimes equally indiscrim9ate4 ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 murd]1 ju/ifiable homicide1 & kill+ by inadv]t5ce 9 a qu>rel1 are all class$ z "o crime1 & puni%$ 9 ! same way4 ,ext5uat+ circum/ances are nev] consid]$4 ,! s+le "q ask$ is1 ,did ! man kill ! o!r8 ,! p5alty is an extremely heavy blood-ransom to ! family ( ! sla9 man1 or p]petual exile comb9$ ) spoliation ( ! crim9al's prop]ty4#af ,p>kyns tells u ! foll[+ /ory f ,abyss9ia3--,a boy :o _h climb$ a tree1 happ5$ to fall d[n "r on ! head ( 8 little comrade /&+ bel[4 ,! comrade di$ imm$iately1 & ! unlucky climb] 0 9 consequ5ce s5t5c$ to be kill$ 9 ! same way z he _h kill$ ! o!r boy1 t is1 ! dead boy's bro!r %\ld climb ! tree 9 8 turn1 & tumble d[n on ! o!r's head till he kill$ him4#ag ,! ,cam]oon tribes d n recognise ! circum/ance ( accid5tal dea?3--,he :o kills ano!r accid5tally mu/ die4 ,!n1 !y say1 ! fri5ds ( ea* are equal m\rn]s4#ah ,among ! negroes ( ,accra1 accord+ to ,monrad1 accid5tal homicide is puni%$ z sev]ely z int5tional4#ai ,footnote #af3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,p>kyns1 ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 ii4 #bcf sqq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ri*>dson1 ',obs]vations among ! ,cam]oon ,tribes ( ,we/ ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology1 ,*icago1 p4 #bjc4 ,see also ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bd 7,bakwiri72 ibid4 p4 #ea 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,footnote #ai3 ,monrad1 ,gu9ea-,ky/5 og d5s ,indbygg]e1 p4 #hh4 ,yet x w\ld obvi\sly be a mi/ake to suppose t1 at e>ly /ages ( civilisation1 p g5]ally look only at ! h>m done1 & n 9 ! lea/ at ! w ( him :o did x4 ,ev5 9 ! sy/em ( private r$ress we (t5 #bbj f9d a di/9ction made betwe5 int5tional or =ese5 injuries on ! "o h&1 & un9t5tional & un=ese5 injuries on ! o!r4 ,9 _m in/ances1 :il/ blood-rev5ge is tak5 = volunt>y homicide1 comp5sation is accept$ = accid5tal infliction ( dea?4#bj ,& sometimes ! *ief or ! ,/ate int]f]es on behalf ( ! involunt>y manslay]1 protect+ him f ! p]secutions ( ! dead man's family4 ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 ,kohl]1 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #ahh1 n4 #a4 ,among ! ,african ,wapokomo int5tion makes a diff]5ce 9 ! rev5ge4#ba ,among ! ,papuans ( ! ,tami ,isl&s blood-rev5ge is common 9 ! case ( murd]1 b is n exact$ 9 ! case ( accid5tal homicide2 ! involunt>y manslay] has only to pay a comp5sation & to leave ! community = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4#bb ,among ! ,namaqua ,hott5tots cu/om dem&s t comp5sation %\ld be accept$ = un9t5tional kill+4#bc ,we meet ) ! same pr9ciple among ! ,albanians#bd & ! ,slavs1#be 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( o!r ,european peoples1#bf 9 anci5t ,yucatan1#bg & 9 ! religi\s law ( ,muhamm$anism4#bh ,among ! ,kabyles ( ,alg]ia1 si les moeurs n'autoris5t jamais la famille victime d'un homicide volontaire amni/i] un crime1 elles lui p]mett5t presque t\j\rs de p>donn] la mort qui ne rsulte que d'une maladresse ou d'un accid5t4 ,!y h a special c]emony by :i* ! family ( ! deceas$ grant p>don to ! involunt>y manslay]1 b ! p>don mu/ be giv5 unanim\sly4 ,! manslay] !n becomes a memb] ( ! kh>uba1 or g5s1 ( ! deceas$4#bi ,among ! ,omahas1 :5 "o man kill$ ano!r accid5tally1 he 0 rescu$ by ! int]position ( ! *iefs1 & subsequ5tly 0 puni%$ z if he 7 a murd]]1 b only = a ye> or two4#cj ,! #bba anci5t law ( ! ,hebrews1 :i* recognis$ ! "r & duty ( private rev5ge 9 cases ( int5tional homicide1 laid d[n special rules = homicide by mis=tune4 ,he :o kill$ ano!r unaw>es & unwitt+ly might flee to a city ( refuge1 :]e he 0 protect$ aga9/ ! av5g] ( blood z long z he rema9$ !re4#ca ,9 anci5t ,rome ! involunt>y manslay] seems to h be5 expos$ to ! blood-feud until a law attribut$ to ,numa orda9$ t he %\ld atone = ! de$ by provid+ a ram to be sacrific$ 9 8 place4#cb ,footnote #ba3 ,kraft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #bb3 ,baml]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #chj4 ,footnote #bc3 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,gopvcevi'c1 ,ob]albani5 und se9e ,liga1 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #be3 ,miklosi*1 ',blutra*e bei d5 ,slav51' 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]l4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*4 ,philos4-hi/or4 ,classe1 ,vi5na1 xxxvi4 #aca4 ,footnote #bf3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #cbd4 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 p4 cxxiv4 ,= ! anci5t ,teutons1 see infra1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #bg3 de ,l&a1 ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #bh3 ,koran1 iv4 #id4 ,cf4 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t na* ,s*afiitis*] ,lehre1 p4 #gfa sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 iii4 #fh sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cgj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,deut]onomy1 iv4 #db4 ,numb]s1 xxxv4 #aa sqq4 ,jo%ua1 xx4 #c sqq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,virgilii ,bucolica1 #dc4 ,cf4 von ,jh]+1 ,das ,s*uldmom5t im rmis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #aa4 ,among "s peoples :o accept comp5sation ev5 = wilful murd]1 ! blood-price is l[] if life is tak5 un9t5tionally4#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,bev]ley1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bae 7,wagogo74 ,d>e/e1 ,n\velles tudes d'hi/oire du droit1 p4 #bcg 7,swanetians ( ! ,caucasus74 ,accord+ to ,b[di*1 a p]son accid5tally kill+ ano!r 9 ,ahanta1 pays #e oz4 ( gold to ! family1 & defrays ! burial cu/oms4 ,9 ! case ( murd]1 x is #bj oz4 ( gold & a slave2 or1 he & 8 family become ! slaves ( ! family ( ! deceas$4#cd ,anci5t ,iri% law impos$ an ,eric f9e = accid5tal or un9t5tional homicide1 to be paid to ! relatives ( ! dead man1 :il/ a d\ble f9e 0 due = homicide :]e ang] 0 %[n1 i4e41 :]e probably !re 0 :at we %\ld call malice4#ce ,footnote #cd3 ,b[di*1 ,mission f ,cape ,ca/le to ,a%antee1 p4 #beh1 n4 d\ble dagg]4 ,footnote #ce3 ,*]ry1 ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law 9 ,anci5t ,communities1 p4 #bb4 ,9 ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by _m savages1 a simil> di/9ction is made betwe5 int5tional & accid5tal h>m1 al?\gh1 at ! same "t1 "s degree ( guilt is frequ5tly imput$ to p]sons :o1 9 our op9ion1 are p]fectly innoc5t4 ,speak+ ( ! ,we/ ,au/ralian aborig9es1 ,sir ,g4 ,grey obs]ves3--,if a native is sla9 by ano!r wilfully1 !y kill ! murd]]1 or any ( 8 fri5ds !y c lay h&s on4 ,if a native kills ano!r accid5tally1 he is puni%$ accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,& ! puni%m5t may be sev]e en\gh4 ,= in/ance1 if1 9 inflict+ spe> w\nds z a puni%m5t = "s (f5ce1 "o ( ! ag5ts %\ld spe> ! culprit ?r\gh ! ?igh1 & accid5tally s injure ! #bbb femoral art]y t he dies1 ! man :o did s w\ld h to submit to be spe>$ ?r\gh bo? ?ighs himself4#cf ,9 ,new ,gu9ea1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 murd] is puni%$ capitally1 :]eas a dea? caus$ by accid5t is expiat$ by a f9e4#cg ,among ! ,mpongwe1 except 9 ! case ( a *ief or a v ri* man1 little or no diff]5ce is made betwe5 wilful murd]1 ju/ifiable homicide1 & accid5tal manslaught]4#ch ,kafir law seems to dem& no comp5sation = :at is cle>ly prov$ to h be5 a /rictly accid5tal injury to prop]ty1 b ! case is diff]5t 9 reg>d to accid5tal injuries to p]sons1 if ! injury be ( a s]i\s nature4 ,?us x seems to make little or no di/9ction betwe5 wilful murd] & any o!r k9d ( homicide2 unless x be1 p]haps1 t 9 purely accid5tal homicide ! full am\nt ( ! f9e may n be s rigidly insi/$ ^u4#ci ,among ! ,a-lur1 9 ! case ( accid5tal injuries1 a comp5sation is paid to ! injur$ p>ty & a f9e to ! *ief4 ,:il/ ! /rict puni%m5t = murd] is dea?1 ! culprit is all[$ to r$eem himself if x _c be prov$ t he committ$ ! de$ wilfully4#dj ,! ,masai reg>d accid5tal homicide1 or injury1 z ! w ( ,n'gai1 ! ,unkn[n1 & ! eld]s arrange :at comp5sation %all be paid to ! injur$ p]son 7if a male7 or to ! ne>e/ relative4 ,if a woman is kill$ by accid5t1 all ! kill]'s prop]ty becomes ! prop]ty ( ! ne>e/ relative4#da ,! ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans1 accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,macdonald1 "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 an injury ( accid5t & "o ( int5tion4#db ,& s d ! natives ( ,nossi-,b & ,mayotte1 ne> ,madagasc>4#dc ,footnote #cf3 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bch sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #ch3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #ci3 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 pp4 #aac1 #fg1 #fj4 ,footnote #dj3 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika1 p4 #ebd4 ,footnote #da3 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #db3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #dc3 ,walt]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cic4 ,nay1 !re are in/ances ( uncivilis$ peoples :o entirely excuse1 or d n puni%1 a p]son = an injury :i* he has inflict$ by m]e accid5t1 ev5 ?\gh !y may compel him to pay damages = involunt>y de/ruction ( prop]ty4 ,we are told t ! ,p5nsylvania ,indians judge ) calmness on all occasions1 & decide ) precision1 or endeav\r #bbc to d s1 betwe5 an accid5t & a wilful act2 ! fir/1 !y say1 !y are all liable to commit1 & !re=e x ought n to be notic$1 or puni%$2 ! second be+ a wilful or prem$itat$ act1 committ$ ) a bad design1 ought on ! contr>y to receive due puni%m5t1#dd ,among "s ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&]s un9t5tional wrongs are puni%$ only if ! injur$ p>ty be a p]son ( note1 = in/ance1 a *ief1 or a memb] ( a *ief's family4#de ,among ! ,papuans ( ! ,tami ,isl&s1 accid5tal injuries are n puni%$4 ,g5]ally ! culprit confesses 8 de$1 & makes an apology4 ,if he has caus$ ! de/ruction ( "s valuable1 he has to repair ! loss4#df ,among ! ,wad%agga !re is no puni%m5t = an accid5tal hurt2 b if anybody's prop]ty has be5 damag$ !reby1 a comp5sation am\nt+ to "o half ( ! damage may be requir$4#dg ,! ,hott5tots d n n[adays puni% accid5ts1 ev5 9 ! case ( homicide4#dh ,among ! ,wa%ambala a p]son is held responsible only = su* injuries z he has inflict$ int5tionally or caus$ by c>elessness4#di ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 if a man1 woman1 or *ild1 n kn[+ :at he or %e does1 damages ! prop]ty ( ano!r p]son1 native ju/ice requires1 & conta9s 9 itself1 t if x c be prov$ ! act 0 committ$ 9 ignorance t 0 n a culpable ignorance1 ! do] _c be puni%$ accord+ to ! law4#ej ,footnote #dd3 ,bu*anan1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #afj sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #ddh4 ,footnote #df3 ,baml]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ibid4 xiv4 #cha4 ,footnote #dg3 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ibid4 xv4 #fd4 ,footnote #dh3 ,kohl]1 ibid4 xv4 #cec4 ,footnote #di3 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #ej3 ,miss ,k+sley1 9 h] ,introduction to ,d5nett's ,notes on ! ,folklore ( ! ,fjort1 p4 xi4 ,^! in/ances ( occasional discrim9ation 9 savage ju/ice are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 ! face ( ! fact t1 ev5 among peoples :o h atta9$ a high] degree ( culture1 innoc5t p]sons are (t5 puni%$ by law = br++ ab\t ev5ts )\t any fault ( !irs4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( ! ,*9ese law t all p]sons :o kill or w\nd o!rs purely by accid5t1 %all be p]mitt$ to r$eem !mselves f ! puni%m5t ( kill+ or w\nd+ 9 an affray1 by ! paym5t 9 ea* case ( a f9e to ! family ( ! p]son deceas$ or w\nd$4#ea ,b !re are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,any #bbd p]son :o kills 8 fa!r1 "m1 pat]nal gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 & any wife :o kills h] husb&'s fa!r1 "m1 pat]nal gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 purely by accid5t1 %all /ill be puni%$ ) #ajj bl[s & p]petual bani%m5t to ! di/ance ( #c1jjj lee4 ,9 ! case ( w\nd+ purely by accid5t1 ! p]sons convict$ !re( %all be puni%$ ) #ajj bl[s & ?ree ye>s' bani%m5t3 9 ^! cases1 moreov]1 ! p>ties %all n be p]mitt$ to r$eem !mselves f puni%m5t by ! paym5t ( a f9e1 z usual 9 ! ord9>y cases ( accid5t4#eb ,aga91 slaves :o accid5tally kill _! ma/]s1 %all suff] dea?1 by be+ /rangl$ at ! usual p]iod4#ec ,x is also a *>act]i/ic provision ( ! ,*9ese law t an act ( grace is necess>y = reliev+ all ^? f puni%m5t :o h (f5d$ accid5tally & inadv]t5tly4#ed ,footnote #ea3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 ccxcii4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 sec4 cccxix4 p4 #cdg4 ,cf4 ibid4 sec4 ccxcii4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid4 sec4 cccxiv4 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid4 sec4 xvi4 p4 #ah4 ,x is said 9 ! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi3--,if a man has /ruck a man 9 a qu>rel1 & has caus$ him a w\nd1 t man %all swe> ',i did n /rike him kn[+' & %all answ] = ! doctor4 ,if he has di$ ( 8 bl[s1 he %all swe>1 & if he be ( g5tle bir? he %all pay half a m9a ( silv]4 ,if he be ! son ( a poor man1 he %all pay "o-?ird ( a m9a ( silv]4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #bjf sqq4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! purpose ( ! ,hebrew law ( sanctu>y 0 n m]ely to protect ! involunt>y manslay] f blood-rev5ge1 b at ! same "t to puni% him & compel him to expiate ! blood he has %$4#ef ,if he left ! city ( refuge be=e ! dea? ( ! high-prie/1 ! av5g] ( blood might kill him )\t incurr+ blood-guilt9ess2 & he 0 n p]mitt$ to pur*ase an e>li] return to 8 possession ) a money ransom4#eg ,footnote #ef3 ,goite91 ,das ,v]geltungspr9cip im biblis*5 und talmudis*5 ,/rafre*t1 p4 #be sq4 ,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 #cga4 ,footnote #eg3 ,numb]s1 xxxv4 #bf sqq4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 he :o damages ! #bbe goods ( ano!r1 be x int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 %all give satisfaction to ! own] & pay to ! k+ a f9e equal to ! damage2#eh & v>i\s rites ( expiation are prescrib$ = a p]son :o kills a ,brhmana by accid5t1#ei :]eas ! int5tional slay+ ( a ,brhmana is inexpiable4#fj ,footnote #eh3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bhh4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ibid4 xi4 #gc sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid4 xi4 #ij4 ,gautama1 xxi4 #g4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 h[ev]1 ! wilful slay+ ( a ,brhmana 0 expiable by a p5ance ( great] sev]ity 7,bhl]'s note1 9 8 translation ( ! ',laws ( ,manu1' ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxv4 #ddi74 ,demo/h5es praises ! ,a!nian law = mak+ ! p5alty ( un9t5tional homicide less ?an t ( int5tional4 ,! puni%m5t = murd] 0 dea?1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 be=e ! s5t5ce 0 pass$1 ! murd]] 0 at lib]ty to escape by )draw+ f 8 c\ntry & rema9+ 9 p]petual exile4 ,b he :o 0 convict$ ( involunt>y homicide _h to leave ! c\ntry only = "s %ort] "t1 until he _h appeas$ ! relatives ( ! deceas$4#fa ,z w be se5 subsequ5tly1 ! real object ( ?is law 0 n s mu* to puni% ! involunt>y manslay]1 z to save him f be+ p]secut$ by ! dead man's gho/1 & to rid ! community ( a pollution4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,a!nian law does n repres5t ! ideas ( e>ly times4 ,z ,dr4 ,f>nell obs]ves1 ! con/itution & ! leg5d ab\t ! f\ndation ( ! c\rt at ! ,palladium1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ to try cases ( un9t5tional blood-%$d+1 %[s t ! anci5t practice 0 susceptible ( improvem5t4#fb ,nor does ! ,roman law1 :i*1 9 its develop$ %ape1 ) su* a rem>kable consi/5cy c>ri$ out ! ,cornelian pr9ciple1 9 maleficiis voluntas spectatur non exitus1#fc seem to h be5 equally discrim9ate 9 e>ly times4#fd ,9 ! ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables !re are /ill "s fa9t traces left ( ! notion t expiation 0 requir$ ( a p]son :o accid5tally %$ human blood4#fe ,footnote #fa3 ,demo/h5es1 ,contra ,ari/ocratem1 #ga sq4 p4 #fdc sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ari/otle1 ,de republica ,a!ni5sium1 #eg4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #cjd4 ,footnote #fc3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #h4 #ad4 ,footnote #fd3 von ,jh]+1 ,das ,s*uldmom5t im rmis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #af4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #fe3 ,momms51 op4 cit4 p4 #he4 #bbf ,! pr9ciple ( anci5t ,teutonic law 01 ,qui insci5t] peccat1 sci5t] em5det--a maxim laid d[n by ! compil] ( ! s-call$ ',laws ( ,h5ry ,i41'#ff no d\bt translat+ an old ,engli% prov]b4#fg ,9 hi/oric times1 ! law1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 vili & vadhi1 treats int5tional homicide z worse ?an un9t5tional4 ,9 "o case !re c1 9 ! o!r !re c n1 be a legitimate feud2 & :il/ wilful manslaught] c be expiat$ only by wte1 z well z w]1 ! involunt>y manslay] has to pay w] to ! family ( ! dead1 b no wte to ! au?orities4#fh ,yet ! w] to be paid 0 n m]ely comp5sation = ! loss su/a9$1 z ,wilda1 misl$ by 8 en?usiasm = ,teutonic law1 has errone\sly assum$2#fi x 0 puni%m5t z well4#gj ,& ! "* ( crim9ality atta*$ to accid5tal homicide surviv$ ! sy/em ( w]4 ,:5 homicide became a capital (f5ce1 homicide by misadv5ture 0 includ$ 9 ! law4 ,h[ev]1 ! involunt>y manslay] 0 n execut$1 b recomm5d$ to ! m]cy ( ! pr9ce4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,engl& 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1#ga & 9 ,france /ill m rec5tly4#gb ,& :5 ! ,engli% law 0 alt]$1 & ! involunt>y (f5d] no long] 0 9 ne$ ( m]cy1 he nev]!less cont9u$ to be treat$ z a crim9al4 ,he 0 puni%$ ) =feiture ( 8 goods4 ,accord+ to ! rig\r ( ! law su* a =feiture might h be5 exact$ ev5 9 ! ye> #ahbh1 :5 ! law 0 f9ally aboli%$ aft] hav+ fall5 into desuetude 9 ! c\rse ( ! previ\s c5tury4#gc ,footnote #ff3 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 xc4 #aa4 ,footnote #fg3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 i4 #ed4 ,footnote #fh3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #ede sqq41 #eid4 ,idem1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #afe4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dga4 ,footnote #fi3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #egh4 ,footnote #gj3 ,gey]1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,no?wehr1 p4 #hg sq4 ,trumm] ,vortrge b] ,tortur1 c4 i4 #cde4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #eje sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #acd1 vol4 ii4 #chb sq42 fol4 #ajd b1 vol4 ii1 #aeb sq4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #did sqq4 ,bi5]1 ,das englis*e ,ges*worn5g]i*t1 i4 #abj1 #cib4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dgi4 ,footnote #gb3 ,beaumanoir1 ,les c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 #fi1 vol4 ii4 #dhc4 ,esme91 ,hi/oire de la procdure crim9elle en ,france1 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #gc3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #gg4 ,if m5 at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation g5]ally #bbg atta* undue importance to ! outw>d aspect ( conduct1 ! same is /ill m ! case ) _! gods4 ,! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ believe t ! god ,sasabonsum takes delight 9 de/roy+ all ^? :o h (f5d$ him1 ev5 ?\gh ! (f5ce may h be5 accid5tal & un9t5tional2 :]eas1 among ! same p1 x is ! cu/om t ev5 dea?s result+ f accid5ts1 n to speak ( m9or injuries1 are comp5sat$ = by a sum ( money4#gd ,miss ,k+sley says %e is unable1 f h] own exp]i5ce1 to agree ) ,mr4 ,d5nett's /atem5t ) ref]5ce to ! ,fjort1 t ignorance w\ld save ! man :o _h eat5 prohibit$ food4 ,f :at %e kn[s1 ,m]olla's /ory is correct3 ! man1 ?\gh he eat 9 ignorance1 dies or suff]s sev]ely4 ,x is true1 %e adds1 t "o ( ! doctr9es ( ,african human law is t ! p]son :o (f5ds 9 ignorance1 t is n a culpable ignorance1 _c be puni%$2 b ?is m]ciful dictum ,i h nev] f\nd 9 _s law4 ,!re9 if y (f5d1 y suff]2 unless y c appease ! enrag$ _s1 nei!r ignorance nor intoxication is a feasible plea 9 ext5uation4#ge ,! ,omahas believe t to eat ( ! totem1 ev5 9 ignorance1 w\ld cause sickness1 n only to ! eat]1 b also to 8 wife & *ildr54#gf ,footnote #gd3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 pp4 #ce1 #cja4 ,footnote #ge3 ,miss ,k+sley1 9 h] ,introduction to ,d5nett's ,folklore ( ! ,fjort1 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #gf3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #af4 ,speak+ ( ! sacr$ animals ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,h]odotus says1 ,%\ld any "o kill "o ( ^! bea/s1 if wilfully1 dea? is ! puni%m5t2 if by accid5t1 he pays su* f9e z ! prie/s *oose to impose4 ,b :oev] kills an ibis or a hawk1 :e!r wilfully or by accid5t1 mu/ necess>ily be put to dea?4#gg ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese p5al code1 :oev] de/roys or damages1 :e!r int5tionally or inadv]t5tly1 ! alt>s1 m\nds1 or t]races consecrat$ to ! sacr$ & imp]ial rites1 %all suff] #ajj bl[s1 & be p]petually bani%$ to di/ance #bbh ( #bjjj lee4#gh ,9 ^! cases ! puni%m5t inflict$ by human h&s is obvi\sly a reflection ( ! suppos$ ang] ( sup]human be+s4 ,footnote #gg3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #fe4 ,cf4 ,pomponius ,mela1 #i4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 clviii4 p4 #agb4 ,! ,%9toi/ prays = =giv5ess ( errors :i* he has committ$ unkn[+ly4#gi ,accord+ to ! ,v$ic hymns1 :oev] ) or )\t int5tion (f5ds aga9/ ! et]nal ord9ances ( ,v>una1 ! ,all-kn[+ & ,s9less1 ar\ses 8 ang]1 & is b\nd ) ! bonds ( ! god--) calamity1 sickness1 & dea?4#hj ,=giv5ess is bes\ght ( ,v>una = s9s t h be5 committ$ 9 unconsci\sness2#ha ev5 sleep occasions s94#hb ,! s+] ,vasi%?a is fill$ ) pi\s grief1 because daily aga9/ 8 w & )\t k he (f5ds ! god & 9 ignorance violates 8 decree4#hc ,all sages1 say ! ,laws ( ,manu1 prescribe a p5ance = a s9 un9t5tionally committ$2 su* a s9 is expiat$ by ! recitation ( ,v$ic texts1 b t :i* m5 9 _! folly commit int5tionally1 by v>i\s special p5ances4#hd ,among ! pres5t ,h9dus1 ev5 9 cases ( accid5tal dr9k+ ( spirits ?r\gh ignorance on ! "p ( any ( ! ?ree twice-born classes1 no?+ %ort ( a repetition ( ! initial sacram5t>y rites1 effect+ a complete reg5]ation1 is held suffici5t to purge ! s94#he ,footnote #gi3 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #baj sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,cf4 ,kaegi1 ,rigv$a1 p4 #ff sq42 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #ha3 ,rig-,v$a1 v4 #he4 #h4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ibid4 vii4 #hf4 #f2 x4 #afd4 #c4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ibid4 vii4 #hh4 #f4 ,cf4 ,kaegi1 op4 cit4 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #hd3 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #de sq4 ,cf4 ,vasi%?a1 #bj4 ,footnote #he3 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 i4 #cic4 ,9 ! ,greek lit]ature !re are sev]al in/ances ( guilt be+ atta*$ to ! accid5tal transgression ( "s sacr$ law1 ! transgressor be+ p]fectly unaw>e ( ! nature ( 8 de$4 ,o$ipus is ! mo/ fam\s example ( ?is4 ,actaeon is puni%$ = hav+ se5 ,diana4 ,pausanias1 ! ,sp>tan k+1 made sacrifice to ,zeus ,phyxius1 to atone = ! dea? ( ! maid5 :om he _h sla9 by mis=tune4#hf ,footnote #hf3 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #gb4 ,! ,babylonian psalmi/1 assum+ t "o ( ! #bbi gods is angry ) him because he is suff]+ pa91 exclaims3--,! s9 :i* ,i committ$ ,i "k n4 ,! transgression ,i committ$ ,i "k n4 ,! affliction :i* 0 my food--,i "k x n4 ,! evil :i* trampl$ me d[n--,i "k x n4 ,! "l 9 ! wra? ( 8 he>t has reg>d$ me2 ! god 9 ! fi]c5ess ( 8 he>t has puni%$ me4#hg ,9 ano!r psalm x is said3--,he kn[s n 8 s9 aga9/ ! god1 he kn[s n 8 transgression aga9/ ! god & ! goddess4 ,yet ! god has smitt51 ! goddess has dep>t$ f him4#hh ,footnote #hg3 ,zimm]n1 ,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #hh3 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 p4 #eje4 ,cf4 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #ch4 ,s1 also1 ! ,hebrew psalmi/ cries out1 ,:o c und]/& 8 errors8 cleanse ?\ me f secret faults4#hi ,un9t5tional error1 z ,mr4 ,montefiore obs]ves1 w\ld be z liable to incur div9e puni%m5t z ! mo/ volunt>y crime1 if x infr+$ ! tol]ably wide prov9ce 9 :i* ! "r or sanctity ( ,yahveh 0 involv$4#ij ,:il/ a delib]ate moral iniquity 0 puni%$ "u ! p5al law1 a s9 committ$ ?r\gh ignorance1 9 ! holy ?+s ( ! ,"l1 requir$ a s9- or trespass-(f]+ = its expiation4#ia ,speak+ ( ! develop$ sacrificial sy/em ( ! ,jews1 ,pr(essor ,moore rem>ks1 ,! g5]al rule 9 ! ,mi%na is t any transgression ! p5alty ( :i*1 if wilful1 w\ld be t ! (f5d] be cut (f1 requires1 if committ$ 9 ignorance or ?r\gh inadv]t5ce1 a h4at4t4a? or s9-(f]+2 ! catalogue ( ^! transgressions ranges f ince/ & idolatry to eat+ ! 7int]nal7 fat ( animals & imitat+ ! composition ( ! sacr$ inc5se1 b does n include ! commone/ (f5ces aga9/ morals4#ib ,! ,rabbis also ma9ta9$ t a false oa?1 ev5 if made unconsci\sly1 involves man 9 s91 & is puni%$ z su*4#ic #bcj ,we meet ) a simil> op9ion 9 m$ival ,*ri/ianity4 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,/4 ,augu/9e1#id & adopt$ by ,canon ,law1#ie t ream l+uam non facit1 nisi m5s rea1 0 n always act$ ^u4 ,v>i\s p5it5tials condemn$ to p5ance a p]son :o1 9 giv+ evid5ce1 swore to ! be/ ( 8 belief1 9 case 8 /atem5t aft]w>ds prov$ untrue4#if ,9 o!r cases1 also1 ! ,*ur* prescrib$ p5ances = m]e mis=tunes4 ,if a p]son kill$ ano!r by pure accid5t1 he _h to d p5ance--9 ord9>y cases1 accord+ to mo/ ,engli% p5it5tials1 = "o ye>1#ig accord+ to v>i\s cont95tal p5it5tials1 = five#ih or sev5#ii ye>s2 :]eas1 accord+ to ! ,p5it5tial ( ,pseudo-,!odore1 he :o accid5tally kill$ 8 fa!r or "m 0 to atone 8 de$ ) a p5ance ( fifte5 ye>s1#ajj & he :o accid5tally kill$ 8 son ) a p5ance ( twelve4#aja ,! ,scoti/s ev5 expressly decl>$ t ! ext]nal de$ has a moral value ( its own1 :i* increases ! goodness or badness ( ! ag5t's int5tion2 & ?\gh ?is doctr9e 0 oppos$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,bonav5tura1 ,su>ez1 & o!r lead+ !ologians1 x 0 nev]!less admitt$ by !m t1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 c]ta9 ext]nal de$s entail a c]ta9 accid5tal rew>d1 ! s-call$ aureola4#ajb ,9 "s cases ! secul> law1 also1 puni%es misadv5ture on religi\s gr\nds4 ,?us ! ,salic law treat$ ) great sev]ity any p]son :o accid5tally put fire to a *ur*1 al?\gh x impos$ no p5alty on o!r cases ( #bca un9t5tional inc5di>y2#ajc & ev5 to ?is day ! ,russian crim9al law prescribes p5it5ce = homicide by misadv5ture1 9 ord] to quiet ! consci5ce ( ! culprit4#ajd ,accord+ to ! ,koran1 he :o kills a believ] by mi/ake %all expiate 8 de$1 n only by pay+ blood-money to ! family ( ! dead 7unless !y remit x71 b by sett+ free a believ+ slave2 & z to him :o _c f9d ! means1 let him fa/ = two consecutive mon?s--a p5ance ?is f ,god4#aje ,footnote #hi3 ,psalms1 xix4 #ab4 ,footnote #ij3 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #ajc4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #eae sq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,leviticus1 iv4 #bb sqq42 v4 #ae sqq4 ,numb]s1 xv4 #bd sqq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,moore1 ',sacrifice1' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iv4 #dbje4 ,footnote #ic3 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #eeh4 ,footnote #id3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]mones1 clxxx4 #b 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xxxviii4 #igc74 ,footnote #ie3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #bb4 #b4 #c4 ,footnote #if3 ,poenit5tiale ,b$1 v4 #c 7,wass]s*leb51 ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #bbf74 ,poenit4 ,egb]ti1 vi4 #c 7ibid4 p4 #bch74 ,poenit4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxiv4 #e 7ibid4 p4 #eic74 ,footnote #ig3 ,poenit4 ,!odori1 i4 #d4 #g 7ibid4 p4 #ahh74 ,poenit4 ,b$1 iv4 #e 7ibid4 p4 #bbe74 ,poenit4 ,egb]ti1 iv4 #aa 7ibid4 p4 #bce74 ,accord+ to ,poenit4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxi4 #b 7ibid4 p4 #ehf71 ! p5ance 0 to la/ = five ye>s4 ,footnote #ih3 ,poenit4 ,hub]t5se1 #b 7ibid4 p4 #cgg74 ,poenit4 ,m]seburg5se1 #b 7ibid4 p4 #cia74 ,poenit4 ,bobi5se1 #d 7ibid4 p4 #djh74 ,poenit4 ,v9dobon5se1 #b 7ibid4 p4 #dah74 ,poenit4 ,cummeani1 vi4 #b 7ibid4 p4 #dgh74 ,poenit4 ,,xxxv4 ,capitulornm1 #a 7ibid4 p4 #ejf74 ,poenit4 ,vigilanum1 #bg 7ibid4 p4 #ebi74 ,footnote #ii3 ,poenit4 ,p>isi5se1 #a 7ibid4 p4 #dab74 ,poenit4 ,floriac5se1 #b 7ibid4 p4 #dbd74 ,footnote #ajj3 ,poenit4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxi4 #ah 7ibid4 p4 #ehh74 ,footnote #aja3 ,poenit4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxi4 #ai 7ibid4 #ehh74 ,footnote #ajb3 ,gpf]t1 ,moral!ologie1 i4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,lex ,salica 7,h>old's text71 #ga4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #ejg1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,fo9itzki1 9 ,le droit crim9el des tats europens1 edit$ by von ,liszt1 p4 #eca4 ,footnote #aje3 ,koran1 iv4 #id4 ,h[ %all we expla9 all ^! facts8 ,d !y fai?fully repres5t ideas ( moral responsibility8 ,d !y indicate t1 at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation1 ! outw>d ev5t z su*1 irrespectively ( ! w ( ! ag5t1 is an object ( moral blame8 ,mo/ ( ! /atem5ts :i* imply a p]fect abs5ce ( discrim9ation betwe5 accid5t & int5tion1 ref] to ! sy/em ( private r$ress4 ,"u ?is sy/em a p]sonal injury is reg>d$ z a matt] :i* ! injur$ p>ty or 8 k9 h to settle = !mselves4 ,x c]ta9ly does n all[ !m to treat ! (f5d] j z !y please2 z we h se51 x is m or less regulat$ by cu/om4 ,b at ! same "t x makes consid]able all[ance = ! p]sonal feel+s ( ! suff]]1 & ^! feel+s are apt to be nei!r imp>tial nor suffici5tly discrim9ate4 ,:e!r1 9 a savage community1 public op9ion prescribes1 or m]ely p]mits1 rev5ge 9 cases ( accid5tal injury1 is a "q :i* ! ord9>y obs]vations ( travell]s leave unansw]$4 ,x is important to note t "o ( ! fir/ /eps :i* e>ly cu/om or law took t[>ds a re/riction ( ! blood-feud 0 to save ! life ( ! involunt>y manslay]4 ,moreov]1 9 _m cases :]e ! sy/em ( rev5ge has be5 succe$$ by puni%m5t1 ! injur$ p>ty may /ill h a voice 9 ! matt]4 ,9 ,abyss9ia1 = in/ance1 a life = a life is ! s5t5ce pass$ ^u ! murd]]2 b1 obta9+ #bcb ! cons5t ( ! relatives ( ! deceas$1 he is au?oris$ by law to pur*ase 8 p>don4#ajf ,accord+ to anci5t ,sw$i% law1 an injury c\ld n be treat$ z accid5tal unless ! injur$ p>ty ackn[l$g$ x z su*4#ajg ,9 ,engl&1 ev5 9 ! days ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 ! k+ c\ld n protect ! manslay] f ! suit ( ! dead man's k91 al?\gh he _h grant$ him p>don on ! score ( misadv5ture4#ajh ,inde$1 s rec5tly z #agda1 a royal ord] 0 made = a hang+ 9 *a9s on ! petition ( ! relations ( ! deceas$4#aji ,& to ?is day ,engli% crim9al c\rts1 :5 deal+ ) "s slight (f5ce1 mitigate ! puni%m5t because ! prosecutor does n press ! case1 or ev5 give him leave to settle ! matt] & )draw ! prosecution4#aaj ,footnote #ajf3 ,h>ris1 ,highl&s ( ?iopia1 ii1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #ajg3 von ,amira1 ,nordg]manis*e ,obligation5re*t1 i4 #chb4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,?ree ,e>ly ,assize ,rolls = ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 sc4 ,,xiii1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #aji3 ,amos1 ,ru9s ( ,"t1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,k5ny1 ,outl9es ( ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #bc4 ,9 ! case ( accid5tal homicide1 def]5ce may also h to be %[n = ! suppos$ feel+s ( ! dead man's gho/1 :i*1 angry & bloodless1 is crav+ = rev5ge & ?ir/+ = blood4 ,to leave its desires ungratifi$ w\ld be bo? dang]\s & unm]ciful4 ,t ?is has some?+ to d ) ! rigid dem& ( life = life 9 ! case ( homicide by misadv5ture seems all ! m likely z 9 "s in/ances :5 ! involunt>y manslay] is p>don$1 o!r blood is to be %$ in/ead ( 84 ,among ! ,yao & ,wayisa1 ne> ,lake ,nyassa1 x is ! cu/om by way ( propitiation to give up a slave or "s relative ( ! crim9al's1 to 'g along ) ! "o :o 0 sla91' & ?is seems to be inv>iably done :5 "o is kill$ by accid5t1 9 :i* case ! slay] may escape1 ! deputy tak+ z x 7 8 place4#aaa ,we may assume t a simil> idea und]lies ! anci5t ,roman law :i* provid$ a ram to be sacrific$ 9 ! place ( ! involunt>y manslay]4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,macdonald1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ajh4 ,b ! dead man's gho/ n only p]secutes 8 own family if 9999neglectful ( _! duty1 x also attacks ! manslay] #bcc & cleaves to him l a miasma4 ,! manslay] is consequ5tly reg>d$ z unclean1 & has1 bo? = 8 own sake & = ! sake ( ! community 9 :i* he lives1 to und]go "s c]emony ( purification 9 ord] to rid himself ( ! dang]\s & infecti\s pollution4 ,?is notion w be illu/rat$ 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,9 ! pres5t connection ,i m]ely desire to po9t out t ! pollution is !re1 :e!r ! %$d+ ( blood 0 int5tional or accid5tal4 ,&1 z w be %[n1 ?\gh ?is /ate ( uncleanness does n intr9sically involve guilt1 x easily becomes a cause ( moral disapproval1 :il/ ! c]emony ( purification is apt to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( puni%m5t4 ,we %all also f9d t ! notion ( a p]secut+ gho/ may be replac$ by ! notion ( an av5g+ god1 x be+ a fact ( common occurr5ce t ! do+s or functions ( "o my/]i\s be+ are transf]r$ to ano!r4 ,we %all1 f9ally1 see t ! infection ( uncleanness is %unn$ by gods ev5 m ?an x is %unn$ by m52 & ?is l>gely helps to expla9 ! attitude ( religion t[>ds un9t5tional & un=ese5 %$d+ ( human blood4 ,!re are o!r1 m g5]al reasons = ! want ( discrim9ation (t5 display$ by religion 9 reg>d to ! accid5tal transgression ( a religi\s law4 ,:5 a ?+ is taboo 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 x is suppos$ to be *>g$ ) my/]i\s en]gy :i* w injure or de/roy ! p]son :o eats or t\*es ! =bidd5 ?+1 :e!r he does s wilfully or by mi/ake4 ,z ,pr(essor ,jevons correctly obs]ves1 ! action ( taboo is always me*anical2 contact ) ! taboo$ object communicates ! taboo infection z c]ta9ly z contact ) wat] communicates moi/ure4 4 4 4 ,! int5tions ( ! taboo-break] h no effect ^u ! action ( ! taboo2 he may t\* 9 ignorance1 or = ! b5efit ( ! p]son he t\*es1 b he is taboo$ z surely z if 8 motive 7 irrev]5t or 8 action ho/ile4#aab ,s1 also1 accord+ to primitive notions1 ! effect ( a curse or an #bcd oa? is purely me*anical2 h5ce a p]son :o swe>s falsely 9 ignorance exposes himself to no less dang] ?an a p]son :o p]jures himself kn[+ly4 ,z reg>ds religi\s (f5ces 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m--t is1 (f5ces aga9/ "s god :i* are suppos$ to ar\se 8 res5tm5t--x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 j z a man :o is hurt is unable to judge on ! matt] z coolly z does ! community at l>ge1 s a god ^: ord9ances are transgress$ is ?\ght to be less discrim9at+ 9 8 ang] ?an a dis9t]e/$ human judge1 &1 consequ5tly1 m apt to be influ5c$ by ! ext]nal ev5t4 ,& :]e ne>ly e calamity is reg>d$ z a div9e puni%m5t1 a p]son :o is suff]+ )\t kn[+ :at s9 he has committ$1 naturally inf]s t a god is puni%+ him = "s secret fault4 ,footnote #aab3 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #ia4 ,?us x may be t1 9 ! po9t :i* we are discuss+1 z 9 v>i\s o!r respects1 ! religi\s beliefs ( a p d n fai?fully repres5t _! g5]al notions ( moral responsibility4 ,x is pr(\ndly wrong to assume1 f ! leg5d ( ,o$ipus & o!r simil> cases1 t ! anci5t ,greeks1 9 g5]al1 held a p]son equally responsible = an accid5t :i* occurs to him1 & = an act ( :i* ! ag5t is aw>e4 ,ev5 ! transgression ( a sacr$ law1 :5 committ$ 9 ignorance1 seems to h excit$ pitiful horror r ?an moral indignation4 ,o$ipus _h kill$ 8 fa!r 9 self-def5ce1 & m>ri$ 8 "m1 p]fectly ignorant ( 8 relation to !m4 ,! gods puni%$ ! ,!bans ) pe/il5ce = h>b\r+ su* a wret* on _! soil4 ,b :5 "t t sees all1 f\nd him out 9 8 unwitt+ s91 x 0 n blame1 b t]ror & deep compassion = ! unhappy man t1 accord+ to ! trag$ian1#aac spoke f ! lips ( ! p4 ,moreov]1 9 ! latt] trag$y ,o$ipus p]si/5tly v9dicates 8 innoc5ce3--,:atev] ,i h done 0 done unwitt+ly--,be=e ! law ,i h no guilt4 ,&1 address+ himself to ,creon1 :o has accus$ him ( p>ricide & ince/1 he #bce exclaims3--,o %ameless s\l1 :]e1 ?9ke/ ?\1 falls ?is ?y taunt1--on my age1 or on ?9e own8 ,blood%$--ince/ --mis]y--all ?is ?y lips h laun*$ aga9/ me1--all ?is t ,i h borne1 woe is me6 by no *oice ( m9e3 = su* 0 ! pleasure ( ! gods1 wro?1 haply1 ) ! race f ( old4 4 4 ,tell me1 n[1 --if1 by voice ( oracle1 "s div9e doom 0 com+ on my sire1 t he %\ld die by a son's h&1 h[ c\ld/ ?\ ju/ly reproa* me !re)1 :o 0 !n unborn1 :om no sire _h yet begott51 no "m's womb conceiv$8 ,& if1 :5 born to woe--z ,i 0 born--,i met my sire 9 /rife1 & slew him1 all ignorant :at ,i 0 do+1 & to :om1--h[ c\ld/ ?\ ju/ly blame ! unkn[+ de$8#aad ,nev] 0 a m pa!tic appeal made to ! c\rt ( ,ju/ice f ! indiscrim9ate v]dict ( angry gods4 ,footnote #aac3 ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus ,tyrannus4 ,footnote #aad3 ,idem1 ,,oedipus ,coloneus1 #ifj sqq4 7,jebb's translation1 p4 #aee74 ,:il/ ! grosse/ want ( discrim9ation may ?us be expla9$ f rev5geful feel+s & sup]/iti\s beliefs1 !re /ill rema9 a multitude ( cases :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z g5u9e expressions ( moral indignation4 ,z to ^!1 x %\ld1 fir/1 be rememb]$ t ev5 ! reflect+ moral consci\sness may hold a p]son blamable = ! un9t5tional & un=ese5 infliction ( an injury1 namely1 9 cases :]e x assumes want ( prop] =esight4 ,n[1 z we "k1 x is (t5 difficult en\gh to disc]n :e!r1 or to :at ext5t1 an un9t5d$ injury is due to c>elessness on ! "p ( ! ag5t2 sometimes ev5 x is no easy ?+ to tell :e!r an injury 0 int5d$ or n4 ,x is n to be expect$1 !n1 t di/9ctions ( s subtle a nature %\ld be prop]ly made by ! uncultur$ m9d1 & lea/ ( all is x to be expect$ t su* di/9ctions %\ld be embodi$ 9 e>ly cu/om & law1 :i* are bas$ on av]age cases & all[ ( no m9ute individualisation4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! r\ghness ( ,teutonic ju/ice may be p>tly expla9$ f ! difficulty 9 gett+ any pro( ( int5tion or ( its abs5ce1 f ! lack ( any prop] di/9ctions betwe5 #bcf misadv5ture & c>elessness1 & f ! fact t ! s-call$ misadv5tures ( e>ly times cov]$ _m a blamewor?y act4#aae ,& all ?is holds good n m]ely ( ! anci5t ,teutons4 ,x may fur!r be said t ! m defective ! p[] ( discrim9ation1 ! great] is ! t5d5cy to presume guilt4 ,9 ,morocco a man :o runs away aft] kill+ ano!r is presum$ to h committ$ ! de$ int5tionally1 h[ev] innoc5t he really may be4 ,among ! ,teutons ! presumption 0 always aga9/ ! manslay]2 he _h to proclaim :at he _h done1 & to prove t ! de$ 0 n int5d$#aaf--unless1 inde$1 ! misadv5ture belong$ to a c]ta9 type ( injuries :i* by _! v nature entail$ no guilt4 ,= in/ance1 if a man c>ri$ a spe> level on 8 %\ld] & ano!r ran ^u ! po9t1 he 0 free f blame2 :]eas1 if h>m ensu$ by pure accid5t f a di/9ct act1 ! ag5t 0 liable4#aag ,z von ,amira rem>ks1 ! ,sw$i% notion ( vadhavrk 0 n a m]ely negative conception1 b impli$ t !re 0 dang] connect$ ) ! act4#aah ,footnote #aae3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee2 ii4 #dge1 #dhc4 von ,amira1 ,nordg]manis*es ,obligation5re*t1 i4 #cgg sq4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 i4 #cde4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #ejj sq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dga4 ,footnote #aag3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #ehd4 ,trumm]1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbg4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #dii sq4 von ,amira1 ',re*t1' 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #agb4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #ec sq4 ,footnote #aah3 von ,amira1 ,nordg]manis*es ,obligation5re*t1 i4 #cgg4 ,:]e ! di/9ction betwe5 guilt & innoc5ce is difficult to draw1 x may be wise policy to presume guilt4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,burton1 ! ,mpongwe juri/s say t little or no diff]5ce is g5]ally made betwe5 wilful murd] & accid5tal manslaught] 9 ord] t p %\ld be m c>eful2#aai & a simil> idea may lie at ! bottom ( ! ,dahoman law :i* puni%es capitally any p]son ^: h\se takes fire1 ev5 if x happ5s accid5tally4#abj ,b ! presumption ( guilt is n only1 nor 9 ! fir/ place1 ow+ to consid]ations ( social utility1 comb9$ ) a reckless indiff]5ce to undes]v$ suff]+4 #bcg ,! unreflect+ m9d is %ock$ by ! h>m done1 & c>es little = ! re/4 ,x does n press ! "q :e!r ! h>m 0 caus$ by ! ag5t's w or n4 ,x does n make any s]i\s attempt to sep>ate ! ext]nal ev5t f ! w1 & x is incl9$ to assume t !re is a co9cid5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,?is is n altoge!r bad psy*ology s9ce1 z a rule1 m5 w :at !y d4 ,le fait juge l'homme1 says an old ,fr5* prov]b2 & 9 morals1 also1 ! tree is kn[n by ! fruit4 ,h[ev]1 !re are cases ( injuries 9 :i* n ev5 uncivilis$ m5 c fail to discov]1 at once1 ! abs5ce ( any evil int5tion4 ,?is c]ta9ly does n mean t ! injur] escapes all c5sure4 ,e feel+ ( pa91 sympa!tic pa9 includ$1 :i* is caus$ by a liv+ be+1 has a c]ta9 t5d5cy to give rise to an aggressive impulse t[>ds its cause2 h5ce savages1 ev5 ?\gh !y di/+ui% betwe5 int5tional & un9t5tional h>m1 are incl9$ to impute "s degree ( guilt to any p]son :o involunt>ily commits a =bidd5 de$1 ?\gh he be 9 reality q innoc5t4 ,b ! reason = ?is is only want ( due reflection4 ,if x is cle>ly und]/ood t a c]ta9 ev5t is ! result ( m]ely ext]nal circum/ances1 t x 0 nei!r int5d$ by ! ag5t nor c\ld h be5 =ese5 by him1 9 o!r words1 t x 9 no way 0 caus$ by 8 w--!n !re c\ld be no moral indignation at all4 ,x w\ld be simply absurd to suppose t an outw>d ev5t z su*1 assum$ to be absolutely unconnect$ ) any defect ( w1 c\ld ev] give rise to moral blame4 ,su* an ev5t c\ld n ev5 call =? a feel+ ( rev5ge4 ,sudd5 ang] itself cools d[n :5 x appe>s t ! cause ( ! inflict$ pa9 0 a m]e accid5t4 ,ev5 a dog1 z has be5 obs]v$1 di/+ui%es betwe5 be+ /umbl$ ov] & be+ kick$4 ,footnote #aai3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #abj3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bbd4 ,t ! indiscrim9ate attitude ( e>ly cu/om & law t[>ds accid5tal injuries does n imply any diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple betwe5 ! enlight5$ & un5light5$ moral consci\sness z reg>ds ! subject ( moral valuation1 #bch becomes p]fectly obvi\s :5 we consid] :at a great influ5ce ! outw>d ev5t ex]cises ^u moral e/imates ev5 among ourselves4 ,! _w judges by ! ev5t1 & n by ! design1 says ,adam ,smi?4 ,ev]ybody agrees to ! g5]al maxim1 t z ! ev5t does n dep5d on ! ag5t1 x ought to h no influ5ce ^u our s5tim5ts1 ) reg>d to ! m]it or propriety ( 8 conduct4 ,b :5 we come to p>ticul>s1 we f9d t our s5tim5ts are sc>ce 9 any "o in/ance exactly con=mable to :at ?is equitable maxim w\ld direct4#aba ,ev5 9 ! crim9al laws ( civilis$ nations *ance /ill plays a prom95t "p4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t law ( ,engl&1 ?\gh a p]son is n crim9ally liable = ! involunt>y & un=ese5 consequ5ces ( acts :i* are !mselves p]missible1 ! case is diff]5t if he commits an act :i* is wrong & crim9al1#abb or1 z x seems1 ev5 if he commits an act :i* is wrong )\t be+ =bidd5 by law4#abc ,?us dea? caus$ un9t5tionally is reg>d$ z murd]1 if x takes place )9 a ye> & a day#abd z ! result ( an unlawful act :i* am\nts to a felony4#abe ,= in/ance1 a p]son kills ano!r accid5tally by %oot+ at a dome/ic f[l ) int5t to /eal x1 & he w probably be convict$ ( murd]4#abf ,aga91 a ne>-sight$ man drives at a rapid rate1 sitt+ at ! bottom ( 8 c>t1 & !reby causes ! dea? ( a foot-pass5g]2 he is guilty ( manslaught]4#abg ,a man recklessly & wantonly ?r[s a light$ mat* into a hay/ack1 c>eless :e!r x take fire or n1 & s burns d[n ! /ack2 8 crime is arson4 ,b if he did n int5d to ?r[ ! light$ mat* on ! hay/ack1 he w\ld probably n be guilty ( any (f5ce at all1 unless dea? 0 caus$1 9 :i* case he w\ld be guilty ( manslaught]4#abh ,ev5 if ! un9t5d$ dea? is to "s #bci ext5t ow+ to ! neglig5ce ( ! injur$ p>ty himself1 x may be laid to ! *>ge ( ! injur]4 ,?is at all ev5ts 0 ! law 9 ,hale's "t1 ,if a man1 he says1 receives a w\nd1 :i* is n 9 itself mortal1 b ei!r = want ( helpful applications1 or neglect !re(1 x turns to a gangr5e1 or a fev]1 & t gangr5e or fev] be ! imm$iate cause ( 8 dea?1 yet1 ?is is murd] or manslaught] 9 him t gave ! /roke or w\nd4#abi ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! sev]ity ( ! ,engli% law on un9t5tional homicide--:i*1 9 fact1 is a survival ( anci5t ,teutonic law#acj--;is )\t a p>allel 9 ! ,european legislation ( ! pres5t day4 ,bo? ! ,fr5*#aca & ! ,g]man#acb laws are mu* less sev]e2 & s is ! ,ottoman ,p5al ,code1#acc & ,muhamm$an law 9 g5]al4#acd ,yet ! un9t5d$ deadly consequ5ce ( a crim9al act always affects ! puni%m5t m or less4 ,footnote #aba3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #abb3 ,accord+ to ,h>ris 7,pr9ciples ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #aef71 ! act %\ld be a malum 9 se1 n m]ely a malum quia prohibitum4 ,footnote #abc3 ,k5ny1 op4 cit4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #abd3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #h4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bb4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ibid4 iii4 #hc4 ,footnote #abg3 ,h>ris1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #abh3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #aac4 ,footnote #abi3 ,hale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n1 i4 #dbh4 ,footnote #acj3 ,lex ,wisigo?orum1 vi4 #e4 #f3 ,si dum quis calce1 vel pugno1 aut quacumque p]cussione injuriam conatur inf]re1 homicidii extit]it occasio1 pro homicidio puniatur4 ,footnote #aca3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #cji4 ,footnote #acb3 ,/rafgesetzbu*1 art4 #bbf4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ottoman ,p5al ,code1 art4 #agg4 ,cf4 ibid4 art4 #agd4 ,footnote #acd3 ,sa*au1 op4 cit4 p4 #gfa sq4 ,i presume t nobody aft] due delib]ation w\ld ma9ta9 t ! moral guilt ( ! (f5d] is enhanc$ by ! dea? ( him :om he involunt>ily happ5$ to kill4 ,sir ,james ,/eph51 nev]!less1 makes an attempt to def5d1 f a moral po9t ( view1 ! sev]e ,engli% law on ! subject1 :i* he ?9ks is mu* to be pref]r$ to ! law ( ,france4 ,he asks1 ,is !re any?+ to *oose morally betwe5 ! man :o viol5tly /abs ano!r 9 ! *e/ ) ! def9ite int5tion ( kill+ him1 & a man :o /abs ano!r 9 ! *e/ ) no def9ite int5tion at all z to ! victim's life or dea?1 b ) a feel+ ( indiff]5ce :e!r he lives or dies8#ace ,p]haps n4 ,b ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t !re is a consid]able moral diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o %oots at ano!r ) ! def9ite int5tion ( kill+ him1 & ! man :o1 fir+ at ano!r's *ick5s1 ) ! int5tion ( /eal+ !m1 accid5tally kills ! own] :om #bdj he does n see4 ,x w p]haps be argu$ t ! law has a utilit>ian purpose1 its object be+ to make p m c>eful4 ,b if ?is 7 ! case "o w\ld expect t ! law %\ld puni% ) equal sev]ity acts :i* involve ! same degree ( dang]1 & :i* result 9 simil> injuries4 ,to fire at a sp>r[ may be z dang]\s to p's lives z to fire at ano!r p]son's *ick51 &1 9 ! latt] case1 ! dang] is h>dly increas$ by ! int5tion to /eal ! *ick54 ,i take ! tru? to be ?is4 ,! degree ( puni%m5t corresponds to ! degree ( indignation ar\s$ by ! de$4 ,public imag9ation is %ock$ by ! actual ev5t4 ,! ag5t1 be+ guilty ei!r ( crim9al int5tion1 or ( gross disreg>d ( o!r p's int]e/s1 or ( crim9al he$lessness1 is a prop] object ( puni%m5t4 ,ow+ to t want ( discrim9ation :i* *>act]ises ! popul> m9d1 8 guilt is exagg]at$ on acc\nt ( ! grave consequ5ces ( 8 act2 & ! result is t he is puni%$ n only = ! fault ( 8 w1 b = 8 bad luck z well4 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 seems to admit ?is1 :5 say+ t ! %ock :i* ! (f5ce gives to ! public feel+ requires t ! (f5d] %\ld himself suff] a full equival5t = :at he has inflict$1 f :i* he ought to be excus$ only on gr\nds capable ( be+ und]/ood by ! commone/ & mo/ vulg> m9ds4#acf ,?\gh ?or\ghly diss5t+ f ! op9ion t crim9al law %\ld try to gratify ! feel+s ( ! commone/ & mo/ vulg> m9ds1 ,i ?9k t1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is n mu* above _! /&>d ( ju/ice1 be+ 9 ! ma9 an expression ( public s5tim5ts4 ,footnote #ace3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 iii4 #ia sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! cases :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ ! ext]nal ev5t :i* a p]son br+s ab\t involunt>ily1 ei!r makes him liable to puni%m5t ?\gh he really is free f guilt1 or increases 8 puni%m5t beyond ! limits ( 8 guilt4 ,b ! influ5ce ( *ance also %[s #bda itself 9 ! opposite way4 ,a p]son :o is guilty ( c>elessness g5]ally escapes all puni%m5t if no injuri\s result foll[s1 & an unsuccessful attempt to commit a crim9al act1 if puni%$ at all1 is1 z a rule1 puni%$ mu* less sev]ely ?an ! accompli%$ act4 ,! ,hott5tots n[adays puni% attempt1 b only l5i5tly4#acg ,! ,wad%agga puni% x less sev]ely ?an ! accompli%$ act4#ach ,among "s ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&]s x is n puni%$ at all4#aci ,! same holds good ( ! ,ossetes#adj & ,swanetians#ada ( ! ,caucasus1 z also ( anci5t ,russian law4#adb ,! ,teutons1 z a g5]al rule1 _h no puni%m5t = him :o tri$ to d h>m1 b fail$2 & if !y did puni% an unsuccessful attempt1 ! p5alty 0 out ( proportion l5i5t4#adc ,?is feature ( anci5t ,teutonic law has _h a la/+ effect ^u ,european legislation1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce x ex]cis$ ^u ! ,italian juri/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1#add ^: !ories laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n laws & doctr9es on attempt4 ,9 con=mity ) ! ,roman law1 !y held attempts to commit crimes to be puni%able1 & 9 atroci\s cases !y ev5 admitt$ t ! attempt might be subject to ! same puni%m5t z ! accompli%$ crime4 ,b _! g5]al !ory 0 t x %\ld be puni%$ less sev]ely1 & t ! p5alty %\ld be l5i5t 9 proportion z ! actual de$ 0 remote f ! act int5d$4#ade ,^! views 7 g5]ally adopt$ by ! lat] legislation4 ,among pres5t ,european lawbooks1 ! ,fr5* ,code ,pnal#adf is almo/ ! only "o t puni%es an attempt #bdb ) ! same sev]ity z ! f9i%$ crime4#adg ,& ! ,fr5* law on ! subject is ( mod]n orig92 be=e ! ye> ,,iv4 ! pres5t rule 0 appli$ only to ! conatus proximus 9 a few specifi$ cases ( a v he9\s "*4#adh ,footnote #acg3 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #cec4 ,footnote #ach3 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ibid4 xv4 #fc4 ,footnote #aci3 ,kohl]1 ibid4 xiv4 #dah4 ,footnote #adj3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #bif sq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,d>e/e1 ,n\velles tudes d'hi/oire du droit1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #adb3 ,kovalewsky1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bia1 #bii4 ,footnote #adc3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #eih sqq4 ,za*>i1 ,die ,lehre vom ,v]su*e d] ,v]bre*51 i4 #afd sqq42 ii4 #acj sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #eeh sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ii4 #dge1 #eji4 ,footnote #add3 ,seeg]1 ,v]su* d] ,v]bre*5 9 d] ,wiss5s*aft des ,mittelalt]s1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #ade3 ,za*>i1 op4 cit4 i4 #afi2 ii4 #ada4 von ,feu]ba*-,mitt]mai]1 ,lehrbu* des ,pe9li*5 ,re*ts1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #adf3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #b3 ,t\te t5tative de crime qui aura t manife/e p> un comm5cem5t d'excution1 si elle n'a t susp5due ou si elle n'a manqu son effet que p> des circon/ances indp5dantes de la volont de son auteur1 e/ considre comme le crime mme4 ,footnote #adg3 ,*auveau & ,hlie1 ,?orie du ,code ,pnal1 i4 #cdg sq4 ,footnote #adh3 ,ibid4 i4 #ccg sq4 ,besides ! provision ( ! ,code ,pnal conc]n+ attempt1 !re are a few o!r exceptions1 ( an e>li] date1 to ! g5]al rule4 ,! ,romans seem$ to h foll[$ ! pr9ciple dolus pro facto accipitur1#adi at lea/ if ! crime attempt$ 0 a s]i\s "o4#aej ,a some:at simil> l9e 0 adopt$ by anci5t ,iri% law4 ,! g5]al impression produc$ by ! rules 9 ! comm5t>y to ! ,book ( ,aicill is1 t ! attempt to commit an injuri\s act 0 treat$ z equival5t to its commission1 unless ! result 0 v insignificant4 ,?us1 if an attempt 0 made to slay1 or to inflict an injury :i* w\ld endure = life1 & blood 0 %$1 ! f9e 0 ! same z if ! attempt _h succe$$2 :]eas1 if ! injury did n am\nt to ! %$d+ ( blood1 ! f9e 0 r$uc$ "o-half4#aea ,& if a man w5t to kill "o p]son & kill$ ano!r by mi/ake1 a f9e = ! int5tion1 9 addition to ! f9e due to ! fri5ds ( ! murd]$ man1 0 due to him ^: dea? 0 int5d$1 ev5 ?\gh no injury 0 actually done to him4#aeb ,9 ,engl&1 at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! w 0 tak5 = ! de$ 9 cases ( obvi\s attempts to murd]2 b ?is rule appe>s to h be5 consid]$ too sev]e--ev5 9 an age :5 dea? 0 ! common puni%m5t = felony--& to h fall5 into disuse sev]al c5turies ago4#aec ,footnote #adi3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #h4 #g4 ,footnote #aej3 ,seeg]1 ,v]su* d] ,v]bre*5 na* rmis*cm ,re*t1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #di4 ,idem1 ,v]su* d] ,v]bre*5 9 d] ,wiss5s*aft des ,mittelalt]s1 p4 #i4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ig sq4 ,apuleius1 ,florida1 iv4 #bj3--;,9 maleficiis etiam cogitata scel]a non p]fecta adhuc v9dicantur1 cru5ta m5te1 pura manu4 ,ergo sicut ad po5am sufficit m$it>i puni5da4 ,footnote #aea3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 pp4 cviii4 sq4 #aci4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,*]ry1 ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law 9 ,anci5t ,communities1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #aec3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbb sq4 ,?omas ,smi?1 ,common-weal? ( ,engl&1 p4 #aid sq4 #bdc ,! "q1 :i* attempts %\ld be puni%$1 & ev5 ! elem5t>y "q1 :at con/itutes an attempt1 h be5 answ]$ diff]5tly by diff]5t juri/s & legislators4#aed ,9 ,engl& all attempts :atev] to commit indictable (f5ces1 :e!r felonies or misdemean\rs1 are puni%able by law4#aee ,! ,fr5*#aef & ,g]man#aeg codes1 on ! o!r h&1 d n puni%1 except 9 a few p>ticul> cases1 attempts to commit dlits or ,v]bre*51 t is1 :at ! ,engli% juri/s w\ld describe z misdemean\rs4 ,footnote #aed3 ,see ,cohn1 ,zur ,lehre vom v]su*t5 und unvoll5det5 ,v]bre*51 i4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbd4 ,footnote #aef3 ,code ,pnal art4 #c4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,/rafgesetzbu*1 art4 #dc4 ,aga91 %\ld a p]son be puni%$ = attempt+ to commit a crime 9 a mann] 9 :i* success is physically impossible1 z if he attempts to /eal f a pocket :i* is empty1 or puts into a cup p\nd$ sug> :i* he believes to be ars5ic8 ,?is "q has giv5 rise to a :ole lit]ature4 ,s5eca's /atem5t t he :o mixes a sleep+ draught1 believ+ x to be poison1 is a poison]1#aeh seems to h _h ! support ( ,roman law4#aei ,9 ,engl&1 "s "t ago1 ! man :o attempt$ to pick an empty pocket1 0 n held liable = an attempt to /eal2#afj b ?is case has be5 ov]rul$1 & x appe>s n[ to be ! law t an indictm5t w\ld lie = su* an attempt4#afa ,accord+ to ! ,fr5*#afb & ,italian#afc codes1 x w\ld n be puni%$1 accord+ to "s ,g]man law-books1 x w\ld2#afd :il/ ! ,/rafgesetzbu* conta9s no special provisions = attempts ( a simil> "*4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,s5eca1 ,de b5eficiis1 v4 #ac4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,ad ,s]5um1 #g4 ,footnote #aei3 ,seeg]1 ,v]su* na* rmis*em ,re*t1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #afj3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbe4 ,footnote #afa3 ,h>ris1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #bji n4 c4 ,footnote #afb3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbe4 ,footnote #afc3 ,alim5a1 9 ,le droit crim9el des tats europens1 ed4 by von ,liszt1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #afd3 von ,feu]ba*-,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 p4 #gf4 ,cohn1 op4 cit4 i4 #ad4 ,f9ally !re are diff]5t rules z to ! /age at :i* an attempt beg9s to be crim9al1 or z to ! di/9ction betwe5 attempts & acts ( prep>ation4 ,! ,romans1 x is suppos$1 drew no su* di/9ction4#afe ,! ,fr5* law reg>ds z p]missible acts ( prep>ation _m #bdd ?+s :i* 9 ,engl& w\ld be puni%$ z attempts4#aff ,9 ,engl& light+ a mat* ) int5t to set fire to a hay/ack has be5 held to am\nt to a crim9al attempt to burn x1 al?\gh ! def5dant blew out ! mat* on see+ t he 0 wat*$4 ,b x 0 said 9 ! same case t1 if he _h gone no fur!r ?an to buy a box ( mat*es = ! purpose1 he w\ld n h be5 liable1 ! act be+ too remote f ! (f5ce to be crim9al4#afg ,liability w n beg9 until ! (f5d] has done "s act :i* n only manife/s 8 m5s rea b also goes "s way t[>ds c>ry+ x out4#afh ,footnote #afe3 ,seeg]1 ,v]su* na* rmis*em ,re*t1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #aff3 ,*auveau & ,hlie1 op4 cit4 i4 #ceg sqq4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbf4 ,footnote #afg3 ,holmes1 ,common ,law4 p4 #fg sq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,k5ny1 op4 cit4 p4 #gi4 ,if we g a /ep fur!r1 we come to designs unaccompani$ by any attempt :atev] to realise !m4 ,! laws ( all c\ntries agree z to ! pr9ciple t an outw>d ev5t is requisite = ! infliction ( puni%m5t4 ,cogitationis poenam nemo patitur4#afi ,footnote #afi3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #ai4 #ah4 ,?is fact aga9 illu/rates ! influ5ce :i* ext]nal de$s ex]cise ^u ! moral feel+s ( m54 ,9 ! av]age man moral emotions are h>dly ev] call$ into exi/5ce by calm & p5etrat+ reflection4 ,!re are c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* = "s reason or o!r are apt to ar\se 9 him su* emotions1 b he does n seek = !m4 ,!y mu/ =ce !mselves ^u 8 m9d1 & ! m vigor\sly !y d s1 ! /rong] are ! emotions !y excite4 ,no?+ makes a great] impression on him ?an facts :i* are p]ceptible by ! s5ses4 ,he w admit t an int5tion1 or ev5 a m]e wi%1 to d some?+ wrong is wrong by itself1 b an outw>d ev5t is g5]ally ne$$ = %ak+ him up4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! orig9al reason :y p]sons h n be5 puni%$ = int5tions unaccompani$ by ext]nal de$s4 ,no d\bt1 ! pr9ciple t ! ?\ght ( man %all n be tri$1 is /rongly support$ by ! fact t1 z a m$ival writ] puts x1 ! devil himself kn[e? n ! ?\ght ( man4#agj ,b consid]+ h[ ready p #bde h be5 to presume guilt 9 cases ( un9t5tional injuries1 x seems v incr$ible t !y orig9ally refra9$ f puni%+ b>e int5tions m]ely on acc\nt ( insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,inde$1 z an exception to ! rule1 9 a few cases :5 ! crime design$ is reg>d$ ) extreme horror1 ! v int5tion may give su* a %ock to public imag9ation z to call = puni%m5t4 ,footnote #agj3 ,quot$ by ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dgd4 ,accord+ to ,*9ese law1 any p]son convict$ ( a design to kill 8 or h] fa!r or "m1 gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 :e!r by ! fa!r's or "m's side2 & any woman convict$ ( a design to kill h] husb&1 husb&'s fa!r or "m1 gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 %all1 :e!r a bl[ is1 or is n /ruck 9 consequ5ce1 suff] dea? by be+ behead$4#aga ,?is exceptional law obvi\sly owes its orig9 to ! extreme rev]5ce 9 :i* p>5ts & ance/ors are held by ! ,*9ese1 & to ! wife's subjection to h] husb&4 ,9 m$ival laws ref]r+ to h]esy we h ano!r in/ance ( puni%m5t be+ inflict$ = a m]e /ate ( m9d )\t any correspond+ act4 ,accord+ to ,julius ,cl>us1 ?is exception to ! rule is due to ! fact t ! crime ( h]esy itself consi/s 9 sola m5tis cogitatione4#agb ,b ! real reason :y ! law 9 ?is case tr\bl$ itself ab\t m5's ?\ghts1 & ev5 all[$ !m to be put on _! trial = _! tacit op9ions on b>e suspicion1 is ! dete/ation 9 :i* h]esy 0 held & ! extreme att5tion x attract$4 ,by all ?is1 ( c\rse1 ,i d n mean to d5y t a judici\s & enlight5$ legislator may f9d o!r gr\nds = tak+ no notice ( m]e int5tions ?an _! inability to ar\se public indignation4 ,i only speak ( matt]s ( fact4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxxiv4 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #agb3 ,julius ,cl>us1 ,practica ,crim9alis1 qu4 #ia 7,op]a omnia1 ii4 #fbe74 ,aga91 z reg>ds acts ( prep>ation & _m cases ( unsuccessful attempts1 x may be said t ! ag5t p]haps w\ld h alt]$ 8 m9d be=e he came to ! po9t1 or t ! failure ( 8 attempt 0 possibly due #bdf to a *ange ( int5tion 9 ! la/ mom5t4#agc ,b !re are innum]able cases 9 :i* ! attempt1 ) no less c]ta9ty ?an ! accompli%$ crime1 displays a crim9al int5tion :i* is f9al4 ,& x is p>ticul>ly in/ructive to note t1 among ! v peoples :o treat un9t5tional injuries ) ! greate/ sev]ity1 unsuccessful attempts are treat$ ) ! greate/ l5i5cy4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by a comp>ison betwe5 ,teutonic & ,roman law2 9 ei!r case ! =m] *iefly looks at ! ev5t1 ! latt] *iefly at ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4 ,if !re is no puni%m5t = a b>e attempt to commit a crime1 t is because su* an attempt makes no impression on ! public4 ,if an attempt is puni%$ m heavily accord+ z x is m advanc$1 t is because x calls =? great] indignation 9 proportion z x comes ne> to ! crime int5d$4 ,& if ev5 ! conatus proximus is puni%$ ) less sev]ity ?an ! accompli%$ crime1 t is because ! indignation x evokes is less4 ,?is explanation is corroborat$ by concessions made by !oris]s :o h 9 va9 endeav\r$ to f9d m rational gr\nds = exi/+ laws on attempt4 ,!y h ultimately f\nd x necess>y to resort to phrases su* z ! natural s5se ( ju/ice1 or to appeal to ! feel+s ( ! multitude4#agd #bdg ,m4 ,rossi obs]ves1 ,n\s p5sons que le s5s commun et la consci5ce publique ont con/amm5t t5u le mme langage4 ',le dlit n'a pas t consomm1 donc la punition doit tre mo9dre4' ,cette ide de proportion matrielle1 ce s5tim5t de ju/ice1 grossire j'en convi5s1 e/ naturel l'homme4#age ,?is is ! view tak5 by ! unreflect+ moral consci\sness4 ,to him ^: feel+s are temp]$ by ?\ght1 a man1 z ,s5eca says1 is no less a brig&1 because 8 sword becomes entangl$ 9 8 victim's clo!s1 & misses its m>k4#agf ,footnote #agc3 ,z a rule1 ! man :o volunt>ily desi/s f ! attempt to commit a crime w\ld n be puni%$ at all 7see ,seeg]1 ,v]su* na* rmis*em ,re*t1 p4 #ej2 ,*>les ,v4's ,pe9li*e ,g]i*ts ,ordnung1 art4 #agh2 ! ,fr5* ,code ,pnal1 art4 #b2 ! ,italian ,codice ,p5ale1 art4 #fa2 ,f+]1 ,comp5dium des /]rei*is*5 ,re*tes--,/rafre*t1 i4 #aha2 &1 = v>i\s ,g]man laws1 ,za*>i1 op4 cit4 ii4 #caa sq41 & ,cohn1 op4 cit4 i4 #ab sq471 or he w\ld be puni%$ m l5i5tly ?an if !re _h be5 no su* desi/ance 7,za*>i1 ii4 #bci1 sqq4 ,cohn1 i4 #ab sq474 ,on ?is subject see also ,h]zog1 ,rcktritt vom ,v]su* und ,?tige ,reue1 passim4 ,footnote #agd3 ,lelivre1 ,de conatu del9qu5di1 p4 #cfa 7quot$ by ,za*>i1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ff1 n4 #b73 ,cet]um lib5t] fateor1 me potius s5tire aliquam necessitatem paululum levius 9 p]fectum crim5 ac 9 maleficium consummatum animadv]t5di1 quam r$d]e posse cl>am necessitates rationem4 ,abegg1 ,die v]s*i$55 ,/rafre*t/heorie51 p4 #fe3 ,fr uns folgt ab] j5e no?w5dige ,beoba*tung d] concret5 ,unt]s*i$e1 9 dem ,gebiete d] ,ers*e9ung1 na* d] aus dem ,g]e*tigkeitspr9cipe abgeleitet5 ,regel1 dass ,j$] fr se9e ,t1 und 0 er v]di5t habe1 leid5 solle4 ,za*>i1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ea3--,s ma*t si* 9 dem natrli*5 ,g]e*tigkeits-,gefhl des ,e9zeln5 und des ganz5 ,volkes au* von selb/ die ,unt]s*eidung zwis*5 d] ,/rafe des voll5det5 und d] des blos v]su*t5 ,v]bre*5s gelt5d4 4 4 4 ,es kann freili* seyn1 dass d] grs/e ,!il d] ,m5s*5 fr e9 sol*es natrli*es ,gefhl ke9e ,grnde anzugeb5 v]mag2 alle9 das ,/rafre*t1 wel*es ja g]ade auf die grosse ,m5ge zu wirk5 hat1 kann dess5ungea*tet sol*e unwillkrli* im ,volke si* gelt5d ma*5de ,ansi*t5 ni*t unb]cksi*tigt lass54 ,cf4 also ,f+]1 op4 cit4 i4 #agg4 ,footnote #age3 ,rossi1 ,trait de droit pnal1 ii1 #cah4 ,footnote #agf3 ,s5eca1 ,ad ,s]5um1 #g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! same way z moral indignation1 is moral approval influ5c$ by ext]nal ev5ts4 ,?\gh we w\ld n praise a p]son = "s de$ ( 8 :i* we cle>ly recognise to reflect no m]it on 8 w1 ! b5efits :i* result f a good act easily induce u to exagg]ate ! goodness ( ! ag5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is success alone t conf]s ^u a man ! full rew>d :i* he des]ves2 good int5tions )\t correspond+ de$s meet ) little applause ev5 :5 ! failure is due to m]e mis=tune4 ,9 our real feel+ or s5tim5t1 ,hume obs]ves1 we _c help pay+ a great] reg>d to "o ^: /ation1 jo9$ to virtue1 r5d]s him really useful to society1 ?an to "o :o ex]ts ! social virtues only 9 good int5tions & b5evol5t affections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ?us only f want ( due reflection t moral judgm5ts are influ5c$ by outw>d de$s4 ,ow+ to its v nature1 ! moral consci\sness1 :5 suffici5tly influ5c$ by ?\ght1 reg>ds ! w z ! only prop] object ( moral disapproval or moral praise4 ,t moral qualities are int]nal1 is n an inv5tion ( any p>ticul> morali/ or any p>ticul> religion2 x has be5 recognis$ by ?\ghtful m5 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries & diff]5t #bdh ages4 ,he t is pure 9 he>t is ! true/ prie/1 said ,buddha4#agg ,9 ! ,ta\i/ "w1 ',kan y+ pe51' x is writt53--,if y =m 9 y\r he>t a good int5tion1 al?\gh y may n h done any good1 ! good spirits foll[ y4 ,if y =m 9 y\r he>t a bad int5tion1 al?\gh y may n h done any h>m1 ! evil spirits foll[ y4#agh ,accord+ to ! ,?i-,%ang1 m]e wi%es are suffici5t to con/itute badness4#agi ,"o ( ! ,pahlavi texts puts ! foll[+ words into ! m\? ( ! ,_s ( ,wisdom3--,to be grateful 9 ! _w1 & to wi% happ9ess = e "o2 ?is is great] & bett] ?an e good "w4#ahj ,god1 says ! ,koran1 w n cat* y up = a casual ^w 9 y\r oa?s1 b ,he w cat* y up = :at y\r he>ts h e>n$4#aha ,accord+ to ! ,rabbis1 ! ?\ght ( s9 is worse ?an s91 & an un*a/e ?\ght is a wick$ ?+4#ahb ,x 0 an anci5t ,mexican maxim t he :o looks too curi\sly on a woman commits adult]y ) 8 eyes#ahc--;a /rik+ p>allel to ! passage 9 ,/4 ,mat!w v4 #bh4 ,voluntas remun]atur1 non opus1 says ! ,canoni/4 ,licet gladio non occidat1 voluntate tam5 int]ficit4 ,non ideo m9us del9quit1 cui sola dee/ facultas4#ahd ,footnote #agg3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #agh3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #agi3 ,?i-,%ang1 #d4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,dn--,mang ,khirad1 lxiii4 #c sqq4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #aj1 :]e x is said t ! good "w :i* a man does unwitt+ly is little ( a good "w1 ?\gh ! s9 :i* a man commits unwitt+ly am\nts to a s9 9 its orig94 ,footnote #aha3 ,koran1 ii4 #bbe4 ,cf4 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,s*e*t]1 9 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #eeh4 ,cf4 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria g5]al de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 vi4 #bb1 vol4 ii4 #adg3 ,dice el refran que el que curiosam5te mira la mug] adultra con la vi/a4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #cc4 #c4 #be1 #cj1 #bi4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ag5ts ,,"u ,,intellectual ,,disability ,,we hold an ag5t responsible n only = 8 int5tion1 b = any kn[n concomitant ( 8 act1 z also = any su* unkn[n concomitant ( x z we attribute to want ( due att5tion4 ,b = any?+ :i* he c\ld n be aw>e ( he is n responsible4 ,h5ce c]ta9 classes ( ag5ts--animals1 *ildr51 idiots1 madm5--are totally or p>tially exempt$ f moral blame & legal puni%m5t4 ,?\gh animals are und\bt$ly capable ( act+1 we d n reg>d !m z prop] objects ( moral indignation4 ,! reason = ?is is n m]ely ! v limit$ scope ( _! volitions & _! inability to =esee consequ5ces ( _! acts1 s9ce ^! consid]ations c\ld only re/rict _! responsibility )9 correspond+ly n>r[ limits4 ,_! total irresponsibility re/s on ! presumption t !y are incapable ( recognis+ any act ( !irs z "r or wrong4 ,if ! concomitant ( an act is imputable to ! ag5t only 9 s f> z he c\ld "k x1 x is obvi\s t no act is wrong :i* ! ag5t c\ld n "k to be wrong4 ,x is a famili> fact t1 by discipl9e1 we may tea* dome/icat$ animals to live up to a c]ta9 /&>d ( behavi\r1 b ?is by no means implies t we awake 9 !m moral feel+s4 ,:5 "s writ]s cr$it dogs & apes ) a consci5ce1#a we mu/ rememb] t an #bej obs]v]'s inf]5ce is n ! same z an obs]v$ fact4#b ,x seems t ! s-call$ consci5ce 9 animals is no?+ m ?an an association 9 ! animal's m9d betwe5 ! p]=mance ( a giv5 act & ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 consequ5ces1 toge!r ) a fe> ( ^? consequ5ces4#c ,footnote #a3 ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 p4 #ceb4 ,p]ty1 ,seel5leb5 d] ,?i]e1 p4 #fg4 ,brehm1 ,f ,nor? ,pole to ,equator1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #dje4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( :at ,pr(essor ,romanes reg>ds z consci5ce 9 animals2 x ref]s to a t]ri] :i* _h nev]1 ev5 9 its puppyhood1 be5 kn[n to /eal1 b on ! contr>y us$ to make an excell5t gu>d to protect prop]ty f o!r animals1 s]vants1 & s =?1 ev5 ?\gh ^! 7 8 be/ fri5ds4 ,nev]!less1 says ,pr(essor ,romanes1 on "o occasion he 0 v hungry1 & 9 ! room :]e ,i 0 read+ & he 0 sitt+1 !re 01 )9 easy rea*1 a sav\ry mutton *op4 ,i 0 greatly surpris$ to see him /eal?ily remove ?is *op & take x "u a s(a4 ,h[ev]1 ,i pret5d$ n to obs]ve :at _h occurr$1 & wait$ to see :at w\ld happ5 next4 ,= fully a qu>t] ( an h\r ?is t]ri] rema9$ "u ! s(a )\t mak+ a s\nd1 b d\btless endur+ an agony ( cont5d+ feel+s4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 consci5ce came (f victori\s1 = em]g+ f 8 place ( concealm5t & c>ry+ 9 8 m\? ! /ol5 *op1 he came across ! room & laid ! tempt+ morsel at my feet4 ,! mom5t he dropp$ ! /ol5 prop]ty he bolt$ aga9 "u ! s(a1 & f ?is retreat no coax+ c\ld *>m him = sev]al h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,moreov]1 :5 dur+ t "t he 0 spok5 to or patt$1 he always turn$ away 8 head 9 a ludicr\sly consci5ce-/rick5 mann]4 ,altoge!r ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be possible to imag9e a m satisfactory exhibition ( consci5ce by an animal ?an ?is2 = 4 4 4 ! p>ticul> animal 9 "q 0 nev] beat5 9 its life4 ,! au?or !n adds 9 a note t m]e dread ( puni%m5t _c ev5 be suspect$ to h be5 ! motive pr9ciple ( action4#d ,x may be s1 if by puni%m5t be und]/ood ! infliction ( physical pa94 ,b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! t]ri] suspect$ 8 ma/] to be displeas$ ) 8 behavi\r1 & ! dread ( displeasure or repro( may c]ta9ly h be5 ! sole reason = 8 br++ back ! /ol5 food4 ,among #bea high-life dogs1 z ,pr(essor ,romanes himself obs]ves1 w\nd$ s5sibilities & loss ( e/eem are capable ( produc+ mu* ke5] suff]+ ?an is m]e physical pa94#e ,b fe> ( ! anticipat$ consequ5ces ( an act1 ev5 :5 mix$ ) %ame1 is n ! same z ! moral feel+ ( remorse4 ,!re is no indication t ! t]ri] felt t 8 act 0 wrong1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,footnote #d3 ,romanes1 ',consci5ce 9 ,animals1' 9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 xiii4 #aef sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,idem1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 p4 #dci4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh mo/ ( u1 on due reflection1 w\ld d5y t animals are prop] objects ( moral c5sure1 !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to deal ) !m z if !y 74 ,! dog or ! horse t ob/9ately refuses to submit to its ma/]'s w ar\ses a feel+ ( res5tm5t :i* almo/ claims to be righte\s2 & ! %ock giv5 to public feel+ by "s atroci\s de$ committ$ by a bea/ calls = retribution4 ,z ,adam ,smi? obs]ves1 ! dog t bites1 ! ox t gores1 are bo? ( !m puni%$4 ,if !y h be5 ! causes ( ! dea? ( any p]son1 nei!r ! public1 nor ! relations ( ! sla91 c be satisfi$1 unless !y are put to dea? 9 _! turn3 nor is ?is m]ely = ! security ( ! liv+1 b1 9 "s measure1 to rev5ge ! injury ( ! dead4#f ,footnote #f3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #acg4 ,if ?us our own res5tm5t t[>ds an animal :i* has caus$ "s injury1 :5 n duly temp]$ by reason1 (t5 comes ne> actual indignation1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t1 at ! l[] /ages ( human civilisation1 animals are delib]ately treat$ z responsible ag5ts4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian :o eats ! v]m9 :i* mole/ him def5ds 8 action by argu+ t1 z ! animal has fir/ bitt5 him1 he is only retaliat+ ! injury on ! injur]4#g ,! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge is (t5 ext5d$ to ! animal _w4 ,! ,kukis1 says ,mr4 ,macrae1 are ( a mo/ v9dictive disposition2 blood mu/ always be %$ = blood2 if a tig] kills #beb any ( !m1 ne> a ,p>ah or village1 ! :ole tribe is up 9 arms1 & goes 9 pursuit ( ! animal2 :5 if he is kill$1 ! family ( ! deceas$ gives a fea/ ( 8 fle%1 9 rev5ge ( 8 hav+ kill$ _! relation4 ,& %\ld ! tribe fail to de/roy ! tig]1 9 ?is fir/ g5]al pursuit ( him1 ! family ( ! deceas$ mu/ /ill cont9ue ! *ase2 = until !y h kill$ ei!r ?is1 or "s o!r tig]1 & h giv5 a fea/ ( 8 fle%1 !y are 9 disgrace 9 ! ,p>ah1 & n associat$ ) by ! re/ ( ! inhabitants4 ,9 l mann]1 if a tig] de/roys "o ( a hunt+ p>ty1 or ( a p>ty ( w>riors1 on an ho/ile excursion1 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r 7:atev] _! success may h be57 c return to ! ,p>ah1 )\t be+ disgrac$1 unless !y kill ! tig]4#h ,( ! ,sea ,dyaks we are told t !y w n will+ly take "p 9 captur+ an alligator1 unless ! alligator has fir/ de/roy$ "o ( !mselves2 = :y1 say !y1 %\ld !y commit an act ( aggression1 :5 he & 8 k9dr$ c s easily repay !m8 ,b %\ld ! alligator take a human life1 rev5ge becomes a sacr$ duty ( ! liv+ relatives1 :o w trap ! man-eat] 9 ! _s ( an (fic] ( ju/ice pursu+ a crim9al4 4 4 4 ,! man-eat+ alligator is suppos$ to be pursu$ by a righte\s ,nemesis2 & :5ev] "o is caught1 !y h a pr(\nd conviction t x mu/ be ! guilty "o1 or 8 accomplice1 = no innoc5t levia?an c\ld be p]mitt$ by ! fates to be caught by man4#i ,s1 also1 ! ,malagasy w nev] kill a crocodile1 except 9 retaliation = "o ( _! fri5ds or neighb\rs :o has be5 de/roy$ by a crocodile4 ,!y believe t ! wanton de/ruction ( "o ( ^! reptiles w be foll[$ by ! loss ( human life1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( lex talionis4 ,! inhabitants liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! lake ,xsy1 to ! we/ ( ! c5tral prov9ce1 are accu/om$ to make a ye>ly proclamation #bec to ! crocodiles1 w>n+ !m t !y %all rev5ge ! dea? ( "s ( _! fri5ds by kill+ z _m voy 9 return1 & w>n+ ! well-dispos$ crocodiles to keep out ( ! way1 z !y h no qu>rel ) !m1 b only ) _! evil-m9d$ relatives :o h tak5 human life4#aj ,footnote #g3 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cbg4 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 i4 #bbc4 ,cf4 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #be4 ,footnote #h3 ,macrae1 ',acc\nt ( ! ,kookies1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vii4 #ahi4 ,footnote #i3 ,p]ham1 ',sea ,dyak ,religion1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #bba sq4 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #cij4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #bfi4 ,animals are n only expos$ to ! blood-feud1 b are (t5 expos$ to regul> puni%m5t4 ,?is is ! case among ! ,mambettu 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,casati m5tions ! foll[+ in/ance3--,a goat 0 *as$ & p]secut$ by a dog1 & 9 ! fight = self-def5ce ! latt] receiv$ a ?ru/ f ! goat's horn4 ,! poor dog1 :i* 0 ! valuable prop]ty ( a p[]ful man1 di$ %ortly aft]4 ,?is s]i\s matt] 0 mu* discuss$ & comm5t$ ^u1 & f9ally ref]r$ to ! k+ = judgm5t4 ,! poor goat 0 s5t5c$ to be slaught]$ be=e its victim's corpse1 its fle% 0 s]v$ to ! ,mambettu t is1 p ( ! sup]ior race1 & t ( ! dog to ! ,mege t is1 p ( ! conqu]$ race4#aa ,among ! ,maori1 accord+ to ,polack1 ! crime ( impiety is n conf9$ to man only1 b ev5 a pig /ray+ ov] a sacr$ place incurs ! puni%m5t ( dea?4#ab ,9 ,muhamm$an ,ea/ ,africa1 "s "t ago1 a dog 0 publicly sc\rg$ = hav+ ent]$ a mosque4#ac ,! ,bogos kill a bull or c[ :i* causes ! dea? ( a man4#ad ,accord+ to ! native code ( ,malacca1 if a buffalo or a head ( cattle be ti$ 9 ! =e/1 9 a place :]e p are n 9 ! habit ( pass+1 & !re gore anybody to dea?1 x %all be put to dea?2 b ! own] ( ! animal %all n be held liable4#ae ,accord+ to ,hebrew law1 if an ox gore a man or a woman1 t !y die3 !n ! ox %all be surely /on$1 & 8 fle% %all n be eat52 &1 9 ! case ( sexual int]c\rse #bed betwe5 a man1 or woman1 & a bea/1 n only ! human (f5d]1 b ! bea/1 is to be put to dea?4#af ,x is prescrib$ 9 ! ,v5ddd t1 if a mad dog :i* bites )\t b>k+1 smite a %eep or w\nd a man1 ! dog %all pay = ! w\nd ( ! w\nd$ z = wilful murd]4#ag ,plato _h und\bt$ly borr[$ f ,attic cu/om or law ! idea :i* und]lies ! foll[+ regulation 9 8 ',laws'3--,if a bea/ ( burd5 or o!r animal cause ! dea? ( any "o1 except 9 ! case ( any?+ ( t k9d happ5+ to a competitor 9 ! public conte/s1 ! k9sman ( ! deceas$ %all prosecute ! slay] = murd]1 & ! w>d5s ( ! c\ntry1 su*1 & s _m z ! k9sman appo9t1 %all try ! cause1 & let ! bea/ :5 condemn$ be sla9 by !m1 & let !m ca/ x beyond ! bord]s4#ah ,9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries animals h be5 judicially s5t5c$ to dea?1 & publicly execut$1 9 retribution = injuries inflict$ by !m4 ,advocates 7 assign$ to def5d ! accus$ animals1 & ! :ole proce$+s1 trial1 s5t5ce1 & execution1 7 conduct$ ) all ! /ricte/ =malities ( ju/ice4#ai ,^! proce$+s seem to h be5 p>ticul>ly common f ! end ( ! ?irte5? till ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ! la/ case 9 ,france occurr$ z late z #ahde4bj ,n only dome/ic animals1 b ev5 wild ones1 7 ?us put on trial4#ba ,9 #aefe ! ,arlesians ask$ = ! expulsion ( ! gras%opp]s4 ,! case came be=e ! ,tribunal de l',(ficialit1 & ,matre ,m>9 0 assign$ to ! insects z c\nsel4 ,he def5d$ 8 cli5ts ) mu* zeal4 ,s9ce ! accus$ _h be5 creat$1 he argu$ t !y 7 ju/ifi$ 9 eat+ :at 0 necess>y to !m4 ,! opposite c\nsel cit$ ! s]p5t 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & sundry o!r animals #bee m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 z hav+ incurr$ sev]e p5alties4 ,! gras%opp]s got ! wor/ ( x1 & 7 ord]$ to quit ! t]ritory1 ) a ?reat ( ana!matisation f ! alt>1 to be repeat$ till ! la/ ( !m _h obey$ ! s5t5ce ( ! hon\rable c\rt4#bb ,f an e>li] p]iod we h records ( mal$ictions & excommunications ( v]m9 & obnoxi\s insects4 ,9 #aabj1 a bi%op ( ,laon is report$ to h excommunicat$ ! cat]pill>s :i* 7 ravag+ 8 diocese1 ) ! same =mula z t employ$ ! previ\s ye> by ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims 9 curs+ ! prie/s :o p]si/$ 9 m>ry+ 9 spite ( ! canons4#bc ,su* mal$ictions & excommunications1 h[ev]1 7 probably reg>d$ r z magical means ( expulsion ?an z puni%m5ts4#bd ,n long ago1 :5 sw>ms ( locu/s ravag$ ! g>d5s ( ,tangi]1 ! ,%]eef ( ,wazzan expell$ ! injuri\s animals by spitt+ into ! m\? ( "o ( !m4 ,footnote #aa3 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #agf4 ,footnote #ab3 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bdj4 ,footnote #ac3 von ,amira1 ,?i]/raf5 und ,?i]processe1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,newbold1 ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 ii4 #beg4 ,footnote #af3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #bh sq4 ,leviticus1 xx4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,v5ddd1 xiii4 #ca4 ,cf4 ibid4 xiii4 #cb sqq42 ,ya/s1 xxiv4 #dd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgc4 ,footnote #ai3 ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days1 i4 #abg4 ,p]tile1 ',gli animali 9 giudizio1' 9 ,atti del ,r4 ,in/ituto ,v5eto1 s]4 vi4 vol4 iv4 #aci4 ,footnote #bj3 von ,amira1 ,?i]/raf51 pp4 #b1 #ae1 #af1 #bh sq4 ,9 ,engl& su* proce$+s seem to h h>dly occurr$ at all 7ibid4 p4 #ae71 b1 z we %all see1 an animal :i* caus$ ! dea? ( a man 0 =feit$ z deod&4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #abg sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,m>l95go-,ces>esco1 ,essays 9 ! ,/udy ( ,folk-,songs1 p4 #ahc sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,desmaze1 ,les pnalits anci5nes1 p4 #ca sq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,?is is ! op9ion ( von ,amira1 :o1 h[ev]--z x seems to me1 )\t suffici5t evid5ce--sugge/s t ! mal$ictions did n ref] to ord9>y animals1 b to human s\ls or devils 9 disguise 7,?i]/raf51 p4 #af sqq474 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! m$ival practice ( puni%+ animals aft] human fa%ion 0 d]iv$ f ! ,mosaic law4#be ,b ?is hypo!sis does n acc\nt = ! comp>atively late appe>ance ( ! practice1 nor = ! fact t1 9 "s cases1 o!r puni%m5ts %ort ( dea? 7 inflict$ ^u (f5d+ bea/s4#bf ,x seems mu* m probable t ! proc$ure 9 "q develop$ out ( an anci5t ,european cu/om1 to :i* x /ood 9 ! relation%ip ( puni%m5t to rev5ge4#bg ,accord+ to ! cu/oms or laws ( v>i\s s-call$ ,aryan peoples--,greeks1#bh ,romans1#bi ,teutons1#cj ,celts1#ca ,slavs1#cb--;an #bef animal :i* did "s s]i\s damage1 especially if x caus$ ! dea? ( a man1 0 to be giv5 up to ! injur$ p>ty1 or 8 family1 obvi\sly 9 ord] t x might be retaliat$ ^u4#cc ,accord+ to ! ,wel% ,laws1 t is ! only case 9 :i* ! murd]] is to be giv5 up = 8 de$4#cd ,! fact t aft]w>ds1 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 ?is =m ( reprisal 0 9 c]ta9 in/ances trans=m$ into regul> puni%m5t1 only implies t ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* puni%m5t succe$$ v5geance 9 ! case ( human crimes 01 by way ( analogy1 ext5d$ to injuries committ$ by animals4 ,footnote #be3 ,ibid4 pp4 #d1 #dg sqq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,p]tile1 loc4 cit4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,cf4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 und franzsis*5 ,re*tes1 p4 #eag sqq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plut>*1 ,vita ,solonis1 #bd4 ,x5ophon1 ,hi/ori ,grc1 ii4 #d4 #da4 ,footnote #bi3 ,in/itutiones1 iv4 #i4 ,dige/a1 ix4 #a4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lex ,salica 7cod4 i471 #cf4 ,lex ,ripu>iorum1 #df4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #ffd sqq4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #eac sqq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 i4 #afa2 iv4 #agg1 #agi1 #aha4 ,wel% ,laws1 iv4 i4 #ag 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #cia74 ,footnote #cb3 ,maciei[ski1 ,slavis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 iv4 #ccc4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,lex ,wisigo?orum1 viii4 #d4 #bj2 ,s*wab5spiegel1 ,l&re*tbu*1 #bjd2 ,dirks51 ,civili/is*e ,abh&lung51 i4 #ajd2 von ,jh]+1 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 i4 #abc2 ,hepp1 ,die ,zure*nung auf dem ,gebiete des ,civilre*ts1 p4 #ajc2 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #ffd2 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #eef2 ,idem1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #eac4 ,footnote #cd3 ,wel% ,laws1 iv4 #a4 #ag 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #cia74 ,!re has be5 consid]able div]sity ( op9ion conc]n+ ! purpose ( inflict+ puni%m5ts ^u animals4 ,"s writ]s sugge/ t x 0 possibly done ) a view to det]r+ o!r animals f committ+ simil> injuries4#ce ,accord+ to o!rs1 ! animal 0 execut$ 9 ord] t ! hateful act %\ld be =gott52 ,gratian1 ref]r+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1#cf says1 ,non propt] culpam1 s$ propt] memoriam facti pecus occiditur1 ad quod muli] access]it4#cg ,a !ory :i* has ga9$ mu* adh]5ce expla9s ! puni%m5t z a symbolic act1 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( inspir+ horror ( ! crime into ! m9ds ( m54#ch ,m4 ,?oniss5 ma9ta9s t1 at ,a!ns1 on frappait l'animal auteur d'un homicide1 af9 que le peuple1 en voyant prir un tre priv de raison1 conut une gr&e horreur p\r l'effusion du sang huma94#ci ,x has also be5 suppos$ t ! animal 0 puni%$ ) int5tion to intimidate ^? #beg :o 7 responsible = its acts1#dj or t x 0 kill$ because x 0 dang]\s4#da ,b ! true solution ( ! problem seems simple en\gh4 ,! animal _h to suff] on acc\nt ( ! indignation x ar\s$4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z responsible = its de$4#db ,9 e>ly records ! puni%m5t is frequ5tly spok5 ( z an act ( ju/ice2#dc & ! prote/s ( ,beaumanoir & o!rs aga9/ ?is op9ion#dd only %[ t x 0 held 9 good e>ne/1 if n by all1 at lea/ by _m4 ,f c]ta9 details we c also see h[ closely ! responsibility ascrib$ to animals resembl$ ! responsibility ( m54 ,9 "s ( ! texts ( ! ,salic law ! animal is spok5 ( z auctor crim9is4#de ,9 an anci5t ,iri% law-tract x is said t1 :5 a bee has bl9d$ a p]son's eye1 ! :ole hive %all pay ! f9e1 & ! _m become acc\ntable = ! crime ( "o1 al?\gh !y all h n attack$4#df ,y\? 0 a gr\nd = acquittal1 z appe>s f a case :i* occurr$ at ,lavegny 9 #adeg1 :5 a s[ & h] six "y ones 7 tri$ on a *>ge ( _! hav+ murd]$ & p>tly eat5 a *ild3 :il/ ! s[1 be+ f\nd guilty1 0 condemn$ to dea?1 ! "y pigs 7 acquitt$ on acc\nt ( _! y\? & ! bad example ( _! "m4#dg ,9 ,burgundy1 a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 a mis*iev\s dog t ent]$ a room ?r\gh an op5 door & "o t committ$ a burgl>y2 ! latt] 0 a l>ron1 & 0 to be puni%$ z su*4#dh ,! repetition ( a crime aggravat$ ! puni%m5t2#di #beh & ! animal pr9cipal 0 puni%$ m sev]ely ?an ! accessories4#ej ,footnote #ce3 ,leibniz1 ,essais de ,!odice1 p4 #ahb sq4 ,lessona1 quot$ by d',addosio1 ,be/ie del9qu5ti1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #cf3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,qu/iones 9 ,leviticum1 #gd 7ad ,lev4 xx4 #af73 ,nam pecora inde cr$5dum e/ jussa int]fici1 quia tali flagitio contam9ata1 indignam refricant facti memoriam 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xxxiv4 #gji74 ,footnote #cg3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #ae4 #a4 #d4 ,cf4 ,mi%na1 fol4 #ed1 quot$ by ,rabb9[icz1 ,lgislation crim9elle du ,talmud1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ayrault1 ,des procs faicts au cadav]1 aux c5dres1 la mmoire1 aux be/es brutes1 fol4 #bd4 ,ortolan1 lm5ts du droit pnal1 p4 #ahh4 ,tissot1 ,le droit pnal1 i4 #ai sq4 ,footnote #ci3 ,?oniss51 ,le droit pnal de la rpublique ,a?ni5ne1 p4 #dad4 ,footnote #dj3 ,du ,boys1 quot$ by d',addosio1 op4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #da3 ,lessona1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #db3 ,cf4 ,po/1 ,die ,grundlag5 des ,re*ts1 p4 #cei2 ,fri$ri*s1 ',m5s* und ,p]son1' 9 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahia1 pp4 #cjj1 #cae2 &1 especially1 d',addosio1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf sqq43 ,nel m$ioevo si pun l'animale p]* lo si rit5ne 9 c]to modo conscio delle sue azioni1 9 c]to modo lib]o1 9 c]to modo responsabile4 ,footnote #dc3 von ,amira4 op4 cit4 p4 #i4 ,footnote #dd3 ,beaumanoir1 ,les c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 lxix4 #f1 vol4 ii4 #dhe sq4 ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #abg4 ,li*t5b]g1 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 iv4 #dha4 ,footnote #de3 ,lex ,salica1 edit$ by ,hessels1 coll4 #bji-bab1 #bae4 ,footnote #df3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iv4 #agi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #dh3 ,anci5 ,c\tumi] de ,b\rgogne1 #bc 7,revue hi/orique de droit franais et trang]1 iii4 #edi73 ,il deu/ hauoir faire ju/ice del l>ron4 ,footnote #di3 ,p]tile1 loc4 cit4 p4 #adh3 ,la ,c>ta de ,logu d',eleonora giudicessa d',arborea 7#acie7 prescrive3 *e v55do trovato un as9o 9 danno sui fondi altrui1 p] la prima volta gli si tagli un orec*io2 la seconda1 l'altro2 e la t]za1 si confis*i la be/ia consegn&ola alla corte pr9cipesca4 ,cf4 ,v5ddd1 xiii4 #cb sqq4 ,footnote #ej3 d',addosio1 op4 cit4 p4 #af4 ,consid]+ ! feel+s to :i* ev5 ! cultur$ m9d is susceptible ) ref]5ce to a mis*iev\s bea/1 x is n difficult to und]/& ! attitude ( ! ignorant4 ,! savage1 n only mom5t>ily1 :ile 9 a rage1 b p]man5tly & 9 cold blood1 oblit]ates ! b\nd>ies betwe5 man & bea/4 ,he reg>ds all animals z practically on a foot+ ( equality ) man4 ,he believes t !y are end[$ ) feel+s & intellig5ce l m51 t !y are unit$ into families & tribes l m51 t !y h v>i\s languages l human tribes1 t !y possess s\ls :i* survive ! dea? ( ! bodies j z is ! case ) human s\ls4 ,he tells ( animals t h be5 ! ance/ors ( m51 ( m5 t h become animals1 ( m>riages t take place betwe5 m5 & bea/s4 ,he also believes t he :o slays an animal w be expos$ to ! v5geance ei!r ( its disembodi$ _s1 or ( all ! o!r animals ( ! same species :i*1 q aft] human fa%ion1 are b\nd to res5t ! injury done to "o ( _! numb]4#ea ,is x n natural1 !n1 t ! savage %\ld give l = l8 ,if x is ! duty ( animals to take v5geance ^u m51 is x n equally ! duty ( m5 to take v5geance ^u animals8 ,footnote #ea3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dfg sqq4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #chi sqq4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #ag4 ,a*elis1 ,mod]ne ,vlk]kunde1 p4 #cgc sqq4 ,idem1 ',animal ,wor%ip1' 9 ,op5 ,c\rt1 xi4 #gje sq4 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 ii4 #ahj 7,negroes74 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #cea4 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cej sqq4 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 pp4 #bbc1 #bec4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #cca 7,t>ahum>es74 ,mooney1 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xix4 pp4 #bej1 #bfa sq4 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' ibid4 xviii4 #dbc4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ',relations betwe5 ,m5 & ,animals 9 ,s>awak1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #agc sqq41 especially p4 #bje sq4 ,nor are ^! beliefs re/rict$ to savages4 ,muhamm$ans ma9ta91 n only t animals w %>e ) m5 ! g5]al resurrection1 b t !y w be judg$ accord+ to _! works4 ,_! tradition says t ,god w raise up animals at ! la/ day to receive #bei rew>d & to %[ ,8 p]fection & ,8 ju/ice4 ,!n ! hornless goat w be rev5g$ on ! horn$ "o4#eb ,we c h>dly wond] t ! ,zoroa/rian law inflict$ puni%m5ts on dogs :i* hurt m5 or animals1 :5 we read 9 ! ,v5ddd t a dog has ! *>act]s ( eight sorts ( p4#ec ,! fable & ! ,mr*5 = a long "t relat$ 9 good e>ne/ _! /ories ( animals t behav$ exactly l m54#ed ,ev5 to ?is day1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,europe1 z soon z a peasant is dead1 x is cu/om>y = 8 heir to ann\nce ! *ange ( own]%ip to e bea/ 9 ! /all1 & to ! bees also2#ee & 9 "s p>ts ( ,pol&1 :5 ! corpse ( ! ru/ic proprietor is be+ c>ri$ out1 all 8 cattle are let loose1 t !y may take leave ( _! old ma/]4#ef ,9 ! ,middle ,ages animals 7 sometimes accept$ z witnesses2 a man :o 0 accus$ ( hav+ committ$ a murd] 9 8 h\se appe>$ be=e ! tribunal ) 8 cat1 8 dog1 & 8 cock1 swore 9 _! pres5ce t he 0 innoc5t1 & 0 acquitt$4#eg ,x 0 n only ! common p t ascrib$ intellig5ce to bea/s4 ,accord+ to ,porphyry1 all ! philosoph]s :o h endeav\r$ to discov] ! tru? conc]n+ animals h ackn[l$g$ t !y to a c]ta9 ext5t p>ticipate ( reason2#eh & ! same idea is express$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s ( a mu* lat] date4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,b5ot wrote t animals (t5 speak4#ei ,9 ! middle ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,hi]onymus ,ror>ius publi%$ a book entitl$ ',quod animalia bruta ratione utantur melius hom9e4' ,& ab\t ! same "t ,johann ,crell1 9 8 ',e?ica ,*ri/iana1' express$ ! op9ion t animals at all ev5ts possess faculties analog\s to reason & free-w1 t !y h some?+ simil> to virtues & vices1 t !y #bfj des]ve some?+ l rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & are consequ5tly puni%$ by ,god & man4#fj ,?is1 z x seems to me1 is ! correct explanation ( ! m$ival practice ( puni%+ animals1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 "s cases1 z ,m4 ,mnabra obs]ves1 ! obnoxi\s animal 0 reg>d$ z an embodim5t ( "s evil _s & 0 puni%$ z su*4#fa ,! bea/ or insect 0 retaliat$ ^u = ! simple reason t x 0 reg>d$ z a rational be+4 ,footnote #eb3 ,koran1 vi4 #ch4 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #ec3 ,v5ddd1 xiii4 #dd sqq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see ,grimm1 ,re9h>t ,fu*s1 p4 i4 sqq4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #cae4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 p4 #dbh4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ral/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #eg3 ,mi*elet1 ,orig9es du droit franais1 pp4 #gf1 #bgi sq4 ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #abi4 ,footnote #eh3 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 iii4 #f4 ,footnote #ei3 ,b5ot1 quot$ by d',addosio1 op4 cit4 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #fj3 ,crell1 ,e?ica ,*ri/iana1 ii4 #a1 p4 #fe sq43--,h9c aliquid etiam virtuti et vitio simile1 seu recte et prave factum3 quorum illud e/1 cum bruta natur su ductum sequuntur1 hoc cum a naturali via exorbitant4 ,unde t&em etiam aliquid 9999prmio aut poen1 et huic quidem maxime simile4 ,unde be/ias etiam a ,deo punitas1 aut poenas c]tas lege illis con/itutas1 c]nimus4 ,footnote #fa3 ,mnabra1 ,de l'orig9e de la =me et de l'esprit des jugem5ts r5dus au moy5-age contre les animaux1 p4 #ce4 ,at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation ev5 inanimate ?+s are treat$ z if !y 7 responsible ag5ts4 ,! ,kukis take rev5ge n only on a murd]\s tig]1 b on a murd]\s tree4 ,if a man %\ld happ5 to be kill$1 by an accid5tal fall f a tree1 all 8 relations assemble1 & cut x d[n2 & h[ev] l>ge x may be1 !y r$uce x to *ips1 :i* !y scatt] 9 ! w9ds1 = hav+1 z !y say1 be5 ! cause ( ! dea? ( _! bro!r4#fb ,among ! aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,victoria1 :5 ! spe> or weapon ( an enemy has kill$ a fri5d1 x is always burnt by ! relatives ( ! deceas$2 b ^? captur$ 9 battle are kept1 & us$ by ! conqu]ors4#fc ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,r$sk9s1 :5 /ruck ) an arr[ 9 battle1 w te> x f ! w\nd1 break & bite x ) _! tee?1 & da% x on ! gr\nd4#fd ,! ,briti% ,guiana ,indian1 :5 hurt ei!r by fall+ on a rock1 or by ! rock fall+ on him1 attributes ! blame1 by a l9e ( argum5t /ill n uncommon 9 m civilis$ life1 to ! rock4#fe ,! gods ( ! ,v$ic age curs$ ! trees :i* _h injur$ !m4#ff ,x]xes comm&$ #bfa t ! ,hellespont %\ld be /rick5 ) ?ree hundr$ la%es1#fg & ,cyrus wreak$ 8 v5geance on ! riv] ,gyndes by disp]s+ x ?r\gh ?ree hundr$ & sixty *annels4#fh ,pausanias relates t :5 ,!ag5es _h di$1 "o ( 8 enemies w5t up to 8 /atue e night1 & :ipp$ ! brass4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! /atue *eck$ 8 insol5ce by fall+ on him2 b ! sons ( ! deceas$ prosecut$ ! /atue = murd]4 ,! ,?asians sank ! /atue 9 ! sea1 h]e9 foll[+ ! view tak5 by ,draco1 :o1 9 ! laws t\*+ homicide :i* he drew up = ! ,a!nians1 enact$ t ev5 lifeless ?+s %\ld be bani%$ if !y fell on anybody & kill$ him4#fi ,z ,dr4 ,fraz] rem>ks1 ! puni%m5t ( inanimate objects = hav+ accid5tally be5 ! cause ( dea? 0 probably mu* old] ?an ,draco4#gj ,at ,a!ns !re 0 a special tribunal = ! purpose4#ga ,demo/h5es /ates t1 if a /one or a piece ( wood or iron or any su* ?+ fell & /ruck a man1 & ! p]son :o ?rew ! ?+ 0 n kn[n1 b ! p knew1 & 7 9 possession (1 ! object :i* kill$ ! man1 t object 0 br\ght to trial at ! c\rt ( ! ,prytaneum4#gb ,plato lays d[n ! foll[+ rule 9 8 ',laws'3--,if any lifeless ?+ deprive a man ( life1 except 9 ! case ( a ?und]bolt or o!r fatal d>t s5t f ! gods1--:e!r a man is kill$ by lifeless objects fall+ ^u him1 or by 8 fall+ ^u !m1 ! ne>e/ ( k9 %all appo9t ! ne>e/ neighb\r to be a judge1 & !reby acquit himself & ! :ole family ( guilt4 ,& he %all ca/ =? ! guilty ?+ beyond ! bord]4#gc ,teutonic law1 :i* /ill recognis$ ! pr9ciple ( private rev5ge1 treat$ ! inanimate murd]] ) less c]emony4#gd ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,alfr$1 :5 m5 7 at "w toge!r 9 #bfb a =e/1 & by misadv5ture "o let a tree fall on ano!r1 :i* kill$ him1 ! tree belong$ to ! dead man's k9sfolk if !y took x away )9 ?irty days4#ge ,lat] on1 9 ,engl&1 a ?+ by :i* dea? 0 caus$ 0 =feit$ to ,god1 t is to ! ,k+1 ,god's ,lieut5ant on e>?1 to be di/ribut$ 9 works ( *>ity = ! appeas+ ( ,god's wra?4#gf ,?is law rema9$ 9 =ce till #ahdf4gg ,footnote #fb3 ,macrae1 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vii4 #ahi sq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #fd3 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 i4 #cea sq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #ff3 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #eah4 ,footnote #fg3 ,h]odotus1 vii4 #ce4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ibid4 i4 #aij4 ,footnote #fi3 ,pausanias1 vi4 #aa4 #f4 ,cf4 ibid4 v4 #bg4 #aj4 ,footnote #gj3 ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 ii4 #cga4 ,footnote #ga3 ,ari/otle1 ,de republica ,a!ni5sium1 #eg4 ,pausanias1 i4 #bh4 #aj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,demo/h5es1 ,contra ,ari/ocratem1 #gf1 p4 #fde4 ,footnote #gc3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgc sq4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,trumm]1 ,vortrge b] ,tortur1 c4 i4 #cgf sq4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung51 p4 #eba sqq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,laws ( ,alfr$1 ii4 #ac4 ,footnote #gf3 ,coke4 ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,in/itutes ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #gg3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #gh4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #dgc4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases sup]/iti\s dread may h be5 a motive = de/roy+ or bani%+ ! in/rum5t ( dea?4 ,!re are facts :i* prove t su* an object is look$ ^u z a s\rce ( dang]4 ,accord+ to ! ,ripu>ian law1 p are =bidd5 to make use ( a ?+ :i* has be5 auctor int]fectionis2#gh & 9 ,norway1 9 q mod]n times1 sickles1 axes1 & o!r objects ) :i* m5 h be5 kill$1 h be5 se5 ly+ ab\t ab&on$ & unus$4#gi ,aga91 among ! aborig9es ( ,we/ ,au/ralia1 if a p]son has be5 kill$ by a ?ru/ ( ! native wood5 spe>1 ghici1 8 c\ntry-m5 ?9k t 8 s\l rema9s 9 ! po9t ( ! weapon :i* caus$ 8 dea?1 & !y burn x aft] 8 burial1 s t ! s\l may dep>t4#hj ,b x is also obvi\s t an inanimate ?+ :i* is ! cause ( a hurt is apt to evoke a g5u9e feel+ ( res5tm5t4 ,we kick ! *air ov] :i* we /umble1 we curse ! /one :i* hurts u2 ,dr ,nans5 says t1 :5 he 0 cross+ ,gre5l&1 x w\ld h caus$ him q real satisfaction to de/roy a sl$ge :i* 0 9999heavy to draw4#ha ,:5 we ?us behave z if ! (f5d+ object 7 capable ( feel+ our res5tm5t1 we = a mom5t vaguely believe t x is alive4#hb ,b our ang] v soon passes #bfc away :5 we realise ! true nature ( its object4 ,! case is diff]5t ) m5 at e>li] /ages ( civilisation4 ,!y d n suppose t ?+s :i* hurt !m are s5seless2 on ! contr>y1 !y p]sonify su* ?+s1 n only ha/ily & mom5t>ily1 b delib]ately & p]man5tly2 h5ce _! res5tm5t la/s4 ,! ,guiana ,indian1 says ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn1 attributes any calamity :i* may happ5 to him to ! int5tion ( ! imm$iate in/rum5t ( its infliction1 & he n unnaturally sees 9 ! action ( ?is in/rum5t evid5ce ( its possession ( a _s4#hc ,trees1 especially1 are v commonly suppos$ to possess s\ls simil> to ^? ( m51 & are treat$ accord+ly4#hd ,pausanias writes t lifeless ?+s are said to h inflict$ ( _! own accord a righte\s puni%m5t on m52 & z ! be/ & mo/ fam\s in/ance ( ?is he m5tions ! sword ( ,cambyses4#he ,9 ,engl& ! inanimate murd]] 0 to be giv5 up to ! k9sm5 ( ! sla9 surely n z a comp5sation = ! loss !y _h suff]$1 b z an object ^u :i* _! v5geance 0 to be wreak$4#hf ,x 0 call$ la bane1 t is1 ! slay]2 ,bracton also calls x ! malefactor4#hg ,x did n matt] t its own] 0 recognis$ z innoc5t2 ! puni%m5t 0 n int5d$ = him4#hh ,b 9 "s well-def9$ cases ! slay] 0 free f guilt4 ,a %ip or o!r vessel f :i* a p]son 0 dr[n$ by mis=tune 0 n =feit$ z deod& 9 case ! accid5t happ5$ 9 salt wat]--z ,coke indicates1 on acc\nt ( ! great dang]s to :i* ! vessel is expos$ ^u ! rag+ waves 9 respect ( ! w9d & tempe/4#hi ,moreov]1 if a boy "u f\rte5 fell f a c>t1 or f a horse1 x 0 #bfd no deod&1 because he 0 n ( discretion to look to himself1 & s ! c>t1 or horse1 c\ld n be reg>d$ z blamable4 ,b if a c>t ran ov] a boy1 or a tree fell ^u him1 or a bull gor$ him1 x 0 deod&1 because1 app>5tly1 x w5t out ( its way to kill him4#ij ,! fact ( motion 0 "o ( consid]able importance 9 ! case ( animals & inanimate ?+s1 z x 0 9 ! case ( m54 ,?us ,bracton w\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ! horse :i* ?r[s a man & ! horse (f :i* a man tumbles1 betwe5 ! tree t falls & ! tree aga9/ :i* a man is ?r[n2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 a ?+ 0 n a deod& unless x c\ld be said mov]e ad mortem4#ia ,if anybody 0 dr[n$ by fall+ f a %ip "u sail1 n only ! %ip itself b ! ?+s mov+ 9 x 7 deem$ ! cause ( 8 dea?2 :]eas ! m]*&ise ly+ at ! bottom ( ! vessel 0 n presum$ to be guilty1 & consequ5tly 0 n =feit$4#ib ,b if any p>ticul> m]*&ise fell ^u a p]son & caus$ 8 dea?1 t m]*&ise became a deod&1 & n ! %ip4#ic ,z ,mr4 ,holmes obs]ves1 a %ip is ! mo/ p]si/5t example ( motion giv+ p]sonality to a ?+4 ,%e is /ill p]sonifi$ n only 9 common p>lance1 b 9 c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,9 m>itime cases ( q rec5t date judges ( great repute h pron\nc$ ! proce$+ to be1 n aga9/ ! own]1 b aga9/ ! vessel = an (f5ce committ$ by ! vessel4#id ,footnote #gh3 ,lex ,ripu>iorum1 lxx4 #a4 ,footnote #gi3 ,liebrc*t1 ,zur ,volkskund1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #hj3 ,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie1 p4 #bfj sq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bac sq4 ,footnote #hb3 ,cf4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s ( ,man1 i4 #abe2 ,hall1 ',/udy ( ,ang]1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 x4 #ejf sq4 ,footnote #hc3 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #afi sqq4 ,footnote #he3 ,pausanias1 i4 #bh4 #aa4 ,footnote #hf3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ii4 #dgd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #aaf1 vol4 ii4 #bcf sq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,holmes1 ,common ,law1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #hi3 ,bracton1 op4 cit4 fol4 #abb1 vol4 ii4 #bhf sq4 ,coke1 op4 cit4 p4 #eh4 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 supposes 7op4 cit4 iii4 #gh7 t deod&s 7 n 9 use at sea1 because ! local cu/oms ( ,engl& did n ext5d to ! high seas4 ,b ,coke expressly says 7p4 #eh7 t !re c be no deod& ( ! %ip ev5 9 aqua salsa1 be+ any arm ( ! sea1 ?\gh x be 9 ! body ( ! ,c\nty4 ,footnote #ij3 ,coke1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg4 ,hale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n1 i4 #dbb4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 iii4 #gh4 ,footnote #ia3 ,bracton1 op4 cit4 fol4 #acf b1 vol4 ii1 #djj sq4 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbj sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dgd1 n4 #d4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 iii4 #gg4 ,holmes1 op4 cit4 p4 #be sq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,britton1 i4 #b4 #ad1 vol4 i4 #af4 ,footnote #ic3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbb4 ,footnote #id3 ,holmes1 op4 cit4 p4 #bi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l ! l[] animals1 human be+s 9 _! e>lie/ *ildhood are incapable ( =m+ notions ( "r & wrong1 h5ce !y are n responsible = any act ( !irs4 ,responsibility comm5ces ) ! dawn ( a moral consci\sness1 & increases along ) ! evolution ( ! intellect4 ,only by sl[ degrees ! capacity ( recognis+ #bfe act z "r or wrong develops 9 ! *ild4 ,x soon le>ns t c]ta9 acts are =bidd51 b to "k t an act is =bidd5 is n ! same z to recognise x z wrong4 ,nor does ! k ( a moral rule involve ! ability to apply t rule 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,nor c ! y\?ful intellect be expect$ to possess ! same degree ( =esight z ! intellect ( a gr[n-up man4 ,h5ce ! total or p>tial irresponsibility ( *ildhood & e>ly y\?4 ,?is irresponsibility is admitt$ by ! laws ( civilis$ nations4 ,9 ,engl&1#ie ,scotl&1#if & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#ig *ildr5 "u sev5 are absolutely exempt f puni%m5t4 ,9 o!r mod]n c\ntries crim9al responsibility does n comm5ce until ! age ( n9e1#ih t51#ii twelve1#ajj or f\rte54#aja ,9 "s x is to be decid$ 9 ea* case :e!r a *ild is puni%able or n4#ajb ,?us ! ,fr5* ,code ,pnal provides t a p]son "u eighte5 ye>s ( age %all n be puni%$ if x be decid$ t he has act$ )\t disc]nm5t 7sans disc]nem5t7 :]eas1 if he has act$ ) disc]nm5t 7avec disc]nem5t71 8 puni%m5t is to be mitigat$ accord+ to a fix$ scale4#ajc ,mo/ laws set d[n an int]m$iate p]iod betwe5 t ( complete irresponsibility & t ( complete responsibility4 ,accord+ to ,engli% law !re is a presumption t *ildr5 f sev5 to f\rte5 are n possess$ ( ! degree ( k ess5tial to crim9ality1 ?\gh ?is presumption may be rebutt$ by pro( to ! contr>y2#ajd &1 accord+ to ! ,g]man ,/rafgesetzbu*1 a p]son f twelve to eighte5 may be acquitt$ if1 :5 he committ$ ! (f5ce1 he did #bff n possess ! intellig5ce requisite to "k t x 0 crim9al4#aje ,o!r laws1 aga91 reg>d a c]ta9 age eo ipso z a gr\nd ( ext5uation1 its upp] limit be+ fix$ sometimes at sixte51#ajf sometimes at eighte51#ajg sometimes at tw5ty1#ajh sometimes at tw5ty-"o4#aji ,footnote #ie3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #ig sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,ersk9e-,rank9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #edf4 ,footnote #ig3 ,bi%op1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,crim9al ,law1 #cfh1 vol4 i4 #bji4 ,footnote #ih3 ,italian ,codice ,p5ale1 art4 #ec4 ,spani% ,cdigo ,p5al re=mado1 art4 #h1 #b4 ,footnote #ii3 ,au/rian 7,f+]1 op4 cit4 i4 #aaj71 ,dut* 7van ,hamel1 9 ,lgislation pnale comp>e1 edit$ by von ,liszt1 p4 #ddd71 ,portuguese 7,tav>es de ,m$eiros1 ibid4 p4 #aii71 ,russian 7,fo9itzki1 ibid4 p4 #ebi7 law4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,g]man ,/rafgesetzbu*1 art4 #ee4 ,footnote #aja3 ,sw$i% 7,upp/rm1 9 ,lgislation pnale comp>e1 p4 #dhc71 ,f9ni% 7,=sman1 ibid4 p4 #efe7 law4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,fr5*1 ,belgian1 ,ottoman law 7,rivire1 ibid4 p4 #g74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #ff sqq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #ih4 ,k5ny1 ,outl9es ( ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #aje3 ,/rafgesetzbu*1 art4 #ef4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,dut* law 7van ,hamel1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ddd74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,spani% 7,cdigo ,p5al re=mado1 art4 #i1 #b71 ,sw$i% 7,upp/rm1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dhd71 ,f9ni% 7,=sman1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eff7 law4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,au/rian law 7,f+]1 op4 cit4 i4 #aab74 ,footnote #aji3 ,italian 7,codice ,p5ale1 art4 #ef71 ,russian 7,fo9itzki1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ebi71 ,portuguese 7,tav>es de ,m$eiros1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aii71 ,brazilian 7,codigo ,p5al dos ,e/ados ,unidos d ,brazil1 art4 #db1 #aa7 law4 ,accord+ to ! ,ottoman ,p5al ,code1 art4 #dj1 a guilty p]son :o has n arriv$ at ! age ( pub]ty may n be puni%$ ) ! puni%m5t enact$ aga9/ ! (f5ce ( :i* he has be5 f\nd guilty4 ,roman law1 z x seems1 made out a prsumptio juris ( g5]al incapacity to commit a crime "u pub]ty1 rebuttable by evid5ce ( capacity1 at any rate 9 ! age call$ next to pub]ty1 ! limits ( :i* are n cle>ly settl$4#aaj ,9 ! ,iri% ,book ( ,aicill x is said t ! man :o incites a fool is he :o pays = 8 crime2 & to ?is ! ,comm5t>y adds t a man is a fool till ! end ( sev5 ye>s1 & a fool ( half s5se till ! end ( f\rte5#aaa--;a provision simil> to t ( ,canon ,law4#aab ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 ! rule ( talion is applicable only to p]sons ( age4#aac ,9 ,*9a crim9al responsibility is affect$ n only by y\?1 b by old age z well4 ,(f5d]s ^: age is n m ?an sev5 nor less ?an n9ety ye>s1 %all n suff] puni%m5t 9 any case1 except 9 t ( treason or rebellion4 ,any (f5d] ^: age is n m ?an t5 nor less ?an eighty ye>s1 4 4 4 %all1 :5 ! crime is capital1 b n #bfg am\nt+ to treason1 be recomm5d$ to ! p>ticul> consid]ation & decision ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y4 ,& any (f5d] ^: age is n m ?an fifte51 nor less ?an sev5ty ye>s 4 4 4 %all be all[$ to r$eem himself f any puni%m5t less ?an capital1 by ! paym5t ( ! e/abli%$ f9e1 except 9 ! case ( p]sons condemn$ to bani%m5t z accessories to ! crimes ( treason1 rebellion1 murd] ( ?ree or m p]sons 9 "o family1 or homicide by magic or poison+1 ^u all ( :i* (f5d]s ! laws %all be /rictly execut$4#aad ,footnote #aaj3 ,cl>k1 ,analysis ( ,crim9al ,liability1 p4 #gj4 von ,jh]+1 ,das ,s*uldmom5t im rmis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #db sqq4 ,momms5 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ge sq4 ,9 ! ,in/itutiones 7i4 #bb7 pub]ty is fix$ at ! completion ( ! f\rte5? ye> = males1 & ( ! twelf? = females4 ,accord+ to ! ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 *ildr5 7 puni%$ = !ft1 ?\gh less sev]ely ?an adults 7,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 xi4 #ah4 #h4 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 xviii4 #c74 ,footnote #aaa3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 #aeg4 ,footnote #aab3 ,katz1 ,grundriss des kanonis*5 ,/rafre*ts1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #aac3 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 p4 #gfb4 ,jaffur ,%urreef says 7,qanoon-e-,islam1 p4 #cf7 t1 among ! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india1 previ\s to ! p]iod ( pub]ty all ! good & evil de$s ( boys & girls are laid to ! *>ge ( _! p>5ts4 ,footnote #aad3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 xxii4 sq4 ,accord+ to e>ly cu/om1 *ildr5 :o h committ$ an injury are sometimes1#aae b n always1#aaf subject to ! rule ( retaliation4 ,ev5 9 ,hom]ic ,greece1 manslaught] committ$ 9 *ildhood seems to h be5 visit$ ) bani%m5t = life4#aag ,9 o!r cases p>5ts are responsible = ! de$s ( _! *ildr54#aah ,among ! ,we/ ,african ,fjort1 = in/ance1 *ildr5 are n !mselves liable = _! actions1 b ! injur$ p>ty c claim comp5sation f ! p>5ts if he likes to d s4#aai ,among ! ,teutons1 l ! ma/] = ! slave1 ! fa!r answ]$ = & made claims on behalf ( ! *ild4 ,! c]emony ( inve/+ him ) arms z a wehrhaft1 or weapon-be>+ memb] ( ! community1 0 ! usual p]iod = ! assumption ( rights & liabilities2 & ?is cu/om>ily 7n always7 took place at ! age ( twelve4#abj ,accord+ to anci5t ,sw$i% law1 an injury 0 treat$ 9 ! same way z if x _h be5 accid5tal1 9 case ! (f5d] 0 "u ! age ( fifte52#aba accord+ to ! ,icel&ic ,grgs1 9 case he 0 #bfh "u sixte54#abb ,h[ev]1 z we h se51 accid5tal injuries _h to be paid =4 ,:]e (f5ces are dealt ) accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation1 x is impossible to decide h[ f> p>5ts' liability = _! *ildr5 involves a recognition ( ! moral irresponsibility ( ! *ild1 or is simply due to ! fact t *ildr51 hav+ no prop]ty1 are !mselves unable to comp5sate4 ,t ! latt] po9t ( view 0 l>gely adopt$ by e>ly cu/om & law appe>s f ! fact t1 :5 comp5sation 0 succe$$ by puni%m5t1 ! p]iod ( irresponsibility 0 r$uc$4 ,9 ,engl& ! age-limit ( twelve ye>s1 :i* prevail$ 9 ,anglo-,norman days1 0 aft]w>ds disreg>d$ 9 crim9al cases4#abc ,we read 9 ! ,nor?umb]l& ,assize ,roll1 ,a4,d4 #abgi1 ,reg9ald 4 4 4 ag$ f\r1 by misadv5ture slew ,rob]t 4 4 4 ag$ two2 ! ju/ice grant$ t he might h 8 life & memb]s because ( 8 t5d] age4#abd ,a little lat] we he> t a *ild "u ! age ( sev5 %all n suff] judgm5t 9 a case ( homicide4#abe ,9 #adeg1 an infant ( f\r 0 held liable 9 trespass1 ?\gh ! language ( ! c\rt %[s a disposition to exempt ! infant4#abf ,f ! eighte5? c5tury in/ances are record$ ( a girl ( ?irte5 :o 0 burnt = kill+ h] mi/ress1 & ( a boy ( eight :o 0 hang$ = arson4#abg ,9 #agdh1 a boy ( t51 be+ convict$ = ! murd] ( a girl ( five1 0 s5t5c$ to dea?1 & all ! judges to :om ?is case 0 report$ agre$ t1 9 ju/ice to ! publick1 ! law ought to take its c\rse4 ,! execution1 h[ev]1 0 respit$1 & ! boy at la/ _h ! b5efit ( ,8 ,maje/y's p>don4#abh ,x appe>s f ^! facts1 & f o!rs ( a simil> "* ref]r+ to cont95tal c\ntries1#abi t !re has be5 a t5d5cy to raise ! age #bfi at :i* full legal responsibility comm5ces4 ,& we h reason to hope t legislation has n yet said its la/ ^w on ! subject4 ,footnote #aae3 ,s5fft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ddi 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,miklosi*1 ',blutra*e bei d5 ,slav51' 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d4 kais]l4 ,akadamie d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,philos4-hi/4 ,classe1 ,vi5na1 xxxvi4 #aca 7,turks ( ,daghe/an74 ,see also supra1 p4 #bag sq4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #beg 7,wa%ambala74 ,footnote #aag3 ,iliad1 xxiii4 #he sqq4 ,cf4 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #aah3 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse p4 #acb 7,diakit-,s>rakolese74 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #ceg 7,amahlubi74 ,footnote #aai3 ,d5nett1 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,society1 i4 #bgf4 ,footnote #abj3 ,wigmore1 ',responsibility = ,torti\s ,acts1' 9 ,h>v>d ,law ,review1 vii4 #ddg4 ,footnote #aba3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #fdb sq4 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #gc4 ,cf4 von ,amira1 ,nordg]manis*es ,obligation5re*t1 i4 #cge sq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,grgs1 ,vigsloi1 #cb1 vol4 ii4 #fc4 ,footnote #abc3 ,wigmore1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #abd3 ,?ree ,e>ly ,assize ,rolls = ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #abe3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hd4 ,footnote #abf3 ,wigmore1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ddg sq4 n4 #g4 ,footnote #abg3 ,wilson1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,engli% ,law1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,fo/]1 ,report ( ,cr[n ,cases1 p4 #gj sqq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,trumm]1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbh1 #dcb sqq4 7,g]many74 ,j\sse1 ,trait de la ju/ice crim9elle de ,france1 ii4 #fag2 ,tissot1 ,droit pnal1 i4 #cj 7,france74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9ciple t intellectual incapacity less5s or excludes responsibility also applies to idiots & madm54 ,?\gh idiots are able to acquire "s k ( g5]al moral rules1 ! application ( ^? rules is frequ5tly beyond _! p[]s2#acj & _! capacity ( =esee+ ! consequ5ces ( _! acts is necess>ily v re/rict$4 ,! same to "s ext5t holds good ( madm52 b1 z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]1 !re is ano!r gr\nd = _! irresponsibility besides ! d]angem5t ( ! intellect4 ,footnote #acj3 von ,krafft-,eb+1 ,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,psy*opa?ologie1 p4 #gj4 ,all mod]n laws admit t1 at lea/ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 idiocy or madness exempts a p]son f crim9al responsibility4 ,accord+ to ,roman law1 lunatics 7 ev5 free f ! obligation ( pay+ indemnities = losses inflict$ by !m2#aca & s mild 0 _! lot at ,rome1 t x became a practice = citiz5s to %irk _! public duties by feign+ madness4#acb ,ev5 savages recognise t lunatics & maniacs are n responsible = _! de$s4 ,! ,abipones ma9ta9$ t x 0 wrong & irrational to use arms aga9/ ^? :o are n 9 possession ( _! s5ses4#acc ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,potawatomis _m are said to be 'fooli%1' & n s5sible ( crime4#acd ,! ,iroquois are p]suad$ t a p]son :o is n 9 8 "r s5ses is n to be repreh5d$1 or at lea/ n to be puni%$4#ace ,h5nep9 /ates t !y _h "o day 9 ! ye> :i* might be call$ ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools2 = 9 fact !y pret5d$ to be mad1 ru%+ f hut to hut1 s t if !y ill-treat$ any "o or c>ri$ (f any?+1 !y w\ld say next day1 #bgj ',i 0 mad2 ,i _h n my s5ses ab\t me4' ,& ! o!rs w\ld accept ?is explanation & exact no v5geance4#acf ,! ,melanesians are sorry = lunatics & are k9d to !m1 ?\gh _! rem$ies are r\gh2 at ,florida1 = in/ance1 a man w5t out ( 8 m9d1 *as$ p1 /ole ?+s & hid !m1 b no "o blam$ him1 because !y knew t he 0 possess$ by a t9dalo gho/4#acg ,among ! ,we/ ,african ,fjort fools & idiots are n responsible p]sonally = _! actions4#ach ,among ! ,wad%agga crimes committ$ by lunatics are judg$ ( m l5i5tly ?an o!rs4#aci ,among ! ,matabele madm51 be+ suppos$ to be possess$ ( a _s1 7 =m]ly "u ! protection ( ! ,k+4#adj ,9 ,ea/]n ,africa ! natives say ( an idiot or a lunatic1 ,he has fi5ds4#ada ,el ,hajj 7,abdssalam ,%abe5y /ates t 9 ,hausal& a man guilty ( a crime1 :o 9 ! op9ion ( ! judge is possess$ by an evil _s1 is n puni%$4#adb ,footnote #aca3 von ,vang][1 ,lehrbu* d] ,p&ekt51 iii4 #cf4 von ,jh]+1 ,das ,s*uldmom5t im rmis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #db4 ,?on1 ,re*tsnorm und subjectives ,re*t1 p4 #ajf1 n4 #gj4 ,footnote #acb3 ,dige/a1 xxvii4 #aj4 #f4 ,footnote #acc3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #bcd4 ,footnote #acd3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #abg4 ,footnote #ace3 ,*>levoix1 ,voyage to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #bd sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,h5nep91 ,description de la ,l\isiane1 ,les ,moeurs des ,sauvages1 p4 #ga sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #ach3 ,d5nett1 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,society1 i4 #bgf4 ,footnote #aci3 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #fd4 ,footnote #adj3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #ada3 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #adb3 7,abdssalam ,%abe5y1 ,acc\nt ( ,timbuctoo & ,h\sa1 p4 #di4 ,! idea t d]angem5t ( ! m9d is due to spiritual possession1 (t5 makes ! idiot or ! insane an object ( religi\s rev]5ce4#adc ,! ,macusis reg>d lunatics z holy4#add ,! ,brazilian ,p>avilhana believe t idiots are inspir$4#ade ,accord+ to ,s*oolcraft1 reg>d = lunatics1 or ! dem5t$ memb]s ( ! human race1 is a univ]sal trait among ! ,am]ican tribes4#adf ,s1 also1 ! ,african ,b>olong give a k9d ( wor%ip to d]ang$ p]sons1 :o are said to be "u ! direct influ5ce ( a deity4#adg ,a c]ta9 k9d ( madness 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5t ,greeks z a div9e gift1 & consequ5tly z sup]ior to a sane m9d4#adh ,lane /ates t1 among ! mod]n #bga ,egyptians1 an idiot or a fool is vulg>ly reg>d$ z a be+ ^: m9d is 9 heav51 :ile 8 gross] "p m+les among ord9>y mortals2 consequ5tly he is consid]$ an especial fav\rite ( heav54 ,:atev] enormities a reput$ sa9t may commit 7& !re are _m :o are con/antly infr++ precepts ( _! religion71 su* acts d n affect 8 fame = sanctity2 = !y are consid]$ z ! results ( ! ab/raction ( 8 m9d f worldly ?+s--8 s\l1 or reason+ faculties1 be+ :olly absorb$ 9 devotion--s t 8 passions are left )\t control4 ,lunatics :o are dang]\s to society are kept 9 conf9em5t1 b ^? :o are h>mless are g5]ally reg>d$ z sa9ts4#adi ,! same holds good ( ,morocco4 ,lunatics are n ev5 oblig$ to obs]ve ! ,ramadan fa/1 ! mo/ imp]ative ( all religi\s duties2 ( a p]son :o1 in/ead ( ab/a9+ f all food till sunset1 0 tak+ 8 meal 9 broad daylight 9 ! op5 /reet1 ,i he>d ! p =giv+ly say1 ,! poor fell[ does n "k :at he is do+1 8 m9d is ) ,god4#aej ,footnote #adc3 ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #abh4 ,footnote #add3 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 ,neue ,folge1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ade3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #fcc4 ,footnote #adf3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iv4 #di4 ,footnote #adg3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #acj4 ,footnote #adh3 ,plato1 ,phdrus1 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #adi3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #aej3 ,cf4 ,grb]g di ,hems1 ,spec*io geografico1 e /ati/ico dell' imp]o ,m>occo1 p4 #ahb sq4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are peoples :o treat _! lunatics 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria put !m to dea?1 z !y h a v great dread ( mad p4#aea ,9 ,k> ,nicob> madness is said to be ! only cause = a dea? p5alty t seems to exi/ !re1 ! afflict$ individual be+ g>rott$ ) two pieces ( bamboo2#aeb b ?is practice seems to be a me?od ( gett+ rid ( a dang]\s individual1 r ?an a p5alty 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,among ! ,wa%ambala a lunatic :o commits homicide is kill$--z our in=mant obs]ves1 n really on acc\nt ( 8 de$1 b 9 ord] to prev5t him f caus+ fur!r mis*ief4#aec ,among ! ,turks ( ,daghe/an1 we are told1 mad p are subject to ! rule ( blood-rev5ge4#aed ,footnote #aea3 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,di/ant1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #f4 ,footnote #aec3 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #aed3 ,miklosi*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aca4 #bgb ,9 ,*9a lunatics are held responsible = _! acts1 al?\gh ! ord9>y p5alty applicable is commut$1 z = in/ance1 9 murd] to imprisonm5t ) fett]s subject to ,8 ,maje/y's pleasure4 ,b :5 a lunatic delib]ately kills 8 p>5ts or gr&p>5ts1 a repres5tation w n s]ve2 he is to be execut$ at once on ! spot :]e ! murd] 0 committ$ or on ! city execution gr\nd1 & ! s5t5ce--slic+ to pieces--is to be c>ri$ out 9 all its horror ?\gh ! lunatic be already dead4#aee ,footnote #aee3 ,alaba/]1 ,comm5t>ies on ,*9ese ,law1 pp4 #ic1 #if4 ,cf4 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 pp4 #gb1 #abb4 ,accord+ to anci5t ,wel% law1 no v5geance is to be ex]cis$ aga9/ an idiot1#aef nor is ! k+ to h any f9e = ! act ( su* a p]son4#aeg ,b1 if idiots kill o!r p]sons1 let galanas t is1 blood-money be paid on _! behalf1 z = o!r p]sons2 because _! k9dr$ ought to prev5t !m do+ wrong4#aeh ,! ,sw$i% prov9cial laws treat$ an injury committ$ by a lunatic 9 ! same mann] z an injury by misadv5ture1 provid$ t ! relatives ( ! injur] _h publicly ann\nc$ 8 madness1 or1 accord+ to "s laws1 _h kept him ti$ 9 bonds :i* he _h brok52 b if !y _h omitt$ to d s1 ! injury 0 treat$ z if x _h be5 done wilfully4#aei ,! ,icel&ic ,grgs ev5 lays d[n ! rule t a madman :o has committ$ homicide %all suff] ! same puni%m5t z a sane p]son guilty ( ! same crime4#afj ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! times ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 & ,edw>d ,,iii41 pro( ( madness appe>s n to h entitl$ a man to be acquitt$1 at lea/ 9 case ( murd]1 b to a special v]dict t he committ$ ! (f5ce :5 mad1 & ?is gave him a "r to p>don4#afa ,su* a "r1 inde$1 implies ! admission t lunacy has a claim to =be>ance2 b f :at we "k ab\t ! treatm5t ( lunatics dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & mu* lat]1 we _c be sure t ! insane (f5d] escap$ #bgc all puni%m5t4 ,9 a case :i* occurr$ 9 #acae1 x 0 pres5t$ t a c]ta9 lunatic w\nd$ himself ) a knife1 & f9ally di$ ( 8 w\nds2 8 *attels 7 confiscat$4#afb ,"l ,bacon says 9 8 ',maxims ( ! ,law1' ,if an infant )9 ye>s ( discretion1 or a madman1 kill ano!r1 he %all n be impea*$ !re(3 b if he put out a man's eye1 or d him l corporal hurt1 he %all be puni%$ 9 trespass2 9 ^! latt] cases1 ! law do? r consid] ! damage ( ! p>ty wrong$1 ?an ! malice ( him t 0 ! wrong-do]4#afc ,9 none ( ! ,g]man t[n-laws be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is !re any special provision = ! (f5ces ( lunatics2#afd &1 accord+ to ! ,/atutes ( ,hamburg ( #afje1 ?\gh a madman :o kills a p]son %all n be puni%$ z an ord9>y manslay]1 he is yet to be puni%$4#afe ,9 ,g]many recognis$ idiots & madm5 7 n seldom puni%$ ) great sev]ity1 & ev5 ) dea?1 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4#aff ,"o ( ! d>ke/ pages 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european civilisation may be fill$ ) a description ( ! suff]+s :i* 7 inflict$ ^u ^? mis]able be+s up to q mod]n times4#afg ,_m ( !m 7 burnt z wit*es or h]etics1 or treat$ z ord9>y crim9als4 ,= unruly & crazy p1 :o n[adays w\ld be com=tably locat$ 9 an asylum1 :ipp+-po/s & /ocks 7 made use (4 ,%akespe>e speaks ( madm5 z des]v+ a d>k h\se & a :ip2#afh & ,swift obs]ves t orig9al p l ,diog5es & o!rs1 if !y _h liv$ 9 8 day1 w\ld h be5 treat$ l madm51 t is1 w\ld h incurr$ manife/ dang] ( phlebotomy1 & :ips1 & *a9s1 & d>k *amb]s1 & /raw4#afi ,! writ+s ( #bgd ,esquirol1 ! p>liam5t>y debates on ! asylums ( ,b$lam & ,york1 & ! reports pres5t$ "u ! auspices ( ,la ,ro*ef\cauld to ! ,national ,assembly ( #aghi1 conta9 a picture unique 9 its sadness--a picture ( prisons 9 :i* lunatics1 crim9al lunatics1 & crim9als are huddl$ toge!r indiscrim9ately )\t reg>d to sex or age1 ( asylums 9 :i* ! maniac1 to :om motion is an imp]i\s necessity1 is *a9$ 9 ! same cell ) ! victim ( melan*olia :om 8 rav+s soon goad into furi\s madness1 & ( hospitals 9 :i* ! epileptic1 ! scr(ul\s1 ! p>alytic & ! insane sleep side by side--a picture ( cells1 d>k1 f\l1 & damp1 ) />v+1 diseas$1 & nak$ inmates1 flogg$ into submission1 or teas$ into fury = ! sport ( idle spectators4#agj ,footnote #aef3 ,dimetian ,code1 ii4 #a4 #cb 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #bjj74 ,footnote #aeg3 ,v5$otian ,code1 ii4 #bh4 #c 7ibid4 p4 #ih74 ,footnote #aeh3 ,wel% ,laws1 iv4 #a4 #b 7ibid4 p4 #chi74 ,footnote #aei3 von ,amira1 ,nordg]manis*es ,obligation5re*t1 i4 #cge4 ,footnote #afj3 ,grgs1 ,vigsloi1 #cc1 vol4 ii4 #fd4 ,footnote #afa3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #aea4 ,footnote #afb3 ,wigmore1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ddf4 ,footnote #afc3 ,bacon1 ,maxims ( ! ,law1 reg4 #g 7,works1 vii4 #cdg sq474 ,footnote #afd3 ,trumm]1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbh4 ,footnote #afe3 ,ibid4 i4 #dcb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,ibid4 i4 #dch sqq4 ,footnote #afg3 ,see ,tuke1 ,*apt]s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,insane 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 p4 #dc sq42 ,maudsley1 ,responsibility 9 ,m5tal ,disease1 p4 #aj sq42 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #he sqq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,%akespe>e1 ,z y ,l x1 iii4 #b4 ,footnote #afi3 ,swift1 ,tale ( a ,tub1 sec4 #i 7,works1 x4 #afc74 ,footnote #agj3 ,wood-,r5ton1 ',moral ,mania1' 9 ,law ,qu>t]ly ,review1 iii4 #cdj4 ,:atev] %>e indiff]5ce to human suff]+ may h _h 9 all ^! atrocities & all ?is mis]y1 x is likely t ?\ghtlessness1 sup]/ition1 & ignorance h _h a mu* l>g] %>e4 ,we h notic$ t1 :5 a c]ta9 de$ gives a %ock to public feel+s1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* x has be5 committ$ are easily lo/ sight (4 ,consid]+ t ! ,*9ese puni% p]sons :o h kill$ _! fa!r or "m by pure accid5t1 x is n surpris+ t !y puni% madm5 :o kill a p>5t wilfully4 ,ev5 a man l ,smollett1 ! well-kn[n writ]1 ?\ght x w\ld be nei!r absurd nor unreasonable = ! legislature to dive/ all lunatics ( ! privilege ( insanity 9 cases ( enormity1 & to subject !m to ! common p5alties ( ! law4#aga ,moreov]1 z we h se51 madness is (t5 attribut$ to demoniacal possession1#agb & 9 o!r cases x is reg>d$ z a div9e puni%m5t4#agc ,f a pagan #bge po9t ( view ?is w\ld make ! lunatic an object ( pity or dread1 r ?an ( indignation2 z ! ,roman legislator said1 ! insane murd]] ought n to be puni%$1 because 8 insanity itself is a suffici5t p5alty4#agd ,b 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe1 :]e up to q rec5t times m5 7 ev] ready to puni% ,god's enemies1 a lunatic1 :o 0 suppos$ to h ! devil 9 him1 or ^: affliction 0 reg>d$ z ! visitation ( ,god ^u h]esy or s91#age 0 a hateful individual & 0 treat$ accord+ly4 ,f9ally1 we h to take into acc\nt t ! s5sibility ( a lunatic 0 ?\ght to be inf]ior to t ( a sane p]son2#agf t ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( insanity 7 little und]/ood2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 _m dem5t$ p]sons 7 treat$ z if !y 7 sane because !y 7 ?\ght to be sane1 & o!rs1 ?\gh recognis$ z lunatics1 7 treat$ z responsible because !y 7 ?\ght to be responsible4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% law ref]r+ to insanity be>s sad te/imony to ! ignorance ( :i* lunatics h be5 victims 9 ! h&s ( lawy]s4 ,footnote #aga3 ,smollett1 quot$ by ,tuke1 op4 cit4 p4 #if4 ,footnote #agb3 ,see also ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #beh sq42 ,we/]m>ck1 ',nature ( ! ,arab v,ginn illu/rat$ by ! ,pres5t ,beliefs ( ! ,p ( ,morocco1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix1 #bed2 ,&ree1 op4 cit4 p4 #b sq42 ,tuke1 op4 cit4 p4 #a2 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 i4 #ci2 von ,krafft-,eb+1 op4 cit4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #agc3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hed4 ,esquirol1 ,des maladies m5tales1 i4 #ccf4 ,footnote #agd3 ,dige/a1 i4 #ah4 #ad2 xlviii4 #i4 #i4 ,footnote #age3 ,wood-,r5ton1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #agf3 ,ibid4 p4 #cci4 ,f ! ye> #agbd !re is a dictum ( an ,engli% judge to ! effect t a man :o is to be exempt$ f puni%m5t mu/ be a man t is totally depriv$ ( 8 und]/&+ & memory1 & do? n "k :at he is do+1 no m ?an an infant1 ?an a brute1 or a wild bea/4#agg ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ "r f wrong 9 ! ab/ract 0 reg>d$ z ! te/ ( responsibility2#agh :il/ 9 ! exi/+ doctr9e1 dat+ f ! trial ( ,m7,naught5 9 #ahdc1 ! "q ( k ( "r & wrong1 in/ead ( be+ put g5]ally & indef9itely1 is put 9 ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> act at ! p>ticul> "t ( committ+ x4#agi ,?is s]ies ( doctr9es c]ta9ly %[s a notewor?y progress #bgf 9 discrim9ation4 ,b at ! same "t ! answ]s giv5 by ! f\rte5 ,engli% judges to ! que/ions put to !m by ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 consequ5ce ( ,m7,naught5's case /ill display an ignorance :i* w\ld n[adays be h>dly possible4 ,9 reply to ! "q--,if a p]son "u an insane delusion z to exi/+ facts1 commits an (f5ce 9 consequ5ce !re(1 is he !reby excus$8--! judges decl>$ t1 on ! assumption t he lab\rs "u su* p>tial delusion only1 & is n 9 o!r respects insane1 4 4 4 he mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! same situation z to responsibility z if ! facts ) respect to :i* ! delusion exi/s 7 real4 ,= example1 if "u ! influ5ce ( 8 delusion he supposes ano!r man to be 9 ! act ( attempt+ to take away 8 life1 & he kills t man1 z he supposes1 9 self-def5ce1 he w\ld be exempt f puni%m5t4 ,if 8 delusion 0 t ! deceas$ _h inflict$ a s]i\s injury to 8 "* & =tune1 & he kill$ him 9 rev5ge = su* suppos$ injury1 he w\ld be liable to puni%m5t4#ahj ,! mi/ake committ$ 9 ?is answ] does n lie 9 ! conclusion1 b 9 ! premise4 ,"h1 z ,pr(essor ,maudsley obs]ves1 is an unhesitat+ assumption t a man1 hav+ an insane delusion1 has ! p[] to ?9k & act 9 reg>d to x reasonably2 t1 at ! "t ( ! (f5ce1 he ought to h & to ex]cise ! k & self-control :i* a sane man w\ld h & ex]cise1 7 ! facts ) respect to :i* ! delusion exi/s real2 t he is1 9 fact1 b\nd to be reasonable 9 8 unreason1 sane 9 8 insanity4#aha ,mod]n sci5ce1 h[ev]1 tea*es u ano!r lesson4 ,x has %[n t a delusion ( ! k9d sugge/$ nev] /&s alone1 b is 9 all cases ! result ( a disease ( ! bra9 :i* int]f]es m or less ) e function ( ! m9d1 & t few insane p]sons :o d viol5ce c be truly said to h a full k ( ! nature & quality ( _! acts at ! "t !y are p]=m+ #bgg !m4#ahb ,a p]haps /ill great] defect 9 ! doctr9e ( ! f\rte5 judges is ! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to ! influ5ce ( insane impulses2 b ) ?is subject we are n conc]n$ at pres5t4 ,9 ?is connection my object has be5 m]ely to %[ t ! irresponsibility ( ! insane1 9 s f> z x dep5ds on intellectual d]angem5t1 has be5 g5]ally recognis$ 9 proportion z _! intellectual d]angem5t has be5 recognis$1 & t ! exceptions to ?is rule are explicable f beliefs :i*1 ?\gh mat]ially affect+ ! treatm5t ( ! insane1 h no ref]5ce to ! pr9ciple ( responsibility itself4 ,footnote #agg3 ,h[ell1 ,collection ( ,/ate ,trials1 xvi4 #gfe4 ,footnote #agh3 ,h>ris1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #ah4 ,k5ny1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #agi3 ,cl>k & ,f9nelly1 ,reports ( ,cases decid$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 x4 #bjb4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,ibid4 x4 #baa4 ,footnote #aha3 ,maudsley1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,gries+]1 ,m5tal ,pa?ology & ,!rapeutics1 p4 #gb sq4 ,maudsley1 op4 cit4 p4 #if4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are tempor>y /ates ( m9d 9 :i* ! ag5t no m kn[s :at he is do+ ?an an idiot or a madman1 su* z somnambulism1 n>cosis1 fury4 ,= ^! /ates1 ( c\rse1 ! rule holds good1 t nobody is responsible = :at he does 9 ignorance1 al?\gh he may be responsible = 8 ignorance4 ,responsibility 9 connection ) ang] & rage w be m appropriately dealt ) 9 ano!r place4 ,i %all "h re/rict myself to ! case ( drunk5ness4 ,a p]son is irresponsible1 or only p>tly responsible1 = :at he does :5 drunk1 accord+ z he is ignorant ( ! nature ( 8 act1 z also 9 s f> z ! intoxicant contribut$ to ! rise ( "s p[]ful impulse :i* det]m9$ 8 w4 ,if he commits an (f5ce 9 a /ate ( extreme intoxication1 he c reasonably be blam$ only = :at he did :5 sob]4 ,if he made himself drunk = ! purpose ( committ+ ! (f5ce1 !n ! (f5ce is int5d$1 & he is equally responsible = 8 act z if he _h accompli%$ x /raightway4 ,if he became intoxicat$ )\t any fault ( 81 = in/ance1 if he did n "k1 & c\ld n "k1 ! intoxicat+ quality ( ! liquor :i* made him drunk1 he is free f blame4 ,b 9 o!r cases he is guilty ( he$lessness1 or ra%ness1 or1 if he =esaw ! dang]1 ( blamable indiff]5ce to #bgh ! probable consequ5ces ( 8 act4 ,?is is ! cle> !ory ( ! "q4 ,b we _c expect to f9d x accurately express$ 9 practice4 ,v g5]ally drunk5ness is recognis$ z a gr\nd ( ext5uation4 ,we he> f v>i\s s\rces t ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7 exce$+ly m]ciful to intoxicat$ (f5d]s4 ,accord+ to ,*>levoix1 ! ,iroquois suff] !mselves to be ill us$ by drunk5 p1 )\t def5d+ !mselves1 = fe> ( hurt+ !m4 ,if y endeav\r to %ew !m ! folly ( ?is conduct1 !y say1 ',:y %\ld we hurt !m8 ,!y "k n :at !y d4' ,ev5 if a savage kills ano!r belong+ to 8 cab91 if he is drunk 7& !y (t5 c\nt]feit drunk5ness :5 !y int5d to commit su* actions71#ahc all ! consequ5ce is1 t !y pity & weep = ! dead4 ',x is a mis=tune 7!y say71 ! murd]] knew n :at he did4'#ahd ,james makes a simil> /atem5t ) ref]5ce to ! ,omahas4#ahe ,9 8 description ( ! aborig9es ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,blome obs]ves1 ,x is r>e t !y fall out1 if sob]2 & if drunk !y =give x1 say+1 x 0 ! dr9k1 & n ! man t abus$ !m4#ahf ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 tells u ( "s ,indians :o _h misbehav$ 9 a /ate ( intoxication1 & 9 consequ5ce s5t ?ree ( _! old m5 to apologise2 ! orator ackn[l$g$ ! fault1 b laid x ^u ! rum1 & !n endeav\r$ to excuse ! rum4#ahg ,! dete/able de$s :i* m5 did "u ! influ5ce ( pulcre1 or ! native ,mexican w9e1 ! ,aztecs attribut$ to ! god ( w9e or to ! w9e itself1 & n 9 ! lea/ to ! drunk5 man4 ,inde$1 if anybody spoke ill ( or insult$ an intoxicat$ p]son1 he 0 liable to be puni%$ = disrespect to ! god by :i* t p]son 0 suppos$ to be possess$4 #bgi ,h5ce1 says ,sahagun1 x 0 believ$1 n )\t gr\nd1 t ! ,indians made !mselves drunk on purpose to commit ) impunity crimes = :i* !y w\ld h be5 puni%$ if !y _h committ$ !m sob]4#ahh ,footnote #ahc3 ,cf4 ,h5nep91 op4 cit4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,*>levoix1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bc1 #be4 ,accord+ to ,loskiel 7,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 #af71 ! ,iroquois1 ?\gh !y laid all ! blame on ! rum1 puni%$ sev]ely murd] committ$ 9 drunk5ness4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,james1 ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #bfe4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,blome1 9 ,bu*anan1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,frankl91 ,autobiography1 *4 ix4 7,works1 i4 #afd74 ,footnote #ahh3 ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria g5]al de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 i4 #bb1 vol4 i4 #dj4 ,among ! ,k>5s ( ,india m5 are n unfrequ5tly kill$ 9 drunk5 broils2 b su* cases are n all[$ by ,k>5 cu/om to be a cause ( action4 ,no price c be dem&$ = p]sons :o lose _! lives 9 su* circum/ances4 ,x is argu$ !re 0 no malice1 no int5tion to kill2 & ! p]son :o di$ 0 p]haps z mu* to blame z ! man :o kill$ him2 & p are n well responsible = :at !y d 9 a /ate ( intoxication4#ahi ,among ! ,k&hs1 = w\nds1 h[ev] s]i\s1 giv5 "u circum/ances ( extreme provocation1 or 9 a drunk5 squabble1 slight comp5sation is aw>d$4#aij ,among "s ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&]s blood-rev5ge is g5]ally n tak5 = an act ( homicide :i* has be5 committ$ 9 drunk5ness1 comp5sation be+ accept$ in/ead4#aia ,s1 also1 accord+ to ! anci5t law ( ! ,ea/ ,frisians1 a man :o has kill$ ano!r :5 drunk is all[$ to buy (f 8 neck by a sum ( money paid to ! k+ & to ! relatives ( ! sla94#aib ,footnote #ahi3 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #adf4 ,footnote #aij3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #aia3 ,jung1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #ddf4 ,footnote #aib3 ,das ,o/friesis*e ,l&-,re*t1 iii4 #ah4 ,roman law reg>d$ drunk5ness z a gr\nd ( ext5uation2#aic ! ,juri/ ,m>cian m5tions ebrietas z an example ( impetus1 !reby intimat+ t a drunk5 p]son1 :5 committ+ a crime1 %\ld n be put on ! same foot+ ) an (f5d] act+ 9 cold blood1 & calculat+ 8 act ) cle> consci\sness4#aid ,9 ,canon law drunk5ness is said to be a gr\nd :i* des]ves ! indulg5ce ( a reasonable judge1 because :atev] is done 9 t /ate is done )\t consci\sness on ! "p ( ! actor4#aie ,inde$1 _h n ,god %[n #bhj indulg5ce = ! (f5ce committ$ by ,lot :5 drunk8#aif ,p>tly on ! au?ority ( ,roman law1 p>tly on t ( ,canon law1 ! e>lie/ practition]s ( ! ,middle ,ages foll[$ ! pr9ciple t drunk5ness is a gr\nd ( ext5uation2 & ?is doctr9e rema9$ /rongly root$ 9 ! lat] jurisprud5ce1 9 :i* a drunk5 p]son 0 lik5$ to "o "u ! influ5ce ( sleep1 or drunk5ness 0 reg>d$ z equival5t to insanity4#aig ,x 0 n until ! sixte5? c5tury t a m]e g5]al rule1 ) reg>d to drunk5ness z a gr\nd ( ext5uation1 0 felt to be insuffici5t4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,cl>us1 especially1 ! op9ion began to prevail1 t ! effect ( ! highe/ degree ( drunk5ness 01 inde$1 to exempt f ! puni%m5t ( dolus1 b t ! (f5d] 0 /ill subject to ! puni%m5t ( culpa1 except 9 two cases1 namely1 fir/1 :5 he inebriat$ himself int5tionally1 & ) a consci\sness t he might commit a crime :ile drunk1 9 :i* case ! drunk5ness 0 n all[$ to be any gr\nd ( exculpation at all2 &1 secondly1 :5 he became intoxicat$ )\t any fault on 8 "p1 z1 = example1 9 consequ5ce ( inebriat+ sub/ances hav+ be5 m+l$ ) 8 w9e by 8 comrades1 9 :i* case he 0 reliev$ ev5 f ! puni%m5t ( culpa4#aih ,^! views1 9 ! ma91 gradually det]m9$ ! ,g]man practice1 & simil> op9ions prevail$ 9 ! practice ( ,italy1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4#aii ,9 ! annals ( ,prussian crim9al ju/ice ( #ahbd1 a case is report$ ( a man :o 0 puni%$ ) only "o ye>'s imprisonm5t = hav+ kill$ 8 little *ild 9 a /ate ( drunk5ness4#bjj ,9 o!r c\ntries a diff]5t pr9ciple 0 act$ ^u4 ,an ord9ance ( ,francis ,i4 decl>$ t drunk5ness %\ld n 9 any case absolve f ! ord9>y puni%m5t2#bja & ?is rule 0 sanction$ & #bha appli$ by ! lat] ,fr5* jurisprud5ce4#bjb ,9 ! ,code ,pnal1 ! /ate ( drunk5ness is n m5tion$ z a mitigat+ circum/ance2 yet ! rig\r ( ! law has be5 temp]$ by ! doctr9e t intoxication produces a tempor>y insanity & t e k9d ( insanity is a gr\nd ( exculpation4#bjc ,9 ,engl&1#bjd ,scotl&1#bje & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#bjf a /ate ( volunt>y drunk5ness is no excuse = crime4 ,speak+ ( a p]son :o commits homicide :5 drunk1 ,hale says t by ! laws ( ,engl& su* a p]son %all h no privilege by ?is volunt>y contract$ madness1 b %all h ! same judgm5t z if he 7 9 8 "r s5ses4#bjg ,h[ev]1 9 a case :]e ! int5tion ) :i* ! act 0 done is ! ess5ce ( ! (f5ce1 ! drunk5ness ( ! accus$ may be tak5 into acc\nt by ! jury :5 consid]+ ! motive or int5t ) :i* he act$4#bjh ,accord+ to ,*9ese law1 also1 intoxication does n affect ! "q ( responsibility4#bji ,footnote #aic3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #ai4 #aa4 #b2 xlix4 #af4 #f4 #g4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ajdc4 ,footnote #aid3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #ai4 #aa4 #b4 ,footnote #aie3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #ae4 #a4 #g4 ,footnote #aif3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ae4 #a4 #i4 ,footnote #aig3 ,mitt]mai]1 ,effect ( ,drunk5ness on ,crim9al ,responsibility1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #aih3 ,cl>us1 ,practica crim9alis1 qu4 lx4 nr4 #aa 7,op]a omnia1 ii4 #dfb74 ,footnote #aii3 ,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 p4 #g4 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #bij4 ,italian ,codice ,p5ale1 art4 #df sqq4 ,spani% ,cdigo ,p5al re=mado1 art4 #i1 #f4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,zeits*r4 f4 die ,crim9al-,re*ts-,pflege 9 d5 ,preussis*5 ,/aat51 edit$ by ,hitzig1 iii4 #fj4 ,footnote #bja3 ,isamb]t1 ,decrusy1 & ,armet1 ,recueil gnral des anci5nes lois franaises1 xii4 #ebg4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,ibid4 p4 #ab sq4 ,rivire1 loc4 cit4 p4 #g4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #afe4 ,footnote #bje3 ,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 i4 #ch4 ,ersk9e-,rank9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #ede4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,bi%op1 op4 cit4 #djj sq4 vol4 i4 #bca sqq4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #cb4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,h>ris1 op4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,/eph51 ,dige/1 art4 #cb1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #bji3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cj1 n4 #b4 ,! great =be>ance ) :i* injuries inflict$ 9 a /ate ( intoxication are treat$ by v>i\s peoples at comp>atively l[ /ages ( civilisation1 is no d\bt1 to "s ext5t1 due to lack ( =esight4 ,fail+ to anticipate ! h>mful consequ5ces :i* may foll[ f drunk5ness1 !y also fail to recognise ! culpability ( indulg+ 9 x4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians are notori\s drunk>ds1 & look ^u drunk5ness z a delightful frolick4#baj ,among ! ,k&hs drunk5ness is likewise univ]sal1 & _! orgies are evid5tly n reg>d$ z displeas+ to _! gods4#baa ,! belief t an intoxicat$ p]son is possess$ ) a demon & acts "u its influ5ce1 also helps #bhb to excuse him4#bab ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! law makes no diff]5ce betwe5 an (f5d] :o is sob] & an (f5d] :o is drunk1 ! culpability ( ! latt] is exagg]at$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! /irr+ effect :i* ! outw>d ev5t has ^u public feel+s4 ,s great is ! influ5ce ( ! ev5t t c]ta9 laws1 mo/ unreasonably1 puni% a p]son bo? = :at he does :5 drunk & = mak+ himself drunk4 ,?us ,ari/otle tells u t legislators affix$ d\ble p5alties to crimes committ$ 9 drunk5ness4#bac ,! same 0 done by ,*>les ,v41 9 an edict ( #aeca1bad & by ,francis ,i4 9 #aecf4bae ,h>dly m reasonable is x t ! v society :i* %[s no m]cy :atev] to ! intoxicat$ (f5d]1 is mo/ indulg5t to ! act ( intoxication itself :5 n accompani$ by injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,( c\rse x may be argu$ t drunk5ness is blamable 9 proportion z ! p]son :o indulges 9 x might expect x to lead to mis*iev\s results4 ,x has also be5 said t1 if drunk5ness 7 all[$ to excuse1 ! grave/ crimes might be committ$ ) impunity by ^? :o ei!r c\nt]feit$ ! /ate or actually assum$ x4 ,"s p ev5 ma9ta9 t inebriation br+s out a p]son's true "*4 ,9 a ,*9ese /ory we read1 ,_m drunk>ds w tell y t !y _c rememb] 9 ! morn+ ! extravagances ( ! previ\s night1 b ,i tell y ?is is all nons5se1 & t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ^? extravagances are committ$ witt+ly & ) malice prep5se4#baf ,h[ev]1 ) all all[ance = su* consid]ations1 ,i v5ture to believe t 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases :]e an injury results f want ( =esight1 ! extreme sev]ity ( c]ta9 laws is l>gely due to ! fact t ! legislator has be5 m conc]n$ ) ! ext]nal de$ ?an ) its s\rce4 ,footnote #baj3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #e4 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bea4 ,cold51 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 iii4 #aia4 ,prescott1 ibid4 iii4 #bdb4 ,james1 op4 cit4 i4 #bfe4 ,footnote #baa3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #afe4 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha sq4 ,footnote #bab3 ,cf4 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbd4 ,footnote #bac3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 iii4 #e4 #h4 ,footnote #bad3 ,damh\d]1 ,praxis r]um crim9alium1 lxxxiv4 #bj1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #bae3 ,isamb]t1 ,decrusy1 & ,armet1 op4 cit4 xii4 #ebg4 ,footnote #baf3 ,giles1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,motives ,,no enlight5$ & consci5ti\s moral judge c reg>d 8 judgm5t z f9al1 unless he "k ! motive1 or motives1 ( ! volition by :i* 8 judgm5t is occasion$4 ,b 9 ord9>y moral e/imates little att5tion is paid to motives4 ,m5 desire t c]ta9 acts %\ld be p]=m$1 & t c]ta9 o!r acts %\ld be ab/a9$ f4 ,! conative causes ( acts or =be>ances are n equally int]e/+1 & !y are (t5 hidd54 ,!y are consid]$ only 9 proportion z ! moral judgm5t is influ5c$ by reflection4 ,take1 = in/ance1 acts :i* are p]=m$ f a s5se ( duty4 ,x is commonly said t a p]son ought to obey 8 consci5ce4 ,yet1 9 po9t ( fact1 by do+ s he may expose himself to h>dly less c5sure ?an does ! greate/ villa94 ,! reason = ?is is n f> to seek4 ,a man's moral conviction is to "s ext5t an expression ( 8 "*1 h5ce he may be ju/ly blam$ = hav+ a c]ta9 moral conviction4 ,& ! blame :i* he may des]ve on t acc\nt is easily exagg]at$1 p>tly because p are apt to be v intol]ant conc]n+ op9ions ( "r & wrong :i* diff] f _! own1 p>tly ow+ to ! influ5ce :i* ext]nal ev5ts ex]cise ^u _! m9ds4 ,some:at great] discrim9ation is %[n 9 reg>d to motives consi/+ ( p[]ful non-volitional conations :i* 9 no way repres5t ! ag5t's "*1 b to :i* #bhd he yields reluctantly1 or by :i* he is c>ri$ away on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,9 _m su* cases ev5 ! law--:i* reg>ds x z no excuse if a p]son commits a crime f a feel+ ( duty#a--;displays m or less indulg5ce to ! p]petrator ( a h>mful de$4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ! case ,reg4 v4 ,morby1 ,law ,reports1 ,cases det]m9$ 9 ! ,que5's ,b5* ,division1 viii4 #ega sqq4 ,?us1 9 ! eye ( ! law1 compulsion is (t5times a gr\nd ( ext5uation4 ,/rictly speak+1 a volition c nev] be compell$ into exi/5ce2#b to act "u compulsion really means to act "u ! influ5ce ( "s non-volunt>y motive1 s p[]ful t e ord9>y human w w\ld yield to x4 ,z ,ari/otle puts x1 p>don is giv5 :5 a man has done :at he ought n to h done ?r\gh fe> ( ?+s beyond ! p[] ( human nature to endure1 & su* t no man c\ld und]go !m4 ,& yet1 p]haps1 !re are "s ?+s :i* a man mu/ nev] all[ himself to be compell$ to d1 b mu/ r *oose dea? by ! mo/ exquisite torm5ts4#c ,?is pr9ciple has be5 9 "s degree recognis$ by legislation4 ,9 _m cases ( felony1 if a m>ri$ woman commits ! crime 9 ! pres5ce ( h] husb&1 ! law ( ,engl& presumes t %e acts "u 8 co]cion1 & !re=e excuses h] f puni%m5t1 unless ! presumption ( law is rebutt$ by evid5ce2#d b *ildr5 & s]vants are n acquitt$ if committ+ crimes by ! comm& ( a p>5t or a ma/]4#e ,besides ! presumption made 9 fav\r ( m>ri$ wom51 compulsion by ?reats ( injury to p]son or prop]ty is recognis$ z an excuse = crime only1 z x seems1 9 cases 9 :i* ! compulsion is appli$ by a body ( rebels or riot]s1 & 9 :i* ! (f5d] takes a subord9ate "p 9 ! (f5ce4#f ,9 a "t ( peace1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh a man be viol5tly assault$1 & h no o!r possible #bhe means ( escap+ dea? b by kill+ an innoc5t p]son1 if he commit ! act he w be guilty ( murd]2 = he ought r to die himself1 ?an kill an innoc5t4#g ,x has ev5 be5 laid d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t ! appreh5sion ( p]sonal dang] does n furni% any excuse = assi/+ 9 do+ any act :i* is illegal4#h ,b ! ,engli% law relat+ to duress p] m9as1 & to con/ra9t 9 g5]al1 seems to be h>%] bo? ?an mo/ mod]n cont95tal laws#i & ?an ,roman law4#aj ,"s ( ! ,italian practition]s 7 ev5 ( op9ion t a p]son :o committ$ homicide by ! comm& ( 8 pr9ce or "s o!r p[]ful man 0 exempt f all puni%m5t4#aa ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 any (f5ce p]petrat$ "u compulsion or 9 mortal fe> is excusable 9 ! eye ( ! law1 except+ only murd] & adult]y4#ab ,footnote #b3 ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #dj1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 iii4 i4 #g sq4 ,footnote #d3 ,hale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n1 i4 #dd sqq4 #dcd4 ,h>ris1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #be4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #dd4 ,h>ris1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #f3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajf4 ,footnote #g3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #ea4 ,h>ris1 op4 cit4 p4 #bd sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,d5man1 ,c4 ,j41 9 ,reg4 v4 ,tyl]1 report$ 9 ,c>r+ton & ,payne1 ,reports ( ,cases argu$ & rul$ at ,nisi ,prius1 viii4 #fba4 ,footnote #i3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #fd2 ,*auveau & ,hlie1 ,?orie du ,code ,pnal1 i4 #ecd sqq4 ,italian ,codice ,p5ale1 art4 #di4 ,spani% ,cdigo ,p5al re=mado1 art4 #h1 #i sqq4 ,f+]1 ,comp5dium des /]rei*is*5 ,re*tes--,das ,/rafre*t1 i4 #aai4 ,fo9itzki1 9 ,lgislation pnale comp>e1 edit$ by von ,liszt1 p4 #ecj 7,russian law74 ,ottoman ,p5al ,code1 art4 #db4 ,footnote #aj3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fec4 ,janka1 ,d] /rafre*tli*e ,not/&1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,janka1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj4 ,a diff]5t view1 h[ev]1 is express$ by ,cov>ruvias 7,de matrimoniis1 ii4 #c4 #d4 #f sq4 ,op]a omnia1 i4 #aci73--,metus numquam excusat nec a mortali1 nec a v5iali crim9e4 ,peccatum maximum malum1 nec eo quid grauius4 ,footnote #ab3 ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews accord+ to ! ,talmud ,masse*e? ,synh$r91 p4 #abe4 ,suppose1 aga91 t ! motive ( break+ ! law is :at has be5 call$ compulsion by necessity4 ,! old in/ance ( %ipwreck$ p]sons 9 a boat unable to c>ry !m all is a /&+ illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 says1 t %\ld su* a case arise1 x is impossible to suppose t ! survivors w\ld be subject$ to legal puni%m5t4#ac ,yet1 9 a v simil> case1 occurr+ 9 ! ye> #ahhd1 !y 74 ,?ree m5 & a boy escap$ 9 an op5 boat f ! %ipwreck ( ! ya*t ,mignonette4 ,aft] pass+ eight days )\t food1 & see+ no prospect ( relief1 ! m5 kill$ ! boy1 :o 0 #bhf on ! v]ge ( dea?1 9 ord] to fe$ on 8 body4 ,f\r days lat] !y 7 rescu$ by a pass+ %ip2 &1 on _! arrival 9 ,engl&1 two ( ! m5 7 tri$ = ! murd] ( ! boy4 ,! def5ce rais$ 0 t ! act 0 necess>y = ! purpose ( self-pres]vation4 ,b x 0 held by ! ,c\rt = ,cr[n ,cases ,res]v$1 t su* necessity 0 no ju/ification ( ! act ( caus+ dea? :5 !re 0 a di/9ct int5tion to take away ! life ( ano!r innoc5t p]son4 ,h[ev]1 ! s5t5ce ( dea? 0 aft]w>ds commut$ by ! ,cr[n to six mon?s' imprisonm5t4#ad ,9 ! same case x 0 ev5 said t if ! boy _h _h food 9 8 possession1 & ! o!rs _h tak5 x f him1 !y w\ld h be5 guilty ( !ft4#ae ,bacon's proposition t if a man /eal vi&s to satisfy 8 pres5t hung]1 ?is is no felony nor l>c5y1#af is n law at ! pres5t day4#ag ,x 0 expressly contradict$ by ,hale1 :o lays d[n ! foll[+ rule3--,if a p]son1 be+ "u necessity = want ( victuals1 or clo!s1 %all ^u t acc\nt cl&e/9ely1 & animo fur&i /eal ano!r man's goods1 x is felony & a crime by ! laws ( ,engl& puni%able ) dea?2 al?o ! judge1 be=e :om ! trial is1 9 ?is case 7z 9 o!r cases ( extremity7 be by ! laws ( ,engl& intru/$ ) a p[] to reprieve ! (f5d] be=e or aft] judgm5t1 9 ord] to ! obta9+ ! k+'s m]cy4#ah ,britton excuses infants "u age1 & poor p1 :o ?r\gh hung] ent] ! h\se ( ano!r = victuals "u ! value ( twelve p5ce4#ai ,accord+ to ! ,sw$i% ,we/gta-,lag1 a poor man :o c f9d no o!r means ( reliev+ himself & 8 family f hung] may ?rice ) impunity appropriate food belong+ to somebody else1 b if he does s a f\r? "t he is puni%$ = !ft4#bj ,! ,canoni/ says1 ,necessitas legem non #bhg habet#ba--,raptorem vel furem non facit necessitas1 s$ voluntas4#bb ,?is pr9ciple has ! sanction ( ! ,gospel4 ,jesus said to ! ,ph>isees1 ,h ye n read :at ,david did1 :5 he 0 an hung]$1 & !y t 7 ) him2 ,h[ he ent]$ into ! h\se ( ,god1 & did eat ! %ewbread1 :i* 0 n lawful = him to eat1 nei!r = !m :i* 7 ) him1 b only = ! prie/s8#bc ,footnote #ac3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajh4 ,s1 also1 accord+ to ,bacon's ,maxims ( ! ,law1 reg4 #e 7,works1 vii4 #cdd71 homicide is 9 su* a case ju/ifiable4 ,footnote #ad3 ,reg4 v4 ,dudley & ,/eph5s1 9 ,law ,reports1 ,cases det]m9$ 9 ! ,que5's ,b5* ,division1 xiv4 #bgc sqq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 xiv4 #bgf4 ,footnote #af3 ,bacon1 ,maxims ( ! ,law1 reg4 #e 7,works1 vii4 #cdc74 ,footnote #ag3 ,reg4 v4 ,dudley & ,/eph5s1 9 ,law ,reports1 ,que5's ,b5* ,division1 xiv4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ah3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #ed4 ,footnote #ai3 ,britton1 i4 #aa1 vol4 i4 #db4 ,footnote #bj3 ,we/gta-,lag5 ,,ii4 iufua bolk]1 #ad1 p4 #afd sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 iii4 #a4 #aa4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 iii4 #e4 #bf4 ,footnote #bc3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xii4 #a sqq4 ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 ! h& is n to be cut (f = /eal+ any article ( food t is quickly p]i%able1 because x may h be5 tak5 to supply ! imm$iate dem&s ( hung]4#bd ,we are told t no ,*9ese magi/rate w\ld be f\nd to pass s5t5ce ^u a man :o /ole food "u /ress ( hung]4#be ,9 anci5t ,p]u1 accord+ to ,h]r]a1 he t robb'd )\t ne$ 0 bani%'d to ! ,m\nta9s ,&es1 nev] to return )\t ! ,+a's leave1 & if wor? x paid ! value ( :at he _h tak54 ,he t = want /ole eatables only 0 reprov'd1 & receiv'd no o!r puni%m5t1 b enjoyn'd to "w1 & ?reat5$1 t if he did s aga91 he %\ld be *a/iz'd by c>ry+ a /one on 8 back1 :i* 0 v disgraceful4#bf ,we ev5 he> ( savages :o reg>d compulsion by necessity z a gr\nd ( ext5uation4 ,among ! ,we/ ,african ,fjort robb]y ( plantations1 committ$ 9 a /ate ( great hung]1 is exempt f puni%m5t 9 case !re is no deception or secrecy 9 ! matt]2 h[ev]1 paym5t = damage done is expect$4#bg ,cook says ( ! ,tahitians3--,^? :o /eal clo!s or arms1 are commonly put to dea?1 ei!r by hang+ or dr[n+ 9 ! sea2 b ^? :o /eal provisions are ba/9ado$4 ,by ?is practice !y wisely v>y ! puni%m5t ( ! same crime1 :5 committ$ f diff]5t motives4#bh ,footnote #bd3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #be3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #bag1 n4 #e4 ,footnote #bf3 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #ccg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,d5nett1 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,society1 i4 #bgf4 ,footnote #bh3 ,cook1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #da sq4 #bhh ,a special k9d ( self-pres]vation is self-def5ce4 ,"h ! gr\nd ( ju/ification is n m]ely ! motive ( ! ag5t1 b also ! wrongness or crim9ality ( ! act :i* he tries to prev5t4 ,h5ce ! "r ( inflict+ injuries z a necess>y means ( self-pres]vation has be5 m g5]ally recognis$ 9 ! case ( self-def5ce ?an 9 o!r cases ( compulsion by necessity4 ,vim vi repell]e 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z a natural "r1#bi z a law non scripta1 s$ nata2#cj & ! same view 0 tak5 by ! ,canoni/4#ca ,ev5 9 ! savage _w self-def5ce & kill+ 9 self-def5ce are n infrequ5tly ju/ifi$ by cu/om4#cb ,b 9 o!r in/ances ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal ev5t makes itself felt also 9 ! case ( self-def5ce4 ,among ! ,fjort1 ?\gh a p]son :o kills ano!r 9 self-def5ce is exempt f puni%m5t1 he is expect$ to pay damages4#cc ,among ! ,hott5tots self-def5ce is reg>d$ z a mitigat+ circum/ance1 b n z an excuse 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w4#cd ,among o!r peoples x is n consid]$ at all4#ce ,among ! anci5t ,teutons a p]son :o committ$ homicide 9 self-def5ce _h to pay w]2#cf & 9 ,g]many su* a p]son seems to h be5 subject to puni%m5t /ill 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages4#cg ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 he 0 consid]$ to des]ve royal p>don1 b he also ne$$ x4#ch ,footnote #bi3 ,dige/a1 xliii4 #af4 i4 #bg3 ,vim vi repell]e lic]e ,cassius scribit idque ius natura comp>atur4 ,footnote #cj3 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,milone1 #d 7#aj74 ,footnote #ca3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 i4 #a4 #g4 ,footnote #cb3 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #fd 7,wad%agga74 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #beg 7,wa%ambala74 ,footnote #cc3 ,d5nett1 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,society1 i4 #bgf4 ,footnote #cd3 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #cec4 ,footnote #ce3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ej 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,telli]1 ibid4 p4 #agf 7,kreis ,kita74 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #ceg 7,amahlubi74 ,s5fft1 ibid4 p4 #dej 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #cf3 ,gey]1 ,lehre von d] ,no?wehr1 p4 #hh sqq4 ,trumm]1 ,vortrge b] ,tortur1 c4 i4 #dcj4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #fei4 ,cf4 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 lxxx4 #g2 lxxxvii4 #f4 ,footnote #cg3 ,trumm]1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbh sqq4 von ,feu]ba*-,mitt]mai]1 ,lehrbu* des ,pe9li*5 ,re*ts1 p4 #fd4 ,brunn] obs]ves 7,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fcj71 ,ni*t das ,b5ehm5 des ,gettet5 w> die causa des ,tods*lags1 sond]n nur die fe9dselige ,absi*t des ,tods*lag]s4 ,footnote #ch3 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #acb b1 vol4 ii4 #cff sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #egd4 #bhi ,9 self-def5ce !re %\ld ( c\rse be a proportion betwe5 ! injury :i* ! aggressor int5d$ to inflict & ! injury inflict$ on him by ! p]son attack$4 ,! mo/ widely-recognis$ gr\nd on :i* life is all[$ to be tak5 9 self-def5ce is dang] ( dea?4 ,b x is n ! exclusive gr\nd4 ,among ! ,wakamba a ?ief ent]+ a village at night c be kill$2 ?\gh1 if he is1 ! incid5t g5]ally gives rise to a blood-feud betwe5 8 family & ! family ( ! slay]4#ci ,9 ,ug&a !re is no p5alty = kill+ a ?ief :o ent]s an enclosure at night2#dj & among v>i\s peoples at high] /ages ( culture we likewise f9d ! provision t a nocturnal ?ief or h\se-break] may be kill$ ) impunity1 ?\gh a diurnal ?ief may n4#da ,?is law1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 due n s mu* to ! fact t by night ! proprietor _h less *ance ( recov]+ 8 prop]ty1 z to ! great] dang] to :i* he 0 p]sonally expos$4#db ,! ,roman ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables all[s ! diurnal ?ief also to be kill$1 9 case he def5ds himself ) a weapon2#dc &1 z reg>ds ! nocturnal ?ief1 ,ulpian expressly says t ! own] ( ! prop]ty is ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ him only if he _c sp>e ! life ( ! ?ief )\t p]il to himself4#dd ,! same rule 0 laid d[n by ,bracton#de & by ,grotius4 ,! latt] obs]ves1 ,no "o ought to be sla9 directly = ! sake ( m]e ?+s1 :i* w\ld be done if ,i 7 to kill an un>m$ fly+ ?ief ) a missile1 & s recov] my goods3 b if ,i am myself 9 dang] ( life1 !n ,i may repel ! dang] ev5 ) dang] to ! life ( ano!r2 nor does ?is cease to hold1 h[ev] ,i h come into t dang]1 :e!r by try+ to reta9 my prop]ty1 or to #bij recov] x1 or to capture ! ?ief2 = 9 all ^! cases ,i am act+ lawfully accord+ to my "r4#df ,footnote #ci3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #dhh4 ,footnote #dj3 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #da3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxvii4 p4 #big 7,*9ese74 ,exodus1 xxii4 #b sq4 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 viii4 #aa sq4 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgd4 ,lex ,baiuw>iorum1 ix4 7viii47 #e4 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #bhh 7,spani% ,p>tidas74 ,footnote #db3 ,cf4 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,decretales1 v4 #ab4 #c2 ,mi%na1 fol4 #gb1 quot$ by ,rabb9[icz1 ,lgislation crim9elle du ,talmud1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 viii4 #ab4 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,milone1 #c 7#i74 ,footnote #dd3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #h4 #i4 ,footnote #de3 ,bracton1 op4 cit4 fol4 #add b1 vol4 ii4 #dfd sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,grotius1 ,de jure belli et pacis1 ii4 #a4 #ab4 #a4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ,engl&1 a woman is ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ "o :o attempts to ravi% h]2 & s also ! husb& or fa!r may kill a man :o attempts a rape on 8 wife or daught]1 if %e d n cons5t4#dg ,we meet ) simil> provisions 9 _m o!r laws1 mod]n & anci5t4#dh ,/4 ,augu/9e says t ! law all[s ! kill+ ( a ravi%] ( *a/ity1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! act1 9 ! same mann] z x p]mits a p]son to kill a highwayman :o makes an attempt ^u 8 life4#di ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 x is p]missible to kill a w\ld-be crim9al1 9 ord] to prev5t ! commission ( ei!r murd] or adult]y to save an innoc5t man's life1 or a woman's hon\r2 b :5 ! crime has already be5 accompli%$1 ! crim9al _c be ?us dispos$ (4#ej ,footnote #dg3 ,h>ris1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ersk9e-,rank9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #eeh4 ,ottoman ,p5al ,code1 art4 #ahf4 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #cdi 7anci5t ,sw$i% laws74 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgd4 ,footnote #di3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de lib]o arbitrio1 i4 #e 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xxxii4 #abbg74 ,footnote #ej3 ,b5ny1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,rabb9[icz1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd4 ,among _m peoples :o 9 o!r cases prohibit self-r$ress1 an adult]] & an adult]ess may be put to dea? by ! aggriev$ husb&1 especially if !y be caught flagrante delicto4 ,su* a cu/om prevails 9 v>i\s uncivilis$ societies :]e ju/ice is g5]ally adm9i/]$ by a c\ncil ( eld]s or ! *ief4#ea ,among ! anci5t #bia ,p]uvians a man kill+ 8 wife = adult]y 0 free2 b if = any o!r fault he di$ = x1 unless he 7 a man 9 dignity1 & !n "s o!r p5alty 0 inflict$4#eb ,accord+ to ,*9ese p5al law1 :5 a pr9cipal or inf]ior wife is discov]$ by h] husb& 9 ! act ( adult]y1 if su* husb& at ! v "t t he discov]s kills ! adult]]1 or adult]ess1 or bo?1 he %all n be puni%able4#ec ,by ! law ( ,nepal1 ! ,p>battia husb& reta9s ! privilege ( av5g+1 ) 8 own h&1 ! violation ( 8 m>riage b$1 & anyone1 save a le>n$ ,brahman or a helpless boy1 :o in/ead ( us+ 8 own sword1 %\ld appeal to ! c\rts1 w\ld be cov]$ ) et]nal disgrace4#ed ,9 all purely ,moslem nations cu/om ov]:elms ) ignom9y ! husb& or son ( an adult]ess :o survives ! discov]y ( h] s92 he is taboo'd by society2 he becomes a laugh+-/ock to ! vulg>1 & a disgrace to 8 family & fri5ds4#ee ,accord+ to ! ',lex ,julia de adult]iis1' a ,roman fa!r _h a "r to kill bo? 8 m>ri$ daught] & h] accomplice if %e 0 tak5 9 adult]y ei!r 9 8 h\se or 9 h] husb&'s1 provid$ t bo? ( !m 7 kill$1 & t x 0 done at once4 ,! husb&1 on ! o!r h&1 _h no su* "r z to 8 wife 9 any case1 & no su* "r z to h] accomplice unless he 0 an infam\s p]son or a slave1 tak51 n 9 8 fa!r-9-law's h\se1 b 9 8 own4#ef ,h[ev]1 x seems t 9 m anci5t times ! husb& 0 entitl$ to kill an adult]\s wife2#eg & 8 "r ( self-r$ress 9 ! case ( adult]y 0 aga9 some:at ext5d$ by ,ju/9ian beyond ! v n>r[ limits set d[n by ! ,lex ,julia4#eh ,accord+ to an ,a!nian law1 if "o man %all kill ano!r 4 4 4 aft] cat*+ him ) 8 wife1 or ) 8 "m1 or ) a #bib si/]1 or ) a daught]1 or ) a concub9e :om he keeps to beget free-born *ildr51 he %all n g into exile = homicide on su* acc\nt4#ei ,anci5t ,teutonic law all[$ a husb& to kill bo? 8 unfai?ful wife & ! adult]]1 if he caught !m 9 ! act2#fj accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,alfr$1 an adult]] tak5 flagrante delicto by ! woman's lawful husb&1 fa!r1 bro!r1 or son1 might be kill$ )\t risk ( blood-feud4#fa ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re are already signs t1 9 ,engl&1 ! outrag$ husb& :o f\nd 8 wife 9 ! act ( adult]y might no long] slay ! guilty pair or ei!r ( !m1 al?\gh he might emasculate ! adult]]4#fb ,! pres5t law treats ! kill+ ( an adult]] tak5 9 ! act 9 ! same way z homicide committ$ 9 a qu>rel2 by slay+ him1 ! husb& is guilty ( manslaught] only1 ?\gh1 if ! kill+ 7 delib]ate & took place 9 rev5ge aft] ! fact1 ! crime w\ld be murd]4 ,?is seems to be ! only case 9 ,engli% law 9 :i* provocation1 o!r ?an by actual bl[s1 is consid]$ suffici5t to r$uce homicide to manslaught]1 if ! kill+ be effect$ by a deadly weapon4#fc ,!re are correspond+ provisions 9 o!r mod]n laws4#fd ,z a rule1 flagrant adult]y does n ju/ify homicide1 b s]ves z an ext5uat+ circum/ance4#fe ,b accord+ to ! ,fr5* ,code ,pnal1 dans le cas d'adultre 4 4 4 le meurtre commis p> l'p\x sur son p\se1 a9si que sur le complice1 l'in/ant o il les surpr5d en flagrant dlit dans la maison conjugale1 e/ excusable4#ff ,& 9 ,russia1 ?\gh ! law does n exempt f puni%m5t a #bic husb& :o ?us av5ges himself1 ! jury %[ great indulg5ce to him4#fg ,footnote #ea3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #de2 ,/ew>t1 9 ,j\r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fbh 7,kukis74 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hc2 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 iii4 #gf 7,k&hs74 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #adj 7,kakhy5s74 ,mac,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay & ,f>!r ,india1 p4 #bgc 7,indo-,burmese bord] tribes74 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #acj4 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 pp4 #baa1 #bac4 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #die4 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfd4 ,dyveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #dbi 7,t\>eg74 ,b>r[1 ,travels into ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bjg 7,kafirs74 ,among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs1 h[ev]1 a man is f9$ = murd]1 if he kills an adult]] or adult]ess 9 ! act1 al?\gh he be ! husb& ( ! adult]ess 7,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #aaa74 ,among ! ,wakamba1 if a man is caught 9 adult]y at night1 ! husb& has a "r to kill him2 b if ! injur$ man ?us takes ! law into 8 own h&s 9 ! daytime1 he is dealt ) z a murd]] 7,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhg74 ,footnote #eb3 ,h]r]a1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cch4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxxv4 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #ed3 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ii4 #bce1 #bcf1 #bgb4 ,footnote #ee3 ,burton1 ,s9d ,revisit$1 ii4 #ed sq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #e4 #ba sq4 ,footnote #eg3 ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 x4 #bc4 #e4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fbe4 ,footnote #eh3 ,novell1 cxvii4 #ae4 ,footnote #ei3 ,demo/h5es1 ,contra ,ari/ocratem1 #ec1 p4 #fcg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #hbc4 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fb sq4 ,/emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #fa3 ,laws ( ,alfr$1 ii4 #db4 ,footnote #fb3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dhd4 ,! same "r is grant$ by a ,spani% m$ival law to a fa!r1 or a husb&1 :o f9ds a man hav+ illegitimate sexual int]c\rse ) 8 daught]1 or wife 7,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #ic74 ,footnote #fc3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 i4 #dhf4 ,h>ris1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,*]ry1 ,lectures on ! ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #hb sq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,italian ,codice ,p5ale1 art4 #cgg4 ,spani% ,cdigo ,p5al re=mado1 art4 #dch4 ,ottoman ,p5al ,code1 art4 #ahh4 ,footnote #fe3 ,gn!r1 ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 iii4 #bcc sqq4 ,footnote #ff3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #cbd4 ,footnote #fg3 ,fo9itzki1 loc4 cit4 p4 #edh4 ,:il/ ! law ref]r+ to self-def5ce has gradually become m lib]al1 ! law ref]r+ to self-r$ress 9 ! case ( adult]y has ?us1 g5]ally speak+1 become m sev]e4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,a husb& :o slays 8 unfai?ful wife or h] accomplice does n def5d1 b av5ges himself2 & x is to be expect$ t a society 9 :i* puni%m5t has only j succe$$ rev5ge %\ld /ill admit1 or tol]ate1 rev5ge 9 extreme cases4 ,! privilege grant$ to ! outrag$ husb& is n ! sole survival ( ! old sy/em ( self-r$ress l+]+ on "u ! new conditions4 ,accord+ to ,kafir cu/om or law1 ! relatives ( a murd]$ man become liable only to a v light f9e if !y kill ! murd]]4#fh ,! anci5t ,teutons1 at a "t :5 _! laws already prohibit$ private rev5ge1 did n look ^u an av5g] ( blood 9 ! same light z an ord9>y manslay]2#fi & ev5 ! ,*ur* recognis$ ! di/9ction4#gj ,"s ( ! anci5t ,sw$i% laws entirely excus$ homicide committ$ 9 rev5ge imm$iately aft] ! crime4#ga ,accord+ to ! /gta-,lag1 an inc5di>y tak5 9 flagrancy might be at once burnt 9 ! fire1#gb & anci5t ,norwegian law p]mitt$ ! slay+ ( a ?ief caught 9 ! act4#gc ,9 ! ,laws ( ,ine !re is an indication t a ?ief's fate 0 at ! discretion ( 8 captor1#gd & a law ( !l/an implies t ! natural & prop] c\rse z to ?ieves 0 to kill !m4#ge ,9 ! ,laws ( ,k+ ,wihtrd x is said1 ,if any "o slay a layman :ile ?iev+2 let him lie )\t 'w]geld4'#gf ,s also1 accord+ to ,javanese law1 if a ?ief be caught 9 ! act x is lawful to put him to dea?4#gg ,= our pres5t #bid purpose x is important to note t all su* cases imply a recognition ( ! pr9ciple t an act committ$ on extreme provocation requires special consid]ation4 ,to decl>e t an adult]] or adult]ess caught 9 flagrancy1 or a manife/ ?ief1 may be sla9 ) impunity1 is a concession to human passions1 :i* are naturally m easily ar\s$ by ! sight ( an act ?an by ! m]e k ( its commission4 ,x 0 = a simil> reason t ! ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables puni%$ furtum manife/um mu* m heavily ?an furtum nec manife/um2#gh & t ! ,laws ( ,alfr$ impos$ dea? z ! p5alty = fight+ 9 ! ,k+'s hall if ! (f5d] 0 tak5 9 ! act1 :]eas he 0 all[$ to pay = himself if he escap$ & 0 subsequ5tly appreh5d$4#gi ,footnote #fh3 ,maclean1 op4 cit4 p4 #adc4 ,cf41 h[ev]1 ibid4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #fi3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #efb4 ,/emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #ehb sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahj1 #efe4 ,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 xii4 #bhi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dad sq4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid4 ii4 #daf4 ,footnote #gc3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #hhi4 ,footnote #gd3 ,laws ( ,ine1 #ab4 ,cf4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #fb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,laws ( !l/an1 iv4 #d4 ,footnote #gf3 ,laws ( ,wihtrd1 #be4 ,footnote #gg3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aae4 ,footnote #gh3 ,in/itutiones1 iv4 #a4 #e4 ,footnote #gi3 ,laws ( ,alfr$1 ii4 #g4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an injury :i* a p]son inflicts delib]ately1 9 cold blood1 & "o :i* he inflicts 9 ! heat ( ! mom5t1 "u ! di/urbance ( great excitem5t caus$ by a wrong done to himself1 has be5 widely recognis$4 ,!re are in/ances report$ ( savages :o di/+ui% betwe5 murd] & manslaught]4 ,& ! laws ( all civilis$ nations agree 9 reg>d+1 on c]ta9 conditions1 passion ar\s$ by provocation z a mitigat+ circum/ance at ! commission ( a crime4 ,! ,au/ralian ,n>r9y]i1 z we h se51 h a tribunal1 call$ t5di1 consi/+ ( ! eld]s ( ! clan1 to :i* all (f5d]s are br\ght = trial4 ,9 case ( ! slay+ by a p]son or p]sons ( "o clan ( ! memb] ( ano!r clan 9 "t ( peace1 ! fell[-clansm5 ( ! murd]$ man w s5d to ! fri5ds ( ! murd]] & invite !m to br+ him to trial be=e ! unit$ t5dies4 ,if1 aft] full inquiry1 he is f\nd to h committ$ ! crime1 he w be puni%$ accord+ to ! degree ( guilt4 ,if x 7 a case ( murd]1 ) malice a=e?\ght1 he w\ld be h&$ ov] to 8 own clan to be put to dea? by spe>+4 ,if x %\ld be :at we call manslaught]1 he w\ld receive a good ?ra%+1 or be bani%$ f 8 clan1 or compell$ to g to 8 "m's #bie relations4#hj ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 if two natives are qu>rell+1 & ! "o says to ! o!r1 ,y\r wife is bad1 ! insult$ p>ty is entitl$ to *a/ise ! provok] ) a /one1 & is n held liable ev5 if ! latt] %\ld die 9 consequ5ce4#ha ,! ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans are aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 murd] & homicide1 ev5 ?\gh ! puni%m5t ( ! two crimes is (t5 ! same4#hb ,among ! ,k&hs only slight comp5sation is aw>d$ = w\nds1 h[ev] s]i\s1 giv5 "u circum/ances ( extreme provocation4#hc ,valdeyak1 or manslaught]1 says ,georgi1 is n capital among ! ,tungusians1 :5 x has be5 occasion$ by "s antec$5t qu>rel4 ,! slay] is h[ev] :ipp$1 & oblig$ to ma9ta9 ! family ( ! deceas$3 he und]goes no reproa*es on acc\nt ( ! affair2 b on ! contr>y is consid]$ z a brave & c\rage\s man = x4#hd ,footnote #hj3 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #cd sq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #dc sq4 ,footnote #hb3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #agb4 ,footnote #hc3 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #hd3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #hc4 ,cf4 also ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahf4 ,among ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 :5 "o kill$ ano!r 9 a qu>rel1 ! fir/ ?+ enquir$ into 01 :o _h be5 ! aggressor2 if ! dead man1 !n ! puni%m5t 0 slight1 at ! w ( ! ,+a2 b if ! surviv] _h giv5 ! provocation1 8 p5alty 0 dea?1 or at lea/ p]petual bani%m5t to ! ,&es1 !re to "w 9 ! ,+a's fields ( corn1 :i* 0 l s5d+ him to ! galeys4 ,a murd]] 0 imm$iately publickly put to dea?1 ?o' he 7 a man ( quality4#he ,among ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan & ,nic>agua1 9 case ( great provocation or abs5ce ( malice1 homicide 0 aton$ by ! paym5t ( a f9e4#hf ,footnote #he3 ,h]r]a1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ccg sq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #feh4 ,f c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,mosaic law ! conclusion has be5 drawn t ! anci5t ,hebrews did n consid] x obligatory to inflict dea? ^u him :o _h kill$ 8 neighb\r 9 a fit ( passion4#hg ,x is said t a man %all be put to dea? if he come presumptu\sly ^u 8 neighb\r1 to slay him ) guile1#hh or if he hate 8 neighb\r1 & lie 9 wait = him1 & rise up aga9/ him1 & smite him mortally t he die4#hi ,on ! o!r h&1 he %all be all[$ a resort to a city #bif ( refuge if he lie n 9 wait1#ij or if he ?ru/ 8 neighb\r sudd5ly )\t enmity4#ia ,footnote #hg3 ,goite91 ,das ,v]geltungspr9cip im biblis*5 und taltmudis*5 ,/rafre*t1 p4 #cc sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #ad4 ,footnote #hi3 ,deut]onomy1 xix4 #aa sq4 ,footnote #ij3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #ac4 ,footnote #ia3 ,numb]s1 xxxv4 #bb1 #be4 ,pr(essor ,lei/ sugge/s t 9 anci5t ,greece1 at a "t :5 blood-rev5ge 0 a sacr$ duty 9 ! case ( prem$itat$ murd]1 homicide committ$ )\t prem$itation c\ld be =giv5 by ! av5g] ( blood4#ib ,plato1 9 8 ',laws1' draws a di/9ction betwe5 him :o treasures up 8 ang] & av5ges himself1 n imm$iately & at ! mom5t1 b ) insidi\s design1 & aft] an int]val1 & him :o does n treasure up 8 ang]1 & takes v5geance on ! in/ant1 & )\t malice prep5se4 ,! de$ ( ! latt]1 ?\gh n involunt>y1 approa*es to ! involunt>y1 & %\ld !re=e be puni%$ less sev]ely ?an ! crime p]petrat$ by him :o has /or$ up 8 ang]4#ic ,ari/otle1 also1 :il/ d5y+ t acts done f ang] or f desire are involunt>y1#id ma9ta9s t assaults committ$ 9 ang]1 are rightly decid$ n to be ( malice a=e?\ght1 = !y d n orig9ate 9 ! volition ( ! man :o has be5 ang]$1 b r 9 t ( ! man :o s ang]$ him4#ie ,& he adds t ev]yone w admit t he :o does a disgraceful act1 be+ at ! same "t free f desire1 or at any rate feel+ desire b slightly1 is m to be blam$ ?an is he :o does su* an act "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong desire2 & t he :o1 :5 n 9 a passion1 smites 8 neighb\r1 is m to be blam$ ?an is he :o does s :5 9 a passion4#if ,cic]o likewise po9ts out t 9 e species ( inju/ice x is a v mat]ial "q :e!r x is committ$ ?r\gh "s agitation ( passion1 :i* commonly is %ort-liv$ & tempor>y1 or f delib]ate1 prep5se1 malice2 = ^? ?+s :i* proce$ f a %ort1 sudd5 fit1 are ( slight] mom5t ?an ^? :i* are inflict$ by =e?\ght & prep>ation4#ig ,footnote #ib3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 pp4 #cbe1 #ceb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hfg4 ,footnote #id3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 iii4 #a4 #ba4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ibid4 v4 #h4 #i4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid4 vii4 #g4 #c4 ,footnote #ig3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #h4 ,( anci5t ,russian law ,m4 ,kovalewsky obs]ves1 ,l'exi/5ce d'une excitation viol5te e/ prise en considration1 p> notre antique lgislation1 qui dcl>e le crime accompli s\s leur influ5ce non imputable4#ih ,accord+ to anci5t ,iri% law1 homicide 0 divisible into ! two classes ( simple manslaught] & murd]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :i* lay 9 ! #big exi/5ce or abs5ce ( malice a=e?\ght1 ! f9e 9 ! latt] be+ d\ble :at x 0 9 ! =m] case2 & = a w\nd :i* 0 inflict$ inadv]t5tly 9 lawful ang]1 ! paym5t 0 made ^u a dim9i%$ scale4#ii ,! anci5t ,teutons1 also1 held a wrong committ$ 9 sudd5 ang] & on provocation to be less crim9al ?an "o committ$ ) prem$itation 9 cold blood2#ajj ?is op9ion seems p>tly to be at ! bottom ( ! di/9ction :i* !y made betwe5 op5 & secret homicide4#aja ,accord+ to ! law ( ! ,ea/ ,frisians1 a man :o kills ano!r )\t prem$itation may buy (f 8 neck ) money1 n s he :o commits a murd] ) malice a=e?\ght4#ajb ,x is curi\s t ,bracton %\ld take no notice ( ! diff]5t grades ( evil int5tion :i* may accompany volunt>y homicide1 & t he %\ld omit altoge!r ! "q ( provocation2#ajc ,beaumanoir1 ! ,fr5* juri/1 :o liv$ 9 ! same age1 m5tions 9 8 ',c\tumes du ,beauvoisis' provocation z an ext5uat+ circum/ance1#ajd & ! same view 0 tak5 by ! ,*ur*4#aje ,coke1 9 8 ,?ird ,in/itute--:i* may be reg>d$ z ! second s\rce ( ! crim9al law ( ,engl&1 ,bracton be+ ! fir/--gives an acc\nt ( malice a=e?\ght1 & adds1 ,"s manslaught]s be volunt>y1 & n ( malice =e?\ght1 ^u "s sudd5 fall+ out4 ,del9qu5s p] iram provocatus puniri debet mitius4#ajf ,hume says t 9 ,scotl& ! manslay] on sudd5ty 0 to h ! b5efit ( ! gir? or sanctu>y3 he might flee to ! *ur* or o!r holy place2 f :i* he might inde$ be tak5 = trial1 b to be return$ ?i!r1 safe 9 life & limb1 if 8 allegation ( *aude melle 7 prov$4#ajg ,all mod]n codes reg>d provocation "u c]ta9 circum/ances z a mitigat+ circum/ance4#ajh ,accord+ to ! crim9al law ( ,mont5egro1 great provocation may ev5 relieve a homicide ( all guilt4#aji ,footnote #ih3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #ii3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 pp4 xciii4 cx4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #efj sqq41 #gja4 ,/emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #egd4 von ,amira1 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #agd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #efi4 von ,amira1 loc4 cit4 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,das ,o/friesis*e ,l&-,re*t1 iii4 #ag sq4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,cf4 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 iii4 #cc4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xxx4 #aja1 vol4 i4 #ded sq4 ,footnote #aje3 ,gregory ,,iii4 ,judicia congrua p5it5tibus1 #c 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xii4 #bhi74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,coke1 ,?ird ,in/itute1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 i4 #cfe4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bef sqq4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bee sq4 ,x has be5 said t a man :o acts "u ! influ5ce ( great passion has n1 at ! "t1 a full k ( ! nature & quality ( 8 act1 & t #bih ! clem5cy ( ! law is a condesc5sion to ! frailty ( ! human frame1 to ! furor brevis1 :i*1 :ile ! fr5zy la/e?1 r5d]e? ! man deaf to ! voice ( reason4#aaj ,b ! ma9 cause = passion ext5uat+ 8 guilt is n ! intellectual disability "u :i* he acts1 b ! fact t he is c>ri$ away by an impulse :i* is too /rong = 8 w to resi/4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! provision ( ! law1 t provocation does n ext5uate ! guilt ( homicide unless ! p]son provok$ is at ! "t :5 he does ! act depriv$ ( ! p[] ( self-control by ! provocation :i* he has receiv$4#aaa ,footnote #aaj3 ,fo/]1 ,report ( ,cr[n ,cases1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,/eph51 ,dige/1 art4 #bdf1 p4 #ahh4 ,t ang] has be5 s g5]ally recognis$ z an ext5uation ( guilt is l>gely due to ! fact t ! p]son :o provokes x is himself blamable2 bo? morality & law take into consid]ation ! degree ( provocation to :i* ! ag5t 0 expos$4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! pressure ( a non-volitional motive on ! w may by itself be a suffici5t gr\nd = ext5uation4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( m5tal disease a morbid impulse or idea may take su* a despotic possession ( ! pati5t z to drive him to ! infliction ( an injury4 ,he is mad1 & yet he may be free f delusion & exhibit no m>k$ d]angem5t ( intellig5ce4 ,he may be possess$ ) an idea or impulse to kill somebody :i* he _c resi/4 ,or he may yield to a morbid impulse to /eal or to set fire to h\ses or o!r prop]ty1 )\t hav+ any ill-feel+ aga9/ ! own] or any purpose to s]ve by :at he does4#aab ,! de$ to :i* ! pati5t is driv5 is frequ5tly "o :i* he abhors1 z :5 a "m kills ! *ild :i* %e loves mo/4#aac ,9 su* cases ! ag5t is ( c\rse acquitt$ by ! moral judge1 & if he is condemn$ by ! law ( 8 c\ntry & its gu>dians1 ! reason = ?is c be no?+ b ignorance4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is =m ( madness 0 h>dly kn[n ev5 to m$ical #bii m5 till ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1#aad :5 ,p9el1 to 8 own surprise1 discov]$ t !re 7 _m madm5 :o at no p]iod gave evid5ce ( any lesion ( ! und]/&+1 b :o 7 "u ! dom9ion ( in/9ctive & ab/ract fury1 z if ! affective faculties _h alone su/a9$ injury4#aae ,& !re c be no d\bt t ! f\rte5 ,engli% judges :o =mulat$ ! law on ! crim9al responsibility ( ! insane1 made no ref]5ce to ?is manie sans dlire simply because !y _h n suffici5t k ( ! subject ) :i* !y _h to deal4#aaf ,footnote #aab3 ,maudsley1 ,responsibility 9 ,m5tal ,disease1 p4 #acc sqq4 von ,krafft-,eb+1 ,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,psy*opa?ologie1 p4 #cjh sqq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,gadelius1 ,om tvng/ank>1 p4 #afh sq4 ,paulhan1 ,l'activit m5tale1 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #aad3 ,maudsley1 op4 cit4 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #aae3 ,p9el1 ,trait mdico-philosophique sur l'alination m5tale1 p4 #aef3 ,je ne fut pas peu surpris de voir plusieurs alins qui n'(froi5t aucune poque aucune lsion de l'ent5dem5t1 et qui toi5t dom9s p> une sorte d'in/9ct de fureur1 comme si les facults affectives seules avoi5t t lses4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 7,dige/1 art4 #bh1 p4 #bj sq47 ?9ks x possible t1 accord+ to ! pres5t law ( ,engl&1 an act is n crim9al if ! p]son :o does x is1 at ! "t :5 x is done1 prev5t$ by any disease affect+ 8 m9d f controll+ 8 own conduct1 unless ! abs5ce ( ! p[] ( control has be5 produc$ by 8 own default4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t moral judgm5ts are g5]ally pass$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) ref]5ce to acts imm$iately int5d$1 & consid] motives only 9 proportion z ! judgm5t is influ5c$ by reflection1 holds good1 n only ( moral blame1 b ( moral praise4 ,e religion pres5ts innum]able examples ( p :o d good de$s only 9 expectation ( heav5ly rew>d4 ,?is implies ! assumption t ! ,deity judges ^u actions )\t mu* reg>d to _! motives2 = if motives 7 duly consid]$1 a man c\ld n be held rew>dable = an act :i* he p]=ms solely = 8 own b5efit4 ,we are told t ! homage :i* ! ,*9ese r5d] ! gods & goddesses believ$ to be conc]n$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! affairs ( ?is _w is exce$+ly =mal1 me*anical1 & he>tless1 & t !re seems to be no special importance atta*$ to purity ( he>t4#aag ,accord+ to ,caldwell1 ! ,h9du religioni/ enjo9s ! act alone1 & affirms t motives h no?+ to d ) m]it4#aah ,! argum5t1 ,obey ! law because x w #cjj pr(it y to d s1 con/itutes ! fundam5tal motive ( ,deut]onomy1 z appe>s f phrases l ^!3 ,t x may g well ) !e1 ,t ?y days may be prolong$4#aai ,speak+ ( ! mod]n ,egyptians1 ,lane obs]ves t f _! own pr(ession x appe>s t !y are z mu* excit$ to ! giv+ ( alms by ! expectation ( enjoy+ correspond+ rew>ds 9 heav5 z by pity = ! di/resses ( _! fell[-creatures1 or a dis9t]e/$ wi% to d ! w ( ,god4#abj ,some?+ simil> may be said1 n only ( ! good de$s ( ,muhamm$ans1 b ( ^? ( _m ,*ri/ians4 ,did n ,paley expressly def9e virtue z ! do+ good to mank9d1 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & = ! sake ( ev]la/+ happ9ess8#aba ,footnote #aag3 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #cig4 ,footnote #aah3 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #aai3 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #eca4 ,footnote #abj3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #aba3 ,paley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 i4 #g 7,complete ,works1 ii4 #ch74 ,su* views1 h[ev]1 _c hold _! gr\nd aga9/ ! v]dict ( ! scrut9is+ moral consci\sness4 ,!y h be5 repeat$ly contradict$ by ! great tea*]s ( morality4 ,confucius requir$ an inw>d s9c]ity 9 all outw>d practice1 & p\r$ scorn on ! ph>isaism :i* cont5t$ itself ) ! cleans+ ( ! outside ( ! cup & platt]4#abb ,he said t1 9 ! rites ( m\rn+1 exce$+ grief ) defici5t rites is bett] ?an little demon/ration ( grief ) sup]ab\nd+ rites2 & t 9 ^? ( sacrifice1 exce$+ rev]5ce ) defici5t rites is bett] ?an an excess ( rites ) b little rev]5ce4#abc ,sacrifice is n a ?+ com+ to a man f )\t2 x issues f )9 him1 & has its bir? 9 8 he>t4 ,:5 ! he>t is deeply mov$1 expression is giv5 to x by c]emonies4#abd ,! virtu\s man (f]s 8 sacrifices )\t seek+ = any?+ to be ga9$ by !m4#abe ,! ,ma/] said1 ',see :at a man does4 ,m>k 8 motives4'#abf ,! popul> ,ta\i/ "w1 call$ ',! ,book ( ,secret ,bless+s1' inculcates ! necessity #cja ( purify+ ! he>t z a prep>ation = all "r-do+4#abg ,! religi\s legislator ( ,brahmanism1 :il/ assum+ 9 accordance ) ! popul> view t ! fulfilm5t ( religi\s duty w be always rew>d$ to "s ext5t1 :atev] may be ! motive1 ma9ta9s t ! man :o fulfils 8 duties )\t reg>d to ! rew>ds :i* foll[ ! fulfilm5t1 w enjoy ! highe/ happ9ess 9 ?is life & et]nal happ9ess h]eaft]4#abh ,accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ic ,dhammapada1 if a man speaks or acts ) an evil ?\ght1 pa9 foll[s him1 z ! :eel foll[s ! foot ( ! ox t draws ! c>riage4 4 4 4 ,if a man speaks or acts ) a pure ?\ght1 happ9ess foll[s him1 l a %ad[ t nev] leaves him4#abi ,9 8 description ( ! ,buddhi/s ( ,mongolia1 ! ,rev4 ,james ,gilm\r obs]ves3--,mongol prie/s recognise ! p[] ( motive 9 e/imat+ actions 4 4 4 4 ,! attitude ( ! m9d decides ! nature ( ! act4 ,he t (f]s a cup ( cold wat] only1 9 a prop] _s1 has pres5t$ a gift q z acceptable z ! mo/ magnific5t ( donations4#acj ,) ref]5ce to ! ,hebrews1 ,mr4 ,montefiore says3--,if x 7 true t ! lat] ,judaism ( ! law laid exclusive /ress 9 its moral tea*+ ^u ! m]e outw>d act & n ^u ! _s--^u do+ r ?an be+1 z we might n[adays express x--we %\ld sc>cely f9d t con/ant h>p+ ^u ! he>t z ! s\rce & seat ( good & evil4 ,:at m legal book ?an ,*ronicles8 ,yet x is !re t we f9d ! e>ne/ supplication = a he>t direct$ t[>ds ,god4 4 4 4 ,! eudmoni/ic motive is /ronge/ 9 ,deut]onomy2 x is weake/ ) ! ,rabbis4#aca ,few say+s are quot$ & appli$ m frequ5tly 9 ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature ?an ! adage :i* closes ^? tractates ( ! ,mi%na :i* deal ) ! sacrificial law3--,he t br+s few (f]+s is z he t br+s _m2 let 8 he>t be direct$ #cjb heav5w>d4#acb ,! same faults :i* ,jesus *a/ises 9 ! hypocritical ,rabbis ( 8 day are also *a/is$ 9 ! ,talmud4 ,x is said1 ,be=e a man prays let him purify 8 he>t1#acc &1 ,s9 committ$ ) a good motive is bett] ?an a precept fulfill$ f a bad motive4#acd ,rabbi ,elaz> says1 ,no *>ity is rew>d$ b accord+ to ! degree ( b5evol5ce 9 x1 = x is said1 ',s[ 7a rew>d7 = y\rselves 9 giv+ alms z *>ity1 y w reap accord+ to ! b5evol5ce4'#ace ,nor is ! doctr9e :i* requires dis9t]e/$ motives = ! p]=mance ( good de$s =eign to ,muhamm$an morali/s4 ,:atev] we give1 says ! au?or ( ! ,akhlk-i-,jelli1 %\ld be giv5 9 ! fulness ( zeal & good-w4 4 4 4 ,we %\ld sp5d x simply to please ,god1 & n mix ! act ) any mean] motive1 le/ !reby x be r5d]$ null & void4#acf ,footnote #abb3 ,cf4 ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #bfa sq42 ,gir>d de ,rialle1 ,my?ologie comp>e1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #abc3 ,l ,k1 ii4 #a4 #b4 #bg4 ,cf4 ,lun ,y1 iii4 #d4 #c4 ,footnote #abd3 ,l ,k1 xxii4 #a4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid4 xxii4 #b4 ,footnote #abf3 ,lun ,y1 ii4 #aj4 #a sq4 ,footnote #abg3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ii4 #dgh4 ,footnote #abi3 ,dhammapada1 #a sq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,gilm\r1 ,among ! ,mongols1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #aca3 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dhc1 #ecc4 #a ,*ronicles1 xxii4 #ai2 xxviii4 #i2 xxix4 #ah sq4 #b ,*ronicles1 xi4 #af2 xv4 #ab2 xvi4 #i4 ,footnote #acb3 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ibid4 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #acd3 ,nazir1 fol4 #bc ,b1 quot$ by ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #ace3 ,succah1 fol4 #di ,b1 ibid4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #acf3 ,quot$ by ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #ch sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,=be>ances ,,& ,,c>elessness--,,"* ,,! obs]vation has (t5 be5 made t 9 e>ly moral codes ! s-call$ negative comm&m5ts1 :i* tell p :at !y ought n to d1 are mu* m prom95t ?an ! positive comm&m5ts1 :i* tell !m :at !y ought to d4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is is t negative comm&m5ts spr+ f ! disapproval or acts1 :]eas positive comm&m5ts spr+ f ! disapproval ( =be>ances or omissions1 & t ! indignation ( m5 is mu* m easily ar\s$ by action ?an by ! abs5ce ( x4 ,a p]son :o commits a h>mful de$ is a m obvi\s cause ( pa9 ?an a p]son :o causes h>m by do+ no?+1 & ?is naturally affects ! "q ( guilt 9 ! eyes ( ! multitude4 ,a scrut9is+ judge ( c\rse c>efully di/+ui%es betwe5 willfulness & neglig5ce1 :]eas1 to 8 m9d1 a =be>ance is morally equival5t to an act4 ,! unreflect+ judge1 on ! o!r h&1 is mu* less conc]n$ ) ! "q ( wilfulness ?an ) ! di/9ction betwe5 act+ & n-act+4 ,ev5 ! crim9al laws ( civilis$ nations take little cognisance ( =be>ances & omissions2#a & "o reason = ?is is t !y evoke little public indignation4 ,ev5 if x be admitt$ t ! rules ( b5efic5ce1 s f> z details are conc]n$1 mu/ be left 9 a great measure to #cjd ! jurisdiction ( private e?ics1 ! limits ( ! law on ?is head1 z ,b5?am rem>ks1 seem to be capable ( be+ ext5d$ a good deal f>!r ?an !y seem ev] to h be5 ext5d$ hi!rto4 ,& he appropriately asks1 ,9 cases :]e ! p]son is 9 dang]1 :y %\ld x n be made ! duty ( e man to save ano!r f mis*ief1 :5 x c be done )\t prejudic+ himself1 z well z to ab/a9 f br++ x on him8#b ,footnote #a3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #aac4 ,hepp1 ,zure*nung auf dem ,gebiete des ,civilre*ts1 p4 #aae 7,roman law74 ,footnote #b3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #cbb sq4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 ?is has be5 admitt$ by legislators ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4's ,sicilian ,code impos$ a p5alty on p]sons :o witness$ conflagrations or %ipwrecks )\t help+ ! victims1 & a f9e ( f\r augu/ales on anyone :o1 he>+ ! %rieks ( an assault$ woman1 did n hurry to h] rescue 7,con/itutiones ,napolitana sive ,sicul1 i4 #bh1 #bb ,l9d5brog1 ,codex legum antiqu>um1 pp4 #gae1 #gab74 ,bracton says 7,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #aba1 vol4 ii4 #bhj sq47 t he :o c\ld rescue a man f dea? & did n d x1 ought n to be exempt f puni%m5t4 ,x 0 a pr9ciple ( ! ,canon law t he :o does n prev5t ! infliction ( an injury ^u 8 neighb\r :5 x lies 9 8 p[] to d s1 is to be reg>d$ z an accomplice 9 ! (f5ce 7,gey]1 ,lehre von d] ,no?wehr1 p4 #gd4 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,decretales1 v4 #ab1 #f4 #b3 ,qui potuit hom9em lib]>e a morte1 et non lib]avit1 eum occidit74 ,! m scrut9is+ ! moral consci\sness1 ! great] ! importance :i* x atta*es to positive comm&m5ts4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by a comp>ison betwe5 ,old & ,new ,te/am5t morality4 ,z ,pr(essor ,seeley obs]ves1#c ! old legal =mula began '?\ %alt n1' ! new beg9s ) '?\ %alt4' ,! "y man :o _h kept ! :ole law--t is1 :o _h refra9$ f a numb] ( actions--is comm&$ to d some?+1 to sell 8 goods & fe$ ! poor4 ,condemnation 0 pass$ "u ! ,mosaic law ^u him :o _h s9n$1 :o _h done some?+ =bidd5--! s\l t s9ne? %all die2 ,*ri/'s condemnation is pron\nc$ ^u ^? :o _h n done good--',i 0 an hung]$ & ye gave me no meat4' ,! s9n] :om ,*ri/ habitually d5\nces is he :o has done no?+4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is repeat$ly manife/$ 9 ,8 p>ables--z 9 ! case ( ! prie/ & ,levite :o pass$ by on ! o!r side2 9 ! case ( ,dives1 ( :om no ill is record$ except t a begg> lay at 8 #cje gate full ( sores & yet no man gave unto him2 9 ! case ( ! s]vant :o hid 9 a napk9 ! tal5t committ$ to him4 ,h[ev]1 to say t ! new morality involv$ ! discov]y ( a new cont95t 9 ! moral globe1#d is obvi\sly an exagg]ation4 ,! cu/oms ( all nations conta9 n only prohibitions1 b positive injunctions z well4 ,to be g5]\s to fri5ds1 *>itable to ! ne$y1 hospitable to /rang]s1 are rules :i*1 z w be se51 may be trac$ back to ! l[e/ /ages ( savag]y kn[n to u4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "q is only "o ( degree4 ,( ! ,bang]ang tribe 9 ,victoria ,mr4 ,curr obs]ves3--,aborig9al re/ra9ts 71 9 ! majority ( cases1 ?\gh n altoge!r1 ( a negative "*2 an individual might n d ?is1 & might n eat t1 & might n say ! o!r4 ,:at he %\ld d "u any circum/ances1 or t he %\ld d any?+1 7 matt]s ) :i* cu/om int]f]$ less frequ5tly4#e ,footnote #c3 ,seeley1 ,ecce ,homo1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #e3 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bfd sq4 ,:il/ ! unreflect+ m9d has a t5d5cy to ov]look or und]rate ! guilt ( a p]son :o1 :e!r wilfully or by neglig5ce1 causes h>m by do+ no?+1 x is on ! o!r h&1 apt to exagg]ate ! guilt ( a p]son :o1 n wilfully b out ( he$lessness or ra%ness1 causes h>m by a positive act4 ,9 reality ! latt] p]son is blamable n = :at he did1 b = :at he omitt$ to d1 = want ( due att5tion1 = n ?9k+ ( ! probable consequ5ces ( 8 act or = insuffici5t adv]t5ce to !m4 ,b ! sup]ficial judge l>gely measures ! ag5t's guilt by ! actual h>m done1 & 9 _m cases ev5 attributes to c>elessness :at 0 due to %e] mis=tune4 ,z ,sir ,f4 ,pollock & ,pr(4 ,maitl& rightly obs]ve1 x is n true t b>b>ians w n trace ! *a9 ( causation beyond its ne>e/ l9k--t1 = example1 !y w n impute "o man's dea? to ano!r unless t o!r has /ruck a bl[ :i* laid a corpse at 8 feet4#f #cjf ,among ! ,wanyoro1 %\ld a girl die 9 *ildbir?1 ! s$uc] is also doom$ to die1 unless he ransom himself by paym5t ( "s c[s4#g ,among ! ,wakamba1 if a man is ! second "t guilty ( manslaught] 9 a /ate ( drunk5ness1 ! eld]s may ei!r s5t5ce him to dea?1 or make ! sell] ( dr9k pay comp5sation to ! family ( ! victim4#h ,accord+ to ! native code ( ,malacca1 if vici\s buffaloes or cattle be ti$ 9 ! highway1 :]e p are 9 ! habit ( pass+ & repass+1 & gore or w\nd any p]son1 ! own] %all be f9$ "o tahil & "o paha1 & pay ! exp5se necess>y = ! cure ( ! w\nd$ individual4 ,%\ld he be gor$ to dea?1 !n ! own] %all be f9$ accord+ to ! ,diyat1 because ! own] is crim9al 9 hav+ ti$ ! animal 9 an improp] place4#i ,9 ! ,laws ( ,alfr$ x is said t1 if a man h a spe> ov] 8 %\ld] & anybody /ake himself on x1 ! man ) ! spe> has to pay ! w]4#aj ,accord+ to an anci5t cu/om1 9 vogue 9 ,engl& z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "o :o 0 accus$ ( homicide 01 be=e go+ to ! wag] ( battle1 expect$ to swe> t he _h done no?+ ?r\gh :i* ! dead man _h become fur!r f life & ne>] to dea?2#aa & damages :i* ! mod]n ,engli% lawy] w\ld )\t hesitation describe z too remote 7 n too remote = ! au?or ( ! s-call$ ',laws ( ,h5ry ,i4'#ab ,at y\r reque/ ,i accompany y :5 y are ab\t y\r own affairs2 my enemies fall ^u & kill me2 y mu/ pay = my dea?4#ac ,y take me to see a wild bea/ %[ or t int]e/+ spectacle a madman2 bea/ or madman kills me2 y mu/ pay4 ,y hang up y\r sword2 "s "o else knocks x d[n s t x cuts me2 y mu/ pay4#ad ,9 all ^! cases y did some?+ t help$ to br+ #cjg ab\t dea? or w\nd1 & y are consequ5tly held responsible = ! mi%ap4 ,footnote #f3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #dgj4 ,footnote #g3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #h3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #i3 ,newbold1 ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 ii4 #bef sq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,laws ( ,alfr$1 #cf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 xc4 #aa4 ,bracton1 op4 cit4 fol4 #ada b1 vol4 ii4 #ddj sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dgj sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 lxxxviii4 #i4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibid4 xc4 #aa4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dga4 ,b ?\gh e>ly cu/om & law may be anxi\s en\gh to trace an ev5t to its s\rce1 !y easily fail to di/+ui% betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal causes1 to discov] :]e !re is guilt or n1 &1 9 case ( c>elessness1 to det]m9e ! magnitude ( ! (f5d]'s guilt4 ,anci5t ,teutonic law1 z we h se51 di/+ui%$ betwe5 vili & vadhi4 ,x puni%$ ! involunt>y manslay] less heavily ?an ! volunt>y "o1 b x puni%$ him all ! same2 & :e!r ! un9t5d$ de$ 0 comb9$ ) he$lessness or 0 purely accid5tal 0 a "q ) :i* ! law did n at all conc]n itself4#ae ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 if ! doctor has treat$ a g5tleman = a sev]e w\nd ) a lancet ( bronze1 & has caus$ ! g5tleman to die1 or has op5$ an abscess ( ! eye = a g5tleman ) ! bronze lancet & has caus$ ! loss ( ! g5tleman's eye1 "o %all cut (f 8 h&s4#af ,9 ! ,mosaic law di/9ction 0 made betwe5 pres5ce & abs5ce ( enmity 9 ! manslay]1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 c>elessness & mis=tune 0 n consid]$1#ag except :5 ! in/rum5t ( dea? 0 a gor+ ox4#ah ,h[ev]1 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r respects1 great progress 0 made by ! lat] legislation ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,rabbis took consid]able pa9s to di/+ui% betwe5 purely accid5tal homicide & homicide due to c>elessness2 ! =m] !y exempt$ f all puni%m5t1 :]eas ! latt] incurr$ ! puni%m5t ( conf9em5t to a city ( refuge4#ai ,!y ev5 di/+ui%$ betwe5 cases 9 :i* ! dea? 0 exclusively due to ! c>elessness ( ! ag5t1 & cases 9 :i* ! deceas$ contribut$ to x by "s blamable act ( 8 own4 ,a fa!r or a tea*] #cjh :o 9 puni%+ 8 son or pupil un9t5tionally caus$ 8 dea?1 & a p]son :o by ord] ( ! ,sanh$rim inflict$ corporal puni%m5t on a culprit & 9 do+ s happ5$ by mi/ake to kill him--su* p]sons 7 n conf9$ 9 a city ( refuge1 b escap$ puni%m5t altoge!r4#bj ,:atev] else may be said ( ^! provisions1 !y c]ta9ly %[ rem>kable disc]nm5t 9 a po9t :]e legislators ( a rud] type h be5 v indiscrim9ate4 ,9 ! olde/ ,engli% records we see no attempt to di/+ui% cases 9 :i* ! dead man himself 0 repreh5sible f o!rs 9 :i* no fault c\ld be imput$ to him1 & we f9d t _m horses & boats bore ! guilt :i* %\ld h be5 ascrib$ to be]4#ba ,:5 a drunk5 c>t] 0 cru%$ b5ea? ! :eel ( 8 c>t1 ! c>t1 ! cask ( w9e :i* 0 9 x1 & ! ox5 t 7 draw+ x1 7 all deod&4#bb ,accord+ to ! cu/om>y law ( ! ,ossetes1 if a /ol5 gun w5t (f 9 ! h&s ( ! ?ief :o 0 c>ry+ x away1 & kill$ him1 ! ?ief's k9 _h a j feud aga9/ ! own] ( ! gun4#bc ,footnote #ae3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #egh4 ,gey]1 op4 cit4 p4 #hh4 ,brunn]1 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 und franzsis*5 ,re*tes1 p4 #dii4 ,footnote #af3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #bah4 ,footnote #ag3 ,numb]s1 xxxv4 #af sqq4 ,deut]onomy1 xix4 #d sqq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #bh-cb1 #ce sq4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #bej sqq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,rabb9[icz1 ,lgislation crim9elle du ,talmud1 p4 #agc sqq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid4 p4 #agd4 ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews accord+ to ! ,talmud ,masse*e? ,synh$r91 p4 #aae sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dgd1 n4 #d4 ,footnote #bb3 ,?ree ,e>ly ,assize ,rolls = ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 p4 #if sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #bie4 ,mod]n laws g5]ally hold a p]son liable = h>m caus$ by him ?r\gh want ( ord9>y c>e & =esight1 & x dep5ds on ! nature ( ! case :e!r he w h to pay damages or to suff] puni%m5t4 ,yet1 z we h previ\sly notic$1 8 puni%m5t is det]m9$ n only by ! degree ( c>elessness ( :i* he 0 guilty or ! dang] to :i* he expos$ 8 fell[-m51 b1 l>gely1 by ! h>m result+2 :]eas1 if nobody happ5s to be hurt1 little notice is tak5 ( 8 fault4 ,to su* an ext5t are m5's judgm5ts 9 ^! matt]s influ5c$ by ext]nal facts1 t ev5 n[adays _m among ourselves w hold a p]son answ]able = all ! damage :i* directly ensues f an act ( 81 ev5 ?\gh no =esight c\ld h reasonably be5 expect$ #cji to look out = x4#bd ,n long ago !re 7 plausible1 if insuffici5t1 gr\nds adduc$ = ass]t+ t 9 ,engli% c\rts a plea t !re 0 nei!r neglig5ce nor an int5t to d h>m 0 no answ] to an action :i* *>g$ ! def5dant ) hav+ hurt ! pla9tiff's body4#be ,& ( late ye>s attacks h be5 made by cont95tal juri/s ^u ! ,roman pr9ciple t !re is no liability :]e !re is no fault#bf--;a pr9ciple :i*1 m or less modifi$1 has be5 adopt$ by mod]n laws4#bg ,al?\gh !y take pa9s to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 puni%m5t & indemnification1 ! v language !y use indicates ! quasi-e?ical basis on :i* _! !ory re/s4 ,x is only j1 !y say1 t he :o has caus$ ! evil %\ld comp5sate = x1 s9ce ! injur$ p>ty is /ill mu* m innoc5t ?an he4 ,& ! s5se ( ju/ice is appeal$ to = compell+ a man :o fa9ts 9 ! /reet & 9 ! fall happ5s to break "s fragile articles to indemnify ! own] = 8 loss4#bh ,?us1 :il/ loss f accid5t is g5]ally all[$ to lie :]e x falls1 an exception is made :]e ! in/rum5t ( mis=tune is a human be+4 ,?is is a mo/ unreasonable exception1 b "o n difficult to expla94 ,p are ready to blame a p]son :o commits a h>mful de$1 :e!r he des]ves blame or n2 at ! same "t !y are apt to ov]look ! indirect & m remote cause ( ! h>m :i* lies 9 ! suff]]'s own conduct4 ,h5ce ! liability1 if n ! guilt1 is laid on him :o is a cause ( pa9 by do+ some?+1 ev5 ?\gh x be by m]ely spasmodic contractions ( 8 muscles2 :]eas ! o!r p>ty1 :o only expos$ himself to ! risk ( be+ hurt1 is reg>d$ z ! m innoc5t4 ,footnote #bd3 ,holmes1 ,common ,law1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #be3 ,/anley v4 ,p[ell1 9 ,law ,reports1 ,que5's ,b5* ,division1 #ahia1 i4 #hf sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dge sq4 ,footnote #bf3 von ,jh]+1 ,s*uldmom5t im rmis*5 ,privatre*t1 passim1 especially pp4 #bj sqq41 #dj sqq4 ,hepp1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,=sman1 ,bidrag till lran om skade/nd i brottml1 p4 #aeh sq4 ,pollock1 ,law ( ,torts1 p4 #abi sqq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,?on1 ,re*tsnorm und subjectives ,re*t1 p4 #ajf1 n4 #ga4 ,:il/ culpability or quasi-culpability is ?us imput$ to ! innoc5t committ] ( a h>mful de$1 little or no #caj c5sure is pass$ on him ^: want ( =esight or want ( self-re/ra9t is productive ( suff]+1 if only ! effect is suffici5tly remote4 ,?is is exemplifi$ by ! frivol\s l5i5cy ) :i* drunk5ness1 n long ago1 0 look$ ^u 9 _m civilis$ c\ntries1 & by ! crim9al indiff]5ce ) :i* law & public op9ion /ill reg>d ! production ( (fspr+ t are almo/ ) c]ta9ty doom$ to mis]y on acc\nt ( ! vices1 pov]ty1 or bodily infirmities ( ! p>5ts4 ,to int]f]e "h1 x is argu$1 w\ld be to intrude ^u ! individual's "r ( fre$om1 or to m$dle ) ! affairs ( ,provid5ce4 ,b m5 are n1 g5]ally1 all[$ to d mis*ief simply 9 ord] to gratify _! own appetites1 & ,provid5ce might equally well be call$ 9 to answ] = any o!r k9d ( human %ortcom+4 ,i presume ! true explanation to be1 t 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r k9dr$ cases1 ! cause & effect are s di/ant f ea* o!r t ! ne>-sight$ eye does n di/9ctly p]ceive ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,inde$1 !re is h>dly any o!r po9t 9 :i* ! moral consci\sness ( civilis$ m5 /ill /&s 9 great] ne$ ( intellectual tra9+ ?an 9 its judgm5ts on cases :i* display want ( c>e or =esight4 ,& !re is no saf] measure ( ! moral enlight5m5t ( a man ?an ! scrupulosity ) :i* he consid]s ! possible consequ5ces ( acts1 & ! numb] ( positive comm&m5ts :i* are conta9$ 9 8 catalogue ( duties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t moral indignation & moral approval are f ! v beg9n+ felt1 n ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 modes ( conduct p] se1 b ) ref]5ce to p]sons on acc\nt ( _! conduct1 is obvi\s f ! intr9sic nature ( ^? emotions4 ,z we notic$ be=e1 !y d]ive "o ( _! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ics f _! be+ direct$ aga9/ s5sitive ag5ts4 ,h5ce !y may z naturally give rise to judgm5ts on human "* z to judgm5ts on human conduct4 ,& ev5 :5 a moral judgm5t imm$iately ref]s to a di/9ct act1 x takes notice ( ! #caa ag5t's w z a :ole4 ,! =giv5ess :i* foll[s s9c]e rep5tance1 & ! di/9ction made betwe5 injuries committ$ delib]ately 9 cold blood & injuries committ$ 9 ! heat ( passion1 indicate t m51 9 _! moral judgm5ts1 are apt to consid] some?+ m ?an a mom5t>y volition4 ,! same t5d5cy is at ! bottom ( ! common practice ( puni%+ a second & ?ird (f5ce m sev]ely ?an ! fir/4 ,among ! ,masai1 if a man is convict$ ( a p>ticul> crime sev]al times1 or con/itutes himself a public nuisance1 he is proclaim$ an outlaw1 8 prop]ty is confiscat$1 & he is beat5 away f any settlem5t or village he goes ne>4 ,unless an outlaw c f9d fri5ds among non-,masai tribes1 he dies ( />vation4#bi ,among ! ,wakamba a murd] is judg$ by ! eld]s2 if x is a man's fir/ (f5ce ( t k9d he is puni%$ by a f9e4 4 4 4 ,b a man convict$ = ! second "t ( murd] is kill$ at once1 ev]yone sett+ on him ! mom5t judgm5t is deliv]$4 4 4 4 ,= rape a fir/ (f5d] is flogg$1 & has to pay a f9e ( "o c[2 = ! second (f5ce he is kill$4#cj ,among ! ,wy&ots ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a woman guilty ( adult]y1 = ! fir/ (f5ce is puni%$ by hav+ h] hair cropp$2 = repeat$ (f5ces h] left e> is cut (f4#ca ,! laws ( ! ,incas1 also1 7 m l5i5t to a fir/ (f5ce ?an to a second2#cb & 9 ! k+dom ( ,me*oacan1 :il/ ! fir/ !ft 0 n sev]ely puni%$1 ! ?ief :o repeat$ 8 crime 0 ?r[n d[n a precipice & 8 c>cass 0 left to ! birds ( prey4#cc ,among ! ,aleuts1 = ! fir/ !ft corporal puni%m5t 0 inflict$2 = ! second (f5ce ( ! k9d "s f+]s ( ! "r h& 7 cut (f2 = ! ?ird1 ! left h& & sometimes ! lips 7 amputat$2 & = ! f\r? (f5ce ! puni%m5t 0 dea?4 ,o!r crimes1 aga91 7 puni%$ at fir/ by reprim& by ! *ief be=e ! community1 & ^u repetition ! (f5d] 0 b\nd & kept 9 su* a condition = "s "t4#cd ,! ,kam*adales burn ! h&s ( p :o h be5 frequ5tly caught 9 !ft1 b = ! fir/ (f5ce ! ?ief mu/ re/ore :at he ha? /ol51 & live alone #cab 9 solitude1 )\t expect+ any assi/ance f o!rs4#ce ,among ! ,a9u1 = break+ into ! /oreh\se or dwell+ ( ano!r1 a v s\nd beat+ 0 adm9i/]$ = ! fir/ (f5ce2 = ! second1 sometimes ! nose 0 cut (f1 sometimes ! e>s1 & 9 "s cases bo? ! nose & e>s 7 =feit$4 4 4 4 ,p]sons :o _h committ$ su* a crime twice 7 driv5 bag & baggage out ( ! home & village to :i* !y belong$4#cf ,among ! ,murray ,isl&]s repetition ( an (f5ce su* z murd] or robb]y g5]ally incurr$ a p5alty ( dea?1 :]eas ! fir/ (f5ce 0 puni%$ only by a f9e4#cg ,accord+ to ! ,javanese ,nti ,s/ra1 if a man violates ! law1 he may = ! fir/ transgression be puni%$ by a pecuni>y f9e1 = ! second by a puni%m5t affect+ 8 p]son1 b = ! ?ird he may be puni%$ ) dea?4#ch ,! ,p5al ,code ( ! ,*9ese prescribes t1 = ! fir/ (f5ce1 individuals convict$ ( be+ conc]n$ 9 a !ft %all be br&$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! left arm ) two words signify+ ?ief1 t = ! second (f5ce !y %all be br&$ aga9 ) ! same words 9 ! l[] "p ( ! "r arm1 b t = ! ?ird (f5ce !y %all suff] dea? by be+ /rangl$1 aft] rema9+ ! usual p]iod 9 conf9em5t4#ci ,9 ,nepal1 9 ! case ( !ft or petty burgl>y1 = ! fir/ (f5ce "o h& is cut (f1 = ! second ! o!r h&1 :il/ ! ?ird (f5ce is capital4#dj ,h]odotus m5tions ) approval t 9 anci5t ,p]sia n ev5 ! k+ 0 all[$ to put any "o to dea? = a s+le crime4#da ,accord+ to ! ,v5ddd1 ! gravity ( a crime does n dep5d only on ! gravity ( ! de$1 b on its frequ5cy z well4#db ,9 anci5t ,rome ! repetition ( a crime aggravat$ its puni%m5t4#dc ,accord+ to e>ly ,engli% law1 ! puni%m5t ^u a second conviction = ne>ly e (f5ce 0 dea? or mutilation4#dd ,9 mod]n ,european legislation1 ! pr9ciple t ! crim9ality ( c]ta9 crimes is increas$ by _! repetition is g5]ally recognis$4 ,footnote #bi3 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #cj3 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #ca3 ,p[ell1 ',wy&ot ,gov]nm5t1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #cb3 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #cch sqq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bee4 ,footnote #cd3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-lore1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #cg3 ,hunt1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #f4 ,footnote #ch3 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 i4 #bfb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxix4 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #dj3 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ii4 #bce4 ,footnote #da3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #acg4 ,footnote #db3 ,v5ddd1 iv4 #ag sqq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ajdd4 ,footnote #dd3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #eh4 ,! m a moral judgm5t is influ5c$ by reflection1 ! m x scrut9ises ! "* :i* manife/s itself #cac 9 t individual piece ( conduct by :i* ! judgm5t is occasion$4 ,b h[ev] sup]ficial x be1 x always ref]s to a w conceiv$ ( z a cont9u\s entity1 to a p]son reg>d$ z a cause ( pleasure or pa94 ,?is holds good ( savage & civilis$ m5 alike4 ,ev5 tame animals1 9 response to a hurt or a b5efit1 behave diff]5tly t[>ds diff]5t p]sons accord+ to _! previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! ag5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,:y ,,moral ,,judgm5ts ,,are ,,pass$ ,,on ,,conduct ,,& ,,"*--,,moral ,,valuation ,,& ,,free-,,w ,,we h exam9$ ! g5]al nature ( ! subjects ( moral judgm5ts f an evolution>y po9t ( view4 ,we h se5 t su* judgm5ts are ess5tially pass$ on conduct & "*1 & t all[ance is made = ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* conduct & "* are compos$ 9 proportion z ! moral judgm5t is scrut9is+ & enlight5$4 ,b an important "q /ill calls = an answ]1 ! "q1 ,:y is ?is s8 ,we _c cont5t ourselves ) ! b>e fact t no?+ b ! w is morally good or bad4 ,we mu/ try to expla9 x4 ,aft] :at has be5 said above ! explanation is n f> to seek4 ,moral judgm5ts are pass$ on conduct & "*1 because su* judgm5ts spr+ f moral emotions2 because ! moral emotions are retributive emotions2 because a retributive emotion is a reactive attitude ( m9d1 ei!r k9dly or ho/ile1 t[>ds a liv+ be+ 7or some?+ look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a liv+ be+71 reg>d$ z a cause ( pleasure or z a cause ( pa92 & because a liv+ be+ is reg>d$ z a true cause ( pleasure or pa9 only 9 s f> z ?is feel+ is assum$ to be caus$ by its w4 ,! correctness ( ?is explanation ,i consid] to be prov$ by ! fact t n only moral emotions1 b non-moral retributive emotions z well1 are felt ) ref]5ce to ph5om5a #cae exactly simil> 9 nature to ^? on :i* moral judgm5ts are pass$4 ,l moral indignation1 ! emotion ( rev5ge c be felt only t[>ds a s5ti5t be+1 or t[>ds some?+ :i* is believ$ to be s5ti5t4 ,we may be angry ) inanimate ?+s = a mom5t1 b su* ang] _c la/2 x disappe>s z soon z we reflect t ! ?+ 9 "q is incapable ( feel+ pa94 ,ev5 a dog :i*1 9 play+ ) ano!r dog1 hurts itself1 = in/ance1 by runn+ into a tree1 *anges its angry attitude imm$iately x notices ! real nature ( t :i* caus$ x pa94#a ,footnote #a3 ,hiram ,/anley1 ,/udies 9 ! ,evolution>y ,psy*ology ( ,feel+1 p4 #aed sq4 ,equival5t to injuries result+ f inanimate ?+s are injuries result+ accid5tally f animate be+s4 ,if my arm or my foot gives a pu% to my neighb\r1 & he is conv9c$ t ! pu% 0 nei!r int5d$ nor =ese5 nor due to any c>elessness :atev] on my "p1 surely he _c feel angry ) me4 ,:y n8 ,pr(essor ,ba9 answ]s ?is "q z foll[s3--,aw>e t absolute inviolability is impossible 9 ?is _w1 & t we are all expos$ by turns to accid5tal injuries f our fell[s1 we h our m9ds discipl9$ to let un9t5d$ evil g by )\t satisfaction ( inflict+ "s c\nt] evil ^u ! (f5d]4#b ,p]haps ano!r answ] w\ld be t an accid5tal injury 9 no way affects ! self-feel+ ( ! suff]]4 ,b nei!r ( ^! explanations goes to ! root ( ! "q4 ,let u once m rememb] t ev5 a dog di/+ui%es betwe5 be+ /umbl$ ov] & be+ kick$2 & ?is c nei!r be ! result ( discipl9e1 nor h any?+ to d ) ! feel+ ( self-reg>d+ pride4#c ,! reason is t ! dog sc5ts an enemy 9 ! p]son :o kicks him1 b n 9 ! "o :o /umbles4 ,my neighb\r1 m cle>ly /ill1 makes a di/9ction betwe5 a "p ( my body & myself z a #caf volitional be+1 & f9ds t ,i am no prop] object ( res5tm5t :5 ! cause ( ! hurt 0 m]ely my arm or my foot4 ,an ev5t is attribut$ to me z its cause only 9 proportion z x is consid]$ to h be5 br\ght ab\t by my w2 & ,i1 reg>d$ z a volitional & s5sitive entity1 c be a prop] object ( res5tm5t only z a cause ( pa94 ,footnote #b3 ,ba91 ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,k\ssa ,kafirs1 accord+ to ,li*t5/e9 7,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bed71 expect a simil> discrim9ation f ! elephant2 = if an elephant is kill$ 4 4 4 !y seek to exculpate !mselves t[>ds ! dead animal1 by decl>+ to him solemnly1 t ! ?+ happ5$ entirely by accid5t1 n by design4 ,we c h>dly feel dispos$ to res5t injuries inflict$ ^u u by animals1 little *ildr51 or madm51 :5 we recognise _! inability to judge ( ! nature ( _! acts4 ,!y are n ! real causes ( ! mis*ief result+ f _! de$s1 s9ce !y nei!r int5d$ nor =esaw nor c\ld h =ese5 x4 ,:y1 says ! ,/oic1 d y be> ) ! delirium ( a sick man1 or ! rav+s ( a madman1 or ! impud5t bl[s ( a *ild8 ,because1 ( c\rse1 !y evid5tly d n "k :at !y are do+4 4 4 4 4 ,w\ld anyone ?9k himself to be 9 8 p]fect m9d if he 7 to return kicks to a mule or bites to a dog8#d ,h>tley obs]ves1 ,z we improve 9 obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! faculty ( analys+ ! actions ( animals1 we p]ceive t brutes & *ildr51 & ev5 adults 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 h little or no %>e 9 ! actions ref]r$ to !m4#e ,footnote #d3 ,s5eca1 ,de ira1 iii4 #bf sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,h>tley1 ,obs]vations on ,man1 i4 #dic4 ,delib]ate res5tm5t consid]s ! motives ( acts4 ,suppose t a man tells u an untru?4 ,our feel+s t[>ds him are n ! same if he did x 9 ord] to save our life z if he did x = 8 own b5efit4 ,moreov]1 our ang] abates1 or ceases altoge!r1 if we f9d t he :o injur$ u act$ "u compulsion1 or "u ! influ5ce or a non-volitional impulse1 too /rong = any ord9>y man to resi/4 ,!n1 ! ma9 cause or ! injury 0 n 8 w1 conceiv$ z a cont9u\s entity4 ,x yield$ to ! w ( somebody else1 reluctantly1 z x 7 out ( necessity1 or to a p[]ful conation :i* =ms no "p ( 8 real self4 ,he 0 m]ely an in/rum5t 9 ano!r's h&s1 or he 0 beside himself1 beyond himself1 out ( 8 #cag m9d4 ,:5 we are angry1 says ,montaigne1 x is passion t speaks1 & n we4#f ,! religi\s psy*ology ( ! anci5t ,greeks ascrib$ acts committ$ ^u sudd5 excitem5t ( m9d to ! ,ate :i* bewild]s ! m9d & betrays ! man into de$s :i*1 9 8 sob] s5ses1 he is he>tily sorry =4 ,h5ce ! ,ate has 9 its tra9 ! ,litae--! humble pray]s ( rep5tance1 :i* mu/ make good1 be=e gods & m51 :atev] has be5 done amiss4#g ,! ,v$ic s+] apologises1 ,x is n our own w1 ,v>una1 t leads u a/ray1 b "s s$uction--w9e1 ang]1 dice1 & our folly4#h ,9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s viol5t outbreaks ( ill-temp] or res5tm5t are look$ ^u z ! result ( a tempor>y possession1 & ! victim is1 = ! "t be+1 consid]$ unacc\ntable = 8 actions4#i ,madness1 z we h se51 is frequ5tly attribut$ to demoniacal possession4 ,9 anci5t ,irel&1 aga91 x 0 believ$ to be (t5 br\ght on by malignant magical ag5cy1 usually ! "w ( "s druid1 h5ce 9 ! ,glosses to ! ,s5*us ,mr a madman is repeat$ly describ$ z "o ^u :om ! magic wisp has be5 ?r[n4#aj ,:at a p]son does 9 madness is n an act committ$ by him4 ,0 't ,hamlet wrong'd ,la]tes8 ,nev] ,hamlet3 ,if ,hamlet f himself be ta'en away1 ,& :5 he's n himself does wrong ,la]tes1 ,!n ,hamlet does x n1 ,hamlet d5ies x4 ,:o does x1 !n8 ,8 madness3 if 't be s1 ,hamlet is ( ! faction t is wrong'd2 ,8 madness is poor ,hamlet's enemy4#aa ,footnote #f3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ii4 #ca 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #cif74 ,footnote #g3 ,iliad1 ix4 #eje sqq4 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #h3 ,rig-,v$a1 vii4 #hf4 #f4 ,footnote #i3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 xii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #aj3 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #bbd4 ,footnote #aa3 ,%akespe>e1 ,hamlet1 v4 #b4 ,we res5t n only acts & volitions1 b also omissions1 ?\gh g5]ally less sev]ely2 & :5 a hurt is attribut$ to want ( =esight1 our res5tm5t is1 cet]is p>ibus1 proportionate to ! degree ( c>elessness #cah :i* we lay to ! (f5d]'s *>ge4 ,a p]son appe>s to u z ! cause ( an injury :i* we ?9k he c\ld h prev5t$ by 8 w4 ,b a hurt result+ f c>elessness is n to ! same ext5t z an int5tional injury caus$ by ! w4 ,& ! less =esight c\ld h be5 expect$ 9 a giv5 case1 ! small] %>e has ! w 9 ! production ( ! ev5t4 ,our res5tm5t is increas$ by a repetition ( ! injury1 & rea*es its height :5 we f9d t our adv]s>y n\ri%es habitual ill-w t[>ds u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h notic$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1#ab ! injur$ p>ty is n deaf to ! pray] = =giv5ess :i* spr+s f g5u9e rep5tance4 ,l moral indignation1 non-moral res5tm5t takes into consid]ation ! "* ( ! injur]4 ,footnote #ab3 ,supra1 *4 iii4 ,pass+ to ! emotion ( gratitude1 we f9d a simil> resemblance betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* give rise to ?is emotion & ^? :i* call =? moral approval4 ,we may feel "s k9d ( retributive affection = inanimate objects :i* h giv5 u pleasure2 a man gr[s fond ( a snuff-box1 ( a p5-knife1 ( a /aff :i* he has long made use (1 & conceives some?+ l a real love & affection = !m4#ac ,b gratitude1 involv+ a desire to please ! b5efactor1 c reasonably be felt t[>ds su* objects only z are !mselves capable ( feel+ pleasure4 ,moreov]1 on due delib]ation we d n feel grateful to a p]son :o b5efits u by pure accid5t4 ,s9ce gratitude is direct$ t[>ds ! assum$ cause ( pleasure1 & s9ce a p]son is reg>d$ z a cause only 9 8 capacity ( a volitional be+1 gratitude presupposes t ! pleasure %all be due to 8 w4 ,= ! same reason motives are also tak5 into consid]ation by ! b5efit$ p>ty4 ,z ,hut*eson obs]ves1 b\nty f a donor appreh5d$ z morally evil1 or extort$ by =ce1 or conf]r$ ) "s view ( self-int]e/1 w n procure real good-w2 nay1 x may raise indignation4#ad #cai ,l moral approval1 gratitude may be call$ =? n only by acts & volitions1 b by abs5ce ( volitions1 9 s f> z ?is abs5ce is traceable to a good disposition ( w4 ,&1 l ! moral judge1 ! grateful man is1 9 8 retributive feel+1 influ5c$ by ! notion he =ms ( ! b5efactor's "*4 ,footnote #ac3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #ad3 ,hut*eson1 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,moral ,good & ,evil1 p4 #aeg4 ,! cognitions by :i* non-moral res5tm5t & gratitude are det]m9$ are ?us1 z reg>ds _! g5]al nature1 precisely simil> to ^? :i* det]m9e moral indignation & approval4 ,:e!r moral or non-moral1 a retributive emotion is ess5tially direct$ t[>ds a s5sitive & volitional entity1 or self1 conceiv$ ( z ! cause ( pleasure or ! cause ( pa94 ,?is solves a problem :i* necess>ily baffles solution 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o fail to recognise ! emotional orig9 ( moral judgm5ts1 & :i*1 :5 consid]$ at all1 has1 ,i ?9k1 nev] be5 fully und]/ood by ^? :o h essay$ x4 ,x has be5 argu$1 = in/ance1 t moral praise & blame are n appli$ to inanimate ?+s & ^? :o commit involunt>y de$s1 because !y are adm9i/]$ only :]e !y are capable ( produc+ "s effect2#ae t moral judgm5t is conc]n$ ) ! "q ( compulsion1 because only :5 a man acts morally ( 8 own free w is society sure ( him2#af t we d n reg>d a lunatic z responsible1 because we "k t 8 m9d is s diseas$ t x is impossible by moral reprobation alone to *ange 8 "* s t x maybe subsequ5tly reli$ ^u4#ag ,! be/[al ( moral praise or blame on su* or su* an object is ?us attribut$ to utilit>ian calculation2#ah :]eas 9 reality x is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! moral emotion :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! judgm5t4 ,&1 z ,/u>t ,mill obs]ves 7?\gh he nev] seems to h realis$ ! full import ( 8 objection71 :il/ we may adm9i/] praise & blame ) ! express design ( influ5c+ conduct1 no anticipation ( salut>y effects #cbj f our feel+ w ev] avail to give u ! feel+ itself4#ai ,footnote #ae3 ,james ,mill1 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #af3 ,ziegl]1 ,social ,e?ics1 p4 #ef sq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see also ,james ,mill1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfa1 #bfb1 #cge4 ,footnote #ai3 ,/u>t ,mill1 9 a note to ,james ,mill's ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ii4 #cbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! nature ( ! moral emotions also gives u ! key to ano!r important problem--a problem :i* has call$ =? endless controv]sies--namely1 ! co-exi/5ce ( moral responsibility ) ! g5]al law ( cause & effect4 ,x has be5 argu$ t responsibility1 & moral judgm5ts g5]ally1 are inconsi/5t ) ! notion t ! human w is det]m9$ by causes2 t ei!r free-w is a fact1 or moral judgm5t a delusion4 ,! argum5t has be5 well summ$ up by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 z foll[s3--,moral responsibility1 x is said1 implies fre$om4 ,a man is only responsible = t :i* he causes4 ,n[ ! causa caus is also ! causa causati4 ,if ,i am caus$ z well z cause1 ! cause ( me is ! cause ( my conduct2 ,i am only a passive l9k 9 ! *a9 :i* transmits ! =ce4 ,?us1 z ea* individual is ! product ( some?+ ext]nal to himself1 8 responsibility is really %ift$ to t some?+4 ,! univ]se or ! fir/ cause is alone responsible1 & s9ce x is responsible to itself alone1 responsibility becomes a m]e illusion4#bj ,we are told t1 if det]m9ism 7 true1 human be+s w\ld be no m prop] subjects ( moral valuation ?an are inanimate ?+s2 t ! application ( moral praise & blame w\ld be 9 itself z absurd z to applaud ! sunrise or be angry at ! ra92#ba t ! only admiration :i* ! virtu\s man might des]ve w\ld be ! k9d ( admiration :i* we ju/ly accord to a well-made ma*9e4#bb ,nor are ^! inf]5ces f ! doctr9e ( det]m9ism only weapons =g$ by its oppon5ts2 !y are %>$ by _m ( its own adh]5ts4 ,ri*>d ,ow5 & 8 foll[]s ma9ta9$ t1 s9ce a man's "* is made = him1 n by him1 !re is no ju/ice 9 puni%+ #cba him = :at he _c help4#bc ,to ,/u>t ,mill responsibility simply means liability to puni%m5t1 inflict$ = a utilit>ian purpose4#bd ,s also ,pr(4 ,sidgwick--^: attitude t[>ds ! free-w !ory is t ( a sceptic--argues t ! common retributive view ( puni%m5t1 & ! ord9>y notions ( m]it1 dem]it1 & responsibility1 involve ! assumption t ! w is free1 & t ^! t]ms1 if us$ at all1 h to be us$ 9 new significations4 ,if ! wrong act1 he says1 & ! bad qualities ( "* manife/$ 9 x1 are conceiv$ z ! necess>y effects ( causes antec$5t or ext]nal to ! exi/5ce ( ! ag5t1 ! moral responsibility--9 ! ord9>y s5se--= ! mis*ief caus$ by !m c no long] re/ on him4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,det]m9i/ c give to ! t]ms 'ill-des]t' & 'responsibility' a signification :i* is n only cle> & def9ite1 b1 f an utilit>ian po9t ( view1 ! only suitable mean+4 ,9 ?is view1 if ,i affirm t ,a is responsible = a h>mful act1 ,i mean t x is "r to puni% him = x2 prim>ily1 9 ord] t ! fe> ( puni%m5t may prev5t him & o!rs f committ+ simil> acts 9 future4#be ,footnote #bj3 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #ba3 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ii4 #da sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,balf\r1 ,f\ndations ( ,belief1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #bc3 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid4 p4 #ejf sqq4 ,footnote #be3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ga sq4 ,if ^! conclusions are correct x is obvi\s t1 :e!r ! infliction ( puni%m5t be ju/ifiable or n1 ! feel+ ( moral indignation or moral approval is1 f ! det]m9i/ic po9t ( view1 absurd4 ,& yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 ^! emotions are felt by det]m9i/s & lib]t>ians alike4 ,app>5tly1 !y are n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! notion t ! human w is subject to ! g5]al law ( cause & effect4 ,emotions are always det]m9$ by specific cognitions1 & la/ only z long z ! influ5ce ( ^? cognitions la/s4 ,x makes me sorry to he> t "s evil has befall5 a fri5d2 b my sorr[ disappe>s at once :5 ,i f9d t ! rum\r 0 false4 ,i get angry ) a p]son :o hurts me2 b my ang] subsides z soon z ,i recognise t ! hurt 0 purely accid5tal4 ,my indignation is ar\s$ by an #cbb atroci\s crime2 b x ceases entirely :5 ,i he> t ! ag5t 0 mad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] conv9c$ ,i am t a p]son's conduct & "* are 9 e detail a product ( causes1 t does n prev5t me f feel+ t[>ds him retributive emotions--ei!r ang] or gratitude1 or moral res5tm5t or approval4 ,h5ce ,i conclude t a retributive emotion is n ess5tially det]m9$ by ! cognition ( free-w4 ,i hold t ,sp9oza is mi/ak5 9 8 assumption t m5 feel m love or hatr$ t[>ds "o ano!r ?an t[>ds any?+ else1 because !y ?9k !mselves to be free4#bf ,& ,i attribute ! conception t moral valuation is inconsi/5t ) det]m9ism ei!r to a failure to recognise ! emotional orig9 ( moral judgm5ts or to insuffici5t insight into ! true nature ( ! moral emotions4 ,at ! same "t x seems easy to expla9 ! fallacy :i* lies at ! bottom ( t conception4 ,footnote #bf3 ,sp9oza1 ,e?ica1 iii4 #di1 ,note4 ,we h se5 t ! object ( moral approval & disapproval is ! w1 & t a p]son's responsibility is less5$ 9 proportion z 8 w is expos$ to ! pressure ( non-volitional conations4 ,full responsibility ?us presupposes fre$om f su* pressure1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 fre$om f ext]nal compulsion4 ,h5ce ! inf]5ce t x also presupposes fre$om f causation1 & t complete det]m9ation involves complete irresponsibility4 ,compulsion is conf\nd$ ) causation2 & ?is confusion is due to ! fact t ! cause :i* det]m9es ! w is actually look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a con/ra9+ p[] outside ! w4 ,! popul> m9d has a /rong belief 9 ! law ( cause & effect4 ,:5 reflect+ on ! matt]1 x admits t ev]y?+ :i* happ5s 9 ?is _w has a cause2 & if ! natural cause is hidd51 x readily calls 9 a sup]natural cause to acc\nt = ! ev5t4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( human volitions ! *a9 ( causation is (t5 p>ticul>ly obscure2 z ,sp9oza said1 :il/ m5 are consci\s ( _! volitions & desires1 !y nev] ev5 #cbc dream1 9 _! ignorance1 ( ! causes :i* h dispos$ !m s to wi% & desire4#bg ,h5ce1 :5 9 a philosophic mood1 !y are liable to attribute _! acts to ! influ5ce ( an ext]nal p[] rul+ ov] human affairs1 a god or an all-p[]ful fate4 ,no d\bt1 ,provid5ce & ,fate#bh may effect _! purposes )\t ! w ( man z _! tool2 :at happ5s by *ance1 be+ frequ5tly no less wond]ful ?an any decree ( a human w1 may likewise be trac$ to a sup]natural cause4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ! de$s ( m5 are g5]ally prec$$ by volitions1 is s obvi\s t x c\ld n escape ev5 ! simple/ m9d--inde$1 s /rongly are primitive m5 impress$ by ?is fact t !y are apt to attribute e ev5t to a w4 ,ackn[l$g+1 !n1 ! connection betwe5 volition & de$1 ! fatali/ reg>ds ! =m] only z an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( a =ce outside ! ag5t1 :i* compels 8 w to execute its plans4 ,sometimes x rea*es its goal 9 a way q un=ese5 by ! ag5t himself4 ,muhamm$ said1 ,:5 ,god ha? ord]$ a creature to die 9 any p>ticul> place1 ,he cause? 8 wants to direct him to t place2#bi & x is a popul> say+ ?r\gh\t ,islam t :5as ,de/9y desc5ds %e bl9de? human sight4#cj ,sometimes ! ext]nal p[] causes its victim to w its decree1 by excit+ 9 him "s irresi/ible passion1 z :5 ,zeus urg$ ,clytemne/ra to ! slaught] ( ,agamemnon2 or ! volitions ( a p]son are !mselves reg>d$ z decre$ by t p[]4 ,9 ,wr5d1 9 ,sw$51 :5 somebody has kill$ ano!r1 z also :5 ! manslay] himself suff]s ! p5alty ( dea?1 ! wom5 say1 full ( compassion1 ,well1 ?is 0 8 de/9y1 to be sure1 or ,poor fell[1 x 0 a pitiful fate4#ca ,9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts ! foll[+ words are put into ! m\? ( ! ,_s ( #cbd ,wisdom3--,ev5 ) ! might & p[]fulness ( wisdom & k1 ev5 !n x is n possible to cont5d ) de/9y4 ,because1 :5 pr$e/9ation z to virtue1 or z to ! rev]se1 comes =?1 ! wise becomes want+ 9 duty1 & ! a/ute 9 evil becomes intellig5t2 ! fa9t-he>t$ becomes brav]1 & ! brav] becomes fa9t-he>t$2 ! dilig5t becomes lazy1 & ! lazy acts dilig5tly4 ,j z is pr$e/9$ z to ! matt]1 ! cause ent]s into x1 & ?ru/s out ev]y?+ else4#cb ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 pt4 i4 ,app5dix4 ,footnote #bh3 ,9 a ,pahlavi text fate is def9$ z t :i* is orda9$ f ! beg9n+1 & div9e provid5ce z t :i* ! sacr$ be+s also grant o!rwise 7,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxiv4 #f sq474 ,footnote #bi3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #cj3 ,burton1 9 8 translation ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 i4 #fb1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #ca3 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 ,wr5d o* ,wird>ne1 i4 #bjf4 ,footnote #cb3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxiii4 #c sqq4 ,nor is x only ! popul> m9d t1 :5 human volitions are conc]n$1 int]prets causation z compulsion4 ,ev5 su* philosoph]s z ,hamilton#cc & ,mansel#cd seem$ q unable to di/+ui% betwe5 det]m9ism & fatalism4 ,pr(essor ,laurie likewise obs]ves3--,det]m9ism is ! t]m adopt$ ( late ye>s to veil fatalism & conf\nd issues 4 4 4 4 ,fre$om or fate1 ^! are ! sole alt]natives4#ce ,surely1 x is ^? :o id5tify det]m9ism ) fatalism t conf\nd issues4 ,& a simil> confusion lurks beh9d ! ma9 argum5t :i* has be5 adduc$ 9 support ( free-w4 ,x is said t ,i ought implies ,i c1 & t m5 are n acc\ntable = :at !y _c avoid4 ,?is is p]fectly true if by _c is meant compulsion1 & by c fre$om f compulsion4 ,b x is c]ta9ly n true if ,i c is int5d$ to mean t ,i am a fir/ cause1 n det]m9$ by any?+ else4 ,footnote #cc3 ,hamilton1 ,lectures on ,metaphysics1 ii4 #daj sqq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,mansel1 ,prolegom5a ,logica1 p4 #cbi sqq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,laurie1 ,e?ica1 pp4 #cjg1 #cai4 ,:5 a p]son's w is believ$ to be con/ra9$ by a p[] outside him1 he c obvi\sly n be held responsible = :at he does "u ! influ5ce ( su* con/ra9t4 ,we are responsible only = t :i* is due to our w4 ,a lic5ti\s man :o has gr[n up 9 a corrupt society is less blamable ?an an equally lic5ti\s man :o has always liv$ "u conditions fav\rable to virtue2 & if we he> ( a crim9al t he 0 kidnapp$ z a *ild by a b& ( pickpockets & tra9$ to _! pr(ession1 we #cbe no d\bt look ^u him ) "s indulg5ce4 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 x may be said t1 ?\gh ! p]son's conduct is l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances ^u 8 w1 ?is influ5ce 0 n irresi/ible1 t he might h sav$ himself ) an ef=t ( w1 & t consequ5tly he is n :olly irresponsible4 ,b 9 ! case ( a re/ra9+ de/9y no escape is possible2 ! compulsion is complete4 ,h5ce ! logical outcome ( radical fatalism is a d5ial ( all moral imputability1 & a repudiation ( all moral judgm5t4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,( ! inhabitants ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,africa1 ,munz+] obs]ves 7,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ff73--,sei5 sie ,*ri/51 ,heid51 odor ,mohamm$an]1 s*reib5 sie ,leb5 und ,tod1 ,glck und ,unglck1 ,tug5d und ,v]bre*5 d] unmittelb>5 ,h& ,gottes zu4 ,mit dies] bl9d] ,no?w5digkeit ents*uldigt si* d] ,misse?t]1 tr/et si* d] ,unglckli*e4 ,cf4 also ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #aee1 on ! ,b$\9s4 ,h[ev]1 m5 are n philosoph]s 9 ! ord9>y practice ( life1 h5ce ! fatali/ is g5]ally z ready z anybody else to judge on 8 neighb\r's conduct4 ,accord+ to v>i\s anci5t writ]s1 ! p[] ( de/9y is limit$ s z n to exclude p]sonal responsibility 7see ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #ei sq474 ,n s ) det]m9ism4 ,:il/ fatalism presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a p]son :o is con/ra9$ by an outw>d p[]1 det]m9ism reg>ds ! p]son himself z 9 e respect a product ( causes4 ,x does n assume any "p ( 8 w to h exi/$ previ\s to 8 =mation by ^! causes2 8 w is n con/ra9$ by !m1 x is made by !m4 ,:5 we say ( a p]son t he is influ5c$ by ext]nal circum/ances or subdu$ by fate1 we reg>d him z exi/+ indep5d5tly ( t :i* influ5ces or subdues him1 we attribute to him an innate "* :i* is act$ ^u f ! outside4 ,he w\ld h be5 diff]5t if he _h gr[n up "u diff]5t conditions ( life1 or if fate _h left him alone4 ,b x w\ld be absolutely mean+less to say t he w\ld be diff]5t if ! causes to :i* he owes 8 exi/5ce _h be5 diff]5t2 = in/ance1 if he 7 ! (fspr+ ( diff]5t p>5ts4 ,?is %[s t we di/+ui% betwe5 ! orig9al self ( a p]son & ! self :i* is p>tly innate & p>tly ! product ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,8 innate "* belongs to 8 orig9al #cbf self2 &1 /rictly speak+1 x is on ! innate "* only t ! scrut9is+ moral judge1 s f> z possible1 passes 8 judgm5t1 c>efully consid]+ ! degree ( pressure to :i* x has be5 expos$ bo? f ! non-volunt>y "p ( ! individual himself & f ! outside _w4#cg ,accord+ to ! fatali/1 ! innate "* is compell$2 h5ce p]sonal responsibility is out ( ! "q4 ,accord+ to ! det]m9i/ ! innate "* is caus$2 b ?is has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! "q ( responsibility4 ,! moral emotions are no m conc]n$ ) ! orig9 ( ! innate "* ?an ! ae/hetic emotions are conc]n$ ) ! orig9 ( ! beautiful object4 ,9 _! capacity ( retributive emotions1 ! moral emotions are ess5tially direct$ t[>ds s5sitive & volitional entities conceiv$1 n z uncaus$ !mselves1 b only z causes ( pleasure or pa94 ,footnote #cg3 ,t ! prop] subject ( moral judgm5t is ! innate "* 0 emphasis$ by ,s*op5hau] 9 8 prize-essays on ,die ,freiheit des ,will5s 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 vii4 #hc sqq47 & ,die ,grundlage d] ,moral 7ibid4 vii4 #bgc sqq474 ,! innate "*1 he says1 t real core ( ! :ole man1 conta9s ! g]m ( all 8 virtues & vices4 ,& ?\gh ,s*op5hau] be mi/ak5 9 8 /atem5t t a p]son's "* always rema9s ! same1 x seems to me indisputable t ! succe$+ *anges to :i* x may be subject are imputable to him only 9 s f> z !y are caus$ by 8 innate "*4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks--,,homicide ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,we h discuss$ ! g5]al nature ( ^? ph5om5a :i* h a t5d5cy to evoke moral blame or moral praise4 ,we h se5 t moral judgm5ts are pass$ on conduct & "*1 & we h se5 :y ?is is ! case4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to exam9e ! p>ticul> modes ( conduct :i* are subject to moral valuation1 & to consid] h[ ^! modes ( conduct are judg$ ( by diff]5t peoples & 9 diff]5t ages4 ,if c>ri$ out 9 e detail su* an inve/igation c\ld nev] come to an end4 ,among o!r ?+s1 x w\ld h to take into acc\nt all cu/oms exi/+ among ! v>i\s races ( m51 s9ce e cu/om con/itutes a moral rule4 ,& ! impossibility ( any su* und]tak+ becomes app>5t :5 we consid] ! ext5t to :i* ! conduct ( man1 & especially ( savage man1 is hamp]$ by cu/om4 ,among ! ,wanika1 = in/ance1 if a man d>es to improve ! /yle ( 8 hut1 to make a l>g] doorway ?an is cu/om>y2 if he %\ld we> a f9] or diff]5t /yle ( dress to t ( 8 fell[s1 he is in/antly f9$4#a ,if1 dur+ ! p]=mance ( a c]emony1 ! ance/ors ( an ,au/ralian native 7 9 ! habit ( pa9t+ a :ite l9e across ! =ehead1 _! desc5dant mu/ d ! same4#b ,dr4 ,nans5's /atem5t ) ref]5ce to ! ,gre5l&]s1 #cbh t _! communities _h orig9ally cu/oms & fix$ rules = e possible circum/ance1#c is ess5tially true ( _m1 if n all1 ( ! l[] races4 ,footnote #a3 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #b3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #c3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #ajd4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 t we %\ld re/rict ourselves to ! m important modes ( conduct ) :i* ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d is conc]n$4 ,^! modes ( conduct may be conv5i5tly divid$ into six gr\ps4 ,! fir/ gr\p includes su* acts1 =be>ances1 & omissions z directly conc]n ! int]e/s ( o!r m51 _! life or bodily integrity1 _! fre$om1 hon\r1 prop]ty1 & s =?4 ,! second includes su* acts1 =be>ances1 & omissions z *iefly conc]n a man's own welf>e1 su* z suicide1 temp]ance1 asceticism4 ,! ?ird gr\p1 :i* p>tly co9cides )1 b p>tly diff]s f1 bo? ! fir/ & ! second1 ref]s to ! sexual relations ( m54 ,! f\r? includes _! conduct t[>ds ! l[] animals2 ! fif?1 _! conduct t[>ds dead p]sons2 ! six?1 _! conduct t[>ds be+s1 real or imag9>y1 t !y reg>d z sup]natural4 ,we %all exam9e ea* ( ^! gr\ps sep>ately1 9 ! above ord]4 ,&1 n be+ cont5t ) a m]e description ( facts1 we %all try to discov] ! pr9ciple :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! moral judgm5t 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is commonly ma9ta9$ t ! mo/ sacr$ duty :i* we owe our fell[-creatures is to respect _! lives4 ,i v5ture to believe t ?is holds good n only among civilis$ nations1 b among ! l[] races z well2 & t1 if a savage recognises t he has any moral obligations at all to 8 neighb\rs1 he consid]s ! tak+ ( _! lives to be a great] wrong ?an any o!r k9d ( injury inflict$ ^u !m4 ,among v>i\s uncivilis$ peoples1 h[ev]1 human life is said to be held v *eap4 ,! ,au/ralian ,diey]ie1 we are told1 w\ld = a m]e trifle kill _! de>e/ fri5d4#d ,9 ,fiji !re is an utt] disreg>d ( #cbi ! value ( human life4#e ,a ,masai w murd] 8 fri5d or neighb\r 9 a fight ov] a h]d ( captur$ cattle1 & live n a :it ! less m]rily aft]w>ds4#f ,among ! ,ba*ap9s1 a ,be*uana tribe1 murd] excites little s5sation1 except+ 9 ! family ( ! p]son :o has be5 murd]$2 & br+s1 x is said1 no disgrace ^u him :o has committ$ x2 nor uneas9ess1 except+ ! fe> ( _! rev5ge4#g ,! ,orons ( ,b5gal are ready to take life on v slight provocation1 & ,colonel ,dalton d\bts :e!r !y see any moral guilt 9 x4#h ,"s ( ! ,himalayan m\nta9e]s are report$ to put m5 to dea? m]ely = ! satisfaction ( see+ ! blood fl[ & ( m>k+ ! la/ /ruggles ( ! victim4#i ,among ! ,pa?ans1 on ! nor?-we/]n fronti] ( ! ,punjab1 !re is h>dly a man ^: h&s are un/a9$1 & ea* p]son c\nts up 8 murd]s4#aj ,footnote #d3 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #e3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #f3 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dai4 ,footnote #g3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #eed4 ,footnote #h3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #i3 ,fras]1 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,himala ,m\nta9s1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,temple1 quot$ by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #cdc4 ,= o!r in/ances ( ! indiff]5ce ( savages to human life1 see ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #abc2 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agg2 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$deles] om ,grnl&1 x4 #hg1 #agi sq42 ,coxe1 ,russian ,discov]ies betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica1 p4 #beg 7,aleuts ( ,unalaska72 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bjd2 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bid2 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #aaf 7,malays72 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bfb 7aborig9es ( ,new ,brita972 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #bf2 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 ii4 #caj 7,g[ane72 ,s*we9fur?1 ,he>t ( ,africa1 i4 #bhf 7,bongo72 ,arnot1 ,g>5ganze1 p4 #ga 7,b>otse72 ,tuckey1 ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #chc 7,congo natives72 ,waul1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #aje 7,bolobo74 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are uncivilis$ peoples among :om homicide or murd] is said to be h>dly kn[n4 ,among ! ,omahas1 be=e liquor 0 introduc$ !re 7 no murd]s1 ev5 :5 m5 qu>rell$4#aa ,capta9 ,lyon c\ld le>n ( no in/ances ( manslaught] hav+ ev] occurr$ among ! ,eskimo ( ,igloolik4#ab ,9 ,tutuila1 ( ! ,samoa gr\p1 accord+ to ,br5*ley1 !re _h be5 b "o case ( assass9ation 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s4#ac ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon "k ( manslaught] only z a puni%m5t4#ad #ccj ,! ,b$\9 ( ! ,euphrates1 says ,mr4 ,blunt1 is ess5tially humane1 & nev] takes life ne$lessly4 ,if he has kill$ a man 9 w> he r conceals ! fact ?an proclaims x al\d1 :ile murd] or ev5 homicide is almo/ unkn[n among ! tribes4#ae ,among ! ,bakwiri1 9 ,cam]oon1 ,zoll] nev] he>d ( any p]son hav+ kill$ a memb] ( 8 own community4#af ,murd]s1 says ,cailli1 are r>e among ! ,bamb>as1 & nev] committ$ by ! ,m&+oes4#ag ,among ! ,wanika wilful cold-blood$ murd]s are almo/ unkn[n4#ah ,among ! ,basutos p]fect safety is enjoy$ on roads :]e ! travell] might h be5 robb$ a hundr$ times ov] )\t ! lea/ hope ( aid1 & 9 h\ses :]e ! doors & w9d[s h nei!r bolts nor b>s1 & cases ( murd] are v r>e4#ai ,footnote #aa3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #ac3 ,br5*ley1 ,jott+s dur+ ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #eci4 ,cf4 ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 ii4 #ddd4 ,h>t%orne1 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjc4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #bjg4 ,footnote #af3 ,zll]1 ,kam]un1 i4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ag3 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #cec4 ,footnote #ah3 ,new1 op4 cit4 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #ai3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cja4 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #ega 7,eskimo72 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #adh2 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #agh2 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #dbi2 ,brooke1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak1 i4 #fa 7,sea ,dyaks72 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #acc2 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #dga 7,poggi ,isl&]s72 ,/ell]1 ,de ,sangi-,ar*ipel1 p4 #bf2 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #da 7,ambon & ,uliase ,isl&]s72 von ,siebold1 ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 pp4 #aa1 #ce2 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ecb 7,b>ea & ,kunma72 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #cai 7,m>utse72 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 pp4 #fa1 #adc sq42 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #acg4 ,9 o!r in/ances homicide is expressly said to be reg>d$ z wrong4 ,! ,gre5l&]s describ$ by ,dr4 ,nans5 hold x atroci\s to kill a fell[-creature1 except 9 "s p>ticul> cases4#bj ,! ,dacotahs say t x is a great crime to take _! fell['s life1 unless 9 rev5ge1 because all h a "r to live4#ba ,9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego homicide r>ely occurs1 z ,mr4 ,bridges rem>ks1 because ( an invet]ate cu/om accord+ to :i* human life is held sacr$3 le meurtri] e/ mis au ban de ses compatriotes2 isol de t\s1 il e/ fatalem5t condamn prir de faim ou tomb] un j\r s\s les c\ps d'un gr\pe de ju/ici]s improviss4#bb ,! ,&aman ,isl&]s condemn murd] z yubda1 or s94#bc ,! natives ( ,botany ,bay1 ,new #cca ,s\? ,wales1 ?\gh a trivial (f5ce 9 _! ideas ju/ifies ! murd] ( a man1 highly reprobate ! crime :5 committ$ )\t :at !y e/eem a j cause4#bd ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,curr's exp]i5ce1 ! ,au/ralian ,black und\bt$ly feels t murd] is wrong1 & its committal br+s remorse2 ev5 aft] ! p]petration ( infanticide or massacres1 ?\gh bo? are practis$ )\t disguise1 ^? engag$ 9 !m are subject to remorse & l[ spirits = "s "t4#be ,footnote #bj3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aie4 ,footnote #bb3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #cgd1 #bdc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aab4 ,footnote #bd3 ,b>r+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ai4 ,cf4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #abf 7natives ( ,nor!rn ,que5sl&74 ,footnote #be3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ajj1 #dc sq4 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #abg 7,potawatomis72 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cdh 7,indians on ! ea/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s72 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #egb 7,eskimo72 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #afb2 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #bjh 7,efatese72 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ade2 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cbb 7,be*uanas72 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikra's1 p4 #cbb 7,hott5tots74 ,x is ( p>ticul> importance 9 ?is connection to note t1 9 e>ly civilisation1 blood-rev5ge is reg>d$ n z a private matt] only1 b z a duty1 & t1 :]e ?is cu/om does n prevail1 ! community puni%es ! murd]]1 frequ5tly ) dea?4 ,we may )\t hesitation accept ,pr(essor ,tylor's /atem5t t no kn[n tribe1 h[ev] l[ & f]oci\s1 has ev] admitt$ t m5 may kill "o ano!r indiscrim9ately4#bf ,9 e society--ev5 :]e human life is1 g5]ally speak+1 held 9 l[ e/imation--cu/om prohibits homicide )9 a c]ta9 circle ( m54 ,b ! radius ( ! circle v>ies greatly4 ,footnote #bf3 ,tylor1 ',primitive ,society1' 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 xxi4 #gad4 ,savages c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 an act ( homicide committ$ )9 _! own community & "o :]e ! victim is a /rang]4 ,:il/ ! =m] is "u ord9>y circum/ances disapprov$ (1 ! latt] is 9 mo/ cases all[$1 & (t5 reg>d$ z praisewor?y4 ,x is a v common notion 9 savage e?ics t ! *ief virtue ( a man is to be successful 9 w> & to slay _m enemies4 ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku% kill+ /rang]s might or might n be consid]$ inexp$i5t1 b x w\ld #ccb h>dly be consid]$ a crime2 kill+ fell[-tribesm51 on ! o!r h&1 is look$ ^u 9 a v diff]5t light4#bg ,! ,koriaks d n reg>d murd] z a great crime1 unless x occur )9 _! own tribe4#bh ,! e>ly ,aleuts consid]$ ! kill+ ( a companion a crime wor?y ( dea?1 b to kill an enemy 0 q ano!r ?+4#bi ,to an ,aht ,indian ! murd] ( a man is no m ?an ! kill+ ( a dog1 provid$ t ! victim is n a memb] ( 8 own tribe4#cj ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 ! natives ( ,guiana dete/ all :o are n ( _! family1 or _! tribe2 & hunt ! ,indians ( a neighb\r+ tribe1 :o live at w> ) _! own1 z we hunt game4#ca ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,fuegians1 a /rang] & an enemy are almo/ synonym\s t]ms1 h5ce !y d>e n g :]e !y h no fri5ds1 & :]e !y are unkn[n1 z !y w\ld mo/ likely be de/roy$4#cb ,! ,au/ralian ,black nurtures an int5se hatr$ ( e male at lea/ ( 8 own race :o is a /rang] to him1 & w\ld nev] neglect to assass9ate su* a p]son at ! e>lie/ mom5t t he c\ld d s )\t risk to himself4#cc ,9 ,melanesia1 also1 a /rang] z su* 0 g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! isl&s an enemy to be kill$4#cd ,footnote #bg3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #bh3 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #bi3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unti$ ,/ates1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #ca3 von ,humboldt1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels1 v4 #dbb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,/irl+1 9 ,s\? ,amm]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e1 iv4 #aa4 ,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #baj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fd1 #he sq4 ,ma!w1 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 xviii4 #cih4 ,footnote #cd3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #cde4 ,9 ,savage ,isl& ! slay+ ( a memb] ( ano!r tribe--t is1 a pot5tial enemy--0 a virtue r ?an a crime4#ce ,to a "y ,samoan x 0 ! realisation ( 8 highe/ ambition to be publicly ?ank$ by ! *iefs = kill+ a foe 9 mortal combat4#cf ,accord+ to ,fijian beliefs1 m5 :o h n sla9 any enemy are1 9 ! o!r _w1 compell$ to beat dirt ) _! clubs--! mo/ degrad+ puni%m5t ! native m9d c conceive--because !y us$ _! club to s little purpose2#cg & 9 ,futuna x 0 deem$ no less necess>y to h p\r$ out blood on ! field ( battle 9 ord] to hold a "p 9 ! happy future life4#ch ,9 ! ,we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits x 0 a m]itori\s de$ to kill =eign]s ei!r 9 fair fight #ccc or by trea*]y1 & hon\r & glory 7 atta*$ to ! br++ home ( ! skulls ( ! inhabitants ( o!r isl&s sla9 9 battle4#ci ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1#dj ,new ,gu9ea1#da & v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 he :o has collect$ ! greate/ numb] ( human heads is hon\r$ by 8 tribe z ! brave/ man2 & "s peoples d n all[ a man to m>ry until he has cut (f at lea/ "o human head4#db ,among _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 aga91 he :o c boa/ ( ! greate/ numb] ( scalps is ! p]son mo/ highly e/eem$4#dc ,among ! ,s]i ,indians ! highe/ virtue is ! %$d+ ( ali5 blood2 & _! normal impulse on meet+ an ali5 is to kill1 unless det]r$ by fe>4#dd ,among ! ,*uk*i x is held crim9al to ?ieve or murd] 9 ! family or race to :i* a p]son belongs2 b ^! crimes committ$ else:]e are n only p]mitt$1 b held hon\rable & glori\s4#de ,s1 too1 ! ,gallas consid] x hon\rable to kill an ali51 ?\gh crim9al to kill a c\ntryman4#df ,footnote #ce3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #ajd4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #id4 ,footnote #cf3 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #cg3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #dja4 ,cf4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig sq42 ,ersk9e1 ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,smi?1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,society1 i4 #ci4 ,footnote #ci3 ,haddon1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bgg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #gc4 ,p5ny1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,melanesia1 p4 #df4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #da3 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #db3 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 pp4 #baf1 #bba1 c4 7,dyaks74 ,bickmore1 ,travels 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #bje 7,alfura ( ,c]am74 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #dj 7,nagas ( ,upp] ,assam74 ,footnote #dc3 ,! well-kn[n practice ( scalp+1 ?\gh v common1 0 n univ]sal among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7see ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,n4 ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #aib2 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #cba74 ,footnote #dd3 ,mc,gee1 ',s]i ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol4 xvii4 #acb4 ,footnote #de3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #df3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #bbi4 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,h>mon1 op4 cit4 p4 #cja 7,tacullies72 ,burton1 ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 p4 #aci 7,dacotahs72 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #id 7,k&hs72 ,mac,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay1 p4 #bfb 7,indo-,burmese bord] tribes72 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #aid sq4 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans72 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dai 7,masai74 ,at ! same "t !re are1 among ! l[] races1 v>i\s in/ances 9 :i* ! rule1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 applies ev5 to =eign]s4 ,hospitality1 z w be se5 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 is a /r+5t duty 9 ! savage _w4 ,cu/om requires t ! ho/ %\ld ent]ta9 & protect a /rang] :o comes z 8 gue/1 & by kill+ him ! ho/ w\ld p]petrate an outrage h>dly possible4 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! case ( int]tribal relations1 we mu/ n conclude t :at is all[$ 9 w> is also all[$ 9 times ( peace4 ,! prohibition ( homicide may ext5d beyond ! tribal bord]1 to #ccd memb]s ( diff]5t tribes :o = "s reason or o!r are on fri5dly t]ms ) ea* o!r4#dg ,we mu/ n suppose t a tribe ( savages g5]ally ei!r lives 9 a /ate ( complete isolation1 or is always at odds ) its neighb\rs4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 "o tribe ( natives1 z a rule1 ent]ta9s amicable relations ) "o1 two1 or m o!r tribes4#dh ,among ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1 say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !re is no su* ?+ z "o tribe be+ 9 a con/ant /ate ( enmity ) ano!r2 on ! contr>y1 :]e two tribes come into contact ) "o ano!r on ! bord] l& ( _! respective t]ritories1 fri5dly feel+s are ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! two4#di ,"s uncivilis$ peoples are ev5 said to h no w>s4 ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon nev] make w> ^u ea* o!r4#ej ,accord+ to ! reports ( ! olde/ inhabitants ( ,umnak & ,unalaska1 ! p !re _h nev] be5 engag$ 9 w> ei!r among !mselves or ) _! neighb\rs1 except once ) ! natives ( ,alaska4#ea ,to ! ,gre5l&]s describ$ by ,dr4 ,nans5 w> is incompreh5sible & repulsive1 a ?+ = :i* _! language has no ^w4#eb ,footnote #dg3 ,see1 e4g41 ,scott ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 p4 #aid 7,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%74 ,footnote #dh3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #di3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #ej3 ,s>as91 op4 cit4 iii4 #dhh4 ,footnote #ea3 ,coxe1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #eb3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #afb4 ,t savages to "s ext5t recognise ! exi/5ce ( int]tribal rights 9 times ( peace is obvi\s f c]ta9 cu/oms connect$ ) _! w>s4 ,"s ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s & ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians consid] x necess>y = a p>ty :i* is ab\t to attack ano!r to give notice be=eh& ( _! int5tion1 9 ord] t _! oppon5ts may be prep>$ to meet !m4#ec ,! cessation ( ho/ilities is (t5 accompani$ by ! conclusion ( a special treaty & by c]emonies calculat$ to make x b9d+4#ed ,! ,tahitians1 = in/ance1 wove a wrea? ( #cce gre5 b\ghs furni%$ by ea* side1 ex*ang$ two "y dogs1 &1 hav+ also made a b& ( clo? toge!r1 (f]$ ! wrea? & ! b& to ! gods ) imprecations on ! side :i* %\ld fir/ violate s solemn a treaty ( peace4#ee ,nor does savage cu/om always all[ indiscrim9ate slaught] ev5 9 w>f>e4 ,! inviolability ( h]alds is n infrequ5tly recognis$4#ef ,among ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! tribal mess5g] kn[n to be a h]ald by ! r$ net :i* he we>s r\nd 8 =ehead1 passes 9 safety betwe5 & ?r\gh ho/ile tribes2#eg & among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,omahas ! be>] ( a peace pipe 0 g5]ally respect$ by ! enemy1 j z ! be>] ( a flag ( truce is reg>d$ by ! laws ( w> among ! s-call$ civilis$ nations4#eh ,& _m uncivilis$ races h made x a rule 9 w> to sp>e ! weak & helpless4 ,footnote #ec3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #gb 7,micronesians74 ,gibbs1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aij 7,indians ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-,we/]n ,oregon74 ,footnote #ed3 ,see ,f>r]1 ,milit>y ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #afb sq4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cah4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,f>r]1 ,milit>v ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #eg3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #eh3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfh4 ,! ,samoans consid]$ x c[>dly to kill a woman2#ei & ev5 9 ,fiji ! enlight5$ p>ty object$ to ! kill+ ( wom51 urg+ t x is j z c[>dly to kill a woman z a baby4#fj ,! ,abipones1 9 _! w>s1 g5]ally sp>$ ! unw>like1 & c>ri$ away innoc5t boys & girls unhurt4#fa ,an old ,spani% writ] tells u ( ! ,guan*es ( ,gran ,can>ia t1 9 _! w>s1 !y held x z base & mean to mole/ or injure ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! enemy1 consid]+ !m z weak & helpless1 !re=e improp] objects ( _! res5tm5t2#fb & simil> views prevail among ! ,b]b]s 7,%luh47 ( ,s\!rn ,morocco1 z also among ! ,alg]ian ,kabyles#fc & ! ,t\>eg4#fd ,?\gh ! ,masai & ,wa-kikuyu are et]nally at w> to ! knife ) ea* o!r1 !re is a compact betwe5 !m n to mole/ ! wom5folk ( ei!r p>ty4#fe ,! ,masai1 says ,mr4 ,h9de1 nev] int]f]e ) wom5 9 _! raids1 & ! wom5 *e] #ccf l\dly & enc\rage _! relatives dur+ ! fight4#ff ,among ! ,latukas1 ?\gh wom5 are employ$ z spies & ?us become exce$+ly dang]\s 9 w>1 !re is nev]!less a g5]al und]/&+ t no woman %all be kill$4#fg ,! ,basutos ma9ta9 t respect %\ld be paid dur+ w> to wom51 *ildr51 & travell]s1 z also t ^? :o surr5d] %\ld be sp>$ & op5 to ransom2 &1 ?\gh ^! rules are n inv>iably respect$1 ! public voice always disapproves ( _! violation4#fh ,footnote #ei3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #fj3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #fa3 ,dobrizh(f]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ada4 ,footnote #fb3 ,abreu de ,gal9do1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #fc3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 ii4 #gf4 ,footnote #fd3 ,h\r/1 ,sur le ,nig] et au pays des ,t\>egs1 p4 #bbc sq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ff3 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #f1 n499 ,footnote #fg3 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza1 i4 #cee4 ,footnote #fh3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbc sq4 ,= reg>d paid to wom51 old p1 & *ildr5 9 w>1 see also ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #cfg 7,we/]n ,eskimo72 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bdj2 ,az>a1 ,voyages1 ii4 #ade 7,payaguas74 ,sometimes cu/om ev5 requires t ! life ( ! captive %all be sp>$4 ,x is aga9/ ,masai tradition to kill prison]s ( w>4#fi ,among ! ,kabyles il faut que l'exaspration des p>tis soit extrme p\r qu'un bless ou un prisonni] soit mis mort4#gj ,! ,t\>eg d n kill _! prison]s aft] a fight4#ga ,among ! ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates ! p]son ( ! enemy is sacr$ :5 dis>m$ or dism\nt$2 & prison]s are nei!r enslav$ nor held to o!r ransom ?an _! m>es4#gb ,captives1 says ,mr4 ,dorsey1 7 n sla9 by ! ,omahas & ,ponkas4 ,:5 peace 0 decl>$ ! captives 7 s5t home1 if !y wi%$ to g4 ,if n !y c\ld rema9 :]e !y 71 & 7 treat$ z if !y 7 memb]s ( ! tribe4#gc ,among ! ,wy&ots prison]s ( w> 7 frequ5tly adopt$ into ! tribe4 ,! w>rior tak+ ! prison] has ! fir/ "r to adopt him4 ,if no "o claims ! prison] = ?is purpose1 he is caus$ to run ! gauntlet z a te/ ( 8 c\rage4 ,if at 8 trial he behaves manfully claimants are n want+1 b if he behaves disgracefully he is put to dea?4#gd ,footnote #fi3 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #gj3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 op4 cit4 #ge4 ,footnote #ga3 ,h\r/1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,blunt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bci4 ,footnote #gc3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #ccb4 ,footnote #gd3 ,p[ell1 ibid4 i4 #fh4 ,?us we notice ev5 among uncivilis$ races v obvi\s traces ( :at is call$ int]national law1#ge if n z a rule1 at lea/ z an exception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! #ccg read9ess ) :i* w> is engag$ 91 n only 9 self-def5ce or out ( rev5ge1 b = ! sake ( ga91 indicates h[ little reg>d is paid to human life outside ! tribe4 ,! ,k&hs1 = in/ance1 ma9ta9 t a /ate ( w> may be lawfully presum$ aga9/ all tribes & nations ) :om no express agreem5t to ! contr>y exi/s4#gf ,& if a few savage peoples live 9 p]petual peace1 x seems t ! *ief reason = ?is is n a high] /&>d ( morality1 b ! abs5ce ( all inducem5ts to w>4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see also ,:eel]1 ,! ,tribe1 & ,int]tribal ,relations 9 ,au/ralia1 passim4 ,footnote #gf3 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 iii4 #ge4 ,:5 we f ! l[] races pass to peoples m advanc$ 9 culture1 we f9d t ! social unit has gr[n l>g]1 t ! nation has tak5 ! place ( ! tribe1 & t ! circle )9 :i* homicide is prohibit$ z a crime ( ! fir/ ord] has be5 ext5d$ accord+ly4 ,b ! old di/9ction betwe5 injuries committ$ aga9/ compatriots & h>m done to =eign]s rema9s4 ,ev5 :5 ! subject is n t\*$ ^u 9 ! laws ref]r+ to homicide we may1 f ! g5]al attitude ( ! p t[>ds memb]s ( o!r nations1 inf] t public op9ion is n v scrupul\s z to ! tak+ ( _! lives4 ,h[ ! ,*9ese look$ ^u ! r$-hair$ b>b>ians1 ! =eign devils1 is well kn[n f rec5t hi/ory4 ,9 =m] days1 ,japan's attitude t[>ds h] neighb\rs & ! :ole _w 0 t ( an enemy & n ( a fri5d4#gg ,! ,v$ic hymns are full ( imprecations ( mis=tune ^u m5 ( ano!r race4#gh ,t among ! anci5t ,teutons ! lot ( a /rang] 0 n an enviable "o is te/ifi$ ev5 by language2 ! ,g]man ^w el5d] has acquir$ its pres5t mean+ f ! connotation ( ! old] ^w :i* meant an outl&i% man4#gi ,! /rang] z su*--unless he belong$ to a fri5dly1 neighb\r+ tribe--_h orig9ally no legal rights at all2 = 8 protection he 0 dep5d5t on individual #cch hospitality1 & hospitality 0 re/rict$ by cu/om to ?ree days only4#hj ,accord+ to ! ,sw$i% ,we/gta-,lag1 he :o kill$ a =eign] _h to pay no comp5sation to ! dead man's relatives1 nor 0 he outlaw$1 nor exil$4#ha ,! ,laws ( ,k+ ,ine let u und]/& 9 :at light a /rang] 0 look$ ^u3--,if a f>-com+ man1 or a /rang]1 j\rney ?r\gh a wood out ( ! highway1 & nei!r %\t nor bl[ 8 horn1 he is to be held = a ?ief1 ei!r to be sla9 or r$eem$4#hb ,h[ev]1 z comm]ce increas$ & ! /rang] 0 m (t5 se5 9 ,teutonic l&s1 royal protection 0 ext5d$ to him2 & a consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t !nce=? he :o kill$ ! /rang] _h to pay a w]geld1 "p1 or ! :ole1 ( :i* w5t to ! k+4#hc ,9 ,greece1 9 e>ly times1 ! contemptible /rang]#hd _h no legal rights1 & 0 protect$ only 9 case he 0 ! gue/ ( a citiz52#he & ev5 lat] on1 at ,a!ns1 :il/ ! int5tional kill+ ( a citiz5 0 puni%$ ) dea? & confiscation ( ! murd]]'s prop]ty1 ! int5tional kill+ ( a non-citiz5 0 puni%$ only ) exile4#hf ,! ,lat9 ^w ho/is 0 orig9ally us$ to d5ote a =eign]2#hg & ! say+ ( ,plautus1 t a man is a wolf to a man :om he does n "k1#hh 0 probably an e*o ( an old ,roman prov]b4 ,momms5 sugge/s t 9 anci5t days ! ,romans did n puni% ! kill+ ( a =eign]1 unless he belong$ to an alli$ nation2 b already 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod a *ange 0 introduc$1 ! =eign] be+ plac$ "u ! protection ( ! ,/ate4#hi ,footnote #gg3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ro?1 ',on ! ,morality ( ! ,v$a1' 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 iii4 #cch4 ,footnote #gi3 ,cf4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #cif2 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #hj3 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 p4 #cig sqq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tges*i*te1 i4 #bgc4 ,footnote #ha3 ,we/gta-,lag5 ,i4 ,af m&rapi1 v4 #d p4 #ac4 ,footnote #hb3 ,laws ( ,ine1 #bj4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,wihtrd1 #bh4 ,footnote #hc3 ,brunn]1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgc sq4 ,gumm]e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhh4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 i4 #eb4 ,footnote #hd3 ,iliad1 ix4 #fdh4 ,footnote #he3 ,h]mann-,blmn]1 ,lehrsb* d] grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #dib4 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #cbe4 ,footnote #hf3 ,mei] & ,s*mann1 ,d] altis*e ,process1 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #hg3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #ab4 ,footnote #hh3 ,plautus1 ,as9>ia1 ii4 #d4 #hh4 ,footnote #hi3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fbb sqq4 ,h[ little reg>d is felt = ! lives ( /rang]s also appe>s f ! read9ess ) :i* w> is wag$ on #cci =eign nations1 comb9$ ) ! e/imation 9 :i* ! successful w>rior is held by 8 c\ntrym54 ,! anci5t ,mexicans 7 nev] at a loss = an excuse to pick a qu>rel ) _! neighb\rs1 s z to be able to procure victims = sacrifices to _! gods4#ij ,no pr(ession 0 held 9 m e/eem among/ !m ?an ! pr(ession ( arms4 ,! deity ( w> 0 ! mo/ rev]$ by !m1 & reg>d$ z ! *ief protector ( ! nation4#ia ,! ,mayas n only want$ to increase _! dom9ions by encroa*m5ts ^u _! neighb\rs' t]ritory1 b und]took raids ) no o!r object ?an t ( obta9+ captives = sacrifice4#ib ,speak+ ( ! w>s ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,m4 ,aml9eau obs]ves1 ,n\s n'avons pas un seul mot dans la littrature gypti5ne1 mme dans les oeuvres gypto-*rti5nes1 qui n\s fasse ent5dre le plus lg] cri de rprobation p\r la gu]re et ses horreurs4#ic ,among ! ,hebrews ! mo/ cruel w>s ( ext]m9ation 7 expressly sanction$ by _! religion4 ,t an idolatr\s p _h no "r to live 0 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse2 b w>s 7 also unscrupul\sly wag$ f worldly motives1 & 9 _! moral code !re is no attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 j & unju/ w>4#id ,among ! ,mohamm$ans x is likewise ! unbeliev]1 n ! =eign] z su*1 t is reg>d$ z ! mo/ prop] object ( slaught]4 ,al?\gh !re is no precept 9 ! ,koran :i*1 tak5 ) ! context1 ju/ifies unprovok$ w>1#ie ! say+ t ,p>adise is "u ! %ad[ ( swords#if is popul>ly appli$ to all w>f>e aga9/ infidels4 ,among ! ,celts#ig & ,teutons a man's highe/ aspiration 0 to acquire milit>y glory4 ,! ,sc&9avians consid]$ x a disgrace = a man to die #cdj )\t hav+ se5 human blood fl[2#ih ev5 ! slay+ ( a tribesman !y (t5 reg>d$ lightly :5 x _h be5 done op5ly & bravely4 ,9 ,greece1 9 anci5t times at lea/1 w> 0 ! normal relation betwe5 diff]5t /ates1 & peace an exception1 = :i* a special treaty 0 requir$2#ii :ile to conqu] & enslave b>b>ians 0 reg>d$ z a "r giv5 to ! ,greeks by ,nature4 ,! :ole /atecraft ( ! e>ly ,republic ( ,rome 0 no d\bt bas$ ^u simil> pr9ciples2#ajj & 9 lat] days1 also1 ! w> policy ( ! ,romans 0 c]ta9ly n conduct$ ) t consci5ti\sness :i* 0 insi/$ ^u by "s ( _! writ]s4 ,footnote #ij3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #dbj4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #cga4 ,footnote #ia3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #cfc4 ,footnote #ib3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gdj1 #gde4 ,footnote #ic3 ,aml9eau1 ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte anci5ne1 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #id3 ,cf4 ,seldeft1 ,de ,syn$riis et ,prfecturis ,juridicis vet]um ,ebrorum1 iii4 #ab1 p4 #aagi sqq42 ,lam5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l'humanit1 i4 #chd sq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,?is 0 lat] on admitt$ by ,lane 7,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #egd71 :o _h previ\sly ma9ta9$ t ! duty ( wag+ holy w> is /rongly urg$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,footnote #if3 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #ig3 ,logan1 ,! ,scotti% ,gael1 i4 #aja4 de ,valrog]1 ,les ,celtes1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ih3 ,njla1 *4 #dj1 vol4 i4 #afg4 ,maur]1 ,rekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #agb4 ,footnote #ii3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bhj4 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 i4 #df4 ,plato1 ,leges1 i4 #fbe4 ,livy1 xxxi4 #bi3 ,cum ali5ig5is1 cum b>b>is aet]num omnibus ,graecis bellum e/4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,cf4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #beg4 ,h[ev]1 ! =eign] is n entirely1 or "u all circum/ances1 devoid ( rights4 ,among ! nations ( ar*aic civilisation1 z among ! l[] races1 hospitality is a duty1 & ! life ( a gue/ is z sacr$ z ! life ( any ( ! p]man5t memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,9 v>i\s cases ! comm5cem5t ( int]national ho/ilities is prec$$ by special c]emonies1 int5d$ to ju/ify acts :i* are n consid]$ prop] 9 times ( peace4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico x 0 usual to s5d a =mal *all5ge or decl>ation ( w> to ! enemy1 z x 0 held discr$itable to attack a p unprep>$ = def5ce2#aja &1 accord+ to ! fecial law ( ! ,romans1 no w> 0 j unless x 0 und]tak5 to reclaim prop]ty1 or unless x 0 solemnly d5\nc$ & proclaim$ be=eh&4#ajb ,9 "s cases w>f>e is condemn$1 or a di/9ction is made betwe5 j & unju/ w> ) ref]5ce to ! purpose = :i* ! w> is wag$4 ,! ,*9ese philosoph]s 7 great advocates ( peace4#ajc ,accord+ to ,lao-,tsze1 a sup]ior man uses weapons only on ! compulsion ( necessity2#ajd !re is no calamity great] #cda ?an lightly engag+ 9 w>1#aje & he :o has kill$ multitudes ( m5 %\ld weep = !m ) ! bitt]e/ grief4#ajf ,9 ! ,indian poem1 ,mahabh>ata1 ne$less w>f>e is condemn$2 x is said t ! success :i* is obta9$ by negotiations is ! be/1 & t ! success :i* is secur$ by battle is ! wor/4#ajg ,among ! ,hebrews ! sect ( ! ,ess5es w5t s f> 9 _! reprobation ( w> t !y w\ld n manufacture any m>tial in/rum5ts :atev]4#ajh ,roman hi/orians1 ev5 9 ! case ( w>s ) b>b>ians1 (t5 discuss ! suffici5cy or insuffici5cy ( ! motives ) a consci5ti\s sev]ity a mod]n hi/orian c\ld h>dly surpass4#aji ,accord+ to ,cic]o1 a w>1 to be j1 ought to be necess>y1 ! sole object ( w> be+ to enable u to live undi/urb$ 9 peace4 ,!re are two modes ( settl+ controv]sies1 he says1 "o by discussion1 ! o!r by a resort to =ce4 ,! fir/ is prop] to man1 ! second is prop] to brutes1 & ought nev] to be adopt$ except :]e ! fir/ is unavailable4#aaj ,s5eca reg>ds w> z a glori\s crime1 comp>able to murd]3--,:at is =bidd5 9 private life is comm&$ by public ord9ance4 ,actions :i*1 committ$ by /eal?1 w\ld meet ) capital puni%m5t1 we praise because committ$ by soldi]s4 ,m51 by nature ! milde/ species ( ! animal race1 are n a%am$ to f9d delight 9 mutual slaught]1 to wage w>s1 & to transmit !m to be wag$ by _! *ildr51 :5 ev5 dumb animals & wild bea/s live at peace ) "o ano!r4#aaa ,hi/ory atte/s t ! ,romans1 9 _! int]c\rse ) o!r nations1 did n act ^u ,cic]o's & ,s5eca's l(ty !ories ( int]national morality2 z ,plut>* obs]ves1 ! two names peace & w> are mo/ly us$ only z co9s1 to procure1 n :at is j1 b :at is exp$i5t4#aab ,yet !re seems to h be5 a g5]al #cdb feel+ 9 ,rome t ! wag+ ( a w> requir$ "s ju/ification4 ,9 decl>+ x1 ! ,roman h]alds call$ all ! gods to witness t ! p aga9/ :om x 0 decl>$ _h be5 unju/ & neglectful ( its obligations4#aac ,footnote #aja3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #cgj4 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbc4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,cf4 ,lanessan1 ,morale des philosophes *9ois1 pp4 #ed1 #ajg4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,to ,teh ,k+1 xxxi4 #b4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ibid4 lxix4 #b4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,ibid4 xxxi4 #c4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,mahabh>ata1 ,bhisma ,p>va1 iii4 #ha 7pt4 xii4 sq4 p4 #f74 ,footnote #ajh3 ,philo1 ,quod lib] sit quisquis virtuti /udet1 p4 #hgg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #beh4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ul1 #ie4 ,footnote #aab3 ,plut>*1 ,vita ,pyrrhi1 xii4 #c1 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #aac3 ,livy1 i4 #cb4 ,ev5 9 w> ! kill+ ( an enemy is1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 prohibit$ ei!r by cu/om or by enlight5$ moral op9ion4 ,among ! anci5t ,nahuas1 :o nev] accept$ a ransom = a prison] ( w>1 ! p]son ( an ambassador 0 at all ev5ts held sacr$4#aad ,9 ! ',book ( ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts1' :i* embodies popul> ,ta\ism1 x is said1 ,d n massacre ! enemies :o yield !mselves1 nor kill ^? :o (f] _! submission4#aae ,! ,hebrews1 :il/ be+ comm&$ to save alive no?+ t brea!? ( ! cities :i* ! ,"l _h giv5 !m = an inh]itance1 7 to deal diff]5tly ) cities :i* 7 v f> (f f !m3 to kill only ! m51 & to take to !mselves ! wom5 & ! little ones4#aaf ,! ,laws ( ,manu lay d[n v humane rules = a k+ :o fights ) 8 foes 9 battle3--,let him n /rike ) weapons conceal$ 9 wood1 nor ) su* z are b>b$1 poison$1 or ! po9ts ( :i* are blaz+ ) fire4 ,let him n /rike "o :o 9 flight has climb$ on an em95ce1 nor a eunu*1 nor "o :o jo9s ! palms ( 8 h&s 9 supplication1 nor "o :o flees ) fly+ hair1 nor "o :o sits d[n1 nor "o :o says ',i am ?9e'2 nor "o :o sleeps1 nor "o :o has lo/ 8 coat ( mail1 nor "o :o is nak$1 nor "o :o is dis>m$1 nor "o :o looks on )\t tak+ "p 9 ! fight1 nor "o :o is fight+ ) ano!r foe2 nor "o ^: weapons are brok51 nor "o afflict$ ) sorr[1 nor "o :o has be5 griev\sly w\nd$1 nor "o :o is 9 fe>1 nor "o :o has turn$ to flight2 b 9 all ^! cases let him rememb] ! duty ( hon\rable w>riors4#aag ,! ,mahabh>ata conta9s expressions ( #cdc simil> *ivalr\s s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to enemies4 ,a c>-w>rior %\ld fight only ) a c>-w>rior1 a horse-man ) a horse-man1 a foot-soldi] ) a foot-soldi]4 ,always be+ l$ by consid]ation ( fitness1 will+ness1 brav]y1 & /r5g?1 "o %\ld /rike ano!r aft] hav+ *all5g$ him4 ,none %\ld /rike ano!r :o is confid+ or :o is panic-/rik54 ,"o fight+ ) ano!r1 "o seek+ refuge1 "o retreat+1 "o ^: weapon is brok51 & "o :o is n clad 9 arm\r %\ld nev] be /ruck4 ,*>iote]s1 animals1 m5 engag$ 9 c>ry+ weapons1 ^? :o play on drums & ^? :o bl[ con*s %\ld nev] be smitt54#aah ,among ! ,greeks1 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 x 0 evid5tly reg>d$ z a matt] ( c\rse t1 on ! fall ( a city1 all ! m5 7 sla91 & ! wom5 & *ildr5 c>ri$ (f z slaves2#aai b 9 hi/oric times su* a treatm5t ( a vanqui%$ foe grew r>]1 & seems1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to h be5 disapprov$ (4#abj ,! rul]s ( ?is l&1 says ! mess5g] 9 ! ',h]aclid1' d n approve ( slay+ enemies :o h be5 tak5 alive 9 battle4#aba ,9 ,rome ! cu/oms ( w> und]w5t a simil> *ange4 ,9 anci5t days ! normal fate ( a captive 0 dea?1 9 lat] times he 0 g5]ally r$uc$ to slav]y2 b _m ?\s&s ( captives 7 condemn$ to ! gladiatorial %[s1 & ! vanqui%$ g5]al 0 commonly sla9 9 ! ,mam]t9e prison4#abb ,on ! o!r h&1 nations or armies t volunt>ily submitt$ to ,rome 7 habitually treat$ ) great l5i5cy4 ,cic]o says3--,:5 we obta9 ! victory we mu/ pres]ve ^? enemies :o behav$ )\t cruelty or inhumanity dur+ ! w>2 = example1 our =efa!rs receiv$1 ev5 z memb]s ( _! /ate1 ! ,tuscans1 ! ,aequi1 ! ,volscians1 ! ,sab9es1 & ! ,h]nici1 b utt]ly de/roy$ ,c>?age & ,numantia4 4 4 4 ,&1 :ile we #cdd are b\nd to ex]cise consid]ation t[>d ^? :om we h conqu]$ by =ce1 s ^? %\ld be receiv$ into our protection :o ?r[ !mselves ^u ! hon\r ( our g5]al1 & lay d[n _! arms1 ev5 ?\gh ! batt]+ rams %\ld h /ruck _! walls4#abc ,footnote #aad3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dbf1 #dab4 ,footnote #aae3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,deut]onomy1 xx4 #ac sqq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,laws ( ,manu1 vii4 #ij sq4 ,footnote #aah3 ,mahabh>ata1 ,bhisma ,p>va1 i4 #bg sqq4 7pt4 xii4 sq4 p4 #b74 ,footnote #aai3 ,iliad1 ix4 #eic sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bha sqq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,euripides1 ,h]aclid1 #iff4 ,footnote #abb3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bj sq4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #beg4 ,footnote #abc3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,homicide ,,9 ,,g5]al 7cont9u$7 ,,*ri/ianity introduc$ into ,europe a high] reg>d = human life ?an 0 felt any:]e 9 pagan society4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians condemn$ homicide ( any k9d z a he9\s s94 ,& 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r que/ions ( moral conc]n1 ! di/9ction ( nationality or race 0 utt]ly ignor$ by !m4 ,! sanctity :i* !y atta*$ to ! life ( e human be+ l$ to a total condemnation ( w>f>e1 %>ply contra/+ ) ! prevail+ s5tim5t 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al _s ( _! religion1 z also ) special passages 9 ! ,bible1#a !y consid]$ w> unlawful "u all circum/ances4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr quotes ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 t nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m1#b & proce$s to say t ! in/ruction 9 ! ^w ( ,god :i* 0 giv5 by ! twelve ,apo/les _h s good effect t we1 :o h]et(ore 7 cont9ually dev\r+ ea* o!r1 w n n[ s mu* z lift up our h& aga9/ our enemies4#c ,lactantius ass]ts t to engage 9 w> _c be lawful = ! righte\s man1 ^: w>f>e is t ( righte\sness itself4#d ,t]tullian asks1 ,c x be lawful to #cdf h&le ! sword1 :5 ! ,"l ,himself has decl>$ t he :o uses ! sword %all p]i% by x8#e ,& 9 ano!r passage he /ates t ! ,"l by 8 dis>m+ ( ,pet] dis>m$ e soldi] f t "t =w>d4#f ,orig5 calls ! ,*ri/ians ! *ildr5 ( peace1 :o1 = ! sake ( ,jesus1 nev] take up ! sword aga9/ any nation2 :o fight = _! mon>* by pray+ = him1 b :o take no "p 9 8 w>s1 ev5 ?\gh he urge !m4#g ,x is true t1 ev5 9 e>ly times1 ,*ri/ian soldi]s 7 n unkn[n2 ,t]tullian alludes to ,*ri/ians :o 7 engag$ 9 milit>y pursuits toge!r ) _! hea!n c\ntrym54#h ,b ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians enroll$ 9 ! army seems n to h be5 v consid]able be=e ! era ( ,con/ant9e1#i &1 ?\gh !y 7 n cut (f f ! ,*ur*1 _! pr(ession 0 look$ ^u z h>dly compatible ) _! religion4 ,/4 ,basil says t soldi]s1 aft] _! t]m ( milit>y s]vice has expir$1 are to be exclud$ f ! sacram5t ( ! communion = ?ree :ole ye>s4#aj ,& accord+ to "o ( ! canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 ^? ,*ri/ians :o1 hav+ ab&on$ ! pr(ession ( arms1 aft]w>ds return$ to x1 z dogs to _! vomit1 7 = "s ye>s to occupy 9 ! ,*ur* ! place ( p5it5ts4#aa ,footnote #a3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 v4 #i1 #ci1 #dd4 ,romans1 xii4 #ag4 ,ephesians1 vi4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,isaiah1 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #c3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apologia ,i4 pro ,*ri/ianis1 #ci 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vi4 #chg sq474 ,footnote #d3 ,lactantius1 ,div9 in/itutiones1 vi4 7',de v]o cultu'7 #bj 7,migne1 op4 cit4 vi4 #gjh74 ,footnote #e3 ,t]tullian1 ,de corona1 #aa 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ib74 ,footnote #f3 ,t]tullian1 ,de idolatria1 #ai 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #fia74 ,footnote #g3 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 v4 #cc2 viii4 #gc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xi4 #abca sq41 #afbg sq474 ,footnote #h3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #db 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #dia74 ,footnote #i3 ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule1 i4 #hd sqq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,/4 ,basil1 ,epi/ola ,,clxxxviii41 ad ,amphilo*ium1 c4 #ac 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xxxii4 #fha sq474 ,footnote #aa3 ,concilium ,nicnum1 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 c4 #ab 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 ii4 #fgd74 ,a div9e law :i* prohibit$ all resi/ance to enemies c\ld c]ta9ly n be accept$ by ! ,/ate1 especially at a "t :5 ! ,empire 0 s]i\sly ?reat5$ by =eign invad]s4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld !re=e nev] become a ,/ate-religion unless x gave up its attitude t[>ds w>4 ,& x gave x up4 ,already 9 #cad a ,c\ncil condemn$ soldi]s :o1 f religi\s motives1 #cdg des]t$ _! col\rs4#ab ,! ,fa!rs ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies did n altoge!r disapprove ( w>4 ,*ryso/om & ,ambrose1 ?\gh see+ ! difficulty ( reconcil+ x ) ! !ory ( ,*ri/ian life :i* !y f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p]ceiv$ t ! use ( ! sword 0 necess>y to pres]ve ! ,/ate4#ac ,/4 ,augu/9e w5t mu* f>!r4 ,he tri$ to prove t ! practice ( w> 0 q compatible ) ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,! soldi]s m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :o 7 seek+ = a k ( salvation1 7 n direct$ by our ,"l to ?r[ aside _! arms & r5\nce _! pr(ession1 b 7 advis$ by him to be cont5t ) _! wages4#ad ,/4 ,pet] baptis$ ,cornelius1 ! c5turion1 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 )\t exhort+ him to give up ! milit>y life1#ae & ,/4 ,paul himself took c>e to h a /rong gu>d ( soldi]s = 8 def5ce4#af ,& 0 n ! hi/ory ( ,david1 ! man aft] ,god's own he>t1 an evid5ce ( ^? be+ wrong :o say t no "o :o wages w> c please ,god8#ag ,:5 ,*ri/ decl>$ t all !y t take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword1#ah ,he ref]r$ to su* p]sons only z arm !mselves to %$ ! blood ( o!rs )\t ei!r comm& or p]mission ( any sup]ior or lawful au?ority4#ai ,a great deal dep5ds on ! causes = :i* m5 und]take w>1 & on ! au?ority !y h = do+ s4 ,^? w>s are j :i* are wag$ ) a view to obta9+ r$ress = wrongs1 or to *a/is+ ! undue arrogance ( ano!r ,/ate4 ,! mon>* has ! p[] ( mak+ w> :5 he ?9ks x advisable1 &1 ev5 if he be a sacrilegi\s #cdh k+1 a ,*ri/ian may fight "u him1 provid$ t :at is enjo9$ ^u ! soldi] p]sonally is n contr>y to ! precept ( ,god4#bj ,9 %ort1 ?\gh peace is our f9al good1 ?\gh 9 ! ,city ( ,god !re is peace 9 et]nity1#ba w> may sometimes be a necessity 9 ?is s9ful _w4 ,footnote #ab3 ,concilium ,arelat5se ,i4 ,a4,d4 #cad1 c4 #c 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dga74 ,cf4 ,le ,blant1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 lxxxii4 ,footnote #ac3 ,gibb1 ',*ri/ian ,*ur* & ,w>1' 9 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 lxxiii4 #hc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 ,,cxxxviii41 ad ,m>cell9um1 #ae 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxiii4 #eca sq474 ,footnote #ae3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 ,,clxxxix41 ad ,bonifacium1 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxiii4 #hee74 ,footnote #af3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/ola ,,xlvii41 ad ,publicolam1 #e 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxiii4 #ahg74 ,footnote #ag3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 ,,clxxxix41 ad ,bonifacium1 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxiii4 #hee74 ,footnote #ah3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxvi4 #eb4 ,footnote #ai3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,contra ,fau/um ,mani*um1 xxii4 #gj 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xlii1 #ddd74 ,footnote #bj3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,contra ,fau/um ,mani*um1 xxii4 #ge 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xlii4 #ddh74 ,footnote #ba3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 xix4 #aa4 ,by ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ! !oretical attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds w> 0 def9itely settl$1 & lat] !ologians only reproduc$ or fur!r elaborat$ 8 views4 ,yet x 0 n ) a p]fectly safe consci5ce t ,*ri/ianity ?us sanction$ ! practice ( w>4 ,!re 0 a feel+ t a soldi] sc>cely c\ld make a good ,*ri/ian4 ,9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 ,leo ! ,pope decl>$ x to be contr>y to ! rules ( ! ,*ur* t p]sons aft] ! action ( p5ance--t is1 p]sons !n consid]$ to be pre-em95tly b\nd to obey ! law ( ,*ri/--%\ld rev]t to ! pr(ession ( arms4#bb ,v>i\s ,c\ncils =bade ! cl]gy to engage 9 w>f>e1#bc & c]ta9 canons exclud$ f ord9ation all :o _h s]v$ 9 an army aft] baptism4#bd ,p5ance 0 prescrib$ = ^? :o _h %$ blood on ! battle-field4#be ,?us #cdi ! ecclesia/ical canons made 9 ,william ! ,conqu]or's reign by ! ,norman prelates1 & confirm$ by ! ,pope1 direct$ t he :o 0 aw>e t he _h kill$ a man 9 a battle %\ld d p5ance = "o ye>1 & t he :o _h kill$ sev]al %\ld d a ye>'s p5ance = ea*4#bf ,occasionally ! ,*ur* seem$ to wake up to ! evils ( w> 9 a m effective way2 !re are sev]al notori\s in/ances ( w>s be+ =bidd5 by popes4 ,b 9 su* cases ! prohibition 0 only too (t5 due to ! fact t "s p>ticul> w> 0 disadvantage\s to ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& :il/ do+ comp>atively little to disc\rage w>s :i* did n int]f]e ) h] own int]e/s1 ! ,*ur* did all ! m to excite w> aga9/ ^? :o 7 objects ( h] hatr$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,leo ,magnus1 ,epi/ola ,,xc41 ad ,ru/icum1 inquis4 #ab 7,migne1 op4 cit4 liv4 #abjf sq474 ,footnote #bc3 ,"o ( ! ,apo/olic ,canons requires t any bi%op1 prie/1 or deacon :o devotes himself to milit>y s]vice %all be degrad$ f 8 ecclesia/ical rank 7,canones ecclesia/ici qui dicuntur ,apo/olorum1 #hc #gd ,buns51 ,analecta ,ante-,nicna1 ii4 #ca74 ,! ,c\ncils ( ,t\l\se1 9 #fcc 7*4 #de1 9 ,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 x4 #fcj71 & ( ,meaux1 9 #hde 7c4 #cg1 ibid4 xiv4 #hbg71 condemn$ to a simil> puni%m5t ^? ( ! cl]gy :o v5tur$ to take up arms4 ,gratian says 7,decretum1 ii4 #bc4 #h4 #d7 t ! ,*ur* refuses to pray = ! s\l ( a prie/ :o di$ on ! battle-field4 ,not)/&+ ! canons ( ,c\ncils & ! decrees ( popes1 ecclesia/ics frequ5tly p>ticipat$ 9 battles 7,nicolaus ,i4 ,epi/ol et ,decreta1 #hc ,migne1 op4 cit4 cxix4 #ibb4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,v4 i4 #ccj1 #che4 ,w>d1 ,f\ndation & ,hi/ory ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 i4 #cfe sq4 ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bjd2 ii4 #dfd4 ,be?une-,bak]1 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ,w>1 p4 #eb4 ,dmml]1 ,ges*i*te des ,o/frnkis*5 ,rei*s1 ii4 #fcg74 ,footnote #bd3 ,grotius1 ,de jure belli et pacis1 i4 #b4 #aj4 #aj4 ,b+ham1 ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 iv4 #d4 #a 7,works1 ii4 #ee74 ,footnote #be3 ,poenit5tiale ,bigotianum1 iv4 i4 #d 7,wass]s*leb51 ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #dec74 ,poenit4 ,vigilanum1 #bg 7ibid4 p4 #ebi74 ,poenit4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxi4 #ae 7ibid4 p4 #ehg sq474 ,cf4 ,mort de ,g>9 le ,loh]a91 p4 #bac3 ,a9z se rep5t et se claime *eti2 ,ses pe*is plore au soir et au mat91 ,de ce qu'il a tans homes mors et pris4 ,footnote #bf3 ,wilk9s1 ,concilia ,magn ,britanni et ,hib]ni1 i4 #cff4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! transition f ! peaceful t5ets ( ! primitive ,*ur* to ! ess5tially milit>y ,*ri/ianity ( ! crusades1 0 *iefly due to ! t]rors & ! example ( ,islam4 ,! _s ( ,muhamm$anism1 says ,mr4 ,lecky1 sl[ly pass$ into ,*ri/ianity1 & trans=m$ x into its image4 ,until !n1 w> 0 r condon$ ?an consecrat$1 &1 :atev] might be ! case ) a few isolat$ prelates1 ! ,*ur* did no?+ to increase or enc\rage x4#bg ,b ?is view is h>dly consi/5t ) facts4 ,*ri/ianity _h ent]$ on ! w>-pa? already be=e x came into contact ) ,muhamm$anism4 ,w>s aga9/ ,arian peoples _h be5 repres5t$ z holy w>s1 = :i* ! combatants w\ld be rew>d$ by ,heav54#bh ,! w> :i* ,*lodwig made ^u ! ,visigo?s 0 n only und]tak5 ) ! approval ( ! cl]gy1 b x 01 z ,mr4 ,gre5wood rem>ks1 prop]ly _! w>1 & ,*lodwig und]took x 9 ! capacity ( a religi\s *ampion 9 all ?+s b ! dis9t]e/$ness :i* ought to di/+ui% t "*4 ,remigius ( ,reims assi/$ him by 8 c\nt5ance & advice1 & ! #cej ,ca?olic prie/hood set e eng9e ( _! craft 9 motion to second & enc\rage him4#bi ,9 ! ,*ur* itself !re 7 g]ms out ( :i* a milit>y _s w\ld naturally develop itself4 ,! fam\s dictum1 ,nulla salus extra ecclesiam1 0 promulgat$ z e>ly z ! days ( ,cyprian4 ,! g5]al view ( m$ival or?odoxy 01 t ^? beyond ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 hea!n & h]etics alike1 7 unalt]ably doom$ to hell1 :]eas ^? :o w\ld ackn[l$ge h] au?ority1 confess _! s9s1 receive ! sacram5t ( baptism1 p>take ( ! eu*>i/ & obey ! prie/1 w\ld be infallibly sav$4 ,if w> 0 all[$ by ,god1 c\ld !re be a m prop] object = x ?an ! salvation ( s\ls o!rwise lo/8 ,& = ^? :o refuse to accept ! gift ( grace (f]$ to !m1 c\ld !re be a ju/] puni%m5t ?an dea?8 ,moreov]1 _h n ! ,israelites f\ght great battles = ! laws & ! sanctu>y8#cj ,_h n ! ,"l ,himself commission$ !m to attack1 subdue1 & de/roy 8 enemies8 ,_h ,he n comm&$ !m to root out ! natives ( ,canaan1 :o1 because ( _! abom9ations1 _h fall5 "u ,god's judgm5t1 & to kill man & bea/ 9 ! ,israeliti% cities :i* _h giv5 !mselves to idolatry1 & to burn all ! spoil1 ) ! city itself1 z a :ole (f]+ to ,yahveh8#ca ,!re 0 no ne$1 !n1 = ! ,*ri/ians to g to ! ,muhamm$ans 9 ord] to le>n ! art ( religi\s w>4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! revelation ( ,god1 gave bett] lessons 9 x ?an ! ,koran1 & 0 con/antly cit$ 9 ju/ification ( any cruelty committ$ 9 ! "n ( religion4#cb ,footnote #bg3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bea sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,gibb1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,gre5wood1 ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]mans1 p4 #eah4 ,footnote #cj3 #a ,maccabees1 xiii4 #c4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,summa !ologica1 ii-ii4 #ahh4 #c7 quotes ?is passage 9 support ( ! doctr9e1 t fight+ may be direct$ to ! pres]vation ( div9e wor%ip4 ,footnote #ca3 ,deut]onomy1 xiii4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cf4 ,con/ant1 ,de la religion1 ii4 #bbi sq4 ,x 0 ?us 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ! g5]al tea*+s ( ! ,*ur* t %e reg>d$ an exploit a*iev$ aga9/ ! infidels z a m]it :i* might oblit]ate ! guilt ( ! mo/ atroci\s crimes4 ,su* a #cea de$ 0 ! in/rum5t ( p>don to ,h5ry ,,ii4 = ! murd] ( ,becket1#cc & 0 suppos$ to be ! means ( cure to ,/4 ,l\is 9 a dang]\s illness4 ,fight+ aga9/ infidels took rank ) fa/+s1 p5it5tial discipl9e1 visits to %r9es1 & almsgiv+s1 z m]it+ ! div9e m]cy4#cd ,he :o fell 9 ! battle c\ld be confid5t t 8 s\l 0 admitt$ directly into ! joys ( ,p>adise4#ce ,& ?is held good n only ( w>s aga9/ ,muhamm$ans4 ,! massacres ( ,jews & h]etics seem$ no less m]itori\s ?an ! slaught] ( ! m remote enemies ( ! ,gospel4 ,nay1 ev5 a slight %ade ( diff]5ce f ! liturgy ( ,rome became at la/ a legitimate cause ( w>4 ,footnote #cc3 ,lyttelton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,life ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,second1 iii4 #if4 ,footnote #cd3 ,cf4 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 iv4 #bji4 ,footnote #ce3 ,cf4 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l'humanit1 vii4 #beg4 ,x is true t ^! views 7 n %>$ by all4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,lyons1 9 #abgd1 ! op9ion 0 pron\nc$1 & ( c\rse eag]ly attack$1 t x 0 contr>y to ! examples ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les to uphold religion ) ! sword & to %$ ! blood ( unbeliev]s4#cf ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,bonet ma9ta9$ t1 accord+ to ,scriptures1 a ,s>ac5 or any o!r disbeliev] c\ld n be compell$ by =ce to accept ! ,*ri/ian fai?4#cg ,franciscus a ,victoria decl>$ t div]sity ( religion is n a cause ( j w>2#ch & a simil> op9ion 0 express$ by ,soto1#ci ,cov>ruvias a ,leyva1#dj & ,su>ez4#da ,accord+ to ,bal?az> ,ayala1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ,spani% lawy] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x does n belong to ! ,*ur* to puni% infidels :o #ceb h nev] receiv$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :]eas ^? :o1 hav+ once receiv$ x1 aft]w>ds endeav\r to prev5t ! propagation ( ! ,gospel1 may1 l o!r h]etics1 be ju/ly p]secut$ ) ! sword4#db ,b ! majority ( jurisconsults1 z well z ( canoni/s1 7 9 fav\r ( ! or?odox view t unbelief is a legitimate reason = go+ to w>4#dc ,& ?is pr9ciple 01 pr(ess$ly1 act$ ^u to an ext5t :i* made ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity = _m c5turies a p]petual crusade1 & trans=m$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* into a milit>y p[] ev5 m =midable ?an ,rome "u ,cs> & ,augu/us4 ,v (t5 religi\s zeal 0 a m]e pretext = w>s :i* 9 reality 7 caus$ by av>ice or desire = p[]4 ,! aim ( ! ,*ur* 0 to be ! ma/] ( ! e>? r ?an ! s]vant ( heav54 ,%e prea*$ crusades n only aga9/ infidels & h]etics1 b aga9/ any disob$i5t pr9ce :o oppos$ h] b\ndless pret5sions4 ,& %e enc\rag$ w> :5 ri* spoils 7 to be expect$ f ! victor1 z a ?ank(f]+ to ,god = ! victory ,he _h grant$1 or z an atonem5t = ! excesses :i* _h be5 committ$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,be?une-,bak]1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,bonet1 ,l'arbre des batailles1 iv4 #b1 p4 #hf3 ,selon la sa9te ,escripture n\s ne p\vons et si ne devons contr$ire ne ef=c] ung mescreant recepvoir ne le sa9t bapteme ne la sa9te foy a9si les devons laiss] en leur fran*e volont que ,dieu leur a donne4 ,footnote #ch3 ,franciscus a ,victoria1 ,relectiones ,!ologic1 vi4 #aj1 p4 #bca3 ,caussa iu/i belli non e/ diu]sitas religionis4 ,yet infidels may be con/ra9$ to all[ ! ,gospel to be prea*$ 7ibid4 v4 #c4 #ab1 p4 #bad sq474 ,footnote #ci3 ,soto1 ,de ju/ititia et jure1 v4 #c4 #e1 fol4 #aed4 ,footnote #dj3 ,cov>iuvias a ,leyva1 ,regul1 ,pecatum1 ii4 #aj4 #b 7,op]a omnia1 i4 #dif73 ,infidelitas non priuat infideles dom9io1 quod hab5t iure humano1 vel habu]unt ante legem ,euangelicam 9 pr\9ciis et regnis1 quae obt95t4 ,footnote #da3 ,su>ez1 cit$ by ,nys1 ,droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #db3 ,ayala1 ,de iure et (ficiis bellicis et discipl9a milit>i1 i4 #b4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,nys1 op4 cit4 p4 #hi4 ,idem1 9 8 ,introduction to ,bonet's ,l'arbre des batailles1 p4 xxiv4 ,accord+ to ,conradus ,brunus 7,de legationibus1 iii4 #h1 p4 #aae71 = in/ance1 any w> wag$ by ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! enemies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? is j1 z be+ und]tak5 = ! def5ce ( religion & ! glory ( ,god 9 ord] to recov] ! possession ( dom9ions unju/ly held by infidels4 ,out ( ?is union betwe5 w> & ,*ri/ianity !re 0 born t curi\s ba/>d1 ,*ivalry4 ,! secul> g]m ( x exi/$ already 9 ! ,g]man =e/s4 ,accord+ to ,tacitus1 ! "y ,g]man :o aspir$ to be a w>rior 0 br\ght into ! mid/ ( ! assembly ( ! *iefs1 :]e 8 fa!r1 or "s o!r relative1 solemnly equipp$ him = 8 future vocation ) %ield & javel94#dd ,assum+ arms 0 ?us made a social di/9ction1 :i* subsequ5tly d]iv$ its "n #cec f "o ( its mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 ! rid+ a w>-horse4 ,b ,*ivalry became some?+ q diff]5t f :at ! ^w indicates4 ,! ,*ur* knew h[ to lay hold ( knigh?ood = h] own purposes4 ,! inve/iture1 :i* 0 orig9ally ( a purely civil nature1 became1 ev5 be=e ! "t ( ! crusades1 z x 71 a sacram5t4#de ,! prie/ deliv]$ ! sword into ! h& ( ! p]son :o 0 to be made a knight1 ) ! foll[+ words1 ,s]ve ,*ri/i1 sis miles 9 nom9e ,patris1 ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti1 ,am54#df ,! sword 0 said to be made 9 semblance ( ! cross s z to signify h[ our ,"l ,god vanqui%$ 9 ! cross ! dea? ( human ly+2#dg & ! ^w ,jesus 0 sometimes engrav5 on its hilt4#dh ,god ,himself _h *os5 ! knight to defeat ) arms ! miscreants :o wi%$ to de/roy 8 ,holy ,*ur*1 9 ! same way z ,he _h *os5 ! cl]gy to ma9ta9 ! ,ca?olic fai? ) ,scripture & reasons4#di ,! knight 0 to ! body politic :at ! arms are to ! human body3 ! ,*ur* 0 ! head1 ,*ivalry ! arms1 ! citiz5s1 m]*ants1 & lab\r]s ! inf]ior memb]s2 & ! arms 7 plac$ 9 ! middle to r5d] !m equally capable ( def5d+ ! inf]ior memb]s & ! head4#ej ,! greate/ amity t %\ld be 9 ?is _w1 says ! au?or ( ! ',ordre ( ,*yualry1' ought to be betwe5 ! knights & cl]ks4#ea ,! sev]al gradations ( knigh?ood 7 reg>d$ z p>allel to ^? ( ! ,*ur*4#eb ,& aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,holy ,l& ! union betwe5 ! pr(ession ( arms & ! religion ( ,*ri/ became /ill m intimate by ! in/itution ( ! two milit>y ord]s ( monks1 ! ,knights ,templ>s & ,knights ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem4 ,footnote #dd3 ,tactitus1 ,g]mania1 #ac4 ,accord+ to ,honor de ,sa9te ,m>ie 7,diss]tations hi/oriques et critiques sur la ,*eval]ie1 p4 #cj sqq471 ,*ivalry is ( ,roman1 accord+ to "s o!r writ]s1 ( ,arabic orig94 ,m4 ,gauti] 7,la ,*eval]ie1 pp4 #ad1 #af7 repudiates ^! !ories1 & reg>ds ,*ivalry z un usage g]ma9 idalis p> l'glise4 ,see also ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire de la civilisation franaise1 i4 #agh sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,scott1 ',essay on ,*ivalry1' 9 ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works1 vi4 #af4 ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 i4 #aj sq4 ,= a description ( ! v>i\s religi\s c]emonies accompany+ ! inve/iture1 see ,! ,book ( ! ,ordre ( ,*yualry or ,knygh?ode1 fol4 #bg b sqq4 ,cf4 also ,favyn1 ,!at] ( ,hon\r & ,knight-,hood1 i4 #eb4 ,footnote #df3 ,favyn1 op4 cit4 i4 #eb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 fol4 #ca a sq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,mills1 op4 cit4 i4 #ga4 ,footnote #di3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 fol4 #aa b4 ,footnote #ej3 ,le ,j\u5cel1 fol4 #id sqq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 fol4 #ab a4 ,footnote #eb3 ,scott1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ae4 #ced ,! duties :i* a knight took on himself by oa? 7 v ext5sive1 b n v well def9$4 ,he %\ld def5d ! holy ,ca?olic fai?1 he %\ld def5d ju/ice1 he %\ld def5d wom51 wid[s1 & orphans1 & all ^? ( ei!r sex t 7 p[]less1 ill at ease1 & groan+ "u oppression1 & inju/ice4#ec ,9 ! "n ( religion & ju/ice he c\ld ?us practically wage w> almo/ at w4 ,?\gh mu* real oppression 0 und\bt$ly av5g$ by ^! soldi]s ( ! ,*ur*1 ! knight seems z a rule to h c>$ little = ! cause or necessity ( 8 do+ battle4 ,la gu]re e/ ma patrie1 ,mon h>nois ma maison3 ,et en t\te saison ,combatre c'e/ ma vie1 0 a say+ mu* 9 use 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4#ed ,! g5]al impression :i* ,froiss>t gives u 9 8 hi/ory is1 t ! age 9 :i* he liv$ 0 completely giv5 ov] to fight+1 & c>$ ab\t no?+ else :atev]4#ee ,! ,fr5* knights nev] spoke ( w> b z a fea/1 a game1 a pa/ime4 ,let !m play _! game1 !y said ( ! cross-b[ m51 :o 7 %[]+ d[n arr[s on !m2 & to play a great game1 j\] gros jeu1 0 _! description ( a battle4#ef ,previ\s to ! in/itution ( ,*ivalry !re c]ta9ly exi/$ mu* fight+ 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 b knigh?ood r5d]$ w> a fa%ionable accompli%m5t4#eg ,& s all-absorb+ became ! passion = x t1 z real injuries 7 n likely to occur e day1 artificial grievances 7 creat$1 & tilts & t\rnam5ts 7 inv5t$ 9 ord] to keep 9 action ! sons ( w> :5 !y _h no o!r employm5ts = _! c\rage4 ,ev5 9 ^! images ( w>--:i* 7 by no means s h>mless z !y h sometimes be5 repres5t$ to be#eh--! intimate connection #cee betwe5 ,*ivalry & religion displays itself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,be=e ! t\rnam5t began1 ! coats ( arms1 helmets1 & o!r objects 7 c>ri$ into a mona/]y1 & aft] ! victory 0 ga9$ ! arms & ! horses :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! fight 7 (f]$ up at ! *ur*4#ei ,! proclamations at ! t\rnam5ts 7 g5]ally 9 ! "n ( ,god & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,be=e battle ! knights confess$1 & he>d mass2 &1 :5 !y ent]$ ! li/s1 !y held a sort ( image ) :i* !y made ! sign ( ! cross4#fj ,moreov]1 z ! fea/s ( ! t\rnam5ts 7 accompani$ by ^! acts ( devotion1 s ! fea/s ( ! ,*ur* 7 sometimes adorn$ ) ! images ( ! t\rnam5ts4#fa ,x is true t ! ,*ur* n[ & !n made attempts to /op ^! p]=mances4#fb ,b !n %e did s av[$ly because !y prev5t$ _m knights f jo9+ ! holy w>s1 or because !y swall[$ up treasures :i* might o!rwise ) advantage h be5 p\r$ into ! ,holy ,l&4#fc ,footnote #ec3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 foll4 #aa b1 #ag a4 ,sa9te-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne ,*eval]ie1 i4 #ge1 #abi4 ,footnote #ed3 ,de la ,n\1 ,disc\rs politiques et militaires1 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #ee3 ,see ,sir ,james ,/eph5's essay on ',froiss>t's ,*ronicles1' 9 8 ,hor ,sabbatic1 i4 #bb sqq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fa4 ,footnote #eg3 ,mill+51 ,hi/ory ( ,duell+1 i4 #gj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 i4 #agi2 ii4 #ge4 ,du ,cange1 ',diss]tations sur l'hi/oire de ,s4 ,l\ys1' 9 ,petitot1 ,collection des ,mmoires relatifs l'hi/oire de ,france1 iii4 #abb sq4 ,honor de ,sa9te ,m>ie1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 i4 #aea4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid4 ii4 #eg4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid4 ii4 #eg sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,du ,cange1 loc4 cit4 p4 #abd sqq4 ,honor de ,sa9te ,m>ie1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahf4 ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ge4 ,footnote #fc3 ,du ,cange1 loc4 cit4 p4 #abe sq4 ,closely connect$ ) ! feudal sy/em 0 ! practice ( private w>4 ,?\gh tribunals _h be5 in/itut$1 & ev5 long aft] ! k+s' c\rts _h become well-organis$ & p[]ful in/itutions1 a nobleman _h a "r to wage w> ^u ano!r nobleman f :om he _h suff]$ "s gross injury4#fd ,on su* occasions n only ! relatives1 b ! vassals1 ( ! injur$ man 7 b\nd to help him 9 8 qu>rel1 & ! same obligation exi/$ 9 ! case ( ! aggressor4#fe ,only great] crimes 7 reg>d$ z legitimate causes ( private w>1#ff b ?is rule 0 n at all /rictly obs]v$4#fg ,z #cef a matt] ( fact1 ! b>ons fl$ to arms ^u e qu>rel2 he :o c\ld raise a small =ce at once made w> ^u him :o _h any?+ to lose4 ,! nations ( ,europe 7 subdivid$ into innum]able subord9ate /ates1 :i* 7 almo/ indep5d5t1 & decl>$ w> & made treaties ) all ! vig\r & all ! c]emonies ( p[]ful mon>*s4 ,contempor>y hi/orians describe ! excesses committ$ 9 prosecution ( ^! inte/9e qu>rels 9 su* t]ms z excite a/oni%m5t & horror2 & great p>ts ( ,europe 7 9 consequ5ce r$uc$ to ! condition ( a des]t1 :i* x ceas$ to be wor? :ile to cultivate4#fh ,footnote #fd3 ,! "r ( private w> g5]ally suppos$ nobility ( bir? & equality ( rank 9 bo? ! cont5d+ p>ties 7,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 lix4 #e sq4 vol4 ii4 #cee sqq42 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,v4 i4 #cbi74 ,b x 0 also grant$ to ! ,fr5* communes1 & to ! free t[ns 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,spa9 7,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #cdh74 ,footnote #fe3 ,du ,cange1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #dej1 #deh4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ibid4 p4 #dde sq4 ,arnold1 ,deuts*e ,urzeit1 p4 #cda4 von ,w*t]1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #fg3 ,we read ( a nobleman :o decl>$ w> aga9/ ! city ( ,frank=t1 because a lady resid+ !re _h promis$ to dance ) 8 c\s91 b danc$ ) ano!r2 & ! city 0 oblig$ to satisfy ! w\nd$ hon\r ( ! g5tleman 7von ,w*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg74 ,footnote #fh3 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccb4 ,! ,*ur* made "s feeble attempts to put an end to ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,?us1 ab\t ! ye> #iij1 ord9ances 7 direct$ aga9/ ! practice ( private w> by sev]al bi%ops 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :o agre$ to exclude him :o violat$ _! ord9ances f all ,*ri/ian privileges dur+ 8 life1 & to d5y him ,*ri/ian burial aft] 8 dea?4#fi ,a little lat]1 m5 engag$ 9 w>f>e 7 exhort$1 by sacr$ relics & by ! bodies ( sa9ts1 to lay d[n _! arms & to swe> t !y w\ld nev] aga9 di/urb ! public peace by _! private ho/ilities4#gj ,b x is h>dly likely t su* directions _h mu* effect z long z ! bi%ops & abbots !mselves 7 all[$ to wage private w> by means ( _! vidames1 & ex]cis$ ?is "r sc>cely less frequ5tly ?an ! b>ons4#ga ,nor does x seem t #ceg ! ,*ur* br\ght ab\t any consid]able *ange = ! bett] by e/abli%+ ! ,truce ( ,god1 involv+ obligatory respite f ho/ilities dur+ ! great fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 z also f ! ev5+ ( ,w$nesday 9 ea* week to ! morn+ ( ,monday 9 ! week ensu+4#gb ,we are assur$ by good au?orities t ! ,truce 0 g5]ally disreg>d$1 ?\gh ! violator 0 ?reat5$ ) ! p5alty ( excommunication4#gc ,mo/ b>ons c\ld probably say ) ,b]tram de ,born3--,la paix ne me convi5t pas2 la gu]re seule me plat4 ,je n'ai g>d ni aux lundis1 ni aux m>dis4 ,les sema9es1 les mois1 les annes1 t\t m'e/ gal4 ,en t\t temps1 je veux p]dre quiconque me nuit4#gd ,! ord9ance enjo9+ ! treuga ,dei 0 transgress$ ev5 by ! popes4#ge ,x 0 too unpractical a direction to be obey$1 & 0 soon giv5 up ev5 9 !ory by ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?omas ,aqu9as says t1 z physicians may lawfully apply rem$ies to m5 on fea/-days1 s j w>s may be lawfully prosecut$ on su* days = ! def5ce ( ! commonweal? ( ! fai?ful1 if necessity s requires2 = x w\ld be tempt+ ,god = a man to want to keep 8 h&s f w> "u /ress ( su* necessity4#gf ,& 9 support ( ?is op9ion he quotes ! fir/ ,book ( ! ,maccabees1 :]e x is said1 ,:osoev] %all come to make battle ) u on ! sabba? day1 we w fight aga9/ him4#gg ,footnote #fi3 ',*>ta de ,treuga et ,pace p] ,anici5sem ,praesulem ,widonem 9 ,congregatione quamplurium ,episcoporum1 ,pr9cipium1 et ,nobilium hujus ,t]rae sancita1' 9 ,dumont1 ,corps univ]sel diplomatique du droit des g5s1 i4 #da4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ra\l ,glab]1 ,hi/ori sui temporis1 iv4 #e 7,b\quet1 ,r]um ,gallic>um et ,francic>um ,scriptores1 x4 #di74 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #cce4 ,footnote #ga3 ,brussel1 ,n\vel exam5 de l'usage gnral des fiefs en ,france1 i4 #add4 ,h[ mu* ! prelates 7 infect$ by ! g5]al _s ( ! age1 appe>s f a *>act]i/ic /ory ( an ar*bi%op ( ,cologne :o gave to "o ( 8 vassals a ca/le situat$ on a /]ile rock4 ,:5 ! vassal object$ t he c\ld n subsi/ on su* a soil1 ! ar*bi%op answ]$1 ,:y d y compla98 ,f\r roads unite "u ! walls ( y\r ca/le 7,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #ejd74 ,footnote #gb3 ,ra\l ,glab]1 op4 cit4 v4 #a 7loc4 cit4 p4 #ei74 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium ad scriptores m$i et infim ,lat9itatis1 vi4 #abfg sq4 ,h5ault1 ,n\vel abrg *ronologique de l'hi/oire de ,france1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #gc3 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium1 vi4 #abgb4 ,nys1 ,droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #gd3 ,villema91 ,c\rs de littrature franaise1 ,littrature du ,moy5 ,age1 i4 #abb sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,belli1 ,de re milit>i1 quot$ by ,nys1 op4 cit4 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #gf3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #dj4 #d4 ,footnote #gg3 ,maccabees1 ii4 #da4 ,x seems t ! ma9 cause ( ! abolition ( private w> 0 n any measure tak5 by ! ,*ur*1 b ! increase ( ! au?ority ( emp]ors or k+s4 ,9 ,france ! "r ( wag+ private w> 0 mod]at$ by ,l\is ,,ix41 *eck$ by ,philip ,,iv41 suppress$ by #ceh ,*>les ,,vi4#gh ,9 ,engl&1 aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1 private w>s seem to h occurr$ m r>ely ?an on ! ,cont95t1 probably ow+ to ! /r5g? ( ! royal au?ority1 :i* made ! execution ( ju/ice m vigor\s & ! jurisdiction ( ! ,k+'s c\rt m ext5sive ?an 0 ! case 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries4#gi ,9 ,scotl& ! practice ( private w> receiv$ its f9al bl[ only late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! clans 7 r$uc$ to ord] aft] ! rebellion ( #agde4hj ,:il/1 !n1 x is impossible to ascribe to ! ,*ur* any consid]able "p 9 ! movem5t :i* ultimately l$ to ! entire abolition ( private w>1 we h1 on ! o!r h&1 to take into acc\nt ! enc\ragem5t :i* ! ,*ur* gave to ! w>like _s ( ! "t by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ivalry#ha & by sanction+ w> z a div9e in/itution4 ,w> came to be look$ ^u z a judgm5t ( ,god & ! victory z a sign ( 8 special fav\r4 ,be=e a battle1 ! s]vice ( mass 0 usually p]=m$ by bo? armies 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 & no w>rior w\ld fight )\t secretly brea?+ a pray]4#hb ,pope ,adrian ,,iv4 says t a w> comm5c$ "u ! auspices ( religion _c b be =tunate2#hc & x 0 commonly believ$ t ,god took no less int]e/ 9 ! battle ?an did ! fight+ w>riors4 ,bonet1 :o wrote 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 puts to himself ! "q1 :y !re are s _m w>s 9 ! _w1 & gives ! answ]1 que t\tes sont p\r le pe*i du siecle dont no/re seigneur ,dieu p\r le pugnir p]met les gu]res1 c> a9si le ma9ti5t l'escripture4#hd ,footnote #gh3 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee1 #ef1 #cch sqq4 ,hallam1 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 i4 #bjg4 ,brussel1 op4 cit4 i4 #adb4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ibid4 i4 #cdc sq4 ,pr(4 ,freeman 7,comp>ative ,politics1 p4 #cbh sq47 m5tions z ! la/ in/ance ( private w> 9 ,engl& "o f ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,footnote #hj3 ,lawr5ce1 ,essays on "s ,disput$ ,que/ions 9 ,mod]n ,int]national ,law1 p4 #bed sq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,i d n und]/& h[ ,m4 ,gauti] c say 7op4 cit4 p4 #f7 t ,*ivalry 0 ! mo/ beautiful ( ^? means by :i* ! ,*ur* endeav\r$ to *eck w>4 ,footnote #hb3 ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 i4 #adg4 ,footnote #hc3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #bde4 ,footnote #hd3 ,bonet1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ed1 p4 #aej4 ,simil> op9ions h reta9$ _! place 9 ! or?odox cre$s bo? ( ! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant #cei ,*ur*es up to ! pres5t day4 ,! attitude adopt$ by ! great ,*ri/ian congregations t[>ds w> has be51 & is /ill1 to a consid]able degree1 t ( sympa!tic approval4 ,! ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t br+s home t !re are on record in/ances ( slaught] execut$ by ! special comm& ( ,god ,himself1 z :5 ! sons ( ,levi1 :o put to dea? s _m ?\s&s 9 "o day1 aft] ! slaught] 7 ?us address$ by ,moses1 ,ye h consecrat$ y\r h&s ?is day to ! ,"l4#he ,ev5 q mod]n ,ca?olic writ]s ref] to ! canoni/s :o held t a ,/ate might lawfully make w> ^u a h]etic p :i* 0 spread+ h]esy1 & ^u a pagan p :i* prev5t$ ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel4#hf ,aga91 :5 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es became ,/ate-,*ur*es1 _! m9i/]s1 consid]+ !mselves z 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 7 ready to *ampion :atev] w> ! ,gov]nm5t pleas$ to und]take4 ,z ,mr4 ,gibb obs]ves1 ! ,prote/ant m9i/] 0 z ready ) 8 ,?anksgiv+ ,s]mon = ! victories ( a pr(ligate w>1 z ! ,ca?olic prie/ 0 ) 8 ,te ,deum2 inde$1 ! latt] 0 probably ! m indep5d5t ( ! two1 because ( 8 allegiance to ,rome4#hg ,! new ,confessions ( ,fai? explicitly claim$ = ! ,/ate ! "r ( wag+ w>1 & ! ,anabapti/s 7 condemn$ because !y consid]$ w> unlawful = a ,*ri/ian4#hh ,ev5 ! necessity ( a j cause z a reason = tak+ "p 9 w>f>e1 :i* 0 reass]t$ at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 0 subsequ5tly all[$ to drop out ( sight4 ,mr4 ,f>r] calls att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! #cg? article ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 :i* is to ! effect t a ,*ri/ian at ! comm& ( ! magi/rate may we> weapons & s]ve 9 w>s1 ! ^w ju/a 9 ! ,lat9 =m prec$+ ! ^w bella has be5 omitt$ altoge!r4#hi ,footnote #he3 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 iii4 #f4 #e4 ,footnote #hf3 ,adds & ,arnold1 ,ca?olic ,diction>y1 p4 #idd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,gibb1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #hh3 ,augsburg ,confession1 i4 #af4 ,second ,helvetic ,confession1 xxx4 #d4 ,footnote #hi3 ,f>r]1 ,milit>y ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #bjh4 #cfj ,nor did ! old op9ion t w> is a provid5tial in/itution & a judgm5t ( ,god die ) ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"l ,bacon looks ^u w>s z ! highe/ trials ( "r2 :5 pr9ces & /ates t ackn[l$ge no sup]ior ^u e>? %all put !mselves ^u ! ju/ice ( ,god1 = ! decid+ ( _! controv]sies by su* success z x %all please ,him to give on ei!r side4#ij ,ral de ,curban says t a w> is seldom successful unless x be j1 h5ce ! victor may presume t ,god is on 8 side4#ia ,accord+ to ,j]emy ,taylor1 k+s are 9 ! place ( ,god1 :o /rikes :ole nations1 & t[ns1 & villages2 & w> is ! rod ( ,god 9 ! h&s ( pr9ces4#ib ,& x is n only look$ ^u z an in/rum5t ( div9e ju/ice1 b x is also said1 g5]ally1 to "w out ! noble purposes ( ,god4#ic ,its t5d5cy1 z a !ological writ] assures u1 is to rectify & exalt ! popul> conception ( ,god1 !re be+ no?+ among m5 l ! smell ( gunp[d] = mak+ a nation p]ceive ! fragrance ( div9ity 9 tru?4#id ,by w> ! diff]5t c\ntries h be5 op5$ up to ! advance ( true religion4#ie ,no p ev] did1 or ev] c\ld1 feel ! p[] ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciple gr[+ up l an inspiration ?r\gh ! national manhood1 until ! wor? ( x _h be5 ?und]$ on ! battle-field4#if ,w> is1 :5 ,god s5ds x1 a means ( grace & ( national r5ovation2 x is a solemn duty 9 :i* usually only ! be/ ,*ri/ians & mo/ tru/wor?y m5 %\ld be commission$ to hold ! sword4#ig ,accord+ to ,m4 ,pr\dhon1 x is ! mo/ sublime ph5om5on ( our moral life1#ih a div9e revelation m au?oritative ?an ! ,gospel itself4#ii ,! w>like p is ! religi\s p2#ajj w> is ! sign ( #cfa human gr&eur1 peace a ?+ = beav]s & %eep4 ,philan?rope1 v\s p>lez d'abolir la gu]re2 pr5ez g>de de dgrad] le g5re huma94#aja ,footnote #ij3 ,bacon1 ,lett]s & ,life1 i4 7,works1 viii471 #adf4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ral de ,curban1 ,la sci5ce du g\v]nem5t1 v4 #cid sq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,taylor1 ,:ole ,works1 xii4 #afd4 ,footnote #ic3 ',! ,sword & ,*ri/ianity1' 9 ,bo/on ,review devot$ to ,!ology & ,lit]ature1 iii4 #bfa4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bei1 #beg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,holl&1 ,"t ( ,w>1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #if3 ,bo/on ,review1 iii4 #beg4 ,footnote #ig3 ',*ri/ianity & ,w>1' 9 ,*ri/ian ,review1 xxvi4 #fjd4 ,footnote #ih3 ,pr\dhon1 ,la gu]re et la paix1 ii4 #dbj4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid4i4#fb2 ii4 #dce4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ibid4 i4 #de4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid4 i4 #dc4 ,9 ord] to prove ! consi/5cy ( w> ) ,*ri/ianity appeals are /ill1 z 9 =m] days1 made to ! ,bible2 to ! div9ely-sanction$ example ( ! anci5t ,israelites1 to ! fact t ,jesus nev] prohibit$ ^? ar\nd ,him f be>+ arms1 to ! in/ances ( ! c5turions m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel1 to ,/4 ,paul's pr$ilection = tak+ 8 spiritual metaphors f ! pr(ession ( ! soldi]1 & s on4#ajb ,accord+ to ,canon ,mozley1 ! ,*ri/ian recognition ( ! "r ( w> 0 conta9$ 9 ,*ri/ianity's orig9al recognition ( nations4#ajc ,by a =tunate necessity1 a univ]sal empire is impossible4#ajd ,ea* nation is a c5tre by itself1 & :5 que/ions ( "r & ju/ice arise betwe5 ^! indep5d5t c5tres1 !y _c be decid$ except by mutual agreem5t or =ce4 ,! aim ( ! nation go+ to w> is exactly ! same z t ( ! individual 9 ent]+ a c\rt1 & ! ,*ur*1 :i* has no au?ority to decide :i* is ! "r side1 _c b /& neutral & contemplate w> =5sically1 z a mode ( settl+ national que/ions1 :i* is ju/ifi$ by ! want ( any o!r mode4#aje ,a natural ju/ice1 ,canon ,mozley adds1 is inh]5t n only 9 w>s ( self-def5ce2 !re is an in/9ctive rea*+ 9 nations & masses ( p aft] alt]ation & readju/m5t1 :i* has ju/ice 9 x1 & :i* arises f real ne$s4 ,! arrangem5t does n suit z x /&s1 !re is want ( adaptation1 !re is conf9em5t & pressure2 !re are p kept away f ea* o!r t are made to be toge!r1 & p>ts sep>at$ t 7 made to jo94 ,all ?is uneas9ess 9 ,/ates naturally leads to w>4 ,moreov]1 !re are w>s ( progress :i*1 s f> z !y are really necess>y = ! due advantage ( mank9d & #cfb gr[? ( society1 are approv$ ( by ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh !y d n /rictly belong to ! head ( w>s und]tak5 9 self-def5ce4#ajf ,a doctr9e :i* ?us1 9 ! "n ( religion1 all[s ! wag+ ( w>s = rectify+ ! political di/ribution ( nationalities & races1 & =w>d+ ! s-call$ progress ( ! _w1 naturally l5ds itself to ! ju/ification ( almo/ any w> ent]$ ^u by a ,*ri/ian ,/ate4#ajg ,z a matt] ( fact1 x w\ld be impossible to f9d a s+le in/ance ( a w> wag$ by a ,prote/ant c\ntry1 f any motive1 to :i* ! bulk ( its cl]gy h n giv5 _! sanction & support4 ,! opposition aga9/ w> has g5]ally come f o!r qu>t]s4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see e4g41 ,br[ne1 ,exposition ( ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles1 p4 #hbg sq42 ,*ri/ian ,review1 xxvi4 #fjc sq42 ,eclectic ,magaz9e1 xiii4 #cgb4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,mozley1 ',on ,w>1' 9 ,s]mons prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,ibid4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajj sqq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,ibid4 #ajd sq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,on ! pr9ciple ( progress1 ,canon ,mozley himself ju/ifies 7ibid4 p4 #aaj sq47 n only ! w>s und]tak5 aga9/ two ,ea/]n empires :i* h %ut !mselves up & exclud$ !mselves f ! society ( mank9d1 b two ( ! ?ree great ,european w>s ( ! la/ doz5 ye>s4 ,?is 0 said 9 #ahga4 ,!re h be51 & /ill are1 ,*ri/ian sects :i*1 on religi\s gr\nds1 condemn w> ( any k9d4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,loll>ds taught t homicide 9 w> is expressly contr>y to ! ,new ,te/am5t2 !y 7 p]secut$ p>tly on t acc\nt4#ajh ,( ! same op9ion 7 ! ,anabapti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & !y c\ld claim on _! side ! words ( m5 l ,colet & ,erasmus4 ,f ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,paul's ,colet ?und]$ t an unju/ peace is bett] ?an ! ju/e/ w>1 & t1 :5 m5 out ( hatr$ & ambition fight ) & de/roy "o ano!r1 !y fight "u ! bann]1 n ( ,*ri/1 b ( ! ,devil4#aji ,accord+ to ,erasmus no?+ is m impi\s1 m calamit\s1 m widely p]nici\s1 m invet]ate1 m base1 or 9 sum m unwor?y ( a man1 n to say ( a ,*ri/ian1 ?an w>4 ,x is worse ?an brutal2 to man no wild bea/ is m de/ructive ?an 8 fell[-man4 ,:5 brutes fight1 !y fight ) weapons :i* nature has giv5 !m1 :]eas we arm ourselves = mutual slaught] ) weapons :i* nature nev] ?\ght (4 ,nei!r d bea/s break out #cfc 9 ho/ile rage = trifl+ causes1 b ei!r :5 hung] drives !m to madness1 or :5 !y f9d !mselves attack$1 or :5 !y are al>m$ = ! safety ( _! "y4 ,b we1 on frivol\s pret5ces1 :at trag$ies d we act on ! !atre ( w>6 ,"u col\r ( "s obsolete & disputable claim to t]ritory2 9 a *ildi% passion = a mi/ress2 = causes ev5 m ridicul\s ?an ^!1 we k9dle ! flame ( w>4 ,transactions truly helli%1 are call$ holy w>s4 ,bi%ops & grave div9es1 decrepit z !y are 9 p]son1 fight f ! pulpit ! battles ( ! pr9ces1 promis+ remission ( s9s to all :o w take "p 9 ! w> ( ! pr9ce1 & exclaim+ to ! latt] t ,god w fight = him1 if he only keeps 8 m9d fav\rable to ! cause ( religion4 ,& yet1 h[ c\ld x ev] ent] into our he>ts1 t a ,*ri/ian %\ld imbrue 8 h&s 9 ! blood ( a ,*ri/ian6 ,:at is w> b murd] & !ft committ$ by great numb]s on great numb]s6 ,does n ! ,gospel decl>e1 9 decisive words1 t we mu/ n revile aga9 ^? :o revile u1 t we %\ld d good to ^? :o use u ill1 t we %\ld give up ! :ole ( our possessions to ^? :o take a "p1 t we %\ld pray = ^? :o design to take away our lives8 ,! _w has s _m le>n$ bi%ops1 s _m grey-head$ gr&ees1 s _m c\ncils & s5ates1 :y is n rec\rse _h to _! au?ority1 & ! *ildi% qu>rels ( pr9ces settl$ by _! wise & decisive arbitration8 ,! man :o engages 9 w> by *oice1 t man1 :oev] he is1 is a wick$ man2 he s9s aga9/ nature1 aga9/ ,god1 aga9/ man1 & is guilty ( ! mo/ aggravat$ & complicat$ impiety4#aaj ,^! 7 ! ma9 argum5ts ( reason1 humanity1 & religion1 :i* ,erasmus adduc$ aga9/ w>4 ,!y c\ld n leave ! re=m]s entirely unaffect$4 ,sir ,?omas ,m *>g$ ,lu!r himself & 8 disciples ) c>ry+ ! doctr9es ( peace to ! extreme limits #cfd ( non-resi/ance4#aaa ,b1 z we h notic$1 ^! peaceful t5d5cies only =m$ a pass+ phase 9 ! hi/ory ( ,re=mation1 & 7 left to ! c>e ( sect>ians4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,p]ry1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 ,fir/ ,p]iod1 pp4 #dee1 #dfg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,gre51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 ii4 #ic4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,erasmus1 ,adagia1 iv4 #a1 col4 #hic sqq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,f>r]1 ,milit>y ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #ahe4 ,among ^! ! ,quak]s are ! mo/ important4 ,by virtue ( v>i\s passages 9 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1#aab !y cont5d t all w>f>e1 :atev] be its peculi> features1 circum/ances1 or pretexts1 is :olly at v>iance ) ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is always ! duty ( ,*ri/ians to obey _! ,ma/]'s high & holy law--to suff] wrong1 to return good = evil1 to love _! enemies4 ,w> is also inconsi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple t human life is sacr$1 & t dea? is foll[$ by inf9ite consequ5ces4 ,s9ce man is de/9$ = et]nity1 ! future welf>e ( a s+le individual is ( great] importance ?an ! m]ely temporal prosp]ity ( a :ole nation4 ,:5 cutt+ %ort ! days ( _! neighb\r & transmitt+ him1 prep>$ or unprep>$1 to ! awful realities ( an ev]la/+ /ate1 ,*ri/ians take ^u !mselves a mo/ unw>rantable responsibility1 unless su* an action is expressly sanction$ by _! div9e ,ma/]1 z 0 ! case among ! ,israelites4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t !re is no su* sanction1 h5ce x mu/ be conclud$ t1 "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 x is utt]ly unlawful = "o man to kill ano!r1 "u :atev] circum/ances ( exp$i5cy or provocation ! de$ may be committ$4 ,& a ,*ri/ian :o fights by ! comm& ( 8 pr9ce1 & 9 behalf ( 8 c\ntry1 n only commits s9 9 8 own p]son1 b aids & abets ! national transgression4#aac ,footnote #aab3 ,isaiah1 *4 ii4 sqq4 ,micah1 iv4 #a sqq4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 v4 #ch sqq42 xxvi4 #eb4 ,/4 ,luke1 vi4 #bg sqq4 ,/4 ,john1 xviii4 #cf4 ,romans1 xii4 #ai sqq4 #a ,pet]1 iii4 #i4 ,footnote #aac3 ,gurney1 ,views ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 p4 #cge sqq4 ,x mu/ be add$ t views simil> to ^! are also f\nd indep5d5tly ( any p>ticul> =m ( sect>ianism4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,wayl&1 all w>s1 def5sive z well z (f5sive1 are contr>y to ! reveal$ w ( ,god1 aggression f a =eign nation call+ n = retaliation & #cfe injury1 b r = special k9dness & good-w4#aad ,!odore ,p>k]1 ! ,congregational m9i/]1 looks ^u w> z a s91 a corrupt] ( public morals1 a practical d5ial ( ,*ri/ianity1 a violation ( ,god's et]nal love4#aae ,w4 ,/okes1 ! ,bapti/1 obs]ves t ,*ri/ianity _c sanction w>1 :e!r (f5sive or def5sive1 because w> is an immeasurable evil1 by hurl+ unnumb]$ myriads ( our fell[-m5 to a premature judgm5t & endless despair4#aaf ,moreov]1 ^? :o comp>e ! /ate ( op9ion dur+ ! la/ ye>s ) t ( =m] p]iods1 _c fail to obs]ve a m>k$ progress ( a s5tim5t antagoni/ic to w> 9 ! v>i\s sections ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4#aag ,yet1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! or?odox are /ill ( ! same op9ion z ,sir ,james ,turn]1 :o decl>$ t ^? :o condemn ! pr(ession or art ( soldi]y1 smell rank ( ,anabaptism & ,quak]y2#aah & w> is 9 our days1 z x 0 9 ^? ( ,erasmus1#aai s mu* sanction$ by au?ority & cu/om1 t x is deem$ impi\s to be> te/imony aga9/ x4 ,! duties :i* compulsory milit>y s]vice imposes ^u ! male population ( mo/ ,*ri/ian c\ntries presuppose t a ,*ri/ian %\ld h no scruples ab\t tak+ "p 9 any w> wag$ by ! ,/ate1 & are recognis$ z b9d+ by ! cl]gy ( ^? c\ntries4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,arnold asks1 ,did x become a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to make no o!r (ficial decl>ation ( its s5tim5ts conc]n+ w>1 ?an by say+ t ,*ri/ian m5 might lawfully engage 9 x8#abj ,footnote #aad3 ,wayl&1 ,elem5ts ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 pp4 #cge1 #cgi4 ,footnote #aae3 ,p>k]1 ,s]mon ( ,w>1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,/okes1 ,all ,w> inconsi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #aag3 ,cf4 ,gibb1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #aah3 ,turn]1 ,pallas ,armata1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #aai3 ,erasmus1 op4 cit4 iv4 #a4 #a4 col4 #hid4 ,footnote #abj3 ,arnold1 ,on ! ,*ur*1 p4 #acf4 ,! prote/ aga9/ w> :i* ex]cis$ p]haps ! wide/ influ5ce on public op9ion came f a s*ool ( morali/s ^: t5d5cies 7 n only anti-or?odox1 b di/9ctly ho/ile to ! mo/ ess5tial dogmas ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,bayle1 9 8 ,diction>y1 calls ,erasmus' essay #cff aga9/ w> "o ( ! mo/ beautiful diss]tations ev] writt54#aba ,he obs]ves t ! m we consid] ! inevitable consequ5ces ( w>1 ! m we feel dispos$ to dete/ ^? :o are ! causes ( x4#abb ,its usual fruits may1 inde$1 make ^? tremble :o und]take or advise x1 to prev5t evils :i*1 p]haps1 may nev] happ5 & :i*1 at ! wor/1 w\ld (t5 be mu* less ?an ^? :i* necess>ily foll[ a rupture4#abc ,to ,voltaire w> is an inf]nal ent]prise1 ! /range/ feature ( :i* is t e *ief ( ! ruffians has 8 col\rs consecrat$1 & solemnly prays to ,god be=e he goes to de/roy 8 neighb\r4#abd ,he asks :at ! ,*ur* has done to suppress ?is crime4 ,b\rdal\e prea*$ aga9/ impurity1 b :at s]mon did he ev] direct aga9/ ! murd]1 rap9e1 brig&age1 & univ]sal rage1 :i* desolate ! _w8 ,mis]able physicians ( s\ls1 y declaim = five qu>t]s ( an h\r aga9/ ! m]e pricks ( a p91 & say no ^w on ! curse :i* te>s u into a ?\s& pieces4#abe ,voltaire admits t "u c]ta9 circum/ances w> is an inevitable curse1 b rebukes ,montesquieu = say+ t natural def5ce sometimes involves ! necessity ( attack1 :5 a nation p]ceives t a long] peace w\ld place ano!r nation 9 a position to de/roy x4#abf ,su* a w>1 he obs]ves1 is z illegitimate z possible3-- ,x is to g & kill y\r neighb\r = fe> t y\r neighb\r1 :o does n attack y1 %\ld be 9 a condition to attack y2 t is to say1 y mu/ run ! risk ( ru9+ y\r c\ntry1 9 ! hope ( ru9+ )\t reason "s o!r c\ntry2 ?is is1 to be sure1 nei!r fair nor useful4#abg ,! *ief causes :i* induce m5 to massacre 9 all loyalty ?\s&s ( _! bro!rs & to expose _! own p to ! mo/ t]rible mis]y1 are ! ambitions & #cfg jeal\sies ( pr9ces & _! m9i/]s4#abh ,simil> views are express$ 9 ! great ,encyclopdie3--,la gu]re e/ le plus t]rible des flaux qui dtruis5t l'espce huma9e3 elle n'p>gne pas mme les va9queurs2 la plus heureuse e/ fune/e4 4 4 4 ,ce ne sont plus auj\rd'hui les peuples qui dcl>5t la gu]re1 c'e/ la cupidit des rois qui leur fait pr5dre les armes2 c'e/ l'indig5ce qui les met aux ma9s de leurs sujets4#abi ,footnote #aba3 ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire hi/orique et critique1 vi4 #bci1 art4 ,erasme4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dfc1 art4 ,artaxata4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ibid4 i4 #dgb1 art4 ,alt+ 7,h5ri74 ,footnote #abd3 ,voltaire1 ,dictionnaire philosophique1 art4 ,gu]re 7,,oeuvres compltes1 xl4 #efb74 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid4 p4 #efd4 ,footnote #abf3 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des lois1 x4 #b 7,,oeuvres compltes1 p4 #bef74 ,footnote #abg3 ,voltaire1 loc4 cit4 p4 #efe4 ,footnote #abh3 ,ibid4 pp4 #dff1 #efd4 ,= ,voltaire's condemnation ( w>1 see ,morley1 ,voltaire1 p4 #caa sq4 ,i h avail$ myself ( ,"l ,morley's translation ( "s ( ! passages quot$4 ,footnote #abi3 ,encyclopdie m?odique1 ,art militaire1 ii4 #fah sq4 ,h[ev] vehem5tly ,voltaire & ! ,encyclop$i/s condemn$ w>1 !y did n dream ( a "t :5 all w>s w\ld cease4 ,o!r writ]s 7 m optimi/ic4 ,already 9 #agac ,abb ,sa9t-,pi]re--^: abbot%ip involv$ only a nom9al connection ) ! ,*ur*--_h publi%$ a project ( p]petual peace1 :i* 0 bas$ on ! idea ( a g5]al conf$]ation ( ,european nations4#acj ,?is project 0 mu* laugh$ at2 ,voltaire himself calls its au?or un homme moiti philosophe1 moiti f\4 ,b once call$ into be+1 ! idea ( a p]petual peace & ( a ,european conf$]ation did n die4 ,x 0 successively conceiv$ by ,r\sseau1#aca ,b5?am1#acb & ,kant4#acc ,b on ! o!r h& x met ) a =midable enemy 9 ! awak5+ _s ( nationalism4 ,footnote #acj3 ,sa9t-,pi]re1 ,projet de ,trait p\r r5dre la paix p]ptuelle entre les s\v]a9s ,*rti5s4 ,footnote #aca3 ,r\sseau1 ,extrait du ,projet de paix p]ptuelle1 de ,m4 l',abb de ,sa9t-,pi]re 7,,oeuvres compltes1 i4 #fjf sqq474 ,footnote #acb3 ,b5?am1 ,a ,plan = an univ]sal & p]petual ,peace 7,works1 ii4 #edf sqq474 ,footnote #acc3 ,kant1 ,zum ewig5 ,fri$54 ,! ,napoleonic oppression call$ =? resi/ance4 ,philosoph]s & poets s\nd$ ! w> trumpet4 ,! dream ( a univ]sal mon>*y 0 look$ ^u z absurd & hateful1 & ! individuality ( a nation z ! only possible security = its virtue4#acd ,w> 0 no long] attribut$ to ! pret5d$ int]e/s ( pr9ces or to ! caprices ( _! advis]s4 ,x 0 prais$ z a vehicle ( ! highe/ "r1#ace z a s\rce or national r5ovation4#acf #cfh ,by w>1 says ,hegel1 f9ite pursuits are r5d]$ un/able1 & ! e?ical heal? ( peoples is pres]v$4 ,j z ! movem5t ( ! ocean prev5ts ! corruption :i* w\ld be ! result ( p]petual calm1 s by w> p escape ! corruption :i* w\ld be occasion$ by a cont9u\s or et]nal peace4#acg ,simil> views h be5 express$ by lat] writ]s4 ,w> is glorifi$ z a /imulus to ! elevat$ virtues ( c\rage1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & patriotism4#ach ,x has done m great ?+s 9 ! _w ?an ! love ( man1 says ,nietzs*e4#aci ,x is ! "m ( art & ( all civil virtues1 says ,mr4 ,rusk94#adj ,o!rs def5d w>1 n z a positive good1 b z a necess>y means ( decid+ ! mo/ s]i\s int]national controv]sies1 d5y+ t arbitration c be a sub/itute = all k9ds ( w>4 ,que/ions :i* are intimately connect$ ) national passions & national aspirations1 & que/ions :i* are vital to a nation's safety1 w nev]1 !y say1 be left to arbitration4 ,ea* ,/ate mu/ be ! gu>dian ( its own security1 & _c all[ its indep5d5ce to be calmly discuss$ & adjudicat$ ^u by an ext]nal tribunal4#ada ,moreov]1 arbitration w\ld prove effective only :]e ! contradictory pret5sions c\ld be juridically =mulat$1 & ^! in/ances are by f> ! less num]\s & ! less important4#adb ,& w\ld x n1 9 _m cases1 be impossible to f9d imp>tial arbit]s8 ,w\ld n arbitration (t5 be influ5c$ by a calculation ( ! =ces :i* e p[] int]e/$ c\ld br+ into ! field1 & w\ld n w> be resort$ to :]e arbitration fail$ to reconcile conflict+ int]e/s1 or :]e a decision 0 oppos$ to a high-spirit$ p's s5se ( ju/ice8 ,^! & simil> argum5ts are con/antly adduc$ aga9/ ! idea ( a p]petual peace4 ,b at ! same "t ! oppon5ts ( w> are becom+ m num]\s #cfi & m confid5t e day4 ,already aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon1 :5 !re 0 a univ]sal long+ = peace 9 ! civilis$ _w1 ! fir/ ,peace ,societies 7 =m$2#adc & ! idea ( ,sa9t-,pi]re1 f be+ ! dream ( a philosoph]1 has become ! object ( a popul> movem5t :i* is rapidly increas+ 9 importance4 ,!re is e reason to believe t1 :5 ! pres5t high tide ( nationalism has subsid$1 & ! subject ( w> & peace is no long] look$ ^u f an exclusively national po9t ( view1 ! objections :i* are n[ rais$ aga9/ arbitration w at la/ appe> almo/ z futile z any argum5ts 9 fav\r ( private w> or blood-rev5ge4 ,!re is an invet]ate t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d to assume t exi/+ conditions w rema9 un*ang$4 ,b ! hi/ory ( civilisation %[s h[ unf\nd$ any su* assumption is ) ref]5ce to ^? conditions :i* det]m9e social relation%ips & ! ext5t ( moral rights & duties4 ,footnote #acd3 ,fi*te1 ,r$5 an die deuts*e ,nation4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,ueb] d5 ,begriff des wahrhaft5 ,krieges4 ,footnote #ace3 ,arndt1 quot$ by ,jhns1 ,krieg1 ,fri$5 und ,kultur1 p4 #cjb4 ,footnote #acf3 ,anselm von ,feu]ba*1 ,unt]drckung und ,wi$]befreiung ,europ5s4 ,footnote #acg3 ,hegel1 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 #cbd1 p4 #cag 7,engli% translation1 p4 #cca74 ,footnote #ach3 ,see1 e4g41 ,mabille1 ,la ,gu]re1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #aci3 ,nietzs*e1 ,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra1 i4 #fc4 ,footnote #adj3 ,rusk91 ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive1 ,lecture on ,w> 7,works1 vi4 #ii1 #aje74 ,footnote #ada3 ,lawr5ce1 op4 cit4 p4 #bge sq4 ,sidgwick1 ',morality ( ,/rife1' 9 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 i4 #ac4 ,footnote #adb3 ,geffk51 quot$ by ,jhns1 op4 cit4 p4 #ceb1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #adc3 ,jhns1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjg sq4 ,x is said t1 ?\gh ,*ri/ianity has n aboli%$ w>1 x has nev]!less1 ev5 9 w>1 ass]t$ ! pr9ciple t human life is sacr$ by prohibit+ all ne$less de/ruction4 ,! ,canon1 ',de treuga et pace1' laid d[n ! rule t non-resi/+ p]sons %\ld be sp>$2#add & ,franciscus a ,victoria ma9ta9$ n only t betwe5 ,*ri/ian enemies ^? :o made no resi/ance c\ld n lawfully be sla91#ade b t ev5 9 w> aga9/ ! ,turks x 0 wrong to kill *ildr5 & wom54#adf ,h[ev]1 ?is doctr9e ( m]cy 0 f> 9 advance ( ! habits & g5]al op9ion ( ! "t4#adg ,if ! simple peasant 0 (t5 sp>$1 t 0 l>gely f motives ( prud5ce1#adh or because ! valiant knight consid]$ him unwor?y ( ! lance4#adi ,z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,grotius 0 c]ta9ly n support$ by ! _s ( ! age :5 he argu$ t1 if ju/ice #cgj d n require1 at lea/ m]cy does1 t we %\ld n1 except = weighty causes t5d+ to ! safety ( _m1 und]take any?+ :i* may involve innoc5t p]sons 9 de/ruction2#aej or :5 he recomm5d$ enemies will+ to surr5d] on fair conditions1 or unconditionally1 to be sp>$4#aea ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 op9ion *ang$ rapidly4 ,puf5dorf1 9 e*o+ ! doctr9e ( ,grotius1#aeb spoke to a _w :i* 0 already conv9c$2 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,bynk]%oek /&s alone 9 giv+ to a bellig]5t unlimit$ rights ( viol5ce4#aec ,9 ref]5ce to ! assumption t ?is *ange ( op9ion is due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 x is in/ructive to note t ,grotius1 9 support ( 8 doctr9e1 appeal$ *iefly to pagan au?orities1 & t ev5 savage peoples1 )\t ! aid ( ,*ri/ianity1 h arriv$ at ! rule :i* 9 w> =bids ! de/ruction ( helpless p]sons & captives4 ,footnote #add3 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,decretales1 i4 #cd4 #b4 ,footnote #ade3 ,franciscus a ,victoria1 op4 cit4 vi4 #ac1 #ce1 #dh2 pp4 #bcb1 #bda1 #bdf sq4 ,footnote #adf3 ,ibid4 vi4 #cf1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #adg3 ,hall1 ,treatise on ,int]national ,law1 p4 #cie1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #adh3 d',arg5tr1 ,l'hi/oire de ,bretagne1 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #adi3 ,mills1 op4 cit4 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #aej3 ,grotius1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aa4 #h4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ibid4 iii4 #aa4 #ad sqq4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,puf5dorf1 ,de jure natur et g5tium1 viii4 #f4 #h1 p4 #hhe4 ,footnote #aec3 van ,bynk]%oek1 ,que/iones juris publici1 i4 #a1 p4 #ca3 ,omnis enim vis 9 bello ju/a e/4 ,hall1 ,treatise on ,int]national ,law1 p4 #cie1 n4 #a4 ,! prevail+ attitude t[>ds w> indicates ! survival1 9 mod]n civilisation1 ( ! old feel+ t ! life ( a =eign] is n equally sacr$ ) ! life ( a c\ntryman4 ,9 times ( peace ?is feel+ is usually suppress$2 x appe>s 9 no exi/+ law on homicide1 nor does x1 g5]ally1 f9d expression 9 public op9ion4 ,x d>es to disclose itself only 9 ! =m ( national aggressiv5ess1 "u ! flag ( patriotism1 or1 p]haps1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! aborig9es ( "s di/ant c\ntry4 ,! behavi\r ( ,european coloni/s t[>ds col\r$ races only too (t5 rem9ds u ( ! mann] 9 :i* savages treat memb]s ( a =eign tribe4 ,x 0 said t ! fronti] peasants at ! ,cape f\nd no?+ morally wrong 9 ! razzias :i* !y und]took aga9/ ! ,bu%mans1 )\t any provocation :atsoev]1 ?\gh !y w\ld consid] x a he9\s s9 to d ! same to _! ,*ri/ian fell[-m54#aed ,9 ,au/ralia #cga !re are in/ances report$ ( "y coloni/s employ+ ! ,sunday 9 %oot+ blacks = ! sake ( sport4 ,! life ( a native1 says ,mr4 ,lumholtz1 has b little value1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,au/ralia1 & once or twice coloni/s (f]$ to %oot blacks = me s t ,i might get _! skulls4 ,on ! bord]s ( civilisation m5 w\ld ?9k z little ( %oot+ a black man z a dog4 ,! law imposes dea? by hang+ z ! p5alty = murd]+ a black man1 b p live s f> ap>t 9 ^! uncivilis$ regions t a :ite man may 9 fact d :at he pleases ) ! blacks4 4 4 4 ,9 ! c\rts ! blacks are def5celess1 = _! te/imony is n accept$4 ,! jury is n likely to decl>e a :ite man guilty ( murd]+ a black man4 ,on ! o!r h& if a :ite man happ5s to be kill$ by ! blacks1 a cry is he>d ?r\gh\t ! :ole colony4#aee ,footnote #aed3 ,waitz1 ,introduction to ,an?ropology1 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #aee3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #cdf sqq4 ,see also ,ma!w1 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #cij2 ,breton1 ,excursions 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bjj sq42 ,/okes1 ,discov]ies 9 ,au/ralia1 ii4 #dei sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,homicide ,,9 ,,g5]al 7conclud$7 ,,9 ! la/ two *apt]s we h only be5 conc]n$ ) ! /atem5t ( facts2 we %all n[ make an attempt to expla9 ^? facts4 ,:at is ! s\rce ( ! moral comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n kill8 ,& :at is ! cause ( its orig9al n>r[ness & ( its subsequ5t ext5sion8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] sugge/s t ! tak+ ( life 0 reg>d$ z a wrong done to ! family ( ! dead man or to ! society ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 be=e x came to be conceiv$ ( z a wrong done to ! murd]$ man himself4#a ,b consid]+ ! mutual sympa?y :i* prevails 9 small savage communities1 x seems extremely probable t sympa!tic res5tm5t felt on acc\nt ( ! injury suff]$ by ! victim has f ! beg9n+ be5 a pot5t cause ( ! condemnation ( homicide4 ,savages1 no less ?an civilis$ mank9d1 practically reg>d a man's life z 8 highe/ good4 ,:atev] op9ions may be held ab\t ! exi/5ce aft] dea?1 :atev] bless+s may be suppos$ to await ! disembodi$ s\l1 nobody likes to be hurri$ into t exi/5ce by ano!r's w4 ,accord+ to e>ly beliefs1 ! s\l ( a murd]$ man is furi\s ) ! p]son :o slew him1 & f9ds no re/ until 8 dea? has be5 av5g$4#b ,8 fri5ds & comrades pity 8 fate & #cgc feel res5tm5t on 8 behalf2 :]eas1 9 a /ate ( culture :]e sympa?y is re/rict$ to a n>r[ gr\p ( p1 no su* res5tm5t w be felt if ! victim is a memb] ( ano!r gr\p4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 he is reg>d$ z an actual or pot5tial enemy1 or :5 ! slay+ ( him is tak5 = a te/ ( c\rage1 ! manslay] w be applaud$ by 8 own p1 & 8 de$ w be /yl$ good or m]itori\s4 ,9 "s cases sup]/ition1 also1 is an enc\ragem5t to extra-tribal homicide4 ,! ,kukis believe t1 9 p>adise1 all ! enemies :om a man has kill$ w be 9 att5dance on him z slaves4#c ,a simil> belief p>tly lies at ! bottom ( ! cu/om ( head-hunt+2#d :il/1 accord+ to o!r notions1 ! s\l ( ! man ^: head is procur$ is trans=m$ into a gu>dian _s4#e ,a ,kayan *ief said ( ! cu/om 9 "q1 ,x br+s u bless+s1 pl5tiful h>ve/s1 & keeps (f sickness & pa9s2 ^? :o 7 once our enemies1 h]eby become our gu>dians1 our fri5ds1 our b5efactors4#f ,n[1 progress 9 civilisation is g5]ally m>k$ by an expansion ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t2 & ?is l>gely expla9s :y ! prohibition ( homicide has come to embrace m & m compreh5sive circles ( m51 & f9ally1 9 ! mo/ advanc$ cases1 ! :ole human race4 ,footnote #a3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ii4 ,footnote #b3 ,see infra1 on ,blood-rev5ge4 ,footnote #c3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #d3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 ii4 #ada4 ,footnote #e3 ,wilk51 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #f3 ,furness1 ,home-,life ( ,borneo ,head-,hunt]s1 p4 #ei4 ,b :il/ homicide is c5sur$ z a wrong done to ! p]son sla91 x is at ! same "t view$ z an injury inflict$ ^u ! survivors4 ,x depriv$ 8 fri5ds ( 8 company1 8 family & community ( a useful memb]4 ,9 ,arabia1 :5 a man 0 kill$1 8 tribesm51 in/ead ( m5tion+ 8 "n1 us$ to say1 ,our blood has be5 spilt4#g ,accord+ to ,lafitau1 ! loss ( a s+le p]son seem$ to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians a subject or great regret1 because x weak5$ ! family4#h #cgd ,among ! ,basutos1 aga91 murd] is condemn$ z a violation ( ! sacr$ rights ( a fa!r1 :o is depriv$ ( ! s]vices ( 8 son1 or ( a wid[ & orphans1 :o are left )\t support4#i ,especially :5 a p]son is consid]$ m or less ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 ! tak+ ( 8 life is l>gely look$ ^u z an (f5ce aga9/ ! own]4 ,mr4 ,w>n] /ates ( ! ,kafirs1 ,all homicide mu/ 4 4 4 be aton$ =2 ! pr9ciple assum$ be+1 t ! p]sons ( individuals are ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ief1 & t hav+ be5 depriv$ ( ! life ( a subject1 he mu/ be comp5sat$ = x4#aj ,we meet ) a some:at simil> notion 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% legislation4 ,9 8 book on ! ,commonweal? ( ,engl&1 ,?omas ,smi? obs]ves1 ,attempt+ to impoison a man1 or lay+ a waite to kill a man1 ?\gh hee w\nd him dang]\sly1 yet if dea? foll[ n1 x is no fellony by ! law ( ,engl&1 = ! ,pr9ce ha? lo/ no man1 & life ought to be giu5 we say = life only4#aa ,9 ! ,middle ,ages homicide 0 conceiv$ z a brea* ( ! ,k+'s peace2 & bo? be=e & aft]w>ds x has be5 /igmatis$ z a di/urbance ( public tranquillity & an outrage on public safety4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon w] & wite we f9d a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! private & public aspects ( homicide4#ab ,footnote #g3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,m>riage & ,k9%ip 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #h3 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s1 ii4 #afc4 ,footnote #i3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bbd sq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,w>n]1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws1 p4 #fj sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?omas ,smi?1 ,common-weal? ( ,engl&1 p4 #aid sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cf4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 i4 #dh4 ,a manslay] n only causes a loss to ! gr\p :i* he deprives ( a memb]1 b he also may give tr\ble to 8 own p1 :o1 9 consequ5ce1 disapprove ( 8 act4 ,among ! ,yahgans ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 says ,mr4 ,bridges1 _m ?+s conspire to make ! %$d+ ( blood a fe>ful ?+4 ,a murd]] imp]ils all 8 fri5ds & connections m or less1 & consequ5tly e/ranges !m f himself4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is ! greate/ safegu>d to human life we c conceive4#ac ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 ! m]e kill+ ( an #cge individual is look$ ^u z a small affair1 provid$ t he does n belong to ! tribe1 or to ano!r ne> tribe ) :i* x is at peace1 = 9 ! latt] case x might result 9 w>4#ad ,footnote #ac3 ,bridges1 9 ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e1 xiii4 #aec4 ,footnote #ad3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #aid4 ,we h /ill to notice ! common idea t a manslay] is unclean4 ,! gho/ ( ! victim p]secutes him1 or actually cleaves to him l a miasma2 & he mu/ und]go rites ( purification to get rid ( ! infection4 ,until ?is is done1 he is among _m peoples reg>d$ z a s\rce ( dang]1 & is consequ5tly cut (f f free int]c\rse ) 8 fell[s4 ,among ! ,ponka ,indians ,mr4 ,dorsey f\nd ! belief t a murd]] is surr\nd$ by ! gho/s1 :o keep up a con/ant :i/l+2 t he c nev] satisfy 8 hung]1 ?\gh he eat mu* food2 & t he mu/ n be all[$ to roam at l>ge le/ high w9ds arise4#ae ,( ! w>riors among c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ,adair wrote t1 z !y reckon !y are become impure by %$d+ human blood1 !y ha/5 to obs]ve a fa/ ( ?ree days4#af ,among ! ,nat*ez1 accord+ to ,*>levoix1 ^? :o = ! fir/ "t h made a prison] or tak5 (f a scalp1 mu/1 = a mon?1 ab/a9 f see+ _! wives1 & f eat+ fle%4 ,!y imag9e1 t if !y %\ld fail 9 ?is1 ! s\ls ( ^? :om !y h kill$ or burnt1 w\ld effect _! dea?1 or t ! fir/ w\nd !y %\ld receive w\ld be mortal2 or at lea/1 t !y %\ld nev] ga9 any advantage ov] _! enemies4#ag ,! ,kafirs & ,be*uanas practise v>i\s c]emonies ( purification aft] _! fights4#ah ,! ,basutos say1 ,human blood is heavy1 x prev5ts him :o has %$ x f runn+ away4#ai ,!y consid] x necess>y t1 on return f battle1 ! w>riors %\ld rid !mselves1 z soon z possible1 ( ! blood !y h %$1 or ! %ades ( _! victims w\ld pursue !m incessantly & di/urb _! slumb]s2 h5ce !y g 9 full arm\r to ! ne>e/ /ream1 &1 z a rule1 at ! mom5t !y ent] ! wat] a div9]1 plac$ #cgf high] up1 ?r[s "s purify+ sub/ances into ! curr5t4#bj ,among ! ,bantu ,kavirondo1 :5 a man has kill$ an enemy 9 w>f>e he %aves 8 head on 8 return home1 & 8 fri5ds rub 'm$ic9e' 7g5]ally ! dung ( goats7 ov] 8 body to prev5t ! _s ( ! deceas$ f worry+ ! man by :om he has be5 sla94#ba ,among ! ,ja-luo1 a w>rior :o has sla9 an enemy n only %aves 8 hair1 b1 aft] ent]+ ! village1 prep>es a big fea/ to propitiate ! man he has kill$ s t 8 gho/ may n give tr\ble4#bb ,among ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ! fa!r ( a "y w>rior :o has %$ blood gives to 8 son a goat to clean 8 sword4#bc ,aft] ! slaught] ( ! ,midianites1 ^? ,israelites :o _h kill$ any "o1 or t\*$ ! sla91 _h to rema9 outside ! camp = sev5 days1 purify+ !mselves & ev]y?+ 9 _! possession ei!r by wat]1 or fire1 or bo?4#bd ,s1 also1 if a p]son _h be5 sla9 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 & ! p]petrator ( ! de$ c\ld n be detect$1 ! eld]s ( ! city :i* 0 next unto ! sla9 _h to und]go a c]emony ( purification 9 ord] to rid ! city ( ! guilt ( innoc5t blood4#be ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 a p]son :o has un9t5tionally kill$ a ,brhmana %all make a hut 9 ! =e/ & dwell 9 x dur+ twelve ye>s2#bf 9 ord] to remove ! guilt he %all ?r[ himself ?rice headlong into a blaz+ fire1#bg or walk aga9/ ! /ream along ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv] ,s>asvat1#bh or %ave (f all 8 hair4#bi ,! anci5t ,greeks believ$ t "o :o _h suff]$ a viol5t end1 :5 newly dead1 0 angry ) ! au?or ( 8 dea?4#cj ,! blood-guilty individual1 z ?\gh infect$ ) a miasma1 %unn$ all contact & conv]sation ) o!r p1 & avoid$ ent]+ _! dwell+s4#ca ,ev5 ! involunt>y manslay] _h to leave ! c\ntry = "s "t2 accord+ to ,plato's ',laws1' he mu/ g out ( ! way ( 8 victim = ! entire p]iod ( a ye>1 & n let himself be f\nd 9 any spot :i* 0 famili> to him ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4#cb #cgg ,nor mu/ he return to 8 l& until sacrifice _h be5 (f]$ & c]emonies ( purification p]=m$4#cc ,footnote #ae3 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbj4 ,footnote #af3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #ag3 ,*>levoix1 ,voyage to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #bjc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cid sqq4 ,alb]ti1 ,de ,kaff]s aan de ,zuidku/ van ,afrika1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ai3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid4 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #gdc sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 ii4 #gid4 ,footnote #bc3 ,cole1 ',notes on ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxii4 #cba4 ,footnote #bd3 ,numb]s1 xxxi4 #ai sqq4 ,footnote #be3 ,deut]onomy1 xxi4 #a sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #gc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 xi4 #gd4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid4 xi4 #gh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid4 xi4 #gi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hfe4 ,footnote #ca3 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus1 p4 #ajc4 ,aes*ylus says 7,eum5ides1 #ddh sqq47 x is ! cu/om t a murd]] %\ld n speak any?+ until he has be5 spr9kl$ ) ! spurt$ blood ( a sla9 suck+-pig4 ,cf4 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argonautica1 iv4 #gjj sqq42 ,ari/otle1 ,de republica ,a!ni5sium1 #eg4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hfe4 ,footnote #cc3 ,demo/h5es1 ,contra ,ari/ocratem1 #ga sqq41 p4 #fdc sq4 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations1 p4 #ajf sq4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cda4 ,on ! uncleanness ( manslay]s see also ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #dcc sq42 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 i4 #cca sqq4 ,! /ate ( uncleanness incurr$ by ! %$d+ ( human blood does n intr9sically involve moral guilt4 ,z appe>s f _m ( ! in/ances j ref]r$ to1 x results n only f ! murd] ( a tribesman1 b f s m]itori\s a de$ z ! slay+ ( a foe4 ,9 ,nukahiva1 = in/ance1 a man :o has kill$ ! highe/ p]son1 or "o ( ! highe/1 among ! enemy1 is taboo$ = t5 days1 dur+ :i* he is n all[$ to hold int]c\rse ) 8 wife nor to m$dle ) fire2 b1 at ! same "t1 he is treat$ ) di/9ction1 & pres5ts ( pigs are br\ght to him4#cd ,on ! o!r h&1 !re c be no d\bt t 9 v>i\s cases ! pollut+ effect attribut$ to manslaught] has ex]cis$ "s influ5ce ^u ! moral judgm5t ( ! act4 ,:5ev] ! commission ( an act ( homicide has any t5d5cy at all to call =? moral blame1 ! disapproval ( ! de$ w easily be enhanc$ by ! spiritual dang] att5d+ on x1 z also by ! inconv5i5t re/rictions laid on ! taboo$ manslay] & ! c]emonies ( purification to :i* he is subject4 ,! deprivations :i* he has to und]go come to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a puni%m5t1 & ! rights ( cleans+ z a means ( remov+ guilt4 ,! taboo rules :i*1 among ! ,omahas1 a murd]] ^: life 0 sp>$ _h to obs]ve = a p]iod v>y+ f two to f\r ye>s are spok5 ( by ,mr4 ,dorsey z 8 puni%m5t1 & ?is seems also p>tly to h be5 ! native po9t ( view4 ,! murd]] sometimes w&]$ at night1 cry+1 & lam5t+ 8 (f5ce1 until1 at ! end ( ! designat$ p]iod1 ! k9dr$ ( 8 victim he>d 8 cry+1 & said3--,x is en\gh4 ,begone1 & walk among ! cr[d4 #cgh ,put on moccas9s & we> a good robe4#ce ,moreov]1 ! notion ( a p]secut+ gho/ may be replac$ by ! notion ( an av5g+ god4 ,confusions are common 9 ! _w ( my/]y2 do+s or functions attribut$ to "o be+ are aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ano!r--?is is a rule ( :i* _m important examples w be giv5 9 foll[+ *apt]s4 ,! ,jbla ( ,nor!rn ,morocco d n n[adays believe 9 gho/s1 yet !y reg>d a p]son :o has %$ human blood to be 9 "s degree unclean = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,poison oozes out f und]nea? 8 nails2 h5ce anybody :o dr9ks ! wat] 9 :i* he has wa%$ 8 h&s w fall dang]\sly ill4 ,! meat ( an animal :i* he has kill$ is difficult to dige/1 & s is any food eat5 9 8 company4 ,if he comes to a place :]e p are digg+ a well1 ! wat] w at once run away4 ,he is said to be mejnn1 haunt$ by jnn 7j9n71 a race ( be+s entirely di/9ct f m51 liv+ or dead4 ,! ,gre5l&]s believ$ t an abortion or a *ild born "u concealm5t 0 trans=m$ into an evil _s call$ ngiaq1 = ! purpose ( av5g+ ! crime4#cf ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 aft] kill+ a slave1 ! ma/] is afraid ( ,*ilope4 ,?is means t he w become emaciat$1 lose 8 eye-sight1 & ultimately die a mis]able dea?4 ,he !re=e goes to 8 *ief & gives him a c]ta9 fee 79 clo?1 or slaves1 or su* legal t5d]s71 & says1 ',get me a *>m 7luasi71 because ,i h sla9 a man4' ,:5 he has us$ ?is *>m1 :i* may be ei!r drunk or adm9i/]$ 9 a ba?1 ! dang] passes away4#cg ,among ! ,omahas ! gho/ ( ! murd]$ man 0 n lo/ sight (2 ! murd]] 0 oblig$ to pit* 8 t5t ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! re/ ( ! tribe :5 !y 7 go+ on ! hunt le/ ! gho/ ( 8 victim %\ld raise a high w9d1 :i* might cause damage4 ,b at ! same "t 8 de$ 0 consid]$ (f5sive to #cgi ,wak&a2 no "o wi%$ to eat ) him1 = !y said1 ,if we eat ) :om ,wak&a hates1 = 8 crime1 ,wak&a w hate u4#ch ,9 ! ,*9ese books !re are num]\s in/ances ( p]sons haunt$ by ! s\ls ( _! victims on _! dea?-b$1 & 9 mo/ ( ^! cases ! gho/s /ate expressly t !y are av5g+ !mselves ) ! special au?orisation ( ,heav54#ci ,! ,greek belief 9 ! ,er9ys ( a murd]$ man no d\bt orig9at$ 9 ! e>li] notion ( a p]secut+ gho/1 ^: ang] or curses 9 lat] times 7 p]sonifi$ z an indep5d5t _s4#dj ,& ! trans=mation w5t fur!r /ill3 ! ,er9yes 7 repres5t$ z ! m9i/]s ( ,zeus1 :o by puni%+ ! murd]] c>ri$ out 8 div9e w4 ,zeus 0 consid]$ ! orig9ator ( ! rites ( purification2 :5 visit$ ) madness by ! ,er9yes1 ,ixion appeal$ to ,zeus ,hikesios1 & at ! alt> ( ,zeus ,meili*ios ,!seus und]w5t purification = ! %$d+ ( k9dr$ blood4#da ,orig9ally1 z x seems1 only ! murd] ( a k9sman 0 an (f5ce aga9/ ,zeus & "u ! ban ( ! ,er9yes1 b lat] on _! sph]e ( action 0 exp&$1 & all blood%$1 if ! victim _h any rights at all )9 ! city1 became a s9 :i* ne$$ purification4#db ,uncleanness 0 ?us trans=m$ into spiritual impurity4 ,:5 ! pollution ) :i* a manslay] is ta9t$ is reg>d$ z m]ely ! "w ( a gho/ or ( "s _s-sub/itute :o1 l ! ,moori% jnn1 has no?+ to d ) ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 x may be devoid ( all moral significance 9 spite ( ! dread x inspires2 b ! case is diff]5t :5 x comes to be conceiv$ ( z a div9e puni%m5t1 or z a s9-pollution 9 ! eyes ( ! supreme god4 ,su* a trans=mation ( ideas c\ld h>dly take place #chj unless ! act1 consid]$ pollut+1 7 by itself apt to evoke moral disapproval4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! gravity ( ! (f5ce is increas$ by ! religi\s aspect x assumes4 ,footnote #cd3 von ,langsdorf1 ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 #acc4 ,footnote #ce3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,r9k1 ,tales & ,traditions ( ! ,eskimo1 pp4 #de1 #dci sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #afh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi4 ,footnote #ci3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #dda4 ,footnote #dj3 ,see ,mll]1 ,diss]tations1 p4 #aee sqq42 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bdg2 ,idem1 ',p>alipom5a1' 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahie1 p4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #da3 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #ff sqq4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bdi4 ,idem1 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 #ahie1 p4 #ah4 ,/5gel1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #db3 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #fh1 #ga4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bdg4 ,9 yet ano!r way ! defil+ effect attribut$ to ! tak+ ( human life has _h an influ5ce on religi\s & moral ideas4 ,su* defilem5t is %unn$ n only by m51 b1 9 a /ill high] degree1 by gods4 ,! %$d+ ( human blood is commonly prohibit$ 9 sacr$ places4 ,9 almo/ e ,indian nation1 says ,adair1 !re are sev]al peaceable t[ns1 :i* are call$ 'old-belov$1' 'anci5t1 holy1 or :ite t[ns'2 !y seem to h be5 =m]ly 't[ns ( refuge1' = x is n 9 ! memory ( _! olde/ p1 t ev] human blood 0 %$ 9 !m2 al?\gh !y (t5 =ce p]sons f !nce1 & put !m to dea? else:]e4#dc ,! ,aric>as ( ! ,miss\ri1 accord+ to ,bradbury1 h 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge/ village a sacr$ lodge call$ ! m$ic9e lodge1 :i*1 9 "o p>ticul> corresponds ) ! sanctu>y ( ! ,jews1 z no blood is on any acc\nt :atsoev] to be spill$ )9 x1 n ev5 t ( an enemy4#dd ,at ,a!ns ! prosecution = homicide began ) deb>r+ ! crim9al f all sanctu>ies & assemblies consecrat$ by religi\s obs]vances4#de ,accord+ to ,greek ideas1 purification 0 an ess5tial prelim9>y to an acceptable sacrifice4#df ,hector said1 ,i %r9k f (f]+ a libation ( gleam+ w9e to ,zeus ) h&s unwa%$2 nor c x be 9 any way wise t "o %\ld pray to ! son ( ,kronos1 god ( ! /orm-cl\d1 all defil$ ) blood #cha & fil?4#dg ,9 _m p>ts ( ,morocco1 a man :o has sla9 ano!r p]son is nev] aft]w>ds all[$ to kill ! sacrificial %eep at ! ,great ,fea/4#dh ,:5 ,david _h 9 8 he>t to build a temple1 ,god said to him1 ,?\ %alt n build a h\se = my "n1 because ?\ ha/ be5 a man ( w>1 & 9999ha/ %$ blood4#di ,a decree ( ! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* 0 en=c$ ev5 aga9/ emp]ors & g5]als1 =bade anyone ^: h&s _h be5 imbru$ 9 blood to approa* ! alt> )\t a prep>atory p]iod ( p5ance4#ej ,footnote #dc3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #dd3 ,bradbury1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,am]ica1 p4 #afe sq4 ,our in=m] adds1 ,nor is any "o1 hav+ tak5 refuge !re1 to be =c$ f x2 b ) facts ( ?is k9d we are n conc]n$ at pres5t4 ,!y belong to ! "r ( sanctu>y1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 &1 z w be se51 ?is "r is bas$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 :i* prev5ts ev5 ! pollut$ manslay]1 ta9t$ ) newly %$ blood1 f be+ dragg$ out ( ! sanctu>y to :i* he has fl$ 9 ! capacity ( a suppliant4 ,footnote #de3 ,ari/otle1 ,de republica ,a!ni5sium1 #eg4 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #df3 ,donaldson1 ',expiatory & ,sub/itution>y ,sacrifices ( ! ,greeks1' 9 ,transactions ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xxvii4 #dcc4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #gb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,iliad1 vi4 #bff sqq4 ,cf4 ,v]gil1 neis1 ii4 #gag sqq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,i f\nd ?is cu/om preval5t bo? among ,arab & ,b]b] tribes 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 see my article1 ,! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xxii4 #add4 ,footnote #di3 #a ,*ronicles1 xxviii4 #b sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #ci4 ,:il/1 f fe> ( contam9at+ any?+ holy1 casual re/rictions h ?us be5 impos$ on all k9ds ( manslay]s1 :e!r murd]]s or ^? :o h kill$ an enemy 9 righte\s w>f>e1 m /r+5t rules h be5 laid d[n = p]sons p]man5tly connect$ ) ! religi\s cult4 ,adair /ates t ! holy m5 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 l ! ,jewi% prie/s1 7 by _! function absolutely =bidd5 to %$ human blood1 not)/&+ _! prop5sity !reto1 ev5 = small injuries4#ea ,h]odotus says ( ! ,p]sian ,magi t !y kill animals ( all k9ds ) _! own h&s1 except+ dogs & m54#eb ,! ,druids ( ,gaul nev] w5t to w>1#ec probably 9 ord] to keep !mselves free f blood-pollution2#ed x is true1 !y sacrific$ human victims to _! gods1 b ^? !y burnt4#ee ,to ! same class ( facts belong ^? decrees ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* =bade cl]gym5 tak+ "p 9 a battle4 ,moreov]1 if a ,*ri/ian prie/ pass$ a s5t5ce ( dea? #chb he 0 puni%$ ) degradation & imprisonm5t = life2#ef nor 0 he all[$ to write or dictate any?+ ) a view to br++ ab\t su* a s5t5ce4#eg ,he mu/ n p]=m a surgical op]ation by help ( fire or iron4#eh ,& if he kill$ a robb] 9 ord] to save 8 life1 he _h to d p5ance till 8 dea?4#ei ,! h&s :i* _h to di/ribute ! blood ( ! ,lamb ( ,god 7 n to be pollut$ ) ! blood ( ^? = ^: salvation x 0 %$4#fj ,footnote #ea3 ,adair1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #eb3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #dj4 ,! ,%luh ( ,s\!rn ,morocco & "s o!r ,b]b] tribes1 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! same c\ntry1 consid] t n only homicide1 b ! kill+ ( a dog = ev] aft] prev5ts a p]son f p]=m+ sacrifice at ! ,great ,fea/2 see ,folk-,lore1 xxii1 #add4 ,footnote #ec3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #ad4 ,footnote #ed3 d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 ,civilisation des ,celtes1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ee3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #af4 ,footnote #ef3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #bc4 #h4 #cj4 ,footnote #eg3 ,concilium ,lat]an5se ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #abae1 *4 #ah 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 xxii4 #ajjg74 ,footnote #eh3 ,concilium ,lat]an5se ,,iv41 ,a4,d4 #abae1 *4 #ah 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xxii4 #ajjg74 ,footnote #ei3 ,?omass91 ,dictionnaire de discipl9e ecclsia/ique1 ii4 #ajgd4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ajfi4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ?is horror ( blood-pollution _h a %>e 9 t reg>d = human life :i* f ! beg9n+1 & especially 9 e>ly times1 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b 9 o!r respects also1 ,*ri/ian feel+s & beliefs _h an inh]5t t5d5cy to evoke su* a s5tim5t4 ,! cosmopolitan _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion c\ld n all[1 9 !ory at lea/1 t ! life ( a man 0 less sacr$ because he 0 a =eign]4 ,! extraord9>y importance x atta*$ to ?is e>?ly life z a prep>ation = a life to come naturally increas$ ! guilt ( any "o :o1 by cutt+ x %ort1 n only kill$ ! body1 b probably to all et]nity injur$ ! s\l4#fa ,9 a /ill high] degree ?an mo/ o!r crimes1 homicide 0 reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/ ,god1 because man _h be5 made 9 ,8 image4#fb ,gratian says t ev5 ! slay] ( a ,jew or a hea!n has to und]go a sev]e p5ance1 quia imag9em ,dei et spem futur conv]sionis ext]m9at4#fc ,footnote #fa3 ,concilium ,lugdum5se ,i41 ,a4,d4 #abde1 ,additio1 de ,homicidio 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xxiii4 #fgj74 ,footnote #fb3 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] ,mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #efh4 ,footnote #fc3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 i4 #ej4 #dj4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,kill+ ,,( ,,p>5ts1 ,,sick ,,p]sons1 ,,*ildr5--,,feticide ,,we h f\nd t among mank9d at l>ge !re is a moral rule :i* =bids p to kill memb]s ( _! own society4 ,we %all n[ see t ! /r+5cy ( ?is rule is subject to v>iations1 dep5d+ on ! special relation%ip 9 :i* p]sons /& to "o ano!r or on _! social /atus1 & t !re are cases to :i* x does n apply at all4 ,ow+ to ! reg>d :i* *ildr5 are expect$ to feel = _! p>5ts1 p>ricide is consid]$ ! mo/ aggravat$ =m ( murd]4 ,n[h]e h p>5ts be5 m v5]at$ by _! *ildr5 ?an among ! nations ( ar*aic culture1 & n[h]e has p>ricide be5 reg>d$ ) great] horror4 ,9 ,*9a x is puni%$ ) ! mo/ ignom9i\s ( all capital puni%m5ts1 ! s-call$ cutt+ into small pieces2 & 9 "s in/ances1 :5 ! crime has occurr$ 9 a di/rict1 9 addition to all puni%m5ts inflict$ on p]sons1 ! wall ( ! city :]e ! de$ 0 committ$ is pull$ d[n 9 p>ts1 or modifi$ 9 %ape1 a r\nd corn] is sub/itut$ = a squ>e "o1 or a gate remov$ to a new situation1 or ev5 clos$ up altoge!r4#a ,9 ,corea ! p>ricide is burn$ to dea?4#b #chd ,among ! anci5t ,egyptians1 we are told1 he 0 s5t5c$ to be lac]at$ ) %>p5$ re$s1 & aft] be+ ?r[n on ?orns he 0 burn$4#c ,9 ,exodus we read ( ! smit+ ( p>5ts1 b p>ricide is n expressly m5tion$1 p]haps because ! ,hebrew legislator1 l ,solon at ,a!ns1#d did n ?9k x possible t any "o c\ld be guilty ( s unnatural a b>b>ity4#e ,h]odotus /ates t ! same notion 0 held by ! anci5t ,p]sians1 :o said t no "o ev] yet kill$ 8 own fa!r or "m1 & t all cases ( s-call$ p>ricide if c>efully exam9$1 w\ld be f\nd to h be5 committ$ by supposititi\s *ildr5 or ^? born 9 adult]y1 x be+ beyond ! b\nds ( probability t a true fa!r %\ld be murd]$ by 8 own son4#f ,plato says 9 8 ',laws'3--,if a man c\ld be sla9 m ?an once1 mo/ ju/ly w\ld he :o 9 a fit ( passion has sla9 fa!r or "m und]go _m dea?s4 ,h[ c he :om1 alone ( all m51 ev5 9 def5ce ( 8 life1 & :5 ab\t to suff] dea? at ! h&s ( 8 p>5ts1 no law w all[ to kill 8 fa!r or 8 "m :o are ! au?ors ( 8 be+1 & :om ! legislator w comm& to endure any extremity r ?an d ?is--h[ c he1 ,i say1 lawfully receive any o!r puni%m5t8#g ,at ,a!ns p>ricides 7 ! only p]sons accus$ ( murd] :o 7 n all[$ ! *ance ( escap+ be=e s5t5ce 0 pass$1 b 7 in/antly arre/$4#h ,accord+ to ,roman ,law1 a committ] ( p>ricidium 0 n subject$ to any ( ! regul> modes ( capital puni%m5t1 b = ! mo/ execrable ( crimes 0 provid$ ! mo/ /range ( puni%m5ts4 ,! crim9al 0 sewn up 9 a lea!rn sack ) a cur1 a cock1 a vip]1 & an ape1 &1 :5 coop$ up 9 ?is fe>ful prison1 0 hurl$ into ! sea1 or into #che "s neighb\r+ riv]4#i ,b by ! t]m p>ricidium 0 n und]/ood ! murd] ( a p>5t only4 ,accord+ to ! ',lex ,pompeia de p>ricidiis1' x includ$ ! murd] ( any ( ! foll[+ p]sons3 an asc5dant or desc5dant 9 any degree1#aj a bro!r or si/]1 an uncle or aunt1 a c\s91 a husb& or wife1 a bridegroom or bride1 a fa!r- or "m-9-law1 a son- or daught]-9-law1 a /ep-p>5t or /ep-*ild1 a patron2 & ,momms5 sugge/s t 9 e>li] times x _h a /ill wid] significance1 be+ appli$ to int5tional homicide 9 g5]al4#aa ,b :il/ ! puni%m5t j ref]r$ to 0 9 o!r cases ( p>ricidium replac$ by bani%m5t1 x 01 dur+ ! ,empire at lea/1 actually inflict$ ^u him :o murd]$ an asc5dant4#ab ,footnote #a3 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 i4 #cch sq4 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #b3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #c3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 i4 #gg4 #h4 ,footnote #d3 ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,solon1 #aj4 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,s4 ,roscio ,am]9o1 #be4 ,orosius1 ,hi/ori1 v4 #af4 ,footnote #e3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #ae4 ,cf4 ,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 #cgf4 ,footnote #f3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #acg4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hfi4 ,cf4 ibid4 ix4 #hgc4 ,footnote #h3 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus1 p4 #ia4 ,cf4 ,euripides1 ,ore/es1 #ddb sqq4 ,footnote #i3 ,in/itutiones1 iv4 #ah4 #f4 ,footnote #aj3 ,unless ! desc5dant 0 9 ! pote/as ( him :o committ$ ! de$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 pp4 #fdd1 #fde1 #fab sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid4 p4 #fde sq4 ,:il/ ,*ri/ianity g5]ally increas$ ! sanctity ( human life1 x c\ld add no?+ to ! horror ) :i* p>ricide 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts4 ,! ,*ur* puni%$ x m sev]ely ?an ord9>y murd]1#ac & s did1 at lea/ 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 ! secul> au?orities4#ad ,9 ,france1 ev5 to ?is day1 a p]son convict$ ( p>ricide is conduit sur le lieu de l'excution en *emise1 nu-pi$s1 et la tte c\v]te d'un voile noir2#ae & :il/ meurtre is excusable if provok$ by grave p]sonal viol5ce or by an attempt to break into a dwell+-h\se by day1 p>ricide is nev] excusable "u any circum/ances4#af ,footnote #ac3 ,gregory ,,iii41 ,judicia congrua poenit5tibus1 *4 #c 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,conciliorum collectio1 xii4 #bhi74 ,poenit5tiale ,bigotianum1 iv4 #a 7,wass]s*leb51 ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #dec74 ,poenit5t4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxi4 #ah 7ibid4 p4 #ehh74 ,footnote #ad3 ,*auveau & ,hlie1 ,?orie du ,code ,pnal1 iii4 #cid 7,france74 ,salvioli1 ,manuale di /oria del diritto italiano1 p4 #egj4 ,9 ,scotl&1 also1 p>ricide =m]ly _h a place 9 ! li/ ( aggravat$ murd]s 7,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 i4 #dei sq42 = a s5t5ce pass$ 9 #afhh1 see ,pitcairn1 ,crim9al ,trials 9 ,scotl&1 iii4 #aih72 ?\gh n[adays x is p5alis$ 9 ! same way z o!r =ms ( murd] 7,ersk9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #eei74 ,!re nev] 0 any special puni%m5t = p>ricide 9 ,engli% law 7,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #bjb4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #ie74 ,footnote #ae3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #ac4 ,footnote #af3 ,ibid4 art4 #cba sqq4 #chf ,z reg>ds ! feel+s ) :i* ord9>y p>ricide is look$ ^u by uncivilis$ peoples1 direct in=mation is almo/ entirely want+4 ,x is r>ely m5tion$ at all1 no d\bt because x is v unusual4#ag ,among ! ,kafirs ( ,natal1 ?\gh murd] is g5]ally puni%$ by a f9e1 dea? is inflict$ on him :o kills a p>5t4#ah ,among ! ,ossetes a p>ricide draws ^u himself a fe>ful puni%m5t3 he is %ut up 9 8 h\se ) all 8 possessions1 surr\nd$ by ! populace & burn$ alive4#ai ,to judge f ! respect :i*1 among ! majority ( uncivilis$ peoples1 *ildr5 are consid]$ to owe to _! p>5ts1 x seems v probable t ! murd] ( a fa!r or a "m is g5]ally condemn$ by !m z a p>ticul>ly dete/able =m ( homicide4 ,b to ?is rule !re is an important exception4 ,accord+ to a cu/om preval5t among v>i\s savages or b>b>ians1 a p>5t :o is worn out ) age or disease is ab&on$ or kill$4 ,footnote #ag3 ,among ! ,omahas !re h be5 a few cases ( p>ricide caus$ by drunk5ness 7,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi74 ,a ,*uk*i kill$ 8 fa!r = *>g+ him ) c[>dice & awkw>dness 7,s>yts*ew1 ',voyage ( ,discov]y1' 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages1 vi4 #ea74 ,9 ,lnda x is no uncommon ?+ = a son to murd] 8 fa!r 9 ord] to /ep into 8 %oes 7,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #bcj74 ,see also ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #bbd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ai3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dae4 ,he>ne /ates t1 among ! ,nor!rn ,indians1 "o half at lea/ ( ! ag$ p]sons ( bo? sexes1 :5 no long] capable ( walk+1 are left alone to />ve & p]i% ( want4#bj ,among ! ,cali=nian ,gall9om]o1 :5 ! fa!r c no long] feebly creep to ! =e/ to ga!r 8 back-load ( fuel or a basket ( acorns1 & is only a burd5 to 8 sons1 ! poor old wret* is n infrequ5tly ?r[n d[n on 8 back & securely held :ile a /ick is plac$ across 8 ?roat1 & two ( !m seat !mselves on ! ends ( x until he ceases to brea!4#ba ,! cu/om ( kill+ or ab&on+ old p>5ts has be5 notic$ among sev]al o!r ,nor? #chg ,am]ican tribes1#bb ! natives ( ,brazil1#bc v>i\s ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s1#bd a few ,au/ralian tribes1#be & "s peoples 9 ,africa#bf & ,asia4#bg ,accord+ to anci5t writ]s1 x occurr$ =m]ly among _m ,asiatic#bh & ,european nations1 includ+ ! ,v$ic p#bi & peoples ( ,teutonic extraction4#cj ,z late z ! fif? or six? c5tury x 0 ! cu/om among ! ,h]uli = relatives to k9dle a fun]al pile = _! old folks1 al?\gh a /rang] 0 employ$ to give ! dea? w\nd4#ca ,& !re is an old ,engli% tradition ( ! ,holy ,mawle1 :i* !y fancy hung beh9d ! *ur* door1 :i* :5 ! fa!r 0 seav5tie1 ! sonne might fet* to knock 8 fa!r 9 ! head1 z effete & ( no m use4#cb ,footnote #bj3 ,he>ne1 ,j\rney to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 p4 #cdf4 ,footnote #ba3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #bb3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cca 7natives on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&74 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #ff 7,ea/]n ,eskimo74 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 i4 #bag4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s1 i4 #dhh sq4 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #cbe 7nor?-we/]n tribes74 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 p4 #ddb 7,dacotahs1 ,ass9ibo9s1 ! hunt+ tribes on ! ,miss\ri74 ,footnote #bc3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #abf1 #abg1 #cic4 von ,es*wege1 ,brasili51 i4 #bca sq4 7,u]equ5s74 ,among ! ,fuegians ! practice 9 "q seems to occur only accid5tally 7,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjf74 ,footnote #bd3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #cdg4 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #gj 7,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,bra9ne1 ,n\velle-,caldonie1 p4 #bee4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cce sq4 7,efatese74 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #aib sq4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 pp4 #aaf1 #aeg sq4 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 p4 #cdb 7natives ( ,kunaie74 ,footnote #be3 ,eyre1 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #chb4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #fb 7tribes 9 ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,footnote #bf3 ,arnot1 ,g>5ganze1 p4 #gh n4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aig sq4 7,dam>as74 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ale ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #cbb1 #ccd2 ,hahn1 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 p4 #hf 7,hott5tots74 ,lepsius1 ,lett]s f ,egypt1 p4 #bjb sq4 7,negro tribes to ! s\? ( ,kord(an74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bih sq4 ,s>tori1 ',die ,sitte d] ,alt5- und ,krank5ttung1' 9 ,globus1 lxvii4 #ajh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,hoop]1 ,t5 ,mon?s among ! ,t5ts ( ! ,tuski1 p4 #ahh sq42 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #chc sqq4 7,*uk*i74 ,rockhill1 ,l& ( ! ,lamas1 p4 #ha 7,kokonor ,tibetans74 ,footnote #bh3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #baf 7,massagetae74 ,/rabo1 xi4 #h4 #f 7,massagetae72 xi4 #aa4 #c 7,bactrians72 xi4 #aa4 #h 7,caspians74 ,footnote #bi3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #cj3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dhf sqq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,procopius1 ,de bello go?ico1 ii4 #ad4 ,cf4 ,grimm1 ,kle9]e ,s*rift51 ii4 #bda4 ,footnote #cb3 ,?oms1 ,anecdotes & ,traditions1 p4 #hd4 ,h[ev] cruel ?is cu/om may appe> to be1 some?+ is c]ta9ly to be said 9 its fav\r4 ,x is p>ticul>ly common among nomadic hunt+ tribes1 ow+ to ! h>d%ips ( life & ! inability ( decrepit p]sons to keep up 9 ! m>*4 ,mr4 ,morgan obs]ves t1 :il/ #chh among ! rov+ tribes ( ! wild]ness ! old & helpless 7 frequ5tly ab&on$ &1 9 "s cases1 hurri$ out ( exi/5ce z an act ( great] k9dness ?an des]tion1 ?is practice 0 unkn[n among ! ,iroquois1 :o resid$ 9 p]man5t villages1 :i* af=d$ a refuge = ! ag$4#cc ,) ref]5ce to c]ta9 tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria1 ,mr4 ,dawson rem>ks t ! old p are a burd5 to ! tribe1 &1 %\ld any sudd5 attack be made by an enemy1 ! mo/ liable to be captur$1 9 :i* case !y w\ld probably be tortur$ & put to a l+]+ dea?4#cd ,moreov]1 9 times :5 ! food-supply is insuffici5t to support all ! memb]s ( a community1 x is m reasonable t ! old & useless %\ld h to p]i% ?an ! "y & vigor\s4 ,hahn 0 told t1 among ! ,hott5tots1 ag$ p>5ts 7 sometimes ab&on$ by v poor p :o _h n food en\gh to support !m4#ce ,& among peoples :o h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( weal? & com=t1 ! practice ( kill+ ! old folks1 ?\gh no long] ju/ifi$ by necessity1 may /ill g on1 p>tly ?r\gh survival ( a cu/om inh]it$ f h>d] times1 p>tly f ! humane int5t ( putt+ an end to l+]+ mis]y4#cf ,:at appe>s to mo/ ( u z an atroci\s practice may really be an act ( k9dness1 & is commonly approv$ (1 or ev5 insi/$ ^u1 by ! old p !mselves4 ,speak+ ( ! anci5t ,hott5tot cu/om ( fami%+ sup]-annuat$ p>5ts 9 ord] to cause _! dea?1 ,kolb5 rem>ks3--,if y repres5t to ! ,hott5tots1 z ,i h done v (t51 ! inhumanity ( ?is cu/om1 !y are a/oni%$ at ! repres5tation1 z proce$+1 9 _! op9ion1 f an inhumanity ( y\r own4 ,! cu/om1 9 _! way ( ?9k+1 is support$ by v pi\s & v filial consid]ations4 ',is x n a cruelty4' !y ask y1 'to suff] ei!r man or woman to langui% any consid]able #chi "t "u a heavy1 motionless old age8 ,c y see a p>5t or a relative %ak+ & freez+ "u a cold1 dre>y1 heavy1 useless old age1 & n ?9k1 9 pity to !m1 ( putt+ an end to _! mis]y by putt+1 :i* is ! only means1 an end to _! days8'#cg ,:5 ,mr4 ,hoop]1 he>+ ( an old ,*uk*i woman :o 0 /abb$ by h] son1 made "s rem>ks on ! frightful nature ( ! act1 8 native companions answ]$ him3--,:y %\ld n ! old woman die8 ,ag$ & feeble1 we>y ( life1 & a burd5 to h]self & o!rs1 %e no long] desir$ to cumb] ! e>?1 & claim$ ( him :o own$ ne>e/ relation%ip ! fri5dly /roke :i* %\ld let out h] scanty remnant ( exi/5ce4#ch ,catl9 tells u t1 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes :o roam$ ab\t ! prairies1 ! infirm old p !mselves uni=mly insi/$ ^u be+ left beh9d1 say+1 t !y are old & ( no fur!r use--t !y left _! fa!rs 9 ! same mann]--t !y wi% to die1 & _! *ildr5 mu/ n m\rn = !m4#ci ,9 ,melanesia1 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 :5 sick & ag$ p 7 buri$ alive1 x is c]ta9 t !re 0 g5]ally a k9dness int5d$2 !y us$ !mselves to beg _! fri5ds to put !m out ( _! mis]y1 & x 0 ev5 consid]$ a disgrace to ! family ( an ag$ *ief if he 0 n buri$ alive4#dj ,9 ,fiji1 also1 x 0 reg>d$ z a sign ( filial affection to put an ag$ p>5t to dea?4 ,9 8 description ( ! ,fijians ,dr4 ,seemann obs]ves1 ,9 a c\ntry :]e food is abundant1 clo?+ sc>cely requir$1 & prop]ty z a g5]al rule 9 ! possession ( ! :ole family r ?an t ( its head1 *ildr5 ne$ n wait = 'dead m5's %oes' 9 ord] to become well (f1 & we may1 !re=e1 q believe !m :5 decl>+ t x is ) a*+ he>t & at ! repeat$ entreaties ( _! p>5ts t !y are induc$ to commit #cij :at we ju/ly consid] a crime4#da ,! c]emony is n )\t a t\* ( tragic gr&eur3--,! son w kiss & weep ov] 8 ag$ fa!r z he prep>es him = ! grave1 & w ex*ange lov+ f>ewells ) him z he heaps ! e>? lightly ov] him4#db ,"o reason :y ! old ,fijian s eag]ly desir$ to escape extreme infirmity 0 p]haps ! contempt :i* atta*es to physical weakness among a nation ( w>riors1 & ! wrongs & insults :i* await ^? :o are no long] able to protect !mselves2 b ano!r1 & z x seems m pot5t1 motive 0 ! belief t p]sons ent] ^u ! delights ( ! future life ) ! same faculties1 m5tal & physical1 z !y possess at ! h\r ( dea?1 & t ! spiritual life ?us comm5ces :]e ! corporeal exi/5ce t]m9ates4 ,) ^! views1 says ,dr4 ,hale1 x is natural t !y %\ld desire to pass ?r\gh ?is *ange be=e _! m5tal & bodily p[]s are s enfeebl$ by age z to deprive !m ( _! capacity = enjoym5t4#dc ,f9ally1 we h to obs]ve t 9 _m cases ! old p are n only kill$1 b eat51 by ! ne>e/ relatives1 & t ! motive1 or at lea/1 ! sole motive1 = ?is proc$ure is n hung] or desire = human fle%4#dd ,x is describ$ z an act ( k9dness or z a pi\s c]emony1 z a me?od ( prev5t+ ! body f be+ eat5 up by worms or injur$ by enemies4#de ,consid]+ t _m cannibals h an av]sion to ! bodies ( m5 :o h di$ a natural dea?1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t1 9 "s in/ances1 ! old p]son is kill$ = ! purpose ( be+ eat51 & t ?is is done ) a view to b5efit+ him4#df ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pi\s c]emony1 l s _m o!r fun]al cu/oms :i* are suppos$ to com=t ! dead1 may be ! survival ( a practice :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$ to promote ! selfi% int]e/s ( ! liv+4 ,footnote #cc3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroqnois1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #cd3 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cf3 ,tylor1 ',primitive ,society1' 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 xxi4 #gje4 ,idem1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #daj sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,kolb51 op4 cit4 i4 #cbb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,hoop]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahh sq4 ,cf4 ,s>yts*ew1 loc4 cit4 vi4 #ej2 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #che2 von ,wrangell1 ,exp$ition to ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 i4 #bag4 ,footnote #dj3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdg4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cce sq4 7,efatese74 ,footnote #da3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #db3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #dc3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 p4 #fe4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aef4 ,see also ,ersk9e1 ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #dd3 ,= in/ances1 see ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 passim4 ,footnote #de3 ,ibid4 pp4 #c1 #e1 #ag4 ,footnote #df3 ,cf4 ,h]odotus' /atem5t reg>d+ ! ,massagetae1 i4 #baf4 #cia ,closely connect$ ) ! cu/om ( do+ away ) decrepit p>5ts is ! habit1 preval5t among c]ta9 peoples1 ( ab&on+ or kill+ p]sons suff]+ f "s illness4 ,! :ite man1 ,mr4 ,w>d obs]ves1 c nev]1 z long z he may live 9 ,africa1 conqu] 8 repugnance to ! call\s indiff]5ce to suff]+ t he meets ) ev]y:]e 9 ,arab & ,negro4 ,! dy+ are left by ! wayside to die4 ,! weak drop on ! c>avan road1 & ! c>avan passes on4#dg ,among ! ,kafirs in/ances are n r>e 9 :i* ! dy+ are c>ri$ to ! bu% & left to p]i%1 & among "s ( !m epileptics are ca/ ov] a precipice1 or ti$ to a tree to be dev\r$ by hy5as4#dh ,! ,hott5tots ab&on pati5ts suff]+ f small-pox4#di ,! s\!rn ,tanla 9 ,madagasc> take a p]son :o becomes ins5sible dur+ an illness1 to ! spot 9 ! =e/ :]e !y ?r[ _! dead1 & %\ld ! un=tunate creature s ca/ away revive & return to ! village1 !y /one him outright to dea?4#ej ,9 ,new ,cal$onia il e/ r>e qu'un malade r5d naturellem5t le d]ni] s\pir3 qu& il n'a plus sa connaissance1 s\v5t mme avant son agonie1 on lui f]me la b\*e et les n>9es p\r l't\ff]1 ou bi5 on le tiraille de t\s cts p> les jambes et p> les bras4#ea ,9 ,k&avu1 ( ! ,fiji ,gr\p1 sick p]sons 7 (t5 ?r[n into a cave1 :]e ! dead also 7 deposit$4#eb ,9 ,efate1 if a p]son 9 sickness %[$ signs ( delirium1 8 grave 0 dug1 & he 0 buri$ =?)1 to prev5t ! disease f spread+ to o!r memb]s ( ! family4#ec ,! ,alfura kill _! sick :5 !y h no hope ( _! recov]y4#ed ,dobrizh(f] says ( ! ,patagonians1 ,actuat$ by an irrational k9d ( pity1 !y bury ! dy+ be=e !y expire4#ee ,9 cases ( *ol]a or small-pox epidemics1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians h be5 kn[n to des]t _! villages1 leav+ all _! sick beh9d1 ( :atev] age or sex4#ef ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,nans51 x is n inconsi/5t ) ! moral code ( ! ,gre5l&]s to ha/5 ! dea? ( ^? #cib :o are sick & 9 great suff]+1 or ( ^? 9 delirium1 ( :i* !y h a great horror4#eg ,lieut5ant ,holm /ates t1 9 ,ea/]n ,gre5l&1 :5 an individual is s]i\sly ill1 he cons5ts1 if 8 relatives reque/ x1 to end 8 suff]+s by ?r[+ himself into ! sea2 :]eas x is r>e t a sick p]son is put to dea?1 except 9 cases ( disord]$ intellect4#eh ,at ,igloolik a sick woman is frequ5tly built or block$ up 9 a sn[-hut1 & n a s\l goes ne> to look 9 & asc]ta9 :e!r %e be alive or dead4#ei ,footnote #dg3 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #dh3 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #bch sq4 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #di3 ,le ,vaillant1 ,travels into ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,africa1 ii4 #aab4 ,footnote #ej3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #ea3 ,bra9ne1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #eb3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #ec3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #ed3 ,pfeiff]1 ,a ,lady's ,second ,j\rney r\nd ! ,_w1 i4 #chg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #bfb4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dom5e*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cbf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #eh3 ',ea/ ,gre5l& ,eskimo1' 9 ,sci5ce1 vii4 #agb4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #ceg4 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,s>tori1 9 ,globus1 lxvii4 nr4 #g sq42 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #abf1 #abg1 #cic 7,brazilian tribes72 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 p4 #ced2 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa1 quot$ supra1 p4 #bga4 ,^! & simil> facts are l>gely expla9$ by ! pitiful condition ( ! invalid1 ! h>d%ips ( a w&]+ life1 & ! sup]/iti\s notions ( ignorant m54 ,9 "s cases ! practice ( kill+ a dy+ p]son seems to be connect$ ) a belief t ! dea?-bl[ w save 8 s\l4#fj ,9 #ahab1 a lep] 0 burnt alive at ,katwa1 ne> ,calcutta1 by 8 "m & si/]1 :o believ$ t by _! do+ s he w\ld ga9 a pure body 9 ! next bir?4#fa ,by c>ry+ ! pati5t away be=e he dies1 ! survivors escape ! suppos$ dang] ( t\*+ a corpse4#fb ,9 ! poor] prov9ces ( ! k+dom ( ,k&y1 :5 a sick p]son 0 despair$ (1 ! fe> ( becom+ defil$1 or ( be+ oblig$ to *ange _! habitation1 frequ5tly induc$ ^? ab\t him to take him into a wood1 9 spite ( 8 cries & groans1 & to leave him !re1 p]haps 9 ! agonies ( dea?4#fc ,b ! mo/ common motive = ab&on+ or de/roy+ sick p seems to be fe> ( infection or ( demoniacal possession1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! cause ( v>i\s diseases4#fd ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 we are told1 ! cu/om ( ab&on+ ! infirm or sick arose #cic f a sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! evil spirits :i* 7 suppos$ to h tak5 possession ( !m4#fe ,9 ,tahiti1 says ,ellis1 e disease 0 suppos$ to be ! effect ( direct sup]natural ag5cy1 & to be inflict$ by ! gods = "s crime aga9/ ! tabu1 ( :i* ! suff]]s _h be5 guilty1 or 9 consequ5ce ( "s (f]+ made by an enemy to procure _! de/ruction4 ,h5ce1 x is probable1 9 a great measure1 result$ _! neglect & cruel treatm5t ( _! sick4#ff ,footnote #fj3 ,s>tori1 loc4 cit4 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #fa3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #afi4 ,footnote #fb3 ,%oot]1 op4 cit4 #bci 7,kafirs ( ,natal74 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #fc3 ,jo9ville1 ',religion & ,mann]s ( ! ,p ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vii4 #dcg sq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,s>tori1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aaj sq42 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 i4 #aaj2 ii4 #daa4 ,footnote #fe3 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:il/ ! reg>d :i* *ildr5 owe _! p>5ts makes p>ricide an aggravat$ =m ( murd]1 ! pat]nal p[] sometimes implies t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! fa!r is all[$ to kill ev5 8 gr[n-up *ild4 ,?\gh ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code provides a slight puni%m5t = p>5ts :o puni% disob$i5t *ildr5 ) dea?1#fg ! crime is practically ignor$ by ! au?orities4#fh ,among ! ,hebrews1 9 e>ly times1 a fa!r might puni% 8 incont95t daught] ) dea?4#fi ,! ,roman h\se-fa!r _h jus vit necisque--! p[] ( life & dea?--ov] 8 *ildr54 ,h[ev]1 ?is p[] did n imply t he c\ld kill !m )\t a j cause2#gj already 9 pagan times a fa!r :o kill$ 8 son latronis magis quam patris jure1 0 puni%$ z a murd]]4#ga ,z ,dean ,milman obs]ves1 long be=e ,*ri/ianity ent]$ into ,roman legislation1 ! life ( a *ild 0 z sacr$ z t ( ! p>5t2 & ,con/ant9e1 :5 he br&$ ! murd] ( a son ) ! #cid "n ( p>ricide1 h>dly advanc$ ^u ! dom9ant feel+4#gb ,nor is !re any reason to suppose t1 among savages1 ! fa!r possesses an absolute "r ( life & dea? ov] 8 *ildr54 ,on ! contr>y1 among _m ( ! l[] races ! exi/5ce ( su* a "r is expressly d5i$4#gc ,footnote #fg3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxix4 p4 #cdg3--;,if a fa!r1 "m1 pat]nal gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 *a/ises a disob$i5t *ild or gr&*ild 9 a sev]e & uncu/om>y mann]1 s t he or %e dies1 ! p>ty s (f5d+ %all be puni%$ ) #ajj bl[s4--,:5 any ( ! a=esaid relations are guilty ( kill+ su* disob$i5t *ild or gr&*ild design$ly1 ! puni%m5t %all be ext5d$ to #fj bl[s & "o ye>'s bani%m5t4 ,footnote #fh3 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #gh sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,g5esis1 xxxviii4 #bd4 ,footnote #gj3 ,mitt]mai]1 ',beytrge zur ,lehre vom ,v]bre*5 des ,k9desmordes1' 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 vii4 #d4 ,walt]1 ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,re*ts1 #ecg1 vol4 ii4 #adg4 von ,jh]+1 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 ii4 #bbj4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fai4 ,footnote #ga3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #i4 #e4 ,orosius1 ,hi/ori1 v4 #af4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fah4 ,footnote #gb3 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #gc3 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 p4 #bbd 7,wa%ambala74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bga 7,msalala74 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #cdi 7,amahlubi74 ,kohl]1 ',re*t d] ,hott5tott51' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #cdg4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #eb sq4 ,b :il/ a fa!r only 9 r>e cases1 & !n m]ely z a measure ( ju/ice1 is all[$ to put to dea? 8 gr[n-up *ild1 he v frequ5tly has ! "r ( de/roy+ a new-born infant4 ,nay1 9 _m in/ances infanticide is n only p]mitt$1 b enjo9$ by cu/om4 ,among a great numb] ( uncivilis$ peoples x is usual to kill an infant if x is a ba/>d1#gd or if its "m dies1#ge or if x is de=m$ or diseas$1#gf or if !re is any?+ unusual or uncanny ab\t x1 or if x = "s reason or o!r is reg>d$ z an unlucky *ild4 ,9 "s p>ts ( #cie ,africa1 = in/ance1 a *ild :o is born ) tee?1#gg or :o cuts ! upp] front tee? be=e ! "u1#gh or ^: tee? pres5t "s o!r k9d ( irregul>ity1#gi is put to dea?4 ,among ! natives ( ! ,bondei c\ntry a *ild :o is born head fir/ is consid]$ an unlucky *ild1 & is /rangl$ 9 consequ5ce4#hj ,! ,kam*adales us$ to de/roy *ildr5 :o 7 born 9 v /ormy wea!r2#ha & 9 ,madagasc> infants born 9 ,m>* or ,april1 or 9 ! la/ week ( a mon?1 or on a ,w$nesday or a ,friday1 7 expos$ or dr[n$ or buri$ alive4#hb ,among v>i\s savages x is ! cu/om t1 if a woman gives bir? to tw9s1 "o or bo? ( !m are de/roy$4#hc ,!y are reg>d$ sometimes z an indication ( unfai?fulness on ! "p ( ! "m--9 accordance ) ! notion t "o man _c be ! fa!r ( two *ildr5 at ! same "t#hd--sometimes z an evil port5t or z ! result ( ! wra? ( a feti%4#he ,miss ,k+sley obs]ves1 ,!re is always ! s5se ( !re be+ some?+ uncanny reg>d+ tw9s 9 ,we/ ,africa1 & 9 ^? tribes :]e !y are n kill$ !y are reg>d$ #cif z requir+ great c>e to prev5t !m f dy+ on _! own acc\nt4#hf ,! ,kafirs believe t unless ! fa!r places a lump ( e>? 9 ! m\? ( "o ( ! babies he w lose 8 /r5g?4#hg ,footnote #gd3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cjd 7,savage ,isl&]s74 ,elton1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xvii4 #ic 7"s ,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ade 7,b$uan74 ,dyveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #dbh 7,t\>eg74 ,burton1 ,s9dh1 p4 #bdd 7,belo*is74 ,hab]l&1 ',d] ,k9d]mord als ,volkssitte1' 9 ,globus1 xxxvii4 #eh4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia (t5 kill half-ca/e *ildr5 7,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #ahd4 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #beb4 ,hab]l&1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eh74 ,footnote #ge3 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #fjg sq4 7aborig9es ( ,port ,jackson74 ,dale1 ',natives inhabit+ ! ,bondei ,c\ntry1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #ahb4 ,comte de ,c>di1 ',ju-,ju ,laws & ,cu/oms 9 ! ,nig] ,delta1' ibid4 xxix4 #eh4 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #ccj2 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #ia 7,gre5l&]s74 ,hab]l&1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bh sq4 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #beb1 #bed1 #beh sq4 ,*amb]la91 ,*ild & ,*ildhood 9 ,folk-,?\ght1 p4 #aaj sq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #ci 7tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,ki*]]1 quot$ by ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 p4 #ae 7,bu%mans74 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #hi4 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bhe 7,banamjua74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #bdd 7,equatorial ,africans74 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #aah2 ,krapf1 ,travels1 p4 #aic sq4 7,wanika74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #acd 7,kam*adales74 ,s>yts*ew1 loc4 cit4 vi4 #ej2 von ,wrangell1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb 7,*uk*i74 ,simpson1 quot$ by ,murdo*1 ',po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dag 7,eskimo74 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #chb 7,yokuts74 ,gu9n>d1 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,slav]y among ! ,patagonians1 p4 #add4 ,hab]l&1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eh sq4 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #beb1 #bed1 #bee1 #beh4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #beg1 #bei4 ,footnote #gh3 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #egg4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dgb4 ,all5 & ,?omson1 ,exp$ition to ! ,riv] ,nig]1 i4 #bdc sq4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 p4 #bhf 7,ibos74 ,footnote #gi3 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 pp4 #aca 7,wabondei71 #bcg 7,wap>e74 ,footnote #hj3 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ha3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #beg4 ,cf4 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #hc3 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #ci 7tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #eb4 ,idem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fji4 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #gj 7,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,kolb51 op4 cit4 i4 #add 7,hott5tots74 ,%oot]1 op4 cit4 p4 #hh 7,kafirs ( ,natal74 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #egg4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #afj 7,matabele74 ,*apman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bhe 7,banamjua74 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #aca 7,wabondei74 ,new1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aah 7,wanika1 =m]ly71 #deh 7,wad%agga74 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #hd4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dgb sqq4 ,s*o5 & ,cr[!r1 ,j\rnals1 p4 #di 7,ibos on ! ,nig]74 ,comte de ,c>di1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 #eg sq4 7,negroes ( ! ,nig] ,delta74 ,ny5dael1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #ce 7p ( ,arebo74 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #bfg sq4 7,african peoples71 #bgd 7"s ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 #cje sq4 7"s ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag 7,kam*adales74 ,footnote #hd3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #cid1 #dhj 7,s\? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,dapp] says 7,africa1 p4 #dgc7 t no tw9s are ev] f\nd 9 ! c\ntry ( ,b591 because ! p consid]$ x a great di%on\r to give bir? to tw9s4 ,footnote #he3 ,all5 & ,?omson1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdc4 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #aca 7,wabondei74 ,footnote #hf3 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dgc1 ,accord+ to ,ny5dael1 tw9-bir?s are1 on ! contr>y1 e/eem$ good om5s 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,b59 t]ritory 7,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #ce74 ,footnote #hg3 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #bjb4 ,9 ! in/ances j ref]r$ to1 ! infant is kill$ ei!r because1 aft] ! dea? ( its "m1 !re is nobody to nurse x1 or on acc\nt ( ! fault ( its p>5ts1 especially ! "m1 or because x is held desirable t ! sickly or defective %\ld die at once1 or out ( sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,h[ev]1 among _m ( ! l[] races1 infanticide is n re/rict$ to simil> m or less exceptional cases1 b is practis$ on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,cu/om (t5 decides h[ _m *ildr5 are to be re>$ 9 ea* family1 & n infrequ5tly ! majority ( infants are de/roy$4 ,infanticide is common among v>i\s tribes 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4#hh ,dobrizh(f] says t x 0 a r>e exception among ! ,abipones to f9d a woman :o _h br\ght up two or ?ree sons1 :il/ "s mo!rs kill$ all ! *ildr5 !y bore1 no "o ei!r prev5t+ or av5g+ ^! murd]s4#hi ,accord+ to ,az>a1 ! ,guanas buri$ alive ! majority ( _! female infants1 & ! ,mbayas suff]$ only "o boy or "o girl 9 a family to live2#ij b ! correctness ( 8 /atem5ts has be5 que/ion$4#ia ,on ! o!r h& !re c be no d\bt z to ! extreme preval5ce ( infanticide 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,9 "s ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( ,polynesia x 0 practis$ publicly & sy/ematically1 )\t compunction1 to an ext5t almo/ incr$ible4 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,society ,isl&s1 ,ellis does #cig n recollect hav+ met ) a s+le pagan woman :o _h n imbru$ h] h&s 9 ! blood ( h] (fspr+1 & he ?9ks t !re1 z also 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 two-?irds ( ! *ildr5 7 de/roy$ by _! p>5ts4#ib ,no s5se ( irresolution or horror1 he says1 appe>$ to exi/ 9 ! bosoms ( ^? p>5ts :o delib]ately resolv$ on ! de$ be=e ! *ild 0 born4 ,!y (t5 visit$ ! dwell+s ( ! =eign]s1 & spoke ) p]fect complac5cy ( _! cruel purpose2 & :5 ! mission>ies tri$ to dissuade !m f execut+ _! int5tion1 ! only answ] g5]ally receiv$ 0 t x 0 ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4#ic ,! ,l9e ,isl&]s all[$ only f\r *ildr5 ( a family to get ! *ance ( life2 ! "m _h a "r to re> "o *ild1 :]eas x re/$ ) ! husb& to decide :e!r any m %\ld live4#id ,9 ,radack e "m 0 p]mitt$ to br+ up ?ree *ildr51 b ! f\r? & e succe$+ "o %e 0 oblig$ to bury alive h]self1 unless %e 0 ! wife ( a *ief4#ie ,9 ,vaitupu1 ( ! ,ellice ,ar*ipelago1 also1 infanticide 0 ord]$ by law1 & only two *ildr5 7 all[$ to a family4#if ,9 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,m>quesas infanticide1 ?\gh n s g5]al1 0 yet ( frequ5t occurr5ce & n reg>d$ z a crime4#ig ,9 mo/ ( ! ,melanesian gr\ps x 0 v common4#ih ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s !re /ill seem to be sev]al places :]e x is ! cu/om to kill ne>ly all *ildr5 soon aft] !y are born1 & to buy o!r *ildr5 f =eign tribes1 good c>e be+ tak5 n to buy !m too "y4#ii ,! practice ( infanticide occurr$ at lea/ occasionally 9 ,tasmania1#ajj &1 z x seems1 almo/ univ]sally 9 ,au/ralia4 ,mr4 ,curr supposes t ! ,au/ralian woman1 z a rule1 re>$ only two boys & "o girl1 ! re/ ( h] *ildr5 be+ de/roy$4#aja ,9 ! laws kn[n to h]1 says ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 infanticide is a necess>y practice1 & "o :i*1 if disreg>d$1 w\ld1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be disapprov$ #cih (2 & ! disapproval w\ld be m>k$ by puni%m5t4#ajb ,mr4 ,tapl9 0 assur$ t1 among ! ,n>r9y]i1 m ?an "o-half ( ! *ildr5 born fell victims to ?is cu/om2#ajc & 9 ! ,diey]ie tribe h>dly an old woman1 if que/ion$1 b w admit ( hav+ de/roy$ f two to f\r ( h] (fspr+4#ajd ,footnote #hh3 ,bessels1 quot$ by ,murdo*1 ',po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dag 7,eskimo ( ,smi? ,s\nd74 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' ibid4 xviii4 #bhi4 ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #aih4 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agg1 #ahd 7,cali=nian tribes74 ,y>r[1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #ii 7,pimas ( ,arizona71 ,hawtrey1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #bie 7,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco74 ,footnote #hi3 ,dobrizh(f]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ih4 ,= ano!r acc\nt ( ! infanticides ( ! ,abipones1 see infra1 p4 #djj4 ,footnote #ij3 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #ic1 #aae4 ,footnote #ia3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #ci4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #beb4 ,idem1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #ic3 ,idem1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bej4 ,footnote #id3 ,tutuila1 ',l9e ,isl&]s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,society1 i4 #bfg4 ,footnote #ie3 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y1 iii4 #agc4 ,footnote #if3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #ig3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ih3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bbi4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ccc 7,efatese74 ,gill1 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles1 p4 #bac 7isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits74 ,atk9son1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xiv4 #bdh 7,new ,cal$onians74 ,footnote #ii3 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #fh sq4 ,cf4 ,guppy1 ,solomon ,isl&s1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #afg sq4 ,bonwick1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians1 p4 #he4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #chf4 ,footnote #aja3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #gj4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 xxi4 ,cf4 ,ob]lnd]1 ',die ,e+ebor55 d] ,kolonie ,victoria1' 9 ,globus1 iv4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' ibid4 p4 #bei4 ,among ! ,todas ( ,india1 up to ! p]iod ( ,mr4 ,sullivan's visit to _! hills1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 only "o female *ild 0 all[$ to live 9 ea* family4#aje ,) ref]5ce to ! ,k&hs1 or ,khonds1 ,macph]son obs]ves1 ,! practice ( female infanticide is1 ,i believe1 n :olly unkn[n among/ any portion ( ! ,khond p1 :ile x exi/s 9 "s ( ! tribes ( ! sect ( ,boora to su* an ext5t1 t no female infant is sp>$1 except :5 a woman's fir/ *ild is a female1 & t villages conta9+ a hundr$ h\ses may be se5 )\t a female *ild4#ajf ,footnote #aje3 ,metz1 ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #acb4 ,x is said t among ! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 9 anci5t times1 all *ildr51 except ! fir/-born1 7 kill$4#ajg ,! p ( ,madagasc> frequ5tly practis$ infanticide2 b ,ellis says t !y 7 mu* less addict$ to x ?an ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s1 a num]\s (fspr+ be+ g5]ally a s\rce ( mu* satisfaction4#ajh ,accord+ to ,kolb51 infanticide 0 common among ! ,hott5tots2#aji :]eas ,sp>rman only /ates t ! ,hott5tots are accu/om$ to int]1 9 case ( ! "m's dea?1 *ildr5 at ! brea/ alive1#aaj & ,le ,vaillant altoge!r d5ies ! exi/5ce ( cu/om>y infanticide among !m4#aaa ,among ! ,swahili1 accord+ to ,baumann1 infanticides are v common & h>dly disapprov$ (4#aab ,b ! peoples ( ! ,african cont95t are n g5]ally addict$ to infanticide1 except 9 su* special cases z h already come "u our notice4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #bei sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #fj4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aee1 #afj4 ,footnote #aji3 ,kolb51 op4 cit4 i4 #ccc4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,sp>rman1 ,voyage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #ceh sq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,le ,vaillant1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eh sqq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #db4 ,! cu/om ( infanticide1 9 its ext5sive =m1 has be5 attribut$ to v>i\s motives4 ,among "s peoples mo!rs are said to kill _! new-born infants on acc\nt #cii ( ! tr\ble ( re>+ !m1#aac or ! consequ5t loss ( beauty4#aad ,ano!r cause is ! long suckl+ "t1 g5]ally la/+1 among savages1 = two1 ?ree1 f\r ye>s1 or ev5 m1 ow+ to want ( s(t food & animal milk4#aae ,:51 z is v commonly ! case1 ! husb& mu/ n cohabit ) 8 wife dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod1#aaf he is naturally incl9$ to =m o!r connections1 & ?is seems 9 "s in/ances to induce ! "m to de/roy h] *ild4#aag ,9 ano!r respect1 also1 ! long suckl+-"t is an inducem5t to infanticide2 among c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes an infant is kill$ imm$iately on bir? :5 ! "m is1 or ?9ks %e is1 unable to re> x ow+ to !re be+ a "y *ild :om %e is /ill fe$+4#aah ,among ! ,pimas ( ,arizona1 aga91 infanticide is said to be connect$ ) ! cu/om ( de/roy+ all ! prop]ty ( ! husb& :5 he dies4 ,! wom5 ( ! tribe1 well aw>e t !y w be poor %\ld _! husb&s die1 & t !n !y w h to provide = _! *ildr5 by _! own ex]tions1 d n c>e to h _m *ildr51 & infanticide1 bo? be=e & aft] bir?1 prevails to a great ext5t4 ,?is is n consid]$ a crime4#aai ,b !re c be little d\bt t ! :olesale infanticide ( _m ( ! l[] races is 9 ! ma9 due to ! h>d%ips ( savage life4 ,! helpless infant may be a great burd5 to ! p>5ts bo? 9 times ( peace & 9 times ( w>4 ,x may prev5t ! "m f foll[+ h] husb& ab\t on 8 w&]+s 9 se>* ( food1 or o!rwise encumb] h] 9 h] "w4#abj ,mr4 ,curr /ates ( ! ,bang]ang tribe ( ,victoria1 ) :om he 0 intimate = t5 ye>s1 t _! habit ( kill+ ne>ly half #djj ( ! *ildr5 born result$ pr9cipally f ! difficulty1 if n ! impossibility1 ( transport+ sev]al *ildr5 ( t5d] age f place to place on _! frequ5t m>*es4#aba ,conc]n+ ! ,abipones1 ,*>levoix obs]ves3--,!y seldom re> b "o *ild ( ea* sex1 murd]+ ! re/ z fa/ z !y come into ! _w1 till ! elde/ are /rong en\gh to walk alone4 ,!y ?9k to ju/ify ?is cruelty by say+ t1 z !y are almo/ con/antly travell+ f "o place to ano!r1 x is impossible = !m to take c>e ( m infants ?an two at a "t2 "o to be c>ri$ by ! fa!r1 & ! o!r by ! "m4#abb ,among ! ,l5guas ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco an int]val ( sev5 or eight ye>s is always obs]vable betwe5 *ildr5 ( ! same family1 infants born 9 ?is int]val be+ imm$iately kill$4 ,! reasons = ?is practice1 says ,mr4 ,hawtrey1 are obvi\s4 ,! woman has ! h>d "w ( c>ry+ food f g>d5 & field1 & all ! transport to d2 ! ,l5guas are a nomadic race1 & _! frequ5t moves (t5 entail j\rneys ( f t5 to tw5ty miles a day4 4 4 4 ,travell+ ) natives "u ^! circum/ances1 "o is =c$ to ! conclusion t x w\ld be impossible = a "m to h m ?an "o "y *ild to c>ry & to c>e =4#abc ,moreov]1 a little =e?\ght tells ! p>5ts t _! *ild be=e long w become a consum] ( provisions p]haps already too scanty = ! family4 ,savages (t5 suff] greatly f want ( food1 & may h to *oose betwe5 de/roy+ _! (fspr+ or fami%+ !mselves4 ,h5ce !y (t5 h rec\rse to infanticide z a means ( sav+ _! lives2 inde$1 among sev]al tribes1 9 case ( fam9e1 *ildr5 are n only kill$1 b eat54#abd ,urg5t want is frequ5tly repres5t$ by our au?orities z ! ma9 cause ( infanticide2#abe & #dja _! /atem5ts are corroborat$ by ! conspicu\s preval5ce ( ?is cu/om among poor tribes & 9 isl&s ^: inhabitants are conf9$ to a n>r[ t]ritory ) limit$ res\rces4 ,footnote #aac3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bef 7,tahitians74 ,idem1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cbg4 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 #ib4 ,gason1 loc4 cit4 p4 #beh 7,diey]ie tribe74 ,footnote #aad3 ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises1 p4 #efe 7,tahitians74 ,footnote #aae3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ibid4 p4 #dhc4 ,footnote #aag3 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 #big1 #cjg4 ,footnote #aah3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ea1 #bfd4 ,idem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fjh4 ,ob]lnd]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #aai3 ,y>r[1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #abj3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #cid 7p ( ,vat1 ,new ,hebrides74 ,polack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ic 7,maoris74 ,footnote #aba3 ,curr1 ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #beb4 ,ob]lnd]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bgi4 ,cf4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bei2 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #abb3 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/ory ( ,p>aguay1 i4 #dje4 ,footnote #abc3 ,hawtrey1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #bie4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 pp4 #h1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,footnote #abe3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #ccj4 ,nelson1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bhi 7,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait74 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #ec2 ii4 #chf 7aborig9al tribes ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania71 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #agc 7natives ( ,radack74 ,tutuila1 94 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bfc 7,l9e ,isl&]s74 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #adj 7,k&bs ( ,sooradah74 ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #aid4 ,kolb51 op4 cit4 i4 #add 7,hott5tots74 ,see also ,hab]l&1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bf2 ,dimitr(f1 ,die ,g]+s*tzung des m5s*li*5 ,leb5s und ihre ,ursa*5 bei d5 ,naturvlk]n1 p4 #afb sqq42 ,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 i4 #aae sqq4 ,9 ! *apt] deal+ ) human sacrifice we %all notice t infanticide is 9 "s cases practis$ z a sacrificial rite4 ,9 o!r cases infants are kill$ = m$ic9al purposes1 )\t be+ sacrific$ to any div9e be+4#abf ,?us 9 ! ,lurit*a tribe1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 x is n an infrequ5t cu/om1 :5 a *ild is 9 weak heal?1 to kill a y\ng] & heal?y "o & !n to fe$ ! weakl+ on its fle%1 ! idea be+ t ?is w give to ! weak *ild ! /r5g? ( ! /rong] "o4#abg ,a curi\s motive = female infanticide is also wor? m5tion+4 ,t ! victims ( ?is practice are mo/ commonly1 among sev]al peoples almo/ exclusively1 females1#abh is g5]ally due to ! great] usefulness ( ! m5 bo? z food-provid]s & 9 w>4 ,b ! ,hakka1 a ,mongolian tribe 9 ,*9a1 (t5 put _! girls to a cruel dea? ) a view to induc+ !reby ! s\l to appe> ! next "t 9 ! %ape ( a boy4#abi ,footnote #abf3 ,see infra1 p4 #deh sq4 ,footnote #abg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dge4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,cf4 ,hab]l&1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ef sqq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,hubrig1 quot$ by ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #bfc4 ,?us v>i\s consid]ations h l$ m5 to de/roy _! own (fspr+4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances ! advantages1 real or imag9>y1 assum$ to result f ! de$ h be5 suffici5tly great to sil5ce ! voice ( p>5tal love1 :i*1 z w be se51 is to be f\nd ev5 9 ! bosom ( a savage fa!r4 ,! resi/ance (f]$ by ?is in/9ct w\ld be s mu* ! less z ! *ild is kill$ imm$iately aft] its bir?1 at a p]iod ( its life #djb :5 ! fa!r's affection = x is z yet only dawn+ ,ev5 :]e1 at fir/1 infanticide 0 an exception1 practis$ by a few memb]s ( ! tribe1 any int]f]5ce f ! side ( ! community may h be5 prev5t$ by ! notion t a p]son possesses propriet>y rights ov] 8 (fspr+2 &1 once become habitual1 infanticide easily grew into a regul> cu/om4 ,9 cases :]e x 0 f\nd useful to ! tribe1 x w\ld be en=c$ z a public duty2 & ev5 :]e !re no long] 0 any ne$ = x1 ow+ to *ang$ conditions ( life1 ! =ce ( habit might /ill keep ! old cu/om alive4 ,?\gh infanticide is ?us reg>d$ z all[able1 or ev5 obligatory1 among _m ( ! l[] races1 we mu/ n suppose t !y univ]sally look ^u x 9 ?is light4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan grossly exagg]at$ its preval5ce :5 he ass]t$ t female infanticide is common among savages ev]y:]e4#acj ,among a great numb] ( !m x is said to be unhe>d ( or almo/ s1#aca & to ^! belong peoples ( s l[ a type z ! ,&aman ,isl&]s1#acb ! ,botocudos1#acc & c]ta9 ,cali=nian tribes4#acd ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon h nev] be5 kn[n to practise x4#ace ,among ! ,yahgans ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ,mr4 ,bridges in=ms me1 x occurr$ only occasionally1 & !n x 0 almo/ always ! de$ ( ! "m1 :o act$ f jeal\sy1 or hatr$ ( h] husb&1 or because ( des]tion & wret*$ness4#acf ,mr4 ,fison1 :o has liv$ = a long "t among uncivilis$ races1 ?9ks x w be f\nd t infanticide is f> less common among ! l[] savages ?an x is among ! m advanc$ tribes4#acg ,consid]+ #djc fur!r t ! cu/om ( infanticide1 be+ oppos$ to ! in/9ct ( p>5tal love1 presupposes a c]ta9 am\nt ( reason+ or =e?\ght1 x seems probable t1 :]e x occurs1 x is n a survival ( e>lie/ savag]y1 b has gr[n up "u specific conditions 9 lat] /ages ( developm5t4#ach ,x is1 = in/ance1 v g5]ally ass]t$ t c]ta9 ,indians 9 ,cali=nia nev] committ$ infanticide be=e ! arrival ( ! :ites2#aci & ,ellis ?9ks !re is e reason to suppose t ?is cu/om 0 practis$ less ext5sively by ! ,polynesians dur+ ! e>ly p]iods ( _! hi/ory ?an x 0 aft]w>ds4#adj ,footnote #acj3 ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #aca3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #cab sq42 &1 besides ! au?orities !re ref]r$ to1 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi2 ,kirke1 ,tw5ty-five ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #afj2 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #afc2 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 p4 #abc 7,bd & ,dhimls72 ,baumann1 ,dur* ,massail& zur ,nilquelle1 p4 #afa 7,masai74 ,footnote #acb3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #cbi4 ,footnote #acc3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ci4 ,keane1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 #bjf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aib1 #bga1 #chb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #dfi1 #eci4 ,footnote #acf3 ,bridges1 9 a lett] dat$ ,d[nea/1 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ,augu/ #bh?1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #acg3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #acd sqq4 ,cf4 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #bbd2 ,su!rl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #aad sq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,cf4 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #eid4 ,footnote #aci3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjg4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #adj3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bdi4 ,:]e infanticide is n sanction$ by cu/om1 ! occasional commission ( x has a t5d5cy to call =? disapproval or excite horror4 ,! ,blackfeet are said to believe t wom5 :o h be5 guilty ( ?is crime w nev] rea* ! happy m\nta9 aft] dea?1 b are compell$ to hov] r\nd ! seats ( _! crimes1 ) bran*es ( trees ti$ to _! legs4#ada ,speak+ ( ano!r ,nor? ,am]ican tribe1 ! ,potawatomis1 ,keat+ obs]ves3--,9 a few in/ances1 x is said t *ildr5 born de=m$ h be5 de/roy$ by _! mo!rs1 b ^! in/ances are r>e1 & :5ev] discov]$1 uni=mly br+ !m into disrepute1 & are n unfrequ5tly puni%$ by "s ( ! ne> relations4 ,indep5d5tly ( ^! cases1 :i* are b r>e1 a few in/ances ( infanticide1 by s+le wom51 9 ord] to conceal intrigue1 h be5 he>d (2 b !y are always treat$ ) abhorr5ce4#adb ,among ! ,omahas p>5ts _h no "r to put _! *ildr5 to dea?4#adc ,! ,aleuts believ$ t a *ild-murd] w\ld br+ mis=tune on ! :ole village4#add ,! ,brazilian ,macusis#ade & ,botocudos#adf look ^u ! de$ ) horror4 ,at ,ulea1 #djd ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 ! pr9ce w\ld h ! unnatural "m puni%$ ) dea?4#adg ,s1 too1 ,h]r ,valdau tells u ( a ,bakundu woman :o1 accus$ ( infanticide1 0 condemn$ to dea?4#adh ,9 ,a%anti a man is puni%$ = ! murd] ( 8 *ild4#adi ,among ! ,gaika tribe1 ( ! ,kafirs1 ! kill+ ( a *ild aft] bir? is puni%able z murd]1 ! f9e go+ to ! *ief4#aej ,nay1 ev5 peoples among :om infanticide is habitual seem n[ & !n to h a feel+ t ! act is n q correct4 ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy? ass]ts t ! ,au/ralian ,black is himself a%am$ ( x2#aea & ,mr4 ,curr has no d\bt t he feels1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] at lea/1 t infanticide is wrong1 z also t its committal br+s remorse4#aeb ,footnote #ada3 ,ri*>dson1 9 ,frankl91 ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #adb3 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 i4 #ii4 ,footnote #adc3 ,dorsey1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bfh4 ,footnote #add3 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #ade3 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cia4 ,footnote #adf3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ci4 ,footnote #adg3 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #baa4 ,footnote #adh3 ,valdau1 9 ,ym]1 v4 #bhj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,b[di*1 ,mission f ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le to ,a%antee1 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #aej3 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #aea3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #ed4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ajj4 ,! cu/om ( infanticide 9 mo/ cases requires t ! *ild %\ld be kill$ imm$iately or soon aft] its bir?4 ,among c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! "r ( de/roy+ a *ild la/$ only till x 0 a mon? old1 aft] :i* "t ! feel+ ( ! tribe 0 aga9/ its dea?4#aec ,ellis says ( ! ,society ,isl&]s3--,! horrid act1 if n committ$ at ! "t ! infant ent]$ ! _w1 0 n p]petrat$ at any subsequ5t p]iod 4 4 4 4 ,if ! little /rang] 01 f irresolution1 ! m+l$ emotions t /ruggl$ = ma/]y 9 its "m's bosom1 or any o!r cause1 suff]$ to live t5 m9utes or half an h\r1 x 0 safe2 in/ead ( a mon/]'s grasp1 x receiv$ a "m's c>ess & a "m's smile1 & 0 aft]w>ds nurs$ ) solicitude & t5d]ness4#aed ,almo/ ! same is said ( o!r ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s#aee & ( tribes inhabit+ ! ,au/ralian cont95t4#aef ,t ! cu/om ( infanticide is g5]ally #dje re/rict$ to ! de/ruction ( new-born babies also appe>s f v>i\s /atem5ts z to ! p>5tal love ( ^? peoples :o are addict$ to ?is practice4#aeg ,9 ,fiji su* *ildr5 z are all[$ to live are treat$ ) a fooli% fondness4#aeh ,among ! ,n>r9y]i1 only let x be det]m9$ t an infant's life %all be sav$1 & !re are no b\nds to ! fondness & indulg5ce ) :i* x is treat$2#aei & ) ref]5ce to o!r ,au/ralian tribes we are told t x is br\ght up ) great] c>e ?an g5]ally falls to ! lot ( *ildr5 belong+ to ! poor] classes 9 ,europe4#afj ,among ! ,indians ( ! ,pampas & o!r ,indians ( t neighb\rhood1 :o ab&on de=m$ or sickly-look+ *ildr5 to ! wild dogs & birds ( prey1 an infant becomes1 f ! mom5t x is consid]$ wor?y to live1 ! object ( ! :ole love ( its p>5ts1 :o1 if necess>y1 w submit !mselves to ! greate/ privations to satisfy its lea/ wants or exactions4#afa ,9 ,madagasc>1 accord+ to ,ellis1 no?+ c exce$ ! affection ) :i* ! infant is treat$ by its p>5ts & o!r memb]s ( ! family2 ! indulg5ce is m frequ5tly c>ri$ to excess ?an o!rwise4#afb ,f ^! & simil> facts1 z also f ! g5]al abs5ce ( /atem5ts to ! contr>y1 ,i conclude t murd]s ( *ildr5 :o h be5 all[$ to survive _! e>lie/ infancy are v r>e1 ?\gh n q unkn[n1#afc among ! l[] races4 ,footnote #aec3 ,s*oolcraft1 quot$ by ,su!rl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #aai4 ,footnote #aed3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bee4 ,footnote #aee3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 op4 cit4 vi4 #ach1 #aci1 #fch4 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #cac4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #bee4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ea4 ,iidem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fjh4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see infra1 p4 #ebi sqq42 also ,hab]l&1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bi1 & ,su!rl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #aae sqq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #aei3 ,tapl91 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #afj3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #ea4 ,mey]1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #afa3 ,gu9n>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #add4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #afa4 ,footnote #afc3 ,among ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s ! infant1 aft] liv+ a week1 a mon?1 or ev5 a ye>1 0 /ill insecure1 z "s 7 de/roy$ :5 able to walk 7,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cbe74 ,among ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait1 girls 7 (t5 kill$ :5 f #d to #f ye>s ( age 7,nelson1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bhi74 ,! cu/om ( infanticide prevails1 or has prevail$1 n only 9 ! savage _w1 b among semi-civilis$ & #djf civilis$ races4 ,9 ! poore/ di/ricts ( ,*9a female infants are (t5 de/roy$ by _! p>5ts imm$iately aft] _! bir?1 *iefly on acc\nt ( pov]ty4#afd ,?\gh disapprov$ ( by educat$ ,*9ese1 ! practice is treat$ ) =be>ance or indiff]5ce by ! mass ( ! p1 & is acquiesc$ 9 by ! m&>9s4#afe ,:5 s]i\sly appeal$ to on ! subject1 says ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,doolittle1 ?\gh all deprecate x z contr>y to ! dictates ( reason & ! in/9cts ( nature1 _m are ready boldly to apologise = x1 & decl>e x to be necess>y1 especially 9 ! families ( ! excessively poor4#aff ,h[ev]1 infanticide is nei!r directly sanction$ by ! gov]nm5t1 nor agreeable to ! g5]al _s ( ! laws & in/itutions ( ! ,empire2#afg & x is prohibit$ bo? by ,buddhism & ,ta\ism4#afh ,accord+ to ,dr4 de ,groot1 ! belief t ! spirits ( ! dead may1 ) au?orisation ( ,heav51 take v5geance on ! liv+1 has a v salut>y effect on female infanticide 9 ,*9a4 ,! fe> t ! s\ls ( ! murd]$ little ones may br+ mis=tune1 induces _m a fa!r or "m to lay ! girls !y are unwill+ to br+ up 9 ! /reet = adoption into "s family1 or into a f\ndl+-hospital4#afi ,footnote #afd3 ,gutzlaff1 ,sket* ( ,*9ese ,hi/ory1 i4 #ei4 ,wells ,williams1 ,middle ,k+dom1 ii4 #bdj sqq4 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #ced sqq4 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #bjf4 ,footnote #afe3 ,doolittle1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bjc1 #bjh sq4 ,wells ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #hcf2 ii4 #bdb4 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #ced4 ,ploss1 ,das ,k9d1 ii4 #bfb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,doolittle1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bjh4 ,footnote #afg3 ,/aunton1 9 8 translation ( ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 p4 #cdg n4 99 ,footnote #afh3 ,?i ,%ang1 #d4 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cgg4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bfg4 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #afd4 ,footnote #afi3 de ,groot1 ,religions ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #deg sqq4 ,9 anci5t times ! ,semites1 or at lea/ "s ( !m1 n only practis$ infanticide1 b1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 approv$ ( x or reg>d$ x z a duty4 ,accord+ to an anci5t ,arabic prov]b1 x 0 a g5]\s de$ to bury a female *ild2#agj & we read ( 7,os4aim ! ,faz>ite :o did n d>e to save alive 8 daught] ,lact4a1 )\t conceal+ h] f ! p1 al?\gh %e 0 8 only *ild4#aga ,consid]+ t among ! #djg nomads ( ,arabia1 :o suff] con/antly f hung] dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>1 a daught] is a burd5 to ! poor1 we may suppose1 ) ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 t infanticide 0 z natural to !m z to o!r savage peoples 9 ! h>d /ruggle = life4#agb ,x 0 condemn$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,prophet3--,slay n y\r *ildr5 = fe> ( pov]ty3 we w provide = !m2 bew>e6 = to slay !m is ev] a great s94#agc ,9 ! ,mosaic ,law1 on ! o!r h&1 infanticide is nev] t\*$ ^u1 &1 9 all probability1 x h>dly occurr$ among ! ,hebrews 9 hi/oric times4 ,b we h reason to believe t1 at an e>li] p]iod1 among !m z also among o!r bran*es ( ! ,semitic race1 *ild-murd] 0 frequ5tly practis$ z a sacrificial rite4#agd ,footnote #agj3 ,freytag1 ,arabum ,prov]bia1 i4 #bbi4 ,footnote #aga3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #agb3 ,ibid4 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #agc3 ,koran1 xvii4 #cc2 also1 ibid4 vi4 #ada1 #aeb1 & lxxxi4 #h sq4 ,footnote #agd3 ,see infra1 on ,human ,sacrifice4 ,! murd] ( female infants1 :e!r by ! direct employm5t ( homicidal means1 or by exposure to privation & neglect1 has = ages be5 a common practice1 or ev5 a g5u9e cu/om1 among v>i\s ,h9du ca/es4#age ,yet !y are well aw>e t x is prohibit$ by _! sacr$ books2 accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 ! ,k+ %all put to dea? ^? :o slay wom51 infants1 or ,brhmanas4#agf ,ev5 ! ,rajputs1 :o--out ( family pride & ow+ to ! exp5ses connect$ ) ! m>riage c]emony--7 p>ticul>ly addict$ to infanticide1 consid]$ t a family 9 :i* su* a de$ _h be5 p]petrat$ 01 9 consequ5ce1 an object ( div9e displeasure4 ,on ! twelf? day1 !re=e1 ! family prie/ 0 s5t =1 &1 by suitable gratuities1 absolution 0 obta9$4 ,9 ! room :]e ! infant 0 born & de/roy$1 he also prep>$ & ate "s food ) :i* ! family provid$ him2 ?is 0 consid]$ a hom1 or burnt (f]+1 &1 by eat+ x 9 t place1 ! prie/ 0 suppos$ to take ! :ole hutteea1 or s91 ^u himself1 & to cleanse ! family f x4#agg ,footnote #age3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 #dca4 ,*ev]s1 ,manual ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1 p4 #gej sqq4 ,footnote #agf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #bcb4 ,footnote #agg3 ',oude z x 0 be=e ! ,annexation1' 9 ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 xi4 #ha sq4 #djh ,exposure ( new-born *ildr5 0 practis$ by ! p ( ! ,v$ic age1#agh z also by o!r s-call$ ,aryan peoples 9 anci5t times4#agi ,! ,teutonic fa!r _h to decide :e!r ! *ild1 :il/ /ill ly+ on ! gr\nd1 %\ld be accept$ z a memb] ( ! family1 or :e!r x %\ld be expos$4 ,if he lift$ x up1 & "s wat] 0 p\r$ ov] x1 or a drop ( milk or honey pass$ its lips1 x 0 g5]ally safe4 ,b ap>t f ^! re/rictions1 cu/om seems to h be5 9 fav\r ( exposure only "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 exactly simil> to ^? 9 :i* infanticide is practis$ among _m mod]n savages3 if ! *ild 0 born out ( w$lock1 or if x 0 de=m$ or sickly1 or if x 0 born on an unlucky day1 or 9 case ( tw9s--"o ( :om 0 always suppos$ to be illegitimate--or if ! p>5ts 7 v poor4 ,! expos$ infant1 h[ev]1 0 n necess>ily de/9$ to die1 b 01 9 _m cases1 adopt$ by somebody :o c\ld af=d to re> x4#ahj ,footnote #agh3 ,kaegi1 ,rigv$a1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #agi3 ,/riek]1 ',e?nographis*e ,notiz5 b] d5 ,k9d]mord und die kn/li*e ,fru*tabtreibung1' 9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 v4 #dea 7,celts & ,slavs74 ,footnote #ahj3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dee sq4 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 pp4 #gjd1 #gbe4 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes ii4 #aha4 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #bfa4 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #dd4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #cei4 ,! exposure ( de=m$ or sickly infants 0 und\bt$ly an anci5t cu/om 9 ,greece2 9 ,sp>ta1 at lea/1 x 0 enjo9$ by law4 ,x 0 also approv$ ( by ! mo/ enlight5$ among ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,plato condemns all ^? *ildr5 :o are imp]fect 9 limbs1 z also ^? :o are born f deprav$ citiz5s1 to be buri$ 9 "s obscure & unkn[n place2 he ma9ta9s1 moreov]1 t :5 bo? sexes h pass$ ! age assign$ = pres5t+ *ildr5 to ! ,/ate1 no *ild is to be br\ght to light1 & t any infant :i* is by accid5t born alive1 %all be done away )4#aha ,ari/otle n only lays d[n ! law ) respect to ! expos+ or br++ up ( *ildr51 t no?+ imp]fect or maim$ %all be br\ght up1 b proposes t #dji ! numb] ( *ildr5 all[$ to ea* m>riage %all be regulat$ by ! ,/ate1 & t1 if any woman be pregnant aft] %e has produc$ ! prescrib$ numb]1 an abortion %all be procur$ be=e ! fetus has life4#ahb ,^! views 7 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! ,greeks to subord9ate ! feel+s ( ! individual to ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate4 ,conf9$ z !y 7 to a v limit$ t]ritory1 !y 7 naturally afraid ( be+ burd5$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( p]sons ^: lives c\ld be ( no use4 ,x is necess>y1 says ,ari/otle1 to take c>e t ! increase ( ! p %\ld n exce$ a c]ta9 numb]1 9 ord] to avoid pov]ty & its concomitants1 s$ition & o!r evils4#ahc ,yet ! exposure ( heal?y infants1 :i* 0 frequ5tly practis$ 9 ,greece1 0 h>dly approv$ ( by public op9ion1 al?\gh tol]at$1#ahd except at ,!bes1 :]e x 0 a crime puni%able ) dea?4#ahe ,footnote #aha3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 v4 #dfj sq4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 vii4 #af1 p4 #acce4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ibid4 ii4 #f1 p4 #abfe4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ach1 #dfc4 ,h]mann-,blumn]1 ,lehrbu* d] grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,aelian1 ,v>ia ,hi/ori1 ii4 #g4 ,9 ,rome cu/om or law enjo9$ ! de/ruction ( de=m$ infants4 ,accord+ to a law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 ref]r$ to by ,cic]o1 mon/r\s abortions 7 n suff]$ to live4#ahf ,) ref]5ce to a mu* lat] p]iod ,s5eca writes1 ,we de/roy mon/r\s bir?s1 & we also dr[n our *ildr5 if !y are born weakly or unnaturally =m$2 he adds t x is an act ( reason ?us to sep>ate :at is useless f :at is s\nd4#ahg ,b !re 0 no t5d5cy 9 ,rome to enc\rage infanticide beyond ^! limits4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t1 :il/ ! ,greek policy 0 r to re/ra91 ! ,roman policy 0 always to enc\rage1 population4#ahh ,be+ engag$ 9 incessant w>s ( conque/1 ,rome 0 nev] afraid ( be+ ov]-populat$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 tri$ to increase ! numb] ( its citiz5s by accord+ special privileges to ! fa!rs ( _m *ildr51 & exempt+ poor p>5ts f mo/ #daj ( ! burd5 ( taxation4#ahi ,! p[] ( life & dea? :i* ! ,roman fa!r possess$ ov] 8 *ildr5 und\bt$ly involv$ ! legal "r ( de/roy+ or expos+ new-born infants2 b x is equally c]ta9 t ! act 0 frequ5tly disapprov$ (4#aij ,an anci5t law1 ascrib$ to ,romulus--:i*1 z ,momms5 sugge/s1 c\ld h be5 m]ely a prie/ly direction#aia--;enjo9$ ! fa!r to br+ up all 8 sons & at lea/ 8 elde/ daught]1 & =bade him to de/roy any well-=m$ *ild till x _h complet$ its ?ird ye>1 :5 ! affections ( ! p>5t might be suppos$ to be develop$4#aib ,9 lat] times we f9d ! exposure ( *ildr5 condemn$ by poets1 hi/orians1 philosoph]s1 juri/s4 ,among nef>i\s acts committ$ 9 sign ( grief on ! day :5 ,g]manicus di$1 ,suetonius m5tions ! exposure ( new-born babes4#aic ,epictetus indignantly opposes ! say+ ( ,epicurus t m5 %\ld n re> _! *ildr53--,ev5 a %eep w n des]t its "y1 nor a wolf2 & %all a man8 ',:at6 w y h u to be silly creatures1 l ! %eep8' ,yet !y des]t n _! "y4 ',or savage1 l wolves8' ,yet ev5 !y des]t !m n4 ,come1 !n1 :o w\ld obey y if he saw 8 little *ild fall on ! gr\nd & cry8#aid ,julius ,paulus1 ! juri/1 pron\nc$ him :o refus$ n\ri%m5t to 8 *ild1 or expos$ x 9 a public place1 to be guilty ( murd]#aie--;a /atem5t :i* is to be und]/ood1 n z a legal prohibition ( exposure1 b only z ! expression ( a moral op9ion4#aif ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! exposure ( heal?y infants 0 disapprov$ ( 9 ,pagan ,rome1 x 0 n g5]ally reg>d$ z an (f5ce ( v great magnitude1 especially if ! p>5ts 7 de/itute4#aig #daa ,dur+ ! ,empire x 0 practis$ on an ext5sive scale1 & 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t x is spok5 ( ) frigid indiff]5ce4 ,s9ce ! life ( ! victim 0 frequ5tly sav$ by "s b5evol5t p]son or ) a view to pr(it1#aih x 0 n reg>d$ 9 ! same light z d[nright infanticide1 :i*1 9 ! case ( a heal?y infant1 seems to h be5 /rictly prohibit$ by cu/om4#aii ,footnote #ahf3 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 iii4 #h4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,s5eca1 ,de ira1 i4 #ae4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des lois1 #bj sqq4 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #cih sqq474 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #aij3 ,d5is1 ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit1 ii4 #aaj4 ,footnote #aia3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fai4 ,footnote #aib3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 ii4 #ae4 ,footnote #aic3 ,suetonius1 ,caligula1 #e4 ,footnote #aid3 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 i4 #bc4 ,footnote #aie3 ,dige/a1 xxv4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #aif3 ,noodt1 ',julius ,paulus1 sive de p>tus expositione et nece apud vet]es1' 9 ,op]a omnia1 i4 #dfe sqq4 ,walt]1 ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,re*ts1 #ech1 vol4 ii4 #adh sq4 ,spang5b]g1 ',v]bre*5 des ,k9d]mords und d] ,aussetzung d] ,k9d]1' 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 iii4 #aj sqq4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fbj1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #aig3 ,qu9tilian1 ,declamationes1 #ejf4 ,plut>*1 ,de amore prolis1 #e4 ,footnote #aih3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bh4 ,lallem&1 ,hi/oire des enfants ab&onns et dlaisss1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #aii3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fai4 ,z is g5]ally ! case 9 ! savage _w1 s among semi-civilis$ & civilis$ nations ^: cu/oms all[ or tol]ate infanticide1 ! *ild1 if n suff]$ to live1 has to be kill$ 9 its e>lie/ infancy4 ,among ! ,*9ese#bjj & ,rajputs#bja x is de/roy$ imm$iately aft] its bir?4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian ,nor? ! kill+ or exposure ( an infant :o _h already be5 spr9kl$ ) wat] 0 reg>d$ z murd]4#bjb ,at ,a!ns p>5ts 7 puni%$ = expos+ *ildr5 :om !y _h once begun to re>4#bjc ,footnote #bjj3 ,gutzlaff1 op4 cit4 i4 #ei4 ,footnote #bja3 ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 xi4 #ha4 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #geb4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 i4 #deg4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,s*oemann1 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]1 i4 #ejc4 ,! practice ( expos+ new-born infants1 s common 9 ! ,pagan ,empire1 0 vehem5tly d5\nc$ by ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4#bjd ,!y tri$ to conv9ce m5 t1 if ! ab&on$ infant di$1 ! unnatural p>5t 0 guilty ( no?+ less ?an murd]1 :il/ ! s9ful purposes = :i* f\ndl+s 7 (t5 us$ =m$ ano!r argum5t aga9/ exposure4#bje ,! enormity ( ! crime ( caus+ an infant's dea? 0 enhanc$ by ! notion t *ildr5 :o _h di$ unbaptis$ 7 doom$ to et]nal p]dition4#bjf ,accord+ to a decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,m5tz 9 #heb1 ! p5ance impos$ on ! "m 0 heavi] if %e kill$ an unbaptis$ ?an if %e kill$ a #dab baptis$ *ild4#bjg ,9 ! ye> #aeef1 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,france made a law :i* puni%$ z a *ild-murd]] any woman :o _h conceal$ h] pregnancy & deliv]y1 & ^: *ild 0 f\nd dead1 priv1 tant du sa9t sacrem5t de baptesme1 que spulture publique et acc\/ume4#bjh ,?is /atute--to :i* !re is a c\nt]p>t 9 ,engl& 9 ! /atute #ba ,jac4 ,i4 c4 #bg1bji & 9 ! ,scot* law ( #afij1 c4 #babaj--?us w5t s f> z to con/itute a presumptive murd]1 av[$ly "u ! influ5ce ( t ,*ri/ian dogma to :i* ,mr4 ,lecky attributes1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! heal?y s5se ( ! value & sanctity ( infant life :i* s broadly di/+ui%es ,*ri/ian f ,pagan societies4#baa ,footnote #bjd3 ,see ,t]me & ,monfalcon1 ,hi/oire des enfans tr\vs1 p4 #fg sqq4 ,footnote #bje3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apologia ,i4 pro ,*ri/ianis1 #bi1 #bg 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vi4 #cgc sq41 #cfi sqq474 ,footnote #bjf3 ,cf4 ,spang5b]g1 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 iii4 #bj2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,canon ,hlud[ici regis1 #i 7,p]tz1 ,monum4 ,g]mani hi/orica1 iii4 #dac74 ,footnote #bjh3 ,isamb]t1 ,decrusy1 & ,armet1 ,recueil gnral des anci5nes lois franaises1 xiii4 #dgb sq4 ,footnote #bji3 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #aih4 ,footnote #baj3 ,ersk9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #efj4 ,footnote #baa3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bc4 ,if ! ,pagans _h be5 comp>atively indiff]5t to ! suff]+s ( ! expos$ infant1 ! ,*ri/ians became all ! m cruel to ! un=tunate "m1 :o1 p]haps 9 a fit ( despair1 _h put to dea? h] new-born *ild4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]or ,val5t9ian ,i4 made infanticide a capital (f5ce4#bab ,accord+ to ! ,c\tume de ,l\dunois1 a "m :o kill$ h] *ild 0 burn$4#bac ,9 ,g]many & ,switz]l& %e 0 buri$ alive ) a pale ?ru/ ?r\gh h] body2#bad ?is puni%m5t 0 prescrib$ by ! crim9al code ( ,*>les ,v41 side by side ) dr[n+4#bae ,until ! end ( ! eighte5?1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?1 c5tury1 infanticide 0 a capital crime ev]y:]e 9 ,europe1 except 9 ,russia4#baf ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ( t rationali/ic movem5t :i* compell$ m5 to rectify s _m preconceiv$ op9ions1#bag x became manife/ t an unm>ri$ woman #dac :o de/roy$ h] illegitimate *ild 0 n 9 ! same category z an ord9>y murd]ess4#bah ,x 0 po9t$ out t %ame & fe>1 ! excitem5t ( m9d1 & ! difficulty 9 re>+ ! poor ba/>d1 c\ld induce ! un=tunate "m to commit a crime :i* %e h]self abhorr$4 ,t no notice _h be5 tak5 ( all ?is1 is explicable f ! extreme sev]ity ) :i* female un*a/ity 0 look$ ^u by ! ,*ur*4 ,at pres5t mo/ ,european lawbooks d n puni% infanticide committ$ by an unm>ri$ woman ev5 nom9ally ) dea?4#bai ,9 ,france ! law :i* reg>ds infanticide z an aggravat$ =m ( meurtre#bbj has become a dead lett]2#bba & 9 ,engl& no woman seems = a long "t to h be5 execut$ = kill+ h] new-born *ild "u ! di/ress ( m9d & fe> ( %ame caus$ by *ild-bir?4#bbb ,footnote #bab3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 ix4 #ad4 #a4 ,in/itutiones1 ix4 #af1 #g4 ,footnote #bac3 ,tissot1 ,le droit pnal1 ii4 #dj4 ,footnote #bad3 ,os5brgg51 ,das alamannis*e ,/rafre*t im deuts*5 ,mittelalt]1 p4 #bbi sq4 ,idem1 ,/udi5 zur deuts*5 und s*weiz]is*5 ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #bae3 ,*>les ,v4's ,pe9li*e ,g]i*ts ,ordnung1 art4 #aca4 ,footnote #baf3 de ,feyf]1 ,v]h&el+ ov] d5 ,k9d]moord1 p4 #bbe4 von ,fabrice1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,k9dsabtreibung und vom ,k9dsmord1 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #bag3 ,b]n]1 ,lehrbu* des ,deuts*5 ,/rafre*tes1 p4 #dig4 ,footnote #bah3 ,b5?am ma9ta9$ 7,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #bfd sq47 t infanticide ought n to be puni%$ z a pr9cipal (f5ce4 ,! (f5ce1 he says1 is :at is improp]ly call$ ! dea? ( an infant1 :o has ceas$ to be1 be=e kn[+ :at exi/5ce is1--a result ( a nature n to give ! slighte/ inquietude to ! mo/ timid imag9ation2 & :i* c cause no regrets b to ! v p]son :o1 ?r\gh a s5tim5t ( %ame & pity1 has refus$ to prolong a life begun "u ! auspices ( mis]y4 ,footnote #bai3 de ,feyf]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh4 ,= mod]n legislation on infanticide1 see also ,spang5b]g1 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 iii4 #cfj sqq42 von ,fabrice1 op4 cit4 p4 #bed sqq4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,code ,pnal1 art4 #cjj1 #cjb4 ,footnote #bba3 ,g>raud1 ,trait ?oretique et pratique du droit pnal franais1 iv4 #bea4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #hf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h& 9 h& ) ! cu/om ( infanticide goes feticide1 :i* prevails ext5sively 9 ! savage _w4#bbc ,! same consid]ations z induce savages to kill _! new-born infants also induce !m to de/roy ! fetus be=e x has proce$$ into ! _w f ! "m's body4 ,besides1 wom5 procure abortion ) a view to avoid+ ! disagreeable incid5ts accompany+ ! /ate ( pregnancy2 or1 v frequ5tly1 9 ord] to conceal illicit int]c\rse4#bbd ,consid]+ t ! same degree ( sympa?y _c be felt ) reg>d to a *ild n yet born z ) reg>d to an infant1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t feticide is practis$ )\t objection ev5 by #dad "s peoples :o nev] commit infanticide4 ,?us 9 ,samoa1 :]e ! latt] practice 0 p]fectly unkn[n1 ! de/ruction ( unborn *ildr5 prevail$ to a melan*oly ext5t1 & ! same 0 ! case 9 ! ,mit*ell ,gr\p4#bbe ,among ! ,dacotahs1 :o only occasionally kill$ infants1 abortion procur$ by artificial means 0 n held objectionable4#bbf ,on ! o!r h& !re are savages :o consid] x a crime4 ,"s ,indian tribes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica abhor ! practice4#bbg ,! natives ( ,t5imb] & ,timor-laut puni% x ) heavy f9es4#bbh ,reg>d+ ! ,kafirs1 ,mr4 ,w>n] /ates t ! procur+ ( abortion1 al?\gh univ]sally practis$ by all classes ( females 9 ,kafir society1 is nev]!less a crime ( consid]able magnitude 9 ! eye ( ! ,law2 & :5 br\ght to ! notice ( ! ,*ief1 a f9e ( f\r or five head ( cattle is inflict$4 ,! accomplices are equally guilty ) ! female h]self4#bbi ,footnote #bbc3 ,ploss1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #hdb sqq4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,ibid4 i4 #hea sq4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 pp4 #gi1 #bhj4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iii4 #bdc4 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 i4 #cid4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,ploss1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #hdh4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #cjb4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,w>n]1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #fb4 ,cf4 ,br[nlee1 ibid4 p4 #aaa2 ,hold51 ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,kaffir ,races1 p4 #ccd4 ,pass+ to m civilis$ nations1 we notice t1 among ,h9dus & ,muhamm$ans1 artificial abortion is extremely common & is h>dly reprobat$ by public op9ion1 :atev] religion or law may h to say on ! subject4#bcj ,x is especially resort$ to by unm>ri$ wom5 z a means ( escap+ puni%m5t & %ame4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,india1 says ,dr4 ,*ev]s1 :]e true morality is almo/ unkn[n1 b :]e ! laws ( society ex]cise ! mo/ rigor\s & vigilant control imag9able ov] ! conduct ( females1 & :]e six-sev5?s ( ! wid[s1 :atev] _! age or position 9 life may be1 are absolutely deb>r$ f re-m>riage1 & are compell$ to rely ^u ! unc]ta9 support ( _! relatives1 x is sc>cely surpris+ t great crimes %\ld be frequ5tly practis$ to conceal ! results ( immorality1 & t ! procur+ ( crim9al abortion %\ld1 especially1 be an act ( #dae almo/ daily commission1 & %\ld h become a trade among c]ta9 ( ! l[] midwives4#bca ,9 ,p]sia e illegitimate pregnancy ends ) abortion2 ! act is done almo/ publicly1 & no ob/acle is put 9 its way4#bcb ,9 ,turkey1 bo? among ! ri* & poor1 ev5 m>ri$ wom5 v commonly procure abortion aft] !y h giv5 bir? to two *ildr51 "o ( :i* is a boy2 & ! au?orities reg>d ! practice ) indiff]5ce4#bcc ,9 anci5t ,greece1 z we h se51 feticide 0 "u c]ta9 circum/ances recomm5d$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 9 pref]5ce to infanticide4 ,9 ,rome x 0 prohibit$ by ,septimius ,sev]us & ,anton9us1 b ! prohibition seems to h ref]r$ only to ^? m>ri$ wom5 :o1 by procur+ abortion1 defraud$ _! husb&s ( *ildr54#bcd ,dur+ ! ,pagan ,empire1 abortion 0 ext5sively practis$1 ei!r f pov]ty1 or lic5ti\sness1 or vanity2 &1 al?\gh sev]ely disapprov$ ( by "s1#bce x 0 probably reg>d$ by ! av]age ,romans ( ! lat] days ( ,paganism mu* z ,engli%m5 9 ! la/ c5tury reg>d$ convivial excesses1 z c]ta9ly wrong1 b s v5ial z sc>cely to des]ve c5sure4#bcf ,s5eca ?9ks ,helvia wor?y ( special praise because %e _h nev] de/roy$ h] expect$ *ild )9 h] womb1 aft] ! fa%ion ( _m o!r wom51 ^: attractions are to be f\nd 9 _! beauty alone4#bcg ,! ,romans drew a broad l9e betwe5 feticide & infanticide4 ,an unborn *ild 0 n reg>d$ by !m z a human be+2 x 0 a spes animantis1 n an infans4#bch ,x 0 said to be m]ely a "p ( ! "m1 z ! fruit is a "p ( ! tree till x becomes ripe & falls d[n4#bci ,footnote #bcj3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #ij2 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #bjg sq4 ,footnote #bca3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #gab4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #bag4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,ploss1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #hdf sq4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #aa4 #d4 ,cf4 ,re91 ,crim9alre*t d] ,rm]1 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #bce3 ,paulus1 quot$ 9 ,dige/a1 xxv4 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #ba sq4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,s5eca1 ,ad ,helviam1 #af4 ,footnote #bch3 ,spang5b]g1 ',v]bre*5 d] ,abtreibung d] ,leibesfru*t1' 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #bci3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bb4 ,v diff]5t op9ions 7 held by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,a sanctity1 previ\sly unhe>d (1 0 atta*$ to human life f ! v beg9n+4 ,feticide 0 reg>d$ z a #daf =m ( murd]4 ,prev5tion ( bir?1 says ,t]tullian1 is a precipitation ( murd]2 nor does x matt] :e!r "o take away a life :5 =m$1 or drive x away :ile =m+4 ,he also is a man :o is ab\t to be "o4 ,ev5 e fruit already exi/s 9 its se$4#bdj ,/4 ,augu/9e1 aga91 makes a di/9ction betwe5 an embryo :i* has already be5 =m$1 & an embryo z yet un=m$4 ,f ! creation ( ,adam1 he says1 x appe>s t ! body is made be=e ! s\l4 ,be=e ! embryo has be5 end[$ ) a s\l x is an embryo in=matus1 & its artificial abortion is to be puni%$ ) a f9e only2 b ! embryo =matus is an animate be+1 & to de/roy x is no?+ less ?an murd]1 a crime puni%able ) dea?4#bda ,?is di/9ction betwe5 an animate & inanimate fetus 0 embodi$ bo? 9 ,canon#bdb & ,ju/9ian law1#bdc & pass$ subsequ5tly into v>i\s lawbooks4#bdd ,& a woman :o de/roy$ h] animate embryo 0 puni%$ ) dea?4#bde ,footnote #bdj3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #i 7,migne op4 cit4 i4 #cai sq474 ,footnote #bda3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,que/iones 9 ,exodum1 #hj2 ,idem1 ,que/iones ,vet]is et ,novi ,te/am5ti1 #bc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxiv4-xxxv4 #fbf1 #bbbi74 ,footnote #bdb3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #cb4 #b4 #h sq4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,z reg>ds ! "t f :i* ! fetus 0 consid]$ to be animate a curi\s di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ! male & ! female fetus4 ,! =m] 0 reg>d$ z animatus =ty days aft] its conception1 ! latt] eighty days4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]--:i* 0 d]iv$1 z x seems1 ei!r f an absurd mis9t]pretation ( ,leviticus1 xii4 #b-e1 or f ! views ( ,ari/otle 7,de animalibus hi/ori1 vii4 #c2 cf4 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 vii4 #f7--0 n accept$ by ! gloss>i/ ( ! ,ju/9ian ,code1 :o fix$ ! animation ( ! female1 z well z ( ! male1 fetus at =ty days aft] its conception2 & ?is view 0 adopt$ by lat] juri/s 7,spang5b]g1 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 ii4 #cg sqq474 ,footnote #bdd3 von ,fabrice1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjb sq4 ,b]n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eja4 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #gbj sqq4 ,footnote #bde3 ,fleta1 i4 #bc4 #ab 7,engl&74 ,*>les ,v's ,pe9li*e ,g]i*ts ,ordnung1 art4 #acc4 ,spang5b]g 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 ii4 #af4 ,! crim9ality ( artificial abortion 0 increas$ by ! belief t an embryo =matus1 be+ a p]son end[$ ) an immortal s\l1 0 9 ne$ ( baptism = its salvation4 ,9 8 highly e/eem$ treatise ,de fide1 writt5 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,/4 ,fulg5tius says1 ,x is to be believ$ beyond d\bt1 t n only m5 :o are come to ! use ( reason1 b infants1 :e!r !y die 9 _! "m's womb1 or aft] !y are born1 )\t baptism1 #dag 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 are puni%$ ) ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9 et]nal fire1 because ?\gh !y h no actual s9 ( _! own1 yet !y c>ry along ) !m ! condemnation ( orig9al s9 f _! fir/ conception & bir?4#bdf ,& 9 ! ,lex ,bajuw>iorum ?is doctr9e is expressly ref]r$ to 9 a p>agraph :i* prescribes a daily comp5sation = *ildr5 kill$ 9 ! womb on acc\nt ( ! daily suff]+ ( ^? *ildr5 9 hell4#bdg ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ,/4 ,fulg5tius' dictum 0 call$ 9 "q1 & no less a p]son ?an ,?omas ,aqu9as sugge/$ ! possibility ( salvation = an infant :o di$ be=e its bir?4#bdh ,ap>t f ?is1 ! doctr9e t ! life ( an embryo is equally sacr$ ) ! life ( an infant 0 s mu* oppos$ to popul> feel+s1 t ! law conc]n+ feticide _h to be alt]$4 ,mod]n legislation1 ?\gh treat+ ! fetus z a di/9ct be+ f ! mom5t ( its conception1#bdi puni%es crim9al abortion less sev]ely ?an infanticide4#bej ,& ! v frequ5t occurr5ce ( ?is crime#bea is an evid5ce ( ! comp>ative indiff]5ce ) :i* x is practically look$ ^u by l>ge numb]s ( p 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,/4 ,fulg5tius1 ,de fide1 #bg 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxv4 #gja74 ,footnote #bdg3 ,lex ,bajuw>iorum1 viii4 #ba 7vii4 #bj74 ,footnote #bdh3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i4 #cfj1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,h5ke1 ,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic91 #ii1 p4 #ge4 ,b]n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejb4 ,footnote #bej3 von ,fabrice1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii4 ,= mod]n laws ref]r+ to crim9al abortion1 see ibid4 p4 #bjf sqq41 & ,spang5b]g1 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 ii4 #agh sqq4 ,footnote #bea3 ,see ,ploss1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #hdh sqq42 ,s*midt's ,jahrb*] d] 9- und auslndis*5 ,gesammt5 ,m$ic91 xciii4 #ig4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,kill+ ,,( ,,wom5 ,,& ,,( ,,slaves--,,! ,,crim9ality ,,( ,,homicide ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,di/9ctions ,,( ,,class4 ,,among _m ( ! l[] races a husb& is said to possess ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 wife2 b :at ?is actually means is n always obvi\s4 ,x is q probable t1 9 "s cases1 ! husb& may put 8 wife to dea? :5ev] he pleases1 )\t hav+ to fe> any disagreeable consequ5ces4 ,9 o!r in/ances he1 by do+ s1 at all ev5ts exposes himself to ! v5geance ( h] family4 ,among ! ,bang]ang tribe ( ,victoria1 = in/ance1 he might ill-treat h]1 give h] away1 d z he lik$ ) h]1 or kill h]1 & no "o 9 ! tribe int]f]$2 ?\gh1 _h he proce$$ to ! la/ extremity1 h] dea? w\ld h be5 av5g$ by h] bro!rs or k9dr$4#a ,s1 also1 among ! aborig9es ( ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl&1 a wife has always h] 'bro!rs' to look aft] h] int]e/s1 & if a man kills 8 wife he has to deliv] up "o ( 8 own si/]s = 8 late wife's fri5ds to put to dea?4#b ,we %all see 9 a subsequ5t *apt] t _m /atem5ts 9 :i* absolute m>ital p[] is ascrib$ to savage husb&s are n to be int]pret$ too lit]ally4 ,i v5ture to believe t ! husb&'s s-call$ p[] ( life & dea? is g5]ally #dai re/rict$ by cu/om to cases :]e ! wife has committ$ "s (f5ce1 &1 especially1 :]e %e has be5 guilty ( unfai?fulness4 ,footnote #a3 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #b3 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #ada4 ,cf4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bha 7,geawe-gal tribe74 ,! "r ( puni%+ ! wife capitally1 h[ev]1 is by no means univ]sally grant$ to ! husb& 9 uncivilis$ communities4 ,among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs1 if he puts h] to dea?1 he is puni%$ z a murd]]4#c ,among ! ,bakwiri he has to suff] dea? himself if he kills 8 wife2 if %e is unfai?ful to him he is only p]mitt$ to beat h]4#d ,f ! in=mation we possess ( ! l[] races x does n seem to be ! g5]al rule t husb&s puni% _! adult]\s wives ) dea?2 b :e!r !y h ! "r ( do+ s is a "q seldom t\*$ ^u by our au?orities4#e ,we %all see t savage cu/om (t5 gives to ! husb& only v limit$ rights ov] 8 wife1 & requires t he %\ld treat h] ) respect4 ,footnote #c3 ,br[nlee1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #d3 ,s*w>z1 quot$ by ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #dja4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #cjc4 ,among v>i\s peoples ( a high] type ! husb& has1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 _h ! "r ( puni%+ 8 wife capitally2 b ?is seems to be ne>ly all t is involv$ 9 t p[] ( life & dea? :i* he is said to h possess$ ov] h]4#f ,h[ev]1 :il/ cu/om or law =bade him to kill 8 wife )\t suffici5t cause1 su* a de$ 0 h>dly look$ ^u ) ! same horror1 or treat$ ) ! same sev]ity1 z ! murd] ( a husb& by 8 wife1 ow+ to ! =m]'s sup]ior position 9 ! family4 ,among ! ,langob>di1 accord+ to ! laws ( ,k+ ,ro?>1 a husb& :o kill$ 8 wife _h to pay ! same comp5sation z anybody else w\ld h _h to pay = tak+ h] life1 b if a wife kill$ h] husb&1 %e 0 put to dea?1 & h] prop]ty =feit$ #dbj to ! family ( ! dead4#g ,9 ,russia1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :il/ a husb& :o murd]$ 8 wife 01 accord+ to law1 obnoxi\s to corporal puni%m5t1 a wife :o murd]$ h] husb& 0 buri$ alive1 ) ! head above ! gr\nd1 & left to p]i% by hung]4#h ,accord+ to ,engli% law1 a woman :o kill$ h] husb& 0 guilty ( petit treason1 t is1 murd] 9 its mo/ odi\s degree4#i ,footnote #f3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #dbd4 ,hommel1 ,die semitis*5 ,vlk] und ,spra*51 i4 #dag 7,babylonians74 ,lei/1 ,alt>is*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #aif1 #bge 7,aryan peoples74 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #gje2 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #fa sq42 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #bej2 ,keys] ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #bh sq4 7,teutons74 ,footnote #g3 ,edictus ,ro?>i1 #bjj sqq4 ,footnote #h3 ,maciei[ski1 ,slavis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 iv4 #bib4 ,= a ,corsican law conc]n+ matricide1 see ,cibr>io1 ,economia politica del m$io eve1 i4 #cdd2 & = ! puni%m5t inflict$ = ! same crime on a woman 9 ,nuremb]g1 9 #adhg1 see ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #fjg4 ,footnote #i3 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #bjc4 ,among _m peoples ! life ( a woman is held *eap] ?an t ( a man1 indep5d5tly ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! slay] & 8 victim4 ,9 ,burma1 if a woman 0 accid5tally kill$1 less comp5sation _h to be paid ?an = a man4 ,a ,burman expla9$ ?is 9 ! foll[+ words3--,a woman is wor? less ?an a man 9 t way4 ,a maids]vant c be hir$ = less ?an a mans]vant1 a daught] c claim less ?an a son4 ,!y _c d s mu* "w2 !y are n s /rong4 ,if !y _h be5 wor? m1 ! law w\ld h be5 ! o!r way2 ( c\rse !y are wor? less4#aj ,among ,muhamm$ans ! price ( blood = a woman is half ! sum :i* is ! price ( blood = a free man4#aa ,9 anci5t ,india ! murd] ( a woman1 unless %e 0 ) *ild1 0 9 ! eye ( ! law on a p> ) ! murd] ( a ,sdra4#ab ,accord+ to ,cambrian law1 ! galanas1 or blood-price1 ( a woman 0 half ! galanas ( h] bro!r4#ac ,among ! ,teutons ! w]geld ( a woman v>i$3 sometimes x 0 ! same z t = a man1 sometimes only half z mu*1 b sometimes twice z mu*1 or1 if %e 0 pregnant1 #dba ev5 m4#ad ,^! v>iations dep5d$ ^u ! diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* ! (f5ce 0 look$ ^u4 ,by h]self %e 0 wor? less ?an a man1 z a "m %e 0 wor? m2#ae &1 q ap>t f h] value1 ! natural helplessness ( h] sex t5d$ to aggravate ! crime4#af ,among mod]n savages & b>b>ians1 also1 ! e/imate ( a woman's life is 9 "s in/ances l[] ?an t ( a man's1#ag 9 "s equal to x1#ah & 9 "s high]4#ai ,among ! ,gallas ! kill+ ( a free man c be aton$ = only by "o ?\s& cattle1 :]eas fifty are deem$ suffici5t = ! kill+ ( a woman4#bj ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,iroquois two hundr$ y>ds ( wampum 7 paid = ! murd] ( a woman1 & only "o hundr$ = t ( a man4#ba ,among ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra1 :il/ ! comp5sation = murd] is eighty doll>s if ! victim 0 an ord9>y man or boy1 x is "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s if ! p]son murd]$ 0 a woman or a girl4#bb ,among ! ,agar1 a ,d9ka tribe1 ! murd] ( a man mu/ be aton$ = by a f9e ( ?irty c[s1 t ( a woman by =ty c[s4#bc ,:]e wives are pur*as$1 ! kill+ ( a woman involves ! de/ruction ( valuable prop]ty1 & is dealt ) accord+ly4 ,footnote #aj3 ,field+1 ,! ,s\l ( a ,p1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ab3 ,baudhyana1 i4 #aj4 #ai4 #c4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #cje sqq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,v5$otian ,code1 ii4 #a4 #af4 ,accord+ to ! ',laws ( ! ,brets & ,scots1' ! e/imate ( a m>ri$ woman is less by a ?ird "p ?an t ( h] husb&1 :]eas ! e/imate ( an unm>ri$ woman is equal to t ( h] bro!r 7,innes1 ,scotl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #aha74 ,footnote #ad3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #djd sqq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is po9t ( view is v conspicu\s 9 ! ,salic ,law 7,lex ,salica ,h]old's text1 #bh74 ,footnote #af3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #ega4 ,keys]1 op4 cit4 ii4 pt4 ii4 #bi4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fad sq4 ,p>dessus1 ,loi ,salique1 p4 #ffb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,po/1 ,anfnge des ,/aats- und ,re*tsleb51 p4 #aib4 ,idem1 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #aai sq4 ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #aij4 ,georgi1 ,russia1 ii4 #bfa2 ,vmbry1 ,trk5volk1 p4 #cje 7,kirghiz74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #dhg 7,wakamba74 ,footnote #ah3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4 #bgg 7,creeks74 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cgj4 ,wood?orpe1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #ba 7,%ans74 ,footnote #ai3 ,po/1 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #aai sq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 #af4 ,footnote #bb3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #cch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a husb& (t5 has ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 wife1 s we may expect to f9d1 ev5 m (t51 #dbb t a ma/] has ! same p[] ov] 8 slave4 ,! latt]1 z a rule1 c h>dly c\nt on ! support ( 8 family1 & :51 z is frequ5tly ! case1 he is a prison] ( w>1 ! "r ( kill+ an enemy easily passes into ! "r ( kill+ ! slave4 ,9 ! lit]ature deal+ ) ! l[] races we repeat$ly meet ) ! /atem5t t ! own] may kill 8 slave at pleasure1 or t he is n acc\ntable = kill+ him4#bd ,yet ?is seems to mean r t1 if he does s1 no compla9t c be br\ght aga9/ him1 or no v5geance tak5 on him1 ?an t he has an unconditional moral "r to put to dea? a slave :om he no long] c>es to keep2 we %all see t savage cu/om v commonly requires t slaves %\ld be treat$ ) k9dness by _! ma/]s4 ,9 _m cases ! ma/] is expressly d5i$ ! "r ( kill+ 8 slave at 8 own discretion4#be ,among ! ,bataks1 ! own]1 ?\gh all[$ to puni% 8 slave1 mu/ take c>e t ! latt] does n succumb to ! puni%m5t4#bf ,among ! ,rejangs1 if a man kills 8 slave1 he pays half 8 price z comp5sation to ! feudal *ief ( ! c\ntry4#bg ,9 ,madagasc> ma/]s h full p[] ov] _! slaves1 except+ z to life2#bh & ! same is said ( ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/4#bi ,! ,m&+oes all[ ! own] to d :at he likes to a prison] ( w> & to a p]son :o has lo/ 8 fre$om ?r\gh insolv5cy1 b he is =bidd5 to kill a h\se-slave4#cj ,among ! ,b>ea & ,kunma1 by putt+ #dbc to dea? a slave :o is a native ( ! c\ntry1 ! ma/] ev5 exposes himself to ! blood-rev5ge ( ! family ( ! sla94#ca ,footnote #bd3 ,monrad1 ,bidrag til en ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #db 7,negroes ( ,accra74 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #beh 7p ( ,a%anti74 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #aje 7,bolobo74 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #afh 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans74 ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 ii4 #ie 7,wanika74 ,coop]1 ,mi%mee ,hills1 p4 #bch4 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #ajf 7,highl&]s ( ,palembang74 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #cc 7,maoris74 ,gibbs1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ahi 7,?l9kets74 ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 ii4 #cjh sqq4 ,footnote #be3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von eigebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 p4 #dc 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #hc 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bda 7,wa%ambala74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgh 7,msalala74 ,footnote #bf3 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #bg3 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aif4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #cj3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ie4 ,footnote #ca3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dhd4 ,! murd] ( ano!r p]son's slave is ( c\rse l>gely reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ! own]1 b1 9 _m cases at lea/1 x is n exclusively look$ ^u 9 ?is light4 ,:]e ! ma/] himself is n all[$ to kill 8 slave1 ! slave possesses ! "r to live 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,sometimes !re is 9 ?is respect little diff]5ce betwe5 him & a freeman4 ,among ! ,b5i ,am]1 :il/ ! murd] ( a slave :o has be5 b\ght is m]ely comp5sat$ = by ! paym5t ( ! pur*ase sum1 ! murd] ( a slave :o belongs to 8 ma/] by bir? is av5g$ by 8 relatives1 or1 if he has none1 by ! ma/] himself2 %\ld ! murd]] be too high a p]son1 ! matt] drops1 b !re is no "q ( paym5t 9 any case4#cb ,:]e ! sy/em ( blood-money prevails1 ! price paid = ! life ( a slave is less ?an t paid = ! life ( a freeman4 ,among ! ,kirghiz ! =m] is only half ( ! latt]4#cc ,9 ,axim1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 accord+ to ,bosman1 ! murd]] ( a slave 0 usually f9$ ?irty-six cr[ns1 :il/ five hundr$ cr[ns 7 dem&$ = ! murd] ( a free-born negro4#cd ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #cc3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bfa4 ,footnote #cd3 ,bosman1 ,new ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #ada sq4 ,! rule t ! life ( a slave is held 9 less e/imation ?an ! life ( a freeman applies to ! nations ( ar*aic culture2 yet n ev5 ! ma/] is among !m 9 all circum/ances all[$ to put 8 slave to dea?4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico ! murd] ( a slave1 ?\gh committ$ by ! ma/]1 0 a capital (f5ce4#ce ,9 ,corea1 a slave may n be kill$ by 8 own] be=e ! latt] has obta9$ ! p]mission ( ! bo>d ( puni%m5ts1 or ( ! high prov9cial au?orities4#cf ,accord+ to ! #dbd ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 a ma/] :o1 in/ead ( compla9+ to a magi/rate privately1 beats to dea? a slave :o has be5 guilty ( !ft1 adult]y1 or any o!r simil> crime1 %all be puni%$ ) "o hundr$ bl[s4 ,if he beats to dea?1 or int5tionally kills1 a slave :o has committ$ no crime1 he %all be puni%$ ) sixty bl[s & "o ye>'s bani%m5t1 & ! wife or husb&1 z also ! *ildr51 ( ! deceas$ slave %all be entitl$ to _! fre$om4#cg ,aga91 a freeman :o kills ano!r's slave %all be /rangl$4#ch ,footnote #ce3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,rockhill1 ',notes on "s ( ! ,laws1 ,cu/oms1 & ,sup]/itions ( ,korea1' 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 iv4 #ahj4 ,cf4 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #cg3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxiv4 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid4 sec4 cccxiii4 p4 #ccf4 ,accord+ to ,hebrew law1 a ma/] :o smites 8 slave s t he dies "u 8 h&1 %all be surely puni%$2 b if ! slave cont9ues to live = a day or two aft] ! assault1 ! ma/] goes free on ! score t ! slave is 8 money4#ci ,muhamm$ /rongly enjo9$ ! duty ( k9dness to slaves2 yet1 accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 ! ma/] may ev5 kill 8 own slave ) impunity = any (f5ce1 & incurs b a slight puni%m5t--z imprisonm5t = a p]iod at ! discretion ( ! judge--if he kills him wantonly4#dj ,! price ( blood = a slave is 8 or h] value2 b by ! ,h4anafee law a man is obnoxi\s to capital puni%m5t = ! murd] ( ano!r man's slave4#da ,footnote #ci3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #bj sq4 ,footnote #dj3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aae4 ,idem1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #da3 ,idem1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aai4 ,idem1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #ah sq4 ,among ! anci5t ,teutons ! ma/] 0 irresponsible 9 ! eye ( ! law z to all deal+s betwe5 himself & 8 slave2 legally ! slave 0 on a p> ) ! horse & ! ox1 & to kill him 0 only to inflict a c]ta9 loss ^u ! own]4#db ,9 anci5t ,wales ! position ( a slave seems to h be5 v simil>2 !re 0 no galanas = a bondman1 only paym5t ( 8 wor? to 8 ma/]1 l ! wor? ( a bea/4#dc ,among ! ,greeks1 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 ! ma/] evid5tly #dbe c\ld puni% 8 slaves ) dea?2#dd b 9 lat] times1 at lea/ at ,a!ns1 he 0 oblig$ to h& ov] to ! magi/rate any slave ( 8 :o des]v$ capital puni%m5t4#de ,:at happ5$ to a ma/] :o kill$ 8 own slave we d n "k exactly1 b at any rate he _h to und]go a c]emony ( purification4#df ,plato says 9 8 ',laws1' t if a p]son kills ! slave ( ano!r 9 ang]1 he %all pay twice ! am\nt ( ! loss to 8 own]4#dg ,b he adds1 ,if any "o kills a slave :o has done no wrong1 because he is afraid t he may in=m ( "s base & evil de$s ( 8 own1 or = any simil> reason1 9 su* a case let him pay ! p5alty ( murd]1 z he w\ld h done if he _h sla9 a citiz54#dh ,footnote #db3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #cdb sqq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #if4 ,kemble1 ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bjh sqq4 ,/emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #bha sqq4 ,keys]1 op4 cit4 ii4 pt4 i4 #bhi4 ,footnote #dc3 ,dimetian ,code1 iii4 #c4 #h4 ,footnote #dd3 ,odyssey1 iv4 #gdc2 xix4 #dhi sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bag4 ,h]mann-,blmn]1 ,lehrbu* d] grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #hh1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hfe1 #hfh4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bag sq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hfh4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ibid4 ix4 #hgb4 ,9 ,rome1 9 anci5t times1 ! ma/] _h by law ! absolute p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 slaves2 & he :o kill$ ano!r man's slave 0 n crim9ally prosecut$1 b _h m]ely to comp5sate ! own] = ! de/ruction ( 8 prop]ty4#di ,ev5 dur+ ! ,empire a slave 0 c\nt$ a ?+1 n a p]son2 himself incapable ( suff]+ an injuria1 he 0 view$ z a me*anical m$ium only1 ?r\gh :i* an insult c\ld be transmitt$ to 8 ma/]4#ej ,yet ?is doctr9e 0 n rigidly adh]$ to4 ,aft] ! publication ( ! ,lex ,cornelia1 ! *ange 0 introduc$ t he :o kill$ a slave belong+ to somebody else c\ld be puni%$ = murd]2#ea & lat] on ev5 ! ma/]'s p[] ( life & dea? 0 re/rict$ by law4 ,claudius decl>$ t sick slaves :o _h be5 expos$ by _! own]s 9 a langui%+ condition1 & aft]w>ds recov]$1 %\ld be p]fectly free & nev] m return to _! =m] s]vitude2 moreov]1 if any "o *ose to kill at once1 r ?an expose1 a slave1 he %\ld be liable = murd]4#eb #dbf ,by a con/itution ( ,anton9us ,pius he :o put 8 slave to dea? )\t a suffici5t cause 7s9e causa7 0 to be puni%$ equally ) him :o kill$ ! slave ( ano!r4#ec ,hadrian ev5 made an attempt to induce slave-own]s to h& ov] to ! au?orities slaves :o _h be5 guilty ( "s capital crime1 in/ead ( !mselves inflict+ ! puni%m5t on ! guilty4#ed ,footnote #di3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #faf4 ,footnote #ej3 ,in/itutiones1 iv4 #d4 #c4 ,footnote #ea3 ,gaius1 ,in/itutionum juris civilis comm5t>ii1 iii4 #bac4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #faf4 ,footnote #eb3 ,suetonius1 ,claudius1 #be4 ,footnote #ec3 ,gaius1 op4 cit4 i4 #ec4 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #h4 #b4 ,footnote #ed3 ,sp>tian1 ,vita ,hadriani1 #ah4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fag1 n4 #b4 ,fai?ful to h] pr9ciple t human life is sacr$1 ! ,*ur* made ef=ts to secure ! life ( ! slave aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ! ma/]2 b nei!r ! ecclesia/ical nor ! secul> legislation gave him ! same protection z 0 be/[$ ^u ! free memb] ( ! ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,v>i\s ,c\ncils puni%$ ! murd] ( a slave ) two ye>s' excommunication only1 if ! slave _h be5 kill$ s9e consci5tia judicis2#ee & ! same puni%m5t 0 adopt$ by "s ,p5it5tials4#ef ,edg> made ! p5ance la/ ?ree ye>s1 :]eas1 if a freeman 0 kill$1 ! p5ance 0 ( sev5 ye>s' duration4#eg ,facts d n ju/ify ,mr4 ,lecky's /atem5t t1 9 ! p5al sy/em ( ! ,*ur*1 ! di/9ction betwe5 wrongs done to a freeman1 & wrongs done to a slave1 :i* lay at ! v root ( ! :ole civil legislation1 0 repudiat$4#eh ,footnote #ee3 ,concilium ,aga!nse1 ,a4,d4 #ejf1 canon #fb 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 viii4 #cce74 ,concilium ,epaon5se1 ,a4,d4 #eag1 canon #cd 7ibid4 viii4 #efc74 ,concilium ,wormati5se1 ,a4,d4 #hfh1 canon #ch 7ibid4 xv4 #hgf74 ,footnote #ef3 ,poenit5tiale ,cummeani1 vi4 #bi 7,wass]s*leb51 ,bussordung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #dhj74 ,poenit4 ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxi4 #ab 7ibid4 p4 #ehg74 ,footnote #eg3 ,canons enact$ "u ,edg>1 ,modus impon5di poenit5tiam1 #d1 #aa 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&1 p4 #dje sq474 ,footnote #eh3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #ff4 ,mr4 ,lecky /ates 7ibid4 ii4 #ff sq47 t ! ,c\ncil ( ,illib]is exclud$ = ev] f ! communion a ma/] :o kill$ 8 slave4 ,i h only be5 able to f9d ! foll[+ enactm5t made by a ,c\ncil held at ,illib]is 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury3--,si qua dom9a furore zeli acc5sa flagris v]b]av]it ancillam suam1 ita ut 9 t]tium diem animam cum cruciatu effundat2 eo quod inc]tum sit1 voluntate1 an casu occid]it2 si voluntate1 po/ septem annos2 si casu1 po/ qu9qu5nii tempora1 acta legitima poenit5tia1 ad communionem placuit admitti 7,concilium ,elib]itanum1 *4 #e ,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #f74 ,beyond a law ( ,con/ant9e1 to ! effect t a ma/] #dbg :o put 8 slave to dea? 9 a non-judicial way1 0 to be puni%$ z a murd]]1#ei & a reit]ation ( "s previ\s enactm5ts1 ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors seem to h done little to gu>d ! life ( ! slave4 ,:il/ x 0 provid$ t any ma/] :o appli$ to 8 slave c]ta9 atroci\s tortures ) ! object ( kill+ him %\ld be deem$ a manslay]1 x 0 emphatically said t no *>ge :atev] %\ld be br\ght aga9/ him if ! slave di$ "u mod]ate puni%m5t1 or "u any puni%m5t n inflict$ ) ! int5tion ( kill+ him4#fj ,arcadius & ,honorius ev5 pass$ a law refus+ protection to a slave :o %\ld fly to a *ur* = refuge f 8 ma/]2#fa b ?is law 01 9 ! ,we/1 foll[$ by regulations ( an opposite "*4#fb ,! b>b>ian invasions c]ta9ly did n improve ! condition ( slaves1 & 9 ,teutonic c\ntries x 0 only by sl[ degrees t ! introduction & spread ( a high] civilisation ex]cis$ its humanis+ influ5ce on ! relation betwe5 ma/] & slave4 ,! ,visigo?ic ,code prohibit$ a p]son f kill+ any ( 8 slaves :o _h committ$ no (f5ce4#fc ,accord+ to ! ,capitul>ia1 ! ma/] _h to pay a p5alty = caus+ ! dea? ( a guiltless slave1 provid$ t he di$ at once2 b if he surviv$ ! injury only a day or two1 ! ma/] 0 n puni%able = 8 de$1 because ! slave 0 8 pecunia4#fd ,9 a lat] p]iod any int5tional kill+ ( an innoc5t slave 0 puni%$ by law1 b ! law probably rema9$ a dead lett]4#fe ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,beaumanoir1 ! ,fr5* jurisconsult1 c\ld write3--,plus cortoise e/ no/re c\/ume env]s les s]s que en autre pas1 c> li segneur po5t p5re de lor s]s1 et mort et vie1 t\tes les fois #dbh qu'il lor ple/1 et tant qu'il lor plet4#ff ,nay1 ev5 9 q mod]n times1 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 :]e negro slav]y prevail$ z a recognis$ in/itution1 ! life ( ! slave 0 only inadequately protect$ by _! laws4 ,footnote #ei3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 ix4 #ab4 #a4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid4 ix4 #ab4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 ix4 #de4 #c4 ,footnote #fb3 ,bab+ton1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 promot+ ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y 9 ,europe1 p4 #cg4 ,biot1 ,de l'abolition de l'esclavage anci5 en ,occid5t1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #fc3 ,lex ,wisigo?orum1 vi4 #e4 #ab4 ,footnote #fd3 ,capitul>ia1 vi4 #aa 7,georgis*1 ,corpus ,juris ,g]manici antiqui1 col4 #aeac74 ,?is law is borr[$ f ,exodus1 xxi4 #bj sq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #cdd sq4 ,cf4 ,potgiess]1 9999,comm5t>ii juris ,g]manici de /atu s]vorum vet]i p]9de atqve novo1 ii4 #a4 #aj1 #ac1 #bd2 iii4 #f 7pp4 #cjh1 #cji1 #caa1 #cab1 #cba1 #fcc sqq474 ,footnote #ff3 ,beaumanoir1 ,les c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xlv4 #cf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcg4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,briti% colonies1 x 0 only by =ce ( comp>atively rec5t acts1 made = ! mo/ "p subsequ5t to ! ye> #agig1 t ! same puni%m5t 0 prescrib$ = ! murd] ( a slave z = ! murd] ( a free p]son4 ,prior to ?is p]iod ! =m] crime 0 subject only to a small pecuni>y p5alty1 9 ,b>bados n exce$+ #ae4fg ,9 ! ,fr5* colonies1 accord+ to ! ,code ,noir1 a ma/] :o kill$ 8 slave %\ld be puni%$ selon l'atrocit des circon/ances4#fh ,9 all ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,slave-,/ates !re 0 a "t :5 ! murd] ( a slave1 :e!r by 8 ma/] or a ?ird p]son1 0 aton$ = by a f9e4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ?is 0 ! case z late z #ahba1 & only s9ce !n ! wilful1 malici\s1 & prem$itat$ kill+ ( a slave1 by :omsoev] p]petrat$1 0 a capital (f5ce 9 all ! slave-hold+ ,/ates4#fi ,b ?is does n mean t no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! kill+ ( a slave & ! kill+ ( a freeman4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 accord+ to an enactm5t ( #ahba1 he :o kill$ a slave on a sudd5 heat ( passion 0 puni%$ simply ) a f9e ( five hundr$ doll>s & imprisonm5t n exce$+ six mon?s4#gj ,9 ! ,/atutes ( ,t5nessee ! law ref]r+ to ! wilful murd] ( a slave conta9$ ! provision t x %\ld n be ext5d$ to any p]son kill+ any slave 9 ! act ( resi/ance to 8 lawful own] or ma/]1 or any slave dy+ "u mod]ate correction2#ga & a v simil> provision 0 made by ! laws ( ,georgia4#gb ,9 o!r words1 a correction caus+ ! dea? ( ! victim #dbi 0 n necess>ily immod]ate 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,9 a /ill high] degree ! life ( ! slave 0 endang]$ by ano!r law1 :i* prevail$ univ]sally bo? 9 ! ,slave-,/ates & 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies4 ,nei!r a slave1 nor a free negro1 nor any desc5dant ( a native ( ,africa :atev] might be ! %ade ( 8 complexion1 c\ld be a witness aga9/ a :ite p]son1 ei!r 9 a civil or crim9al case4#gc ,?is law plac$ ! slave1 :o 0 seldom )9 ! view ( m ?an "o :ite man at a "t1 entirely at ! m]cy ( ?is individual1 & its consequ5ces 7 obvi\s4 ,speak+ ( slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahec1 ,mr4 ,goodell rem>ks3--,^u ! mo/ dilig5t inquiry & public *all5ge1 = fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s pa/1 n "o s+le case has yet be5 asc]ta9$ 9 :i*1 ei!r dur+ t "t or previ\sly1 a ma/] kill+ 8 slave1 or inde$ any o!r :ite man1 has suff]$ ! p5alty ( dea? = ! murd] ( a slave4 ,nev]!less1 murd]s ( slaves by :ite m5 _h be5 notori\sly frequ5t4#gd ,footnote #fg3 ,/eph51 ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies del9eat$1 i4 #cf1 #ch4 ,footnote #fh3 ,code ,noir1 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #ci1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #fi3 ,brev>d1 ,dige/ ( ! ,public ,/atute ,law ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ii4 #bdj sq4 ,/r\d1 ,laws relat+ to ,slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #ee sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ga3 ,c>u!rs & ,ni*olson1 ,compilation ( ! ,/atutes ( ,t5nessee1 p4 #fgg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,pr9ce1 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 p4 #ghg4 ,footnote #gc3 ,brev>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bdb4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajf sq4 ,/eph51 ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 i4 #aff1 #agd4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,colonies1 also1 slaves c\ld n be legal witnesses1 b _! te/imony might be he>d by ! judge1 m]ely to s]ve z a sugge/ion1 or unau!nticat$ in=mation1 :i* might ?r[ light on ! evid5ce ( o!r witnesses 7,code ,noir1 dit du mois de ,m>s #afhe1 art4 #cj1 p4 #dd74 ,footnote #gd3 ,goodell1 ,am]ican ,slave ,code 9 ,!ory & ,practice1 p4 #bji sq4 ,t ! life ( a slave is held 9 s little reg>d is due to t want ( sympa?y ) 8 fate :i* acc\nts also = 8 unfree condition1 & to ! propriet>y rights ov] him :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 h be5 grant$ to 8 ma/]4 ,= simil> reasons ! kill+ ( a freeman by a slave1 especially if ! victim be 8 own]1 is commonly puni%$ m sev]ely ?an if ! same act 7 done by a free p]son4 ,! less ! sympa?y felt = an individual1 ! m int5se is ! res5tm5t :i* he excites by (f5sive behavi\r4 ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 a slave :o design$ly kills1 or /rikes s z to kill1 8 ma/]1 %all suff] dea? by a sl[ & pa9ful execution4#ge ,plato says t1 if a slave volunt>ily murd]s a freeman1 #dcj ! public execution] %all lead him 9 ! direction ( ! sepul*re ( ! dead man1 to a place :5ce he c see ! tomb1 & aft] inflict+ ^u him z _m /ripes z ! compla9ant %all ord]1 put ! murd]]1 if he survives ! sc\rg+1 to dea?4#gf ,?\gh ! slave has committ$ ! act 9 a fit ( passion1 ! relatives ( ! deceas$ %all nev]!less be "u an obligation to kill him1 & ?is may be done 9 any mann] !y please2#gg nay1 ev5 9 self-def5ce a slave is n all[$ to kill a freeman1 any m ?an a son is all[$ to kill 8 fa!r4#gh ,at ,rome1 also1 a slave 0 m heavily puni%$ = ! commission ( homicide ?an a freeman4#gi ,says ! anci5t juri/1 ,maiores no/ri 9 omni supplicio sev]ius s]vos quam lib]os famosos quam integr fam hom9es puni]unt4#hj ,footnote #ge3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxiv4 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #gf3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgb4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ibid4 ix4 #hfh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid4 ix4 #hfi4 ,footnote #gi3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fca sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #ai4 #bh4 #af4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! e/imate ( life a di/9ction is made n only betwe5 freem5 & slaves1 b betwe5 diff]5t classes ( freem54 ,among c]ta9 peoples a p]son :o kills a *ief is puni%$ ) dea?1 ?\gh murd] is n g5]ally a capital (f5ce4#ha ,:]e ! sy/em ( comp5sation prevails1 ! blood-price v frequ5tly v>ies accord+ to ! /ation or rank ( ! victim4#hb ,among ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra ! comp5sation = ! murd] ( a sup]ior *ief is five hundr$ doll>s1 = t ( an inf]ior *ief two hundr$ & fifty doll>s2 = t ( a common p]son1 man or boy1 eighty doll>s2 = t ( a common p]son1 woman or girl1 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s2 = ! legitimate *ild or wife ( a sup]ior *ief1 two hundr$ & fifty doll>s4#hc ,! body ( e ,ossetian has #dca a settl$ value 9 ! eyes ( ! judges1 :i* seems to be fix$ by public op9ion2 ?us ! fa!r ( a family be>s a high] value ?an an unm>ri$ man1 & a noble is rat$ at twice z mu* z an ord9>y freeman4#hd ,9 ,ea/]n ,tibet ! murd]] ( a man ( ! upp] class is f9$ #abj bricks ( tea1 ! murd]] ( a middle-class man only #hj1 & s on d[n ?r\gh ! social scale1 ! life ( a begg> be+ valu$ at a nom9al am\nt only2 b if ! victim 0 a lama1 ! murd]] has to pay a mu* high] price1 possibly #cjj bricks4#he ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( mod]n ,buddhism1 :5 ! life ( a man is tak51 ! dem]it increases 9 proportion to ! m]it ( ! p]son sla94#hf ,! laws ( ! ,brets & ,scots e/imat$ ! life ( ! k+ ( ,scots at a ?\s& c[s2 t ( an e>l's son1 or a ?ane1 at a hundr$ c[s2 t ( a ville91 at sixte5 c[s4#hg ,a simil> sy/em prevail$ among ! ,celtic peoples g5]ally1#hh z also among ! ,teutons4 ,a man's w]geld1 or life-price1 v>i$ accord+ to 8 rank1 bir?1 or (fice2 & s m9utely 0 x graduat$1 t a great "p ( _m ,teutonic laws 0 tak5 up by provisions fix+ its am\nt 9 diff]5t cases4#hi ,9 ,engli% laws ( ! ,norman age ! w] ( a villanus is /ill only reckon$ at #d1 :il/ t ( ! homo pl5e nobilis is #be4ij ,footnote #ha3 ,wood?orpe1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #ba 7,%ans74 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #hb3 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #add4 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bbe4 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #cja4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 pp4 #bdb sq4 7,m>ea71 #cad 7,b5i ,am]74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #ade 7,lampong]s ( ,sumatra74 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #did4 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #chf 7,kut*974 ,gibbs1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aij 7,indians ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-we/]n ,oregon74 ,paget1 ,hung>y & ,transylvania1 ii4 #daa n4 7,hung>ians74 ,footnote #hc3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #aab4 ,footnote #hd3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dji4 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #cee sqq4 ,footnote #he3 ,rockhill1 ,l& ( ! ,lamas1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #hf3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #dgh4 ,footnote #hg3 ,innes1 ,scotl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ahj sq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 #ajc1 c4 ,sk5e1 ,celtic ,scotl&1 iii4 #aeb4 de ,valrog]1 ,les ,celtes1 p4 #dga4 ,footnote #hi3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 pp4 #bgb-bge1 #bhi4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #bbd1 #bdg sqq4 ,kemble1 ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bgf sqq4 ,footnote #ij3 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 lxx4 #a2 lxxvi4 #d4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 i4 #h4 ,! magnitude ( ! crime1 h[ev]1 may dep5d n only on ! rank ( ! victim1 b on ! rank ( ! manslay] z well4#ia ,among ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s1 murd] committ$ by a slave 0 puni%$ ) dea?--committ$ by a p]son ( rank1 0 indemnifi$ by #dcb paym5ts to ! injur$ family4#ib ,9 ,fijian e/imation1 says ,mr4 ,williams1 (f5ces are light or grave accord+ to ! rank ( ! (f5d]4 ,murd] by a *ief is less he9\s ?an a petty 9999l>c5y committ$ by a man ( l[ rank4#ic ,among ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 9 cases ( murd] & manslaught]1 if ! homicide be ( rank sup]ior to ! p]son kill$1 he pays ! comp5sation dem&$ by ! family ( ! latt]1 or1 9 default ( paym5t1 =feits 8 own life4 ,if ! homicide be ( equal rank ) ! p]son kill$1 ! family ( ! deceas$ h ! "r to dem& 8 life1 ?\gh comp5sation is usually accept$2 b :5 he is l[] 9 rank 8 life is ne>ly always =feit$4#id ,v simil> rules prevail among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/4#ie ,among ! ,m>ea1 if a nobleman kills ano!r nobleman1 ! family ( ! deceas$ g5]ally take rev5ge on him2 :]eas1 if a common] kills a nobleman1 he is n only execut$ himself1 b 8 prop]ty is confiscat$ & 8 ne>e/ relatives become subject to ! murd]$ man's family4#if ,accord+ to ! religi\s law ( ,brahmanism1 ! enormity ( all crimes dep5ds on ! ca/e ( him :o commits !m1 & on ! ca/e ( him aga9/ :om !y are committ$4#ig ,if a ,brhmana slays a ,brhmana1 ! k+ %all br& him on ! =ehead ) a heat$ iron & bani% him f 8 realm1 b if a man ( a l[] ca/e murd]s a ,brhmana1 he %all be puni%$ ) dea? & ! confiscation ( all 8 prop]ty4#ih ,if su* a p]son slays a man ( equal or l[] ca/e1 o!r suitable puni%m5ts %all be inflict$ ^u him4#ii ,a f9e ( a ?\s& c[s is ! p5alty = slay+ a ,k%atriya1 t ( a hundr$ = slay+ a ,vaisya1 & t ( t5 c[s only = slay+ a ,sdra4#ajj ,9 ,rome1 also1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( its hi/ory1 ! #dcc (f5ce 0 magnifi$ 9 proportion to ! insignificance ( ! (f5d]4 ,dur+ ! ,republic !re 0 no law sanction+ su* a di/9ction1 ) ref]5ce to crimes committ$ by free citiz5s2 b f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire1 ! citiz5s 7 divid$ into privileg$ classes & commonalty--ut]que ordo & plebs--&1 :il/ a common] :o 0 guilty ( murd] 0 puni%$ ) dea?1 a murd]] belong+ to ! privileg$ classes 0 g5]ally puni%$ ) deportatio only4#aja ,9 ! ,middle ,ages a simil> privilege 0 grant$ by ,italian & ,spani% laws to manslay]s ( noble bir?4#ajb ,footnote #ia3 ,^! two pr9ciples d n always g toge!r4 ,among ! ,rejangs ! am\nt ( ! blood-money is n proportion$ to ! rank & ability ( ! murd]]1 b regulat$ only by ! quality ( ! p]son murd]$ 7,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bdf74 ,footnote #ib3 ,b[r+1 ,visit to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #ic3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #id3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #ie3 ,idem1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #if3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bdb1 sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cad 7,b5i ,am]74 ,footnote #ig3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ih3 ,baudhyana1 i4 #aj4 #ah4 #ah sq4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid4 i4 #aj4 #ah4 #bj4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ibid4 i4 #aj4 #ai4 #a sq4 ,footnote #aja3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 pp4 #fej1 #ajcb sqq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #djb4 ,idem1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 pp4 #ceg1 #cei4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #fce sq4 ,9 a society :i* is divid$ into diff]5t classes1 p]sons belong+ to a high] class are naturally apt to sympa?ise m ) _! equals ?an ) _! inf]iors4 ,an injury inflict$ on "o ( ! =m] t5ds to ar\se 9 !m a high] degree ( sympa!tic res5tm5t ?an a simil> injury inflict$ on "o ( ! latt]4 ,s1 also1 _! res5tm5t t[>ds ! crim9al w1 cet]is p>ibus1 be m int5se if he is a p]son ( l[ rank ?an if he is "o ( !mselves4 ,:]e ! sup]ior class1 z 0 orig9ally ! case ev]y:]e1 are ! lead]s ( su* a society1 _! feel+s w f9d expression 9 its cu/oms & laws1 & ?us moral di/9ctions w arise :i* are readily recognis$ by ! common p also1 ow+ to ! admiration ) :i* !y look up to ^? above !m4 ,b 9 a progressive society ?is /ate ( ?+s w n la/4 ,! diff]5t classes gradually draw ne>] to ea* o!r4 ,! once all-p[]ful class loses mu* ( its exclusiv5ess1 z well z ( its importance & influ5ce4 ,sympa?y exp&s4 ,9 consequ5ce1 di/9ctions :i* 7 =m]ly sanction$ by cu/om & law come to be reg>d$ z unju/ pr]ogatives1 wor?y only ( abolition4 ,& x is at la/ admitt$ t ea* memb] ( ! society is born ) an equal claim to ! mo/ sacr$ ( all human rights1 ! "r to live4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,human ,,sacrifice ,,x /ill rema9s = u to consid] "s p>ticul> cases 9 :i* de/ruction ( human life is sanction$ by cu/om or law4 ,m5 are kill$ ) a view to gratify+ ! desires ( sup]human be+s4 ,we meet ) human sacrifice 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( e s-call$ ,aryan race4#a ,x occurr$1 at lea/ occasionally1 9 anci5t ,india1 & sev]al ( ! mod]n ,h9du sects practis$ x ev5 9 ! la/ c5tury4#b ,!re are num]\s indications t x 0 kn[n among ! e>ly ,greeks4#c ,at c]ta9 times x prevail$ 9 ! ,hell5ic cult ( ,zeus2#d inde$1 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/ m5 seem /ill to h be5 sacrific$ to ,zeus ,lycu 9 ,arcadia4#e ,to ! hi/oric age likewise belongs ! sacrifice ( ! ?ree ,p]sian prison]s ( w> :om ,!mi/ocles 0 compell$ to slay be=e ! battle ( ,salamis4#f ,9 ,rome1 also1 human sacrifices1 ?\gh #dce exceptional1 7 n unkn[n 9 hi/oric times4#g ,pl9y records t 9 ! ye> #ig ,b4,c4 a decree =bidd+ su* sacrifices 0 pass$ by ! ,roman ,s5ate1#h & aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or ,hadrian f\nd x necess>y to r5ew ?is prohibition4#i ,porphyry asks1 ,:o does n "k t to ?is day1 9 ! great city ( ,rome1 at ! fe/ival ( ,jupit] ,lati>is1 !y cut ! ?roat ( a man8#aj ,& ,t]tullian /ates t 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ev5 to ! proconsul%ip ( ,tib]ius1 infants 7 publicly sacrific$ to ,saturn4#aa ,human sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ,celts1#ab ,teutons1#ac & ,slavs2#ad by ! anci5t ,semites#ae & ,egyptians2#af by ! ,japanese 9 e>ly days2#ag &1 9 ! ,new ,_w1 by ! ,mayas#ah &1 to a frightful ext5t1 by ! ,aztecs4 ,sc>cely any au?or1 says ,prescott 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1' pret5ds to e/imate ! ye>ly sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! empire at less ?an tw5ty ?\s&1 & "s c>ry ! numb] z high z fifty ?\s&4#ai ,! same practice is imput$ by ,spani% writ]s to ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 & probably n )\t good reason4#bj ,be=e _! rule1 at all ev5ts1 x #dcf 0 ( frequ5t occurr5ce among ! ,p]uvian ,indians4#ba ,x also prevail$1 or /ill prevails1 among ! ,c>ibs#bb & "s ,nor? ,am]ican tribes2#bc 9 v>i\s ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 especially ,tahiti & ,fiji2#bd among c]ta9 tribes 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago2#be among sev]al ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india2#bf & v commonly 9 ,africa4#bg ,footnote #a3 ,see ,hehn1 ,w&]+s ( ,plants & ,animals f _! ,fir/ ,home1 p4 #dad sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/reif51 i4 #ed sqq4 ,wilson1 ',human ,sacrifices 9 ! ,anci5t ,religion ( ,india1' 9 ,works1 ii4 #bdg sqq4 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #cfc sqq4 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #eg sqq4 ,moni] ,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #bd4 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 pp4 #aih1 #cfc4 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 ii4 #fi sqq4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #afg sqq4 ,*ev]s1 ,manual ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1 p4 #cif sqq4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,geusius1 ,victim ,human1 passim2 von ,lasaulx1 ,shn(p] d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]1 passim2 ,f>nell1 ,cults1 ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #da sq42 ,/5gel1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]1 p4 #aad sqq4 ,footnote #d3 ,cf4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #ic2 ,/5gel1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #e3 ,pausanias1 viii4 #ch4 #g4 ,footnote #f3 ,plut>*1 ,!mi/ocles1 #ac4 ,footnote #g3 ,idem1 ,que/iones ,roman1 #hc4 ,see ,l&au1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #ahib1 p4 #bhc sqq4 ,footnote #h3 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 xxx4 #c4 ,footnote #i3 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #aa3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #i 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #cad74 ,footnote #ab3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #af4 ,tacitus1 ,annales1 xiv4 #cj4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca1 v4 #ca1 p4 #ced4 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 xxx4 #d4 ,/rabo1 iv4 #e1 p4 #aih4 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #bha sqq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #i4 ,adam ( ,brem51 ,ge/a ,hammaburg5sis ecclesi pontificum1 iv4 #bg 7,migne1 op4 cit4 cxlvi4 #fdd74 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #dd sqq4 ,vigfusson & ,p[ell1 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 i4 #dji sq4 ,freytag1 ',ries5 und ,m5s*5opf] 9 uns]n ,sag5 und ,mr*51' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 i4 #ahij1 pp4 #agi-ahc1 #aig sqq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,mone1 ,ges*i*te des nordis*5 ,heid5?ums1 i4 #aai1 quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #eb4 ,krauss1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 vi4 #ahif1 p4 #acg sqq4 7,s]vians74 ,footnote #ae3 ,ghillany1 ,die ,m5s*5opf] d] alt5 ,hebrer1 passim4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cfb sqq4 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #aae sq4 von ,krem]1 ,/udi5 zur v]glei*5d5 ,culturges*i*te1 i4 #db sqq4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus1 ii4 #adg sqq4 ,footnote #af3 ,aml9eau1 ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte ,anci5ne1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #ag3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #ge4 ,lipp]t1 ,seel5cult1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #gjd1 #gbe4 ,footnote #ai3 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 p4 #ch4 ,cf4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bha2 ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 ii4 #cdf4 ,footnote #bj3 ,aco/a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdd4 de ,mol9a1 ',fables & ,rites ( ! ,yncas1' 9 ,n>ratives ( ! ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,yncas1 pp4 #ee1 #ef1 #ei4 ,accord+ to ,cieza de ,leon 7,segunda p>te de la ,crnica del ,p]1 p4 #ajj71 ! practice ( human sacrifice has be5 mu* exagg]at$ by ,spani% writ]s1 b he does n d5y its exi/5ce among ! ,incas2 nay1 he gives an acc\nt ( su* sacrifices 7ibid4 p4 #aji sqq474 ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham seems to atta* undue importance to ! /atem5t ( ,g>cilasso de la ,vega t human victims 7 nev] sacrific$ by ! ,incas 7,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #acj1 #aca1 #aci sqq4 n4 dagg]74 ,cf4 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 p4 #ej sq4 n4 #c4 ,footnote #ba3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #ej1 #acj4 ,footnote #bb3 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #bab sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4 p4 #adb4 sqq4 ,rville1 ,religions des peuples non-civiliss1 i4 #bdi sq4 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #bjh sqq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,s*neid]1 ,naturvlk]1 i4 #aia sq4 ,=n&]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,polynesian ,race1 i4 #abi4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ajf1 #cdf-cdh1 #ceg 7,society ,isl&]s74 ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #edh sq4 7especially ! ,h]vey ,isl&]s & ,tahitians74 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y1 iii4 #bdh 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,lisiansky1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 pp4 #ha sq4 7,nukahivans71 #abj 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,gill1 ,my?s & ,songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific1 p4 #bhi sqq4 7,mangaians74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 pp4 #ahh1 #aie2 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #ig2 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #eg 7,fijians74 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #acd sqq4 ,footnote #be3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 ii4 #bae sqq4 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #bah sq4 7,dyaks74 ,footnote #bf3 ,wood?orpe1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #bd 7,%ans1 c474 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #aeb 7,/e9s inhabit+ ! s\?-ea/ ( ,indo-,*9a74 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bdd 7,pankhos & ,bunjogees74 ,godw9-,au/51 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #cid 7,g>o hill tribes74 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #adg 7,bhiyas71 #agf 7,bhmij71 #bha 7,gonds71 #bhe sqq4 7,k&hs74 ,hislop1 ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #ae sq4 7,gonds74 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #aac sq4 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 passim 7,k&hs74 ,footnote #bg3 ,s*neid]1 ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #aah4 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #eb 7,dahomans1 c474 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #fc sqq4 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #aag sqq4 ,idem1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bif4 ,idem1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #afi sqq4 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #agc4 ,s*o5 & ,cr[!r1 ,exp$ition up ! ,nig]1 p4 #dh sq4 7,ibos74 ,arnot ,g>5ganze1 p4 #ge 7,b>otse74 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #ig 7,m>imos1 a ,be*uana tribe74 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #if sq4 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans74 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #dbb2 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #cjc 7,malagasy74 ,f ?is enum]ation x appe>s t ! practice ( human sacrifice _c be reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic ( savage races4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is f\nd mu* m #dcg frequ5tly among b>b>ians & semi-civilis$ peoples ?an among g5u9e savages1 & at ! l[e/ /ages ( culture kn[n to u x is h>dly he>d (4 ,among "s peoples ! practice has be5 notic$ to become increas+ly preval5t 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,9 ! ,society ,isl&s human sacrifices1 we are in=m$ by ! natives1 are comp>atively ( mod]n in/itution3 !y 7 n admitt$ until a few g5]ations antec$5t to ! discov]y ( ! isl&s99992#bh & 9 anci5t leg5ds !re seems to be c]ta9 indications t !y 7 once prohibit$ 9 ,polynesia4#bi ,9 ,india human sacrifices 7 app>5tly mu* r>] among ! ,v$ic p ?an among ! ,brahmani/s ( a lat] age4#cj ,we are told t su* sacrifices 7 adopt$ by ! ,aztecs only 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! conque/1 & t1 r>e at fir/1 !y became m frequ5t ) ! wid] ext5t ( _! empire2 till1 at l5g?1 almo/ e fe/ival 0 clos$ ) ?is cruel abom9ation4#ca ,( ! ,africans ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade rem>ks1 ,! m p[]ful ! nation ! gr&] ! sacrifice4#cb ,footnote #bh3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,=n&]1 op4 cit4 i4 #abi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,wilson1 ,works1 ii4 #bfh sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #cb3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #eb4 ,m5 (f] up human victims to _! gods because !y ?9k t ! gods are gratifi$ by su* (f]+s4 ,9 _m cases ! gods are suppos$ to h an appetite = human fle% or blood4#cc ,! ,fijian gods are describ$ z delight+ 9 human fle%4#cd ,among ! ,ooryahs ( ,india ! prie/1 :5 (f]+ a human sacrifice to ! w>-god ,manicksoro1 said to ! god1 ,! sacrifice we n[ (f] y mu/ eat4#ce ,among ! ,iroquois1 :5 an enemy 0 tortur$ at ! /ake1 ! savage execution]s leap$ ar\nd him cry+1 ,to !e1 ,arieskoi1 great _s1 we slay ?is victim1 t ?\ maye/ eat 8 fle% & be mov$ !reby to give u h5ce=? luck & #dch victory ov] our foes4#cf ,among ! anci5t nations ( ,c5tral ,am]ica ! blood & he>t ( ! human victims (f]$ 9 sacrifice 7 c\nt$ ! peculi> portion ( ! gods4#cg ,?us1 9 ,mexico1 ! high-prie/1 aft] cutt+ op5 ! victim's brea/1 tore =? ! yet palpitat+ he>t1 (f]$ x fir/ to ! sun1 ?rew x !n at ! feet ( ! idol1 & f9ally burn$ x2 sometimes ! he>t 0 plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! idol ) a gold5 spoon1 & its lips 7 ano9t$ ) ! victim's blood4#ch ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,lipp]t1 ,seel5cult1 p4 #gg sqq42 ,s*neid]1 ,naturvlk]1 i4 #aij4 ,footnote #cd3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #ce3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #baa4 ,cf4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #abj 7,k&hs74 ,footnote #cf3 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #cg3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjg1 #caj1 #caa1 #gjg sqq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgi4 ,b ! human victim is n always1 z has be5 errone\sly suppos$1#ci int5d$ to s]ve ! god z a food-(f]+4 ,! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 z ,major ,ellis obs]ves1 ma9ta9 t _! gods require n only food1 b att5dants2 ! gho/s ( ! human victims sacrific$ to !m are believ$ to pass at once into a condition ( gho/ly s]vitude to !m1 j z ^? sacrific$ at ! fun]als ( *iefs are believ$ to pass into a gho/ly att5dance4#dj ,cieza de ,leon m5tions ! preval5ce ( a simil> belief among ! anci5t ,p]uvians4 ,at ! hill ( ,guanacaure1 on c]ta9 days !y sacrific$ m5 & wom51 to :om1 be=e !y 7 put to dea?1 ! prie/ address$ a disc\rse1 expla9+ to !m t !y 7 go+ to s]ve t god :o 0 be+ wor%ipp$4#da ,footnote #ci3 ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #ge sq4 ,idem1 ,prolegom5a ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #acb4 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #ahi4 ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 p4 #fj1 n4 #a4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 p4 #fjc4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #da3 ,cieza de ,leon1 ,segunda p>te de ,crnica del ,p]1 p4 #aji4 ,moreov]1 an angry god may be appeas$ simply by ! dea? ( him or ^? :o ar\s$ 8 ang]1 or ( "s repres5tative ( ! (f5d+ community1 or ( somebody belong+ to ! k9 ( ! (f5d]4 ,among ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 9 ! case ( human victims ! gods are n believ$ to dev\r ! #dci s\ls2 & z ^! s\ls are1 by ! majority ( ! natives1 believ$ to proce$ to ,dead-l& l all o!rs1 ! object ( human sacrifice seems to be to gratify or satiate ! malignancy ( ! gods at ! exp5se ( *os5 individuals1 in/ead ( leav+ x to *ance--! victims are 9 fact sla9 = ! b5efit ( ! community at l>ge4#db ,"o reason :y ! human victims are s frequ5tly crim9als1 is no d\bt ! int5tion ( appeas+ ! god by (f]+ up to him an individual :o is hateful to him4 ,! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s sacrifice culprits to _! gods1 z we sacrifice !m 9 ,europe to ju/ice4#dc ,among ! ,teutons ! execution ( a crim9al 01 9 _m cases at lea/1 a sacrifice to ! god ^: peculi> cult _h be5 (f5d$ by ! crime4#dd ,?us ! ,frisian law describes z an immolation to ! god ! puni%m5t ( "o :o violates 8 temple4#de ,9 anci5t ,rome ! corn ?ief1 if he 0 an adult1 0 hang$ z an (f]+ to ,c]es2#df & ,ovid tells u t a prie/ess ( ,ve/a :o _h be5 false to h] v[s ( *a/ity 0 sacrific$ by be+ buri$ alive 9 ! e>?1 ,ve/a & ,tellus be+ ! same deity4#dg ,9 consequ5ce ( ! sacrilege ( ,m5alippus & ,com?o1 :o _h pollut$ a temple ( ,artemis by _! am\rs1 ! ,py?ian prie/ess orda9$ t ! guilty pair %\ld be sacrific$ to ! goddess1 & t1 besides1 ! p %\ld e ye> sacrifice to h] a y\? & a maid51 ! faire/ ( _! sex4#dh ,! ,hebrew *]em1 or ban1 0 orig9ally appli$ to malefactors & o!r enemies ( ,yahveh1 & sometimes also to _! possessions4 ,*]em1 says ,pr(essor ,ku551 is prop]ly d$ication to ,yahveh1 :i* 9 reality am\nt$ to de/ruction or annihilation4 ,! p]sons :o 7 #ddj 'd$icat$1' g5]ally by a solemn v[1 to ,yahveh1 7 put to dea?1 frequ5tly by fire1 :]eby ! resemblance to an ord9>y burnt-(f]+ 0 r5d]$ /ill m app>5t2 _! dwell+s & prop]ty 7 also consum$ by fire2 _! l&s 7 left uncultivat$ = ev]4 ,su* puni%m5ts 7 v common 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,b 9 ,israel1 z else:]e1 !y 7 at ! same "t religi\s acts4#di ,! sacrifice ( (f5d]s has1 9 fact1 surviv$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 s9ce e execution p]=m$ = ! purpose ( appeas+ an (f5d$ & angry god may be ju/ly call$ a sacrifice4#ej ,footnote #db3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #dc3 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bdh4 ,cf4 ,lisiansky1 op4 cit4 #abj4 ,footnote #dd3 von ,amira1 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #agg4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #ehg1 #fhd sq4 ,vigtusson & ,p[ell1 op4 cit4 i4 #daj4 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #dfc4 ,footnote #de3 ,lex ,frisionum1 ,additio sapi5tium1 #ab4 ,footnote #df3 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #deg sq4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ijb4 ,footnote #dh3 ,pausanias1 vii4 #ai4 #d4 ,footnote #di3 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i4 #bij sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see supra1 p4 #aig sq4 ,= v>i\s in/ances ( expiatory human sacrifice1 involv+ vic>i\s atonem5t1 see supra1 p4 #ff sq4 ,x is impossible to discov] 9 e special case 9 :at respect ! wor%ipp]s believe ! (f]+ ( a fell[-creature to be gratify+ to ! deity4 ,probably !y h n always def9ite views on ! subject !mselves4 ,!y "k1 or believe1 t on "s c]ta9 occasion1 !y are 9 dang] ( los+ _! lives2 !y attribute ?is to ! designs ( a sup]natural be+2 &1 by sacrific+ a man1 !y hope to gratify t be+'s crav+ = human life1 & !reby av]t ! dang] f !mselves4 ,t ?is pr9ciple ma9ly und]lies ! practice ( human sacrifice appe>s f ! circum/ances 9 :i* su* sacrifices g5]ally occur4 ,human victims are (t5 (f]$ 9 w>1 be=e a battle1 or dur+ a siege4 ,cs> wrote ( ! ,gauls1 ,!y :o are engag$ 9 battles & dang]s1 ei!r sacrifice m5 z victims1 or v[ t !y w sacrifice !m 4 4 4 2 because !y ?9k t unless ! life ( a man be (f]$ = ! life ( a man1 ! m9d ( ! immortal gods _c be r5d]$ propiti\s4#ea ,! ,lusitanians sacrific$ a man & a horse at ! comm5cem5t ( a milit>y ent]prise4#eb ,be=e go+ to w>1 or be=e ! beg9n+ ( a battle1 or dur+ a siege1 ! ,greeks (f]$ a human victim to ensure victory4#ec ,:5 h>d-press$ 9 battle1 #dda ! ,k+ ( ,moab sacrific$ 8 elde/ son z a burnt (f]+ on ! wall4#ed ,9 times ( great calamities1 su* z w>1 ! ,ph5icians sacrific$ "s ( _! de>e/ fri5ds1 :o 7 select$ by votes = ?is purpose4#ee ,dur+ a battle ) k+ ,gelo ( ,syracuse1 ! g5]al ,hamilc> sacrific$ innum]able human victims1 f dawn to sunset2#ef & :5 ,c>?age 0 r$uc$ to ! la/ extremities1 ! noble families 7 compell$ to give up two hundr$ ( _! sons to be (f]$ to ,baal4#eg ,9 ,h9du scriptures & traditions success 9 w> is promis$ to him :o (f]s a man 9 sacrifice4#eh ,9 ,jeypore ! blood-r$ god ( battle is propitiat$ by human victims4 ,?us1 on ! eve ( a battle1 or :5 a new =t1 or ev5 an important village is to be built1 or :5 dang] ( any k9d is to be av]t$1 ?is sangu9>y be+ mu/ be propitiat$ ) human blood4#ei ,9 ,great ,b59 human blood 0 %$ 9 a case ( common dang] :5 an enemy 0 at ! gate ( ! city4#fj ,! ,yorubas sacrifice m5 9 times ( national ne$4#fa ,among ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 su* sacrifices are ord9>ily only made 9 "t ( w>1 pe/il5ce1 or great calamity4#fb ,! ,tahitians (f]$ human sacrifices 9 seasons ( w>1 or :5 w> 0 9 agitation4#fc ,footnote #ea3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #af4 ,footnote #eb3 ,livy1 ,epitome1 #di4 ,footnote #ec3 ,pausanias1 iv4 #i4 #d sqq42 ix4 #ag4 #a4 ,plut>*1 ,!mi/ocles1 #ac4 ,idem1 ,ari/ides1 #i4 ,idem1 ,pelopidas1 #ba sq4 ,lycurgus1 ,oratio 9 ,leocratem1 7*4 #bd7 #ii4 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ae4 #d4 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 ii4 #ef4 ,geusius1 op4 cit4 i4 *4 #af sq4 ,/5gel1 op4 cit4 p4 #aae sq4 ,footnote #ed3 #b ,k+s1 iii4 #bg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #ef3 ,h]odotus1 vii4 #afg4 ,footnote #eg3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xx4 #ad4 ,footnote #eh3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #ei3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #fj3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,p ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #fb3 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bgf sqq41 #cdf4 ,aft] a victory1 captur$ enemies are sacrific$ to ! god to ^: assi/ance ! success is ascrib$4 ,?is sacrifice has be5 repres5t$ z a ?ank-(f]+2#fd b1 9 _m cases at lea/1 x seems to be (f]$ ei!r to fulfil a v[ previ\sly made1 or to induce ! god to cont9ue 8 fav\rs = ! future4#fe ,among ! ,kayans ( ,borneo x is ! cu/om t1 :5 captives are br\ght to an enemy's c\ntry1 "o %\ld suff] dea?1 to br+ prosp]ity & aboli% ! curse ( ! enemy 9 _! l&s4#ff ,footnote #fd3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xx4 #fe 7,c>?ag9ians74 de ,mol9a1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ei 7,incas72 c4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #agj4 ,cruick%ank1 op4 cit4 ii4 #agc4 ,dubois1 ,"*1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #dhh4 ,jordanes1 ,de orig9e actibusque ,get>um1 #e 7#da74 ,cf4 ,jeph?ah's v[ 7,judges1 xi4 #cj sqq474 ,footnote #ff3 ,brook1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak1 ii4 #cjd sq4 ,human sacrifices are (f]$ = ! purpose ( /opp+ or prev5t+ epidemics4 #ddb ,! ,ph5icians sacrific$ "s ( _! de>e/ fri5ds1 n only 9 w>1 b 9 times ( pe/il5ce4#fg ,9 simil> circum/ances ! anci5t ,greeks _h rec\rse to human sacrifices4#fh ,9 seasons ( great p]il1 z :5 a pe/il5ce 0 rag+1 ! anci5t ,italians made a v[ t !y w\ld sacrifice e liv+ be+ t %\ld be born 9 ! foll[+ spr+4#fi ,9 ,we/ ,go?l&1 9 ,sw$51 ! p decre$ a human sacrifice to /ay ! dig]dd1 or ,plague1 h5ce two begg> *ildr51 hav+ j !n come 91 7 buri$ alive4#gj ,9 ,fur1 9 ,d5m>k1 !re is a tradition t1 = ! same purpose1 a *ild 0 int]r$ alive 9 ! burial gr\nd4#ga ,among ! ,*uk*i1 9 #ahad1 :5 a sudd5 & viol5t disease _h brok5 out & c>ri$ (f bo? m5 & re9de]1 ! ,%amans1 aft] hav+ _h rec\rse 9 va9 to _! usual conjurations1 det]m9$ t "o ( ! mo/ respect$ *iefs mu/ be sacrific$ to appease ! irritat$ spirits4#gb ,9 ,great ,b591 :5 ! doctors decl>$ a man _h di$ ow+ to ,ogiwo1 if !y ?9k an epidemic imm95t1 !y c tell ,ov]ami ! k+ t ,ogiwo vex4 ,!n he c take a man & a woman1 all ! t[n c fire guns & beat drums4 ,! man & woman are br\ght out1 & ! head ,jujuman c make ?is pray]3 ',oh1 ,ogiwo1 y are v big man2 don't let any sickness come = ,ado4 ,make all f>m good1 & e woman born man son4'#gc ,9 ! same c\ntry twelve m51 besides v>i\s animals1 7 (f]$ ye>ly on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,adolo1 k+ ,ov]ami's fa!r4 ,k+ ,ov]ami1 call+ 8 fa!r l\dly by "n1 spoke z foll[s3 ,oh1 ,adolo1 our fa!r1 look aft] all ,ado t is1 ,great ,b591 don't let any sickness come to u1 look aft] me & my p1 our slaves1 c[s1 goats1 & f[ls1 & ev]y?+ 9 ! f>ms4#gd ,footnote #fg3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #fh3 ,geusius1 op4 cit4 i4 *4 #ac4 ,/5gel1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaf4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #abe sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,fe/us1 ,de v]borum significatione1 ',v] sacrum1' ,mll]'s edition1 p4 #cgi4 ,nonius ,m>cellus1 ,de proprietate s]monis1 ',v]sacrum1' p4 #ebb4 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,virgilii neidos1 vii4 #gif4 ,footnote #gj3 ,afzelius1 ,sw5ska ,folkets ,sago-,hfd]1 iv4 #aha4 ,footnote #ga3 ,nyrop1 ,romanske ,mosaik]1 p4 #fi1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #gb3 von ,wrangell1 ,exp$ition to ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #abb sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,moor & ,r\pell1 quot$ by ,read & ,dalton1 ,antiquities f ! ,city ( ,b591 p4 #g2 also by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #ga sq4 ,footnote #gd3 ,moor & ,r\pell1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj sq42 also by ,read & ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #f4 ,! sacrifice ( human victims is resort$ to z a me?od ( putt+ an end to a deva/at+ fam9e4 #ddc ,in/ances ( ?is practice are report$ to h occurr$ among ! anci5t ,greeks#ge & ,ph5icians4#gf ,9 a griev\s fam9e1 aft] o!r great sacrifices1 ( ox5 & ( m51 _h prov$ unavail+1 ! ,sw$es (f]$ up _! own k+ ,dmaldi4#gg ,*9ese annals tell u t !re 0 a great dr\ght & fam9e = sev5 ye>s aft] ! accession ( ,t'ang1 ! noble & pi\s man :o _h ov]?r[n ! dyna/y ( ,%ang4 ,x 0 !n sugge/$ at la/ by "s "o t a human victim %\ld be (f]$ 9 sacrifice to ,heav51 & pray] be made = ra91 to :i* ,t'ang repli$1 ,if a man mu/ be ! victim ,i w be he4#gh ,up to q rec5t times1 ! prie/s ( ,l[] ,b5gal h1 9 seasons ( sc>city1 (f]$ up *ildr5 to ,siva2 9 ! ye>s #ahfe & #ahff1 = in/ance1 rec\rse 0 _h to su* sacrifices 9 ord] to av]t fam9e4#gi ,footnote #ge3 ,pausanias1 vii4 #ai4 #c sq4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #fa4 #a sqq4 ,geusius1 op4 cit4 i4 *4 #ad4 ,footnote #gf3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #gg3 ,snorri ,/urluson1 ',yngl+asaga1' #ae1 9 ,heimskr+la1 i4 #cj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #gi3 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #abh4 ,= p subsi/+ on agriculture a failure ( crops means />vation & dea?1#hj & is1 consequ5tly1 attribut$ to ! murd]\s designs ( a sup]human be+1 su* z ! e>? _s1 ! morn+ />1 ! sun1 or ! ra9-god4 ,by sacrific+ to t be+ a man1 !y hope to appease its ?ir/ = human blood2 & :il/ "s resort to su* a sacrifice only 9 case ( actual fam9e1 o!rs try to prev5t fam9e by mak+ ! (f]+ 9 advance4 ,?is ,i take to be ! true explanation ( ! cu/om ( secur+ good crops by means ( human sacrifice1 ( :i* _m in/ances h be5 produc$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]4#ha ,!re are obvi\s l9ks betwe5 ?is cu/om & t ( ! actual fam9e-sacrifice4 ,?us ! anci5t ,p]uvians sacrific$ *ildr5 aft] h>ve/1 :5 !y prep>$ to make ready ! l& = ! next ye>1 n e ye>1 h[ev]1 b only :5 ! wea!r 0 n good1 & seasonable4#hb ,9 ,great ,b591 if !re is too mu* #ddd ra91 !n all ! p w\ld come f f>m & beg ,ov]ami ! k+ to make juju1 & sacrifice to /op ! ra94 ,accord+ly a woman 0 tak51 a pray] made ov] h]1 & a message salut+ ! ra9 god put 9 h] m\?1 !n %e 0 clubb$ to dea? & put up 9 ! execution tree s t ! ra9 might see4 4 4 4 ,9 ! same way if !re is too mu* sun s t !re is a dang] ( ! crops spoil+1 ,ov]ami c sacrifice to ! ,sun ,god4#hc ,! pr9ciple ( sub/itution admits ( a consid]able latitude 9 reg>d to ! /age ( dang] at :i* ! (f]+ is made2 ! dang] may be m imm95t1 or x may be m remote4 ,?is holds good ( v>i\s k9ds ( human sacrifice1 n only ( su* sacrifices z are int5d$ to influ5ce ! crops4 ,i am unable to subscribe to ! hypo!sis cauti\sly set =? by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 t ! human victim :o is kill$ = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops is reg>d$ z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s & is sla9 z su*4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ,dr4 ,fraz] has adduc$ no satisfactory evid5ce 9 support ( 8 supposition2 :]eas a detail$ exam9ation ( v>i\s cases m5tion$ by him 9 connection ) x indicates t !y are closely relat$ to human sacrifices (f]$ on o!r occasions1 & explicable f ! same pr9ciple1 t ( sub/itution4 ,footnote #hj3 ,cf4 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections1 i4 #bjd sqq43--,9 ,india1 unfav\rable seasons produce mu* m disa/r\s consequ5ces ?an 9 ,europe4 4 4 4 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole population are engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! l&1 & dep5d ^u its annual returns = subsi/5ce4 4 4 4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s die "h ( />vation1 "u calamities ( season1 :i* 9 ,europe w\ld involve little ( suff]+ to any class4 ,footnote #ha3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bch sqq4 ,footnote #hb3 ,h]r]a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #hc3 ,moor & ,r\pell1 quot$ by ,read & ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #g2 also by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #ga4 ,! be/ kn[n case ( human sacrifices1 sy/ematically (f]$ to ensure good crops1 says ,dr4 ,fraz]1 is suppli$ by ! ,khonds or ,k&hs4 ,! victims1 or ,m]iahs1 are repres5t$ by our au?orities#hd z be+ (f]$ to propitiate ! ,e>? goddess1 ,t>i ,p5nu or ,b]a ,p5nu1 b f _! treatm5t bo? be=e & aft] dea? x appe>s to ,dr4 ,fraz] t ! cu/om _c be expla9$ z m]ely a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,! fle% & ! a%es ( ! ,m]iah1 he obs]ves1 7 believ$ to possess a magic p[] ( f]tilis+ ! l&1 q indep5d5t ( ! indirect efficacy :i* !y might h z an (f]+ to secure ! goodwill ( ! deity4 ,=1 ?\gh a "p ( ! fle% 0 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess1 ! re/ ( x #dde 0 buri$ by ea* h\sehold] 9 8 fields1 & ! a%es ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! body 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 laid z pa/e on ! gran>ies1 or mix$ ) ! new corn4 ,! same intr9sic p[] 0 ascrib$ to ! blood & te>s ( ! ,m]iah1 8 blood caus+ ! r$ness ( ! turm]ic & 8 te>s produc+ ra92 & magic p[] z an attribute ( ! victim appe>s1 also 9 ! sov]eign virtue believ$ to reside 9 any?+ t came f 8 p]son1 z 8 hair or spittle4 ,consid]+ fur!r t1 accord+ to our au?orities1 ! ,m]iah 0 reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an mortal1 or t a species ( rev]5ce1 :i* x is n easy to di/+ui% f adoration1 is paid to him1 ,dr4 ,fraz] concludes t he may orig9ally h repres5t$ ! ,e>? deity or p]haps a deity ( vegetation1 & t he only 9 lat] times came to be reg>d$ r z a victim (f]$ to a deity ?an z himself an inc>nate deity4#he ,footnote #hd3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india4 ,footnote #he3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bde sq4 ,! premise on :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] bases 8 argum5t appe>s to me q unt5able4 ,x is an arbitr>y supposition t ! ascription ( a magical p[] to ! ,m]iah indicates t he 0 mu* m ?an a m]e man sacrific$ to propitiate a deity4#hf ,a sacrifice is v commonly believ$ to be end[$ ) su* a p[]1 n z an orig9al quality1 b 9 consequ5ce ( its contact or communion ) ! sup]natural be+ to :i* x is (f]$4 ,j z ! ,m]iah ( ! ,k&hs is tak5 r\nd ! village1 f door to door1 & "s pluck hair f 8 head1 :ile o!rs beg = a drop ( 8 spittle1 s1 among ! nomadic ,arabs ( ,morocco1 at ! ,muhamm$an ,great ,fea/1 a man dress$ 9 ! bloody sk9 ( ! %eep :i* has be5 sacrific$ on t occasion1 goes f t5t to t5t1 & beats ea* t5t ) 8 /ick s z to conf] bless+s on its inhabitants4 ,= he is n[ end[$ ) l-b>aka del-7id1 ! b5ign virtue ( ! fea/2 & ! same p[] is ascrib$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! sacrific$ %eep1 :i* are consequ5tly us$ = magical purposes4 ,if ,dr4 ,fraz]'s way ( argu+ 7 correct we %\ld h to conclude t ! victim 0 orig9ally ! god himself1 or a repres5tative ( ! god1 to :om x is n[ (f]$ 9 sacrifice4 ,b ! absurdity ( any su* inf]5ce becomes app>5t at once :5 we consid] t1 9 ,morocco1 e (f]+ to a holy p]son1 = in/ance to a deceas$ sa9t1 is consid]$ to p>ticipate 9 its sanctity4 ,:5 ! sa9t has 8 fea/1 & animals & o!r pres5ts are br\ght to 8 tomb1 x is cu/om>y = 8 desc5dants--:o h a "r to ! (f]+s--to di/ribute #ddf "s fle% ( ! slaught]$ animals among _! fri5ds1 !reby conf]r+ l-b>aka ( ! sa9t ^u ^? :o eat x2 & ev5 c&les :i* h be5 (f]$ to ! sa9t are giv5 away = ! same purpose1 be+ in/9ct ) 8 b>aka4 ,( c\rse1 :at holds good ( ! ,arabs 9 ,morocco does n necess>ily hold good ( ! ,k&hs ( ,b5gal2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,dr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t is f\nd$ on ! notion t ! ascription ( a magic p[] to a victim :i* is (f]$ 9 sacrifice to a god indicates t ! victim 0 once reg>d$ z a div9e be+ or z ! god himself2 & ! facts ,i h record$ c]ta9ly prove ! arbitr>9ess ( ?is supposition4 ,footnote #hf3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bdf4 ,?is is by no means ! only objection :i* may be rais$ aga9/ ,dr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis4 ,9 8 description ( ! rite 9 "q he has emphasis$ its connection ) agriculture to a degree :i* is f> f be+ ju/ifi$ by ! acc\nts giv5 by our au?orities4 ,mr4 ,macph]son /ates t ! human sacrifice to ,t>i ,p5nu 0 celebrat$ z a public oblation by tribes1 bran*es ( tribes1 or villages1 bo? at social fe/ivals held p]iodically1 & :5 special occasions dem&$ exceptional propitiations4 ,x 0 celebrat$ ^u ! occurr5ce ( an extraord9>y numb] ( dea?s by disease2 or %\ld v _m die 9 *ildbir?2 or %\ld ! flocks or h]ds suff] l>gely f disease1 or f wild bea/s2 or %\ld ! great] crops ?reat5 to fail2 :ile ! occurr5ce ( any m>k$ calamity to ! families ( ! *iefs1 ^: =tunes 7 reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal indication ( ! disposition ( ,t>i t[>ds _! tribes1 0 held to be a tok5 ( wra? :i* c\ld n be too spe$ily av]t$4#hg ,moreov]1 besides ^! social (f]+s1 ! rite 0 p]=m$ by individuals to av]t ! wra? ( ,t>i f !mselves & _! families1 = in/ance1 if a *ild1 :5 wat*+ 8 fa!r's flock1 0 c>ri$ (f by a tig]4#hh ,s1 also1 ,mr4 ,campbell obs]ves t ! human blood 0 (f]$ to ! ,e>? goddess1 9 ! hope ( ?us obta9+ abundant crops1 av]t+ calamity1 & insur+ g5]al prosp]ity2#hi or t x 0 suppos$ t good crops1 & safety f all disease & accid5ts1 7 ensur$ by ?is slaught]4#ij ,accord+ to ano!r au?ority1 ,mr4 ,russell1 ! assembl$ multitude1 :5 danc+ r\nd ! victim1 address$ ! e>? 9 ! foll[+ words1 ,o ,god1 we (f] ?is sacrifice to y2 give u good crops1 seasons1 & heal?4#ia ,nor 0 ! magic #ddg virtue ( ! ,m]iah utilis$ solely = ! b5efit ( ! crops4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 "p ( ! fle% 0 buri$ ne> ! village idol z an (f]+ to ! e>?1 & "p on ! b\nd>ies ( ! village2#ib :il/ 9 ! invocation made by ! prie/1 ! goddess 0 repres5t$ z say+1 ,let ea* man place a %r$ ( ! fle% 9 8 fields1 9 8 gra9-/ore1 & 9 8 y>d4#ic ,! a%es1 aga91 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 or laid z pa/e ov] ! h\ses & gran>ies4#id ,x is also wor? notic+ t1 among ! ,k&hs ( ,maji ,deso1 ! (f]+ 0 n at all made = ! special purpose ( obta9+ c]eal produce1 b = g5]al prosp]ity1 & bless+s = !mselves & families2#ie & t 9 ! neighb\r+ pr9cipality1 ,*9na ,kim$y1 inhabit$ = ! mo/ "p by ,ooryahs1 ! sacrifice 0 n (f]$ to ! e>? alone1 b to a numb] ( deities1 ^: p[] is ess5tial to life & happ9ess1 especially to ! god ( w>1 ! great god1 & ! sun god4#if ,n[1 :il/ all ^! facts are 9 p]fect agreem5t ) ! !ory ( sub/itution1 !y c]ta9ly d n ju/ify ! supposition t ! ,m]iah 0 ! repres5tative ( a deity ( vegetation4 ,footnote #hg3 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #aac sq4 ,see1 also1 ibid4 pp4 #abj1 #abh sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ibid4 p4 #aac sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ij3 ,ibid4 p4 #ef4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #ia3 ,russell1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #ib3 ,russell1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #ic3 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb sq4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #ie3 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid4 p4 #abj4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #aig3--;,among ! ,ooryahs human sacrifice is p]=m$ on important occasions1 su* z go+ to battle1 build+ a =t 9 an important village1 & to av]t any ?reat5$ dang]4 ,! same may be said ab\t o!r cases m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 :5 m closely exam9$4 ,! ,indians ( ,guayaquil1 9 ,ecuador1 he says1 us$ to sacrifice human blood & ! he>ts ( m5 :5 !y s[$ _! fields4#ig ,b our au?ority1 ,cieza de ,leon1 adds t ^? ,indians also (f]$ human victims :5 _! *iefs 7 sick to appease ! wra? ( _! gods4#ih ,! ,pawnees1 ,dr4 ,fraz] writes1 annually sacrific$ a human victim 9 spr+ :5 !y s[$ _! fields4 ,! sacrifice 0 believ$ to h be5 enjo9$ on !m by ! ,morn+ ,/>1 or by a c]ta9 bird :i* ! ,morn+ ,/> _h s5t to !m z its mess5g] 4 4 4 4 ,!y ?\ght t an omission ( ?is sacrifice w\ld be foll[$ by ! total failure ( ! crops ( maize1 beans1 & pumpk9s4#ii ,james1 to :om ,dr4 ,fraz] ref]s1 & o!r au?orities say t ! human sacrifice 0 a propitiatory (f]+ made to t />1#ajj a planet :i* especially ) ! ,skidi--! only section #ddh ( ! ,pawnees :o (f]$ human sacrifices--0 an object ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation4#aja ,sickness1 mis=tune1 & p]sonal mi%aps ( v>i\s k9ds 7 (t5 spok5 ( z attributable to ! incurr$ ill-w ( ! heav5ly bodies2#ajb & ! object ( ! sacrifice to ! morn+ /> is expressly said to h be5 to av]t ! evil influ5ces ex]t$ by t planet4#ajc ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,dunb>1 ^: important#ajd article deal+ ) ! subject has escap$ ,dr4 ,fraz]'s notice1 ! design ( ! bloody ordeal 0 to conciliate t be+ & secure a good crop4 ,h5ce1 he cont9ues1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! morn+ /> 0 reg>d$ by !m z presid+ ov] agriculture1 b ?is 0 a mi/ake4 ,!y sacrific$ to t /> because !y fe>$ x1 imag9+ t x ex]t$ malign influ5ce if n well dispos$4 ,x has also be5 /at$ t ! sacrifice 0 made annually4 ,?is1 too1 0 an error4 ,x 0 made only :5 special occurr5ces 7 int]pret$ z call+ = x4#aje ,at ! pres5t day ! ,indians speak ( ! sacrifice z hav+ be5 made to ,ti-ra'-wa1 ! ,supreme ,be+ or ! deity :o is 9 & ( ev]y?+4#ajf ,9 ! detail$ acc\nt ( ! rite1 :i* 0 giv5 to ,mr4 ,gr9nell by an old *ief :o _h himself witness$ x sev]al times1 x is said3--,:ile ! smoke ( ! blood & ! buffalo meat1 & ( ! burn+ body1 asc5d$ to ! sky1 all ! p pray$ to ,ti-ra'-wa1 & walk$ by ! fire & grasp$ h&fuls ( ! smoke1 & pass$ x ov] _! bodies & ov] ^? ( _! *ildr51 & pray$ ,ti-ra'-wa to take pity on !m1 & to give !m heal?1 & success 9 w>1 & pl5te\s crops 4 4 4 4 ,?is sacrifice always seem$ acceptable to ,ti-ra'-wa1 & :5 ! ,skidi made x !y always seem$ to h good =tune 9 w>1 & good crops1 & !y 7 always well4#ajg ,accord+ to ?is description1 !n1 ! human sacrifice ( ! ,pawnees1 l t ( ! ,k&hs1 0 n an exclusively agricultural rite1 b 0 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( av]t+ dang]s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,& ?is is also sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,dunb>'s relation ( ! la/ in/ance ( ?is sacrifice1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,april1 #ahch4 ,9 ! previ\s w9t] ! ,skidi1 soon aft] />t+ on _! hunt1 _h a successful fight ) a b& ( ,oglala ,dacotahs1 & fe>+ t ! ,dacotahs w\ld retaliate by com+ ^u !m 9 ov]:elm+ =ce1 #ddi !y return$ = safety to _! village be=e tak+ a suffici5t numb] ( buffaloes4 ,) little to eat1 !y liv$ mis]ably1 lo/ _m ( _! ponies f sc>city ( =age1 &1 wor/ ( all1 "o ( ! captives prov$ to h ! small-pox1 :i* rapidly spread ?r\gh ! b&1 & 9 ! spr+ 0 communicat$ to ! re/ ( ! tribe4 ,all ^! accumulat$ mis=tunes ! ,ski'-di attribut$ to ! ang] ( ! morn+ />2 & accord+ly !y resolv$ to propitiate its fav\r by a repetition ( ! sacrifice1 ?\gh 9 direct violation ( a /ipulation made two ye>s be=e t ! sacrifice %\ld n occur aga94#ajh ,footnote #ig3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bch4 ,footnote #ih3 ,cieza de ,leon1 ,la ,crnica del ,p] p>te prim]a1 *4 #ee 7,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxvi4 #dji74 ,footnote #ii3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bch4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,james1 ,exp$ition f ,pittsburg to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #ceg4 ,gr9nell1 ,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories & ,folk-,tales1 p4 #ceg4 ,dunb>1 ',pawnee ,indians1' 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 viii4 #gch4 ,footnote #aja3 ,dunb>1 loc4 cit4 p4 #gch4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 p4 #gcf4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,gr9nell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,mr4 ,dunb> is born & re>$ among ! ,pawnees1 famili> ) !m until e>ly manhood1 a frequ5t visitor to ! tribe 9 lat] ye>s 7,gr9nell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bac74 ,footnote #aje3 ,dunb>1 loc4 cit4 p4 #gch sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,gr9nell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ceg1 #ceh1 xvii4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ibid4 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,dunb>1 loc4 cit4 p4 #gdj4 ,nor is !re any reason :atev] to suppose t ! ,brahman boys :om ! ,gonds ( ,india us$ to kidnap & keep z victims to be sacrific$ on v>i\s occasions1#aji 7 reg>d$ z repres5tatives ( a _s or god4 ,!y 7 (f]$ up to ,bhms51 ! *ief object ( wor%ip among ! ,gonds1 repres5t$ by a piece ( iron fix$ 9 a /one or 9 a tree1#aaj n[ to sanctify a m>riage1 n[ to be w$d$ to ! soil1 & aga9 to be giv5 away to ! evil _s ( ! epidemic rag+1 or on ! eve ( a /ruggle4#aaa ,footnote #aji3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bda4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #eej1 vol4 ii4 #ij4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,ibid4 #gba1 vol4 ii4 #abg sq4 ,dr4 ,fraz] writes3--,at ,lagos ,9 ,gu9ea x 0 ! cu/om annually to impale a "y girl alive soon aft] ! spr+ equ9ox 9 ord] to secure good crops 4 4 4 4 ,a simil> sacrifice us$ to be annually (f]$ at ,b594#aab ,b ,dr4 ,fraz] omits an important fact m5tion$ or allud$ to by ! two au?orities he quotes :i* gives u ! key to ! cu/om1 )\t sugge/+ t x has any?+ to d ) ! corn-_s4 ,adams /ates t ! "y woman 0 impal$ to propitiate ! fav\r ( ! goddess presid+ ov] ! ra9y season1 t %e may fill ! horn ( pl5ty4#aac ,& ,m4 ,b\*e obs]ves1 ,au ,bn91 on a cons]v jusqu' prs5t un usage qui rgnait jadis ,lagos et ailleurs3 celui d'empal] une jeune fille1 au comm5cem5t de la saison des pluies1 af9 de r5dre les ori*as propices aux rcoltes4#aad ,f ^! /atem5ts x appe>s t ! sacrifice 0 int5d$ to influ5ce ! ra91 on :i* ! crops ess5tially dep5d4 ,t its imm$iate object 0 to produce ra9 is expressly affirm$ by ,sir ,r4 ,burton4 ,at ,b59 he saw a "y woman la%$ to a scaffold+ ^u ! summit ( a tall bla/$ tree & be+ dev\r$ by ! turkey-buzz>ds4 ,! p decl>$ x to be a 'feti%1' or #dej *>m = br++ ra94#aae ,we h previ\sly notic$ t ! p ( ,b59 also h rec\rse to a human sacrifice if !re is too mu* ra91 or too mu* sun1 s t ! crops are 9 dang] ( be+ spoil$4#aaf ,! !ory ( sub/itution acc\nts = all ^! cases4 ,footnote #aab3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bci4 ,footnote #aac3 ,adams1 ,sket*es tak5 dur+ ,t5 ,voyages to ,africa1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #aad3 ,b\*e1 ,sept ans en ,afrique occid5tale1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #aae3 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #ai n499 ,footnote #aaf3 ,supra1 p4 #ddc sq4 ,! practice ( (f]+ human victims = ! purpose ( prev5t+ dr\ght & fam9e by produc+ ra9 is app>5tly n re/rict$ to ,we/ ,africa4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( _! ye>1 ! anci5t ,mexicans sacrific$ _m prison]s ( w> & *ildr5 :o _h be5 pur*as$ = t purpose1 to ! gods ( wat]1 s z to induce !m to give ! ra9 necess>y = ! crops4#aag ,! ,pipiles ( ,guatemala celebrat$ e ye> two fe/ivals :i* 7 accompani$ by human sacrifices1 ! "o 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 ! o!r 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! dry season4#aah ,9 ,india1 among ! aborig9al tribes to ! s\?-we/ ( ,be]bhoom1 ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt] he>d vague reports ( human sacrifices 9 ! =e/s1 ) a view to procur+ ! e>ly arrival ( ! ra9s4#aai ,)\t v5tur+ to express any def9ite op9ion on a v obscure subject :i* has already l$ to s _m guesses1#abj ,i may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 "h call+ att5tion to ! fact t ,zeus ,lycu1 9 ^: cult human sacrifices play$ a prom95t "p1 0 conceiv$ ( z a god :o s5t ! ra94#aba ,x appe>s f anci5t traditions or leg5ds t ! idea ( procur+ ra9fall by means ( su* sacrifices 0 n unfamili> to ! ,greeks4 ,a c]ta9 ,molpis (f]$ himself to ,zeus ,ombrios1 ! ra9-god1 9 "t ( dr\ght4#abb ,pausanias tells u t once1 :5 a dr\ght _h = "s "t afflict$ ,greece1 mess5g]s 7 s5t to ,delphi to inquire ! cause1 & to beg = a riddance ( ! evil4 ,! ,py?ian prie/ess told !m to propitiate ,zeus1 & t ,aeacus %\ld be ! int]cessor2 & !n ,aeacus1 by sacrifices & pray]s to ,panhell5ian ,zeus1 procur$ ra9 = ,greece4#abc ,b ,diodorus adds t ! dr\ght & fam9e1 :il/ ceas+ 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 /ill cont9u$ 9 ,attica1 s t ! #dea ,a!nians once m resort$ to ! ,oracle4 ,! answ] 0 n[ giv5 !m t !y _h to expiate ! murd] ( ,&rogeus1 & t ?is %\ld be done 9 any way 8 fa!r1 ,m9os1 requir$4 ,! satisfaction dem&$ by ! latt] 01 t !y e n9e ye>s %\ld s5d sev5 boys & z _m girls to be dev\r$ by ! ,m9otaur1 & t ?is %\ld be done z long z ! mon/] liv$4 ,s ! 9999,a!nians did1 & ! calamity ceas$4#abd ,footnote #aag3 ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria g5]al de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 i4 #ej4 ,torquemada1 ,mon>*ia ,indiana1 ii4 #bea4 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #big4 ,footnote #aah3 ,/oll1 ,e?nologie d] ,indian]/mme von ,guatemala1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #aai3 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,see ,imm]wahr1 ,die ,kulte und ,my!n ,arkadi5s1 i4 #af sqq4 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? sugge/s 7',sacrifice1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 xxi4 #acf7 t ! human sacrifices (f]$ to ,zeus ,lycu 7 orig9ally cannibal fea/s ( a wolf tribe4 ,footnote #aba3 ,pausanias1 viii4 #ch4 #d4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #da4 ,footnote #abb3 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #db4 ,footnote #abc3 ,pausanias1 ii4 #bi4 #g sq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 op4 cit4 iv4 #fa4 #a sqq4 ,z an in/ance ( ! close relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 human sacrifices (f]$ = agricultural purposes & o!r human sacrifices1 ! foll[+ case may also be m5tion$4 ,accord+ to ,/ra*ey1 ! ,indians 9 "s "p ( ,virg9ia _h a ye>ly sacrifice ( *ildr54 ,^! sacrifices !y held s necess>y t if !y %\ld omit !m1 !y suppos$ _! gods w\ld let !m no de>e1 turkies1 corne1 nor fi%1 &1 besides1 w\ld make a great slaught] among/ !m4#abe ,footnote #abe3 ,/ra*ey1 ,hi/ory ( ,travaile into ,virg9ia ,britannia1 p4 #ie sq4 ,m5 require = _! subsi/5ce n only food1 b dr9k4 ,h5ce :5 ! e>? fails to supply !m ) wat]1 !y are liable to reg>d x z an attempt aga9/ _! lives1 :i* c be av]t$ only by ! sacrifice ( a human sub/itute4 ,9 ,india1 9 =m] times1 human victims 7 (f]$ to sev]al m9or gods :5ev] a newly excavat$ tank fail$ to produce suffici5t wat]4#abf ,9 ,k?iwr1 = in/ance1 if a pond _h be5 dug & w\ld n hold wat]1 a man 0 sacrific$2 & ! ,vadala lake 9 ,bombay refus$ to hold wat] till ! local _s 0 appeas$ by ! sacrifice ( ! daught] ( ! village headman4#abg ,!re is a leg5d t1 :5 ! b$ ( ! ,saugor lake rema9$ dry1 ! build] 0 told1 9 a dream1 or by a prie/1 t x w\ld cont9ue s till he %\ld cons5t to sacrifice 8 own daught]1 !n a girl1 & ! "y lad to :om %e _h be5 affianc$1 to ! tutel>y god ( ! place4 ,he accord+ly built a little %r9e 9 ! c5tre ( ! valley1 :i* 0 to become ! b$ ( ! lake1 put ! two *ildr5 91 & built up ! doorway4 ,he _h no soon] done s ?an ! :ole ( ! valley became fill$ ) wat]4#abh ,:5 ,colonel ,campbell 0 rescu+ ,m]iahs among ! #deb ,k&hs1 x 0 believ$ by "s t he 0 collect+ victims = ! purpose ( sacrific+ !m on ! pla9s to ! wat] deity1 because ! wat] _h disappe>$ f a l>ge tank :i* he _h con/ruct$4#abi ,accord+ to a /ory relat$ by ,pausanias1 ! di/rict ( ,hali>tus 0 orig9ally p>*$ & wat]less1 h5ce "o ( ! rul]s w5t to ,delphi & inquir$ h[ ! p %\ld f9d wat] 9 ! l&4 ,! ,py?ian prie/ess comm&$ him to slay ! fir/ p]son he %\ld meet on 8 return to ,hali>tus4 ,on 8 arrival he 0 met by 8 son ,lophis1 &1 )\t hesitation1 he /ruck ! "y man ) 8 sword4 ,! y\? _h life en\gh left to run ab\t1 & :]e ! blood fl[$ wat] gu%$ f ! gr\nd4 ,!re=e ! riv] is call$ ,lophis4#acj ,footnote #abf3 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #abg3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #agd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,sleeman1 ,rambles1 i4 #abi sq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #acj3 ,pausanias1 ix4 #cc4 #d4 ,human sacrifices are (f]$ ) a view to av]t+ p]ils aris+ f ! sea or f riv]s4 ,:5 ! ,greeks 7 afflict$ by /ress ( wea!r at ,aulis1 !y 7 bidd5 to sacrifice ,iphig5ia1 9 ord] to lull ! w9ds4#aca ,m5elaus 0 p]secut$ by ! ,egyptians = sacrific+ two *ildr5 :5 he 0 desir\s ( sail+ away & contr>y w9ds deta9$ him4#acb ,accord+ to an ,a!nian writ]1 ! coloni/s :o fir/ w5t to ,lesbos 7 direct$ by an oracle to ?r[ a virg9 into ! sea1 z an (f]+ to ,poseidon4#acc ,sextus ,pompeius ca/ m5 into ! sea z an (f]+ to ,neptune4#acd ,hamilc>1 also1 foll[+ a cu/om ( 8 c\ntry1 ?rew a company ( prie/s into ! sea1 z a sacrifice to ! sea god4#ace ,! ,saxons1 :5 !y 7 ab\t to leave ! coa/ ( ,gaul & sail home1 sacrific$ ! t5? "p ( _! captives4#acf ,! ,vik+s ( ,sc&9avia1 :5 laun*+ a new %ip1 seem$ to h b\nd a victim to ! roll]s on :i* ! vessel slipp$ into ! sea1 ?us r$d5+ ! keel ) sacrificial blood4#acg ,9 #aghd1 at ! laun*+ ( "o ( ! ,bey ( ,tripoli's cruis]s1 a black slave 0 l$ =w>d & fa/5$ at ! pr[ ( ! vessel4#ach ,! ,fijians laun*$ _! canoes ov] ! liv+ bodies ( slaves z roll]s1#aci or1 accord+ to #dec ano!r acc\nt1 :5 a l>ge canoe 0 laun*$1 !y laid hold ( ! fir/ p]son1 man or woman1 :om !y enc\nt]$1 & c>ri$ ! victim home = a fea/4#adj ,on ! deck ( a new boat belong+ to ! mo/ p[]ful *ief 9 ! gr\p1 t5 or m m5 7 slaught]$1 9 ord] t x might be wa%$ ) human blood4#ada ,footnote #aca3 ,aes*ylus1 ,agamemnon1 #bae sq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #aai4 ,footnote #acc3 ,a!nu1 ,deipnosophi/1 xi4 #ae4 ,footnote #acd3 ,dio ,cassius1 ,hi/oria ,romana1 xlviii4 #dh4 ,footnote #ace3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xiii4 #hf4 ,footnote #acf3 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 ,epi/ul1 viii4 #f4 #ae4 ,footnote #acg3 ,vigfusson & ,p[ell1 op4 cit4 i4 #daj2 ii4 #cdi4 ,footnote #ach3 ,simpson1 quot$ by ,grant ,all51 ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bdi4 ,footnote #adj3 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #ig4 ,cf4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ada3 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ig4 ,! ,zui ,indians h a tradition t ! wat]s ( _! valley once rose 9 a flood & compell$ ! inhabitants to flee to a table-l& sev]al hundr$ feet high = safety2 & :5 ! wat]s /ill rose1 ?reat5+ to subm]ge ! table-l& itself1 ! prie/ det]m9$ to sacrifice a y\? & a maid5 to propitiate !m4#adb ,:5 ,seleucus ,nicator f\nd$ ,antio* on ! ,orontes1 ! high prie/ sacrific$ a virg9 at a place betwe5 ! t[n & ! riv]1#adc presumably 9 ord] to prev5t ! t[n f be+ flood$ by ! riv]4 ,:5 ! conv]t$ ,franks m>*$ to ,italy "u _! k+1 ,!odeb]t1 to fight aga9/ ! ,go?s "u ,vitigis1 & 7 on ! po9t ( cross+ ! ,po1 !y sacrific$ :at *ildr5 & wives ( ,go?s !y f\nd1 & ?rew _! corpses into ! riv]1 accord+ to ,procopius1 z ! fir/ fruits ( ! w>4#add ,at ,rome1 e ye> on ! ,ides ( ,may1 ! ,ve/al ,virg9s ?rew f ! ,sublician bridge into ! ,tib] ?irty human effigies =m$ ( ru%es2 ! ,romans !mselves 7 ( op9ion t at an e>li] p]iod liv+ m5 _h be5 hurl$ into ! riv]1 & t x 0 ,h]cules :o fir/ sub/itut$ images ( /raw4#ade ,9 ,we/ ,africa human sacrifices are (t5 (f]$ to riv]s4 ,major ,ellis /ates t at ea* t[n or consid]able village ^u ! banks ( ! riv] ,prah sacrifice is held on a day ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 to ,prah4 ,z loss ( life frequ5tly occurs 9 ?is riv]1 f p]sons attempt+ to cross x :5 flood$1 f a sudd5 rise1 or f ^? hundr$ m9or accid5ts :i* mu/ always occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a deep & /rong /ream1 ! gods ( ! ,prah are consid]$ v malignant4 ,! sacrifice is1 9 consequ5ce1 proportionate4 ,! usual sacrifice 9 =m] times 0 two human adults1 "o male & "o female4 ,!y4 4 4 4 7 decapitat$ on ! bank ( ! riv]1 & ! /ool & image ( ! god wa%$ ) _! #ded blood4 ,! bodies 7 !n cut into a numb] ( pieces1 :i* 7 di/ribut$ among/ ! mangroves1 or ! s$ge bord]+ ! riv]1 = ! crocodiles to eat2 crocodiles be+ sacr$ 9 ,prah4#adf ,accord+ to ,m4 le ,comte de ,c>di1 all ! riv]-side tribes ( ! ,nig] ,delta us$ to propitiate ! riv] deity by ! sacrifice ( a copp]-col\r$ girl1 procur$ f a tribe ( ,ibos inhabit+ a c\ntry away 9 ! h9t]l& ( ,new ,calab>1 or 9 "s places an ,alb9o2 & x seems t ?is cu/om is /ill practis$ 9 ! ,briti% ,protectorate4#adg ,! ,ibos !mselves 7 9 ! habit ( ?r[+ human be+s into ! riv] to be eat5 by alligators or fi%es1 or to fa/5 !m to trees or bran*es1 close to ! riv]1 :]e !y 7 left to p]i% by hung]4#adh ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 also1 human sacrifices are (f]$ to riv]s4#adi ,& 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies !re are v>i\s traditions ( su* sacrifices be+ made to ! div9e crocodiles ( ! sea4#aej ,footnote #adb3 ,/ev5son1 ',a ,*apt] ( ,zui ,my?ology1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology1 ,*icago1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #adc3 ,malala1 ,*ronographia1 viii4 #bee 7#bjj74 ,footnote #add3 ,procopius1 ,bellum ,go?icum1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #ade3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #fba sq4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 i4 #ch4 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 iii4 #gh4 ,footnote #adf3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #fd sq4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,l& ( ,feti%1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #adg3 ,comte de ,c>di1 ',ju-ju ,laws & ,cu/oms 9 ! ,nig] ,delta1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 #ed4 ,cf4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #adh3 ,s*o5 & ,cr[!r1 op4 cit4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #adi3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #if4 ,footnote #aej3 ,tylor1 ',anniv]s>y ,address1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxi4 #djh4 ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 iii4 #gj sq4 ,9 ! cases :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ ! (f]+ ( human sacrifices is mo/ly a matt] ( public conc]n1 a me?od ( ensur+ ! lives ( _m by ! dea? ( "o or a few4 ,b human life is also sacrific$1 by way ( sub/itution1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! dea? ( "s p>ticul> individual1 especially a *ief or a k+1 f sickness1 old age1 or o!r circum/ances4 ,9 ,guatemala1 9 ! case ( a dang]\s illness1 human sacrifice 0 resort$ to :5 all o!r attempts to cure ! pati5t fail$4 ,( ! ,indians ( ,guayaquil1 ,cieza de ,leon /ates3--,:5 ! *iefs 7 sick1 to appease ! wra? ( _! gods1 & pray = heal?1 !y made 4 4 4 4 sacrifices ( a sup]/iti\s nature1 kill+ m5 7z ,i 0 told71 & believ+ t human blood 0 a grateful (f]+4#aea ,aco/a writes3--,!y vs$ 9 ,p]u to sacrifice yong *ildr5 ( f\re or six ye>es old vnto t5ne2 & ! greate/ p>te ( ^! sacrifices 7 = ! affaires t did import ! ,ynca1 z 9 sickness = 8 heal?1 & :5 he w5t to ! #dee w>res = victory1 or :5 !y gave ! wrea! to _! new ,ynca1 :i* is ! m>ke ( a ,k+1 z he]e ! ,scept] & ! ,cr[ne be4 ,9 ?is solemnitie !y sacrific$ ! numb] ( two hundr$ *ildr51 f f\re to t5 ye>es ( age 4 4 4 4 ,if any ,indian qualifi$ or ( ! common sorte 7 sicke1 & t ! ,div9e told him confid5tly t he %\ld die1 !y did !n sacrifice 8 owne sonne to ! ,sunne or to ,vira*oca1 desir+ !m to be satisfi$ ) him1 & t !y w\ld n deprive ! fa!r ( life4#aeb ,accord+ to ,mol9a1 ! ,"l ,ynca (f]$ sacrifices ( *ildr5 :5 he began to reign1 t ! huacas or idols might give him heal?1 & pres]ve 8 dom9ions 9 peace4#aec ,h]r]a tells u t ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 :5 any p]son ( note 0 sick1 & ! prie/ pr$ict$ 8 dea?1 sacrific$ ! pati5t's son1 desir+ ! idol to be satisfie'd ) him1 & n to take away 8 fa!r's life4#aed ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 aga91 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any su* cu/om 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,incas1#aee b ass]ts t1 be=e _! reign1 ! ,indians ( ,p]u (f]$ up _! own *ildr5 on c]ta9 occasions4#aef ,accord+ to ,j]ez1 "s ( ! ,p]uvian ,indians sacrific$ _! own *ildr5 ea* mon?1 & ano9t$ ) ! blood ! faces ( _! idols & ! doors ( _! temples4#aeg ,! ,tonga ,isl&]s _h a c]emony call$ nawgia1 or ! c]emony ( /rangl+ *ildr5 z sacrifices to ! gods1 = ! recov]y ( a sick relative4 ,our in=mant says3--,all ! by/&]s behold ! innoc5t victim ) feel+s ( ! greate/ pity2 b x is prop]1 !y ?9k1 to sacrifice a *ild :o is at pres5t ( no use to society1 & p]haps may n o!rwise live to be1 ) ! hope ( recov]+ a sick *ief1 :om all e/eem & :om all ?9k x a mo/ important duty to respect1 def5d1 & pres]ve1 t 8 life may be ( advantage to ! c\ntry4#aeh ,! ,tahitians (f]$ human sacrifices dur+ ! illnesses ( _! rul]s4#aei ,9 ! ,philipp9es1 if a pr9ce 0 dang]\sly ill or dy+1 slaves 7 slaught]$ 9 ord] to satisfy ! malignant ance/ral s\l :o 0 suppos$ to h caus$ ! disease4#afj ,among ! ,dyaks1 :5 a raja falls sick1 or goes on a j\rney1 x is #def common = him to v[ a head to 8 tribe 9 case ( recov]y or ( safe return4 ,%\ld he die1 "o or two heads are usually (f]$ by ! tribe z a k9d ( sacrifice4#afa ,among ! ,banjrlu ( ,s\!rn ,india1 :o are great travell+ trad]s1 x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om be=e />t+ out on a j\rney to procure a little *ild1 & bury x 9 ! gr\nd up to its %\ld]s1 & !n drive _! load$ bullocks ov] ! un=tunate victim1 & 9 proportion to ! bullocks ?or\ghly trampl+ ! *ild to dea?1 s _! belief 9 a successful j\rney increas$4#afb ,9 ,india human sacrifices 7 also (f]$ to ! goddess ,*&ik to save ! life ( a k+4#afc ,x is probable t ! idea ( sub/itution likewise acc\nts = ! sacrifice ( a "y girl :i* a c]ta9 raja is report$ to h (f]$ 9 #ahfa1 at ! %r9e ( ! goddess ,durga1 9 ! t[n ( ,jaipr1 :5 he in/all$ himself at 8 fa!r's decease1#afd & = ! sacrifice ( a ,brahm9 :i* a raja ( ,ratanpr _h (f]$ up to ,dev e ye>4#afe ,9 ,great ,b591 once a ye>1 at ! end ( ! ra9y season1 all ! k+'s beads 7 br\ght out by ! boys 9 ^: c>e !y 7 kept4 ,!y 7 put 9 a heap1 & a slave 0 compell$ to kneel d[n ov] !m4 ,! k+ cut or /ruck ! head ( ! slave ) a spe> s t ! blood ran ov] ! beads1 & said to !m1 ,oh1 beads1 :5 ,i put y on1 give me wisdom & don't let any juju or bad ?+ come ne> me4 ,!n ! slave 0 told1 ,s y %all tell ! head juju :5 y see him4 ,! slave 0 l$ out & behead$1 b 8 head 0 br\ght 9 aga91 & ! beads 7 t\*$ ) x4#aff ,among ! anci5t ,gauls p]sons :o 7 tr\bl$ ) unusually sev]e diseases ei!r sacrific$ m5 or promis$ t !y w\ld make su* sacrifices4#afg ,9 ! ,yngl+asaga we are told t ,k+ ,aun sacrific$ n9e sons1 "o aft] ! o!r1 to ,od9 = ! purpose ( obta9+ a prolongation ( 8 life4#afh ,accord+ to ,macrobius1 ! anci5t ,romans immolat$ *ildr5 to ! goddess ,mania1 ! "m ( ! ,l>es1 to promote ! heal? ( ! families4#afi ,suetonius /ates t ,n]o1 fright5$ by ! sight ( a comet1 sacrific$ a numb] ( ,roman noblem5 #deg 9 ord] to av]t ! disa/] f himself4#agj ,ant9\s1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 sacrific$ himself to prolong ! life ( ,hadrian4#aga ,! notion t ! dea? ( "o p]son may s]ve z a sub/itute = ! dea? ( ano!r /ill prevails 9 ! ,vatican4 ,:51 dur+ ,leo ,,xiii4's la/ illness1 "o ( ! ,c>d9als di$1 x 0 said t 8 dea? _h sav$ ! life ( ! ,pope1 ,heav5 be+ satisfi$ ) "o victim4 ,9 ,morocco1 if a son or a daught] dies1 x is cu/om>y to say to ! afflict$ p>5ts1 ,:y are y sorry8 ,y\r *ild took away y\r mis=tune 7bas74 ,a simil> cu/om prevails 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e4#agb ,footnote #aea3 ,cieza de ,leon1 ,la ,crnica del ,p] p>te prim]a1 *4 #ee 7,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxvi4 #dji74 ,footnote #aeb3 ,aco/a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdd4 ,footnote #aec3 de ,mol9a1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #aed3 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #cdg4 ,footnote #aee3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #aca4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ibid4 i4 #ej4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,j]ez1 ',conqui/a del ,p]1' 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxvi4 #cbg4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #bbj4 ,footnote #aei3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cdf4 ,footnote #afj3 ,blum5tritt1 quot$ by ,wilk51 ',ueb] das ,ha>opf]1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 #ahhg1 i4 #cfd sq4 ,footnote #afa3 ,pfeiff]1 ,a ,lady's ,second ,j\rney r\nd ! ,_w1 i4 #hf4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ca91 ',bhadra*ellam & ,rekapalli ,taluqas1' 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #bai4 ,footnote #afc3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #afh4 ,footnote #afd3 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #caj1 vol4 i4 #dj4 ,footnote #afe3 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #hfi1 vol4 ii4 #afb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,moor & ,r\pell1 quot$ by ,read & ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #g2 also by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #afg3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #af4 ,footnote #afh3 ,snorri ,/urluson1 ',yngl+asaga1' #be1 9 ,heimskr+la1 i4 #de sqq4 ,footnote #afi3 ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #agj3 ,suetonius1 ,n]o1 #cf4 ,footnote #aga3 ,sp>tian1 ,vita ,hadriani1 #ad4 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,de ,cs>ibus1 #ad4 ,dio ,cassius1 ,hi/oria ,romana1 lxix4 #aa4 ,footnote #agb3 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 p4 #bjh4 ,m5 are sacrific$ n only to pres]ve ! lives ( o!r m51 b to help o!r m5 into exi/5ce4 ,b>r5ness is attribut$ to "s god keep+ back ! *ildr5 :i* w\ld o!rwise be born 9 ! due c\rse ( nature4 ,& 9 ord] to remove ?is ob/acle a human be+1 g5]ally a *ild1 is sacrific$ to s]ve1 z x 71 z a sub/itute4 ,?is ,i take to be ! explanation ( ! practice ( (f]+ a human sacrifice ) a view to promot+ fecundity1 a practice :i* has be5 p>ticul>ly common 9 ,india4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,mexico we read ( ,nezahualcoyotl1 pr9ce ( ! ,tezcucans1 :o _h be5 m>ri$ "s ye>s )\t be+ ble/ ) issue4 ,! prie/s repres5t$ t x 0 ow+ to 8 neglect ( ! gods ( 8 c\ntry1 & t 8 only rem$y 0 to propitiate !m by human sacrifice4#agc ,9 ,h9du traditions & books a num]\s (fspr+ is promis$ to him :o (f]s a man 9 sacrifice4#agd ,9 ,ja9teapore1 ea/ ( ,sylhet1 human sacrifices 7 made to ! goddess ,kali1 9 hopes ( procur+ prog5y4#age ,speak+ ( ! ,mahadeo s&/one hills :i*1 9 ! ,sa?pore range1 ov]look ! ,n]budda to ! s\?1 ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman /ates3--,:5 a woman is )\t *ildr5 %e makes votive (f]+s to all ! gods :o c1 %e ?9ks1 assi/ h]2 & promises ( /ill great] 9 case !y %\ld grant :at %e wants4 ,small] promises be+ f\nd ( no avail1 %e at la/ promises h] fir/-born1 if a #deh male1 to ! god ( de/ruction1 ,mahadeo4 ,if %e gets a son %e conceals f him h] v[s till he has atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty2 %e !n communicates x to him1 & enjo9s him to fulfil x4 ,f t mom5t he reg>ds himself z devot$ to ! god1 &1 at ! annual fair on ! ,mahadeo hills1 ?r[s himself f a p]p5dicul> height ( f\r or five hundr$ feet1 & is da%$ to pieces ^u ! rocks bel[4#agf ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva an ascetic tells a woman t1 if %e kill$ h] "y son & (f]$ him to ! div9ity1 ano!r son w\ld c]ta9ly be born to h]4#agg ,we meet ) a simil> idea 9 ! /ory ( k+ ,somaka4 ,= "s "t he did n succe$ 9 gett+ a s+le son f any ( 8 "o hundr$ wives4 ,f9ally he got a s+le son2 b he want$ m1 & ask$ ! family prie/ :e!r !re 0 n a c]emony :i* c\ld help him to a hundr$ sons4 ,! family prie/ answ]$3--,o k+6 let me set on foot a sacrifice1 & ?\ mu/ sacrifice ?y son1 ,jantu1 9 x4 ,!n on no di/ant date1 a c5tury ( h&some sons w be born to !e4 ,:5 ,jantu's fat w be put into ! fire z an (f]+ to ! gods1 ! mo!rs w take a smell ( t smoke1 & br+ =? a numb] ( sons1 valor\s & /rong4 ,& ,jantu also w once m be born z a self-begott5 son ( ?9e1 9 t v "m2 & on 8 back !re w appe> a m>k ( gold4 ,! son 0 sacrific$2 ! wives smelt ! smell ( ! burnt-(f]+2 all ( !m became ) *ild2 & :5 t5 mon?s _h pass$ "o hundr$ sons 7 born to ,somaka1 ( :om ,jantu 0 ! elde/1 be+ born ( 8 =m] "m4 ,b ! family prie/ dep>t$ ?is life1 & 0 grill$ = a c]ta9 p]iod 9 a t]rible hell z a puni%m5t = :at he _h done4#agh ,footnote #agc3 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #agd3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #age3 ,macnaght51 quot$ ibid4 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #agf3 ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 i4 #acb sq4 ,footnote #agg3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #agc4 ,footnote #agh3 ,mahabh>ata1 ,vana ,p>va1 #abg sq4 7pt4 vi4 p4 #ahh sq474 ,among c]ta9 peoples x is a regul> cu/om to kill ! fir/born *ild1 or ! fir/born son4 ,among "s natives ( ,au/ralia a "m us$ to kill & eat h] fir/ *ild1 z ?is 0 believ$ to /r5g!n h] = lat] bir?s4#agi ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ! fir/born ( e lubra us$ to be eat5 by ! tribe z "p ( a religi\s c]emony4#ahj ,9 ! realm ( ,khai-muh1 9 ,*9a1 accord+ to #dei a native acc\nt1 x 0 cu/om>y to kill & dev\r ! elde/ son alive4#aha ,among c]ta9 tribes 9 ,briti% ,columbia ! fir/ *ild is (t5 sacrific$ to ! sun4#ahb ,! ,indians ( ,florida1 accord+ to ,le ,moyne de ,morgues1 sacrific$ ! fir/born son to ! *ief4#ahc ,we are told t1 among ! p ( ,s5j]o 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 _m families mu/ (f] up _! fir/born sons z sacrifices1 because once ^u a "t1 :5 summ] & w9t] 7 jumbl$ toge!r 9 a bad season1 & ! fruits ( ! field w\ld n rip51 ! soo?-say]s enjo9$ x4#ahd ,! hea!n ,russians (t5 sacrific$ _! fir/born to ! god ,p]un4#ahe ,! rule laid d[n 9 ,exodus#ahf & ,numb]s1#ahg t all ! fir/born ( m5 & ( bea/s belong$ to ! ,"l1 b t ! =m] 7 to be r$eem$1 seems to indicate ! exi/5ce ( an e>li] cu/om among ! ,hebrews ( (f]+ up z a sacrifice1 n only ! fir/l+ ( an animal1 b ! fir/born *ild4 ,z traces ( su* a cu/om may probably be reg>d$ ! /ory ( ,abraham's surr5d] ( 8 fir/born son to ,god & ! tradition ( ! orig9 ( ! ,passov]4#ahh ,among ! ,h9dus1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 _m p>5ts sacrific$ _! fir/born to ! riv] ,ganges4#ahi ,footnote #agi3 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #ag n499 ,cf4 von ,s*]z]1 ,reise d] ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,fregatte ,nov>a um die ,erde1 iii4 #cb4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #caa4 ,footnote #aha3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fgi4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 pp4 #df1 #eb4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,bry1 ,n>rative ( ,le ,moyne1 ,descriptions ( ! ,illu/rations1 #cd1 p4 #ac4 ,cf4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s1 i4 #aha2 ,/ra*ey1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,krapf1 ,travels1 p4 #fi sq4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,mone1 quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #eb4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,exodus1 xiii4 #b1 #ae4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,numb]s1 xviii4 #ae4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,see ,ghillany1 op4 cit4 p4 #did sqq42 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 ii4 #ib2 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dg sqq4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gj1 #gf4 ,9 "s in/ances ! fir/born seems to be kill$1 n 9 sacrifice to a god1 b = ! purpose ( be+ eat5 z a k9d ( m$ic9e4#aij ,9 o!r cases ! act is a sacrifice 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w &1 app>5tly1 sub/itutional 9 "*4 ,consid]+ t *ildr5 are occasionally sacrific$ to save ! lives ( _! p>5ts1 or = ! heal? ( ! families1 or to promote fecundity1 x seems probable t ! regul> sacrifice ( ! fir/born has simil> objects 9 view4 ,?is supposition1 inde$1 is /rongly support$ by "s /atem5ts 9 :i* ! motive ( ! act is expressly m5tion$4#aia ,among ! #dfj ,coa/ ,sali% ( ,briti% ,columbia ! fir/ *ild is sacrific$ to ! sun to secure heal? & happ9ess to ! :ole family4#aib ,! same is report$ ( a neighb\r+ p1 ! ,kutonaqa4 ,! "m prays to ! sun3--,i am ) *ild4 ,:5 x is born ,i %all (f] x to y4 ,h pity ^u u4#aic ,among "s tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa x is a rule t1 :5 a woman's husb& has be5 kill$ 9 battle & %e m>ries aga91 ! fir/ *ild to :i* %e gives bir? aft] h] second m>riage mu/ be put to dea?1 :e!r %e has x by h] fir/ or h] second husb&4 ,su* a *ild is call$ ! *ild ( ! assegai1 & if x 7 n kill$1 dea? or accid5t w\ld be sure to befall ! second sp\se1 & ! woman h]self w\ld be b>r54#aid ,among "s peoples1 includ+ ! anci5t ,h9dus1 we f9d ! belief t ! son is 9 "s s5se id5tical ) 8 fa!r1 t he is a new bir?1 a new manife/ation ( ! same p]son4#aie ,! new bir? might be suppos$ to endang] ! life ( ! fa!r1 j z1 accord+ to a notion preval5t among ! anci5t ,teutons#aif & 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1#aig a p]son w\ld soon die if 8 "n 7 giv5 to 8 son or gr&son :il/ he 0 /ill alive4 ,among ! ,brazilian ,tupis ! fa!r 0 accu/om$ to take a new "n aft] ! bir? ( ea* new son2#aih :il/1 on kill+ an enemy1 a p]son us$ to take ! enemy's "n s z to annihilate n only 8 body b also 8 s\l4#aii ,among ! ,kafirs1 if a "m gives bir? to tw9s1 "o is frequ5tly kill$ by ! fa!r1 = ! natives ?9k t unless ! fa!r places a lump ( e>? 9 ! m\? ( "o ( ! babies he w lose 8 /r5g?4#bjj ,9 "s #dfa cases ! practice ( kill+ ! fir/born son might possibly be trac$ back to a simil> belief4 ,b ,i c quote no fact directly support+ ?is sugge/ion4 ,footnote #aij3 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #aia3 ,cf4 ,micah1 vi4 #g3 ,%all ,i give my fir/born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,footnote #aib3 ,boas1 op4 cit4 p4 #df4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ibid4 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #aid3 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 p4 #aef4 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ea sq4 ,footnote #aie3 ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #bag sq4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ccf sq4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #ih sqq4 ,idem1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #ahi sqq4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #h3 ,! husb&1 aft] conception by 8 wife1 becomes an embryo & is born aga9 ( h]4 ,footnote #aif3 ,/orm1 quot$ by ,nore51 ,spridda ,/udi]1 ,an>a ,saml+51 p4 #d4 ,footnote #aig3 ,placucci1 ,usi e pregiudizj dei contad9i della ,romagna1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aih3 von d5 ,/e951 op4 cit4 p4 #ccg4 ,footnote #aii3 ,/ad51 quot$ by ,&ree1 ,an?ropophagie1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #bjb4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas = draw+ my att5tion to ?is /atem5t4 ,human sacrifices are (f]$ 9 connection ) ! f\ndation ( build+s4 ,?is is a wide-spread cu/om1 :i* n only occurs among v>i\s uncivilis$ & semi-civilis$ peoples ( ! pres5t day1 b :i* is prov$ to h exi/$ among ! s-call$ ,aryan races4#bja ,9 ,india we f9d traces ( x 9 traditions & popul> beliefs4#bjb ,! ,h9du rajas1 we are told1 us$ to lay ! f\ndation ( public build+s 9 human blood4#bjc ,:5 ,mr4 ,gri]son want$ to photograph a ,bihar peasant h\se1 ! gr&mo!r ( ! family refus$ to all[ any ( ! *ildr5 to appe> 9 ! picture1 h] reason be+ t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 build+ ! bridge across ! ,g&ak & want$ *ildr5 to bury "u ! f\ndations4#bjd ,among ! anci5t ,romans ! old cu/om surviv$ 9 ! practice ( plac+ /atues or images "u ! f\ndations ( _! build+s4#bje ,9 ! isl& ( ,zacyn?us ! peasants to ?is day believe t 9 ord] to secure ! durability ( important build+s1 su* z bridges & =tresses1 x is desirable to kill a man1 especially a ,muhamm$an or a ,jew1 & bury him on ! spot4#bjf ,s\? ,slavonian folk-tales speak ( ! immuration ( a woman or a *ild z a f\ndation sacrifice4#bjg ,9 ,s]via no city 0 ?\ght to be secure unless a human be+1 or at lea/ ! %ad[ ( "o1 0 built into its walls2#bjh & ! ,bulg>ians1 :5 #dfb go+ to build1 are /ill said to take a ?read & measure ! %ad[ ( "s casual pass]-by1 & !n bury ! measure "u ! f\ndation-/one1 expect+ t ! man ^: %ad[ has be5 ?us treat$ w soon die4#bji ,a simil> cu/om prevails 9 ,r\mania4#baj ,accord+ to ,n5nius1 :5 ,d9as ,emris 9 ,wales 0 f\nd$ by ,gortig]n1 all ! mat]ials collect$ = ! =tress 7 c>ri$ away 9 "o night2 & mat]ials 7 ?us ga!r$ ?rice1 & 7 ?rice c>ri$ away4 ,:5 he !n ask$ ( 8 ,druids1 ,:5ce ?is evil8 ! ,druids told him t x 0 necess>y to f9d a *ild ^: fa!r 0 unkn[n1 put him to dea?1 & spr9kle ) 8 blood ! gr\nd on :i* ! citadel 0 to be built4#baa ,a ,scot* leg5d tells t1 :5 ,/4 ,columba fir/ attempt$ to build a ca!dral on ,iona1 ! walls fell d[n z !y 7 erect$2 he !n receiv$ sup]natural in=mation t !y w\ld nev] /& unless a human victim 0 buri$ alive1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 8 companion1 ,oran1 0 int]r$ at ! f\ndation ( ! /ructure4#bab ,x is report$ t1 :5 n long ago ! ,bridge ,gate ( ,brem5 city walls 0 demoli%$1 ! skeleton ( a *ild 0 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! gr\ndwork2#bac & :5 ! new bridge at ,halle1 f9i%$ 9 #ahdc1 0 build+1 ! common p fanci$ a *ild 0 want$ to be wall$ into ! f\ndations4#bad ,footnote #bja3 ,s>tori1 ',ueb] das ,bauopf]1' 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xxx4 #e sqq4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ajd sqq4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,/range ,survivals1 p4 #d sqq4 ,trumbull1 ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #df sqq4 ,grant ,all51 ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #bdi sqq4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #bhd sqq4 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 p4 #ah sqq4 ,nyrop1 ,romanske ,mosaik]1 p4 #fc sqq4 ,krause1 ',das ,bauopf] bei d5 ,sdslav51' 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 xvii4 #ah sqq4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 #ddj1 p4 #cjj sq4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,w9t]nitz1 ',bem]kung5 b] das ,bauopf] bei d5 ,ind]n1' 9 ,mit!il4 ,an?r4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xvii4 #cg sqq4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 iv4 #bgh4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,gri]son1 ,bihar ,peasant ,life1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bje3 ,coote1 ',a ,build+ ,sup]/ition1' 9 ,folk-,lore ,j\rnal1 i4 #bc4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,s*midt1 ,volksleb5 d] ,neu-,grie*51 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,krauss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ai sqq4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ibid4 p4 #abg4 ,krauss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #baj3 ,folk-,lore ,record1 iii4 #bhc4 ,footnote #baa3 ,n5nius1 ,hi/oria ,britonum1 ,iri% ,v]sion1 *4 #ah1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bab3 ,gomme1 ',"s ,traditions & ,sup]/itions connect$ ) ,build+s1' 9 ,! ,antiqu>y1 iii4 #aa4 ,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 ii4 #caf4 ,footnote #bac3 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,/range ,survivals1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #bad3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 iii4 #aadb4 ,x seems highly probable t ! build+-sacrifice1 l o!r k9ds ( human sacrifice1 is bas$ on ! idea ( sub/itution4 ,a new h\se or dwell+-place is commonly reg>d$ z dang]\s1 a wall or a t[] is liable to fall d[n & cause de/ruction ( life1 a bridge may break1 or ! p]son :o crosses x may tumble into ! wat] & be dr[n$4 ,9 ! ,bab> ,isl&s1 be=e ent]+ a new h\se1 (f]+s are ?r[n inside1 t ! _s1 ,orloo1 may n make ! #dfc inmates ill4#bae ,be=e ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s c\ld occupy _! h\ses (f]+s 7 made to ! gods1 & pres5ts to ! prie/1 :o ent]$ ! h\se1 utt]$ pray]s1 w5t ?r\gh o!r c]emonies1 & slept 9 x be=e ! own] took possession1 9 ord] to prev5t evil spirits f resort+ to x1 & to secure its inmates f ! effects ( incantation4#baf ,among ! ,kayans ( ,borneo1 on ! occasion ( ! k+ or pr9cipal *ief tak+ possession ( a newly-built h\se1 a human victim 0 kill$1 & ! blood 0 spr9kl$ on ! pill>s & "u ! h\se4#bag ,! ,russian peasant believes t ! build+ ( a new h\se is apt to be foll[$ by ! dea? ( ! head ( ! family = :i* ! new dwell+ is con/ruct$1 or t ! memb] ( ! family :o is ! fir/ to ent] x w soon die2 &1 9 accordance ) a cu/om ( great antiquity1 ! olde/ memb] ( a migrat+ h\sehold ent]s ! new h\se fir/4#bah ,9 ,g]man folk-tales ! fir/ to cross ! bridge1 ! fir/ to ent] ! new build+ or ! c\ntry1 pays ) 8 life4#bai ,ev5 n[adays1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 !re is a wide-spread fe> ( be+ ! fir/ to ent] a new build+ or ( go+ ov] a newly-built bridge2 if to d ?is is n ev]y:]e & 9 all cases ?\ght to entail dea?1 x is consid]$ supremely unlucky4#bbj ,?is sup]/ition has be5 int]pret$ z a survival ( a previ\s sacrifice2#bba b !re c be no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ! f\ndation sacrifice itself owes its orig9 to simil> notions & fe>s ( sup]natural dang]s4 ,uncultur$ p are commonly afraid ( any?+ new1 or ( do+ an act = ! fir/ "t2#bbb &1 ap>t f ?is1 ! erect+ ( a new build+ is an intrusion ^u #dfd ! l& ( ! local _s1 & !re=e likely to ar\se its ang]4 ,!re are h\ses :i* rema9 haunt$ by spirits all _! "t4#bbc ,x is natural1 !n1 t attempts %\ld be made to av]t ! dang]4 ,&1 human life be+ at /ake1 no prev5tive c\ld be m effective ?an ! (f]+ up ( a human victim4 ,footnote #bae3 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #baf3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iv4 #cbb4 ,footnote #bag3 ,burns1 ',kayans ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,borneo1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #ade4 ,footnote #bah3 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #abf4 ,cf4 ,krauss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ba sq4 7,s\!rn ,slavs74 ,footnote #bai3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #de1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,/range ,survivals1 p4 #b4 ,= v>i\s in/ances ( simil> beliefs1 see ,s>tori1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 xxx4 #ad sqq42 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #bba3 ,b>+-,g\ld1 op4 cit4 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,crawley1 op4 cit4 p4 #be4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,we/]m>ck1 ',nature ( ! ,arab v,ginn1 illu/rat$ by ! ,pres5t ,beliefs ( ! ,p ( ,morocco1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 #bec1 #bfj4 ,on ! o!r h& x is ma9ta9$ t ! f\ndation-sacrifice is p>tly1 if n exclusively1 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( conv]t+ ! s\l ( ! victim into a protect+ demon4#bbd ,?is op9ion1 no d\bt1 has ! support ( beliefs actually held by "s ( ! peoples :o practise ! rite4 ,:5 ! gate ( ! new city ( ,tavoy1 9 ,t5ass]im1 0 built1 ,mason 0 told by an eye-witness t a crim9al 0 put 9 ea* po/-hole to become a gu>dian _s4#bbe ,! ,burmese k+s us$ to h victims buri$ alive at ! gates ( _! capitals1 s t _! spirits might wat* ov] ! city4#bbf ,=m]ly1 9 ,siam1 :5 a new city gate 0 be+ erect$1 x 0 cu/om>y = a numb] ( (fic]s to lie 9 wait ne> ! spot1 & seize ! fir/ f\r or eight p]sons :o happ5$ to pass by1 & :o 7 !n buri$ alive "u ! gate-po/s1 to s]ve z gu>dian angels4#bbg ,b :atev] be ! pres5t notions ( c]ta9 peoples conc]n+ ! object ( ! build+-sacrifice1 ,i d n believe t its prim>y object c\ld h be5 to procure a _s-gu>dian4 ,accord+ to e>ly ideas1 ! gho/ ( a murd]$ man is n a fri5dly be+1 & lea/ ( all is he k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ^? :o kill$ him4 ,sev]al in/ances are kn[n 9 :i* lat] g5]ations h put ^u human sacrifices an int]pretation obvi\sly =eign to _! orig9al purpose4#bbh ,?us1 accord+ to a ,nor? #dfe ,g]man tradition1 a ma/]-build] 0 immur$ by a c]ta9 knight 9 ! t[] :i* he _h built1 z a puni%m5t = boa/+ t he c\ld h built a /ill f9] t[] if he _h lik$ to d s4#bbi ,an ,indian raja1 we are told1 0 once build+ a bridge ov] ! riv] ,j>goat ,*unr1 & :5 x fell d[n sev]al times he 0 advis$ to sacrifice a ,brahman girl to ! local deity2 h[ev]1 %e has n[ become ! ,m> or gho/ ( ! place1 & is regul>ly wor%ipp$ 9 "t ( tr\ble4#bcj ,consid]+ t ! f\ndation-sacrifice 0 (f]$ = ! purpose ( protect+ ! liv+ aga9/ ! attacks ( ! _s ( ! place1 x is q intelligible t ! gho/ ( ! victim came 9 "t to be look$ ^u z a gu>dian _s2 & x 0 all ! m natural to attribute to ! dead ! function ( a gu>d 9 cases :]e he 0 buri$ at ! gate4 ,b he 0 buri$ !re1 ,i presume1 simply because t spot 0 ?\ght to be ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,! gate ( a t[n corresponds to ! entrance ( a h\se1 & ! ?re%old has almo/ univ]sally be5 reg>d$ z ! prop] haunt ( :at ! ,moors call ! own]s ( ! place4#bca ,footnote #bbd3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ajf4 ,grant ,all51 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh sqq4 ,lipp]t1 ,*ri/5?um1 ,volksglaube und ,volksbrau*1 p4 #def sq4 ,idem1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #bgj4 ,gaidoz1 9 ,mlus9e1 iv4 #ad sqq4 ,s>tori1 9 ,zeit/hr4 f4 ,e?nol4 xxx4 #cb sqq4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ajg4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,wood?orpe1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #bd4 ,see also ,%way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman1 i4 #bhf4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,alaba/]1 ,:eel ( ! ,law1 p4 #bab sq4 ,cf4 ,gaidoz1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ad sq4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,see ,nyrop1 ,romanske ,mosaik]1 p4 #gc sqq42 also infra1 p4 #dfe sq4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,nyrop1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #agd4 ,footnote #bca3 ,see ,trumbull1 ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 passim4 ,:il/ ! man :o is sacrific$ is 9 "s cases describ$ z a gu>dian1 he is 9 o!r cases reg>d$ z a mess5g]4 ,! ,mayas ( ,yucatan ma9ta9$ t ! human victims :om !y (f]$ 9 times ( di/ress 7 s5t z mess5g]s to ! _s-_w to make kn[n ! wants ( ! p4#bcb ,! same idea prevail$ 9 ,great ,b594 ,:5 ! head jujuman _h said ! pray] 9 :i* he ask$ ,ogiwo to let no sickness come = ,b591 he ?us address$ ! slaves :o 7 go+ to be clubb$ to dea? & ti$ 9 ! sacrifice-trees3--,s y %all tell ,ogiwo4 ,salute him prop]4#bcc ,a message 0 likewise s5t to ! head juju ) ! slave :o 0 sacrific$ to x2#bcd & a message salut+ ! ra9-god 0 put 9 ! #dff m\? ( ! woman :o 0 sacrific$ :5 !re 0 too mu* ra94#bce ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? sugge/s t ! ma9 object ( ! human sacrifices :i* 7 (f]$ 9 ,b59 0 ! s5d+ ( pray]s1 by means ( ! special mess5g]s1 = ! welf>e ( ! community1 to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 or to o!r spirits1 su* z ! spirits ( ! beads1 ! ,ra9-,god1 ,sun-,god1 ! ,god-,ogiwo2 & he ?9ks t ?is expla9s a cult ( _w-wide preval5ce4#bcf ,b consid]+ t 9 ,yucatan & ,b591 z else:]e1 ! human victim 0 sacrific$ = ! av[$ purpose ( av]t+ "s mortal dang] f ! community or ! k+1 ,i conclude t !re1 also1 ! prim>y object ( ! rite 0 to (f] a sub/itute1 ?\gh ?is sub/itute came to be us$ z a mess5g]4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,moor & ,r\pell1 quot$ by ,read & ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #g2 also by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,supra1 p4 #def4 ,footnote #bce3 ,supra1 p4 #ddd4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,l+ ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #gb4 ,i d n affirm t ! practice ( human sacrifice is 9 e case bas$ on ! idea ( sub/itution2 ! notion t a c]ta9 god has a desire = su* sacrifices may no d\bt induce 8 wor%ipp]s to gratify ?is desire = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,b ,i ?9k !re is suffici5t evid5ce to prove t1 :5 m5 (f] ! lives ( _! fell[-m5 9 sacrifice to _! gods1 !y d s z a rule 9 ! hopes ( !reby sav+ _! own4 ,human sacrifice is ess5tially a me?od ( life-insurance--absurd1 no d\bt1 accord+ to our ideas1 b n an act ( wanton cruelty4 ,:5 practis$ = ! b5efit ( ! community or 9 a case ( national di/ress1 x is h>dly m cruel ?an to advocate ! infliction ( capital puni%m5t on ! gr\nd ( social exp$i5cy1 or to compel ?\s&s ( m5 to suff] dea? on ! battle-field on behalf ( _! c\ntry4 ,! cu/om ( human sacrifice admits t ! life ( "o is tak5 to save ! lives ( _m1 or t an inf]ior individual is put to dea? = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! dea? ( somebody :o has a high] "r to live4 ,sometimes ! k+ or *ief is sacrific$ 9 times ( sc>city or pe/il5ce1 b !n he is probably held p]sonally responsible = ! calamity4#bcg ,v frequ5tly #dfg ! victims are prison]s ( w> or o!r ali5s1 or slaves1 or crim9als1 t is1 p]sons ^: lives are held 9 little reg>d4 ,& 9 _m cases ^! are ! only victims all[$ by cu/om4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ae sq4 ,?is 0 g5]ally ! case among ! anci5t ,teutons1#bch ?\gh !y sometimes deem$ a human sacrifice ! m efficaci\s ! m di/+ui%$ ! victim1 & ! ne>] 8 relation%ip to him :o (f]$ ! sacrifice4#bci ,! ,gauls1 says ,cs>1 consid] t ! oblation ( su* z h be5 tak5 9 !ft1 or robb]y1 or any o!r (f5ce1 is m acceptable to ! immortal gods2 b :5 a supply ( t class is want+1 !y h rec\rse to ! oblation ( ev5 ! innoc5t4#bdj ,diodorus ,siculus /ates t ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 =m] times us$ to sacrifice to ,saturn ! sons ( ! mo/ em95t p]sons1 b t1 ( lat] times1 !y secretly b\ght & br$ up *ildr5 = t purpose4#bda ,! *ief aim ( ! w>s ( ! anci5t ,mexicans 0 to make prison]s = sacrificial purposes2 o!r victims 7 slaves :o 7 pur*as$ = ?is object1 & _m crim9als :o 7 condemn$ to expiate _! crimes by ! sacrifice ( _! lives4#bdb ,! ,yucatans sacrific$ captives tak5 9 w>1 & only if su* victims 7 want+ !y d$icat$ _! *ildr5 to ! alt> r ?an let ! gods be depriv$ ( _! due4#bdc ,9 ,guatemala ! victims 7 slaves or captives or1 among ! ,pipiles1 illegitimate *ildr5 f six to twelve ye>s old :o belong$ to ! tribe4#bdd ,9 ,florida ! human victim :o 0 (f]$ up at h>ve/ "t 0 *os5 f among ! ,spani>ds wreck$ on ! coa/4#bde ,( ! ,p]uvian ,indians be=e ! "t ( ! ,incas1 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega /ates t1 besides ord9>y ?+s su* z animals & maize1 !y sacrific$ m5 & wom5 ( all ages1 be+ captives tak5 9 w>s :i* !y made aga9/ ea* o!r4#bdf ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 ! p]sons ord9>ily sacrific$ to ! gods are prison]s ( w> or slaves4 ,:5 ! latt]1 !y are usually ali5s1 z a protect+ god is n s well satisfi$ ) ! sacrifice ( 8 own p4#bdg ,9 ,great ,b591 accord+ to ,capta9 ,r\pell1 ! p :o 7 kept = sacrifice 7 bad m51 or m5 ) bad sickness1 #dfh & !y 7 all slaves4#bdh ,9 ,fiji ! victims 7 g5]ally prison]s ( w>1 b sometimes !y 7 slaves procur$ by pur*ase f o!r tribes4#bdi ,9 ,nukahiva ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry requires t ! m5 de/9$ = sacrifice %\ld belong to "s neighb\r+ nation1 & accord+ly !y are g5]ally /ol54#bej ,9 ,tahiti ! unhappy wret*es select$ 7 ei!r captives tak5 9 w>1 or individuals :o _h r5d]$ !mselves obnoxi\s to ! *iefs or ! prie/s49999#bea ,! ,muruts ( ,borneo nev] sacrifice "o ( _! own p1 b ei!r capture an individual ( a ho/ile tribe1 or s5d to a fri5dly tribe to pur*ase a slave = ! purpose4#beb ,x is said to be contr>y to ! ,kyn cu/om to sell or sacrifice "o ( _! own nation4#bec ,! ,garo hill tribes g5]ally select _! victims out ( ! ,b5gali villages 9 ! pla9s4#bed ,! ,k&hs consid]$ t ! victim mu/ be a /rang]4 ,if we spill our own blood1 !y said1 we %all h no desc5dants2#bee & ev5 ! *ildr5 ( ,m]iahs1 :o 7 re>$ = sacrificial purposes1 7 nev] (f]$ up 9 ! village ( _! bir?4#bef ,footnote #bch3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #de4 ,footnote #bci3 ,holtzmann1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #af4 ,footnote #bda3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xx4 #ad4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #bhb4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gjd4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,/oll1 op4 cit4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #bde3 ,bry1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #ej4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #eg4 ,cf4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ig4 ,footnote #bej3 ,lisiansky1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha sq4 ,footnote #bea3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cdf4 ,footnote #beb3 ,d5ison1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 ii4 #baf4 ,footnote #bec3 ,burns1 9 ,j\r4 ( ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #ade4 ,footnote #bed3 ,godw9-,au/51 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #cid4 ,footnote #bee3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #bef3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #ec4 ,we f9d t v>i\s peoples :o at a c]ta9 p]iod h be5 addict$ to ! practice ( human sacrifice1 h aft]w>ds1 at a m advanc$ /age ( civilisation1 volunt>ily giv5 x up4 ,! cause ( ?is is p>tly an increase1 or expansion1 ( ! sympa!tic s5tim5t1 p>tly a *ange ( ideas4 ,) ! gr[? ( enlight5m5t m5 w\ld lose fai? 9 ?is *ildi% me?od ( sub/itution1 & consequ5tly f9d x n only useless1 b objectionable2 & any s5tim5tal dis9cl9ation to ! practice w\ld by itself1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 lead to ! belief t ! deity no long] c>es = x1 or is av]se to x4 ,brahmanism gradually aboli%$ ! immolation ( human victims1 incompatible z x 0 ) ! precept ( ahims1 or respect = ev]y?+ t has life2 ! lib]ation ( ! victim1 or ! sub/itution 9 its /ead & place ( a #dfi figure made ( fl\r pa/e1 bo? ( :i* 7 at fir/ matt] ( suff]ance1 became at l5g? matt] ( requirem5t4#beg ,accord+ to ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! prie/ :o p]=ms a human sacrifice is ca/ into hell4#beh ,9 ,greece1 9 ! hi/oric age1 ! practice 0 held 9 horror at lea/ by all ! bett] m9ds1 ?\gh x 0 reg>d$ z necess>y on c]ta9 occasions4#bei ,x 0 /rongly condemn$ by enlight5$ ,romans4 ,cic]o speaks ( x z a mon/r\s & b>b>\s practice /ill disgrac+ ,gaul 9 8 day2#bfj & ,pl9y1 ref]r+ to ! /eps tak5 by ,tib]ius to /op x1 decl>es x impossible to e/imate ! debt ( ! _w to ! ,romans = _! ef=ts to put x d[n4#bfa ,footnote #beg3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #beh3 ,supra1 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #bei3 ,/5gel1 op4 cit4 p4 #aag4 ,cf4 ,donaldson1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,fonteio1 #aj 7#ba74 ,footnote #bfa3 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 xxx4 #d 7#a74 ,! gr[+ reluctance to (f] human sacrifice l$ to v>i\s practices int5d$ to replace x4#bfb ,speak+ ( ! ,italian cu/om ( d$icat+ z a sacrifice to ! gods e creature t %\ld be born 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 ,fe/us adds t1 s9ce x seem$ cruel to kill innoc5t boys & girls1 !y 7 kept till !y _h gr[n up1 !n veil$ & driv5 beyond ! b\nd>ies4#bfc ,among v>i\s peoples human effigies or animals 7 (f]$ in/ead ( m54 ,footnote #bfb3 ,cf4 ,krause1 ',die ,ablsung d] ,m5s*5opf]1' 9 ,kosmos1 #ahgh1 iii4 #gf sqq4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,fe/us1 op4 cit4 ',v] sacrum1' p4 #cgi4 ,among ! ,malays ( ! ,malay ,p59sula d\gh models ( human be+s1 actually call$ ! sub/itutes1 are (f]$ up to ! spirits on ! sacrificial trays2 & 9 ! same s5se are ! directions ( magicians1 t if ! _s craves a human victim a cock may be sub/itut$4#bfd ,we are told t1 9 ,egypt1 ,k+ ,amosis ord]$ ?ree wax5 images to be burn$ 9 ! temple ( ,heliopolis 9 lieu ( ! ?ree m5 :o 9 e>li] times us$ to be sacrific$ !re4#bfe ,! ,romans (f]$ dolls2#bff & 9 old ,h9du families belong+ to ! sect ( ! ,vm*ris a practice /ill obta9s ( sacrific+ an effigy #dgj in/ead ( a liv+ man4#bfg ,9 ,india1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 animals1 also1 7 sub/itut$ = human victims4#bfh ,( a simil> sub/itution !re is probably a trace 9 ! ,biblical /ory ( ,isaac be+ ex*ang$ = a ram1 & 9 ! pas*al sacrifice4#bfi ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ ! human victim :o 0 =m]ly sacrific$ to ! god ( ! ,prah is n[adays replac$ by a bullock :i* is specially res]v$ & fatt5$ = ! purpose4#bgj ,footnote #bfd3 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ee4 ,footnote #bff3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #bgb sqq4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aji sq4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #bfg sqq4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ch1 n4 #b4 ,pausanias1 ix4 #h4 #b4 ,= v>i\s modifications ( human sacrifice 9 ,india1 see ,wilson1 ,works1 ii4 #bfg sq42 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #age sq4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,see supra1 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #ff4 ,9 o!r cases human sacrifices h be5 succe$$ by practices involv+ ! effusion ( human blood )\t loss ( life4 ,we are told t1 9 ,laconia1 ,lycurgus e/abli%$ ! sc\rg+ ( lads at ! alt> ( ,artemis ,or?ia1 9 place ( ! sacrifice ( m51 :i* _h previ\sly be5 (f]$ to h]2#bga & ,euripides repres5ts ,a!na z orda9+ t1 :5 ! p celebrate ! fe/ival ( ,artemis ! ,taurian goddess1 ! prie/1 to comp5sate h] = ! sacrifice ( ,ore/es1 mu/ hold 8 knife to a human ?roat1 & blood mu/ fl[ to satisfy ! sacr$ claims ( ! goddess1 t %e may h h] hon\rs4#bgb ,!re are also _m in/ances ( ble$+ or mutilation practis$ = ! same purpose z human sacrifice1 probably accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( p>s pro toto1 ?\gh x is impossible to decide :e!r !y really are survivals ( an e>li] sacrifice4 ,footnote #bga3 ,pausanias1 ix4 #af4 #aj4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,euripides1 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 #adeh sqq4 ,besides ! c]emony ( nawgia1 already describ$1#bgc ! ,tonga ,isl&]s _h ano!r c]emony call$ tootoo-nima1 or cutt+ (f a portion ( ! little f+]1 z a sacrifice to ! gods1 = ! recov]y ( a sup]ior relation :o 0 ill2 & s commonly 0 ?is done t1 9 ,m>9]'s days1 !re 0 sc>cely a p]son liv+ 9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s :o _h n lo/ "o or bo? little f+]s1 or at lea/ a consid]able portion ( !m4#bgd ,9 ,*9ese lit]ature !re are frequ5tly m5tion$ in/ances ( p]sons cutt+ (f fle% f _! bodies to cure p>5ts or pat]nal gr&p>5ts dang]\sly ill4 ,9 mo/ cases #dga x rema9s unm5tion$ h[ ! fle% 0 prep>$2 b x is sometimes /at$ t porridge or bro? 0 made ( x1 or t x 0 mix$ ) m$ic9e4 ,dr4 de ,groot ma9ta9s t x 0 9 ! fir/ place ! ascription ( !rapeutic virtues to p>ts ( ! human body t prompt$ su* filial self-mutilation4 ,b he adds t (t5 also we read ( ?igh-cutt]s invok+ ,heav5 be=eh&1 solemnly ask+ ?is highe/ p[] to accept _! own bodies z a sub/itute = ! pati5ts' lives !y want$ to save2 _! mutilation ?us assum+ ! "* ( self-immolation4#bge ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( a native writ]1 !re is sc>cely a respectable h\se 9 all ,b5gal1 ! mi/ress ( :i* has n at "o "t or o!r %$ h] blood1 "u ! notion ( satisfy+ ! goddess ,*&ik by ! op]ation4 ,:5ev] h] husb& or a son is dang]\sly ill1 a v[ is made t on ! recov]y ( ! pati5t1 ! goddess w\ld be regal$ ) human blood4 4 4 4 ,! lady p]=ms c]ta9 c]emonies1 & !n b>es h] brea/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! goddess1 & ) a nail-cutt] 7n>una7 draws a few drops ( blood f betwe5 h] brea/s & (f]s !m to ! div9ity4#bgf ,g>cilasso de la ,vega /ates t1 :il/ "s ( ! ,p]uvian ,indians be=e ! "t ( ! ,incas sacrific$ m51 !re 7 o!rs :o1 ?\gh !y mix$ human blood 9 _! sacrifices1 did n obta9 x by kill+ anyone1 b by ble$+ ! arms & legs1 accord+ to ! importance ( ! sacrifice1 &1 9 ! mo/ solemn cases1 by ble$+ ! root ( ! nose :]e x is jo9$ by ! eyebr[s4#bgg ,footnote #bgc3 ,supra1 p4 #dee4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bge3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol1 iv4 book7 ii4 #chf sq4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 op4 cit4 i4 #aaa sq4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #eb4 ,!re is "o =m ( human sacrifice :i* has outliv$ all o!rs1 namely1 ! p5al sacrifice ( (f5d]s4 ,!re c be no moral scruples 9 reg>d to a rite :i* involves a puni%m5t reg>d$ z j4 ,inde$1 ?is k9d ( human sacrifice is ev5 f\nd :]e ! (f]+ ( animals or lifeless ?+s has fall5 out ( use or become a m]e symbol4 ,= ?is is ! only sacrifice :i* is int5d$ to propitiate ! deity by ! m]e dea? ( ! victim2 & gods are believ$ to be capable ( feel+ ang] & rev5ge long aft] !y h ceas$ to h mat]ial ne$s4 ,! la/ trace ( human sacrifice has #dgb disappe>$ only :5 m5 no long] puni% (f5d]s capitally ) a view to appeas+ res5tful gods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,human be+s are sacrific$ n only to gods1 b to dead m51 9 ord] to s]ve !m z companions or s]vants1 or to vivify _! spirits1 or to gratify _! crav+ = rev5ge4 ,f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w we he> ( ! immolation ( m5 = ! s]vice ( ! dead1 ! victims g5]ally be+ slaves1 wives1 or captives ( w>1 or1 sometimes1 fri5ds4#bgh ,?is rite occurs or has occurr$1 m or less ext5sively1 9 ,borneo#bgi & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1#bhj 9 ,melanesia & ,polynesia1#bha 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ,africa1#bhb & among "s ,am]ican tribes4#bhc ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 x 0 c>ri$ to its height by ! m civilis$ nations ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 ,bogota & ,p]u4#bhd ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t ! fun]al c]emonies #dgc ( ! anci5t ,egyptians occasionally includ$ human sacrifice at ! gate ( ! tomb1 al?\gh ! practice w\ld seem to h be5 exceptional1 at any rate aft] ,egypt _h ent]$ ^u h] p]iod ( greatness4#bhe ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 ,*9a ! burial ( liv+ p]sons ) ! dead dates f ! d>ke/ mi/ ( ages1 & t ! cases on record 9 ! native books are ( relatively mod]n date only because 9 high antiquity ! cu/om 0 s common1 t x did n occur to ! annali/s & *ronicl]s to set d[n su* ev]yday matt]s z any?+ rem>kable4#bhf ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ( our era1 ! fun]al sacrifice ( m5 0 aboli%$1 ev5 = emp]ors & memb]s ( ! imp]ial family1#bhg b x has assum$ a modifi$ %ape "u :i* x /ill ma9ta9s itself 9 ,*9a4 ,daught]s1 daught]s-9-law1 & wid[s especially imbu$ ) ! doctr9e t !y are ! prop]ty ( _! dead p>5ts1 p>5ts-9-law1 & husb&s1 & accord+ly owe !m ! highe/ degree ( submissive devotion1 (t5 take _! lives1 9 ord] to foll[ !m into ! next _w4 ,& ?\gh x has be5 enact$ t no (ficial di/9ctions %all be aw>d$ to su* suttees1 :]eas hon\rs are grant$ to wid[$ wives1 concub9es1 & brides :o1 in/ead ( de/roy+ !mselves1 simply abjure matrimonial life = good1 sutteeism ( wid[s & brides /ill meets ) ! same applause z ev]1 & _m a woman is no d\bt prevail$ ^u1 or ev5 compell$1 by h] own relations1 to become a suttee4#bhh ,pr(essor ,s*rad] obs]ves t x is no long] possible to d\bt t anci5t ,indo-,g]manic cu/om orda9$ t ! wife %\ld die ) h] husb&4#bhi ,x has be5 argu$1 x is true1 t ! burn+ ( wid[s beg9s r late 9 ,india2#bij yet1 ?\gh ! mod]n ord9ance ( suttee-burn+ be a corrupt dep>ture #dgd f ! e>ly ,brahmanic ritual1 ! practice seems to be1 n a new inv5tion by ! lat] ,h9du prie/hood1 b ! revival ( an anci5t rite belong+ orig9ally to a p]iod ev5 e>li] ?an ! ,v$a4#bia ,9 ! ,v$ic ritual !re are c]emonies :i* obvi\sly indicate ! previ\s exi/5ce ( su* a rite4#bib ,f ,greece we h ! in/ances ( ,evadne ?r[+ h]self into ! fun]al pile ( h] husb&1#bic & ( ! suicide ( ! ?ree ,mess5ian wid[s m5tion$ by ,pausanias4#bid ,sacrifice ( wid[s occurr$1 z x seems z a regul> cu/om1 among ! ,sc&9avians1#bie ,h]uli1#bif & ,slavonians4#big ,! fact1 says ,mr4 ,ral/on1 t1 9 ,slavonic l&s1 a ?\s& ye>s ago1 wid[s us$ to de/roy !mselves 9 ord] to accompany _! dead husb&s to ! _w ( spirits1 seems to re/ on inconte/able evid5ce2 & if ! dead 0 a man ( means & di/9ction1 he 0 also solac$ by ! sacrifice ( 8 slaves4#bih ,fun]al (f]+s ( slaves occurr$ among ! ,teutons#bii & ! ,gauls ( ,cs>'s "t2#cjj & 9 ! ,iliad we read ( twelve captives be+ laid on ! fun]al pile ( ,patroclus4#cja ,footnote #bgh3 ,see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #deh sqq42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bjc sqq42 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #chj sq42 ,s*neid]1 ,naturvlk]1 i4 #bjb sqq42 ,hehn1 op4 cit4 p4 #daf sqq42 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #abe sq42 ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 iii4 #aii sq4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,brooke1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak1 i4 #gd4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ',relations betwe5 ,m5 & ,animals 9 ,s>awak1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #bjg sq4 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 pp4 #baj n41 #bai sq4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,blum5tritt1 ',d] ,ahn5cultus und die religis5 ,ans*auung5 d] ,malai5 des ,philipp95 ,ar*ipels1' 9 ,mit!ilung5 d4 ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xxv4 #aeb sq4 ,footnote #bha3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe sq4 ,br5*ley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjh 7natives ( ,tana74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #afa sq4 7,fijians74 ,lisiansky1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha 7,nukahivans74 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbj sq4 7,tonga ,isl&]s74 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #bah 7,maoris74 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bdg 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #bhb3 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #abg4 ,idem1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 p4 #ajb sq4 ,s*neid]1 ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #aah sqq4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,ramsey] & ,khne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,a%antee1 p4 #ej4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 pp4 #bce1 #bei sqq4 ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 ii4 #ai sqq4 7,dahomans74 ,idem1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #bbj sq4 ,idem1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #abd 7,wadoe72 ii4 #be sq4 7,wanyamwezi74 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 pp4 #bjc1 #bai4 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #aei sqq4 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 pp4 #aag1 #aah1 #aba sqq4 ,na*tigal1 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 ii4 #fhg 7,somra & ,njillem74 ,bak]1 ,ismalia1 p4 #cag sq4 7,wanyoro74 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #agj 7,mambettu74 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #bab sq4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bjd4 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #baj sqq4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,macfie1 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #ddh4 ,*>levoix1 ,voyage to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #aif sq4 7,nat*ez74 ,ro*e=t1 ,hi/oire naturelle et morale des ,iles ,antilles1 p4 #efh sq4 7,c>ibs74 ,footnote #bhd3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dfa4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bje4 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bab sqq4 ,aco/a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cac1 #cad1 #cdd 7,p]uvians74 ,footnote #bhe3 ,wi$emann1 ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #fb n4 ,footnote #bhf3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gba4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,ibid4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gbd4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,ibid4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gce1 #ged1 #gdh4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,s*rad]1 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples1 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #bij3 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #bia3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dfe sqq4 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #bib3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ah4 #h sq4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #afe4 ,hillebr&t1 ',e9e ,miscelle aus dem ,v$>itual1' 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*5 ,morg5lnd4 ,gesells*4 xl4 #gaa4 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #ehg4 ,footnote #bic3 ,euripides1 ,supplices1 #ajjj sqq4 ,footnote #bid3 ,pausanias1 iv4 #b4 #g4 ,footnote #bie3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dea4 ,footnote #bif3 ,procopius1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ad4 ,footnote #big3 ,di?m> ( ,m]seburg1 ,*ronicon1 viii4 #b 7,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica1 v4 #hfa74 ,zimm]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #bih3 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #cbg sq4 ,footnote #bii3 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,cs>1 ,de bello gallico1 vi4 #ai4 ,9 ! anci5t annals ( ! ,iri% !re is "o trace ( human sacrifice be+ (f]$ z a fun]al rite 7,cusack1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,iri% ,nation1 p4 #aae n49974 ,footnote #cja3 ,iliad1 xxiii4 #age4 ,accord+ to e>ly notions1 m5 require wives & s]vants n only dur+ _! life-"t1 b aft] _! dea?4 ,! surviv+ relatives want to satisfy _! ne$s1 out ( affection or f fe> ( )hold+ f ! dead :at belongs to !m--_! wives & _! slaves4 ,! de/ruction ( innoc5t life seems ju/ifi$ by ! l[ social /&+ ( ! victims & _! subjection to _! husb&s or ma/]s4 ,h[ev]1 ) advanc+ civilisation ?is sacrifice has a t5d5cy to #dge disappe>1 p>tly1 p]haps1 on acc\nt ( a *ange ( ideas z reg>ds ! /ate aft] dea?1 b *iefly1 ,i presume1 because x becomes revolt+ to public feel+s4 ,x !n dw9dles into a survival4 ,z a probable in/ance ( ?is may be m5tion$ a cu/om preval5t among ! ,tacullies ( ,nor? ,am]ica3 ! wid[ is compell$ by ! k9sfolk ( ! deceas$ to lie on ! fun]al pile :]e ! body ( h] husb& is plac$1 :il/ ! fire is light+1 until ! heat becomes intol]able4#cjb ,9 anci5t ,egypt little images ( clay1 or wood1 or /one1 or bronze1 made 9 human lik5ess & inscrib$ ) a c]ta9 =mula1 7 plac$ )9 ! tomb1 presumably 9 ! hopes t !y w\ld !re atta9 to life & become ! useful s]vants ( ! dead4#cjc ,s also ! ,japanese#cjd & ,*9ese1 already 9 e>ly times1 plac$ images 91 or at1 ! tombs ( _! dead z sub/itutes = human victims2 & ^! images h always be5 consid]$ to h no less virtual exi/5ce 9 ! next _w ?an liv+ s]vitors1 wives1 or concub9es4 ,9 ,*9a ! orig9al immolations 71 moreov]1 replac$ by ! cu/om ( all[+ ! ne>e/ relatives & slaves ( ! deceas$ simply to settle on ! tomb1 in/ead ( ent]+ x1 !re to sacrifice to ! manes1 & by prohibit+ wid[s f rem>ry+4#cje ,footnote #cjb3 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iv4 #dec4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,wi$emann1 ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dfc4 ,footnote #cje3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gid sqq4 ,! practice ( sacrific+ human be+s to ! dead is n exclusively bas$ on ! idea t !y require s]vants & companions4 ,x is extremely probable t ! fun]al sacrifice ( m5 & animals 9 _m cases involves an int5tion to vivify ! spirits ( ! deceas$ ) ! w>m1 r$ sap ( life4#cjf ,?is seems to be ! mean+ ( ! ,dahoman cu/om ( p\r+ blood ov] ! graves ( ! ance/ors ( ! k+4#cjg ,s1 also1 9 ,a%anti human sacrifices are frequ5t & ord9>y1 to #dgf wat] ! graves ( ! ,k+s4#cjh ,9 ! ,g]man folk-tale kn[n "u ! "n ( ',fai?ful ,john1' ! /atue said to ! ,k+1 ,if y1 ) y\r own h&1 cut (f ! heads ( bo? y\r *ildr51 & spr9kle me ) _! blood1 ,i %all be br\ght to life aga94#cji ,accord+ to primitive ideas1 blood is life2 to receive blood is to receive life2 ! s\l ( ! dead wants to live1 & consequ5tly loves blood4 ,! %ades 9 ,hades are eag] to dr9k ! blood ( ,odysseus' sacrifice1 t _! life may be r5ew$ = a "t4#caj ,& x is all ! m important t ! s\l %\ld get :at x desires z x o!rwise may come & attack ! liv+4 ,! belief t ! bloodless %ades leave _! graves at night & seek r5ew$ life by draw+ ! blood ( ! liv+1 is preval5t 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4#caa ,z late z ! eighte5? c5tury ?is belief caus$ an epidemic ( fe> 9 ,hung>y1 result+ 9 a g5]al dis9t]m5t1 & ! burn+ or /ak+ ( ! suspect$ bodies4#cab ,x is also possible t ! mutilations & self-ble$+s :i* accompany fun]als are p>tly practis$ = ! purpose ( refre%+ ! dep>t$ s\l4#cac ,! ,samoans call$ x an (f]+ ( blood = ! dead :5 ! m\rn]s beat _! heads ) /ones till ! blood ran4#cad ,footnote #cjf3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bhh sq42 ,rockholz1 ,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau*1 i4 #ee2 ,sepp1 ,vlk]brau* bei ,ho*zeit1 ,geburt und ,tod1 p4 #aed2 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #aaj sqq4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #ea sq4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,b[di*1 ,mission f ,cape ,ca/le to ,a%antee1 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #cji3 ,grimm1 ,k9d]- und ,hausmr*51 p4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #caj3 ,odyssey1 xi4 #aec4 ,footnote #caa3 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #aad sq4 ,footnote #cab3 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #bc sq4 ,footnote #cac3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #aha sq4 ,footnote #cad3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bbg4 ,f9ally1 z (f5d]s are sacrific$ to gods 9 ord] to appease _! wra?1 s manslay]s are 9 _m cases kill$ 9 ord] to satisfy _! victims' crav+ = rev5ge4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all see t ! execution ( blood-rev5ge l>gely falls "u ! head+ ( human sacrifice = ! dead4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,blood-,,rev5ge ,,& ,,comp5sation--,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,dea? ,,accord+ to e>ly cu/om1 a p]son :o takes ! life ( ano!r may himself be kill$ by ! relatives ( 8 victim1 or "s o!r memb] ( 8 family1 clan1 or tribe may be kill$ 9 8 /ead4#a ,! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge is f\nd among a ho/ ( exi/+ savages & b>b>ians1 & has long surviv$ among _m peoples :o h rea*$ a high] degree ( culture4 ,footnote #a3 ,! collective responsibility usually involv$ 9 ! blood-feud has be5 discuss$ supra1 p4 #cj sqq4 ,we meet ) blood-rev5ge 9 ! mid/ ( ,japanese civilisation1 n z a m]e fact1 b z a legally p]mitt$ cu/om4 ,! av5g] _h only to obs]ve c]ta9 prescrib$ =malities & regulations3 !re 0 a regul> (ficial to :om he mu/ ann\nce 8 resolve1 & he mu/ fix ! "t )9 :i* he w\ld c>ry x out4 ,! way 9 :i* ! enemy 0 kill$ 0 ( no importance1 except t1 ev5 9 anci5t times1 ! man :o _h rec\rse to assass9ation 0 repreh5sible4#b ,among ! ,hebrews blood-rev5ge cont9u$ to exi/ dur+ ! p]iods ( ! ,judges & ,k+s1 & ev5 lat]2 "u ! ,old ,k+dom1 says ,wellhaus51 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 at be/ b a scanty supplem5t to ! practice ( self-help4#c ,x is a rule among #dgh all ! ,arabs t :oev] %$s ! blood ( a man owes blood on t acc\nt to ! family ( ! sla9 p]son4#d ,says ! ,koran3--,o ye :o believe6 ,retaliation is prescrib$ = y = ! sla94#e ,9 anci5t ,eran blood-rev5ge surviv$ ! e/abli%m5t ( tribunals4#f ,!re is evid5ce left ( its preval5ce 9 e>ly times among ! ,aryan population ( ,india1 ?\gh no m5tion is made 9 ! ,stras ( blood rev5ge z an exi/+ cu/om4#g ,among ! ,greeks x 0 only 9 ! po/-,hom]ic age t x 0 giv5 up z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! av5g] be+ trans=m$ into an accus]4#h ,9 ,gaul & ,irel&1 ?\gh ju/ice 0 adm9i/]$ by ,druids or ,brehons1 _! judgm5ts seem to h be5 m]ely aw>ds f\nd$ ^u a submission to arbitration1 ! injur$ p]son be+ at lib]ty to take ! law into 8 own h&s & r$ress himself4#i ,9 ! preface to ! ,s5*us ,mr we read t retaliation prevail$ 9 ,er9 be=e ,patrick1 & t ,patrick br\ght =giv5ess ) him4#aj ,among ! clans ( ,scotl&1 z is well kn[n1 ! blood-feud has exi/$ up to q mod]n times2 9 ! ,ca?olic p]iod ev5 ! ,*ur* recognis$ its p[] by leav+ ! "r h& ( male *ildr5 un*ri/5$1 t x might deal ! m unhall[$ & deadly a bl[ to ! enemy4#aa ,9 ,engl& x 0 at lea/ !oretically possible d[n to ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury = a manslay] to elect to be> ! feud ( ! k9dr$ ( ! sla91 in/ead ( pay+ ! w]2#ab & long aft] ! ,conque/ we /ill meet ) a law aga9/ ! sy/em ( #dgi private rev5ge4#ac ,9 ,frisl&1 ,l[] ,saxony1 & p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 ! blood-feud 0 practis$ z late z ! sixte5? c5tury4#ad ,9 ,italy x prevail$ ext5sively1 ev5 among ! upp] classes1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4#ae ,9 ,corsica1#af ,albania1#ag & ,mont5egro1#ah x exi/s ev5 to ?is day4 ,footnote #b3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #cbf4 ,dautrem]1 ',! ,v5detta or ,legal ,rev5ge 9 ,japan1' 9 ,trans4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,japan1 xiii4 #hd sq4 ,footnote #c3 ,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #d3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #e3 ,koran1 ii4 #agc4 ,cf4 ibid4 xvii4 #ce4 ,footnote #f3 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 ii4 #ca sqq4 ,footnote #g3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #h3 ,idem1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 #ej sq41 especially pp4 #cge1 #cha4 ,9 ,rome blood-rev5ge appe>s to h be5 v e>ly suppress$4 ,!re is an e*o ( x 9 c]ta9 leg5ds1 b ev5 9 !m x is repres5t$ z objectionable 7,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #aij74 ,footnote #i3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 lect4 ii4 d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 ',des attributions judiciaires de l'autorit publique *ez les ,celtes1' 9 ,revue ,celtique1 vii4 #e4 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 p4 lxxxix4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sk5e1 ,celtic ,scotl&1 iii4 #aeb4 ,footnote #aa3 ,mack9to%1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 i4 #dh4 ,footnote #ac3 ,*]ry1 ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law 9 ,anci5t ,communities1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ad3 ,gn!r1 ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 i4 #bjg sq4 ,frau5/dt1 ,blutra*e und ,todts*lagshne im ,deuts*5 ,mittelalt]1 p4 #ba4 ,cf4 ,arnold1 ,deuts*e ,urzeit1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,simonde de ,sismondi1 ,hi/oire des rpubliques itali5nes du moy5 ge1 xvi4 #def4 ,footnote #af3 ,gregorovius1 ,w&]+s 9 ,corsica1 i4 #agf sqq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,gopvcevi'c1 ,ob]albani5 und se9e ,liga1 p4 #cbb sqq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,kohl1 ,reise na* ,i/ri51 i4 #djf sqq4 ,popovi'c1 ,re*t und ,g]i*t 9 ,mont5egro1 p4 #fi4 ,blood-rev5ge is reg>d$ n only z a "r1 b z a duty4 ,we are told t ! holie/ duty a ,we/ ,au/ralian native is call$ on to p]=m is t ( av5g+ ! dea? ( 8 ne>e/ relation4 ,until he has fulfill$ ?is task1 he is con/antly taunt$ by ! old wom52 8 wives1 if he be m>ri$1 w\ld soon quit him2 if he is unm>ri$1 n a s+le "y woman w\ld speak to him2 8 "m w\ld con/antly cry1 & lam5t %e %\ld ev] h giv5 bir? to s deg5]ate a son2 8 fa!r w\ld treat him ) contempt1 & reproa*es w\ld con/antly be s\nd$ 9 8 e>4#ai ,among ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria a man w\ld consid] x 8 b\nd5 duty to kill 8 mo/ intimate fri5d = ! purpose ( av5g+ a bro!r's dea?1 & w\ld d s )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4#bj ,9 8 description ( ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait1 ,mr4 ,nelson /ates t blood-rev5ge is consid]$ a sacr$ duty among all ! ,eskimo1 a duty incumb5t on ! ne>e/ male relative2 if ! son ( ! murd]$ man is an infant1 x re/s ) him to seek rev5ge z soon z he atta9s pub]ty4#ba ,among ! ,dacotahs no "o c escape ?is law ( retaliation2 public op9ion w\ld br& ) disgrace :oev] fl$ "u su* circum/ances4#bb ,! ,brazilian aborig9es #dhj consid] x a moral obligation1 a matt] ( consci5ce1 = a son1 a bro!r1 or a nephew1 to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 relative4#bc ,speak+ ( ! ,guiana ,indians1 ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn obs]ves t1 9 all primitive societies :]e !re are no writt5 laws & no supreme au?ority to en=ce ju/ice1 su* v5geance has be5 held z a sacr$ duty4#bd ,confucius affirm$1 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ unre/rict$ t]ms1 ! duty ( av5g+ ! murd] ( a fa!r or a bro!r4#be ,9 ,japan ! man :o 0 weak en\gh n to try to put to dea? ! murd]] ( 8 fa!r or 8 "l1 0 oblig$ to flee into hid+2 f t day1 he 0 despis$ by 8 own companions4#bf ,! ,"l said to ,moses3--,! rev5g] ( blood himself %all slay ! murd]]2 :5 he meete? him1 he %all slay him4#bg ,a simil> rule1 z we h se51 is laid d[n 9 ! ,koran4#bh ,! idea t blood-rev5ge is a sacr$ duty incumb5t on ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$ 0 probably held by all s-call$ ,aryan peoples4#bi ,x /ill prevails 9 ,albania1#cj ,mont5egro1#ca & ,corsica4 ,n to take rev5ge is consid]$ by ! g5u9e ,corsicans z degrad+4 4 4 4 ,any "o :o %r9ks f av5g+ himself 4 4 4 is all[$ no re/ by 8 relations1 & all 8 acqua9tances upbraid him ) pusillanimity4#cb ,footnote #ai3 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bdj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #ba3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 p4 #bib sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #cch4 ,footnote #bc3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cbi sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #aaa4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #bf3 ,dautrem]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hc4 ,cf4 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bbg 7,coreans74 ,footnote #bg3 ,numb]s1 xxxv4 #ai4 ,footnote #bh3 ,= mod]n ,arabs1 see ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #cac sq42 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjg4 ,footnote #bi3 ,geig]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cb 7,ave/a p74 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #dbb4 ,idem1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #cbc sqq4 de ,valrog]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dgb 7,celts74 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #bbi2 ,/emann1 ,d5 ,danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #egd2 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #ie2 ,ros5b]g1 ,nordbo]nes ,a&sliv1 i4 #dhg 7,teutons74 ,miklosi*1 ',die ,blutra*e bei d5 ,slav51' 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]l4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,philos4 hi/or4 ,classe1 ,vi5na1 xxxvi4 #abg sqq4 ,ew]s1 ,das alte/e ,re*t d] ,russ51 p4 #ej sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi51 i4 #agf4 ,footnote #ca3 ,popovi'c1 op4 cit4 p4 #fi4 ,kohl1 op4 cit4 i4 #dji1 #dac sqq4 ,miklosi*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #cb3 ,gregorovius1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahj sq4 ,= o!r in/ances ( blood-rev5ge z a duty1 see ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehb2 ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #aeh 7,atkha ,aleuts72 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 vii4 #cgf 7,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea72 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dga2 ,b[r+1 ,visit to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #agg2 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hb 7,k&hs72 ,radde1 ,die ,*ews'ur51 p4 #aae2 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #djf sqq4 7,ossetes72 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #hg2 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #ac 7,feloops bord]+ on ! ,gambia72 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 p4 #bc 7,bakwiri72 ibid4 p4 #di 7,banaka & ,bapuku72 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #acb 7,diakit-,s>rakolese72 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bef sq4 7,wa%ambala72 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bib 7,wapokomo72 ,viehe1 ibid4 p4 #caa 7,ovah]]o72 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cda 7,ondonga72 ,sorge1 ibid4 p4 #dah 7,nissan ,isl&]s 9 ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago74 #dha ,! duty ( blood-rev5ge is1 9 ! fir/ place1 reg>d$ z a duty to ! dead1 n m]ely because he has be5 depriv$ ( 8 highe/ good1 8 life1 b because 8 _s is believ$ to f9d no re/ aft] dea? until ! injury has be5 av5g$4#cc ,! disembodi$ s\l c>ries into its new exi/5ce an eag] long+ = rev5ge1 &1 till ! crime has be5 duly expiat$1 hov]s ab\t ! e>?1 mole/+ ! manslay] or try+ to compel its own relatives to take v5geance on him4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,kohl]1 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #aca sq42 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 i4 #bia sqq42 ,idem1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #di 7,banaka & ,bapuku72 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #acb 7,diakit-,s>rakolese72 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #beg 7,wa%ambala74 ,accord+ to ,yakut beliefs1 a p]son :o is murd]$ becomes a yor1 t is1 8 gho/ nev] comes to re/4#cd ,! ,*]emises imag9e t ! spirits ( p]sons :o h di$ a viol5t dea? cause illness1 especially fev] & ague4#ce ,! ,saoras ( ,india seem to h mo/ fe> ( ! spirits ( ^? :o h di$ viol5t dea?s4#cf ,! ,burmese believe t p]sons :o meet a viol5t dea? become nats & haunt ! place :]e !y 7 kill$4#cg ,! ,hudson ,bay ,eskimo reg>d ! isl& ( ,akpatok z taboo$ s9ce ! murd] ( "p ( ! crew ( a wreck$ vessel1 :o camp$ on t isl&2 n a s\l visits t locality le/ ! gho/s ( ! victims %\ld appe> & supplicate relief f ! natives1 :o h n ! prop] (f]+s to make to appease !m4#ch ,! ,omahas believe t ! spirits ( ^? :o h be5 kill$ reappe> aft] dea?1 _! err& be+ to solicit v5geance on ! p]petrators ( ! de$4#ci ,accord+ to ,g5esis1 ! voice ( #dhb blood %$ cri$ = v5geance until ! murd]] 0 puni%$4#dj ,a simil> notion prevail$ among ! ,b$\9s1 h5ce !y ?\ght !y might escape ! tak+ ( rev5ge by cov]+ up ! blood ) e>?4#da ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> gho/ /ories 9 folk-tales is t :i* treats ( ! gho/ ( a murd]$ p]son flitt+ ab\t ! haunts ( ! liv+ ) no gratification b to t]rify !m4#db ,accord+ to ,rohde1 ?is belief 0 9 full =ce at ,a!ns 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies be=e ,*ri/4#dc ,aes*ylus attributes an ,er9ys to ! he9\s crime ( a man's neglect+ 8 duty z av5g] ( blood#dd--;9 o!r words1 ! s\l ( ! sla9 turn$ its ang] aga9/ ! neglectful relative4 ,traces ( ! same belief /ill survive 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4#de ,9 ,wr5d1 9 ,sw$51 ! p ma9ta9 t ! unsatisfi$ gho/ ( a murd]$ man visits 8 relatives at night1 & di/urbs _! re/2 & x 0 an anci5t cu/om among !m t1 if ! murd]] 0 n kn[n1 ! ne>e/ relation ( ! dead1 be=e ! knell began1 w5t =w>d to ! corpse & ask$ ! dead himself to av5ge 8 murd]4#df ,footnote #cd3 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #aja4 ,footnote #ce3 ,ab]cromby1 ,pre- & ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 i4 #afh sq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,fawcett1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 ,bombay1 i4 #ei4 ,footnote #cg3 ,s*way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman1 i4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ci3 ,james1 ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #bfg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,g5esis1 iv4 #aj4 ,footnote #da3 ,jacob1 ,leb5 d] vorislmis*5 ,b$u951 p4 #adf4 ,cf4 ,s*wally1 ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 p4 #eb sq4 ,footnote #db3 ,see ,dy]1 ,! ,gho/ ,_w1 p4 #fe sqq42 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 p4 #hj sqq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bdj4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ',p>alipom5a1' 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahie1 p4 #ai sq42 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #abe sqq4 ,footnote #dd3 ,aes*ylus1 ,*oephori1 #bhc sqq4 ,cf4 ibid4 #djj sqq42 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hff4 ,footnote #de3 ,dy]1 op4 cit4 p4 #fh sqq4 ,?orpe1 ,nor!rn ,my?ology1 ii4 #ai sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 ,wr5d o* ,wird>ne1 ii4 #bgd2 i4 #dgc4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 blood-rev5ge is ?us a =m ( human sacrifice4 ,sometimes x ev5 =mally be>s a /rong resemblance to c]ta9 o!r human sacrifices :i* are (f]$ to ! dead4 ,among "s ,que5sl& tribes1 :5 ! assass9 has be5 caught r$-h&$1 ! slay] & sla9 are buri$ toge!r 9 ! same grave2#dg & among ! anci5t ,teutons ! av5g] by pref]5ce slew ! culprit at ! feet ( ! murd]$ man1 or at 8 tomb4#dh ,blood-rev5ge also resembles o!r k9ds ( human sacrifice s f> t x s]ves z a safegu>d = ! sacrific]--9 ?is case ! av5g]1 :o w\ld o!rwise expose himself to ! p]secutions ( ! rev5geful _s ( ! dead4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #dh3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 pp4 #agj1 #fib4 ,b ! practice ( blood-rev5ge is n exclusively #dhc bas$ on a desire to av5ge ! injury done to a fell[-creature & to gratify ! angry passion ( 8 s\l4 ,! act :i* caus$ 8 dea? is at ! same "t an injury inflict$ ^u ! survivors4 ,h5ce1 9 _m cases1 a murd] committ$ )9 ! family or k9 is left unav5g$4#di ,among ! ,iroquois1 says ,loskiel1 any "o :o has murd]$ 8 own relative escapes )\t mu* difficulty1 s9ce ! family1 :o alone h a "r to take rev5ge1 d n *oose to weak5 _! influ5ce by depriv+ !mselves ( ano!r memb] besides ! "o :om !y h already lo/4#ej ,aga91 :5 ! murd]] belongs to an extrane\s family1 ! injury inflict$ on ! relatives ( ! murd]$ man sugge/s n only rev5ge1 b rep>ation4 ,footnote #di3 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #aei sqq4 ,mauss1 ',la religion et les orig9es du droit pnal1' 9 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 xxxv4 #dd4 ,kovalewsky1 ',les orig9es du devoir1' 9 ,revue int]nationale de ,sociologie1 ii4 #hf4 ,cf4 ,seebohm1 ,tribal ,cu/om 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,law1 pp4 #cj1 #db 7,wel%72 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dbj2 ,idem1 ,m>riage & ,k9%ip 9 e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #be4 ,among ! ,jbla ( ,nor!rn ,morocco blood-rev5ge is tak5 = ! kill+ ( a c\s91 b n = ! kill+ ( a bro!r4 ,footnote #ej3 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 #af4 ,! tak+ ( life = life may itself1 9 a way1 s]ve z comp5sation4 ,x seems t1 9 "s cases1 ! blood ( ! sla9 homicide is suppos$ to re/ore1 z x 71 to ! family ( 8 victim ! loss ( life :i* he has caus$ !m4#ea ,su* an idea probably und]lies a cu/om :i* ,burckh>dt he>d exi/$ among ! ,hall5ga1 :o draw _! orig9 f ,abyss9ia4 ,:5 ! slay] has be5 seiz$ by ! relatives ( ! deceas$1 a family fea/ is proclaim$1 at :i* ! murd]] is br\ght into _! mid/4 ,:ile 8 ?roat is !n sl[ly cut ) a razor1 ! blood is caught 9 a b[l & h&$ r\nd among/ ! gue/s1 e "o ( :om is b\nd to dr9k ( x at ! mom5t ! victim brea!s 8 la/4#eb ,among v>i\s ,arabic-speak+ tribes 9 ,morocco ,i h met ) a practice :i* also1 possibly1 involves a vague idea ( re/oration4 ,on ! p]petration ( 8 de$ ! av5g] #dhd licks (f ! blood f ! blade ( ! dagg] ) :i* he kill$ 8 victim2 & 9 "o in/ance relat$ to me1 he bit (f a piece ( fle% f ! dead body & suck$ its blood4#ec ,mr4 ,trumbull ev5 goes s f> z to believe t1 among ! ,hebrews1 ! primal idea ( ! goel's mission 0 n to wreak v5geance1 b to re/ore life = life1 or to secure ! adju/$ equival5t ( a lo/ life4#ed ,b x is difficult to suppose t ! exact+ ( blood-rev5ge ev] c\ld h be5 look$ ^u z an equival5t 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,if ! loss ( life is to be comp5sat$ "s o!r practice mu/ take its place4 ,footnote #ea3 ,cf4 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #abf sqq4 ,footnote #eb3 ,burckh>dt1 ,travels 9 ,nubia1 p4 #cef4 ,footnote #ec3 ,cf4 ,goldzih]1 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #bif n4 #a4 ,footnote #ed3 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 pp4 #bfj1 #bfc4 ,sometimes ! manslay]1 in/ead ( be+ kill$1 is adopt$ z a memb] ( ! family ( 8 victim4#ee ,among ! ,kabyles ( ,alg]ia1 = in/ance1 a p]son :o has kill$ ano!r un9t5tionally1 goes to ! p>5ts ( ! dead & says to !m3 ,if y want to kill me1 kill me1 "h is my w9d+-%eet4 ,if n1 p>don me1 & ,i %all h5ce=? be "o ( y\r *ildr54 ,& f ?is day ! manslay] is consid]$ to belong to ! kh>\ba1 or g5s1 ( ! deceas$4#ef ,among ! ,jbla ( ,nor!rn ,morocco1 aga91 a homicide sometimes induces ! av5g] to ab/a9 f 8 p]secutions by giv+ him 8 si/] or daught] 9 m>riage2 & a simil> cu/om has be5 notic$ among ! ,b5i ,am]#eg & ,bogos4#eh ,9 o!r cases slaves are giv5 to ! relatives ( ! sla9 9 ord] to atone = ! guilt2#ei b mo/ commonly ! comp5sation consi/s ( cattle1 money1 or o!r prop]ty4 ,footnote #ee3 ,see ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 i4 #daj sqq41 #dci sqq42 ,kovalewsky1 9 ,revue ,int]nationale de ,sociologie1 ii4 #hg sq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 iii4 #fh sq4 ,footnote #eg3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #eh3 ,idem1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #hc4 ,cf4 ,kohl]1 ,na*wort zu ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,squi]1 ',ar*ology & ,e?nology ( ,nic>agua1' 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #abi4 ,idem1 ,nic>agua1 ii4 #cde 7anci5t ,nic>aguans74 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #aga 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans74 ,by giv+ pres5ts to ! relatives ( 8 victim1 ! (f5d] n only repairs ! loss :i* he has inflict$ #dhe ^u !m1 b also appeases _! w\nd$ feel+s4#fj ,! pleasure ( ga9 t5ds to suppress _! passion1 & ! loss & humiliation :i* ! adv]s>y suff]s by ! gift ex]cise a heal+ influ5ce on _! res5tm5t4#fa ,sometimes ! pres5t is *iefly int5d$ to s]ve z an apology4 ,among ! ,iroquois1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,morgan1 ! :ite wampum :i* ! murd]] s5t to ! family ( 8 victim & :i*1 if accept$1 = ev] wip$ out ! memory ( 8 de$1 0 n 9 ! nature ( a comp5sation = ! life ( ! deceas$1 b ( a regretful confession ( ! crime1 ) a petition = =giv5ess4#fb ,comp5sation1 moreov]1 has ! advantage ( sav+ ! injur$ p>ty ! dang]s involv$ 9 a blood-feud1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! issue1 & ! s]i\s consequ5ces :i* may result f ! accompli%$ act ( rev5ge4 ,:il/ ! c>ry+ out ( ! pr9ciple ( life = life (t5 leads to protract$ ho/ilities betwe5 ! p>ties1 comp5sation has a t5d5cy to br+ ab\t a durable peace4 ,= ?is reason x is to ! int]e/ ( society at l>ge to enc\rage ! latt] practice2 & ?is enc\ragem5t naturally adds to its attractions4 ,footnote #fj3 ,re1 ,ent/ehung des ,gewiss5s1 p4 #eg sqq4 ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 i4 #dgb sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,cf4 ,miklosi*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #adh2 ,kohl1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbf1 #dcf 7,mont5egr9es & ,albanians74 ,footnote #fb3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 pp4 #cca1 #ccc4 ,cf4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cbf 7p ( ,aneiteum74 ,b 9 spite ( its m]its1 ! practice ( composition has1 9 comp>ison ) blood-rev5ge1 v>i\s disadvantages4 ,x is n equally calculat$ to satisfy a rev5geful m9d4 ,x has to cont5d ) ! cons]vatism ( anci5t cu/om4 ,x may be tak5 z a tok5 ( c[>dice or weakness1 :]eas ! blood-feud gives to its p]petrator an opportunity to display 8 c\rage & skill4 ,x may be consid]$ (f5sive to ! dead k9sman4 ,f9ally1 if x is to fl\ri%1 x presupposes a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal?4#fc #dhf ,! importance ( ^! difficulties dep5ds on ! circum/ances 9 ea* special case4 ,v9dictiv5ess1 cons]vatism1 ! desire = fight+1 & ! e/imation 9 :i* c\rage & m>tial ability are held1 are naturally subject to v>iations1 & s are p's weal? & _! will+ness to comp5sate4 ,! ideas held conc]n+ ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ are likewise v>iable4 ,! read9ess ) :i* blood-money 0 accept$ among ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age has be5 expla9$ by _! belief 9 ! disembodi$ s\l's dreamlike exi/5ce 9 ,hades1 )\t /rong passions & )\t ! p[] to mole/ ! liv+2 :il/ ! lat] cu/om ( dem&+ life = life has be5 int]pret$ z ! result ( a *ange ( ideas :i* attribut$ mu* great] activity to ! dead4#fd ,9 o!r cases ! deceas$ is suppos$ to be appeas$ by a m]e c]emony1 or by a vic>i\s sacrifice4 ,! ,ossetes believe t he (t5 appe>s 9 a dream to "s ( 8 desc5dants1 tantt p\r exig] de lui la v5geance1 tantt p\r lui p]mettre1 au contraire1 de la remplac] p> un simple (fice des morts 4 4 4 4 ,revtu d'habits de deuil1 les *eveux p>s1 l'assass9 ,osste vi5t sur la tombe de celui qu'il a tu1 p\r accomplir une crmonie dont le b avr e/ de se consacr] lui-mme sa victime4 ,cette crmonie e/ connue s\s le nom de kifaeldicn3 le meurtri] se livre spontanm5t au dfunt1 qui1 en la p]sonne de son desc5dant1 lui p>donne son (f5se4#fe ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 says ,mr4 ,macdonald1 if "o man slay ano!r1 ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ are ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ ! murd]] on ! spot4 ,b if !y cat* him alive !y put him 9 a slave-/ick1 till comp5sation be made by a heavy f9e ( f f\r to tw5ty slaves4 ,:5 ! f9e is paid ! life ( ! murd]] is n dem&$1 b sev]al ( ! slaves obta9$ 9 comp5sation are kill$1 to accompany ! deceas$4#ff ,9 o!r in/ances ! dead is p]haps suppos$ to be appeas$ by ! m]e comp5sation #dhg paid to 8 desc5dants1 or 8 feel+s are simply disreg>d$ :5 !y collide ) ! int]e/s ( ! liv+4#fg ,g5]ally speak+1 ! "q :e!r comp5sation is to be accept$ or n1 mu/ be settl$ by a balanc+ ( advantages & drawbacks4 ,footnote #fc3 ,= ! influ5ce ( weal? on ! practice ( composition1 see ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 i4 #dbg sqq41 & ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #eia4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 composition occurs ev5 among su* a poor p z ! ,yahgans ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,sometimes1 says ,mr4 ,bridges 79 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjg71 ! murd]] is suff]$ to live1 b he is mu* beat5 & hurt1 & has to make _m pres5ts to ! relatives ( ! dead4 ,footnote #fd3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #abe sqq4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 pp4 #h sqq41 #bch4 ,footnote #fe3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e et loi anci5ne1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #ff3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #agj sq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,cf4 ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 i4 #deb4 ,we may expect1 !n1 to f9d ! cu/oms reg>d+ blood-rev5ge & comp5sation to v>y exce$+ly among diff]5t peoples4 ,among _m ! rule ( rev5ge is /rictly foll[$1 & comp5sation nev]1 or r>ely1 accept$1 at lea/ = int5tional homicide4 ,?is gr\p includes n only tribes :o are 9 a /ate ( savag]y1 b peoples l ! ,b5i ,am]1#fh ,m>ea1#fi ,kabyles ( ,jurjura1#gj & ,jbla ( ,morocco4 ,burckh>dt says ( ! ,b$\9s3--,! /rong] & ! m indep5d5t a tribe is1 ! m remote f cultivat$ prov9ces1 & ! weal?i] its individuals1 ! less frequ5tly are ! rights ( ! ,?> commut$ into a f9e4 ,great %eiks1 all ov] ! ,des]t1 reg>d x z a %ameful transaction to compromise 9 any degree = ! blood ( _! relations4#ga ,among ! m\nta9s ( ,daghe/an#gb & 9 p>ts ( ,albania#gc x is likewise consid]$ disgraceful to accept comp5sation = ! murd] ( a relative4 ,footnote #fh3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cba sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,ibid4 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #gj3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 op4 cit4 iii4 #fa sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #agh1 ,cf4 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah1 ii4 #ajc4 ,footnote #gb3 ,kovalesky1 9 ,revue int]nationale de ,sociologie1 ii4 #hg4 ,footnote #gc3 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 i4 #agh4 ,9 "s in/ances ! acceptance ( comp5sation does n necess>ily mean t ! family ( ! sla9 altoge!r r5\nce _! "r ( rev5ge4 ,among ! ,ahts1 ?\gh x is usual to accept l>ge pres5ts z expiation = murd]1 yet1 practically1 ?is expiation is n complete1 & blood alone effectually atones = blood4 ,an accept$ pres5t nev] q cancels ! obligation to puni% 9 ! brea/ ( ! (f5d$ p]son or tribe4#gd ,among ! ,somals1 aft] ! equival5t is paid1 ! #dhh murd]] or "o ( 8 clan1 contr>y to ! _s ( ,el ,islam1 is g5]ally kill$ by ! k9dr$ or tribe ( ! sla94#ge ,among ! ,b]b]s 7,%luh47 ( ! prov9ce ( ,ss1 9 ,s\!rn ,morocco1 a p]son :o commits homicide imm$iately flees to ano!r tribe1 & places himself "u its protection4 ,8 relatives !n pay ddit1 or blood-money1 to ! family ( ! victim1 b ?is only prev5ts ! (f5d$ p>ty f tak+ rev5ge on any ( !m1 & does n entitle ! murd]] to return2 if he appe>s outside ! tribe to :om he has fl$ = refuge1 he is at any "t liable to be kill$4 ,among ! ,ossetes1 aga91 x 0 =m]ly a preval5t cu/om = a murd]] to pay a fix$ price = a c]ta9 "t to ! family ( ! murd]$ man1 say = a ye>1 dur+ :i* "t ! blood-rev5ge rema9$ dormant4#gf ,footnote #gd3 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #ge3 ,burton1 ,fir/ ,foot/eps 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 p4 #hg n4 dagg]4 ,cf4 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #gf3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dje4 ,9 _m in/ances1 on ! o!r h&1 cu/om all[s ! acceptance ( comp5sation z a p]fectly ju/ifiable alt]native = blood-rev5ge1 or ev5 reg>ds x z ! prop] me?od ( settl+ ! case4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-,we/]n ,oregon ! pr9ciple ( life = life1 ?\gh fully recognis$1 is sometimes abrogat$ 9 fav\r ( mat]ial damages4#gg ,among ! ,?l9kets ! murd] ( a relative c be aton$ = by a c]ta9 numb] ( blankets4#gh ,among ! ,cali=nian ,k>ok ! murd] ( a man's ne>e/ relative may be comp\nd$ = by ! paym5t ( money4#gi ,! ,kut*9 dem& blood-money = a sla9 k9sman1 b av5ge 8 dea? %\ld su* be d5i$4#hj ,among ! ,k&hs ! cu/om ( blood-rev5ge 0 modifi$ by ! pr9ciple ( money comp5sation1 ! acceptance ( su* comp5sation be+ 9 no case consid]$ disgraceful4#ha ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :il/ ! m f]oci\s tribes #dhi insi/1 9 _m situations1 ^u a lit]al compliance ) ! law ( retaliation1 o!r tribes con/antly accept a pecuni>y comp5sation4#hb ,among ! majority ( ! ,b$awee tribes ( ,egypt comp5sation is g5]ally tak5 9 commutation = v5geance2#hc & ! same is ! case among ! ,a5ezes1 ?\gh x w\ld reflect %ame on ! fri5ds ( ! sla9 p]son if !y 7 to make ! fir/ ov]ture4#hd ,among ! ,wad%agga1 aga91 ! acceptance ( blood-money is obligatory4#he ,! ,v5ddd =bids ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/rianism to refuse ! comp5sation (f]$ = a de$ ( blood%$4#hf ,among ! ,iri% ! public op9ion ( ! village held t ! qu>rels betwe5 its memb]s %\ld be compromis$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,h[ev]1 if ! guilty p>ty did n pay ! am\nt aw>d$1 ! community did n compel him to d s1 & ! injur$ p>ty 0 !n at lib]ty to av5ge 8 own wrongs by reprisals or levy+ ( private w>4#hg ,among ! ,teutons ! k9dr$ ( ! sla9 might1 9 e>ly times1 *oose betwe5 tak+ rev5ge or accept+ comp5sation1 j z !y lik$2 b lat] on !y 7 expect$ by public op9ion1 & f9ally requir$ by public au?ority1 n to pursue ! feud if ! prop] composition 0 =?com+1 except 9 a few extreme cases4#hh ,footnote #gg3 ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #ahi4 ,footnote #gh3 ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #gi3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #hj3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #chf4 ,footnote #ha3 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 ii4 #gf4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #hb3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #hc3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #hd3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #he3 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #ef4 ,footnote #hf3 ,geig]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 p4 lxxx4 ,footnote #hh3 ,keys]1 op4 cit4 ii4 pt4 ii4 #ie4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #df sq4 ,gotl&s-,lag51 #ac4 ,?us ! exaction ( life = life1 f be+ a duty incumb5t on ! family ( ! dead1 becomes a m]e "r ( :i* !y may or may n avail !mselves1 z !y please1 & is at la/ publicly disapprov$ ( or actually prohibit$4 ,among ! circum/ances by :i* ?is process has be5 br\ght ab\t !re is /ill "o :i* calls = special att5tion1 namely1 ! pressure ( "s int]v5+ au?ority1 ! eld]s ( ! tribe1#hi or #dij ! *ief1 induc+ ! av5g] to lay d[n 8 weapon & to accept money = blood4 ,i d n say t ! practice ( comp5sation has orig9at$ 9 su* an int]v5tion2 we meet x among peoples :o "k no?+ ( c\rts1 judges1 or regul> arbitrators4#ij ,b :5 we he> ( *iefs mak+ ef=ts to *eck ! blood-feud by p]suad+ ! injur$ p>ty to accept remun]ation 9 money or prop]ty1 x is impossible to d\bt t "s connection exi/s betwe5 ! sy/em ( comp5sation & ! judicial p[] ( ! *ief4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,brazil1 :5 blood is %$1 ei!r design$ly or accid5tally1 by "o ( ! same tribe1 ! *ief n seldom insi/s ^u ! acceptance ( comp5sation by ! family ( ! deceas$4#ia ,( ! p ( ,nias1 among/ :om ! (f5d] may suff] dea? at ! h&s ( ! av5g]1 we read t ev5 grave cases1 :5 br\ght be=e ! *ief1 are (t5 puni%$ by f9es only4#ib ,among ! ,dooraunees1 9 ,we/]n ,afghani/an1 if ! (f5d$ p>ty compla9s to ! ,sird>1 or if he he>s ( a murd] committ$1 he fir/ endeav\rs to br+ ab\t a compromise1 by (f]+ ! ,khoon ,behau1 or ( price ( blood4#ic ,! ,teutonic nations1 z ,kemble obs]ves1 9 ! c\rse ( "t made ! ,/ate ! arbitrator betwe5 ! p>ties by e/abli%+ a t>iff at :i* injuries %\ld be rat$1 & committ+ to ! ,/ate ! duty ( compell+ ! injur$ p]son to receive1 & ! wrong-do] to pay1 ! settl$ am\nt4 ,x ?us engag$ to act z a m$iator betwe5 ! conflict+ int]e/s1 ) a view to ! ma9t5ance ( ! g5]al peace4#id ,footnote #hi3 ,cf4 ,vmbry1 ,das ,trk5volk1 p4 #cje sq4 7,kirghiz72 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ejj 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,footnote #ij3 ,e4g41 ! ,fuegians 7,bridges1 9 ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e1 xiii4 #aeb4 ,idem1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjg74 ,footnote #ia3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #acj4 ,idem1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geographical ,soc4 ii4 #aii4 ,footnote #ib3 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dif4 ,footnote #ic3 ,elph9/one1 ,k+dom ( ,caubul1 ii4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #id3 ,kemble1 ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bgj4 ,we h previ\sly discuss$ ! important measure ( sub/itut+ puni%m5t = rev5ge by transf]r+ ! judicial & executive p[] ( ! av5g] to a special au?ority )9 ! body politic1 commission$ ) #dia ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! sy/em ( comp5sation 0 only "o or ! me?ods adopt$ by su* an au?ority = ! settl+ ( disputes2 &1 on ! :ole1 x 0 a sign ( weakness4 ,speak+ ( ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra1 ,m>sd5 obs]ves t ! practice ( expiat+ murd] by ! paym5t ( a c]ta9 sum ( money _h d\btless its s\rce 9 ! imbecility ( gov]nm5t1 :i* be+ unable to en=ce ! law ( retaliation1 ! mo/ obvi\s rule ( puni%m5t1 _h rec\rse to a mild] s*eme ( retribution1 z be+ pref]able to absolute indemnity4#ie ,:5 ! c5tral p[] ( jurisdiction is firmly e/abli%$1 ! rule ( life = life rega9s its sway4#if ,?us1 9 ! mature legislation ( semi-civilis$ & civilis$ peoples1 up to q rec5t times1 murd] has almo/ inv>iably be5 treat$ z a capital (f5ce--unless1 inde$1 committ$ by "s p]son belong+ to a specially privileg$ class1 su* z ! ,p]uvian ,incas1#ig ! ,brhmanas ( ,india1#ih or1 9 ,engl&1 all :o _h ! b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 t is1 e man :o knew h[ to read1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o 7 m>ri$ to wid[s4#ii ,b among _m ( ! l[] races1 also1 manslay]s are subject to capital puni%m5t1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m--to dea? inflict$1 n by an individual av5g]1 b by ! community at l>ge or by "s special au?ority4#ajj ,footnote #ie3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #if3 ,cf4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #eii sq4 7,teutonic peoples74 ,footnote #ig3 ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ih3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #chj sq4 ,footnote #ii3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #deh sqq4 ,accord+ to ! ,cornelian law1 a free ,roman citiz5 c\ld n be puni%$ capitally = ! commission ( murd]1 b 0 simply exil$ f ,italy1 :]eas a slave 0 execut$ = a simil> crime 7,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fca sq474 ,footnote #ajj3 ,supra1 pp4 #aga1 #agb1 #ahi4 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aeb 7,aleuts74 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #aej4 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cca4 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnals ( ,voyages & ,travels1 p4 #cdh 7,indians on ! ea/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s74 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 pp4 #agh1 #bie1 #ccd 7,samoans1 natives ( ,arorae1 ,efatese74 ,?omson1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #adc 7,savage ,isl&]s74 ,hickson1 ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nor? ,celebes1 p4 #aih 7,sangirese1 9 =m] days74 ,abreu de ,gal9do1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 p4 #bg 7aborig9es ( ,f]ro74 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #hhb 7,mutei74 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco e i ,dnka1 p4 #gg4 ,9 all ^! cases homicide or murd] is said to be puni%$ ) dea?2 b x may be t1 9 "s ( !m1 our au?orities h n suffici5tly di/+ui%$ betwe5 puni%m5t & blood-rev5ge4 ,x is n only by ! slay+ ( a fell[-creature t a p]son may =feit 8 "r to live4 ,among v>i\s peoples cu/om all[s1 or sometimes ev5 compels1 ! (f5d$ p>ty to kill ! (f5d] 9 cases :i* involve #dib no blood-guilt9ess1 especially adult]y2#aja & we he> ( capital puni%m5t be+ inflict$ n only = homicide1 b = treason1#ajb ince/1#ajc adult]y1#ajd wit*craft1#aje sacrilege1#ajf !ft1#ajg & o!r (f5ces4#ajh ,we h se5 t among semi-civilis$ & civilis$ nations1 p>ticul>ly1 ! puni%m5t ( dea? has be5 appli$ to a great v>iety ( (f5ces1 _m ( :i* appe> to u almo/ v5ial4#aji ,& we h discuss$ bo? ! orig9 ( ! idea t ju/ice requires life = life1 & ! circum/ances t h l$ to ! infliction ( puni%m5ts ! sev]ity ( :i*1 app>5tly at lea/1 be>s no proportion to ! magnitude ( ! crime4#aaj ,footnote #aja3 ,supra1 p4 #bij sqq4 ,infra1 on ,sexual ,morality4 ,po/1 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,supra1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,infra1 on ,sexual ,morality4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,supra1 p4 #ahi4 ,infra1 on ,sexual ,morality4 ,footnote #aje3 ,supra1 p4 #ahi sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,supra1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,infra1 on ! ,"r ( ,prop]ty4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,supra1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #aji3 ,supra1 p4 #ahf sqq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,supra1 *4 vii4 ,b :il/1 among peoples ( culture1 capital puni%m5t has be5 inflict$ f> beyond ! limits ( ! lex talionis1 we meet1 on ! o!r h&1 among su* peoples ) op9ions to ! effect t x %\ld n be appli$ ev5 9 ! mo/ atroci\s cases4 ,! old philosoph] ,lao-tsze1 ! f\nd] ( ,ta\ism1 condemn$ x bo? z useless & z irrev]5t4 ,! p1 he argu$1 d n fe> dea?2 to :at purpose1 !n1 is x to try to fright5 !m ) dea?8 ,!re is only "o :o presides ov] ! infliction ( x4 ,he :o w\ld inflict dea? 9 ! room ( him :o presides ov] x may be describ$ z hew+ wood in/ead ( a great c>p5t]4 ,seldom is x t he :o und]takes ! hew+1 in/ead ( ! great c>p5t]1 does n cut 8 own h&s4#aaa ,nor does ,confucius seem to h be5 9 fav\r ( capital puni%m5t4 ,:5 ,* #dic ,k'ang ask$ 8 op9ion z to ! kill+ ( ! unpr9cipl$ = ! good ( ! pr9cipl$1 ,confucius repli$3--,sir1 9 c>ry+ on y\r gov]nm5t1 :y %\ld y use kill+ at all8 ,let y\r ev9c$ desires be = :at is good1 & ! p w be good4#aab ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians g5]ally condemn$ ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 z well z all o!r =ms ( %$d+ human blood2#aac b :5 ! ,*ur* obta9$ an asc5d5cy1 ! condemnation ( x 0 modifi$ into ! doctr9e t no prie/ or bi%op mu/ take any "p 9 a capital *>ge4#aad ,lat] on1 f ! twelf? c5tury at lea/1 ! prie/ might assi/ at judicial proce$+s result+ 9 a s5t5ce ( dea?1 if only he )drew = ! mom5t1 :5 ! s5t5ce 0 pass$4#aae ,& :il/ o/5tati\sly /ick+ to ! pr9ciple1 ,ecclesia non sitit sangu9em1#aaf ! ,*ur* _h frequ5t rec\rse to ! conv5i5t me?od ( puni%+ h]etics by relegat+ ! execution ( ! s5t5ce to ! civil p[]1 ) a pray] t ! culprit %\ld be puni%$ z mildly z possible & )\t ! effusion ( blood1 t is1 by ! dea? ( fire4#aag ,9 mod]n times ! views ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians reg>d+ capital puni%m5t h be5 reviv$ by ! ,quak]s2#aah b ! p[]ful movem5t 9 fav\r ( its abolition *iefly d]ives its orig9 f ! writ+s ( ,becc>ia & ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/s4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,to ,teh ,k+1 #gd4 ,footnote #aab3 ,lun ,y1 xii4 #ai4 ,footnote #aac3 ,hetzel1 ,die ,todes/rafe1 p4 #ga sqq4 ,gn!r1 ,die ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 i4 #bga4 ,lactantius1 ,div9 ,in/itutiones1 vi4 7',de v]o cultu'7 #bj 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vi4 #gjh73 4 4 4 occid]e hom9em sit semp] nefas1 quem ,deus sanctum animal esse voluit4 ,footnote #aad3 ,supra1 p4 #cha sq4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #ci4 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l',humanit1 iv4 #bbc2 vii4 #bcc4 ,footnote #aae3 ,g]hohus1 ,de dificio ,dei1 #ce 7,migne1 op4 cit4 cxciv4 #abhb74 ,footnote #aaf3 ,katz1 ,grundriss des kanonis*5 ,/rafre*ts1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #aag3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #da4 ,footnote #aah3 ,gurney1 ,views ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 pp4 #cgg n4 #a1 #chi4 ,! great motive =ce ( ?is movem5t has be5 sympa?y ) human suff]+ & horror ( ! de/ruction ( human life--feel+s :i* h be5 able to op]ate ! m freely1 ! less !y h be5 *eck$ ei!r by ! belief 9 ! social exp$i5cy ( #did capital puni%m5t1 or by ! notion ( a v9dictive god :o c be conciliat$ only by ! dea? ( ! (f5d]4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! puni%m5t ( dea? is no m effective z a det]r5t f crime ?an are c]ta9 o!r puni%m5ts4 ,accord+ to ,becc>ia1 x is n ! int5sity ( a pa9 :i* produces ! greate/ effect on ! m9d ( man1 b its cont9uance2 h5ce ! execution ( a culprit1 occupy+ a %ort "t only1 mu/ be a less det]r+ example ?an p]petual slav]y1 :i* ought to be ! p5alty = ! greate/ crimes4#aai ,moreov]1 ! circum/ances :i* unavoidably att5d ! practical application ( ! puni%m5t ( dea? are su* z excite ! sympa?y ( ! public 9 fav\r ( ! p]petrator ( ! crime & !reby s]i\sly impair ! efficacy ( ! puni%m5t z an example4#abj ,an execution is reg>d$ z less degrad+ ?an _m o!r =ms ( puni%m5t2 :5 a man dies on ! scaffold !re is a c\nt]poise to ! disgrace 9 ! admiration excit$ by 8 firmness1 :]eas !re is no su* c\nt]poise :5 a man goes (f 9 ! prison van to be immur$ 9 a cell4#aba ,/ati/ical data prove1 x is said1 t1 :]e capital puni%m5t has be5 aboli%$ ei!r = c]ta9 crimes or g5]ally1 crime has n become m frequ5t aft] ! abolition1 :il/ ! re-enactm5t ( capital puni%m5t1 or great] /rictness 9 its execution1 has n[h]e dim9i%$ ! numb] ( (f5ces puni%able ) dea?4#abb ,& ! puni%m5t ( dea? is no m requir$ by ! dictates ( ab/ract ju/ice ?an x is requisite = ! safety ( ! community4 ,x is q an arbitr>y assumption1 bas$ on ! rude !ory ( talion1 t dea? mu/ be inflict$ on him :o has caus$ dea?2 su* an assumption c be refut$ simply by %[+ t !re are _m degrees ( homicide4#abc ,nay1 f> f be+ po/ulates ( ! highe/ ju/ice1 laws :i* #die prescribe capital puni%m5t may lead to ! highe/ inju/ice4 ,z ,b5?am obs]ves1 ! puni%m5t ( dea? is n remissible2 error is possible 9 all judgm5ts1 b :il/ 9 e o!r case ( judicial error comp5sation c be made1 dea? alone admits ( no comp5sation4#abd ,& n only may ! innoc5t h to suff] an irrep>able puni%m5t1 b ! crim9al easily escapes 8 puni%m5t altoge!r4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! puni%m5t ( dea? has ! disadvantage ( dim9i%+ ! repressive p[] ( ! legal m5ace1 because witnesses1 judges1 & jurym5 ex]t !mselves to ! utmo/ 9 ord] to avoid arriv+ at a v]dict ( guilty 9 _m cases :]e an execution w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( su* a v]dict4#abe ,f9ally1 ! puni%m5t ( dea? almo/ entirely misses "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial aims ( e legitimate puni%m5t1 ! re=mation ( ! crim9al4 ,nay1 by putt+ him to a spe$y dea? we actually prev5t him f morally re=m+ himself1 & f manife/+ ! fruits ( s9c]e rep5tance2 & we p]haps deprive him ( ! opportunity ( mak+ good 8 claim to m]cy at ! h&s ( ano!r & a high] ,tribunal1 on :i* we are arrogantly encroa*+ 9 a matt] ( :i* we are :olly unfit to judge4#abf ,footnote #aai3 ,becc>ia1 ,dei delitti e delle p5e1 #af4 ,footnote #abj3 ,romilly1 ,puni%m5t ( ,dea?1 p4 #ef sqq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ibid4 p4 #dg sq4 ,hetzel1 op4 cit4 p4 #ded sqq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,mitt]mai]1 ,die ,todes/rafe1 p4 #aej sqq4 ,olivecrona1 ,om dds/raffet1 p4 #acj sqq4 ,footnote #abc3 ,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fb1 #acc4 von ,mehr+1 ,frage von d] ,todes/rafe1 p4 #ai sqq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,b5?am1 ,rationale ( ,puni%m5t1 p4 #ahf sqq4 ,cf4 ,hetzel1 op4 cit4 p4 #ddb sqq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,b5?am1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia sq4 ,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ih sqq41 #adh4 ,footnote #abf3 ,romilly1 op4 cit4 p4 #c sqq4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! & simil> argum5ts1 b *iefly ow+ to an increas+ reluctance to take human life1 ! legislation ( ,europe has1 f ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 und]gone a radical *ange ) ref]5ce to ! puni%m5t ( dea?4 ,9 sev]al ,european & ,am]ican ,/ates x has be5 =mally aboli%$1 or is n[adays nev] inflict$1#abg :il/ 9 ! re/ x is practically re/rict$ to cases ( wilful murd]4 ,b x /ill has z /r5u\s advocates z ev]1 & receives mu* support f popul> feel+s4 ,x is said t ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t w\ld remove "o ( ! #dif be/ safegu>ds ( society2 t x def9itely prev5ts ! crim9al f do+ fur!r mis*ief2 t x is a mu* m effective means ( det]r+ f crime ?an any o!r p5alty2 t its abolition w\ld h ! disadvantage ( crimes widely diff]+ 9 _! nature be+ plac$ on ! same foot+2 t a p]son crim9ally dispos$1 if he knew t he w\ld only be puni%$ ) imprisonm5t = life1 w\ld1 in/ead ( m]ely p]petrat+ robb]y1 commit murd] at ! same "t1 be+ aw>e t no high] p5alty on t acc\nt w\ld be inflict$2 & s =?4 ,z usually1 religion also is call$ 9 to give /r5g? to ! argum5t4 ,sev]al writ]s ma9ta9 t ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,bible :i* comm& capital puni%m5t h an obligatory p[] on all ,*ri/ian legislators2#abh we ev5 meet ) ! ass]tion t ! object ( ?is puni%m5t is n ! protection ( civil society1 b to c>ry out ! ju/ice ( ,god1 9 ^: "n ! judge %\ld s5t5ce & ! execution] /rike4#abi ,b ,i v5ture to believe t ! *ief motive = reta9+ ! puni%m5t ( dea? 9 mod]n legislation is ! /rong hold :i* ! pr9ciple ( talion has on ! m9ds ( legislators1 z well z on ! m9d ( ! public4 ,?is supposition d]ives mu* support f ! fact t capital puni%m5t is popul> only 9 ! case ( murd]4 ,blood1 x is said1 w h blood1 & ! imag9ation is flatt]$ ) ! notion ( ! simil>ity ( ! suff]+1 produc$ by ! puni%m5t1 ) t inflict$ by ! crim9al4#acj ,footnote #abg3 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cdg sqq4 von ,liszt1 ,lehrbu* des ,deuts*5 ,/rafre*ts1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #abh3 ,mitt]mai]1 op4 cit4 p4 #abh sqq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,clay1 ,! ,prison ,*apla91 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #acj3 ,b5?am1 ,rationale ( ,puni%m5t1 p4 #aia4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,duel ,,:5 ! sy/em ( rev5ge 0 replac$ by ! sy/em ( puni%m5t1 ! (f5d$ p>ty g5]ally lo/ ! "r ( kill+ ! (f5d]4 ,b !re are notewor?y exceptions to ?is rule4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we h se5 t1 among v>i\s peoples1 9 cases involv+ unusually great provocation1 an av5g] :o slays 8 adv]s>y is ei!r entirely excus$ by cu/om or law1 or becomes subject to a comp>atively l5i5t puni%m5t4#a ,a few words /ill rema9 to be said ab\t ! mo/ p]si/5t survival ( ! cu/om ( exact+ v5geance ) ev5tual de/ruction ( life1 ! mod]n duel4 ,b 9 connection ) ?is survival x seems appropriate to discuss ! practice ( duell+ 9 g5]al1 9 its capacity ( a recognis$ social in/itution4 ,footnote #a3 ,supra1 p4 #bij sqq4 ,duell+1 or ! fight+ 9 s+le combat on previ\s *all5ge1 is sometimes resort$ to z a means ( br++ to an end ho/ilities betwe5 diff]5t gr\ps ( p4 ,among ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! w> (t5 ends 9 a s+le combat betwe5 *os5 *ampions4#b ,9 ,we/]n ,victoria qu>rels betwe5 tribes are sometimes settl$ by duels betwe5 ! *iefs1 & ! result is accept$ z f9al4 ,at o!r times disputes are decid$ by combat betwe5 equal numb]s ( w>riors1 pa9t$ #dih ) r$ clay & dress$ 9 w> co/ume2 b real fight+ seldom takes place1 unless ! wom5 r\se ! ang] ( ! m5 & urge !m to come to bl[s4 ,ev5 !n x r>ely results 9 a g5]al fight1 b comes to s+le combats betwe5 w>riors ( ea* side2 :o /ep into ! ar5a1 taunt "o ano!r1 ex*ange bl[s ) ! liangle1 & wre/le toge!r4 ,! fir/ w\nd ends ! combat4#c ,among ! ,?l9kets feuds betwe5 clans or families 7 commonly settl$ by duels betwe5 *os5 *ampions1 "o f ea* side4#d ,anci5t writ]s tell u t among ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,teutons1 combats 7 likewise agre$ ^u to take place betwe5 a def9ite numb] ( w>riors1 = ! sake ( end+ a w>4#e ,accord+ to ,tacitus1 ! ,g]mans _h ! cu/om ( decid+ ! ev5t ( battle by a duel f\ght betwe5 "s captive ( ! enemy & a repres5tative ( ! home army4#f ,9 all ^! cases1 z x seems1 ! duel orig9ates 9 a desire = a spe$y peace4 ,footnote #b3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #c3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #d3 ,holmb]g1 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika1' 9 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 iv4 #cbb sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,grotius1 ,de jure belli et pacis1 ii4 #bj4 #dc4 #a2 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #ibh4 ,footnote #f3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #aj4 ,9 o!r in/ances duels are f\ght = ! purpose ( settl+ disputes betwe5 individuals1 ei!r by conf]r+ on ! victor ! "r ( possess+ ! object ( ! /rife1 or by gratify+ a crav+ = rev5ge & wip+ (f ! affront4 ,?us1 among ! pagan ,norsem51 any p]son :o confid$ 9 8 /r5g? & dext]ity ) 8 weapons c\ld acquire prop]ty by simply *all5g+ its own] to surr5d] 8 l& or fight = x4 ,! combat 0 /rictly regulat$2 ! p]son *all5g$ 0 all[$ to /rike fir/1 he :o retir$ or :o lo/ 8 weapon 0 reg>d$ z vanqui%$1 & he :o receiv$ ! fir/ w\nd1 or :o 0 mo/ s]i\sly w\nd$1 _h to pay a fix$ sum ( money 9 ord] to save 8 life4#g ,9 ! #dii isl&s outside ,kam*atka1 if a husb& f\nd t a rival _h be5 ) 8 wife1 he w\ld admit t ! rival _h at lea/ an equal claim to h]4 ,let u try1 !n1 he w\ld say1 :i* ( u has ! great] "r1 & %all h h]4 ,aft] t !y w\ld take (f _! clo!s & beg9 to beat ea* o!r's backs ) /icks1 & he :o fir/ fell to ! gr\nd unable to be> any m bl[s1 lo/ 8 "r to ! woman4#h ,among ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait ,mr4 ,nelson 0 told by an old man t 9 anci5t times1 :5 a husb& & a lov] qu>rell$ ab\t a woman1 !y 7 dis>m$ by ! neighb\rs & !n settl$ ! tr\ble ) _! fi/s or by wre/l+1 ! victor 9 ! /ruggle tak+ ! woman4#i ,among ! ,*ippewyans ,ri*>dson saw m ?an once a /rong] man ass]t 8 "r to take ! wife ( a weak] c\ntryman 9 consequ5ce ( a successful combat4 ,any "o1 he says1 may *all5ge ano!r to wre/le1 &1 if he ov]comes1 may c>ry (f 8 wife z ! prize4 4 4 4 ,! b]eav$ husb& meets 8 loss ) ! resignation :i* cu/om prescribes 9 su* a case1 & seeks 8 rev5ge by tak+ ! wife ( ano!r man weak] ?an himself4#aj ,9 ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,dawson1 a "y *ief :o _c get a wife1 & falls 9 love ) "o belong+ to a *ief :o has m ?an two1 c1 ) h] cons5t1 *all5ge ! husb& to s+le combat1 &1 if ! husb& is defeat$1 ! conqu]or makes h] 8 legal wife4#aa ,9 "s po9ts1 says ,mr4 ,ri$el1 ! aborig9al law ( retaliation 9 ,au/ralia corresponds ) ! code ( hon\r1 s call$1 :i* c]ta9 classes 9 ,europe h long ma9ta9$4 ,:5 "o blackfell[ c>ries (f ! #ejj wife ( ano!r1 ! injur$ husb& & ! betray] meet 9 mortal combat2 & ! spe> t spills ! life blood repairs ! w\nd$ hon\r ( ! "o1 or ju/ifies 9 ! eyes ( society ! crime ( ! o!r4#ab ,among ! aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia duels are common betwe5 individuals :o h private qu>rels to settle1 a c]ta9 numb] ( spe>s be+ ?r[n until hon\r is satisfi$4#ac ,among ! ,diey]ie tribe1 %\ld anybody accuse ano!r wrongfully1 he is *all5g$ to fight by ! p]son he has accus$1 & ?is settles ! matt]4#ad ,( ! duels f\ght among ! natives ( ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,dr4 ,ro? gives u an int]e/+ acc\nt4 ,suppos+ an individual consid]s himself aggriev$1 a duel (t5 takes place at a di/ance f camp4 ,!re is no int5tion ( kill+4 ,) two-h&$ swords1 ! combatants w\ld only aim at /rik+ ea* o!r on ! head2 ) spe>s1 !y w\ld only make = ! fle%y p>ts ( ! ?ighs2 ) /one-knives1 !y w\ld only cut into ! %\ld]s1 flanks1 & buttocks1 produc+ ga%es an in* or m deep1 & up to sev5 or ev5 eight in*es long4 ,! ly+ ^u ! back on ! gr\nd--a po/ure 9 :i* no lawful incisions ) a /one-knife c be made--is ! sign ( defeat1 indicat+ t ! combatant has _h en\gh1 & gives 94 ,b ! matt] has n yet come to an end2 ! duels ( ^! savages are n s defective 9 po9t ( ju/ice z ! mod]n duels ( ,europe4 ,! fight betwe5 ! two individuals be+ at l5g? br\ght to a t]m9ation1 /eps are tak5 by ! old m5 & eld]s to inquire into ! rights or wrongs ( ! dispute4 ,if ! victor turns out to be ! aggriev$ p>ty he has to %[ good cause1 z = in/ance t ! man :om he _h j tak5 ^u himself to puni% _h rap$ 8 g91 gave him ! munguni or dea?-bone1 or wr\ght him "s simil>ly flagrant wrong3 "u su* circum/ances1 no fur!r action is tak5 by anyone4 ,if1 #eja on ! o!r h&1 ! victor happ5s to be ! aggriev$ p>ty only 9 8 own op9ion1 & n 9 t ( ^? to :om he is answ]able1 & :o d n believe ! gr\nds on :i* he comm5c$ ! fight to be suffici5t1 he has to und]go exactly ! same mutilations subsequ5tly at ! h&s ( ! vanqui%$ z he himself _h inflict$4 ,& %\ld "o ( ! combatants be kill$ 9 ! duel1 :i* may sometimes happ51 ! survivor1 unless he c %[ t he _h suffici5t provocation or cause1 w be put to dea? 9 simil> mann]1 at ! in/ance ( ! camp-c\ncil1 & usually und]go ! extra degradation ( digg+ 8 own z well z 8 victim's grave4#ae ,( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,*>ruas ,az>a writes3--,ce sont les p>ties elles-mmes qui arrang5t leurs diffr5ds p>ticuli]s3 si elles ne sont pas d'accord1 elles se *>g5t c\ps de po+1 jusqu' ce qu'une des deux t\rne le dos et laisse l'autre1 sans rep>l] de l'affaire4 ,dans ces duels1 ils ne font jamais usage des armes2 et je n'ai jamais ou dire qu'il y ait eu quelqu'un de tu4#af ,if an ,apa*e kills ano!r1 ! next-(-k9 to ! defunct individual may kill ! murd]]--if he c4 ,he has ! "r to *all5ge him to s+le combat1 :i* takes place be=e all assembl$ 9 ! camp1 & bo? mu/ abide ! result ( ! conflict4 ,!re is no trial1 no set c\ncil1 no regul> exam9ation into ! crime or its causes2 b ! ordeal ( battle settles ! :ole matt]4#ag ,among ! ,c5tral ,eskimo1 /range z x may seem1 a murd]] w come to visit ! relatives ( 8 victim 7?\gh he kn[s t !y are all[$ to kill him 9 rev5ge7 & w settle ) !m4 ,he is k9dly welcom$1 & sometimes lives quietly = weeks & mon?s4 ,!n he is sudd5ly *all5g$ to a wre/l+ mat*1 & if defeat$ is kill$1 or if victori\s he may kill "o ( ! opposite p>ty1 or :5 hunt+1 he is #ejb sudd5ly attack$ by 8 companions & sla94#ah ,ri*>dson he>d t "s ( ! ,eskimo decid$ _! qu>rels by alt]nate bl[s ( ! fi/1 ea* 9 turn pres5t+ 8 head to 8 oppon5t4#ai ,! ,tunguses =m]ly _h a duel ) arr[s call$ k\ts*igu]a1 :i* 0 f\ght only 9 ! pres5ce ( ! eld]s1 :o m>k$ out ! spot1 settl$ ! di/ance ( ! combatants1 & gave ! signal = lett+ fly4#bj ,! ,santals h a tradition t ye>s long s9ce !re 0 a cu/om among/ !m ( decid+ _! disputes1 :5 ! p>ties 7 males1 by ! ordeal ( s+le combat4 ,! b[ & arr[ or hang] s]v$ 9 lieu ( pi/ol & sword = ^! ru/ic duels4 ,su* affairs ( hon\r 7 always fatal to "o p>ty1 b ( late times1 z equitable rem$ies h be5 br\ght ne>] to !m1 ?is remnant ( a b>b>\s age has disappe>$49999#ba ,mr4 ,man also he>d t ! ,kols at "o "t pref]r$ ! duel to any o!r mode ( seek+ r$ress = a wrong4#bb ,! anci5t ,sw$es 7 ev5 compell$ by law to fight duels to repair _! w\nd$ hon\r4 ,! s-call$ ',h$na-lag1' a fragm5t ( an old pagan law1 prescribes t1 if any man says to ano!r1 ,y are n a man's equal1 y h n ! he>t ( a man1 & ! o!r replies1 ,i am a man z good z y1 !y %all enc\nt] 9 a place :]e ?ree roads meet4 ,if he :o has suff]$ ! insult does n appe>1 he %all be held to be :at ! o!r "o call$ him1 & he %all h5ce=? be all[$ nei!r to swe> nor to give evid5ce 9 any case4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y meet 9 s+le combat1 & ! (f5d$ p>ty kills ! (f5d]1 he %all h to pay no comp5sation = x2 b if ! (f5d] kills 8 oppon5t1 he %all pay half 8 price4#bc ,footnote #g3 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 p4 #aaa sq4 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 i4 #cia4 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #big4 von ,amira1 ',re*t1' 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 iii4 #bag sq4 ,arnes51 ,hi/orisk ,indl$n+ til d5 gamle og nye ,isl&ske ,raett]gang1 p4 #aeh sq4 ,ros5b]g1 ,traek af ,livet paa ,isl& i ,fri/ats-,tid51 p4 #ih n4 ,footnote #h3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #i3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur1 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bib4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #bd sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #cf4 ,= o!r in/ances ( rights to wom5 be+ acquir$ by duels1 see ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #aei sqq42 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #bc sq4 7p ( ,kord(an74 ,footnote #ab3 ,ri$el1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ac3 ,calv]t1 ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #ad3 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #aci sq4 ,footnote #af3 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #ag3 ,cremony1 ,life among ! ,apa*es1 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #ah3 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehb4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #cfg sq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #hc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,man1 ,son?alia & ! ,son?als1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #bc3 ,leffl]1 ,om d5 =nsv5ska h$nalag51 p4 #dj sq4 79 ,k4 ,vitt]hets ,hi/orie o* ,antiqvitets ,akademi5s ,mnadsblad1 #ahgi1 p4 #aci sq474 ,pr(essor ,leffl] is incl9$ to believe t ?is fragm5t once =m$ a "p ( ! old] ,ve/gtalag 7op4 cit4 p4 #ce1 9 ! ,mnadsblad1 p4 #acd74 #ejc ,^! cu/oms & rules are due to a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,to recognise ! duel z a means ( acquir+ a "r to l& or wom51 is a concession to sup]ior /r5g? 9 a society :]e !re is no gov]nm5t1 or :]e ! gov]nm5t is weak2 :il/ 9 ! opportunity giv5 to ! *all5g$ p>ty to oppose ! av5g] on equal t]ms we may trace ! int]f]+ influ5ce ( public op9ion4 ,! duel is also 9 a high] degree ?an d[nright viol5ce calculat$ to br+ ab\t a def9ite arrangem5t2 & 9 "s cases1 z we h se51 x is a m]e %am-fight1 :i* may s]ve z a prev5tive aga9/ ! infliction ( m s]i\s injuries1 by %[+ :i* p>ty is ! weak] &1 consequ5tly1 has to give 94 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 ! *all5ge is a me?od ( br++ =w>d an (f5d] :o o!rwise might be out ( rea*1 & ( limit+ ! fight to ! p>ties !mselves1 s z to prev5t :ole families f mak+ w> ^u ea* o!r4#bd ,moreov]1 a duel may be pref]able to an ord9>y act ( rev5ge z a means ( wip+ (f an affront & ( satisfy+ ! claims ( hon\r2 x displays m c\rage1 x comm&s m respect4 ,9 sev]al ( ! cases ref]r$ to x is obvi\sly a mitigat$ =m ( rev5ge1 a me?od ( settl+ a po9t ( hon\r 9 a comp>atively h>mless way1 & z su* x has c]ta9 advantages ov] ! practice ( comp5sation2 x requires no weal? on ! "p ( ! (f5d]1 & all[s ( no d\bt z to ! c\rage ( ! suff]]4#be ,! ,que5sl& aborig9es are said to be v pr\d ( ! w\nds !y receive 9 _! s+le combats1#bf & ! duell+ ,eskimo consid] x c[>dly to evade a /roke4#bg ,! duel #ejd may1 f9ally1 be reg>d$ z ! mo/ equitable =m ( settl+ disputes 9 cases :]e bo? p>ties claim to be 9 ! "r4 ,sometimes x is ev5 resort$ to z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 z an ordeal or judgm5t ( ,god4 ,footnote #bd3 ,cf4 ,arnes51 op4 cit4 pp4 #aej1 #aff sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 ! orig9 ( ! duel is die ,bes*rnkung des ,ra*ekampfes4 4 4 4 ,die treib5de ,kraft1 wel*e zu dies] duell>tig5 ,bes*rnkung fhrte1 w> die ,exogamie1 die v]w&ts*aftli*5 ,beziehung5 zwis*5 ,grupp51 d] ,fri$5sv]lang5 erzeug5de1 erweit]te ,v]kehr d]selb54 ,negative ,b$+ung5 w>53 das ,fehl5 e9] re*tspre*5d5 c5tral5 ,regi]ungsgewalt1 und das ni*t ,erflltse9 d] ,entwicklungsb$+ung5 d] ,composition1 nam5tli* d] ,mangel an konomis*5 ,gt]n1 wel*e die mat]ielle ,ents*digung unmgli* ma*te 7,/e9metz1 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #fg1 #hg74 ,footnote #bf3 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #cfh4 ,! wag] ( battle is well kn[n to e /ud5t ( m$ival law4 ,outside ,europe we meet ) a simil> in/itution 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1' ,mr4 ,crawfurd /ates3--,! trial by combat or duel1 & ! appeal to ! judgm5t ( ,god by v>i\s descriptions ( ordeal1 are n unkn[n4 ,! ,malay laws direct t ! combat or ordeal %all be _h rec\rse to 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',if "o accuse & ano!r d5y1 & !re be no witnesses on ei!r side1 ! p>ties %all ei!r fight or submit to ! ordeal ( melt$ t9 or boil+ oil4'#bh ,! natives ( ! ,b>ito ,riv] bas9 9 ,borneo h ! foll[+ ordeal1 call$ ! ,hagalangang3--,bo? p>ties are plac$ 9 boxes at a di/ance ( sev5 fa?oms opposite "o ano!r1 ! boxes be+ made ( nibong la?s & s high z to rea* a man's brea/4 ,!n bo? receive a %>p5$ bamboo ( a lance's l5g? to ?r[ at ea* o!r at a giv5 signal4 ,! w\nd$ p]son is suppos$ to be guilty4#bi ,among ! ,teutons ! judicial combat seems to h develop$ out ( ! anci5t practice ( settl+ disputes by private duell+4 ,9 a "t :5 ! community did its be/ to suppress acts ( rev5ge1 x 0 no d\bt a wise measure to adopt ! duel z a =m ( judicial proc$ure1 inve/+ x ) ! "* ( an ordeal4#cj ,x seems probable t ! duel assum$ ?is "* already among ! pagan ,teutons4#ca ,l o!r ordeals x 0 resort$ to 9 cases :]e !re 0 "s d\bt z to ! guilt ( ! accus$4#cb ,to #eje appeal to ! judgm5t ( ,god 0 an exp$i5t sub/itute = human evid5ce 9 a society :]e no?+ 0 m difficult ?an to procure reliable witnesses1 & :]e sup]/ition reign$ supreme4 ,speak+ ( ! ,franks1 ,m4 ,esme9 obs]ves3--,en dehors du flagrant dlit ou de l'aveu de l'accus1 t\t tait inc]titude4 4 4 4 ,p> solid>it =ce1 jamais un homme ne tmoign]a contre un autre homme du mme gr\pe2 il ne tmoign]a pas non plus p> cra9te de la v5geance et des reprsailles contre un homme app>t5ant un autre gr\pe4#cc ,i %all lat] on try to prove t ! ordeal is n1 z x is (t5 suppos$ to be1 primordially bas$ on ! belief 9 an all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 & j god1 :o protects ! innoc5t & puni%es ! guilty1 b t x l>gely spr+s f ! same notion z und]lies ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( an oa?4 ,! ordeal1 !n1 intr9sically involves an imprecation ) ref]5ce to ! guilt or innoc5ce ( a suspect$ p]son1 & its prop] object is to give reality to ?is imprecation1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! validity or invalidity ( ! suspicion4 ,?is also holds good ( ! judicial combat4 ,! issue ( ! fight decid$ ! "q ( guilt because ( ! imprecation involv$ 9 ! oa? prec$+ ! duel4 ,be=e ! conflict comm5c$ ea* p>ty ass]t$ 8 good cause 9 ! mo/ positive mann]1 confirm$ 8 ass]tion by a solemn oa? on ! ,gospels or on a relic ( approv$ sanctity1 & call$ ^u ,god to grant victory to ! "r4 ,su* an oa? 0 an indisp5sable prelim9>y to e combat1 & ! defeat 0 ?us n m]ely ! loss ( ! suit1 b also a conviction ( p]jury1 to be puni%$ z su*4#cd ,t ! real object ( ! judicial duel 0 to correct ! abuses ( compurgation by oa? appe>s f v>i\s #ejf facts4 ,gundebald1 k+ ( ! ,burgundians1 says expressly1 9 ! preamble to a law by :i* he au?orises ! wag] ( battle1 t 8 reason = do+ s is1 t 8 subjects may no long] take oa?s ^u unc]ta9 matt]s1 or =swe> !mselves ^u c]ta94#ce ,*>lemagne urg$ ! use ( ! duel z greatly pref]able to ! %ameless oa?s :i* 7 tak5 ) s mu* facility1 & ,o?o ,,ii4 ord]$ its employm5t 9 v>i\s =ms ( proc$ure = ! same reason4#cf ,witnesses might h to fight z well z pr9cipals4 ,a ,bav>ian law ev5 direct$ ! claimant ( an e/ate to combat n ! def5dant1 b 8 witness2#cg & 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 aft] enlight5$ legislators _h be5 /r5u\sly & n unsuccessfully endeav\r+ to limit ! abuse ( ! judicial combat1 ! *all5g+ ( witnesses 0 /ill ! fav\rite mode ( escap+ legal condemnation4#ch ,"s codes requir$ ! witnesses to come into c\rt arm$1 & to h _! weapons bless$ on ! alt> be=e giv+ _! te/imony4#ci ,! practice ( bless+ ! arms be=e ! duel took place#dj 0 no d\bt int5d$ to enable !m ! bett] to c>ry out ! imprecation by saturat+ !m ) sanctity1 or by increas+ _! natural sanctity2 weapons are commonly reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s v5]ation1 h5ce oa?s tak5 ^u !m are held to be p>ticul>ly b9d+4#da ,b ?\gh ! judicial duel fundam5tally d]iv$ its efficacy z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? f its connection ) an oa?1 x has1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( magic to fuse into religion1 readily come to be reg>d$ z an appeal to ! ju/ice ( ,god1 j z curses are trans=m$ into #ejg pray]s & p]jury becomes an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,deity4 ,footnote #bh3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #ib4 ,footnote #bi3 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 i4 #bab4 ,footnote #cj3 ,dahn obs]ves 7,bau/e9e1 ii4 #eg7 t d] ,kampf ursprngli* g> ke9 ,gottesur!il1 sond]n l$igli* e9e ,v]weisung d] ,p>tei5 auf ,selb/hlfe 4 4 4 w>4 ,cf4 ,patetta1 ,le ordalie1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #ca3 ,patetta1 op4 cit4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,ung]1 ',d] g]e*tli*e ,zweikampf bei d5 g]manis*5 ,vlk]n1' 9 ,gtt+] ,/udi51 #ahdg1 ,zweite ,ab!ilung1 p4 #ceh sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,esme91 ,c\rs lm5taire du droit franais1 p4 #if sq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,lex ,baiuw>iorum1 ii4 #a4 ,j\rdan1 ,decrusy1 & ,isamb]t1 ,recueil gnral des anci5nes lois franaises1 ii4 #hdj sqq4 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #ada b sq41 vol4 ii4 #dch sqq43 ,sic me ,deus adjuvet haec sancta4 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 p4 #aff sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #dae4 von ,amira1 ',re*t1' 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 iii4 #bah4 ,ung]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #chf4 ,tu*mann1 9 ,mlus9e1 iv4 #acj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,leges ,burgundionum1 ,leges ,gundebati1 #de4 ,footnote #cf3 ,lea1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #cg3 ,lex ,baiuw>iorum1 xvii4 #b 7xvi4 #b74 ,footnote #ch3 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 lxi4 #eh1 vol4 ii4 #cih4 ,lea1 op4 cit4 p4 #abj sq4 ,ung]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cgi sqq4 ,footnote #ci3 ,lea1 op4 cit4 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #dj3 ,esme91 op4 cit4 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #da3 ,= ! wor%ip (1 & swe>+ by1 weapons1 see ,du ,cange1 ',juram5tum sup] arma1' 9 ,gloss>ium ad scriptores m$i et infim ,lat9itatis1 iii4 #afaf sq42 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 pp4 #afe1 #aff1 #hif2 ,pollock1 ,ox=d ,lectures1 p4 #bfi sq4 n4 #a2 ,joyce ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #bhf sq4 ,9 ,morocco1 also1 an oa? tak5 on a weapon is consid]$ a p>ticul>ly solemn =m ( swe>+4 ,9 mo/ ,european c\ntries ! judicial duel surviv$ ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b disappe>$ %ortly aft]w>ds4#db ,v>i\s circum/ances contribut$ to its decl9e & f9al disappe>ance4 ,f an e>ly p]iod ,c\ncils & popes _h decl>$ aga9/ x1#dc b ) little success2 _m ecclesia/ics1 inde$1 n only conniv$ at ! practice1 b au?oris$ x1 & que/ions conc]n+ ! prop]ty ( *ur*es & mona/]ies 7 decid$ by combat4#dd ,!re 7 o!r m p[]ful causes at "w--! gr[? ( communes1 devot$ to ! arts ( peace1 seek+ _! int]e/ 9 ! pursuits ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 & enjoy+ ! advantage ( settl$ & p]man5t tribunals2 ! revival ( ,roman law1 :i* began to und]m9e all ! in/itutions ( feudalism2#de ! asc5d5cy ( ! royal p[] 9 its /ruggle aga9/ ! nobles2 ! increase ( enlight5m5t1 ! decrease ( sup]/ition4 ,b ?\gh f9ally bani%$ f ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 ! duel did n die4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! judicial combat fad$ away1 ! duel ( hon\r began to fl\ri%4#df ,buckle ju/ly obs]ves t1 z ! trial by battle became disus$1 ! p1 cl++ to _! old cu/oms1 became m addict$ to duell+2#dg h5ce ! judicial duel may be reg>d$ z ! direct p>5t ( ! mod]n duel4#dh ,! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate naturally tri$ to suppress ?is sangu9>y survival ( b>b>ism4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t decl>$ t ! dete/able cu/om ( duell+1 introduc$ by ! contrivance ( ! devil1 t by ! bloody dea? ( ! body #ejh he may accompli% ! ru9 ( ! s\l1 0 to be utt]ly ext]m9at$ f ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & t n only pr9cipals & seconds1 b anyone :o _h giv5 c\nsel 9 ! case ( a duel1 or _h 9 any o!r way p]suad$ a p]son !reunto1 z also ! spectators !re(1 %\ld be subject$ to excommunication & p]petual mal$iction4#di ,9 ,engl&1 ,cromwell's ,p>liam5t made a det]m9$ ef=t to *eck ! practice4#ej ,a ,scot* law ( #afjj r5d]$ ! b>e act ( engag+ 9 a duel1 )\t lic5se f ! k+1 a capital (f5ce4#ea ,ab\t ! same p]iod ! ,spani% ,cortes pass$ a law :i* subject$ all p>ties to a duel to ! p5alties ( treason4#eb ,9 #afjb1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france issu$ an edict condemn+ to dea? :oev] %\ld give or accept a *all5ge or act z second2#ec & already sev]al edicts aga9/ duell+ _h be5 promulgat$ "u ,l\is ,,xiii4#ed :51 9 #afbf1 !re 0 publi%$ a new "o puni%+ ) dea? any p]son :o _h kill$ 8 adv]s>y 9 a duel1 or _h be5 f\nd guilty ( s5d+ a *all5ge a second "t4#ee ,b all ^! enactm5ts _h little or no effect4 ,we are told t 9 ! eight ye>s betwe5 #afja & #afji1 two ?\s& m5 ( noble bir? fell 9 duels 9 ,france2 &1 accord+ to ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 :o 0 ambassador at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 !re 0 sc>ce a ,fr5*man wor? look+ on :o _h n kill$ 8 man 9 a duel4#ef ,z ,rob]tson obs]ves1 9 ref]5ce to duell+1 no cu/om1 h[ absurd soev] x may be1 if x has subsi/$ long1 or d]ives its =ce f ! mann]s & prejudices ( ! age 9 :i* x prevails1 0 ev] aboli%$ by ! b>e promulgation ( laws & /atutes4#eg ,9 spite ( laws :i* directly prohibit duell+1 or :i* puni% ) great sev]ity anyone :o kills ano!r 9 a duel1 sometimes ev5 subject+ #eji him to puni%m5t = murd]1#eh ! duel /ill prevails 9 _m ,european c\ntries z a recognis$ cu/om1 s mu* support$ by public op9ion t ! laws ref]r+ to x are seldom or nev] appli$4 ,footnote #db3 ,lea1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii sqq4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 x 0 =mally aboli%$ by law z late z #ahai 7,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #bdi sq474 ,footnote #dc3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #ahb4 ,lea1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjf sqq4 ,footnote #dd3 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 i4 #ceg sq4 ',notitia gurpitionis1' 9 ,b\quet1 ,recueil des hi/ori5s des ,gaules et de la ,france1 ix4 #gbi4 ,footnote #de3 ,lea1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bjj-bje1 #baa sq4 ,ung]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cib sqq4 ,footnote #df3 ,/orr1 ',duel1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vii4 #eab4 ,footnote #dg3 ,buckle1 ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works1 i4 #chf4 ,cf4 ,bosquett1 ,treatise on ,duell+1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,/orr1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #di3 ,canons & ,decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,session xxv4 #ai1 p4 #bgd sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #aib4 ,footnote #ea3 ,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #bha4 ,ersk9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #efj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,truman1 ,field ( ,honor1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,isamb]t1 ,taill&i]1 & ,decrusy1 ,recueil gnral des anci5nes lois franaises1 xv4 #cea sq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid4 xvi4 #ba1 #ajf1 #adf4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ibid4 xvi4 #agf1 #agi4 ,footnote #ef3 ,/orr1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eab4 ,footnote #eg3 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #eh3 ,gn!r1 ,die ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 iii4 #bbe1 n4 #dfg4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #ii sqq4 ,gelli1 ,il duello1 p4 #ba4 ,?is curi\s practice ( tak+ ! law into "o's own h&s1 :i* we f9d exi/+ 9 ! mid/ ( mod]n civilisation1 is explicable1 p>tly f ! indiff]5ce ) :i* legislators h treat$ (f5ces aga9/ hon\r1#ei p>tly f ! =ce ( habit4 ,! insult$ p]son1 f9d+ no adequate legal rem$y = ! affront he has suff]$1 det]m9es to be 8 own av5g]1 & *all5ges ! (f5d] to fight4 ,nor is rev5ge 8 only motive4 ,he desires also to wa% (f ! indignity by %[+ t he respects 8 hon\r m ?an 8 life4 ,! notion t a *all5ge to mortal combat effaces ! blot :i* an insult has impr9t$ ^u a man's hon\r is a survival f a p]iod :5 ! hon\rable man 0 above ev]y?+ a brave man4#fj ,by display+ c\rage ! (f5d$ p>ty demon/rates t he is n wor?y ( contempt1 by %[+ timidity he condemns himself4 ,s f> z ju/ice is conc]n$1 ! duel1 ( c\rse1 became an absurdity z soon z x ceas$ to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( an ordeal4 ,x compels ! insult$ p]son to expose himself to a fre% injury f ! side ( an impud5t (f5d]1 x all[s ! sc\ndrel to repay ! mo/ condign c5sure ) a mortal /roke4 ,b :5 a man's hon\r is at /ake ! voice ( ju/ice is easily sil5c$1 & ! pressure ( anci5t habit is great] ?an ev]4 ,z is usual 9 simil> cases1 a v>iety ( m or less futile argum5ts are adduc$ to give _! support to ! survival4 ,"l ,kames ma9ta9$ t1 if two p]sons agree to decide _! qu>rel by s+le combat1 ! ,/ate has no?+ to d ) x1 s9ce !y ne$ n make use ( ! protection :i* ! ,/ate (f]s !m4#fa ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! #eaj duel is n a private affair betwe5 two individuals4 ,z ,moore obs]v$1 a refusal ( ! duel is att5d$ ) su* mortify+ circum/ances1 ) su* an imputation ( meanness & c[>dice 4 4 4 1 ) su* a /udi$ contempt 9 public1 & exclusion f ! polite circle 9 private1 z r5d]s ! alt]native bo? cruel & inhuman2#fb & x w\ld seem t ! ,/ate ought to protect its memb]s aga9/ su* a compulsion4 ,x is said t ! duel grasps ! sword ( ju/ice1 :i* ! laws h dropp$1 puni%+ :at no code c *a/ise--contempt & insult4#fc ,b we f9d t 9 c\ntries :]e x no long] prevails1 laws aga9/ insults1 c\rts ( hon\r1 & especially m ref9$ ideas z reg>ds honor>y satisfaction1 h made x z useless z x is absurd1 a matt] ( ! pa/ :i* nobody desires to revive4 ,footnote #ei3 ,cf4 ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #bii sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,t ! mod]n duel is a special developm5t ( ,*ivalry has be5 po9t$ out by ,buckle 7,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #acf sq474 ,footnote #fa3 ,kames1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 i4 #dae n4 ,footnote #fb3 ,moore1 ,full ,inquiry into ! ,subject ( ,suicide1 ii4 #bgf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,quot$ by ,mill+51 ,hi/ory ( ,duell+1 i4 #cjj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,bodily ,,injuries ,,closely relat$ to ! "r to life is ! "r to bodily integrity4 ,inde$1 homicide is1 g5]ally speak+1 ! highe/ =m ( bodily injury :i* c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be inflict$1 al?\gh !re are "s =ms ( ill-treatm5t :i* are m t]rible ?an dea? itself4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #aa4 ,9 ! case ( bodily injuries ! magnitude ( ! (f5ce is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 proportionate to ! h>m inflict$4 ,at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation we meet ) ! pr9ciple ( an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?1 or ! (f5d] has to pay an adequate comp5sation = ! injury4#b ,x is said 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu t1 if a bl[ is /ruck aga9/ m5 9 ord] to give !m pa91 ! judge %all inflict a f9e 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( pa9 caus$4#c ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 retaliation = int5tional w\nds & mutilations is all[$1 b a f9e may be accept$ in/ead4 ,! f9e = depriv+ a man ( any ( 8 five s5ses1 or dang]\sly w\nd+ him1 or griev\sly disfigur+ him = life1 or cutt+ (f a memb] t is s+le1 z ! #eab nose1 is ! :ole price ( blood2 ! f9e = a memb] ( :i* !re are two & n m1 z a h& or a foot1 is half ! price ( blood2 ! f9e = a memb] ( :i* !re are t51 z a f+] or a toe1 is a t5? ( ! price ( blood4#d ,! scale ( f9es = bodily injuries conta9$ 9 _m ( ! e>ly ,teutonic law-books is m9ute to a degree4#e ,accord+ to v>i\s texts ( ! ,salic law1 #ajj solidi--t is1 a moiety ( ! w]geld--mu/ be paid = depriv+ a man ( a h&1 foot1 eye1 or ! nose2 ! ?umb & great toe 7 valu$ at #ej solidi2 ! second f+] ) :i* ! b[ 0 drawn1 at #ce4f ,) respect to o!r acts ( viol5ce1 ! f9e v>i$ accord+ to sev]al circum/ances1 z1 :e!r ! bl[ 0 giv5 ) a /ick or ) clos$ fi/1 :e!r ! bra9 0 laid b>e1 :e!r c]ta9 bones 7 obtrud$ & h[ mu*1 :e!r blood fl[$ f ! w\nd on ! gr\nd1 & s =?4#g ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon codes almo/ e "p & p>ticle ( ! body1 e too?1 toe1 & nail1 _h its price4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,ae!lbirht1 = in/ance1 tw5ty %ill+s 7 paid = /rik+ (f a ?umb1 ?ree = a ?umb nail1 eight = ! =ef+]1 elev5 = ! little f+]4#h ,9 e>ly ,celtic law diff]5t am\nts ( injury 7 tax$ ) a simil> affect$ precision4#i ,no?+ c bett] give u an idea ( ! bus9ess-l mann] 9 :i* ! :ole subject 0 treat$ ?an ! ,iri% law aga9/ ca/ration4 ,if ! injur$ p]sons be p to :om ! organs extirpat$ are ( no use1 su* z a decrepit old man or a man 9 ord]s1 !re is no?+ due to !m = ! loss ( !m1 b body-f9e accord+ to ! sev]ity ( ! w\nd4#aj #eac ,aft] ?is "o is almo/ surpris$ to read 9 ! anci5t laws ( ,irel& t1 :5 a p]son _h once be5 maim$1 & receiv$ "p or all ( 8 body-f9e1 no subsequ5t wrong-do] c\ld insi/ t ! injur$ p]son %\ld be rat$ z a damag$ article4#aa ,footnote #b3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #fa sqq4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 pp4 #bjh 7,takue71 #ejb 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #aje 7,mpongwe74 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #fa sq4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hb 7,k&hs74 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #hc 7,papuans ( ,dory74 ,kub>y1 ,die social5 ,e9ri*tung5 d] ,pelau]1 p4 #gd 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #aje 7,?l9kets74 ,footnote #c3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bhf4 ,footnote #d3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abj4 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 p4 #gfd4 ,footnote #e3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #gbi4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #feh4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #ef4 ,lapp5b]g1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& "u ! ,anglo-,saxon ,k+s1 ii4 #dbb4 ,footnote #f3 ,lex ,salica1 edit$ by ,hessels1 coll4 #afc-afg1 #agj1 #agb-agg1 #agi4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 col4 #ajj sqq4 ,footnote #h3 ,laws ( !lbirht1 #ed4 ,footnote #i3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 pp4 cix41 #cdi4 ,v5$otian ,code1 iii4 #bc 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #aea sqq474 ,dimetian ,code1 ii4 #ag 7ibid4 p4 #bdf sqq474 ,gw5tian ,code1 ii4 #f sq4 7ibid4 p4 #cdj sq474 ,footnote #aj3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 #cee4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 iii4 pp4 cix41 cxi41 #cdi1 #cea4 ,h[ev]1 ! degree ( ! (f5ce dep5ds n only on ! suff]+ inflict$1 b on ! /ation ( ! p>ties conc]n$2 & 9 "s cases ! infliction ( pa9 is held all[able or ev5 a duty4 ,by us+ viol5ce aga9/ _! p>5ts1 *ildr5 grossly (f5d aga9/ ! duty ( filial reg>d & submissiv5ess4 ,x is said 9 ! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 t a man :o has /ruck 8 fa!r %all lose 8 h&s4#ab ,accord+ to ,exodus1 he t smite? 8 fa!r1 or 8 "m1 %all be surely put to dea?4#ac ,9 ,corea ! man :o /rikes 8 fa!r is behead$4#ad ,on ! o!r h&1 p>5ts are all[$ to inflict corporal puni%m5t on _! *ildr52 b ?is is n ! case ev]y:]e--inde$1 among _m ( ! l[] races *ildr5 are nev]1 or h>dly ev]1 subject to su* puni%m5t4#ae ,among ! ,au/ralian ,diey]ie ! *ildr5 are nev] beat51 & %\ld any woman violate ?is law1 %e is 9 turn beat5 by h] husb&4#af ,! ,efatese1 says ,mr4 ,macdonald1 are %ock$ to see ,europeans correct+ _! *ildr52 ,i nev] saw an ,efatese beat+ a *ild4#ag ,! ,eskimo #ead visit$ by ,mr4 ,hall nev] inflict physical *a/isem5t ^u ! *ildr52 if a *ild does wrong--= in/ance1 if x becomes enrag$1 ! "m says no?+ to x till x becomes calm4 ,!n %e talks to x1 & ) good effect4#ah ,among ! ,tehuel*es ( ,patagonia ! *ildr5 are indulg$ 9 e way1 ride ! be/ horses1 & are n correct$ = any misbehavi\r4#ai ,among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs1 aga91 p>5ts may inflict corporal puni%m5t on _! *ildr51 b are f9$ = caus+ p]man5t injuries to _! p]sons1 su* z ! loss ( an eye or a too?4#bj ,footnote #ab3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #aie4 ,footnote #ac3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #ae4 ,footnote #ad3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #beb 7,bang]ang tribe74 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia1 i4 #id 7tribes ( ! ,l[] ,murray74 ,calv]t1 ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #cj sq4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #aib sq4 7,nor!rn ,que5sl& aborig9es74 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln 9 d] ,sdsee1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #ef 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 ,man1 ,son?alia & ! ,son?als1 p4 #gh4 von ,siebold1 ,die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #aa4 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dag 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo74 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' ibid4 vi4 #eff4 ,ri*>dson1 9 ,frankl91 ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #fh 7,crees74 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 p4 #bgd 7,t>ahum>es74 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cbi 7,ondonga74 ,see also ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 *4 vi4 #b1 especially p4 #bjc2 ,idem1 ',das ,v]hltnis zwis*5 ,elt]n und ,k9d]n bei d5 ,naturvlk]n1' 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,socialwiss5s*aft1 i4 #faj sqq4 ,footnote #af3 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #ag3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #ah3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #efh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,mu/]s1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #bj3 ,br[nlee1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #aah4 ,! p[] :i* ! husb& possesses ov] 8 wife mu* m commonly implies ! "r ( inflict+ pa9 on h] ?an ( puni%+ h] capitally2 b ev5 among savages & b>b>ians ! =m] "r is n univ]sally grant$ to him4 ,! ,pelew ,isl&]s d n all[ a husb& to beat 8 wife4#ba ,among v>i\s ,eskimo tribes ! wom5 are r>ely1 if ev]1 beat54#bb ,among ! ,c5tral ,eskimo ! husb& is n all[$ to maltreat or puni% 8 wife2 if he does1 %e may leave him at any "t1 & ! wife's "m c always comm& a divorce4#bc ,_m1 or mo/1 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians consid] x disgraceful = a husb& to beat 8 wife4#bd ,among ! ,kalmucks a man has no "r to raise 8 h& aga9/ a woman4#be ,among ! ,madis wom5 are nev] beat54#bf ,among ! ,ondonga a man is n all[$ to *a/ise 8 wife4#bg ,among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs a husb& may beat 8 wife = misconduct2 b if he %\ld /rike out h] eye or a too?1 or o!rwise maim h]1 he is f9$ at ! discretion ( ! ,*ief4#bh #eae ,accord+ to ! native code ( ,malacca1 a man may beat 8 wife1 b n z he w\ld *a/ise a slave1 & n till blood fl[s2 if he %\ld d s1 he is f9$4#bi ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 a husb& may *a/ise an ob/9ate wife1 b he mu/ n cause h] great suff]+1 nor inflict on h] a w\nd4#cj ,we read 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu3--,a wife1 a son1 a slave1 a pupil1 & a y\ng] bro!r ( ! full blood1 :o h committ$ faults1 may be beat5 ) a rope or a split bamboo1 b on ! back "p ( ! body only1 nev] on a noble "p2 he :o /rikes !m o!rwise w incur ! same guilt z a ?ief4#ca ,9 ,europe ! idea express$ by ! anci5t ,roman t he :o beats 8 wife or *ildr5 lays h&s on t :i* is mo/ sacr$ & holy1#cb 0 %>$ nei!r by ! anci5t ,teutons#cc nor by m$ival legislators4 ,accord+ to ! ,jydske ,lov1 a husb& 0 all[$ to *a/ise 8 wife ) a /ick or rod1 ?\gh n ) a weapon2 b he _h to take c>e n to break any limb ( h] body4#cd ,9 ! ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis x is said t a man may beat 8 wife if %e belies or curses him1 or disobeys 8 reasonable comm&s1 or = "s o!r simil> reason1 ?\gh he mu/ n kill or maim h]4#ce ,among ,russian & ,s\? ,slavonian#cf peasants public op9ion /ill p]mits ! husb& to inflict corporal puni%m5t on 8 wife4 ,9 ,russia ! bridegroom1 :ile he is lead+ 8 bride to h] future home1 gives h] f "t to "t light bl[s f a :ip1 say+ at ea* /roke3 ',=get ! mann]s ( ?9e own #eaf family1 & le>n ^? ( m9e4' ,z soon z !y h ent]$ _! b$room1 ! husb& says to 8 wife1 ',take (f my boots4' ,! wife imm$iately obeys h] husb&'s ord]s1 &1 tak+ !m (f1 f9ds 9 "o ( !m a :ip1 symbol ( 8 au?ority ov] h] p]son4 ,?is au?ority implies ! "r ( ! husb& to control ! behavi\r ( 8 wife1 & to correct h] e "t he ?9ks fit1 n only by words1 b also by bl[s4 ,! op9ion :i* a ,russian writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury 4 4 4 expresses z to ! propriety ( p]sonal *a/isem5t1 & ev5 z to its b5eficial effects on ! heal?1 is /ill %>$ by ! c\ntry p4 4 4 4 ,! cu/om>y ,c\rt seems to admit ! use ( su* discipl9>y proce$+s by n int]f]+ 9 ! p]sonal relations ( husb& & wife4 ',nev] judge ! qu>rel ( husb& & wife1' is a common say+1 scrupul\sly obs]v$ by ! village tribunals1 :i* refuse to he> any compla9t on ! "p ( ! aggriev$ woman1 at lea/ s long z ! puni%m5t has n be5 ( su* a nature z to endang] life or limb4#cg ,footnote #ba3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln1' 9 ,j\r4 des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #dc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,k+1 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 i4 #adg4 ,cf4 ,murdo*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dad4 ,footnote #bc3 ,boas1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #egi4 ,footnote #bd3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #aja4 ,cf4 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #agh 7,gall9om]o74 ,footnote #be3 ,liadov1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 i4 #dje4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 iii4 #dj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #bh3 ,br[nlee1 9 ,maclean1 op4 cit4 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #bi3 ,newbold1 ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 ii4 #caa sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 pp4 #aj1 #dd1 #hdi4 ,footnote #ca3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bii sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plut>*1 ,cato ,major1 xx4 #c4 ,footnote #cc3 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhllsfrfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #fa sq4 ,/emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbc sq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,jydske ,lov1 ii4 #hb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 lvii4 #f1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccc3 ,il loi/ bi5 l'homme batre se feme1 sans mort et sans meha+1 quant ele le meffet2 si comme quant ele e/ en voie de f]e folie de son cors1 ou quant ele dem5t son b>on ou maudi/1 ou quant ele ne veut obeir ses resnables comm&em5s que prode feme doit f]e3 en tel cas et en sanllables e/ il bi5 me/i]s que li m>is soit ca/i]res de se feme resnablem5t4 4 4 4 ,li m>is le doit ca/i] et rep5re selonc t\tes les mani]es qu'il v]ra que bon s]a por li o/] de tel visse1 exept mort ou meha+4 ,footnote #cf3 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,bran* d] ,sdslav51 p4 #ebf4 ,footnote #cg3 ,kovalewsky1 ,mod]n ,cu/oms & ,anci5t ,laws ( ,russia1 p4 #dd sq4 ,cf4 ,me9]s1 ,v]glei*ung des lt]n und neu]n ,russl&es1 ii4 #afg sq42 ,idem1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,female ,sex1 i4 #afj4 ,x seems t1 :]ev] slav]y exi/s1 ! ma/] has a "r to inflict corporal puni%m5t on 8 slave1 ev5 ?\gh he be =bidd5 to deprive him ( any ( 8 limbs4 ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 ! ma/]1 or relations ( ! ma/] ( a guilty slave1 may *a/ise su* slave 9 any degree %ort ( occasion+ 8 dea?1 )\t be+ liable to any puni%m5t2#ch :]eas all slaves :o are guilty ( design$ly /rik+ _! ma/]s1 %all1 )\t mak+ any di/9ction betwe5 pr9cipals & accessories1 be behead$4#ci ,among ! ,hebrews1 if a man by bl[s de/roy$ an eye or a too?1 or any o!r memb] belong+ to 8 man-s]vant or maid-s]vant1 he 0 b\nd to let ! injur$ p]son g free1 ?\gh full retribution 0 legally orda9$ = bodily injuries done to free ,israelites4#dj ,9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,slave ,/ates & #eag 9 ! colonies ( all ,european ,p[]s ! ma/] c\ld inflict any numb] ( bl[s ^u 8 slave1 b if he mutilat$ him he 0 f9$ or subject$ to a v mod]ate t]m ( imprisonm5t4#da ,footnote #ch3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxiv4 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 sec4 cccxiv4 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #dj3 ,exodus1 xxi4 sqq4 ,footnote #da3 ',negro ,act' ( #agdj1 #cg1 9 ,brev>d1 ,dige/ ( ! ,public ,/atute ,law ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ii4 #bda4 ,/eph51 ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 i4 #cf sq4 ,edw>ds1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 ii4 #aib4 ,! maltreatm5t ( ano!r p]son's slave has1 ev5 by civilis$ legislators1 be5 reg>d$ z an injury done to ! ma/] r ?an to ! slave4 ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 ! f9e impos$ on a free p]son = injur+ a slave v>ies accord+ to ! value ( ! slave4#db ,9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian x is said t1 if a man 7 to flog ano!r man's slave 9 a cruel mann]1 an action w\ld1 9 ?is case1 lie aga9/ him1 b t ! ma/] has no "r ( action aga9/ a p]son :o has /ruck ! slave ) 8 fi/4#dc ,9 ! ,negro ,act ( #agdj x 0 prescrib$ t1 if a slave 0 beat5 by any p]son :o _h n suffici5t cause or lawful au?ority = s do+1 & if he or %e 0 maim$ or disabl$ by su* beat+ f p]=m+ 8 or h] "w1 ! (f5d] %\ld pay to ! own] ( ! slave ! sum ( #ae %ill+s curr5t money p] diem1 = e day ( 8 lo/ "t1 & also ! *>ge ( ! cure ( su* slave4#dd ,b if ! beat+ ( ! slave caus$ no loss ( s]vice to 8 ma/]1 ! (f5d] 0 n1 z a rule1 puni%$ by law4 ,a decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,m>yl& e/abli%$ expressly ! law to be1 9 t ,/ate1 t trespass w\ld n lie by a ma/] = an assault & batt]y on 8 slave1 unless x 7 att5d$ ) a loss ( s]vice4#de ,if1 on ! o!r #eah h&1 ! (f5d] 0 a slave & 8 victim a :ite man1 ! injury 0 reg>d$ 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,we read 9 an act ( ,georgia pass$ 9 #aggj3--;,if any slave %all presume to /rike any :ite p]son1 su* slave 4 4 4 %all 4 4 4 = ! second (f5ce suff] dea?3 ,b 9 case any su* slave %all griev\sly w\nd1 maim1 or bruise any :ite p]son1 ?\gh x %all be only ! fir/ (f5ce1 su* slave %all suff] dea?4#df ,& to (f] viol5ce1 to /rike1 attempt to /rike1 /ruggle )1 or resi/ any :ite p]son1 01 ev5 by ! late/ meliorat+ laws issu$ 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies1 decl>$ to be a crime 9 a slave :i*1 if ! :ite p]son _h be5 w\nd$ or hurt1 & 9 "s isl&s ev5 )\t t condition1 %\ld subject ! (f5d] to dea?1 dismemb]m5t1 or o!r sev]e p5alties4#dg ,we read 9 "o ( ! codes ( anci5t ,wales3--,if a freeman /rike a bondman1 let him pay him twelve p5ce4 4 4 4 ,if a bondman /rike any freeman1 x is j to cut (f 8 "r h&1 or 8 "r foot4#dh ,accord+ to ,*9ese law1 a freeman /rik+ a slave %all be puni%$ less sev]ely by "o degree ?an 9 ! ord9>y cases ( ! same (f5ce2 :]eas a slave /rik+ a freeman %all1 9 proportion to ! consequ5ces1 be puni%$ "o degree m sev]ely ?an is by law provid$ 9 simil> cases betwe5 equals4#di ,footnote #db3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #dc3 ,in/itutiones1 iv4 #d4 #c4 ,footnote #dd3 ,brev>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bca sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,h>ris & ,johnson1 ,reports ( ,cases argu$ & det]m9$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,c\rt & ,c\rt ( ,appeals ( ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 i4 #d4 ,( all ! ,slave ,/ates1 s f> z ,i "k1 ,k5tucky 0 ! only "o :]e ! own] ( a slave might br+ an action ( trespass aga9/ anyone :o :ipp$1 /roke1 or o!rwise 9999abus$ ! slave )\t ! own]'s cons5t1 not)/&+ ! slave 0 n s injur$ t ! ma/] lo/ 8 s]vices !reby 7,morehead & ,br[n1 ,dige/ ( ! ,/atute ,laws ( ,k5tucky1 ii4 #adha74 ,9 ,t5nessee1 accord+ to an act ( #ahac1 a p]son 0 puni%$ if he wantonly & )\t suffici5t cause beat or abus$ ! slave ( ano!r 7,c>u!rs & ,ni*olson1 ,compilation ( ! ,/atutes ( ,t5nessee1 p4 #fgh74 ,footnote #df3 ,pr9ce1 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 p4 #gha4 ,footnote #dg3 ,/eph51 ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 i4 #ahh4 ,edw>ds1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 ii4 #bjb sq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,gw5tian ,code1 ii4 #e4 #ca sq4 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #cci74 ,= anci5t ,sw$i% law on ?is subject1 see ,gotl&s-,lag51 i4 #ai4 #cg4 ,footnote #di3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxiii4 p4 #ccf4 ,v frequ5tly ! p5alties or f9es = bodily injuries are influ5c$ by ! class or rank ( ! p>ties ev5 :5 bo? ( !m are freem54 ,among ! ,m>ea1 :il/ a common] :o w\nds ano!r common] simply pays him comp5sation = ! hurt1 a common] :o w\nds a nobleman mu/ ab&on to him all 8 prop]ty & become 8 slave4#ej ,at ,zimm ! f9es = assaults v>y greatly1 accord+ to ! rank ( ! p>ty compla9+4#ea #eai ,among ! ,ossetes ! limbs ( a noble are rat$ at twice z mu* z ! limbs ( an ord9>y freeman4#eb ,! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi conta9 ! foll[+ provisions3--,if a man has caus$ ! loss ( a g5tleman's eye1 8 eye "o %all cause to be lo/4 ,if he has %att]$ a g5tleman's limb1 "o %all %att] 8 limb4 ,if he has caus$ a poor man to lose 8 eye or %att]$ a poor man's limb1 he %all pay "o m9a ( silv]4 ,if a man has made ! too? ( a man t is 8 equal to fall out1 "o %all make 8 too? fall out4 ,if he has made ! too? ( a poor man to fall out1 he %all pay "o-?ird ( a m9a ( silv]1#ec ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 if a man ( a l[ ca/e does hurt to a man ( any ( ! ?ree highe/ ca/es1 ! (f5d+ memb] %all be cut (f2#ed & he :o int5tionally /rikes a ,brhmana 9 ang]1 ev5 if x 7 only ) a blade ( grass1 w be born dur+ tw5ty-"o exi/5ces 9 ! wombs ( su* be+s :]e m5 are born 9 puni%m5t ( _! s9s4#ee ,9 e>ly ,teutonic & ,celtic codes we meet ) ! pr9ciple t ! comp5sation by :i* a bodily injury is to be aton$ = v>ies accord+ to ! rank ( ! p>ties conc]n$4#ef ,footnote #ej3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #eb3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dji4 ,footnote #ec3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #aif-aih1 #bjj sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 #bjb sq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ibid4 iv4 #aff4 ,cf4 ibid4 iv4 #afg4 ,footnote #ef3 ,kemble1 ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 i4 #acd4 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 iii4 p4 cxi4 ,dimetian ,code1 ii4 #ag4 #ag 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #bdh74 ,gw5tian ,code1 ii4 #g4 #ac 7ibid4 #cdb74 de ,valrog]1 ,les ,celtes1 p4 #dgj4 ,innes1 ,scotl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ahj4 ,we h notic$ t m5 9 _! e/imation ( human life1 p>ticul>ly at ! e>li] /ages ( culture1 discrim9ate betwe5 fell[-tribesm5 or compatriots & ali5s4 ,a simil> di/9ction is made ) ref]5ce to o!r bodily injuries4 ,x rea*es its pit* 9 ! suff]+s inflict$ on vanqui%$ enemies4 ,! treatm5t to :i* ! ,kam*adales subject$ _! male prison]s ( w> includ$ burn+1 hew+ !m to pieces1 te>+ _! entrails out :5 alive1 & hang+ !m by ! feet4#eg ,"s ( ! ,dacotahs1 :5 !y _h tak5 a captive1 secur$ him #ebj to a /ake & all[$ _! wom5 to torture him by mutilat+ him previ\s to kill+ him2#eh & ( _m o!r ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians x is said t !y devote _! captives to dea?1 ) ! mo/ agonis+ tortures4#ei ,! w>s ( ! ,society ,isl&]s1 ,ellis obs]ves1 7 mo/ m]ciless & de/ructive2 inv5tion itself 0 tortur$ to f9d out new modes ( inflict+ suff]+4#fj ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are n want+ in/ances ( savage w>f>e be+ conduct$ on m humane pr9ciples4 ,dobrizh(f] tells u t cruelty t[>ds captives & enemies is abhorr$ by ! ,abipones1 :o nev] torture ! dy+2#fa & among ! ,somals no injury is done to enemies :o h be5 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ! battle4#fb ,civilis$ nations ma9ta9 t1 9 "t ( w>1 no great] injuries %\ld be inflict$ ^u ! enemy ?an are necess>y to obta9 ! end ( ! w>4 ,footnote #eg3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cac4 ,footnote #ei3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bic4 ,cf4 ,williams1 ,n>rative ( ,mission>y ,ent]prises1 p4 #ecc 7,samoans72 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahe2 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #agb sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #daa4 ,footnote #fb3 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 p4 #bee4 ,! "r to bodily integrity is influ5c$ by religi\s diff]5ces z well z national4 ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 ! comp5sation = injuries inflict$ on a ,jew or a ,*ri/ian is a ?ird1 = ^? inflict$ on a ,p>see only a fifte5?1 ( ! sum to be paid = simil> injuries done to a ,moslem4#fc ,a m$ival ,spani% law prescribes t a ,*ri/ian :o beats a ,jew %all pay f\r m>av$is1 b t a ,jew :o beats a ,*ri/ian %all pay t54#fd ,footnote #fc3 ,sa*au1 op4 cit4 p4 #gfd4 ,footnote #fd3 ',fu]o de ,sepulv$a1' art4 #cg sq41 quot$ by ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #gd4 ,! "r to bodily integrity may be =feit$ by ! commission ( a crime4 ,z has be5 already notic$1 physical injuries are frequ5tly res5t$ accord+ to ! law ( l = l2#fe & 9 o!r cases1 also1 ! infliction #eba ( corporal suff]+--by mutilation1 sc\rg+1 & s =?--is a common p5alty4 ,amputation or mutilation ( ! (f5d+ memb] has p>ticul>ly be5 9 vogue among s-call$ peoples ( culture4#ff ,x is (t5 9999m5tion$ 9 ! ,code ( ,hvammurabi#fg & 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu4#fh ,x occurr$ among ! ,greeks1#fi ,romans1#gj & ,teutons4#ga ,m$ival codes conta9 num]\s in/ances ( x4#gb ,! ,laws ( ,alfr$ prescribe t a male ![ :o commits a rape ^u a female ![ %all be emasculat$2#gc & 9 a lat] age ,bracton res]ves ! same puni%m5t = ! defl[]] ( a virg91 ) ! addition t ! (f5d] %all also lose 8 eyes1 on acc\nt ( 8 look+ at ! beauty1 = :i* he covet$ possession ( ! virg94#gd ,accord+ to a law ( ,cnut1 an adult]ess %all h h] nose & e>s cut (f4#ge ,ae!l/an enjo9$ t an illicit co9] %\ld lose 8 "r h&2#gf :]eas 9 lat] times ?is puni%m5t 0 re/rict$ to ^? :o /ruck anybody 9 ! k+'s pres5ce or 9 8 c\rt4#gg ,by ! /atute law ( ,scotl& ! puni%m5t ( =g]y1 or falsify+ ( writ+s1 0 at fir/ ! amputation ( ! h&1 aft]w>ds dismemb]+ ( x1 jo9$ ) o!r pa9s4#gh ,9 "s c\ntries a p]jur] lo/ ! (f5d+ f+]s or 8 "r h&1#gi 9 o!rs he _h 8 tongue cut #ebb (f or pi]c$ ) a hot iron2#hj & 9 ,engl&1 be=e ! ,conque/1 a man might lose 8 tongue by br++ a false & sc&al\s accusation4#ha ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a p]son 9 ,scotl& 0 s5t5c$ to h 8 tongue bor$ because he _h libell$ ! ,"l ,ju/ice ,g5]al4#hb ,9 ,g]man & ,au/rian codes we f9d1 ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 traces ( ! pr9ciple ( puni%+ ! (f5d+ memb]2#hc & 9 ,france ! la/ survival ( x--! amputation ( ! "r h& ( a p>ricide be=e 8 execution--disappe>$ only 9 #ahcb4hd ,gr[+ ref9em5t ( feel+ has made p av]se f ! use ( surg]y 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 & 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries gr[n-up (f5d]s are no long] liable to corporal puni%m5t ( any k9d4#he ,footnote #fe3 ,supra1 p4 #agh4 ,see also ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjj2 ,exodus1 xxi4 #bd sq42 ,leviticus1 xxiv4 #ai sq42 ,deut]onomy1 xix4 #ba2 ,koran1 v4 #di2 ,sa*au1 op4 cit4 p4 #gfb sq4 7,muhamm$an law72 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #dbf sq4 7,greeks72 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 viii4 #b2 ,gn!r1 ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 p4 #ahf sqq4 7,teutons74 ,footnote #ff3 ,= its occurr5ce 9 mod]n ,p]sia1 see ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #bef1 #cbi sq42 9 ,fez1 see ,leo ,africanus1 ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,africa1 ii4 #dgj4 ,! ,koran 7v4 #db7 ord]s !ft to be puni%$ by cutt+ (f ! h&s ( ! ?ief1 b ?is puni%m5t is n[ seldom practis$ 9 ,muhamm$an c\ntries4 ,among ! l[] races ,i h met only ) a few in/ances ( puni%+ ! (f5d+ memb]4 ,9 ,a%anti intrigue ) ! female slaves ( ! royal h\sehold is puni%$ by emasculation 7,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bhg72 & ! ,kam*adales burn ! h&s ( p :o h be5 frequ5tly caught 9 !ft 7,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #agi74 ,footnote #fg3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #aib1 #aid1 #aie1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bec4 ,footnote #fh3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bgj-bgb1 #bgi-bhc1 #cbb1 #ccd1 #cgd2 xi4 #aje4 ,footnote #fi3 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 i4 #id sqq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ibid4 i4 #aee sqq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,ibid4 i4 #aie sqq4 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #eaj4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #gdj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #fii4 ,idem1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #id4 ,cibr>io1 ,economia politica del m$io eve1 i4 #cdf sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,laws ( ,alfr$1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #gd3 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #adg1 vol4 ii4 #dhj sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,laws ( ,cnut1 ii4 #ed4 ,footnote #gf3 ,laws ( !l/an1 #ad4 ,footnote #gg3 ,/rutt1 ,view ( ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 c41 ( ! ,inhabitants ( ,engl&1 iii4 #dc4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ersk9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #ega4 ,footnote #gi3 ,/emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #fde4 ,*>les ,v4's ,pe9li*e ,g]i*ts ,ordnung1 art4 #ajg1 p4 #bce4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #dec4 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eg4 ,footnote #hj3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #fii4 ,idem1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #eii sq4 ,pitcairn1 ,crim9al ,trials 9 ,scotl&1 iii4 #eci4 ,footnote #ha3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eci4 ,footnote #hb3 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #ce4 ,footnote #hc3 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ee-eg1 #fe2 iii4 #gi4 ,footnote #hd3 ,*auveau & ,hlie1 ,?orie du ,code ,pnal1 iii4 #cid4 ,footnote #he3 ,see von ,liszt1 ,le droit crim9el des tats europens1 passim2 ,wr$e1 ,die ,krp]/raf5 bei all5 ,vlk]n1 passim4 ,corporal puni%m5t has g5]ally be51 by pref]5ce1 a puni%m5t = poor & common p or slaves4#hf ,bl[s & abusive language1 says ,plut>*1 seem to be m fitt+ = slaves ?an ! freeborn4#hg ,accord+ to ! religi\s law ( ! ,h9dus1 a ,brhmana %all n suff] corporal puni%m5t = any (f5ce4#hh ,among ! ,hebrews#hi & ,muhamm$ans1#ij among ! ,romans#ia & 9 ! ,middle ,ages1#ib ! puni%m5t ( mutilation c\ld g5]ally be commut$ to a f9e4 ,= a long p]iod1 9 #ebc ,*ri/ian ,europe1 z well z 9 ,pagan ,rome dur+ ! ,empire1#ic ! puni%m5t 0 m savage 9 proportion z ! del9qu5t 0 m helpless4 ,en crimes1 says ,loysel1 les villa9s sont plus grivem5t punis en leurs corps que les nobles4 4 4 4 ,et o le vila9 p]droit la vie1 ou un membre de son corps1 le noble p]dra l'honneur1 et rponse en c\r4#id ,inde$1 :il/ ! slave incurr$ ! p5alty ( mutilation = ! mo/ trifl+ (f5ce1 ! noble might be exempt$ f corporal puni%m5t ( any k9d4#ie ,9 a simil> mann] ! social /atus ( a p]son has influ5c$ 8 "r to bodily integrity ) ref]5ce to judicial torture4 ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 x %all n1 9 any tribunal ( gov]nm5t1 be p]mitt$ to put ! "q by torture to ^? :o belong to any ( ! eight privileg$ classes1 9 consid]ation ( ! respect due to _! "*4#if ,9 ,rome1 "u ! ,republic1 torture 0 exclusively conf9$ to ! slaves4#ig ,9 m$ival ,*ri/5dom x 0 made use ( to an ext5t & ) a cold-blood$ f]ocity unkn[n to any hea!n nation1 & 9 cases ( h]esy & treason x 0 appli$ to e class ( ! community4#ih ,b ! tortures inflict$ on ! nobles & ! cl]gy 7 light] ?an 9 ! case ( ord9>y laym51 & pro( ( a m decid$ "* 0 requir$ to ju/ify _! be+ expos$ to torm5t4#ii ,noble p]sons & p]sons ( quality1 says ,dum\l91 _c s easily be subject$ to torture z p]sons :o are ( mean & plebeian rank4#ajj ,guazz9i1 an em95t ,italian jurisconsult & a recognis$ expositor ( ! law ( torture 9 ! days ( its highe/ asc5d5cy & ripe/ maturity1 obs]ves t ! torm5t inflict$ #ebd on a p]son %all be proportionate to 8 age1 8 physical con/itution1 8 m5tal habits1 & 8 social /atus2#aja & he adds t bi%ops & o!rs 9 high civil dignity are exempt f torture ev5 "u /rong presumptions ( guilt4#ajb ,footnote #hf3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bfg1 #bgi4 ,footnote #hg3 ,plut>*1 ,de educatione pu]orum1 #ab4 ,footnote #hh3 ,baudhyana1 i4 #aj4 #ah4 #ag4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 v4 #b4 ,footnote #hi3 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee4 ,footnote #ij3 ,ibid4 i4 #gd sq4 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abj4 ,sa*au1 op4 cit4 p4 #gfd4 ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law1 x is n obligatory = ! injur$ p>ty to accept comp5sation 9 lieu ( mutilation4 ,footnote #ia3 ,gn!r1 op4 cit4 i4 #abd sqq4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #iha4 ,footnote #ib3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #eeg sq4 ,/rutt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #h4 ,footnote #ic3 ,cf4 ,mack5zie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 p4 #dad sq4 ,footnote #id3 ,loysel1 ,in/itutes c\tumires1 vi4 #b4 #ca sq41 vol4 ii4 #bai sq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #if3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccciv4 p4 #dda4 ,footnote #ig3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #dje4 ,footnote #ih3 ,su>ez de ,paz1 ,praxis ecclesia/ica et secul>is1 v4 #a4 #c4 #ab1 fol4 #aed b4 ,cf4 ,lecky1 ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i4 #cbh4 ,footnote #ii3 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 p4 #ebf sq4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,dum\l91 quot$ by ,well+1 ',law ( ,torture1' 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 v4 #baj sq4 ,footnote #aja3 ,guazz9i1 ,tractatus ad def5sam inquisitorum1 xxx4 #d4 #bd1 vol4 ii4 #hf4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 xxx4 #ag1 vol4 ii4 #ajb sq4 ,! moral notions reg>d+ ! infliction ( bodily injuries require little comm5t4 ,!y are bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic res5tm5t1 modifi$ by ! ascription ( p>ticul> rights to "s & p>ticul> duties to o!rs1 on acc\nt ( ! relation 9 :i* ! p>ties /& to ea* o!r2 & !y foll[ ! same rules z ! ideas conc]n+ homicide1 to ! exclusion1 ( c\rse1 ( all su* consid]ations z result f fe> ( ! sla9 man's gho/ or f ! religi\s horror ( tak+ life4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 calls = special att5tion4 ,! =cible int]f]5ce ) ano!r p]son's body n only causes physical pa9 b commonly entails disgrace ^u ! suff]]4 ,?is l>gely acc\nts = ! fact t a p]son's "r to bodily integrity v>ies s mu* accord+ to 8 social /&+4#ajc ,ev5 among ! l[] races we meet ) ! notions t an act ( bodily viol5ce involves a gross insult1 & t corporal puni%m5t disgraces ! crim9al m ?an any o!r =m ( p5alty4 ,accord+ to ! ,malay ,code1 ! p]sons :o may be put to dea? )\t ! previ\s k ( ! k+ or nobles1 are an adult]]1 a p]son guilty ( treason1 a ?ief :o _c o!rwise be appreh5d$1 & a p]son :o (f]s ano!r a griev\s affront1 su* z a bl[ ov] ! face4#ajd ,among ! ,maoris a bl[ ) ! fi/ w\ld lead to a combat ) arms4#aje ,! ,?l9kets consid] corporal puni%m5t to #ebe be ! greate/ indignity to :i* a freeman c be subject$1 h5ce !y nev] inflict x4#ajf ,& civilis$ nations :o are ready to puni% c]ta9 crim9als ) dea?1 hold :ipp+ to be a puni%m5t too infam\s to be employ$4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,cf4 ,dimetian ,code1 ii4 #ag4 #ag 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales1 p4 #bdh73 ,! ,law says t ! limbs ( all p]sons are ( equal wor?2 if a limb ( ! k+ be brok51 t x is ( ! same wor? z ! limb ( ! villa93 yet1 nev]!less1 ! wor? ( s>aad or f9e = insult to ! k+1 or to a breyr1 is m ?an ! s>aad ( a villa91 if a limb belong+ to him be cut4 ,see also ,gw5tian ,code1 ii4 #g4 #ab sq4 7ibid4 p4 #cdb74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #aje3 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,holmb]g1 ',e?nograph4 ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika1' 9 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 iv4 #cba4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,*>ity ,,& ,,g5]osity ,,9 previ\s *apt]s we h exam9$ ! reg>d = ! life & physical well-be+ ( o!rs z display$ 9 moral ideas conc]n+ homicide & ! infliction ( bodily h>m4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! same subject f ano!r po9t ( view1 namely1 ! valuation ( su* conduct z positively promotes ! exi/5ce & mat]ial com=t ( a fell[-creature4 ,!re is "o duty s univ]sal & obvi\s t x is seldom m5tion$3 ! "m's duty to re> h] *ildr51 provid$ t !y are suff]$ to live4 ,ano!r duty--equally primitive1 ,i believe1 9 ! human race--is incumb5t on ! m>ri$ man3 ! protection & support ( 8 family4 ,we he> ( ?is duty f all qu>t]s ( ! savage _w4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians x 0 consid]$ disgraceful = a man to h m wives ?an he 0 able to ma9ta94#a ,mr4 ,p[]s says t among ! ,patw91 a ,cali=nian tribe :i* he believes to rank among ! l[e/ 9 ! _w1 ! s5tim5t t ! m5 are b\nd to support ! wom5--t is to furni% ! supplies--is /rong] ev5 ?an among u4#b ,among ! ,iroquois x 0 ! (fice ( ! husb& to make a mat1 to repair ! cab9 ( 8 wife1 or to con/ruct a new "o4 ,! product ( 8 hunt+ exp$itions1 #ebg dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( m>riage1 belong$ ( "r to 8 wife1 & aft]w>ds he %>$ x equally ) h]1 :e!r %e rema9$ 9 ! village1 or accompani$ him to ! *ase4#c ,among ! ,botocudos1 ^: girls are m>ri$ v "y1 rema9+ 9 ! h\se ( ! fa!r till ! age ( pub]ty1 ! husb& is ev5 !n oblig$ to ma9ta9 8 wife1 ?\gh liv+ ap>t f h]4#d ,among ! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco ! *ild ( a woman ^: husb& des]ts h] is g5]ally kill$ at bir?1 ! "m feel+ t x is ! man's "p ( m>ri$ life to provide meat = 8 (fspr+4#e ,az>a /ates t1 among ! ,*>ruas1 du mom5t o un homme se m>ie1 il =me une famille "p1 et travaille p\r la n\rrir4#f ,( ! ,fuegians x is said t1 z soon z a y\? is able to ma9ta9 a wife1 by 8 ex]tions 9 fi%+ or bird-cat*+1 he obta9s ! cons5t ( h] relations4#g ,! wret*$ ,rock ,v$dahs 9 ,ceylon ackn[l$ge ! m>ital obligation & ! duty ( support+ _! own families4#h ,among ! ,maldivians1 al?\gh a man is all[$ f\r wives at "o "t1 x is only on condition ( 8 be+ able to support !m4#i ,! ,nairs1 we are told1 consid] x a husb&'s duty to provide 8 wife ) food1 clo?+1 & ornam5ts2#aj & almo/ ! same is said by ,dr4 ,s*wan] ) ref]5ce to ! tribes ( ! ,b>ito di/rict1 9 ! s\? ea/ "p ( ,borneo4#aa ,among ! cannibals ( ,new ,brita9 ! *iefs h to see t ! families ( ! w>riors are prop]ly ma9ta9$4#ab ,conc]n+ ! ,tonga ,isl&]s ,m>9] /ates t a m>ri$ woman is "o :o cohabits ) a man1 & lives "u 8 ro( & protection4#ac ,among ! ,maoris ! mission ( woman 0 to increase & multiply1 t ( man to def5d 8 home4#ad ,) ref]5ce to ! ,kurnai 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,mr4 ,h[itt /ates t ! man has to provide = 8 family ) ! assi/ance ( 8 wife4 ,8 %>e is to hunt = _! support1 & to fight = _! protection4#ae ,9 ,lado1 9 ,africa1 ! bridegroom has to assure 8 fa!r-9-law ?ree times t he w #ebh protect 8 wife1 call+ ! p pres5t to witness4#af ,among ! ,t\>eg a man :o des]ts 8 wife is blam$1 z he has tak5 ^u himself ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ h]4#ag ,footnote #a3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #aji4 ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #b3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #c3 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #d3 von ,ts*udi1 ,reis5 dur* ,sdam]ika1 ii4 #bhc4 ,footnote #e3 ,hawtrey1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #bie4 ,footnote #f3 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #bb4 ,footnote #g3 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ii4 #ahb4 ,footnote #h3 ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 ii4 #dda4 ,footnote #i3 ,rosset1 ',maldive ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xvi4 #afh sq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,/ew>t1 ',notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fad4 ,footnote #aa3 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 i4 #aii4 ,footnote #ab3 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #afg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,john/on1 ,maoria1 p4 #bh sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #af3 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 ii4 #ij4 ,footnote #ag3 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #bji4 ,cf4 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 ii4 #afg4 ,among _m ( ! l[] races a man is n ev5 p]mitt$ to m>ry until he has giv5 "s pro( ( 8 ability to support & protect 8 family4#ah ,inde$1 s closely is ! idea t a man is b\nd to ma9ta9 8 family connect$ ) t ( m>riage & fa!rhood1 t sometimes ev5 repudiat$ wives ) _! *ildr5 are1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 support$ by _! =m] husb&s4#ai ,& ^u ! dea? ( a husb&1 ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ 8 wife & h] *ildr5 devolves on 8 heirs1 ! wide-spread cu/om ( a man m>ry+ ! wid[ ( 8 deceas$ bro!r be+ n only a privilege1 b1 among sev]al peoples1 ev5 a duty4#bj ,footnote #ah3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid4 p4 #eaa sq4 ,turn+ to peoples :o h rea*$ a high] /age ( culture3--,ab ,%ug7 says t1 among ,muhamm$ans1 p>5ts are oblig$ to support _! families1 if ! *ildr5 are bo? poor & "u age1 or bo? poor & la/+ly infirm1 or bo? poor & insane4#ba ,b t ?is duty *iefly devolves on ! fa!r is evid5t f ! fact t ! "m is ev5 entitl$ to claim wages = nurs+ !m4#bb ,buddhi/ic law goes s f> z to prescribe t ! p>5ts %all provide _! son ) a beautiful wife1 & give him a %>e ( ! weal? belong+ to ! family4#bc ,x has be5 obs]v$ t 9 ! ,confucian books !re is no m5tion ( any real duties incumb5t ^u ! fa!r t[>ds 8 *ildr52#bd nor does ! ,decalogue conta9 any?+ on ! subject2 nor any law ( anci5t ,greece or ,rome4#be ,b1 z has be5 ju/ly #ebi argu$1 if legal prescriptions are want+1 t is because !y are ?\ght to be sup]flu\s1 nature itself hav+ suffici5tly prep>$ m5 = ! p]=mance ( _! duties t[>ds _! (fspr+4#bf ,s1 also1 x is reg>d$ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! husb& %all support 8 wife1 h[ev] great p[] he may possess ov] h]4 ,among ! ,romans manus impli$ n only ! wife's subord9ation to ! husb&1 b also ! husb&'s obligation to protect ! wife4#bg ,footnote #ba3 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ii sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #die4 ,footnote #bd3 ,fab]1 ,dige/ ( ! ,doctr9es ( ,confucius1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #be3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid41 p4 #ac4 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ada4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #aii sq4 ,footnote #bg3 ,rossba*1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die rmis*e ,ehe1 p4 #cb4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #gd1 #ge1 #ie4 ,! p>5ts' duty ( tak+ c>e ( _! (fspr+ is1 9 ! fir/ place1 bas$ on ! s5tim5t ( p>5tal affection4 ,t ! mat]nal s5tim5t is univ]sal 9 mank9d is a fact too g5]ally admitt$ to ne$ demon/ration2 n s ! fa!r's love ( 8 *ildr54 ,savage m5 are commonly suppos$ to be v indiff]5t t[>ds _! (fspr+2 b a detail$ /udy ( facts leads u to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,x appe>s t1 among ! l[] races1 ! pat]nal s5tim5t is h>dly less univ]sal ?an ! mat]nal1 al?\gh x is probably nev] s /rong & 9 _m cases di/9ctly feeble4 ,b m (t5 x displays itself ) consid]able int5sity ev5 among ! rude/ savages4 ,9 ! (t5-quot$ case ( ! ,patagonian *ief :o1 9 a mom5t ( passion1 da%$ 8 little son ) ! utmo/ viol5ce aga9/ ! rocks because he let a basket ( eggs :i* ! fa!r h&$ to him fall d[n1 we h only an in/ance ( savage impetuosity4 ,! same fa!r w\ld1 at any o!r "t1 h be5 ! mo/ d>+1 ! mo/ endur+1 & ! mo/ self-devot$ 9 ! support & def5ce ( 8 *ild4#bh ,simil>ly ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1 9 fits ( sudd5 passion1 :5 h>dly kn[+ :at !y d1 sometimes treat a *ild ) great sev]ity2 b z a rule1 to :i* !re are v few exceptions1 !y are k9d & consid]ate to _! *ildr51 ! m5 z well z ! wom5 c>ry+ !m :5 !y get tir$ on ! m>*1 #ecj & always see+ t !y get a good %>e ( any food4#bi ,all au?orities agree t ! ,au/ralian ,black is affectionate to 8 *ildr54#cj ,f obs]vation ( v>i\s tribes 9 f> di/ant p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,i c ass]t confid5tly t love = _! *ildr5 is a m>k$ feature 9 ! aborig9al "*4 ,i _c recollect hav+ ev] se5 a p>5t beat or cruelly use a *ild2 & a %ort road to ! goodwill ( ! p>5ts is1 z among/ u1 by notic+ & admir+ _! *ildr54 ,no great] grief c\ld be exhibit$1 by ! fonde/ p>5ts 9 ! mo/ civilis$ community at ! dea? ( "s little *ild1 ?an t :i* ,i h se5 exhibit$ 9 an ,au/ralian native camp1 n only by ! imm$iate p>5ts1 b by ! :ole relat$ gr\p4#ca ,o!r repres5tatives ( ! l[e/ savag]y1 z ! ,v$dahs#cb & ,fuegians1#cc are likewise describ$ z t5d] p>5ts4 ,?\gh few peoples h acquir$ a worse reputation = cruelty ?an ! ,fijians1 ev5 ! greate/ c5sur] ( _! "* admits t ! exhibition ( p>5tal love among !m is sometimes su* z to be wor?y ( admiration2#cd :il/1 accord+ to ano!r au?ority1 x is truly t\*+ to see h[ p>5ts are atta*$ to _! *ildr54#ce ,! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 sway$ "o mom5t by a ?ir/ = blood & indulg+ 9 ! mo/ horrible orgies1 4 4 4 may yet ! next be f\nd approa*+ _! homes look+ =w>d ) #eca ! livelie/ int]e/ to ! c>esses ( _! wives & *ildr54#cf ,c>v] ass]ts t he nev] saw among any o!r p great] pro(s ( p>5tal or filial t5d]ness ?an among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,naud[essies4#cg ,among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo ! affection ( p>5ts = _! *ildr5 is extreme2#ch & ! same seems to be ! case among ! ,eskimo 9 g5]al4#ci ,conc]n+ ! ,aleuts ,v5iam9( wrote long ago3--,! *ildr5 are (t5 well f$ & satisfi$1 :ile ! p>5ts almo/ p]i% ) hung]4 ,! da9tie/ morsel1 ! be/ dress1 is always kept = !m4#dj ,mr4 ,hoop]1 aga91 f\nd p>5tal love n[h]e m /rongly exemplifi$ ?an among ! ,*uk*i2 ! natives absolutely doat ^u _! *ildr54#da ,innum]able facts might inde$ be quot$ to prove t p>5tal affection is n a late product ( civilisation1 b a normal feature ( ! savage m9d z x is kn[n to u4#db ,footnote #bh3 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aee4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #aed2 ,mu/]s1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians1 p4 #aif sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ej sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #djb2 iii4 #aee4 ,idem1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #beb4 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia1 i4 #id4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #ea2 ii4 #caa4 ,ridley1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bc4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bad sq4 ,/urt1 ,exp$ition into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #acg4 ,calv]t1 ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #cj sq4 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #ae4 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' ibid4 p4 #beh4 ,hill & ,?ornton1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pp4 #b1 #d4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pp4 #b1 #dd4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #ca3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahi4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #cb3 ,bailey1 ',wild ,tribes ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ii4 #bia4 ,des*amps1 ,c>net d'un voyageur au pays des ,v$das1 p4 #chj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 op4 cit4 i4 #gf2 ii4 #ahf4 ,w$dell1 ,voyage t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 p4 #aef4 ,p]tuiset1 ,le ,trsor des ,incas la ,t]re de ,feu1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #cd3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ce3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #aic4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #cf3 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #ada4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #cg3 ,c>v]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdj sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cgh sq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dag4 ,footnote #ci3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #efh4 ,p>ry1 ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #ebi4 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eff4 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' ibid4 xi4 #aia4 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #fe4 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agd4 ,footnote #dj3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cig4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cic2 ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #da3 ,hoop]1 ,t5 ,mon?s among ! ,t5ts ( ! ,tuski1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #db3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #bad sq4 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #dj 7,botocudos74 ,wallace1 ,travels on ! ,amazon1 p4 #eah sq4 7,amazon ,indians2 b on ! ,brazilian ,indians g5]ally1 cf4 von ,m>tius1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ii4 #aih1 & ,idem1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #abe74 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 pp4 #bac1 #bai4 ,mac,cauley1 ',sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 v4 #dia4 ,dunb>1 ',pawnee ,indians1' 9 9999,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 viii4 #gde4 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bdb4 ,t5 ,kate1 ,reiz5 en ond]zoek+5 9 ,noord-,am]ika1 p4 #cfd sq4 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #afj 7,ahts74 ,frankl91 ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #fh 7,crees74 ,elliott1 ',report on ! ,seal ,isl&s1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #bch4 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bcb 7,koriaks74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 i4 #be 7,lapl&]s72 iii4 #ac 7,tunguses71 #aeh 7,kam*adales74 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 ii4 #aba 7,o/yaks74 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #ga4 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ahi4 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bad4 ,dalton1 ,desiriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #fh 7,g>os74 ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #bjj2 ,%ortt1 ',hill ,tribes ( ! ,neilgh]ries1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 vii4 #bed 7,todas74 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #bbh 7,nicob>ese74 ,man1 ,son?alia & ! ,son?als1 p4 #gh4 ,wallace1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #dej 7,malays74 ,s*wan]1 op4 cit4 i4 #afb 7,malays ( ! ,b>ito ,riv] ,bas9 9 ,borneo74 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #adh 7,malays74 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #baj 7,dyaks74 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 i4 #fh 7,l& ,dyaks74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #cba 7natives ( ,timor-laut74 ,=bes1 ,insul9de1 p4 #ahb 7natives ( ,ritobel7 ,seligmann1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #aii2 ,haddon1 ibid4 v4 #bbi1 #bgd 7,we/]n ,isl&s74 ,romilly1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ea4 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #afc4 ,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #gb 7,ponapeans74 ,kub>y1 ',die ,bewohn] d] ,mortlock ,inseln1' 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,geogr4 ,gesells*4 9 ,hamburg1 #ahgh-i1 p4 #bfa4 ,macdonald1 ,oceana1 p4 #aie 7,efatese74 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cag 7natives ( ,tana71 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y1 iii4 #afe 7,natives ( ,radack74 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #agi 7,tongans74 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #bf1 #ajg2 ,crozet1 ,voyage to ,tasmania1 p4 #ff 7,maoris74 ,dove1 ',aborig9es ( ,tasmania1' 9 ,tasmanian ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 i4 #beb4 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #bde 7,equatorial ,africans74 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #ahf 7,c5tral ,african ,negroes74 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #ceb 7,m&+oes74 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bif 7,m>utse74 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #abf 7,be*uanas74 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #eci 7,pigmies74 ,sp>rman1 ,voyage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #bai 7,hott5tots74 ,%aw1 ',betsileo ,c\ntry & ,p1' 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 iii4 #hb4 ,see also supra1 p4 #dje2 ,/e9metz1 ',v]hltnis zwis*5 ,elt]n und ,k9d]n bei d5 ,naturvlk]n1' 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,socialwiss5s*aft1 i4 #faj sqq42 ,idem1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 *4 vi4 #b4 #ecb ,:5 deal+ ) ! orig9 ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t we %all f9d reason to believe t pat]nal affection n only prevails among exi/+ m51 savage & civilis$1 b t x belong$ to ! human race f ! v beg9n+1 & t ! same 0 ! case ) ! g]m ( m>ital affection1 induc+ ! male to rema9 ) ! female till aft] ! bir? or ! (fspr+1 & to def5d & support h] dur+ ! p]iods ( pregnancy & mo!rhood4 ,x is true t among sev]al savage peoples conjugal love is said to be unkn[n2 b :at is meant by ?is is1 ,i ?9k1 typically express$ 9 ,major ,ellis's /atem5t ref]r+ to "s ,gold ,coa/ natives1 t among !m love1 z und]/ood by ! p ( ,europe1 has no exi/5ce4#dc ,! love ( a savage is c]ta9ly v diff]5t f ! love ( a civilis$ man2 nev]!less we may discov] 9 x traces ( ! same +r$i5ts4 ,ev5 rude savages1 su* z ! ,bu%mans1 ,fuegians1 ,&aman ,isl&]s1 & ,au/ralian aborig9es1 seem (t5 to be lov+ly atta*$ to _! wives4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bhe4 ,i h dealt ) ?is subject 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #cef sqq4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ibid4 p4 #ceh sq4 #ecc ,! preval5ce ( pat]nal & m>ital affection acc\nts = ! orig9 ( ! family 7consi/+ ( p>5ts & *ildr571 & = ! functions ( ! man z fa!r & husb&4 ,! gr[+ int5sity ( ^! s5tim5ts has naturally increas$ ! /ability ( ! family tie2 & o!r factors1 ( a selfi% nature1 h contribut$ t[>ds ! same result4 ,f v>i\s po9ts ( view x is desirable = a man to h *ildr54 ,!y are to him objects ( pride2 :5 gr[n-up1 !y add to 8 safety & p[]2 !y support him :5 he gets old2 !y make (f]+s to 8 _s :5 he is dead4 ,& no less useful is ! possession ( a wife4 ,:5 ! g5]ative p[] is no long] re/rict$ to a c]ta9 season ( ! ye>1 %e becomes a la/+ cause ( s5sual delight2 %e is a "m ( *ildr52 %e manages ! h\sehold2 %e acts z a c>ri]1 %e works 9 ! field4 ,e social in/itution has a t5d5cy to become a matt] ( moral conc]n because ( ! p]si/5ce ( habit4 ,b ! simple/ pat]nal & m>ital duties h a deep] f\ndation ?an ! m]e =ce ( ! habitual4 ,if a man leaves 8 wife & *ildr5 )\t protection & support1 ! o!r memb]s ( ! community w sympa?ise ) !m1 & feel res5tm5t t[>ds ! neglectful husb& & fa!r4 ,he w be look$ ^u z ! cause ( _! suff]+s1 because he omitt$ to d :at o!r m5 9 8 position w\ld h done4 ,8 conduct w be repulsive to ev]yone :o himself possesses ^? s5tim5ts ( :i* he proves de/itute4 ,he w be held guilty ( a brea* ( contract1 s9ce by m>ry+ he took ^u himself ! burd5 ( ma9ta9+ 8 wife & _! common (fspr+4 ,to ?\ghtful m9ds 8 responsibility t[>ds 8 *ildr5 is fur!r increas$ by ! fact t he is ! au?or ( _! be+1 & = t reason ! s\rce ( _! mis]y4 ,f9ally1 ! community z a :ole w suff] by 8 neglig5ce4 ,! p>5ts' duty ( tak+ c>e ( _! (fspr+ la/s until ! latt] are able to %ift = !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! p>5ts1 9 _! turn1 get 9 ne$ ( #ecd support1 _! c>e is to be reciprocat$ by ! *ildr54 ,! practice ( kill+ or ab&on+ decrepit p>5ts is an exception ev5 9 ! savage _w1 &1 z we h se51 re/rict$ to extreme cases 9 :i* x may be reg>d$ z an act ( k9dness or ( h>d necessity4 ,!re are always savage peoples among :om ag$ p>5ts1 ?\gh suff]$ to live1 are said to be grossly neglect$ by _! *ildr54 ,b1 s f> z ,i "k1 ^! peoples are n num]\s1 & c h>dly be reg>d$ z repres5tatives ( a cu/om common to any l>g] e?nic gr\p4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,he>ne1 old age is ! greate/ calamity t c befall a ,nor!rn ,indian2 = :5 he is pa/ lab\r1 he is neglect$1 & treat$ ) great disrespect1 ev5 by 8 own *ildr54 ,!y n only s]ve him la/ at meals1 b g5]ally give him ! co>se/ & wor/ ( ! victuals2 & su* ( ! sk9s z !y d n *use to we>1 are made up 9 ! clumsie/ mann] into clo?+ = _! ag$ p>5ts4#de ,yet among ! same p ,ri*>dson witness$ sev]al unque/ionable in/ances ( t5d]ness & affection %[n by *ildr5 to _! p>5ts1 & ( compliance ) _! :ims1 mu* to _! own p]sonal inconv5i5ce4#df ,9 8 "w on ! tribes ( ,cali=nia ,mr4 ,p[]s obs]ves3--filial piety _c be said to be a di/+ui%+ quality ( ! ,wailakki1 or1 9 fact1 ( any ,indians4 ,no matt] h[ high may be _! /ation1 ! ag$ & decrepit are c\nt$ a burd54 ,! old man1 h]o ( a hundr$ battles1 sometime '"l ( ! lion he>t & eagle eye1' :5 8 fad+ eyesight no m c guide ! w+$ arr[ z ( yore1 is ignom9i\sly compell$ to accompany 8 sons into ! =e/1 & be> home on 8 poor old %\ld]s ! game !y h kill$4#dg ,b conc]n+ ! ,indians ( ,upp] ,cali=nia ,bee*ey writes1 ,:5 any ( _! relations are indispos$1 ! greate/ att5tion is paid to _! wants1 & x 0 rem>k$ by ,padre ,arroyo t filial affection is /rong] 9 ^! tribes ?an 9 any civilis$ nation on ! globe ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4#dh ,among ! ,indians on ! ea/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! ag$ are commonly treat$ ) mu* respect1 :i* !y consid] !mselves z entitl$ to claim2 & !y are n suff]$ to want any ?+ :i* !y ne$1 & :i* #ece x is 9 ! p[] ( _! relations to procure = !m4#di ,! religi\s tea*]s ( ! ,iroquois inculcat$ ! duty ( protect+ ag$ p>5ts1 z div9ely enjo9$3--,x is ! w ( ! ,great ,_s t y rev]5ce ! ag$1 ev5 ?\gh !y be z helpless z infants4#ej ,! ,aleuts describ$ by ,v5iam9( consid]$ disreg>d ( "o's p>5ts to be ! greate/ & mo/ di%on\rable ( crimes2 we %\ld s9c]ely love !m1 !y said1 d all we c\ld t[>d _! support1 rema9 ) !m1 & c>e = !m until _! dea?4#ea ,! *ildr5 ( ! ,c5tral ,eskimo are v dutiful1 obey+ ! wi%es ( _! p>5ts & tak+ c>e ( !m 9 _! old age2#eb & /atem5ts to ! same effect are made ) ref]5ce to o!r ,eskimo tribes4#ec ,cranz1 :o did n g5]ally panegyrise ! moral qualities ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 wrote t ! bonds ( filial & p>5tal love seem /rong] 9 !m ?an among/ o!r nations1 & t +ratitude 9 up-gr[n *ildr5 t[>ds _! old decrepit p>5ts1 is sc>cely exemplifi$ among !m4#ed ,among ! ,botocudos ,pr9ce ,wi$-,neuwi$ saw a "y man c>ry+ ab\t 8 bl9d fa!r1 n leav+ him alone = a s+le mom5t4#ee ,among ! ,fuegians gr[n-up *ildr5 are expect$ to support _! p>5ts :5 !y become ag$2 ! son g5]ally makes 8 fa!r1 if he is pa/ "w1 a canoe e season1 & if ! ag$ man is a wid[] he lives entirely "u ! *>ge ( 8 elde/ son4#ef ,! ,au/ralian natives are mu* prais$ = ! reg>d ) :i* !y treat _! p>5ts & eld]s4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,we/]n tribes1 ,bi%op ,salvado obs]ves3--,les fils adultes pay5t de ret\r l'affection de leurs p>5ts4 ,s'ils sont vieux1 ils rs]v5t p\r eux les meilleurs pices de gibi]1 ou de t\t autre mets1 et se *>g5t de v5g] leurs (f5ses4#eg ,among ! ,kukis ( ,india1 :5 pa/ "w1 ! fa!r & "m are support$ by _! *ildr54#eh ,among ! ,bd & ,dhimls x is #ecf deem$ %ameful to leave old p>5ts entirely alone2 & ! la/ ( ! sons1 :o by 8 dep>ture does s1 is liable to f9e z well z dis9h]itance4#ei ,among ! ,betsileo ( ,madagasc> ! old are nev] left de/itute or to _! own devices4 4 4 4 ,x is by no means uncommon to see ! son c>ry+ ! ag$ p>5t on 8 back1 :5 necessity or incl9ation dem&s locomotion4#fj ,among ! ,m&+oes ! ag$ :o are unable to support !mselves are always ma9ta9$ & treat$ ) respect by _! *ildr54#fa ,t uncivilis$ races commonly reg>d x a /r+5t duty = *ildr5 to ma9ta9 _! ag$ p>5ts & to adm9i/] to _! wants1 is also obvi\s f /atem5ts te/ify+ _! filial reg>d 9 g5]al t]ms4#fb ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t "s peoples are said to be defici5t 9 ?is s5tim5t1 does n imply t !y fail to recognise ! simple duty ( support+ old & helpless p>5ts4 ,footnote #de3 ,he>ne1 ,j\rney to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 p4 #cde sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #ag4 ,footnote #dg3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah sq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,bee*ey1 ,voyage to ! ,pacific & ,behr+'s ,/rait1 ii4 #djb4 ,footnote #di3 ,h>mon1 ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #ej3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #ea3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #eb3 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eff4 ,footnote #ec3 ,murdo*1 ',po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dag4 ,turn]1 ',ungava ,di/rict1' ibid4 xi4 #aia4 ,footnote #ed3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agd1 #aej4 ,cf4 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #adg2 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #ic4 ,footnote #ee3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dj4 ,footnote #ef3 ,bridges1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,firel&]s1' 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie1 p4 #bgg4 ,cf4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 iii4 #aee2 ,gason1 ',diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #beh2 ,ma!w1 ',au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #chh4 ,footnote #eh3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #ei3 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abc4 ,footnote #fj3 ,%aw1 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual1 iii4 #hb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,cailli1 op4 cit4 i4 #ceb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,see infra1 on ! ,subjection ( ,*ildr54 ,at a high] /age ( civilisation rev]5ce = p>5ts rea*es its pit*1 & ! duty ( ma9ta9+ !m 9 _! old age is tak5 = a matt] ( c\rse4 ,among ! pres5t ,h9dus x w\ld c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a mo/ disgraceful ?+ 7 a man :o c\ld d any?+ = ! support ( an ag$ fa!r or "m to all[ ! burd5 ( _! ma9t5ance to fall on /rang]s2#fc & x is common = unm>ri$ soldi]s to /9t !mselves almo/ to />vation po9t1 t !y may s5d home money to _! p>5ts4#fd ,! prie/hood ( mod]n ,buddhism tea* t *ildr5 %all respect _! p>5ts1 & p]=m all k9ds ( (fices = !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld h s]vants :om !y c\ld comm& to d all t !y require4#fe ,at anci5t ,a!ns1 be=e a man c\ld become a magi/rate1 evid5ce 0 to be produc$ t he _h treat$ 8 p>5ts prop]ly2 & a p]son :o refus$ 8 p>5ts food & dwell+ lo/ 8 "r ( speak+ 9 ! national assembly4#ff ,accord+ to #ecg ! ,icel&ic ,grgs1 a man %\ld ma9ta9 9 ! fir/ place 8 "m1 9 ! second 8 fa!r1 9 ! ?ird 8 own *ildr54#fg ,! ,talmud enjo9s ! duty ( ma9ta9+ p>5ts2#fh & s does ,muhamm$an law1 if ! p>5ts are bo? poor & la/+ly infirm1 or bo? poor & insane4#fi ,footnote #fc3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #fd3 ,moni] ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #ddj1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #fe3 ,h>dy1 op4 cit4 p4 #did4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #die4 ,footnote #ff3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #add4 ,footnote #fg3 ,grgs1 ,omaga-balkr1 #a1 vol4 i4 #bcb4 ,footnote #fh3 ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #fi3 ,sa*au1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag sq4 ,*ri/ianity1 z w be %[n1 9 "o ess5tial po9t *ang$ ! notions ( antiquity reg>d+ *ildr5's duties t[>ds _! p>5ts3 x made ^! duties subord9ate to m5's duties t[>ds ,god4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,!re is no man t ha? left h\se1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or fa!r1 or "m1 or wife1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = my sake1 & ! gospel's1 b he %all receive an hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is "t1 h\ses1 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 & mo!rs1 & *ildr51 & l&s1 ) p]secutions2 & 9 ! _w to come et]nal life4#gj ,!re are num]\s leg5ds & lives ( sa9ts 9 :i* ! des]tion ( ! ne>e/ relations is record$ z "o ( ! lead+ features ( _! sanctity1 & z "o ( _! *ief titles to hon\r4#ga ,"s ,ca?olic writ]s 7 ( op9ion t a man might lawfully ab&on 8 p>5ts1 ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld n be support$ )\t him1 & ent] religion1 committ+ ! c>e ( !m to ,god4 ,b ,?omas ,aqu9as says t ?is w\ld be tempt+ ,god1 add+ h[ev] t he :o has already pr(ess$ religion ought n1 on any plea ( support+ 8 p>5ts1 to quit ! cloi/] 9 :i* he is buri$ ) ,*ri/1 & entangle himself aga9 9 worldly bus9ess4#gb ,yet our duties t[>ds our p>5ts come next to our duties t[>ds ,god4 ,we ought to aid !m :5 9 want1 & to supplicate ,god 9 _! behalf t !y may lead prosp]\s & happy lives4#gc ,footnote #gj3 ,/4 ,m>k1 x4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,cf4 ,f>r]1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #gb3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aja4 #d4 ,footnote #gc3 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 iii4 #e4 #aj sq4 ,! duty ( support+ ag$ p>5ts has its root 9 #ech ! s5tim5ts ( affection1 gratitude1 & reg>d1 &1 to "s ext5t1 9 sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,h[ev] feeble !y be1 ! p>5ts h 9 _! h&s a p[]ful weapon--! curse2 or1 :5 !y are dead1 _! gho/s may av5ge _! wrongs on _! neglectful *ildr54 ,all ^! circum/ances w be discuss$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! subjection ( *ildr54 ,we h fur!r to consid] ! duty ( assi/+ bro!rs & si/]s & m di/ant relatives4 ,among ! ,aleuts1 says ,v5iam9(1 a bro!r mu/ always aid 8 bro!r 9 w> z well z 9 ! *ase1 & ea* protect ! o!r2 b if anybody1 disreg>d+ ?is natural law1 %\ld g to live ap>t1 c>+ only = himself1 su* a "o %\ld be disc>d$ by 8 relatives 9 case ( attack by enemies or animals1 or 9 "t ( /orms2 & su* di%on\rable conduct w\ld lead to g5]al contempt4#gd ,among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo ! old] *ildr5 take v good c>e ( ! small] ones2#ge & ( ! ,sia ,indians 7,pueblos7 we are told t a m>k$ trait is _! lov+ k9dness & c>e = y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s4#gf ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? writes3--,not)/&+ 4 4 4 t c]ta9 in/ances may be alleg$ :i* seem to demon/rate t ! "* ( ! ,d9ka is unfeel+1 ^! cases nev] ref] to su* z are b\nd by ! ties ( k9dr$4 ,p>5ts d n des]t _! *ildr51 nor are bro!rs fai?less to bro!rs1 b are ev] prompt to r5d] :atev] aid is possible4#gg ,i presume t ^! examples ( frat]nal relations may1 on ! :ole1 be reg>d$ z expressive ( univ]sal facts4 ,accord+ to ,confucius1 ! love :i* bro!r %\ld be> to bro!r is second only to t :i* is due f *ildr5 to p>5ts4#gh ,footnote #gd3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #ge3 ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dag4 ,footnote #gf3 ,/ev5son1 ',sia1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #bb4 ,footnote #gg3 ,s*we9fur?1 ,he>t ( ,africa1 i4 #afi4 ,footnote #gh3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #abc4 ,! duty ( assi/+ m di/ant relatives is mu* m v>iable4 ,x may be said t1 z a g5]al rule1 among #eci savages & b>b>ians--) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ^? :o live 9 small family-gr\ps--z also among ! peoples ( ar*aic culture1 ?is duty is m prom95t & ext5ds fur!r ?an among/ ourselves4 ,! blood-tie has mu* great] /r5g?1 relat$ families keep m closely toge!r = mutual protection & aid4 ,! ,angmagsaliks ( ,ea/]n ,gre5l&1 says ,lieut5ant ,holm1 consid] t ! tie ( blood imposes mutual assi/ance z a duty "u all circum/ances4#gi ,! ,omahas ma9ta9 t g5]osity _c be ex]cis$ t[>d k9dr$1 :o h a natural "r to our assi/ance4#hj ,among ! natives ( ,madagasc> ! claims ( relation%ip are di/9ctly recognis$ by cu/om & law4 ,if "o bran* ( a family becomes poor1 ! memb]s ( ! same family support him2 if he be sold into slav]y = debt1 !y (t5 unite 9 furni%+ ! price ( 8 r$emption4 4 4 4 ,! laws facilitate & enc\rage1 & sometimes ev5 en=ce1 su* acts ( k9dness4#ha ,9 8 description ( ! ,au/ralian ,bang]ang1 ,mr4 ,curr obs]ves1 ,?\gh _! ways 7 diff]5t f ours1 x always seem$ to me t ! bonds ( fri5d%ip betwe5 blood relations 7 /rong]1 z a rule1 ) savages ?an among/ ourselves4#hb ,among ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s families are v unit$1 & claims = help & protection are admitt$1 h[ev] di/ant ! relation%ip may be4#hc ,( ! ,burmans x is said1 ,no p c be m c>eful 9 pres]v+ & ackn[l$g+ ! bonds ( family relation%ip to ! remote/ degrees1 & n m]ely z a matt] ( =m1 b z involv+ ! duty ( mutual assi/ance4#hd ,among ! anci5t ,h9dus1 ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 p]sons belong+ to ! f\r g5]ations ( ne> relatives--! ,sap9das1 ,syng5eis1 ,an*i/eis1 or ,prop9qui--7 expect$ to assi/ #edj ea* o!r :5ev] x 0 ne$$4#he ,! ,sc&9avians consid]$ him to be a bad man :o did n help 8 k9dr$ aga9/ /rang]s1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 enmity betwe5 ! relatives4#hf ,footnote #gi3 ,holm1 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #hg4 ,footnote #hj3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ha3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #ach4 ,cf4 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #bef sq4 ,footnote #hb3 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #hc3 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #hd3 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #he3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #dg sqq41 #bca sqq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,ros5b]g1 ,nordbo]nes ,a&sliv1 i4 #dhh4 ,b ! duty ( help+ ! ne$y & protect+ ^? 9 dang] goes beyond ! limits ( ! family & ! k94 ,uncivilis$ peoples are1 z a rule1 describ$ z k9d t[>ds memb]s ( _! own community or tribe4 ,betwe5 !mselves *>ity is enjo9$ z a duty1 & g5]osity is prais$ z a virtue4 ,inde$1 _! cu/oms reg>d+ mutual aid are (t5 mu* m /r+5t ?an our own4 ,& ?is applies ev5 to ! l[e/ savages4#hg ,footnote #hg3 ,! preval5ce ( mutual aid 9 uncivilis$ communities has be5 duly emphasis$ by ,pr9ce ,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid1 p4 #gf sqq4 ,la disposition la gnrosit1 says ,m4 ,hyades1 e/ un trait *>actri/ique des ,fugi5s4 ,ils aim5t p>tag] ce qu'ils ont avec t\s ceux qui les ent\r5t4#hh ,capta9 ,w$dell likewise speaks ( ! philan?ropic pr9ciple :i* ^! p exhibit t[>ds "o ano!r4#hi ,bur*ell tells u t ! ,bu%mans1 betwe5 !mselves1 ex]cise ! virtues ( hospitality & g5]osity1 (t5 9 an extraord9>y degree4#ij ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon are fri5dly t[>ds ea* o!r1 & ready to help a p]son 9 di/ress4#ia ,! ,&amanese display mu* mutual affection 9 _! social relations1 & frequ5tly make pres5ts ( ! be/ t !y possess4 ,e c>e & consid]ation1 says ,mr4 ,man1 are paid by all classes to ! v "y1 ! weak1 ! ag$1 & ! helpless1 & ^!1 be+ made special objects ( int]e/ & att5tion1 inv>iably f>e bett] 9 reg>d to ! com=ts & necess>ies ( daily life ?an any ( ! o!rwise m =tunate memb]s ( ! community4#ib ,! ,au/ralian natives are almo/ univ]sally prais$ = _! fri5dly behavi\r t[>ds p]sons #eda belong+ to _! own p4#ic ,pres5ts giv5 to "o ( a gr\p are spe$ily divid$ z f> z possible among ! re/1 & :5 a black man has employm5t at a /ation he g5]ally gives away mo/ ( 8 e>n+s to 8 comrades 9 ! camp4#id ,betwe5 ! males ( a tribe1 says ,mr4 ,curr1 !re always exi/s a /rong feel+ ( bro!rhood1 s t1 come weal come woe1 a man c always calculate on ! aid1 9 dang]1 ( e memb] ( 8 tribe4#ie ,reg>d+ ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve t _! treatm5t ( "o ano!r is m>k$ on ! :ole by consid]able k9dness1 t is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( memb]s ( fri5dly gr\ps1 ) e n[ & !n ! p]petration ( acts ( cruelty4#if ,coll9s says t ! aborig9es ab\t ,botany ,bay & ,port ,jackson applaud$ acts ( k9dness & g5]osity1 = ( bo? ^! !y 7 capable4#ig ,footnote #hh3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bdc4 ,footnote #hi3 ,w$dell1 op4 cit4 p4 #afh4 ,accord+ to o!r au?orities1 ! ,fuegians1 ?\gh free f malevol5ce & cruelty1 are n di/+ui%$ = active b5evol5ce 7,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjh1 #bac4 ,bove1 ,patagonia1 pp4 #acc1 #acg4 ,lovisato1 ',appunti etnografici sulla ,t]ra del ,fuoco1' 9 ,cosmos di ,guida ,cora1 viii4 #ade1 #aea4 ,cf4 also ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 op4 cit4 vii4 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdc sq474 ,footnote #ij3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #ed4 ,footnote #ia3 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #ede1 #eej4 ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #ib3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ic sq4 ,cf4 ,portman1 ibid4 xxv4 #cfh4 ,footnote #ic3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #di4 ,hodgson1 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #hh4 ,oldfield1 ',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bbf4 ,eyre1 op4 cit4 ii4 #che sq4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgi4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #agf4 ,ma!w1 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #chg sq4 ,breton1 ,excursions 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bah4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bei4 ,wyatt1 ',mann]s & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,aborig9al ,tribes1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #afb4 ,s*u]mann1 ',aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1' ibid4 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bdg4 ,footnote #id3 ,s*u]mann1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bdd4 ,ridley1 ,kmil>i1 p4 #aeh4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 pp4 #aii1 #cdc4 ,/irl+1 ,report ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,an?ropology1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fb4 ,footnote #if3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ig3 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #edi4 ,pass+ to savages & b>b>ians :o h rea*$ a some:at high] level ( culture3--,we are told by ,mr4 ,catl91 ) ref]5ce to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 t1 to _! fri5ds1 !re are no p on e>? t are m k9d4#ih ,accord+ to ,adair1 !y are v k9d & lib]al to e "o ( _! own tribe1 ev5 to ! la/ morsel ( food !y enjoy2 ,nature's s*ool tea*es !m ! pla9 easy rule1 'd to o!rs1 z y w\ld be done by4'#ii ,h>mon praises ! g5]osity ( ! ,indians3--,!y are m ready1 9 proportion to _! means1 to assi/ a neighb\r :o may be 9 want1 ?an ! inhabitants1 g5]ally1 ( civilis$ c\ntries4 ,an ,indian r>ely kills an animal1 )\t s5d+ a "p ( x to a neighb\r if he has "o ne> him4#ajj ,! ,naud[essies supply ! defici5cy ( _! fri5ds ) any sup]fluity ( _! own1 & 9 dang]s !y readily give assi/ance to ^? ( _! b& #edb :o /& 9 ne$ ( x1 )\t any expectation ( return4#aja ,among ! ,iroquois k9dness to ! orphan1 hospitality to all1 & a common bro!rhood1 7 among ! doctr9es held up = acceptance by _! religi\s in/ructors2 an ,iroquois w\ld surr5d] 8 d9n] to fe$ ! hungry1 vacate 8 b$ to refre% ! we>y1 & give up 8 app>el to clo! ! nak$4#ajb ,among ! ,omahas grades ( m]it or brav]y 7 ( two sorts3 to ! fir/ class belong$ su* z _h giv5 to ! poor on _m occasions1 & _h invit$ gue/s to _m fea/s4 ,to ! second class belong$ ^? :o1 besides hav+ done ^! ?+s _m times1 _h kill$ sev]al ( ! foe1 & _h br\ght home _m horses4 ,:5 a p]son sees a poor man or woman1 !y said1 he %\ld make pres5ts to ! un=tunate be+2 ?us he c ga9 ! goodwill ( ,wak&a z well z t ( 8 own p4#ajc ,! ,ahts ( ,vanc\v] ,isl& succ\r any "o 9 ne$ ( help1 )\t look+ = any ult]ior b5efit4#ajd ,! ,aleuts 7 in/ruct$ to be k9d to o!rs & to refra9 f selfi%ness2 x 0 ! cu/om = ! successful hunt] or fi%]1 p>ticul>ly 9 times ( sc>city1 to %>e 8 prize ) all1 n only tak+ no l>g] %>e1 b (t5 less ?an ! o!rs4#aje ,among ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait1 :5ev] a successful trad] accumulates prop]ty & food1 & is kn[n to "w solely = 8 own welf>e1 he becomes an object ( enmity & hatr$ among 8 fell[-villag]s1 :i* ends 9 "o ( two ways--! villag]s may compel him to make a fea/ & di/ribute 8 goods1 or !y may kill him & divide 8 prop]ty among !mselves4#ajf ,accord+ to ! ,gre5l& cre$1 all ^? :o _h /riv5 & suff]$ = ! b5efit ( _! fell[-m5 %\ld f9d a happy exi/5ce aft] dea? 9 ! abodes ( ! supreme be+1 ,torn>suk4#ajg ,! ,gre5l&]1 says ,dr4 ,nans51 is ! mo/ compassionate ( creatures ) reg>d to 8 neighb\r4 ,8 fir/ social law is to help o!rs4#ajh ,capta9 ,hall holds an equally fav\rable op9ion ( ^? ,eskimo ) :om he came 9 contact4 ,z betwe5 !mselves1 he says1 !re c be no p exce$+ !m 9 ?is virtue k9dness ( he>t4 ,take1 = in/ance1 times ( great sc>city ( food4 ,if "o family happ5s to h any provisions on #edc h&1 ^! are %>$ ) all _! neighb\rs4 ,if "o man is successful 9 captur+ a seal1 ?\gh 8 family may ne$ x all to save !m f ! pangs ( hung]1 yet ! :ole ( 8 p ab\t1 includ+ ! poor1 ! wid[1 ! fa!rless1 are at once invit$ to a seal-fea/4#aji ,!y believe t all ,innuits :o h be5 good1 t is1 :o h be5 k9d to ! poor & hungry1 w aft] dea? g to ,koodlep>miung1 or heav51 :]eas ^? :o h be5 bad1 t is1 unk9d to "o ano!r1 w g to ,adlep>meun1 or hell4#aaj ,_m ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican peoples are prais$ = _! k9d disposition ( m9d2#aaa ! ,guiana ,indians seem$ to a ,*ri/ian mission>y to be g5]\s to a fault4#aab ,! ,c>ibs _h all _! int]e/s 9 common1 liv$ 9 great h>mony1 & lov$ ea* o!r he>tily4#aac ,footnote #ih3 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bda4 ,footnote #ii3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 pp4 #dca1 #dbi4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,h>mon1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #aja3 ,c>v]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 pp4 #agb1 #cbi4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #ccc1 #bgd4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ',si\an ,sociology1' ibid4 xv4 #bcb 7,kansas74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #aje3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee1 & ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cje4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,r9k1 ,gre5l&1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cjd4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #ccd2 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 pp4 #aaf1 #agg2 ,eg$e1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abc1 #abf sq4 ,footnote #aji3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #efg4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ibid4 p4 #ega sq4 ,footnote #aaa3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #bag1 #fda 7,gu>ayos1 ,macusis74 ,mu/]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie 7,patagonians74 ,footnote #aab3 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #aac3 de ,poircy-,ro*e=t1 ,hi/oire naturelle et morale des ,iles ,antilles1 p4 #dfj4 ,among ! ,tonga ,isl&]s ! s5tim5t ( humanity1 or a fell[-feel+ = "o ano!r1 is univ]sally approv$4 ,!y are n only n selfi%1 b admire lib]ality1 & are practically lib]al4 ,:5 any "o is ab\t to eat1 he always %>es :at he has ) ^? ab\t him )\t any hesitation1 & n to d s w\ld be consid]$ exce$+ly vile & selfi%4 ,s1 also1 if "o *ief sees some?+ 9 ! possession ( ano!r1 :i* he has a /rong desire to h1 he has only to ask him = x1 & 9 all probability x is readily & lib]ally giv54#aad ,n ev5 ! ,fijians1 :o took great pa9s to in/il into ! m9ds ( _! y\? a contempt = compassionate impulses & an admiration = rel5tless cruelty1#aae 7 de/itute ( humanity & fri5dly feel+s4#aaf ,9 ,aneiteum1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! p believ$ t ! s9 :i* w\ld be visit$ ) ! sev]e/ puni%m5t 9 ! l& ( ! dead 0 /+9ess or nigg>dl9ess 9 giv+ away food1 & t ! virtue :i* receiv$ ! highe/ rew>d 0 a g5]\s hospitality & a giv+ lib]ally at fea/s4#aag ,9 ,tana1 ano!r isl& belong+ to ! same gr\p1 "o man has only to ask any?+ f 8 neighb\rs1 & he gets x4#aah ,( ! ,new ,cal$onians ,mr4 ,atk9son /ates t1 among !mselves1 !y are ( a g5]osity t seems to arise ma9ly f av]sion to refuse any reque/4#aai ,! ,dyaks are describ$ z hospitable1 #edd k9dly1 & humane1 to a degree :i* well might %ame ourselves2#abj :il/ ! practice ( head-hunt+ is c>ri$ on by e tribe at ! exp5se ( its neighb\r1 ! memb]s ( ea* community h /rong feel+s ( sympa?y = ea* o!r4#aba ,among ! ,sea ,dyaks1 says ,grassl&1 if any are sick or unable to "w1 ! re/ help2 & !re seems to me a mu* /rong] bond ( union among/ !m ?an ,i h ev] se5 among ! lab\r+ classes 9 ,engl&4#abb ,footnote #aad3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aec1 #aed1 #afe4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ibid4 pp4 #bdg1 #bgc4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ic1 #aae sq4 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #aag3 ,+lis1 ,9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #aah3 ,campbell1 ,a ,ye> 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #aai3 ,atk9son1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xiv4 #bdh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #aba3 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #baj sq4 ,brooke1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak1 i4 #eg4 ,footnote #abb3 ,crossl&1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #he4 ,! ,santals are g5tle & v oblig+1 & sociable to a fault among _! own p4#abc ,! ,hos are *>itable to ^? des]v+ aid4#abd ,! ,todas believe t1 aft] dea?1 ! s\ls ( good p w h enjoym5t 9 heav51 :il/ ! s\ls ( bad p w suff] puni%m5t2 a good man is1 9 ! ,toda e/imation1 "o :o is giv5 to de$s ( *>ity1 & a bad man "o :o is un*>itable 7?is 9 ord] ( prec$5ce71 qu>relsome1 ?iev+1 c4#abe ,mr4 ,bat*elor /ates t a m k9d1 g5tle1 & sympa!tic p ?an ! ,a9os ( ,japan w\ld be v difficult to f9d2 any?+ giv5 to !m !y always divide ) _! fri5ds4#abf ,! ,samoy$es are ready to %>e _! la/ morsel ) _! companions2 & x is said t nobody c surpass ! poor ,o/yak 9 b5evol5ce & o!r virtues ( ! he>t4#abg ,! f9e/ trait 9 ! "* ( a ,b$\9 7next to good fai?71 ,burckh>dt obs]ves1 is 8 k9dness1 b5evol5ce1 & *>ity4 4 4 4 ,among !mselves1 ! ,b$\9s con/itute a nation ( bro!rs2 (t5 qu>rell+1 x mu/ be own$1 ) ea* o!r1 b ev] ready1 :5 at peace1 to give mutual assi/ance4#abh ,g5]osity is a virtue :i* always comm&s p>ticul> respect 9 ! des]t4#abi ,! ,arabs ( ! ,s\dan h a say+ t y mu/ always put o!r p's ?+s on y\r head1 & y\r own "u y\r arm4 ,!n1 if !re be dang] ( ! ?+s fall+ (f y\r head1 y mu/ raise y\r arm1 & let fall y\r own ?+s to save ^? ( o!rs4#acj ,footnote #abc3 ,man1 ,son?alia1 p4 #ai sq4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #bae4 ,footnote #abd3 ,tickell1 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 7pt4 ii47 #hjg4 ,footnote #abe3 ,?ur/on1 ',todas ( ! ,nilgiris1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 i4 #aff sq4 ,footnote #abf3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #ai4 ,holl&1 ',a9os1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #bce4 ,footnote #abg3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 i4 #bch2 ii4 #ee4 ,footnote #abh3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #abi3 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iii4 #bdd4 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bbd4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ri*>dson1 ,mission to ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #aag4 #ede ,! ,b>ea are a b5evol5t p1 k9d ev5 to /rang]s4#aca ,! ,manganja1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lake ,nyassa1 are g5]\s 9 ! di/ribution ( food1 & ev5 :5 />v+ !y %>e ! la/ morsel ) _! fri5ds4#acb ,sir ,h4 ,john/on says t he has nev] met ) a m k9dly1 s5sible1 consid]ate set ( be+s ?an ! ,wa-taveita4#acc ,! ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans1 ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,macdonald obs]ves1 are n m]e animals compos$ ( gre$ & selfi%ness4 ,!y (t5 %ew great brav]y & devot$ness4 ,i c po9t to "o man :o sav$ my life on ?ree sep>ate occasions at ! risk ( 8 own4#acd ,among ! ,be*uanas a reg>d = ! poor1 = wid[s1 & = orphans1 is ev]y:]e consid]$ to be a sacr$ duty4#ace ,among all ! virtues ! ,basutos appreciate none m ?an k9dness4 ,!y h a say+ t "o l9k only s\nds because ( ano!r--:i* implies t we _c d )\t ! help ( our fell[-creatures1--& ano!r say+ t "o does n sk9 "o's game )\t %[+ x to "o's fri5ds--t is1 :5 we h be5 successful 9 our und]tak+s1 x becomes u to be g5]\s4 ,if any food is br\ght to !m :ile !y are 9 ea* o!r's society1 h[ev] small may be ! quantity1 e "o mu/ h a ta/e4#acf ,! ,kafirs are a k9dly race2 ,li*t5/e9 says t :5ev] anyone kills an ox he mu/ invite all 8 neighb\rs to p>take ( x1 & !y rema9 8 gue/s till ! :ole is eat54#acg ,( ! ,hott5tots ,kolb5 /ates3--,!y are c]ta9ly ! mo/ fri5dly1 ! mo/ lib]al1 & ! mo/ b5evol5t p to "o ano!r t ev] appe>'d ^u e>? 4 4 4 4 ,!y are *>m$ ) opportunities ( oblig+ ea* o!r1 & "o ( _! greate/ pleasures lies 9 int]*ang+ gifts & good (fices4#ach ,a ,hott5tot1 says ,b>r[1 w\ld %>e 8 la/ morsel ) 8 companions4#aci ,drury wrote ( ! p ( ,madagasc>3--,!y c]ta9ly treat "o ano!r ) m humanity ?an we d4 ,"h is no "o mis]able1 if x is 9 ! p[] ( 8 neighb\rs to help him4 ,"h is love1 t5d]ness1 & g5]osity :i* might #edf %ame u2 & 4 4 4 4 ?is is 4 4 4 4 all ov] ! isl&4#adj ,ellis likewise obs]ves t1 9 ,madagasc>1 assi/+ 9 di/ress1 & l5d+ & borr[+ prop]ty & money1 are c>ri$ on mu* m commonly & freely ?an among/ neighb\rs or relatives 9 ,engl&1 & t a k9dness ( he>t 9 ^! ?+s is always e/eem$ excell5t4#ada ,footnote #aca3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ecd4 ,footnote #acb3 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #acc3 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dcf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #bgj1 #bff4 ,footnote #ace3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #acf3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 pp4 #bjf1 #bjg1 #cja1 #cjf1 #cji sqq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #bjc4 ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bgb4 ,footnote #ach3 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #ccd sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #afg4 ,footnote #aci3 ,b>r[1 ,travels into ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #aea4 ,footnote #adj3 ,drury1 ,adv5tures dur+ ,fifte5 ,ye>s' ,captivity on ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc>1 p4 #agb sq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aci4 ,= o!r ,african in/ances1 see ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #ag 7,m&+oes72 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cjc 7,yoruba72 ,idem1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #ajf 7,mpongwe72 ,monrad1 ,gu9ea-,ky/5 og d5s ,indbygg]e1 p4 #g2 ,john/on1 ,riv] ,congo1 p4 #dbc 7races ( ! ,upp] ,congo72 ,wilson & ,felk91 op4 cit4 i4 #bbe 7,wag&a74 ,among _m savages ! old p1 9 p>ticul>1 h a claim to support & assi/ance1 n only f _! own *ildr5 or relatives1 b f ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! community g5]ally4 ,among ! ,au/ralian natives ! old m5 get ! be/ & l>ge/ %>e ( ev]y?+1 & are all[$ to monopolise ! y\nge/ & be/-look+ wom51 :il/ a "y man mu/ consid] himself =tunate if he c get an old woman = wife4#adb ,among ! ,tonga ,isl&]s e ag$ man & woman enjoys ! att5tions & s]vices ( ! y\ng] bran*es ( society4#adc ,9 ! ,k+smill ,isl&s g5]osity1 hospitality1 & att5tion to ! ag$ & infirm are virtues highly e/eem$ & g5]ally practis$ among all ! natives4#add ,among ! ,kafirs1 :5 p]sons advanc$ 9 ye>s become sick & helpless1 ev]yone is eag] to af=d !m assi/ance4#ade ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,aleuts1 feeble old m5 mu/ be respect$ & att5d$ :5 !y ne$ aid1 & ! "y & /rong %\ld give !m a %>e ( _! booty & help !m ?r\gh all _! tr\bles1 endeav\r+ to obta9 9 ex*ange _! good advice only4#adf ,footnote #adb3 ,eyre1 op4 cit4 ii4 #che sq4 ,ma!w1 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #djg4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #afc4 ,cf4 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bdh2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #ach2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #adc3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #add3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ade3 ,li*t5/e91 op4 cit4 i4 #bfe4 ,footnote #adf3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,! sick1 also1 are (t5 v c>efully att5d$ to4 ,among ! coa/ tribes ( ,briti% ,columbia ,mr4 ,duncan always f\nd "o or two nurses to an invalid1 if ! case 0 #edg at all bad2 ! sympa?y ( ! nurses1 too1 seem$ v great4#adg ,bee*ey says ( ! wild ,indians ( ,upp] ,cali=nia3--,! v great c>e tak5 ( all ^? :o are affect$ ) any disease ought n to be all[$ to escape a rem>k4 ,:5 any ( _! relations are indispos$1 ! greate/ att5tion is paid to _! wants4#adh ,keat+ notic$ ! k9d & humane treatm5t :i* ! ,potawatomis ext5d$ ev5 to ! idiots4#adi ,! ,koriaks c>efully att5d ^? :o are sick4#aej ,! same is said ( ! ,a9os ( ,japan1#aea & ! ,tagbanuas ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4#aeb ,9 ,s>awak no relative is ab&on$ because an injury or illness may h incapacitat$ him = "w4#aec ,:5 a ,dyak is ill at home1 ! wom5 nurse ! pati5t 9 turn4#aed ,9 ,samoa ! treatm5t ( ! sick 0 inv>iably humane4#aee ,9 ,tana1#aef ,humphrey's ,isl&1#aeg ,erromanga1#aeh & ,tasmania1#aei !y 7 likewise k9dly att5d$ to2 & ! same is ! case at lea/ among _m ( ! ,au/ralian tribes4#afj ,conc]n+ ! aborig9es ( ,h]b]t ,riv]1 9 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&1 ,lumholtz writes3--,! natives are v k9d & sympa!tic t[>ds ^? :o are ill1 & !y c>ry !m f camp to camp4 ,?is is ! only noble trait ,i discov]$ 9 ! ,au/ralian natives4#afa ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,au/ralia ! bl9d1 & especially ! ag$ bl9d1 are c>efully t5d$2 travell]s on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! cont95t h notic$ t ^! are g5]ally ! fatte/ ( ! company1 be+ suppli$ ) ! be/ ( ev]y?+4#afb ,no trait 9 ! "* ( ! ,malagasy1 says ,ellis1 is m cr$itable to _! humanity1 & m gratify+ to our b5evol5t feel+s1 ?an ! k9d1 pati5t1 & affectionate mann] 9 :i* !y att5d ^u ! sick4#afc ,a simil> praise is be/[$ ^u ! #edh ,m&+oes#afd & ,kafirs4#afe ,among ! ,zulus1 says ,mr4 ,j4 ,tyl]1 "w1 h[ev] important1 is at once susp5d$ t !y may help _! afflict$ fri5ds4#aff ,footnote #adg3 ,duncan1 quot$ by ,mayne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #bib sq4 ,footnote #adh3 ,bee*ey1 op4 cit4 ii4 #djb4 ,footnote #adi3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #ajj4 ,footnote #aej3 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #aea3 von ,siebold1 ,die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #did4 ,footnote #aec3 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ii4 #cbc4 ,footnote #aed3 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #aee3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ada4 ,cf4 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #aef3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ibid4 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,rob]tson1 ,erromanga1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #aei3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #dg4 ,bonwick1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #afj3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bhd 7,we/ ,au/ralian natives74 ,s*u]mann1 ',aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #afa3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ridley1 ,kmil>i1 p4 #afi4 ,eyre1 op4 cit4 ii4 #chb ,b>r+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bc4 ,/irl+1 op4 cit4 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #afc3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #bca sq4 ,footnote #afd3 ,cailli1 op4 cit4 i4 #ced4 ,footnote #afe3 ,li*t5/e91 op4 cit4 i4 #bff4 ,footnote #aff3 ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aie4 ,:il/ ! in=mation :i* ,i h be5 able to ga!r on ! social cu/oms ( uncivilis$ races seems to indicate t1 9 ! majority ( cases1 mutual k9dness & goodwill prevail )9 _! communities1 !re are n want+ /atem5ts ( a diff]5t "*4 ,b ^! /atem5ts are1 aft] all1 exceptional1 & "s ( !m are ei!r ambigu\s or obvi\sly inexact4 ,only too (t5 travell]s repres5t to u ! savage1 n z he is 9 8 daily life amid/ 8 own p1 b z he behaves t[>ds 8 enemy1 or t[>ds a /rang] :o ent]s 8 c\ntry un9vit$4 ,z an exp]i5c$ obs]v] rem>ks1 ! savage1 passionate & furi\s ) ! feel+ ( rev5ge1 slaught]+ & dev\r+ 8 enemy & dr9k+ 8 blood1 is no long] ! same be+ z :5 cultivat+ 8 fields 9 peace2 & x w\ld be z unju/ to e/imate 8 g5]al "* by 8 actions 9 ^! mom5ts ( unre/ra9$ passion1 z to judge ( ,europeans by ! excesses ( an excit$ soldi]y or an infuriat$ mob4#afg ,moreov]1 _m acc\nts ( savages date f a p]iod :5 !y h already be5 affect$ by contact ) a high] culture1 z we call x1 a culture :i* almo/ univ]sally has prov$ to ex]cise a det]iorat+ influ5ce on ! "* ( ! l[] races4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 = in/ance1 !re 0 m good-w1 hospitality1 & *>ity1 practis$ t[>ds "o ano!r be=e :ite p came & resid$ among !m2#afh :]eas contact ) civilisation has made !m false1 suspici\s1 av>ici\s & h>d-he>t$4#afi ,z has be5 truly said1 se>* mod]n hi/ory1 & 9 ! ,nor? #edi & ,s\? & ,ea/ & ,we/ ! /ory is ev] ! same--we come1 we civilise1 & we corrupt or ext]m9ate4#agj ,footnote #afg3 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #acj sq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,w>r51 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aci4 ,footnote #afi3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #agj3 ,boyle1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 ,among ! semi-civilis$ & civilis$ nations *>ity has univ]sally be5 reg>d$ z a duty1 & has (t5 be5 /r5u\sly enjo9$ by _! religions4 ,:5 ,spa9 & ,p]u fir/ came into contact1 ! ,am]icans surpass$ ! ,spani>ds 9 bro!rly love & sy/ematic c>e = ! ne$y4 ,!y _h a poor-law accord+ to :i* ! bl9d1 lame1 ag$1 & infirm1 :o c\ld n till _! own l&s s z to clo! & fe$ !mselves1 %\ld receive su/5ance f ! public /ores4#aga ,! anci5t ,mexicans1 accord+ to ,clavig]o1 seem$ to give )\t reluctance :at _h co/ !m ! utmo/ lab\r to acquire4#agb ,! great virtue ( ! ,coreans is _! innate respect = & daily practice ( ! laws ( human bro!rhood4 ,mutual assi/ance & g5]\s hospitality among !mselves are di/9ctive national traits4#agc ,accord+ to ,*9ese law1 all poor de/itute wid[]s & wid[s1 ! fa!rless & *ildless1 ! helpless & ! infirm1 %all receive suffici5t ma9t5ance & protection f ! magi/rates ( _! native city or di/rict1 :5ev] !y h nei!r relations nor connections ^u :om !y c dep5d = support4#agd ,b5evol5ce1 said ,confucius1 is m to man ?an ei!r wat] or fire4#age ,to assi/ ! ne$y1 to fe$ ! hungry1 to clo! ! nak$1 to succ\r ! sick1 to save m5 9 dang]--^! & simil> acts ( k9dness are1 accord+ to ,*9ese beliefs1 m]its :i* w be rew>d$ by ! unse5 p[]s t wat* human conduct1 :]eas ! un*>itable & p>simoni\s are ?reat5$ ) div9e puni%m5ts4#agf ,9 a book ( ,buddhi/ic-,confucian flav\r1 #eej z famili> to ! y\? ( ,japan z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is to u1 x is said1 ,above all ?+s1 m5 mu/ practise *>ity2 x is by almsgiv+ t wisdom is f$4#agg ,accord+ to ! ,dhammapada1 ! un*>itable d n g to ! _w ( ! gods2 fools only d n praise lib]ality2 a wise man rejoices 9 lib]ality1 & ?r\gh x becomes bless$ 9 ! o!r _w4#agh ,inde$1 9 ! didactic poetry ( ,buddhism ! virtue ( b5efic5ce occupies ! mo/ prom95t place2 )\t any reg>d to :at is ! measure ( ! real b5efit !reby ext5d$ to ! recipi5t ( ! gift1 ! leg5ds set be=e u z a duty ! mo/ unb\nd$ g5]osity1 pu%$ ev5 to ! extreme ( self-de/ruction4#agi ,& 9 its conception ( *>ity & lib]ality1 z 9 all o!r po9ts ( worldly morality1 ,buddhism does n diff] f ! /&>d recognis$ 9 ,india s9ce anci5t times4#ahj ,already 9 ! ,v$ic hymns praise is be/[$ on ^? :o f _! abundance will+ly disp5se to ! ne$y1 on ^? :o d n turn away f ! hungry1 on ^? :o are k9d to ! poor4#aha ,9 ! ,hitopadesa x is said t ! good man %[s pity ev5 to ! wor?less1 z ! moon does n )draw its light ev5 f a memb] ( ! l[e/ ca/e4#ahb ,! sacr$ law-books ( ,india are full ( prescriptions enjo9+ almsgiv+ z a duty on all twice-born m54#ahc ,a h\sehold] mu/ give z mu* food z he is able to sp>e to ^? :o d n cook = !mselves1 & to all be+s "o mu/ di/ribute food )\t detrim5t to "o's own int]e/4#ahd ,! /ud5t %\ld always )\t slo? give alms out ( :atev] he has = food4#ahe ,! ,brhmana :o has complet$ 8 /ud5t%ip %\ld )\t tir+ p]=m works ( #eea *>ity ) fai?4#ahf ,almsgiv+ conf]s m]it on ! giv]1 x frees him f guilt1 x de/roys s92#ahg = :atev] purpose a man be/[s any gift1 = t purpose he receives 9 8 next bir? ) due hon\r its rew>d4#ahh ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o cooks = himself alone eats no?+ b s94#ahi ,speak+ ( ! mod]n ,h9dus1 ,mr4 ,wilk9s obs]ves3--,! *>ity ( ! ,h9dus is great4 4 4 4 ,!re is no poor-law 9 ,india1 no gu>dians ( ! poor1 no workh\ses1 except+ = ! ,europeans 9 ! ,presid5cy t[ns4 ,! poor ( a family1 ! halt1 ! lame1 ! bl9d1 ! weak1 ! insane1 are provid$ = by _! family1 if x is at all able to d x2 9 cases :]e !re are few or no relatives1 !n ! burd5 is tak5 up by o!rs4 ,x is a '"w ( m]it4'#aij ,footnote #aga3 ,g>cilasso de fa ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 ii4 #cd4 ,footnote #agb3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #ha4 ,footnote #agc3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 lxxxix4 p4 #ic4 ,on ! *>itable in/itutions ( ! ,*9ese1 see ,/aunton1 ibid4 p4 #ic n4 992 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #ahf sq4 ,footnote #age3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #agf3 ',m]its & ,errors ,scrut9iz$1' 9 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #aei1 #afa sqq4 ,?i ,%ang1 #c4 ',div9e ,panorama1' 9 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgd1 #cgi4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 pp4 #bei1 #bgb sq4 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #dh4 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #hi sq4 ,footnote #agg3 ,*amb]la91 ,?+s ,japanese1 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #agh3 ,dhammapada1 #agg4 ,footnote #agi3 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,cf4 ,k]n1 ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aha3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #aag4 ,kaegi1 ,rigv$a1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,hitopadesa1 ,mitralbh1 #fc4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,gautama1 v4 #ba2 x4 #a sq4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lix4 #bh4 ,baudhyana1 ii4 #g4 #ac4 #e4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #ccc2 x4 #ge1 #gi2 xi4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #cb4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,anugt1 #ca4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #bbf4 ,cf4 ibid4 iv4 #bbg4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lix4 #ae1 #cj2 *4 xc4 sqq4 ,gautama1 xix4 #aa1 #af4 ,vasi%?a1 xx4 #dg2 xxii4 #h4 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #ie2 iv4 #bbi sqq42 xi4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #bcd4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lxvii4 #dc4 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #aah4 ,cf4 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #aag4 #f4 ,footnote #aij3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #daf sq4 ,( ! anci5t ,p]sians ,?ucydides said t !y pref]r$ giv+ to receiv+4#aia ,to be *>itable t[>ds ! poor ( _! own fai? 0 among !m a religi\s duty ( ! fir/ ord]4#aib ,zoroa/] ?us address$ ,v%tspa3--,let no ?\ght ( ,angra ,ma9yu ev] infect !e1 s t ?\ %\ld/ indulge 9 evil lu/s1 make d]ision & idolatry1 & %ut to ! poor ! door ( ?y h\se4#aic ,! holy ,srao%a is ! protector ( ! poor4#aid ,9 ! ,%ya/ x is said t ! clo?+ ( ! s\l 9 ! next _w is =m$ out ( almsgiv+4#aie ,footnote #aia3 ,?ucydides1 ii4 #ig4 #d4 ,footnote #aib3 ,see ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 #afd sqq42 ,mills1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxxi4 p4 xxii4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ya/s1 xxiv4 #cg4 ,footnote #aid3 ,ibid4 xi4 #c4 ,footnote #aie3 ,%ya/ ,l-,%ya/1 xii4 #d4 ,cf4 ,bundahis1 xxx4 #bh4 ,x seems t among ! anci5t ,egyptians *>ity 0 consid]$ no less m]itori\s4#aif ,! god1 ,m4 ,masp]o obs]ves1 does n conf9e 8 fav\r to ! prosp]\s & ! p[]ful ( ?is _w2 he be/[s x also ^u #eeb ! poor4 ,8 w is t !y be f$ & clo!d1 & exempt$ f tasks beyond _! /r5g?2 t !y be n oppress$1 & t unnecess>y te>s be sp>$ !m4#aig ,9 ! memorial inscriptions1 :]e ! dead plead _! good de$s1 *>ity is (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,i h>m$ n a *ild1 says "o ,egyptian1 ,i injur$ n a wid[2 !re 0 nei!r begg> nor ne$y 9 my "t2 none 7 hung]$1 wid[s 7 c>$ = z ?\gh _! husb&s 7 /ill alive4#aih ,9 ! inscription 9 hon\r ( a lady :o _h be5 *>itable to p]sons ( h] own sex1 :e!r girls1 wives1 or wid[s1 x is said1 ,! god rew>d$ me = ?is1 rejoic+ me ) ! happ9ess :i* he has grant$ me = walk+ aft] 8 way4#aii ,footnote #aif3 ,brugs*1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs1 i4 #bi sq4 ,tiele1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #bbf sq4 ,r5\f1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ,egypt1 p4 #gb sqq4 ,aml9eau1 ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypt ,anci5ne1 pp4 #ade1 #ced4 ,footnote #aig3 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #aia4 ,cf4 ,s*iapp>elli1 ,del s5tim5to religioso degli anti*i egiziani1 p4 #ah2 ,aml9eau1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #aih3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #aii3 ,r5\f1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge4 ,*>ity 0 urg5tly insi/$ ^u by ! religi\s law ( ! ,hebrews4#bjj ,?\ %alt op5 ?9e h& wide unto ?y bro!r1 to ?y poor1 & to ?y ne$y1 9 ?y l&2 = ?is ?+ ! ,"l ?y ,god %all bless !e 9 all ?y works1 & 9 all t ?\ putte/ ?9e h& unto4#bja ,ev5 if ?9e enemy be hungry1 give him bread to eat2 & if he be ?ir/y1 give him wat] to dr9k3 4 4 4 ! ,"l %all rew>d !e4#bjb ,especially 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha & 9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature almsgiv+ assum$ an excessive prom95ce--s mu* s t ! ^w :i* 9 ! old] writ+s means righte\sness 9 g5]al1 came to be us$ = almsgiv+ 9 p>ticul>4#bjc ,%ut up alms 9 ?y /oreh\ses3 & x %all deliv] !e f all affliction4#bjd ,z wat] w qu5* a flam+ fire1 s alms make? an atonem5t = s9s4#bje ,= alms do? deliv] f dea?1 & %all purge away all s94 ,^? t ex]cise alms & #eec righte\sness %all be fill$ ) life4#bjf ,! *>itable man is rew>d$ ) ! bir? ( male issue4#bjg ,almsgiv+ is equal 9 value to all o!r comm&m5ts4#bjh ,he :o av]ts 8 eyes f *>ity commits a s9 equal to idolatry4#bji ,to su* an extreme 0 almsgiv+ c>ri$ on by ! ,jews1 t "s ,rabbis at l5g? decre$ t no man %\ld give above a fif? "p ( 8 goods 9 *>ity4#baj ,footnote #bjj3 ,deut]onomy1 xiv4 #bi2 xv4 #g sqq42 xvi4 #aa1 #ad4 ,leviticus1 xix4 #i sq42 xxv4 #ce4 ,footnote #bja3 ,deut]onomy1 xv4 #aa1 #aj4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,prov]bs1 xxv4 #ba sq4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,addis1 ',alms1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #aah4 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #dhd sq4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxix4 #ab4 ,footnote #bje3 ,ibid4 iii4 #cj4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,tobit1 xii4 #i4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #c1 #af2 ii4 #ad2 iv4 #g sqq42 xii4 #h4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,bava ,ba?ra1 fol4 #aj ,b1 quot$ by ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,rab ,assi1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ',alms1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dce4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ke?ubo?1 fol4 #fh ,a1 quot$ by ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #baj3 ,katz1 op4 cit4 p4 #db4 ,almsgiv+1 pray]1 & fa/+ 7 ! ?ree c>d9al discipl9es :i* ! synagogue transmitt$ to bo? ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & ! ,muhamm$an mosque4#baa ,accord+ to ,islam1 ! duty next 9 importance to pray] is t ( giv+ alms4#bab ,muhamm$ repeat$ly ann\nces t ! pa? :i* leads to ,god is ! help+ ( ! orphans & ! reliev+ ( ! poor4#bac ,ye _c atta9 to righte\sness until ye exp5d 9 alms ( :at ye love4#bad ,^? :o exp5d _! weal? by night & day1 secretly & op5ly1 !y %all h _! hire ) _! "l4#bae ,x is said t pray] c>ries u half-way to ,god1 fa/+ br+s u to ! door ( ,8 palace1 & alms procure u admission4#baf ,c]ta9 alms1 call$ ,zakt1 are prescrib$ by law2 x is an indisp5sable duty = e ,muhamm$an ( full age to be/[ 9 *>ity ab\t "o-=tie? ( all su* prop]ty z has be5 a ye> 9 8 possession1 provid$ t he has suffici5t = 8 subsi/5ce & has an income equival5t to ab\t #e p] annum4#bag ,o!r *>itable gifts are volunt>y1 & conf] m]it ^u ! giv]4 ,footnote #baa3 ,cf4 ,tobit1 xii4 #h2 ,kohl]1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dce4 ,footnote #bab3 ,see ,sale's ',prelim9>y ,disc\rse1' 9 ,:]ry1 ,comm5t>y on ! ,qurn1 i4 #agb2 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #bac3 ,koran1 ii4 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bge2 viii4 #db2 ix4 #fj2 xc4 #ab1 #ad sq42 xciii4 #f sqq42 c4 ,footnote #bad3 ,ibid4 iii4 #hf4 ,footnote #bae3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bge ,footnote #baf3 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #bag3 ,ibid4 p4 #bhc4 ,palm]1 ',introduction' to 8 translation ( ,! ,qur'n1 i4 p4 lxxiii4 ,ame] ,ali1 ,life & ,tea*+ ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #bfh4 ,by ,*ri/ianity *>ity ( ! religi\s type :i* we #eed f9d 9 ! ,ea/ 0 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,we h c]ta9ly no reason to blame ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans = neglect+ _! poor4 ,among !m slav]y 9 a great measure replac$ paup]ism2 & :at slav]y did = ! v poor1 ! ,roman sy/em ( cli5tage did = ^? ( a some:at high] rank4#bah ,moreov]1 ! relief ( ! indig5t 0 an important function ( ! ,/ate4#bai ,! ,areopagus provid$ public works = ! poor4#bbj ,at ,rome gratuit\s di/ribution ( corn 0 ! rule = _m c5turies2#bba agr>ian laws furni%$ free home/eads to ! l&less1 on conqu]$ or public t]ritory2#bbb s9ce ! days ( ,n]va a sy/ematic support ( poor *ildr5 0 enjo9$ 9 all ! cities ( ,italy4#bbc ,a few examples ( private *>ity1 also1 h desc5d$ to u already f e>ly times1 su* z ,epam9ondas collect+ d[]s = poor girls1#bbd & ,cimon fe$+ & clo?+ ! poor2#bbe & f ! days ( ! ,pagan ,empire !re are record$ sev]al cases ( individual b5efic5ce4 ,*>itable beque/s are allud$ to 9 ! burial inscriptions2 :5 "s great cata/rophe happ5$1 relief 0 will+ly giv5 to ! suff]]s2 private infirm>ies 7 e/abli%$ = slaves4#bbf ,! duty ( *>ity 0 =cibly enjo9$ by "s ( ! morali/s4 ,! wise man1 says ,s5eca1 w dry ! te>s ( o!rs1 b w n m+le 8 own ) !m2 he w /ret* out 8 h& to ! %ipwreck$ m>9]1 w (f] hospitality to ! exile1 & alms to ! ne$y4#bbg ,b 8 alms are n ?r[n away by *ance2 8 purse w op5 easily1 b nev] leak4 ,he w *oose out ! wor?ie/ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 & nev] give )\t suffici5t reason2 = unwise gifts mu/ be reckon$ among fooli% extravagances4#bbh ,s also ,cic]o1 #eee :il/ /yl+ b5efic5ce & lib]ality virtues t are ! mo/ agreeable to ! nature ( man1 is anxi\s to w>n 8 read]s aga9/ imprud5ce 9 practis+ !m1 le/ our k9dness %\ld hurt bo? ^? :om x is meant to assi/1 & o!rs4#bbi ,footnote #bah3 ,see ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #gc4 ,footnote #bai3 ,boissi]1 ,religion ,roma9e1 ii4 #bjf4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,f>r]1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bba3 ,naudet1 ',des sec\rs publics *ez les ,roma9s1' 9 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des inscriptions et belles-lettres1 xiii4 #dc sq4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ga sq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,epitome1 xii4 #h4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,cornelius ,nepos1 ,epam9ondas1 #c4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,plut>*1 ,cimon1 #aj4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #gg sq4 ,boissi]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bac sq4 ,f>r]1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,s5eca1 ,de clem5tia1 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,idem1 ,de vita beata1 #bc sq4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #ad sq4 ,9 a v diff]5t light 0 *>ity view$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,unlimit$ op5-h&$ness became a c>d9al virtue4 ,an ideal ,*ri/ian 0 he :o did :at ,jesus comm&$ ! "y man to d3 :o w5t & sold :at he _h & gave x to ! poor4#bcj ,promiscu\s almsgiv+ 0 enjo9$ z a duty3--,give to him t aske? !e1 & f him t w\ld borr[ ( !e turn n ?\ away4#bca ,! dis*>ge ( ?is duty 0 ev5 m pr(itable to ! giv] ?an to ! receiv]4 ,!re is p]haps no precept 9 ! ,gospel to :i* a promise ( recomp5se is s frequ5tly annex$ z to t conc]n+ *>ity4 ,et]nal life is promis$ to ^? :o fe$ ! hungry1 give dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 take 9 ! /rang]1 clo! ! nak$1 visit ! sick4#bcb ,*>ity 0 reg>d$ z an atonem5t4 ,god1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 is to be propitiat$ ?r\gh alms = s9s pa/2#bcc & c\ntless times is ! ?\ght express$1 t almsgiv+ is a safe inve/m5t ( money at good int]e/ ) ,god 9 heav54#bcd ,cyprian1 :o is ! fa!r ( ! ,romi% doctr9e ( good works1 e/abli%es an ari?metical relation betwe5 ! numb] ( alms-(f]+s & ! blott+ out ( s9s4#bce ,! food ( ! ne$y1 says ,leo ! ,great1 is ! pur*ase-money ( ! k+dom ( heav54#bcf ,z long z ! m>ket la/s1 says ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 let u buy alms1 or r let u pur*ase salvation ?r\gh alms4#bcg ,! ri* man is only a debtor2 all t he possesses beyond #eef :at is necess>y1 belongs to ! poor1 & ought to be giv5 away4#bch ,! poor1 no long] look$ d[n ^u1 became in/rum5ts ( salvation4 ,to !m 0 giv5 ! fir/ place 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om says ( !m1 ,z f\nta9s fl[ ne> ! place ( pray] t ! h&s t are ab\t to be rais$ to heav5 may be wa%$1 s 7 ! poor plac$ by our fa!rs ne> to ! door ( ! ,*ur*1 t our h&s might be consecrat$ by b5evol5ce be=e !y are rais$ to ,god4#bci ,gregory ! ,great ann\nces1 & ! ,middle ,ages re-e*o1 ,! poor are n to be lightly e/eem$ & despis$1 b to be hon\r$ z patrons4#bdj ,?us x happ5$ t ev5 9 ! d>ke/ p]iods1 :5 all o!r ,*ri/ian virtues 7 ne>ly ext9ct1 *>ity surviv$ unimpair$4#bda ,lat] on ,prote/antism1 by d5y+ ! aton+ effect ( good de$s1 depriv$ *>ity ( a great deal ( its religi\s attraction4 ,& 9 mod]n times ! enlight5$ op9ion on ! subject1 recognis+ ! demoralis+ influ5ce ( indiscrim9ate almsgiv+1 r agrees ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 ?an ) ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! injunctions ( ,*ri/4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,cf4 ,acts1 ii4 #de4 ,footnote #bca3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 v4 #db4 ,cf4 ,/4 ,luke1 vi4 #cj4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxv4 #cd sqq4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,en*iridion1 #gj 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xl4 #bfe74 ,footnote #bcd3 ,see ,uhlhorn1 ,die *ri/li*e ,liebe/htigkeit1 i4 #bgj4 ,footnote #bce3 ,cyprian1 ,de op]e et eleemosynis1 #bd 7,migne1 op4 cit4 iv4 #fbj74 ,cf4 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ii4 #acd1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,leo ,magnus1 ,s]mo ,x41 de ,collectis1 #e 7,migne1 op4 cit4 liv4 #afe sq474 ,footnote #bcg3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,homilia ,,vii41 de ,poenit5tia 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xlix4 sq4 #ccc74 ,footnote #bch3 ,uhlhorn1 op4 cit4 p4 #bid sq4 ,footnote #bci3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,de v]bis ,apo/oli1 ,hab5tes eumdem spiritum1 iii4 #aa 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 li4 sq4 #cjj74 ,footnote #bdj3 ,quot$ by ,uhlhorn1 op4 cit4 i4 #cae4 ,footnote #bda3 ,cf4 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix4 #cc sq4 ,9 ! c\rse ( progress+ civilisation ! obligation ( assi/+ ! ne$y has be5 ext5d$ to wid] & wid] circles ( m54 ,! *>ity & g5]osity :i* savages require z a duty or praise z a virtue h1 broadly speak+1 ref]5ce only to memb]s ( ! same community or tribe4 ,k9dness t[>ds =eign]s is look$ ^u 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,! virtues ( ! ,negroes1 ,monrad obs]ves1 are entirely re/rict$ to _! own tribe4 ,! do+ good to a /rang] !y w\ld g5]ally f9d ridicul\s4#bdb ,to ! ,gre5l&] a =eign]1 especially if he be ( ano!r race1 is an indiff]5t object1 ^: welf>e he has no int]e/ 9 fur!r+4#bdc #eeg ,! ,b$\91 says ,d\ghty1 has two faces1 ?is ( g5tle k9dness at home1 ! o!r ( wild misan?ropy & 8 tee? set aga9/ ! _w besides4#bdd ,at high] /ages ( civilisation ! duty ( *>ity embraces a wid] gr\p ( p1 9 proportion to ! l>g5ess ( ! social unit or to ! scope ( ! religion by :i* x is enjo9$4 ,b x is /ill m or less re/ra9$ by national or religi\s b\nd>ies4 ,m4 ,aml9eau obs]ves t ! *>ity ref]r$ to on anci5t ,egyptian papyri is la *>it limite ceux de la mme nation4#bde ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rianism1 *>ity %\ld be re/rict$ to ! foll[]s ( ! true religion2 to succ\r an unbeliev] w\ld be l a /r5g!n+ ( ! dom9ion ( ,evil4#bdf ,! ,zakt1 or legal alms ( ! ,muhamm$ans1 mu/ n be giv5 to a non-,muslim1 because x is reg>d$ z a fundam5tal "p ( wor%ip2#bdg simil>ly ! ,s4adaqah1 or (f]+ on ! fea/-day kn[n z 7,idu'l-,fit4r1 is conf9$ to true believ]s4#bdh ,nor has ,*ri/ian *>ity always be5 free f religi\s n>r[ness4 ,fleury says t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 ! c>e !y took ( ! poor1 always pref]r$ ,*ri/ians be=e infidels1 because _! pr9cipal reg>d 0 to _! spiritual conc]ns1 & to _! temporal welf>e only 9 ord] to _! spiritual4#bdi ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,*ur* 01 ,omnem hom9em fidelem judica tuum esse fratrem4#bej ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,scot* cl]gy taught t food or %elt] mu/ on no occasion be giv5 to a />v+ man unless 8 op9ions 7 or?odox4#bea ,on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ianity ( a high] type prea*es *>ity t[>ds all m52 & s does advanc$ ,judaism & ,buddhism4 ,x is said 9 ! ,talmud1 ) ref]5ce to ! treatm5t ( ! poor1 t no di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 su* z are ,jews & su* z are n4#beb ,9 mod]n times *>ity n[ & !n #eeh /eps ov] ! b>ri]s ( nationality ev5 :5 ! suff]]s belong to di/ant nations4 ,:il/ our indig5t compatriots are g5]ally recognis$ to h a great] claim on our pity ?an ne$y /rang]s1 a great calamity 9 "o c\ntry readily calls =? a *>itable response 9 o!r nations4 ,mr4 ,pike believes t ! contribution ( "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds /]l+ :i* ,engl&1 9 ! ye> #agee1 :5 ,lisbon 0 laid 9 ru9s by an e>?quake1 s5t = ! relief ( ! suff]]s1 inaugurat$ ?is new era ( int]national *>itabl5ess4 ,compassion4 he obs]ves1 0 at la/ %[n by ,engli%m51 n simply = ,engli%m5 & ,prote/ants1 b = =eign]s pr(ess+ a diff]5t religion2 pity1 = once1 triumph$ ov] intol]ance & national prejudice4#bec ,& 9 w>1 9 ! case ( enemies r5d]$ h>mless by w\nds or disease1 ! gr[? ( human feel+ has pass$ beyond ! simple requirem5t t !y %all n be kill$ or ill-us$1 & has ca/ ^u bellig]5ts ! duty ( t5d+ !m s f> z is consi/5t ) ! prim>y duty to _! own w\nd$4#bed ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be imag9$ t ?is humane pr9ciple1 :i* has only lately be5 recognis$ 9 ,europe1 is a unique outcome ( ,*ri/ian civilisation at its height4 ,x is said 9 ! ,mahabh>ata t1 :5 a qu>rel arises among good m51 a w\nd$ enemy is to be cur$ 9 ! conqu]or's own c\ntry1 or to be convey$ to 8 home4#bee ,/rangely en\gh1 ev5 f ! savage _w we he> ( some?+ l an anticipation ( ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion4 ,among c]ta9 tribes 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 z soon z ! fight is conclud$1 bo? p>ties seem p]fectly reconcil$1 & jo9tly assi/ 9 t5d+ ! w\nd$ m54#bef ,footnote #bdb3 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #cfh sq4 ,footnote #bde3 ,aml9eau1 op4 cit4 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,geig]1 op4 cit4 i4 #afe4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhd4 ,cf4 ,koran1 ix4 #fj4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,fleury1 ,mann]s & ,behavi\r ( ! ,*ri/ians1 p4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #bej3 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire del',humanit1 iv4 #id4 ,footnote #bea3 ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 iii4 #bgg4 ,footnote #beb3 ,git91 fol4 #fa ,a1 quot$ by ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #ch4 ,cf4 ,*aik91 ,apologie des ,juifs1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bec3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #cdf4 ,footnote #bed3 ',conv5tion sign$ at ,g5eva1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfd1 = ! ,amelioration ( ! ,condition ( ! ,w\nd$ 9 ,armies 9 ! ,field1' 9 ,lorim]1 ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 ii4 ,app5dix no4 vi4 ,hall1 ,treatise on ,int]national 9999,law1 p4 #cii4 ,hefft]1 ,das ,europis*e ,vlk]re*t d] ,geg5w>t1 #abf1 p4 #bfg1 n4 #e4 ,footnote #bee3 ,mahabh>ata1 xii4 #cedg1 quot$ by ,lorim]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dca4 ,footnote #bef3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #afj4 #eei ,! gradual expansion ( ! duty ( *>ity is due to ! fact t ?is duty1 9 ! fir/ place1 is bas$ on ! altrui/ic s5tim5t1 & consequ5tly foll[s ! same g5]al law ( developm5t4 ,_m cases ref]r$ to above imply t savages are by no means /rang]s to affection1 & t 9 _! communities !re is n only mutual assi/ance1 b g5]al k9dness ( he>t4 ,num]\s in/ances to ! same effect might easily be add$4 ,:5 a ,fuegian is v ill ! ne> relatives %[ mu* grief2#beg & ,d>w9 tells u t ! ,fuegian boy :o 0 tak5 on bo>d ! ,beagle & br\ght to ,europe1 us$ to g to ! sea-sick & say1 9 a pla9tive voice1 ,poor1 poor fell[6#beh ,! ,v$dahs are prais$ n only = _! *>itable behavi\r t[>ds ea* o!r1 b = _! natural t5d]ness ( he>t4#bei ,! aborig9es ( ,victoria are said to h ! greate/ love = _! fri5ds & relatives1 & to te/ify ! livelie/ joy :5 a companion aft] a long abs5ce returns to ! camp4#bfj ,=/] m5tions an in/ance ( affection among ! natives ( ,tana1 :i*1 z he says1 /rongly proves t ! passions & innate quality ( human nature are mu* ! same 9 e climate4#bfa ,melville decl>es t1 aft] pass+ a few weeks 9 ! ,typee valley ( ! ,m>quesas1 he =m$ a high] e/imate ( human nature ?an he ev] be=e ent]ta9$4#bfb ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t 9 e human society !re is1 normally1 "s degree ( social affection betwe5 its memb]s2#bfc & x seems t ! evolution ( ?is s5tim5t 9 mank9d has be5 mu* m 9 ! direction ( great] ext5siv5ess ?an ( great] int5sity4 ,footnote #beg3 ,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjf4 ,footnote #beh3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #bei3 ,s>as91 op4 cit4 iii4 #ede1 #eej4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #ach4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,=/]1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 ii4 #cbe4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,see infra1 on ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,altrui/ic ,s5tim5t4 ,:]e ! memb]s ( a gr\p h affection = ea* o!r1 mutual aid w be reg>d$ z a duty bo? because x w be practis$ habitually1 & because a #efj failure to af=d x w call =? sympa!tic res5tm5t on behalf ( ! suff]]1 ,b we ne$1 "h aga91 to look bel[ ! surface4 ,m5 may be induc$ to d good to _! fell[-creatures n only by k9dly feel+s t[>ds !m1 b by egoi/ic motives2 & su* motives1 ?r\gh hav+ a %>e 9 mak+ b5efic5ce a tribal habit1 at ! same "t influ5ce ! moral e/imation 9 :i* x is held4 ,! ,basutos say t ! knife t is l5t does n return alone to its ma/]--a k9dness is nev] ?r[n away4#bfd ,( ! ,as9ibo91 a ,si\an tribe1 ,mr4 ,dorsey /ates t no?+ is giv5 except ) a view to a gift 9 return4#bfe ,:5 ! ,&aman ,isl&]s make pres5ts ( ! be/ t !y possess1 !y tacitly und]/& t an equival5t %\ld be r5d]$ = e gift4#bff ,among ! ,makololo ! ri* %[ k9dness to ! poor1 9 expectation ( s]vices4#bfg ,9 8 description ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 ,dr4 ,nans5 obs]ves t all ! small communities dep5d = _! exi/5ce on ! law ( mutual assi/ance1 on ! pr9ciple ( common suff]+ & common enjoym5t4 ,a h>d life has taught ! ,eskimo t ev5 if he is a skilful hunt] & c1 z a rule1 manage to hold 8 own well en\gh1 !re may come times :51 )\t ! help ( 8 fell[s1 he w\ld h to succumb4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 = him to help 9 8 turn4#bfh ,t simil> consid]ations l>gely lie at ! bottom ( ! cu/om ( mutual aid & *>ity bo? 9 uncivilis$ & m advanc$ communities1 we may assume f ! exp]i5ce ( human nature :i* we h acquir$ at home4 ,& su* motives mu/ be p>ticul>ly active 9 a society ! memb]s ( :i* are s dep5d5t on ea* o!r's s]vices & return-s]vices1 z is g5]ally ! case ) a horde ( savages4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xv4 #bbe sq4 ,footnote #bff3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ie4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cjd sq4 ,cf4 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agc2 ,p>ry1 op4 cit4 p4 #ebe4 ,moreov]1 by nigg>dl9ess a p]son may expose himself #efa to sup]natural dang]s1 :]eas lib]ality may entail sup]natural rew>d4 ,9 ,morocco nobody w\ld l to eat 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r p )\t %>+ 8 meal ) !m2 o!rwise !y might poison 8 food by look+ at x ) an evil eye4 ,s also1 if anybody %[s a great lik+ = a ?+ belong+ to y1 want+1 = in/ance1 to buy y\r gun or y\r horse1 x is be/ to let him h x1 s9ce o!rwise an accid5t is likely to happ5 to ! object ( 8 desire4#bfi ,b baneful en]gy1 :at ! ,moors call l-bas1 is transf]able n only by ! eye1 b by ! voice4 ,! poor & ! ne$y h ?us 9 _! h&s a p[]ful weapon & means ( retaliation1 ! curse4 ,! anci5t ,greeks believ$ t ! begg> _h 8 ,er9ys1#bgj 8 av5g+ demon1 :i* 0 obvi\sly only a p]sonification ( 8 curse4#bga ,x is said 9 ! ,prov]bs1 ,he t give? unto ! poor %all n lack3 b he t hide? 8 eyes %all h _m a curse4#bgb ,! same idea is express$ 9 ,ecclesia/icus3--,turn n away ?9e eye f ! ne$y1 & give him none occasion to curse !e3 = if he curse !e 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 s\l1 8 pray] %all be he>d ( him t made him4 4 4 4 ,a pray] out ( a poor man's m\? rea*e? to ! e>s ( ,god1 & 8 judgm5t come? spe$ily4#bgc ,accord+ to ! ,zoroa/rian ,ya/s1 ! poor man :o foll[s ! good law1 :5 wrong$ & depriv$ ( 8 rights1 invokes ,mi?ra = help1 ) h&s uplift$4#bgd ,mr4 ,*apman /ates t1 ?\gh ! ,dam>as are1 g5]ally speak+1 great gluttons1 !y w\ld n ?9k ( eat+ 9 ! pres5ce ( any ( _! tribe )\t %>+ _! meal ) all com]s1 = fe> ( be+ visit$ by a curse f _! ',omu-kuru' or deity1 & becom+ impov]i%$4#bge ,!re is all reason #efb to suppose t 9 ?is case ! curse ( ! deity 0 orig9ally ! curse1 or evil wi%1 ( an angry man4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,simil> beliefs prevail 9 mod]n ,egypt 7,klunz+]1 ,upp] ,egypt1 p4 #cia74 ,footnote #bgj3 ,odyssey1 xvii4 #dge4 ,footnote #bga3 ,supra1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,prov]bs1 xxviii4 #bg4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,ecclesia/icus1 iv4 #e sq42 xxi4 #e4 ,cf4 ,deut]onomy1 xv4 #i4 ,rabbi ,johanan says t almsgiv+ saves man f sudd51 unnatural dea? 7,kohl]1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dce74 ,cf4 ,prov]bs1 x4 #b4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,ya/s1 x4 #hd4 ,footnote #bge3 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #cda4 ,a poor man is able n only to puni% ! un*>itable by means ( 8 curses1 b to rew>d ! g5]\s giv] by means ( 8 bless+s4 ,dur+ my resid5ce among ! ,&jra tribe 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nor!rn ,morocco1 our village 0 visit$ by a b& ( ambulant scribes :o w5t f h\se to h\se1 receiv+ pres5ts & invok+ bless+s 9 return4 ,:5 a goat 0 giv5 !m !y ask$ ,god to increase ! flocks ( ! giv]1 :5 money 0 giv5 !y ask$ ,god to increase 8 money1 & s =?4 ,"s ( ! villag]s told me t x 0 a pr(itable b>ga91 s9ce !y w\ld be t5fold repaid = _! gifts ?r\gh ! bless+s ( ! scribes4 ,a t[n ,moor :o />ts = a j\rney to ! c\ntry g5]ally likes to give a co9 to "o ( ! begg>s :o are sitt+ ne> ! gate1 s z to receive 8 bless+s4 ,x is said 9 ,ecclesia/icus3--,/ret* ?9e h& unto ! poor1 t ?y bless+ may be p]fect$4 ,a gift ha? grace 9 ! sight ( e man liv+4#bgf ,:il/ he t )holde? corn %all be curs$ by ! p1 bless+ %all be ^u ! head ( him t selle? x4#bgg ,among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ^? :o br\ght gifts = ! poor 7 specially rememb]$ 9 ! pray]s ( ! ,*ur*4#bgh ,( ! ,nayadis ( ,malab> ,mr4 ,iy] says t ! purport & object ( _! pray]s are1 among o!r ?+s1 t all ! sup]ior ca/es1 :o give !m alms1 may enjoy long life & prosp]ity4#bgi ,9 v>i\s cases ! nature ( ! rew>ds promis$ = *>itable acts sugge/s t !y are due to ! bless+s ( ! recipi5t4 ,accord+ to ,vasi%?a1 ?r\gh lib]ality man obta9s all 8 desires1 ev5 longevity4#bhj ,9 ! ,ya/s x is said t ! *ildr5 ( a *>itable man w ?rive4#bha ,accord+ to ,talmudic ideas1 m5 acquire weal? = _! *ildr5 by #efc di/ribut+ alms among ! poor4#bhb ,consid]+ h[ widely spread is ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( curses & bless+s1 !re c be little d\bt t *>ity & g5]osity are connect$ ) ?is belief 9 _m cases :]e no su* connection has be5 notic$ by ! ,european visitor4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,ecclesia/icus1 vii4 #cb4 ,cf4 ,prov]bs1 xxii4 #i4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,prov]bs1 xi4 #bf4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,uhlhorn1 op4 cit4 i4 #ada4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,iy]1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #gb4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,vasi%?a1 xxix4 #a sq4 ,footnote #bha3 ,ya/s1 xxiv4 #cf4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,kohl]1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dcf4 ,cf4 ,prov]bs1 xxviii4 #bg4 ,! curses & bless+s ( ! poor p>tly acc\nt = ! fact t *>ity has come to be reg>d$ z a religi\s duty4 ,orig9ally1 x is true1 !y _h n ! "* ( an appeal to a god1 b 7 believ$ to possess a purely magical p[]1 indep5d5t ( any sup]human w4 ,?is belief is root$ 9 ! close association betwe5 ! wi%1 m p>ticul>ly ! spok5 wi%1 & ! idea ( its fulfilm5t4 ,! wi% is look$ ^u 9 ! light ( en]gy :i* may be transf]r$--by mat]ial contact1 or by ! eye1 or by means ( spee*--to ! p]son conc]n$1 & !n becomes a fact4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is n tak5 q z a matt] ( c\rse2 !re is always "s my/]y ab\t x4 ,h5ce ! words ( a holy man1 a magician or prie/1 are consid]$ m efficaci\s ?an ^? ( ord9>y mortals4 ,! ,au/ralian natives believe t ! curse ( a pot5t magician w kill at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ miles4 ,among ! ,maoris ! ana!ma ( a prie/ is reg>d$ z a ?und]bolt t an enemy _c escape4#bhc ,among ! ,gallas no man w "u any circum/ances slay ei!r a prie/ or a wiz>d1 f a dread ( 8 dy+ curse4#bhd ,"s ( ! ,rabbis ma9ta9$ t a curse utt]$ by a s*ol> is unfail+ 9 its effect1 ev5 if undes]v$4#bhe ,9 ,muhamm$an c\ntries ! curses ( sa9ts or %]eefs are p>ticul>ly fe>$4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 a ,brhmana may puni% 8 foes by 8 own p[] alone1 spee* be+ 8 weapon4#bhf ,b ?\gh a curse may d]ive p>ticul> pot5cy f ! p]son :o utt]s x1 #efd x is by no means ineffective ev5 9 ! m\? ( an ord9>y man4#bhg ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t *ildr5 are =bidd5 to curse _! p>5ts1#bhh subjects _! rul]s1#bhi m5 _! god2#bij & accord+ to ,talmudic conceptions1 a curse %\ld n be reg>d$ lightly h[ev] ignorant be ! p]son :o utt]s x4#bia ,all t is requir$ is t ! words %\ld possess t sup]natural quality :i* alone c br+ ab\t ! result desir$1 & ?is quality may be inh]5t 9 ! curse q indep5d5tly ( ! p]son :o utt]s x4 ,x is inh]5t 9 c]ta9 my/ic =mulas or spells & 9 ! invocations ( "s _s or god4 ,! w ( ! invok$ be+ is n consid]$ at all2 8 "n is simply br\ght 9 to give ! curse t my/ic efficacy :i* ! pla9 ^w lacks4 ,?us bo? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t#bib & 9 ! ,talmud#bic !re are traces ( ! anci5t idea t ! "n ( ! ,"l might be us$ ) advantage 9 any curse h[ev] undes]v$4 ,b ) ! deep5+ ( ! religi\s s5tim5t ?is idea _h to be giv5 up4 ,a righte\s & mighty god _c agree to be a m]e tool 9 ! h& ( a wick$ curs]4 ,h5ce ! curse comes to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a pray]1 :i* is n fulfill$ if undes]v$2 z x is said 9 ! ,prov]bs1 ! curse causeless %all n come4#bid ,& ! same is ! case ) ! bless+4 ,:il/ 9 anci5t days ,jacob c\ld take away 8 bro!r's bless+ by deceit1#bie ! efficacy ( a bless+ 0 lat] on limit$ by moral consid]ations4#bif ,! ,psalmi/ decl>es t only ! (fspr+ ( ! righte\s c be bless$2#big & accord+ to ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 al?\gh a wid[ :o eate? & is fill$ f ! wick$1 pray = !m1 %e %all n be he>d4#bih #efe ,on ! o!r h&1 curses & bless+s1 :5 well des]v$1 cont9u$ to draw d[n calamity or prosp]ity ^u _! objects1 by induc+ ,god to put !m into effect2 ?is idea prevails bo? 9 po/-exilic ,judaism & 9 ,muhamm$anism1#bii & und]lies ! ,*ri/ian oa? & b5$iction4 ,! f9al1 b n ! orig9al view 0 t1 z an un*>itable man des]ves to be puni%$ & a *>itable man m]its rew>d1 ! curses & bless+s ( ! poor w naturally be he>d by a righte\s ,god4 ,! ,"l w plead _! cause4#cjj ,footnote #bhc3 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bdh sq4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,h>ris1 ,highl&s ( ?iopia1 iii4 #ej4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,makko?1 fol4 #aa ,a4 ,b]akho?1 fol4 #ef ,a4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #cb sq4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #bjd 7,maoris74 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #ag4 ,leviticus1 xx4 #i4 ,prov]bs1 xx4 #bj2 xxx4 #aa4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,exodus1 xxii4 #bh4 ,ecclesia/es1 x4 #bj4 ,footnote #bij3 ,exodus1 xxii4 #bh4 ,footnote #bia3 ,meghilla1 fol4 #ae ,a4 ,footnote #bib3 ,supra1 p4 #efd4 ,footnote #bic3 ,makko?1 fol4 #aa ,a4 ,b]akho?1 foll4 #ai ,a1 #ef ,a4 ,footnote #bid3 ,prov]bs1 xxvi4 #b4 ,footnote #bie3 ,g5esis1 xxvii4 #bc sqq4 ,footnote #bif3 ,cf4 ,*eyne1 ',bless+s & ,curses1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #eib4 ,footnote #big3 ,psalms1 xxxvii4 #bf4 ,footnote #bih3 ,con/itutiones ,apo/olic1 iv4 #f4 ,cf4 ,j]emiah1 vii4 #af4 ,footnote #bii3 ,cf4 ,*eyne1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #eib2 ,goldzih]1 ,abh&lung5 zur arabis*5 ,philologie1 i4 #bi sqq4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,prov]bs1 xxii4 #bc4 ,! *ief cause1 h[ev]1 ( ! extraord9>y /ress :i* ! high] religions put on ! duty ( *>ity seems to lie 9 ! connection betwe5 almsgiv+ & sacrifice4 ,:5 food is (f]$ z a tribute to a god1 ! god is suppos$ to enjoy its spiritual "p only1 :il/ ! sub/ance ( x is left beh9d & is eat5 by ! poor4 ,& :5 ! (f]+ is cont9u$ 9 c]emonial survival 9 spite ( ! gr[+ conviction t1 aft] all1 ! deity does n ne$ & _c pr(it by x1#cja ! poor become ! natural heirs ( ! god1 & ! almsgiv] inh]its ! m]it ( ! sacrific]4 ,! *ief virtue ( ! act1 !n1 lies 9 ! self-abnegation ( ! donor1 & its efficacy is measur$ by ! sacrifice :i* x co/s him4 ,footnote #cja3 ,= su* a survival1 see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #cif sqq4 ,_m in/ances may be quot$ ( sacrificial food be+ left = ! poor or be+ di/ribut$ among !m4 ,at ,scillus1 :]e ,x5ophon _h built an alt> & a temple to ,artemis & a sacrifice 0 aft]w>ds made e ye>1 ! goddess suppli$ ! poor p liv+ !re 9 t5ts ) b>ley-meal1 bread1 w9e1 sweetmeats1 & a %>e ( ! victims (f]$ f ! sacr$ pa/ures1 & ( ^? caught 9 hunt+4#cjb ,accord+ to ,yasna1 sacrifices to ,mazda 7 giv5 to 8 poor4#cjc ,9 anci5t ,arabia ! poor 7 all[$ to p>take ( ! meal-(f]+ #eff :i* 0 laid be=e ! god ,uqaiir4#cjd ,9 ,z9d]1 9 ! ,s\dan1 !re are "s trees1 reg>d$ z div9e1 to :i* annual (f]+s ( bullocks1 %eep1 & s =?1 are made1 ?\gh ! poor ( ! c\ntry get ! b5efit ( !m4#cje ,9 ,morocco ev5 animals :i* are kill$ z 7r--a sacrifice embody+ a conditional curse--on dep>t$ sa9ts or liv+ p1 ) a view to compell+ !m to grant a reque/1 are commonly eat5 by ! poor1 ?\gh nobody else w\ld d>e to p>take ( !m4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,x5ophon1 ,anabasis1 v4 #c4 #i4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,yasna1 xxxiv4 #e4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #fd4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #cje3 ,ri*>dson1 ,mission to ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #bei4 ,9 o!r cases we f9d t almsgiv+ is itself reg>d$ z a =m ( sacrifice1 or takes ! place ( x4 ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india ! two ?+s are repeat$ly m5tion$ side by side4 ,! h\sehold] (f]s sacrifices1 ! h\sehold] practises au/]ities1 ! h\sehold] di/ributes gifts4#cjf ,( a ,brhmana :o has complet$ 8 /ud5t%ip x is said1 ,let him always practise1 accord+ to 8 ability1 ) a *e]ful he>t1 ! duty ( lib]ality1 bo? by sacrifices & by *>itable works1 if he f9ds a wor?y recipi5t = 8 gifts4#cjg ,9 ! ,krita age ! *ief virtue is decl>$ to be ! p]=mance ( au/]ities1 9 ! ,tret div9e k1 9 ! ,dvp>a ! p]=mance ( sacrifices1 9 ! ,kali lib]ality alone4#cjh ,9 ! ,egyptian ',book ( ! ,dead' ! s\l1 on approa*+ to ! gods :o are 9 ! ,tuat1 pleads3--,i h done t :i* man prescribe? & t :i* please? ! gods4 ,i h propitiat$ ! god ) t :i* he love?4 ,i h giv5 bread to ! hungry1 wat] to ! ?ir/y1 clo!s to ! nak$1 a boat to ! %ipwreck$4 ,i h made oblations to ! gods & fun]al (f]+s to ! dep>t$4#cji ,9 ! ,zoroa/rian pray] ,ahuna-,vairya1 to :i* great efficacy is ascrib$1 x is said1 ,he :o relieves ! poor makes ,ahura k+4#caj #efg ,9 ! ,koran almsgiv+ is (t5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) pray]2#caa & ! ,zakt1 or alms prescrib$ by law1 is reg>d$ by ! ,muhamm$ans z a fundam5tal "p ( _! religion1 h5ce infidels1 :o _c p]=m acceptable wor%ip1 h no?+ to d ) ^! alms4#cab ,among ! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india x is common = m5 & wom5 to v[ t :5 :at !y desire %all come to pass1 !y w1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,prophet1 8 companions1 or "s wullee1 pres5t (f]+s & oblations4 ,"o ( ^! (f]+s1 call$ an (f]+ unto ,god1 consi/s 9 prep>+ p>ticul> victuals1 & 9 di/ribut+ !m among fri5ds & ! poor1 & giv+ any sort ( gra91 a sacrific$ %eep1 clo!s1 or ready-money 9 alms to ! indig5t4#cac ,:5 ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple ) its alt> fill$ ! ,jews ) al>m z !y ?\ght ( _! unaton$ s9s1 ,johanan b5 ,zakkai com=t$ !m by say+1 ,y h ano!r means ( atonem5t1 z p[]ful z ! alt>1 & t is ! "w ( *>ity1 = x is said3 ',i desir$ m]cy1 & n sacrifice4'#cad ,_m o!r passages %[ h[ closely ! ,jews associat$ almsgiv+ ) sacrifice4 ,he t give? alms sacrifice? praise4#cae ,z s9-(f]+ makes atonem5t = ,israel1 s alms = ! ,g5tiles4#caf ,almsde$s are m m]itori\s ?an all sacrifices4#cag ,an orphan is call$ an alt> to ,god4#cah ,& z a sacrific] %\ld be a p]son ( a godly "*1 s x is bett] to p]i% by fam9e ?an to receive an oblation f ! ungodly4#cai ,alms 7 sy/ematically collect$ 9 ! synagogues1 & (fic]s 7 appo9t$ to make ! collection4#cbj ,s1 also1 among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ! collection ( alms = ! relief ( ! poor 0 an act ( ! ,*ur* life itself4 ,almsgiv+ took place 9 public wor%ip1 nay =m$ itself a "p ( wor%ip4 #efh ,gifts ( natural produce1 ! s-call$ oblations1 7 connect$ ) ! celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,!y 7 (f]$ to ,god z ! fir/-fruits ( ! creatures 7primiti creatur>um71 & a pray] 0 said3--,o ,"l1 accept also ! (f]+s ( ^? :o to-day br+ an (f]+1 z ,?\ did/ accept ! (f]+s ( righte\s ,abel1 ! (f]+ ( our fa!r ,abraham1 ! inc5se ( ,za*>iah1 ! alms ( ,cornelius1 & ! two mites ( ! wid[4 ,^! oblations 7 n only us$ = ! ,"l's ,supp]1 b !y =m$ ! *ief means = ! relief ( ! poor4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z sacrifice 9 ! mo/ special s5se2 &1 z no unclean gift might be laid ^u ! ,"l's alt>1 pr(it made f s9ful occupations 0 n accept$ z an oblation1 nei!r 7 ! oblations ( imp5it5t s9n]s4#cba ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews speaks ( almsgiv+ z a sacrifice ( ?anksgiv+ :i* cont9ues aft] ! ,jewi% alt> has be5 done away )4#cbb ,l sacrifice1 almsgiv+ is connect$ ) pray]1 z a means ( mak+ ! pray] efficaci\s & furni%+ x ) w+s2 ! angel said to ,cornelius1 ,?y pray]s & ?9e alms are come up = a memorial be=e ,god4#cbc ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians 7 reproa*$ = hav+ no sacrifices1 ,ju/9 wrote1 ,we h be5 taught t ! only hon\r t is wor?y ( ,him is n to consume by fire :at ,he has br\ght into be+ = our su/5ance1 b to use x = ourselves & ^? :o ne$4#cbd ,s1 also1 ,ir5u obs]ves t sacrifices are n aboli%$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh _! =m is inde$ alt]$1 because !y are no long] (f]$ by slaves1 b by freem51 ( :i* j ! oblations are ! pro(4#cbe ,& ,god has enjo9$ on ,*ri/ians ?is sacrifice ( oblations1 n because ,he ne$s !m1 b 9 ord] t !mselves #efi might be nei!r unfruitful nor ungrateful4#cbf ,/4 ,augu/9e says1 ,! sacrifice ( ! ,*ri/ians is ! alms be/[$ ^u ! poor4#cbg ,footnote #cjf3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lix4 #bh4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #bbg4 ,cf4 ibid4 iv4 #bbf4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,ibid4 i4 #hf4 ,footnote #cji3 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #abe1 ,r5\f's translation1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #caj3 ,v5ddd1 xix1 #b4 ,footnote #caa3 ,koran1 ii4 #dj1 #ajd2 ix4 #ed4 ,footnote #cab3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 #bhd4 ,footnote #cac3 ,jaffur ,%ureef1 ,qanoon-e-,islam1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cad3 ,kohl]1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dfg4 ,hosea1 vi4 #f4 ,footnote #cae3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxv4 #b4 ,footnote #caf3 ,quot$ by ,levy1 ,neuhebris*es und ,*aldis*es ,wrt]bu*1 iv4 #agc4 ,footnote #cag3 ,quot$ ibid4 iv4 #agc4 ,footnote #cah3 ,con/itutiones ,apo/olic1 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #cai3 ,ibid4 iv4 #h4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,addis1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #aai4 ,footnote #cba3 ,uhlhorn1 op4 cit4 i4 #ace sqq4 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i4 #bje4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,hebrews1 xiii4 #ad sqq4 ,cf4 ,addis1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #aai4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,act1 x4 #d4 ,cyprian1 ,de op]e et eleemosynis1 #d4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,homilia ,,vii41 de ,poenit5tia1 #f 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,gr4 xlix4 sq4 #ccb74 ,footnote #cbd3 ,ju/91 ,apologia ,i4 pro ,*ri/ianis1 #ac4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,ir5u1 ,adv]sus hreses1 iv4 #ah4 #hb4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,ibid4 iv4 #ag4 #e4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]mo ,,xlii4 #a 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxviii4 #beb74 ,! objection w p]haps be rais$ t ,i h "h tri$ to trace back ! mo/ beautiful ( all religi\s virtues to a magical & rituali/ic orig9 )\t tak+ into due acc\nt ! b5evol5t feel+s attribut$ to ! ,deity4 ,b 9 ! pres5t connection ,i h n _h to %[ :y *>ity1 l o!r human duties1 has be5 sanction$ by religi\s beliefs1 b :y1 9 ! e?ics ( ! high] religions1 x has atta9$ ! same supreme importance z is o!rwise atta*$ only to devotional ex]cises4 ,& ?is is c]ta9ly a problem by itself1 = :i* ! belief 9 a b5evol5t god af=ds no adequate explanation4 ,t ! religi\s duty ( *>ity is n m]ely an outcome ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t ,zoroa/rianism1 :il/ exalt+ almsgiv+ to ! rank ( a c>d9al virtue1 at ! same "t excludes ! sick man f ! community ( ! fai?ful until he has be5 cur$ & cleans$ accord+ to prescrib$ rites4#cbh ,footnote #cbh3 ,d>me/et]1 ',introduction' to ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxxx4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,hospitality ,,we h se5 t 9 e>ly society reg>d = ! life & physical well-be+ ( a fell[-creature is1 g5]ally speak+1 re/rict$ to memb]s ( ! social unit1 :]eas =eign]s are subject to a v diff]5t treatm5t4 ,b to ?is rule !re are rem>kable exceptions4 ,side by side ) gross indiff]5ce or positive hatr$ to /rang]s we f9d1 among ! l[] races1 in/ances ( great k9dness display$ ev5 t[>ds p]sons ( a =eign race4 ,! ,v$dahs are ready to help any /rang] 9 di/ress :o asks = _! assi/ance1 & ,s9halese fugitives :o h s\ght refuge 9 _! wilds h always be5 k9dly receiv$4#a ,mr4 ,m(fat 0 deeply affect$ by ! sympa?y :i* "s poor ,bu%mans %[$ to him dur+ an illness1 al?\gh he 0 an utt] /rang] to !m4 ,speak+ ( ! mutual affection :i* ! ,&aman ,isl&]s display 9 _! social relations1 ,mr4 ,man adds t1 9 _! deal+s ) /rang]s1 ! same *>act]i/ic is obs]vable :5 once a good und]/&+ has be5 e/abli%$4#b ,we h also to rememb] ! fri5dly mann] 9 :i* ! aborig9es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! savage _w behav$ to ! e>lie/ ,european visitors4 ,no?+ c\ld be m c\rte\s ?an ! reception :i* ,cook & 8 p>ty met ) 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 :]e ! natives guid$ & accompani$ !m on _! #ega excursions4 ,=/] says ( ! ,society ,isl&]s1 ,we %\ld inde$ be ungrateful if we did n ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ) :i* !y always treat$ u4#c ,de ,cl]que obs]ves ) ref]5ce to ! ,papuans on ! nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea3--,! inhabitants seem$ always ready to help4 4 4 4 ,on our visit to ! village all ! male & female inhabitants ) _! *ildr5 flock$ ar\nd me1 & (f]$ me cocoanuts & sug>-cane2 :i*1 = ! fir/ contact ) ,europeans1 is c]ta9ly rem>kable4#d ,on ! arrival ( :ite p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 ! natives 7 n only in(f5sive1 b dispos$ to meet !m on t]ms ( amity & k9dness4#e ,9 a %ort int]c\rse1 says ,eyre1 !y are easily made fri5ds4 4 4 4 ,on _m occasions :]e ,i h met ^! w&]]s 9 ! wild1 f> remov$ f ! abodes ( civilisation1 & :5 ,i h be5 accompani$ only by a s+le native boy1 ,i h be5 receiv$ by !m 9 ! k9de/ & mo/ fri5dly mann]1 _h pres5ts made to me ( fi%1 kang>oo1 or fruit1 _h !m accompany me = miles to po9t out :]e wat] 0 to be procur$1 & be5 assi/$ by !m 9 gett+ at x4#f ,nor mu/ we =get ! k9d reception :i* ,au/ralian ,blacks h giv5 to m5 ca/ ^u _! m]cy1#g & ! t5d]ness ) :i* ! natives ( ,coop]'s ,creek wept = ! dea? ( ,burke & ,wills1 & com=t$ ,k+1 ! survivor4#h ,un=tunately1 native races h (t5 receiv$ any?+ b fav\rable impressions f _! e>lie/ int]views ) ,europeans2 & bo? 9 ,au/ralia & else:]e prolong$ int]c\rse ) :ite p has1 9 _m in/ances1 induc$ !m to *ange #egb _! fri5dly behavi\r into unk9dness or ho/ility4 ,! ,canadian trad]s1 = in/ance1 :5 !y fir/ appe>$ among ! ,beav] & ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,indians1 7 treat$ by ^! p ) ! utmo/ hospitality & att5tion2 b by _! subsequ5t conduct !y taught ! natives to )draw _! respect1 & sometimes to treat !m ) indignity4#i ,h>mon writes1 ,i h always exp]i5c$ ! greate/ hospitality & k9dness among ^? ,indians :o h _h ! lea/ int]c\rse ) :ite p4#aj ,_m facts seem to v]ify ! /atem5t made by a mission>y :o speaks f =ty ye>s' exp]i5ce among ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,polynesia1 t our conduct t[>ds savages det]m9es _! conduct t[>ds u4#aa ,footnote #a3 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #edd4 ,footnote #b3 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ic4 ,footnote #c3 ,=/]1 ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w1 ii4 #aeg4 ,footnote #d3 ,de ,cl]que1 9 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #e3 ,breton1 ,excursions 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bah4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fd4 ,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie1 p4 #cdj4 ,ridley1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bd4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bab1 #chb4 ,footnote #f3 ,eyre1 op4 cit4 ii4 #baa4 ,footnote #g3 ,ma!w1 ',au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #chh4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bbi4 ,ridley1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #h3 ,jung1 ',aus dem ,seel5leb5 d] ,au/rali]1' 9 ,mit!ilung5 des ,v]e9s fr ,erdkunde zu ,leipzig1 #ahgg1 p4 #aa sq4 ,footnote #i3 ,mack5zie1 ,voyage to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,ocean1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #aa3 ,murray1 ,=ty ,ye>s' ,mission ,"w 9 ,polynesia & ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #dii4 ,= o!r in/ances ( k9dness display$ by savages t[>ds :ite m51 see von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea1 iii4 #agd 7p ( ,radack72 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ajb sq42 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aab2 ,keate1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 p4 #cbi sq42 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #gi 7natives ( ,port ,dory1 ,new ,gu9ea72 ,s>yts*ew1 ',voyage ( 9999 ,discov]y to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,sib]ia1' 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages & ,travels1 vi4 #gh 7,aleuts72 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ii4 #afh1 #agd 7,patagonians72 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #bbe4 ,! fri5dly reception :i* :ite m5 h met ) 9 savage c\ntries is closely connect$ ) a cu/om :i*1 z x seems1 prevails univ]sally among ! l[] races :ile 9 _! native /ate1#ab z also among ! #egc peoples ( culture at ! e>li] /ages ( _! civilisation#ac #egd --hospitality t[>ds /rang]s4 ,?is cu/om pres5ts sev]al rem>kable *>act]i/ics1 :i*1 to all appe>ance1 ill agree ) _! tribal or national exclusiv5ess g5]ally4 ,! /rang] is (t5 welcom$ ) special m>ks ( hon\r4 ,! be/ seat is assign$ to him2 ! be/ food at ! ho/'s disposal is set be=e #ege him2 he takes prec$5ce ov] all ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold2 he enjoys extraord9>y privileges4 ,m4 ,hyades says ( ! ,fuegians1 ,quelque encombre que soit une hutte1 et si rduite que soit la quantit d'alim5ts dont on dispose1 le n\vel arrivant e/ t\j\rs assur d'avoir une place prs du foy] et une "p de la n\rriture4#ad ,! ,mattoal ( ,cali=nia1 ?\gh !y are sometimes he>tlessly indiff]5t ev5 to _! p>5ts1 w divide ! la/ %r$ ( dri$ salmon ) any casual com] :o has n a %ad[ ( claim ^u !m1 except ! claim ( t exagg]at$ & sup]]ogatory hospitality t savages use4#ae ,a ,creek ,indian w\ld n only receive into 8 h\se a travell] or soj\rn] ( :atev] nation or col\r1 b w\ld treat him z a bro!r or z 8 own *ild1 divide ) him ! la/ gra9 ( corn or piece ( fle%1 & (f] him ! mo/ valuable ?+s 9 8 possession4#af ,among ! ,arawaks1 :5 a /rang]1 & p>ticul>ly an ,european1 ent]s ! h\se ( an ,indian1 e ?+ is at 8 comm&4#ag ,not)/&+ ! ,k>5's suspici\s nature1 says ,mr4 ,smeaton1 8 hospitality is unb\nd$4 ,he w ent]ta9 e /rang] t comes1 )\t ask+ a "q4 ,he feels himself disgrac$ if he does n receive all com]s1 & give !m ! v be/ *e] he has4 ,! wilde/ ,k>5 w receive a gue/ ) a grace & dignity & ent]ta9 him ) a lavi% hospitality t w\ld become a duke4 ,hundr$s ( _! old leg5ds inculcate ! duty ( receiv+ /rang]s )\t reg>d to pecuni>y circum/ances ei!r ( ho/ or gue/4#ah ,among _m uncivilis$ peoples x is cu/om>y = a man to (f] ev5 8 wife1 or "o ( 8 wives1 to ! /rang] = ! "t he rema9s 8 gue/4#ai ,! ,b$\9s ( ,nejd h a #egf say+ t ! gue/ :ile 9 ! h\se is its "l2#bj & 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu we read t1 z ! ,brhmanas are lords ov] all o!r ca/es1 & z a husb& is "l ov] 8 wives1 s ! gue/ is ! "l ( 8 ho/4#ba ,footnote #ab3 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #ia 7,guanas74 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 i4 #bdg 7,tupis74 ,davis1 ,el ,gr+o1 p4 #dba 7,pueblos74 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages amriqua9s1 i4 #ajf2 ii4 #hh4 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #cah sq4 ,bu*anan1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #f4 ,p]rot1 ,mmoire sur les moeurs1 c\/umes et relligion des sauvages de l',amrique sept5trionale1 pp4 #fi1 #bjb4 ,neighbors1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #acb 7,coman*es74 ,james1 ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #cba sq4 7,omahas74 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cbg sqq42 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 #ae2 ,cold51 9 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aij 7,iroquois74 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #ahc4 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #ef sqq4 7,ahts74 ,boas1 ',report on ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ! ,report read at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahhi1 p4 #cf4 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #aja 7,potawatomis72 ii4 #afg 7,*ippewas74 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #ah 7,crees & ,*ippewas74 ,idem1 9 ,frankl91 ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #ff2 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 xcvi4 7,crees74 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cig2 ,s>yts*ew1 loc4 cit4 vi4 #gh2 ,sau]1 ,bill+'s ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia1 p4 #bgd 7,aleuts74 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #cdi sq42 ,p>ry1 ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #ebf 7,eskimo ( ,igloolik74 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #abf2 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agb sq42 ,kane1 ,arctic ,explorations1 ii4 #abb2 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #hg1 #age sq4 7,gre5l&]s74 ,bee*ey1 ,voyage to ! ,pacific & ,behr+'s ,/rait1 ii4 #ega2 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #cfg2 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #fe 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,hoop]1 ,t5 ,mon?s among ! ,t5ts ( ! ,tuski1 pp4 #afj1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjh2 ,nord5skild1 ,vegas frd kr+ ,asi5 o* ,europa1 ii4 #ade 7,*uk*i74 ,dall1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cha 7,tuski71 #eag 7,kam*adales71 #ebf 7,a9os74 ,s>yts*ew1 loc4 cit4 v4 #fg 7,kam*adales74 ,dobell1 ,travels 9 ,kamts*atka & ,sib]ia1 i4 #fc1 #hb sq4 7,kam*adales72 ii4 #db 7,jakuts74 ,sau]1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd 7,jakuts74 ,vmbry1 ,das ,trk5volk1 pp4 #aei 7,jakuts71 #ccf 7natives ( ,ea/]n ,turke/an71 #daa 7,turkomans71 #dea 7,t%uva%es71 #eji 7,baskirs71 c4 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bcf 7,kurile ,isl&]s74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 i4 #aac 7,mordv9s72 iii4 #aaa 7,tunguses71 #afg 7,koriaks72 iv4 #bb 7,kalmucks74 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #bha sqq4 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #ga sq4 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #da 7,lapl&]s71 #cai 7,o/yaks74 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ahg sq4 ,fras]1 ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,himala ,m\nta9s1 pp4 #bfd 7p ( ,kunaw>71 #cce 7,butias74 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #df 7,kukis71 #fh 7,g>os74 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #bae 7,santals74 ,tickell1 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 7pt4 ii47 #hjg sq4 7,hos74 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bag 7,tipp]ahs74 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 pp4 #afj sq4 7,/e9s71 #cga 7,%ans74 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahg4 de ,crespigny1 ',milan[s ( ,borneo1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 v1 #cd4 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 pp4 #bdc 7,hill ,dyaks71 #ccf 7,kayans74 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bae4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #hb 7,sea ,dyaks74 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bjh 7natives ( ! int]ior ( ,sumatra74 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 i4 #bdi2 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #ec 7,javanese74 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #da 7natives ( ,ambon & ,uliase74 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #afe 7natives ( ,radack71 #bae 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #ie 7,k+smill ,isl&]s74 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aie 7,efatese74 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bgc sq42 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #aaj2 ,&]son1 ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia1 p4 #acd sq4 7,fijians74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ie4 ,idem1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cdf sq4 ,=/]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aeh 7,tahitians7 #cfd 7natives ( ,tana71 #cid 7,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s g5]ally74 ,cook1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #dj 7,tahitians74 ,trege>1 ',niue1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 ii4 #ac 7,savage ,isl&]s71 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #aad2 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #acb2 ,br5*ley1 ,jott+s dur+ ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #gf 7,samoans74 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #aed4 ,yate1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj2 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajg sq42 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 #aee sq42 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #bb 7,maoris74 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #beh2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #be2 ,salvado1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdj 7,au/ralian aborig9es74 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aih2 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 pp4 #abf1 #abi2 ,ro*on1 ,voyage to ,madagasc>1 p4 #fb2 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #fa2 ,%aw1 ',betsileo1' 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 ii4 #hb4 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #ed 7,bu%mans71 #cde 7,hott5tots74 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #aff1 #ccg2 ,le ,vaillant1 ,travels f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ii4 #adc sq42 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 p4 #ha 7,hott5tots74 ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bgb2 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #bjc 7,kafirs74 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 pp4 #bji1 #bbd4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 #aih 7,ovambo74 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #bg1 #bfc 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans74 ,wilson & ,felk91 op4 cit4 i4 #baa1 #bbe 7,wag&a74 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #dg 7natives ( ,manganja1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lake ,nyassa74 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 pp4 #ajb 7,wanika71 #cfa 7,taveta74 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #fd 7,wa-kwafi1 ( ! ,taveta74 ,tuckey1 ,exp$ition to explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #cgd 7,congo natives71 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #ajh4 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #ajf 7,mpongwe74 ,idem1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cjc 7,yoruba74 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #afe 7,bagos74 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #ahe 7,t\>eg74 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 ii4 #de sqq4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ecd 7,b>ea74 ,lobo1 ,voyage to ,abyss9ia1 p4 #hb sq4 ,= ! det]iorat+ influ5ce :i* contact ) a high] culture ex]cises on savage hospitality1 see ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cjf sq42 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cdf2 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bej 7,hawaiians72 ,meade1 ,ride ?r\gh ! ,di/urb$ ,di/ricts ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #afd2 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,accord+ to a law ( ! ,p]uvian ,incas1 /rang]s & travell]s %\ld be treat$ z gue/s1 & public h\ses 7 provid$ = !m 7,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 ii4 #cd74 ,= ,yucatan1 see ,l&a1 ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #acd4 ,?\gh hospitality1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wells ,williams 7,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #hce71 is n a trait ( ! "* ( ! mod]n ,*9ese1 k9dness to /rang]s & travell]s is enjo9$ 9 _! moral & religi\s books 7,*alm]s1 ',*9ese ,natural ,!ology1' 9 ,*9a ,review1 v4 #bha4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bgc4 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #afj74 ,9 ,corea x w\ld be a grave & %ameful ?+ to refuse a portion ( "o's meal ) any p]son1 kn[n or unkn[n1 :o pres5ts himself at eat+-"t 7,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bhh74 ,= ! ,hebrews1 see ,g5esis1 xviii4 #b sqq41 xxiv4 #ca sqq42 ,leviticus1 xix4 #i sq41 xxv4 #ce2 ,deut]onomy1 xiv4 #bi1 xvi4 #aa1 #ad2 ,judges1 xix4 #ag sqq42 ,job1 xxxiv4 #cb2 also ,b]?olet1 ,die ,/ellung d] ,israelit5 und d] ,jud5 zu d5 ,fremd51 p4 #bb sqq41 & ,n[ack1 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie1 p4 #ahf sq4 ,= ,muhamm$ans1 see ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bif sq42 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 pp4 #ajj-ajb1 #aib sqq42 ,wood1 ,j\rney to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,riv] ,oxus1 p4 #adh2 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ii4 #cgi4 ,= anci5t ,india1 see ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 pp4 #ci1 #dj1 #bbc sqq4 ,= ,greece1 see ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #cbe sqq4 ,= ,rome1 see ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #cee sqq42 von ,jh]+1 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 i4 #bbg sq4 ,= anci5t ,teutons1 see ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #cii sq42 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #afb sqq42 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #ic2 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #dda sqq42 ,gudmundsson & ,klund1 ',sitte1' 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 iii4 #dej sq4 ,= ,slavonians1 see ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 i4 #bgj2 ,krauss1 ,die ,sdslav51 p4 #fdd sqq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bdc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #af3 ,b>tram1 ',creek & ,*]okee ,indians1' 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #db4 ,footnote #ag3 ,hilh\se1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ii4 #bcj4 ,idem1 ,indian ,notices1 p4 #ad4 ,cf4 von ,m>t9s1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #fib4 ,footnote #ah3 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #add sq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #gc sqq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,palgrave1 ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia1 i4 #cde4 ,footnote #ba3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lxvii4 #ca4 ,= o!r in/ances ( ! prec$5ce grant$ to gue/s1 see ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #id1 #adh 7,&aman ,isl&]s72 ,bu*anan1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #cbd 7,indians ( ,p5nsylvania72 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #cej 7,eskimo ( ,igloolik72 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #fe 7,we/]n ,eskimo72 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #baa 7,kam*adales71 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aec sq4 7,kam*adales71 #ahc sq4 7,*uk*i74 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #hf 7,sea ,dyaks72 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aed 7,tonga ,isl&]s72 ,new1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb 7,wanika72 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 op4 cit4 ii4 #de 7,kabyles72 ,wells ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #edj 7,*9ese73 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #fdi sq4 7,s\!rn ,slavs74 ,cu/om may require t hospitality %\ld be %[n ev5 to an enemy4 ,capta9 ,holm tells u ( a ,gre5l&] ( bad "* :o1 ?\gh he _h murd]$ 8 /ep-fa!r1 0 receiv$1 & = a long "t ent]ta9$1 :5 he paid a visit to ! ne>e/ k9dr$ ( ! murd]$ man2 & ?is1 z x seems1 0 agreeable to old cu/om4#bb ,among ! ,a5eze ,b$\9s1 says ,burckh>dt1 all means are reckon$ lawful to av5ge ! blood ( a sla9 relative1 provid$ ! homicide be n kill$ :ile he is a gue/ 9 ! t5t ( a ?ird p]son1 or if he has tak5 refuge ev5 9 ! t5t ( 8 deadly foe4#bc ,9 ,afghani/an a man's bitt]e/ enemy is safe :ile he is "u 8 ro(4#bd ,we read 9 ! ,hitopadesa3--,on ev5 an enemy arriv$ at ! h\se becom+ hospitality %\ld be be/[$2 ! tree does n )draw its %elt]+ %ad[ f ! wood-cutt]4 4 4 4 ,! gue/ is ev]yone's sup]ior4#be ,! old ,norsem5 consid]$ x a duty to treat a gue/ hospitably ev5 ?\gh x came out t he _h kill$ ! bro!r ( 8 ho/4#bf ,a m$ival #egg knight grant$ safe conduct ?r\gh 8 t]ritories to all :o requir$ x1 includ+ ^? :o ass]t$ pret5sions :i*1 if e/abli%$1 w\ld deprive him ( 8 possessions4#bg ,footnote #bb3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cje sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #hg4 ,cf4 ,daumas1 ,la vie ,arabe1 p4 #cag 7,alg]ian ,arabs74 ,footnote #bd3 ,elph9/one1 ,k+dom ( ,caubul1 i4 #bif4 ,footnote #be3 ,hitopadesa1 ,mitralbh1 #fj1 #fb4 ,footnote #bf3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #djj4 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #dda4 ,= o!r in/ances ( hospitality t[>ds enemies1 see ,james1 ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #cbb 7,omahas72 ,b>tram1 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #db 7,creeks & ,*]okees72 ,lomonaco1 ',sull]azze indig5e del ,brasile1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xix4 #eg 7,tupis72 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #fej 7,mont5egr9es74 ,footnote #bg3 ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 p4 #aed4 ,to protect a gue/ is look$ ^u z a mo/ /r+5t duty "u all circum/ances4 ,le ,kabyle qui accorde son naa doit1 s\s pe9e d'infamie1 y faire honneur1 dt-il s'expos] t\s les dang]s4 4 4 4 ,la violation de leur naa e/ la plus grave injure que l'on puisse inflig] des ,kabyles4 ,un homme qui viole1 ou1 suivant l'expression consacre1 qui brise l'naa de son village ou de sa tribu1 e/ puni de mort et de la confiscation de t\s ses bi5s2 sa maison e/ dmolie4#bh ,among ! ,b$\9s a brea* ( ! law ( dakheel w\ld be consid]$ a disgrace n only ^u ! individual b ^u 8 family1 & ev5 ^u 8 tribe1 :i* nev] c\ld be wip$ out4 ,no great] insult c be (f]$ to a man1 or to 8 clan1 ?an to say t he has brok5 ! dakheel4#bi ,among ! ,a5ezes1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 a violation ( hospitality1 by ! betray+ ( a gue/1 has n occurr$ )9 ! memory ( man4#cj ,9 ,egypt1 mo/ ,b$awees w suff] almo/ any injury to !mselves or _! families r ?an all[ _! gue/s to be ill-treat$ :ile "u _! protection4#ca ,among ! ,k&hs1 = ! safety ( a gue/ life & hon\r are pl$g$2 he is to be consid]$ be=e a *ild2 9 ord] to save 8 gue/ a man is ev5 all[$ to speak falsely1 :i* is o!rwise condemn$ by !m z a he9\s s94#cb ,vmbry tells u ( cases 9 :i* ! ,k>a-,kirghiz h pref]r$ be+ h>ass$ ) w> by ! ,*9ese to surr5d]+ to !m su* ,*9ese fugitives z h s\ght & receiv$ _! hospitality4#cc ,among ! ,ossetes ! ho/ n only consid]s himself responsible = ! safety ( 8 gue/1 #egh b rev5ges ! murd] or w\nd+ ( ! latt] z he w\ld t ( a k9sman4#cd ,9 ,albania x is consid]$ infam\s to leave an injury inflict$ on a gue/ unav5g$4#ce ,among ! ,takue1 ?\gh a man w\ld accept comp5sation = ! murd] ( a relative1 he w\ld 9 all cases exact blood-rev5ge = ! murd] ( 8 gue/4#cf ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,si]ra ,leone a gue/ is sc>cely acc\ntable = any faults :i* he may commit1 :e!r ?r\gh inadv]t5cy or design1 ! ho/ be+ consid]$ z responsible = ! actions ( '8 /rang]4'#cg ,footnote #bh3 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fa sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #cj3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ajj4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #ca3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #cb3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 pp4 #fe1 #id4 ,footnote #cc3 ,vmbry1 ,das ,trk5volk1 p4 #bfh4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #daa 7,turkomans74 ,footnote #cd3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #ce3 ,gopvcevi'c1 ,ob]albani5 und se9e ,liga1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bjh4 ,among ! ,b>ea & ,kunma a man av5ges ! dea? ( 8 gue/ by kill+ ! gue/ ( ! murd]] 7ibid4 p4 #dgg74 ,footnote #cg3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #bad4 ,hospitality is n only reg>d$ z a duty ( ! fir/ ord]1 b has1 9 a rem>kable degree1 be5 associat$ ) religion4 ,among ! doctr9es held up = acceptance by ! religi\s in/ructors ( ! ,iroquois !re 0 ! foll[+ precept3--,if a /rang] w&] ab\t y\r abode1 welcome him to y\r home1 be hospitable t[>ds him1 speak to him ) k9d words1 & =get n always to m5tion ! ,great ,_s4#ch ,! natives ( ,aneiteum1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 ma9ta9$ t g5]\s hospitality w\ld receive ! highe/ rew>d 9 ! ,l& ( ! ,dead4#ci ,! ,kalmucks believe t want ( hospitality w be puni%$ by angry gods4#dj ,! ,k&hs say t ! fir/ duty :i* ! gods h impos$ ^u man is t ( hospitality2 & p]sons guilty ( ! neglect ( e/abli%$ obs]vances are puni%$ by ! div9e wra?1 ei!r dur+ _! curr5t lives1 or :5 !y aft]w>ds return to animate o!r bodies1 ! p5alties be+ dea?1 pov]ty1 disease1 ! loss ( *ildr51 or any o!r =m ( calamity4#da ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india hospitality is repeat$ly spok5 ( z a mo/ important duty1 ! dis*>ge ( :i* w be #egi amply rew>d$4 ,! inhospitable man1 ! ,v$ic s+] tell u1 acquires food 9 va94 ,i speak ! tru?--x v]ily is 8 dea?4 4 4 4 ,he :o eats alone is no?+ b a s9n]4#db ,he :o does n fe$ ^! five1 ! gods1 8 gue/s1 ^? :om he is b\nd to ma9ta91 ! manes1 & himself1 lives n1 ?\gh he brea!s4#dc ,accord+ to ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 a p]son :o neglects a poor & fri5dless /rang] 9 want ( hospitality1 goes to hell4#dd ,on ! o!r h&1 by hon\r+ gue/s a h\sehold] obta9s ! highe/ rew>d4#de ,he :o ent]ta9s gue/s = "o night obta9s e>?ly happ9ess1 a second night ga9s ! middle air1 a ?ird heav5ly bliss1 a f\r? ! _w ( unsurpassable bliss2 _m nights procure endless worlds4 ,t has be5 decl>$ 9 ! ,v$a4#df ,x is said 9 ! ,mahabh>ata t he :o gives food freely to a fatigu$ wayf>]1 :om he has nev] se5 be=e1 obta9s great virtu\s m]it4#dg ,accord+ to ,hesiod1 ,zeus himself is wra? ) him :o does evil to a suppliant or a gue/1 & at la/1 9 requital = 8 de$1 lays on him a bitt] p5alty4#dh ,plato says3--,9 8 relations to /rang]s1 a man %\ld consid] t a contract is a mo/ holy ?+1 & t all conc]ns & wrongs ( /rang]s are m directly dep5d5t on ! protection ( ,god1 ?an wrongs done to citiz5s4 4 4 4 ,he :o is mo/ able is ! g5ius & ! god ( ! /rang]1 :o foll[s 9 ! tra9 ( ,zeus1 ! god ( /rang]s4 ,& = ?is reason1 he :o has a sp>k ( caution 9 him1 w d 8 be/ to pass ?r\gh life )\t s9n+ aga9/ ! /rang]4 ,& ( (f5ces committ$1 :e!r aga9/ /rang]s or fell[-c\ntry-m51 t aga9/ suppliants is ! greate/4#di ,simil> op9ions prevail$ 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,jus hospitii1 :il/ #ehj =m+ no "p ( ! civil law1 belong$ to fas2 ! /rang]1 :o enjoy$ no legal protection1 01 z a gue/1 protect$ by cu/om & religion4#ej ,! dii hospitales & ,jupit] 7 on gu>d ov] him2#ea h5ce ! duties t[>ds a gue/ 7 ev5 m /r+5t ?an ^? t[>ds a relative4#eb ,cs>#ec & ,tacitus#ed atte/ t ! ,teutons consid]$ x impi\s to injure a gue/ or to exclude any human be+ f ! %elt] ( _! ro(4 ,! ,god ( ,israel 0 a pres]v] ( /rang]s4#ee ,9 ! ,talmud hospitality is describ$ z ! mo/ important "p ( div9e wor%ip1#ef z be+ equival5t to ! duty ( hon\r+ fa!r & "m1#eg z ev5 m m]itori\s ?an frequ5t+ ! synagogue4#eh ,muhamm$anism likewise reg>ds hospitality z a religi\s duty4#ei ,:oev]1 said ! ,prophet1 believes 9 ,god & ! day ( resurrection1 mu/ respect 8 gue/4#fj ,b ! idea t a gue/ enjoys div9e protection prevail$ among ! ,arabs long be=e ! times ( ,muhamm$4#fa ,! ,b$\9s say t ! gue/s are gue/s ( ,god4#fb ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 aga91 reg>d$ hospitality z a duty impos$ by ,*ri/4#fc ,footnote #ch3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,+lis1 ,9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #dj3 ,b]gmann1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bha sq4 ,footnote #da3 ,macph]son1 ',religi\s ,op9ions & ,obs]vances ( ! ,khonds1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 vii4 #aif4 ,footnote #db3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #aag4 #f4 ,footnote #dc3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #gb4 ,cf4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lxvii4 #de4 ,footnote #dd3 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #de3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lxvii4 #bh1 #cb4 ,footnote #df3 pa/amba1 ii4 #c4 #g4 #af4 ,footnote #dg3 ,mahabh>ata1 ,vana ,p>va1 ii4 #fa1 pt4 v4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #dh3 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #cca sq4 7#ccc sq474 ,footnote #di3 ,plato1 ,leges1 v4 #gbi sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,virgilii neidos1 iii4 #ee3 ,fas omne2 et cognationis1 et iuris hospitii4 von ,jh]+1 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 i4 #bbg4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #ajc1 #ceh sq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,virgilii neidos1 i4 #gcf4 ,livy1 ,hi/ori ,roman1 xxxix4 #ea4 ,tacitus1 ,annales1 xv4 #eb4 ,plautus1 ,poenuli1 v4 #a4 #be4 ,footnote #eb3 ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 v4 #ac4 #e3 ,9 (ficiis apud maiores ita obs]vatum e/1 primum tutelae1 de9de hospiti1 de9de cli5ti1 tum cognato1 po/ea aff9i4 ,footnote #ec3 ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vi4 #bc4 ,footnote #ed3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #ba4 ,footnote #ee3 ,psalms1 cxlvi4 #i4 ,footnote #ef3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #eg3 ,kiddu%91 fol4 #ci ,b1 quot$ by ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #eh3 ,sabba?1 fol4 #abg ,a1 quot$ by ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ei3 ,koran1 iv4 #dj sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #bbc sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #bbh1 #ejd4 ,footnote #fc3 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l',humanit1 vii4 #cdf4 ,t a /rang]1 :o "u o!r circum/ances is treat$ z an inf]ior be+ or a foe1 liable to be robb$ & kill$ ) impunity1 %\ld enjoy su* extraord9>y privileges z a gue/1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ curi\s contra/s :i* pres5t !mselves to a /ud5t ( ! moral ideas ( mank9d4 ,x may be ask$1 :y %\ld #eha he be receiv$ at all8 ,( c\rse1 he /&s 9 ne$ ( protection & support1 b :y %\ld ^? :o d n "k him c>e = t8 ,"o answ] is t 8 helpless condition may excite pity2 facts seem to prove t ev5 among savages ! altrui/ic feel+s1 h[ev] n>r[1 c be /irr$ by ! sight ( a suff]+ & h>mless /rang]4 ,ano!r answ] is t ! ho/ himself may expect to reap b5efit f 8 act4 ,& !re c be little d\bt t ! rules ( hospitality are 9 ! ma9 bas$ on egoi/ic consid]ations4 ,x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$ t 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries1 :]e !re is no public accommodation = travell]s1 hospitality is s necess>y1 & s mu* requir$ by ! mutual conv5i5ce ( all p>ties1 z to detract greatly f its m]it z a moral quality4#fd ,:5 ! /rang] belongs to a community ) :i* a reciprocity ( int]c\rse prevails1 x is prud5t to give him a he>ty reception2 he :o is ! ho/ to-day may be ! gue/ tomorr[4 ,if ! ,r$ ,indians are hospitable1 says ,dom5e*1 !y also look = _! hospitality be+ return$ ) ! same m>ks ( respect & consid]ation4#fe ,moreov]1 ! /rang] is a be>] ( news & tid+s1 & z su* may be a welcome gue/ :]e communication betwe5 diff]5t places is sl[ & r>e4#ff ,dur+ my w&]+s 9 ! remote =e/s ( ,nor!rn ,f9l& ,i 0 con/antly welcom$ ) ! phrase1 ,:at news8 ,b ! /rang] may be suppos$ to br+ ) him some?+ :i* is valu$ ev5 m highly1 namely1 good luck or bless+s4 ,footnote #fd3 ,w9t]bottom1 op4 cit4 i4 #bad4 ,footnote #fe3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #cai4 ,cf4 ,dunb>1 ',pawnee ,indians4' 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 viii4 #gde2 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cdg2 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #ea2 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ccc sq4 7,bakari72 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aed 7,kam*adales72 ,smeaton1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf 7,k>5s72 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ie 7,society ,isl&]s72 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #acb1 & ,br5*ley1 op4 cit4 p4 #gf 7,samoans72 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj1 & ,&]son1 ,notes ( ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia1 p4 #ace 7,fijians72 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #cic 7,arabs ( ! ,sah>a74 ,footnote #ff3 ,wright1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cbi4 ,dur+ ! fir/ days ( my /ay at ,demnat1 9 ! ,great ,atlas1 ! natives 9 spite ( _! ho/ility t[>ds ,europeans1 said !y 7 q pleas$ ) my com+ to see !m1 because ,i _h br\ght ) me ra9 & an increase ( ! import ( victuals1 :i* j be=e my arrival _h be5 v sc>ce4 ,s1 too1 :il/ resid+ among ! ,&jra m\nta9e]s 9 ! ,nor? ( ,morocco1 ,i 0 said to be a p]son ) propiti\s ankles1 because1 s9ce ,i settl$ d[n among !m1 ! village :]e ,i /ay$ 0 frequ5tly visit$ by ,%]eefs--presum$ desc5dants ( ! ,prophet ,muhamm$--:o are always highly valu$ gue/s on acc\nt ( ! b>aka1 or hol9ess1 ) :i* !y are suppos$ 9 a small] or great] degree to be end[$4 ,! /rang] may be a s\rce ( good =tune ei!r involunt>ily1 z a be>] ( luck1 or ?r\gh 8 good wi%es2 & !re is e reason to hope t he w1 if treat$ hospitably1 return ! k9dness ( 8 ho/ ) a bless+4 ,accord+ to ! old travell] d',arvieux1 /rang]s1 :o come to an ,arab village are receiv$ by ! ,%eikh ) "s su* words z ^!3--,y are welcome2 prais$ be ,god t y are 9 good heal?2 y\r arrival draws d[n ! bless+ ( heav5 ^u u2 ! h\se & all t is 9 x is y\rs1 y are ma/]s ( x4#fg ,x is said 9 "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india t ?r\gh a ,brhmana gue/ ! p obta9 ra91 & food ?r\gh ra91 h5ce !y "k t ! hospitable reception ( a gue/ is a c]emony av]t+ evil4#fh ,:5 we read 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu t ! hospitable reception ( gue/s procures weal?1 fame1 long life1 & heav5ly bliss1#fi x is also reasonable to suppose t ?is sup]natural rew>d is a result ( bless+s invok$ on ! ho/4 ,9 ! ',suppliants' ( ,aes*ylus ! ,*orus s+s3--,let u utt] = ! ,argives bless+s 9 requital ( _! bless+s4 ,& may ,zeus ( ,/rang]s wat* to _! fulfilm5t ! rew>ds t issue f a /rang]'s tongue1 t #ehc !y rea* _! p]fect goal4#gj ,we c n[ und]/& ! eag]ness ) :i* gue/s are s\ght =4 ,:5 a gue/ ent]s ! hut ( a ,kalmuck1 ! ho/1 ! ho/ess1 & ev]ybody 9 ! hut1 rejoice at ! arrival ( ! /rang] z at an unexpect$ =tune4#ga ,among ! ,arabs ( ,s9ai1 if a /rang] be se5 f af> com+ t[>ds ! camp1 he is ! gue/ = t night ( ! fir/ p]son :o descries him1 & :o1 :e!r a gr[n man or a *ild1 exclaims1 ',!re comes my gue/4' ,su* a p]son has a "r to ent]ta9 ! gue/ t night4 ,s]i\s qu>rels happ5 on ^! occasions2 & ! ,arabs (t5 h rec\rse to _! great oa?--',by ! divorce 7f my wife7 ,i swe> t ,i %all ent]ta9 ! gue/'2 ^u :i* all opposition ceases4#gb ,x is also v usual 9 ! ,ea/ to eat be=e ! gate ( ! h\se :]e travell]s pass1 & e /rang] ( respectable appe>ance is inv>iably reque/$ to sit d[n & p>take ( ! repa/4#gc ,among ! ,maoris1 no soon] does a /rang] appe> 9 sight1 ?an he is welcom$ ) ! usual cry ( ',come hi!r6 come hi!r6' f num]\s voices1 & is imm$iately invit$ to eat ( su* provisions z ! place af=ds4#gd ,footnote #fg3 d',arvieux1 ,travels 9 ,arabia ! ,des>t1 p4 #aca sq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,vasi%?a1 xi4 #ac4 ,footnote #fi3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #ajf4 ,footnote #gj3 ,aes*ylus1 ,supplices1 #fcb sqq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,b]gmann1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bhb4 ,footnote #gb3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9 & ,wahbys p4 #aih4 ,footnote #gc3 ,idem1 ,arabic ,prov]bs1 p4 #bah4 ,*asseboeuf de ,volney1 ,travels ?r\gh ,syria & ,egypt1 i4 #dac4 ,footnote #gd3 ,yate1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 ,cf4 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #cbe 7,samoans72 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg 7,ahts74 ,if efficacy is ascrib$ to ! bless+s ev5 ( an ord9>y man1 ! bless+s ( a /rang] are naturally suppos$ to be /ill m p[]ful4 ,= ! unkn[n /rang]1 l ev]y?+ unkn[n & ev]y?+ /range1 ar\ses a feel+ ( my/]i\s awe 9 sup]/iti\s m9ds4 ,! ,a9os say1 ,d n treat /rang]s slight+ly1 = y nev] "k :om y are ent]ta9+4#ge ,accord+ to ! ,hitopadesa1 a gue/ consi/s ( all ! deities4#gf ,x is significant t 9 ! writ+s ( anci5t ,india1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 gue/s are m5tion$ next aft] gods z due objects ( reg>d4#gg ,?us ,aes*ylus speaks ( a man's #ehd impi\s conduct to a god1 or a /rang]1 or to 8 p>5ts de>4#gh ,accord+ to ,hom]ic notions1 ! gods1 9 ! lik5ess ( /rang]s f f> c\ntries1 put on all mann] ( %apes1 & w&] ?r\gh ! cities1 behold+ ! viol5ce & ! righte\sness ( m54#gi ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews writes1 ,be n =getful to ent]ta9 /rang]s3 = !reby "s h ent]ta9$ angels unaw>es4#hj ,footnote #ge3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #gf3 ,hitopadesa1 ,mitralbh1 #fe4 ,footnote #gg3 ,anugit1 #c1 #ca 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 viii4 #bdc1 #cfa74 ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 v4 #ac4 #e4 ,footnote #gh3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #bgj sq4 ,footnote #gi3 ,odyssey1 xvii4 #dhe sqq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,hebrews1 xiii4 #b4 ,! visit+ /rang]1 h[ev]1 is reg>d$ n only z a pot5tial b5efactor1 b z a pot5tial s\rce ( evil4 ,he may br+ ) him disease or ill-luck4 ,he is commonly believ$ to be v]s$ 9 magic2#ha & ! evil wi%es & curses ( a /rang] are greatly fe>$1 ow+ p>tly to 8 quasi-sup]natural "*1 p>tly to ! close contact 9 :i* he comes ) ! ho/ & 8 belong+s4 ,footnote #ha3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #bih sqq4 ,9 ! ,m5tawey ,isl&s1 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 if a /rang] ent]s a h\se :]e !re are *ildr51 ! fa!r or "s o!r memb] ( ! family :o happ5s to be pres5t1 takes ! ornam5t ) :i* ! *ildr5 decorate _! hair1 & h&s x to ! /rang]1 :o holds x 9 8 h&s = a :ile1 & !n gives x back2 ?is is suppos$ to protect ! *ild f ! evil effect :i* ! eye ( a /rang] might h on x4#hb ,) ref]5ce to ! ,cali=nian ,pomo1 ,mr4 ,p[]s /ates1 ,let a p]fect /rang] ent] a wigwam & (f] ! lodge-fa!r a /r+ ( beads = any object t takes 8 fancy--m]ely po9t+ to x1 b utt]+ no ^w--& ! own] holds himself b\nd 9 savage hon\r to make ! ex*ange1 :e!r x is a fair "o or n4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is idea ( savage hon\r ) c]ta9 cases m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we _c d\bt t x is bas$ on sup]/iti\s fe>2 inde$1 ! next day ! =m] own] ( ! article may ?ru/ ! /rang] ?r\gh ) 8 spe>1 or cru% 8 =ehead ) a pebble f 8 sl+1 & ! by/&]s w look #ehe ^u x z only ! rectification ( a bad b>ga94#hc ,among ! ,african ,h]]o no curse is reg>d$ z heavi] ?an t :i* "o :o has be5 inhospitably treat$ w\ld hurl at ^? :o h driv5 him f ! he>?4#hd ,accord+ to ,greek ideas1 gue/s & suppliants _h _! ,er9yes#he --p]sonifications ( _! curses2 & x w\ld be difficult to attribute any o!r mean+ to ! g5ius 7,greek3 dai_/mn7 & ! god ( ! /rang]1 :o foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ,zeus1 spok5 ( by ,plato1 & to ! ,roman dii hospitales1 9 _! capacity ( av5g]s ( injuries done to gue/s4 ,aes*ylus repres5ts ,apollo z say+1 ,i %all assi/ him 7,ore/es71 & rescue my own suppliant2 = t]rible bo? among m5 & gods is ! wra? ( a refugee1 :5 "o ab&ons him ) int5t4#hf ,x is no d\bt ! same idea t ! ,*orus 9 ! ',suppliants' expresses1 9 a modifi$ =m1 :5 s++3--,griev\s is ! wra? ( ,zeus ,petition>y4 4 4 4 ,i mu/ ne$s hold 9 awe ! wra? ( ,zeus ,petition>y1 = t is ! supreme/ on e>?4#hg pa/amba's ,aphorisms conta9 a stra ! object ( :i* is to %[ ! absolute necessity ( fe$+ a gue/1 ow+ to ! fact t1 if (f5d$1 he might burn ! h\se ) ! flames ( 8 ang]2#hh = a gue/ comes to ! h\se resembl+ a burn+ fire1#hi a gue/ rules ov] ! _w ( ,indra4#ij ,accord+ to ! ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 "o :o has arriv$ z a gue/ & is oblig$ to turn home disappo9t$ 9 8 expectations1 takes away f ! man to ^: h\se he has come 8 religi\s m]it1 & ?r[s 8 own guilt ^u him2#ia & ! #ehf same idea is f\nd 9 _m o!r anci5t books ( ,india4#ib ,t a dissatisfi$ gue/1 or a ,brhmana1#ic ?us takes ) him ! spiritual m]it ( 8 *urli% ho/1 all[s ( a q lit]al int]pretation4 ,9 ,morocco1 a ,%]eef is g5]ally unwill+ to let a /rang] kiss 8 h&1 = fe> le/ ! /rang] %\ld extract f him 8 b>aka1 or hol9ess2 & ! ,%]eefs ( ,wazz>i are reput$ to rob o!r ,%]eefs1 :o visit !m1 ( _! hol9ess1 %\ld ! latt] leave beh9d any rema9d] ( _! meals1 ev5 ?\gh x be only a bone4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ros5b]g1 ,d] ,malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #hc3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aec4 ,! same privilege z ! p]fect /rang] possesses among ! ,pomo1 0 grant$ by ! tribes ( ! ,nig] ,delta to ! ,ibo girl :o 0 de/9$ to be (f]$ z a sacrifice4 ,%e 0 all[$ to claim any piece ( clo? or any ornam5t %e set h] eyes ^u1 & ! native to :om x belong$ 0 oblig$ to pres5t x to h] 7,comte de ,c>di1 ',ju-ju ,laws & ,cu/oms1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 #ed74 ,footnote #hd3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #dhj4 ,footnote #he3 ,plato1 ,epi/ol1 viii4 #ceg4 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argonautica1 iv4 #ajdb sq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #bcb sqq4 ,footnote #hg3 ,idem1 ,supplices1 #cdi1 #dhi4 ,footnote #hh3 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ii4 #aad1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #hi3 pa/amba1 ii4 #c4 #f4 #c4 ,footnote #ij3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ia3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lxvii4 #cc4 ,footnote #ib3 ,vasi%?a1 viii4 #f4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #ajj4 ,hitopadesa1 ,mitralbh1 #fd4 ,footnote #ic3 ,vasi%?a1 viii4 #f4 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #ajj4 ,! efficacy ( a wi% or a curse dep5ds n only ^u ! pot5cy :i* x possesses f ! beg9n+1 ow+ to c]ta9 qualities 9 ! p]son f :om x orig9ates1 b also on ! vehicle by :i* x is conduct$--j z ! /r5g? ( an electric %ock dep5ds bo? on ! orig9al int5sity ( ! curr5t & on ! condition ( ! conductor4 ,z p>ticul>ly effici5t conductors are reg>d$ blood1 bodily contact1 food1 & dr9k4 ,9 ,morocco1 ! duties ( a ho/ are closely connect$ ) ! in/itution ( l-7r1 "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ cu/oms ( t c\ntry4 ,if a p]son desires to compel ano!r to help him1 or to =give him1 or1 g5]ally1 to grant "s reque/1 he makes 7r on him4 ,he kills a %eep or a goat or only a *ick5 at ! ?re%old ( 8 h\se1 or at ! entrance ( 8 t5t2 or he grasps ) 8 h&s ei!r ! p]son :om he invokes1 or t p]son's *ild1 or ! horse :i* he is rid+2 or he t\*es him ) 8 turban or a fold ( 8 dress4 ,9 %ort1 he e/abli%es "s k9d ( contact ) ! o!r p]son1 to s]ve z a conductor ( 8 wi%es & ( 8 conditional curses4 ,x is univ]sally believ$ t1 if ! p]son s appeal$ to does n grant ! reque/1 8 own welf>e is at /ake1 & t ! dang] is p>ticul>ly great if an animal has be5 kill$ at 8 door1 & he /eps ov] ! blood or only cat*es a glimpse ( x4 ,z appe>s f ! expression1 ,?is is 7r on y if y d n d ?is or t1 ! blood1 or #ehg ! direct bodily contact1 is suppos$ to transf] to ! o!r p]son a conditional curse3--,if y d n help me1 !n y w die1 or y\r *ildr5 w die1 or "s o!r evil w happ5 to y4 ,s also ! own] ( a h\se or a t5t to :i* a p]son has fl$ = refuge mu/1 9 8 own int]e/1 assi/ ! fugitive1 :o is 9 8 7r2 =1 by be+ 9 8 dwell+1 ! refugee is 9 close contact ) him & 8 belong+s4 ,aga91 ! re/ra9t :i* a common meal lays on ^? :o p>take ( x is conspicu\s 9 ! usual practice ( seal+ a compact ( fri5d%ip by eat+ toge!r at ! tomb ( "s sa9t4 ,! true mean+ ( ?is is made p]fectly cle> by ! phrase t ! food w repay him :o breaks ! compact4 ,! sacr$ness ( ! place adds to ! efficacy ( ! imprecation1 b its vehicle1 ! real puni%]1 is ! eat5 food1 because x embodies a conditional curse4 ,n[ ! idea und]ly+ ^! cu/oms is c]ta9ly n re/rict$ to ,morocco4 ,z w be %[n 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 blood is v commonly us$ z a conductor ( conditional curses2 = in/ance1 "o object ( ! practice ( sacrifice is to transf] an imprecation to ! god by means ( ! blood ( ! victim4 ,bodily contact is ano!r common means ( communicat+ curses2 & ?is acc\nts = _m rem>kable cases ( compulsory hospitality & protection :i* h be5 notic$ 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,9 ,fiji ! same native :o )9 a few y>ds ( 8 h\se w\ld murd] a com+ or dep>t+ gue/ = sake ( a knife or a hat*et1 w def5d him at ! risk ( 8 own life z soon z he has pass$ 8 ?re%old4#id ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s an enemy may n be kill$ 9 a h\se1 especially n 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ho/4#ie ,if an ,ossetian receives into 8 h\se a /rang] :om he aft]w>ds discov]s to be a man to :om he owes blood-rev5ge1 ?is makes no diff]5ce 9 8 hospitality2 b :5 ! gue/ takes 8 leave1 ! #ehh ho/ accompanies him to ! b\nd>y ( ! village1 & on p>t+ f him exclaims1 ,h5ce=? bew>e6#if ,among ! ,k&hs1 if a man c make 8 way by any means into ! h\se ( 8 enemy he _c be t\*$1 ev5 ?\gh 8 life has be5 =feit$ to 8 involunt>y ho/ by ! law ( blood-rev5ge4#ig ,9 none ( ^! cases is an explanation giv5 ( ! extraord9>y privilege grant$ to ! /rang]2 b x seems highly probable t x has ! same orig9 z ! exactly simil> cu/om preval5t among ! ,moors4 ,9 o!r words1 z soon z ! /rang] has come 9 t\* ) a p]son by ent]+ 8 h\se1 he is ?\ght to be able to transmit to t p]son & 8 family & 8 prop]ty any evil wi%es he pleases4 ,s1 also1 9 ! ,ea/ any /rang] may place himself "u ! protection ( an ,arab by m]ely t\*+ 8 t5t or 8 t5t-ropes1#ih & aft] ?is is done x w\ld be reckon$ a disgraceful meanness1 an indelible %ame1 to satisfy ev5 a j v5geance at ! exp5se ( hospitality4#ii ,among/ ! ,%amm>1 says ,lay>d1 if a man c seize ! end ( a /r+ or ?read1 ! o!r end ( :i* is held by 8 enemy1 he imm$iately becomes 8 ,dakheel or protg4 ,if he t\* ! canvas ( a t5t1 or c ev5 ?r[ 8 mace t[>ds x1 he is ! ,dakheel ( its own]4 ,if he c spit ^u a man or t\* any article belong+ to him ) 8 tee?1 he is ,dakhal1 unless ( c\rse1 9 case ( !ft1 x be ! p]son :o caught him4 4 4 4 ,! ,%amm> nev] plund] a c>avan )9 sight ( _! encampm5t1 = z long z a /rang] c see _! t5ts !y consid] him _! ,dakheel4#ajj ,b "o ( ! ,b$\9 tribes describ$ by ,lady ,anne & ,mr4 ,blunt1 :il/ ready to rob ! /rang] :o comes to _! t5ts1 #ehi c\nt _! hospitality z beg9n+ only f ! mom5t ( 8 eat+ ) !m4#aja ,all ,b$\9s reg>d ! eat+ ( salt toge!r z a bond ( mutual fri5d%ip1 & !re are tribes :o q 9 accordance ) ! ,moori% pr9ciple1 ! food w repay y--require to r5ew ?is bond e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or aft] two nights & ! day betwe5 !m1 s9ce o!rwise1 z !y say1 ! salt is n 9 _! /oma*s1#ajb & c !re=e no long] puni% ! p]son :o breaks ! contract4 ,! salt :i* gives a claim to protection consi/s 9 eat+ ev5 ! smalle/ portion ( food belong+ to ! protector4#ajc ,! ,sultan ,salad9 did n all[ ! ,crusad] ,r5aud de ,*atillon1 :5 br\ght be=e him z a prison]1 to qu5* 8 ?ir/ 9 8 t5t1 =1 _h he drunk wat] !re1 ! enemy w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ 8 life z safe4#ajd ,we f9d a simil> cu/om among ! ,omaha ,indians3 %\ld an enemy appe> 9 ! lodge & receive a m\?ful ( food or wat]1 or put ! pipe 9 8 m\?1 he _c be injur$ by any memb] ( ! tribe1 z he is b\nd = ! "t be+ by ! ties ( hospitality1 & !y are compell$ to protect him & s5d him home 9 safety4#aje ,9 ^! & simil> cases1 :]e !re is no common meal1 ! gue/ may nev]!less transmit to 8 ho/ a curse by ! exce$+ly close contact e/abli%$ betwe5 him & ! food or dr9k or tobacco ( ! ho/1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( p>s pro toto4 ,?is is an idea v famili> to ! primitive m9d4 ,x lies1 = in/ance1 at ! bottom ( ! common belief t a p]son may bewit* 8 enemy by gett+ hold ( "s ( 8 spittle or "s leav+s ( 8 food--a belief :i* has l$ to ! cu/om ( gue/s c>ry+ away ) !m all !y are unable to eat ( ! food :i* is plac$ be=e !m1 #eij out ( dread le/ ! residue ( _! meal %\ld be eat5 by somebody else4#ajf ,! magic wire may conduct imprecations 9 ei!r direction4 ,9 ,morocco1 if a p]son gives to ano!r "s food or dr9k1 x is consid]$ dang]\s1 n only = ! recipi5t to receive x )\t say+1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 b also = ! giv] to give x )\t utt]+ ! same =mula1 by way ( precaution4#ajg ,footnote #id3 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #gg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln 9 d] ,sdsee1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #be4 ,footnote #if3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #ig3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ih3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #dh4 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #baa4 ,footnote #ii3 ,*asseboeuf de ,volney1 op4 cit4 i4 #dab4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,lay>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #cag sq4 ,burckh>dt says 7,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #gb7 t "o ( ! mo/ common oa?s 9 ! dome/ic life ( ! ,b$\9s is to take hold ) "o h& ( ! wasat1 or middle t5t-pole1 & to swe> 'by ! life ( ?is t5t & its own]s4' ,footnote #aja3 ,blunt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #baa4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah1 ii4 #aab4 ,d\ghty1 op4 cit4 i4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ahg4 ,quatremre1 ',mmoire sur les asiles *ez les ,arabes1' 9 ,mmoires de l',in/itut de ,france1 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xv4 pt4 ii4 #cdf sqq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,quatremre1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cdf4 ,footnote #aje3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bga4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 pp4 #hf1 #ig4 ,cf4 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cdg2 ,h>mon1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfa 7,indians on ! ea/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,isaac also bless$ 8 son by eat+ ( 8 food 7,g5esis1 xxvii4 #d1 #ai1 #bd74 ,! subject ( hospitality has be5 incid5tally dealt ) by ,mr4 ,crawley 9 8 int]e/+ book1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose 7p4 #bci sqq42 cf41 also1 p4 #abd sqq474 ,i mu/ leave ! read] to decide h[ f> ! !ory ,i am "h advocat+1 :i* ma9ly re/s ^u my rese>*es 9 ,morocco1 co9cides ) 84 ,all ?r\gh 8 book ,mr4 ,crawley lays mu* emphasis on ! pr9ciple ( transf]5ce2 b1 if ,i und]/& him rightly1 he also reg>ds comm5sality z involv+ a suppos$ ex*ange ( p]sonality betwe5 ! ho/ & ! gue/1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* injury done to ,b by ,a is equival5t to injury done by ,a to himself 7p4 #bcg74 ,to ?is op9ion ,i _c subscribe 7cf4 infra1 on ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,altrui/ic ,s5tim5t74 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ! mutual obligations aris+ f eat+ toge!r are fundam5tally bas$ on ! idea t ! common meal s]ves z a conductor ( conditional imprecations4 ,! /rang] ?us be+ look$ ^u z a m or less dang]\s individual1 x is natural t ^? :o are expos$ to ! dang] %\ld d :at !y c to av]t x4 ,) ?is end 9 view c]ta9 c]emonies are (t5 p]=m$ imm$iately on 8 arrival4 ,_m su* reception c]emonies h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]1#ajh b ,i %all add a few o!rs :i* seem to s]ve ! object ( ei!r transf]r+ to ! /rang] conditional curses or purify+ him f dang]\s influ5ces4 ,i am told by a native t among "s ( ! nomadic ,arabs ( ,morocco1 z soon z a /rang] appe>s 9 ! village1 "s wat]1 or1 if he be a p]son ( di/9ction1 "s milk1 is pres5t$ to him4 ,%\ld he refuse to p>take ( x1 he is n all[$ to g freely ab\t1 b has to /ay 9 ! village mosque4 ,on ask+ = an explanation ( ?is cu/om1 ,i 0 told t x is a precaution aga9/ ! /rang]2 %\ld he /eal or o!rwise misbehave himself1 ! dr9k w\ld cause 8 knees to swell s t he c\ld n escape4 ,9 o!r words1 he has drunk a conditional curse4#aji ,! #eia ,arabs ( a tribe 9 ,nejd welcome a gue/ by p\r+ on 8 head a cup ( melt$ butt]1#aaj ! ,s\? ,african ,h]]o greet him ) a vessel ( milk4#aaa ,sir ,s4 ,w4 ,bak] describes a reception cu/om practis$ by ! ,arabs on ! ,abyss9ian fronti]1 :i* is exactly simil> to "o =m ( l-7r ( ! ,moors3--,! usual welcome ^u ! arrival ( a travell]1 :o is well receiv$ 9 an ,arab camp1 is ! sacrifice ( a fat %eep1 t %\ld be slaught]$ at ! door ( 8 hut or t5t1 s t ! blood fl[s to ! ?re%old4#aab ,reception sacrifices also occur among ! ,%ulis1#aac 9 ,lib]ia1#aad & 9 ,afghani/an4#aae ,among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 aga91 x is a common rule t a di% ( food %\ld be plac$ be=e ! new-com] imm$iately on 8 arrival1 t he %\ld ta/e ( x ev5 ?\gh he has j aris5 f a fea/1 & t no ^w %\ld be spok5 to him or no "q put to him until he has p>tak5 ( ! food4#aaf ,among ! ,omahas ! ma/] ( ! h\se is evid5tly ill at ease1 until ! food is prep>$ = eat+2 he w reque/ 8 squaws to exp$ite x1 & w ev5 /ir ! fire himself4#aag ,among _m peoples x is consid]$ necess>y t ! ho/ %\ld give food to 8 gue/ be=e he eats himself4 ,?is is a rule on :i* mu* /ress is laid 9 ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,india4#aah ,a ,brhmana nev] takes food )\t hav+ (f]$ x duly to gods & gue/s4#aai ,he :o eats be=e 8 gue/ consumes ! rood1 ! prosp]ity1 ! issue1 ! cattle1 ! m]it :i* 8 family acquir$ by sacrifices & *>itable works4#abj ,x is probable t ?is puni%m5t has some?+ to d #eib ) ! evil eye ( ! neglect$ gue/1 = ! idea ( eat+ ! evil wi%es ( o!rs 0 evid5tly q famili> to ! anci5t ,h9dus4 ,x is said 9 pa/amba's ,aphorisms3--,a gue/ :o is at enmity ) 8 ho/ %all n eat 8 food1 nor %all he eat ! food ( a ho/ :o hates him or accuses him ( a crime1 or ( "o :o is suspect$ ( a crime4 ,= x is decl>$ 9 ! ,v$a t he :o eats ! food ( su* a p]son eats 8 guilt4#aba ,9 ,tonga ,isl&s1 at meals /rang]s or =eign]s are always %ewn a pref]5ce1 & females are help$ be=e m5 ( ! same rank--accord+ to our in=mant1 because !y are ! weak] sex & require att5tion4#abb ,z to ! correctness ( ?is explanation1 h[ev]1 ,i h "s d\bts2 ! ,moors1 also1 at _! fea/s1 all[ ! wom5 to eat fir/1 & "o reason !y give = ?is cu/om is t o!rwise ! hungry wom5 might injure ! m5 ) _! evil eyes4 ,9 ,hawaii ! ho/ & 8 family d n at all p>take ( ! ent]ta9m5t ) :i* a pass+ visitor is g5]ally provid$ on arriv+ among !m2#abc & t _! ab/95ce is due to sup]/iti\s fe> is all ! m probable z1 among ! same p1 x is ! cu/om = ! gue/ inv>iably to c>ry away ) him all t rema9s ( ! ent]ta9m5t4#abd ,footnote #ajh3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #bii sqq4 ,footnote #aji3 ,cf4 ! trial ( jeal\sy 9 ,numb]s4 v4 #aa sqq41 p>ticul>ly v]se #bb3 ,?is wat] t cause? ! curse %all g into ?y b[els1 to make ?y belly to swell1 & ?y ?igh to rot4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dhj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,bak]1 ,nile ,tribut>ies ( ,abyss9ia1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #aac3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #aad3 ,trumbull1 ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #aae3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cjc4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,lafitau1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hh4 ,james1 ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #cba sq4 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cbh4 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg 7,ahts74 ,footnote #aag3 ,james1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbb4 ,footnote #aah3 ,gautama1 v4 #be4 ,footnote #aai3 ,mahabh>ata1 ,%anti ,p>va1 clxxxix4 #b sq41 pt4 xxviii4 sq4 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #abj3 pa/amba1 ii4 #c4 #g4 #c4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ibid4 ii4 #c4 #f4 #ai sq4 ,cf4 ,prov]bs1 xxiii4 #f3 ,eat n ! bread ( him t ha? an evil eye4 ,footnote #abb3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aed4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #abd3 ,ibid4 p4 #cdg4 ,among ! precautions tak5 aga9/ ! visit+ /rang] k9d & respectful treatm5t is ( p>ticul>ly great importance4 ,no travell] among an ,arabic-speak+ p c fail to notice ! contra/ betwe5 ! lavi% welcome & ! pla9 leave-tak+4 ,! pr(use greet+s mean t ! /rang] w be treat$ z a fri5d & n z an enemy2 & x is p>ticul>ly desirable to secure 8 good-w 9 ! beg9n+1 s9ce ! fir/ glance ( an evil eye is always held to be ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,we c n[ realise t ! extreme reg>d %[n to a gue/1 & ! pref]5ce giv5 to him 9 e matt]1 mu/1 9 a #eic l>ge measure1 be due to fe> ( 8 ang]1 z well z to hope ( 8 bless+s4 ,ev5 ! peculi> cu/om :i* requires a ho/ to l5d 8 wife to a gue/ becomes m intelligible :5 we consid] ! suppos$ dang] ( ! /rang]'s evil eye or 8 curses1 z also ! b5efits :i* may be suppos$ to result f 8 love4#abe ,& :5 ! gue/ leaves1 x is wise ( ! ho/ to accept no rew>d2 = !re maybe mis=tune 9 ! /rang]'s gift4 ,footnote #abe3 ,eg$e in=ms u 7op4 cit4 p4 #adj7 t ! native wom5 ( ,gre5l& ?\ght !mselves =tunate if an ,angekokk1 or prophet1 hon\r$ !m ) 8 c>esses2 & "s husb&s ev5 paid him = hav+ int]c\rse ) _! wives1 s9ce !y believ$ t ! *ild ( su* a holy man c\ld n b be happi] & bett] ?an o!rs4 ,"s simil> belief may be held 9 reg>d to int]c\rse ) a gue/1 ?\gh ,i c adduce no direct evid5ce = my supposition4 ,cf4 also ! jus primae noctis accord$ to prie/s 7,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #gf sq42 cf4 ibid4 p4 #hj74 ,t hospitality %\ld be free ( co/ is impli$ 9 ! v mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,:]ev] ! cu/om ( ent]ta9+ gue/s has be5 pres]v$ pure & g5u9e1 remun]ation is nei!r ask$ nor expect$2 inde$1 to (f] paym5t w\ld give (f5ce1 & to accept x w\ld be disgraceful4#abf ,su* a cu/om might no d\bt result f abs5ce or sc>city ( money1 z x _c be expect$ t ! w&]+ /rang] %all c>ry ) him heavy pres5ts to all 8 future ho/s2 & :]e ! int]c\rse is mutual1 ! hospitable man may hope "o day to be paid back 9 8 own co94 ,b x seems likely t ! cu/om ( n receiv+ paym5t f a gue/ is l>gely due to t same dread ( /rang]s :i* und]lies _m o!r rules ( hospitality4 ,! acceptance ( gifts is frequ5tly consid]$ to be connect$ ) "s dang]4 ,accord+ to rules laid d[n 9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 he :o is ab\t to accept gifts1 or he :o has accept$ gifts1 mu/ repeat$ly recite ! f\r ,v$ic v]ses call$ ,t>atsam&s2#abg or all gifts are to be prec$$ by p\r+ out #eid wat] into ! ext5d$ palm ( ! recipi5t's "r h&1#abh evid5tly because ! wat] is suppos$ to cleanse ! gift f ! baneful en]gy ) :i* x may be saturat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t a full k ( ! rules prescrib$ by ! sacr$ law = ! acceptance ( pres5ts1 a wise man %\ld n take any?+1 ev5 ?\gh he may p9e ) hung]4 ,b an ignorant man :o accepts gold1 l&1 a horse1 a c[1 food1 a dress1 sesamum-gra9s1 or cl>ifi$ butt]1 is r$uc$ to a%es l a piece ( wood4 4 4 4 ,h5ce an ignorant man %\ld be afraid ( accept+ any pres5ts2 = by reason ( a v small gift ev5 a fool s9ks into hell z a c[ into a morass4#abi ,moreov]1 a gift1 to be accept$ by a ,brhmana1 ought to be giv5 volunt>ily1 n to be ask$ =4#acj ,s1 too1 ,hebrew writ]s are anxi\s to inculcate ! duty ( giv+ alms ) an ungrudg+ eye1 z also ( n giv+ any?+ be=e witnesses--! latt]1 p]haps1 ) a view to prev5t+ ! evil influ5ce :i* is likely to emanate f an envi\s spectator4#aca ,an ,atlas ,b]b]1 :o _h probably nev] be=e _h any?+ to d ) a ,european1 spat on ! co9 :i* ,i gave him = r5d]+ me a s]vice1 & my native fri5ds told me t he did s = fe> le/ ! co91 ow+ to "s sorc]y on my "p1 %\ld n only itself return to me1 b at ! same "t take ) x all ! money ) :i* x _h be5 9 contact 9 8 bag4 ,( ! ,annamites x is said t = fe> ( br++ ill-luck into ! place ! p ev5 decl9e pres5ts4#acb ,footnote #abf3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cig 7,aleuts74 ,b>tram1 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #db4 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahg 7,tagalogs74 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #baf4 ,bogle1 ,n>rative ( ,mission to ,tibet1 p4 #aji sq4 ,vmbry1 ,das ,trk5volk1 p4 #fad 7,turks 9 ,asia ,m9or74 ,rob9son1 ,biblical ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e1 ii4 #ah sq42 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah ,meccah1 i4 #cf2 ,blunt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bab2 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #big 7,b$\9s74 ,krauss1 ,die ,sdslav51 p4 #fdh4 ,footnote #abg3 ,baudhyana1 iv4 #b4 #d4 ,footnote #abh3 pa/amba1 ii4 #d4 #i4 #h4 ,bhl]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #abb1 n4 #h ,footnote #abi3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ibid4 iv4 #bdg sq4 ,footnote #aca3 ,tobit1 iv4 #g4 ,kohl]1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dcf4 ,cf4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 vi4 #a sqq42 ,br&t1 ,m&is*e ,s*rift51 pp4 #bh1 #fd3 ,if y give alms d n d x be=e witnesses4 ,! ,m&ans 7 also =bidd5 to eat food prep>$ by a /rang] or to take a meal 9 8 company 7,br&t1 ,m&is*e ,religion1 p4 #id74 ,footnote #acb3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dah4 ,! duty ( hospitality is probably always limit$ by "t1 ev5 ?\gh1 among "s peoples1 a gue/ is said to be ent]ta9$ z long z he pleases to /ay4#acc ,accord+ #eie to ,teutonic cu/om1 a gue/ might t>ry only up to ! ?ird day4#acd ,! ,anglo-,saxon rule 01 ,two nights a gue/1 ! ?ird night "o ( ! h\sehold1 t is1 a slave4#ace ,a ,g]man prov]b says1 ,d5 er/5 ,tag e9 ,ga/1 d5 zweit5 e9e ,la/1 d5 dritt5 /9kt er fa/4#acf ,s1 also1 ! ,s\!rn ,slavs decl>e t a gue/ & a fi% smell on ! ?ird day4#acg ,burckh>dt /ates t1 among ! ,b$\9s1 if ! /rang] int5ds to prolong 8 visit aft] a lapse ( ?ree days & f\r h\rs f ! "t ( 8 arrival1 x is expect$ t he %\ld assi/ 8 ho/ 9 dome/ic matt]s2 %\ld he decl9e ?is1 he may rema91 b w be c5sur$ by all ! ,arabs ( ! camp4#ach ,! ,moors say t ! hospitality ( ! ,prophet la/s = ?ree days2 ! fir/ night ! gue/ is ent]ta9$ mo/ lavi%ly1 = !n1 b only !n1 he is ! gue/ ( ,god4 ,! ,prophet laid d[n ! foll[+ rule3 ,:oev] believes 9 ,god & ! day ( resurrection1 mu/ respect 8 gue/2 & ! "t ( be+ k9d to him is "o day & "o night2 & ! p]iod ( ent]ta9+ him is ?ree days2 & aft] t1 if he does x long]1 he b5efits him m2 b x is n "r = a gue/ to /ay 9 ! h\se ( ! ho/ s long z to incommode him4#aci ,accord+ to ,javanese cu/om1 x is a po9t ( hon\r to supply a /rang] ) food & accommodation = a day & a night at lea/4#adj ,among ! ,kalmucks special hon\r is paid to a /rang] = "o day only1 :]eas1 if he rema9s long]1 he is treat$ )\t c]emonies4#ada ,gr[+ famili>ity ) ! /rang] naturally t5ds to dispel ! sup]/iti\s dread :i* he inspir$ at fir/1 & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! feel+ t x is unfair ( him to live at 8 ho/'s exp5se long] ?an necessity requires1 seems to acc\nt = ! #eif rapid decl9e ( 8 extraord9>y privileges & = ! %ort duration ( 8 title to hospitable treatm5t4 ,footnote #acc3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cig 7,aleuts74 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cbh4 ,b>tram1 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #db 7,creeks & ,*]okee ,indians74 ,footnote #acd3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #djj4 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #ace3 ,quot$ 9 ,leges ,edw>di ,confessoris1 #bc3 ,tuua nicte ge/e e irdde nicte ag5 h9e4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,cnut1 ii4 #bh2 ,laws ( ,hlo?hre & ,eadric1 #ae2 ,leges ,h5rici ,i4 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #acf3 ,we9hold1 op4 cit4 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #acg3 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #feh4 ,footnote #ach3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #aja sq4 ,footnote #aci3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #adb sq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 i4 #ec4 ,footnote #ada3 ,b]gmann1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bhe4 ,contr>y to :at is ! case ) o!r duties :i* m5 owe to _! fell[-creatures1 9 e progressive society we f9d hospitality on ! wane4 ,9 ! lat] days ( ,greece & ,rome x almo/ dw9dl$ into a survival4#adb ,9 ! ,middle ,ages hospitality 0 ext5sively practis$ by high & l[2 x 0 enjo9$ by ! t5ets ( ,*ivalry1#adc & ! poor] p1 also1 consid]$ x disgraceful to refuse to %>e _! meals ) a ne$y /rang]4#add ,h[ev]1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,?omas ,occlif compla9s ( ! decl9e ( hospitality 9 ,engl&2 & 9 ! middle ( ! ,elizabe?an age1 ,ar*bi%op ,s&ys says t x is come to pass t hospitality itself is wax5 a /rang]4#ade ,! reasons = ?is decl9e are n difficult to f9d4 ,increas+ int]c\rse betwe5 diff]5t communities or diff]5t c\ntries n only makes hospitality an intol]able burd51 b leads to ! e/abli%m5t ( inns1 & ?us hospitality becomes sup]flu\s4 ,x habituates ! p to ! sight ( /rang]s1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 deprives ! /rang] ( t my/]y :i* surr\nds ! lonely w&]] 9 an isolat$ di/rict ^: inhabitants h little communication ) ! outside _w4 ,&1 f9ally1 increase ( int]c\rse gives rise to laws :i* make an individual protector ne$less1 by plac+ ! /rang] "u ! protection ( ! ,/ate4 ,footnote #adb3 ,beck]-,goll1 ,*>ikles1 ii4 #c sqq4 ,idem1 ,gallus1 iii4 #bh sqq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne *eval]ie1 i4 #caj4 ,footnote #add3 ,wright1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cbi sqq4 ,footnote #ade3 ,s&ys1 ,s]mons1 p4 #dja4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,subjection ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,f ! modes ( conduct :i* affect ! life or bodily welf>e ( a fell[-creature we %all pass to ^? relat+ to p]sonal fre$om4 ,9 its absolute =m ! "r ( lib]ty may be grant$ to a p]fect be+1 b has no exi/5ce on e>?4 ,ev] s9ce ! conduct ( m5 became subject to moral c5sure1 ! "r ( do+ :at !y pleas$ 0 eo ipso d5i$ !m2 & 9 resi/+ wrong m5 h n only 9 v>i\s ways int]f]$ ) ! lib]ty ( _! fell[-creatures1 b h consid]$ su* int]f]5ce to be _! "r or ev5 _! duty4 ,z to ! "q :at conduct is wrong op9ions h diff]$1 & s also z to ! prop] means ( int]f]5ce2 b ) nei!r ( ^! que/ions are we conc]n$ at pres5t4 ,nor %all ,i deal ) ! subject ( political lib]ty1 nor ) su* re/rictions z p lay on _! own fre$om by contract4 ,i %all only consid] facts be>+ ^u t /ate ( subjection to :i* l>ge classes ( individuals are doom$ by cu/om or law1 on acc\nt ( _! bir? or o!r circum/ances beyond _! own control--! subjection ( *ildr51 wives1 & slaves to _! p>5ts1 husb&s1 or ma/]s4 ,among ! l[] races e family has its head1 :o ex]cises m or less au?ority ov] its memb]s4 ,9 "s in/ances :]e ! mat]nal sy/em ( desc5t prevails1 a man's *ildr5 are 9 ! p[] ( ! head ( #eih _! "m's family or ( _! mat]nal uncle2#a b ?is is by no means ! rule ev5 among peoples :o reckon k9%ip ?r\gh females only4 ,! facts :i* h be5 adduc$ z examples ( ! s-call$ "m-"r 9 mo/ in/ances imply1 *iefly1 t *ildr5 are nam$ aft] _! mo!rs1 n aft] _! fa!rs1 & t prop]ty & rank desc5d exclusively 9 ! female l9e2#b & ?is is c]ta9ly v diff]5t f a d5ial ( pat]nal rights4#c ,among ^? ,au/ralian tribes :i* h ! sy/em ( mat]nal desc5t ! fa!r is di/9ctly said to be ! ma/] ( 8 *ildr54#d ,9 ,melanesia1 :]e ! clan ( ! *ildr5 is det]m9$ by t ( ! "m1 %e is1 to quote ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 9 no way ! head ( ! family4 ,! h\se ( ! family is ! fa!r's1 ! g>d5 is 81 ! rule & gov]nm5t are 84#e ,z reg>ds ! ,iroquois--among :om1 at ! dea? ( a man1 8 prop]ty is divid$ betwe5 8 bro!rs1 si/]s1 & "m's bro!rs1 :il/ ! prop]ty ( a woman is transmitt$ to h] *ildr5 & si/]s#f--we are told t ! "m sup]9t5ds ! *ildr51 b t ! ^w ( ! fa!r is law & mu/ be obey$ by ! :ole h\sehold4#g ,among ! ,mpongwe1 :o reckon k9%ip ?r\gh ! "m1 ! fa!r has by law unre/rict$ p[] ov] 8 *ildr54#h ,& 9 ,madagasc>1 :]e *ildr5 g5]ally foll[ ! condition ( ! "m1#i ! comm&s ( a fa!r or an ance/or are1 among all ! tribes1 held z mo/ sacr$ly b9d+ ^u 8 desc5dants4#aj ,:atev] might h be5 ! case 9 e>li] times1 x is a fact beyond dispute t among ! great bulk ( exi/+ savages *ildr5 are 9 ! p[] ( #eii _! fa!r1 ?\gh he may to "s ext5t h to %>e 8 au?ority ) ! "m4 ,footnote #a3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #dj sq4 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 p4 #ahc sq4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ea sq4 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bfb sq4 ,footnote #b3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #c3 ,see von ,d>gun1 ,mutt]re*t und ,vat]re*t1 p4 #c sqq4 ,footnote #d3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fj1 #fa1 #fi4 ,footnote #e3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #f3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #g3 ,seav]1 ,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,jemison1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #h3 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 pp4 #aea1 #aec4 ,footnote #i3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #cbf4 ,! ext5t ( ! fa!r's p[]1 h[ev]1 is subject to great v>iations4 ,among "s savage peoples1 z we h se51 he may de/roy 8 new-born *ild2 among o!rs infanticide is prohibit$ by cu/om4 ,among "s he may sell 8 *ildr51#aa among o!rs su* a "r is expressly d5i$ him4#ab ,frequ5tly he gives away 8 daught] 9 m>riage )\t consult+ h] wi%es2 b 9 o!r cases h] own cons5t is requir$1 or %e is all[$ to *oose h] husb& h]self4#ac ,m>riage by pur*ase does n imply t a girl is sold by h] fa!r 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same au?ority1 ) :i* he w\ld dispose ( a c[4#ad ,x seems t ! pat]nal au?ority is always 9 "s degree limit$ by public op9ion4 ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 = in/ance1 ?\gh ! head ( ! h\se is describ$ z an autocrat 9 8 own family1 ! son1 back$ by public op9ion1 may1 & does1 op5ly qu>rel ) & ?reat5 8 fa!r 9 cases :5 ! fa!r's actions h be5 ( a p>ticul>ly gross "*4#ae ,footnote #aa3 ,s*ad5b]g1 ',negritos d] ,philipp951' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nologie1 xii4 #acg4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ea sq4 7,bogos1 ,fantis1 ,dahomans74 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 p4 #ahi4 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #af sq4 7,bakwiri74 ,among ! ,banaka & ,bapuku1 9 ! ,cam]oons1 ! fa!r may give 8 daught] 9 paym5t = a debt1 b n 8 son 7ibid4 p4 #ca74 ,footnote #ab3 ,kraft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bhe 7,wapokomo74 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cbi 7,ondonga74 ,footnote #ac3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bae sqq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #aid4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 x4 ,footnote #ae3 ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #dgd4 ,! ess5ce ( dep5d5ce lies 9 ob$i5ce & submission4 ,to judge f :at is said ab\t *ildr5's behavi\r t[>ds _! p>5ts1 ! au?ority ( ! fa!r mu/ among "s savages be practically v slight4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,*>ruas ne df5d5t ri5 leurs enfans1 et ceux-ci n'ont aucun respect p\r leurs pres4#af ,among ! ,brazilian ,indians1 accord+ to von ,m>tius1 respect & ob$i5ce on ! "p ( *ildr5 t[>ds _! p>5ts are unkn[n4#ag #fjj ,among ! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico ! *ildr5 gr[ up entirely indep5d5t1 & if angry a boy may ev5 /rike 8 fa!r4#ah ,we are told t among ! ,aleuts p>5ts sc>cely ev] enjoy s mu* au?ority z to compel _! own *ildr5 to %ew !m ! lea/ ob$i5ce1 or to g a s+le /ep 9 _! s]vice2#ai b ?is does n seem to hold good ( all ( _! tribes4#bj ,( ! ,kam*adales ,/ell] /ates t ! *ildr5 insult _! p>5ts ) all sorts ( bad talk1 /& 9 no fe> ( !m1 obey !m 9 no?+1 & are consequ5tly nev] comm&$ to d any?+1 nor puni%$4#ba ,footnote #af3 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #ag3 von ,m>tius1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ii4 #aii4 ,cf4 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 iii4 #chg 7,guaycurus74 ,footnote #ah3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #ai3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bab4 ,footnote #bj3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pp4 #aee1 #aeh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 p4 #cec4 ,cf4 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aeh4 ,o!r savages1 aga91 are by no means defici5t 9 filial piety4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #bac4 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 i4 #afb 7,malays ( ! ,b>ito ,riv] 9 ,borneo74 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #dha4 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #ajb 7,kukis74 ,vmbry1 ,trk5volk1 p4 #bfh 7,k>a-,kirghiz74 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #fg2 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 iii4 #gb 7,k&hs74 ,granville & ,ro?1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #aji 7,jekris ( ! ,w>ri ,di/rict ( ! ,nig] ,coa/ ,protectorate74 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika1 p4 #hja 7,latuka74 ,among v>i\s ,eskimo#bc & ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes#bd *ildr5 are describ$ z v ob$i5t to _! p>5ts4 ,p>ry says ( ! ,eskimo ( ,w9t] ,isl& & ,igloolik t disob$i5ce is sc>cely ev] kn[n1 & t a ^w or ev5 a look f a p>5t is en\gh4#be ,! ,potawatomis hold ! violation ( ! advice & directions ( _! p>5ts "o ( ! mo/ atroci\s crimes4#bf ,9 ,tonga filial duty is a mo/ important duty & appe>s to be univ]sally felt4#bg ,"o ( ! *ief duties :i* ! ,a9os taught _! *ildr5 0 ob$i5ce to p>5ts4#bh ,among ! ,c5tral ,asiatic ,turks a son1 :il/ "y1 behaves z if he 7 8 fa!r's slave4#bi ,among ! #fja ,ossetes ! au?ority ( ! head ( ! family1 :e!r gr&fa!r1 fa!r1 /epfa!r1 uncle1 or eld] bro!r1 is submitt$ to unconditionally2 ! "y m5 nev] sit 9 8 pres5ce1 nor speak ) a l\d voice1 nor contradict him4#cj ,among ! ,b>ea & ,kunma a fa!r & a "m are respect$ to ! utmo/ degree4 ,a son nev] d>es to contradict 8 p>5ts nor oppose _! comm&s1 h[ev] unju/ !y be4 ,! "m p>ticul>ly is mu* belov$ & t5d]ly c>$ = at h] old age4#ca ,among ! ,m&+oes *ildr5 h a great v5]ation = _! p>5ts1 & w\ld feel extreme reluctance to disobey _! fa!r4#cb ,( ! ,ba*ap9s1 a ,be*uana tribe1 x is said t 9999filial ob$i5ce is /r5u\sly en=c$4#cc ,among ! ,kafirs any "o :o %\ld fail 9 respect = 8 fa!r1 or %[ any neglect ( him1 w\ld draw on himself ! contempt ( ! :ole horde2 !re h be5 ev5 in/ances 9 :i* want ( filial duty has be5 puni%$ ) infamy & bani%m5t4#cd ,footnote #bc3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #efh4 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eff4 ,murdo*1 ',e?nol4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' ibid4 ix4 #dag4 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' ibid4 xi4 #aia 7,koksoagmyut74 ,footnote #bd3 ,turn]1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #bfi 7,hudson ,bay ,indians74 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #ecj4 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages1 p4 #cdg 7,indians on ! ea/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s74 ,footnote #be3 ,p>ry1 ,j\rnal ( a ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #ecj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #abg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #agi4 ,footnote #bh3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #bi3 ,vmbry1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #cj3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dad sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dgd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #ceb sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #eeg4 ,footnote #cd3 ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bfe4 ,alb]ti1 ,de ,kaff]s aan de ,zuidku/ van ,afrika1 p4 #aaf sqq4 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #ih4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! pat]nal au?ority la/s v>ies4 ,! daught] is 9 h] fa!r's p[] till %e m>ries1 & z a rule no long]2#ce b 9 "s in/ances 8 au?ority ov] h] cont9ues ev5 aft] h] m>riage4#cf ,?is1 we h reason to believe1 is p>ticul>ly ! case :5 ! husb&1 on m>ry+1 does n take 8 wife to 8 own home1 b goes himself to live ) h] 9 ! h\se or community ( h] fa!r4#cg ,a fa!r's au?ority ov] 8 son frequ5tly comes to an end z ! "y man #fjb gr[s up4 ,among ! ,fuegians a son becomes indep5d5t ( 8 p>5ts at a v e>ly age1 be+ all[$ to leave _! wigwam if he pleases4#ch ,among ! ,togiagamutes1 an ,eskimo tribe1 ! y\?1 z soon z he is able to build a kaiak & to support himself1 no long] obs]ves any family ties b goes :]e 8 fancy takes him4#ci ,( ! ,au/ralian natives x is said t sons become indep5d5t :5 !y h gone ?r\gh ! c]emonies by :i* !y atta9 to ! /atus ( manhood2#dj among ! ,bang]ang tribe ( ,victoria aft] 8 twelf? ye> or s ! boy 0 v little subject to ! fa!r1 ?\gh p>5tal affection always endur$4#da ,among ! ,b$\9s ! "y man1 z soon z x is 9 8 p[]1 emancipates himself f ! fa!r's au?ority1 /ill pay+ him "s def]5ce z long z he cont9ues 9 8 t5t2 b :5ev] he c become ma/] ( a t5t himself 7to obta9 :i* is 8 con/ant endeav\r71 he li/5s to no advice1 nor obeys any e>?ly comm& b t ( 8 own w4#db ,t a son is emancipat$ f ! fa!r's p[] by gett+ full-gr[n or by leav+ ! h\sehold is probably ! rule among ! great majority ( ! l[] races4#dc ,b "h aga9 in/ances to ! contr>y are n want+4#dd ,9 ,flores ! sons ev5 ( ri* families are dress$ l slaves at public fea/s1 s long z ! fa!r lives1 z also at 8 fun]al4 ,?is1 our au?ority adds1 is app>5tly ! ext]nal sign ( a /rict patria pote/as1 :i* rema9s 9 =ce till ! fun]al2 until !n ! son is ! fa!r's slave4#de ,footnote #ce3 ,see1 e4g41 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ag 7,bakwiri72 ,fama ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #fe 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates72 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #ajj 7,diakit72 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bbd 7,wa%ambala72 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bhf 7,wapokomo72 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #cdi 7,amahlubi72 ,sorge1 ibid4 p4 #djd 7,nissan ,isl&]s ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago74 ,footnote #cf3 ,see1 e4g41 ,bev]ley1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bjf4 ,:at is said1 ibid4 p4 #ca1 conc]n+ ! ,banaka & ,bapuku does n seem to agree ) ! /atem5t p4 #cj1 t ! husb& is ! head ( 8 h\sehold & ! possessor ( 8 wives4 ,footnote #cg3 ,cf4 ,mazz>ella1 ,la condizione giuridica del m>ito nella famiglia matri>cale1 passim2 infra1 on ! ,subjection ( ,wives4 ,! po9t 9 "q1 l ! :ole subject ( ! fa!r's au?ority among ! l[] races1 requires mu* fur!r inve/igation4 ,footnote #ch3 ,bove1 ,patagonia1 ,t]ra del ,fuoco1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #dj3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fa4 ,footnote #da3 ,idem1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #db3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #dc3 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #cf2 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ea 7,somals72 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ag 7,bakwiri72 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #ajj 7,diakit72 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bjf 7,wagogo72 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #cdi 7,amahlubi72 ,sorge1 ibid4 p4 #djd 7,nissan ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #dd3 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #e4 ,/uhlmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #hja 7,latuka74 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ca 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,fama ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #fe 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bhf 7,wapokomo71 ,ab]cromby1 ,pre- & ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 i4 #aha 7,mordv9s74 ,footnote #de3 von ,m>t5s1 quot$ by ,niebo]1 ,slav]y z an ,indu/rial ,sy/em1 p4 #bf1 n4 #b4 #fjc ,h[ev]1 ! expiration ( ! pat]nal p[]1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 does n necess>ily imply ! loss ( all au?ority ov] ! *ildr54 ,! fa!r1 at all ev5ts1 reta9s ! rights incid5t to 8 sup]ior age1 & among _m uncivilis$ peoples ^! are great4 ,old age comm&s respect & gives au?ority4 ,among ! ,fuegians 9 ea* family ! ^w ( an old man is accept$ z law by ! "y p2 !y nev] dispute 8 au?ority4#df ,! ,patagonians pay respect to old p1 tak+ great c>e ( !m4#dg ,! ,c>ibs port5t un gr& respect aus vieill>ds4#dh ,! same is ! case among _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4#di ,among ! ,naud[essies1 :il/ ! advice ( a fa!r w seldom meet ) any extraord9>y att5tion f ! "y ,indians1 !y w tremble be=e a gr&fa!r1 & submit to 8 injunctions ) ! utmo/ alacrity4 ,! words ( ! anci5t "p ( _! community are e/eem$ by ! "y z oracles4#ej ,among ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait ! old m5 are li/5$ to ) respect2#ea & among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo respect = ! op9ions ( eld]s is s great t ! p may be said to be practically "u :at is call$ 'simple eld] rule4'#eb ,among ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon ! olde/ man is reg>d$ ) a sort ( patri>*al respect :5 accid5t or occasion has br\ght toge!r any o!rs ?an ! memb]s ( "o family4#ec ,among ! ,jakuts an old man is implicitly obey$ z a fa!r ( a family2 a "y man ev] gives 8 op9ion ) ! greate/ respect & caution2 & ev5 :5 ask$1 he submits 8 ideas to ! judgm5t ( ! old4#ed ,reg>d = ! ag$ is f\nd among ! ,a9os1#ee ,kurilians1#ef ,mongols1#eg ,ossetes1#eh #fjd ,kukis1#ei ,nicob>ese1#fj ,negritos ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1#fa ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea#fb ,new ,cal$onians1#fc ,c>ol9e ,isl&]s1#fd ,tonga ,isl&]s1#fe &1 9 a rem>kable degree1 among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4#ff ,among ! ,kurnai1 says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 age meets ) great rev]5ce4 4 4 4 ,x may be /at$ z a g5]al rule t au?ority atta*es to age4 ,x foll[s f ?is t !re is no h]$it>y au?ority & no h]$it>y *iefta94 ,! au?ority :i* is inh]5t 9 age atta*es n alone to ! man1 b also to ! woman4 ,& he ju/ly adds t ?is pr9ciple regulat+ au?ority seems to be1 n peculi> to ! ,kurnai1 b g5]al to ! :ole ,au/ralian race4#fg ,footnote #df3 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ii4 #agi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ibid4 ii4 #agb4 ,footnote #dh3 de ,poircy-de ,ro*e=t1 ,hi/oire des ,isles ,antilles1 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #di3 ,bu*anan1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #g4 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aif4 ,footnote #ej3 ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cjd4 ,footnote #eb3 ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dbg4 ,footnote #ec3 ,h>t%orne1 ',w$das1' 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cbj4 ,cf4 ,des*amps1 ,c>net d'un voyageur1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #ed3 ,sau]1 ,bill+s' ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #ee3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bed4 von ,siebold1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 b] die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #ef3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #ga4 ,footnote #eh3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dad4 ,/rabo 7xi4 #d4 #h7 reports ! same ( ! ,albanians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caucasus4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #fj3 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #fa3 ,s*ad5b]g1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 xii4 #ace4 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #acc4 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #fb3 ,e>l1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #fc3 ,atk9son1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xiv4 #bdh4 ,footnote #fd3 ,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #gb4 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #fe3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ro?1 ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #ada4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #e4 ,s*u]mann1 ',aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bbf4 ,hale ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #aac4 ,mit*ell1 ,exp$itions into ! ,int]ior ( ,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #cdf4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #acg sq4 ,see also ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #bf sqq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #baa sq4 ,turn+ to ,african peoples3 among ! ,danakil ! ag$ ( bo? sexes1 b especially ! males1 are held 9 great v5]ation1 & ! old m5 are consult$ on e occasion ( any importance4#fh ,! real religion ( ! ,b>ea & ,kunma1 says ,munz+]1 consi/s 9 an extraord9>y rev]5ce = old age4 ,among ^! peoples only ! old1 ! weak1 or ! bl9d comm& respect4#fi ,! ,e7we-speak+ peoples on ! ,slave ,coa/ h a prov]b1 ,respect ! eld]s1 !y are our fa!rs4#gj ,w9t]bottom d\bts :e!r ! anci5t ,lac$monians paid great] reg>d to old age ?an d ! natives ( ,si]ra ,leone4#ga ,mr4 ,leighton ,wilson says ( ! ,mpongwe3--,!re is no "p ( ! _w :]e respect & v5]ation = age is c>ri$ to a great] l5g? ?an among ?is p4 4 4 4 ,all ! y\ng] memb]s ( society are e>ly tra9$ to %[ ! utmo/ def]5ce to age4 ,!y mu/ nev] come into ! pres5ce ( ag$ p]sons or pass by _! dwell+s )\t tak+ (f _! hats & assum+ a cr\*+ gait4 ,:5 seat$ 9 _! pres5ce #fje x mu/ always be at a 'respectful di/ance'--a di/ance proportion$ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! ages & position 9 society4 ,if !y come ne> en\gh to h& an ag$ man a light$ pipe or a glass ( wat]1 ! be>] mu/ always fall ^u "o knee4 ,ag$ p]sons mu/ always be address$ z 'fa!r' 7r]a7 or '"m' 7ngwe74 ,any disrespectful deportm5t or reproa*ful language t[>d su* p]sons is reg>d$ z a misdemean\r ( no ord9>y aggravation4 ,a y\?ful p]son c>efully avoids communicat+ any disagreeable intellig5ce to su* p]sons1 & almo/ always addresses !m 9 t]ms ( flatt]y & adulation4#gb ,among ! ,= tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa great consid]ation is %[n t[>ds wom5 :5 !y are old1 z well z t[>ds ag$ m54#gc ,reg>d = old age is1 9 fact1 a v g5]al trait ( ! ,african "*4#gd ,footnote #fh3 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #cf4 ,footnote #fi3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dgd4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #ga3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #baa4 ,footnote #gb3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #cib sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,= ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #bbd sq4 ,footnote #gd3 ,monrad1 ,bidrag til en ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #cg 7,negroes ( ,accra74 ,granville & ,ro?1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #aji 7,jekris74 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dfj 7,calab> tribes74 ,cailli1 op4 cit4 i4 #ceb 7,m&+oes74 ,/uhlmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ghi1 #hja 7,latuka74 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #ahf4 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #bdf 7,embe74 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #aja 7,wanika74 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dai 7,masai74 ,arnot1 ,g>5ganze1 p4 #gh1 note4 ,li*t5/e91 op4 cit4 i4 #bfe2 ,alb]ti1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah2 ,%oot]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ih 7,kafirs74 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 p4 #hb 7,hott5tots74 ,n only old age1 b sup]iority ( age1 gives a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[]4 ,! ,au/ralian natives h a well-regulat$ ord] ( prec$5ce & au?ority4 ,:5 ! individual rea*es ! full developm5t ( pub]ty1 he or %e und]goes a c]emony :i* entitles him or h] on its successful completion to a c]ta9 social rank or /atus 9 ! community4 ,z life progresses1 o!r & high] ranks are progressively atta9able = ea* sex1 until ! highe/ & mo/ hon\rable grade1 t enjoy$ by an old man1 or an old woman1 is rea*$4#ge ,all ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians hold t sup]ior age gives au?ority2 & e p]son is taught f *ildhood to obey 8 sup]iors & to rule ov] 8 inf]iors4 ,! sup]iors are ^? ( great] age2 ! inf]iors1 ^? :o are y\ng]4#gf ,! same influ5ce ( age makes itself felt 9 ! relations betwe5 eld] #fjf & y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s4#gg ,navaho my?s indicate t ev5 among tw9s1 ! y\ng] mu/ def] to ! eld]4#gh ,! elde/ bro!r comes next to ! fa!r 9 au?ority1 &1 9 case ( 8 dea?1 succe$s him z ! head ( ! family4 ,! ,aleuts describ$ by ,fa!r ,v5iam9( ma9ta9$ t if "o _h no fa!r he %\ld respect 8 olde/ bro!r & s]ve him z he w\ld a fa!r4#gi ,among ! ,kalmucks ! eld] bro!r is ! despot ( ! y\ng] ones1 & is ev5 all[$ to puni% !m4#hj ,9 ,madagasc> s great respect is paid to s5iority t if two slaves :o are bro!rs are go+ a j\rney1 any burd5 mu/ be c>ri$ by ! y\ng] "o1 s f> at lea/ z 8 /r5g? w all[4#ha ,9 ,tonga cu/om decrees t all p]sons %all be 9 ! s]vice ( _! old] & sup]ior relations1 if ^? relations ?9k prop] to employ !m2 & e *ief %[s ! greate/ reg>d = 8 elde/ si/]4#hb ,among ! ,hott5tots ! highe/ oa? a man c\ld take & /ill takes1 0 to swe> by 8 elde/ si/]1 & if he %\ld abuse ?is "n1 ! si/] w walk into 8 flock & take 8 f9e/ c[s & %eep1 & no law c\ld prev5t h] f do+ s4#hc ,among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo1 aga91 s5iority gives prec$5ce :5 !re are sev]al wom5 9 "o hut1 & ! sway ( ! eld] 9 ! direction ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) h] duties seems nev] disput$4#hd ,footnote #ge3 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #afi4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #fe sq42 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #cae4 ,footnote #gf3 ,p[ell1 ',sociology1' 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s4 i4 #gjj4 ,cf4 ,idem1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 p4 lviii4 ,footnote #gg3 ,na*tigal1 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 i4 #dej 7,t$74 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #cif 7,arabs ( ! ,sah>a74 ,paulits*ke1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib 7,gallas74 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dae 7,ossetes74 ,ba*1 ',die ,wotjak51' 9 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 xii4 #dhi 7,votyaks74 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #ge 7,jakuts74 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #gh3 ,mat!ws1 ',/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #i4 ,footnote #gi3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #hj3 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #cje4 ,footnote #ha3 ,sibree1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #hb3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 i4 #bbf2 ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #hc3 ,hahn1 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #hd3 ,simpson1 quot$ by ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dbg4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! rev]5ce = old age may cease :5 ! grey-head gets s old z to be an incumbrance to ^? ar\nd him2#he & imbecility may put an end to ! fa!r's au?ority ov] 8 family4#hf ,we h previ\sly notic$ t p>5ts worn out ) age #fjg & disease are among "s peoples kill$ or ab&on$ by _! own *ildr54#hg ,footnote #he3 ,curr1 ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 pp4 #bed4 #bde1 #bfe sqq42 ,eyre1 op4 cit4 ii4 #caf 7,au/ralian aborig9es74 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #gf 7,jakuts74 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #agg sq4 7,gre5l&]s74 ,supra1 p4 #ecd4 ,footnote #hf3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ca 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,footnote #hg3 ,supra1 p4 #chf sq4 ,:5 pass+ f ! savage & b>b>\s races ( m5 to ^? next above !m 9 civilisation1 we f9d pat]nal1 or p>5tal1 au?ority & filial rev]5ce at _! height4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico necessit\s p>5ts 7 all[$ to dispose ( any "o ( _! *ildr51 9 ord] to relieve _! pov]ty1 :]eas a ma/] c\ld n sell a well-behav$ slave )\t 8 cons5t4#hh ,a y\? 0 seldom p]mitt$ to *oose a wife = himself1 b 0 expect$ to abide by ! selection ( 8 p>5ts2#hi & *ildr5 7 br$ to /& s mu* 9 awe ( _! p>5ts t ev5 :5 gr[n up & m>ri$ !y h>dly dur/ speak be=e !m4#ij ,s1 too1 9 ,nic>agua a fa!r might sell 8 *ildr5 z slaves 9 cases ( great necessity1#ia & mat*es 7 9 ! l>g] "p ( ! c\ntry arrang$ by ! p>5ts4#ib ,9 anci5t ,p]u disob$i5t *ildr5 7 publicly *a/is$ by _! own p>5ts2#ic & ,inca ,pa*acutec confirm$ ! law t sons %\ld obey & s]ve _! fa!rs until !y rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty-five1 & t none %\ld m>ry )\t ! cons5t ( ! p>5ts & ( ! p>5ts ( ! girl4#id ,footnote #hh3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #cfj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #ij3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #cca4 ,footnote #ia3 ,squi]1 ,nic>agua1 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #ib3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #ffg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #cci4 ,footnote #id3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 ii4 #bjg4 ,9 ,*9a a h\se-fa!r reigns almo/ supreme 9 8 family1 &1 accord+ to anci5t ,*9ese ideas1 n ev5 m>riage )draws ! son f 8 p[]4#ie ,! law1 x is true1 prohibits him f kill+#if or sell+#ig 8 *ildr52 b x is only 9 supreme cases t ! ,/ate int]f]es betwe5 ! head ( a h\sehold & 8 family belong+s1 & ! sale ( *ildr5 is practically all[$4#ih ,no p]son1 ( :atev] age1 c act = himself 9 matrimonial #fjh matt]s dur+ ! lifetime or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 p>5ts or ne> s5ior k9sfolk4#ii ,! law provides t disob$i5ce to ! in/ructions & comm&s ( p>5ts or pat]nal gr&p>5ts %all be puni%$ ) "o hundr$ bl[s1#ajj & t a /ill great] puni%m5t %all be inflict$ on a son accus+ 8 fa!r or "m & on a gr&son accus+ 8 pat]nal gr&p>5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! accusation prove true4#aja ,inde$1 f e>lie/ y\? ! ,*9ese lad is imbu$ ) su* respect = 8 p>5ts t x becomes at la/ a religi\s s5tim5t1 & =ms1 z he gets old]1 ! basis ( 8 only cre$--! wor%ip ( ance/ors4#ajb ,confucianism itself has be5 briefly describ$ z an expansion ( ! root idea ( filial piety4#ajc ,! ,ma/] said3--filial piety is ! root ( all virtue1 & ! /em out ( :i* gr[s all moral tea*+4 4 4 4 ,filial piety is ! con/ant me?od ( ,heav51 ! righte\sness ( ,e>?1 & ! practical duty ( ,man4 4 4 4 ,( all ! actions ( man !re is none great] ?an filial piety4 ,9 filial piety !re is no?+ great] ?an ! rev]5tial awe ( "o's fa!r4 ,9 ! rev]5tial awe %[n to "o's fa!r !re is no?+ great] ?an ! mak+ him ! correlate ( ,heav54#ajd ,b ! idea t filial piety is ! fundam5tal duty ( man 0 n orig9at$ by ,confucius1 x _h obta9$ a firm hold ( ! national m9d long be=e 8 "t4#aje ,x also prevails 9 ,corea#ajf & ,japan1#ajg :]e ! au?ority ( a h\se-fa!r is1 or1 9 ! case ( ,japan1 until lately has be51#ajh z great z 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,japanese maid51 z pure z ! pure/ ,*ri/ian virg91 w at ! comm& ( h] fa!r ent] ! bro!l to-morr[1 & pro/itute h]self = life4 ,n a murmur escapes h] lips #fji z %e ?us filially obeys4#aji ,9 ,corea1 :il/ ! fir/ ?+ inculcat$ 9 a *ild's m9d is respect = 8 fa!r1 little respect is felt = ! "m2 ! *ild soon le>ns t a "m's au?ority is next to no?+4#aaj ,footnote #ie3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #ejg4 ,footnote #if3 ,supra1 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #ig3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxv4 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #ih3 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #gh4 ,/aunton1 9 8 translation ( ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 p4 #bib n4 99 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #bji4 ,footnote #ii3 ,m$hur/1 ',m>riage1 ,aff9ity1 & ,inh]itance 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 iv4 #aa4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxxxviii4 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid4 sec4 cccxxxvii4 p4 #cga sq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,wells ,williams1 ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #fdf4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #cbh sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,hsio ,k+1 #a1 #g1 #i 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iii4 #ddf1 #dgc1 #dgf74 ,footnote #aje3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 pp4 #bcf1 #bei4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #dbg4 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #abb sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #aji3 ,idem1 ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #eee4 ,cf4 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #dbg4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bei4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion ( ,assyriologi/s t 9 anci5t ,*alda1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( its hi/ory1 ! fa!r _h absolute au?ority ov] all ! memb]s ( 8 h\sehold4#aaa ,any?+ und]tak5 by !m )\t 8 cons5t 0 held invalid 9 ! eyes ( ! law1#aab & a disob$i5t son might be sold z a slave4#aac ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 a man might give 8 son or daught] z a ho/age = debts2#aad b he c\ld n dis[n 8 *ildr5 at discretion4 ,x is said t if he wi%es to cut (f 8 son he mu/ decl>e 8 int5tion to ! judge1 :]eupon ! judge %all enquire into 8 reasons1 & if ! son has n committ$ a heavy crime :i* cuts (f f son%ip1 ! fa!r %all n cut (f 8 son f son%ip4#aae ,pr(essor ,hommel believes t ! "m's au?ority ov] h] *ildr5 0 z great z ! fa!r's1#aaf :]eas ,meissn] concludes t x 0 less1 f ! fact t h] *ildr5 are n seldom f\nd to be at law ) h] 9 matt]s ( succession4#aag ,among ! ,hebrews a fa!r might sell 8 *ild to relieve 8 own di/ress1 or (f] x to a cr$itor z a pl$ge4#aah ,he _h n only unlimit$ p[] to m>ry 8 daught]s1 b ev5 to sell !m z maids into concub9age1 ?\gh n to a =eign p4#aai ,he also *ose wives = 8 sons2#abj & !re is no indication t ! subjection ( sons ceas$ aft] a c]ta9 age4#aba ,h[ important 7 ! duties ( ! *ild to ! #faj p>5ts is %[n 9 ! primitive typical relation ( ,isaac to ,abraham1 & may be at once le>n$ f ! plac+ ( ! law on ! subject among ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & f its position !re 9 ! imm$iate proximity to ! comm&s relat+ to ! duties ( man t[>ds ,god4#abb ,philo ,judu obs]ves t x occupies ?is position because p>5ts are some?+ betwe5 div9e & human nature1 p>tak+ ( bo?--( human nature inasmu* z x is pla9 t !y h be5 born & t !y w die1 & ( div9e nature because !y h eng5d]$ o!r be+s1 & h br\ght :at did n exi/ into exi/5ce4 ,:at ,god is to ! _w1 t p>5ts are to _! *ildr52 !y are ! visible gods4#abc ,9 ,muhamm$an c\ntries p>5ts h practically great au?ority ov] _! *ildr54 ,%\ld a fa!r exce$ ! b\nds ( mod]ation or ju/ice 9 *a/is+ 8 son1 ! idea ( prosecut+ him w\ld h>dly occur to anyone1 ! injur$ p>ty be+ prev5t$ by public op9ion1 if n by habit & feel+1 f appeal+ aga9/ 8 own fa!r4#abd ,disob$i5ce to p>5ts is consid]$ by ,moslems z "o ( ! greate/ ( s9s1 & is put1 9 po9t ( he9\sness1 on a p> ) idolatry1 murd]1 & des]tion 9 an exp$ition aga9/ infidels4 ,an undutiful *ild1 says ,mr4 ,lane1 is v seldom he>d ( among ! ,egyptians or ! ,arabs 9 g5]al4 4 4 4 ,sons sc>cely sit or eat or smoke 9 ! pres5ce ( ! fa!r1 unless bidd5 to d s4#abe ,9 ,morocco x is curi\s to see big1 gr[n-up sons sneak away z soon z !y he> _! fa!r's /eps1 or to notice _! absolute retic5ce 9 8 pres5ce4 ,*ildr5's def]5ce = _! mo!rs is less =mal1 b almo/ equally great4#abf ,footnote #aaa3 ,opp]t1 9 ,gtt+is*e gelehrte ,anzeig51 #ahgi1 p4 #afjd sqq4 ,hommel1 ,die semitis*5 ,vlk] und ,spra*51 i4 #daf4 ,meissn]1 ,beitrge zum altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #ad sq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #aac3 ,hommel1 op4 cit4 i4 #daf4 ,meissn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #aad3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #aag4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ibid4 #afh4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,hommel1 op4 cit4 i4 #daf4 ,footnote #aag3 ,meissn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #aah3 ,ewald1 ,antiquities ( ,israel1 p4 #aij4 ,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #aai3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #g sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,g5esis1 xxiv4 #d2 xxviii4 #a sq4 ,exodus1 xxxiv4 #af4 ,deut]onomy1 vii1 #c4 ,footnote #aba3 ,cf4 ,mi*aelis1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,moses1 i4 #ddd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,cf4 ,ewald1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahh2 ,gans1 ,das ,erbre*t 9 weltges*i*tli*] ,entwickelung1 i4 #acd4 ,footnote #abc3 ,philo ,judu1 ,op]a1 i4 #gei sqq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,urquh>t1 ,_s ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #ddj sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #gj4 ,cf4 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #abf3 ,cf4 ,urquh>t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bfe sq4 ,among ! anci5t ,romans1 9 relation to ! h\se-fa!r1 all 9 ! h\sehold 7 de/itute ( legal rights--! wife & ! *ild no less ?an ! bullock or ! #faa slave4#abg ,! fa!r n only _h judicial au?ority ov] 8 *ildr5--imply+ ! "r ( inflict+ capital puni%m5t on !m#abh--;b he c\ld sell !m at discretion4#abi ,ev5 ! gr[n-up son & 8 *ildr5 7 subject to ! h\se-fa!r's au?ority1#acj & 9 m>riage )\t conv5tio 9 manum a daught] rema9$ 9 ! p[] ( h] fa!r or tutor ev5 aft] m>riage4#aca ,filial piety1 includ+ rev]5ce n only = ! fa!r b = ! "m also1 0 reg>d$ z a mo/ sacr$ duty4#acb ,to ! anci5t ,roman ! p>5ts 7 h>dly less sacr$ be+s ?an ! gods4#acc ,footnote #abg3 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #gd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,supra1 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #abi3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #acj3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #i4 #c4 ,footnote #aca3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #acb3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #aa sqq4 ,idem1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #acc3 ,val]ius ,maximus1 i4 #a4 #ac3 ,p>i v9dicta p>5tum ac deorum violatio expi&a e/4 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,virgilii ,georgicon1 ii4 #dgc3 ,sacra deorum sancta apud illos sunt1 sancti etiam p>5tes4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e & o!rs t ! patria pote/as ( ! ,romans 0 a survival ( ! pat]nal au?ority :i* exi/$ among ! primitive ,aryans4#acd ,b no cle> evid5ce ( ! g5]al preval5ce ( su* unlimit$ au?ority among o!r s-call$ ,aryan peoples has be5 adduc$4 ,! anci5t juri/ obs]v$1 ,! p[] :i* we h ov] our *ildr5 is peculi> to ,roman citiz5s2 = !re are no o!r nations possess+ ! same p[] ov] _! *ildr5 z we h ov] ours4#ace ,t among ! ,greeks & ,teutons ! fa!r _h ! "r to expose 8 *ildr5 9 _! infancy1 to sell !m1 9 case ( urg5cy1 z long z !y rema9$ 9 8 p[]1#acf & to give away 8 daught]s 9 m>riage1#acg does n imply ! possession ( a sov]eignty l t :i* ! ,roman h\se-fa!r ex]cis$ ov] 8 desc5dants ( all ages4 ,9 ,greece#ach & among all ! ,teutonic #fab nations#aci ! fa!r's au?ority ov] 8 sons came to an end :5 ! son grew up & left 8 home4 ,b "h aga9 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! legal rights ( p>5ts & ! duties ( *ildr54 ,!re are num]\s passages 9 ! ,greek writ+s :i* put filial piety on a p> ) ! duties t[>ds ! gods4#adj ,footnote #acd3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #ach4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la cit antique1 p4 #if sqq4 ,he>n1 ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #ace3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #i4 #b4 ,footnote #acf3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #fj sq4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dfa sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #gf4 ,9 ,france ! p>5ts' "r ( sell+ _! *ildr5 gradually disappe>$ "u ! k+s ( ! ?ird race 7de ,laurire1 9 ,loysel1 ,in/itutes c\tumires1 i4 #hb74 ,footnote #acg3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcb sqq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #fb sq4 ,cauvet1 ',de l'organisation de la famille ,a?nes1' 9 ,revue de lgislation1 xxiv4 #ach4 ,footnote #aci3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dfb4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #ge sq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ada sq4 ,nor is !re any evid5ce t ! patria pote/as ( ! ,roman type ev] prevail$ 9 full 9 ,india1 great ?\gh ! fa!r's or p>5t's au?ority has be51 & /ill is1 among ! ,h9dus4#ada ,among ! ,v$ic p ! fa!r seems to h be5 ! head ( ! family only z long z he 0 able to be its protector & ma9ta9]1#adb decrepit p>5ts be+ ev5 all[$ to die ( />vation4#adc ,accord+ to "s sacr$ books f a lat] age1 ! fa!r & ! "m h p[] to give1 to sell1 & to ab&on _! son1 because man =m$ ( ut]9e blood & virile se$ proce$s f 8 "m & 8 fa!r z an effect f its cause2 h[ev]1 an only son may n be giv5 or receiv$ 9 adoption1 nor is a woman all[$ to give or receive a son except ) h] husb&'s p]mission4#add ,9 o!r books x is said t ! gift or acceptance ( a *ild & ! "r to sell or buy a *ild are n recognis$1#ade & t he :o ca/s (f 8 son--unless ! son be guilty ( a crime caus+ loss ( ca/e--%all be f9$ by ! k+ six hundr$ panas4#adf ,b :atev] be ! legal rights ( a p>5t1 filial piety is a mo/ /r+5t duty 9 ! *ild4#adg ,a man has ?ree ,atigurus1 or specially v5]able sup]iors3 8 fa!r1 "m1 & spiritual tea*]4 ,to !m he mu/ always pay ob$i5ce4 ,he mu/ d :at is agreeable & s]viceable to !m4 ,he mu/ nev] d any?+ )\t _! leave4#adh ,by hon\r+ ^! ?ree all t ought to be done by man is accompli%$2 #fac t is cle>ly ! highe/ duty1 e o!r act is a subord9ate duty4#adi ,simil> feel+s prevail among ! mod]n ,h9dus4#aej ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman obs]ves1 ,!re is no "p ( ! _w1 ,i believe1 :]e p>5ts are s mu* rev]5c$ by _! sons z !y are 9 ,india 9 all classes ( society4 ,! duty ( daught]s is f ! day ( _! m>riage transf]r$ entirely to _! husb&s & _! husb&s' p>5ts1 b betwe5 ! son & 8 p>5ts ! reciprocity ( rights & duties :i* h b\nd toge!r ! p>5t & *ild f infancy foll[s !m to ! grave4 ,! sons are (t5 actually tyrannis$ ov] by _! mo!rs4#aea ,footnote #ada3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bca sq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #gj4 #e4 ,footnote #adc3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #add3 ,vasi%?a1 xv4 #a sqq4 ,baudhyana ,p>isi%ta1 vii4 #e4 #b sqq4 ,footnote #ade3 pa/amba1 ii4 #f4 #ac4 #aa4 ,footnote #adf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #chi4 ,cf4 ibid4 xi4 #fj4 ,footnote #adg3 pa/amba1 i4 #d4 #ad4 #f4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #bbe sqq42 iv4 #afb2 c4 ,footnote #adh3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 *4 #ca4 ,footnote #adi3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #bcg4 ,footnote #aej3 ,nelson1 ,view ( ! ,h9du ,law1 p4 #ef sq4 ,ghani1 ',social ,life & ,morality 9 ,india1' 9 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vii4 #cab4 ,footnote #aea3 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 i4 #ccj sqq4 ,accord+ to anci5t ,russian laws1 fa!rs _h great p[] ov] _! *ildr52#aeb b x is n probable t a son c\ld be sold z a slave4#aec ,b>on von ,hax?aus51 :o wrote be=e ! ,emancipation 9 #ahfa1 says t ! patri>*al gov]nm5t1 feel+s1 & organisation are 9 full activity 9 ! life1 mann]s1 & cu/oms ( ! ,great ,russians4 ,! same unlimit$ au?ority :i* ! fa!r ex]cises ov] all 8 *ildr5 is possess$ by ! "m ov] h] daught]s4#aed ,x 0 a common cu/om = a fa!r to m>ry 8 "y sons to full-gr[n wom52 & 9 ,pol& also1 accord+ to ,ne/or1 a fa!r us$ to select a bride = 8 son4#aee ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,bogivsi'c1 ! p[] ( ! fa!r is n s great among ! ,s\!rn ,slavs z among ! ,russians2#aef b a son is n p]mitt$ to make a proposal ( m>riage to a girl aga9/ ! w ( 8 p>5ts1 :il/ a daught]1 ( c\rse1 enjoys /ill less fre$om ( dispos+ ( h] own h&4#aeg ,accord+ to a ,slavonian maxim1 a fa!r is l an e>?ly god to 8 son4#aeh ,footnote #aeb3 ,accurse1 quot$ by de ,laurire1 9 ,loysel1 op4 cit4 i4 #hb4 ,footnote #aec3 ,maciei[ski1 ,slavis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 iv4 #djd4 ,footnote #aed3 von ,hax?aus51 ,russian ,empire1 ii4 #bbi sq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcd4 ,maciei[ski1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ahi4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bdd1 note4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 pp4 #cad1 #cbj4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bdc4 #fad ,among ?is gr\p ( peoples1 also1 we meet ) rev]5ce = ! eld] bro!r1 = p]sons ( a sup]ior age g5]ally1 &1 especially1 = ! ag$4 ,ob$i5ce on ! "p ( ! y\ng] to ! eld] bro!r is /rongly inculcat$ by ,confucianism & ,ta\ism4#aei ,9 anci5t ,*9a ! elde/ son ( ! pr9cipal wife held s high a position t ev5 8 own fa!r _h to m\rn = him at 8 dea? 9 ! selfsame degree 9 :i* ! son 0 b\nd to m\rn = 8 fa!r2#afj & 9 "s prov9ces ( ,japan ! eld] bro!r or si/] did n ev5 g to ! fun]al ( ! y\ng]4#afa ,9 ,babylonia ! eld] bro!r occupi$ a privileg$ position 9 ! family 9 relation to ! y\ng]4#afb ,9 "o ( ! ,m&an writ+s x is said1 ,hon\r y\r fa!r & y\r "m & y\r eld] bro!r z y\r fa!r4#afc ,accord+ to ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus1 ! feet ( eld] bro!rs & si/]s mu/ be embrac$1 accord+ to ! ord] ( _! s5iority2#afd t[>ds a si/] ( "o's fa!r & ( "o's "m1 & t[>ds "o's own eld] si/]1 "o mu/ behave z t[>ds "o's "m1 ?\gh ! "m is m v5]able ?an !y4#afe ,footnote #aei3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 pp4 #abc1 #abd1 #bei4 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #abe sq4 ,footnote #afj3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #eji4 ,footnote #afa3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #afb3 ,hommel1 op4 cit4 i4 #dag sq4 ,footnote #afc3 ,br&t1 ,m&is*e ,s*rift51 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #afd3 pa/amba1 i4 #d4 #ad4 #i4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #d4 #ad4 #ad2 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #bbe4 ,footnote #afe3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #acc4 ,aga91 9 anci5t ,mexico respect 0 paid n only by *ildr5 to _! p>5ts b by ! "y to ! old4#aff ,among ! ,yucatans ! "y rev]5c$ mu* ! ag$4#afg ,9 ,*9a p]sons ( ! l[e/ class :o h atta9$ to an unusual age h n infrequ5tly be5 di/+ui%$ by ! ,emp]or1#afh & ev5 crim9als ) grey hairs are treat$ ) reg>d4#afi ,respect = eld]s1 says ,m5cius1 is ! work+ ( righte\sness2#agj & x is said 9 ,?i ,%ang t ! good man w respect ! old & *]i% ! "y4#aga ,a ,japanese prov]b runs1 ,reg>d an old man z ?y fa!r4#agb ,we read 9 ,leviticus1 ,?\ %alt rise up be=e ! ho>y head1 & hon\r ! face ( ! old man1 & fe> ?y ,god4#agc ,v5]ation #fae = ! ag$ is emphatically inculcat$ by ,islam4#agd ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india x is repres5t$ z a virtue4#age ,h]odotus /ates t ! ,egyptians resembl$ ! ,lac$monians 9 ! rev]5ce ! "y m5 paid to _! eld]s4#agf ,plato says 9 8 ',laws' t ev]ybody ought to consid] t ! eld] has ! prec$5ce ( ! y\ng] 9 hon\r1 bo? among ! gods z also among m5 :o w\ld live 9 security & happ9ess2 :]e=e x is a fooli% ?+ & hateful to ! gods to see an eld] man assault$ by a y\ng] 9 ! city4 ,ev]ybody ought to reg>d a p]son :o is tw5ty ye>s old] ?an himself1 :e!r male or female1 z 8 fa!r or "m1 & to ab/a9 f lay+ h&s on any su* p]son out ( rev]5ce to ! gods :o preside ov] bir?4#agg ,reg>d = old age lies beh9d su* words z presbyt] & ! ,anglo-,saxon ealdormonn2 & all travell]s among ! ,s\!rn ,slavs h notic$ _! extraord9>y respect = old p4#agh ,footnote #aff3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #hl4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #ccb4 ,footnote #afg3 ,l&a1 ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #afh3 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #ig4 ,footnote #afi3 ,wells ,williams1 ,middle ,empire1 i4 #hje4 ,footnote #agj3 ,m5cius1 vii4 #a4 #ae4 #c4 ,footnote #aga3 ,?i ,%ang1 #c4 ,footnote #agb3 ,griffis1 ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #eje4 ,footnote #agc3 ,leviticus1 xix4 #cb4 ,cf4 ,job1 xxxii4 #a2 ,prov]bs1 xvi4 #ca1 & xx4 #bi4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #bg sq4 ,footnote #age3 pa/amba1 i4 #e4 #ae4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #aba4 ,dhammapada1 #aji4 ,footnote #agf3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #hj4 ,footnote #agg3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgi4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,respublica1 v4 #dfe4 ,footnote #agh3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bdc4 ,9 ,europe ! pat]nal au?ority ( ! ar*aic type :i* we h j consid]$ has gradually yield$ to a sy/em "u :i* ! fa!r has be5 dive/$ ( ! mo/ ess5tial rights he =m]ly possess$ ov] 8 *ildr5--a sy/em ! inmo/ drift ( :i* is express$ 9 ! words ( ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/1 ,le p\voir pat]nel e/ plutt un devoir qu'un p\voir4#agi ,already 9 pagan times ! ,roman patria pote/as became a %ad[ ( :at x _h be54 ,"u ! ,republic ! abuses ( pat]nal au?ority 7 *eck$ by ! c5sors1 & 9 lat] times ! ,emp]ors r$uc$ ! fa!r's p[] )9 comp>atively n>r[ limits4 ,n only 0 ! life ( ! *ild practically z sacr$ z t ( ! p>5t long be=e ,*ri/ianity became ! religion ( ,rome1#ahj b ,alex&] ,sev]us orda9$ t heavy puni%m5ts %\ld be inflict$ on memb]s ( a family by ! magi/rate only4 ,diocletian & ,maximilian took away ! p[] ( sell+ freeborn *ildr5 z slaves4 ,! fa!r's privilege ( #faf dictat+ m>riage = 8 sons decl9$ into a conditional veto2 & x seems t ! daught]s also1 at l5g?1 ga9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om 9 ! *oice ( a husb&4#aha ,footnote #agi3 ,encyclopdie m?odique1 ,jurisprud5ce1 vii4 #gg1 art4 ,puissance pat]nelle4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,supra1 p4 #cic sq4 ,footnote #aha3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcf4 ,! new religion 0 any?+ b unfav\rable to ?is process ( emancipation4 ,! e?ical precept ( filial piety 0 *ang$ by ,*ri/4 ,8 *ur* 0 a militant *ur*4 ,he _h come n to s5d peace b a sword1 to set a man at v>iance aga9/ 8 fa!r1 & ! daught] aga9/ h] "m4#ahb ,be+ *iefly address$ to ! "y1 ! new tea*+ naturally caus$ mu* disord] 9 families4 ,fa!rs dis9h]it$ _! conv]t$ sons1#ahc & *ildr5 ?\ght t !y ow$ no duty to _! p>5ts :]e su* a duty 0 oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( _! s\ls4 ,accord+ to ,gregory ! ,great1 we ought to ignore our p>5ts1 hat+ !m & fly+ f !m :5 !y are an ob/acle to u 9 ! way ( ! ,"l2#ahd & ?is became ! accept$ !ory ( ! ,*ur*4#ahe ,nay1 x 0 n only 9 simil> cases ( conflict t ,*ri/ianity ex]cis$ a weak5+ influ5ce on family ties :i* _h previ\sly be5 reg>d$ ) religi\s v5]ation4 ,9 all circum/ances ! relation%ip betwe5 *ild & p>5t 0 put 9 ! %ade by ! relation%ip betwe5 man & ,god4 ,call no man y\r fa!r ^u ! e>?3 = "o is y\r ,fa!r1 :i* is 9 ,heav54#ahf ,if any man come to me1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 yea1 & 8 own life also1 he _c be my disciple4#ahg ,at ! same "t ! fif? comm&m5t1 ?\gh modifi$ by consid]ations :i* w\ld nev] h occurr$ to ! m9d ( an or?odox ,jew1 0 left =mally intact4 ,ob$i5ce to p>5ts 01 9 fact1 repeat$ly enjo9$ by ,/4 ,paul z a ,*ri/ian duty4#ahh ,x 0 reg>d$ z a pr]equisite #fag = ! v5]ation ( ,god4 ,if we d n hon\r & rev]5ce our p>5ts1 :om we ought to love next to ,god1 & :om we h almo/ cont9ually be=e our eyes1 h[ c we hon\r or rev]5ce ,god1 ! supreme & be/ ( p>5ts1 :om we _c see8#ahi ,footnote #ahb3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 x4 #cd sq4 ,/4 ,luke1 xii4 #ea sqq4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #c 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #bhj sq474 ,footnote #ahd3 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,homili 9 ,evangelia1 xxxvii4 #b 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxxvi4 #abge74 ,footnote #ahe3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aja4 #d4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxiii4 #i4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,/4 ,luke1 xiv4 #bf4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ephesians1 vi4 #a sqq4 ,colossians1 iii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 iii4 #e4 #a4 ,anci5t1 deep-root$ ideas die sl[ly4 ,:il/ among ,teutonic peoples ! gr[n-up *ild is recognis$ bo? by cu/om & law z indep5d5t ( ! p>5ts1 & ! p>5tal au?ority ov] m9ors is reg>d$ m]ely 9 ! light ( gu>dian%ip1#aij ! ,roman notions ( pat]nal rights & filial duties h to "s ext5t surviv$ 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 n only ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 b up to ! pres5t "t4 ,above ! maje/y ( ! feudal b>on1 says ,m4 ,b]n>d1 t ( ! pat]nal p[] 0 held /ill m sacr$ & inviolable4 ,h[ev] p[]ful ! son might be1 he w\ld n h d>$ to outrage 8 fa!r1 ^: au?ority 0 9 8 eyes always conf\nd$ ) ! sov]eignty ( comm&4#aia ,du ,vair rem>ks1 ,n\s devons t5ir nos pres comme des dieux en t]re4#aib ,bod9 wrote1 9 ! lat] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t1 ?\gh ! mon>* comm&s 8 subjects1 ! ma/] 8 disciples1 ! capta9 8 soldi]s1 !re is none to :om nature has giv5 any comm& except ! fa!r1 :o is ! true image ( ! great sov]eign ,god1 univ]sal fa!r ( all ?+s4#aic ,accord+ to edicts ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,l\is ,,xiii41 & ,l\is ,,xiv41 sons c\ld n m>ry be=e ! age ( ?irty1 nor daught]s be=e ! age ( tw5ty-five1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! fa!r & "m1 on pa9 ( be+ dis9h]it$4#aid ,& ev5 n[ 9 ,france consid]able p[] is accord$ to p>5ts1 n only by cu/om & public s5tim5t1 b by law4 ,a *ild _c quit ! pat]nal resid5ce )\t ! p]mission ( ! fa!r be=e ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 except = enrolm5t #fah 9 ! army4#aie ,= grave misconduct by 8 *ildr5 ! fa!r has /rong means ( correction4#aif ,a son "u tw5ty-five & a daught] "u tw5ty-"o c\ld n until #aijg m>ry )\t p>5tal cons5t2#aig & ev5 :5 a man _h atta9$ 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> & a woman h] tw5ty-fir/1 bo? 7 /ill b\nd to ask = x1 by a =mal notification4#aih ,footnote #aij3 ,/>cke1 ,la famille dans les diffr5tes socits1 p4 #bac sqq4 ,footnote #aia3 ,b]n>d1 quot$ 9 ,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,france1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #aib3 ,du ,vair1 quot$ by de ,ribbe1 ,les familles et la socit en ,france avant la ,rvolution1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #aic3 ,bod91 ,de republica1 i4 #d1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #aid3 ,ko5igsw>t]1 ,hi/oire de l'organisation de la famille en ,france1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #aie3 ,code ,civil1 art4 #cgd4 ,footnote #aif3 ,ibid4 art4 #cge sqq4 ,footnote #aig3 ,ibid4 art4 #adh4 ,footnote #aih3 ,ibid4 art4 #aea4 ,! p>5tal au?ority dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! natural sup]iority ( p>5ts ov] _! *ildr5 :5 "y1 & on ! helplessness ( ! latt]2 & = simil> reasons ! daught]1 ?\gh gr[n-up1 /ill rema9s 9 h] fa!r's p[]4 ,p>5ts are1 moreov]1 consid]$ to possess 9 "s measure propriet>y rights ov] _! (fspr+1 be+ _! orig9ators & ma9ta9]s2#aii & 9 v>i\s cases1 x seems1 ! fa!r is also reg>d$ z _! own] because he is ! own] ( _! "m4 ,filial duties & p>5tal rights to "s ext5t spr+ f ! *ildr5's natural feel+ ( affection = _! p>5ts1#bjj p>ticul>ly = _! "m1#bja & f ! debt ( gratitude :i* !y are consid]$ to owe to ^? :o h br\ght !m into exi/5ce & tak5 c>e ( !m :il/ "y4#bjb ,! au?ority ( p>5ts is mu* enhanc$ & ext5d$ by ! s5tim5t ( filial rev]5ce1 z di/9ct f m]e affection4 ,f _! infancy *ildr5 are us$ to look up to _! p>5ts1 #fai especially ! fa!r1 z to be+s sup]ior to !mselves2 & ?is feel+1 :i* by itself has a t5d5cy to p]si/1 is all ! m likely to la/ ev5 :5 ! p>5ts get old1 z x is bas$ n only on sup]ior /r5g? & bodily skill1 b on sup]ior k1 :i* rema9s ?\gh ! physical p[] be on ! wane4 ,among savages1 9 p>ticul>1 filial reg>d is l>gely reg>d = "o's eld]s or ! ag$4 ,! old m5 repres5t ! wisdom ( ! tribe4 ,long life & wisdom1 say ! ,iroquois1 are always connect$ toge!r4#bjc ,?r\gh\t all ,we/ ,africa ! ag$ are ! kn[+ ones4#bjd ,9 8 "w on ! ,alg]ian natives ,m4 ,villot obs]ves3--,les vieill>ds1 au milieu des socits b>b>es1 reprs5t5t la tradition qui ti5t lieu de patrie2 la sci5ce des c\tumes et usages qui remplac5t la loi2 la connaissance des gnalogies qui fixe les degrs de p>5t et s]t de base la dt]m9ation des titres de proprit4 ,p\r ces causes1 aussi bi5 qu'en raison de leur faiblesse et de leurs *eveux blancs1 le respect p\r les vieill>ds e/ de rgle au milieu des indignes4#bje ,among p :o possess no lit]ature ! old m5 are ! sole au?orities on religion1 z well z on cu/om4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! def]5ce %[n to !m is p>tly due to ! sup]/iti\s awe ( c]ta9 my/]i\s rites :i* are kn[n to !m alone1 & to ! k ( :i* "y p]sons are only v gradually admitt$4#bjf ,moreov]1 old age itself inspires a feel+ ( my/]i\s awe4 ,! ,moors say t1 :5 gett+ old1 a man becomes a sa9t1 & a woman a j9na1 or evil _s--!re is some?+ sup]natural 9 bo?4 ,among ! ,ea/ ,african ,embe x is only by means ( ! ranke/ sup]/ition t ! old m5 are able to ma9ta9 _! supremacy ov] ! hot-blood$ y\?s2 !y conv9ce ! w>riors1 by pres5t+ !m #fbj ) "s magic emblem1 t 9 ! h&s ( ! sages alone re/ ! fate & =tune ( ^? :o fight 9 a battle4 ,& old wom51 also1 are (t5 believ$ to possess sup]natural p[]1 9 :i* case _! influ5ce1 9 spite ( ! subs]vi5t position ( _! sex 9 g5]al1 is almo/ z great z t ( a m$ic9e-man4#bjg ,accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! natives ( ,we/]n ,victoria1 wit*es always appe> 9 ! =m ( an old woman4#bjh ,among ! ,maoris "s ( ! ag$ wom5 ex]cise ! greate/ influ5ce ov] _! tribes1 be+ suppos$ to possess ! p[] ( wit*craft & sorc]y4#bji ,among ! ,abipones1 says ,*>levoix1 ! old wom5 take ^u !m to be great wit*es2 & x w\ld be no easy matt] to conv]t !m4#baj ,9 ,arabia1 z well z 9 ,morocco1 old wom5 are always believ$ to be skill$ 9 sorc]y4#baa ,footnote #aii3 ,cf4 ,vasi%?a1 xv4 #a sq42 ,b&hyana ,p>isi%ta1 vii4 #e4 #b sq4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,= in/ances ( filial affection among savages see ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bdb2 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #aab 7,mattoal72 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #cd 7,dyaks72 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #aic2 ,ma!w1 ',au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #chh4 ,footnote #bja3 ,= in/ances ( great affection = ! "m1 see ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dgd 7,b>ea & ,kunma72 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #baa2 ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #bda2 ,new1 op4 cit4 p4 #aja 7,wanika72 ,franois1 ,nama und ,dam>a1 ,deuts*-,sd-,we/-,afrika1 p4 #bea 7,m\nta9 ,dam>as72 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #afd2 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #gj sq42 ,urquh>t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bfe sq4 7,turks72 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #adf1 #aee4 ,x is said 9 ! ,talmud t ! *ild loves its "m m ?an its fa!r1 :il/ x fe>s its fa!r m ?an its "m 7,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #ee74 ,footnote #bjb3 ,hsio ,k+1 #i 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iii4 #dgi74 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #bbg4 ,plato1 ,leges1 iv4 #gag4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 #ae4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #bje3 ,villot1 ,moeurs1 c\tumes et in/itutions des indignes de l',algrie1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,s*u]mann1 ',aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bbf4 ,cf4 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cjd4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,*anl]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdg1 #beb4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #bji3 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #cag4 ,footnote #baj3 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/ory ( ,p>aguay1 i4 #djf4 ,footnote #baa3 ,niebuhr1 ,travels 9 ,arabia1 ii4 #baf4 ,! beliefs held reg>d+ ! dead also influ5ce ! treatm5t ( ! ag$ ^: lives are draw+ to an end4 ,c]ta9 ,african tribes treat _! old p ) e k9dness 9 ord] to secure _! goodwill aft] dea?4#bab ,a mission>y 9 ,ea/ ,africa he>d a negro say ) ref]5ce to an old man1 ,we w d :at he says1 because he is soon go+ to die4#bac ,! ,omahas 7 afraid to ab&on _! ag$ on ! prairie :5 away f _! p]man5t villages le/ ,wak&a %\ld puni% !m2#bad & 9 ?is case x seems t ,wak&a1 at lea/ orig9ally meant ! gho/ ( ! dead4 ,! ,niase is an egoi/ ev] 9 8 respect = ! old1 because he hopes t !y w protect & assi/ him :5 !y are dead4#bae ,9 ,*9a ! doctr9e t gho/s may int]f]e at any mom5t ) human bus9ess & fate1 ei!r fav\rably or unfav\rably1 en=ces respect = human life & a *>itable #fba treatm5t ( ! infirm1 ! ag$1 & ! sick1 especially if !y /& on ! br9k ( ! grave4#baf ,! reg>d = ! ag$ & ! wor%ip ( ! dead are (t5 m5tion$ toge!r 9 a way :i* sugge/s t !re exi/s an intr9sic connection betwe5 !m4 ,( ! ,dacotahs ,prescott obs]ves1 ,v5]ation is v great 9 "s ,indians = old age1 & !y all feel x = ! dead4#bag ,! wor%ip ( ance/ors is a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! religi\s sy/em ( ,s\!rn ,gu9ea2 ! pr(\nd respect = ag$ p]sons1 by a v natural op]ation ( ! m9d1 is turn$ into idolatr\s reg>d = !m :5 dead4#bah ,! ,b>otse *iefly wor%ip ! s\ls ( _! ance/ors4 4 4 4 ,cognate to ?is wor%ip ( ance/ors is ! great respect display$ = p>5ts & ! old--especially ! elde/ ( a family or tribe4#bai ,among ! ,h]]o ! tomb ( a fa!r is ! mo/ important ( all holy places1 ! s\l ( a fa!r ! oracle mo/ (t5 consult$4#bbj ,! ,aetas ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s h a pr(\nd respect = old-age & = _! dead4#bba ,! ,ossetes %[ ! greate/ love & v5]ation to _! p>5ts1 to old age g5]ally1 & especially to ! memory ( _! ance/ors4#bbb ,9 cases l ^!1 h[ev]1 x is impossible accurately to di/+ui% betwe5 cause & effect4 ,:il/ ! wor%ip ( ! dead is1 9 ! fir/ place1 due to ! my/]y ( dea?1 x is evid5t t ! reg>d 9 :i* a p]son is held dur+ 8 lifetime also influ5ces ! v5]ation :i* is be/[$ on 8 disembodi$ s\l4 ,footnote #bab3 ,arnot1 op4 cit4 p4 #gh1 note4 ,footnote #bac3 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 i4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bad3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfi4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #bae3 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #baf3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #dej4 ,footnote #bag3 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aif4 ,footnote #bah3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #cib sq4 ,footnote #bai3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #gd sq4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,franois1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #bba3 ,=eman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #bbb3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #dad4 ,!re are ?us obvi\s reasons = ! connection betwe5 filial submissiv5ess & religi\s beliefs2 b ! *ief cause ( ?is connection seems to be ! extreme importance frequ5tly atta*$ to ! curses & bless+s ( p>5ts4 ,among ! ,n&i 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 if a #fbb son refuses to obey 8 fa!r 9 any s]i\s matt]1 ! fa!r solemnly /rikes ! son ) 8 fur mantle4 ,?is is equival5t to a mo/ s]i\s curse1 & is suppos$ to be fatal to ! son unless he obta9s =giv5ess1 :i* he c only d by sacrific+ a goat be=e 8 fa!r4#bbc ,among ! ,mpongwe !re is no?+ :i* a "y p]son s mu* deprecates z ! curse ( an ag$ p]son1 & especially t ( a rev]$ fa!r4#bbd ,! ,b>ea & ,kunma are conv9c$ t any und]tak+ :i* has n ! bless+ ( ! old p w fail1 t e curse utt]$ by !m mu/ be de/ructive4#bbe ,among ! ,bogos nobody takes an employm5t or gives x up1 nobody engages 9 a bus9ess or contracts a m>riage1 be=e he has receiv$ ! bless+ ( 8 fa!r or 8 ma/]4#bbf ,among ! ,h]]o1 :5 a *ief feels 8 dissolution approa*+1 he calls 8 sons to ! b$side1 & gives !m 8 b5$iction4#bbg ,! ,moors h a prov]b t if ! sa9ts curse y ! p>5ts w cure y1 b if ! p>5ts curse y ! sa9ts w n cure y4 ,! anci5t ,hebrews believ$ t p>5ts1 & especially a fa!r1 c\ld by _! bless+s or curses det]m9e ! fate ( _! *ildr52#bbh inde$1 we h reason to assume t ! rew>d :i* 9 ! fif? comm&m5t is held out to respectful *ildr5 0 orig9ally a result ( p>5tal bless+s4 ,we /ill meet ) ! orig9al idea 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 :]e x is said3 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & "m bo? 9 ^w & de$1 t a bless+ may come ^u !e f !m4 ,= ! bless+ ( ! fa!r e/abli%e? ! h\ses ( *ildr52 b ! curse ( ! "m roote? out f\ndations4#bbi ,! same notion t ! p>5ts' bless+s beget prosp]ity1 & t _! curses br+ ru91 prevail$ 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,plato says #fbc 9 8 ',laws'3--,nei!r ,god1 nor a man :o has und]/&+1 w ev] advise any "o to neglect 8 p>5ts4 4 4 4 ,if a man has a fa!r or "m1 or _! fa!rs or mo!rs treasur$ up 9 8 h\se /rick5 9 ye>s1 let him consid] t no /atue c be m pot5t to grant 8 reque/s ?an !y are1 :o are sitt+ at 8 he>?1 if only he kn[s h[ to %[ true s]vice to !m4 4 4 4 ,o$ipus1 z tradition says1 :5 di%on\r$ by 8 sons1 invok$ on !m curses :i* e "o decl>es to h be5 he>d & ratifi$ by ! gods1 & ,amyntor 9 8 wra? invok$ curses on 8 son ,pho5ix1 & ,!seus ^u ,hippolytus1 & innum]able o!rs h also call$ d[n wra? ^u _! *ildr51 :5ce x is cle> t ! gods li/5 to ! imprecations ( p>5ts2 = ! curses ( p>5ts are1 z !y ought to be1 mighty aga9/ _! *ildr5 z no o!rs are4 ,& %all we suppose t ! pray]s ( a fa!r or "m :o is specially di%on\r$ by 8 or h] *ildr51 are he>d by ! gods 9 accordance ) nature2 & t if a p>5t is hon\r$ by !m1 & 9 ! gladness ( 8 he>t e>ne/ly entreats ! gods 9 8 pray]s to d !m good1 he is n equally he>d1 & t !y d n m9i/] to 8 reque/8 4 4 4 ,!re=e1 if a man makes a "r use ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r & o!r ag$ relations1 he w h images :i* above all o!rs w w9 him ! fav\r ( ! gods4#bcj ,orig9ally ! efficacy ( p>5ts' curses & bless+s 7 ascrib$ to a magic p[] imman5t 9 ! spok5 ^w itself1 & _! ,er9yes1 :o 7 no less t]rible ?an ! ,er9yes ( neglect$ gue/s1#bca 7 only p]sonifications ( _! curses4#bcb ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r simil> cases already notic$1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! curse or ! bless+ came aft]w>ds to be look$ ^u z an act ( div9e ju/ice4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ,nemesis1 ! mess5g] ( ju/ice1 wat*es ov] unbecom+ words utt]$ #fbd to a p>5t2#bcc & ,hesiod says t if anybody reproa*es an ag$ fa!r or "m ,zeus himself is wro?1 & at la/1 9 requital = wrong de$s1 lays on him a bitt] p5alty4#bcd ,x also seems to be beyond all d\bt t ! divi p>5tum ( ! ,romans1 l _! dii hospitales1 7 no?+ b p]sonifi$ curses4 ,= x is said1 ,if a son beat 8 p>5t & he cry out1 ! son %all be devot$ to ! p>5tal gods = de/ruction4#bce ,9 ari/ocratic families 9 ,russia *ildr5 us$ to /& 9 mortal fe> ( _! fa!rs' curses2#bcf & ! c\ntry p /ill believe t a m>riage )\t ! p>5ts' approval w call d[n ! wra? ( ,heav5 on ! heads ( ! "y c\ple4#bcg ,"s ( ! ,s\!rn ,slavs ma9ta9 t if a son does n fulfil ! la/ w ( 8 fa!r1 ! s\l ( ! fa!r w curse him f ! grave4#bch ,! ,s]vians say1 ,)\t rev]5ce = old m51 !re is no salvation4#bci ,footnote #bbc3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #hgi4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dge4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,idem1 ,sitt5 d] ,bogos1 p4 #ij sq4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,g5esis1 ix4 #be sqq42 xxvii4 #d1 #ai1 #bc1 #be1 #bg sqq42 xlviii4 #i1 #ad sqq42 xlix4 #d1 #g sqq4 ,judges1 xvii4 #b4 ,cf4 ,*eyne1 ',bless+s & ,curs+s1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #eib2 ,n[ack1 ',bless+ & ,curs+1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 iii4 #bdd4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,ecclesia/icus1 iii4 #h sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #af4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,plato1 ,leges1 xi4 #icj sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 iv4 #gag4 ,footnote #bca3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #ede sqq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,see ,iliad1 xxi4 #dab sq42 ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus ,coloneus1 #abii1 #adcd2 von ,lasaulx1 ,d] ,flu* bei ,grie*5 und ,rm]n1 p4 #h2 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides1 p4 #aee sqq42 ,rohde1 ',p>alipom5a1' 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahie1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,plato1 ,leges1 iv4 #gag4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #cca sqq4 7#cbi sqq474 ,footnote #bce3 ,s]vius ,tullius1 9 ,bruns1 ,fontes ,juris ,romani antiqui1 p4 #ad1 & ,fe/us1 ,de v]borum significatione1 v]4 ,plor>e3 ,si p>5tem pu] v]b]it1 a/ olle plorassit1 pu] divis p>5tum sac] e/o4 ,cf4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #ahd4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr9ce ,kropotk9 = ?is /atem5t4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,kovalewsky1 ,mod]n ,cu/oms & ,anci5t ,laws ( ,russia1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bch3 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #bci3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bdc4 ,9 v>i\s in/ances ! rew>ds or puni%m5ts atta*$ to ! behavi\r ( *ildr5 seem to spr+ f ! belief 9 p>5tal bless+s & curses1 al?\gh ! cause is n expressly m5tion$4 ,accord+ to anci5t ,h9du ideas1 a fa!r1 "m1 & spiritual tea*] are equal to ! ?ree ,v$as1 equal to ! ?ree gods1 ,brahman1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva4#bdj ,a man :o %[s no reg>d = !m d]ives no b5efit f any religi\s obs]vance2 :]eas1 by hon\r+ 8 "m1 he ga9s ! pres5t _w2 by hon\r+ 8 fa!r1 ! _w ( gods2 & by pay+ /rict ob$i5ce to 8 spiritual tea*]1 ! _w ( ,brahman4#bda ,z 9 ,greece a p]son :o _h assault$ 8 p>5t 0 reg>d$ z pollut$ by a curse1#bdb s accord+ #fbe to ! sacr$ law ( ,india1 ^? :o qu>rel ) _! fa!r1 & ^? :o h =sak5 _! fa!r1 "m1 or spiritual tea*]1 defile a company & mu/ n be ent]ta9$ at a ,srddha (f]+4#bdc ,^? :o h /ruck any ( ^! p]sons _c be readmitt$ until !y h be5 purifi$ ) wat] tak5 f a sacr$ lake or riv]4#bdd ,! /a9 ( disob$i5ce t[>ds "m & fa!r is purg$ away ) b>ley-corns1 l food :i* has be5 lick$ at by dogs or pigs1 or defil$ by cr[s & impure m54#bde ,9 ! ,dhammapada x is said t to him :o always greets & con/antly rev]es ! ag$ f\r ?+s w increase1 namely1 life1 beauty1 happ9ess1 & p[]4#bdf ,! ,coreans believe t ! ri*e/ rew>ds on e>? & brighte/ heav5 h]eaft] await ! filial *ild1 :]eas curses & disgrace 9 ?is life & ! hotte/ hell 9 ! _w h]eaft] are ! p5alties ( ! disob$i5t or neglectful *ild4#bdg ,x seems to h be5 a notion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians t a son :o accept$ ! ^w ( 8 fa!r w\ld atta9 old age on t acc\nt4#bdh ,! foll[+ is an exhortation :i* an ,aztec gave to 8 son3--,gu>d aga9/ imitat+ ! example ( ^? wick$ sons :o1 l brutes t are depriv$ ( reason1 nei!r rev]5ce _! p>5ts1 li/5 to _! in/ruction1 nor submit to _! correction2 because :oev] foll[s _! /eps w h an unhappy end1 w die 9 a desp]ate or sudd5 mann]1 or w be kill$ & dev\r$ by wild bea/s4#bdi ,& if an ,aztec m>ri$ )\t ! sanction ( 8 p>5ts1 ! belief 0 t he w\ld be puni%$ ) "s mis=tune4#bej ,! ,aleuts 7 ( op9ion t ^? :o 7 att5tive to feeble old m51 expect+ 9 ex*ange _! good advice only1 w\ld be long-liv$ & =tunate 9 ! *ase & 9 w>1 & w\ld n be neglect$ :5 gr[+ old #fbf !mselves4#bea ,9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s disrespect to "o's sup]ior relations is little %ort ( sacrilege to ! gods1 & to pay respect to *iefs is a sup]ior sacr$ duty1 ! non-fulfilm5t ( :i* x is suppos$ ! gods w\ld puni% almo/ z sev]ely z disrespect to !mselves4#beb ,9 ! same isl&s great efficacy is ascrib$ to curses :i* are utt]$ by a sup]ior4#bec ,footnote #bdj3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xxxi4 #g4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bda3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xxxi4 #i sq4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #bcc sq4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hha4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 lxxxii4 #bh sqq4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,vasi%?a1 xv4 #ai sq4 ,footnote #bde3 ,baudhyana1 iii4 #f4 #e4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xlviii4 #bj4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,dhammapada1 #aji4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,precepts ( ,ptah-,hotep1 #ci4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccb4 ,torquemada1 ,mon>*ia ,indiana1 ii4 #dic4 ,footnote #bej3 ,torquemada1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dae4 ,footnote #bea3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #beb3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcg1 #aee4 ,footnote #bec3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bch4 ,:y are ! bless+s & curses ( p>5ts suppos$ to possess su* an extraord9>y p[]8 ,"o reason is no d\bt ! my/]y ( old age & ! ne>ness ( dea?4 ,z appe>s f sev]al ( ! cases already ref]r$ to1 x is n p>5ts only b old p g5]ally t are held capable ( giv+ due effect to _! good & evil wi%es1 & ?is capacity is believ$ to increase :5 life is draw+ to its close4 ,! ,h]]o "k really no bless+ save t conf]r$ by ! fa!r on 8 dea?-b$4#bed ,accord+ to old ,teutonic ideas1 ! curse ( a dy+ p]son 0 ! /ronge/ ( all curses4#bee ,a simil> notion prevail$ among ! anci5t ,arabs2#bef & among ! ,hebrews ! fa!r's my/ic privilege ( det]m9+ ! weal or woe ( 8 *ildr5 0 p>ticul>ly obvi\s :5 8 days 7 manife/ly numb]$4#beg ,b1 at ! same "t1 p>5tal b5$ictions & imprecations possess a pot5cy ( _! own ow+ to ! p>5ts' sup]ior position 9 ! family & ! respect 9 :i* !y are naturally held4 ,! influ5ce :i* su* a sup]iority has ^u ! efficacy ( curses is well br\ght out by v>i\s facts4 ,accord+ to ! ,greek notion1 ! ,er9yes av5g$ wrongs done by y\ng] memb]s ( a family to eld] ones1 ev5 bro!rs & si/]s1 b n vice v]s4#beh ,! ,arabs ( ,morocco say t ! curse ( a husb& is z pot5t z t ( a fa!r4 ,! ,tonga ,isl&]s believe #fbg t curses h no effect if ! p>ty :o curses is consid]ably l[] 9 rank ?an ! p>ty curs$4#bei ,moreov]1 :]e ! fa!r 0 inve/$ ) sac]dotal functions--z 0 ! case among ! anci5t nations ( culture--8 bless+s & curses w\ld = t reason also be efficaci\s 9 an exceptional degree4#bfj ,footnote #bed3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #dfh4 ,footnote #bee3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 iv4 #afij4 ,footnote #bef3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 pp4 #aci1 #aia4 ,footnote #beg3 ,*eyne1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 i4 #eib4 ,footnote #beh3 ,iliad1 xv4 #bjd3 ,?\ kn[e/ h[ ! ,er9yes d always foll[ to aid ! eld]-born4 ,cf4 ,mll]1 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides1 p4 #aee sq4 ,footnote #bei3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bch4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,cf4 ,n[ack1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 iii4 #bdc sq4 ,h[ev]1 ! facts :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ are h>dly suffici5t to acc\nt = ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! pat]nal au?ority 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate4 ,great ?\gh x be1 ! influ5ce :i* magic & religi\s beliefs ex]cise ^u ! pat]nal au?ority is1 z we h j se51 l>gely ( a reactive "*4 ,a fa!r's bless+s w\ld n be s eag]ly s\ght =1 nor w\ld 8 curses be s greatly fe>$1 if he 7 a less important p]sonage 9 ! family4 ,s1 too1 z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e aptly rem>ks1 ! fa!r's p[] is old] ?an ! practice ( wor%ipp+ him4 ,:y %\ld ! dead fa!r be wor%ipp$ m ?an any o!r memb] ( ! h\sehold unless he 0 ! mo/ prom95t--x may be said1 ! mo/ awful--figure 9 x dur+ 8 life8#bfa ,we mu/ assume t !re exi/s "s connection betwe5 ! organisation ( ! family & ! political con/itution ( ! society4 ,at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation--?\gh h>dly at ! v l[e/--we frequ5tly f9d t ! clan has atta9$ su* an ov]:elm+ importance t only a v limit$ am\nt ( au?ority c\ld be claim$ by ! head ( ea* sep>ate family4 ,b1 z w be %[n 9 a foll[+ *apt]1 ?is 0 *ang$ :5 clans & tribes 7 unit$ into a ,/ate4 ,! new ,/ate t5d$ to weak5 & de/roy ! clan-sy/em1 :]eas at ! same "t ! family-tie grew 9 /r5g?4 ,9 e>ly society !re seems to be an antagonism betwe5 ! family & ! clan4 ,:]e ! clan-bond is v /rong x encroa*es ^u ! family feel+1 & :]e x is loos5$ ! family ga9s4 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,grosse is probably "r 9 8 #fbh assumption t ! fa!r became a patri>*1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 only z ! inh]itor ( ! au?ority :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! clan4#bfb ,footnote #bfa3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 p4 #bai4 ,b :il/ 9 its e>ly days ! ,/ate /r5g!n$ ! family by weak5+ ! clan1 its lat] developm5t _h a diff]5t t5d5cy4 ,:5 national life grew m int5se1 :5 memb]s ( sep>ate families drew ne>] to "o ano!r 9 pursuit ( a common goal1 ! family aga9 lo/ 9 importance4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 :]e political life is mo/ highly develop$1 *ildr5's respect = _! p>5ts is at a p>ticul>ly l[ ebb4#bfc ,o!r factors also1 inh]5t 9 progressive civilisation1 contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( ! pat]nal p[]--! ext9ction ( ance/or-wor%ip1 ! decay ( c]ta9 sup]/iti\s beliefs1 ! decl9+ influ5ce ( religion1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! spread ( a ke5] mutual sympa?y ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 :i* c\ld n tol]ate t ! lib]ty ( *ildr5 %\ld be sacrific$ to ! despotic rule ( _! fa!rs4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,moni] ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #ddj1 n4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,subjection ,,( ,,wives ,,among ! l[] races1 z a rule1 a woman is always m or less 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce4 ,:5 %e is emancipat$ by m>riage f ! p[] ( h] fa!r1 %e g5]ally passes into ! p[] ( h] husb&4 ,b ! au?ority :i* ! latt] possesses ov] 8 wife v>ies extremely among diff]5t peoples4 ,frequ5tly ! wife is said to be ! prop]ty or slave ( h] husb&4 ,9 ,fiji ! wom5 are kept 9 great subjection4 4 4 4 ,l o!r prop]ty1 wives may be sold at pleasure1 & ! usual price is a musket4#a ,! ,c>ib woman is always 9 bondage to h] male relations4 ,to h] fa!r1 bro!r1 or husb& %e is ev] a slave1 & seldom has any p[] 9 ! disposal ( h]self4#b ,_m ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians are said to treat _! wives mu* z !y treat _! dogs4#c ,among ! ,%o%ones ! man is ! sole proprietor ( 8 wives & daught]s1 & c b>t] !m away1 or dispose ( !m 9 any mann] he may ?9k prop]4#d ,among ! ,ea/ ,african ,wanika a woman is a toy1 a tool1 a slave 9 ! v wor/ s5se2 inde$ %e is treat$ z ?\gh %e 7 a #fcj m]e brute4#e ,_m o!r /atem5ts to a simil> effect are met ) 9 e?nographical lit]ature4#f ,footnote #a3 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #ccb4 ,footnote #b3 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #c3 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #d3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #e3 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\r+s 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #f3 ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,n4 ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #aih4 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #ajd 7,brazilian ,indians74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #edh 7,negroes ( ,equatorial ,africa74 ,proy>t1 ',hi/ory ( ,loango1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 #egj 7,negroes ( ,loango74 ,&]sson1 ,notes on ,travel 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #bcf 7,ovambo74 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #caj2 ii4 #ef 7,o/yaks74 ,9 all ^! cases wom5 are said to be m]e articles ( comm]ce1 or slaves1 or kept 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce bord]+ on slav]y4 ,9 o!r in/ances wom5 are said to be oppress$ by _! husb&s1 or treat$ z inf]ior be+s 7,waitz -,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #ajj ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians2 vi4 #fbf ,melanesians4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #aba ,h>e & ,%eep ,indians4 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #acc ,yuki4 ,tuckey1 ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #cga ,negroes4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #ed74 ,yet x seems t ev5 9 cases :]e ! husb&'s p[] ov] 8 wife is describ$ z absolute1 cu/om has n left h] entirely de/itute ( rights4 ,( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 g5]al x is said t ! husb& is ! absolute own] ( 8 wife 7or wives72#g ( ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 t ea* fa!r ( a family rules absolutely ov] 8 own circle2#h ( c]ta9 tribes 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 t ! /ate ( slav]y 9 :i* ! wom5 are kept is truly deplorable1 & t ! m]e pres5ce ( _! husb&s makes !m tremble4#i ,b we h reason to believe t !re is "s exagg]ation 9 ^! /atem5ts1 & !y c]ta9ly d n hold good ( ! :ole ,au/ralian race4 ,we h notic$ above t cu/om does n really all[ ! ,au/ralian husb& full lib]ty to kill 8 wife4#aj ,= puni%+ or divorc+ h] he mu/ sometimes h ! cons5t ( ! tribe4#aa ,!re are ev5 cases 9 :i* a wife ^: husb& has be5 unfai?ful to h] may compla9 ( 8 conduct to ! eld]s ( ! tribe1 & he may h to suff] = x4#ab ,9 ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ! wom5 are on "o special occasion #fca all[$ !mselves to inflict puni%m5ts ^u ! m53 at a c]ta9 /age ( ! initiation c]emony ea* woman c ex]cise h] "r ( puni%+ any man :o may h ill-treat$1 abus$1 or 'hamm]$' h]1 & = :om %e may h wait$ mon?s or p]haps ye>s to *a/ise4#ac ,( ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say t ! wom5 are c]ta9ly n treat$ usually ) any?+ :i* c\ld be call$ excessive h>%ness2#ad & we he> f v>i\s au?orities t 9 sev]al ,au/ralian tribes m>ri$ p are (t5 mu* atta*$ to ea* o!r1 & cont9ue to be s ev5 :5 !y gr[ old4#ae ,among ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 = in/ance1 ! husb&s are z a g5]al rule fond ( _! wives1 & ! wives loyal & affectionate to _! husb&s4#af ,nay1 :ite m5 :o h liv$ among ! blacks assure u t !re are h5peck$ husb&s ev5 9 ! ,au/ralian des]t4#ag ,footnote #g3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #aji4 ,footnote #h3 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #cag4 ,footnote #i3 ,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie1 p4 #bgi4 ,= o!r simil> /atem5ts ref]r+ to ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 see ,niebo]1 ,slav]y z an ,indu/rial ,sy/em1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #aj3 ,supra1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #aa3 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ro?1 ,e?nol4 ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ada1 #agf4 ,footnote #ad3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ae3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #cei4 ,/irl+1 ,report ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #af3 ,hill & ,?ornton1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ag3 ,calv]t1 ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #ca4 ,o!r in/ances may be add$ to %[ t ! s-call$ absolute au?ority ( husb&s ov] _! wives is n to be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,( ! ,guiana ,indians ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn obs]ves3--,! woman is held to be z completely ! prop]ty ( ! man z 8 dog4 ,he may ev5 sell h] if he *ooses4#ah ,b 9 ano!r place ! same au?ority admits n only t ! wom5 9 a quiet way may h a consid]able influ5ce ) ! m51 b t1 ev5 if ! m5 7--?\gh ?is is 9 fact q contr>y to _! nature--incl9$ to treat !m cruelly1 public op9ion w\ld prev5t ?is4#ai ,( ! ,pla9s ,indians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,colonel ,dodge writes3--,! husb& owns 8 wife entirely4 ,he may abuse h]1 beat h]1 ev5 kill h] )\t "q4 ,%e is m absolutely a slave ?an any negro be=e ! w> ( rebellion4 ,b #fcb on ! foll[+ page we are told t cu/om gives to e m>ri$ woman ( ! tribes ! absolute "r to leave h] husb& & become ! wife ( any o!r man1 ! sole condition be+ t ! new husb& mu/ h ! means to pay = h]4#bj ,among ! ,*ippewyans ! wom5 are said to be z mu* 9 ! p[] ( ! m5 z any o!r articles ( _! prop]ty1 al?\gh1 at ! same "t1 !y are always consult$1 & possess a v consid]able influ5ce 9 ! traffic ) ,europeans1 & o!r important conc]ns4#ba ,among ! ,mongols a woman is entirely dep5d5t on h] husb&2 yet 9 ! h\sehold ! rights ( ! wife are ne>ly equal to ^? ( ! husb&4#bb ,dr4 ,paulits*ke tells u t among ! ,somals1 ,danakil1 & ,gallas1 a wife has no rights :atev] 9 relation to h] husb&1 be+ m]ely a piece ( prop]ty2 b subsequ5tly we le>n t %e is 8 equal1 & a mi/ress ( h] own w4#bc ,we mu/ c]ta9ly n1 l ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 conclude t :]e wom5 are ex*angeable = ox5 or o!r bea/s !y are ( c\rse reg>d$ z equally )\t p]sonal rights4#bd ,! bride-price is a comp5sation = ! loss su/a9$ 9 ! giv+ up ( ! girl1 & a remun]ation = ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 h] ma9t5ance till ! "t ( h] m>riage2#be x does n eo ipso conf] on ! husb& absolute rights ov] h]4 ,) ref]5ce to c]ta9 tribes 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 ! ,rev4 ,james ,macdonald obs]ves3--,a man obta9s a wife by giv+ h] fa!r a c]ta9 numb] ( cattle4 ,?is1 ?\gh (t5 call$ su*1 is n pur*ase 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! woman does n become a *attel4 ,%e _c be resold or ill-treat$ beyond well-def9$ legal limits4 ,%e reta9s c]ta9 rights to prop]ty & an int]e/ 9 ! cattle paid = h]4 ,!y are a gu>antee = ! husb&'s good #fcc behavi\r4#bf ,!re are ev5 peoples among :om ! husb&'s au?ority h>dly exi/s1 al?\gh he has _h to pay = 8 wife4#bg ,footnote #ah3 ,im ,?urn1 ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #bj3 ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 p4 #bje sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 cxxii4 sq4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives ( ,aborig9al ,k1 v4 #agf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #fi sqq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 pp4 #ahi1 #aij1 #bdd4 ,footnote #bd3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #gej4 ,footnote #be3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #bf3 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bg3 ,e4g41 ! ,navahos & ,pelew ,isl&]s 7,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cib1 #cic1 #cih sq4 ,= ! position ( wives among ^! peoples1 see infra1 pp4 #fch1 #fdc74 ,among _m peoples ! h>de/ drudg]ies ( life are said to be impos$ on ! wom54 ,among ! ,kut*9 ! wom5 are lit]ally bea/s ( burd5 to _! lords & ma/]s4 ,all ! heavy "w is p]=m$ by !m4#bh ,! ,cali=nian ,k>ok1 :ile on a j\rney1 lays by f> ! greate/ burd5s on 8 wife1 :om he reg>ds z a drudge4#bi ,among ! ,k5i/5os ! life ( ! wom5 is an un9t]rupt$ succession ( toil & pa91 h5ce !y are sometimes kn[n to de/roy _! female *ildr51 to save !m f ! mis]ies :i* !y !mselves h suff]$4#cj ,! condition ( ! wom5 among ! ,*aymas1 says von ,humboldt1 l t 9 all semi-b>b>\s nations1 is a /ate ( privation & suff]+4 ,! h>de/ lab\r is _! %>e4#ca ,among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es wives h to und]go all ! drudg]y ( ! camp & ! m>*1 h ! poore/ food & ! h>de/ "w4#cb ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa ! wom5 hold an inf]ior position4 ,!y are view$ z bea/s ( burd51 :i* d all ! h>d] "w4#cc ,among ! ,kakhy5s ! m5 are av]se to lab\r1 b ! lot ( all wom51 irrespective ( rank1 is "o ( drudg]y2#cd & s =?4#ce ,b x seems t #fcd ^! & simil> /atem5ts1 h[ev] correct !y be1 h>dly express ! :ole tru?4 ,9 e>ly society ea* sex has its own pursuits4 ,! man is responsible = ! protection ( ! family1 &1 ultimately1 = its support4 ,8 occupations are su* z require /r5g? & agility--fight+1 hunt+1 fi%+1 ! con/ruction ( implem5ts = ! *ase & w>1 &1 frequ5tly1 ! cutt+ ( trees & ! build+ ( lodges4#cf ,! woman may accompany him z a helpmate on 8 exp$itions1 sometimes ev5 p>ticipat+ 9 ! battle1#cg & :5 !y travel %e g5]ally c>ries ! baggage4 ,b h] pr9cipal occupations are univ]sally ( a dome/ic k9d3 %e procures wood & wat]1 prep>es ! food1 dresses sk9s1 makes clo!s1 takes c>e ( ! *ildr54 ,%e1 moreov]1 supplies ! h\sehold ) vegetable food1 ga!rs roots1 b]ries1 acorns1 & s =?1 & among agricultural peoples v frequ5tly cultivates ! soil4 ,:il/ cattle-re>+1 hav+ develop$ out ( ! *ase1 is l>gely a mascul9e pursuit1#ch agriculture1 hav+ develop$ out ( collect+ se$s & plants1 orig9ally devolves on ! wom54#ci ,footnote #bh3 ,h>di/y1 ',l\*eux ,indians1' 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahff1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #bi3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives ( ,aborig9al ,k1 v4 #afg4 ,footnote #ca3 von ,humboldt1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels1 iii4 #bch4 ,footnote #cb3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #ce4 ,footnote #cd3 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #ce3 ,= o!r in/ances1 see ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 #adg 7,rocky ,m\nta9 ,indians72 ,p>k]1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives1 v4 #fhd 7,coman*es72 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 p4 #bae 7,guiana ,indians72 ,keane1 ',botocudos1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 #bjf2 ,w$dell1 ,voyage t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 p4 #aef1 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #baf1 & ,bove1 ,patagonia1 p4 #aca 7,fuegians72 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ac sqq4 7,au/ralian aborig9es72 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ade2 ,=/]1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 ii4 #cbd 7natives ( ,tana1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides72 ,zimm]mann1 ,inseln des indis*5 und /ill5 ,me]es1 ii4 #ag 7,new ,cal$onians71 #aje 7,new ,irel&]s72 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 pp4 #aib 7,t\ng?a71 #bed sq4 7,kukis72 ,r[ney1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,india1 p4 #bad 7mo/ ( ! wild tribes ( ,india72 ,reade1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ea1 #bei1 #ede 7v>i\s ,african peoples72 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 ii4 #aag 7,negroes72 ,valdau1 ',om ,ba-,kwileh folket1' 9 ,ym]1 v4 #afg1 #afi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #gej sqq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,= wom5 tak+ "p 9 battles1 see ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4 #bcf 7,coman*es72 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdf 7,%a/ika ,indians ( ,cali=nia71 #bec 7,modok ,indians ( ,cali=nia72 ,waitz -,g]l&1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cge 7,c>ibs71 vi4 #aba 7,maoris72 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 v4 #ic 7,k+smill ,isl&]s72 ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea1 iii4 #aga 7natives ( ,radack74 ,footnote #ch3 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 p4 #ib sqq4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 p4 #aei4 ,hildebr&1 ,re*t und ,sitte auf d5 v]s*i$55 wir?s*aftli*5 ,kultur/uf51 p4 #dd sqq4 ,d>gun1 ',ursprung und ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,eig5?ums1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 v4 #ci1 #aaj4 ,b*]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,volkswir?s*aft1 p4 #cf sqq4 ,s*urtz1 ,das afrikanis*e ,gew]be1 p4 #g4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ',orig9 ( ,agriculture1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xvi4 #aai sq4 ,mason1 ,woman's ,%>e 9 ,primitive ,culture1 pp4 #ae sqq41 #adf sqq41 #bgg sq4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman1 p4 #e4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #bad4 von ,s*uetz-,holzhaus51 ,d] ,amazonas1 p4 #fg 7,p]uvian ,indians74 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cgf 7,c>ibs74 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4 #bce 7,dacotahs74 ,cold51 ibid4 iii4 #aia2 ,seav]1 ,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,jemison1 p4 #afh 7,iroquois74 ',die ,baluga-,negritos d] ,prov9z ,pampanga 7,luzon71' 9 9999,globus1 xli4 #bch4 ,zll]1 ,kam]un1 iii4 #eh 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,mll]1 ,pagels1 & ,gle]up1 ,tre r i ,kongo1 i4 #abi1 #acg 7,kuilu ,negroes71 #bgj 7,bakongo74 ,valdau1 9 ,ym]1 v4 #afe 7,bakwileh74 ,burr[s1 ',natives ( ! ,upp] ,welle ,di/rict1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #da 7,niam-,niam74 ,new1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aad 7,wanika71 #cei 7,wataveta74 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika1 p4 #ahb 7,wag&a74 ,pogge1 ,im ,rei*e des ,muata ,jamwo1 p4 #bdc 7,kalunda ( ,mussumba74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 pp4 #gh1 #gi1 #he 7,b>otse71 #afj 7,matabele74 von ,web]1 ,vi] ,jahre 9 ,afrika1 ii4 #aie 7,zulus74 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ! rule4 ,among ! ,creeks & ,*]okee ,indians n a ?ird "p z _m wom5 z m5 are se5 at "w 9 _! plantations 7,b>tram1 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt i4 #ca74 ,among ! ,wakamba bo? sexes "w 9 ! fields1 all heavy "w1 su* z cle>+ & break+ new gr\nd1 be+ done by m5 7,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #dic74 ,among v>i\s peoples1 inde$1 su* agricultural "w z requires consid]able /r5g? devolves on ! male sex 7,hildebr&1 op4 cit4 p4 #dd sqq4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman1 p4 #e74 ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! m5 are *iefly engag$ 9 ! field-"w 7,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 i4 #dda74 ,9 ! ,k+smill ,isl&s 7,wilkes1 op4 cit4 v4 #ia71 ,tonga 7,cook1 ,voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 i4 #cij sqq471 & ! ,c>ol9e ,gr\p 7,cantova1 quot$ ibid4 i4 #cib1 note7 ! soil is cultivat$ by ! m54 ,among ! ,gallas1 :il/ ! wom5 t5d ! %eep & ox5 9 ! field1 & manage ! hives ( bees1 ! m5 pl\gh1 s[1 & reap 7,h>ris1 ,highl&s ( ,ae?iopia1 iii4 #dg74 #fce ,! v>i\s occupations ( life are ?us divid$ betwe5 ! sexes accord+ to rules2 &1 ?\gh ! =mation ( ^! rules no d\bt has be5 m or less influ5c$ by ! egoism ( ! /rong] sex1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple f :i* !y spr+ lies deep]4 ,!y are on ! :ole 9 con=mity ) ! indications :i* nature h]self has giv54 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! app>5tly cruel cu/om ( us+ ! wom5 z bea/s ( burd54 ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 z ,m4 ,p9>t rem>ks--) special ref]5ce to ! ,panama ,indians1--x may inde$ seem /range t ! woman %\ld be *>g$ ) a heavy load1 :ile ! man walk+ be=e h] c>ries no?+ b 8 weapons4 ,b a little reflection w make x pla9 t ! man has good reason = keep+ himself free & mobile4 ,! little c>avan is surr\nd$ ) dang]s3 :5 trav]s+ a savannah or a =e/ a ho/ile ,indian may appe> at any mom5t1 or a tig] or a snake may lie 9 wait = ! travell]s4 ,h5ce ! man mu/ be on ! al]t1 & ready 9 an in/ant to cat* 8 arms to def5d himself & 8 family aga9/ ! aggressor4#dj ,dobrizh(f] writes1 ,! luggage be+ all committ$ to ! wom51 ! ,abipones travel arm$ #fcf ) a spe> alone1 t !y may be dis5gag$ to fight or hunt1 if occasion require4#da ,footnote #dj3 ,p9>t1 quot$ by ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #da3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #aah4 ,cf4 ,wi$-,neuwi$ ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #ag1 #cg 7,botocudos72 ,gidd+s1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 p4 #bff sq4 ,moreov]1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9al reason = allott+ a c]ta9 occupation to ! "o sex to ! exclusion ( ! o!r1 any su* re/riction has subsequ5tly be5 mu* emphasis$ by cu/om1 & 9 _m cases by sup]/ition z well4#db ,9 ,africa x is a common belief t ! cattle get ill if wom5 h any?+ to d ) !m4#dc ,h5ce among mo/ ,negro races milk+ is only p]mitt$ to m54#dd ,9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa a woman mu/ n ent] ! cattle fold4#de ,! ,be*uanas nev] all[ wom5 to t\* _! cattle1 h5ce ! m5 h to pl\gh !mselves4#df ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ,indian cu/om & sup]/ition orda9 t ! wife mu/ c>efully keep away f all t belongs to h] husb&'s sph]e ( action4#dg ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,dacotahs ! m5 d n (t5 int]f]e ) ! "w ( ! wom52 nei!r w !y help !m if !y c avoid x1 = fe> ( be+ laugh$ at & call$ a woman4#dh ,9 ,abyss9ia x is infamy = a man to g to m>ket to buy any?+4 ,he _c c>ry wat] or bake bread2 b he mu/ wa% ! clo!s belong+ to bo? sexes1 &1 9 ?is function1 ! wom5 _c help him4#di ,among ! ,b5i ,ah4s5 tribe 9 ,morocco ! wom5 ( ! village :]e ,i 0 /ay+ 7 q horrifi$ :5 "o ( my native s]vants set out to fet* wat]2 !y w\ld on no acc\nt all[ him to d :at !y said 0 a woman's bus9ess4 ,! ,gre5l&] reg>ds x z sc&al\s = a man to int]f]e ) any occupation :i* belongs to ! wom54 ,:5 he has br\ght 8 booty to l&1 he tr\bles himself no fur!r ab\t x2 = x w\ld be a /igma on 8 "*1 #fcg if he s mu* z drew a seal out ( ! wat]4#ej ,among ! ,bakongo a man w\ld be mu* ridicul$ by ! wom5 !mselves1 if he want$ to help !m 9 _! "w 9 ! field4#ea ,sometimes agriculture is suppos$ to be dep5d5t = success on a magic quality 9 woman1 intimately connect$ ) *ild-be>+4#eb ,"s ,or9oco ,indians said to ,fa!r ,gumilla3--,:5 ! wom5 plant maize ! /alk produces two or ?ree e>s2 :5 !y set ! manioc ! plant produces two or ?ree baskets ( root2 & ?us ev]y?+ is multipli$4 ,:y8 ,because wom5 "k h[ to produce *ildr51 & "k h[ to plant ! corn s z to ensure its g]m9at+4 ,!n1 let !m plant x2 we d n "k s mu* z !y d4#ec ,footnote #db3 ,see ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #di sq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,s*urtz1 ,das afrikanis*e ,gew]be1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dai4 ,footnote #de3 ,macdonald1 ,life 9 ,africa1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #df3 ,holub1 ',c5tral ,s\? ,african ,tribes1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 x4 #aa4 ,footnote #dg3 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ajj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iii4 #bce4 ,footnote #di3 ,bruce1 ,travels to ,discov] ! ,s\rce ( ! ,nile iv4 #dgd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cac4 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #ach1 #aed4 ,footnote #ea3 ,mll]1 ,pagels1 & ,gle]up1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,see ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w1 ii4 #h4 ,footnote #ec3 ,gumilla1 ,el ,or9oco ilu/rado1 ii4 #bgd sq4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is /rict division ( lab\r is apt to mislead ! travell+ /rang]4 ,he sees ! wom5 h>d at "w1 & ! m5 idly look+ on2 & x escapes him t ! latt] w h to be busy 9 _! turn1 )9 _! own sph]e ( action4 ,:at is l>gely due to ! =ce ( cu/om is tak5 to be %e] tyranny on ! "p ( ! m52 & ! wife is pron\nc$ to be an abject slave ( h] husb&1 de/itute ( all rights4 ,& yet ! /rong diff]5tiation ( "w1 h[ev] burd5some x may be to ! wife1 is itself a s\rce ( rights1 giv+ h] au?ority )9 ! circle :i* is exclusively h] own4 ,among ! ,banaka & ,bapuku ! wife1 ?\gh said to be h] husb&'s prop]ty & slave1 is nev]!less an autocrat 9 h] own h\se1 /rong en\gh to bid defiance to h] "l & ma/]4#ed ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,s*oolcraft obs]ves1 ! lodge itself1 ) all its arrangem5ts1 is ! prec9ct ( ! rule & gov]nm5t ( ! wife4 4 4 4 ,! husb& has no voice 9 ?is matt]4#ee ,_m o!r /atem5ts to a simil> effect w be quot$ bel[4 ,footnote #ed3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #ee3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian 9 8 ,wigwam1 p4 #gc4 #fch ,we h reason1 !n1 to believe t ! au?ority :i* savage husb&s possess ov] _! wives is n always q s great z x is said to be4 ,& we mu/ di/9ctly reject z errone\s ! broad /atem5t t ! l[] races 9 g5]al hold _! wom5 9 a /ate ( almo/ complete subjection4#ef ,among _m ( !m ! m>ri$ woman1 ?\gh 9 ! p[] ( h] husb&1 is kn[n to enjoy a rem>kable degree ( indep5d5ce1 to be treat$ by him ) consid]ation1 & to ex]cise no small influ5ce ^u him4 ,9 sev]al cases %e is /at$ to be 8 equal1 & 9 a few 8 sup]ior4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?us ,me9]s says 7,hi/ory ( ! ,female ,sex1 i4 #b71 ,among savage nations1 ! entrance into ! m>ri$ /ate is = ! female ! comm5cem5t ( ! mo/ cruel & abject slav]y2 = :i* reason _m wom5 dread matrimony m ?an dea?4 ,9 a rec5t "w on ! primitive family an ,italian writ] reg>ds x z p]haps ! mo/ fundam5tal fact 9 ! family in/itution t ! woman is always & ev]y:]e sottopo/a al pi gravoso mundium m>itale 7,amadori-,virgilj1 ,l'i/ituto famigli>e nelle societ primordiali1 p4 #ach74 ,among _m ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians ! wom5 h be5 notic$ to occupy a respect$ position 9 ! family or community4#eg ,?us1 among ! ,goajiros ( ,colombia1 9 a qu>rel or drunk5 brawl1 wom5 (t5 save blood%$ by /epp+ 9 & te>+ ! weapons out ( _! husb&'s or bro!r's h&4 ,travell+ ) wom5 is consequ5tly p]fectly safe1 & 9 case ( dang]1 if "o und]takes to protect a /rang]1 he may rely ^u com+ out all "r4#eh ,among ! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico--9 spite ( _! say+ t "o man is z good z five wom5--! woman occupies a comp>atively high position 9 ! family1 & no b>ga9 is ev] conclud$ until ! husb& has consult$ 8 wife 9 ! matt]4#ei ,among ! ,navahos ( ,new ,mexico ! wom5 ex]t a great deal ( influ5ce2#fj !y are v indep5d5t ( m5ial duties1 & leave _! husb&s ^u ! slighte/ pretext ( dislike2#fa by common cons5t ! h\se & all ! dome/ic ge> belongs entirely to ! wife4#fb ,9 #fci 8 description ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ,mr4 ,gr9nell obs]ves3--,! ,indian woman1 x is usually ?\ght1 is a m]e drudge & slave1 b1 s f> z my obs]vations ext5d1 ?is notion is :olly an errone\s "o4 ,x is true t ! wom5 7 ! lab\r]s ( ! camp2 t !y did all ! h>d "w1 ab\t :i* !re 0 no excitem5t 4 4 4 4 b !y 7 n m]e s]vants4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! position 0 v respectable4 ,!y 7 consult$ on _m subjects1 n only 9 connection ) family affairs1 b 9 m important & g5]al matt]s4 ,sometimes wom5 7 ev5 admitt$ to ! c\ncils & spoke !re1 giv+ _! advice4 4 4 4 ,9 ord9>y family conv]sation wom5 did n hesitate to int]rupt & correct _! husb&s :5 ! latt] made /atem5ts ) :i* !y did n agree1 & ! m5 li/5$ to !m ) respectful att5tion1 ?\gh ( c\rse ?is dep5d$ on ! /&+ ( ! woman1 h] intellig5ce1 etc4#fc ,ano!r compet5t obs]v]1 ,t5 ,kate1 /rongly prote/s aga9/ ! /atem5t t1 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 wom5 are treat$ z bea/s ( burd51 & affirms t _! condition1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! wom5 ( ! l[] classes 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 is r bett] ?an worse4#fd ,among ! ,omahas ! wom5 _h an equal /&+ 9 society ) ! m52 bo? ! husb& & wife 7 at ! head ( ! family & ! jo9t own]s ( ! lodge1 robes1 & s =?1 s t ! man c\ld n give away any?+ if 8 wife 0 unwill+4#fe ,among ! ,s5ecas1 usually1 ! female portion rul$ ! h\se1 & 7 d\btless clanni% en\gh ab\t x4 ,! /ores 7 9 common2 b woe to ! luckless husb& or lov] :o 0 too %iftless to d 8 %>e ( ! provid+4 ,no matt] h[ _m *ildr51 or :atev] goods he might h 9 ! h\se1 he might at any "t be ord]$ to pick up 8 blanket & budge4#ff ,f docum5t>y ref]5ces1 says ,mr4 ,mooney1 x is app>5t t !re exi/$ among ! ,*]okee a cu/om analog\s to t f\nd among ! ,iroquois & probably o!r ,ea/]n tribes1 by :i* ! decision ( important que/ions relat+ to peace & w> 0 left to a vote ( ! wom54#fg ,among ! ,sali%1 or ,fla!ads1 al?\gh ! wom5 are requir$ to d mu* h>d lab\r1 !y are #fdj by no means treat$ z slaves1 b1 on ! contr>y1 h mu* consid]ation & au?ority4#fh ,among ! ,nootkas wives are consult$ 9 matt]s ( trade1 & 9 fact seem to be ne>ly on t]ms ( equality ) _! husb&s1 except t !y are exclud$ f "s public fea/s & c]emonies4#fi ,among ! ,indians ab\t ,puget ,s\nd1 also1 wom5 are always consult$ 9 matt]s ( trade be=e a b>ga9 is clos$1 & acquire great influ5ce 9 ! tribe4#gj ,! ,?l9ket woman is n ! slave ( h] husb&2 %e has det]m9ate rights1 & h] influ5ce is consid]able4#ga ,among ! natives ( ,cross ,cape %e ev5 possesses ackn[l$g$ sup]iority ov] ! o!r sex4#gb ,among ! ,we/]n ,t9neh ! wom5 d only a fair %>e ( ! "w & h a p[]ful voice 9 mo/ affairs4#gc ,9 ,kadiak !y 7 held 9 mu* respect1 & enjoy$ great lib]ties4#gd ,among ! ,kam*adales !y _h ! comm& ( ev]y?+1 & ! husb&s 7 _! ob$i5t slaves4#ge ,nord5skild says ( ! ,*uk*i3--,! p[] ( ! woman appe>s to be v great4 ,9 mak+ ! m important b>ga9s1 ev5 ab\t weapons & hunt+ implem5ts1 %e is1 z a rule1 consult$1 & h] advice is tak54 ,a numb] ( ?+s :i* =m wom5's tools %e c b>t] away on h] own responsibility1 or 9 any o!r way employ z %e pleases4#gf ,mr4 ,bancr(t's /atem5t conc]n+ ! ,we/]n ,eskimo1 t ! lot ( ! wom5 is b little bett] ?an slav]y1#gg mu/ be und]/ood z *iefly involv+ ! fact t !y h mu* h>d "w to d4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,seemann !y are treat$1 al?\gh n z equals1 at lea/ ) m consid]ation ?an is cu/om>y among b>b>\s nations2 nay1 x n infrequ5tly happ5s t ! woman is ! *ief au?ority ( ! h\se1 & ! man #fda nev] makes a b>ga9 )\t consult+ 8 wife1 & if %e does n approve1 x is reject$4#gh ,among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo ! wom5 appe> to /& on a foot+ ( p]fect equality ) ! m5 bo? 9 ! family & 9 ! community4 ,! wife is ! con/ant & tru/$ companion ( ! man 9 ev]y?+ except ! hunt1 & h] op9ion is s\ght 9 e b>ga9 or o!r important und]tak+4#gi ,9 ,gre5l&1 also1 ?\gh ! woman is consid]$ mu* inf]ior to ! man1 %e is 9 no way oppress$1#hj & h] husb& consults ) h] on important matt]s4#ha ,footnote #eg3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #dgb 7,guaycurus71 #ecj 7,morotocos74 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ccb 7,bakari74 ,footnote #eh3 ,simons1 ',exploration ( ! ,goajira ,p59sula1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 vii4 #gib4 ,see also ,c&eli]1 ,rio-,ha*a1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #bfe4 ,footnote #fj3 ,le!rman1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,smi?sonian ,in/4 #ahee1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #fa3 ,eaton1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives1 iv4 #bag4 ,footnote #fb3 ,/eph51 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vi4 #ced4 ,footnote #fc3 ,gr9nell1 ,/ory ( ! ,indian1 p4 #df4 ,cf4 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aja sq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,t5 ,kate1 ,reiz5 en ond]soek+5 ,noord-,am]ika1 p4 #cfe4 ,cf4 ibid4 #i4 ,footnote #fe3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bff1 #cff4 ,footnote #ff3 ,morgan1 ,h\ses & ,h\se-,life ( ! ,am]ican ,aborig9es1 p4 #fe sq4 ,see also ,dixon1 ,new ,am]ica1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #fg3 ,mooney1 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xix4 #dhi4 ,footnote #fh3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #fi3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #aif4 ,cf4 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 pp4 #ic1 #ie 7,ahts74 ,footnote #gj3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #bah4 ,footnote #ga3 ,krause1 ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #gb3 ,me>es1 ,voyages to ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #gc3 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #dca4 ,footnote #gd3 ,holmb]g1 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika1' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 iv4 #cii4 ,footnote #ge3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #gf3 ,nord5skild1 ,vegas frd kr+ ,asi5 o* ,europa1 ii4 #add4 ,footnote #gg3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #fe sq4 ,mr4 ,bancr(t's au?ority is probably ,arm/rong1 :o says t ! wom5 are1 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! slaves ( ! m51 & d ! great] "p ( ! outdoor "w1 except hunt+ & fi%+2 b he adds t !y nev]!less enjoy a high] position & m consid]ation ?an is usual among/ savages 7,arm/rong1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #aie74 ,footnote #gh3 ,seemann1 ,n>rative ( ! ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #ff4 ,footnote #gi3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dac4 ,footnote #hj3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cab4 ,footnote #ha3 ,nord5skild1 ,d5 &ra ,dicksonska exp$ition5 till ,grnl&1 p4 #eji4 ,among ! nomadic ,tangutans ! wom5's rights 9 ! h\sehold seem$ to ,prejevalsky to be equal to ^? ( ! m54#hb ,( ! ,todas ( ,india x is said t _! wom5 hold a position 9 ! family q unlike :at is ord9>ily witness$ among ,ori5tal nations4 ,!y are treat$ ) respect1 & are p]mitt$ a rem>kable am\nt ( fre$om4#hc ,among ! ,k&hs wom5 are uni=mly treat$ ) respect2 ! mo!rs ( families g5]ally ) mu* hon\r4 ,no?+ is done ei!r 9 public or 9 private affairs )\t consult+ !m1 & !y g5]ally ex]t ^u ! c\ncils ( _! tribes a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,a wife may quit h] husb& at any "t1 except )9 a ye> ( h] m>riage1 or :5 %e expects (fspr+1 or )9 a ye> aft] ! bir? ( a *ild1 ?\gh1 :5 %e quits him1 he has a "r to reclaim imm$iately f h] fa!r ! :ole sum paid = h]4#hd ,among ! peasants ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india ! wife is an influ5tial p]sonage 9 ! h\sehold1 n a m]e drudge4 ,little is done )\t h] k & advice4 ,if %e is badly wrong$ ! tribal c\ncil w protect h]1 & on ! :ole h] position is1 p]haps1 n worse ?an t ( h] si/]s 9 a simil> grade ( life 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4#he ,among ! ,kttis ! m5 are mu* "u ! au?ority ( _! wives4#hf ,among ! ,bheels wom5 h mu* influ5ce 9 ! society1 & m>ri$ m5 h always _h ! cr$it ( all[+ _! wives to dom9e] ov] !m4#hg ,a ,kol or ,ho1 says ,dr4 ,hayes1 makes a regul> companion #fdb ( 8 wife4 ,%e is consult$ 9 all difficulties1 & receives ! fulle/ consid]ation due to h] sex2#hh & ,colonel ,dalton adds1 ,z a rule1 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w are wives bett] treat$4#hi ,! ,g>os are k9d husb&s1 & _! conduct g5]ally t[>ds ! weak] sex is m>k$ by consid]ation & respect4#ij ,! ,bd & ,dhimls use _! wives & daught]s well1 treat+ !m ) confid5ce & k9dness4#ia ,! ,santal treats ! female memb]s ( 8 family ) respect4#ib ,among ! ,kukis wom5 are g5]ally held 9 consid]ation2 _! advice is tak51 & !y h mu* influ5ce4#ic ,mr4 ,colquh\n obs]ves t among ! ,indo-,*9ese races equality ( ! sexes prevails1 & prevail$ long be=e ,buddhism took any hold ^u ! c\ntry4#id ,footnote #hb3 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 ii4 #aba4 ,footnote #hc3 ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #hd3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 pp4 #fi1 #acb sq4 ,footnote #he3 ,crooke1 ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 p4 #bcj sq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,r[ney1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,india1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #hg3 ,malcolm1 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #ahj4 ,r[ney1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #hh3 ,hayes1 quot$ by ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #aid4 ,cf4 ,bradley-,birt1 ,*ota-,nagpore1 p4 #ajj sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #ij3 ,ibid4 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #ia3 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #aej4 ,footnote #ib3 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #bag4 ,cf4 ,ym]1 v4 p4 xxiv4 ,footnote #ic3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #id3 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #bcd4 ,cf4 ,fyt*e1 ,burma1 ii4 #gb4 ,among ! ,nicob>ese ! position ( wom5 is1 & always has be51 9 no way inf]ior to t ( ! o!r sex4 ,!y take _! full %>e 9 ! =mation ( public op9ion1 discuss publicly ) ! m5 matt]s ( g5]al int]e/ to ! village1 & _! op9ions receive due att5tion be=e a decision is arriv$ at4 ,9 fact1 !y are consult$ on e matt]1 & ! h5peck$ husb& is ( no extraord9>y r>ity 9 ! ,nicob>s4#ie ,mr4 ,crawfurd ?9ks t 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! lot ( wom5 may1 on ! :ole1 be consid]$ z m =tunate ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! ,ea/2 !y associate ) ! m5 9 all respects on t]ms ( su* equality z surprise u 9 su* a condition ( society4#if ,9 ,bali !y are on a p]fect equality ) ! m54#ig ,! ,dyak %[s great respect = 8 wife1 & always asks h] op9ion2#ih he reg>ds h] n z a slave1 b z a companion4#ii ,among ! ,bataks ! m>ri$ wom5 (t5 h a great influ5ce ov] _! families4#ajj ,9 ,s]ang !y h 9 all matt]s equal rights ) ! m51 & are1 consequ5tly1 treat$ well4#aja ,! wom5 ( ,sulu h ! reputation ( rul+ _! #fdc lords1 & possess mu* weight 9 ! gov]nm5t by ! influ5ce !y ex]t ov] _! husb&s4#ajb ,footnote #ie3 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #if3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #gc4 ,footnote #ig3 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 ii4 p4 ccxxxi4 ,footnote #ih3 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #baj sq4 ,footnote #ii3 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #cc4 ,cf4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 v4 #cfc4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #bii4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 v4 #cdc4 ,9 ,melanesia ! wom5 g5]ally h to "w h>d1 supply+ ! place ( slaves2#ajc b at lea/ 9 v>i\s isl&s _! condition is o!rwise fairly good4 ,9 ! ,we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits ! wom5 appe> to h _h a good deal to say on mo/ que/ions & 7 by no means d[ntrodd5 or ill-us$4#ajd ,9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,gu9ea _! position is describ$ z "o ( high e/eem4#aje ,!y h a l>ge voice 9 dome/ic affairs1 & occasionally "l x ov] _! ma/]s2 & _! influ5ce is felt n only 9 dome/ic matt]s1 b also 9 affairs ( /ate4#ajf ,9 ,erromanga1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 al?\gh ! wom5 did all ( ! h>d plantation "w1 !y 7 on ! :ole well treat$ by _! husb&s4#ajg ,! same is said to be ! case 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s2#ajh 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,new ,georgia !y d n ev5 seem to d mu* "w4#aji ,9 ,micronesia ! position ( woman is decid$ly good4 ,9 ! ,m>ianne ,gr\p ! wife is absolute mi/ress 9 h] h\se1 ! husb& n d>+ to dispose ( any?+ )\t h] cons5t2 nay1 ! m5 are said to be actually gov]n$ by _! wives1 ! wom5 assum+ ^? pr]ogatives :i* 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries are inve/$ 9 ! o!r sex4#aaj ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s ! wom5 are 9 e respect ! equals ( ! m52 ! olde/ man1 or ,obokul1 ( a family c d no?+ )\t tak+ advice ) its olde/ female memb]s4#aaa ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ,gr\p ! weak] sex enjoys a p]fect equality 9 public e/imation ) ! o!r4#aab ,among ! ,mortlock ,isl&]s ! wife is q indep5d5t ( h] husb&4#aac ,9 ! ,k+smill ,isl&s v great consid]ation is aw>d$ to ! wom53 !y seem to h exclusive control ov] ! h\se1 :il/ all ! h>d lab\r is p]=m$ by ! #fdd m54#aad ,among ! ,l9e ,isl&]s no diff]5ce is made 9 ! sexes2 a woman c vote & speak z well z a man1 & 9 g5]al ! wom5 decide ! "q1 unless x is "o ( w> aga9/ ano!r isl&4#aae ,9 _m ,polynesian isl&s1 also1 _! position is by no means bad4#aaf ,9 ,tonga wom5 h consid]able respect %[n to !m on acc\nt ( _! sex1 indep5d5t ( ! rank !y might o!rwise hold z nobles2 !y are n subject$ to h>d lab\r or any v m5ial "w1#aag & _! /atus 9 society is n inf]ior to t ( m54#aah ,9 ,samoa !y are held 9 mu* consid]ation1 4 4 4 treat$ ) great att5tion1 & n suff]$ to d any?+ b :at rightfully belongs to !m4#aai ,9 ! valley ( ,typee1 9 ! ,m>quesas ,gr\p1 ! wom5 are all[$ e possible indulg5ce1 ! religi\s re/rictions ( ! taboo alone except$2 !y are exempt f toil1 & n[h]e are !y m s5sible ( _! p[]4#abj ,ro*on wrote ( ! ,malagasy3--,man "h nev] comm&s z a despot2 nor does ! woman ev] obey z a slave4 ,! balance ( p[] incl9es ev5 9 fav\r ( ! wom54#aba ,at ! pres5t day1 9 ,madagasc>1 ! woman is n scorn$ z ess5tially inf]ior to man1 b ent]s into h] husb&'s c>es & joys1 & %>es 8 life1 mu* 9 ! same way z a wife does among/ ourselves4#abb ,footnote #ajc3 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cib sqq4 ,waitz-,g]l&1 op4 cit4 vi4 #fbf4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,haddon1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bbi4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,pitcairn1 ,two ,ye>s among ! ,savages ( ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #fl4 ,cf4 ,b9k1 9 ,bullet9 ,soc4 d',an?rop4 de ,p>is1 xi4 #cib2 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papua's1 pp4 #bbf1 #bdc4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,rob]tson1 ,erromanga1 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,p>k9son1 ,zur ,e?nographie d] nordwe/li*5 ,salomo ,inseln1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #aji3 ,som]ville1 ',e?nogr4 ,notes 9 ,new ,georgia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #dje sq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,moore1 ,m>riage ,cu/oms1 p4 #ahg4 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 v4 pt4 i4 p4 #ajg sq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,kub>y1 ,die social5 ,e9ri*tung5 d] ,pelau]1 p4 #ch sq4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ',die ,palau-,inseln1' 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #dc2 ,keate1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #aab3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #aac3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,bewohn] d] ,mortlock ,inseln1' 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 9 ,hamburg1 #ahgh-i1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #aad3 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 v4 #ia4 ,footnote #aae3 ,tutuila1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bfi4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,waitz-,g]l&1 op4 cit4 vi4 #abj sqq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #ig4 ,footnote #aah3 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #aai3 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adh4 ,cf4 ,waitz-,g]l&1 op4 cit4 vi4 #aba4 ,footnote #abj3 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ro*on1 ',voyage to ,madagasc>1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi #gdg4 ,cf4 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dch4 ,footnote #abb3 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #fc4 ,turn+1 f9ally1 to ! ,african cont95t1 we f9d t among ! ,negro races ! woman1 ?\gh (t5 heavily burd5$ & m or less subs]vi5t to h] husb&1 is by no means )\t influ5ce4#abc ,:5 we become m closely acqua9t$ ) family conditions1 ,h]r ,bttn] obs]ves1 we notice t !re1 z else:]e1 husb&s are "u petticoat gov]nm5t1 & ^? mo/ ( all :o l to pose be=e ! out] _w z ma/]s ( _! h\se4 ,! wom51 includ+ ! aunts1 h on all occasions1 important & unimportant alike1 a weighty #fde ^w to contribute4#abd ,! ,monbuttu wom51 accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*we9fur?1 exhibit t[>ds _! husb&s ! highe/ degree ( indep5d5ce2 ! position 9 ! h\sehold occupi$ by ! m5 0 illu/rat$ by ! reply :i* w\ld be made if !y 7 solicit$ to sell any?+ z a curiosity1 ',oh1 ask my wife3 x is h]s4'#abe ,among ! ,momvus ! wom5 are on a foot+ ( equality ) ! m51 & g hunt+ ) !m1 & accompany !m to ! w>s1 tak+ _! "p 9 ! combat4#abf ,among ! ,madi or ,moru tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa wom5 are treat$ ) respect & polit5ess by ! m51 :o always %[ !m pref]5ce1 resign+ to _! use ! be/ places1 & pay+ !m su* l c\rtesies4 ,! wom5 associate ) ! m5 on equal t]ms1 be+ consult$ & hon\r$2 & any insult to a woman is rev5g$1 nay is frequ5tly ! cause ( w>4#abg ,9 a ,hott5tot's h\se ! woman is ! supreme rul]1 & ! husb& has no?+ at all to say4 ,:ile 9 public ! m5 take ! prom95t "p1 at home !y h n s mu* p[] ev5 z to take a m\?ful ( s\r milk out ( ! tub1 )\t ! wife's p]mission4 ,if a man ev] %\ld try to d x1 8 ne>e/ female relations w put a f9e on him1 consi/+ 9 c[s & %eep1 :i* is to be add$ to ! /ock ( ! wife4#abh ,among ! peoples ( ,b]b] race ! wom5 ex]cise consid]able influ5ce ov] ! m54 ,among ! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s !y 7 mu* respect$4#abi ,among ! ,t\>eg la femme e/ l'gale de l'homme1 si mme1 p> c]ta9s cts1 elle n'e/ dans une condition meilleure4#acj ,among ! ,b5i ,am] a husb& und]takes no?+ be=e consult+ 8 wife1 on ^: goodwill he l>gely dep5ds4#aca ,( ! ,auld ,solmn1 an ,arab tribe 9 ! ,sah>a1 ,dr4 ,na*tigal obs]ves t x 0 curi\s to see h[ p[]less ^? mu* fe>$ robb]s & cut-?roats 7 9 _! own h\ses4#acb ,bo? 9 ! ,sah>a#acc & 9 ! ,ea/#acd ! ,b$\9 wom5 #fdf enjoy a consid]able degree ( fre$om1 & sometimes actually rule ov] _! husb&s4 ,footnote #abc3 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aag4 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ccb4 ,bu*n]1 ,kam]un1 p4 #cb sq4 ,mll]1 ,pagels1 & ,gle]up1 op4 cit4 i4 #aga 7,lukungu74 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bi 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bbe 7,wa%ambala74 ,burr[s1 ,l& ( ! ,pigmies1 p4 #fb 7,niam-,niam74 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #dhe 7,wakamba74 ,footnote #abd3 ,bttn]1 quot$ by ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ccd4 ,footnote #abe3 ,s*we9fur?1 ,he>t ( ,africa1 ii4 #ia4 ,footnote #abf3 ,burr[s1 op4 cit4 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #abg3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,madi or ,moru ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xii4 #cbi4 ,footnote #abh3 ,hahn1 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #abi3 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes1 p4 #aje4 ,mantegazza1 ,rio de la ,plata e ,t5]ife p4 #fcj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,dyveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #cci4 ,cf4 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #aha2 ,h\r/1 ,sur le ,nig] et au pays des ,t\>egs1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #aca3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #acb3 ,na*tigal1 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 ii4 #ic4 ,footnote #acc3 ,*avanne1 op4 cit4 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #acd3 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iii4 #aea1 #aeb1 #bfi4 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bad1 #bbf1 #bbh4 ,all ^! /atem5ts c]ta9ly d n imply t ! husb& has no recognis$ p[] ov] 8 wife1 b !y prove t 8 p[] is by no means unlimit$4 ,x is true t _m ( our au?orities speak r ( lib]ties t ! woman takes h]self ?an ( privileges grant$ h] by cu/om2 b1 z we h se5 be=e1 cu/om>y rights are always m or less influ5c$ by habitual practice4 ,x %\ld be add$ t among _m savage peoples ! husb& has a "r to divorce 8 wife only "u c]ta9 conditions2#ace & among a v consid]able numb] cu/om or law p]mits ! wife to sep>ate ei!r = "s special cause or1 simply1 at w4#acf ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa divorce may be effect$ if ! husb& neglects to sew 8 wife's clo!s1 or if ! p>tn]s d n please ea* o!r4#acg ,among ! ,%ans ( ,burma ! woman has a "r to turn adrift a husb& :o takes to dr9k+ or o!rwise misconducts himself1 & to reta9 all ! goods & money ( ! p>tn]%ip4#ach ,among ! ,irulas ( ! ,neilgh]ries ! option ( rema9+ 9 union1 or ( sep>at+1 re/s pr9cipally ) ! woman4#aci ,among ! ,sav>as1 an aborig9al hill p ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 a woman may leave h] husb& :5ev] %e pleases4#adj ,?is is surely some?+ v diff]5t f t absolute dom9ion :i* ha/y g5]alis]s h attribut$ to savage husb&s 9 g5]al4 ,footnote #ace3 ,we/]m>ck4 op4 cit4 p4 #ebc sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid4 p4 #ebf sqq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #adj4 ,footnote #ach3 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #aci3 ,h>kness1 ,description ( a ,s+ul> ,aborig9al ,race inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #adj3 ,fawcett1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,soc4 ,bombay1 i4 #bh4 ,x is (t5 said t a p's civilisation may be measur$ by ! position held by its wom54 ,b at lea/ s f> z ! e>li] /ages ( culture are conc]n$1 ?is op9ion is n support$ by facts4 ,among sev]al ( ! l[e/ races1 includ+ peoples l ! ,v$dahs1 ,&aman ,isl&]s1 & ,bu%mans1 ! female sex is #fdg treat$ ) f> great] consid]ation ?an among _m ( ! high] savages & b>b>ians4 ,travell]s h n seldom notic$ t ( two neighb\r+ tribes ! less cultur$ "o sets 9 ?is respect an example to ! o!r4 ,among ! ,bu%mans1 says ,dr4 ,frits*1 ! female sex makes life-companions1 among ! ,a-bantu bea/s ( burd54#ada ,lewis & ,cl>ke affirm t ! /atus ( woman 9 a savage tribe has no necess>y relation ev5 to its moral qualities 9 g5]al4 ,! ,indians1 !y say1 ^: treatm5t ( ! females is milde/1 & :o pay mo/ def]5ce to _! op9ions1 are by no means ! mo/ di/+ui%$ = _! virtues4 4 4 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tribes among :om ! wom5 are v mu* debas$1 possess ! l(tie/ s5se ( hon\r1 ! greate/ lib]ality1 & all ! good qualities ( :i* _! situation dem&s ! ex]cise4#adb ,t ! condition ( woman1 or h] relative indep5d5ce1 is no safe gauge ( ! g5]al culture ( a nation1 also appe>s f a comp>ison betwe5 _m ( ! l[] races & ! peoples ( ar*aic civilisation4 ,footnote #ada3 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #ddd4 ,footnote #adb3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 op4 cit4 p4 #dda4 ,9 ,*9a ! condition ( woman has always be5 inf]ior to t ( man1 & no g5]\s s5tim5t t5d+ to ! amelioration ( h] social position has ev] come f ! ,*9ese sages4#adc ,h] *ildr5 mu/ pay h] respect1 b %e 9 h] turn owes to h] husb& ! subjection ( a *ild2#add a wife is an inf9itely less important p]sonage ?an a "m 9 ! ,*9ese social scale4#ade ,! husb& has c]ta9ly n absolute p[] ov] 8 wife3 he may n kill h]1 nor sell h] )\t h] cons5t1#adf nor ev5 divorce h]1 except = c]ta9 causes specifi$ by law4#adg ,b ^! causes are v ela/ic2 #fdh x is said t :5 a woman has any quality t is n good1 x is b j & reasonable to turn h] out ( doors4#adh ,& 9 a book conta9+ ! cream ( all ! moral writ+s ( ! ,*9ese1 & int5d$ *iefly = *ildr51 we read3--,bro!rs are l h&s & feet4 ,a wife is l "o's clo!s4 ,:5 clo!s are worn out1 we c sub/itute ^? t are new4 ,:5 h&s & feet are cut (f1 x is difficult to obta9 sub/itutes = !m4#adi ,a woman1 on ! o!r h&1 _c obta9 legal sep>ation on any acc\nt4#aej ,confucius says t man is ! repres5tative ( ,heav51 & is supreme ov] all ?+s4 ,woman yields ob$i5ce to ! in/ructions ( man1 & helps to c>ry out 8 pr9ciples4 ,on ?is acc\nt %e c det]m9e no?+ ( h]self1 & is subject to ! rule ( ! ?ree ob$i5ces4 ,:5 "y1 %e mu/ obey h] fa!r & eld] bro!r2 :5 m>ri$1 %e mu/ obey h] husb&2 :5 h] husb& is dead1 %e mu/ obey h] son4#aea ,9 ,japan1 also1 a woman 0 =m]ly1 9 ! eye ( ! law1 a *attel r ?an a p]son4 ,hav+ all h] life "u h] fa!r's ro( rev]5c$ h] sup]iors1 %e is expect$ to br+ rev]5ce to h] new domicile1 b n love4 ,%e mu/ always obey b nev] be jeal\s4 ,%e mu/ n be angry1 no matt] :om h] husb& may introduce into 8 h\sehold4 ,%e mu/ wait ^u him at 8 meals & mu/ walk beh9d him1 b n ) him4 ,:5 %e dies h] *ildr5 g to h] fun]al1 b n h] husb&4#aeb ,9 ,japan a man might repudiate 8 wife = ! same reasons z 9 ,*9a1#aec & till ! ye> #ahgc a wife c\ld n obta9 sep>ation accord+ to law4#aed ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ! ,japanese wife is ! fir/ s]vant ( ! h\sehold1 tra9+ & public op9ion require t %e %\ld be treat$ ) respect1 if ! m>riage be bless$ #fdi ) *ildr54#aee ,%e is address$ z ! hon\rable lady ( ! h\se1 & h] position is said to be high] ?an 9 any o!r ,ori5tal c\ntry4#aef ,footnote #adc3 ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,footnote #add3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 ,book7 i4 #eej4 ,footnote #ade3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 i4 #cae1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #adf3 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #bji4 ,footnote #adg3 ,m$hur/1 ',m>riage1 ,aff9ity1 & ,inh]itance 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 iv4 #be sq4 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #bai4 ,mll]1 ,reise d] ,fregatte ,nov>a1 ,e?nographie1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #adh3 ,nav>ette1 ',acc\nt ( ! ,empire ( ,*9a1' 9 ,awn%am & ,*ur*ill1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 #gc4 ,footnote #adi3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 i4 #afd4 ,footnote #aej3 ,gray1 op4 cit4 i4 #bai4 ,footnote #aea3 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #ajc sq4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #aec3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #aed3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #dbd sq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ibid4 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #aef3 ,norman1 ,! ,real ,japan1 p4 #ahd4 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #cah4 ,f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! anci5t _w we he> ( ! rule t ! husb& %all comm& & ! wife obey4 ,! ,"l said to ! woman1 ,?y desire %all be to ?y husb&1 & he %all rule ov] !e4#aeg ,h[ great ! husb&'s p[] 0 among ! ,hebrews we d n "k exactly4 ,he c\ld divorce 8 wife if %e did n please him because he _h f\nd "s uncleanness 9 h]1#aeh :]eas a wife c\ld n legally sep>ate f h] husb&4#aei ,9 lat] times h] condition evid5tly improv$4#afj ,f ! old ,jewi% po9t ( view x is surely surpris+ to f9d ,sira* putt+ ! companion%ip ( a wife n only above t ( a fri5d1 b ev5 above *ildr54#afa ,9 ! ,talmud a husb& is admoni%$ to love 8 wife l himself & to hon\r h] m ?an himself1#afb ?\gh he %\ld take c>e n to be rul$ by h]2#afc & ! wife also is au?oris$ to dem& a divorce "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 namely1 if ! husb& refuses to p]=m 8 conjugal duty1 if he cont9ues to lead a disord]ly life aft] m>riage1 if he proves impot5t dur+ t5 ye>s1 if he suff]s f an insupportable disease1 or if he leaves ! c\ntry = ev]4#afd ,footnote #aeg3 9999,g5esis1 iii4 #af4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,deut]onomy1 xxiv4 #a4 ,footnote #aei3 ,josephus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 xv4 #g1 #aj4 ,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 #age4 ,footnote #afj3 ,cf4 ,klugmann1 ,die ,frau im ,talmud1 p4 #fc sq4 ,footnote #afa3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xl4 #ai1 #bc4 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #afb3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #afc3 ,beza1 fol4 #cb ,b1 quot$ by ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #afd3 ,glasson1 ,le m>iage civil et le divorce1 p4 #adi sq4 ,9 ! ,zoroa/rian ,ya/s a holy woman is def9$ z "o :o is ri* 9 good ?\ghts1 good words1 & good de$s1 well-pr9cipl$1 & ob$i5t to h] husb&1 :]eas ! fi5di% woman is ill-pr9cipl$ & disob$i5t to h] husb&4#afe ,accord+ to ,brahmanic law1 a woman mu/ 9 *ildhood be subject to h] fa!r1 9 y\? #fej to h] husb&1 :5 h] "l is dead to h] sons2 a woman mu/ nev] be indep5d5t4#aff ,n ev5 9 h] own h\se is %e all[$ to d any?+ indep5d5tly4#afg ,him to :om h] fa!r may give h]1 or h] bro!r ) ! fa!r's p]mission1 %e %all obey z long z he lives4#afh ,%e mu/ nev] d any?+ t might displease him2#afi ev5 ?\gh he be de/itute ( virtue1 or unfai?ful to h]1 a husb& mu/ be con/antly wor%ipp$ z a god by a fai?ful wife4#agj ,a wife :o %[s disrespect to a husb& :o is addict$ to "s evil passion1 is a drunk>d1 or diseas$1 %all be des]t$ = ?ree mon?s1 & be depriv$ ( h] ornam5ts & furniture4#aga ,if a wife obeys h] husb&1 %e w = t reason alone be exalt$ 9 heav52#agb b by violat+ h] duty t[>ds him1 %e is disgrac$ 9 ?is _w1 & aft] dea? %e ent]s ! womb ( a jackal1 & is puni%$ ) disease = h] s94#agc ,!re is no indication t a woman c obta9 legal sep>ation on any acc\nt1 ?\gh %e may ) impunity %[ av]sion t[>ds a mad or outca/ husb&1 a eunu*1 "o de/itute ( manly /r5g?1 or "o afflict$ ) su* diseases z puni% crimes4#agd ,aga91 if %e is sold or repudiat$ by h] husb&1 %e c nev] become ! legitimate wife ( ano!r :o may h b\ght or receiv$ h] aft] %e 0 repudiat$4#age ,b ! husb& is n all[$ to divorce h] indiscrim9ately4 ,a wife :o dr9ks spiritu\s liquor1 is ( bad conduct1 rebelli\s1 qu>relsome1 diseas$1 mis*iev\s1 or wa/eful1 may at any "t be sup]s$$ by ano!r wife2 a b>r5 "o may be sup]s$$ 9 ! eigh? ye>2 "o ^: *ildr5 all die1 9 ! t5?2 "o :o be>s daught]s only1 9 ! elev5?2 :]eas a sick wife :o is k9d to h] husb& & virtu\s 9 h] conduct1 may be sup]s$$ only ) h] own cons5t1 & mu/ nev] be #fea disgrac$4#agf ,! rule1 ,let mutual fidelity cont9ue until dea?1 may be consid]$ ! summ>y ( ! highe/ law = husb& & wife2#agg wom5 mu/ be hon\r$ & adorn$ by husb&s :o desire _! own welf>e4#agh ,v>i\s passages 9 ! ,mahabh>ata & ,ramayana indicate t wom5 9 ,india 7 subject$ to less social re/ra9ts 9 =m] days ?an !y are at pres5t accord+ to ! rules ( ,brahmanism1 & ev5 enjoy$ consid]able lib]ty2#agi & ! ,v$ic s+]s "k no m t5d] relation ?an t betwe5 ! husb& & 8 will+1 lov+ wife1 :o is prais$ z 8 home1 ! d>l+ abode & bliss 9 8 h\se4#ahj ,yet x is notewor?y t goddesses play a v insignificant "p 9 ! ,v$a4#aha ,9 ?is respect ! ,pan!on ( ! ,v$ic p ess5tially diff]s f t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1#ahb a diff]5ce :i* may be due to ! rem>kably high position :i* woman seems to h occupi$ 9 ,egypt4#ahc ,footnote #afe3 ,ya/s1 xxii4 #ah1 #cf4 ,cf4 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxxix4 #ch sq4 ,footnote #aff3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #adh4 ,cf4 ibid4 ix4 #b sq4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ibid4 v4 #adg4 ,footnote #afh3 ,ibid4 v4 #aea4 ,footnote #afi3 ,ibid4 v4 #aef4 ,footnote #agj3 ,ibid4 v4 #aed4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ibid4 ix4 #gh4 ,footnote #agb3 ,ibid4 v4 #aee4 ,cf4 ibid4 ix4 #bi4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ibid4 v4 #afd2 ix4 #cj4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ibid4 ix4 #gi4 ,footnote #age3 ,ibid4 ix4 #df4 ,see also ! note 9 ,bhl]'s translation1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxv4 #cce4 ,footnote #agf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #hj sqq4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ibid4 ix4 #aja4 ,footnote #agh3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ee sqq4 ,footnote #agi3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #caf sqq4 ,moni] ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #dcg sq4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,kaegi1 ,rigv$a1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #aha3 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aja sq4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ibid4 p4 #eb4 ,masp]o1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria1 p4 #aa4 ,aml9eau ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte ,anci5ne1 p4 #fh sqq4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #aca sq4 ,brugs*1 ,aegyptologie1 p4 #fa sq4 ,9 ,greece1 also1 a wife appe>s to h be5 a m influ5tial & indep5d5t p]sonage 9 anci5t times1 9 ,hom]ic society1 ?an %e became aft]w>ds4#ahd ,9 ! hi/oric age h] position 0 simply t ( ! dome/ic drudge2 h] virtues 7 r$uc$ to ! ma9t5ance ( good ord] 9 h] h\sehold & ob$i5ce to h] husb&2 h] greate/ ornam5t 0 sil5ce4#ahe ,ari/otle1 always a fai?ful expon5t ( ! mo/ enlight5$ op9ion ( 8 age1 gives ! foll[+ description ( :at he consid]s to be ! ideal relation ( a woman to h] husb&3--,a good & p]fect wife ought to be mi/ress #feb ( ev]y?+ )9 ! h\se4 4 4 4 ,b ! well-ord]$ wife w ju/ly consid] ! behavi\r ( h] husb& z a model ( h] own life1 & a law to h]self1 inve/$ ) a div9e sanction by means ( ! m>riage tie & ! community ( life4 4 4 4 ,! wife ought to %[ h]self ev5 m ob$i5t to ! re9 ?an if %e _h ent]$ ! h\se z a pur*as$ slave4 ,= %e has be5 b\ght at a high price1 = ! sake ( %>+ life & be>+ *ildr51 ?an :i* no high] or holi] tie c possibly exi/4#ahf ,s also1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 ! husb& ought to rule 8 wife1 b by sympa?y & goodwill1 z ! s\l gov]ns ! body1 n z a ma/] does a *attel4#ahg ,! law invalidat$ :atev] a husb& did by ! c\nsel1 or at ! reque/1 ( 8 wife1 :]eas ! wife1 on h] "p1 c\ld transact no bus9ess ( importance 9 h] own fav\r1 nor by w dispose ( m ?an ! value ( a bu%el ( b>ley4#ahh ,yet :atev] may h be5 ! exact compass ( ! husb&'s p[] 9 ,greece1 x 0 n unlimit$4 ,at ,a!ns a woman c\ld dem& divorce if %e 0 ill-treat$ by h] husb&1 9 :i* case %e m]ely _h to ann\nce h] wi%es be=e ! ar*on4#ahi ,footnote #ahd3 ,h]mann-,blmn]1 ,lehrbu* d] grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #fd sqq4 ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,dick9son1 ,greek ,view ( ,life1 p4 #afa4 ,dll+]1 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ii4 #bcd4 ',/ate ( ,female ,society 9 ,greece1' 9 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 xxii4 #agb sqq4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,ari/otle1 ,,oeconomica1 i4 #g4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,de animalibus hi/oria1 ix4 #a4 #b sqq4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,plut>*1 ,conjugalia prcepta1 #cc4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,isaeus1 ,oratio de ,ari/>*i h]$itate1 #aj1 p4 #bei4 ,dll+]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcd4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,glasson1 ,le m>iage civil et le divorce1 p4 #aeb sq4 ,mei] & ,s*mann1 ,d] attis*e ,process1 p4 #eab4 ,9 ,rome1 9 anci5t times1 ! p[] :i* ! fa!r possess$ ov] 8 daught] 0 g5]ally1 if n always1#aij by m>riage transf]r$ to ! husb&4#aia ,:5 m>ry+ a woman pass$ 9 manum viri1 z a wife %e 0 fili loco1 t is1 9 law %e 0 h] husb&'s daught]4#aib ,& s9ce ! ,roman h\se-fa!r orig9ally _h ! jus vit necisque ov] 8 *ildr51 ! husb& naturally _h ! same p[] ov] 8 wife4 ,b f h] be+ de/itute ( all legal rights we mu/ n conclude t %e 0 #fec treat$ ) indignity4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e g5]ally _h a respect$ & influ5tial position 9 ! family2#aic & ?\gh ! husb& c\ld repudiate h] at w1 x 0 said t = five hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s a condita urbe !re 0 no su* ?+ z a divorce 9 ,rome4#aid ,z ,mr4 ,bryce po9ts out1 we _c d\bt t ! wide p[] :i* ! law gave to ! husb& 0 9 po9t ( fact re/ra9$ )9 n>r[ limits1 n only by affection1 b also by ! vigilant public op9ion ( a comp>atively small community4#aie ,gradually1 h[ev]1 m>riage ) manus fell into disuse1 & 01 "u ! ,empire1 g5]ally sup]s$$ by m>riage )\t manus1 a =m ( w$lock :i* conf]r$ on ! husb& h>dly any au?ority at all ov] 8 wife4 ,in/ead ( pass+ into 8 p[]1 %e rema9$ 9 ! p[] ( h] fa!r2 & s9ce ! t5d5cy ( ! lat] law1 z we h se51 0 to r$uce ! old patria pote/as to a nullity1 %e became practically indep5d5t4#aif ,footnote #aij3 ,rossba*1 ,rmis*e ,ehe1 p4 #fd4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #aia3 ,or1 prop]ly speak+1 to ! husb&'s fa!r1 if he 0 /ill alive 7,rossba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa74 ,footnote #aib3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*e ,juris ,civile1 i4 #age4 ,ma9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #aic3 ,rossba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cf1 #aag4 ,footnote #aid3 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ii4 #a 7,de matrimoniorum ritu71 ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 iv4 #c4 #a4 ,footnote #aie3 ,bryce1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce1 ii4 #chi4 ,footnote #aif3 ,rossba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cj1 #db4 ,ma9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee sq4 ,fri$la5d]1 ,d>/ellung5 aus d] ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 i4 #beb sqq4 ,?is rem>kable lib]ty grant$ to m>ri$ wom51 h[ev]1 0 only a pass+ incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! family 9 ,europe4 ,f ! v fir/ ,*ri/ianity t5d$ to n>r[ x4 ,already ! late/ ,roman law1 s f> z x is t\*$ by ! ,con/itutions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors1 be>s "s m>ks ( a reaction aga9/ ! lib]al doctr9es ( ! great ,anton9e jurisconsults1 :o assum$ ! equality ( ! sexes z a pr9ciple ( _! code ( equity4#aig ,& ?is t5d5cy 0 9 a =midable degree support$ by ,teutonic cu/om & law4 ,among ! ,teutons a husb&'s au?ority ov] 8 wife 0 ! same z a fa!r's ov] 8 unm>ri$ daught]4#aih ,?is p[]1 :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances gave ! husb& a "r to kill1 sell1 or repudiate 8 wife1#aii und\bt$ly #fed conta9$ mu* m ?an ! ,*ur* c\ld approve (1 & s f> %e has help$ to ameliorate ! condition ( m>ri$ wom5 9 ,teutonic c\ntries4 ,b at ! same "t ! ,*ur* is l>gely responsible = ^? heavy disabilities ) reg>d to p]sonal lib]ty1 z well z ) reg>d to prop]ty1 f :i* !y h suff]$ up to rec5t times4 ,! sy/ems1 says ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 :i* are lea/ indulg5t to m>ri$ wom5 are inv>iably ^? :i* h foll[$ ! ,canon ,law exclusively1 or ^? :i*1 f ! lat5ess ( _! contact ) ,european civilisation1 h nev] _h _! ar*aisms we$$ out4#bjj ,footnote #aig3 ,ma9e1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aef1 #aed4 ,footnote #aih3 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 #ge4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #aii3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dej sq4 ,brunn]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ge4 ,s*rd]1 ,lehrbu* d] deuts*5 ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #cjc4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,ma9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei4 ,*ri/ianity enjo9s a husb& to love 8 wife z 8 own body1#bja to d hon\r unto h] z unto ! weak] vessel4#bjb ,h[ev]1 man is n ( ! woman2 b ! woman ( ! man4 ,nei!r 0 ! man creat$ = ! woman2 b ! woman = ! man4 ,= ?is cause ought ! woman to h p[] on h] head4#bjc ,! husb& is ! head ( ! wife1 z ,*ri/ is ! head ( ! *ur*2 h5ce1 z ! *ur* is subject unto ,*ri/1 s let ! wives be to _! own husb&s 9 e ?+4#bjd ,x is difficult to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by a doctr9e1 s agreeable to ! selfi%ness ( m51 & s readily l5d+ itself to be us$ z a sacr$ weapon aga9/ almo/ any attempt to ext5d ! rights ( m>ri$ wom51 z 0 ?is dictum ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,9 an essay on ! position ( wom5 among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ,pr9cipal ,donaldson writes1 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ,i h n be5 able to see t ,*ri/ianity _h any fav\rable effect on ! position ( wom51 b1 on ! contr>y1 t x t5d$ to l[] _! "* & contract ! range ( _! activity4#bje ,& 9 m mod]n times ,*ri/ian or?odoxy has con/antly be5 oppos$ to ! doctr9e :i* once sprang up 9 pagan #fee ,rome & is n[adays support$ by a /eadily gr[+ numb] ( enlight5$ m5 & wom51 t m>riage %\ld be a contract on ! foot+ ( p]fect equality betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,footnote #bja3 ,ephesians1 v4 #bh4 ,footnote #bjb3 #a ,pet]1 iii4 #g4 ,footnote #bjc3 #a ,cor9?ians1 xi4 #h sqq4 ,cf4 ,timo?y1 ii4 #aa sqq4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,ephesians1 v4 #bc sq4 ,footnote #bje3 ,donaldson1 ',position ( ,wom5 among ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1' 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 lvi4 #dcc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! position ( m>ri$ wom5 among ! v>i\s peoples on e>? dep5ds on su* a v>iety ( circum/ances t x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate !m all4 ,we %all "h consid] only ! mo/ important4 ,a few words mu/ fir/ be said ab\t ! hypo!sis t ! social /atus ( wom5 is connect$ ) ! sy/em ( trac+ desc5t4 ,dr4 ,/e9metz has tri$ to %[ t ! husb&'s au?ority ov] 8 wife is1 broadly speak+1 great] among ^? peoples :o reckon k9%ip ?r\gh ! fa!r ?an among ^? :o reckon k9%ip ?r\gh ! "m only4#bjf ,! cases exam9$ by ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 h[ev]1 are too few to all[ ( any g5]al conclusions1 & ! /atem5ts conc]n+ ! husb&'s rights are commonly s indef9ite & s incomplete t ,i ?9k ! evid5ce w\ld be difficult to produce1 ev5 if ! inve/igation 7 bas$ on a l>g] numb] ( facts4 ,besides1 ! pat]nal & mat]nal sy/ems ( desc5t are (t5 s int]wov5 ) ea* o!r among "o & ! same p1 t x may equally well be ref]r$ to ! "o class z to ! o!r#bjg--;a difficulty :i* ,dr4 ,/e9metz mu/ surely h felt 9 8 attempt to treat ! subject /ati/ically4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ! weak po9t ( ! /ati/ical me?od g5]ally1 ! "q ( select+ e?nographical units1 :i* ,i h discuss$ 9 ano!r place4#bjh ,h[1 = in/ance1 are we to deal ) ! v>i\s tribes ( ,au/ralia8 ,!y c c]ta9ly n1 all 9 a lump1 be c\nt$ z "o s+le unit2 among "s ( !m ! mat]nal sy/em prevails1 among o!rs ! pat]nal4 ,b !n1 %all we reckon ea* tribe z "o #fef unit by itself1 or1 if n1 into h[ _m gr\ps %all we divide !m8 ,:5 ,i comp>e ) ea* o!r peoples ( ! same race1 at ! same /age ( culture1 liv+ 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 "u simil> conditions ( life1 b diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 _! me?od ( reckon+ k9%ip1 ,i d n f9d t ! preval5ce ( ! "o or ! o!r l9e ( desc5t conspicu\sly affects ! husb&'s au?ority4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 notic$ 9 ,au/ralia1 nor1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 ,india1 :]e ! pat]nal sy/em among _m ( ! aborig9al tribes is comb9$ ) great1 or ev5 extraord9>y1 rights on ! "p ( ! wife4 ,among ! ,we/ ,african ,negroes ! position ( wom5 is1 to all appe>ance1 no less hon\rable 9 tribes l ! ,ibos1 among :om inh]itance runs ?r\gh males1 ?an 9 tribes :i* admit inh]itance ?r\gh females only2#bji & ( ! ,fulah1 among :om succession goes f fa!r to son1#baj ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade obs]ves t _! wom5 are ! mo/ tyrannical wives 9 ,africa1 kn[+ h[ to make _! husb&s kneel be=e _! *>ms1 & h[ to place _! little feet ^u !m4#baa ,b we h reason to believe t :5 ! man1 on m>ry+1 quits 8 home & goes to live ) 8 wife 9 ! h\se or community ( h] fa!r1 8 au?ority ov] 8 wife is commonly m or less impair$ by ! pres5ce ( h] fa!r or k9sfolk4#bab ,9 ,sumatra1 9 ! mode ( m>riage call$ ambel anak1 he lives ) 8 fa!r-9-law 9 a /ate betwe5 t ( a son & t ( a debtor4#bac ,b x %\ld be notic$ t nei!r 8 liv+ ) ! family ( 8 wife1 nor ev5 8 dep5d5ce on h] fa!r1 necess>ily implies a total abs5ce ( m>ital p[]4 ,among ! ,cali=nian ,yokuts1 ?\gh ! husb& takes up 8 abode 9 8 #feg wife's or fa!r-9-law's h\se1 he is expressly /at$ to h ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] h]4#bad ,s1 also1 9 ! ,we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits1 ?\gh a man aft] m>riage usually left 8 own p & w5t to live ) ^? ( 8 wife1 he _h complete control ov] h]4 ,9 spite ( ! wife hav+ ask$ h] husb& to m>ry h]1 he c\ld kill h] %\ld %e cause tr\ble 9 ! h\se1 & t )\t any p5al consequ5ce to himself4 ,! paym5t ( a husb& to 8 wife's fa!r gave him all rights ov] h]1 & at ! same "t annull$ ^? ( h] fa!r or h] family4#bae ,footnote #bjf3 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 *4 #g4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,cf4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ii sqq4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,idem1 ',m?ode p\r la re*]*e des in/itutions prhi/oriques propos d'un ouvrage du pr(esseur ,kohl]1' 9 ,revue ,int]nationale de ,sociologie1 v4 #dea4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 iii4 #abd4 ,footnote #baj3 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 ii1 #dfi4 ,footnote #baa3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #deb4 ,footnote #bab3 ,see ,mazz>ella1 ,la condizione giuridica del m>ito nella famiglia matri>cale1 passim2 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 p4 #gf2 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iv4 #ddg 7,spokane ,indians74 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,dr4 ,mazz>ella 9 sev]al cases inf]s ! husb&'s complete subjection to 8 fa!r-9-law f /atem5ts 9 :i* su* a subjection is n really impli$4 ,footnote #bac3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #bad3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #bae3 ,haddon1 ,head-,hunt]s1 p4 #afj sq4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 wives' subjection to _! husb&s is due to ! m5's in/9ctive desire to ex]t p[] & to ! natural inf]iority ( wom5 9 su* qualities ( body & m9d z are ess5tial = p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! m5 are _! sup]iors 9 /r5g? & c\rage4 ,!y are !re=e n only ! protectors ( _! wives1 b also _! ma/]s4 ,9 ! sexual impulse itself !re are elem5ts :i* lead to dom9ation on ! "p ( ! man & to submission on ! "p ( ! woman4 ,9 c\rt%ip1 animal & human alike1 ! male plays ! m active1 ! female ! m passive "p4 ,dur+ ! season ( love ! males ev5 ( ! mo/ timid animal species engage 9 desp]ate combats ) ea* o!r = ! possession ( ! female1 & !re c be no d\bt t our primeval human ance/ors _h1 9 ! same way1 to fight = _! wives2 ev5 n[ ?is k9d ( c\rt%ip is f> f be+ unkn[n among savages4#baf ,moreov]1 ! male pursues & tries to capture ! female1 & %e1 aft] "s resi/ance1 f9ally surr5d]s h]self to him4 ,! sexual impulse ( ! male is ?us connect$ ) a desire to w9 ! female1 & ! sexual impulse ( ! female ) a desire to be pursu$ & won by ! male4 ,9 ! female sex !re is consequ5tly an in/9ctive appreciation ( manly /r5g? & c\rage2 ?is is f\nd 9 mo/ #feh wom51 & especially 9 ! wom5 ( savage races1 :o1 l ! females ( ! l[] ,v]tebrates1 commonly give ! pref]5ce to ! mo/ vigor\s1 defiant1 & mettlesome male4#bag ,& woman enjoys ! display ( manly =ce ev5 :5 x turns aga9/ h]self4 ,x is said t among ! ,slavs ( ! l[] class ! wives feel hurt if !y are n beat5 by _! husb&s2 t ! peasant wom5 9 "s p>ts ( ,hung>y d n ?9k !y are lov$ by _! husb&s until !y h receiv$ ! fir/ box on ! e>2 t among ! ,italian ,camorri/s a wife :o is n beat5 by h] husb& reg>ds him z a fool4#bah ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis believes t ! majority ( wom5 w\ld probably be prep>$ to e*o ! rem>k made by a woman 9 front ( ,rub5s's ',rape ( ! ,sab9es1' ,i ?9k ! ,sab9e wom5 enjoy$ be+ c>ri$ (f l t4#bai ,! same judici\s /ud5t ( ! psy*ology ( sex obs]ves3--,:ile 9 m5 x is possible to trace a t5d5cy to inflict pa91 or ! simulacrum ( pa91 on ! wom5 !y love1 x is /ill easi] to trace 9 wom5 a delight 9 exp]i5c+ physical pa9 :5 inflict$ by a lov]1 & an eag]ness to accept subjection to 8 w4 ,su* a t5d5cy is c]ta9ly normal4 ,to ab&on h]self to h] lov]1 to be able to rely on 8 physical /r5g? & m5tal res\rcefulness1 to be swept out ( h]self & beyond ! control ( h] own w1 to drift idly 9 delici\s submission to ano!r & /rong] w--?is is "o ( ! commone/ aspirations 9 a "y woman's intimate love-dreams4#bbj ,footnote #baf3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei sqq4 ,footnote #bag3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee sq4 ,footnote #bah3 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 ',analysis ( ! ,sexual ,impulse1' c4 p4 #ff sq4 ,footnote #bai3 ,ibid4 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,ibid4 p4 #gd4 ,b al?\gh a c]ta9 degree ( submissiv5ess comes )9 ! normal limits ( female love1 ?\gh a woman may desire to be =c$1 to be r\ghly =c$1 to be ravi%$ away beyond h] own w4 %e all ! "t only desires to be =c$ t[>ds ^? ?+s :i* are ess5tially agreeable to h]4#bba ,if ! man's dom9ation is c>ri$ beyond ^? limits1 x is no long] enjoy$ by ! #fei woman1 b is felt z a burd51 & may call =? resi/ance4 ,9 extreme cases ( oppression1 at any rate1 ! community at l>ge w\ld sympa?ise ) h]1 & ! public res5tm5t aga9/ ! oppressor w\ld gradually result 9 cu/oms or laws limit+ ! husb&'s rights4 ,yet p]fect imp>tiality is h>dly to be expect$ f ! community4 ,! m5 are ! lead]s ( public op9ion1 & !y h a t5d5cy to fav\r _! own sex4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! (f5d$ woman may c\nt ^u ! support ( h] fell[-si/]s1 & ?us ! wom5 comb9$ may influ5ce tribal habits &1 ultimately1 ! rules ( cu/om4 ,among ! ,papuans ( ,port ,moresby1 = in/ance1 x is a r>e occurr5ce = a man to beat 8 wife1 & he does n l to be rem9d$ ( ! fact if ha/y temp] has l$ him into ?is mi/ake4 ,! o!r wom5 g5]ally make a song ab\t x1 & s+ x :5ev] he appe>s2 & z no "o is s s5sitive ( ridicule z a ,new ,gu9ean savage1 he w endure a great deal1 ev5 f a %rew wife1 be=e he attempts to lift 8 h&4#bbb ,among ! ,we/ ,african ,fulah1 if a man repudiates 8 wife1 ! wom5 ( ! village attack him en masse2 l ! memb]s ( a prie/hood1 !y hate b protect ea* o!r4#bbc ,we h1 moreov]1 to consid] t ! *ildr5's affection & reg>d = _! "m gives h] a p[] :i* is no less real because x is n def9itely express$ 9 cu/om or law4 ,9 ,ori5tal c\ntries1 = example1 ! "m is always an important p]sonage 9 ! family4 ,*ildr5 are afraid ( _! fa!r b love _! "m1 & :5 gr[n-up w\ld c]ta9ly be ready to protect h] aga9/ a cruel husb&4#bbd ,footnote #bba3 ,ibid4 p4 #he4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,nisbet1 ,a ,colonial ,tramp1 ii4 #aha sq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #deb4 ,see also ,mll]1 ,pagels1 & ,gle]up1 op4 cit4 i4 #aga 7,lukungu72 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cbd 7,b5i ,am]74 ,footnote #bbd3 ,cf4 ,burton1 ,s9dh ,revisit$1 i4 #bic2 ,urquh>t1 ,_s ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #bfe sq42 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #bci2 ,we/]m>ck1 ',position ( ,woman 9 ,e>ly ,civilisation1' 9 ,sociological ,pap]s1 #a4 p4 #afj4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! position ( wom5 & ! degree ( _! dep5d5ce among a c]ta9 p are l>gely influ5c$ by economic conditions4 ,?us ,mr4 #ffj ,hale ma9ta9s t ! condition ( wom5 is a "q ( physical com=t1 & ma9ly ( ! abundance or lack ( food4 4 4 4 ,:5 m5 9 _! full /r5g? suff] f lack ( ! necess>ies ( exi/5ce1 & are !mselves slaves to ! rig\rs ( ! elem5ts1 _! bett] feel+s are b5umb$ or p]v]t$1 l ^? ( %ipwreck$ p fami%+ on a raft4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! weak] memb]s ( ! community--wom51 *ildr51 ! old1 ! sick--are naturally ! *ief suff]]s4#bbe ,) ref]5ce to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! obs]vation has be5 made t1 :]e ! wom5 c aid 9 procur+ subsi/5ce = ! tribe1 !y are treat$ ) m equality1 & _! importance is proportion$ to ! %>e :i* !y take 9 t lab\r2 :]eas 9 places :]e subsi/5ce is *iefly procur$ by ! ex]tions ( ! m51 ! wom5 are consid]$ & treat$ z burd5s4 ,?us1 ! position ( wom5 is exceptionally good 9 tribes liv+ ^u fi% & roots1 :i* ! wom5 procure ) ! same exp]tness z ! m51 :]eas x is among tribes liv+ by ! *ase1 or by o!r means 9 :i* wom5 c be ( little s]vice1 t we f9d ! sex mo/ oppress$4#bbf ,dr4 ,grosse1 aga91 emphasises ! l[ /atus ( wom5 n only among hunt]s1 b among pa/oral tribes z well4 ,! wom51 he says1 n be+ p]mitt$ to take "p 9 ! re>+ ( cattle1 & n be+ able to take "p 9 w>1 possess no?+ :i* c\ld comm& respect ) ! rude %eph]d & robb]4#bbg ,among ! l[] agricultural tribes1 on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,grosse adds1 ! position ( ! female sex is (t5 high]4 ,! cultivation ( ! gr\nd mo/ly devolves on ! woman1 & among peoples :o *iefly subsi/ by agriculture x is n an occupation :i* is look$ d[n ^u1 z x is among nomadic tribes4 ,?is gives ! woman a #ffa c]ta9 /&+1 ow+ to h] importance z a food-provid]4#bbh ,footnote #bbe3 ,hale1 ',language z a ,te/ ( ,m5tal ,capacity1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxi4 #dbg4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 p4 #dda4 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cdc4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #bdb sq4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,grosse1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dh1 #di1 #gd1 #ge1 #aji sqq4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahb4 ,9 ^! g5]alisations !re is no d\bt a great deal ( tru?2 b !y d n hold good univ]sally or )\t modifications4 ,among sev]al peoples :o subsi/ *iefly by ! *ase or ! re>+ ( cattle1 ! position ( wom5 is exce$+ly good4 ,to m5tion only "o in/ance out ( _m1 ,pr(essor ,vmbry obs]ves t among ! nomadic ,k>a-,kirghiz ! female sex is treat$ ) great] respect ?an among ^? ,turks :o lead a /ation>y life & practise agriculture4#bbi ,inde$1 ! g5]al !ory t wom5 are m oppress$ 9 proportion z !y are less useful1 is op5 to d\bt4 ,commonly !y are said to be oppress$ by _! savage husb&s j by be+ compell$ to "w too h>d2 & t "w does n necess>ily give au?ority is obvi\s f ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,b at ! same "t ! notion1 preval5t 9 e>ly civilisation1 t ! "o sex mu/ n 9 any way int]f]e ) ! pursuits ( ! o!r sex1 may c]ta9ly1 especially :5 appli$ to an occupation ( su* importance z agriculture1 increase ! influ5ce ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 x4 ,consid]+ fur!r t ! cultivat$ soil is n infrequ5tly reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( ! wom5 :o till x1#bcj x is probable t1 9 c]ta9 cases at lea/1 ! agricultural habits ( a p h _h a fav\rable effect ^u ! g5]al condition ( ! female sex1 & at ! same "t on ! wife's position 9 ! family4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,vmbry1 ,das ,trk5volk1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,grosse1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei sq4 ,! /atus ( wives is 9 v>i\s respects connect$ ) ! ideas held ab\t ! female sex 9 g5]al4 ,woman is commonly look$ ^u z a slight1 da9ty1 & relatively feeble creature1 de/itute ( all nobl] qualities4#bca ,especially among nations m advanc$ 9 culture %e is reg>d$ z intellectually & morally va/ly inf]ior to man4 ,9 ,greece1 9 ! hi/oric age1 ! latt] recognis$ #ffb 9 h] no o!r end ?an to m9i/] to 8 pleasure or to become ! "m ( 8 *ildr54 ,!re 0 also a g5]al notion t %e 0 naturally m vici\s1 m addict$ to envy1 discont5t1 evil-speak+1 & wantonness1 ?an ! man4#bcb ,plato classes wom5 toge!r ) *ildr5 & s]vants1#bcc & /ates g5]ally t 9 all ! pursuits ( mank9d ! female sex is inf]ior to ! male4#bcd ,euripides puts into ! m\? ( 8 ,m$ea ! rem>k t wom5 are impot5t = good1 b clev] contriv]s ( all evil4#bce ,accord+ to ! ,v$ic s+]1 aga91 woman's m9d is h>d to direct aright1 & h] judgm5t is small4#bcf ,to ! ,buddhi/1 wom5 are ( all ! sn>es :i* ! tempt] has spread = m5 ! mo/ dang]\s2 9 wom5 are embodi$ all ! p[]s ( infatuation :i* b9d ! m9d ( ! _w4#bcg ,! ,*9ese h a say+ to ! effect t ! be/ girls are n equal to ! wor/ boys4#bch ,islam pron\nces ! g5]al depravity ( wom5 to be mu* great] ?an t ( m54#bci ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an tradition1 ! ,prophet said3--,i h n left any calamity m hurtful to man ?an woman4 4 4 4 ,o assembly ( wom51 give alms1 al?\gh x be ( y\r gold & silv] ornam5ts2 = v]ily ye are mo/ly ( ,hell on ! ,day ( ,resurrection4#bdj ,! ,hebrews repres5t$ woman z ! s\rce ( evil & dea? on e>?3--,( ! woman came ! beg9n+ ( s91 & ?r\gh h] we all die4#bda ,?is notion pass$ into ,*ri/ianity4 ,says ,/4 ,paul1 ,adam 0 n deceiv$1 b ! woman be+ deceiv$ 0 9 ! transgression4#bdb ,t]tullian ma9ta9s t a woman %\ld g ab\t 9 humble g>b1 m\rn+ & rep5tant1 9 ord] to expiate t :i* %e d]ives f ,eve1 ! ignom9y #ffc ( ! fir/ s91 & ! odium atta*+ to h] z ! cause ( human p]dition4 ,d y n "k1 he exclaims1 t y are ea* an ,eve8 ,! s5t5ce ( ,god on ?is sex ( y\rs lives 9 ?is age2 ! guilt mu/ ( necessity live too4 ,y are ! devil's gateway2 y are ! unseal] ( t =bidd5 tree2 y are ! fir/ des]t] ( ! div9e law2 y are %e :o p]suad$ him :om ! devil 0 n valiant en\gh to attack4 ,y de/roy$ s easily ,god's image1 man4 ,on acc\nt ( y\r des]t--t is1 dea?--ev5 ! ,son ( ,god _h to die4#bdc ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,mcon1 t[>ds ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 a bi%op ev5 rais$ ! "q :e!r woman really 0 a human be+4 ,he answ]$ ! "q 9 ! negative2 b ! majority ( ! assembly consid]$ x to be prov$ by ,scripture t woman1 9 spite ( all h] defects1 yet 0 a memb] ( ! human race4#bdd ,h[ev]1 "s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 7 c>eful to emphasise t womanhood only belongs to ?is e>?ly exi/5ce1 & t on ! day ( resurrection all wom5 w appe> 9 ! %ape ( sexless be+s4#bde ,footnote #bca3 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #bjd sq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,dick9son1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei4 ,dll+]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 iv4 #dca4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,ibid4 v4 #dee4 ,footnote #bce3 ,euripides1 ,m$ea1 #djf sqq4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,rig-,v$a1 viii4 #cc4 #ag4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,old5burg1 ,buddha1 p4 #afe4 ,cf4 ,k]n1 ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #bch3 ,smi?1 ,prov]bs ( ! ,*9ese1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #bci3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #bai4 ,cf4 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #bch4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,lane-,poole1 ,spee*es ( ,mohammad1 pp4 #afa1 #afc4 ,footnote #bda3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxv4 #bd4 ,footnote #bdb3 #a ,timo?y1 ii4 #ad4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,t]tullian1 ,de cultu foem9>um1 i4 #a 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #acje74 ,see also ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l'humanit1 iv4 #aac4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ,hi/oria ,francorum1 viii4 #bj4 ,footnote #bde3 ,/4 ,hil>41 ,comm5t>ius 9 ,mat?um1 xxiii4 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ix4 #ajde sq474 ,/4 ,basil1 ,homilia 9 ,psalmum cxiv4 #e 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xxix4 #dhh74 ,progress 9 civilisation has ex]cis$ an unfav\rable influ5ce on ! position ( woman by wid5+ ! gulf betwe5 ! sexes1 z ! high] culture 0 almo/ exclusively ! pr]ogative ( ! m54 ,moreov]1 religion1 & especially ! great religions 9 ! _w1 h contribut$ to ! degradation ( ! female sex by reg>d+ woman z unclean4 ,dur+ m5/ruation1 or :5 ) *ild1 or at *ild-bir?1 %e is consid]$ to be pollut$1 to be *>g$ ) my/]i\s baneful en]gy1 :i* is a dang] to all ar\nd h]4#bdf ,! cause ( ?is notion seems to lie 9 ! #ffd sup]/iti\s dread ( ^? m>vell\s processes :i* !n take place1 & x rea*es its height :]e !re is appe>ance ( blood4#bdg ,on su* occasions woman is %unn$ n only by m51 b 9 an ev5 high] degree by gods1 = ! obvi\s reason t contact ) ! unclean woman w\ld injure or de/roy _! hol9ess4 ,inde$1 ! dang] is consid]$ s great1 t _m religions reg>d wom5 z defil$ n only tempor>ily1 b p]man5tly1 & on t gr\nd exclude !m f religi\s wor%ip4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #dbj sqq42 ii4 #aj sqq41 #djb sqq4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cbe sqq42 iii4 #bbb sqq4 ,crawley1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe sqq42 ,ma!w1 ,eaglehawk & ,cr[1 p4 #add 7,au/ralian aborig9es71 de ,ro*as1 ,n\velle ,caldonie1 p4 #bhc4 ,mooney1 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xix4 #dfi4 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #if 7,jakuts74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #be sq4 7,samoy$es71 #bde1 sq4 7,%amani/s ( ,sib]ia g5]ally72 c4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,pr(essor ,durkheim ma9ta9s 7',la prohibition de l'ince/e et ses orig9es1' 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 i4 especially p4 #dh sqq47 t ! orig9 ( ! occult p[]s attribut$ to ! fem99e organism is to be f\nd 9 primitive ideas conc]n+ blood1 any k9d ( blood1 n only m5/rual1 be+ ! object ( simil> feel+s among savages & b>b>ians4 ,mr4 ,crawley ju/ly rem>ks 7op4 cit4 p4 #bab7 t !re is no flux ( blood dur+ pregnancy1 :5 woman is regul>ly taboo2 t h] hair1 nail-p>+s1 & occupations c h>dly be avoid$ f a fe> ( h] blood2 & t !re is also ! female side ( ! "q to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ! ,society ,isl&s a woman 0 =bidd5 to t\* :atev] 0 pres5t$ z an (f]+ to ! gods1 s z n to pollute x4#bdh ,9 ,melanesia wom5 are g5]ally exclud$ f religi\s rites4#bdi ,among ! ,%amani/s ( ,sib]ia wom5 are int]dict$ ! wor%ip ( ! deities1 & d>e n pass r\nd ! common he>? ( _! habitations1 because fire is sacr$ to ! gods4#bej ,! wom5 ( ! ,voguls are g5]ally prohibit$ f approa*+ idols or holy places4#bea ,a ,votyak woman may n be pres5t at ! sacrifices made to ! lud1 or evil _s4#beb ,among ! ,lapps a woman 0 n all[$ to t\* a noaid's1 or wiz>d's1 drum2 nor1 z a rule1 to take "p 9 sacrificial rites2 nor ev5 to look 9 ! direction ( a place :]e sacrifices 7 (f]$4#bec ,among ! ,a9os ( ,japan1 ?\gh a woman may prep>e a div9e (f]+1 %e may n (f] x4 4 4 4 ,accord+ly1 wom5 are nev] all[$ to pray1 or to take any "p 9 any religi\s #ffe ex]cise4#bed ,9 ,*9a wom5 are n all[$ to g & wor%ip 9 ! temples4#bee ,footnote #bdh3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #abi4 ,cf4 ,weg5]1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e auf dem ,gesells*afts-,ar*ipel1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bej3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bde4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #be4 ,footnote #bea3 ,ab]cromby1 ,pre- & ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 i4 #aha4 ,footnote #beb3 ,wi*mann1 ,tietoja ,votjaakki5 ,mytologiia/a1 p4 #ag4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #bec3 von ,db51 ,lappl& o* ,lapp>ne1 p4 #bgf4 ,friis1 ,lappisk ,my?ologi1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #bed3 ,h[>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #bee3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #aef4 ,9 anci5t ,nic>agua wom5 7 held unwor?y to p]=m any duty 9 connection ) ! temples1 & 7 immolat$ outside ! temple gr\nd ( ! l>ge sanctu>ies1 & ev5 _! fle% 0 unclean food = ! high prie/1 :o accord+ly ate only ! fle% ( males4#bef ,9 ,mexico1 al?\gh "s wom5 7 employ$ 9 ! imm$iate s]vice ( ! temples1 !y 7 entirely exclud$ f ! (fice ( sacrific+1 & ! high] dignities ( ! prie/hood4#beg ,footnote #bef3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #did4 ,footnote #beg3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bgd sq4 ,accord+ to ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 wom5 are consid]$ to h no bus9ess ) ! sacr$ texts2#beh &1 be+ de/itute ( ! k ( ,v$ic texts1 !y are z impure z falsehood itself1 t is a fix$ rule4#bei ,al?\gh1 accord+ to a ,v$ic ord9ance m5tion$ 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 husb& & wife ought to p]=m religi\s rites toge!r1#bfj !y h1 among ! pres5t ,h9dus1 no religi\s life 9 common2 ! wom5 are n all[$ to repeat ! ,v$a1 or to g ?r\gh ! morn+ & ev5+ ,s&hya s]vices4#bfa ,if a woman1 a dog1 or a ,sdra1 t\* a consecrat$ image1 its god%ip is de/roy$2 ! c]emonies ( deification mu/ !re=e be p]=m$ afre%1 :il/ a clay image1 if ?us defil$1 mu/ be ?r[n away4 ,if wom5 %\ld wor%ip be=e a consecrat$ image1 !y mu/ keep at a respectful di/ance f ! idol4#bfb ,footnote #beh3 ,baudhyana1 i4 #e4 #aa4 #g4 ,footnote #bei3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #ah4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #ff2 iii4 #aba4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,ibid4 ix4 #if4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,moni] ,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c41 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #ac1 #cf4 ,islam is *iefly a religion = m54 ,?\gh ,muhamm$ did n =bid wom5 to att5d public pray]s 9 a mosque1 he pron\nc$ x bett] = !m to pray 9 private1 z ! pres5ce ( females might inspire 9 ! m5 a diff]5t k9d ( devotion f t :i* is requisite 9 a place d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4#bfc ,wom5 are absolutely exclud$ f _m ,muhamm$an places ( wor%ip1 & are fr[n$ ^u if !y v5ture to appe> 9 o!rs1 at any rate :ile m5 are !re4#bfd ,footnote #bfc3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #ci sq4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,europe1 z ascetic ideas advanc$1 ! wom5 sat or /ood 9 ! *ur* ap>t f ! m51 & ent]$ by a sep>ate door4#bfe ,!y 7 exclud$ f sacr$ functions4 #fff ,9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 x is true1 !re 7 deaconesses & cl]ical wid[s1 b _! (fices 7 m]ely to p]=m "s inf]ior s]vices ( ! *ur*2#bff & ev5 ^! v mode/ po/s 7 op5 only to virg9s or wid[s ( a consid]able age4#bfg ,:il/ a layman c\ld 9 case ( necessity adm9i/] baptism1 a woman c\ld nev]1 z x seems1 p]=m su* an act4#bfh ,nor 0 a woman all[$ to prea* publicly 9 ! *ur*1 ei!r by ! ,apo/le's rules or ^? ( succe$+ ages2#bfi & x 0 a s]i\s compla9t aga9/ c]ta9 h]etics t !y all[$ su* a practice4 ,! h]etic wom51 ,t]tullian exclaims1 h[ wanton are !y6 !y :o d>e to tea*1 to dispute1 to practise exorcisms1 to promise cures1 p]*ance1 also1 to baptise6#bgj ,a ,c\ncil held at ,aux]re at ! end ( ! six? c5tury =bade wom5 to receive ! ,eu*>i/ into _! nak$ h&s2#bga & 9 v>i\s ,canons wom5 7 enjo9$ n to come ne> to ! alt> :ile mass 0 celebrat+4#bgb ,to su* an ext5t 0 ?is opposition aga9/ wom5 c>ri$ t ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages did n hesitate to provide itself ) eunu*s 9 ord] to supply ca!dral *oirs ) ! soprano tones inh]+ by nature 9 wom5 alone4#bgc ,footnote #bfe3 ,donaldson1 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 lvi4 #dch4 ,footnote #bff3 ,zs*>nack1 ,d] ,di5/ d] ,frau 9 d5 er/5 ,jahrhund]t5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #ii sqq4 ,rob9son1 ,m9i/ry ( ,deaconesses1 passim4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,ibid4 pp4 #aac1 #aad1 #abe4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,b+ham1 ,works1 iv4 #de4 ,zs*>nack1 op4 cit4 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,b+ham1 op4 cit4 v4 #ajg sqq4 ,zs*>nack1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc sqq4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,t]tullian1 ,de prscriptionibus adv]sus hreticos1 #da 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ef74 ,cf4 ,t]tullian1 ,de baptismo1 #ag 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #abai74 ,footnote #bga3 ,concilium ,autisiodor5se1 ,a4,d4 #egh1 c4 #cf 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 ix4 #iae74 ,footnote #bgb3 ,canones ,concilii ,laodic5i1 #dd 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eha1 #ehi74 ',epitome canonum1 quam ,hadrianus ,i4 ,c>olo ,magno obtulit1 ,a4,d4 ,,dcclxxiii41' 9 ,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xii4 #hfh4 ,canons enact$ "u ,k+ ,edg>1 #dd 7,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&1 p4 #cii74 ,footnote #bgc3 ,cf4 ,gage1 ,woman1 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 p4 #eg4 ,b ! notion t woman is ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly unclean1 t %e is a my/]i\s be+ *>g$ ) sup]natural en]gy1 is n only a cause ( h] degradation2 x also gives h] a secret p[] ov] h] husb&1 :i* may be v consid]able4 ,dur+ my /ay among ! c\ntry p ( ,morocco1 ,arabs & ,b]b]s alike1 ,i 0 (t5 /ruck by ! sup]/iti\s fe> ) :i* ! wom5 imbu$ ! m54 ,!y are suppos$ to be mu* bett] v]s$ 9 magic1 & h also spl5did opportunities to practise x to ! detrim5t #ffg ( _! husb&s1 z !y may easily bewit* ! food !y prep>e = !m4 ,= in/ance1 ! wife only ne$s to cut (f a little piece ( a donkey's e> & put x into ! husb&'s food4 ,:at happ5s8 ,by eat+ t little piece ! husb& w1 9 8 relations to 8 wife1 become j l a donkey2 he w always li/5 to :at %e says1 & ! wife w become ! rul] ( ! h\se4 ,i also believe t ! m5 on purpose ab/a9 f tea*+ ! wom5 pray]s1 s z n to increase _! sup]natural p[]4#bgd ,9 ! ,arabian ,des]t m5 are likewise afraid ( _! wom5 ) _! sly philt]s & malefic5t dr9ks4#bge ,9 ,dahomey ! husb& may n *a/ise or int]f]e ) 8 wife :il/ ! feti% is '^u' h]1 & ev5 at o!r times ! use ( ! rod might be dang]\s4#bgf ,wom51 & especially old ones1 are v frequ5tly reg>d$ z exp]ts 9 magic4 #bgg ,among ! anci5t ,arabs1#bgh ,babylonians1#bgi & ,p]uvians1#bhj z 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 ! wit* appe>$ m frequ5tly ?an ! male sorc]]4 ,s1 also1 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,tomsk 9 ,s\!rn ,sib]ia1 native sorc]esses are mu* m num]\s ?an wiz>ds2#bha & among ! ,cali=nian ,%a/ika all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ! #ffh %amans are wom54#bhb ,! curses ( wom5 are greatly fe>$4 ,9 ,morocco x is consid]$ ev5 a great] calamity to be curs$ by a ,%]eefa1 or female desc5dant ( ! ,prophet1 ?an to be curs$ by a ,%]eef4 ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 ! ang] ( a wife de/roys ! h\se2#bhc b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is also ?r\gh woman t ,god's bless+s are v\*saf$ to x4#bhd ,we read 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu3--,wom5 mu/ be hon\r$ & adorn$ by _! fa!rs1 bro!rs1 husb&s1 & bro!rs-9-law1 :o desire _! own welf>e4 ,:]e wom5 are hon\r$1 !re ! gods are pleas$2 b :]e !y are n hon\r$1 no sacr$ rite yields rew>ds4 ,:]e ! female relations live 9 grief1 ! family soon :olly p]i%es2 b t family :]e !y are n unhappy ev] prosp]s4 ,! h\ses on :i* female relations1 n be+ duly hon\r$1 pron\nce a curse1 p]i% completely z if de/roy$ by magic4 ,h5ce m5 :o seek _! own welf>e %\ld always hon\r wom5 on holidays & fe/ivals ) gifts ( ornam5ts1 clo!s1 & da9ty food4#bhe ,a ,gaelic prov]b says1 ,a wick$ woman w get h] wi%1 ?\gh h] s\l may n see salvation4#bhf ,closely connect$ ) ! belief 9 ! magic p[] ( wom51 & especially1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! great efficacy ( _! curses1 is ! cu/om accord+ to :i* a woman may s]ve z an asylum4#bhg ,9 v>i\s tribes ( ,morocco1 especially among ! ,b]b]s & ,jbla1 a p]son :o takes refuge ) a woman by t\*+ h] is safe f 8 p]secutor4 ,among ! ,arabs ( ! pla9s ?is cu/om is dy+ out1 probably ow+ to _! subjection "u ! ,sultan's gov]nm5t2 b among/ c]ta9 ,asiatic ,b$\9s1 ! tribe ( ,%amm>1 a woman c protect any numb] ( p]sons1 or ev5 ( t5ts4#bhh #ffi ,among ! ,circassians a /rang] :o intru/s himself to ! patronage ( a woman1 or is able to t\* ) 8 m\? ! brea/ ( a wife1 is sp>$ & protect$ z a relation ( ! blood1 ?\gh he 7 ! enemy1 nay ev5 ! murd]] ( a simil> relative4#bhi ,! inhabitants ( ,b>eges 9 ,bigorre h1 up to rec5t times1 pres]v$ ! old cu/om ( p>don+ a crim9al :o has s\ght refuge ) a woman4#bij ,footnote #bgd3 ,we are told t among ! ,a9os ( ,japan wom5 are =bidd5 to pray1 n only 9 con=mity ) ance/ral cu/om1 b because ! m5 are afraid ( ! pray]s ( ! wom5 9 g5]al1 & ( _! wives 9 p>ticul>4 ,an old man said to ,mr4 ,bat*elor3--,! wom5 z well z ! m5 us$ to be all[$ to wor%ip ! gods & take "p 9 all religi\s ex]cises2 b our wise hon\r$ ance/ors =bade !m to d s1 because x 0 ?\ght !y might use _! pray]s aga9/ ! m51 & m p>ticul>ly aga9/ _! husb&s4 ,we !re=e ?9k t x is wis] to keep !m f pray+ 7,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #eej sq4 ,h[>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie74 ,among ! ,santals ! m5 are c>eful n to divulge ! names ( _! h\sehold gods to _! wives1 = fe> le/ ! latt] %\ld acquire undue influ5ce ) ! gods1 become wit*es1 & eat up ! family ) impunity :5 ! protection ( its gods has be5 )drawn 7,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 ,e?nographic ,gloss>y1 ii4 #bcb74 ,footnote #bge3 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ii4 #chd4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ffd1 #fff sqq4 ,mason1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee sqq4 ,l&tman1 ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood1 p4 #aih sq4 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #cag 7,maoris74 ,connolly1 ',social ,life 9 ,fanti-l&1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #aej4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia1 pp4 #bfg1 #cdb4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #fj4 ,footnote #bha3 ,ko/r(f1 quot$ by ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,sota1 fol4 #c ,b1 quot$ by ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #aaj sq4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,baba ,meziah1 fol4 #ei ,a1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #aab4 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #ee sqq4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 ii4 #cag4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,= "s in/ances ( ?is cu/om see ,&ree1 ',die ,asyle1' 9 ,globus1 xxxviii4 #cjb2 ,ba*(51 ,das ,mutt]re*t1 p4 #dbj 7,basques74 ,footnote #bhh3 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,pallas1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ! ,russian ,empire1 i4 #djd4 ,footnote #bij3 ,fis*]1 ,b]greis51 i4 #fj4 ,yet ano!r factor rema9s to be m5tion$ z a cause ( ! subjection 9 :i* m>ri$ wom5 are held by _m peoples ( culture4 ,we h notic$ t 9 ar*aic civilisation ! fa!r's p[] ov] 8 *ildr5 is extreme1 t ! ,/ate :il/ weak5+ or de/roy+ ! clan-tie /r5g!n$ ! family-tie1 & t ! fa!r 0 inve/$ ) "s "p ( ! p[] :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! clan4#bia ,?is process mu/ also h affect$ ! /atus ( m>ri$ wom54 ,! husb&'s p[] ov] 8 wife is closely connect$ ) ! fa!r's p[] ov] 8 daught]2 =1 by giv+ h] 9 m>riage1 he g5]ally transf]s to ! husb& ! au?ority :i* he himself previ\sly possess$ ov] h] z a pat]nal "r4 ,footnote #bia3 ,supra1 *4 xxv4 especially p4 #fbg sq4 ,9 mod]n civilisation1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d1 h& 9 h& ) ! decrease ( ! fa!r's p[]1 a decrease ( ! husb&'s au?ority ov] 8 wife4 ,b ! causes ( ! gradual emancipation ( m>ri$ wom5 are manifold4 ,life has become m complicat$2 ! occupations ( wom5 h become mu* m ext5sive2 _! influ5ce has exp&$ correspond+ly1 f ! home & h\sehold to public life4 ,_! wid5$ int]e/s h int]f]$ ) t submissiv5ess :i* is an orig9al *>act]i/ic ( _! sex4 ,_! great] education has made !m m respect$1 & has increas$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,f9ally1 ! decl9e ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by antiquat$ religi\s ideas is remov+ :at has probably be5 ! mo/ p]si/5t cause ( ! wife's subjection to h] husb&'s rule4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,slav]y ,,slav]y is ess5tially an indu/rial in/itution1 :i* implies compulsory lab\r beyond ! limits ( family relations4 ,! ma/] has a "r to avail himself ( ! work+ p[] ( 8 slave1 )\t previ\s agreem5t on ! "p ( ! latt]4 ,?is ,i take to be ! ess5ce ( slav]y2 b connect$ ) su* a "r !re are o!rs :i* h>dly admit ( a /rict def9ition1 or :i* belong to ! ma/] 9 "s cases ?\gh n 9 all4 ,he is entitl$ to claim ob$i5ce & to en=ce ?is claim ) m or less sev]ity1 b 8 au?ority is n necess>ily absolute1 & ! re/rictions impos$ on x are n ev]y:]e ! same4 ,accord+ to a common def9ition ( slav]y1 ! slave is ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/]1#a b ?is def9ition is h>dly accurate4 ,x is true t ev5 9 ! case ( inanimate prop]ty ! notion ( own]%ip does n involve t ! own] ( a ?+ is always entitl$ to d ) x :atev] he likes2 a p]son may own a ?+ & yet be prohibit$ by law f de/roy+ x4 ,b x seems t ! own]'s "r ov] 8 prop]ty1 ev5 :5 n absolute1 is at all ev5ts exclusive1 t is1 t nobody b ! own] has a "r to ! disposal ( x4 ,n[ ! ma/]'s "r ( dispos+ ( 8 slave is n necess>ily #fga exclusive2 cu/om or law may grant ! latt] a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty1 & 9 su* a case 8 condition diff]s ess5tially f t ( a piece ( prop]ty4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( slav]y is ! compulsory nature ( ! slave's relation to 8 ma/]4 ,volunt>y slav]y1 z :5 a p]son sells himself z a slave1 is only an imitation ( slav]y true & prop]2 ! p]son :o gives up 8 lib]ty conf]s ^u ano!r1 by contract1 ei!r = a limit$ p]iod or = ev]1 ! same rights ov] himself z a ma/] possesses ov] 8 slave4 ,if slav]y prop] c\ld be bas$ ^u a contract betwe5 ! p>ties conc]n$1 ,i fail to see h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 a s]vant & a slave4 ,footnote #a3 ,niebo]1 ,slav]y z an ,indu/rial ,sy/em1 p4 #d sqq4 ,dr4 ,niebo] himself def9es slav]y z ! fact1 t "o man is ! prop]ty or possession ( ano!r beyond ! limits ( ! family prop] 7ibid4 p4 #bi74 ,dr4 ,niebo] has rec5tly ) mu* m9ut5ess exam9$ ! di/ribution ( slav]y & its causes among savage races4 ,x appe>s f 8 "w t slav]y is unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ,oceania re/rict$ to c]ta9 isl&s4 ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 on ! o!r h&1 x prevails v ext5sively4 ,among ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india & ! ,indo-,*9ese ,p59sula x is fairly common1 :]eas no c]ta9 traces ( x are f\nd among ! l[] races ( ,c5tral ,asia & ,sib]ia1 ) ! exception ( ! ,kam*adales4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica x exi/s along ! ,pacific ,coa/ f ,behr+ ,/rait to ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia1 b beyond ?is di/rict x seems to be unkn[n4 ,9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica !re are at any rate sev]al scatt]$ cases ( x1 & if our k ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians 7 less fragm5t>y1 _m o!r in/ances might p]haps be add$4 ,9 savage ,africa !re are only "o or two di/ricts :]e no c]ta9 cases ( slav]y are enc\nt]$1 :il/ l>ge agglom]ations ( slave-keep+ tribes occur on ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea & 9 ! di/rict =m$ by ,l[] ,gu9ea & ! t]ritories bord]+ ! ,congo4#b ,footnote #b3 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dg sqq4 ,slaves are kept only :]e !re is employm5t = !m1 & :]e ! circum/ances are o!rwise fav\rable to ! gr[? ( slav]y4 ,its exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce #fgb 9 a tribe l>gely dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* t tribe lives4 ,among hunt]s x h>dly occurs at all4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ju/ly obs]ves t1 9 ! abs5ce ( indu/rial activity1 slaves are almo/ useless2 &1 inde$1 :]e game is sc>ce1 are n wor? _! food4#c ,moreov]1 !y w\ld h to be procur$ f =eign tribes1 & to prev5t su* slaves f runn+ away w\ld be almo/ impossible = hunt]s :o roam ov] va/ tracts ( l& 9 pursuit ( game1 especially if ! slaves also 7 engag$ 9 hunt+4 ,= a small community ( hunt]s--& _! communities g5]ally are small#d--;x might ev5 be dang]\s to keep =eign slaves 9 _! mid/4#e ,among fi%+ tribes1 on ! o!r h&1 slav]y is mu* m common1 atta9+ a special importance among ^? :o live on or ne> ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,^! tribes h an abundance ( food1 !y h fix$ habitations1 !y live 9 comp>atively l>ge gr\ps1 & trade & indu/ry1 prop]ty & weal?1 are well develop$ among !m4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !y f9d ! s]vices ( slaves useful1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! slaves h little *ance ( mak+ _! escape4#f ,footnote #c3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 iii4 #dei4 ,footnote #d3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #dc sqq4 ,hildebr&1 ,re*t und ,sitte1 p4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #e3 ,niebo]1 op4 cit41 p4 #aia sqq4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid4 p4 #aii sqq4 ,( ! pa/oral tribes ref]r$ to 9 ,dr4 ,niebo]'s li/ only "o half keep slaves1 & among "s ( ^! slave-keep+ is said to be a m]e luxury4 ,to pa/oral peoples1 z su*1 slave lab\r is ( little mom5t4 ,among !m subsi/5ce dep5ds mu* m on capital ?an on lab\r1 & = ! small am\nt ( "w :i* is requir$ free lab\r]s are easily procur$4 ,z ,dr4 ,niebo] obs]ves1 among p :o live ^u ! produce ( _! cattle1 a man :o owns no cattle1 i4e4 no capital1 has no means ( subsi/5ce4 ,accord+ly1 among pa/oral tribes we f9d ri* & poor m52 & ! poor (t5 (f] !mselves z lab\r]s to ! ri*4#g ,pa/oral peoples h ?us no /rong motives = mak+ slaves1 b at ! same #fgc "t !re are no causes prev5t+ !m f keep+ slaves4 ,^! tribes are1 s to speak1 9 a /ate ( equilibrium2 a small additional cause on ei!r side turns ! balance4 ,"o su* additional cause is ! slave-trade2 ano!r is ! neighb\rhood ( inf]ior races4 ,all ^? pa/oral peoples :o keep slaves live 9 di/ricts :]e an ext5sive slave-trade has = a long "t be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! slaves are (t5 pur*as$ f slave-trad]s1 & 9 sev]al cases !y belong to an inf]ior race4#h ,footnote #g3 ,see also ,hildebr&1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfa sqq4 ,among agricultural peoples slav]y prevails m ext5sively2 fur!r1 x is m common among su* tribes z subsi/ *iefly by agriculture ?an among incipi5t agriculturi/s1 :o /ill dep5d on hunt+ or fi%+ = a l>ge portion ( _! food4 ,9 primitive agricultural communities nobody volunt>ily s]ves ano!r1 because subsi/5ce is indep5d5t ( capital & easy to procure4 ,all freem5 9 new c\ntries1 says ,mr4 ,bagehot1 mu/ be pretty equal2 e "o has lab\r1 & e "o has l&2 capital1 at lea/ 9 agricultural c\ntries 7= pa/oral c\ntries are v diff]5t71 is ( little use2 x _c hire lab\r2 ! lab\r]s g & "w = !mselves4#i ,h5ce 9 su* c\ntries1 if a man wants ano!r to "w = him1 he mu/ compel him to d x--t is1 he mu/ make him 8 slave4 ,?is holds true ( mo/ savage c\ntries1 namely1 ( all ^? 9 :i* !re is mu* m f]tile l& ?an is requir$ to be cultivat$ = ! support ( ! actual population2 b x does n hold true ( all4 ,:]e e piece ( l& fit = cultivation has be5 appropriat$1 a man :o owns no l& _c e>n 8 subsi/5ce indep5d5tly ( a l&lord2 h5ce free lab\r]s are available1 slaves are n want$1 & slav]y is n likely to exi/4 ,& ev5 :]e !re are no poor p]sons1 b ev]ybody has a %>e 9 ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 ! use ( slaves _c be great1 s9ce a man :o owns a limit$ capital1 or a limit$ quantity ( l&1 c only employ a limit$ numb] ( lab\r]s4 #fgd ,= in/ance1 ! abs5ce ( slav]y 9 _m ,oceanic isl&s may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t all l& _h be5 appropriat$1 :i* l$ to a /ate ( ?+s inconsi/5t ) slav]y z a social sy/em4#aj ,footnote #i3 ,bagehot1 ,physics & ,politics1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bid-cdg1 #dbj sq4 ,^! are ! ma9 conclusions at :i* ,dr4 ,niebo] has arriv$ by means ( mu* admirable & pa9/ak+ rese>*4 ,mo/ ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 are und\bt$ly correct2 yet x seems to me t ! influ5ce ( economic conditions ^u ! in/itution ( slav]y has p]haps be5 emphasis$ too mu* at ! co/ ( o!r factors4 ,! preval5ce ( slav]y 9 a savage tribe & ! ext5t to :i* x is practis$ mu/ also dep5d ^u ! ability ( ! tribe to procure slaves f =eign communities & ^u its will+ness to all[ its own memb]s to be kept z slaves )9 ! tribe4 ,x may be v useful = a gr\p ( savages to h a c]ta9 numb] ( slaves1 & yet !y may n h !m1 = ! reason t no slaves are to be _h4 ,x is only 9 extraord9>y cases t a p]son is all[$ to enslave a memb] ( 8 own community4 ,intra-tribal slav]y is a "q n only ( economic b ( moral conc]n1 :il/ extra-tribal slav]y orig9ally dep5ds ^u success 9 w>4 ,we h reason to believe t ! e>lie/ s\rce ( slav]y 0 w> or conque/1 & t slav]y 9 _m cases 0 a sub/itution = putt+ prison]s ( w> to dea?4#aa ,savages1 :o h little m]cy on _! enemies1 naturally make no scruple 9 r$uc+ !m to slav]y :5ev] !y f9d _! advantage 9 do+ s4 ,among exi/+ savages1 9 fact1 prison]s ( w> are v frequ5tly enslav$4#ab ,!y & _! desc5dants1 toge!r #fge ) p]sons kidnapp$ or pur*as$ f =eign tribes1 seem g5]ally to =m by f> ! majority ( ! slave population 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries4 ,footnote #aa3 ,cf4 ,mill>1 ,orig9 ( ! ,di/9ction ( ,ranks1 p4 #bde2 ,jacob1 ,hi/orical ,inquiry into ! ,production & ,consumption ( ! ,preci\s ,metals1 i4 #acf2 ,buckle1 ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works1 iii4 #dac2 ,comte1 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 v4 #ahf sqq42 ,cibr>io1 ,della s*iavit e del s]vaggio1 i4 #af4 ,footnote #ab3 ,r9k1 ,eskimo ,tribes1 p4 #bh 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,petr(f1 ',report on ,alaska1' 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pp4 #aeb 7,aleuts71 #afe 7,?l9kets74 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #dab 7,kut*974 ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #ahh4 von ,m>tius ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #bcb 7,guaycurus71 #bih 7,c>ajs74 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mtridionale1 ii4 #aji sq4 7,mbayas74 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #ce4 ,idem1 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #aid 7,t\ng?a74 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #eba4 ,kohl]1 ',re*t d] ,papuas auf ,neu-,gu9ea1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 vii4 #cgj4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #be4 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 #eb2 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #cc 7,new ,zeal&]s74 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aib4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bca2 ,kohl]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #caa 7,h]]o74 ,velt51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] ,suaheli1 p4 #cje4 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #ada 7,wabondei74 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,wag&a ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gdf4 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #ai 7,m&+oes74 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #agf4 ,tuckey1 ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #cfg 7,negroes ( ,congo74 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #f4 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cja4 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bhi4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cji sq4 7,b5i ,am]74 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 p4 #hc 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #aah sq4 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,telli]1 ibid4 pp4 #afh1 #aga 7,kreis ,kita ( ! ,fr5* ,s\dan74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bac 7,wagogo74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bda 7,wa%ambala74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgh 7,msalala74 ,niebo] op4 cit4 pp4 #di1 #eb1 #gc-gf1 #gh1 #ajj4 ,:il/ little reg>d is paid to ! lib]ty ( /rang]s1 cu/om ev]y:]e1 z a rule1 =bids ! enslav+ ( tribesm54 ,yet sometimes a fa!r's p[] ov] 8 *ildr51#ac z also a husb&'s p[] ov] 8 wife1#ad involves ! "r ( sell+ !m z slaves2 & among v>i\s peoples a p]son may be r$uc$ to slav]y = committ+ a crime1#ae or = insolv5cy4#af ,among ! tribes ( ,we/]n #fgf ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-,we/]n ,oregon1 if an ,indian has wrong$ ano!r & fail$ to make comp5sation1 he may be tak5 z a slave4#ag ,! ,papuans ( ,dorey _h a law accord+ to :i* an inc5di>y ) 8 family became ! slave ( ! late proprietor ( ! burn$ h\se4#ah ,among ! ,l9e ,isl&]s ( ,micronesia1 if a man ( l[ class /ole "s food f a p]son belong+ to ! g5try1 he became ! slave ( ! latt] & lo/ all 8 prop]ty4#ai ,sometimes a man is induc$ by great pov]ty to sell himself z a slave4#bj ,b mo/ intra-tribal slaves are born unfree1 be+ ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts "o or bo? ( :om are slaves4#ba ,footnote #ac3 ,supra1 p4 #eii4 ,footnote #ad3 ,supra1 p4 #fbi sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,butl]1 ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,assam1 p4 #id 7,kukis74 ,mason1 ',dwell+s1 c41 ( ! ,k>5s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #adf sq42 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #hf4 ,wilk51 ',het /rafre*t bij de volk5 van het maleis*e ras1' 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal- l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 #ahhc1 ,l&- en volk5kunde1 p4 #ajh sq4 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battal&] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #ade sq4 7,bataks74 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 ii4 p4 ccxxxv4 7p ( ,bali74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #cbj 7p ( ,timor-laut74 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #aff 7,niase74 ,hickson1 ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nor? ,celebes1 p4 #aid 7,sangirese74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #hg4 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 p4 #bfa4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bdd sq4 7,m>ca74 ,pe!rick1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #c 7,%illuk ( ! ,:ite ,nile74 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #beh n4 99 7,fantis74 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #aeb 7,mpongwe74 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cja4 ,tuckey1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfg 7,negroes ( ,congo74 ,mungo ,p>k1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai 7,m&+oes74 ,telli]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aga 7,kreis ,kita ( ! ,fr5* ,s\dan74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bda 7,wa%ambala74 ,dale1 ',cu/oms ( ! ,natives inhabit+ ! ,bondei ,c\ntry1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bcj1 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aic4 ,velt51 op4 cit4 p4 #cje sq4 7,waswahili74 ,footnote #af3 ,gibbs1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ahh 7,indians ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-we/]n ,oregon71 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #cd4 ,idem1 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 pp4 #aid 7,khy\ng?a71 #bce 7,mrs74 ,mason1 ',religion1 c41 ( ! ,k>5s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxiv4 pt4 ii4 #baf4 ,blum5tritt1 ',die ,sitt5 und ,bru*e d] alt5 ,tagal51' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 xxv4 #ac sqq4 ,lala1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #aaa 7natives ( ,sulu74 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #cja4 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #baj 7,dyak tribes74 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aea sq4 ,raffles1 op4 cit4 i4 #cec n4 7,javanese72 ii4 p4 ccxxxv4 7p ( ,bali74 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aai sq4 7v>i\s peoples 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago74 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 pp4 #bjg 7,takue71 #bde 7,m>ea74 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #cgj1 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 op4 cit4 p4 #aeb 7,mpongwe74 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cja4 ,mungo ,p>k1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai 7,m&+oes74 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bcj 7,wabondei74 ,bask]ville1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aic sq4 7,wag&a71 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bdj 7,wa%ambala74 ,walt]1 ibid4 p4 #cha 7,natives ( ,nossi-,b & ,mayotte1 ,madagasc>74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ij sq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #cfc sqq42 ii4 #efd sqq4 ,kohl]1 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #ad sq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,gibbs1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ai3 ,tutuila1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bfh sq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,az>a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aji 7,mbayas74 ,hale1 op4 cit4 p4 #if 7,k+smill ,isl&]s74 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cja4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bca 7,h]]o74 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aib sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,cf4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #hi sq42 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #hc 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates72 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #aai 7,diakit-,s>racolese72 ,bask]ville1 ibid4 p4 #aid 7,wag&a72 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgh 7,malala72 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bcj 7,wabondei72 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aic4 ,9 descriptions ( slave-hold+ savages x is (t5 said t a ma/] has absolute p[] ov] 8 slave4 ,b ev5 9 su* in/ances1 :5 details are scrut9is$1 x frequ5tly appe>s t cu/om or public op9ion does n all[ a p]son to treat 8 slave j z he pleases4 ,we h notic$ above t 9 _m cases ! ma/] is expressly d5i$ ! "r ( kill+ him at 8 own discretion4#bb ,m commonly ?an "o w\ld imag9e ! ma/] has n #fgg ev5 an unlimit$ "r to sell 8 slave4 ,among "s peoples he may sell at w su* slaves only z h be5 captur$ 9 w> or pur*as$1 n su* z h be5 born 9 ! h\se4#bc ,9 sev]al in/ances a slave1 & especially a dome/ic slave1 _c be sold unless he has be5 guilty ( "s crime or misdemean\r4#bd ,among ! ,banaka & ,bapuku 9 ! ,cam]oons ! ma/] may *a/ise or s5d away a slave :o has behav$ badly1 b is n all[$ to sell him4#be ,!re are1 moreov]1 in/ances 9 :i* ! ma/] is entitl$ n to all ! s]vices ( 8 slave1 b only to a limit$ portion ( !m4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,africa ! slave is oblig$ to "w = 8 ma/] on c]ta9 days ( ! week or a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs1 b has ! re/ ( 8 "t free4#bf ,9 ! highl&s ( ,palembang1 ,sumatra1 a slave may c>ry on trade & hire himself out z a day lab\r] on 8 own behalf1 & :5 he works 9 ! field "o-half ( 8 h>ve/+ belongs to him & ! o!r half to 8 ma/]4#bg ,:]e ! slave is all[$ to possess prop]ty ( 8 own he may 9 "s cases1#bh ?\gh n 9 all1#bi buy 8 fre$om2 & debtor-slaves are z a rule entitl$ to rega9 _! lib]ty by pay+ (f ! debt4#cj ,_m peoples ev5 p]mit a dissatisfi$ slave to *ange 8 ma/]4 ,among ! ,wa%ambala1 if a p]son does n fulfil 8 duties t[>ds any ( 8 slaves1 ! latt] has a "r to compla9 ( him to ! *ief1 & %\ld ! accusation prove true ! *ief buys ! slave ( 8 ma/] = an ox & two c[s1 & keeps #fgh him = himself4#ca ,among o!r peoples a slave1 9 ord] to get a new ma/]1 has only to cause a slight damage to somebody's prop]ty1 or to commit "s o!r trifl+ (f5ce1 9 :i* case he mu/ be giv5 up to ! p]son he injur$4#cb ,x is a/oni%+ to notice h[ readily1 9 _m ,african c\ntries1 slaves are all[$ by cu/om to rid !mselves ( tyrannical or neglectful ma/]s4#cc ,! ,b>ea & ,bazes h a law accord+ to :i* a slave becomes free by simply leav+ 8 "l4#cd ,among ! ,manipuris1 9 ,fur!r ,india1 if a slave flies f "o ma/] & selects = himself ano!r1 x is presum$ t he has be5 badly treat$ by ! fir/ "o1 & ! fugitive c consequ5tly n be reclaim$4#ce ,footnote #bb3 ,supra1 p4 #dbb sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ie sqq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid4 i4 #if sq4 ,telli]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #afi 7,kreis ,kita74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bda 7,wa%ambala74 ,footnote #be3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]%ltnisse1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #bf3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #aja4 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #hc 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #aah 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,telli]1 ibid4 p4 #afi sqq4 7,kreis ,kita74 ,footnote #bg3 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bh3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #aaa sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid4 i4 #aaa sq4 ,telli]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #agj 7,kreis ,kita71 ,s5fft1 ibid4 p4 #ddb 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #cj3 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #cff4 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ch1 #dcb4 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aah 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,bask]vilie1 ibid4 p4 #aid 7,wag&a74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bdj sqq4 7,wa%ambala74 ,footnote #ca3 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ajb sqq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #cgg4 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #afh4 ,pe*uel-,loes*e1 ',aus dem ,leb5 d] ,loango-,neg]1' 9 ,globus1 xxxii4 #bch4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see also ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #ajb sqq42 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cji 7,b5i ,am]72 ,idem1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #cd3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #ce3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #ea4 ,a slave among ! l[] races c ?us by no means be describ$ z a be+ de/itute ( all rights4 ,z a rule1 x seems1 he is treat$ k9dly1 v commonly z an inf]ior memb] ( ! family4#cf ,among ! ,aleuts a slave suff]+ want w\ld br+ di%on\r ^u 8 ma/]4#cg ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,mbays1 says ,az>a1 #fgi aim5t extraord9airem5t t\s leurs esclaves2 jamais ils ne leur comm&5t d'un ton imp]ieux2 jamais ils ne les reprim&5t1 ni ne les *ti5t1 ni ne les v5d5t1 qu& mme ce s]ai5t des prisonni]s de gu]re4 4 4 4 ,quel contra/e avec le traitem5t que les europens font pr\v] aux africa9s6#ch ,9 ,we/ ,africa ! condition ( slav]y is n reg>d$ z degrad+1 & a slave is n consid]$ an inf]ior be+4#ci ,on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ) ! exception ( ! unpleasant liability ( be+ s5t at any mom5t to s]ve 8 ma/] 9 ! o!r _w1 ! lot ( a slave is n g5]ally "o ( h>d%ip1 b is on ! :ole f> bett] ?an t ( ! agricultural lab\r] 9 ,engl&4 ,! slave is g5]ally consid]$ a memb] ( ! family1 & if native-born succe$s 9 "s cases 9 default ( an heir to ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/]4#dj ,9 ! ,yoruba c\ntry x 0 q common = a slave to be nam$ by 8 ma/] 9 8 la/ w to be ! factor or g5]al manag] ( ! e/ate1 & to be left to take c>e ( ! entire e/abli%m5t4#da ,among ! ,kreis ,kita1 ( ! ,fr5* ,s\dan1 ! ma/] calls 8 dome/ic slaves 8 sons1 & !y call him _! fa!r2 nay1 ! natural gu>dian ( an heir :o is n yet ( age is n 8 "m1 b ! elde/ dome/ic slave ( ! h\sehold4#db ,speak+ ( ! natives 9 ! region ( ,lake ,nyassa1 ,mr4 ,macdonald rem>ks t mo/ ,africans l to see _! slaves become ri*2 ,are !y n1 !y say1 our own *ildr58#dc ,among ! ,wabondei1 if a man buys a slave1 he calls 8 own *ildr5 & says1 ',behold y\r bro!r4' ,! slave is treat$ z a son1 & is nei!r beat5 nor ti$4#dd ,9 ,madagasc> ! slaves are k9dly treat$ by _! ma/]s1 !y are consid]$ z a k9d ( inf]ior memb]s ( ! family to :om !y belong1 & _m ( ! slaves h a #fhj practical fre$om ( action to :i* ! free population are q /rang]s4#de ,! slav]y preval5t among ! native races ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago is g5]ally mild4 ,9 ,borneo1 says ,mr4 ,boyle1 we always f\nd a difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! s]vile portion ( a h\sehold f ! freeborn population1 & ! hon\rs & di/9ctions op5 to ! latt] class are likewise accessible to ! =m]4#df ,! slave-debtors ( ! ,dyaks are j z happy 9 ?is /ate--liv+ 9 _! cr$itors' h\ses & work+ on _! f>ms--z if p]fectly free1 enjoy+ all ! lib]ty ( _! ma/]s4#dg ,among ! ,*ittagong ,hill tribes ! debtor-slaves 7 treat$ z memb]s ( ! cr$itor's family1 & 7 nev] expos$ to h>% usage4#dh ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku% slaves are sometimes *os5 among ! annually elect$ magi/racy1 & ,sir ,scott ,rob]tson knew ( a case 9 :i* a ma/] & 8 slave w5t ?r\gh ! c]emony ( bro!rhood toge!r4#di ,footnote #cf3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ea 7,manipuris71 #eh 7,g>os74 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #cd sq4 ,idem1 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #ij 7,*ittagong ,hill tribes74 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #bfg4 ,m\hot1 ,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a1 i4 #bej 7,/ins74 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 pp4 #aid 7,watubela ,isl&]s71 #bic 7p ( ,t5imb] & ,timor-laut71 #dcd 7p ( ,wett]74 ,e>l1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha 7,papuans ( ,dorey74 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #abh 7,wanika74 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #djd 7,ea/]n ,africans74 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #ada 7,wabondei74 ,felk91 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gdf2 ,bask]ville1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aid 7,wag&a74 ,ibid4 p4 #dc 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #hd 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #aah 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bdb 7,wa%ambala74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgh 7,msalala74 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bia 7,wapokomo74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #ehb4 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 pp4 #agd1 #agf4 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 i4 #cac4 ,niebo]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eb1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha1 #ada-adc1 #cje1 #dci1 sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,az>a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bai4 ,see also ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 pp4 #agi1 #ahj1 #bga sq4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #da3 ,mac,gregor1 ',lagos1 ,abeokuta1 & ! ,alake1' 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 #aijd1 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #db3 ,telli]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #dc3 ,macdonald1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxii4 #ajb4 ,footnote #dd3 ,dale1 ibid4 xxv4 #bcj4 ,footnote #de3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #aha4 ,see also ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #gg2 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #aif4 ,footnote #df3 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #dg3 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #cjb4 ,see also ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #hc2 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #baj2 ,kk5?al1 ,ergebnisse e9] zoologis*5 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk5 und ,borneo1 i4 #bgf 7,kyans72 ,craw=d1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #eb2 ,raffles1 op4 cit4 i4 #ceb2 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bec2 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aej 7,bataks74 ,footnote #dh3 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #di3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ajj sq4 ,x appe>s t intra-tribal slaves1 especially su* z are born 9 ! h\se1 are g5]ally treat$ bett] ?an extra-tribal or pur*as$ slaves1#ej & t slaves are mo/ oppress$ by _! ma/]s :5 !y belong to a diff]5t race4#ea ,we are told t among ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,guaycurus ! two causes ( slav]y1 captivity & bir?1 imply a c]ta9 diff]5ce ( ca/e1 :i* is ma9ta9$ #fha ) great rig\r4#eb ,mungo ,p>k obs]ves t 9 ,africa ! dome/ic slaves or su* z are born 9 _! ma/]'s h\se are treat$ m l5i5tly ?an ^? :o are pur*as$4#ec ,i 0 told1 he says1 t ! ,m&+o ma/] c nei!r deprive 8 slave ( life1 nor sell him to a /rang]1 )\t fir/ call+ a palav] on 8 conduct1 or1 9 o!r words1 br++ him to a public trial2 b ?is degree ( protection is ext5d$ only to ! native or dome/ic slave4#ed ,tuckey makes exactly ! same obs]vation z reg>ds ! natives ( ,congo4#ee ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ slaves are ( ?ree k9ds--native-born1 import$1 & prison]s ( w>2 & a di/9ction is always made betwe5 ! fir/ & ! two latt]1 :o are treat$ ) f> less consid]ation4#ef ,speak+ ( ! ,c5tral ,african tribes g5]ally1 ,mr4 ,r[ley /ates t slav]y assumes a mu* sev]] "* among ! pa/oral ?an among ! agricultural tribes1 because ! slaves ( ! =m] are = ! mo/ "p captives ( w>1 :]eas ^? ( ! latt] h r>ely be5 acquir$ by conque/ b mo/ly by inh]itance4 ,among ! agricultural tribes1 he adds1 p]sons :o are 9 bondage are n call$ slaves b *ildr51 & ^? to :om !y are 9 bondage are n call$ ma/]s b fa!rs4#eg ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku% all slaves are n ( ! same social position1 = ! h\se slave is said to be mu* high] 9 grade ?an ! artisan slave4 4 4 4 ,! dome/ic slaves live ) _! ma/]s4#eh ,footnote #ej3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dhd sq4 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,new1 op4 cit4 p4 #ef 7,waswahili74 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #fa 7natives ( ! ,tanga ,coa/74 ,s>bah1 op4 cit4 p4 #f sq4 7,fantis74 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse p4 #aah sq4 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,telli]1 ibid4 p4 #afi 7,kreis ,kita74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bac 7,wagogo74 ,sibree1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef sq4 7natives ( ,madagasc>74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #hh sq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #hd 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,sibree1 op4 cit4 p4 #aha 7natives ( ,madagasc>74 ,footnote #eb3 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #gd4 ,footnote #ec3 ,mungo ,p>k1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid4 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ee3 ,tuckey1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #eg3 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #agd sqq4 ,footnote #eh3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 p4 #ii sq4 ,among ! nations ( ar*aic civilisation slav]y pres5ts ess5tially ! same *>act]i/ics z among ! l[] races4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico !re 7 v>i\s classes ( slaves--prison]s ( w>1 crim9als condemn$ to lose _! fre$om1 *ildr5 sold by _! p>5ts1 & p]sons :o _h sold !mselves4 ,! relations betwe5 ma/] & slave are repres5t$ z fri5dly4#ei ,slav]y #fhb 9 ,mexico4 says ,mr4 ,bancr(t1 01 accord+ to all acc\nts1 a mod]ate subjection1 consi/+ m]ely ( an obligation to r5d] p]sonal s]vice1 nor c\ld t be exact$ )\t all[+ ! slave a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t to lab\r = 8 own advantage4#fj ,ma/]s c\ld n sell _! slaves )\t _! cons5t1 unless !y 7 slaves ) a coll>1 t is1 runaway1 rebelli\s1 or vici\s slaves1 :o 9 spite ( two or ?ree w>n+s did n m5d _! behavi\r4#fa ,_! *ildr5 7 inv>iably born free2#fb & :5 _! ma/]s di$ !y g5]ally became free !mselves4#fc ,footnote #ei3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #bag1 #bba4 ,footnote #fj3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #bbj sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #cfj4 ,footnote #fb3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bba4 ,footnote #fc3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #cfj4 ,9 ,*9a ! slave class is compos$ ( prison]s ( w>1 ( p]sons :o sell !mselves or are sold by o!rs1 & ( ! *ildr5 ( slaves2#fd & 9 =m] days public slav]y 0 a puni%m5t = crime4#fe ,x is true t ! p5al code =bids ! sale ( free p]sons2 accord+ to ! lett] ( ! text ev5 ! fa!r ( a family mu/ n sell 8 *ildr51#ff & p]sons :o volunt>ily submit !mselves to be sold are puni%$ by law4#fg ,b ^! regulations are frequ5tly transgress$2 9 times ( di/ress *ildr5 are (t5 sold by _! p>5ts1 & ! kidnapp+ ( *ildr5 is an ev5 m common s\rce f :i* ! supply ( slaves is kept up4#fh ,! ma/]'s p[] ov] 8 slave is n q absolute1#fi b x seems to be fully z great z ! fa!r's p[] ov] 8 *ild4#gj ,a ma/] :o falsely accuses 8 slave suff]s no puni%m5t = x2 on ! o!r h&1 a slave _c compla9 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice ( ill-treatm5t f 8 ma/]4#ga ,yet ! condition ( slaves 9 ,*9a is g5]ally easy en\gh4#gb ,9 all ,*9ese families ( '! upp] t5 #fhc ?\s&1' an intimacy exi/s betwe5 ma/]s & m5-s]vants on ! "o h&1 & mi/resses & female s]vants on ! o!r4 ,s]vants n unfrequ5tly make sugge/ions 9 ref]5ce to ! well-be+ ( ! family1 & 9 _m in/ances1 dome/ic matt]s ( a grave nature are discuss$ be=e !m4#gc ,9 ,*9ese novels ! s]vant is ! confidant ( 8 ma/]1 & h>% behavi\r t[>ds slaves is only attribut$ to vici\s p]sons2#gd accord+ to ! ,div9e ,panorama1 he :o beats or injures 8 slave )\t e/imat+ ! puni%m5t by ! fault is torm5t$ 9 hell4#ge ,_m travell]s h po9t$ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! comp>atively happy condition ( slaves 9 ,*9a & ! degrad$ position ( ! =m] negro slaves 9 ,european colonies & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4#gf ,9 ,*9a1 x is obs]v$1 ! id5tity ( blood1 col\r1 race1 & habit betwe5 ma/] & s]vant1 op]ates z a re/ra9t on ! av>ice1 vices1 & cruelty ( ! =m]1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if !y 7 ( diff]5t races z 9 ,am]ica4#gg ,footnote #fd3 ,biot1 ',mmoire sur la condition des esclaves et des s]viteurs gags en ,*9e1' 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 s]4 iii4 vol4 iii4 #beg sqq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ibid4 p4 #bdi sqq4 ,footnote #ff3 ,supra1 p4 #fjg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxv4 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #fh3 ,biot1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bfj4 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 p4 #baa1 n4 #h4 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdf4 ,footnote #fi3 ,supra1 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #gj3 ,gray1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdc sqq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,biot1 op4 cit4 p4 #bib4 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxxxvii4 p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #gb3 ,biot1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bif sq4 ,giles1 op4 cit4 i4 #baa sq4 n4 #h4 ,gray1 op4 cit4 i4 #bde4 ,wells ,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #dac4 ,d\glas1 ,society 9 ,*9a1 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #gc3 ,gray1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdg4 ,footnote #gd3 ,biot1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #ge3 ,giles1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cgg4 ,footnote #gf3 ,biot1 loc4 cit4 p4 #big sq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,*9ese ,repository1 xviii4 #cfb4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 anci5t ,egypt ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 7 made slaves by ! conqu]+ race4 ,si n\s consultons les monum5ts1 says ,m4 ,aml9eau1 n\s rem>quons dans les pe9tures qui orn5t les p>ois des tombeaux de ,saqq>ah une c]ta9e race d'hommes sur laquelle ,m>iette avait dj appel l'att5tion4 4 4 4 ,je crois que ce sont l des esclaves1 vieux re/es des populations primitives s\mises p> les conqurants n\vellem5t arrivs dans la valle du ,nil1 desc5dants des premires tribus huma9es qui s'tai5t in/alles en gypt4#gh ,dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies1 :i* =m ! *ief p]iod ( ,egypt's =eign conque/s1 m5tion is frequ5tly made ( ! employm5t ( prison]s ( w> z slaves4 ,e ,ph>ao ( ^! dyna/ies rec\nts h[ he fill$ ! god ,amon's /oreh\ses ) male & female slaves f 8 #fhd spoil4 ,^! slaves are occasionally repres5t$ 9 tombs2 ?us 9 ! tomb ( ,rekhm]e "s slaves :o are mak+ bricks & build+ a wall are designat$ z ! spoil :i* 8 ,maje/y br\ght = ! con/ruction ( ! temple ( ,amon4#gi ,m4 ,aml9eau believes t slav]y 0 9 ,egypt mild] ?an 9 ,greece & ,rome4#hj ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! pity ( ! god ext5ds to slaves2 n only does he comm& t no "o %\ld ill-treat !m himself1 b he =bids t _! ma/]s %\ld be l$ to ill-treat !m4#ha ,footnote #gh3 ,aml9eau1 ,essai sur l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypt ,anci5ne1 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #gi3 ,= ^! /atem5ts ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,dr4 ,alan ,g>d9]4 ,footnote #hj3 ,aml9eau1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #ha3 ,book ( ! ,dead1 *4 #abe4 ,cf4 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #aia4 ,9 anci5t ,*alda1 b5ea? ! free ,semite & ,sum]ian population1 !re 0 a class ( slaves l>gely consi/+ ( captives f =eign races & _! desc5dants1 b cont9ually re9=c$ by individuals ( ! native race su* z f\ndl+s1 wom5 sold by _! husb&s1 *ildr5 sold by _! fa!rs1 & probably debtors :om _! cr$itors _h depriv$ ( _! lib]ty4#hb ,_! position 0 evid5tly n "o ( excessive h>d%ip4#hc ,z a rule1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to m>ry & br+ up a family2 & x seems t ma/]s1 :5 sell+ _! slaves1 z mu* z possible avoid$ sep>at+ p>5ts & *ildr54#hd ,! ma/] (t5 appr5tic$ ! *ildr5 ( 8 slaves1 & z soon z !y knew a trade he set !m up 9 bus9ess 9 8 own "n1 all[+ !m a %>e 9 ! pr(its4#he ,a slave c\ld hire himself out = wages1 & c\ld himself acquire slaves to "w = him4#hf ,he 0 ev5 entitl$ to pur*ase 8 fre$om4#hg ,la loi babyloni5ne1 says ,m4 ,opp]t1 lassait aux esclaves sur quelques po9ts #fhe plus de prrogatives que le ,code franais n'en accorde nos p\ses4#hh ,footnote #hb3 ,meissn]1 ,beitrge zur altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #f4 ,opp]t1 ',la condition des esclaves ,babylone1' 9 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres--,comptes r5dus des sances de l'anne #ahhh1 s]4 iv4 vol4 xvi4 #abb4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #gdc4 ,footnote #hc3 ,meissn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #g4 ,opp]t1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aba sqq4 ,footnote #hd3 ,opp]t1 loc4 cit4 p4 #abe sqq4 ,footnote #he3 ,kohl] & ,peis]1 ,aus dem babylonis*5 ,re*tsleb51 ii1 #eb sqq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,opp]t1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #abb1 #abh4 ,footnote #hg3 ,meissn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #g4 ,opp]t1 loc4 cit4 p4 #abb4 ,opp]t & ,mnant1 ,docum5ts juridiques de l',assyrie et de la ,*alde1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #hh3 ,opp]t1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aba4 ,among ! ,hebrews ! slave class consi/$ ( captives tak5 9 w>2#hi ( p]sons b\ght ) money f neighb\r+ nations or f =eign resid5ts 9 ! l&2#ij ( *ildr5 ( slaves born 9 ! h\se2#ia ( native ,hebrews :o _h be5 sold by _! fa!rs1#ib or :o ei!r alone or ) _! wives & *ildr5 _h fall5 into slav]y 9 consequ5ce ( pov]ty1#ic or :o _h be5 sold by ! au?orities z slaves on acc\nt ( !ft :5 unable to pay comp5sation = ! /ol5 prop]ty4#id ,to deprive an ,israelite ( 8 fre$om = any o!r reason1 to /eal him1 use him z a slave1 or sell him1 0 a crime puni%able ) dea?4#ie ,& ev5 ! ,israelite :o lo/ 8 lib]ty because he _h become poor on acc\nt ( pov]ty 0 n to be treat$ 9 ! same way z ! slave ( =eign orig94 ,he c\ld n be compell$ to s]ve z a bonds]vant1 only z a hir$ s]vant4#if ,he %\ld n be rul$ ov] ) rig\r4#ig ,he might n only be r$eem$ at any "t by 8 relatives1 b if n r$eem$ he 0 b\nd to receive 8 fre$om )\t paym5t 9 ! sev5? ye>1 & !n ! ma/] %\ld n let him g away empty1 b furni% him lib]ally out ( 8 flock1 8 floor1 & 8 w9e-press4#ih ,slaves ( =eign extraction1 on ! o!r h&1 7 n to be emancipat$1 b %\ld rema9 slaves = ev]1 desc5d+ to *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr54#ii ,b 9 no case _h ! ma/] absolute p[] ov] 8 slave4 ,:e!r ! latt] 0 an ,israelite or a =eign]1 8 life1 & to "s ext5t 8 body1 7 protect$ by law2#ajj & if a slave escap$ f a h>d ma/]1 he #fhf %\ld n be giv5 up1 b be all[$ to live unmole/$ 9 ! place :i* he %\ld *oose 9 "o ( ! cities ( ,israel4#aja ,f ev]y?+ t we read ab\t slaves among ! ,hebrews x appe>s t !y 7 reg>d$ z inf]ior memb]s ( ! family1 & t ! h\se-fa!r c>$ = _! well-be+ h>dly less ?an = t ( 8 own *ildr54#ajb ,9 ! ,talmud ma/]s are repeat$ly admoni%$ to treat _! slaves ) k9dness2#ajc traffic 9 human be+s is reg>d$ z an occupation :i* incapacitates ! deal] to sit z judge2#ajd & emancipation ( slaves is practically enc\rag$ 9 v>i\s ways1#aje 9 spite ( ! dictum ( c]ta9 rabbis t he :o emancipates 8 slave transgresses ! positive precept ( ,leviticus xxv4 #df1 ,!y %all be y\r bondm5 = ev]4#ajf ,footnote #hi3 ,deut]onomy1 xx4 #ad4 ,footnote #ij3 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #dd sqq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,g5esis1 xiv4 #ad4 ,footnote #ib3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #g4 ,footnote #ic3 ,ibid4 xxi4 #b sq4 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #ci1 #dg4 ,footnote #id3 ,exodus1 xxii4 #c4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ibid4 xxi4 #af4 ,deut]onomy1 xxiv4 #g4 ,footnote #if3 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #ci1 #dj1 #ec4 ,footnote #ig3 ,ibid4 xxv4 #dc1 #df1 #ec4 ,footnote #ih3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #b4 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #dj1 #da1 #dh sqq4 ,deut]onomy1 xv4 #ab sqq4 ,footnote #ii3 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #dd sqq4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,supra1 pp4 #dbd1 #eaf4 ,footnote #aja3 ,deut]onomy1 xxiii4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,mielz9]1 ,die ,v]hltnisse d] ,sklav5 bei d5 alt5 ,hebrern1 p4 #fa sqq42 ,&r1 ,l'esclavage *ez les anci5s ,hbreux1 p4 #adi sqq42 ,b5z+]1 ',slav]y1' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iv4 #dfeg sq4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #ei sqq4 ,see also ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxiii4 #ca3--;,if ?\ h a s]vant1 entreat him z a bro!r3 = ?\ ha/ ne$ ( him z ( ?9e own s\l4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews accord+ to ! ,talmud ,masse*e? ,synh$r91 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #aje3 ,w9t]1 ,die ,/ellung d] ,sklav5 bei d5 ,jud51 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,b]akho?1 fol4 #dg ,b1 quot$ by ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 p4 #ha4 ,r4 ,samuel1 quot$ by ,&r1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahj sq4 ,accord+ to ,islam1 a ,muhamm$an :o is born free c nev] become a slave4 ,! slave1 says ,mr4 ,lane1 is ei!r a p]son tak5 captive 9 w> or c>ri$ (f by =ce f a =eign c\ntry1 & be+ at ! "t ( capture an infidel2 or ! (fspr+ ( a female slave by ano!r slave1 or by any man :o is n h] own]1 or by h] own] if he d n ackn[l$ge himself to be ! fa!r4#ajg ,! slave %\ld be treat$ ) k9dness2 ! ,prophet said1 ,a man :o behaves ill to 8 slave w n ent] into ,p>adise4#ajh ,! ma/] %\ld give to 8 slaves ( ! food :i* he eats himself1 & ( ! clo!s ) :i* he clo!s himself4#aji ,he %\ld n #fhg ord] !m to d any?+ beyond _! p[]1 & 9 ! hot season1 dur+ ! hotte/ h\rs ( ! day1 he %\ld let !m re/4#aaj ,he may m>ry !m to :om he w1 b he may n sep>ate !m :5 m>ri$4#aaa ,he may1 g5]ally1 give !m away or sell !m z he pleases1 b he mu/ n sep>ate a "m f h] *ild4 ,! ,prophet said1 ,:oev] is ! cause ( sep>ation betwe5 "m & *ild1 by sell+ or giv+1 ,god w sep>ate him f 8 fri5ds on ! day ( resurrection4#aab ,nor is a ma/] all[$ to ali5ate a female slave :o has borne to him a *ild :i* he recognises z 8 own2 & at 8 dea? ! "m is entitl$ to emancipation4#aac ,to lib]ate a slave is reg>d$ z an act highly acceptable to ,god1 & z an expiation = c]ta9 s9s4#aad ,^! rules1 x %\ld be add$1 are n only recognis$ 9 !ory1 b d]ive additional support f g5]al usage4 ,9 ! ,muhamm$an _w ! slave g5]ally lives on easy t]ms ) 8 ma/]4 ,he is (t5 treat$ z a memb] ( ! family1 & occasionally ex]cises mu* influ5ce ^u its affairs4#aae ,9 c]ta9 c\ntries at lea/1 x is held disreputable or disgraceful = a p]son to sell 8 slave1 except p]haps 9 case ( absolute necessity or 9 consequ5ce ( intol]able behavi\r on ! "p ( ! slave4#aaf ,9 ,p]sia cu/om dem&s t on c]ta9 fe/ive occasions1 su* z ! bir? ( a *ild or a w$d+1 "o #fhh or sev]al ( ! slaves ( ! family %\ld be set free2#aag & bo? !re & 9 o!r ,muhamm$an c\ntries te/am5t>y manumissions are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4#aah ,9 ,morocco a slave is sometimes all[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty t he may e>n en\gh to buy 8 fre$om2#aai :il/ among ! ,b$\9s ( ! ,arabian ,des]t describ$ by ,burckh>dt1 slaves are always emancipat$ aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t4#abj ,no /igma atta*es to ! emancipat$ slave4 ,x has be5 truly said t 9 ,islam slav]y is reg>d$ z an accid5t1 n z a con/itution ( nature1#aba h5ce ! fre$man is socially on an equal foot+ ) a free-born citiz54 ,he may )\t discr$it m>ry 8 =m] ma/]'s daught]1 & become ! head ( ! family4 ,emancipat$ slaves h repeat$ly ris5 to ! highe/ (fices1 !y h rul$ k+doms & f\nd$ dyna/ies4#abb ,footnote #ajg3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aaf4 ,cf4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bde sq42 ,ame] ,ali1 ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #cgf sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bee4 ,lane-,poole1 ,spee*es & ,table-,talk ( ! ,prophet ,mohammad1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #aji3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #bed4 ,lane-,poole1 ,spee*es1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #bed4 ,lane-,poole1 ,spee*es1 p4 #afc4 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 pp4 #ah1 #ajb4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #aab3 ,ibid4 p4 #aae4 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #bee4 ,ame] ,all1 ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #cgd sq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #aad3 ,koran1 xxiv4 #cc4 ,ame] ,ali1 ,life ( ,mohamm$1 pp4 #cgc1 #cgg4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,snna> e lo ,sciangllah1 i4 #df4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #aae3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society1 p4 #bec sqq4 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #bea1 #bee4 ,urquh>t1 ,_s ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #djc4 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah ,mecca1 i4 #fa4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #aee4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,snna>1 i4 #df sqq4 ,loir1 ',l'esclavage en ,tunisie1' 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 s]4 iv4 vol4 xii4 #eib sq4 ,villot1 ,moeurs1 c\tumes et in/itutions des indignes de l',algrie1 p4 #bej4 ,meak91 ,moors1 p4 #acc4 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #chi 7,arabs ( ! ,sah>a74 ,pomm]ol1 ,among ! ,wom5 ( ! ,sah>a1 p4 #afa sqq4 ,dyveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #cci4 ,h\r/1 ,sur le ,nig] et au pays des ,t\>egs1 p4 #bjf 7,t\>eg74 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 ii4 #adc4 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #ehb4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #bej4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,snna>1 i4 #dg1 #bdh4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #aag3 ,polak1 op4 cit4 i4 #bej4 ,footnote #aah3 ,ibid4 i4 #bej4 ,meak91 op4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #aai3 ,meak91 op4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #abj3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ibid4 p4 #cge sq4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 pp4 #bjf1 #baa sq4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 ! my?ical legislator ( anci5t ,india1 !re are slaves ( sev5 k9ds1 namely1 he :o is made a captive "u a /&>d1 he :o s]ves = 8 daily food1 he :o is born 9 ! h\se1 he :o is b\ght & he :o is giv51 he :o is inh]it$ f ance/ors1 & he :o is enslav$ by way ( puni%m5t4#abc ,! la/ m5tion$ class consi/s ( p]sons :o h lo/ _! fre$om because !y h be5 unable to pay a debt or a f9e1 or because !y h left a religi\s ord]4#abd ,! slave is n necess>ily a ,sdra1 or memb] ( ! l[e/ ( ! f\r ,indian ca/es1 b ,k%atriyas may become ! slaves ( ,brhmanas & ,vaisyas ( ,brhmanas & ,k%atriyas4#abe ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sdras z su* 7 n slaves1 ?\gh x 0 _! duty to s]ve ! o!r ca/es2 !y *ose ! p]sons to :om !y w\ld (f] s]vice1 & claim$ adequate comp5sation4#abf #fhi ,! p[] :i* a h\se-hold] 9 ,india possess$ ov] 8 slaves is n exactly def9$2 b he is admoni%$ n to h qu>rels ) !m1 & if (f5d$ by any ( !m1 to be> x )\t res5tm5t4#abg ,9 pa/amba's ,aphorisms x is said t a p]son may at 8 pleasure /9t himself1 8 wife1 or 8 *ildr51 b by no means a slave :o does 8 "w4#abh ,elph9/one wrote 9 #ahci 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,india'3--,dome/ic slaves are treat$ exactly l s]vants1 except t !y are m reg>d$ z belong+ to ! family4 ,i d\bt if !y are ev] sold2 & !y attract little obs]vation1 z !re is no?+ app>5t to di/+ui% !m f freem54#abi ,! prie/hood ( mod]n ,buddhism tea* t !re are five ways 9 :i* a ma/] ought to assi/ 8 slave3--,he mu/ n appo9t ! "w ( *ildr5 to m51 or ( m5 to *ildr51 b to ea* accord+ to 8 /r5g?2 he mu/ give ea* "o 8 food & wages1 accord+ z !y are requir$2 :5 sick1 he mu/ free him f "w1 & provide him ) prop] m$ic9e2 :5 ! ma/] has any agreeable & sav\ry food1 he mu/ n consume ! :ole himself1 b mu/ imp>t a portion to o!rs1 ev5 to 8 slaves2 & if !y "w prop]ly = a long p]iod1 or = a giv5 p]iod1 !y mu/ be set free4#acj ,footnote #abc3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #dae4 ,footnote #abd3 ,bhl]1 9 8 translation ( ! ,laws ( ,manu1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxv4 #cbf1 n4 #dae4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid4 p4 #cbf1 n4 #dae4 ,footnote #abf3 ,+ram1 ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y & ,s]fdom1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #abg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,footnote #abh3 pa/amba1 ii4 #d4 #i4 #aa4 ,footnote #abi3 ,elph9/one1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #acj3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #ejj4 ,9 ,greece1 especially 9 e>li] times1 capture 9 w>1 piracy1 & kidnapp+ 7 common causes ( slav]y1#aca & ! condition 0 h]$it>y4 ,o!r legitimate s\rces 7 exposure ( infants1 except at ,!bes1#acb & sale ( *ildr5 by _! p>5ts4#acc ,at ,a!ns insolv5t debtors became ! slaves ( _! cr$itors up to ! "t ( ,solon2#acd & metics--t is1 resid5t ali5s--:o did n dis*>ge ! obligations impos$ on !m by ! ,/ate1 #fij 7 sold z slaves1 z 7 also =eign]s :o _h fraudul5tly possess$ !mselves ( ! rights ( citiz5s4#ace ,at lea/ 9 a lat] age ! majority ( slaves seem to h be5 ( b>b>ian orig92#acf inde$1 aft] ! ,peloponnesian w> ! pr9ciple t captives tak5 9 w>s betwe5 ,greek /ates %\ld be ransom$ & n enslav$ 0 commonly recognis$1 ?\gh n always foll[$ 9 practice4#acg ,z we h se51 ! ma/] _h n ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 slave4#ach ,at sanctu>ies ! latt] f\nd a refuge f cruel oppression4#aci ,if maltreat$ he c\ld dem& to be sold2 & he c\ld pur*ase 8 lib]ty ) 8 peculium by agreem5t ) 8 ma/]4#adj ,b by manumission he only ent]$ into an int]m$iate condition betwe5 slav]y & complete fre$om2 ?us1 at ,a!ns ! fre$man 0 9 relation to ! ,/ate a metic & 9 relation to 8 ma/] a cli5t4#ada ,dome/ic slaves (t5 liv$ on t]ms ( intimacy ) _! ma/]s1#adb b z a class slaves 7 reg>d$ ) contempt ev5 by m5 l ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! =m]1 :il/ w>n+ 8 he>]s aga9/ insol5t & unju/ behavi\r t[>ds slaves1 obs]ves t !y %\ld be treat$ ) sev]ity1 n admoni%$ z if !y 7 freem51 b puni%$1 & only address$ 9 words ( comm&4#adc ,ari/otle comp>es ! relation ( ! ma/] to 8 slave ) t ( ! s\l to ! body & ( ! craftsman to 8 tool1 & adds t !re c be fri5d%ip betwe5 !m only 9 s f> z ! slave is reg>d$ n z a slave b z a fell[ human be+4#add ,b :il/ ! /ate ( slav]y always entail$ disgrace1 ! "q 0 rais$ :e!r ! ma/]'s p[] ov] 8 slave 0 bas$ on ju/ice or #fia on =ce1 & 9 ,greece1 = ! fir/ "t1 we meet ) ! op9ion t ! in/itution ( slav]y is contr>y to ,nature1 & t x is ! law :i*1 unju/ly1 makes "o man a slave & ano!r free4#ade ,h[ev]1 ,ari/otle 0 no d\bt 9 g5]al agreem5t ) 8 age :5 he decl>$ t ! b>b>ians1 on acc\nt ( _! inf]iority1 are int5d$ by ,nature to be ! slaves ( ! ,greeks4#adf ,footnote #aca3 ,wallon1 ,hi/oire de l'esclavage dans l'antiquit1 i4 #afa sqq4 ,ri*t]1 ,die ,sklav]ei im grie*is*5 ,alt]tume1 p4 #ci sqq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,aelian1 ,hi/oria v>ia1 ii4 #g4 ,footnote #acc3 ,wallon4 op4 cit4 i4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,plut>*1 ,vita ,solonis1 xiii4 #d4 ,footnote #ace3 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 i4 #afj sq4 ,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #df4 ,footnote #acf3 ,h]mann-,blmn]1 ,lehrbu* d] grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #hf4 ,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #acg3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bjd1 #bje1 #bhc4 ,h]mann-,blmn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf sq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,supra1 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #aci3 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 i4 #caj sq4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bah sq4 ,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adj sq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,+ram1 op4 cit4 p4 #bg sq4 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 i4 #cce sq4 ,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeg4 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 i4 #cdf sqq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bab4 ,ri*t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #adc3 ,plato1 ,leges1 vi4 #ggg sq4 ,footnote #add3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 viii4 #aa4 #f sq4 ,idem1 ,politica1 i4 #e1 p4 #abed4 ,footnote #ade3 ,idem1 ,politica1 i4 #c1 p4 #abec b4 ,footnote #adf3 ,ibid4 i4 #b1 #f1 pp4 #abeb b1 #abee a4 ,see ,euripides1 ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulide1 #adjj sq4 ,! ,roman juri/s held up slav]y z a mitigation ( ! horrors ( w>3 ! capture & pres]vation ( enemies1 !y said1 0 its sole & exclusive orig9 9 ! pa/4#adg ,b 9 ,rome z else:]e1 :5 once e/abli%$1 x conta9$ 9 itself ! g]m ( ext5sion2 all ! *ildr5 ( a female slave foll[$ ! condition ( ! "m1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple applicable to ! (fspr+ ( ! l[] animals--,p>tus sequitur v5trem4 ,& soon] or lat]1 :5 ^! s\rces prov$ insuffici5t to ma9ta9 ! supply1 a regul> comm]ce 9 slaves 0 e/abli%$1 :i* 0 bas$ on ! sy/ematically prosecut$ hunt+ ( m5 9 =eign l&s4#adh ,to a mu* small] ext5t ! slave class 0 recruit$ by ,roman citiz5s--by *ildr5 sold by _! fa!rs1 by insolv5t debtors1 or by crim9als condemn$ to s]vitude z a puni%m5t = "s he9\s (f5ce4#adi ,! idea ( a ,roman becom+ ! slave ( a fell[-citiz5 0 nev] q agreeable to ! ,roman m9d4 ,accord+ to an anci5t law ! debtor1 aft] be+ made ov] to ! cr$itor1 %\ld be sold abroad or trans ,tib]im4#aej ,subsequ5tly1 9 #cbf ,b4,c41 ! cr$itor's li5 0 re/rict$ to ! goods ( 8 debtor1 if ! latt] 0 a ,roman citiz52#aea & dur+ ! ,pagan ,empire ! sale ( freeborn #fib *ildr5 by _! fa!rs 0 prohibit$4#aeb ,! p[]1 orig9ally unlimit$1 :i* ! ma/] _h ov] 8 slave 0 also1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 subject$ to limitations4 ,we h se5 t s9ce ! days ( ,claudius & ,anton9us ,pius legal *eck 0 put on ! ma/]'s "r ( kill+ 8 slave4#aec ,! ,lex ,petronia1 ,a4,d4 #fa1 =bade ma/]s to compel _! slaves to fight ) wild bea/s4#aed ,9 ! "t ( ,n]o an (ficial 0 appo9t$ to he> compla9ts ( ! wrongs done by ma/]s to _! slaves4#aee ,anton9us ,pius direct$ t slaves treat$ ) excessive cruelty1 :o _h tak5 refuge at an alt> or imp]ial image1 %\ld be sold2 & ?is provision 0 ext5d$ to cases 9 :i* ! ma/] _h employ$ a slave 9 a way degrad+ to him or b5ea? 8 "*4#aef ,9 public auctions ( slaves reg>d 0 paid to ! claims ( relation%ip1#aeg & 9 ! int]pretation ( te/am5ts x 0 assum$ t memb]s ( ! same family 7 n to be sep>at$ by ! division ( ! succession4#aeh ,9 ^? days :5 ,roman slav]y _h lo/ its orig9al patri>*al &1 to speak ) ,momms51#aei 9 "s measure innoc5t "*1 :5 ! victories ( ,rome & ! increas+ slave trade _h introduc$ into ! city innum]able slaves1 :5 ^? simpl] habits ( life :i* 9 e>ly times some:at mitigat$ ! rig\r ( ! law _h *ang$--! lot ( ! ,roman slave 0 (t5 extremely h>d1 & num]\s acts ( %ock+ cruelty 7 committ$4#afj ,b we also he>1 f ! e>ly days ( ! ,empire1 t ma/]s :o _h be5 cruel to _! slaves 7 po9t$ at ) disgu/ 9 all p>ts ( ! city1 & 7 hat$ & loa!d4#afa ,& ) a f]v\r :i* c h>dly be surpass$ ,s5eca & o!r ,/oics argu$ t ! slave is a be+ ) human dignity & human rights1 born ( ! same race z ourselves1 liv+ ! same life1 #fic & dy+ ! same dea?--9 %ort1 t our slaves are also m51 & fri5ds1 & our fell[-s]vants4#afb ,epictetus ev5 w5t s f> z to condemn altoge!r ! keep+ ( slaves1 a radicalism explicable f ! hi/ory ( 8 own life4 ,:at y avoid suff]+ y\rself1 he says1 seek n to impose on o!rs4 ,y avoid slav]y1 = in/ance2 take c>e n to enslave4 ,= if y c be> to exact slav]y f o!rs1 y appe> to h be5 y\rself a slave4#afc ,^! tea*+s c\ld n fail to influ5ce bo? legislation & public s5tim5t4 ,imbu$ ) ! ,/oic philosophy1 ! juri/s ( ! classical p]iod decl>$ t all m5 are orig9ally free by ! law ( ,nature1 & t slav]y is only an in/itution ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 by :i* "o man is made ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 9 opposition to natural "r4#afd ,footnote #adg3 ,hunt]1 ,exposition ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #afj sq4 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #c4 #c3--,slaves are call$ s]vi1 because g5]als are wont to sell _! captives1 & s to pres]ve 7s]v>e71 & n to de/roy !m4 ,!y are also call$ mancipia1 because !y are tak5 f ! enemy ) ! /rong h& 7manu capiuntur74 ,footnote #adh3 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 iii4 #cje sq4 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 ii4 #df sqq4 ,+ram1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #adi3 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ah sqq4 ,+ram1 op4 cit4 p4 #ci4 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #ab4 #c4 ,footnote #aej3 ,mack5zie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #aea3 ,livy1 ,hi/ori ,roman1 viii4 #bh4 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bi1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,supra1 p4 #fae4 ,footnote #aec3 ,supra1 p4 #dbe sq4 ,footnote #aed3 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #h4 #aa4 #b4 ,footnote #aee3 ,s5eca1 ,de b5eficiis1 iii4 #bb4 #c4 ,footnote #aef3 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 iii4 #eg sq4 ,+ram1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,hunt]1 ,exposition ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,wallon1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ec4 ,footnote #aei3 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 iii4 #cje4 ,footnote #afj3 ,see ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,morals1 i4 #cjb sq4 ,footnote #afa3 ,s5eca1 ,de clem5tia1 i4 #ah4 #c4 ,footnote #afb3 ,idem1 ,epi/ol1 #dg4 ,idem1 ,de b5eficiis1 iii4 #bh4 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 i4 #ac4 ,see also ! collection ( /atem5ts ref]r+ to slav]y made by ,holl&1 ,reign ( ! ,/oics1 p4 #ahf sqq4 ,footnote #afc3 ,epictetus1 ,fragm5ta1 #db4 ,footnote #afd3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #c4 #b4 ,consid]+ t ,*ri/ianity has commonly be5 repres5t$ z almo/ ! sole cause ( ! mitigation & f9al aboli%m5t ( slav]y 9 ,europe1 x des]ves special notice t ! *ief improvem5t 9 ! condition ( slaves at ,rome took place at s e>ly a p]iod t ,*ri/ianity c\ld h absolutely no %>e 9 x4 ,nay1 = ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] x 0 made ! (ficial religion ( ! ,empire !re 0 an almo/ complete pause 9 ! legislation on ! subject4#afe ,"u ,ju/9ian c]ta9 re=ms 7 introduc$3 --enfran*isem5t 0 facilitat$ 9 v>i\s ways2#aff ! rights ( ,roman citiz5s 7 grant$ to emancipat$ slaves1 :o _h previ\sly occupi$ an int]m$iate position betwe5 slav]y & p]fect fre$om2#afg & ?\gh ! law /ill refus$ to recognise ! m>riages ( slaves1 ,ju/9ian gave !m a legal value aft] emancipation 9 e/abli%+ rights ( succession4#afh ,b ! inf]ior position ( ! slave 0 ass]t$ z /]nly z ev]4 ,he belong$ to ! #fid corporeal prop]ty ( 8 ma/]1 he 0 reckon$ among ?+s :i* are tangible by _! nature1 l l&1 raim5t1 gold1 & silv]4#afi ,! con/itution ( ,anton9us ,pius re/ra9+ excessive sev]ity on ! "p ( ma/]s 0 en=c$1 b ! motive = ?is 0 n evangelic humanity4#agj ,x is said 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian1 ,?is decision is a j "o2 = x greatly conc]ns ! public weal1 t no "o be p]mitt$ to misuse ev5 8 own prop]ty4#aga ,footnote #afe3 ,cf4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #fd4 ,footnote #aff3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #e sqq4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ibid4 i4 #e4 #c2 iii4 #g4 #d4 ,footnote #afh3 ,ibid4 iii4 #g pr4 ,footnote #afi3 ,in/itutiones1 ii4 #b4 #a4 ,footnote #agj3 ,cf4 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #ad4 ,footnote #aga3 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #h4 #b4 ,x is curi\s to note t ! inconsi/5cy ( slav]y ) ! t5et1 ,d to o!rs z y w\ld be done by1 ?\gh emphasis$ by a pagan philosoph]1 nev] seems to h occurr$ to any ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,*ri/ianity recognis$ slav]y f ! beg9n+4 ,! pr9ciple t all m5 are spiritually equal 9 ,*ri/ does n imply t !y %\ld be socially equal 9 ! _w4 ,slav]y does n prev5t anybody f p]=m+ ! duties incumb5t on a ,*ri/ian1 x does n b> ! way to heav51 x is an ext]nal affair only1 no?+ b a "n4 ,he only is really a slave :o commits s94#agb ,slav]y is ( c\rse a burd51 b a burd5 :i* has be5 laid ^u ! back ( transgression4 ,man :5 creat$ by ,god 0 free1 & nobody 0 ! slave ( ano!r until t j man ,noah curs$ ,ham1 8 (f5d+ son2 slav]y1 !n1 is a puni%m5t s5t by ,him :o be/ kn[s h[ to proportionate puni%m5t to (f5ce4#agc ,! slave himself ought n to desire to become free1#agd nay1 if ! ma/] (f]s him fre$om he ought n to accept x4#age ,n "o ( ! ,fa!rs ev5 #fie h9ts t slav]y is unlawful or improp]4#agf ,9 ! e>ly age m>tyrs possess$ slaves1 & s did abbots1 bi%ops1 popes1 mona/]ies1 & *ur*es2#agg ,jews & pagans only 7 prohibit$ f acquir+ ,*ri/ian slaves4#agh ,s little 0 ! abolition ( slav]y ?\ght ( t a ,c\ncil at ,orleans1 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 expressly decre$ ! p]petuity ( s]vitude among ! desc5dants ( slaves4#agi ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ur* %[$ a zeal to prev5t accessions to slav]y f capture1 b h] ex]tions 7 re/rict$ to ,*ri/ian prison]s ( w>4#ahj ,z late z ! n9ete5? c5tury ! "r ( enslav+ captives 0 def5d$ by ,bi%op ,b\vi]4#aha ,footnote #agb3 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,orationes1 xiv4 #be 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xxxv4 #hia sq474 ,idem1 ,c>m9a1 i4 #b4 #bf4 #bi 7ibid4 xxxvii4 #hec72 i4 #b4 #cc4 #acc sqq4 7ibid4 xxxvii4 #icg sq474 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,9 cap4 ,,ix4 ,g5es4 ,homilia ,,xxix4 #g 7ibid4 liii4 #bgj74 ,idem1 ,9 ,epi/4 ,i4 ad ,cor4 ,homilia ,,xix4 #e 7ibid4 lxi4 #aeh74 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,9 ,epi/olam ad ,coloss5ses1 #c 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,lat4 xvii4 #dci74 ,footnote #agc3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 xix4 #ae 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xli4 #fdc sq474 ,footnote #agd3 ,/4 ,ignatius1 ,epi/ola ad ,polyc>pum1 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 v4 #gbc sq474 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,enn>atio 9 ,psalmum ,,cxxiv4 #g 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxvii4 #afec74 ,footnote #age3 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l'humanit1 iv4 #aag4 ,footnote #agf3 ,cf4 ,bab+ton1 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,promot+ ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y 9 ,europe1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ibid4 p4 #bb4 ,potgiess]1 ,comm5t>ii juris ,g]manici de /atu s]vorum1 i4 #d4 #h1 p4 #agf4 ,muratori1 ,diss]tazioni sopra le anti*it italiane1 i4 #bdd4 ,footnote #agh3 ,concilium ,toletanum ,,iv4 ,a4,d4 #fcc1 c4 #ff 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 x4 #fce74 ,blakey1 ,temporal ,b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #cig4 ,digby1 ,mores ,ca?olici1 ii4 #cda4 ,cibrano1 ,della s*iavit e del s]vaggio1 i4 #bgb4 ,rivire1 ,l'glise et l'esclavage1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #agi3 ,concilium ,aurelian5se ,,iv4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ede1 c4 #cb 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ix4 #aah sq474 ,footnote #ahj3 ,concilium ,rhem5se1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fcj1 c4 #bb 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 x4 #eig74 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #ab4 #b4 #ac sqq4 ,b>onius1 ,annales ,ecclesia/ici1 ,a4,d4 #abfc1 *4 #gd vol4 xxii4 #abd4 ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule1 ii4 #bhd sqq4 ,bab+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ea sqq41 #id sq4 ,nys1 ,le droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #aha3 ,b\vi]1 ,in/itutiones philosophic1 p4 #eff4 ,! ,apo/les rem9d$ slaves ( _! duties t[>ds _! ma/]s & ma/]s ( _! duties t[>ds _! slaves4#ahb ,! same 0 done by ,c\ncils & ,popes4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,gangra1 ab\t ! ye> #cbd1 pron\nc$ its ana!ma on anyone :o %\ld tea* a slave to despise 8 ma/] on pret5ce ( religion2#ahc & s mu* importance 0 atta*$ to ?is decree t x 0 ins]t$ 9 ! epitome ( canons :i* ,hadrian ,i4 9 #ggc pres5t$ to ,*>lemagne 9 ,rome4#ahd ,b !re are also _m in/ances 9 :i* ma/]s are recomm5d$ to %[ humanity to _! slaves4#ahe ,accord+ to ,gregory ,,ix4 #fif ! slaves :o 7 wa%$ 9 ! f\nta9 ( holy baptism %\ld be m lib]ally treat$ 9 consid]ation ( _! hav+ receiv$ s great a b5efit4#ahf ,slaves :o _h tak5 refuge f _! ma/]s 9 *ur*es or mona/]ies 7 n to be giv5 up until ! ma/] _h sworn n to puni% ! fugitive2#ahg or !y 7 nev] giv5 up1 b became slaves to ! sanctu>y4#ahh ,! ,*ur*1 z we h se51 protect$ ! life ( ! slave by excommunicat+ = a c\ple ( ye>s ma/]s :o kill$ _! slaves4#ahi ,%e prohibit$ ! sale ( ,*ri/ian slaves to ,jews & hea!n nations4#aij ,! ,c\ncil ( ,*alons1 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ord]$ t no ,*ri/ians %\ld be sold outside ! k+dom ( ,clovis1 s t !y might n get into captivity or become ! slaves ( ,jewi% ma/]s2#aia & "s ,anglo-,saxon laws simil>ly =bade ! sale ( ,*ri/ians out ( ! c\ntry1 & especially into bondage to hea!n1 t ^? s\ls p]i% n t ,*ri/ b\ght ) 8 own life4#aib ,! cl]gy sometimes remon/rat$ aga9/ slave m>kets2 b _! indignation nev] rea*$ ! trade 9 hea!n slaves1#aic nor 0 ! ma/]'s "r ( sell+ any ( 8 slaves :5ev] he pleas$ call$ 9 "q at all4 ,! ass]tion made by _m writ]s t ! ,*ur* ex]cis$ an extremely fav\rable influ5ce ^u slav]y#aid surely involves a great exagg]ation4 ,z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ma/] practically _h ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] 8 slave4#aie ,?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom ! pur*ase & #fig ! sale ( m51 z prop]ty transf]r$ f v5dor to buy]1 0 recognis$ z a legal transaction ( ! same validity ) ! sale ( o!r m]*&ise1 l& or cattle4#aif ,slaves _h a title to no?+ b subsi/5ce & clo!s f _! ma/]s1 all ! pr(its ( _! lab\r accru+ to ! latt]2 & if a ma/] f indulg5ce gave 8 slaves any peculium1 or fix$ all[ance = _! subsi/5ce1 !y _h no "r ( prop]ty 9 :at !y sav$ out ( t1 b all t !y accumulat$ belong$ to _! ma/]4#aig ,a slave or a fre$man 0 n all[$ to br+ a crim9al *>ge aga9/ a free p]son1 except 9 ! case ( a crim5 ls maje/atis1#aih & slaves 7 incapable ( be+ receiv$ z witnesses aga9/ freem54#aii ,! old di/9ction betwe5 ! m>riage ( ! freeman & ! concub9age ( ! slave 0 long recognis$ by ! ,*ur*3 slaves c\ld n m>ry1 b _h only a "r ( contub]nium1 & _! unions did n receive ! nuptial b5$iction ( a prie/4#bjj ,subsequ5tly1 :5 conjunction betwe5 slaves came to be consid]$ a lawful m>riage1 !y 7 n p]mitt$ to m>ry )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]1 & su* z transgress$ ?is rule 7 puni%$ v sev]ely1 sometimes ev5 ) dea?4#bja ,footnote #ahb3 ,ephesians1 vi4 #e sqq4 ,colossians1 iii4 #bb sqq42 iv4 #a4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,concilium ,gangr5se1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cbd1 c4 #c 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aajb1 #aajf1 #aaaj74 ,footnote #ahd3 ',epitome canonum1 quam ,hadrianus ,i4 ,c>olo magno obtulit1 ,a4,d4 ,,dcclxxiii4' 9 ,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xii4 #hfc4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,bab+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #eh sqq4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,b>onius1 ,annales ,ecclesia/ici1 ,a4,d4 #abch1 *4 #fb1 vol4 xxi4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,milman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ea4 ,rivire1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjf4 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #bdf1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ahh3 ',concilium ,k+esburi5se sub ,b]tulpho1' 9 ,wilk9s1 ,concilia ,magn ,britanni et ,hib]ni1 i4 #aha4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,supra1 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #aij3 ,concilium ,rhem5se1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fcj1 c4 #aa 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 x4 #eif74 ,concilium ,lipt95se1 ,a4,d4 #gdc1 c4 #c 7ibid4 xii4 #cga74 ,hefele1 ,beitrge zur ,kir*5ges*i*te1 i4 #bah4 ,idem1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 v4 #baa4 ,footnote #aia3 ,concilium ,cabilon5se1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fej1 c4 #i 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 x4 #aaia74 ,footnote #aib3 ,laws ( ,e!lr$1 v4 #b2 vi4 #i4 ,laws ( ,cnut1 ii4 #c4 ,footnote #aic3 ,hllmann1 ,/dtewes5 des ,mittelalt]s1 i4 #hj sq4 ,lor+ ,brace1 ,ge/a ,*ri/i1 p4 #bbi4 ,rivire1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #aid3 ,yanoski1 ,de l'abolition de l'esclavage anci5 au moy5 age1 p4 #gd sq4 ,all>d1 ,les esclaves *rti5s depuis les premi]s temps de l'glise1 p4 #dhg2 c4 ,footnote #aie3 ,supra1 p4 #dbg sq4 ,footnote #aif3 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #d4 #e1 p4 #dbi4 ,milman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #aig3 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aj1 p4 #ebh sqq4 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium ad scriptores m$i et infim ,lat9itatis1 vi4 #dea4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 i4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aih3 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #c4 #b1 p4 #fab4 ,footnote #aii3 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xxxix4 #cb1 vol4 ii1 #ajc4 ,du ,cange1 op4 cit4 vi4 #deb4 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #c4 #a1 p4 #faa4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #b4 #aj sq41 p4 #ced sq4 ,footnote #bja3 ,ibid4 ii4 #b4 #ab1 p4 #cee sq4 ,! gradual disappe>ance ( slav]y 9 ,europe dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages has also commonly be5 9 ! ma9 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*4#bjb ,b ?is op9ion is h>dly support$ by facts4 ,x is true t ! ,*ur* 9 "s degree enc\rag$ ! manumission ( slaves4 ,?\gh slav]y 0 consid]$ a #fih p]fectly lawful in/itution1 ! enfran*isem5t ( a fell[-,*ri/ian 0 deem$ a m]itori\s act1 & 0 sometimes /rongly recomm5d$ on ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,at ! close ( ! six? c5tury x 0 affirm$ t1 z ,*ri/ _h come to break ! *a9 ( our s]vitude & re/ore our primitive lib]ty1 s x 0 well = u to imitate ,him by mak+ free ^? :om ! law ( nations _h r$uc$ to slav]y2#bjc & ! same doctr9e 0 aga9 proclaim$ at v>i\s times d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury4#bjd ,9 ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod ! abbot ,sm>agdus express$ ! op9ion t among o!r good & salut>y works ea* "o ought to let slaves g free1 consid]+ t n nature b s9 _h subject$ !m to _! ma/]s4#bje ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury ! prelates ( ,france1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,s5s1 pret5d$ t x 0 an obligation ( consci5ce to accord lib]ty to all ,*ri/ians1 rely+ on a decree ( a ,c\ncil held at ,rome by ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii4#bjf ,& 9 "o ( ! lat] compilations ( ,g]man m$ival law x 0 said t ! ,"l ,jesus1 by 8 injunction to r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's1 indicat$ t no man is ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 b t e man belongs to ,god4#bjg ,slaves 7 lib]at$ = ,god's love1 or = ! rem$y or ransom ( ! s\l4#bjh ,9 ! =mul>ies ( manumission giv5 by ! monk ,m>culfus 9 ! sev5? c5tury we read1 = in/ance3--,he t releases 8 slave :o is b\nd to him1 may tru/ t ,god w recomp5se him 9 ! next _w2#bji ,= ! remission ( my s9s1 ,i absolve !e2#baj ,= ! glory #fii ( ,god's "n & = my et]nal retribution1 c4#baa ,too mu* importance1 h[ev]1 has (t5 be5 atta*$ to ^! phrases2 ! mo/ trivial occurr5ces1 su* z giv+ a book to a mona/]y1 are commonly accompani$ by simil> expressions1#bab & x appe>s f c]ta9 =mulas t slaves 7 n only lib]at$1 b also b\ght & sold1 9 ! "n ( ,god4#bac ,nor c we suppose t x 0 f religi\s motives only t manumissions 7 enc\rag$ by ! cl]gy4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t1 z dy+ p]sons 7 frequ5tly incl9$ to make consid]able donations = pi\s uses1 x 0 m imm$iately = ! int]e/ ( *ur*m51 t p ( inf]ior condition %\ld be r5d]$ capable ( acquir+ prop]ty1 & %\ld h ! free disposal ( :at !y _h acquir$4 ,x also seems t ^? :o obta9$ _! lib]ty by ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy _h to rew>d _! b5efactors1 & t ! manumission %\ld = ?is reason be confirm$ by ! ,*ur*4#bad ,& :il/ ! ,*ur* fav\r$ lib]ation ( ! slaves ( laym51 %e took c>e to prev5t lib]ation ( h] own slaves2 l a physician %e did n h]self swall[ ! m$ic9e :i* %e prescrib$ to o!rs4 ,%e all[$ ali5ation ( su* slaves only z %[$ a disposition to run away4#bae ,! ,c\ncil ( ,aga?o1 9 #ejf1 consid]$ x unfair to enfran*ise ! slaves ( mona/]ies1 see+ t ! monks !mselves 7 daily compell$ to lab\r2#baf &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! slaves ( mona/]ies 7 ev]y:]e among ! la/ :o 7 manumitt$4#bag ,9 ! sev5? c5tury a ,c\ncil at ,tol$o ?reat5$ ) damnation any bi%op :o %\ld lib]ate a slave belong+ to ! ,*ur*1 )\t giv+ #gjj due comp5sation f 8 own prop]ty1 z x 0 ?\ght impi\s to inflict a loss on ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/2#bah & accord+ to sev]al ecclesia/ical regulations no bi%op or prie/ 0 all[$ to manumit a slave 9 ! patrimony ( ! ,*ur* unless he put 9 8 place two slaves ( equal value4#bai ,nay1 ! ,*ur* 0 anxi\s n only to prev5t a r$uction ( h] slaves1 b to increase _! numb]4 ,%e zeal\sly enc\rag$ p to give up !mselves & _! po/]ity to be ! slaves ( *ur*es & mona/]ies1 to enslave _! bodies--z "s ( ! *>t]s put x--9 ord] to procure ! lib]ty ( _! s\ls4#bbj ,& 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury a ,c\ncil decre$ t ! *ildr5 ( incont95t prie/s %\ld become ! slaves ( ! *ur*es :]e _! fa!rs (ficiat$4#bba ,footnote #bjb3 ,cl>kson1 ,essay on ,slav]y1 p4 #ai1 sq4 ,biot1 ,de l'abolition de l'esclavage anci5 en ,occid5t1 p4 xi4 ,?r\1 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l'esclavage1 p4 #adg4 ,m>t91 ,hi/oire de ,france jusqu'en #aghi1 iii4 #aa1 n4 #b4 ,balmes1 ,el ,prote/antismo comp>ado con el ,catolicismo1 i4 #bhe4 ,blakey1 op4 cit4 p4 #agj4 ,yanoski1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge4 ,co*91 ,l'abolition de l'esclavage1 ii4 #cdi1 #deh4 ,littr1 tudes sur les ,b>b>es et le ,moy5 ,age1 p4 #bcj sq4 ,all>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #dij4 ,t$es*i1 ,la s*iavit1 p4 #fh4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ii4 #baf1 #bcf sqq4 ,ma9e1 ,int]national ,law1 p4 #afj4 ,kidd1 ,social ,evolution1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,epi/ol1 vi4 #ab 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 lxxvii4 #hjc sq474 ,gratian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ab4 #b4 #fh4 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 iv4 #a4 #c1 p4 #fff sq4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,bab+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #bje3 ,sm>agdus1 ,via ,regia1 #cj 7d',a*]y1 ,spicilegium1 i4 #bec74 ,footnote #bjf3 de ,b\la9villi]s1 ,hi/oire de l'anci5 g\v]nem5t de la ,france1 i4 #cab4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,speculum ,saxonum1 iii4 #db 7,golda/1 ,collectio consuetud9um et legum imp]ialium1 p4 #aeh74 ,footnote #bjh3 ,du ,cange1 op4 cit4 iv4 #dfj sqq4 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ab4 #e1 p4 #gea sqq4 ,muratori1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdi4 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbc4 ,milman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ea sq4 ,footnote #bji3 ,m>culfus1 ,=mul1 ii4 #cb 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxxxvii4 #gdg74 ,footnote #baj3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxxxvii4 #gdh74 ,footnote #baa3 ,m>culfus1 ,=mul1 ii4 #cd 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxxxvii4 #gdh74 ,footnote #bab3 ,bab+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa1 n4 #f4 ,footnote #bac3 ,=mul ,bignonian1 #b1 ',v5ditio de s]vo' 7,baluze1 ,capitul>ia regum ,francorum1 ii4 #dig73--;,dom9o magnifico fratri illi emptori1 ego 9 ,dei nom9e ille v5ditor4 ,footnote #bad3 ,mill>1 ,orig9 ( ! ,di/9ction ( ,ranks1 p4 #bgd sq4 ,footnote #bae3 ,gratian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ab4 #b4 #ed4 ,footnote #baf3 ,concilium ,aga!nse1 ,a4,d4 #ejf1 c4 #ef 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 viii4 #ccd74 ,footnote #bag3 ,hallam1 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7ed4 #ahcg71 i4 #bba4 ,footnote #bah3 ,concilium ,toletanum ,,iv4 ,a4,d4 #fcc1 c4 #fg 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 x4 #fce74 ,footnote #bai3 ,gratian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ab4 #b4 #eh4 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 iv4 #b4 #d1 p4 #fgc4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,du ,cange1 op4 cit4 iv4 #abhf4 ,potgiess]1 op4 cit4 i4 #a4 #f sq41 p4 #e sqq4 ,muratori1 op4 cit4 i4 #bcd sqq4 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbf4 ,footnote #bba3 ,concilium ,toletanum ,,ix4 ,a4,d4 #fee1 c4 #aj 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xi4 #bi74 ,! disappe>ance ( m$ival slav]y has fur!r1 to "s ext5t1 be5 attribut$ to ! ef=ts ( k+s to weak5 ! p[] ( ! nobles4#bbb ,?us ,l\is ,x4 & ,philip ! ,long ( ,france issu$ ord9ances decl>+ t1 z all m5 7 by nature free1 & z _! k+dom 0 call$ ! k+dom ( ! ,franks1 !y w\ld h ! fact to correspond ) ! "n1 & emancipat$ all p]sons 9 ! royal doma9s ^u pay+ a j comp5sation1 z an example = o!r lords to foll[4#bbc ,muratori believes t 9 ,italy ! w>s dur+ ! twelf? & foll[+ c5turies contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to ! decl9e ( slav]y1 z !re 0 a ne$ ( soldi]s & soldi]s mu/ be freem54#bbd ,accord+ to o!rs ! disappe>ance ( slav]y 0 l>gely effect$ by ! great fam9es & epidemics ) :i* ,europe 0 visit$ dur+ ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? #gja c5turies4#bbe ,! numb] ( slaves 0 also consid]ably r$uc$ by ! anci5t usage ( enslav+ prison]s ( w> be+ replac$ by ! m humane practice ( accept+ ransom = !m1 :i* became ! g5]al rule 9 ! lat] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ian captives4#bbf ,b x seems t ! *ief cause ( ! ext9ction ( slav]y 9 ,europe 0 its trans=mation into s]fdom4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 i4 #dg sq4 ,mill>1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgf sqq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,decrusy1 ,isamb]t1 & ,j\rdan1 ,recueil gnral des anci5nes lois franaises1 iii4 #ajb sqq4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,muratori1 op4 cit4 i4 #bcd sq4 ,idem1 ,r]um ,italic>um scriptores1 xviii4 #bfh1 #bib4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,biot1 op4 cit4 p4 #cah sqq4 ,saco1 ,hi/oria de la esclavitud1 iii4 #bda sqq4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,w>d1 ,enquiry into ! ,f\ndation & ,hi/ory ( ! ,law ( ,nations 9 ,europe1 i4 #bih sq4 ,bab+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #adg4 ,ayala1 ,de jure et (ficiis bellicis1 i4 #e4 #ai4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! /atutes ( "s ,italian t[ns make m5tion ( ! sale ( slaves1 :o probably 7 ,turki% captives 7,nys1 ,le droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius1 p4 #adj74 ,?is trans=mation has be5 trac$ to ! dim9i%$ supply ( slaves1 :i* made x ! int]e/ ( ea* family to pres]ve indef9itely its own h]$it>y slaves1 & to keep up _! numb] by ! me?od ( propagation4 ,! exi/5ce & physical well-be+ ( ! slave became consequ5tly an object ( great] value to 8 ma/]1 & ! latt] f\nd x mo/ pr(itable to atta* 8 slaves to c]ta9 pieces ( l&4#bbg ,moreov]1 ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd requir$ t ! slaves %\ld h a fix$ resid5ce 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma/]'s e/ate1 & :5 a slave _h ?us be5 = a long "t engag$ 9 a p>ticul> f>m1 he 0 s mu* ! bett] qualifi$ to cont9ue 9 ! managem5t ( x = ! future4 ,by degrees he !re=e came to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! /ock ^u ! gr\nd1 & 0 dispos$ ( z a "p ( ! e/ate :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to cultivate4#bbh ,footnote #bbg3 ,/or*1 ,c\rs d'conomie politique1 iv4 #bfj4 ,+ram1 op4 cit4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,mill>1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfc sqq4 ,b s]fdom itself 0 m]ely a transitory condition de/9$ to lead up to a /ate ( entire lib]ty4 ,z ! proprietor ( a l>ge e/ate c\ld n ov]see ! behavi\r ( 8 ville9s1 scatt]$ ov] a wide area ( l&1 ! only means ( excit+ _! indu/ry w\ld be to (f] !m a rew>d = ! "w :i* !y p]=m$4 ,?us1 besides ! ord9>y ma9t5ance allott$ #gjb to !m1 !y frequ5tly obta9$ a "p ( ! pr(its1 & became capable ( hav+ sep>ate prop]ty4#bbi ,9 _m cases ?is no d\bt enabl$ ! s]f to pur*ase 8 lib]ty out ( 8 e>n+s2#bcj :il/ 9 o!rs ! ma/] w\ld h an int]e/ 9 all[+ him to pay a fix$ r5t & to reta9 ! surplus = himself4 ,! l&lord 0 !n fre$ f ! haz>d ( accid5tal losses1 & obta9$ n only a c]ta91 b frequ5tly an additional1 rev5ue f 8 l&1 ow+ to ! great] ex]tions ( cultivators :o work$ = _! own b5efit2#bca & at ! same "t ! p]sonal subjection ( ! peasants naturally came to an end1 z x 0 ( no consequ5ce to ! l&lord h[ !y conduct$ !mselves provid$ t !y punctually paid ! r5ts4 ,nor 0 !re any reason to insi/ t !y %\ld rema9 9 ! f>m long] ?an !y pleas$2 = ! pr(its x af=d$ made !m commonly n m will+ to leave x ?an ! proprietor 0 to put !m away4#bcb ,ano!r factor :i* l$ to ! disappe>ance ( s]fdom 0 ! enc\ragem5t :i* ,sov]eigns1 always jeal\s ( ! great lords1 gave to ! ville9s to encroa* ^u _! au?ority4#bcc ,we h conv9c+ pro( t 9 ,engl&1 be=e ! end ( ,edw>d ,,iii4's reign1 ! ville9s f\nd !mselves suffici5tly p[]ful to protect "o ano!r1 & to )hold _! anci5t & accu/om$ s]vices f _! "l4#bcd ,9 ,g]many1 aga91 ! l&lords sometimes furni%$ _! ville9s ) arms to def5d ! cause ( _! ma/]1 & ?is und\bt$ly t5d$ to _! enfran*isem5t1 z p]sons :o are taught to use & all[$ to possess weapons w soon make #gjc !mselves respect$4#bce ,a great numb] ( ville9s also %ook (f ! fett]s ( _! s]vitude by flee+ = refuge to "s *>t]$ t[n1#bcf :]e !y became free at once1#bcg or1 m commonly1 aft] a c]ta9 /ipulat$ p]iod--a ye> & a day1#bch or m2#bci & x seems1 besides1 t ! rapid disappe>ance ( s]fdom 9 ! prosp]+ free t[ns indirectly1 by way ( example1 promot$ ! enfran*isem5t ( rural s]fs4#bdj ,!re are1 fur!r1 in/ances ( lords lib]at+ _! ville9s at ! int]cession ( _! spiritual confessors1 ! cl]gy avail+ !mselves ( e opportunity to less5 ! =midable p[] ( _! great rivals1 ! temporal nobility4#bda ,b ! influ5ce :i* ! ,*ur* ex]cis$ 9 fav\r ( ! enfran*isem5t ( s]fs 0 ev5 less ?an h] %>e 9 ! abolition ( slav]y prop]4#bdb ,%e repres5t$ s]fdom z a div9e in/itution1#bdc z a s*ool ( humility1 z a road to future glory4#bdd ,%e 0 h]self ! greate/ #gjd s]f-hold]2#bde & s /r5u\sly did %e p]si/ 9 reta9+ h] ville9s1 t aft] ,voltaire _h rais$ 8 p[]ful outcry 9 fav\r ( lib]ty & ,l\is ,,xvi4 himself _h be5 induc$ to aboli% ! "r ( s]vitude 9 consid]ation ( ! love ( humanity1 ! ,*ur* /ill refus$ to emancipate h] s]fs4#bdf ,b :il/ ! cause ( fre$om owes little to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 x owes s mu* ! m to ! feel+s ( humanity & ju/ice 9 "s ( h] oppon5ts4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,mill>1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfd4 ,simonde de ,sismondi1 ,hi/oire des rpubliques itali5nes du moy5 ge1 xvi4 #cfe sq4 ,gur>d1 ,c>tulaire de l',abbaye de ,sa9t-,pre de ,*>tres1 i4 p4 xli4 ,dunham1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]manic ,empire1 i4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see ,v9ograd(f1 ,villa9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #hg2 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 i4 #cf1 #dbg4 ,footnote #bca3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 p4 #agc4 ,mill>1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfg sqq4 ,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 i4 #cji1 #caa4 ,dunham1 op4 cit4 i4 #bbh sq4 ,on ! ineffici5cy ( slave lab\r1 see also ,/or*1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bge sqq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,mill>1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfi sq4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #cj4 ,footnote #bce3 ,dunham1 op4 cit4 i4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,guib]tus de ,novig5to1 ',de vita sua1' 9 ,b\quet1 ,r]um ,gallic>um et ,franci>um scriptores1 xii4 #beg4 ',fragm5tum hi/oricum vitam ,ludovici ,,vii4 summatim complect5s1' ibid4 xii4 #bhf4 ,beaumanoir1 op4 cit4 xlv4 #cf1 vol4 ii4 #bcg4 ,ed51 op4 cit4 i4 #cj4 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #eca sq4 ,saco1 op4 cit4 iii4 #beb4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ecb4 ,footnote #bch3 ,glanville1 ,tractates de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,regni ,angli1 v4 #e4 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #aih b1 vol4 iii4 #bib sq4 ,beaumanoir1 op4 cit4 xlv4 #cf1 vol4 ii4 #bcg4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbi1 #fdh sq4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #ccg sq4 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ecb4 ,footnote #bci3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ecb4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,ibid4 vii4 #ecc sq4 ,footnote #bda3 ,?omas ,smi?1 ,common-weal? ( ,engl&1 p4 #bej4 ,ed51 op4 cit4 i4 #aj4 ,sug5heim1 ,ges*i*te d] ,aufhebung d] ,leibeig5s*aft und ,hrigkeit 9 ,europa1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,cf4 ,rivire1 op4 cit4 p4 #eaa4 ,bab+ton says 7op4 cit4 p4 #adh sq47 t 9 ! five-hundr$ pages ( ,wilk9s' ,concilia1 :i* comprise ! ecclesia/ical docum5ts ( ! ,briti% *ur*es 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we only f9d ! foll[+ regulations conc]n+ ! unfree population3--t nei!r freem5 nor ville9s are to be imp$$ 9 mak+ _! wills :5 dea? approa*es2 t monks are n to ali5ate _! less useful slaves 7famulos72 t ,jews are n all[$ to possess ,*ri/ian slaves4--,x 0 said t he puts a disgrace on ,god :o raises a ville9 above 8 /ation 7ibid4 p4 #aej74 ,footnote #bdc3 ,adalb]o1 ,c>m5 ad ,rotb]tum regem ,francorum1 #bia1 #bib1 #big sqq4 7,b\quet1 op4 cit4 x4 #gj73--,!saurus1 ve/is1 cunctis sunt pascua s]vi4 ,nam valet +5uus s9e s]vis viv]e nullus4 4 4 4 ,triplex ergo ,dei domus e/1 qu cr$itur una4 ,nunc orant alii2 pugnant2 aliique laborant3 ,qu tria sunt simul1 et scissuram non patiuntur4 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 quot$ by ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ebb3--,non solum secundum humanam in/itutionem1 s$ etiam secundum div9am disp5sationem1 int] ,*ri/ianos sunt dom9i et s]vi4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ebc4 ,footnote #bde3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ebd4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,hettn]1 ,ges*i*te d] franzsis*5 ,lit]atur im a*tzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 p4 #afi4 ,bab+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 ,sug5heim1 op4 cit4 p4 #aef sqq4 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #ecg sq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n long aft] s]fdom _h begun to disappe> 9 ! mo/ advanc$ communities ( ,*ri/5dom a new k9d ( slav]y 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! colonies ( ,european /ates4 ,x grew up "u circum/ances p>ticul>ly fav\rable to ! employm5t ( slaves4 ,:e!r slave lab\r or free lab\r is m pr(itable to ! employ] dep5ds on ! wages ( ! free lab\r]1 & ^! aga9 dep5d on ! numb]s ( ! lab\r+ population comp>$ ) ! capital & ! l&4 ,9 ! ri* & und]peopl$ soil ( ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! balance ( ! pr(its betwe5 free & slave lab\r 0 on ! side ( slav]y4 ,h5ce slav]y 0 introduc$ !re1 & fl\ri%$1 & c\ld be aboli%$ only ) ! greate/ difficulty4#bdg ,footnote #bdg3 ,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ( ,political ,economy1 i4 #caa4 ,f a moral po9t ( view negro slav]y is int]e/+ *iefly because x exi/$ 9 ! mid/ ( a highly develop$ ,*ri/ian civilisation1 & nev]!less1 at lea/ 9 ! ,briti% colonies & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 ! mo/ brutal =m ( slav]y ev] kn[n4 ,x may be wor? :ile to consid] m closely "s po9ts ( ! legislation relat+ to x4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z else:]e1 ! /ate ( slav]y 0 h]$it>y4 ,! *ild ( a female slave 0 itself a slave & belong$ to ! own] ( its "m ev5 if its fa!r 0 a freeman1 :]eas ! *ild ( a free woman 0 #gje free ev5 if its fa!r 0 a slave4#bdh ,:5 ! slave-trade 0 prohibit$1 h]$ity rema9$ ! only legitimate s\rce ( slav]y2 b ev5 !n a freeborn negro 0 f> f safe4 ,9 ! ,briti% colonies & 9 all ! ,slave ,/ates except "o1 e negro 0 presum$ to be a slave until he c\ld prove ! rev]se4#bdi ,a man :o1 )9 ! limits ( a slave-hold+ ,/ate1 c\ld exhibit a p]son ( ,african extraction 9 8 cu/ody 0 exempt$ f all necessity ( mak+ pro( h[ he _h obta9$ him or by :at au?ority he claim$ him z a slave4 ,nay m1 ?r\gh ! direct action ( ,congress x became law t p]sons kn[n to be free %\ld be sold z slaves 9 ord] to cov] ! co/s ( imprisonm5t :i* !y _h suff]$ on acc\nt ( ! false suspicion t !y 7 runaway slaves4 ,?is law 0 repeat$ly put into effect4 ,h[ _m cr[n$ despots1 says ,pr(essor von ,hoi/1 c be m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! old _w :o h done ?+s :i* comp>e 9 accurs$ness ) ?is law to :i* ! democratic republic gave bir?8#bej ,footnote #bdh3 ,/r\d1 ,laws relat+ to ,slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #af sqq4 ,cobb1 ,inquiry into ! ,law ( ,negro ,slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #fh4 ,/eph51 ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 i4 #abb4 ,code ,noir1 dit du mois de ,m>s #afhe1 art4 #ac1 p4 #ce sq42 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #aj1 p4 #bhh sq4 ,9 ,m>yl&1 accord+ to an e>ly enactm5t1 :i* obta9$ till ! ye> #afii or #agjj1 all ! *ildr5 born ( a slave 7 slaves z _! fa!rs 7 7,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ad sqq474 ,9 ,cuba ! nobl] p>5t det]m9$ ! rank ( ! (fspr+ 7,newman1 ,anglo-,saxon ,abolition ( ,negro ,slav]y1 p4 #ag74 ,footnote #bdi3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #cfi sq4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abe1 #abf1 #acj4 ,cobb1 op4 cit4 p4 #fg4 ,:eel]1 ,treatise on ! ,law ( ,slav]y1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #bej3 von ,hol/1 ,con/itutional & ,political ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4 #cje4 ,slaves 7 def9$ z *attels p]sonal 9 ! h&s ( _! respective own]s or possessors1 & _! executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 to all int5ts & purposes :atsoev]4#bea ,9 ! ,briti% colonies & ! ,am]ican ,slave ,/ates !y 7 at all times liable to be sold or o!rwise ali5at$ at ! w ( _! ma/]s1 z absolutely z cattle1 or any o!r p]sonal effects4 ,!y 7 #gjf also liable to be sold by process ( law = satisfaction ( ! debts ( a liv+1 or ! debts or beque/s ( a deceas$ ma/]1 at ! suit ( cr$itors or legatees4 ,!y 7 transmitt$ by inh]itance or by w to heirs at law or to legatees1 & 9 ! di/ribution ( e/ates !y 7 di/ribut$ l o!r prop]ty4#beb ,no reg>d 0 paid to family ties4 ,except 9 ,l\isiana1 :]e *ildr5 "u t5 ye>s ( age c\ld n be sold sep>ately f _! mo!rs1#bec no law exi/$ to prev5t ! viol5t sep>ation ( p>5ts f _! *ildr5 or f ea* o!r4#bed ,& :at ! law did n prev5t1 ! slave-own]s did n omit do+2 ?us ,virg9ia 0 kn[n z a bre$+ place out ( :i* ! memb]s ( "o h\sehold 7 sold into e "p ( ! c\ntry4#bee ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 holds true ( ! ,briti% colonies & ,slave ,/ates only4 ,9 ! ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 & ,fr5* colonies plantation slaves 7 real e/ate1 atta*$ to ! soil !y cultivat$4 ,!y p>took !re) ( all ! re/ra9ts ^u volunt>y ali5ation to :i* ! possessor ( ! l& 0 !re liable1 & !y c\ld n be seiz$ or sold by cr$itors1 = satisfaction ( ! debts ( ! own]4#bef ,z reg>ds ! sale ( memb]s ( ! same family ! ,code ,noir expressly says1 ,ne p\rront tre saisis et v5dus sp>m5t1 le m>i et la femme1 et leurs enfans impubres1 s'ils sont t\s s\s la puissance du mme ,matre4#beg ,a slave c\ld make no contract2 he c\ld n ev5 contract m>riage1 9 ! juridical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! association :i* took place among slaves & 0 call$ m>riage 0 virtually ! same z ! ,roman contub]nium1 a relation :i* _h no sanctity & to :i* no civil rights 7 atta*$4#beh ,! ma/] c\ld :5ev] #gjg he lik$ sep>ate ! husb& & wife2 he c\ld1 if he pleas$1 commit adult]y ) ! wife1 & 0 ! absolute own] ( all ! *ildr5 born by h]4 ,a slave _h no m legal au?ority ov] 8 *ild ?an a c[ has ov] h] calf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! common rules ( sexual morality 7 n en=c$ on ! slaves4 ,!y 7 n admoni%$ = incont95ce1 nor puni%$ = adult]y1 nor prosecut$ = bigamy4 ,incont95ce 0 r ?\ght a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! slave4 ,we are told t ev5 9 ,puritan ,new ,engl& female slaves 9 m9i/]s' & magi/rates' families bore *ildr51 black or yell[1 )\t m>riage1 t no "o inquir$ :o _! fa!rs 71 & t no?+ m 0 ?\ght ( x ?an ( ! bre$+ ( %eep or sw9e4 ,& conc]n+ ! slave-qu>t]s connect$ ) ! plantations ! univ]sal te/imony 0 t ! sexes 7 !re h]d$ toge!r promiscu\sly1 l bea/s4#bei ,footnote #bea3 ,brev>d1 ,dige/ ( ! ,public ,/atute ,law ( ,s\?-,c>ol9a1 p4 #bbi4 ,pr9ce1 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ,georgia1 p4 #ggg4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,code ,noir 7dit du mois de ,m>s #afhe1 art4 #dd1 p4 #di2 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #dj1 p4 #cje7 slaves are decl>$ to be meubles4 ,footnote #beb3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #fb4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 ,goodell1 ,am]ican ,slave ,code 9 ,!ory & ,practice1 p4 #fc sqq4 ,footnote #bec3 ,peirce1 ,taylor1 & ,k+1 ,consolidation & ,revision ( ! ,/atutes ( ! ,/ate ,l\isiana1 pp4 #ebc1 #eej sq4 ,footnote #bed3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #fb sq4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #bee3 ,pe>son1 ,national ,life & ,"*1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #bef3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #fi4 ,footnote #beg3 ,code ,noir1 dit du mois de ,m>s #afhe1 art4 #dg1 p4 #ea2 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #dc1 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #beh3 ,cobb1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdj sqq4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ii4 ,goodell1 ,am]ican ,slave ,code1 p4 #aje sqq4 ,:eel]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii4 ,accord+ to ! ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana1 slaves _c m>ry )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 & _! m>riages d n produce any ( ! civil effects :i* result f su* contract 7,morgan1 ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana1 art4 #ahb1 p4 #bi74 ,footnote #bei3 ,goodell1 ,am]ican ,slave ,code1 p4 #aaa4 ,9 #ahce ! qu]y 0 pres5t$ to a ,bapti/ ,association ( m9i/]s1 :e!r1 9 case ( involunt>y sep>ation ( su* a "* z to preclude all future int]c\rse1 ! p>ties may be all[$ to m>ry aga98 ,! answ] 01 t su* sep>ation among p]sons situat$ z our slaves are1 is civilly a sep>ation by dea?1 & !y believe t1 9 ! sight ( ,god1 x w\ld be s view$4 ,to =bid second m>riages 9 su* cases w\ld be to expose ! p>ties n only to great] h>d%ips & /rong] temptations1 b to *ur* c5sure = act+ 9 ob$i5ce to _! ma/]s4 ,incid5tally "h ! fact leaks out t slave cohabitation is en=c$ by ! au?ority ( ! ma/]s = ! increase ( _! human *attels 7,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 p4 #ahe74 ,yet ?\gh slaves 7 reg>d$ z *attels1 ! ma/] c\ld n d ) 8 slave exactly :at he pleas$4 ,we h notic$ t ! life ( ! slave 0 9 "s degree1 ?\gh v insuffici5tly1 protect$ by law1#bfj & t a ma/] :o mutilat$ 8 slave 0 subject to a slight p5alty4#bfa ,! law also took c>e to prohibit ! ma/] f do+ ?+s :i* 7 consid]$ injuri\s to ! community or ! ,/ate4 ,!re 0 a great fe> ( tea*+ negroes to read & write4 ,william ,knox1 9 a tract address$ to ! v5]able ,society = propagation #gjh ( ! ,gospel 9 =eign p>ts 9 ! ye> #agfh1 rem>ks t in/ruction r5d]s !m less fit or less will+ to lab\r1 & t1 if !y 7 univ]sally taught to read1 !re w\ld und\bt$ly be a g5]al insurrection ( ! negroes lead+ to ! massacre ( _! own]s4#bfb ,a simil> fe> und]lies ! laws on ! subject :i* we meet ) 9 ! codes ( "s ( ! ,slave ,/ates4 ,accord+ to ! ,negro ,act ( #agdj = ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 any p]son :o in/ruct$ a slave 9 writ+ 0 subject to a f9e ( "o hundr$ p\nds2#bfc b ?is enactm5t 0 lat] on consid]$ too lib]al4 ,a law ( #ahcd plac$ "u ! ban all ef=ts to tea* ! col\r$ race ei!r read+ or writ+1 & ! puni%m5t 0 no long] a pecuni>y f9e only1 b1 besides1 imprisonm5t = six mon?s or a %ort] "t or1 if ! (f5d] 0 a free p]son ( col\r1 :ipp+ n exce$+ fifty la%es4#bfd ,9 ,georgia a law ( #aggj1 :i* prohibit$ ! in/ruction ( slaves 9 read+ & writ+1 0 9 #ahcc foll[$ by an act :i* ext5d$ ! prohibition to free p]sons ( col\r4#bfe ,9 ,l\isiana ! tea*+ ( slaves 0 puni%$ ) imprisonm5t = n less ?an "o mon? nor m ?an twelve mon?s4#bff ,nor? ,c>ol9a all[$ slaves to be made acqua9t$ ) ari?metical calculations1 b /]nly int]dict$ in/ruction 9 read+ & writ+2#bfg :il/ ,alabama w>r$ ) ! rudim5ts ( read+1 =bidd+ any col\r$ p]sons1 bond or free1 to be taught n only read+ & writ+1 b spell+4#bfh ,9 all ^! ,/ates ! prohibitions ref]r$ to ! ma/] ( ! slave z well z to o!r p]sons4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ma/] might tea* 8 slave :atev] he lik$1 b o!rs might n4#bfi ,footnote #bfj3 ,supra1 p4 #dbh sq4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,supra1 p4 #eag4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,knox1 ,?ree ,tracts respect+ ! ,conv]sion & ,in/ruction ( ! ,free ,indians & ,negroe ,slaves 9 ! ,colonies1 p4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,brev>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bdc4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,mc,cord1 ,/atutes at l>ge ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 vii4 #dfh4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,pr9ce1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ghe1 #feh4 ,footnote #bff3 ,peirce1 ,taylor1 & ,k+1 op4 cit4 p4 #eeb4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly at ! ,session ( #ahcf-g1 xxxiv4 #gd1 cxi4 #bg1 vol4 i4 #bji1 #egh4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,clay1 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ,alabama1 p4 #edc4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,code ( ,virg9ia1 cxcviii4 #ca sq4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #adb4 #gji ,!re is yet ano!r po9t 9 :i* ! ma/]'s p[] 0 re/rict$ 9 a mo/ unusual way3 9 _m cases he 0 n all[$ to lib]ate 8 slave1 or =midable ob/acles 7 put 9 ! way ( manumission4 ,?us1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a a slave c\ld =m]ly n be enfran*is$ except = m]itori\s s]vices2#bgj b ?is enactm5t 0 alt]$ by ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( #ahcf-ahcg1 accord+ to :i* any emancipation grant$ to any slave %all be ^u ! express condition1 t he1 %e or !y w leave ! ,/ate1 )9 n9ety days f ! grant+ !re(1 & nev] w return )9 ! ,/ate aft]w>ds4#bga ,! ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana requir$ t a slave1 to be emancipat$1 %\ld h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty ye>s & behav$ well at lea/ = f\r ye>s prec$+ ! emancipation1 unless1 inde$1 ! slave _h sav$ ! life ( 8 ma/] or ( "o ( 8 *ildr51 9 :i* case he might be set free at any age2#bgb &1 accord+ to a /atute ( #aheb1 ! emancipat$ slave %\ld be s5t out ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 twelve mon?s aft] 8 emancipation4#bgc ,9 sev]al o!r ,/ates manumission 0 likewise hamp]$ by v>i\s regulations2#bgd & ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies !re 7 re/ra9ts on manumission prior to ! ,emancipation ,act4#bge ,by an act pass$ 9 ,sa9t ,*ri/oph] 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 a tax ( #a1jjj 0 impos$ on ! manumission ( any slave :o 0 n a native (1 or _h n resid$ = two ye>s )91 ! isl&1 :il/ natives or resid5ts might be enfran*is$ at half t price4 ,b ! au?ors ( ?is act w5t fur!r /ill4 ,!y consid]$ t a ma/]1 ?\gh unwill+ to pay #ejj or #a1jjj = ! legal enfran*isem5t ( a slave1 might1 dur+ 8 own life1 make him or h] practically free by n ex]cis+ 8 own rights z ma/]4 ,h5ce #gaj !y enact$ t if any proprietor ( a slave %\ld1 by any contract 9 writ+ or o!rwise1 disp5se ) ! slave's s]vice1 or %\ld be prov$ be=e a ju/ice ( peace n to h ex]cis$ any "r ( own]%ip ov] su* slave1 & ma9ta9$ him or h] at 8 own exp5se1 )9 a mon?1 ! slave %\ld be publicly sold at v5due by ! provo/ m>%all2 & %\ld become ! prop]ty ( ! pur*as]1 & ! pur*ase-money %\ld be paid into ! colonial treasury4#bgf ,9 ,/4 ,v9c5ts "o hundr$ p\nds /]l+ 0 requir$ to be paid into ! treasury = ea* slave s\ght to be manumitt$1#bgg :il/ 9 ,b>bados a p]son m9d$ to manumit a slave %\ld pay #ej to ! *ur*w>d5 ( ! p>i% 9 :i* he resid$4#bgh ,v diff]5t 7 ! ,spani% laws on ! subject ( manumission4 ,accord+ to a law ( #aebh a negro slave :o _h s]v$ a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t 0 entitl$ to 8 lib]ty ^u ! paym5t ( a c]ta9 sum1 n less ?an tw5ty m>ks ( gold1 ! exact am\nt to be settl$ by ! royal au?orities4#bgi ,9 #aedj a law 0 issu$ to ! effect t if any negro1 or negress1 or any o!r p]sons reput$ slaves1 %\ld publicly dem& _! lib]ty1 !y %\ld be he>d1 & ju/ice be done to !m1 & c>e be tak5 t !y %\ld n on t acc\nt be maltreat$ by _! ma/]s4#bhj ,nay1 a slave :o wi%$ to *ange 8 ma/] & c\ld prevail on any o!r p]son to buy him by appraisem5t1 c\ld dem& & compel su* a transf]1#bha & a ma/] :o treat$ 8 slaves inhumanly c\ld be by ! judge depriv$ ( !m4#bhb ,9 mo/ ( ! ,briti% colonies & ,am]ican ,slave ,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 ! slave _h no legal "r to obta9 a *ange ( ma/] :5 cruel treatm5t made x necess>y = 8 relief or pres]vation4#bhc #gaa ,! exceptions to ?is rule#bhd 7 few & ( little practical value4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #bga3 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 cxi4 #eh1 vol4 i4 #ehe4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,morgan1 ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana1 art4 #ahe sq41 p4 #cj sqq4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,ibid4 ,/at4 #ah? ,m>*1 #aheb1 #a1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,brev>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bee sq4 7,s\? ,c>ol9a74 ,pr9ce1 op4 cit4 p4 #ghg 7,georgia74 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #bca 7,alabama74 ,ald5 & van ,hoes51 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ,mississippi1 p4 #gfa4 ,haywood & ,cobbs1 ,/atute ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee1 i4 #cbg sq4 ,footnote #bge3 ,cobb1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #dja sq4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,cobb1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhb sq4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,moore1 ,public ,acts pass$ by ! ,legislature ( ,b>bados1 p4 #bbd sq4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,helps1 ,spani% ,conque/ 9 ,am]ica1 iv4 #cgc4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,recopilacion de leyes de los re9os de las ,indias1 vii4 #e4 #h1 vol4 ii4 #cba4 ,footnote #bha3 ,b>re ,sa9t ,v5ant1 quot$ by ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #aai sq4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,edw>ds1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #dea4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #ajf4 ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,morgan1 ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana1 art4 #aib1 p4 #cc4 ,morehead & ,br[n1 ,dige/ ( ! ,/atute ,laws ( ,k5tucky1 ii4 #adha4 ,edw>ds1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aib 7,jamaica74 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #ajf 7"s o!r ,briti% colonies74 ,9 ! ,fr5* isl&s a negro :o _h be5 cruelly treat$1 contr>y to royal ord9ances1 0 =feit$ to ! cr[n1 & acquir$1 if n fre$om1 at lea/ deliv]ance f a tyrannical ma/] 7,code ,noir1 dit du mois de ,m>s #afhe1 art4 #db1 p4 #dh sq42 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #ch1 p4 #cjc sq472 b ! ,c\rt :i* adjudg$ ! (f5ce might also decree ! suff]] to be manumitt$ 7,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #aai74 ,?is sy/em ( slav]y1 :i* at lea/ 9 ! ,briti% colonies & ! ,slave ,/ates surpass$ 9 cruelty ! slav]y ( any pagan c\ntry anci5t or mod]n1 0 n only recognis$ by ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts1 b 0 support$ by ! l>ge bulk ( ! cl]gy1 ,ca?olic#bhe & ,prote/ant alike4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! abolitioni/ movem5t ! ,*ur*es ackn[l$g$ slav]y to be a great evil1 b ) ! mak+ ( ?is ackn[l$gm5t !y believ$ t !y _h done _! %>e1 & d5i$ t !re 0 any obligation on !m1 or ev5 t !y _h any "r1 to proce$ aga9/ ! slave-hold]s4 ,b ?+s did n /op "h4 ,! lam5tations ( resignation 7 gradually *ang$ into excuses1 & ! excuses into ju/ifications4#bhf ,! ,bible1 x 0 said1 conta9s no prohibition ( slav]y2 on ! contr>y1 slav]y is recognis$ bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,abraham1 ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful & ! fri5d ( ,god1 _h slaves2 ! ,hebrews 7 direct$ to make slaves ( ! surr\nd+ nations2 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,pet] approv$ ( ! #gab relation ( ma/] & slave :5 !y gave admonitions to bo? z to _! reciprocal behavi\r2 ! ,savi\r ,himself said no?+ 9 condemnation ( slav]y1 al?\gh x exi/$ 9 great aggravation :ile ,he 0 ^u e>?4 ,if slav]y 7 s9ful1 w\ld x h be5 too mu* to expect t ! ,almighty _h direct$ at lea/ "o little ^w aga9/ x 9 ! la/ revelation ( ,8 w8#bhg ,nay1 ,god n only p]mitt$ slav]y1 b absolutely provid$ = its p]petuity2#bhh x is ! v legislation ( ,heav5 itself2#bhi x is an in/itution :i* x is a religi\s duty to ma9ta91#bij & :i* _c be aboli%$1 because ,god is pl$g$ to su/a9 x4#bia ,accord+ to "s1 slav]y 0 f\nd$ on ! judgm5t ( ,god on a damn$ race1 ! desc5dants ( ,ham2 accord+ to o!rs1 x 0 only 9 ?is way t ! ,african c\ld be rais$ to a p>ticipation 9 ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity & civilisation4#bib ,) ! "n ( abolitioni/ 0 ?us associat$ ! idea ( infidelity1 & ! emancipation movem5t 0 br&$ z an attempt to spread ! evils ( scepticism ?r\gh ! l&4#bic ,accord+ to ,gov]nor ,macduffie1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 no human in/itution is m manife/ly consi/5t ) ! w ( ,god ?an slav]y1 & e community ought to puni% ! int]f]5ce ( abolitioni/s ) dea?1 )\t ! b5efit ( cl]gy1 reg>d+ ! au?ors ( x z enemies ( ! human race4#bid ,x is true t religi\s argum5ts 7 also adduc$ 9 fav\r ( abolition4 ,to hold m5 9 bondage 0 said to be utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! inali5able rights :i* ! ,creator _h grant$ mank9d1 & /ill m obvi\sly #gac at v>iance ) ! dictates ( ,*ri/ian love4#bie ,_m cl]gym5 also jo9$ ! abolitioni/s4 ,b x seems t 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,quak]s & ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 7 ! only religi\s bodies t reg>d$ slave-hold+ & slave-deal+ z ecclesia/ical (f5ces4#bif ,! ,am]ican ,*ur*es 7 ju/ly said to be ! bulw>ks ( ,am]ican slav]y4#big ,footnote #bhe3 ,! attempts to repres5t ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy z ard5t abolitioni/s 7,co*91 ,l'abolition de l'esclavage1 ii4 #ddc2 de ,locqu5euille1 ,l'esclavage1 ses promoteurs et ses adv]saires1 p4 #aic7 are c]ta9ly n ju/ifi$ by facts4 ,among ! ,ca?olics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 "s advocates ( emancipation1 b _! numb] 0 n l>ge 7,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 #aie sq42 ,p>k]1 ,collect$ ,works1 vi4 #abg sq474 ,dr4 ,engl&1 ! ,ca?olic bi%op ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 und]took 9 public to prove t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h always be5 ! uncompromis+ fri5d ( slave-hold+ 7,p>k]1 op4 cit4 v4 #eg74 ,9 ,brazil x 0 common = cl]gym5 n only to possess slaves1 b to buy & sell !m ) z little scruple z o!r m]*&ises 7da ,fonseca1 ,a esravido1 o cl]o e o abolicionismo1 pp4 #bh1 #cc74 ,bi%op ,b\vi] wrote 7op4 cit4 p4 #efh73--,s]vi autem dom9is suis ob$ire1 sortem suam pati5t] tol]>e et (ficia sibi imposita fidelit] exsequi deb5t1 quoadusque lib]tas ipsis conc$atur4 ,mem9]9t prs5tem vitam esse mom5taneam1 futuram v]o t]nam4 ,footnote #bhf3 von ,hol/1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bca sqq4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,b>nes1 ,! ,*ur* & ,slav]y1 p4 #ae4 ,birney1 ,lett] to ! ,*ur*es1 p4 #c sq4 ,bl$soe1 ,essay on ,lib]ty & ,slav]y1 p4 #ach sqq4 ,g]rit ,smi?1 ,lett] to ,rev4 ,james ,smylie1 p4 #c4 ,cobb1 op4 cit4 p4 #ed sqq4 ,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 pp4 #aed-aef1 #afg1 #agf1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahf1 c4 ,p>k]1 ,collect$ ,works1 v4 #aeg4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,?ornton1 quot$ by ,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 p4 #adg4 ,fisk1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,bl$soe1 op4 cit4 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #bij3 ,smylie1 quot$ by ,g]rit ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #bia3 ,quot$ by ,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #bib3 ,b>nes1 op4 cit4 p4 #af4 ,footnote #bic3 ,ibid4 p4 #ah4 ,newman1 ,anglo-,saxon ,abolition ( ,negro ,slav]y1 p4 #ef4 ,bl$soe1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #bid3 ,newman1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec4 von ,hol/1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aah1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #bie3 ,gurney1 ,views & ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 p4 #cij4 ',anti-,slav]y ,decl>ation ( #ahcc1' quot$ by ,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 p4 #cih4 ,birney1 ,second ,lett]1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #bif3 ,p>k]1 op4 cit4 v4 #ef4 ,footnote #big3 von ,hol/1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcj4 ,nobody w\ld suppose t ?is attitude t[>ds slav]y 0 due to religi\s zeal4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? cases1 only too frequ5t 9 ! hi/ory ( morals1 9 :i* religion is call$ 9 to l5d its sanction to a social in/itution agreeable to ! lead]s ( religi\s op9ion4 ,_m cl]gym5 & mission>ies 7 !mselves slave-hold]s1#bih ! *apel funds l>gely re/$ on slave prop]ty1#bii & ! m9i/]s naturally desir$ to be on fri5dly t]ms ) ! m important memb]s ( _! respective congregations1 :o 7 commonly own]s ( slaves4 ,adam ,smi? obs]ves t ! resolution ( ! ,quak]s 9 ,p5nsylvania to set at lib]ty all _! slaves1 0 due to ! fact t ! pr9cipal produce !re 0 corn1 ! rais+ ( :i* _c af=d ! exp5se ( slave cultivation2 _h ! slaves made any consid]able "p ( _! prop]ty1 su* a resolution c\ld nev] h be5 agre$ to4#cjj ,footnote #bih3 ,b>nes1 op4 cit4 p4 #ac4 ,goodell1 ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 pp4 #aea1 #ahf sq4 ,footnote #bii3 ,newman1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,weal? ( ,nations1 p4 #agb4 ,to expla9 ! e/abli%m5t ( colonial slav]y1 ! difficulties 9 ! way ( its abolition1 & ! laws relat+ to x1 x is necess>y to consid] n only economic conditions & ! motive ( self-int]e/1 b1 z a factor ( equal importance1 ! want ( sympa?y =1 or positive antipa?y to1 ! col\r$ race4 ,! negro 0 look$ ^u almo/ z an animal1 accord+ to "s he 0 a be+ )\t a s\l4#cja ,ev5 :5 free he 0 a p>iah1 subject to special laws & regulations4 ,9 ! ,code ( #gad ,l\isiana x is said3--,free p ( col\r ought nev] to insult or /rike :ite p1 nor presume to conceive !mselves equal to ! :ites2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y ought to yield to !m on e occasion1 & nev] speak or answ] !m b ) respect1 "u ! p5alty ( imprisonm5t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! (f5ce4#cjb ,! ,code ,noir prohibit$ :ite m5 & wom5 f m>ry+ negroes1 pe9e de punition et d'am5de arbitraire2#cjc & 9 ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a we read3--,if any :ite man or woman1 be+ free1 %all int]m>ry ) an ,indian1 negro1 mu/ee or mulatto man or woman1 or any p]son ( mix$ blood to ! ?ird g5]ation1 bond or free1 he %all1 by judgm5t ( ! c\nty c\rt1 =feit & pay ! sum ( "o hundr$ doll>s to ! use ( ! c\nty4#cjd ,9 ,mississippi a free negro or mulatto 0 legally puni%$ ) ?irty-n9e la%es if he ex]cis$ ! functions ( a m9i/] ( ! ,gospel4#cje ,col\r$ m5 9 ! ,nor? 7 exclud$ f colleges & high s*ools1 f !ological sem9>ies & f respectable *ur*es1 z also f ! t[n hall1 ! ballot1 & ! cemet]y :]e :ite p 7 int]r$4#cjf ,! ,anglo-,saxon av]sion to ! black race is ?us express$ by an ,engli% writ]3--,we hate slav]y1 b we hate ! negroes /ill m4#cjg ,among ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese racial antipa?ies 7 n s /rong1 & _! slaves 7 consequ5tly bett] treat$4#cjh ,footnote #cja3 von ,hol/1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgi4 ,mallo*1 ',h[ ! ,*ur* dealt ) ,slav]y1' 9 ,! ,mon?1 xxvii4 #ded4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,quot$ by ,/r\d1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,code ,noir1 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #f1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 lxxi4 #e1 vol4 i4 #chf sq4 ,footnote #cje3 ,ald5 & van ,hoes51 op4 cit4 p4 #gga4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,p>k]1 op4 cit4 v4 #eh4 ,goodell ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,sew>d1 quot$ by ,newman1 ,abolition ( ,negro ,slav]y1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,c\ty1 ,l'esclavage au ,brsil1 p4 #h sqq4 ,?us we notice 9 ! op9ions reg>d+ slav]y ?r\gh\t ! same di/9ction z 9 ! judgm5ts on o!r matt]s ( moral conc]n4 ,a p]son is1 z a rule1 all[$ to enslave or to keep z slaves only p]sons belong+ to a diff]5t community or a diff]5t race f 8 own1 or _! desc5dants4 ,to deprive anybody ( 8 lib]ty is to inflict an injury on him1 & is reg>d$ z #gae wrong :5ev] ! act gives rise to sympa!tic res5tm5t1 :]eas no?+ is ?\ght ( x :]e no sympa?y is felt = its victim4 ,?us1 :il/ slav]y gr[s up only "u economic conditions fav\rable to slave lab\r1 x is always limit$ by feel+s ( an altrui/ic "*1 & :]e ^! feel+s are suffici5tly broad & p[]ful x is n tol]at$ at all4 ,! same factor also influ5ces ! condition ( ! slaves :]e slav]y exi/s4 ,we h se5 t native slaves are bett] treat$ ?an =eign ones & slaves born 9 ! h\sehold bett] ?an ^? :o h be5 captur$ or pur*as$4 ,! advancem5t ( a nation1 aga91 is frequ5tly att5d$ ) great] sev]ity 9 ! treatm5t ( ! slaves1 because1 :il/ ! simplicity ( e>ly ages admits ( little di/9ction betwe5 ! ma/] & 8 s]vants 9 _! employm5ts & mann] ( liv+1 ! introduction ( weal? & luxury gradually de/roys ! equality4 ,besides1 ! numb] ( slaves ma9ta9$ 9 a weal?y nation makes !m =midable bo? to _! own]s & to ! ,/ate1 h5ce x is necess>y t !y %\ld be /rictly wat*$ & kept 9 ! utmo/ subjection4#cji ,footnote #cji3 ,mill>1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef sqq4 ,! condition ( slaves is 9 v>i\s respects influ5c$ by ! selfi% consid]ations ( _! ma/]s4 ,/u>t ,mill obs]ves3--,:51 z among ! anci5ts1 ! slave-m>ket c\ld only be suppli$ by captives ei!r tak5 9 w>1 or kidnapp$ f ?9ly scatt]$ tribes on ! remote conf9es ( ! human _w1 x 0 g5]ally m pr(itable to keep up ! numb] by bre$+1 :i* necessitates a f> bett] treatm5t ( !m1 & = ?is reason1 jo9$ ) sev]al o!rs1 ! condition ( slaves 4 4 4 0 probably mu* less bad 9 ! anci5t _w1 ?an 9 ! colonies ( mod]n nations4#caj ,among ! ,b$\9s1 says ,burckh>dt1 ! slaves are treat$ ) k9dness1 & seldom beat51 z sev]ity might induce !m to run away4#caa ,sup]/ition may also help to #gaf improve ! lot ( ! slave4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa ! au?ority :i* a ma/] ex]cises ov] a slave is v mu* modifi$ by 8 con/itutional dread ( wit*craft4 ,if he treats 8 slave unk9dly1 or inflicts unm]it$ puni%m5t ^u him1 he exposes himself to all ! ma*9ations ( wit*craft :i* t slave may be able to comm&4#cab ,x is said 9 ! ,prov]bs1 ,accuse n a s]vant unto 8 ma/]1 le/ he curse !e1 & ?\ be f\nd guilty4#cac ,! same dang] ?reat5s ! cruel ma/]4 ,we read 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ,?y man-s]vant or ?y maid-s]vant :o tru/ 9 ! same ,god1 ?\ %alt n comm& ) bitt]ness ( _s2 le/ !y groan aga9/ !e1 & wra? be ^u !e f ,god4#cad ,footnote #caj3 ,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 i4 #cjg4 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #gja4 ,footnote #caa3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #cab3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bga4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #agi2 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #ahj sqq42 ,du ,*aillu1 ,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 p4 #cca2 ,l&tman1 ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood1 p4 #aih1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #cac3 ,prov]bs1 xxx4 #aj4 ,footnote #cad3 ,con/itutiones ,apo/olic1 vii4 #ac4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,,l[e ,,brydone 7,,pr9t]s7 ,,ltd41 ,london1 ,n4,w4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,macmillan icon ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london 4 ,,bombay 4 ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,,*icago ,,dallas 4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,,by ,,edw>d ,,we/]m>ck ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 7,ab]de57 ,,m>t9 ,,:ite ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sociology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,f9l&1 ,,hels9=s ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,human ,,m>riage1 ,,m>riage ,,c]emonies ,,9 ,,morocco1 ,,etc ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,second ,,edition ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiag ,,copyright ,fir/ ,edition1 #aijh ,second ,edition1 #aiag ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,:ile ! text ( ! fir/ edition has be5 left almo/ un*ang$1 "s notes h be5 add$ at ! end ( x4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,london1 ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty ,! mean+ ( ! t]m prop]ty1 p4 #a4--,savages accus$ ( ?ievi%ness1 p4 #b4--,!ft condemn$ by savages1 pp4 #b-ac4--,! condemnation ( !ft influ5c$ by ! value ( ! goods /ol51 pp4 #ac-ae4--,! /eal+ ( objects ( a c]ta9 k9d puni%$ ) p>ticul> sev]ity1 p4 #ad4--,! appropriation ( a small quantity ( food n puni%$ at all1 p4 #ad sq4--,exceptions to ! rule t ! puni%m5t ( !ft is influ5c$ by ! wor? or nature ( ! appropriat$ prop]ty1 p4 #ae4--,! degree ( crim9ality atta*$ to !ft influ5c$ by ! place :]e x is committ$1 p4 #ae sq4--,a !ft committ$ by night puni%$ m heavily ?an "o committ$ by day1 p4 #af4--;,di/9ction made betwe5 ord9>y !ft & robb]y1 p4 #af sq4--,di/9ction made betwe5 manife/ & non-manife/ !ft1 p4 #ag4--,successful ?ieves n disapprov$ ( b r admir$1 pp4 #ag-ai4--,! moral valuation ( !ft influ5c$ by ! social position ( ! ?ief & ( ! p]son robb$1 p4 #ai sq4--,v>ies accord+ z ! victim is a tribesman or fell[-c\ntryman or a /rang]1 pp4 #bj-be4--,! treatm5t ( %ip-wreck$ p 9 ,europe1 p4 #be4--,! de/ruction ( prop]ty held legitimate 9 w>f>e1 p4 #be sq4--,! seizure ( private prop]ty 9 w>1 p4 #bf sq4--,milit>y contributions & requisitions levi$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ! ho/ile t]ritory1 p4 #bg4--,propriet>y incapacities ( *ildr51 p4 #bg sq4--,( wom51 pp4 #bh-ca4--,( slaves1 pp4 #ca-cc4--,! !ory t nobody b ! *ief or k+ has propriet>y rights1 p4 #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty 7conclud$7 ,acquisition ( prop]ty by occupation1 pp4 #ce-ci4--;,by keep+ possession ( a ?+1 pp4 #ci-da4--;,by lab\r1 pp4 #da-dc4--;,by a transf] ( prop]ty by its own]1 p4 #dc4--;,by inh]itance1 pp4 #dd-di4--;,by ! fact t own]%ip 9 a ?+ directly foll[s f own]%ip 9 ano!r ?+1 p4 #di sq4--,by ! cu/om :i* prescribes community ( goods1 p4 #ej4--,! orig9 ( propriet>y rights & ( ! v>i\s modes ( acquisition1 pp4 #ea-eg4 --,explanation ( ! incapacity ( *ildr51 wives1 & slaves to acquire prop]ty1 p4 #eg4--,:y ! moral judgm5ts v>y ) reg>d to diff]5t acts ( !ft1 pp4 #eg-ei4--,!ft viii suppos$ to be av5g$ by sup]natural p[]s1 pp4 #ei-fi4--,! remov+ ( l&m>ks reg>d$ z sacrilegi\s1 p4 #fj sq4 --,curs+ z a me?od ( puni%+ ?ieves or compell+ !m to re/ore :at !y h /ol51 p4 #fb sq4--,curs+ z a means ( prev5t+ !ft1 pp4 #fc-fg4--,spirits or gods invok$ 9 curses ref]r+ to !ft1 p4 #ff sq4--,:y gods take notice ( (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty1 pp4 #fg-fi4--,! belief t ?ieves w be puni%$ aft] dea?1 p4 #fi4--,! opposition aga9/ ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( own]%ip1 pp4 #fi-ga4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,reg>d ,,= ,,tru? ,,& ,,good ,,fai? ,def9ition ( ly+1 p4 #gb4--,( good fai?1 ibid4--,! reg>d = tru? & good fai? among uncivilis$ races1 pp4 #gb-hh4 --,=eign]s visit+ a savage tribe apt to und]rate its v]acity1 pp4 #hf-hh4--,! reg>d = tru? v>ies accord+ z ! p]son conc]n$ is a =eign] or a tribesman1 p4 #hg sq4--,! reg>d = tru? & good fai? among ! ,*9ese1 p4 #hh sq4--,among ! ,japanese1 ,burmese1 & ,siamese1 p4 #hi4 --,among ! ,h9dus1 pp4 #hi-ib4--;,9 ,buddhism1 p4 #ib4--;,among ! anci5t ,p]sians1 p4 #ic sq4--,among ,muhamm$an peoples1 p4 #id4 --,9 anci5t ,greece1 pp4 #id-if4--;,9 anci5t ,rome1 p4 #if4--;,among ! anci5t ,sc&9avians1 p4 #if sq4--,among ! anci5t ,iri%1 p4 #ig4--;,among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 pp4 #ig-ii4--;,9 ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #ii-aja4--;,9 ! code ( ,*ivalry1 p4 #aja sq4--,9 ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 p4 #ajb sq4--,9 mod]n ,europe1 pp4 #ajc-ajf4--,! views ( philosoph]s1 ibid4--,deceit 9 ! relations betwe5 diff]5t /ates1 9 peace & w>1 pp4 #ajf-ajh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,reg>d ,,= ,,tru? ,,& ,,good ,,fai? 7conclud$7 ,explanation ( ! moral ideas conc]n+ tru?fulness & good fai?1 pp4 #aji-aca4--,:5 detect$ a deception implies a conflict betwe5 two irreconcilable ideas1 :i* causes pa91 p4 #aji4--,m5 l to "k ! tru?1 p4 #aji sq4--,! importance ( kn[+ ! tru?1 p4 #aaj4--;,deception humiliat+1 ibid4--,a lie or brea* ( fai? held m condemnable 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! h>m caus$ by x1 ibid4--,! importance ( tru?fulness & fidelity ev5 9 app>5tly trifl+ cases1 p4 #aaj sq4--,deceit held p]missible or obligatory :5 promot+ ! true int]e/ ( ! p]son subject to x1 p4 #aaa4--,! moral valuation ( an act ( falsehood influ5c$ by its motive1 p4 #aaa sq4--,! op9ion t no motive c ju/ify an act ( falsehood1 p4 #aab4--,:y falsehood is held p]missible1 or praisewor?y1 or obligatory1 :5 direct$ aga9/ a /rang]1 ibid4--,deceit condemn$ z c[>dly1 p4 #aac4--;,a clev] lie admir$ or approv$ (1 p4 #aad4--,! duties ( s9c]ity & good fai? to "s ext5t f\nd$ on prud5tial consid]ations1 pp4 #aad-abd4--,ly+ att5d$ ) sup]natural dang]1 ibid4--,a my/ic efficacy ascrib$ to ! untrue ^w1 pp4 #aaf-aah4--,! efficacy ( oa?s & ! me?ods ( *>g+ !m ) sup]natural en]gy1 pp4 #aah-abb4--,oa?s conta9+ appeals to sup]natural be+s1 pp4 #abj-abb4--;,by be+ frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 oa?s a god may come to be look$ ^u z a gu>dian ( v]acity & good fai?1 p4 #abc4--,! influ5ce ( oa?-tak+ ^u v]acity1 p4 #abc sq4--,! influ5ce ( education ^u ! reg>d = tru?1 p4 #abd4--,! influ5ce ix ( habit ^u ! reg>d = tru?1 p4 #abe4--,natural to speak ! tru?1 p4 #abe sq4--,int]c\rse ) /rang]s de/ructive to savage v]acity1 pp4 #abf-abi4--,social incoh]5ce apt to lead to deceitful habits1 p4 #abi4--,social diff]5tiation a cause ( deception1 p4 #abi sq4--,oppression an inducem5t to falsehood1 p4 #acj sq4--,! duty ( in=m+ o!r p]sons ( ! tru?1 p4 #aca4--,! reg>d = k1 pp4 #aca-acf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,respect ,,= ,,o!r ,,m5',s ,,hon\r ,,& ,,self-,,reg>d+ ,,pride--,,polit5ess ,def9ition ( hon\r1 p4 #acg4--,! feel+ ( self-reg>d+ pride 9 animals1 p4 #acg sq4--,9 savages1 pp4 #ach-adj4--,! moral disapproval ( insults1 pp4 #adj-adb4--,! condemnation ( an insult influ5c$ by ! /atus (1 or ! relations betwe51 ! p>ties conc]n$1 p4 #adb sq4--,pride disapprov$ ( & humility prais$ z a virtue or enjo9$ z a duty1 p4 #add sq4--,humility an object ( c5sure1 p4 #ade sq4--,deviation f :at is usual ar\ses a suspicion ( arrogance1 p4 #adf4 --,polit5ess a duty r ?an a virtue1 ibid4--,_m savages conspicu\s = _! civility1 p4 #adf sq4--,polit5ess a *>act]i/ic ( all ! great nations ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #adg sq4--,! c\rtesies ( ,*ivalry1 p4 #adh4--,! dem&s ( polit5ess ref] to all sorts ( social int]c\rse & v>y indef9itely 9 detail1 p4 #adh sq4--,salutations1 pp4 #adi-aea4 --,! rule ( polit5ess mo/ exact+ 9 relation to sup]iors1 p4 #aea sq4--,polit5ess %[n by m5 to wom51 p4 #aeb4 --,polit5ess %[n to /rang]s1 ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,reg>d ,,= ,,o!r ,,p]sons' ,,happ9ess ,,9 ,,g5]al--,,gratitude--,,patriotism ,,& ,,cosmopolitanism ,! reg>d = o!r p]sons' happ9ess 9 g5]al1 p4 #aec sq4--,! moral ideas conc]n+ conduct :i* affects o!r p]sons' welf>e influ5c$ by ! relation%ip betwe5 ! p>ties1 pp4 #aed-aff4--,! feel+ ( gratitude said to be lack+ 9 _m uncivilis$ races1 pp4 #aee-aeg4--;,criticism ( /atem5ts to ?is effect1 pp4 #aeg-afa4--,savages describ$ z grateful = b5efits be/[$ on !m1 pp4 #afa-afe4--;,gratitude repres5t$ z an object ( praise or its abs5ce z an object ( disapproval1 p4 #afe sq4--,:y ungratefulness is disapprov$ (1 p4 #aff4--,! patriotic s5tim5t def9$1 p4 #afg4--,?\gh h>dly to be f\nd among ! l[] savages1 x seems to be f> f unkn[n among uncultur$ peoples ( a high] type1 p4 #afg sq4--,_m ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* patriotism prop] has gr[n cle>ly di/+ui%able among savages1 ev5 ! l[e/1 pp4 #afh-agb4--,national conceit1 pp4 #agj-agd4--,! relation betwe5 ! national feel+ & ! religi\s feel+1 p4 #agd sq4--,! patriotism ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 p4 #age sq4--,! moral valuation ( patriotism1 p4 #agf4--;,duties to mank9d at l>ge1 pp4 #agf-agi4--,! ideal ( patriotism reject$ by ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s1 p4 #agg sq4--,by ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #agh sq4--,! lack ( patriotism & national feel+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #agi-aha4--,! developm5t ( ! national feel+ 9 ,engl&1 p4 #aha sq4--,9 ,france1 p4 #ahb4--,! cosmopolitanism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 p4 #ahb sq4--,european patriotism aft] ! ,fr5* revolution1 p4 #ahc sq4--,! !ory cf nationalism1 p4 #ahd4--,! cosmopolitan _s1 p4 #ahd sq4 x ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,altrui/ic ,,s5tim5t ,mat]nal affection1 pp4 #ahf-ahi4--,pr(4 ,esp9as's !ory1 p4 #ahf sq4--,pr(4 ,ba9's !ory1 p4 #ahg sq4--,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory1 p4 #ahh4--;,di/9ction betwe5 mat]nal love & ! m]e love ( ! helpless1 p4 #ahh sq4--,! pat]nal in/9ct1 p4 #ahi sq4--,conjugal atta*m5t1 pp4 #aij-aib4--,! duration ( conjugal atta*m5t1 p4 #aib sq4--,! duration ( p>5tal affection1 p4 #aic4--;,filial affection1 p4 #aid4--,man orig9ally1 z x seems1 n a greg>i\s animal1 p4 #aie sq4--,h[ he became greg>i\s1 p4 #aif sq4--,! greg>i\s in/9ct1 p4 #aig4 --,social affection1 p4 #aig sq4--,! evolution ( social aggregates influ5c$ by economic conditions1 pp4 #aih-bja4--,! social aggregates ( savages :o "k nei!r cattle-re>+ nor agriculture1 pp4 #aih-bjj4--,( pa/oral peoples1 p4 #bja4--,( peoples subsi/+ on agriculture1 ibid4--,social units bas$ on m>riage or a common desc5t1 p4 #bja sq4--,! social =ce 9 k9%ip1 pp4 #bjb-bjd4--,mr4 ,h>tl&'s !ory1 pp4 #bjd-bjf4--,! blood-cov5ant1 pp4 #bjf-bji4--,! social influ5ce ( a common cult among savages1 pp4 #bji-bac4--,! f\r g5]ations ( ! ,*9ese1 p4 #bac4--,traces ( a clan organisation 9 ,*9a1 p4 #bac sq4--,! jo9t family among s-call$ ,aryan peoples1 pp4 #bad-baf4--,village communities1 clans1 phratries1 & tribes among ^! peoples1 pp4 #baf-bbj4--,! preval5ce ( ! pat]nal sy/em ( desc5t among ! peoples ( ar*aic culture1 p4 #bbj4--;,associations ( tribes among uncivilis$ races1 p4 #bbj sq4--,civilisation only ?rives 9 /ates1 p4 #bba sq4--,! orig9 ( /ates p4 #bbb4--,! influ5ce ( ! ,/ate ^u ! small] units ( :i* x is compos$1 p4 #bbb sq4--,! ,/ate & ! notion ( a common desc5t1 pp4 #bbc-bbe4--,! ar*aic ,/ate n only a political b a religi\s community1 p4 #bbe sq4--,! national importance ( a common religion1 p4 #bbf4--,! influ5ce ( social developm5t ^u ! altrui/ic s5tim5t1 p4 #bbf sq4--,! altrui/ic s5tim5t has n necess>ily ref]5ce only to individuals belong+ to ! same social unit1 p4 #bbg sq4--,! expansion ( altruism 9 mank9d1 p4 #bbh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,suicide ,suicide & civilisation1 p4 #bbi4--,suicide said to be unkn[n among sev]al uncivilis$ races1 p4 #bbi sq4--,! preval5ce ( suicide among savages & b>b>ians1 pp4 #bcj-bcb4--,! causes ( suicide among savages1 pp #bcb-bce4--,! moral valuation ( suicide among savages1 pp4 #bce-bda4--,! fate ( self-murd]]s aft] dea?1 pp4 #bce-bci4--,! treatm5t ( ! bodies ( suicides among uncivilis$ races1 pp4 #bch-bdj4--,! op9ions z to suicide 9 ,*9a1 pp4 #bda-bdc4--;,9 ,japan1 p4 #bdc sq4--,among ! ,h9dus1 pp4 #bdd-bdf4--;,among ,buddhi/s1 p4 #bdf4--;,among ! ,hebrews1 p4 #bdf sq4--,among ,muhamm$ans1 p4 #bdg4--;,9 anci5t ,greece1 pp4 #bdg-bdi4--;,among classical philosoph]s1 pp4 #bdh-bej4--;,9 anci5t ,rome1 p4 #bej sq4--,among ! ,*ri/ians1 pp4 #bea-bed4--,:y suicide 0 condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 pp4 #beb-bed4--,! secul> legislation influ5c$ by ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 p4 #bed4--,! treatm5t ( suicides' bodies 9 ,europe1 pp4 #bed-beg4--,m humane feel+s t[>ds suicides 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #beg sq4--,attacks ^u ! views ( ! ,*ur* & ^u ! laws ( ! ,/ate conc]n+ suicide1 pp4 #beh-bfj4--,mod]n philosoph]s' argum5ts aga9/ suicide1 xi p4 #bfj sq4--,! legislation on ! subject *ang$1 p4 #bfa4--;,explanation ( ! moral ideas conc]n+ suicide1 pp4 #bfa-bfc4--;,criticism ( ,pr(4 ,durkheim's op9ion z to ! moral valuation ( suicide 9 ! future1 p4 #bfc sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,self-,,reg>d+ ,,duties ,,& ,,virtues--,,indu/ry--,,re/ ,g5]al /atem5ts ref]r+ to ! nature & orig9 ( self-reg>d+ duties & virtues1 pp4 #bfe-bfh4--,man naturally incl9$ to idl5ess1 pp4 #bfh-bga4--;,among savages ei!r necessity or compulsion almo/ ! sole inducem5t to indu/ry1 ibid4--,savages :o enjo9 "w z a duty or reg>d indu/ry z a virtue1 p4 #bga sq4--,indu/rial activity look$ d[n ^u z disreputable = a free man1 p4 #bgb sq4--,contempt = trade1 p4 #bgd4 ,progress 9 civilisation implies an increase ( indu/ry & leads to condemnation ( idl5ess1 ibid4--,idl5ess prohibit$ by law 9 anci5t ,p]u p4 #bgd sq4--,indu/ry enjo9$ 9 anci5t ,p]sia1 p4 #bge sq4--,9 anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #bgf4--;,9 anci5t ,greece1 p4 #bgf sq4--,greek views on agriculture1 p4 #bgg4--,on trade & h&icrafts1 p4 #bgh sq4--,roman views on lab\r1 p4 #bgi sq4--,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e on ! subject1 pp4 #bhj-bhb4 --,n applicable to laym51 p4 #bhb4--,mod]n views on lab\r1 p4 #bhb sq4--,re/ reg>d$ z a duty1 p4 #bhc4--,"w susp5d$ aft] a dea?1 p4 #bhc sq4--,on c]ta9 o!r occasions1 especially 9 connection ) *anges 9 ! moon1 pp4 #bhd-bhf4 --,taboo$ days among ! peoples ( ,semitic /ock1 pp4 #bhf-bhh4 --,! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 p4 #bhf sq4--,! sev5? day among ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians1 p4 #bhg sq4--,! ,*ri/ian ,sunday1 p4 #bhh sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,re/rictions ,,9 ,,diet ,! gluttony ( savages & _! views on x1 p4 #bij sq4--,at high] /ages ( culture intemp]ance (t5 subject to c5sure1 p4 #bia4--,views on pleasures ( ! table1 p4 #bia sq4--,fa/+ z a means ( hav+ sup]natural conv]se or acquir+ sup]natural p[]s1 p4 #bib sq4--,ab/95ce f food be=e or 9 connection ) ! p]=mance ( a magical or religi\s c]emony1 pp4 #bic-bih4--;,fa/+ prev5ts pollution1 pp4 #bid-bif4 --,sacrificial victims %\ld be clean1 & may !re=e h to fa/1 p4 #bie sq4--,fa/+ be=e ! p]=mance ( a sacrifice may be due to ! idea t x is dang]\s or improp] = ! wor%ipp] to p>take ( food be=e ! god has _h 8 %>e1 pp #bif-bih4--;,fa/+ aft] a dea?1 pp4 #bih-cjh4--,obs]v$ only 9 ! daytime1 p4 #bii sq4--,ab/95ce f c]ta9 victuals only1 pp4 #cjj-cjb4--,v>i\s attempts to expla9 ! cu/om ( fa/+ aft] a dea?1 p4 #cjb sq4--,m\rn]s fa/ = fe> ( be+ pollut$ by ! food1 pp4 #cjc-cjf4--,or because !y1 by eat+ a piece ( food1 might pollute all victuals belong+ to ! same species1 p4 #cjf sq4--,or because !y are suppos$ to be 9 a delicate condition impos+ ^u !m re/rictions 9 _! diet1 p4 #cjg sq4--,or because grief is accompani$ by a loss ( appetite1 p4 #cjh4--,! ,l5t fa/1 p4 #cjh sq4--,fa/s connect$ ) a/ronomical *anges1 pp4 #cji-cae4 --,among ! ,jews1 pp4 #caj-cab4--;,among ! ,h>ranians & ,mani*ans1 p4 #cab sq4--,! ,muhamm$an xii fa/ ( ,ramad4n1 pp4 #cac-cae4--;,fa/+ z a =m ( p5ance1 pp4 #cae-cah4--;,z a survival ( an expiatory sacrifice1 pp4 #caf-cah4 --,fa/+ & almsgiv+1 ibid4--,fa/+ ! beg9n+ ( *a/ity1 p4 #cah4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,re/rictions ,,9 ,,diet 7conclud$7 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( food =bidd5 to c]ta9 classes ( p]sons1 pp4 #cai-cbd4--,to "y p]sons1 p4 #cai sq4--,to wom51 p4 #cbj sq4--,to m51 p4 #cba sq4--,to prie/s or magicians1 p4 #cbb4 --,re/rictions 9 diet connect$ ) totemism1 p4 #cbc sq4 --,ab/95ce f animals :i* excite disgu/ by _! appe>ance1 p4 #cbd sq4--,f reptiles1 p4 #cbd4--;,f fi%1 p4 #cbd sq4--,f f[l1 p4 #cbe4--;,f eggs1 p4 #cbe sq4--,f milk1 ibid4--,f animals :i* are reg>d$ ) disgu/ on acc\nt ( _! fil?y habits or ! na/y food on :i* !y live1 pp4 #cbf-cbh4--;,f pork1 ibid4--,f =eign animals1 p4 #cbg4--;,f animals :i* are suppos$ to be metamorphos$ ance/ors or :i* resemble m51 p4 #cbh sq4--,f animals :i* excite sympa?y1 pp4 #cbi-cca4--;,f beef1 p4 #ccj sq4--,re/rictions 9 diet due to ! dis9cl9ation to kill c]ta9 animals = food or1 g5]ally1 to r$uce ! supply ( a c]ta9 k9d ( victuals1 pp4 #ccj-ccb4--;,ab/95ce f dome/ic animals :i* are reg>d$ z sacr$1 p4 #cca sq4--,f food :i* is believ$ to injure him :o p>takes ( x1 pp4 #ccb-ccd4--,! s\rces to :i* ! g5]al avoidance ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food may be trac$1 p4 #ccd sq4--,! moral disapproval ( eat+ c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 p4 #cce4 ,! moral prohibition sanction$ by religion1 ibid4--,veget>ianism1 pp4 #cce-cch4--;,among _m peoples drunk5ness s common t x c h>dly be look$ ^u z a vice1 pp4 #cch-cda4--,sobriety or total ab/95ce f intoxicat+ liquors insi/$ ^u by ,ea/]n religions1 p4 #cda sq4--,explanation ( ! moral ideas conc]n+ drunk5ness & ! use ( alcoholic dr9k1 pp4 #cdb-cde4--,w9e or spiritu\s liquor inspires my/]i\s fe>1 p4 #cdd sq4--,! ,muhamm$an prohibition ( w9e1 p4 #cde4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,cleanl9ess ,,& ,,uncleanl9ess--,,asceticism ,,9 ,,g5]al ,man naturally feel+ "s av]sion to fil?1 p4 #cdf4--,savages :o are prais$ = _! cleanl9ess1 pp4 #cdf-cdh4--,savages :o are clean 9 c]ta9 respects b dirty 9 o!rs1 p4 #cdh4 --,savages :o are describ$ z g5]ally fil?y 9 _! habits1 p4 #cdh sq4--,v>i\s circum/ances :i* may acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( cleanly or dirty habits among a c]ta9 p1 pp4 #cdi-cea4--,! moral valuation ( cleanl9ess1 p4 #cea sq4--,cleanl9ess practis$ & enjo9$ f religi\s or sup]/iti\s motives1 pp4 #ceb-ced4--;,9 o!r in/ances religi\s or sup]/iti\s beliefs h l$ to uncleanl9ess1 pp4 #ced-cef4 --,uncleanl9ess z a =m ( asceticism1 p4 #cee sq4--,ascetic practices1 p4 #cef sq4--,! idea und]ly+ religi\s asceticism d]iv$ f sev]al diff]5t s\rces1 pp4 #ceg-cfc4--;,c]ta9 ascetic practices orig9ally p]=m$ = ano!r purpose1 p4 #ceh sq4--,an ascetic practice may be ! survival ( an e>li] sacrifice1 p4 #cei4--;,ascetic practices due to ! idea ( expiation1 pp4 #cei-cfa4--,self-mortification int5d$ to excite div9e compassion1 p4 #cfa4--,suff]+ volunt>ily endur$ ) a view to prev5t+ ! commission ( s91 pp4 #cfa-cfc4--,! gratification ( e>?ly desires deem$ s9ful or disapprov$ (1 ibid4 xiii ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,m>riage ,def9ition ( ! t]m m>riage1 p4 #cfd4--,! horror ( ince/ well-nigh univ]sal 9 ! human race1 pp4 #cfd-cff4--,! prohibit$ degrees z a rule m num]\s among peoples unaffect$ by mod]n civilisation ?an 9 m advanc$ communities1 p4 #cff4--,! violation ( ! prohibitory rules reg>d$ by savages z a mo/ he9\s crime1 p4 #cff sq4--,! horror ( ince/ among nations t h pass$ beyond savag]y & b>b>ism1 p4 #cfg sq4--,attempt to expla9 ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 ne> k91 pp4 #cfh-cga4--,refutation ( v>i\s objections rais$ aga9/ ! au?or's !ory1 pp4 #cga-cgh4-- ,ince/u\s unions /igmatis$ by religion1 p4 #cge sq4--,endogam\s rules ( v>i\s k9ds1 pp4 #cgh-chb4--,m>riage by capture1 p4 #chb4 --,m>riage by pur*ase1 pp4 #chb-chd4--,! disappe>ance ( m>riage by pur*ase1 p4 #chd sq4--,! morn+ gift1 p4 #che4--,! m>riage portion1 p4 #che sq4--,! =m ( m>riage influ5c$ by ! num]ical proportion betwe5 ! sexes1 p4 #chg sq4--,poly&ry1 p4 #chg4--;,gr\p m>riage ( ! ,toda type1 ibid4--,! causes ( polygyny1 pp4 #chg-chi4--,( monogamy1 p4 #chi4 ,polygyny less preval5t at ! l[e/ /ages ( civilisation ?an at some:at high] /ages1 pp4 #chi-cia4--;,civilisation 9 its high] =ms leads to monogamy1 p4 #cia4--,! moral valuation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( m>riage1 p4 #cib4--,! assum$ preval5ce ( gr\p m>riage 9 ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cib-cif4--,! duration ( m>riage & ! laws ( divorce1 pp4 #cif-cih4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,celibacy ,m>riage consid]$ indisp5sable among savage & b>b>\s races ( m51 p4 #cii4--;,celibacy a great exception & m>riage reg>d$ z a duty among peoples ( ar*aic culture1 pp4 #cii-djc4 --,:y celibacy is disapprov$ (1 p4 #djc sq4--,mod]n views on celibacy1 p4 #djd sq4--,celibacy ( p]sons ^: function x is to p]=m religi\s or magical rites1 pp4 #dje-dab4--,m>riage look$ d[n ^u by ! ,ess5es1 p4 #daj4--;,by ! ,*ri/ians1 pp4 #daj-dab4--,religi\s celibacy due to ! idea t ! prie/ess is m>ri$ to ! god :om %e is s]v+1 pp4 #dab-dad4--;,goddesses jeal\s ( ! *a/ity ( _! prie/s1 p4 #dad4--,religi\s celibacy connect$ ) ! idea t sexual int]c\rse is defil+1 pp4 #dad-dbj4--;,hol9ess easily de/roy$ by pollution1 pp4 #dag-dai4--;,causes ( religi\s celibacy among ! ,*ri/ians1 p4 #dbj sq4--,religi\s celibacy enjo9$ or comm5d$ z a means ( self-mortification1 p4 #dba4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,free ,,love--,,adult]y ,uncivilis$ peoples among :om bo? sexes enjoy p]fect fre$om previ\s to m>riage1 pp4 #dbb-dbd4--;,among :om un*a/ity be=e m>riage is look$ ^u z a disgrace or a crime = a woman1 p4 #dbd4--,! wantonness ( savages 9 sev]al cases due to =eign influ5ce1 ibid4--,9 _m tribes ! free int]c\rse :i* prevails betwe5 unm>ri$ p n ( a promiscu\s nature1 p4 #dbd sq4--,uncivilis$ peoples among xiv :om ! man :o s$uces a girl is subject to puni%m5t or c5sure1 pp4 #dbe-dbg4 --,moral op9ions z to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 unm>ri$ p among ! ,*9ese1 p4 #dbg4--;,among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #dbg sq4 --,among ,muhamm$an peoples1 p4 #dbh4--;,among ! ,h9dus1 ibid4--,9 ,zoroa/rianism1 ibid4--,among ! anci5t ,teutons1 p4 #dbi4--;,9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 pp4 #dbi-dca4--;,9 ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #dca sq4 --,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #dcb sq4--,aft] ! ,re=mation1 p4 #dcc4--;,9 pres5t ,europe1 p4 #dcc sq4--,explanation ( ! moral ideas conc]n+ sexual int]c\rse betwe5 unm>ri$ p1 pp4 #dcd-ddc4--,pro/itution1 pp4 #dda-ddc4--,religi\s pro/itution1 connect$ ) religi\s celibacy1 p4 #ddc sq4--,( ! ,babylonian type1 pp4 #ddd-ddf4--,moral op9ions z to ! s$uction ( a m>ri$ woman1 pp4 #ddg-dej4--;,z to unfai?fulness 9 a wife1 p4 #dej sq4 --,z to ! rem>riages ( wid[s1 ibid4--,z to unfai?fulness 9 a husb&1 pp4 #dea-dee4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,homosexual ,,love ,homosexual practices among ! l[] animals1 p4 #def4--;,among v>i\s races ( m51 pp4 #def-dfd4--;,betwe5 wom51 p4 #dfd sq4--,! causes ( homosexual practices1 pp4 #dfe-dga4--;,cong5ital sexual inv]sion1 p4 #dfe sq4--,abs5ce ( ! o!r sex or lack ( accessible wom51 p4 #dff sq4--,acquir$ inv]sion1 pp4 #dfg-dgj4--;,homosexuality 9 anci5t ,greece p>tly due to ! me?ods ( tra9+ ! y\?1 p4 #dfi sq4--,p>tly due to ! great gulf :i* m5tally sep>at$ ! sexes1 p4 #dgj sq4--,causes ( p$]a/y 9 ,*9a & ,morocco1 p4 #dga4--,moral ideas conc]n+ homosexual practices1 pp4 #dga-dhi4--;,among uncivilis$ peoples1 pp4 #dga-dge4--;,among ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 p4 #dgc sq4--,among ! anci5t ,mexicans1 ,mayas1 & ,*ib*as1 p4 #dgd4--;,among ,muhamm$ans1 p4 #dge sq4--,among ! ,h9dus1 p4 #dgf4--;,9 ,*9a1 p4 #dgf sq4--,9 ,japan1 p4 #dgg4--;,among ! anci5t ,sc&9avians1 p4 #dgg sq4--,9 anci5t ,greece1 p4 #dgh sq4--,9 ,zoroa/rianism1 p4 #dgi sq4--,among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #dhj4--;,9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #dhj sq4--,9 ,pagan ,rome1 ibid4--,9 ,*ri/ian ,rome1 p4 #dha4--;,european legislation reg>d+ homosexual practices dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 p4 #dha sq4--,mod]n legislation on ! subject1 p4 #dhb sq4--,moral ideas conc]n+ x 9 pres5t ,europe1 p4 #dhc4--,:y homosexual practices are frequ5tly subject to c5sure1 p4 #dhc sq4--,criticism ( ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis's sugge/ion z to ! popul> attitude t[>ds homosexuality1 pp4 #dhd-dhf4--,! excessive s9fulness atta*$ to homosexual practices by ,zoroa/rianism1 ,hebrewism1 & ,*ri/ianity1 due to ! fact t su* practices 7 intimately associat$ ) unbelief1 idolatry1 or h]esy1 pp4 #dhf-dhi4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,reg>d ,,= ,,! ,,l[] ,,animals ,animals treat$ ) def]5ce = sup]/iti\s reasons1 pp4 #dij-dic4--;,but*]s reg>d$ z unclean1 p4 #dic4--,_m peoples av]se f kill+ _! cattle f economic motives1 p4 #dic sq4--,dome/ic animals treat$ k9dly by savages out ( sympa?y1 pp4 #did-dif4--,savages :o are said to be lack+ 9 sympa?y = ! brute creation1 xv p4 #dif4--,moral valuation ( m5's conduct t[>ds ! l[] animals among savages1 p4 #dif sq4--,9 ,brahmanism1 p4 #dig4--;,9 ,buddhism1 pp4 #dig1 #dih1 #ejj4--;,9 ,ja9ism1 p4 #dih sq4--,9 ,ta\ism1 p4 #dii4--;,9 ,*9a1 p4 #dii sq4--,9 ,japan1 p4 #ejj4--;,9 ,zoroa/rianism1 p4 #eja sq4 --,9 ,muhamm$anism1 p4 #ejb sq4--,9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 pp4 #ejc-eje4--;,9 ,hebrewism1 p4 #eje sq4--,9 ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #ejf-ejh4--,! views ( mod]n philosoph]s1 p4 #ejh4--,( legislators1 p4 #ejh sq4--,indiff]5ce to animal suff]+ a *>act]i/ic ( public op9ion 9 ,european c\ntries up to q mod]n times1 p4 #eji sq4--,laws aga9/ cruelty to animals1 p4 #eaj4--;,humane feel+s t[>ds animals 9 ,europe1 pp4 #eaj-eab4--,! crusade aga9/ vivisection1 pp4 #eab-ead4--;,explanation ( ! increas+ sympa?y ) animal suff]+ 9 ,europe1 p4 #eab sq4--,! influ5ce ( human ?\ghtlessness ^u ! treatm5t ( ! l[] animals & ^u ! moral ideas relat+ to x1 pp4 #eab-ead4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,reg>d ,,= ,,! ,,dead ,! belief 9 a future life1 p4 #eae sq4--,notions z reg>ds ! disembodi$ s\l1 p4 #eaf4--,! dead consid]$ to h rights v simil> to ^? !y _h :il/ alive1 pp4 #eaf-ebj4--,! s\l mu/ n be kill$ or injur$1 p4 #eaf sq4--,its liv+ fri5ds mu/ positively contribute to its com=t & subsi/5ce1 p4 #eag sq4--,! "r ( own]%ip does n cease ) dea?1 p4 #eah sq4--,robb]y or violation committ$ at a tomb sev]ely condemn$1 ibid4--,respect mu/ be %[n = ! hon\r & self-reg>d+ pride ( ! dead1 p4 #eai4--,! dead dem& ob$i5ce1 p4 #eai sq4--,! sacr$ness atta*$ to a w1 p4 #eai4--,! rigidity ( ance/ral cu/om1 p4 #eai sq4--,duties to ! dead t arise f ! fact ( dea? itself1 pp4 #ebj-ebd4--,! fun]al1 ! rites connect$ ) x1 & ! m\rn+ cu/oms1 l>gely reg>d$ z duties to ! dead1 ibid4--,! duties to ! dead influ5c$ by ! relation%ip betwe5 ! p>ties1 p4 #ebd sq4--,by ! age & sex ( ! dep>t$1 pp4 #ebe-ebg4--;,by class di/9ctions1 p4 #ebg4--;,by moral di/9ctions1 p4 #ebg sq4--,! causes f :i* ! duties to ! dead h sprung1 pp #ebh-edi4--,^! duties p>tly bas$ on sympa!tic res5tm5t1 p4 #ebh4--,! dead reg>d$ z gu>dians ( _! desc5dants1 p4 #ebi sq4--,b ! ance/ral gu>dian _s does n be/[ 8 fav\rs = no?+1 p4 #ecj sq4--,! dead m commonly reg>d$ z enemies ?an fri5ds1 pp4 #eca-ecd4 --,explanation ( ! belief 9 ! irritable or malevol5t "* ( ! dead1 p4 #ecd sq4--,! fe> ( dea? & ! fe> ( ! dead1 pp4 #ece-ech4--,! conduct ( ! survivors influ5c$ by _! beliefs reg>d+ ! "*1 activity1 & pollut+ influ5ce ( ! dead1 pp4 #ech-edf4--,! orig9 ( fun]al & m\rn+ cu/oms1 pp4 #eda-edg4--,:y practices connect$ ) dea? :i* orig9ally sprang f self-reg>d+ motives h come to be enjo9$ z duties1 p4 #edg sq4--,:y ! duties to ! dead are r>ely ext5d$ to /rang]s1 p4 #edh sq4--,explanation ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! treatm5t ( ! dead :i* dep5d ^u age1 sex1 social position1 & moral di/9ctions1 p4 #edi4--,! duties to ! dep>t$ become less /r+5t z "t goes on1 p4 #edi sq4--,! duties to ! dead affect$ by progress 9 intellectual culture1 pp4 #eej-eeb4--,! fun]al sacrifice cont9u$ z a m>k ( respect or affection1 p4 #eej4--,(f]+s made to ! dead become alms giv5 to ! poor1 pp4 #eej-eeb4 xvi ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,,cannibalism ,! preval5ce ( cannibalism1 p4 #eec4--,v>i\s =ms ( x1 p4 #eed4--;,cannibalism due to sc>city or lack ( animal food1 p4 #eee4--,to g\rm&ise pp4 #eee-eeg4--,to rev5ge1 pp4 #eeg-eei4 --,! practice ( eat+ crim9als1 p4 #eeh sq4--,cannibalism a me?od ( mak+ a dang]\s individual h>mless aft] dea?1 p4 #eei sq4--,due to ! idea t ! cannibal1 by eat+ ! suppos$ seat ( a c]ta9 quality 9 a p]son1 incorporates x ) 8 own sy/em1 pp4 #efj-efb4--;,cannibalism 9 connection ) human sacrifice1 p4 #efb sq4--,! eat+ ( man-gods1 p4 #efc sq4--,o!r in/ances 9 :i* a sup]natural or m$ic9al effect is ascrib$ to human fle% or blood1 pp4 #efd-eff4--;,cannibalism z a cov5ant rite1 p4 #eff sq4--,special reasons giv5 = ! practice ( eat+ relatives or fri5ds1 pp4 #efg-efi4--,! cannibalism ( mod]n savages repres5t$ z ! survival ( an anci5t practice :i* 0 once univ]sal 9 ! human race1 p4 #efi sq4--,criticism ( ?is !ory pp4 #egj-ehj4--,savages :o feel ! greate/ dislike ( cannibalism1 p4 #egj sq4--,cannibals (t5 anxi\s to d5y t !y are addict$ to ?is practice1 p4 #egb4--,! rapid ext9ction ( x among c]ta9 savages p4 #egb sq4--,ev5 among peoples v notori\s = cannibalism !re are individuals :o abhor x1 p4 #egc4--,! av]sion to cannibalism may be due to sympa?y = ! dead1 p4 #egd4--;,9 ! fir/ in/ance x is probably an in/9ctive feel+ ak9 to ^? feel+s :i* regulate ! diet ( ! v>i\s animal species1 ibid4--,! eat+ ( human fle% reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s dread1 pp4 #egd-egf4--,! feel+ ( reluctance may be ov]come by o!r motives & may be succe$$ by a ta/e = human fle%1 p4 #egg sq4--,e>ly man probably n addict$ to cannibalism1 pp4 #egh-ehj4--;,cannibalism mu* less preval5t among ! l[e/ savages ?an among races some:at m advanc$ 9 culture1 p4 #egh sq4--,among "s savages cannibalism kn[n to be ( mod]n orig9 or to h spread 9 rec5t times1 p4 #egi sq4--,! moral valuation ( cannibalism1 p4 #ehj sq4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,sup]natural ,,be+s ,di/9ction betwe5 natural & sup]natural ph5om5a1 p4 #ehb sq4--,sup]natural me*anical en]gy1 p4 #ehc sq4--,sup]natural qualities attribut$ to ! m5tal con/itution ( animate be+s1 especially to _! w1 p4 #ehd4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 religion & magic1 ibid4--,! mean+ ( ! ^w religio1 pp4 #ehd-ehf4--,t my/]y is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( sup]natural be+s is te/ifi$ by language1 p4 #ehf sq4--,?is te/imony corroborat$ by facts ref]r+ to ! nature ( su* objects or individuals z are mo/ commonly wor%ipp$1 pp4 #ehg-eic4--,/>tl+ ev5ts ascrib$ to ! activity ( invisible sup]natural ag5ts1 p4 #eic sq4--,! orig9 ( animism1 p4 #eid sq4--,a m9d presupposes a body1 p4 #eie sq4--,! animi/ :o end[s an inanimate object ) a s\l reg>ds ! visible ?+ itself z its body1 p4 #eif sq4--,! orig9 ( an?ropomorphism1 p4 #eig sq4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & gods1 p4 #eii4 --,mat]iality at la/ consid]$ a quality n becom+ to a god1 pp4 #eii-fja4 xvii ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,,duties ,,to ,,gods ,def9ition ( ! t]m god1 p4 #fjb4--;,gods h ! rights to life & bodily integrity1 pp4 #fjb-fjd4--,n necess>ily consid]$ immortal1 p4 #fjb sq4--,! kill+ ( totemic animals1 p4 #fjc sq4--,div9e animals kill$ z a religi\s or magical c]emony1 pp4 #fjd-fjf4--,! kill+ ( man-gods or div9e k+s1 pp4 #fjf-faj4--,! "r to bodily integrity grant$ to gods occasionally susp5d$1 p4 #faj4--,sup]natural be+s believ$ to be subject to human ne$s1 p4 #faj sq4--,to require (f]+s1 p4 #faa sq4--,sacrificial gifts (f]$ to sup]natural be+s ) a view to av]t+ evils1 pp4 #fab-fad4 --,) a view to secur+ positive b5efits1 pp4 #fad-faf4 --,?ank-(f]+s1 p4 #fae sq4--,sacrificial victims int5d$ to s]ve z sub/itutes = o!r individuals1 ^: lives are 9 dang]1 pp4 #faf-fah4--,occasionally reg>d$ z mess5g]s1 p4 #fah4--,sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( transf]r+ curses1 pp4 #fah-fbd4--,! cov5ant sacrifice1 pp4 #fbb-fbd4--,! sacrificial victim or (f]$ article a vehicle = transf]r+ b5ign virtue to him :o (f]$ x or to o!r p]sons1 p4 #fbd sq4--,sacrifice becomes a symbol ( humility & rev]5ce1 p4 #fbe sq4--,sacrifice z a duty1 p4 #fbf4--,sup]natural be+s possess prop]ty1 & ?is mu/ n be int]f]$ )1 p4 #fbf sq4--,sacr$ objects mu/ n be appropriat$ = ord9>y purposes1 p4 #fbg sq4--,! "r ( sanctu>y1 pp4 #fbh-fch4--;,its preval5ce1 pp4 #fbh-fcd4--;,explanation ( ?is "r1 pp4 #fcd-fch4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix ,,duties ,,to ,,gods 7conclud$7 ,sup]natural be+s s5sitive to insults & disrespect1 p4 #fci sq4--,irrev]5ce to gods puni%$ by m51 ibid4--,! names ( sup]natural be+s taboo$1 pp4 #fdj-fdc4--;,explanation ( ^! taboos1 p4 #fdb sq4--,a!ism1 p4 #fdc sq4--,unbelief1 pp4 #fdd-fdf4--;,h]esy1 p4 #fdf sq4--,poly!ism by nature tol]ant1 pp4 #fdg-fdi4--,! diff]5ce 9 tol]ation betwe5 mono!i/ic & poly!i/ic religions %[s itself 9 _! diff]5t attitudes t[>ds wit*craft1 pp4 #fdi-feb4--,! highe/ /age ( religion free f intol]ance1 p4 #feb sq4--,pray] a tribute to ! self-reg>d+ pride ( ! god to :om x is address$1 pp4 #fec-fee4--,pray]s connect$ ) (f]+s1 p4 #fee sq4--,magic efficacy ascrib$ to pray]1 pp4 #fef-fei4--;,gods dem& ob$i5ce1 p4 #fei4--,! influ5ce ( ?is dem& ^u ! hi/ory ( morals1 p4 #fei sq4--,explanation ( ! obligatory "* atta*$ to m5's conduct t[>ds _! gods1 pp4 #ffj-ffb4 ,,*apt] ,l ,,gods ,,z ,,gu>dians ,,( ,,morality ,! sup]natural be+s ( savage belief frequ5tly describ$ z utt]ly indiff]5t to all que/ions ( worldly morality1 pp4 #ffc-ffe4--,! gods ( _m savages mo/ly int5t on do+ h>m to mank9d1 pp4 #ffe-ffg4--;,adoration ( sup]natural be+s :i* are consid]$ at lea/ occasionally b5efic5t also v preval5t among uncivilis$ peoples1 xviii pp4 #ffg-ffi4--,_! b5evol5ce1 h[ev]1 does n prove t !y take an active int]e/ 9 morality at l>ge1 p4 #ffi4--;,in/ances 9 :i* savage gods are suppos$ to puni% ! transgression ( rules relat+ to worldly morality1 pp4 #ffi-fhg4--,savages repres5t$ z believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a supreme be+ :o is a moral law-giv] or judge1 pp4 #fgj-fhg4--,! preval5ce ( su* a belief 9 ,au/ralia1 pp4 #fgj-fge4--;,9 ,polynesia & ,melanesia1 p4 #fge4--;,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #fge sq4--,9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 p4 #fgf4--;,among ! ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #fgg4--;,9 ,india1 p4 #fgg sq4--,among ! ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #fgh4--;,among ! ,samoy$es1 ibid4--,among ! ,gre5l&]s1 ibid4--,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 pp4 #fgi-fha4--;,among ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #fha sq4--,9 ,africa1 pp4 #fhb-fhe4--;,explanation ( ?is belief1 pp4 #fhe-fhg4--,! supreme be+s ( savages invok$ 9 curses or oa?s1 p4 #fhf sq4--,! oa? & ordeal d n involve a belief 9 ! gods z v9dicators ( tru? & ju/ice1 pp4 #fhg-fij4--,! ordeal ess5tially a magical c]emony1 ibid4--,ordeals :i* h a diff]5t orig91 p4 #fij4--,! belief 9 a moral retribution aft] dea? among savages1 pp4 #fij-fie4--,! s\rces to :i* x may be trac$1 pp4 #fia-fie4 --,! influ5ce ( religion ^u ! moral consci\sness ( savages1 p4 #fie sq4 ,,*apt] ,,li ,,gods ,,z ,,gu>dians ,,( ,,morality 7cont9u$7 ,! attitude ( religion t[>ds matt]s ( worldly morality 9 anci5t ,mexico1 p4 #fig sq4--,9 anci5t ,p]u1 p4 #fih4--;,9 anci5t ,egypt1 pp4 #fih-gja4--;,9 anci5t ,*aldea1 pp4 #gja-gjd4--;,9 ,zoroa/rianism1 pp4 #gjd-gjf4--;,among ! ,v$ic p1 pp4 #gjf-gji4--;,9 po/-,v$ic times 9 ,india1 pp4 #gji-gaa4--;,9 ,buddhism1 p4 #gaa sq4--,9 ,*9a1 p4 #gab sq4--,9 anci5t ,greece1 pp4 #gac-gaf4--;,9 anci5t ,rome1 p4 #gaf sq4--,among ! ,hebrews1 p4 #gag sq4--,*ri/ian doctr9es ( salvation & ! future life1 pp4 #gah-gbe4--,! attitude ( ,muhamm$anism t[>ds matt]s ( worldly morality & its doctr9e ( ! future life1 pp4 #gbe-gbg4 ,,*apt] ,,lii ,,gods ,,z ,,gu>dians ,,( ,,morality 7conclud$7 ,explanation ( ! malevol5ce ( savage gods1 p4 #gbh sq4--,( ! gr[+ t5d5cy to attribute m amiable qualities to ! gods1 pp4 #gbi-gca4--,m5 select+ _! gods1 p4 #gbi sq4--,! good qualities ( gods magnifi$ by _! wor%ipp]s1 p4 #gcj sq4--,h[ v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( social morality h come to be plac$ "u ! sup]vision ( gods1 p4 #gca sq4--,h[ ! gu>dian%ip ( gods has be5 ext5d$ to ! :ole sph]e ( ju/ice1 p4 #gcb4--;,h[ gods h become gu>dians ( morality at l>ge1 p4 #gcc sq4--,! influ5ce ( ! religi\s sanction ( morality1 p4 #gcd sq4--,religi\s devotion frequ5tly accompani$ by great laxity ( morals1 pp4 #gce-gcg4--;,great] importance atta*$ to c]emonies or ! niceties ( belief ?an to good behavi\r t[>ds fell[ m51 p4 #gcf sq4--,! religi\s sanction ( moral rules (t5 leads to an ext]nal obs]vance ( ^! rules f purely selfi% motives1 p4 #gcg4--,! moral influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ibid4 xix ,,*apt] ,,liii ,,conclusion ,recapitulation ( ! !ory ( ! moral consci\sness set =? 9 vol4 ,i41 pp4 #gch-gda4--,?is !ory support$ by ! fact t n only moral emotions b non-moral retributive emotions are felt ) ref]5ce to ph5om5a exactly simil> 9 _! g5]al nature to ^? on :i* moral judgm5ts are pass$1 p4 #gda4--;,z also by ! circum/ance t ! v acts1 =be>ances1 & omissions :i* are condemn$ z wrong are also apt to call =? ang] & rev5ge1 & t ! acts & =be>ances :i* are prais$ z morally good are apt to call =? gratitude1 p4 #gda sq4--,! v>iations ( ! moral ideas p>tly due to diff]5t ext]nal conditions1 p4 #gdb4--;,b *iefly to psy*ical causes1 pp4 #gdb-gdf4--,! duties to neighb\rs h gradually become m expansive ow+ to ! expansion ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t1 p4 #gdc sq4--,! influ5ce ( reflection ^u moral judgm5ts has be5 increas+1 p4 #gdd sq4--,! influ5ce ( s5tim5tal antipa?ies & lik+s has be5 decreas+1 ibid4--,! influ5ce :i* ! belief 9 sup]natural =ces or be+s or 9 a future /ate has ex]cis$ ^u ! moral ideas ( mank9d1 p4 #gde sq4--,rem>ks z to ! future developm5t ( ! moral ideas1 p4 #gdf4 ,,additional ,,notes 4 4 4 pp4 #gdg-ged ,,au?orities ,,quot$ 4 4 pp4 #gee-hce ,,subject ,,index 4 4 4 4 pp4 #hcg-hfe ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,ideas ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,! "r ( prop]ty implies t a c]ta9 p]son or c]ta9 p]sons are recognis$ z hav+ a "r to ! exclusive disposal ( a c]ta9 ?+4 ,! own] is n necess>ily all[$ to d ) 8 prop]ty :atev] he likes2 b :e!r absolute or limit$1 8 "r to disposal is n %>$ by anybody else1 save "u v exceptional circum/ances1 z 9 ! case ( compulsion by necessity4#a ,prop]ty 9 a ?+ ?us means n only t ! own] ( x is all[$1 at lea/ )9 c]ta9 limits1 to use or deal ) x at 8 discretion1 b also t o!r p]sons are =bidd5 to prev5t him f us+ or deal+ ) x 9 any mann] he is entitl$ to4 ,footnote #a3 ,supra1 i4 #bhe sqq4 ,! mo/ common (f5ce aga9/ prop]ty is illicit appropriation ( o!r p]sons' belong+s4 ,n ! m]e fact t individuals are 9 actual possession ( c]ta9 objects1 b ! public disapproval ( acts by :i* !y are depriv$ ( su* possession1 %[s t !y h propriet>y rights ov] ^? objects4 ,h5ce ! univ]sal condemnation ( :at we call !ft or robb]y proves t ! "r ( prop]ty exi/s among all races ( m5 kn[n to u4 #b ,travell]s (t5 accuse savages ( ?ievi%ness4#b ,b !n _! judgm5ts are commonly bas$ ^u ! treatm5t to :i* !y h be5 subject !mselves1 & f ?is no conclusions mu/ be drawn z reg>ds intra-tribal morality4 ,nor c races :o h _h mu* to d ) =eign]s be tak5 z fair repres5tatives ( savage hone/y1 z su* contact has prov$ ! orig9 ( ?ievi% prop5sities4#c ,9 ! majority ( cases uncivilis$ peoples seem to respect propriet>y rights )9 _! own communities1 & n infrequ5tly ev5 9 _! deal+s #c ) /rang]s4 ,_m ( !m are expressly said to condemn or abhor !ft1 at any rate :5 committ$ among !mselves4 ,& t all ( !m disapprove ( x may be inf]r$ f ! univ]sal cu/om ( subject+ a detect$ ?ief to puni%m5t or rev5ge1 or1 at ! v lea/1 ( compell+ him to re/ore ! /ol5 prop]ty to its own]4 ,footnote #b3 ,b5i1 ',notizie sopra gli indig5i di ,mexico1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xii4 #ae 7,apa*es74 ,burton1 ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 p4 #abe 7,dacotahs & ,prairie ,indians74 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #abg 7,yuki74 ,macfie1 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #dfh4 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #bb 7,newf\ndl& ,eskimo74 ,coxe1 ,russian ,discov]ies betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica1 p4 #cjj 7,k9aighi74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iv4 #bb 7,kalmucks71 #acc 7,buriats74 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #aic sq4 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dfh4 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bc 7,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s74 ,romilly1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ej2 ,comrie1 ',an?ropological ,notes on ,new ,gu9ea1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vi4 #aji sq4 de ,labill>dire1 ,voyage 9 ,se>* ( ,la ,pr\se1 i4 #bge2 ,moseley1 ,notes by a ,naturali/ on ! ,*all5g]1 p4 #cia 7,admiralty ,isl&]s74 ,br5*ley1 ,jott+s dur+ ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa1 p4 #eh 7natives ( ,tutuila74 ,lisiansky1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #hh sq4 7,nukahivans74 ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #abf 7natives ( ,r>otonga74 ,cooke1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #dj2 ,montgom]y1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels by ,ty]man & ,b5net1 ii4 #aa 7,society ,isl&]s74 ,b>r+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bb2 ,breton1 ,excursions 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bba2 ,coll9s1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #eii sq42 ,hodgson1 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #gi2 ,mit*ell1 ,exp$itions into ! ,int]ior ( ,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 i4 #bfd1 #cjd2 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #ga sq4 7,au/ralian tribes74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #egi 7,we/ ,african ,negroes74 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #cbd sq4 7,negroes ( ,fida & ! ,gold ,coa/74 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #cec 7,m&+oes74 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco1 p4 #hc 7,%illuk74 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a & ! ,egyptian ,s\dan1 ii4 #caj 7,g[ane p ( ,kord(an74 ,krapf1 ,travels1 ,rese>*es & ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #cee 7,wakamba74 ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 ii4 #ib 7,wanika74 ,bonfanti1 ',l'incivilim5to dei negri nell' ,africa int]tropicale1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xv4 #acc 7,bantu races74 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cbc 7,be*uanas74 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 pp4 #dfh sq4 7,be*uanas71 #dii 7,bayeye74 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #bef4 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 pp4 #ec 7,kafirs71 #cgb1 #dai 7,hott5tots & ,bu%mans74 ,footnote #c3 ,dom5e*1 ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #cba4 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 xcvi4 note 7,crees74 ,burton1 ,highl&s ( ! ,brazil1 i4 #djc sq4 ,moorcr(t & ,trebeck1 ,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1 i4 #cba 7,ladakhis74 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #aea 7,kakhy5s74 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #hj4 ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aib4 ,! ,fuegians h %[n !mselves ent]pris+ ?ieves on bo>d ,european vessels visit+ _! %ores2#d b1 :5 pres5ts 7 giv5 to !m1 a travell] notic$ t if any pres5t 0 design$ = "o canoe1 & x fell ne> ano!r1 x 0 inv>iably giv5 to ! "r own]4#e ,! boys are taught by _! fa!rs n to /eal2#f & 9 case a !ft has be5 committ$1 qu& le c\pable e/ dc\v]t et *ati1 l'op9ion publique e/ satisfaite4#g ,9 8 deal+s ) ! ,tehuel*es ,lieut5ant ,mu/]s 0 always treat$ ) fairness1 & ! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 ( 8 belong+s1 ?\gh !y 7 borr[$ at times4 ,he gives ! foll[+ advice to ! travell]3--,nev] %[ di/ru/ ( ! ,indians2 be z free ) y\r goods & *attels z !y are to ea* o!r4 4 4 4 ,z y treat !m s !y w treat y4#h ,among ! ,abipones doors1 locks1 & o!r ?+s ) :i* civilis$ m5 protect _! possessions f ?ieves1 7 z unnecess>y z !y 7 unkn[n2 & if *ildr5 pilf]$ melons gr[n 9 ! g>d5s ( ! mission>ies or *ick5s re>$ 9 _! h\ses1 !y falsely imag9$ t ^! ?+s 7 free to all1 or might be tak5 n mu* aga9/ ! w ( ! own]4#i ,among ! ,brazilian ,indians !ft & robb]y 7 extremely r>e1 & are s /ill 9 places :]e /rang]s h n settl$4#aj ,we are told t ! greate/ insult :i* c\ld be (f]$ to an ,indian 0 to accuse him ( /eal+1 & t ! wild wom5 pref]r$ ! epi!t ( a pro/itute to t ( a #d ?ief4#aa ,:5 detect$ a ?ief 0 n only oblig$ to re/ore ! prop]ty he _h /ol51 b 0 puni%$ ) /ripes & w\nds1 ! *ief (t5 act+ z execution]4#ab ,among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,guiana !ft & pilf]+ r>ely occur2 if !y happ5 to take any?+1 !y d x be=e "o's eyes1 "u ! notion ( hav+ "s claim to x1 :i*1 :5 call$ to an acc\nt1 !y are always prep>$ to sub/antiate4#ac ,if any?+ is /ol5 f 8 h\se dur+ 8 abs5ce1 ! ,guiana ,indian ?9ks t ! miss+ article has be5 c>ri$ (f by p ( "s o!r race ?an 8 own4#ad ,=m]ly1 :5 ! ,c>ibs lo/ any?+1 !y us$ to say1 ,! ,*ri/ians h be5 "h4#ae ,9 ,hayti ! puni%m5t ( a ?ief 0 to be eat54#af ,footnote #d3 ,w$dell1 ,voyage t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 pp4 #aea1 #aed1 #ahb4 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 i4 #abh2 ii4 #ahh4 ,footnote #e3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #bdb4 ,see also ,sn[1 ',wild ,tribes ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 #bfd4 ,footnote #f3 ,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjd4 ,footnote #g3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bdc4 ,footnote #h3 ,mu/]s1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians1 pp4 #aie1 #aig sq4 ,footnote #i3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #adh sq4 ,footnote #aj3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #he1 #hg sq4 ,idem1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ii4 #aif4 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bdb4 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 i4 #bdg4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ccb4 ,burton1 ,highl&s ( ! ,brazil1 i4 #djc sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,burton1 ,highl&s ( ! ,brazil1 i4 #djd4 ,footnote #ab3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge1 i4 #hh4 ,idem1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ii4 #aif4 ,footnote #ac3 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ad3 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,kames1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 iv4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #af3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge1 i4 #hh1 n499 ,x is kn[n t _m ,nor? ,am]ican tribes _h a v high /&>d ( hone/y among !mselves4 ,dom5e* wrote3--,! ,indians :o d n come 9 contact ) ! ,palefaces nev] appropriate :at belongs to o!rs2 !y h no law aga9/ !ft1 z x is a crime unkn[n among !m4 ,!y nev] close _! doors4#ag ,accord+ to ,colonel ,dodge1 !ft 0 ! sole unp>donable crime among/ !m2 a man f\nd guilty ( /eal+ ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ article f a memb] ( 8 own b& 0 :ipp$ almo/ to dea?1 depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty1 & toge!r ) 8 wives & *ildr5 driv5 away f ! b& to />ve or live z be/ he c\ld4#ah ,among ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ,indians visit$ by ,h>mon !ft 0 frequ5tly puni%$ ) dea?4#ai ,among ! ,omahas1 :5 ! suspect$ ?ief did n confess 8 (f5ce1 "s ( 8 prop]ty 0 tak5 f him until he told ! tru?4 ,:5 he re/or$ :at he _h /ol51 "o-half ( 8 own prop]ty 0 return$ to him1 & ! re/ 0 giv5 to ! man f :om he _h /ol54 ,sometimes all ( ! policem5 :ipp$ ! ?ief4 ,b :5 ! ?ief fl$ f ! tribe1 & rema9$ away = a ye> or two1 ! (f5ce 0 n rememb]$4#bj ,among ! ,wy&ots ! puni%m5t = !ft is tw(old re/itution4#ba ,! ,iroquois look$ d[n ^u #e !ft ) ! greate/ disda91 al?\gh ! la% ( public indignation 0 ! only p5alty atta*$ to x4#bb ,! ,potawatomis consid]$ x "o ( ! mo/ atroci\s crimes4#bc ,among ! ,*ippewas ,keat+ f\nd a few individuals :o 7 addict$ to ?iev+1 b ^! 7 held 9 disrepute4#bd ,ri*>dson praises ! ,*ippewyans = _! hone/y1 no precautions = ! safety ( 8 & 8 companions prop]ty be+ requir$ dur+ _! /ay among !m4#be ,mack5zie 0 /ruck by ! rem>kable hone/y ( ! ,beav] ,indians2 9 ! :ole tribe !re 7 only two wom5 & a man :o _h be5 kn[n to h sw]v$ f t virtue1 & !y 7 consid]$ z objects ( disreg>d & reprobation4#bf ,among ! ,ahts l>c5y ( a fell[-tribesman's prop]ty is r>ely he>d (1 & ! aggravation ( tak+ x f ! h\se or p]son is almo/ unkn[n2 nay1 any?+ left "u an ,indian's *>ge1 9 reliance on 8 good fai?1 is p]fectly safe4#bg ,! ,?l9kets g5]ally respect ! prop]ty ( _! fell[-tribesm52 b al?\gh !y admit t !ft is wrong !y d n reg>d x z a v s]i\s (f5ce1 :i* disgraces ! p]petrator1 & if a ?ief is caught he is only requir$ to return ! /ol5 article or to pay its value4#bh ,among ! ,aleuts !ft 0 n only a crime b a disgrace2 = ! fir/ (f5ce ( ?is k9d corporal puni%m5t 0 inflict$1 = ! f\r? ! p5alty 0 dea?4#bi ,accord+ to ,eg$e1 ! ,gre5l&]s _h z great an abhorr5ce ( /eal+ among !mselves z any nation ^u e>?2#cj accord+ to ,cranz1 !y consid]$ su* an act excessively disgraceful4#ca ,simil> views /ill prevail among !m1 z also among o!r ,eskimo tribes4#cb ,a ,gre5l&] nev] t\*es driftwood :i* ano!r #f has plac$ above high-wat] m>k1 ?\gh x w\ld (t5 be easy to appropriate x )\t fe> ( detection4#cc ,p>ry /ates t1 dur+ 8 /ay at ,igloolik & ,w9t] ,isl&1 a great _m in/ances occurr$ 9 :i* ! ,eskimo scrupul\sly return$ articles t did n belong to !m1 ev5 ?\gh detection ( a !ft1 or at lea/ ( ! (f5d]1 w\ld h be5 next to impossible4#cd ,footnote #ag3 ,dom5e*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 pp4 #fd1 #gi4 ,cf4 ,*>levoix1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #bf1 #bh 7,hurons74 ,footnote #ai3 ,h>mon1 ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #bj3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfg4 ,footnote #ba3 ,p[ell1 ',wy&ot ,gov]nm5t1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #bb3 ,cold51 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iii4 #aia4 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #ccc sq4 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians1 i4 #af4 ,footnote #bc3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #abg4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid4 ii4 #afh4 ,footnote #be3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #ai sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bh3 ,krause1 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #afg4 ,holmb]g1 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika1' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 iv4 #cbb4 ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #agj4 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #daf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aee1 #aeb4 ,footnote #cj3 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #abd4 ,see also ,dalag]1 ,grnl&ske ,relation]1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ca3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 #afj4 ,footnote #cb3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cce4 ,idem1 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #aeh4 ,r9k1 ,dani% ,gre5l&1 p4 #bbd4 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 pp4 #efg1 #ega4 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #ceb4 ,p>ry1 ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #ebb2 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #cdg 7,eskimo ( ,igloolik74 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #fe 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bic4 ,among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo1 h[ev]1 m5 :o 7 said to be ?ieves did n appe> to lose any social consid]ation 7,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #da74 ,footnote #cc3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #cd3 ,p>ry1 op4 cit4 p4 #eba4 ,among ! ,*uk*i x is held crim9al to ?ieve 9 ! family & race to :i* a p]son belongs2#ce & incorrigible ?ieves are sometimes bani%$ f ! village4#cf ,9 ,kam*atka1 if anybody 0 f\nd to be a ?ief he 0 beat5 by ! p]son f :om he _h /ol51 )\t be+ all[$ to make resi/ance1 & no "o w\ld ev] aft] be fri5ds ) him4#cg ,! ?ree pr9cipal precepts ( ! ,a9u are to hon\r old age1 n to /eal1 n to lie2#ch !ft is also uncommon among !m1 & is sev]ely puni%$4#ci ,among ! ,kirghiz :oev] commits a robb]y on any ( ! nation mu/ make re/itution to n9e times ! value4#dj ,among ! ,tunguses a ?ief is puni%$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( /rokes2 he is besidesoblig$ to re/ore ! ?+s /ol51 & rema9s cov]$ ) ignom9y all ! re/ ( 8 life4#da ,! ,jakuts1#db ,o/yaks1#dc ,mordv9s#dd ,samoy$es1#de & ,lapps1#df are prais$ = _! hone/y1 at lea/ among _! own p2 & s are ! ,butias1#dg ,kukis1#dh ,santals1#di ! hill p 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india1#ej & ! ,*ittagong ,hill tribes4#ea ,! ,kurub>s ( ! ,dekhan are ( su* kn[n hone/y1 t on all occasions !y are entru/$ ) ! cu/ody ( produce by ! f>m]s1 :o "k t !y w\ld r />ve ?an take "o gra9 ( :at 0 giv5 !m 9 #g *>ge4#eb ,hone/ z a ,pah>i1 is a prov]bial expression4 ,9 fact1 among ^! m\nta9e]s !ft is almo/ unkn[n1 & ! m5 c>ry treasures1 :i* to !m w\ld be priceless1 = days & days1 along wild m\nta9 tracks1 :5ce at any mom5t !y might div]ge1 & nev] be trac$4 ,ev5 money is safely entru/$ to !m1 & is inv>iably deliv]$ into ! "r h&s4#ec ,h>kness says ( ! ,tods3--,i nev] saw a p1 civilis$ or uncivilis$1 :o seem$ to h a m religi\s respect = ! rights ( meum et tuum4 ,?is feel+ is taught to _! *ildr5 f ! t5d]e/ age4#ed ,among ! ,*ukmas !ft is unkn[n4#ee ,among ! ,k>5s habitual ?ieves are sold into slav]y4#ef ,among ! ,%ans !ft ( valuable prop]ty is puni%able ) dea?1 ?\gh x may be expiat$ by a money paym5t2 b 9 cases ( culprits :o _c pay1 or ^: relatives _c pay1 dea? is look$ ^u z a fitt+ puni%m5t ev5 = petty !fts4#eg ,at ,zimm1 if a !ft is prov$1 ?ree times ! value ( ! article is decre$ to ! own]2 & if n paid1 ! (f5d]1 aft] suff]+ imprisonm5t 9 irons1 is made ov] ) 8 family1 to be dealt ) z 9 cases ( debt4#eh ,among ! hill tribes ( ,nor? ,aracan a p]son :o commits !ft is b\nd to return ! prop]ty or its value & pay a f9e n exce$+ ,rs4 #cj4ei ,among ! ,k&hs1 on ! o!r h&1 ! re/itution ( ! prop]ty ab/ract$ or ! sub/itution ( an equival5t is alone requir$ by anci5t usage2 b ?is l5i5cy ext5ds to ! fir/ (f5ce only1 a repetition ( x be+ foll[$ by expulsion f ! community4#fj ,! ,&aman ,isl&]s call !ft a yubda1 or s94#fa ,among ^? ,v$dahs :o live 9 _! natural /ate1 !ft & robb]y are n kn[n at all4#fb ,!y ?9k x p]fectly inconceivable t any p]son %\ld ev] take t :i* does n belong to him1#fc & dea? only w\ld1 9 _! op9ion1 be ! puni%m5t = su* an (f5ce4#fd ,footnote #ce3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #cg3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #cef4 ,see also supra1 i4 #caa sq4 ,footnote #ch3 von ,siebold1 ,die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 pp4 #aa1 #cd sq4 ,see also supra1 i4 #cab4 ,footnote #dj3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bfb4 ,footnote #da3 ,ibid4 iii4 #hc sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #gh4 ,footnote #db3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cig4 ,sau]1 ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #cai4 ,footnote #dd3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 i4 #aac4 ,footnote #de3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ac4 von ,/ruve1 9 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahhj1 p4 #gif4 ,footnote #df3 ,jess51 ,afh&l+ om de ,norske ,f9n]s og ,lapp]s ,h$5ske ,religion1 p4 #gb4 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 i4 #aah sq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,fras]1 ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,himala ,m\nta9s1 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #dh3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bef4 ,cf4 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #di3 ,man1 ,son?alia1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hislop1 ,pap]s relat+ to ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #ea3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #eb3 ,bu*anan1 quot$ by ,elliot1 ',*>act]i/ics ( ! ,population ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,india1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #ec3 ,cumm+1 ,9 ! ,himalayas1 p4 #cef4 ,footnote #ed3 ,h>kness1 ,description ( a ,s+ul> ,aborig9al ,race inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #ag sq4 ,footnote #ee3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ef3 ,mason1 ',dwell+s1 c41 ( ! ,k>5s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #adf sq4 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,wood?orpe1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #ba4 ,footnote #eh3 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #ei3 ,/4 ,john1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #bda4 ,footnote #fj3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aab4 ,footnote #fb3 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #edh4 ,des*amps1 ,c>net d'un voyageur1 p4 #che4 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aib4 ,footnote #fc3 ,h>t%orne1 ',w$das1' 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #fd3 ,s>as91 op4 cit4 iii4 #edi4 #h ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago native cu/om puni%es !ft ) a f9e1 mo/ frequ5tly equival5t to twice ! value ( ! /ol5 article1#fe or ) slav]y1#ff mutilation1#fg or ev5 dea?2#fh & 9 _m isl&s x 0 lawful to kill a ?ief caught 9 ! act4#fi ,among ! ,malays ( ,p]ak1#gj ,dyaks1#ga ,kyans1#gb ,bataks1#gc & ! natives ( ,ambon & ,uliase1#gd !ft is said to be unkn[n or almo/ s1 at lea/ )9 _! own communities4 ,footnote #fe3 ,wilk51 ',het /rafre*t bij de volk5 van het maleis*e ras1' 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal- l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 #ahhc1 ,l&- en volk5kunde1 p4 #aji sq4 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #aag4 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 pp4 #bba 7,rejangs71 #chi 7,bataks74 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #bac 7,bataks74 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #ade 7,bataks71 #cjh 7natives ( ,passumah 9 ,c5tral ,sumatra71 #cag 7,timorese71 #cci 7natives ( ,bali & ,lombok74 ,modigliani1 op4 cit4 p4 #dif2 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #aff 7,niase74 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ajh 7,tagbanuas ( ,palawan74 ,footnote #ff3 ,wilk51 loc4 cit4 p4 #ajh sq4 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ade sq4 7,bataks74 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 ii4 p4 ccxxxv4 7p ( ,bali74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #cbj 7p ( ,timor-laut74 von ,ros5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #aff 7,niase74 ,footnote #fg3 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ii4 #big 7natives ( ! k+dom ( ,borneo1 =m]ly74 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #acc4 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #djd 7,a*9ese ( ,sumatra74 ,hickson1 ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nor? ,celebes1 p4 #aih 7,sangirese74 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ajg1 #aae4 ,crawfurd ?9ks 7ibid4 iii4 #ajg7 t ! puni%m5t ( mutilation 0 introduc$ by ,muhamm$anism4 ,footnote #fh3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aae 7,javanese7 ,kk5?al1 ,ergebnisse e9] zoologis*5 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk5 und ,borneo1 i4 #ahh 7,alfura ( ,halmah]a74 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #dga 7,poggi ,isl&]s74 ,among ! ,bataks 7von ,br5n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bab7 & ,a*9ese ( ,sumatra 7,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #djd7 robb]y is puni%$ ) dea?4 ,footnote #fi3 ,wilk51 loc4 cit4 p4 #hh sqq4 von ,ros5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #aff2 ,modigliani1 op4 cit4 p4 #dif 7,niase74 ,footnote #gj3 ,mc,nair1 ,p]ak & ! ,malays1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ga3 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bce4 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #bji4 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #ai4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #ha1 #hb1 #ib4 ,footnote #gb3 ,l[1 op4 cit4 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #gc3 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #chi4 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adh4 ,footnote #gd3 ,m>t91 ,reis5 9 d5 ,molukk51 p4 #fc4 ,_m ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s h be5 describ$ z hone/ among !mselves1 & "s ( !m z hone/ ev5 t[>ds ,europeans4#ge ,9 ! op9ion ( ,capta9 ,cook ! light-col\r$ ,polynesians h ?ievi% prop5sities1 b ! d>k-col\r$ n4#gf ,9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s !ft 0 consid]$ #i an act ( meanness r ?an a crime1#gg :]eas 9 _m o!r isl&s x 0 reg>d$ z a v grave (f5ce4#gh ,sometimes ! del9qu5t 0 subject to private retaliation1#gi sometimes to a f9e1#hj or bl[s1#ha or ! loss ( a f+]1#hb or ! p5alty ( dea?4#hc ,footnote #ge3 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 pp4 #di1 #hj1 #aje4 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #df sq42 ,&]son1 ,travel 9 ,fiji1 p4 #acj4 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #gc 7,micronesians74 ,melville1 ,typee1 pp4 #bid 7,m>quesas ,isl&]s71 #bie n4 #a 7v>i\s ,polynesians74 ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #ecj 7,samoans74 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea1 iii4 #afd 7p ( ,radack71 #bee 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,lisiansky1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aje2 ,meade1 ,ride ?r\gh ! di/urb$ ,di/ricts ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #afb sq42 ,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #hf2 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races1 p4 #dc4 ,bonwick1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #gf3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #gg3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #afb4 ,9 ,ponap 7,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #gb7 & among ! ,maoris 7,meade1 op4 cit4 p4 #afb7 ?ieves are said to be despis$4 ,footnote #gh3 ,e>l1 op4 cit4 p4 #hj 7,papuans ( ,dorey74 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #dbi2 c4 ,footnote #gi3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 pp4 #bgh 7natives ( ,humphrey's ,isl&71 #cdc 7,new ,cal$onians74 ,lisiansky1 op4 cit4 p4 #hj sq4 7,nukahivans74 ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises1 p4 #abg 7natives ( ,r>otonga74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iv4 #dbj 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #hj3 ,e>l1 op4 cit4 p4 #hc 7,papuans ( ,dorey74 ,sorge1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 p4 #dba 7,nissan ,isl&]s ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bb4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #bha 7natives ( ! ,mit*ell ,gr\p74 ,footnote #ha3 ,cook1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #db 7,tahitians74 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #hb3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #hc3 ,gill1 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles1 p4 #dg4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 pp4 #bij 7natives ( ,hudson's ,isl&71 #bie 7natives ( ,arorae71 #big 7natives ( ,nikumau ( ! ,gilb]t ,gr\p71 #cjj 7natives ( ,francis ,isl&71 #ccg 7,efatese1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides74 ,tutuila1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bfh 7,l9e ,isl&]s74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iv4 #dba 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,cook1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #da sq4 7,tahitians74 ,among ! natives ( ,h]b]t ,riv]1 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&1 !re is consid]able respect = ! "r ( prop]ty1 & !y d n /eal f "o ano!r to any great ext5t4 4 4 4 ,if !y hunt !y w n take ano!r p]son's game1 all ! memb]s ( ! same tribe hav+ app>5tly full confid5ce 9 ea* o!r4#hd ,:5 a !ft does occur1 ! ?ief is *all5g$ by 8 victim to a duel ) wood5 swords & %ields2 & ! matt] is settl$ sometimes privately1 ! relatives ( bo? p>ties s]v+ z witnesses1 sometimes publicly at ! borboby1 :]e two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ meet f v>i\s tribes to decide all _! disputes4 ,! victor 9 ! duel w9s 9 ! dispute4#he ,s also among ! ,diey]ie tribe1 %\ld any native /eal f ano!r1 & ! (f5d] be kn[n1 he is *all5g$ to fight by ! p]son he has robb$1 & ?is settles ! matt]4#hf ,( ! ,bang]ang tribe ( ,victoria we are told t1 among/ !mselves1 !y 7 scrupul\sly hone/2#hg &1 speak+ ( ,we/ ,au/ralian natives1 ,mr4 ,*auncy expresses 8 belief t ! memb]s ( a tribe nev] pilf] f ea* o!r4#hh ,9 _! relations to ,europeans1 aga91 ,au/ralian blacks h be5 sometimes accus$ ( ?ievi%ness1#hi sometimes prais$ = _! #aj hone/y4#ij ,f 8 own obs]vation ,mr4 ,curr has no d\bt t !y feel t !ft is wrong4#ia ,( ! aborig9es ( ,we/ ,au/ralia we are told t !y occasionally spe>$ ! %eep & robb$ ! potato g>d5s ( ! e>ly settl]s simply because !y did n und]/& ! settl]s' views reg>d+ prop]ty1 hav+ !mselves no sep>ate prop]ty 9 any liv+ animal except _! dogs or 9 any produce ( ! soil4 ,b only entru/ a native ) prop]ty1 & he w inv>iably be fai?ful to ! tru/4 ,l5d him y\r gun to %oot game1 & he w br+ y ! result ( 8 day's sport2 s5d him a long j\rney ) provisions = y\r %eph]d1 & he w c]ta9ly deliv] !m safely4 ,entru/ him ) a flock ( %eep ?r\gh a rugg$ c\ntry to a di/ant run1 & he & 8 wife w take !m g5]ally m safely ?an a :ite man w\ld4#ib ,footnote #hd3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #he3 ,ibid4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #hf3 ,gason1 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #hg3 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #hh3 ,*auncy1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bgh4 ,footnote #hi3 ,supra1 ii4 #b1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ij3 ,h[itt1 9 ,br\ght ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjf4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #ia3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ib3 ,*auncy1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgh4 ,! ,arab1 says ,burckh>dt1 robs 8 enemies1 8 fri5ds1 & 8 neighb\rs1 provid$ t !y are n actually 9 8 own t5t1 :]e _! prop]ty is sacr$4 ,to rob 9 ! camp1 or among fri5dly tribes1 is n reckon$ cr$itable to a man2 yet no /a9 rema9s ^u him = su* an action1 :i*1 9 fact1 is ( daily occurr5ce4 ,b ! ,arab *iefly prides himself on robb+ 8 enemies4#ic ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to hold true only ( ,b$\9 tribes inhabit+ ri* pa/ure pla9s1 :o are mu* expos$ to attacks f o!rs1 :]eas 9 m %elt]$ t]ritories a p]son :o attempts to /eal 9 ! t5ts ( 8 own tribe1 is = ev] di%on\r$ among 8 fri5ds4 ,?us among ! ,arabs ( ,s9ai robb]ies are :olly unkn[n2 any articles ( dress or ( furniture may be left ^u a rock )\t ! lea/ risk ( _! be+ tak5 away4#id ,accord+ to ,wahby law1 a robb] is oblig$ to return ! /ol5 goods or _! value1 b if ! (f5ce is n att5d$ ) circum/ances ( viol5ce he escapes )\t fur!r puni%m5t1 except a f9e to ! treasury4#ie ,among "s ,b$\9s ( ,h4adhramaut !ft f a tribesman is puni%$ ) bani%m5t f ! tribe4#if ,lady ,anne & ,mr4 ,blunt /ate t1 ) reg>d to hone/y1 ! pure ,b$\9 /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ to 8 half-br$ bre?r54 ,:il/ ! ,kurdi% & semi-,kurdi% tribes ( ,upp] ,mesopotamia make x almo/ a po9t ( hon\r to /eal1 ! g5u9e ,arab acc\nts !ft disgraceful1 al?\gh he holds #aa highway robb]y to be a "r4 ,9 ! l>ge tribes p]sons ( kn[n di%one/y are n tol]at$4#ig ,footnote #ic3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahd sq4 ,wall91 ,fr/a resa frn ,cairo till ,arabiska kn51 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ie3 ,burckh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #if3 von ,wr$e1 ,reise 9 ,h4adhramaut1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ig3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjd1 #bbe4 ,9 ,africa hone/y betwe5 memb]s ( ! same tribe is no uncommon *>act]i/ic ( ! native races1 & "s ( !m h display$ ! same quality 9 _! deal+s ) ,european travell]s4#ih ,&]sson1 = in/ance1 tells u t ! ,ovambo1 s f> z !y came "u 8 obs]vation1 7 /rictly hone/ & appe>$ to ent]ta9 great horror ( !ft4 ,)\t p]mission1 he says1 ! natives w\ld n ev5 t\* any?+2 & we c\ld leave our camp free f ! lea/ appreh5sion ( be+ plund]$4 ,z a pro( ( _! hone/y1 ,i may m5tion1 t1 :5 we left ! ,ovambo c\ntry1 ! s]vants =got "s trifles2 & su* 0 ! integrity ( ! p1 t mess5g]s actually came aft] u a v consid]able di/ance to re/ore ! articles left beh9d4#ii ,a few ,african peoples are said to look ^u petty l>c5y almo/ ) indiff]5ce4#ajj ,among o!rs ?ieves are only compell$ to re/ore /ol5 prop]ty1 or to return an equival5t = x1#aja b at ! same "t !y are disgrac$ or laugh$ at4#ajb ,9 ,africa1 z else:]e1 !ft is frequ5tly puni%$ ) a f9e4#ajc ,?us #ab among ! ,bahima1#ajd ,wad%agga1#aje & ,tanala ( ,madagasc>1#ajf ?ieves are made to pay twice ! value ( ! /ol5 goods2 among ! ,takue1#ajg ,r5dile1#ajh & ,h]]o1#aji ?ree times _! value2 among ! ,be*uanas d\ble or f\rfold4#aaj ,among ! ,taveta1 if a man commits a !ft1 he has to refund :at he has robb$1 & five times ! value ( ! /ol5 prop]ty c be claim$ by ! p]son :o has suff]$ ! loss4#aaa ,among ! ,kafirs1 9 cases ( cattle /eal+1 ! law all[s a f9e ( t5 head1 ?\gh b "o may h be5 /ol51 provid$ ! animal has be5 slaught]$1 or _c be re/or$4#aab ,among ! ,masai1 accord+ to ,h]r ,m]k]1 ! f9e = /eal+ cattle is likewise a t5fold "o2#aac :il/1 accord+ to ano!r au?ority1 if a man /eals "o c[1 or m ?an "o c[1 all 8 prop]ty is giv5 to ! man f :om he has /ol54#aad ,among ! ,basukuma all ?ieves1 x seems1 are puni%$ ) ! confiscation ( ev]y?+ !y possess4#aae ,o!r puni%m5ts = !ft are imprisonm5t1#aaf bani%m5t1#aag slav]y1#aah flogg+1#aai mutilation1#abj &1 especially "u aggravat+ circum/ances1 dea?4#aba #ac ,9 "s ,african c\ntries a ?ief caught 9 ! act may be kill$ ) impunity4#abb ,footnote #ih3 ,/4 ,john1 ,village ,life 9 ,egypt1 ii4 #aih4 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,great ,sah>a1 p4 #aic sq4 7,b5i ,mzab74 ,na*tigal1 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 i4 #ahh 7inhabitants ( ,fezzn74 ,dyveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #che 7,t\>eg72 cf4 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #ahh4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #eca sq4 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia xiv4 #be4 ,baumann1 ,dur* ,massail& zur ,nilquelle1 pp4 #afe 7,masai71 #agi 7,wafiomi74 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #fd 7,wakwafi ( ! ,taveta74 ,bak]1 ,ismaila1 p4 #ef2 ,pe!rick1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #c 7,%illuk74 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #ahb 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans74 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #bci2 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa to ,timbuctoo1 i4 #cec 7,m&+oes74 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #ic2 ,tuckey1 ,exp$ition to explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #cgd4 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #eij 7,wanyoro74 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #cbf2 ,hahn1 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 p4 #cb 7,hott5tots72 cf4 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cjg4 ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aia sq4 ,footnote #ii3 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aig4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,notes on ,travel 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #f1 n4992 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #ehj 7,we/ ,african ,negroes74 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #add4 ,footnote #aja3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 pp4 #chi 7inhabitants ( ,s>a71 #did 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff 7,mantetis74 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #bic 7,baziba74 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cdc 7,ondonga74 ,w>n]1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 pp4 #fe1 #fg4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #hd4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 pp4 #chf 7inhabitants ( ,s>a71 #eca 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff 7,mantetis74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #ci 7,danakil74 ,na*tigal1 op4 cit4 i4 #ddi 7,t$74 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #adb 7,negroes ( ,axim1 on ! ,gold ,coa/74 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #cjc4 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bbe4 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hf 7,wanyoro74 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #cbb 7,manyema74 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #eb 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bae 7,wagogo74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bei 7,wa%ambala74 ,w&r]1 ibid4 p4 #cbe 7,hott5tots74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #he sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #aje3 ,volk5s1 ,d] ,kilim&s*>o1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,ri*>dson1 ',tanala ,cu/oms1' 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual1 ii4 #ie sq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #aji3 ,franois1 ,nama und ,dam>a1 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #cie4 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,hollis1 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 i4 #abc4 ,footnote #aab3 ,dugmore1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #cf4 ,cf4 ibid4 pp4 #aab1 #adc4 ,footnote #aac3 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #aad3 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #aae3 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ij 7inhabitants ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,footnote #aag3 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #cae 7,b5i ,mzab74 ,footnote #aah3 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #beh1 n499 7,fantis74 ,pe!rick1 op4 cit4 ii4 #c 7,%illuk ( ! ,:ite ,nile74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #hg4 ,footnote #aai3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #bfa 7,we/ ,equatorial ,africans74 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #aia4 ,volk5s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bej 7,wad%agga74 ,velt51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] ,suaheli1 p4 #cfc4 ,campbell1 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #eai4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #hh4 ,footnote #abj3 de ,abreu1 ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 p4 #bg 7aborig9es ( ,f]ro74 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #aia4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco1 p4 #bhj 7,d9ka74 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #afc 7,mambettu & ,wanyoro74 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a & ! ,egyptian ,s\dan1 i4 #bja 7,wag&a74 ,holub1 op4 cit4 i4 #cie sq4 7,be*uanas74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #hg sq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #aia2 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cjd 7,yoruba74 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #cjc4 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #adc 7,negroes ( ,axim74 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 pp4 #fi 7,banabuddu71 #ajb 7,bakoki71 #cdf 7,k>amojo74 ,franois1 op4 cit4 p4 #age 7,h]]o74 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aig 7,ovambo74 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh 7,basutos74 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #aee4 ,tyl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib 7,zulus74 ,kolb51 op4 cit4 i4 #aeh 7,hott5tots74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #hh sq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #adc 7,mpongwe74 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #ccc 7,l5du74 ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 ii4 #id 7,wanika74 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #afb1 #ahc 7,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans74 ,macdonald1 ',ea/ ,c5tral ,african ,cu/oms1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxii4 #aji4 ,supra1 i4 #bhi4 ,! condemnation ( !ft1 9 "o & ! same p1 v>ies 9 degree accord+ to a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,x is influ5c$ by ! value ( ! goods /ol51 z appe>s f ! diff]5t puni%m5ts inflict$ 9 cases :]e ! value diff]s4#abc ,?us1 :5 ! p5alty consi/s ( a f9e1 its am\nt is (t5 /rictly proportion$ to ! loss suff]$ by ! own]1 ! ?ief be+ compell$ to pay twice1 or ?ree1 or f\r1 or five1 or t5 times ! wor? ( ! appropriat$ article4#abd ,among ! ,aztecs a petty ?ief became ! slave ( ! p]son f :om he _h /ol51 :il/ !ft ( a l>ge am\nt 0 almo/ inv>iably puni%$ ) dea?4#abe ,accord+ to ! ,koran1 !ft is to be puni%$ by cutt+ (f ! (f5d]'s "r h& = ! fir/ (f5ce2 b a ,sunneh law orda9s t ?is puni%m5t %all n be inflict$ if ! value ( ! /ol5 prop]ty is less ?an a qu>t] ( a de5r4#abf ,anci5t ,scot* law proportion$ ! puni%m5t ( !ft to ! value ( ! goods /ol51 height5+ x gradually f a slight corporal to a capital puni%m5t1 if ! value #ad am\nt$ to ?irty-two p5nies ,scots1 :i* 9 ! reign ( ,david ,i4 0 ! price ( two %eep4#abg ,9 ,engl& a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 gr& & petty l>c5y1 ! l9e betwe5 !m be+ drawn at twelve p5ce1 & gr& l>c5y 0 capital at lea/ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i4#abh ,among v>i\s peoples cu/om or law puni%es ) p>ticul> sev]ity ! /eal+ ( objects ( a c]ta9 k9d1 su* z cattle1 horses1 agricultural implem5ts1 corn1 preci\s metals1 or arms4#abi ,! ,negroes ( ,axim1 says ,bosman1 w r put a man to dea? = /eal+ a %eep1 ?an kill+ a man4#acj ,! ,kalmucks reg>d horse-/eal+ z ! greate/ ( all crimes4#aca ,! anci5t ,teutons held cattle-lift+ & robb]y ( crops to be p>ticul>ly disgraceful4#acb ,accord+ to ,roman law1 p :o /ole an ox or horse f ! pa/ures or f a /able1 or t5 %eep1 or f\r or five sw9e1 might be puni%$ ev5 ) dea?4#acc ,! natives ( ,dang] ,isl&1 9 ! ,s\? ,seas1 puni%$ ) dr[n+ anyone :o 0 caught /eal+ food1 ! mo/ valuable prop]ty !y knew (4#acd ,9 ,tahiti1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o /ole clo!s or arms 7 commonly put to dea?1 :]eas ^? :o /ole provisions 7 ba/9ado$4#ace ,among o!r peoples ! appropriation ( a small quantity ( food belong+ to somebody else is n puni%$ at all4#acf ,! ,masai d n puni% a p]son = /eal+ milk or meat4#acg ,among ! ,bakoki x 0 n a crime to /eal bananas4#ach ,9 anci5t ,mexico e poor travell] 0 p]mitt$ to #ae take ( ! maize1 or ! fruit-be>+ trees1 :i* 7 plant$ by ! side ( ! highway1 z mu* z 0 suffici5t to satisfy imm$iate hung]4#aci ,among ! ,hebrews a p]son 0 all[$ to g into 8 neighb\r's v9ey>d & eat grapes at 8 own pleasure1 or to pluck e>s 9 8 field1 b ! visitor 0 =bidd5 to put any grapes 9 8 vessel or to move a sickle into ! /&+ corn4#adj ,x is said 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu t a twice-born man1 :o is travell+ & ^: provisions are exhau/$1 %all n be f9$1 if he takes two /alks ( sug>-cane or two escul5t roots f ! field ( ano!r man4#ada ,accord+ to anci5t ,sw$i% laws1 a pass]-by c\ld take a h&ful ( peas1 beans1 turnips1 & s =?1 f ano!r p]son's field1 & a travell] c\ld give to 8 fatigu$ horse "s hay f any b>n he f\nd 9 ! wood4#adb ,h[ev]1 :il/ ! puni%m5t ( !ft is commonly1 to "s ext5t1 influ5c$ by ! wor? or nature ( ! appropriat$ prop]ty1 !re are peoples :o puni% ?ieves ) ! same sev]ity :e!r !y h /ol5 little or mu*4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians describ$ by ,colonel ,dodge ! value ( ! article /ol5 is n consid]$4 ,! crime is ! !ft4#adc ,among ! ,yle\1 a ,man*urian tribe m5tion$ by anci5t ,*9ese *ronicl]s1 !ft ( any k9d 0 puni%$ ) dea?4#add ,! ,b5i ,mzab 9 ! ,sah>a s5t5ce a ?ief to two ye>s bani%m5t & ! paym5t ( fifty francs1 indep5d5tly ( ! value ( ! ?+ he has /ol54#ade ,footnote #abc3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #eb 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #acc 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bae 7,wagogo74 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #adb 7,negroes ( ,axim74 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajg 7,masai74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ia4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #dbj4 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxix4 sqq4 p4 #bhd sqq4 7,*9ese74 ,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 #cff4 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #cbj sqq4 ,wilda1 ,das ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #hgj sqq42 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #bif sqq42 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 pp4 #fba1 #fgg sq42 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fci sqq4 7anci5t ,teutons74 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #gba4 ,footnote #abd3 ,supra1 ii4 #d1 #f-h1 #ab4 ,footnote #abe3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #def4 ,footnote #abf3 ,koran1 v4 #db4 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abj sq4 ,idem1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bj4 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 pp4 #haj1 #haa1 #hbe sqq4 ,footnote #abg3 ,ersk9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #efh4 ,innes1 ,scotl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #aij4 ,mack9to%1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,scotl&1 #bca4 ,footnote #abh3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #die sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fdj4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #abi4 ,footnote #abi3 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #dba sqq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #big4 ,footnote #acb3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #fcf sq4 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #hge sq4 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjg4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fde sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #ad4 #a4 pr41 #a1 #c2 xlvii4 #ad4 #c4 ,footnote #acd3 ,gill1 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #ace3 ,cook1 ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #da sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,supra1 i4 #bhf sq4 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #dbf4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #che4 ,footnote #acg3 ,hollis1 ,masai1 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #ach3 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #ajb sq4 ,footnote #aci3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #ceh4 ,footnote #adj3 ,deut]onomy1 xxiii4 #bd sq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #cda4 ,cf4 ibid4 viii4 #cci4 ,footnote #adb3 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #big4 ,footnote #adc3 ,dodge1 op4 cit4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #add3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bg4 ,footnote #ade3 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #cae4 ,! degree ( crim9ality atta*$ to !ft also dep5ds on ! place :]e x is committ$4 ,to /eal f a h\se1 especially aft] break+ ! door1 is frequ5tly reg>d$ z an aggravat$ =m ( !ft4#adf ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an #af law1 ! puni%m5t ( cutt+ (f ! "r h& ( ! ?ief is inflict$ on him only if ! /ol5 prop]ty 0 deposit$ 9 a place to :i* he _h n ord9>y or easy access2 h5ce a man :o /eals 9 ! h\se ( a ne> relative is n subject to ?is puni%m5t1 nor a slave :o robs ! h\se ( 8 ma/]4#adg ,among "s peoples a !ft committ$ by night is puni%$ m heavily ?an "o committ$ by day4#adh ,footnote #adf3 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #dbc sq4 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #aff 7,niase74 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #ajc 7,s]angese74 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bei4 7,wa%ambala74 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #hgh sq42 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fdf 7anci5t ,teutonic law74 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #aa4 #g2 xlvii4 #ah4 #b4 ,footnote #adg3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aba4 ,cf4 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #adh3 ,wilk51 loc4 cit4 p4 #aji 7p ( ,bali74 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #ag4 #a4 ,lex ,saxonum1 #cb1 #cd2 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #hgg2 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #fcg2 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fdf 7anci5t ,teutonic law74 ,a di/9ction is fur!r made betwe5 ord9>y !ft & robb]y4 ,! robb] is treat$ sometimes m sev]ely1#adi sometimes m l5i5tly ?an ! ?ief1 & is n infrequ5tly reg>d$ ) admiration4 ,among ! ,wanyamwezi ?ieves are despis$1 b robb]s are hon\r$1 especially by ! wom51 on acc\nt ( _! c\rage4#aej ,9 ,ug&a robb]y is n ?\ght %ameful1 al?\gh x is rigor\sly puni%$4#aea ,9 ,s9dh no disgrace is atta*$ to l>c5y :5 ! p]petrators are arm$4#aeb ,among ! ,ossetes1 :]e op5 robb]y has be5 committ$ outside a village1 ! c\rt m]ely requires ! /ol5 article or an equival5t to be re/or$2 b 9 cases ( secret !ft1 five times ! value mu/ be paid4 ,robb]y & !ft )9 ! b\nd>ies ( a village are rat$ mu* high]4 ,a prov]b says1 ',:at a man f9ds on ! high-road is ,god's gift'2 & 9 fact highway robb]y is h>dly reg>d$ z a crime4#aec ,! ,kazak ,kirghiz g s f> z to consid] x almo/ di%on\rable = a man nev] to h tak5 "p 9 a b>anta1 or cattle-lift+ exploit4#aed ,accord+ to #ag ,b$\9 notions1 !re is a cle> di/9ction betwe5 tak+ & /eal+4 ,to /eal is to ab/ract cl&e/9ely1 :]eas to take1 9 ! s5se ( depriv+ ano!r ( 8 prop]ty1 g5]ally implies to take f him op5ly1 by "r ( sup]ior =ce4#aee ,! ,arabian robb]1 says ,burckh>dt1 consid]s 8 pr(ession hon\rable1 & ! t]m h>my 7robb]7 is "o ( ! mo/ flatt]+ titles t c\ld be conf]r$ on a y\?ful h]o4#aef ,9 anci5t ,teutonic law !ft & robb]y 7 kept ap>t2 ! "o 0 ! secret1 ! o!r ! op5 crime4 ,9 mo/ law-books robb]y 0 subject to a mild] puni%m5t ?an !ft1 & 0 und\bt$ly reg>d$ z f> less di%on\rable4 ,inde$1 h[ev] illegal ! mode ( acquir+ prop]ty may h be51 publicity 0 look$ ^u z a palliation ( ! (f5ce1 if n z a species ( ju/ification1 ev5 ?\gh ! injur$ p>ty 0 a fell[-c\ntryman4#aeg ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 !ft & robb]y seems /ill to h be5 felt 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,bracton _h to argue t ! robb] is a ?ief4#aeh ,b 9 lat] times robb]y 0 reg>d$ by ! law ( ,engl& z an aggravat$ k9d ( !ft4#aei ,footnote #adi3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxviii4 p4 #bhc 7,*9ese law74 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #ai4 #bh4 #aj4 ,ersk9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #eff4 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #dee sq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,rei*>dt1 quot$ by ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #aea3 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,burton1 ,s9dh1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #aec3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #daa4 ,cf4 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #aed3 ,vmbry1 ,das ,trk5volk1 p4 #cjf4 ,cf4 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgj sq4 7,kirghiz74 ,footnote #aee3 ,ayrton1 9 ,wall91 ,notes tak5 dur+ a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,"p ( ,nor!rn ,arabia1 p4 #bi1 n4 d\ble dagg] 79 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 xx4 #cag1 n4 d\ble dagg]74 ,footnote #aef3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ij4 ,cf4 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah ,meccah1 ii4 #aja2 ,blunt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bjd sq4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hfj1 #iaa1 #iad4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #fcd sq4 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cad sq4 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #agc sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fdg sq4 ,?rupp1 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,home1 p4 #bhh4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dic sq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #aej b1 vol4 ii4 #ejh sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #did4 ,footnote #aei3 ,coke1 ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,in/itutes ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 p4 #fh4 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #beb4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #adi4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dic4 ,cf4 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #iad4 ,a l9e has be5 drawn betwe5 manife/ & non-manife/ !ft4 ,among _m peoples ?ieves :o are caught 9 ! act may be kill$ ) impunity1#afj or are puni%$ mu* m heavily ?an o!r ?ieves1 frequ5tly ) dea?4#afa ,we also he> t ! wor/ "p ( ! (f5ce #ah consi/s 9 be+ detect$1 & t a successful ?ief is admir$ r ?an disapprov$ (4 ,footnote #afj3 ,supra1 i4 #bic2 ii4 #h1 #ac4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fdb4 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #dda sq4 ,footnote #afa3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #gej sq4 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #cgh4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fdb sq42 ,d>e/e1 tudes d'hi/oire du droit1 p4 #bii sq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #die 7anci5t ,teutonic law74 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ddc4 ,x is said ( ! ,navahos t ! "t is evid5tly n long gone by :5 ) !m1 z among ! ,sp>tans1 adroit !ft 0 deem$ hon\rable4#afb ,among ! ,cali=nian ,yuki ?iev+ is a virtue 4 4 4 1 provid$ ! ?ief is sly en\gh n to get caught4#afc ,! ,ahts h a t5d5cy to sympa?ise ) "s =ms ( !ft1 9 :i* dext]ity is requir$4#afd ,among ! ,?l9kets !ft does n seem to be consid]$ a disgrace2 ! detect$ ?ief is at mo/ a%am$ ( 8 want ( skill4#afe ,! ,*uk*i h b a bad op9ion ( a "y girl :o has nev] acquitt$ h]self clev]ly 9 "s !ft2 & )\t su* te/imony ( h] dext]ity & address %e w sc>cely f9d a husb&4#aff ,9 ,mongolia kn[n ?ieves are treat$ z respectable memb]s ( society4 ,z long z !y manage well & are successful1 little or no odium seems to atta* to !m2 & x is no uncommon ?+ to he> !m spok5 ( 9 t]ms ( high praise4 ,success seems to be reg>d$ z a k9d ( palliation ( _! crimes4#afg ,among ! ,kukis1 accord+ to e>ly notices1 ! accompli%m5t mo/ e/eem$ 0 dext]ity 9 ?iev+1 :il/ ! mo/ contemptible p]son 0 a ?ief caught 9 ! act4#afh ,! ,p]sians say t x is no %ame to /eal1 only to be f\nd out4#afi ,! same view seems to be held by ! ,motu tribe ( ,new ,gu9ea1#agj ! natives ( ,tana 7,new ,hebrides71#aga ! ,maoris1#agb & sev]al ,african peoples4#agc ,9 ,fiji success1 )\t discov]y1 is deem$ q en\gh to make ?iev+ virtu\s1 & a p>ticipation 9 ! ill-gott5 ga9 hon\rable4#agd ,among ! ,matabele #ai ! ?ief is n despis$ because he has /ol51 b because he has all[$ himself to be caught1 & if 8 crime rema9s undetect$ he is admir$ by all4#age ,among ! aborig9es ( ,palma1 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 he 0 e/eem$ ! clev]e/ fell[ :o c\ld /eal ) su* address z n to be discov]$4#agf ,footnote #afb3 ,mat!ws1 ',/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #d4 ,footnote #afc3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #afd3 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh sq4 ,footnote #afe3 ,krause1 op4 cit4 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #aff3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ahc4 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #afg3 ,gilm\r1 ,among ! ,mongols1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #afh3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #afi3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 ii4 #ha4 ,footnote #agj3 ,/one1 ,a few ,mon?s 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #aga3 ,br5*ley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #agb3 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 p4 #bbd4 ,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 #bbd4 ,dieff5ba* ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #agc3 ,zll]1 ,=s*ungsreis5 9 d] deuts*5 ,colonie ,kam]un1 ii4 #fd 7,dualla74 ,wilson & ,felk91 op4 cit4 i4 #bbd 7,wag&a74 ,leslie1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef 7,amatongas74 ,footnote #agd3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #age3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #agf3 de ,abreu1 op4 cit4 p4 #ach4 ,! moral valuation ( !ft v>ies accord+ to ! social position ( ! ?ief & ( ! p]son robb$4 ,among ! ,m>ea a nobleman :o commits !ft is only oblig$ to re/ore ! appropriat$ article2 b if a common] /eals f ano!r common]1 ! :ole ( 8 prop]ty may be confiscat$ by ! latt]'s ma/]1 & if he /eals f a nobleman he becomes ! nobleman's s]f4#agg ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku% ! p5alty = !ft is !oretically a f9e ( sev5 or eight times ! value ( ! ?+ /ol52 b su* a puni%m5t 9 ord9>y cases w\ld only be inflict$ on a man ( inf]ior m>k1 unless x 7 accompani$ by circum/ances :i* aggravat$ ! orig9al (f5ce4#agh ,9 ,rome1 accord+ to an old law1 a freeman caught 9 ! act ( ?iev+ 0 sc\rg$ & deliv]$ ov] to ! p>ty aggriev$1 :]eas a slave 9 simil> circum/ances 0 sc\rg$ & !n hurl$ f ! ,t>peian rock2#agi & accord+ to an enactm5t ( ,hadrian1 ! puni%m5t = /eal+ an ox or horse f ! pa/ures or f a /able 0 only relegation if ! (f5d] 0 a p]son ( rank1 ?\gh ord9>y p]sons might h to suff] dea? = ! same (f5ce4#ahj ,9 anci5t ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 ! puni%m5t increas$ ) ! rank ( ! crim9al4 ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 9 a case ( !ft ! guilt ( a ,sdra %all be eightfold1 t ( a ,vaisya sixte5fold1 t ( a ,k%atriya two-&-?irtyfold1 t ( a ,brhmana sixty-f\rfold1 or q a hundr$fold1 or ev5 twice f\r-&-sixtyfold2 ea* ( !m kn[+ ! nature #bj ( ! (f5ce4#aha ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 ! degree ( guilt is det]m9$ by ! /ation ( ! p]son robb$4#ahb ,among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs1 = in/ance1 ! f9e by :i* a !ft is puni%$ is fix$ accord+ to ! rank ( ! p]son aga9/ :om ! (f5ce is committ$1 confiscation ( prop]ty be+ ! g5]al puni%m5t impos$ = (f5ces aga9/ *iefs4#ahc ,among _m o!r peoples !ft or robb]y committ$ on ! prop]ty ( a *ief or k+ is treat$ ) exceptional sev]ity4#ahd ,sometimes diff]5ce 9 religion affects ! crim9ality ( ! ?ief4 ,accord+ to mod]n ,buddhism1 to take t :i* belongs to a sceptic is an inf]ior crime1 & ! guilt rises 9 magnitude 9 proportion to ! m]it ( ! individual ^u :om ! !ft is p]petrat$4 ,to take t :i* belongs to ! associat$ prie/hood1 or to a supreme ,buddha1 is ! highe/ crime4#ahe ,b ! commone/ & mo/ important p]sonal di/9ction influ5c+ ! moral valuation ( !ft & robb]y is t betwe5 a tribesman or fell[-c\ntryman & a /rang]4 ,footnote #agg3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bdc sq4 ,footnote #agh3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #agi3 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #gea4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #ad4 #a4 pr41 #c4 ,footnote #aha3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #ccg sq4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aae 7,javanese74 ,desoignies1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bha 7,msalala74 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,br[nlee1 9 ,maclean1 op4 cit4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #dbi sq4 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bbe 7,dahomans74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #gc4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ia4 ,laws ( !lbirht1 #d1 #i 7,anglo-,saxons74 ,footnote #ahe3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #dhc4 ,among uncivilis$ races intra-tribal !ft is c>efully di/+ui%$ f extra-tribal !ft4 ,:il/ ! =m] is =bidd51 ! latt] is commonly all[$1 & robb]y committ$ on a /rang] is an object ( praise4#ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,cf4 ,tylor1 ',primitive ,society1' 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 xxi4 #gae sq42 ,an?ropology1 p4 #dac sq4 ,! ,tehuel*es ( ,patagonia1 al?\gh hone/ en\gh z reg>ds ea* o!r1 w1 nev]!less1 n scruple to /eal f any "o n belong+ to _! p>ty4#ahg ,! ,abipones1 :o nev] took any?+ f _! own c\ntrym51 us$ to rob & murd] ! ,spani>ds :il/ !y ?\ght !m _! enemies4#ahh ,among ! ,mbays ! law1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 applies only to tribesm5 & #ba allies1 n to /rang]s & enemies4#ahi ,! high /&>d ( hone/y :i* prevail$ among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians did n ref] to =eign]s1 especially :ite m51 :om !y ?\ght x no %ame to rob or *eat4#aij ,a !ft f an individual ( ano!r b&1 says ,colonel ,dodge1 is no crime4 ,a !ft f "o ( ! same b& is ! greate/ ( all crimes4#aia ,among ! ,cali=nian ,indians1 = in/ance1 :o are prov]bially hone/ 9 _! own neighb\rhood1 a /rang] 9 ! gates :o seems to be fri5dless may lose ! v blankets (f him 9 ! night4#aib ,among ! ,ahts ?iev+ is a common vice :]e ! prop]ty ( o!r tribes1 or :ite m51 is conc]n$4#aic ,( ! ,dacotahs we read t1 ?\gh ! m5 ?9k x undignifi$ = !m to /eal ev5 f :ite p1 !y s5d _! wives ?us unlawfully to procure :at !y want4#aid ,( ! ,gre5l&]s ! old mission>y ,eg$e writes3--,if !y c lay h&s ^u any ?+ belong+ to u =eign]s1 !y make no great scruple ( consci5ce ab\t x4 ,b1 z we n[ h liv$ "s "t 9 ! c\ntry among/ !m1 & are look'd ^u z true inhabitants ( ! l&1 !y at la/ h =borne to mole/ u any m t way4#aie ,ano!r e>ly au?ority /ates1 ,if !y c purlo9 or ev5 =cibly seize ! prop]ty ( a =eign]1 x is a fea!r 9 _! cap2#aif &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,nans51 x is /ill held by ! ,gre5l&]s to be f> less objectionable to rob ,europeans ?an _! own fell[-c\ntrym54#aig ,_m travell]s h compla9$ ( ! pilf]+ t5d5cies ( ,eskimo tribes ) :om !y h come into contact4#aih ,ri*>dson believes t1 9 ! op9ion ( an ,eskimo1 to /eal boldly & adroitly f a /rang] is an act ( h]oism4#aii ,( ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait ,mr4 ,nelson writes3--,/eal+ f p ( ! same village or tribe is reg>d$ z wrong4 4 4 4 ,to /eal f a /rang] or f p ( ano!r tribe is n consid]$ wrong s long z x does n br+ tr\ble on ! community4#bjj ,footnote #ahg3 ,mu/]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,dobrizh(f]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adh4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,tylor1 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 xxi4 #gaf4 ,footnote #aij3 ,ibid4 p4 #gaf4 ,footnote #aia3 ,dodge1 op4 cit4 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #aib3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #daj sq4 ,footnote #aic3 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei4 ,cf4 ,macfie1 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #dfh4 ,footnote #aid3 ,ea/man1 ,dacotah1 p4 xvii4 ,footnote #aie3 ,eg$e1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #aif3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #age4 ,see also ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #aig3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cce sq4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #aih3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #da4 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #fe2 ,arm/rong1 ,discov]y ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #aif 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,footnote #aii3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #ceb4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,nelson1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bic4 #bb ,! ,*uk*i#bja & ,koriaks#bjb consid] !ft reputable or glori\s if committ$ on a /rang]1 ?\gh crim9al if committ$ 9 _! own communities4 ,! hill p ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india1 :il/ obs]vant ( ! rights ( prop]ty among !mselves1 d n scruple to plund] ^? to :om !y are "u no obligation ( fidelity4#bjc ,! ,bataks ( ,sumatra1 :o h>dly ev] /eal among !mselves1 are exp]t at pilf]+ f /rang]s :5 n re/ra9$ by ! laws ( hospitality1 & ?9k x no moral (f5ce to d s4#bjd ,o!r tribes 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago likewise hold x all[able to plund] ! same /rang] or travell] :o1 :5 =lorn & de/itute1 w\ld f9d a hospitable reception among !m4#bje ,! /rict hone/y1 says ,mr4 ,melville1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ne>ly all ! ,polynesian ,isl&s manife/ t[>ds ea* o!r is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! ?iev+ prop5sities "s ( !m ev9ce 9 _! int]c\rse ) =eign]s4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem t1 accord+ to _! peculi> code ( morals1 ! pilf]+ ( a hat*et or a wr\ght nail f a ,european is look$ ^u z a praisewor?y action4 ,or r1 x may be presum$1 t1 be>+ 9 m9d ! :olesale =ays made ^u !m by _! nautical visitors1 !y consid] ! prop]ty ( ! latt] z a fair object ( reprisal4#bjf ,9 ,fiji !ft is reg>d$ z no (f5ce at all :5 practis$ on a =eign]4#bjg ,! ,savage ,isl&]s consid] !ft f a tribesman a vice1 b !ft f a memb] ( ano!r tribe a virtue4#bjh ,( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s1 aga91 we are told t !y /ole f ri* /rang]s on bo>d well load$ %ips1 :]eas ,europeans settl$ among !m left _! doors & %ops unlock$ )\t appreh5sion4#bji ,speak+ ( ! hone/y ( ! ,h]b]t ,riv] natives1 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&1 ,mr4 ,lumholtz adds3--,x is1 ( c\rse1 solely among memb]s ( ! same tribe t !re is s great a diff]5ce betwe5 m9e & ?9e2 /range tribes look ^u ea* o!r z wild bea/s4#baj ,! aborig9es ( ,we/ ,au/ralia w\ld n consid] ! act ( pillag+ base :5 practis$ on ano!r p1 or c>ri$ on beyond ! limits ( _! own tribe4#baa ,footnote #bja3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,ibid4 iii4 #agj4 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,hislop1 op4 cit4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #bje3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 i4 #gb4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #bie1 n4 #a4 ,see also ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises1 p4 #ecj 7,samoans72 ,hale1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc 7,micronesians74 ,footnote #bjg3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #bji3 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bee4 ,footnote #baj3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #baa3 ,*auncy1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgh sq4 ,among ! ,= tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa x is n consid]$ #bc "r to rob /rang]s1 b ! *iefs w9k at ?is (f5ce1 & ! /rang] runs b a poor *ance ( obta9+ ju/ice4#bab ,( ! ,m&+oes ,cailli obs]ves t1 :ile !y d n /eal f ea* o!r1 _! probity ) respect to o!rs is v equivocal & 9 p>ticul> t[>ds /rang]s1 :o w\ld be v imprud5t to %ew !m any ?+ t might tempt _! cupidity4#bac ,:5 an ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,african is plund]$ by a companion1 he may be he>d exclaim+1 ,if y _h /ol5 f a :ite man1 !n ,i c\ld h und]/ood x1 b to /eal f a black man----4#bad ,among ! ,masai ! w>riors & old m5 h a pr(\nd contempt = a ?ief1 b cattle-raid+ f neighb\r+ tribes !y d n consid] /eal+4#bae ,! ,wafiomi#baf & ,%illuk#bag reg>d !ft or robb]y committ$ on a /rang] z a praisewor?y action1 ?\gh !y nev] or r>ely practise x on memb]s ( _! own p4 ,! ,b>ea & ,kunma#bah & ! inhabitants ( ,s>a#bai consid] x hon\rable = a man to rob an enemy ( 8 tribe4 ,! ,kabyles ( ,djurdjura1 :o dem& /rict mutual hone/y f memb]s ( ! same village1 see no?+ wrong 9 /eal+ f a /rang]4#bbj ,among ! ,b$\9s travell]s pass+ )\t prop] escort f or introduction to ! tribes1 may expect to lose _! bea/s1 goods1 clo!s1 & all !y possess4 ,!re is no k9d ( %ame atta*$ to su* acts ( rap9e4 4 4 4 ,by des]t law1 ! act ( pass+ ?r\gh ! des]t entails =feiture ( goods to :oev] c seize !m4#bba ,inde$1 ! ,arab is pr\d ( robb+ 8 enemies1 & ( br++ away by /eal? :at he c\ld n h tak5 by op5 =ce4#bbb ,! ,ossetes di/+u5t 4 4 4 le vol commis au prjudice d'une p]sonne trangre la famille1 et le vol commis au prjudice d'un p>5t4 ,le premi]1 proprem5t p>l]1 n'e/ pas un acte crim9el2 le second1 au contraire1 e/ t5u p\r un dlit4#bbc ,footnote #bab3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,= ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bac3 ,cailli1 op4 cit4 i4 #cec4 ,cf4 ,mungo ,p>k1 op4 cit4 p4 #bci sq4 ,footnote #bad3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bae3 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajd4 ,cf4 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dai4 ,footnote #baf3 ,baumann1 ,dur* ,massail&1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #bag3 ,pe!rick1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #c4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bah3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #eca4 ,footnote #bai3 ,ibid4 p4 #chf4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,kobelt1 ,reise]9n]ung5 aus ,alg]i5 und ,tunis1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #bba3 ,blunt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bjd sq4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #cdc4 ,simil> views prevail$ among ! anci5t ,teutons4 ,robb]ies1 says ,caes>1 :i* are committ$ beyond #bd ! b\nd>ies ( ea* /ate be> no infamy1 & !y av[ t ^! are committ$ = ! purpose ( discipl9+ _! y\? & ( prev5t+ slo?4#bbd ,! same 0 ! case ) ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl& until !y 7 br\ght into subjection aft] ! rebellion ( #agde4bbe ,reg>d+ e ,l[l&] z an ali51 & 8 cattle z fair spoil ( w>1 says ,major-,g5]al ,/ew>t1 !y consid]$ no law = 8 protection z b9d+4 4 4 4 ,yet1 except aga9/ ! ,l[l&]s or a ho/ile clan1 ^! freeboot]s ma9ta9$1 9 g5]al1 ! /ricte/ hone/y t[>ds "o ano!r1 & inspir$ confid5ce 9 _! integrity4 4 4 4 ,9 ! int]ior ( _! own society all prop]ty 0 safe1 )\t ! usual security ( bolts1 b>s1 & locks4#bbf ,9 ! ,comm5t>y to ! ,iri% ,s5*us ,mr x is /at$ t1 :il/ an ord9>y ?ief loses 8 full hon\r-price at once1 committ+ !ft 9 ano!r t]ritory deprives a p]son ( only half 8 hon\r-price1 until x is committ$ ! ?ird "t4#bbg ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages all ,europe seems to h tacitly agre$ t =eign]s 7 creat$ = ! purpose ( be+ robb$4#bbh ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 7 /ill sev]al places 9 ,france 9 :i* a /rang] :o fix$ 8 resid5ce = a ye> & a day became ! s]f ( ! "l ( ! manor4#bbi ,9 ,engl&1 till upw>ds ( two c5turies aft] ! ,conque/1 =eign m]*ants 7 consid]$ only z soj\rn]s com+ to a fair or m>ket1 & 7 oblig$ to employ _! l&lords z brok]s to buy & sell _! commodities2 & "o /rang] 0 (t5 arre/$ = ! debt1 or puni%$ = ! misdemean\r1 ( ano!r4#bcj ,9 a lat] age ! old habit ( oppression 0 /ill s /rong t1 :5 ! ,/ate sudd5ly want$ a sum ( money1 x seem$ q natural t =eign]s %\ld be call$ ^u to #be provide a "p ( x4#bca ,! cu/om ( seiz+ ! goods ( p]sons :o _h be5 %ipwreck$1 & ( confiscat+ !m z ! prop]ty ( ! "l on ^: manor !y 7 ?r[n1 seems to h be5 univ]sal2#bcb & 9 "s ,european c\ntries ! laws ev5 p]mitt$ ! inhabitants ( m>itime prov9ces to r$uce to s]vitude p :o 7 %ipwreck$ on _! coa/4#bcc ,! sea laws ( ,olron1 :i* probably date f ! twelf? c5tury1 tell u t 9 _m places %ipwreck$ sailors meet ) p m inhuman1 b>b>\s1 & cruel ?an mad dogs1 :o slaught] ^? unhappy m>9]s 9 ord] to obta9 possession ( _! money1 clo!s1 & o!r prop]ty4#bcd ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages attempts 7 incessantly made by sov]eigns & c\ncils to aboli% ?is anci5t "r1 s f> z ,*ri/ian sailors 7 conc]n$1#bce :]eas ! robb+ ( %ipwreck$ infidels 0 n prohibit$4#bcf ,b = a long "t ^! endeav\rs 7 f> f be+ successful2#bcg & x 0 ev5 argu$ t1 z %ipwrecks 7 puni%m5ts s5t by ,god1 x 0 impi\s to be m]ciful to ! victims4#bch ,footnote #bbd3 ,caes>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vi4 #bc4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,tylor1 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 xxi4 #gaf4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,/ew>t1 ,sket*es ( ! ,"*1 c41 ( ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&1 p4 #db sq4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 i4 #eg4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,cf4 ,m>%all1 ,int]national ,vanities1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,beaumanoir1 ,les c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xlv4 #ai1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,*itty1 ,treatise on ! ,laws ( ,comm]ce & ,manufactures1 i4 #aca ,cf4 ,cibr>io1 ,della economia politica del m$io eve1 i4 #aib4 ,footnote #bca3 ,see ,m>%all1 ,int]national ,vanities1 p4 #bia sq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium ad scriptores m$i et infim ,lat9itatis1 iv4 #bb sq4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,v4 i4 #cie4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,du ,cange1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bc sq4 ,cleffelius1 ,antiquitates ,g]manorum potissimum sept5trionalium1 x4 #d1 p4 #cfb4 ,drey]1 ,specim5 juris publici ,lubec5sis1 p4 cxcii4 ,potgiess]1 ,comm5t>ii juris ,g]manici de /atu s]vorum1 i4 i4 #ag1 p4 #ah sq4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,anci5t ,sea-,laws ( ,ol]on1 art4 #cj1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bce3 ,du ,cange1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bd sqq4 ,p>dessus1 ,collection de lois m>itimes1 ii4 p4 cxv4 sqq42 iii4 p4 clxxix4 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #efi sqq4 ,con/itutiones ,neapolitan sive ,sicul1 i4 #bh4 ,concilium ,romanum ,,iv4 ,a4,d4 #ajgh 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 xx4 #eje sq474 ,footnote #bcf3 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l'humanit1 vii4 #cbc1 #dac n4 #c4 von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #egj4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,p>dessus1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 cxv4 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 vii4 #cad4 ,m>%all1 ,int]national ,vanities1 pp4 #bhg1 #bie4 ,footnote #bch3 von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #egj sq4 ,! read9ess ) :i* w>s are wag$1 & ! de/ruction ( prop]ty held legitimate 9 w>f>e1 are o!r in/ances ( ! little reg>d felt = ! propriet>y rights ( =eign]s4 ,grotius ma9ta9$ t su* ravage is tol]able z 9 a %ort "t r$uces ! enemy to seek peace2#bci & 9 ! practice ( 8 "t deva/ation 0 #bf con/antly us$ indep5d5tly ( any imm$iate milit>y advantage accru+ f x4#bdj ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! alliance ( deva/ation ) /rategical objects became m close1 b x 0 /ill reg>d$ z an indep5d5t means ( attack by ,wolff1#bda ,vattel1#bdb & o!rs2#bdc & ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury in/ances ( deva/ation ( a n necess>y k9d occasionally occurr$4#bdd ,9 lat] days op9ion has decisively laid d[n t ! measure ( p]missible deva/ation is to be f\nd 9 ! /rict necessities ( w>4#bde ,yet !re is an exception to ?is rule3 dur+ ! siege ( a =tifi$ t[n cu/om /ill p]mits ! h\ses ( ! t[n itself to be bomb>d$1 ) a view to induc+ ! comm&ant to surr5d] on acc\nt ( ! mis]y suff]$ by ! inhabitants4#bdf ,"u ! old cu/oms ( w> a bellig]5t possess$ a "r to seize & appropriate all prop]ty belong+ to a ho/ile /ate or its subjects1 ( :atev] k9d x might be & 9 any place :]e acts ( w> 7 p]missible4#bdg ,subsequ5tly ?is extreme "r has be5 temp]$ by usage1 & 9 a few directions x has disappe>$4#bdh ,?us ! pr9ciple proclaim$1 b n always act$ on1 by ! ,revolution>y ,gov]nm5t ( ,france1 t private prop]ty %\ld be respect$ on a ho/ile z on a fri5dly soil1#bdi is fav\r$ by pres5t op9ion & usage1#bej & pillage by ! soldi]s ( an invad+ army is expressly =bidd54#bea ,at ! same "t !re is un=tunately no #bg d\bt t 9 all w>s pillage does cont9ue ) impunity2#beb & we sometimes he> ( a captur$ t[n be+ sack$1 & ! h\ses ( ! inhabitants be+ plund]$1 on ! plea t x 0 impossible = ! g5]al to re/ra9 8 soldi]s4#bec ,moreov]1 private prop]ty tak5 f ! enemy on ! field ( battle1 9 ! op]ations ( a siege1 or 9 ! /orm+ ( a place :i* refuses to capitulate1 is usually reg>d$ z legitimate spoils ( w>4#bed ,milit>y contributions & requisitions are levi$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ! ho/ile t]ritory4#bee ,& :il/ ! progress ( civilisation has sl[ly t5d$ to s(t5 ! extreme sev]ity ( ! op]ations ( w> by l&1 x /ill rema9s unrelax$ 9 respect to m>itime w>f>e1 ! private prop]ty ( ! enemy tak5 at sea or afloat 9 port be+ indiscrim9ately liable to capture & confiscation4 ,9 ju/ification ( ?is x is said t ! object ( m>itime w>s is ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's comm]ce & navigation1 & t ?is object c only be atta9$ by ! seizure ( private prop]ty4#bef ,footnote #bci3 ,grotius1 ,de jure belli et pacis1 iii4 #ab4 #a4 #c4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,hall1 ,treatise on ,int]national ,law1 p4 #ecc4 ,footnote #bda3 ,wolff1 ,jus ,g5tium1 #hbc1 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,vattel1 ,le droit des g5s1 iii4 #i4 #afg1 vol4 ii4 #gf sq4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecc sq4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,ibid4 p4 #ecd sq4 ,footnote #bde3 ,ibid4 p4 #ece4 ,blunts*li1 ,le droit int]national1 #ffc1 p4 #che4 ,hefft]1 ,das europis*e ,vlk]re*t1 #abe1 p4 #bfb4 ,:eaton1 ,elem5ts ( ,int]national ,law1 p4 #dgc4 ,confr5ce de ,bruxelles1 art4 #ac1 g4 ,confr5ce int]nationale de la paix1 ,la ,haye #ahii1 ',rglem5t conc]nant les lois et c\tumes de la gu]re sur t]re1' art4 #bc g1 pt4 i4 #bde4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecf sq4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,grotius1 op4 cit4 iii4 #f4 #b4 ,hall1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dag1 #dch4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #dai sqq4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,b]n>d1 ',gr[? ( ,laws & ,usages ( ,w>1' 9 ,ox=d ,essays1 #ahef1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bej3 ,confr5ce de ,bruxelles1 art4 #ch4 ,in/ructions = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,field1 art4 #cg4 ,confr5ce de ,la ,haye1 ',rglem5t conc]nant la gu]re sur t]re1' art4 #df1 pt4 i4 #bdh4 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #dda4 ,geffk51 9 ,hefft]1 op4 cit4 #adj1 p4 #big1 n4 #e4 ,footnote #bea3 ,confr5ce de ,bruxelles1 art4 #ci4 ,in/ructions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 art4 #dd4 ,confr5ce de ,la ,haye1 ',rglem5t conc]nant la gu]re sur t]re1' art4 #bh1 #dg1 pt4 i4 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,footnote #beb3 ,ma9e1 ,int]national ,law1 p4 #aii4 ,halleck1 ,int]national ,law1 ii4 #gc1 note4 ,footnote #bec3 ,halleck1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cb4 ,if we may believe ,g>cilasso de la ,vega 7,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #aea7 ! (fic]s ( ! ,incas 9 anci5t ,p]u 7 m humane1 nev] all[+ ! pillage ( a captur$ t[n4 ,footnote #bed3 ,halleck1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gc sq4 ,:eaton1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #bee3 ,:eaton1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfg4 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #dbg sqq4 ,confr5ce de ,la ,haye1 ',rglem5t conc]nant la gu]re sur t]re1' art4 #di1 #eb1 pt4 i4 #bdh4 ,footnote #bef3 ,:eaton1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhc4 ,twiss1 ,law ( ,nations1 p4 #ada4 ,hefft]1 op4 cit4 #acg1 p4 #bhg4 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #ddc sqq4 ,n only does ! respect 9 :i* ! "r ( prop]ty is held v>y accord+ to ! /atus ( ! own]1 b 9 _m in/ances c]ta9 p]sons are deem$ incapable ( possess+ su* a "r4 ,! fa!r's p[] ov] 8 *ildr5 may imply t ! latt]1 ev5 :5 gr[n-up1 h no prop]ty ( _! own1 ! fa!r hav+ a "r to ! disposal ( _! e>n+s4 ,?is is ! case among "s ,african peoples1#beg & ! #bh ,k&hs ( ,india4#beh ,9 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 ! my?ical legislator ( ! ,h9dus1 x is said1 ,a wife1 a son1 & a slave1 ^! ?ree are decl>$ to h no prop]ty2 ! weal? !y e>n is acquir$ = him to :om !y belong4#bei ,b accord+ to ! /&>d comm5tators ?is only means t ! p]sons m5tion$ are unable to dispose ( _! prop]ty indep5d5tly2#bfj & x is expressly /ipulat$ t prop]ty acquir$ by le>n+ belongs exclusively to ! p]son to :om x 0 giv51 & s also ! gift ( a fri5d4#bfa ,9 ,rome ! peculium1 or sep>ate prop]ty1 all[$ to a son 0 orig9ally subject to ! au?ority ( ! h\se-fa!r1 %\ld he *oose to ex]cise su* au?ority2 & x 0 only by v late legislation t sons 7 secur$ ! indep5d5t hold+ ( _! peculium4#bfb ,ev5 n[ x is ! law 9 _m ,european c\ntries t1 dur+ ! m9ority ( a *ild1 ! fa!r or "m has ! usufruct ( its prop]ty1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 k9ds ( prop]ty expressly specifi$4#bfc ,footnote #beg3 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #ea4 ,kraft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bhe 7,wapokomo74 ,munz+]1 ,ueb] die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #cf4 ,among ! ,b>ea & ,kunma a man's e>n+s belong to 8 fa!r until he builds a h\se = himself1 t is1 until he m>ries 7,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #dgg74 ,among ! ,basutos p>5ts c deprive _! sons ( _! e>n+s at pleasure 7,endemann1 ',mit!ilung5 b] die ,so?o-,neg]1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vi4 #ci74 ,footnote #beh3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #bei3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #daf4 ,see also ,nrada1 v4 #da4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,buehl]1 9 8 translation ( ! ,laws ( ,manu1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxv4 #cbf1 n4 #daf4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #bjf4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,hunt]1 ,exposition ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #bib sqq4 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #beb4 ,gir>d1 ,manuel lm5taire de droit roma91 pp4 #ace1 #ach sqq4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,bridel1 ,le droit des femmes et le m>iage1 p4 #aef4 ,among "s uncivilis$ peoples wom5 are said to be incapable ( hold+ prop]ty2#bfd b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! rule among savage tribes1 n ev5 among ! v l[e/4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,sn[ wi%$ to buy a canoe f "s ,fuegians1 8 reque/ 0 refus$ on ! gr\nd t ! object 9 "q belong$ to an old woman1 :o w\ld n "p ) x2#bfe & among ! blacks ( ,au/ralia ,mr4 ,curr has (t5 he>d husb&s ask p]mission ( _! wives to take some?+ out ( _! bags4#bff ,!re are in/ances 9 :i* ! prop]ty own$ by a #bi woman is by m>riage transf]r$ to h] husb&2#bfg b m commonly1 x seems1 ! wife rema9s mi/ress ( h] own prop]ty dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! m>riage relation4#bfh ,among _m savages consid]able propriet>y privileges are grant$ to ! female sex4 ,we h se5 t ! h\sehold goods are frequ5tly reg>d$ z ! special prop]ty ( ! wife4#bfi ,among ! ,navahos ( ,new ,mexico ev]y?+1 except horses & cattle1 practically belongs to ! m>ri$ wom54#bgj ,among ! ,kafirs ( ,natal1 :5 a man takes 8 fir/ wife1 all ! c[s he possesses are reg>d$ z h] prop]ty1 & ! husb& c1 !oretically1 nei!r sell nor o!rwise dispose ( !m )\t 8 wife's cons5t4#bga ,! ,m&ans ( ,nor? ,am]ica h a cu/om t all ! horses :i* a "y man /eals or captures 9 w> belong to 8 si/]s4#bgb ,among ! ,ko* ( ,india1 we are told1 ! m5 are s gallant z to h made ov] all prop]ty to ! wom54#bgc ,z reg>ds woman's "r ( own]%ip1 nations ( a high] culture comp>e unfav\rably ) _m savages4 ,9 ,japan ! husb& =m]ly _h full rights ov] ! prop]ty ( 8 wife4#bgd ,we h already notic$ ! disabilities 9 po9t ( own]%ip to :i* wom5 7 once subject 9 ,india2 b ! developm5t ( /ridhana1 or peculium ( ! female memb]s ( a family1 %[s t !y gradually became less dep5d5t on _! husb&s 9 #cj matt]s relat+ to prop]ty4#bge ,among ! anci5t ,hebrews wom5 appe> to h be5 9 e respect reg>d$ z m9ors s f> z propriet>y rights 7 conc]n$4#bgf ,9 ,rome a m>riage ) conv5tio 9 manum1 :i* 0 ! regul> =m ( m>riage 9 e>ly times1 gave ! husb& a "r to all ! prop]ty :i* ! wife _h :5 %e m>ri$1 & entitl$ him to all %e might acquire aft]w>ds :e!r by gift or by h] own lab\r4#bgg ,lat] on m>riage )\t manus became ! ord9>y ,roman m>riage1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! d[nfall ( ! anci5t patria pote/as1 l$ to ! result t f9ally all ! wife's prop]ty 0 practically "u h] own control1 save :5 a "p ( x _h be5 conv]t$ by settlem5t into a fund = contribut+ to ! exp5ses ( ! conjugal h\sehold4#bgh ,b1 z we h notic$ 9 ano!r place1 ! new religion 0 n fav\rable to ! rem>kable lib]ty grant$ to m>ri$ wom5 dur+ ! pagan ,empire2#bgi & ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ,teutonic cu/om & ,canon law l$ to ^? propriet>y incapacities ( wives :i* up to q rec5t times h disfigur$ ! lawbooks ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4#bhj ,9 ,engl&1 be=e #aheg1 ev5 a man :o _h ab&on$ 8 wife & left h] unaid$ to support 8 family might at any "t return to appropriate h] e>n+s & to sell ev]y?+ %e _h acquir$1 & he might aga9 & aga9 des]t h]1 & aga9 & aga9 repeat ! process ( spoliation4 ,9 #ahgj a law 0 pass$ secur+ to wom5 ! legal control ( _! own e>n+s1 b all o!r female prop]ty1 ) "s insignificant exceptions1 0 left absolutely unprotect$4 ,& x 0 n until ! ,m>ri$ ,wom5's #ca ,prop]ty ,act ( #ahhb t a full "r to _! own prop]ty 0 giv5 to ,engli% wives4#bha ,footnote #bfd3 ,nassau1 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ac 7tribes ( ! ,cam]oons74 ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #bjf4 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #abi 7"s ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica74 ,footnote #bfe3 ,sn[1 ',wild ,tribes ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 #bfd4 ,footnote #bff3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #adb 7,k>5s74 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #id 7,jakuts74 ,po/1 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #bfh3 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ccj 7,bakari74 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cbf4 ,lala1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ia4 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papua's1 pp4 #bbf1 #bdc 7,papuans ( ,bogadjim1 ,kais] ,wilhelm ,l&74 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln 9 d] ,sdsee1' 9 ,j\r4 des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #ed4 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 i4 #bgi 7v>i\s ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s74 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #cgc4 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #agb 7,gold ,coa/ natives74 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bih4 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #e4 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bbc 7,wa%ambala74 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #be 7,wanyamwezi74 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bib sqq4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,supra1 i4 #fcg sqq4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,m9deleff1 ',navaho ,h\ses1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xvii4 #dhe4 ,footnote #bga3 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,bu*anan1 quot$ by ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #bge3 ,jolly1 ',re*t und ,sitte1' 9 ,buehl]1 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie1 ii4 #gh1 #gi1 #hg sqq4 ,kohl]1 ',indis*es ,ehe- und ,famili5re*t1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 iii4 #dbd sqq4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,b5z+]1 ',law & ,ju/ice1' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iii4 #bgbd4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #bie4 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 p4 #cab4 ,bryce1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce1 ii4 #chg4 ,gir>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #bie sqq4 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 p4 #cag sqq4 ,fri$la5d]1 ,d>/ellung5 aus d] ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 i4 #beb4 ,gir>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,supra1 i4 #fec sq4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aeg sqq4 ,footnote #bha3 ,lecky1 ,democracy & ,lib]ty1 ii4 #ecf sq4 ,clevel&1 ,woman "u ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #bgi sqq4 ,= ! laws ( o!r ,european c\ntries see ,bridel1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa sqq41 & = ! hi/ory ( ! subject see ,gide4 tude sur la condition de la femme1 passim4 ,a ?ird class ( p]sons :o 9 _m cases are consid]$ incapable ( hold+ prop]ty ( _! own is ! slave class4#bhb ,x may inde$ be ask$ :e!r a slave ev] has ! "r ( own]%ip 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,yet slaves are frequ5tly said to be own]s ( prop]ty2 & ?\gh ?is own]%ip may h orig9ally be5 a m]e privilege grant$ to !m by _! ma/]s & subject to )drawal at ! discretion ( ! latt]1#bhc x is und\bt$ly 9 sev]al cases a g5u9e "r gu>ante$ by cu/om4 ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 if ! slaves "w = o!rs1 !y d n h& ! wages ov] to _! ma/]s1 b keep ! pay !mselves4#bhd ,9 ,africa1 9 p>ticul>1 x is a common ?+ = slaves to h private prop]ty2#bhe 9 ,s\!rn ,gu9ea !re are slaves :o are weal?i] ?an _! ma/]s4#bhf ,9 "s ,african c\ntries1 z we h se51 ! slave is oblig$ to "w = 8 ma/] only on c]ta9 days ( ! week or a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs1 & has ! re/ ( 8 "t free4#bhg ,s also 9 anci5t ,mexico ! slave 0 all[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t to lab\r = 8 own advantage4#bhh ,a ,babylonian slave _h 8 peculium1 ( :i*1 at lea/ "u normal circum/ances1 he 0 9 safe possession4#bhi ,9 ,rome any?+ #cb a slave acquir$ 0 legally 8 ma/]'s2 b he 0 9 practice p]mitt$ to enjoy & accumulate *ance e>n+s or sav+s or a %>e ( :at he produc$1 :i* 0 reg>d$ n z 8 prop]ty 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 b z 8 peculium4#bij ,9 ! ,middle ,ages slaves1 & 9 _m in/ances s]fs also1 71 /rictly speak+1 de/itute ( propriet>y rights4#bia ,9 ,engl& x 0 held t :atev] 0 acquir$ by a ville9 0 acquir$ by 8 "l4 ,at ! same "t 8 *attels did n eo ipso lapse into ! "l's possession1 b only if ! latt] actually seiz$ !m2 & if he = "s reason or o!r refra9$ f do+ s ! ville9 0 practically _! own] 9 respect ( all p]sons b 8 "l4#bib ,9 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* colonies & ! ,am]ican ,slave ,/ates ! negro slaves _h no legal rights ( prop]ty 9 ?+s real or p]sonal4#bic ,accord+ to ! laws ( ,georgia1 ma/]s mu/ n p]mit _! slaves to lab\r = _! own b5efit1 at a p5alty ( ?irty doll>s = e su* weekly (f5ce2#bid & 9 o!r ,/ates !y 7 expressly =bidd5 to suff] _! slaves to hire out !mselves4#bie ,9 "s places1 h[ev]1 negro slaves might hold a peculium4 ,9 ,arkansas a /atute 0 pass$ grant+ ma/]s ! "r ( all[+ _! slaves to d "w on _! own behalf on ,sundays2#bif & 9 ! ,briti% colonies ,sunday 0 made a m>ket+ day = ! slaves s z to enc\rage !m to lab\r = !mselves4#big ,9 ! ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana #cc x is said t ! slave possesses no?+ ( 8 own1 except 8 peculium1 t is to say1 ! sum ( money1 or movable e/ate1 :i* 8 ma/] *ooses he %\ld possess4#bih ,! ,spani% & ,portuguese slave laws 7 m humane4 ,accord+ to !m ! money & effects :i* a slave acquir$ by 8 lab\r at times set ap>t = 8 own use or by any o!r means1 7 legally 8 own & c\ld n be seiz$ by ! ma/]4#bii ,footnote #bhb3 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #cgj1 #cha4 ,holmb]g1 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 iv4 #ccj sq4 7,?l9kets74 ,kohl]1 ',re*t d] ,m>s*all9sulan]1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #dbh sq4 ,volk5s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi 7,wad%agga74 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bda 7,wa%ambala74 ,footnote #bhc3 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aai 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,s5fft1 ibid4 p4 #ddb 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #bhd3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #cff4 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bai4 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #dc 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,telli]1 ibid4 pp4 #afi1 #aga 7,kreis ,kita74 ,bask]ville1 ibid4 p4 #aic 7,wag&a74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #bac 7,wagogo74 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bcj 7,wabondei74 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #dc4 ,idem1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cji sq4 7,b5i ,am]74 ,footnote #bhf3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,supra1 i4 #fgg4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bba4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,kohl] & ,peis]1 ,aus dem babylonis*5 ,re*tsleb51 i4 i4 ,see also supra1 i4 #fhd4 ,footnote #bij3 ,dige/a1 xv4 #a4 #ci4 ,wallon1 ,hi/oire de l'esclavage dans l'antiquit1 ii4 #aha sq4 ,+ra91 ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y1 p4 #dd4 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 pp4 #aeg1 #bij sq4 ,gir>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #bia3 ,supra1 i4 #fig4 ,gur>d1 ,c>tulaire de l',abbaye de ,sa9t-,pre de ,*>tres1 i4 p4 xlvii4 ,footnote #bib3 ,v9ograd(f1 ,villa9age 9 ,engl&1 p4#fg sq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 i4 #daf1 #dai4 ,footnote #bic3 ,/eph51 ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 i4 #eh4 ,code ,noir1 dit du mois de ,m>s #afhe1 art4 #bh1 p4 #db sq42 dit donn au mois de ,m>s #agbd1 art4 #bb1 p4 #bie sq4 ,/r\d1 ,sket* ( ! ,laws relat+ to ,slav]y 9 ! sev]al ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #gd4 ,goodell1 ,am]ican ,slave ,code1 p4 #hi sqq4 ,footnote #bid3 ,pr9ce1 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ,georgia1 p4 #ghh4 ,footnote #bie3 ,c>u!rs & ,ni*olson1 ,compilation ( ! ,/atutes ( ,t5nessee1 #fge4 ,ald5 & van ,hoes51 ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ,mississippi1 p4 #gea4 ,morehead & ,br[n1 ,dige/ ( ! ,/atute ,laws ( ,k5tucky1 ii4 #adhj sq4 ,footnote #bif3 ,ball & ,roane1 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,arkansas1 xliv4 #g4 #b4 #h1 p4 #bgf sq4 ,footnote #big3 ,edw>ds1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 ii4 #aha4 ,footnote #bih3 ,morgan1 ,civil ,code ( ,l\isiana1 art4 #age4 ,footnote #bii3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 i4 #fj4 ,c\ty1 ,l'esclavage au ,brsil1 p4 #i4 ,among _m peoples1 f9ally1 we f9d ! !ory t nobody b ! *ief or k+ has propriet>y rights1 & t x is only by 8 suff]ance t 8 subjects hold _! possessions4#cjj ,! soil1 9 p>ticul>1 is reg>d$ z 84#cja ,b ev5 autocrats are ti$ by cu/om1#cjb & 9 practice ! "r ( own]%ip is n d5i$ to _! subjects4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #id 7,kukis74 ,bee*am1 ,a%antee1 p4 #if4 ,sp5c]1 ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,african ,races1 p4 #ab 7,abyss9ians74 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj sqq4 7,b>otse74 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #cec4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cdb4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #aga4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',uea1 ,we/]n ,pacific1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #aab4 ,trege>1 ',ea/] ,isl&1' ibid4 i4 #ii4 ,9 ,samoa x is a maxim t a *ief _c /eal2 he is m]ely consid]$ to take ! ?+ :i* he covets 7,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #ajd74 ,9 ,uea1 :5 a *ief ent]s a h\se1 he enjoys ! "r to take all 9 x t he pleases 7,p]cy ,smi?1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #aac74 ,among ! ,kafirs no case c be br\ght aga9/ a *ief = !ft1 except if x be committ$ on ! prop]ty ( a p]son belong+ to ano!r tribe2 & ev5 ! *ildr5 ( *iefs are p]mitt$ to /eal f _! own p 7,br[nlee1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #aab sq4 ,trollope1 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #cjc4 ,hold51 ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,kaffir ,races1 p4 #cch74 ,footnote #cja3 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 iii4 #abh 7,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica72 v4 pt4 i4 #aec 7,malays74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iii4 #aae 7,s&wi* ,isl&]s74 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes1 p4 #fd 7,guan*es74 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #acf 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,bask]ville1 ibid4 p4 #bja 7,wag&a74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #baf 7,wagogo74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bfb 7,wa%ambala74 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cdc 7,ondonga74 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pa%a ins ,h]z von ,africa1 p4 #ge 7,wanyamwezi74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #agj sq42 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 i4 #abf2 de ,laveleye-,b*]1 ,das ,ureig5?um1 p4 #bge 7v>i\s ,african peoples74 ,kohl]1 ,re*tsv]glei*5de ,/udi51 p4 #bce 7,k&ian law74 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cfi1 n4 #ba 7,*9ese74 ,footnote #cjb3 ,supra1 i4 #afb4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all try to expla9 all ^! facts3--! exi/5ce ( propriet>y rights1 ! refusal ( su* rights to c]ta9 classes ( p]sons1 ! diff]5t #cd degrees ( condemnation att5d+ !ft "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,b be=e we c und]/& ! psy*ological orig9 ( ! "r ( own]%ip & ! reg>d 9 :i* x is held1 x is necess>y to exam9e ! me?ods by :i* x is acquir$1 ! ext]nal facts :i* give to c]ta9 individuals a "r to ! exclusive disposal ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty 7conclud$7 ,,accord+ to an old !ory set =? by ,roman juri/s1 & aft]w>ds mu* emphasis$ by ,grotius1#a ! orig9al mode ( acquisition is occupation1 t is1 a p]son's tak+ possession ( t :i* at ! mom5t belongs to nobody 7res nullius71 ) ! int5tion ( keep+ x z 8 prop]ty4 ,t occupation v l>gely1 ?\gh by no means exclusively1 is at ! bottom ( ! "r ( own]%ip seems obvi\s en\gh1 & x is only by means ( /ra9$ con/ructions t ,locke & o!rs h be5 able to trace ! orig9 ( ?is "r to lab\r alone4#b ,! pr9ciple ( occupation is illu/rat$ by innum]able facts f all qu>t]s ( ! _w--by ! hunt]'s "r to ! game :i* he has kill$ or captur$2#c by ! nomad's or settl]'s "r to ! previ\sly unoccupi$ place :]e #cf he has pit*$ 8 t5t or built 8 dwell+2#d by ! agriculturi/'s "r to ! l& ( :i* he has tak5 possession by cultivat+ ! soil2#e by a tribe's or community's "r to ! t]ritory :i* x has occupi$4#f ,among ! ,k&hs ( ,india ! "r ( possession ( l& is simply f\nd$ 9 ! case ( tribes ^u priority ( appropriation1 & 9 ! case ( individuals ^u priority ( culture4#g ,among ! ,h]]o1 not)/&+ ! loose notions g5]ally ent]ta9$ by !m z to meum & tuum1 !re is an und]/&+ t he :o arrives fir/ at any giv5 locality is ! ma/] ( x z long z he *ooses to rema9 !re1 & no "o w intrude ^u him )\t hav+ previ\sly ask$ & obta9$ 8 p]mission4 ,! same1 our au?ority adds1 is obs]v$ ev5 ) reg>d to /rang]s4#h ,aga91 among "s ( ! ,au/ralian natives a man :o _h f\nd a bees' ne/ & did n wi% to rob x = "s "t1 w\ld m>k ! tree 9 "s way or o!r1 & x 0 a crime to rob a ne/ ?us indicat$4#i ,9 ,gre5l& anyone pick+ up pieces #cg ( driftwood or goods lo/ at sea or on l& 0 consid]$ ! rightful own] ( !m2 & to make good 8 possession he _h only to c>ry !m up above high-wat] m>k & put /ones ^u !m1 no matt] :]e 8 home/ead might be4#aj ,b ! f9d]'s "r to ! discov]$ article is n always re/rict$ to objects :i* h no own] or ! own] ( :i* is unkn[n3 9 "s in/ances 8 occupation ( x makes x 8 prop]ty 9 all circum/ances1#aa :il/ 9 o!r cases he at any rate has a claim to "p ( its value4#ab ,among ! ,hurons e ?+ f\nd1 ?o' x _h be5 lo/ b a mom5t1 belong$ to ! p]son t f\nd x1 provid$ ! los] _h n claim$ x be=e4#ac ,! ,kafirs are n b\nd by _! law to give up any?+ !y may h f\nd1 :i* has be5 lo/ by "s "o else4 ,! los] %\ld h tak5 bett] c>e ( 8 prop]ty1 is _! moral !ory4#ad ,among ! ,*ippewyans any unsuccessful hunt] pass+ by a trap :]e a de] is caught may take ! animal1 if only he leaves ! head1 sk91 & saddle = ! own]2#ae & among ! ,tunguses :oev] f9ds a bea/ 9 ano!r man's trap may take half ! meat4#af ,among ! ,maoris boats or canoes :i* 7 ca/ adrift became ! prop]ty ( ! captors4 ,ev5 a canoe 4 4 4 ( fri5ds & relatives upsett+ (f a village1 & drift+ on %ore :]e a village 01 became ! prop]ty ( ! p ( t village2 al?\gh x might be t ! p 9 ! canoe _h all got safely to l& or 7 com+ by special invitation to visit t v #ch village4#ag ,we h previ\sly notic$ ! cu/om>y treatm5t ( %ipwreck$ m>9]s 9 m$ival ,europe4 ,& ano!r in/ance ( occupation e/abli%+ a "r ( prop]ty 9 ?+s :i* already h an own] is conque/ or capture made 9 w>4 ,! ,romans reg>d$ spoils tak5 f an enemy z ! mo/ excell5t k9d ( prop]ty4#ah ,footnote #a3 ,grotius1 ,de jure belli et pacis1 ii4 #c4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,locke1 ,treatises ( ,gov]nm5t1 ii4 #e4 #bg sqq41 p4 #bjj sqq4 ,?i]s1 ,de la proprit1 p4 #id sqq4 ,hume rem>ks 7,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ii4 #c ,philosophical ,works1 ii4 #bgf1 n4 #a73--,!re are sev]al k9ds ( occupation1 :]e we _c be said to jo9 our lab\r to ! object we acquire2 z :5 we possess a mead[ by graz+ our cattle ^u x4 ,footnote #c3 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bfe 7,bang]ang tribe74 ,murdo*1 ',e?nol4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dbh 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo74 ,ahlqvi/1 ',unt] ,wogul5 und ,o/jak51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 xiv4 #aff 7,voguls74 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ec 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #afb sq4 ,&ree1 ',e?nogr4 ,bem]kung5 zu e9ig5 ,re*tsgebru*51' 9 ,globus1 xxxviii4 #bhg4 ,among "s ,indian 9999tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica x 0 cu/om>y = individuals to m>k _! arr[s1 9 ord] t ! /rick5 game might fall to ! man by ^: arr[ x _h be5 despat*$ 7,p[ell1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 p4 lvii474 ,footnote #d3 von ,m>tius1 ,von dem ,re*tszu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s1 p4 #cd 7,brazilian aborig9es74 ,dalag]1 ,grnl&ske ,relation]1 p4 #ae2 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #aji 7,gre5l&]s74 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 pp4 #fh1 #bdd 7,rejangs74 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ec 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bic 7,wapokomo74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #dhg 7,wakamba74 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ie1 #if1 #adc 7anci5t ,semitic cu/om & ,muhamm$an law74 ,footnote #e3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #acg4 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 #fi2 ,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #ig4 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #fi4 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #bgg4 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bd 7,bakwiri74 ,ibid4 p4 #ec 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,telli]1 ibid4 p4 #agh 7,kreis ,kita74 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bcj 7,wabondei74 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #dd4 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #ajh4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ie1 #if1 #adc 7anci5t ,semitic cu/om & ,muhamm$an law74 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 i4 #ddj4 ,d>gun1 ',ursprung und ,entwicklungs-,ges*i*te des ,eig5?ums1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 v4 #ga sqq4 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bhc sqq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #cdb sqq4 ,see also infra1 p4 #ci sq4 ,footnote #f3 ,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #if2 ,polack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ga 7,maoris71 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ij 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,footnote #g3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #h3 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aae4 ,see also ,viehe1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #caj4 #ab3 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #bjd4 ,desoignies1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bha 7,msalala74 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #fje4 ,footnote #ac3 ,*>levoix1 ,voyage to ,nor?-,am]ica1 ii4 #bf sq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives ( ,aborig9al ,k1 v4 #agg4 ,footnote #af3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #bbf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #cd4 ,polack1 op4 cit4 p4 #fh sq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,maxima sua esse cr$ebant quae ab ho/ibus cepiss5t 7quot$ by ,ahr5s1 ,naturre*t1 ii4 #acg74 ,! occupation ( a ?+ may take place 9 v>i\s ways4 ,hegel says t tak+ possession is p>tly ! simple bodily grasp1 p>tly ! =m+ & p>tly ! m>k+ or designat+ ( ! object4#ai ,b !re are /ill o!r me?ods ( occupation1 9 :i* ! bodily contact ) ! object is involunt>y1 or 9 :i* !re is no bodily contact at all4 ,among ! ,maoris a man acquir$ a peculi> "r to l& by hav+ be5 born on x 7or1 9 _! expressive language1 ':]e 8 navel-/r+ 0 cut'71 z 8 fir/ blood 7ev] sacr$ 9 _! eyes7 _h be5 %$ !re2#bj or1 g5]ally1 by hav+ _h 8 blood %$ ^u x2 or by hav+ _h ! body1 or bones1 ( 8 deceas$ fa!r1 or "m1 or ut]9e bro!r or si/]1 deposit$ or re/+ on x2 or by hav+ _h a ne> relative kill$1 or roa/$ on x1 or a portion ( 8 body /uck up or ?r[n away ^u x4#ba ,among _m peoples an animal belongs entirely or *iefly to ! p]son :o fir/ w\nd$ x1 #ci h[ev] slightly1#bb or :o fir/ saw x1#bc ev5 ?\gh x 0 kill$ by somebody else4 ,?us among ! ,gre5l&]s1 if a seal or "s o!r sea-animal escapes ) ! javel9 /ick+ 9 x1 & is aft]w>ds kill$1 x belongs to him :o ?rew ! fir/ d>t2#bd if a be> is kill$1 x belongs to him :o fir/ discov]$ x2#be & :5 a :ale is tak51 ! v spectators h an equal "r to x ) ! h>poon]s4#bf ,footnote #ai3 ,hegel1 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 #ed1 p4 #ed2 ,engli% translation1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #bj3 ,( c]ta9 tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria we are likewise told t1 %\ld a *ild ( ano!r family h be5 born on ! e/ate1 x is look$ ^u z "o ( ! family1 & x has an equal "r ) !m to a %>e ( ! l&1 if x has atta9$ ! age ( six mon?s at ! dea? ( ! proprietor 7,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #g74 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,bulm] 7quot$ by ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #adf7 te/ifies ! preval5ce ( su* a bir?-"r among ! ,murray tribes1 & suspects x is common to mo/ ( ! tribes ( ,au/ralia3--,! fact t an aborig9al is born 9 a c]ta9 locality con/itutes a "r to t "p1 & x w\ld be consid]$ a brea* ( privilege = any "o to hunt ov] x )\t 8 p]mission4 ,%\ld ano!r black h be5 born 9 ! same place1 he1 ) ! =m]1 w\ld h a jo9t "r to ! l&4 ,o!rwise1 no native seems to h made a claim to any p>ticul> portion ( ! t]ritory ( 8 tribe4 ,cf4 ,s*urtz1 ,die ,anfnge des ,l&besitzes1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*aft1 iii4 #ceg sqq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #ca4 ,see also ,polack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hb4 ,footnote #bb3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bd sq4 7,gre5l&]s74 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehb4 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cid 7,aleuts74 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ,b\rke1 ,snake-,dance ( ! ,moquis1 ii4 #bbg 7,asiatic ,hyp]boreans74 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bab 7,be*uanas74 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #eii 7natives ( ,s\? ,africa71 von ,heugl91 ,reise na* ,abess9i51 p4 #bij sq4 7,woitos74 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #dd4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #afc4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #gjg sq4 ,&ree1 9 ,globus1 xxxviii4 #bhg sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehb4 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbg 7,asiatic ,hyp]boreans74 ,see also ,semp]1 ,die ,palau-,inseln1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #bd3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #be3 ,r9k1 ,tales & ,traditions ( ! ,eskimo1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #bf3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #be4 ,besides occupation1 or ! tak+ possession ( a ?+1 ! keep+ possession ( x may e/abli% a "r ( own]%ip4 ,t ^! pr9ciples1 ?\gh closely connect$ ) ea* o!r1 are n id5tical is obvi\s f two gr\ps ( facts4 ,fir/1 a propriet>y "r :i* is bas$ on occupation may disappe> if ! object has ceas$ to rema9 9 ! possession ( ! p]son :o _h appropriat$ x4 ,! place occupi$ by a nomad is 8 only s long z he cont9ues to /ay !re2#bg & among agricultural savages ! cultivator frequ5tly loses 8 "r to ! field :5 he makes no m use ( x#bh--?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ances are n want+ 9 :i* cultivation gives propriet>y #dj rights ( a m la/+ nature4#bi ,loss ( possession may1 inde$1 annul or weak5 own]%ip ga9$ by any me?od ( acquisition4 ,9 ! ,h9du "w ,pan*atantra x is said t ! prop]ty 9 tanks1 wells1 ponds1 temples1 & *\ltries w no long] re/ ) p]sons :o once h left !m4#cj ,among ! natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates ! "r to a h\se is lo/ by its be+ ab&on$4#ca ,9 ,gre5l&1 if a man makes a fox trap & neglects x = "s "t1 ano!r may set x & claim ! captur$ animal4#cb ,s also ! f9d]'s title to ! discov]$ article spr+s f ! fact t ! orig9al own]'s "r has be5 relax$ by 8 los+ ! possession ( x4 ,secondly1 ! reta9+ possession ( an object = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t may make x ! prop]ty ( ! possessor1 ev5 ?\gh ! occupation ( t object conf]r$ on him no su* "r1 nay ?\gh ! acquisition ( x 0 actually wrongful4#cc ,accord+ to ! ,roman ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 commodities :i* _h be5 un9t]rupt$ly possess$ = a c]ta9 p]iod--movables = a ye>1 & l& or h\ses = two ye>s--became ! prop]ty ( ! p]son possess+ !m4#cd ,?is pr9ciple1 kn[n to ! ,romans z usucapio1 has desc5d$ to mod]n jurisprud5ce "u ! "n ( prescription4 ,x also prevail$ 9 ,india s9ce anci5t times4 ,! old] law-books laid d[n ! rule t1 if ! own] ( a ?+ is nei!r an idiot nor a m9or & if 8 *attel is enjoy$ #da by ano!r be=e 8 eyes dur+ t5 ye>s & he says no?+1 x is lo/ to him1 & ! adv]se possessor %all reta9 x z 8 own prop]ty2#ce b x seems t lat] on ! p]iod ( prescription 0 ext5d$ to ?irty ye>s or ev5 m4#cf ,9 ?is connection x %\ld also be notic$ t ! division ( lab\r1 imply+ ! use ( c]ta9 articles1 (t5 conf]s propriet>y rights to ^? articles ^u ! p]sons :o make habitual use ( !m1 z 9 ! case ( wom5 becom+ ! own]s ( ! h\sehold goods4#cg ,footnote #bg3 ,cf4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #afg4 ,footnote #bh3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cbf4 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cff4 ,b\rke1 ,snake-,dance ( ! ,moquis1 p4 #bfa4 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #af2 ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bga 7,kafirs74 ,mac,gregor1 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 #aijd1 p4 #dgd 7,yoruba74 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #be4 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bfd4 7,wa%ambala74 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #ceh 7,amahlubi74 ,sorge1 ibid4 p4 #dbb 7,nissan ,isl&]s74 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 i4 #ddj4 ,d>gun1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 v4 #ga sqq4 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bhc sqq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #cdc sq4 de ,laveleye-,b*]1 ,das ,ureig5?um1 *4 xiv4 p4 #bgj sqq4 ,among ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra a plant] ( fruit-trees or 8 desc5dants may claim ! gr\nd z long z any ( ! trees subsi/1 b :5 !y disappe> ! l& rev]ts to ! public 7,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bde74 ,footnote #bi3 von ,m>tius1 ,von dem ,re*tszu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s1 p4 #ce sq4 7,brazilian aborig9es74 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ec 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,kohl]1 ',banture*t 9 ,o/afrika1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xv4 #dh 7natives ( ,l9di74 ,trollope1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjb 7,kafirs74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #afi4 ,idem1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bhe sq4 ,s*urtz1 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,socialwiss5s*aft1 iii4 #bee4 ,among ! ,angami ,nagas any memb] ( a village may *oose to leave 8 fields untill$ = "o ye> & _c be compell$ to gr[ 8 crops dur+ ! next1 b aft] t1 if illness or idl5ess prev5t him f ov]tak+ ! "w1 8 village insi/s on ! fields be+ let 7,pra91 ',angami ,nagas1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 v4 #dhd74 ,footnote #cj3 ,pan*atantram1 iii4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ca3 ,mademba1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #cb3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 i4 #bgb2 ,?i]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh2 ,waitz-,g]l&1 op4 cit4 vi4 #bbh 7,maoris74 ,footnote #cd3 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #bfe sqq4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bhd4 ,gir>d1 ,manuel lm5taire de droit roma91 p4 #bif sqq4 ,pu*ta1 ,cursus d] ,in/itution51 ii4 #bjb sqq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,gautama1 xii4 #ci4 ,vasi%?a1 xvi4 #af sq4 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #adg sq4 ,see also ,pan*atantram1 iii4 p4 #ae2 ,b5fey's translation1 vol4 ii4 #bcc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,brihaspati1 ix4 #g4 ,jolly1 ',re*t und ,sitte1' 9 ,buehl]1 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie1 ii4 #ib4 ,= ! rules ( prescription 9 anci5t ,india see also ,jolly1 p4 #ia sqq41 & ,kohl]1 ,alt9dis*es ,prozessre*t1 p4 #ee sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,supra1 i4 #fcg sqq4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( own]%ip lies 9 ! pr9ciple t a p]son has a title to ! products ( 8 own lab\r4 ,grotius--9 criticis+ ! ,roman juri/ ,paulus1 :o long be=e ,locke _h made lab\r a ju/ification ( prop]ty1--#ch;argues t ?is is no special mode ( acquisition1 b t ! lab\r]'s claim to :at he produces is bas$ on occupation4 ,s9ce 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 ,grotius says1 no?+ c be made except b ( pre-exi/+ matt]1 if t matt] 0 ours1 ! own]%ip cont9ues :5 x assumes a new =m2 if ! matt] 0 no "o's prop]ty1 ?is acquisition comes "u occupation2 if ! matt] belong$ to ano!r1 ! ?+ made is n ours alone4#ci ,?is argum5t conta9s its own refutation4 ,if a ?+ :i* we make ( matt] belong+ to ano!r p]son is n ours alone1 our p>tial "r to x c be due only to our lab\r4 ,aga91 if we make a ?+ ( mat]ials belong+ to ourselves1 our "r to x is c]ta9ly held to be increas$ by our ex]tions 9 produc+ x4 ,x %\ld1 moreov]1 be rememb]$ t !re is own]%ip 9 ! products n only ( manual b ( m5tal lab\r1 & 9 ! latt] case ! own]%ip c h>dly be consid]$ to be due to occupation at all4 ,we may say ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t f ! beg9n+ ?+s id5tifi$ z products ( a man's lab\r are recognis$ z 84 ,ev5 #db among ! rude/ peoples !re is prop]ty 9 weapons1 implem5ts1 dress1 decorations1 & o!r ?+s 9 :i* ! value giv5 by lab\r be>s a specially l>ge proportion to ! value ( ! raw mat]ial4#dj ,if a ,gre5l&] f9ds a dead seal ) a h>poon 9 x1 he keeps ! seal1 b re/ores ! h>poon to its own]4#da ,among ! same p1 :5 somebody has built dams across salmon-riv]s to cat* ! fi%1 x is n consid]$ prop] = /rang]s to come & m$dle ) !m4#db ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,africa he :o has dug a well has a "r to ! exclusive disposal ( x4#dc ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 accord+ to ,miss ,k+sley1 t :i* is acquir$ or made by a man or woman by _! p]sonal ex]tions is reg>d$ z 8 or h] private prop]ty4#dd ,! ,moquis ( ,arizona are co-op]ative 9 all _! lab\rs1 :e!r z hunt]s1 h]d]s1 or till]s ( ! soil2 b ea* man ga!rs ! spoils ( 8 individual skill & d>+1 or ! fruits ( 8 own indu/ry4#de ,9 ! ,nicob>s1 :il/ ev]y?+ :i* ! village z a :ole makes or pur*ases is common prop]ty1 ! result ( individual "w belongs to ! individual4#df ,9 old ,h9du law-books ! p]=mance ( lab\r is specifi$ z "o ( ! lawful modes ( acquir+ prop]ty4#dg ,accord+ to ,nrada1 :5 ! own] ( a field is unable to cultivate x1 or dead1 or gone no "o kn[s :i!r1 any /rang] :o und]takes its cultivation un*eck$ by ! own] %all be all[$ to keep ! produce2 & if ! own] returns :ile ! /rang] is engag$ 9 cultivation1 ! own]1 9 ord] to recov] 8 field1 has to pay to ! cultivator ! :ole exp5se incurr$ 9 till+ ! wa/e4#dh ,?us1 ?\gh cultivation does n give a "r to ! l&1 x gives a "r to ! produce #dc ( ! lab\r p]=m$4 ,among uncivilis$ races we frequ5tly f9d t ! l& itself & ! crops or trees gr[+ on x h diff]5t own]s1 ! latt] belong+ to ! p]son :o plant$ !m4#di ,footnote #ch3 ,cf4 ,gir>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #ci3 ,grotius1 op4 cit4 ii4 #c4 #c4 ,footnote #dj3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 #fdf4 ,idem1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ii4 #ih4 ,cf4 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 i4 #ddj sq4 ,footnote #da3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #be4 ,footnote #db3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #bii4 ,footnote #dc3 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #gj4 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bfd 7,wa%ambala74 von ,franois1 ,nama und ,dam>a1 p4 #age 7,h]]o74 ,footnote #dd3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #cff4 ,footnote #de3 ,b\rke1 ,snake-dance ( ! ,moquis1 p4 #bfj sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,gautama1 x4 #db4 ,laws ( ,manu1 x4 #aae4 ,footnote #dh3 ,nrada1 xi4 #cb sq4 ,footnote #di3 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #ca 7,maoris74 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #be 7,bakwiri74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bfd 7,wa%ambala74 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #fi4 ,hanoteau & ,let\rneux1 ,la ,kabylie1 ii4 #bcj2 ,kobelt1 ,reise]9n]ung5 aus ,alg]i5 und ,tunis1 p4 #bic 7,kabyles ( ,jurjura74 ,hyde ,cl>ke1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #aii sqq4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #agb4 ,s*urtz1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*aft1 iii4 #bej sq4 ,! "r ( own]%ip may1 fur!r1 be e/abli%$ by a transf] ( prop]ty by its own]1 ei!r by way ( gift or by sale or ex*ange or "s o!r =m ( contract4 ,! conditions necess>y = ?is me?od ( acquisition are1 t ! own] %all h a "r to ali5ate ! article 9 "q1 & t ! o!r p>ty %all be capable ( own+ su* prop]ty4 ,z has be5 said be=e1 own]%ip does n necess>ily imply an unre/rict$ p[] ( disposition4 ,prop]ty 9 l&1 = in/ance1 is frequ5tly consid]$ inali5able2#ej &1 to take ano!r example1 ! p[] ( te/ation1 if recognis$ at all1 is (t5 subject to re/rictions4#ea ,! cu/om>y law ( ! ,fantis ( ,we/ ,africa does n p]mit any p]son to bequea? to an outsid] a great] portion ( 8 prop]ty ?an is left = 8 family4#eb ,among ! ,maoris l& obta9$ by pur*ase or conque/ may be giv5 away or will$ by ! own] to anybody he ?9ks fit1 b ! case is diff]5t ) patrimony4#ec ,) reg>d to ! s-call$ ,aryan peoples ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e ?9ks x is d\btful :e!r a true p[] ( te/ation 0 kn[n to any orig9al society except ! ,roman4#ed ,ev5 9 ,rome beque/ seems n to h be5 p]mitt$ 9 pre-hi/oric times1 & aft]w>ds a legitima portio 0 compulsorily res]v$ = ea* *ild4#ee ,su* is /ill ! law ( "s cont95tal nations4 ,footnote #ej3 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bhf sqq4 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #dhc sq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #bjj sqq4 ,idem1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #eb3 ,s>bah1 op4 cit4 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ec3 ,polack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aif4 ,see also ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la cit antique1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ee3 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #if4 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #ghj sqq4 ,gir>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #hed sqq4 #dd ,closely connect$ ) ! re/rictions impos$ on a proprietor's p[] ( te/ation is ! rule ( inh]itance1 "o ( ! mo/ common me?ods ( acquir+ prop]ty4 ,at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation ! prop]ty ( a deceas$ p]son is n 9 e case subject to ?is rule4 ,ap>t f ! practice ( te/ation1 :i*1 ?\gh h>dly primitive1 is n infrequ5tly f\nd among savages1#ef !re are o!r ways ( deal+ ) x besides inh]itance4 ,! private belong+s ( ! dead1 or "p ( !m1 are de/roy$ or buri$ ) him1 or 8 dwell+ is burn$ or ab&on$2#eg b ,dr4 ,d>gun goes too f> :5 say+ t among rude savages ?is cu/om is g5]ally practis$ to su* an ext5t z to exclude heir%ip 9 prop]ty altoge!r4#eh ,nor mu/ we inf] ! g5]al preval5ce ( a /age :]e !re 7 no def9ite rules ( inh]itance#ei f ! fact t among "s ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 :5 a man dies leav+ "y *ildr5 :o are unable to def5d !mselves1 gr[n-up relatives or o!r p]sons come 9 & seize :atev] !y please4#fj ,! ord9>y cu/om ( savages is t ! dead man's prop]ty is inh]it$ ei!r by 8 own *ildr51 if k9%ip is reckon$ ?r\gh ! fa!r1 or by 8 si/]'s *ildr5 or o!r relatives on ! "m's side1 if k9%ip is reckon$ ?r\gh females only4#fa ,sometimes ! rules ( inh]itance make little or no di/9ction betwe5 m5 & wom52#fb sometimes a decid$ pref]5ce is giv5 to ! #de m52#fc sometimes ! wom5 inh]it no?+2#fd :]eas 9 a few exceptional cases ! wom5 are ! only inh]itors4#fe ,among v>i\s savages ! wid[ also has a %>e 9 ! inh]itance1 or at any rate has ! usufruct ( prop]ty left by h] deceas$ husb&4#ff ,v frequ5tly ! elde/ son1#fg or1 :]e ! mat]nal sy/em ( desc5t prevails 9 #df full1 ! elde/ ut]9e bro!r#fh or ! elde/ son ( ! elde/ ut]9e si/]1#fi is ! *ief or ev5 ! only heir4 ,b !re are also sev]al in/ances 9 :i* ?is privilege is grant$ to ! y\nge/ son4#gj ,?us1 among ! ,hos ( ,india he app>5tly inh]its all ! prop]ty ( 8 fa!r2#ga among ! ,limbus ( ,nepal1 ?\gh an extra %>e is set ap>t = ! elde/ son1 ! y\nge/ "o is all[$ to *oose 8 %>e fir/2#gb among ! ,eskimo ( ,behr+ ,/rait1 if !re are sev]al sons ! elde/ gets ! lea/1 ! mo/ valuable ?+s be+ giv5 to ! y\nge/4#gc ,9 ,gre5l& a fo/]-son inh]its all ! prop]ty ( 8 fo/]-fa!r1 if ! latt] dies )\t (fspr+ or if 8 sons are /ill "y *ildr52#gd & ( ! ,we/ ,african ,fulah we are told t1 ?\gh !y h sons & daught]s1 ! adopt$ *ild becomes heir to all t !y leave beh9d4#ge ,among ! ,kukis1 9 default ( legitimate issue1 a natural son succe$s to 8 fa!r's prop]ty be=e all o!r male relations2#gf among ! ,bd & ,dhimls sons by concub9age or adoption get equal %>es ) sons born 9 w$lock2#gg ! ,wanyamwezi ( ,ea/]n ,africa h ! habit ( leav+ prop]ty to _! illegitimate *ildr5 by slave girls or concub9es ev5 to ! exclusion ( _! issue by wives4#gh ,among o!r uncivilis$ peoples1 #dg aga91 slaves _c inh]it at all1#gi & :]e !y are all[$ to possess prop]ty ! ma/] is sometimes ! legitimate heir ( 8 slave4#hj ,footnote #ef3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iii4 #aae sq4 7,tahitians74 ,wilk91 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bhf 7natives ( ,mabuiag74 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #cgc4 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bch 7,wa%ambala74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgg 7,msalala74 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #ccf 7,ondonga74 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bbd4 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #aii4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see infra1 on ,reg>d = ! ,dead4 ,footnote #eh3 ,d>gun1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 v4 #ii sqq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajb sq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aid sq4 7,dacotahs74 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #bjh 7,sali%74 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj sq42 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agf 7,gre5l&]s74 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig sqq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,kloss1 op4 cit4 p4 #bda 7,nicob>ese74 ,wilk91 9 ,rep4 ,cambridge ,an?r4 ,exp$4 v4 #bhe sq4 7natives ( ,mabuiag74 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 v4 #he 7,k+smill ,isl&]s74 ,s5fft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #dda 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #g 7c]ta9 tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ad4 ,idem1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bii4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bbe4 ,footnote #fc3 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #hg4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ac sq4 ,idem1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bih sq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bbb sqq4 ,among sev]al uncivilis$ peoples l&$ prop]ty desc5ds exclusively 7,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #fb ,k&hs2 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #gi ,jakuts2 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fd2 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #fid2 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bih sq42 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bbd7 or by pref]5ce 7,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #if2 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bbd sq47 to m54 ,footnote #fd3 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #cab 7,o/yaks74 ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #bjf4 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abb 7,bd & ,dhimls74 ,hislop1 ,pap]s relat+ to ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #ab1 n4 dagg] 7,gonds74 ,soppitt1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,kuki-,lu%ai ,tribes1 p4 #af2 ,/ew>t1 ',notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fdj 7,kukis74 ,risley1 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 i4 ,e?nographic ,app5dices1 pp4 #adf 7,santals71 #aef 7,mundas71 #bji 7mo/ ( ! ,angami ,nagas74 ,fry]1 ,khy5g ,p ( ! ,s&[ay ,di/rict1 p4 #f4 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bdd 7,rejangs74 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #big4 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #gc4 ,h9de1 ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #aje2 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #hbh 7,masai74 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bbd 7,wabondei74 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dhe 7"s ,we/ ,african tribes74 ,nassau1 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ac 7natives ( ! ,cam]oons74 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bj 7,bakwiri74 ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #ha 7pagan ,bamb>a74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bch 7,wa%ambala74 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bhi 7,wapokomo74 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cce 7,ondonga74 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhf 7,wakamba74 ,campbell1 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #ebj 7,kafirs74 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #e4 ,idem1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bif sqq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bah sq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,hamy1 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?r4 ,p>is1 s]4 ii4 vol4 xii4 7#ahgg71 #ece 7,p5ong ,pik ( ,cambodia74 ,bu*anan1 quot$ by ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #aaj 7,kc*74 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bac4 ,footnote #ff3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cjg4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #g 7c]ta9 tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,hunt1 ',e?nogr4 ,notes on ! ,murray ,isl&s1 ,torres ,/raits1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #g4 ,grange1 ',j\rnal ( an ,exp$ition into ! ,naga ,hills1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 pt4 ii4 #ifd4 ,mason1 ibid4 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #adb 7,k>5s74 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #cjc sqq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bi1 #ca2 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agf 7,gre5l&]s74 ,risley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjc 7,limbus ( ,nepal74 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #fb 7,k&hs74 ,soppitt1 op4 cit4 p4 #af 7,kukis74 ,fry]1 op4 cit4 p4 #f 7,khy5s74 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adg 7,bataks74 ,gill1 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles1 p4 #df4 ,polack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fi2 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc 7,maoris74 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 pp4 #fi1 #gc sq4 ,paulits*ke1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib 7,gallas74 ,hollis1 ,masai1 p4 #cji2 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ea1 #aje 7,masai74 ,volk5s1 ,d] ,kilim&s*>o1 p4 #bec 7,wad%agga74 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dhe 7"s ,we/ ,african tribes74 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agc 7natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/71 #cbb 7natives ( ! ,slave ,coa/74 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bj 7,bakwiri74 ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #ha 7pagan ,bamb>a74 ,desoignies1 ibid4 p4 #bgf 7,msalala74 ,m>x1 ibid4 p4 #cee 7,amahlubi71 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #caf 7,r5dile71 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #ab sqq4 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bag1 #bah1 #bbj sq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,proy>t1 ',hi/ory ( ,loango1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 #ega4 ,footnote #fi3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #cgc sq4 7"s ,we/ ,african tribes74 ,sorge1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #dac 7,nissan ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #gj3 ,risley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbg 7,lu%eis74 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #dic sqq4 ,po/1 ,grundriss1 d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bah1 #bba sq4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #dcb4 ,footnote #ga3 ,tickell1 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 pt4 ii4 #gid1 n499 ,footnote #gb3 ,risley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjc4 ,cf4 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #adb 7,k>5s74 ,footnote #gc3 ,nelson1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cjg4 ,footnote #gd3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ge3 ,d5ham & ,clapp]ton1 quot$ 9 ,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,african ,races1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #gf3 ,/ew>t1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fdj4 ,footnote #gg3 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abb4 ,footnote #gh3 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #bc sq4 ,cf4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #gi3 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 pp4 #aae1 #aai 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,lang1 ibid4 pp4 #bch1 #bdb 7,wa%ambala74 ,kraft1 ibid4 pp4 #bhi1 #bia 7,wapokomo74 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cce 7,ondonga74 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #chc4 ,footnote #hj3 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #gc4 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #dc 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,mademba1 ibid4 p4 #hc 7natives ( ! ,sans&+ ,/ates74 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #chc4 ,at high] /ages ( civilisation ! rules ( inh]itance pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics z among _m savages4 ,dur+ hi/oric times1 at lea/1 ! nations ( culture h reckon$ k9%ip ?r\gh ! fa!r1 & succession has be5 agnatic4#ha ,9 ,*9a wom5 only inh]it 9 ! v la/ resort1 fail+ all male relatives4#hb ,among ! ,hebrews1 9 anci5t times1 only sons1 n daught]s1 /ill less wives1 c\ld inh]it2#hc b ! lat] law conf]r$ on daught]s ! "r ( heir%ip 9 ! abs5ce ( sons4#hd ,! ,muhamm$an law ( inh]itance 9 mo/ cases aw>ds to a female a %>e equal to half t ( a male ( ! same degree ( relation%ip to ! deceas$2#he b accord+ to ! old law ( ,m$9a wom5 c\ld n inh]it at all4#hf ,( all ! anci5t nations ) ^: rules ( inh]itance we are acqua9t$1 ! ,romans seem to h be5 ! only "o :o gave daught]s ! same "r ( inh]itance z sons4#hg ,9 ,india wom5 _h orig9ally no su* "r at all1 b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s relat+ to prop]ty1 _! position subsequ5tly improv$4#hh ,9 ,attic law sons exclud$ #dh daught]s f succession1#hi & ! same 0 ! case among ! ,sc&9avian peoples /ill 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages4#ij ,9 ,engl& wom5 are ev5 to ?is day po/pon$ to m5 9 ! ord] ( succession to real prop]ty4#ia ,special privileges 9 ! division ( ! fa!r's prop]ty 7 grant$ to ! elde/ son by ! ,hebrews#ib & ,h9dus1#ic & traces ( primog5iture are met ) 9 anci5t ,greek legislation4#id ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% law we f9d n only primog5iture1 b ultimog5iture z well4#ie ,z reg>ds ! "q ( legitimacy1 we notice t 9 ,*9a all sons born 9 ! h\sehold h an equal %>e 9 ! inh]itance1 :e!r born ( ! pr9cipal wife or a concub9e or a dome/ic slave4#if ,among ! ,hebrews ! sons ( concub9es _h a "r ( inh]itance1#ig b :e!r on an equality ) ! o!r sons we d n "k4#ih ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law no di/9ction 9 po9t ( inh]itance is made betwe5 ! *ild ( a wife & t borne by a slave to h] ma/]1 if ! ma/] ackn[l$ge ! *ild to be 8 own4#ii ,9 ,h9du legislation ! legitimate #di sons h ! ne>e/ "r to ! inh]itance ( _! fa!r1 b a son begott5 by a ,sdra on a female slave may1 if p]mitt$ by 8 fa!r1 take a %>e ( x4#ajj ,! ,roman law on ! subject may be summ$ up ?us3--,) reg>d to its fa!r a natural *ild has no "r at all1 & diff]s 9 no respect f a /rang]2 ) reg>d to its "m x has ! same "r z a legitimate *ild4#aja ,9 ,teutonic c\ntries ! position ( illegitimate *ildr5 z to succession 0 mu* m fav\rable 9 e>li] times ?an lat] on :5 ,*ri/ianity made its influ5ce felt1 depriv+ !m ( all title to inh]itance4#ajb ,/rang]s 7 =m]ly unable bo? to inh]it & to transmit prop]ty4 ,= a long "t x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,europe to confiscate _! effects on _! dea?2 & n only p]sons :o 7 born 9 a =eign c\ntry 7 subject to ?is droit d'auba9e1 z x 0 call$ 9 ,france1 b 9 "s c\ntries x 0 appli$ ev5 to p]sons :o remov$ f "o diocese to ano!r1 or f ! l&s ( "o b>on to ano!r4#ajc ,inde$1 x is only 9 rec5t times t =eign]s h be5 plac$ on a foot+ ( equality ) citiz5s ) reg>d to inh]itance4 ,9 #agij ! ,fr5* ,national ,assembly aboli%$ ! "r ( auba9e z be+ contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( a human bro!rhood4#ajd ,lat] on1 :5 ! ,code ,napolon 0 drawn up1 a backw>d /ep 0 tak5 by re/rict+ ! abolition ( ?is "r to nations :o act$ ) reciprocity2 b ?is limitation only la/$ till #ahai1 :5 all inequalities 7 f9ally remov$ 9 ,france4#aje ,9 ,engl& x 0 n until #ahgj t =eign]s 7 au?oris$ to inh]it & bequea? l ,briti% subjects4#ajf ,footnote #ha3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #hb3 ,alaba/]1 ',law ( ,inh]itance1' 9 ,*9a ,review1 v4 #aic4 ',inh]itance & ,patria ,pote/as 9 ,*9a1' ibid4 v4 #djf4 ,footnote #hc3 ,g5esis1 xxxi4 #ad sq4 ,numb]s1 xxvii4 #d4 ,gans1 ,das ,erbre*t 9 weltges*i*tli*] ,entwickelung1 i4 #adg4 ,b5z+]1 ',law & ,ju/ice1' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iii4 #bgbh4 ,footnote #hd3 ,numb]s1 xxvii4 #h4 ,gans1 op4 cit4 i4 #adg4 ,b5z+]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bgbi4 ,x is only by exceptional fav\r t ! daught]s inh]it along ) ! sons 7,job1 xlii4 #ae74 ,footnote #he3 ,koran1 iv4 #ab1 #age4 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aaf sq4 ,kohl]1 ,re*tsv]glei*5de ,/udi51 p4 #ajb sqq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #fe1 #aag4 ,footnote #hg3 ,gans1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cfg sq4 ,gide1 tude sur la condition prive de la femme1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #hh3 ,jolly1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #hc1 #hf4 ,kohl]1 ',indis*es ,ehe- und ,famili5re*t1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 iii4 #dbd sqq4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 ii4 #dh4 ,footnote #hi3 ,gans1 op4 cit4 i4 #cch1 #cda4 ,gide1 op4 cit4 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #ij3 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #ie1 #aij4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #caa sq4 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 i4 #ccj1 #cci4 ,footnote #ia3 ,r5ton1 ,encyclopdia ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 xi4 #ge4 ,footnote #ib3 ,deut]onomy1 xxi4 #ag4 ,gans1 op4 cit4 i4 #adh4 ,b5z+]1 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iii4 #bgbi4 ,mr4 ,jacobs sugge/s 7,/udies 9 ,biblical ,ar*ology1 p4 #di sqq47 t ultimog5iture 0 once ! rule 9 e>ly ,hebrew society1 & 0 succe$$ by primog5iture only :5 ! ,israelites ex*ang$ _! rov+ life = "o 9 :i* sons became m /ay-at-home4 ,footnote #ic3 pa/amba1 ii4 #f4 #ad4 #f1 #ab4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #aad4 ,jolly1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #gg1 #hb4 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #hi sq4 ,9 ,*9a1 ?\gh sons inh]it 9 equal %>es1 x is n uncommon = ! bro!rs to tempor>ily yield up _! %>e to ! eld] bro!r1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 = ! glory ( ! ,h\se 7',inh]itance & ,patria ,pote/as 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,*9a ,review1 v4 #djf2 cf4 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #bbd2 ,davis1 ,*9a1 i4 #cdc74 ,footnote #id3 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #ie3 ,elton1 ,orig9s ( ,engli% ,hi/ory1 p4 #agh sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law till ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #bfc sqq4 ,! cu/om ( ultimog5iture has also be5 trac$ 9 ,wales1 p>ts ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,friesl&1 ,sc&9avia1 ,russia1 & ,hung>y 7,elton1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahj sqq42 ,liebre*t1 op4 cit4 p4 #dca sq474 ,footnote #if3 ,p>k]1 ',comp>ative ,*9ese ,family ,law1' 9 ,*9a ,review1 viii4 #gi4 ',inh]itance & ,patria ,pote/as 9 ,*9a1' ibid4 v4 #djf4 ,m$hur/1 ',m>riage1 ,aff9ity1 & ,inh]itance 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 iv4 #ca4 ,simcox1 ,primitive ,civilizations1 ii4 #cea4 ,footnote #ig3 ,g5esis1 xxi4 #aj sqq4 ,footnote #ih3 ,b5z+]1 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 iii4 #bgbi4 ,footnote #ii3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,jolly1 loc4 cit4 p4 #he4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #agi4 ,footnote #aja3 ,gide1 op4 cit4 p4 #efg sqq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fg1 #bjj sqq4 ,see also ,al>d1 ,condition et droits des enfants naturels1 pp4 #i1 #aa2 supra1 i4 #dg4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,brussel1 ,n\vel exam5 de l'usage gnral des fiefs en ,france1 ii4 #idd sqq4 de ,laurire1 ,glossaire du droit franois1 p4 #dg sq4 ,demangeat1 ,hi/oire de la condition civile des trang]s en ,france1 p4 #ajg sqq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,demangeat1 op4 cit4 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ibid4 p4 #bej sqq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,naturalisation ,act1 #ahgj1 #b4 ,besides acquisition by occupation1 possession = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 lab\r1 volunt>y transf]1 & inh]itance1 !re are in/ances 9 :i* own]%ip 9 a #ej ?+ directly foll[s f own]%ip 9 ano!r ?+4 ,x is a g5]al rule t ! own] ( an object also owns :at develops f or is produc$ by x4#ajg ,! own] ( a c[ owns h] calf1 ! own] ( a tree its fruits1 ! own] ( a piece ( l& any?+ gr[+ on x1 at lea/ if no lab\r has be5 necess>y = its production4 ,own]%ip 9 l& also gives a c]ta9 "r to ! wild animals :i* are f\nd !re4 ,among ! ,fantis1 = in/ance1 if anybody kills game on ano!r p]son's l&1 its proprietor is entitl$ to ! %\ld] or a qu>t] ( su* game4#ajh ,9 ?is connection we h fur!r to notice ! mode ( acquisition :i* ! ,roman juri/s call$ accessio4 ,:5 t :i* belongs to "o p]son is s int]mix$ ) ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 t ei!r x _c be sep>at$ at all1 or _c be sep>at$ )\t inflict+ damage out ( proportion to ! ga91 ! own] ( ! pr9cipal becomes ! own] ( ! accessory1 ?\gh1 z a rule1 he w\ld h to pay comp5sation = x4#aji ,footnote #ajg3 ,see ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #fab2 ,goos1 ,=elsn+] ov] d5 alm9delige ,retslre1 ii4 #aei sqq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,s>bah1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #aji3 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #bdg sq4 ,all ^! me?ods ( acquisition apply n only to individual prop]ty1 b to common prop]ty z well4 ,occupation may e/abli% own]%ip :e!r !re be _m occupants or only "o2 jo9t lab\r may lead to jo9t own]%ip 9 ! produce2 prop]ty may be transf]r$ to a body ( p]sons z well z to a s+le individual4 ,b ! cu/om :i* prescribes community ( goods may also itself be an indep5d5t me?od ( acquisition3 by belong+ to an association ( p :o hold prop]ty 9 common a p]son may be "p own] ( a ?+ :i* has be5 occupi$ or produc$ by "s o!r memb] ( ! association4 ,communism ( "o k9d or ano!r is und\bt$ly a v anci5t in/itution1#aaj ?\gh its preval5ce at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation has (t5 be5 exagg]at$4#aaa ,b ! :ole "q ( #ea common own]%ip is too complicat$ & lies too mu* ap>t f our special subject to admit ( a detail$ treatm5t4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cf4 ,kovalewsky1 ,tableau des orig9es et de l'volution de la famille et de la proprit1 p4 #ea sqq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,dr4 ,d>gun 79 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 v4 #gf1 c47 ev5 goes s f> z to say t savages "k ( no o!r prop]ty b su* z belongs to individuals2 b ?is /atem5t is h>dly ju/ifi$ by facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! /atem5t ( facts we %all n[ proce$ to an explanation ( ^! facts4 ,fir/1 :y d m5 recognise propriet>y rights at all8 ,:y d ! moral feel+s ( mank9d grant to c]ta9 p]sons a "r to ! exclusive disposal ( c]ta9 ?+s1 9 o!r words1 :y does ! disposal ( an object )\t ! cons5t ( ! p]son call$ its own] give rise to moral disapproval8 ,! "r ( prop]ty1 x is true1 is g5]ally us$ z a t]m = a legal "r4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 ! legal "r is ess5tially a =mulat$ expression ( moral feel+s4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] obs]ves1 ! desire to appropriate1 & to keep t :i* has be5 appropriat$1 lies deep n only 9 human b 9 animal nature1 be+1 inde$1 a condition ( survival4#aab ,/icklebacks %[ obvi\s signs ( ang] :5 _! t]ritory is invad$ by o!r /icklebacks4#aac ,birds def5d _! ne/s aga9/ ! attacks ( intrud]s4#aad ,! dog fights = 8 k5nel or = ! prey he has caught4 ,a monkey 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london1 :i* made use ( a /one to op5 nuts1 always hid x 9 ! /raw aft] us+ x1 & w\ld n all[ any o!r monkey to t\* x4#aae ,we f9d ! same prop5sity 9 man f 8 e>lie/ ye>s4 ,at ! age ( two1 ,ti$emann's son did n let 8 si/] sit on 8 *air or take any ( 8 clo!s1 ?\gh he _h no scruples aga9/ appropriat+ ?+s :i* belong$ to h]4#aaf ,ow+ to ?is t5d5cy to keep an appropriat$ object1 & to resi/ its ab/raction1 x is dang]\s = an individual to try to seize any?+ held by ano!r ( ab\t equal /r5g?2 #eb & 9 human societies ?is naturally l$ to ! habit ( leav+ ea* 9 possession ( :atev] he _h atta9$1 especially 9 e>ly times :5 ! objects possess$ 7 ( little value1 & !re 0 no great inequality ( weal?4#aag ,?is habit 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by v>i\s circum/ances1 all ( :i* t5d$ to make int]f]5ce ) o!r p]sons' possessions ! subject ( moral c5sure4 ,f bo? prud5tial & altrui/ic motives p>5ts taught _! *ildr5 to ab/a9 f su* int]f]5ce1 & ?is1 by itself1 w\ld readily give rise to ! notion ( !ft z a moral wrong4 ,society at l>ge also tri$ to prev5t acts ( ?is k9d1 p>tly 9 ord] to pres]ve peace & ord]1 p>tly out ( sympa?y ) ! possessor4 ,res5tm5t is felt n only by him :o is depriv$ ( 8 possession1 b by o!rs on 8 behalf4 ,?is is se5 ev5 among "s ( ! l[] animals4 ,! ,pom]anian dogs ( ,g]man c>t]s wat* ! goods ( _! ma/]s2#aah ,mr4 ,romanes's t]ri] protect$ meat f o!r t]ri]s1 8 (fspr+1 :i* liv$ 9 ! same h\se ) him1 & ) :i* he 0 on ! v be/ ( t]ms2#aai ,capta9 ,gordon ,/ables's cat1 :i* _h h] place on ! table at meals1 nev] all[$ any unau?oris$ int]f]5ce ) ! vi&s4#abj ,9 m5 su* sympa!tic res5tm5t naturally develops into g5u9e moral disapproval4 ,footnote #aab3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 #fdd4 ,footnote #aac3 ,supra1 i4 #bb4 ,footnote #aad3 ,p]ty1 ,das ,seel5leb5 d] ,?i]e1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #aae3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 i4 #abe4 ,see also ,fis*]1 ',notes sur l'intellig5ce des s+es1' 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 xxxiii4 #fah4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,compayr1 ,l'volution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #aag3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 #fcd1 #fdd2 ,d>gun1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 v4 #gi sq42 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #hh1 #ij4 ,footnote #aah3 ,pes*el1 ,races ( ,man1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #aai3 ,romanes1 ',consci5ce 9 ,animals1' 9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 xiii4 #aef1 n499 ,footnote #abj3 ',/udies 9 ,animal ,life1' 9 ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 #ahhd1 p4 #hbd4 ,all ?is applies n only to propriet>y rights bas$ on occupation1 b also to ! pr9ciple ( cont9u$ possession z a gr\nd ( own]%ip4 ,inde$1 ! long] a p]son is 9 possession ( a c]ta9 object1 ! m apt are bo? he & o!r individuals to res5t its ali5ation2 :]eas ! loss or ab&onm5t ( a ?+ has a t5d5cy to loos5 ! connection betwe5 ! ?+ & its own]4#aba ,?is is und\bt$ly ! *ief s\rce ( ! rule ( prescription1 #ec ?\gh !re may be o!r circum/ances z well :i* help to ju/ify x4 ,?us x has be5 said t x is necess>y to ! security ( rightful possessors t !y %\ld n be mole/$ by *>ges ( wrongful acquisition :5 by ! lapse ( "t witnesses mu/ h p]i%$ or be5 lo/ sight (1 & ! real "* ( ! transaction c no long] be cle>$ up2#abb :il/ ano!r argum5t adduc$ 9 fav\r ( prescription is1 t long possession g5]ally implies lab\r & t lab\r gives own]%ip4#abc ,! reason :y prop]ty is ga9$ by lab\r is obvi\s en\gh4 ,n only d ex]tions 9 produc+ an object make ! produc] desir\s to keep x & to h ! exclusive disposal ( x1 b an encroa*m5t ^u ! fruit ( 8 lab\r ar\ses sympa!tic res5tm5t 9 outsid]s1 :o feel t an ef=t des]ves its rew>d4 ,footnote #aba3 ,cf4 ,hume1 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ii4 #c 7,philosophical ,works1 ii4 #bgd73--,:at has long la9 "u our eye1 & has (t5 be5 employ$ to our advantage1 t we are always ! mo/ unwill+ to "p )4 ,footnote #abb3 ,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 i4 #bgb4 ,footnote #abc3 ,?i]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajc sqq4 ,z ! recognition ( own]%ip ?us ultimately spr+s f a desire 9 ! own] to keep & dispose ( :at he has appropriat$ or produc$1 x is evid5t t1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 !re w\ld be no moral disapproval ( a volunt>y transf] ( prop]ty to ano!r p]son4 ,b ! case is diff]5t if su* a transf] is injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( p]sons :o h a special claim to consid]ation4 ,?us te/ation is frequ5tly held to be inconsi/5t ) ! duties :i* p>5ts owe to _! *ildr5 or o!r ne> relatives to "o ano!r4 ,! fa!r1 ?\gh ! "l ( ! family's possessions1 may inde$ be reg>d$ only z ! fir/ magi/rate ( an association1 & 9 su* a case 8 %>e 9 ! division naturally devolves on ! memb] ( ! family :o succe$s to 8 au?ority4#abd ,! "r ( inh]itance1 !n1 may be intimately connect$ ) ! idea t ! heir 01 9 a mann]1 jo9t own] ( ! deceas$ p]son's prop]ty already dur+ 8 lifetime4#abe ,b !re are #ed v>i\s o!r facts :i* acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ?is "r4 ,9 e>ly civilisation ! rule ( succession is "p ( a compreh5sive sy/em ( rights & duties :i* unite p]sons ( ! same k94 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? obs]ves t 9 anci5t ,arabia all p]sons on :om ! duty ( blood-rev5ge lay orig9ally _h ! "r ( inh]itance2#abf & a simil> connection betwe5 inh]itance & blood-rev5ge is f\nd among o!r peoples4 ,?is sy/em ( mutual rights & duties is g5]ally "o-sid$1 x has ref]5ce ei!r to pat]nal or to mat]nal relatives1 b n to bo? at once4 ,n[1 :atev] be ! reason :y ! "o or ! o!r me?od ( reckon+ k9%ip prevails among a c]ta9 p1 x is 9 ! pres5t place suffici5t to po9t out ! influ5ce :i* ! idea ( a common desc5t ex]cises ^u ! "r ( inh]itance ow+ to its p[] ( knitt+ toge!r ! p]sons to :om x ref]s4 ,besides1 ! duty connect$ ) ?is "r may also be ( su* a nature z to require a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal? = its p]=mance2 among ! ,h9dus1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 ! "r to inh]it a dead man's prop]ty 0 exactly co-ext5sive ) ! duty ( p]=m+ 8 obsequies & (f]+ sacrifices to 8 _s4#abg ,a fur!r cause ( *ildr5 inh]it+ _! fa!r's prop]ty may be t !y1 to "s ext5t1 h previ\sly be5 9 jo9t possession ( x2 =1 z we "k1 possession readily leads to own]%ip4 ,!y w\ld h an additional claim to succe$ to 8 prop]ty :5 x _h be5 ga!r$ by _! lab\r1 z well z 81 or :5 !y /ood 9 ne$ ( ! support :i* x _h be5 ! fa!r's duty to give !m _h he be5 alive4 ,moreov]1 :]e a p]son's *ildr5 are pres5t on ! spot at 8 dea?1 !y are apt to be ! fir/ occupants ( 8 #ee prop]ty2#abh & we h notic$ ! importance ( fir/ occupancy z a means ( e/abli%+ propriet>y rights4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! latt] consid]ations1 :i* are indep5d5t ( ! me?od ( trac+ desc5t1 is app>5t f ! fact t among sev]al peoples inh]itance runs 9 ! male l9e ev5 ?\gh *ildr5 take ! "m's "n & are consid]$ to belong to h] clan4#abi ,x may be add$ t a reason :i* mod]n writ]s (t5 h assign$ = giv+ ! prop]ty ( a p]son :o dies inte/ate to 8 *ildr5 or o!r ne> relatives is ! supposition t 9 s dispos+ ( x ! law is only likely to d :at ! proprietor himself w\ld h done1 if he _h done any?+4#acj ,footnote #abd3 ,plato1 ,leges1 xi4 #ibc4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #ahd4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #he4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 ii4 #dh4 ,mill1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgd4 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e et loi anci5ne1 p4 #aih 7,ossetes74 ,footnote #abe3 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! ,*9ese p5al code /eal+ f a relative is puni%$ less sev]ely ?an o!r cases ( !ft1 & t ! mitigation ( ! puni%m5t is proportionate to ! ne>ness ( ! relation%ip 7,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxii4 p4 #bhg74 ,! reason = ?is is t1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese patri>*al sy/em1 a !ft is n 9 ?is case a violation ( an exclusive "r1 b only ( ! qualifi$ int]e/ :i* ea* individual has 9 8 %>e ( ! family prop]ty 7,/aunton1 ibid4 p4 #bhg1 n49974 ,footnote #abf3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #ee1 #ef1 #ff sq4 ,footnote #abg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #ahf sq4 ,isaeus1 ,oratio de ,philoctemonis h]$itate1 #ea4 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #ai sq4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aia sq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,cf4 ,mill1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgd4 ,footnote #abi3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #ajd1 #aaa4 ,footnote #acj3 ,hume1 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ii4 #c 7,philosophical ,works1 ii4 #bhj74 ,godw91 ,enquiry conc]n+ ,political ,ju/ice1 ii4 #dch4 ,mill1 op4 cit4 i4 #bge4 ,9 details ! rules ( succession are influ5c$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,wom5 may be exclud$ f inh]itance or receive a small] %>e ?an ! m5 because ! latt]1 be+ ! /rong] p>ty1 appropriate ev]y?+ or ! l>g] portion ( ! prop]ty = !mselves2#aca or because ! wom5 are less 9 ne$ ( prop]ty1 be+ support$ by _! male relatives or husb&s2#acb or because !y are exempt f ! heavie/ duties connect$ ) k9%ip1 z ! duty ( blood-rev5ge2#acc or1 z 0 ! case 9 ! feudal sy/em1 because a female t5ant is naturally unable to att5d ! "l 9 8 w>s2#acd or = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! e/ate f pass+ to ano!r family or tribe4#ace ,! idea ( keep+ toge!r ! prop]ty ( ! h\se also l>gely is at ! bottom ( ! rule ( primog5iture4 #ef ,besides1 ! elde/ son is ! mo/ respect$ among ! *ildr51 sometimes he is reg>d$ q z a sacr$ be+4#acf ,on ! dea? ( ! head ( ! family he is g5]ally bett] suit$ ?an anybody else to take 8 place2 & 8 privileg$ position ) reg>d to inh]itance is ju/ifi$ by ! duties connect$ ) x1 especially ! duty ( look+ aft] & support+ ! o!r memb]s ( ! h\sehold4#acg ,9 feudalism1 :]e t5ancy impli$ duties z well z rights1 x 0 also1 f ! "l's po9t ( view1 ! simple/ arrangem5t t :5 a t5ant di$ a s+le p]son %\ld fill ! vacant place4#ach ,b !re are _m o!r po9ts ( view :i* may det]m9e ! rules ( succession4 ,x may be ?\ght j t ea* *ild %\ld h an equal %>e 9 ! inh]itance1 & t some?+ %\ld be giv5 also to ! wid[1 ^: ma9t5ance devolv$ on ! husb& & :o1 :il/ he 0 alive1 _h be5 9 jo9t possession ( _m ( 8 belong+s4 ,or ! y\nge/ son may be ! *ief or ! exclusive heir1 p>tly p]haps = ! sake ( prev5t+ a division ( ! prop]ty1 or because ! "l w\ld h b "o t5ant1#aci b p>tly also because he _h rema9$ ) 8 fa!r till 8 dea?1#adj or on ! plea ( 8 be+ less able to help himself on ! dea? ( ! p>5ts ?an 8 eld] bre?r51 :o h _h _! fa!r's assi/ance 9 settl+ !mselves 9 ! _w dur+ 8 lifetime4#ada ,! ,wanyamwezi1 aga91 ju/ify ! practice ( leav+ prop]ty #eg to _! illegitimate *ildr5 by slave girls or concub9es1 to ! exclusion ( _! legitimate (fspr+1 by ! fact ( ! =m] requir+ _! assi/ance m ?an ! latt]1 :o h fri5ds & relatives to aid !m4#adb ,g5]ally !re seems to be a close connection betwe5 illegitimate *ildr5's "r to inh]itance & ! legal recognition ( polygam\s practices4 ,?is is indicat$ by a comp>ison betwe5 ,ori5tal & ,roman legislation on ! subject1 &1 9 ,teutonic c\ntries1 betwe5 anci5t cu/om & ! lat] law1 :i* 0 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity's horror ( sexual acts fall+ outside ! monogam\s m>riage relation4 ,! privileges :i* ,h9du law grants to ! illegitimate *ildr5 ( ,sdras are due to ! notion t ! m>riage ( a memb] ( ?is ca/e is itself consid]$ to be ( s l[ a nature z to be on a p> ) irregul> connections4#adc ,footnote #aca3 ,cf4 ,campbell1 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #ebj 7,kafirs74 ,footnote #acb3 ,cf4 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agf 7,gre5l&]s72 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #fb 7,k&hs72 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #ea 7,masai72 ',inh]itance & ,patria ,pote/as 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,*9a ,review1 v4 #djf2 ,jolly1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hc 7anci5t ,h9dus72 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bif sq42 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bah sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #fe sq42 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #caa sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,cf4 ,clevel&1 ,woman "u ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ace3 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 p4 #bef4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dhe4 ,po/1 ,grundriss d] e?nol4 ,jurisprud5z1 i4 #bad4 ,cf4 ,numb]s1 xxxvi4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,supra1 i4 #fje1 #fjf1 #fad4 ,gill1 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles1 p4 #df sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bi1 #ca2 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #agf 7,gre5l&]s74 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #gd4 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #ea 7,masai74 ,( ! ,bagdis ( ,b5gal ,mr4 ,risley expressly says 7op4 cit4 p4 #ahc7 t ! extra %>e :i* is giv5 to ! elde/ son seems to be int5d$ to enable him to support ! female memb]s ( ! family1 :o rema9 "u 8 c>e4 ,footnote #ach3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bhj4 ,footnote #adj3 ,risley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbg 7,lu%eis74 ,among ! ,angami ,nagas ! y\nge/ son ne>ly always inh]its 8 fa!r's h\se1 because sons1 :5 m>ry+1 leave ! pat]nal mansion & build h\ses ( _! own 7ibid4 p4 #bji74 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! cu/om ( ultimog5iture w\ld naturally arise dur+ ! latt] /ages ( ! pa/oral p]iod1 :5 ! eld] sons w\ld 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts h 'set up = !mselves' by ! "t ( ! fa!r's dea? 7,jacobs1 ,/udies 9 ,biblical ,ar*ology1 p4 #dg2 ,gomme1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #dg1 n4 #a2 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 ii4 #gj sq474 ,footnote #ada3 ,tickell1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 pt4 ii4 #gid1 n499 ,footnote #adb3 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #bc sq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,jolly1 loc4 cit4 p4 #he4 ,( ! incapacity ( *ildr51 wives1 & slaves to acquire prop]ty = !mselves little ne$s to be said1 9 ! pres5t connection1 by way ( explanation4 ,_! exclusion f ! "r ( indep5d5t own]%ip is an incid5t ( _! subjection to _! p>5ts1 husb&s1 or ma/]s4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t1 :il/ ! latt] h a "r to dispose ( ! e>n+s ( _! subord9ates1 !y also h ! duty ( support+ !m1 & t 9 e>ly civilisation ! *ild & ! wife1 sometimes ev5 ! slave1#add are practically1 z x 71 jo9t own]s ( goods :i* 9 !ory belong to ! head ( ! family alone4 ,footnote #add3 ,volk5s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi 7,wad%agga74 ,we h /ill to expla9 ! v>iations ( moral judgm5ts ) reg>d to diff]5t acts ( !ft4 ,t ! condemnation ( ! (f5ce v>ies 9 degree accord+ to ! value ( ! /ol5 goods foll[s f ! fact t !ft is disapprov$ ( on acc\nt ( ! injury done to ! own]4 ,b 9 _m cases1 :5 ! injury is v slight1 ! appropriation ( ano!r p]son's prop]ty is #eh ju/ifi$ by ! ne$s ( him :o took x4 ,& frequ5tly1 also1 ! condemnation ( ! ?ief is m conc]n$ ) 8 encroa*m5t ^u a neighb\r's "r ?an ) measur+ ! exact am\nt ( h>m inflict$4 ,among ! ,basutos1 says ,casalis1 ! idea ( !ft is express$ by a g5]ic ^w :i* ref]s to ! violation ( "r1 mu* m ?an to ! damage caus$4#ade ,burgl>y is reg>d$ z an aggravat$ =m ( !ft p>tly because x adds a fre% (f5ce1 ! illicit ent]+ into ano!r p]son's h\se1 to t aga9/ prop]ty1 p>tly because x proves great prem$itation 9 ! (f5d]4#adf ,robb]y is likewise a d\ble (f5ce1 imply+1 z x does1 an act ( viol5ce1 & may on t acc\nt be m sev]ely c5sur$ ?an ord9>y !ft2 b 9 o!r cases ! c\rage & /r5g? display$ by ! robb] is look$ ^u z a mitigat+ circum/ance1 & sometimes sub/itutes admiration = disapproval1 :]eas ! secret (f5d] is despis$ z a c[>d4 ,s1 too1 ! secrecy ( nocturnal !ft may aggravate ! crime1 :il/ at ! same "t ! difficulty 9 provid+ aga9/ x may induce society to increase ! puni%m5t4 ,b m5 are apt to admire n only brav]y & =ce1 b also dext]ity & pluck1 h5ce ! appreciation ( adroit !ft4 ,! same t5d5cy 9 "s measure acc\nts = ! di/9ction betwe5 manife/ & non-manife/ !ft2 b "h we h 9 ! fir/ place to rememb] t /rong emotions are m easily ar\s$ by ! sight ( an act ?an by ! m]e k ( its commission4#adg ,t ! moral valuation ( !ft v>ies accord+ to ! /ation ( ! ?ief & ! p]son robb$ is due to ! same causes z are simil> v>iations ) reg>d to o!r injuries2 & s is ! di/9ction betwe5 (f5ces aga9/ ! prop]ty ( a tribesman or fell[-c\ntryman & (f5ces aga9/ ! prop]ty ( a /rang]4 ,! !ory ( ! ,roman juri/s accord+ to :i* ! prop]ty ( an enemy 9 w> belongs to nobody z long z ! ho/ilities la/1 & !re=e becomes ! prop]ty ( ! #ei captor by ! "r ( occupation1#adh is only a play ) words int5d$ to give a reasonable ju/ification to a practice :i* is really due to lack ( reg>d = ! feel+s ( /rang]s4 ,:5 m5 at an e>ly /age ( civilisation respect a /rang]'s prop]ty ! motive is und\bt$ly 9 ! ma9 prud5tial4 ,savages may be anxi\s to prev5t !ft f a neighb\r+ tribe 9 ord] to avoid disagreeable consequ5ces4#adi ,& ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! hone/y !y (t5 display ) reg>d to objects belong+ to /rang]s :o visit !m1 & especially ) reg>d to ?+s left 9 _! *>ge1#aej l>gely spr+s f sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,we h notic$ be=e t ev5 ! acceptance ( gifts is suppos$ to be connect$ ) sup]natural dang]1 ow+ to ! baneful magic en]gy ) :i* ! gift is suspect$ to be saturat$4#aea ,w\ld n ! same apply to ! illicit appropriation ( a /rang]'s belong+s1 & especially to tru/s1 :i* naturally call = great precaution on ! "p ( ! own]8 ,?is leads u to a subject ( consid]able importance 9 ! hi/ory ( prop]ty1 namely1 ! influ5ce :i* magic & religi\s beliefs h ex]cis$ on ! reg>d = propriet>y rights4 ,footnote #ade3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #adf3 ,cf4 ,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #hgh 7anci5t ,teutons74 ,footnote #adg3 ,supra1 i4 #bid4 ,footnote #adh3 ,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #beg4 ,pu*ta1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bbj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #aei 7,ahts74 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see1 besides /atem5ts ref]r$ to above1 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #dbj1 & ii4 #dgg2 ,nord5skild1 ,vegas frd kr+ ,asi5 o* ,europa1 ii4 #adj sq4 7,*uk*i72 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #dac 7,mangyans72 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #dc 7,maoris72 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 p4 #bab 7,bantu72 ,campbell1 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #eag1 & ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #bja 7,kafirs74 ,footnote #aea3 ,supra1 i4 #eic sq4 ,!ft is n only puni%$ by m51 b is suppos$ to be av5g$ by sup]natural p[]s4 ,! ,alfura ( ,halmah]a are said to be hone/ only because !y fe> t !y o!rwise w\ld be subject to ! puni%m5t ( spirits4#aeb ,! natives ( ,efate1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ma9ta9$ t !ft 0 condemn$ by _! gods4#aec ,9 ,aneiteum1 ano!r isl& belong+ to ! same gr\p1 ?ieves 7 suppos$ to be puni%$ aft] dea?4#aed ,9 ,ne!rl& ,isl& !y #fj 7 said to g to a prison ( d>kness "u ! e>?2#aee accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! ,banks ,isl&]s !y 7 exclud$ f ! true ,panoi or ,p>adise4#aef ,on ! ,gold ,coa/1 if a man _h prop]ty /ol5 f 8 h\se1 he might g to ! prie/ ( ! local deity he 0 accu/om$ to wor%ip1 /ate ! loss t _h befall5 him1 make an (f]+ ( a f[l1 rum1 & eggs1 & ask ! prie/ to supplicate ! god to puni% ! ?ief4#aeg ,9 ,s\!rn ,gu9ea feti%es are inaugurat$ to detect & puni% c]ta9 k9ds ( !ft1 & p]sons :o are cognisant ( su* crimes & d n give in=mation ab\t !m are also liable to be puni%$ by ! feti%4#aeh ,! ,be*uanas speak ( an unkn[n be+1 vaguely call$ by ! "n ( ,"l & ,ma/] ( ?+s 7,mongal9to71 :o puni%es !ft4 ,"o ( !m said3 ,:5 x ?und]s e "o trembles2 if !re are sev]al toge!r1 "o asks ! o!r ) uneas9ess1 ,is !re any "o among/ u :o dev\rs ! weal? ( o!rs8 ,all !n spit on ! gr\nd say+1 ,we d n dev\r ! weal? ( o!rs4 ,if a ?und]bolt /rikes & kills "o ( !m1 no "o compla9s1 no "o weeps2 in/ead ( be+ griev$1 all unite 9 say+ t ! ,"l is delight$ 7t is to say1 he has done "r7 ) kill+ t man2 we also say t ! ?ief eats ?und]bolts1 t is to say1 does ?+s :i* draw d[n ^u m5 su* judgm5ts4#aei ,footnote #aeb3 ,kk5?al1 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk51 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #aec3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #aed3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ibid4 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #aef3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #ge4 ,see also ,cruick%ank1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aeb1 #afj1 #ahd2 ,s*ultze1 ,d] ,fetis*ismus1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #aei3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cbb sq4 ,accord+ to ! ,zoroa/rian ,ya/s1 ,ra%nu ,razi/a 0 ! be/ kill]1 smit]1 de/roy] ( ?ieves & b&its4#afj ,9 ,greece ,zeus ,greek3 kt_/sios 0 a gu>dian ( ! family prop]ty2#afa & accord+ to a ,roman tradition ! dome/ic god repuls$ ! robb] & kept (f ! enemy4#afb ,! remov+ ( l&m>ks #fa has frequ5tly be5 reg>d$ z sacrilegi\s4#afc ,x 0 /rictly prohibit$ by ! religi\s law ( ! ,hebrews4#afd ,9 ,greece b\nd>ies 7 protect$ by ,zeus ,greek3 o7_/rios4 ,plato says 9 8 ',laws'3--,let no "o %ift ! b\nd>y l9e ei!r ( a fell[-citiz5 :o is a neighb\r1 or1 if he dwells at ! extremity ( ! l&1 ( any /rang] :o is cont]m9\s ) him4 4 4 4 ,e "o %\ld be m will+ to move ! l>ge/ rock :i* is n a l& m>k1 ?an ! lea/ /one :i* is ! sworn m>k ( fri5d%ip & hatr$ betwe5 neighb\rs2 = ,zeus1 ! god ( k9dr$1 is ! witness ( ! citiz51 & ,zeus1 ! god ( /rang]s1 ( ! /rang]1 & :5 ar\s$ t]rible are ! w>s :i* !y /ir up4 ,he :o obeys ! law w nev] "k ! fatal consequ5ces ( disob$i5ce1 b he :o despises ! law %all be liable to a d\ble p5alty1 ! fir/ com+ f ! ,gods1 & ! second f ! law4#afe ,! ,romans wor%ipp$ ,t]m9us or ,jupit] ,t]m9alis z ! god ( b\nd>ies4#aff ,accord+ to an old tradition1 ,numa direct$ t e "o %\ld m>k ! b\nds ( 8 l&$ prop]ty by /ones consecrat$ to ,jupit]1 t ye>ly sacrifices %\ld be (f]$ to !m at ! fe/ival ( ! ,t]m9alia1 & t1 if any p]son demoli%$ or displac$ ^! b\nd-/ones1 he %\ld be look$ ^u z devot$ to ?is god1 to ! end t anybody might kill him z a sacrilegi\s p]son ) impunity & )\t be+ defil$ ) guilt4#afg ,9 ! high] religions !ft ( any k9d is frequ5tly condemn$ z a s94 ,footnote #afj3 ,ya/s1 xii4 #h4 ,footnote #afa3 ,aes*ylus1 ,supplices1 #dde4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #ee4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #ada4 ,footnote #afc3 ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #aff sq4 ,footnote #afd3 ,deut]onomy1 xix4 #ad2 xxvii4 #ag4 ,prov]bs1 xxii4 #bh2 xxiii4 #aj sq4 ,hosea1 v4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,job1 xxiv4 #b4 ,footnote #afe3 ,plato1 ,leges1 viii4 #hdb sq4 ,demo/h5es1 ,oratio de ,halonneso1 #ci1 p4 #hf4 ,see also ,h]mann1 ,disputatio de t]m9is eorumque religione apud ,grcos1 passim4 ,footnote #aff3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #fci sqq4 ,fe/us1 ,de v]borum significatione ',t]m9o4' ,lactantius1 ,div9 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #aj 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vi4 #bbg sqq474 ,pauly1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 vi4 pt4 ii4 #agjg sqq4 ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 p4 #cbd sqq4 ,footnote #afg3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 ii4 #gd4 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 xvi4 i4 ,fe/us1 op4 cit4 ',t]m9o4' ,?is religi\s sanction giv5 to own]%ip is no d\bt 9 "s measure due to ! same circum/ances z1 9 c]ta9 cases1 make morality 9 g5]al a matt] ( div9e #fb conc]n--a subject :i* w be dealt ) 9 a future *apt]4 ,b !re are also special reasons :i* acc\nt = x4 ,p>tly x has its orig9 9 magic practices1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! curse4 ,curs+ is a frequ5t me?od ( puni%+ crim9als :o _c be rea*$ 9 any o!r way4#afh ,9 ! ,book ( ,judges we read ( ,micah's "m :o _h pron\nc$ a curse ) ref]5ce to ! money /ol5 f h]1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 h] son _h confess$ 8 guilt1 ha/5$ to r5d] x ineffective by a bless+4#afi ,9 e>ly ,arabia ! own] ( /ol5 prop]ty _h rec\rse to curs+ 9 ord] to recov] :at he _h lo/4#agj ,9 ,samoa ! p>ty f :om any?+ _h be5 /ol51 if he knew n ! ?ief1 w\ld seek satisfaction 9 sitt+ d[n & delib]ately curs+ him4#aga ,! ,kam*adales ?9k !y c puni% an undiscov]$ !ft by burn+ ! s9ews ( ! /onebuck 9 a publick meet+ ) great c]emonies ( conjuration1 believ+ t z ^! s9ews are contract$ by ! fire s ! ?ief w h all 8 limbs contract$4#agb ,among ! ,ossetes1 if an object has be5 secretly /ol51 its own] secures ! assi/ance ( a sorc]]4 ,!y proce$ toge!r to ! h\se ( any p]son :om !y suspect1 ! sorc]] c>ry+ "u 8 arm a cat1 :i* is reg>d$ z a p>ticul>ly en*ant$ animal4 ,he exclaims1 ,if ?\ ha/ /ol5 ! article & do/ n re/ore x to its own]1 may ?is cat torm5t ! s\ls ( ?y ance/ors6 ,& su* an imprecation is g5]ally foll[$ by a spe$y re/itution ( ! /ol5 prop]ty4 ,aga91 if _! suspicions re/ ^u no p>ticul> individual1 !y proce$ 9 ! same mann] f h\se to h\se1 & ! ?ief !n1 kn[+ t 8 turn mu/ come1 frequ5tly confesses 8 guilt at once4#agc ,a common mode ( detect+ ! p]petrator ( a !ft is to compel ! suspect$ individual to make oa?1 #fc t is to say1 to pron\nce a conditional curse ^u himself4#agd ,footnote #afh3 ,see1 e4g41 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #adi 7,k>5s74 ,footnote #afi3 ,judges1 xvii4 #b4 ,footnote #agj3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #aga3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #agb3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #agi sq4 ,footnote #agc3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #cih sq4 ,footnote #agd3 von ,/ruve1 9 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahhj1 p4 #gif 7,samoy$es74 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #dab 7,mangyans ( ,m9doro74 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bib sq4 7,samoans74 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe 7,negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/74 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #bfg2 c4 ,curs+ is resort$ to n only = ! purpose ( puni%+ ?ieves or compell+ !m to re/ore :at !y h /ol51 b also z a means ( prev5t+ !ft4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s x is a common practice to protect prop]ty by mak+ x taboo1 & ! taboo+ ( an object is1 z ,dr4 ,codr+ton puts x1 a prohibition ) a curse express$ or impli$4#age ,! curse is !n1 9 _m cases1 deposit$ 9 "s article :i* is atta*$ to ! ?+ or place x is int5d$ to protect4 ,! m>k ( taboo1 9 ,polynesia call$ rahui or raui1 sometimes consi/s ( a cocoa-nut leaf plait$ 9 a p>ticul> way1#agf sometimes ( a wood5 image ( a man or a c>v$ po/ /uck 9 ! gr\nd1#agg sometimes ( a bun* ( human hair or a piece ( an old mat1#agh & s =?4 ,9 ,samoa !re 7 v>i\s =ms ( taboo :i* =m$ a p[]ful *eck on /eal+1 especially f plantations & fruit-trees1 & ea* 0 kn[n by a special "n indicat+ ! sort ( curse :i* ! own] wi%$ w\ld fall on ! ?ief4 ,?us1 if a man desir$ t a sea-pike %\ld run into ! body ( ! p]son :o attempt$ to /eal1 say1 8 bread-fruits1 he w\ld plait "s cocoa-nut leaflets 9 ! =m ( a sea-pike1 & susp5d x f "o or m ( ! trees :i* he want$ to protect4 ,?is 0 call$ ! sea-pike taboo2 & any ord9>y ?ief w\ld be t]rifi$ to t\* a tree f :i* ?is 0 susp5d$1 believ+ t1 if he did s1 a fi% ( ! said description w\ld d>t up & mortally w\nd him ! next "t he w5t to ! sea4 ,! :ite %>k taboo 0 done by plait+ a cocoa-nut leaf 9 ! =m ( a %>k1 & 0 tantam\nt to an #fd express$ imprecation t ! ?ief might be dev\r$ by ! :ite %>k :5 he w5t to fi%4 ,! cross-/ick taboo1 aga91 consi/$ ( a /ick susp5d$ horizontally f ! tree1 & meant t any ?ief t\*+ ! tree w\ld h a disease runn+ "r across 8 body & rema9+ fix$ !re till he di$4#agi ,exactly equival5t to ! taboo ( ! ,pacific ,isl&]s is ! pomali ( ! natives ( ,timor2 a few palm leaves /uck outside a g>d5 z a sign ( ! pomali w pres]ve its produce f ?ieves z effectually z ! ?reat5+ notice ( man-traps1 spr+-guns1 or a savage dog1 w\ld d ) u4#ahj ,among ! ,santals1 :5ev] a p]son is desir\s ( protect+ a pat* ( jungle f ! axes ( ! villag]s1 or a pat* ( grass f be+ graz$ ov]1 or a newly s[n field f be+ trespass$ ^u1 he erects a bamboo 9 8 pat* ( grass or field1 to :i* is affix$ a tuft ( /raw1 or 9 ! case ( jungle "s prom95t & l(ty tree has ! same prohibitory m>k atta*$1 :i* m>k is well und]/ood & /rictly obs]v$ by all p>ties int]e/$4#aha ,s also 9 ,madagasc> on r5contre sur les *em9s1 on voit dans les *amps de longs btons munis leur sommet d'un paquet d'h]bes et qui sont plants en t]re soit p\r int]dire le passage du t]ra9 soit p\r indiqu] que les rcoltes sont rs]ves l'usage d'individus dt]m9s4#ahb ,among ! ,wa%ambala ! own] ( a field sometimes puts a /ick w\nd r\nd ) a banana leaf on ! road to x1 believ+ t anybody :o )\t p]mission ent]s ! field w be subject to ! curse ( ?is *>m4#ahc ,! ,wad%agga protect a doorless hut aga9/ burgl>s by plac+ a banana leaf ov] ! ?re%old1 & any malici\sly incl9$ p]son :o d>es to /ep ov] x is suppos$ to get ill or die4#ahd ,! ,akka /ick an arr[ 9 a bun* ( bananas /ill on ! /alk to m>k x z _! own #fe :5 ripe1 & !n n ev5 ! own] ( ! tree w\ld ?9k ( t\*+ ! fruit s claim$ by o!rs4#ahe ,( ! ,b>otse we are told t :5 !y d n want a ?+ t\*$ !y spit on /raws & /ick !m all ab\t ! object4#ahf ,:5 a ,balonda has plac$ a beehive on a tree1 he ties a piece ( m$ic9e r\nd ! trunk1 & ?is w prove suffici5t protection aga9/ ?ieves4#ahg ,jacob ( ,edessa tells u ( a ,syrian prie/ :o wrote a curse & hung x on a tree1 t nobody might eat ! fruit4#ahh ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam a ma/]ful man res]v$ wat] = 8 own use by hang+ pieces ( fr+e ( 8 r$ blanket on a tree beside x1 or by ?r[+ !m into ! pool2#ahi & 9 mod]n ,pale/9e nobody d>es to t\* ! piles ( /ones :i* are plac$ on ! b\nd>ies ( l&$ prop]ty4#aij ,! old inhabitants ( ,cuman on ! ,c>ibbean ,sea us$ to m>k (f _! plantations by a s+le cotton ?read1 9 ! belief t anybody tamp]+ ) ^! b\nd>y m>ks w\ld spe$ily die4#aia ,a simil> idea seems /ill to prevail among ! ,indians ( ! ,amazon4 ,among ! ,jurs a travell] notic$ t 9 places :]e ! h$ge surr\nd+ a field 0 brok51 x 0 replac$ by a cotton /r+2 & :5 ,brazilian ,indians leave _! huts !y (t5 w9d a piece ( ! same mat]ial r\nd ! lat* ( ! door4#aib ,sometimes !y also hang baskets1 rags1 or flaps ( b>k on _! l&m>ks4#aic ,9 ^! & 9 v>i\s o!r in/ances j ref]r$ to x is n expressly /at$ t ! taboo m>k embodies a curse1 b _! simil>ity to cases 9 :i* x does s is /rik+ en\gh to #ff preclude mu* d\bt ab\t _! real mean+4 ,x is true t an object :i* is sacr$ by itself may1 on t acc\nt1 protect ev]y?+ 9 its neighb\rhood2#aid 9 ,morocco any article deposit$ 9 ! h4orm ( a sa9t is safe1 & among pagan ,africans ! same effect is produc$ by us+ feti%es z protectors ( fields or h\ses4#aie ,b a ?+ ( inh]5t hol9ess may also be *os5 = taboo purposes = ! reason t its sanctity is suppos$ to give p>ticul> efficacy to any curse ) :i* x may be load$4 ,footnote #age3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #agf3 ,taylor ,:ite1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bge4 ,footnote #agg3 ,hamilton1 ,maori ,art1 p4 #ajb2 ,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #ajb2 ,polack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gj 7,maoris74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iii4 #aaf 7,tahitians74 ,footnote #agh3 ,?omson1 op4 cit4 i4 #ajb 7,maoris74 ,see also ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #cd 7,maoris72 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iii4 #bja 7,tahitians74 ,footnote #agi3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bid sqq4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,wallace1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #adi sq4 ,footnote #aha3 ,%]will1 ',t\r ?r\gh ! ,rjmahal ,hills1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xx4 #efh4 ,footnote #ahb3 van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et totmisme ,madagasc>1 p4 #ahd sqq4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,lang1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tv]hltnisse1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,volk5s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,junk]1 ,travels 9 ,africa dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahhb-ahhf1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #afd1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,ibid4 p4 #ccf1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #aij3 ,pi]otti1 ,cu/oms & ,traditions ( ,pale/9e1 p4 #ie sq4 ,accord+ to ,roman s\rces 7,dige/a1 xlvii4 #aa4 #i71 !re 0 9 ! prov9ce ( ,arabia an (f5ce call$ ,greek3 skopelismo_/s1 :i* consi/$ 9 lay+ /ones on an enemy's gr\nd z a ?reat t if ! own] cultivat$ ! l& malo leto p]iturus esset insidiis eorum1 qui scopulos posuiss5t2 & s great 0 ! fe> ( su* /ones t nobody w\ld g ne> a field :]e !y _h be5 put4 ,footnote #aia3 ,gom>a1 ,prim]a p>te de la hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias1 *4 #gi 7,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxii4 #bjf74 ,footnote #aib3 von ,m>tius1 ,von dem ,re*tszu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s1 p4 #cg sq4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ibid4 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #aid3 ,cf4 van ,g5nep1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahe 7natives ( ,madagasc>74 ,x 0 an anci5t ,roman usage to int] ! dead 9 ! field belong+ to ! family1 & 9 ! works ( ! eld] ,cato !re is a =mula accord+ to :i* ! ,italian lab\r] pray$ ! manes to take good c>e aga9/ ?ieves 7,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge74 ,cic]o says 7,pro domo1 #da7 t ! h\se ( ea* citiz5 0 sacr$ because 8 h\sehold gods 7 !re4 ,footnote #aie3 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #agd4 ,ba/ian1 ,afrikanis*e ,reis51 p4 #gh sq4 #c ,nassau1 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #he4 ,cf4 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #bcj4 ,if we knew ! c]emonies ) :i* magicians trans=m ord9>y mat]ial objects into feti%es1 we might p]haps f9d t !y *>ge !m ) curses4 ,dr4 ,nassau says 7op4 cit4 p4 #he73--;,= e human passion or desire ( e "p ( our nature1 = our ?\s& necessities or wi%es1 a feti* c be made1 its op]ation be+ direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( "o specifi$ wi%4 ,see also ,s*ultze1 ,d] ,fetis*ismus1 p4 #aji4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ ano!r me?od ( *>g+ a curse ) magic en]gy1 namely1 by giv+ x ! =m ( an appeal to a sup]natural be+4#aif ,s also spirits or gods are frequ5tly invok$ 9 curses ref]r+ to !ft4 ,on ! ,gold ,coa/1 :5 ! own] ( l& sees t "s "o has be5 mak+ a cle>+ on 8 l&1 he cuts ! "y inn] bran*es ( ! palm tree & hangs !m ab\t ! place :]e ! trespass has be5 committ$4 ,z he hangs ea* leaf he says some?+ to ! foll[+ effect3 ',! p]son :o did ?is & did n make x kn[n to me be=e he did x1 if he comes "h to d any o!r ?+1 may feti% ,kataw]e 7or ,tanor or ,f(ie or o!r feti%7 kill him & all 8 family4'#aig ,9 ,samoa1 9 ! case ( a !ft1 ! suspect$ p]sons _h to swe> be=e ! *iefs1 ea* "o invok+ ! village god to s5d swift de/ruction if he _h committ$ ! crime2 & if all _h sworn & ! culprit 0 /ill undiscov]$1 ! *iefs solemnly made a simil> invocation on behalf ( ! #fg ?ief4#aih ,! ,hawaiians seem likewise to h appeal$ to an av5g+ deity 9 c]ta9 curs+ c]emonies1 :i* !y p]=m$ = ! purpose ( detect+ or puni%+ ?ieves4#aii ,9 anci5t ,greece x 0 a cu/om to d$icate a lo/ article to a deity1 ) a curse = ^? :o kept x4#bjj ,( ! ,melanesian taboo1 aga91 ,dr4 ,codr+ton obs]ves t ! p[] at ! back ( x is t ( ! gho/ or _s 9 ^: "n1 or 9 reliance ^u :om1 x is pron\nc$4#bja ,9 ,ceylon1 to prev5t fruit be+ /ol51 ! p hang up c]ta9 grotesque figures ar\nd ! or*>d & d$icate x to ! devils1 aft] :i* none ( ! native ,ceylonese w d>e ev5 to t\* ! fruit on any acc\nt4 ,ev5 ! own] w n v5ture to use x till x be fir/ lib]at$ f ! d$ication4#bjb ,on ! l&m>ks ( ! anci5t ,babylonians1 g5]ally consi/+ ( /one pill>s 9 ! =m ( a phallus1 imprecations 7 inscrib$ ) appeals to v>i\s deities4 ,"o ( ^! b\nd>y /ones conta9s ! foll[+ curse direct$ aga9/ ! violator ( its sacr$ness3--,^u ?is man may ! great gods ,anu1 ,bl1 ,ea1 & ,nusku1 look wra?fully1 uproot 8 f\ndation1 & de/roy 8 (fspr+2 & simil> invocations are !n made to _m o!r gods4#bjc ,footnote #aif3 ,supra1 i4 #efd4 ,footnote #aig3 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 #aaj xviii4 ,janu>y1 #aijf1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #aih3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ai4 ,idem1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bib sq4 ,footnote #aii3 ,j>ves1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,r\se1 ,greek ,votive ,(f]+s1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #bja3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,p]cival1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #aff sq4 ,hilpre*t1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #afg sqq4 ,n[ we c und]/& :y gods s frequ5tly take notice ( (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty4 ,!y are invok$ 9 curses utt]$ aga9/ ?ieves2 ! invocation 9 a curse easily develops into a g5u9e pray]1 & :]e ?is is ! case ! god is suppos$ to puni% ! (f5d] ( 8 own free w4 ,besides1 he may be induc$ to d s by (f]+s4 ,& :5 (t5 appeal$ to 9 connection ) !ft1 a sup]natural be+ may f9ally come to be look$ ^u z a gu>dian ( prop]ty4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 ,i take to be ! explanation ( ! belief preval5t among ! ,b]b]s #fh ( ,h4ah4a1 9 ,s\!rn ,morocco1 t "s ( ! local sa9ts puni% ?ieves :o approa* _! sanctu>ies1 ev5 ?\gh ! !ft 0 committ$ else:]e2 be+ con/antly appeal$ to 9 oa?s tak5 by p]sons suspect$ ( !ft1 !y h become ! p]man5t enemies ( ?ieves4 ,we c1 fur!r1 und]/& :y 9 "s cases c]ta9 (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty h actually assum$ ! "* ( a sacrilege1 ev5 ap>t f su* z are committ$ 9 ! proximity ( a sup]natural be+4 ,curses are sometimes p]sonifi$ & elevat$ to ! rank ( div9e ag5ts2 ?is1 z we h se51 is ! orig9 ( ! ,er9yes ( p>5ts1 begg>s1 & /rang]s1 & ( ! ,roman divi p>5tum & dii hospitales2 & ?is is also 9 all probability ! orig9 ( ! god ,t]m9us4#bjd ,or ! curse may be trans=m$ into an attribute ( ! *ief god1 n only because he is frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 connection ) (f5ces ( a c]ta9 k9d1 b also because su* a god has a t5d5cy to attract sup]natural =ces :i* are 9 h>mony ) 8 g5]al nature4 ,?is expla9s ! orig9 ( conceptions su* z ,zeus ,greek3 o7_/rios & ,jupit] ,t]m9alis1 z well z ! extreme sev]ity ) :i* ,yahweh treat$ ! removal ( l&m>ks4 ,9 all ^! cases !re are indications ( a connection betwe5 ! god & a curse4 ,ap>t f o!r evid5ce to be f\nd 9 ,semitic antiquities1 !re is ! ana!ma ( ,deut]onomy1 ,curs$ be he t remove? 8 neighb\r's l&m>k4#bje ,t ! b\nd>y /ones d$icat$ to ,zeus ,greek3 o7_/rios 7 orig9ally *>g$ ) imprecations appe>s f a passage 9 ,plato's ',laws' quot$ above1#bjf z also f inscriptions made on !m4#bjg ,! ,etruscans curs$ anyone :o %\ld t\* or displace a b\nd>y m>k3--,su* a p]son %all be condemn$ by ! gods2 8 h\se %all disappe>2 8 race %all be ext+ui%$2 8 limbs %all be cov]$ ) ulc]s & wa/e away2 8 l& %all no long] produce #fi fruits2 hail1 ru/1 & ! fires ( ! dog-/> %all de/roy 8 h>ve/s4#bjh ,consid]+ ! important "p play$ by blood z a conductor ( imprecations1 x is n improbable t ! ,roman c]emony ( lett+ ! blood ( a sacrificial animal fl[ into ! hole :]e ! l&m>k 0 to be plac$#bji 0 int5d$ to give efficacy to a curse4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& a cu/om ( annually beat+ ! b\nds ( a p>i% has surviv$ up to ! pres5t "t1 & ?is c]emony 0 =m]ly accompani$ by religi\s s]vices1 9 :i* a cl]gyman invok$ curses on him :o %\ld transgress ! b\nds ( 8 neighb\r1 & bless+s on him :o %\ld reg>d ! l&m>ks4#baj ,footnote #bjd3 ,cf4 ,fe/us1 op4 cit4 ',t]m9o'3--,numa ,pompilius /atuit eum1 qui t]m9um ex>asset1 et ipsum1 et boves sacros esse4 ,footnote #bje3 ,deut]onomy1 xxvii4 #ag4 ,cf4 ,g5esis1 xxxi4 #dd sqq4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,plato1 ,leges1 viii4 #hdc3 4 4 4 ,greek3 7n smikron li_/?on o7ri_/zonta philai_/n kai e7_/*?ran e7_/norkon p>a !n4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,x5ophon1 ,anabasis1 v4 #c4 #ac4 ,h]mann1 ,disputatio de t]m9is apud ,grcos1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,rei agr>i auctores legesque v>i1 edit$ by ,goesius1 p4 #beh sq4 ,footnote #bji3 ,siculus ,flaccus1 ',de conditionibus agrorum1' 9 ,rei agr>i auctores1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #baj3 ,dibbs1 ',beat+ ! ,b\nds1' 9 ,*amb]s's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 ,n4,s4 xx4 7#ahec7 #di sqq4 ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #agd sq4 ,! practice ( curs+ a ?ief may possibly ev5 be at ! bottom ( ! belief ( "s savages t su* a p]son w be puni%$ aft] dea?4 ,9 a foll[+ *apt] we %all notice in/ances :]e ! efficacy ( a curse is suppos$ to ext5d beyond ! grave4 ,b we %all also f9d o!r reasons = savage doctr9es ( retribution 9 ! _w to come4 ,9 ! cases ref]r$ to above x is n expressly said t ! po/ mortem puni%m5t ( ! ?ief is inflict$ by a god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h "h only dealt ) rules relat+ to prop]ty :i* h be5 recognis$ by cu/om or law4 ,b ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( own]%ip h n always be5 admitt$ to be j3 9 ! civilis$ c\ntries ( ! ,we/ !y h call$ =? an opposition :i* is rapidly ga9+ 9 /r5g?4 ,! limit$ scope ( ! pres5t "w does n all[ me to attempt a detail$ acc\nt ( ?is movem5t1 ) its v>iety ( argum5ts & its multitud9\s s*emes ( re=m4 ,! ma9 reasons = compla9t are3--fir/1 t our actual law ( prop]ty does n ensure to e lab\r] ! :ole produce ( 8 lab\r2 secondly1 t x does n provide = e want #gj a satisfaction proportionate to ! available means4 ,h[ev] mu* ! op9ions ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( sociali/s may v>y1 e sociali/ organisation ( prop]ty aims ei!r at gu>antee+ to ! work+-classes ! entire product ( _! indu/ry1 or at r$uc+ to j proportions individual ne$s & exi/+ means ( satisfaction by recognis+ ! claim ( e memb] ( society to ! commodities & s]vices necess>y to support exi/5ce1 9 pref]5ce to ! satisfaction ( ! less press+ wants ( o!rs4#baa ,^! aims are greatly hamp]$ by ! pres5t sy/em1 9 :i* l& & capital are ! prop]ty ( private individuals freely /ruggl+ = increase ( weal?1 & especially by ! legally recognis$ exi/5ce ( une>n$ income#bab--! r5t ( ! ,sa9t-,simonians1 ! surplus value 7,mehrw]t7 ( ,?ompson & ,m>x1--= :i* ! fav\r$ recipi5t returns no p]sonal equival5t to society1 & :i* he is able to pocket because ! wage lab\r] receives 9 money-wages less ?an ! full value ( ! produce ( 8 "w4 ,we h "h a conflict betwe5 diff]5t pr9ciples ( acquisition4 ,bo? ! rule t ! own] ( a ?+ also owns :at results f x1 & ! law ( inh]itance1 lead+ z !y d to une>n$ income1 are intrud+ ^u ! pr9ciple ( lab\r z a s\rce ( prop]ty4 ,!y1 moreov]1 int]f]e ) ! "r to subsi/5ce1 :i* 9 "s measure1 ?\gh (t5 insuffici5tly1 is recognis$ 9 all human societies2#bac =1 z ,m>x obs]v$1 ! accumulation ( weal? at "o pole means ! accumulation ( mis]y at ! opposite pole4#bad ,?is conflict betwe5 diff]5t pr9ciples or rights1 all ( :i* h deep f\ndations 9 human nature & ! conditions ( social life1 has be5 br\ght ab\t by c]ta9 #ga facts inh]5t 9 progressive civilisation4 ,9 simple societies ! une>n$ income is small1 because no =tunes exi/1 & ! wants ( ^? :o are incapable ( e>n+ _! own livelihood are provid$ = by ! sy/em ( mutual aid4 ,progress 9 culture1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 accompani$ by a m unequal di/ribution ( weal?1 & also by a decrease ( social solid>ity z a result ( ! increase & great] diff]5tiation ( ! social unit4 ,! une>n$ income has gr[n l>g]1 ! disproportion betwe5 ! returns on capital & ! rew>d = lab\r has 9 _m cases become enorm\s1 & h& 9 h& ) ! opul5ce ( "s goes ! de/itution ( o!rs4 ,at ! same "t ! inju/ice ( pr]ogatives bas$ on bir? or =tune is ke5ly felt1 ! dignity ( lab\r is recognis$1 & ! work+-classes are e day becom+ m consci\s bo? ( _! p[] & _! rights4 ,all ?is has result$ 9 a /rong & wide-spread conviction t ! actual law ( prop]ty greatly diff]s f ! ideal law4 ,b mu* /ruggle w no d\bt be requir$ to br+ !m 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r4 ,! pres5t rights ( prop]ty are support$ n only by p]sonal int]e/s1 b also by a deep-root$ feel+1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( tradition1 t x w\ld be iniquit\s ( ! ,/ate to int]f]e ) individuals' long-e/abli%$ claims to use at _! pleasure ! objects ( weal?4 ,! new s*eme1 on ! o!r h&1 d]ives /r5g? f ! fact t x aims at rectify+ legal rights 9 accordance ) exi/+ ne$s1 & t x lays /ress on a me?od ( acquisition :i* m ?an any o!r seems to appeal to ! natural s5se ( ju/ice 9 man4 ,we are utt]ly unable to =esee 9 detail ! issue ( ?is /ruggle4 ,b t ! law ( prop]ty w soon] or lat] und]go a radical *ange mu/ be obvi\s to e "o :o realises t1 ?\gh ideas ( "r & wrong may = "s "t outlive ! conditions f :i* !y sprang1 !y _c d s = ev]4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ,m5g]1 ,"r to ! :ole ,produce ( ,lab\r1 p4 #e sqq41 ,goos1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fa4 ,footnote #bab3 ,! t]m une>n$ income 7arbeitsloses ,e9komm57 has be5 propos$ by ,m5g] 7op4 cit4 p4 #c74 ,footnote #bac3 ,see supra1 *4 xxiii41 vol4 i4 #ebf sqq4 ,among ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait 7,nelson1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bid7 & ! ,gre5l&]s 7,r9k1 ,eskimo ,tales1 p4 #bi sq471 if a man borr[s an article f ano!r & fails to return x1 ! own] is n entitl$ to claim x back1 z !y consid] t :5 a p]son has en\gh prop]ty to enable him to l5d "s ( x he has m ?an he ne$s4 ,footnote #bad3 ,m>x1 ,capital1 p4 #ffa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,reg>d ,,= ,,tru? ,,& ,,good ,,fai? ,,! reg>d = tru? implies 9 ! fir/ place t we ought to ab/a9 f ly+1 t is1 a wilful misrepres5tation ( facts1 by ^w or de$1 ) ! int5tion ( produc+ a false belief4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is duty is t ( good fai? or fidelity to promises1 :i* requires t we %\ld make facts correspond ) our emphatic ass]tions z to our conduct 9 ! future4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits ^! duties seem to be univ]sally recognis$1 ?\gh ! c5sure pass$ on ! transgressor v>ies extremely 9 degree4 ,b !re are also _m cases 9 :i* untru?fulness & bad fai? are look$ ^u ) indiff]5ce1 or ev5 held laudable or obligatory4 ,v>i\s uncivilis$ races are conspicu\s = _! great reg>d = tru?2 ( "s savages x is said t n ev5 ! mo/ try+ circum/ances c induce !m to tell a lie4 ,among o!rs1 aga91 falsehood is f\nd to be a prevail+ vice & ! successful lie a matt] ( popul> admiration4 ,all au?orities agree t ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon are models ( v]acity4 ,!y are prov]bially tru?ful & hone/4#a ,!y ?9k x p]fectly inconceivable t any p]son %\ld say any?+ :i* is n true4#b ,mr4 ,nevill writes1 ,i nev] knew a true ,va$da to tell a lie1 & ! ,s9halese give !m ! same "*4#c ,messrs4 ,s>as9 _h a simil> exp]i5ce3#gc--,! g5u9e ,wood-,w$da always speaks ! tru?2 we nev] he>d a lie f any ( !m2 all _! /atem5ts are %ort & true4#d ,a ,v$dah :o _h committ$ murd] & 0 tri$ = x1 in/ead ( tell+ a lie 9 ord] to escape puni%m5t1 said simply no?+4#e ,footnote #a3 ,bailey1 ',wild ,tribes ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ii4 #bia4 ,footnote #b3 ,h>t%orne1 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #c3 ,nevill1 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aic4 ,footnote #d3 ,s>as91 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #eda4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #edb sq42 ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #e3 ,s>as91 op4 cit4 iii4 #edc4 ,o!r in/ances ( extreme tru?fulness are provid$ by v>i\s uncivilis$ tribes 9 ,india4 ,! ,saoras ( ! prov9ce ( ,madras1 l mo/ ( ! hill p1 4 4 4 are n incl9$ to ly+4 ,if "o ,saora kill ano!r he admits x at once & tells :y he kill$ him4#f ,! highl&] ( ,c5tral ,india is describ$ z ! mo/ tru?ful ( be+s1 & r>ely d5ies ei!r a money obligation or a crime really *>geable aga9/ him4#g ,a true ,gond w commit a murd]1 b he w n tell a lie4#h ,! ,k&hs1 says ,macph]son1 are1 ,i believe1 inf]ior 9 v]acity to no p 9 ! _w4 4 4 4 ,x is 9 all cases imp]ative to tell ! tru?1 except :5 deception is necess>y to save ! life ( a gue/4#i ,& to break a solemn pl$ge ( fri5d%ip is1 9 _! op9ion1 "o ( ! greate/ s9s a man c commit4#aj ,! ,korws inhabit+ ! highl&s ( ,sirgja--?\gh !y %[ great cruelty 9 committ+ robb]ies1 putt+ to dea? ! :ole ( ! p>ty attack$1 ev5 :5 unresi/+--h :at "o might call ! savage virtue ( tru?fulness to an extraord9>y degree1 &1 rightly accus$1 w at once confess & give y e requir$ detail ( ! crime4#aa ,! ,santals are not$ = v]acity & fidelity to _! ^w ev5 9 ! mo/ try+ circum/ances4#ab ,a ,kurub> always speaks ! tru?4#ac ,among ! ,hos a reflection on a man's hone/y or v]acity may be suffici5t to s5d him to self-de/ruction4#ad ,among ! ,angami ,nagas simple tru? is highly reg>d$2 x is r>e = a /atem5t to be made on oa?1 & r>] /ill = x to be false4#ae ,9 ! ,*ittagong ,hills ! ,tipp]ahs are ! only p among :om ,capta9 ,lew9 #gd has met ) meanness & ly+2#af & !y1 too1 h previ\sly be5 said to be1 z a rule1 tru?ful & simple-m9d$49999#ag ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma h ! foll[+ traditional precept3--,d n speak falsehood4 ,:at y d n "k1 d n speak4 ,li>s %all h _! tongues cut out4#ah ,among ! ,bannavs ( ,cambodia sev]e p5alties1 su* z slav]y or exile1 are impos$ = ly+4#ai ,footnote #f3 ,fawcett1 ,saoras1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #g3 ,=sy?1 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india1 p4 #afd4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cfa2 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 ii4 #aji2 ,hislop1 ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #h3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bhd4 ,cf4 ,=sy?1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #i3 ,macph]son1 ',religi\s ,op9ions & ,obs]vances ( ! ,khonds1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 vii4 #aif4 ,footnote #aj3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #aa3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,elliot1 ',*>act]i/ics ( ! ,population ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,india1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 #ajf sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid4 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #ad3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjf4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bjd sq42 ,bradley-,birt1 ,*ota ,nagpore1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,pra91 ',angami ,nagas1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 v4 #dij4 ,footnote #af3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #ag3 ,br[ne1 quot$ by ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,india1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ai3 ,comte1 quot$ by ,m\hot1 ,travels 9 ,indo-,*9a1 ,cambodia1 & ,laos1 ii4 #bg4 ,= ! tru?fulness ( ! uncivilis$ races ( ,india see also ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaj sqq42 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef 7,oraons72 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 ii4 #dgh 7,hbra72 ,fras]1 ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,himala ,m\nta9s1 pp4 #bfd 7inhabitants ( ,kunawur71 #cce 7,bhoteas72 ,iy]1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #gc 7,nayadis ( ,malab>72 ,walh\se1 ',acc\nt ( a ,leaf-we>+ ,tribe on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,india1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iv4 #cgj 7,korag>s74 ,! ,&aman ,isl&]s call falsehood yubda1 t is1 s9 or wrong-do+4#bj ,! natives ( ,c> ,nicob> are n only v hone/1#ba b ! accusation ( untru?fulness br+s !m up 9 arms imm$iately4#bb ,! ,dyaks ( ,borneo are prais$ = _! hone/y & great reg>d = tru?4#bc ,mr4 ,bock /ates t if !y c\ld n satisfactorily reply to 8 que/ions !y hesitat$ to answ] at all1 & t if he did n always get ! :ole tru? he always got at lea/ no?+ b ! tru? f !m4#bd ,v]acity is a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,alfura ( ,halmah]a#be & ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra1 :o only 9 cases ( urg5t necessity h rec\rse to a lie4#bf ,! ,javanese1 says ,crawfurd1 are hon\rably di/+ui%$ f all ! civilis$ nations ( ,asia by a reg>d = tru?4#bg ,9 _! int]c\rse ) society1 ,raffles obs]ves1 !y display1 9 a high degree1 ! virtues ( hone/y1 pla9 deal+1 & c&\r4 ,_! +5u\sness is su* t1 z ! fir/ ,dut* au?orities h ackn[l$g$1 prison]s br\ght to ! b> on crim9al *>ges1 if really guilty1 n9e times out ( t5 confess1 )\t disguise or equivocation1 ! full ext5t & exact circum/ances ( _! (f5ces1 & communicate1 :5 requir$1 m in=mation on ! matt] at issue ?an all ! re/ ( ! evid5ce4#bh ,among ! natives #ge ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago !re are "s fur!r in/ances ( tru/wor?y & tru?ful peoples2#bi :]eas o!rs are describ$ z di/ru/ful & reg>dless ( tru?4#cj ,?us ! natives ( ,timor-laut lie )\t compunction :5 !y ?9k !y c escape detection1#ca & ( ! ,niase x is said t tru? is _! bitt] enemy4#cb ,footnote #bj3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aab4 ,footnote #ba3 ,di/ant1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #d4 ,footnote #bb3 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #bbg sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #ff-fh1 #hb4 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bae4 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bd3 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #be3 ,kk5?al1 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk51 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,junghuhn1 ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #bci4 ,footnote #bg3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #ej4 ,footnote #bh3 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 i4 #bdh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #if 7,s]angese74 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ii4 #cbb 7,malays ( ,s>awak74 ,footnote #cj3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bji 7natives ( ! int]ior ( ,sumatra74 ,ri$el1 op4 cit4 p4 #cad 7natives ( ! ,luang-,s]mata gr\p74 ,/ell]1 ,de ,sangi-,ar*ipel1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #cb3 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dfg4 ,v]acity & probity 7 conspicu\s virtues among v>i\s uncivilis$ peoples belong+ to ! ,russian ,empire4 ,georgi1 ^: "w dates f ! eighte5? c5tury1 says ( ! ,*uva%es t !y cont5t !mselves ) a simple affirmation or d5ial1 & always keep _! ^w2#cc ( ! ,b>ab9zes1 t ly+1 duplicity1 & fraud1 are unkn[n among !m2#cd ( ! ,tunguses1 t !y always appe> to be :at !y really are1 & t ly+ seems to !m ! absurde/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 :i* prev5ts !m be+ ei!r suspici\s or necessitat$ to accompany _! affirmations by oa?s or solemn prote/ations2#ce ( ! ,kurilians1 t !y always speak ! tru? ) ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity4#cf ,ca/rn /ates t ! ,zyrians1 l ! ,f9ni% tribes g5]ally1 are tru/wor?y & hone/1#cg & t ! ,o/yaks h no o!r oa?s b ^? ( purgation4 ,among !m witnesses nev] take ! oa?1 b _! words are unconditionally believ$ 91 & ev]ybody1 ) ! exception ( lunatics1 is all[$ to give evid5ce4 ,*ildr5 may witness aga9/ _! p>5ts1 bro!rs aga9/ bro!rs1 a husb& aga9/ 8 wife1 & a wife aga9/ h] husb&4#ch ,footnote #cc3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 i4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bbi4 ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 iii4 #gh4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #aji4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ibid4 iii4 #aib4 ,cf4 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #cg3 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #beg4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid4 i4 #cji sq4 ,! ,aleuts 7 highly prais$ by ,fa!r ,v5iam9( = _! tru?fulness3--,^! p dete/ ly+1 & nev] spread false rum\rs4 4 4 4 ,!y are v mu* (f5d$ if any "o d\bts _! ^w4 ,!y despise hypocrisy 9 e respect1 & d n flatt] nor make empty promises1 ev5 9 ord] to escape repro(4#ci ,! reg>d 9 :i* tru? is held by ! ,eskimo seems to v>y among diff]5t tribes4 ,arm/rong blames ! ,we/]n ,eskimo = be+ mu* #gf addict$ to falsehood1 & = seldom tell+ ! tru?1 if !re be any?+ to ga9 by a lie4#dj ,! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo are 9 ! ma9 tru?ful1 ?\gh a detect$ lie is h>dly consid]$ m ?an a good joke1 & consid]able trick]y is practis$ 9 trad+4#da ,( ! ,eskimo at ,igloolik1 an isl& ne> ,melville ,p59sula1 we are told t _! lies consi/ only ( vilify+ ea* o!r's "*1 ) false accusations ( !ft or ill behavi\r4 ,:5 ask+ que/ions ( an individual1 x is b r>ely t he w ei!r advance or p]si/ 9 an untru?4 4 4 4 ,ly+ among !m is almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! ladies4#db ,9 8 description ( ! ,eskimo on ! we/]n side ( ,davis ,/rait & 9 ! region ( ,frobi%] ,bay1 ,mr4 ,hall says t !y despise & %un "o :o w %ag-la-voo1 t is1 tell a lie1 & t !y are r>ely tr\bl$ by any ( ?is class4#dc ,! ,gre5l&]s are g5]ally tru?ful t[>ds ea* o!r1 at lea/ ! m54#dd ,b if he c help x1 a ,gre5l&] w n tell a tru? :i* he ?9ks may be unpleasant to ! he>]1 z he is anxi\s to /& on z good a foot+ z possible ) 8 fell[-m54#de ,footnote #ci3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 ,alaska1 pp4 #cif1 #cie4 ,footnote #dj3 ,arm/rong1 ,discov]y ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #aif sq4 ,footnote #da3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #da4 ,footnote #db3 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,discov]y "u ,capta9 ,p>ry1 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #dc3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #efg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,dalag]1 ,grnl&ske ,relation]1 p4 #fi4 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #aga1 #age4 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #de3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #aja4 ,idem1 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #ccd sq4 ,! ,?ompson ,riv] ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia ma9ta9 t x is bad to lie1 t if y d s p w laugh at y & call y a li>4#df ,speak+ ( ! ,iroquois1 ,mr4 ,morgan says t ! love ( tru? 0 a m>k$ trait ( ! ,indian "*4 ,?is inborn s5tim5t fl\ri%$ 9 ! p]iod ( _! highe/ prosp]ity1 9 all ! fre%ness ( its primeval purity4 ,on all occasions & at :atev] p]il1 ! ,iroquois spoke ! tru? )\t fe> & )\t hesitation4 ,dissimulation 0 n an ,indian habit4 4 4 4 ,! ,iroquois prid$ !mselves ^u _! sacr$ reg>d = ! public fai?1 & puni%$ ! want ( x ) sev]ity :5 an occasion pres5t$ itself4#dg ,loskiel likewise /ates t !y consid]$ ly+ & *eat+ he9\s & sc&al\s (f5ces4#dh ,among ! ,*ippewas !re 7 a few p]sons addict$ to ly+1 b ^! #gg 7 held 9 disrepute4#di ,! ,%o%ones1 a tribe ( ! ,snake ,indians1 7 frank & communicative 9 _! int]c\rse ) /rang]s1 & p]fectly fair 9 _! deal+s4#ej ,! ,sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida are comm5d$ = _! tru?fulness4#ea ,) special ref]5ce to ! ,navahos1 ,mr4 ,mat!ws obs]ves1 ,z ! result ( ov] ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce among ,indians1 ,i mu/ say t ,i h n f\nd !m less tru?ful ?an ! av]age ( our own race4#eb ,among ! ,dacotahs ly+ is consid]$ v bad2 yet 9 ?is respect e "o sees ! mote 9 8 bro!r's eye1 b does n discov] ! beam t is 9 8 own1#ec want ( tru?fulness & habitual di%one/y 9 little ?+s be+ preval5t traits 9 _! "*4#ed ,s1 also1 ! ,?l9kets admit t falsehood is crim9al1 al?\gh !y h rec\rse to x )\t hesitation :5ev] x suits _! purpose4#ee ,( ! ,*ippewyans1 aga91 x is said t !y c>ry ! habit ( ly+ to su* an ext5t1 ev5 among !mselves1 t !y c sc>cely be said to e/eem tru? a virtue4#ef ,! ,crees are n v /rict 9 _! adh]5ce to tru?1 be+ great boa/]s4#eg ,h]iot#eh & ,adair#ei speak ( ! trea*]\s or deceitful disposition ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians2 b ! latt] adds t1 ?\gh privately di%one/1 !y are v fai?ful inde$ to _! own tribe4 ,footnote #df3 ,teit1 ',?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,an?ropology1 i4 #cff4 ,footnote #dg3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 pp4 #cce1 #cch4 ,footnote #dh3 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 #af4 ,footnote #di3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 ii4 #afh4 ,footnote #ej3 ,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #ea3 ,maccauley1 ',sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 v4 #dia4 ,footnote #eb3 ,mat!ws1 ',/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races1' 9 ,j\r4 ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #e4 ,footnote #ec3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aif4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ea/man1 ,dacotah1 p4 xvii4 ,footnote #ee3 ,d\glas1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #ah4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #ai4 ,footnote #eg3 ,ri*>dson1 9 ,frankl91 ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #eh3 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #ei3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #d4 ,( ! reg>d 9 :i* tru? is held by ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica ! au?orities ,i h consult$ h little to say4 ,! ,coroados are n deceitful4#fj ,! ,tehuel*es ( ,patagonia ne>ly always lie 9 m9or affairs1 & w inv5t /ories = %e] amusem5t4 ,9 any?+ ( importance1 h[ev]1 su* z gu>antee+ ! safety ( a p]son1 !y 7 v tru?ful1 z long z fai? 0 kept ) !m4 ,aft] a "t1 ,lieut5ant ,mu/]s adds1 :5 !y asc]ta9$ t ,i inv>iably avoid$ deviat+ 9 any way f ! tru?1 !y left (f ly+ to me ev5 9 m9or matt]s4 ,?is w s]ve to %[ t !y are n ( ! trea*]\s nature assign$ to #gh !m by "s ignorant writ]s4#fa ,among ! ,fuegians1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bridge1 no "o c tru/ ano!r1 ly+ tales ( sl&] are v common1 great exagg]ation is us$1 & x is n ev5 consid]$ wrong to tell a lie4#fb ,sn[1 h[ev]1 speaks ( ! hone/y !y und\bt$ly ev9ce 9 _m ( _! transactions2#fc & ,d>w9 /ates t ! ,fuegian boy on bo>d ! ,beagle %[$1 by go+ into ! mo/ viol5t passion1 t he q und]/ood ! reproa* ( be+ call$ a li>1 :i* 9 tru? he 04#fd ,footnote #fj3 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bdb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,mu/]s1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians1 p4 #aie sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjb sq4 ,cf4 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bdb2 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ii4 #ahh4 ,footnote #fc3 ,sn[1 ,two ,ye>s ,cruise (f ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 i4 #cdg4 ,footnote #fd3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #bbg4 ,( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es we are told t "s tribes & families display on ne>ly all occasions hone/y & tru?fulness1 :]eas o!rs seem almo/ de/itute ( ! bett] qualities4#fe ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,ma!w1 !y are n wantonly untru?ful1 al?\gh "o c rely on !m be+ fai?ful to a tru/ only on condition t !y are exempt f /rong temptation4#ff ,mr4 ,curr admits t "u "s circum/ances !y are trea*]\s1 & t x co/s !m little pa9 to lie2 b f 8 own obs]vations he has no d\bt t ! black feels1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] at lea/1 t ly+ is wrong4#fg ,mr4 ,h[itt has f\nd ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,kurnai to comp>e n unfav\rably ) our own p 9 _! n>ration ( occurr5ces1 or z witnesses 9 c\rts ( ju/ice z to facts4 ,among !m a p]son kn[n to disreg>d tru? is br&$ z a li> 7jet-bolan74#fh ,among ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales p :o cause /rife by ly+ are puni%$1 & li>s are mu* dislik$2 ,dr4 ,fras] 0 assur$ by a p]son :o _h _h mu* int]c\rse ) !m = ?irty ye>s t he nev] knew !m to tell a lie4#fi ,among ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria describ$ by ,mr4 ,dawson li>s are dete/$2 %\ld any man1 ?r\gh ly+1 get o!rs into tr\ble1 he is puni%$ ) ! boom]ang1 :il/ wom5 & "y p1 = ! same fault1 are beat5 ) a /ick4#gj ,9 8 description ( 8 exp$itions into ,c5tral ,au/ralia ,eyre writes1 ,9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r ,i #gi h g5]ally f\nd ! natives to speak ! tru? & act ) hone/y1 & !y w usually d ! same ) ,europeans if on fri5dly t]ms ) !m4#ga ,) reg>d to ,we/ ,au/ralian tribes ,mr4 ,*auncy /ates t !y are c]ta9ly n rem>kable = _! trea*]y1 & t he has v seldom kn[n any ( !m accus$ ( x4 ,he adds t !y are habitually hone/ among !mselves1 if n tru?ful1 & t1 dur+ 8 _m ye>s' acqua9tance ) !m1 he does n rememb] ev] he>+ a native utt] a falsehood ) a def9ite idea ( ga9+ any?+ by x4 ,if que/ion$ on any subject1 he w\ld =m 8 reply r ) ! view ( pleas+ ! enquir] ?an ( its be+ true2 b ?is 0 attributable to 8 polit5ess4#gb ,accord+ to a late ,advocate-,g5]al ( ,we/ ,au/ralia1 :5 a native is accus$ ( any crime1 he (t5 ackn[l$ges 8 %>e 9 ! transaction ) p]fect c&\r4#gc ,v diff]5t f ^! acc\nts is ,mr4 ,gason's /atem5t conc]n+ ! ,diey]ie 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,a m trea*]\s race1 he says1 ,i d n believe exi/s4 ,!y imbibe trea*]y 9 infancy1 & practise x until dea?1 & h no s5se ( wrong 9 x4 4 4 4 ,!y seem to take a delight 9 ly+1 especially if !y ?9k x w please y4 ,%\ld y ask !m any "q1 be prep>$ = a falsehood1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!y n only lie to ! :ite man1 b to ea* o!r1 & d n appe> to see any wrong 9 x4#gd ,! natives ( ,botany ,bay & ,port ,jackson 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales are by old] writ]s describ$ z no /rang]s to falsehood4#ge ,& speak+ ( a tribe 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&1 ,mr4 ,lumholtz obs]v$ t an ,au/ralian native c betray anybody1 & t !re is n "o among !m :o w n lie if x is to 8 advantage4#gf ,footnote #fe3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #be4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ma!w1 ',au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,j\r4 & ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #chg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #dc1 #ajj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #fi3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pp4 #da1 #ij4 ,footnote #gj3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #ga3 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #che4 ,footnote #gb3 ,*auncy1 quot$ by ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bge1 #bha4 ,cf4 ,oldfield1 ',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bee4 ,footnote #gc3 ,moore1 quot$ by ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgh4 ,footnote #gd3 ,gason1 ',diey]ie ,tribe ( ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #beg sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #fjj4 ,b>r+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #gf3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #ajj4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hale1 ! ,polynesians are n naturally trea*]\s1 by no means f a horror ( deception1 b app>5tly f a m]e inaptitude at dissembl+2 & x is said t ! ^w ( a ,micronesian may g5]ally be reli$ ^u4#gg ,to ! ,tonga ,isl&]s a false accusation appe>$ m horrible ?an delib]ate murd] does to u1 & !y also put ?is #hj pr9ciple into practice4#gh ,we are told by ,polack t among ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& ly+ is univ]sally practis$ by all classes1 & t an accompli%$ li> is acc\nt$ a man ( consummate ability4#gi ,b ,dieff5ba* f\nd t1 if treat$ ) hone/y1 !y 7 always ready to reciprocate su* treatm5t2#hj &1 accord+ to ano!r au?ority1 !y believ$ 9 an evil _s :om !y said 0 a li> & ! fa!r ( lies4#ha ,! broad /atem5t made by von ,jh]+1 t among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s ly+ is reg>d$ z a h>mless & innoc5t play ( ! imag9ation1#hb is c]ta9ly n correct4 ,! trea*]\s disposition attribut$ to ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&]s#hc & ! natives ( ,new ,brita9#hd does n imply s mu* z t4 ,! ,new ,cal$onians are1 comp>atively speak+1 n naturally di%one/4#he ,! ,solomon ,isl&]s are prais$ z fai?ful & reliable workm5 & s]vants1#hf ?\gh *eat+ 9 trade is n[adays v common among "s ( !m4#hg ,( ! p ( ,erromanga1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,rob]tson /ates t tru?1 9 hea!nism1 0 told only :5 x suit$ be/1 b1 he adds1 x is n t natives are always reckless ab\t ! tru? s mu* z t !y seem utt]ly incapable ( /at+ any?+ def9itely1 or /at+ a ?+ j z x really occurr$4#hh ,9 ! op9ion ( "s au?orities1 ! ,fijians are v untru?ful & reg>d adroit ly+ z an accompli%m5t4#hi ,_! prop5sity to lie1 says ! mission>y ,williams1 is s /rong t !y seem to h no wi% to d5y its exi/5ce1 or v little %ame :5 convict$ ( a falsehood4 ,! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! habit ( ly+ is s ?or\ghly tak5 = grant$1 t x is common to he>1 aft] ! mo/ ord9>y /atem5t1 ! rejo9d]1 ',t's a lie1' or some?+ to ! same effect1 at :i* ! accus$ p]son does n ?9k ( tak+ (f5ce4 ,b ! same writ] adds3--,natives h (t5 told me lies1 manife/ly )\t any ill-w1 & :5 x w\ld h be5 f> m to _! advantage to h spok5 ! tru?4 ,! ,fijians hail z agreeable companions ^? :o are #ha skilful 9 mak+ tales1 b1 "u "s circum/ances1 /rongly condemn ! practice ( falsehood4 4 4 4 ,on matt]s mo/ li$ ab\t by civilis$ p1 ! native is ! readie/ to speak ! tru?4 ,?us1 :5 convict$ ( "s (f5ce1 he r>ely attempts to d5y x1 b w g5]ally confess all to any "o he e/eems4 4 4 4 ,! foll[+ incid5t %[s t ly+ p] se is condemn$ & consid]$ disreputable4 ,a :ite man1 notori\s = falsehood1 _h displeas$ a p[]ful *ief1 & wrote ask+ me to int]c$e = him4 ,i did s2 :5 ! *ief dismiss$ ! case briefly1 say+1 ',tell--t no "o hates a =eign]2 b tell him t e "o hates a li>6'#ij ,o!r writ]s ev5 d5y t ! ,fijians 7 habitual li>s2#ia & ,ersk9e f\nd t ^? *iefs ) :om he _h to deal 7 s op5 to appeals to _! good fai? z to conv9ce him t !y _h a due appreciation ( ! virtue ( tru?4#ib ,footnote #gg3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 pp4 #af1 #gc4 ,footnote #gh3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #afc sq4 ,footnote #gi3 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 #ajb sq4 ,see also ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #dd1 #df4 ,footnote #hj3 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aji4 ,footnote #ha3 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #hb3 von ,jh]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #fjf4 ,footnote #hc3 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 p4 #chf4 ,footnote #hd3 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #he3 ,&]son1 ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,p>k9son1 ,zur ,e?nographie d] nordwe/li*5 ,salomo ,inseln1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #hg3 ,somm]ville1 ',e?nogr4 ,notes 9 ,new ,georgia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #cic4 ,footnote #hh3 ,rob]tson1 ,erromanga1 p4 #chd sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #gf4 ,footnote #ij3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ajg sq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bfd4 ,&]son1 ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfd4 ,n[h]e 9 ! savage _w is tru? held 9 less e/imation ?an among _m ( ! ,african races4 ,! ,negroes are describ$ z cunn+ & li>s by nature4#ic ,!y tell a lie m readily ?an !y tell ! tru?1 & falsehood is n recognis$ among/ !m z a fault4#id ,!y lie n only = ! sake ( ga9+ "s advantage by x1 or 9 ord] to please or amuse1 b _! lies are (t5 said to be absolutely )\t purpose4#ie ,( ! natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ! old travell] ,bosman says1 ,! ,negroes are all1 )\t exception1 crafty1 villa9\s & fraudul5t1 & v seldom to be tru/$1 be+ sure to slip no opportunity ( *eat+ an ,european1 nor inde$ "o ano!r4#if ,among all ! ,bakalai tribes ly+ is ?\ght an enviable accompli%m5t4#ig ,! ,bakongo1 9 _! answ]s1 w g5]ally try & tell ! que/ion] :at !y ?9k w please him mo/1 q ignor+ ! tru?fulness we consid] x necess>y to obs]ve 9 our replies4#ih ,miss ,k+sley's exp]i5ce ( ,we/ ,african natives is likewise t !y w say ',yes' to any mortal ?+1 if !y ?9k y want !m to4#ii ,! ,wakamba are describ$ z great li>s4#ajj #hb ,among ! ,wag&a tru? is held 9 v l[ e/imation1 & x is nev] consid]$ wrong to tell lies2 inde$1 a successful li> is consid]$ a sm>t1 clev] fell[1 & r admir$4#aja ,untru?fulness is said to be a national *>act]i/ic ( ! tribes inhabit+ ! region ( ,lake ,nyassa4#ajb ,f 8 exp]i5ce ( ! ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans1 ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,macdonald writes3 ',tell+ lies' is mu* practis$ & is seldom consid]$ a fault4 4 4 4 ,! negro (t5 ?9ks t he is flatt]$ by be+ accus$ ( falsehood4 ,s1 :5 natives wi% to pay a high complim5t to a ,european :o has told !m an int]e/+ /ory1 !y look into 8 face & say1 ',o fa!r1 y are a great li>4'#ajc ,to ! ,wanika1 says ,mr4 ,new1 ly+ is almo/ z ! v brea? ( _! no/rils1 & all classes1 "y & old1 male & female1 indulge 9 x4 ,a great deal ( _! ly+ is )\t cause or object2 x is ly+ = ly+'s sake4 ,y ask a man 8 "n1 8 tribe1 :]e he lives1 or any o!r simple "q ( l nature1 & ! answ] he gives y w1 z a rule1 be ! v opposite to ! tru?2 yet he has no?+ to evade or ga9 by s do+4 ,ly+ seems to be m natural to him ?an speak+ ! tru?4 ,he lies :5 detection is evid5t1 & laughs at x z ?\gh he ?\ght x a good joke4 ,he he>s himself call$ a mulongo 7li>7 a score ( times a day1 b he notices x n1 = !re is no opprobrium 9 ! t]m to him4 ,to hide a fault he lies ) ! mo/ b>efac$ audacity & bl9de/ ob/9acy4 4 4 4 ,:5 8 object is ga91 he w inv5t falsehoods :olesale4 4 4 4 ,he boa/s t ulongo 7ly+7 is 8 pesa 7piece1 ha'p5ce71 & holds b>e tru? to be ! mo/ unpr(itable commodity 9 ! _w4 ,b :ile he lies causelessly1 objectlessly1 recklessly 9 self-def5ce or = self-int]e/1 he is n a malici\s li>4 ,he does n lie ) express int5t to d o!rs h>m2 ?is he w\ld consid] immoral1 & he has suffici5t goodness ( he>t to avoid indulg+ !re94 4 4 4 ,i h (t5 be5 /ruck ) ! mann] 9 :i* he has controll$ 8 tongue :5 ! "* & int]e/ ( o!rs h be5 at /ake4#ajd ,if a ,bantu ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa und]takes ! *>ge ( any =m ( prop]ty1 he acc\nts = x ) z great fidelity z if he 7 ! ,keep] ( ! ,great ,seal4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m circum/ances 9 :i* falsehood is n reckon$ ev5 a disgrace1 & if a man c\ld #hc extricate himself f difficulties by ly+ & did n d s1 he w\ld be simply ?\ght a fool4#aje ,&]sson speaks ( ! ly+ habits ( ! ,h]]o4#ajf ,( ! ,ba*ap9s1 a ,be*uana tribe1 ,bur*ell obs]ves t among _! vices a univ]sal disreg>d = tru? & a want ( hon\rable adh]5ce to _! promise /& high above ! re/1 ! consequ5ce ( ?is habitual practice ( ly+ be+ ! abs5ce ( %ame1 ev5 on be+ detect$4#ajg ,among ! ,kafirs deception is a practis$ art f e>ly *ildhood2 ev5 ! *ildr5 w n answ] a pla9 "q4#ajh ,x is consid]$ a sm>t ?+ to deceive s long z a p]son is n f\nd out1 b x is awkw>d to be detect$2 h5ce a native fa!r w enjoy see+ 8 *ildr5 deceive p clev]ly4#aji ,9 trad+ ) !m1 y may make up y\r m9d t all !y tell y is untrue1 & act accord+ly4 4 4 4 ,y\r own natives1 on ! o!r h&1 if !y l y1 w lie = y\r b5efit z /rongly z ! opposite p>ty aga9/ y2 & bo? sides ?9k x all fair trade4#aaj ,& 9 a ,kafir lawsuit def5dant1 pla9tiff1 & witnesses are all[$ to tell z _m lies z !y l1 9 ord] to make ! be/ ( _! case4#aaa ,b we also he> t ,kafirs d n tell lies to _! *iefs1 & t !re are _m among !m :o w\ld nev] deceive a :ite man :om !y are fond ( or respect4#aab ,among ! ,bu%mans v]acity is said to be too (t51 yet n always1 disreg>d$1 & ! neglect ( x consid]$ a m]e v5ial (f5ce4#aac ,! fir/ v]sion ( :at a ,bu%man or any native has to say c nev] be reli$ on2 :atev] y ask him ab\t1 he inv>iably says fir/1 ',i don't "k1' & !n promises to tell y all he does "k4 ,ask him = news1 & he says1 ',no2 we h got no news1' & %ortly aft]w>ds he w tell y news ( p]haps great int]e/4#aad ,9 ,madagasc> !re 0 no /igma atta*$ to deceit or fraud2 !y 7 r admir$ z pro(s ( sup]ior cunn+1 z ?+s to be imitat$1 s f> at lea/ z !y w\ld n br+ ! (f5d] )9 ! p5alties ( ! native laws4#aae ,ellis says t ! be/ sign ( g5ius 9 *ildr5 is e/eem$ a quickness to deceive1 #hd ov]rea* & *eat4 ,! p delight 9 fabul\s tales1 b 9 none s mu* or univ]sally z 9 ^? t relate in/ances ( successful deceit or fraud4 4 4 4 ,_! con/ant aim is1 9 bus9ess to sw9dle1 9 pr(ess$ fri5d%ip to extort1 & 9 m]e conv]sation to exagg]ate & fabricate4#aaf ,^! /atem5ts ref] to ! ,hovas2 b among ! ,betsileo1 inhabit+ ! same isl&1 ly+ & *eat+ are equally rife1 & nei!r appe>s to h be5 ?\ght a s91 s long z x rema9$ undiscov]$4#aag ,at ! same "t _m ( ! ,madagasc> prov]bs are design$ to put d[n ly+1 & to %[ t tru? is always be/4#aah ,footnote #ic3 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza1 i4 #bhi4 ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 ii4 #aii4 ,footnote #id3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #ehj4 ,footnote #ie3 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 ,/udi5 b] ,we/-,afrika1 p4 #ahf sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,bosman1 ,new ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,du ,*aillu1 ,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 p4 #cij4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #ih3 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #ii3 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,krapf1 ,travels 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #aja3 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #bbd4 ,cf4 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,wag&a ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gbb2 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,macdonald1 ',ea/ ,c5tral ,african ,cu/oms1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxii4 #aai4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #bfb sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #if sqq4 ,footnote #aje3 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bag4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #dii 7,bayeye74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #eec sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,hold51 ,! ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,kaffir ,races1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #aji3 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #aii4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #aab3 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #aac3 ,bur*ell1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ed4 ,footnote #aad3 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #gf sq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #adc sq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,sibree1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,%aw1 ',betsileo1' 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual1 iii4 #gi4 ,footnote #aah3 ,clemes1 ',malagasy ,prov]bs1' ibid4 iv4 #bi4 ,b 9 ,africa1 also1 !re are _m peoples :o h be5 describ$ z reg>dful ( tru? & ho/ile to falsehood4 ,e>ly travell]s speak v highly ( ! s9c]ity ( ! ,hott5tots4 ,fa!r ,ta*>t says t !y h m hone/y ?an is almo/ any:]e f\nd among ,*ri/ians2#aai & ,kolb5 agrees ) him1 ass]t+ t ! ^w ( a ,hott5tot is sacr$1 & t !re is h>dly any?+ ^u e>? :i* he looks ^u z a f\l] crime ?an brea* ( engagem5t4#abj ,accord+ to ,b>r[1 ! ,hott5tots are p]fectly hone/ & fai?ful1 &1 if accus$ ( crimes ( :i* !y h be5 guilty1 !y g5]ally divulge ! tru?4#aba ,( ! ,manansas ,dr4 ,holub /ates t1 s f> z 8 exp]i5ce goes1 !y are beyond ! av]age = hone/y & fidelity1 & are consequ5tly laugh$ at by ! m p[]ful tribes z ! simpletons ( ! ,nor?4#abb ,! ,bahima 9 ! ,ug&a ,protectorate are usually v hone/ & tru?ful1 & mo/ ( ! ,n&i ?9k x v wick$ to tell a lie4#abc ,among ! ,= tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa ly+ is held to be a great crime2 ev5 ! y\nge/ *ildr5 are sev]ely beat5 = x1 & any "o ov] fifte5 or sixte5 :o is an habitual li> suff]s ! loss ( "o lip z a p5alty4#abd ,speak+ ( ! natives ( ,si]ra ,leone1 ,w9t]bottom rem>ks t1 9 proportion z we advance into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 ! p are f\nd to be m devoid ( art & m free f suspicion4#abe ,^? :o h deal+s ) ! ,fn univ]sally #he pref] !m 9 po9t ( hone/y & manl9ess to ! ,mpongwe & ,coa/ races1 & x is an insult to call "o ( !m a li> or c[>d4#abf ,monrad1 :o wrote 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ass]ts t among ! ,negroes ( ,accra ly+ is by no means common & t !y are z a rule hone/ t[>ds _! own p4#abg ,accord+ to an e>ly au?ority1 ! p ( ,great ,b59 7 v /raight=w>d & did n *eat ea* o!r4#abh ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h9de write t ! ,masai are z a race tru?ful1 & t a gr[n-up p]son among !m w n lie2 he may refuse to answ] a "q1 b1 once giv51 8 ^w c be dep5d$ on4#abi ,dr4 ,baumann1 on ! o!r h&1 says t !y (t5 lie1 b t !y reg>d ly+ z a great fault4#acj ,! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s are /at$ to h be5 slaves to _! ^w4#aca ,( ! ,b]b]s ( ,morocco ,leo ,africanus writes3--,mo/ hone/ p !y are1 & de/itute ( all fraud & guile4 4 4 4 ,!y keep _! c\5ant mo/ fai?fully2 insomu* t !y _h r die ?an breake promise4#acb ,m4 ,dyveyri] f\nd ! same virtue among ! ,t\>eg1 ano!r ,b]b] p3--,la fidlit aux promesses1 aux traits1 e/ p\sse si lo9 p> les ,t\>eg1 qu il e/ difficile d'obt5ir d'eux des engagem5ts4 4 4 4 ,il e/ de maxime *ez les ,t\reg1 en matire de contrat1 de ne s'engag] que p\r la moiti de ce qu'on peut t5ir1 af9 de ne pas s'expos] au repro*e d'infidlit4 4 4 4 ,le m5songe1 le vol dome/ique et l'abus de confiance sont inconnus des ,t\reg4#acc ,z reg>ds ! tru?fulness ( ! ,african ,arabs op9ions v>y4 ,p>kyns asks1 ,:o is m tru/wor?y ?an ! des]t ,arab8#acd ,accord+ to ,rohlfs & ,*avanne1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,arabs ( ! ,sah>a are mu* addict$ to ly+2#ace & ( ! ,arabs ( ,egypt ,mr4 ,/4 ,john obs]ves3--,!re is no g5]al appreciation ( a man's ^w4 4 4 4 ',li>' is a playful appellative sc>cely reproa*ful2 & ',i h told a lie' a confession t may be made )\t a blu%4#acf ,h]odotus' /atem5t t ! ,arabs obs]ve pl$ges z religi\sly z any p1#acg is true ( ! ,b$\9s ( ,arabia 9 ! #hf pres5t day4 ,no vice or crime is m des]v$ly /igmatis$ z infam\s among ,b$\9s ?an trea*]y4 ,an individual 9 ! great ,arabian ,des]t w be =giv5 if he %\ld kill a /rang] on ! road1 b et]nal disgrace w\ld be atta*$ to 8 "n1 if x 7 kn[n t he _h robb$ 8 companion1 or 8 protect$ gue/1 ev5 ( a h&k]*ief4#ach ,wall9 affirms t y may put p]fect tru/ 9 ! promise ( a ,b$\91 z soon z y h eat5 salt & bread ) him4#aci ,b :il/ fai?fulness to a tacit or express promise is ?us reg>d$ by him z a sacr$ duty1 ly+ & *eat+ are z preval5t 9 ! des]t z 9 ! m>ket-t[ns ( ,syria4#adj ,speak+ ( ! ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates1 ,mr4 ,blunt obs]ves3--,tru?1 9 ord9>y matt]s1 is n reg>d$ z a virtue by ! ,b$\9s1 nor is ly+ held %ameful4 ,e man1 !y say1 has a "r to conceal 8 own ?\ght4 ,9 matt]s ( importance1 ! simple affirmation is confirm$ by an oa?1 & !n ! fact /at$ may be reli$ on4 ,!re is only "o exception to ! g5]al rule ( ly+ among !m4 ,! ,b$\91 if que/ion$ on ! bre$ ( 8 m>e1 w n give a false answ]4 ,he may refuse to say1 or he may answ] t he does n "k2 b he w n "n ano!r bre$ ?an t to :i* %e really belongs4 4 4 4 ,! rule1 h[ev]1 does n hold good on any o!r po9t ( horse deal+4 ,! age1 ! qualities1 & ! own]%ip ( ! horse may be all falsely /at$4#ada ,footnote #aai3 ,ta*>t1 quot$ by ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #afg4 ,footnote #abj3 ,ibid4 i4 #ei4 ,footnote #aba3 ,b>r[1 ,travels into ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #aea sq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bji4 ,footnote #abc3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #fcj1 #hgi4 ,footnote #abd3 ,felk91 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #bcb4 ,footnote #abe3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #bjf sq4 ,footnote #abf3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #bbe sq4 ,footnote #abg3 ,monrad1 ,gu9ea-,ky/5 og d5s ,indbygg]e1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #abh3 ,quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #de4 ,footnote #abi3 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #acj3 ,baumann1 ,dur* ,massail&1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #aca3 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #acb3 ,leo ,africanus1 ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,africa1 i4 #ahc4 ,footnote #acc3 ,dyveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #chd sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,p>kyns1 ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 ii4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #acf3 ,/4 ,john1 ,adv5tures 9 ! ,lybian ,des]t1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #acg3 ,h]odotus1 iii4 #h4 ,footnote #ach3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #aij sq4 ,footnote #aci3 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iii4 #aaf4 ,footnote #adj3 ,burckh>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajd sq4 ,cf4 ,wall91 op4 cit4 iv4 #hi sq42 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 i4 #bda4 ,footnote #ada3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bjc sq4 ,cf4 ,niebuhr1 ,travels ?r\gh ,arabia1 ii4 #cjb3--,!re is no in/ance ( false te/imony giv5 9 respect to ! desc5t ( a horse4 ,e ,arabian is p]suad$ t himself & 8 :ole family w\ld be ru9$1 if he %\ld prev>icate 9 giv+ 8 oa? 9 an affair ( su* consequ5ce4 ,v>i\s /atem5ts ( travell]s ?us directly contradict ! common op9ion t want ( tru?fulness is mo/ly a *>act]i/ic ( uncivilis$ races4#adb ,& we h mu* reason to assume t a =eign] visit+ a savage tribe is apt r to und]rate ?an to ov]e/imate its v]acity4 ,mr4 ,savage ,l&or gives u a curi\s insight into an explor]'s me?od ( te/+ x4 ,if y 7 to say to an ,a9u1 ',y are old1 are y n8' he w\ld answ] #hg',yes'2 b if y ask$ ! same man1 ',y are n old1 are y8' he w\ld equally answ] ',yes4' ,& !n comes ! conclusion3--,kn[+ly speak+ ! tru? is n "o ( _! *>act]i/ics2 inde$1 !y d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 falsehood & tru?4#adc ,x is h>dly surpris+ to he> f o!r au?orities t ! ,a9u are rem>kably hone/1 & reg>d v]acity z "o ( ! mo/ imp]ative duties4#add ,speak+ ( ! ,uaups & o!r ,brazilian tribes1 ,mr4 ,wallace obs]ves3--,9 my communications & inquiries among ! ,indians on v>i\s matt]s1 ,i h always f\nd ! greate/ caution necess>y1 to prev5t "o's arriv+ at wrong conclusions4 ,!y are always apt to affirm t :i* !y see y wi% to believe1 &1 :5 !y d n at all compreh5d y\r "q1 w unhesitat+ly answ]1 ',yes4'#ade ,savages :o are incl9$ to give inaccurate answ]s to que/ions made by /rang]s1 may nev]!less be tru?ful t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,z ! reg>d = life & prop]ty1 s ! reg>d = tru? v>ies accord+ z ! p]son conc]n$ is a =eign] or a tribesman4 ,p]fidy & fai?lessness1 says ,crawfurd1 are vices ( ! ,indian isl&]s1 & ^? vices ( :i* !y h be5 mo/ frequ5tly accus$ by /rang]s4 ,?is s5t5ce aga9/ !m mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood ) "s all[ances4 ,9 _! dome/ic & social int]c\rse1 !y are f> f be+ a deceitful p1 b 9 reality possess m integrity ?an x is reasonable to look = ) s mu* misgov]nm5t & b>b>ity4 ,x is 9 _! int]c\rse ) /rang]s & ) enemies t1 l o!r b>b>ians1 ! trea*]y ( _! "* is display$4#adf ,! natives ( ! int]ior ( ,sumatra are di%one/ 9 _! deal+s ) /rang]s1 :i* !y e/eem no moral defect4#adg ,dalag] /ates t ! same ,gre5l&]s :o1 among !mselves1 9 ! sale ( an object #hh :i*1 ! buy] _h n se51 w\ld depreciate x r ?an ov]praise x--ev5 ?\gh ! sell] 0 anxi\s to get rid ( x--told frightful lies 9 _! transactions ) ,dani% trad]s4#adh ,! ,t\>eg1 :il/ scrupul\sly fai?ful to a promise giv5 to "o ( _! own p1 d n reg>d z b9d+ a promise giv5 to a ,*ri/ian2#adi & _! ,arab neighb\rs say t _! ^w1 l wat] fall5 on ! s&1 is nev] to be f\nd aga94#aej ,! ,masai1 accord+ to ,h]r ,m]k]1 hold any k9d ( deceit to be all[able 9 _! relations ) p]sons ( ano!r race4#aea ,! ,hovas ( ,madagasc> ev5 consid]$ x a duty = anyone speak+ ) =eign]s on political matt]s to /ate ! exact opposite to ! tru?1 & puni%$ him :o did o!rwise4#aeb ,footnote #adb3 ,burton1 ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 p4 #acj4 ,vi]k&t1 ,naturvlk] und ,kulturvlk]1 p4 #bgc4 von ,jh]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #fjf4 ,footnote #adc3 ,l&or1 ,alone ) ! ,hairy ,a9u1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #add3 ,holl&1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #bcg4 von ,siebold1 ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #ade3 ,wallace1 ,travels on ! ,amazon1 p4 #did sq4 ,footnote #adf3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 i4 #ga sq4 ,cf4 ,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ga sq4 ,footnote #adg3 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #adh3 ,dalag]1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj sq4 ,footnote #adi3 von ,b>y1 quot$ by ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #aej3 ,dubois1 ,timbuctoo1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #aea3 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #add4 ,pr(essor ,/anley ,hall obs]ves 7',*ildr5's ,lies1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 iii4 #fb7 t tru? = our fri5ds & lies = our enemies is a practical1 ?\gh n di/9ctly consci\s rule widely curr5t ) *ildr54 ,9 po9t ( tru?fulness savages are 9 _m cases sup]ior to nations m advanc$ 9 culture4 ,a ,*9ese1 says ,mr4 ,wells ,williams1 requires b little motive to falsify1 & he is con/antly %>p5+ 8 wits to coz5 8 cu/om]--:e$le him by promises & *eat him 9 goods or "w4#aec ,8 ord9>y spee* is said to be s full ( ins9c]ity t x is v difficult to le>n ! tru? 9 almo/ any case4#aed ,he feels no %ame at be+ detect$ 9 a lie1 nor does he fe> any puni%m5t f 8 gods = x2#aee if y call him a li>1 y ar\se 9 him no s5se ( outrage1 no s5tim5t ( degradation4#aef ,yet ! moral tea*+s ( ! ,*9ese inculcate tru?fulness z a /r+5t duty4 ,"o ( _! injunctions is1 ,let *ildr5 always be taught to speak ! simple tru?4#aeg ,_m say+s may be quot$ f ,confucius 9 :i* s9c]ity is celebrat$ z highly & dem&$ z urg5tly z x ev] 0 by any #hi ,*ri/ian morali/4 ,fai?fulness & s9c]ity1 he said1 %\ld be held z fir/ pr9ciples4 ,s9c]ity is ! way ( ,heav51 ! end & beg9n+ ( ?+s1 )\t :i* !re w\ld be no?+4 ,x is z necess>y to truly virtu\s conduct z a boat is to a man wi%+ to cross a riv]1 or z o>s are to a boat4 ,! sup]ior man ought to feel %ame :5 8 conduct is n 9 accord ) 8 words4#aeh ,b !re are in/ances 9 :i* s9c]ity has to yield to family duties3 a fa!r %\ld conceal ! misconduct ( 8 son1 & a son t ( 8 fa!r4#aei ,moreov]1 ! great morali/s !mselves did n always act up to _! l(ty pr9ciples4 ,confucius & ,m5cius sometimes did n hesitate to tell a lie = ! sake ( conv5i5ce4#afj ,! =m] c\ld excuse himself f see+ an unwelcome visitor on ! gr\nd t he 0 sick1 :5 !re 0 no?+ ! matt] ) him2#afa & he delib]ately broke an oa? :i* he _h sworn1 because x _h be5 =c$ f him4#afb ,9 ,japan1 ,burma1 & ,siam1 tru? is m respect$ ?an 9 ,*9a4 ,9 love ( tru?1 says ,pr(essor ,re91 ! ,japanese1 s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 are n inf]ior to u ,europeans4 #afc ,! ,burmese1 ?\gh p>tial to mu* exagg]ation1 are g5]ally tru?ful4#afd ,& ! m5dacity s *>act]i/ic ( ,ori5tals is n a national defect among ! ,siamese4 ,ly+1 no d\bt1 is (t5 resort$ to z a protection aga9/ inju/ice & oppression1 b ! *ances are greatly 9 fav\r ( tru? :5 evid5ce is s\ght4#afe ,footnote #aec3 ,wells ,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #hcd4 ,footnote #aed3 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #aee3 ,cooke1 ,*9a1 p4 #dad4 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #abb4 ,b[r+1 ,siam1 i4 #ajf4 ,wells ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #hcd4 ,footnote #aef3 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,wells ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ebb4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,lun ,y1 i4 #h4 #b2 vii4 #bd2 ix4 #bd2 xii4 #aj4 #a2 xv4 #e4 #b4 ,*ung ,yung1 xx4 #ah4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 pp4 #ajc1 #aad1 #adf4 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #ajj4 ,footnote #aei3 ,lun ,y1 xiii4 #ah4 #b4 ,footnote #afj3 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #ajj4 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #afa3 ,lun ,y1 vi4 #ac4 ,footnote #afb3 ,lun ,y1 xvii4 #bj4 ,footnote #afc3 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #afd3 ,mac,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay & ,f>!r ,india1 p4 #fb4 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma1 p4 #de4 ,fyt*e1 ,burma ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ii4 #fg4 ,footnote #afe3 ,b[r+1 ,siam1 i4 #aje4 ,ly+ has be5 call$ ! national vice ( ! ,h9dus4#aff ,x is n too mu* to ass]t t ! mass ( ,b5galis h no notion ( tru? & falsehood4#afg ,a g5tleman #ij :o has be5 br\ght into ! close/ intimacy ) natives ( all classes1 decl>es t :5 a "q is ask$1 ! full be>+ ( :i* on !mselves or ^? connect$ ) !m !y _c see1 y may rely ^u x t ! fir/ answ] y receive is false2 b t1 :5 !y see t ! tru? _c injure !mselves or any "o !y c>e =1 !y w speak ! tru?4#afh ,! te/imony ( a ,h9du is n g5]ally reg>d$ z evid5ce4#afi ,=g]y is frequ5tly resort$ to1 *eat+ is rife4 ,9 almo/ all bus9ess transactions ( ! smalle/ k9d a writt5 agreem5t mu/ be made on bo? sides1 & ?is mu/ be /amp$ & regi/]$1 because x is believ$ t a man's ^w is n b9d+4#agj ,nor is a lie held disreputable1 especially if n f\nd out4#aga ,b 9 ,india1 z else:]e1 ! "q :e!r tru? or falsehood is to be spok5 dep5ds on ! relation%ip betwe5 ! speak] & ! p>ty address$4 ,9 _! relations ) ea* o!r1 says ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman1 memb]s ( a village community spoke z mu* tru? z ^? ( any o!r community 9 ! _w1 b 9 _! relations ) ! gov]nm5t !y told z _m lies2 if a man _h told a lie to *eat 8 neighb\r1 he w\ld h become an object ( hatr$ & contempt--if he _h told a lie to save 8 neighb\r's fields f an increase ( r5t or tax1 he w\ld h become an object ( e/eem & respect4#agb ,( ! ,sdra inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,india ,sir ,john ,malcolm likewise obs]ves t !y may be said1 9 _! int]c\rse ) /rang]s & ) (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 to evade ! tru?1 & (t5 to ass]t positive falsehoods2 :]eas1 9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 falsehood is n common1 & _m 7p>ticul>ly "s ( ! cultivators7 are di/+ui%$ by _! adh]5ce to tru?4#agc ,! anci5t ,h9dus 7 prais$ = _! v]acity & good fai?2 #ia 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 writt5 9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,arrian /ates t no ,indian 0 ev] kn[n to tell an untru?4#agd ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india tru?fulness is highly celebrat$4 ,if v]acity & a ?\s& horse-sacrifices are weigh$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 x is f\nd t tru? ranks ev5 high] ?an a ?\s& horse-sacrifices4#age ,v]ily ! gods are ! tru?1 & man is ! untru?4#agf ,!re is "o law :i* ! gods d keep1 namely1 ! tru?4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is t _! conque/1 _! glory is unassailable3 & s1 =soo?1 is 8 conque/1 8 glory unassailable :osoev]1 kn[+ ?is1 speaks ! tru?4#agg ,att5dance on1 or ! wor%ip (1 ! sacr$ fire means speak+ ! tru?3--,:osoev] speaks ! tru?1 acts z if he spr9kl$ t light$ fire ) ghee2 = ev5 s does he enk9dle x3 & ev] ! m increases 8 own vital en]gy1 & day by day does he become bett]4 ,& :osoev] speaks ! untru?1 acts z if he spr9kl$ t light$ fire ) wat]2 = ev5 s does he enfeeble x3 & ev] ! less becomes 8 own vital en]gy1 & day by day does he become m wick$4 ,let him1 !re=e1 speak no?+ b ! tru?4#agh ,fe>ful d5unciations are p>ticul>ly pron\nc$ aga9/ ^? :o deliv] false te/imony 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4#agi ,by giv+ false evid5ce conc]n+ small cattle1 a witness commits ! s9 ( kill+ t5 m52 by false evid5ce conc]n+ c[s1 horses1 & m51 he commits ! s9 ( kill+ a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 & t5 ?\s& m5 respectively2 b by false evid5ce conc]n+ l&1 he commits ! s9 ( kill+ ! :ole human race4#ahj ,! s9 ( falsehood ?us admits ( diff]5t degrees accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! injury inflict$ by x4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases a man :o1 ?\gh kn[+ ! facts to be diff]5t1 gives su* false evid5ce f a pi\s motive1 does n lose heav52 su* evid5ce !y call ! spee* ( ! gods4#aha #ib ,moreov]1 :5ev] ! dea? ( a ,sdra1 ( a ,vaisya1 ( a ,k%atriya1 or ( a ,brhmana w\ld be caus$ by a decl>ation ( ! tru?1 a falsehood may be spok52 = su* falsehood is pref]able to ! tru?4#ahb ,accord+ to ,buddhi/ conceptions ( ly+1 ! magnitude ( ! crime increases 9 proportion to ! value ( ! article1 or ! importance ( ! matt]1 ab\t :i* ! lie is told4#ahc ,& x is a less] wrong to lie 9 self-def5ce ?an to lie ) a view to procur+ an advantage by injur+ "o's neighb\r4 ,?us1 to d5y ! possession ( any article1 9 ord] to reta9 x1 is n a lie ( a he9\s description1 :]eas to be> false witness 9 ord] t ! prop] own] may be depriv$ ( t :i* he possesses1 is a lie to :i* a great] degree ( culpability is atta*$4#ahd ,! ,buddhi/ precept ( tru?fulness is m re/rict$ ?an t laid d[n by ,brahmanism3--,x is said by ! ,brahmans t x is n a crime to tell a lie on behalf ( ! guru1 or on acc\nt ( cattle1 or to save ! p]son's own life1 or to ga9 ! victory 9 any conte/2 b ?is is contr>y to ! precept4#ahe ,"o ( ! conditions t make a ,buddha is1 nev]1 "u ! influ5ce ( desire & o!r passions1 to utt] a consci\s lie1 = ! sake ( weal? or any o!r advantage4#ahf ,f ! "t t ,gautama became a ,bodhisattva1 or claimant = ! ,buddha%ip1 ?r\gh all 8 bir?s until ! atta9m5t ( ! ,buddha%ip1 he nev] told a lie2 & x 7 easi] = ! sakwala or sy/em ( worlds to be bl[n away ?an = a supreme ,buddha to utt] an untru?4#ahg ,8 foll[]s are n equally scrupul\s4 ,! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon1 we are told1 lie )\t compunction1 & are n a%am$ to be detect$ 9 a lie4#ahh ,& religi\s ,mongols d n hesitate to tell lies ev5 :5 say+ _! pray]s4#ahi ,footnote #aff3 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 p4 #ch4 ,cf4 ,ke>ns1 ,tribes ( ,s\? ,india1 pp4 #fd 7,r$dies & ,h9dus g5]ally71 #fh 7,r$dies & ,naick]s72 ,burton1 ,s9dh1 pp4 #aig1 #bhd2 ,idem1 ,s9d ,revisit$1 i4 #cad4 ,footnote #afg3 ,trevelyan1 quot$ by ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #afh3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #cii sq4 ,footnote #afi3 ,p]cival1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #agj3 ,wilk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #djg sq4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ibid4 p4 #djj4 ,caldwell1 op4 cit4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #agb3 ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #abc4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #aah1 #abi sq42 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 ii4 #dgh 7,hbra74 ,footnote #agc3 ,malcolm1 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #aga4 ,cf4 ,hislop1 op4 cit4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #agd3 ,arrian1 ,hi/oria ,indica1 xii4 #e4 ,footnote #age3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 viii4 #cf4 ,footnote #agf3 ,satapa?a-,brhmana1 i4 #a4 #a4 #d2 iii4 #c4 #b4 #b4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ibid4 iii4 #d4 #b4 #h4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #a4 #a4 #e4 ,footnote #agh3 ,ibid4 ii4 #b4 #b4 #ai4 ,footnote #agi3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #hb4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,gautama1 xiii4 #ad sqq4 ,footnote #aha3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #dhf4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,ibid4 p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,ibid4 p4 #dhf4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,jtaka ,tales1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,h>dy1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhf4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,knox1 quot$ by ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,gilm\r1 ,among ! ,mongols1 p4 #bei4 #ic ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rianism1 tru?fulness is a mo/ sacr$ duty4 ,ly+ is a creation ( ! evil spirits1 & ! mo/ efficaci\s weapon aga9/ x is ! holy religion reveal$ to man by ,z>a?u/ra4#aij ,9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts x is said t :5 ! ,_s ( ,wisdom 0 ask$1 ,?r\gh h[ _m ways & motives & good works d p arrive mo/ at heav58 he answ]$ ?us3 ,! fir/ good "w is lib]ality1 ! second tru?4#aia ,contracts are inviolable1 bo? ^? :i* are pl$g$ ) h& or pawn1 & ^? by a m]e ^w4#aib ,x is a duty to keep fai? ev5 ) an unbeliev]3--,break n ! contract1 ,o ,spitama1 nei!r ! "o t ?\ had/ ent]$ into ) "o ( ! unfai?ful1 nor ! "o t ?\ had/ ent]$ into ) "o ( ! fai?ful :o is "o ( ?y own fai?4#aic ,greek hi/orians & cunei=m inscriptions also be> witness to ! great dete/ation 9 :i* falsehood 0 held by ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,h]odotus writes3--,_! sons are c>efully in/ruct$ f _! fif? to _! tw5tie? ye> 9 ?ree ?+s alone--to ride1 to draw ! b[1 & to speak ! tru?4 4 4 4 ,! mo/ disgraceful ?+ 9 ! _w1 !y ?9k1 is to tell a lie2 ! next worse1 to owe a debt3 because1 among o!r reasons1 ! debtor is oblig$ to tell lies4#aid ,9 ! inscriptions ( ,d>ius ly+ is tak5 z repres5tative ( all evil4 ,he is fav\r$ by ,ormuzd because he 0 n a h]etic1 nor a li>1 nor a tyrant4 ,8 great fe> is le/ x may be ?\ght t any "p ( ! record :i* he has set up has be5 falsely relat$2 & he ev5 ab/a9s f n>rat+ c]ta9 ev5ts ( 8 reign le/ to him :o may h]eaft] p]use ! tablet1 ! _m de$s t h be5 done by him may seem to be falsely record$4#aie ,pr(essor ,spiegel tries to prove t #id falsehood1 n tru?fulness1 0 a national *>act]i/ic ( ! anci5t ,eranians1 to :i* _! noble/ m5 (f]$ fruitless resi/ance2#aif b ! facts he quotes 9 support ( 8 op9ion ref] to _! deal+s ) =eign nations1 & h consequ5tly little be>+ on ! subject4 ,! mod]n ,p]sians are notori\s li>s1 :o d n ev5 claim to be believ$1 & smile :5 detect$ 9 a lie4#aig ,! nomad alone is fai?ful to 8 ^w2 ! expression1 ,i am a nomad1 means1 ,y may tru/ me4#aih ,footnote #aij3 ,bundahis1 i4 #bd2 xxviii4 #ad1 #af4 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xix4 #d1 #f2 xxx4 #e2 xxxvi4 #bi4 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxii4 ,spiegel1 ,ernis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iii4 #fhd sq4 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 #afd sq4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 #ecd1 #ecf4 ,footnote #aia3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxxvii4 #b sqq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,v5ddd1 iv4 #e sqq4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ya/s1 x4 #b4 ,footnote #aid3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #acf1 #ach4 ,cf4 ,/obu1 ,florilegium1 #dd1 vol4 ii4 #bbg2 ,x5ophon1 ,cyri ,in/itutio1 i4 #f4 #cc4 ,footnote #aie3 ,rawl9son1 9 8 translation ( ,h]odotus1 i4 #bfb sq4 n4 #c4 ,footnote #aif3 ,spiegel1 op4 cit4 iii4 #fhf4 ,footnote #aig3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #aj4 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iv4 #aib1 #bdg4 ,wilson1 ,p]sian ,life & ,cu/oms1 p4 #bbi sqq4 ,footnote #aih3 ,polak1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ie4 ,falsehood is a prevail+ vice 9 o!r ,muhamm$an c\ntries also4 ,con/ant v]acity1 says ,mr4 ,lane1 is a virtue extremely r>e 9 mod]n ,egypt2 & a deceitful disposition 9 comm]cial transactions is "o ( ! mo/ notori\s faults ( ! ,egyptian4#aii ,mr4 ,lane p>tly ascribes ?is habit to ! influ5ce ( ,islam1 :i* all[s1 & ev5 comm&s1 falsehood 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,! common ,moslem doctr9e is1 t a lie is p]missible :5 told 9 ord] to save "o's own life1 or to reconcile p]sons at v>iance ) ea* o!r1 or to please or p]suade "o's wife1 or to obta9 any advantage 9 a w> ) ! enemies ( ! fai?4#bjj ,b 9 o!r cases ly+ 0 highly reprobat$ by ! ,prophet2 & t ! p h n =gott5 its s9fulness appe>s f ! phrase1 ,no1 ,i beg =giv5ess ( ,god1 x 0 s & s1 :i* !y seldom omit :5 retract+ an un9t5tional mis-/atem5t4#bja ,i ?9k x is errone\s to reg>d ! want ( tru?fulness among ,muhamm$an nations z a result ( _! religion4 ,! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians & ,buddhi/s are no less addict$ to falsehood ?an ! ,muhamm$ans4#bjb ,footnote #aii3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #chb sq4 ,cf4 ,burckh>dt1 ,arabic ,prov]bs1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #chc4 ,muir1 ,life ( ,mahomet1 i4 p4 lxxiii4 sq4 n4 dagg]4 ,footnote #bja3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #chc sq4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,vmbry1 ,d] ,islam im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 p4 #bcb4 ,! ,hom]ic poems make u acqua9t$ ) gods & m5 :o h rec\rse to fraud & ly+ :5ev] x suits _! purpose4#bjc ,! great ,zeus makes no difficulty #ie 9 s5d+ a ly+ dream to ,agamemnon4 ,pallas ,a!ne is guilty ( gross deceit & trea*]y to ,hector2 %e expressly recomm5ds dissimulation1 & loves ,odysseus on acc\nt ( 8 deceitful "*4#bjd ,no man deals m 9 feign$ /ories ?an ?is ma/] ( cunn+1 :o makes a boa/ ( 8 falsehood4#bje ,9 ! p]iod :i* lies betwe5 ! ,hom]ic age & ! ,p]sian w>s v]acity made p]haps "s progress among ! ,greeks1#bjf b x nev] became "o ( _! national virtues4#bjg ,yet 9 ! ,greek lit]ature deceit is frequ5tly condemn$ z a vice1 & tru?fulness prais$ z a virtue4#bjh ,a*illes expresses 8 horror ( ly+4#bji ,n to tell a lie1 0 "o ( ! maxims ( ,solon4#baj ,p9d> /rongly c5sures a "* l t ( ,odysseus1#baa & ends up 8 eulogy on ,psaumis by ! assurance t he nev] w\ld contam9ate 8 spee* ) a lie4#bab ,accord+ to ,py?agoras1 m5 become l gods :5 !y speak ! tru?4#bac ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! habit ( ly+ makes ! s\l ugly#bad2 tru? is ! beg9n+ ( e good ?+1 bo? to gods & m54#bae ,yet a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( untru?4 ,?\gh ! _m are too fond ( say+ t at prop] times & places falsehood may (t5 be "r1#baf x mu/ be admitt$ t a lie is 9 c]ta9 cases useful & n hateful1 z 9 deal+ ) enemies1 or :5 ^? :om we call our fri5ds 9 a fit ( madness or illusion are go+ to d "s h>m4#bag ,moreov]1 ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate are all[$ to lie = ! public good1 j z physicians make use ( m$ic9es2 & !y w f9d a consid]able dose ( falsehood & deceit necess>y = ?is purpose4#bah ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! rul] cat*es anybody besides himself ly+ 9 ! #if ,/ate1 lie w puni% him = introduc+ a practice :i* is equally subv]sive & de/ructive ( %ips or ,/ate4#bai ,next to him :o takes a false oa?1 he :o tells a falsehood 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 sup]iors--eld]s1 p>5ts1 or rul]s--is mo/ hateful to ! gods4#bbj ,footnote #bjc3 ,cf4 ,kames1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 iv4 #aej sq42 ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 p4 #bf sqq4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,odyssey1 xiii4 #cca sq4 ,footnote #bje3 ,ibid4 ix4 #ai sq4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #dac4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,cf4 ,?ucydides1 iii4 #hc4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,see ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #djc sqq4 ,footnote #bji3 ,iliad1 ix4 #cab sq4 ,footnote #baj3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vit philosophorum1 i4 #b 7#fj74 ,footnote #baa3 ,p9d>1 ,nemea1 viii4 #bf4 ,footnote #bab3 ,idem1 ,olympia1 iv4 #ag4 ,footnote #bac3 ,/obu1 op4 cit4 xi4 #be1 vol4 i4 #cab4 ,footnote #bad3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ebd sq4 ,footnote #bae3 ,idem1 ,leges1 v4 #gcj4 ,footnote #baf3 ,ibid4 xi4 #iaf4 ,footnote #bag3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 ii4 #chb4 ,footnote #bah3 ,ibid4 iii4 #chi2 v4 #dei4 ,footnote #bai3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 iii4 #chi4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,idem1 ,leges1 xi4 #iag4 ,idem1 ,respublica1 iii4 #chi4 ,n )\t reason did ! ,romans ( ! republican age contra/ _! own fides ) ! m5dacity ( ! ,greeks & ! p]fidy ( ! ,phoenicians4 ,! goddess ( fai? 7( human & social fai?71 says ,gibbon1 0 wor%ipp$1 n only 9 h] temples1 b 9 ! lives ( ! ,romans2 & if t nation 0 defici5t 9 ! m amiable qualities ( b5evol5ce & g5]osity1 !y a/oni%$ ! ,greeks by _! s9c]e & simple p]=mance ( ! mo/ burd5some engagem5ts4#bba ,_! annals are adorn$ ) signal examples ( uprightness1 :i*1 ?\gh to a great ext5t fictiti\s1 yet be> te/imony to ! e/imation 9 :i* t quality 0 held4#bbb ,! ,greeks _h no ,regulus :o *ose to deliv] himself up to a cruel dea? r ?an to falsify 8 ^w to ! enemy4#bbc ,! base/ =ms ( falsehood 7 sev]ely puni%$ by law4 ,accord+ to ! ,twelve ,tables1 any "o :o _h sl&]$ or libell$ ano!r by imput+ to him a wrongful or immoral act1 0 to be sc\rg$ to dea?1#bbd & capital puni%m5t 0 also inflict$ on false witnesses#bbe & corrupt judges4#bbf ,h[ev]1 already be=e ! end ( ! ,republic di%one/y1 p]juries1 & =g]ies became common 9 ,rome4#bbg ,footnote #bba3 ,gibbon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 v4 #caa4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,cf4 ,+e1 ,society 9 ,rome "u ! ,cs>s1 p4 #cc sq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #ac4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 viii4 #a4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,ibid4 viii4 #bc4 ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 xx4 i4 #ec4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 ix4 #c4 ,aulus ,gellius1 op4 cit4 xx4 i4 #g4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,+e1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce4 ,! anci5t ,sc&9avians consid]$ x disgraceful = a man to tell a lie1 to break a promise1 or to commit a trea*]\s act4#bbh ,to kill or rob op5ly 0 a p>donable (f5ce1 if an (f5ce at all2 b he :o did x secretly 0 a ni?+]1 a hateful man1 unless inde$ he aft]w>ds #ig op5ly decl>$ 8 de$4#bbi ,9 ! ,iri% ,s5*us ,mr x is said t n only false witness1 b ly+ 9 g5]al1 deprives ! guilty p]son ( half 8 hon\r-price up to ! ?ird "t2#bcj &1 accord+ to ! comm5t>y to ! ,book ( ,aicill1 ! d\ble ( 8 own full hon\r-price is due f ea* p]son :o commits ! crime ( secret murd]4#bca ,footnote #bbh3 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #aed1 #ahc sq4 ,ros5b]g1 ,nordbo]nes ,a&sliv1 i4 #dhg4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #efi4 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #cbj sqq4 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 i4 #cfa4 ,ros5b]g1 ,nordbo]nes ,a&sliv1 i4 #dhg4 von ,amira1 ',re*t1' 9 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #agc4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,anci5t ,laws ( ,irel&1 i4 #eg4 ,footnote #bca3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ii4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !re are record$1 f ! patri>*al age1 "s cases ( ly+1 :i*1 f> f be+ condemn$1 9 no way prev5t$ ! li> be+ a special object ( div9e fav\r4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t undue importance has be5 atta*$ to "s ( ^! acts ( falsehood1#bcb :i* 7 committ$ among =eign]s ) a view to escap+ an imp5d+ dang]4#bcc ,= in/ance1 :5 ,isaac1 dwell+ 9 ,g]>1 said ( 8 wife t %e 0 8 si/]1 = fe> le/ ! m5 ( ! place %\ld kill him1#bcd he did a ?+ :i* few consci5ti\s m5 "u simil> circum/ances w\ld hesitate to d4 ,z = ,jacob's long c\rse ( d\ble-deal+ ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 :o 0 equally gre$y & unscrupul\s1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t !y 7 natives ( diff]5t l&s4#bce ,aga91 :5 ,jacob1 at ! in/igation ( 8 "m1 grossly deceiv$ 8 own bl9d fa!r1 ! intrigu]s1 z has be5 po9t$ out1#bcf manife/ly felt t ! bless+ extort$ f ,isaac ought to desc5d ^u ,jacob r ?an ^u ,esau1 & inasmu* z ! ^w ( ! fa!r 0 held to c>ry ) x div9e validity & pot5cy1 ! secur+ ( x by fair means or f\l 0 deem$ an urg5t necessity4 ,x is obvi\s t ! anci5t ,hebrews did n condemn deceit z wrong 9 ! ab/ract1 & t !y 7 v unscrupul\s 9 ! use ( means4 ,:5ev] #ih ,david 0 ?reat5$ by any dang]1 he imm$iately employ$ a falsehood :i* s]v$ 8 turn2 ?\gh n incapable ( g5]osity1 he deceiv$ enemies & fri5ds indiff]5tly1 & !re is probably no record ( trea*]y & ly+ consi/5tly pursu$ :i* surpasses 9 bas5ess 8 affair ) 8 fai?ful s]vant ,uriah ! ,hittite4#bcg ,x is true t 8 conduct t[>ds ,uriah 0 condemn$2 ! ?+ t ,david _h done displeas$ ! ,"l4#bch ,b x is significant t ,yahveh himself occasionally _h rec\rse to deceit = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out 8 plans4 ,9 ord] to ru9 ,ahab he commission$ a ly+ _s to deceive 8 prophets2#bci & once he ?reat5$ to use deception z a means ( tak+ rev5ge ^u idolat]s4#bdj ,b to be> false witness aga9/ a neighb\r 0 /rictly prohibit$2#bda ! false witness %\ld suff] ! puni%m5t :i* he 0 m9d$ to br+ ^u ! p]son :om he calumniat$4#bdb ,9 ,ecclesia/icus ly+ is sev]ely c5sur$3--,a lie is a f\l blot 9 a man1 yet x is cont9ually 9 ! m\? ( ! untaught4 ,a ?ief is bett] ?an a man t is accu/om$ to lie3 b !y bo? %all h de/ruction to h]itage4 ,! disposition ( a li> is di%on\rable1 & 8 %ame is ev] ) him4#bdc ,ly+ lips are abom9ation to ! ,"l3 b !y t deal truly are 8 delight4#bdd ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 f\r %all n ent] ,p>adise3 ! sc(f]1 ! li>1 ! hypocrite1 & ! sl&]]4#bde ,only = ! sake ( peace1 & especially dome/ic peace1 may a man tell a lie )\t s9n+2#bdf b he :o *anges 8 ^w commits z heavy a s9 z he :o wor%ips idols4#bdg ,! duty ( tru?fulness 0 p>ticul>ly emphasis$ by ! ,ess5es4#bdh ,he :o ent]$ _! sect _h to pl$ge himself always to love #ii tru? & /rive to reclaim all li>s4#bdi ,!y are em95t = fidelity1 says ,josephus4 ,:atsoev] !y say also is firm] ?an an oa?2 b swe>+ is avoid$ by !m1 & !y e/eem x worse ?an p]jury2 = !y say t he :o _c be believ$ )\t swe>+ by ,god is already condemn$4#bej ,footnote #bcb3 ,e4g41 by ,mc,curdy1 ',moral ,evolution ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 i4 #ffe sq42 von ,jh]+1 ,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #fjf sq42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,g5esis1 xii4 #ab sq42 xx4 #b4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,ibid4 xxvi4 #g4 ,footnote #bce3 ,ibid4 *4 xxix4 sqq4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,mc,curdy1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fff4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,cf4 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i4 #cbg2 ,mc,curdy1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fha4 ,footnote #bch3 #b ,samuel1 xi4 #bg2 xii4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #bci3 #a ,k+s1 xxii4 #bj sqq4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,ezekiel1 xiv4 #g sqq4 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #bda3 ,deut]onomy1 v4 #bj4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,ibid4 xix4 #a #f sqq4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xx4 #bd sqq4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,prov]bs1 xii4 #bb4 ,footnote #bde3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 p4 #fi sq4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,sanh$r91 fol4 #ib ,a1 quot$ by ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #eeh4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,philo ,judu1 ,quod lib] sit quisque virtuti /udet1 p4 #hgg 7,op]a1 ii4 #deh74 ,footnote #bdi3 ,josephus1 ,de bello ,judaico1 ii4 #h4 #g4 ,footnote #bej3 ,ibid4 ii4 #h4 #f4 ,speak e man tru? ) 8 neighb\r1#bea 0 f e>ly times reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ imp]ative ( ,*ri/ian maxims4#beb ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 a lie is n p]missible ev5 :5 told ) a view to sav+ ! life ( a neighb\r2 s9ce by ly+ et]nal life is lo/1 nev] = any man's temporal life mu/ a lie be told4#bec ,yet all lies are n equally s9ful2 ! degree ( s9fulness dep5ds on ! m9d ( ! li> & on ! nature ( ! subject on :i* ! lie is told4#bed ,?is became ! au?oris$ doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4#bee ,?omas ,aqu9as says t1 al?\gh ly+ is always s9ful1 x is n a mortal s9 if ! end int5d$ be n contr>y to *>ity1 z appe>s 9 a jocose lie1 t is int5d$ to create "s slight amusem5t1 & 9 an (fici\s lie1 9 :i* is int5d$ ev5 ! advantage ( our neighb\r4#bef ,yet f e>ly times we meet )9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* a mu* less rigor\s doctr9e1 :i* soon came to ex]cise a m p[]ful influ5ce on ! practice & feel+s ( m5 ?an did ,/4 ,augu/9e's uncompromis+ love ( tru?4 ,! ,greek ,fa!rs ma9ta9$ t an untru? is n a lie :5 !re is a j cause #ajj = x2 & z a j cause !y reg>d$ n only self-def5ce1 b also zeal = ,god's hon\r4#beg ,?is zeal1 toge!r ) an indiscrim9ate devotion to ! ,*ur*1 l$ to ^? pi\s frauds1 ^? innum]able falsifications ( docum5ts1 inv5tions ( leg5ds1 & =g]ies ( e description1 :i* made ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* a v]itable seat ( ly+1 & mo/ s]i\sly impair$ ! s5se ( tru? 9 ! m9ds ( ,*ri/ians4#beh ,by a fiction1 ,papacy1 z a div9e in/itution1 0 trac$ back to ! age ( ! ,apo/les1 & 9 virtue ( ano!r fiction ,con/ant9e 0 alleg$ to h abdicat$ 8 imp]ial au?ority 9 ,italy 9 fav\r ( ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet]4#bei ,! ,bi%op ( ,rome assum$ ! privilege ( dis5gag+ m5 f _! oa?s & promises4 ,an oa? :i* 0 contr>y to ! good ( ! ,*ur* 0 decl>$ n to be b9d+4#bfj ,! !ory 0 laid d[n t1 z fai? 0 n to be kept ) a tyrant1 pirate1 or robb]1 :o kills ! body1 x 0 /ill less to be kept ) an h]etic1 :o kills ! s\l4#bfa ,private prote/ations 7 ?\ght suffici5t to relieve m5 9 consci5ce f be+ b\nd by a solemn treaty or f ! duty ( speak+ ! tru?2 & an equivocation1 or play ^u words 9 :i* "o s5se is tak5 by ! speak] & ano!r s5se int5d$ by him = ! he>]1 0 9 "s cases held p]missible4#bfb ,accord+ to ,alfonso de' ,liguori--:o liv$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & 0 beatifi$ 9 ! n9ete5?1 & ^: writ+s 7 decl>$ by high au?ority n to conta9 a ^w t c\ld be ju/ly f\nd fault )1#bfc-- #aja !re are ?ree sorts ( equivocation :i* may be employ$ = a good reason1 ev5 ) ! addition ( a solemn oa?4 ,we are all[$ to use ambigu\sly words hav+ two s5ses1 z ! ^w volo1 :i* means bo? to wi% & to fly2 s5t5ces be>+ two ma9 mean+s1 z ,?is book is ,pet]'s1 :i* may mean ei!r t ! book belongs to ,pet] or t ,pet] is ! au?or ( x2 words hav+ two s5ses1 "o m common ?an ! o!r or "o lit]al & ! o!r metaphorical--= in/ance1 if a man is ask$ ab\t some?+ :i* x is 9 8 int]e/ to conceal1 he may answ]1 ,no1 ,i say1 t is ,i say ! ^w 'no'#bfd ,z = m5tal re/rictions1 aga91 su* z are purely m5tal1 & on t acc\nt _c 9 any mann] be discov]$ by o!r p]sons1 are n p]missible2 b we may1 = a good reason1 make use ( a non-pure m5tal re/riction1 :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 is discov]able1 al?\gh x is n discov]$ by ! p]son ) :om we are deal+4#bfe ,?us x w\ld be wrong secretly to ins]t ! ^w no 9 an affirmative oa? )\t any ext]nal sign2 b x w\ld n be wrong to ins]t x 9 a :isp]+ voice or "u ! cov] ( a c\gh4 ,! good reason = :i* equivocations & non-pure m5tal re/rictions may be employ$ is def9$ z any hone/ object1 su* z keep+ our goods spiritual or temporal4#bff ,9 support ( ?is casui/ry x is uni=mly said by ,ca?olic apologi/s t ea* man has a "r to act ^u ! def5sive1 t he has a "r to keep gu>d ov] ! k :i* he possesses 9 ! same way z he may def5d 8 goods2 & z = !re be+ any deceit 9 ! matt]--:y1 soldi]s use /ratagems 9 w>1 & oppon5ts use fe9ts 9 f5c+4#bfg ,footnote #bea3 ,ephesians1 iv4 #be4 ,footnote #beb3 ,gass1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,e?ik1 i4 #ij4 ,footnote #bec3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de m5dacio1 #f 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xl4 #did sq474 ,footnote #bed3 ,idem1 ,en*iridion1 #ah 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xl4 #bdj72 ,idem1 ,de m5dacio1 #ba 7,migne1 xl4 #eaf74 ,= ,/4 ,augu/9e's views on ly+ see also 8 treatise ,contra m5dacium1 address$ to ,cons5tius 7,migne1 xl4 #eag sqq471 & ,b9demann1 ,d] heilige ,augu/9us1 ii4 #dfe sqq4 ,footnote #bee3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #bb4 #b4 #ab1 #ag4 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 iii4 #i4 #bc4 ,footnote #bef3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 9999#aaj4 #c sq4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says 7,de m5dacio1 #b ,migne1 op4 cit4 xl4 #dhg sq42 ,qu/iones 9 ,g5esim1 #ade1 ad ,g54 xliv4 #ae ,migne1 xxxiv4 #ehg7 t jokes :i* be> ) !m 9 ! tone ( voice1 & 9 ! v mood ( ! jok] a mo/ evid5t indication t he means no deceit1 are n acc\nt$ lies1 ?\gh ! ?+ he utt]s be n true4 ,?is /atem5t is also incorporat$ 9 ,gratian's ,decretum 7ii4 #bb4 #b4 #ah74 ,footnote #beg3 ,gass1 op4 cit4 i4 #ia1 #ib1 #bcf sqq4 ,newman1 ,apologia pro vita sua1 p4 #cdi sq4 ,footnote #beh3 von ,mo%eim1 ,in/itutes ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 i4 #bge4 ,middleton1 ,free ,inquiry into ! ,miracul\s ,p[]s1 :i* are suppos$ to h subsi/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 passim4 ,lecky1 ,rise1 & ,influ5ce ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i4 #cif sqq4 ,gass1 op4 cit4 i4 #ia1 #bce4 von ,eick51 ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 pp4 #fed-fef1 #ffc4 ,footnote #bei3 von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #fef4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval ,?\ght1 p4 #bdi4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,decretales1 ii4 #bd4 #bg4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,simancas1 ,de ca?olicis in/itutionibus1 xlvi4 #eb sq4 p4 #cfe sq4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,alagona1 ,comp5dium manualis ,d4 ,nav>ri1 xii4 #hh1 p4 #id sq43--,fur1 qui e/ furatus aliquid1 si int]rogetur a judice non compet5ti1 vel non juridice1 an sit furatus tale quid1 pote/ secura consci5tia respond]e simplicit]1 non sum furatus1 intellig5do intra se 9 tali die1 vel anno4 ,see also ,kames1 op4 cit4 iv4 #aeh sq4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,meyrick1 ,moral & ,devotional ,!ology ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 i4 #c4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,alfonso de' ,liguori1 ,!ologia moralis1 iii4 #aea1 vol4 i4 #bdi4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,ibid4 iii4 #aeb1 vol4 i4 #bdi4 ,footnote #bff3 ,ibid4 iii4 #aea1 vol4 i4 #bdi4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,meyrick1 op4 cit4 i4 #be ,adh]5ce to tru? & especially p]fect fidelity to a promise 7 /rongly insi/$ ^u by ! code ( ,*ivalry4#bfh ,h[ev] exact+ or absurd ! v[ might #ajb be1 a knight 0 compell$ to p]=m x 9 all ! /rictness ( ! lett]4 ,a man frequ5tly promis$ to grant :atev] ano!r %\ld ask1 & he w\ld h lo/ ! hon\r ( 8 knigh?ood if he _h decl9$ f 8 ^w4#bfi ,we are told by ,lancelot du ,lac t :5 ,k+ ,artus _h giv5 8 ^w to a knight to make him a pres5t ( 8 wife1 he w\ld nei!r li/5 to ! lam5tations ( ! un=tunate woman1 nor to any repres5tations :i* c\ld be made him2 he repli$ t a k+ mu/ n g f 8 ^w1 & ! que5 0 accord+ly deliv]$ to ! knight4#bgj ,! knights tak5 9 w> 7 readily all[$ lib]ty = ! "t !y ask$1 on _! ^w ( hon\r t !y w\ld return ( _! own accord1 :5ev] x %\ld be requir$4#bga ,s great1 x is said1 0 ! knight's respect = an oa?1 a promise1 or a v[1 t :5 !y lay "u any ( ^! re/rictions1 !y appe>$ ev]y:]e ) little *a9s atta*$ to _! arms or habits to %[ all ! _w t !y 7 slaves to _! ^w2 nor 7 ^! *a9s tak5 (f till _! promise _h be5 p]=m$1 :i* sometimes ext5d$ to a t]m ( f\r or five ye>s4#bgb ,x _c be expect$1 ( c\rse1 t reality %\ld h always come up to ! ideal4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,c\nt ( ,*ampagne decl>$ t he confid$ m 9 ! l[e/ ( 8 subjects ?an 9 8 knights4#bgc ,moreov]1 ! knightly duty ( s9c]ity seems to h gone little beyond ! =mal fulfilm5t ( an engagem5t4 ,! age ( ,*ivalry 0 an age ( *icane1 & fraud1 & trick]y1 :i* 7 n lea/ conspicu\s among ! knightly classes4#bgd ,x is significant t ! ,engli% law ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?\gh q will+ to admit 9 vague phrase t no "o %\ld be suff]$ to ga9 any?+ by fraud1 0 incl9$ to hold t a man has himself to ?ank if he is misl$ by deceit1 ! k+'s c\rt g5]ally provid+ no rem$y = him :o to #ajc 8 disadvantage _h tru/$ ! ^w ( a li>4#bge ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 crimes aga9/ ! ,m9t & ! (f5ce ( c\nt]feit+ seals1 usually accompani$ by t ( =g+ lett]s or (ficial docum5ts1 7 extremely common 9 ,engl&2#bgf & false weights1 false measures1 & false pret5ces ( all k9ds 7 ord9>y in/rum5ts ( comm]ce4#bgg ,footnote #bfh3 ,book ( ! ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 foll4 #ah b1 #ca b1 #cd b4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,v4 i4 #hd4 ,sa9te-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne *eval]ie1 i4 #gf sq4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,lancelot du ,lac1 vol4 ii4 fol4 #b a4 ,footnote #bga3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 i4 #ace4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,ibid4 i4 #bcf sq4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dg4 ,cf4 ,kames1 op4 cit4 iv4 #aeg4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bhc4 ,footnote #bge3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #ece sq4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,pike1 op4 cit4 i4 #bfe1 #bfi2 ii4 #cib4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,ibid4 i4 #adb2 ii4 #bch4 ,9 mod]n times1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,pike1 ! ,public ,records te/ify a decrease ( deception 9 ,engl&4#bgh ,comm]cial hone/y has improv$1 & ^? mean arts to :i*1 dur+ ! reigns ( ! ,tudors1 ev5 m5 9 ! highe/ positions frequ5tly _h rec\rse1 h n[1 at any rate1 desc5d$ to a l[] grade ( society4#bgi ,at pres5t1 9 ! civilis$ c\ntries ( ! ,we/1 op9ion z to :at ! duty ( s9c]ity implies v>ies n only 9 diff]5t individuals1 b among diff]5t classes or gr\ps ( p1 z also among diff]5t nations4 ,duplicity is held m repreh5sible 9 a g5tleman ?an 9 a %opkeep] or a peasant4 ,! notion :i* seems to be common 9 ,engl&1 t an advocate is ov]-scrupul\s :o refuses to say :at he kn[s to be false if he is in/ruct$ to say x1#bhj appe>s /range at lea/ to "s =eign]s2#bha & 9 c]ta9 c\ntries x is commonly reg>d$ z blamable if a p]son o/5sibly pr(esses a religion 9 :i* he does n believe1 say1 by go+ to *ur*4 ,! ,quak]s deem all complim5t>y modes ( spee*1 = in/ance 9 address+ p1 to be objectionable z be+ inconsi/5t ) tru?4#bhb ,c]ta9 philosoph]s h express$ ! op9ion t v]acity is an unconditional duty1 :i* is n to be limit$ by any exp$i5cy1 b mu/ be respect$ 9 all circum/ances4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 x w\ld be a crime to tell a falsehood to a murd]] :o ask$ u :e!r #ajd our fri5d1 ( :om he 0 9 pursuit1 _h tak5 refuge 9 our h\se4#bhc ,fi*te ma9ta9s t ! def5ce ( s-call$ necess>y lies is ! mo/ wick$ argum5t possible among/ m54#bhd ,dymond says1 ,if ,i may tell a falsehood to a robb] 9 ord] to save my prop]ty1 ,i may commit p>ricide = ! same purpose4#bhe ,b ?is rigor\s view is n %>$ by common s5se1 nor by or?odox ,prote/ant !ology4#bhf ,j]emy ,taylor asks1 ,:o w n tell a h>mless lie to save ! life ( 8 fri5d1 ( 8 *ild1 ( himself1 ( a good & brave man8#bhg ,:]e deception is design$ to b5efit ! p]son deceiv$1 says ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 common s5se seems to conc$e t x may sometimes be "r3 = example1 mo/ p]sons w\ld n hesitate to speak falsely to an invalid1 if ?is seem$ ! only way ( conceal+ facts t might produce a dang]\s %ock3 nor d ,i p]ceive t any "o %r9ks f tell+ fictions to *ildr51 on matt]s ^u :i* x is ?\ght well t !y %\ld n "k ! tru?4#bhh ,9 ! case ( gr[n-up p1 h[ev]1 ?is pr9ciple seems to require ! modification made by ,hut*eson1 t !re is no wrong 9 false spee* :5 ! p>ty deceiv$ himself does n consid] x an injury to be deceiv$4#bhi ,o!rwise x might easily be suppos$ to give support to pi\s fraud1 :i* 9 its crude/ =m is n[adays g5]ally disapprov$ (1 b :i* 9 subtle disguise /ill has _m advocates among religi\s p>tisans4 ,x is argu$ t ! mo/ important tru?s ( religion _c be convey$ into ! m9ds ( ord9>y m51 except by be+ enclos$1 z x 71 9 a %ell ( fiction1 & t by relat+ su* fictions z if !y 7 facts we are really p]=m+ an act ( sub/antial v]acity4#bij ,b ?is argum5t seems *iefly to h be5 inv5t$ = ! #aje purpose ( support+ a dilapidat$ /ructure ( !ological tea*+1 & c h>dly be accept$ by any p]son unprejudic$ by religi\s bias4 ,z a means ( self-def5ce deviation f tru? has be5 ju/ifi$ n only 9 ! case ( gross] injuries1 b 9 ! case ( illegitimate curiosity1 z x seems unreasonable t a p]son %\ld be oblig$ to supply ano!r ) in=mation :i* he has no "r to exact4#bia ,! obligation ( keep+ a promise1 aga91 is qualifi$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?\ghtful p]sons w\ld commonly admit t su* an obligation is relative to ! promisee1 & may be annull$ by him4#bib ,a promise to d an immoral act is held n to be b9d+1 because ! prior obligation n to d ! act is p>am\nt4#bic ,if1 be=e ! "t comes to fulfil a promise1 circum/ances h alt]$ s mu* t ! effects ( keep+ x are q diff]5t f ^? :i* 7 =ese5 :5 x 0 made1 all w\ld agree t ! promisee ought to release ! promis]2 b if he decl9es to d s1 "s w\ld say t ! latt] is 9 e case b\nd by 8 promise1 :il/ o!rs w\ld ma9ta9 t a consid]able alt]ation ( circum/ances has remov$ ! obligation4#bid ,h[ f> promises obta9$ by =ce or fraud are b9d+ is a mu* disput$ "q4#bie ,accord+ to ,hut*eson1 = in/ance1 no reg>d is due to a promise :i* has be5 extort$ by unju/ viol5ce4#bif ,adam ,smi?1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]s t :5ev] su* a promise is violat$1 ?\gh = ! mo/ necess>y reason1 x is always ) "s degree ( di%on\r to ! p]son :o made x1 & t a brave man ought to die r ?an make a promise #ajf :i* he c nei!r keep )\t folly nor violate )\t ignom9y4#big ,footnote #bgh3 ,ibid4 i4 #bfd4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #dgd4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ad sq4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #caf4 ,paley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 iii4 #ae 7,complete ,works1 ii4 #aag74 ,! same view 0 express$ by ,cic]o 7,de (ficiis1 ii4 #ad74 ,footnote #bha3 ,see also ,dymond1 ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ii4 #e1 p4 #ej sqq4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,gurney1 ,views & ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,kant1 ',ueb] e9 v]me9tes ,re*t1 aus ,m5s*5liebe zu ,lg51' 9 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 vii4 #cji4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,fi*te1 ,das ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 p4 #cga2 ,engli% translation1 p4 #cjc sq4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,dymond1 op4 cit4 ii4 #f1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,re9h>d1 ,sy/em d] ,*ri/li*5 ,moral1 iii4 #aic sqq4 ,m>t5s51 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ',individual ,e?ics1' p4 #baf sqq4 ,newman1 ,apologia pro vita sua1 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,taylor1 ,:ole ,works1 xii4 #afb4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,hut*eson1 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ii4 #cb4 ,footnote #bij3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #bia3 ,s*op5hau]1 ,die ,grundlage d] ,moral1 #ag 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 vi4 #bdg sqq474 ,footnote #bib3 ,:ewell1 ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 p4 #aef4 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #bic3 ,dymond1 op4 cit4 ii4 #f1 p4 #ee4 ,:ewell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aef sq4 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #cje4 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,?omas ,aqu9as 7op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #aaj4 #c4 #e74 ,footnote #bid3 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjf sq4 ,?omas ,aqu9as says 7op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #aaj4 #c4 #e7 t a p]son :o does n d :at he has promis$ is excus$ if ! conditions ( p]sons & ?+s are *ang$4 ,footnote #bie3 ,dymond1 op4 cit4 ii4 #f1 p4 #ee sq4 ,:ewell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aee1 #aei sqq4 ,sidgwick1 op4 cit4 p4 #cje sq4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #dhf sqq4 ,footnote #bif3 ,hut*eson1 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ii4 #cd4 ,footnote #big3 ,adam ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhi4 ,9 po9t ( v]acity & good fai? ! old di/9ction betwe5 duties :i* we owe to our fell[-c\ntrym5 & su* z we owe to =eign]s is /ill pres]v$ 9 v>i\s cases4 ,x is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 ! relations betwe5 diff]5t /ates1 9 peace or w>4 ,/ratagems & ! employm5t ( deceptive means necess>y to procure intellig5ce respect+ ! enemy or ! c\ntry are held all[able 9 w>f>e1 indep5d5tly ( ! "q :e!r ! w> is def5sive or aggressive4#bih ,deceit has1 9 fact1 (t5 con/itut$ a great %>e ( ! glory ( ! mo/ celebrat$ comm&]s2 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 a common op9ion t successes ga9$ ?r\gh a spy are m cr$itable to ! skill ( a g5]al ?an successes 9 regul> battles4#bii ,"l ,wolseley writes3--,z a nation we are br$ up to feel x a disgrace ev5 to succe$ by falsehood2 ! ^w spy conveys some?+ z repulsive z slave2 we w keep hamm]+ along ) ! conviction t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 & t tru? always w9s 9 ! long run4 ,^! pretty little s5t5ces d well = a *ild's copy-book1 b ! man :o acts ^u !m 9 w> _h bett] %ea! 8 sword = ev]4#cjj ,at ! same "t1 !re are "s exceptions to ! g5]al rule t deceit is p]mitt$ aga9/ an enemy4 ,"u ! cu/oms ( w> x has be5 agre$ t p>ticul> acts & signs %all h a specific mean+ 9 ord] t bellig]5ts #ajg may c>ry on c]ta9 necess>y int]c\rse1 & x is =bidd5 to employ su* acts or signs 9 deceiv+ an enemy4 ,?us in=mation mu/ n be surreptiti\sly obta9$ "u ! %elt] ( a flag ( truce2 build+s n us$ z hospitals mu/ n be m>k$ ) an hospital flag2 & p]sons n cov]$ by ! provisions ( ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion mu/ n be protect$ by its cross4#cja ,a curi\s arbitr>y rule affects "o class ( /ratagems by =bidd+ c]ta9 p]mitt$ means ( deception f ! mom5t at :i* !y cease to deceive4 ,x is p]fectly legitimate to use ! di/9ctive emblems ( an enemy 9 ord] to escape f him or to draw 8 =ces into action2 b x is held t soldi]s clo!d 9 ! uni=ms ( _! enemy mu/ put on a conspicu\s m>k by :i* !y c be recognis$ be=e attack+1 & t a vessel us+ ! enemy's flag mu/ hoi/ its own flag be=e fir+ ) %ot or %ell4#cjb ,disob$i5ce to ?is rule is consid]$ to entail grave di%on\r2 = 9 actual battle enemies are b\nd to combat loyally1 & are n free to ensure victory by putt+ on a mask ( fri5d%ip4#cjc ,b1 z ,mr4 ,hall obs]ves1 x is n easy to see :y x is m disloyal to we> a disguise :5 x is obvi\sly useless1 ?an :5 x s]ves its purpose4#cjd ,f9ally1 x is univ]sally agre$ t promises giv5 to ! enemy ought to be kept2#cje ?is 0 admitt$ ev5 by ,ma*iavelli#cjf & ,bynk]%oek1#cjg :o did n 9 g5]al burd5 bellig]5ts ) p>ticul>ly heavy duties4 ,b ! re/rictions :i* int]national law #ajh lays on deceit aga9/ enemies d n seem to be tak5 v s]i\sly4 ,treaties betwe5 nations & promises giv5 by "o /ate to ano!r1 ei!r 9 w> or peace1 are h>dly meant to be kept long] ?an x is conv5i5t to keep !m4 ,& :5 an excuse = ! brea* ( fai? is felt necess>y1 t excuse itself is g5]ally a lie4 ,footnote #bih3 ,confr5ce de ,bruxelles1 art4 #ad4 ,in/ructions = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,field1 art4 #af1 #aja4 ,confr5ce int]nationale de la paix1 ,la ,haye1 #ahii1 ',rglem5t conc]nant les lois de la gu]re sur t]re1' art4 #bd1 pt4 i4 p4 #bde4 ,roman ,ca?olicism admits ! employm5t ( /ratagems 9 w>s :i* are j 7,gratian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bc4 #b4 #b2 ,ayala1 ,de jure et (ficiis bellicis et discipl9a milit>i1 i4 #h4 #a sq42 ,f]r>is1 quot$ by ,adds1 ,ca?olic ,diction>y1 p4 #ide2 ,nys1 ,le droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius1 p4 #abh sq471 on ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! great advocate ( g5]al tru?fulness 7,qu/iones 9 ,jesum ,nave1 #aj1 ad ,jos4 viii4 #b ,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxiv4 #gha3--;,cum autem ju/um bellum suscep]it1 utrum ap]ta pugna utrum insidiis v9cat1 nihil ad ju/itiam int]e/74 ,footnote #bii3 ,halleck1 ,int]national ,law1 i4 #efg4 ,ma9e1 ,int]national ,law1 p4 #adi sqq4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,wolseley1 ,soldi]'s ,pocket-,book = ,field ,s]vice1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #cja3 ,confr5ce de ,bruxelles1 art4 #ac sq4 ,in/ructions = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,field1 art4 #aja1 #aad1 #aag4 ,manual ( ! ,laws ( ,w> on ,l&1 prep>$ by ! ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law1 7art4 #h 7d74 ,hall1 ,treatise on ,int]national ,law1 p4 #ecg sq4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #ech sq4 ,blunts*li1 ,droit int]national1 #efe1 p4 #cbh sq4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,blunts*li1 op4 cit4 #efe1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #eci4 ,footnote #cje3 ,hefft]1 ,das ,europis*e ,vlk]re*t d] ,geg5w>t1 #abe1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,ma*iavelli1 ,discorsi1 iii4 #dj 7,op]e1 iii4 #afd74 ,footnote #cjg3 ,bynk]%oek1 ,qu/iones juris publici1 i4 #a1 p4 #d4 ,! maxim ( ,canon ,law1 ,fides s]v&a ho/i 7,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #bc4 i4 #c71 h[ev]1 0 greatly impair$ by ! pr9ciple1 ,juram5tum contra utilitatem ecclesia/icam prae/itum non t5et 7,gregory ,,ix4 ,decretales1 ii4 #bd1 #bg4 ,see ,nys1 ,le droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius1 p4 #abf sq474 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,reg>d ,,= ,,tru? ,,& ,,good ,,fai? 7conclud$7 ,,! condemnation ( untru?fulness & bad fai? spr+s f a v>iety ( s\rces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he :o tells a lie1 or :o breaks a promise1 g5]ally commits an injury aga9/ ano!r p]son4 ,8 act consequ5tly calls =? sympa!tic res5tm5t1 & becomes an object ( moral c5sure4 ,m5 h a natural disposition to believe :at !y are told4 ,?is disposition is p>ticul>ly obvi\s 9 "y *ildr52 x is acquir$ wisdom & exp]i5ce only t tea* incr$ulity1 &1 z ,adam ,smi? obs]ves1 !y v seldom tea* x en\gh4#a ,ev5 p :o are !mselves pre-em95t li>s are (t5 deceiv$ by ! falsehoods ( o!rs4#b ,:5 detect$ a deception always implies a conflict betwe5 two irreconcilable ideas2 & su* a conflict gives rise to a feel+ ( pa91#c :i* may call =? res5tm5t aga9/ its volitional cause1 ! deceiv]4 ,footnote #a3 ,reid1 ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 vi4 #bd1 p4 #dcj sqq4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #did sq4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s ( ,man1 ii4 #cdj sq4 ,footnote #b3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #ajf 7,mpongwe74 ,footnote #c3 ,lehmann1 ,hov$lov5e = det m5neskelige ,flelseliv1 p4 #aha4 ,cf4 ,ba91 ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #bah4 ,b m5 are n only ready to believe :at !y are told1 !y also l to "k ! tru?4 ,curiosity1 or ! love ( tru?1 is coeval ) ! fir/ op]ations ( ! intellect2 x seems to be an ultimate fact 9 ! human #aaj frame4#d ,9 our endeav\r to le>n ! tru? we are fru/rat$ by him :o deceives u1 & he becomes an object ( our res5tm5t4 ,footnote #d3 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ccd1 #cdj4 ,nor are we injur$ by a deception m]ely because we l to "k ! tru?1 b1 *iefly1 because x is ( mu* importance = u t we %\ld "k x4 ,our conduct is bas$ ^u our ideas2 h5ce ! errone\s notion z reg>ds "s fact 9 ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 :i* is produc$ by a lie or false promise1 may lead to un=ese5 ev5ts detrim5tal to our int]e/s4 ,moreov]1 on discov]+ t we h be5 deceiv$1 we h ! humiliat+ feel+ t ano!r p]son has imp]t95tly made our conduct subject to 8 w4 ,?is is a w\nd on our pride1 a blot on our hon\r4 ,francis ,i4 ( ,france laid d[n z a pr9ciple1 t ! lie 0 nev] to be put up ) )\t satisfaction1 b by a base-born fell[4#e ,! lie1 says ,sa9te-,palaye1 has always be5 consid]$ ! mo/ fatal & irrep>able affront t a man ( hon\r c\ld receive4#f ,footnote #e3 ,mill+51 ,hi/ory ( ,duell+1 i4 #ga4 ,footnote #f3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne *eval]ie1 i4 #gh4 ,h[ l>gely ! condemnation ( falsehood & bad fai? is due to ! h>m suff]$ by ! victim appe>s f ! fact t a lie or brea* ( fai? is held m condemnable 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! h>m caus$ by x4 ,b ev5 9 app>5tly trifl+ cases ! reflective m9d /rongly insi/s ^u ! necessity ( tru?fulness & fidelity to a giv5 ^w4 ,e lie & e unfulfill$ promise has a t5d5cy to less5 mutual confid5ce1 to pr$ispose ! p]petrator to commit a simil> (f5ce 9 ! future1 & to s]ve z a bad example = o!rs4 ,! importance ( tru?1 says ,b5?am1 is s great1 t ! lea/ violation ( its laws1 ev5 9 frivol\s matt]s1 is always att5d$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( dang]4 ,! slighte/ deviation f x is an attack ^u ! respect we owe to x4 ,x is a fir/ transgression :i* facilitates a second1 & famili>ises ! odi\s ideal #aaa ( falsehood4#g ,contr>iwise1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 he :o is tru?ful 9 unimportant matt]s w be all ! m s 9 important ones4#h ,simil> consid]ations1 h[ev]1 require a c]ta9 am\nt ( reflection & f>sight$ness2 h5ce intellectual developm5t t5ds to increase ! emphasis laid on ! duties ( s9c]ity & good fai?4 ,at ! e>li] /ages ( civilisation x is frequ5tly consid]$ good =m to tell an untru? to a p]son 9 ord] to please him1 & ill-mann]$ to contradict him1 h[ev] mu* he be mi/ak51#i = ! reason t f>!r consequ5ces are left out ( acc\nt4 ,! utilit>ian basis ( ! duty ( tru?fulness also acc\nts = ^? extreme cases 9 :i* a deception is held p]missible or ev5 a duty1 :5 promot+ ! true int]e/s ( ! p]son subject to x4 ,footnote #g3 ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #h3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 iv4 #g4 #h4 ,footnote #i3 ,besides /atem5ts ref]r$ to above1 see ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #acg2 ,h5nep91 ,new ,discov]y ( a ,va/ ,c\ntry 9 ,am]ica betwe5 ,new ,france & ,new ,mexico1 ii4 #gj2 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cih 7,aleuts72 ,oldfield1 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bee 7,we/ ,au/ralian natives74 ,! natives ( ,africa1 says ,liv+/one 7,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1 p4 #cji71 h an amiable ( desire to please1 & (t5 tell :at !y imag9e w be gratify+1 r ?an ! un9t]e/+ nak$ tru?4 ,an ,engli% sportsman1 aft] fir+ at an antelope1 inquir$ ( 8 d>k att5dant1 ,is x w\nd$8 ,! answ] 01 ,yes6 ! ball w5t "r into 8 he>t4 ,^! mortal w\nds nev] prov+ fatal1 he ask$ a fri5d1 :o und]/ood ! language1 to expla9 to ! man t he pref]r$ ! tru? 9 e case4 ,he is my fa!r1 repli$ ! native1 & ,i ?\ght he w\ld be displeas$ if ,i told him t he nev] hits at all4 ,! wi% to please is likewise a f]tile s\rce ( untru? 9 *ildr51 especially girls 7,sully1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bef74 ,! dete/ation ( falsehood is 9 a v l>ge measure due to ! motive :i* commonly is at ! bottom ( a lie4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a lie ev] is told simply f love ( falsehood4#aj ,! int5tion to produce a wrong belief has a deep] motive ?an ! m]e desire to produce su* a belief2 & 9 mo/ cases ?is motive is ! deceiv]'s hope ( b5efit+ himself at ! exp5se ( ! p]son deceiv$4 ,a bett] motive makes ! act less dete/able1 or may ev5 s]ve z a ju/ification4 ,b ! broad doctr9e t ! end sanctifies ! means is g5]ally reject$2 & ! pr9ciple :i* sometimes all[s #aab deceit f a b5evol5t motive has be5 re/rict$ )9 v n>r[ limits by a high] conception ( individual fre$om & individual rights4 ,?us ! emancipation ( morality f !ology has br\ght discr$it on ! old !ory t religi\s deception is p]missible :5 x s]ves ! object ( sav+ human s\ls f et]nal p]dition4 ,! op9ion t no motive :atsoev] c ju/ify an act ( falsehood has be5 advocat$ n only by intuitional morali/s1 b on utilit>ian gr\nds4#aa ,b x c]ta9ly seems absurd to ! common s5se ( mank9d t we %\ld be all[$ to save our own life or ! life ( a fell[-man by kill+ ! p]son :o wants to take x1 b n by deceiv+ him4 ,footnote #aj3 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdb4 ,footnote #aa3 ,macmillan1 ,promotion ( ,g5]al ,happ9ess1 p4 #aff sq4 ,x is easy to see :y falsehood is s frequ5tly held p]missible1 praisewor?y1 or ev5 obligatory1 :5 direct$ aga9/ a /rang]4 ,9 e>ly society an injury inflict$ on a /rang] calls =? no sympa!tic res5tm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 be+ look$ ^u ) suspicion or hat$ z an enemy1 he is consid]$ a prop] object ( deception4 ,among ! ,bu%mans no "o d>e give any in=mation 9 ! abs5ce ( ! *ief or fa!r ( ! clan4#ab ,a ,b$\91 says ,burckh>dt1 :o does n "k ! p]son int]rogat+ him1 w seldom answ] ) tru? to que/ions conc]n+ 8 family or tribe4 ,! *ildr5 are taught nev] to answ] simil> que/ions1 le/ ! int]rogator may be a secret enemy & come = purposes ( rev5ge4#ac ,among ! ,b5i ,am] a /rang] c nev] tru/ a man's ^w on acc\nt ( _! contempt = ev]y?+ =eign4#ad ,t ev5 civilis$ nations all[ /ratagem 9 w>f>e is ! natural consequ5ce ( w> itself be+ all[$2 & if good fai? is to be pres]v$ betwe5 enemies1 t is because only !reby useless cruelty c be avoid$ & an end be put to ho/ilities4 ,footnote #ab3 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #gf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ccg4 ,h[ev]1 deceit is n condemn$ m]ely because x is #aac an injury to ! p>ty deceiv$ & z su* apt to ar\se sympa!tic res5tm5t1 b x is an object ( dis9t]e/$1 moral res5tm5t also because x is intr9sically antipa!tic4 ,ly+ is a *eap & c[>dly me?od ( ga9+ an undue advantage1 & is consequ5tly despis$ :]e c\rage is respect$4#ae ,x is ! weapon ( ! weak1 ! woman1#af & ! slave4#ag ,fraud1 says ,cic]o1 is ! prop]ty ( a fox1 =ce t ( a lion2 bo? are utt]ly repugnant to society1 b fraud is ! m dete/able4#ah ,to lie is s]vile1 says ,plut>*1 & mo/ hateful 9 all m51 h>dly to be p>don$ ev5 9 poor slaves4#ai ,on acc\nt ( its c[>dl9ess1 ly+ 0 incompatible ) ,teutonic & knightly notions ( manly hon\r2 & among ourselves ! epi!ts li> & c[>d are equally disgraceful to a man4 ,all 4 4 4 9 ! rank & /ation ( g5tlem51 ,sir ,walt] ,scott obs]ves1 are =cibly call$ ^u to rememb] t !y mu/ res5t ! imputation ( a volunt>y falsehood z ! mo/ gross injury4#bj ,fi*te asks1 ,:5ce comes t int]nal %ame = "o's self :i* manife/s itself ev5 /rong] 9 ! case ( a lie ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r violation ( consci5ce8 ,& 8 answ] is1 t ! lie is accompani$ by c[>dice1 & t no?+ s mu* di%on\rs u 9 our own eyes z want ( c\rage4#ba ,accord+ to ,kant1 a lie is ! ab&onm5t1 &1 z x 71 ! annihilation1 ( ! dignity ( a man4#bb ,footnote #ae3 ,cf4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,die ,grundlage d] ,moral1 #ag 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 vi4 #bej72 ,grote1 ,treatise on ! ,moral ,ideals1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #af3 ,wom5 are commonly said to be p>ticul>ly addict$ to falsehood 7,s*op5hau]1 ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a1 ii4 #dig sq4 ,galton1 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 p4 #ef sq4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 pp4 #ejh1 #ead4 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammmes1 ii4 #aei anci5t ,sc&9avians4 ,dll+]1 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ii4 #bcd anci5t ,greeks4 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bai4 ,le ,bon1 ,la civilisation des ,arabes1 p4 #dcc4 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r51 i4 #af ,iroquois4 ,he>ne1 ,j\rney to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 p4 #cjg sq4 ,nor!rn ,indians4 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #cdi ,eskimo ( ,igloolik4 ,dalag]1 ,grnl&ske ,relation]1 p4 #fi2 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #age74 ,footnote #ag3 ,see infra1 p4 #abi sq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #ac4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plut>*1 ,de educatione pu]orum1 #ad4 ,footnote #bj3 ,scott1 ',essay on ,*ivalry1' 9 ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works1 vi4 #eh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,fi*te1 ,das ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 p4 #cgj2 ,engli% translation1 p4 #cjb sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,kant1 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangungsgrnde d] ,tug5dlehre1 p4 #hd4 #aad ,b a lie may also be judg$ ( f a v diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,x may be n only a sign ( c[>dice1 b a sign ( clev]ness4 ,h5ce a successful lie may excite admiration1 a dis9t]e/$ k9dly feel+ t[>ds ! li>1 g5u9e moral approval2 :]eas to be detect$ 9 a lie is consid]$ %ameful4 ,& n only is ! clev] li> an object ( admiration1 b ! p]son :om he deceives is an object ( ridicule4 ,to ! m9d ( a ,we/ ,african native1 ,miss ,k+sley obs]ves1 !re is no intr9sic h>m 9 ly+1 because a man is a fool :o believes ano!r man on an important matt] unless he puts on ! oa?4#bc ,a ,syrian prov]b says1 ,ly+ is ! salt 7goodness7 ( m51 & %ameful only to "o :o believes4#bd ,footnote #bc3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #dad4 ,cf4 ,somm]ville1 ',e?nogr4 ,notes 9 ,new ,georgia1' ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #cid4 ,footnote #bd3 ,burton & ,drake1 ,unexplor$ ,syria1 i4 #bge4 ,see also ,burckh>dt1 ,arabic ,prov]bs1 p4 #dd sq4 ,! duties ( s9c]ity & good fai? are also to "s ext5t1 & 9 c]ta9 cases pr9cipally1 f\nd$ on prud5tial consid]ations4 ,al?\gh1 z ! ,mr*5 tells u1 x happ5s e day 9 ! _w t ! fraudul5t is successful1#be !re is a widespread notion t1 aft] all1 hone/y is ! be/ policy4 ,no?+ t is false c be la/+1 says ,cic]o4#bf ,! li> is %ort-liv$ 7t is1 soon detect$71 say ! ,arabs4#bg ,accord+ to a ,wol( prov]b1 lies1 h[ev] num]\s1 w be caught by tru? :5 x rises up4#bh ,! ,basutos h a say+ t cunn+ dev\rs its ma/]4#bi ,x has be5 rem>k$ t if !re 7 no su* ?+ z hone/y1 x w\ld be a good speculation to inv5t x1 z a means ( mak+ "o's =tune4#cj ,footnote #be3 ,grimm1 ,k9d] und ,hausmr*51 ',katze und ,maus 9 ,gesells*aft1' ',die drei ,sp9n]9n51' ',das tapf]e ,s*neid]le91' c4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #bg3 ,burckh>dt1 ,arabic ,prov]bs1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #bh3 ,burton1 ,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bi3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #cj3 ,quot$ by ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #fd4 ,moreov]1 ly+ is att5d$ n only ) social disadvantages1 b ) sup]natural dang]4 ,! ,we/ ,african ,fjort h a tale ab\t a fi%]man :o e day us$ to cat* & smuggle into 8 h\se great quantities ( fi%1 #aae b d5i$ to 8 bro!r & relatives t he _h caught any?+4 ,all ?is "t ! feti% ,sunga 0 wat*+1 & 0 griev$ to he> him lie ?us4 ,! feti% puni%$ him by depriv+ him ( ! p[] ( spee*1 t he might lie no m1 & s = ! future he c\ld only make 8 wants kn[n by signs4#ca ,9 ano!r in/ance1 ! ,fjort tell u1 ! e>?-_s turn$ into a pill> ( clay a woman :o said t %e _h no peas = sale1 :5 %e _h h] basket full ( !m4#cb ,! ,n&i ( ! ,ug&a ,protectorate believe t ,god puni%es ly+ by /rik+ ! untru?ful p]son ) lightn+4#cc ,! ,dyaks ( ,borneo ?9k t ! lightn+ god is made angry ev5 by ! mo/ nons5sical untru?1 su* z ! /atem5t t a man has a cat = 8 "m or t v]m9 c dance4#cd ,9 ,aneiteum1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! belief prevail$ t li>s w\ld be puni%$ 9 ! life to come2#ce accord+ to ! ,banks ,isl&]s1 !y 7 exclud$ f ! true ,panoi or ,p>adise aft] dea?4#cf ,we h already notic$ ! emphasis :i* "s ( ! high] religions lay on v]acity & good fai?1 & o!r /atem5ts maybe add$ te/ify+ ! int]e/ :i* gods ( a m civilis$ type take 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ^! duties4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt ,amon ,ra1 ! *ief ( all ! gods1 0 invok$ z ,"l ( ,tru?2#cg & ,maa1 or ,maat1 repres5t$ z 8 daught]1 0 ! goddess ( tru? & righte\sness4#ch ,9 a ,babylonian hymn ! moon god is appeal$ to z ! gu>dian ( tru?4#ci ,! ,v$ic gods are describ$ z true & n deceitful1 z fri5ds ( hone/y & righte\sness2#dj & ,agni 0 ! "l ( v[s4#da ,! #aaf ,zoroa/rian ,mi?ra 0 a protector ( tru?1 fidelity1 & cov5ants2#db & ,ra%nu ,razi/a1 ! true/ true1 0 ! g5ius ( tru?4#dc ,accord+ to ! ,iliad1 ,zeus is no abettor ( falsehoods2#dd accord+ to ,plato1 a lie is hateful n only to m5 b to gods4#de ,among ! ,romans ,jupit] & ,dius ,fidius 7 gods ( treaties1#df & ,fides 0 wor%ipp$ z ! deity ( fai?fulness4#dg ,h[ %all we expla9 ?is connection betwe5 religi\s beliefs & ! duties ( v]acity & fidelity to promises8 ,footnote #ca3 ,d5nett1 ,folklore ( ! ,fjort1 p4 #hh sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #cc3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #hgi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #ce3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #cf3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #cg3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #aab4 ,cf4 ,brugs*1 ,die ,aegyptologie1 pp4 #di1 #ia1 #ib1 #ig2 ,aml9eau1 ,essai sur l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte ,anci5ne1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahh1 #bea4 ,footnote #ch3 ,wi$emann1 ',maa1 desse de la vrit1' 9 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 x4 #efa sqq4 ,aml9eau1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahg4 ,infra1 p4 #fii4 ,footnote #ci3 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,b]gaigne1 ,la religion vdique1 iii4 #aii4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #da3 ,satapa?a-,brhmana1 iii4 #b4 #b4 #bd4 ,footnote #db3 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #gh4 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 pp4 lvii41 #afd4 ,spiegel1 ,ernis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iii4 #fhe4 ,footnote #dc3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxiii4 #afh4 ,footnote #dd3 ,iliad1 iv4 #bce4 ,footnote #de3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 ii4 #chb4 ,footnote #df3 ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 pp4 #ada1 #bbi sq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 iii4 #bi4 ,idem1 ,de natura deorum1 ii4 #bc2 iii4 #ah4 ,idem1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #h1 #aa4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 ii4 #ge4 ,ap>t f ! circum/ances :i* 9 "s cases make gods v9dicators ( ! moral law 9 g5]al1 z conceiv$ ( by _! wor%ipp]s1 !re are q special reasons = _! disapproval ( ins9c]ity & bad fai?4 ,"h aga9 we notice ! influ5ce ( magic beliefs on ! religi\s sanction ( morality4 ,!re is some?+ uncanny 9 ! untrue ^w itself4 ,z ,pr(essor ,/anley ,hall po9ts out1 *ildr5 n 9 frequ5tly reg>d e deviation f ! mo/ pa9fully lit]al tru? z alike he9\s1 ) no p]spective or degrees ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! mo/ b>efac$ int5d$ & un9t5d$ lies4 ,9 "s *ildr5 ?is fe> ( tell+ an untru? becomes s neurotic t to e /atem5t1 ev5 to yes or no1 a p]haps or ,i ?9k is add$ m5tally1 :isp]$1 or al\d4 ,"o boy _h a long p]iod ( fe> t1 l ,ananias & ,sapphira1 he might "s mom5t drop d[n dead = a *ance & p]haps unconsci\s lie4#dh ,on ! o!r h&1 an act$ lie is felt to be mu* less h>mful ?an a spok5 "o2 to po9t ! wrong way :5 ask$ :]e "s "o is gone is less objectionable ?an to speak wrongly1 to nod is less s9ful ?an to say yes4 ,inde$1 act$ lies are = ! mo/ #aag "p easily gott5 away )1 :]eas "s my/]i\s baneful en]gy seems to be attribut$ to ! spok5 untru?4 ,t its evil influ5ce is look$ ^u z q me*anical appe>s f ! palliatives us$ = x4 ,_m ,am]ican *ildr5 are ( op9ion t a lie may be rev]s$ by putt+ ! left h& on ! "r %\ld] & t ev5 an oa? may be neutralis$ or tak5 9 an opposite s5se by rais+ ! left in/ead ( ! "r h&4#di ,among *ildr5 9 ,new ,york x 0 suffici5t to cross ! f+]s1 elb[s1 or legs1 ?\gh ! act might n be notic$ by ! companion acco/$1 & "u su* circum/ances no blame atta*$ to a falsehood4#ej ,to ?9k ,i d n mean x1 or to atta* to a /atem5t a mean+ q diff]5t f ! curr5t "o1 is a =m ( res]vation :i* is repeat$ly f\nd 9 *ildr54#ea ,nor are feel+s & ideas ( ?is k9d re/rict$ to ! "y2 !y are fairly common among gr[n-up p1 & h ev5 f\nd expression 9 e?ical doctr9es4 ,!y lie at ! root ( ! ,jesuit !ory ( m5tal res]vations4 ,accord+ to ,?omas ,aqu9as1 aga91 ?\gh x is wrong to tell a lie = ! purpose ( deliv]+ ano!r f any dang] :atev]1 x is lawful to hide ! tru? prud5tly "u "s dissimulation1 z ,augu/9e says4#eb ,x is n uncommonly argu$ t 9 def5ce ( a secret we may n lie1 t is1 produce directly beliefs contr>y to facts2 b t we may turn a "q aside1 t is1 produce indirectly1 by natural inf]5ce f our answ]1 a negatively false belief2 or t we may ?r[ ! inquir] on a wrong sc5t1 t is1 produce simil>ly a positively false belief4#ec ,?is extreme =malism may no d\bt to "s ext5t be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( e>ly tra9+4 ,f ! day we le>n$ to speak1 ! duty ( tell+ ! tru? has be5 /r5u\sly enjo9$ ^u u1 & ! ^w lie has be5 associat$ ) s9 ( ! #aah blacke/ hue2 :]eas o!r =ms ( falsehood1 be+ less frequ5t1 less obvi\s1 & less easy to def9e1 h also be5 less emphasis$4 ,b aft] full all[ance is made = ?is influ5ce1 ! fact /ill rema9s t a my/ic efficacy is v commonly ascrib$ to ! spok5 ^w4 ,ev5 among ourselves _m p]sons w\ld n d>e to praise _! heal? or =tune = fe> le/ "s evil %\ld result f _! spee*2 & among less civilis$ peoples mu* great] significance is giv5 to a ^w ?an among u4 ,h]odotus1 aft] m5tion+ ! extreme importance :i* ! anci5t ,p]sians atta*$ to ! duty ( speak+ ! tru?1 adds t !y held x unlawful ev5 to talk ( any?+ :i* x is unlawful to d4#ed ,i ?9k1 !n1 we may assume t1 if = "s reason or o!r1 falsehood is /igmatis$1 ! my/]i\s t5d5cy inh]5t 9 ! ^w easily develops into an av5g+ p[] :i*1 z (t5 happ5s 9 simil> cases1 is associat$ ) ! activity ( a god4 ,footnote #dh3 ,/anley ,hall1 ',*ildr5's ,lies1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 iii4 #ei sq4 ,footnote #di3 ,/anley ,hall1 ',*ildr5's ,lies1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 iii4 #fh sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,b]g5 & ,newell1 ',curr5t ,sup]/itions1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 ii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #ea3 ,/anley ,hall1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aaj4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #ec3 ,see ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #ed3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aci4 ,! puni%+ p[] ( a ^w is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 ! case ( an oa?4 ,b ! evil att5d+ p]jury does n come f ! lie z su*3 x is 9 ! fir/ place a result ( ! curse :i* con/itutes ! oa?4 ,an oa? is ess5tially a conditional self-imprecation1 a curse by :i* a p]son calls d[n ^u himself "s evil 9 ! ev5t ( :at he says n be+ true4 ,! efficacy ( ! oa? is orig9ally entirely magical1 x is due to ! magic p[] inh]5t 9 ! curs+ words4 ,9 ord] to *>ge !m ) sup]natural en]gy v>i\s me?ods are adopt$4 ,sometimes ! p]son :o takes ! oa? puts himself 9 contact ) "s object :i* repres5ts ! /ate ref]r$ to 9 ! oa?1 s t ! oa? may absorb1 z x 71 its quality & communicate x to ! p]jur]4 ,?us ! ,k&hs swe> ^u ! liz>d's sk91 ^: scal9ess !y pray may be _! lot if =sworn1 or ^u ! e>? ( an ant-hill1 l :i* !y desire t1 if false1 !y may be r$uc$ to p[d]4#ee ,! ,tunguses reg>d x z ! mo/ dreadful #aai ( all _! oa?s :5 an accus$ p]son is compell$ to dr9k "s ( ! blood ( a dog :i*1 aft] its ?roat has be5 cut1 is impal$ ne> a fire & burnt1 or has its fle% scatt]$ ab\t piece-meal1 & to swe>3--,i speak ! tru?1 & t is z true z x is t ,i dr9k ?is blood4 ,if ,i lie1 let me p]i%1 burn1 or be dri$ up l ?is dog4#ef ,9 o!r cases ! p]son :o is to swe> takes hold ( a c]ta9 object & calls x to inflict on him "s injury if he p]jure himself4 ,! ,k&hs frequ5tly take oa? ^u ! sk9 ( a tig]1 f :i* animal de/ruction to ! p]jur$ is invok$4#eg ,! ,angami ,nagas1 :5 !y swe> to keep ! peace1 or to p]=m any promise1 place ! b>rel ( a gun1 or a spe>1 betwe5 _! tee?1 signify+ by ?is c]emony t1 if !y d n act up to _! agreem5t1 !y are prep>$ to fall by ei!r ( ! two weapons4#eh ,! ,*uva%es1 aga91 put a piece ( bread & a little salt 9 ! m\? & swe>1 ,may ,i be 9 want ( ^!1 if ,i say n true6 or if ,i d n keep my ^w6#ei ,ano!r me?od ( *>g+ an oa? ) sup]natural en]gy is to t\*1 or to e/abli% "s k9d ( contact )1 a holy object on ! occasion :5 ! oa? is tak54 ,! ,i[a h a my/]i\s iron or /one1 wrapp$ 9 sev5 sk9s1 by :i* !y make m5 swe> to speak ! tru?4#fj ,! p ( ,kesam1 9 ! highl&s ( ,palembang1 swe> by an old sacr$ knife1#fa ! ,bataks ( ,s\? ,tba on _! village idols1#fb ! ,o/yaks on ! nose ( a be>1 :i* is reg>d$ by !m z an animal end[$ ) sup]natural p[]4#fc ,among ! ,tunguses a crim9al may be compell$ to climb "o #abj ( _! sacr$ m\nta9s1 repeat+ z he m\nts1 ,may ,i die if ,i am guilty1 or1 ,may ,i lose my *ildr5 & my cattle1 or1 ,i r5\nce = ev] all success 9 hunt+ & fi%+ if ,i am guilty4#fd ,9 ,tibetan law-c\rts1 :5 ! great oa? is tak51 x is done by ! p]son plac+ a holy scripture on 8 head1 & sitt+ on ! reek+ hide ( an ox & eat+ "p ( ! ox's he>t4#fe ,h9dus swe> on a copy ( ! ,sanskrit h>ibans1 or ) ,ganges wat] 9 _! h&s1 or t\* ! legs ( a ,brhmana 9 tak+ an oa?4#ff ,muhamm$ans swe> on ! ,koran1 z ,*ri/ians d on ! ,bible4 ,9 ,morocco an oa? d]ives efficacy f contact )1 or ! pres5ce (1 any lifeless object1 animal1 or p]son end[$ ) b>aka1 or hol9ess1 su* z a sa9t-h\se or a mosque1 corn or wool1 a flock ( %eep or a horse1 or a %]eef4 ,9 m$ival ,*ri/5dom sacr$ relics 7 g5]ally adopt$ z ! mo/ effective means ( add+ security to oa?s1 & s little respect 0 felt = ! simple oa? t1 ere long1 ! adjuncts came to be look$ ^u z ! ess5tial feature1 & ! imprecation itself to be dive/$ ( b9d+ =ce )\t !m4#fg ,footnote #ee3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ef3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #hf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #hc4 ,cf4 ,hose1 ',natives ( ,borneo1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiii4 #afe 7,kayans74 ,footnote #eh3 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #aed4 ,mac ,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay1 p4 #bec4 ,pra91 ',angami ,nagas1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 v4 #dij4 ,cf4 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 pp4 #aic 7,t\ng?a71 #bdd sq4 7,pankhos & ,bunjogees72 ,/4 ,john1 ',hill ,tribes ( ,nor? ,aracan1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #bdb4 ,footnote #ei3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 i4 #aaj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,hamilton1 quot$ by ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbg4 ,footnote #fa3 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #fb3 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #cjg1 #cji2 iv4 #abc sq4 ,cf4 ,ahlqvi/1 ',unt] ,wogul5 und ,o/jak51' 9 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 xiv4 #bih4 ,footnote #fd3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #hf4 ,footnote #fe3 ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 p4 #efi1 n4 #g4 ,footnote #ff3 ,gri]son1 ,bihar ,peasant ,life1 p4 #dja4 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 ii4 #aaf4 ,footnote #fg3 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 p4 #bi4 ,see also ,kaufmann1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te1 ii4 #big2 ,ell+]1 ,das ,v]hltniss d] ff5tli*5 ,me9ung zu ,wahrheit und ,lge im #aj4 #aa4 und #ab4 ,jahrhund]t1 pp4 #cj1 #aaa4 ,f9ally1 z an ord9>y curse1 s an oa? is made efficaci\s by br++ 9 ! "n ( a sup]natural be+1 to :om an appeal is made4 ,:5 ! ,coman*es ( ,texas make a sacr$ pl$ge or promise1 !y call ^u ! great _s z _! fa!r1 & ! e>? z _! "m1 to te/ify to ! tru? ( _! assev]ations4#fh ,( ! ,*uk*i we are told t z (t5 z !y w\ld c]tify ! tru? ( any ?+ by oa? or solemn prote/ations !y take ! sun = _! gu>antee & security4#fi ,among ! ,tunguses an accus$ p]son takes a knife 9 8 h&1 br&i%es x t[>ds ! sun1 & says1 ,if ,i #aba am guilty1 may ! sun s5d diseases into my b[els z mortal z a /ab ) ?is knife w\ld be6#gj ,an ,arab f ! prov9ce ( ,dukkla 9 ,morocco presses a dagg] aga9/ 8 *e/1 say+1 ,by ?is poison1 may ,god ?ru/ x into my he>t if ,i did s or s6 ,if a ,masai is accus$ ( hav+ done some?+ wrong1 he dr9ks "s blood1 :i* is giv5 him by ! spokesman1 & says1 ,if ,i h done ?is de$ may ,god kill me2 & x is believ$ t if he has committ$ ! crime he dies1 :]eas no h>m befalls him if he is innoc5t4#ga ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 to make an oa? b9d+ on ! p]son :o takes x1 x is usual to give him some?+ to eat or to dr9k :i* 9 "s way app]ta9s to a deity1 :o is !n invok$ to visit a brea* ( fai? ) puni%m5t4#gb ,among ! ,%ekani & ,bakele p ( ,s\!rn ,gu9ea1 :5 a cov5ant betwe5 diff]5t tribes is ab\t to be =m$1 _! great _s1 ,mwetyi1 is always invok$ z a witness1 & is commission$ ) ! duty ( visit+ v5geance ^u ! p>ty :o %all violate ! engagem5t4#gc ,x seems to be a common practice 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,africa to swe> by "s feti%4#gd ,! ,efatese1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 invok$ puni%m5t f ! gods 9 _! oa?s4#ge ,9 ,florida1 ( ! ,solomon ,gr\p1 a man w d5y an accusation by "s t9dalo 7t is1 ! disembodi$ _s ( "s man :o already 9 8 lifetime 0 suppos$ to be end[$ ) sup]natural p[]71 or by ! gho/ly frigate-bird1 or by ! gho/ly %>k4#gf ,:5 an anci5t ,egyptian wi%$ to give assurance ( 8 hone/y & good fai?1 he call$ ,?o? to witness1 ! advocate 9 ! heav5ly c\rt ( ju/ice1 )\t ^: ju/ification no s\l c\ld /& 9 ! day ( judgm5t4#gg ,! ,eranians swore by ,mi?ra1#gh ! ,greeks by ,zeus1#gi ! #abb ,romans by ,jupit] & ,dius ,fidius4#hj ,a god is m able ?an ord9>y mortals to ma/] ! processes ( nature1 & he may also bett] "k :e!r ! sworn ^w be true or false4#ha ,x is und\bt$ly on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior k t sun or moon or light gods are s frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 oa?s4 ,! ,egyptian god ,ra is a sol>1#hb & ,?o? a lun>#hc deity4 ,! ,zoroa/rian ,mi?ra1 :o has a ?\s& s5ses1 & sees e man t tells a lie1#hd is closely connect$ ) ! sun2#he & ,ra%nu ,razi/a1 accord+ to ,m4 ,d>me/et]1 is an (f%oot ei!r ( ,mi?ra or ,ahura ,mazda himself4#hf ,dius ,fidius seems orig9ally to h be5 a _s ( ! heav51 & a wield] ( ! lightn+1 closely alli$ to ! great ,jupit]4#hg ,zeus is all-see+1 ! infallible spy ( bo? gods & m54#hh ,n[1 ev5 ?\gh ! oa? has ! =m ( an appeal to a god1 x may nev]!less be ( a *iefly magic "*1 be+ an imprecation r ?an a pray]4 ,! oa?s :i* ! ,moors swe> by ,allah are o!rwise exactly simil> 9 nature to ^? 9 :i* he is n m5tion$ at all4 ,b ! m ! belief 9 magic 0 %ak51 ! m ! spok5 ^w 0 dive/$ ( t my/]i\s p[] :i* _h be5 attribut$ to x by m9ds too apt to conf\nd words ) facts1 ! m prom95t became ! religi\s elem5t 9 ! oa?4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! self-imprecation 0 made dep5d5t ^u ! free w ( ! deity appeal$ to1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! puni%m5t = an (f5ce committ$ by ! p]jur] aga9/ ! god himself4#hi ,footnote #fh3 ,neighbors1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4 #acb4 ,footnote #fi3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #gj3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #he sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,hollis1 ,masai1 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #gc3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #gd3 ,s*ultze1 ,d] ,fetis*ismus1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #ge3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #gf3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #gg3 ,tiele1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #bbi4 ,aml9eau1 op4 cit4 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ya/s1 x4 ,footnote #gi3 ,iliad1 iii4 #bgf sqq4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #gj4 ,footnote #hj3 von ,lasaulx1 ,d] ,eid bei d5 ,rm]n1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #ha3 ,cf4 ,james1 ,exp$ition f ,pittsburg to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #bfg 7,omahas72 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bca 7,o/yaks74 ,footnote #hb3 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #hg sq4 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #ad4 ,erman1 ,h&book ( ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #hc3 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,erman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ya/s1 x4 #ajg4 ,footnote #he3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxiii4 #abb1 n4 #d4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 #eda sq4 ,geig]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 lvi4 ,footnote #hf3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxiii4 #afh4 ,footnote #hg3 ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #hh3 ,cf4 ,iliad1 iii4 #bgg2 ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1 iv4 #agb2 ,d>me/et]1 ,essais ori5taux1 p4 #ajg2 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 p4 #agg sqq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,grotius says 7,de jure belli et pacis1 ii4 #ac4 #ab7 t ev5 he :o swe>s by false gods is b\nd1 because1 ?\gh "u false notions1 he ref]s to ! g5]al idea ( ,godhead1 & !re=e ! true ,god w int]pret x z a wrong to himself if p]jury be committ$4 #abc ,ow+ to its invocation ( sup]natural sanction1 p]jury is consid]$ ! mo/ he9\s ( all acts ( falsehood4#ij ,b x has a t5d5cy to make ev5 ! ord9>y lie or brea* ( fai? a matt] ( religi\s conc]n4 ,if a god is frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 oa?s1 a g5]al hatr$ ( ly+ & unfai?fulness may become "o ( 8 attributes1 z is sugge/$ by v>i\s facts quot$ above4 ,!re is e reason to believe t a god is n1 9 ! fir/ place1 appeal$ to because he is look$ ^u z a gu>dian ( v]acity & good fai?1 b t he has come to be look$ ^u z a gu>dian ( ^! duties because he has be5 frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 connection ) !m4 ,footnote #ij3 ,among v>i\s peoples p]jury is puni%$ ev5 by cu/om or law4 ,?us among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs a p]son may be f9$ = tak+ a false oa? 9 a law case 7,br[nlee1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms1 p4 #abd74 ,9 ,abyss9ia a man convict$ ( p]jury w\ld n only lose 8 reputation1 & be = ev] incapacitat$ f be+ witness ev5 on ! mo/ trivial "q1 b he w\ld likewise 9 all probability be b\nd & sev]ely f9$1 & might inde$ ?9k himself =tunate if he got (f ) all 8 limbs 9 _! prop] places1 or )\t 8 hide be+ scor$ 7,p>kyns1 ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 ii4 #beh sq474 ,! laws ( ! ,malays puni% p]jury 7,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #ij74 ,9 ,india1 accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu 7viii4 #bai sq471 he :o broke an agreem5t aft] swe>+ to x 0 to be bani%$1 imprison$1 & f9$4 ,m$ival law-books puni%$ p]jur]s ) ! loss ( ! "r h&1 by :i* ! oa? 0 sworn 7,wilda1 ,das ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #ihc sq42 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #eda74 ,9 a ,dani% law ( #aecg x is said t ! p]jur] %all lose ! two (f5d+ f+]s s z to appease ! wra? ( ,god 7,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #fde74 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 no civil puni%m5t is affix$ to a false oa?--= in/ance1 among ! ,rejangs 7,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bdj7 & ,bataks ( ,sumatra 7,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #hf71 ! ,ossetes 7,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #cbd71 ,p]sians 7,polak1 ,p]si51 ii4 #hc71 &1 z x seems1 ! anci5t ,hebrews 7,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 #cdh2 ,gre5/one1 ',p]jury1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 ix4 #fdj71 ,greeks 7,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bde1 note71 & ,teutons 9 e>ly times 7,wilda1 op4 cit4 p4 #ihb2 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fha74 ,cic]o says 7,de legibus1 ii4 #i7 t ! div9e puni%m5t ( p]jury is de/ruction1 ! human puni%m5t infamy2 b ?\gh p]jury p] se 0 n puni%$ 9 ,rome1 ! law appe>s f v e>ly times to h conta9$ provisions = puni%+ false te/imony 7,hunt]1 ,roman ,law1 p4 #ajfc2 see also ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fha74 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t p]jury is n treat$ z a crime by no means implies t x is n reg>d$ z a s94 ,! puni%m5t ( x is left to ! (f5d$ deity 7,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bai2 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #hf2 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ij ,javanese74 ,x seems t sometimes ! habit ( oa?-tak+ has1 9 ano!r respect also1 made x prud5tial = m5 to speak ! simple tru? 9 all circum/ances4 ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman #abd obs]ves t among ! woods & hills ( ,india ! cotton & o!r trees are suppos$ by ! natives to be occupi$ by deities :o are ve/$ ) a local sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! affairs ( a di/rict1 or p]haps ( a s+le village4 ,^!1 he says1 are always 9 ! view ( ! p1 & e man kn[s t he is e mom5t liable to be tak5 to _! c\rt1 & to be made to invoke _! v5geance ^u himself or ^? de> to him1 if he has told a falsehood 9 :at he has /at$1 or tells "o 9 :at he is ab\t to /ate4 ,m5 s situat$ adh]e habitually1 & ,i may say religi\sly1 to ! tru?2 & ,i h _h be=e me hundr$s ( cases 9 :i* a man's prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life1 has dep5d$ ^u 8 tell+ a lie1 & he has refus$ to tell x to save ei!r4#ia ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are peoples among :om a p]son's ^w c h>dly be tru/$ unless confirm$ by an oa?4#ib ,& "o ( ! argum5ts adduc$ by ! ,quak]s aga9/ ! tak+ ( oa?s is t1 if on any p>ticul> occasion a man swe> 9 addition to 8 yea or nay1 9 ord] to make x m obligatory or conv9c+1 its =ce becomes comp>atively weak at o!r times :5 x receives no su* confirmation4#ic ,footnote #ia3 ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaa sq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see1 besides supra1 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #dad2 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #ahf sq4 7,wams>a74 ,footnote #ic3 ,gurney1 ,views & ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 p4 #cbg4 ,modes ( conduct :i* are recomm5d$ by prud5ce t5d on t acc\nt 9 v>i\s ways to be reg>d$ z morally compulsory or praisewor?y4 ,?is subject w be discuss$ 9 connection ) duties & virtues :i* are call$ self-reg>d+1 b 9 ! pres5t place x is necess>y to rem9d ourselves ( ! %>e :i* e>ly education has 9 mak+ prud5ce a matt] ( moral consid]ation4 ,few duties owe s mu* to ! tra9+ ( p>5ts & tea*]s z does v]acity4 ,*ildr5 easily resort to falsehood1 9 self-def5ce or o!rwise1 & tru?fulness is !re=e enjo9$ on !m ) p>ticul> emphasis4#id ,footnote #id3 ,cf4 ,prie/ley1 9 ',essay ,,iii4' introductory to ,h>tley's ,!ory ( ! ,human ,m9d1 p4 xlix4 sq4 #abe ,! moral ideas ref]r+ to tru?fulness are1 f9ally1 mu* influ5c$ by ! =ce ( habit4 ,:]e ly+ is frequ5t x is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 less /r5u\sly condemn$1 if condemn$ at all1 ?an 9 communities :i* are /rictly tru?ful4 ,x is natural to speak ! tru?4 ,von ,jh]+'s sugge/ion t man 0 orig9ally a li>1 & t v]acity is ! result ( human progress1#ie is n consi/5t ) facts4 ,language 0 n inv5t$ to disguise ! tru?1 b to express x4 ,z ,hut*eson rem>k$ long ago1 tru? is ! natural production ( ! m9d :5 x gets ! capacity ( communicat+ x1 dissimulation & disguise are pla9ly artificial effects ( design & reflection4#if ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re are any o!r m5daci\s creatures 9 ! _w ?an m54#ig ,x is said t lies are told1 if n 9 spee* yet 9 acts1 by dogs2#ih b ! in/ances report$ ( can9e deceitfulness#ii are h>dly conclusive4 ,z a cauti\s writ] obs]ves1 ! "q is n :e!r !re may be objective deceitfulness 9 ! dog's conduct1 b :e!r ! motive is deceit3 & ! deceitful int5t is a piece1 n ( ! obs]v$ fact1 b ( ! obs]v]'s inf]5ce4#ajj ,nor is ! *ild1 /rictly speak+1 a born li>4 ,m4 ,compayr ev5 goes s f> z to say t1 if ! *ild has n be5 subject$ to bad influ5ces1 or if a discipl9e ( repression & con/ra9t has n driv5 him to seek a refuge 9 dissimulation1 he is usually frankness & s9c]ity itself4#aja ,montaigne rem>k$ t ! falsehood ( a *ild gr[s ) its gr[?4#ajb ,accord+ to ,m4 ,p]ez1 useful dissimulations are practis$ by *ildr5 already at ! age ( two ye>s1 b g5]ally x is only aft] !y are ?ree or f\r ye>s old t fe> ( be+ scold$ or puni%$ w lead #abf !m into falsehood4#ajc ,we are ev5 told t c]ta9 savages are too /upid or too ignorant to tell lies4 ,a ,h9du g5tleman ( ! pla9s1 9 ! valley ( ! ,n]budda1 :5 ask$ :at made ! uncultur$ p ( ! woods to ! nor? & s\? s tru?ful1 repli$1 ,!y h n yet le>n$ ! value ( a lie4#ajd ,b z we "k h[ readily tru?ful savages become li>s :5 _! social conditions *ange1 we may conclude t _! v]acity 0 due r to abs5ce ( temptation ?an to lack ( intellig5ce4 ,9 a small community ( savages liv+ by !mselves1 !re is no ne$ = ly+1 nor mu* opportunity to practise x4 ,!re is little scope = ^? motives :i* mo/ commonly induce p to practise falsehood--fe> & love ( ga91 comb9$ ) a hope ( success4#aje ,h>mony & sympa?y g5]ally prevail betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 & deception is h>dly possible s9ce secrets d n exi/4 ,footnote #ie3 von ,jh]+1 ,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #fjf4 ,footnote #if3 ,hut*eson1 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ii4 #bh4 ,cf4 ,reid1 op4 cit4 vi4 #bd1 p4 #dbh sqq42 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ccc4 ,footnote #ig3 ,cf4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,essays1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #ih3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #dje4 ,footnote #ii3 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 pp4 #ddc1 #ddd1 #dea4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #djj4 ,footnote #aja3 ,compayr1 ,l'volution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant1 p4 #cji4 ,see also ,sully1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bfc sq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 i4 #i 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #af74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,p]ez1 ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood1 pp4 #hg1 #hi4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaj4 ,footnote #aje3 ,cf4 ,s>as91 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #edc 7,v$dahs74 ,! case is diff]5t :5 savages come into frequ5t contact ) =eign]s4 ,to deceive a /rang] is easy1 & no scruple is made ( do+ s4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we h se51 he is reg>d$ z a prop] object ( deception1 & ?is op9ion is only too (t5 ju/ifi$ by 8 own behavi\r4 ,b :5 commonly practis$ 9 relation to /rang]s1 falsehood easily becomes a habit :i* affects ! g5]al conduct ( ! man4 ,hamz1 ! tea*] ( ! ,druses1 said1 ,:5 a man once gets into ! way ( speak+ falsely1 x is to be appreh5d$ t1 9 spite ( himself1 & by ! m]e =ce ( habit1 he w get to speak falsely t[>ds ! bre?r52 h5ce x is advisable to speak ! tru? at all times & be=e all m54#ajf ,!re is inde$ abundant evid5ce t int]c\rse ) /rang]s1 & especially ) p ( a diff]5t race1 has _h a de/ructive influ5ce on savage v]acity4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,*ur*ill1 ,m\nt ,lebanon1 iii4 #bbe sq4 ,?is has be5 notic$ among _m ( ! uncivilis$ tribes ( ,india4 ,=m]ly1 says ,mr4 ,man1 a ,son?al1 z a rule1 #abg disda9$ to tell a falsehood1 b ! influ5ces ( civilisation1 transfus$ ?r\gh ! contagi\s e?ics ( 8 ,b5gali neighb\rs1 h some:at impair$ 8 tru?fulness4 ,9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s a great *ange = ! worse has become evid5t1 al?\gh ev5 n[1 z a p1 !y are glori\s exceptions to ! prevail+ idiosyncrasy ( ! l[] class ( natives 9 ,b5gal4 ,) ! latt]1 speak+ ! tru? has be5 always an accid5t2 ) ! ,son?al x 0 a *>act]i/ic pr9ciple4#ajg ,inde$1 ! ,santals 9 ,s+bhm1 :o live mu* to !mselves1 are /ill describ$ by ,colonel ,dalton z a v simple-m9d$ p1 almo/ incapable ( deception4#ajh ,! ,tipp]ah1 :]e he is br\ght into contact )1 or "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,b5gallee1 easily acquires _! wor/ vices & sup]/itions1 los+ at ! same "t ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! primitive man--! love ( tru?4#aji ,o!r tribes1 l ! ,g>os & ,bhmij1 h likewise be5 p>tly contam9at$ by _! int]c\rse ) ,b5galis1 & acquir$ f !m a prop5sity to lie1 :i*1 9 =m] days1 0 altoge!r =eign to !m4#aaj ,! ,kakhy5s are at ! pres5t "t lazy1 ?ievi%1 & untru/wor?y1 :e!r _! "* has be5 det]iorat$ by knavi% inju/ice on ! "p ( ,*9ese trad]s1 or high-h&$ extortion & wrong on ! "p ( ,burmese4#aaa ,! ,ladakhis are1 9 g5]al1 frank1 hone/1 & moral :5 n corrupt$ by communication ) ! dissolute ,ka%miris4#aab ,( ! ,pahrias1 :o accord+ to an e>li] au?ority w\ld soon] die ?an lie1#aac x is n[ report$ t ^? :o h mo/ to d ) !m say !y _c rely on _! ^w1 & t !y n only lie )\t scruple1 b are sc>cely annoy$ at be+ detect$4#aad ,! ,todas1 :il/ !y call falsehood "o ( ! wor/ vices & h a temple d$icat$ to ,tru?1 seem n[adays only too (t5 to =get bo? ! temple & its object2#aae & we are told t ! dissimulation !y practise 9 _! deal+s ) ,europeans has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! habit ( pay+ !m = e insignificant item ( in=mation4#aaf ,accord+ to an #abh ,indian civil s]vant quot$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 v>i\s o!r hill tribes1 orig9ally di/+ui%$ by _! v]acity1 h aft]w>ds be5 r5d]$ less v]aci\s by contact ) ! :ites4#aag ,footnote #ajg3 ,man1 ,son?alia1 p4 #ad4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #aji3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fh1 #agg4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #aab3 ,moorcr(t & ,trebeck1 ,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces ( ,h9du/an1 i4 #cba4 ,footnote #aac3 ,%aw1 quot$ by ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aad3 ,cumm+1 ,9 ! ,himalayas1 p4 #djd sq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,h>kness1 ,a ,s+ul> ,aborig9al ,race inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,metz1 ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #aag3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 #bcd4 ,see also ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #aeb4 7,bd & ,dhimls72 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjf 7,mndas74 ,( ! ,&aman ,isl&]s ,mr4 ,man obs]ves3--,x has be5 rem>k$ ) regret by all int]e/$ 9 ! race1 t int]c\rse ) ! ali5 population has1 g5]ally speak+1 prejudicially affect$ _! morals2 & t ! c&\r1 v]acity1 & self-reliance !y manife/ 9 _! savage & untutor$ /ate are1 :5 !y become associat$ ) =eign]s1 to a great ext5t lo/1 & habits ( untru?fulness1 dep5d5ce1 & slo? eng5d]$4#aah ,ri$el makes a simil> rem>k ) ref]5ce to ! natives ( ,ambon & ,uliase4#aai ,mr4 ,somm]ville believes t ! natives ( ,new ,georgia1 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 le>n$ _! practice ( *eat+ f ,european trad]s4#abj ,footnote #aah3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ib4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #abj3 ,somm]ville1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 #cid4 ,among ! ,o/yaks increas+ civilisation has prov$ injuri\s to _! anci5t hone/y1 & ^? :o live 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t[ns or l>ge villages h become ev5 m deceitful ?an ! coloni/s4#aba ,a simil> *ange has tak5 place ) o!r tribes belong+ to ! ,russian ,empire1 = in/ance ! ,tunguses#abb & ,kam*adales4#abc ,footnote #aba3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aba4 ,footnote #abb3 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #eah4 ,footnote #abc3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bhe4 ,s>yt*ew1 ',voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,sib]ia1' 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages1 v4 #fg4 ,we he> ! same /ory f ,am]ica4#abd ,among ! ,omahas =m]ly only two or ?ree 7 notori\s li>s2 b n[1 !re are ab\t tw5ty :o d n lie4#abe ,! old m5 ( ! ,ojibwas all agree 9 say+ t be=e ! :ite man came & resid$ among !m !re 0 less ly+ ?an !re is n[4#abf ,! ,indians ( ,mexico1 ,lumholtz writes1 d n tell ! tru? unless x suits !m4#abg ,b ) ref]5ce to "s ( !m1 ! ,t>ahum>es1 he adds t1 :]e !y h _h little or no?+ to d ) ! :ites1 !y are tru/wor?y1 & pr(it is no inducem5t to !m1 z !y believe #abi t _! gods w\ld be angry ) !m = *>g+ an undue price4#abh ,footnote #abd3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #fi4 ,cf4 ,he>ne1 ,j\rney to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 pp4 #cjg1 #cjh1 #caj 7,*ippewyans72 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cce sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cgj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aci4 ,footnote #abg3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 ii4 #dgg4 ,footnote #abh3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #bdd1 #dah4 ,! deceitfulness ( _m ,african peoples is und\bt$ly 9 "s degree a result ( _! int]c\rse ) =eign]s4 ,9 ,si]ra ,leone1 says ,w9t]bottom1 ! natives on ! sea coa/1 :o are *iefly engag$ 9 comm]ce1 are 9 g5]al %rewd & artful1 sometimes malevol5t & p]fidi\s4 ,_! long connection ) ,european slave trad]s has tutor$ !m 9 ! arts ( deceit4#abi ,! ,yorubas1 accord+ to ,burton1 are em95tly di%one/ only 9 & ar\nd ! cities4#acj ,among ! ,kalunda ^? :o live ne> ! great c>avan roads & h _h mu* to d ) =eign trad]s are suspici\s & false4#aca ,& ! ,hott5tots1 ( ^: tru?fulness e>li] writ]s spoke v highly1 are n[adays said to be addict$ to ly+4#acb ,footnote #abi3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #bjf4 ,footnote #acj3 ,burton1 ,abeokuta1 i4 #cjc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,pogge1 ,im ,rei*e des ,muata ,jamwo1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #acb3 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cjg sq4 ,x has also be5 notic$ t m5dacity is fav\r$ among *ildr5 by mu* int]c\rse ) /rang]s1 :5 fir/ impressions are consci\sly made1 z also by frequ5t *ange ( environm5t1 or ( s*ool or resid5ce1 z su* *anges give rise to a feel+ t new leaves c be easily turn$4#acc ,footnote #acc3 ,/anley ,hall1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 iii4 #gj4 ,:5 a social unit is compos$ ( loosely connect$ sub-gr\ps1 ! int]c\rse betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t sub-gr\ps resembles 9 _m respects t betwe5 =eign]s4 ,social incoh]5ce is ?us apt to lead to deceitful habits1 z 0 ! case 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! same ph5om5on is to be obs]v$ 9 ! ,ea/2 p]haps also among ! ,des]t ,arabs & ! ,fuegians1 :o live 9 small p>ties :i* only occasionally meet & soon aga9 sep>ate4 ,ano!r factor :i* has fav\r$ deception is social diff]5tiation4 ,! diff]5t classes ( society h (t5 little sympa?y = ea* o!r1 _! int]e/s are n infrequ5tly conflict+1 deceit is a means ( procur+ advantages1 &1 = ! inf]ior classes especially1 a means ( self-protection4 ,z ,euripides obs]ves1 slaves are 9 #acj ! habit ( conceal+ ! tru?4#acd ,9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 says ,liv+/one1 falsehood is a vice prevail+ among ! free1 b /ill m among ! slaves2 "o c sc>cely induce a slave to translate any?+ truly3 he is s int5t on ?9k+ ( :at w please4#ace ,footnote #acd3 ,euripides1 ,phoeniss1 #cib4 ,cf4 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 i4 #agf1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ace3 ,liv+/one1 ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1 p4 #cji4 ,see also ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 #ei4 ,h>dly any?+ has be5 a great] inducem5t to falsehood ?an oppression4 ,:il/ ! old ,makololo 7 tru?ful1 ?is is n ! case ) _! sons1 :o1 hav+ be5 br\ght up among ! subject$ tribes1 h acquir$ "s ( ! vices peculi> to a m5ial & degrad$ race4#acf ,! ,wanyoro1 :o are describ$ z spl5did li>s1 ex]cis$ deception *iefly to evade ! intol]able exactions ( _! own *iefs1 :]eas !y are fairly tru?ful 9 contact ) ,europeans :o attempt to treat !m ju/ly4#acg ,! duplicity & cunn+ ( ! ,malagasy are ! natural result ( c5turies ( sup]/ition1 ignorance1 & submission to ! rule ( tyrannical despots1 ) :om ! spy sy/em has always be5 a necessity4#ach ,9 ,morocco ! indep5d5t ,jbla1 or m\nta9e]s ( ! ,nor?1 are m to be tru/$ ?an ! ,arabs ( ! pla9s1 :o h long be5 suff]+ f ! extortions ( rapaci\s (ficials4 ,! duplicity ( ,ori5tals is v l>gely due to _! despotic =m ( gov]nm5t4#aci ,9 ,india1 ,mr4 ,p]cival obs]ves1 despotism 9 "o =m or o!r t has s long prevail$1 & ! consequ5t oppression att5dant !reon1 mu/ h r5d]$ x difficult to make way )\t fraud4 ,deception & arts ( cunn+1 "u su* circum/ances1 be+ ! only means at ! comm& ( ! inf]ior portions ( ! community = ga9+ _! ends1 & secur+ ! pla9e/ rights1 !y w\ld resort to !m z ! only way ( avoid+ c]ta9 ru94#adj ,! ,*9ese habit ( ly+ has #aca be5 attribut$ p>tly to ! truckl+ fe> ( (fic]s4#ada ,9 ,*9a & _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 says ,sir ,j4 ,b[r+1 !re is a fe> ( tru? z tru?1 le/ its discov]y %\ld lead to consequ5ces ( :i* ! inquir] nev] dreams1 b :i* are pres5t to ! m9d ( ! p]son "u int]rogation4#adb ,footnote #acf3 ,liv+/one1 ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #acg3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #eia4 ,footnote #ach3 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aci3 ,vmbry1 ,d] ,islam im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #adj3 ,p]cival1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a1 p4 #bhh4 ,cf4 ,malcolm1 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #aga2 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #aeb4 ,footnote #ada3 ,wells ,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #hce4 ,footnote #adb3 ,b[r+1 ,siam1 i4 #aje sq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! reg>d = tru? displays itself n only 9 ! condemnation ( falsehood1 b 9 ! idea t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x is a p]son's duty to in=m o!rs ( ! tru?1 al?\gh !re is no deception 9 )hold+ x4 ,?is duty is limit$ by utilit>ian consid]ations1 & x is less insi/$ on ?an ! duty ( refra9+ f falsehood2 positive comm&m5ts1 z we h se51 are g5]ally less /r+5t ?an ! correspond+ negative comm&m5ts4#adc ,b to disclose ! tru? = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 :5 x is att5d$ ) injuri\s consequ5ces = ! p]son :o discloses x1 c h>dly fail to evoke moral approval1 & may be deem$ a m]it ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,footnote #adc3 ,supra1 i4 #cjc sqq4 ,! reg>d = tru? goes a /ep fur!r /ill4 ,x may be obligatory or praisewor?y n only to spread ! k ( tru?1 b to seek = x4 ,! possession ( k1 ( "s k9d or o!r1 is univ]sally respect$4 ,a ,wol( prov]b says1 ,n to "k is bad1 n to wi% to "k is worse4#add ,9 ! moral & religi\s sy/ems ( ! ,ea/ k is "o ( ! *ief pursuits ( man4 ,confucius describ$ virtue z consi/+ ( k1 magnanimity1 & val\r4#ade ,! anci5ts1 he says1 wi%+ to rectify _! he>ts1 4 4 4 fir/ desir$ to be s9c]e 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,wi%+ to be s9c]e 9 _! ?\ghts1 !y fir/ ext5d$ to ! utmo/ _! k4 ,su* ext5sion ( k lay 9 ! inve/igation ( ?+s4#adf ,k is to be pursu$ n = !oretical1 b = #acb moral purposes2 ! ,ma/] said1 ,x is n easy to f9d a man :o has le>n$ = ?ree ye>s )\t com+ to be good4#adg ,! ,h9dus ma9ta9 t ignorance is ! greate/ ( evils1 & t ! sole & ultimate object ( life %\ld be to give & receive in/ruction4#adh ,x is said 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 ,a man is n !re=e consid]$ v5]able because 8 head is gray2 him :o1 ?\gh "y1 has le>n$ ! ,v$a1 ! gods consid] to be v5]able4#adi ,accord+ to ! ,mahabh>ata1 x is by k t a creature is lib]at$1 by k t he becomes ! ,et]nal1 ,imp]ceptible1 & ,undecay+4#aej ,buddhism reg>ds s9 z folly & delusion z ! cause ( crime2#aea ! unwise man _c discov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* is evil & t :i* is good1 z a *ild kn[s n ! value ( a co9 t is plac$ be=e him4#aeb ,& ! highe/ ( all gifts1 ! s\rce ( abid+ salvation1 is ! k ( ! id5tity betwe5 ! individual & ,god1 9 :om & by :om ! individual lives1 & moves1 & has 8 be+4#aec ,accord+ to "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts1 wisdom is bett] ?an weal? ( any k9d2#aed ?r\gh ! p[] ( wisdom x is possible to d e duty & good "w2#aee ! religion ( ! ,mazda-wor%ipp]s is appreh5d$ m fully by means ( ! mo/ p]fect wisdom1 & ev5 ! /ruggle & w>f>e ( ,irn ) =eign]s1 & ! smit+ ( ,ah>man & ! demons x is possible to effect ?r\gh ! p[] ( wisdom4#aef ,a /rong da% ( intellectualism is a prom95t feature 9 ! ,rabb9ic religion4 ,! highe/ virtue lies n only 9 ! fulfilm5t b 9 ! /udy ( ! law4 ,!re is a special m]it b\nd up 9 x t w assi/ man bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! _w to come2 & x is said t ev5 a ba/>d :o is le>n$ 9 #acc ! law is m hon\r$ ?an a high-prie/ :o is n4#aeg ,among ,muhamm$ans1 also1 great respect is %[n to m5 ( le>n+4#aeh ,k1 ! ,prophet said1 lights ! way to ,heav5--,he dies n :o gives life to le>n+--,) k ! s]vant ( ,god rises to ! heights ( goodness & to a noble position--,! ink ( ! s*ol> is m holy ?an ! blood ( ! m>tyr4#aei ,footnote #add3 ,burton1 ,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ade3 ,*ung ,yung1 xx4 #h4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #adf3 ,t ,hsio1 #d4 ,footnote #adg3 ,lun ,y1 viii4 #ab4 ,cf4 ,fab]1 ,dige/ ( ! ,doctr9es ( ,confucius1 p4 #fj2 de ,lanessan1 ,la morale des philosophes *9ois1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #adh3 ,p]cival1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #adi3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #aef4 ,footnote #aej3 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v4 #cbg4 ,footnote #aea3 ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #eje4 ,footnote #aec3 ,rhys ,davids1 op4 cit4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #aed3 ,d9- ,mang- ,khirad1 xlvii4 #f4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ibid4 i4 #ed4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ibid4 lvii4 #ae sq4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #die4 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #cja sq4 ,footnote #aei3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 pp4 #dg1 #di4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ! k ( tru? became a necess>y requirem5t ( salvation4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! ,ea/1 ! tru? :i* alone 0 valu$ 0 religi\s tru?4 ,all k t 0 n useful to salvation 01 inde$1 despis$1 & sci5ce 0 reg>d$ n only z valueless1 b z s9ful4#afj ,! wisdom ( ?is _w is fooli%ness ) ,god4#afa ,if x happ5$ t any "o gave himself to lett]s1 or lift$ up 8 m9d to ! contemplation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 he pass$ in/antly = a magician or a h]etic4#afb ,s also e m5tal disposition :i* is ess5tial to sci5tific rese>* 0 = c5turies /igmatis$ z (f5sive to ! ,almighty2 x 0 a s9 to d\bt ! op9ions :i* _h be5 in/ill$ 9 *ildhood be=e !y _h be5 exam9$1 to notice any objection to ^? op9ions1 to resolve to foll[ ! light ( evid5ce :]ev] x might lead4#afc ,yet we are told1 ev5 by highly respectable writ]s1 t ! mod]n _w owes its sci5tific _s to ! extreme importance :i* ,*ri/ianity #acd assign$ to ! possession ( tru?1 ( ! tru?4#afd ,accord+ to ,m4 ,rville1 x 0 ! or?odox intol]ance ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,middle ,ages :i* impress$ on ,*ri/ian society ?is disposition to seek tru? at any price1 ( :i* ! mod]n sci5tific _s is only ! application4 ,! m importance ! ,*ur* atta*$ to ! pr(ession ( ! tru?--to ! ext5t ev5 ( consid]+ involunt>y error z 9 ! highe/ degree a damnable crime--s mu* ! m ! s5tim5t ( ! imm5se value ( ?is tru? arose 9 ! g5]al p]suasion1 along ) a resolve to conqu] x :]ev] x 0 felt n to be possess$4 ,h[ o!rwise1 ,m4 ,rville asks1 c we expla9 t sci5ce 0 n develop$ & has n be5 pursu$ ) con/ancy1 except 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/ian societies8#afe ,?is /atem5t is *>act]i/ic ( ! common t5d5cy to attribute to ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion almo/ any?+ good :i* may be f\nd among ,*ri/ian nations4 ,b1 surely1 ! pati5t & imp>tial se>* aft] hidd5 tru?1 = ! sake ( tru?1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( sci5tific rese>*1 is n cong5ial to1 b ! v opposite (1 t ready acceptance ( a reveal$ tru? = ! sake ( et]nal salvation1 :i* 0 insi/$ ^u by ! ,*ur*4 ,& :at ab\t t s+ul> love ( ab/ract k :i* fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t ,a!ns1 :]e ,ari/otle decl>$ x a sacr$ duty to pref] tru? to ev]y?+ else1#aff & ,socrates sacrific$ 8 life on its alt>8 ,x seems t ! mod]n sci5tific _s is only a revival & developm5t ( a m5tal disposition :i* 0 = ages suppress$ by ! p]secut+ t5d5cies ( ! ,*ur* & ! extreme contempt = le>n+ display$ by ! b>b>ian invad]s & _! desc5dants4 ,ev5 :5 !y _h settl$ 9 ! c\ntries :i* !y _h conqu]$1 ! #ace ,teutons w\ld n p]mit _! *ildr5 to be in/ruct$ 9 any sci5ce1 = fe> le/ !y %\ld become effem9ate & av]se f w>2#afg & long aft]w>ds x 0 held t a nobleman ought n to "k lett]s1 & t to write & read 0 a %ame to g5try4#afh ,footnote #afj3 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ii4 #ahe4 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 pp4 #abh-acj1 #ehi sqq4 ,footnote #afa3 #a ,cor9?ians1 iii4 #ai4 ,cf4 ,lactantius1 ,div9es ,in/itutiones1 iii4 #c 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vi4 #ced sqq472 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 viii4 #aj 7,migne1 xli4 #bcd74 ,footnote #afb3 ,*apela91 ,de la lecture des vieux romans1 p4 #bj4 ,z late z ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a p[]ful p>ty 0 ris+ 9 ,engl& :o said t all le>n+ 0 unfav\rable to religion1 & t x 0 suffici5t = ev]yone to be acqua9t$ ) 8 "m-tongue alone 7,twells1 ,life ( ,pocock1 p4 #agf74 ,! ,duke de ,sa9t ,simon1 :o 9 #agba & #agbb 0 ! ,fr5* ambassador 9 ,madrid1 /ates 7,mmoires1 xxxv4 #bji7 t 9 ,spa9 sci5ce 0 a crime1 & ignorance & /upidity ! *ief virtues4 ,footnote #afc3 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ii4 #hg sq4 ,footnote #afd3 ,rit*ie1 ,natural ,rights1 p4 #agb4 ,cf4 ,ku551 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,national ,religions & ,univ]sal ,religions1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #afe3 ,rville1 ,prolegom5a ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #aff3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 i4 #f4 #a4 ,pr(4 ,rit*ie argues 7op4 cit4 p4 #agb sq47 t a devotion to tru? z su* 0 9 ! anci5t _w kn[n only to a few philosoph]s4 ,pr(4 ,f[l] is probably m correct 9 say+ 7,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ii4 #de1 #bbj sq42 ,progressive ,morality1 p4 #aad7 t x 0 m common among/ ! ,greeks ?an among/ ourselves4 ,footnote #afg3 ,procopius1 ,de bello ,go?orum1 i4 #b4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,v4 i4 #bcd4 ,mill+51 op4 cit4 i4 #bb sq4 n4 dagg] ,footnote #afh3 ,ala9 ,*>ti]1 quot$ by ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajd4 ,see also ,de la ,n\1 ,disc\rs politiques et militaires1 p4 #bch2 ,lyttleton1 ,life ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ii4 #bdf sq4 ,! ignorance ( ! m$ival cl]gy has be5 some:at exagg]at$ by ,rob]tson 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ba1 #bb1 #bgh sq474 ,ev5 9 ! d>k ages x 0 n a v uncommon ?+ = ! cl]gy to be able to read & write 7,maitl&1 ,! ,d>k ,ages1 p4 #af sqq474 ,! reg>d = k spr+s 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! love ( x4 ,z ,ari/otle said1 all m5 are by nature desir\s ( k4#afi ,b ?is feel+ is n equally /rong1 nor equally deep1 9 all4 ,! curiosity ( savages1 h[ev] great x (t5 may be1#agj has *iefly ref]5ce to objects or ev5ts :i* imm$iately conc]n _! welf>e or appe> to !m al>m+1 or to trifles :i* attract att5tion on acc\nt ( _! novelty4 ,if _! curiosity 7 m p5etrat+1 !y w\ld no long] rema9 savages2 an ext5d$ desire ( k leads to civilisation4 ,b curiosity or love ( k1 :e!r 9 savage or civilis$ m51 is n resolvable m]ely into views ( utility2 z ,dr4 ,br[n obs]v$1 we feel x )\t reflect+ on ! pleasure :i* we are to enjoy or ! pa9 :i* we are to suff]4#aga ,:5 highly develop$1 x drives m5 to sci5tific inve/igations ev5 ?\gh no practical b5efits are expect$ f ! results4 ,?is devotion to tru? = its own sake1 pure & dis9t]e/$ z x is1 has a s+ul> t5d5cy to excite reg>d & admiration 9 ev]yone :o has come "u its influ5ce4 ,f ! utilit>ian po9t ( view x has be5 def5d$ on #acf ! gr\nd t1 on ! :ole1 e tru? is 9 ! long run useful & e error h>mful1 & t we c nev] exactly tell 9 advance :at b5efits may accrue ev5 f a k :i* is app>5tly fruitless4 ,b x seems t our love ( tru? is some:at apt to mislead our moral judgm5t4 ,:5 duly reflect+ on ! matt]1 we _c help mak+ a moral di/9ction betwe5 him :o pursues 8 /udies m]ely f an in/9ctive crav+ = k1 & him :o devotes 8 life to ! se>* ( tru? f a conviction t he may !reby promote human welf>e4 ,footnote #afi3 ,ari/otle1 ,metaphysica1 i4 #a4 #a1 p4 #ihj4 ,cf4 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #d4 ,footnote #agj3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #db 7,eskimo74 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #agg4 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #aea 7,kakhy5s74 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahh 7,taglog natives ( ! ,nor?74 ,bock1 ,head ,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #bji 7,dyaks74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #cbj 7natives ( ,timor-laut74 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #ajh4 ,footnote #aga3 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ccf4 ,br[n1 ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 lec4 #fg1 p4 #dea4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,respect ,,= ,,o!r ,,m5',s ,,hon\r ,,& ,,self-,,reg>d+ ,,pride--,,polit5ess ,,!re are _m acts1 =be>ances1 & omissions1 ! (f5siv5ess ( :i* ma9ly or exclusively spr+s f m5's desire to be respect$ by _! fell[-m5 & _! dislike ( be+ look$ d[n ^u4 ,=emo/ among ^! are attacks ^u p's hon\r & good "n4 ,a man's hon\r may be def9$ z ! moral wor? he possesses 9 ! eyes ( ! society ( :i* he is a memb]1 & x behoves o!r p]sons to ackn[l$ge ?is wor? &1 especially1 n to detract f x by imput+ to him1 on insuffici5t gr\nds1 su* behavi\r z is g5]ally consid]$ degrad+4 ,! c5sure to :i* he is subject or ! contempt 9 :i* he is held may no d\bt affect 8 welf>e 9 v>i\s ways1 b x is *iefly pa9ful z a violation ( 8 p]sonal dignity4 ,h5ce ! duty ( respect+ a man's hon\r is on ! :ole conta9$ 9 ! m compreh5sive obligation ( %[+ def]5ce1 9 words & de$s1 = 8 feel+ ( self-reg>d+ pride4 ,?is feel+1 or at lea/ ! g]m ( x1 is f\nd already 9 "s ( ! l[] animals4 ,among high-life dogs1 says ,pr(essor ,romanes1 w\nd$ s5sibilities & loss ( e/eem are capable ( produc+ mu* ke5] suff]+ ?an is m]e physical pa94 ,a reproa*ful ^w or look f any ( 8 fri5ds made a #ach ,skye t]ri] mis]able = a :ole day2 & ano!r t]ri]1 :o :5 9 good hum\r us$ to p]=m v>i\s tricks1 0 nev] s pleas$ z :5 8 joke 0 duly appreciat$1 :]eas no?+ displeas$ him s mu* z be+ laugh$ at :5 he did n int5d to be ridicul\s4#a ,monkeys also1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,brehm1 are v s5sitive to e k9d ( treatm5t !y may receive1 to love & dislike1 to enc\rag+ praise & *ill+ blame1 to pleasant flatt]y & w\nd+ ridicule1 to c>esses & *a/isem5t4#b ,footnote #a3 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 pp4 #dci1 #ddd4 ,footnote #b3 ,brehm1 ,f ,nor? ,pole to ,equator1 p4 #bii4 ,cf4 ibid4 pp4 #cjd-cjf1 ,brehm1 ,?i]leb51 i4 #ge1 #aeg2 ,s*ultze1 ,v]glei*5de ,seel5kunde1 i4 pt4 i4 #aaj2 ,p]ty1 ,das ,seel5leb5 d] ,?i]e1 p4 #ff4 ,among ! savage races ( m51 z among civilis$ peoples1 self-reg>d+ pride is univ]sal1 & 9 _m ( !m x is a v conspicu\s trait ( "*4#c ,! ,v$dah ( ,ceylon1 says ,mr4 ,nevill1 is pr\d 9 ! extreme1 & consid]s himself no man's inf]ior4 ,h5ce he is ke5ly s5sitive to ridicule1 contempt1 & ev5 patronage4 ,!re is no?+ he dreads m ?an be+ laugh$ at z a savage1 because he dislikes clo!s & cultivation4#d ,au/ralian aborig9es are describ$ z extravagantly pr\d1#e z va9 & fond ( approbation4#f ,9 ,fiji any?+ l a slight deeply (f5ds a native1 & is n soon =gott54#g ,! ,negroes ( ,si]ra ,leone possess a great %>e ( pride1 & are easily affect$ by an insult3 !y _c he> ev5 a h>% expression1 or a rais$ tone ( voice1 )\t %ew+ t #aci !y feel x4#h ,! ,araucanians1 inhabit+ p>ts ( ,*ili1 are naturally fond ( hon\rable di/9ction1 & !re is no?+ !y c endure ) less pati5ce ?an contempt or inatt5tion4#i ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 says ,p]rot1 ont gnralem5t t\ts beauc\p de va9e gloire dans leurs actions bonnes ou mauvaises4 4 4 4 ,l'ambition e/ en un mot une des plus =tes passions qui les anime4#aj ,! ,indian ( ,briti% ,columbia1 = in/ance1 wat*es t he may receive 8 prop] %>e ( hon\r at fe/ivals2 he _c endure to be ridicul$ = ev5 ! slighte/ mi/ake2 he c>efully gu>ds all 8 actions1 & looks = due hon\r to be paid to him by fri5ds1 /rang]s1 & subord9ates4 ,?is peculi>ity appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 great fe/ivals4#aa ,?us1 9 num]\s in/ances1 p]sons :o h be5 ho>d+ up prop]ty = t51 fifte51 or tw5ty ye>s 7at ! same "t almo/ />v+ !mselves = want ( clo?+71 h giv5 x all away to make a %[ = a few h\rs1 & to be ?\ght ( consequ5ce4#ab ,speak+ ( ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait1 ,mr4 ,nelson obs]ves1 ,z ) all savages1 ! ,eskimo are extremely s5sitive to ridicule & are v quick to take (f5ce at real or seem+ slights4#ac ,among ! ,atkha ,aleuts x has happ5$ t m5 h committ$ suicide f disappo9tm5t at ! failure ( an und]tak+1 fe>+ t !y w\ld become ! laugh+-/ock ( ! village4#ad ,among _m o!r savages %ame or w\nd$ pride is n uncommonly a cause ( suicide4#ae ,! ,hos ( ,*ota ,nagpore h a say+ t = a wife :o has be5 reprov$ by h] husb& #adjno?+ rema9s b ! wat] at ! bottom ( ! well2#af & 9 ,new ,zeal& native wom5 sometimes kill$ !mselves because !y _h be5 rebuk$ = neglig5ce 9 cook+ or = want ( c>e t[>ds a *ild4#ag ,footnote #c3 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #ajg2 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ef4 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #ed4 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 i4 #bdi4 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ii4 #cbc 7,malays ( ,s>awak74 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #id4 ,/ew>t1 ',notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fji 7,nagas74 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #bij1 #bie1 #bif1 #cab4 ,hg/rm1 ,beskrifn+ fv] de til ,sv]iges ,krona lyd&e ,lapm>k]1 p4 #aeb 7,lapps74 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cib sq4 7,aleuts74 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #d3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aib4 ,cf4 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #ecg4 ,footnote #e3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #f3 ,ma!w1 9 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 iii4 #aee4 ,footnote #g3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #aje4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #ajc sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #baa4 ,footnote #i3 ,mol9a1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ili1 ii4 #aac4 ,footnote #aj3 ,p]rot1 ,memoire sur les moeurs1 c\/umes et relligion des sauvages de l',am]ique sept5trionale1 p4 #gf4 ,cf4 ,bu*anan1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #afe2 ,mat!ws1 ,e?nography & ,philology ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #aa3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ab3 ,duncan1 quot$ by ,mayne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #ac3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cjj4 ,footnote #ad3 ,yak(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #aeh4 ,cf4 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cia 7,aleuts74 ,footnote #ae3 ,see infra1 on ,suicide2 ,las*1 ',besitz5 die ,naturvlk] e9 p]snli*es ,ehrgefhl8' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*aft1 iii4 #hcg sqq4 ,footnote #af3 ,bradley-,birt1 ,*ota ,nagpore1 p4 #ajd4 ,cf4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg4 ,l o!r injuries1 an insult n only affects ! feel+s ( ! victim1 b ar\ses sympa!tic res5tm5t 9 outsid]s1 & is consequ5tly disapprov$ ( z wrong4 ,among ! ,maoris1 if anybody wantonly tri$ to hurt ano!r's feel+s1 x 0 imm$iately repress$1 & su* a p]son 0 spok5 ( z hav+ _h no p>5ts1 or1 z hav+ be5 born 7laid7 by a bird4#ah ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 among "s ( ! tribes1 abusive language _c ) impunity be us$ ev5 to a slave4 ,bl[s are /ill m intol]able1 & consid]$ su* griev\s affronts1 t1 by law1 ! p]son :o receives !m is consid]$ ju/ifi$ 9 putt+ ! (f5d] to dea?4#ai ,! natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s hold no bad moral habit to be m ridicul\s1 deprav$1 & unju/1 ?an publi%+ ! faults ( "o's acqua9tances & fri5ds 4 4 4 4 2 & z to d[nright calumny or false accusation1 x appe>s to !m m horrible ?an delib]ate murd] does to u3 = x is bett]1 !y ?9k1 to assass9ate a man's p]son ?an to attack 8 reputation4#bj ,accord+ to ! cu/om>y laws ( ! ,fantis 9 ,we/ ,africa1 :]e a p]son has be5 f\nd guilty ( us+ sl&]\s words1 he is b\nd to retract 8 words publicly1 9 addition to pay+ a small f9e by way ( comp5sation to ! aggriev$ p>ty4 ,words imput+ wit*craft1 adult]y1 immoral conduct1 crime1 & all words :i* s\nd to ! disreputation ( a p]son ( :om !y are spok5 are actionable4#ba ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #ai3 ,crawfurd1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aai sq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #afc sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #id4 ,among ! ,aztecs ( anci5t ,mexico he :o wilfully calumniat$ ano!r1 !reby s]i\sly injur+ 8 #ada reputation1 0 condemn$ to h 8 lips cut (f1 & sometimes 8 e>s also2 :il/ 9 ,tezcuco ! sl&]] suff]$ dea?4#bb ,9 ! ,*9ese p5al code a special book is provid$ = ! prev5tion & puni%m5t ( opprobri\s & insult+ language1 z hav+ naturally a t5d5cy to produce qu>rels & affrays4#bc ,among ,arabs all insult+ expressions h _! respective f9es asc]ta9$ 9 ! k4ady's c\rt4#bd ,x is said 9 ! ,talmud3--,let ! hon\r ( ?y neighb\r be to !e l ?9e own4 ,r be ?r[n into a fi]y furnace ?an br+ any "o to public %ame4#be ,footnote #bb3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #dfc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 p4 #ced n499 ,footnote #bd3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #gj sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eg4 ,! ,roman ,law ( ! ,twelve ,tables conta9$ provisions aga9/ libell]s1#bf & ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( ,roman law an attack ^u hon\r or reputation 0 deem$ a s]i\s crime4#bg ,z = wrongful prosecution1 :i* may be reg>d$ z an aggravat$ =m ( defamation1 ! law ( ! lat] ,empire requir$ t any "o br++ a crim9al *>ge %\ld b9d himself to suff] 9 case ( failure ! p5alty t he _h endeav\r$ to call d[n ^u 8 adv]s>y4#bh ,among ,teutonic peoples defamatory words & libell+ 7 already at an e>ly date puni%$ ) a f9e4#bi ,! ,salic ,law decrees t a p]son :o calls a freeborn man a fox or a h>e or a dirty fell[1 or says t he has ?r[n away 8 %ield1 mu/ pay him ?ree solidi2#cj :il/1 accord+ to "o text ( ! same law1 x co/ #ahh solidi 7or ne>ly z mu* z 0 paid = ! murd] ( a ,franki% freeman7#ca to call a freeborn woman a wit* or a h>lot1 9 case ! tru? ( ! *>ge c\ld n be prov$4#cb #adb ,! olde/ ,engli% laws exact$ bt & wte f p]sons :o attack$ o!rs ) abusive words4#cc ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 almo/ e action be=e an ,engli% local c\rt1 ! pla9tiff claim$ comp5sation n only = ! damage1 b also = ! %ame :i* _h be5 done him4#cd ,we fur!r f9d t regul> actions = defamation 7 common 9 ! local c\rts2 :]eas 9 lat] days ! ecclesia/ical proc$ure aga9/ defamatory spee* seems to h be5 reg>d$ z ! usual1 if n ! only1 eng9e :i* c\ld be br\ght to be> ^u cases ( libel & sl&]4#ce ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,rome1 !re 0 a /rong feel+ t m5 %\ld n make *>ges :i* !y c\ld n prove3 be=e ! ,conque/ a p]son might lose 8 tongue1 or h to r$eem x ) 8 full w]1 if he br\ght a false & sc&al\s accusation2 & "u ,edw>d ,i4 a /atute decre$ t if ! appellee 0 acquitt$ 8 accus] %\ld lie 9 prison = a ye> & pay damages by way ( recomp5se = ! imprisonm5t & infamy :i* he _h br\ght ^u ! innoc5t4#cf ,footnote #bf3 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 viii4 #a4 ,footnote #bg3 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #aj4 #ae4 #be4 ,codex ,ju/9ianus1 ix4 #cf4 ,hunt]1 ,exposition ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #ajfi sq4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #gid sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,gn!r1 ,die ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung1 i4 #ada sqq4 ,momms51 op4 cit4 p4 #dif sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #ggf sqq4 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #bic sqq4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #fhf sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fgb sqq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lex ,salica1 xxx4 #d1 #e1 #b2 ,hessel's edition1 col4 #aha sqq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ibid4 xv4 col4 #ia sqq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 lxvii4 #b1 col4 #djc4 ,footnote #cc3 ,laws ( ,hlo?ha]e & ,eadric1 #aa4 ,footnote #cd3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law till ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #ecg4 ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ech4 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #dji4 ,footnote #cf3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eci4 ,! condemnation ( an insult is greatly influ5c$ by ! /atus (1 or ! relations betwe51 ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,among ! ,goajiro ,indians ( ,colombia a poor man may be insult$ ) impunity1 :5 ! same treatm5t to a ri* man w\ld cause c]ta9 blood%$4#cg ,9 ,nias an affront is puni%$ ) a f9e1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! rank ( ! p>ties4#ch ,! ,*9ese p5al code lays d[n t a p]son :o is guilty ( address+ abusive language to 8 or h] fa!r or "m1 or fa!r's p>5ts1 or a wife :o rails at h] husb&'s p>5ts or gr&p>5ts1 %all be /rangl$2#ci & ! same puni%m5t is prescrib$ = a slave :o abuses 8 ma/]4#dj #adc ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 a ,k%atriya %all be f9$ "o hundr$ panas = defam+ a ,brhmana1 a ,vaisya %all be f9$ "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ panas1 & a ,sdra %all suff] corporal puni%m5t2 :]eas a ,brhmana %all pay only fifty panas = defam+ a ,k%atriya1 tw5ty-five = defam+ a ,vaisya1 & twelve = defam+ a ,sdra4#da ,9 anci5t ,teutonic law ! f9es = insult+ behavi\r 7 graduat$ accord+ to ! rank ( ! p]son (f5d$4#db ,! />t+-po9t ( ! ,roman law 0 t an injuria--:i* 0 pre-em95tly an affront to ! dignity ( ! p]son--c\ld n be done to a slave z su*1 only to ! ma/] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 slave2#dc & ev5 9 lat] times1 9 ! case ( trifl+ injuries1 su* z m]e v]bal insults1 ! ma/] _h no action1 unless by leave ( ! ,praetor1 or unless ! insult 7 meant = ! ma/] himself4#dd ,^! & simil> v>iations spr+ f ! same causes z d correspond+ v>iations 9 ! case ( o!r injuries dealt ) above4 ,b !re are also special reasons :y social sup]iority or inf]iority influ5ces moral op9ions conc]n+ (f5ces aga9/ p]sons self-reg>d+ pride4 ,! respect due to a man is closely connect$ ) 8 /ation1 & 9 ! case ( defamation ! injury suff]$ by ! loss ( hon\r or reputation is naturally proportionate to ! e/eem 9 :i* ! (f5d$ p>ty is held4 ,at ! same "t ! h>mfulness ( an insult also dep5ds ^u ! reputation ( ! p]son :o (f]s x4 ,accord+ to ! ,gotl&s ,lag1 "o ( ! anci5t prov9cial laws ( ,sw$51 a slave c n only be insult$ ) impunity1 b has himself to pay no f9e = insult+ ano!r p]son#de--obvi\sly because he 0 too degrad$ a be+ to be able to detract f anybody's hon\r or good "n4 ,footnote #cg3 ,simons1 ',exploration ( ! ,goajira ,p59sula1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 vii4 #ghf4 ,footnote #ch3 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cccxxix4 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ibid4 sec4 cccxxvii4 p4 #cef4 ,footnote #da3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #bfg sq4 ,cf4 ,gautama1 xii4 #h sqq4 ,x is also said t a once-born man 7a ,sdra71 :o insults a twice-born man ) gross invective1 %all h 8 tongue cut out2 = he is ( l[ orig9 7ibid4 viii4 #bgj4 ,see also ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 v4 #bc2 ,gautama1 xii4 #a2 pa/amba1 ii4 #aj4 #bg4 #ad74 ,footnote #db3 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 i4 #bie4 ,footnote #dc3 ,hunt]1 ,exposition ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #afd4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #ghf1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #dd3 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #aj4 #ae4 #ce4 ,hunt]1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #de3 ,gotl&s-,lag51 i4 #ai4 #cg4 #add ,! condemnation ( su* conduct z is (f5sive to o!r p]sons' self-reg>d+ pride includes condemnation ( pride itself1 :5 display$ 9 an excessive degree2 :]eas ! opposite disposition--mode/y--:i* implies reg>d = o!r p's self-feel+1 is prais$ z a virtue4 ,! ,fijians say ( a boa/+ p]son1 ,y are l ! kaka 7p>rot72 y only speak to %\t y\r own "n4#df ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,tonga ,isl&]s a mode/ op9ion ( oneself is e/eem$ a great virtue1 & is also put 9 practice4#dg ,confucius taught t humility belongs to ! *>act]i/ics ( a sup]ior man4#dh ,su* a man1 he said1 is mode/ 9 8 spee*1 ?\gh he exce$s 9 8 actions2#di he has dignifi$ ease )\t pride1 :]eas ! mean man has pride )\t a dignifi$ ease2#ej he pref]s ! concealm5t ( 8 virtue1 :5 x daily becomes m illu/ri\s1 :]eas ! mean man seeks notoriety :5 he daily goes m & m to ru94#ea ,s also humility has a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! tea*+s ( ,lao-tsze3--,i h ?ree preci\s ?+s :i* ,i hold fa/ & prize1 namely1 compassion1 economy1 & humility2 ,he :o kn[s ! glory1 & at ! same "t keeps to %ame1 w be ! :ole _w's valley 4 4 4 1 et]nal virtue w fill him1 & he w return home to ,ta\4#eb ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead ! s\l ( ! anci5t ,egyptian pleads1 ,i am n swoll5 ) pride4#ec ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rianism1 ! s9 ( pride has be5 creat$ by ,ahriman4#ed ,ov]be>+ness 0 c5sur$ 9 anci5t ,sc&9avia1#ee ,greece1#ef & ,rome4 ,dur+ our prosp]ity1 says ,cic]o1 we ought ) great c>e to #ade avoid pride & arrogance4#eg ,! ,hebrew prophets condemn$ n only pride b em95ce1 because an em95t man is apt to be pr\d4#eh ,we read 9 ! ,talmud3--,he :o humiliates himself w be lift$ up2 he :o raises himself up w be humiliat$4 ,:osoev] runs aft] greatness1 greatness runs away f him2 he :o runs f greatness1 greatness foll[s him4#ei ,*ri/ianity enjo9$ humility z a c>d9al duty 9 e man4#fj ,9 ! ,koran x is said1 ,god loves n him :o is pr\d1 & boa/ful4#fa ,pride has ?us come to be /igmatis$ n only z a vice1 b z a s9 ( great magnitude4 ,"o reason = ?is is t x is reg>d$ z ev5 m (f5sive to ! self-feel+ ( a great god or ! ,supreme ,be+ ?an x is to t ( a man4 ,b pride mu/ also appe> z irreligi\s arrogance to ^? :o ma9ta9 t man is by nature altoge!r corrupt1 & t ev]y?+ good 9 him is a gift ( ,god4#fb ,footnote #df3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #afd4 ,footnote #dh3 ,lun ,y1 v4 #ae4 ,*ung ,yung1 xxvii4 #g4 ,footnote #di3 ,lun ,y1 xiv4 #bi4 ,footnote #ej3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #bf4 ,cf4 ibid4 xx4 #b4 #a4 ,footnote #ea3 ,*ung ,yung1 xxxiii4 #a4 ,footnote #eb3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #aid sq4 ,to ,teh ,k+1 xxviii4 #a4 ,footnote #ec3 ,book ( ! ,dead1 *4 #abe1 p4 #baf4 ,cf4 ,aml9eau1 ,essai sur l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypt ,anci5ne1 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #ed3 ,v5ddd1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #ee3 ,maur]1 ,die ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes zum ,*ri/5?ume1 ii4 #aej4 ,footnote #ef3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #bec4 ,h]mann1 ,lehrbu* d] ,grie*is*5 ,antiquitt51 ii4 pt4 i4 #cd sq4 ,blmn]1 ,ueb] die ,idee des ,s*icksals 9 d5 ,tragdi5 des ,ais*ylos1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #eg3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #bf4 ,footnote #eh3 ,cf4 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 v4 #aa1 #ab1 #ci2 vi4 #be1 #bf1 #cj sqq42 xviii4 #d2 c4 ,footnote #fa3 ,koran1 iv4 #dj4 ,cf4 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #fb3 ,manzoni1 ,oss]vazioni sulla morale cattolica1 p4 #ahb sqq4 ,at ! same "t1 :il/ pride is held blamable1 humility may also g too f> to be approv$ (1 & may ev5 be an object ( c5sure4 ,9 e>ly e?ics1 z we h notic$ above1 rev5ge is enjo9$ z a duty & =giv5ess ( enemies is despis$2 & ?is is ! case n only among savages4#fc ,! device ( ,*ivalry 01 ,x is bett] to die ?an to be av5g$ by %ame2#fd & side by side ) ! nom9al acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( absolute placability ! idea /ill prevails1 9 _m ,european c\ntries1 t an assault ^u hon\r %all be foll[$ by a *all5ge to mortal combat4 ,too great humility is reg>d$ z a sign ( weakness1 c[>dice1 hypocrisy1 or a defective s5se ( hon\r4 ,we are n all[$ to be indiff]5t to ! e/imation 9 :i* we are held by our neighb\rs4 ,su* indiff]5ce spr+s ei!r f a feeble moral con/itution & abs5ce ( moral %ame1 or f #adf a depreciation ( o!r p's op9ions 9 comp>ison ) our own1 & ?is is (f5sive to _! am\r-propre4 ,outw>d humility may ?us sugge/ inw>d pride & appe> arrogant4 ,footnote #fc3 ,supra1 i4 #gc sq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l',humanit1 vii4 #ahd4 ,a p]son's self-feel+ may be violat$ 9 innum]able ways1 by words & de$s4 ,almo/ any deviation f :at is usual may ar\se a suspicion ( arrogance4 ,?is l>gely acc\nts = ! fact m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t habits h a t5d5cy to become true cu/oms1 t is1 rules ( duty4 ,transgressions ( ! e/abli%$ =ms ( social int]c\rse are p>ticul>ly apt to be (f5sive to p's self-reg>d+ pride4 ,_m ( ^! =ms orig9at$ 9 a desire to please1 b by becom+ habitual !y at ! same "t became obligatory4 ,polit5ess is a duty r ?an a virtue4 ,!re is probably no p on e>? :i* does n recognise "s rules ( polit5ess4 ,_m savages are conspicu\s = _! civility4#fe ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ,*ri/ian mission>ies work+ among uncivilis$ races (t5 are 9 mann]s mu* inf]ior to ^? !y are tea*+1 & ?us l[] ! native /&>d ( ref9em5t4#ff ,! ,samoans1 we are told1 are a nation ( g5tlem51 & contra/ mo/ fav\rably ) ! g5]ality ( ,europeans :o come among/ !m4#fg ,on _! fir/ int]c\rse ) ,europeans1 ! ,maoris always manife/ a degree ( polit5ess :i* w\ld d hon\r to a m civilis$ p2 b by cont9u$ int]c\rse !y lose a great "p ( ?is *>act]i/ic4#fh ,among ! ,fijians ! rules ( polit5ess are m9ute1 & receive scrupul\s att5tion4 ,!y affect ! language1 & are se5 9 =ms ( salutation1 9 att5tion to /rang]s1 at meals1 9 dress1 &1 inde$1 influ5ce _! mann]s 9-doors & #adg out4 ,none b ! v l[e/ are ill-behav$1 & _! confusion on committ+ !mselves %[s t !y are n impud5tly s4#fi ,! ,malagasy are a v polite p1 & look ) contempt ^u ^? :o neglect ! ord9>y usages & salutations2#gj ev5 ! mo/ ragg$ & tatt]$ slave possesses a natural dignity & ease ( mann]1 :i* contra/s fav\rably ) ! rude conduct & boori% mann]s ( ! l[] class at home4#ga ,( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo ,mr4 ,murdo* obs]ves t _m ( !m %[ a grace ( mann] & a natural delicacy & polit5ess :i* is q surpris+2 & he m5tions ! in/ance ( a "y ,eskimo be+ s polite 9 conv]s+ ) an ,am]ican (fic] t he w\ld take pa9s to mispron\nce 8 words 9 ! same way z ! latt] did1 s z n to hurt 8 feel+s by correct+ him bluntly4#gb ,! =ms ( ,kafir polit5ess are v /rictly adh]$ to1 & are _m4#gc ,( ! ,negroes ( ,fida ,bosman wrote1 ,!y are s civil to ea* o!r & ! inf]ior s respectful to ! sup]ior1 t at fir/ ,i 0 v mu* surpris$ at x4#gd ,monrad f\nd ! ,negroes ( ,accra surpass _m civilis$ p 9 polit5ess4#ge ,s also 9 ,morocco ev5 c\ntry-folks are mu* m civil 9 _! g5]al behavi\r ?an ! l>ge majority ( ,europeans4 ,! conv]sations ( ! ,arabs1 says d',arvieux1 are full ( civilities2 "o nev] he>s any?+ !re t !y ?9k rude & unbecom+4#gf ,polit5ess is a *>act]i/ic ( all ! great nations ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,*9ese h br\ght ! practice ( x to a pit* ( p]fection :i* is n only unkn[n 9 ,we/]n l&s1 b1 previ\s to exp]i5ce1 is un?\ght ( & almo/ unimag9able4 ,! rules ( c]emony1 we are rem9d$ 9 ! ,classics1 are ?ree #adh hundr$1 & ! rules ( behavi\r ?ree ?\s&4#gg ,9 ,europe c\rtesy 0 recomm5d$ z ! mo/ amiable ( knightly qualities2 & f ! wild & ov]/ra9$ c\rtesies ( ,*ivalry has be5 d]iv$ our pres5t sy/em ( mann]s4#gh ,footnote #fe3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 #adc sqq4 7,polynesians74 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aie 7,efatese74 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #aeg4 ,mac,gregor1 ',lagos1 ,abeokuta & ! ,alake1' 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 ,july1 #aijd1 p4 #dff 7,yorubas74 ,footnote #ff3 ,br5*ley1 ,jott+s dur+ ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ',curaoa' among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #fg3 ,hood1 ,cruise 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ',fawn' 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #ei sq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajh sqq4 ,see also ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec sqq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #abi4 ,cf4 ibid4 pp4 #abh1 #aca sq42 ,&]son1 ,notes ( ,travel 9 ,fiji1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #gj3 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #ga3 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #gb3 ,murdo*1 ',e?n4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #db4 ,footnote #gc3 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #gd3 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #ge3 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #i4 ,footnote #gf3 d',arvieux1 ,travels 9 ,arabia ! ,des>t1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #gg3 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 fol4 #df4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,v4 i4 #hd4 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 iv4 #baa4 ,turn]1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 iii4 #dgc4 ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 i4 #afa sq4 ,scott1 ',essay on ,*ivalry1' 9 ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works1 vi4 #eh4 ,! rules ( polit5ess & good mann]s ref] to all sorts ( social int]c\rse & v>y indef9itely 9 detail4 ,!y tell p h[ to sit or /& 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 or h[ to pass ?r\gh a door2 a ,zulu w\ld be f9$ = go+ out ( a hut back fir/4#gi ,!y prescribe h[ to behave at a meal2 ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia consid] x improp] to talk on su* an occasion1#hj & x appe>s t 9 ,engl& also1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 p did n hold conv]sation :ile eat+1 b t ! talk & mir? began ) ! liquor4#ha ,polit5ess dem&s t a p]son %\ld nev] int]rupt ano!r :ile speak+2#hb or t he %\ld avoid contradict+ a /atem5t2#hc or1 n infrequ5tly1 t he %\ld r tell a pleasant untru? ?an an unpleasant tru?4#hd ,at times x requires ! use ( c]ta9 phrases1 words ( ?anks1 flatt]y1 or expressions ( self-humiliation4 ,9 ,*9ese !re is a :ole vocabul>y ( words :i* are indisp5sable to "o :o wi%es to pose z a 'polite' p]son1 words 9 :i* :atev] belongs to ! speak] is treat$ ) scorn & contempt1 & :atev] relates to ! p]son address$ is hon\rable4 ,! 'polite' ,*9ese w ref] to 8 wife1 if driv5 to ! extremity ( ref]r+ #adi to h] at all1 z 8 'dull ?orn1' or 9 "s simil> elegant figure ( spee*4#he ,footnote #gi3 ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aij sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,woldt1 ,kapte9 ,jacobs5s ,reis] til ,nordam]ikas ,nordve/ky/1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #ha3 ,wright1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cif4 ,footnote #hb3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #gb4 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 i4 #che 7,kut*974 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #aeg4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #acf sq4 d',arvieux1 op4 cit4 p4 #aci sq42 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iii4 #bei 7,b$\9s74 ,footnote #hc3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #ccd sq42 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #aeg 7,gre5l&]s74 ,dobrizh(if]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #acg 7,abipones74 d',arvieux1 op4 cit4 p4 #ada 7,b$\9s74 ,footnote #hd3 ,supra1 ii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #he3 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #bgd4 ,polit5ess enjo9s ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 c]emonies ^u p]sons :o meet or "p4 ,! cu/om ( salutation is ( _w-wide preval5ce1 ?\gh !re are c]ta9 savages :o are said to h no greet+s except :5 !y h le>nt ! practice f ! :ites4#hf ,z a c]emony prescrib$ by public op9ion x is an obligatory tribute paid to ano!r p]son's self-feel+1 :atev] be ! orig9al nature ( ! act :i* has be5 adopt$ = ! purpose4 ,! =m ( salutation has sometimes be5 borr[$ f que/ions spr++ f curiosity or suspicion4 ,among ! ,cali=nian ,miwok1 :5 anybody meets a /rang] he g5]ally salutes him1 ,:5ce d y come8 ,:at are y at8#hg ,! ,abipones w\ld ?9k x q contr>y to ! laws ( good-bre$+1 7 !y to meet any "o & n ask him :]e he 0 go+2#hh & a simil> "q is also a v common mode ( greet+ among ! ,b]b]s ( ,s\!rn ,morocco4 ,v frequ5tly a salutation consi/s ( "s phrase :i* is expressive ( goodwill4 ,x may be an inquiry ab\t ! o!r p]son's heal? or welf>e1 z ! ,engli% ,h[ are y8 ,h[ d y d8 ,among ! ,burmese two relatives or fri5ds :o meet beg9 a conv]sation by ! expressions1 ,are y well8 ,i am well1 if !y h be5 "s "t sep>at$2 :]eas ^? :o are daily accu/om$ to meet say1 ,:]e are y go+8#hi ,! ,moors ask1 ,:at is y\r news8 or1 ,is no?+ wrong8 ,! ord9>y salutation ( ! ,zulus is1 ,i see y1 are y well8 aft] :i* ! snuffbox1 ! tok5 ( fri5d%ip1 is pass$ r\nd4#ij ,among sev]al tribes ( ,cali=nia1 aga91 a p]son :5 greet+ ano!r #aej simply utt]s a ^w :i* means fri5d%ip4#ia ,! goodwill is (t5 directly express$ 9 ! =m ( a wi%1 l our ,good day6 ,good night6 ,among ! ,hebrews ! salutation at meet+ or ent]+ ano!r's h\se seems at fir/ to h consi/$ mo/ commonly 9 an inquiry aft] mutual welf>e1#ib b 9 lat] times ,heal?6 or ,peace to !e6 became ! curr5t greet+4#ic ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 a ,brhmana %\ld be salut$1 ,may ?\ be long-liv$1 ,o g5tle "o6#id ,! ,greeks said ,greek3 *aire 7,be joyful672 ! ,romans1 ,salve6 7,be 9 heal?67 especially on meet+1 & ,vale6 7,be well67 on p>t+4 ,! good wi% may h ! =m ( a pray]4 ,! ,moors say1 ,may ,god give !e peace6 ,may ,god give !e a good night6 & ! ,engli% ,good-bye & ! ,fr5* ,adieu are pray]s curtail$ by ! progress ( "t4 ,b !re is no f\ndation = ,pr(essor ,wundt's ass]tion t ! words employ$ 9 greet+ are "o & all pray] =mul 9 a m or less rudim5t>y /ate4#ie ,a salutation may1 f9ally1 be a v]bal pr(ession ( subjection1 z ! ,sw$i% dmjuka/e tjn>e1 t is1 7,i am y\r7 mo/ humble s]vant4 ,footnote #hf3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #agg4 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cig 7,aleuts74 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #abe2 ,r9k1 ,dani% ,gre5l&1 p4 #bbc2 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #aeg 7,gre5l&]s74 ,prescott1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iii4 #bdd 7,dacotahs74 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 pp4 #bcj 7,kumi71 #bef 7,kukis74 ,footnote #hg3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #hh3 ,dobrizh(f]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ach4 ,footnote #hi3 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ij3 ,tyl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #ia3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #ib3 ,g5esis1 xliii4 #bg4 ,exodus1 xviii4 #g4 ,footnote #ic3 ,judges1 xix4 #bj4 #a ,*ronicles1 xii4 #ah4 ,cf4 ,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #id3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #abe4 ,footnote #ie3 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 p4 #agi4 ,salutations may consi/ n only 9 words spok51 b 9 conv5tional ge/ures1 ei!r accompani$ by "s v]bal expression or p]=m$ sil5tly4#if ,!y may be tok5s ( submission or rev]5ce1 z c[]+1 cr\*+1 & b[+4 ,or !y may orig9ally h be5 signs ( dis>m+ or def5celessness1 z uncov]+ "s p>ticul> portion ( ! body4 ,von ,jh]+ sugge/s t ! (f]+ ( ! h& belongs to ! same gr\p ( salutations1 its object be+ to indicate t ! o!r p]son has no?+ to fe>2#ig b 9 _m cases at lea/ h&%ak+ seems to h ! same orig9 z o!r c]emonies consi/+ #aea 9 bodily contact4 ,salutatory ge/ures may express n only abs5ce ( evil int5tions b positive fri5dl9ess2 among respectable ,moors x is a common mode ( greet+ t ea* p>ty places 8 "r h& on 8 he>t to indicate1 z ,jackson puts x1 t "p to be ! resid5ce ( ! fri5d4#ih ,v>i\s =ms ( salutation by contact1 su* z clasp+1 embrac+1 kiss+1 & sniff+1 are obvi\sly direct expressions ( affection2#ii & we c h>dly d\bt t ! jo9+ ( h&s s]ves a simil> object :5 we f9d x comb9$ ) o!r tok5s ( goodwill4 ,among "s ( ! ,au/ralian natives1 fri5ds1 on meet+ aft] an abs5ce1 w kiss1 %ake h&s1 & sometimes cry ov] "o ano!r4#ajj ,9 ,morocco equals salute ea* o!r by jo9+ _! h&s ) a quick motion1 sep>at+ !m imm$iately1 & kiss+ ea* 8 own h&4 ,! ,soolimas1 aga91 place ! palms ( ! "r h&s toge!r1 c>ry !m !n to ! =ehead1 & f !nce to ! left side ( ! *e/4#aja ,b bodily union is also employ$ z a me?od ( transf]r+ ei!r bless+s or conditional curses1 & x seems probable t c]ta9 salutatory acts h vaguely or di/9ctly su* transf]5ce 9 view4 ,among ! ,masai1 :o spit on ea* o!r bo? :5 !y meet & :5 !y "p1 spitt+ expresses ! greate/ goodwill & ! be/ ( wi%es2#ajb & 9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! object ( c]ta9 reception c]emonies is to transf] a conditional curse to ! /rang] :o is receiv$ z a gue/4#ajc ,on ! same pr9ciple z und]lies ^! c]emonies1 h&%ak+ may be a means ( jo9+ 9 compact1 analog\s to a common meal#ajd & ! blood-cov5ant4#aje ,footnote #if3 ,see ,tylor1 ',salutations1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 xxi4 #bce sqq42 ,l+ ,ro?1 ',salutations1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #aff sqq4 ,footnote #ig3 von ,jh]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #fdi sqq4 ,footnote #ih3 ,jackson1 ,acc\nt ( ,timbuctoo1 c4 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see infra1 on ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,altrui/ic ,s5tim5t4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,hackett1 ',ball>dong or ,ball]dokk+ ,tribe1' 9 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #cdc4 ,footnote #aja3 ,la+1 ,travels 9 ! ,timannee1 ,kooranko1 & ,soolima ,c\ntries1 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,supra1 i4 #eij sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,supra1 i4 #ehg4 ,footnote #aje3 ,see infra1 on ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,altrui/ic ,s5tim5t4 ,be+ an homage r5d]$ to o!r p]sons self-reg>d+ #aeb pride1 ! rule ( polit5ess is naturally mo/ exact+ 9 relation to sup]iors4 ,_m ( its =ms h1 9 fact1 orig9at$ 9 humble or respectful behavi\r t[>ds rul]s1 ma/]s1 or eld]s1 &1 (t5 9 a modifi$ %ape1 become common betwe5 equals aft] !y h lo/ _! orig9al mean+4#ajf ,x has be5 notic$ t ! cruelty ( despots always eng5d]s polit5ess1 :]eas ! free/ nations are g5]ally ! rude/ 9 mann]s4#ajg ,polit5ess is fur!r 9 a special degree %[n by m5 to wom51 n only among ourselves1 b ev5 among _m savages2#ajh 9 ?is case c\rtesy is connect$ ) c\rt%ip4 ,/rang]s or remote acqua9tances1 also1 h p>ticul> claims to be treat$ ) civility1 :]eas polit5ess is ( little mom5t 9 ! int]c\rse ( fri5ds2 x imitates k9dness1 & is resort$ to :]e ! g5u9e feel+ is want+4#aji ,& 9 ! capacity ( gue/1 ! /rang] is (t5 = ! "t be+ flatt]$ ) exquisite m>ks ( hon\r1 = reasons :i* h be5 /at$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 ',c]emonial ,in/itutions1' passim4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a1 ii4 #fhe4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur ,e?n4 iii4 #bgj4 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #dhe 7,wakamba74 ,see also supra1 i4 *4 xxvi4 ,footnote #aji3 ,cf4 ,tuck]1 ,light ( ,nature1 ii4 #eii sqq42 ,j\b]t1 ,p5ses1 i4 #bdc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,reg>d ,,= ,,o!r ,,p]sons' ,,happ9ess ,,9 ,,g5]al--,,gratitude--,,patriotism ,,& ,,cosmopolitanism ,,9 previ\s *apt]s we h dealt ) moral ideas conc]n+ v>i\s modes ( conduct :i* h ref]5ce to o!r m5's welf>e--to _! life or bodily com=t1 _! lib]ty1 prop]ty1 k ( tru?1 or self-reg>d+ pride4 ,b ! li/ ( duties :i* we owe to our fell[-creatures is z yet by no means complete4 ,any act1 =be>ance1 or omission1 :i* 9 "s way or o!r dim9i%es or increases _! happ9ess may on t acc\nt become a subject ( moral blame or praise1 be+ apt to call =? sympa!tic retributive emotions4 ,to d good to o!rs is a rule :i* has be5 inculcat$ by all ! great tea*]s ( morality4 ,accord+ to ,confucius1 b5evol5ce is ! root ( righte\sness & a lead+ *>act]i/ic ( p]fect virtue4#a ,9 ! ,ta\i/ ',book ( ,secret ,bless+s' m5 are enjo9$ to be compassionate & lov+1 & to devote _! weal? to ! good ( _! fell[-m54#b ,! morali/s ( anci5t ,india tea* t we %\ld ) our life1 means1 und]/&+1 & spee*1 seek to advance ! welf>e ( o!r creatures 9 ?is _w2 t we %\ld d s )\t expect+ reciprocity2 & t we %\ld enjoy ! prosp]ity ( o!rs ev5 ?\gh ourselves unprosp]\s4#c ,! writ]s #aed ( classical antiquity repeat$ly give expression to ! idea t man is n born = himself alone1 b %\ld assi/ 8 fell[-m5 to ! be/ ( 8 ability4#d ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we meet ) ! injunction1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself2#e & ?is 0 decl>$ by ,*ri/ to be ( equal importance ) ! comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god4#f ,footnote #a3 ,lun ,y1 xvii4 #f4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #b3 ,d\glas1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgb sq4 ,footnote #c3 ,muir1 ,religi\s & ,moral ,s5tim5ts r5d]$ f ,sanskrit ,writ]s1 p4 #ajg sq4 ,moni] ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #ddh4 ,footnote #d3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bge sqq4 ,footnote #e3 ,leviticus1 xix4 #ah4 ,footnote #f3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxii4 #ci4 ,to a reflect+ m9d x is obvi\s t ! moral value ( b5efic5ce exclusively lies 9 ! b5evol5t motive1 & t !re is no?+ praisewor?y 9 promot+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs f selfi% consid]ations4 ,confucius taught t self mu/ be conqu]$ be=e a man c be p]fectly virtu\s4#g ,accord+ to ,lao-tsze1 self-abnegation is ! c>d9al rule = bo? ! sov]eign & ! p4#h ,self-d5ial is ! *ief dem& ( ! ,gospel1 & is emphasis$ z a supreme duty by ,islam4#i ,g5]ally speak+1 ! m]it atta*$ to a good action is proportionate to ! self-d5ial :i* x co/s ! ag5t4 ,?is foll[s f ! nature ( moral approval 9 its capacity ( a retributive emotion1 z is prov$ by ! fact t ! degree ( gratitude felt t[>ds a b5efactor is 9 a simil> way influ5c$ by ! deprivation to :i* he subjects himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is consid]able v>iety ( op9ion1 ev5 among ourselves1 z to ! dictates ( duty1 9 cases :]e our own int]e/s conflict ) ^? ( our fell[-m54 ,to ,pr(essor ,sidgwick x is a moral axiom t ,i ought n to pref] my own less] good to ! great] good ( ano!r4#aj ,accord+ to ,hut*eson1 we d n condemn ^? z evil :o w n sacrifice _! private int]e/ to ! advancem5t ( ! positive good ( o!rs1 unless ! private int]e/ be v small1 & ! publick good v great4#aa ,footnote #g3 ,lun ,y1 xii4 i4 #a4 ,footnote #h3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #i3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hut*eson1 ,essay on ! ,nature & ,conduct ( ! ,passions1 c4 p4 #cab4 ,! idea t x is bad to cause h>m to o!rs & #aee good or obligatory to promote _! happ9ess1 is 9 diff]5t ways influ5c$ by ! relation%ip betwe5 ! p>ties2 & to _m cases x does n apply at all4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ t accord+ to e>ly e?ics an enemy is a prop] object ( hatr$1 n ( love2#ab & accord+ to m advanc$ ideas a p]son :o treats u badly has at all ev5ts little claim ^u our k9dness4 ,! v opposite is ! case ) a b5efactor or fri5d4 ,to requite a b5efit1 or to be grateful to him :o be/[s x1 is probably ev]y:]e1 at lea/ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 reg>d$ z a duty4 ,?is is a subject :i* 9 ! pres5t connection calls = special consid]ation4 ,footnote #ab3 ,supra1 i4 p4 #gc sq4 ,! duty ( gratefulness presupposes a disposition = gratitude4#ac ,accord+ to travell]s' acc\nts1 ?is feel+ is lack+ 9 _m uncivilis$ races4#ad ,lyon writes ( ! ,eskimo ( ,igloolik3--,gratitude is n only r>e1 b absolutely unkn[n among/ !m1 ei!r by action1 ^w1 or look1 beyond ! fir/ outcry ( satisfaction4 ,nurs+ _! sick1 bury+ ! dead1 clo?+ & fe$+ ! :ole tribe1 furni%+ ! m5 ) weapons1 & ! wom5 & *ildr5 ) ornam5ts1 are insuffici5t to awak5 a grateful feel+1 & ! v p :o reliev$ _! di/resses :5 />v+ are laugh$ at 9 "t ( pl5ty = ! quantity & quality ( ! food :i* 0 be/[$ 9 *>ity4#ae ,v>i\s o!r tribes 9 #aef ,nor? ,am]ica h be5 accus$ ( +ratitude2#af & ( "s ,s\? ,am]ican savages we are told t !y ev9c$ no ?ankfulness = ! pres5ts :i* 7 giv5 !m4#ag ,! ,fijians are describ$ z utt]ly indiff]5t to _! b5efactors4 ,! ,rev4 ,?4 ,williams writes3--,if "o ( !m1 :5 sick1 obta9$ m$ic9e f me1 he ?\ght me b\nd to give him food2 ! reception ( food he consid]$ z giv+ him a claim on me = cov]+2 &1 t be+ secur$1 he deem$ himself at lib]ty to beg any?+ he want$1 & abuse me if ,i refus$ 8 unreasonable reque/4#ah ,mr4 ,lumholtz _h a simil> exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ! natives ( ,h]b]t ,riv]1 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&3--,if y give "o ?+ to a black man1 he f9ds t5 o!r ?+s to ask =1 & he is n a%am$ to ask = all t y h1 & m too4 ,he is nev] satisfi$4 ,gratitude does n exi/ 9 8 brea/4#ai ,9 sev]al languages !re is no ^w expressive ( :at we t]m gratitude or no phrase correspond+ to our ?ank y2#bj & on ?is fact mu* /ress has be5 #aeg laid1 ! defici5cy ( language be+ reg>d$ z an indication ( a correspond+ defici5cy 9 feel+s4 ,footnote #ac3 ,= ! def9ition ( gratitude1 see supra1 i4 #ic4 ,footnote #ad3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamis*atka1 p4 #bib4 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #caj1 #caf4 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahc4 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dfg4 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #bhf 7,malays74 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bjg 7,malays ( ,sumatra74 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #cbj 7natives ( ,timor-laut74 ,mrs4 ,=bes1 ,insul9de1 p4 #agh 7natives ( ,ritabel74 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papua's1 p4 #bff 7,papuans ( ,bogadjim74 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bci4 ,la ,pr\se1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 ii4 #aji 7,samoans74 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #dh2 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aaj4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #fc4 ,gason1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #beh4 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza1 i4 #bdb 7,latukas71 #bhi 7,negroes71 von ,franois1 ,nama und ,dam>a1 p4 #aia 7,h]]o74 ,footnote #ae3 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,discov]y "u ,capta9 ,p>ry1 p4 #cdh sq4 ,see also ,p>ry1 ,j\rnal ( a ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #ebd sq4 ,footnote #af3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agd4 ,s>yts*ew1 ',voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,sib]ia1' 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n ,voyages1 vi4 #gh 7,aleuts74 ,h>mon1 ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #bia 7,tacullies74 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #cai4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s1 i4 #ajf4 ,burton1 ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 p4 #abe 7,si\x & prairie tribes g5]ally74 ,footnote #ag3 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bbh1 #bda sq4 7,coroados74 ,/okes1 quot$ by ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ',adv5ture' & ',beagle1' i4 #gg 7,fuegians74 ,footnote #ah3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #aaa4 ,see also ,&]son1 ,notes ( ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia1 pp4 #abd1 #aca4 ,footnote #ai3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 iii4 #cii 7,abipones1 ,gu>anies74 ,he>ne1 ,j\rney to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 p4 #cjg 7,nor!rn ,indians74 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #aib 7,t\ng?a74 ,=eman1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahb sq4 7,bisayans74 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dfg4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #gd 7,dyaks74 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ahg2 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bci sq4 7,h[ev]1 ,mr ,romilly's /atem5t t 9 all ! kn[n ,new ,gu9ea languages !re is n ev5 a ^w = '?ank y1' is n q correct1 z appe>s f ,*alm]s op4 cit4 p4 #ahg47 ,wilson1 ,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean1 p4 #cfe2 ,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 #aaf 7,tahitians74 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh 7,maoris74 ,new1 ,life & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #ajj 7,wanika74 von ,franois1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia 7,h]]o74 ,9 ! ,v$ic language1 also1 !re 0 no ^w = ?anks 7,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #cje72 & _m ,ea/]n languages ( ! pres5t day lack an equival5t = ?ank y 7,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #ha1 n4 a42 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,muhamm$anism1 p4 #agf2 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #i74 ,:5 "o ( ! mission>ies 9 ,india 0 engag$ 9 ! translation ( ! ,scriptures into ,b5gali1 he f\nd no common ^w 9 t language suitable to express ! idea ( gratitude 7,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #cig74 ,"h aga9 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 a travell]'s actual exp]i5ce & ! conclusions :i* he draws f x2 & x seems t 9 _m cases our au?orities h be5 too ready to *>ge savages ) a total lack ( grateful feel+s1 because !y h be5 want+ 9 gratitude on c]ta9 occasions4 ,x is too mu* to expect t a savage %\ld %[ himself ?ankful to any /rang] :o gives him a pres5t4 ,speak+ ( ! ,ahts ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,mr ,sproat rem>ks t ! ,indian's suspicion prev5ts a ready gratitude1 z he is prone to see1 9 app>5t k9dness ext5d$ to him1 "s "u-curr5t ( selfi% motive4 ,he is accu/om$1 among 8 own p1 to gifts made = purposes ( guile1 & also to pres5ts made m]ely to %[ ! greatness & ri*ness ( ! giv]2 b1 ,i imag9e1 our au?or adds1 :5 ! ,aht ceases to suspect su* motives--:5 he does n detect pride1 craft1 or c>elessness--he is grateful1 & probably grateful 9 proportion to ! tr\ble tak5 to s]ve him4#ba ,z = ! +ratitude ( ! ,nor!rn ,que5sl& natives1 ,mr4 ,lumholtz himself admits t !y assume t ! gift is be/[$ out ( fe>2#bb & ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s we are told t _! total want ( gratitude 0 p>ticul>ly due to ! fact t no ,new ,zeal&] ev] did any k9dness1 or gave any?+1 to ano!r1 )\t ma9ly hav+ an eye to himself 9 ! transaction4#bc ,moreov]1 gratitude (t5 requires n only ! abs5ce ( a selfi% motive 9 ! b5efactor1 b "s degree ( self-sacrifice4 ,a p]son1 says ,mr4 ,sproat1 may keep an ,indian f />v+ all ! w9t] ?r\gh1 yet1 :5 summ] comes1 v likely he w n walk a y>d = 8 pres]v] )\t paym5t4 ,! savage does n1 9 ?is in/ance1 #aeh recognise any obligation2 b ?9ks t a p]son :o _h s mu* m ?an he c\ld himself consume might well1 & )\t any claim = aft] s]vices1 "p ) "s ( x = ! advantage ( ano!r 9 want4#bd ,mr4 ,p[]s makes a simil> obs]vation ) ref]5ce to ! aborig9es ( ,cali=nia3--,:ite m51 he says1 :o h _h deal+s ) ,indians1 9 conv]sation ) me h (t5 bitt]ly accus$ !m ( +ratitude4 ',d ev]y?+ 9 y\r p[] = an ,indian1' !y say1 '& he w accept x all z a matt] ( c\rse2 b = ! slighte/ s]vice y require ( him he w dem& pay4' ,^! m5 d n ent] into ! ,indian's ideas4 ,?is '+ratitude' is really an unconsci\s complim5t to our p[]4 ,! savage feels1 vaguely1 ! unapproa*able elevation on :i* ! ,am]ican /&s above him4 ,he feels t we _h mu* & he _h little1 & we took away f him ev5 8 little4 ,9 8 view giv+ does n impov]i% u1 nor )hold+ enri* u4 ,gratitude is a s5tim5t n 9 place betwe5 ma/] & slave2 x is a s5tim5t = equals4 ,! ,indians are grateful to "o ano!r4#be ,nor are m5 v apt to feel grateful = b5efits to :i* !y consid] !mselves to h a "r4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ! want ( gratitude among ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,kurnai = k9dnesses %[n !m by ! :ites is due to ! pr9ciple ( community1 :i* is s /rong a feature ( ! dome/ic & social life ( ^! aborig9es4 ,= a supply ( food1 or = nurs+ :5 sick1 ! ,kurnai w\ld n feel grateful to 8 family gr\p4 ,!re w\ld be a common obligation ^u all to %>e food1 & to af=d p]sonal aid & succ\r4 ,?is pr9ciple w\ld also come into play z reg>ds ! simple p]sonal prop]ty !y possess1 & w\ld ext5d to ! be=e-unkn[n articles procur$ f ! :ites4 ,! food1 ! clo!s1 ! m$ical att5dance :i* ! ,kurnai receive f ! :ites1 !y take 9 ! accu/om$ mann]2 &1 9 addition to #aei ?is1 we mu/ rememb] t ! donors are reg>d$ z hav+ unlimit$ res\rces4 ,!y _c be suppos$ by ! ,kurnai to be do+ any?+ b giv+ out ( _! abundance4#bf ,mr4 ,guppy f\nd ! same pr9ciple at "w among ! ,solomon ,isl&]s3--,(t5 :5 dur+ my excursions ,i h come ^u "s man :o 0 prep>+ a meal = himself & 8 family1 ,i h be5 surpris$ at ! op5-h&$ way 9 :i* he disp5s$ ! food to my p>ty ( hungry natives4 ,no gratitude 0 %[n t[>ds ! giv]1 :o app>5tly expect$ none4#bg ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t ! want ( gratitude ) :i* ,arabs h (t5 be5 *>g$ by ,europeans has aris5 f ! v common practice ( hospitality & g5]osity1 & f ! prevail+ op9ion t ^! virtues are absolute duties :i* x w\ld be disgraceful & s9ful to neglect4#bh ,footnote #ba3 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #afe sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bc3 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #bf3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,guppy1 ,solomon ,isl&s1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bh3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bih4 ,see also ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah1 i4 #ea4 ,we %\ld fur!r rememb] t savages (t5 take c>e n to display _! emotions4 ,among ! ,melanesians1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 x is n ! cu/om to say any?+ by way ( ?anks2 x is r improp] to %[ emotion :5 any?+ is giv51 or :5 fri5ds meet aga92 sil5ce ) ! eyes ca/ d[n is ! sign ( ! inw>d trembl+ or %yness :i* !y feel1 or ?9k !y ought to feel1 "u ^! circum/ances4 ,!re is no lack ( a ^w :i* may be fairly translat$ '?ank'2 & c]ta9ly no "o :o has giv5 cause = x w say t ,melanesians h no gratitude2 o!rs probably are ready en\gh to say x4#bi ,( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,*ippewas ,major ,/rickl& writes3--,if an ,indian makes a pres5t1 x is always expect$ t "o equally valuable %\ld be giv5 9 return4 ,no matt] :at y give !m1 or h[ valuable or ri* ! pres5t1 !y seldom betray ! lea/ emotion or appe>ance ( gratitude1 x be+ consid]$ b5ea? ! dignity ( a r$ man to betray 8 feel+s4 ,= all ?is seem+ indiff]5ce1 #afj !y are 9 reality z grateful1 &1 ,i believe1 ev5 m s ?an our own peasantry4#cj ,! ,aleuts also1 al?\gh !y are *>y ( expressions ( ?anks1 d n =get k9dness1 & endeav\r to express _! ?ankfulness by de$s4 ,if anyone assi/s an ,aleut1 & aft]w>ds (f5ds him1 he does n =get ! =m] fav\r1 & 9 8 m9d x (t5 cancels ! (f5ce4#ca ,f ! want ( a ^w = a feel+ we mu/ n conclude t ! feel+ itself is want+4 ,mr4 ,sproat obs]ves3--,! ,ahts h1 x is true1 no ^w = gratitude1 b a defect 9 language does n absolutely imply defect 9 he>t2 & ! ,indian :o1 9 return = a b5efit receiv$1 says1 ) gli/5+ eyes1 t 8 he>t is good t[>ds 8 b5efactor1 expresses 8 gratitude q z well p]haps z ! ,engli% man :o says ',?ank y4'#cb ,footnote #bi3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #cj3 ,/rickl&1 ,tw5ty-sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,canada ,we/1 ii4 #eh4 ,footnote #ca3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #cb3 ,sproat1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe4 ,see also ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #gd 7,dyaks74 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t 9 v>i\s cases a p :i* to "o travell] appe>s to be q de/itute ( gratitude is by ano!r describ$ z be+ by no means lack+ 9 ?is feel+2#cc & sometimes contradictory /atem5ts are made ev5 by ! same writ]4 ,?us ,mr4 ,lumholtz1 :o gives su* a gloomy picture ( ! "* ( ! ,nor!rn ,que5sl& natives1 nev]!less tells u ( a native :o1 ?\gh himself v hungry1 ?rew ! animals :i* ! travell] _h %ot = him to an old man--8 wife's uncle--:om !y met1 9 ord] to give "s pro( ( ! gratitude he ow$ ! p]son f :om he _h receiv$ 8 wife2#cd & reg>d+ ! ,fijians ,mr4 ,williams himself /ates t ?anks = pres5ts are always express$ al\d1 & g5]ally ) a k9d wi% = ! giv]4#ce ,z we h notic$ be=e1 retributive k9dly emotions1 ( :i* gratitude is only ! mo/ develop$ =m1 are commonly f\nd among greg>i\s animals1 social affection be+ n only a fri5dly #afa s5tim5t t[>ds ano!r individual1 b t[>ds an individual :o is conceiv$ ( z a fri5d4#cf ,& x is all ! m difficult to believe 9 ! absolute want ( gratitude 9 "s savage races1 z ! majority ( !m--to judge f my collection ( facts--are expressly acquitt$ ( su* a defect1 & sev]al are describ$ z rem>kably grateful = b5efits be/[$ ^u !m4 ,footnote #cc3 ,e4g41 ! ,fuegians1 ,si\x1 ,ahts1 ,aleuts1 ,kam*adales1 ,tasmanians1 ,zulus 7see supra & infra74 ,footnote #cd3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #ce3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #cf3 ,supra1 i4 #id4 ,! ,fuegians use ! ^w *apak\ta1 :i* means glad1 satisfi$1 affectionate1 grateful1 to express ?anks4#cg ,jemmy ,button1 ! "y ,fuegian :o 0 br\ght to ,engl& on bo>d ! ,beagle1 gave pro(s ( s9c]e gratitude2#ch & ,admiral ,fitzroy also m5tions a ,patagonian boy :o appe>$ ?ankful = k9dness %[n to him4#ci ,( ! ,mapu*s ( ,*ili ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,smi? obs]ves3--,:atev] pres5t is made1 or fav\r conf]r$1 is consid]$ z some?+ to be return$2 & ! ,indian nev] fails1 ?\gh mon?s & ye>s may int]v5e1 to repay :at he consci5ti\sly ?9ks an exact equival5t = ! ?+ receiv$4#dj ,! ,botocudos d n readily =get k9d treatm5t2#da & ! ,tupis 7 a grateful race1 & rememb]$ t !y _h receiv$ gifts1 aft] ! giv] _h =gott5 x4#db ,! ,guiana ,indians are grateful = any k9dness4#dc ,! ,navahos ( ,new ,mexico h a ^w = ?anks1 & employ x on all occasions :i* we w\ld consid] appropriate4#dd ,! ,si\x ev9c$ ! w>me/ gratitude to any :o _h ev] display$ k9d feel+s t[>ds !m4#de ,9 8 ',voyages f ,montreal to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1' ,mack5zie m5tions ! gratitude %[n him by a "y ,indian :om he _h cur$ ( a bad w\nd4 ,:5 well en\gh to engage 9 a hunt+ p>ty1 ! "y man br\ght to 8 physician ! tongue ( an elk1 & :5 !y p>t$ bo? he & 8 relatives express$ ! he>tie/ ackn[l$gm5t = ! c>e be/[$ on him4#df ,if an ,aleut receives a gift he accepts x1 say+ ,akh6 :i* means ?anks4#dg ,"s ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo visit$ by ,mr4 ,murdo* seem to feel truly #afb grateful = ! b5efits & gifts receiv$1 & endeav\r$ by _! g5]al behavi\r1 z well z 9 m sub/antial ways1 to make "s adequate return2 :]eas o!rs appe>$ to ?9k only ( :at !y might receive4#dh ,footnote #cg3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #cad4 ,footnote #ch3 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cbg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 ii4 #agc4 ,footnote #dj3 ,smi?1 ,araucanians1 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #da3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #db3 ,s\!y1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdg4 ,footnote #dc3 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #dd3 ,mat!ws1 ',/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #i4 ,footnote #de3 ,ea/man1 ,dacotah1 p4 ix4 ,footnote #df3 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages f ,montreal to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 #acg sq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #dh3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nol4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #db4 ,see also ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ',h]ald1' ii4 #fg 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,( ! ,tunguses x is said1 ,if y make !m a pres5t1 !y h>dly ?ank y2 b ?\gh s unpolite1 !y are exce$+ly grateful4#di ,! ,jakuts nev] =get a b5efit receiv$2 = !y n only make re/itution1 b recomm5d to _! (fspr+ ! ties ( fri5d%ip & gratitude to _! b5efactors4#ej ,! ,v$dah ( ,ceylon is describ$ z v grateful = att5tion or assi/ance4#ea ,a little k9dly sympa?y makes him an atta*$ fri5d1 & = 8 fri5d 4 4 4 4 he w readily give 8 life4#eb ,mr4 ,b5nett once _h an int]view ) two village ,v$dahs1 & on t occasion gave !m pres5ts4 ,two mon?s aft] a c\ple ( elephant's tusks f\nd _! way into 8 front v]&ah at night1 b ! ,v$dahs :o _h br\ght !m nev] gave him an opportunity to rew>d !m4 ,:at a lesson 9 gratitude & delicacy1 he exclaims1 ev5 a ,v$dah may tea*6#ec ,footnote #di3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #ej3 ,sau]1 ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia1 p]=m$ by ,bill+s1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 ii4 #dde4 ,s>as91 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #edf4 ,footnote #eb3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aib4 ,footnote #ec3 ,pridham1 ,acc\nt ( ,ceylon1 i4 #dfj sq4 ,! ,alfura ( ,halmah]a1#ed ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra1#ee & ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo#ef are prais$ = _! grateful disposition ( m9d4 ,( ! ,hill ,dyaks ,mr4 ,l[ obs]ves t gratitude em95tly adorns ! "* ( ^! simple p1 & ! smalle/ b5efit conf]r$ ^u !m calls =? its vigor\s & cont9u$ ex]cise4#eg ,! ,motu p ( ,new ,gu9ea are capable ( appreciat+ k9dness1#eh & h words = express+ ?anks4#ei ,*amisso speaks highly ( ! gratitude ev9c$ by ! natives ( ,ulea1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s3--,any ?+1 a useful in/rum5t1 = example1 :i* !y h receiv$ z a gift f a fri5d1 reta9s & be>s among !m z a la/+ memorial ! "n ( ! fri5d :o be/[$ x4#fj ,:5 ,pr(essor ,moseley at ,d5treca/eaux ,isl&1 ( ! ,admiralty ,gr\p1 gave a hat*et z pay to 8 guide1 accord+ #afc to promise1 ! guide seem$ grateful1 & pres5t$ him ) 8 own %ell adze 9 return4#fa ,?\gh ! ,tahitians nev] return ?anks nor seem to h a ^w 9 _! language expressive ( gratitude1 !y are n devoid ( ! feel+ itself4#fb ,backh\se tells u ( a ,tasmanian native :o1 hav+ be5 nurs$ ?r\gh an illness1 %[$ _m demon/rations ( gratitude2 & he adds t ?is virtue 0 (t5 exhibit$ among ^! p--a /atem5t :i* is corroborat$ by ! acc\nts ( o!r travell]s4#fc ,( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es ,mr4 ,ridley writes3--,i believe !y are z a p rem>kably susceptible ( impressions f k9d treatm5t4 ,!y recognis$ me z "o :o s\ght _! good1 & 7 evid5tly pleas$ & ?ankful to see t ,i ?\ght !m wor? look+ aft]4#fd ,! ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay blacks are said to display atta*m5t to p]sons :o are k9d to !m4#fe ,speak+ ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve t1 ?\gh !y are n 9 ! habit ( %[+ any?+ l excessive gratitude on receiv+ gifts f ! :ite man1 !y are 9 reality by no means incapable ( t feel+2#ff & o!r writ]s report in/ances ( gratitude display$ by natives ( ,we/ ,au/ralia#fg & ,que5sl&4#fh ,footnote #ed3 ,kk5?al1 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk5 und ,borneo1 i4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ee3 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #bci4 ,footnote #ef3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #gd1 #gf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #eh3 ,/one1 ,a ,few ,mon?s 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ei3 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #fj3 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea1 iii4 #bad4 ,footnote #fa3 ,moseley1 ',inhabitants ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vi4 #daf4 ,footnote #fb3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 op4 cit4 vi4 #aaf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 pp4 #dg1 #fb1 #fd4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ridley1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bd4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #bj sqq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,wyatt1 ',mann]s & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,aborig9al ,tribes1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #ff3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dh sqq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #fh3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #dd4 ,conc]n+ ! p ( ,madagasc> ! mission>y ,ellis writes3--,:e!r ! noble & g5]\s feel+ ( gratitude has mu* place among/ ! ,malagasy has be5 que/ion$4 ,?\gh (t5 *>act]is$ by extreme apa?y1 !y are c]ta9ly susceptible ( t5d]ness ( feel+1 & _! cu/oms furni% v>i\s modes ( te/ify+ _! s5se ( any acts ( k9dness %ewn !m1 & _! language conta9s _m =ms ( spee* expressive ( ?ankfulness4 ,! foll[+ are among ^? 9 mo/ g5]al use3 ',may y live to gr[ old--may y live long--may y live sacr$--may y see1 or obta91 ju/ice f ! sov]eign4' ,moreov]1 ) all _! expressions ( ?ankfulness1 consid]able action is us$3 sometimes ! two h&s are ext5d$ op5 z if to make a pres5t2 or ! p>ty /oops d[n to ! gr\nd1 & clasps ! legs1 or t\*es ! knee & ! feet ( ! p]son he is ?ank+4#fi ,+ratitude1 #afd aga91 is express$ by _m /rong metaphors1 su* z son ( a ?und]bolt1 or (fspr+ ( a wild bo>4#gj ,! ,bu%mans1 accord+ to ,bur*ell1 are n incapable ( gratitude4#ga ,! /atem5t made by c]ta9 travell]s or coloni/s t ! ,zulus are devoid ( ?is feel+1 is contradict$ by ,mr4 ,tyl]1 :o ass]ts t _m in/ances might be relat$ 9 :i* a ?ankful _s has be5 manife/$1 & gifts be/[$ = fav\rs receiv$4#gb ,! ,basutos h words to express gratitude4#gc ,among ! ,bakongo1 says ,mr4 ,w>d1 evid5ces ( gratitude are r>e inde$1 al?\gh occasionally "o meets ) ?is s5tim5t 9 odd guises4 ,once1 by a happy *ance1 ,i sav$ a baby's life4 ,! *ild 0 br\ght to me by its "m 9 convulsions1 & ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to f9d 9 my m$ic9e *e/ a drug t effect$ an almo/ imm$iate cure4 ,yet ! s]vice ,i r5d]$ to ?is woman1 in/ead ( meet+ ) any appreciation1 only procur$ = me ! :isp]$ reputation ( be+ a wit*4 ,b tw5ty mon?s aft]w>ds1 at midnight :5 all ! p 7 sleep+1 ! same woman came to ,mr4 ,w>d & gave him "s f[l's eggs 9 paym5t4 ,i come1 %e said1 9 ! d>kness t my p may n "k1 = !y w\ld je] at me if !y knew ( ?is gift4#gd ,a travell] tells u t ! inhabitants ( ,great ,b59 if giv5 any trifles express$ _! ?anks4#ge ,writ+ on ! natives ( ,accra1 ,monrad /ates t gratitude is among ! virtues ( ! ,negroes1 & induces !m ev5 to give _! lives 9 return = b5efits conf]r$ on !m4#gf ,! ,feloops1 bord]+ on ! ,gambia1 display ! utmo/ gratitude & affection t[>ds _! b5efactors4#gg ,z reg>ds ! ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans1 ,mr4 ,macdonald affirms )\t any hesitation t !y h gratitude1 ev5 ?\gh we def9e gratitude z be+ mu* m ?an an 'acute s5se ( fav\rs to come4'#gh ,! ,masai & ,wad%agga h a curi\s habit ( spitt+ on ?+s or p z a complim5t or sign ( gratitude#gi--orig9ally1 ,i presume1 ) a view to transf]r+ to !m a bless+4 ,! ,b>ea are said to be ?ankful = b5efits4#hj ,accord+ to ,palgrave1 gratitude is no #afe less an ,arab ?an a ,european virtue1 :atev] ! ignorance or ! prejudices ( "s =eign]s may h affirm$ to ! contr>y2#ha & ,burckh>dt says t an ,arab nev] =gets ! g5]osity %[n to him ev5 by an enemy4#hb ,footnote #fi3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #beh4 ,see also ,ro*on1 ,voyage to ,madagasc>1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 i4 #aci sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #fh1 #hf1 #ddg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #gc3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #gd3 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #dg sqq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,pun*1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #de4 ,footnote #gf3 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #h4 ,footnote #gg3 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #gh3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,john/on1 ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition1 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #hj3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ecc4 ,footnote #ha3 ,palgrave1 quot$ 9 ,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology1 ',asiatic ,races1' p4 #ca4 ,footnote #hb3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #aje4 ,9 o!r /atem5ts gratitude is directly repres5t$ z an object ( praise1 or its abs5ce z an object ( disapproval4 ,among ! ,atkha ,aleuts1 accord+ to ,fa!r ,yak(1 gratitude to b5efactors 0 consid]$ a virtue4#hc ,among ! ,omahas1 if a man receives a fav\r & does n manife/ 8 ?ankfulness1 ! p exclaim3--,he does n appreciate ! gift6 ,he has no mann]s4#hd ,! ,kam*adales are n only grateful = fav\rs1 b !y ?9k x absolutely necess>y to make "s return = a pres5t4#he ,! ,*9ese say t k9dness is m b9d+ ?an a loan4#hf ,accord+ to ! ',div9e ,panorama1' a well-kn[n ,ta\i/ "w1 ^? :o =get k9dness & are guilty ( +ratitude %all be torm5t$ aft] dea? & %all n escape "o jot ( _! puni%m5ts4#hg ,9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts gratitude is repres5t$ z a means ( arriv+ at heav51 :il/ +ratitude is /igmatis$ z a he9\s s92#hh & accord+ to ,ammian ungrateful p]sons 7 ev5 puni%$ by law 9 anci5t ,p]sia4#hi ,! same1 we are told1 0 ! case 9 ,mac$onia4#ij ,! duty ( gratitude 0 /rongly inculcat$ by ,greek & ,roman morali/s4#ia ,ari/otle obs]ves t we ought1 z a g5]al rule1 r to return a k9dness to our b5efactor ?an to conf] a gratuit\s fav\r ^u a bro!r 9 arms1 j z we ought r to repay a loan to a cr$itor ?an to sp5d ! same sum ^u a pres5t to a fri5d4#ib ,accord+ to #aff ,x5ophon ! requital ( b5efits is enjo9$ by a div9e law4#ic ,!re is no duty m indisp5sable ?an t ( return+ a k9dness1 says ,cic]o2 all m5 dete/ "o =getful ( a b5efit4#id ,s5eca calls +ratitude a mo/ odi\s vice1 :i* x is difficult to puni% by law1 b :i* we ref] = judgm5t to ! gods4#ie ,! anci5t ,sc&9avians consid]$ x di%on\rable = a man to kill ev5 an enemy 9 blood-rev5ge if he _h receiv$ a b5efit f him4#if ,footnote #hc3 ,yak(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ! ,population1 c4 ( ,alaska1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #hd3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bgj4 ,footnote #he3 ,dobell1 ,travels 9 ,kamts*atka1 i4 #ge4 ,footnote #hf3 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #abc4 ,footnote #hg3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cgd sq4 ,see also ,?i-,%ang1 #d4 ,footnote #hh3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxxvi4 #bh2 xxxvii4 #f2 xliii4 #i4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #f4 #ha4 ,footnote #ij3 ,s5eca1 ,de b5eficiis1 iii4 #f4 #b4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #cje sqq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 x4 #b4 #c4 ,footnote #ic3 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia1 iv4 #d4 #bd4 ,footnote #id3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #ae 7#dg72 ii4 #ah 7#fc74 ,footnote #ie3 ,s5eca1 ,de b5eficiis1 iii4 #f4 #a sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,maur]1 ,die ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #agd4 ,we may assume t among be+s capable ( feel+ moral emotions ! g5]al disposition to be k9d to a b5efactor w inevitably lead to ! notion t ungrateful behavi\r is wrong4 ,su* behavi\r is (f5sive to ! b5efactor2 z ,sp9oza obs]ves1 he :o has conf]r$ a b5efit on anyone f motives ( love or hon\r w feel pa91 if he sees t ! b5efit is receiv$ )\t gratitude4#ig ,?is by itself t5ds to evoke 9 ! by/&] sympa!tic res5tm5t t[>ds ! (f5d]2 b 8 res5tm5t is mu* increas$ by ! retributive k9dl9ess :i* he is apt to feel1 sympa!tically1 t[>ds ! b5efactor4 ,he wants to see ! latt]'s k9dness rew>d$2 & he is %ock$ by ! abs5ce ( a simil> desire 9 ! v p]son :o may be naturally expect$ to feel x m /rongly ?an anybody else99994 ,footnote #ig3 ,sp9oza1 ,e?ica1 iii4 #db4 ,a ,japanese prov]b says t ?ankless lab\r br+s fatigue 7,re$1 ,japan1 ii4 #aji74 ,! moral ideas conc]n+ conduct :i* affects o!r p]sons' welf>e v>y accord+ z ! p>ties are memb]s ( ! same or diff]5t families1 or ( ! same or diff]5t communities4 ,= reasons :i* h be5 /at$ 9 previ\s *apt]s p>5ts h 9 ?is respect special duties t[>ds _! *ildr51 & *ildr5 t[>ds _! p>5ts2 & a tribesman or a fell[-c\ntryman has claims :i* are n %>$ by a =eign]4 ,b !re are duties n only to p>ticul> individuals1 b also to #afg :ole social aggregates4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! duty ( patriotism4 ,! duty ( patriotism is root$ 9 ! patriotic s5tim5t1 9 a p]son's love ( ! social body ( :i* he is himself a memb]1 & :i* is atta*$ to ! t]ritory he calls 8 c\ntry4 ,x involves a desire to promote its welf>e1 a wi% t x may prosp] = ! "t be+ & = all future4 ,?is desire is ! outcome ( a v>iety ( s5tim5ts3 ( m5's affection = ! p among :om !y live1 ( atta*m5t to ! places :]e !y h gr[n up or sp5t "p ( _! lives1 ( devotion to _! race & language1 & to ! traditions1 cu/oms1 laws1 & in/itutions ( ! society 9 :i* !y 7 born & to :i* !y belong4 ,g5u9e patriotism presupposes a p[] ( ab/raction :i* ! l[] savages c h>dly be suppos$ to possess4 ,b x seems to be f> f unkn[n among uncultur$ peoples ( a high] type4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians are prais$ = _! truly patriotic _s1 = _! /rong atta*m5t to _! tribe & _! c\ntry4#ih ,c>v] says ( ! ,naud[essies3--,! hon\r ( _! tribe1 & ! welf>e ( _! nation1 is ! fir/ & mo/ pr$om9ant emotion ( _! he>ts2 & f h5ce proce$ 9 a great measure all _! virtues & _! vices4 ,actuat$ by ?is1 !y brave e dang]1 endure ! mo/ exquisite torm5ts1 & expire triumph+ 9 _! =titude1 n z a p]sonal qualification1 b z a national *>act]i/ic4#ii ,patriotism & public _s 7 (t5 /rongly manife/$ by ! ,tahitians4#ajj ,! ,maori loves 8 c\ntry & ! rights ( 8 ance/ors1 & he w fight = 8 *ildr5's l&4#aja ,( ! ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe we are told t patriotism 0 #afh _! *ief virtue4#ajb ,! same quality di/+ui%es ! ,yorubas ( ,we/ ,africa2 no race ( m51 says ,mr4 ,mac,gregor1 c\ld be m devot$ to _! c\ntry4#ajc ,burckh>dt writes3--,z to ! atta*m5t :i* a ,b$\9 ent]ta9s = 8 own tribe1 ! deep-felt int]e/ he takes 9 its p[] & fame1 & ! sacrifices ( e k9d he is ready to make = its prosp]ity--^! are feel+s r>ely op]at+ ) equal =ce 9 any o!r nation2 & x is ) an exult+ pride ( consci\s patriotism1 n inf]ior to any :i* ennobl$ ! hi/ory ( ,grecian or ,helvetian republics1 t an ,a5eze1 %\ld he be sudd5ly attack$1 seizes 8 lance1 & wav+ x ov] 8 head exclaims1 ',i am an ,a5eze4'#ajd ,footnote #ih3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #cgh sq4 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #cag4 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians1 i4 #ag 7,iroquois74 ,footnote #ii3 ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #aja3 ,angas1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #cch4 ,see also ,trav]s1 ',life & ,times ( ,te ,raup>aha1' 9 ,trans4 & ,proce$4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1 v4 #bb4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,mac,gregor1 ',lagos1 ,abeokuta1 & ! ,alake1' 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 #aijd1 p4 #dff4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #bje4 ,_m ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* patriotism prop] has gr[n are cle>ly di/+ui%able among savages1 ev5 ! v l[e/4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ ! savage's atta*m5t to memb]s ( 8 own community or tribe4 ,comb9$ ) ?is is 8 love ( 8 native place1 & ( ! mode ( life to :i* he is habituat$4 ,!re is a t\*+ illu/ration ( ?is feel+ 9 ! behavi\r ( ! wild boy :o _h be5 f\nd 9 ! woods ne> ,aveyron--:]e he _h sp5t mo/ "p ( 8 "y life 9 p]fect isolation f all human be+s--:5 he1 aft] be+ remov$ to ,p>is1 0 once tak5 back to ! c\ntry1 to ! vale ( ,montmor5ce4 ,joy 0 pa9t$ 9 8 eyes1 9 all ! motions & po/ures ( 8 body1 at ! view ( ! hills & ! woods ( ! *>m+ valley2 he appe>$ m ?an ev] re/less & savage1 & 9 spite ( ! mo/ assidu\s att5tion t 0 paid to 8 wi%es1 & ! mo/ affectionate reg>d t 0 express$ = him1 he seem$ to be occupi$ only ) an anxi\s desire ( tak+ 8 flight4#aje ,h[ mu* great] mu/ n ! love ( home be 9 him :o has !re 8 relatives & fri5ds6 ,mr4 ,h[itt tells u ( #afi an ,au/ralian native :o1 on leav+ 8 camp ) him = a trip ( ab\t a week1 bur/ into te>s1 say+ to himself once & aga91 ,my c\ntry1 my p1 ,i %all n see !m4#ajf ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon w\ld ex*ange _! wild =e/ life = none o!r1 & x 0 ) ! utmo/ difficulty t !y c\ld be induc$ to quit ev5 = a %ort "t _! fav\rite solitude4#ajg ,! ,/ins ( ,cambodia are s /rongly atta*$ to _! =e/s & m\nta9s t to leave !m seems almo/ l dea?4#ajh ,solomon ,isl&]s n seldom die f home-sickness on _! way to ! ,fiji or ,que5sl& plantations4#aji ,! ,hovas ( ,madagasc>1 :5 sett+ out on a j\rney1 (t5 take ) !m a small portion ( _! native e>?1 on :i* !y gaze dur+ _! abs5ce1 invok+ _! god t !y may be p]mitt$ to return to re/ore x to ! place f :i* x 0 tak54#aaj ,mr4 ,crawfurd obs]ves t 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! atta*m5t to ! native spot is /ronge/ ) ! agricultural tribes2#aaa b1 ?\gh a settl$ life is naturally mo/ fav\rable to its developm5t1 ?is feel+ is n inconsi/5t ) nomadism4 ,! ,ni%9am1 :o are ! mo/ nomadic ( all ! ,cali=nian tribes1 h v great atta*m5t = ! valley or flat :i* !y c\nt _! home4#aab ,footnote #aje3 ,it>d1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,discov]y & ,education ( a ,savage ,man1 p4 #gj sqq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #cje4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,h>t%orne1 ',w$das1' 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cag4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,m\hot1 ,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a1 i4 #bdc4 ,footnote #aji3 ,guppy1 op4 cit4 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #ada4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #hd4 ,footnote #aab3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #cah sq4 ,= o!r in/ances ( love ( home among uncivilis$ races see von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bdb1 note 7,coroados72 von ,kotzebue1 op4 cit4 iii4 #de 7,indians ( ,cali=nia72 ,gibbs1 ,tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-,we/]n ,oregon1 p4 #ahg2 ,elliott1 ,report ( ! ,seal ,isl&s ( ,alaska1 p4 #bdj2 ,hoop]1 ,t5 ,mon?s among ! ,t5ts ( ! ,tuski1 p4 #bji2 von ,siebold1 ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #aa2 ,mallat1 ,les ,philipp9es1 ii4 #ie 7,negritos72 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #aid 7,bataks72 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #abf 7natives ( ,rotti1 ne> ,timor72 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #df2 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #agd2 ,cumm+1 ,9 ! ,himalayas1 p4 #djd 7,pah>is72 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #cjb 7,b$awees72 ,tri/ram1 ,great ,sah>a1 p4 #aic sq4 7,b5i ,m'zab72 ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 ii4 #if 7,wanika72 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #cae 7,monbuttu72 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aih 7,ovambo72 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #fc sq4 7,kroos ( ! ,gra9 ,coa/ bel[ ,lib]ia72 ,price1 ',quissama ,tribe1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 i4 #ahg4 #agj ,moreov]1 z we h notic$ above1 savages h ! greate/ reg>d = _! native cu/oms & in/itutions4#aac ,_m ( !m h display$ t love ( national indep5d5ce :i* gives to patriotism its highe/ f]v\r4#aad ,& among "s uncivilis$ peoples1 at lea/1 ! =ce ( racial & l+ui/ic unity %[s itself ev5 outside ! social or political unit4 ,burckh>dt obs]ves t ! ,b$\9s are n only solicit\s = ! hon\r ( _! own respective tribes1 b consid] ! int]e/s ( all o!r tribes z m or less atta*$ to _! own1 & frequ5tly ev9ce a g5]al esprit de corps1 lam5t+ ! losses ( any ( _! tribes occasion$ by attacks f settl]s or =eign troops1 ev5 ?\gh at w> ) ^? tribes4#aae ,a ,tongan loves ! isl& on :i* he 0 born1 9 p>ticul>1 & all ! ,tonga isl&s g5]ally1 z be+ "o c\ntry1 & speak+ "o language4#aaf ,travell]s h notic$ h[ gratify+ x is1 :5 visit+ an uncultur$ p1 to "k a little ( _! language2 !re is at once a sympa!tic l9k betwe5 ! native & ! /rang]4#aag ,ev5 ! almo/ inaccessible ,b]b] ( ! ,great ,atlas1 9 spite ( 8 excessive hatr$ ( ! ,european1 w at once give y a k9dly glance z soon z y1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 utt] to him a few words 9 8 own tongue4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see supra1 i4 #aah sq4 ,footnote #aad3 ,cf4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #ie1 #aje2 ,lomonaco1 ',sulle razze indig5e del ,brasile1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xix4 #eg 7,tupis72 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cdh2 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 iii4 #ahi 7,iroquois72 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #cbc 7,gre5l&]s72 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #ha 7,k&hs72 ,s>as91 op4 cit4 iii4 #ecj 7,v$dahs72 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #ahh1 #cjd 7,negroes ( ,c5tral ,africa72 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #dbb sq4 7,bu%mans74 ,footnote #aae3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #aef4 ,footnote #aag3 ,see ,/okes1 ,discov]ies 9 ,au/ralia1 ii4 #be4 ,l o!r species ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t1 patriotism is apt to ov]e/imate ! qualities ( ! object = :i* x is felt2 & x does s all ! m readily z love ( "o's c\ntry is almo/ insep>ably int]m+l$ ) love ( "o's self4 ,! ord9>y1 typical patriot has a /rong w to believe t 8 nation is ! be/4 ,if1 z _m #aga p n[adays seem to ma9ta91 su* a w to believe is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( true patriotism1 savages are z good patriots z anybody4 ,9 _! int]c\rse ) :ite m5 !y h (t5 ) a/oni%m5t notic$ ! arrogant air ( sup]iority adopt$ by ! latt]2 9 _! own op9ion !y are !mselves va/ly sup]ior to ! :ites4 ,accord+ to ,eskimo beliefs1 ! fir/ man1 ?\gh made by ! ,great ,be+1 0 a failure1 & 0 consequ5tly ca/ aside & call$ kob-lu-na1 :i* means :ite man2 b a second attempt ( ! ,great ,be+ result$ 9 ! =mation ( a p]fect man1 & he 0 call$ 9-nu1 ! "n :i* ! ,eskimo give to !mselves4#aah ,au/ralian natives1 on be+ ask$ to "w1 h (t5 repli$1 ,:ite fell[ works1 n black fell[2 black fell[ g5tleman4#aai ,:5 any?+ fooli% is done1 ! ,*ippewas use an expression :i* means z /upid z a :ite man4#abj ,if a ,s\? ,sea ,isl&] sees a v awkw>d p]son1 he says1 ,h[ /upid y are2 p]haps y are an ,engli%man4#aba ,mr4 ,williams tells u ( a ,fijian :o1 hav+ be5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 ord]$ by 8 *iefs to say :e!r ! c\ntry ( ! :ite man 0 bett] ?an ,fiji1 & 9 :at respects4 ,he _h n1 h[ev]1 gone f> 9 tell+ ! tru?1 :5 "o cri$ out1 ,he is a prat+ fell[2 ano!r1 ,he is impud5t2 & "s said1 ,kill him4#abb ,! ,koriaks are m argum5tative2 9 ord] to prove t ! acc\nts !y he> ( ! advantages ( o!r c\ntries are s _m lies1 !y say to ! /rang]1 ,if y c\ld enjoy ^! advantages at home1 :at made y take s mu* tr\ble to come to u8#abc ,b ! ,koriaks1 9 _! turn are look$ d[n ^u by _! neighb\rs1 ! ,*uk*i1 :o call ! surr\nd+ peoples old wom51 only fit to gu>d _! flocks1 & to be _! att5dants4#abd ,! ,a9u despise ! ,japanese #agb j z mu* z ! ,japanese despise !m1 & are conv9c$ ( ! sup]iority ( _! own blood & desc5t ov] t ( all o!r peoples 9 ! _w4#abe ,ev5 ! mis]able ,v$dah ( ,ceylon has a v high op9ion ( himself1 & reg>ds 8 civilis$ neighb\rs ) contempt4#abf ,z is (t5 ! case ) civilis$ m51 savages attribute to _! own p all k9ds ( virtue 9 p]fection4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,mbays1 accord+ to ,az>a1 se croi5t la nation la plus noble du monde1 la plus gnreuse1 la plus exacte t5ir sa p>ole avec loyaut1 et la plus vaillante4#abg ,! ,eskimo ( ,norton ,s\nd speak ( !mselves z yu'-p7ik1 mean+ f9e or complete p1 :]eas an ,indian is t]m$ i-k7i-l7ik1 f a ^w :i* means a l\se egg4#abh ,:5 a ,gre5l&] saw a =eign] ( g5tle & mode/ mann]s1 8 usual rem>k 01 ,he is almo/ z well-br$ z we1 or1 ,he beg9s to be a man1 t is1 a ,gre5l&]4#abi ,! savage reg>ds 8 p z ! p1 z ! root ( all o!rs1 & z occupy+ ! middle ( ! e>?4 ,! ,hott5tots love to call !mselves ! m5 ( m54#acj ,! ,indians ( ! ,ungava di/rict1 ,hudson ,bay1 give !mselves ! "n n55ot1 t is1 true or ideal r$ m54#aca ,9 ! language ( ! ,ill9ois ,indians ! ^w ill9ois means m5--z if !y look$ ^u all o!r ,indians z bea/s4#acb ,! aborig9es ( ,hayti believ$ t _! isl& 0 ! fir/ ( all ?+s1 t ! sun & moon issu$ f "o ( its cav]ns1 & m5 f ano!r4#acc ,ea* ,au/ralian tribe1 says ,mr4 ,curr1 reg>ds its c\ntry z ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :i* 9 mo/ cases is believ$ n to ext5d m ?an a c\ple ( hundr$ miles or s 9 any direction4#acd ,footnote #aah3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #eff sq4 ,footnote #aai3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #abj3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 ii4 #afh4 ,see also ,boll]1 ,among ! ,indians1 p4 #ed sq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #ead4 ,footnote #abb3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #abc3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #abd3 ,sau]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #abe3 ,bat*elor1 ',notes on ! ,a9u1' 9 ,trans4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,japan1 x4 #baa sq4 ,h[>d1 ,life ) ,trans-,sib]ian ,savages1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #abf3 ,nevill1 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aib4 ,s>as91 op4 cit4 iii4 #ecj1 #ecd4 #eec4 ,footnote #abg3 ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #ajg4 ,footnote #abh3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cjf sq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #abf4 ,footnote #acj3 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #aca3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #bfg4 ,footnote #acb3 ,m>quette1 ,recit des voyages1 p4 #dg sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ej4 ,= o!r in/ances ( national conceit or pride among savages see ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #bjg 7,fuegians72 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ccb 7,bakari72 von ,humboldt1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 v4 #dbc1 & ,brett1 op4 cit4 p4 #abh 7,guiana ,indians72 ,james1 ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #cbj 7,omahas72 ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #db 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo72 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahj 7,kam*adales72 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bhd 7,au/ralian natives72 ,macph]son1 op4 cit4 p4 #fg 7,k&hs72 ,munz+]1 ,ueb] die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #id2 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #aih 7,ovambo74 #agc ,we meet ) simil> feel+s & ideas among ! nations ( ar*aic culture4 ,! ,*9ese are taught to ?9k !mselves sup]ior to all o!r peoples4 ,9 _! writ+s1 anci5t & mod]n1 ! ^w =eign] is regul>ly jo9$ ) "s disrespectful epi!t1 imply+ or express+ ! ignorance1 brutality1 ob/9acy1 or meanness ( ali5 nations1 & _! obligations to or dep5d5ce ^u ,*9a4#ace ,to ,confucius himself ,*9a 0 ! middle k+dom1 ! multitude ( great /ates1 all "u heav51 beyond :i* 7 only rude & b>b>\s tribes4#acf ,accord+ to ,japanese ideas1 ,nippon 0 ! fir/ c\ntry creat$1 & ! c5tre ( ! _w4#acg ,! anci5t ,egyptians consid]$ !mselves z ! peculi> p1 specially lov$ by ! gods4 ,!y alone 7 t]m$ m5 7romet72 o!r nations 7 negroes1 ,asiatics1 or ,libyans1 b n m52 & accord+ to ! my? ^! nations 7 desc5d$ f ! enemies ( ! gods4#ach ,! national pride ( ! ,assyrians1 s (t5 ref]r$ to by ! ,hebrew prophets1#aci is conspicu\s ev]y:]e 9 _! cunei=m inscriptions3 !y are ! wise1 ! brave1 ! p[]ful1 :o1 l ! deluge1 c>ry away all resi/ance2 _! k+s are ! mat*less1 irresi/ible2 & _! gods are mu* exalt$ above ! gods ( all o!r nations4#adj ,to ! ,hebrews _! own l& 0 an exce$+ good l&1 fl[+ ) milk & honey1 ! glory ( all l&s2#ada & its inhabitants 7 a holy #agd p :i* ! ,"l _h *os5 to be a special p unto ,himself1 above all p t are ^u ! face ( ! e>?4#adb ,conc]n+ ! anci5t ,p]sians1 ,h]odotus writes3--,!y look ^u !mselves z v greatly sup]ior 9 all respects to ! re/ ( mank9d1 reg>d+ o!rs z approa*+ to excell5ce 9 proportion z !y dwell ne>] to !m2 :5ce x comes to pass t ^? :o are ! f>!/ (f mu/ be ! mo/ degrad$ ( mank9d4#adc ,to ?is day ! mon>* ( ,p]sia reta9s ! title ( ! ,c5tre ( ! ,univ]se2 & x is n easy to p]suade a native ( ,isfahan t any ,european capital c be sup]ior to 8 native city4#add ,! ,greeks call$ ,delphi--or r ! r\nd /one 9 ! ,delphic temple--! navel or middle po9t ( ! e>?2#ade & !y consid]$ ! natural relation betwe5 !mselves & b>b>ians to be t betwe5 ma/] & slave4#adf ,footnote #ace3 ,philip1 ,life & ,op9ions ( ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,milne1 p4 #beg4 ,cf4 ,/aunton1 9 ,n>rative ( ! ,*9ese ,embassy to ! ,khan ( ! ,t\rg\? ,t>t>s1 p4 viii4 ,footnote #acf3 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #ajg4 ,see also ,giles1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaf1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #acg3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #ach3 ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #aci3 ,isaiah1 x4 #g sqq42 xxxvii4 #bd sqq4 ,ezekiel1 xxxi4 #aj sq4 ,zephaniah1 ii4 #ae4 ,footnote #adj3 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ada3 ,numb]s1 xiii4 #bg2 xiv4 #g4 ,ezekiel1 xx4 #f1 #ae4 ,footnote #adb3 ,deut]onomy1 vii4 #f4 ,footnote #adc3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #acd4 ,footnote #add3 ,rawl9son1 9 8 translation ( ,h]odotus1 i4 #bfj sq4 n4 #e4 ,footnote #ade3 ,p9d>1 ,py?ia1 vi4 #c sq4 ,idem1 ,nemea1 vii4 #cc sq4 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #dj1 #aff4 ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus ,tyrannus1 #dhj1 #hih4 ,livy1 xxxviii4 #dh4 ,cf4 ,h]odotus' !ory ( extremities 7iii4 #aae sq471 & ,rawl9son's comm5t>y1 9 8 translation ( ,h]odotus1 i4 #bfj sq4 n4 #f4 ,footnote #adf3 ,euripides1 ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulide1 #adjj sq4 ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 i4 #b1 #f1 pp4 #abeb b1 #abee a4 ,9 ! ar*aic ,/ate ! national feel+ is 9 "s cases greatly /r5g!n$ by ! religi\s feel+2 :il/ 9 o!r in/ances religion inspires devotion to ! family1 clan1 or ca/e r ?an to ! nation1 or con/itutes a tie n only betwe5 compatriots b betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t political communities4 ,! ance/or-wor%ip ( ! ,*9ese has h>dly be5 conducive to g5u9e patriotism4 ,:atev] devotion to ! common weal may h prevail$ among ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 x has c]ta9ly pass$ away b5ea? ! influ5ce ( ,brahmanism1 or be5 n>r[$ d[n to ! ca/e1 ! village1 or ! family4#adg ,! ,zoroa/rian ,ahura-,mazda 0 n a national god1 b ! god ( ! ,aryans1 t is1 ( all ! peoples :o inhabit$ anci5t ,iran2 & ^! 7 con/antly at w> #age ) "o ano!r4#adh ,muhamm$ans1 :il/ animat$ ) a common hatr$ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians1 %[ little public _s 9 relation to _! respective c\ntries1#adi compos$ z !y are ( a v>iety ( loosely connect$1 (t5 v het]og5e\s elem5ts1 rul$ ov] by a mon>* ^: p[] is 9 _m di/ricts m nom9al ?an real4 ,9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome patriotism no d\bt conta9$ a religi\s elem5t--ea* /ate & t[n _h its tutel>y gods & h]oes1 :o 7 consid]$ its prop] ma/]s2#aej b 9 ! fir/ place x 0 free citiz5s' love ( _! native in/itutions1 a civic virtue :i* grew up on ! soil ( lib]ty4 ,:5 ! two ,sp>tans :o 7 s5t to ,x]xes to be put to dea? 7 advis$ by "o ( 8 gov]nors to surr5d] !mselves to ! k+1 _! answ] 01 ,_h y kn[n :at fre$om is1 y w\ld h bidd5 u fight = x1 n ) ! spe> only1 b ) ! battle-axe4#aea ,& ( ! ,a!nians :o liv$ at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 ,demo/h5es said t !y 7 ready to die = _! c\ntry r ?an to see x enslav$1 & t !y consid]$ ! outrages & insults :i* befell him :o liv$ 9 a subjugat$ city to be m t]rible ?an dea?4#aeb ,9 classical antiquity ! influ5ce ( patriotism ?rill$ ?r\gh e fibre ( moral & intellectual life4#aec ,9 "s ,greek cities emigration 0 prohibit$ by law1 at ,argos ev5 on p5alty ( dea?4#aed ,plato1 9 ! ,republic1 sacrific$ ! family to ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,cic]o plac$ our duty to our c\ntry next aft] our duty to ! immortal gods & be=e our duty to our p>5ts4#aee ,( all connections1 he says1 none is m weighty1 none is m de>1 ?an t betwe5 e individual & 8 c\ntry4 ,our p>5ts are de> to u2 #agf our *ildr51 our k9sm51 our fri5ds1 are de> to u2 b our c\ntry compreh5ds alone all ! ende>m5ts ( u all4 ,:at good man w\ld hesitate to die = h] if he c\ld d h] s]vice8#aef ,footnote #adg3 ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ii4 #ehf sq4 ,see also ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #ebi4 ,footnote #adh3 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 #edj4 ,spiegel1 ,ernis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iii4 #fhg sqq4 ,footnote #adi3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #ab4 ,urquh>t1 ,_s ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #dbg1 #dci 7,turks74 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #bjd sq4 7,turks & ,arab settl]s74 ,footnote #aej3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #ebi4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bba4 ,footnote #aea3 ,h]odotus1 vii4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,demo/h5es1 ,de ,corona1 #bje1 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #aec3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #bjj4 ,footnote #aed3 ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 xxvii4 #e4 ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1 xv4 #bi4 ,footnote #aee3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #de 7#afj74 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #bc 7#ij74 ,footnote #aef3 ,ibid4 i4 #ag 7#eg74 ,cf4 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #b1 7#e74 ,! duty ( patriotism spr+s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! patriotic feel+2 :5 ! love ( c\ntry is common 9 a nation public res5tm5t is felt t[>ds him :o does n act z t s5tim5t requires him to act4 ,moreov]1 lack ( patriotism 9 a p]son may also be res5t$ by 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 z an injury done to !mselves2 & z we h se5 be=e1 ang]1 & especially ang] felt by a :ole community1 has a t5d5cy to lead to moral disapproval4 ,= analog\s reasons de$s ( patriotism are apt to evoke moral praise4 ,h[ev]1 9 b5efit+ 8 own p ! patriot may cause h>m to o!r p2 & :]e ! altrui/ic s5tim5t is broad en\gh to ext5d beyond ! limits ( ! ,/ate & /rong en\gh to make its voice he>d ev5 9 competition ) ! love ( c\ntry & ! love ( self1 8 conduct may consequ5tly be an object ( reproa*4 ,at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation ! int]e/s ( =eign]s are n reg>d$ at all1 except :5 %elt]$ by ! rule ( hospitality2 b gradually1 ow+ to circum/ances :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 altruism t5ds to exp&1 & m5 are at la/ consid]$ to h duties to mank9d at l>ge4 ,! ,*9ese morali/s inculcat$ b5evol5ce to all m5 )\t mak+ any ref]5ce to national di/9ctions4#aeg ,mih-tsze1 :o liv$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,confucius & ,m5cius1 ev5 taught t we ought to love all m5 equally2 b ?is doctr9e call$ =? prote/s z abnegat+ ! peculi> devotion due to relatives4#aeh ,9 ,?i-,%ang x is said t a good man w feel k9dly t[>ds e creature1 & %\ld n hurt ev5 ! insect tribes1 grass1 & trees4#aei ,buddhism #agg enjo9s ! duty ( univ]sal love3--,z a "m1 ev5 at ! risk ( h] own life1 protects h] son1 h] only son1 s let a man cultivate goodwill )\t measure t[>d all be+s1 4 4 4 unh9d]$ love & fri5dl9ess t[>d ! :ole _w1 above1 bel[1 ar\nd4#afj ,accord+ to ! ,h9du "w ,pan*atantra x is ! ?\ght ( little-m9d$ p]sons to consid] :e!r a man is "o ( ourselves or an ali51 ! :ole e>? be+ ( k9 to him :o is g5]\sly dispos$4#afa ,9 ,greece & ,rome philosoph]s arose :o oppos$ national n>r[ness & prejudice4 ,democritus ( ,abd]a said t e c\ntry is accessible to a wise man1 & t a good s\l's fa!rl& is ! :ole e>?4#afb ,! same view 0 express$ by ,!odorus1 "o ( ! lat] ,cyr5aics1 :o d5\nc$ devotion to c\ntry z ridicul\s4#afc ,! ,cynics1 9 p>ticul>1 atta*$ slight value to ! citiz5%ip ( any special /ate1 decl>+ !mselves to be citiz5s ( ! _w4#afd ,b1 z ,zell] obs]ves1 9 ! m\? ( ! ,cynic ?is doctr9e 0 meant to express n s mu* ! ess5tial on5ess ( all mank9d1 z ! philosoph]'s indep5d5ce ( c\ntry & home4#afe ,x 0 ! ,/oic philosophy t fir/ gave to ! idea ( a _w-citiz5%ip a def9ite positive mean+1 & rais$ x to hi/orical importance4 ,! citiz5 ( ,alex&]'s huge empire _h 9 a way become a citiz5 ( ! _w2 & national dislikes 7 s mu* m readily ov]come z ! v>i\s nationalities compris$ 9 x 7 unit$ n only "u a common gov]nm5t b also 9 a common culture4#aff ,inde$1 ! f\nd] ( ,/oicism 0 himself only half a ,greek4 ,b !re is also an obvi\s connection betwe5 ! cosmopolitan idea & ! ,/oic #agh sy/em 9 g5]al4#afg ,accord+ to ! ,/oics1 human society has = its basis ! id5tity ( reason 9 individuals2 h5ce we h no gr\nd = limit+ ?is society to a s+le nation4 ,we are all1 says ,s5eca1 memb]s ( "o great body1 ! univ]se2 we are all ak9 by ,nature1 :o has =m$ u ( ! same elem5ts1 & plac$ u "h toge!r = ! same end4#afh ,if our reason is common1 says ,m>cus ,aurelius1 !re is a common law1 z reason comm&s u :at to d & :at n to d2 & if !re is a common law we are fell[-citiz5s2 if ?is is s1 we are memb]s ( "s political community--! _w is 9 a mann] a /ate4#afi ,to ?is great /ate1 :i* includes all rational be+s1 ! individual /ates are relat$ z ! h\ses ( a city are to ! city collectively2#agj & ! wise man w e/eem x f> above any p>ticul> community 9 :i* ! accid5t ( bir? has plac$ him4#aga ,footnote #aeg3 ,lun ,y1 xii4 #bb4 ,m5cius1 vii4 #a4 #de4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 pp4 #ajh1 #bje4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #aai4 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 ii4 #dgf1 n4 #de4 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fhd4 ,footnote #aei3 ,?i-,%ang1 #c4 ,footnote #afj3 ,quot$ by ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #afa3 ,muir1 ,religi\s & ,moral ,s5tim5ts r5d]$ f ,sanskrit ,writ]s1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #afb3 ,/obu1 ,florilegium1 xl4 #g1 vol4 ii4 #hj4 ,cf4 ,natorp1 ,die ,e?ika des ,demokritos1 p4 #aag1 n4 #da4 ,footnote #afc3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vit philosophorum1 ii4 #ih sq4 ,footnote #afd3 ,ibid4 vi4 #ab1 #fc1 #gb1 #ih4 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 iii4 #bd4 #ff4 ,/obu1 xlv4 #bh1 vol4 ii4 #beb4 ,footnote #afe3 ,zell]1 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 p4 #cbf sq4 ,idem1 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #aff3 ,cf4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,alex&ri ,magni =tuna aut virtute1 i4 #f1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #afg3 ,see ,zell]1 ,/oics1 c4 p4 #cbg sq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ul1 xcv4 #eb4 ,footnote #afi3 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,comm5t>ii1 iv4 #d4 ,cf4 ibid4 vi4 #dd1 & ix4 #i2 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 i4 #g 7#bc72 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 i4 #ac4 #c4 ,footnote #agj3 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 iii4 #aa4 ,footnote #aga3 ,s5eca1 ,de otio1 iv4 #a4 ,idem1 ,epi/ul1 lxviii4 #b4 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 iii4 #bb4 #hc sqq4 ,b ! ,roman ideal ( patriotism1 ) its utt] disreg>d = =eign nations1#agb 0 n oppos$ by philosophy alone3 x met ) an ev5 m =midable antagoni/ 9 ! new religion4 ,! ,*ri/ian & ! ,/oic reject$ x on diff]5t gr\nds3 :il/ ! ,/oic felt himself z a citiz5 ( ! _w1 ! ,*ri/ian felt himself z a citiz5 ( heav51 to :om ?is planet 0 only a place ( exile4 ,*ri/ianity 0 n ho/ile to ! ,/ate4#agc ,at ! v "t :5 ,n]o committ$ 8 wor/ atrocities1 ,/4 ,paul decl>$ t !re is no p[] b ( ,god1 & t :osoev] resi/s ! p[] resi/s ! ord9ance ( ,god & %all be condemn$2#agd & ,t]tullian says t all ,*ri/ians s5d up _! pray]s = ! life ( ! emp]ors1 = _! m9i/]s1 = magi/rates1 = ! good ( ! #agi ,/ate & ! peace ( ! ,empire4#age ,b ! emp]or %\ld be obey$ only s long z 8 comm&s d n conflict ) ! law ( ,god--a ,*ri/ian ought r to suff] l ,daniel 9 ! lions' d5 ?an s9 aga9/ 8 religion2#agf & no?+ is m entirely =eign to him ?an affairs ( ,/ate4#agg ,inde$1 9 ! :ole ,roman ,empire !re 7 no m5 :o s entirely lack$ patriotism z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,!y _h no affection = ,judea1 !y soon =got ,galilee1 !y c>$ no?+ = ! glory ( ,greece & ,rome4#agh ,:5 ! judges ask$ !m :i* 0 _! c\ntry !y said 9 answ]1 ,i am a ,*ri/ian4#agi ,& long aft] ,*ri/ianity _h become ! religion ( ! ,empire1 ,/4 ,augu/9e decl>$ t x matt]s n1 9 respect ( ?is %ort & transitory life1 "u ^: dom9ion a mortal man lives1 if only he be n compell$ to acts ( impiety or inju/ice4#ahj ,lat] on1 :5 ! ,*ur* grew into a political p[] indep5d5t ( ! ,/ate1 %e became a positive enemy ( national int]e/s4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a ,jesuit g5]al call$ patriotism a plague & ! mo/ c]ta9 dea? ( ,*ri/ian love4#aha ,footnote #agb3 ,cf4 ,lactantius1 ,div9 ,in/itutiones1 vi4 7',de v]o cultu'71 #f 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vi4 #fee74 ,footnote #agc3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxii4 #ba4 #a ,pet]1 ii4 #ac sq4 ,footnote #agd3 ,romans1 xiii4 #a sq4 ,see also ,titus1 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #age3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #ci 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #dfh74 ,see also ,ludwig1 ,t]tullian's ,e?ik1 p4 #ih sq4 ,footnote #agf3 ,t]tullian1 ,de idololatria1 #ae 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #fhd74 ,footnote #agg3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #ch 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #dfe73--,nec ulla magis res ali5a1 quam publica4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see ,r5an1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,influ5ce ( ,rome on ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #agi3 ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes1 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 v4 #ag4 ,footnote #aha3 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #hji4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire patriotism di$ out 9 ,europe1 & rema9$ ext9ct = c5turies4 ,x 0 a feel+ h>dly compatible ei!r ) ! migratory life ( ! ,teutonic tribes or ) ! feudal sy/em1 :i* grew up :]ev] !y fix$ _! resid5ce4 ,! knights1 x is true1 7 n de/itute ( ! natural affection = home4 ,:5 ,aliaumes is mortally w\nd$ by ,gri li ,sors he exclaims1 ,holy ,virg91 ,i %all nev] m see ,sa9t-,qu5t9 nor ,nle2#ahb & ! tr\bad\r ,b]n>d de ,v5tad\r t\*+ly s+s1 ,quan la d\ssa aura v5ta--,deves no/re pas1--,m'es veiaire que s5ta--,odor de #ahj ,p>adis4#ahc ,b to a man ( ! ,middle ,ages 8 c\ntry meant little m ?an ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* he liv$4#ahd ,k+doms exi/$1 b no nations4 ,! fir/ duty ( a vassal 0 to be loyal to 8 "l2#ahe b no national _s b\nd toge!r ! v>i\s b>ons ( "o c\ntry4 ,a man might be ! vassal ( ! k+ ( ,france & ( ! k+ ( ,engl& at ! same "t2 & (t51 f caprice1 passion1 or sordid int]e/1 ! b>ons sold _! s]vices to ! enemies ( ! k+dom4 ,! "* ( 8 knigh?ood 0 also p]petually press+ ! knight to a c\rse ( conduct di/9ct f all national objects4#ahf ,! cause ( a di/ress$ lady 0 9 _m in/ances pref]able to t ( ! c\ntry to :i* he belong$ --z :5 ! ,captal de ,b\*e1 ?\gh an ,engli% subject1 did n hesitate to unite 8 troops ) ^? ( ! ,compte de ,foix to relieve ! ladies 9 a ,fr5* t[n1 :]e !y 7 besieg$ & ?reat5$ ) viol5ce by ! insurg5t peasantry4#ahg ,:5 a knight's duties t[>ds 8 c\ntry are m5tion$ 9 ! rules ( ,*ivalry !y are spok5 ( z duties t[>ds 8 "l3--,! wick$ knight1 x is said1 t aids n 8 e>?ly "l & natural c\ntry aga9/ ano!r pr9ce1 is a knight )\t (fice4#ahh ,f> f be+1 z ,m4 ,gauti] ass]ts1#ahi ! object ( an express comm& 9 ! code ( ,*ivalry1 true patriotism _h !re no place at all4 ,x 0 n kn[n z an ideal1 /ill less did x exi/ z a reality1 among ei!r knights or common]s4 ,z a duke ( ,orleans c\ld b9d himself by a frat]nity ( arms & alliance to a duke ( ,lanca/]1#aij s ,engli% m]*ants 7 9 ! habit ( supply+ nations at w> aga9/ ,engl& ) provisions b\ght at ,engli% fairs1 & weapons wr\ght by ,engli% h&s4#aia ,if1 z ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is ma9ta9s1 a #aha deep feel+ ( national union _h inspir$ ! ,*anson de ,rol&1#aib x is a /range1 yet und5iable1 fact t no di/9ct trace ( ?is feel+ display$ itself 9 ! m$ival hi/ory ( ,france be=e ! ,engli% w>s4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,li ,romans de ,ra\l de ,cambrai1 #baj1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,quot$ by ,gauti]1 ,la ,*eval]ie1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ,cibr>io1 ,della economia politica del m$io eve1 i4 #bfc2 de ,crozals1 ,hi/oire de la civilization1 ii4 #bhg4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 foll4 #ac b4 #cb b4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,see ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 i4 #adj sq4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,scott1 ,essay on ,*ivalry1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 fol4 #ad b4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,gauti]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #aij3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne ,*eval]ie1 ii4 #gb4 ,footnote #aia3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bfd sq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,p>is1 ,la posie du moy5 age1 p4 #ajg4 ,m4 ,gauti] says 7op4 cit4 p4 #fa7 t ,rol& is la ,france faite homme4 ,besides feudalism & ! want ( political cohesion1 !re 7 o!r factors t contribut$ to h9d] ! developm5t ( national p]sonality & patriotic devotion4 ,?is s5tim5t presupposes n only t ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* a c\ntry is compos$ %all h a vivid feel+ ( _! unity1 b also t !y1 unit$1 %all feel !mselves z a nation cle>ly di/9ct f o!r nations4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages national diff]5ces 7 l>gely obscur$ by ! prepond]ance ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 by ! creation ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 by ! preval5ce ( a common language z ! sole vehicle ( m5tal culture1 & by ! undevelop$ /ate ( ! v]nacul> tongues4 ,to make use ( ! native dialect 0 a sign ( ignorance1 & to place worldly int]e/s above ! claims ( ! ,*ur* 0 impi\s4 ,:5 ,mac*iavelli decl>$ t he pref]r$ 8 c\ntry to ! safety ( 8 s\l1 p consid]$ him guilty ( blasphemy2 & :5 ! ,v5etians defi$ ! ,papal ?und]s by av]r+ t !y 7 ,v5etians 9 ! fir/ place1 & only ,*ri/ians 9 ! second1 ! _w he>d !m ) amazem5t4#aic ,footnote #aic3 ',national ,p]sonality1' 9 ,ed9burgh ,review1 cxciv4 #acc4 ,9 ,engl& ! national feel+ develop$ e>li] ?an on ! ,cont95t1 no d\bt ow+ to h] insul> position & fre] in/itutions2 z ,montesquieu obs]ves1 patriotism ?rives be/ 9 democracies4#aid ,at ! "t ( ! ,engli% ,re=mation ! s5se ( corporate national life _h evid5tly ga9$ consid]able /r5g?1 & ! love ( ,engl& has nev] be5 express$ 9 m exquisite =m ?an x 0 by ,%akespe>e4 ,at ! same "t ! s5se ( patriotism 0 (t5 grossly p]v]t$ by religi\s #ahb bigotry & p>ty _s4#aie ,ev5 *ampions ( lib]ty1 l ,"l ,russell & ,alg]non ,sidney1 accept$ ,fr5* gold 9 ! hope ( emb>rass+ ! ,k+2 & ,sidney w5t s f> z to try to in/igate ,de ,witt to invade ,engl&4 ,loyalism1 9 p>ticul>1 prov$ a mu* /rong] inc5tive ?an love ( c\ntry4 ,a loyali/ l ,/raf=d w\ld h employ$ half-savage ,iri% troops aga9/ 8 own c\ntrym51 & ! ,scot* ,jacobites invit$ a ,fr5* invasion4 ,footnote #aid3 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des ,lois1 iv4 #e 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #bjf sq474 ,footnote #aie3 ,see ,ed9burgh ,review1 cxciv4 #acc1 #acf sq42 ,pe>son1 ,national ,life & ,"*1 p4 #aij4 ,9 ,france ! developm5t ( ! national feel+ 0 closely connect$ ) ! /r5g!n+ ( ! royal p[] & its gradual victory ov] feudalism4 ,! ^w patrie 0 = ! fir/ "t us$ by ,*>les ,,vii4's *ronicl]1 ,jean ,*>ti]1 & he also condemn$ z r5gats ^? ,fr5*m5 :o1 at ! end ( ! hundr$ ye>s w>1 f\ght on ! side ( ! ,engli%4#aif ,b patriotism 0 = a long "t insep>ably conf\nd$ ) loyalty to ! sov]eign4 ,accord+ to ,bossuet t\t l'tat e/ en la p]sonne du pr9ce2#aig & ,abb ,coy] obs]ves t ,colb]t believ$ royaume & patrie to signify "o & ! same ?+4#aih ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! _s ( rebellion succe$$ t ( devotion to ! k+2 b ! key-note ( ! great movem5t :i* l$ to ! ,revolution 0 ! lib]ty & equality ( ! individual1 n ! glory or welf>e ( ! nation4 ,m5 7 look$ ^u z memb]s ( ! human race1 r ?an z citiz5s ( any p>ticul> c\ntry4 ,to be a citiz5 ( e nation1 & n to belong to "o's native c\ntry alone1 0 ! dream ( ,fr5* writ]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4#aii ,! true sage is a cosmopolitan1 says a writ] ( com$y4#bjj ,did]ot asks :i* is ! great] m]it1 to enlight5 ! human race1 :i* rema9s = ev]1 or to save "o's fa!rl&1 :i* is #ahc p]i%able4#bja ,accord+ to ,voltaire patriotism is compos$ ( self-love & prejudice1#bjb & only too (t5 makes u ! enemies ( our fell[-m53--,il e/ clair qu'un pays ne peut gagn] sans qu'un autre p]de1 et qu'il ne peut va9cre sans faire des malheureux4 ,telle e/ donc la condition huma9e1 que s\hait] la gr&eur de son pays1 c'e/ s\hait] du mal ses vois9s4#bjc ,9 ,g]many1 ,less+1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill] felt !mselves z citiz5s ( ! _w1 n ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 /ill less z ,saxons or ,suabians2 & ,klop/ock1 ) 8 en?usiasm = ,g]man nationality & language1 almo/ appe>$ ecc5tric4#bjd ,less+ writes po9t-blank3--,! praise ( be+ an ard5t patriot is to my m9d ! v la/ ?+ t ,i %\ld covet2 4 4 4 ,i h no idea at all ( love ( ! ,fa!rl&1 & x seems to me at be/ b an h]oical weakness1 :i* ,i c v readily disp5se )4#bje ,footnote #aif3 ,guibal1 ,hi/oire du s5tim5t national en ,france p5dant la gu]re de ,c5t ans1 p4 #ebf sq4 ,footnote #aig3 ,legr&1 ,l'ide de patrie1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #aih3 ,block1 ,dictionnaire gnral de la politique1 ii4 #eah4 ,footnote #aii3 ,texte1 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau & ! ,cosmopolitan ,_s 9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,palissot de ,mont5oy1 ,les philosophes1 iii4 #d1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #bja3 ,did]ot1 ,essai sur les rgnes de ,claude et de ,nron1 ii4 #ge 7,,oeuvres1 vi4 #bdd74 ,footnote #bjb3 ,voltaire1 ,p5ses sur l'adm9i/ration publique1 #ad 7,,oeuvres compltes1 v4 #cea74 ,footnote #bjc3 ,idem1 ,dictionnaire philosophique1 art4 ,patrie 7,,oeuvres compltes1 viii4 #aah74 ,footnote #bjd3 ,see ,/rauss1 ,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube1 p4 #bei sq4 ,footnote #bje3 ,less+1 quot$ by ,ziegl]1 ,social ,e?ics1 p4 #aba4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* revolution m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( patriotism4 ,x inspir$ ! masses ) passion = ! unity ( ! fa!rl&1 ! ,republic "o & indivisible4 ,at ! same "t x decl>$ all nations to be bro!rs1 & :5 x made w> on =eign nations ! object 0 only to deliv] !m f _! oppressors4#bjf ,b gradually ! int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( o!r c\ntries grew m & m selfi%1 ! attempt to emancipate 0 absorb$ 9 ! desire to subjugate2 & ?is awoke ?r\gh\t ,europe a feel+ :i* 0 de/9$ to become ! mo/ p[]ful =ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! feel+ ( nationality4 ,:5 ,napoleon introduc$ ,fr5* adm9i/ration 9 ! c\ntries ^: sov]eigns he _h depos$ or degrad$1 ! p resi/$ ! *ange4 ,! resi/ance 0 popul>1 z ! rul]s 7 abs5t or helpless1 & x 0 national1 be+ direct$ aga9/ =eign in/itutions4#ahd ,x 0 /irr$ by ! feel+ ( national r ?an political unity1 x 0 a prote/ aga9/ ! dom9ion ( race ov] race4 ,! national elem5t 9 ?is movem5t _h 9 a mann] be5 anticipat$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution itself4 ,! ,fr5* p 0 reg>d$ by x z an e?nological1 n z an hi/oric1 unit2 desc5t 0 put 9 ! place ( tradition2 ! idea ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p uncontroll$ by ! pa/ gave bir? to ! idea ( nationality indep5d5t ( ! political influ5ce ( hi/ory4 ,b1 z has be5 truly rem>k$1 m5 7 made consci\s ( ! national elem5t ( ! revolution by its conque/s1 n 9 its rise4#bjg ,footnote #bjf3 ,block1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cgf4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,see ',nationality1' 9 ,home & ,=eign ,review1 i4 #f sqq4 ,ev] s9ce1 ! racial feel+ has be5 ! mo/ vigor\s =ce 9 ,european patriotism1 & has gradually become a true dang] to humanity4 ,beg9n+ z a prote/ aga9/ ! dom9ion ( "o race ov] ano!r1 ?is feel+ l$ to a condemnation ( e /ate :i* includ$ diff]5t races1 & f9ally develop$ into ! complete doctr9e t /ate & nationality %\ld s f> z possible be coext5sive4#bjh ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! dom9ant nationality _c admit ! inf]ior nationalities dwell+ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! /ate to an equality ) itself1 because1 if x did1 ! /ate w\ld cease to be national1 & ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( its exi/5ce2 or ! weak] nationalities are compell$ to *ange _! language1 in/itutions1 & individuality1 s z to be absorb$ 9 ! dom9ant race4 ,& n only does ! lead+ nationality ass]t its sup]iority 9 relation to all o!rs )9 ! body politic1 b x also wants to ass]t itself at ! exp5se ( =eign nations & races4 ,to ! nationali/ all ?is is true patriotism2 love ( c\ntry (t5 /&s = a feel+ :i* has be5 well describ$ z love ( m c\ntry4#bji ,b at ! same "t opposite ideals are at "w4 ,! f]v\r ( n9ete5? c5tury nationalism has n be5 able to qu5* ! #ahe cosmopolitan _s4 ,9 spite ( l\d appeals made to racial in/9cts & ! s5se ( national solid>ity1 ! idea has be5 ga9+ gr\nd t ! aims ( a nation mu/ n conflict ) ! int]e/s ( humanity at l>ge2 t our love ( c\ntry %\ld be controll$ by o!r c\ntries' "r to prosp] & to develop _! own individuality2 & t ! oppression ( weak] nationalities inside ! /ate & aggressiv5ess t[>ds =eign nations1 be+ ma9ly ! outcome ( va+lory & gre$1 are inconsi/5t ) ! aspirations ( a good patriot1 z well z ( a good man4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,ibid4 p4 #ac sq4 ,footnote #bji3 ,rob]tson1 ,patriotism & ,empire1 p4 #ach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our long discussion ( moral ideas reg>d+ su* modes ( conduct z directly conc]n o!r m5's welf>e has at la/ come to an end4 ,we h se5 t !y may be ultimately trac$ to a v>iety ( s\rces3 to ! influ5ce ( habit or education1 to egoi/ic consid]ations ( "s k9d or o!r :i* h giv5 rise to moral feel+s1 to notions ( social exp$i5cy1 to dis9t]e/$ lik+s or dislikes1 &1 above all1 to sympa!tic res5tm5t or sympa!tic approval spr++ f an altrui/ic disposition ( m9d4 ,b h[ to acc\nt = ?is disposition8 ,our explanation ( t gr\p ( moral ideas :i* we h be5 hi!rto inve/igat+ is n complete until we h f\nd an answ] to ?is important "q4 ,i %all !re=e 9 ! next *apt] exam9e ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,altrui/ic ,,s5tim5t ,,!re is "o =m ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t :i* man %>es ) all mammals & _m o!r animals1 namely1 mat]nal affection4 ,z reg>ds its orig9 v>i\s !ories h be5 set =?4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 p>5ts love _! *ildr5 z be+ portions ( !mselves4#a ,a simil> explanation ( mat]nal affection has be5 giv5 by "s mod]n writ]s4#b ,?us ,pr(essor ,esp9as reg>ds ?is s5tim5t z modifi$ self-love & love ( prop]ty4 ,! female1 he says1 at ! mom5t :5 %e gives bir? to little ones resembl+ h]self1 has no difficulty 9 recognis+ !m z ! fle% ( h] fle%2 ! feel+ %e exp]i5ces t[>ds !m is made up ( sympa?y & pity1 b we _c exclude f x an idea ( prop]ty :i* is ! mo/ solid support ( sympa?y4 ,%e feels & und]/&s up to a c]ta9 po9t t ^! "y ones :i* are h]self at ! same "t belong to h]2 ! love ( h]self1 ext5d$ to ^? :o h gone out f h]1 *anges egoism into sympa?y & ! propriet>y in/9ct into an affectionate impulse4#c ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 seems to me to be v inadequate4 ,x does n expla9 :y1 = in/ance1 a bird takes m c>e ( h] eggs ?an ( o!r matt] segregat$ f #ahg h] body1 :i* may equally well be reg>d$ z a "p ( h]self4 ,nor does x acc\nt = a fo/]-"m's affection = h] adopt$ (fspr+4#d ,( ?is _m in/ances h be5 notic$ 9 ! l[] animals2 & among "s savage peoples adopt$ *ildr5 are said to be treat$ by _! fo/]-p>5ts ) ! same affection z if !y 7 _! own fle% & blood4#e ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 viii4 #ab4 #b sq4 ,footnote #b3 ,h>tley1 ,obs]vations on ,man1 i4 #dif sq4 ,fi*te1 ,das ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 p4 #dcc4 ,footnote #c3 ,esp9as1 ,des socits animales 7#bnd ed471 p4 #ddd sq41 quot$ by ,ribot1 ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #d3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 #fbd4 ,footnote #e3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nol4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dai 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo74 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #ace4 ,a v diff]5t explanation ( mat]nal love has be5 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ba94 ,he d]ives p>5tal affection f ! int5se pleasure 9 ! embrace ( ! "y4 ,he obs]ves t su* a pleasure once creat$ w\ld associate itself ) ! prevail+ features & aspects ( ! "y1 & give to all ( ^! _! v great int]e/4 ,= ! sake ( ! pleasure1 ! p>5t discov]s ! necessity ( n\ri%+ ! subject ( x1 & comes to reg>d ! m9i/]+ function z a "p or condition ( ! delight4#f ,b if ! satisfaction 9 animal contact 7 at ! bottom ( ! mat]nal feel+1 conjugal affection ought by f> to surpass x 9 int5sity2 & yet1 among ! l[] races at lea/1 ! case is exactly ! rev]se1 conjugal affection be+ va/ly inf]ior 9 degree to a "m's love ( h] *ild4 ,x may inde$ be fairly d\bt$ :e!r !re is any int5se pleasure at all 9 embrac+ a new-born baby--unless x be "o's own4 ,x seems mu* m likely t p>5ts l to t\* _! *ildr5 because !y love !m1 ?an t !y love !m because !y l to t\* !m4 ,attraction1 %[+ itself ei!r by elem5t>y movem5ts ( approa*1 or by contact1 or by ! embrace1 is ! outw>d expression ( t5d]ness4#g ,pr(essor ,ba9 himself obs]ves t z ang] rea*es a satisfy+ t]m by knock+ "s "o d[n1 love is complet$ & satisfi$ ) an embrace4#h ,b ?is by no means implies t ! embrace is ! cause ( love2 x #ahh only means t love has a t5d5cy to express itself outw>dly 9 an act ( embrace4 ,footnote #f3 ,ba91 ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #g3 ,ribot1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #h3 ,ba91 op4 cit4 p4 #abf4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 aga91 p>5tal love is ess5tially love ( ! weak or helpless4 ,?is in/9ct1 he rem>ks1 is n adequately def9$ z t :i* atta*es a creature to its "y4 ,?\gh mo/ frequ5tly & mo/ /rongly display$ 9 ?is relation1 ! s-call$ p>5tal feel+ is really excitable ap>t f p>5?ood2 & ! common trait ( ! objects :i* ar\se x is always relative weakness or helplessness4#i ,?is hypo!sis und\bt$ly conta9s "p ( ! tru?4 ,t ! mat]nal in/9ct is 9 "s degree love ( ! helpless is obvi\s f ! fact t1 among ^? ( ! l[] animals :i* are n greg>i\s1 "m & "y sep>ate z soon z ! latt] are able to %ift = !mselves2 nay1 9 _m cases !y are actually driv5 away by h]4 ,moreov]1 9 species :i* are s con/itut$ t ! "y f ! v outset c help !mselves !re is no mat]nal love4 ,^! facts indicate :]e we h to look = ! s\rce ( ?is s5tim5t4 ,:5 ! "y are born 9 a /ate ( utt] helplessness somebody mu/ take c>e ( !m1 or ! species _c survive1 or1 r1 su* a species c\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,! mat]nal in/9ct may ?us be assum$ to owe its orig9 to ! survival ( ! fitte/1 to ! natural selection ( useful spontane\s v>iations4 ,footnote #i3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 #fbc sq4 ,see also ,h>tley1 op4 cit4 i4 #dig4 ,?is is also recognis$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]2#aj b 8 !ory fails to expla9 ! indisputable fact t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 mat]nal love & ! m]e love ( ! helpless4 ,ev5 9 a greg>i\s species mo!rs make a di/9ction betwe5 _! own (fspr+ & o!r "y4 ,dur+ my /ay among ! m\nta9e]s ( ,morocco ,i 0 (t5 /ruck by ! extreme eag]ness ) :i* 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! flock ( ewes & ! flock ( lambs 7 reunit$1 ea* "m s\ght = h] own lamb1 & ea* lamb = its own "m4 ,a simil> #ahi discrim9ation has be5 notic$ ev5 9 cases ( consci\s adoption4 ,brehm tells u ( a female baboon :i* _h s capaci\s a he>t t %e n only adopt$ "y monkeys ( o!r species1 b /ole "y dogs & cats :i* %e cont9ually c>ri$ ab\t2 yet h] k9dness did n g s f> z to %>e food ) h] adopt$ (fspr+1 al?\gh %e divid$ ev]y?+ q fairly ) h] own "y ones4#aa ,to acc\nt = ! mat]nal s5tim5t we mu/ !re=e assume ! exi/5ce ( "s o!r /imulus besides ! signs ( helplessness1 :i* produces1 or at lea/ /r5g!ns1 ! in/9ctive motor response 9 ! "m4 ,?is /imulus1 s f> z ,i c see1 is root$ 9 ! ext]nal relation%ip 9 :i* ! (fspr+ f ! beg9n+ /& to ! "m4 ,%e is 9 close proximity to h] helpless "y f _! t5d]e/ age2 & %e loves !m because !y are to h] a cause ( pleasure4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sp5c]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fbc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #gj4 ,9 v>i\s animal species ! "y are c>$ = n only by ! "m1 b by ! fa!r z well4 ,?is is ! g5]al rule among birds3 :il/ ! hat*+ ( ! eggs & ! *ief "p ( ! re>+-duties belong to ! "m1 ! fa!r acts z a protector1 & provides food = ! family4 ,among mo/ ( ! mammals1 on ! o!r h&1 ! connections betwe5 ! sexes are re/rict$ to ! "t ( ! rut1 h5ce ! fa!r may n ev5 see 8 "y4 ,b !re are also "s mammalian species 9 :i* male & female rema9 toge!r ev5 aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+ & ! fa!r def5ds 8 family aga9/ enemies4#ab ,among ! ,quadrumana ?is seems to be ! rule4#ac ,all ! be/ au?orities agree t ! ,gorilla & ! ,*impanzee live 9 families4 ,:5 ! female is pregnant ! male builds a rude ne/ 9 a tree1 :]e %e is deliv]$2 & he sp5ds ! night cr\*+ at ! foot ( ! tree1 protect+ ! female & _! "y "o1 :i* are 9 ! ne/ above1 f ! nocturnal attacks ( leop>ds4 ,pass+ f ! #aij highe/ monkeys to ! savage & b>b>\s races ( m51 we meet ) ! same ph5om5on4 ,9 ! human race ! family consi/+ ( fa!r1 "m1 & (fspr+ is probably a univ]sal in/itution1 :e!r f\nd$ on a monogam\s1 polygyn\s1 or poly&r\s m>riage4 ,&1 z among ! l[] animals hav+ ! same habit1 :il/ ! imm$iate c>e ( ! *ildr5 *iefly belongs to ! "m1 ! fa!r is ! gu>dian ( ! family4#ad ,footnote #ab3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #aa sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid4 p4 #ab sqq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ad sqq4 ,! /imuli to :i* ! pat]nal in/9ct responds are app>5tly d]iv$ f ! same circum/ances z ^? :i* call into activity ! mat]nal in/9ct1 t is1 ! helplessness & ! ne>ness ( ! (fspr+4 ,:]ev] ?is in/9ct exi/s1 ! fa!r is ne> 8 "y f ! beg9n+1 liv+ toge!r ) ! "m4 ,& "h aga9 ! s5tim5tal response is 9 all probability ! result ( a process ( natural selection1 :i* has pres]v$ a m5tal disposition necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( ! species4 ,among birds pat]nal c>e is indisp5sable4 ,equal & cont9ual w>m? is ! fir/ requirem5t = ! developm5t ( ! embryo & ! pres]vation ( ! "y ones2 & = ?is ! "m almo/ always wants ! assi/ance ( ! fa!r1 :o provides h] ) necess>ies1 & sometimes relieves h] ( ! brood+4 ,among mammals1 aga91 :il/ ! "y at _! t5d]e/ age c nev] d )\t ! "m1 ! fa!r's aid is g5]ally n requir$4 ,t ! ,primates =m an exception to ?is rule is probably due to ! small numb] ( "y1 ! female br++ =? b "o at a "t1 & besides1 among ! highe/ apes & 9 man1 to ! long p]iod ( infancy4#ae ,if ?is is true we may assume t ! pat]nal in/9ct occurr$ 9 primitive man1 z x occurs1 m or less /rongly develop$1 among ! an?ropoid apes & among exi/+ savages4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ibid4 p4 #bj sqq4 ,fiske1 ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ii4 #cdb sq4 ,by orig9 closely alli$ to ! pat]nal feel+ is ! atta*m5t betwe5 individuals ( diff]5t sex1 :i* #aia induces male & female to rema9 ) "o ano!r beyond ! m]e act ( propagation till aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+4 ,x is obvi\s t1 :]e ! g5]ative p[] is re/rict$ to a c]ta9 season--a peculi>ity :i* primitive man seems to h %>$ ) o!r mammals#af--;x _c be ! sexual in/9ct t causes ! prolong$ union ( ! sexes1 nor c ,i conceive any o!r egoi/ic motive t c\ld acc\nt = ?is habit4 ,consid]+ t ! union la/s till aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+ & t x is accompani$ ) p>5tal c>e1 ,i conclude t x is = ! b5efit ( ! "y t male & female cont9ue to live toge!r4 ,! tie :i* jo9s !m seems !re=e1 l p>5tal affection1 to be an in/9ct develop$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,! t5d5cy to feel "s atta*m5t to a be+ :i* has be5 ! cause ( pleasure--9 ?is case sexual pleasure--is und\bt$ly at ! bottom ( ?is in/9ct4 ,su* a feel+ may orig9ally h induc$ ! sexes to rema9 unit$ & ! male to protect ! female ev5 aft] ! sexual desire 0 gratifi$2 & if procur+ great advantage to ! species 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 conjugal atta*m5t w\ld naturally h develop$ into a specific *>act]i/ic4 ,footnote #af3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 ii4 ,we h reason to believe t ! g]m ( ?is s5tim5t occurr$ already 9 our e>lie/ human ance/ors1 t m>riage1 9 ! natural hi/ory s5se ( ! t]m1 is a habit transmitt$ to man f "s ape-l prog5itor4#ag ,9 ! c\rse ( evolution conjugal affection has increas$ bo? 9 int5sity & complexity2 b advancem5t 9 civilisation has n at e /ep be5 fav\rable to its developm5t4 ,:5 re/rict$ to m5 only1 a high] culture on ! contr>y t5ds to ali5ate husb& & wife1 z is ! case 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries & z 0 ! case 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,ano!r fact lead+ to conjugal apa?y is ! cu/om :i* compels ! wom5 be=e m>riage to live /rictly ap>t f ! m54 ,9 ,*9a x (t5 happ5s t ! p>ties h n ev5 se5 ea* #aib o!r till ! w$d+ day2#ah & 9 ,greece ,plato urg$ 9 va9 t "y m5 & wom5 %\ld be m frequ5tly p]mitt$ to meet "o ano!r1 s t !re %\ld be less enmity & indiff]5ce 9 ! m>ri$ life4#ai ,conjugal love is bo? a cause & an effect ( monogamy2 b1 z we %all see subsequ5tly1 ! c\rse ( civilisation does n involve a /eady progress t[>ds /rict] monogamy4 ,! notions ab\t wom5 also influ5ce ! emotions felt t[>ds !m2 & we h notic$ t ! great religions ( ! _w h g5]ally held !m 9 little reg>d4#bj ,9 its fully develop$ =m ! passion :i* unites ! sexes is p]haps ! mo/ comp\nd ( all human feel+s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?us sums up ! ma/]ly analysis he has giv5 ( x3--,r\nd ! physical feel+ =m+ ! nucleus ( ! :ole1 are ga!r$ ! feel+s produc$ by p]sonal beauty1 t con/itut+ simple atta*m5t1 ^? ( rev]5ce1 ( love1 ( approbation1 ( self-e/eem1 ( prop]ty1 ( love ( fre$om1 ( sympa?y4 ,^!1 all greatly exalt$1 & sev]ally t5d+ to reflect _! excitem5ts on "o ano!r1 unite to =m ! m5tal /ate we call love4#ba ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid4 op4 cit4 *s4 i41 iii4 ,footnote #ah3 ,kats*]1 ,bild] aus dem *9esis*5 ,leb51 pp4 #ga1 #hd4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,leges1 vi4 #gga sq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,supra1 i4 #ffb sqq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 i4 #dhh4 ,! duration ( conjugal & p>5tal feel+s v>ies extremely4 ,mo/ birds1 ) ! exception ( ^? belong+ to ! ,gall9ace\s family1 :5 pair+ d s once = all till ei!r "o or ! o!r dies2#bb :]eas among ! mammals man & possibly "s apes#bc are ! only species ^: conjugal unions la/ any consid]able "t aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+4 ,among _m ( ! l[] races ( m5 lifelong m>riages seem to be ! rule1 & among a few sep>ation is said to be entirely unkn[n2 b !re is abundant evid5ce t m>riage has1 ^u ! :ole1 become m durable ) advanc+ civilisation4#bd ,"o cause ( ?is is t conjugal affection has become m la/+4 ,& ! great] duration ( ?is s5tim5t may be expla9$ p>tly f ! ref9em5t #aic ( ! unit+ passion1 involv+ appreciation ( m5tal qualities :i* la/ long aft] y\? & beauty h pass$ away1 & p>tly also f ! great] durability ( p>5tal feel+s1 :i* =m a tie n only betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 b betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,footnote #bb3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ac1 #ad1 #ece4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid4 *4 xxiii4 ,! p>5tal feel+s orig9ally only la/ z long z ! "y are unable to %ift = !mselves--! pat]nal feel+ possibly less4 ,z ,mr4 ,fiske obs]ves1 :]e ! infancy is v %ort1 ! p>5tal feel+1 ?\gh int5se :ile x la/s1 pres5tly disappe>s1 & ! (fspr+ cease to be di/+ui%$ f /rang]s ( ! same species4 ,& 9 g5]al ! duration ( ! feel+s :i* insure ! protection ( ! (fspr+ is det]m9$ by ! duration ( ! infancy4#be ,among c]ta9 savages p>5tal love is /ill said to be re/rict$ to ! age ( helplessness4 ,we are told t ! affection ( a ,fuegian "m = h] *ild gradually decreases 9 proportion z ! *ild gr[s old]1 & ceases entirely :5 x rea*es ! age ( sev5 or eight2 !nce=? ! p>5ts 9 no way m$dle ) ! affairs ( _! son1 :o may leave !m if he likes4#bf ,:5 ! p>5tal feel+s became m complex1 ?r\gh ! association ( o!r feel+s1 z ^? ( prop]ty & pride1 !y naturally t5d$ to ext5d !mselves beyond ! limits ( infancy & *ildhood4 ,b ! *ief cause ( ?is ext5sion seems to lie 9 ! same circum/ances z made man a greg>i\s animal4 ,:]e ! gr[n-up *ildr5 cont9u$ to /ay ) _! p>5ts1 p>5tal affection naturally t5d$ to be prolong$1 n only by ! infusion into x ( new elem5ts1 b by ! direct influ5ce ( close liv+ toge!r4 ,x 01 moreov]1 ext5d$ to m di/ant desc5dants4 ,! same /imuli z call =? k9dly emotions t[>ds a p]son's own *ildr5 evoke simil> emotions t[>ds 8 gr&- & great-gr&*ildr54 ,footnote #be3 ,fiske1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdc4 ,footnote #bf3 ,bove1 ,patagonia1 ,t]ra del ,fuoco1 p4 #acc4 ,see also ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #dj 7,botocudos71 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #bai2 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #ce4 #aid ,x is an old tru? t *ildr5's love ( _! p>5ts is g5]ally mu* weak] ?an ! p>5ts' love ( _! *ildr54 ,! latt] is absolutely necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( ! species1 ! =m] is n2#bg ?\gh1 :5 a ri*] food-supply fav\r$ ! =mation ( l>g] communities1 filial atta*m5t mu/ h be5 ( advantage to ! race4#bh ,no individual is born ) filial love4 ,h[ev]1 ,ari/otle goes too f> :5 say+ t1 :il/ p>5ts love _! *ildr5 f _! bir? upw>d1 *ildr5 d n beg9 to love _! p>5ts until !y are ( a consid]able age1 & h got full possession ( _! wits & faculties4#bi ,"u normal circum/ances ! infant f an e>ly age displays "s atta*m5t to its p>5ts4 ,pr(essor ,sully tells u ( a girl1 ab\t sev5te5 mon?s old1 :o receiv$ h] fa!r aft] a few days abs5ce ) special m>ks ( affection1 ru%+ up to him1 smoo?+ & /rok+ 8 face & giv+ him all ! toys 9 ! room4#cj ,filial love is retributive2 ! agreeable feel+ produc$ by b5efits receiv$ makes ! individual look ) pleasure & k9dl9ess ^u ! giv]4 ,& "h aga9 ! affection is /r5g!n$ by close liv+ toge!r1 z appe>s f ! cool+ effect ( long sep>ation ( *ildr5 f _! p>5ts4 ,b ! filial feel+ is n affection pure & simple1 x is affection m+l$ ) reg>d = ! physical & m5tal sup]iority ( ! p>5t4#ca ,z ! p>5tal feel+ is p>tly love ( ! weak & "y1 s ! filial feel+ is p>tly reg>d = ! /rong & 7comp>atively7 old4 ,footnote #bg3 ,?is obs]vation 0 made already by ,hut*eson 7,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue1 p4 #bai7 & ,adam ,smi? 7,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #aii74 ,! latt] wrote1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! publication ( ',! ,orig9 ( ,species1' t p>5tal t5d]ness is a mu* /rong] affection ?an filial piety1 because ! cont9uance & propagation ( ! species dep5d altoge!r ^u ! =m]1 & n ^u ! latt]4 ,footnote #bh3 ,d>w9 ma9ta9s 7,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aje7 t ! filial affections h be5 to a l>ge ext5t ga9$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 viii4 #ab4 #b4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sully1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see supra1 i4 #fah sq4 ,besides p>5tal1 conjugal1 & filial atta*m5t we f9d among all exi/+ races ( m5 altruism ( ! frat]nal #aie type1 b9d+ toge!r *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts1 relatives m remotely alli$1 &1 g5]ally1 memb]s ( ! same social unit4 ,b ,i am incl9$ to suppose t man 0 n orig9ally a greg>i\s animal1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 t he orig9ally liv$ 9 families r ?an 9 tribes1 & t ! tribe arose z ! result ( increas+ food-supply1 all[+ ! =mation ( l>g] communities1 comb9$ ) ! advantages :i* "u su* circum/ances accru$ f a greg>i\s life4 ,! man-l apes are n greg>i\s2 & consid]+ t "s ( !m are report$ to be enc\nt]$ 9 great] numb]s 9 ! season :5 mo/ fruits come to maturity1#cb we may inf] t ! solit>y life g5]ally l$ by !m is due *iefly to ! difficulty !y exp]i5ce 9 gett+ food at o!r times ( ! ye>4 ,t our e>lie/ human or half-human ance/ors liv$ on ! same k9d ( food1 & requir$ ab\t ! same quantities ( x z ! man-l apes1 seems to me a fairly legitimate supposition2 & f ?is ,i conclude t !y 7 probably n m greg>i\s ?an ^! apes4 ,subsequ5tly man became c>nivor\s2 b ev5 :5 gett+ 8 liv+ by fi%+ or hunt+1 he may /ill h cont9u$ z a rule ?is solit>y k9d ( life1 or greg>i\sness may h become 8 habit only 9 "p4 ,an animal ( a pr$atory k9d1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] obs]ves1 :i* has prey t c be caught & kill$ )\t help1 pr(its by liv+ alone3 especially if its prey is mu* scatt]$1 & is secur$ by /eal?y approa* or by ly+ 9 ambu%4 ,greg>i\sness w\ld "h be a positive disadvantage4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy ( l>ge c>nivores1 & also ( small c>nivores t h feeble & widely-di/ribut$ prey1 to lead solit>y lives4#cc ,x is c]ta9ly a notewor?y fact t ev5 n[ !re are rude savages :o live r 9 sep>ate families ?an 9 tribes2 & t _! solit>y life is due to want ( #aif suffici5t food is obvi\s f sev]al facts :i* ,i h /at$ 9 full 9 ano!r place4#cd ,^! facts1 z x seems to me1 give mu* support to ! supposition t ! k9d ( food man subsi/$ ^u1 toge!r ) ! l>ge quantities ( x :i* he want$1 =m$ 9 old5 times a h9drance to a true greg>i\s mann] ( liv+1 except p]haps 9 "s unusually ri* places4 ,footnote #cb3 ,savage1 ',obs]vations on ! ,ext]nal ,*>act]s & ,habits ( ! ,troglodytes ,nig]1 9 ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 iv4 #chd4 ,cf4 von ,kopp5fels1 ',me9e ,jagd5 auf ,gorillas1' 9 ,die ,g>t5laube1 #ahgg1 p4 #dai4 ,footnote #cc3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 #eeh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dc sqq4 ,b man f9ally ov]came ?is ob/acle4 ,he has1 to quote ,d>w91 inv5t$ & is able to use v>i\s weapons1 tools1 traps1 c41 ) :i* he def5ds himself1 kills or cat*es prey1 & o!rwise obta9s food4 ,he has made rafts or canoes = fi%+ or cross+ ov] to neighb\r+ f]tile isl&s4 ,he has discov]$ ! art ( mak+ fire1 by :i* h>d & /r+y roots c be r5d]$ dige/ible1 & poison\s roots or h]bs innocu\s4#ce ,9 %ort1 man gradually f\nd out new ways ( e>n+ 8 liv+ & m & m emancipat$ himself f direct dep5d5ce on surr\nd+ nature4 ,! *ief ob/acle to a greg>i\s life 0 by ?is means surm\nt$1 & ! advantages ( su* a life 7 consid]able4 ,liv+ toge!r 9 l>g] gr\ps1 m5 c\ld resi/ ! dang]s ( life & def5d !mselves mu* bett] ?an :5 solit>y--all ! m s z ! physical /r5g? ( man1 & especially savage man1 is comp>atively slight4 ,! ext5sion ( ! small family gr\p may h tak5 place 9 two diff]5t ways3 ei!r by adhesion1 or by natural gr[? & cohesion4 ,9 o!r words1 new elem5ts :e!r o!r family gr\ps or s+le individuals may h unit$ ) x f )\t1 or ! *ildr51 in/ead ( sep>at+ f _! p>5ts1 may h rema9$ ) !m & increas$ ! gr\p by =m+ new families !mselves4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! latt] 0 ! normal mode ( ext5sion4 ,:5 greg>i\sness became an advantage to man1 he w\ld feel incl9$ to rema9 ) ^? ) :om he 0 liv+ ev5 aft] ! family _h fulfill$ its object--! pres]vation ( #aig ! helpless (fspr+4 ,& he w\ld be induc$ to d s n only f egoi/ic consid]ations1 b by an in/9ct :i*1 ow+ to its usefulness1 w\ld gradually develop1 practically )9 ! limits ( k9%ip--! greg>i\s in/9ct4 ,footnote #ce3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #dh sq4 ,by ! greg>i\s in/9ct ,i und]/& an animal's pron5ess to live toge!r ) o!r memb]s ( its own species1 ap>t f p>5tal1 conjugal1 & filial atta*m5t4 ,x involves1 or leads to1 pleasure 9 ! consci\sness ( _! pres5ce4 ,! memb]s ( a h]d are at ease 9 ea* o!r's company1 suff] :5 !y are sep>at$1 & rejoice :5 !y are reunit$4 ,by actual liv+ toge!r ! in/9ct is individualis$1#cf & x is /r5g!n$ by habit4 ,! pleasure ) :i* "o individual looks ^u ano!r is fur!r increas$ by ! solid>ity ( int]e/s4 ,n only h !y enjoym5ts 9 common1 b !y h ! same enemies to resi/1 ! same dang]s to enc\nt]1 ! same difficulties to ov]come4 ,h5ce acts :i* are b5eficial to ! ag5t are at ! same "t b5eficial to 8 companions1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ego & alt] loses mu* ( its importance4 ,footnote #cf3 ,9 mank9d we v e>ly recognise ! *ild's t5d5cy to sympa?ise ) p]sons :o are famili> to x 7,compayr1 ,l'volution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant1 p4 #bhh74 ,b ! memb]s ( ! gr\p d n m]ely take pleasure 9 ea* o!r's company4 ,associat$ animals v frequ5tly display a feel+ ( affection = ea* o!r--def5d ea* o!r1 help ea* o!r 9 di/ress & dang]1 p]=m v>i\s o!r s]vices = ea* o!r4#cg ,consid]+ t ! v object ( ! greg>i\s in/9ct is ! pres]vation ( ! species1 ,i ?9k we are oblig$ to reg>d ! mutual affection ( associat$ animals z a developm5t ( ?is in/9ct4 ,) ! pleasure !y take 9 ea* o!r's company is intimately connect$ k9dl9ess t[>ds its cause1 ! companion himself4 ,9 ?is explanation ( social affection ,i believe no fur!r /ep c be made4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 asks :y a m lively feel+ %\ld gr[ up t[>ds a fell[-be+ ?an t[>ds an #aih inanimate s\rce ( pleasure2 & to acc\nt = ?is he sugge/s1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! prim>y & indep5d5t pleasure ( ! animal embrace#ch--;al?\gh embrace ev5 z an outw>d expression ( affection plays a v insignificant "p 9 ! social relations ( greg>i\s animals4 ,x might z well be ask$ :y !re %\ld be a m lively feel+ t[>ds a s5ti5t creature :i* inflicts pa9 ?an t[>ds an inanimate cause ( pa94 ,bo? cases call = a simil> explanation4 ,! animal di/+ui%es betwe5 a liv+ be+ & a lifeless ?+1 & affection prop]1 l ang] prop]1 is accord+ to its v nature felt t[>ds ! =m] only4 ,! object ( ang] is normally an enemy1 ! object ( social affection is normally a fri5d4 ,social affection is n only greatly increas$ by reciprocity ( feel+1 b c\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce )\t su* reciprocity4 ,! be+ to :i* an animal atta*es itself is conceiv$ ( z k9dly dispos$ t[>ds x2 h5ce among wild animals social affection is f\nd only 9 connection ) ! greg>i\s in/9ct1 :i* is reciprocal 9 nature4 ,footnote #cg3 ,d>w91 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj sqq4 ,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid1 *4 i4 sq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ba91 op4 cit4 p4 #acb4 ,among m5 ! memb]s ( ! same social unit are ti$ to ea* o!r ) v>i\s bonds ( a di/9ctly human "*--! same cu/oms1 laws1 in/itutions1 magic or religi\s c]emonies & beliefs1 or notions ( a common desc5t4 ,z m5 g5]ally are fond ( t to :i* !y are us$ or :i* is _! own1 !y are also naturally apt to h lik+s = o!r individuals ^: habits or ideas are simil> to !irs4 ,! int5sity & ext5siv5ess ( social affection ?us 9 ! fir/ place dep5d ^u ! coh]5ce & size ( ! social aggregate1 & its developm5t mu/ consequ5tly be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! evolution ( su* aggregates4 ,?is evolution is l>gely influ5c$ by economic conditions4 ,savages :o "k nei!r cattle-re>+ nor agriculture1 b subsi/ on :at nature gives !m--game1 fi%1 fruit1 roots1 & s =?--mo/ly live 9 s+le families consi/+ ( p>5ts & *ildr51 or 9 l>g] #aii family gr\ps includ+ 9 addition a few o!r individuals closely alli$4#ci ,b ev5 among ^! savages ! isolation ( ! families is n complete4 ,p]sons ( ! same /ock inhabit+ neighb\r+ di/ricts hold fri5dly relations ) "o ano!r1 & unite = ! purpose ( common def5ce4 ,:5 ! y\ng] bran*es ( a family are oblig$ to disp]se 9 se>* ( food1 at lea/ "s ( !m rema9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! p>5t family1 pres]ve _! language1 & nev] q lose ! idea ( belong+ to "o & ! same social gr\p4 ,& 9 "s cases we f9d t p 9 ! hunt+ or fi%+ /age actually live 9 l>g] communities1 & h a well-develop$ social organisation4 ,?is is ! case ) _m or mo/ ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,?\gh 9 ,au/ralia1 also1 isolat$ families are (t5 met )1#dj ! rule seems to be t ! blacks live 9 hordes4 ,?us ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia are di/ribut$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( small local gr\ps1 ea* ( :i* occupies a giv5 area ( c\ntry & has its own headman4#da ,e family1 consi/+ ( a man & "o or m wives & *ildr51 has a sep>ate lean-to ( %rubs2#db b clu/]s ( ^! %elt]s are always f\nd 9 spots :]e food is m or less easily obta9able1#dc & ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p are b\nd toge!r by a /rong local feel+4#dd ,! local influ5ce makes itself felt ev5 outside ! horde4 ,)\t belong+ to ! same gr\p1 say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 m5 :o inhabit localities close to "o ano!r are m closely associat$ ?an m5 liv+ at a di/ance f "o ano!r1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?is local bond is /rongly m>k$4 4 4 4 ,gr\ps :i* are contigu\s locally are con/antly meet+ to p]=m c]emonies4#de ,at ! "t :5 ! s]ies ( initiation c]emonies call$ ! ,engwura are p]=m$1 m5 & wom5 ga!r toge!r f all p>ts ( ! tribe1 c\ncils ( ! eld] #bjj m5 are held day by day1 ! old traditions ( ! tribe are repeat$ & discuss$1 & x is by means ( meet+s su* z ?is1 t a k ( ! unwritt5 hi/ory ( ! tribe & ( its lead+ memb]s is pass$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation4#df ,nay1 ev5 memb]s ( diff]5t tribes (t5 h fri5dly int]c\rse ) ea* o!r2 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :5 two tribes come into contact ) "o ano!r on ! bord]-l& ( _! respective t]ritories1 ! same amicable feel+s z prevail )9 ! tribe are ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! two4#dg ,n[ x seems extremely probable t ,au/ralian blacks are s mu* m sociable ?an mo/ o!r hunt+ p because ! food-supply ( _! c\ntry is naturally m pl5tiful1 or1 p>tly ?anks to _! boom]angs1 m easily atta9able4 ,a ,c5tral ,au/ralian native is1 z a g5]al rule1 well n\ri%$2 kang>oo1 rock-wallabies1 emus1 & o!r =ms ( game are n sc>ce1 & (t5 fall a prey to 8 spe> & boom]ang1 :ile small] animals1 su* z rats & liz>ds1 are con/antly caught )\t any difficulty by ! wom54#dh ,circum/ances ( an economic "* also acc\nt = ! greg>i\sness ( ! v>i\s peoples on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica :o are nei!r pa/oral nor agricultural--! ,?l9kets1 ,haidas1 ,nootkas1 & o!rs4 ,on ! %ore ( ! sea or "s riv] !y h p]man5t h\ses1 ea* ( :i* is inhabit$ by a numb] ( families2#di ! h\ses are gr\p$ 9 villages1 "s ( :i* are v popul\s2#ej & ?\gh ! tribal bond is n conspicu\s = its /r5g?1 !re are c\ncils :i* discuss & decide all important que/ions conc]n+ ! tribe4#ea ,! t]ritory inhabit$ by ^! peoples1 ) its bays1 s\nds1 & riv]s1 supplies !m ) food 9 abundance2 its enorm\s weal? ( fi% all[s its inhabitants to enjoy a pamp]$ exi/5ce4#eb ,footnote #ci3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dc sqq4 ,hildebr&1 ,re*t und ,sitte1 p4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #dj3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #de4 ,footnote #da3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #h sqq4 ,footnote #db3 ,ibid4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #dc3 ,ibid4 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ibid4 p4 #edd4 ,footnote #de3 ,ibid4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #df3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ibid4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ibid4 pp4 #g1 #dd4 ,footnote #di3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #ej3 ,krause 7,die ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #ajj7 speaks ( a ,?l9ket village :i* consi/$ ( sixty-five h\ses & five or six hundr$ inhabitants4 ,footnote #ea3 ,boas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cf sq4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #ib4 #bja ,to pa/oral p sociality1 up to a c]ta9 degree1 is ( great importance4 ,!y h n only to def5d _! own p]sons aga9/ _! enemies1 b !y h also to protect valuable prop]ty1 _! cattle4 ,moreov]1 !y are (t5 anxi\s to increase _! weal? by robb+ _! neighb\rs ( cattle1 & ?is is be/ done 9 company4 ,b at ! same "t a pa/oral community is nev] l>ge1 &1 ?\gh cohesive s long z x exi/s1 x is liable to break up into sections4 ,! reason = ?is is t a c]ta9 spot c pa/ure only a limit$ /ock ( cattle4 ,! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,g5esis well illu/rates ! social difficulties exp]i5c$ by pa/oral peoples4 ,abraham w5t up out ( ,egypt toge!r ) 8 wife & all t he _h1 & ,lot w5t ) him4 ,abraham 0 v ri* 9 cattle1 & ,lot also _h flocks1 & h]ds1 & t5ts4 ,b ! l& 0 n able to be> !m1 t !y might dwell toge!r3 = _! sub/ance 0 great1 s t !y c\ld n dwell toge!r2 !y 7 oblig$ to sep>ate4#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,g5esis1 xiii4 #a sqq4 ,see ,hildebr&1 op4 cit4 p4 #bi sq42 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 pp4 #ii1 #ajj1 #abd sq4 ,! case is diff]5t ) p subsi/+ on agriculture4 ,a c]ta9 piece ( l& c support a mu* l>g] numb] ( p]sons :5 x is cultivat$ ?an :5 x consi/s m]ely ( pa/ure gr\nd4 ,its res\rces l>gely dep5d on ! lab\r be/[$ on x1 & ! m p ! m lab\r4 ,! soil also con/itutes a tie :i* _c be loos5$4 ,x is a k9d ( prop]ty :i*1 unlike cattle1 is immovable2 h5ce ev5 :]e individual own]%ip 9 l& prevails1 ! heirs to an e/ate h to rema9 toge!r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! social union ( agricultural communities is v close1 & ! h\seholds are (t5 enorm\s4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,see ,grosse1 op4 cit4 p4 #acf sqq4 ,b liv+ toge!r is n ! only factor :i*1 among savages1 e/abli%es a social unit4 ,su* a unit may be bas$ n only on local proximity1 b on m>riage or a common desc5t2 x may consi/ n only ( p]sons :o live toge!r 9 ! same di/rict1 b ( p]sons :o are ( ! same family1 or :o are1 or consid] !mselves to be1 #bjb ( ! same k94 ,^! diff]5t modes ( organisation (t51 9 a l>ge measure1 co9cide4 ,! family is a social unit made up ( p]sons :o are ei!r m>ri$ or relat$ by blood1 & at ! same "t1 9 normal cases1 live toge!r4 ,! tribe is a social unit1 ?\gh (t5 a v incoh]5t "o1#ee consi/+ ( p]sons :o inhabit ! same di/rict & also1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 reg>d !mselves z desc5dants ( "s common ance/or4 ,! clan1 :i* is ess5tially a body ( k9dr$ hav+ a common "n1 may likewise on ! :ole co9cide ) ! population ( a c]ta9 t]ritory1 ) ! memb]s ( "o or m hordes or villages4 ,?is is ! case :]e ! husb& takes 8 wife to 8 own community & desc5t is reckon$ ?r\gh ! fa!r1 or :]e he goes to live 9 8 wife's community & desc5t is reckon$ ?r\gh ! "m4 ,b frequ5tly ! sy/em ( mat]nal desc5t is comb9$ ) ! cu/om ( ! husb& tak+ 8 wife to 8 own home1 & ?is1 9 connection ) ! rule ( clan-exogamy1 occasions a great discrepancy betwe5 ! horde & ! clan4 ,! local gr\p is !n by no means a gr\p ( clansm52 ! *ildr51 live 9 _! fa!r's community1 b belong to _! "m's clan1 :il/ ! next g5]ation ( *ildr5 )9 ! community mu/ belong to ano!r clan4#ef ,footnote #ee3 ,see ,cun[1 ,die ,v]w&ts*afts-,organisation5 d] ,au/ralneg]1 p4 #aba1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ef3 ,cf4 ,gidd+s1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 p4 #bei4 ,k9%ip c]ta9ly gives rise to special rights & duties1 b :5 unsupport$ by local proximity x loses mu* ( its social =ce4 ,among ! ,au/ralian natives1 = in/ance1 ! clan rules seem g5]ally to be conc]n$ ) little or no?+ else ?an m>riage1 sexual int]c\rse1 &1 p]haps1 blood-rev5ge4#eg ,! object ( ca/e 7clan71 says ,mr4 ,curr1 is n to create or def9e a bond ( union1 b to secure ! abs5ce ( any blood relation%ip betwe5 #bjc p]sons propos$ to m>ry4 ,s f> f be+ a bond ( fri5d%ip1 no ,black ev] hesitates to kill "o ( ano!r tribe because he happ5s to be> ! same ca/e- 7clan-7 "n z himself4#eh ,x appe>s t ! sy/em ( desc5t itself is l>gely influ5c$ by local connections4#ei ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor has f\nd by means ( 8 /ati/ical me?od t ! numb] ( co9cid5ces betwe5 peoples among :om ! husb& lives ) ! wife's family & peoples :o reckon k9%ip ?r\gh ! "m only1 is proportionally l>ge1 & t ! full mat]nal sy/em nev] appe>s among peoples ^: exclusive cu/om is = ! husb& to take 8 wife to 8 own home2#fj & ,i h myself drawn att5tion to ! fact t :]e ! two cu/oms1 ! woman receiv+ h] husb& 9 h] own hut & ! man tak+ 8 wife to 81 occur side by side among ! same p1 desc5t 9 ! =m] case is trac$ ?r\gh ! "m1 9 ! latt] ?r\gh ! fa!r4#fa ,nay1 ev5 :]e k9%ip con/itutes a tie betwe5 p]sons belong+ to diff]5t local gr\ps1 its social =ce is ultimately d]iv$ n m]ely f ! idea ( a common orig91 b f ne> relatives' habit ( liv+ toge!r4 ,m5 became greg>i\s by rema9+ 9 ! circle :]e !y 7 born2 if1 in/ead ( keep+ toge!r ) _! k9dr$1 !y _h pref]r$ to isolate !mselves or to unite ) /rang]s1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be no blood-bond at all4 ,! mutual atta*m5t & ! social rights & duties :i* result$ f ?is greg>i\s condition 7 associat$ ) ! relation 9 :i* memb]s ( ! gr\p /ood to "o ano!r--! relation ( k9%ip z express$ by a common "n1--& ^! associations might la/ ev5 aft] ! local tie 0 brok54 ,by means ( ! "n =m] connections 7 kept up4 ,ev5 we ourselves are g5]ally m dispos$ to c\nt k9 ) di/ant relatives :o h our own surname ?an ) relatives :o h a diff]5t "n2 & /ill great] is ! influ5ce :i* language 9 ?is respect ex]cises on ! m9d ( a savage1 #bjd to :om a p]son's "n is "p ( 8 p]sonality4 ,! d]ivative orig9 ( ! social =ce 9 k9%ip acc\nts = its =mal "*1 :5 p]sonal int]c\rse is want+2 x may enjo9 duties1 b h>dly inspires mu* affection4 ,if 9 mod]n society mu* less importance is atta*$ to k9%ip ?an at e>li] /ages ( civilisation1 ?is is l>gely due to ! fact t relatives1 except ! ne>e/1 h little communication ) ea* o!r4 ,& if1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 fri5d%ip betwe5 k9sfolk v>ies accord+ to ! degree ( relation%ip1#fb x does s 9 ! fir/ in/ance on acc\nt ( ! v>y+ intimacy ( _! mutual int]c\rse4 ,footnote #eg3 ,cun[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ig1 #acf4 ,dr4 ,/irl+ says 7,report ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ',an?ropology1' p4 #dc7 t ! laws aris+ out ( ! class 7clan7 divisions h extraord9>y =ce & are1 9 g5]al1 implicitly obey$ :e!r 9 respect ( actual m>riage1 illicit connections1 or social relations2 b ,i f9d no fur!r ref]5ce to ^! social relations4 ,footnote #eh3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fi4 ,footnote #ei3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajg sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,tylor1 ',me?od ( ,inve/igat+ ! ,developm5t ( ,in/itutions1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xviii4 #beh4 ,footnote #fa3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 viii4 #ab4 #g4 ,a v diff]5t explanation ( ! social influ5ce ( k9%ip has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>tl&4 ,he connects x ) primitive sup]/ition4 ,a clan1 he says1 is reg>d$ z an unity1 lit]ally & n metaphorically "o body1 ! individual memb]s ( :i* are z truly portions z ! f+]s or ! legs are portions ( ! ext]nal1 visible body ( ea* ( !m4 ,n[1 a sev]$ limb or lock ( hair is believ$ by ! savage to rema9 9 "s invisible b real union ) ! body :]e( x once1 9 outw>d appe>ance also1 =m$ a "p1 & any injury done to x is suppos$ to affect ! organism to :i* x belong$4 ,! individual memb] ( a clan 0 9 exactly ! same position z a lock ( hair cut f ! head1 or an amputat$ limb4 ,he _h no sep>ate significance1 no value ap>t f 8 k94 4 4 4 ,injury inflict$ on him 0 inflict$ on1 & 0 felt by1 ! :ole k91 j z an injury inflict$ on ! sev]$ lock or limb 0 felt by ! bulk4#fc ,mr4 ,h>tl& insi/s ^u a lit]al int]pretation ( 8 words2#fd & ?is implies t ! memb]s ( a clan are 9 _! behavi\r influ5c$ by ! idea t :at happ5s to "o ( !m reacts ^u all4 ,footnote #fc3 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #bgg4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bcf1 #cih1 #ddd4 ,9 support ( 8 !ory ,mr4 ,h>tl& makes ref]5ce to ! belief ( "s savages1 t *>ms may be made f dead bodies aga9/ ! surviv+ relatives ( ! deceas$1#fe & to c]ta9 rites ( heal+ 9 :i*1 besides ! pati5t himself1 o!r memb]s ( 8 tribe1 presumably k9sm51 take "p4#ff ,b ! =m] belief is a sup]/ition connect$ ) ! wond] ( dea?1 f :i* no conclusion mu/ be drawn z #bje to relations betwe5 ! liv+2 & 9 ! c]emonies ( heal+ ! m$ic9e-man plays a mu* m prom95t "p ?an ! o!r by/&]s--^: relation%ip to ! pati5t1 besides1 is s little m>k$ t ,mr4 ,h>tl& only presumes !m to be k9dr$4 ,he fur!r obs]ves t 9 ! wide-spread cu/om ( ! ,c\vade we meet ) ! idea t ! *ild1 be+ a "p ( ! fa!r1 is liable to be affect$ by v>i\s acts committ$ by him4#fg ,& f ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ',gold5 ,b\gh' might be quot$ _m in/ances ( a belief 9 "s my/]i\s bond ( sympa?y knitt+ toge!r abs5t fri5ds & relations--especially at critical times ( life--:i* has1 9 p>ticul>1 l$ to rules regulat+ ! conduct ( p]sons left at home :ile a p>ty ( _! fri5ds is out fi%+ or hunt+ or on ! w> pa?4#fh ,b all ^! rules are taboo re/rictions ( a def9ite & altoge!r special k9d1 g5]ally1 x seems1 ref]r+ to memb]s ( ! same family1 & frequ5tly to wives 9 _! husb&s' abs5ce4 ,9 ord] to make 8 hypo!sis acceptable1 ,mr4 ,h>tl& ought to h produc$ a fair numb] ( facts prov+ t ! memb]s ( ! same clan really are believ$ to be connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 su* a mann]1 t :atev] affects "o ( !m at ! same "t 9 a my/]i\s way affects ! re/4 ,b we look 9 va9 = a s+le well-e/abli%$ in/ance ( su* a belief4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dcg sq4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dcb sqq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #djf4 ,footnote #fh3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #bg sqq4 ,see also ,haddon1 ,magic & ,feti%ism1 p4 #aa sq4 ,x seems t ! importance :i* savages atta* to a common blood has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,clan%ip is bas$ on a me?od ( c\nt+ desc5t by means ( names1 ei!r ?r\gh ! fa!r or ?r\gh ! "m1 b n ?r\gh bo? at once4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by no means implies t ! o!r l9e is n recognis$ z a l9e ( blood-relation%ip4 ,! pat]nal sy/em ( desc5t is n necess>ily associat$ ) ! idea t ! "m has no %>e 9 p>5tage1 nor is ! mat]nal sy/em necess>ily associat$ ) unconsci\sness ( ! *ild's relation to its fa!r2#fi ev5 ! ,c\vade1 :i* assumes ! recognition ( a mo/ intimate relation%ip betwe5 ! *ild & its fa!r1 has be5 f\nd to prevail among "s peoples :o reg>d ! *ild z a memb] ( ! "m's clan4#gj ,nay1 !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! clan-bond is obvi\sly #bjf n reg>d$ z a blood-bond at all1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,( "s tribes 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,mr4 ,cam]on tells u t1 al?\gh a daught] belongs n to h] fa!r's clan b to t ( h] "m's bro!r1 !y believe t %e emanates f h] fa!r solely1 be+ only nurtur$ by h] "m2#ga & ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :o h ! pat]nal sy/em ( desc5t1 ma9ta9 t a *ild really desc5ds nei!r f its fa!r nor f its "m1 b is ! re9c>nation ( a my?ical totem-ance/or4#gb ,_! !ory is t ! *ild is n ! direct result ( int]c\rse1 t x may come )\t ?is1 :i* m]ely1 z x 71 prep>es ! "m = ! reception & bir? also ( an already-=m$ _s *ild :o inhabits "o ( ! local totem c5tres2#gc & its totem-"n1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! spot :]e x is suppos$ to h be5 conceiv$1#gd is diff]5t f its clan-"n4 ,x is useful to scrut9ise ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s !ory 9 ! light ( ?is class ( facts4 ,!y evid5tly prove t clan%ip & :at we are us$ to call ! sy/em ( c\nt+ desc5t1 is n necess>ily bas$ on ! notion ( actual blood-relation%ip1 b on k9%ip z a fact comb9$ ) a "n2 :]eas ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s hypo!sis presupposes1 n t ! memb]s ( a clan really are1 b t !y consid] !mselves to be all ( "o blood4 ,footnote #fi3 ,mr4 ,swan in=ms me t ! ,waguha ( ,we/ ,tanganyika1 among :om *ildr5 are g5]ally nam$ aft] _! fa!r1 recognise ! "p tak5 by bo? p>5ts 9 g5]ation2 & ,ar*deacon ,hodgson writes ! same conc]n+ c]ta9 o!r tribes ( ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 :o trace desc5t ?r\gh ! "m4 ,footnote #gj3 ,l+ ,ro?1 ',signification ( ,c\vade1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxii4 #bbg1 #bch4 ,footnote #ga3 ,cam]on1 ',notes on "s ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiv4 #ceb4 ,footnote #gb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 iv4 especially pp4 #aba1 #abd4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ibid4 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #gd3 ,ibid4 p4 #abd sqq4 ,yet ano!r practice has be5 adduc$ z evid5ce ( ! supreme importance :i* ! primitive clan is suppos$ to atta* to unity 9 blood--! s-call$ blood-cov5ant4 ,! memb]s ( a clan1 ,mr4 ,h>tl& obs]ves1 may n be all desc5d$ f a common ance/ry4 ,?\gh desc5t is ! normal1 ! typical cause ( k9%ip & a common blood1 k9%ip may also be acquir$4 ,to acquire k9%ip1 ! blood ( ! c&idate = admission into ! k9 mu/ be m+l$ ) t ( ! k94 ,9 ?is way he ent]s into ! bro!rhood1 is reckon$ z ( ! same /ock1 obta9s ! full privileges ( a k9sman4#ge ,z ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? puts x1 he :o has drunk a clansman's blood is no long] a /rang] b a bro!r1 & includ$ 9 ! my/ic circle ( ^? :o h a %>e 9 ! life-blood t is common to all ! clan4#gf ,mr4 ,h>tl& gives u a %ort acc\nt ( ! rite3--,x is suffici5t t an incision be made 9 ! neophyte's arm & ! fl[+ blood suck$ f x by "o ( ! clansm51 ^u :om ! #bjg op]ation is repeat$ 9 turn by ! neophyte4 ,orig9ally1 p]haps1 ! clansm5 all assembl$ & p>took ( ! rite2 b if s1 ! necessity has ceas$ to be recognis$ almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,! =m1 inde$1 has und]gone numb]less v>iations4 4 4 4 ,b1 :atev] may be ! exact =m adopt$1 ! ess5ce ( ! rite is ! same1 & its range is _w-wide4 ,!n !re foll[s a li/ ( peoples f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w among :om x is said to prevail4#gg ,footnote #ge3 ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcg4 ,footnote #gf3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #gg3 ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 #bcg sqq4 ,f ?is ! read] und\bt$ly gets ! impression t ! m+l+ ( blood is a frequ5tly practis$ c]emony ( adoption1 by :i* a p]son is admitt$ into a /range clan4 ,b ! facts /at$ by ! *ief au?orities on ! subject1 to :om ,mr4 ,h>tl& ref]s1 prove no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,9 mo/ cases ) :i* we are acqua9t$ ! m+l+ ( blood is a =m ( cov5ant betwe5 individuals1 al?\gh an engagem5t ) a *ief or k+ naturally embraces 8 subjects also2 & sometimes ! cov5ant]s are tribes or k+doms4 ,b ( ! _w-wide adoption rite !re is h>dly a s+le in/ance :i* corresponds to ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s description4 ,he admits himself t 9 ! same measure z ! clan relax$ its hold ^u ! individual memb]s1 blood-bro!rhood assum$ a p]sonal aspect1 until1 hav+ no long] any social =ce1 x came to be reg>d$ z m]ely ! mo/ solemn & b9d+ =m ( cov5ant betwe5 man & man4#gh ,8 acc\nt ( ! blood-cov5ant is1 9 fact1 only an inf]5ce bas$ on ! assumption t ! exi/+ rite is a survival f times :5 ! clan 0 lit]ally "o body & ! individual no?+ b an amputat$ limb4 ,b to reg>d ! pres5t blood-cov5ant z a survival ( a previ\s rite ( adoption into ! clan is n ju/ifi$ by facts4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re is no record ( a blood-cov5ant among savages ( ! l[e/ type1 unless ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia be includ$ among !m2 & 9 ,au/ralia x is c]ta9ly n a c]emony ( adoption4 ,among ! ,arunta x is int5d$ to prev5t trea*]y3 if1 = example1 an ,alice ,spr+s p>ty want$ to g on an av5g+ exp$ition to ! ,burt c\ntry1 & !y _h ) !m 9 camp a man ( t locality1 he w\ld be =c$ to dr9k blood ) !m1 &1 hav+ p>tak5 ( x1 w\ld be b\nd n to aid 8 fri5ds by giv+ !m w>n+ ( _! dang]4#gi ,?is in/ance is in/ructive4 ,! ,au/ralian native is oblig$ to help ^? ) :om he has drunk blood aga9/ 8 own relatives1 nay1 aga9/ memb]s ( 8 own totem gr\p4 ,s also ! tie #bjh ( blood-cov5ant+ is reckon$ 9 ! ,ea/ ev5 a clos] tie ?an t ( natural desc5t1#hj & ! same 0 ! case among ! anci5t ,sc&9avians4#ha ,i d n see h[ ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s !ory c acc\nt = ?is4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bdj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #hj3 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #aga4 ,m+l+ ( blood is sometimes suppos$ to be a direct cause ( mutual sympa?y & agreem5t1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( transmission ( prop]ties by contact2#hb ev5 9 ,europe !re are traces ( ! belief t a few drops ( blood transf]r$ f "o p]son to ano!r inspire ! recipi5t ) fri5dly feel+s t[>ds him ) ^: blood he is inoculat$4#hc ,b ! g5u9e blood-cov5ant imposes duties on bo? p>ties1 & also conta9s ! pot5tial puni%m5t = _! transgression4 ,x involves a promise1 & ! transf]5ce ( blood is vaguely or di/9ctly suppos$ to convey to ! p]son :o dr9ks x1 or :o is inoculat$ ) x1 a conditional curse :i* w injure or de/roy him %\ld he break 8 promise4 ,t ?is is ! ma9 idea und]ly+ ! blood-cov5ant appe>s f ! fact t x is regul>ly accompani$ by curses or self-imprecations4#hd ,9 ,madagasc>1 = in/ance1 :5 two or m p]sons h agre$ on =m+ ! bond ( frat]nity1 a f[l is procur$1 its head is ne>ly cut (f1 & x is left 9 ?is /ate to cont9ue ble$+ dur+ ! c]emony4 ,! p>ties !n pron\nce a long imprecation & mutual v[ ov] ! blood1 say+1 int] alia ,o ?is mis]able f[l welt]+ 9 its blood6 ?y liv] d we eat1 ?y liv] d we eat2 & %\ld ei!r ( u retract f ! t]ms ( ?is oa?1 let him in/antly become a fool1 let him in/antly become bl9d1 let ?is cov5ant prove a curse to him4 ,a small portion ( blood is !n drawn f ea* individual & drunk by ! cov5ant+ p>ties ) execrations ( v5geance on ea* o!r 9 case ( ei!r violat+ ! sacr$ oa?4#he ,accord+ to ano!r description ! p>ties1 aft] !y h drunk ea* o!r's blood1 dr9k a mixture f ! same b[l1 pray+ t x may turn into #bji poison = him :o fails to keep ! oa?4#hf ,z we h se5 be=e1 blood is commonly reg>d$ z a p>ticul>ly effici5t conductor ( curses1 & :at c\ld 9 ?is respect be m excell5t ?an ! blood ( ! v p]son :o utt]s ! curse8 ,b ! blood ( a victim sacrific$ on ! occasion may s]ve ! same purpose1 or "s o!r suitable vehicle may be *os5 to transf] ! imprecation4 ,! ,masai 9 ! old days spat at a man ) :om !y swore et]nal fri5d%ip2#hg & ! mean+ ( ?is seems cle> :5 we he> t !y spit copi\sly :5 curs+1 & t if a man :ile curs+ spits 9 8 enemy's eyes1 bl9dness is suppos$ to foll[4#hh ,! anci5t ,arabs1 besides swe>+ alliance & protection by dipp+ _! h&s 9 a pan ( blood & ta/+ ! cont5ts1 _h a cov5ant kn[n z ! h4ilf al-fod4l1 :i* 0 made by tak+ ,zemzem wat] & wa%+ ! corn]s ( ! ,ka7ba ) x1 :]eaft] x 0 drunk by ! p>ties conc]n$4#hi ,! blood-cov5ant is ess5tially bas$ on ! same idea z und]lies ! ,moori% cu/om ( seal+ a compact ( fri5d%ip by a common meal at ! tomb ( "s sa9t1 ! mean+ ( :i* is obvi\s f ! phrase t ! food w repay him :o breaks ! compact4#ij ,footnote #hb3 ,cf4 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #bcf sq4 ,footnote #hc3 von ,wlislocki1 ',m5s*5blut im ,glaub5 d] ,zigeun]1' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #fd4 ,drfl]1 ',das ,blut im magy>is*5 ,volkglaub51' ibid4 iii4 #bfi sq4 ,footnote #hd3 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #deb 7natives ( ,timor74 ,burns1 ',kayans ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,borneo1' 9 ,j\r4 ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #adf sq4 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #cfd 7,taveta74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #did 7,wakamba74 ,trumbull1 op4 cit4 pp4 #i1 #bj1 #ca1 #db1 #de-dg1 #ec1 #fa sq4 ,= ! practice ( seal+ an agreem5t by transf]5ce ( blood accompani$ by an oa?1 see also ,p>tridge1 ,cross ,riv] ,natives1 p4 #aia 7pagans ( ,obubura ,hill di/rict 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia74 ,footnote #he3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 #ahg sqq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,dumont d',urville1 ,voyage pittoresque aut\r du monde1 i4 #ha4 ,footnote #hg3 ,h9de1 ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #dg4 ,see also ,john/on1 ,ug&a1 ii4 #hcc4 ,footnote #hh3 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #hi3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,m>riage & ,k9%ip 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #ef sqq4 ,cf4 ,h]odotus1 iii4 #h4 ,footnote #ij3 ,see supra1 i4 #ehg4 ,accord+ to ano!r !ory ! inoculat$ blood is reg>d$ z a pl$ge or deposit1 :i* compels ! p]son f :om x 0 drawn to be fai?ful to ! p]son to :om x 0 transf]r$4 ,suppose t two individuals1 ,a & ,b1 become blood-bro!rs by mutual inoculation4 ,ea*1 !n1 ,mr4 ,crawley argues 7,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #bcf sq471 has a "p ( ! o!r 9 8 keep+1 ea* has giv5 himself away to ! o!r 9 a v real s5se2 & ! possibility ( mutual trea*]y or wrong is prev5t$ bo? by ! fact t injury done to ,b by ,a is consid]$ equival5t to injury done by ,a to himself1 & also by ! belief t if ,b is wrong$ he may "w v5geance by injur+ ! "p ( ,a :i* he possesses4 ,to ?is explanation1 h[ev]1 s]i\s objections may be rais$4 ,! belief 9 sympa!tic magic does n imply t injury done to ,b by ,a is eo ipso suppos$ to affect ,a himself ?r\gh t "p ( him :i* has be5 deposit$ 9 ,b2 x does n imply t two ?+s :i* h once be5 conjo9$ rema91 :5 q dissev]$ f ea* o!r1 9 su* a relation t :atev] is done to ! "o mu/ simil>ly affect ! o!r 7,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #di71 unless !re is an int5tion to ?is effect 9 ! ag5t4 ,! sev]$ "p !n s]ves z a m$ium by :i* magic influ5ce is transf]r$ to ! :ole4 ,aga91 x is difficult to see h[ ,b c\ld injure ,a ?r\gh ! "p ( him :i* he possesses :5 t "p has be5 absorb$ into 8 own sy/em1 z mu/ be ! case ) ^? few drops ( ,a's blood ) :i* he 0 inoculat$4 ,besides m>riage1 local proximity1 & a common desc5t1 a common wor%ip may tie p toge!r into #baj social union4 ,b among savages a religi\s community g5]ally co9cides ) a community ( "s o!r k9d4 ,!re are tutel>y gods ( families1 clans1 & tribes2#ia & a purely local gr\p may also =m a religi\s community by itself4 ,major ,ellis obs]ves t ) "s two or ?ree exceptions all ! gods wor%ipp$ by ! ,t%i-speak+ tribes on ! ,gold ,coa/ are exclusively local & h a limit$ area ( wor%ip4 ,if !y are nature-gods !y are b\nd up ) ! natural objects !y animate1 if !y are gho/-gods !y are localis$ by ! place ( sepulture1 & if !y are tutel>y deities ^: orig9 has be5 =gott5 _! position is necess>ily fix$ by t ( ! t[n1 village1 or family !y protect2 9 any case !y are wor%ipp$ only by ^? :o live 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! only exceptions be+ ! sky-god1 ! e>?quake-god1 & ! goddess ( ! silkcotton trees1 :o are wor%ipp$ ev]y:]e4#ib ,footnote #ia3 ,see infra1 *4 l4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bhd sq4 ,= v>i\s in/ances ( village gods see ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ah2 ,crozet1 ,voyage to ,tasmania1 c4 p4 #de 7,maoris72 ,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ge 7natives ( ,ponape72 ,gri]son1 ,bihar ,peasant ,life1 p4 #djc sqq4 ,:5 ! religi\s community is ?us at ! same "t a family1 clan1 village1 or tribe1 x is ( c\rse impossible exactly to di/+ui% ! social influ5ce ( ! common religion f t ex]cis$ by m>riage1 local proximity1 or a common desc5t4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! importance ( ! religi\s bond1 or at lea/ ( ! totem bond1 has be5 some:at exagg]at$ by a c]ta9 s*ool ( an?ropologi/s4 ,we are told t 9 e>ly society ea* memb] ( ! k9 te/ifies & r5ews 8 union ) ! re/ by tak+ "p 9 a sacrificial meal 9 :i* ! totem god is eat5 by 8 wor%ipp]s4#ic ,b no satisfactory evid5ce has ev] be5 giv5 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] kn[s only "o c]ta9 case ( a totem sacram5t1 namely1 t preval5t among ! ,arunta & "s o!r tribes 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1#id :o at ! "t ( ,inti*iuma are 9 ! habit ( kill+ & eat+ totem animals2 & ?is practice has no?+ :atev] #baa to d ) ! mutual relations betwe5 k9dr$4 ,its object is only to multiply 9 a magic mann] ! animals ( c]ta9 species = ! purpose ( increas+ ! food-supply = o!r totemic gr\ps4#ie ,9 8 book on ,totemism ,fraz] writes3--,! totem bond is /rong] ?an ! bond ( blood or family 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,?is is expressly /at$ ( ! clans ( we/]n ,au/ralia & ( nor?-we/]n ,am]ica1 & is probably true ( all societies :]e totemism exi/s 9 full =ce4 ,h5ce 9 totem tribes e local gr\p1 be+ necess>ily compos$ 7ow+ to exogamy7 ( memb]s ( at lea/ two totem clans1 is liable to be dissolv$ at any mom5t into its totem elem5ts by ! outbreak ( a blood feud1 9 :i* husb& & wife mu/ always 7if ! feud is betwe5 _! clans7 be array$ on opposite sides1 & 9 :i* ! *ildr5 w be array$ aga9/ ei!r _! fa!r or _! "m1 accord+ z desc5t is trac$ ?r\gh ! "m1 or ?r\gh ! fa!r4#if ,9 ! two or ?ree cases :i* ,fraz] quotes 9 support ( 8 /atem5t#ig ! totemic gr\p is id5tical ) ! clan2 h5ce x is impossible to decide :e!r ! /r5g? ( ! tie :i* unites its memb]s is due to ! totem relation%ip or to ! common desc5t4 ,b ev5 ! comb9$ clan & totem sy/ems seem at mo/ only 9 exceptional cases to lead to su* consequ5ces z are indicat$ by ,fraz]'s au?orities4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,au/ralian aborig9es ,mr4 ,curr obs]ves3--,( ! *ildr5 ( "o fa!r be+ at w> ) him1 or ) ea* o!r1 on ! gr\nd ( mat]nal relation%ip1 or any o!r gr\nd1 my inquiries & exp]i5ce supply no in/ances4 ,to ,capta9 ,grey's /atem5ts1 inde$1 !re are sev]al objections4#ih ,footnote #ic3 ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcf4 ,footnote #id3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 p4 xix4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #bcj sqq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 vi4 ,iidem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 ix4 sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ig3 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bcj4 ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #afe4 ,h>di/y1 ',l\*eux ,indians1' 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahff1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #ih3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fg4 ,9 ,h>di/y's /atem5t1 ref]r+ to ! ,l\*eux ,indians1 !re is a conspicu\s lack ( def9it5ess4 ,he says3--,9 w> x 0 n tribe aga9/ tribe1 b division aga9/ division1 & z ! *ildr5 7 nev] ( ! same ca/e 7clan7 z ! fa!r1 ! *ildr5 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be aga9/ ! fa!r & ! fa!r aga9/ ! *ildr54 4 4 4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n likely to occur v (t51 z ! wor/ ( p>5ts w\ld h naturally pref]r$ peace to w> ) 8 own *ildr54 ,petr(f's passage conc]n+ ! ,?l9kets1 ref]r$ to by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 simply runs3--,! ties ( ! totem or clan%ip are consid]$ f> /rong] ?an ^? ( blood relation%ip4 #bab ,among ! ,arunta & "s o!r ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes we h =tunately an opportunity ( /udy+ ! social influ5ce ( totemism ap>t f t ( clan%ip1 ! division into totems be+ q indep5d5t ( ! clan sy/em4 ,! :ole di/rict ( a tribe may be mapp$ out into a l>ge numb] ( areas ( v>i\s sizes1 ea* ( :i* c5tres 9 "o or m spots :]e1 9 ! dim pa/1 c]ta9 my?ical ance/ors are said to h orig9at$ or camp$ dur+ _! w&]+s1 & :]e _! spirits are /ill suppos$ to rema91 associat$ ) sacr$ /ones1 :i* ! ance/ors us$ to c>ry ab\t ) !m4 ,f ^! spirits h sprung1 & /ill cont9ue to spr+1 actual m5 & wom51 ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s totems be+ _! re9c>nations4 ,at ! spots :]e !y rema9$1 ! ance/ral spirits ent] ! bodies ( wom51 & 9 consequ5ce a *ild mu/ belong to ! totem ( ! spot at :i* ! "m believes t x 0 conceiv$4 ,a result ( ?is is t no "o totem is conf9$ to ! memb]s ( a p>ticul> clan or sub-clan1#ii & t ?\gh mo/ memb]s ( a giv5 horde or local gr\p belong to ! same totemic gr\p1 !re is no absolute co9cid5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( organisation4#ajj ,h[1 !n1 does ! fact t two p]sons belong to ! same totem influ5ce _! social relation%ips8 ,9 ^! tribes1 say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !re is no su* ?+ z ! memb]s ( "o totem be+ b\nd toge!r 9 su* a way t !y mu/ comb9e to fight on behalf ( a memb] ( ! totem to :i* !y belong4 4 4 4 ,! m5 to assi/ a p>ticul> man 9 a qu>rel are ^? ( 8 locality1 & n ( necessity ^? ( ! same totem z himself1 inde$ ! latt] consid]ation does n ent] into acc\nt & 9 ?is z 9 o!r matt]s we see ! /rong #bac developm5t ( :at we h call$ ! 'local influ5ce4' 4 4 4 ,! m5 :o assi/ him are 8 bro!rs1 blood & tribal1 ! sons ( 8 "m's bro!rs1 blood & tribal4 ,t is1 if he be a ,panunga man he w h ! assi/ance ( ! ,panunga & ,ungalla m5 ( 8 locality1 :ile if x comes to a g5]al fight he w h ! help ( ! :ole ( 8 local gr\p4 4 4 4 ,x is only inde$ dur+ ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 c]emonies t ! exi/5ce ( a mutual relation%ip1 consequ5t ^u ! possession ( a common totemic "n1 /&s out at all prom95tly4 ,9 fact1 x is p]fectly easy to sp5d a consid]able "t among/ ! ,arunta tribe )\t ev5 be+ aw>e t ea* individual has a totemic "n4#aja ,footnote #ii3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 iv4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ibid4 pp4 #i1 #cb1 #cd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cd1 #edd4 ,:5 f ! savage & b>b>\s races ( m5 we pass to peoples ( a high] culture1 z !y fir/ appe> to u 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 we meet among !m social units simil> 9 k9d to ^? preval5t at l[] /ages ( civilisation3 ! family1 clan1 village1 tribe4 ,we also f9d among !m1 side by side ) ! family consi/+ ( p>5ts & *ildr51 a l>g] family organisation1 :i*1 ?\gh n unkn[n among ! l[] races1 assumes p>ticul> prom95ce 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate4 ,9 ,*9a ! family g5]ally rema9s undivid$ till ! *ildr5 ( ! y\ng] sons are beg9n+ to gr[ up4 ,!n ! y\ng] bran*es ( ! family sep>ate1 & =m _! own h\seholds4 ,b ! new h\sehold]s cont9ue to take "p 9 ! ance/ral wor%ip ( ! old home2 & m\rn+ is worn 9 !ory = f\r g5]ations ( asc5dants & desc5dants 9 ! direct l9e1 & = contempor>ies desc5d$ 9 ! same fif? g5]ation f ! hon\r$ head ( ! family4#ajb ,at ! same "t we f9d 9 ,*9a at lea/ traces ( a clan organisation4 ,l>ge bodies ( p]sons be> ! same surname1 & a p5alty is inflict$ on anyone :o m>ries a p]son ) ! same surname z 8 own1 :il/ a man is /rictly =bidd5 to nom9ate z 8 heir #bad an individual ( a diff]5t surname4#ajc ,moreov]1 !re are :ole villages compos$ ( relatives all be>+ ! same ance/ral "n4 ,9 _m cases1 says ,mr4 ,doolittle1 = a long p]iod ( "t no division ( inh]it$ prop]ty is made 9 rural di/ricts1 ! desc5dants ( a common ance/or liv+ or work+ toge!r1 enjoy+ & %>+ ! pr(its ( _! lab\rs "u ! g5]al direction & sup]vision ( ! head ( ! clan & ! heads ( ! family bran*es4 4 4 4 ,!re may be only "o head ( ! clan4 ,"u him !re are sev]al heads ( families4#ajd ,footnote #ajb3 ,simcox1 ,primitive ,civilizations1 ii4 #cjc1 #dic1 #fi4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,m$hur/1 ',m>riage1 ,aff9ity1 & ,inh]itance 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 iv4 #ba1 #bb1 #bi4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #bbe sqq4 ,! f\r g5]ations ( ! ,*9ese1 compris+ ^? :o are reg>d$ z ne> relatives1 h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! family organisation ( mo/ s-call$ ,aryan peoples4 ,! ,roman ,prop9qui--t is1 p>5ts & *ildr51 bro!rs & si/]s1 uncles & aunts1 nephews & nieces1 fir/ c\s9s 7consobr9i7 & second c\s9s 7sobr9i7--exactly correspond$ to ! ,an*i/eis ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,sap9das ( ! ,h9dus1#aje & ! ,syng5eis ( ! ,p]sians4#ajf ,! p]sons belong+ to ^! f\r g5]ations /ood 9 a p>ticul>ly close relation%ip to ea* o!r4 ,!y _h mutual rights & duties ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 e>ly times1 if "o ( !m 0 kill$1 ! survivors _h to av5ge 8 dea?4 ,!y 7 expect$ to assi/ ea* o!r :5ev] x 0 ne$$1 especially be=e ! c\rt4 ,!y celebrat$ 9 common fea/s ( rejoic+ & fea/s = ! dead4 ,!y _h a common cult & common m\rn+4 ,9 %ort1 !y =m$ an enl>g$ family unit ( :i* ! individual families 7 m]ely sub-bran*es1 ev5 ?\gh #bae !y did n necess>ily live 9 ! same h\se4#ajg ,9 ,india we /ill meet ) a p]i%able survival ( ?is organisation4 ,9 ! ,jo9t ,family ( ! ,h9dus1 says ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 4 4 4 4 ! agnatic gr\p ( ! ,romans absolutely survives--or r1 b = ! ,engli% law & ,engli% c\rts1 x w\ld survive4 ,"h !re is a real1 ?or\ghly asc]ta9$ common ance/or1 a g5u9e consangu9ity1 a common fund ( prop]ty1 a common dwell+4#ajh ,! ,gw5tian1 ,dimetian1 & ,v5$otian codes likewise repres5t ! home/ead & l& ( ! free ,wel%man z a family hold+4 ,s long z ! head ( ! family liv$1 says ,mr4 ,seebohm1 all 8 desc5dants liv$ ) him1 app>5tly 9 ! same home/ead1 unless new ones _h already be5 built = !m on ! family l&4 ,9 any case1 !y /ill =m$ "p ( ! jo9t h\sehold ( :i* he 0 ! head4 ,:5 a free tribesman1 ! head ( a h\sehold1 di$1 8 hold+ 0 n brok5 up4 ,x 0 held by 8 heirs = ?ree g5]ations z "o jo9t hold+4#aji ,s also among ! subdivisions ( anci5t ,iri% society !re 0 "o :i* compris$ ! ne> relatives1 ! ,prop9qui ( ! ,romans4#aaj ,_m ( ! ,s\? ,slavonians to ?is day live 9 h\se communities ea* consi/+ ( a body ( f t5 to sixty memb]s or ev5 m1 :o are blood-relations to ! second or ?ird degree on ! male side1 & :o associate 9 a common dwell+ or gr\p ( dwell+s1 hav+ _! l& 9 common1 foll[+ a common occupation1 & be+ gov]n$ by a common *ief4#aaa ,among ! ,russians1 #baf too1 !re are h\seholds ( ?is k9d1 conta9+ ! repres5tatives ( ?ree g5]ations2 & previ\s to ! emancipation ( ! s]fs 9 #ahfa su* h\seholds 7 mu* m common ?an !y are n[4#aab ,! anci5t ,teutons are ! only ,aryan race among :om ! jo9t family organisation _c be prov$ to h prevail$4#aac ,footnote #aje3 ,baudhyana1 i4 #e4 #aa4 #i3--,! great-gr&fa!r1 ! gr&fa!r1 ! fa!r1 oneself1 ! ut]9e bro!rs1 ! son by a wife ( equal ca/e1 ! gr&son1 & ! great-gr&son--^! !y call ,sap9das1 b n ! great-gr&son's son4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #ahf3--,to ?ree ance/ors wat] mu/ be (f]$1 to ?ree ! fun]al cake is giv51 ! f\r? desc5dant is ! giv] ( ^! oblations1 ! fif? has no connection ) !m4 ,cf4 ,jolly1 ',re*t und ,sitte1' 9 ,bhl]1 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie1 ii4 #he4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,brissonius1 ,de regio ,p]s>um pr9cipatu1 i4 #bjg1 p4 #bgi4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #dg sqq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,kl5ze1 ',die ,cognat5 und ,aff95 na* ,rmis*em ,re*te 9 ,v]glei*ung mit &]n v]w&t5 ,re*t51' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ges*i*tli*e ,re*tswiss4 vi4 #e sqq4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #bca sqq4 ,rivi]1 ,prcis du droit de famille roma91 p4 #cd sqq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #aji3 ,seebohm1 ,engli% ,village ,community1 p4 #aic4 ,idem1 ,tribal ,sy/em 9 ,wales1 p4 #hi sqq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 p4 #ij sq4 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 ,anhang i4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 pp4 #ge1 #gi sqq4 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bda sqq4 ,utievsenovi'c1 ,die ,hauskommunion5 d] ,sdslav51 p4 #bj sqq4 ,mil]1 ',die ,hauskommunion d] ,sdslav51' 9 ,jahrbu* d4 int]nat4 ,v]e9igung f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 iii4 #aii sqq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,mack5zie ,wallace1 ,russia1 i4 #acd4 von ,hellwald1 ,die m5s*li*e ,familie1 p4 #ejf sq4 ,kovalewsky1 ,mod]n ,cu/oms & ,anci5t ,laws ( ,russia1 p4 #ec sq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 ,anhang i4 ,among all ^! peoples a numb] ( k9dr$ families or jo9t families 7 unit$ into a l>g] social gr\p =m+ a village community or a clu/] ( h\seholds4 ,! ,v$ic p call$ su* a body ( k9dr$ janmana or simply grama1 :i* means village2#aad & ! same organisation /ill survives 9 ,india1 ?\gh 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,! type ( ,indian village communities :i* has be5 describ$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e is at once an assemblage ( co-proprietors & an organis$ patri>*al society1 provid+ = ! managem5t ( ! common fund & g5]ally also = int]nal gov]nm5t1 police1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & ! apportionm5t ( taxes & public duties4 ,unlike ! jo9t family1 ! relat$ families ( ! village community no long] hold _! l& z an indi/+ui%able common fund3 !y h portion$ x out1 at mo/ !y r$i/ribute x p]iodically1 & are ?us on ! high road to mod]n l&$ proprietor%ip4 ,& :il/ ! jo9t family is a n>r[ circle ( p]sons actually relat$ to ea* o!r1 ! village community has v g5]ally be5 adult]at$ by ! admission ( /rang]s1 especially pur*as]s ( %>es1 :o h f "t to "t be5 engraft$ on ! orig9al /ock ( blood-relatives4 ,yet 9 all su* cases !re is ! assumption ( an orig9al common p>5tage2 h5ce ! ,h9du village community ( ! type indicat$1 :5ev] x is n actually an association ( k9sm51 is always a body ( co-proprietors =m$ on ! model ( su* an association4#aae ,footnote #aad3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bfj sqq4 ,idem1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bdj4 ,elph9/one1 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 p4 #fh sqq4 ,mr4 ,bad5-,p[ell 7,indian ,village ,community1 p4 #c sqq47 has %[n t ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's g5]al description ( ,indian village communities holds true only ( a c]ta9 class ( villages 9 ,india4 #bag ,correspond+ to ! ,v$ic grama !re 7 ! ,iranian vi1 ! ,greek g5os1 & ! ,roman g5s2 & z among ! ,v$ic p sev]al gramas =m$ a vi & sev]al vis a jana1#aaf s ! ,iranian vi1 ! ,greek g5os1 & ! ,roman g5s 71 respectively1 subdivisions ( a zantu1 phratria1 & curia2 & ^! aga9 7 subdivisions ( a /ill m compreh5sive unit1 a daqyu1 phyle1 & tribus4#aag ,! ,roman t]ritory 0 9 e>lie/ times divid$ into a numb] ( clan-di/ricts1 ea* inhabit$ by a p>ticul> g5s1 :i* 0 ?us a gr\p associat$ at once by locality & by a common desc5t4 ,:il/ ea* h\sehold _h its own portion ( l&1 ! clan-h\sehold or village _h a clan-l& belong+ to x1 & ?is clan-l& 0 manag$ up to a comp>atively late p]iod aft] ! analogy ( h\sehold-l&1 t is1 on ! sy/em ( jo9t-possession1 ea* clan till+ its own l& & !reaft] di/ribut+ ! produce among ! sev]al h\seholds belong+ to x4 ,ev5 ! traditions ( ,roman law furni% ! in=mation t weal? consi/$ at fir/ 9 cattle & ! usufruct ( ! soil1 & t x 0 n till lat] t l& came to be di/ribut$ among ! burgesses z _! own special prop]ty4#aah ,/ill 9 hi/orical times1 if a p]son left no sons or agnates liv+ at 8 dea?1 ! inh]itance es*eat$ to ! g5tiles1 or entire body ( ,roman citiz5s be>+ ! same "n ) ! deceas$1 :]eas no "p ( x 0 giv5 to any relative unit$1 h[ev] closely1 ) ! dead man ?r\gh female desc5t4#aai ,b z ! ,h9du village community1 s also ! ,roman g5s1 ?\gh orig9ally a gr\p ( blood-relatives inhabit+ a common di/rict1 0 already 9 e>ly times recruit$ f m5 ( ali5 extraction :o 7 assum$ to be desc5d$ f a common ance/or4 ,& x is difficult to believe #bah t ei!r 9 ,rome or ,greece ev5 ! fiction ( a common orig9 c\ld be pres]v$ = long :5 ! organisation ( ! p into g5tes1 phratries1 & tribes 0 adopt$ by ! ,/ate z a sy/em ( political division & _! numb]s 7 fix$4#abj ,:5 ! g5os & g5s fir/ appe> to u 9 hi/ory !y 7 m]e dw9dl+ survivals1 except 9 "o respect3 !y rema9$1 z !y _h be5 f ! outset1#aba religi\s communities long aft] !y _h lo/ all o!r practical importance4 ,?is 0 especially ! case at ,a!ns1 :]e c]ta9 reput$ g5tes = c5turies cont9u$ to play a prom95t "p 9 ! religi\s cult2#abb & ! ,romans seem to h pres]v$ _! g5tilicia sacra /ill 9 ,cic]o's "t4#abc ,footnote #aaf3 ,zimm]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #ajd sq4 ,footnote #aah3 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #de1 #df1 #bch4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bbj sq4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #abj3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #aej sqq4 ,x is expressly said t at ,a!ns ! memb]s ( ! same ,greek3 ge_/nos 7 n necess>ily reg>d$ z blood-relations 7see ,buns51 ,de jure h]$it>io ,a!ni5sium1 p4 #ajd1 n4 #bh74 ,footnote #aba3 ,s*oemann1 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]1 ii4 #edh sqq4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #abf1 #acj4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd sqq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #abc3 ,cic]o1 ,pro domo1 #ac 7#cd74 ,9 anci5t ,wales di/ricts 7 occupi$ by tribes "u _! petty k+s or *iefs1 & ! tribe 7c5$l7 0 a bundle ( k9dr$s b\nd toge!r & int]lock$ by common int]e/s & frequ5t int]m>riages1 z well z by ! necessity ( mutual protection aga9/ =eign foes4#abd ,a gr\p ( h\seholds1 aga91 correspond+ to ! ,roman g5s =m$ a trev1 :i* 0 a clu/] ( scatt]$ h\seholds1 n necess>ily a village 9 ! mod]n s5se4#abe ,! same seems to h be5 ! case ) ! ,teutonic vici1 spok5 ( by ,tacitus2#abf b t among ! ,teutons1 also1 ! p ( ! same neighb\rhood 7 blood-relatives may be directly inf]r$ f a /atem5t made by ,cs>4#abg ,!y 7 n mu* addict$ to agriculture1#abh & ! dre>y _w !y inhabit$1 ) its des]t aspect1 its h>% climate1 its lack ( cultivation1 0 n #bai fav\rable to ! =mation ( p]man5t l>ge social bodies ( great cohesiv5ess4 ,h[ev]1 we meet among !m social units :i* ,cs> calls regiones or pagi#abi ( :i* ! vici may be assum$ to h be5 subdivisions4 ,among ! highly agricultural ,slavonians1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ev5 9 ! pres5t "t a social organisation v simil> to t ( ! ,h9dus4 ,! ,s\? ,slavonians1 z we h se51 live 9 h\se communities correspond+ to ! jo9t families 9 ,india4 ,n[1 :5 ! memb]s ( a h\se community1 or zadruga--z x is (t5 call$--become too num]\s1 a sep>ation takes place1 & ! emigrants =m new h\seholds by !mselves4 ,a zadruga is ?us gradually exp&$ into a brat/vo1 or bro!rhood--a gr\p ( relat$ h\se communities :i* n only feel !mselves z bran*es ( ! same /ock1 b /ill h c]ta9 practical int]e/s 9 common & a common *ief4 ,sev]al brat/va1 f9ally1 =m a pleme1 or tribe4#acj ,among ! ,russians1 aga91 ! family1 or jo9t family1 has develop$ into a mir1 or village community1 compos$ ( an assemblage ( sep>ate h\ses ea* rul$ by its own head1 b ) a common village *ief elect$ by ! heads ( ! v>i\s h\seholds4 ,! ,russian mir is an in/itution v simil> to ! ,h9du village community describ$ above4 ,! l& belongs to ! community1 & 9 e>li] days x 0 probably cultivat$ 9 common4 ,at pres5t x is divid$ betwe5 ! compon5t families1 ! lots %ift+ among !m p]iodically1 or p]haps ve/+ 9 !m z _! prop]ty1 b always subject to a p[] 9 ! collective body ( villag]s to veto its sale4 ,orig9ally ! mir 0 also a gr\p ( k9dr$2 b1 z 9 ! ,h9du village community1 ! tie ( blood has be5 greatly weak5$ by all sorts ( fictions & ! admission ( s _m /rang]s t ! tradition ( a common orig9 is dim or lo/4#aca ,footnote #abd3 ,seebohm1 ,engli% ,village ,community1 p4 #aij4 ,idem1 ,tribal ,sy/em 9 ,wales1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #abe3 ,idem1 ,engli% ,village ,community1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #abf3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #af4 ,cf4 ,hildebr&1 op4 cit4 p4 #aje sqq4 ,footnote #abg3 ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vi4 #bb3--,magi/ratus ac pr9ceps 9 annos s+ulos g5tibus cognationibusque hom9um1 qui una coi]9t1 quantum1 et quo loco visum e/1 agri attribuunt4 ,footnote #abh3 ,ibid4 vi4 #bb4 ,footnote #abi3 ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vi4 #bc4 ,footnote #acj3 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 pp4 #b1 #cb sqq4 von ,hellwald1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejb sq4 ,grosse1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjd sq4 ,footnote #aca3 de ,laveleye1 ,de la proprit1 p4 #ab sqq4 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bfa sq4 ,9 ! social organisation ( all ^! peoples !re is #bbj ?us orig9ally a g5]al congruity betwe5 ! pr9ciple ( local proximity & ! pr9ciple ( desc5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 all freem51 all true memb]s ( ! society1 :o belong to ! same local gr\p1 are at ! same "t k9sm52 on ! o!r h&1 all p]sons :o are unit$ by ! tie ( a common desc5t belong to ! same or neighb\r+ local gr\ps4 ,! cause ( ?is congruity is ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! pat]nal sy/em ( desc5t4 ,:e!r ! case 0 diff]5t 9 prehi/oric times is an op5 "q4 ,t ! anci5t ,*9ese reckon$ k9%ip ?r\gh ! "m1 n ?r\gh ! fa!r1 has be5 conjectur$ on philological gr\nds1#acb z to ! plausibility ( :i* ,i c express no op9ion4 ,sev]al writ]s h also endeav\r$ to prove t ! ut]9e l9e ( desc5t prevail$ among ! primitive ,aryans1 b ! evid5ce is f> f be+ conclusive4 ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,lei/ t all s-call$ survivals ( a sy/em ( mat]nal desc5t 9 ! prehi/oric antiquity ( ! ,aryan races are d\btful1 if n false4#acc ,z reg>ds ! ,teutons1 mu* importance has be5 attribut$ to ! specially close connection :i*1 accord+ to ,tacitus1 exi/$ betwe5 a si/]'s *ildr5 & _! "m's bro!rs2#acd b1 z ,pr(essor ,s*rad] rem>ks1 9 spite ( ! prom95t position ( ! mat]nal uncle among ,teutonic peoples1 ! patruus di/9ctly came be=e ! avunculus1 ! agnates be=e ! cognates1 9 te/am5t>y succession4#ace ,! exi/5ce ( a cu/om :i* 9 "s respect recognises ut]9e relation%ip does n prove ! e>li] preval5ce ( ! full mat]nal sy/em ( desc5t1 to ! exclusion ( ! pat]nal4 ,footnote #acb3 ,pu9i1 quot$ by ,grosse1 op4 cit4 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #acc3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #eh4 ,idem1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile1 i4 #dij4 ,footnote #acd3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #bj4 ,footnote #ace3 ,s*rad]1 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples1 p4 #cie4 ,progress 9 civilisation is up to a c]ta9 po9t connect$ ) social expansion4 ,among savages ! l>ge/ p]man5t social unit is g5]ally ! tribe1 & ev5 ! tribal bond is (t5 v loose1 if n entirely want+4 ,x is true t associations ( tribes occur ev5 among s #bba l[ a race z ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 b unaccompani$ by any k9d ( political organisation4#acf ,at a some:at high] /age we meet ) ! fam\s league ( ! ,iroquois--a f$]ation on republican pr9ciples ( five di/9ct tribes1 :i* c\ld po9t to ?ree c5turies ( un9t]rupt$ dome/ic unity & peace#acg--;& ! k+doms ( v>i\s ,african pot5tates4 ,civilisation only ?rives 9 /ates4 ,f small beg9n+s r\nd ! lake ( ,mexico ! ,aztecs gradually succe$$1 ?r\gh conque/1 9 =m+ an empire :i* cov]$ probably almo/ sixte5 ?\s& squ>e leagues4 ,h[ev]1 betwe5 ! v>i\s tribes lay broad belts ( un9habit$ t]ritory1 :i* enabl$ !m to keep up a %y & exclusive attitude t[>ds ea* o!r2 & at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/ ! empire ( ,mexico 01 9 fact1 little m ?an a *a9 ( intimidat$ ,indian tribes1 :o1 kept ap>t f ea* o!r "u ! influ5ce ( mutual timidity1 7 held d[n by dread ( attacks f an unassailable robb]-/ronghold 9 _! mid/4#ach ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 a long c\rse ( ages1 six nations inhabit$ ! region :i* ext5ds f ! wat]-p>t+ betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,huallaga & ,ucayali to t betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,ucayali & ,lake ,titicaca4 ,:5 increas+ population br\ght !m 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 a /ruggle = supremacy end$ 9 ! ma/]y ( ! fitte/--! ,incas2 & ! empire ( ! latt] 0 subsequ5tly ext5d$ by ! subjugation ( a v>iety ( o!r nations or tribes4#aci ,! ext5t ( t]ritory claim$ = anci5t ,*9a by ! e>lie/ records is m ?an d\ble ! size ( mod]n ,france1 &1 ?\gh x 0 (t5 divid$ into diff]5t /ates1 ! great dyna/ies rul$ ov] ! :ole ( x4#adj ,! two cr[ns ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt 7 unit$ at a #bbb v e>ly date2 & no less impos+ 0 ! great k+dom ( ,babylon & ,assur4 ,we may assume t all ^! empires 7 =m$ by an association1 ei!r volunt>y or =cible1 ( diff]5t tribes1 z 0 ! case ) ^? /ates ) ^: orig9 & e>ly gr[? we are some:at bett] acqua9t$4 ,z late z ! "t ( ! ,judges ! tribes ( ,israel ei!r /ood ea* entirely alone or =m$ small] gr\ps1 & !re 0 no su* ?+ z an ,israeliti% nation 9 a political s5se until ! unity ( ! p came into be+ "u ,samuel & ! fir/ k+s4#ada ,! ,v$ic p consi/$ ( a great numb] ( indep5d5t tribes1 betwe5 :i* only tempor>y alliances 7 made = ! sake ( def5ce or attack4 ,b gradually ! alliances grew m p]man5t2 w>-k+s unit$ sev]al tribes1 surr\nd$ !mselves ) a milit>y nobility1 & f\nd$ great k+doms4#adb ,9 ,greece & ,italy ! /ates grew out ( =ts :i* _h be5 built on elevat$ places to s]ve z common /rongholds or places ( refuge 9 case ( w>4 ,sev]al tribes unit$ s z to be bett] able to resi/ dang]\s enemies1 & "o ( ! =tifi$ t[ns 9 "t ga9$ supremacy ov] all o!rs 9 ! neighb\rhood1 z ,a!ns did 9 ,attica & ,alba ,longa 9 ,latium4 ,simil> di/ricts1 rul$ by a t[n1 7 call$ poleis or civitates4#adc ,9 hi/orical times attempts 7 made to c>ry ?is process fur!r by jo9+ sev]al ( ! small /ates "u ! rule ( "o4 ,9 ?is ,sp>ta & ,a!ns fail$1 :]eas ! ef=ts ( ,rome met ) unequall$ success4 ,footnote #acf3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ach3 ,s*eppig1 ',anci5t ,mexicans1' c4 p4 #f1 9 ,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology4 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 p4 #d4 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #aii1 #bjb4 ,footnote #aci3 ,m>kham1 ',geographical ,positions ( ! ,tribes :i* =m$ ! ,empire ( ! ,yncas1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 xli4 #bhg sqq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,simcox1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aj1 #ac4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i4 #acc4 ,footnote #adb3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 pp4 #aeh1 #aib sq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #aji sqq4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,/ate t5d$ to weak5 or de/roy ! small] units ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,! c5tral p[]1 ho/ile to sep>atism1 naturally endeav\r$ to appropriate ! au?ority inve/$ 9 ! latt]1 & 9 a well-gov]n$ /ate ^! on _! "p _h little reason to resi/4 ,! ma9 object ( ! clan1 phratry1 & tribe 0 to protect _! respective memb]s2 h5ce !y became sup]flu\s 9 ! pres5ce ( a p[]ful national #bbc gov]nm5t :i* unselfi%ly & imp>tially look$ aft] ! int]e/s ( its v>i\s subjects4 ,adam ,smi? contra/s ! /rong clan-feel+ :i* /ill 9 ! eighte5? c5tury prevail$ among ! ,scot* ,highl&]s ) ! little reg>d felt = remote relatives by ! ,engli%1 & obs]ves t 9 c\ntries :]e ! au?ority ( ! law is n suffici5tly /rong to give security to e memb] ( ! ,/ate ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! same family *oose to live 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "o ano!r1 _! association be+ frequ5tly necess>y = _! common def5ce2 :]eas 9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 :]e ! au?ority ( ! law 0 well e/abli%$1 ! desc5dants ( ! same family1 hav+ no su* motive = keep+ toge!r1 naturally sep>ate & disp]se1 z int]e/ or incl9ation may direct4#add ,x seems also probable t ! p]si/5cy ( ! village community or ! g5tile sy/em among ! ,h9dus & ,slavs has be5 l>gely due to ! weakness ( ! ,/ate or to ! badness ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,footnote #add3 ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #cbf sq4 ,z ! l>g] units1 s ! family also 0 influ5c$ by ! rise ( ! ,/ate1 b orig9ally 9 q ! opposite direction4 ,:il/ ! =m] dw9dl$ away1 ! family grew 9 importance4 ,n[h]e d we f9d ! family-tie /rong]1 n[h]e does ! fa!r or elde/ male asc5dant possess great] p[] ?an 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h already tri$ to expla9 ?is s+ul> fact4 ,i po9t$ out t 9 e>ly society !re seems to be a c]ta9 antagonism betwe5 ! family & ! clan1 t ! family 0 /r5g!n$ because ! clan 0 weak5$1 t ! fa!r became a patri>* only z ! inh]itor ( ! au?ority :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! clan4 ,b we h also notic$ t at a high] /age ! family aga9 lo/ 9 importance4#ade ,footnote #ade3 ,supra1 i4 #fbg sq4 ,x seems t ! tribes :i* unit$ into "o nation or /ate 7 normally1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 bran*es ( ! same /ock1 liv+ 9 ! same neighb\rhood & speak+ #bbd ! same language1 ?\gh ) dialectic diff]5ces4 ,l ! small] units1 su* a /ate 0 no d\bt frequ5tly adult]at$ by ! amalgamation ( ali5s1 b "h aga9 fictions 7 sub/itut$ = realities1 & ! =eign extraction 0 =gott54 ,! case 0 diff]5t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! commonweal? 0 =m$ or aggr&is$ by ! subjugation ( a /range race4 ,in/ead ( be+ adopt$ into ! circle ( ! conqu]ors1 ! subdu$ p 7 treat$ z _! inf]iors 9 blood1 civic rights 7 d5i$ to !m1 & 9 _m cases !y 7 kept 9 s]vitude2 ?us ev5 "h ! pr9ciple ( a common orig9 z ! base ( citiz5%ip 0 pres]v$1 ! conqu]ors be+ ! only citiz5s 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,b h[ev] /rong & durable simil> b>ri]s may be1 !y are n imp]i%able4 ,! diff]5t races inhabit+ ! same c\ntry "u ! same gov]nm5t t5d to draw ne>] ea* o!r1 ! inf]ior race is incorporat$ ) ! nation1 & local proximity in/ead ( desc5t at la/ becomes ! basis ( community 9 political functions4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 0 nei!r s radical nor s />tl+ z x has be5 repres5t$ to be2#adf fictions on a l>ge scale /ill =m$ a bridge betwe5 anci5t & mod]n ideas4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e says t we _c n[ hope to und]/& ! good fai? ( ! fiction by :i* 9 e>ly times ! incom+ population 7 assum$ to be desc5d$ f ! same /ock z ! p on :om !y 7 engraft$4#adg ,b is ?is good fai? m a/oni%+ ?an ! read9ess ) :i* a common language1 9 spite ( ! mo/ obvi\s facts to ! contr>y1 is ev5 n[ con/antly tak5 z ! sign ( a common orig98 ,?\gh id5tity ( language1 ev5 9 ! case ( :ole peoples1 proves no?+ m ?an contact or neighb\rhood1 a p]son's "m-tongue popul>ly decides 8 race1 & language & nationality are reg>d$ almo/ z synonym\s4 ,g5ealogical fictions1 !n1 are n m]ely a ?+ ( ! pa/1 nor h !y ceas$ to influ5ce political ideas4 ,! mod]n !ory ( #bbe nationalism v9dicates ! "r ( ! /ronge/ nationality to absorb ! o!r nationalities liv+ )9 ! same /ate by a me?od ( compulsory engraftm5t1 & ?is c be effect$ only by _! accept+ its language4 ,b ?is !ory is n s mu* conc]n$ ) language z su*1 z ) language z an emblem ( nationality4 ,at ! bottom ( x is ! n>r[ feel+ ( racial intol]ance1 q ready h[ev] to be appeas$ by a fiction4 ,! doctr9e ( nationalism is ! spectre ( ! same political pr9ciple--! pr9ciple ( a common desc5t1 ei!r real or fictiti\s--on :i* /ates 7 f\nd$ & gov]n$ :5 civilisation 0 9 its cradle4 ,footnote #adf3 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #adg3 ,ibid4 p4 #aca4 ,l ! small] units1 ! ar*aic ,/ate 0 n only a political b at ! same "t a religi\s community4 ,ov] & above all sep>ate cults !re 0 "o religion common to all its citiz5s4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u x 0 ! religion ( ! dom9ant p1 ! wor%ip ( ! god ( w> or ( ! sun2 & ! sov]eigns !mselves 7 reg>d$ z inc>nations or *ildr5 ( ?is god4#adh ,9 o!r cases ! /ate religion arose by a fusion ( diff]5t cults4 ,! gods ( ! communities :i* unit$ into a /ate n only cont9u$ to receive ! wor%ip ( _! old believ]s1 b 7 elevat$ to ! rank ( national deities1 & =m$ toge!r a heav5ly commonweal? to :i* ! e>?ly commonweal? jo9tly paid its homage4 ,9 ?is way1 x seems1 ! ,roman1#adi ,egyptian1#aej ,assyrian1 & ,babylonian#aea pan!ons 7 recruit$2 :il/ ! ,greeks w5t a /ep fur!r &1 already 9 prehi/oric times1 con/ruct$ a ,pan-,hell5ic ,olympus4#aeb ,sometimes also1 z ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? po9ts out1 diff]5t gods 7 !mselves fus$ into "o1 z :5 ! mass ( ! ,israelites 9 _! local wor%ip ( ,yahveh id5tifi$ him ) ! ,baalim ( ! ,canaanite high places1 & c>ri$ #bbf ov] into 8 wor%ip ! ritual ( ! ,canaanite %r9es1 n deem+ t 9 s do+ !y 7 less truly ,yahveh-wor%ipp]s ?an be=e4#aec ,footnote #adh3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aii sq4 ,m>kham1 ,hi/ory ( ,p]u1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #adi3 ,cf4 von ,jh]+1 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 i4 #bfi4 ,footnote #aej3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #aea3 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #bd4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,cf4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #aec3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,nobody w d5y t ! common religion add$ /r5g? to ! ,/ate1 b x seems t its national importance has (t5 be5 ov]rat$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! political fusion betwe5 diff]5t communities took place be=e ! religi\s fusion & 0 obvi\sly ! cause ( x2 on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e tie ( a common religion has nev] prov$ suffici5t to b9d toge!r neighb\r+ tribes or peoples s z to =m "o nation4 ,! ,greek /ates _h bo? ! same religion & ! same language1 b nev]!less rema9$ di/9ct /ates4 ,pr(essor ,seeley's ass]tion t 9 ! ,ea/ to ?is day nationality & religion are almo/ conv]tible t]ms1#aed is v f> f ! tru?4 ,wall91 :o _h exceptional opportunities to /udy ! feel+s ( diff]5t ,muhamm$an nationalities1 obs]ves t e ,ori5tal p has a c]ta9 national av]sion to e o!r1 & ev5 ! inhabitants ( "o prov9ce to ^? ( ano!r4 ,! ,turk does n readily tol]ate ! ,arab1 nor ! ,p]sian1 & ^! feel simil>ly t[>ds ! ,turk2 ! ,arab does n get on well ) ! ,p]sian1 nor ! ,p]sian ) ! ,arab2 ! ,syrian does n l ! ,egyptian1 :om he calls inhuman1 & ! latt] does n will+ly associate ) ! ,syrian1 :om he calls simple-m9d$ & /upid2 & ! son ( ! des]t condemns bo?4#aee ,x sometimes seems z if ! national _s ( a p r influ5c$ its religion ?an 0 influ5c$ by x4 ,patriotism has ev5 succe$$ 9 nationalis+ ! greate/ enemy ( nationalities1 ,*ri/ianity1 & has well nigh reviv$ ! old notion ( a national god1 ^: *ief bus9ess is to look aft] 8 own p &1 especially1 to fight its battles4 ,footnote #aed3 ,seeley1 ,natural ,religion1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #aee3 ,wall91 ,anteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iv4 #aha sq4 ,x is obvi\s t ! v>i\s aspects ( social developm5t #bbg :i* we h n[ consid]$ h ex]cis$ mu* influ5ce ^u ! altrui/ic s5tim5t4 ,! comb9ation ( local proximity & political unity1 ! notion ( a common desc5t1 & ! fell[%ip ( a common religion1 t5d to eng5d] fri5dly feel+s betwe5 ! memb]s ( ea* respective gr\p4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! political unit grew l>g]1 :5 ! idea ( k9%ip develop$ into t ( racial aff9ity1 & :5 ! same religion became common to all ! citiz5s ( ! ,/ate1 or1 z happ5$ 9 sev]al cases1 ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( any p>ticul> c\ntry or nation1 ! altrui/ic s5tim5t und]w5t a correspond+ expansion--unless1 ( c\rse1 x 0 *eck$ by "s rival influ5ce4 ,! increas+ coh]5ce ( ! political aggregate1 aga91 add$ to ! /r5g? ( ?is s5tim5t2 & s did ! antagonism t[>ds =eign communities & ! natural antipa?y or hatr$ to _! memb]s4 ,z p l t to :i* !y are us$ or :i* is _! own1 !y dislike t :i* is /range or unfamili>4 ,among ourselves we notice ?is p>ticul>ly 9 *ildr5#aef & un$ucat$ p]sons1 ^: ang] may be ar\s$ by ! sight ( a black sk9 or an ori5tal dress or ! s\nds ( a /range language4 ,antipa?ies ( ?is k9d h directly influ5c$ ! moral valuation ( conduct t[>ds =eign]s2 b at ! same "t !y h also /r5g!n$ ! feel+s ( mutual goodwill betwe5 tribesm5 or compatriots4 ,= likes & dislikes are increas$ by ! contra/2 to hate a ?+ makes u bett] love its opposite4 ,s also ! competition & enmity :i* prevail betwe5 diff]5t communities t5d )9 ea* community to int5sify its memb]s' devotion to ! common goal & _! fri5dly feel+s t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,footnote #aef3 ,compayr1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj3--,t\t ce qui e/ inatt5du1 imprvu1 e/ insupportable l'enfant1 et provoque soit la peur1 soit plus t>d la colre4 ,j'ai vu un de mes fils1 quatre ans et demi1 entr] dans de vritables rages1 t\tes les fois que je lui p>lais dans le patois de mon pays4 ,b ! altrui/ic s5tim5t has n necess>ily ref]5ce only to individuals belong+ to ! same social unit4 #bbh ,greg>i\s animals may be k9dly dispos$ to any memb] ( _! species :i* is n an object ( _! ang] or _! fe>4 ,savages h %[n !mselves capable ( t5d] feel+s t[>ds suff]+ & h>mless /rang]s4#aeg ,! s5sibility ( little *ildr5 sometimes goes beyond ! circle ( ! family2 ,madame ,manacine tells u ( a girl two ye>s old :o1 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 began to cry bitt]ly :5 %e saw an elephant walk+ ov] ! keep]'s body1 al?\gh ! o!r spectators 7 quietly wat*+ ! trick4#aeh ,9 mank9d altruism has be5 n>r[$ by social isolation1 by diff]5ces 9 race1 language1 habits1 & cu/oms1 by enmity & suspicion4 ,b increas$ int]c\rse has gradually l$ to conditions fav\rable to its expansion4 ,z ,buckle rem>ks1 ignorance is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! causes ( national hatr$2 :5 y increase ! contact1 y remove ! ignorance1 & ?us y dim9i% ! hatr$4#aei ,p ( diff]5t nationalities feel t 9 spite ( all dissimil>ities betwe5 !m !re is mu* t !y h 9 common2 & frequ5t int]c\rse makes ! diff]5ces less m>k$1 or oblit]ates _m ( !m altoge!r4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is process w g on 9 ! future4 ,& equally c]ta9 x is t simil> causes w produce simil> effects--t altruism w cont9ue to exp&1 & t ! notion ( a human bro!rhood w receive m support f ! actual feel+s ( mank9d ?an x does at pres5t4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see supra1 i4 #egj-egb1 #eha4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,manacine1 ,le surm5age m5tal dans la civilisation mod]ne1 p4 #bdh4 ,see also ,compayr1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #aei3 ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bbb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,suicide ,,9 previ\s *apt]s we h discuss$ ! moral valuation ( acts1 =be>ances1 & omissions1 :i* directly conc]n ! int]e/s ( o!r m52 we %all n[ proce$ to consid] moral ideas reg>d+ su* modes ( conduct z *iefly conc]n a man's own welf>e4 ,among ^! we notice1 9 ! fir/ place1 acts affect+ 8 exi/5ce4 ,suicide1 or int5tional self-de/ruction1 has (t5 be5 repres5t$ z a fruit ( a high] civilisation2 ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 on ! o!r h&1 9 8 essay on ',suicide among ,primitive ,peoples1' ?9ks x probable t !re is a great] prop5sity to suicide among savage ?an among civilis$ peoples4#a ,! =m] view is obvi\sly errone\s2 ! latt] probably holds good ( c]ta9 savages z comp>$ ) c]ta9 peoples ( culture1 b _c claim g5]al validity4 ,footnote #a3 ,/e9metz1 ',suicide among ,primitive ,peoples1' 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vii4 #fj4 ,among sev]al uncivilis$ races suicide is said to be unkn[n4#b ,to ^! belong "s ( ! l[] savages--! ,yahgans ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1#c ! ,&aman ,isl&]s1#d #bcj & v>i\s ,au/ralian tribes2#e :il/ z reg>ds mo/ o!r tribes at ab\t ! same /age ( culture in=mation seems to be want+4 ,( ! natives 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,au/ralia ,sir ,g4 ,grey writes1 ,:5ev] ,i h int]rogat$ !m on ?is po9t1 !y h inv>iably laugh$ at me1 & treat$ my "q z a joke4#f ,:5 a ,c>ol9e ,isl&] 0 told ( suicides committ$ by ,europeans1 he ?\ght t he _h n grasp$ :at 0 said to him1 z he nev] 9 8 life _h he>d ( any?+ s ridicul\s4#g ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 ?\gh !y h no int5se fe> ( dea?1 _c und]/& suicide2 ! idea ( a man kill+ himself /rikes !m z inexplicable4#h ,footnote #b3 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nord-o/-,afrikas1 p4 #bje 7,danakil & ,galla74 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ecb 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #ii 7,wanika74 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,= ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #bca4 ,lumholtz 7,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #bdc7 ?9ks x is d\btful :e!r a pagan ,t>ahum>e ev] kill$ himself4 ,footnote #c3 ,bridge1 9 ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e1 xiii4 #baa4 ,footnote #d3 ,man1 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #e3 ,grey1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bdh4 ,curr1 ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bgg 7,bang]ang74 ,among ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria describ$ by ,mr4 ,dawson 7,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #fb7 suicide is n unkn[n1 ?\gh x is uncommon2 if a native wi%es to die1 & _c get any "o to kill him1 he w sometimes put himself 9 ! way ( a v5om\s snake1 t he may be bitt5 by x4 ,footnote #f3 ,grey1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bdh4 ,footnote #g3 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea1 iii4 #aie4 ,footnote #h3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #cha4 ,among _m savages & b>b>ians suicide is /at$ to be v r>e1#i or to occur only occasionally2#aj :]eas #bca among o!rs x is repres5t$ z ei!r common or extremely preval5t4#aa ,( ! ,kam*adales we are told t ! lea/ appreh5sion ( dang] drives !m to despair1 & t !y fly to suicide z a relief1 n only f pres5t1 b ev5 f imag9>y evil2 n only ^? :o are conf9$ = "s (f5ce1 b su* z are discont5t$ ) _! lot1 pref] a volunt>y dea? to an uneasy life1 & ! pa9s ( disease4#ab ,among ! ,hos1 an ,indian hill tribe1 suicide is report$ to be s frightfully preval5t z to af=d no p>allel 9 any kn[n c\ntry3--,if a girl appe>s mortifi$ by any?+ t has be5 said1 x is n safe to let h] g away till %e is soo!d4 ,a reflection on a man's hone/y or v]acity may be suffici5t to s5d him to self-de/ruction4 ,9 a rec5t case1 a "y woman attempt$ to poison h]self because h] uncle w\ld n p>take ( ! food %e _h cook$ = him4#ac ,among ! ,k>5s ( ,burma suicide is likewise v common :]e ,*ri/ianity has n be5 introduc$4 ,if a man has "s incurable or pa9ful disease1 he says 9 a matt]-(-fact way t he w hang himself1 & he does z he says2 if a girl's p>5ts compel h] to m>ry ! man %e does n love1 %e hangs h]self2 wives sometimes hang !mselves ?r\gh jeal\sy1 sometimes because !y qu>rel ) _! husb&s1 & sometimes out ( m]e #bcb *agr91 because !y are subject to depreciat+ comp>isons2 & x is a fav\rite ?reat ) a wife or daught]1 :5 n all[$ to h h] own way1 t %e w hang h]self4#ad ,among "s uncivilis$ peoples suicide is frequ5tly practis$ by wom51 ?\gh r>ely by m54#ae ,footnote #i3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bfg 7,gre5l&]s74 ,murdo*1 ',e?nol4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #da 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo71 von ,siebold1 ,die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #ce4 von ,/591 ',die ,kirgis5 des ,kreises ,saissansk im ,gebiete von ,ssemipalat9sk1' 9 ,globus1 lxix4 #bcj4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco1 p4 #ea 7,arabs74 ,felk91 ',wag&a ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gbc4 ,s*w>z1 quot$ by ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bd 7,bakwiri74 ,ibid4 p4 #eb 7,banaka & ,bapuku74 ,w&r]1 ibid4 p4 #cbe 7,hott5tots74 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #bba 7,bantu race74 ,sorge1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #dba 7,nissan ,isl&]s 9 ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago74 ,kub>y1 ',die ,v]bre*5 und das ,/rafv]fahr5 auf d5 ,pelau-,inseln1' 9 ,orig9al-,mit!ilung5 aus d] e?nol4 ,ab!il4 d4 knigl4 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 i4 #gh 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 ,among ! ,malays suicide is report$ to be extremely r>e 7,brooke1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak1 i4 #ef2 ,ellis1 ',! ,amok ( ! ,malays1' 9 ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 xxxix4 #cca72 b ,dr4 ,gilmore ,ellis has be5 told by _m ,malays t !y consid] ,amok a k9d ( suicide4 ,if a man wi%es to die1 he amoks 9 ! hope ( be+ kill$1 r ?an kills himself1 suicide be+ a mo/ he9\s s9 accord+ to ! e?ics ( ,muhamm$anism 7ibid4 p4 #cca74 ,9 ,siam suicide is r>e 7,b[r+1 ,siam1 i4 #ajf74 ,( ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits ,dr4 ,haddon says 79 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?rop4 ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bgh7 t he does n rememb] to h he>d ( a case ( suicide 9 real life1 ?\gh !re are "s in/ances ( x 9 _! folk-tales4 ,footnote #aj3 ,comte1 quot$ by ,m\hot1 ,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a1 ii4 #bg sq4 7,bannavs 9 ,cambodia74 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #caf 7,nicob>ese74 ,among ! ,bakongo cases ( suicide occur1 al?\gh mu* less frequ5tly ?an 9 civilis$ c\ntries 7,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #de74 ,footnote #aa3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #aeh 7,atkha ,aleuts74 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bic sq41 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 pp4 #agf1 #bjj4 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #acc sq4 7,kam*adales71 #ahd 7,*uk*i71 #bje 7,aleuts74 ,brooke1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee 7,sea ,dyaks74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ajf4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cje2 ,trege>1 ',niue1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 ii4 #ad2 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #aji2 ,hood1 ,cruise 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bb 7,savage ,isl&]s74 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aaa sq42 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #ebd 7,maoris74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #eec sq42 ,idem1 quot$ by ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aag1 n4 #cc 7,we/ ,african ,negroes74 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #bc4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #gd 7,b>otse74 ,9 ,tana1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides 7,gray1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #acb7 & ,nias 7,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #adf7 suicides are said to be n infrequ5t4 ,footnote #ab3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #acc sq4 ,cf4 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,tickell1 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 #hjg4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #ad3 ,mason1 ',dwell+s1 c41 ( ! ,k>5s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #ada4 ,footnote #ae3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #cid 7,dacotahs72 ii4 #aga sq4 7,*ippewas74 ,bradbury1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,am]ica1 p4 #hg 7,dacotahs74 ,brooke ,l[1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #aag 7,sea ,dyaks74 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #ic4 ,! causes :i*1 among savages1 lead to suicide are manifold3--disappo9t$ love or jeal\sy2#af illness#ag or old age2#ah grief ov] ! dea? ( a *ild1#ai a husb&1#bj or a #bcc wife2#ba fe> ( puni%m5t2#bb slav]y#bc or brutal treatm5t by a husb&2#bd remorse1#be %ame or w\nd$ pride1 ang] or rev5ge4#bf ,9 v>i\s cases an (f5d$ p]son kills himself = ! express purpose ( tak+ rev5ge ^u ! (f5d]4#bg ,?us among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 %\ld a p]son commit suicide1 & be=e s do+ attribute ! act to ! conduct ( ano!r p]son1 t o!r p]son is requir$ by native law to und]go a l fate4 ,! practice is t]m$ kill+ oneself ^u ! head ( ano!r1 & ! p]son ^: conduct is suppos$ to h driv5 ! suicide to commit ! ra% act is visit$ ) a dea? ( an exactly simil> nature--unless1 inde$1 ! family ( ! suicide be pacifi$ ) a money comp5sation4#bh ,) ref]5ce to ! ,savage ,isl&]s1 :o especially 9 hea!n #bcd times 7 mu* addict$ to suicide1 we are told t1 l angry *ildr51 !y are tempt$ to av5ge !mselves by pictur+ ! tr\ble t !y w br+ ^u ! fri5ds :o h (f5d$ !m4#bi ,among ! ,?l9kets an (f5d$ p]son :o is unable to take rev5ge 9 any o!r way commits suicide 9 ord] to expose ! p]son :o gave ! (f5ce to ! v5geance ( 8 surviv+ relatives & fri5ds4#cj ,among ! ,*uva%es x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om = enrag$ p]sons to hang !mselves at ! doors ( _! enemies4#ca ,a simil> me?od ( tak+ rev5ge is /ill n infrequ5tly resort$ to by ! ,votyaks1 :o believe t ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ w !n p]secute ! (f5d]4#cb ,sometimes a suicide has ! "* ( a human sacrifice4#cc ,9 ! times ( epidemics or great calamities ! ,*uk*i sacrifice _! own lives 9 ord] to appease evil spirits & ! s\ls ( dep>t$ relatives4#cd ,among "s savages x is common = a woman1 especially if m>ri$ to a man ( importance1 to commit suicide on ! dea? ( h] husb&1#ce or to dem& to be buri$ ) him2#cf & _m ,brazilian ,indians kill$ !mselves on ! graves ( _! *iefs4#cg ,footnote #af3 ,las*1 ',d] ,selb/mord aus erotis*5 ,motiv5 bei d5 primitiv5 ,vlk]n1' 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,socialwiss5s*aft1 ii4 #egi sqq4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ejc4 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 ii4 #agb 7,*ippewas74 ,ea/man1 ,dacotah1 pp4 #hi sqq41 #afh sq42 ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 p4 #cba sq4 7,dacotahs74 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1 ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahg 7,koksoagmyut74 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #ada 7,k>5s74 ,brooke ,l[1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 i4 #aae 7,sea ,dyaks74 ,kub>y1 ',religion d] ,pelau]1' 9 ,ba/ian1 ,all]lei aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde1 i4 #c 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 ,s5fft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #deb 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bdc sq4 7natives ( ! ,banks' ,isl&s & ,nor!rn ,new ,hebrides74 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 #aae2 ,malone1 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,cruise 9 ! ,au/ralasian ,colonies1 p4 #gb sq4 7,maoris74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #eed 7,we/ ,african ,negroes74 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #ic sq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,dodge1 op4 cit4 p4 #cba sq4 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians7 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #aha 7,angmagsaliks ( ,ea/]n ,gre5l&74 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #acd 7,kam*adales74 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #ada 7,k>5s74 ,gray1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #acb 7natives ( ,tana1 ,new ,hebrides74 ,s>tori1 ',die ,sitte d] ,alt5- und ,krank5ttung1' 9 ,globus1 lxvii4 #aji sq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,p]r9 du ,lac1 ,voyage dans les deux ,l\isianes1 p4 #cdf4 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cca2 ,idem1 ,eskimo ,life1 pp4 #agj1 #bfg 7,gre5l&]s74 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bid4 ,wilkes1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #if2 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #fe 7,fijians74 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 iii4 #cc4e 7,troglodytes74 ,pomponius ,mela1 ,de situ orbis1 iii4 #g 7,s]es74 ,h>tkno*1 ,alt- und ,neues ,preuss51 i4 #aha 7anci5t ,prussians74 ,m>es*alcus1 ,annales ,h]ulorum ac ,v&alorum1 i4 #h 7,monum5ta in$ita r]um ,g]manic>um1 i4 #aia72 ,procopius1 ,de bello ,go?ico1 ii4 #ad 7,h]uli74 ,maur]1 ,die ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes zum ,*ri/5?ume1 ii4 #gi1 n4 #dh 7anci5t ,sc&9avians74 ,footnote #ai3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh 7,atkha ,aleuts74 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 ii4 #agb 7,*ippewas74 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races1 pp4 #df1 #eg2 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aab 7,maoris74 ,footnote #bj3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh 7,atkha ,aleuts74 ,haddon1 9 ,rep4 ,cambridge ,an?r4 ,exp$4 to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #ag 7,we/]n ,isl&]s1 accord+ to a ,kauralaig folk-tale74 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 pp4 #df1 #eg2 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aab 7,maoris74 ,footnote #ba3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh 7,atkha ,aleuts74 ,fawcett1 ,saoras1 p4 #ag4 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aab 7,maoris74 ,footnote #bb3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bic4 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aab 7,maoris74 ,footnote #bc3 ,modigliani1 ,viaggio a ,nz1 p4 #dgc4 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #gd 7,b>otse74 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #be 7,negroes ( ,accra74 ,donne1 ,bia?anatos1 p4 #ef 7,am]ican ,indians74 ,footnote #bd3 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cdi 7,m&ans74 ,footnote #be3 ,turn]1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahg 7,koksoagmyut74 ,mr4 ,dawson 7,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #fb sq47 tells u ( a native ( ,we/]n ,victoria :o decid$ to commit suicide because1 be+ intoxicat$1 he _h kill$ 8 wife1 & 0 s sorry = x4 ,he bes\ght ! tribe to kill him1 & see+ 8 det]m9ation to />ve himself to dea?1 8 fri5ds at la/ s5t = ! tribal execution]1 :o pu%$ a spe> ?r\gh him4 ,footnote #bf3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh 7,atkha ,aleuts74 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aga 7,*ippewas74 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjf2 ,jickell1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 #hjg 7,hos74 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #gf sq4 7,le?tas74 ,mac ,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay1 p4 #bda 7,t>us1 "o ( ! ,*9o-,burmese bord] tribes74 ,brooke1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee 7,sea ,dyaks74 ,*alm]s1 ,pione] ,life & ,"w 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bbg 7a woman at ,port ,moresby2 ,mr4 ,abel ,savage ,life 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ajb speaks ( a ,new ,gu9ea woman :o 0 s annoy$ because h] old village fri5ds _h n visit$ h] dur+ h] illness t %e attempt$ to commit suicide74 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdc sq4 7natives ( ! ,banks' ,isl&s & ,nor!rn ,new ,hebrides74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajf 7,fijians74 ,trege>1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 ii4 #ad 7,savage ,isl&]s74 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aaa sq42 ,coll9s1 op4 cit4 i4 #ebd2 ,angas1 ,savage ,life 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #de2 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #ef sq4 7,maoris74 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #de 7,bakongo74 ,las*1 ',besitz5 die ,naturvlk] e9 p]snli*es ,ehrgefhl8' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*aft1 iii4 #hcg sqq4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,las*1 ',ra*e als ,selb/mordmotiv1' 9 ,globus1 lxxiv4 #cg sqq42 ,/e9metz1 ',gli anti*i scongiuri giuridici contro i cr$itori1' 9 ,rivi/a italiana di sociologia1 ii4 #di sqq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #cjb4 ,! same cu/om is m5tion$ by ,monrad 7op4 cit4 p4 #bc sq471 ,b[di* 7,mission to ,a%antee1 pp4 #bef1 #beg1 #bei n4 d\ble dagg]71 & ,reade 7,savage ,africa1 p4 #eed74 ,footnote #bi3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #cj3 ,krause1 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #ca3 ,leb$ew1 ',die simbirskis*5 ,ts*uwas*51' 9 ,erman's ,ar*iv fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kunde von ,russl&1 ix4 #ehf n4 9999 ,footnote #cb3 ,bu*1 ',die ,wotjak51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xii4 #faa sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,las*1 ',religis] ,selb/mord und se9e ,beziehung zum ,m5s*5opf]4' 9 ,globus1 lxxv4 #fi sqq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,skrzyncki1 ',d] ,selb/mord bei d5 ,ts*ukts*51' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 v4 #bjg sq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #cdb 7,wahuma74 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #faj 7,bairo74 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #cdj 7natives ( ,bali & ,lombok74 ,footnote #cf3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #abe 7,fijians74 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bhi 7natives ( ,aurora ,isl&1 ,new ,hebrides74 ,footnote #cg3 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #baa4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bji4 ,( ! ,nig] ,delta tribes ,m4 le ,comte de ,c>di writes 79 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 #ee73--,on ! deportation ( a k+ or a *ief by ! ,briti% or o!r ,european gov]nm5t = "s (f5ce ,i h se5 ! wives ( ! deport$ man ?r[ !mselves into ! riv] & fight l mad wom5 ) ! p :o w5t to _! rescue2 ,i h also se5 "s ( ! male reta9]s bo? free & slaves ( a deport$ *ief attempt _! own lives at ! mom5t :5 ! vessel c>ry+ away _! *ief disappe>$ f _! sight4 ,9 v>i\s o!r cases1 besides ! volunt>y sacrifices ( wid[s or slaves1 ! suicides ( savages are connect$ ) _! notions ( a future life4#ch ,! belief 9 ! new #bce human bir? ( ! dep>t$ s\l has l$ ,we/ ,african negroes to take _! own lives :5 9 di/ant slav]y1 t !y may awak5 9 _! native l&4#ci ,among ! ,*uk*i !re are p]sons :o kill !mselves = ! purpose ( effect+ an e>li] reunion ) _! deceas$ relatives4#dj ,among ! ,samoy$es x happ5s t a "y girl :o is sold to an old man /rangles h]self 9 ! hope ( gett+ a m suitable bridegroom 9 ! o!r _w4#da ,we are told t ! ,kam*adales inflict dea? on !mselves ) ! utmo/ coolness because !y ma9ta9 t ! future life is a cont9uation ( ! pres5t1 b mu* bett] & m p]fect1 :]e !y expect to h all _! desires m completely satisfi$ ?an "h4#db ,! suicides ( old p1 aga91 are 9 "s cases due to ! belief t a man ent]s into ! o!r _w 9 ! same condition 9 :i* he left ?is "o1 & t x consequ5tly is be/ = him to die be=e he gr[s too old & feeble4#dc ,footnote #ch3 ,cf4 ,/e9metz1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vii4 #fj2 ,vi]k&t1 ,naturvlk] und ,kulturvlk]1 p4 #bhd2 ,las*1 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,socialwiss5s*aft1 ii4 #ehe4 ,footnote #ci3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #e4 ,footnote #dj3 ,skrzyncki1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 v4 #bjg4 ,footnote #da3 von ,/ruve1 ',die ,samoj$5 im ,nord5 von ,sibiri51' 9 ,ausl&1 #ahhj1 p4 #ggg4 ,footnote #db3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bfe4 ,cf4 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #dc3 ,hale1 op4 cit4 p4 #fe 7,fijians74 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #cij4 ,! notions ( savages conc]n+ life aft] dea? also influ5ce _! moral valuation ( suicide4 ,:]e m5 are suppos$ to require wives n only dur+ _! lifetime1 b aft] _! dea?1 x may be a praisewor?y ?+1 or ev5 a duty1 = a wid[ to accompany h] husb& to ! l& ( s\ls4 ,accord+ to ,fijian beliefs1 ! woman :o at ! fun]al ( h] husb& met dea? ) ! greate/ devot$ness w\ld become ! fav\rite wife 9 ! abode ( spirits1 :]eas a wid[ :o did n p]mit h]self to be kill$ 0 consid]$ an adult]ess4#dd ,among ! ,c5tral ,african ,bairo ^? wom5 :o refra9$ f de/roy+ !mselves ov] _! husb&s' graves 7 reg>d$ z outca/s4#de ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ a man ( l[ rank :o has m>ri$ "o ( ! k+'s si/]s is #bcf expect$ to make away ) himself :5 8 wife dies1 or ^u ! dea? ( an only male *ild2 & %\ld he outrage native cu/om & neglect to d s1 a h9t is convey$ to him t he w be put to dea?1 :i* usually produces ! desir$ effect4#df ,! cu/om>y suicides ( ! ,*uk*i are solemnly p]=m$ 9 ! pres5ce & ) ! assi/ance ( relatives & neighb\rs4#dg ,! ,samoy$es ma9ta9 t suicide by /rangulation is pleas+ to ,god1 :o looks ^u x z a volunt>y sacrifice1 :i* des]ves rew>d4#dh ,! op9ion ( ! ,kam*adales t x is all[able & praisewor?y = a man to take 8 own life1#di 0 probably connect$ ) _! optimi/ic notions ab\t _! fate aft] dea?4 ,& t ! habitual suicides ( old p]sons h ! sanction ( public op9ion is p>ticul>ly obvi\s :]e !y may *oose betwe5 kill+ !mselves & be+ kill$4#ej ,footnote #dd3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 i4 #faj4 ,footnote #df3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,skrzyncki1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 v4 #bjh4 ,footnote #dh3 von ,/ruve1 9 ,ausl&1 #ahhj1 p4 #ggg4 ,footnote #di3 ,/ell]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfi4 ,cf4 ,kra%59nik(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,supra1 i4 #chi sq4 7,fijians74 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 ii4 #cca4 ,/ell]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bid 7,kam*adales74 ,:il/ 9 "s cases suicide op5s ! door to a happy l& beyond ! grave1 x 9 o!r cases entails consequ5ces ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,! ,omahas believe t a self-murd]] ceases to exi/4#ea ,accord+ to ! ,?ompson ,indians 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ! s\ls ( p :o commit suicide d n g to ! l& ( s\ls4 ,! %amans decl>e !y nev] saw su* p !re2 & "s say t !y h look$ = ! s\ls ( su* p1 b c\ld n f9d _! tracks4 ,"s %amans say !y _c locate ! place :]e ! s\ls ( suicides g1 b ?9k !y mu/ be lo/1 because !y seem to disappe> altoge!r4 ,o!rs say t ^! s\ls die1 & cease to exi/4 ,/ill o!rs claim t ! s\ls nev] leave ! e>?1 b w&] ar\nd aimlessly4#eb ,s also ! ,jakuts believe t ! gho/ ( a self-murd]] nev] #bcg comes to re/4#ec ,sometimes ! fate ( suicides aft] dea? is repres5t$ z a puni%m5t :i* !y suff] = _! de$4 ,?us ! ,dacotahs1 among :om wom5 n infrequ5tly put an end to _! exi/5ce by hang+ !mselves1 are ( op9ion t suicide is displeas+ to ! ,fa!r ( ,life1 & w be puni%$ 9 ! l& ( spirits by ! gho/ be+ doom$ = ev] to drag ! tree on :i* ! p]son hang$ h]self2 h5ce ! wom5 always susp5d !mselves to z small a tree z c possibly su/a9 _! weight4#ed ,! ,pahrias ( ! ,rjmahal ,hills1 9 ,india1 say t suicide is a crime 9 ,god's eyes1 & t ! s\l ( "o :o s (f5ds %all n be admitt$ into heav51 b mu/ hov] et]nally z a gho/ betwe5 heav5 & e>?1#ee ,! ,kayans ( ,borneo ma9ta9 t self-murd]]s are s5t to a place call$ ,tan ,tekkan1 :]e !y w be v poor & wret*$1 subsi/+ on leaves1 roots1 or any?+ !y c pick up 9 ! =e/s1 & be+ easily di/+ui%$ by _! mis]able appe>ance4#ef ,accord+ to ,dyak beliefs1 !y g to a special place1 :]e ^? :o h dr[n$ !mselves mu/ !nce=? live up to _! wai/s 9 wat]1 & ^? :o h poison$ !mselves mu/ live 9 h\ses built ( poison\s woods & surr\nd$ by noxi\s plants1 ! exhalations ( :i* are pa9ful to ! spirits4#eg ,9 o!r in/ances we are simply told t ! s\ls ( suicides1 toge!r ) ^? ( p]sons :o h be5 kill$ 9 w>1#eh or :o h di$ a viol5t dea?1#ei are n p]mitt$ to live ) ! re/ ( ! s\ls1 to :om _! pres5ce w\ld cause uneas9ess4 ,among ! ,hidatsa ,indians "s p say t ! gho/s ( m5 #bch :o h made away ) !mselves occupy a sep>ate "p ( ! village ( ! dead1 b t _! condition 9 no o!r wise diff]s f t ( ! o!r gho/s4#fj ,footnote #ea3 ,la ,fles*e1 ',dea? & ,fun]al ,cu/oms among ! ,omahas1' 9 ,j\r4 ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #eb3 ,teit1 ',?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,an?ropology1 i4 #ceh sq4 ,footnote #ec3 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #aja4 ,footnote #ed3 ,bradbury1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,am]ica1 p4 #hi4 ,cf4 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 i4 #cid4 ,footnote #ee3 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bfh4 ,cf4 ,%]will1 ',t\r ?r\gh ! ,rjmahal ,hills1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xx4 #eef4 ,footnote #ef3 ,hose1 ',j\rney up ! ,b>am ,riv] to ,m\nt ,dulit & ! ,highl&s ( ,borneo1' 9 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 i4 #aii4 ,footnote #eg3 ,wilk51 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 i4 #dd4 ,footnote #eh3 ,brebeuf1 ',relation de ce qui s'e/ pass dans le pays des ,hurons1' 9 ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afcf1 p4 #ajd sq4 ,hewitt1 ',! ,iroquoian ,concept ( ! ,s\l1' 9 ,j\r4 ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 viii4 #aji4 ,footnote #ei3 ,/e9metz1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vii4 #eh 7,niase74 ,footnote #fj3 ,mat!ws1 ,e?nography & ,philology ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #di4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>d to believe t ! fate ( ! self-murd]]1 :e!r x be annihilation1 a vagrant exi/5ce on e>?1 or sep>ation 9 ! o!r _w1 0 orig9ally meant z a puni%m5t2 = a simil> lot is assign$ to ! s\ls ( p]sons :o h be5 dr[n$1#fa or :o h di$ by accid5t or viol5ce4#fb ,x seems t ! suicide's future /ate is 9 ! fir/ place suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! treatm5t ( 8 corpse4 ,frequ5tly he is d5i$ burial1 or at lea/ ! ord9>y fun]al rites1#fc & ?is may give rise to ! notion t 8 s\l nev] comes to re/ or1 possibly1 ev5 ceases to exi/4 ,or he is buri$ by himself1 ap>t f ! o!r dead1#fd 9 :i* case 8 s\l mu/ naturally rema9 equally isolat$4 ,among ! ,alabama ,indians1 = in/ance1 :5 a man kills himself1 ei!r 9 despair or 9 a sickness1 he is depriv$ ( burial1 & ?r[n into ! riv]4#fe ,9 ,dahomey ! body ( any p]son committ+ suicide is n all[$ to be buri$1 b ?r[n out into ! fields to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s4#ff ,among ! ,fantis ( ! ,gold ,coa/ il y a des places rs]ves aux suicides et ceux qui sont morts de la petite vrole4 ,ils sont ent]rs l'c>t lo9 de t\te #bci habitation et de t\t *em9 public4#fg ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s a self-murd]] is buri$ n ) 8 own deceas$ relatives1 b 9 ! place :]e he end$ 8 life1 z are also ! corpses ( ^? :o fall 9 w>4#fh ,among ! ,bannavs ( ,cambodia anyone :o p]i%es by 8 own h& is buri$ 9 a corn] ( ! =e/ f> f ! graves ( 8 bre?r54#fi ,among ! ,sea ,dyaks ^? :o commit suicide are buri$ 9 diff]5t places f o!rs1 z x is suppos$ t !y w n be all[$ to mix 9 ! sev5-/ori$ heav5 ) su* ( _! fell[-c\ntry m5 z come by _! dea? 9 a natural mann] or f ! influ5ce ( ! spirits4#gj ,! motive = ?us treat+ self-murd]]s' bodies is sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,_! gho/s1 z ! gho/s ( p]sons :o h di$ by any o!r viol5t means or by accid5t1 are suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly malevol5t1#ga ow+ to _! unnatural mode ( dea?#gb or to ! desp]ate or angry /ate ( m9d 9 :i* !y left ?is life4 ,if !y are n buri$ at all1 or if !y are buri$ 9 ! spot :]e !y di$ or 9 a sep>ate place1 t is ei!r because nobody d>es to int]f]e ) !m1 or 9 ord] to prev5t !m f mix+ ) ! o!r dead4 ,s also murd]$ p]sons are sometimes left unburi$1#gc & p :o are suppos$ to h be5 kill$ by evil spirits are buri$ ap>t2#gd :il/ ^? /ruck ) lightn+ are ei!r d5i$ int]m5t1#ge or buri$ :]e !y fell & 9 ! position 9 :i* !y di$4#gf ,we sometimes he> ( a connection betwe5 ! way 9 :i* a suicide's body is treat$ & ! moral op9ion z reg>ds 8 de$4 ,among ! ,alabama ,indians 8 corpse #bdj is said to be ?r[n into ! riv] because he is look$ ^u z a c[>d2#gg & ( ! ,ossetes ,m4 ,kovalewsky /ates t !y bury suicides f> away f o!r dead p]sons because !y reg>d _! act z s9ful4#gh ,b we may be sure t moral condemnation is n ! orig9al cause ( ^! practices4 ,footnote #fa3 ,teit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cei 7,?ompson ,indians74 ,footnote #fb3 ,soppitt1 ,kuki-,lu%ai ,tribes1 p4 #ab4 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #adf 7,kakhy5s74 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #bhg 7,brazilian ,indians74 ,supra1 ii4 #bcg4 ,! ,c5tral ,eskimo believe t all :o die by accid5t or by viol5ce1 & wom5 :o die 9 *ildbir?1 are tak5 to ! upp]1 happi] _w 7,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eij74 ,accord+ to ! belief ( ! ,behr+ ,/rait ,eskimo1 ! %ades ( %amans1 or p]sons :o die by accid5t1 viol5ce1 or />vation1 g to a l& ( pl5ty 9 ! sky1 :]e !re is light1 food1 & wat] 9 abundance1 :]eas ! %ades ( p :o die f natural causes g to ! und]gr\nd l& ( ! dead 7,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #dbc74 ,footnote #fc3 ,see ,las*1 ',die ,beh&lung d] ,lei*e des ,selb/mord]s1' 9 ,globus1 lxxvi4 #fc sqq4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #fe3 ,bossu1 ,travels ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #ff3 ,m',leod1 ,voyage to ,africa1 p4 #dh sq4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas = draw+ my att5tion to ?is & a few o!r /atem5ts 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,footnote #fg3 ,gallaud1 ',a la ,cte d',or1' 9 ,les missions ca?oliques1 xxv4 #cdg4 ,footnote #fh3 ,kub>y1 9 ,orig9al-,mit!il4 aus d] e?nol4 ,ab!il4 d4 knigl4 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 i4 #gh4 ,footnote #fi3 ,comte1 quot$ by ,m\hot1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bh4 ,see also ',das ,volk d] ,bann>1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 ,geogr4 ,ges4 zu ,j5a1 iii4 #i4 ,footnote #gj3 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #fi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,las*1 9 ,globus1 lxxvi4 #fe4 ,cf4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #dad sq4 ,footnote #gb3 ,lipp]t1 ,d] ,seel5cult1 p4 #aa4 ,kub>y1 9 ,orig9al-,mit!il4 aus d] e?nol4 ,ab!il4 d4 knigl4 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 i4 #gh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #dfa 7,papuans ( ,dorey74 ,footnote #gd3 ,hodson1 ',native ,tribes ( ,manipur1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #cje sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 ii4 #adb sq4 7,dahomans74 ,footnote #gf3 ,la ,fles*e1 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 ii4 #aa 7,omahas74 ,footnote #gg3 ,bossu1 op4 cit4 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e et loi anci5ne1 p4 #cbg4 ,x is comp>atively seldom t savages are report$ to atta* any /igma to suicide4 ,to ! in/ances m5tion$ above a few o!rs may be add$4 ,! ,wag&a1 we are told1 greatly condemn ! act4#gi ,among ! ,bogos a man nev] despairs1 nev] gives himself up1 & consid]s suicide z ! greate/ indignity4#hj ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma deem x an act ( c[>dice2 b at ! same "t !y h no comm& aga9/ x1 !y seem to see little or no guilt 9 x1 & we are n[h]e told t x is displeas+ to ! ,god ( heav5 & e>?4#ha ,! ,dacotahs said ( a girl :o _h de/roy$ h]self because h] p>5ts _h turn$ h] belov$ f ! wigwam1 & w\ld =ce h] to m>ry a man %e hat$1 t h] _s did n wat* ov] h] e>?ly rema9s1 be+ (f5d$ :5 %e br\ght tr\ble ^u h] ag$ "m & fa!r4#hb ,9 ,dahomey x is crim9al to attempt to commit suicide1 because e man is ! prop]ty ( ! k+4 ,! bodies ( suicides are expos$ to public execration1 & ! head is always /ruck (f & s5t to ,agbomi2 at ! exp5se ( ! family if ! suicide 7 a free man1 at t ( 8 ma/] if he 7 a slave4#hc ,on ! o!r h&1 x is expressly /at$ ( v>i\s savages t !y d n puni% attempts to commit suicide4#hd ,! negroes ( ,accra see no?+ wrong 9 ! act4 ,:y1 !y w\ld ask1 %\ld a p]son n be #bda all[$ to die1 :5 he no long] desires to live8 ,b !y inflict cruel puni%m5ts ^u slaves :o try to put an end to !mselves1 9 ord] to det] o!r slaves f do+ ! same4#he ,among ! ,pelew ,isl&]s suicide is nei!r prais$ nor blam$4#hf ,! ,eskimo ar\nd ,nor?umb]l& ,inlet & ,davis ,/rait believe t any "o :o has be5 kill$ by accid5t1 or :o has tak5 8 own life1 c]ta9ly goes to ! happy place aft] dea?4#hg ,! ,*ippewas hold suicide to be a fooli%1 n a repreh5sible action1 & d n believe x to entail any puni%m5t 9 ! o!r _w4#hh ,9 8 sket*es ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,bu*anan writes3--,suicide is n consid]$ by ! ,indians ei!r z an act ( h]oism or ( c[>dice1 nor is x ) !m a subject ( praise or blame4 ,!y view ?is desp]ate act z ! consequ5ce ( m5tal d]angem5t1 & ! p]son :o de/roys himself is to !m an object ( pity4#hi ,footnote #gi3 ,felk91 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gbc4 ,footnote #hj3 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #ha3 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 #ada4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ea/man1 op4 cit4 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #hd3 ,leus*n]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #bd 7,bakwiri74 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #ace 7,diakit-,s>racolese74 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bfb 7,wa%ambala74 ,rautan51 ibid4 p4 #cdc 7,ondonga74 ,sorge1 ibid4 p4 #dba 7,nissan ,isl&]s74 ,s5fft1 ibid4 p4 #deb 7,m>%all ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #he3 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bc1 #be4 ,footnote #hf3 ,kub>y1 9 ,orig9al-,mit!il4 aus d] e?nol4 ,ab!il4 d4 knigl4 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 i4 #gh4 ,footnote #hg3 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #egb4 ,cf4 supra1 ii4 #bch1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #hh3 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 ii4 #agb4 ,footnote #hi3 ,bu*anan1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #ahd4 ,f ! op9ions on suicide held by uncivilis$ races we %all pass to ^? preval5t among peoples ( a high] culture4 ,9 ,*9a suicide is extremely common among all classes & among p]sons ( all ages4#ij ,= ^? :o h be5 impell$ to ?is c\rse by a s5se ( hon\r ! gates ( heav5 op5 wide1 & tablets be>+ _! names are erect$ 9 ! temples 9 hon\r ( virtu\s m5 or wom54 ,z hon\rable self-murd]]s are reg>d$ s]vants or (fic]s ( /ate :o *oose n to survive a defeat 9 battle or an insult (f]$ to ! sov]eign ( _! c\ntry2 "y m5 :o1 :5 an insult has be5 paid to _! p>5ts :i* !y are unable to av5ge1 pref] n to survive x2 & wom5 :o kill #bdb !mselves on ! dea? ( _! husb&s or fiancs4#ia ,9 spite ( imp]ial prohibitions1 sutteeism ( wid[$ wives & brides has cont9u$ to fl\ri% 9 ,*9a d[n to ?is day1 & meets ) ! same public applause z ev]2#ib :il/ ^? wid[$ wives & brides :o h lo/ _! lives 9 pres]v+ _! *a/ity1 are entitl$ bo? to an honor>y gate & to a place 9 a temple ( ! ,/ate z an object ( wor%ip4#ic ,ano!r common =m ( suicide :i* is admir$ z h]oic 9 ,*9a is t committ$ = ! purpose ( tak+ rev5ge ^u an enemy :o is o!rwise out ( rea*--accord+ to ,*9ese ideas a mo/ effective mode ( rev5ge1 n only because ! law ?r[s ! responsibility ( ! de$ on him :o occasion$ x1 b also because ! disembodi$ s\l is suppos$ to be bett] able ?an ! liv+ man to p]secute ! enemy4#id ,! ,*9ese h a firm belief 9 ! w&]+ spirits ( p]sons :o h di$ by viol5ce2 ?us self-murd]]s are suppos$ to haunt ! places :]e !y committ$ ! fatal de$ & endeav\r to p]suade o!rs to foll[ _! example1 at times ev5 attempt+ to play execution] by /rangl+ ^? :o reject _! advances4#ie ,viol5t dea?s1 says ,mr4 ,giles1 are reg>d$ ) horror by ! ,*9ese2#if & suicides committ$ f mean] motives are reprobat$4#ig ,x is said 9 ! ,y ,li1 or ,div9e ,panorama--a ,ta\i/ "w :i* is v popul> all ov] ! ,*9ese ,empire--t :il/ p]sons :o kill !mselves out ( loyalty1 filial piety1 *a/ity1 or fri5d%ip1 w g to heav51 ^? :o d s 9 a trivial bur/ ( rage1 or fe>+ ! consequ5ces ( a crime :i* w\ld n am\nt to dea?1 or 9 ! hope ( falsely injur+ a #bdc fell[-creature1 w be sev]ely puni%$ 9 ! inf]nal regions4#ih ,no p>don w be grant$ !m2 !y are n1 l o!r s9n]s1 all[$ to claim _! good works z a set-(f aga9/ evil1 :]eby !y might p>tly escape ! agonies ( hell & receive "s rew>d = _! virtu\s de$s4#ii ,sometimes suicide is classifi$ by ! ,*9ese z an (f5ce aga9/ religion1 on ! gr\nd t a p]son owes 8 be+ to ,heav51 & is !re=e responsible to ,heav5 = due c>e ( ! gift4#ajj ,footnote #ij3 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #cbi4 ,huc1 ,! ,*9ese ,empire1 p4 #aha4 ,matignon1 ',le suicide en ,*9e1' 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 xii4 #cfg sqq4 ,ca?onay1 ',aux environs de ,f\t*on1' 9 ,les missions ca?oliques1 xxxi4 #cda sq4 ,ball1 ,?+s ,*9ese1 p4 #efd sqq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,gray1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccg sqq4 ,footnote #ib3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gdh4 ,ball1 op4 cit4 p4 #efe4 ,ca?onay1 9 ,les missions ca?oliques1 xxxi4 #cda4 ,footnote #ic3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gib4 ,footnote #id3 ,huc1 op4 cit4 p4 #aha4 ,matignon1 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 xii4 #cga sqq4 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #dej sq4 ,ca?onay1 9 ,les missions ca?oliques1 xxxi4 #cda sq4 ,ball1 op4 cit4 p4 #eff sq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #id4 ,d5nys1 ,folk-,lore ( ,*9a1 p4 #gd sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cfc1 n4 #i4 ,footnote #ig3 ,gray1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccg4 ,footnote #ih3 ,giles1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cfe4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cfc4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,alaba/]1 ,notes & ,comm5t>ies on ,*9ese ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #cjd4 ,! ,japanese cal5d> ( sa9ts1 says ,mr4 ,griffis1 is n fill$ ) re=m]s1 alms-giv]s1 & f\nd]s ( hospitals or orphanages1 b is ov]cr[d$ ) canonis$ suicides & committ]s ( h>akiri4 ,ev5 to-day1 no man m 4 4 4 surely draws homage to 8 tomb1 secur+ ev5 apo!osis1 ?an ! suicide1 ?\gh he may h committ$ a crime4#aja ,!re 7 two k9ds ( h>akiri1 or belly-cutt+1 "o obligatory & ! o!r volunt>y4 ,! =m] 0 a boon grant$ by gov]nm5t1 :o graci\sly p]mitt$ crim9als ( ! ,samurai1 or milit>y1 class ?us to de/roy !mselves in/ead ( be+ h&$ ov] to ! common execution]2 b ?is cu/om is n[ q ext9ct4 ,volunt>y h>akiri1 aga91 0 practis$ out ( loyalty to a dead sup]ior1 or 9 ord] to prote/1 :5 o!r prote/s might be unavail+1 aga9/ ! errone\s conduct ( a liv+ sup]ior1 or to avoid behead+ by ! enemy 9 a lo/ battle1 or to re/ore injur$ hon\r if rev5ge 0 impossible4 ,"u any circum/ances h>akiri cleans$ f e /a91 & ensur$ an hon\rable int]m5t & a respect$ memory4#ajb ,x is said 9 a ,japanese manuscript1 ,to slay 8 enemy aga9/ :om he has cause ( hatr$1 & !n to kill himself1 is ! "p ( a noble ,samurai1 & x is %e] nons5se to look ^u ! place :]e he has disemb[ell$ #bdd himself z pollut$4#ajc ,9 old days ! c]emony us$ to be p]=m$ 9 a temple4#ajd ,footnote #aja3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,*amb]la91 ,?+s ,japanese1 p4 #bai sqq4 ,re91 ,japan1 p4 #cbh4 ,khne1 9 ,globus1 lxxiv4 #aff sq4 ,a v full acc\nt ( ! c]emony ( h>akiri is giv5 9 ,mit=d's ,tales ( ,old ,japan1 ii4 #aic sqq41 f a r>e ,japanese manuscript4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,mit=d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bja4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,ibid4 ii4 #aif4 ,among ! ,h9dus we meet ) ! practice ( self-immolation ( wid[s--until rec5tly v preval5t 9 _m p>ts ( ,india#aje--;& v>i\s =ms ( self-de/ruction = religi\s purposes4 ,suicide has always be5 consid]$ by ! ,h9dus to be "o ( ! mo/ acceptable rites t c be (f]$ to _! deities4 ,accord+ to ! ,ay5 ,akb]y1 !re 7 five k9ds ( suicide held to be m]itori\s 9 ! ,h9du1 namely3--/>v+2 cov]+ himself ) c[-dung & sett+ x on fire & consum+ himself !re92 bury+ himself 9 sn[2 imm]s+ himself 9 ! wat] at ! extremity ( ,b5gal1 :]e ! ,ganges dis*>ges itself into ! sea ?r\gh a ?\s& *annels1 enum]at+ 8 s9s1 & pray+ till ! alligators come & dev\r him2 cutt+ 8 ?roat at ,allahabad1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,ganges & ,jumna4#ajf ,to ^! might be add$ dr[n+ at ,hurdw>1 ,allahabad1 & ,saugor2 p]i%+ 9 ! cold ( ! ,himalayas2 ! practice ( dy+ "u ! :eels ( ,juggurna?'s c>2#ajg & ! cu/om ( m5 ?r[+ !mselves d[n f c]ta9 rocks to fulfil ! v[s ( _! mo!rs1 or to receive =giv5ess = s9s1 or to be re-born rajas 9 _! next /ate ( transmigration4#ajh ,x is also common = p]sons :o are afflict$ ) leprosy or any o!r incurable disease to bury or dr[n !mselves ) due c]emonies1 by :i* !y are consid]$ acceptable sacrifices to ! deity1#aji or to roll !mselves into fires ) ! notion t ?us purifi$ !y w receive a happy transmigration into a heal?y body4#aaj ,suicide 0 fur!r #bde resort$ to by ,brhmans = ! purpose ( av5g+ an injury1 z x 0 believ$ t ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ w\ld p]secute ! (f5d]1 &1 presumably1 also because ( ! great efficacy :i* 0 attribut$ to ! curse ( a dy+ ,brhman4#aaa ,:5 "o ( ! ,rajput rajas once levi$ a w>-subsidy on ! ,brhmans1 "s ( ! weal?ie/1 hav+ expo/ulat$ 9 va91 poni>d$ !mselves 9 8 pres5ce1 p\r+ mal$ictions on 8 head ) _! la/ brea?2 & ?us curs$1 ! raja lab\r$ "u a ban ( excommunication ev5 among/ 8 p]sonal fri5ds4#aab ,we are told ( a ,brhman girl :o1 hav+ be5 s$uc$ by a c]ta9 raja1 burn$ h]self to dea?1 & 9 dy+ imprecat$ ! mo/ fe>ful curses on ! raja's k9dr$1 aft] :i* !y 7 visit$ ) su* a succession ( disa/]s t !y ab&on$ _! family settlem5t at ,baliya1 :]e ! woman's tomb is wor%ipp$ to ?is day4#aac ,once :5 a raja ord]$ ! h\se ( a ,brhman to be demoli%$ & resum$ ! l&s :i* _h be5 conf]r$ ^u him1 ! latt] fa/$ till he di$ at ! palace gate1 & became ?us a ,brahm1 or malignant ,brhman gho/1 :o av5g$ ! injury he _h suff]$ by de/roy+ ! raja & 8 h\se4#aad ,at ,azimghur1 9 #ahce1 a ,brhman ?rew himself d[n a well1 t 8 gho/ might haunt 8 neighb\r4#aae ,! same idea und\bt$ly und]lies ! cu/om ( sitt+ dh>na :i* 0 practis$ by cr$itors :o sat d[n be=e ! doors ( _! debtors ?reat5+ to />ve !mselves to dea? if _! claims 7 n paid2#aaf & ! s9 atta*$ to caus+ ! dea? ( a ,brhman w\ld fur!r increase ! efficacy ( ! cr$itor's ?reats4#aag ,at ! same "t religi\s suicide is said to be a crime 9 a ,brhman4#aah ,& 9 ! sacr$ books we read t = him :o de/roys #bdf himself by means ( wood1 wat]1 clods ( e>?1 /ones1 weapons1 poison1 or a rope1 no fun]al rites %all be p]=m$ by 8 relatives2#aai t he :o resolves to die by 8 own h& %all fa/ = ?ree days2 & t he :o attempts suicide1 b rema9s alive1 %all p]=m sev]e p5ance4#abj ,! ,buddhi/s all[ a man "u c]ta9 circum/ances to take 8 own life1 b ma9ta9 t g5]ally dire mis]ies are 9 /ore = ! self-murd]]1 & look ^u him z "o :o mu/ h s9n$ deeply 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce4#aba ,x %\ld be add$ t 9 ,india1 z else:]e1 ! s\ls ( ^? :o h kill$ !mselves or met dea? by any o!r viol5t means are reg>d$ z p>ticul>ly malevol5t & tr\blesome4#abb ,footnote #aje3 ,malcolm1 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #bjf sqq4 ,*ev]s1 ,manual ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1 p4 #ffe4 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #dgc sq4 ,sir ,john ,malcolm obs]ves 7op4 cit4 ii4 #bjf1 n4 d\ble dagg]7 t ! practice ( suttee 0 n always conf9$ to wid[s1 b t sometimes mo!rs burn$ !mselves on ! dea? ( _! only sons4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ffd4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,manu1 vi4 #ca4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ibid4 p4 #ffd4 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #aae sqq4 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 ii4 #gj4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 i4 #acb sq4 ,malcolm1 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #bji sqq4 ,=sy?1 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india1 p4 #agb sq4 ,footnote #aji3 ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdd sq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,w>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aai4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #fei sqq4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #aia sqq4 van ,mk]n1 ,o/9di51 i4 #cai sqq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,tod1 quot$ by ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #fei sq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,crooke1 op4 cit4 i4 #aic4 ,footnote #aad3 ,ibid4 i4 #aia sq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ffc4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,cf4 ,/e9metz1 ',gli anti*i scongiuri giuridici contro i cr$itori1' 9 ,rivi/a italiana di sociologia1 ii4 #eh4 ,= ! practice ( dh>na see ibid4 p4 #cg sqq42 ,balf\r1 ,cyclopdia ( ,india1 i4 #icd sq42 van ,mk]n1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbb sq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,cf4 ,jones1 quot$ by ,balf\r1 op4 cit4 i4 #ice4 ,footnote #aah3 ,w>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aae4 ,=sy?1 op4 cit4 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #aai3 ,vasi%?a1 xxiii4 #ad sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,ibid4 xxiii4 #ah sqq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #dgi4 ,footnote #abb3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #bfi4 ,fawcett1 ',ny>s ( ,malab>1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iii4 #bec4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t m5tions a few cases ( suicide4#abc ,9 none ( !m is any c5sure pass$ on ! p]petrator ( ! de$1 nor is !re any text :i* expressly =bids a man to die by 8 own h&2 & ( ,ahi?ophel x is said t he 0 buri$ 9 ! sepul*re ( 8 fa!r4#abd ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om p]sons :o _h kill$ !mselves %\ld be left unburi$ till sunset1#abe p]haps = fe> le/ ! _s ( ! deceas$ o!rwise might f9d its way back to ! old home4#abf ,josephus1 :o m5tions ?is cu/om1 d5\nces suicide z an act ( c[>dice1 z a crime mo/ remote f ! common nature ( all animals1 z impiety aga9/ ! ,creator2 & he ma9ta9s t ! s\ls ( ^? :o h ?us act$ madly aga9/ !mselves w g to ! d>ke/ place 9 ,hades4#abg ,! ,talmud consid]s suicide ju/ifiable1 if n m]itori\s1 9 ! case ( ! *ief ( a vanqui%$ army :o is sure ( disgrace & dea? at ! h&s ( ! exult+ conqu]or1#abh or :5 a p]son has #bdg reason to fe> be+ =c$ to r5\nce 8 religion4#abi ,9 all o!r circum/ances ! ,rabbis consid] x crim9al = a p]son to %ort5 8 own life1 ev5 :5 he is und]go+ tortures :i* mu/ soon end 8 e>?ly c>e]2#acj & !y =bid all m>ks ( m\rn+ = a self-murd]]1 su* z we>+ sombre app>el & eulogis+ him4#aca ,islam prohibits suicide1 z an act :i* int]f]es ) ! decrees ( ,god4#acb ,muhamm$ans say t x is a great] s9 = a p]son to kill himself ?an to kill a fell[-man2#acc &1 z a matt] ( fact1 suicide is v r>e 9 ! ,moslem _w4#acd ,footnote #abc3 #a ,samuel1 xxxi4 #d sq4 #b ,samuel1 xvii4 #bc4 #a ,k+s1 xvi4 #ah4 #b ,maccabees1 xiv4 #d sqq4 ,footnote #abd3 #b ,samuel1 xvii4 #bc4 ,footnote #abe3 ,josephus1 ,de bello ,judaico1 iii4 #h4 #e4 ,footnote #abf3 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ',burial ,cu/oms z illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #gb4 ,footnote #abg3 ,josephus1 op4 cit4 iii4 #h4 #e4 ,footnote #abh3 ,cf4 #a ,samuel1 xxxi4 #d4 ,footnote #abi3 ,guitt91 #eg ,b1 quot$ by ,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #gg1 n4 #afc4 ,cf4 #b ,maccabees1 xiv4 #cg sqq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ab ,z>a1 #ah ,a1 quot$ by ,m5delsohn1 op4 cit4 p4 #gh1 n4 #afc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,m5delsohn1 op4 cit4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #acb3 ,koran1 iv4 #cc4 ,footnote #acc3 ,i h (t5 he>d ?is myself4 ,cf4 ,we/cott1 ,suicide1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #acd3 ,lisle1 ,du suicide1 pp4 #cje1 #cde sq4 ,legoyt1 ,le suicide anci5 et mod]ne1 p4 #g4 ,morselli1 ,il suicidio1 p4 #cc4 ,we/cott1 op4 cit4 p4 #ab4 ,anci5t ,greece _h its hon\rable suicides4 ,! ,milesian & ,cor9?ian wom51 :o by a volunt>y dea? escap$ f fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy1 7 prais$ 9 epigrams4#ace ,! /ory t ,!mi/ocles pref]r$ dea? to be>+ arms aga9/ 8 native c\ntry 0 circulat$ ) a view to do+ hon\r to 8 memory4#acf ,! trag$ians frequ5tly give expression to ! idea t suicide is 9 c]ta9 circum/ances becom+ to a noble m9d4#acg ,hecuba blames ,hel5a = n putt+ an end to h] life by a rope or a sword4#ach ,pha$ra#aci & ,l$a#adj kill !mselves out ( %ame1 ,haemon f viol5t remorse4#ada ,ajax decides to die aft] hav+ 9 va9 attempt$ to kill ! ,atreidae1 ma9ta9+ t "o ( g5]\s /ra9 %\ld nobly live1 or =?) nobly die4#adb ,in/ances are1 moreov]1 m5tion$ ( wom5 kill+ !mselves on ! dea? ( _! husb&s2#adc & 9 ,*eos x 0 ! cu/om to prev5t #bdh ! decrepitude ( old age by a volunt>y dea?4#add ,at ,a!ns ! "r h& ( a p]son :o _h tak5 8 own life 0 /ruck (f & buri$ ap>t f ! re/ ( ! body1#ade evid5tly 9 ord] to make him h>mless aft] dea?4#adf ,plato says 9 8 ',laws1' probably 9 agreem5t ) ,attic cu/om1 t ^? :o inflict dea? ^u !mselves f slo? or want ( manl9ess1 %all be buri$ alone 9 su* places z are uncultivat$ & nameless1 & t no column or inscription %all m>k ! spot :]e !y are int]r$4#adg ,at ,!bes self-murd]]s 7 depriv$ ( ! accu/om$ fun]al c]emonies1#adh & 9 ,cyprus !y 7 left unburi$4#adi ,! objections :i* philosoph]s rais$ aga9/ ! commission ( suicide 7 no d\bt to "s ext5t %>$ by popul> s5tim5ts4 ,py?agoras is repres5t$ z say+ t we %\ld n ab&on our /ation 9 life )\t ! ord]s ( our comm&]1 t is1 ,god4#aej ,accord+ to ! ,platonic ,socrates1 ! gods are our gu>dians & we are a possession ( !irs1 h5ce !re may be reason 9 say+ t a man %\ld wait1 & n take 8 own life until ,god summons him4#aea ,ari/otle1 aga91 ma9ta9s t he :o f rage kills himself commits a wrong aga9/ ! ,/ate1 & t !re=e ! ,/ate puni%es him & civil infamy is atta*$ to him4#aeb ,! religi\s argum5t c\ld n be =eign to a p :o reg>d$ x z impi\s int]f]5ce 9 ! ord] ( nature to make a bridge ov] ! ,hellespont & to sep>ate a l&scape f ! cont95t2#aec & ! idea t suicide is a matt] ( public conc]n evid5tly prevail$ 9 ,massilia1 :]e no man 0 all[$ to make away ) himself unless ! magi/rates _h giv5 him p]mission to d s4#aed ,b ! #bdi op9ions ( ! philosoph]s 7 any?+ b unanim\s4#aee ,plato himself1 9 8 ',laws1' has no ^w ( c5sure = him :o deprives himself by viol5ce ( 8 appo9t$ %>e ( life "u ! compulsion ( "s pa9ful & inevitable mis=tune1 or out ( irrem$iable & intol]able %ame4#aef ,hegesias1 surnam$ ! dea?-p]suad]1 :o belong$ to ! ,cyr5aic s*ool1 tri$ to prove ! utt] wor?lessness & unpr(itabl5ess ( life4#aeg ,accord+ to ,epicurus we ought to consid] :e!r x be bett] t dea? %\ld come to u1 or we g to him4#aeh ,! ,/oics1 especially1 advocat$ suicide z a relief f all k9ds ( mis]y4#aei ,s5eca rem>ks t x is a man's own fault if he suff]s1 z1 by putt+ an end to himself1 he c put an end to 8 mis]y3--,z ,i w\ld *oose a %ip to sail 91 or a h\se to live 91 s w\ld ,i *oose ! mo/ tol]able dea? :5 ab\t to die4 4 4 4 ,human affairs are 9 su* a happy situation1 t no "o ne$ be wret*$ b by *oice4 ,d y l to be wret*$8 ,live4 ,d y l x n8 ,x is 9 y\r p[] to return f :5ce y came4#afj ,! ,/oics did n d5y t x is wrong to commit suicide 9 cases :]e ! act w\ld be an injury to society2#afa ,s5eca himself po9ts out t ,socrates liv$ ?irty days 9 prison 9 expectation ( dea?1 s z to submit to ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 & to give 8 fri5ds ! enjoym5t ( 8 conv]sation to ! la/4#afb ,epictetus opposes indiscrim9ate suicide on religi\s gr\nds3--,fri5ds1 wait = ,god2 :5 he %all give ! signal & release y f ?is s]vice1 !n g to him2 b = ! pres5t endure to dwell 9 ! place :]e he has put y4#afc ,su* a signal1 h[ev]1 is giv5 (t5 en\gh3 x may consi/ 9 incurable disease1 intol]able pa91 or mis]y ( any k9d4 ,rememb] ?is3 ! door is op52 be n m timid #bej ?an little *ildr51 b z !y say1 :5 ! ?+ does n please !m1 ',i w play no long]1' s d y1 :5 ?+s seem to y ( su* a k9d1 say ,i w no long] play1 & be gone3 b if y /ay1 d n compla94#afd ,pl9y says t ! p[] ( dy+ :5 y please is ! be/ ?+ t ,god has giv5 to man amid/ all ! suff]+s ( life4#afe ,footnote #ace3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ddc4 ,footnote #acf3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 xi4 #eh4 #b sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ddb sqq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,euripides1 ,troades1 #ajab sqq4 ,footnote #aci3 ,idem1 ,hippolytus1 #gae sqq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,idem1 ,hel5a1 #acd sqq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #abcd sqq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,idem1 ,ajax1 #dgj sqq4 ,cf4 ibid4 #fed sqq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,euripides1 ,supplices1 #ajjj sqq4 ,pausanias1 iv4 #b4 #g4 ,footnote #add3 ,/rabo1 ,geographica1 x4 #e4 #f1 p4 #dhf4 ,aelian1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 iii4 #cg4 ,cf4 ,boeckh1 ,gesammelte kle9e ,s*rift51 vii4 #cde sqq42 ,welck]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 ii4 #ejb sq4 ,footnote #ade3 ,aes*9es1 ,9 ,ctesiphontem1 #bdd4 ,footnote #adf3 ,"s ,au/ralian natives cut (f ! ?umb ( ! "r h& ( a dead foe 9 ord] to make 8 _s unable to ?r[ ! spe> effici5tly 7,oldfield1 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bhg74 ,footnote #adg3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgc4 ,footnote #adh3 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajd4 ,footnote #adi3 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,orationes1 lxiv4 #c4 ,footnote #aej3 ,cic]o1 ,cato ,major1 #bj 7#gc74 ,footnote #aea3 ,plato1 9999,phd1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 v4 #aa4 #c4 ,footnote #aec3 ,see ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hc1 #dda2 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bjb1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #aed3 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,factorum dictorumque memorabilia1 ii4 #f4 #g4 ,footnote #aee3 ,see ,geig]1 ,d] ,selb/mord im klassis*5 ,alt]tum1 p4 #e sqq4 ,footnote #aef3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgc4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,cic]o1 ,tusculan qu/iones1 i4 #cd 7#hc sq474 ,val]ius ,maximus1 viii4 #i4 ,ext]na #c4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,epicurus1 quot$ by ,s5eca1 ,epi/ul1 #bf4 ,footnote #aei3 ,see ,geig]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ae sqq4 ,footnote #afj3 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ul1 #gj4 ,see also ,idem1 ,de ira1 iii4 #ae2 ,idem1 ,consolatia ad ,m>ciam1 #bj4 ,footnote #afa3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #bad1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #afb3 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ul1 #gj4 ,footnote #afc3 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationes1 i4 #i4 #af4 ,footnote #afd3 ,ibid4 i4 #bd4 #bj2 i4 #be4 #bj sq42 ii4 #af4 #cg sqq42 iii4 #ac4 #ad2 iii4 #bd4 #ie sqq4 ,footnote #afe3 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 ii4 #e 7#g74 ,x seems t ! ,roman p1 be=e ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity made itself felt1 reg>d$ suicide ) consid]able moral indiff]5ce4 ,accord+ to ,s]vius1 x 0 provid$ by ! ,pontifical laws t :oev] hang$ himself %\ld be ca/ out unburi$2#aff b f :at has be5 said be=e x is probable t ?is practice only ow$ its orig9 to fe> ( ! dead man's gho/4 ,v]gil enum]ates self-murd]]s n among ! guilty1 b among ! un=tunate1 conf\nd+ !m ) infants :o h di$ prematurely & p]sons :o h be5 condemn$ to die on a false *>ge4#afg ,?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( pagan ,rome !re 0 no /atute decl>+ x to be a crime = an ord9>y citiz5 to take 8 own life4 ,! self-murd]]'s rights 7 9 no way affect$ by 8 de$1 8 memory 0 no less hon\r$ ?an if he _h di$ a natural dea?1 8 w 0 recognis$ by law1 & ! regul> ord] ( succession 0 n int]f]$ )4#afh ,9 ,roman law !re are only two notewor?y exceptions to ! rule t suicide is a matt] ) :i* ! ,/ate has no?+ to d3 x 0 prohibit$ 9 ! case ( soldi]s1#afi & ! enactm5t 0 made t ! suicide ( an accus$ p]son %\ld entail ! same consequ5ces z 8 condemnation2 b 9 ! latt] in/ance ! de$ 0 admitt$ z a confession ( guilt4#agj ,on ! o!r #bea h&1 x seems to h be5 ! g5]al op9ion 9 ,rome t suicide "u c]ta9 circum/ances is an h]oic & praisewor?y act4#aga ,ev5 ,cic]o1 :o pr(ess$ ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras1#agb approv$ ( ! dea? ( ,cato4#agc ,footnote #aff3 ,s]vius1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,virgilii neidos1 xii4 #fjc4 ,footnote #afg3 ,v]gil1 neis1 vi4 #dbf sqq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,b\rquelot1 ',re*]*es sur les op9ions et la lgislation en matire de mort volontaire p5dant le moy5 age1' 9 ,biblio?que de l'cole des ,*>tes1 iii4 #edd4 ,geig]1 op4 cit4 p4 #fd sqq4 ,bynk]%oek1 ,obs]vationes ,juris ,romani1 iv4 #d1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #afi3 ,dige/a1 xlix4 #af4 #f4 #g4 ,footnote #agj3 ,ibid4 xlviii4 #ba4 #c pr4 ,cf4 ,b\rquelot1 op4 cit4 iii4 #edc sq42 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 v4 #cbf2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #bai4 ,footnote #aga3 ,/udl91 ,ges*i*te d] ,vor/ellung5 und ,lehr5 vom ,selb/morde1 p4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #agb3 ,cic]o1 ,cato ,major1 #bj 7#gb sq474 ,footnote #agc3 ,idem1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #ca 7#aab74 ,9 no "q ( morality 0 !re a great] diff]5ce betwe5 classical & ,*ri/ian doctr9es ?an 9 reg>d to suicide4 ,! e>li] ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* /ill all[$1 or ev5 approv$ (1 suicide 9 c]ta9 cases1 namely1 :5 committ$ 9 ord] to procure m>tyrdom1#agd or to avoid apo/acy1 or to reta9 ! cr[n ( virg9ity4 ,to br+ dea? ^u ourselves volunt>ily1 says ,lactantius1 is a wick$ & impi\s de$2 b :5 urg$ to ! alt]native1 ei!r ( =sak+ ,god & rel9qui%+ fai?1 or ( expect+ all torture & dea?1 !n x is t undaunt$ 9 _s we defy t dea? ) all its previ\s ?reats & t]rors :i* o!rs fe>4#age ,eusebius & o!r ecclesia/ical writ]s m5tion sev]al in/ances ( ,*ri/ian wom5 putt+ an end to _! lives :5 _! *a/ity 0 9 dang]1 & _! acts are spok5 ( ) t5d]ness1 if n approbation2 inde$1 "s ( !m 7 admitt$ into ! cal5d> ( sa9ts4#agf ,?is admission 0 due to ! extreme hon\r 9 :i* virg9ity 0 held by ! ,fa!rs2 ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o d5i$ t x 0 lawful 9 times ( p]secution to die by "o's own h&s1 made an exception = cases 9 :i* a p]son's *a/ity 0 at /ake4#agg ,b ev5 ?is exception 0 aboli%$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,he all[s t ! virg9s :o laid viol5t h&s ^u !mselves are wor?y ( compassion1 b decl>es t !re 0 no necessity = _! do+ s1 s9ce *a/ity is a virtue ( #beb ! m9d :i* is n lo/ by ! body be+ 9 captivity to ! w & sup]ior =ce ( ano!r4 ,he argues t !re is no passage 9 ! canonical ,scriptures :i* p]mits u to de/roy ourselves ei!r ) a view to obta9+ immortality or to avoid+ calamity4 ,on ! contr>y1 suicide is prohibit$ 9 ! comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 namely1 nei!r ?yself nor ano!r2 = he :o kills himself kills no o!r b a man4#agh ,?is doctr9e1 :i* assimilates suicide ) murd]1 0 adopt$ by ! ,*ur*4#agi ,nay1 self-murd] 0 decl>$ to be ! wor/ =m ( murd]1 ! mo/ griev\s ?+ ( all2#ahj already ,/4 ,*ryso/om _h decl>$ t if x is base to de/roy o!rs1 mu* m is x to de/roy "o's self4#aha ,! self-murd]] 0 depriv$ ( rights :i* 7 grant$ to all o!r crim9als4 ,9 ! six? c5tury a ,c\ncil at ,orleans enjo9$ t ! oblations ( ^? :o 7 kill$ 9 ! commission ( any crime may be receiv$1 except ( su* z laid viol5t h&s on !mselves2#ahb & a subsequ5t ,c\ncil d5i$ self-murd]]s ! usual rites ( ,*ri/ian burial4#ahc ,x 0 ev5 said t ,judas committ$ a great] s9 9 kill+ himself ?an 9 betray+ 8 ma/] ,*ri/ to a c]ta9 dea?4#ahd ,footnote #agd3 ,see ,b>beyrac1 ,trait de la morale des ,pres de l'glise1 pp4 #ah1 #abb sq42 ,buonaf$e1 ,i/oria critica e filos(ica del suicidio1 p4 #ace sqq42 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 ii4 #de sq4 ,footnote #age3 ,lactantius1 ,div9es ,in/itutiones1 vi4 7',de v]o cultu'7 #ag 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vi4 #fig74 ,footnote #agf3 ,eusebius1 ,hi/oria ecclesia/ica1 viii4 #ab 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xx4 #gfi sqq471 #ad 7ibid4 col4 #ghe sqq474 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,de virg9ibus1 xiii4 #g 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xvi4 #bbi sqq474 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,homilia encomia/ica 9 ,s4 ,m>tyrem ,pelagiam 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 l4 #egi sqq474 ,footnote #agg3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,jonam1 i4 #ab 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxv4 #aabi74 ,footnote #agh3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 i4 #af sqq4 ,footnote #agi3 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #bc4 #e4 #i4 #c4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #fd4 #e4 #c4 ,footnote #aha3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,9 ,epi/olam ad ,galatas comm5t>ius1 i4 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 lxi4 #fah sq474 ,footnote #ahb3 ,concilium ,aurelian5se ,,ii4 ,a4,d4 #ecc1 c4 #ae 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 viii4 #hcg74 ,see also ,concilium ,autisiodor5se1 ,a4,d4 #egh1 c4 #ag 7,labbe-,mansi1 ix4 #iac74 ,footnote #ahc3 ,concilium ,brac>5se ,,ii4 ,a4,d4 #efc1 cap4 #af 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ix4 #ggi74 ,footnote #ahd3 ,damh\d]1 ,praxis r]um crim9alium1 lviii4 #b sq41 p4 #beh4 ,see ,gratian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cc4 #c4 #c4 #ch4 ,at ! trial ( ! ,m>quise de ,br9villi]s 9 #afgf1 ! presid+ judge said to ! prison] t ! greate/ ( all h] crimes1 horrible z !y 71 01 n ! poison+ ( h] fa!r & bro!rs1 b h] attempt to poison h]self 7,ives1 ,classification ( ,crimes1 p4 #cf74 ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 z =mulat$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 suicide is utt]ly unlawful = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 ev]y?+ naturally loves itself & pres]ves itself 9 be+2 suicide is aga9/ a natural incl9ation & contr>y to ! *>ity :i* a man ought to be> t[>ds himself1 & consequ5tly a mortal s94 #bec ,secondly1 by kill+ himself a p]son does an injury to ! community ( :i* he is a "p4 ,?irdly1 life is a gift div9ely be/[$ on man1 & subject to ,8 p[] :o 'kille? & make? alive'2 & !re=e he :o takes 8 own life s9s aga9/ ,god1 z he :o kills ano!r man's slave s9s aga9/ ! ma/] to :om ! slave belongs1 & z he s9s :o usurps ! (fice ( judge on a po9t n ref]r$ to him2 = to ,god alone belongs judgm5t ( life & dea?4#ahe ,! second ( ^! argum5ts is borr[$ f ,ari/otle1 & is entirely =eign to ! _s ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! notion ( patriotism be+ a moral duty 0 habitually disc\rag$ by x1 &1 z ,mr4 ,lecky obs]ves1 x 0 impossible to urge ! civic argum5t aga9/ suicide )\t at ! same "t condemn+ ! h]mit life1 :i* 9 ! ?ird c5tury became ! ideal ( ! ,*ur*4#ahf ,b ! o!r argum5ts are deeply root$ 9 "s ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity--9 ! sacr$ness ( human life1 9 ! duty ( absolute submission to ,god's w1 & 9 ! extreme importance atta*$ to ! mom5t ( dea?4 ,! e>?ly life is a prep>ation = et]nity2 suff]+s :i* are s5t by ,god are n to be evad$1 b to be endur$4#ahg ,! man :o delib]ately takes away ! life :i* 0 giv5 him by ! ,creator displays ! utmo/ disreg>d = ! w & au?ority ( 8 ,ma/]2 &1 wor/ ( all1 he does s 9 ! v la/ m9ute ( 8 life1 :5 8 doom is seal$ = ev]4 ,8 de$1 z ,?omas ,aqu9as says1 is ! mo/ dang]\s ?+ ( all1 because no "t is left to expiate x by rep5tance4#ahh ,he :o kills a fell[-creature does n 9 ! same degree r5\nce ! protection ( ,god2 he kills only ! body1 :]eas ! self-murd]] kills bo? ! body & ! s\l4#ahi ,by d5y+ ! latt] ! "r ( ,*ri/ian #bed burial ! ,*ur* recognises t he has plac$ himself outside h] pale4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #fd4 #e4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #dd4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 i4 #bc4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #fd4 #e4 #c4 ,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 i4 #be4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,damh\d]1 op4 cit4 lxxxviii4 #a sq41 p4 #beh4 ,! condemnation ( ! ,*ur* influ5c$ ! secul> legislation4 ,! provisions ( ! ,c\ncils 7 introduc$ into ! law-books4 ,9 ,france ,l\is ,,ix4 en=c$ ! p5alty ( confiscat+ ! self-murd]]'s prop]ty1#aij & laws to ! same effect 7 pass$ 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4#aia ,l\is ,,xiv4 assimilat$ ! crime ( suicide to t ( lze maje/4#aib ,accord+ to ! law ( ,scotl&1 self-murd] is z highly crim9al z ! kill+ our neighb\r4#aic ,9 ,engl& suicide is /ill reg>d$ by ! law z murd] committ$ by a man on himself2#aid &1 unless decl>$ insane1 ! self-murd]] =feit$ 8 prop]ty z late z ! ye> #ahgj1 :5 =feitures = felony 7 aboli%$4#aie ,9 ,russia1 to ?is day1 ! te/am5t>y dispositions ( a suicide are deem$ void by ! law4#aif ,footnote #aij3 ,les tablissem5ts de ,sa9t ,l\is1 i4 #ib1 vol4 ii4 #aej4 ,footnote #aia3 ,b\rquelot1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bfc4 ,morselli1 op4 cit4 p4 #aif sq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,l\is ,,xiv41 ',ordonnance crim9elle1' ,a4,d4 #afgj1 xxii4 #a1 9 ,isamb]t1 ,decrusy1 & ,taill&i]1 ,recueil gnral des anci5nes lois franaises1 xviii4 #dad4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ersk9e-,rank9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #eei4 ,footnote #aid3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #ajd4 ,= e>li] times see ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #aej1 vol4 ii4 #ejd sq4 ,footnote #aie3 ,/eph51 op4 cit4 iii4 #aje4 ,footnote #aif3 ,fo9itzki1 9 von ,liszt1 ,la lgislation pnale comp>e1 p4 #edh4 ,! horror ( suicide also f\nd a v5t 9 outrages committ$ on ! dead body4 ,( a woman :o dr[n$ h]self 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #aeih1 we are told t h] body 0 h>l$ ?r\gh ! t[n backw>ds1 & !reaft] hang$ on ! gall[s4#aig ,9 ,france1 z late z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 self-murd]]s 7 dragg$ ^u a hurdle ?r\gh ! /reets ) ! face turn$ to ! gr\nd2 !y 7 !n hang$ up ) ! head d[nw>ds1 & f9ally ?r[n into ! common sew]4#aih ,h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases ! treatm5t to :i* suicides bodies 7 subject 0 n orig9ally meant z a puni%m5t1 b 0 int5d$ to prev5t _! spirits #bee f caus+ mis*ief4 ,all ov] ,europe w&]+ t5d5cies h be5 ascrib$ to _! gho/s4#aii ,9 "s c\ntries ! corpse ( a suicide is suppos$ to make b>r5 ! e>? ) :i* x comes 9 contact1#bjj or to produce hail/orms or tempe/s#bja or dr\ght4#bjb ,at ,lo*broom1 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,scotl&1 ! p believe t if ! rema9s ( a self-murd]] be tak5 to any bury+-gr\nd :i* is )9 sight ( ! sea or ( cultivat$ l&1 ?is w\ld prove disa/r\s bo? to fi%+ & agriculture1 or1 9 ! words ( ! p1 w\ld cause fam9e 7or de>?7 on sea & l&2 h5ce ! cu/om has be5 to int] suicides 9 out-(-!-way places among ! lonely solitudes ( ! m\nta9s4#bjc ,! practice ( bury+ !m ap>t f o!r dead has be5 v wide-spread 9 ,europe1 & 9 _m cases !re are obvi\s indications t x arose f fe>4#bjd ,9 ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& a suicide 0 buri$ outside a *ur*y>d1 close b5ea? ! wall1 & ! grave 0 m>k$ by a s+le l>ge /one1 or by a small cairn1 to :i* ! pass+ travell] 0 b\nd to ca/ a /one2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ! suicide's body 0 all[$ to re/ 9 ! *ur*y>d1 x 0 laid bel[ ! wall 9 su* a position t no "o c\ld walk ov] ! grave1 z ! p believ$ t if a woman ence9te /epp$ ov] su* a #bef grave1 h] *ild w\ld quit ?is e>? by its own act4#bje ,9 ,engl& p]sons aga9/ :om a coron]'s jury _h f\nd a v]dict ( felo de se 7 buri$ at cross-roads1 ) a /ake driv5 ?r\gh ! body s z to prev5t _! gho/s f walk+4#bjf ,= ! same purpose ! bodies ( #beg suicides 7 9 _m cases burn$4#bjg ,& :5 remov$ f ! h\se :]e ! act _h be5 committ$1 !y 7 commonly c>ri$ out1 n by ! door1 b by a w9d[1#bjh or ?r\gh a p]=ation specially made = ! occasion 9 ! door1#bji or ?r\gh a hole "u ! ?re%old1#baj 9 ord] t ! gho/ %\ld n f9d its way back into ! h\se1 or p]haps ) a view to keep+ ! entrance ( ! h\se free f dang]\s infection4#baa ,footnote #aig3 ,ross1 ',sup]/itions z to bury+ ,suicides 9 ! ,highl&s1' 9 ,celtic ,magaz9e1 xii4 #ced4 ,footnote #aih3 ,s]pillon1 ,code ,crim9el1 ii4 #bbc4 ,cf4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 ',ordonnance crim9elle1' ,a4,d4 #afgj1 xxii4 #a1 9 ,isamb]t1 ,decrusy1 & ,taill&i]1 op4 cit4 xviii4 #dad4 ,footnote #aii3 ,ross1 9 ,celtic ,magaz9e1 xii4 #ceb 7,highl&]s ( ,scotl&74 ,atk9son1 ,=ty ,ye>s 9 a ,moorl& ,p>i%1 p4 #bag4 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 ,wr5d o* ,wird>ne1 i4 #dgb sq4 7,sw$es74 ,all>dt1 ',nylndska folks$] o* bruk1' 9 ,nyl&1 iv4 #aad 7,sw$i% ,f9l&]s74 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 #gef1 p4 #dgd sq4 ,s*iff]1 ',tot5fetis*e bei d5 ,pol51' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #ej 7,pol&]s71 #eb 7,li?uanians74 ,volkov1 ',d] ,selb/mrd] 9 ,li?au51' ibid4 v4 #hg4 von ,wlislocki1 ',tod und ,tot5fetis*e im ,volkglaub5 d] ,sieb5brg] ,sa*s51' ibid4 iv4 #ec4 ,lipp]t1 ,*ri/5?um1 ,volksglaube und ,volksbrau*1 p4 #cia4 ,dy]1 ,! ,gho/ ,_w1 pp4 #ec1 #aea4 ,gaidoz1 ',le suicide1' 9 ,mlus9e1 iv4 #ab4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,s*iff]1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #eb 7,li?uanians74 ,footnote #bja3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ej 7,pol&]s71 #ec 7,li?uanians74 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,magy>51 p4 #fa4 ,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>51 p4 #dee4 ,prexl1 ',geburts- und ,todt5gebru*e d] ,rumn5 9 ,sieb5brg51' 9 ,globus1 lvii4 #cj4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,/rausz1 op4 cit4 p4 #dee 7,bulg>ians74 ,footnote #bjc3 ,ross1 9 ,celtic ,magaz9e1 xii4 #cej sq4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,gaidoz1 9 ,mlus9e1 iv4 #ab4 ,frank1 ,sy/em e9] voll/ndig5 m$ic9is*5 ,polizey1 iv4 #dii4 ,moore1 op4 cit4 i4 #caj 7,danes74 ,s*iff]1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #ej 7,pol&]s71 #ec 7,li?uanians74 ,volkov1 ibid4 v4 #hg 7,li?uanians74 ,/rausz1 op4 cit4 p4 #dee 7,bulg>ians74 ,footnote #bje3 ,gregor1 ,folk-,lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl&1 p4 #bac sq4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 iii4 #aje4 ,atk9son1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 ,?is cu/om 0 =mally aboli%$ 9 #ahbc by #d ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #eb 7,/eph51 op4 cit4 iii4 #aje74 ,:y 7 suicides buri$ at cross-roads8 ,possibly because ! cross 0 suppos$ to disp]se ! evil en]gy ascrib$ to _! bodies4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & ,india ! cross-road has1 s9ce anci5t times1 be5 a fav\rite place to dive/ oneself ( diseases or o!r influ5ces 7,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dib1 #ejh1 #ead1 #ebb1 #ede1 pp4 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cca1 #cda1 #cde1 #cdi1 #cfa4 ,hymns ( ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 pp4 #bgb1 #dgc1 #eai4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #bfg1 #bfh n4 #a74 ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india x is said t a /ud5t :o has brok5 ! v[ ( *a/ity %all (f] an ass to ,nirriti on a cross-road 7,gautama1 xxiii4 #ag71 & t a p]son :o has previ\sly und]gone c]ta9 o!r purification c]emonies is fre$ f all crimes1 ev5 mortal s9s1 aft] look+ on a cross-road at a pot fill$ ) wat]1 & recit+ ! text1 ',simhe me manyuh' 7,baudhyana1 iv4 #g4 #g74 ,9 ! hills ( ,nor!rn ,india & z f> z ,madras1 an approv$ *>m = gett+ rid ( a disease ( demoniacal orig9 is to plant a /ake :]e f\r roads meet1 & to bury gra9s und]nea?1 :i* cr[s dis9t] & eat 7,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #feb1 p4 #ajj2 ,madd51 ',! ,turaee & ,out] ,m\nta9s ( ,kumaoon1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xvii4 pt4 i4 #ehc2 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #bij74 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bihar1 9 cases ( sickness v>i\s articles are expos$ 9 a sauc] at a cross-road 7,gri]son1 ,bihar ,peasant ,life1 p4 #djg74 ,accord+ to a ,bulg>ian tale1 ,lot 0 enjo9$ by ! prie/ to plant on a cross-road ?ree *>r$ twigs 9 ord] to free himself f 8 s9 7,/rausz1 op4 cit4 p4 #aae74 ,! ,gypsies ( ,s]via believe t a ?ief may div]t f himself all suspicions by pa9t+ ) blood a cross & a dot above x on ! spot :]e he committ$ ! !ft 7von ,wlislocki1 ',m5s*5blut im ,glaub5 d] ,zigeun]1' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #fd sq474 ,9 ,morocco ! cross is us$ z a *>m aga9/ ! evil eye1 & ! *ief reason = ?is is1 ,i believe1 t x is reg>d$ z a conductor ( ! baneful en]gy emanat+ f ! eye1 disp]s+ x 9 all ! qu>t]s ( ! w9d & ?us prev5t+ x f injur+ ! p]son or object look$ at 7,we/]m>ck1 ',magic ,orig9 ( ,moori% ,designs1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxiv4 #bad74 ,9 ,japan1 if a crim9al belong+ to "o ( ! l[] classes commits suicide1 8 body is crucifi$ 7,globus1 xviii4 #aig74 ,:51 "u ,t>qu9ius ,priscus 7or ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus71 _m ,romans pref]r$ volunt>y dea? to compulsory lab\r 9 ! cloaca1 or artificial canals by :i* ! sewage 0 c>ri$ into ! ,tib]1 ! k+ ord]$ t _! bodies %\ld be crucifi$ & ab&on$ to birds & bea/s ( prey 7,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 xxxvi4 #bd2 ,s]vius1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,virgilii neidos1 xii4 #fjc74 ,! reason = ?us crucify+ ! bodies ( self-murd]]s is n /at$2 b x is int]e/+ to notice1 9 ?is connection1 ! idea express$ by "s ,*ri/ian writ]s t ! cross ( ! ,savi\r symbolis$ ! di/ribution ( 8 b5ign influ5ce 9 all directions 7d',ancona1 ,orig9i del teatro italiano1 i4 #fdf2 ,taul]1 quot$ by ,peltz]1 ,deuts*e ,my/ik und deuts*e ,kun/1 p4 #aia4 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,dr4 ,yrj ,hirn = draw+ my att5tion to ?is idea74 ,) ref]5ce to p]sons :o _h kill$ a fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 or *ild1 ,plato says 9 8 ',laws' 7ix4 #hgc73--;,if he be convict$1 ! s]vants ( ! judges & ! magi/rates %all slay him at an appo9t$ place )\t ! city :]e ?ree ways meet1 & !re expose 8 body nak$1 & ea* ( ! magi/rates on behalf ( ! :ole city %all take a /one & ca/ x ^u ! head ( ! dead man1 & s deliv] ! city f pollution2 aft] t1 !y %all be> him to ! bord]s ( ! l&1 & ca/ him =? unburi$1 accord+ to law4 ,! duels by :i* ! anci5t ,sw$es 7 legally compell$ to repair _! w\nd$ hon\r 7 to be f\ght on a place :]e ?ree roads met 7,leffl]1 ,om d5 =nsv5ska h$nalag51 p4 #dj sq42 supra1 i4 #ejb74 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries x has be5 ! cu/om to bury ! dead at cross-roads 7,grimm1 ',ueb] das ,v]br5n5 d] ,lei*51' 9 ,kle9]e ,s*rift51 ii4 #bhh 7,bohemians74 ,lipp]t1 ,die ,religion5 d] europis*5 ,culturvlk]1 p4 #caj 7,slavonians72 ,w9t]nitz1 ,das alt9dis*e ,ho*zeitsrituell1 p4 #fh2 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #bfg1 #bfh1 #efb n4 #c7--;a cu/om :i* may h giv5 rise to ! idea t cross-roads are haunt$ 7,w9t]nitz1 op4 cit4 p4 #fh2 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfg sq42 cf4 ,wuttke1 op4 cit4 #ajh1 p4 #hi sq474 ,footnote #bjg3 ,b\rquelot1 loc4 cit4 iv4 #bfc4 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 op4 cit4 i4 #dei2 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #cca 7,sw$es71 von ,wlislocki1 ',tod und ,tot5fetis*e im ,volkglaub5 d] ,sieb5brg] ,sa*s51' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iv4 #ec4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,wuttke1 op4 cit4 #gef1 p4 #dgd2 ,frank1 op4 cit4 iv4 #dih sq42 ,lipp]t1 ,d] ,seel5cult1 p4 #aa 7p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many74 ,s*iff]1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iii4 #ej 7,pol&]s74 ,footnote #bji3 ,b\rquelot1 loc4 cit4 iv4 #bfd 7at ,abbeville74 ,footnote #baj3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #gbf sqq4 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 op4 cit4 i4 #dgb sq4 7,sw$es74 ,footnote #baa3 ,see infra1 on ,reg>d = ! ,dead4 ,contact ) a self-murd]]'s body is consid]$ pollut+ 7,prexl1 ',geburts- und ,todt5gebru*e d] ,rumn5 9 ,sieb5brg51' 9 ,globus1 lvii4 #cj2 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 ,wr5d o* ,wird>ne1 i4 #dei1 #dfj1 & ii4 #dab74 ,we are told t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury p did n d>e to cut d[n a p]son :o _h hang$ himself1 ?\gh he 0 f\nd /ill alive 7,frank1 op4 cit4 iv4 #dii74 ,among ! ,bannavs ( ,cambodia 9999ev]ybody :o takes "p 9 ! burial ( a self-murd]] is oblig$ to und]go a c]ta9 c]emony ( purification1 :]eas no su* c]emony is prescrib$ 9 ! case ( o!r burials 7,mit!il4 d4 ,geogr4 ,ges4 zu ,j5a1 iii4 #i74 ,h[ev]1 side by side ) ! extreme sev5ty ) :i* suicide is view$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 we f9d1 ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 in/ances ( m humane feel+s t[>ds its p]petrator4 ,9 m$ival tales & ballads true lov]s die toge!r & are buri$ 9 ! same grave2 two roses spr+ ?r\gh ! turf & tw9e lov+ly toge!r4#bab ,9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 says ,m4 #beh ,b\rquelot1 on voit qu' mesure qu'on avance1 l'antagonisme devi5t plus prononc entre l'esprit religieux et les ides monda9es relativem5t la mort volontaire4 ,le cl]g cont9ue suivre la r\te qui a t trace p> ,sa9t ,augu/9 et dcl>] le suicide crim9el et impie2 mais la tri/esse et le dsespoir n'ent5d5t pas sa voix1 ne se s\vi5n5t pas de ses prescriptions4#bac ,! revival ( classical le>n+1 accompani$ z x 0 by admiration = antiquity & a desire to imitate its great m51 n only increas$ ! numb] ( suicides1 b influ5c$ popul> s5tim5ts on ! subject4#bad ,ev5 ! ,ca?olic casui/s1 & lat] on philosoph]s ( ! s*ool ( ,grotius & o!rs1 began to di/+ui% c]ta9 cases ( legitimate suicide1 su* z t committ$ to avoid di%on\r or probable s91 or t ( a condemn$ p]son sav+ himself f torture by anticipat+ an inevitable dea?1 or t ( a man (f]+ himself to dea? = ! sake ( 8 fri5d4#bae ,sir ,?omas ,m1 9 8 ,utopia1 p]mits a p]son :o is suff]+ f an incurable & pa9ful disease to take 8 own life1 provid$ t he does s ) ! agreem5t ( ! prie/s & magi/rates2 nay1 he ev5 ma9ta9s t ^! %\ld exhort su* a man to put an end to a life :i* is only a burd5 to himself & o!rs4#baf ,donne1 ! well-kn[n ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 wrote 9 8 y\ng] days a book 9 def5ce ( suicide1 a ,decl>ation1 z he call$ x1 ( t p>adoxe1 or !sis1 t ,self-homicide is n s naturally s91 t x may nev] be o!rwise4 ,he !re po9t$ out ! fact--:i* ought nev] to be ov]look$ by ^? :o d]ive _! argum5ts f nature--t "s ?+s may be natural to ! species1 & yet n natural to e individual memb] ( x4#bag ,9 "o ( 8 essays ,montaigne pictures classical cases ( suicide ) col\rs ( unmi/akable sympa?y4 ,la plus volontaire mort1 he #bei obs]ves1 c'e/ la plus belle4 ,la vie desp5d de la volont d'aultruy2 la mort1 de la no/re4#bah ,! rationalism ( ! eighte5? c5tury l$ to num]\s attacks bo? ^u ! views ( ! ,*ur* & ^u ! laws ( ! ,/ate conc]n+ suicide4 ,montesquieu advocat$ its legitimacy3--,la socit e/ fonde sur un avantage mutuel2 mais lorsqu'elle me devi5t onreuse1 qui m'emp*e d'y r5onc]8 ,la vie m'a t donne comme une faveur2 je puis donc la r5dre lorsqu'elle ne l'e/ plus3 la cause cesse1 l'effet doit donc cess] aussi4#bai ,voltaire /rongly oppos$ ! cruel laws :i* subject$ a suicide's body to outrage & depriv$ 8 *ildr5 ( _! h]itage4#bbj ,if 8 act is a wrong aga9/ society1 :at is to be said ( ! volunt>y homicides committ$ 9 w>1 :i* are p]mitt$ by ! laws ( all c\ntries8 ,are !y n mu* m h>mful to ! human race ?an self-murd]1 :i* nature prev5ts f ev] be+ practis$ by any l>ge numb] ( m58#bba ,becc>ia po9t$ out t ! ,/ate is m wrong$ by ! emigrant ?an by ! suicide1 s9ce ! =m] takes 8 prop]ty ) him1 :]eas ! latt] leaves 8 beh9d4#bbb ,accord+ to ,holba*1 he :o kills himself is guilty ( no outrage on nature or its au?or2 on ! contr>y1 he foll[s an indication giv5 by nature :5 he p>ts f 8 suff]+s ?r\gh ! only door :i* has be5 left op54 ,nor has 8 c\ntry or 8 family any "r to compla9 ( a memb] :om x has no means ( r5d]+ happy1 & f :om x consequ5tly has no?+ m to hope4#bbc ,o!rs eulogis$ suicide :5 committ$ = a noble end1#bbd or recomm5d$ x on c]ta9 occasions4 ,suppose1 says ,hume1 t x is no long] 9 my #bfj p[] to promote ! int]e/ ( society2 suppose t ,i am a bur!n to x2 suppose t my life h9d]s "s p]son f be+ mu* m useful to society4 ,9 su* cases my resignation ( life mu/ n only be innoc5t b laudable4#bbe ,hume also attacks ! doctr9e t suicide is a transgression ( our duty to ,god4 ,if x w\ld be no crime 9 me to div]t ! ,nile f its c\rse1 7 ,i able to d s1 h[ c\ld x be a crime to turn a few ounces ( blood f _! natural *annel8 ,7 ! disposal ( human life s mu* res]v$ z ! peculi> prov9ce ( ! ,almighty t x 7 an encroa*m5t on 8 "r = m5 to dispose ( _! own lives1 w\ld x n be equally wrong ( !m to l5g!n out _! lives beyond ! p]iod :i* by ! g5]al laws ( nature he _h assign$ to x8 ,my dea?1 h[ev] volunt>y1 does n happ5 )\t ! cons5t ( ,provid5ce2 :5 ,i fall ^u my own sword1 ,i receive my dea? equally f ! h&s ( ! ,deity z if x _h proce$$ f a lion1 a precipice1 or a fev]4#bbf ,footnote #bab3 ,see ,b\rquelot1 loc4 cit4 iv4 #bdh2 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #bac3 ,b\rquelot1 loc4 cit4 iv4 #bec4 ,footnote #bad3 ,ibid4 iv4 #dfd4 ,morselli1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #bae3 ,buonaf$e1 op4 cit4 p4 #adh sqq4 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ee4 ,footnote #baf3 ,m1 ,utopia1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #bag3 ,donne1 ,bia?anatos1 p4 #de4 ,donne's book 0 fir/ committ$ to ! press 9 #afdd1 by 8 son4 ,footnote #bah3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ii4 #c 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #ahg74 ,footnote #bai3 ,montesquieu1 ,lettres ,p]sanes1 #gf 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #ec74 ,footnote #bbj3 ,voltaire1 ,comm5taire sur le livre ,des dlits et des pe9es1 #ai 7,,oeuvres compltes1 v4 #daf74 ,idem1 ,prix de la ju/ice et de l'humanit1 #e 7ibid4 v4 #dbd74 ,footnote #bba3 ,idem1 ,note to ,olympie acte v4 scne #g 7,,oeuvres compltes1 i4 #hbf1 n4 b74 ,idem1 ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 art4 ,suicide 7ibid4 viii4 #bcf74 ,footnote #bbb3 ,becc>ia1 ,dei delitti e delle p5e1 #ce 7,op]e1 i4 #aja74 ,footnote #bbc3 ,holba*1 ,sy/me de la nature1 i4 #cfi4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is 0 done by ,fries1 ,neue od] an?ropologis*e ,kritik d] ,v]nunft1 iii4 #aig4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,hume1 ',suicide1'9 ,philosophical ,works1 iv4 #dac4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,ibid4 p4 #djg sqq4 ,?us ! ma9 argum5ts aga9/ suicide :i* _h be5 set =? by pagan philosoph]s & ,*ri/ian !ologians 7 scrut9is$ & f\nd unsatisfactory or at lea/ insuffici5t to ju/ify t sev]e & :olesale c5sure :i* 0 pass$ on x by ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate4 ,b a doctr9e :i* has = ages be5 inculcat$ by ! lead+ au?orities on morals is n easily ov]?r[n2 & :5 ! old argum5ts are f\nd fault ) new ones are inv5t$4 ,kant ma9ta9$ t a p]son :o disposes ( 8 own life degrades ! humanity subsi/+ 9 8 p]son & entru/$ to him to ! end t he might uphold x4#bbg ,fi*te argu$ t x is our duty to pres]ve our life & to w to live1 n = ! sake ( life1 b because our life is ! exclusive condition ( ! realisation ( ! moral law ?r\gh u4#bbh ,accord+ to ,hegel x is a contradiction to speak ( a p]son's "r ov] 8 life1 s9ce ?is w\ld #bfa imply a "r ( a p]son ov] himself1 & no "o c /& above & execute himself4#bbi ,paley1 aga91 fe>$ t if religion & morality all[$ u to kill ourselves 9 any case1 mank9d w\ld h to live 9 cont9ual al>m = ! fate ( _! fri5ds & de>e/ relations#bcj--;j z if !re 7 a v /rong temptation = m5 to %ort5 _! lives4 ,b common s5se is nei!r a metaphysician nor a sophi/4 ,:5 n re/ra9$ by ! yoke ( a n>r[ !ology1 x is incl9$ 9 mo/ cases to reg>d ! self-murd]] z a prop] object ( compassion r ?an ( condemnation1 & 9 "s in/ances to admire him z a h]o4 ,! legislation on ! subject !re=e *ang$ z soon z ! religi\s influ5ce 0 weak5$4 ,! laws aga9/ suicide 7 aboli%$ 9 ,france by ! ,revolution1#bca & aft]w>ds 9 v>i\s o!r cont95tal c\ntries2#bcb :il/ 9 ,engl& x became ! cu/om ( jurym5 to presume abs5ce ( a s\nd m9d 9 ! self-murd]]--p]jury1 z ,b5?am said1 be+ ! p5ance :i* prev5t$ an outrage on humanity4#bcc ,^! measures und\bt$ly indicate n only a great] reg>d = ! innoc5t relatives ( ! self-murd]]1 b also a *ange 9 ! moral ideas conc]n+ ! act itself99994 ,footnote #bbg3 ,kant1 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangungsgrnde d] ,tug5dlehre1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,fi*te1 ,das ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 p4 #cci sqq4 ,see also ibid4 pp4 #cfj1 #cia4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,hegel1 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 #gj1 ,zusatz1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,paley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 iv4 #c 7,complete ,works1 ii4 #bcj74 ,footnote #bca3 ,legoyt1 op4 cit4 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,b\rquelot1 loc4 cit4 iv4 #dge4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law1 ii4 #d4 #d 7,works1 i4 #dgi sq474 ,z appe>s f ?is survey ( facts1 ! moral valuation ( suicide v>ies to an extreme degree4 ,x dep5ds p>tly on ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! act is committ$1 p>tly on ! po9t ( view f :i* x is reg>d$ & ! notions held ab\t ! future life4 ,:5 a p]son sacrifices 8 life = ! b5efit ( a fell[-man or = ! sake ( 8 c\ntry or to gratify ! suppos$ desire ( a god1 8 de$ may be an object ( ! highe/ praise4 ,x may1 fur!r1 call =? approval or admiration z indicat+ a ke5 s5se ( hon\r or z a te/ ( c\rage2 9 ,japan1 says ,pr(essor ,*amb]la91 ! c\rage to take #bfb life--be x "o's own or t ( o!rs--ranks extraord9>ily high 9 public e/eem4#bcd ,9 o!r cases suicide is reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce z an act :i* conc]ns ! ag5t alone4 ,b = v>i\s reasons x is also apt to give rise to moral disapproval4 ,! injury :i* ! p]son committ+ x inflicts ^u himself may excite sympa!tic res5tm5t t[>ds him2 he may be look$ ^u z injur] & injur$ at ! same "t4 ,plato asks 9 8 ',laws'3--,:at ought he to suff] :o murd]s 8 ne>e/ & s-call$ de>e/ fri5d8 ,i mean1 he :o kills himself4#bce ,& ! same po9t ( view is conspicu\s 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's argum5t1 t ! m innoc5t ! self-murd]] 0 be=e he committ$ 8 de$ ! great] is 8 guilt 9 tak+ 8 life#bcf--;an argum5t ( p>ticul> =ce 9 connection ) a !ology :i* condemns suicides to ev]la/+ torm5ts & :i* reg>ds x z a man's fir/ duty to save 8 s\l4 ,! condemnation ( kill+ o!rs may by an association ( ideas lead to a condemnation ( kill+ "o's self1#bcg z is sugge/$ by ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e t suicide is prohibit$ 9 ! comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n kill4 ,! horror :i* ! act inspires1 ! fe> ( ! malignant gho/1 & ! defil+ effect attribut$ to ! %$d+ ( blood1 also t5d to make suicide an object ( moral reprobation or to increase ! disapproval ( x2#bch & ! same is ! case ) ! exceptional treatm5t to :i* ! self-murd]]'s body is subject & 8 suppos$ annihilation or mis]able exi/5ce aft] dea?1 :i* easily come to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a puni%m5t4#bci ,suicide is1 moreov]1 blam$ z an act ( moral c[>dice1#bdj &1 especially1 z an injury inflict$ ^u o!r p]sons1 to :om ! ag5t #bfc ow$ duties f :i* he )drew by %ort5+ 8 life4#bda ,ev5 among savages we meet ) ! notion t a p]son is n entitl$ to treat himself j z he pleases4 ,among ! ,goajiro ,indians ( ,colombia1 if anybody accid5tally cuts himself1 say ) 8 own knife1 or breaks a limb1 or o!rwise does himself an injury1 8 family on ! "m's side imm$iately dem&s blood-money1 s9ce1 be+ ( _! blood1 he is n all[$ to spill x )\t pay+ = x2 ! fa!r's relatives dem& te>-money1 & fri5ds pres5t claim comp5sation to repay _! sorr[ at see+ a fri5d 9 pa94#bdb ,t a simil> view is sometimes tak5 by savages ) reg>d to suicide appe>s f a few /atem5ts quot$ above4#bdc ,! op9ion t suicide is an (f5ce aga9/ society at l>ge is p>ticul>ly likely to prevail 9 communities :]e ! int]e/s ( ! individual are consid]$ entirely subord9ate to ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! religi\s argum5t1 aga91 t suicide is a s9 aga9/ ! ,creator1 an illegitimate int]f]5ce ) 8 "w & decrees1 comes to prom95ce 9 proportion z ! moral consci\sness is influ5c$ by !ological consid]ations4 ,9 ,europe ?is influ5ce is c]ta9ly becom+ less & less4 ,& consid]+ t ! religi\s view ( suicide has be5 ! *ief cause ( ! extreme sev]ity ) :i* x has be5 treat$ 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 ,i am unable to subscribe to ! op9ion express$ by ,pr(essor ,durkheim1 t ! m l5i5t judgm5t pass$ on x by ! public consci5ce ( ! pres5t "t is m]ely accid5tal & transi5t4 ,! argum5t adduc$ 9 support ( ?is op9ion leaves out ( acc\nt ! real causes to :i* ! valuation ( suicide is due3 x is said t ! moral evolution is n likely to be retrogressive 9 ?is p>ticul> po9t aft] x has foll[$ #bfd a c]ta9 c\rse = c5turies4#bdd ,x is true t moral progress has a t5d5cy to increase our s5se ( duty t[>ds our fell[-m54 ,b at ! same "t x also makes u m consid]ate z reg>ds ! motives ( conduct2 &--n to speak ( suicides committ$ = ! b5efit ( o!rs--! despair ( ! self-murd]] w l>gely s]ve z a palliation ( ! wrong :i* he may possibly inflict ^u 8 neighb\r4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,*amb]la91 ,?+s ,japanese1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #bce3 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgc4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 i4 #ag4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,see ,simmel1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft1 i4 #ahg4 ,footnote #bch3 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #cgg4 ,footnote #bci3 ,see supra1 ii4 #bcg sqq42 ,josephus1 ,de bello ,judaico1 iii4 #h4 #e2 ,plato1 ,leges1 ix4 #hgc2 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 v4 #aa4 #b sq4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,hegel1 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 #gj1 ,zusatz1 p4 #gb2 ,f[l]1 ,progressive ,morality1 p4 #aea2 c4 ,footnote #bda3 ,engli% lawy]s h repres5t$ suicide z an (f5ce bo? aga9/ ,god & aga9/ ! sov]eign1 :o has an int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( all 8 subjects 7,pl[d51 ,comm5t>ies1 i4 #bfa2 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #aij4 ,cf4 ,ives1 op4 cit4 p4 #dj sq474 ,footnote #bdb3 ,simons1 ',exploration ( ! ,goajira ,p59sula1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s]4 vii4 #gij4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,supra1 ii4 #bdj sq4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,durkheim1 ,le suicide1 p4 #cgg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,self-,,reg>d+ ,,duties ,,& ,,virtues--,,indu/ry--,,re/ ,,accord+ to curr5t ideas m5 owe to !mselves a v>iety ( duties simil> 9 k9d to ^? :i* !y owe to _! fell[-creatures4 ,!y are n only =bidd5 to take _! own lives1 b are also 9 "s measure consid]$ to be "u an obligation to support _! exi/5ce1 to take c>e ( _! bodies1 to pres]ve a c]ta9 am\nt ( p]sonal fre$om1 n to wa/e _! prop]ty1 to exhibit self-respect1 &1 9 g5]al1 to promote _! own happ9ess4 ,& closely relat$ to ^! self-reg>d+ duties !re are self-reg>d+ virtues1 su* z dilig5ce1 ?rift1 temp]ance4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! moral judgm5t is greatly influ5c$ by ! "q :e!r ! act1 =be>ance1 or omission1 :i* increases ! p]son's own welf>e1 conflicts or n ) ! int]e/s ( o!r p4 ,if x does conflict1 op9ions v>y z to ! degree ( selfi%ness :i* is recognis$ z all[able4 ,b judgm5ts conta9+ moral praise or ! inculcation ( duty are mo/ commonly pass$ ^u conduct :i* involves "s degree ( self-sacrifice1 n on su* z involves self-indulg5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! duties :i* we owe to ourselves are g5]ally mu* less emphasis$ ?an ^? :i* we owe to o!rs4 ,nature1 says ,butl]1 has n giv5 u s s5sible a disapprobation ( imprud5ce & folly1 ei!r 9 ourselves or o!rs1 z ( falsehood1 inju/ice1 & #bff cruelty4#a ,nor does a prud5tial virtue receive ! same praise z "o spr++ f a desire to promote ! happ9ess ( a fell[-man4 ,_m morali/s ev5 ma9ta9 t1 prop]ly speak+1 !re are no self-reg>d+ duties & virtues at all2 t useful action :i* is useful to ourselves alone is n matt] = moral notice2 t 9 e case duties t[>ds "o's self may be r$uc$ into duties t[>ds o!rs2 t intemp]ance & extravagant luxury1 = in/ance1 are blamable only because !y t5d to ! public detrim5t1 & t prud5ce is a virtue only 9 s f> z x is employ$ 9 promot+ public int]e/4#b ,b ?is op9ion is h>dly 9 agreem5t ) ! ord9>y moral consci\sness4 ,footnote #a3 ,butl]1 ',diss]tation on ! ,nature ( ,virtue1' 9 ,analogy ( ,religion1 c4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #b3 ,hut*eson1 ,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue1 pp4 #acc1 #bja4 ,grote1 ,treatise on ! ,moral ,ideals1 p4 #gg sqq4 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 pp4 #bih1 #cce4 von ,jh]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 ii4 #bbe4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t no mode ( conduct is exclusively self-reg>d+4 ,no man is an entirely isolat$ be+1 h5ce any?+ :i* imm$iately affects a p]son's own welf>e affects at ! same "t1 9 "s degree1 ! welf>e ( o!r individuals4 ,x is also true t ! moral ideas conc]n+ su* conduct z is call$ self-reg>d+ are m or less influ5c$ by consid]ations z to its be>+ ^u o!rs4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! only factor :i* det]m9es ! judgm5t pass$ on x4 ,9 ! education ( *ildr5 v>i\s modes ( self-reg>d+ conduct are /r5u\sly insi/$ ^u by p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,:at !y c5sure or puni% is reg>d$ z wrong1 :at !y praise or rew>d is reg>d$ z good2 =1 z we h notic$ above1 m5 h a t5d5cy to sympa?ise ) ! retributive emotions ( p]sons = :om !y feel reg>d4#c ,moreov]1 z 9 ! case ( suicide1#d s also 9 o!r in/ances ( self-inflict$ h>m1 ! injury committ$ may excite sympa!tic res5tm5t t[>ds ! ag5t1 al?\gh ! victim ( x is 8 own self4 ,dis9t]e/$ likes or dislikes (t5 give rise to moral #bfg approval or disapproval ( conduct :i* is ess5tially self-reg>d+4#e ,x has also be5 argu$ t no man has a "r to trifle ) 8 own well-be+ ev5 :]e o!r p]sons int]e/s are n visibly affect$ by x1 = ! reason t he is n entitl$ wantonly to wa/e :at is n at 8 unconditional disposal4#f ,& 9 v>i\s o!r ways--z w be se5 directly--religi\s1 z well z magical1 ideas h influ5c$ moral op9ions relat+ to self-reg>d+ conduct4 ,b at ! same "t x is n difficult to see :y self-reg>d+ duties & virtues only occupy a subord9ate place 9 our moral consci\sness4 ,! influ5ce !y ex]cise ^u o!r p]sons' welf>e is g5]ally too remote to attract mu* att5tion4 ,9 education !re is no ne$ to emphasise any o!r self-reg>d+ duties & virtues b ^? :i*1 = ! sake ( ! individual's g5]al welf>e1 require "s sacrifice ( 8 imm$iate com=t or happ9ess4 ,! compassion :i* we are apt to feel = ! victim ( an injury is naturally less5$ by ! fact t x is self-inflict$4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 indignation aga9/ ! (f5d] is dis>m$ by pity1 imprud5ce commonly c>ry+ its own puni%m5t along ) x4#g ,footnote #c3 ,supra1 i4 #aad sq4 ,footnote #d3 ,supra1 ii4 #bfb4 ,footnote #e3 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #aaf sq4 ,footnote #f3 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ii4 #abf4 ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 ,butl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cci sq42 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s ( ,man1 ii4 #cdf sq4 ,be+ s little notic$ by cu/om & public op9ion1 & /ill less by law1 mo/ self-reg>d+ duties h>dly admit ( a detail$ treatm5t4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be said t progress 9 intellectual culture has1 9 "s respects1 be5 fav\rable to _! evolution2 ,d>w9 ev5 ma9ta9s t1 ) a few exceptions1 self-reg>d+ virtues are n e/eem$ by savages4#h ,! less develop$ ! intellect1 ! less apt x is to recognise ! remot] consequ5ces ( m5's behavi\r2 h5ce m reflection ?an t ex]cis$ by ! savage may be ne$$ to see t modes ( conduct :i* imm$iately conc]n a p]son's own welf>e at ! same "t affect ! well-be+ #bfh ( 8 neighb\rs or ! :ole community ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,s also1 ow+ to 8 want ( =esight1 ! savage w\ld (t5 fail to notice h[ important x may be to subject "o's self to "s tempor>y deprivation or discom=t 9 ord] to atta9 great] happ9ess 9 ! future4 ,we h notic$ above t _m savages h>dly ev] correct _! *ildr51#i & ?is means t "o ( ! *ief s\rces f :i* ! notions ( self-reg>d+ duties spr+ is almo/ abs5t among !m4 ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ also be rememb]$ t dis9t]e/$ antipa?ies1 ano!r cause ( su* notions1 ex]cise m influ5ce ^u ! unreflect+ ?an ^u ! reflect+ moral consci\sness1 & t _m magical & religi\s ideas :i* at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation give rise to duties ( a self-reg>d+ "* are no long] held by p m advanc$ 9 culture4 ,footnote #h3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aah sq4 ,footnote #i3 ,supra1 i4 #eac sq4 ,^! g5]al /atem5ts ref]r+ to ! nature & orig9 ( self-reg>d+ duties & virtues ,i %all n[ illu/rate by a %ort survey ( moral ideas conc]n+ "s repres5tative modes ( self-reg>d+ conduct3--indu/ry & re/2 temp]ance1 fa/+1 & ab/95ce f c]ta9 k9ds ( food & dr9k2 cleanl9ess & uncleanl9ess2 & ascetic practices g5]ally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,man is naturally incl9$ to idl5ess1 n because he is av]se f muscul> activity z su*1 b because he dislikes ! monotony ( regul> lab\r & ! m5tal ex]tion x implies4#aj ,9 g5]al he is induc$ to "w only by "s special motive :i* makes him ?9k ! tr\ble wor? 8 :ile4 ,among savages1 :o h little c>e = ! morr[1#aa :o h few com=ts ( life to provide =1 & ^: prop]ty is (t5 ( su* a k9d z to prev5t any great accumulation ( x1 almo/ ! sole inducem5t to indu/ry is ei!r necessity or compulsion4 ,m5 are lazy or indu/ri\s accord+ z ! necess>ies ( life are easy #bfi or difficult to procure1 & !y pref] be+ idle if !y c compel o!r p]sons to "w = !m z _! s]vants or slaves4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cf4 ,f]r]o1 ',les =mes primitives du travail1' 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 s]4 iv4 vol4 v4 #cca sqq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,bue*]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,volkswirts*aft1 p4 #ba sqq4 ,au/ralian natives c ex]t !mselves vigor\sly :5 hunt+ or fi%+ or fight+ or danc+1 or at any "t :5 !re is a prospect ( an imm$iate rew>d2 b prolong$ lab\r ) ! object ( secur+ ultimate ga9 is di/a/eful to !m4#ab ,) ref]5ce to ! ,polynesians ,mr4 ,hale obs]ves t 9 ^? isl&s :i* are situat$ ne>e/ ! equator1 :]e ! heat ) little or no aid f human lab\r calls into exi/5ce fruits s]v+ to support human life1 ! inhabitants are an indol5t & li/less race2 :il/ a sev]] clime & rud] soil are fav\rable to indu/ry1 =esight1 & a h>dy temp]am5t4 ,^! opposite effects are manife/$ 9 ! ,samoans1 ,nukahivans1 & ,tahitians1 on ! "o side1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s & ,new ,zeal&]s on ! o!r4#ac ,mr4 ,yate likewise contra/s ! indu/ry ( ! ,maoris ) ! prov]bial idl5ess ( ! ,tonga ,isl&]s3 ! =m] are oblig$ to "w1 if !y w\ld eat1 :]eas 9 ! luxuri\s climate ( ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 !re is sc>cely any ne$ ( lab\r1 to obta9 ! necess>ies1 & ev5 _m ( ! luxuries1 ( life4#ad ,! ,malays are describ$ z fond ( a life ( slo?ful ease1 because p]sev]+ toil is unnecess>y1 or w\ld br+ !m no additional enjoym5ts4#ae ,! natives ( ,sumatra1 says ,m>sd51 are c>eless & improvid5t ( ! future1 because _! wants are few2 = ?\gh poor #bgj !y are n necessit\s1 nature supply+1 ) extraord9>y facility1 :atev] %e has made requisite = _! exi/5ce4#af ,! ,toda ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills w n "w "o iota m ?an circum/ances compel him to d2#ag & indol5ce seems to be a *>act]i/ic ( mo/ peoples ( ,india1#ah ?\gh !re are exceptions to ! rule4#ai ,burckh>dt obs]ves t x is n ! s\!rn sun1 z ,montesquieu imag9$1 b ! luxuriance ( ! s\!rn soil & ! abundance ( provisions t relax ! ex]tions ( ! inhabitants & cause apa?y3--,by ! f]tility ( ,egypt1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,india1 :i* yield _! produce almo/ spontane\sly1 ! p are lull$ into indol5ce2 :ile 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries1 ( a temp]ature equally w>m1 z among ! m\nta9s ( ,yem5 & ,syria1 :]e h>d lab\r is necess>y to ensure a good h>ve/1 we f9d a race z sup]ior 9 indu/ry to ! =m] z ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,europe are to ^? ( ,spa9 or ,italy4#bj ,indol5ce is a common1#ba ?\gh n univ]sal1#bb trait ( ! ,african "*4 ,( ! ,negroes on ! ,gold ,coa/ ,bosman says t no?+ #bga b ! utmo/ necessity c =ce !m to lab\r4#bc ,! ,wag&a are repres5t$ z excessively indol5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ease ) :i* !y c obta9 all ! necess>ies ( life4#bd ,( ! ,namaquas we are told t !y may be se5 bask+ 9 ! sun = days toge!r1 9 li/less inactivity1 frequ5tly almo/ p]i%+ f ?ir/ or hung]1 :5 ) v little ex]tion !y may h x 9 _! p[] to satisfy ! crav+s ( nature4 ,if urg$ to "w1 !y h be5 he>d to say3 ',:y %\ld we resemble ! worms ( ! gr\nd8'#be ,mo/ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians are said to h a slo?ful disposition1 because !y c procure a livelihood ) b little lab\r4#bf ,b ! case is diff]5t ) ! ,gre5l&]s & o!r ,eskimo1 :o h to /ruggle h>d = _! exi/5ce4#bg ,footnote #ab3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #bi sq4 ,see also ibid4 ii4 #bdh2 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #fja2 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bei sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,hale1 ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #ag4 ,see also ,williams1 ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #ecd 7,samoans72 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #acj sq4 7,tahitians72 ,br5*ley1 ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 p4 #eh 7natives ( ,tutuila72 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #bhg 7"s ,m>quesas ,isl&]s72 ,&]son1 ,notes ( ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia1 p4 #bcf 7,new ,cal$onians72 ,p5ny1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,melanesia1 p4 #gd 7,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #ad3 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,mc,nair1 ,p]ak & ! ,malays1 p4 #bja4 ,bock1 ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #bge4 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 i4 #bea4 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ii4 #cbc4 ,footnote #af3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bji4 ,see also ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 pp4 #gf1 #hg 7,bataks74 ,footnote #ag3 ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #hh4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #hf2 ,%ortt1 ',hill ,tribes ( ! ,neilgh]ries1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 vii4 #bda2 ,mantegazza1 ',/udii sull' etnologia dell' ,india1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiii4 #djf4 ,footnote #ah3 ,coop]1 ,mi%mee ,hills1 p4 #ajj 7,assamese74 ,tickell1 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 #hjh 7,hos74 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #eg 7,jyntias & ,kasias71 #aja 7,lep*as74 ,burton1 ,s9dh1 p4 #bhd4 ,moorcr(t & ,trebeck1 ,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces ( ,h9du/an1 i4 #cba 7,ladakhis74 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,man1 ,son?alia1 p4 #ai4 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #aeb 7,bd & ,dhimls74 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #ha 7,k&hs74 ,footnote #bj3 ,burckh>dt1 ,arabic ,prov]bs1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #ba3 ,beltrame1 ,il ,snna>1 i4 #aff4 ,tuckey1 ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #cfi4 ,john/on1 ,! ,riv] ,congo1 p4 #djb 7,bakongo74 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #he 7,abaka ,negroes74 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 ii4 #caj 7,g[ane p74 ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 ii4 #if 7,wanika74 ,bonfanti1 ',l'incivilim5to dei negri nell' ,africa int]tropicale1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xv4 #acc 7,bantu74 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bca 7,h]]o74 ,magy>1 ,reis5 9 ,sd-,afrika1 p4 #bij 7,kimbunda74 ,kropf1 ,das ,volk d] ,xosa-,kaff]n1 p4 #hi4 ,tyl]1 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus1 p4 #aid4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #adj4 ,%aw1 ',betsileo ,c\ntry & ,p1' 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual1 iii4 #ha4 ,footnote #bb3 ,bak]1 ,ismaila1 p4 #ef 7,%illuk74 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #bdd 7,wap>e74 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #cah 7,negroes ( ,fida74 ,&]sson1 ,notes on ,travel 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #bce 7,ovambo74 ,see also infra1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #bd3 ,wilson & ,felk91 op4 cit4 i4 #bbe4 ,footnote #be3 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #cce4 ,see also ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good-,hope1 i4 #df1 #cbd2 ,b>r[1 ,travels into ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #aeb2 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cbd 7,hott5tots74 ,footnote #bf3 ,bridges1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,firel&]s1' 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjc 7,fuegians74 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #aea2 b he praises ! ,abiponian wom5 = _! unwe>i$ indu/ry 7ibid4 ii4 #aea sq474 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cdc2 ,kirke1 ,tw5ty-five ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #aej4 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #aij4 ,burton1 ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 p4 #abf 7,si\x74 ,h>mon1 ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #bhe 7,tacullies74 ,me>es1 ,voyages to ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica1 p4 #bfe 7,nootkas74 ,footnote #bg3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #abf4 ,arm/rong1 ,n>rative ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #aif 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,we h se5 t savages consid] x a duty = a m>ri$ man to support 8 family1#bh & ?is 9 mo/ cases implies t he is "u an obligation to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w4 ,we h also se5 t ! v>i\s occupations ( life are divid$ betwe5 ! sexes accord+ to rules fix$ by cu/om1#bi & ?is means t absolute idl5ess is n g5]ally tol]at$ 9 ei!r m5 or wom51 ?\gh ! drudg]ies ( life are (t5 impos$ ^u ! latt]4 ,( "s uncivilis$ peoples we are directly told t !y enjo9 "w z a duty or reg>d indu/ry z a virtue4 ,! ,gre5l&]s e/eem addiction to lab\r z ! *ief ( virtues & believe t ! indu/ri\s man #bgb w h a v happy exi/5ce aft] dea?4#cj ,! ,atkha ,aleuts prohibit$ laz9ess4#ca ,mr4 ,bat*elor relates an ,a9u fable :i* enc\rages dilig5ce & disc\rages idl5ess 9 "y p4#cb ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma h a traditional precept :i* runs1 ,be n idle1 b lab\r dilig5tly1 t y may n become slaves4#cc ,! ,maoris say1 ,let indu/ry be rew>d$1 le/ idl5ess gets ! advantage4#cd ,! ,malagasy likewise inculcate indu/ry 9 _m ( _! prov]bs4#ce ,! ,basutos h a say+ t p]sev]ance always triumphs4#cf ,among ! ,ba*ap9s1 a ,be*uana tribe conspicu\s = its activity1 a man's m]it is e/imat$ pr9cipally by 8 indu/ry1 & ! words mn7on7a us9a*7a 7an indu/ri\s man7 are an expression ( high approbation & praise2 :ile he :o is seldom se5 to hunt1 to prep>e sk9s = clo?+1 or to sew koboes1 is acc\nt$ a wor?less & disgraceful memb] ( society4#cg ,among ! ,b5i ,m'zab 9 ! ,sah>a--an indu/ri\s p inhabit+ a /]ile c\ntry--boys are already at ! age ( six ye>s compell$ by law to beg9 to "w1 ei!r 9 driv+ a camel or ass1 or 9 draw+ wat] = ! g>d5s4#ch ,we may expect to f9d indu/ry especially insi/$ ^u by uncivilis$ peoples :o are habitually addict$ to x1 p>tly because x is a necessity among !m1 p>tly ow+ to ! influ5ce ( habit4 ,footnote #bh3 ,supra1 i4 #ebf sqq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,supra1 i4 #fcd sqq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ca3 ,yak(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #cc3 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #cd3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #bic4 ,see also ,john/on1 ,maoria1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ce3 ,clemes1 ',malagasy ,prov]bs1' 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual1 iv4 #bi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #cg3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #eeg4 ,footnote #ch3 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,great ,sah>a1 p4 #bjg sq4 ,b in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z a duty1 indu/rial activity is n infrequ5tly look$ d[n ^u z disreputable = a free man4 ,?is is especially ! case among w>like nations1 nomadic tribes1 & peoples :o h _m slaves4 ,9 ,ug&a1 = in/ance1 ! preval5ce ( slav]y causes all manual lab\r to be look$ ^u z d]ogatory to ! dignity ( a free man4#ci ,! #bgc ,masai#dj & ,matabele#da consid] t ! only occupation :i* becomes a man is w>f>e4 ,! ,arabs ( ! des]t hold lab\r humiliat+ to anybody b a slave4#db ,speak+ ( ! ,turkomans1 ,vmbry obs]ves t 9 8 dome/ic circle1 ! nomad pres5ts u a picture ( ! mo/ absolute indol5ce4 ,9 8 eyes x is ! greate/ %ame = a man to apply 8 h& to any dome/ic occupation4#dc ,! ,*ippewas h ev] look$ ^u agricultural & me*anical lab\rs z degrad+1 & h reg>d$ ! use ( ! b[ & arr[1 ! w>-club & spe>1 z ! noble/ employm5ts ( man4#dd ,among ! ,iroquois ! w>rior despis$ ! toil ( husb&ry1 & held all lab\r b5ea? him4#de ,?\gh an indu/ri\s race1 ! ,maoris consid]$ x m hon\rable1 z well z m desirable1 to acquire prop]ty by w> & plund] ?an by lab\r4#df ,among ! ,l9e ,isl&]s x is undignifi$ = a l&hold] to d "w ( any k9d1 except to make weapons1 h5ce he employs p]sons ( ! l[] class to "w = him4#dg ,9 ,nukahiva ! p ( di/9ction suff] ! nails on ! f+]s to gr[ v long1 t x may be evid5t !y are n accu/om$ to h>d lab\r4#dh ,?is contempt = indu/rial activity is easy to expla94 ,a man :o e>ns 8 livelihood by lab\r is consid]$ to be lack+ 9 ^? qualities :i* are alone admir$--c\rage & /r5g?2--or "w is associat$ ) ! idea ( s]vile subjection4 ,x is also univ]sally held degrad+ = a man to engage 9 any occupation :i* belongs to ! wom54#di ,?us among hunt+ & pa/oral peoples x w\ld be q out ( place = him to supply ! h\sehold ) vegetable food4#ej ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 agriculture became an #bgd indisp5sable means to ma9t5ance ( life x at ! same "t became respectable4 ,b trade 0 scorn$1 probably1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] sugge/s1 because x 0 c>ri$ on *iefly by unsettl$ p]sons1 :o 7 deta*$1 untru/wor?y memb]s ( a community 9 :i* mo/ m5 _h fix$ positions4#ea ,! ,k&hs consid] x b5ea? _! dignity to b>t] or traffic1 & 4 4 4 4 reg>d z base & plebeian all :o are n ei!r w>riors or till]s ( ! soil4#eb ,! ,javans h a contempt = trade1 & ^? ( high] rank e/eem x disgraceful to be engag$ 9 x2 b ! common p are ev] ready to engage 9 ! lab\rs ( agriculture1 & ! *iefs to hon\r & enc\rage agricultural indu/ry4#ec ,footnote #ci3 ,wilson & ,felk91 op4 cit4 i4 #ahf4 ,footnote #dj3 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #da3 ,holub1 ',die ,ma-,atabele1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 xxv4 #aih4 ,footnote #db3 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah ,meccah1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #dc3 ,vmbry1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives ( ,aborig9al ,k1 v4 #aej4 ,footnote #de3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #df3 ,trav]s1 ',life & ,times ( ,te ,raup>aha1' 9 ,trans4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/4 v4 #bi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,tutuila1 ',l9e ,isl&]s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bff4 ,footnote #dh3 von ,langsdorf1 ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 #agd4 ,footnote #di3 ,supra1 i4 #fcf sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,supra1 i4 #fcd4 ,footnote #ea3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #dbi4 ,footnote #eb3 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ec3 ,raffles1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdf sq4 ,progress 9 civilisation implies an increase ( indu/ry4 ,bo? ! necessities & ! com=ts ( life gr[ m num]\s2 h5ce m lab\r is requir$ to provide = !m1 & at ! same "t !re is m inducem5t to accumulate weal?4 ,! advantages1 bo? private & public1 accru+ f dilig5ce are m cle>ly recognis$1 & ! gov]nm5t1 9 p>ticul>1 is anxi\s t ! p %\ld "w s z to be able to pay _! taxes4 ,all ?is leads to condemnation ( idl5ess & approbation ( indu/ry2 & ! influ5ce ( habit mu/ op]ate 9 ! same direction among a nation ^: indu/rial prop5sities h be5 ! cause ( its civilisation4 ,b 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate w> is /ill reg>d$ z a nobl] occupation ?an lab\r2 & :il/ agriculture is held 9 hon\r1 trade & h&icraft are frequ5tly despis$4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ! ,p]uvian ,incas !re 0 a law t no "o %\ld be idle4 ,*ildr5 ( five ye>s old 7 employ$ at v light "w1 suitable to _! age4 ,ev5 ! bl9d & lame1 if !y _h no o!r infirmity1 7 provid$ ) c]ta9 k9ds ( "w4 ,! re/ ( ! p1 :ile !y 7 heal?y1 7 occupi$ ea* at 8 own lab\r1 & x 0 a mo/ infam\s & degrad+ #bge ?+ among ^! p to be *a/is$ 9 public = idl5ess4#ed ,if any ( !m 0 slo?ful1 or slept 9 ! day1 he 0 :ipp$ or _h to c>ry ! /one4#ee ,! reason = ^! measures 0 t ! :ole duty ( defray+ ! exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t belong$ to ! p1 & t1 )\t money & ) little prop]ty1 !y paid _! taxes 9 lab\r2 h5ce to be idle 01 9 a mann]1 to rob ! ex*equ]4#ef ,footnote #ed3 ,blas ,val]a1 quot$ by ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 ii4 #cd4 ,see also ibid4 ii4 #ad2 ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 ii4 #dac4 ,footnote #ee3 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #cci4 ,footnote #ef3 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 i4 #eg4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,zoroa/rianism is its appreciation ( lab\r4#eg ,! fai?ful man mu/ be vigilant1 al]t1 & active2 sleep itself is m]ely a concession to ! demons1 & %\ld !re=e be kept )9 ! limits ( necessity4#eh ,! lazy man is ! mo/ unwor?y ( m51 because he eats 8 food ?r\gh impropriety & inju/ice4#ei ,& ( all k9ds ( lab\r ! mo/ necess>y is husb&ry4#fj ,man has be5 plac$ ^u e>? to pres]ve ,ahura ,mazda's good creation1 & ?is c only be done by c>eful till+ ( ! soil1 eradication ( ?orns & we$s1 & reclamation ( ! tracks ov] :i* ,angra ,ma9yu has spread ! curse ( b>r5ness4 ,zoroa/] ask$1 ,:at is ! food t fills ! ,religion ( ,mazda8 & ,ahura ,mazda answ]$1 ,x is s[+ corn aga9 & aga91 ,o ,spitama ,z>a?u/ra6 ,he :o s[s corn s[s righte\sness4#fa ,accord+ to ,x5ophon1 ! k+ ( ! ,p]sians consid]$ ! art ( agriculture & t ( w> to be ! mo/ hon\rable & necess>y occupations1 & paid ! greate/ att5tion to bo?4#fb ,he appo9t$ (fic]s to ov]look ! till]s ( ! gr\nd1 z well z to collect tribute f !m2 = ^? :o #bgf cultivate ! gr\nd ineffici5tly w nei!r ma9ta9 ! g>risons1 nor be able to pay _! tribute4#fc ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxvii42 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 #gj2 ,rawl9son1 ,religions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 p4 #ajh2 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 ii4 #bi1 xxxvi4 #ae1 xxxvii4 #ad1 c4 ,footnote #eh3 ,v5ddd1 xviii4 #af4 ,footnote #ei3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxi4 #bg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,v5ddd1 iii4 #bc sqq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid4 iii4 #cj sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,x5ophon1 ,,oeconomicus1 iv4 #d1 #h sqq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,x5ophon1 ,,oeconomicus1 iv4 #i1 #aa4 ,9 8 description ( anci5t ,egypt ,h]odotus tells u t "o ( its k+s made a law to ! effect t e ,egyptian %\ld annually decl>e to ! gov]nor ( 8 di/rict by :at means he ma9ta9$ himself1 & t1 if he fail$ to d ?is1 or did n %[ t he liv$ by hone/ means1 he %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?4#fd ,:e!r ?is /atem5t be correct or n1#fe x seems c]ta9 t ! ,egyptians 7 anxi\s to enc\rage indu/ry4#ff ,an o/racon :i* has (t5 be5 quot$ conta9s ! maxim1 ,d n sp>e ?y body :il/ ?\ art "y1 = food come? by ! arms & provisions by ! legs4#fg ,footnote #fd3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #agg4 ,cf4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 i4 #gg4 #e4 ,footnote #fe3 ,cf4 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #fje4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,aml9eau1 ,essai sur l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte ,anci5ne1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #fg3 ,g>d9]1 ',egyptian ,e?ics1' 9 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 v4 #dhd4 ,a law aga9/ idl5ess resembl+ t :i* is report$ to h exi/$ 9 ,egypt 0 e/abli%$ at ,a!ns1 accord+ to "s writ]s by ,draco or ,pisi/ratus1#fh accord+ to o!rs by ,solon1 :o is said to h borr[$ x f ! ,egyptians4#fi ,plut>* /ates t1 z ! city 0 fill$ ) p]sons :o assembl$ f all p>ts on acc\nt ( ! great security :i* prevail$ 9 ,attica & ! c\ntry )al 0 poor & b>r51 ,solon turn$ ! att5tion ( ! citiz5s to manufactures4 ,= ?is purpose he ord]$ t trades %\ld be acc\nt$ hon\rable1 t ! c\ncil ( ! ,areopagus %\ld exam9e into e man's means ( subsi/+ & *a/ise ! idle1 & t no son %\ld be oblig$ to ma9ta9 8 fa!r if ! fa!r _h n taught him a trade4#gj ,?ucydides puts ! foll[+ words 9 ! m\? ( ,p]icles3--,to av[ pov]ty ) u is no disgrace2 ! true disgrace is 9 do+ no?+ to avoid x4 ,an ,a!nian citiz5 does n neglect ! ,/ate because he takes c>e ( 8 own h\sehold2#bgg & ev5 ^? ( u :o are engag$ 9 bus9ess h a v fair idea ( politics4#ga ,9 ,x5ophon's ',memorabilia' ,socrates recomm5ds indu/ry z a means ( support+ life1 ( ma9ta9+ ! heal? & /r5g? ( ! body1 ( promot+ temp]ance & hone/y4#gb ,accord+ to ,plato idl5ess is ! "m ( wantonness1 :]eas by lab\r ! alim5t ( passion is div]t$ into o!r p>ts ( ! body4#gc ,agriculture 0 highly prais$4 ,x is ! be/ ( all ! occupations & arts by :i* m5 procure ! means ( liv+4#gd ,:]e x fl\ri%es all o!r pursuits are 9 full vig\r1 b :5 ! gr\nd is all[$ to lie b>r5 o!r occupations are almo/ /opp$4#ge ,x is an ex]cise = ! body1 & /r5g!ns x = dis*>g+ ! duties t become a man ( hon\rable bir?4#gf ,x requires p to accu/om !mselves to endure ! colds ( w9t] & ! heats ( summ]4#gg ,x r5d]s !m fit = runn+1 ?r[+1 leap+4#gh ,x gives !m ! greate/ gratification = _! lab\r1 x is ! mo/ attractive ( all employm5ts4#gi ,x receives /rang]s ) ! ri*e/ hospitality4#hj ,x (f]s ! mo/ pleas+ fir/-fruits to ! gods1 & ! ri*e/ banquets on fe/ival days4#ha ,x tea*es m5 ju/ice1 = x is ^? :o treat ! e>? be/ t %e recomp5ses ) ! mo/ num]\s b5efits4#hb ,x in/ructs p to assi/ "o ano!r1 = x _c be conduct$ )\t ! aid ( o!r m54#hc ,x does n give su* con/ant occupation to a p]son's m9d z to prev5t him f att5d+ to ! int]e/s ( 8 fri5ds or 8 native l&4#hd ,! possession ( an e/ate /imulates m5 to def5d _! c\ntry 9 arms4#he ,9 %ort1 agriculture r5d]s citiz5s mo/ useful1 mo/ virtu\s1 & be/ affect$ t[>ds ! commonweal?4#hf ,footnote #fh3 ,pollux1 ,onoma/icum1 viii4 #db4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vit philosophorum1 i4 #ee4 ,plut>*1 ,solon1 xxxi4 #f4 ,footnote #fi3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #agg4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #gg4 #e4 ,footnote #gj3 ,plut>*1 ,solon1 xxii4 #a1 #c sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,?ucydides1 ,hi/oria belli ,peloponnesiaci1 ii4 #dj4 #a sq4 ,footnote #gb3 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia1 ii4 #g4 #g sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,plato1 ,leges1 viii4 #hce1 #hda4 ,footnote #gd3 ,x5ophon1 ,,oeconomicus1 vi4 #h4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ibid4 v4 #ag4 ,footnote #gf3 ,ibid4 v4 #a2 vi4 #i4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ibid4 v4 #d4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid4 v4 #h4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ibid4 v4 #h1 #aa4 ,footnote #hj3 ,ibid4 v4 #h4 ,footnote #ha3 ,ibid4 v4 #aj4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ibid4 v4 #ab4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ibid4 v4 #ad4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ibid4 vi4 #i4 ,footnote #he3 ,ibid4 v4 #g4 ,footnote #hf3 ,ibid4 vi4 #aj4 #bgh ,! argum5tative mann] 9 :i* ^! views 7 express$ by ! philosoph]s indicates1 h[ev]1 t indu/rial occupations 7 defici5t 9 public appreciation4#hg ,h]odotus says t n only among mo/ b>b>ians b also ?r\gh\t ,greece ^? :o are giv5 :olly to w> are hon\r$ above o!rs4#hh ,?is 0 especially ! case at ,sp>ta1 :]e a freeman 0 =bidd5 to engage 9 any indu/rial occupation4#hi ,contra/+ ,lycurgus' legislation ) t ( ,solon1 ,plut>* obs]ves t 9 a /ate :]e ! e>? 0 suffici5t to support twice ! numb] ( inhabitants & :]e !re 7 a multitude ( ,helots to be worn out by s]vitude1 x 0 "r to set ! citiz5s free f labori\s & me*anic arts & to employ !m 9 arms z ! only art fit = !m to le>n & ex]cise4#ij ,at ,!bes !re 0 a law t no man c\ld hold (fice :o _h n retir$ f bus9ess = t5 ye>s1 because x 0 look$ ^u z a mean employm5t4#ia ,ev5 at ,a!ns1 9 spite ( its democratic in/itutions & its laws aga9/ idl5ess1 trade & h&icrafts 7 despis$1 bo? by ! g5]al public & by ! philosoph]s4 ,x5ophon's ,socrates said t ! indu/rial arts are objectionable & ju/ly held 9 little repute 9 communities1 because !y weak5 ! bodies ( ^? :o "w at !m by compell+ !m to sit & to live indoors & 9 "s cases to pass :ole days by ! fire2 = :5 ! body becomes effem9ate ! m9d loses its /r5g?4#ib ,moreov]1 me*anical occupations leave ^? :o practise !m no leisure to att5d to ! int]e/s ( _! fri5ds or ! commonweal?1 h5ce m5 ( t class seem unsuit$ alike to be ( advantage to _! connections & to be def5d]s ( _! c\ntry4#ic ,plato ma9ta9s t manual arts are a reproa* because !y imply a natural weakness ( ! high] pr9ciple2#id by #bgi _! meanness !y maim & disfigure ! s\ls z well z ! bodies ( ^? :o are employ$ 9 !m4#ie ,:5 ,hesiod said t "w is no disgrace1#if he c\ld c]ta9ly n h meant t !re 0 no disgrace = example 9 ! manufacture ( %oes or 9 sell+ pickles4#ig ,& 9 8 ',laws' ,plato lays d[n ! regulation t no citiz5 or s]vant ( a citiz5 %\ld be occupi$ 9 h&icraft arts2 = he :o is to secure & pres]ve ! public ord] ( ! ,/ate has an art :i* requires mu* /udy & _m k9ds ( k1 & does n admit ( be+ made a second>y occupation4#ih ,ari/otle1 aga91 obs]ves t 9 a community :i* has an ari/ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t ! me*anic & ! lab\r] w n be citiz5s1 because hon\rs are !re giv5 accord+ to virtue & m]it1 & no man c practise virtue :o is liv+ ! life ( a me*anic or lab\r]4#ii ,cor9? 0 ! place 9 ,greece :]e ! me*anic's occupation 0 lea/ despis$#ajj--no d\bt because its situation naturally l$ to ext5sive trade & !nce to t spl5d\r ( liv+ by :i* ! useful & ornam5tal arts are mo/ enc\rag$4#aja ,footnote #hg3 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #dce sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #afg4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibid4 ii4 #afg4 ,x5ophon1 ,lac$moniorum respublica1 vii4 #b4 ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 xxiv4 #b4 ,idem1 ,agesilaus1 xxvi4 #f4 ,aelian1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 vi4 #f4 ,footnote #ij3 ,plut>*1 ,solon1 xxii4 #b4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 iii4 #e4 #g1 p4 #abgh a2 vi4 #g4 #d1 p4 #acba a4 ,footnote #ib3 ,x5ophon1 ,,oeconomicus1 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #ic3 ,ibid4 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #id3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 ix4 #eij4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ibid4 vi4 #die4 ,footnote #if3 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #caa4 ,footnote #ig3 ,plato1 ,*>mides1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ih3 ,idem1 ,leges1 viii4 #hdf4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 iii4 #e4 #e1 p4 #abgh a4 ,see also ibid4 vi4 #d4 #ab1 p4 #acai a2 vii4 #h4 #c1 p4 #acbh b2 viii4 #b4 #d sq4 p4 #accg b4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #afg4 ,footnote #aja3 ,see ,rawl9son's note 9 8 translation ( ,h]odotus1 ii4 #beb1 n4 #g4 ,! ,roman views on ! subject 7 v simil> to ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,) reg>d to :at arts & means ( acquir+ weal? are to be reg>d$ z wor?y & :at disreputable1 says ,cic]o1 we h be5 taught z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^? s\rces ( emolum5t :i* incur public hatr$1 su* z ^? ( tax-ga!r]s & usur]s1 are condemn$4 ,we are likewise to acc\nt z mean ! ga9s ( hir$ workm51 ^: s\rce ( pr(it is n _! art b _! lab\r2 = _! v wages are ! consid]ation ( _! s]vitude4 ,we are fur!r to despise all :o retail f m]*ants goods = prompt sale2 = !y nev] c succe$ unless !y lie mo/ abom9ably1 #bhj & no?+ is m disgraceful ?an ins9c]ity4 ,all me*anical lab\r]s are by _! pr(ession mean2 = a work%op c conta9 no?+ befitt+ a g5tleman4 ,lea/ ( all are ^? trades to be approv$ t s]ve ! purposes ( s5suality1 su* z ! occupations ( but*]s1 cooks1 & fi%]m54 ,b ^? pr(essions t involve a high] degree ( intellig5ce or a great] am\nt ( utility1 su* z m$ic9e1 ar*itecture1 & ! tea*+ ( ! lib]al arts1 are hon\rable 9 ^? to ^: rank 9 life !y are suit$4 ,z to m]*&is+1 if on a small scale x is mean1 b if x is ext5sive & ri*1 if x br+s num]\s commodities f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & gives bread to a multitude ( p )\t fraud1 x is n s despicable4 ,h[ev]1 if a m]*ant1 satisfi$ ) 8 pr(its1 /eps f ! h>b\r into an e/ate1 su* a man seems mo/ ju/ly des]v+ ( praise4 ,= ( all ga9ful pr(essions no?+ is bett]1 no?+ is m pleas+ & m delightful1 no?+ is m befitt+ a well-br$ man ?an agriculture4#ajb ,footnote #ajb3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #db4 ,see also ,idem1 ,cato ,major1 *4 #ae sqq4 ,! contempt 9 :i* manual lab\r 0 held by ! anci5t pagans c\ld h>dly be %>$ by e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ _h be5 born 9 a c>p5t]'s family1 8 apo/les belong$ to ! work+ class1 & s did orig9ally mo/ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,orig5 accepts ) pride ! reproa* ( ,celsus1 :5 he accuses ,*ri/ians ( wor%ipp+ ! son ( a poor workwoman1 :o _h e>n$ h] bread by sp9n+1#ajc & contra/s ) ! wisdom ( ,plato t ( ,paul1 ! t5t-mak]1 ( ,pet]1 ! fi%]man1 ( ,john1 :o _h ab&on$ 8 fa!r's nets4#ajd ,/4 ,paul presses on ! ,!ssalonians ! duty ( p]sonal indu/ry2 if any "o w\ld n "w1 nei!r %\ld he eat4#aje ,b at ! same "t ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n consi/5t ) mu* anxiety ab\t e>?ly matt]s4 ,! aim ( a true disciple ( ,*ri/ 0 n to prosp] 9 ! _w b #bha to seek ! k+dom ( ,god1 n to lay up = himself treasures ^u e>? b to lay up = himself treasures 9 heav54#ajf ,pov]ty became an ideal1 9 con=mity ) bo? ! example & tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 associat$ ) godl9ess1 :il/ weal? 0 associat$ ) godlessness4#ajg ,! love ( money1 says ,/4 ,paul1 is ! root ( all evil2#ajh & ! same idea 0 ov] & aga9 express$ by ,*ri/ian morali/s4#aji ,9 ! orig9al s9less /ate ( mank9d prop]ty 0 unkn[n1 & s 0 lab\r4 ,x 0 to puni% man = 8 disob$i5ce t ,god caus$ him to eat daily bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 face4#aaj ,s9ce !n "w is a necessity2 b ! contemplative life is bett] ?an ! active life4#aaa ,bonav5tura po9ts out t ,jesus pref]r$ ! m$itat+ ,m>y to ! busy ,m>?a1#aab & t he himself seems to h done no "w till 8 ?irtie? ye>4#aac ,"w is ( no value by itself2 its highe/ object is to fur!r contemplation1 to mac]ate ! body1 to curb concupisc5ce4#aad ,= ?is purpose1 inde$1 x 0 /rongly insi/$ ^u by sev]al f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,b5$ict1 idl5ess is an enemy to ! s\l2 & h5ce at c]ta9 seasons ! bre?r5 ought to occupy !mselves 9 ! lab\r ( _! h&s1 & at o!rs 9 holy read+4#aae ,/4 ,b]n>d writes3--,! h&maid ( ,*ri/ ought always to pray1 to read1 to "w1 le/ haply ! _s ( uncleanness %\ld lead a/ray ! slo?ful m9d4 ,! delight ( ! fle% is ov]come by lab\r4 4 4 4 ,! body tir$ by "w is less delight$ ) vice4#aaf ,b ! active life mu/ n be pursu$ to su* an ext5t z to h9d] :at x is int5d$ to promote2 #bhb = x is impossible = any man to be at once occupi$ ) ext]ior actions & at ! same "t apply himself to div9e contemplation4#aag ,& :il/ he :o has no?+ else to live ^u is b\nd to "w1 x is a s9 to try to acquire ri*es beyond ! limit :i* necessity has fix$4#aah ,footnote #ajc3 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 i4 #bh sq4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xi4 #gad sq474 ,footnote #ajd3 ,ibid4 vi4 #g 7,migne1 ,s]4 ,gr4 xi4 #abih sq474 ,footnote #aje3 #a ,!ssalonians1 iv4 #aa2 #b ,!ssalonians1 iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,/4 ,luke1 xii4 #bb sqq4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 vi4 #ai sq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,/4 ,luke1 xvi4 #ai sqq4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xix4 #bd4 ,footnote #ajh3 #a ,timo?y1 vi4 #aj4 ,footnote #aji3 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #dih sqq4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #ahf4 #c4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,g5esis1 iii4 #ai4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #ahb4 #a sq4 von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #dhh sqq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,bonav5tura1 ,m$itationes vit ,*ri/i1 *4 #de 7,op]a1 xii4 #deb74 ,footnote #aac3 ,ibid4 *4 #ae 7,op]a1 xii4 #dje74 ,footnote #aad3 ,guigo1 ,epi/ola ad ,fratres de ,monte-,dei1 i4 #h 79 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,op]a omnia1 ii4 #bad73--,non spiritualia ex]citia sunt propt] corporalia1 s$ corporalia propt] spiritualia4 von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #dia sqq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ,regula ,mona*orum1 #dh4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,de modo b5e viv5di1 *4 #ea 7,op]a omnia1 ii4 #hhc sq474 ,footnote #aag3 ,speculum ,mona*orum1 9 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,op]a omnia1 ii4 #hah4 von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #did sq4 ,cf4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #ahb4 #c4 ,footnote #aah3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #ahg4 #c2 #aah4 #a4 ,?is doctr9e 0 m or less realis$ 9 ! mona/ic life1 b 0 h>dly held applicable to laym54 ,! m$ival b>on & knight resembl$ ! ,teutonic w>rior describ$ by ,tacitus1 :o reg>d$ x z a dull & /upid ?+ to accumulate pa9fully by ! sweat ( ! br[ :at might be won by a little blood4#aai ,9 ,engl&1 aft] ! ,conque/1 ! ari/ocracy 9 g5]al liv$ a life ( idl5ess b indulg$ eag]ly 9 hunt+1 & its memb]s cont9ually salli$ =? 9 p>ties to plund]4#abj ,= a long "t ! l[] classes1 con/itut+ ! mass ( society1 exi/$ only = ! b5efit ( ! upp] class4 ,x 0 consid]$ hon\rable to live 9 slo? support$ by ! ex]tions ( o!rs1 x 0 held degrad+ to dep5d on ! ga9s ( indu/ry4 ,! degradation really atta*$ to ! ga9s ( lab\r r ?an lab\r itself2 = lab\r ceas$ to be degrad+ if n prosecut$ = ga94 ,l\is ,,xvi4 may make locks1 ! ladies ( 8 c\rt may make butt] & *eese1 provid$ x is only = amusem5t4 ,"l ,rosse may build a telescope z an amateur 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce1 & /ill be noble4 ,b if ! locks1 ! butt]1 or ! telescope are sold1 ! mak]s are degrad$ to ! level ( ! tradesman4#aba ,h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] obs]ves1 trade1 :ile at fir/ relatively uness5tial 7s9ce ess5tial ?+s 7 mo/ly made at home7 & consequ5tly lack+ ! sanction ( necessity & ( ance/ral cu/om1 ceas$ to be despis$ :5 x grew 9 importance4#abb ,among ourselves ! respect 9 :i* a c]ta9 occupation is held is #bhc l>gely det]m9$ by ! degree ( m5tal p[] impli$ 9 x2 h5ce manual lab\r1 & especially unskill$ lab\r1 is /ill 9 "s degree look$ d[n ^u4 ,b we d n reg>d z di%on\rable any k9d ( "w :i* is n oppos$ to ! ord9>y rules ( morality4 ,we di/+ui% m cle>ly ?an ! anci5ts did betwe5 social & moral inf]iority4 ,our moral judgm5ts are less influ5c$ by class antipa?ies4 ,we recognise t a high /&>d ( duty is compatible ev5 ) ! humble/ /ation 9 life4 ,& :5 we duly reflect ^u ! matt]1 we admit t ! moral value ( indu/ry dep5ds1 n on ! occupation 9 :i* x is display$1 b on ! purpose ( ! lab\r]4 ,footnote #aai3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #ad4 ,footnote #abj3 ,wright1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,h>ris1 ',! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,labor1' 9 ,new ,engl&]1 xxiv4 #bde4 ,footnote #abb3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #dbi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ?\gh indu/ry is applaud$ or insi/$ on1 re/ is also 9 c]ta9 circum/ances reg>d$ z a duty4 ,by do+ too mu* "w a p]son may injure himself & indirectly o!r p]sons z well4 ,9 e>ly society !re is little inducem5t to ov]work1 b ! case is v diff]5t 9 mod]n civilisation4 ,?is acc\nts = ! p]si/5ce & g5]al popul>ity ( an in/itution :i* orig9ally sprang f q diff]5t s\rces1 namely1 ! ,sunday re/4 ,among v>i\s peoples x is ! cu/om to ab/a9 f "w1 or f "s special k9d ( "w1 on c]ta9 occasions or days :i* are reg>d$ z defil+ or inauspici\s4 ,"w is (t5 susp5d$ aft] a dea?1 p>tly p]haps because inactivity is a natural accompanim5t ( sorr[1#abc or because a m\rn] is suppos$ to be 9 a delicate /ate requir+ re/1#abd b *iefly1 ,i presume1 f fe> le/ ! "w done %\ld be contam9at$ by ! pollution ( dea?4 ,among ! ,arabs ( ,morocco no "w mu/ be p]=m$ 9 ! village till ! dead is buri$4 ,9 ,gre5l& ev]yone :o _h liv$ 9 ! same h\se ) ! deceas$ 0 oblig$ to be idle = a c]ta9 p]iod1 accord+ to ! directions ( ! prie/s or wiz>ds4#abe ,among ! ,eskimo ( ,behr+ ,/rait none ( ! relatives ( ! dead mu/ d any "w dur+ ! "t 9 :i* ! %ade is #bhd believ$ to rema9 ) ! body1 t is1 = f\r or five days4#abf ,among ! ,sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida ! relatives rema9$ at home & refra9$ f "w dur+ ! day ( ! burial & = ?ree days !reaft]1 :5 ! dead 0 suppos$ to /ay 9 8 grave4#abg ,! ,k> ,nicob>ese ab/a9 f "w z a sign ( m\rn+4#abh ,9 ,samoa all lab\r 0 susp5d$ 9 ! settlem5t on ! dea? ( a *ief4#abi ,s also ! ,basutos d no "w on ! day :5 an influ5tial p]son dies4 ,!y1 moreov]1 refra9 f go+ to _! fields1 or ha/5 to leave !m1 at ! approa* ( cl\ds :i* give promise ( ra91 9 ord] quietly to await ! desir$ b5$iction1 fe>+ to di/urb ,nature 9 h] op]ations4 ,?is idea is c>ri$ to su* an ext5t1 t mo/ ( ! natives believe t1 if !y ob/9ately p]si/ 9 _! lab\r at su* a mom5t1 ! cl\ds are irritat$ & retire1 or s5d hail in/ead ( ra94 ,days ( sacrifice1 or great purification1 are also holidays4 ,h5ce x is t ! law relative to ! repose ( ! sev5? day1 s f> f f9d+ any objection 9 ! m9ds ( ! natives1 appe>s to !m v natural1 & p]haps ev5 m fundam5tal1 ?an x seems to c]ta9 ,*ri/ians4#acj ,footnote #abc3 ,cf4 infra1 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #abd3 ,cf4 infra1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #abe3 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #adi sq4 ,footnote #abf3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #cai4 ,footnote #abg3 ,maccauley1 ',sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 v4 #eb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #abi3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bbi4 ,idem1 ,samoa1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #acj3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bfj sq4 ,*anges 9 ! moon are frequ5tly consid]$ unfav\rable = "w4 ,among ! ,be*uanas1 :5 ! new moon appe>s1 all mu/ cease f "w1 & keep :at is call$ 9 ,engl& a holiday4#aca ,! p ( ,!rmia1 9 ! ,cyclades1 ma9ta9 t all "w1 s f> z possible1 %\ld be susp5d$ on ! days imm$iately prec$+ ! full moon4#acb ,9 ! ,vi%nu ,purana x is said t "o :o att5ds to secul> affairs on ! days ( ! full or new moon goes to ! ,rudhirndha hell1 ^: wells are blood4#acc ,9 ,nor!rn ,india x is consid]$ bad to und]take any bus9ess ( importance at ! new moon #bhe or at an eclipse4#acd ,accord+ to ! ',laws ( ,manu1' a ,brhmana is n all[$ to /udy on ! new-moon day1 nor on ! f\rte5? & ! eigh? days ( ea* half-mon?1 nor on ! full-moon day4 ,x is said t ! new-moon day de/roys ! tea*]1 ! f\rte5? day ! pupil1 ! eigh? & ! full-moon days de/roy all remembrance ( ! ,v$a2 let him !re=e avoid read+ on ^? days4#ace ,! ,buddhi/s h _! ,sabba?1 or ,uposa?a1 :i* occurs f\r times 9 ! mon?1 namely1 on ! day ( full moon1 on ! day :5 !re is no moon1 & on ! two days :i* are eigh? f ! full & new moon4 ,on ^! days sell+ & buy+1 "w & bus9ess1 hunt+ & fi%+1 are =bidd51 & all s*ools & law-c\rts are clos$4#acf ,9 ,a%antee & neighb\r+ di/ricts1 :]e ! p reckon "t by moons1 !re is a weekly feti%-day or sabba?1 :i* seems to be ( native orig94 ,9 all ! c\ntries along ! coa/1 ! regul> feti%-day is ,tuesday1 ! day :i* is obs]v$ by ! k+ ( ,a%antee4 ,o!r days 9 ! week are held sacr$ 9 ! bu%4 ,on ?is weekly sabba?1 or feti%-day1 ! p g5]ally dress !mselves 9 :ite g>m5ts1 & m>k _! faces1 & sometimes _! arms1 ) :ite clay4 ,!y also re/ f lab\r4 ,! fi%]m5 w\ld expect1 t 7 !y to g out on t day1 ! feti% w\ld be angry1 & spoil _! fi%+4#acg ,! natives ( ,coomassie1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 h a law accord+ to :i* no agricultural "w may be done on a ,?ursday4#ach ,9 ,hawaii1 :]e ea* mon? conta9$ ?irty nights & ! diff]5t days & nights d]iv$ _! names f ! v>y+ aspects ( ! moon accord+ to h] age1 !re 7 dur+ e mon? f\r p]iods la/+ f two to f\r nights 9 :i* ! nights 7 consecrat$ or made taboo4 ,s also !re 7 taboo$ seasons on c]ta9 o!r #bhf occasions1 z :5 a high *ief 0 ill1 or prep>ations 7 made = w>1 or on ! approa* ( important religi\s c]emonies4 ,^! taboos 7 ei!r common or /rict4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] m5 7 only requir$ to ab/a9 f _! common pursuits & to att5d pray]s morn+ & ev5+1 :]eas :5 ! season ( /rict taboo 0 9 =ce a g5]al gloom & sil5ce p]vad$ ! :ole di/rict or isl&4 ,n a fire or light 0 to be se51 or canoe laun*$2 none ba!d2 ! m\?s ( dogs 7 ti$ up1 & f[ls put "u calaba%es1 or _! heads envelop$ 9 clo?2 = no noise ( man or animal mu/ be he>d4 ,no p]sons1 except+ ^? :o (ficiat$ at ! temple1 7 all[$ to leave ! %elt] ( _! ro(s4 ,7 b "o ( ^! rules brok51 ! taboo w\ld fail & ! gods be displeas$4#aci ,footnote #aca3 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bje4 ,footnote #acb3 ,b5t1 ,cyclades1 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #acc3 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #acd3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #bc4 ,footnote #ace3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #aac sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,*ild]s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,pali ,language1 p4 #ece4 ,k]n1 ,d] ,buddhismus1 ii4 #beh4 ,footnote #acg3 ,bee*am1 ,a%antee1 p4 #ahe sq4 ,cf4 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aca 7,gold ,coa/ natives74 ,footnote #ach3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #aci3 ,j>ves1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 pp4 #dj1 #bh4 ,! ^w tapua'i means to ab/a9 f all "w1 games1 c4 7,trege>1 ,maori-,polynesian ,diction>y1 p4 #dgb74 ,! peoples ( ,semitic /ock or ) ,semitic culture also h _! taboo$ days4 ,9 ,morocco "w1 or c]ta9 k9ds ( "w1 are avoid$ on holy days or 9 holy p]iods1 z be+ unsuccessful or1 9 "s cases1 ev5 dang]\s to him :o p]=ms x2 !re is a say+ t "w at a fea/ are l ! /ab ( a dagg]4 ,nobody likes to />t on a j\rney on a ,friday be=e ! midday pray] has be5 said1 & x is consid]$ bad to comm5ce any "w on t day4#adj ,i 0 also told t clo!s w n rema9 clean if !y are wa%$ on a ,saturday4 ,among ! mod]n ,egyptians ,saturday is held to be ! mo/ un=tunate ( days1 & p>ticul>ly unfav\rable = %av+1 cutt+ ! nails1 & />t+ on a j\rney4#ada ,at ,kheyb>1 9 ,arabia1 aga91 ,sunday is consid]$ an unlucky day = beg9n+ any k9d ( "w4#adb ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,jewi% ,sabba? orig9at$ 9 ! belief t x 0 inauspici\s or dang]\s to "w on ! sev5? day1 & t ! reason = ?is belief 0 ! my/ic connection :i* 9 #bhg ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 z ( s _m o!r peoples1 exi/$ betwe5 human activity & ! *anges 9 ! moon4#adc ,x has be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$ t ! ,sabba? orig9ally dep5d$ ^u ! new moon1 & ?is c>ries ) x ! assumption t ! ,hebrews mu/ at "o "t h obs]v$ a ,sabba? at int]vals ( sev5 days correspond+ ) ! moon's phases4#add ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! new moon & ,sabba? are repeat$ly m5tion$ side by side2#ade ?us ! oppressors ( ! poor are repres5t$ z say+1 ,:5 w ! new moon be gone1 t we may sell corn8 & ! ,sabba?1 t we may set =? :eat8#adf ,among mod]n ,jews1 at ! fea/ ( ! ,new ,moon1 :i* is held e mon? on ! fir/ or on ! fir/ & second days ( ! mon?1 ! wom5 are oblig$ to susp5d all s]vile "w1 ?\gh ! m5 are n requir$ to int]rupt _! secul> employm5ts4#adg ,t ! sup]/iti\s fe> ( do+ "w on ! sev5? day develop$ into a religi\s prohibition1 is only ano!r in/ance ( a t5d5cy :i* we h notic$ (t5 be=e--! t5d5cy ( magic =ces to be trans=m$ into div9e volitions4#adh ,l ! anci5t ,hebrews1 ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians look$ ^u ! sev5? day z an evil day2 & ?\gh !y d n seem g5]ally to h ab/a9$ f "w on t day1 !re 7 v>i\s royal taboos connect$ ) x4 ,! #bhh ,k+ 0 n to %[ himself 9 8 *>iot1 n to hold c\rt1 n to br+ sacrifices1 n to *ange 8 clo!s1 n to eat a good d9n]1 & n ev5 to curse 8 enemies4#adi ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess 7,b>aka71 p4 #adj sqq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #adb3 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ii4 #aig sq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,see ,ja/r[1 ',orig9al ,"* ( ! ,hebrew ,sabba?1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 ii4 #cba sqq4 ,footnote #add3 ,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #aab sqq4 ,ja/r[1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #cad1 #cbg4 ,footnote #ade3 #b ,k+s1 iv4 #bc4 ,isaiah1 i4 #ac4 ,hosea1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #adf3 ,amos1 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #adg3 ,all51 ,mod]n ,judaism1 p4 #cij sq4 ,footnote #adh3 ,pr(4 ,ja/r[ seems to h fail$ to see ?is :5 he says 7loc4 cit4 p4 #cbc7 t if ! ,sabba? 0 orig9ally an 'unfav\rable' day on :i* "o mu/ avoid %[+ "o's self be=e ,yahwe1 x w\ld naturally be reg>d$ z dang]\s to provoke 8 ang] by endeav\r+ to secure on t day p]sonal b5efits ?r\gh ! usual =ms ( activity4 ,wellhaus51 aga91 sugge/s 7op4 cit4 p4 #aad7 t ! re/ on ! ,sabba? 0 orig9ally ! consequ5ce ( t day be+ ! fe/al & sacrificial day ( ! week1 & only gradually became its ess5tial attribute on acc\nt ( ! regul>ity ) :i* x e eigh? day int]rupt$ ! r\nd ( ev]yday "w4 ,he argues t ! ,sabba? z a day ( re/ _c be v primitive1 because su* a day presupposes agriculture & a tol]ably h>d-press$ work+-day life4 ,b ?is argum5t appe>s v futile :5 we consid] h[ commonly *anges 9 ! moon are believ$ to ex]cise an unfav\rable influ5ce ^u "w ( any k9d4 ,see infra1 ,additional ,notes4 ,footnote #adi3 ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1 p4 #eib sq4 ,hirs*feld1 ',rem>ks on ! ,etymology ( v,sabb7a?1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 #ahif1 p4 #ceh4 ,ja/r[1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #cbj1 #cbh4 ,! ,jewi% ,sabba? 0 aboli%$ by ,*ri/4 ,! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 & n man = ! ,sabba?2#aej ,my fa!r worke? on x hi!rto1 & ,i "w4#aea ,jewi% conv]ts no d\bt cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,sabba?1 b ?is met ) disapproval4 ,9 "o ( ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius we f9d ! exhortation n to sabbatise1 :i* 0 exp&$ by ! subsequ5t p>aphras] ( ^! compositions into a w>n+ aga9/ keep+ ! ,sabba?1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,jews1 z if delight+ 9 idl5ess4#aeb ,& 9 ! f\r? c5tury a ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* enact$ t ! ,*ri/ians ought n to judaise1 & re/ on ! ,sabba?1 b ought to "w on t day4#aec ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 f e>ly times a recognis$ cu/om among ! ,*ri/ians to celebrate ! fir/ day ( ! week 9 memory ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 by hold+ a =m ( religi\s s]vice2 b !re 0 no sabbatic reg>d = x1 & x 0 *iefly look$ ^u z a day ( rejoic+4#aed ,t]tullian is ! fir/ writ] :o speaks ( ab/95ce f secul> c>e & lab\r on ,sunday z a duty incumb5t ^u ,*ri/ians1 le/ !y %\ld give place to ! devil4#aee ,b x is extremely d\btful :e!r ! e>lie/ ,sunday law really _h a ,*ri/ian orig94 ,9 #cba ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e issu$ an edict to ! effect t all judges & all city p & tradesm5 %\ld re/ on ! v5]able ,day ( ! ,sun1 :]eas ^? liv+ 9 ! c\ntry %\ld h full lib]ty to att5d to ! culture ( _! fields1 s9ce x frequ5tly happ5s #bhi t no o!r day is s fit = ! s[+ ( gra9 or ! plant+ ( v9es4#aef ,9 ?is rescript no?+ is said ( any relation to ,*ri/ianity1 nor d we "k t x 9 any way 0 due to ,*ri/ian influ5ce4#aeg ,x seems t ,con/ant9e1 9 8 capacity ( ,pontifex ,maximus1 only add$ ! day ( ! sun--^: wor%ip 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! new paganism--to ^? inauspici\s days1 religiosi dies1 :i* ! ,romans ( old reg>d$ z unsuitable = worldly bus9ess & especially = judicial proce$+s4#aeh ,b ?\gh ! obligatory ,sunday re/ 9 no case 0 a cont9uance ( ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 x gradually 0 conf\nd$ ) x1 ow+ to ! recognition ( ! decalogue1 ) its injunction ( a weekly day ( re/1 z ! code ( div9e morality4 ,f ! six? c5tury upw>ds vexati\s re/rictions 7 made by civil rul]s1 c\ncils1 & ecclesia/ical writ]s2#aei until 9 ,puritanism ! ,*ri/ian ,sunday became a p]fect image ( ! ph>isaic ,sabba?1 or ev5 excell$ x 9 ! rig\r ) :i* ab/95ce f e k9d ( worldly activity 0 insi/$ ^u4 ,! !ory t ! keep+ holy ( "o day out ( sev5 is ! ess5ce ( ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t reconcil$ p to ! fact t ! ,jewi% ,sabba? 0 ! sev5? day & ,sunday ! fir/4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 p]sons 7 puni%$ = c>ry+ coal on ,sunday1 = hang+ out clo!s to dry1 = travell+ on horseback1 = rural /rolls & walk+ ab\t4#afj ,& ,scot* cl]gym5 taught _! congregations t on t day x 0 s9ful to save a vessel 9 di/ress1 & t x 0 pro( ( religion to leave %ip & crew to p]i%4#afa ,footnote #aej3 ,/4 ,m>k1 ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #aea3 ,/4 ,john1 v4 #ag4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,ignatius1 ,epi/ola ad ,magnesios1 #i 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 v4 #gfh74 ,neale1 ,fea/s & ,fa/s1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #aec3 ,concilium ,laodic5um1 c4 #bi 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 ii4 #ehj74 ,footnote #aed3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apologia ,i4 pro ,*ri/ianis1 #fg 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vi4 #dbi74 ,s*aff1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ',ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ianity1' p4 #bjb sqq4 ,hessey1 ,sunday1 p4 #bi sqq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,t]tullian1 ,de oratione1 #bc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #aaia74 ,footnote #aef3 ,codex ,ju/9ianus1 iii4 #ab4 #b 7#c74 ,footnote #aeg3 ,cf4 ,lewis1 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,sunday ,legislation1 p4 #ah sqq42 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #bia sq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 iv4 #i4 #e2 vi4 #i4 #aj4 ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 vi4 #cj4 ,neale1 op4 cit4 pp4 #e1 #f1 #hf1 #hg1 #bjf4 ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 p4 #h sq4 ,! ,greeks1 also1 _h unble/ & inauspici\s days1 :5 no c\rt or assembly 0 to be held1 & "w 0 to be ab/a9$ f 7,plato1 ,leges1 vii4 #hjj2 ,k>/51 ,/udies 9 ,primitive ,greek ,religion1 p4 #ij74 ,footnote #aei3 ,hessey1 op4 cit4 p4 #hg sqq4 ,footnote #afj3 ,rob]ts1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,s\!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 p4 #bdd sqq4 ,footnote #afa3 ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 iii4 #gf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,re/rictions ,,9 ,,diet ,,travell]s h (t5 notic$ ) a/oni%m5t ! imm5se quantities ( food :i* uncivilis$ p are able to consume4 ,sir ,george ,grey has describ$ ! orgies :i* foll[ ! /r&+ ( a :ale 9 ,au/ralia1 :5 ! natives rema9 by ! c>case = _m days1 fairly eat+ _! way into x4#a ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,indians1 ?\gh !y (t5 subsi/ = a great l5g? ( "t on a v little food1 w at _! fea/s gorge d[n an incr$ible quantity4#b ,a ,mongol w eat m ?an t5 p\nds ( meat at "o sitt+1 b "s h be5 kn[n to dev\r an av]age-siz$ %eep 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4#c ,! ,wag&a 9 ,c5tral ,africa sometimes gorge !mselves to su* an ext5t t !y are unable to move1 & appe> j z if intoxicat$4#d ,x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$ t :at w\ld among ourselves be condemn$ z disgu/+ gluttony is1 "u ! conditions to :i* c]ta9 races ( m5 are expos$1 q normal & 9 fact necess>y4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] obs]ves1 :]e ! habitat is su* z at "o "t to supply v little food & at ano!r "t food 9 great abundance1 survival dep5ds on ! ability to consume imm5se quantities :5 ! opportunities occur4#e ,:5 ?is is ! case gluttony c h>dly be #bia /igmatis$ z a vice2 & ,i f9d no direct evid5ce t x is s ev5 among savages :o are describ$ z g5]ally mod]ate 9 _! diet4 ,! lack ( =esight1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( uncivilis$ peoples1 mu/ prev5t !m f atta*+ mu* moral value to temp]ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 gluttony is sometimes said to be reg>d$ ) admiration4 ,mr4 ,torday in=ms me t ! ,bambala 9 ,s\?-,we/]n ,congo1 :5 prais+ a man = 8 /r5g?1 are 9 ! habit ( say+1 ,he eats a :ole goat ) its sk94 ,footnote #a3 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bgg sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #c3 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #ee4 ,footnote #d3 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #ahe4 ,footnote #e3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #dcf4 ,at high] /ages ( culture intemp]ance is (t5 subject to c5sure--because x is detrim5tal to heal? or prosp]ity1 or because x calls =? an in/9ctive feel+ ( disgu/1 or because indulg5ce 9 s5sual pleasures is consid]$ degrad+1 or1 g5]ally1 because x is inconsi/5t ) an ascetic ideal ( life4 ,x is said 9 ! ,prov]bs t ! glutton %all come to pov]ty4#f ,accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,manu1 excessive eat+ is prejudicial to heal?1 to fame1 & to bliss 9 heav52 x prev5ts ! acquisition ( spiritual m]it1 & is odi\s among m52 "o ought1 = ^! reasons1 to avoid x c>efully4#g ,ari/otle ma9ta9s t ! pleasure ) :i* intemp]ance is conc]n$ is ju/ly held 9 disgrace1 s9ce x belongs to u 9 t we are animals1 n 9 t we are m54#h ,cic]o obs]ves t1 z m]e corporeal pleasure is unwor?y ! excell5cy ( man's nature1 ! n\ri%m5t ( our bodies %\ld be ) a view n to our pleasure1 b to our heal? & our /r5g?4#i ,! same op9ion is at lea/ nom9ally %>$ by _m among ourselves2 :]eas o!rs1 ?\gh d5y+ t ! gratification ( appetite is to be s\ght = its own sake1 admit z legitimate ends = x n only ! ma9t5ance ( heal? & /r5g? b also *e]fulness & ! cultivation ( ! social affections4#aj ,b mo/ ( u are und\bt$ly less exact+1 if n 9 !ory at lea/ 9 practice1 & really f9d no?+ blamable 9 pleasures ( ! #bib table :i* nei!r impair heal?1 nor involve a p]ceptible loss ( "s great] gratification1 nor int]f]e ) duties t[>ds neighb\rs4#aa ,footnote #f3 ,prov]bs1 xxiii4 #ba4 ,footnote #g3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #eg4 ,footnote #h3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ica ,nicoma*ea1 iii4 #aj4 #aj4 ,footnote #i3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #cj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,:ewell1 ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 p4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cbh sq4 ,sometimes temp]ance has be5 inculcat$ on gr\nds :i* 9 o!r cases lead to ! duty ( fa/+1 t is1 ab/95ce f all food & dr9k1 or at lea/ 79 a loos] s5se ( ! ^w7 f c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 = a det]m9$ p]iod4 ,! cu/om ( fa/+ is wide-spread1 & des]ves special att5tion 9 a /udy ( moral ideas4 ,fa/+ is practis$ or enjo9$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,x is frequ5tly adopt$ z a means ( hav+ sup]natural conv]se1 or acquir+ sup]natural p[]s4#ab ,he :o fa/s sees 9 dreams or visions ?+s t no ord9>y eye c see4 ,! ,hudson ,bay ,eskimo discov]$ t a p]iod ( fa/+ & ab/95ce f contact ) o!r p end[$ a p]son ) sup]natural p[]s & enabl$ him to le>n ! secrets ( ,tung ak ! great _s4 ,?is is accompli%$ by repair+ to "s lonely spot1 :]e1 = a great] or less p]iod1 ! h]mit ab/a9s f food or wat] until ! imag9ation is s work$ ^u t he believes himself imbu$ ) ! p[] to heal ! sick & control all ! de/9ies ( life4 ,tung ak is suppos$ to /& ne> & reveal ^? ?+s :ile ! p]son is und]go+ ! te/4#ac ,! ,naud[essies totally ab/a9 f e k9d ( ei!r victuals or dr9k be=e a hunt+ exp$ition1 because !y ?9k t x enables !m freely to dream1 9 :i* dreams !y are in=m$ :]e !y %all f9d ! greate/ pl5ty ( game4#ad ,! ,tsim%ian ( ,briti% ,columbia1 if a special object is to be atta9$1 #bic believe !y c compel ! deity to grant x by a rigid fa/+4#ae ,! ,amazulu h a say+ t ! cont9ually /uff$ body _c see secret ?+s1 &1 9 accordance ) ?is belief1 put no fai? 9 a fat div9]4#af ,a ,tungus %aman1 :o is summon$ to treat a sick p]son1 w = sev]al days ab/a9 f food & ma9ta9 sil5ce till he becomes inspir$4#ag ,among ! ,santals ! p]son or p]sons :o h to (f] sacrifices at _! fea/s prep>e !mselves = ?is duty by fa/+ & pray] & by plac+ !mselves = "s "t 9 a position ( app>5t m5tal absorption4#ah ,! savage1 z ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor rem>ks1 has _m a "t1 = days & weeks toge!r1 to try involunt>ily ! effects ( fa/+1 accompani$ ) o!r privations & ) prolong$ solit>y contemplation 9 ! des]t or ! =e/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances he soon comes to see & talk ) phantoms1 :i* are to him visible p]sonal spirits1 &1 hav+ ?us le>nt ! secret ( spiritual int]c\rse1 he !nce=? reproduces ! cause 9 ord] to r5ew ! effects4#ai ,! ,h9dus believe t a fa/+ p]son w asc5d to ! heav5 ( t god 9 ^: "n he obs]ves ! fa/4#bj ,! ,hebrews associat$ fa/+ ) div9e revelations4#ba ,/4 ,*ryso/om says t fa/+ makes ! s\l bright]1 & gives x w+s to m\nt up & so> on high4#bb ,footnote #ab3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #daj sqq4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bfa4 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #bff sqq4 ,l&tman1 ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood1 pp4 #aah-abc1 #aeh sqq4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 pp4 #bhe1 #fea4 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #cij4 ,mooney1 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee1' ibid4 xix4 #dhj4 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 #a4 #afe 7anci5t natives ( ,hispaniola74 ,niebuhr1 ,travels ?r\gh ,arabia1 ii4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ac3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aie4 ,footnote #ad3 ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #ae3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #af3 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #chg1 n4 #da4 ,footnote #ag3 ,krivo%apk91 quot$ by ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #ah3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bac4 ,see also ,r[ney1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,india1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #daj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #gg4 ,footnote #ba3 ,exodus1 xxxiv4 #bh4 ,deut]onomy1 ix4 #i4 ,daniel1 ix4 #c4 ,footnote #bb3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,9 ,cap4 ,i4 ,g5es4 ,homil4 ,x4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 liii4 #hc74 ,cf4 ,t]tullian1 ,de jejuniis1 #f sqq4 7,migne1 ii4 #ifj1 #ifa1 #ifc72 ,haug1 ,alt]?mm] d] ,*ri/51 pp4 #dgf1 #dhb4 ,ideas ( ?is k9d p>tly und]lie ! common practice ( ab/a9+ f food be=e or 9 connection ) ! p]=mance ( a magical or religi\s c]emony2#bc b !re #bid is yet ano!r gr\nd = ?is practice4 ,! effect attribut$ to fa/+ is n m]ely psy*ical1 b x also prev5ts pollution4 ,food may cause defilem5t1 &1 l o!r pollut+ matt]1 be detrim5tal to sanctity4 ,among ! ,maoris no food is p]mitt$ to t\* ! head or hair ( a *ief1 :i* is sacr$2 & if food is m5tion$ 9 connection ) any?+ sacr$ 7or 'tapu'7 x is consid]$ z an insult1 & rev5g$ z su*4#bd ,s also a full /oma* may be pollut+4#be ,?is is obvi\sly ! reason :y 9 ,morocco & else:]e#bf c]ta9 magical practices1 9 ord] to be efficaci\s1 h to be p]=m$ be=e breakfa/4 ,! ,masai use /rong purges be=e !y v5ture to eat holy meat4#bg ,! ,c>ibs purifi$ _! bodies by purg+1 bloodlett+1 & fa/+2 & ! natives ( ! ,antilles1 at c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals1 cleans$ !mselves by vomit+ be=e !y approa*$ ! sanctu>y4#bh ,! true object ( fa/+ (t5 appe>s f ! fact t x is practis$ h& 9 h& ) o!r c]emonies ( a purificatory "*4 ,a ,lappi% noaide1 or wiz>d1 prep>es himself = ! (f]+ ( a sacrifice by ab/95ce f food & ablutions4#bi ,h]odotus tells u t ! anci5t ,egyptians fa/$ be=e mak+ a sacrifice to ,isis1 & beat _! bodies :ile ! victims 7 burnt4#cj ,:5 a ,h9du resolves to visit a sacr$ place1 he has 8 head %av$ two days prec$+ ! comm5cem5t ( 8 j\rney1 & fa/s ! next day2 on ! la/ day ( 8 j\rney he fa/s aga91 & on 8 #bie arrival at ! sacr$ spot he has 8 :ole body %av$1 aft] :i* he ba!s4#ca ,9 ,*ri/ianity we likewise meet ) fa/+ z a rite ( purification4 ,at lea/ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,t]tullian x 0 usual = communicants to prep>e !mselves by fa/+ = receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/2#cb & to ?is day ,roman ,ca?olicism reg>ds x z unlawful to consecrate or p>take ( x aft] food or dr9k4#cc ,! ,l5t fa/ itself 0 p>tly int]pret$ z a purify+ prep>ation = ! holy table4#cd ,& 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* cate*um5s 7 accu/om$ to fa/ be=e baptism4#ce ,footnote #bc3 ,bossu1 ,travels ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 i4 #ch 7,nat*ez74 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bhe sq42 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 iii4 #ddj sq4 7anci5t ,mexicans74 ,l&a1 ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #aef4 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #caa sq4 7natives ( ,tjumba74 ,beau*amp1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #ef 7,h9dus ( ,s\!rn ,india74 ,w>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gf sq4 7,h9dus74 ,wassiljew1 quot$ by ,hab]l&1 ',gebru*e und ,ab]glaub5 beim ,ess51' 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1 xviii4 #cj 7,buddhi/s74 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 ii4 #dd2 ,wa*smu?1 ,hell5is*e ,alt]?umskunde1 ii4 #efj1 #egf2 ,h]mann-,/>k1 ,lehrbu* d] gottesdi5/li*5 ,alt]?m] d] ,grie*51 p4 #cha2 ,anri*1 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes51 p4 #be2 ,diels1 ',e9 orphis*] ,demet]hymnus1' 9 ,fe/s*rift ,!odor ,gomp]z d>gebra*t1 p4 #f sqq4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus1 ii4 #bc1 #gd4 ,footnote #bd3 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #be3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dcd sq42 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bf3 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] geg5w>t1 #bai1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #bg3 ,?omson1 ,masai ,l&1 p4 #dcj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iv4 #ccj2 iii4 #chd4 ,footnote #bi3 von ,db51 ,lappl&1 p4 #bef4 ,friis1 ,lappisk ,my?ologi1 p4 #ade sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,w>d1 op4 cit4 ii4 #acj sq4 ,cf4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xlvi4 #ag1 #bd sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,t]tullian1 ,de oratione1 #ai 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #aahb74 ,footnote #cc3 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ii4 #d4 #f4 ,footnote #cd3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,9 ,jonam1 #c 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxv4 #aadj74 ,footnote #ce3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apologia ,i4 pro ,*ri/ianis1 #fa 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vi4 #dbj74 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de fide et op]ibus1 vi4 #h 7,migne1 xl4 #bjb74 ,9 ! case ( a sacrifice x is consid]$ necess>y n only t he :o (f]s x1 b t ! victim also1 %\ld be free f pollution4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt a sacrificial animal _h to be p]fectly clean4#cf ,accord+ to ,h9du notions ! gods enjoy pure sacrifices only4#cg ,9 ! ,kalika-,purana1 a "w suppos$ to h be5 writt5 "u ! direction ( ,siva1 x is said t if a man is (f]$ he mu/ be free f corporal defect & un/a9$ ) great crimes1 & t if an animal is (f]$ x mu/ h exce$$ its ?ird ye> & be )\t blemi% or disease2 & 9 no case mu/ ! victim be a woman or a %e animal1 because1 z x seems1 females are reg>d$ z naturally unclean4#ch ,accord+ to ! religi\s law ( ! ,hebrews1 no leav5 or honey %\ld be us$ 9 connection ) vegetable (f]+s1 on ! gr\nd t ^! articles h ! effect ( produc+ f]m5tation & t5d to acidify & spoil any?+ ) :i* !y are mix$2#ci & ! animal :i* 0 int5d$ = sacrifice %\ld be absolutely free f blemi%#dj & at lea/ eight days old1#da t is1 unta9t$ ) ! impurity ( bir?4 ,q 9 h>mony ) ^! prescriptions is ! notion t human or #bif animal victims h to ab/a9 f food = "s "t be=e !y are (f]$ up4 ,among ! ,k&hs ! man :o 0 de/9$ to be sacrific$ 0 kept fa/+ f ! prec$+ ev5+1 b on ! day ( ! sacrifice he 0 refre%$ ) a little milk & palm-sago2 & be=e he 0 l$ =? f ! village 9 solemn procession he 0 c>efully wa%$ & dress$ 9 a new g>m5t4#db ,9 ,morocco x is n only consid]$ m]itori\s = ! p to fa/ on ! day previ\s to ! celebration ( ! ye>ly sacrificial fea/1 l-77ad l-kbr1 b 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! %eep :i* is go+ to be sacrific$ has to fa/ on t day or at lea/ on ! foll[+ morn+1 till "s food is giv5 x imm$iately be=e x is slaught]$4 ,! ,jewi% cu/om :i* compels ! fir/born to fa/ on ! eve ( ,passov]#dc may also p]haps be a survival f a "t :5 all ! fir/born belong$ to ! ,"l4#dd ,footnote #cf3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #ch4 ,footnote #cg3 ,baudhyana1 i4 #f4 #ac4 #a sq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,"*1 c4 ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #ci3 ,keil1 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 i4 #bfb4 ,footnote #dj3 ,leviticus1 xxii4 #ai sqq4 ,footnote #da3 ,ibid4 xxii4 #bg4 ,footnote #db3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #dc3 ,gre5/one1 ',fa/+1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 v4 #cdh4 ,all51 ,mod]n ,judaism1 p4 #cid4 ,footnote #dd3 ,supra1 i4 #dei4 ,9 "s cases ! cu/om ( fa/+ be=e ! p]=mance ( a sacrifice may be due to ! idea t x is dang]\s or improp] = ! wor%ipp] to p>take ( food be=e ! god has _h 8 %>e4#de ,9 ,india a regul> p]=mance ( two half-mon?ly sacrifices is enjo9$ on ! ,brahmanical h\sehold] = a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s f ! "t :5 he has set up a fire ( 8 own--accord+ to "s au?orities ev5 = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,! c]emony usually occupies two consecutive days1 ! fir/ ( :i* is *iefly tak5 up ) prep>atory rites & ! v[ ( ab/95ce 7vrata7 by ! sacrific] & 8 wife1 :il/ ! second day is res]v$ = ! ma9 p]=mance ( ! sacrifice4 ,! vrata includes ! ab/5tion f c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 especially meat1 :i* w be (f]$ to ! gods on ! foll[+ day1 z also f o!r c>nal pleasures4 ,! ,satapa?a-,brhmana gives ! foll[+ explanation ( x3--,! gods see ?r\gh ! m9d ( man2 !y "k t1 :5 #big he ent]s on ?is v[1 he means to sacrifice to !m ! next morn+4 ,!re=e all ! gods betake !mselves to 8 h\se1 & abide by him or ! fires 7upa-vas7 9 8 h\se2 :5ce ?is day is call$ upa-vasa?a4 ,n[1 z x w\ld ev5 be unbecom+ = him to take food be=e m5 :o are /ay+ ) him z 8 gue/s h eat52 h[ mu* m w\ld x be s1 if he 7 to take food be=e ! gods :o are /ay+ ) him h eat53 let him !re=e take no food at all4#df ,x is h>dly probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ab/95ce 9 "q4 ,x occurs ab\t ! "t ( new moon & full moon2 accord+ to "s native au?orities ! ab/95ce & sacrifice take place on ! la/ two days ( ea* half ( ! lun> mon?1 :il/ ! g5]ality ( rituali/ic writ]s consid] ! fir/ day ( ! half-mon? t is1 ! fir/ & sixte5? days ( ! mon? to be ! prop] "t = ! sacrifice4#dg ,we %all pres5tly see h[ frequ5tly fa/+ is obs]v$ on ^! occasions1 presumably = fe> ( eat+ food :i* is suppos$ to h be5 pollut$ by ! moon2 h5ce x seems to me by no means improbable t ! vrata has a simil> orig91 in/ead ( be+ m]ely a rite prep>atory to ! sacrifice :i* foll[s x4 ,b at ! same "t ! idea t spirits or gods %\ld h ! fir/ %>e ( a meal is c]ta9ly v anci5t1 & may lead to actual fa/+ 9 case ! (f]+ = "s reason or o!r is to be delay$4 ,a ,polynesian leg5d tells u t a man by "n ,maui once caught an imm5se fi%4 ,!n he left 8 bro!rs1 say+ to !m3--,aft] ,i am gone1 be c\rage\s & pati5t2 d n eat food until ,i return1 & d n let our fi% be cut up1 b r leave x until ,i h c>ri$ an (f]+ to ! gods f ?is great haul ( fi%1 & until ,i h f\nd a prie/1 t fitt+ pray]s & sacrifices may be (f]$ to ! god1 & ! necess>y rites be complet$ 9 ord]4 ,we %all ?us all be purifi$4 ,i w !n #bih return1 & we c cut up ?is fi% 9 safety1 & x %all be fairly portion$ out to ?is "o1 & to t "o1 & to t o!r4 ,b z soon z ,maui _h gone1 8 bro!rs began at once to eat food1 & to cut up ! fi%4 ,_h ,maui previ\sly rea*$ ! sacr$ place1 ! he>t ( ! deity w\ld h be5 appeas$ ) ! (f]+ ( a portion ( ! fi% :i* _h be5 caught by 8 disciples1 & all ! male & female deities w\ld h p>tak5 ( _! portions ( ! sacrifice4 ,b n[ ! gods turn$ ) wra? ^u !m1 on acc\nt ( ! fi% :i* !y _h ?us cut up )\t hav+ made a fitt+ sacrifice4#dh ,footnote #de3 ,cf4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #dad4 ,footnote #df3 ,satapa?a-,brhmana1 i4 #a4 #a4 #g sq4 ,eggel+1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xii4 #a sq4 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #dac1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #dg3 ,eggel+1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xii4 #a4 ,footnote #dh3 ,grey1 ,polynesian ,my?ology1 p4 #bf sq4 ,among _m peoples cu/om prescribes fa/+ aft] a dea?4 ,lucian says t at ! fun]al fea/ ! p>5ts ( ! deceas$ are prevail$ ^u by _! relatives to take food1 be+ almo/ pro/rat$ by a ?ree days' fa/4#di ,we are told t among ! ,h9dus *ildr5 fa/ ?ree days aft] ! dea? ( a p>5t1 & a wife ! same p]iod aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&2#ej b accord+ to a m rec5t /atem5t1 to be quot$ pres5tly1 !y d n altoge!r ab/a9 f food4 ,9 "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india x is said t m\rn]s %all fa/ dur+ ?ree days1 & t1 if !y are unable to d s1 !y %all subsi/ on food b\ght 9 ! m>ket or giv5 unask$4#ea ,among ! ,nayadis ( ,malab> f ! "t ( dea? until ! fun]al is ov]1 all ! relations mu/ fa/4#eb ,among ! ,irulas ( ! ,neilgh]ries ! relatives ( ! deceas$ fa/ dur+ ! fir/ day1 t is1 if 4 4 4 4 ! dea? occur aft] ! morn+ meal1 !y refra9 f ! ev5+ "o1 & eat no?+ till ! next morn+4 ,if x occur dur+ ! night1 or be=e ! morn+ meal1 !y refra9 f all food till ! ev5+4 ,simil> fa/+ is obs]v$ on e return ( ! same day ( ! week1 till ! obsequies take place4#ec ,among #bii ! ,bogos ( ,ea/]n ,africa a son mu/ fa/ ?ree days aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4#ed ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ x is ! cu/om = ! ne> relatives ( ! deceas$ to p]=m a long & pa9ful fa/1 & sometimes !y c only ) difficulty be induc$ to h rec\rse to food aga94#ee ,s also 9 ,dahomey !y mu/ fa/ dur+ ! corpse "t1 or m\rn+4#ef ,among ! ,brazilian ,p>ess ! relatives ( a dead p]son rema9 = six days at 8 grave1 c>efully refra9+ f tak+ food4#eg ,among ! aborig9es ( ! ,antilles *ildr5 us$ to fa/ aft] ! dea? ( a p>5t1 a husb& aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife1 & a wife aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&4#eh ,9 "s ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica x is ! cu/om = ! relatives ( ! deceas$ to fa/ till ! fun]al is ov]4#ei ,among ! ,snanaimuq1 a tribe ( ! ,coa/ ,sali%1 aft] ! dea? ( a husb& or wife ! surviv+ p>tn] mu/ n eat any?+ = ?ree or f\r days4#fj ,9 "o ( ! int]ior divisions ( ! ,sali% ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ! ,/latlumh1 ! next f\r days aft] a fun]al fea/ are sp5t by ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold ( ! deceas$ p]son 9 fa/+1 lam5t+ & c]emonial ablutions4#fa ,among ! ,upp] ,?ompson ,indians 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 aga91 ^? :o h&l$ ! dead body & :o dug ! grave _h to fa/ until ! corpse 0 buri$4#fb ,footnote #di3 ,lucian1 ,de luctu1 #bd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #gf sq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,vasi%?a1 iv4 #ad sq4 ,cf4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xix4 #ad4 ,footnote #eb3 ,?ur/on1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #gf4 ,footnote #ec3 ,h>kness1 ,description ( a ,s+ul> ,race inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #ed3 ,munz+]1 ,die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ee3 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #bah4 ,footnote #ef3 ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 ii4 #afc4 ,footnote #eg3 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #dce4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cci 7,bakari74 ,footnote #eh3 ,du ,t]tre1 ,hi/oire gnrale des ,antilles1 ii4 #cga4 ,footnote #ei3 ,*>levoix1 ,voyage to ,nor?-,am]ica1 ii4 #ahg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #fa3 ,t\t1 ',e?nology ( ! ,/latlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #ach4 ,footnote #fb3 ,teit1 ',?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,an?ropology1 i4 #cca4 ,9 sev]al in/ances fa/+ aft] a dea? is obs]v$ only 9 ! daytime4 ,david & 8 p fa/$ = ,saul & ,jona?an until ev5 on ! day :5 ! news ( _! dea? arriv$4#fc ,among ! ,arabs ( ,morocco x is ! cu/om t if a dea? takes place 9 ! morn+ ev]yone 9 ! village refra9s f food until #cjj ! deceas$ is buri$ 9 ! aft]noon or ev5+2 b if a p]son dies s late t he _c be buri$ till ! next morn+ ! p eat at night4 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 z long z ! dead is unburi$1 fa/+ is obs]v$ 9 ! daytime b n 9 ! ev5+4#fd ,9 ,fiji aft] a burial ! kana-bogi1 or fa/+ till ev5+1 is practis$ = t5 or tw5ty days4#fe ,9 ,samoa x 0 common = ^? :o att5d$ ! deceas$ to eat no?+ dur+ ! day1 b to h a meal at night4#ff ,9 ! ,tuhoe tribe ( ! ,maoris1 :5 a *ief ( di/9ction di$ 8 wid[ & *ildr5 w\ld rema9 = "s "t )9 ! :>e potae t is1 m\rn+ h\se1 eat+ food dur+ ! night "t only1 nev] dur+ ! day4#fg ,! ,sacs & ,foxes 9 ,nebraska =m]ly requir$ t *ildr5 %\ld fa/ = ?ree mon?s aft] ! dea? ( a p>5t1 except t !y e day ab\t sunset 7 all[$ to p>take ( a meal made entirely ( hom9y4#fh ,among ! ,kansas a man :o loses 8 wife mu/ fa/ f sunrise to sunset = a ye> & a half1 & a woman :o loses h] husb& mu/ obs]ve a simil> fa/ = a ye>4#fi ,9 "s tribes ( ,briti% ,columbia & among ! ,?l9kets1 until ! dead body is buri$ ! relatives ( ! deceas$ may eat a little at night b h to fa/ dur+ ! day4#gj ,among ! ,upp] ,?ompson ,indians a diff]5t cu/om prevail$3 nobody 0 all[$ to eat1 dr9k1 or smoke 9 ! op5 air aft] sunset 7o!rs say aft] dusk7 be=e ! burial1 else ! gho/ w\ld h>m !m4#ga ,footnote #fc3 #b ,samuel1 i4 #ab4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #ce4 ,footnote #fd3 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 v4 #aec4 ,footnote #fe3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ff3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bbh4 ,idem1 ,samoa1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #fg3 ,be/1 ',tuhoe ,l&1' 9 ,trans4 & ,proce$4 ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1 xxx4 #ch4 ,footnote #fh3 ,y>r[1 ',mortu>y ,cu/oms ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #ie4 ,footnote #fi3 ,dorsey1 ',m\rn+ & ,w> ,cu/oms ( ! ,kansas1' 9 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 xix4 #fgi sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,boas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ga3 ,teit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cbh4 ,v frequ5tly m\rn]s h to ab/a9 f c]ta9 victuals only1 especially fle% or fi%1 or "s o!r /aple or fav\rite food4 ,9 ,gre5l& ev]ybody :o _h liv$ 9 ! same h\se ) ! dead1 or :o _h t\*$ 8 corpse1 0 = "s "t =bidd5 to p>take ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food4#gb ,among ! ,upp] ,?ompson ,indians p>5ts b]eft ( a *ild did n eat fre% meat = sev]al mon?s4#gc ,among ! ,/latlumh ( #cja ,briti% ,columbia a wid[ might eat no fre% food = a :ole ye>1 :il/ ! o!r memb]s ( ! deceas$ p]son's family ab/a9$ f su* food = a p]iod ( f f\r days to z _m mon?s4 ,a wid[] 0 likewise =bidd5 to eat fre% meats = a c]ta9 p]iod1 ! l5g? ( :i* v>i$ ) ! age ( ! p]son--! y\ng] ! man1 ! long] 8 ab/5tion4#gd ,9 "s ( ! ,goajiro clans ( ,colombia a p]son is prohibit$ f eat+ fle% dur+ ! m\rn+ "t1 :i* la/s n9e days4#ge ,among ! ,abipones1 :5 a *ief di$1 ! :ole tribe ab/a9$ = a mon? f eat+ fi%1 _! pr9cipal da9ty4#gf ,:ile 9 m\rn+1 ! ,nor!rn ,que5sl& aborig9es c>efully avoid c]ta9 victuals1 believ+ t ! =bidd5 food1 if eat51 w\ld burn up _! b[els4#gg ,9 ,ea/] ,isl& ! ne>e/ relatives ( ! dead are = a ye> or ev5 long] oblig$ to ab/a9 f eat+ potatoes1 _! *ief article ( food1 or "s o!r victuals ( :i* !y are p>ticul>ly fond4#gh ,c]ta9 ,papuans & v>i\s tribes 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago prohibit p]sons 9 m\rn+ f eat+ rice or sago4#gi ,9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s m\rn]s refuse to p>take ( _! fav\rite vi&s4#hj ,aft] ! dea? ( a relative ! ,tipp]ahs ab/a9 f fle% = a week4#ha ,! same is ! case ) ! ,arakh1 a tribe 9 ,oudh1 dur+ ! fifte5 days 9 ! mon? ( ,kur :i* are sacr$ to ! wor%ip ( ! dead4#hb ,among ! ,nayadis ( ,malab> ! relatives ( ! deceas$ are n all[$ to eat meat = t5 days aft] 8 dea?4#hc ,accord+ to ,toda cu/om ! ne> relatives mu/ n eat rice1 milk1 honey1 or gram until ! fun]al is ov]4#hd ,among ! ,h9dus describ$ by ,mr4 ,*und] ,bose a wid[ is re/rict$ to "o scanty meal a day1 & ?is is ( ! co>se/ description & always devoid ( fi%1 ! mo/ e/eem$ article ( food 9 a ,h9du lady's bill ( f>e4 ,! son1 aga91 f #cjb ! h\r ( 8 fa!r's dea? to ! conclusion ( ! fun]al c]emony1 is all[$ to take only a meal consi/+ ( atab rice1 a sort ( inf]ior pulse1 milk1 ghee1 sug>1 & a few fruits1 & at night a little milk1 sug>1 & fruits--a rgime :i* la/s t5 days 9 ! case ( a ,brahm9 & ?irty-"o days 9 ! case ( a ,sdra4#he ,9 "s ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india x is said t1 dur+ ! p]iod ( impurity1 all ! m\rn]s %all ab/a9 f eat+ meat4#hf ,9 ,*9a meat1 mu/1 & spirits 7 =bidd5 ev5 9 ! la/ mon? ( ! deepe/ m\rn+1 :5 o!r sorts ( food _h long be5 all[$ already4#hg ,footnote #gb3 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #adi sq4 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #bah4 ,footnote #gc3 ,teit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ccb4 ,footnote #gd3 ,t\t1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #ach sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,c&eli]1 ,rio-,ha*a1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #gf3 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/ory ( ,p>aguay1 i4 #dje4 ,footnote #gg3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #gh3 ,geisel]1 ,die ,o/]-,insel1 pp4 #bh1 #cj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,wilk51 ',ueb] das ,ha>opf]1 und e9ige &]e ,trau]gebru*e bei d5 ,vlk]n ,indonesi5's1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 iv4 #cdh sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #adb99991 #cec4 ,footnote #ha3 ,br[ne1 quot$ by ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #hb3 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 i4 #hd4 ,footnote #hc3 ,?ur/on1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #gf4 ,footnote #hd3 ,idem1 ibid4 i4 #agd4 ,dr4 ,riv]s says 7,todas1 p4 #cgj7 t1 among ! ,todas1 a wid[] is n all[$ to eat rice nor dr9k milk1 & t on e return ( ! day ( ! week on :i* 8 wife di$ he takes no food 9 ! morn+ b only has 8 ev5+ meal4 ,! same holds good = a wid[4 ,footnote #he3 ,bose1 ,! ,h9doos z !y are1 pp4 #bdd1 #bed sq4 ,footnote #hf3 ,gautama1 xiv4 #ci4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xix4 #ae4 ,footnote #hg3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fea4 ,! cu/om ( fa/+ aft] a dea? has be5 ascrib$ to diff]5t causes by diff]5t writ]s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes t x has result$ f ! habit ( mak+ excessive provision = ! dead4#hh ,b al?\gh among "s peoples ! fun]al (f]+s no d\bt are s ext5sive z to r$uce ! survivors to pov]ty & />vation1#hi ,i h met ) no /atem5t to ! effect t !y are anxi\s to give to ! deceas$ all ! eatables :i* !y possess1 or t ! m\rn+ fa/ is a matt] ( actual necessity4 ,x is always re/rict$ to "s fix$ p]iod1 (t5 to a few days only1 & x prevails among _m peoples :o h nev] be5 kn[n to be pr(use 9 _! sacrifices to ! dead4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,*9ese1 ,dr4 de ,groot ma9ta9s t ! m\rn]s orig9ally fa/$ ) a view to be+ able to sacrifice s mu* ! m at ! tomb2 & he bases ?is conclusion on ! fact t ! articles ( food :i* 7 =bidd5 till ! end ( ! deepe/ m\rn+ 7 ! v same z ^? :i* 9 anci5t ,*9a play$ ! pr9cipal "p at e burial sacrifice4#ij ,b ?is prohibition may also p]haps be due to a belief t ! (f]+ ( c]ta9 victuals to ! dead pollutes all food belong+ to ! same species4 ,footnote #hh3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bfa sqq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibid4 i4 #bfb4 ,footnote #ij3 de ,groot1 op4 cit41 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #feb4 ,pr(essor ,wilk51 aga91 sugge/s t ! m\rn]s ab/a9 f food till !y h giv5 ! dead 8 due1 9 #cjc ord] to %[ t !y d n wi% to keep him wait+ long] ?an is necess>y & ?us make him k9dly dispos$ t[>ds !m4#ia ,?is explanation presupposes t ! fa/ is imm$iately foll[$ by (f]+s or a fea/ = ! dead4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is is expressly said to be ! case2#ib ! anci5t ,*9ese1 = in/ance1 obs]v$ a special fa/ z an introductory rite to ! sacrifices :i* !y (f]$ to ! manes at regul> p]iods aft] ! demise & ev5 aft] ! close ( ! m\rn+4#ic ,b g5]ally !re is no indication ( ! m\rn+ fa/ be+ an ess5tial prelim9>y to a sacrifice to ! dead1 & 9 an in/ance m5tion$ above ! fun]al fea/ regul>ly prec$es x4#id ,footnote #ia3 ,wilk51 9 ,revue colonials int]nationale1 iv4 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cej sq4 n4 #cb4 ,footnote #ib3 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #ij 7,dyaks74 ,black1 ',fa/+1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ix4 #dd4 ,footnote #ic3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fef4 ,footnote #id3 ,supra1 ii4 #bii4 ,x seems t ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] comes mu* ne>] ! tru? :5 he obs]ves t p orig9ally fa/$ aft] a dea? j 9 ^? circum/ances 9 :i* !y consid]$ t !y might possibly 9 eat+ dev\r a gho/4#ie ,yet ,i ?9k x w\ld g5]ally be m correct to say t !y 7 afraid ( swall[+1 n ! gho/1 b food pollut$ ) ! contagion ( dea?4 ,! dead body is reg>d$ z a seat ( infection1 :i* defiles any?+ 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & ?is infection is ( c\rse consid]$ p>ticul>ly dang]\s if x is all[$ to ent] into ! b[els4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! l5g? ( ! m\rn+ fa/ is obvi\sly det]m9$ by ! belief 9 ! pollut+ pres5ce ( ! gho/4 ,! six days' fa/ ( ! ,p>ess co9cides ) ! p]iod aft] :i* ! dead is suppos$ to h arriv$ 9 heav5 no long] to return2 & !y say t anybody :o %\ld fail to obs]ve ?is fa/ w\ld eat ! m\? ( ! dead & die himself4#if ,frequ5tly ! fa/+ la/s till ! corpse is buri$2 & burial is a common safegu>d aga9/ ! return ( ! gho/4#ig ,! cu/om #cjd ( re/rict+ ! fa/ to ! daytime probably spr+s f ! idea t a gho/ _c see 9 ! d>k1 & is consequ5tly unable to come & pollute ! food at night4 ,t ! object ( ! fa/ is to prev5t pollution is also sugge/$ by its resemblance to "s o!r practices1 :i* are evid5tly int5d$ to s]ve ?is purpose4 ,! ,maoris 7 n all[$ to eat on or ne> any spot :]e a dead body _h be5 buri$1 or to take a meal 9 a canoe :ile pass+ opposite to su* a place4#ih ,9 ,samoa1 :ile a dead body is 9 ! h\se1 no food is eat5 "u ! same ro(2 h5ce ! family h _! meals outside1 or 9 ano!r h\se4#ii ,! ,todas1 :o fa/ on ! day :5 a dea? has tak5 place1 h on ! foll[+ day _! meals s]v$ 9 ano!r hut4#ajj ,9 "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india x is said t a ,brhmana %all n eat 9 ! h\se ( a relation )9 six degrees :]e a p]son has di$1 be=e ! t5 days ( impurity h elaps$2 9 a h\se :]e a ly+-9 woman has n yet come out ( ! ly+-9 *amb]2 nor 9 a h\se :]e a corpse lies2#aja & 9 connection ) ?is la/ injunction we are told t1 :5 a p]son :o is n a relation has di$1 x is cu/om>y to place at ! di/ance ( "o hundr$ b[s a lamp & wat]-vessel1 & to eat beyond t di/ance4#ajb ,9 "o ( ! ,zoroa/rian books ,ormuzd is repres5t$ z say+1 ,9 a h\se :5 a p]son %all die1 until ?ree nights are complet$ 4 4 4 no?+ :atev] ( meat is to be eat5 by 8 relations2#ajc & ! obvi\s reason = ?is rule 0 ! belief t ! s\l ( ! dead 0 hov]+ ab\t ! body = ! fir/ ?ree nights aft] dea?4#ajd ,closely relat$ to ?is cu/om is t ( ! mod]n ,p>sis1 :i* =bids = ?ree days all cook+ "u a ro( :]e a dea? has occurr$1 b all[s ! inmates to obta9 food f _! neighb\rs #cje & fri5ds4#aje ,among ! ,ag>iya1 a ,dravidian tribe 9 ! hilly p>ts ( ,mirzpur1 no fire is lit & no cook+ is done 9 ! h\se ( a dead p]son on ! day :5 he is cremat$1 ! food be+ cook$ 9 ! h\se ( ! bro!r-9-law ( ! deceas$4#ajf ,9 ,mykonos1 "o ( ! ,cyclades1 x is consid]$ wrong to cook 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+2 h5ce fri5ds & relatives come lad5 ) food1 & lay ! bitt] table4#ajg ,among ! ,albanians !re is no cook+ 9 ! h\se = ?ree days aft] a dea?1 & ! family are f$ by fri5ds4#ajh ,s also ! ,m>onites ( ,syria dress no victuals = "s "t 9 ! h\se ( ! deceas$1 b _! relations & fri5ds supply !m4#aji ,:5 a ,jew dies all ! wat] 9 ! same & adjo9+ h\ses is in/antly ?r[n away2#aaj nobody may eat 9 ! same room ) ! corpse1 unless !re is only "o room 9 ! h\se1 9 :i* case ! inhabitants may take food 9 x if !y int]pose a scre51 s t 9 eat+ !y d n see ! corpse2 !y mu/ ab/a9 f fle% & w9e s long z ! dead body is 9 ! h\se2#aaa & on ! ev5+ ( m\rn+ ! memb]s ( ! family may n eat _! own food1 b are suppli$ ) food by _! fri5ds4#aab ,among ! ,arabs ( ,morocco1 if a p]son has di$ 9 ! morn+1 no fire is made 9 ! :ole village until he is buri$1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! inmates ( a h\se or t5t :]e a dea? has occurr$1 ab/a9 f mak+ fire = two or ?ree days4 ,9 ,alg]ia ds que quelqu'un e/ mort1 on ne doit pas allum] de feu dans la maison p5dant trois j\rs1 et il e/ df5du de t\*] de la vi&e rtie1 grille ou b\illie1 mo9s qu'elle ne vi5ne de quelqu'un de dehors4#aac ,9 ,*9a1 = sev5 days aft] a dea? no food is cook$ 9 ! h\se1 & fri5ds #cjf & neighb\rs are tru/$ to supply ! common necess>ies ( life4#aad ,!re is no suffici5t reason to assume t ?is practice ( ab/a9+ f cook+ food aft] a dea? is a survival ( a previ\s m\rn+ fa/1 b ! two cu/oms seem p>tly to h a simil> orig94 ,! cook+ may contam9ate ! food if done 9 a pollut$ h\se1 or by a pollut$ individual4 ,! relatives ( ! dead1 or p]sons :o h h&l$ ! corpse1 are reg>d$ z defil$2 h5ce !y h to ab/a9 f cook+ food1 z !y h to ab/a9 f any k9d ( "w1#aae & f sexual int]c\rse4#aaf ,h5ce1 also1 !y are (t5 prohibit$ f t\*+ food2 & ?is may 9 "s cases h l$ to fa/+1 :il/ 9 o!r in/ances !y h to be f$ by _! neighb\rs4#aag ,footnote #ie3 ,fraz]1 ',c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms z illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #id4 ,see also ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #bgj1 #eij4 ,footnote #if3 von d5 ,/e951 op4 cit4 p4 #dcd sq4 ,footnote #ig3 ,infra1 on ,reg>d = ! ,dead4 ,footnote #ih3 ,polack1 ,mann]s ani ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bci4 ,footnote #ii3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bbh4 ,idem1 ,samoa1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,?ur/on1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 i4 #agd4 ,footnote #aja3 pa/amba1 i4 #e4 #af4 #ah sqq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,h>adatta1 quot$ by ,bhl]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #ei1 n4 #bj4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,%ya/ ,l-,%ya/1 xvii4 #b4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,we/1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 v4 #chb1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #aje3 ,we/1 ibid4 v4 #chb1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,b5t1 ,cyclades1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #ajh3 von ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi51 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #aji3 ,d&9i1 ',voyage to ,m\nt ,libanus1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages1 x4 #bij4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,all51 ,mod]n ,judaism1 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,bod5s*atz1 ,kir*li*e ,v]fassung d] heutig5 ,jud51 iv4 #agg4 ,footnote #aab3 ,buxtorf1 ,synagoga ,judaica1 p4 #gjg4 ,footnote #aac3 ,c]teux & ,c>noy1 ,l',algrie traditionelle1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #aad3 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #bhg sq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,supra1 ii4 #bhc sq4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,teit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cca 7,upp] ,?ompson ,indians74 ,t\t1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #aci 7,/latlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia74 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #egh1 #eij2 ,cal&1 ,die ,alt9dis*5 ,todt5- und ,be/attungsgebru*e1 p4 #ha4 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fji 7,*9ese74 ,wilk51 9 ,revue int]nationale coloniale1 iv4 #ceb1 n4 #da4 ,footnote #aag3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ade2 ,idem1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bbh 7,samoans74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #djc 7,tahitians74 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cbc 7,maoris74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #afi4 ,among ! ,upp] ,?ompson ,indians ! p]sons :o h&l$ ! dead body w\ld n t\* ! food ) _! h&s1 b mu/ put x into _! m\?s ) %>p-po9t$ /icks 7,teit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cca74 ,h[ev]1 an unclean individual may be suppos$ to pollute a piece ( food n only by t\*+ x ) 8 h&1 b 9 "s cases by eat+ x2 &1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( p>s pro toto1 ! pollution may !n spread to all victuals belong+ to ! same species4 ,ideas ( ?is k9d are sometimes conspicu\s 9 connection ) ! re/rictions 9 diet aft] a dea?4 ,?us ! ,siciatl ( ,briti% ,columbia believe t a dead body1 or any?+ connect$ ) ! dead1 is inimical to ! salmon1 & !re=e ! relatives ( a deceas$ p]son mu/ ab/a9 f eat+ salmon 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! run1 z also f ent]+ a creek :]e salmon are f\nd4#aah ,among ! ,/latlumh1 a neighb\r+ p1 n ev5 eld]ly wid[]s1 = :om ! p]iod ( ab/5tion is comp>atively #cjg %ort1 are all[$ to eat fre% salmon till ! fir/ ( ! run is ov] & ! fi% h arriv$ 9 su* numb]s t !re is no dang] ( _! be+ driv5 away4#aai ,x is n unlikely t if ! motives = ! re/rictions 9 diet aft] a dea? 7 suffici5tly kn[n 9 ea* case1 a simil> fe> le/ ! unclean m\rn] %\ld pollute ! :ole species by pollut+ "s individual memb] ( x w\ld be f\nd to be a common cause ( ^? rules :i* prohibit ! eat+ ( /aple or fav\rite food4#abj ,b x w\ld seem t su* rules also may spr+ f ! idea t ?is k9d ( food is p>ticul>ly s\ght = by ! dead & !re=e defil$4 ,footnote #aah3 ,t\t1 ',e?nology ( ! ,siciatl ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxiv4 #cc4 ,footnote #aai3 ,t\t1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #aci4 ,footnote #abj3 ,9 ! ,arunta tribe1 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 no m5/ru\s woman is all[$ to ga!r ! ,irriakura bulbs1 :i* =m a /aple article ( diet = bo? m5 & wom51 ! idea be+ t any infr+em5t ( ! re/riction w\ld result 9 ! failure ( ! supply ( ! bulb 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fae74 ,moreov]1 unclean individuals are n only a dang] to o!rs1 b are !mselves 9 dang]4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has %[n1 !y are suppos$ to be 9 a delicate condition1 :i* imposes ^u !m v>i\s precautions2#aba & "o ( ^! may be re/rictions 9 _! diet4 ,among ! ,?l9kets & "s peoples 9 ,briti% ,columbia ! relatives ( ! deceas$ n only fa/ till ! body is buri$1 b h _! faces black5$1 cov] _! heads ) ragg$ mats1 & mu/ speak b little1 conf9+ !mselves to answ]+ que/ions1 z x is believ$ t !y w\ld else become *att]boxes4#abb ,accord+ to e>ly ideas1 m\rn]s are 9 a /ate v simil> to t ( girls at pub]ty1 :o also1 among v>i\s peoples1 are oblig$ to fa/ or ab/a9 f c]ta9 k9ds ( food on acc\nt ( _! uncleanness4#abc ,among ! ,/latlumh1 = in/ance1 #cjh :5 a girl rea*es pub]ty1 %e fa/s = ! fir/ f\r days & ab/a9s f fre% meats ( any k9d ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( h] seclusion4 ,!re 0 a two-fold object 9 ?is ab/5tion4 ,fir/1 ! girl1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld be h>m$ by ! fre% meat 9 h] peculi> condition2 & second1 ! game animals w\ld take (f5ce if %e p>took ( _! meat 9 ^! circum/ances1 & w\ld n p]mit h] fa!r to kill !m4#abd ,footnote #aba3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cdc1 c4 ,footnote #abb3 ,boas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #abc3 ,boas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dj sqq4 7v>i\s tribes 9 ,briti% ,columbia74 ,t\t1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxiv4 #cc 7,siciatl74 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #ic sq4 7,ahts74 ,b\rke1 ',m$ic9e-,m5 ( ! ,apa*e1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #eja4 ,du ,t]tre1 ,hi/oire gnrale des ,antilles1 ii4 #cga4 ,s*omburgk1 ',natives ( ,guiana1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 i4 #bfi sq4 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #fdd 7,macusis74 ,seligmann1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bjj sqq4 7,we/]n ,isl&]s74 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #id4 ,see ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bje sqq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,t\t1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #acf4 ,x %\ld f9ally be notic$ t1 ?\gh ! cu/om ( fa/+ aft] a dea? 9 ! ma9 has a sup]/iti\s orig91 !re may at ! same "t be a physiological motive = x4#abe ,ev5 ! rude/ savage feels afflict$ at ! dea? ( a fri5d1 & grief is accompani$ by a loss ( appetite4 ,?is natural dis9cl9ation to p>take ( food may1 comb9$ ) sup]/iti\s fe>1 h giv5 rise to prohibitory rules1 nay1 may ev5 9 ! fir/ in/ance h sugge/$ ! idea t !re is dang] 9 tak+ food4 ,! m\rn+ obs]vances s commonly co9cide ) ! natural expressions ( sorr[1 t we are almo/ b\nd to assume ! exi/5ce ( "s connection betwe5 !m1 ev5 ?\gh 9 _! develop$ =ms ! sup]/iti\s motive be ! mo/ prom95t4 ,footnote #abe3 ,cf4 ,mall]y1 ',mann]s & ,meals1' 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 i4 #bjb2 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #bac2 ,s*urtz1 ,urges*i*te d] ,kultur1 p4 #ehg4 ,an important survival ( ! m\rn+ fa/ is ! ,l5t fa/4 ,x orig9ally la/$ = =ty h\rs only1 t is1 ! "t :5 ,*ri/ lay 9 ! grave4#abf ,ir5aeus speaks ( ! fa/ ( =ty h\rs be=e ,ea/]1#abg & ,t]tullian1 :5 a ,montani/ disput+ aga9/ ! ,ca?olics1 says t ! only legitimate days = ,*ri/ian fa/+ 7 ^? 9 :i* ! ,bridegroom 0 tak5 away4#abh ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! =ty h\rs 7 ext5d$ to =ty #cji days1 9 imitation ( ! =ty days' fa/s ( ,moses1 ,elijah1 & ,*ri/4#abi ,footnote #abf3 ,cf4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ix4 #ae2 ,/4 ,m>k1 ii4 #bj2 ,/4 ,luke1 v4 #ce4 ,footnote #abg3 ,ir5aeus1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,hi/oria ecclesia/ica1 v4 #bd 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 xx4 #eja74 ,cf4 ,funk1 ',die ,entwicklung des ,o/]fa/5s1' 9 ,!ologis*e ,qu>tals*rift1 lxxv4 #aha sqq42 ,du*esne1 ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #abh3 ,t]tullian1 ,de jejuniis1 #b 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ief74 ,footnote #abi3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,jonam1 #c 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxv4 #aadj74 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/ola ,,lv 7alias ,,cxix71 ',ad inquisitiones ,janu>ii1' #ae 7,migne1 xxxiii4 #bag sq474 ,funk1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bji4 ,n only on a dea?1 b on c]ta9 o!r occasions1 food is suppos$ to pollute or injure him :o p>takes ( x1 & is !re=e to be avoid$4 ,9 ,pfalz ! p ma9ta9 t no food %\ld be tak5 at an eclipse ( ! sun2#acj & all ov] ,g]many !re is a popul> belief t anybody :o eats dur+ a ?und]/orm w be /ruck by ! lightn+4#aca ,:5 ! ,todas "k t !re is go+ to be an eclipse ( ! sun or ! moon1 !y ab/a9 f food4#acb ,among ! ,h9dus1 :ile an eclipse is go+ on1 dr9k+ wat]1 eat+ food1 & all h\sehold bus9ess1 z well z ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 are all prohibit$2 high-ca/e ,h9dus d n ev5 eat food :i* has rema9$ 9 ! h\se dur+ an eclipse1 b give x away1 & all e>!n vessels 9 use 9 _! h\ses at ! "t mu/ be brok54#acc ,among ! rules laid d[n = ,sntakas1 t is1 ,brhmanas :o h complet$ _! /ud5t%ip1 !re is "o :i* =bids !m to eat1 travel1 & sleep dur+ ! twilight2#acd & 9 "o ( ! ,zoroa/rian ,pahlavi texts x is said t 9 ! d>k x is n all[able to eat food1 = ! demons & fi5ds seize ^u "o-?ird ( ! wisdom & glory ( him :o eats food 9 ! d>k4#ace ,_m ,h9dus :o rev]e ! sun d n break _! fa/ 9 ! morn+ till !y cat* a cle> view ( x1 & d n eat at all on days :5 x is obscur$ by cl\ds#acf--;a cu/om to :i* !re is a p>allel among "s ,nor? ,am]ican sun-wor%ipp]s1 ! ,snanaimuq ,indians belong+ to ! ,coa/ ,sali%1 :o mu/ n p>take ( any food until ! sun is well up 9 ! sky4#acg ,brahm9s #caj fa/ at ! equ9oxes1 sol/ices1 conjunctions ( planets1 & on ! days ( ! new & full moon4#ach ,! ,buddhi/ ,sabba?1 or ,uposa?a1 :i*1 z we h notic$ above1 occurs on ! day ( full moon1 on ! day :5 !re is no moon1 & on ! two days :i* are eigh? f ! full & new moon1 is n only a day ( re/1 b has also f anci5t times be5 a fa/-day4 ,he :o keeps ! ,sabba? rigor\sly ab/a9s f all food betwe5 sunrise & sunset1 &1 z no cook+ mu/ be done dur+ ! ,uposa?a1 he prep>es 8 ev5+ meal 9 ! e>ly morn+ be=e ! rise ( ! sun4#aci ,footnote #acj3 ,s*nw]?1 ,aus d] ,ob]pfalz1 iii4 #ee4 ,footnote #aca3 ,hab]l&1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie1 xviii4 #beh4 ,footnote #acb3 ,riv]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #eib sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #ba sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 #ee4 ,footnote #ace3 ,%ya/ ,l-,%ya/1 ix4 #h4 ,footnote #acf3 ,wilson1 ,works1 i4 #bff4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 ii4 #bhe4 ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #acg3 ,boas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ach3 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #afj4 ,see also supra1 ii4 #big4 ,footnote #aci3 ,*ild]s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,pali ,language1 p4 #ece4 ,k]n1 ,d] ,buddhismus1 ii4 #beh4 ,among ! ,jews !re are _m :o ab/a9 f food on ! day ( an eclipse ( ! moon1 :i* !y reg>d z an evil om54#adj ,we h also reason to believe t ! ,jews 7 once 9 ! habit ( obs]v+ ! new moons & ,sabba?s n only z days ( re/1 b z fa/-days2 & ! ,hebrew ,sabba?1 z we h se51 9 all probability owes its orig9 to sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! *anges 9 ! moon4#ada ,or h[ %all we expla9 ! curi\s rule :i* =bids fa/+ on a new moon & on ! sev5? day1#adb if n z a prote/ aga9/ a fa/ once 9 vogue among ! ,jews on ^! occasions1 b aft]w>ds reg>d$ z an illegitimate rite8#adc ,?is !ory is n new1 = ,hook] 9 8 ',ecclesia/ical ,polity' obs]ves t x may be a "q1 :e!r 9 "s sort !y did n always fa/ on ! ,sabba?4 ,he ref]s to a /atem5t ( ,josephus1 accord+ to :i* ! six? h\r 0 wont on ! ,sabba? always to call !m home unto meat1 & to c]ta9 pagan writ]s :o upbraid$ !m ) fa/+ on t day4#add ,9 ,nehemiah !re is an indication t x 0 a cu/om to fa/ on ! fir/ day ( ! sev5? mon?1#ade #caa :i* is holy unto ! ,"l2#adf & on ! t5? day ( ! same mon? !re 0 ! great fa/ ( atonem5t1 comb9$ ) ab/95ce f e k9d ( "w4#adg ,i v5ture to ?9k t all ^! fa/s may be ultimately trac$ to a belief t ! *anges 9 ! moon n only are unfav\rable = "w1 b also make x dang]\s to p>take ( food4 ,! fact ( ! sev5? day be+ a day ( re/ e/abli%$ ! numb] sev5 z a sabbatical numb]4 ,9 ! sev5? mon? !re are sev]al days1 besides ,saturdays1 :i* are to be obs]v$ z days ( re/1#adh & 9 ! sev5? ye> !re %all be a sabba? ( re/ unto ! l&4#adi ,9 ^! ,sabbat>ian regulations ! day ( atonem5t plays a p>ticul>ly prom95t "p4 ,! sev]e/ puni%m5t is prescrib$ = him :o does n re/ & fa/ on t day f ev5 unto ev52#aej & x is on ! same day t1 aft] ! lapse ( sev5 times sev5 ye>s1 ! trumpet ( ! jubilee %all be caus$ to s\nd ?r\gh\t ! l&4#aea ,mo/ ( ! rules conc]n+ ! day ( atonem5t are und\bt$ly po/-exilic4 ,b ! fact t no o!r regul> days ( fa/+ b ^? m5tion$ by ,ze*>iah are ref]r$ to by ! prophets or 9 e>li] books1 h>dly ju/ifies ! conclusion drawn by _m s*ol>s t no su* fa/ exi/$4 ,x is extremely probable t ! fa/ ( ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon? z a fa/ ( atonem5t is ( a comp>atively mod]n date2 b x is p]haps n too bold to sugge/ t ! idea ( atonem5t is a lat] int]pretation ( a previ\sly exi/+ fa/1 :i* 0 orig9ally obs]v$ = fe> ( ! dang]\s quality attribut$ to ! numb] sev54 ,:y ?is fa/ 0 enjo9$ on ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon? rema9s obscure2 b x seems t ! ord] ( ! mon? 0 consid]$ m important ?an t ( ! day4 ,nehemiah speaks ( a fa/ :i* #cab 0 kept on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! sev5? mon?4#aeb ,footnote #adj3 ,buxtorf1 op4 cit4 p4 #dgg4 ,footnote #ada3 ,supra1 ii4 #bhf sq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,judi?1 viii4 #f4 ,s*ul*an ,aru*1 i4 #ia1 #aag4 ,footnote #adc3 ,see ,ja/r[1 ',orig9al ,"* ( ! ,hebrew ,sabba?1' 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 ii4 #cbe4 ,footnote #add3 ,hook]1 ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 v4 #gb1 vol4 ii4 #cch4 ,footnote #ade3 ,nehemiah1 viii4 #b1 #aj3--,!n he said unto !m1 ,g y\r way1 eat ! fat1 & dr9k ! sweet1 & s5d portions unto !m = :om no?+ is prep>$4 ,footnote #adf3 ,nehemiah1 viii4 #i sqq4 ,see also ,leviticus1 xxiii4 #bd sq42 ,numb]s1 xxix4 #a4 ,among ! ,babylonians1 too1 ! sev5? mon? _h a sacr$ "* 7a/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #fha1 #fhc1 #fhf74 ,footnote #adg3 ,leviticus1 xvi4 #bi1 #ca2 xxiii4 #bg sqq4 ,numb]s1 xxix4 #g4 ,footnote #adh3 ,leviticus1 xxiii4 #bd1 #be1 #ce1 #cf1 #ci4 ,numb]s1 xxix4 #a1 #ab1 #ce4 ,footnote #adi3 ,leviticus1 xxv4 #d4 ,see also ,exodus1 xxiii4 #aj sq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,leviticus1 xxiii4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ibid4 xxv4 #i4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,nehemiah1 ix4 #a4 ,9 o!r ,semitic religions we meet ) v>i\s fa/s :i* are 9 "s way or o!r connect$ ) a/ronomical *anges4 ,accord+ to ,en-,n$m1 ! ,h>ranians1 or ,sabians1 obs]v$ a ?irty days' fa/ 9 hon\r ( ! moon1 comm5c+ on ! eigh? day aft] ! new moon ( ,adsr 7,m>*72 a n9e days' fa/ 9 hon\r ( ! ,"l ( ,good ,luck 7probably ,jupit]71#aec comm5c+ on ! n9? day be=e ! new moon ( ! fir/ ,knn 7,decemb]72 & a sev5 days' fa/ 9 hon\r ( ! sun1 comm5c+ on ! eigh? or n9? day aft] ! new moon ( ,%ob? 7,febru>y74#aed ,! ?irty days' fa/ seems to h impli$ ab/95ce f e k9d ( food & dr9k betwe5 sunrise & sunset1#aee :]eas ! sev5 days' fa/ is expressly said to h consi/$ 9 ab/95ce f fat & w9e4#aef ,9 ,mani*ism--:i* is ess5tially bas$ ^u ! anci5t nature religion ( ,babylonia1 ?\gh modifi$ by ,*ri/ian & ,p]sian elem5ts & elevat$ into a gnosis#aeg--we meet ) a great numb] ( fa/s4 ,!re is a cont9u\s fa/ = two days :5 ! sun is 9 ,sagitt>ius 7:i* x ent]s ab\t ! #bbnd ,novemb]7 & ! moon has its full light2 ano!r fa/ :5 ! sun has ent]$ ,capricornus 7:i* x does ab\t ! #ba/ ,decemb]7 & ! moon fir/ becomes visible2 & a ?irty days' fa/ betwe5 sunrise & sunset comm5c+ on ! day :5 ! new moon beg9s to %9e1 ! sun is 9 ,aqu>ius 7:]e x is f ab\t ! #bj? ,janu>y71 & eight days ( ! mon? h pass$1 :i* seems to imply t ! fa/ _c beg9 until eight days aft] ! sun has ent]$ ,aqu>ius & t consequ5tly1 if ! new moon #cac appe>s dur+ t p]iod1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! fa/ has to be po/pon$ till ! foll[+ new moon4 ,! ,mani*aeans also fa/$ = two days at e new moon2 & our *ief au?ority on ! subject1 ,en-,n$m1 /ates t !y _h sev5 fa/-days 9 ea* mon?4 ,!y fa/$ on ,sundays1 & "s ( !m1 ! electi or p]fect ones1 on ,mondays also4#aeh ,we are told by ,leo ! ,great t !y obs]v$ ^! weekly fa/s 9 hon\r ( ! sun & ! moon2#aei b accord+ to ! ,arm5ian ,bi%op ,eb$jesu _! ab/95ce on ,sunday 0 occasion$ by _! belief t ! de/ruction ( ! _w 0 go+ to take place on t day4#afj ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,h>ranian & ,mani*an fa/s 7 orig9ally due1 n to rev]5ce1 b to fe> ( evil influ5ces2 rev]5ce c nev] be ! primitive motive = a cu/om>y rite ( fa/+4 ,! ?irty days' fa/ :i* ! ,h>ranians obs]v$ 9 ! mon? ( ,adsr f9ds p]haps its explanation 9 ! fact t1 accord+ to ,babylonian beliefs1 ! mon? ,ad> 0 presid$ ov] by ! sev5 evil spirits1 :o knew nei!r compassion nor m]cy1 :o he>d no pray] or supplication1 & to ^: baneful influ5ce ! popul> fai? attribut$ ! eclipse ( ! moon4#afa ,b x may also be wor? notic+ t ! ,h>ranian fa/ took place ab\t ! v]nal equ9ox--a "t at :i*1 z we h se51 ! ,brahm9s ( ,india are wont to fa/1 ?\gh only = a day or two4 ,footnote #aec3 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi]1 ii4 #bbf1 n4 #bdg4 ,footnote #aed3 ,en-,n$m1 ,fihri/1 7book ix4 *4 i47 i4 #d2 v4 #h1 #aa sq4 7,*wolsohn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #f1 #g1 #cb1 #ce sq474 ,see also ,*wolsohn1 i4 #ecc sqq42 ii4 #ge sq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,*wolsohn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ga sq4 ,cf4 ,ablf$1 #f 7ibid4 ii4 #ejj74 ,footnote #aef3 ,en-,n$m1 op4 cit4 v4 #aa 7,*wolsohn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cf74 ,footnote #aeg3 ,kessl]1 ',mani1 ,mani*er1' 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyclopdie f4 prote/antis*e ,!ologie1 xii4 #aih sq4 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 iii4 #ccj4 ,idem1 ',mani*ism1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 xv4 #dhe4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,en-,n$m1 ,fihri/1 9 ,flgel1 ,mani1 pp4 #ie1 #ig4 ,flgel1 p4 #caa sqq4 ,kessl]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bab sq4 ,footnote #aei3 ,leo ! ,great1 ,s]mo ,,xlii4 7al4 ,,xli47 #e 7,migne1 op4 cit4 liv4 #bgi74 ,footnote #afj3 ,flgel1 op4 cit4 p4 #cab sq4 ,footnote #afa3 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #bfc1 #bgf1 #dfc4 ,x is highly probable t ! ?irty days' fa/ ( ! ,h>ranians & ,mani*ans is ! prototype ( ! ,muhamm$an fa/ ( ,ramad4n4 ,dur+ ! :ole n9? mon? ( ! ,muhamm$an ye> ! complete ab/95ce f food1 dr9k & cohabitation f sunrise till sunset is enjo9$ ^u e ,moslem1 ) ! exception ( "y *ildr5 & idiots1 z also sick p]sons & travell]s1 :o are all[$ to po/pone ! #cad fa/ to ano!r "t4#afb ,?is fa/ is said to be a f\r? "p ( ,fai?1 ! o!r c>d9al duties ( religi\s practice be+ pray]1 almsgiv+1 & pilgrimage4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 mod]n ,muhamm$ans reg>d ! fa/ ( ,ramad4n z ( m importance ?an any o!r religi\s obs]vance2#afc _m ( !m neglect _! pray]s1 b anybody :o %\ld op5ly disreg>d ! rule ( fa/+ w\ld be subject to a v sev]e puni%m5t4#afd ,ev5 ! privilege grant$ to travell]s & sick p]sons is n readily tak5 advantage (4 ,dur+ _! m>*es 9 ! middle ( summ] no?+ b ! appreh5sion ( dea? c induce ! ,a5eze to int]rupt ! fa/2#afe & :5 ,burton1 9 ! disguise ( a ,muhamm$an doctor1 0 9 ,cairo mak+ prep>ations = 8 pilgrimage to ,mecca1 he f\nd among all ^? :o suff]$ sev]ely f su* total ab/95ce only "o pati5t :o w\ld eat ev5 to save 8 life4#aff ,!re is no evid5ce t ! fa/ ( ,ramad4n 0 an anci5t1 pre-,muhamm$an cu/om4#afg ,on ! o!r h&1 its simil>ity ) ! ,h>ranian & ,mani*an fa/s is s /rik+ t we are almo/ compell$ to reg>d !m all z fundam5tally ! same in/itution2 & if ?is assumption is correct1 ,muhamm$ mu/ h borr[$ 8 fa/ f ! ,h>ranians or ,mani*ans or bo?4 #cae ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,jacob has %[n t 9 ! ye> #fbc1 :5 ?is fa/ seems to h be5 in/itut$1 ,ramad4n exactly co9cid$ ) ! ,h>ranian fa/-mon?4#afh ,9 its ,muhamm$an =m ! fa/ ext5d+ ov] a :ole mon? is look$ ^u z a means ( expiation4 ,x is said t by ! obs]vance ( x a p]son w be p>don$ all 8 pa/ v5ial s9s1 & t only ^? :o keep x w be all[$ to ent] ?r\gh ! gate ( heav5 call$ ,rayyn4#afi ,b ?is is only ano!r in/ance ( ! common fact t cu/oms (t5 = an incalculable p]iod survive ! motives f :i* !y sprang4 ,footnote #afb3 ,koran1 ii4 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,footnote #afc3 ,cf4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #afd3 von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 i4 #dfj4 ,footnote #afe3 ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s & ,wahbys1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #aff3 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah1 i4 #gd4 ,footnote #afg3 ,we c h>dly reg>d z su* ! passage 9 ! ,koran 7ii4 #agi7 :]e x is said1 ,o ye :o believe6 ,!re is prescrib$ = y ! fa/ z x 0 prescrib$ = ^? be=e y2 haply ye may fe>4 ,! traditioni/s say t ,muhamm$ 0 9 ! habit ( sp5d+ ! mon? ( ,ramad4n e ye> 9 ! cave at ,hir1 m$itat+ & fe$+ all ! poor :o resort$ to him1 & t he did s 9 accordance ) a religi\s practice :i* ! ,korei% us$ to p]=m 9 ! days ( _! hea!nism4 ,o!rs add t 7,abd al-,mut4t4alib comm5c$ ! practice1 say+ t x 0 ! wor%ip ( ,god :i* t patri>* us$ to beg9 ) ! new moon ( ,ramad4n1 & cont9ue dur+ ! :ole ( ! mon? 7,muir1 ,life ( ,mahomet1 ii4 #ef1 n499 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #caf74 ,b1 z ,muir rem>ks 7op4 cit4 ii4 #ef1 n49971 x is ! t5d5cy ( ! traditioni/s to =e%ad[ ! cu/oms & precepts ( ,islam z if "s ( !m _h exi/$ prior to ,muhamm$1 & con/itut$ "p ( ! religion ( ,abraham4 ,see ,jacob1 ',d] muslimis*e ,fa/5monat ,ramad4n1' 9 ,,vi4 ,jahresb]i*t d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*4 zu ,greifswald1 pt4 i4 #ahic-if1 p4 #b1 sqq4 ,footnote #afh3 ,jacob1 loc4 cit4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #afi3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #cag4 ,9 v>i\s religions we meet ) fa/+ z a =m ( p5ance1 z a means ( appeas+ an angry or indignant ,god1 z an expiation = s94#agj ,! volunt>y suff]+ involv$ 9 x is reg>d$ z an expression ( sorr[ & rep5tance pleas+ to ,god1 z a sub/itute = ! puni%m5t :i* ,he o!rwise w\ld inflict ^u ! s9n]2 & at ! same "t x may be ?\ght to excite ,8 compassion1 an idea noticeable 9 _m ,jewi% fa/s4#aga ,among ! ,jews individuals fa/$ 9 cases ( private di/ress or dang]3 ,ahab1 = in/ance1 :5 ,elijah pr$ict$ 8 d[nfall1#agb ,ezra & 8 companions be=e _! j\rney to ,pale/9e1#agc ! pi\s ,israelite :5 8 fri5ds 7 sick4#agd ,moreov]1 fa/s 7 in/itut$ = ! :ole community :5 x believ$ itself to be "u div9e displeasure1 :5 dang] ?reat5$1 :5 a great calamity befell ! l&1 :5 pe/il5ce rag$ or dr\ght set 91 or !re 0 a rev]se 9 w>4#age ,f\r #caf regul> fa/-days 7 e/abli%$ 9 commemoration ( v>i\s sad ev5ts t _h befall5 ,israel dur+ ! captivity2#agf & 9 ! c\rse ( "t _m o!r fa/s 7 add$1 9 memory ( c]ta9 national tr\bles1 ?\gh !y 7 n reg>d$ z obligatory4#agg ,! law itself enjo9$ fa/+ = ! great day ( atonem5t only4 ,footnote #agj3 ,wass]s*leb51 ,die ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 passim 7,*ri/ianity74 ,koran1 ii4 #aib2 iv4 #id2 v4 #ia1 #if2 lviii4 #e4 ,jolly1 ',re*t und ,sitte1' 9 ,bhl]1 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie1 p4 #aag2 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,"*1 c4 ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #afj 7,brahmanism74 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bhe4 ,on ! occasion ( any public calamity ! ,mexican high-prie/ retir$ to a wood1 :]e he con/ruct$ a hut = himself1 & %ut up 9 ?is hut he pass$ n9e or t5 mon?s 9 con/ant pray] & frequ5t effusions ( blood1 eat+ only raw maize & wat] 7,torquemada1 ,mon>*ia ,indiana1 ix4 #be1 vol4 ii4 #bab sq474 ,footnote #aga3 ,cf4 ,b5z+]1 ',fa/+1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ii4 #aejh2 ,s*wally1 ,das ,leb5 na* dem ,tode na* d5 ,vor/ellung5 des alt5 ,israel1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #agb3 #a ,k+s1 xxi4 #bg4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ezra1 viii4 #ba4 ,footnote #agd3 ,psalms1 xxxv4 #ac4 ,footnote #age3 ,judges1 xx4 #bf4 #a ,samuel1 vii4 #f4 #b ,*ronicles1 xx4 #c4 ,nehemiah1 ix4 #a4 ,j]emiah1 xxxvi4 #i4 ,joel1 i4 #ad2 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #agf3 ,ze*>iah1 viii4 #ai4 ,footnote #agg3 ,gre5/one1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 v4 #cdg4 ,x may be ask$ :y ?is p>ticul> k9d ( self-mortification became su* a frequ5t & popul> =m ( p5ance z x did bo? 9 ,judaism & 9 sev]al o!r religions4 ,"o reason is1 no d\bt1 t fa/+ is a natural expression ( contrition1 ow+ to ! depress+ effect :i* sorr[ has ^u ! appetite4 ,ano!r reason is t ! idea ( p5it5ce1 z we h j obs]v$1 may be a lat] int]pretation put ^u a fa/ :i* orig9ally sprang f fe> ( contam9ation4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 fa/+ is resort$ to z a cure 9 ! case ( di/ress or dang]1 z also :5 x is practis$ 9 commemoration ( a calamity1 !re may be a vague belief t ! food is pollut$ & %\ld !re=e be avoid$4 ,b 9 sev]al cases fa/+ is di/9ctly a survival ( an expiatory sacrifice4 ,! sacrifice ( food (f]$ to ! deity 0 *ang$ into ! sacrifice involv$ 9 ! ab/95ce f food on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,we f9d t among ! ,jews ! decay ( sacrifice 0 accompani$ by a great] frequ5cy ( fa/s4 ,x 0 only 9 ! p]iod imm$iately be=e ! exile t fa/+ began to acquire special importance2 & ! popul> e/imation ( x w5t on increas+ dur+ & aft] ! exile1 p>tly at lea/ f a feel+ ( ! ne$ ( religi\s ex]cises to take ! place ( ! susp5d$ temple s]vices4#agh ,l sacrifice1 fa/+ 0 a regul> app5dage to pray]1 z a means ( giv+ special efficacy to ! supplication2#agi fa/+ & pray+ became 9 fact a con/ant comb9ation ( words4#ahj ,& equally close is ! #cag connection betwe5 fa/+ & almsgiv+--a circum/ance :i* des]ves special notice :]e almsgiv+ is reg>d$ z a =m ( sacrifice or has tak5 ! place ( x4#aha ,9 ! p5it5tial regulations ( ,brahmanism we repeat$ly meet ) ! comb9ation sacrifice1 fa/+1 giv+ gifts2#ahb or also fa/+ & giv+ gifts1 )\t m5tion be+ made ( sacrifice4#ahc ,among ! ,jews ea* fa/-day 0 virtually an occasion = almsgiv+1#ahd 9 accordance ) ! rabb9ic say+ t ! rew>d ( ! fa/-day is 9 ! am\nt ( *>ity di/ribut$2#ahe b fa/+ 0 sometimes decl>$ to be ev5 m m]itori\s ?an *>ity1 because ! =m] affects ! body & ! latt] ! purse only4#ahf ,& f ,judaism ?is comb9ation ( fa/+ & almsgiv+ pass$ ov] into ,*ri/ianity & ,muhamm$anism4 ,accord+ to ,islam1 x is a religi\s duty to give alms aft] a fa/2#ahg if a p]son ?r\gh ! infirmity ( old age is n able to keep ! fa/1 he mu/ fe$ a poor p]son2#ahh & ! violation ( an inconsid]ate oa? may be expiat$ ei!r by once fe$+ or clo?+ t5 poor m51 or lib]at+ a ,muhamm$an slave or captive1 or fa/+ ?ree days4#ahi ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* fa/+ 0 n only look$ ^u z a necess>y accompanim5t ( pray]1 b :atev] a p]son sav$ by means ( x 0 to be giv5 to ! poor4#aij ,/4 ,augu/9e says t man's righte\sness 9 ?is life consi/s 9 fa/+1 alms1 & pray]1 t alms & fa/+ are ! two w+s :i* enable 8 pray] to fly upw>d to ,god4#aia ,b fa/+ )\t almsgiv+ is n #cah s mu* z c\nt$ = fa/+2#aib t :i* is ga9$ by ! fa/ at d9n] ought n to be turn$ into a fea/ at supp]1 b %\ld be exp5d$ on ! bellies ( ! poor4#aic ,& if a p]son 0 too weak to fa/ )\t injur+ 8 heal? he 0 admoni%$ to give ! m pl5tiful alms4#aid ,t]tullian expressly calls fa/+s sacrifices :i* are acceptable to ,god4#aie ,!y assum$ ! "* ( rev]5ce (f]+s1 !y 7 said to be works ( rev]5ce t[>ds ,god4#aif ,b fa/+1 z well z temp]ance1 has also f e>ly times be5 advocat$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s on ! gr\nd t x is ! beg9n+ ( *a/ity1#aig :]eas ?r\gh love ( eat+ love ( impurity f9ds passage4#aih ,footnote #agh3 ,b5z+]1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ii4 #aejh4 ,n[ack1 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie1 ii4 #bga4 ,footnote #agi3 ,lw1 ,gesammelte ,s*rift51 i4 #ajh4 ,n[ack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bga4 ,b5z+]1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ii4 #aejg4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,judi?1 iv4 #i1 #aa4 ,tobit1 xii4 #h4 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxiv4 #bf4 ,/4 ,luke1 ii4 #cg4 ,footnote #aha3 ,supra1 i4 #efe sqq4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,gautama1 xix4 #aa4 ,vasi%?a1 xxii4 #h4 ,baudhyana1 iii4 #aj4 #i4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,vasi%?a1 xx4 #dg4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,kohl]1 ',alms1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 i4 #dce4 ,lw1 op4 cit4 i4 #ajh4 ,cf4 ,tobit1 xii4 #h2 ,katz1 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,ibid4 fol4 #f b1 quot$ by ,gre5/one1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 v4 #cdi4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,b]akho?1 fol4 #cb b1 quot$ by ,h]%on1 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ibid4 p4 #bha4 ,?is op9ion is bas$ on a s5t5ce 9 ! ,koran 7ii4 #ahj7 :i* has caus$ a great deal ( dispute4 ,x is said !re t ^? :o are fit to fa/ may r$eem x by fe$+ a poor man4 ,b ! expression ^? :o are fit to fa/ has be5 und]/ood to mean ^? :o c d s only ) great difficulty4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,koran1 v4 #ia4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #cac sq4 ,see also ,koran1 ii4 #aib2 iv4 #id2 v4 #if2 lviii4 #e4 ,footnote #aij3 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i4 #bje1 n4 #e4 ,lw1 op4 cit4 i4 #ajh4 ,footnote #aia3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,en>ratio 9 ,psalmum ,,xlii4 #h 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 xxxvi4 #dhb74 ,footnote #aib3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,9 ,mat?um ,homil4 ,,lxxvii4 7al4 ,,lxxviii47 #f 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 lviii4 #gaj74 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]mones supposititii1 cxlii4 #b1 #f 7,migne1 xxxix4 #bjbc sq474 ,footnote #aic3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]mones supposititii1 cxli4 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxxix4 #bjba74 ,see also ,canons enact$ "u ,k+ ,edg>1 ',( ,p[]ful ,m51' #c 7,anci5t ,laws ( ,engl&1 p4 #dae72 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutes1 #ch 7ibid4 p4 #dhf74 ,footnote #aid3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,9 ,cap4 ,i4 ,g5es4 ,homil4 ,x4 #b 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 liii4 #hc74 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]mones supposititii1 cxlii4 #a 7,migne1 xxxix4 #bjbb sq474 ,footnote #aie3 ,t]tullian1 ,de resurrectione c>nis1 #h 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hjf74 ,footnote #aif3 ,hook]1 ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 v4 #gb1 vol4 ii4 #ccd4 ,footnote #aig3 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,9 ,epi/4 ,,ii4 ad ,!ssal4 ,cap4 ,i4 ,homil4 ,i4 #b 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,gr4 lxii4 #dgj74 ,footnote #aih3 ,t]tullian1 ,de jejuniis1 #a 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #iec74 ,see also ,manzoni1 ,oss]vazioni sulla morale cattolica1 p4 #age4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,re/rictions ,,9 ,,diet 7conclud$7 ,,besides ! occasional ab/95ce f c]ta9 victuals1 :i* 0 notic$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re are re/rictions 9 diet ( a m durable "*4 ,?us among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es ! y\ng] memb]s ( a tribe are1 z x seems univ]sally1 subject to a v>iety ( su* re/rictions1 f :i* !y are only gradually releas$ z !y gr[ old]4#a ,9 ! ,wotjobaluk tribe 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 boys are =bidd5 to eat ( ! kang>oo & ! padi-melon1 be+ told t if !y transgress ^! rules !y w fall sick1 break out all ov] ) eruptions1 & p]haps die4 ,if a man "u =ty eats ! tail "p ( ! emu or bu/>d1 he w turn grey1 & if he eats ! fre%wat] turtle he w be kill$ by lightn+4 ,if "y m5 or wom5 ( ! ,wakelbura tribe eat emu1 black-head$ snake1 or porcup9e1 !y w become sick & probably die1 utt]+ ! s\nds peculi> to ! creature 9 "q1 ! _s ( :i* is believ$ to h ent]$ into _! bodies4#b ,9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia a man is usually well 9 ! middle age be=e he #cbj is all[$ to eat wild turkey1 rabbit-b&icoot1 & emu4#c ,accord+ to c]ta9 writ]s1 ! object ( ^! re/rictions is to res]ve ! be/ ?+s = ! use ( ! eld]s1 &1 m especially1 ( ! old] m52#d b1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 rem>k$ t1 9 look+ ov] ! li/ ( animals prohibit$1 "o fails to see any good reasons = ! selection1 unless !y may be assum$ to h *iefly sprung f sup]/iti\s beliefs4#e ,among ! ,l& ,dyaks ! "y m5 & w>riors are deb>r$ f v5ison = fe> x %\ld r5d] !m z timid z ! h9d4#f ,! ,moors believe t if a "y p]son be=e ! age ( pub]ty eats wolf's fle% he w h tr\bles aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #a3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ha4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ec4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #gfi sq4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 p4 xxxv4 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #acg4 ,jung1 ',die ,mndungsgeg5d des ,murray und ihre ,bewohn]1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 ,v]e9s f4 ,erdkunde zu ,halle1 #ahgg1 p4 #cb4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dgj sqq4 ,iidem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #faa sq4 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bic4 ,footnote #b3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #gfi4 ,footnote #c3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fab4 ,footnote #d3 ,iidem1 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dgj sq4 ,iidem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fac4 ,jung1 9 ,mit!il4 d4 ,v]e9s f4 ,erdkunde zu ,halle1 #ahgg1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #e3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #bcd4 ,footnote #f3 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #ahf4 ,!re are1 fur!r1 num]\s in/ances ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food be+ p]man5tly =bidd5 to c]ta9 individuals4 ,9 ,unyamwezi1 s\? ( ,victoria ,nyanza1 wom5 are n p]mitt$ to eat f[l1 a food :i* is res]v$ = ! m54#g ,among ! ,m&+oes ( ,teesee no woman is all[$ to eat an egg1 & ?is prohibition is s rigidly adh]$ to t no?+ w m affront a woman ( ,teesee ?an to (f] h] an egg2 ! m51 on ! o!r h&1 eat eggs )\t scruple1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( _! wives4#h ,among ! ,bayaka1 a ,bantu p 9 ! ,congo ,free ,/ate1 bo? f[ls & eggs are =bidd5 to wom52 if a woman eats an egg %e is suppos$ to become mad1 te> (f h] clo!s & run away into ! bu%4#i ,! ,bahima ( ,enkole1 9 ! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 all[ m5 to eat beef & ! meat ( c]ta9 antelopes & ( buffalo1 :]eas wom5 are g5]ally all[$ to eat beef only4#aj ,! p ( ,d>fur1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 prohibit _! wom5 f eat+ an animal's liv]1 because !y ?9k #cba t a p]son may increase 8 s\l by p>tak+ ( x1 & wom5 are believ$ to h no s\ls4#aa ,! ,miris ( ,nor!rn ,india prize tig]'s fle% z food = m51 b consid] x unsuitable = wom51 z x w\ld make !m too /rong-m9d$4#ab ,9 ! ,au/ralian tribes "s articles ( food are entirely int]dict$ to females4#ac ,! natives inhabit+ ! neighb\rhood ( ,cape ,york =bid wom5 to eat v>i\s k9ds ( fi%1 includ+ "s ( ! be/1 on ! pret5ce ( caus+ disease 9 wom51 al?\gh n injuri\s to ! m54#ad ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 aga91 wom5 7 n all[$ to eat hog's fle%1 turtle1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( fruit1 z cocoa & banana4#ae ,_m ( ^! prohibitions h be5 repres5t$ z signs ( ! l[ condition ( ! female sex2 b a m intimate k ( ! facts connect$ ) !m w\ld p]haps %[ t !y h "s o!r f\ndation ?an ! m]e selfi%ness ( ! m54 ,= sometimes ! latt] also are subject to v simil> re/rictions4 ,among ! ,bahuana1 9 ! ,congo ,free ,/ate1 wom5 are =bidd5 to eat owls or o!r birds ( prey1 b are p]mitt$ to eat frogs1 f :i* m5 are oblig$ to ab/a9 "u p5alty ( becom+ ill4#af ,) ref]5ce to ! natives ( ,new ,brita91 ,mr4 ,p[ell /ates t1 :il/ 9 "o place ! wom5 are prohibit$ f eat+ pigs or tortoises1 ! m5 are1 9 ano!r place1 prohibit$ f eat+ any?+ b human fle%1 f[ls1 or fi%4#ag ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s ! m5 are =bidd5 to eat a common blackbird1 ,lampro?ornis--:i* is a fav\rite food ( ! wom5--because x is believ$ t anyone :o did s1 & aft]w>ds climb$ a cocoa-tree1 w\ld fall d[n & p]i%4#ah ,9 "s ,dyak tribes on ! ,we/]n bran* #cbb ( ! riv] ( ,s>awak1 goats1 f[ls1 & ! f9e k9d ( f]n 7paku71 :i* =ms an excell5t vegetable1 are =bidd5 food to ! m51 ?\gh ! wom5 & boys are all[$ to p>take ( !m4#ai ,footnote #g3 ,rei*>d1 ',die ,wanjamuesi1' 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,gesells*4 f4 ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 xxiv4 #cba4 ,footnote #h3 ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 i4 #aad4 ,footnote #i3 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,yaka1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #da1 #db1 #ea4 ,footnote #aj3 ,roscoe1 ',bahima1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvii4 #aja4 ,footnote #aa3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,= ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #bah4 ,footnote #ab3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #ha4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 xxxv4 ,footnote #ad3 ,macgillivray1 ,voyage ( ,rattlesnake1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #ae3 von ,kotzebue1 ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea1 iii4 #bdi1 note4 ,cook1 quot$ by ,buckle1 ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works1 iii4 #cee4 ,footnote #af3 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,huana1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ag3 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #ah3 von ,kittlitz1 ,reise na* dem russis*5 ,am]ika1 c4 ii4 #ajc sq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #bff4 ,among v>i\s peoples c]ta9 foods are =bidd5 to prie/s or magicians4 ,! prie/s ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 n all[$ to eat fi%1#bj nor to m$dle ) ! escul5t or potable sub/ances :i* 7 produc$ out ( ,egypt2#ba &1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 !y s greatly dislik$ ! nature ( excrem5titi\s ?+s t !y n only reject$ mo/ k9ds ( pulse1 b also ! fle% ( %eep & sw9e1 because x produc$ mu* sup]fluity ( nutrim5t4#bb ,! lamas ( ,mongolia w t\* no meat ( goats1 horses1 or camels4#bc ,among ! ,semang ( ! ,malay ,p59sula ! m$ic9e-m5 w n eat goat or buffalo fle% & b r>ely t ( f[l4#bd ,! dairym5 ( ! ,todas may dr9k milk f c]ta9 buffaloes only1 & are altoge!r =bidd5 to eat *illies4#be ,^! & simil> re/ra9ts laid ^u prie/s or wiz>ds are probably connect$ ) ! idea t hol9ess is a delicate quality :i* calls = special precautions4#bf ,s*omburgk /ates t ! conjur]s ( ! ,briti% ,guiana ,indians p>take b seldom ( ! native hog1 because !y consid] ! eat+ ( x injuri\s to ! efficacy ( _! skill4#bg ,& ! ,uld ,bu 7,azz 9 ,morocco believe t if a scribe or a sa9t eats wolf's fle% ! *>ms he writes w h no effect1 & ! saliva ( ! sa9t w lose its curative p[]4 ,footnote #bj3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #cg4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #g4 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 iv4 #g4 ,footnote #ba3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #g4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #e4 ,footnote #bc3 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #ef4 ,footnote #bd3 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ii4 #bbf4 ,footnote #be3 ,riv]s1 ,todas1 p4 #ajb sq4 ,= "s o!r in/ances see ,l&tman1 ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood1 p4 #afa sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cia4 ,footnote #bg3 ,s*omburgk1 ',exp$ition to ! ,upp] ,cor5tyne1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geograph4 ,soc4 ,london1 xv4 #cj4 ,!re are /ill o!r cases 9 :i* c]ta9 p]sons are p]man5tly requir$ to ab/a9 f c]ta9 k9ds ( food4 ,?us 9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s e man & woman is prohibit$ all ?r\gh life f eat+ "s #cbc "o 7or m7 fi% or animal3 9 mo/ cases ! =bidd5 da9ty is "o :i* 9 *ildhood 0 obs]v$ 7or imag9$7 by ! "m to occasion "s functional d]angem5t2 :5 ( an age to und]/& x ! circum/ance is expla9$1 & cause & effect be+ cle>ly demon/rat$1 ! individual1 9 "q !nce =? consid]s t p>ticul> meat 8 yt-tub1 & avoids x c>efully4 ,9 cases :]e no evil consequ5ces h result$ f p>tak+ ( any k9d ( food1 ! =tunate p]son is privileg$ to select 8 own yt-tub1 & is1 ( c\rse1 %rewd en\gh to decide ^u "s fi%1 su* z %>k or skate1 :i* is little reli%$1 & to ab/a9 f :i* consequ5tly entails no ex]cise ( self-d5ial4 ,x is believ$ t ! god ,puluga w\ld puni% sev]ely any p]son :o might be guilty ( eat+ 8 yt-tub1 ei!r by caus+ 8 sk9 to peel (f1 or by turn+ 8 hair :ite1 & flay+ him alive4#bh ,9 ,samoa ea* man _h g5]ally 8 god 9 ! %ape ( "s species ( animal2 & if he ate "o ( ^! div9e animals x 0 suppos$ t ! god av5g$ ! insult by tak+ up 8 abode 9 ! eat]'s body & !re g5]at+ an animal ( ! same k9d until x caus$ 8 dea?4#bi ,! memb]s ( a totem clan are usually =bidd5 to eat ! p>ticul> animal or plant ^: "n !y be>4#cj ,?us among ! ,omaha ,indians m5 ^: totem is ! elk believe t if !y ate ! fle% ( ! male elk !y w\ld break out 9 boils & :ite spots 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies2 & m5 ^: totem is ! r$ corn ?9k t if !y ate r$ corn !y w\ld h runn+ sores all r\nd _! m\?s4#ca ,yet1 h[ev] g5]al1 prohibitions ( ?is k9d _c be said to be a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( totemism4#cb ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] ev5 sugge/s t ! orig9al cu/om 0 p]haps to eat ! totem & ! #cbd latt] cu/om to ab/a9 f x4#cc ,b ?is is h>dly m ?an a guess4 ,footnote #bh3 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s4' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ced4 ,footnote #bi3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ag sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #g sqq4 ,idem1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #f4 ,footnote #ca3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bbe1 #bca4 ,idem1 ',si\an ,folk-,lore1' 9 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 vii4 #ajg4 ,footnote #cb3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #ai4 ,idem1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #f4 sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #f sq4 ,!re are1 f9ally1 re/rictions 9 eat+ :i* ref] to ! :ole p or tribe4 ,9 e>ly society c]ta9 ?+s :i* might s]ve z food are (t5 n only univ]sally ab/a9$ f1 b actually prohibit$ by cu/om or law4 ,! majority ( ^! prohibitions h ref]5ce to animals or animal products1 :i* are naturally m apt to cause disgu/ ?an is vegetable food--probably because our ance/ors 9 e>ly days1 by in/9ct1 subsi/$ *iefly on a vegetable diet1 & only subsequ5tly acquir$ a m g5]al ta/e = animal n\ri%m5t4#cd ,c]ta9 animals excite a feel+ ( disgu/ by _! v appe>ance1 & are !re=e ab/a9$ f4 ,?is ,i take to be a reason = ! av]sion to eat+ reptiles4 ,x is said t snakes are avoid$ z food because _! fle% is suppos$ to be z poison\s z _! bite2#ce b ?is explanation is h>dly relevant to h>mless reptiles1 :i* are likewise 9 "s cases =bidd5 food4#cf ,! ab/95ce f fi% seems g5]ally to h a simil> orig91 ?\gh "s peoples say t !y refuse to eat c]ta9 species because ! s\l ( a relative might be 9 ! fi%4#cg ,! ,navahoes ( ,new ,mexico mu/ nev] t\* fi%1 & no?+ w induce !m to ta/e "o4#ch ,! ,mongols consid] !m unclean animals4#ci ,! ,s\? ,sib]ian ,ka*9zes are said to refra9 f !m because !y believe t ! evil pr9ciple lives 9 ! wat] & eats fi%4#dj ,! ,kfirs on ! ,nor?-,we/]n fronti] ( ,india dete/ fi%1 ?\gh _! riv]s ab\nd 9 !m4#da ,! same av]sion is common 9 ! ,s\? #cbe ,african tribes#db & among mo/ ,hamitic peoples ( ,ea/ ,africa2#dc :5 ask$ = an explanation ( x1 !y say t fi% are ak9 to snakes4 ,fi%1 or at lea/ c]ta9 species ( fi%1 7 =bidd5 to ! anci5t ,syrians2#dd & ! ,hebrews 7 prohibit$ f eat+ all fi% t h n f9s & scales4#de ,x is curi\s to note t v>i\s peoples :o dete/ fi% also ab/a9 f f[l4#df ,! ,navahoes are /rictly =bidd5 to eat ! wild turkey ) :i* _! =e/s ab\nd2#dg & ! ,mongols dislike ( f[l is s great t "o ( ,prejevalsky's guides ne>ly turn$ sick on see+ him eat boil$ duck4#dh ,"s peoples h a great av]sion to eggs1#di :i* are said to be excrem5ts1 & !re=e unfit = food4#ej ,!re may be a simil> reason = ! ab/95ce f milk among peoples :o h dome/icat$ animals able to supply !m ) x4#ea ,! ,dravidian aborig9es ( ! hills ( #cbf ,c5tral ,india1 :o nev] use milk1 are expressly said to reg>d x z an excrem5t4#eb ,! anci5t ,c>ibs _h a horror ( eggs & nev] drank milk4#ec ,! ,a%antees are =bidd5 eggs by ! feti%1 & _c be p]suad$ to ta/e milk4#ed ,! ,kimbunda 9 ,s\?-,we/]n ,africa dete/ milk1 & consid] x inconceivable h[ a gr[n-up p]son c enjoy x2 !y believe t ! ,kilulu1 or _s1 w\ld puni% him :o p>took ( x4#ee ,! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 ! ,javanese1 & ! ,malays ab/a9 f milk4#ef ,to ! ,*9ese milk & butt] are insupportably odi\s4#eg ,footnote #cd3 ,cf4 ,s*urtz1 ,die ,speisev]bote1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ce3 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 i4 #acj 7,b]embun74 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #cf3 ,leviticus1 xi4 #bi sq4 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #dcj1 #dcb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,/eph51 ',navajo1' 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vi4 #ceg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,prejevalsky1 op4 cit4 i4 #ef4 ,footnote #dj3 von ,/rmpell1 ',d] ,volks/amm d] ,kats*9z51' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 ,v]e9s f4 ,erdkunde zu ,leipzig1 #ahge1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #da3 ,fosb]ry1 ',"s ( ! ,m\nta9 ,tribes ( ! ,n4,w4 ,fronti] ( ,india1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 #aib4 ,footnote #db3 ,frits*1 ,drei ,jahre 9 ,sd-,afrika1 p4 #cch4 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry1 p4 #bae 7,zulus74 ,kropf1 ,das ,volk d] ,xosa-,kaff]n1 p4 #ajb4 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bjc 7,be*uanas74 ,! ,hott5tots1 h[ev]1 eat fi% 7,frits*1 p4 #cci74 ,footnote #dc3 ,hildebr&t1 ',wakamba und ihre ,na*b>n1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 x4 #cgh4 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 i4 #aee 7,somals1 ,gallas74 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ae4 ,plut>*1 ,de sup]/itione1 #aj4 ,footnote #de3 ,leviticus1 xi4 #aj sqq4 ,footnote #df3 ,hildebr&t1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 x4 #cgh 7,gallas1 ,wad%agga1 ,waikuyu1 c474 ,paulits*ke1 op4 cit4 i4 #aec sqq4 7,gallas1 ,somals74 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #ie 7,somals74 ,meldon1 ',bahima ( ,ankole1' 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 vi4 #adf2 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #cjc 7,bahima74 ,kropf1 ,das ,volk d] ,xosa-,kaff]n1 p4 #ajb4 ,among ! ,zulus dome/ic f[ls are eat5 by none except "y p]sons & old 7,%oot]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bae74 ,= o!r peoples :o ab/a9 f f[l1 see ,ba/ian1 ,die deuts*e ,exp$ition an d] ,loango-,k/e1 i4 #ahe2 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #afe 7,monbuttu72 ,salt1 ,voyage to ,abyss9ia1 p4 #agi 7,danakil72 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 i4 #ace 7,sabimba71 #acf 7,orang ,muka ,kun+72 ,globus1 l4 #ccj 7inhabitants ( ,ha9an72 ,ehr5rei*1 quot$ by ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj 7,k>aya ( ,goyaz72 von d5 ,/e951 ,dur* ,c5tral-,brasili51 p4 #bfb 7,yuruna72 ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 v4 #ab 7anci5t ,britons74 ,footnote #dg3 ,/eph51 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vi4 #ceg4 ,footnote #dh3 ,prejevalsky1 op4 cit4 i4 #ef4 ,footnote #di3 ,! ,kafirs =m]ly ab/a9$ f eggs 7,kropf1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb74 ,among ! ,zulus eggs are eat5 by "y & old p]sons only 7,%oot]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bae74 ,! ,bahima refuse ?is k9d ( food 7,a%e1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjc71 & s d g5]ally ! ,wag&a1 especially ! wom5 7,felk91 ',notes on ! ,wag&a ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gaf2 ,a%e1 p4 #cjc74 ,see also ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 p4 #abf sq42 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,rei*>d1 ',die ,wanjamuesi1' 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,gesells*4 f4 ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 xxiv4 #cba4 ,hildebr&t1 ',wakamba und ihre ,na*b>n1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 x4 #cgh4 ,footnote #ea3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #eb3 ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #ec3 ,du ,t]tre1 ,hi/oire gnrale des ,antilles1 ii4 #chi4 ,footnote #ed3 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #ee3 ,magy>1 ,reis5 9 ,sd-,afrika1 i4 #cjc1 #cba4 ,footnote #ef3 ,l[1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #eg3 ,huc1 ,travels 9 ,t>t>y1 i4 #bha4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhd4 ,! meat ( c]ta9 animals may also be reg>d$ ) disgu/ on acc\nt ( _! fil?y habits or ! na/y food on :i* !y live4 ,9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 !re is a g5]al re/riction apply+ to eagle-hawks1 & ! reason assign$ = x is t ?is bird fe$s on ! bodies ( dead natives4#eh ,x seems t ! ab/95ce f sw9e's fle%1 at lea/ 9 "p1 belongs to ! same gr\p ( facts4 ,v>i\s tribes 9 ,s\? ,africa hold x 9 abom9ation4#ei ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,madagasc>1 accord+ to ,drury1 ! eat+ ( pork 0 acc\nt$ a v contemptible ?+4#fj ,x is1 or 01 ab/a9$ f by ! ,jakuts ( ,sib]ia1 ! ,votyaks ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,vologda1#fa & ! ,lapps4#fb ,! disgu/ = pork has likewise be5 met ) 9 _m ,am]ican tribes4 ,! ,koniagas w eat almo/ any dige/ible sub/ance except pork4#fc ,! ,navahoes ( ,new ,mexico abom9ate x z if !y 7 ! dev\te/ ( ,hebrews2#fd x is n =bidd5 by _! religion1 b !y say !y w n eat ! fle% ( ! hog simply because ! animal is fil?y 9 #cbg its habits1 because x is ! scav5g] ( ! t[n4#fe ,9 8 description ( ! ,indians ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,/ates ,adair writes3--,!y reckon all ^? animals to be unclean t are ei!r c>nivor\s1 or live on na/y food1 z hogs1 wolves1 pan!rs1 foxes1 cats1 mice1 rats4 4 4 4 ,:5 sw9e 7 fir/ br\ght among !m1 !y deem$ x su* a horrid abom9ation 9 any ( _! p to eat t fil?y & impure food1 t !y exclud$ ! crim9al f all religi\s communion 9 _! circul> t[n-h\se4 4 4 4 ,!y /ill affix vici\s & contemptible ideas to ! eat+ ( sw9e's fle%2 insomu* t ,%kpa1 'sw9e eat]1' is ! mo/ opprobri\s epi!t t !y c use to br& u )2 !y commonly subjo9 ,akang-gpa1 'eat] ( dunghill f[ls4' ,bo? toge!r signify 'fil?y1 helpless animals4'#ff ,s also ^? ,indians 9 ,briti% ,guiana :o h kept alo( f int]c\rse ) ! coloni/s reject pork ) ! greate/ loa?+4 ,s*omburgk tells u t an old ,indian p]mitt$ 8 *ildr5 to accompany him on a j\rney only on ! condition t !y 7 nev] to eat any vi&s prep>$ by 8 cook1 = fe> le/ pork %\ld h be5 us$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,b ?is objection does n ext5d to ! native hog1 :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally ab/a9$ f by wiz>ds1 is eat5 by ! laity indiscrim9ately1 ) ! exception ( wom5 :o are pregnant or :o h j giv5 bir? to a *ild4#fg ,?is sugge/s t ! av]sion to ! dome/ic pig p>tly spr+s f ! fact t x is a =eign animal4 ,inde$1 ! ,guiana ,indians refuse to eat ! fle% ( all animals t are n indig5\s to _! c\ntry1 b 7 introduc$ f abroad1 su* z ox51 %eep1 & f[ls1 app>5tly on ! pr9ciple t any /range & abnormal object is especially likely to be possess$ ( a h>mful _s4#fh ,! ,kafirs1 also1 ab/a9 #cbh f ! dome/ic sw9e1 ?\gh !y eat ! wild hog4#fi ,"s writ]s ma9ta9 t pork has be5 prohibit$ on ! gr\nd t x is prejudicial to heal? 9 hot c\ntries2#gj b1 z we h se51 ?is prohibition is f\nd among v>i\s nor!rn peoples z well1 & x seems besides t ! un:olesom5ess ( pork 9 good condition has be5 r assum$ ?an prov$4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 aga91 believes t ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,semites1 & "s ( ! ,greeks ab/a9$ f ?is food n because ! pig 0 look$ ^u simply z a fil?y & disgu/+ creature1 b because x 0 consid]$ to be end[$ ) high sup]natural p[]s4#ga ,9 ,greece ! pig 0 us$ 9 purificatory c]emonies4#gb ,lucian says t ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,syrian goddess ab/a9$ f eat+ pigs1 "s because !y held !m 9 abom9ation1 o!rs because !y ?\ght !m holy4#gc ,! hea!n ,h>ranians sacrific$ ! sw9e & ate sw9e's fle% once a ye>4#gd ,accord+ to ,greek writ]s1 ! ,egyptians abhorr$ ! pig z a f\l & loa?some animal1 & to dr9k its milk 0 believ$ to cause leprosy & it*y eruptions2#ge b once a ye> !y sacrific$ pigs to ! moon & to ,osiris & ate ( ! fle% ( ! victims1 ?\gh at any o!r "t !y w\ld n s mu* z ta/e pork4#gf ,footnote #eh3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fab4 ,footnote #ei3 ,frits*1 ,drei ,jahre 9 ,sd-,afrika1 p4 #cci4 ,kropf1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb 7,kafirs74 ,footnote #fj3 ,drury1 ,madagasc>1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #fa3 ,la?am1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 i4 #cfc4 ,footnote #fb3 ,leem1 ,beskrivelse ov] ,f9m>k5s ,lapp]1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #fc3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #ge4 ,footnote #fd3 ,/eph51 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vi4 #ceg4 ,footnote #fe3 ,mat!ws1 ',/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races1' 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #e4 ,footnote #ff3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #acb sqq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,s*omburgk1 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geograph4 ,soc4 ,london1 xv4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,im ,?urn1 ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cfh4 ,dr4 ,s*urtz sugge/s 7op4 cit4 p4 #ai sqq47 t "s o!r peoples1 z ! ,indians ( ,brazil1 ab/a9 f f[ls because !y are n indig5\s to _! c\ntry4 ,footnote #fi3 ,mll]1 ,allgeme9e ,e?nographie1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ramsay1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #cb4 ,wi5]1 ',die altte/am5t>is*5 ,speisev]bote1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 viii4 #ajc4 ,see also ,buckle1 ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works1 iii4 #ced sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #cjd sqq4 ,idem1 ,pausanias's ,description ( ,greece1 iv4 #acg sq4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ramsay1 op4 cit4 p4 #ca sq4 ,fraz]1 ,pausanias's ,description ( ,greece1 iii4 #bgg1 #eic4 ,footnote #gc3 ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ed4 ,footnote #gd3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bij4 ,cf4 ,isaiah1 lxv4 #d1 & lxvi4 #c1 #ag1 :]e ?is sacrifice is allud$ to z a hea!n abom9ation4 ,footnote #ge3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dg4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #h4 ,aelian1 ,de natura animalium1 x4 #af4 ,footnote #gf3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dg4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #h4 ,( ! abhorr5ce ( cannibalism ,i %all speak 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 b 9 ?is connection x is wor? notic+ t ! eat+ ( c]ta9 animals is reg>d$ ) horror or disgu/ ei!r because !y are suppos$ to be metamorphos$ ance/ors#gg or on acc\nt ( _! resemblance to m54 ,v>i\s peoples refra9 f #cbi monkey's fle%2#gh & ,european travell]s m5tion _! own in/9ctive repugnance to x & _! av]sion to %oot+ monkeys4#gi ,! ,indians ( ,l[] ,cali=nia w eat any animal1 except m5 & monkeys1 ! latt] because !y s mu* resemble ! =m]4#hj ,accord+ to an anci5t writ] quot$ by ,porphyry1 ! ,egyptian prie/s reject$ ^? animals :i* v]g$ to a similitude to ! human =m4#ha ,! ,kafirs say t elephants are =bidd5 food because _! intellig5ce resembles t ( m54#hb ,footnote #gg3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #dcj sqq4 ,/4 ,john1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahf 7,l& ,dyaks74 ,footnote #gh3 ,%oot]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bae 7,zulus74 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bh 7,abyss9ians74 ,skeat & ,blagd51 op4 cit4 i4 #acd 7,orang ,slet>74 ,9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu 7li4 #c7 ! eat+ ( apes is p>ticul>ly /igmatis$4 ,footnote #gi3 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bh4 ,infra1 on ,reg>d = ! ,l[] ,animals4 ,footnote #hj3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #efj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #g4 ,footnote #hb3 ,mll]1 ,e?nographie1 p4 #ahi4 ,moreov]1 intimacy ) an animal easily takes away ! appetite = its fle%4 ,among ourselves1 z ,m&eville obs]ves1 "s p are n to be p]suad$ to ta/e ( any creatures !y h daily se5 & be5 acqua9t$ )1 :il/ !y 7 alive2 o!rs ext5d _! scruple no fur!r ?an to _! own p\ltry1 & refuse to eat :at !y f$ & took c>e ( !mselves2 yet all ( !m w fe$ he>tily & )\t remorse on beef1 mutton1 & f[ls1 :5 !y are b\ght 9 ! m>ket4#hc ,among o!r races we meet ) feel+s no less ref9$4 ,m5cius1 ! ,*9ese morali/1 said3--,s is ! sup]ior man affect$ t[>ds animals1 t1 hav+ se5 !m alive1 he _c be> to see !m die2 hav+ he>d _! dy+ cries1 he _c be> to eat _! fle%4 ,!re=e he keeps away f 8 slaught] h\se & cook-room4#hd ,! ab/95ce f dome/ic f[ls & _! eggs1 z also f ! tame pig1 may occasionally h sprung f sympa?y4 ,dr4 von d5 ,/e95 /ates t ! ,brazilian ,yuruna _c be induc$ to eat any animal :i* !y h br$ !mselves1 & t !y app>5tly consid]$ x v immoral :5 he & 8 p>ty ate h5-eggs4#he ,9 ! #ccj sacr$ books ( ,india x is repres5t$ z a p>ticul>ly bad action to eat c]ta9 dome/ic animals1 includ+ village pigs & tame cocks2 a twice-born man :o does s kn[+ly w become an outca/4#hf ,among ! ,be*uanas 9 ,s\? ,africa dogs & tame cats are n eat51 ?\gh wild cats are4#hg ,! ,arabs ( ,dukkla 9 ,morocco eat _! neighb\rs' cats b n _! own4 ,among ! ,d9ka only su* c[s z die naturally or by an accid5t are us$ = food2 b a dead c[ is nev] eat5 by ! b]eav$ own] himself1 :o is too mu* afflict$ at ! loss to be able to t\* a morsel ( ! c>case ( 8 dep>t$ bea/4#hh ,h]odotus says t ! ,libyans w\ld n ta/e ! fle% ( ! c[1 ?\gh !y ate ox52#hi & ! same rule prevail$ among ! ,egyptians & ,phoenicians1 :o w\ld soon] h p>tak5 ( human fle% ?an ( ! meat ( a c[4#ij ,! eat+ ( c['s fle% is prohibit$ by ! law ( ,brahmanism4#ia ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 ! idea ( beef z an article ( food is s %ock+ to ! ,h9dus1 t ?\s&s ov] ?\s&s ( ! m or?odox among !m nev] repeat ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ^w 9 _! v]nacul>s1 & _m & dire h be5 ! sangu9>y conflicts :i* ! %$d+ ( ! blood ( c[s has caus$4#ib ,9 ,*9a ! slaught] ( buffaloes = food is unlawful1 accord+ to ! ass]tions ( ! p1 & ! ab/a9+ f ! eat+ ( beef is reg>d$ z v m]itori\s4#ic ,x is said 9 ! ',div9e ,panorama' t he :o p>takes ( beef or dog's fle% w be puni%$ by ! deity4#id ,9 ,japan nei!r cattle nor %eep 7 9 =m] days kill$ = food2#ie & 9 ! rural di/ricts _m p /ill ?9k x wrong to eat beef4#if ,9 ,rome ! slaught] ( #cca a lab\r+ ox 0 9 old5 days puni%$ ) excommunication2#ig & at ,a!ns & 9 ,peloponnesus x 0 prohibit$ ev5 on p5alty ( dea?4#ih ,inde$1 ! anci5t idea has surviv$ up to mod]n times 9 ,greece1 :]e x has be5 held z a maxim t ! animal :i* tills ! gr\nd ought n to be us$ = food4#ii ,^! prohibitions are no d\bt to "s ext5t expressions ( k9dly feel+s t[>ds ! animals to :i* !y ref]4#ajj ,a ,d9ka is said to be fond] ( 8 cattle ?an ( 8 wife & *ildr52#aja & accord+ to classical writ]s1 ! pl\gh+ ox is n all[$ to be slaught]$ because he is himself an agriculturi/1 ! s]vant ( ,c]es1 & a companion to ! lab\r] 9 8 "w4#ajb ,b at ! same "t ! re/rictions 9 "q are v l>gely due to prud5tial motives4 ,peoples :o live *iefly on ! products ( _! cattle %[ a /rong dis9cl9ation to r$uce _! h]ds1 especially by kill+ c[s or calves2#ajc & agricultural races are naturally anxi\s to pres]ve ! animal :i* is us$ = "w on ! field4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,egyptian & ,phoenician cu/om ( eat+ bulls b ab/a9+ f c[s1 ,porphyry obs]ves t = ! sake ( utility 9 "o & ! same species ( animals di/9ction is made betwe5 t :i* is pi\s & t :i* is impi\s1 c[s be+ sp>$ on acc\nt ( _! prog5y4#ajd ,until q rec5tly 9 ,egypt no "o 0 all[$ to kill a calf1 & p]mission f ! gov]nm5t 0 requir$ = ! slaught] ( a bull4#aje ,moreov]1 dome/ic animals are frequ5tly reg>d$ z sacr$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! utility1 & = t reason also ab/a9$ f4 ,! ,d9ka pay a #ccb k9d ( rev]5ce to _! cattle4#ajf ,9 ,egypt1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! c[ 0 sacr$ to ,isis4#ajg ,9 ,india %e has be5 ! object ( a special wor%ip4#ajh ,footnote #hc3 ,m&eville1 ,fable ( ! ,bees1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #hd3 ,m5cius1 i4 #a4 #g4 #h4 ,footnote #he3 von d5 ,/e951 ,dur* ,c5tral-,brasili51 p4 #bfb4 ,see also ,juan & ,ulloa1 ,voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica1 i4 #dbf 7,indians ( ,quito74 ,footnote #hf3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 li4 #c4 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #ai4 ,footnote #hg3 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bjc4 ,footnote #hh3 ,s*we9fur?1 ,he>t ( ,africa1 i4 #afc sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,h]odotus1 iv4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ij3 ,ibid4 ii4 #da4 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #ia3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 li4 #c4 ,footnote #ib3 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 i4 #ced4 ,footnote #ic3 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #ahg4 ,footnote #id3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #cgf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,re$1 ,japan1 i4 #fa4 ,footnote #if3 ,griffis1 ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #ig3 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 viii4 #gj4 ,footnote #ih3 ,v>ro1 ,de re ru/ica1 ii4 #e4 #c4 sq4 ,aelian1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 v4 #ad4 ,footnote #ii3 ,m>iti1 ,travels ?r\gh ,cyprus1 i4 #ce4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,see infra1 on ,reg>d = ! ,l[] ,animals4 ,footnote #aja3 ,s*we9fur?1 op4 cit4 i4 #afd4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,aelian1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 v4 #ad4 ,v>ro1 ,de re ru/ica1 ii4 #e4 #c4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #hf2 ,kropf1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb 7,kafirs74 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #afi4 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 i4 #aec4 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #daa 7pa/oral races ( ,africa74 ,erman1 ,reise um die ,erde1 i4 #eae 7,kirghiz74 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 p4 #abb sq4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #big4 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #aje3 ,wilk9son1 9 ,rawl9son's translation ( ,h]odotus1 ii4 #gb sq4 n4 #g4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,s*we9fur?1 op4 cit4 i4 #afc4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #da4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bfd4 ,c]ta9 foods1 !n1 are g5]ally abjur$1 n m]ely because !y excite disgu/1 or z ! case may be1 because !y h a disagreeable ta/e1 b also f utilit>ian consid]ations4 ,to ! in/ances j m5tion$ may be add$ ! cu/om preval5t among ! ,tonga ,isl&]s ( sett+ a tempor>y prohibition or taboo on c]ta9 eatables 9 ord] to prev5t !m f gr[+ sc>ce4#aji ,b ! mo/ important prud5tial motive und]ly+ ! g5]al re/rictions 9 diet is no d\bt fe> le/ ! food %\ld h an injuri\s effect ^u him :o p>takes ( x4 ,! h>m caus$ by x may only be imag9>y2 inde$1 =bidd5 food is commonly reg>d$ z un:olesome1 :atev] be ! orig9al gr\nd on :i* x 0 prohibit$4#aaj ,! ,negroes ( ! ,loango ,coa/ say t !y ab/a9 f goat-fle% because o!rwise _! sk9 w\ld scale (f1 & f f[l s z n to lose _! hair4#aaa ,"s tribes ( ! ,malay ,p59sula refuse to eat ! fle% ( elephants "u ! pretext t x w\ld occasion sickness4#aab ,! tribes inhabit+ ! hills ( ,assam ?9k t ! p5alty = eat+ ! fle% ( a cat is loss ( spee*1 :ile ^? :o infr+e a special rule =bidd+ ! fle% ( a dog are believ$ to die ( boils4#aac ,! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,syrian goddess ma9ta9$ t ! eat+ ( sprats or an*ovies w\ld fill ! body ) ulc]s & )] up ! liv]4#aad ,9 ,russia veal is consid]$ by _m to be v un:olesome food1 & is entirely reject$ by pi\s p4#aae ,x is n probable t ^! ideas are 9 ! fir/ in/ance d]iv$ f exp]i5ce2 b !re c be no d\bt t fe> ( evil consequ5ces is 9 _m cases a #ccc prim>y motive = ! ab/95ce f a c]ta9 k9d ( food4 ,mr4 ,im ,?urn supposes t ! ,guiana ,indian avoids eat+ ! fle% ( v>i\s animals because he ?9ks !y are p>ticul>ly malignant4#aaf ,animals t pres5t "s unusual or uncanny peculi>ity are reject$ because !y are objects ( sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s1 we are told1 did n eat ox5 :i* 7 tw9s or :i* 7 speckl$1 nor animals t _h only "o eye4#aag ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,/ates ab/a9$ f all birds ( night1 believ+ t if !y ate !m !y w\ld fall ill4#aah ,ano!r cause ( reject+ ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals is ! idea t anybody :o p>took ( x w\ld at ! same "t acquire "s undesirable quality inh]5t 9 ! animal4#aai ,! ,zp>o ,indians ( ,ecuador w1 unless f necessity1 9 mo/ cases n eat any heavy meats su* z tapir & pecc>y1 b conf9e !mselves to birds1 monkeys1 de]1 fi%1 c41 pr9cipally because !y argue t ! heavi] meats make !m also unwieldy1 l ! animals :o supply ! fle%1 imp$+ _! agility & unfitt+ !m = ! *ase4#abj ,= a simil> reason ! anci5t ,c>ibs are said to h refra9$ f turtles2#aba & "s ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians /ate t 9 =m] days _! greate/ *iefta9s seldom ate ( any animal ( gross quality1 or heavy motion ( body1 fancy+ x convey$ a dullness ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em1 & disabl$ !m f ex]t+ !mselves ) prop] vig\r 9 _! m>tial1 civil1 & religi\s duties4#abb ,! ,namaquas ( ,s\? ,africa1 aga91 pret5d n to eat ! fle% ( ! h>e1 because !y ?9k x w\ld make !m z fa9t-he>t$ z t animal4#abc ,among ! ,kafirs only *ildr5 may eat h>es1 :]eas ! m5 p>take ( ! fle% ( ! #ccd leop>d 9 ord] to get its /r5g?4#abd ,among "s o!r peoples ! h>e is =bidd5 food1#abe possibly ow+ to a simil> sup]/ition4 ,! blood ( an animal is avoid$ because x is believ$ to conta9 its life or s\l4 ,we meet ) ?is cu/om 9 sev]al ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1#abf z well z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2#abg & f ! ,jews x pass$ into e>ly ,*ri/ianity4#abh ,footnote #aji3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #bcc4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cf4 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,ba/ian1 ,die deuts*e ,exp$ition an d] ,loango-,k/e1 i4 #ahe4 ,footnote #aab3 ,skeat & ,blagd51 op4 cit4 i4 #acb4 ,footnote #aac3 ,hodson1 ',! ,g5na among/ ! ,tribes ( ,assam1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #ih4 ,footnote #aad3 ,plut>*1 ,de sup]/itione1 #aj4 ,footnote #aae3 ,erman1 ,reise um die ,erde1 i4 #eae4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #aag3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #g4 ,footnote #aah3 ,adair1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj sq4 ,footnote #aai3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #cec sqq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,simson1 ,travels 9 ! ,wilds ( ,ecuador1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #aba3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #chd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,adair1 op4 cit4 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #abc3 ,hahn1 ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #abd3 ,kropf1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #abe3 ,leviticus1 xi4 #f1 #h4 ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 v4 #ab 7anci5t ,britons74 ,! ,*9ese h a deep-root$ prejudice aga9/ eat+ ! fle% ( ! h>e1 :i* !y h always reg>d$ z an animal end[$ ) my/]i\s prop]ties 7,d5nis1 ,folk-,lore ( ,*9a1 p4 #fd74 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,biblical prohibition ( eat+ camel's fle%1 old exegetes obs]v$ t ! camel is a v rev5geful animal1 & t its v9dictiv5ess w\ld be transf]r$ to him :o p>took ( its meat 7,wi5]1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 viii4 #ajd72 b :e!r ! prohibition 9 "q orig9at$ 9 su* a belief is op5 to d\bt4 ,footnote #abf3 ,adair1 op4 cit4 p4 #acd4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cec4 ,footnote #abg3 ,leviticus1 iii4 #ag2 vii4 #be sqq42 xvii4 #aj sqq42 xix4 #bf4 ,deut]onomy1 xii4 #af1 #bc sqq42 xv4 #bc4 ,footnote #abh3 ,hab]l&1 ',gebru*e und ,ab]glaub5 beim ,ess51' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie1 xvii4 #cfc sq4 ,! g5]al ab/95ce f c]ta9 k9ds ( food has ?us sprung f a great v>iety ( causes4 ,( ^! ,i h be5 able to po9t out only "s ( ! m g5]al & obvi\s4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] ju/ly rem>ks1 to expla9 ! ultimate reason :y any p>ticul> food is prohibit$ to a :ole tribe or to c]ta9 ( its memb]s w\ld commonly require a f> m intimate k ( ! hi/ory & beliefs ( ! tribe ?an we possess4#abi ,ev5 explanations giv5 by ! natives !mselves may be mislead+1 s9ce ! orig9al motive = a cu/om may h be5 =gott51 :ile ! cu/om itself is /ill pres]v$4 ,b ,i ?9k t1 broadly speak+1 ! g5]al avoidance ( a c]ta9 food may be trac$ to "o or sev]al ( ! foll[+ s\rces3 its disagreeable ta/e2 disgu/ caus$1 9 ! case ( animal food1 ei!r by ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! animal1 or by its unclean habits1 or by sympa?y1 or by associations ( "s k9d or o!r1 or ev5 by ! m]e fact t x is commonly ab/a9$ f2 ! dis9cl9ation to kill an animal = food1 or1 g5]ally1 to r$uce ! supply ( a c]ta9 k9d ( victuals2 ! idea1 :e!r correct or false1 t ! food w\ld injure #cce him :o p>took ( x4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 previ\s *apt]s x is obvi\s t any ( ^! factors1 if influ5c+ ! mann]s ( a :ole community & especially :5 support$ by ! =ce ( habit1 may lead n only to actual ab/95ce b to prohibitory rules ! transgression ( :i* is apt to call =? moral disapproval4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case at ! e>li] /ages ( culture1 :]e a p's ta/es & habits are mo/ uni=m1 :]e ! sway ( cu/om is mo/ p[]ful1 :]e in/9ctive av]sion mo/ readily develops into moral indignation1 & :]e man 9 almo/ e bran* ( action ?9ks he has to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ sup]natural dang]s4 ,& 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases ( moral conc]n1 ! prohibition may easily be sanction$ by religion1 especially :5 ! ab/95ce is due to fe> ( "s my/]i\s =ce or quality 9 ! ?+ avoid$4 ,! religi\s aspect assum$ p>ticul> prom95ce 9 ,hebrewism & ,brahmanism4 ,x is said 9 ! ',in/itutes ( ,vi%nu' t ! eat+ ( pure food is m ess5tial ?an all ext]nal means ( purification2 he :o eats pure food only is truly pure1 n he :o is only purifi$ ) e>? & wat]4#acj ,! ,koran =bids ! eat+ ( :at is dead1 & blood1 & fle% ( sw9e1 & :atsoev] has be5 consecrat$ to o!r ?an ,god4#aca ,m$ival ,*ri/ianity prohibit$ ! eat+ ( v>i\s animals1 especially horses1 :i* 7 n us$ z food 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 b :i* ! pagan ,teutons sacrific$ & ate at _! religi\s fea/s4#acb ,! idea t x is un*ri/ian to eat horsefle% has surviv$ ev5 to ! pres5t day1 & has1 toge!r ) ! av]sion to fe$+ on a pet animal1 be5 responsible = ! loss ( enorm\s quantities ( n\ri%+ food4 ,among ourselves ! only eatable ?+ ! p>tak+ ( :i* is g5]ally condemn$ z immoral is human fle%4 ,b !re are a consid]able numb] ( p :o ?9k #ccf t we ought to ab/a9 f all animal meat1 n only = sanit>y reasons1 b because man is held to h no "r to subject any liv+ be+ to suff]+ & dea? = ! purpose ( gratify+ 8 appetite4 ,footnote #abi3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cia sq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xxii4 #hi4 ,footnote #aca3 ,koran1 ii4 #afh4 ,footnote #acb3 ,langkavel1 ',pf]de und ,naturvlk]1' 9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 i4 #ec4 ,s*urtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #cb sq4 ,maur]1 ,die ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes zum ,*ri/5?ume1 ii4 #aih4 ,on simil> gr\nds veget>ianism has be5 advocat$ z a moral duty among ,ea/]n races1 z also 9 classical antiquity4 ,! reg>d = life 9 g5]al1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,ta\ism1 ,buddhism1 ,ja9ism1 & ,brahmanism1#acc l$ to ! condemnation ( ! use ( animals z food4 ,x is a v common feel+ among ! ,*9ese ( all classes t ! eat+ ( fle% is s5sual & s9ful1 or at lea/ q incompatible ) ! highe/ degree ( s9c]ity & purity4#acd ,9 ,japan _m p]sons ab/a9 f meat1 ow+ to ,buddhi/ic influ5ce4#ace ,9 ,india animal food 0 n avoid$ 9 e>ly times2 ! epic *>act]s %oot de] & eat c[s4#acf ,ev5 9 ! sacr$ law-books ! eat+ ( meat is p]mitt$ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances3--,on (f]+ ! honey-mixture to a gue/1 at a sacrifice & at ! rites 9 hon\r ( ! manes1 b on ^! occasions only1 may an animal be sla94#acg ,nay1 "s p>ticul> animals are expressly decl>$ eatable4#ach ,! total ab/95ce f meat is 9 fact repres5t$ z some?+ m]itori\s r ?an z a /rict duty2#aci x is said t by avoid+ ! use ( fle% "o ga9s a great] rew>d ?an by subsi/+ on pure fruit & roots1 & by eat+ food fit = ascetics 9 ! =e/4#adj ,b on ! o!r h& we also read t !re is no great] s9n] ?an t man :o1 ?\gh n wor%ipp+ ! gods or ! manes1 seeks to increase ! bulk ( 8 own fle% by ! fle% ( o!r be+s4#ada ,z a matt] ( fact1 meat is n[adays commonly1 ?\gh by no means univ]sally1 ab/a9$ f by high ca/e ,h9dus1 :]eas #ccg mo/ l[ ca/e natives are only veget>ian :5 fle% food is n )9 _! rea*2#adb & we are told t ! views :i* _m ,h9dus ent]ta9 ( p :o indulge 9 su* food are n v unlike ! op9ions :i* ,europeans h ab\t cannibals4#adc ,! imm$iate orig9 ( ^! re/rictions seems obvi\s en\gh4 ,!y 7 n introduc$--z has be5 suppos$--ei!r z m]e sumptu>y measures1#add or because meat 0 f\nd to be an alim5t too ri* & heavy 9 a w>m climate1#ade b !y 7 ! natural outcome ( a sy/em :i* enjo9s reg>d = life 9 g5]al & k9dness t[>ds all liv+ be+s4 ,9 ! ',laws ( ,manu' x is expressly said t ! use ( meat %\ld be %unn$ = ! reason t meat c nev] be obta9$ )\t injury to liv+ creatures1 & injury to s5ti5t be+s is detrim5tal to ! atta9m5t ( heav5ly bliss4#adf ,t ! prohibition ( eat+ animals result$ f ! prohibition ( kill+ !m is also sugge/$ by o!r facts4 ,if ,h9du ,p>iahs eat ! fle% ( animals :i* h di$ naturally1 x is n visit$ ^u !m z a crime1 b !y are consid]$ to be wret*es z fil?y & disgu/+ z _! food is revolt+4#adg ,buddhism all[s ! eat+ ( fi% & meat if x is pure 9 ?ree respects1 to wit--if "o has n se51 nor he>d1 nor suspect$ t x has be5 procur$ = ! purpose2#adh & among ! ,buddhi/s ( ,burma ev5 ! mo/ /rictly religi\s h no scruples 9 eat+ ! fle% ( an animal kill$ by ano!r p]son1 z !n1 !y consid]1 ! s9 ( its de/ruction does n re/ ^u !m1 b on ! p]son :o actually caus$ x4#adi ,footnote #acc3 ,see infra1 on ,reg>d = ! ,l[] ,animals4 ,footnote #acd3 ,doolittle1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ace3 ,*amb]la91 ,?+s ,japanese1 p4 #age sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #acg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #da4 ,see also ,vasi%?a1 iv4 #e4 ,footnote #ach3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 li4 #f4 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #ah4 ,footnote #aci3 ,see ,jolly1 ',re*t und ,sitte1' 9 ,bhl]1 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie1 ii4 #aeg4 ,footnote #adj3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #ed4 ,see also ibid4 v4 #ec1 #ef4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ibid4 v4 #eb4 ,footnote #adb3 ,kipl+1 ,bea/ & ,man 9 ,india1 p4 #f4 ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #adc3 ,p]cival1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #add3 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #ade3 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,"*1 c4 ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #adf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #dh4 ,see also ibid4 v4 #de1 #di4 ,footnote #adg3 ,dubois1 op4 cit4 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #adh3 ,k]n1 ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #ga1 n4 #e4 ,footnote #adi3 ,fyt*e1 ,burma ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ii4 #gh4 ,veget>ianism is1 fur!r1 said to h be5 practis$ by ! fir/ & mo/ le>n$ class ( ! ,p]sian ,magi1 :o1 accord+ to ,eubulus1 nei!r slew nor ate any?+ #cch animat$2#aej & _m ( ! ,egyptian prie/s are report$ to h ab/a9$ entirely f animal food4#aea ,9 anci5t leg5ds we are told t ! e>lie/ m51 :o 7 pure & free f s91 kill$ no animal b liv$ exclusively on ! fruits ( ! e>?4#aeb ,9 ,greece ! ,py?agoreans oppos$ ! kill+ & eat+ ( animals1 z hav+ a "r to live 9 common ) mank9d1#aec or 9 consequ5ce ( _! !ory t ! s\ls ( m5 aft] dea? transmigrate into animals4#aed ,accord+ to ,porphyry1 a fle%less diet n only contributes to ! heal? ( ! body & to ! pres]vation ( ! p[] & purity ( ! m9d1 b is requir$ by ju/ice4 ,animals1 he said1 are alli$ to m51 & he mu/ be consid]$ an impi\s p]son :o does n ab/a9 f act+ unju/ly t[>ds 8 k9dr$4#aee ,footnote #aej3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #af4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ibid4 iv4 #g4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,g5esis1 i4 #bi4 ,bundahis1 xv4 #f sqq42 cf4 ,w9dis*mann1 ,zoroa/ris*e ,/udi51 p4 #bab4 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #aji sqq4 ,plato1 ,politicus1 p4 #bgb4 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #aec3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vit philosophorum1 viii4 #a4 #ab 7#ac74 ,plut>*1 ,de c>nium esu oratio ,i4 #a4 ,footnote #aed3 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ul1 cviii4 #ai4 ,footnote #aee3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 i4 #b2 iii4 #bf sq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re /ill rema9s a gr\p ( re/rictions 9 diet :i* call = our consid]ation1 namely1 su* z ref] to ! use ( intoxicat+ dr9ks1 ei!r only prohibit+ immod]ation or also dem&+ total ab/95ce4 ,among a l>ge numb] ( peoples drunk5ness is s common t x c h>dly be look$ ^u z a vice by ! community2 on ! contr>y1 x is sometimes an object ( pride1 or is reg>d$ almo/ z a religi\s duty4 ,an old travell] on ! ,we/ ,african ,gold ,coa/ says t ! natives tea* _! *ildr5 drunk5ness at ! age ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 z if x 7 a virtue4#aef ,! ,negroes ( ,accra1 accord+ to ,monrad1 take a pride 9 gett+ drunk1 & praise ! happ9ess ( a p]son :o is s intoxicat$ t he c h>dly walk4#aeg ,9 anci5t ,yucatan he :o dropp$ d[n s5seless f dr9k 9 a banquet 0 all[$ to rema9 :]e he fell1 #cci & 0 reg>d$ by 8 companions ) feel+s ( envy4#aeh ,among ! ,pueblo ,indians 9 ,new ,mexico1 :o are o!rwise a sob] p1 drunk5ness =ms a "p ( _! religi\s fe/ivals4#aei ,s also 9 ! hill tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india a l>ge quantity ( liquor is an ess5tial elem5t 9 _! religi\s rites1 & _! acts ( wor%ip inv>iably end 9 intoxication4#afj ,( ! ,a9u 9 ,japan we are told t to dr9k = ! god is _! *ief act ( wor%ip2 ! m sak !y dr9k ! m dev\t !y are1 :]eas ! gods w be angry ) a p]son :o ab/a9s f ! intoxicat+ dr9k4#afa ,! anci5t ,sc&9avians regul>ly conclud$ _! religi\s c]emonies ) fill+ & empty+ /oops 9 hon\r ( _! gods2 & ev5 aft] _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity !y 7 all[$ to cont9ue ?is practice at ! end ( _! s]vices1 ) ! diff]5ce t !y 7 n[ requir$ 9 _! toa/-dr9k+ to sub/itute = ! names ( _! false deities ^? ( ! true ,god & 8 sa9ts4#afb ,( ! ,g]mans ,tacitus /ates t to pass an entire day & night 9 dr9k+ disgraces no "o2#afc & ?is habit ( intoxication ! ,anglo-,saxons br\ght ) !m to ,engl&1 :]e x 0 n\ri%$ by a damp climate & a m>%y soil4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies "s ef=ts 7 made to *eck drunk5ness on ! initiative ( ,!odore1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ,egb]t1 ar*bi%op ( ,york1 & ^! ex]tions 7 support$ by ! k+s f a political desire to prev5t riots & blood%$4#afd ,! ,p5it5tials tell u ! tale ( univ]sal intemp]ance m effectively ?an any description ( x c\ld d4 ,a bi%op :o 0 s drunk z to vomit :ile adm9i/]+ ! holy sacram5t 0 condemn$ to eighty or n9ety days p5ance1 a presbyt] to #cdj sev5ty1 a deacon or monk to sixty1 a cl]k to =ty2#afe & if a p]son 0 s intoxicat$ t1 p5d+ ! rite1 he dropp$ ! sacr$ elem5ts into ! fire or into a riv]1 he 0 requir$ to *ant a hundr$ psalms4#aff ,a bi%op or prie/ :o p]sev]$ 9 ! habit ( drunk5ness 0 to be degrad$ f 8 (fice2#afg :il/ s+le cases ( intoxication1 if accompani$ by vomit+1 incurr$ p5ance = a c]ta9 numb] ( days--=ty = a presbyt] or deacon1#afh ?irty = a monk1#afi fifte5 = a layman4#agj ,h[ev]1 ^! rules admitt$ ( exceptions3 if anybody 9 joy & glory ( our ,savi\r's natal day1 or ( ,ea/]1 or 9 hon\r ( any sa9t1 vomit$ ?r\gh be+ drunk1 & 9 s do+ _h tak5 no m ?an he 0 ord]$ by 8 eld]s1 x matt]$ no?+2 & if a bi%op _h comm&$ him to be drunk he 0 likewise innoc5t1 unless inde$ ! bi%op 0 9 ! same /ate himself4#aga ,if ^! attempts to enc\rage sob]ness produc$ any *ange = ! bett]1 x c\ld only h be5 tempor>y2 = "s "t aft]w>ds intemp]ance 0 c>ri$ to its greate/ excess ?r\gh ! practice & example ( ! ,danes4#agb ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,normans1 :o 7 a m temp]ate race1 drunk5ness1 = a "t decreas$ 9 ,engl&2 b aft] a few reigns ! ,saxons seem r to h corrupt$ _! conqu]ors ?an to h be5 b5efit$ by _! example4#agc ,z late z ! eighte5? c5tury drunk5ness 0 univ]sal among all classes 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 !n z uncommon = a p>ty to sep>ate :ile any memb] ( x rema9$ sob] #cda z x is n[ = any "o 9 su* a p>ty to degrade himself ?r\gh intoxication4 ,no loss ( "* 0 incurr$ by habitual excess4 ,m5 9 ! position ( g5tlem5 congratulat$ ea* o!r ^u ! numb] ( bottles empti$2 & x w\ld h be5 consid]$ a v frivol\s objection to a citiz5 :o aspir$ to ! dignity ( ,ald]man or ,mayor t he 0 an habitual drunk>d4#agd ,footnote #aef3 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gbe4 ,footnote #aei3 ,ibid4 i4 #eee4 ,footnote #afj3 ,hislop1 ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #a4 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #afd sq4 7,k&hs74 ,footnote #afa3 ,bird1 ,unbeat5 ,tracks 9 ,japan1 ii4 #fh1 #if4 ,cf4 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #afb3 ,maur]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bjj4 ,b>?ol9us1 ,antiquitates ,danic1 i4 #h1 p4 #abh sqq4 ,mallet1 ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #afc3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #bb4 ,footnote #afd3 ,laws ( ,hlo?hre & ,eadric1 #ab sq4 ,?rupp1 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,home1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #afe3 ,poenit5tiale ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxvi4 #d 7,wass]s*leb51 ,die ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #eid74 ,poenit5tiale ,egb]ti1 xi4 #g 7,wass]s*leb51 p4 #bdb74 ,footnote #aff3 ,poenit5tiale ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxvi4 #e 7,wass]s*leb51 op4 cit4 p4 #eid74 ,poenit5tiale ,egb]ti1 xi4 #i 7,wass]s*leb51 p4 #bdb74 ,footnote #afg3 ,poenit5tiale ,!odori1 i4 #a4 #a 7,wass]s*leb51 op4 cit4 p4 #ahd74 ,poenit5tiale ,egb]ti1 xi4 #a 7,wass]s*leb51 p4 #bdb74 ,footnote #afh3 ,poenit5tiale ,!odori1 i4 #a4 #c 7,wass]s*leb51 op4 cit4 p4 #ahd74 ,poenit5tiale ,egb]ti1 xi4 #c 7,wass]s*leb51 p4 #bdb74 ,footnote #afi3 ,poenit5tiale ,!odori1 i4 #a4 #b 7,wass]s*leb51 op4 cit4 p4 #ahd74 ,poenit5tiale ,egb]ti1 xi4 #b 7,wass]s*leb51 p4 #bdb74 ,footnote #agj3 ,poenit5tiale ,!odori1 i4 #a4 #e 7,wass]s*leb51 op4 cit4 p4 #ahd74 ,footnote #aga3 ,poenit5tiale ,!odori1 i4 #a4 #d 7,wass]s*leb51 op4 cit4 p4 #ahd74 ,footnote #agb3 ,?rupp1 op4 cit4 p4 #bii sqq4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ibid4 p4 #cja sq4 ,footnote #agd3 ,port]1 ,progress ( ! ,nation1 p4 #bci4 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ehg4 ,massey1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ii4 #fj4 ,?\gh ( late ye>s drunk5ness has be5 decreas+ among ^? ,european nations :o h be5 mo/ addict$ to x1 & is n[adays g5]ally recognis$ z a vice1 our civilisation is /ill1 z x has always be51 ! great s\rce f :i* ! poison ( intoxication is p\r+ ov] ! e>? 9 all directions1 infect+ or kill+ races :o previ\sly knew no?+ ( alcohol or look$ ^u x ) abhorr5ce4 ,ea/]n religions h emphatically insi/$ ^u sobriety or ev5 total ab/95ce f intoxicat+ liquors4 ,9 ! sacr$ law-books ( ,brahmanism ?irte5 diff]5t k9ds ( alcoholic dr9ks are m5tion$1 all ( :i* are =bidd5 to ,brhmanas & ?ree to ,k%atriyas & ,vaisyas2#age yet1 ?\gh !re be no s9 9 dr9k+ spiritu\s liquor1 ab/5tion br+s great] rew>d4#agf ,a twice-born man :o dr9ks ! liquor call$ ,sur commits a mortal s91 :i* w be puni%$ bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! life to come2#agg ! mo/ prop] p5alty = su* a p]son is to dr9k t liquor boil+-hot1 & only :5 8 body has be5 completely scald$ by x is he fre$ f 8 guilt4#agh ,among ! mod]n ,h9dus drunk5ness is said to be dete/$ by all b ! v l[e/ ca/es 9 ! agricultural di/ricts & "s high ca/e p resid+ 9 ! great t[ns1 :o h le>n$ x f ,europeans2 x is suppos$ to be de/ructive ( ca/e purity2 h5ce a notori\s drunk>d is1 or at lea/ #cdb us$ to be1 expell$ f 8 ca/e4#agi ,buddhism int]dicts altoge!r ! use ( alcohol2#ahj ( ! five crimes1 ! tak+ ( life1 !ft1 adult]y1 ly+1 & dr9k+1 ! la/ is ! wor/4#aha ,ta\ism condemns ! love ( w9e4#ahb ,9 ,zoroa/rianism ! holy ,srao%a is repres5t$ z fight+ aga9/ ! demon ( drunk5ness1#ahc & x is said t ! sacr$ be+s are n pleas$ ) him :o dr9ks w9e m ?an mod]ately2#ahd b x seems t ! anci5t ,p]sians nev]!less 7 mu* addict$ to intoxication4#ahe ,accord+ to classical writ]s1 "s ( ! ,egyptian prie/s ab/a9$ entirely f w9e1 :il/ o!rs drank v little ( x2#ahf & be=e ! reign ( ,psammeti*us ! k+s nei!r drank w9e1 nor made libation ( x z a ?+ acceptable to ! gods4#ahg ,! use ( w9e & o!r inebriat+ dr9ks is =bidd5 by ,islam1#ahh & 0 puni%$ by ,muhamm$ ) flogg+4#ahi ,x may also be said ( 8 foll[]s t !y = ! mo/ "p h obey$ ?is comm&1 at lea/ 9 c\ntry di/ricts1#aij & t ! exceptions to ! rule are directly or indirectly attributable to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ians4 ,footnote #age3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xxii4 #hb1 #hd4 ,gautama1 ii4 #bj4 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #id sq4 ,footnote #agf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #ef4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ibid4 ix4 #bce1 #bcg2 xi4 #di1 #ee2 xii4 #ef4 ,footnote #agh3 ,ibid4 xi4 #ia4 ,footnote #agi3 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 p4 #ch4 ,dubois1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaf4 ,samuelson1 ,hi/ory ( ,dr9k1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #bij4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,buddhism1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #aha3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,v5ddd1 xix4 #da4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xvi4 #fb4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #acc4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #f4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #f4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #f4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,koran1 ii4 #baf4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #aij3 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah1 ii4 #aah4 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bac4 ,polak1 ,p]si51 ii4 #bfh4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bih sq4 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #bhc4 ,! condemnation ( drunk5ness is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! fir/ place due to its injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,! ,basutos ( ,s\? ,africa say t !re is blood 9 ! dregs--t is1 intoxication ends 9 bloody qu>rels4#aia ,! ,omaha ,indians made drunk5ness a crime puni%able ) flogg+ & loss ( prop]ty1 because x (t5 l$ to murd]s4#aib ,sahagun tells u ( a ,mexican k+ :o sev]ely admoni%$ 8 p to ab/a9 f intoxication1 z be+ ! cause ( tr\bles & disord]s 9 villages & #cdc k+doms1 ( mis]y1 sorr[1 & pov]ty4#aic ,( him :o dr9ks immod]ately x is said 9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts t infamy comes to 8 body & wick$ness to 8 s\l4#aid ,accord+ to ,ecclesia/icus1 drunk5ness increase? ! rage ( a fool till he (f5d3 x dim9i%e? /r5g? & make? w\nds4#aie ,we read 9 ! ,talmud1 ,dr9k n1 & y w n s94#aif ,muhamm$ said t 9 w9e !re is bo? s9 & pr(it1 b t ! s9 is great] ?an ! pr(it4#aig ,buddhism /igmatises dr9k+ z ! wor/ ( crimes because x leads to all o!r s9s2 f ! cont9u$ use ( intoxicat+ dr9k six evil consequ5ces are said to foll[--namely1 ! loss ( weal?2 ! aris+ ( disputes t lead to bl[s & battles2 ! production ( v>i\s diseases1 z sor5ess ( ! eyes & o!rs2 ! br++ ( disgrace1 f ! rebuke ( p>5ts & sup]iors2 ! exposure to %ame1 f go+ hi!r & ?i!r unclo!d2 ! loss ( ! judgm5t requir$ = ! c>ry+ on ( ! affairs ( ! _w4#aih ,t drunk5ness1 9 spite ( ! evils result+ f x1 nev]!less s frequ5tly escapes c5sure1 is due p>tly to ! pleasures connect$ ) x1 p>tly to lack ( =esight1#aii & 9 a l>ge measure to ! influ5ce ( intemp]ate habits4 ,:y su* habits %\ld h gr[n up 9 "o c\ntry & n 9 ano!r we are (t5 unable to tell4 ,! climate has no d\bt some?+ to d ) x1 al?\gh x is impossible to agree ) ! /atem5t made by ,montesquieu t ! preval5ce ( intoxication 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? is proportionate to ! coldness & humidity ( ! air4#bjj ,a gloomy temp]am5t & a *e]less life are apt to induce p to resort to ! artificial pleasures produc$ by dr9k4 ,! dre>9ess ( ! ,puritan ,sunday has mu* to answ] =2 ! evid5ce giv5 by a _s m]*ant be=e ! ,commission on ! ,=bes ,mack5zie ,act 0 t !re is a great #cdd dem& = dr9k on ,sunday1 & t ?is dem& mu/ be suppli$4#bja ,ennui 0 probably a cause ( ! prevail+ inebriety 9 ,europe 9 =m] days1 :5 !re 0 difficulty 9 pass+ ! "t n occupi$ 9 fight+ or hunt+2#bjb & ! monotony ( life 9 ! l[] ranks ( an indu/rial community /ill t5ds to produce a simil> effect4 ,o!r causes ( drunk5ness are mis]able homes & wret*$ cook+4 ,mr4 ,lecky is ( op9ion t if ! wives ( ! poor 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& c\ld cook z !y c cook 9 ,france & 9 ,holl&1 a mu* small] proportion ( ! husb&s w\ld seek a refuge 9 ! public-h\se4#bjc ,footnote #aia3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #aib3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cgj4 ,footnote #aic3 ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria g5]al de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 ii4 #id sqq4 ,footnote #aid3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xvi4 #fc4 ,footnote #aie3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxi4 #cj4 ,footnote #aif3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #aig3 ,koran1 ii4 #baf4 ,footnote #aih3 ,h>dy1 op4 cit4 p4 #dia sq4 ,footnote #aii3 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #bha1 #cji sq4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des lois1 xiv4 #aj 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #cjc sq474 ,footnote #bja3 ,hessey1 ,sunday1 p4 #cgh4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #dde4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,lecky1 ,democracy & ,lib]ty1 ii4 #ach4 ,! evil consequ5ces ( intoxication h l$ n only to ! condemnation ( an immod]ate use ( alcoholic dr9k1 b also to ! dem& = total ab/95ce1 9 consid]ation ( ! difficulty _m p h 9 avoid+ excess4 ,b ?is h>dly acc\nts 9 full = ! religi\s prohibition ( dr9k :i* we meet ) 9 ! ,ea/4 ,w9e or spiritu\s liquor inspires my/]i\s fe>4 ,! abnormal m5tal /ate :i* x produces sugge/s ! idea t !re is some?+ sup]natural 9 x1 t x conta9s a _s1 or is p]haps itself a _s4#bjd ,moreov]1 ! juice ( ! grape is conceiv$ z ! blood ( ! v9e#bje--;9 ,ecclesia/icus ! w9e :i* 0 p\r$ out at ! foot ( ! alt> is ev5 call$ ! blood ( ! grape2#bjf & 9 ! blood is ! s\l4 ,! law ( ,brahmanism n only prohibits ! dr9k+ ( w9e1 b also comm&s t "o %\ld c>efully avoid r$ exudations f trees & juices fl[+ f incisions4#bjg ,t spiritu\s liquor is believ$ to conta9 baneful my/]i\s en]gy is obvi\s f ! /atem5t t if ! ,brahman 7! ,v$a7 :i* dwells 9 ! body ( a ,brhmana is ev5 once delug$ ) x1 8 ,brahmanhood =sakes him1 & he becomes a ,sdra2#bjh holy p]sons are1 ( #cde c\rse1 mo/ easily affect$ by ! my/]i\s dr9k1 ow+ to ! delicate nature ( hol9ess4 ,muhamm$ans likewise reg>d w9e z unclean & pollut+2#bji "s ( !m dread x s mu* t if a s+le drop 7 to fall ^u a clean g>m5t x w\ld be r5d]$ unfit to we> until wa%$4#baj ,9 ,morocco x is said t by dr9k+ alcohol a ,muhamm$an loses ! b>aka1 or hol9ess1 ( ! fai? & a scribe ! memory ( ! ,koran1 & t if a p]son :o dr9ks alcohol has a *>m on him1 its b>aka is spoil$4 ,! fact t w9e 0 =bidd5 by ! ,prophet might p]haps by itself be a suffici5t reason = ! notion t x is unclean4 ,b already 9 pre-,muhamm$an times x seems to h be5 scrupul\sly avoid$ by "s ( ! ,arabs1#baa ?\gh among o!rs x 0 mu* 9 use & 0 highly prais$ by _! poets4#bab ,footnote #bjd3 ,see supra1 i4 #bgh1 #bha2 infra1 on ! ,belief 9 ,sup]natural ,be+s2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cei4 ,footnote #bje3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ceh sq4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,ecclesia/icus1 l4 #ae4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #f4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,ibid4 xi4 #ih4 ,footnote #bji3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #baj3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #gb4 ,footnote #baa3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 xix4 #id4 #c4 ,zckl]1 ,askese und ,mn*tum1 i4 #ic4 ,footnote #bab3 ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 i4 #ba sqq4 ,z = ! ,muhamm$an prohibition ( w9e1 ! sugge/ion has be5 made by ,palgrave t x ma9ly arose f ! ,prophet's antipa?y to ,*ri/ianity & 8 desire to broad5 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 8 foll[]s & ^? ( ,*ri/4 ,w9e 0 rais$ by ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity to a dignity ( ! highe/ religi\s import4 ,x became well-nigh typical ( ,*ri/ianity & 9 a mann] its badge4 ,to decl>e x unclean1 an abom9ation1 & ! "w ( ! devil1 0 to set up = ! ,fai?ful a c\nt]-badge4#bac ,?is view d]ives mu* probability f ! fact t !re are sev]al unequivocal indications ( ! same b5t ( policy 9 ,muhamm$'s sy/em1 %[+ a di/9ct t5d5cy to oppose ,islam to o!r religions4 ,b at ! same "t bo? a desire to prev5t intoxication & ! notion t w9e is pollut+ may v well h be5 co-op]at+ motives = ! prohibition4 ,footnote #bac3 ,palgrave1 ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia1 i4 #dbh sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,cleanl9ess ,,& ,,uncleanl9ess--,,asceticism ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,x seems t man1 l _m o!r animals1 is naturally end[$ ) a c]ta9 t5d5cy to cleanl9ess or av]sion to fil?4 ,( ,casp> ,haus]--! boy :o _h be5 kept 9 a dungeon sep>at$ f all communication ) ! _w f e>ly *ildhood to ab\t ! age ( sev5te5--,feu]ba* tells u t uncleanl9ess1 or :atev] he consid]$ z su*1 :e!r 9 8 own p]son or 9 o!rs1 0 an abom9ation to him4#a ,& ! savage boy ( ,aveyron1 ?\gh fil?y at fir/1 soon became s scrupul\sly clean 9 8 habits t he con/antly ?rew away1 9 a pet1 ! cont5ts ( 8 plate1 if any p>ticle ( dirt or du/ _h fall5 ^u x2 &1 aft] he _h brok5 8 walnuts "u 8 feet1 he took pa9s to clean !m 9 ! nice/ & mo/ delicate mann]4#b ,footnote #a3 ,feu]ba*1 ,casp> ,haus]1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #b3 ,it>d1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,discov]y & ,education ( a ,savage ,man1 p4 #eh4 ,_m savages are prais$ = _! cleanl9ess4#c ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon wa% _! bodies e few days1 z opportunity occurs4#d ,among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s #cdg ba?+ is a v common practice2 ! ,tahitians ba! 9 fre% wat] once or twice a day1#e & ! natives ( ,ni-afu1 9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 are said to sp5d half _! life 9 ! wat]4#f ,s1 also1 _m ,indian tribes bo? 9 ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica are v fond ( ba?+4#g ,! ,omahas g5]ally ba! e day 9 w>m wea!r1 e>ly 9 ! morn+ & at night1 & "s ( !m also at noon4#h ,among ! ,guiana ,indians x is a cu/om = m5 & wom5 to troop d[n toge!r to ! ne>e/ wat] e>ly 9 ! morn+ & _m times dur+ ! day4#i ,! ,tehuel*es ( ,patagonia n only make morn+ ablutions &1 :5 encamp$ ne> a riv]1 enjoy ba?+ = h\rs1 b are also scrupul\sly c>eful z to ! cleanl9ess ( _! h\ses & ut5sils1 & w1 if !y c obta9 soap1 wa% up ev]y?+ !y may be possess$ (4#aj ,! ,moquis & ,pueblos ( ,new ,mexico are rem>kable bo? = _! p]sonal cleanl9ess & ! neatness ( _! dwell+s4#aa ,cleanl9ess is a common *>act]i/ic ( _m natives ( ,africa4#ab ,! ,negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ wa% _! :ole p]sons once1 if n (t5]1 dur+ ! day4#ac ,! ,meg1 a p subject to ! ,monbuttu1 wa% two or ?ree times a day1 & :5 engag$ 9 "w con/antly adj\rn to a neighb\r+ /ream to cleanse !mselves4#ad ,! ,m>utse-,mabundas1 r ?an lose _! ba?1 are always ready #cdh to run ! risk ( be+ snapp$ up by crocodiles1 & !y are 9 ! habit ( keep+ _! mat]ials 9 well-wa%$ wood5 or e>!nw>e b[ls or 9 suitable baskets or calaba%es4#ae ,! cleanl9ess ( ! ,d9ka 9 e ?+ t conc]ns ! prep>ation ( food is said to be absolutely exempl>y4#af ,among ! ,b>i tribes ! dwell+s are ! p]fection ( cleanl9ess4#ag ,s also ! ,ba*ap9s1 a ,be*uana tribe1 are rem>kable = ! cleanl9ess ( _! dwell+s1 %[+ ! greate/ c>efulness to remove all rubbi% & ev]y?+ unsightly2 b at ! same "t !y are lack+ 9 p]sonal cleanl9ess4#ah ,footnote #c3 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #bih sq4 ,man1 ,son?alia & ! ,son?als1 p4 #hd4 ,=eman1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ahi 7dome/icat$ natives74 ,boyle1 ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bdb4 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 pp4 #aaj 7,samoans2 cf4 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bje71 #bfb1 #bfd 7,fijians74 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',futuna1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #ce4 ,m>kham1 ,cruise ( ! ,ros>io1 p4 #acf 7,polynesians74 ,footnote #d3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #ahg4 ,footnote #e3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es 7ed4 #ahbi71 ii4 #aac sq4 ,footnote #f3 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #g3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #hc1 #fif1 #gbb1 #gfj4 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #ccg4 von ,humboldt1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 iii4 #bcg 7,*aymas74 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #fjj 7,uaups71 #fdc 7,macuss74 ,mol9a1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ili1 ii4 #aah2 ,smi?1 ,araucanians1 p4 #ahd4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #ec4 ,footnote #h3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #bfi4 ,footnote #i3 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #aj3 ,mu/]s1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #edj4 ,see also ibid4 i4 #bfg 7"s ,inl& ,columbians74 ,footnote #ab3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 ii4 #hf 7,negroes ( ,accra1 ,krus71 #dfd 7,we/]n ,fulahs74 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,huana1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #bib4 ,r[ley1 ,africa ,unveil$1 p4 #aec4 ,a%e1 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a1 p4 #cje2 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #ahd4 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #abb 7,monbuttu74 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bjh 7,manansas74 ,footnote #ac3 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #bhc sq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,burr[s1 ,l& ( ! ,pigmies1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #ae3 ,holub1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cji4 ,footnote #af3 ,casati1 op4 cit4 i4 #dd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza1 i4 #hi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #eba1 #eec4 ,we commonly f9d t savages :o are clean 9 c]ta9 respects are dirty 9 o!rs4 ,! ,wanyoro ba! frequ5tly & always wa% _! h&s be=e & aft] eat+1 b _! dwell+s are v fil?y & sw>m ) v]m94#ai ,! ,nagas ( ,india#bj & ! natives ( ! int]ior ( ,sumatra1#ba ?\gh cleanly 9 _! p]sons1 are v dirty 9 _! app>el4 ,! ,mayas ( ,c5tral ,am]ica make frequ5t use ( cold wat]1 b nei!r 9 _! p]sons nor 9 _! dwell+s d !y pres5t an appe>ance ( cleanl9ess4#bb ,s also ! ,cali=nian ,indians1 :il/ exce$+ly fond ( ba?+1 are unclean ab\t _! lodges & clo?+4#bc ,! ,aleuts1 ?\gh !y wa% daily1 all[ dirt to be pil$ up close to _! dwell+s1 prep>e _! food v c>elessly1 & nev] wa% _! h\sehold ut5sils4#bd ,! ,new ,zeal&]1 aga91 :il/ n ov]-clean 9 8 p]son1 is v p>ticul> respect+ 8 food & also keeps 8 dwell+ 9 z mu* ord] z possible4#be ,on ! o!r h& !re are v _m uncivilis$ peoples :o are describ$ z g5]ally fil?y 9 _! habits--= in/ance1 ! ,fuegians1#bf _m #cdi ,indian tribes 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates1#bg sev]al ,eskimo tribes1#bh v>i\s ,sib]ian peoples1#bi ! ,a9u ( ,japan1#cj mo/ hill tribes 9 ,india1#ca _m ,au/ralian tribes1#cb ! ,bu%mans1#cc &1 g5]ally1 ! dw>f races ( ,africa4#cd ,b al?\gh ^! peoples nev] or h>dly ev] wa% _! bodies1 or d n *ange _! dress until x is worn to pieces1 or eat out ( ! same vessels z _! dogs )\t clean+ !m1 or fe$ on disgu/+ sub/ances1 or reg>d v]m9 z a delicacy--we may assume t _! tol]ation ( fil? is n absolutely b\ndless4 ,footnote #ai3 ,wilson & ,felk91 op4 cit4 ii4 #df4 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza1 ii4 #eh4 ,footnote #bj3 ,/ew>t1 ',nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #faf4 ,footnote #ba3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bji99994 ,footnote #bb3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #fed4 ,footnote #bc3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #djc4 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #cgg1 #djg4 ,footnote #bd3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #cih4 ,see also ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #bfg 7,fla!ads74 ,footnote #be3 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #eh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,sn[1 ,two ,ye>s' ,cruise (f ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 i4 #cde4 ,footnote #bg3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #hc1 #ajb1 #ahd1 #bca1 #dib1 #fbf4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid4 i4 #ea4 ,seemann1 ,voyage ( ,h]ald1 ii4 #fa sq4 7,we/]n ,eskimo74 ,kane1 ,arctic ,explorations1 ii4 #aaf 7,eskimo ( ,etah74 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #aee4 ,footnote #bi3 ,s>yts*ew1 ',voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,sib]ia1' 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages1 v4 #fg 7,kam*adales74 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 pp4 #agf 7,kam*adales71 #bbf 7,koriaks74 ,sau]1 ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia p]=m$ by ,bill+s1 p4 #abe 7,jakuts74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 ii4 #cih 7,jakuts72 iii4 #ei 7,kot(tzes71 #aab 7,tunguses72 iv4 #cg 7,kalmucks71 #acd 7,burats74 ,liadov1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 i4 #dja2 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #ajb1 #abc sq42 ,pallas1 quot$ 9 ,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology1 ',asiatic ,races1' p4 #bi 7,kalmucks74 ,footnote #cj3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #bd sqq4 ,mac ,rit*ie1 ,a9os1 p4 #ab sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,sp5c]1 ,descriptive ,sociology1 ',asiatic ,races1' p4 #bi4 ,grange1 ',exp$ition into ! ,naga ,hills1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 #ifb4 ,/ew>t1 ibid4 xxiv4 #fcg 7,kukis74 ,mason1 ',physical ,"* ( ! ,k>5s1' ibid4 xxxv4 pt4 ii4 #be4 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #ih4 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #aca 7,kakhy5s74 ,moorcr(t & ,trebeck1 ,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1 i4 #cba 7,ladakhis74 ,footnote #cb3 ,breton1 ,excursions 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #aig4 ,b>r+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ai 7natives ( ,botany ,bay74 ,angas1 ,savage ,life 9 ,au/ralia1 i4 #hj 7,s\? ,au/ralian aborig9es74 ,*auncy1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bhd 7,we/ ,au/ralian aborig9es74 ,footnote #cc3 ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 p4 #ae4 ,b>r[1 ,travels into ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 i4 #bhh4 ,footnote #cd3 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika1 p4 #dea4 ,= o!r in/ances ( uncleanl9ess 9 savages see ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 i4 #ci2 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #adg 7"s ( ! ,l& ,dyaks72 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 pp4 #ej 7,h]]o71 #dgj 7,be*uanas74 ,! preval5ce ( cleanly or dirty habits among a c]ta9 p may dep5d on a v>iety ( circum/ances3 ! occupations ( life1 suffici5cy or want ( wat]1 climatic conditions1 indu/ry or laz9ess1 weal? or pov]ty1 religi\s or sup]/iti\s beliefs4 ,ca/rn obs]ves t fil?9ess is a *>act]i/ic ( fi%+ peoples2 among ! ,o/yaks only ^? :o live by fi%+ are conspicu\s = _! uncleanl9ess1 :]eas ! nomads & own]s ( #cej re9de] are n4#ce ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! inl& negro is clean :5 he dwells 9 ! neighb\rhood ( riv]s4#cf ,9 ,we/ ,au/ralia ^? tribes only :i* live by l>ge riv]s or ne> ! sea are said to h an idea ( cleanl9ess4#cg ,conc]n+ ! fil?y habits ( ! ,kukis & o!r hill peoples 9 ,india1 ,major ,butl] rem>ks t !y may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! sc>city ( wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! villages1 z also by ! coldness ( ! climate4#ch ,dr4 ,kane believes t ! indiff]5ce ( _m ,eskimo to dirt or fil? is l>gely due to ! extreme cold1 :i* by rapid freez+ resi/s putrefaction & ?us prev5ts ! h\sehold1 ) its num]\s dogs1 f be+ intol]able4#ci ,_! well-kn[n habit ( wa%+ !mselves ) fre%ly pass$ ur9e arises p>tly f sc>city ( wat] & ! difficulty ( heat+ x1 b p>tly also f ! fact t ! ammonia ( ! ur9e is an excell5t sub/itute = soap 9 remov+ ! grease ) :i* ! sk9 necess>ily becomes soil$4#dj ,a cold climate1 moreov]1 leads to uncleanl9ess because x makes g>m5ts necess>y2#da & among "s savages ! practice ( greas+ _! bodies to protect ! sk9 f ! effects ( a p>*+ air produces a simil> result4#db ,"l ,kames ma9ta9s t ! greate/ promot] ( cleanl9ess is indu/ry1 :]eas its greate/ antagoni/ is indol5ce4 ,9 ,holl&1 he obs]ves1 ! p 7 clean] ?an all _! neighb\rs because !y 7 m indu/ri\s1 at a "t :5 9 ,engl& indu/ry 0 z great a /rang] z cleanl9ess4#dc ,kolb5 says t ! g5]al laz9ess ( ! ,hott5tots acc\nts = ! fact t !y are 9 ! matt] ( diet #cea ! fil?ie/ p 9 ! _w4#dd ,( ! ,sib]ian ,burats ,georgi writes t f _! laz9ess !y are z dirty z sw9e2#de & ! ,kam*adales are describ$ z a dirty1 lazy race4#df ,pov]ty1 also1 is = obvi\s reasons a cause ( uncleanl9ess2#dg a />v+ vulture neglects to poli% 8 fea!rs1 & a fami%$ dog has a ragg$ coat4#dh ,v commonly cleanl9ess is a class di/9ction4#di ,?us among ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo ! poor] p are (t5 c>eless ab\t _! clo!s & p]sons1 :]eas mo/ ( ! weal?i] individuals appe> to take pride 9 be+ well clad1 &1 except :5 actually engag$ 9 "s dirty "w1 always h _! faces & h&s scrupul\sly clean & _! hair neatly comb$4#ej ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? ma9ta9s t dome/ic cleanl9ess & c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( food are ev]y:]e signs ( a high] grade ( ext]nal culture & answ] to a c]ta9 degree ( intellectual sup]iority4#ea ,b already ,"l ,kames po9t$ out ! fact indicat$ above1 t cleanness is rem>kable 9 sev]al nations :i* h made little progress 9 ! arts ( life4#eb ,footnote #ce3 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 i4 #cai sq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #ge4 ,mr4 ,torday1 :o speaks f ext5sive exp]i5ce1 tells me ! same4 ,footnote #cg3 ,*auncy1 quot$ by ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bhd4 ,footnote #ch3 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #ih sq4 ,cf4 ,/ew>t1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #faf4 ,footnote #ci3 ,kane1 ,arctic ,explorations1 ii4 #aaf4 ,footnote #dj3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nol4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dba4 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #da3 ,cf4 von ,humboldt1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bcg4 ,footnote #db3 ,bur*ell1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eec 7,ba*ap9s ( ,litakun74 ,footnote #dc3 ,kames1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 i4 #cbc1 #cbg sqq4 ,footnote #dd3 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #dg4 ,footnote #de3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iv4 #acd4 ,footnote #df3 ,ibid4 iii4 #aeb4 ,see also ,s>yts*ew1 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages1 v4 #fg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,m>%all1 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas1 p4 #ej2 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #cih 7,aleuts74 ,footnote #dh3 ,/4 ,john1 ,village ,life 9 ,egypt1 i4 #ahg4 ,footnote #di3 ,tickell1 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ix4 #hjh 7,hos74 ,r[latt1 ',exp$ition into ! ,mi%mee ,hills1' ibid4 xiv4 #dhi4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #aag4 ,waitz1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hf 7,a%antees74 ,arnot1 ,g>5ganze1 p4 #gf 7,b>otse74 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #ej3 ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dba4 ,footnote #ea3 ,s*we9fur?1 ,he>t ( ,africa1 i4 #aef4 ,footnote #eb3 ,kames1 op4 cit4 i4 #cba4 ,! factors :i* det]m9e ! cleanl9ess ( a p also naturally influ5ce ! moral valuation ( x4 ,av]sion to dirt n only leads to cleanly habits1 b makes a fil?y p]son an object ( disgu/ & disapprobation2 inde$1 ?is av]sion is g5]ally /rong] ) ref]5ce to o!r individuals ?an ) ref]5ce to "o's own p]son4 ,b :]e = "s reason or o!r dirt9ess becomes habitual1 x at ! same "t ceases to be disgu/+2 & x is (t5 a/oni%+ h[ soon #ceb p get us$ to fil?y surr\nd+s4 ,?us1 :5 cleanl9ess is insi/$ ^u x is s 9 ! fir/ in/ance because dirt is directly disagreeable to o!r p]sons1 & :5 uncleanness is tol]at$ x is s because x gives no (f5ce to ! s5ses ( ! public4 ,b at ! high] /ages ( civilisation1 at lea/1 cleanl9ess is besides inculcat$ on hygi5ic gr\nds4 ,9 _m cases cleanl9ess1 ei!r tempor>y or habitual1 is also practis$ & enjo9$ f religi\s or sup]/iti\s motives4 ,a ,lappi% noaide1 or wiz>d1 _h to wa% all 8 body be=e he (f]$ a sacrifice4#ec ,! ,sib]ian %amans h compulsory wat] purifications once a ye>1 sometimes e mon?1 z also on special occasions :5 !y feel !mselves defil$ by contact ) unclean ?+s4#ed ,! ,%9to prie/s 9 ,japan ba!d & put on clean g>m5ts be=e mak+ ! sacr$ (f]+s or *ant+ ! liturgies4#ee ,h]odotus speaks ( ! cleanl9ess obs]v$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s :5 engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! gods4#ef ,z a prelim9>y to an act ( wor%ip ! anci5t ,greeks wa%$ _! h&s or ba!d & put on clean clo!s4#eg ,"o ( ! legal maxims ( ! ,romans requir$ t m5 %\ld approa* ! deity 9 a /ate ( purity4#eh ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rianism x is ! great bus9ess ( life to avoid impurity1 &1 :5 x is involunt>ily contract$1 to remove x 9 ! correct mann] z quickly z possible2 & by impurity is !n und]/ood n an inw>d /ate ( ! s\l1 b ma9ly a physical /ate ( ! body1 ev]y?+ go+ out ( ! human body be+ consid]$ pollut+4#ei ,= a ,brahm9 ba?+ is ! *ief "p ( ! m9ute c]emonial ( daily wor%ip1 :il/ fur!r wa%+s & asp]sions ent] into m solemn religi\s acts2#fj & n only ,brahm9s b mo/ ,h9dus reg>d #cec x z a religi\s duty to ba! daily if ?is is at all conv5i5t4#fa ,lamaism enjo9s p]sonal ablution z a sac]dotal rite prep>atory to wor%ip1 ?\gh ! c]emony seldom ext5ds to m ?an dipp+ ! tips ( ! f+]s 9 wat]4#fb ,jewi% ,rabbis are compell$ to wa% _! h&s be=e !y beg9 to pray4#fc ,t]tullian m5tions t a simil> ablution 0 practis$ by ! ,*ri/ians be=e pray]4#fd ,accord+ to ,islam1 ! clo!s & p]son ( ! wor%ipp] %\ld be clean1 & s also ! gr\nd1 mat1 c>pet1 or :atev] else x be1 ^u :i* he prays2 & e act ( wor%ip mu/ be prec$$ by an ablution1 ?\gh1 :]e wat] _c be got1 s& may be us$ z a sub/itute4#fe ,b a pollut+ influ5ce is n ascrib$ to ev]y?+ :i* we reg>d z dirt4 ,= in/ance1 ,muhamm$ans consid] ! excrem5ts ( m5 & dogs defil+1 b n ! dung ( c[s & %eep2 c[-dung is ev5 us$ z a means ( purification4 ,footnote #ec3 ,friis1 ,lappisk ,my?ologie1 p4 #ade sq4 von ,db51 ,lappl&1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #ed3 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #hh4 ,footnote #ee3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ef3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #cg4 ,cf4 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #eg3 ,iliad1 i4 #ddi2 iii4 #bgj2 vi4 #bff2 ix4 #aga1 #agd2 xvi4 #bbi sq42 xxiii4 #da2 xxiv4 #cjb sqq4 ,odyssey1 ii4 #bfa2 iv4 #gej2 xvii4 #eh4 ,kell]1 ,hom]ic ,society1 p4 #ada4 ,/5gel1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #eh3 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxxii4 sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #fa sq4 ,colebrooke1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ii4 #adb sqq4 ,dubois1 ,p ( ,india1 p4 #aac sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #fb3 ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 p4 #dbc4 ,footnote #fc3 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi]1 ii4 #ga4 ,footnote #fd3 ,t]tullian1 ,de ,oratione1 #ac 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ii4 #aafg sq474 ,footnote #fe3 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islam1 p4 #beb sqq4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #hd sqq4 ,^! practices & rules spr+ f ! idea t ! contact ( a pollut+ sub/ance ) any?+ holy is foll[$ by injuri\s consequ5ces--an idea :i* w be m fully discuss$ 9 connection ) sexual ab/95ces4 ,su* contact is suppos$ to deprive a deity or holy be+ ( its hol9ess1 or o!rwise be detrim5tal to x1 & !re=e to excite its ang] aga9/ him :o causes ! defilem5t4 ,s also a sacr$ act is believ$ to lose its sacr$ness by be+ p]=m$ by an unclean individual4 ,moreov]1 z a pollut+ sub/ance is itself held to conta9 my/]i\s en]gy ( a baneful k9d1 x is look$ ^u z a direct dang] ev5 to p]sons :o are n engag$ 9 religi\s wor%ip4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ ! rites ( purification :i* a manslay] has to und]go 9 ord] to get rid ( ! blood-pollution4#ff ,we h also se5 t ablutions & o!r purificatory c]emonies #ced are p]=m$ = ! purpose ( remov+ s9s & mis=tunes4#fg ,& ba?+ or spr9kl+ ) wat] is a common me?od ( cle>+ m\rn]s or p]sons :o h come 9 contact ) a corpse f ! contagion ( dea?4#fh ,footnote #ff3 ,supra1 i4 #cge sqq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,supra1 i4 #ed sqq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,teit1 ',?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ',an?ropology1' i4 #cca4 ,cruick%ank1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bah 7,negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/74 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #afj4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ade2 ,idem1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bbh 7,samoans74 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #djc 7,society ,isl&]s74 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #cje 7,k> ,nicob>ese74 ,jo9ville1 ',religion & ,mann]s ( ! ,p ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vii4 #dcg 7,s9halese74 ,iy]1 ',nayadis ( ,malab>1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #ga2 ,?ur/on1 ibid4 iv4 #gf sq4 7,nayadis74 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 i4 #hc 7,arakh1 a tribe 9 ,oudh74 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #adg1 iii4 #bge2 ,dubois1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #ajh sq42 ,bose1 ,h9doos z !y are1 p4 #beg4 ,cal&1 ,die ,alt9dis*5 ,todt5- und ,be/attungsgebru*e1 p4 #gi sq4 ,b :il/ religi\s or sup]/iti\s beliefs h ?us l$ to ablutions & cleanl9ess1 !y h 9 o!r in/ances _h ! v opposite effect4 ,among ,arabs "y *ildr5 are (t5 left dirty & ill-dress$ purposely1 to pres]ve !m f ! evil eye4#fi ,! ,obbo natives 9 ,c5tral ,africa decl>e t if !y d n wa% _! h&s ) c['s ur9e be=e milk+1 ! c[ w lose h] milk2 & ) ! same fluid !y wa% ! milk-b[l1 & ev5 mix "s ( x ) ! milk4#gj ,! ,jakuts nev] wa% any ( _! eat+ or dr9k+ ut5sils2 b1 z soon z a di% is empti$1 !y clean x ) ! =e & middle f+]2 = !y ?9k x a great s9 to wa% away any "p ( _! food1 & appreh5d t ! consequ5ce w be a sc>city4#ga ,a simil> cu/om prevails among ! ,kirghiz#gb & ,kalmucks4 ,! latt] are =bidd5 by ! laws ( _! fai? to wa% _! vessels 9 riv]-wat]1 & !re=e d no m ?an wipe !m ) a piece ( an old %eep-sk9 %ube1 :i* !y use also = clean+ _! h&s ^u :5 dirty4#gc ,!y1 moreov]1 ab/a9 f wa%+ _! #cee clo!s2 & s did ! ,huns & ,mongols4#gd ,! anci5t ,turks nev] wa%$ !mselves1 because !y believ$ t _! gods puni%$ ablutions ) ?und] & lightn+2 & ! same belief /ill prevails among k9dr$ peoples 9 ,c5tral ,asia4#ge ,among ! ,bahima ( ,enkole1 9 ! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 a man may sme> 8 body ) butt] or clay z (t5 z he wi%es1 b to wa% ) wat] is bad = him1 & is a sure way ( br++ sickness into 8 family & among/ 8 cattle4#gf ,! dread ( wat] may be due p>tly to ill effects exp]i5c$ aft] us+ x1 p>tly to sup]/ition4 ,! ,moors d>e n wa% _! bodies ) cold wat] 9 ! aft]noon & ev5+ aft] ! 7s4ar1 because all su* wat] is !n suppos$ to be haunt$ by jnn1 or evil spirits4 ,9 v>i\s religions ! od\r ( sanctity is associat$ ) fil?4 ,muhamm$an d]vi%es are recognis$ by _! appe>ance ( untid9ess & uncleanness4 ,among ! rules laid d[n = ,buddhi/ monks !re is "o :i* prescribes t _! dress %all be made ( rags tak5 f a du/ or refuse heap4#gg ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ian mona/icism ! cleanl9ess ( ! body 0 reg>d$ z a pollution ( ! s\l4 ,! sa9ts :o 7 mo/ admir$ 7 ^? :o _h become "o hide\s mass ( clott$ fil?4 ,/4 ,a?anasius relates ) en?usiasm h[ ,/4 ,antony1 ! patri>* ( mona*ism1 _h nev]1 to extreme old age1 be5 guilty ( wa%+ 8 feet4 ,a fam\s virg91 ?\gh bodily sickness 0 a consequ5ce ( h] habits1 resolutely refus$1 on religi\s pr9ciples1 to wa% any "p ( h] body except h] f+]s4 ,& ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites1 :o 0 g5]ally pron\nc$ to be ! highe/ model ( a ,*ri/ian sa9t1 b\nd a rope r\nd himself s t x became imb$d$ 9 8 fle% & caus$ putrefaction2 & x is said t a horrible /5*1 intol]able #cef to ! by/&]s1 exhal$ f 8 body1 & worms dropp$ f him :5ev] he mov$1 & !y fill$ 8 b$4#gh ,9 m$ival ,*ri/ianity ab/95ce f e species ( cleanl9ess 0 also enjo9$ z a p5ance1 ! p5it5t be+ requir$ to g ) f\l m\?1 fil?y h&s & neck1 undress$ hair & be>d1 unp>$ nails1 & clo!s z dirty z 8 p]son4 ,9 ^! cases uncleanl9ess is a =m ( asceticism1 a subject :i* we h already t\*$ ^u 9 deal+ ) indu/ry & fa/+1 b ! pr9ciples ( :i* /ill call = our consid]ation4 ,footnote #fi3 ,blunt1 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bad4 ,klunz+]1 ,upp] ,egypt1 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #gj3 ,bak]1 ,alb]t ,n'yanza1 i4 #cha4 ,footnote #ga3 ,sau]1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #gb3 ,valikhan(1 c41 ,russians 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cg4 ,b]gmann1 op4 cit4 ii4 #abc4 ,footnote #gd3 ,neumann1 ,die ,vlk] des sdli*5 ,russl&s1 p4 #bg4 ,= ! excessive dirt9ess ( ! pres5t ,mongols1 see ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #ea sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iv4 #fa4 ,footnote #gf3 ,roscoe1 ',bahima1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvii4 #aaa4 ,footnote #gg3 ,k]n1 ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #gh3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #aji sqq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 v>i\s religions we meet ) ! idea t a p]son appeases or gives pleasure to ! deity by subject+ himself to suff]+ or deprivation4 ,?is belief f9ds expression 9 all sorts ( ascetic practices4 ,we read ( ,*ri/ian ascetics :o liv$ 9 des]t$ d5s ( wild bea/s1 or 9 dri$-up wells1 or 9 tombs2 :o disda9$ all clo!s1 & crawl$ abroad l animals cov]$ only by _! matt$ hair2 :o ate no?+ b corn :i* _h become rott5 by rema9+ = a mon? 9 wat]2 :o sp5t =ty days & nights 9 ! middle ( ?orn-bu%es1 & = =ty ye>s nev] lay d[n4#gi ,h9du ascetics rema9 9 immovable attitudes ) _! faces or _! arms rais$ to heav51 until ! s9ews %r9k & ! po/ure assum$ /iff5s into rigidity2 or !y expose !mselves to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r 9 a /ate ( absolute nudity1 or te> _! bodies ) knives1 or fe$ on c>rion & excrem5t4#hj ,among ! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india !re are fakirs :o h be5 se5 dragg+ heavy *a9s or cannon balls1 or crawl+ ^u _! h&s & knees = ye>s2 o!rs h be5 f\nd ly+ ^u iron spikes = a b$2 & o!rs1 aga91 h be5 sw++ = mon?s be=e a sl[ fire ) a #ceg tropical sun blaz+ ov]head4#ha ,among mod]n ,jews "s ( ! m sanctimoni\s memb]s ( ! synagogue h be5 kn[n to und]go ! p5ance ( volunt>y flagellation be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! fa/ ( atonem5t1 two p]sons successively inflict+ ^u ea* o!r ?irty-n9e /ripes or ?irte5 la%es ) a triple sc\rge4#hb ,accord+ to ! ,zoroa/rian ,ya/s1 ?irty /rokes ) ! ,srao%-k>ana is an expiation :i* purges p f _! s9s1 & makes !m fit = (f]+ a sacrifice4#hc ,h]odotus tells u t ! anci5t ,egyptians beat !mselves :ile ! ?+s (f]$ by !m z sacrifices 7 be+ burn$1 & t ! ,c>ian dwell]s 9 ,egypt on su* occasions cut _! faces ) knives4#hd ,among ! anci5t ,mexicans blood-draw+ 0 a fav\rite & mo/ common mode ( expiat+ s9 & %[+ devotion4 ,x makes "o %udd]1 says ,clavig]o1 to read ! au/]ities :i* !y ex]cis$ ^u !mselves1 ei!r 9 atonem5t ( _! transgressions or 9 prep>ation = _! fe/ivals4 ,!y mangl$ _! fle% z if x _h be5 ins5sible1 & let _! blood run 9 su* pr(usion1 t x appe>$ to be a sup]flu\s fluid ( ! body4#he ,self-mortification also =m$ "p ( ! religi\s cult 9 _m uncivilis$ tribes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4#hf ,! ,indian1 ,colonel ,dodge obs]ves1 believes1 ) _m ,*ri/ians1 t self-torture is an act mo/ acceptable to ,god1 & ! ext5t ( pleasure t he c give 8 god is exactly measur$ by ! am\nt ( suff]+ t he c be> )\t fl9*+4#hg ,footnote #gi3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ajh sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bad sq4 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ceb4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #ha3 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #cje4 ,= simil> practices among ! mod]n ,egyptians1 see ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #hb3 ,all51 ,mod]n ,judaism1 p4 #djg4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ya/s1 x4 #abb4 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxiii4 #aea1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #hd3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dj1 #fa4 ,footnote #he3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bhd4 ,see also ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dda sq42 ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #hf3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #chj4 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bdc4 ,james1 ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #bgf sqq4 7,omahas74 ,mc,gee1 ',si\an ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xv4 #ahd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 p4 #adi4 ,! idea und]ly+ religi\s asceticism has no d\bt #ceh be5 d]iv$ f sev]al diff]5t s\rces4 ,x %\ld fir/ be notic$ t c]ta9 ascetic practices h orig9ally be5 p]=m$ = ano!r purpose1 & only aft]w>ds come to be reg>d$ z means ( propitiat+ or pleas+ ! deity ?r\gh ! suff]+ involv$ 9 !m4 ,?is1 z we h se51 is ! case ) c]ta9 fa/s1 & also ) sexual asceticism4#hh ,:5 an act is suppos$ to be connect$ ) sup]natural dang]1 ! evil 7real or imag9>y7 result+ f x is readily int]pret$ z a sign ( div9e ang] & ! act itself is reg>d$ z be+ =bidd5 by a god4 ,if !n ! ab/95ce f x implies suff]+1 z is 9 "s degree ! case ) fa/+ & sexual cont95ce1 ! conclusion is drawn t ! god delights 9 su* suff]+4 ,! same inf]5ce is1 moreov]1 made f ! fact t su* ab/95ces are enjo9$ 9 connection ) religi\s wor%ip1 ?\gh ! prim>y motive = ?is injunction 0 fe> ( pollution4 ,beat+ or sc\rg+1 aga91 0 9 c]ta9 cases orig9ally a mode ( purification1 int5d$ to wipe (f & drive away a dang]\s contagion ei!r p]sonifi$ z demoniacal or o!rwise ( a magical "*4 ,& al?\gh ! pa9 inflict$ on ! p]son beat5 0 at fir/ n ! object ( ! act b only incid5tal to x1 x became subsequ5tly ! *ief purpose ( ! c]emony1 :i* 0 n[ reg>d$ z a mortification well pleas+ to ! god4#hi ,?is *ange ( ideas seems likewise to be due bo? to ! t5d5cy ( ! sup]natural contagion to develop into a div9e puni%m5t 9 case x is n remov$ by ! pa9ful rite1 & also to ! circum/ance t purification is held to be a necess>y accompanim5t ( acts ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! ,egyptian sacrifice describ$ by ,h]odotus 0 comb9$ ) purificatory fa/+ z well z beat+4#ij ,among ! ,jews1 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! fa/ ( atonem5t1 :il/ a few v religi\s p]sons und]go ! p5ance ( flagellation1 "s purify !mselves by #cei ablutions4#ia ,& t ! orig9al object ( ! sc\rg+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,ya/s 0 to purify ! wor%ipp] is sugge/$ by ! fact t he on ! same occasion _h to wa% 8 body ?ree days & ?ree nights4#ib ,b x %\ld also be rememb]$ t religi\s exaltation1 :5 x has rea*$ its highe/ /age1 may express itself 9 self-lac]ation2#ic & ! deity is naturally suppos$ to be pleas$ ) ! outw>d expression ( su* an emotion 9 8 devotees4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see infra1 p4 #dbj sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #bag sq4 ,footnote #ij3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dj4 ,footnote #ia3 ,all51 op4 cit4 p4 #djg4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ya/s1 x4 #abb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,hirn1 ,orig9s ( ,art1 p4 #fd4 ,an ascetic practice may also be ! survival ( an e>li] sacrifice4 ,we h se5 t ?is is frequ5tly ! case ) fa/+ & almsgiv+1 & ! same may hold true ( o!r =ms ( asceticism4#id ,! ess5ce ( ! act !n no long] lies 9 ! b5efit :i* ! god d]ives f x1 b 9 ! self-d5ial or self-mortification :i* x co/s ! wor%ipp]4 ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india au/]ity is m5tion$ z a means ( expiation side by side ) sacrifice1 fa/+1 & giv+ gifts4#ie ,footnote #id3 ,cf4 ,t]tullian1 ,de resurrectione c>nis1 #h 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hjf74 ,footnote #ie3 ,gautama1 xix4 #aa4 ,vasi%?a1 xx4 #dg2 xxii4 #h4 ,baudhyana1 iii4 #aj4 #i4 ,:5 an ascetic practice develops out ( a previ\s cu/om ( a diff]5t orig91 x may be comb9$ ) an idea :i* by itself has be5 a frequ5t s\rce ( self-inflict$ pa91 to wit1 ! belief t su* pa9 is an expiation = s91 t x may s]ve z a sub/itute = a puni%m5t :i* w\ld o!rwise be inflict$ by ! (f5d$ god2 & almo/ insep>ably connect$ ) ?is belief !re may be t desire to suff] :i* is s (t51 vaguely or di/9ctly1 involv$ 9 g5u9e rep5tance4#if ,! idea ( expiation v l>gely und]lies ! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & ! asceticism ( its sa9ts4 ,f ! days ( ,t]tullian & ,cyprian ! ,lat9s 7 famili> ) ! notion t ! ,*ri/ian has to propitiate ,god1 t cries ( pa91 suff]+s1 & deprivations are means ( appeas+ 8 ang]1 t ,god takes /rict acc\nt ( ! quantity ( #cfj ! atonem5t1 & t1 :]e !re is no guilt to h blott$ out1 ^? v means are reg>d$ z m]its4#ig ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 p5ance %\ld 9 all grave cases be prec$$ by sorr[ = ! s9 & also by confession1 ei!r public or private2 rep5tance1 z we h notic$ above1 is ! only gr\nd on :i* p>don c be giv5 by a scrupul\s judge4#ih ,b ! notion 0 only too (t5 adopt$ t ! p5it5tial practice itself 0 a comp5sation = s91 t a man 0 at lib]ty to d :atev] he pleas$ provid$ he 0 prep>$ to d p5ance aft]w>ds1 & t a p]son :o1 consci\s ( 8 frailty1 _h laid 9 a l>ge /ock ( vic>i\s p5ance 9 anticipation ( future necessity1 _h a "r to "w x out1 & sp5d x 9 s9s4#ii ,! idea t s9s may be expiat$ by c]ta9 acts ( self-mortification is famili> bo? to ,muhamm$ans#ajj & ,jews4#aja ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rian beliefs1 x is possible to wipe out by peculi>ly sev]e atonem5ts n only ! special s9 on acc\nt ( :i* ! atonem5t is p]=m$1 b also o!r (f5ces committ$ 9 =m] times or unconsci\sly4#ajb ,9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus we meet ) a /rong conviction t pa9 suff]$ 9 ?is life w r$eem ! suff]] f puni%m5t 9 a future exi/5ce4 ,x is said t m5 :o h committ$ crimes & h be5 puni%$ by ! k+ g to heav51 be+ pure l ^? :o p]=m$ m]itori\s de$s2#ajc & ! same idea is at ! bottom ( _! p5it5tial sy/em4#ajd ,b 9 ,brahmanism1 z 9 ,ca?olicism1 ! effect ( ascetic practices is suppos$ to g beyond m]e expiation4 ,!y are reg>d$ z means ( accumulat+ religi\s m]it or atta9+ sup]human p[]s4 ,brahmanical poems tell ( m>vell\s self-mortifications #cfa by :i* sages ( ! pa/ obta9$ influ5ce ov] ! gods !mselves2 nay1 ev5 ! p[] wield$ by c]ta9 ar*demons ov] m5 & gods is suppos$ to h be5 acquir$ by ! practice ( religi\s au/]ities4#aje ,h[ l>gely ascetic practices are due to ! idea ( expiation is indicat$ by ! fact t !y h>dly occur among nations :o h no vivid s5se ( s91 l ! ,*9ese be=e ! introduction ( ,ta\ism & ,buddhism1#ajf & ! anci5t ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,sc&9avians4 ,9 ,greece1 h[ev]1 p sometimes volunt>ily sacrific$ a "p ( _! happ9ess 9 ord] to avoid ! envy ( ! gods1 :o w\ld n all[ to man m ?an a mod]ate %>e ( good =tune4#ajg ,footnote #if3 ,see supra1 i4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #ig3 ,t]tullian1 ,de jejuniis1 #g 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ifb74 ,idem1 ,de resurrectione c>nis1 #h 7,migne1 ii4 #hjf sq474 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ii4 #aaj1 #acb2 iii4 #caa4 ,footnote #ih3 ,supra1 i4 #he4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,?rupp1 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,home1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,supra1 ii4 #cae1 #cag4 ,pool1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,supra1 ii4 #cae sqq4 ,all51 op4 cit4 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 #afc4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,laws ( ,manu1 viii4 #cah4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,ibid4 xi4 #bbh4 ,footnote #aje3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 pp4 #bca1 #dbg4 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #cjb4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,rville1 ,la religion ,*9oise1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,aes*ylus1 ,agamemnon1 #ajjh sqq4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #hb4 ,self-mortification is also sometimes resort$ to n s mu* to appease ! ang] ( a god z r to excite 8 compassion4 ,9 "s ( ! ,jewi% fa/s1 z we h se5 be=e1 ^! two objects are closely int]wov54#ajh ,! ,jewi% cu/om ( fa/+ 9 ! case ( a dr\ght is 9 a way p>allel to ! ,moori% practice ( ty+ holy m5 & ?r[+ !m into a pond 9 ord] t _! pitiful condition may induce ,god to s5d ra94 ,mr4 ,williams tells u ( a ,fijian prie/ :o1 aft] supplicat+ 8 god = ra9 9 ! usual way )\t success1 slept = sev]al successive nights expos$ on ! top ( a rock1 )\t mat or pill[1 hop+ ?us to move ! obdurate deity to s5d a %[]4#aji ,footnote #ajh3 ,supra1 ii4 #cae4 ,footnote #aji3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #aif4 ,n only is suff]+ volunt>ily s\ght z a means ( wip+ (f s9s committ$1 b x is also endur$ ) a view to prev5t+ ! commission ( s94 ,?is is ! second or1 9 importance1 ! fir/ great idea ^u :i* ,*ri/ian asceticism re/s4 ,! gratification ( e worldly desire is s9ful1 ! fle% %\ld be ! abject slave ( ! _s int5t ^u une>?ly ?+s4 ,man 0 creat$ = a life 9 spiritual communion ) ,god1 #cfb b he yield$ to ! s$uction ( evil demons1 :o avail$ !mselves ( ! s5su\s side ( 8 nature to draw him away f ! contemplation ( ! div9e & lead him to ! e>?ly4 ,moral goodness1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 r5\nc+ all s5su\s pleasures1 9 sep>at+ f ! _w1 9 liv+ solely aft] ! _s1 9 imitat+ ! p]fection & purity ( ,god4 ,! contra/ betwe5 good & evil is ! contra/ betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 & ! conception ( ! _w includes n only ! objects ( bodily appetites b all human in/itutions1 z well z sci5ce & art4#aaj ,& /ill m ?an any !oretical doctr9e1 ! p]sonal example ( ,*ri/ l$ to ! glorification ( spiritual joy & bodily suff]+4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,h>nack1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bad sqq41 iii4 #beh sqq4 von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #cac sqq4 ,! anti!sis ( _s & body 0 n peculi> to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 an old ,platonic conception1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* z ! contra/ betwe5 t :i* 0 preci\s & t :i* 0 to be mortifi$4 ,! doctr9e t bodily enjoym5ts are l[ & degrad+ 0 taught by _m pagan philosoph]s2 ev5 a man l ,cic]o says t all corporeal pleasure is oppos$ to virtue & ought to be reject$4#aaa ,& 9 ! ,neo-,platonic & ,neo-,py?agorean s*ools ( ,alex&ria an ascetic ideal ( life 0 ! natural outcome ( _! !ory t ,god alone is pure & good1 & matt] impure & evil4 ,r5unciation ( ! _w 0 taught & practis$ by ! ,jewi% sects ( ! ,ess5es & ,!rapeut4 ,9 ,india1 ,pr(essor ,k]n obs]ves1 climate1 in/itutions1 ! contemplative b5t ( ! native m9d1 all t5d$ to facilitate ! gr[? ( a p]suasion t ! highe/ aims ( human life & real felicity _c be obta9$ b by ! seclusion f ! busy _w1 by undi/urb$ pi\s ex]cises1 & by a c]ta9 am\nt ( mortification4#aab ,we read 9 ! ,hitopadesa1 ,subjection to ! s5ses has be5 call$ ! road to ru91 & #cfc _! subjugation ! pa? to =tune4#aac ,! ,ja9 reg>ds pleasure 9 itself z s9ful3--,:at is discont5t1 & :at is pleasure8 ,"o %\ld live subject to nei!r4 ,giv+ up all gaiety1 circumspect1 re/ra9$1 "o %\ld lead a religi\s life4#aad ,accord+ to ,buddhism1 !re are two causes ( ! mis]y ) :i* life is insep>ably b\nd up--lu/ & ignorance2 & s !re are two cures--! suppression ( lu/ & desire & ! removal ( ignorance4#aae ,x is said 9 ! ,dhammapada1 ,!re is no satisfy+ lu/s1 ev5 by a %[] ( gold pieces2 he :o kn[s t lu/s h a %ort ta/e & cause pa91 he is wise4#aaf ,p5ances1 z !y 7 practis$ among ! ascetics ( ,india1 7 disc>d$ by ,buddha z vexati\s1 unwor?y1 unpr(itable4 ,n nak$ness1 n platt$ hair1 n dirt1 n fa/+1 or ly+ on ! e>?1 n rubb+ ) du/1 n sitt+ motionless1 c purify a mortal :o has n ov]come desires4#aag ,:]e all contact ) ! e>?ly ceases1 !re1 & !re only1 are deliv]ance & fre$om4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 i4 #cj2 iii4 #cc4 ,footnote #aab3 ,k]n1 ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #aac3 ,hitopadesa1 quot$ by ,moni]-,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #ech4 ,footnote #aad3 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #aae3 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #bab sq4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,buddhism1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,dhammapada1 #ahf sq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,ibid4 #ada4 ,see also ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #cja sq4 ,! idea t man ought to lib]ate himself f ! bondage ( e>?ly desires is ! conclusion ( a contemplative m9d reflect+ ^u ! %ort duration & empt9ess ( all bodily pleasures & ! allurem5ts by :i* !y lead m5 into mis]y & s94 ,& sep>ation f ! mat]ial _w is ! ideal ( ! religi\s en?usia/ ^: highe/ aspiration is union ) ,god conceiv$ z an immat]ial be+1 z pure _s4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,m>riage ,,man',s sexual nature gives rise to v>i\s modes ( conduct on :i* moral judgm5ts are pass$4 ,we %all fir/ consid] su* relations betwe5 ! sexes z are compris$ "u ! head+ ,m>riage4 ,9 a previ\s "w ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t 9 all probability !re has be5 no /age 9 ! social hi/ory ( mank9d :]e m>riage has n exi/$1 human m>riage app>5tly be+ an inh]itance f "s ape-l prog5itor4#a ,i !n def9$ m>riage z a m or less durable connection betwe5 male & female1 la/+ beyond ! m]e act ( propagation till aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+4 ,?is is m>riage 9 ! natural hi/ory s5se ( ! t]m4 ,z a social in/itution1 on ! o!r h&1 x has a some:at diff]5t mean+3 x is a union regulat$ by cu/om or law4#b ,society lays d[n rules relat+ to ! selection ( p>tn]s1 to ! mode ( contract+ m>riage1 to its =m1 & to its duration4 ,^! rules are ess5tially expressions ( moral feel+s4 ,footnote #a3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 *4 iii4 sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,! be/ def9ition ( m>riage z a social in/itution :i* ,i h met ) is ! foll[+ "o giv5 by ,dr4 ,fri$ri*s 7',e9zelunt]su*ung5 zur v]glei*5d5 ,re*tswiss5s*aft1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 x4 #bee73--;,e9e von d] ,re*tsordnung an]kannte und privilegirte ,v]e9igung ges*le*tsdiff]5t] ,p]son51 entw$] zur ,fhrung e9es geme9sam5 ,haus/&es und zum ,ges*le*tsv]kehr1 od] zum auss*liessli*5 ,ges*le*tsv]kehr4 ,!re is1 fir/1 a circle ( p]sons )9 :i* m>riage is prohibit$4 ,x seems t ! horror ( ince/ is well-nigh univ]sal 9 ! human race1 & t ! few cases 9 :i* ?is feel+ is said to be abs5t c only be reg>d$ #cfe z abnormalities4 ,b ! degrees ( k9%ip )9 :i* m>riage is =bidd5 are by no means ! same ev]y:]e4 ,x is mo/1 & almo/ univ]sally1 abom9at$ betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,x is also held 9 g5]al abhorr5ce betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s :o are *ildr5 ( ! same "m z well z ( ! same fa!r4 ,mo/ ( ! exceptions to ?is rule ref] to royal p]sons1 = :om x is consid]$ improp] to contract m>riage ) individuals ( less exalt$ bir?2 b among a few peoples ince/u\s unions are practis$ on a l>g] scale on acc\nt ( extreme isolation or z a result ( vitiat$ in/9cts4#c ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t habitual m>riages betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s h be5 imput$ to c]ta9 peoples )\t suffici5t reason4#d ,?is is obvi\sly true ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1 :o h long be5 suppos$ to reg>d ! m>riage ( a man ) 8 y\ng] si/] z ! prop] m>riage4#e ,su* ince/1 says ,mr4 ,nevill1 nev] 0 all[$1 & nev] c\ld be1 :ile ! ,va$da #cff cu/oms l+]$4 ,ince/ is reg>d$ z worse ?an murd]4 ,s positive is ?is feel+1 t ! ,tamils h bas$ a leg5d ^u ! in/ant murd] ( 8 si/] by a ,va$da to :om %e _h made undue advances4 ,! mi/ake arose f gross ignorance ( ,va$da usages4 ,! title ( a c\s9 ) :om m>riage ought to be contract$1 t is1 "m's bro!r's daught]1 or fa!r's si/]'s daught]1 is nag or nang4 ,?is1 9 ,s9halese1 is appli$ to a y\ng] si/]4 ,h5ce if y ask a ,va$da1 ',d y m>ry y\r si/]s8' ! ,s9halese int]pret] is apt to say1 ',d y m>ry y\r nag8' ,! reply is 7,i h (t5 te/$ x71 ',yes--we always did =m]ly1 b n[ x is n always obs]v$4' ,y say !n1 ',:at8 m>ry y\r own-si/]-nag8' & ! reply is an angry & insult$ d5ial1 ! v "q appe>+ a gross insult4 ,! same writ] adds3--,9 no case did a p]son m>ry "o ( ! same family1 ev5 ?\gh ! relation%ip 0 lo/ 9 remote antiquity4 ,su* a m>riage is ince/4 ,! p5alty = ince/ 0 dea?4#f ,footnote #c3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 xiv4 sq4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is is app>5tly ! case ) v>i\s peoples m5tion$ by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] 7,pausanias's ,description ( ,greece1 ii4 #hd sq47 z be+ addict$ to ince/u\s unions4 ,mr4 ,turn]'s %ort /atem5t 7,samoa1 p4 #cda7 t among ! ,new ,cal$onians no laws ( consangu9ity 7 obs]v$ 9 _! m>riages1 & t ev5 ! ne>e/ relatives unit$1 radically diff]s f ,m4 de ,ro*as' description ( ! same p4 ,les ,no-,caldoni5s1 he says 7,n\velle ,caldonie1 p4 #bcb71 ne se m>i5t pas entre pro*es p>5ts du ct pat]nel2 mais du ct mat]nel1 ils se m>i5t t\s les degrs de c\s9age4 ,bro!rs & si/]s1 aft] !y h rea*$ ye>s ( maturity1 are no long] p]mitt$ to ent]ta9 any social int]c\rse ) ea* o!r2 !y are prohibit$ f keep+ ea* o!r company ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?ird p]son2 & if !y casually meet !y mu/ in/antly g out ( ! way or1 if t is impossible1 ! si/] mu/ ?r[ h]self on ! gr\nd ) h] face d[nw>ds4 ,cet loignem5t1 ,m4 de ,ro*as adds 7ibid4 p4 #bci71 qui n'e/ c]tes l'effet ni du mpris ni de l'inimiti1 me p>ait n d'une exagration draisonnable d'un s5tim5t naturel1 l'horreur de l'ince/e4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] says t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?omson1 ! m>riage ( bro!rs ) si/]s has be5 practis$ among ! ,masai2 b a lat] &1 z x seems1 bett] in=m$ au?ority tells u t ! ,masai d n m>ry _! ne> relations & t ince/ is unkn[n among !m 7,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #gf74 ,aga91 ! /atem5t t among ! ,obongos1 a dw>f race 9 ,we/ ,africa1 si/]s m>ry ) bro!rs1 is only bas$ on in=mation d]iv$ f ano!r p1 ! ,a%angos1 :o h a /rong antipa?y to !m 7,du ,*aillu1 ,j\rney to ,a%ango-,l&1 p4 #cbj74 ,liebi*'s ass]tion 7,die ,zigeun]1 p4 #di7 t ! ,gypsies all[ a bro!r to m>ry 8 si/] is c]ta9ly n true ( ! ,gypsies ( ,f9l&1 :o greatly abhor ince/ 7,!sleff1 ',zig5>lif i ,f9l&1' 9 ,nya ,press51 #ahig1 no4 #cca ,b74 ,footnote #e3 ,bailey1 ',wild ,tribes ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ii4 #bid sq4 ,footnote #f3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #agh4 ,z a rule1 ! prohibit$ degrees are m num]\s among peoples unaffect$ by mod]n civilisation ?an !y are 9 m advanc$ communities1 ! prohibitions 9 a great _m cases ref]r+ ev5 to all ! memb]s ( ! tribe or clan2 & ! violation ( ^! rules is reg>d$ z a mo/ he9\s crime4#g ,footnote #g3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #big sqq4 ,! ,algonqu9s speak ( cases :]e m5 h be5 put to dea? by _! ne>e/ k9sfolk = m>ry+ wom5 ( _! own clan4#h ,among ! ,as9ibo91 a ,si\an tribe1 a *ief c commit murd] ) impunity if ! murd]$ p]son be )\t fri5ds1 b if he m>ri$ )9 8 g5s he w\ld be dismiss$1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al disgu/ :i* su* a union w\ld ar\se4#i ,! ,hott5tots us$ to puni% alliances betwe5 fir/ or second c\s9s ) dea?4#aj ,a ,bantu ( ! coa/ region consid]s simil> unions to be some?+ horrible1 some?+ unutt]ably disgraceful4#aa ,! ,busoga ( ! ,ug&a #cfg ,protectorate held 9 great abhorr5ce any?+ l ince/ ev5 among/ dome/ic animals4#ab ,among ! ,k&hs ( ,india int]m>riage betwe5 p]sons ( ! same tribe1 h[ev] l>ge or scatt]$1 is consid]$ ince/u\s & puni%able ) dea?4#ac ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago subm]sion is a common puni%m5t = ince/1#ad b among c]ta9 tribes ! guilty p>ties are kill$ & eat5#ae or buri$ alive4#af ,9 ,efate1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 x w\ld be a crime puni%able ) dea? = a man or woman to m>ry a p]son belong+ to 8 or h] "m's clan2#ag & ! ,mortlock ,isl&]s are said to inflict ! same puni%m5t ^u anybody :o has sexual int]c\rse ) a relative belong+ to 8 own tribe4#ah ,n[h]e has m>riage be5 b\nd by m sev]e laws ?an among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,_! tribes are gr\p$ 9 exogam\s subdivisions1 ! numb] ( :i* v>ies2 & at lea/ be=e ! occupation ( ! c\ntry by ! :ites ! regul> puni%m5t = m>riage or sexual int]c\rse ) a p]son belong+ to a =bidd5 division 0 dea?4#ai ,footnote #h3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #i3 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xv4 #bbd4 ,footnote #aj3 ,kolb51 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 i4 #aee sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,!al1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,bo]s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #ab3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #gai4 ,footnote #ac3 ,macph]son1 quot$ by ,p]cival1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a1 p4 #cde4 ,cf4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 iii4 #ha4 ,footnote #ad3 ,wilk51 ,huwelijk5 tuss*5 blo$v]want51 p4 #bf sq4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,wilk51 ,ov] de v]wants*ap en het huwelijks- en erfre*t bij de volk5 van het maleis*e ras1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #af3 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #ag3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aha sq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,bewohn] d] ,mortlock ,inseln1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 ,geogr4 ,gesells*4 9 ,hamburg1 #ahgh-i1 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #ai3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #bii sq4 ,see1 besides ! au?orities quot$ !re1 ,ro?1 ,e?nol4 ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #ahb2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ae4 ,n less int5se is ! horror ( ince/ among nations t h pass$ beyond savag]y & b>b>ism4 ,among ! ,*9ese ince/ ) a gr&-uncle1 a fa!r's fir/ c\s91 a bro!r1 or a nephew1 is puni%able by dea?1 & a man :o m>ries 8 "m's si/] is /rangl$2 nay1 puni%m5t is inflict$ ev5 on him :o m>ries a p]son ) ! same surname z 8 own1 sixty bl[s be+ ! p5alty4#bj ,s also ince/ 0 held 9 ! utmo/ horror by ! s-call$ ,aryan peoples 9 anci5t times4#ba ,9 ! ',in/itutes ( ,vi%nu' x is said t sexual int]c\rse #cfh ) "o's "m or daught] or daught]-9-law is a crime ( ! highe/ degree1 = :i* !re is no o!r atonem5t ?an to proce$ into ! flames4#bb ,footnote #bj3 ,m$hur/1 ',m>riage1 ,aff9ity1 & ,inh]itance 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 iv4 #ba sqq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,lei/1 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium1 p4 #cid sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 xxxiv4 #a sq4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 set =? to acc\nt = ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 ne> k94 ,i criticis$ "s ( !m 9 my book on ! ',hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1' & v5tur$ at ! same "t on an explanation ( my own4#bc ,i po9t$ out t !re is an innate av]sion to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons liv+ v closely toge!r f e>ly y\?1 & t1 z su* p]sons are 9 mo/ cases relat$ by blood1 ?is feel+ w\ld naturally display itself 9 cu/om & law z a horror ( int]c\rse betwe5 ne> k94 ,inde$1 an abundance ( e?nographical facts seem to indicate t x is n 9 ! fir/ place by ! degree ( consangu9ity1 b by ! close liv+ toge!r1 t prohibitory laws aga9/ int]m>riage are det]m9$4 ,?us _m peoples h a rule ( exogamy :i* does n dep5d on k9%ip at all1 b on purely local consid]ations1 all ! memb]s ( a horde or village1 ?\gh n relat$ by blood1 be+ =bidd5 to int]m>ry4#bd ,! prohibit$ degrees are v diff]5tly def9$ 9 ! cu/oms or laws ( diff]5t nations1 & x appe>s t ! ext5t to :i* relatives are prohibit$ f int]m>ry+ is ne>ly connect$ ) _! close liv+ toge!r4 ,v (t5 ! prohibitions aga9/ ince/ are m or less "o-sid$1 apply+ m ext5sively ei!r to ! relatives on ! fa!r's side or to ^? on ! "m's1 accord+ z desc5t is reckon$ ?r\gh m5 or wom54 ,n[1 s9ce #cfi ! l9e ( desc5t is l>gely connect$ ) local relation%ips1 we may reasonably inf] t ! same local relation%ips ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce on ! table ( prohibit$ degrees4 ,h[ev]1 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases prohibitions ( int]m>riage are only indirectly influ5c$ by ! close liv+ toge!r4#be ,av]sion to ! int]m>riage ( p]sons :o live 9 intimate connection ) "o ano!r has call$ =? prohibitions ( ! int]m>riage ( relations2 &1 z k9%ip is trac$ by means ( a sy/em ( names1 ! "n comes to be consid]$ id5tical ) relation%ip4 ,?is sy/em is necess>ily "o-sid$4 ,?\gh x w keep up ! record ( desc5t ei!r on ! male or female side1 x _c d bo? at once2#bf & ! l9e :i* has n be5 kept up by su* means ( record1 ev5 :]e x is recognis$ z a l9e ( relation%ip1 is naturally m or less neglect$ & soon =gott54 ,h5ce ! prohibit$ degrees frequ5tly ext5d v f> on ! "o side--to ! :ole clan--b n on ! o!r4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t1 accord+ to primitive ideas1 ! "n itself con/itutes a my/ic l9k betwe5 ^? :o h x 9 common4 ,9 ,gre5l&1 z ev]y:]e else1 says ,dr4 ,nans51 ! "n is ( great importance2 x is believ$ t !re is a spiritual aff9ity betwe5 two p ( ! same "n4#bg ,g5]ally speak+1 ! feel+ t two p]sons are intimately connect$ 9 "s way or o!r may1 ?r\gh an association ( ideas1 give rise to ! notion t m>riage or sexual int]c\rse betwe5 !m is ince/u\s4 ,h5ce ! prohibitions ( m>riage betwe5 relations by alliance & by adoption4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! prohibitions ( ! ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es on ! gr\nd ( :at is call$ spiritual relation%ip4 ,footnote #bc3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #caj sqq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,h]r ,cun[ 7,die ,v]w&ts*afts-,organisation5 d] ,au/ralneg]1 p4 #ahg7 f9ds ?is argum5t r peculi>1 & (f]s himself a diff]5t explanation ( ! rule 9 "q4 ,he writes3--,9 d] ,wirkli*keit erklrt si* das ,v]bot e9fa* d>aus1 dass sehr (t die ,lokalgruppe mit dem ,ges*le*tsv]b& beziehungsweise dem ,totemv]b& kongruirt1 und demna* das 0 fr die ,g5s gilt1 zuglei* au* fr die ,lokalgruppe ,geltung hat4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ,h]r ,cun['s own inf]5ce4 ,& x may be ask$ :y x is m peculi> to suppose t ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 ne> k9 has sprung f av]sion to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons liv+ closely toge!r1 ?an to assume t ! rule :i* =bids m>riage betwe5 unrelat$ p]sons liv+ 9 ! same community has sprung f ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 k9dr$4 ,footnote #be3 ,i d n und]/& h[ any read] ( my book c1 l ,h]r ,cun[ 7op4 cit4 p4 #ahf sqq471 attribute to me ! /atem5t t ! gr\p )9 :i* int]m>riage is prohibit$ is id5tical ) ! gr\p ( p :o live closely toge!r4 ,if he _h read a little m c>efully :at ,i h said1 he might h sav$ himself ! tr\ble he has tak5 to prove my great ignorance ( e>ly social organisations4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #bhe sq4 ,footnote #bg3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bcj4 #cgj ,! "q arises3--,h[ has ?is in/9ctive av]sion to m>riage & sexual int]c\rse 9 g5]al betwe5 p]sons liv+ closely toge!r f e>ly y\? orig9at$8 ,i h sugge/$ t x may be ! result ( natural selection4 ,d>w9's c>eful /udies ( ! effects ( cross- & self-f]tilisation 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion among em95t bre$]s1 & exp]im5ts made ) rats1 rabbits1 & o!r animals1 seem to h prov$ t self-f]tilisation ( plants & close int]-bre$+ ( animals are m or less injuri\s to ! species2 & x is probable t ! evil *iefly results f ! fact t ! unit+ sexual elem5ts 7 n suffici5tly diff]5tiat$4 ,n[ x is impossible to believe t a physiological law :i* holds good ( ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom1 z also ( plants1 w\ld n apply to man z well4 ,b x is difficult to adduce direct evid5ce = ! evil effects ( consangu9e\s m>riages4 ,we _c expect v conspicu\s results f o!r alliances ?an ^? betwe5 ! ne>e/ relatives--betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 p>5ts & *ildr51--& ! injuri\s results ev5 ( su* unions w\ld n necess>ily appe> at once4 ,! close/ k9d ( int]m>riage :i* we h opportunities ( /udy+ is t betwe5 fir/ c\s9s4 ,un=tunately1 ! obs]vations hi!rto made on ! subject are f> f decisive4 ,yet x is notewor?y t ( all ! writ]s :o h discuss$ x ! majority1 & c]ta9ly n ! lea/ able ( !m1 h express$ _! belief 9 m>riages betwe5 fir/ c\s9s be+ m or less unfav\rable to ! (fspr+2 & no evid5ce :i* c /& ! te/ ( sci5tific inve/igation has hi!rto be5 adduc$ aga9/ ?is view4 ,moreov]1 we h reason to believe t consangu9e\s m>riages are mu* m injuri\s 9 savage regions1 :]e ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is (t5 v sev]e1 ?an !y h prov$ to be 9 civilis$ societies1 especially z x is among ! well-to-d classes t su* m>riages occur mo/ frequ5tly4 ,tak+ all ^! facts into consid]ation1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t consangu9e\s m>riages are 9 "s way or #cga o!r detrim5tal to ! species4 ,& "h ,i f9d a q suffici5t explanation ( ! horror ( ince/2 n because man at an e>ly /age recognis$ ! injuri\s influ5ce ( close int]m>riage1 b because ! law ( natural selection mu/ inevitably h op]at$4 ,among ! ance/ors ( man1 z among o!r animals1 !re 0 no d\bt a "t1 :5 blood-relation%ip 0 no b> to sexual int]c\rse4 ,b v>iations1 "h z else:]e1 w\ld naturally pres5t !mselves--we "k h[ extremely liable to v>iations ! sexual in/9ct is2 & ^? ( our ance/ors :o avoid$ 9-&-9 bre$+ w\ld survive1 :ile ! o!rs w\ld gradually decay & ultimately p]i%4 ,?us a s5tim5t w\ld be develop$ :i* w\ld be p[]ful en\gh1 z a rule1 to prev5t injuri\s unions4 ,( c\rse x w\ld display itself1 n z an innate av]sion to sexual connections ) ne> relatives z su*1 b z an av]sion on ! "p ( individuals to union ) o!rs ) :om !y liv$2 b ^!1 z a matt] ( fact1 w\ld be blood-relations1 s t ! result w\ld be ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,:e!r man inh]it$ ?is s5tim5t f ! pr$ecessors f :om he sprang1 or :e!r x 0 develop$ aft] ! evolution ( di/9ctly human qualities1 we _c "k4 ,x mu/ h aris5 at a /age :5 family ties became comp>atively /rong1 & *ildr5 rema9$ ) _! p>5ts until ! age ( pub]ty or ev5 long]4 ,& exogamy1 result+ f a natural ext5sion ( ?is s5tim5t to a l>g] gr\p1 w\ld arise :5 s+le families unit$ into hordes4 ,?is attempt to expla9 ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 k9dr$ & exogamy has n lack$ sympa!tic support1#bh b m commonly1 ,i ?9k1 x has be5 reject$4 ,yet aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( ! v>i\s objections rais$ aga9/ x ,i f9d no reason to alt] my op9ion4 ,"s ( my oppon5ts h evid5tly fail$ to grasp ! #cgb argum5t on :i* ! !ory is bas$4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? argu$ t x beg9s by presuppos+ ! v cu/om :i* x pr(esses to expla91 ! cu/om ( exogamy2 t x po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( gr\ps :i* ?r\gh _m g5]ations 7= ! survival ( ! fitte/ implies ?is7 avoid$ wiv+ )9 ! gr\p4#bi ,b :at my !ory po/ulates is n ! exi/5ce ( exogam\s gr\ps1 b ! spontane\s appe>ance ( individual s5tim5ts ( av]sion4 ,& if1 z ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang ma9ta9s1 my :ole argum5t is a vici\s circle1#cj !n ! !ory ( natural selection itself is a vici\s circle1 s9ce !re nev] c\ld be a selection ( qualities t did n exi/ be=e4 ,footnote #bh3 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 9 8 ',introductory ,note' to my ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 vi4 ,gidd+s1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 p4 #bfg4 ,h[>d1 ,hi/ory ( ,matrimonial ,in/itutions1 i4 #abe sqq4 ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor 79 ,academy1 xl4 #bhi7 says ) reg>d to my !ory t1 at any rate1 ,i am well on ! track4 ,see also ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 i4 pp4 clxxix1 clxxx1 ccii4 ,footnote #bi3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 9 ,nature1 xliv4 #bga4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lang1 ,social ,orig9s1 p4 #cc4 ,x has be5 argu$ t if close liv+ toge!r calls =? av]sion to sexual int]c\rse1 su* av]sion ought to display itself betwe5 husb& & wife z well z betwe5 ne> relatives4#ca ,b ^! cases are c]ta9ly n id5tical4 ,! feel+ ( :i* ,i h spok5 is av]sion associat$ ) ! idea ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons :o h liv$ 9 a long-cont9u$ intimate relation%ip f a p]iod ( life :5 ! action ( sexual desire is naturally out ( ! "q4#cb ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a man m>ries a woman 8 feel+ t[>ds h] is ( a v diff]5t k9d1 & 8 love impulse may rema91 nay increase1 dur+ ! conjugal union2 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is case long liv+ toge!r has und\bt$ly a t5d5cy to lead to sexual indiff]5ce & sometimes to positive av]sion4 ,! op9ion t ! home is kept free f ince/u\s int]c\rse only by law1 cu/om1 & education1#cccgc %[s lack ( discrim9ation4 ,law may =bid a son to m>ry 8 "m1 a bro!r to m>ry 8 si/]1 b x c\ld n prev5t him f desir+ su* a union4 ,h ! mo/ draconic codes ev] be5 able to suppress1 say1 homosexual love8 ,z ,plato obs]v$1 an unwritt5 law def5ds z suffici5tly z possible p>5ts f ince/u\s int]c\rse ) _! *ildr51 bro!rs f int]c\rse ) _! si/]s2 nor does ! ?\ght ( su* a ?+ ev] ent] at all into ! m9ds ( mo/ ( !m4#cd ,consid]+ ! extreme v>iability to :i* ! sexual impulse is subject1 x is n a/oni%+ t cases ( :at we consid] ince/u\s int]c\rse sometimes d occur4 ,x seems to me m rem>kable t ! abhorr5ce ( ince/ %\ld be s g5]al1 & ! exceptions to ! rule s few4 ,footnote #ca3 ,durkheim1 ',la prohibition de l'ince/e et ses orig9es1' 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 i4 #fd4 ,pr(essor ,durkheim ref]s 9 ?is connection to an article by ,dr4 ,simmel1 ',die ,v]w&t5ehe1' 9 ,vossis*e ,zeitung1 ,june #crd & #aj?1 #ahid4 ,b ,i _c f9d t ,dr4 ,simmel is really oppos$ to my view4 ,he only says1 ,das intime ,beisamm5leb5 wirkt ke9eswegs nur ab/umpf5d1 sond]n 9 viel5 ,fll5 g]ade anreiz5d1 son/ wrde die alte ,erfahrung ni*t gelt51 dass die ,liebe1 wo sie beim ,e+eh5 d] ,ehe fehlte1 (t im ,laufe d]selb5 ent/eht4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cf4 ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #bbj3--;,individuals accu/om$ to see ea* o!r & to "k ea* o!r1 f an age :i* is nei!r capable ( conceiv+ ! desire nor ( inspir+ x1 w see ea* o!r ) ! same eyes to ! end ( life4 ,footnote #cc3 ,= advocates ( su* a view see ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #caj sqq4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 express$ by ,krauss1 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 iv4 #aea1 & ,f9ck1 ,primitive ,love1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,leges1 viii4 #hch4 ,among ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal&1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,col5so 7,maori ,races1 p4 #dg sq471 adult bro!rs & si/]s slept toge!r1 z !y _h always done f _! bir?1 n only )\t s91 b )\t ?\ght ( x4 ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis1 aga91 objects t my !ory assumes ! exi/5ce ( a k9d ( in/9ct :i* c ) difficulty be accept$4 ,an innate t5d5cy1 he says1 at once s specific & s m]ely negative1 involv+ at ! same "t delib]ate intellectual processes1 c only ) a c]ta9 =ce be introduc$ into ! accept$ class ( in/9cts4 ,x is z awkw>d & artificial an in/9ct z w\ld be1 let u say1 an in/9ct to avoid eat+ ! apples t grew 9 "o's own or*>d4 ,! explanation ( ! abhorr5ce ( ince/ is really1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly simple4 4 4 4 ,! normal failure ( ! pair+ in/9ct to manife/ itself 9 ! case ( bro!rs & si/]s1 or ( boys & girls br\ght up toge!r f infancy1 is a m]ely negative ph5om5on due to ! inevitable abs5ce "u ^? circum/ances ( ! conditions :i* evoke ! pair+ impulse4 4 4 4 ,betwe5 ^? :o h be5 br\ght up toge!r f *ildhood all ! s5sory /imuli ( vision1 he>+1 & t\* h be5 dull$ by use1 tra9$ to ! calm level ( affection1 & depriv$ ( _! pot5cy to #cgd ar\se ! ere?i/ic excitem5t :i* produces sexual tumesc5ce4#ce ,i ?9k t ,dr4 ,ellis has consid]ably exagg]at$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 my !ory & 8 own4 ,! in/9ct ( :i* ,i h spok5 is simply av]sion to sexual int]c\rse ) c]ta9 p]sons1 & ?is is a no m complicat$ m5tal ph5om5on ?an1 = in/ance1 an animal's av]sion to eat+ c]ta9 k9ds ( sub/ances4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,ellis himself1 9 8 excell5t ',/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1' gives u _m in/ances n only ( sexual indiff]5ce1 b ( sexual av]sion1 q in/9ctive 9 "*4#cf ,?us ! l>ge/ proportion ( male inv]ts describ$ by him exp]i5ce :at is call$ horror fem91 t is to say1 woman z an object ( sexual desire is disgu/+ 7n m]ely indiff]5t7 to !m4#cg ,& ,dr4 ,ellis also repeat$ly speaks ( ! abhorr5ce ( ince/4 ,footnote #ce3 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 ',sexual ,selection 9 ,man1' p4 #bje sq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i h be5 blam$ = mak+ an illegitimate use ( ! ^w in/9ct 7,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose p4 #ddf74 ,b if1 z ,dr4 ,ellis says1 an in/9ct is fundam5tally a m or less complicat$ s]ies ( reflexes set 9 action by a def9ite /imulus1 or z ,mr4 ,crawley puts x 7op4 cit4 p4 #ddf71 in/9ct has no?+ 9 its cont5t except response ( function to environm5t1 !n ! av]sion ,i speak ( may c]ta9ly be call$ an in/9ct4 ,footnote #cg3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #afd4 ,! objection has be5 rais$ t1 if my explanation ( ! prohibition ( ince/ 7 correct1 connections betwe5 unrelat$ p]sons :o h be5 br\ght up toge!r %\ld be z repulsive z connections betwe5 ne> k92 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! two cases are reg>d$ 9 a v diff]5t light1 ! latt]1 only1 be+ held ince/u\s4#ch ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds on ! clos5ess ( ! union1 & ,dr4 ,/e9metz's argum5t t ! v s5sual ,fr5*m5 (t5 seem to m>ry ! lady fri5ds ( _! e>lie/ y\?1#ci is c]ta9ly n to ! po9t4 ,i believe t sexual love betwe5 a man & 8 fo/]-daught] is almo/ z great an abnormality z sexual love betwe5 a fa!r & 8 daught]2 & among "s peoples m>riages betwe5 p]sons :o h be5 br\ght up toge!r 9 ! same family or :o #cge belong to ! same local gr\p1 )\t be+ relat$ to ea* o!r by blood1 are held blamable or are actually prohibit$4#dj ,ev5 betwe5 lads & girls :o h be5 educat$ 9 ! same s*ool !re is a rem>kable abs5ce ( erotic feel+s1 z appe>s f an int]e/+ communication by a p]son :o has = _m ye>s be5 ! head-mi/ress ( su* a s*ool 9 ,f9l&4 ,"o y\? assur$ h] t nei!r he nor any ( 8 fri5ds w\ld ev] ?9k ( m>ry+ a girl :o _h be5 _! s*ool fell[2#da & ,i he>d ( a lad :o made a great di/9ction betwe5 girls ( 8 own s*ool & o!r1 real1 girls1 z he call$ !m4 ,yet h[ev] objectionable & unnatural unions betwe5 fo/]-p>5ts & fo/]-*ildr5 or betwe5 fo/]-bro!rs & fo/]-si/]s may appe> to u1 ,i d n d5y t unions betwe5 ! ne>e/ blood-relatives inspire a horror ( _! own2 & x seems natural t !y %\ld d s consid]+ t f e>lie/ times ! av]sion to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons liv+ closely toge!r has be5 express$ 9 prohibitions aga9/ unions betwe5 k9dr$4 ,su* unions h be5 /igmatis$ by cu/om1 law1 & religion1 :il/ mu* less notice has be5 tak5 ( int]c\rse betwe5 unrelat$ p]sons :o may occasionally h gr[n up 9 ! same h\sehold4 ,! belief 9 ! sup]natural1 especially1 has play$ a v important "p 9 ! ideas ref]r+ to ince/1 z 9 o!r po9ts ( sexual morality1 ow+ to ! my/]y :i* surr\nds ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! function ( reproduction4#db ,! ,aleuts 9 e>ly times believ$ t ince/1 :i* !y consid]$ ! grave/ crime1 0 always foll[$ by ! bir? ( mon/]s ) walrus tusks1 be>ds1 & o!r disfigurations4#dc ,! ,kafirs #cgf likewise ma9ta9 t ! (fspr+ ( an ince/u\s union w be a mon/]1 z a puni%m5t inflict$ by ! ance/ral _s4#dd ,! ,bataks ( ,sumatra reg>d a long dr\ght z a decisive pro( t two c\s9s h _h crim9al int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4#de ,! ,galel>ese ?9k t ince/ calls =? al>m+ natural ph5om5a1 su* z e>?quakes1 ! eruption ( a volcano1 or torr5ts ( ra94#df ,s also ! high] religions h br&$ ince/ z a he9\s s94 ,z = ,*ri/ianity's views on ! subject1 x is suffici5t to notice t ! prohibit$ degrees 7 ext5d$ by ! ,*ur*1#dg & t ! jurisdiction ov] ince/1 z ov] all sexual (f5ces1 0 ex]cis$ by ! ecclesia/ical c\rts4#dh ,footnote #ch3 ,/e9metz1 ',die neu]5 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] m5s*li*5 ,familie1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss4 ii4 #hah sq4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 ii4 #hah4 ,footnote #dj3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cba sqq4 ,among ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits m>riage 0 =bidd51 ) a rem>kable delicacy ( feel+1 to ! si/] ( a man's p>ticul> fri5d 7,haddon1 ',e?nology ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #cae74 ,footnote #da3 ,luc9a ,hagman1 ',frn samskolan1' 9 ,humanitas1 ii4 #ahh sq4 ,footnote #db3 ,= ! connection betwe5 religi\s feel+s & ! sexual impulse1 see ,vallon & ,m>ie1 ',des psy*oses religieuses1' 9 ,ar*ives de ,neurologie1 s]4 ii4 vol4 iii4 #ahd sq42 ,gadelius1 ,om tvng/ank>1 p4 #abj sq42 ,/>buck1 ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 p4 #dja sqq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,v5iamm(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #dd3 ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #de3 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #df3 van ,ba>da1 ',fabel51 v]hal5 en ov]lev]+5 d] ,galel>eez51' 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal-1 l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlv4 7s]4 vi4 vol4 #a47 p4 #ead4 ,see also ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bab sq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjh4 ,katz1 ,grundriss des kanonis*5 ,/rafre*ts1 p4 #aaf sq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 ii4 #daa4 ,x has1 f9ally1 be5 argu$ t my !ory utt]ly fails to expla9 ! fact t prohibitions ( int]m>riage frequ5tly ref] to all ! memb]s ( a clan1 ev5 ^? :o live 9 diff]5t localities4#di ,9 addition to :at ,i h previ\sly obs]v$ on ?is po9t1 ,i desire to emphasise t e hypo!sis pret5d+ to give a full explanation ( prohibitions ( ince/ mu/ assume ! op]ation ( ! v same m5tal law--t ( association--:i* 9 my op9ion acc\nts = clan-exogamy4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,durkheim1 :ile ma9ta9+ t my !ory z reg>ds ! horror ( ince/ c\ld n apply to exogamy because ! memb]s ( ! same totem d n live toge!r1 is himself q ready to resort to analogy to expla9 prohibitions ext5d+ outside ! totem clan4 ,he tries to %[ t clan-exogamy is ! s\rce ( all o!r prohibitions aga9/ ince/1 & t clan-exogamy itself spr+s f totemism4#ej ,accord+ #cgg to him ! rule ( clan-exogamy has be5 ext5d$ to ne> relatives belong+ to diff]5t clans1 because !y are 9 no less intimate contact ) ea* o!r ?an are ! memb]s ( ! same clan4 ,accord+ to my own !ory1 aga91 ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 ne> relatives liv+ closely toge!r has be5 ext5d$ to all ! memb]s ( ! clan on acc\nt ( ! notion ( intimacy connect$ ) ! idea ( a common desc5t & ) a common "n4 ,if ,i consid] ,pr(essor ,durkheim's hypo!sis extremely unsatisfactory1#ea x is c]ta9ly n because he has call$ 9 ! law ( association to expla9 ! rules aga9/ ince/4 ,h[ c\ld anybody d5y ! op]ation ( ?is law = in/ance 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 co-sponsors1 or 9 ! rule preval5t 9 ,ea/]n ,europe accord+ to :i* ! groomsman at ! w$d+ is =bidd5 to int]m>ry ) ! family ( ! bride1#eb or 9 laws prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 relatives by alliance8 ,& :y might n ! #cgh same law be appli$ to o!r relation%ips also1 su* z ^? con/itut$ by a common desc5t or a common "n8 ,footnote #di3 ,cun[1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahe4 ,durkheim1 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 i4 #ci1 n4 #b4 ,/e9metz1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss4 ii4 #hai4 ,footnote #ej3 ,pr(4 ,durkheim says 7,l'anne sociologique1 i4 #ej73--,le sang e/ tab\ d'une manire gnrale et il tab\e t\t ce qui entre en rapports avec lui4 4 4 4 ,la femme e/1 d'une manire *ronique1 le ?tre de manife/ations sanglantes4 4 4 4 ,la femme e/ donc1 elle aussi1 et d'une manire galem5t *ronique1 tab\ p\r les autres membres du clan4 ,h[ev]1 ! taboo is n re/rict$ to ! memb]s ( ! clan1 b ref]s also to ne> relatives belong+ to diff]5t clans1 & ?is has to be expla9$4 ,m4 ,durkheim writes 7ibid4 p4 #ai73--,qu& on a pris l'habitude de reg>d] comme ince/ueux et abom9ables les rapports conjugaux de sujets qui sont nom9alem5t du mme clan1 les rapports similaires d'individus qui1 t\t en ressortissant v]balem5t des clans diffr5ts1 sont p\rtant en contact aussi ou plus intime que les prcd5ts1 ne peuv5t manqu] de pr5dre le mme c>actre4 ,& fur!r 7ibid4 p4 #eh73--,qu& le totmisme disp>at1 et avec lui la p>5t spciale au clan1 l'exogamie devi5t solidaire des n\veaux types de famille qui se con/itu5t et qui repos5t sur d'autres bases1 et comme ces families sont plus re/re9tes que n'tait le clan1 elle se circonscrit1 elle aussi1 dans un c]cle mo9s t5du2 le nombre des individus entre lesquels le m>iage e/ prohib dim9ue4 ,c'e/ a9si que1 p> une volution graduelle1 elle en e/ arrive l'tat actuel o les m>iages entre asc5dants et desc5dants1 entre frres et soeurs1 sont peu prs les seuls qui soi5t radicalem5t int]dits4 ,footnote #ea3 ,pr(essor ,durkheim tries to expla9 a ph5om5on ( univ]sal preval5ce ?r\gh an in/itution :i* has be5 prov$ to exi/ among c]ta9 peoples only4 ,h[ does ,pr(essor ,durkheim "k t totem clans once prevail$ among all peoples :o n[ prohibit ! int]m>riage ( ne> relatives8 ,if ! rules :i* prev5t p>5ts f m>ry+ _! *ildr5 & bro!rs f m>ry+ _! si/]s are survivals ( anci5t totemism1 h[ %all we expla9 ! normal av]sion to su* unions8 ,anci5t totemism c c]ta9ly n acc\nt = ?is4 ,b !n ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ^! two facts--! legal prohibition ( ince/ & ! psy*ical av]sion to x--is m]ely accid5tal2 & ?is seems to me a prepo/]\s supposition4 ,see infra1 ,additional ,notes4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations1 p4 #beg sq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is n only an inn] circle )9 :i* no m>riage is all[$1 b also an out] circle outside ( :i* m>riage is ei!r prohibit$ or at lea/ disapprov$ (4 ,l ! inn] circle1 ! out] "o v>ies greatly 9 ext5t4#ec ,probably e p consid]s x a disgrace1 if n a crime1 = its m51 & ev5 m s = its wom51 to m>ry )9 a race v diff]5t f its own1 especially if x be an inf]ior race4 ,! ,romans 7 prohibit$ f m>ry+ b>b>ians--! emp]or ,val5t9ian inflict$ ! p5alty ( dea? = su* unions2#ed & a mod]n ,european girl :o m>ri$ an ,au/ralian native w\ld no d\bt be reg>d$ z an outca/ by h] own society4 ,among _m peoples m>riage v seldom or nev] takes place outside ! limits ( ! tribe or community4 ,9 ,india !re are sev]al in/ances ( ?is4 ,! ,tipp]ahs & ,abors view ) abhorr5ce ! idea ( _! girls m>ry+ out ( _! clan2#ee & ,colonel ,dalton 0 gravely assur$ t1 :5 "o ( ! daught]s ( ,pdam s demeans h]self1 ! sun & moon refuse to %9e1 & !re is su* a /rife 9 ! elem5ts t all lab\r is necess>ily susp5d$1 till by sacrifice & oblation ! /a9 is wa%$ away4#ef ,9 anci5t ,p]u x 0 n lawful = ! natives ( "o prov9ce or village to int]m>ry ) ^? ( ano!r4#eg ,m>riage ) =eign wom5 0 unlawful at ,sp>ta & ,a!ns4#eh ,at ,rome any m>riage ( a citiz5 ) a woman :o 0 n h]self a ,roman citiz51 or did n belong to a community possess+ ! privilege ( connubium ) ,rome1 0 invalid1 & no legitimate *ildr5 c\ld be born ( su* a union4#ei ,footnote #ec3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfc sqq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,rossba*1 ,rmis*e ,ehe1 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #ee3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #eg3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #cjh4 ,footnote #eh3 ,mll]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,doric ,race1 ii4 #cjb4 ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #aef sq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,gaius1 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #ef4 #cgi ,prohibitions ( int]m>riage also v (t5 relate to p]sons belong+ to diff]5t classes or ca/es ( ! same community4#fj ,to m5tion a few in/ances4 ,! wild tribes ( ,brazil consid] alliances betwe5 slaves & freem5 highly disgraceful4#fa ,9 ,tahiti1 if a woman ( condition *ose an inf]ior p]son z h] husb&1 ! *ildr5 he _h by h] 7 kill$4#fb ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago m>riages betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t rank are1 z a rule1 disapprov$ (1 & 9 "s places prohibit$4#fc ,9 ,india int]m>riage betwe5 diff]5t ca/es1 ?\gh =m]ly p]missible1 is n[ altoge!r prohibit$4#fd ,9 ,rome plebeians & patricians c\ld n int]m>ry till ! ye> #dde ,b4,c41 nor 7 m>riages all[$ betwe5 patricians & cli5ts2 & ,cic]o himself disapprov$ ( int]m>riages ( +5ui & fre$m54#fe ,among ! ,teutonic peoples 9 anci5t times any freeman :o m>ri$ a slave became a slave himself4#ff ,z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury a ,g]man woman :o _h int]c\rse ) a s]f lo/ h] lib]ty2#fg & bo? 9 ,g]many & ,sc&9avia1 :5 ! nobility em]g$ z a di/9ct ord] f ! class ( freem51 m>riages betwe5 p]sons ( noble bir? & p]sons :o1 al?\gh free1 7 n noble came to be consid]$ misalliances4#fh ,ev5 9 mod]n ,europe !re survive traces ( ! =m] class endogamy4 ,accord+ to ,g]man ,civil ,law1 ! m>riage ( a man belong+ to ! high nobility ) a woman ( inf]ior bir? is /ill reg>d$ z a disp>agium1 & ! woman is n entitl$ to ! rank ( h] husb&1 nor is ! full "r ( inh]itance possess$ by h] or h] *ildr54#fi ,al?\gh 9 no way prev5t$ by law1 m>riages out ( #chj ! class are g5]ally avoid$ by cu/om4 ,z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e obs]ves1 ! out] or endogam\s limit1 )9 :i* a man or woman mu/ m>ry1 has be5 mo/ly tak5 "u ! %elt] ( fa%ion or prejudice4 ,x is b fa9tly trac$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh n :olly obscur$4 ,x is 7or p]haps 07 r m di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh prejudices aga9/ ! bl5d+ ( :ite & col\r$ blood4 ,b 9 ,g]many c]ta9 h]$it>y dignities are /ill =feit$ by a m>riage beyond ! =bidd5 limits2 & 9 ,france1 9 spite ( all =mal in/itutions1 m>riages betwe5 a p]son belong+ to ! noblesse & a p]son belong+ to ! b\rgeoisie 7di/+ui%$ r\ghly f "o ano!r by ! p>ticle 'de'7 are wond]fully r>e1 ?\gh !y are n unkn[n4#gj ,footnote #fj3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfh sqq4 ,footnote #fa3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #ga4 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #gd4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bef4 ,cook1 ,voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ii4 #aga sq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #fd3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,h9duism1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #fe3 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #cga4 ,rossba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdi1 #def sq4 ,footnote #ff3 ,w9ro?1 kt5skap%9dr51 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ibid4 p4 #bcj sq4 ,we9hold1 ,deuts*e ,frau5 9 dem ,mittelalt]1 i4 #cdi1 #cec sq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,we9hold1 op4 cit4 i4 #cdi sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,behr5d1 9 von ,holtz5dorff1 ,encyclopdie d] ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 i4 #dgh4 ,footnote #gj3 ,ma9e1 ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bbd sq4 ,religion1 also1 has =m$ a great b> to int]m>riage4 ,among ,muhamm$ans a m>riage betwe5 a ,*ri/ian man & a ,muhamm$an woman is n p]mitt$ "u any circum/ances1 :]eas x is held lawful = a ,muhamm$an to m>ry a ,*ri/ian or a ,jewi%1 b n a hea!n1 woman1 if induc$ to d s by excessive love ( h]1 or if he _c obta9 a wife ( 8 own religion4#ga ,! ,jewi% law does n recognise m>riage ) a p]son ( ano!r belief2#gb & dur+ ! ,middle ,ages m>riage betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians 0 prohibit$ by ! ,*ri/ians also4#gc ,/4 ,paul indicates t a ,*ri/ian 0 n all[$ to m>ry a hea!n4#gd ,t]tullian calls su* an alliance =nication2#ge & 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira =bade ,*ri/ian p>5ts to give _! daught]s 9 m>riage to hea!ns4#gf ,ev5 ! adh]5ts ( diff]5t ,*ri/ian confessions h be5 prohibit$ f int]m>ry+4 ,9 #cha ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! prohibition ( m>riage ) hea!ns & ,jews 0 soon foll[$ by ! prohibition ( mix$ m>riages1 & ,prote/ants likewise =bade su* unions4#gg ,mix$ m>riages are n n[ contr>y to ! civil law ei!r among ,roman ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant nations1 b 9 c\ntries belong+ to ! ,or?odox ,greek ,*ur* ecclesia/ical re/rictions h be5 adopt$1 & are /ill recognis$1 by ! ,/ate4#gh ,footnote #ga3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #abc4 d',escayrac de ,lauture1 ,die afrikanis*e ,w/e1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #gb3 ,frankel1 ,grundl9i5 des mosais*-talmudis*5 ,eh]e*ts1 p4 xx4 ,ritt]1 ,philo und die ,hala*a1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #gc3 ,&ree1 ,zur ,volkskunde d] ,jud51 p4 #dh4 ,neubau]1 ',notes on ! ,race-,types ( ! ,jews1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #ai4 ,footnote #gd3 #a ,cor9?ians1 vii4 #ci4 ,footnote #ge3 ,t]tullian1 ,ad uxorem1 ii4 #c 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #abib sq474 ,footnote #gf3 ,concilium ,elib]itanum1 cap4 #ae sq4 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 ii4 #h74 ,see also ,mll]1 ,das sexuelle ,leb5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kulturvlk]1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #gg3 ,w9ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bac sqq4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid4 p4 #bbj sq4 ,! endogam\s rules are 9 ! fir/ place due to ! pr\d antipa?y p feel to races1 nations1 classes1 or religions diff]5t f _! own4 ,he :o breaks su* a rule is reg>d$ z an (f5d] aga9/ ! circle to :i* he belongs4 ,he hurts its feel+s1 he disgraces x at ! same "t z he disgraces himself4 ,irregul> connections outside ! endogam\s circle are (t5 look$ ^u ) less intol]ance ?an m>riage1 :i* places ! p>ties on a m equal foot+4 ,a travell] relates t at ,djidda1 :]e sexual morality is held 9 little respect1 a ,b$\9 woman may yield h]self = money to a ,turk or ,european1 b w\ld ?9k h]self = ev] di%on\r$ if %e 7 jo9$ to him 9 lawful w$lock4#gi ,9 ,rome contub]nium1 b n m>riage1 c\ld take place betwe5 freem5 & slaves4#hj ,& among ourselves public op9ion reg>ds x z a mu* m l5i5t (f5ce if a royal p]son keeps a woman ( inf]ior rank z 8 concub9e ?an if he m>ries h]4 ,footnote #gi3 de ,gob9eau1 ,moral & ,intellectual ,div]sity ( ,races1 p4 #agd1 n4 #a4 ,cf4 d',escayrac de ,lauture1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #hj3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cgb4 ,mod]n civilisation t5ds m or less to pull d[n ! b>ri]s :i* sep>ate races1 nations1 ! v>i\s classes ( society1 & ! adh]5ts ( diff]5t religions4 ,! endogam\s rules h ?us become less /r+5t & less re/rict$4 ,:il/ civilisation has n>r[$ ! inn] limit )9 :i* a man or woman mu/ n m>ry1 x has wid5$ ! out] limit )9 :i* a man or woman may m>ry1 & g5]ally m>ries4 ,! latt] ( ^! processes has be5 "o ( va/ importance 9 man's hi/ory4 #chb ,orig9at+ 9 race- or class-pride1 or 9 religi\s intol]ance1 ! endogam\s rules h 9 _! turn help$ to keep up & to /r5g!n ^! feel+s4 ,frequ5t int]m>riages1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ h ! v opposite effect4 ,l ! rules ref]r+ to ! *oice ( p>tn]s1 s ! modes ( contract+ m>riage & ! ideas z to :at 9 ?is respect is "r & prop] h und]gone successive *anges4 ,! practice ( captur+ wives prevails 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w1 & traces ( x are met ) 9 ! m>riage c]emonies ( sev]al peoples1 indicat+ t x occurr$ m frequ5tly 9 pa/ ages4#ha ,?is practice1 z x seems to me1 has *iefly sprung f ! av]sion to close int]m>riage1 toge!r ) ! difficulty a savage man may h 9 procur+ a wife 9 a fri5dly mann]1 )\t giv+ comp5sation = ! loss he inflicts on h] family4 ,we may imag9e t x *iefly occurr$ at a /age ( social gr[? :]e family ties _h become /rong]1 & man liv$ 9 small gr\ps ( ne>ly relat$ p]sons1 b :]e ! idea ( b>t] _h sc>cely pres5t$ itself to 8 m9d4 ,yet !re is no reason to ?9k t capture 0 at any p]iod ! exclusive =m ( contract+ m>riage2 its preval5ce seems to h be5 mu* exagg]at$ by ,mc,lennan & 8 s*ool4#hb ,x is impossible to believe t !re ev] 0 a "t :5 fri5dly negotiations betwe5 families :o c\ld int]m>ry 7 altoge!r unkn[n4 ,! cu/om preval5t among _m savage tribes ( a husb& tak+ up 8 abode 9 8 wife's family seems to h aris5 v e>ly 9 man's hi/ory4 ,footnote #ha3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 xvii4 ,footnote #hb3 ,dr4 ,grosse 7,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 p4 #aje7 goes s f> z to believe t m>riage by capture has nev] be5 a =m ( m>riage recognis$ by cu/om or law1 b only an occasional & puni%able act ( viol5ce4 ,b1 z ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis ju/ly obs]ves 7,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 ',analysis ( ! ,sexual ,impulse1' p4 #fb1 n4 #b71 ?is position is too extreme4 ,among mo/ uncivilis$ peoples n[ exi/+ a man has1 9 "s way or o!r1 to give comp5sation = 8 bride4#hc ,! simple/ way ( pur*as+ a wife is to give a k9swoman 9 ex*ange = h]--a practice preval5t among #chc ,au/ralian tribes4 ,mu* m common is ! cu/om ( obta9+ a wife by s]vices r5d]$ to h] fa!r1 ! man tak+ up 8 abode ) ! family ( ! girl = a c]ta9 "t1 dur+ :i* he works z a s]vant4 ,b ! ord9>y comp5sation = a girl is prop]ty paid to h] fa!r1 or 9 "s cases to h] uncle1 or to "s o!r relatives z well z to ! fa!r4 ,m>riage by ex*ange or pur*ase is n only g5]al among exi/+ l[] races2 x occurs1 or =m]ly occurr$1 among semi-civilis$ nations ( a high] culture z well--9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p]u1 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,semitic race1 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( all s-call$ ,aryan peoples4 ,we h no evid5ce t x is a /age ?r\gh :i* e race has pass$2 we notice its abs5ce among "s ( ! rude/ races ) :om we are acqua9t$4 ,yet ) mu* m reason ?an m>riage by capture1 pur*ase ( wives may be said to =m a g5]al /age 9 ! social hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,al?\gh ! two practices may occur simultane\sly1 ! =m] seems m (t5 to h succe$$ ! latt]1 z b>t] 9 g5]al has foll[$ ^u robb]y4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! transition f m>riage by capture to m>riage by pur*ase 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! foll[+ way3 abduction1 9 spite ( p>5ts1 0 ! prim>y =m2 !n !re came ! (f]+ ( comp5sation to escape v5geance2 & ?is grew ev5tually into ! mak+ ( pres5ts or pay+ a sum be=eh&4#hd ,! price 0 a comp5sation = ! loss su/a9$ 9 ! giv+ up ( ! girl & a remun]ation = ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 h] ma9t5ance till ! "t ( h] m>riage4 ,! girl 0 reg>d$ m or less 9 ! light ( prop]ty1 to take h] away f h] own] )\t 8 cons5t 0 !ft4 ,to claim a comp5sation = h] 0 8 "r1 or ev5 8 duty4 ,! ,indians 9 ,columbia consid] x 9 ! highe/ degree disgraceful to ! girl's family if %e is giv5 away )\t a price2#he & 9 c]ta9 tribes ( ,cali=nia #chd! *ildr5 ( a woman = :om no money 0 paid are acc\nt$ no bett] ?an ba/>ds1 & ! :ole family are condemn$4#hf ,footnote #hc3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #cij sqq4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ko5igsw>t]1 tudes hi/oriques sur le developpem5t de la socit huma9e1 p4 #ec4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #fbe4 ,footnote #he3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #bgg4 ,cf4 von ,web]1 ,vi] ,jahre 9 ,afrika1 ii4 #bae sq4 7,kafirs74 ,footnote #hf3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 pp4 #bb1 #ef4 ,) progress+ civilisation1 h[ev]1 ! practice ( pur*as+ wives has be5 gradually ab&on$1 & come to be look$ ^u z infam\s4 ,! weal?i] classes took ! fir/ /ep1 & poor] & rud] p]sons subsequ5tly foll[$ _! examples4 ,?us 9 ,india1 9 anci5t times1 ! sura =m1 or m>riage by pur*ase1 0 lawful = all ! f\r ca/es4 ,aft]w>ds x fell into disrepute1 & 0 prohibit$ among ! ,brhmanas & ,k%atriyas1 :]eas x 0 /ill approv$ ( 9 ! case ( a ,vaisya & a ,sdra4 ,b 9 ! ',laws ( ,manu' x is =bidd5 altoge!r4#hg ,x is said !re1 ,no fa!r :o kn[s ! law mu/ take ev5 ! smalle/ gratuity = 8 daught]2 = a man :o1 ?r\gh av>ice1 takes a gratuity1 is a sell] ( 8 (fspr+4#hh ,! ,greeks ( ! hi/orical age _h ceas$ to buy _! wives4 ,9 ,rome conf>reatio1 :i* sugge/$ no idea ( pur*ase1 0 9 ! v e>lie/ kn[n "t ! =m ( m>riage 9 =ce among ! patricians2 & among cli5ts & plebeians1 also1 ! pur*ase ( wives came to an end 9 remote antiquity1 surviv+ z a m]e symbol 9 _! comptio4#hi ,among ! ,g]mans m>riage by pur*ase 0 aboli%$ only aft] _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4#ij ,9 ! ,talmudic law ! pur*ase ( wives appe>s z m]ely symbolical1 ! bride-price be+ fix$ at a nom9al am\nt4#ia ,9 ,*9a1 al?\gh m>riage pres5ts correspond exactly to pur*ase-money 9 a contract ( sale1 ! p w n he> ( _! be+ call$ a price2#ib :i* %[s t "h1 too1 "s feel+ ( %ame is atta*$ to ! idea ( sell+ a daught]4 ,footnote #hg3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #bc sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ibid4 iii4 #ea4 ,cf4 ibid4 ix4 #ic1 #ih4 ,footnote #hi3 ,rossba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ib1 #adf1 #bdh1 #bej1 c4 ,footnote #ij3 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1 p4 #dbd4 ,footnote #ia3 ,gans1 ,erbre*t1 i4 #ach4 ,footnote #ib3 ,jamieson1 ',m>riage ,laws1' 9 ,*9a ,review1 x4 #gh n499 ,we may disc]n two diff]5t ways 9 :i* ?is #che gradual disappe>ance ( m>riage by pur*ase has tak5 place4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! pur*ase became a symbol1 appe>+ z a %am sale 9 ! m>riage c]emonies or z an ex*ange ( pres5ts2 on ! o!r h&1 ! pur*ase sum 0 trans=m$ into ! morn+ gift & ! dotal portion1 a "p--aft]w>ds ! :ole--be+ giv5 to ! bride ei!r directly by ! bridegroom or by h] fa!r4 ,^! trans=mations ( m>riage by pur*ase h tak5 place n only 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civilis$ nations1 b among sev]al peoples :o are /ill 9 a savage or semi-civilis$ /ate2 & ( a few ( !m x is expressly /at$ t !y consid] m>riage by pur*ase a disgraceful practice4#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dje sqq4 ,f m>riage by pur*ase we h ?us come to ! practice ( d[]1 :i* is app>5tly ! v rev]se ( x4 ,b :il/ ! m>riage portion p>tly d]ives its orig9 f ! pur*ase ( wives1 x does n d s 9 e case4 ,x s]ves diff]5t ends1 (t5 indissolubly mix$ up toge!r4 ,x may h ! mean+ ( a return gift4 ,x may imply t ! wife z well z ! husb& is expect$ to contribute to ! exp5ses ( ! jo9t h\sehold4 ,x is also v (t5 int5d$ to be a settlem5t = ! wife 9 case ! m>riage be dissolv$ ?r\gh ! husb&'s dea? or o!rwise4#id ,9 ! social hi/ory ( ! civilis$ races ! m>riage portion has play$ s prom95t a "p1 t1 z we h spok5 ( a /age ( m>riage by pur*ase1 we may speak ( ano!r & lat] /age :]e fa!rs are b\nd by cu/om or law to portion _! daught]s4 ,! ,jews#ie & ,muhamm$ans#if consid] x a religi\s duty = a man to give a d[] to 8 daught]4 ,9 ,greece ! d[ry came to be ?\ght almo/ necess>y to make ! di/9ction betwe5 a wife & a concub9e4#ig ,isaeus says t no dec5t man w\ld give 8 legitimate daught] less ?an a t5? ( 8 #chf prop]ty2#ih inde$1 s great 7 ! d[]s giv5 t 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle ne>ly two fif?s ( ! :ole t]ritory ( ,sp>ta 7 suppos$ to belong to wom54#ii ,9 ,rome1 ev5 m ?an 9 ,greece1 ! m>riage portion became a m>k ( di/9ction = a legitimate wife2#ajj & ?\gh lat] on ,ju/9ian 9 sev]al ( 8 con/itutions decl>es t dos is obligatory = p]sons ( high rank only1#aja ! old cu/om did n fall into desuetude4#ajb ,! ,prussian ',l&re*t' /ill prescribes t ! fa!r1 or ev5tually ! "m1 %all arrange ab\t ! w$d+ & fit up ! h\se ( ! newly-m>ri$ c\ple4#ajc ,accord+ to ! ',code ,napolon1' on ! o!r h&1 p>5ts are n b\nd to give a d[] to _! daught]s1#ajd & ! same pr9ciple is g5]ally adopt$ by mod]n legislation4 ,x is true t especially 9 ! s-call$ ,lat9 c\ntries !re is /ill a /rong t5d5cy to dotation1#aje b ano!r feel+1 9 "s measure oppos$ to x1 is ga9+ gr\nd ev]y:]e4 ,9 a society :]e monogamy is prescrib$ by law1 :]e ! adult wom5 outnumb] ! adult m51 :]e _m m5 nev] m>ry1 & :]e m>ri$ wom5 too (t5 lead an indol5t life--9 su* a society ! m>riage portion 9 _m cases becomes a pur*ase-sum by means ( :i* a fa!r buys a husb& = 8 daught]1 z =m]ly a man b\ght a wife f h] fa!r4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,su!rl& obs]ves1 t pecuni>y int]e/s1 ei!r on "o side or on ! o!r1 %\ld conspicu\sly ent] into ! motives :i* lead to m>riage1 becomes repulsive to ! increas+ delicacy ( feel+2 & s we f9d t 9 cultur$ communities ! d[ry dies out1 j z ! pur*ase-money decl9$ 9 ! civilis$ /ages4#ajf ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 p4 #daa sqq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,may]1 ,re*te d] ,israelit51 ii4 #cdd4 ,footnote #if3 ,koran1 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #ig3 ,cauvet1 ',l'organisation de la famille ,a?nes1' 9 ,revue de lgislation et de jurisprud5ce1 xxiv4 #aeb4 ,pott]1 ,ar*ologia ,grca1 ii4 #bfh4 ,cf4 ,mei] & ,s*mann1 ,d] attis*e ,process1 p4 #eac sq4 ,footnote #ih3 ,isaeus1 ,oratio de ,pyrrhi h]$itate1 #ea1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 ii4 #i1 p4 #abgj a4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,lab\laye1 ,re*]*es sur la condition civile et politique des femmes1 p4 #ch sq4 ,g9\lhiac1 ,hi/oire du rgime dotal1 p4 #ff4 ,mei] & ,s*mann1 op4 cit4 p4 #eac sq4 ,footnote #aja3 ,g9\lhiac1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,= dos necess>ia 9 ,g]many dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 see ,mitt]mai]1 ,grundstze des geme95 deuts*5 ,privatre*ts1 ii4 #c4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,eccius1 9 von ,holtz5dorff1 ,encyclopdie d] ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 ii4 #dad4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,code ,napolon1 art4 #bjd4 ,footnote #aje3 ,see ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 i4 #bdc4 #chg ,:il/ mo/ ( ! l[] animal species are by in/9ct ei!r monogam\s or polygyn\s1 ) man e possible =m ( m>riage occurs4 ,!re are m>riages ( "o man ) "o woman 7monogamy71 ( "o man ) _m wom5 7polygyny71 ( _m m5 ) "o woman 7poly&ry71 &1 9 a few exceptional cases1 ( _m m5 ) _m wom54#ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 xx4 ,among ! causes by :i* ! =ms ( m>riage are influ5c$ ! num]ical proportion betwe5 ! sexes plays an important "p4 ,poly&ry seems to be due *iefly to a surplus ( m51 ?\gh x prevails only :]e ! circum/ances are o!rwise 9 fav\r ( x4#ajh ,x presupposes an abnormally feeble disposition to jeal\sy1 & has probably at all times be5 exceptional 9 ! human race4 ,!re is no solid evid5ce = ! !ory set =? by ,mc,lennan t x 0 ! rule 9 e>ly times4#aji ,on ! contr>y1 ?is =m ( m>riage seems to require a c]ta9 degree ( civilisation2 we h no tru/wor?y acc\nt ( its occurr5ce among ! l[e/ savages4 ,9 poly&r\s families ! husb&s are mo/ frequ5tly bro!rs1 & ! elde/ bro!r1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 has ! sup]iority4 ,x seems a fair conclusion t 9 su* in/ances poly&ry 0 orig9ally an expression ( frat]nal b5evol5ce on ! "p ( ! elde/ bro!r1 or ( urg5t dem&s on ! "p ( ! y\ng] ones1 :o o!rwise1 on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( wom51 w\ld h to live unm>ri$4 ,if additional wives 7 aft]w>ds acquir$1 !y w\ld naturally be consid]$ ! common prop]ty ( all ! bro!rs2 & 9 ?is way ! gr\p m>riage ( ! ,toda type seems to h evolv$4#aaj ,polygyny1 also1 is to "s ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! proportion betwe5 ! sexes4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,india t poly&ry occurs 9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! males outnumb] ! females1 polygyny 9 ^? #chh :]e ! rev]se is ! case4#aaa ,inde$1 9 c\ntries unaffect$ by ,european civilisation polygyny is likely to prevail :]ev] !re is a majority ( wom54 ,b ! proportion betwe5 ! sexes is only "o cause out ( _m to :i* polygyny is due4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,ibid4 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #aji3 ,mc,lennan1 ',! ,levirate & ,poly&ry1' 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4,s4 xxi4 #gjc sqq4 ,idem1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #aab sq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #eaj sqq4 ,see also ,riv]s1 ,todas1 pp4 #eae1 #eai1 #eba4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,goehl]t1 ',die ,ges*le*tsv]s*i$5heit d] ,k9d] 9 d5 ,eh51' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nologie1 xiii4 #abg4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y a man may desire to possess m ?an "o wife4#aab ,monogamy requires f him p]iodical cont95ce1 n only = a c]ta9 "t e mon?1 b among _m peoples dur+ ! pregnancy ( 8 wife1 & z long z %e suckles h] *ild4 ,"o ( ! *ief causes ( polygyny is ! attraction :i* female y\? & beauty ex]cise ^u a man2 & at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation wom5 g5]ally become old mu* soon] ?an 9 m advanc$ communities4 ,! lik+ ( m5 = v>iety is also a pot5t factor2 ! ,negroes ( ,angola ass]t$ t !y 7 n able to eat always ( ! same di%4#aac ,we mu/ fur!r take into acc\nt m5's desire = (fspr+1 weal?1 & au?ority4 ,! b>r5ness ( a wife is a v common reason = ! *oice ( a new p>tn]2 ! polygyny ( ! anci5t ,h9dus seems to h be5 due *iefly to ! fact t m5 dread$ ! idea ( dy+ *ildless1 & ev5 n[ 9 ! ,ea/ ! desire = (fspr+ is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( polygyny4#aad ,! m wives1 ! m *ildr52 & ! m *ildr51 ! great] p[]4 ,9 e>ly civilisation a man's relations & connections are (t5 8 only fri5ds2 & :]e slav]y does n prevail1 next to a man's wives ! real s]vant1 ! only to be c\nt$ ^u1 is ! *ild4 ,moreov]1 a man's =tune is increas$ by a multitude ( wives n only ?r\gh _! *ildr51 b ?r\gh _! "w4 ,manual lab\r among savages is und]tak5 l>gely by wom52 & :5 nei!r slaves nor p]sons :o w "w = hire c be procur$1 #chi x becomes necess>y = any man :o requires _m s]vants to h _m wives4 ,footnote #aab3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhc sqq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,m]olla da ,sorr5to1 ',voyage to ,congo1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages1 xvi4 #bii4 ,footnote #aad3 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iii4 #bfg4 ,le ,bon1 ,la civilisation des ,arabes1 p4 #dbd4 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #ahd4 ,nev]!less1 h[ev] desirable polygyny may be f ! man's po9t ( view1 x is altoge!r prohibit$ among _m peoples1 & 9 c\ntries :]e x is an e/abli%$ in/itution x is practis$--z a rule to :i* !re are few exceptions--only by a comp>atively small class4#aae ,! proportion betwe5 ! sexes p>tly acc\nts = ?is1 b !re are o!r causes ( no less importance4#aaf ,:]e ! am\nt ( female lab\r is limit$ & no accumulat$ prop]ty exi/s1 x may be v difficult = a man to keep a plurality ( wives4 ,aga91 :]e female lab\r is ( consid]able value1 ! necessity ( pay+ ! pur*ase-sum = a wife is a h9drance to polygyny :i* c be ov]come only by ! weal?i] m54 ,!re are1 moreov]1 c]ta9 factors ( a psy*ical "* :i* are unfav\rable to polygyny4 ,:5 love dep5ds on ext]nal attractions only1 x is necess>ily fickle2 b :5 x implies sympa?y aris+ f m5tal qualities1 !re is a tie betwe5 husb& & wife :i* la/s long aft] y\? & beauty are gone4 ,z ano!r ob/acle to polygyny we h to note ! true monogam\s s5tim5t1 ! absorb+ passion = "o1 :i* is n unkn[n ev5 among savage races4 ,polygyny is f9ally *eck$ by ! respect 9 :i* wom5 are held by m54 ,jeal\sy is n exclusively a mascul9e passion1 & x is ! ambition ( e wife to be ! mi/ress ( h] husb&'s h\se4 ,h5ce :]e wom5 h succe$$ 9 obta9+ "s p[] ov] _! husb&s1 or :]e ! altrui/ic feel+s ( m5 h become ref9$ en\gh to lead !m to respect ! feel+s ( ^? weak] ?an !mselves1 monogamy is frequ5tly ! result4 ,footnote #aae3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dce sqq4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ibid4 p4 #dic sqq4 ,x is c]ta9 t polygyny has be5 less preval5t at ! l[e/ /ages ( civilisation--:]e w>s d n s]i\sly di/urb ! proportion ( ! sexes1 :]e life is *iefly support$ by hunt+ & female lab\r is consequ5tly ( slight value1 & :]e !re is no accumulation ( weal? #cij & no di/9ction ( class--?an x is at some:at high] /ages4#aag ,! m advanc$ savages & b>b>ians seem to indulge 9 ?is practice to a great] ext5t ?an ! l[] ones1 _m1 or mo/1 ( :om are ei!r little addict$ to polygyny or /rictly monogam\s4 ,v>i\s =e/ tribes 9 ,brazil are monogam\s1#aah & s are sev]al ( ! ,cali=nian tribes--a humble & a l[ly race1 4 4 4 "o ( ! l[e/ on e>?4#aai ,?us ! ,k>ok d n all[ bigamy ev5 to a *ief2 & ?\gh a man may own z _m wom5 = slaves z he c pur*ase1 he br+s obloquy on himself if he cohabits ) m ?an "o4#abj ,among ! ,v$dahs#aba & ,&aman ,isl&]s#abb monogamy is z rigidly insi/$ ^u z any :]e 9 ,europe4 ,! natives ( ,k> ,nicob> h b "o wife1 & look ^u un*a/ity z a v deadly s94#abc ,among ! ,ko* & ,old ,kukis polygyny & concub9age are =bidd52#abd :il/ among "s o!r aborig9al tribes 9 ,india a man1 ?\gh n expressly =bidd5 to h _m wives1 is blam$ if he has m ?an "o4#abe ,among ! ,k>5s ( ,burma#abf & c]ta9 tribes ( ,indo-,*9a1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 polygyny is said ei!r to be prohibit$ or unkn[n4#abg ,! ,hill ,dyaks m>ry b "o wife1 & a *ief :o once broke ?r\gh ?is cu/om lo/ all 8 influ5ce4#abh ,9 ,au/ralia !re are said to be "s truly monogam\s tribes2#abi 9 ! ,birria tribe1 = in/ance1 ! possession ( m ?an "o wife is absolutely =bidd51 or 0 s be=e ! com+ ( ! :ites4#acj #cia ,monogamy is all ! m likely to h be5 ! g5]al rule among our e>lie/ human ance/ors z x seems to be s among ! man-l apes4 ,d>w9 c]ta9ly m5tions ! gorilla z a polygami/2#aca b ! majority ( /atem5ts we h reg>d+ ?is animal are to ! opposite effect4 ,rely+ on ! mo/ tru/wor?y au?orities1 ,pr(essor ,h>tmann says1 ,! gorilla lives 9 a society consi/+ ( male & female & _! "y ( v>y+ ages4#acb ,footnote #aag3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #eje sqq4 ,footnote #aah3 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgd1 #bih4 ,wallace1 ,travels on ! ,amazon1 pp4 #eji1 #eae sqq4 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #dgb4 ,footnote #aai3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #e1 #ef1 #djf4 ,wilkes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 v4 #ahh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,p[]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,bailey1 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ii4 #bia sq4 ,h>t%orne1 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #abb3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ace4 ,footnote #abc3 ,di/ant1 ibid4 iii4 #d4 ,footnote #abd3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #ia4 ,/ew>t1 ',notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fba4 ,footnote #abe3 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bh1 #ed4 ,jell+haus1 ',munda-,kolhs 9 ,*ota ,nagpore1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 iii4 #cgj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #abg3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcf sq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #abi3 ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #djb2 ii4 #cga4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cgh4 ,footnote #aca3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 pp4 #bag1 #eij sq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,h>tmann1 ,die m5s*5hnli*5 ,aff51 p4 #bad4 ,:il/ civilisation is ?us up to a c]ta9 po9t fav\rable to polygyny1 x leads 9 its high] =ms to monogamy4 ,ow+ to ! decrease ( w>s1 ! dea?-rate ( ! m5 becomes less1 & ! consid]able disproportion betwe5 ! sexes :i* among _m w>like peoples makes polygyny almo/ a law ( nature no long] exi/s among ! mo/ advanc$ nations4 ,no sup]/iti\s belief keeps ! civilis$ man ap>t f 8 wife dur+ h] pregnancy & :ile %e suckles h] *ild2 & ! suckl+ "t has become mu* %ort] s9ce ! introduction ( dome/icat$ animals & ! use ( milk4 ,to a cultivat$ m9d y\? & beauty are by no means ! only attractions ( a woman2 & civilisation has made female beauty m durable4 ,! desire = (fspr+ becomes less int5se4 ,a l>ge family1 in/ead ( be+ a help 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 is (t5 consid]$ an insuff]able burd54 ,a man's k9sfolk are no long] 8 only fri5ds1 & 8 weal? & p[] d n dep5d ^u ! numb] ( 8 wives & *ildr54 ,a wife ceases to be a m]e lab\r]1 & manual lab\r is to a l>ge ext5t replac$ by ! "w ( dome/icat$ animals & ! use ( implem5ts & ma*9es4 ,moreov]1 ! s5tim5t ( love becomes m ref9$1 ! passion = "o m absorb+4 ,! feel+s ( ! weak] sex are frequ5tly held 9 high] reg>d4 ,& ! bett] education be/[$ on wom5 enables !m to live com=tably )\t ! support ( a husb&4 #cib ,z = ! moral valuation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( m>riage1 x %\ld be notic$ t ev5 among polygyn\s & poly&r\s peoples monogamy is p]mitt$ by cu/om or law1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances x is associat$ ) pov]ty & consid]$ mean1 :]eas polygyny1 z associat$ ) greatness1 is ?\ght praisewor?y4#acc ,aga91 ! notion t monogamy is ! only prop] =m ( m>riage1 & t any o!r =m is immoral1 is due ei!r to ! m]e =ce ( habit2 or1 possibly1 to ! notion t x is wrong ( "s m5 to appropriate a plurality ( wives :5 o!rs 9 consequ5ce c get none2 or to ! feel+ t polygyny is an (f5ce aga9/ ! female sex2 or to ! condemnation ( lu/4 ,z reg>ds ! obligatory monogamy ( ,*ri/ian nations1 we h to rememb] t monogamy 0 ! only recognis$ =m ( m>riage 9 ! societies on :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ engraft$1 & t x 0 ! only =m t c\ld be tol]at$ by a religion :i* reg>d$ e gratification ( ! sexual impulse ) suspicion & incont95ce z ! grave/ s94 ,9 its e>ly days ! ,*ur* %[$ little respect = wom5 b its horror ( s5suality 0 imm5se4 ,footnote #acc3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #feg4 ,a few words /ill rema9 to be said ( a =m ( m>riage :i* has ( late be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion 9 connection ) ,au/ralian e?nology4 ,_m ye>s ago att5tion 0 drawn to ! fact t ! ,kamil>oi tribes 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia are divid$ into f\r classes1 9 :i* bro!rs & si/]s are respectively ,ipai & ,ipa?a1 ,k7ubi & ,kub7i?a1 ,m7uri & ,ma?a1 ,kumbu & ,bu?a2 & t ! memb]s ( "o class are =bidd5 to m>ry among !mselves1 b b\nd to m>ry into a c]ta9 o!r class4 ,?us ,ipai may only m>ry ,kub7i?a2 ,k7ubi1 ,ipa?a2 ,kumbu1 ,ma?a2 & ,m7uri1 ,bu?a4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 we 7 told1 e ,ipai is reg>d$ z m>ri$1 n by any individual contract1 b by organic law1 to e ,kub7i?a2 e ,k7ubi to e ,ipa?a1 & s =?4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a ,k7ubi meet a /rang] ,ipa?a1 !y address #cic ea* o!r z sp\se2 & a ,k7ubi ?us meet+ an ,ipa?a1 ?\gh %e 7 ( ano!r tribe1 w\ld treat h] z 8 wife1 & 8 "r to d s w\ld be recognis$ by h] tribe4#acd ,! in/itution accord+ to :i* ! m5 ( "o division h z wives ! wom5 ( ano!r division1 ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,fison call$ gr\p m>riage4 ,he cont5ds t among ! natives ( ,s\? ,au/ralia x has giv5 way 9 lat] times1 9 "s measure1 to individual m>riage4 ,b !oretically1 he says1 m>riage is /ill communal3 x is bas$ ^u ! m>riage ( all ! males 9 "o division ( a tribe to all ! females ( ! same g5]ation 9 ano!r division4 ,! *ief argum5t advanc$ by ,mr4 ,fison 9 support ( 8 !ory is gr\nd$ on ! t]ms ( relation%ip 9 use 9 ! tribes4 ,^! t]ms belong to ! classificatory sy/em ( ,mr4 ,morgan2#ace b he admits t he is n aw>e ( any tribe 9 :i* ! actual practice is to its full ext5t :at ! t]ms ( relation%ip imply4 ,pres5t usage1 he says1 is ev]y:]e 9 advance ( ! sy/em s impli$1 & ! t]ms are survivals ( an anci5t "r1 n precise indications ( cu/om z x is4#acf ,! same is grant$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt4#acg ,yet ,i h po9t$ out1 9 my criticism ( ! classificatory sy/em1 to :at absurd results we mu/ be l$ if1 guid$ by su* t]ms1 we beg9 to speculate ^u e>ly m>riage4#ach ,moreov]1 z ,i h said1 if a ,k7ubi & an ,ipa?a address ea* o!r z sp\se1 ?is does n imply t 9 =m] times e ,k7ubi 0 m>ri$ to e ,ipa?a indiscrim9ately4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! application ( su* a famili> t]m might be expla9$ f ! fact t ! wom5 :o may be a man's wives1 & ^? :o _c possibly be s1 /& 9 a widely diff]5t relation to him4#aci ,?is sugge/ion d]ives support f ! foll[+ /atem5t made by ,dr4 ,codr+ton ) ref]5ce to ! ,melanesians3--,speak+ #cid g5]ally1 x may be said t to a ,melanesian man all wom51 ( 8 own g5]ation at lea/1 are ei!r si/]s or wives1 to ! ,melanesian woman all m5 are ei!r bro!rs or husb&s4 4 4 4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood t a ,melanesian reg>ds all wom5 :o are n ( 8 own division z1 9 fact1 8 wives1 or conceives himself to h rights :i* he may ex]cise 9 reg>d to ^? wom5 ( !m :o are unm>ri$2 b ! wom5 :o may be 8 wives by m>riage & ^? :o _c possibly be s1 /& 9 a widely diff]5t relation to him4#adj ,footnote #acd3 ,ridley1 ,kmil>i1 p4 #afa sq4 7edit4 #ahff1 p4 #ce sqq474 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #cf1 #ea1 #ec4 ,footnote #ace3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid4 p4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,h[itt1 ',au/ralian ,gr\p ,relations1' 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahhc1 p4 #hag4 ,footnote #ach3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 v4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ibid4 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #adj3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bb sq4 ,m rec5tly ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h %[n t a m>riage sy/em ess5tially simil> to t ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian natives prevails 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia2 & !y1 also1 reg>d x z a lat] modification ( g5u9e gr\p m>riage4 ,n[adays1 !y say1 ! sy/em ( individual wives prevails--modifi$1 h[ev]1 by ! practice ( cu/oms accord+ to :i*1 at c]ta9 times1 mu* wid] m>ital relations are all[$4 ,b to ?is rule !re is "o exception3--,9 ! ,urabunna tribe gr\p m>riage actually exi/s at ! pres5t day1 a gr\p ( m5 ( a c]ta9 designation hav+1 n m]ely nom9ally b 9 actual reality1 & "u normal conditions1 m>ital relations ) a gr\p ( wom5 ( ano!r special designation2 "h individual m>riage does n exi/ ei!r 9 "n or 9 practice4#ada ,b1 aft] all1 x appe>s t ev5 among ! ,urabunna e woman is ! special ,nupa ( "o man1 & t c]ta9 o!r m51 h] ,piraung>u only h a second>y "r to h]4 ,?us1 if ! ,nupa man 7! real1 or at all ev5ts ! *ief1 husb&7 be pres5t1 ! ,piraung>u 7accessory husb&s7 are all[$ to h int]c\rse ) h] only 9 case ! ,nupa man cons5ts4#adb ,is ?is modification ( ! ,urabunna gr\p m>riage a lat] developm5t f a previ\s sy/em accord+ to :i* all ! m5 ( a c]ta9 gr\p _h an equal "r to all ! #cie wom5 ( ano!r gr\p8 ,"h we are on dang]\s gr\nd2 no?+ is m difficult ?an to decide :e!r c]ta9 cu/oms are survivals or n4 ,we f9d modifications resembl+ ^? connect$ ) ! gr\p m>riage ( ! ,urabunna bo? 9 poly&ry & 9 polygyny2 ! fir/ husb& 9 a poly&r\s family is usually ! *ief husb&1 & ! fir/ wife 9 a polygyn\s family is v frequ5tly ! *ief wife4 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly n conclude t ^! re/rictions h be5 prec$$ by an e>li] cu/om :i* gave equal rights to all ! husb&s or all ! wives2 on ! contr>y1 x is m likely t ! high] position grant$ to ! fir/ husb& or to ! fir/ wife is due to ! fact t monogamy 0 ! usual =m ( m>riage4#adc ,simil>ly ! ,urabunna cu/om may v well h develop$ out ( ord9>y individual m>riage1#add & ! cause ( x may p]haps be1 z ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas has sugge/$1#ade ! difficulties :i* an ,au/ralian native (t5 exp]i5ces 9 gett+ a wife4#adf ,z = o!r facts :i* h be5 adduc$ z evid5ce ( ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage 9 ! pa/1 su* z ! jus prim noctis1 c41 ,i only desire to emphasise ! circum/ance t extra-matrimonial int]c\rse is practis$ by ! ,au/ralian natives 9 a v>iety ( cases ! real mean+ ( :i* seems obscure4 ,9 "s in/ances at lea/1 a magic significance appe>s to be attribut$ to x2#adg & t x is a survival ( gr\p m>riage1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 is aga9 only a conjecture4 ,footnote #ada3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #adj4 ,iidem1 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,iidem1 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #adc3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ddc-ddh1 #deg1 #deh1 #ejh4 ,footnote #add3 ,cf4 ,crawley1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhb2 ,lang1 ,social ,orig9s1 p4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #ade3 ,?omas1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute 9 #aije4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,au/ralia1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #adf3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #acb sq42 infra1 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see1 e4g41 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 p4 #acg sq4 ,i mu/ admit1 !re=e1 t ! facts produc$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 & ! sev]e criticism :i* !y h pass$ on my sceptical attitude t[>ds ,mr4 ,fison's gr\p m>riage !ory h n be5 able to conv9ce me t among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es individual m>riage has evolv$ out ( a previ\s sy/em ( m>riage betwe5 gr\ps ( m5 & wom54 ,nor has ,mr4 ,h[itt1 #cif 9 8 rec5t "w on ! ',native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1' 9 my op9ion1 suffici5tly prov$ t su* an evolution has tak5 place4#adh ,he blames c]ta9 e?nologi/s ( ! /udy = n be+ will+ to take ! op9ion ( m5 :o h fir/-h& k ( ! natives2#adi b ,i ?9k we d well 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 /atem5ts bas$ on direct obs]vation & ! obs]v]'s int]pretation ( ! /at$ facts4 ,ev5 suppose1 h[ev]1 t gr\p m>riage really 0 once common 9 ,au/ralia1 w\ld t prove t x 0 once common among mank9d at l>ge8 ,mr4 ,hewitt's supposition t ! practice ( gr\p m>riage w be ultimately accept$ z "o ( ! primitive conditions ( mank9d#aej is no d\bt %>$ by a ho/ ( an?ropologi/s4 ,! gr\p m>riage !ory w probably = "s "t to come rema9 ! residu>y legatee ( ! old !ory ( promiscuity2 ! important works :i* h lately be5 publi%$ on ! ,au/ralian aborig9es h made p incl9$ to view ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d ?r\gh ,au/ralian spectacles4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ ard5t advocate ( ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage %\ld rememb] t ! exi/5ce ( kangurus 9 ,au/ralia does n prove t !re 7 once kangurus 9 ,engl&4 ,footnote #adh3 ,mr4 ,?omas has come to ! same result 9 8 book on ',k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,au/ralia1' :i* appe>$ :5 ! pres5t *apt] 0 already 9 type4 ,a detail$ exam9ation ( ! facts :i* h be5 adduc$ z evid5ce ( ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage 7p4 #abg sqq47 has l$ him to ! conclusion 7p4 #adg7 t prevail+ cu/oms 9 ,au/ralia1 f> f prov+ ! pres5t or =m] exi/5ce ( gr\p m>riage 9 t cont95t1 d n ev5 r5d] x probable1 & t on ! t]ms ( relation%ip no argum5t ( any sort c be f\nd$ :i* assumes !m to ref] to consangu9ity1 k9%ip1 or aff9ity4 ,x is !re=e n ra% to say t ! case = gr\p m>riage1 s f> z ,au/ralia is conc]n$1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,see infra1 ,addit4 ,notes4 ,footnote #adi3 ,h[itt1 ',native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 xvii4 #ahe4 ,footnote #aej3 ,idem1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #bha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "t dur+ :i* m>riage la/s v>ies extremely 9 ! human race4#aea ,!re are unions :i*1 ?\gh legally recognis$ z m>riages1 d n endure long en\gh to des]ve to be s call$ 9 ! natural hi/ory s5se ( ! t]m2 !re are o!rs :i* are dissolv$ only by #cig dea?4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 x is probable t among primitive m5 ! union ( ! sexes la/$ till aft] ! bir? ( ! (fspr+1 & we h p]haps "s reason to believe t ! connection la/$ = ye>s4 ,on ! :ole1 progress 9 civilisation has t5d$ to make m>riage m durable4 ,x is evid5t t at ! e>ly /age ( developm5t at :i* wom5 fir/ became valuable z lab\r]s1 a wife 0 unit$ ) h] husb& by a new bond m la/+ ?an y\? & beauty4 ,! tie 0 /r5g!n$ by ! bride-price & ! m>riage portion4 ,& a high] developm5t ( ! pat]nal feel+1 bett] =e?\ght = ! *ildr5's welf>e1 9 "s in/ances great] consid]ation = wom51 & a m ref9$ love passion h gradually made x /rong]1 until x has become 9 _m cases indissoluble4 ,yet we mu/ n conclude t divorce w 9 ! future be less frequ5t & m re/rict$ by law ?an x is n[ 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! laws ( divorce 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe owe _! orig9 to an ideali/ic religi\s comm&m5t :i*1 int]pret$ 9 its lit]al s5se1 gave rise to legal prescriptions f> f h>monis+ ) ! m5tal & social life ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,! p[]ful au?ority ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 0 necess>y to en=ce ! dogma t m>riage is indissoluble4 ,! ,re=mation introduc$ some:at great] lib]ty 9 ?is respect1 & mod]n legislation has gone fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ^? ,*ri/ian /ates ( ,europe :]e absolute divorce is p]mitt$ ! gr\nds on :i* x may be su$ = are ne>ly ! same = ! man & ! woman1 except 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! husb& mu/ be accus$ ( "o or o!r ( sev]al (f5ces besides adult]y4 ,9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 a judicial sep>ation may always be decre$ on ! gr\nd ( ! adult]y ( ! wife1 b1 on ! gr\nd ( ! adult]y ( ! husb&1 only if x has be5 committ$ "u c]ta9 aggravat+ circum/ances4#aeb ,^! laws imply t m>riage is n yet a contract on ! foot+ ( p]fect equality betwe5 ! sexes2 b !re is #cih a gr[+ op9ion t1 :]e x is n1 x ought to be s4 ,aga91 :5 bo? husb& & wife desire to sep>ate1 x seems to _m enlight5$ m9ds t ! ,/ate has no "r to prev5t !m f dissolv+ ! m>riage contract1 provid$ ! *ildr5 are prop]ly c>$ =2 & t = ! *ildr51 also1 x is bett] to h ! sup]vision ( "o p>5t only ?an ( two :o _c agree4 ,footnote #aea3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 *4 xxiii4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,glasson1 ,le m>iage civil et le divorce1 pp4 #bia1 #bih1 #cjd4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,celibacy ,,among savage & b>b>\s races ( m5 ne>ly e individual endeav\rs to m>ry z soon z he1 or %e1 rea*es ! age ( pub]ty4#a ,m>riage seems to !m indisp5sable1 & a p]son :o ab/a9s f x is look$ ^u z an unnatural be+ & is disda9$4 ,among ! ,santals a man :o rema9s s+le is at once despis$ by bo? sexes1 & is class$ next to a ?ief1 or a wit*3 !y t]m ! unhappy wret* ',no man4'#b ,among ! ,kafirs a ba*elor has no voice 9 ! kraal4#c ,9 ! ,tupi tribes ( ,brazil no man 0 suff]$ to p>take 9 ! dr9k+-fea/ :ile he rema9$ s+le4#d ,! natives ( ,futuna 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific ma9ta9$ t x 0 necess>y to be m>ri$ 9 ord] to hold a "p 9 ! happy future life1 & t ! celibates1 bo? m5 & wom51 _h to submit to a *a/isem5t ( _! own be=e ent]+ ! fale-mate1 or home ( ! dead4#e ,accord+ to ,fijian beliefs1 he :o di$ wifeless 0 /opp$ by ! god ,nangganangga on ! road to ,p>adise1 & sma%$ to atoms4#f ,footnote #a3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #acd sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,man1 ,son?alia1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #c3 von ,web]1 ,vi] ,jahre 9 ,afrika1 ii4 #bae4 ,footnote #d3 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 i4 #bdj4 ,footnote #e3 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',futuna4' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #ci sq4 ,footnote #f3 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 pp4 #cfh1 #cgb4 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #cii sq4 ,fison1 ',fijian ,burial ,cu/oms1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 x4 #aci4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bjf4 ,= o!r in/ances see ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #acf1 n4 #aj4 ,among peoples ( ar*aic culture celibacy is likewise a great exception & m>riage reg>d$ z a duty4 ,9 #djj anci5t ,p]u m>riage 0 compulsory at a c]ta9 age4#g ,among ! ,aztecs no "y man liv$ s+le till 8 tw5ty-second ye>1 unless he int5d$ to become a prie/1 & = girls ! cu/om>y m>ry+-age 0 f elev5 to eighte54 ,9 ,tlascala1 we are told1 ! unm>ri$ /ate 0 s despis$ t a gr[n-up man :o w\ld n m>ry _h 8 hair cut (f = %ame4#h ,footnote #g3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #cjf sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,klemm1 ,allgeme9e ,cultur-,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 v4 #df sq4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #bea sq4 ,almo/ all ,*9ese1 says ,dr4 ,gray1 robu/ or infirm1 well-=m$ or de=m$1 are call$ ^u by _! p>5ts to m>ry z soon z !y h atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty4 ,7 a gr[n-up son or daught] to die unm>ri$1 ! p>5ts w\ld reg>d x z mo/ deplorable4 ,h5ce a "y man ( m>riageable age1 :om consumption or any o!r l+]+ disease _h m>k$ = its own1 w\ld be compell$ by 8 p>5ts or gu>dians to m>ry at once4#i ,s indisp5sable is m>riage consid]$ by ! ,*9ese1 t ev5 ! dead are m>ri$1 ! spirits ( all males :o die 9 infancy or 9 boyhood be+ 9 due "t m>ri$ to ! spirits ( females :o h be5 cut (f at a l e>ly age4#aj ,!re is a maxim by ,m5cius1 re-e*o$ by ! :ole nation1 t x is a heavy s9 to h no sons1 z ?is w\ld doom fa!r1 "m1 & ! :ole ance/ry 9 ! ,ne!r-_w to a pitiable exi/5ce )\t desc5dants en\gh to s]ve !m prop]ly1 to wor%ip at ! ance/ral tombs1 to take c>e ( ! ance/ral tablets1 & duly to p]=m all rites & c]emonies connect$ ) ! dep>t$ dead4 ,= a man ^: wife has rea*$ h] =tie? ye> )\t br++ him a son1 x is an imp]ative duty to take a concub9e4#aa ,9 ,corea ! male human be+ :o is unm>ri$ is nev] call$ a man1 :atev] 8 age1 b goes by ! "n ( 'yat[1' a "n giv5 by ! ,*9ese to unm>riageable "y girls2 & ! man ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 has a #dja p]fect "r to /rike1 abuse1 ord] ab\t ! 'yat[' ( ?irty1 :o d>es n z mu* z op5 8 lips to compla94#ab ,footnote #i3 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #ahf4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid4 i4 #baf sq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 i4 #fd1 n4 #aj4 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fag4 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #eh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ross1 ,hi/ory ( ,corea1 p4 #cac4 ,among ! ,semites1 also1 we meet ) ! idea t a dead man :o has no *ildr5 w miss some?+ 9 ,%7eol ?r\gh n receiv+ t k9d ( wor%ip :i* ance/ors 9 e>ly times appe> to h receiv$4#ac ,! ,hebrews look$ ^u m>riage z a religi\s duty4#ad ,accord+ to ! ,%ul*an ,aru*1 he :o ab/a9s f m>ry+ is guilty ( blood%$1 dim9i%es ! image ( ,god1 & causes ! div9e pres5ce to )draw f ,israel2 h5ce a s+le man pa/ tw5ty may be compell$ by ! c\rt to take a wife4#ae ,muhamm$anism likewise reg>ds m>riage z a duty = m5 & wom52 to neglect x )\t a suffici5t excuse subjects a man to sev]e reproa*4#af ,:5 a s]vant ( ,god m>ries1 said ! ,prophet1 v]ily he p]fects half 8 religion4#ag ,footnote #ac3 ,*eyne1 ',h>lot1' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ii4 #aifd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,may]1 ,re*te d] ,israelit51 pp4 #bhf1 #cec4 ,li*ts*e91 ,ehe na* mosais*-talmudis*] ,auffassung1 p4 #e sqq4 ,klugmann1 ,die ,frau im ,talmud1 p4 #ci sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,s*ul*an ,aru*1 iv4 7',eb5 haez]'7 i4 #a1 #c4 ,see also ,yebamo?1 fol4 #fc b sq41 quot$ by ,m>golis1 ',celibacy1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 iii4 #fcf4 ,footnote #af3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #aig4 ,footnote #ag3 ,idem1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bba4 ,! s-call$ ,aryan nations 9 anci5t times1 z ,m4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes & o!rs h po9t$ out1 reg>d$ celibacy z an impiety & a mis=tune3 an impiety1 because "o :o did n m>ry put ! happ9ess ( ! manes ( ! family 9 p]il2 a mis=tune1 because he himself w\ld receive no wor%ip aft] 8 dea?4 ,a man's happ9ess 9 ! next _w dep5d$ ^u 8 hav+ a cont9u\s l9e ( male desc5dants1 ^: duty x w\ld be to make ! p]iodical (f]+s = ! repose ( 8 s\l4#ah ,accord+ to ! ',laws ( ,manu1' m>riage is ! twelf? ,sanskara1 & z su* a religi\s duty incumb5t ^u all4#ai ,among ! ,h9dus ( ! pres5t day a #djb man :o is n m>ri$ is g5]ally consid]$ to be almo/ a useless memb] ( ! community1 & is inde$ look$ ^u z beyond ! pale ( nature2#bj & ! spirits ( "y m5 :o h di$ )\t becom+ fa!rs are believ$ to w&] ab\t 9 a re/less mis]able mann]1 l p burd5$ ) an enorm\s debt :i* !y are q unable to dis*>ge4#ba ,simil> views are express$ 9 ,zoroa/rianism4 ,ahura ,mazda said to ,zoroa/]3--,! man :o has a wife is f> above him :o lives 9 cont95ce2 he :o keeps a h\se is f> above him :o has none2 he :o has *ildr5 is f> above ! *ildless man4#bb ,! greate/ mis=tune :i* c\ld befall an anci5t ,p]sian 0 to be *ildless4#bc ,to him :o has no *ild ! bridge ( ,p>adise %all be b>r$2 ! fir/ "q ! angels !re w ask him is1 :e!r he has left 9 ?is _w a sub/itute = himself1 & if ! answ] be ,no !y w pass by & he w /ay at ! head ( ! bridge1 full ( grief4 ,! primitive mean+ ( ?is is pla93 ! man )\t a son _c ent] ,p>adise because !re is nobody to pay him ! family wor%ip4#bd ,a%i ,vanguhi1 a fem99e imp]sonification ( piety1 & ! s\rce ( all ! good & ri*es t are connect$ ) piety1 rejects ! (f]+s ( b>r5 p--old m51 c\rtesans1 & *ildr54#be ,x is said 9 ! ,ya/s1 ,?is is ! wor/ de$ t m5 & tyrants d1 namely1 :5 !y deprive maids t h be5 b>r5 = a long "t ( m>ry+ & br++ =? *ildr54#bf ,& 9 ! eyes ( all good ,p>sis ( ! pres5t day1 z 9 ! "t ( k+ ,d>ius & ! contempor>ies ( ,h]odotus1 ! two greate/ m]its ( a citiz5 are ! begett+ & re>+ ( a num]\s family1 & ! fruitful till+ ( ! soil4#bg ,footnote #ah3 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la cit antique1 p4 #ed sq4 ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 pp4 #fi1 #ga4 ,mayne1 ,treatise on ,h9du ,law & ,usage1 p4 #fh sq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ii4 #ff sq4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #bdf4 ,cf4 ,mayne1 op4 cit4 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #bj3 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,"*1 c4 ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #bdc sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,v5ddd1 iv4 #dg4 ,footnote #bc3 ,rawl9son1 9 8 translation ( ,h]odotus1 i4 #bfb1 n4 #a4 ,cf4 ,h]odotus1 i4 #acc1 #acf2 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxxv4 #ai4 ,footnote #bd3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 #dg4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #be3 ,ya/s1 xvii4 #ed4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 xvii4 #ei4 ,footnote #bg3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxii4 ,cf4 ,ploss-,b>tels1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #agc4 #djc ,! anci5t ,greeks reg>d$ m>riage z a matt] bo? ( public & private importance4#bh ,9 v>i\s places crim9al proce$+s might be tak5 aga9/ celibates4#bi ,plato rem>ks t e individual is b\nd to provide = a cont9uance ( repres5tatives to succe$ himself z m9i/]s ( ! ,div9ity2#cj & ,isaeus says1 ,all ^? :o ?9k _! end approa*+ look =w>d ) a prud5t c>e t _! h\ses may n become desolate1 b t !re may be "s p]son to att5d to _! fun]al rites & to p]=m ! legal c]emonies at _! tombs4#ca ,s also ! conviction t ! f\nd+ ( a h\se & ! begett+ ( *ildr5 con/itut$ a moral necessity & a public duty _h a deep hold ( ! ,roman m9d 9 e>ly times4#cb ,cic]o's treatise ',de ,legibus'--:i* g5]ally reproduces 9 a philosophical =m ! anci5t laws ( ,rome--conta9s a law accord+ to :i* ! ,c5sors _h to impose a tax ^u unm>ri$ m54#cc ,b 9 lat] p]iods1 :5 sexual morality rea*$ a v l[ ebb 9 ,rome1 celibacy--z to :i* grave compla9ts 7 made z e>ly z #ebj ,b4,c4--naturally increas$ 9 proportion1 especially among ! upp] classes4 ,among ^! m>riage came to be reg>d$ z a burd5 :i* p took ^u !mselves at ! be/ 9 ! public int]e/4 ,inde$1 h[ x f>$ ) m>riage & ! re>+ ( *ildr5 is %[n by ! ,grac*an agr>ian laws1 :i* fir/ plac$ a premium !reon2#cd & lat] ! ,lex ,julia et ,papia ,poppaea impos$ v>i\s p5alties on ^? :o liv$ 9 a /ate ( celibacy aft] a c]ta9 age1#ce ?\gh ) little or no result4#cf ,footnote #bh3 ,mll]1 ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,doric ,race1 ii4 #cjj sq4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee4 ,he>n1 op4 cit4 p4 #gb4 ,dll+]1 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ii4 #bcd sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,pollux1 ,onoma/icum1 iii4 #dh4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,leges1 vi4 #ggc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,isaeus1 ,oratio de ,apollodori h]$itate1 #cj1 p4 #ff4 ,rohde obs]ves 7,psy*e1 p4 #bbh71 h[ev]1 t su* a belief did n exi/ 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 :5 ! dep>t$ s\ls 9 ,hades 7 suppos$ to be 9 no way dep5d5t ^u ! survivors4 ,footnote #cb3 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #gd4 ,footnote #cc3 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 iii4 #c4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #cd3 ,momms51 op4 cit4 iii4 #aba2 iv4 #ahf sq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,rossba*1 ,rmis*e ,ehe1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #cf3 ,mack5zie1 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law1 p4 #ajd4 ,celibacy is ?us disapprov$ ( = v>i\s reasons4 ,x #djd appe>s unnatural4 ,x is tak5 z an indication ( lic5ti\s habits4 ,:]e ance/ors are wor%ipp$ aft] _! dea? x inspires religi\s horror3 ! man :o leaves himself )\t (fspr+ %[s reckless indiff]5ce to ! religion ( 8 p1 to 8 own fate aft] dea?1 & to ! duties he owes ! dead1 ^: spirits dep5d ^u ! (f]+s ( _! desc5dants = _! com=t4 ,! la/ po9t ( view1 z we h se51 is p>ticul>ly prom95t among peoples ( ar*aic culture1 b x is n unkn[n at a l[] /age ( civilisation4 ,?us ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait appe> to h great dread ( dy+ )\t be+ assur$ t _! %ades w be rememb]$ dur+ ! fe/ivals1 fe>+ if neglect$ t !y w\ld !reby suff] de/itution 9 ! future life2 h5ce a pair ( *ildless ,eskimo frequ5tly adopt a *ild1 s t :5 !y die !re w be "s "o left ^: duty x w be to make ! cu/om>y fea/ & (f]+s to _! %ades at ! fe/ival ( ! dead4#cg ,f9ally1 9 communities ) a ke5 public _s1 especially 9 ambiti\s /ates frequ5tly engag$ 9 w>1 celibacy is reg>d$ z a wrong committ$ aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,footnote #cg3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #bij4 ,mod]n civilisation looks ^u celibacy 9 a diff]5t light4 ,! religi\s motive = m>riage has ceas$ to exi/1 ! lot ( ! dead be+ no long] suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! devotion ( ! liv+4 ,x is said1 9 a g5]al way1 t m>riage is a duty to ! nation or ! race1 b ?is argum5t is h>dly appli$ to individual cases4 ,accord+ to mod]n ideas ! union betwe5 man & woman is too mu* a matt] ( s5tim5t to be prop]ly classifi$ among civic duties4 ,nor does ! unm>ri$ /ate /rike u z p>ticul>ly unnatural4 ,! proportion ( unm>ri$ p is gradually gr[+ l>g] & ! age at :i* p m>ry is ris+4#ch ,! *ief causes ( ?is increas+ celibacy are ! difficulty ( support+ a family "u pres5t conditions ( life1 & ! luxuri\s #dje habits ( liv+ 9 ! upp] classes ( society4 ,ano!r reason is t ! dome/ic circle does n fill s l>ge a place 9 life z x did =m]ly2 ! m>ri$ /ate has 9 "s measure lo/ its advantage ov] ! s+le /ate1 & !re are _m m pleasures n[ t c be enjoy$ z well or ev5 bett] 9 celibacy4 ,moreov]1 by ! diffusion ( a f9] culture ?r\gh\t ! community1 m5 & wom5 c less easily f9d any "o :om !y are will+ to take z a p>tn] = life2 _! requirem5ts are m exact+1 !y h a liveli] s5se ( ! s]i\s "* ( ! m>riage union1 & !y are less will+ to contract x f any l[] motives4#ci ,footnote #ch3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 p4 #adg sqq4 ',:y is ,s+le ,life becom+ m ,g5]al8' 9 ,! ,nation1 vi4 #aij sq4 ,nay1 f> f enjo9+ m>riage z a duty incumb5t ^u all1 enlight5$ op9ion seems to agree t x is a duty = _m p nev] to m>ry4 ,9 "s ,european c\ntries ! m>riages ( p]sons 9 receipt ( poor-law relief h be5 legally prohibit$1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ! legislators h gone fur!r /ill & prohibit$ all m>riages until ! contract+ p>ties c prove t !y possess ! means ( support+ a family4#dj ,! op9ion has also be5 express$ t ! ,/ate ought to =bid ! unions ( p]sons suff]+ f c]ta9 k9ds ( disease1 :i* 9 all probability w\ld be transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,p are beg9n+ to feel t x entails a heavy responsibility to br+ a new be+ into exi/5ce1 & t _m p]sons are :olly unfit = su* a task4#da ,future g5]ations w probably ) a k9d ( horror look back at a p]iod :5 ! mo/ important1 & 9 its consequ5ces ! mo/ f>-rea*+1 function :i* has fall5 to ! lot ( man 0 entirely left to individual caprice & lu/4 ,footnote #dj3 ,lecky1 ,democracy & ,lib]ty1 ii4 #aha4 ,footnote #da3 ,see ,mr4 ,galton's pap]s on ,eug5ics & ! discussions ( ! subject 9 ,sociological ,pap]s1 vols4 i4 & ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side by side ) ! op9ion t m>riage is a duty = all ord9>y m5 & wom5 we f9d among _m peoples #djf ! notion t p]sons ^: function x is to p]=m religi\s or magical rites mu/ be celibates4#db ,! ,?l9kets believe t if a %aman does n obs]ve cont9u\s *a/ity 8 own gu>dian spirits w kill him4#dc ,9 ,patagonia ! male wiz>ds 7 n all[$ to m>ry4#dd ,9 "s tribes ( ! ,gu>anies ( ,p>aguay ! female ,payes 7 b\nd to *a/ity1 or !y no long] obta9$ cr$it4#de ,celibacy 0 compulsory on ! prie/s ( ! ,*ib*as 9 ,bogota4#df ,! ,tohil prie/s 9 ,guatemala 7 v[$ to p]petual cont95ce4#dg ,9 ,i*catlan ! high-prie/ 0 oblig$ to live con/antly )9 ! temple1 & to ab/a9 f comm]ce ) any woman :atsoev]2 & if he fail$ 9 ?is duty he 0 cut 9 pieces1 & ! bloody limbs 7 giv5 z a w>n+ to 8 successor4#dh ,( ! wom5 :o held positions 9 ! temples ( anci5t ,mexico we are told t _! *a/ity 0 mo/ zeal\sly gu>d$2 dur+ ! p]=mance ( _! duties !y 7 requir$ to keep at a prop] di/ance f ! male assi/ants1 at :om !y did n ev5 d>e to glance4 ,! puni%m5t to be inflict$ ^u ^? :o violat$ _! v[ ( *a/ity 0 dea?2 :il/1 if _! trespass rema9$ entirely secret1 !y endeav\r$ to appease ! ang] ( ! gods by fa/+ & au/]ity ( life1 dread+ t 9 puni%m5t ( _! crime _! fle% w\ld rot4#di ,9 ,yucatan !re 01 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 an ord] ( ve/als ! memb]s ( :i* g5]ally enroll$ !mselves = a c]ta9 "t1 b 7 aft]w>ds all[$ to leave & ent] ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 rema9$ = ev] 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple & 7 apo!osis$4 ,_! duty 0 to att5d to ! sacr$ fire1 & to keep /rictly *a/e1 #djg ^? :o broke _! v[s be+ %ot to dea? ) arr[s4#ej ,9 ,p]u !re 7 likewise virg9s d$icat$ to ! sun1 :o liv$ 9 p]petual seclusion to ! end ( _! lives1 :o pres]v$ _! virg9ity & 7 =bidd5 to conv]se or h sexual int]c\rse ) or to see any man1 or ev5 any woman :o 0 n "o ( !mselves4#ea ,& besides ! virg9s :o ?us pr(ess$ p]petual virg9ity 9 ! mona/]ies1 !re 7 o!r wom51 ( ! blood royal1 :o l$ ! same life 9 _! own h\ses1 hav+ tak5 a v[ ( cont95ce4 ,^! wom5 7 held 9 great v5]ation = _! *a/ity & purity1 &1 z a m>k ( wor%ip & respect1 !y 7 call$ ,ocllo1 :i* 0 a "n held sacr$ 9 _! idolatry2 b if !y lo/ _! virtue1 !y 7 burnt alive or ca/ into ! lake ( lions4#eb ,footnote #db3 ,"s in/ances ( ?is are /at$ by ,l&tman1 ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood1 p4 #aef sq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #dd3 ,falkn]1 ,description ( ,patagonia1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #de3 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 ii4 #cga4 ,footnote #df3 ,simon1 quot$ by ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #chd4 ,footnote #dg3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dhi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bgd4 ,footnote #di3 ,ibid4 i4 #bge sq4 ,torquemada1 ,mon>*ia ,indiana1 ii4 #ahh sqq4 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dce sq4 ,cf4 ,aco/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 ii4 #ccc sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dgc4 ,lopez ,cogolludo1 ,hi/oria de ,yuca?an1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #ea3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #bia sqq4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 i4 #cje4 ,among ! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s !re 7 virg9s1 call$ ,magades or ,h>imagades1 :o presid$ ov] ! cult "u ! direction ( ! high-prie/1 & !re 7 o!r virg9s1 highly respect$1 ^: function 0 to p\r wat] ov] ! heads ( newborn *ildr51 & :o c\ld ab&on _! (fice & m>ry :5ev] !y pleas$4#ec ,! prie/esses ( ! ,t%i- & ,e7we-speak+ peoples on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa are =bidd5 to m>ry4#ed ,9 a wood ne> ,cape ,padron1 9 ,l[] ,gu9ea1 lives a prie/ly k+ :o is all[$ nei!r to leave 8 h\se nor to t\* a woman4#ee ,footnote #ec3 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes1 p4 #if sq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #aba4 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ba/ian1 ,die deuts*e ,exp$ition an d] ,loango-,k/e1 i4 #bhg sq4 ,9 anci5t ,p]sia !re 7 sun prie/esses :o 7 oblig$ to refra9 f int]c\rse ) m54#ef ,! n9e prie/esses ( ! oracle ( a ,gallic deity 9 ,s5a 7 devot$ to p]petual virg9ity4#eg ,! ,romans _h _! ,ve/al virg9s1 ^: (fice1 accord+ to tradition1 0 in/itut$ by ,numa4 ,!y 7 compell$ to cont9ue #djh unm>ri$ dur+ ?irty ye>s1 :i* "t !y employ$ 9 (f]+ sacrifices & p]=m+ o!r rites orda9$ by ! law2 & if !y suff]$ !mselves to be debau*$ !y 7 deliv]$ up to ! mo/ mis]able dea?1 be+ plac$ 9 a subt]rane\s cell1 9 _! fun]al attire1 )\t any sepul*ral column1 fun]al rites1 or o!r cu/om>y solemnities4#eh ,aft] ! expiration ( ! t]m ( ?irty ye>s !y might m>ry on quitt+ ! ensigns ( _! prie/hood2 b we are told t v few did ?is1 z ^? :o did suff]$ calamities :i* 7 reg>d$ z om9\s by ! re/1 & induc$ !m to rema9 virg9s 9 ! temple ( ! goddess till _! dea?4#ei ,9 ,greece prie/esses 7 n infrequ5tly requir$ to be virg9s1 if n = _! :ole life1 at any rate = ! duration ( _! prie/hood4#fj ,t]tullian writes3--,to ! ,a*aean ,juno1 at ! t[n ,aegium1 a virg9 is allott$2 & ! prie/esses :o rave at ,delphi "k n m>riage4 ,we "k t wid[s m9i/] to ! ,african ,c]es2 !y n only )draw f _! /ill liv+ husb&s1 b !y ev5 introduce o!r wives to !m 9 _! own room1 all contact ) males1 ev5 z f> z ! kiss ( _! sons1 be+ =bidd5 !m4 4 4 4 ,we h he>d1 too1 ( cont95t m51 & among o!rs ! prie/s ( ! fam\s ,egyptian bull4#fa ,!re 7 eunu* prie/s connect$ ) ! cults ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis1#fb ! ,phrygian ,cybele1#fc & ! ,syrian ,a/>te4#fd ,footnote #ef3 ,ju/91 quot$ by ,ju/i1 ',die ,weltges*i*te des ,tab>i1' 9 ,das ,ausl&1 #ahge1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #eg3 ,pomponius ,mela1 ,de situ orbis1 iii4 #f4 ,footnote #eh3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 ii4 #fd sqq4 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 x4 #g sqq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ii4 #fg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,/rabo1 xiv4 i4 #bc4 ,mll]1 ,das sexuelle ,leb5 d] alt5 ,kulturvlk]1 p4 #dd sqq4 ,blmn]1 ,home ,life ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks1 p4 #cbe4 ,gtte1 ,das ,delphis*e ,orakel1 p4 #gh sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,t]tullian1 ,ad uxorem1 i4 #f 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #abhd74 ,idem1 ,de exhortatione ca/itatis1 #ac 7,migne1 ii4 #ibh sq474 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,de monogamia1 #ag 7,migne1 ii4 #iec74 ,footnote #fb3 ,/rabo1 xiv4 #a4 #bc4 ,footnote #fc3 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus g5tes1 v4 #g 7,migne1 op4 cit4 v4 #ajie sqq474 ,f>nell1 ',sociological ,hypo!ses conc]n+ ! ,position ( ,wom5 9 ,anci5t ,religion1' 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,religionswiss4 vii4 #gh4 ,footnote #fd3 ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ae1 #bg1 #ej sqq4 ,among ! ,todas ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills ! dairy man or prie/ is b\nd to a celibate exi/5ce2#fe & #dji among ! ,h9dus1 9 spite ( ! great hon\r 9 :i* m>riage is held1 celibacy has always comm&$ respect 9 in/ances ( extraord9>y sanctity4#ff ,^? ( ! ,sannyasis :o are kn[n to lead _! lives 9 p]fect celibacy receive on t acc\nt m>ks ( di/+ui%$ hon\r & respect4#fg ,already ! "t-hon\r$ ,indian in/itution ( ! f\r ,a'sramas conta9$ ! g]m ( mona/ic celibacy1 ! ,brahmacar91 or /ud5t1 be+ oblig$ to obs]ve absolute *a/ity dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 /udy4#fh ,! idea 0 fur!r develop$ 9 ,ja9ism & ,buddhism4 ,! ,ja9 monk 0 to r5\nce all sexual pleasures1 ei!r ) gods1 or m51 or animals2 n to give way to s5suality2 n to discuss topics relat+ to wom52 n to contemplate ! =ms ( wom54#fi ,buddhism reg>ds s5suality z altoge!r incompatible ) wisdom & hol9ess2 x is said t a wise man %\ld avoid m>ri$ life z if x 7 a burn+ pit ( live coals4#gj ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,buddha's "m1 :o 0 ! be/ & pure/ ( ! daught]s ( m51 _h no o!r sons1 & h] conception 0 due to sup]natural causes4#ga ,"o ( ! fundam5tal duties ( mona/ic life1 by an infr+em5t ( :i* ! guilty p]son br+s ab\t 8 inevitable expulsion f ,buddha's ord]1 is t an orda9$ monk may n h sexual int]c\rse1 n ev5 ) an animal4#gb ,9 ,tibet "s sects ( ! ,lamas are all[$ to m>ry1 b ^? :o d n are consid]$ m holy2 & 9 e sect ! nuns mu/ take a v[ ( absolute cont95ce4#gc ,! ,buddhi/ prie/s ( ,ceylon are totally deb>r$ f wom54#gd ,*9ese law enjo9s celibacy on all prie/s1 ,buddhi/ or ,ta\i/4#ge ,& among ! immortals ( #daj ,ta\ism !re are "s wom5 also1 :o h l$ an extraord9>ily ascetic life4#gf ,footnote #fe3 ,?ur/on1 ',an?ropology ( ! ,todas & ,kotas1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 i4 #afi1 #agj1 #aic4 ,riv]s1 ,todas1 pp4 #hj1 #ii1 #bcf4 ,footnote #ff3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,buddhism1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #fg3 ,dubois1 op4 cit4 p4 #acc4 ,cf4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #fh3 ,k]n1 ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #fi3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #gj3 ,dhammika-,sutta1 #ba1 quot$ by ,moni]-,williams1 ,buddhism1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ga3 ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,buddhism1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #gb3 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #cej sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,wilson1 ,abode ( ,sn[1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #gd3 ,p]cival1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cxiv4 p4 #aah4 ,m$hur/1 ',m>riage 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 iv4 #ah4 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #ec4 ,footnote #gf3 ,rville1 ,la ,religion ,*9oise1 p4 #dea sq4 ,a small class ( ,hebrews held ! idea t m>riage is impure4 ,! ,ess5es1 says ,josephus1 reject pleasure z an evil1 b e/eem cont95ce & ! conque/ ov] our passions to be virtue4 ,!y neglect w$lock4#gg ,?is doctr9e ex]cis$ no influ5ce on ,judaism1 b probably mu* ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,/4 ,paul consid]$ celibacy to be pref]able to m>riage4 ,he t give? h] 78 virg97 9 m>riage doe? well2 b he t give? h] n 9 m>riage doe? bett]4#gh ,x is good = a man n to t\* a woman4 ,nev]!less1 to avoid =nication1 let ea* man h 8 own wife1 & let ea* woman h h] own husb&4#gi ,if ! unm>ri$ & wid[s _c conta9 let !m m>ry1 = x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn4#hj ,^! & o!r passages#ha 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t inspir$ a g5]al en?usiasm = virg9ity4 ,comm5t+ on ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 ,t]tullian po9ts out t :at is bett] is n necess>ily good4 ,x is bett] to lose "o eye ?an two1 b nei!r is good2 s also1 ?\gh x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn1 x is f> bett] nei!r to m>ry nor to burn4#hb ,m>riage consi/s ( t :i* is ! ess5ce ( =nication2#hc :]eas cont95ce is a means :]eby a man w traffic 9 a mighty sub/ance ( sanctity4#hd ,! body :i* our ,"l wore & 9 :i* ,he c>ri$ on ! conflict ( life 9 ?is _w ,he put on f a holy virg92 & ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,paul1 & all ! o!rs ^: names are 9 ! book ( life#he *]i%$ & lov$ virg9ity4#hf ,virg9ity works miracles3 ,m>y1 ! si/] ( ,moses1 lead+ ! female b&1 pass$ on #daa foot ov] ! /raits ( ! sea1 & by ! same grace ,!cla 0 rev]5c$ ev5 by lions1 s t ! unf$ bea/s1 ly+ at ! feet ( _! prey1 und]w5t a holy fa/1 nei!r ) wanton look nor %>p claw v5tur+ to h>m ! virg94#hg ,virg9ity is l a spr+ fl[]1 always s(tly exhal+ immortality f its :ite petals4#hh ,! ,"l himself op5s ! k+doms ( ! heav5s to eunu*s4#hi ,if ,adam _h pres]v$ 8 ob$i5ce to ! ,creator he w\ld h liv$ = ev] 9 a /ate ( virg9 purity1 & "s h>mless mode ( vegetation w\ld h peopl$ p>adise ) a race ( innoc5t & immortal be+s4#ij ,x is true t1 ?\gh virg9ity is ! %orte/ way to ! camp ( ! fai?ful1 ! way ( matrimony also arrives !re1 by a long] circuit4#ia ,t]tullian himself oppos$ ! ,m>cionites1 :o prohibit$ m>riage among !mselves & compell$ ^? :o 7 m>ri$ to sep>ate be=e !y 7 receiv$ by baptism into ! community4#ib ,& 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ! ,c\ncil ( ,gangra expressly condemn$ anyone :o ma9ta9$ t m>riage prev5t$ a ,*ri/ian f ent]+ ! k+dom ( ,god4#ic ,b1 at ! end ( ! same c5tury1 a c\ncil also excommunicat$ ! monk ,jov9ian because he d5i$ t virg9ity 0 m m]itori\s ?an m>riage4#id ,! use ( m>riage 0 p]mitt$ to man only z a necess>y exp$i5t = ! cont9uance ( ! human species1 & z a re/ra9t1 #dab h[ev] imp]fect1 on ! natural lic5ti\sness ( desire4#ie ,! procreation ( *ildr5 is ! measure ( a ,*ri/ian's indulg5ce 9 appetite1 j z ! husb&man ?r[+ ! se$ into ! gr\nd awaits ! h>ve/1 n s[+ m ^u x4#if ,footnote #gg3 ,josephus1 ,de bello ,judaico1 ii4 #h4 #b4 ,see also ,sol9us1 ,collectanea r]um memorabilium1 xxxv4 #i sq4 ,footnote #gh3 #a ,cor9?ians1 vii4 #ch4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ibid4 vii4 #a sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,ibid4 vii4 #i4 ,footnote #ha3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xix4 #ab4 ,revelation1 xiv4 #d2 c4 ,footnote #hb3 ,t]tullian1 ,ad uxorem1 i4 #c 7,migne1 op4 cit4 i4 #abgh sq474 ,idem1 ,de monogamia1 #c 7,migne1 ii4 #icb sq474 ,footnote #hc3 ,idem1 ,de exhortatione ca/itatis1 #i 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ibe74 ,footnote #hd3 ,idem1 ,de exhortatione ca/itatis1 #aj 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ibe74 ,footnote #he3 ,philippians1 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #hf3 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,epi/ola ,i4 ad virg9es1 #f 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 i4 #cib74 ,footnote #hg3 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,epi/ola ,,lxiii4 #cd 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xvi4 #aaih sq474 ,footnote #hh3 ,me?odius1 ,convivium decem virg9um1 vii4 #a 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 xviii4 #abe74 ,footnote #hi3 ,t]tullian1 ,de monogamia1 #c 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #icb74 ,footnote #ij3 ,?is op9ion 0 held by ,gregory ( ,nyssa &1 9 a lat] "t1 by ,john ( ,damascus4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! human race 0 f ! beg9n+ propagat$ by means ( sexual int]c\rse1 b t su* int]c\rse 0 orig9ally free f all c>nal desire 7von ,eick51 ,ges*i*te d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 p4 #dcg sq42 see also ,gibbon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ii4 #ahf74 ,footnote #ia3 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,epi/ola ,,lxiii4 #dj 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xvi4 #abjj74 ,footnote #ib3 ,t]tullian1 ,adv]sus ,m>cionem1 i4 #a1 #bi2 iv4 #aa2 c4 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bdg1 #bhj sqq41 #chb74 ,idem1 ,de monogamia1 #a1 #ae 7,migne1 ii4 #ica1 #iej74 ,cf4 ,ir5aeus1 ,contra ,hreses1 i4 #bh4 #a 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 vii4 #fij sq472 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/romata1 iii4 #c 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 viii4 #aaac sqq474 ,footnote #ic3 ,concilium ,gangr5se1 c4 #a 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 ii4 #aajf74 ,footnote #id3 ,concilium ,m$iolan5se1 ,a4,d4 #cij 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #fhi sq474 ,footnote #ie3 ,/4 ,ju/91 ,apologia ,i4 pro ,*ri/ianis1 #bi 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 vi4 #cgc74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/romata1 ii4 #bc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 viii4 #ajhi74 ,gibbon1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ahf4 ,footnote #if3 ,a!nagoras1 ,legatio pro ,*ri/ianis1 #cc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 vi4 #iff74 ,^! op9ions l$ by degrees to ! obligatory celibacy ( ! secul> & regul> cl]gy4 ,! conviction t a second m>riage ( a prie/1 or ! m>riage ( a prie/ ) a wid[1 is unlawful1 seems to h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,*ur*2#ig & z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury a synod held 9 ,elvira 9 ,spa9 insi/$ on ! absolute cont95ce ( ! high] ecclesia/ics4#ih ,! celibacy ( ! cl]gy 9 g5]al 0 prescrib$ by ,gregory ,,vii41 :o look$ ) abhorr5ce on ! contam9ation ( ! holy sac]dotal "*1 ev5 9 its l[e/ degree1 by any sexual connection4 ,b 9 _m c\ntries ?is prescription 0 s /r5u\sly resi/$1 t x c\ld n be c>ri$ ?r\gh till late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#ii ,footnote #ig3 ,lea1 ,sac]dotal ,celibacy 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #cg4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #cbh sq4 ,footnote #ih3 ,concilium ,elib]itanum1 ,a4,d4 #cje1 *4 #cc 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aa73--,placuit 9 totum prohib]i episcopis1 presbyt]is1 et diaconibus1 vel omnibus cl]icis positis 9 m9i/]io1 ab/9]e se a conjugibus suis1 et non g5]>e filios3 quicumque v]o fec]it1 ab honore cl]icatus ext]m9etur4 ,footnote #ii3 ,giesel]1 ,text-,book ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ii4 #bge4 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #aej4 ,! practice ( religi\s celibacy may be trac$ to sev]al s\rces4 ,9 _m cases ! prie/ess is obvi\sly reg>d$ z m>ri$ to ! god :om %e is s]v+1 & is !re=e =bidd5 to m>ry anybody else4 ,9 anci5t ,p]u ! ,sun 0 ! husb& ( ! virg9s d$icat$ to him4#ajj ,!y 7 oblig$ to be ( ! same blood z _! consort1 t is to say1 daught]s ( ! ,incas4 ,= ?\gh !y imag9$ t ! ,sun _h *ildr51 !y consid]$ t !y ought n to be ba/>ds1 ) mix$ div9e & human blood4 ,s ! #dac virg9s 7 ( necessity legitimate & ( ! blood royal1 :i* 0 ! same z be+ ( ! family ( ! ,sun4#aja ,& ! crime ( violat+ ! virg9s d$icat$ to ! ,sun 0 ! same & puni%$ 9 ! same sev]e mann] z ! crime ( violat+ ! wom5 ( ! ,inca4#ajb ,conc]n+ ! prie/esses ( ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,major ,ellis rem>ks t ! reason = _! celibacy appe>s to be t a prie/ess belongs to ! god %e s]ves1 & !re=e _c become ! prop]ty ( a man1 z w\ld be ! case if %e m>ri$ "o4#ajc ,s also ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ reg>d ! wom5 d$icat$ to a god z 8 wives4#ajd ,9 ! great temple ( ,jupit] ,belus1 we are told1 a s+le woman us$ to sleep1 :om ! god _h *os5 = himself out ( all ! wom5 ( ! l&2 & x 0 believ$ t he came d[n 9 p]son to sleep ) h]4 ,?is1 ,h]odotus says1 is l ! /ory told by ! ,egyptians ( :at takes place 9 _! city ( ,!bes1 :]e a woman always passes ! night 9 ! temple ( ! ,!ban ,jupit]4 ,9 ea* case ! woman is said to be deb>r$ all int]c\rse ) m54#aje ,9 ! ,egyptian texts !re are frequ5t ref]5ces to ! div9e consort1 net] h4emt1 a position :i* 0 g5]ally occupi$ by ! rul+ que51 & ! k+ 0 believ$ to be ! (fspr+ ( su* a union4#ajf ,z ,plut>* /ates1 ! ,egyptians ?\ght x q possible = a woman to be impregnat$ by ! approa* ( "s div9e _s1 ?\gh !y d5i$ t a man c\ld h corporeal int]c\rse ) a goddess4#ajg ,nor 0 ! idea ( a nuptial relation betwe5 a woman & ! deity =eign to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,cyprian speaks ( wom5 :o _h no husb& & "l b ,*ri/1 ) :om !y liv$ 9 a spiritual matrimony--:o _h d$icat$ !mselves to ,*ri/1 &1 retir+ f c>nal #dad lu/1 v[$ !mselves to ,god 9 fle% & _s4#ajh ,9 ! foll[+ words he condemns ! cohabitation ( su* virg9s ) unm>ri$ ecclesia/ics1 "u ! pret5ce ( a purely spiritual connection3--,if a husb& come & see 8 wife ly+ ) ano!r man1 is he n indignant & madd5$1 & does he n 9 ! viol5ce ( 8 jeal\sy p]haps ev5 seize ! sword8 ,:at8 ,h[ indignant & ang]$ !n mu/ ,*ri/ our ,"l & ,judge be1 :5 ,he sees a virg91 d$icat$ to ,himself1 & consecrat$ to ,8 hol9ess1 ly+ ) a man6 & :at puni%m5ts does ,he ?reat5 aga9/ su* impure connections4 4 4 4 ,%e :o has be5 guilty ( ?is crime is an adult]ess1 n aga9/ a husb&1 b ,*ri/4#aji ,accord+ to ! gospel ( ,pseudo-,mat!w1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y _h 9 a simil> mann] d$icat$ h]self z a virg9 to ,god4#aaj ,! idea t ! deity is jeal\s ( ! *a/ity ( 8 or h] s]vants may also p]haps be at ! bottom ( ! ,greek cu/om accord+ to :i* ! hi]ophant & ! o!r prie/s ( ,demet] 7 re/ra9$ f conjugal int]c\rse & wa%$ _! bodies ) hemlock-juice 9 ord] to kill _! passions1#aaa z also ( ! rule :i* requir$ ! prie/s ( c]ta9 goddesses to be eunu*s4#aab ,footnote #ajj3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #big4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid4 i4 #bib4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 i4 #cjj4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 pp4 #adj1 #adb4 ,footnote #aje3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aha sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #bfh4 ,cf4 ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #bie sq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 iv4 #e4 ,idem1 ,symposiaca problemata1 viii4 #a4 #f sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,de habitu virg9um1 #d1 #bb 7,migne1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ddc1 #dfb74 ,cf4 ,me?odius1 ,convivium dec5t virg9um1 vii4 #a 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 xviii4 #abe74 ,footnote #aji3 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,epi/ola ,,lxii41 ad ,pomponium de virg9ibus1 #c sq4 7,migne1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cfh sqq474 ,see also ,ne&]1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ,*ur*1 i4 #cgh4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira decre$ t su* fall5 virg9s1 if !y refus$ to return back to _! =m] condition1 %\ld be d5i$ communion ev5 at ! mom5t ( dea? 7,concilium ,elib]itanum1 ,a4,d4 #cje1 *4 #ac ,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #h74 ,footnote #aaj3 ,gospel ( ,pseudo-,mat!w1 #h 7,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 xvi4 #be74 ,see also ,gospel ( ! ,nativity ( ,m>y1 #g 7ibid4 xvi4 #eg sq474 ,footnote #aaa3 ,wa*smu?1 ,hell5is*e ,alt]?umskunde1 ii4 #efj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,cf4 ,lactantius1 ,div9 ,in/itutiones1 i4 #ag 7,migne1 op4 cit4 vi4 #bjf73--;,deum mat] et amavit =mosum adolesc5tem1 et eumdem cum pellice depreh5sum exsectis virilibus semivirum r$didit2 et ideo nunc sacra ejus a ,gallis sac]dotibus celebrantur4 ,religi\s celibacy is fur!r connect$ ) ! idea t sexual int]c\rse is defil+4 ,9 ,efate1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 x is reg>d$ z some?+ unclean4#aac ,! ,tahitians believ$ t if a man refra9$ f all connections ) wom5 "s mon?s be=e dea?1 he pass$ #dae imm$iately into 8 et]nal mansion )\t any purification4#aad ,h]odotus writes3--,z (t5 z a ,babylonian has _h int]c\rse ) 8 wife1 he sits d[n be=e a c5s] ( burn+ inc5se1 & ! woman sits opposite to him4 ,at dawn ( day !y wa%2 = till !y are wa%$ !y w n t\* any ( _! common vessels4 ,?is practice is also obs]v$ by ! ,arabs4#aae ,among ! ,hebrews bo? ! man & woman _h to ba! !mselves 9 wat]1 & 7 unclean until ! ev54#aaf ,! idea t sexual int]c\rse is unclean implies t "s degree ( sup]natural dang] is connect$ ) x2#aag &1 z ,mr4 ,crawley has po9t$ out1 ! notion ( dang] may develop into t ( s9fulness4#aah ,:]e woman is reg>d$ z an unclean be+#aai x is obvi\s t int]c\rse ) h] %\ld be consid]$ pollut+1 b ?is is n a suffici5t explanation ( ! idea ( sexual uncleanness4 ,a pollut+ effect is ascrib$ to any dis*>ge ( sexual matt]#abj--orig9ally no d\bt on acc\nt ( its my/]i\s prop5sities & ! veil ( my/]y :i* surr\nds ! :ole sexual nature ( man4 ,footnote #aac3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #aad3 ,cook1 ,voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ii4 #afd4 ,footnote #aae3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aih4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,leviticus1 xv4 #ah4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! dang] attribut$ to sexual int]c\rse has be5 mu* emphasis$ by ,mr4 ,crawley 9 ,! ,my/ic ,rose4 ,see also ,we/]m>ck1 ,m>riage ,c]emonies 9 ,morocco4 ,footnote #aah3 ,crawley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #aai3 ,see supra1 i4 #ffc sqq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,gregory ,,iii41 ,judicia congrua poenit5tibus1 *4 #bd 7,labbe-,mansi1 op4 cit4 xii4 #bic73--;,9 somno peccans1 si ex cogitatione pollutus1 vig9ti duos psalmos cantet3 si 9 somno peccans s9e cogitatione1 duodecim psalmos cantet4 ,poenit5tiale ,pseudo-,!odori1 xxviii4 #be 7,wass]s*leb51 ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #fjj73--,qui 9 somno1 non voluntate1 pollutus sit1 surgat1 cantetque vii4 psalmos poenit5tiales4 ,cf4 ibid4 xxviii4 #f1 #cc 7,wass]s*leb51 p4 #eei sq474 ,! idea ( sexual defilem5t is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 connection ) religi\s obs]vances4 ,x is a common rule t he :o p]=ms a sacr$ act or ent]s a holy place mu/ be c]emonially clean1#aba & no k9d ( uncleanness is to be avoid$ m c>efully ?an sexual pollution4 ,among ! ,*ippewyans1 if a *ief is anxi\s to "k ! disposition ( 8 p t[>ds him1 or if he wi%es to settle any diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 he ann\nces 8 int5tion ( op5+ 8 m$ic9e-bag & smok+ 9 8 #daf sacr$ /em4 4 4 4 ,no "o c avoid att5d+ on ^! occasions2 b a p]son may att5d & be excus$ f assi/+ at ! c]emonies1 by ackn[l$g+ t he has n und]gone ! necess>y purification4 ,! hav+ cohabit$ ) 8 wife1 or any o!r woman1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs prec$+ ! c]emony1 r5d]s him unclean1 &1 consequ5tly1 disqualifies him f p]=m+ any "p ( x4#abb ,h]odotus tells u t ! ,egyptians1 l ! ,greeks1 made x a po9t ( religion to h no conv]se ) wom5 9 ! sacr$ places1 & n to ent] !m )\t wa%+1 aft] su* conv]se4#abc ,?is /atem5t is corroborat$ by a passage 9 ! ',book ( ! ,dead4'#abd ,9 ,greece#abe & ,india#abf ^? :o took "p 9 c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals 7 oblig$ to be cont95t = "s "t previ\sly4 ,be=e ent]+ ! sanctu>y ( ,mn ,tyrannos1 ^: wor%ip 0 ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! wor%ipp] _h to ab/a9 f g>lic1 pork1 & wom51 & _h to wa% 8 head4#abg ,among ! ,hebrews x 0 a duty incumb5t ^u all to be ritually clean be=e ent]+ ! temple--to be free f sexual defilem5t1#abh leprosy1#abi & ! pollution produc$ by ! association ) corpses ( human be+s1 ( all animals n p]mitt$ = food1 & ( ^? p]mitt$ animals :i* _h di$ a natural dea? or be5 kill$ by wild bea/s2#acj & eat+ ( ! consecrat$ bread 0 int]dict$ to p]sons :o _h n be5 cont95t = "s "t previ\sly4#aca ,a ,muhamm$an w\ld remove any defil$ g>m5t be=e he comm5ces 8 pray]1 or o!rwise ab/a9 f pray+ altoge!r2 he w\ld n d>e to approa* ! sanctu>y ( a sa9t 9 a /ate ( sexual uncleanness2 & sexual int]c\rse is =bidd5 = ^? :o make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4#acb #dag ,! ,*ri/ians prescrib$ /rict cont95ce z a prep>ation = baptism#acc & ! p>tak+ ( ! ,eu*>i/4#acd ,!y fur!r enjo9$ t no m>ri$ p]sons %\ld p>ticipate 9 any ( ! great fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* if ! night be=e !y _h la9 toge!r2#ace & 9 ! ',vision' ( ,alb]ic1 dat+ f ! twelf? c5tury1 a special place ( torture1 consi/+ ( a lake ( m+l$ lead1 pit*1 & res91 is repres5t$ z exi/+ 9 hell = ! puni%m5t ( m>ri$ p :o h _h int]c\rse on ,sundays1 *ur* fe/ivals1 or fa/-days4#acf ,!y ab/a9$ f ! m>riage-b$ at o!r times also1 :5 !y 7 dispos$ m freely to give !mselves to pray]4#acg ,newly m>ri$ c\ples 7 admoni%$ to practise cont95ce dur+ ! w$d+ day & ! night foll[+1 out ( rev]5ce = ! sacram5t2 & 9 "s in/ances _! ab/95ce la/$ ev5 = two or ?ree days4#ach ,footnote #aba3 ,see supra1 ii4 #bid1 #bie1 #ceb sq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 cii4 sq4 ,footnote #abc3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #fd4 ,footnote #abd3 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #bfi sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,wa*smu?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #efj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #abg3 ,f\c>t1 ,des associations religieuses *ez les ,grecs1 pp4 #aai1 #abc sq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,leviticus1 *s4 xii41 xv4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ibid4 *4 xiii4 sq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ibid4 xi4 #bd sqq42 xvii4 #ae4 ,numb]s1 xix4 #ad sqq4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #aca3 #a ,samuel1 xxi4 #d sq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,koran1 ii4 #aic4 ,footnote #acc3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de fide et op]ibus1 vi4 #h 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xl4 #bjb74 ,footnote #acd3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,epi/ola ,,xlviii4 #ae 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxii4 #eje sq474 ,footnote #ace3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #cbd4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,dialogi1 i4 #aj 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxxvii4 #bjj sq474 ,footnote #acf3 ,alb]icus1 ,visio1 *4 #e1 p4 #ag4 ,delepi]re1 ,l'enf] dcrit p> ceux qui l'ont vu1 p4 #eg sq4 ,on ?is subject see also ,mll]1 ,das sexuelle ,leb5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kulturvlk]1 pp4 #eb1 #ec1 #abj sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,epi/ola ,,xlviii4 #ae 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxii4 #eje74 ,fleury1 ,mann]s & ,behavi\r ( ! ,*ri/ians1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #ach3 ,muratori1 ,diss]tazioni sopra le anti*it italiane1 #bj1 vol4 i4 #cdg4 ,hol9ess is a delicate quality :i* is easily de/roy$ if any?+ pollut+ is br\ght into contact ) ! holy object or p]son4 ,! ,moors believe t if anybody :o is sexually unclean ent]s a gran>y ! gra9 w lose its b>aka1 or hol9ess4 ,a simil> idea probably und]lies ! belief preval5t among v>i\s peoples t incont95ce1 & especially illicit love1 injures ! h>ve/4#aci ,9 ,efate1 namim1 or uncleanness1 suppos$ to be contract$ 9 v>i\s em]g5cies1 0 especially avoid$ #dah by ! sacr$ m51 because x 0 believ$ to de/roy _! sacr$ness4#adj ,! prie/ly taboos1 ( :i* ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has giv5 su* an exhau/ive acc\nt 9 ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' h und\bt$ly 9 a l>ge measure a simil> orig94 ,nay1 x seems t pollution n only deprives ! holy p]son ( 8 hol9ess1 b is also suppos$ to injure him 9 a m positive way4 ,:5 ! supreme pontiff 9 ! k+dom ( ,congo left 8 resid5ce to visit o!r places )9 8 jurisdiction1 all m>ri$ p _h to obs]ve /rict cont95ce ! :ole "t he 0 out1 z x 0 believ$ t any act ( incont95ce w\ld prove fatal to him4#ada ,9 self-def5ce1 !re=e1 gods & holy p]sons try to prev5t pollut$ individuals f approa*+ !m1 & _! wor%ipp]s are naturally anxi\s to d ! same4 ,b ap>t f ! res5tm5t :i* ! sacr$ be+ w\ld feel aga9/ ! defil]1 x appe>s t hol9ess is suppos$ to react q me*anically aga9/ pollution1 to ! de/ruction or discom=t ( ! pollut$ individual4 ,all ,moors are conv9c$ t anyone :o 9 a /ate ( sexual uncleanness d>$ to visit a sa9t's tomb w\ld be /ruck by ! sa9t2 b ! ,arabs ( ,dukkla1 9 ,s\!rn ,morocco1 also believe t if an unclean p]son rides a horse "s accid5t w happ5 to him on acc\nt ( ! b>aka ) :i* ! horse is end[$4 ,x %\ld fur!r be notic$ t1 ow+ to ! injuri\s effect ( pollution ^u hol9ess1 an act g5]ally reg>d$ z sacr$ w\ld1 if p]=m$ by an unclean individual1 lack t magic efficacy :i* o!rwise w\ld be ascrib$ to x4 ,muhamm$ repres5t$ c]emonial cleanl9ess z "o-half ( ! fai? & ! key ( pray]4#adb ,! ,moors say t a scribe is afraid ( evil spirits only :5 he is sexually unclean1 because !n 8 recit+ ( passages ( ! ,koran--! mo/ p[]ful weapon aga9/ su* spirits--w\ld be ( no avail4 ,! ,syrian philosoph] ,jambli*us #dai speaks ( ! belief t ! gods d n he> him :o invokes !m1 if he is impure f v5]eal connections4#adc ,a simil> notion prevail$ among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians2 ) ref]5ce to a passage 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ! ,cor9?ians1#add ,t]tullian rem>ks t ! ,apo/le add$ ! recomm5dation ( a tempor>y ab/95ce = ! sake ( add+ an efficacy to pray]s4#ade ,to ! same class ( beliefs belongs ! notion t a sacrificial victim %\ld be clean & )\t blemi%4#adf ,! ,*ib*as ( ,bogota consid]$ t ! mo/ valuable sacrifice !y c\ld (f] 0 t ( a y\? :o _h nev] _h int]c\rse ) a woman4#adg ,footnote #aci3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bji sqq4 ,?is is 9 my op9ion a m natural explanation ?an ! "o sugge/$ by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 namely1 t uncivilis$ man imag9es t ! vig\r :i* he refuses to exp5d 9 reproduc+ 8 own k9d1 w =m z x 7 a /ore ( en]gy :]eby o!r creatures1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 w someh[ b5efit 9 propagat+ _! species4 ,?is !ory entirely fails to acc\nt = ! fact t illicit love1 by pref]5ce1 is suppos$ to m> ! f]tility ( ! e>? & to blight ! crops--a belief :i* is 9 full accordance ) my own explanation1 9 s f> z su* love is consid]$ p>ticul>ly pollut+4 ,footnote #adj3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #ada3 ,labat1 ,relation hi/orique de l',e?iopie occid5tale1 i4 #bei sq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #adc3 ,jambli*us1 ,de my/]iis1 iv4 #aa4 ,footnote #add3 #a ,cor9?ians1 vii4 #e4 ,footnote #ade3 ,t]tullian1 ,de exhortatione ca/itatis1 #aj 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ibf74 ,footnote #adf3 ,see supra1 ii4 #bie sq4 ,footnote #adg3 ,simon1 quot$ by ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iv4 #cfc4 ,see infra1 ,additional ,notes4 ,if c]emonial cleanl9ess is requir$ ev5 ( ! ord9>y wor%ipp] x is all ! m indisp5sable 9 ! case ( a prie/2#adh & ( all k9ds ( uncleanness none is to be m c>efully avoid$ ?an sexual pollution4 ,sometimes admission into ! prie/hood is to be prec$$ by a p]iod ( cont95ce4#adi ,9 ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s no "o c\ld become a prie/ )\t hav+ liv$ *a/ely = sev]al ye>s previ\sly4#aej ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ m5 & wom51 9 ord] to become memb]s ( ! prie/hood1 h to pass ?r\gh a long novitiate1 g5]ally f two to ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y live 9 retirem5t & are in/ruct$ by ! prie/s 9 ! secrets ( ! craft2 & ! p believe t1 dur+ ?is p]iod ( retirem5t & /udy1 ! novices mu/ keep _! bodies pure1 & refra9 f all comm]ce ) ! o!r sex4#aea ,! ,hui*ols ( ,mexico1 aga91 are ( op9ion t a man :o wi%es to become a %aman mu/ be fai?ful to 8 wife = five ye>s1 & t1 if he violates ?is rule1 he is sure to be tak5 ill & w lose ! p[] ( heal+4#aeb ,9 anci5t ,mexico ! prie/s1 all #dbj ! "t t !y 7 employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple1 ab/a9$ f all o!r wom5 b _! wives1 & ev5 affect$ s mu* mode/y & res]ve1 t :5 !y met a woman !y fix$ _! eyes on ! gr\nd t !y might n see h]4 ,any incont95ce among/ ! prie/s 0 sev]ely puni%$4 ,! prie/ :o1 at ,teohuacan1 0 convict$ ( hav+ violat$ 8 *a/ity1 0 deliv]$ up by ! prie/s to ! p1 :o at night kill$ him by ! ba/9ado4#aec ,among ! ,kotas ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills ! prie/s--:o1 unlike ! dairym5 ( _! ,toda neighb\rs are n celibates--are at ! great fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,kamat>aya =bidd5 to live or hold int]c\rse ) _! wives = fe> ( pollution1 & are !n ev5 oblig$ to cook _! meals !mselves4#aed ,x seems t1 accord+ to ! ,anatolian religion1 m>ri$ hi]oi _h to sep>ate f _! wives dur+ ! p]iod !y 7 s]v+ at ! temple4#aee ,! ,hebrew prie/ %\ld avoid all un*a/ity2 he 0 n all[$ to m>ry a h>lot1 or a pr(ane1 or a divorc$ wife1#aef & ! high-prie/ 0 also =bidd5 to m>ry a wid[4#aeg ,nay1 ev5 9 a prie/'s daught] un*a/ity 0 puni%$ ) excessive sev]ity1 because %e _h pr(an$ h] fa!r2 %e 0 to be burn$4#aeh ,footnote #adh3 ,cf4 supra1 ii4 #ceb sq4 ,footnote #adi3 ,cf4 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah sqq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 #chg4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 ii4 #bcf4 ,footnote #aec3 ,clavig]o1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aed3 ,?ur/on1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 i4 #aic4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ramsay1 ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 #acf1 #acg1 #aej sq4 ,footnote #aef3 ,leviticus1 xxi4 #g4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ibid4 xxi4 #ad4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,ibid4 xxi4 #i4 ,c>ri$ fur!r1 ! idea und]ly+ all ^! rules & practices l$ to ! notions t celibacy is m pleas+ to ,god ?an m>riage1#aei & t x is a religi\s duty = ^? memb]s ( ! community ^: special (fice is to att5d to ! sacr$ cult4 ,= a nation l ! ,jews1 ^: ambition 0 to live & to multiply1 celibacy c\ld nev] become an ideal2 :]eas ! ,*ri/ians1 :o pr(ess$ ! mo/ p]fect indiff]5ce to all e>?ly matt]s1 f\nd no difficulty 9 glorify+ a /ate :i*1 h[ev] oppos$ x 0 to ! int]e/s ( ! race & ! nation1 made m5 pre-em95tly fit to approa* _! god4 ,inde$1 #dba f> f be+ a b5efit to ! k+dom ( ,god by propagat+ ! species1 sexual int]c\rse 0 on ! contr>y detrim5tal to x by be+ ! great transmitt] ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 0 ( a comp>atively late orig94 ,pelagius himself almo/ rivall$ ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 praise ( virg9ity1 :i* he consid]$ ! great te/ ( t /r5g? ( free-w :i* he ass]t$ to be at mo/ only weak5$ by ! fall ( ,adam4#afj ,footnote #aei3 ,cf4 supra1 ii4 #ceh4 ,footnote #afj3 ,milman1 op4 cit4 i4 #aea1 #aec4 ,religi\s celibacy is1 moreov]1 enjo9$ or comm5d$ z a means ( self-mortification suppos$ to appease an angry god1 or ) a view to rais+ ! spiritual nature ( man by suppress+ "o ( ! /ronge/ ( all s5sual appetites4 ,?us we f9d 9 v>i\s religions celibacy side by side ) o!r ascetic obs]vances practis$ = simil> purposes4 ,among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ^? "y wom5 :o took a v[ ( *a/ity did n look ^u virg9ity z any ?+ if x 7 n att5d$ ) great mortification1 ) sil5ce1 retirem5t1 pov]ty1 lab\r1 fa/+s1 wat*+s1 & cont9ual pray+4 ,!y 7 n e/eem$ z virg9s :o w\ld n d5y !mselves ! common div]sions ( ! _w1 ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t4#afa ,t]tullian enum]ates virg9ity1 wid[hood1 & ! mode/ re/ra9t 9 secret on ! m>riage-b$ among ^? fragrant (f]+s acceptable to ,god :i* ! fle% p]=ms to its own especial suff]+4#afb ,f9ally1 x 0 argu$ t m>riage prev5ts a p]son f s]v+ ,god p]fectly1 because x induces him to occupy himself too mu* ) worldly ?+s4#afc ,?\gh n contr>y to ! act ( *>ity or ! love ( ,god1 says ,?omas ,aqu9as1 x is nev]!less an ob/acle to x4#afd ,?is 0 "o1 b c]ta9ly n ! only1 cause ( ! obligatory celibacy :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* impos$ ^u h] cl]gy4 ,footnote #afa3 ,fleury1 op4 cit4 p4 #abh sq4 ,footnote #afb3 ,t]tullian1 ,de resurrectione c>nis1 #h 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hjf74 ,footnote #afc3 ,v9c5tius ,bellovac5sis1 ,speculum naturale1 xxx4 #dc4 ,see also von ,eick51 op4 cit4 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #afd3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #ahd4 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,free ,,love--,,adult]y ,,h>dly less v>iable ?an ! moral ideas relat+ to m>riage are ^? conc]n+ sexual relations ( a non-matrimonial "*4 ,among _m uncivilis$ peoples bo? sexes enjoy p]fect fre$om previ\s to m>riage1 & 9 "s cases x is consid]$ almo/ di%on\rable = a girl to h no lov]4 ,! ,ea/ ,african ,b>ea & ,kunma d n reg>d x z 9 ! lea/ disreputable = a girl to become pregnant1 nor d !y puni% nor c5sure ! s$uc]4#a ,among ! ,wanyoro x con/antly happ5s t "y girls sp5d ! night ) _! lov]s1 only return+ to _! fa!r's h\se 9 ! morn+1 & ?is is n consid]$ sc&al\s49999#b ,! ,wadigo reg>d x z disgraceful1 or at lea/ z ridicul\s1 = a girl to ent] into m>riage z a virg94#c ,among ! ,bakongo1 womanly *a/ity is unkn[n1 & a woman's hon\r is measur$ by ! price %e co/s4#d ,ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 says ,sir ,h4 ,john/on1 be=e a girl is become a woman 7t is to say be=e %e is able to conceive7 x is a matt] ( absolute indiff]5ce :at %e does1 & sc>cely any girl rema9s a virg9 aft] ab\t five ye>s ( age4#e ,among ! ,b>onga l'op9ion publique se moque des g5s cont95ts plus qu'elle ne les admire4#f ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,w>n]1 s$uction ( virg9s1 & cohabit+ ) unm>ri$ wom5 & #dbc wid[s1 are n puni%able by ,kafir law1 nei!r does any disgrace atta* to ei!r sex by committ+ su* acts4#g ,9 ,madagasc> cont95ce is n suppos$ to exi/ 9 ei!r sex be=e m>riage1 4 4 4 & its abs5ce is n reg>d$ z a vice4#h ,among ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& girls 7 at p]fect lib]ty to act z !y pleas$ until m>ri$1 & *a/ity 9 s+le wom5 0 held ( little acc\nt4#i ,9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s unm>ri$ wom5 might be/[ _! fav\rs ^u :omsoev] !y pleas$ )\t any opprobrium1 al?\gh x 0 ?\ght %ameful = a woman frequ5tly to *ange h] lov]4#aj ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s female *a/ity is a virtue t w\ld s\nd /rangely 9 ! e> ( ! native2 & 9 ,/4 ,*ri/oval & ! adjac5t isl&s1 = two or ?ree ye>s aft] a girl has become eligible = m>riage %e di/ributes h] fav\rs among/ all ! "y m5 ( ! village4#aa ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago int]c\rse betwe5 unm>ri$ p is v commonly consid]$ nei!r a crime nor a disgrace2#ab & ! same is p]haps ev5 m g5]ally ! case among ! uncivilis$ races ( ,india & ,indo-,*9a4#ac ,among ! ,angami ,nagas1 = in/ance1 girls consid] %ort hair1 ! symbol ( virg9ity1 a disgrace1 & are anxi\s to become entitl$ to we> x long2 m5 are desir\s be=e m>riage to h pro( t _! wives w n be b>r54 4 4 4 ,*a/ity beg9s ) m>riage4#ad ,! ,jakuts see no?+ immoral 9 free love1 provid$ only t nobody suff]s mat]ial loss by x4#ae ,among ! ,votyaks x is disgraceful = a girl to be little s\ght aft] by ! "y m51 & x is hon\rable = h] to h *ildr52 %e !n gets a weal?i] husb&1 & a high] price is paid = h] to h] fa!r4#af ,! ,kam*adales set no great value on ! virg9ity ( _! brides4#ag ,( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo ,mr4 ,murdo* writes3--,z to ! relations betwe5 ! sexes !re seems to be ! mo/ complete abs5ce ( :at we consid] moral feel+s4 ,promiscu\s sexual #dbd int]c\rse betwe5 m>ri$ or unm>ri$ p1 or ev5 among *ildr51 appe>s to be look$ ^u simply z a matt] = amusem5t4 ,z f> z we c\ld le>n1 un*a/ity 9 a girl 0 consid]$ no?+ aga9/ h]4 ,! immorality ( ^! p among !mselves1 z we witness$ x1 seems too purely animal & natural to be ( rec5t gr[? or ! result ( =eign influ5ce4 ,moreov]1 a simil> /ate ( affairs has be5 obs]v$ among ,eskimo else:]e4#ah ,footnote #a3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ebd4 ,footnote #b3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hb4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bjh 7,monbuttu74 ,footnote #c3 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #d3 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #dje4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid4 p4 #dji1 note4 ,footnote #f3 ,junod1 ,les ,ba-,ronga1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #g3 ,w>n]1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #h3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #acg sq4 ,footnote #i3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #cc4 ,gisborne1 ,colony ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #agd4 ,footnote #aa3 ,guppy1 ,solomon ,isl&s1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,wilk51 ',ple*tigh$5 en gebruik5 bij v]lov+5 en huwelijk5 bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1' 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal- l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 s]4 v4 vol4 iv4 #dcd sqq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ga4 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 i4 p4 clxxxiv4 ,footnote #ad3 ,pra91 ',angami ,nagas1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 v4 #dia sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,sumn]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxi4 #if4 ,footnote #af3 ,bu*1 ',die ,wotjk51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 xii4 #eji4 ,footnote #ag3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #aef4 ,footnote #ah3 ,murdo*1 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dai sq4 ,see also ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahi 7,koksoagmyut72 ,p>ry1 ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 p4 #ebi 7,eskimo ( ,igloolik & ,w9t] ,isl&74 ,yet h[ev] commonly *a/ity is disreg>d$ 9 ! savage _w1 we mu/ n suppose t su* disreg>d is any?+ l a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] races4 ,9 a previ\s "w ,i h giv5 a li/ ( num]\s savage & b>b>\s peoples among :om un*a/ity be=e m>riage is look$ ^u z a disgrace or a crime = a woman1 sometimes puni%able ) bani%m5t f ! community or ev5 ) dea?2#ai & x is notewor?y t to ?is gr\p ( peoples belong savages ( s l[ a type z ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1#bj ! ,igorrotes ( ,luzon1#ba & c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes4#bb ,i h also call$ att5tion to facts :i* seem to prove t 9 sev]al cases ! wantonness ( savages is l>gely due to =eign influ5ce4 ,! pione]s ( a high] civilisation are v frequ5tly unm>ri$ m5 :o g out to make _! liv+ 9 uncivilis$ l&s1 &1 ?\gh unwill+ to contract regul> m>riages ) native wom51 !y h no objection to corrupt+ _! morals4#bc ,moreov]1 9 _m tribes ! #dbe free int]c\rse :i* prevails betwe5 unm>ri$ p is n ( a promiscu\s nature1 & leads necess>ily to m>riage %\ld ! girl prove ) *ild4#bd ,nay1 among v>i\s uncivilis$ races n only ! girl1 b ! man :o s$uces h] is subject to puni%m5t or c5sure4 ,footnote #ai3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #fa sqq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #agh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,mey]1 ',igorrotes von ,luzon1' 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 f4 ,an?rop4 #ahhc1 p4 #chd sq4 ,blum5tritt1 ,e?nographie d] ,philipp951 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #bb3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #fd sq4 ,hold51 9 ,tapl91 ,folklore ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #bc3 ,x is /range to he> f a mod]n /ud5t ( an?ropology1 & especially f an ,au/ralian writ]1 t 9 sexual lic5ce ! savage has nev] any?+ to le>n & t all t ! l[] fr+e ( civilis$ m5 c d to h>m ! uncivilis$ is to /oop to ! level ( ! latt] in/ead ( tea*+ !m a bett] way 7,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 i4 #ahf74 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,/eph5s 7',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,royal ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 xxiii4 #dhj7 has a v diff]5t /ory to tell ) ref]5ce to ! tribes :i* once inhabit$ ! ,adelaide ,pla9s 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia & ^: acqua9tance he made m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,footnote #bd3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bc1 #bd1 #ga4 ,among ! ,ea/ ,african ,takue a s$uc] may h to pay ! same sum z if he _h kill$ ! girl1 al?\gh ! f9e is g5]ally r$uc$ to fifty c[s4#be ,among ! ,b5i ,am] & ,m>ea he is kill$1 toge!r ) ! girl & ! *ild4#bf ,9 ,tessaua a f9e ( #ajj1jjj kurdi is impos$ on ! fa!r ( a ba/>d *ild4#bg ,among ! ,b5i ,mzab a man :o s$uces a girl has to pay two hundr$ francs & is bani%$ = f\r ye>s4#bh ,among ! ,t$ he is expos$ to ! rev5ge ( h] fa!r4#bi ,! ,baziba look ^u illegitimate int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes z ! mo/ s]i\s (f5ce1 ?\gh no action is tak5 until ! bir? ( a *ild2 !n ! man & woman are b\nd h& & foot & ?r[n into ,lake ,victoria4#cj ,among ! ,bakoki1 :il/ ! girl 0 driv5 f home & rema9$ = ev] aft] an outca/1 ! man 0 f9$ ?ree c[s to h] fa!r & "o to ! *ief4#ca ,c]ta9 ,we/ ,african savages describ$ by ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade1 :o bani% f ! clan a girl guilty ( wantonness1 inflict sev]e flogg+ on ! s$uc]4#cb ,9 ,dahomey a man :o s$uces a girl is compell$ by law to m>ry h] & to pay eighty c[ries to ! p>5t or ma/]4#cc ,among "s ,kafir tribes ! fa!r or gu>dian ( a woman :o becomes pregnant c dem& a f9e ( "o head ( cattle f ! fa!r ( ! *ild2#cd :il/ 9 ! ,gaika tribe ! m]e s$uction ( a virg9 incurs ! f9e ( ?ree or f\r head ( cattle4#ce ,casalis m5tions an int]e/+ cu/om preval5t among ! ,basutos1 :i* on ! "o h& illu/rates ! belief t sexual int]c\rse 9 c]ta9 circum/ances exposes a p]son to sup]natural dang]1 & on ! o!r h& indicates t un*a/ity 9 unm>ri$ m5 is n look$ ^u ) p]fect indiff]5ce3--,imm$iately aft] ! bir? ( a *ild ! fire ( ! dwell+ 0 k9dl$ afre%4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 necess>y t a "y man ( *a/e habits %\ld rub two #dbf pieces ( wood quickly "o aga9/ ano!r1 until a flame sprung up1 pure z himself4 ,x 0 firmly believ$ t a premature dea? await$ him :o %\ld d>e to take ^u himself ?is (fice1 aft] hav+ lo/ 8 innoc5ce4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z a bir? 0 proclaim$ 9 ! village1 ! fa!rs took _! sons to und]go ! ordeal4 ,^? :o felt !mselves guilty confess$ _! crime1 & submitt$ to be sc\rg$ r ?an expose !mselves to ! consequ5ces ( a fatal tem]ity4#cf ,liv+/one1 speak+ ( ! good "n :i* 0 giv5 to him by ! ,bakwa9s1 obs]ves3--,no "o ev] ga9s mu* influ5ce 9 ?is c\ntry )\t purity & uprightness4 ,! acts ( a /rang] are ke5ly scrut9is$ by bo? "y & old1 & seldom is ! judgm5t pron\nc$1 ev5 by ! hea!n1 unfair or un*>itable4 ,i h he>d wom5 speak+ 9 admiration ( a :ite man1 because he 0 pure1 & nev] 0 guilty ( any secret immorality4 ,_h he be51 !y w\ld h kn[n x1 &1 untutor$ hea!n ?\gh !y be1 w\ld h despis$ him 9 consequ5ce4#cg ,footnote #be3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #bg3 ,b>?1 ,reis5 9 ,nord- und ,c5tral-,afrika1 ii4 #ah4 ,footnote #bh3 ,*avanne1 ,die ,sah>a1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #bi3 ,na*tigal1 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 i4 #ddi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #cc3 ,=bes1 ,dahomey1 i4 #bf4 ,footnote #cd3 ,w>n]1 9 ,maclean1 op4 cit4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ce3 ,br[nlee1 ibid4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #cf3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bfg sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #eac4 ,( ! ,au/ralian ,m>\ra tribe1 ,l[] ,d>l+1 we are told t be=e ! adv5t ( ! :ites _! laws 7 /rict1 especially ^? reg>d+ "y m5 & "y wom54 ,x 0 almo/ dea? to a "y lad or man :o _h sexual int]c\rse till m>ri$4#ch ,among v>i\s tribes 9 ,we/]n ,victoria illegitimacy is r>e1 & is look$ ^u ) su* abhorr5ce t ! "m is always sev]ely beat5 by h] relatives1 & sometimes put to dea? & burn$4 ,h] *ild is occasionally kill$ & burn$ ) h]4 ,! fa!r ( ! *ild is also puni%$ ) ! greate/ sev]ity1 & occasionally kill$4#ci ,footnote #ch3 ,hold51 9 ,tapl91 ,folklore ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ci3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #bh4 ,9 ,nias ! pregnancy ( an unm>ri$ girl is puni%$ ) dea?1 inflict$ n only ^u h] b ^u ! s$uc] z well4#dj ,among ! ,bd & ,dhimls ( ,india *a/ity is priz$ 9 man & woman1 m>ri$ & unm>ri$4#da ,among ! ,tunguses 9 irregul> am\rs only ! m5 are puni%$1 ! s$uc] be+ oblig$ ei!r to pur*ase ! girl at a c]ta9 price or1 if he refuses1 to submit to corporal puni%m5t4#db ,among ! ,?l9kets1 if unm>ri$ wom5 prove frail ! p>tn] ( _! guilt1 if discov]$1 is b\nd to make rep>ation to ! p>5ts1 soo?+ _! w\nd$ hon\r ) h&some #dbg pres5ts4#dc ,9 c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican tribes ! s$uc] is said to be view$ ) ev5 m contempt ?an ! girl :om he has di%on\r$4#dd ,footnote #dj3 ,wilk51 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal- l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 s]4 v4 vol4 iv4 #ddd4 ,footnote #da3 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abc4 ,footnote #db3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #hd4 ,footnote #dc3 ,d\glas1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff4 ,pass+ to m advanc$ races1 we f9d t *a/ity is reg>d$ z a duty = unm>ri$ wom51 :il/ a diff]5t /&>d ( morality is g5]ally appli$ to m54 ,confucianism1 says ,mr4 ,griffis1 virtually admits two /&>ds ( morality1 "o = man1 ano!r = woman4 4 4 4 ,*a/ity is a female virtue1 x is a "p ( womanly duty1 x has little or no relation to man p]sonally4#de ,yet x is held up z an ideal ev5 to m54 ,x is said t 9 y\?1 :5 ! physical p[]s are n yet settl$1 ! sup]ior man gu>ds aga9/ lu/4#df ,?\gh lic5ti\s 9 _! habits1 ! ,*9ese exalt & dignify *a/ity z a means ( br++ ! s\l & body ne>] to ! highe/ excell5ce2#dg "o ( _! prov]bs ev5 ma9ta9s t ( ! myriad vices1 lu/ is ! wor/4#dh ,*a/ity = its own sake1 :5 def5d$ by a woman at ! exp5se ( h] life1 meets ) a rew>d at ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,if a woman--s ! ,ord9ances run--be compell$ by h] husb& to pro/itute h]self = money1 & takes h] own life 9 ord] to pres]ve h] *a/ity1 or if an unm>ri$ virg9 loses h] life 9 def5d+ h]self aga9/ violation1 an honor>y gate %all be erect$ 9 ea* case ne> ! door ( ! pat]nal dwell+4#di ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 crim9al int]c\rse by mutual cons5t ) an unm>ri$ woman %all be puni%$ ) sev5ty bl[s1 :il/ ! puni%m5t = su* int]c\rse ) a m>ri$ woman is eighty bl[s4#ej ,footnote #de3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #df3 ,lun ,y1 xvi4 #g4 ,footnote #dg3 ,wells ,williams1 ,middle ,k+dom1 ii4 #aic4 ,footnote #dh3 ,smi?1 ,prov]bs ( ! ,*9ese1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #di3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #geb sq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 ccclxvi4 p4 #djd4 ,among ! anci5t ,hebrews =nication 0 =bidd5 to wom5#ea b n to m54 ,! action ( ,judah t[>ds ! suppos$ h>lot on ! way to ,timna? is m5tion$ #dbh z ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w1#eb ev5 ?\gh ! p]petrator 0 a man ( weal? & position1 a man :om 8 bre?r5 %all praise & be=e :om 8 fa!r's *ildr5 %all b[ d[n4#ec ,?r\gh\t ! ,muhamm$an _w *a/ity is reg>d$ z an ess5tial duty = a woman4#ed ,9 ,p]sia an unm>ri$ girl :o gave bir? to a *ild w\ld surely be kill$4#ee ,among ! ,fellahe5 ( ,egypt a fa!r or bro!r 9 mo/ in/ances puni%es an unm>ri$ daught] or si/] :o has be5 guilty ( incont95ce by ?r[+ h] into ! ,nile ) a /one ti$ to h] neck1 or cutt+ h] to pieces1 & !n ?r[+ h] rema9s into ! riv]4#ef ,among ! ,jbla & ,rif ,b]b]s ( ,morocco %e is also frequ5tly kill$4 ,= unm>ri$ m51 on ! o!r h&1 *a/ity is by ,muhamm$ans at mo/ look$ ^u z an ideal1 almo/ out ( rea*4 ,! ,caliph ,ali said t ) a man :o is mode/ & *a/e nobody %\ld f9d fault4#eg ,we are told t ! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india consid] x inconceivable t a ,moslem %\ld h illicit int]c\rse ) a free ,muhamm$an woman2#eh b connections ) slave girls are reg>d$ 9 a diff]5t light4 ,footnote #ea3 ,leviticus1 xix4 #bi4 ,deut]onomy1 xxiii4 #ah4 ,footnote #eb3 ,g5esis1 xxxviii4 #ae sqq4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid4 xlix4 #h4 ,footnote #ed3 ,burton1 ,s9dh1 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #ee3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #bag4 ,footnote #ef3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #eg3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,lane-,poole1 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 p4 #ajf4 ,among ! ,h9dus sexual impurity is sc>cely consid]$ a s9 9 ! m51 b 9 females no?+ is held m execrable or abom9able4 ,! unhappy inhabitants ( h\ses ( ill fame are look$ ^u z ! mo/ degrad$ ( ! human species4#ei ,9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts cont95ce is recomm5d$ f ! po9t ( view ( prud5ce3--,commit no lu/fulness1 s t h>m & regret may n rea* !e f ?9e own actions4#fj ,b 9 ,zoroa/rianism1 also1 *a/ity is *iefly a female duty4 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,ave/a1 ,any woman t has giv5 up h] body to two m5 9 "o day is soon] to be kill$ ?an a wolf1 a lion1 or a snake4#fa ,footnote #ei3 ,calcutta ,review1 ii4 #bc4 ,dubois1 ,description ( ! ,"*1 c4 ( ! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #aic4 ,cf4 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #ea sq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 ii4 #bc sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 #bjf1 n4 #a4 #dbi ,among ! anci5t ,teutons an unm>ri$ woman :o belong$ to an hon\rable family 0 sev]ely puni%$ = go+ wrong1 & ! s$uc] 0 expos$ to ! rev5ge ( h] family1 or _h to pay comp5sation = 8 de$4#fb ,! yet un-,romanis$ ,saxons1 d[n to ! days ( ,/4 ,boniface1 compell$ a maid5 :o _h di%on\r$ h] fa!r's h\se1 z well z an adult]ess1 to hang h]self1 aft] :i* h] body 0 burn$ & h] p>am\r hung ov] ! blaz+ pile2 or %e 0 sc\rg$ or cut ) knives by all ! wom5 ( ! village till %e 0 dead4#fc ,footnote #fb3 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fei sqq4 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #gii sqq4 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #fg4 ,maur]1 ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes1 ii4 #aed4 ,footnote #fc3 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #ed4 ,9 ,greece ! *a/ity ( an unm>ri$ girl 0 anxi\sly gu>d$4#fd ,accord+ to ,a!nian law1 ! relatives ( a maid5 :o _h lo/ h] virtue c\ld ) impunity kill ! s$uc] on ! spot4#fe ,virg9ity 0 an object ( wor%ip4 ,*a/ity 0 ! pre-em95t attribute ( sanctity ascrib$ to ,a!ne & ,artemis1 & ! ,p>!non1 or virg9's temple1 0 ! noble/ religi\s edifice ( ,a!ns4#ff ,x is true t a c]ta9 class ( c\rtesans occupi$ a rem>kably high position 9 ! social life ( ,greece1 be+ admir$ & s\ght aft] ev5 by ! pr9cipal m54 ,b !y did s on acc\nt ( _! extraord9>y beauty or _! intellectual sup]iority2 to ! ,greek m9d ! moral /&>d 0 by no means ! only /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d$ ! c\rtesan class ) mu* contempt4#fg ,9 ,a4,d4 #ai ! pr(ligacy ( wom5 0 *eck$ by /r+5t enactm5ts1 & x 0 provid$ t no woman ^: gr&fa!r1 fa!r1 or husb& _h be5 a ,roman knight %\ld get money by pro/itution4 #fh ,! names ( pro/itutes _h to be publi%$ on ! a$ile's li/1 z ,tacitus says1 accord+ to a recognis$ cu/om #dcj ( our ance/ors1 :o consid]$ x a suffici5t puni%m5t on un*a/e wom5 to h to pr(ess _! %ame4#fi ,b bo? 9 ,rome & ,greece pre-nuptial un*a/ity 9 m51 :5 x 0 n excessive#gj or did n take "s especially (f5sive =m1 0 h>dly c5sur$ by public op9ion4#ga ,! eld] ,cato expressly ju/ifi$ x4#gb ,cic]o says3--,if !re be any "o :o ?9ks t y\? is to be :olly int]dict$ f am\rs ) c\rtesans1 he c]ta9ly is v /rict inde$4 ,i _c d5y :at he says2 b /ill he is at v>iance n only ) ! lic5ce ( ! pres5t age1 b ev5 ) ! habits ( our ance/ors1 & ) :at !y us$ to consid] all[able4 ,= :5 0 ! "t t m5 7 n us$ to act 9 ?is mann]8 ,:5 0 su* conduct f\nd fault )8 ,:5 0 x n p]mitt$8 ,:51 9 %ort1 0 ! "t :5 t :i* is lawful 0 n lawful8#gc ,epictetus only w5t a little /ep fur!r4 ,he said to 8 disciples3--,conc]n+ sexual pleasures1 x is "r to be pure be=e m>riage1 z mu* z 9 y lies4 ,b if y indulge 9 !m1 let x be accord+ to :at is lawful4 ,b d n 9 any case make y\rself disagreeable to ^? :o use su* pleasures1 nor be fond ( reprov+ !m1 nor ( putt+ y\rself =w>d z n us+ !m4#gd ,"h *a/ity 9 m5 is at all ev5ts recognis$ z an ideal4 ,b ev5 9 pagan antiquity !re 7 a few :o enjo9$ x z a duty4#ge ,musonius ,rufus emphatically ass]t$ t no union ( ! sexes o!r ?an m>riage 0 p]missible1#gf & ,dio ,*ryso/om desir$ pro/itution to be suppress$ by law4#gg ,simil> op9ions grew up 9 connection ) ! ,neo-,platonic & ,neo-,py?agorean philosophies1 & may be trac$ back to ! anci5t ma/]s !mselves4 ,we are told t ,py?agoras inculcat$ ! virtue ( #dca *a/ity s successfully t :5 t5 ( 8 disciples1 be+ attack$1 might h escap$ by cross+ a bean-field1 !y di$ to a man r ?an tread d[n ! beans1 :i* 7 suppos$ to h a my/ic aff9ity ) ! seat ( impure desires4#gh ,plato1 aga91 is 9 fav\r ( a law to ! effect t no "o %all v5ture to t\* any p]son ( ! freeborn or noble class except 8 w$d$ wife1 or s[ ! unconsecrat$ & ba/>d se$ among h>lots1 or 9 b>r5 & unnatural lu/s4 ,our citiz5s1 he says1 ought n to be worse ?an birds & bea/s1 :i* live )\t int]c\rse1 pure & *a/e1 until ! age = procreation1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 !y h arriv$ at t p]iod & ! male has pair$ ) ! female & ! female ) ! male1 live ! re/ ( _! lives 9 hol9ess & innoc5ce1 abid+ firmly 9 _! orig9al compact4#gi ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,d5is1 ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit1 i4 #fi sq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #aic4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cjj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,tacitus1 ,annales1 ii4 #he4 ,footnote #fi3 ,tacitus1 ,annales1 ii4 #he4 ,footnote #gj3 ,val]ius ,maximus 7,facta dictaque memorabilia1 ii4 #e4 #f7 praises frugalitas z immod]ato ,v5]is usu av]sa4 ,footnote #ga3 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cad4 ,footnote #gb3 ,horace1 ,satir1 i4 #b4 #ca sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,coelio1 #bj 7#dh74 ,footnote #gd3 ,epictetus1 ,en*iridion1 xxxiii4 #h4 ,footnote #ge3 ,d5is1 op4 cit4 ii4 #acc sqq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,musonius ,rufus1 quot$ by ,/obu1 ,florilegium1 vi4 #fa4 ,footnote #gg3 ,d5is1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adi sqq4 ,footnote #gh3 ,jambli*us1 ,de ,py?agorica vita1 #ca 7#aia74 ,cf4 ,jevons1 9 ,plut>*'s ,romane ,que/ions1 p4 lxxxviii4 sq4 ,footnote #gi3 ,plato1 ,leges1 viii4 #hdj sq4 ,cf4 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia1 i4 #c4 #h4 ,mu* /rong] 0 ! c5sure :i* ,*ri/ianity pass$ on pre-nuptial connections4 ,:ile look+ ) suspicion ev5 on ! life-long union ( "o man ) "o woman1 ! ,*ur* pron\nc$ all o!r =ms ( sexual int]c\rse to be mortal s9s4 ,9 its ,p5it5tials s9s ( un*a/ity 7 ! fav\rite topic2 & its horror ( !m f9ds an e*o 9 ! secul> legislation ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors4 ,p&]s 7 condemn$ to h molt5 lead p\r$ d[n _! ?roats4#hj ,9 ! case ( =cible s$uction bo? ! man & woman1 if %e cons5t$ to ! act1 7 put to dea?4#ha ,ev5 ! innoc5t (fspr+ ( illicit int]c\rse 7 puni%$ = _! p>5ts' s9s ) ignom9y & loss ( c]ta9 rights :i* belong$ to o!r1 m respectable1 memb]s ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate4#hb ,p]sons ( diff]5t sex #dcb :o 7 n unit$ 9 w$lock 7 =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* to kiss ea* o!r2 nay1 ! sexual desire itself1 ?\gh unaccompani$ by any ext]nal act1 0 reg>d$ z s9ful 9 ! unm>ri$4#hc ,9 ?is /&>d ( purity no diff]5ce ( sex 0 recognis$1 ! same obligations be+ impos$ ^u man & woman4#hd ,footnote #hj3 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 ii4 #caf4 ,footnote #ha3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 ix4 #bd4 #a4 ,footnote #hb3 ,concilium ,cl>omontanum1 ,a4,d4 #ajie1 c4 #aa 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 xx4 #hag73--,ut nulli filii concub9>um ad ord9es vel aliquos honores ecclesia/icos promoveantur1 nisi mon*alit] vel canonice vix]9t 9 ecclesia4 ,see also supra1 i4 #dg4 ,footnote #hc3 ,p]it ergo et ipsa m5te virg9itas4 ,katz1 ,grundriss des kanonis*5 ,/rafre*ts1 p4 #aad sq4 ,= ! subject ( kiss+ see also ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aed4 #d4 ,footnote #hd3 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l',humanit1 iv4 #aad4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r po9ts ( morals1 h[ev]1 !re is a consid]able discrepancy betwe5 ,*ri/ian doctr9e & public op9ion 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,! gross & op5 immorality ( ! ,middle ,ages indicates h[ little ! idea ( sexual purity ent]$ into ! mann]s & op9ions ( ! p4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ascetic doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* 0 9 fact q contr>y to its aspirations4 ,! in/itution ( cl]ical celibacy l[]$ ! e/imation ( virtue by promot+ vice4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages un*a/ity 0 reg>d$ z an object ( ridicule r ?an c5sure1 & 9 ! comic lit]ature ( t p]iod ! cl]gy are univ]sally repres5t$ z ! great corrupt]s ( dome/ic virtue4#he ,:e!r ! t5et ( *a/ity laid d[n by ! code ( ,*ivalry 0 tak5 m s]i\sly may be fairly d\bt$4 ,a knight1 x 0 said1 %\ld be ab/95t & *a/e2#hf he %\ld love only ! virtues1 tal5ts1 & graces ( 8 lady2#hg & love 0 def9$ z ! *a/e union ( two he>ts by virtue wr\ght4#hh ,b :il/ ! knight _h c]ta9 claims z reg>ds ! virtue ( 8 lady1 :il/ he probably 0 incl9$ to draw 8 sword only = a woman ( fair reputation1 & :il/ he himself pr(ess$ to aspire only to h] lip or h&1 we h reason to believe t ! am\rs 9 :i* he indulg$ ) h] 7 ( a f> less delicate k9d4 ,sa9te-,palaye obs]ves1 ,jamais #dcc on ne vit les moeurs plus corrompues que du temps de nos ,*evali]s1 et jamais le rgne de la dbau*e ne fut plus univ]sel4#hi ,= a m$ival knight ! *ief object ( life 0 love4 ,he :o did n und]/& h[ to w9 a lady 0 b half a man2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 a lov] & a s$uc] 0 app>5tly slight4 ,! "* ( ! s$uc]1 z ,mr4 ,lecky rem>ks1 & especially ( ! passionless s$uc] :o pursues 8 c>e] simply z a k9d ( sport1 & "u ! influ5ce ( no /rong] motive ?an vanity or a _s ( adv5ture1 has = _m c5turies be5 glorifi$ & idealis$ 9 ! popul> lit]ature ( ,*ri/5dom 9 a mann] to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 antiquity4#ij ,footnote #he3 ,wright1 ,essays on ,ar*ological ,subjects1 ii4 #bch4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #ed1 #bha1 #dbj4 ,footnote #hf3 ,book ( ! ,ordre ( ,*yualry1 fol4 #dj4 ,footnote #hg3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne ,*eval]ie1 ii4 #ag4 ,footnote #hh3 ,mills1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry1 i4 #bad sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,sa9te-,palaye1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ai4 ,cf4 ,walt] ,scott1 ',essay on ,*ivalry1' 9 ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works1 vi4 #dh sq4 ,footnote #ij3 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdf4 ,cf4 ,delcluze1 ,rol& ou la ,*eval]ie1 i4 #cef4 ,! ,re=mation br\ght ab\t "s *ange = ! bett]1 if 9 no o!r respect at lea/ by mak+ m>riage lawful = a l>ge class ( p to :om illicit love _h previ\sly be5 ! only means ( gratify+ a natural desire1 & by aboli%+ ! mona/]ies4 ,9 fits ( religi\s en?usiasm ev5 ! secul> legislators busi$ !mselves ) acts ( incont95ce 9 :i* two unm>ri$ adults ( diff]5t sex 7 cons5t+ p>ties4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,commonweal?1 accord+ to an act ( #afej1 9 cases ( less s]i\s brea* ( *a/ity ?an adult]y & ince/1 ea* man or woman 0 = ea* (f5ce to be committ$ to ! common gaol = ?ree mon?s1 & to f9d sureties = good behavi\r dur+ a :ole ye> aft]w>ds4#ia ,9 ,scotl&1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 =nication 0 puni%$ ) a sev]ity ne>ly equal to t :i* att5d$ ! infraction ( ! m>riage v[4#ib ,b ! fate ( ^! & simil> laws has be5 ei!r to be repeal$ or to become inactive4#ic ,= ord9>y acts ( incont95ce public op9ion is1 practically at lea/1 ! only judge4 ,9 ! case ( female un*a/ity its s5t5ce is #dcd sev]e en\gh among ! upp] ranks ( society1 :il/1 s f> z ! l[] classes are conc]n$1 x v>ies consid]ably ev5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\ntry1 & is 9 _m cases reg>d$ z v5ial4 ,z to simil> acts committ$ by unm>ri$ m51 ! words :i* ,cic]o utt]$ on behalf ( ,coelius might be repeat$ by any mod]n advocate :o1 9 def5d+ 8 cli5t1 v5tur$ frankly to express ! popul> op9ion on ! subject4 ,x seems to me t ) reg>d to sexual relations betwe5 unm>ri$ m5 & wom5 ,*ri/ianity has done little m ?an e/abli% a /&>d :i*1 ?\gh accept$ p]haps 9 !ory1 is h>dly recognis$ by ! feel+s ( ! l>ge majority ( p--or at lea/ ( m5--9 ,*ri/ian communities1 & has introduc$ ! vice ( hypocrisy1 :i* app>5tly 0 little kn[n 9 sexual matt]s by pagan antiquity4 ,footnote #ia3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ib3 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #bdb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,pike1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ehb2 ,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #ccc4 ,:y has sexual int]c\rse betwe5 unm>ri$ p1 if bo? p>ties cons5t1 come to be reg>d$ z wrong8 ,:y are ! moral op9ions relat+ to x subject to s great v>iations8 ,:y is ! /&>d commonly s diff]5t = man & woman8 ,we %all n[ try to f9d an answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,if m>riage1 z ,i am incl9$ to suppose1 is bas$ on an in/9ct d]iv$ f "s ape-l prog5itor1 x w\ld f ! beg9n+ be reg>d$ z ! natural =m ( sexual int]c\rse 9 ! human race1 :il/ o!r m transitory connections w\ld appe> abnormal & consequ5tly be disapprov$ (4 ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r "s feel+ ( ?is sort1 h[ev] vague1 is n /ill v g5]al 9 ! race4 ,b x has be5 m or less or almo/ totally suppress$ by social conditions :i* make x 9 mo/ cases impossible = m5 to m>ry at ! fir/ outbreak ( ! sexual passion4 ,we h ?us to seek = "s o!r explanation ( ! sev]e c5sure pass$ on pre-nuptial connections4 ,x seems to me obvi\s t ?is c5sure is *iefly due to ! pref]5ce :i* a man gives to a virg9 bride4 ,z ,i h %[n 9 ano!r place1 su* a pref]5ce is a #dce fact ( v common occurr5ce4#id ,x p>tly spr+s f a feel+ ak9 to jeal\sy t[>ds wom5 :o h _h previ\s connections ) o!r m51 p>tly f ! w>m response a man expects f a woman ^: appetites he is ! fir/ to gratify1 & l>gely f an in/9ctive appreciation ( female coyness4 ,ea* sex is attract$ by ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! opposite sex1 & coyness is a female quality4 ,9 mank9d1 z among o!r mammals1 ! female requires to be c\rt$1 (t5 endeav\r+ = a long "t to escape f ! male4 ,n only 9 civilis$ c\ntries may c\rt%ip mean a prolong$ mak+ ( love to ! woman4 ,m>9]'s words ) ref]5ce to ! wom5 ( ,tonga hold true ( a great _m1 if n all1 savage & b>b>\s races ( m54 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 he says1 t ^! wom5 are always easily won2 ! greate/ att5tions & mo/ f]v5t solicitations are sometimes requisite1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no o!r lov] 9 ! way4#ie ,! m>riage c]emonies ( _m peoples be> te/imony to ! same fact4 ,"o orig9 ( ! =m ( capture is ! resi/ance ( ! pursu$ woman1 due to coyness1 p>tly real & p>tly assum$4#if ,on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 = in/ance1 ! only me?od ( contract+ a m>riage is = a man to g to ! girl's t5t1 cat* h] by h] hair or any?+ else :i* (f]s a hold1 & drag h] (f to 8 dwell+ )\t fur!r ado2 viol5t sc5es are (t5 ! result1 z s+le wom5 always affect ! utmo/ ba%fulness & av]sion to any proposal ( m>riage1 le/ !y %\ld lose _! reputation = mode/y4#ig ,x is c]ta9ly n ! woman :o mo/ readily yields to ! desires ( a man t is mo/ attractive to him2 z an anci5t writ] puts x1 all m5 love season$ di%es1 n pla9 meats1 or pla9ly dress$ #dcf fi%1 & x is mode/y t gives ! bloom to beauty4#ih ,conspicu\s eag]ness 9 a woman appe>s to a man unwomanly1 repulsive1 contemptible4 ,8 ideal is ! virg92 ! lib]t9e he despises4 ,footnote #id3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abc sq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #agd4 ,cf4 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #dde 7,bu%mans74 ,footnote #if3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #fbc sq42 ,idem1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 xxi4 #hig sq42 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #chh2 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 p4 #ajg2 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #cje sq4 ,footnote #ig3 ,nans51 ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #caf sqq4 ,footnote #ih3 ,a!nu1 ,deipnosophi/1 xiii4 #af4 ,:]e m>riage is ! cu/om>y =m ( sexual int]c\rse pre-nuptial incont95ce 9 a woman1 z sugge/+ lack ( coyness & mode/y1 is !re=e apt to disgrace h]4 ,at ! same "t x is a disgrace to1 & consequ5tly an (f5ce aga9/1 h] family1 especially :]e ! ties ( k9%ip are /rong4 ,moreov]1 :]e wives are pur*as$ ! un*a/e girl1 by l[]+ h] m>ket value1 deprives h] fa!r or p>5ts ( "p ( _! prop]ty4 ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 says ,major ,ellis1 *a/ity p] se is n und]/ood4 ,an unm>ri$ girl is expect$ to be *a/e because virg9ity possesses a m>ketable value1 & 7 %e to be un*a/e h] p>5ts w\ld receive little & p]haps no head-money = h]4#ii ,among ! ,r5dile ( ,ea/]n ,africa1 we are told1 ! un*a/ity ( unm>ri$ girls meets ) sev]e retribution1 ! girl inv>iably be+ driv5 out f h] home1 = ! sole & simple reason t h] m>ket value to h] p>5ts has be5 decreas$4#ajj ,! same comm]cial po9t ( view is express$ 9 ! ,mosaic rule3--,if a man entice a maid t is n betro!d1 & lie ) h]1 he %all surely end[ h] to be 8 wife4 ,if h] fa!r utt]ly refuse to give h] unto him1 he %all pay money accord+ to ! d[ry ( virg9s4#aja ,b ! girl is n ! only (f5d]4 ,:il/ ! disgrace ( incont95ce falls on h] alone1 ! (f5ce aga9/ h] relatives is divid$ betwe5 h] & ! s$uc]4 ,speak+ ( ! pres5ts :i*1 among ! ,?l9kets1 a man is b\nd to give to ! p>5ts ( ! girl :om he has s$uc$1 ,sir ,james ,d\glas obs]ves1 ,! (f5d] is simply reg>d$ z a robb]1 :o has committ$ depr$ation on _! m]*&ise1 _! only anxiety be+ to make ! #dcg damages exact$ z heavy z possible4#ajb ,m>riage by pur*ase has ?us rais$ ! /&>d ( female *a/ity1 & also1 to "s ext5t1 *eck$ ! incont95ce ( ! m54 ,b x c c]ta9ly n be reg>d$ z ! sole cause ( ! duty ( *a/ity :]e su* a duty is recognis$ by savages4 ,among ! ,v$dahs1 :o d n make _! daught]s objects ( traffic1#ajc ! unm>ri$ girls are nev]!less protect$ by _! natural gu>dians ) ! ke5e/ s5se ( hon\r4#ajd ,9 _m ( ! in/ances quot$ above :]e a s$uction is foll[$ by m or less s]i\s consequ5ces = ! s$uc]1 ! p5alty he has to pay is evid5tly some?+ else ?an ! m]e m>ket value ( ! girl4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #aja3 ,exodus1 xxii4 #af sq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,d\glas1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,le ,mesuri]1 ',v$ds ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,ceylon ,bran*1 ix4 #cdj4 ,h>t%orne1 ',w$das1' 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #agh4 ,?us ! m51 by dem&+ t ! wom5 :om !y m>ry %all be virg9s1 indirectly give rise to ! dem& t !y !mselves %all ab/a9 f c]ta9 =ms ( incont95ce4 ,f my collection ( facts relat+ to savages ,i f9d t 9 ! majority ( cases :]e *a/ity is requir$ ( unm>ri$ girls ! s$uc] also is consid]$ guilty ( a crime4 ,b1 z 0 j po9t$ out1 8 act is judg$ f a m limit$ po9t ( view4 ,x is *iefly1 if n exclusively1 reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/ ! p>5ts or family ( ! girl2 *a/ity p] se is h>dly requir$ ( savage m54 ,:]e pro/itution exi/s !y may )\t c5sure gratify _! passions among its victims4 ,n[1 to anybody :o duly reflects ^u ! matt] x is cle> t ! s$uc] does a wrong to ! woman also2 b ,i f9d no indication t ?is idea occurs at all to ! savage m9d4 ,:]e ! s$uc] is c5sur$ ! girl also is c5sur$1 be+ reg>d$ n z ! injur$ p>ty b z an injur]4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( rape ! h>m done to ! girl h]self is little ?\ght (4 ,among ! ,tonga ,isl&]s rape1 provid+ x be n ^u a m>ri$ woman or "o to :om respect is due on ! score ( #dch sup]ior rank f ! p]petrator1 is consid]$ n z a crime b z a matt] ( indiff]5ce4#aje ,! same is ! case 9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s4#ajf ,9 ! laws ( ! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra ref]r+ to ?is (f5ce1 !re is h>dly any?+ consid]$ b ! value ( ! girl's p]son to h] relations1 z a m]e v5dible commodity4#ajg ,among ! ,as9ibo91 a ,si\an tribe1 ! puni%m5t = rape is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! price ( ! woman has be5 depreciat$1 t ! *ances ( m>riage h be5 less5$1 & t ! act is an insult to h] k9dr$1 z imply+ contempt ( _! feel+s & _! p[] ( protection4#ajh ,ev5 ! ,teutons 9 e>ly days h>dly sev]$ rape f abduction1 ! k9sm5 ( ! woman feel+ !mselves equally wrong$ 9 ei!r case4#aji ,if ! girl's feel+s are ?us disreg>d$ :5 %e is an unwill+ victim ( viol5ce1 x c h>dly be expect$ t %e %\ld be an object ( pity :5 %e is a cons5t+ p>tn]4 ,does n public op9ion 9 ! mid/ ( civilisation turn aga9/ ! di%on\r$ r ?an ! di%on\r]8 ,footnote #aje3 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajg4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,v]bre*5 und das ,/rafv]fahr5 auf d5 ,pelau-,inseln1' 9 ,orig9al-,mit!il4 aus d] e?nol4 ,ab!il4 d] knigl4 ,muse5 ,b]l91 i4 #gh4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #acj4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xv4 #bbf4 ,footnote #aji3 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te ii4 #fff4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #dij4 ,accord+ to ,salic law1 ! f9e = ! rape ( an +5ua puella 0 #fb solidi1 or only a little high] ?an ! f9e = a connection ) h] to :i* %e h]self cons5t$ 7,lex ,salica1 ,h]old's text1 xiv4 #d2 xv4 #c72 :]eas ! f9e = adult]y ) a free woman 0 #bjj solidi 7ibid4 xv4 #a74 ,!re is yet ano!r p>ty to be consid]$1 namely1 ! (fspr+4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t to e ?9k+ m9d1 n altoge!r de/itute ( sympa!tic feel+s1 ! "q :at is likely to happ5 to ! *ild if ! woman becomes pregnant %\ld pres5t itself z "o ( ! greate/ gravity4 ,b 9 judg+ ( matt]s relat+ to sexual morality m5 h g5]ally made little use ( _! reason & be5 guilty ( mu* ?\ghtless cruelty4 ,al?\gh m>riage has come into exi/5ce solely = ! sake ( ! (fspr+1 x r>ely happ5s t 9 sexual relations mu* unselfi% ?\ght is be/[$ ^u unborn #dci individuals4 ,legal provisions 9 fav\r ( illegitimate *ildr5 h made m5 some:at m c>eful1 = _! own sake1 b !y h also n\ri%$ ! idea t ! responsibility ( fa!rhood may be b\ght (f by ! small sum ! man has to pay = ! support ( 8 natural *ild4 ,cu/om or law may exempt him ev5 f ?is duty4 ,we are told t 9 ,tahiti ! fa!r might kill a ba/>d *ild1 b t1 if he suff]$ x to live1 he 0 eo ipso consid]$ to be m>ri$ to its "m4#aaj ,?is cu/om1 x w\ld seem1 is h>dly m inhuman ?an ! fam\s law accord+ to :i* la re*]*e de la pat]nit e/ int]dite4#aaa ,footnote #aaj3 ,cook1 ,voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ii4 #aeg4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,code ,napolon1 #cdj4 ,! great au?ority on ! e?ics ( ,roman ,ca?olicism tries to prove t simple =nication is a mortal s9 *iefly because x t5ds to ! hurt ( ! life ( ! *ild :o is to be born ( su* int]c\rse1 or m g5]ally1 because x is contr>y to ! good ( ! (fspr+4#aab ,b ?is t5d] c>e = ! welf>e ( illegitimate *ildr5 seems /range :5 we consid] ! mann] 9 :i* su* *ildr5 h be5 treat$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* h]self4 ,x is obvi\s t ! extreme horror ( =nication :i* is express$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is 9 ! ma9 a result ( ! same ascetic pr9ciple :i* decl>$ celibacy sup]ior to m>riage & tol]at$ m>riage only because x c\ld n be suppress$4 ,footnote #aab3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aed4 #b4 ,moral ideas conc]n+ un*a/ity h also be5 influ5c$ by ! close association :i* exi/s 9 a ref9$ m9d betwe5 ! sexual impulse & a s5tim5t ( affection :i* la/s long aft] ! gratification ( ! bodily desire4 ,we f9d ! g]m ( ?is feel+ 9 ! abhorr5ce ) :i* pro/itution is reg>d$ by savage tribes :o h no objection to ord9>y sexual int]c\rse previ\s to m>riage1#aac & 9 ! di/9ction :i* among ourselves is drawn betwe5 ! pro/itute & ! woman #ddj :o yields to temptation because %e loves4 ,to indulge 9 m]e sexual pleasure1 unaccompani$ by high] feel+s1 appe>s brutal & disgu/+ 9 ! case ( a man1 & /ill m s 9 ! case ( a woman4 ,aft] all1 love is g5]ally only an episode 9 a man's life1 :]eas = a woman x is ! :ole ( h] life4#aad ,! ,greek orator said t 9 ! mom5t :5 a woman loses h] *a/ity h] m9d is *ang$4#aae ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a man & a woman1 ti$ to ea* o!r by deep & g5u9e affection1 decide to live toge!r z husb& & wife1 ?\gh n jo9$ 9 legal w$lock1 ! c5sure :i* public op9ion passes ^u _! conduct seems to an unprejudic$ m9d ju/ifiable at mo/ only 9 s f> z x may be consid]$ to h be5 _! duty to comply ) ! laws ( _! c\ntry & to submit to a rule ( "s social importance4 ,footnote #aac3 ,e4g41 ! ,*ittagong ,hill tribes 7,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #cdh74 ,cf4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj sq4 ,footnote #aad3 ,cf4 ,simmel1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft1 i4 #bja2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 ii4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aae3 ,lysias1 quot$ by ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #bgc4 ,sexual int]c\rse betwe5 unm>ri$ p]sons ( opposite sex is ?us reg>d$ z wrong f diff]5t po9ts ( view "u diff]5t conditions1 social or psy*ical1 & all ( ^! conditions are n 9 any consid]able degree comb9$ at any special /age ( civilisation4 ,sometimes ! op9ions on ! subject are greatly influ5c$ by ! in/itution ( m>riage by pur*ase1 sometimes !y are influ5c$ by ! ref9em5t ( love2 & betwe5 su* causes !re c be no co-op]ation4 ,?is is "o reason = ! s+ul> complexity :i* *>act]ises ! evolution ( ! duty ( *a/ity2 b !re is ano!r reason p]haps ev5 m important4 ,! causes to :i* ?is duty may be trac$ are frequ5tly *eck$ by circum/ances op]at+ 9 an opposite direction4 ,?us ! pref]5ce :i* a man is naturally dispos$ to give to a virg9 bride may be ov]come by 8 desire = (fspr+1 induc+ him to m>ry a woman :o has prov$ capable ( gratify+ ?is desire4#aaf ,x may also be ineffective = ! simple reason t no virg9 bride is to be f\nd4 ,no?+ has m g5]ally prev5t$ *a/ity #dda f be+ recognis$ z a duty ?an social conditions promot+ lic5ti\s habits4 ,ev5 9 savage society1 :]e almo/ e man & e woman m>ry & mo/ ( !m m>ry e>ly 9 life1 !re are always a great numb] ( unm>ri$ p ( bo? sexes above ! age ( pub]ty2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! numb] ( ! unm>ri$ increases along ) ! progress ( civilisation4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s easily leads to incont95ce 9 m5 & wom51 & :]e su* incont95ce becomes habitual x c h>dly incur mu* c5sure4 ,aga91 :]e ! g5]al /&>d ( female *a/ity is high1 ! /&>d ( male *a/ity may nev]!less be ! l[e/ possible4 ,?is is ! case :]e !re is a class ( wom5 :o c no long] be di%on\r$1 because !y h already be5 di%on\r$1 ^: virtue is ( no value ei!r to !mselves or _! families because !y h lo/ _! virtue1 & :o make incont95ce _! livelihood4 ,pro/itution1 be+ a safegu>d ( female *a/ity1 has facilitat$ ! en=cem5t ( ! rule :i* enjo9s x z a duty1 b at ! same "t x has increas$ ! inequality ( obligations impos$ on m5 & wom54 ,x has begun to ex]cise ?is influ5ce already at ! l[] /ages ( culture4 ,pro/itution is by no means unkn[n 9 ! savage _w4#aag ,x is a recognis$ in/itution 9 _m ( ! ,melanesian isl&s2 at ,santa ,cruz1 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 :]e ! sep>ation ( ! sexes is s c>efully ma9ta9$1 !re are c]ta9ly public c\rtesans4#aah ,pro/itution prevails 9 _m or mo/ ,negro c\ntries2#aai & s fav\rably1 we are told1 is ?is in/itution sometimes reg>d$1 t ri* ,negro ladies on _! dea?-b$s buy female slaves & pres5t !m to ! public1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,engl& !y w\ld h left a legacy to "s public *>ity4#abj ,! ,wanyoro ev5 h a #ddb def9ite sy/em ( pro/itution1 gov]n$ by /r+5t laws :i* seem to be v old4#aba ,9 ,gre5l&1 :]e x 0 reckon$ ! greate/ ( infamies = an unm>ri$ woman to become pregnant1#abb !re 7 pr(essional h>lots already 9 e>ly times2#abc & ! same 0 ! case among _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4#abd ,?us among ! ,omahas extra-matrimonial int]c\rse is1 z a rule1 practis$ only ) public wom51 call$ m9ck$a2 & s /rict are ! ,omahas ab\t ^! matt]s1 t a "y girl or ev5 a m>ri$ woman walk+ or rid+ alone1 w\ld be ru9$ 9 "*1 be+ liable to be tak5 = a m9ck$a1 & address$ z su*4#abe ,public pro/itution 0 tol]at$1 if n enc\rag$1 among all ! ,maya nations1 :il/ int]c\rse ) o!r unm>ri$ wom5 0 puni%$ ) a f9e or1 if ! affront$ relatives insi/$1 ) dea?4#abf ,9 ord] to avoid great] evils1 ! ,incas ( ,p]u p]mitt$ public pro/itutes1 :o 7 treat$ ) extreme contempt2#abg b1 ) ?is exception1 to be lewd ) s+le wom5 0 capital4#abh ,among all ! civilis$ nations ( ! ,old ,_w pro/itution has exi/$1 & /ill exi/s1 z a tol]at$ in/itution1 ev5 :]e legislators h endeav\r$ to suppress x4#abi ,its preval5ce 9 our mod]n society greatly increases ! p]plexity ( public op9ion 9 reg>d to sexual morality4 ,its victims are degrad$ & despis$ beyond description4 ,at ! same "t _! male cu/om]s #ddc are tacitly all[$ to support ! trade4 ,t ! dem& = a m]*&ise increases ! production ( x is 9 ?is case seldom ?\ght (4 ,b secrecy mu/ be obs]v$4 ,9 sexual matt]s op5ness is indec5t1 & ! *ief crime is to be f\nd out4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see supra1 ii4 #dbc4 ,footnote #aag3 ,see1 e4g41 ,tutuila1 ',l9e ,isl&]s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bgj2 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bfa 7natives ( ,new ,brita972 ,davis1 ,el ,gr+o1 p4 #bba 7,indians ( ,new ,mexico72 ,ploss-,b>tels1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #ecf1 #edj sqq4 ,footnote #aah3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bcd sqq4 ,footnote #aai3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #edg sq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #hg4 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 ii4 #di4 ,footnote #abb3 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #abc3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agf4 ,footnote #abd3 ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #abe3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfe4 ,footnote #abf3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #fgf1 #fei4 ,footnote #abg3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #cba sq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 iv4 #cdj4 ,footnote #abi3 ,duf\r1 ,hi/oire de la pro/itution1 passim4 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 i4 #cdh4 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #dab4 ,polak1 ',die ,pro/itution 9 ,p]si51' 9 ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 xi4 #eaf1 #eag1 #efc sqq4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #aej4 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb51 p4 #bei 7anci5t ,sc&9avians74 ,desmaze1 ,les pnalits anci5nes1 p4 #fa sq4 n4 #d2 ,mack9to%1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,scotl&1 i4 #dbh 7,middle ,ages72 c4 ,s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury ev5 ! ,*ur* tol]at$ ! e/abli%m5t ( bro!ls 9 ! l>g] cities 7,mll]1 ,das sexuelle ,leb5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kulturvlk]1 p4 #adi74 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a =m ( religi\s pro/itution1 j z !re is religi\s celibacy4 ,9 fact1 ! two cu/oms are sometimes v closely connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,among ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ! *ief bus9ess ( ! female kosi1 or wife ( ! god to :om %e is d$icat$1 is pro/itution4 ,9 e t[n !re is at lea/ "o in/itution 9 :i* ! be/-look+ girls1 betwe5 t5 & twelve ye>s ( age1 are receiv$4 ,"h !y rema9 = ?ree ye>s1 le>n+ ! *ants & dances peculi> to ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 & pro/itut+ !mselves to ! prie/s & ! inmates ( ! male sem9>ies2 & at ! t]m9ation ( _! novitiate !y become public pro/itutes4 ,?is condition1 h[ev]1 is n reg>d$ z "o = reproa*2 !y are consid]$ to be m>ri$ to ! god1 & _! excesses are suppos$ to be caus$ & direct$ by him4 ,prop]ly speak+1 _! lib]t9age %\ld be conf9$ to ! male wor%ipp]s at ! temple ( ! god1 b practically x is indiscrim9ate4 ,*ildr5 :o are born f su* unions belong to ! god4#acj ,s also ! prie/esses on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ?\gh n all[$ to m>ry1 are by no means deb>r$ f sexual int]c\rse4 ,!y are ord9>ily mo/ lic5ti\s1 & cu/om all[s !m to gratify _! passions ) any man :o may *ance to take _! fancy4 ,a prie/ess :o is fav\rably impress$ by a man s5ds = him to h] h\se1 & ?is comm& he is sure to obey1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( excit+ h] ang]4 ,%e !n tells him t ! god %e s]ves has direct$ h] to love him1 & ! man !reupon lives ) h] until %e gr[s tir$ ( him1 or a new object takes h] fancy4 ,"s prie/esses h z _m z half a doz5 m5 9 _! tra9 at "o "t1 & may on great occasions be se5 walk+ #ddd 9 /ate1 foll[$ by !m4 ,_! life is "o cont9ual record ( debau*]y & s5suality1 & :5 excit$ by ! dance !y frequ5tly ab&on !mselves to ! wilde/ excesses4#aca ,x seems t ! wife ( ! ,egyptian god at ,!bes also 9 "t became a lib]t9e2 ,/rabo tells u t ! beautiful woman :o 0 d$icat$ to him _h sexual int]c\rse ) any man %e *ose till ! natural purification ( h] body took place1 aft] :i* %e 0 giv5 to a man4#acb ,9 ,india e ,h9du temple ( any importance has its danc+ girls1 ^: position is inf]ior only to t ( ! sacrific]s4#acc ,?us at ,j7ug7unnat'h7u-k%7utr7u 9 ,orissa a numb] ( wom5 ( infam\s "* are employ$ to dance & s+ be=e ! god4 ,!y live 9 sep>ate h\ses1 n at ! temple4 ,! ,brahm9s :o (ficiate !re cont9ually h adult]\s connections ) !m1 & ^! wom5 also pro/itute !mselves to visitors4#acd ,9 ! ,canaaniti% cults !re 7 wom51 call$ k4ede%o?1 :o 7 consecrat$ to ! deity ) ^: temple !y 7 associat$1 & :o at ! same "t act$ z pro/itutes4#ace ,at ! local %r9es ( ,nor? ,israel ! wor%ip ( ,yahveh itself 0 deeply affect$ by ^! practices2#acf b !y 7 =bidd5 9 ! ,deut]onomic code4#acg ,p]haps ?is temple pro/itution may be acc\nt$ = by a belief t x be/[$ bless+s ^u ! wor%ipp]s4 ,accord+ to notions :i* prevail to ?is day 9 c\ntries ) ,semitic culture1 sexual int]c\rse ) a holy p]son is reg>d$ z b5eficial to him or h] :o indulges 9 x4#ach ,footnote #acj3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #aba sq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,/rabo1 ,geographica1 xvii4 i4 #df4 ,cf4 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #acc3 ,w>neck1 quot$ by ,ploss-,b>tels1 op4 cit4 i4 #ecd4 ,footnote #acd3 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #acd4 ,footnote #ace3 ,driv]1 ,comm5t>y on ,deut]onomy1 p4 #bfd4 ,*eyne1 ',h>lot1' 9 ,*eyne & ,black1 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ii4 #aife4 ,footnote #acf3 ,hosea1 iv4 #ad4 ,cf4 ,*eyne1 9 ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ii4 #aife4 ,footnote #acg3 ,deut]onomy1 xxiii4 #ag sq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess 7,b>aka71 p4 #he4 ,( a some:at diff]5t "* 0 ! religi\s pro/itution :i* prevail$ 9 anci5t ,babylonia1 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ,i%t>4 ,h]odotus says t e woman born 9 t c\ntry 0 oblig$ once 9 h] #dde life to g & sit d[n 9 ! prec9ct ( ,aphrodite1 & !re consort ) a /rang]4 ,a woman :o _h once tak5 h] seat 0 n all[$ to return home till "o ( ! /rang]s ?rew a silv] co9 into h] lap1 & took h] ) him beyond ! holy gr\nd4 ,! silv] co9 c\ld n be refus$ because1 s9ce once ?r[n1 x 0 sacr$4 ,! woman w5t ) ! fir/ man :o ?rew h] money1 reject+ no "o4 ,:5 %e _h gone ) him1 & s satisfi$ ! goddess1 %e return$ home1 & f t "t =? no gift1 h[ev] great1 w\ld prevail ) h]4#aci ,sev]al allusions 9 cunei=m lit]ature to ! sacr$ pro/itution c>ri$ on at ,babylonian temples confirm ,h]odotus' /atem5t 9 g5]al4#adj ,a cult v simil> to ?is 0 also f\nd 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! isl& ( ,cyprus1#ada at ,heliopolis 9 ,syria1#adb & at ,byblus4#adc ,9 ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis ! ,arm5ians ev5 ( ! highe/ families pro/itut$ _! own daught]s at lea/ once 9 _! lives1 nor 0 ?is reg>d$ z any b> to an hon\rable m>riage aft]w>ds4#add ,al?\gh su* practices 7 g5]ally exclud$ f ! ord9>y ,greek wor%ips ( ,aphrodite1 un*a/ity 9 ! temple cult ( t goddess is report$ to h occurr$ at ,cor9?#ade & 9 ! city ( ! ,locri ,epizephyrii1 :o1 accord+ to ! /ory1 v[$ to consecrate _! daught]s to ?is s]vice 9 ord] to ga9 ! goddess's aid 9 a w>4#adf ,footnote #aci3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aii4 ,footnote #adj3 ,j]emias1 ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #ei sq4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #dge sq4 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ada3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aii4 ,a!nu1 ,deipnosophi/1 xii4 #aa1 p4 #eaf a4 ,footnote #adb3 ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ecclesia/ica1 #ah 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,grca1 lxvii4 #abc74 ,sozom51 ,hi/oria ecclesia/ica1 v4 #aj 7,migne1 ,s]4 ,grca1 lxvii4 #abdc74 ,eusebius1 ,vita ,con/ant9i1 iii4 #eh 7,migne1 ,s]4 ,grca1 xx4 #aabd74 ,footnote #adc3 ,lucian1 ,de ,syria ,dea1 #f4 ,footnote #add3 ,/rabo1 xi4 #ad4 #af4 ,footnote #ade3 ,ibid4 viii4 #f4 #bj4 ,footnote #adf3 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ii4 #fcf4 ,a!nu1 xii4 #aa1 p4 #eaf a4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 set =? to expla9 ! religi\s pro/itution ( ! ,babylonian type4 ,x has be5 int]pret$ z an expiation = individual m>riage1 z a tempor>y recognition ( pre-exi/+ communal rights at a "t :5 communal m>riage 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m _h already ceas$ to exi/4#adg ,x #ddf has be5 suppos$ to be no?+ b ord9>y immorality practis$ "u ! cloak ( religion4#adh ,x has be5 repres5t$ z a =m ( sacrifice1 ei!r z a fir/-fruit (f]+#adi or z an act by :i* a wor%ipp] sacrifices h] mo/ preci\s possession to ! deity4#aej ,to ,dr4 ,f>nell x seems to be a special modification ( a wide-spread cu/om1 ! cu/om ( de/roy+ virg9ity be=e m>riage s t ! bridegroom's int]c\rse %\ld be safe f a p]il t is mu* dread$ by m5 9 a c]ta9 /age ( culture2 & "h1 z 9 o!r ritual1 he adds1 x is ! /rang] t takes ! p]il ^u himself4#aea ,b :y %\ld ! /rang] h be5 m will+ ?an ! bridegroom to expose himself to ?is dang]8 ,consid]+ t ! act 0 p]=m$ at ! temple ( ! goddess ( fecundity1 ,i ?9k its object mo/ probably 0 to ensure f]tility 9 ! woman2 ?is1 9 fact1 is directly indicat$ by ! words :i* ! /rang]1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 utt]$ :5 he ?rew ! silv] co9 into h] lap3--,! goddess ,mylitta prosp] !e6#aeb ,& f :at has be5 said 9 a previ\s *apt] ab\t ! semi-sup]natural "* ascrib$ to /rang]s1 ab\t ! efficacy ( _! bless+s & ! b5efits expect$ f _! love1#aec we c see :y a /rang] 0 appo9t$ to conf] ! bless+ ^u ! girl4#aed ,footnote #adg3 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #eei4 ,footnote #adh3 ,j]emias1 ,izdub>-,nimrod1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #bfg sq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #aea3 ,f>nell1 ',sociological ,hypo!ses conc]n+ ! ,position ( ,wom5 9 ,anci5t ,religion1' 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,religionswiss4 vii4 #hh4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aii4 ,footnote #aec3 ,supra1 i4 *4 xxiv4 ,footnote #aed3 ,s9ce ! pres5t *apt] 0 9 type1 "s fre% attempts h be5 made to expla9 ?is religi\s pro/itution4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] 7,adonis ,attis ,osiris1 p4 #bc sq47 reg>ds x z a rite int5d$ to ensure ! fruitfulness ( ! gr\nd & ! increase ( man & bea/ on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic4 ,a v simil> op9ion has be5 express$ by ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis 7',ursprung und ,entwicklung d] ,pro/itution1' 9 ,mutt]s*utz1 iii4 fasc4 #a sq474 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 aga9 7',conc]n+ ! ,rite at ! ,temple ( ,mylitta1' 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #ahi sqq471 x 0 a pub]ty rite involv+ a sacrifice ( virg9ity to :i* e woman 0 subject$4 ,my own !ory has subsequ5tly be5 accept$ by van ,g5nep1 ,les rites de passage1 p4 #bdb sq4 ,among ourselves an act ( incont95ce assumes a #ddg diff]5t aspect if "o ( ! p>ties1 ei!r ! man or ! woman1 is m>ri$4 ,involv+ a brea* ( fai?1 adult]y is an (f5ce aga9/ him or h] to :om fai? is due1 & at ! same "t ! s$uc] commits an (f5ce aga9/ ! husb& ( ! adult]ess4 ,b "h aga9 our own views are n univ]sally %>$4 ,al?\gh x is h>d to und]/& t ! s$uc] c\ld ev] be reg>d$ z guiltless1 we are told t among a few peoples adult]y is n held to be wrong2#aee & ,mr4 ,morgan /ates t among ! ,iroquois puni%m5t 0 inflict$ ^u ! woman alone1 :o 0 suppos$ to be ! only (f5d]4#aef ,b ^! cases are c]ta9ly q exceptional4 ,9 a savage tribe a s$uc] may be ?ankful if he escapes by pay+ to ! injur$ husb& ! value ( ! bride or "s o!r f9e1 or if ! p5alty is r$uc$ to a flogg+1 to 8 head be+ %av$1 8 e>s cut (f1 "o ( 8 eyes de/roy$1 or 8 legs spe>$4 ,v commonly he has to pay ) 8 life4 ,we h se5 t ev5 among _m peoples :o g5]ally prohibit self-r$ress an adult]] may be put to dea? by ! aggriev$ husb&1 especially if he be caught flagrante delicto2#aeg & 9 o!r cases he may be subject to capital puni%m5t1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4#aeh ,9 ,albania1 ev5 9 our days1 cu/om n only all[s1 b compels1 ! injur$ husb& to kill ! adult]]4#aei ,hebrew law enjo9$ ! man :o committ$ adult]y ) ano!r man's wife to be put to dea?2#afj & ,*ri/ian legislators foll[$ ! example4 ,con/ant9e celebrat$ 8 new zeal = ! sacram5tal idea ( m>riage by e/abli%+ ! puni%m5t ( dea? = ! s$uc]2#afa adult]y 0 9 po9t ( #ddh he9\sness assimilat$ to murd]1 idolatry1 & sorc]y4#afb ,v>i\s m$ival law-books puni%$ ! s$uc] ) dea?2#afc :il/ 9 ,scotl& notori\s & manife/ adult]y 0 made capital z late z #aefc4afd ,?is extreme sev]ity1 h[ev]1 has be5 foll[$ by extreme l5i5cy4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ?\gh adult]y kept its place 9 ! /atute-book z a he9\s & 9 "s cases a capital crime1 prosecution = x _h ceas$ = _m ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,b>on ,hume2#afe & 9 ,engl& x is no crime at all 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 only an ecclesia/ical (f5ce4 ,footnote #aee3 ,davis1 ,el ,gr+o1 p4 #bba sq4 7,indians ( ,new ,mexico74 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #adf 7,*]okees74 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bjd4 ,prejevalsky1 ,mongolia1 i4 #gj 7,mongols74 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #ge 7,y5dal9es1 "o ( ! ,k>5 tribes74 ,*anl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cag 7,r5dile 9 ,ea/]n ,africa74 ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii4 #dh 7,bu%mans74 ,footnote #aef3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cca4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,supra1 i4 #bij sqq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,supra1 i4 #ahi4 ,footnote #aei3 ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi51 i4 #agg4 ,footnote #afj3 ,leviticus1 xx4 #aj4 ,deut]onomy1 xxii4 #bb4 ,footnote #afa3 ,codex ,ju/9ianus1 ix4 #i4 #bi4 #d4 ,footnote #afb3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 xi4 #cf4 i4 ,/4 ,basil1 quot$ by ,b+ham1 ,works1 vi4 #dcb sq4 ,footnote #afc3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #fjf4 ,idem1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #afd3 ,ersk9e-,rank9e1 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 p4 #efc4 ,footnote #afe3 ,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #cjb4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! s$uc] (t5 v>ies accord+ to 8 rank1 or accord+ to t ( ! husb&1 or accord+ to ! relative rank ( bo?1 or accord+ to ! rank ( ! adult]ess4 ,among ! ,monbuttu1 if ! guilty woman belongs to ! royal h\sehold1 ! adult]] is put to dea?1 :]eas o!rwise he is only compell$ to pay an indemnity to ! (f5d$ husb&4#aff ,among ! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ! f9e impos$ = adult]y dep5ds on ! rank ( ! injur$ husb&2#afg & ! same pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon law4#afh ,among ! ,bakongo1 aga91 ! p5alties = adult]y v>y f capital puni%m5t to a trifl+ f9e1 accord+ to ! /ation ( ! (f5d] or ! di/rict he lives 94#afi ,drury tells u t 9 ! c\ntry ( ,ant]ndroea 9 ,madagasc>1 if a man lies ) ano!r man's wife :o is sup]ior to him1 he =feits ?irty head ( cattle besides beads & %ovels a great numb]1 :]eas if ! m5 are ( an equal rank1 !n tw5ty bea/s are ! f9e4#agj ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code1 a slave :o is guilty ( crim9al int]c\rse ) ! wife or daught] ( a freeman1 %all be puni%$ at ! lea/ "o degree m #ddi sev]ely ?an a freeman w\ld h be5 "u ! same circum/ances4#aga ,9 ,india a man ( "o ( ! fir/ ?ree ca/es :o committ$ adult]y ) a ,sdra woman 0 bani%$1 b a ,sdra :o committ$ adult]y ) a woman ( "o ( ! fir/ ?ree ca/es suff]$ capital puni%m5t2#agb & an op9ion is also quot$ t = a ,brhmana :o once 0 guilty ( adult]y ) a m>ri$ woman ( equal class1 ! p5ance 0 "o-f\r? ( t prescrib$ = an outca/4#agc ,9 anci5t ,p]u an adult]] 0 puni%'d ) dea?1 if ! woman 0 ( note1 or else ) ! rack4#agd ,footnote #aff3 ,casati1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria1 i4 #afc4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #afh3 ,laws ( ,alfr$1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #afi3 ,john/on1 ,riv] ,congo1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #agj3 ,drury1 ,j\rnal1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 ccclxxiii4 p4 #dji4 ,footnote #agb3 pa/amba1 ii4 #aj4 #bg4 #h sq4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ibid4 ii4 #aj4 #bg4 #aa4 ,footnote #agd3 ,h]r]a1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cch4 ,we f9d no difficulty 9 expla9+ all ^! facts4 ,9 e>ly civilisation a husb& has (t5 extreme rights ov] 8 wife4 ,! s$uc] encroa*es ^u a "r ( :i* he is mo/ jeal\s1 & ) reg>d to :i* 8 passions are mo/ easily inflam$4 ,adult]y is reg>d$ z an illegitimate appropriation ( ! exclusive claims :i* ! husb& has acquir$ by ! pur*ase ( 8 wife1 z an (f5ce aga9/ prop]ty4#age ,x is said 9 ! ',laws ( ,manu' t se$ mu/ n be s[n by any man on t :i* belongs to ano!r4#agf ,h[ closely ! s$uc] is associat$ ) a ?ief is illu/rat$ by ! fact t among "s peoples he is puni%$ z su*1 hav+ 8 h&s1 or "o ( !m1 cut (f4#agg ,yet ev5 among savages ! (f5ce is some?+ m ?an a m]e infr+em5t ( ! "r ( own]%ip4 ,! ,kurile ,isl&]s1 says ,kra%59nik(f1 h an extraord9>y way ( puni%+ adult]y3 ! husb& ( ! adult]ess *all5ges ! adult]] to a combat4 ,! result is g5]ally ! dea? ( bo? ! combatants2 b x is held to be z great di%on\r to refuse ?is combat z to refuse an invitation to a duel among ! p ( ,europe4#agh ,! passion ( jeal\sy1 ! feel+ ( own]%ip1 & ! s5se ( hon\r1 #dej ?us comb9e to make ! s$uc]'s act an (f5ce1 & (t5 a he9\s (f5ce1 9 ! eyes ( cu/om or law2 & = ! same reasons z 9 o!r (f5ces ! magnitude ( guilt is "h also influ5c$ by ! rank ( ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,mod]n legislation1 on ! o!r h&1 does n to ! same ext5t z e>ly law & cu/om all[ a man to give free v5t to 8 angry passion2 x reg>ds ! di%on\r ( ! aggriev$ husb& z a matt] ( too private a "* to be publicly av5g$2 & ! fai?fulness :i* a wife owes h] husb& is no long] connect$ ) any idea ( own]%ip4 ,moreov]1 ! sev]ity ( e>li] ,european laws aga9/ adult]y 0 closely connect$ ) ,*ri/ianity's abhorr5ce ( all k9ds ( irregul> sexual int]c\rse2 & secul> legislation has m & m fre$ itself f ! bondage ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,footnote #age3 ,see1 e4g41 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bbe2 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #gg2 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #e2 ,let\rneau1 ,l'volution de la morale1 p4 #aed sq4 ,footnote #agf3 ,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #db4 ,footnote #agg3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #agh3 ,kra%59nik(f1 ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 p4 #bch4 ,among "s savage peoples x is ! s$uc] only :o suff]s1 :il/ ! unfai?ful wife escapes )\t puni%m5t4#agi ,jeal\sy1 9 ! fir/ place1 turns aga9/ ! rival1 & ! s$uc] is ! di%on\r] & ! ?ief4 ,b1 z a g5]al rule1 ! unfai?ful wife is also look$ ^u z an (f5d]1 & ! puni%m5t falls on bo?4 ,%e is disc>d$1 beat51 or ill-treat$ 9 "s way or o!r1 & n infrequ5tly %e is kill$4 ,(t51 too1 %e is disfigur$ by h] enrag$ husb&1 s t no man may fall 9 love ) h] ev] aft]4#ahj ,inde$1 s /rong is ! idea t a wife belongs exclusively to h] husb&1 t among sev]al peoples %e has to die ) him2#aha & frequ5tly a wid[ is prohibit$ f rem>ry+ ei!r = ev] or = a c]ta9 p]iod aft] ! husb&'s dea?4#ahb ,9 anci5t ,p]u wid[s g5]ally cont9u$ to live s+le1 z ?is virtue 0 mu* comm5d$ 9 _! laws & ord9ances4#ahc ,nor is x 9 ,*9a consid]$ prop] #dea = a woman to contract a second m>riage aft] h] husb&'s dea?1 & a lady ( rank1 by do+ s1 exposes h]self to a p5alty ( eighty bl[s4#ahd ,z a fai?ful m9i/] does n s]ve two lords1 nei!r may a fai?ful woman m>ry a second husb&--?is is to ! ,*9ese a pr9ciple ( life1 a maxim g5]ally receiv$ z gospel4#ahe ,among s-call$ ,aryan peoples ! anci5t cu/om :i* orda9$ sacrifice ( wid[s surviv$ 9 ! prohibitions issu$ aga9/ _! m>ry+ a second "t4#ahf ,ev5 n[ ! b>e m5tion ( a second m>riage = a ,h9du woman w\ld be consid]$ ! greate/ ( insults1 &1 if %e m>ri$ aga91 %e w\ld be hunt$ out ( society1 & no dec5t p]son w\ld v5ture at any "t to h ! slighte/ int]c\rse ) h]4#ahg ,9 ,greece#ahh & ,rome#ahi a wid['s rem>riage 0 reg>d$ z an insult to h] =m] husb&2 & s x is /ill reg>d$ among ! ,s\!rn ,slavs4#aij ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 especially ! ,montani/s & ,novatians1 /rongly disapprov$ ( second m>riages by p]sons ( ei!r sex2#aia a second m>riage 0 describ$ by !m z a k9d ( =nication1#aib or z a speci\s adult]y4#aic ,x 0 look$ ^u z a manife/ sign ( incont95ce1 & also z inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e t m>riage is an emblem ( ! union ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,*ur*4#aid ,footnote #agi3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #acc 7,k&hs74 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #ahi sq4 ,sc>amucci & ,giglioli1 ',notizie sui ,danakil1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xiv4 #bf4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #aha3 ,ibid4 p4 #abe sq4 ,supra1 i4 #dgb sqq4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #abg sqq4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 i4 #cje4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #bae4 ,footnote #ahe3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #gde4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,s*rad]1 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples1 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,dubois1 ,p ( ,india1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,pausanias1 ii4 #ba4 #g4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,rossba*1 ,rmis*e ,ehe1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #aij3 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 p4 #egh4 ,cf4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #aae 7,bulg>ians74 ,footnote #aia3 ,may]1 ,die ,re*te d] ,israelit51 ,a!n] und ,rm]1 ii4 #bij4 ,b+ham1 op4 cit4 vi4 #dbg sq42 viii4 #ac sq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,t]tullian1 ,de exhortatione ca/itatis1 #i 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ii4 #ibd74 ,footnote #aic3 ,a!nagoras1 ,legatio pro ,*ri/ianis1 #cc 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vi4 #ifg74 ,footnote #aid3 ,gibbon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ii4 #ahg4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #cbf4 ,conjugal fidelity1 :il/ consid]$ a /r+5t duty 9 ! wife1 is n g5]ally consid]$ s 9 ! husb&4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! rule among savage & b>b>\s tribes2 b !re are int]e/+ exceptions to ! rule4 ,! ,igorrotes ( ,luzon are s /rictly monogam\s t #deb 9 case ( adult]y ! guilty p>ty c be compell$ to leave ! hut & ! family = ev]1#aie & among v>i\s o!r monogam\s savages adult]y is said to be unkn[n4#aif ,! ,dyak husb& pres]ves 8 v[ ( fidelity ) a rectitude :i* makes jeal\sy a f>ce4#aig ,! ,t\ng?a1 :o m>ry only "o wife1 d n consid] x "r = a ma/] to take advantage ( 8 position ev5 ) reg>d to ! female slaves 9 8 h\se4#aih ,nay1 ! duty ( fidelity 9 ! husb& has be5 recognis$ ev5 by "s savage peoples :o all[ polygamy4 ,! ,abipones1 we are told1 ?\ght x bo? wick$ & disgraceful to h any illicit int]c\rse ) o!r wom5 ?an _! wives2 h5ce adult]y 0 almo/ unhe>d ( among !m4#aii ,among ! ,omaha ,indians1 if a woman's husb& be guilty ( adult]y ) ano!r woman %e may /rike him or ! guilty female 9 h] ang]1 ?\gh %e _c claim damages4#bjj ,9 sev]al tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria a wife ^: husb& has be5 unfai?ful to h] may make a compla9t to ! *ief1 :o c puni% ! man by s5d+ him away f 8 tribe = two or ?ree moons2#bja & among "s aborig9es 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales simil> compla9ts may be made to ! eld]s ( ! tribe1 ) ! result t ! adult]\s husb& may h to suff] = 8 conduct4#bjb ,! ,k&hs ( ,india d5y ! m>ri$ man c]ta9 pr]ogatives :i* are grant$ to 8 wife3 :il/ con/ancy to h] husb& is s f> f be+ requir$ 9 a wife1 t h] pret5sions d n1 at lea/1 suff] dim9ution 9 ! eyes ( ei!r sex :5 f9es are levi$ on h] convict$ lov]s1 infidelity 9 a m>ri$ man is held to be highly di%on\rable1 & #dec is (t5 puni%$ ) deprivation ( _m social privileges4#bjc ,footnote #aie3 ,mey]1 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 f4 ,an?rop4 #ahhc1 p4 #che4 ,footnote #aif3 ,bailey1 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ii4 #bia sq4 ,h>t%orne1 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cbj 7,v$dahs74 ,f9s*1 ,neu-,gu9ea1 p4 #aja2 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 p4 #ha 7,papuans ( ,dorey74 ,footnote #aig3 ,boyle1 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 p4 #bcf4 ,see also ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #cjj 7,hill ,dyaks74 ,footnote #aih3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #aic sq4 ,footnote #aii3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #ach4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfd4 ,footnote #bja3 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,niebo]1 ,slav]y z an ,indu/rial ,sy/em1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #acc4 ,! duty :i* savages ?us 9 c]ta9 in/ances h impos$ on ! husb& is h>dly at all recognis$ 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate4 ,! ,mexicans did n consid]1 nor did !y puni%1 z adult]y ! trespass ( a husb& ) any woman :o 0 free1 or n jo9$ 9 matrimony2 :]e=e ! husb& 0 n b\nd to s mu* fidelity z 0 exact$ f ! wife1 adult]y 9 h] be+ inevitably puni%$ ) dea?4#bjd ,9 ,*9a1 :]e adult]y 9 a woman is br&$ z "o ( ! vile/ crimes & ! guilty wife is (t5times cut into small pieces1 concub9age is a recognis$ in/itution ( ! c\ntry4#bje ,9 ,corea conjugal fidelity--obligatory on ! woman--is n requir$ ( ! husb&4 4 4 4 ,among ! nobles1 ! "y bridegroom sp5ds ?ree or f\r days ) 8 bride1 & !n abs5ts himself f h] = a consid]able "t1 to prove t he does n e/eem h] too highly4 ,etiquette dooms h] to a species ( wid[hood1 :ile he sp5ds 8 h\rs ( relaxation 9 ! society ( 8 concub9es4 ,to act o!rwise w\ld be consid]$ 9 v bad ta/e1 & highly unfa%ionable4#bjf ,9 ,japan1 :ile ! man is all[$ a loose foot1 ! woman is expect$ n only to be absolutely spotless1 b also nev] to %[ any jeal\sy1 h[ev] wide ! husb& may roam1 or h[ev] num]\s may be ! concub9es 9 8 family4#bjg ,accord+ to ,hebrew law adult]y 0 a capital (f5ce1 b x presuppos$ t ! guilty woman 0 ano!r man's wife4#bjh ,! ,aryan nations 9 e>ly times g5]ally saw no?+ objectionable 9 ! unfai?fulness ( a m>ri$ man1 :]eas an adult]\s wife 0 subject to ! sev]e/ p5alties4#bji ,until "s "t aft] ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,teutons _! #ded law-books made no m5tion ( ! infidelity ( husb&s1 because x 0 p]mitt$ by cu/om4#baj ,! ,romans def9$ adult]y z sexual int]c\rse ) ano!r man's wife2 on ! o!r h&1 ! int]c\rse ( a m>ri$ man ) an unm>ri$ woman 0 n reg>d$ z adult]y4#baa ,! ord9>y ,greek feel+ on ! subject is express$ 9 ! oration aga9/ ,nera1 ascrib$ to ,demo/h5es1 :]e ! lic5ce accord$ to husb&s is spok5 ( z a matt] ( c\rse3--,we keep mi/resses = our pleasures1 concub9es = con/ant att5dance1 & wives to be> u legitimate *ildr5 & to be our fai?ful h\se-keep]s4#bab ,footnote #bjd3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #cef4 ,footnote #bje3 ,doolittle1 op4 cit4 i4 #cci4 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,griffis1 ,corea1 p4 #bea sq4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,idem1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,leviticus1 xx4 #aj4 ,deut]onomy1 xxii4 #bb4 ,footnote #bji3 ,s*rad]1 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #baj3 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #hba4 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fg sq4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 pp4 #cbd1 #fcc4 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 vol4 ii4 pt4 ii4 #cb sq4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #ffb4 ,footnote #baa3 ,v9nius1 ,9 quatuor libros in/itutionum imp]ialium comm5t>ius1 iv4 #ah4 #d1 p4 #iic4 ,cf4 ,dige/a1 l4 #af4 #aja4 #a2 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #fhh sq4 ,footnote #bab3 ,oratio 9 ,neram1 p4 #achf4 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #aif sq4 ,at ! same "t ! idea t fidelity 9 m>riage ought to be reciprocal 0 n altoge!r unkn[n 9 classical antiquity4#bac ,9 a lo/ *apt] ( 8 ',economics1' :i* has come to u only ?r\gh a ,lat9 translation1 ,ari/otle po9ts out t x = v>i\s reasons is prud5t = a man to be fai?ful to 8 wife1 b t no?+ is s peculi>ly ! prop]ty ( a wife z a *a/e & hall[$ int]c\rse4#bad ,plut>* condemns ! man :o1 lu/ful & dissolute1 goes a/ray ) a c\rtesan or maid-s]vant2 ?\gh at ! same "t he admoni%es ! wife n to be vex$ or impati5t1 consid]+ t x is out ( respect to h] t he be/[s ^u ano!r all 8 wanton depravity4#bae ,plautus argues t x is unju/ ( a husb& to exact a fidelity :i* he does n keep himself4#baf ,footnote #bac3 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cab sq4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aie sq4 ,footnote #bad3 ,ari/otle1 ,,oeconomica1 p4 #cda1 vol4 ii4 #fgi4 ,cf4 ,isocrates1 ,nicocles sive ,cyprii1 #dj4 ,footnote #bae3 ,plut>*1 ,conjugalia prcepta1 #af4 ,footnote #baf3 ,plautus1 ,m]cator1 iv4 #e4 ,9 its condemnation ( adult]y ,*ri/ianity made no di/9ction betwe5 husb& & wife4#bag ,if cont95ce is a /r+5t duty = unm>ri$ p]sons indep5d5tly ( #dee _! sex1 ! obs]vance ( ! sacr$ m>riage v[ mu/ be s 9 a /ill high] degree4 ,b "h aga9 !re is a consid]able discrepancy betwe5 ! actual feel+s ( ,*ri/ian peoples & ! /&>d ( _! religion4 ,ev5 9 ! laws ( v>i\s ,european c\ntries relat+ to divorce or judicial sep>ation we f9d an e*o ( ! popul> notion t adult]y is a small] (f5ce 9 a husb& ?an 9 a wife4#bah ,footnote #bag3 ,laur5t1 op4 cit4 iv4 #aad4 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ii4 #ce4 #e4 #bc4 ,footnote #bah3 ,see supra1 ii4 #cig4 ,! judgm5t pron\nc$ ^u an unfai?ful husb& is ( c\rse influ5c$ by ! op9ion ab\t extra-matrimonial connections 9 g5]al4 ,:]e x is consid]$ wrong = a man to h int]c\rse ) ei!r an unm>ri$ woman or ano!r man's wife1 adult]y 9 a husb& is eo ipso condemn$4 ,b :e!r1 or h[ f>1 infidelity on 8 "p is /igmatis$ z an (f5ce aga9/ 8 wife1 *iefly dep5ds ^u ! degree ( reg>d :i* is paid to ! feel+s ( wom54 ,t a m>ri$ man g5]ally enjoys m lib]ty ?an a m>ri$ woman is l>gely due to ! same causes z make him ! m privileg$ p>tn] 9 o!r respects2 b !re are also special reasons = ?is inequality betwe5 ! sexes4 ,x 0 a doctr9e ( ! ,roman juri/s t adult]y is a crime 9 ! wife1 & 9 ! wife only1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( introduc+ /range *ildr5 to ! husb&4#bai ,moreov]1 ! temptation to infidelity & ! facility 9 indulg+ 9 x are commonly great] 9 ! case ( ! husb& ?an 9 t ( ! wife2 &1 z we h (t5 notic$ be=e1 actual practice is always apt to influ5ce moral op9ion4 ,& a /ill m important reason = ! inequality 9 "q is und\bt$ly ! g5]al notion t un*a/ity ( any k9d is m discr$itable = a woman ?an = a man4 ,footnote #bai3 ,hunt]1 ,exposition ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #ajga4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,homosexual ,,love ,,our review ( ! moral ideas conc]n+ sexual relations has n yet come to an end4 ,! gratification ( ! sexual in/9ct assumes =ms :i* fall outside ! ord9>y pale ( nature4 ,( ^! !re is "o :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! rle :i* x has play$ 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d1 _c be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 namely1 int]c\rse betwe5 individuals ( ! same sex1 :at is n[adays commonly call$ homosexual love4 ,x is frequ5tly met ) among ! l[] animals4#a ,x probably occurs1 at lea/ sporadically1 among e race ( mank9d4#b ,& among "s peoples x has assum$ su* proportions z to =m a true national habit4 ,footnote #a3 ,k>s*1 ',pd]a/ie und ,tribadie bei d5 ,ti]51' 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 ii4 #abf sqq4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 ',sexual ,inv]sion1' p4 #b sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,ives1 ,classification ( ,crimes1 p4 #di4 ,! /atem5t t x is unkn[n among a c]ta9 p _c reasonably mean t x may n be practis$ 9 secret4 ,9 ,am]ica homosexual cu/oms h be5 obs]v$ among a great numb] ( ! native tribes4 ,9 ne>ly e "p ( ! cont95t !re seem to h be51 s9ce anci5t times1 m5 dress+ !mselves 9 ! clo!s & p]=m+ ! functions ( wom51 & liv+ ) o!r m5 z _! concub9es or wives4#c ,moreov]1 betwe5 #deg "y m5 :o are comrades 9 arms !re are liaisons d'amiti1 :i*1 accord+ to ,lafitau1 ne laiss5t aucun s\pon de vice app>5t1 quoiqu'il y ait1 ou qu'il puisse y avoir1 beauc\p de vice rel4#d ,footnote #c3 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bdf2 von ,m>tius1 ,von dem ,re*tszu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s1 p4 #bg sq42 ,lomonaco1 ',sulle razze indig5e del ,brasile1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xix4 #df2 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bdf 7,brazilian ,indians74 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 ii4 #dda sqq42 ,cieza de ,leon1 ',la crnica del ,p] prim]a p>te1' *4 #di1 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxvi4 #djc 7,p]uvian ,indians at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/74 ,ovi$o y ,valds1 ',sum>io de la natural hi/oria de las ,indias1' *4 #ha1 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxii4 #ejh 7,i/hmians74 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 i4 #ehe 7,indians ( ,new ,mexico72 ii4 #dfg sq4 7anci5t ,mexicans74 ,diaz del ,ca/illo1 ',conqui/a de ,nueva-,espaa1' *4 #bjh1 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxvi4 #cji 7anci5t ,mexicans74 ,l&a1 ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #agh 7anci5t ,yucatans74 ,nuez ,cabeza de ,vaca1 ',naufragios y relacion de la jornada que hizo a la ,florida1' *4 #bf1 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxii4 #ech2 ,coreal1 ,voyages aux ,indes ,occid5tales1 i4 #cc sq4 7,indians ( ,florida74 ,p]r9 du ,lac1 ,voyage dans les deux ,l\isianes et *ez les nations sauvages du ,miss\ri1 p4 #ceb2 ,bossu1 ,travels ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 i4 #cjc4 ,h5nep91 ,n\velle ,dc\v]te d'un trs ,gr& ,pays ,situ dans l',am]ique1 p4 #bai sq42 ',la ,salle's ,la/ ,exp$ition & ,discov]ies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' 9 ,collections ( ! ,new-,york ,hi/orical ,society1 ii4 #bcg sq42 de ,lahontan1 ,mmoires de l',amrique sept5trionale1 p4 #adb 7,ill9ois74 ,m>quette1 ,recit des voyages1 p4 #eb sq4 7,ill9ois & ,naud[essies74 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cea 7,manit>ies1 ,m&ans1 c474 ,mc,coy1 ,hi/ory ( ,bapti/ ,indian ,missions1 p4 #cfj sq4 7,osages74 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #bgh2 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bad sq4 7,si\x74 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfe2 ,james1 ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #bfg 7,omahas74 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians1 #a4ad 7,iroquois74 ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 ii4 #db 7,crees74 ,oswald1 quot$ by ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #cad 7,indians ( ,cali=nia74 ,hold]1 9 ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,decemb] #g?1 #ahhi1 quot$ by ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #i sq4 7,indians ( ,wa%+ton & o!r tribes 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates74 ,see also ,k>s*1 ',uranismus od] ,pd]a/ie und ,tribadie bei d5 ,naturvlk]n1' 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iii4 #aab sqq4 ,footnote #d3 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s1 i4 #fjc1 #fjg sqq4 ,homosexual practices are1 or h be51 v prom95t among ! peoples 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,behr+ ,sea4#e ,9 ,kadiak x 0 ! cu/om = p>5ts :o _h a girl-l son to dress & re> him z a girl1 tea*+ him only dome/ic duties1 keep+ him at woman's "w1 & lett+ him associate only ) wom5 & girls4 ,arriv+ at ! age ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 he 0 m>ri$ to "s weal?y man & 0 !n call$ an a*nu*ik or %oopan4#f ,dr4 ,bogoraz gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a #deh simil> practice preval5t among ! ,*uk*i3--,x happ5s frequ5tly t1 "u ! sup]natural influ5ce ( "o ( _! %amans1 or prie/s1 a ,*uk*i lad at sixte5 ye>s ( age w sudd5ly rel9qui% 8 sex & imag9e himself to be a woman4 ,he adopts a woman's attire1 lets 8 hair gr[1 & devotes himself altoge!r to female occupation4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is dis[n] ( 8 sex takes a husb& into ! yurt & does all ! "w :i* is usually incumb5t on ! wife 9 mo/ unnatural & volunt>y subjection4 ,?us x frequ5tly happ5s 9 a yurt t ! husb& is a woman1 :ile ! wife is a man6 ,^! abnormal *anges ( sex imply ! mo/ abject immorality 9 ! community1 & appe> to be /rongly enc\rag$ by ! %amans1 :o int]pret su* cases z an injunction ( _! individual deity4 ,! *ange ( sex 0 usually accompani$ by future %aman%ip2 inde$1 ne>ly all ! %amans 7 =m] del9qu5ts ( _! sex4#g ,among ! ,*uk*i male %amans :o are clo!d 9 woman's attire & are believ$ to be trans=m$ physically into wom5 are /ill q common2 & traces ( ! *ange ( a %aman's sex into t ( a woman may be f\nd among _m o!r ,sib]ian tribes4#h ,9 "s cases at lea/ !re c be no d\bt t ^! trans=mations 7 connect$ ) homosexual practices4 ,9 8 description ( ! ,koriaks1 ,kra%59nik(f makes m5tion ( ! ke'yev1 t is1 m5 occupy+ ! position ( concub9es2 & he comp>es !m ) ! ,kam*adale koe'kvcuvc1 z he calls !m1 t is1 m5 trans=m$ into wom54 ,e koe'kvcuvc1 he says1 is reg>d$ z a magician & int]pret] ( dreams2 b f 8 confus$ description ,mr4 ,jo*elson ?9ks x may be inf]r$ t ! mo/ important feature ( ! in/itution ( ! koe'kvcuvc lay1 n 9 _! %amani/ic p[]1 b 9 _! position ) reg>d to ! satisfaction ( ! #dei unnatural incl9ations ( ! ,kam*adales4 ,! koe'kvcuvc wore wom5's clo!s1 did wom5's "w1 & 7 9 ! position ( wives or concub9es4#i ,footnote #e3 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #djb2 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 i4 #ib2 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #cad 7,aleuts71 von ,langsdorf1 ,voyages & ,travels1 ii4 #dh 7natives ( ,oonalaska74 ,/ell]1 ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bhi1 n4 a2 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #acb sq4 7,kam*adales74 ,footnote #f3 ,davyd[1 quot$ by ,holmb]g1 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika1' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 iv4 #djj sq4 ,lisiansky1 ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #aii4 von ,langsdorf99991 op4 cit4 ii4 #fd4 ,sau]1 ,bill+'s ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia1 p4 #agf4 ,s>yts*ew1 ',voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,sib]ia1' 9 ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages1 vi4 #af4 ,footnote #g3 ,bogoraz1 quot$ by ,demid(f1 ,%oot+ ,trip to ,kam*atka1 p4 #gd sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,jo*elson1 ,koryak ,religion & ,my?1 pp4 #eb1 #ec n4 #c4 ,footnote #i3 ,jo*elson1 op4 cit4 p4 #eb sq4 ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago homosexual love is common1#aj ?\gh n 9 all ( ! isl&s4#aa ,x is widely spread among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra4#ab ,9 ,bali x is practis$ op5ly1 & !re are p]sons :o make x a pr(ession4#ac ,! basir ( ! ,dyaks are m5 :o make _! liv+ by wit*craft & debau*]y4 ,!y are dress$ z wom51 !y are made use ( at idolatr\s fea/s & = sodomitic abom9ations1 & _m ( !m are =mally m>ri$ to o!r m54#ad ,dr4 ,haddon says t he nev] he>d ( any unnatural (f5ces 9 ,torres ,/raits2#ae b 9 ! ,rigo di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea sev]al in/ances ( p$]a/y h be5 met )1#af & at ,m[at 9 ,daudai x is regul>ly indulg$ 94#ag ,homosexual love is report$ z common among ! ,m>%all ,isl&]s#ah & 9 ,hawaii4#ai ,f ,tahiti we he> ( a set ( m5 call$ by ! natives mahoos1 :o assume ! dress1 attitude1 & mann]s1 ( wom51 & affect all ! fanta/ic oddities & coquetries ( ! va9e/ ( females4 ,!y mo/ly associate ) ! wom51 :o c\rt _! acqua9tance4 ,) ! mann]s ( ! wom51 !y adopt _! peculi> employm5ts4 4 4 4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( ?is abom9ation is almo/ solely #dfj conf9$ to ! *iefs4#bj ,( ! ,new ,cal$onians ,m4 ,foley writes3--,la plus gr&e frat]nit n'e/ pas *ez eux la frat]nit ut]9e1 mais la frat]nit des armes4 ,il en e/ a9si surt\t au village de ,poepo4 ,il e/ vrai que cette frat]nit des armes e/ complique de pdra/ie4#ba ,footnote #aj3 ,wilk51 ',ple*tigh$5 en gebruik5 bij v]lov+5 en huwelijk5 bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1' 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal- l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xxxiii4 7s]4 v4 vol4 iv47 p4 #deg sqq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 iii4 #aci4 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #ab3 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #aeg1 n499 ,footnote #ac3 ,jacobs1 ,e5ig5 tijd ond] de ,balirs1 pp4 #ad1 #acd sq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,h>del&1 ,dajacks*-deuts*es ,wrt]bu*1 p4 #ec sq4 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 i4 #ahf4 ,p]ela]1 ,e?nographis*e bes*rijv+ d] ,dajaks1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,haddon1 ',e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #cae4 ,footnote #af3 ,seligmann1 ',sexual ,inv]sion among ,primitive ,races1' 9 ,! ,ali5i/ & ,neurologi/1 xxiii4 #c sqq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,be>dmore1 ',natives ( ,m[at1 ,daudai1 ,new ,gu9ea1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #dfd4 ,haddon1 ibid4 xix4 #cae4 ,footnote #ah3 ,h]n%eim1 ,beitrag zur ,spra*e d] ,m>%all-,inseln1 p4 #dj4 ,a diff]5t op9ion is express$ by ,s5fft1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani51 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,remy1 ,ka ,mooolelo ,hawaii1 p4 xliii4 ,footnote #bj3 ,turnbull1 ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #chb4 ,see also ,wilson1 ,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\!rn ,pacific1 pp4 #ccc1 #cfa2 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #bdf1 #beh4 ,footnote #ba3 ,foley1 ',sur les habitations et les moeurs des ,no-,caldoni5s1' 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop4 ,p>is1 s]4 iii4 vol4 ii4 #fjf4 ,see also de ,ro*as1 ,n\velle ,caldonie1 p4 #bce4 ,among ! natives ( ! ,kimb]ley ,di/rict 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 if a "y man on rea*+ a m>riageable age c f9d no wife1 he is pres5t$ ) a boy-wife1 kn[n z *ookadoo4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! ord9>y exogamic rules are obs]v$1 & ! husb& has to avoid 8 "m-9-law1 j z if he 7 m>ri$ to a woman4 ,! *ookadoo is a boy ( five ye>s to ab\t t51 :5 he is initiat$4 ,! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 him & 8 protect+ billalu says ,mr4 ,h>dman1 are some:at d\btful4 ,!re is no d\bt !y h connection1 b ! natives repudiate ) horror & disgu/ ! idea ( sodomy4#bb ,su* m>riages are evid5tly exce$+ly common4 ,z ! wom5 are g5]ally monopolis$ by ! old] & m influ5tial m5 ( ! tribe1 x is r>e to f9d a man "u ?irty or =ty :o has a wife2 h5ce x is ! rule t1 :5 a boy becomes five ye>s old1 he is giv5 z a boy-wife to "o ( ! "y m54#bc ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,purcell's description ( ! natives ( ! same di/rict1 e useless memb] ( ! tribe gets a boy1 ab\t five or sev5 ye>s old2 & ^! boys1 :o are call$ mullawongahs1 are us$ = sexual purposes4#bd ,among ! ,*+alee ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory1 old m5 are (t5 notic$ ) no wives b accompani$ by "o or two boys1 :om !y jeal\sly gu>d & ) :om !y h sodomitic int]c\rse4#be #dfa ,t homosexual practices are n unkn[n among o!r ,au/ralian tribes may be inf]r$ f ,mr4 ,hewitt's /atem5t relat+ to ,s\?-,ea/]n natives1 t unnatural (f5ces are =bidd5 to ! novices by ! old m5 & gu>dians aft] leav+ ! initiation camp4#bf ,footnote #bb3 ,h>dman1 ',notes on "s ,habits & ,cu/oms ( ! ,natives ( ! ,kimb]ley ,di/rict1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,academy1 s]4 iii4 vol4 i4 #gd4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ga1 #gc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,purcell1 ',rites & ,cu/oms ( ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1' 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 ,an?rop4 #ahic1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #be3 ,rav5scr(t1 ',"s ,habits & ,cu/oms ( ! ,*+alee ,tribe1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 xv4 #abb4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas = draw+ my att5tion to ^! /atem5ts4 ,footnote #bf3 ,h[itt1 ',"s ,au/ralian ,c]emonies ( ,initiation1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 #dej4 ,9 ,madagasc> !re are c]ta9 boys :o live l wom5 & h int]c\rse ) m51 pay+ ^? m5 :o please !m4#bg ,9 an old acc\nt ( t isl&1 dat+ f ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x is said3 ,,ii y a 4 4 4 quelques hommes qu'ils appell5t ,tsecats1 qui sont hommes effem9ez et impuissans1 qui re*]*5t les g>ons1 et font m9e d'en e/re am\reux1 en contrefaisans les filles et se ve/ans a9si qu'elles leurs font des pres5ts p\r dormir auec eux1 et mesmes se donn5t des noms de filles1 en faisant les honteuses et les mode/es4 4 4 4 ,ils hass5t les femmes et ne les veul5t po9t hant]4#bh ,m5 behav+ l wom5 h also be5 obs]v$ among ! ,ondonga 9 ,g]man ,s\?-,we/ ,africa#bi & ! ,diakit-,s>racolese 9 ! ,fr5* ,s\dan1#cj b z reg>ds _! sexual habits details are want+4 ,homosexual practices are common among ! ,banaka & ,bapuku 9 ! ,cam]oons4#ca ,b among ! natives ( ,africa g5]ally su* practices seem to be comp>atively r>e1#cb except among ,arabic-speak+ #dfb peoples & 9 c\ntries l ,zanzib>1#cc :]e !re has be5 a /rong ,arab influ5ce4 ,9 ,nor? ,africa !y are n re/rict$ to ! inhabitants ( t[ns2 !y are frequ5t among ! peasants ( ,egypt#cd & univ]sal among ! ,jbla inhabit+ ! ,nor!rn m\nta9s ( ,morocco4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are mu* less common or ev5 r>e among ! ,b]b]s & ! nomadic ,b$\9s1#ce & x is report$ t ! ,b$\9s ( ,arabia are q exempt f !m4#cf ,footnote #bg3 ,lasnet1 9 ,annales d'hygine et de mdec9e coloniales1 #ahii1 p4 #did1 quot$ by ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,r5curel1 9 ,annales d'hygine1 #aijj1 p4 #efb1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #aa sq4 ,see also ,leguvel de ,lacombe1 ,voyage ,madagasc>1 i4 #ig sq4 ,p$]a/y prevails to "s ext5t 9 ! isl& ( ,nossi-,b1 close to ,madagasc>1 & is v common at ,ankisimane1 opposite to x1 on ,jass&ava ,bay 7,walt]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cgf74 ,footnote #bh3 de ,flac\rt1 ,hi/oire de la gr&e isle ,madagasc>1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #cj3 ,nicole1 ibid4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ibid4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #cb3 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ebe 7,b>ea & ,kunma74 ,baumann1 ',contrre ,sexual-,ers*e9ung5 bei d] ,neg]-,bevlk]ung ,zanzib>s1' 9 ,v]h&l4 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 fr ,an?ropologie1 #ahii1 p4 #ffh4 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,wag&a ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gbc4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #djd 7,bakongo74 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #eg 7,negroes ( ,accra74 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,mbala1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #daj4 ,nicole1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #aaa 7,muhamm$an ,negroes74 ,telli]1 ibid4 p4 #aei 7,kreis ,kita 9 ! ,fr5* ,s\dan74 ,bev]ley1 ibid4 p4 #baj 7,wagogo74 ,kraft1 ibid4 p4 #bhh 7,wapokomo74 ,footnote #cc3 ,baumann1 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 ,an?rop4 #ahii1 p4 #ffh sq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,burckh>dt1 ,travels 9 ,nubia1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #ce3 d',escayrac de ,lauture1 ,afrikanis*e ,w/e1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #cf3 ,burckh>dt1 ,travels 9 ,arabia1 i4 #cfd4 ,see also von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 ii4 #bfi4 ,homosexual love is spread ov] ,asia ,m9or & ,mesopotamia4#cg ,x is v preval5t among ! ,t>t>s & ,k>at*ai ( ! ,caucasus1#ch ! ,p]sians1#ci ,sikhs1#dj & ,afghans2 9 ,kaubul a baza> or /reet is set ap>t = x4#da ,old travell]s make ref]5ce to its enorm\s frequ5cy among ! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india1#db & 9 ?is respect "t seems to h produc$ no *ange4#dc ,9 ,*9a1 :]e x is also extremely common1 !re are special h\ses devot$ to male pro/itution1 & boys are sold by _! p>5ts ab\t ! age ( f\r1 to be tra9$ = ?is occupation4#dd ,9 ,japan p$]a/y is said by "s to h prevail$ f ! mo/ anci5t times1 :]eas o!rs are ( op9ion t x 0 introduc$ by ,buddhism ab\t ! six? c5tury ( our era4 ,! monks us$ to live ) h&some y\?s1 to :om !y 7 (t5 passionately devot$2 & 9 feudal times ne>ly e knight _h z #dfc 8 fav\rite a "y man ) :om he ent]ta9$ relations ( ! mo/ intimate k9d1 & on behalf ( :om he 0 always ready to fight a duel :5 occasion occurr$4 ,tea-h\ses ) male ghei%as 7 f\nd 9 ,japan till ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,n[adays p$]a/y seems to be m preval5t 9 ! ,s\!rn ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn prov9ces ( ! c\ntry1 b !re are also di/ricts :]e x is h>dly kn[n4#de ,footnote #cg3 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #ci3 ,polak1 ',die ,pro/itution 9 ,p]si51' 9 ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 xi4 #fbg sqq4 ,idem1 ,p]si51 i4 #bcg4 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bcc sq4 ,wilson1 ,p]sian ,life & ,cu/oms1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #dj3 ,malcolm1 ,sket* ( ! ,sikhs1 p4 #adj4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #e1 n4 #b4 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bcf4 ,footnote #da3 ,wilson1 ,abode ( ,sn[1 p4 #dbj4 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bcf4 ,footnote #db3 ,/avor9us1 ,voyages to ! ,ea/-,indies1 i4 #def4 ,fry]1 ,new ,acc\nt ( ,ea/-,india1 p4 #ig4 ,*ev]s1 ,manual ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1 p4 #gje4 ,footnote #dc3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #gjh4 ,footnote #dd3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #aic4 ,wells ,williams1 ,! ,middle ,k+dom1 i4 #hcf4 ,matignon1 ',deux mots sur la pdra/ie en ,*9e1' 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 xiv4 #ch sqq4 ,k>s*1 ,das glei*ges*le*tli*e ,leb5 d] ,o/asiat51 p4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #de3 ,jwaya1 ',nan %o k1' 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iv4 #bff1 #bfh1 #bgj4 ,k>s*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga sqq4 ,no ref]5ce is made to p$]a/y ei!r 9 ! ,hom]ic poems or by ,hesiod1 b lat] on we meet ) x almo/ z a national in/itution 9 ,greece4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ,rome & o!r p>ts ( ,italy at an e>ly p]iod2#df b "h also x became mu* m frequ5t 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,at ! close ( ! six? c5tury1 ,polybius tells u1 _m ,romans paid a tal5t = ! possession ( a beautiful y\?4#dg ,dur+ ! ,empire il tait d'usage1 dans les families patrici5nes1 de donn] au jeune homme pubre un esclave du mme ge comme compagnon de lit1 af9 qu'il pt satisfaire 4 4 4 'ses premi]s lans' gnsiques2#dh & =mal m>riages betwe5 m5 7 introduc$ ) all ! solemnities ( ord9>y nuptials4#di ,homosexual practices occurr$ among ! ,celts1#ej & 7 by no means unkn[n to ! anci5t ,sc&9avians1 :o _h a :ole nom5clature on ! subject4#ea ,footnote #df3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 vii4 #b4 ,a!nu1 ,deipnosophi/1 xii4 #ad1 p4 #eah 7,etruscans74 ,re91 ,crim9alre*t d] ,rm]1 p4 #hfc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,polybius1 ,hi/ori1 xxxii4 #aa4 #e4 ,footnote #dh3 ,buret1 ,la syphilis auj\rd'hui et *ez les anci5s1 p4 #aig sqq4 ,catullus1 ,c>m9a1 lxi4 7',9 ,nuptias ,juli et ,manlii'71 #abh sqq4 ,cf4 ,m>tial1 ,epigrammata1 viii4 #dd4 #af sq4 ,footnote #di3 ,juv5al1 ,satir1 ii4 #aag sqq4 ,m>tial1 op4 cit4 xii4 #db4 ,footnote #ej3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 v4 #cb4 #g4 ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 ii4 #i1 p4 #abfi b4 ,footnote #ea3 ',spur5 von ,kontrrsexualitt bei d5 alt5 ,sk&9avi]n1' 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iv4 #bdd sqq4 ,( late ye>s a volum9\s & con/antly increas+ lit]ature on homosexuality#eb has reveal$ its frequ5cy 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,no c\ntry & no class ( society is free f x4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,albania x ev5 exi/s z a popul> cu/om1 ! "y m5 f ! age ( sixte5 #dfd upw>ds regul>ly hav+ boy fav\rites ( betwe5 twelve & sev5te54#ec ,footnote #eb3 ,see infra1 ,additional ,notes4 ,footnote #ec3 ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi51 i4 #afh4 ,! above /atem5ts *iefly ref] to homosexual practices betwe5 m51 b simil> practices also occur betwe5 wom54#ed ,among ! ,am]ican aborig9es !re are n only m5 :o behave l wom51 b wom5 :o behave l m54 ,?us 9 c]ta9 ,brazilian tribes wom5 are f\nd :o ab/a9 f e womanly occupation & imitate ! m5 9 ev]y?+1 :o we> _! hair 9 a mascul9e fa%ion1 :o g to w> ) a b[ & arr[s1 :o hunt toge!r ) ! m51 & :o w\ld r all[ !mselves to be kill$ ?an h sexual int]c\rse ) a man4 ,ea* ( ^! wom5 has a woman :o s]ves h] & ) :om %e says %e is m>ri$2 !y live toge!r z husb& & wife4#ee ,s also !re are among ! ,ea/]n ,eskimo "s wom5 :o refuse to accept husb&s1 pref]r+ to adopt mascul9e mann]s1 foll[+ ! de] on ! m\nta9s1 trapp+ & fi%+ = !mselves4#ef ,homosexual practices are said to be common among ,hott5tot#eg & ,h]]o#eh wom54 ,9 ,zanzib> !re are wom5 :o we> m5's clo!s 9 private1 %[ a pref]5ce = mascul9e occupations1 & seek sexual satisfaction among wom5 :o h ! same incl9ation1 or else among normal wom5 :o are won ov] by pres5ts or o!r means4#ei ,9 ,egyptian h>ems e woman is said to h a fri5d4#fj ,9 ,bali homosexuality is almo/ z common among wom5 z among m51 ?\gh x is ex]cis$ m secretly2#fa & ! same seems to be ! case 9 ,india4#fb ,f ,greek antiquity we #dfe he> ( ,lesbian love4 ,! fact t homosexuality has be5 mu* m frequ5tly notic$ 9 m5 ?an 9 wom5 does n imply t ! latt] are less addict$ to x4 ,= v>i\s reasons ! sexual abnormalities ( wom5 h attract$ mu* less att5tion1#fc & moral op9ion has g5]ally tak5 little notice ( !m4 ,footnote #ed3 ,k>s*1 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iii4 #he sqq4 ,ploss-,b>tels1 ,das ,weib1 i4 #eag sqq4 von ,krafft-,eb+1 ,psy*opa?ia sexualis1 p4 #bgh sqq4 ,moll1 ,die ,contrre ,sexualempf9dung1 p4 #bdg sqq4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #aah sqq4 ,footnote #ee3 ,magalhanes de ,g&avo1 ,hi/oire de la ,prov9ce de ,sancta-,cruz1 p4 #aaf sq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #eg3 ,frits*1 quot$ by ,k>s*1 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iii4 #hg sq4 ,footnote #eh3 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #bbg4 ,cf4 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 pp4 #agc1 #agg4 ,footnote #ei3 ,baumann1 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 ,an?rop4 #ahii1 p4 #ffh sq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #fa3 ,jacobs1 ,e5ig5 tijd ond] de ,balirs1 p4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,see ibid4 p4 #aba sq4 ,homosexual practices are due sometimes to in/9ctive pref]5ce1 sometimes to ext]nal conditions unfav\rable to normal int]c\rse4#fd ,a frequ5t cause is cong5ital sexual inv]sion1 t is1 sexual in/9ct turn$ by inborn con/itutional abnormality t[>d p]sons ( ! same sex4#fe ,x seems likely t ! fem99e m5 & ! mascul9e wom5 ref]r$ to above are1 at lea/ 9 _m in/ances1 sexual inv]ts2 ?\gh1 9 ! case ( %amans1 ! *ange ( sex may also result f ! belief t su* trans=m$ %amans1 l _! female colleagues1 are p>ticul>ly p[]ful4#ff ,dr4 ,hold] affirms ! exi/5ce ( cong5ital inv]sion among ! ,nor?-,we/]n tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#fg ,dr4 ,baumann among ! p ( ,zanzib>2#fh & 9 ,morocco1 also1 ,i believe x is common en\gh4 ,b z reg>ds its preval5ce among non-,european peoples we h mo/ly to resort to m]e conjectures2 our real k ( cong5ital inv]sion is d]iv$ f ! volunt>y confessions ( inv]ts4 ,! l>ge majority ( travell]s are totally ignorant ( ! psy*ological side ( ! subject1 & ev5 to an exp]t x mu/ v (t5 be impossible to decide :e!r a c]ta9 case ( inv]sion is cong5ital or acquir$4 ,inde$1 acquir$ inv]sion itself presupposes an innate disposition :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances develops into actual inv]sion4#fi ,ev5 betwe5 inv]sion & normal sexuality #dff !re seem to be all %ades ( v>iation4 ,pr(essor ,james ?9ks t inv]sion is a k9d ( sexual appetite1 ( :i* v likely mo/ m5 possess ! g]m9al possibility4#gj ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case 9 e>ly pub]ty4#ga ,footnote #fd3 ,ano!r reason = su* practices is giv5 by ,mr4 ,be>dmore 79 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 #dfd71 ) ref]5ce to ! ,papuans ( ,m[at4 ,he says t !y indulge 9 sodomy because too great increase ( population is undesir$ among/ ! y\ng] portion ( ! m>ri$ p4 ,cf4 infra1 p4 #dhd sqq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #ff3 ,jo*elson1 op4 cit4 p4 #eb sq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,hold]1 quot$ by ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #i sq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,baumann1 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 ,an?rop4 #ahii1 p4 #ffh sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,fr1 ,l'in/9ct sexuel1 quot$ by ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #gj3 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 #dci4 ,see also ,ives1 op4 cit4 p4 #ef sqq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,dr4 ,dessoir 7',zur ,psy*ologie d] ,vita sexualis1' 9 ,allgeme9e ,zeits*rift fr ,psy*iatrie1 l4 #idb7 ev5 goes s f> z to conclude t an undiff]5tiat$ sexual feel+ is normal1 on ! av]age1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( pub]ty4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly an exagg]ation 7cf4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #dg sq474 ,a v important cause ( homosexual practices is abs5ce ( ! o!r sex4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( ?is among ! l[] animals4#gb ,buffon long ago obs]v$ t1 if male or female birds ( v>i\s species 7 %ut up toge!r1 !y w\ld soon beg9 to h sexual relations among !mselves1 ! males soon] ?an ! females4#gc ,! ,we/ ,au/ralian boy-m>riage is a sub/itute = ord9>y m>riage 9 cases :5 wom5 are n obta9able4 ,among ! ,boror ( ,brazil homosexual int]c\rse is said to occur 9 _! m5-h\ses only :5 ! sc>city ( accessible girls is unusually great4#gd ,its preval5ce 9 ,tahiti may p]haps be connect$ ) ! fact t !re 0 only "o woman to f\r or five m51 ow+ to ! habit ( female infanticide4#ge ,among ! ,*9ese 9 c]ta9 regions1 = in/ance ,java1 ! lack ( accessible wom5 is ! pr9cipal cause ( homosexual practices4#gf ,accord+ to "s writ]s su* practices are ! results ( polygamy4#gg ,9 ,muhamm$an c\ntries !y are no d\bt l>gely due to ! seclusion ( wom51 prev5t+ free int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes & compell+ ! unm>ri$ p to associate almo/ exclusively ) memb]s ( _! own sex4 ,among ! m\nta9e]s ( ,nor!rn ,morocco ! excessive indulg5ce 9 p$]a/y ?us goes h& 9 h& ) great isolation ( ! wom5 #dfg & a v high /&>d ( female *a/ity1 :]eas among ! ,arabs ( ! pla9s1 :o are little addict$ to boy-love1 ! unm>ri$ girls enjoy consid]able fre$om4 ,bo? 9 ,asia#gh & ,europe#gi ! obligatory celibacy ( ! monks & prie/s has be5 a cause ( homosexual practices1 ?\gh x mu/ n be =gott5 t a pr(ession :i* imposes ab/95ce f m>riage is likely to attract a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( cong5ital inv]ts4 ,! tempor>y sep>ation ( ! sexes involv$ 9 a milit>y mode ( life no d\bt acc\nts = ! extreme preval5ce ( homosexual love among w>like races1#hj l ! ,sikhs1 ,afghans1 ,dorians1 & ,normans4#ha ,9 ,p]sia#hb & ,morocco x is p>ticul>ly common among soldi]s4 ,9 ,japan x 0 an incid5t ( knigh?ood1 9 ,new ,cal$onia & ,nor? ,am]ica ( bro!rhood 9 arms4 ,at lea/ 9 "s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes m5 :o 7 dress$ z wom5 accompani$ ! o!r m5 z s]vants 9 w> & ! *ase4#hc ,among ! ,banaka & ,bapuku 9 ! ,cam]oons p$]a/y is practis$ especially by m5 :o are long abs5t f _! wives4#hd ,9 ,morocco ,i h he>d x advocat$ on acc\nt ( ! conv5i5ce x af=ds to p]sons :o are travell+4 ,footnote #gb3 ,k>s*1 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 ii4 #abf sqq4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #b sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #b4 ,footnote #gd3 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ejb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #beg sq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,matignon1 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 xiv4 #db4 ,k>s*1 op4 cit4 p4 #cb sqq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #aac4 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #cje 7,dahomans74 ,footnote #gh3 ,supra1 ii4 #dfb4 ,k>s*4 op4 cit4 pp4 #g4 7,*9a71 #gf sqq4 7,japan71 #acb 7,corea74 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,voltaire1 ,dictionnaire philosophique1 ',am\r ,socratique' 7,,oeuvres1 vii4 #hb72 ,buret1 ,syphilis 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ,mod]n ,times1 p4 #hh sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,cf4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #ha3 ,freeman1 ,reign ( ,william ,rufus1 i4 #aei4 ,footnote #hb3 ,polak1 9 ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 xi4 #fbh4 ,footnote #hc3 ,m>quette1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec 7,ill9ois74 ,p]r9 du ,lac1 ,voyage dans les deux ,l\isianes et *ez les nations sauvages du ,miss\ri1 p4 #ceb4 ,cf4 ,nuez ,cabeza de ,vaca1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ech 7conc]n+ ! ,indians ( ,florida73-- 4 4 4 tiran arco y llevan muy gran c>ga4 ,footnote #hd3 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ch4 ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis ju/ly obs]ves t :5 homosexual attraction is due simply to ! abs5ce ( ! o!r sex we are n conc]n$ ) sexual inv]sion1 b m]ely ) ! accid5tal turn+ ( ! sexual in/9ct into an abnormal *annel1 ! in/9ct be+ call$ out by an approximate sub/itute1 or ev5 by diffus$ emotional excitem5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! normal object4#he ,b x seems to me probable t 9 su* cases ! homosexual #dfh attraction 9 ! c\rse ( "t q easily develops into g5u9e inv]sion4 ,i _c b ?9k t our *ief au?orities on homosexuality h und]e/imat$ ! modify+ influ5ce :i* habit may ex]cise on ! sexual in/9ct4 ,pr(essor ,krafft-,eb+#hf & ,dr4 ,moll#hg d5y ! exi/5ce ( acquir$ inv]sion except 9 occasional in/ances2 & ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis takes a simil> view1 if putt+ aside ^? cases ( a m or less morbid "* 9 :i* old m5 ) fail+ sexual p[]s1 or y\ng] m5 exhau/$ by het]osexual debau*]y1 are attract$ to memb]s ( _! own sex4#hh ,b h[ is x t 9 "s p>ts ( ,morocco su* a v l>ge proportion ( ! m5 are di/9ctly sexual inv]ts1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is ^w is us$ by ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis1#hi t is1 p]sons :o = ! gratification ( _! sexual desire pref] _! own sex to ! opposite "o8 ,x may be t 9 ,morocco & 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries g5]ally1 :]e almo/ e individual m>ries1 cong5ital inv]sion1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( h]$ity1 is m frequ5t ?an 9 ,europe1 :]e inv]ts s commonly ab/a9 f m>ry+4 ,b t ?is c\ld n be an adequate explanation ( ! fact 9 "q becomes at once app>5t :5 we consid] ! extremely unequal di/ribution ( inv]ts among diff]5t neighb\r+ tribes ( ! same /ock1 "s ( :i* are v little or h>dly at all addict$ to p$]a/y4 ,i take ! case to be1 t homosexual practices 9 e>ly y\? h _h a la/+ effect on ! sexual in/9ct1 :i* at its fir/ appe>ance1 be+ some:at indef9ite1 is easily turn$ into a homosexual direction4#ij ,9 ,morocco inv]sion is mo/ preval5t among ! scribes1 :o f *ildhood h liv$ 9 v close association ) _! fell[-/ud5ts4 ,( c\rse1 influ5ces ( ?is k9d require a fav\rable organic pr$isposition to act on2#ia b ?is pr$isposition is probably no abnormality at all1 only a #dfi feature 9 ! ord9>y sexual con/itution ( man4#ib ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! mo/ common =m ( inv]sion1 at lea/ 9 ,muhamm$an c\ntries1 is love ( boys or y\?s n yet 9 ! age ( pub]ty1 t is1 ( male individuals :o are physically v l girls4 ,voltaire obs]ves3--,s\v5t un jeune g>on1 p> la fra*eur de son te9t1 p> l'clat de ses c\leurs1 et p> la d\ceur de ses yeux1 ressemble p5dant deux ou trois ans une belle fille2 si on l'aime1 c'e/ p>ce que la nature se mpr5d4#ic ,moreov]1 9 normal cases sexual attraction dep5ds n only on sex1 b on a y\?ful appe>ance z well2 & !re are p]sons s con/itut$ t to !m ! latt] factor is ( *ief importance1 :il/ ! "q ( sex is almo/ a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,footnote #he3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #hf3 ,krafft-,eb+1 op4 cit4 p4 #baa sq4 ,footnote #hg3 ,moll1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeg sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #ej sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #aha sqq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibid4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ij3 ,cf4 ,norman1 ',sexual ,p]v]sion1' 9 ,tuke's ,diction>y ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e1 ii4 #aaef4 ,footnote #ia3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #ib3 ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis also admits 7op4 cit4 p4 #aij7 t1 if 9 e>ly life ! sexual in/9cts are less def9itely det]m9$ ?an :5 adolesc5ce is complete1 x is conceivable1 ?\gh unprov$1 t a v /rong impression1 act+ ev5 on a normal organism1 may cause arre/ ( sexual developm5t on ! psy*ic side4 ,x is a "q1 he adds1 ,i am n 9 a position to settle4 ,footnote #ic3 ,voltaire1 ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 art4 ',am\r ,socratique1' 7,,oeuvres1 vii4 #ha74 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1 x4 #hd sq4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 also1 n only homosexual int]c\rse b actual inv]sion1 seems to h be5 v common2 & al?\gh ?is1 l e =m ( love1 mu/ h conta9$ a cong5ital elem5t1 !re c be little d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t x 0 l>gely due to ext]nal circum/ances ( a social "*4 ,x may1 9 ! fir/ place1 be trac$ to ! me?ods ( tra9+ ! y\?4 ,9 ,sp>ta x seems to h be5 ! practice = e y\? ( good "* to h 8 lov]1 or inspirator1#id & = e well-educat$ man to be ! lov] ( "s y\?4#ie ,! relations betwe5 ! inspirator & ! li/5] 7 extremely intimate3 at home ! y\? 0 con/antly "u ! eyes ( 8 lov]1 :o 0 suppos$ to be to him a model & patt]n ( life2#if 9 battle !y /ood ne> "o ano!r & _! fidelity & affection 7 (t5 %[n till dea?2#ig if 8 relatives 7 abs5t1 ! y\? #dgj might be repres5t$ 9 ! public assembly by 8 lov]2#ih & = _m faults1 p>ticul>ly want ( ambition1 ! lov] c\ld be puni%$ in/ead ( ! li/5]4#ii ,?is anci5t cu/om prevail$ ) /ill great] =ce 9 ,crete1 :i* isl& 0 h5ce by _m p]sons consid]$ to be ! place ( its bir?4#ajj ,:atev] may h be5 ! case orig9ally1 !re c be no d\bt t 9 lat] times ! relations betwe5 ! y\? & 8 lov] impli$ un*a/e int]c\rse4#aja ,& 9 o!r ,greek /ates ! education ( ! y\? 0 accompani$ by simil> consequ5ces4 ,at an e>ly age ! boy 0 tak5 away f 8 "m1 & sp5t !nce=? all 8 "t 9 ! company ( m51 until he rea*$ ! age :5 m>riage became = him a civic duty4#ajb ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! gymnasia & common meals among ! y\? seem always to h _h a t5d5cy to degrade ! anci5t & natural cu/om ( love bel[ ! level1 n only ( man1 b ( ! bea/s4#ajc ,plato also m5tions ! effect :i* ^! habits _h on ! sexual in/9cts ( ! m53 :5 !y rea*$ manhood !y 7 lov]s ( y\?s & n naturally incl9$ to m>ry or beget *ildr51 b1 if at all1 !y did s only 9 ob$i5ce to ! law4#ajd ,is n ?is1 9 all probability1 an in/ance ( acquir$ inv]sion8 ,b besides ! influ5ce ( education !re 0 ano!r factor :i*1 co-op]at+ ) x1 fav\r$ ! developm5t ( homosexual t5d5cies1 namely1 ! great gulf :i* m5tally sep>at$ ! sexes4 ,n[h]e else has ! diff]5ce 9 culture betwe5 m5 & wom5 be5 s imm5se z 9 ! fully develop$ ,greek civilisation4 ,! lot ( a wife 9 ,greece 0 retirem5t & ignorance4 ,%e liv$ 9 almo/ absolute seclusion1 9 a sep>ate "p ( ! h\se1 toge!r ) h] female slaves1 depriv$ ( all ! educat+ influ5ce ( male society1 & hav+ no place at ^? public spectacles #dga :i* 7 ! *ief means ( culture4#aje ,9 su* circum/ances x is n difficult to und]/& t m5 s highly intellectual z ^? ( ,a!ns reg>d$ ! love ( wom5 z ! (fspr+ ( ! common ,aphrodite1 :o is ( ! body r ?an ( ! s\l4#ajf ,!y _h rea*$ a /age ( m5tal culture at :i* ! sexual in/9ct normally has a crav+ = ref9em5t1 at :i* ! gratification ( m]e physical lu/ appe>s brutal4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! mo/ ref9$ among !m ^? :o 7 inspir$ by ! heav5ly ,aphrodite lov$ nei!r wom5 nor boys1 b intellig5t be+s ^: reason 0 beg9n+ to be develop$1 mu* ab\t ! "t at :i* _! be>ds began to gr[4#ajg ,9 pres5t ,*9a we meet ) a p>allel case4 ,dr4 ,matignon obs]ves3--,il y a t\t lieu de suppos] que c]ta9s ,*9ois1 raff9s au po9t de vue intellectuel1 re*]*5t dans la pdra/ie la satisfaction des s5s et de l'esprit4 ,la femme *9oise e/ peu cultive1 ignorante mme1 quelle que soit sa condition1 honnte femme ou pro/itue4 ,or le ,*9ois a s\v5t l'me potique3 il aime les v]s1 la musique1 les belles s5t5ces des philosophes1 autant de *oses qu'il ne peut tr\v] *ez le beau sexe de l',empire du ,milieu4#ajh ,s also x seems t ! ignorance & dullness ( ,muhamm$an wom51 :i* is a result ( _! total lack ( education & _! seclud$ life1 is a cause ( homosexual practices2 ,moors are sometimes he>d to def5d p$]a/y on ! plea t ! company ( boys1 :o h always news to tell1 is s mu* m ent]ta9+ ?an ! company ( wom54 ,footnote #id3 ,s]vius1 ,9 ,v]gilii neidos1 x4 #cbe4 ,= ! :ole subject ( p$]a/y among ! ,dorians see ,muell]1 ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,doric ,race1 ii4 #cjg sq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,aelian1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #if3 ,muell]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cjh4 ,footnote #ig3 ,x5ophon1 ,hi/oria ,grca1 iv4 #h4 #ci4 ,footnote #ih3 ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 xxv4 #a4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid4 xviii4 #h4 ,aelian1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,aelian1 op4 cit4 iii4 #i4 ,a!naeus1 ,deipnosophi/1 xiii4 #gg1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #aja3 ,cf4 ,symonds1 ',die ,homosexualitt 9 ,grie*5l&1' 9 ,havelock ,ellis & ,symonds1 ,das kontrre ,ges*le*tsgefhl1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 p4 #aaf4 ,dll+]1 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ii4 #bdd4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,plato1 ,leges1 i4 #fcf4 ,cf4 ,plut>*1 ,amatorius1 v4 #i4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #aje3 ',/ate ( ,female ,society 9 ,greece1' 9 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 xxii4 #agb sqq4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bhg4 ,dll+]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bcd4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #aha4 ,t ! l[ /ate ( ! ,greek wom5 0 in/rum5tal to p$]a/y has be5 po9t$ out by ,dll+] 7op4 cit4 ii4 #bdd7 & ,symonds 7loc4 cit4 pp4 #gg1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aaf sqq474 ,footnote #ajg3 ,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,matignon1 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 xiv4 #da4 ,we h hi!rto dealt ) homosexual love z a fact2 we %all n[ pass to ! moral valuation to :i* x is subject4 ,:]e x occurs z a national habit we may assume t no c5sure1 or no sev]e c5sure1 is pass$ on x4 ,among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra !re is no puni%m5t #dgb = x4#aji ,( ! bazirs among ! ,ngajus ( ,pula ,patak1 9 ,borneo1 ,dr4 ,s*wan] says t 9 spite ( _! loa?some call+ !y escape well-m]it$ contempt4#aaj ,! ,society ,isl&]s _h = _! homosexual practices n only ! sanction ( _! prie/s1 b ! direct example ( _! respective deities4#aaa ,! tsekats ( ,madagasc> ma9ta9$ t !y 7 s]v+ ! deity by lead+ a fem99e life2#aab b we are told t at ,ankisimane & 9 ,nossi-,b1 opposite to x1 p$]a/s are objects ( public contempt4#aac ,fa!r ,v5iam9( says ( ! ,atkha ,aleuts t sodomy & too e>ly cohabitation ) a betro!d or int5d$ wife are call$ among !m grave s9s2#aad b ap>t f ! fact t 8 acc\nt ( ^! natives 9 g5]al gives ! impression ( be+ some:at eulogi/ic1 ! details /at$ by him only %[ t ! acts 9 "q 7 consid]$ to require a simple c]emony ( purification4#aae ,!re is no indication t ! ,nor? ,am]ican aborig9es atta*$ any opprobrium to m5 :o _h int]c\rse ) ^? memb]s ( _! own sex :o _h assum$ ! dress & habits ( wom54 ,9 ,kadiak su* a companion 0 on ! contr>y reg>d$ z a great acquisition2 & ! effem9ate m5 !mselves1 f> f be+ despis$1 7 held 9 repute by ! p1 mo/ ( !m be+ wiz>ds4#aaf ,we h previ\sly notic$ ! connection betwe5 homosexual practices & %amanism among v>i\s ,sib]ian peoples2 & x is said t su* %amans z _h *ang$ _! sex 7 greatly fe>$ by ! p1 be+ reg>d$ z v p[]ful4#aag ,among ! ,ill9ois & ,naud[essies ! #dgc effem9ate m5 assi/ 9 all ! juggl]ies & ! solemn dance 9 hon\r ( ! calumet1 or sacr$ tobacco pipe1 = :i* ! ,indians h su* a def]5ce t "o may call x ! god ( peace & w>1 & ! arbit] ( life & dea?2 b !y are n p]mitt$ ei!r to dance or s+4 ,!y are call$ into ! c\ncils ( ! ,indians1 & no?+ c be decid$ ^u )\t _! advice2 = because ( _! extraord9>y mann] ( liv+ !y are look$ ^u z manit\s1 or sup]natural be+s1 & p]sons ( consequ5ce4#aah ,! ,si\x1 ,sacs1 & ,fox ,indians give once a ye>1 or (t5] if !y *oose1 a fea/ to ! ,b]da%e1 or ,i-coo-coo-a1 :o is a man dress$ 9 woman's clo!s1 z he has be5 all 8 life4 ,= extraord9>y privileges :i* he is kn[n to possess1 he is driv5 to ! mo/ s]vile & degrad+ duties1 :i* he is n all[$ to escape2 & he be+ ! only "o ( ! tribe submitt+ to ?is disgraceful degradation1 is look$ ^u z 'm$ic9e' & sacr$1 & a fea/ is giv5 to him annually2 & initiatory to x1 a dance by ^? few "y m5 ( ! tribe :o c 4 4 4 4 dance =w>d & publicly make _! boa/ 7)\t ! d5ial ( ! ,b]da%e7 4 4 4 4 ,su*1 & su* only1 are all[$ to ent] ! dance & p>take ( ! fea/4#aai ,among "s ,am]ican tribes1 h[ev]1 ^! effem9ate m5 are said to be despis$1 especially by ! wom54#abj ,9 anci5t ,p]u1 also1 homosexual practices seem to h ent]$ 9 ! religi\s cult4 ,9 "s p>ticul> places1 says ,cieza de ,leon1 boys 7 kept z prie/s 9 ! temples1 ) :om x 0 rum\r$ t ! lords jo9$ 9 company on days ( fe/ivity4 ,!y did n m$itate1 he adds1 ! committ+ ( su* s91 b only ! (f]+ ( sacrifice to ! demon4 ,if ! ,incas by *ance _h "s k ( su* proce$+s 9 ! temple1 !y might h #dgd ignor$ !m out ( religi\s tol]ance4#aba ,b ! ,incas !mselves 7 n only free f su* practices 9 _! own p]sons1 !y w\ld n ev5 p]mit any "o :o 0 guilty ( !m to rema9 9 ! royal h\ses or palaces4 ,& ,cieza he>d x relat$ t1 if x came to _! k t somebody _h committ$ an (f5ce ( t k9d1 !y puni%$ x ) su* a sev]ity t x 0 kn[n to all4#abb ,las ,casas tells u t 9 sev]al ( ! m remote prov9ces ( ,mexico sodomy 0 tol]at$1 if n actually p]mitt$1 because ! p believ$ t _! gods 7 addict$ to x2 & x is n improbable t 9 e>li] times ! same 0 ! case 9 ! entire empire4#abc ,b 9 a lat] age sev]e measures 7 adopt$ by legislators 9 ord] to suppress ! practice4 ,9 ,mexico p f\nd guilty ( x 7 kill$4#abd ,9 ,nic>agua x 0 puni%$ capitally by /on+1#abe & none ( ! ,maya nations 0 )\t /rict laws aga9/ x4#abf ,among ! ,*ib*as ( ,bogota ! puni%m5t = x 0 ! infliction ( a pa9ful dea?4#abg ,h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! anci5t culture nations ( ,am]ica 7 g5]ally extravagant 9 _! puni%m5ts1 & t _! p5al codes 9 ! fir/ place express$ r ! w ( _! rul]s ?an ! feel+s ( ! p at l>ge4#abh ,footnote #aji3 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aeg1 n4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,s*wan]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahf4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #beh4 ,cf4 ,mo]5h\t1 ,voyages aux les du ,gr& ,ocan1 ii4 #afg sq4 ,footnote #aab3 de ,flac\rt1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #aac3 ,walt]1 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #aad3 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ibid4 p4 #aeh3--,! (f5d] desir\s ( unburd5+ himself select$ a "t :5 ! sun 0 cle> & unobscur$2 he pick$ up c]ta9 we$s & c>ri$ !m ab\t 8 p]son2 !n deposit$ !m & ?rew 8 s9 ^u !m1 call+ ! sun z a witness1 &1 :5 he _h eas$ 8 he>t ( all t _h weigh$ ^u x1 he ?rew ! grass or we$s into ! fire1 & aft] t consid]$ himself cleans$ ( 8 s94 ,footnote #aaf3 ,davyd[1 quot$ by ,holmb]g1 loc4 cit4 p4 #djj sq4 ,lisianski1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #aag3 ,bogoraz1 quot$ by ,demid(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge4 ,jo*elson1 op4 cit4 p4 #eb sq4 ,footnote #aah3 ,m>quette1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec sq4 ,footnote #aai3 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ii4 #bad sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ',la ,salle's ,la/ ,exp$ition 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' 9 ,collections ( ! ,new-,york ,hi/orical ,society1 ii4 #bch 7,ill9ois74 ,p]r9 du ,lac1 ,voyage dans les deux ,l\isianes et *ez les nations sauvages du ,miss\ri1 p4 #ceb4 ,bossu1 op4 cit4 i4 #cjc 7,*actaws74 ,ovi$o y ,valds1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ejh 7,i/hmians74 von ,m>tius1 ,von dem ,re*tszu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s1 p4 #bh 7,guaycurs74 ,footnote #aba3 ,cieza de ,leon1 ,segunda p>te de ,crnica del ,p]1 *4 #be1 p4 #ii4 ,see also ,idem1 ,crnica del ,p] prim]a p>te1 *4 #fd 7,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 xxvi4 #daf sq474 ,footnote #abb3 ,idem1 ,segunda p>te de ,crnica del ,p]1 *4 #be1 p4 #ih4 ,see also ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 op4 cit4 ii4 #acb4 ,footnote #abc3 ,las ,casas1 quot$ by ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dfg sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #fgg4 ,footnote #abd3 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #ceg4 ,footnote #abe3 ,squi]1 ',ar*ology & ,e?nology ( ,nic>agua1' 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #abf3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fgg4 ,footnote #abg3 ,pi$rahita1 ,hi/oria g5]al de las conqui/as del nuevo reyno de ,granada1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see supra1 i4 #ahf1 #aie4 ,homosexual practices are said to be tak5 little notice ( ev5 by "s uncivilis$ peoples :o are n addict$ to !m4 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 :]e su* practices occur only sporadically1 !y are n puni%$1 al?\gh1 if ,i und]/& ,h]r ,kub>y rightly1 ! p]sons committ+ !m may be put to %ame4#abi ,! ,ossetes ( ! ,caucasus1 #dge among :om p$]a/y is v r>e1 d n g5]ally prosecute p]sons = committ+ x1 b ignore ! act4#acj ,! ,ea/ ,african ,masai d n puni% sodomy4#aca ,b we also meet ) /atem5ts ( a contr>y nature4 ,9 a ,kafir tribe ,mr4 ,w>n] he>d ( a case ( x--! only "o dur+ a resid5ce ( tw5ty-five ye>s--:i* 0 puni%$ ) a f9e ( "s cattle claim$ by ! *ief4#acb ,among ! ,ondonga p$]a/s are hat$1 & ! m5 :o behave l wom5 are dete/$1 mo/ ( !m be+ wiz>ds4#acc ,! ,wa%ambala consid] p$]a/y a grave moral ab]ration & subject x to sev]e puni%m5t4#acd ,among ! ,wag&a homosexual practices1 :i* h be5 introduc$ by ! ,arabs & are ( r>e occurr5ce1 are int5sely abhorr$1 ! /ake be+ ! puni%m5t4#ace ,! ,negroes ( ,accra1 :o are n addict$ to su* practices1 are said to dete/ !m4#acf ,9 ,nubia p$]a/y is held 9 abhorr5ce1 except by ! ,ka%efs & _! relations1 :o endeav\r to imitate ! ,mamelukes 9 ev]y?+4#acg ,footnote #abi3 ,kub>y1 ',die ,v]bre*5 und das ,/rafv]fahr5 auf d5 ,pelau-,inseln1' 9 ,orig9al-,mit!ilung5 aus d] e?nologis*5 ,ab!ilung d] knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 i4 #hd4 ,footnote #acj3 ,kovalewsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e1 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #aca3 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #bjh4 ,! ,masai1 h[ev]1 slaught] at once any bullock or he-goat :i* is notic$ to practise unnatural int]c\rse1 = fe> le/ o!rwise _! h]ds %\ld be visit$ by a plague z a div9e puni%m5t 7ibid4 p4 #aei74 ,footnote #acb3 ,w>n]1 9 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #acc3 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #ccc sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,lang1 ibid4 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,felk91 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gbc4 ,footnote #acf3 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #acg3 ,burckh>dt1 ,travels 9 ,nubia1 p4 #ace4 ,muhamm$ =bade sodomy1#ach & ! g5]al op9ion ( 8 foll[]s is t x %\ld be puni%$ l =nication--= :i* ! puni%m5t is1 !oretically1 sev]e en\gh#aci--unless ! (f5d]s make a public act ( p5it5ce4 ,9 ord] to convict1 h[ev]1 ! law requires t f\r reliable p]sons %all swe> to h be5 eye-witnesses1#adj & ?is alone w\ld make ! law a dead lett]1 ev5 if x _h ! support ( popul> feel+s2 b su* support is c]ta9ly want+4 ,9 ,morocco active #dgf p$]a/y is reg>d$ ) almo/ complete indiff]5ce1 :il/ ! passive sodomite1 if a gr[n-up individual1 is spok5 ( ) scorn4 ,dr4 ,polak says ! same ( ! ,p]sians4#ada ,9 ,zanzib> a cle> di/9ction is made betwe5 male cong5ital inv]ts & male pro/itutes2 ! latt] are look$ ^u ) contempt1 :]eas ! =m]1 z be+ :at !y are by ! w ( ,god1 are tol]at$4#adb ,! ,muhamm$ans ( ,india & o!r ,asiatic c\ntries reg>d p$]a/y1 at mo/1 z a m]e peccadillo4#adc ,among ! ,h9dus x is said to be held 9 abhorr5ce1#add b _! sacr$ books deal ) x l5i5tly4 ,accord+ to ! ',laws ( ,manu1' a twice-born man :o commits an unnatural (f5ce ) a male1 or has int]c\rse ) a female 9 a c>t drawn by ox51 9 wat]1 or 9 ! day-"t1 %all ba!1 dress$ 9 8 clo!s2 & all ^! are reckon$ z m9or (f5ces4#ade ,footnote #ach3 ,koran1 iv4 #bj4 ,footnote #aci3 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t na* ,s*afiitis*] ,lehre1 pp4 #hji1 #hah3--,sodomita si muh4s4an 7t is1 a m>ri$ p]son 9 possession ( full civic rights7 e/ punitur lapidatione1 si non e/ muh4s4an punitur et flagellatione et exsilio4 ,footnote #adj3 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bbd4 ,footnote #ada3 ,polak1 9 ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 xi4 #fbh sq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,baumann1 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 ,an?rop4 #ahii1 p4 #ffi4 ,footnote #adc3 ,*ev]s1 op4 cit4 p4 #gjh4 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bbb sqq4 ,footnote #add3 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 x4 #bcg4 ,footnote #ade3 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #age4 ,cf4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 liii4 #d2 pa/amba1 i4 #i4 #bf4 #g2 ,gautama1 xxv4 #g4 ,*9ese law makes little di/9ction betwe5 unnatural & o!r sexual (f5ces4 ,an unnatural (f5ce is v>i\sly consid]$ accord+ to ! age ( ! pati5t1 & :e!r or n cons5t 0 giv54 ,if ! pati5t be an adult1 or a boy ov] ! age ( twelve1 & cons5t1 ! case is treat$ z a slightly aggravat$ =m ( =nication1 bo? p>ties be+ puni%$ ) a hundr$ bl[s & "o mon?'s cangue1 :il/ ord9>y =nication is puni%$ ) eighty bl[s4 ,if ! adult or boy ov] twelve resi/1 ! (f5ce is consid]$ z rape2 & if ! boy be "u twelve1 ! (f5ce is rape irrespective ( cons5t or resi/ance1 unless ! boy has previ\sly gone a/ray4#adf ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 unnatural (f5ces are reg>d$ z less hurtful to ! community ?an ord9>y immorality1#adg & p$]a/y is n look$ d[n ^u4 ,l'op9ion publique re/e t\t fait indiffr5te ce g5re de di/raction et la #dgg morale ne s'en meut en ri53 puisque cela plat l'oprateur et que l'opr e/ cons5tant1 t\t e/ p\r le mieux2 la loi *9oise n'aime gure s'occup] des affaires trop intimes4 ,la pdra/ie e/ mme considre comme une *ose de bon ton1 une fantaisie disp5dieuse et p>t\t un plaisir lgant4 4 4 4 ,la pdra/ie a une conscration (ficielle en ,*9e4 ,il exi/e1 en effet1 des pdrs p\r l',emp]eur4#adh ,inde$1 ! only objection :i* ,dr4 ,matignon has he>d to be rais$ to p$]a/y by public op9ion 9 ,*9a is t x has a bad influ5ce on ! eyesight4#adi ,9 ,japan !re 0 no law aga9/ homosexual int]c\rse till ! revolution ( #ahfh4aej ,9 ! p]iod ( ,japanese *ivalry x 0 consid]$ m h]oic if a man lov$ a p]son ( 8 own sex ?an if he lov$ a woman2 & n[adays p are he>d to say t 9 ^? prov9ces ( ! c\ntry :]e p$]a/y is widely spread ! m5 are m manly & robu/ ?an 9 ^? :]e x does n prevail4#aea ,footnote #adf3 ,alaba/]1 ,notes & ,comm5t>ies on ,*9ese ,crim9al ,law1 p4 #cfg sqq4 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 ,app5dix1 no4 xxxii4 p4 #egj4 ,footnote #adg3 ,alaba/]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #adh3 ,matignon1 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 xiv4 #db1 #dc1 #eb4 ,footnote #adi3 ,ibid4 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #aej3 ,k>s*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #aea3 ,jwaya1 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iv4 #bff1 #bgj sq4 ,! laws ( ! anci5t ,sc&9avians ignor$ homosexual practices2 b passive p$]a/s 7 mu* despis$ by !m4 ,!y 7 id5tifi$ ) c[>ds & reg>d$ z sorc]]s4 ,! epi!ts appli$ to !m--argr1 ragr1 bl&r1 & o!rs assum$ ! mean+ ( poltroon 9 g5]al1 & !re are in/ances ( ! ^w arg be+ us$ 9 ! s5se ( practis+ wit*craft4 ,?is connection betwe5 p$]a/y & sorc]y1 z a ,norwegian s*ol> ju/ly po9ts out1 helps u to und]/& ,tacitus' /atem5t t among ! anci5t ,teutons individuals :om he describes z corpore infames 7 buri$ alive 9 a morass4#aeb ,consid]+ t dr[n+ 0 a common p5alty = sorc]y1 x seems probable t ?is puni%m5t 0 inflict$ ^u !m n1 9 ! fir/ place1 on acc\nt ( _! sexual practices1 b 9 _! capacity ( wiz>ds4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! opprobrium :i* ! pagan ,sc&9avians atta*$ to homosexual love 0 *iefly re/rict$ to him :o play$ ! woman's "p4 ,9 "o ( ! poems #dgh ! h]o ev5 boa/s ( be+ ! fa!r ( (fspr+ borne by ano!r man4#aec ,footnote #aeb3 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #ab4 ,footnote #aec3 ',spur5 von ,kontrrsexualitt bei d5 alt5 ,sk&9avi]n 7,mitteilung5 e9es norwegis*5 ,gelehrt571' 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 iv4 #bde1 #bef sqq4 ,9 ,greece p$]a/y 9 its bas] =ms 0 c5sur$1 ?\gh g5]ally1 x seems1 ) no great sev]ity1 & 9 "s /ates x 0 legally prohibit$4#aed ,accord+ to an ,a!nian law1 a y\? :o pro/itut$ himself = money lo/ 8 rights z a free citiz5 & 0 liable to ! puni%m5t ( dea? if he took "p 9 a public fea/ or ent]$ ! agora4#aee ,9 ,sp>ta x 0 necess>y t ! li/5] %\ld accept ! inspirator f real affection2 he :o did s out ( pecuni>y consid]ations 0 puni%$ by ! ephors4#aef ,we are ev5 told t among ! ,sp>tans ! relations betwe5 ! lov] & 8 fri5d 7 truly innoc5t1 & t if any?+ unlawful happ5$ bo? mu/ =sake ei!r _! c\ntry or _! lives4#aeg ,b ! univ]sal rule 9 ,greece seems to h be5 t :5 decorum 0 obs]v$ 9 ! fri5d%ip betwe5 a man & a y\?1 no inquiries 7 made into ! details ( ! relation%ip4#aeh ,& ?is atta*m5t 0 n only reg>d$ z p]missible1 b 0 prais$ z ! highe/ & pure/ =m ( love1 z ! (fspr+ ( ! heav5ly ,aphrodite1 z a pa? lead+ to virtue1 z a weapon aga9/ tyranny1 z a safegu>d ( civic lib]ty1 z a s\rce ( national greatness & glory4 ,pha$rus said t he knew no great] bless+ to a "y man :o is beg9n+ life ?an a virtu\s lov]1 or to ! lov] ?an a belov$ y\?2 = ! pr9ciple :i* ought to be ! guide ( m5 :o w\ld lead a noble life _c be implant$ by any o!r motive s well z by love4#aei ,! ,platonic ,pausanias argu$ t if love ( y\?s is held 9 ill repute x is s only because x is inimical to tyranny2 ! int]e/s ( rul]s require t _! subjects %\ld #dgi be poor 9 _s1 & t !re %\ld be no /rong bond ( fri5d%ip or society among !m1 :i* love1 above all o!r motives1 is likely to inspire4#afj ,! p[] ( ! ,a!nian tyrants 0 brok5 by ! love ( ,ari/ogeiton & ! con/ancy ( ,h>modius2 at ,agrig5tum 9 ,sicily ! mutual love ( ,*>iton & ,melanippus produc$ a simil> result2 & ! greatness ( ,!bes 0 due to ! ,sacr$ ,b& e/abli%$ by ,epam9ondas4 ,= 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fav\rite1 a man w\ld *oose to d any?+ r ?an to get ! "* ( a c[>d4#afa ,x 0 po9t$ out t ! greate/ h]oes & ! mo/ w>like nations 7 ^? :o 7 mo/ addict$ to ! love ( y\?s2#afb & x 0 said t an army consi/+ ( lov]s & _! belov$ ones1 fight+ at ea* o!r's side1 al?\gh a m]e h&ful1 w\ld ov]come ! :ole _w4#afc ,footnote #aed3 ,x5ophon1 ,lac$moniorum respublica1 ii4 #ac4 ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]tationes1 xxv4 #d2 xxvi4 #i4 ,footnote #aee3 ,aes*9es1 ,contra ,tim>*um1 #ba4 ,footnote #aef3 ,aelian1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 iii4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,plato1 ,leges1 viii4 #iaj4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,aelian1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ab4 ,cf4 ,maximus ,tyrius1 op4 cit4 xxvi4 #h4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,cf4 ,symonds1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ib sqq4 ,footnote #aei3 ,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #afj3 ,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #afa3 ,hi]onymus1 ! ,p]ipatetic1 ref]r$ to by ,a!naeus1 op4 cit4 xiii4 #gh1 p4 #fjb4 ,see also ,maximus ,tyrius1 op4 cit4 xxiv4 #b4 ,footnote #afb3 ,plut>*1 ,amatorius1 xvii4 #ad4 ,footnote #afc3 ,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #agh4 ,h]odotus ass]ts t ! love ( boys 0 introduc$ f ,greece into ,p]sia4#afd ,:e!r 8 /atem5t be correct or n1 su* love c\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 a habit ( ! ,mazda wor%ipp]s4#afe ,9 ! ,zoroa/rian books unnatural s9 is treat$ ) a sev]ity to :i* !re is a p>allel only 9 ,hebrewism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+ to ! ,v5ddd1 !re is no atonem5t = x4#aff ,x is puni%$ ) torm5ts 9 ! o!r _w1 & is capital "h bel[4#afg ,ev5 he :o committ$ x involunt>ily1 by =ce1 is subject to corporal puni%m5t4#afh ,inde$1 x is a m he9\s s9 ?an ! slay+ ( a righte\s man4#afi ,!re is no worse s9 ?an ?is 9 ! good religion1 & x is prop] to call ^? :o commit x wor?y ( dea? 9 reality4 ,if any "o comes =? to !m1 & %all see #dhj !m 9 ! act1 & is work+ ) an axe1 x is requisite = him to cut (f ! heads or to rip up ! bellies ( bo?1 & x is no s9 = him4 ,b x is n prop] to kill any p]son )\t ! au?ority ( high-prie/s & k+s1 except on acc\nt ( committ+ or p]mitt+ unnatural int]c\rse4#agj ,footnote #afd3 ,h]odotus1 i4 #ace4 ,footnote #afe3 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us says 7xxiii4 #gf7 t ! inhabitants ( ,p]sia 7 free f p$]a/y4 ,b see also ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,pyrrhoni hypotyposes1 i4 #aeb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,v5ddd1 i4 #ab2 viii4 #bg4 ,footnote #afg3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxxxvi4 ,footnote #afh3 ,v5ddd1 viii4 #bf4 ,footnote #afi3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxxvi4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #agj3 ,sad ,d>1 ix4 #b1 sqq4 ,nor are unnatural s9s all[$ to defile ! l& ( ! ,"l4 ,:osoev] %all commit su* abom9ations1 be he ,israelite or /rang] dwell+ among ! ,israelites1 %all be put to dea?1 ! s\ls t d !m %all be cut (f f _! p4 ,by unnatural s9s ( lu/ ! ,canaanites pollut$ _! l&1 s t ,god visit$ _! guilt1 & ! l& spu$ out its inhabitants4#aga ,footnote #aga3 ,leviticus1 xviii4 #bb1 #bd sqq42 xx4 #ac4 ,?is horror ( homosexual practices 0 %>$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 !y =m ! climax ( ! moral corruption to :i* ,god gave ov] ! hea!n because ( _! apo/asy f him4#agb ,t]tullian says t !y are bani%$ n only f ! ?re%old1 b f all %elt] ( ! *ur*1 because !y are n s9s1 b mon/rosities4#agc ,/4 ,basil ma9ta9s t !y des]ve ! same puni%m5t z murd]1 idolatry1 & wit*craft4#agd ,accord+ to a decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira1 ^? :o abuse boys to satisfy _! lu/s are d5i$ communion ev5 at _! la/ h\r4#age ,9 no o!r po9t ( morals 0 ! contra/ betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity & ! habits & op9ions ( ! _w ov] :i* x spread m radical ?an 9 ?is4 ,9 ,rome !re 0 an old law ( unkn[n date1 call$ ,lex ,scant9ia 7or ,scat9ia71 :i* impos$ a mulct on him :o committ$ p$]a/y ) a free p]son2#agf b ?is law1 ( :i* #dha v little is kn[n1 _h la9 dormant = ages1 & ! subject ( ord9>y homosexual int]c\rse _h nev] aft]w>ds attract$ ! att5tion ( ! pagan legislators4#agg ,b :5 ,*ri/ianity became ! religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 a v]itable crusade 0 op5$ aga9/ x4 ,con/antius & ,con/ans made x a capital crime1 puni%able ) ! sword4#agh ,val5t9ian w5t fur!r /ill & ord]$ t ^? :o 7 f\nd guilty ( x %\ld be burn$ alive 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! p4#agi ,ju/9ian1 t]rifi$ by c]ta9 fam9es1 e>?quakes1 & pe/il5ces1 issu$ an edict :i* aga9 condemn$ p]sons guilty ( unnatural (f5ces to ! sword1 le/1 z ! result ( ^! impi\s acts1 :ole cities %\ld p]i% toge!r ) _! inhabitants1 z we are taught by ,holy ,scripture t ?r\gh su* acts cities h p]i%$ ) ! m5 9 !m4#ahj ,a s5t5ce ( dea? & infamy1 says ,gibbon1 0 (t5 f\nd$ on ! slight & suspici\s evid5ce ( a *ild or a s]vant1 4 4 4 & p$]a/y became ! crime ( ^? to :om no crime c\ld be imput$4#aha ,footnote #agb3 ,romans1 i4 #bf sq4 ,footnote #agc3 ,t]tullian1 ,de pudicitia1 #d 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ii4 #ihg74 ,footnote #agd3 ,/4 ,basil1 quot$ by ,b+ham1 ,works1 vi4 #dcb sq4 ,footnote #age3 ,concilium ,elib]itanum1 *4 #ga 7,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 ii4 #ag74 ,footnote #agf3 ,juv5al1 ,satir1 ii4 #dc sq4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,facta dictaque memorabilia1 vi4 #a4 #g4 ,qu9tilian1 ,in/itutio oratoria1 iv4 #b4 #fi3--;,decem milia1 quae po5a /upratori con/ituta e/1 dabit4 ,*ri/1 ,hi/4 ,legis ,scat9i1 quot$ by ,dll+]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bgd4 ,re91 ,crim9alre*t d] ,rm]1 p4 #hfe sq4 ,b+ham1 op4 cit4 vi4 #dcc sqq4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #gjc sq4 ,footnote #agg3 ,momms51 op4 cit4 p4 #gjd4 ,re91 op4 cit4 p4 #hff4 ,! passage 9 ,dige/a1 xlviii4 #e4 #ce4 #a1 ref]s to /uprum indep5d5tly ( ! sex ( ! victim4 ,footnote #agh3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 ix4 #g4 #c4 ,codex ,ju/9ianus1 ix4 #i4 #cj4 ,footnote #agi3 ,codex ,!odosianus1 ix4 #g4 #f4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,novell1 #gg4 ,see also ibid4 #ada1 & ,in/itutiones1 iv4 #ah4 #d4 ,footnote #aha3 ,gibbon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 v4 #cbc4 ,?is attitude t[>ds homosexual practices _h a pr(\nd & la/+ influ5ce on ,european legislation4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 ,*ri/ian lawgiv]s ?\ght t no?+ b a pa9ful dea? 9 ! flames c\ld atone = ! s9ful act4#ahb ,9 ,engl& ,fleta #dhb speaks ( ! (f5d] be+ buri$ alive2#ahc b we are else:]e told t burn+ 0 ! due puni%m5t4#ahd ,z unnatural int]c\rse1 h[ev]1 0 a subject = ecclesia/ical cognizance1 capital puni%m5t c\ld n be inflict$ on ! crim9al unless ! ,*ur* rel9qui%$ him to ! secul> arm2 & x seems v d\btful :e!r %e did rel9qui% him4 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,pollock & ,pr(essor ,maitl& consid] t ! /atute ( #aecc1 :i* makes sodomy felony1 af=ds an almo/ suffici5t pro( t ! temporal c\rts _h n puni%$ x1 & t no "o _h be5 put to dea? = x = a v long "t pa/4#ahe ,x 0 said t ! puni%m5t = ?is crime--:i* ! ,engli% law1 9 its v indictm5ts1 treats z a crime n fit to be nam$#ahf--0 det]m9$ to be capital by ! voice ( nature & ( reason1 & ! express law ( ,god2#ahg & x rema9$ s till #ahfa1ahh al?\gh 9 practice ! extreme puni%m5t 0 n inflict$4#ahi ,9 ,france p]sons 7 actually burn$ = ?is crime 9 ! middle & latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#aij ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r respects1 ! rationali/ic movem5t ( t age br\ght ab\t a *ange4#aia ,to puni% sodomy ) dea?1 x 0 said1 is atroci\s2 :5 unconnect$ ) viol5ce1 ! law ought to take no notice ( x at all4 ,x does n violate any o!r p]son's "r1 its influ5ce on society is m]ely indirect1 l t ( drunk5ness & free love2 x is a disgu/+ vice1 b its only prop] puni%m5t is contempt4#aib ,?is view 0 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ',code pnal1' accord+ to :i* homosexual practices 9 private1 betwe5 two cons5t+ adult p>ties1 :e!r m5 or wom51 are absolutely #dhc unpuni%$4 ,! homosexual act is treat$ z a crime only :5 x implies an outrage on public dec5cy1 or :5 !re is viol5ce or abs5ce ( cons5t1 or :5 "o ( ! p>ties is "u age or unable to give valid cons5t4#aic ,?is me?od ( deal+ ) homosexuality has be5 foll[$ by ! legislators ( v>i\s ,european c\ntries1#aid & 9 ^? :]e ! law /ill treats ! act 9 "q p] se z a p5al (f5ce1 notably 9 ,g]many1 a propag&a 9 fav\r ( its alt]ation is c>ri$ on ) ! support ( _m m5 ( sci5tific em95ce4 ,?is *ang$ attitude ( ! law t[>ds homosexual int]c\rse und\bt$ly indicates a *ange ( moral op9ions4 ,?\gh x is impossible to measure exactly ! degree ( moral condemnation1 ,i suppose t few p]sons n[adays atta* to x ! same enormity ( guilt z did our =efa!rs4 ,& ! "q has ev5 be5 put :e!r morality has any?+ at all to d ) a sexual act1 committ$ by ! mutual cons5t ( two adult individuals1 :i* is productive ( no (fspr+1 & :i* on ! :ole conc]ns ! welf>e ( nobody b ! p>ties !mselves4#aie ,footnote #ahb3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 pp4 #ic1 #djc4 ,les tablissem5ts de ,sa9t ,l\is1 i4 #ij1 vol4 ii4 #adg4 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xxx4 #aa1 vol4 i4 #dac4 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des lois1 xii4 #f 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #bhc74 ,hume1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #cce2 ,pitcairn1 ,crim9al ,trials 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #dia1 n4 #b4 ,cl>us1 ,practica crim9alis1 book v4 ,sodomia1 #d 7,op]a omnia1 ii4 #aea74 ,j>cke1 ,h&bu* des geme95 deuts*5 ,/rafre*ts1 iii4 #agb sqq4 ,*>les ,v4's ,pe9li*e ,g]i*tsordnung1 art4 #aaf4 ,h5ke1 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 pe9li*5 ,re*ts1 i4 #bhi4 ,numa ,praetorius1 ',die /rafre*tli*5 ,be/immung5 geg5 d5 glei*ges*le*tli*5 ,v]kehr1' 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 i4 #abd sqq4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury sodomy 0 /ill nom9ally subject to capital puni%m5t by burn+ 9 ,bav>ia 7von ,feu]ba*1 ,kritik des ,kle9s*rodis*5 ,entwurfs zu e9em pe9li*5 ,gesetzbu*e fr die ,*ur-,pfalz-,bayris*5 ,/aat51 ii4 #ac71 & 9 ,spa9 z late z #ahdc 7,du ,boys1 op4 cit4 p4 #gba74 ,footnote #ahc3 ,fleta1 i4 #cg4 #c1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,britton1 i4 #aj1 vol4 i4 #db4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #eef sq4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,coke1 ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,in/itutes ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 p4 #eh sq4 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #bah4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,black/one1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bah4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 i4 #dge4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,black/one1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bah4 ,footnote #aij3 ,desmaze1 ,pnalits anci5nes1 p4 #baa4 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #aia3 ,numa ,praetorius1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aba sqq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,note ( ! editors ( ,kehl's edition ( ,voltaire's ',prix de la ju/ice et de l'humanit1' 9 ,,oeuvres compltes1 v4 #dcg1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #aic3 ,code pnal1 #ccj sqq4 ,cf4 ,*evali]1 ,l'inv]sion sexuelle1 p4 #dca sqq42 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjg sq4 ,footnote #aid3 ,numa ,praetorius1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #aca-acc1 #adc sqq4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see1 e4g41 ,bax1 ,e?ics ( ,socialism1 p4 #abf4 ,f ?is review ( ! moral ideas on ! subject1 incomplete ?\gh x be1 x appe>s t homosexual practices are v frequ5tly subject to "s degree ( c5sure1 ?\gh ! degree v>ies extremely4 ,?is c5sure is no d\bt1 9 ! fir/ place1 due to t feel+ ( av]sion or disgu/ :i* ! idea ( homosexual int]c\rse t5ds to call =? 9 normally con/itut$ adult individuals ^: sexual in/9cts h develop$ "u normal conditions4 ,i presume t nobody w d5y ! g5]al preval5ce ( su* a t5d5cy4 ,x corresponds to t in/9ctive repugnance to sexual connections ) wom5 :i* is s frequ5tly f\nd 9 cong5ital inv]ts2 :il/ t p>ticul> =m ( x ) :i* legislators h *iefly busi$ !mselves evokes1 9 addition1 a physical disgu/ ( its own4 ,& 9 a society :]e ! #dhd l>ge majority ( p are end[$ ) normal sexual desires _! av]sion to homosexuality easily develops into moral c5sure & f9ds a la/+ expression 9 cu/om1 law1 or religi\s t5ets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e special circum/ances h giv5 rise to widely spread homosexual practices1 !re w be no g5]al feel+ ( disgu/ ev5 9 ! adults1 & ! moral op9ion ( ! society w be modifi$ accord+ly4 ,! act may /ill be condemn$1 9 consequ5ce ( a moral doctr9e =m$ "u diff]5t conditions1 or ( ! va9 attempts ( legislators to *eck sexual irregul>ities1 or out ( utilit>ian consid]ations2 b su* a condemnation w\ld 9 mo/ p be r !oretical ?an g5u9e4 ,at ! same "t ! bas] =ms ( homosexual love may be /rongly disapprov$ ( = ! same reasons z ! bas] =ms ( int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & wom52 & ! passive p$]a/ may be an object ( contempt on acc\nt ( ! fem99e practices to :i* he l5ds himself1 z also an object ( hatr$ on acc\nt ( 8 reputation = sorc]y4 ,we h se5 t ! effem9ate m5 are frequ5tly believ$ to be v]s$ 9 magic2#aif _! abnormalities readily sugge/ t !y are end[$ ) sup]natural p[]1 & !y may resort to wit*craft z a sub/itute = _! lack ( manl9ess & physical /r5g?4 ,b ! sup]natural qualities or skill 9 magic ascrib$ to m5 :o behave l wom5 may also1 in/ead ( caus+ hatr$1 make !m hon\r$ or rev]5c$4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see also ,ba/ian1 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 i4 #hh sq4 ,speak+ ( ! wit*es ( ,fez1 ,leo ,africanus says 7,hi/ory & ,description ( ,africa1 ii4 #deh7 t !y haue a damnable cu/ome to commit vnlawfull ,v5]ie among !mselues4 ,among ! ,patagonians1 accord+ to ,falkn] 7,description ( ,patagonia1 p4 #aag71 ! male wiz>ds are *os5 = _! (fice :5 !y are *ildr51 & a pref]5ce is always %[n to ^? :o at t e>ly "t ( life discov] an effem9ate disposition4 ,!y are oblig$1 z x 71 to leave _! sex1 & to dress !mselves 9 female app>el4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! popul> attitude t[>ds homosexuality 0 orig9ally an aspect ( economics1 a "q ( "u- or ov]-population1 & t x 0 =bidd5 or all[$ accord+ly4 ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis ?9ks x probable t !re is a c]ta9 relation%ip #dhe betwe5 ! social reaction aga9/ homosexuality & aga9/ infanticide3--,:]e ! "o is reg>d$ l5i5tly & fav\rably1 !re g5]ally ! o!r is also2 :]e ! "o is /amp$ out1 ! o!r is usually /amp$ out4#aig ,b our defective k ( ! op9ions ( ! v>i\s savage races conc]n+ homosexuality h>dly w>rants su* a conclusion2 & if a connection really does exi/ betwe5 homosexual practices & infanticide x may be simply due to ! num]ical disproportion betwe5 ! sexes result+ f ! de/ruction ( a multitude ( female infants4#aih ,on ! o!r h& we are acqua9t$ ) sev]al facts :i* are q at v>iance ) ,dr4 ,ellis's sugge/ion4 ,among _m ,h9du ca/es female infanticide has = ages be5 a g5u9e cu/om1#aii & yet p$]a/y is rem>kably r>e among ! ,h9dus4 ,! anci5t ,arabs 7 addict$ to infanticide1#bjj b n to homosexual love1#bja :]eas among mod]n ,arabs ! case is exactly ! rev]se4 ,& if ! e>ly ,*ri/ians deem$ infanticide & p$]a/y equally he9\s s9s1 !y did s c]ta9ly n because !y 7 anxi\s t ! population %\ld increase2 if ?is _h be5 _! motive !y w\ld h>dly h glorifi$ celibacy4 ,x is true t 9 a few cases ! unproductiv5ess ( homosexual love has be5 giv5 by indig5\s writ]s z a reason = its enc\ragem5t or condemnation4 ,x 0 said t ! ,cretan law on ! subject _h 9 view to *eck ! gr[? ( population2 b1 l ,dll+]1#bjb ,i d n believe t ?is ass]tion t\*es ! real root ( ! matt]4 ,m importance may be atta*$ to ! foll[+ passage 9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts3--,he :o is wa/+ se$ makes a practice ( caus+ ! dea? ( prog5y2 :5 ! cu/om is completely cont9u\s1 :i* produces an evil /oppage ( ! progress ( ! race1 ! creatures h become annihilat$2 & c]ta9ly1 t action1 f :i*1 :5 x is univ]sally proce$+1 ! depopulation #dhf ( ! _w mu/ arise1 has become & fur!r$ ! greate/ wi% ( ,ah>man4#bjc ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t consid]ations ( ?is k9d h g5]ally play$ only a subord9ate1 if any1 "p 9 ! =mation ( ! moral op9ions conc]n+ homosexual practices4 ,& x c c]ta9ly n be admitt$ t ! sev]e ,jewi% law aga9/ sodomy 0 simply due to ! fact t ! enl>gem5t ( ! population 0 a /rongly felt social ne$ among ! ,jews4#bjd ,h[ev] mu* !y condemn$ celibacy1 !y did n put x on a p> ) ! abom9ations ( ,sodom4 ,! excessive s9fulness :i* 0 atta*$ to homosexual love by ,zoroa/rianism1 ,hebrewism1 & ,*ri/ianity1 _h q a special f\ndation4 ,x _c be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = ei!r by utilit>ian consid]ations or in/9ctive disgu/4 ,! abhorr5ce ( ince/ is g5]ally a mu* /rong] feel+ ?an ! av]sion to homosexuality4 ,yet 9 ! v same *apt] ( ,g5esis :i* describes ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah we read ( ! ince/ committ$ by ! daught]s ( ,lot ) _! fa!r2 #bje &1 accord+ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9e1 unnatural int]c\rse is an ev5 m he9\s s9 ?an ince/ & adult]y4#bjf ,! fact is t homosexual practices 7 intimately associat$ ) ! grave/ ( all s9s3 unbelief1 idolatry1 or h]esy4 ,footnote #aig3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjf4 ,see ,additional ,notes4 ,footnote #aih3 ,cf4 supra1 ii4 #dff 7,tahitians74 ,footnote #aii3 ,supra1 i4 #djg4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,supra1 i4 #djf sq4 ,footnote #bja3 von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 ii4 #abi4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,dll+]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bci4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,ddi/n- ,dnk1 lxxvii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,havelock ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #bje3 ,g5esis1 xix4 #ca sqq4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #aed4 #ab4 ,katz1 ,grundriss des kanonis*5 ,/rafre*ts1 pp4 #ajd1 #aah1 #abj4 ,cl>us1 ,practica crim9alis1 book v4 ,sodomia1 ,additiones1 #a 7,op]a omnia1 ii4 #aeb73--;,hoc vitium e/ majus1 quam si quis propriam matrem cognosc]et4 ,accord+ to ,zoroa/rianism1 unnatural s9 _h be5 creat$ by ,angra ,ma9yu4#bjg ,ah>man1 ! wick$1 miscreat$ ! demons & fi5ds1 & also ! rema9+ corrupt$ ones1 by 8 own unnatural int]c\rse4#bjh ,su* int]c\rse is on a p> ) ,afrsiyb1 a ,turanian k+ :o conqu]$ ! ,iranians = twelve ye>s2#bji ) ,dahk1 a k+ or dyna/y :o is said to h conqu]$ ,yim & reign$ = a ?\s& ye>s2#baj ) ,tr-i ,brd>-vakh%1 #dhg a het]odox wiz>d by :om ! be/ m5 7 put to dea?4#baa ,he :o commits unnatural s9 is 9 8 :ole be+ a ,dava2#bab & a ,dava-wor%ipp] is n a bad ,zoroa/rian1 b a man :o does n belong to ! ,zoroa/rian sy/em1 a =eign]1 a non-,aryan4#bac ,9 ! ,v5ddd1 aft] ! /atem5t t ! volunt>y commission ( unnatural s9 is a trespass = :i* !re is no atonem5t = ev] & ev]1 ! "q is put1 ,:5 is x s8 ,& ! answ] giv5 is3--,if ! s9n] be a pr(essor ( ! religion ( ,mazda1 or "o :o has be5 taught 9 x4 ,if n1 8 s9 is tak5 f him1 9 case he makes confession ( ! religion ( ,mazda & resolves nev] to commit aga9 su* =bidd5 de$s4#bad ,?is is to say1 ! s9 is inexpiable if x involves a d[nright defiance ( ! true religion1 x is =giv5 if x is committ$ 9 ignorance ( x & is foll[$ by submission4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t ,zoroa/rianism /igmatis$ unnatural int]c\rse z a practice ( infidels1 z a sign ( unbelief4 ,& ,i ?9k t c]ta9 facts ref]r$ to above help u to und]/& :y x did s4 ,n only h homosexual practices be5 commonly associat$ ) sorc]y1 b su* an association has =m$1 & p>tly /ill =ms1 an incid5t ( ! %amani/ic sy/em preval5t among ! ,asiatic peoples ( ,turanian /ock1 & t x did s already 9 remote antiquity is made extremely probable by /atem5ts :i* ,i h j quot$ f ,zoroa/rian texts4 ,to ?is sy/em ,zoroa/rianism 0 naturally furi\sly oppos$1 & ! *ange ( sex !re=e appe>$ to ! ,mazda wor%ipp] z a devili% abom9ation4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,v5ddd1 i4 #ab4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 viii4 #aj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,sad ,d>1 ix4 #e4 ,we/'s note to ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 viii4 #bi 79999,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxiv4 #ce1 n4 #d47 ,footnote #baj3 ,sad ,d>1 ix4 #e4 ,we/'s note to ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 viii4 #bi 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xxiv4 #ce1 n4 #c74 ,footnote #baa3 ,sad ,d>1 ix4 #e4 ,we/'s note to ,ddi/n- ,dnk1 lxxii4 #h 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 xviii4 #bah74 ,footnote #bab3 ,v5ddd1 viii4 #cb4 ,footnote #bac3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 li4 ,footnote #bad3 ,v5ddd1 viii4 #bg sq4 ,s also ! ,hebrews abhorr5ce ( sodomy 0 l>gely due to _! hatr$ ( a =eign cult4 ,accord+ to ,g5esis1 unnatural vice 0 ! s9 ( a p :o 7 n ! ,"l's p1 & ! ,levitical legislation repres5ts ,canaaniti% abom9ations z ! *ief reason #dhh :y ! ,canaanites 7 ext]m9at$4#bae ,n[ we "k t sodomy ent]$ z an elem5t 9 _! religion4 ,besides k4ede%o?1 or female pro/itutes1 !re 7 k4ede%im1 or male pro/itutes1 atta*$ to _! temples4#baf ,! ^w k4ade%1 translat$ sodomite1 prop]ly d5otes a man d$icat$ to a deity2#bag & x appe>s t su* m5 7 consecrat$ to ! "m ( ! gods1 ! fam\s ,dea ,syria1 ^: prie/s or devotees !y 7 consid]$ to be4#bah ,! male devotees ( ?is & o!r goddesses 7 probably 9 a position analog\s to t occupi$ by ! female devotees ( c]ta9 gods1 :o also1 z we h se51 h develop$ into lib]t9es2 & ! sodomitic acts committ$ ) ^! temple pro/itutes may1 l ! connections ) prie/esses1 h _h 9 view to transf] bless+s to ! wor%ipp]s4#bai ,9 ,morocco sup]natural b5efits are expect$ n only f het]osexual1 b also f homosexual int]c\rse ) a holy p]son4#bbj ,! k4ede%im are frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 especially 9 ! p]iod ( ! mon>*y1 :5 rites ( =eign orig9 made _! way into bo? ,israel & ,judah4#bba ,& x is natural t ! ,yahveh wor%ipp] %\ld reg>d _! practices ) ! utmo/ horror z =m+ "p ( an idolatr\s cult4 ,footnote #bae3 ,leviticus1 xx4 #bc4 ,footnote #baf3 ,deut]onomy1 xxiii4 #ag4 ,driv]1 ,comm5t>y on ,deut]onomy1 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #bag3 ,driv]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfd sq4 ,selbie1 ',sodomite1' 9 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 iv4 #eei4 ,footnote #bah3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,9 ,osee1 i4 #d4 #ad 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xxv4 #hea74 ,cook's note to #a ,k+s1 xiv4 #bd1 9 8 edition ( ,! ,holy ,bible1 ii4 #ega4 ,see also ,lucian1 ,lucius1 #ch4 ,footnote #bai3 ,ros5baum sugge/s 7,ges*i*te d] ,lu/seu*e im ,alt]?ume1 p4 #abj7 t ! eunu* prie/s connect$ ) ! cult ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis & ! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ,cybele likewise 7 sodomites4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #bba3 #a ,k+s1 xiv4 #bd2 xv4 #ab2 xxii4 #df4 #b ,k+s1 xxiii4 #g4 ,job1 xxxvi4 #ad4 ,driv]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfe4 ,! ,hebrew conception ( homosexual love to "s ext5t affect$ ,muhamm$anism1 & pass$ into ,*ri/ianity4 ,! notion t x is a =m ( sacrilege 0 "h /r5g!n$ by ! habits ( ! g5tiles4 ,/4 ,paul f\nd ! abom9ations ( ,sodom preval5t among nations :o _h *ang$ ! tru? ( ,god into a lie1 & wor%ipp$ & s]v$ ! creature m ?an ! #dhi ,creator4#bbb ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages h]etics 7 accus$ ( unnatural vice z a matt] ( c\rse4#bbc ,inde$1 s closely 0 sodomy associat$ ) h]esy t ! same "n 0 appli$ to bo?4 ,9 ',la ,c\tume de ,t\ra9e-,anj\' ! ^w h]ite1 :i* is ! anci5t =m ( hrtique1#bbd seems to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( sodomite2#bbe & ! ,fr5* b\gre 7f ! ,lat9 ,bulg>us1 ,bulg>ian71 z also its ,engli% synonym1 0 orig9ally a "n giv5 to a sect ( h]etics :o came f ,bulg>ia 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to o!r h]etics1 b at ! same "t x became ! regul> expression = a p]son guilty ( unnatural int]c\rse4#bbf ,9 m$ival laws sodomy 0 also repeat$ly m5tion$ toge!r ) h]esy1 & ! puni%m5t 0 ! same = bo?4#bbg ,x ?us rema9$ a religi\s (f5ce ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,x 0 n only a vitium nef&um et sup] omnia dete/&um1#bbh b x 0 "o ( ! f\r clamantia peccata1 or cry+ s9s1#bbi a crime de ,maje/ie1 v]s le ,roy cele/re4#bcj ,v naturally1 !re=e1 x has come to be reg>d$ ) some:at great] l5i5cy by law & public op9ion 9 proportion z !y h emancipat$ !mselves f !ological doctr9es4 ,& ! fre% light :i* ! sci5tific /udy ( ! sexual impulse has lately ?r[n ^u ! subject ( homosexuality mu/ also necess>ily influ5ce ! moral ideas relat+ to x1 9 s f> z no scrut9is+ judge c fail to take into acc\nt ! pressure :i* a p[]ful non-volitional desire ex]cises ^u an ag5t's w4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,romans1 i4 #be sqq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,littr1 ,dictionnaire de la langue franaise1 i4 #chf1 ',b\gre4' ,haynes1 ,religi\s ,p]secution1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,littr1 op4 cit4 i4 #bjaj1 ',hrtique4' ,footnote #bbe3 ,les tablissem5ts de ,sa9t ,l\is1 i4 #ij1 vol4 ii4 #adg4 ,viollet1 9 8 ,introduction to ! same "w1 i4 #bed4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,littr1 op4 cit4 i4 #chf1 ',b\gre4' ,murray1 ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 i4 #aafj1 ',bugg]4' ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 i4 #aae1 note4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xxx4 #aa1 vol4 i4 #dac3--,qui erre contre le foi1 comme en mescreance1 de le quele il ne veut v5ir voie de v]it1 ou qui fet sodomit]ie1 il doit e/re ars1 et =fet t\t le si5 en le mani]e dessus4 ,britton1 i4 #aj1 vol4 i4 #db4 ,montesquieu1 ,de l'esprit des lois1 xii4 #f 7,,oeuvres1 p4 #bhc74 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 pp4 #dhf1 #gba4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,cl>us1 ,practica crim9alis1 book v4 ,sodomia1 #a 7,op]a omnia1 ii4 #aea74 ,footnote #bbi3 ,coke1 ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,in/itutes ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,mirror1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #eh4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,reg>d ,,= ,,! ,,l[] ,,animals ,,m5',s conduct t[>ds ! l[] animals is frequ5tly a subject ( moral valuation4 ,totem animals mu/ be treat$ ) def]5ce by ^? :o be> _! names1 & animals g5]ally reg>d$ z div9e mu/ be respect$ by all2 ( ?is m w be said 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4#a ,among v>i\s peoples ! memb]s ( c]ta9 animal species mu/ n be kill$1 because !y are consid]$ to be receptacles = ! s\ls ( dep>t$ m51#b or because ! species is believ$ to h orig9at$ ?r\gh a trans=mation ( m5 into animals4#c ,! ,dyaks ( ,borneo h a sup]/iti\s dread ( kill+ orang-utans1 be+ ( op9ion t ^! apes are m5 :o w5t to live 9 ! =e/ & ab/a9 f speak+ m]ely 9 ord] to be exempt f pay+ taxes4#d ,! ,moors consid] x wrong to kill a monkey1 because ! monkey 0 once a man :om ,god *ang$ into 8 pres5t %ape z a puni%m5t = ! s9 he committ$ by p]=m+ 8 ablutions ) milk2 & !y w\ld nev] d h>m to a /ork1 because1 z !y say1 ! /ork 0 orig9ally a judge1 :o pass$ unju/ s5t5ces ^u 8 fell[ creatures & !re=e became :at he is4 ,!y also acc\nt x a s9 to kill a swall[ or a pigeon1 a :ite spid] or a bee1 because !y reg>d !m z holy4 ,o!r creatures1 aga91 are sp>$ by ! ,moors because !y #dia appe> uncanny or are suspect$ ( be+ evil spirits 9 disguise4 ,x is believ$ t anybody :o kills a rav5 easily goes mad & t he :o kills a toad w get fev] or die2 & no ,moor w\ld d>e to hit a cat or a dog 9 ! d>k1 s9ce x seems v d\btful :at k9d ( be+ x really is4 ,sup]/itions ( ?is sort are _w-wide4 ,footnote #a3 ,infra1 on ,duties to ,gods4 ,footnote #b3 ,infra1 p4 #eaf sq4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,me9]s1 ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 i4 #bac sqq4 ,footnote #d3 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #eg4 ,x is a common belief among uncultur$ peoples t a p]son :o slays an animal is expos$ to ! v5geance ei!r ( its disembodi$ _s or ( all ! o!r creatures belong+ to ! same species4#e ,h5ce1 z ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has %[n1 ! savage (t5 makes x a rule to sp>e ! lives ( ^? animals :i* he has no press+ motive = kill+1 at lea/ su* fi]ce & dang]\s ones z are likely to exact a bloody rev5ge = ! slaught] ( any ( _! k9d2 & :51 = "s reason or o!r1 he ov]comes 8 sup]/iti\s scruples & takes ! life ( ! bea/1 he is anxi\s to appease ! victim & its k9dr$ by te/ify+ 8 respect = !m1 or mak+ apologies1 or try+ to conceal 8 %>e 9 procur+ ! dea? ( ! animal1 or promis+ t its rema9s w be hon\rably treat$4#f ,! ,/ins ( ,cambodia1 = in/ance1 :o believe t animals h s\ls :i* w&] ab\t aft] dea?1 ask p>don :5 !y h kill$ "o1 le/ its s\l %\ld visit & torm5t !m2 & !y also (f] x sacrifices proportion$ to ! /r5g? & size ( ! animal4#g ,:5 a p>ty ( ,koriaks h kill$ a be> or a wolf1 !y sk9 ! bea/1 dress "o ( _! family 9 ! sk91 & dance r\nd ! sk9-clad man1 say+ t x 0 n !y :o kill$ ! animal b someone else1 by pref]5ce a ,russian4#h ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait ma9ta9 t ! dead bodies ( v>i\s animals mu/ be treat$ v c>efully by ! hunt] :o obta9s !m1 s t _! %ades may n be (f5d$ & br+ bad luck or ev5 dea? ^u him or 8 p4#i ,footnote #e3 ,supra1 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #f3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #chi sqq4 ,footnote #g3 ,m\hot1 ,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a1 i4 #beb4 ,footnote #h3 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #bf4 ,footnote #i3 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #dch4 #dib ,! savage1 moreov]1 desires to keep on good t]ms ) animals :i*1 )\t be+ fe>$1 are ei!r eat5 or valu$ = _! sk9s4 ,h5ce1 :5 he captures "o1 he %[s su* def]5ce = x z may be necess>y = induc+ its fell[s to come & be kill$ also4#aj ,alaskan hunt]s pres]ve ! bones ( sables & beav]s out ( rea* ( ! dogs = a ye> & !n bury !m c>efully1 le/ ! spirits :i* look aft] ^! species %\ld consid] t !y are reg>d$ ) contempt & h5ce no m %\ld be kill$ or trapp$4#aa ,! ,?ompson ,riv] ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia said t :5 a de] 0 kill$ its fell[s w\ld be well pleas$ if ! hunt]s but*]$ ! animal nicely & cleanly4#ab ,! ,hurons refra9$ f ?r[+ fi% bones into ! fire1 le/ ! s\ls ( ! fi% %\ld g & w>n ! o!r fi% n to let !mselves be caught1 s9ce1 if !y 71 _! own bones w\ld also be burn$4#ac ,"s savages respect ! bones ( ! animals :i* !y eat because !y believe t ! bones1 if pres]v$1 w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be reclo!d ) fle% & ! animal ?us come to life aga94#ad ,footnote #aj3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #djc sqq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,teit1 ',?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ',an?ropology1' i4 #cdf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,sag>d1 ,le gr& voyage du pays des ,hurons1 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #ad3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dae sqq4 ,besides ! creatures :i* primitive man treats ) respect because he dreads _! /r5g? & f]ocity or on acc\nt ( ! b5efits he expects f !m1 !re is yet a ?ird class ( animate be+s :i* he sometimes deems x necess>y to conciliate1 namely1 v]m9 t infe/ ! crops4#ae ,among ! ,saxons ( ,transylvania1 9 ord] to keep sp>r[s f ! corn1 ! s[] beg9s by ?r[+ ! fir/ h&ful ( se$ backw>ds ov] 8 head1 say+1 ,t is = y1 sp>r[s4#af ,& ( ! ,drvidian tribes ( ,mirzapur we are told t1 :5 locu/s ?reat5 to eat up ! fruits ( ! e>?1 ! p cat* "o1 decorate its head ) a spot ( r$ #dic lead1 salaam to x1 & let x g2 aft] :i* civilities ! :ole flight imm$iately dep>ts4#ag ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dbb sqq4 ,footnote #af3 ,he9ri*1 quot$ ibid4 ii4 #dbc4 ,footnote #ag3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ii4 #cjc4 ,dome/ic animals are frequ5tly objects ( sup]/iti\s rev]5ce4#ah ,!y are expect$ to rew>d ma/]s :o treat !m well1 :]eas ^? :o h>m !m are believ$ to expose !mselves to _! rev5ge4 ,among ! ,eskimo ab\t ,behr+ ,/rait dogs are nev] beat5 = bit+ p1 le/ ! inua or %ade ( ! dog %\ld become angry & prev5t ! w\nd f heal+4#ai ,but*]s are (t5 reg>d$ z unclean1 & ! orig9al reason = ?is 0 9 all probability ! idea t !y 7 haunt$ by ! spirits ( ! animals !y _h sla94 ,among ! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s x 0 unlawful = anybody b pr(essional but*]s to kill cattle1 & a but*] 0 =bidd5 to ent] o!r p]sons' h\ses1 to t\* _! prop]ty1 & to keep company ) any "o n ( 8 own trade4#bj ,9 ,morocco a but*]1 l a manslay]1 is ?\ght to be haunt$ by jnn 7j9n71 & x seems t 9 ?is case also ! notion ( haunt+ jnn has replac$ an e>li] belief 9 tr\blesome gho/s4#ba ,s1 too1 ! anci5t ,troglodytes ( ,ea/ ,africa1 :o d]iv$ _! :ole su/5ance f _! flocks & h]ds1 are said to h look$ ^u but*]s z unclean4#bb ,9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,japan x is believ$ t a but*] w h a cripple among 8 desc5dants4#bc ,footnote #ah3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bif sqq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,nelson1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xviii4 #dce4 ,footnote #bj3 ,abreu de ,gal9do1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 p4 #ga sq4 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes1 p4 #ajc sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #cgh4 ,footnote #bb3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bif sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,griffis1 ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #dgb4 ,h[ f> ideas ( ?is sort may acc\nt = ! great dis9cl9ation ( _m peoples to kill _! cattle1 x is impossible to say2 b !y c]ta9ly d n con/itute ! only motive4 ,we h notic$ above t pa/oral tribes are unwill+ to r$uce _! h]ds & agricultural peoples to kill ! pl\gh+ ox1 because ?is w\ld imply #did loss ( valuable prop]ty4#bd ,& ap>t f economic consid]ations1 we may assume t feel+s ( g5u9e sympa?y also induce !m to treat _! animals ) k9dness4 ,! altrui/ic s5tim5t has n necess>ily ref]5ce to memb]s ( ! same species only2 ( ?is we f9d in/ances ev5 among animals 9 conf9em5t & dome/icat$ animals1 :i* frequ5tly become atta*$ to individuals ( a diff]5t species ) :om !y live toge!r4#be ,& ! savage feels himself mu* m closely relat$ to ! animal _w ?an does 8 civilis$ fell[ creature2 inde$1 z we h se51 he habitually oblit]ates ! b\nd>ies betwe5 man & bea/ & reg>ds all animals z practically on a foot+ ( equality ) himself4#bf ,among ! pa/oral races ( ,africa ! m5 delight 9 att5d+ _! cattle1 & sp5d mu* "t 9 ornam5t+ & adorn+ !m2 ! h]dsman kn[s e bea/ 9 8 h]d1 calls x by its "n1 & affectionately obs]ves all its peculi>ities4#bg ,( ! ,bahima1 a c[ tribe 9 ,ug&a1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe tells u t ! m5 =m w>m atta*m5ts = _! cattle2 "s ( !m love ! animals l *ildr51 pet & coax !m1 talk to !m1 & weep ov] _! ailm5ts1 & %\ld a fav\rite die _! grief is s extreme t x sometimes leads to suicide4#bh ,! my?ical f\nd] ( ! k+dom ( ,ug&a1 ,k9tu1 is said to h be5 s humane & av]se f ! sight ( blood1 t ev5 cattle kill$ = necess>y food 7 slaught]$ at "s di/ance f 8 dwell+4#bi ,b cattle are n ! only dumb creatures t excite t5d] feel+s 9 ! bosom ( a savage4 ,! ,= tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa reg>d x z a *>act]i/ic ( a good man to be k9d to animals 9 g5]al1 & consid] x wick$ to be o!rwise4#cj ,conc]n+ ! ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africans ,mr4 #die ,macdonald writes t if !y appe> de/itute ( pity1 say1 = _! f[ls 9 _! me?ods ( c>ry+ !m1 x is because !y d n reflect t x gives !m pa9--all w\ld admit t x 0 a cruel ?+ to pa9 ! f[l2 & !y h fables 9 _! language :i* %[ a desire to ent] m9utely into ! feel+s ( dumb creatures1 repres5t+1 = in/ance1 f[ls z reason+ on _! h>d fate 9 be+ kill$ = _! ma/]'s supp]4#ca ,among ! ,indians ( ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 accord+ to ,juan & ,ulloa1 ! wom5 are s fond ( _! f[ls t !y w n sell !m1 mu* less kill !m ) _! own h&s2 s t if a /rang]1 :o is oblig$ to pass ! night 9 "o ( _! cottages1 (f]s ev] s mu* money = a f[l1 !y refuse to "p ) x1 & he f9ds himself "u a necessity ( kill+ ! f[l himself4 ,at ?is 8 l&lady %rieks1 dissolves 9 te>s1 & wr+s h] h&s1 z if x _h be5 an only son2 till see+ ! mis*ief pa/ rem$y %e wipes h] eyes1 & quietly takes :at ! travell] (f]s h]4#cb ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 aga91 are v fond ( _! hunt+ dogs4 ,^? on ! we/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s appe> to h ! same affection = !m t !y h = _! *ildr52 & !y w disc\rse ) !m1 z if !y 7 rational be+s4 ,!y frequ5tly call !m _! sons or daught]s2 & :5 describ+ an ,indian1 !y w speak ( him z fa!r ( a p>ticul> dog :i* belongs to him4 ,:5 ^! dogs die1 x is n unusual to see _! ma/]s or mi/resses place !m on a pile ( wood1 & burn !m 9 ! same mann] z !y d ! dead bodies ( _! relations2 & !y appe> to lam5t _! dea?s1 by cry+ & h[l+1 fully z mu* z if !y 7 _! k9dr$4#cc ,s also ! natives ( ,au/ralia (t5 display mu* affection = _! dogs2 ,mr4 ,gason has se5 wom5 cry+ ov] a dog :5 bitt5 by a snake z if x _h be5 "o ( _! own *ildr51 & if a puppy has lo/ its "m ! #dif wom5 suckle & nurse x4#cd ,( ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& we read t _! extreme love ( (fspr+ 0 also c>ri$ out to excess t[>ds ! "y ( brutes--especially ( _! dogs1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ( cats & pigs introduc$4 ,h5ce x 0 by no means an unusual sight to see a woman c>ry+ h] *ild at h] back1 & a pet dog1 or pig1 9 h] bosom4#ce ,! ,*uk*i ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,sib]ia believe t if a p]son is cruel to brutes 8 s\l w aft] 8 dea? migrate into "s dome/ic animal--a dog1 a horse1 or a re9de]4#cf ,ev5 ! mis]able ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon are said to be indignant at ! ne$less kill+ ( a bea/4#cg ,footnote #bd3 ,supra1 ii4 #cca4 ,footnote #be3 ,see supra1 i4 #aab4 ,footnote #bf3 ,supra1 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #dae4 ,footnote #bh3 ,roscoe1 ',bahima1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvii4 #id sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,wag&a ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #gfd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,= ,tribe1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xiii4 #bcb sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #aj sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,juan & ,ulloa1 ,voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica1 i4 #dbf sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cce sq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,gason1 ',diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bei4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #e4 ,williams1 ',yircla ,me5+ ,tribe1' 9 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bca4 ,footnote #cg3 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 #eci4 ,on ! o!r h& we also he> ( savages :o are greatly lack+ 9 sympa?y = ! brute creation4 ,d>w9 says t humanity to ! l[] animals is app>5tly unfelt by savages1 except t[>ds _! pets4#ch ,mr4 ,atk9son *>ges ! ,new ,cal$onians ) great cruelty to animals4#ci ,! ,tasmanians appe>$ mu* to enjoy ! tortures ( a w\nd$ bird or bea/4#dj ,x is n to be expect$ t p ^: k9dly feel+s t[>ds m5 h>dly ext5d beyond ! bord]s ( _! own communities %\ld be compassionate to wild animals4 ,!y may also appe> wantonly cruel because !y d n realise ! pa9 :i* !y inflict4 ,&1 l *ildr51 !y may enjoy ! agony ( a suff]+ bea/ or bird because x excites _! curiosity4 ,footnote #ch3 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,atk9son1 ',natives ( ,new ,cal$onia1' 9 ,folk-lore1 xiv4 #bdh4 ,footnote #dj3 ,davies1 quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,tasmanians1 p4 #ff4 ,x is obvi\s f :at has be5 said above t already at ! savage /age m5's conduct t[>ds ! l[] animals mu/ 9 "s cases be a matt] ( moral conc]n4 ,= h& 9 h& ) ! altrui/ic s5tim5t we always f9d ! feel+ ( sympa!tic res5tm5t :5ev] !re is an occasion = its outbur/4 ,moreov]1 #dig acts :i* are1 or are believ$ to be1 injuri\s to ! ag5t1 by expos+ him to an animal's rev5ge or o!rwise1 are prohibit$ because !y are imprud5t2 &1 z we h (t5 notic$1 su* prohibitions are apt to assume a moral "*4 ,f9ally1 if a c]ta9 mode ( conduct is consid]$ to be productive ( public h>m1 z is ! case ) any act or omission :i* r$uces1 or is suppos$ to r$uce1 ! supply ( food or animal clo?+1 x is naturally look$ ^u z a wrong aga9/ ! community4 ,simil> facts h1 among peoples ( a high] culture1 l$ to moral rules inculcat+ reg>d = animals--rules :i* h (t5 assum$ a def9ite %ape 9 _! laws or religi\s books4 ,accord+ to ,brahmanism t5d]ness t[>ds all creatures is a duty incumb5t ^u ! f\r ca/es4 ,x is said t he :o injures innoxi\s be+s f a wi% to give himself pleasure1 nev] f9ds happ9ess1 nei!r liv+ nor dead4#da ,if a bl[ is /ruck aga9/ animals 9 ord] to give !m pa91 ! judge %all inflict a f9e 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( pa9 caus$1 j z if ! bl[ _h be5 /ruck aga9/ a man4#db ,! kill+ ( v>i\s creatures1 includ+ fi% & snakes1 r$uces ! (f5d] to a mix$ ca/e2#dc &1 accord+ to ',vi%nu ,purana1' fi%]m5 g aft] dea? to ! same hell z awaits prison]s1 inc5di>ies1 & trea*]\s fri5ds4#dd ,to kill a c[ is a great crime2#de :]eas he :o unhesitat+ly ab&ons life = ! sake ( a c[ is fre$ ev5 f ! guilt ( ! murd] ( a ,brhmana1 & s is he :o saves ! life ( a c[4#df ,among _m ( ! ,h9dus ! slaught] ( a c[ excites m horror ?an ! kill+ ( a man1 & is puni%$ ) great sev]ity1 ev5 ) dea?4#dg ,footnote #da3 ,laws ( ,manu1 v4 #de4 ,footnote #db3 ,ibid4 viii4 #bhf4 ,footnote #dc3 ,ibid4 xi4 #fi4 ,footnote #dd3 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #bjh sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu1 l4 #af sqq4 ,gautama1 xxii4 #ah4 pa/amba1 i4 #bf4 #a4 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #aji sqq4 ,footnote #df3 ,laws ( ,manu1 xi4 #hj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bfd4 ,kipl+1 ,bea/ & ,man 9 ,india1 p4 #aah sq4 ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian1 p4 #ia4 ,9 ,buddhism1 ,ja9ism1 & ,ta\ism ! respect = animal life is extreme4 ,a disciple ( ,buddha may n #dih kn[+ly deprive any creature ( life1 n ev5 a worm or an ant4 ,he may n dr9k wat] 9 :i* animal life ( any k9d :atev] is conta9$1 & mu/ n ev5 p\r x out on grass or clay4#dh ,& ! doctr9e :i* =bids ! kill+ ( animate be+s is n only pr(ess$1 b 9 a l>ge measure foll[$1 by ! great majority ( p 9 ,buddhi/ic c\ntries4 ,9 ,siam ! tam5ess ( _m liv+ creatures :i* 9 ,europe fly f ! pres5ce ( man is v /rik+4 ,in/ances h be5 kn[n 9 :i* natives h quitt$ ! s]vice ( ,europeans on acc\nt ( _! unwill+ness to de/roy reptiles & v]m91 & x is a n uncommon practice = ri* ,siamese to buy live fi% to h ! m]it ( re/or+ !m to ! sea4#di ,9 ,burma1 ?\gh fi% is "o ( ! /aple foods ( ! p1 ! fi%]man is despis$2 n s mu*1 p]haps1 z if he kill$ o!r liv+ ?+s1 b he is /ill an outca/ f dec5t society1 & w h to suff] great & t]rible puni%m5t be=e he c be cleans$ f ! s9s t he daily commits4#ej ,! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon are m =be>+3 !y excuse ! fi%]man by say+ t he does n kill ! fi%1 b only removes x f ! wat]4#ea ,9 ,tibet all dumb creatures are treat$ ) humanity1 & ! tak+ ( animal life is r /rictly prohibit$1 except 9 ! case ( yaks & %eep ne$$ = food4 ,ow+ to ! coldness ( ! climate1 fle% =ms an ess5tial /aple ( diet2 b ! but*]s are reg>d$ z pr(essional s9n]s & are !re=e ! mo/ despis$ ( all classes 9 ,tibet4 ,wild animals & ev5 small birds & fi% are seldom or nev] kill$1 on acc\nt ( ! religi\s p5alties atta*$ to ?is crime4#eb ,footnote #dh3 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 pp4 #bij 9999n4 991 #cea4 ,footnote #di3 ,b[r+1 ,siam1 i4 #ajg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,field+ ,hall1 ,! ,s\l ( a ,p1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #ea3 ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 p4 #caf sq4 ,footnote #eb3 ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 p4 #efg sq4 ,! ,ja9 is /rict] /ill 9 8 reg>d = animal life4 ,he sweeps ! gr\nd be=e him z he goes1 le/ animate ?+s be de/roy$2 he walks veil$1 le/ he inhale a liv+ organism2 he consid]s t ! ev5+ & night are #dii n times = eat+1 s9ce "o might !n swall[ a live ?+ by mi/ake2 & he rejects n only meat b ev5 honey1 toge!r ) v>i\s fruits t are suppos$ to conta9 worms1 n because ( 8 di/a/e = worms b because ( 8 reg>d = life4#ec ,"s t[ns 9 ,we/]n ,india 9 :i* ,ja9s are f\nd h _! bea/ hospitals1 :]e animals are kept & f$4 ,at ,surat !re 0 q rec5tly an e/abli%m5t ( ?is sort ) a h\se :]e a ho/ ( noxi\s & (f5sive v]m91 d5se z ! s&s on ! sea-%ore1 7 br$ & nurtur$2 & at ,anjr1 9 ,kut*1 ab\t five ?\s& rats 7 kept 9 a c]ta9 temple & daily f$ ) fl\r1 :i* 0 procur$ by a tax on ! inhabitants ( ! t[n4#ed ,footnote #ec3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bhh4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,kipl+1 op4 cit4 p4 #aj sq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,burnes1 ',notice ( a rem>kable ,hospital = ,animals at ,surat1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 i4 #if sq4 ,accord+ to ',?i-,%ang1' "o ( ! books ( ,ta\ism1 a good man w feel k9dly t[>ds all creatures1 & refra9 f hurt+ ev5 ! insect tribes1 grass1 & trees2 & he is a bad man :o %oots birds & hunts bea/s1 une>?s ! burr[+ insects & fright5s roo/+ birds1 blocks up ! d5s ( animals & ov]turns ne/s1 hurts ! pregnant womb & breaks eggs4#ee ,9 ! book call$ ',m]its & ,errors ,scrut9is$1' :i* enjoys great popul>ity 9 ,*9a1 x is said to be m]itori\s to save animals f dea?--ev5 insects if ! numb] am\nts to a hundr$1--to relieve a brute t is greatly we>i$ ) "w1 to pur*ase & set at lib]ty animals int5d$ to be slaught]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to conf9e birds 9 a cage1 to kill t5 insects1 to be unsp>+ ( ! /r5g? ( tir$ animals1 to di/urb insects 9 _! holes1 to de/roy ! ne/s ( birds1 )\t great reason to kill & dress animals = food1 are all errors ( v>i\s degrees4 ,& to be ! =emo/ to enc\rage ! slaught] ( animals1 or to h9d] p]sons f sett+ !m at lib]ty1 is reg>d$ z an error ( ! same magnitude z ! crime ( devis+ a p]son's dea? or ( dr[n+ or murd]+ a *ild4#ef ,k9dness #ejj to animals is conspicu\s 9 ! writ+s ( ,confucius & ,m5cius2#eg ! ,ma/] angl$ b did n use a net1 he %ot b n at birds p]*+4#eh ,?r\gh\t ,japan1 accord+ to ,sir ,edw>d ,re$1 ! life ( animals has always be5 held m or less sacr$4 4 4 41 nei!r ,%9toism nor ,buddhism requir+ or ju/ify+ ! tak+ ( ! life ( any creature = sacrifice4#ei ,footnote #ee3 ,?i-,%ang1 #c sq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #afd1 #bje sq4 ,footnote #eg3 ,m5cius1 i4 #a4 #g4 ,footnote #eh3 ,lun ,y1 vii4 #bf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,re$1 ,japan1 i4 #fa4 ,! reg>d = ! l[] animals :i* is %[n by ^! ,ea/]n religions & _! adh]5ts is to "s ext5t due to sup]/iti\s ideas1 simil> to ^? :i* we f\nd preval5t among _m savages4 ,dr4 de ,groot obs]ves t 9 ,*9a ! virtues ( b5evol5ce & humanity are ext5d$ to animals because ^!1 also1 h s\ls :i* may "w v5geance or br+ rew>d4#fj ,! conduct ( ,ori5tals t[>ds ! brute creation has fur!r be5 expla9$ by _! belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,b x seems t ! connection betwe5 _! !ory ( metempsy*osis & _! rules relat+ to ! treatm5t ( animals is n exclusively1 nor ev5 *iefly1 "o ( cause & effect1 b r "o ( a common orig94 ,?is !ory itself may 9 "s measure be reg>d$ z a result ( t intimacy :i* prevails 9 ! ,ea/ betwe5 animals & m54 ,buddhism recognises no fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 !m1 only an accid5tal or ph5om5al diff]5ce2#fa & ! /ep is n long f ?is attitude to ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,capta9 ,=bes ma9ta9s t ! humanity ) :i* ! ,burmans treat dumb animals comes m f ! innate good nature & eas9ess ( _! dispositions ?an f any effect ov] !m ( ?is peculi> doctr9e2#fb & !y laugh at ! sugge/ion made by ,europeans t ,buddhi/s ab/a9 f tak+ life because !y believe 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 hav+ nev] he>d ( x be=e4 ,_! motive1 says ,mr4 ,field+ ,hall1 is compassion & noblesse oblige4#fc ,b by its puni%m5ts #eja & rew>ds1 religion has greatly increas$ ! natural reg>d = animal life & welf>e1 & introduc$ a new motive = conduct :i* orig9ally sprang 9 ! ma9 f k9dly feel+4 ,footnote #fj3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #dej4 ,footnote #fa3 ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,buddhism1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #fb3 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma1 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #fc3 ,field+ ,hall1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcg sq4 ,9 ,zoroa/rianism we meet ) a diff]5t attitude t[>ds ! l[] animal _w4 ,a fundam5tal di/9ction is made betwe5 ! animals ( ,ormuzd & ^? ( ,ahriman4 ,to kill "o ( ! =m] is a he9\s s91 to kill "o ( ! latt] is a pi\s de$4#fd ,sacr$ above all o!r animals is ! dog4 ,! ill-fe$+ & maltreatm5t ( dogs are prosecut$ z crim9al1 & extreme p5alties are inflict$ on ^? :o v5ture to kill !m4#fe ,nay1 if !re be 9 ! h\se ( a wor%ipp] ( ,mazda a mad dog :o has no sc5t1 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,mazda %all att5d him to heal him1 9 ! same mann] z !y w\ld d = "o ( ! fai?ful4#ff ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,p>sis1 animals are enli/$ "u ! /&>ds ( ei!r ,ormuzd or ,ahriman accord+ z !y are useful or hurtful to man2 b ,m4 ,d>me/et] is ( op9ion t !y orig9ally belong$ to ! "o or ! o!r n on acc\nt ( any su* qualities1 b accord+ z !y *anc$ to h l5t _! =ms to ei!r ! god or ! fi5d 9 ! /orm tales4 ,x 0 n animal psy*ology1 he says1 t disguis$ gods & fi5ds z dogs1 ott]s1 h$ge-hogs1 & cocks1 or z snakes1 tortoises1 frogs1 & ants1 b ! accid5ts ( physical qualities & ! caprice ( popul> fancy1 z bo? ! god & ! fi5d might be comp>$ )1 & trans=m$ into1 any object1 ! idea ( :i* 0 sugge/$ by ! upro> ( ! /orm1 ! blaz+ ( ! lightn+1 ! /ream+ ( ! wat]1 or ! hue & %ape ( ! cl\ds4#fg ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 seems to atta* undue importance to my?ical fancies1 & x presupposes an almo/ unb\nd$ & caprici\s allegorism1 = :i* !re is app>5tly little f\ndation #ejb 9 facts4 ,! sugge/ion t ! animals are ref]r$ to ei!r ! "o or ! o!r category accord+ z !y are useful or obnoxi\s to man1 is at all ev5ts borne out by a few sali5t features1 al?\gh 9 _m details ! matt] rema9s obscure4 ,footnote #fd3 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #fe3 ,v5ddd1 xiii4 sq4 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 ii4 #cf4 ,footnote #ff3 ,v5ddd1 xiii4 #ce4 ,footnote #fg3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 7#a/ edit47 p4 lxxii4 sq4 ,see also ,idem1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #bhc sqq4 ,x appe>s t among ! ,zoroa/rians1 also1 ! respect = ! life ( animals is p>tly due to sup]/iti\s ideas ab\t _! s\ls & fe> ( _! rev5ge4 ,accord+ to ! ',ya/s1' ! s\ls ( ! wild bea/s & ( ! tame are objects ( wor%ip2#fh & 9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts x is said t p %\ld ab/a9 f unlawfully slaught]+ any species ( animals1 s9ce o!rwise1 9 puni%m5t = su* an act1 ea* hair ( ! animal kill$ becomes l a %>p dagg]1 & he :o is unlawfully a slaught]] is sla94#fi ,b "h aga9 we may assume ! co-op]at+ influ5ce ( ! feel+ ( sympa?y4 ,v>i\s passages 9 ! ,zoroa/rian ',ga?as' :i* enjo9 k9dness to dome/ic animals#gj sugge/ z _! motives n only consid]ations ( utility b g5u9e t5d]ness4 ,9 a lat] age ,firdausi sang1 ,ah6 sp>e yon emmet ri* 9 ho>d$ gra93 ,he lives ) pleasure1 & he dies ) pa94#ga ,& ( ! mod]n ,p]sian ,dr4 ,polak says t1 naturally n cruel1 he treats animals ) m consid]ation ?an m54#gb ,8 pres5t religion1 too1 enjo9s k9dness to animals z a duty4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ya/s1 xiii4 #aed4 ,footnote #fi3 ,%ya/ ,l-,%ya/1 x4 #h4 ,footnote #gj3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,le ,z5d-,ave/a1 i4 p4 cvi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,firdausi1 quot$ by ,jones1 ',t5? ,anniv]s>y ,disc\rse1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 iv4 #ab4 ,footnote #gb3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #ab4 ,accord+ to ,muhamm$anism1 bea/s1 birds1 fi%1 insects1 are all1 l man1 ! slaves ( ,god1 ! tools ( ,8 w4 ,!re is no intr9sic di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! human species1 except :at accid5tal div]sity ,god may h be5 pleas$ to make4#gc ,muhamm$ said to 8 foll[]s3--,!re is n a bea/ ^u ! e>? nor a bird t flies ) bo? its w+s1 b is a nation l to y2 4 4 4 to _! ,"l %all !y be ga!r$4#gd ,muhamm$an law prescribes t dome/ic animals %all #ejc be treat$ ) consid]ation & n be ov]work$2#ge & 9 v>i\s ,muhamm$an c\ntries ?is law has also be5 habitually put into practice4 ,! ,moslems ( ,india are k9d to animals4#gf ,9 8 e>li] int]c\rse ) ! p ( ,egypt1 ,mr4 ,lane notic$ mu* humanity to bea/s4#gg ,montaigne said t ! ,turks gave alms to brutes & _h hospitals = !m2#gh & ,mr4 ,boswor? ,smi? is ( op9ion t bea/s ( burd5 & dome/ic animals are n[h]e 9 ,*ri/5dom ) ! "o exception1 p]haps1 ( ,norway treat$ ) su* unv>y+ k9dness & consid]ation z !y are 9 ,turkey4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 he adds1 s f> z x has n be5 h>d5$ by ! ,we/1 !re is a real sympa?y betwe5 man & ! dome/ic animals2 !y und]/& "o ano!r4#gi ,footnote #gc3 ,cf4 ,palgrave1 ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia1 i4 #cfh4 ,footnote #gd3 ,koran1 vi4 #ch4 ,footnote #ge3 ,sa*au1 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 pp4 #ah1 #ajc4 ,footnote #gf3 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 pp4 #agf1 #agg1 #bdg4 ,cf4 ,heb]1 ,j\rney ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 #aca4 ,footnote #gg3 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #gh3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #gi3 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 pp4 #ahj1 #bag4 ,s also ! anci5t ,greeks 7 on famili> t]ms ) ! animal _w4 ,?is appe>s f ! frequ5cy ) :i* _! poets illu/rate human qualities by metaphors drawn f x4 ,& z m5 7 comp>$ ) animals1 s animals 7 believ$ to possess human peculi>ities4 ,:5 a bea/ 0 go+ to be sacrific$ x _h to give its cons5t to ! act by a nod ( ! head be=e x 0 kill$4#hj ,animals 7 held 9 "s measure responsible = _! de$s2 !y 7 tri$ = manslaught]1 s5t5c$1 & execut$4#ha ,on ! o!r h&1 hon\rs 7 be/[$ ^u bea/s :i* _h r5d]$ signal s]vices to _! ma/]s4 ,! graves ( ,cimon's m>es ) :i* he ?ree times conqu]$ at ! ,olympic games 7 /ill 9 ! days ( ,plut>* to be se5 ne> 8 own tomb2#hb & a c]ta9 ,xan?ippus hon\r$ 8 dog by bury+ x on a promontory1 s9ce !n call$ ! dog's grave1 because :5 ! ,a!nians 7 compell$ to ab&on _! city x swam by ! side ( 8 galley to ,salamis4#hc ,accord+ to ,x5ocrates1 !re 7 9 exi/5ce #ejd at ,eleusis ?ree laws :i* _h be5 made by an anci5t legislator1 namely3--,hon\r y\r p>5ts2 ,sacrifice to ! gods f ! fruits ( ! e>?2 ,injure n animals4#hd ,at ,a!ns a man 0 puni%$ = flay+ a liv+ ram4#he ,! ,areopagites once condemn$ a boy to dea? because he _h pick$ out ! eyes ( "s quails4#hf ,z we h notic$ be=e1 ! life ( ! pl\gh+ ox 0 sacr$2#hg & "y animals 9 p>ticul> 7 believ$ to be "u ! protection ( ! gods4#hh ,an anci5t prov]b says t !re are ,er9yes ev5 = dogs4#hi ,?is seems to indicate t ! ,greeks1 also1 7 influ5c$ by ! common notion t ! s\l ( an animal may take rev5ge ^u him :o kill$ x1 ! ,er9ys ( ! sla9 animal be+ orig9ally its p]secut+ gho/4 ,among ! ,py?agoreans1 aga91 ! rule t animals :i* are n obnoxi\s to ! human race %\ld be nei!r injur$ nor kill$#ij 0 connect$ ) _! !ory ( metempsy*osis2#ia & 9 "s cases ! prohibition ( slay+ useful animals may be trac$ to utilit>ian motives4#ib ,b bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome k9dness to brutes 0 also inculcat$ = _! own sake1 on purely humanit>ian gr\nds4 ,porphyry says t1 z ju/ice p]ta9s to rational be+s & animals h be5 prov$ to be possess$ ( reason1 x is necess>y t we %\ld act ju/ly t[>ds !m4#ic ,he adds t he :o does n re/rict h>mless conduct to man alone1 b ext5ds x to o!r animals1 mo/ closely approa*es to div9ity2 & if x 7 possible to ext5d x to plants1 he w\ld pres]ve ?is image 9 a /ill great] degree4#id ,accord+ to ,plut>* k9dness & b5efic5ce to creatures ( e species fl[ f ! brea/ ( a well-natur$ man z #eje /reams t issue f ! liv+ f\nta94 ,we ought to take c>e ( our dogs & horses n only :5 !y are "y1 b :5 !y are old & pa/ s]vice4#ie ,we ought n to violate or kill any?+ :atsoev] t has life1 unless x hurt u fir/4#if ,& if we _c live unblamably we %\ld at lea/ s9 ) discretion3 :5 we kill an animal 9 ord] to satisfy our hung] we %\ld d s ) sorr[ & pity1 )\t abus+ & torm5t+ x4#ig ,cic]o says x is a crime to injure an animal4#ih ,& ,m>cus ,aurelius enjo9s man to make use ( brutes ) a g5]\s & lib]al _s1 s9ce he has reason & !y h n4#ii ,footnote #hj3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #if sq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,supra1 i4 #bed4 ,footnote #hb3 ,plut>*1 ,cato ,major1 v4 #f4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ibid4 v4 #g4 ,footnote #hd3 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 iv4 #bb4 ,footnote #he3 ,plut>*1 ,de c>nium esu oratio ,i4 vii4 #b4 ,footnote #hf3 ,qu9tilian1 ,de in/itutione oratoria1 v4 #i4 #ac4 ,footnote #hg3 ,supra1 ii4 #cca4 ,footnote #hh3 ,aes*ylus1 ,agamemnon1 #dh sqq4 ,x5ophon1 ,cynegeticus1 v4 #ad4 ,footnote #hi3 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #if4 ,footnote #ij3 ,jambli*us1 ,de ,py?agorica vita1 #ba 7#ih74 ,footnote #ia3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vit philosophorum1 viii4 #b4 #ab 7#gg74 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetorica1 i4 #ac4 #b1 p4 #acgc b4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 ii4 #id4 ,footnote #ib3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bb4 ,supra1 ii4 #cca4 ,footnote #ic3 ,porphyry1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ah4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 iii4 #bh4 ,footnote #ie3 ,plut>*1 ,cato ,major1 v4 #c sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,idem1 ,que/iones ,roman1 #ge4 ,footnote #ig3 ,idem1 ,de c>nium esu oratio ,,ii4 i4 #c4 ,footnote #ih3 ,cic]o1 ,de republica1 iii4 #aa4 ,footnote #ii3 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,comm5t>ii1 vi4 #bc4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we meet ) sev]al in/ances ( k9dly feel+ t[>ds animals4#ajj ,god wat*es ov] & controls ! su/5ance ( _! life4 ,he s5ds spr+s into ! valleys :i* w give dr9k to e bea/ ( ! field4 ,he gives ne/s to ! birds ( ! heav51 :i* s+ among ! bran*es4 ,he causes grass to gr[ = ! cattle2 & ! "y lions1 ro>+ aft] _! prey1 seek _! food f ,god4#aja ,:il/ ! ,jews1 z ,pr(essor ,toy obs]ves1 f\nd x h>d to conceive ( ! ,god ( ,israel z ?9k+ k9dly ( its enemies1 !y _h no su* feel+ ( ho/ility t[>ds bea/s & birds4#ajb ,b at ! same "t man is ! c5tre ( ! creation1 a be+ set ap>t f all o!r s5ti5t creatures z ,god's special fav\rite1 = ^: sake ev]y?+ else 0 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s 7 plac$ 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to give light ^u ! e/ate ( man4#ajc ,= 8 su/5ance ! fruits ( ! e>? 7 made to gr[1 & to him 0 giv5 dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 #ejf & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t moves ^u ! e>?4#ajd ,& :5 ! e>? is to be repl5i%$ aft] ! deluge1 ! same privileges are aga9 grant$ to him4 ,! fe> ( man & ! dread ( man %all be ^u all liv+ creatures1 into 8 h& are !y all deliv]$1 !y %all all be meat = him4#aje ,& !y are giv5 ov] to 8 supreme & irresponsible control )\t ! slighte/ injunction ( k9dness or ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( any duties t[>ds !m4 ,!y are to be reg>d$ by him simply z food4#ajf ,footnote #ajj3 ,see ,b]?olet1 ,die ,/ellung d] ,israelit5 zu d5 ,fremd51 p4 #ad4 ,v>i\s passages1 h[ev]1 :i* are (t5 quot$ z in/ances ( t5d]ness t[>ds animals all[ ( ano!r & m natural int]pretation4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! ,sabbat>ian injunctions ref]r+ to dome/ic animals4 ,footnote #aja3 ,psalms1 civ4 #aj-ab1 #ad1 #ag1 #ba4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,g5esis1 i4 #af sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,g5esis1 i4 #bh4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ibid4 ix4 #b sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,cf4 ,evans1 ',e?ical ,relations betwe5 ,man & ,bea/1' 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 xlv4 #fcg sq4 ,among ! ,hebrews ! h>%ness ( ?is an?ropoc5tric doctr9e 0 some:at mitigat$ by ! sympa?y :i* a simple pa/oral & agricultural p naturally feels = its dome/ic animals4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! exclusive importance :i* 0 atta*$ to ! spiritual salvation ( man4 ,he 0 n[ m ?an ev] sep>at$ f ! re/ ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,ev5 8 own animal nature 0 reg>d$ ) contempt1 ! immortality ( 8 s\l be+ ! only object ( religi\s int]e/4 ,x w\ld seem1 says ,dr4 ,arnold1 z if ! primitive ,*ri/ian1 by lay+ s mu* /ress ^u a future life 9 contradi/9ction to ?is life1 & plac+ ! l[] creatures out ( ! pale ( hope1 plac$ !m at ! same "t out ( ! pale ( sympa?y1 & ?us laid ! f\ndation = ?is utt] disreg>d ( animals 9 ! light ( our fell[-creatures4#ajg ,/4 ,paul asks ) scorn1 ,do? ,god take c>e = ox58#ajh ,no cre$ 9 ,*ri/5dom tea*es k9dness to animals z a dogma ( religion4#aji ,9 ! ,middle ,ages v>i\s c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* decl>$ hunt+ unlawful = ! cl]gy2#aaj b ! obvi\s reason = ?is prohibition 0 its horror ( blood%$1#aaa n any consid]ation #ejg = ! animals4 ,mr4 ,maulev]] 9 ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps' ',talk ab\t ,animals & _! ,ma/]s1' says1 ,^u a mod]ate calculation1 ,i ?9k ,i h he>d1 9 my "t1 #acbj s]mons2 & ,i d n recollect t 9 any "o ( !m ,i ev] he>d ! slighte/ allusion made to ! conduct ( m5 t[>ds animals4#aab ,nor is !re any su* allusion 9 mo/ treatises on ,e?ics :i* base _! tea*+s ^u di/9ctly ,*ri/ian t5ets4 ,! k9de/ words1 ,i ?9k1 :i* f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view h be5 said ab\t animals h g5]ally come f ,prote/ant sect>ians1 ,quak]s & ,me?odi/s1#aac :]eas ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s--) a few exceptions#aad--:5 !y deal ) ! subject at all1 *iefly take pa9s to %[ t animals are entirely de/itute ( rights4 ,brute bea/s1 says ,fa!r ,rickaby1 _c h any rights = ! reason t !y h no und]/&+ & !re=e are n p]sons4 ,we h no duties ( any k9d to !m1 z nei!r to /ocks & /ones2 we only h duties ab\t !m4 ,we mu/ n h>m !m :5 !y are our neighb\r's prop]ty1 we mu/ n vex & annoy !m = sport1 because x disposes him :o does s to inhumanity t[>ds 8 own species4 ,b !re is no %ad[ ( evil re/+ on ! practice ( caus+ pa9 to brutes 9 sport1 :]e ! pa9 is n ! sport itself1 b an incid5tal concomitant ( x4 ,mu* m 9 all t conduces to ! su/5ance ( man may we give pa9 to animals1 & we are n b\nd to any anxi\s c>e to make ?is pa9 z little z may be4 ,brutes are z ?+s 9 our reg>d3 s f> z !y are useful to u1 !y exi/ = u1 n = !mselves2 & we d "r 9 us+ !m unsp>+ly = our ne$ & conv5i5ce1 ?\gh n = our wantonness4#aae ,accord+ to ano!r #ejh mod]n ,ca?olic writ] ! infliction ( suff]+ ^u an animal is n only ju/ifiable1 b a duty1 :5 x conf]s a c]ta91 a solid good1 h[ev] small1 on ! spiritual nature ( man4#aaf ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 refus$ a reque/ = p]mission to =m 9 ,rome a ,society = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals on ! pr(ess$ gr\nd t x 0 a !ological error to suppose t man owes any duty to an animal4#aag ,footnote #ajg3 ,arnold1 quot$ by ,evans1 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 xlv4 #fci4 ,footnote #ajh3 #a ,cor9?ians1 ix4 #i4 ,footnote #aji3 ,! ,mani*ans prohibit$ all kill+ ( animals 7,baur1 ,das ,mani*is*e ,religionssy/em1 p4 #beb sqq472 b ,mani*ism did n orig9ate on ,*ri/ian gr\nd 7,h>nack1 ',mani*ism1' 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 xv4 #dhe2 supra1 ii4 #cab74 ,footnote #aaj3 ,le ,gr& d',aussy1 ,hi/oire de la vie prive des ,franois1 i4 #cid sq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,supra1 i4 #cha sq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,helps1 ,"s ,talk ab\t ,animals & _! ,ma/]s1 p4 #bj4 ,cf4 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 ,common-,place ,book ( ,?\ghts1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see ,gurney1 ,views & ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 p4 #cib sq4 n4 #h2 ,ri*mond1 ',s]mon on ! ,s9 ( ,cruelty to ! ,brute ,creation1' 9 ,me?odi/ ,magaz9e 7,london71 xxx4 #dij sqq42 ,*alm]s1 ',cruelty to ,animals1' 9 ,me?odi/ ,magaz9e 7,new ,york71 ix4 #bei sqq4 ,footnote #aad3 ,see de la ,ro*e-,font5elles1 ,l'glise et la piti env]s animaux1 passim4 ,footnote #aae3 ,rickaby1 ,moral ,philosophy1 p4 #bdh sqq4 ,see also ,addis & ,arnold1 ,ca?olic ,diction>y1 p4 #cc2 ,cl>ke1 ',cruelty to ,animals1' 9 ,! ,mon? & ,ca?olic ,review1 xxv4 #dja sqq42 ,h$ley1 ',dr4 ,miv>t on ,fai? & ,sci5ce1' 9 ,dubl9 ,review1 s]4 iii4 vol4 xviii4 #dah4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,cl>ke1 9 ,! ,mon? & ,ca?olic ,review1 xxv4 #djf4 ,footnote #aag3 ,cobbe1 ,mod]n ,rack1 p4 #f4 ,x is n only !ological morali/s t ma9ta9 t animals c h no rights & t ab/95ce f wanton cruelty is a duty n to ! animal b to man4 ,?is view has be5 %>$ by ,kant#aah & by _m lat] philosoph]s4#aai ,s also ! legal protection ( animals has (t5 be5 v9dicat$ m]ely on ! gr\nd t cruelty to animals might bre$ cruelty to m5 or %[s a cruel disposition ( m9d1#abj or t x w\nds ! s5sibilities ( o!r p4#aba ,9 ',p>liam5t>y ,hi/ory & ,review' = #ahbe-ahbf x is /at$ t no reason c be assign$ = ! int]f]5ce ( ! legislator 9 ! protection ( animals unless _! protection be connect$1 ei!r directly or remotely1 ) "s advantage to man4#abb ,! ,bill = ! abolition ( be>-bait+ & o!r cruel practices 0 expressly prop\nd$ on ! gr\nd t no?+ 0 m conducive to crime ?an su* sports1 t !y l$ ! l[] ord]s to gambl+1 t !y educat$ !m = ?ieves1 t !y gradually tra9$ !m up to blood%$ & murd]4#abc ,! crim9al code ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 aga91 imposes a f9e ^u any p]son :o spitefully tortures or cruelly ill-treats bea/s1 #eji ei!r publicly or 9 a mann] to create sc&al#abd--;9 o!r words1 he is puni%$1 n because he puts ! animal to pa91 b because 8 conduct is (f5sive to 8 fell[ m54 ,footnote #aah3 ,kant1 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangungsgrnde d] ,tug5dlehre1 #af sq41 pp4 #ajf1 #ajh4 ,footnote #aai3 ,e4g41 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 p4 #bha2 ,rit*ie1 ,natural ,rights1 p4 #aaj sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,hommel1 quot$ by von ,hippel1 ,die ,?ielqul]ei 9 d] ,/rafgesetzgebung1 p4 #aaj4 ,tissot1 ,le droit pnal1 i4 #ag4 ,lasson1 ,sy/em d] ,re*tsphilosophie1 p4 #edh sq4 ,footnote #aba3 ,lasson1 op4 cit4 p4 #edh4 von ,hippel1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #abb3 ,p>liam5t>y ,hi/ory & ,review1 #ahbe-f1 p4 #gfa4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ibid4 p4 #edf4 ,footnote #abd3 ,/rafgesetzbu*1 #cfj 7#ac74 ,indiff]5ce to animal suff]+ has be5 a *>act]i/ic ( public op9ion 9 ,european c\ntries up to q mod]n times4 ,only a little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago ,?omas ,"y decl>$ 9 8 ',essay on ,humanity to ,animals' t he 0 s5sible ( lay+ himself op5 to no small portion ( ridicule 9 (f]+ to ! public a book on su* a subject4#abe ,till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ev5 lat] cock-fight+ 0 a v g5]al amusem5t among ! ,engli% & ,scot*1 ent]+ into ! occupations ( bo? ! old & "y4 ,travell]s agre$ ) coa*m5 t !y 7 to wait a night if !re 0 a cock-fight 9 any t[n ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,s*ools _h _! cock-fights2 on ,%rove ,tuesday e y\? took to ! village s*oolroom a cock re>$ = 8 special use1 & ! s*oolma/] presid$ at ! conflict4#abf ,^? :o felt t ! practice requir$ "s excuse f\nd x 9 ! idea t ! race 0 to suff] ?is annual b>b>ity by way ( puni%m5t = ,/4 ,pet]'s crime2#abg b ! numb] ( p :o _h any scruples ab\t ! game _c h be5 great consid]+ t ev5 su* a /rong advocate ( humanity to animals z ,lawr5ce _h no decid$ antipa?y to x4#abh ,o!r pa/imes indulg$ 9 7 dog-fight+1 bull-bait+ & badg]-bait+2 & 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! be>-g>d5 0 describ$ by ,"l ,kames z "o ( ! *ief ent]ta9m5ts ( ! ,engli%1 ?\gh x 0 held 9 abhorr5ce by ! ,fr5* & o!r polite nations1 be+ too savage an amusem5t to be reli%$ #eaj by ^? ( a ref9$ ta/e4#abi ,z late z #ahbd ,sir ,rob]t 7!n ,mr47 ,peel argu$ /rongly aga9/ ! legal prohibition ( bull-bait+4#acj ,footnote #abe3 ,"y1 ,essay on ,humanity to ,animals1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #abf3 ,rob]ts1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,s\!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 p4 #dba sqq4 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #cdj4 ,9 #ahef1 :5 ,rob]ts wrote 8 book1 cock-p5ance 0 /ill paid 9 "s ,engli% gramm> s*ools to ! ma/] z a p]quisite on ,%rove ,tuesday 7,rob]ts1 p4 #dbc74 ,footnote #abg3 ,rob]ts1 op4 cit4 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,lawr5ce1 ,philosophical & ,practical ,treatise on ,horses1 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #abi3 ,kames1 ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #acj3 ,hans>d1 ,p>liam5t>y ,debates1 ,new ,s]ies1 x4 #dia sqq4 ,ab\t two ye>s previ\sly1 h[ev]1 humanity to animals _h1 = ! fir/ "t1 become a subject ( ,engli% legislation by ! ,act :i* prev5t$ cruel & improp] treatm5t ( cattle4#aca ,?is ,act 0 aft]w>ds foll[$ by o!rs :i* prohibit$ be>-bait+1 cock-fight+1 & simil> pa/imes1 z also cruelty to dome/ic animals 9 g5]al4 ,9 #ahgf vivisection = m$ical or sci5tific purposes 0 subject$ to a v>iety ( re/rictions1 & s9ce #aijj cases ( ill-treatm5t ( wild animals 9 captivity may be dealt ) "u ! ,wild ,animals 9 ,captivity ,protection ,act4#acb ,on ! ,cont95t cruelty to animals 0 fir/ prohibit$ by crim9al law 9 ,saxony1 9 #ahch1acc & subsequ5tly 9 mo/ o!r ,european /ates4 ,b 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe !re are /ill c\ntries 9 :i* ! law is entirely sil5t on ! subject4#acd ,footnote #aca3 ,/atutes ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 lxii4 #djc sqq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,/eph51 ,new ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #bac sqq4 ,footnote #acc3 von ,hippel1 op4 cit4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #acd3 ,ibid4 p4 #ij sq4 ,:atev] be ! pr(ess$ motives ( legislators = prev5t+ cruelty to animals1 !re c be no d\bt t ! laws aga9/ x are *iefly due to a ke5] & m g5]ally felt sympa?y ) _! suff]+s4 ,! actual feel+s ( m5 h commonly be5 some:at m t5d] ?an ! !ories ( law1 philosophy1 & religion4 ,! an?ropoc5tric exclusiv5ess ( ,*ri/ianity 0 f anci5t times to "s ext5t c\nt]balanc$ by popul> s5tim5ts & beliefs4 ,9 ! folk-tales ( ,europe man is n plac$ 9 an isolat$ & unique position 9 ! univ]se4 ,he lives 9 intimate & fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! animals r\nd him1 attributes to !m human qualities1 & reg>ds !m ) m]cy4#ace ,t5d] feel+s t[>ds ! brute creation are also display$ 9 _m leg5ds ( sa9ts4#acf ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi #eaa talk$ ) ! birds & call$ !m bro!r birds or little si/] swall[s1 & 0 se5 employ$ 9 remov+ worms f ! road t !y might n be trampl$ by travell]s4#acg ,john ,mos*us speaks ( a c]ta9 abbot :o e>ly 9 ! morn+ n only us$ to give food to all ! dogs 9 ! mona/]y1 b w\ld br+ corn to ! ants & to ! birds on ! ro(4#ach ,9 ! ',revelations ( ,/4 ,bridget' we read1 ,let a man fe>1 above all1 me1 8 ,god1 & s mu* ! g5tl] w he become t[>ds my creatures & animals1 on :om1 on acc\nt ( me1 _! ,creator1 he ought to h compassion4#aci ,_m k9d words ab\t animals h come f poets & ?9k]s4 ,montaigne says t he has nev] be5 able to see )\t affliction an innoc5t bea/1 :i* is )\t def5ce & f :i* we receive no (f5ce1 pursu$ & kill$4#adj ,%akespe>e po9ts out t ! poor beetle t we tread ^u1 9 corporal suff]ance f9ds a pang z great z :5 a giant dies4#ada ,m&eville ?9ks t if x 0 n = t tyranny :i* cu/om usurps ov] u1 no m5 ( any tol]able good-nature c\ld ev] be reconcil$ to ! kill+ ( s _m animals = _! daily food1 z long z ! b\ntiful e>? s pl5tifully provides !m ) v>ieties ( vegetable da9ties4#adb ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,b5?am wrote3--,m5 mu/ be p]mitt$ to kill animals2 b !y %\ld be =bidd5 to torm5t !m4 ,artificial dea? may be r5d]$ less pa9ful ?an natural dea? by simple processes1 well wor? ! tr\ble ( be+ /udi$1 & ( becom+ an object ( police4 ,:y %\ld ! law refuse its protection to any s5sitive be+8 ,a "t w come :5 humanity w spread its mantle ov] ev]y?+ t brea!s4 ,! lot ( slaves has begun to #eab excite pity2 we %all end by s(t5+ ! lot ( ! animals :i* lab\r = u & supply our wants4#adc ,"s ye>s lat] ,?omas ,"y pron\nc$ hunt+1 %oot+1 & fi%+ = sport to be unlawful1 cruel1 & s9ful4#add ,& 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury humanity to animals1 f be+ conspicu\s 9 a few individuals only1 became ! keynote ( a movem5t gradually increas+ 9 /r5g?4 ,humanit>ians1 says ,mr4 ,salt1 insi/ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 human & non-human is "o ( degree only & n ( k9d1 & t we owe duties1 ! same 9 k9d ?\gh n 9 degree1 to all our s5ti5t fell[-be+s4#ade ,"s p ma9ta9 t x is wrong to kill animals = food or 9 sport2 b ! mo/ vigor\s attacks conc]n+ ! treatm5t ( ! brute creation are at pres5t direct$ aga9/ ! practice ( vivisection4 ,! claim is made t ?is practice %\ld be1 n m]ely re/rict$1 b entirely prohibit$ by law4 ,& :ile ! antivivisectioni/s g5]ally endeav\r to d5y or m9imise ! sci5tific importance ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 _! cry = ! abolition ( su* exp]im5ts is ma9ly bas$ on ! argum5t t humanity at l>ge has no "r to pur*ase relief f its own suff]+ by tortur+ helpless brutes4 ,footnote #ace3 ,supra1 i4 #bei4 ,s*w>z1 ,prhi/oris*-an?ropologis*e ,/udi51 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #acf3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #afh sqq4 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 ii4 #eag sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,sabati]1 ,life ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 p4 #agf sq4 ,digby1 ,mores ,ca?olici1 ii4 #bia4 ,footnote #ach3 ,mos*us1 ,pratum spirituale1 #ahd 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,grca1 lxxxvii4 #cjef74 ,footnote #aci3 ,/4 ,bridget1 quot$ by ,helps1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #adj3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #ada3 ,%akespe>e1 ,measure = ,measure1 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #adb3 ,m&eville1 ,fable ( ! ,bees1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #adc3 ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation1 p4 #dbh sq4 ,footnote #add3 ,"y1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge sq4 ,footnote #ade3 ,salt1 ,animals' ,rights1 p4 v4 ,?is rapidly increas+ sympa?y ) animal suff]+ is no d\bt to a consid]able ext5t due to ! decl9e ( ! an?ropoc5tric doctr9e & ! influ5ce ( ano!r !ory1 :i* reg>ds man1 n z an image ( ! deity sep>at$ f ! l[] animals by a special act ( creation1 b z a be+ g5]ally ak9 to !m1 & only repres5t+ a high] /age 9 ! scale ( m5tal evolution4 ,?r\gh ?is doctr9e ! or?odox contempt = dumb creatures 0 succe$$ by feel+s ( aff9ity & k9dly int]e/4 ,b ap>t f any !ory z reg>ds human orig9s1 gr[+ reflection has also taught m5 to be m consid]ate 9 _! treatm5t ( animals by produc+ a m vivid idea ( _! suff]+s4 ,human ?\ghtlessness #eac has be5 responsible = mu* ne$less pa9 to :i* !y h be5 made subject4 ,9 spite ( "s improvem5t x is s /ill2 :il/1 at ! same "t1 ! movem5t advocat+ great] humanity to animals is itself n altoge!r free f inconsi/5cies & a c]ta9 lack ( discrim9ation4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! ,neapolitan w\ld n act s cruelly z he does to almo/ all animals except ! cat if he c\ld br+ himself to conceive _! capacity = joy & pa94#adf ,s also we ourselves %\ld (t5 behave diff]5tly if we realis$ ! tortures we ?\ghtlessly cause to creatures ^: suff]+s escape our notice f want ( obvi\s outw>d expression4 ,:ile ! practice ( :ipp+ "y pigs to dea? to make !m t5d]1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,engl& n mu* m ?an a c5tury ago1#adg w\ld n[adays be reg>d$ ) g5]al horror1 cruelties inflict$ = ga/ronomic purposes ^u creatures ( a l[] type are little ?\ght (4 ,cray-fi%1 oy/]s1 & fi% 9 g5]al1 z ,m&eville obs]v$1 excite h>dly any compassion at all1 because !y express !mselves un9telligibly to u2 !y are mute1 & _! inw>d =mation1 z well z outw>d figure1 va/ly diff]5t f ours4#adh ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 passionate sportsm5 describe ! hunt+ ( monkeys z repulsive on acc\nt ( _! resemblance to man2 ,rajah ,brooke ?\ght x almo/ b>b>\s to kill an orang-utan1 unless = ! sake ( sci5tific rese>*4#adi ,buddhism itself decl>es t he :o takes away ! life ( a l>ge animal w h great] dem]it ?an he :o takes away ! life ( a small "o4 4 4 4 ,! crime is n great :5 an ant is kill$2 its magnitude increases 9 ?is progression--a liz>d1 a guana1 a h>e1 a de]1 a bull1 a horse1 & an elephant4#aej ,h[ little ! feel+s :i* und]lie m5's op9ions conc]n+ conduct #ead t[>ds ! l[] animals are influ5c$ by reflection is also app>5t 9 ! pres5t crusade aga9/ vivisection1 :5 comp>$ ) ! public indiff]5ce to ! suff]+s inflict$ on wild animals 9 sport4 ,! vivisector :o 9 cold blood torm5ts 8 helpless victim 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce & = ! b5efit ( mank9d is call$ a c[>d1 & is a mu* m common object ( hatr$ ?an ! sportsman :o causes agonies to ! creature he pursues = %e] amusem5t4 ,! pursu$ animal1 x is argu$1 has free *ances ( escape4#aea ,?is is an excell5t argum5t--provid$ we %>e ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian's conviction t an animal c nev] be kill$ )\t its own p]mission4 ,footnote #adf3 ',cruelty to ,animals 9 ,naples1' 9 ,saturday ,review1 lix4 #hed4 ,footnote #adg3 ,! ,_w1 #agef1 nr4 #aij1 p4 #aadb4 ,"y1 op4 cit4 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #adh3 ,m&eville1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #adi3 ,brooke1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak1 i4 #ajj4 ,cf4 ,r5gg]1 ,naturges*i*te 9 d] ,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #aej3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 pp4 #dgh1 #dhj4 ,footnote #aea3 ,cobbe1 op4 cit4 p4 #aj4 ,at pres5t !re is among ourselves no topic ( moral conc]n :i* pres5ts a great] v>iety ( op9ion ?an ! "q h[ f> ! happ9ess ( ! l[] animals may be ju/ly sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( man4 ,! extreme views on ?is subject might1 no d\bt1 be some:at modifi$1 on ! "o h& by a m vivid repres5tation ( animal suff]+1 on ! o!r h& by ! recognition ( c]ta9 facts1 (t5 ov]look$1 :i* make x unreasonable to reg>d conduct t[>ds dumb creatures 9 exactly ! same light z conduct t[>ds m54 ,x %\ld especially be rememb]$ t ! =m] h none ( ^? long-protract$ anticipations ( future mis]y or dea? :i* we h4#aeb ,if !y are de/9$ to s]ve z meat !y are n aw>e ( x2 :]eas _m dome/ic animals w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce1 & be5 able to enjoy :at appe>s a v happy life1 b = ! purpose ( be+ us$ z food4 ,b ?\gh great] intellectual discrim9ation may some:at less5 ! div]g5cies ( moral op9ion on ! subject1 no?+ l unanimity c be expect$1 = ! simple reason t moral judgm5ts are ultimately bas$ ^u emotions1 & sympa?y ) ! animal _w is a feel+ :i* v>ies extremely 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,cf4 ,b5?am1 ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #caa1 n4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,reg>d ,,= ,,! ,,dead ,,morality takes notice n only ( m5's conduct t[>ds ! liv+ b ( _! conduct t[>ds ! dead4 ,!re is a g5]al t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d to assume t :at has exi/$ /ill exi/s & w exi/4 ,:5 a p]son dies x is difficult = ^? ar\nd him to conceive t he is really dead1 & :5 ! cold motionless body be>s sad te/imony to ! *ange :i* has tak5 place1 !re is a natural incl9ation to believe t ! s\l has only *ang$ its abode4 ,9 ! savage ! t5d5cy to assume ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? is /rongly support$ by dreams & visions ( 8 deceas$ fri5ds4 ,:at else c\ld ^! mean b visits ( _! s\ls8 ,!re are1 x is true1 "s savages :o are report$ to believe 9 ! annihilation ( ! s\l at ! mom5t ( dea?1 or to h no notion :atev] ( a future /ate4#a ,b ! accuracy ( ^! /atem5ts is h>dly beyond suspicion4 ,we sometimes he> t ! v p :o are said to d5y any belief 9 an aft]-life are afraid ( gho/s4#b ,a native ( ,madagasc> w almo/ 9 ! same #eaf brea? decl>e t :5 he dies he ceases altoge!r to exi/ & yet confess ! fact t he is 9 ! habit ( pray+ to 8 dead ance/ors4#c ,( ! ,masai 9 ,ea/]n ,africa "s writ]s /ate t !y believe 9 annihilation1#d o!rs t !y attribute a future exi/5ce to _! *iefs1 m$ic9e m51 or influ5tial p4#e ,! ideas on ?is subject are (t5 exce$+ly vague1 & inconsi/5cies are only to be expect$4 ,footnote #a3 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #cdh sq4 7,miwok74 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bcc sq4 7"s ,oregon ,indians74 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #aja 7natives ( ! ,h]b]t ,riv]1 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&74 ,m>t91 ,reis5 9 d5 ,molukk51 p4 #aee 7,alfura74 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #dab 7,mangyans74 ,colquh\n1 ,among/ ! ,%ans1 p4 #gf 7,le?tas74 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #beg 7,orons74 ,pe!rick1 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #cba 7,n\a] tribes74 ,du ,*aillu1 ,explorations 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 p4 #che4 ,footnote #b3 ,new1 ,life 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #c3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 #cic4 ,footnote #d3 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #bei4 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #e3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a1 ii4 #hcb4 ,hollis1 ,masai1 pp4 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg4 ,eliot1 ibid4 p4 xx4 ,! disembodi$ s\l is commonly suppos$ to h ! %ape ( a small unsub/antial human image1 & to be 9 its nature a sort ( vap\r1 film1 or %ad[4#f ,x is believ$ to h ! same bodily wants & to possess ! same m5tal capacities z its own] possess$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,x is n reg>d$ z invuln]able or immortal--x may be hurt & kill$4 ,x feels hung] & ?ir/1 heat & cold4 ,x c see & he> & ?9k1 x has human passions & a human w1 & x has ! p[] to influ5ce ! liv+ = evil or = good4 ,^! notions z reg>ds ! disembodi$ s\l det]m9e ! relations betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,footnote #f3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dbi4 ,! dead are suppos$ to h rights v simil> to ^? !y _h :il/ alive4 ,! s\l mu/ n be kill$ or injur$4 ,! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,diey]ie1 = in/ance1 %[ great rev]5ce = c]ta9 trees1 :i* are believ$ to be _! fa!rs trans=m$2 !y w n cut !m d[n & prote/ aga9/ ! settl]s do+ s4#g ,s also "s ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s ma9ta9 t ! s\ls ( _! =efa!rs are 9 trees1 :i* !y !re=e sp>e4#h ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,p[hatans refra9$ f do+ h>m to "s small wood-birds1 :i* 7 suppos$ to receive ! s\ls ( _! *iefs4#i ,9 ,lifu1 #eag :5 a fa!r 0 ab\t to die1 surr\nd$ by memb]s ( 8 family1 he might say :at animal he w\ld be1 = in/ance a butt]fly or "s k9d ( bird1 & t creature w\ld be sacr$ to 8 family1 :o w\ld nei!r injure nor kill x4#aj ,! ,rejangs ( ,sumatra imag9e t tig]s 9 g5]al conta9 ! spirits ( dep>t$ m51 & no consid]ation w prevail on a c\ntryman to cat* or to w\nd "o1 b 9 self-def5ce1 or imm$iately aft] ! act ( de/roy+ a fri5d or relation4#aa ,among o!r peoples monkeys1 crocodiles1 or snakes1 be+ ?\ght m5 9 metempsy*osis1 are held sacr$ & mu/ n be hurt4#ab ,"s ,congo ,negroes1 aga91 ab/a9 = a :ole ye> aft] a dea? f sweep+ ! h\se1 le/ ! du/ %\ld injure ! delicate sub/ance ( ! gho/4#ac ,9 ,*9a1 = sev5 days aft] a man's dea? 8 wid[ & *ildr5 avoid ! use ( knives & ne$les1 & ev5 ( *op/icks1 eat+ _! food ) _! f+]s1 s z n to w\nd ! gho/4#ad ,& to ?is day x rema9s a ,g]man peasants' belief t x is wrong to slam a door1 le/ "o %\ld p9* a s\l 9 x4#ae ,footnote #g3 ,gason1 ',diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods' ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #h3 ,blum5tritt1 ',d] ,ahn5cultus d] ,malai5 des ,philipp95-,ar*ipels1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 kais4 u4 kn4 ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xxv4 #afd sqq4 ,footnote #i3 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,codr+ton1 quot$ by ,tylor1 ',rem>ks on ,totemism1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #adg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bib4 ,! same belief prevails among ! natives ( ! ,malay ,p59sula 7,newbold1 ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 ii4 #aib74 ,footnote #ab3 ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 i4 #bab4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #h4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 ii4 #cbc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,gray1 ,*9a1 i4 #bhh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 #fji1 p4 #cif sq4 ,b ! survivors mu/ n only avoid do+ any?+ :i* might hurt ! s\l1 !y mu/ also positively contribute to its com=t & subsi/5ce4 ,!y (t5 provide x ) a dwell+1 ei!r bury+ ! deceas$ 9 8 own h\se1 or erect+ a t5t or hut on 8 grave4 ,"s ,au/ralian natives k9dle a fire at a few y>ds' di/ance f ! tomb1 & repeat ?is until ! s\l is suppos$ to h gone some:]e else2#af o!rs1 aga91 are 9 ! habit ( wrapp+ ! body up 9 a rug1 pr(ess$ly = ! purpose ( keep+ x w>m4#ag ,9 ! ,saxon di/rict ( ,voigtl& p h be5 kn[n to #eah put into ! c(f9 an umbrella & a pair ( galo%es4#ah ,an extremely preval5t cu/om is to place provisions 9 or ^u ! grave1 & v commonly fea/s are giv5 = ! dead4#ai ,weapons1 implem5ts1 & o!r movables are deposit$ 9 ! tomb2 dome/ic animals are buri$ or slaught]$ at ! fun]al2#bj &1 z we h se5 be=e1 ev5 human be+s are sacrific$ to ! dead to s]ve !m z companions or att5dants1 or to vivify _! spirits ) _! blood1 or to gratify _! crav+ = rev5ge4#ba ,footnote #af3 ,ro?1 ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #ag3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #gi sq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,kohl]1 ,volksbrau* im ,voigtl&e1 p4 #dda4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,tylor4 op4 cit4 *4 xi4 sq42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #aee sqq41 #beg sqq42 ,fraz]1 ,adonis ,attis ,osiris1 p4 #bdb sqq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,sp5c]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahd sqq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,supra1 i4 #dgb sqq4 ,! (f]+s made to ! dead may be gifts pres5t$ to !m by ! survivors1 b ! regul> fun]al sacrifice consi/s ( ! deceas$ p]son's own individual prop]ty4 ,among savages ! :ole1 or a l>ge "p1 ( x is (t5 consign$ to ! grave or de/roy$4#bb ,! "r ( own]%ip does n cease ) dea? :]e ! belief prevails t ! dead /& 9 ne$ ( e>?ly *attels4 ,! recognition ( ?is "r is also app>5t 9 ! sev]e condemnation ( robb]y or violation committ$ at a tomb4 ,among v>i\s ,nor? ,am]ican tribes su* an act 0 reg>d$ z an (f5ce ( ! fir/ magnitude & provok$ cruel rev5ge4#bc ,( ! ,*ippewa ,indians x is said t h[ev] bad a p]son may be or h[ev] mu* incl9$ to /eal1 ! ?+s left at a grave1 valuable or n1 are nev] t\*$1 be+ sacr$ to ! _s ( ! #eai dead4#bd ,among ! ,maoris ! lea/ violation ( any portion ( ! prec9cts ( ! dead is acc\nt$ ! greate/ crime t a human be+ c commit1 & is visit$ ) ! dire/ rev5ge ( a surviv+ tribe4#be ,! laws ( ,a!ns#bf & ,rome#bg & ! anci5t ,teutonic law-books#bh puni%$ ) great sev]ity ! plund] ( a corpse or a tomb4 ,9 ,rome ! puni%m5t 0 dea? if ! (f5ce 0 committ$ by =ce1 o!rwise condemnation to ! m9es4 ,footnote #bb3 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #ehj4 ,murdo*1 ',e?n4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' ibid4 ix4 #dbd sq4 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo74 ,p[ell1 ibid4 iii4 p4 lvii4 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,y>r[1 ',mortu>y ,cu/oms ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1' ibid4 i4 #ih 7,pimas71 #ajj 7,coman*es74 ,mc,gee1 ',si\an ,indians1' ibid4 xv4 #agh4 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #afd 7c]ta9 ,que5sl& tribes74 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #eg4 ,kolff1 ,voyages ( ! ,d\rga1 p4 #aff sq4 7,arru ,isl&]s74 ,kloss1 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s1 p4 #cjd 7,k> ,nicob>ese74 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #efj sq4 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iv4 #aeb 7,burats74 ,cailli1 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 i4 #afd 7,bagos74 ,burr[s1 ,l& ( ! ,pigmies1 p4 #ajg 7,monbuttu74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #gi 7,b>otse74 ,/rabo1 xi4 #d4 #h 7,albanians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caucasus74 ,see also ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #ahe sq42 ,po/1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts1 p4 #bie sq42 ,idem1 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z1 ii4 #agc sq42 infra1 p4 #ead sq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,sag>d1 ,voyage du ,pays des ,hurons1 p4 #bhh4 ,gibbs1 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-we/]n ,oregon1' 9 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 i4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bd3 ,reid1 ',religi\s ,belief ( ! ,ojibois1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #aab4 ,footnote #be3 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #aaa sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #bf4 ,see also ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #bg3 ,dige/a1 xlvii4 #ab1 ',de sepul*ro violato4' ,footnote #bh3 ,wilda1 ,das ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #ige sqq4 ,l liv+ m5 ! dead are s5sitive to insults & fond ( praise2 h5ce respect mu/ be %[n = _! hon\r & self-reg>d+ pride4 ,de mortuis nil nisi bonum2 ,greek3 ou7 gar e7/hla kat?an\si k]tomein e7p' a7ndra_/s94#bi ,9 ,greece cu/om requir$ t at ! fun]al meal ! virtues ( ! deceas$ %\ld be enum]at$ & extoll$1#cj & calumny aga9/ a dead p]son 0 puni%$ by law4#ca ,! same 0 ! case 9 anci5t ,egypt4#cb ,9 ,gre5l&1 aft] ! int]m5t1 ! ne>e/ male relative ( ! dead commemorat$ 9 a l\d pla9tive voice all ! excell5t qualities ( ! dep>t$4#cc ,among ! ,iroquois ! ne> relatives & fri5ds approa*$ ! body 9 turn & address$ x 9 a laudatory spee*4#cd ,footnote #bi3 ,ar*ilo*us1 ,reliqui1 #dj4 ,footnote #cj3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #abb sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #ib4 #e4 ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #cc3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #bah4 ,footnote #cd3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #age1 n4 #b4 ,! dead also dem& ob$i5ce & are anxi\s t ! rules !y laid d[n :ile alive %\ld be foll[$ by ! survivors4 ,h5ce ! sacr$ness :i* is atta*$ to a w2#ce h5ce also1 9 a l>ge measure1 ! rigidity ( ance/ral cu/om4 ,! greate/ dread ( ! natives ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa is to (f5d _! ance/ors & ! only way to avoid ?is is to d ev]y?+ accord+ to #ebj traditional usage4#cf ,among ! ,basutos ! ang] ( ! deifi$ g5]ations c\ld n be m directly provok$ ?an by a dep>ture f ! precepts & examples !y h left beh9d !m4#cg ,! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ h a prov]b :i* runs3--,foll[ ! cu/oms ( y\r fa!r4 ,:at he did n d1 avoid do+1 or y w h>m y\rself4#ch ,among ! ,aleuts ! old m5 always impress ^u ! native y\? ! great importance ( /rictly obs]v+ ! cu/oms ( _! =efa!rs 9 conduct+ ! *ase & o!r matt]s1 z any neglect 9 ?is respect w\ld be sure to br+ ^u !m disa/] & puni%m5t4#ci ,! ,kam*adales1 says ,/ell]1 consid] x a s9 to d any?+ :i* is contr>y to ! precepts ( _! ance/ors4#dj ,! ,papuans ( ! ,motu di/rict1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 believe t :5 m5 & wom5 are bad--adult]]s1 ?ieves1 qu>rell]s1 & ! l--! spirits ( ! dead are angry ) !m4#da ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful s5tim5ts 9 ! m9d ( a ,*9ese is 8 rev]5ce = ance/ral cu/om2 & 9 a l>ge s5se ,japan also is /ill a c\ntry gov]n$ by ! voices t are hu%$4#db ,! life ( ! anci5t ,roman 0 beset ) a society ( dep>t$ k9sm5 ^: displeasure he provok$ if he v>i$ f ! practice h&$ d[n f 8 fa!rs4 ,! expression mos majorum1 ! cu/om ( ! eld]s1 0 us$ by him z a *>m aga9/ innovation4#dc ,footnote #ce3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 iii4 #aaf 7,tahitians74 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 p4 #beg4 ,s>bah1 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws1 p4 #hb4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #cg3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,elliott1 ,alaska & ! ,seal ,isl&s1 p4 #agj4 ,v5iam9(1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ! ,population1 c4 ( ,alaska1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #dj3 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #da3 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #db3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #cjh4 ,hozumi1 ,ance/or-,wor%ip & ,japanese ,law1 p4 #a1 c4 ,footnote #dc3 ,grang]1 ',moral ,life ( ! ,e>ly ,romans1' 9 ,int]nal4 ,j\r4 ( ,e?ics1 vii4 #bhg4 ,idem1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 pp4 #fe1 #ff1 #ach4 ,besides su* duties to ! dead z are simil> 9 nature to ^? :i* m5 owe to _! liv+ fell[ m5 or sup]iors1 !re are obligations ( a diff]5t "* aris+ f ! fact ( dea? itself4 ,! fun]al1 ! rites connect$ ) x1 & ! m\rn+ cu/oms are l>gely reg>d$ z duties to ! dead4 #eba ,! grave is repres5t$ z a place :]e ! deceas$ f9ds 8 desir$ re/1 & if d5i$ prop] burial he is believ$ n only to walk b to suff]4 ,! ,iroquois consid]$ t unless ! rites ( burial 7 p]=m$1 ! spirits ( ! dead _h to w&] = a "t ^u ! e>? 9 a /ate ( great unhapp9ess2 h5ce _! extreme solicitude to recov] ! bodies ( _! sla9 9 battle4#dd ,! ,abipones reg>d x z ! greate/ mis=tune = ! dead to be left to rot 9 ! op5 air1 & !y !re=e int] ev5 ! smalle/ bone ( a dep>t$ fri5d4#de ,9 ,a%antee ! spirits ( ^? :o = "s reason or o!r h be5 depriv$ ( ! cu/om>y fun]al rites are doom$1 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p1 to haunt ! gloom ( ! =e/1 /eal+ occasionally to _! =m] abodes 9 r>e b l+]+ visits1 tr\bl+ & bewit*+ _! neglectful relatives4#df ,! ,negroes ( ,accra believe t happ9ess 9 a future life dep5ds n only ^u c\rage1 p[]1 & weal? 9 ?is _w1 b also ^u a prop] burial4#dg ,9 "s ,au/ralian tribes ! s\ls ( ^? ^: bodies h be5 left to lie unburi$ are suppos$ to h to pr[l on ! face ( ! e>? & ab\t ! place ( dea?1 ) no gratification b to h>m ! liv+2#dh or !re is said to be no future exi/5ce = !m1 z _! bodies w be dev\r$ by cr[s & native dogs4#di ,among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra no?+ is consid]$ to be a great] disgrace to a p]son ?an to be d5i$ a grave2 = by n be+ held wor?y ( burial he is decl>$ to be spiritually dead4#ej ,! ,samoans believ$ t ! s\ls ( unburi$ fri5ds1 = in/ance su* z _h be5 dr[n$ or _h fall5 9 w>1 haunt$ !m ev]y:]e1 cry+ out 9 a pitiful tone1 ,oh1 h[ cold6 ,oh1 h[ cold6#ea ,accord+ to ,k>5 ideas ! #ebb spirits ( ^? :o die a natural dea? & are dec5tly buri$ g to a beautiful c\ntry & r5ew _! e>?ly life1 :]eas ! gho/s ( p]sons :o by accid5t are left un9t]r$ w w&] ab\t ! e>?1 occasionally %[+ !mselves to mank9d4#eb ,confucius connect$ ! disposal ( ! dead imm$iately ) ! great virtue ( submission & devotion to sup]iors4#ec ,no act is 9 ,*9a recognis$ m wor?y a virtu\s man ?an t ( int]r+ /ray bones & cov]+ up expos$ c(f9s1#ed & to bury a p]son :o is )\t fri5ds is consid]$ to be z great a m]it z to save life4#ee ,x is also held highly important to provide ! prop] place = a grave2 ! ,ta\i/s ma9ta9 t if a c(f9 be int]r$ 9 an improp] spot1 ! _s ( ! dead is made unhappy1 & av5ges itself by caus+ sickness & o!r calamities to ! relatives :o h n tak5 suffici5t c>e = its repose4#ef ,! anci5t ,*aldeans believ$ t ! spirits ( ! unburi$ dead1 hav+ nei!r place ( repose nor means ( subsi/5ce1 w&]$ ?r\gh ! t[n & c\ntry1 occupi$ ) no o!r ?\ght ?an t ( attack+ & robb+ ! liv+4#eg ,9 classical antiquity x 0 ! mo/ sacr$ ( duties to give ! body its fun]al rites1#eh & ! ,greeks ref]r$ ! "r ( sepulture to ! gods z its au?ors4#ei ,footnote #dd3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #de3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #bhd4 ,footnote #df3 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #bfb sq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #d4 ,footnote #dh3 ,oldfield1 ',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bbh1 #bcf sq4 ,footnote #di3 ,*auncy1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bhj4 ,footnote #ej3 ,bun+1 9 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #ea3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bcc4 ,hood1 ,cruise 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,fawn 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #eb3 ,cross1 quot$ by ,mac ,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay1 p4 #bjb sq4 ,mason1 ',religion1 c4 among ! ,k>5s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxiv4 pt4 ii4 #bjc4 ,footnote #ec3 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fei4 ,footnote #ed3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #adg1 n4 #aa4 ,footnote #ee3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #afa4 ,footnote #ef3 ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #eg3 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #fhi4 ,j]emias1 ,die babylonis*-assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 p4 #ed sqq4 ,halvy1 ,mlanges de critique et d'hi/oire relatifs aux peuples smitiques1 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ig sqq42 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #cg sqq42 ,au/1 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]1 p4 #bbf sq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #ded sq4 ,euripides1 ,supplices1 #efc4 ,s also among peoples :o practise cremation ! dead !mselves are consid]$ to be b5efit$ by be+ burn$4 ,! ,ny>s ( ,malab> are ( op9ion t no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 sett+ ab\t ! fun]al1 z ! disposal ( a corpse ei!r by cremation or burial z soon #ebc z possible aft] dea? is conducive to ! happ9ess ( ! _s ( ! dep>t$2 !y say t ! collection & c>eful disposal ( ! a%es ( ! dead gives peace to 8 _s4#fj ,! ,?l9kets ma9ta9 t ^? ^: bodies are burn$ w be w>m & com=table 9 ! o!r _w1 :]eas o!rs w h to suff] f cold4 ,burn my body6 ,burn me6 plead$ a dy+ ,?l9ket2 ,i fe> ! cold4 ,:y %\ld ,i g %iv]+ ?r\gh all ! ages & ! di/ances ( ! next _w8#fa ,! anci5t ,p]sians1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]$ bo? cremation & burial to be s9s = :i* !re 0 no atonem5t1 & expos$ _! dead on ! summits ( m\nta9s1 ?9k+ x a great mis=tune if nei!r birds nor bea/s dev\r$ _! c>cases4#fb ,s also ! ,samoy$es & ,mongols held x to be good = ! deceas$ if 8 corpse 0 soon dev\r$ by bea/s1#fc & ! ,kam*adales reg>d$ x z a great bless+ to be eat5 by a beautiful dog4#fd ,! ,ea/ ,african ,masai1 :o likewise1 z a rule1 expose _! dead to ! wild bea/s1 say t if ! corpse is eat5 by ! hynas ! fir/ night1 ! deceas$ mu/ h be5 a good man1 z ! hynas are suppos$ to act by ! comm& ( ',ng ais1 or ,god4#fe ,footnote #fj3 ,fawcett1 ',ny>s ( ,malab>1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iii4 #bde1 #bea4 ,footnote #fa3 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #dbc4 ,petr(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #age4 ,mc,nair ,wright1 ,among ! ,alaskans1 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #fb3 ,v5ddd1 i4 #ac1 #ag2 vi4 #de sqq42 viii4 #aj4 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxxv4 sqq4 ,aga?ias1 ,hi/ori1 ii4 #bb sq4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 lxxxviii4 #acgg74 ,h]odotus1 i4 #adj2 iii4 #af4 ,footnote #fc3 ,preuss1 ,die ,begrbnis>t5 d] ,am]ikan] und ,nordo/asiat51 p4 #bgb4 ,cf4 ,y>r[1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #ajc 7,caddoes or ,timb] ,indians74 ,footnote #fd3 ,/ell]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #fe3 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #aic4 ,c]ta9 c]emonies are pr(ess$ly p]=m$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ evil spirits f do+ h>m to ! dead4#ff ,?is is sometimes ! case ) cremation2 we are told t among "s ,sib]ian peoples ! dead are burn$ s z to be effectually remov$ f ! ma*9ations ( spirits4#fg ,! ,teleutes believe t ! #ebd spirits ( ! e>? d mu* mis*ief to ! dep>t$2 h5ce _! %amans drive !m (f at ! fun]al by /rik+ ! air sev]al times ) an axe4#fh ,9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries ! pass+-bell has likewise be5 suppos$ to repel evil spirits4#fi ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,fraz]1 ',c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms z illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #hg sq42 ,h]tz1 ',la reprs5tation collective de la mort1' 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 x41 #aije-aijf1 p4 #ef sq4 ,footnote #fg3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bfd4 ,footnote #fh3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bfd4 ,footnote #fi3 ,fraz]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #hg4 ,fa/+ aft] a dea? is reg>d$ z a dutiful tribute to ! dead2 ! ,*9ese say t x is a means ( rais+ ! m9d up to ! s\l1 a means to enable ! sacrific] to p]=m 9 a m p]fect way ! acts ( wor%ip incumb5t ^u him1 by br++ ab\t a clos] contact betwe5 himself & ! s\l4#gj ,! self-mutilations p]=m$ by ! relatives ( ! dead are suppos$ to be pleas+ to him z tok5s ( affliction2#ga & ! same is ( c\rse ! case ) ! lam5tations at fun]als4 ,9 "s ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes ! cu/om ( pa9t+ ! body ( a m\rn] is said to h z its object to r5d] him or h] m conspicu\s1 & s to all[ ! _s to see t x is be+ prop]ly m\rn$ =4#gb ,! m\rn+ dress is a sign ( reg>d = ! dead4 ,nay1 ev5 ! cu/om ( n m5tion+ 8 "n is look$ ^u 9 ! same light4 ,"s peoples ma9ta9 t to "n him w\ld be to di/urb 8 re/1#gc or t he w\ld take x z an indication t 8 relatives are n prop]ly m\rn+ = him1 & w\ld feel x z an insult4#gd ,footnote #gj3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #feg4 ,footnote #ga3 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #baf sqq4 ,footnote #gb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #gc3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bcc 7,gre5l&]s74 ,t\t1 ',e?nology ( ! ,/latlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #ach4 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bg 7,samoy$es74 ,footnote #gd3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dih4 ,z ! duties to ! liv+1 s ! duties to ! dead are greatly influ5c$ by ! relation%ip betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,ev]y:]e ! obligation to satisfy ! wants ( ! deceas$ is incumb5t ^u ^? :o 7 ne>e/ to him :il/ alive4 ,9 ! ar*aic ,/ate1 z we h se51 x is consid]$ ! greate/ mis=tune :i* c befall a p]son to die )\t desc5dants1 s9ce 9 su* a case !re w\ld be nobody to att5d to 8 s\l4#ge ,confucius #ebe said1 ,= a man to sacrifice to a _s :i* does n belong to him is flatt]y4#gf ,! di/9ction betwe5 a tribesman or fell[ c\ntryman & a /rang] also applies to ! dead4 ,9 ,gre5l& a /rang] )\t relatives or fri5ds 0 g5]ally suff]$ to lie unburi$4#gg ,among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians x is p]mitt$ to scalp w>riors ( a ho/ile tribe1 :]eas !re is no example ( an ,indian hav+ tak5 ! scalp ( a man ( 8 own tribe1 or ( "o belong+ to a nation 9 alliance ) 8 own1 & :om he may h kill$ 9 a qu>rel or a fit ( ang]2#gh & an ,indian :o w\ld nev] ?9k ( desecrat+ ! grave ( a tribesman may h no su* scruple 9 reg>d to ! graves ( ano!r tribe4#gi ,yet already f e>ly times we he> ( ! recognition ( c]ta9 duties ev5 to /rang]s & enemies4 ,! ,greeks ( ! po/-,hom]ic age made x a rule to deliv] up a sla9 enemy s t he %\ld receive ! prop] fun]al rites4#hj ,x 0 consid]$ a disgraceful act ( ,lys&] n to accord burial to ,philocles1 ! ,a!nian g5]al at ,aegospotami1 toge!r ) ab\t f\r ?\s& prison]s :om he put to ! sword2#ha & ! ,a!nians !mselves boa/$ t _! ance/ors _h ) _! own h&s buri$ ! ,p]sians :o _h fall5 9 ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 hold+ x to be a sacr$ & imp]ative duty to cov] ) e>? a human corpse4#hb ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese p5al code1 de/roy+1 mutilat+1 or ?r[+ into ! wat] ! un5clos$ & unburi$ corpse ( a /rang]1 ?\gh a mu* less s]i\s crime ?an ! same injury inflict$ ^u ! corpse ( a relative1 is yet an (f5ce puni%able ) #ajj bl[s1 & p]petual bani%m5t to ! di/ance ( #c1jjj lee4#hc ,footnote #ge3 ,supra1 ii4 #djj sqq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,lun ,y1 ii4 #bd4 #a4 ,footnote #gg3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #bah4 ,footnote #gh3 ,dom5e*1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #ceg4 ,footnote #gi3 ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #hj3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ajj sqq4 ,rohde1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjj sq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,pausanias1 ix4 #cb4 #i4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ibid4 i4 #cb4 #e2 ix4 #cb4 #i4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclxxvi4 p4 #bie4 ,! duties to ! dead also v>y accord+ to ! age1 #ebf sex1 & social position ( ! dep>t$4 ,among ! natives ( ,au/ralia *ildr5 & wom5 are int]r$ ) b scant c]emony4#hd ,9 ! tribes ( ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& nobody pa9ts 8 body 9 m\rn+ = a "y *ild4#he ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa ! _s ( a *ild :i* dies :5 ab\t f\r or five days ( age gets no?+ ( ! att5tion usually be/[$ on ! dead4#hf ,among ! ,wad%agga m>ri$ p]sons are buri$ 9 _! huts1 :il/ ! bodies ( unm>ri$ ones & especially *ildr5 are put 9 "s hidd5 place1 :]e !y are left to rot or be dev\r$ by bea/s4#hg ,"s ,sib]ian tribes 7 =m]ly accu/om$ to inhume adults only1 :]eas ! corpses ( *ildr5 7 expos$ on trees4#hh ,! natives ( ,port ,jackson1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 consign$ _! "y p to ! grave1 b burn$ ^? :o _h pass$ middle age4#hi ,! ,kondayamkottai ,m>av>s1 a ,dravidian tribe ( ,t9nevelly 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 bury ! corpses ( unm>ri$ p]sons1 :il/ ^? ( m>ri$ ones are cremat$4#ij ,9 "s o!r tribes 9 ,india burial is practis$ 9 ! case ( "y *ildr5 only1#ia & ?is has long be5 a rule ( ,brahmanism4#ib ,among ! ,&aman ,isl&]s1 aga91 infants are buri$ )9 ! encampm5t1 :]eas all o!r dead are c>ri$ to "s di/ant & seclud$ spot 9 ! jungle4#ic ,we meet ) a k9dr$ cu/om 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,victoria ,nyanza 9 ,c5tral ,africa3 9 ,k>agwe & ,nkole *ildr5 are buri$ 9 ! huts !mselves1 gr[n-up p outside1 g5]ally 9 cultivat$ fields1 or 9 su* z are go+ to be cultivat$4#id ,! bodies ( wom5 are sometimes dispos$ ( 9 a #ebg diff]5t way f ^? ( m54 ,?us among ! ,blackfeet ,indians ! latt] 7 fa/5$ 9 ! bran*es ( trees s high z to be beyond ! rea* ( wolves1 & !n left to wa/e 9 ! dry w9ds2 :il/ ! body ( a woman or *ild 0 ?r[n into ! und]bu% or jungle1 :]e x soon became ! prey ( ! wild animals4#ie ,among ! ,tuski 7,*uk*i71 :o cremate or r boil ! bodies ( good m51 wom5 are n usually burn$1 on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( wood4#if ,footnote #hd3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #hi4 ,footnote #he3 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #hf3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #ei4 ,footnote #hg3 ,volk5s1 ,d] ,kilim&s*>o1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #hh3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ca 7,koibales74 ,footnote #hi3 ,coll9s1 ,engli% ,colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 i4 #fja4 ,footnote #ij3 ,fawcett1 ',kondayamkottai ,m>av>s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiii4 #fd4 ,footnote #ia3 ,?ur/on1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 i4 #aih 7,kotas74 ,fawcett1 ',ny>s ( ,malab>1' ibid4 iii4 #bde4 ,footnote #ib3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #ic3 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #add4 ,footnote #id3 ,kollmann1 ,victoria ,nyanza1 p4 #fc sq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,y>r[1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,mortu>y ,cu/oms among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #if3 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #chb4 ,class di/9ctions likewise influ5ce ! disposal ( ! dead4 ,9 "s ,am]ican tribes cremation seems to be res]v$ = p]sons ( high] rank4#ig ,among ! pagans ( ,obubura ,hill di/rict 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia ! bodies ( ord9>y p are buri$ 9 ! bu%1 sometimes be+ m]ely ?r[n on ! gr\nd1 b ^? ( *iefs & important m5 & wom5 are buri$ 9 _! huts or 9 ! adjo9+ v]&ah4#ih ,! ,masai ?r[ away ! corpses ( ord9>y p]sons to be eat5 by hynas1 :]eas m$ic9e-m5 & influ5tial p are buri$4#ii ,! ,n&i d n bury _! dead unless !y h be5 v important p]sons4#ajj ,among ! ,wag&a1 :5 a *ief dies1 he is buri$ 9 a wood5 c(f91 :il/ ! bodies ( slaves are ?r[n into ! jungle4#aja ,"s o!r ,african peoples ?r[ ! corpses ( slaves into a morass or ! ne>e/ pool ( wat]4#ajb ,! ,?l9kets committ$ !m to ! t5d] m]cies ( ! sea4#ajc ,among ! ,maoris a slave w\ld n be greatly bewail$ aft] dea?1 nor h 8 bones c]emonially scrap$4#ajd ,! ,roman ',law ( ! ,twelve ,tables' prohibit$ ! bodies ( slaves f be+ embalm$4#aje ,moral di/9ctions1 also1 are noticeable 9 #ebh ! treatm5t ( ! dead4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica ! bodies ( m5 ( high /&+ :o _h committ$ a crime 71 l ^? ( ! common p1 expos$ to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s4#ajf ,among ! ,tuski ! corpses ( bad m5 7 simply left to rot4#ajg ,9 ,gre5l& ! body ( a dead malefactor 0 dismemb]$1 & ! sep>ate limbs 7 ?r[n ap>t4#ajh ,to ! same class ( facts belong ! puni%m5ts :i* 7 inflict$ ^u ! corpses ( crim9als 9 classical antiquity & =m]ly 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4#aji ,footnote #ig3 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #ih3 ,p>tridge1 ,cross ,riv] ,natives1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #ii3 ,hollis1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg2 ,eliot1 ibid4 p4 xx4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,john/on1 ,ug&a1 ii4 #hhj4 ,footnote #aja3 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,d5ham & ,clapp]ton1 ,travels 9 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #fd 7natives ( ,kano74 ,pogge1 ,im ,rei*e des ,muata ,jamwo1 p4 #bdc 7,kalunda74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,holmb]g1 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika1' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 iv4 #cbc4 ,dall1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dag1 #dbj4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,col5so1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #aje3 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 x4 #f4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,dall1 op4 cit4 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,r9k1 ,tales & ,traditions ( ! ,eskimo1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ayrault1 ,des procez faicts au cadav]1 p4 #e sqq4 ,trumm]1 ,vortrge b] ,tortur1 c4 i4 #dee sqq4 ,supra1 ii4 #bed4 ,f ?is survey ( facts we %all n[ pass to a consid]ation ( ! causes f :i* ! duties to ! dead h sprung4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re c be no d\bt t ^! duties to a consid]able ext5t are bas$ ^u ! feel+ ( sympa!tic res5tm5t1 9 ! same way z is ! case ) duties to liv+ p]sons4 ,dea? does n entirely ext+ui% ! affection :i* 0 felt = a p]son :il/ he 0 alive4 ,! rites & cu/oms connect$ ) a dea? are v l>gely simil> to or id5tical ) natural expressions ( grief1 & 9 spite ( _! c]emonial "* x is impossible to believe t !y are altoge!r c\nt]feit4 ,we are told by tru/wor?y eye-witnesses t1 al?\gh ! self-inflict$ pa9 & ! l\d lam5tations :i* =m "p ( a fun]al among ! ,au/ralian blacks are n to be tak5 z a measure ( ! grief actually felt1 ?is expression ( despair is n all artificial or pr(essional2#aaj & ,mr4 ,man believes t among ! ,&aman ,isl&]s 9 ! majority ( cases ! display ( grief is ?or\ghly s9c]e4#aaa ,b ! dead also inspire o!r feel+s ?an sympa?y & sorr[1 & ! duties t[>ds !m h consequ5tly a complex orig94 ,footnote #aaj3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #dd4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #eaj sq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ade4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead are n g5]ally suppos$ to lead a m]ely passive exi/5ce4 ,!y are conceiv$ z #ebi capable ( act+ ^u ! liv+1 ( conf]r+ ^u !m b5efits1 or at all ev5ts ( inflict+ ^u !m h>m4 ,dea? has 9 "s respects enhanc$ _! p[]s4 ,!y "k :at is go+ on ^u e>?1 :at ^? :om !y h left beh9d are do+4 ,_! p[] ( act+1 also1 is great] ?an t :i* !y possess$ :5 !y 7 ti$ to ! fle%4 ,!y are rais$ to a high] sph]e ( influ5ce2 magic prop]ties are ascrib$ ev5 to _! corpses4 ,_! "* may rema9 on ! :ole un*ang$1 & s1 too1 _! affection = _! surviv+ fri5ds4 ,h5ce !y (t5 become gu>dians ( _! desc5dants4 ,among ! ,amazulu ! head ( ea* h\se is wor%ipp$ by 8 *ildr52 rememb]+ 8 k9dness to !m :ile he 0 liv+1 !y say1 ,he w /ill treat u 9 ! same way n[ he is dead4#aab ,! ,h]]o invoke ! bless+s ( _! deceas$ fri5ds or relatives1 pray+ = success aga9/ _! enemies1 an abundance ( cattle1 num]\s wives1 & prosp]ity 9 _! und]tak+s4#aac ,on ! ,we/ ,african ,slave ,coa/ ! head ( a family1 aft] dea?1 (t5 becomes its protector1 & is sometimes reg>d$ z ! gu>dian ( a :ole community or village4#aad ,! ,mpongwe tea* ! *ild to look up to ! p>5t n only z its e>?ly protector1 b z a fri5d 9 ! _s-l&4#aae ,! ,g\rndit*-m>a 9 ,au/ralia believ$ t ! _s ( ! deceas$ fa!r or gr&fa!r occasionally visit$ ! male desc5dant 9 dreams1 & imp>t$ to him *>ms 7songs7 aga9/ disease or aga9/ wit*craft4#aaf ,! ,v$dah ( ,ceylon invokes ! spirits ( 8 dep>t$ relatives z sympa!tic & k9dr$1 ?\gh high] p[]s ?an man1 to direct him to a life pleas+ to ! gods1 ?r\gh :i* he may ga9 _! protection or fav\r4#aag ,! ,nayadis ( ,malab>1 on c]ta9 c]emonial occasions1 (f] solemn pray]s t ! s\ls ( ! #ecj dep>t$ may protect !m f ! ravages ( wild bea/s & snakes4#aah ,! ,v$ic p call$ ^u ! aid ( _! dead3--,o ,fa!rs1 may ! sky-p grant u life2 may we foll[ ! c\rse ( ! liv+4#aai ,s also ! ,zoroa/rian ,frava%is1 :o correspond$ to ! ,v$ic ,fa!rs1 help$ _! own k9dr$1 bor\gh1 t[n1 or c\ntry4#abj ,aes*ylus1 9 8 ',eum5ides1' repres5ts ,ore/es z say+1 ,my fa!r w s5d me aid f ! tomb4#aba ,! ,l> ,famili>is1 ! _s gu>dian ( ! ,roman family1 0 und\bt$ly ! _s ( a deceas$ ance/or4#abb ,! old ,slavonians believ$ t ! s\ls ( fa!rs wat*$ ov] _! *ildr5 & _! *ildr5's *ildr54 ,9 ,galicia ! p /ill ?9k t _! he>?s are haunt$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead1 :o make !mselves useful to ! family2 & among ! ,cze*s1 x is a common belief t dep>t$ ance/ors look aft] ! fields & h]ds ( _! desc5dants & assi/ !m 9 hunt+ & fi%+4#abc ,footnote #aab3 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #add sq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #aad3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #ajd4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #bd 7,slave & ,gold ,coa/ natives74 ,footnote #aae3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #cid4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #aag3 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aid4 ,footnote #aah3 ,iy]1 ',nayadis ( ,malab>1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iv4 #gb4 ,footnote #aai3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #eg4 #e4 ,cf4 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #adc sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,ya/s1 xiii4 #ff sqq42 c4 ,footnote #aba3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #eih4 ,footnote #abb3 ,jevons1 9 ,plut>*'s ,romane ,que/ions1 p4 xli4 ,rohde1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 pp4 #aai1 #aba4 ,= o!r in/ances ( a simil> k9d see ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #afa2 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cdj 7,be*uanas72 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bdh2 ,wilk51 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 p4 #aid sqq42 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bij 7,gre5l&]s72 ,jess51 ,afh&l+ ov] de ,norske ,f9n]s og ,lapp]s ,h$5ske ,religion1 p4 #bg2 ,friis1 ,lappisk ,my?ologi1 p4 #aae sq42 von ,db51 ,lappl&1 p4 #bdi2 ,ab]cromby1 ,pre- & ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 i4 #agh 7,mordv9s72 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube d] ,zigeun]1 p4 #dc sqq4 7,gypsies74 ,b ! ance/ral gu>dian _s does n be/[ 8 fav\rs = no?+4 ,he mu/ be prop]ly att5d$ to1#abd & if neglect$ he easily becomes positively dang]\s to 8 liv+ relatives4 ,! same ,africans :o invoke ! dead 9 adv]sity ?9k !m capable ( wreak+ _! v5geance on ^? :o d n lib]ally m9i/] to _! wants & enjoym5ts4#abe ,! ,*aldeans believ$ t #eca ! dep>t$ :o o!rwise c>efully wat*$ ov] ! welf>e ( 8 *ildr51 if ab&on$ & =gott51 av5g$ himself = _! neglect by return+ to torm5t !m 9 _! homes1 by lett+ sickness attack !m1 & by ru9+ !m ) 8 imprecations4#abf ,! ,v$ic poet prays to ! ,fa!rs1 ,may ye n injure u = :atev] impiety we h z m5 committ$4#abg ,! ,frava%is come to ! help ( ^? only :o treat !m well1 & are dreadful unto ^? :o vex !m4#abh ,9 ,rome1 accord+ to ,ovid1 once ^u a "t :5 ! great fe/ival ( ! dead 0 n obs]v$1 & ! manes fail$ to receive ! cu/om>y gifts1 ! injur$ spirits rev5g$ !mselves on ! liv+1 & ! city became heat$ by ! suburban fun]al pyres4#abi ,s also1 accord+ to ,slavonic beliefs1 ! dead might be induc$1 if prop] respect 0 n paid to !m1 to rev5ge !mselves on _! =getful survivors4#acj ,footnote #abd3 ,wilk51 op4 cit4 p4 #aid sq4 7peoples 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago74 ,ab]cromby1 op4 cit4 i4 #agh 7,mordv9s74 ,jess51 op4 cit4 p4 #bg2 ,friis1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaf sq4 7,lapl&]s74 ,footnote #abe3 ,r[ley1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #abf3 ,halevy1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #abg3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ae4 #f4 ,footnote #abh3 ,ya/s1 xiii4 #ca1 #db1 #ea1 #gj1 c4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #edi sqq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ral/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #cce4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ n conclude t :]ev] ! spirits ( deceas$ ance/ors are invok$ z gu>dians !y are necess>ily look$ ^u z ess5tially b5evol5t to _! desc5dants4#aca ,conc]n+ ! anci5t ,babylonians & ,assyrians ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ writes3--,9 g5]al ! dead 7 n favorably dispos$ t[>ds ! liv+1 & !y 7 incl9$ to use :at p[] !y _h to "w evil r ?an = good4 ,9 ?is respect !y resembl$ ! demons1 & x is noticeable t an important class ( demons 0 kn[n by ! "n ekimmu1 :i* is "o ( ! common t]ms = ! %ades ( ! dead4#acb ,! ,greeks 7 mu* afraid ( _! dead1 & reg>d$ _! h]oes z extremely irritable1 9 lat] times z exclusively malici\s4#acc ,x appe>s f ,ovid's ',fa/i' t fe> 0 ! pr$om9ant feel+ ( ! ,romans ) ref]5ce to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 :o 7 suppos$ #ecb to w&] ab\t by night1 caus+ m5 to p9e away or bewit*+ !m into madness4#acd ,ev5 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead are suppos$ effectually to control ! de/9y ( ! liv+1#ace malevol5t r ?an b5evol5t incl9ations are ascrib$ to !m by ! popul> belief1 z appe>s f ! fact t ! words = gho/ & devil are ! same & =m a portion ( ! objectionable epi!ts appli$ to =eign]s4#acf ,g5]ally speak+1 my collection ( facts has l$ me to ! conclusion t ! dead are m commonly reg>d$ z enemies ?an fri5ds1#acg & t ,pr(essor ,jevons#ach & ,mr4 ,grant ,all5#aci are mi/ak5 9 _! ass]tion t1 accord+ to e>ly beliefs1 ! malevol5ce ( ! dead is = ! mo/ "p direct$ aga9/ /rang]s only1 :]eas !y ex]cise a fa!rly c>e ov] ! lives & =tunes ( _! desc5dants & fell[ clansm54 ,footnote #aca3 ,cf4 ,k>/51 ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip1 p4 #abb sqq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #eha4 ,footnote #acc3 ,rohde1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agg sqq41 #bbe n4 #d4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #acj4 ,footnote #acd3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #dbi sqq4 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ace3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 v4 book7 ii4 #dfd4 ,footnote #acf3 ,d5nys1 ,folk-,lore ( ,*9a1 p4 #gc4 ,see also ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 pp4 #ac1 #bja4 ,footnote #acg3 ,dr4 ,/e9metz 7,e?nol4 ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 i4 #bhc7 has arriv$ at ! same conclusion4 ,see also ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 i4 #cja sqq42 ,k>/51 op4 cit4 p4 #aae sqq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #ec sq4 ,footnote #aci3 ,grant ,all51 ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #cdg sq4 ,?us ! ,bondeis 9 ,ea/ ,africa app>5tly make little diff]5ce betwe5 a devil & a dep>t$ ance/or4#adj ,among ! ,fjort ( ,loango ! good p :o h left ?is life are g5]ally consid]$ ! enemies ( mank9d4#ada ,o!r ,africans ma9ta9 t ! spirits ( ! dead hov] 9 ! air1 wat*+ ! de/9y ( fri5ds1 haunt+ h\ses1 kill+ *ildr51 injur+ cattle1 & caus+ disease & de/ruction1 all be+ malevol5t to ! liv+4#adb ,( ! ,savage ,isl&]s 9 ,polynesia we are told t no ef=t ( ! mission>y c avail to break !m ( _! belief 9 ! malevol5ce ( gho/s1 ev5 ( ^? :o lov$ !m be/ 9 life2 ! spirits ( ! dead seem compell$ to "w ill to ! liv+ )\t _! own volition4#adc ,9 ,tahiti ! spirits ( p>5ts & *ildr51 si/]s & bro!rs1 seem$ to h be5 reg>d$ z a sort ( #ecc demons4#add ,among ! ,maoris ! ne>e/ & mo/ belov$ relatives 7 suppos$ to h _! natures *ang$ by dea?1 & to become malignant1 ev5 t[>ds ^? !y =m]ly lov$4#ade ,! natives ( ,erromanga1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ma9ta9$ t all ! spirits ( _! dep>t$ ance/ors 7 evil1 & roam$ ! e>? do+ h>m to m54#adf ,9 ! tribes inhabit+ ! m\? ( ! ,wanigela ,riv]1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 all dead ance/ors are suppos$ to be con/antly on ! wat* to deal out sickness or dea? to anyone :o may displease !m2 h5ce ! natives are mo/ p>ticul> to d no?+ t %\ld raise _! ang]4#adg ,au/ralian natives believe t a deceas$ p]son is malevol5t = a long "t aft] dea?1 & ! m ne>ly relat$ ! m he is fe>$4#adh ,! anitos or gho/s1 ( ! ,tagales 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s are likewise p]petually anxi\s to d h>m to _! desc5dants1 try+ to kill p1 especially %ortly aft] dea?1 & be+ ! causes ( ne>ly all diseases4#adi ,! ,saora ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy only "k ! exi/5ce ( ! dep>t$ s\ls by ! mis*ief !y d1 & ?9k t all ills are occasion$ ei!r by ance/ral spirits or gods4#aej ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india ! dwrs1 or g5ii loci1 are (t5times ! spirits ( good m51 ,brahmans1 or village h]oes1 :o manage1 :5 !y become objects ( wor%ip1 to be g5]ally consid]$ v malici\s devils2#aea & ! gho/s ( all l[ ca/e natives are notori\sly malignant4#aeb ,! ,tibetans are ( op9ion t a gho/ is always malici\s1 & t x returns & gives tr\bles ei!r on acc\nt ( its malevol5ce or its desire to see h[ its =m] prop]ty is be+ dispos$ (4#aec ,! ,f9ns & o!r peoples ( ! same /ock believ$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 g5]ally int5t to d h>m to ! liv+1 _! ne>e/ relatives includ$4#aed ,?us1 accord+ to ,votyak ideas1 ev5 a "m may become #ecd ! enemy ( h] own *ild f ! mom5t ( h] dea?4#aee ,among ! ,a9u ( ,japan1 if a man is at a loss = ! au?or%ip ( any p>ticul> calamity1 :i* has befall5 him1 he is v apt to ref] x to ! gho/ ( a dead wife1 "m1 gr&mo!r1 or1 /ill m c]ta9ly1 to t ( a dead "m-9-law2#aef an ,a9u :o accompani$ ,mr4 ,bat*elor w\ld on no acc\nt come )9 tw5ty-five or ?irty y>ds ( ! spot :]e 8 own "m 0 burn$4#aeg ,! ,koniagas believe t aft] dea? e man becomes a devil4#aeh ,accord+ to ideas preval5t among ! ,c5tral ,eskimo1 ! dead are at fir/ malevol5t spirits :o frequ5tly roam ar\nd ! villages1 caus+ sickness & mis*ief & kill+ m5 by _! t\*2 b subsequ5tly !y are suppos$ to atta9 to re/ & are no long] fe>$4#aei ,! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico are afraid ( _! dead2 a "m asks h] deceas$ infant to g away & n to come back1 & ! weep+ wid[ implores h] husb& n to c>ry (f1 or d h>m to1 8 own sons or daught]s4#afj ,mr4 ,bridges in=ms u t ! ,fuegian ^w = a gho/1 c%pi*1 is also an adjective signify+ frightful1 dreadful1 awful4#afa ,footnote #adj3 ,dale1 ',natives inhabit+ ! ,bondei ,c\ntry1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bcc4 ,footnote #ada3 ,d5nett1 ,folklore ( ! ,fjort1 p4 #aa sq4 ,footnote #adb3 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #cdd4 ,footnote #adc3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #add3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ccd sq4 ,footnote #ade3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #ah4 ,see also ibid4 pp4 #acg1 #bba2 ,polack1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdb4 ,footnote #adf3 ,rob]tson1 ,erromanga1 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #adg3 ,guise1 ',tribes inhabit+ ! ,m\? ( ! ,wanigela ,riv]1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxviii4 #baf4 ,footnote #adh3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #hj4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #adi3 ,blum5tritt1 9 ,mit!il4 d4 kais4 u4 kn4 ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 p4 #aff sqq4 de ,mas1 ,in=me sobre el e/ado de las ,islas ,filip9as en #ahdb1 ',orij5 de los habitantes de la ,oceania1' p4 #ae2 ',poblacion1' p4 #bi4 ,cf4 ibid4 ',poblacion1' p4 #ag2 ,blum5tritt1 p4 #afh 7,igorrotes74 ,footnote #aej3 ,fawcett1 ,saoras1 pp4 #dc1 #ea4 ,footnote #aea3 ,elliot1 ,races ( ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #bfi4 ,footnote #aec3 ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 p4 #dih4 ,footnote #aed3 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 iii4 #aba sqq4 ,w>on51 ,va9aja9palvelus mu9aisilla ,suomalaisilla1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aee3 ,bu*1 ',die ,wotjk51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xii4 #fjg4 ,footnote #aef3 ,h[>d1 ,life ) ,trans-,sib]ian ,savages1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #bbj sq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,holmb]g1 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 iv4 #djb4 ,footnote #aei3 ,boas1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eia4 ,footnote #afj3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #chj1 #chb4 ,footnote #afa3 ,bridges1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,firel&]s1' 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #baa4 ,! belief 9 ! irritable or malevol5t "* ( ! dead is easily expla9$4 ,z ,bi%op ,butl] obs]v$1 we presume t a ?+ w rema9 z x is except :5 we h "s reason to ?9k t x w be alt]$4#afb ,& 9 ! case ( ! s\ls ( dep>t$ fri5ds m5 may h reason to suppose t !y und]go a *ange4 ,dea? is commonly reg>d$ z ! grave/ ( all mis=tunes2 h5ce ! dead are believ$ to be exce$+ly dissatisfi$ ) _! fate4 ,accord+ to primitive ideas a p]son only dies if he is kill$--by magic if n by =ce1--& su* a dea? naturally t5ds to make ! s\l rev5geful & ill-temp]$4 ,x is envi\s ( ! liv+ & is long+ = ! company ( its old fri5ds2 no wond]1 !n1 t x s5ds !m diseases to cause _! #ece dea?4 ,! ,basutos ma9ta9 t _! dead ance/ors are cont9ually endeav\r+ to draw !m to !mselves1 & !re=e attribute to !m e disease2#afc & ! ,t>ahum>es 9 ,mexico suppose t ! dead make _! relatives ill f a feel+ ( lonel9ess1 t !y1 too1 may die & jo9 ! dep>t$4#afd ,b ! notion t ! disembodi$ s\l is on ! :ole a malici\s be+ con/antly wat*+ = an opportunity to d h>m to ! liv+ is also1 no d\bt1 intimately connect$ ) ! in/9ctive fe> ( ! dead1 :i* is 9 its turn ! outcome ( ! fe> ( dea?4 ,footnote #afb3 ,butl]1 ,analogy ( ,religion1 i4 #a1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #afc3 ,casalis1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi4 ,footnote #afd3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #chj4 ,we are told1 x is true1 t _m savages meet dea? ) mu* indiff]5ce1 or reg>d x z no great evil1 b m]ely z a *ange to a life v simil> to ?is4#afe ,b x is a fact (t5 notic$ among ourselves1 t a p]son on ! v]ge ( dea? may resign himself to 8 fate ) ! greate/ calmness1 al?\gh he has be5 afraid to die ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,moreov]1 ! fe> ( dea? may be disguis$ by ?\ghtlessness1 *eck$ by excitem5t1 or mitigat$ by dy+ 9 company4 ,!re are peoples :o are conspicu\s = _! brav]y1 & yet h a great dread ( dea?4#aff ,nobody is entirely free f ?is feel+1 ?\gh x v>ies greatly 9 /r5g? among diff]5t races & 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,9 _m savages x is s /rongly develop$1 t !y _c be> to he> dea? m5tion$4#afg ,& insep>ably m+l$ ) #ecf ?is fe> ( dea? is ! fe> ( ! dead4 ,! place 9 :i* a dea? occurs is ab&on$1#afh or ! hut is de/roy$1#afi or ! corpse is c>ri$ out f x z spe$ily z possible4#agj ,! survivors endeav\r to fright5 away ! gho/ by fir+ (f guns1#aga or %oot+ into ! grave1#agb or ?r[+ /icks & /ones beh9d !mselves aft] !y h int]r$ ! corpse4#agc ,to prev5t ! return ( ! gho/ ! body is buri$ face d[nw>ds1#agd or its limbs are firmly ti$1#age or1 9 extreme cases1 x is fix$ 9 ! gr\nd ) a /ake driv5 ?r\gh x4#agf ,we may assume t ^! & _m o!r fun]al c]emonies are v closely connect$ ) ! fe> ( ! pollution ( dea?2 = ev5 :5 _! imm$iate object is to keep ! gho/ at #ecg a di/ance1 x is likely t !y are l>gely due to dread ( its pres5ce = ! reason t x is conceiv$ z a seat ( deadly contagion4#agg ,x seems to me t c]ta9 an?ropologi/s1 9 _! explanations ( fun]al c]emonies1 h too mu* acc5tuat$ ! volitional activity ( gho/s4 ,to take an in/ance4 ,! common cu/om ( c>ry+ ! dead body away ?r\gh "s ap]ture o!r ?an ! door1#agh has g5]ally be5 int]pret$ z a means ( prev5t+ ! gho/ f f9d+ its way back to ! old home2 b v>i\s facts indicate t x also may h sprung f a desire to keep ! ord9>y exit free f pollution4 ,accord+ to ! ,v5ddd a _s ( dea? is brea?+ all along ! way :i* a corpse has pass$2 h5ce no man1 no flock1 no be+ :atev] t belongs to ! _w ( ,ahura ,mazda is all[$ to g t way until ! deadly brea? has be5 bl[n away to hell4#agi ,9 ! capital ( ,corea !re is a small gate 9 ! city-wall kn[n z ! ,gate ( ! ,dead1 ?r\gh :i* alone a dead body c be c>ri$ out1 & no "o is ev] all[$ to ent] ?r\gh t passage-way4#ahj ,9 ,*9a ev5 a mess5g] :o deliv]s tid+s ( dea? /rictly ab/a9s f pass+ ! ?re%old ( ! h\ses at :i* he knocks1 unless urg5tly reque/$ by ! inmates to walk 94#aha ,among ! ,kwakiutl ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia a m\rn]1 :o is reg>d$ z unclean1 mu/ n use ! h\se door1 b a sep>ate door is cut = 8 use2 girls at pub]ty1 :il/ 9 a /ate ( uncleanness1 may leave #ech & ent] _! room only ?r\gh a hole made 9 ! floor2#ahb & m5 :o h pollut$ !mselves by p>tak+ ( human fle% are = f\r mon?s all[$ to g out only by ! secret door 9 ! re> ( ! h\se4#ahc ,ev5 ! wat] & fire c]emonies p]=m$ 9 connection ) a dea? h be5 repres5t$ z me?ods ( prev5t+ ! gho/ f attack+ ! liv+ by plac+ a physical b>ri] ( wat] or fire betwe5 !m4#ahd ,b ,i see no reason :atev] to assume1 ) ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 t ! conceptions ( pollution & purification are m]ely ! fictions ( a lat] age1 inv5t$ to expla9 ! purpose ( a c]emony ( :i* ! orig9al int5tion 0 =gott54#ahe ,footnote #afe3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aib 7,hudson ,bay ,eskimo71 #bfi sq4 7,hudson ,bay ,indians74 de ,brebeuf1 ',relation de ce qui s'e/ pass dans le pays des ,hurons1' 9 ,relations des ,jsuites1 i4 #afcf1 p4 #abi4 ,ro?1 ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #afa4 ,trege>1 ',niue1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 ii4 #ad 7,savage ,isl&]s74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bjd sq4 ,romilly1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #de 7,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bff 7,sib]ian %amans74 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc 7,negroes ( ,accra74 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,e4g41 ! ,kalmucks 7,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 ii4 #cah sqq47 & ! anci5t ,c>ibs 7,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #bae74 ,footnote #afg3 ,dunb>1 ',pawnee ,indians1' 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 viii4 #gdb4 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #bjc4 ,b]gmann1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cah4 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 p4 #cbg 7,negroes ( ,fida74 ,du ,*aillu1 ,explorations 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 p4 #cch4 ,kropf1 ,das ,volk d] ,xosa-,kaff]n1 p4 #aee4 ,= o!r in/ances ( savages' great fe> ( dea?1 see ,bridges1 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #baa 7,fuegians72 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #bae 7,c>ibs72 ,dunb>1 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 v4 #ccd 7v>i\s ,nor? ,am]ican tribes72 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bch2 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 ii4 #djj 7,jakuts72 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj 7,gold ,coa/ natives74 ,footnote #afh3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bb 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ejb 7,boror74 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #cgi 7,fuegians74 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #dd4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #hb4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dih4 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #dif 7,tagbanuas ( ,busuanga74 ,bailey1 ',v$dahs ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ii4 #bif2 ,des*amps1 ,c>net d'un voyageur1 p4 #chc 7,v$dahs74 ,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #gi 7,b>otse74 von ,db51 ,lappl&1 pp4 #bda1 #bdi4 ,footnote #afi3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 op4 cit4 vii4 #cgi 7,fuegians74 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #bbb sq4 ,worce/]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh sq4 7,tagbanuas ( ,palawan74 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #bbh4 ,fawcett1 ,saoras1 p4 #ej sq4 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 p4 #acj 7,bavuma74 ,footnote #agj3 ,h[>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #aig 7,a9u74 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #hi 7,dyaks74 ,! rapid pace ( ! fun]al procession among ! ,bataks 7von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #bce7 probably belongs to ! same class ( facts4 ,footnote #aga3 von ,br5n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bce 7,bataks74 ,fawcett1 ,saoras1 p4 #df sq4 ,footnote #agb3 von ,br5n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bce 7,bataks74 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube d] ,magy>51 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #agc3 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 i4 #de 7,ah]iya1 9 ,dub71 #bhg 7,bhangi1 ! sweep] tribe ( ,h9du/an74 ,ral/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbj 7anci5t ,bohemians74 ,footnote #agd3 ,dorsey1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbj 7,omahas74 ,crooke1 op4 cit4 i4 #dd 7,ah]iya1 9 ,dub74 ,footnote #age3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #djb 7,v$ic p74 ,turn]1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aia 7,hudson ,bay ,eskimo74 ,y>r[1 ibid4 i4 #ih 7,pimas ( ,arizona74 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 i4 #bdh 7,tup9ambas74 ,( ! truss+ & ty+ ( ! dead body :i* is practis$ 9 v>i\s ,au/ralian tribes ! blacks !mselves say t x is done to prev5t ! _s ( ! deceas$ f w&]+ 9 ! night f its b$1 & di/urb+ ! liv+ & do+ !m h>m 7,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #gi sq42 see also ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #dd1 #hg74 ,footnote #agf3 ,supra1 ii4 #bef4 ,hyltn-,cavallius1 ,wr5d o* ,wird>ne1 i4 #dgb 7,middle ,ages74 ,footnote #agg3 ,cf4 supra1 ii4 #cjc4 ,= ! contagion ( dea? see also ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #ie sqq4 ,footnote #agh3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bf sq4 ,fraz]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #fi sq4 ,trumbull1 ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 p4 #bc sqq4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc1 #dad sq4 ,lipp]t1 ,*ri/5?um1 ,volksglaube und ,volksbrau*1 p4 #cia sq4 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #aeb sq42 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bde sq4 7,gre5l&]s74 ,turn]1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aia 7,hudson ,bay ,eskimo74 ,mc,nair ,wright1 ,among ! ,alaskans1 p4 #cac4 ,jo*elson1 ',koryak ,religion'1 9 ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 vi4 #aaj sq4 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bf sq42 ,jackson1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #djf 7,samoy$es74 ,ramsey] & ,khne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,a%antee1 p4 #ej4 ,klund1 ',sk&9avis*e ,v]hltnisse1' 9 ,paul1 ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 ii4 pt4 ii4 #bbg 7anci5t ,sc&9avians74 ,footnote #agi3 ,v5ddd1 viii4 #ad sqq4 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lxxiv4 sq4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,trumbull1 op4 cit4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #aha3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #fdd4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #db sqq4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,idem1 quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cda sq4 ,among ! ,bhuiyr1 a ,dravidian tribe 9 ,s\? ,mirzapur1 ea* h\se has two doors1 "o ( :i* is only us$ by m5/ru\s wom52 & :5 su* a woman has to quit ! h\se %e is oblig$ to creep out on h] h&s & knees s z to avoid pollut+ ! h\se ?at* by h] t\* 7,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 ii4 #hg74 ,among ! ,?ompson ,riv] ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia meat 0 only tak5 into ! hunt+ lodge ?r\gh a hole 9 ! back ( ! /ructure1 because ! common door 0 us$ by wom5 & wom5 7 reg>d$ z unclean 7,teit1 ',?ompson ,indians1' 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ',an?ropology1' i4 #cdg74 ,9 o!r in/ances ord9>y p are prohibit$ f us+ a door ?r\gh :i* a sacr$ p]son has pass$1 obvi\sly because contact ) 8 sanctity is look$ ^u z dang]\s4 ,9 "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 :]e ! fir/-born1 :e!r male or female1 0 especially sacr$1 no "o else 0 all[$ to pass by ! door ?r\gh :i* he or %e ent]$ ! pat]nal dwell+ 7,gill1 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles1 p4 #df74 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,pacific1 ! door ?r\gh :i* ! k+ or que5 pass$ 9 op5+ a temple 0 %ut up1 & ev] aft] made sacr$ 7,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #cbh74 ,ezekiel 7xliv4 #b sq47 repres5ts ! ,"l z say+3--,?is gate %all be %ut1 x %all n be op5$1 & no man %all ent] 9 by x2 because ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 ha? ent]$ 9 by x1 !re=e x %all be %ut4 ,x is = ! pr9ce2 4 4 4 he %all ent] by ! way ( ! por* ( t gate1 & %all g out by ! way ( ! same4 ,among ! ,arabs 9 old5 days ^? :o return$ f a pilgrimage to ,mecca ent]$ _! h\ses n by ! door b by a hole made 9 ! back wall 7,palm]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vi4 #bg1 n4 #a74 ,?is practice 0 =bidd5 by ,muhamm$ 7,koran1 ii4 #ahe74 ,footnote #ahd3 ,fraz]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #gf sqq4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s important essay on ',burial ,cu/oms' 0 publi%$ _m ye>s ago & !re=e p]haps does n exactly repres5t ! au?or's pres5t views on ! subject4 ,x is obvi\s t ! beliefs held z reg>ds ! "*1 activity1 & pollut+ influ5ce ( ! dead greatly affect ! conduct ( ! survivors4 ,!y are #eci naturally anxi\s to ga9 ! fav\r ( ! disembodi$ s\l1 to av]t its ill-w1 to keep x at a di/ance1 & to avoid ! defilem5t ( dea?4 ,self-int]e/ is (t5 a conspicu\s motive = acts & omissions :i* are reg>d$ z duties to ! dead1 & prud5ce also has a v l>ge %>e 9 _! be+ enjo9$ z obligatory4 ,?is is obvi\sly true ( ! (f]+s made to ! dead4 ,! ,?ompson ,riv] ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia ?rew "s food on ! gr\nd ne> ! grave ( ! deceas$1 t he might n visit ! h\se 9 se>* ( food1 caus+ sickness to ! p4#ahf ,among ! ,iroquois1 on ! dea? ( a nurs+ *ild two pieces ( clo? are saturat$ ) ! "m's milk & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! dead *ild s t its _s may n return to haunt ! b]eav$ "m4#ahg ,! ,negroes ( ,accra1 :5 ask$ :y !y slaught]$ animals at ! tombs ( _! dep>t$ fri5ds1 answ]$ t !y did s 9 ord] to prev5t ! gho/s f walk+4#ahh ,! ,monbuttu place "s oil & o!r victuals 9 ! little hut :i* is erect$ = ! dead 9 ! =e/1 s t 8 _s %all n return to 8 old home 9 se>* ( food4#ahi ,= ! same reason ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra put v>i\s ?+s into ! graves ( _! deceas$ fri5ds1 ask ! dead to be quiet & n to long = ! company ( ! liv+1 & f9i% _! address ) ! words1 ,"h y h /ill "s sirih & tobacco1 & e ye>1 at h>ve/ "t1 we %all give y "s rice4#aij ,among ! ,*uva%es ! son says to 8 dep>t$ fa!r1 ,we rememb] y ) a fea/1 "h are bread & diff]5t k9ds ( food = y1 ev]y?+ y h be=e y1 d n come to u4#aia ,x is consid]$ p>ticul>ly dang]\s to keep back & make use ( articles :i* belong$ to ! dead4 ,! ,gypsies burn on ! grave all ^? *attels :i* ! deceas$ 0 9 ! habit ( us+ dur+ 8 lifetime1 because 8 s\l w\ld o!rwise #edj return to torm5t 8 relatives & claim back 8 prop]ty4#aib ,a ,saora gave ! foll[+ reason = ! cu/om ( burn+ all ! belong+s ( a dead p]son3--,if we d n burn ^! ?+s ) ! body1 ! ,kulba 7s\l7 w come & ask u = !m & tr\ble u4#aic ,! ,kafirs believe t1 aft] 8 dea?1 a man's p]sonality haunts 8 possessions4#aid ,among ! ,brazilian ,tup9ambas :oev] happ5$ to h any ?+ :i* _h belong$ to ! dead produc$ x1 t x might be buri$ ) him1 le/ he %\ld come & claim x4#aie ,:5 a ,navaho ,indian dies )9 a h\se ! raft]s are pull$ d[n ov] ! rema9s & ! place is usually set on fire2 aft] t no?+ w\ld induce a ,navaho to t\* a piece ( ! wood or ev5 approa* ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! place1 ! %ades ( ! dead be+ reg>d$ z incl9$ to res5t any intrusion or ! tak+ ( any lib]ties ) !m or _! belong+s4#aif ,! ,gre5l&]s1 z soon z a man is dead1 ?r[ out e ?+ :i* has belong$ to him2 o!rwise !y w\ld be pollut$1 & _! lives r5d]$ un=tunate4 ,! h\se is cle>$ ( all its movables till ev5+1 :5 ! smell ( ! corpse has pass$ away4#aig ,footnote #ahf3 ,teit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,smi?1 ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,burr[s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aij3 von ,br5n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcd sqq4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #abc sq4 ,footnote #aib3 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube d] ,zigeun]1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #aic3 ,fawcett1 op4 cit4 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #aid3 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #aie3 ,s\!y1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdh4 ,cf4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #ejb 7,boror74 ,footnote #aif3 ,m9deleff1 ',navaho ,h\ses1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xvii4 #dhg4 ,footnote #aig3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #bag4 ,! fe> ( ! dead has also taught m5 to ab/a9 f robb+ or violat+ _! tombs4 ,! ,omahas believe t1 if anybody t\*$ an article ( food expos$ at a grave1 ! gho/ w\ld snat* away ! food & p>alyse ! m\? ( ! ?ief1 & twi/ 8 face out ( %ape = ! re/ ( 8 life2 or else he w\ld be pursu$ by ! gho/1 & food w\ld lose its ta/e1 & hung] ev] aft] haunt ! (f5d]4#aih ,! ,brazilian ,coroados avoid di/urb+ ! repository ( ! dead1 = fe> !y %\ld appe> to !m & torm5t !m4#aii #eda ,! ,maoris suppose t ! violation ( a burial place w\ld br+ disease & dea? on ! crim9al4#bjj ,! extreme dislike ( ! ,*9ese to di/urb+ a grave is bas$ on ! supposition t ! _s ( ! p]son buri$ w haunt & cause ill-luck or dea? to ! di/urb]4#bja ,accord+ to ! popul> beliefs ( ! ,magy>s1 he :o seizes ^u any?+ belong+ to a tomb1 ev5 if x 7 only a fl[]1 w be unhappy = ! re/ ( 8 life4#bjb ,! ,rumanians ( ,transylvania ?9k t a p]son :o picks a fl[] :i* gr[s on a grave w die 9 consequ5ce1 & t he :o smells at su* a fl[] w lose 8 s5se ( smell4#bjc ,footnote #aih3 ,la ,fles*e1 ',dea? & ,fun]al ,cu/oms among ! ,omahas1' 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 ii4 #aa4 ,cf4 ,reid1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #aab 7,*ippewas74 ,footnote #aii3 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bea4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,polack1 op4 cit4 i4 #aab4 ,footnote #bja3 ,d5nys1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #ddf sq4 ,footnote #bjb3 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube d] ,magy>51 p4 #ace4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,volksglaube d] ,zigeun]1 p4 #if sq4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,prexl1 ',geburts- und ,todt5gebru*e d] ,rumn5 9 ,sieb5brg51' 9 ,globus1 lvii4 #cj4 ,! transgression ( ance/ral cu/om1 z we h already se51 is suppos$ to be puni%$ by ! spirits ( ! dead2 & ! sacr$ness ( a w l>gely spr+s f sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,! ,s\? ,slavonian belief t1 if a son does n fulfil ! la/ w ( 8 fa!r ! s\l ( ! fa!r w curse him f ! grave1#bjd has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! d5unciatory clause 9 ,anglo-,saxon l&books1 :i* usually curses all & s+ul> :o attack ! donee's title4#bje ,footnote #bjd3 ,supra1 i4 #fbd4 ,footnote #bje3 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #bea sq4 ,! cu/om ( prais+ ! dead1 aga91 is ma9ly flatt]y1 & ! lam5tations ov] !m are n altoge!r s9c]e4#bjf ,by _! excessive demon/rations ( grief ! ,&aman ,isl&]s hope to conciliate ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 & to be pres]v$ f _m mis=tunes :i* might o!rwise befall !m4#bjg ,! ,c5tral ,au/ralian native fe>s t1 unless a suffici5t am\nt ( grief be display$1 he w be h>m$ by ! (f5d$ ,ul?ana or _s ( ! dead man4#bjh ,! ,angmagsaliks #edb on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ ( ,gre5l& say t !y cry & groan & p]=m o!r m\rn+ rites 9 ord] to prev5t ! dead f gett+ angry4#bji ,b ! l\d wail+ ( m\rn]s may also1 l ! %\t+ aft] a dea?1#baj be int5d$ to drive away ! gho/1 or p]haps dea? itself4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,see ,gibbs1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bje 7tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?-we/]n ,oregon72 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #ef 7,botocudos74 ,footnote #bjg3 ,man1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #ade4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #eaj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #ajg4 ,footnote #baj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #ejf4 ,cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dcb1 n4 #b4 ,fe> is c]ta9ly a v common motive = fun]al & m\rn+ rites :i* h be5 int]pret$ z duties to ! dead4 ,?is is ! case ) ! v>i\s me?ods ( dispos+ ( ! corpse4 ,?us ! cu/om ( leav+ x z food = bea/s ( prey#baa is1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 delib]ately practis$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! gho/ f walk+4 ,! ,h]]o :o accompani$ ,*apman said ( two ( _! sick comrades :o =m$ "p ( ! company1 ,y mu/ ?r[ !m away1 & let ! wolves eat !m2 !n !y won't come & bo!r u4#bab ,cremation1 also1 has frequ5tly be5 resort$ to z a means ( protect+ ! liv+ f unwelcome visits ( ! dead1 or1 z ! case may be1 ( effectually gett+ rid ( ! contagion ( dea?4#bac ,! ,v$ic p1 :ile burn+ ! corpses ( _! dead1 cri$ al\d1 ,away1 g away1 ,o ,dea?6 injure n our sons & our m54#bad ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! corpses ( all l[ ca/e p are ei!r cremat$ or buri$ face d[nw>ds1 9 ord] to prev5t ! evil _s f escap+ & tr\bl+ its neighb\rs4#bae ,! ,ny>s ( ,malab> n only believe t ! collection & c>eful disposal ( ! a%es ( ! dead man gives peace to 8 _s1 b1 :at is m important1 ! pacifi$ _s w n !reaft] injure ! liv+ memb]s ( ! ,t>avd 7h\se or family71 cause misc>riage #edc to ! wom51 possess ! m51 z ) an evil _s1 & s on4#baf ,9 ,tibet a gho/ :i* makes its pres5ce felt 9 dreams or by caus+ deliri\sness or tempor>y insanity is dispos$ ( by cremation4#bag ,9 8 description ( ! ,savage ,isl&]s1 ,mr4 ,?omson tells u ( a "m :o de/roy$ h] own daught]'s grave by fire 9 ord] to burn ! _s :i* 0 afflict+ h]4#bah ,among ! anci5t ,sc&9avians ! bodies ( p]sons :o 7 believ$ to walk aft] dea? 7 dug up f _! graves & burn$4#bai ,& exactly ! same is done 9 ,albania to ?is day4#bbj ,footnote #baa3 ,= ?is cu/om see also ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dbd sq4 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo72 ,nord5skild1 ,vegas frd kr+ ,asi5 o* ,europa1 ii4 #ic 7,*uk*i72 ,&]sson1 ,notes on ,travel 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #bcd 7,ovambo74 ,footnote #bab3 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bhb4 ,footnote #bac3 ,cf4 ,rohde1 op4 cit4 p4 #bh sqq4 7anci5t ,greeks72 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #bad3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ah4 #a4 ,footnote #bae3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #bfi4 ,footnote #baf3 ,fawcett1 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iii4 #bea4 ,see also ,iy]1 ',nayadis ( ,malab>1'ibid4 iv4 #ga4 ,footnote #bag3 ,waddell1 op4 cit4 p4 #dih4 ,footnote #bah3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #bai3 ,klund1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #bbj3 von ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi51 i4 #afc4 ,burial itself has s]v$ a simil> purpose4#bba ,accord+ to ! ,dani% travell] ,monrad1 ! ,negroes ( ,accra expressly believe t by cov]+ ! body ( a dead p]son ) e>? !y keep ! gho/ f walk+ & caus+ tr\ble to ! survivors2 & he adds t exactly ! same sup]/ition prevails 9 ,jutl& 9 ,d5m>k4#bbb ,?is belief is also pres]v$ 9 ! ,sw$i% ^w = committ+ a corpse to ! e>?1 jordf/a1 :i* lit]ally means to fa/5 to ! e>?4 ,9 ,go?l&1 9 ,sw$51 !re 0 an old tradition ( a man call$ ,tak/e9 :o 9 8 lifetime 0 ov]be>+ & cruel & aft] 8 dea? haunt$ ! liv+1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a wiz>d f9ally e>?-fa/5$ him 9 su* a mann] t he aft]w>ds lay quiet4#bbc ,b burial has (t5 be5 supplem5t$ by o!r precautions aga9/ ! return ( ! gho/4 ,hg/rm says t ! ,lapl&]s c>efully wrapp$ up _! dead 9 clo? s z to prev5t ! s\l f slipp+ away4#bbd ,! practice ( plac+ logs or /ones imm$iately ov] ! corpse may h a simil> orig92 9 "s ,que5sl& tribes1 :5 an individual has be5 kill$ by ! :ole tribe 9 puni%m5t = "s #edd s]i\s crime1 boom]angs are sub/itut$ = ! ord9>y logs1 evid5tly = fe> ( ! gho/4#bbe ,! ,*uva%es1 aga91 put two /akes across ! c(f9 ( a dead man = ! purpose ( prev5t+ him f lift+ up ! cov]4#bbf ,graves are (t5 provid$ ) m\nds1 tomb/ones1 or enclosures 9 ord] to keep ! dead f walk+4#bbg ,! ,omahas raise no m\nd ov] a man :o has be5 kill$ by lightn+1 b bury him face d[nw>ds & ) ! soles ( 8 feet split1 9 ! belief t he w !n g to ! _s-l& )\t giv+ fur!r tr\ble to ! liv+4#bbh ,! ,savage ,isl&]s pile heavy /ones ^u ! grave to keep ! gho/ d[n4#bbi ,! ,*]emises believe t ! gho/s _c /ep ov] ! f5ce-poles ) :i* !y surr\nd ! graves4#bcj ,:5 c]emonies l t ( /rik+ ! air at a fun]al or ! r++ ( bells are repres5t$ z means ( keep+ (f evil spirits f ! dead1 we h reason to suspect t _! orig9al object 0 to keep (f ! gho/ f ! liv+4 ,at ,c5tral ,au/ralian fun]als wom5 beat ! air ) ! palms ( _! h&s = ! express purpose ( driv+ ! _s away f ! old camp :i* x is suppos$ to haunt1 & ! m5 beat ! air ) _! spe>-?r[]s4#bca ,! ,bondeis ( ,ea/ ,africa fright5 ! gho/s by beat+ drums4#bcb ,& at ,port ,moresby1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 ! *ur* bell 0 fir/ us$1 ! natives ?ank$ ! mission>ies = hav+ driv5 (f num]\s b&s ( gho/s4#bcc ,footnote #bba3 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #fd sq42 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #bib sq4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,lffl]1 ,d5 gottlndska ,tak/e9>-sgn51 p4 #e4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,hg/rm1 ,beskrifn+ fv] de til ,sv]iges ,krona lyd&e ,lapm>k]1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aba4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xv4 #fe sq42 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,dorsey1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbj4 ,la ,fles*e1 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #abb4 ,footnote #bca3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bch4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,*alm]s & ,gill1 ,"w & ,adv5ture 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bfj4 ,t ! m\rn+ fa/ is ess5tially a precaution tak5 by ! survivors1 & n a tribute to ! dead1 is obvi\s f :at has be5 said 9 a previ\s *apt]4#bcd ,:5 m\rn]s mutilate1 cut1 or beat !mselves1 ! orig9al object ( _! do+ s seems (t5 to be to w>d (f ! #ede contagion ( dea?4#bce ,among ! ,b$\9s ( ,morocco wom5 at fun]als n only scrat* _! faces1 b also rub ! w\nds ) c[-dung1 & c[-dung is reg>d$ z a means ( purification4 ,! m\rn+ cu/oms ( pa9t+ ! body & ( assum+ a special co/ume h be5 expla9$ z attempts on ! "p ( ! survivors to disguise !mselves2#bcf b ! latt] cu/om may also h orig9at$ 9 ! idea t a m\rn] is m or less pollut$ = a c]ta9 p]iod & t !re=e a dress worn by him !n1 be+ a seat ( contagion1 c\ld n be us$ aft]w>ds4 ,eg$e writes ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 ,if !y h happ5$ to t\* a corpse1 !y imm$iately ca/ away ! clo!s !y h !n on2 & = ?is reason !y always put on _! old clo!s :5 !y g to a bury+1 9 :i* !y agree ) ! ,jews4#bcg ,!re c1 f9ally1 be no d\bt t ! widespread prohibition ( m5tion+ ! "n ( a dead p]son#bch does n 9 ! fir/ in/ance arise f respect = ! dep>t$1 b f fe>4 ,to "n him is to summon him2 ! ,indians ( ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory ev5 *ange _! own names :5 a relative dies1 because !y ?9k ! spirits ( ! dead w come back if !y he> ! same "n call$ t !y 7 accu/om$ to he> #edf be=e dea?4#bci ,b ap>t f ?is1 a dead man's "n itself is probably felt to be defil+1 or at all ev5ts produces an uncanny association ( ?\ght1 :i* ev5 among ourselves makes _m p reluctant to m5tion x4#bdj ,& to d s may also be a wrong to o!r p]sons :o w\ld be endang]$ !reby4 ,among ! ,goajiro ,indians ( ,colombia1 to m5tion a dead man be=e 8 relatives is a dreadful (f5ce1 :i* is (t5 puni%$ ev5 ) dea?4#bda ,footnote #bcd3 ,supra1 ii4 #cjb sqq4 ,footnote #bce3 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cjb4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,fraz]1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 #gc4 ,idem1 ',folk-,lore 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1' 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,eg$e1 op4 cit4 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #bch3 ,tylor1 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #add4 ,nyrop1 ',navnets magt1' 9 ,m9dre afh&l+] udgivne af det philologisk-hi/oriske samfund1 pp4 #adg-aea1 #aij sq4 & passim4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #dba sqq4 ,clodd1 ,tom ,tit ,tot1 p4 #aff sqq4 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bcj sq4 7,gre5l&]s74 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #hd 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,b\rke1 ',m$ic9e-,m5 ( ! ,apa*e1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dfb4 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bdb4 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bg1 #bh1 #bfb sq4 7,samoy$es & %amani/ic peoples 9 ,sib]ia74 ,jackson1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #djf 7,samoy$es74 ,riv]s1 ,todas1 p4 #fbe sqq4 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 i4 #aa 7,ag>iya1 a ,dravidian tribe71 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube d] ,zigeun]1 p4 #if 7,gypsies74 ,yseldijk1 9 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #db4 7,kott+1 9 ! isl& ( ,flores74 ,ro?1 ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #afd4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dih4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #hb4 ,?ornton1 9 ,hill & ,?ornton1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #g4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi 7,kurnai74 ,curr1 ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria1 p4 #bgb 7,bang]ang74 ,h9de1 op4 cit4 p4 #ej 7,masai74 ,duveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #dae 7,t\>eg74 ,w]n]1 ',cu/om ( ,hlonipa1' 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 #aije1 ,april1 p4 #cdf 7,zulus74 ,footnote #bci3 ,swan1 ,resid5ce 9 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,i _h mu* difficulty 9 induc+ my tea*] 9 ,%elh4a1 a ,b]b] f ! ,great ,atlas ,m\nta9s1 to tell me ! equival5t = illness 9 8 own language2 & :5 he f9ally did s1 he spat imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,among ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian ,arunta ! old] m5 w n look at ! photograph ( a deceas$ p]son 7,gill51 ',aborig9es ( ! ,mc,donnell ,ranges1' 9 ,report ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition1 iv4 ',an?ropology1' p4 #afh74 ,footnote #bda3 ,simons1 ',exploration ( ! ,goajira ,p59sula1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,geograph4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 vii4 #gia4 ,by all ?is ,i c]ta9ly d n mean to ass]t t ! fun]al & m\rn+ cu/oms to :i* ,i h j ref]r$ h exclusively or 9 e case orig9at$ 9 fe> ( ! dead or ( ! pollution ( dea?4 ,burial may also be g5u9ely int5d$ to protect ! body f bea/s or birds2 & ! same may be ! case ) m\nds1 tomb/ones1 & enclosures4#bdb ,"s savages are report$ to burn ! dead 9 ord] to prev5t _! bodies f fall+ into ! h&s ( enemies1#bdc :i* might be bad bo? = ! dead & = _! fri5ds1 z *>ms might be made f ! corpses4#bdd ,moreov]1 cremation does away ) ! sl[ process ( trans=mation to :i* a dead body is naturally subject1 & ?is process is reg>d$ n only z a dang] to ! liv+ b also z pa9ful to ! deceas$ himself4#bde ,! same object may be a*iev$ by expos+ ! corpse to wild animals4 ,& we %\ld also rememb] t ! putrefactive process #edg itself1 :e!r accompani$ by any sup]/iti\s ideas or n1 is a suffici5t motive = dispos+ ( ! dead body 9 "s way or o!r--ei!r by burial or cremation or exposure2 & if "o me?od is held objectionable ano!r w be resort$ to4 ,among ! ,masai ! cu/om ( ?r[+ away corpses is said to spr+ f ! notion t to bury !m w\ld be to poison ! soil2#bdf & ! ,zoroa/rian law enjo9+ ! exposure ( ! dead 0 closely connect$ ) ! sacr$ness ascrib$ to fire & e>? & ! consequ5t dread ( pollut+ !m4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #bag 7,gre5l&]s74 ,turn]1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aib 7,hudson ,bay ,eskimo74 ,y>r[1 ibid4 i4 #ajb 7,wi*ita ,indians74 ,dunb>1 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 viii4 #gcd 7,pawnee ,indians74 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 op4 cit4 vii4 #cgi 7,fuegians74 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #caj 7,sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida74 ,footnote #bdd3 ,ralph1 quot$ by ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #dcg 7,haidahs ( ,briti% ,columbia74 ,footnote #bde3 ,see ,h]tz1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #bei4 ,aga91 z = ! mutilations & self-inflict$ w\nds :i* accompany fun]als1 ,i h sugge/$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t !y may be p>tly practis$ = ! purpose ( refre%+ ! dep>t$ s\l ) human blood2#bdg or1 z ,dr4 ,hirn obs]ves1 !y may be in/9ctive ef=ts to procure t relief f ov]p[]+ feel+s :i* is af=d$ by pa9 & ! subsequ5t exhau/ion4#bdh ,! reluctance to "n ! dead may1 9 "s measure1 be trac$ to a natural unwill+ness 9 8 old fri5ds to revive pa/ sorr[s4#bdi ,& ) ref]5ce to ! m\rn+ app>el1 ,dr4 de ,groot believes--if rightly or wrongly ,i am n 9 a position to decide--t1 s f> z ,*9a is conc]n$1 x orig9at$ 9 ! cu/om ( sacrific+ to ! dead ! clo!s on "o's own back4 ,he ?9ks t ?is explanation is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ! age ( ,confucius x 0 cu/om>y = ! m\rn]s to ?r[ (f _! clo!s z f> z dec5cy all[$ :5 ! corpse 0 be+ dress$4#bej ,footnote #bdg3 ,supra1 i4 #dgf4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,hirn1 ,orig9s ( ,art1 p4 #ff sq4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi 7,kurnai74 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #dbb4 ,footnote #bej3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 ii4 book7 i4 #dge sq4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y practices connect$ ) dea? :i* orig9ally sprang f self-reg>d+ motives h come to be enjo9$ z duties4 ,we h fir/ to rememb] ! v>i\s factors m5tion$ above#bea :i* t5d to make self-reg>d+ conduct a matt] ( moral conc]n4 #edh ,b 9 ?is case ! transition f ! prud5tial to ! obligatory has be5 mu* facilitat$ by ! circum/ance t all ! acts :i* a p]son's self-int]e/ induces him to p]=m or to ab/a9 f h direct ref]5ce to ano!r individual1 &1 inde$1 to an individual :o is suppos$ to rew>d b5efits be/[$ ^u him or at all ev5ts to res5t injuries & neglect4 ,^! puni%m5ts & rew>ds s5t by ! dep>t$ s\l are all ! m readily recognis$ to be well des]v$1 z ! claims ( ! dead are simil> 9 nature to ^? ( ! liv+ & are at ! same "t 9 "s degree support$ by sympa!tic feel+s 9 ! survivors4 ,nor is x difficult to expla9 :y ev5 su* practices z are n orig9ally suppos$ to com=t ! dead h assum$ ! "* ( duties t[>ds !m4 ,! dead are n only be+s :om x is dang]\s to (f5d & useful to please1 b !y are also v easily dup$4 ,no wond] !re=e t ! liv+ are anxi\s to put ! mo/ amiable int]pretation ^u _! conduct1 try+ to p]suade ! gho/1 z also "o ano!r1 t !y d :at !y d = 8 b5efit1 n = _! own4 ,x is bett] = him to h re/ 9 8 grave ?an to w&] ab\t on e>? unhappy & homeless4 ,x is bett] = him to enjoy ! heat ( ! flames ?an to suff] f ! cold ( an arctic climate4 ,x is bett] = him to be eat5 by an animal--say1 a beautiful dog or a hyna s5t by ,god--?an to lie & rot 9 ! op5 air4 ,& all ! m\rn+ cu/oms1 :at are !y if n tok5s ( grief8 ,moreov]1 if ! corpse is n prop]ly dispos$ ( or any fun]al or m\rn+ rite calculat$ to keep (f ! gho/ is n obs]v$1 ! dead man w easily d h>m to ! survivors4 ,& does n ?is indicate t !y h be5 neglectful ( _! duties to him8 ,footnote #bea3 ,supra1 ii4 #bff sq4 ,! mixture ( sympa?y & fe> :i* is at ! bottom ( ! duties to ! dead acc\nts = ! fact t ^! duties are r>ely ext5d$ to /rang]s4 ,a dep>t$ /rang] is n g5]ally an object ( ei!r pity or fe>4 ,he expects att5tion f 8 own p only1 he haunts 8 own home4 ,b he may ( c\rse be dang]\s to #edi anybody :o directly (f5ds him1 = in/ance by inflict+ an injury ^u 8 body1 or to p :o live 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 grave4 ,we are told t ! ,angami ,nagas be/[ z mu* c>e on ! tombs ( foes :o h fall5 ne> _! villages z on ^? ( _! own w>riors4#beb ,s also ! diff]5ces 9 ! treatm5t ( ! dead :i* dep5d ^u age1 sex1 & social position are no d\bt closely connect$ ) v>iations 9 ! feel+s ( sympa?y1 respect1 or fe>1#bec al?\gh 9 _m cases we are unable to expla9 ^? diff]5ces 9 detail4 ,among ! ,au/ralian natives wom5 & *ildr5 are said to be int]r$ ) little c]emony because !y are held to be v inf]ior to m5 :ile alive & consequ5tly are n mu* fe>$ aft] dea?2#bed & if 9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa ! att5tion usually be/[$ ^u ! dead is n ext5d$ to *ildr5 :i* die :5 f\r or five days old1 ! reason seems to be t su* *ildr5 are h>dly suppos$ to possess a s\l4#bee ,we may assume t ! special treatm5t to :i* ! bodies ( crim9als are subject is due n only to indignation b1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 to fe> ( _! gho/s4 ,& we h notic$ above t suicides1 murd]$ p]sons1 & ^? /ruck ) lightn+ are sometimes left unburi$ because no "o d>es to int]f]e ) _! bodies1 or p]haps 9 ord] to prev5t !m f mix+ ) ! o!r dead4#bef ,footnote #beb3 ,pra91 ',angami ,nagas1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 v4 #dic4 ,footnote #bec3 ,cf4 ,h]tz1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #abb1 #acb sqq4 ,footnote #bed3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #hi4 ,footnote #bee3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #fh4 ,footnote #bef3 ,supra1 ii4 #bch sq4 ,x %\ld f9ally be notic$ t ! duties to ! dep>t$ become less /r+5t z "t goes on4 ,z ,dr4 ,h]tz has rec5tly %[n1 ! fe> ( ! dead is greate/ z long z ! process ( decomposition la/s & till ! second fun]al is p]=m$1 & ?is c]emony br+s ! p]iod ( m\rn+ to an end4#beg ,moreov]1 ! dead are gradually less & less ?\ght (1 !y appe> less frequ5tly 9 dreams & visions1 ! affection = !m fades away1 &1 be+ =gott51 !y are no long] fe>$4 ,! ,*9ese say t gho/s are mu* m #eej liable to appe> v %ortly aft] dea?1 ?an at any o!r p]iod4#beh ,! natives ( ,au/ralia are only afraid ( ! spirits ( m5 :o h lately di$4#bei ,9 ! c\rse ( "t savages also become m will+ to speak ( _! dead4#bfj ,b :il/ ! l>ge bulk ( disembodi$ s\ls soon] or lat] lose _! individuality & dw9dle into insignificance or s9k into ! limbo ( ,all ,s\ls1 x may be t "s ( !m escape ?is fate1 &1 in/ead ( be+ ignor$1 are rais$ to ! rank ( gods4 ,footnote #beg3 ,h]tz1 loc4 cit4 passim4 ,footnote #beh3 ,d5nys1 op4 cit4 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #bei3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #dd1 #hg4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #bgi 7,nor!rn ,que5sl& aborig9es74 ,footnote #bfj3 ,t\t1 ',e?nology ( ! ,/latlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #ach4 ,b\rke1 ',m$ic9e-,m5 ( ! ,apa*e1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dfb4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #dca sqq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,progress 9 intellectual culture has a t5d5cy to affect ! notions ( dea?4 ,! *ange involv$ 9 x appe>s great]4 ,! s\l1 if /ill ?\ght to survive ! dea? ( ! body1 is m di/9ctly sep>at$ f x2 x is rid ( all s5su\s desires1 z also ( all e>?ly int]e/s4 ,duties to ! dead :i* arose f ! old ideas may /ill be ma9ta9$1 b _! mean+ is *ang$4 ,?us ! fun]al sacrifice may be cont9u$ z a m>k ( respect or affection4 ,9 ,melanesia1 = in/ance1 at ! dea?-meals :i* foll[ ^u fun]als or beg9 be=e !m1 & :i* /ill =m "o ( ! pr9cipal in/itutions ( ! natives1 a piece ( food is put aside = ! dead4 ,x is readily d5i$ n[1 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 t ! dead 4 4 4 are ?\ght to come & eat ! food1 :i* !y say is giv5 z a fri5dly remembrance only1 & 9 ! way ( associat+ toge!r ^? :om dea? has sep>at$4#bfa ,9 _m cases ! (f]+s made to ! dead h become alms giv5 to ! poor1 j z has be5 ! case ) sacrifices (f]$ to gods2#bfb & ?is almsgiv+ is und\bt$ly look$ ^u z a duty to ! dead4 ,among ! ,omahas goods are collect$ f ! k9dr$ ( ! dead betwe5 ! dea? & ! fun]al1 & :5 ! body has be5 deposit$ 9 ! grave !y #eea are br\ght =? & equally divid$ among ! poor :o are assembl$ on ! spot4#bfc ,at a ,h9du fun]al 9 ,s9dh1 on ! road to ! burn+ place1 ! relatives ( ! dead ?r[ dry dates into ! air ov] ! corpse2 ^! are consid]$ z a k9d ( alms & are left to ! poor4#bfd ,among "s peoples ( ,malab>1 at ! rddha1 or ye>ly anniv]s>y ( a dea?1 n less ?an ?ree ,brahm9s are well f$ & pres5t$ ) money & clo?2#bfe & accord+ to ,brahmanism ! rddha is a debt :i* is transf]r$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & on ! paym5t ( :i* dep5ds ! happ9ess ( ! dead 9 ! next life4#bff ,among ,muhamm$ans alms1 g5]ally consi/+ ( food1 are di/ribut$ 9 connection ) a dea? 9 ord] to conf] m]its ^u ! deceas$4#bfg ,?us 9 ,morocco bread or dri$ fruits are giv5 to ! poor :o are assembl$ at ! grave-side on ! day ( ! fun]al1 z also on ! ?ird & sometimes on ! =tie? day aft] x1 on ! t5? day ( ,muh4arram1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry on o!r fea/-days z well1 :5 ! graves are visit$ by relatives ( ! dead4 ,^! alms are obvi\sly survivals ( (f]+s to ! dead !mselves4 ,:ile resid+ among ! ,b$\9s ( ,dukkla1 ,i 0 told t if ! fun]al meal 7 omitt$ ! dead man's m\? w\ld be fill$ ) e>?2 & x is a common cu/om among ! ,moors t1 if a dead p]son appe>s 9 a dream compla9+ ( hung] or ?ir/1 food or dr9k is at once giv5 to "s poor p4 ,among ! ,*ri/ians1 9 =m] days1 alms 7 di/ribut$ 9 ! *ur* :51 soon aft] a dea? or on ! anniv]s>y ( a dea?1 ! sacrifice ( ! mass 0 (f]$2 & alms 7 also giv5 at fun]als & at graves1 9 ! hope t _! m]it might be ( advantage to ! deceas$4#bfh ,at ,mykonos1 9 ! ,cyclades1 on "s fix$ days aft] ! #eeb burial a di% consi/+ ( boil$ :eat adorn$ ) sug> plums or o!r delicacy is put on ! tomb1 & f9ally di/ribut$ to ! poor at ! *ur* door2#bfi & 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia ! p /ill believe t if ! usual alms are n giv5 at a fun]al ! dead man's s\l w reveal itself to 8 relatives 9 ! =m ( a mo? fly+ ab\t ! flame ( a c&le4#bgj ,! suppos$ conf]r+ ( m]its ^u ! dead & ! pray]s on _! behalf1 s common bo? 9 ,*ri/ianity & ,muhamm$anism1 are ! la/ rema9s ( a s]ies ( cu/oms by means ( :i* ! liv+ h endeav\r$ to b5efit _! dep>t$ fri5ds4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bga sq4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,supra1 i4 #efe sqq4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,la ,fles*e1 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 ii4 #h sqq4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,burton1 ,s9dh1 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,fawcett1 ',notes on "s ( ! ,p ( ,malab>1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 iii4 #ga4 ,footnote #bff3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,g>nett1 ,wom5 ( ,turkey1 ii4 #dif4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #ecj4 ,c]teux & ,c>noy1 ,l',algrie traditionelle1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,uhlhorn1 ,die *ri/li*e ,liebe/htigkeit1 i4 #bha4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,b5t1 ,cyclades1 p4 #bba sq4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,ral/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #aag4 ,b ev5 :5 ! dead are no long] believ$ to be 9 ne$ ( human c>e1 nay1 ?\gh dea? be ?\ght to put an end to exi/5ce1 !re are /ill duties1 if n to ! dead1 at all ev5ts to ^? :o 7 once alive4 ,a p]son may be wrong$ by an act :i* he c no long] feel4 ,!re are rights t are 9 =ce n only dur+ 8 lifetime b aft] 8 dea?4 ,a giv5 promise is n buri$ ) him to :om x 0 made4 ,a dead man's w is b9d+4 ,8 memory is protect$ aga9/ calumny4 ,^! rights h ! same f\ndation z all o!r rights3 ! feel+s ( ! p]son himself & ! claims ( o!rs t 8 feel+s %all be respect$4 ,we h wi%es ) reg>d to ! future :5 we live no m4 ,we take an int]e/ 9 p]sons & ?+s t survive u4 ,we desire to leave beh9d a spotless "n4 ,& ! sympa?y felt = u by our fell[ m5 w la/ :5 we ourselves are gone4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,,cannibalism ,,be=e we take leave ( ! dead we h /ill to consid] ! practice ( eat+ !m4 ,habitual cannibalism1 p]mitt$ or 9 "s cases enjo9$ by cu/om1 has be5 met ) 9 a l>ge numb] ( savage tribes &1 z a religi\s or magical rite1 among sev]al peoples ( culture4 ,x is1 or has be51 p>ticul>ly preval5t 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 ,au/ralia1 ,c5tral ,africa1 & ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,b x has also be5 f\nd among v>i\s ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 c]ta9 tribes ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & among a few peoples on ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,& x is prov$ to h occurr$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4#a ,footnote #a3 ,= ! preval5ce & ext5son ( cannibalism99991 see ,&ree1 ,die ,an?ropophagie1 p4 #a sqq42 ,b]gemann1 ,die ,v]breitung d] ,an?ropophagie1 p4 #e sqq42 ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 p4 #b sqq42 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 #aba sqq42 ,let\rneau1 ,l'volution de la morale1 p4 #hb sqq42 ,ritson1 ,ab/95ce f ,animal ,food1 p4 #abe sqq42 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #bgi sqq42 ,s*aafhaus51 ',die ,m5s*5fress]ei und das ,m5s*5opf]1' 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,an?ropologie1 iv4 #bdh sqq42 ,h5k5ius1 ',v]breitung d] ,an?ropophagie1' 9 ,deuts*e ,runds*au f4 ,geographie u4 ,/ati/ik1 xv4 #cdh sqq42 de ,nadaillac1 ',l',an?ropophagie et les sacrifices huma9s1' 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 lxvi4 #djf sqq42 ,idem1 9 ,bullet9s de la ,soc4 d',an?rop4 de ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #bg sqq42 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #ade sqq4 7,am]ican aborig9es72 ,ko*1 ',die ,an?ropophagie d] sdam]ikanis*5 ,indian]1' 9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv f4 ,e?nographie1 xii4 #hd sqq42 ,preuss1 ,die ,begrbnis>t5 d] ,am]ikan] und ,nordo/asiat51 p4 #bag sqq42 ,vos1 ',die ,v]breitung d] ,an?ropophagie auf dem asiatis*5 ,fe/l&e1' 9 ,int]n4 ,ar*iv f4 ,e?nogr4 iii4 #fi sqq42 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #cfc sqq42 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #bji sqq42 ,matiegka1 ',an?ropophagie 9 d] prhi/oris*5 ,ansi$lung bei ,knovize und 9 d] prhi/oris*5 ,zeit b]haupt1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 ,an?rop4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xxvi4 #abi sqq42 ,wood-,m>t91 ,traces ( ! ,eld] ,fai?s ( ,irel&1 ii4 #bhf sqq4 #eed ,sometimes ! :ole body is eat51 ) ! exception ( ! bones1 sometimes only a "p ( x1 z ! liv] or ! he>t4 ,frequ5tly ! victim is an enemy or a memb] ( a =eign tribe1 b he may also be a relative or fell[ tribesman4 ,among v>i\s savages exo- & endo-an?ropophagy prevail simultane\sly2 b _m cannibals re/rict !mselves to eat+ /rang]s1 sla9 enemies1 or captives tak5 9 w>1 :]eas o!rs eat _! own p 9 pref]5ce to /rang]s1 or are exclusively endo-an?ropophag\s4 ,?us ! ,birhors ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india are said to eat _! ag$ relatives1 b to abhor any o!r =m ( cannibalism2#b & 9 c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes x is n ! dead bodies ( sla9 enemies t are eat51 b ! bodies ( fri5ds1 ! =m] be+ left :]e !y fell4#c ,sometimes p fe$ on ! corpses ( su* k9sm5 z h happ5$ to die1 sometimes !y kill & eat _! old folks1 sometimes p>5ts eat _! *ildr51 sometimes crim9als are eat5 by ! o!r memb]s ( _! own community4 ,! ,au/ralian ,diey]ie h a fix$ ord] 9 :i* !y p>take ( _! dead relatives3--,! "m eats ( h] *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 eat ( _! "m4 ,bro!rs-9-law & si/]s-9-law eat ( ea* o!r4 ,uncles1 aunts1 nephews1 nieces1 gr&*ildr51 gr&fa!rs1 & gr&mo!rs eat ( ea* o!r4 ,b ! fa!r does n eat ( 8 (fspr+1 or ! (fspr+ ( ! sire4#d ,among "s peoples cannibalism is an exclusively mascul9e cu/om1 ! wom5 be+ =bidd5 to eat human fle%1 except p]haps 9 q exceptional circum/ances4#e ,footnote #b3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bbj sq4 ,footnote #c3 ,palm]1 ',"s ,au/ralian ,tribes1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 #bhc2 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ef2 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #gec 7,que5sl& aborig9es74 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #fg 7tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,footnote #d3 ,gason1 ',diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #e3 ,coquilhat1 ,sur le ,haut-,congo1 p4 #bgd 7,bangala74 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,mbala1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #djc sq4 ,iidem1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,huana1' ibid4 xxxvi4 #bgi4 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #aeh 7,we/ ,equatorial ,africans74 ,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #ade2 ,be/1 ',art ( ,w>1 z conduct$ by ! ,maori1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 xi4 #ga 7"s ( ! ,maoris74 von ,langsdorf1 op4 cit4 i4 #acd 7,nukahivans74 ,ersk9e1 ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bfj 7,fijians74 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #edh4 ,) ref]5ce to ! natives ( ,au/ralia ,mr4 ,curr says 7,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #gg7 t human fle% seems to h be5 entirely =bidd5 to females2 b ?is c]ta9ly does n hold true ( all ! ,au/ralian tribes4 #eee ,! practice ( cannibalism may be trac$ to _m diff]5t s\rces4 9999,x (t5 spr+s f sc>city or lack ( animal food4#f ,9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 accord+ to ,ellis1 ! crav+s ( nature1 & ! pangs ( fam9e1 (t5 l$ to ?is unnatural crime4#g ,! ,nukahivans1 :o 7 9 ! habit ( eat+ _! enemies sla9 9 battle1 also kill$ & ate _! wives & *ildr5 9 times ( sc>city1 b n unless =c$ to x by ! utmo/ necessity4#h ,hung] has be5 repres5t$ z ! motive = cannibalism 9 "s ,nor? & ,we/ ,au/ralian tribes1 p>5ts sometimes consum+ ev5 _! own *ildr5 :5 food is sc>ce4#i ,! ,indians nor? ( ,lake ,sup]ior (t5 resort$ to ! eat+ ( human fle% :5 h>d press$ by _! enemies or dur+ a fam9e4#aj ,among ! ,hudson ,bay ,eskimo in/ances are report$ :]e1 9 times ( great sc>city1 families h be5 driv5 to cannibalism aft] eat+ _! dogs & ! clo?+ & o!r articles made ( sk9s4#aa ,footnote #f3 ,b]gemann1 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 de ,nadaillac1 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?r4 #ahhh1 p4 #bg sqq4 ,idem1 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 lxvi4 #dbh sq4 ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 p4 #be sqq4 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #bha sqq4 ,h5k5ius1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cdh sq4 ,let\rneau1 ,l'volution de la ,morale1 p4 #ig4 ,matiegka1 loc4 cit4 p4 #acf4 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #baf sq4 ,ro*as1 ,la ,n\velle ,caldonie1 p4 #cjd sq4 ,footnote #g3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cei4 ,footnote #h3 von ,langsdorf1 op4 cit4 i4 #add4 ,footnote #i3 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #acd4 ,nisbet1 ,a ,colonial ,tramp1 ii4 #adc4 ,oldfield1 ',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 #bhe4 ,9 h>d summ]s ! new-born babies 7 all eat5 by ! ,kaura tribe 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,adelaide 7,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #gdi74 ,footnote #aj3 ,w>r51 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #adf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #ahg4 ,b :il/ among "s peoples />vation is ! only inducem5t to cannibalism1 !re are o!rs :o c plead no su* motive = _! an?ropophag\s habits4 ,! ,fijians1 until lately "s ( ! greate/ man-eat]s on e>?1 inhabit a c\ntry :]e food ( e k9d ab\nds4#ab ,! ,brazilian cannibals g5]ally h a great #eef pl5ty ( game or fi%4#ac ,9 ,africa cannibalism prevails 9 _m c\ntries :i* are well suppli$ ) food4#ad ,?us ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo h be5 kn[n to make frequ5t w>like exp$itions aga9/ adjo9+ tribes seem+ly = ! sole object ( obta9+ human fle% to eat1 al?\gh _! l& is well provid$ ) a v>iety ( vegetable food & dome/ic animals1 to say no?+ ( ! incr$ible abundance ( fi% 9 its lakes & riv]s4#ae ,( ! cave-cannibals 9 ! ,trans-,g>iep ,c\ntry1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 a travell] rem>ks ) "s surprise3--,!y 7 inhabit+ a f9e agricultural tract ( c\ntry1 :i* also ab\nd$ 9 game4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !y 7 n cont5t$ ) hunt+ & fe$+ ^u _! enemies1 b prey$ mu* ^u ea* o!r also1 = _m ( _! captures 7 made f among/ ! p ( _! own tribe4#af ,f> f be+ an article ( food resort$ to 9 em]g5cy only1 human fle% is n seldom s\ght = z a delicacy4#ag ,! highe/ praise :i* ! ,fijians c\ld be/[ on a da9ty 0 to say t x 0 t5d] z a dead man4#ah ,9 v>i\s o!r isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,seas human fle% is spok5 ( z a delici\s food1 f> sup]ior to pork4#ai ,! #eeg ,au/ralian ,kurnai said t x ta/$ bett] ?an beef4#bj ,9 "s tribes 9 ,au/ralia a plump *ild is consid]$ a sweet m\?ful1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! "m1 clubs 9 ! h&s ( a few wilful m5 w soon lay x l[4#ba ,( c]ta9 natives ( ,nor!rn ,que5sl& we are told t ! greate/ inc5tive to tak+ life is _! appetite = human fle%1 z !y "k no great] luxury ?an ! fle% ( a black man4#bb ,footnote #ab3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ahb4 ,ersk9e4 op4 cit4 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #ac3 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #ech4 ,ko*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hg4 de ,nadaillac1 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?r4 #ahhh1 p4 #cj sq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,john/on1 ',e?ics ( ,cannibalism1' 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4,s4 xlv4 #bj sqq4 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #bab4 de ,nadaillac1 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?r4 #ahhh1 p4 #cb sq4 ,footnote #ae3 ,coquilhat1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bga1 #bgc4 ,john/on1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4,s4 xlv4 #bj4 ,footnote #af3 ,layl&1 quot$ by ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #baf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,b]gemann1 op4 cit4 p4 #di sq4 von ,langsdorf1 op4 cit4 i4 #ada4 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 ,e?iopi51 p4 #bah4 ,john/on1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4,s4 xlv4 #bj sqq4 7v>i\s ,african peoples74 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ccj 7,fans74 ,reade1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh 7,we/ ,equatorial ,africans74 ,coquilhat1 op4 cit4 p4 #bga 7,bangala74 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',ba-,mbala1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #djd4 ,iidem1 ',ba-,huana1' ibid4 xxxvi4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,wilkes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 iii4 #aja4 ,cf4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #age1 #agh1 #aie4 ,footnote #ai3 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #ei 7,new ,irel&]s74 ,idem1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #fe4 ,br5*ley1 ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa1 p4 #bji2 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cac 7natives ( ,tana1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides74 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #cdd 7,new ,cal$onians72 ,hale1 ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology1 p4 #ci 7,polynesians74 ,! ,bataks ( ,sumatra likewise consid] human fle% ev5 bett] ?an pork 7,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #afj sq474 ,= ! high appreciation ( its ta/e see also ,m>co ,polo1 ,book conc]n+ ! ,k+doms & ,m>vels ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #agi 7hill p 9 ,foki571 #bji 7,isl&]s 9 ! ,seas ( ,*9a72 ,s*aafhaus51 loc4 cit4 p4 #bdg sq42 ,matiegka1 loc4 cit4 p4 #acf1 n4 #c4 ,footnote #bj3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #geb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pp4 #c1 #eg4 ,footnote #bb3 ,lumholtz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aja1 #bga4 ,h[ev]1 bodily appetites1 :e!r hung] or g\rm&ise1 are by no means ! sole motives = cannibalism4 ,v frequ5tly x is describ$ z an act ( rev5ge4#bc ,! ,typees ( ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 accord+ to ,melville1 are cannibals only :5 !y seek to gratify ! passion ( rev5ge ^u _! foes4#bd ,! cannibalism ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s seems ma9ly to h be5 an expression ( ! deepe/ humiliation to :i* !y c\ld make a p]son subject4#be ,! ,samoans affirm$ t1 :5 9 "s ( _! w>s a body 0 occasionally cook$1 x 0 always "s "o ( ! enemy :o _h be5 notori\s = provocation or cruelty1 & t eat+ a "p ( 8 body 0 consid]$ ! climax ( hatr$ & rev5ge1 & 0 n occasion$ by ! m]e reli% = human fle%4 ,to speak ( roa/+ #eeh him is ! v wor/ language t c be address$ to a ,samoan1 & if appli$ to a *ief ( importance1 he may raise w> to av5ge ! insult4#bf ,among ! ,maoris human fle% 0 frequ5tly eat5 f motives ( rev5ge & hatr$1 to ca/ disgrace on ! p]son eat51 & to /rike t]ror4 ,x 0 su* a disgrace = a ,new ,zeal&] to h 8 body eat51 t if crews ( ,engli%m5 & ,new ,zeal&]s1 all fri5ds1 7 dy+ ( />vation 9 sep>ate %ips1 ! ,engli% might resort to cannibalism1 b ! ,new ,zeal&]s nev] w\ld4#bg ,ev5 9 ,fiji1 :]e cannibalism 0 l>gely indulg$ 9 = ! m]e pleasure ( eat+ human fle% z food1 rev5ge is said to h be5 ! *ief motive = x4#bh ,?us1 9 any transaction :]e ! national hon\r _h to be av5g$1 x 0 incumb5t ^u ! k+ & pr9cipal *iefs--9 fact1 a duty !y ow$ to _! exalt$ /ation--to av5ge ! insult (f]$ to ! c\ntry by eat+ ! p]petrators ( x4#bi ,footnote #bc3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #caj 7,tahitians74 von ,langsdorf1 op4 cit4 i4 #adi 7,nukahivans74 ,=/]1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 ii4 #cae 7natives ( ,tana & g5]ally74 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bdh 7natives ( ,new ,brita9 & ,new ,irel&74 ,h[itt1 ,natives ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bdg1 #gea4 ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #cia2 ,bun+1 9 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #gd sq42 ,junghuhn4 op4 cit4 ii4 #aef1 #afj 7,bataks74 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #cfi sqq4 7anci5t ,*9ese74 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #bjh sq4 7,negroes74 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #baf 7natives ( ,bonny & ,new ,calab>74 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #ade sq4 ,c>v]1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cjc sq4 7,naud[essies74 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #ajd 7,potawatomis74 ,ko*1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #hg1 #hi sqq4 7,s\? ,am]ican tribes74 von ,humboldt1 ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 v4 #dba 7,indians ( ,guyana74 ,wi$-,neuwi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4 #ej 7,botocudos & "s o!r ,brazilian tribes74 ,lomonaco1 ',sulle razze indig5e del ,brasile1' 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 xix4 #eh 7,tupis74 ,&ree1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb sq4 & passim4 ,footnote #bd3 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #be3 ,p>k9son1 ,zur ,e?nographie d] nordwe/li*5 ,salomo ,inseln1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bf3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #aid4 ,cf4 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #abe sq4 ,footnote #bg3 ,?omson1 ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&1 i4 #ada sqq4 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #abi4 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #abh4 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #cec4 ,be/1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 xi4 #ga sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aja4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #aha4 ,! practice ( eat+ crim9als1 :i* is q a common =m ( cannibalism1 seems to be l>gely due to rev5ge or indignation4#cj ,9 ,lep]s' ,isl&1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! victims ( x 7 n g5]ally enemies :o _h be5 kill$ 9 fight+1 b x 0 a murd]] or p>ticul>ly dete/$ enemy :o 0 eat51 9 ang] & to treat him ill4#ca ,among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra (f5d]s condemn$ = c]ta9 capital crimes1 su* z atroci\s murd]1 treason1 & adult]y1 7 usually eat5 by ! injur$ p]sons & _! fri5ds ) all ! signs ( angry passion4#cb ,b ?is =m ( cannibalism may also h ano!r f\ndation4#cc ,if = any reason !re is a desire to eat human fle%1 an unsympa!tic be+ l a crim9al is apt to be *os5 z a victim4 #eei ,x is said t "s ( ! ,l9e ,isl&]s 9 ! ,s\? ,seas began _! cannibalism by eat+ ?ieves & slaves4#cd ,9 ,melanesia1 :]e human sacrifices 7 comb9$ ) ! eat+ ( bits ( ! victim1 advantage 0 tak5 ( a crime1 or imput$ crime1 to take a life & (f] ! man to "s t9dalo4#ce ,footnote #cj3 ,cf4 ,matiegka1 loc4 cit4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #ca3 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,m>sd51 op4 cit4 p4 #cia4 ,junghuhn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aef sq4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee sq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,tutuila1 ',l9e ,isl&]s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bgj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #ace4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r cannibalism c be a direct expression ( hatr$2#cf b = no good reason4 ,to eat a p]son is1 accord+ to primitive ideas1 to annihilate him z an individual1#cg & we c readily imag9e ! triumphant feel+s ( a savage :o has 8 enemy betwe5 8 jaws4 ,! ,fijian eats 9 rev5ge ev5 ! v]m9 :i* bite him1 & :5 a ?orn pricks him he picks x out ( 8 fle% & eats x4#ch ,! ,co*9-,*9ese express _! deepe/ hatr$ ( a p]son by say+1 ,i wi% ,i c\ld eat 8 liv] or 8 fle%4#ci ,o!r p want to dr9k ! blood ( _! enemies4 ,footnote #cf3 ,/e9metz1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aah 7,maoris74 ,john/on1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4 ,s4 xlv4 #bg 7,negroes ( ! ,nig] ,delta74 ,ko*1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #hg1 #aji4 ,lipp]t1 ,d] ,seel5cult1 p4 #fi4 ,idem1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #bhb sq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,prit*>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #ci3 von ,langsdorf1 op4 cit4 i4 #adh4 ,! idea t a p]son is annihilat$ or loses 8 individuality by be+ eat5 has l$ to cannibalism n only 9 rev5ge b z an act ( protection1 z a me?od ( mak+ a dang]\s individual h>mless aft] dea?4#dj ,among ! ,botocudos w>riors dev\r$ ! bodies ( _! fall5 enemies 9 ! belief t !y w\ld ?us be safe f ! rev5geful hatr$ ( ! dead4#da ,9 ,a%antee sev]al ( ! he>ts ( ! enemy are cut out by ! feti% m5 :o foll[ ! army1 & ! blood & small pieces be+ mix$ 7) mu* c]emony & incantation7 ) v>i\s consecrat$ h]bs1 all ^? :o h nev] kill$ an enemy be=e eat a portion1 = x is believ$ t if !y did n1 _! vig\r & c\rage w\ld be secretly wa/$ by ! haunt+ _s ( ! #efj deceas$4#db ,9 ,gre5l& a sla9 man is said to h ! p[] to av5ge himself ^u ! murd]] by ru%+ into him1 :i* c only be prev5t$ by eat+ a piece ( 8 liv]4#dc ,_m cannibals are 9 ! habit ( consum+ t "p ( a sla9 enemy :i* is suppos$ to conta9 8 s\l or c\rage or /r5g?1 & "o reason = ?is practice may be ! wi% to r5d] him incapable ( do+ fur!r h>m4 ,que5sl& natives eat ! kidneys ( ! p]sons :om !y h kill$1 believ+ t ! kidneys are ! c5tre ( life4#dd ,among ! ,maoris a *ief 0 (t5 satisfi$ ) ! left eye ( 8 enemy1 :i* !y consid]$ to be ! seat ( ! s\l2 or !y drank ! blood f a correspond+ belief2#de or 9 ! case ( a blood feud ! he>t ( ! enemy1 repres5t+ ! vital ess5ce ( him1 0 eat5 to fix or make firm ! victory & ! c\rage ( ! victor4#df ,o!r peoples likewise eat ! he>ts or suck ! bra9s ( _! foes4 ,footnote #dj3 ,cf4 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #bhb2 ,ko*1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #hg1 #aji4 ,footnote #da3 ,fea!rman1 ,social ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ',*iapo- & ,gu>ano-,m>anonians1' p4 #cee4 ,footnote #db3 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #dc3 ,r9k1 ,tales & ,traditions ( ! ,eskimo1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #dd3 ,lumholtz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #de3 ,dieff5ba*1 op4 cit4 ii4 #abh sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,be/1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 xii4 #hc1 #adg4 ,moreov]1 by eat+ ! suppos$ seat ( a c]ta9 quality 9 8 enemy ! cannibal ?9ks n only t he deprives 8 victim ( t quality1 b also t he incorporates x ) 8 own sy/em4#dg ,9 _m cases ?is is ! *ief or ! only reason = ! practice ( cannibalism4 ,! ,%o%one ,indians suppos$ t !y became animat$ by ! h]oic _s ( a fall5 foe if !y p>took ( 8 fle%4#dh ,among ! ,hurons1 if an enemy _h %[n c\rage1 8 he>t1 roa/$ & cut into small pieces1 #efa 0 giv5 to ! "y m5 & boys to eat4#di ,! ,e7we-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ us$ to eat ! he>ts ( foes rem>kable = sagacity1 hold+ t ! he>t is ! seat ( ! intellect z well z ( c\rage4#ej ,among ! ,kimbunda ( ,s\?-,we/]n ,africa1 :5 a new k+ succe$s to ! ?rone1 a brave prison] ( w> is kill$ 9 ord] t ! k+ & nobles may eat 8 fle%1 & s acquire 8 /r5g? & c\rage4#ea ,! idea ( transf]5ce v l>gely und]lies ,au/ralian cannibalism4#eb ,9 "s tribes enemies are consum$ ) a view to acquir+ "s "p ( _! qualities & c\rage4#ec ,! ,diey]ie dev\r ! fatty portions ( _! foes because !y ?9k x w imp>t /r5g? to !m4#ed ,& simil> motives are (t5 giv5 = ! practice ( eat+ relatives or fri5ds4 ,:5 a man is kill$ 9 "o ( ! c]emonial fights 9 ! tribes ab\t ,m>ybor\gh1 9 ,que5sl&1 8 fri5ds sk9 & eat him 9 ! hope t 8 virtues z a w>rior may g into ^? :o p>take ( him4#ee ,among ! natives ( ! ,riv] ,d>l+1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 a piece ( fle% is cut f ! dead body & tak5 to ! camp1 & aft] be+ sun-dri$ is cut up into small pieces1 :i* are di/ribut$ among ! relatives & fri5ds ( ! deceas$4 ,"s ( !m use ! piece 9 mak+ a *>m1 or ?r[ x into ! riv] to br+ a flood & fi%1 b o!rs suck x to get /r5g? & c\rage4#ef ,9 c]ta9 ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes1 :5 a p>ty />ts on an av5g+ exp$ition1 e man ( x dr9ks "s blood & also has "s spurt$ ov] 8 body1 s z to make him li! & active2 ! eld] m5 #efb indicate f :om ! blood is to be drawn1 & ! p]sons ?us select$ mu/ n decl9e4#eg ,9 c]ta9 ,s\? ,au/ralian tribes cannibalism is only practis$ by old m5 & wom51 :o eat a baby 9 ord] to get ! y\ng/]'s /r5g?4#eh ,among o!r natives ( ! same cont95t1 z we h notic$ above1 a "m us$ to kill & eat h] fir/ *ild1 z ?is 0 believ$ to /r5g!n h] = lat] bir?s4#ei ,& 9 v>i\s ,au/ralian tribes x is1 or has be51 ! cu/om :5 a *ild is weak or sickly to kill its infant bro!r or si/] & fe$ x ) ! fle% to make x /rong4#fj ,_m ( ! ,brazilian ,indians are 9 ! habit ( burn+ ! bones ( _! dep>t$ relatives1 & mix ! a%es ) a dr9k ( :i* !y p>take = ! purpose ( absorb+ _! spirits or virtues4#fa ,dr4 ,c\to de ,magalhes 0 in=m$ t ! savage ,*avantes eat _! *ildr5 :o die1 9 ! hope ( ga!r+ aga9 to _! body ! s\l ( ! *ild4#fb ,footnote #dg3 ,blum5tritt1 ',d] ,ahn5cultus d] ,malai5 des ,philipp95-,ar*ipels1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 kais4 u4 knig4 ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xxv4 #aed 7,italones74 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bfi 7,kukis74 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #cgc sqq4 7anci5t ,*9ese74 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #bji sq4 7,negroes74 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade sq4 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 i4 #ajd 7,potawatomis74 ,ko*1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #hg1 #hi sqq41 #aji 7,s\? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,&ree1 op4 cit4 p4 #aja sq4 & passim4 ,lipp]t1 ,d] ,seel5cult1 p4 #gj sqq4 ,idem1 ,kulturges*i*te1 ii4 #bhb4 ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 p4 #abh sqq4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ceg sqq4 ,gomme1 ,e?nology 9 ,folklore1 p4 #aea sqq4 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #aja sqq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,fea!rman1 op4 cit4 ',aoneo-,m>anonians1' p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #di3 ,p>kman1 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 xxxix4 ,footnote #ej3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ea3 ,magy>1 ,reis5 9 ,sd-,afrika1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #eb3 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pp4 #ef1 #ha4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 p4 xxxviii4 ,h[itt1 ',au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xvi4 #cj4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,euahlayi ,tribe1 p4 #ch4 ,gason1 ',diey]ie ,tribe1' 9 ,curr1 op4 cit4 ii4 #eb4 ,footnote #ec3 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #geb4 ,footnote #ed3 ,gason1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #agb4 ,footnote #ee3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #gec4 ,mc,donald1',mode ( ,prep>+ ! ,dead among ! ,natives ( ! ,upp] ,m>y ,riv]1 ,que5sl&1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #agi4 ,footnote #ef3 ,bonney1 ',aborig9es ( ! ,riv] ,d>l+1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 #ace4 ,footnote #eg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #eh3 ,crau=d1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ei3 ,supra1 i4 #deh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #gdi sq4 7all ! tribes ( ! ,wotjo nation1 & ! ,tata?i & o!r tribes on ! ,murray ,riv] frontage74 ,/anbridge1 ',tribes 9 ! ,c5tral ,"p ( ,victoria1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 #bhi4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #eb1 #dge 7,lurit*a tribe74 ,footnote #fa3 ,wallace1 ,travels on ! ,amazon1 p4 #dih 7,t>inas1 ,tucnos1 & "s o!r tribes ( ! ,uaups74 ,c\dreau1 ,la ,france qu9oxiale1 ii4 #agc 7,cobbos1 ( ! ,uaups74 ,monteiro1 quot$ by von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,reise 9 ,brasili51 iii4 #abjg1 n4 99 7,jumnas74 ,ko*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hc sq4 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #fb3 ,c\to de ,magalhes1 ,trabalho prep>atorio p>a aproveitam5to d selvagem e d solo por elle occupado no ,brazil--,o selvagem1 p4 #acb4 ,cf4 de ,ca/elnau1 ,expdition dans les p>ties c5trales de l',amrique du ,sud1 iv4 #chb 7,camacas74 ,! belief 9 ! pr9ciple ( transf]5ce has also l$ to cannibalism 9 connection ) human sacrifice & to ! eat+ ( man-gods4 ,at ,florida1 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 human fle% 0 eat5 9 sacrifice only4#fc ,9 ,hawaii1 aprs le sacrifice1 le peuple1 qui d'ailleurs ne fut jamais an?ropophage1 pratiquait une sorte de communion en mangeant c]ta9es p>ties de la victime4#fd ,9 ,we/ ,equatorial ,africa1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade1 !re are two k9ds ( cannibalism--! "o is simply an #efc act ( g\rm&ise1 ! o!r is sacrificial & is p]=m$ by ! prie/s1 ^: (fice x is to eat a portion ( ! victims1 :e!r m51 goats1 or f[ls4#fe ,& ?is sacrificial cannibalism is n re/rict$ to ! prie/s4 ,9 ,briti% ,nig]ia no great human sacrifice (f]$ = ! purpose ( appeas+ ! gods & av]t+ sickness or mis=tune is consid]$ to be complete unless ei!r ! prie/s or ! p eat ! bodies ( ! victims2#ff & among ! ,aro p 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia ! human victims (f]$ to ! god 7 eat5 by all ! p1 ! fle% be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t _! c\ntry4#fg ,! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>anque1 9 anci5t ,p]u1 likewise consum$ ! fle% ( ^? :om !y sacrific$ to _! gods4#fh ,! ,aztecs ate p>ts ( ! human bodies ^: blood _h be5 p\r$ out on ! alt> ( sacrifice1#fi & s did ! ,mayas4#gj ,9 ,nic>agua ! high-prie/s receiv$ ! he>t1 ! k+ ! feet & h&s1 he :o captur$ ! victim took ! ?ighs1 ! entrails 7 giv5 to ! trumpet]s1 & ! re/ 0 divid$ among ! p4#ga ,9 anci5t ,india x 0 a preval5t op9ion t he :o (f]$ a human victim 9 sacrifice %\ld p>take ( its fle%2 ?\gh1 9 opposition to ?is view1 x 0 also said t a man _c be all[$1 mu* less requir$1 to eat human fle%4#gb ,! sacrificial =m ( cannibalism obvi\sly spr+s f ! idea t a victim (f]$ to a sup]natural be+ p>ticipates 9 8 sanctity#gc & f ! wi% ( ! wor%ipp] to transf] to himself some?+ ( its b5ign virtue4 ,s also ! div9e qualities ( a man-god are suppos$ to be assimilat$ by ! p]son #efd :o eats 8 fle% or dr9ks 8 blood4#gd ,?is 0 ! idea ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians conc]n+ ! ,eu*>i/4 ,9 ! holy food !y assum$ a real be/[al ( heav5ly gifts1 a bodily self-communication ( ,*ri/1 a miracul\s implant+ ( div9e life4 ,! p>tak+ ( ! consecrat$ elem5ts _h no special relation to ! =giv5ess ( s9s2 b x /r5g!n$ fai? & k1 &1 especially1 x 0 ! gu>antee ( et]nal life1 because ! body ( ,*ri/ 0 et]nal4 ,! holy food 0 describ$ z ! m$ic9e ( immortality4#ge ,footnote #fc3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdc4 ,see also ,geisel]1 ,die ,o/]-,insel1 p4 #cj sq4 7,ea/] ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #fd3 ,remy1 ,ka ,mooolelo ,hawaii1 p4 xl4 ,footnote #fe3 ,reade1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh4 ,see also ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #bji sq4 ,footnote #ff3 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #fg3 ,p>tridge1 ,cross ,riv] ,natives1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #fh3 ,rank+1 ,rese>*es on ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #fi3 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 p4 #da4 ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #hi4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #agf2 iii4 #ddc sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 ii4 #gbe4 ,footnote #ga3 ,ibid4 ii4 #gbe4 ,footnote #gb3 ,web]1 ',ueb] ,m5s*5opf] bei d5 ,ind]n d] v$is*5 ,zeit1' 9 ,indis*e ,/reif51 i4 #gb sq4 ,footnote #gc3 ,see supra1 i4 #dde sq4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ceb1 #cec4 #cff4 ,footnote #ge3 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i4 #baa2 ii4 #add sqq42 iv4 #bhf1 #bia1 #bid1 #bif1 #big1 #bii sq4 ,9 v>i\s o!r in/ances human fle% or blood is suppos$ to h a sup]natural or m$ic9al effect ^u him :o p>takes ( x4 ,! ,banks ,isl&]s 9 ,melanesia believe t a man or woman may obta9 a p[] l t ( ,vampires by /eal+ & eat+ a morsel ( a corpse2 ! gho/ ( ! dead man w\ld !n jo9 9 a close fri5d%ip ) ! p]son :o _h eat51 & w\ld gratify him by afflict+ any "o aga9/ :om 8 gho/ly p[] might be direct$4#gf ,au/ralian sorc]]s are said to acquire _! magic influ5ce by eat+ human fle%4#gg ,! ,egyptian natives :o accompani$ ,bak] on "o ( 8 exp$itions imag9$ t ! rite ( consum+ an enemy's liv] w\ld give a fatal direction to a r&om bullet4#gh ,among ! aborig9es ( ,tasmania a man's blood 0 (t5 adm9i/]$ z a heal+ draught4#gi ,9 ,*9a ! he>t1 ! liv]1 ! gall1 & ! blood ( execut$ crim9als are us$ = life-/r5g!n+ purposes2#hj ?us at ,pek+1 :5 a p]son has be5 execut$ by ! sword1 c]ta9 l>ge pi? balls are /eep$ 9 ! blood &1 "u ! "n ( blood-bread1 sold z a m$ic9e = consumption4#ha ,t]tullian speaks ( ^? :o at ! gladiatorial %[s1 = ! cure ( epilepsy1 #efe quaff ) gre$y ?ir/ ! blood ( crim9als sla9 9 ! ar5a1 z x fl[s fre% f ! w\nd4#hb ,s also 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe ! blood ( crim9als has be5 drunk z a rem$y aga9/ epilepsy1 fev]1 & o!r diseases4#hc ,9 ^! cases ! ascription ( a heal+ effect to ! blood ( ! dead may p]haps h be5 d]iv$ f a belief 9 ! transf]5ce ( "s quality :i* !y possess$ 9 _! lifetime2 ! blood or life ( a s\nd & /rong individual might imp>t heal? to ! sickly4 ,b ! my/]y ( dea? w\ld also give to ! corpse a miracul\s p[] ( its own1 especially :5 comb9$ ) ! horror or awe inspir$ by an execut$ felon4 ,footnote #gf3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bba sq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bee4 ,footnote #gh3 ,bak]1 ,ismaila1 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #gi3 ,bonwick1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #hj3 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 7vol4 iv4 book7 ii4 #cgg4 ,footnote #ha3 ,r5nie1 quot$ by ,yule1 9 8 translation ( ,m>co ,polo1 i4 #bge1 n4 #g4 ,footnote #hb3 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #i 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #cba sq474 ,footnote #hc3 ,/rack1 ,d] ,blutab]glaube 9 d] ,m5s*heit1 p4 #bg sqq4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 #ahi sqq41 p4 #acg sq4 ,jahn1 ',ueb] d5 ,zaub] mit ,m5s*5blut1' 9 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 f4 ,an?rop4 #ahhh1 p4 #acd sqq4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,crim9al1 p4 #bhd4 ,peacock1 ',execut$ ,crim9als & ,folk-,m$ic9e1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 vii4 #bgj sq4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 aga91 ! belief 9 ! wond]ful effects ( cannibal practices may h orig9at$ 9 ! notion t1 if a p]son or ! ess5tial "p ( him is eat51 he ceases to exi/ ev5 z a _s1 or at all ev5ts loses 8 p[] ( do+ mis*ief4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,guiana1 :5 a man is po9t$ out z ! secret murd]] ( a relative :o has di$1 ! av5g] w %oot him ?r\gh ! back2 & if he happ5s to fall dead to ! gr\nd1 8 corpse is dragg$ aside & buri$ 9 a %all[ grave4 ,! ?ird night ! av5g] goes to ! grave & presses a po9t$ /ick ?r\gh ! corpse2 & if on )draw+ ! /ick he f9ds blood on ! end ( x1 he ta/es ! blood 9 ord] to w>d (f any evil effects t might foll[ f ! murd]1 return+ home appeas$ & app>5tly at ease4 ,b if x happ5s t ! w\nd$ individual is able to escape1 he *>ges 8 relatives to bury him aft] 8 dea? 9 "s place :]e he _c be f\nd4 ,?is is to puni% ! murd]] = 8 de$1 inasmu* z ! belief prevails t if he ta/e n ! blood he mu/ p]i% by madness4#hd ,9 ,prussia x 0 a popul> sup]/ition t #eff if a murd]] cut (f1 roa/$1 & ate a piece ( 8 victim's body1 he w\ld nev] aft] ?9k ( 8 de$4#he ,b by eat+ a "p ( ! corpse a homicide may also protect himself aga9/ ! v5geance ( ! survivors1 presumably because he has n[ absorb$ _! relative into 8 own sy/em4#hf ,! natives ( ,new ,brita9 eat _! enemies & fix ! leg & arm bones ( ! victims at ! butt end ( _! spe>s1 believ+ t ?is n only gives !m ! /r5g? ( ! man ^: bones !y c>ry b also makes !m invuln]able by 8 relatives4#hg ,! ,botocudos ?\ght t by dev\r+ _! fall5 enemies !y bo? protect$ !mselves f ! hatr$ ( ! dead & at ! same "t prev5t$ ! arr[s ( ! ho/ile tribe f hitt+ !m4#hh ,9 ,gre5l& ! relatives ( a murd]$ p]son1 :5 highly enrag$1 w cut to pieces ! body ( ! murd]] & dev\r "p ( ! he>t or liv]1 ?9k+ !reby to dis>m 8 relatives ( all c\rage to attack !m4#hi ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,italy !re is a popul> belief t a murd]] w n be able to escape unless he ta/e or b$aub himself ) 8 victim's blood4#ij ,sometimes1 we are told1 cannibalism is ev5 suppos$ to h a positively injuri\s effect ^u ! victim's relatives1 9 accordance1 z x seems1 ) ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic4 ,among ! ,*uk*i1 9 ! case ( rev5ge = blood1 ! slay]s eat a little bit ( ! enemy's he>t or liv]1 suppos+ t !y 9 ?is way cause ! he>ts ( 8 k9sfolk to sick54#ia ,footnote #hd3 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #eg sq4 ,footnote #he3 von ,tettau & ,temme1 ,die ,volkssag5 ,o/preuss5s1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #hf3 ,cf4 ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bde sq4 ,footnote #hg3 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ca/elnau1 ,expdition dans les p>ties c5trales de l',amrique du ,sud1 iv4 #chb4 ,footnote #hi3 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #agh4 ,footnote #ij3 ,pasqu>elli1 quot$ by ,h>tl&1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bdf4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ii4 #bab4 ,human fle% or blood is n only believ$ to imp>t c]ta9 qualities or b5eficial magic en]gy to him :o p>takes ( x1 b also s]ves z a means ( transf]r+ conditional curses f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,?is ,i take to be ! explanation ( cannibalism z a cov5ant rite2 9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! #efg ma9 pr9ciple und]ly+ ! blood-cov5ant is ! idea t ! transf]5ce ( blood conveys to ! p]son :o dr9ks x1 or is inoculat$ ) x1 a conditional curse :i* w injure or de/roy him %\ld he break 8 promise4#ib ,! dr9k+ ( human blood1 or ( w9e mix$ ) su* blood1 has be5 a =m ( cov5ant among v>i\s anci5t & m$ival peoples1 z well z among c]ta9 savages4#ic ,9 "s ,s\? ,slavonic di/ricts compacts betwe5 diff]5t clans are ev5 n[ made by _! repres5tatives suck+ blood f ea* o!r's "r h&s & swe>+ fidelity till ! grave4#id ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,africa1 aga91 ! p>tak+ ( human fle%1 g5]ally prep>$ 9 a k9d ( pa/e mix$ ) condim5ts & kept 9 a qua9tly-c>v$ wood5 box & eat5 ) r\nd spoons ( human bone1 con/itutes a bond ( union betwe5 /rang]s :o are suspici\s ( "o ano!r or betwe5 =m] enemies1 or accompanies ! mak+ ( a solemn decl>ation or ! tak+ ( an oa?4#ie ,among ! ,bambala1 a ,bantu tribe 9 ! ,kasai1 s\? ( ! ,riv] ,congo1 cannibalism accompanies ! c]emony by :i* a k9d ( alliance is e/abli%$ betwe5 *iefs ( ! same region4 ,! mo/ p[]ful *ief w invite ! o!r *iefs ( ! neighb\rhood to a meet+ held on 8 t]ritory1 9 ord] to make a compact aga9/ blood%$4 ,a slave is fatt5$ = ! occasion & kill$ by ! ho/1 & ! invit$ *iefs & _! foll[]s p>take ( ! fle%4 ,p>ticipation 9 ?is banquet is tak5 z a pl$ge to prev5t murd]4 ,suppos+ t a *ief1 aft] att5d+ an assembly ( ?is k9d1 kills a slave1 e village :i* took "p 9 ! bond has ! "r to claim comp5sation1 & ! murd]] is sure to be completely ru9$4#if ,footnote #ib3 ,supra1 ii4 #bjh4 ,footnote #ic3 ,/rack1 op4 cit4 p4 #i sqq4 ,rhs1 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te des ,mittelalt]s1 p4 #cbc4 ,supra1 ii4 #bjg sqq4 ,footnote #id3 ,krauss1 ',shnung d] ,blutra*e im ,h]zgis*51' 9 ,am ,ur-,quell1 ,n4,f4 i4 #aif4 ,footnote #ie3 ,john/on1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4,s4 xlv4 #bh4 ,footnote #if3 ,torday & ,joyce1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #djd1 #dji4 ,= ! practice ( eat+ relatives or fri5ds1 f9ally1 "s special reasons are giv5 besides ^? already m5tion$4#efh ,x is repres5t$ z a m>k ( affection or respect = ! dead1#ig z an act :i* b5efits n only ! p]son :o eats b also him :o is eat54 ,! reason :i* ! ,au/ralian ,diey]ie assign = _! endo-an?ropophagy is1 t %\ld !y n eat _! relatives !y w\ld be p]petually cry+ & become a nuisance to ! camp4#ih ,! natives ( ! ,b\lia di/rict1 ,que5sl&1 among :om *ildr5 t die sudd5ly are p>tly eat5 by ! p>5ts & _! blood bro!rs & si/]s1 say t putt+ !m along hole w\ld make !m ?9k too mu* ab\t _! belov$ little ones4#ii ,9 ! ,turrbal tribe 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl& a man :o happ5$ to be kill$ 9 "o ( ! c]emonial combats :i* foll[$ ! initiation rites 0 eat5 by ^? memb]s ( ! tribe :o 7 pres5t2 & ! motive /at$ is t !y ate him because !y knew him & 7 fond ( him1 & !y n[ knew :]e he 01 & 8 fle% w\ld n /9k4#ajj ,! ,bataks ( ,sumatra decl>$ t !y frequ5tly ate _! own relatives :5 ag$ & infirm1 n s mu* to gratify _! appetite1 z to p]=m a pi\s c]emony4#aja ,among ! ,samoy$es old & decrepit p]sons :o 7 no long] able to "w let _! *ildr5 kill & eat !m 9 ! hope t !y !reby might f>e bett] aft] dea?4#ajb ,! ,indian ( ,hayti w\ld ?9k he 0 want+ to ! memory ( a relation1 if he _h n ?r[n into 8 dr9k a small portion ( ! body ( ! deceas$1 aft] hav+ dri$ x 4 4 4 & r$uc$ x to p[d]4#ajc ,among ! ,botocudos old m5 :o 7 unable to keep up 9 ! m>* 7 at _! own reque/ eat5 up by _! sons s t _! #efi enemies %\ld be prev5t$ f digg+ up & injur+ _! bodies2#ajd :il/ mo!rs n infrequ5tly consum$ _! dead *ildr5 out ( love4#aje ,! ,mayorunas consid]$ x m desirable = ! dep>t$ to be eat5 by relatives ?an by worms2#ajf & ! ,cocomas1 a tribe ( ! ,m>aon & ,l[] ,huallaga1 said x 0 bett] to be inside a fri5d ?an to be swall[$ up by ! cold e>?4#ajg ,x is impossible to decide h[ f> ^! /atem5ts repres5t orig9al motives = ! cu/om ( eat+ dead relatives4 ,!y may be lat] int]pretations ( a habit :i* 9 ! fir/ place sprang f selfi%ness r ?an love4 ,footnote #ig3 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #fg 7tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria74 ,mc,donald1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ii4 #agi 7natives ( ! ,upp] ,m>y ,riv]1 ,que5sl&74 ,fea!rman1 op4 cit4 ',oceano-,melanesians1' p4 #bdc 7,hawaiians74 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 i4 #cgi 7,tapuyas74 ,m>cgravius de ,lieb/ad1 ,hi/oria r]um naturalium ,brasili1 viii4 #ab1 p4 #bhb 7anci5t ,tupis74 ,footnote #ih3 ,gason1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #agb4 ,idem1 9 ,woods1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ro?1 ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #gec4 ,footnote #aja3 ,leyd51 ',languages & ,lit]ature ( ! ,indo-,*9ese ,nations1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 x4 #bjb4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,preuss1 op4 cit4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,bembo1 quot$ by von ,humboldt1 op4 cit4 v4 #bdh4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,voss1 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,geells*4 ,an?r4 #ahia1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #aje3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii4 #ddf4 ,footnote #ajf3 von ,s*tz-,holzhaus51 ,d] ,amazonas1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,m>kham1 ',li/ ( ! ,tribes 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,amazon1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #bec4 ,! cannibalism ( mod]n savages has (t5 be5 repres5t$ z ! survival ( an anci5t practice :i* 0 once univ]sal 9 ! human race4#ajh ,! advocates ( ?is !ory1 h[ev]1 h n g5]ally made any s]i\s attempts to prove x4 ,i h 9 ano!r place put ! "q h[ e?nographical facts c give u in=mation reg>d+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d1 & my answ] 03--,we h fir/ to f9d out ! causes ( ! social ph5om5a2 we may !n f ! preval5ce ( ! causes inf] ! preval5ce ( ! ph5om5a !mselves1 if ! =m] mu/ be assum$ to h op]at$ )\t be+ *eck$ by o!r causes4#aji ,?is seems a v obvi\s me?od2 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 ,dr4 ,/e9metz is ! only "o :o has /rictly appli$ x to ! "q ( cannibalism4 ,he has arriv$ at ! conclusion t primitive man mo/ probably 0 9 ! habit ( eat+ ! bodies ( 8 dead k9sm5 z also ( sla9 enemies4 ,8 argum5t is briefly z foll[s3--#egj ,! *ief impulse ( primitive man 0 8 desire = food4 ,he f$ n only on fruits & vegetables1 b on fle%4 ,8 ta/e = animal food 0 n limit$ by any suffici5t e/hetic horror ( human corpses4 ,nor 0 he kept back f eat+ !m by fe> ( expos+ himself to ! rev5ge ( ! disembodi$ s\l ( 8 victim1 nor by any fanta/ic sympa?y = ! dead body4 ,consequ5tly1 he 0 an habitual cannibal4#aaj ,if ,i _c accept ,dr4 ,/e9metz's conclusion x is c]ta9ly n because ,i f9d fault ) 8 me?od1 b because ,i consid] 8 *ief premise exce$+ly d\btful4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,&ree1 op4 cit4 p4 #ih sq4 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #bgi4 ,s*urtz1 ,speisev]bote1 p4 #be4 ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #hg4 ,john/on1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4,s4 xlv4 #bh4 ,m4 ,let\rneau 7,l'volution de la morale1 p4 #gf7 calls cannibalism le p* orig9el de t\tes les races huma9es4 ,footnote #aji3 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #c sq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 p4 #cd sqq4 ,x is q likely t e>ly man pref]r$ cannibalism to dea? f />vation1 & t he occasionally practis$ x f ! same motive z has induc$ _m %ipwreck$ m5 ev5 among civilis$ peoples to h rec\rse to ! bodies ( _! comrades 9 ord] to save _! lives4 ,b we are "h conc]n$ ) habitual cannibalism only4 ,al?\gh ,i consid] x highly probable t man 0 orig9ally 9 ! ma9 frugivor\s1 !re c be no d\bt t he has f v e>ly times f$ l>gely on animal food4 ,we may fur!r take = grant$ t he has habitually eat5 ! fle% ( :atev] animals he c\ld get = :i* he _h a ta/e & f ! eat+ ( :i* no sup]/iti\s or s5tim5tal motive held him back4 ,b t he at fir/ _h no av]sion to human fle% seems to me a v prec>i\s assumption4 ,a l>ge numb] ( savage tribes h nev] be5 kn[n to be addict$ to cannibalism1 b are1 on ! contr>y1 said to feel ! greate/ dislike ( x4 ,9 times ( sc>city ! ,eskimo w eat _! clo?+ soon] ?an t\* human fle%4 ,! ,fuegians h be5 report$ to dev\r _! old wom5 9 cases ( extreme di/ress2#aaa b ,mr4 ,bridges1 :o has sp5t mo/ "p ( 8 life among !m1 emphatically affirms t cannibalism is unkn[n among/ ! natives ( ,cape ,horn & t #ega !y abhor x4#aab ,conc]n+ ! natives ( ,s\? ,&aman ,mr4 ,man obs]ves3--,n a trace c\ld be discov]$ ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a practice 9 _! mid/1 ev5 9 f>-(f times4 4 4 4 ,!y express ! greate/ horror ( ! cu/om1 & indignantly d5y t x ev] held a place among _! in/itutions4#aac ,we meet ) simil> /atem5ts ) ref]5ce to _m ,african tribes4 ,! editor ( ,liv+/one's ',la/ ,j\rnals' says t x 0 common on ! ,riv] ,%ir to he> ,manganja & ,ajawa p speak ( tribes f> away to ! nor? :o eat human bodies1 & t on e occasion ! fact 0 relat$ ) ! utmo/ abhorr5ce & disgu/4#aad ,among/ ! ,d9ka ! acc\nts ( ! cannibalism ( ! ,niam-,niam excites z mu* horror z among/ ourselves4#aae ,! ,bakongo %udd] ) repugnance at ! m]e m5tion ( eat+ human fle%4#aaf ,among ! ,bayaka1 9 ! ,congo ,free ,/ate1 cannibalism is nev] f\nd1 & is reg>d$ z some?+ q abhorr5t4#aag ,no int]m>riage takes place betwe5 ! ,fans & _! non-cannibal neighb\rs1 z _! peculi> practices are held 9 too great abhorr5ce4#aah ,accord+ to ,burton1 cannibalism is execrat$ by ! ,efiks ( ,old ,calab>1 :o puni% any attempts ( ! k9d ) extreme sev]ity4#aai ,ev5 among/ ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s !re are tribes :i* h be5 kn[n to view cannibalism ) great repugnance4#abj ,footnote #aaa3 ,d>w91 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #bad4 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ii4 #ahc1 #ahi4 ,footnote #aab3 ,bridges1 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,firel&]s1' 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 xiii4 #bjg4 ,idem1 quot$ by ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bei4 ,footnote #aac3 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aac4 ,footnote #aad3 ,liv+/one1 ,la/ ,j\rnals1 ii4 #ci4 ,footnote #aae3 ,s*we9fur?1 ,he>t ( ,africa1 i4 #aeh4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,w>d1 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #aag3 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,yaka1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #db4 ,footnote #aah3 ,du ,*aillu1 ,explorations 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #aai3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #baf sq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,nisbet1 op4 cit4 ii4 #acf4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cje 7,savage ,isl&]s74 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 p4 #che 7natives ( ,bornabi1 9 ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s74 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bdg 7"s ( ! tribes 9 ,new ,gu9ea74 ,cald]1 ',native ,tribes ( ,tasmania1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iii4 #bc2 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #aaa4 ,x is true t ! in=mation :i* a travell] visit+ a savage tribe receives z reg>ds its attitude t[>ds #egb cannibalism is (t5 apt to be mislead+4 ,!re is no?+ z to :i* _m savages are s retic5t or ! practice ( :i* !y w d5y s readily z cannibalism1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y are mu* incl9$ to accuse o!r peoples ( x4#aba ,! reason :y !y are s anxi\s to conceal its preval5ce among !mselves is ( c\rse _! k ( ! dete/ation 9 :i* x is held by ! visit+ /rang]2 b n infrequ5tly !y really seem to feel t x is some?+ to be a%am$ (4 ,x has be5 said ( "s ,au/ralian natives t1 unlike _m o!r (f5ces ) :i* !y are ju/ly *>g$1 4 4 4 ?is "o 9 g5]al !y knew to be wrong1 _! behavi\r :5 !y 7 que/ion$ on ! subject %[+ t !y err$ kn[+ly & wilfully4#abb ,at all ev5ts ! reproa*es ( ! :ites h be5 tak5 to he>t ) rem>kable read9ess4 ,ev5 among peoples :o h be5 extremely addict$ to x1 cannibalism has disappe>$ ) a rapidity to :i*1 ,i ?9k1 !re is h>dly any p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( morals4 ,ersk9e wrote 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury3--,our exp]i5ce 9 ,new ,zeal& has prov$ t ?is unnatural prop5sity c be eradicat$ f ! habits ( a :ole savage nation1 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le g5]ation4 ,i h he>d x ass]t$ t !re did n exi/ 9 #ahde _m ,new ,zeal& males ( tw5ty ye>s ( age :o _h n1 9 _! *ildhood1 ta/$ ( human fle%2 yet x is p]fectly well kn[n t at ! pres5t "t ! occurr5ce ( a s+le case ( cannibalism1 9 any "p ( ^? isl&s1 w\ld attract z mu* notice z 9 any c\ntry ( ,europe2 & t1 :5 a native c be induc$ to talk on ! subject1 8 in=mation is giv5 reluctantly1 & ) an unmi/akable consci\sness ( degradation1 & a feel+ ( %ame t he & 8 #egc c\ntrym5 %\ld ev] h be5 liable to su* a reproa*4#abc ,( ! ,bataks x 0 said "s "t ago t ! ris+ g5]ation began to refra9 f cannibalism1 & t ^? ( !m :o _h submitt$ to ,european rule ?\ght ) horror ( ! wild times :5 !y or _! ance/ors 7 addict$ to x4#abd ,cieza de ,leon rem>ks ) "s a/oni%m5t t1 z soon z ! ,p]uvian ,incas began to put a /op to ?is practice among all ! peoples ) :om !y came 9 contact1 x 0 9 a %ort "t =gott5 ?r\gh\t _! empire ev5 by ^? :o _h previ\sly held x 9 high e/imation4#abe ,moreov]1 ! ext9ction ( cannibalism has n always be5 due to ! int]v5tion ( sup]ior races4#abf ,footnote #aba3 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #gg2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 p4 xxxvii4 sq42 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #ef4 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #ei sqq4 ,idem1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #fh4 ,p[ell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eb1 #ei 7natives ( ! ,duke ( ,york ,gr\p74 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #aij sq4 7,fijians74 ,melville1 op4 cit4 p4 #cda 7,polynesians74 ,reade1 op4 cit4 p4 #aei2 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ccj 7,fans74 ,at ! same "t !re are _m cannibals :o make no attempts to conceal ! practice4 ,footnote #abb3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 xxxviii4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bge sq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,bun+1 9 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #abe3 ,cieza de ,leon1 ,segunda p>te de la ,crnica del ,p]1 *4 #be1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 #aeh sqq4 7,polynesians74 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #cjc4 ,ribot1 ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bie sq4 ,s*urtz1 ,speisev]bote1 p4 #bf4 ,cf4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #cbd4 ,ev5 among peoples v notori\s = cannibalism !re are individuals :o abhor ! practice4 ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? ass]ts t "s ( ! ,niam-,niam turn ) su* av]sion f any consumption ( human fle% t !y w\ld p]emptorily refuse to eat out ( ! same di% ) any "o :o 0 a cannibal4#abg ,) ref]5ce to ,fijian cannibalism ,dr4 ,seemann obs]ves3--,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t all ,fijians1 n conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 are cannibals4 ,!re 7 :ole t[ns1 z = in/ance ,nakelo1 on ! ,rewa riv]1 :i* made a bold /& aga9/ ?is practice1 decl>+ t x 0 tabu =bidd5 to !m by _! gods1 to indulge 9 x4 ,! common p ?r\gh\t ! gr\p1 z well z wom5 ( all classes1 7 by cu/om deb>r$ f x4 ,cannibalism 0 ?us re/rict$ to ! *iefs & g5try1 & aga9 among/ !m !re is a numb] 4 4 4 :o nev] eat human fle%1 nor g ne> ! bi]s :5 any dead bodies h be5 br\ght 91 & :o abom9ate ! practice z mu* z any :ite man does4#abh #egd ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t _m cannibals eat human fle% n z ord9>y food1 b only 9 special circum/ances1 & t _! cannibalism is (t5 re/rict$ to ! dev\r+ ( "s small "p ( ! victim's body4 ,footnote #abg3 ,s*we9fur?1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ah sq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #agi sq4 ,cf4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #agi4 ,! dislike ( cannibalism may be a complex feel+4 ,9 _m in/ances sympa?y = ! dead is und\bt$ly "o ( its +r$i5ts4 ,x is true t endo-an?ropophagy is frequ5tly describ$ z a m>k ( affection1 b on ! o!r h& !re are _m cannibals :o nev] eat _! dead fri5ds ?\gh !y eat /rang]s or foes4 ,"s cannibals ex*ange _! own dead = ^? ( ano!r tribe s z to avoid fe$+ on _! k9sm52#abi ! natives ( ,tana1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 are said to d s :5 !y happ5 to h a p>ticul> reg>d = ! deceas$4#acj ,b nei!r affection nor reg>d c be ! reason :y savages ab/a9 f eat+ _! enemies4 ,i ?9k t av]sion to cannibalism is mo/ likely1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 an in/9ctive feel+ ak9 to ^? feel+s :i* regulate ! diet ( ! v>i\s animal species4 ,al?\gh our k ( _! habits 9 ?is respect is defective1 !re c be little d\bt t c>nivor\s animals z a rule refuse to eat memb]s ( _! own species2 & ?is reluctance is easy to und]/& consid]+ its race-pres]v+ t5d5cy4 ,footnote #abi3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #abc4 ,/e9metz1 ,endokannibalismus1 pp4 #bb1 #dg4 ,footnote #acj3 ,br5*ley1 op4 cit4 p4 #bji4 ,moreov]1 ! eat+ ( human fle% is reg>d$ ) "s degree ( sup]/iti\s dread4 ,?is is n seldom ! case ev5 among peoples :o are !mselves cannibals4 ,9 ,lep]s' ,isl&1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 :]e cannibalism /ill prevails1 ! natives say t to eat human fle% is a dreadful ?+1 & t a man-eat] is a p]son :o is afraid ( no?+2 h5ce m5 w buy fle% :5 "s "o has be5 kill$1 t !y may get ! "n ( valiant m5 by eat+ x4#aca ,9 ^? p>ts ( ,fiji :]e cannibalism 0 a national in/itution1 only ! select few1 ! taboo-class1 ! prie/s1 *iefs1 & high] ord]s1 7 deem$ fit to indulge 9 x2 & #ege :il/ e o!r k9d ( food 0 eat5 ) ! f+]s1 human fle% 0 eat5 ) =ks1 :i* 7 h&$ d[n z heirlooms f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & ) :i* ! natives w\ld n "p ev5 = a h&some equival5t4#acb ,! ,fijians ( ,nakelo1 aga91 :o did n practise cannibalism1 attribut$ to x ^? fe>ful sk9 diseases ) :i* *ildr5 are s (t5 visit$ 9 ,fiji4#acc ,! ,new ,cal$onians1 :o are exo-an?ropophag\s1 believe t if a man eats a tribes-fell[ he w break out into sores & die4#acd ,among ! ,maoris no m5 b sacr$ *iefs c\ld p>take ( human fle% )\t becom+ tapu1 9 :i* /ate !y c\ld n return to _! usual occupations )\t hav+ ! tapu remov$ f _! bodies4#ace ,s also among ! ,kwakiutl ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia a man :o has eat5 human fle% z a c]emonial rite is = a long "t aft]w>ds subject to a v>iety ( re/rictions1 be+ consid]$ unclean4 ,= sixte5 days he mu/ n eat any w>m food4 ,= f\r mon?s he is n all[$ to bl[ hot food 9 ord] to cool x4 ,= ! same p]iod he uses a spoon1 di%1 & kettle ( 8 own1 :i* are ?r[n away aft] ! lapse ( ! prescrib$ "t4 ,he mu/ /ay alone 9 8 b$room1 & is n all[$ to g out ( ! h\se door b mu/ use ! secret door 9 ! re> ( ! h\se4 ,& = a :ole ye> he mu/ n t\* 8 wife1 nor is he all[$ to gamble or to "w4#acf ,among ! ,we/ ,african ,fans1 be=e a cannibal meal1 ! corpse is c>ri$ to a hut built on ! outskirts ( ! settlem5t4 ,!re x is eat5 secretly by ! w>riors1 wom5 & *ildr5 n be+ all[$ to be pres5t1 or ev5 to look ^u man's fle%2 & ! cook+ pots us$ = ! banquet mu/ all be brok54 ,a jo9t ( 'black bro!r' is nev] se5 9 ! villages4#acg ,s also #egf among ! ,bambala1 s\? ( ! ,riv] ,congo1 vessels 9 :i* human fle% has be5 cook$ are brok5 & ! pieces ?r[n away4#ach ,9 ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa ! p]son :o eats a human be+ is believ$ to run a great risk2 ,mr4 ,macdonald knew a headman ^: success 9 w> 0 attribut$ to ! fact t he _h eat5 ! :ole body ( a /rong "y man1 b x 0 suppos$ t if he _h n be5 protect$ by p[]ful *>ms1 su* cannibalism might h be5 dang]\s to him4#aci ,footnote #aca3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #acb3 ,seemann1 ,viti1 pp4 #agi1 #aha sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ibid4 p4 #agi sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,atk9son1 ',natives ( ,new ,cal$onia1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 xiv4 #bec4 ,footnote #ace3 ,?omson1 op4 cit4 i4 #adg sq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,boas1 ',social ,organization ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians1' 9 ,report ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 #ahie1 p4 #ecg sq4 ,cf4 ,woldt1 ,kapte9 ,jacobs5s ,reis] til ,nordam]ikas ,nordve/ky/1 p4 #dd sqq42 ,mayne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #bef sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #bab4 ,footnote #ach3 ,torday & ,joyce1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #djd4 ,footnote #aci3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #agj4 ,"o reason = ?is sup]/iti\s dread ( cannibalism is und\bt$ly fe> ( ! dead man's _s1 :i* is !n suppos$ n to be annihilat$ by ! act1 b to become a dang] to him :o p>takes ( ! corpse4 ,! ,fijian cannibals av[$ t !y 7 always fright5$ at night le/ ! _s ( ! man !y _h eat5 %\ld haunt !m4#adj ,9 ! ,lurit*a tribe 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia c>e is inv>iably tak5 to de/roy ! bones ( ^? enemies :o h be5 eat51 z ! natives believe t unless ?is is done ! victims w arise f ! com+ toge!r ( ! bones1 & w foll[ & h>m ^? :o h kill$ & eat5 !m4#ada ,& among ! ,kwakiutl ,indians ! taboos impos$ ^u a cannibal are m obligatory :5 he has dev\r$ a corpse ?an :5 he has cont5t$ himself ) tak+ bites out ( a liv+ man4#adb ,b x may also be t ! sup]/iti\s fe> ( cannibalism is to "s ext5t an outcome ( ! natural reluctance to p>take ( human fle%1 j z ! av]sion to eat+ c]ta9 animals may give rise to ! idea t _! meat is un:olesome food1#adc & z ! sup]natural dang]s attribut$ to ince/ spr+ f ! in/9ctive horror ( x4#add ,footnote #adj3 ,prit*>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #ada3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dge4 ,footnote #adb3 ,boas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ecg sq4 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cdb4 ,footnote #adc3 ,supra1 ii4 #ccb4 ,footnote #add3 ,supra1 ii4 #cge sq4 ,! fact t s _m peoples p>take or are kn[n to h p>tak5 ( human fle% )\t repugnance1 or ev5 ) ! greate/ eag]ness1 by no means proves #egg t !re 0 no orig9al av]sion to x 9 ! human race4 ,x is easy to imag9e t ! feel+ ( reluctance may h be5 ov]come by o!r motives1 su* z hung]1 rev5ge1 ! desire to acquire ano!r p]son's c\rage or /r5g?1 ! hope ( mak+ an enemy h>mless1 or ( ga9+ sup]natural b5efits4 ,& ev]ybody kn[s t m5 & ev5 _m animals1 :5 once induc$ to ta/e a c]ta9 food :i* !y h previ\sly avoid$1 (t5 conceive a great lik+ = x4 ,!re is evid5ce t ?is also applies to cannibalism4 ,9 #abjj ,egypt 0 afflict$ ) a t]rible fam9e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! poor f$ ev5 ^u human corpses & fell to dev\r+ *ildr54 ,an eyewitness1 ! ,arabian physician 7,abd-,allatif1 writes t1 :5 ! poor began to eat human fle%1 ! wond] & horror excit$ 7 su*1 t ^! crimes 7 9 e m\?1 & p 7 nev] we>y ( ! extraord9>y topic4 ,b by degrees cu/om op]at$1 & produc$ ev5 a ta/e = su* dete/able repa/s4 ,_m m5 made *ildr5 _! ord9>y food1 eat+ !m f pure gluttony & lay+ up /ores ( _! fle%4 ,v>i\s modes ( cook+ & season+ ?is k9d ( food 7 inv5t$2 & ! practice soon spread ?r\gh ! prov9ces1 s t !re 0 n a s+le di/rict 9 :i* cannibalism became n common4 ,by ?is "t x caus$ no long] ei!r surprise or horror1 & ! matt] 0 discuss$ ) indiff]5ce4 ,div]se ri* p1 :o c\ld h procur$ o!r food1 seem$ to become infatuat$1 & practis$ cannibalism z a luxury1 us+ murd]]s z _! purveyors & invit+ _! fri5ds to d9n]1 )\t tak+ too mu* tr\ble to conceal ! tru?4#ade ,!re is a simil> /ory f ,polynesia4 ,cannibalism1 we are told1 0 introduc$ into ,futuna by k+ ,veliteki 9 consequ5ce ( a great tempe/ :i* br\ght on a disa/r\s fam9e2 b 9 "t x became a dreadful sc\rge1 :i* ?reat5$ to depopulate ! isl&4 ,! desire to eat human fle% arriv$ at su* a po9t t w>s no long] suffic$ to #egh furni% victims 9 suffici5t numb]s1 h5ce ! p took to hunt+ d[n memb]s ( _! own tribes4#adf ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 o!r isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,seas cannibalism likewise arose 9 times ( great fam9e1 & t ! inhabitants1 becom+ us$ to x1 acquir$ a ta/e = human fle%4#adg ,9 ,we/]n ,equatorial ,africa1 aga91 ga/ronomic cannibalism has be5 suppos$ to be a practical ext5sion ( ! sacrificial c]emony1 nei!r ! wom5 nor ! "y m5 be+ all[$ to t\* ! da9ty4#adh ,t su* a practice may easily gr[ up :5 ! beg9n+ has be5 made1 is well illu/rat$ by ! words ( a cannibal *ief :o decl>$ t he :o has once indulg$ 9 a repa/ ( human fle% w f9d x v difficult to ab/a9 f x 9 ! future4#adi ,footnote #ade3 7,abd-,allatif1 ,relation de l'gypte1 p4 #cfj sqq4 ,footnote #adf3 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',futuna1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #cg4 ,footnote #adg3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #aif sq4 ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry1 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #adh3 ,reade1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #adi3 ,p[ell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh4 ,! "q :e!r e>ly man 0 9 ! habit ( eat+ human fle% may ?us1 ,i ?9k1 be resolv$ into ! "q :e!r 8 natural %r9k+ f x may be assum$ to h be5 subdu$ by any ( ^? factors :i* 9 c]ta9 circum/ances h induc$ m5 to become habitual cannibals4 ,= su* an assumption ,i f9d no suffici5t gr\nds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ma9ta9 t x is made highly improbable by ! fact t cannibalism is mu* less preval5t among ! l[e/ savages ?an among races some:at m advanc$ 9 culture4#aej ,9 ,am]ica1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ to savage peoples1 x 0 practis$ to a great] ext5t & ) m horrible rites among ! mo/ civilis$4 ,its religi\s inception1 ,mr4 ,dorman adds1 0 ! cause ( ?is4#aea ,humboldt obs]v$ long ago3--,! nations :o hold x a po9t ( hon\r to dev\r _! prison]s are n always ! rude/ & mo/ f]oci\s 4 4 4 4 ,! ,cabres1 ! ,guipunavis1 & ! ,c>ibees1 h #egi always be5 m p[]ful & m civilis$ ?an ! o!r hordes ( ! ,oroonoko2 & yet ! =m] are z mu* addict$ to an?ropophagy1 z ! la/ are repugnant to x4#aeb ,9 ,brazil1 ,m>tius f\nd ! cannibalism ( ! ,c5tral ,tupis to =m a /range contra/ to _! relatively high /ate ( culture4#aec ,cannibals l ! ,fijians & ,maoris 7 on ! v]ge ( semi-civilisation1 & ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra 7 already 9 e>ly times s advanc$ z to frame an alphabet ( _! own1 ?\gh aft] ! ,indian model4 ,among ! ,african ,niam-,niam & ,monbuttu a great pr$ilection = human fle% coexi/s ) a rem>kable degree ( culture2 :]eas 9 ! dw>f tribes ( ,c5tral ,africa1 :i* are ( a v l[ type1 ,mr4 ,burr[s nev] he>d ( a s+le case ( cannibalism4#aed ,footnote #aej3 ,see ,pes*el1 ,races ( ,man1 p4 #afb sq42 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 #ahf2 ,b]gemann1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec2 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ceb2 ,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 i4 #cgb4 ,footnote #aea3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #aeb3 von ,humboldt1 op4 cit4 v4 #dbd sq4 ,footnote #aec3 von ,m>tius1 op4 cit4 i4 #aii sq4 ,footnote #aed3 ,burr[s1 ,l& ( ! ,pigmies1 p4 #adi4 ,x w\ld be v in/ructive to foll[ ! hi/ory ( cannibalism among ^? peoples :o are1 or h lately be51 addict$ to x1 if we 7 able to d s2 b ! subject is mo/ly obscure4 ,! mo/ common *ange :i* we h _h an opportunity to notice is ! decl9e & f9al disappe>ance ( ! practice "u ,european influ5ce2 b we mu/ n assume t e *ange has be5 9 ! direction t[>ds ext9ction4 ,among ! ,ea/ ,african ,wadoe & ,wabembe cannibalism is1 accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 ( mod]n orig94#aee ,mr4 ,torday in=ms me t among "s ( ! ,congo natives x is spread+ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s x has rec5tly ext5d$ itself2 x is ass]t$ by ! eld] natives ( ,florida t man's fle% 0 =m]ly nev] eat5 except 9 sacrifice1 & t human sacrifice is an innovation introduc$ f fur!r we/4#aef ,ersk9e ma9ta9s t 9 ,fiji cannibalism1 ?\gh a v anci5t cu/om1 did n prevail 9 e>li] times to ! same ext5t z x did m rec5tly2#aeg & ,mr4 ,=n&] has arriv$ #ehj at ! conclusion t among ! ,polynesians ?is practice 0 n an orig9al heirloom br\ght ) !m f _! primitive homes 9 ! ,f> ,we/1 b 0 adopt$ subsequ5tly by a few ( ! tribes "u conditions & circum/ances n[ unkn[n4#aeh ,= v>i\s reasons1 !n1 x is an illegitimate supposition to reg>d ! cannibalism ( mod]n savages z a survival f ! fir/ infancy ( mank9d1 or1 m g5]ally1 f a /age ?r\gh :i* ! :ole human race has pass$4 ,footnote #aee3 ,burton1 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 #bad4 ,footnote #aef3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,=n&]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,polynesian ,race1 i4 #acb4 ,z = ! moral op9ions ab\t cannibalism1 we may assume t peoples :o ab/a9 f x also g5]ally disapprove ( x1 or w\ld d s if !y 7 aw>e ( its be+ practis$4 ,av]sion1 z we h (t5 notic$1 leads to moral indignation1 especially :]e ! moral judgm5t is little influ5c$ by reflection4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! condemnation ( cannibalism may be sympa!tic res5tm5t result+ f ! idea t ! dead is annihilat$ or o!rwise injur$ by ! act1 or f ! feel+ t x is an insult to him to use 8 body z an article ( food2 b ?is c\ld c]ta9ly n be ! orig9 ( savages disapproval ( eat+ _! foes4 ,among civilis$ races1 z well z among non-an?ropophag\s savages1 horror or disgu/ is und\bt$ly ! *ief reason :y cannibalism is condemn$ z wrong4 ,?is emotion is (t5 s int5se t ! same p ^: moral feel+s are little affect$ by a conque/1 ) all its horrors1 made = ! purpose ( ga91 %udd] at ! /ories ( w>s wag$ by fami%$ savages = ! purpose ( procur+ human fle% = food4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! natural av]sion to su* food is = "s reason or o!r ov]come1 ! disapproval ( cannibalism is 9 consequ5ce no long] felt4 ,b an attitude ( moral indiff]5ce t[>ds ?is practice has also be5 advocat$ on a totally diff]5t gr\nd1 by p]sons ^: moral emotions are too mu* temp]$ by ?\ght to all[ !m to pron\nce an act z wrong simply because x creates 9 !m #eha disgu/4 ,?us1 ,montaigne argu$ t x is m b>b>\s to torture a man to dea? "u col\r ( piety & religion ?an to roa/ & eat him aft] he is dead4#aei ,& he quotes ) app>5t agreem5t ! op9ion ( "s ,/oic philosoph]s t !re is no h>m 9 fe$+ ^u human c>cases to avoid />vation4#afj ,footnote #aei3 ,montaigne1 ,essais1 i4 #cj4 ,footnote #afj3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vit philosophorum1 vii4 #a4 #fd 7#aba72 vii4 #g4 #ab 7#ahh74 ,zell]1 ,/oics1 p4 #cjg4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,sup]natural ,,be+s ,,we n[ come to ! la/ ( ^? six gr\ps ( moral ideas into :i* we h divid$ our subject--ideas conc]n+ conduct t[>ds be+s1 real or imag9>y1 t are reg>d$ z sup]natural4 ,b be=e we ent] ^u a discussion ( human behavi\r 9 relation to su* be+s1 x is necess>y to say "s words ab\t man's belief 9 _! exi/5ce & ! g5]al qualities attribut$ to !m4 ,m5 di/+ui% betwe5 two classes ( ph5om5a--natural & sup]natural1#a betwe5 ph5om5a :i* !y are famili> ) &1 9 consequ5ce1 ascribe to natural causes1 & o!r ph5om5a :i* seem to !m unfamili>1 my/]i\s1 & are !re=e suppos$ to spr+ f causes ( a sup]natural "*4 ,we meet ) ?is di/9ction at ! l[e/ /ages ( culture kn[n to u1 z well z at high] /ages4 ,x may be t 9 ! m9d ( a savage ! natural & sup]natural are (t5 confus$1 & t no def9ite limit c be drawn betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* he ref]s to ! "o class & ^? :i* he ref]s to ! o!r2 b he c]ta9ly sees a diff]5ce betwe5 ev5ts ( ev]yday occurr5ce or ord9>y objects ( nature & o!r ev5ts or objects :i* fill him ) my/]i\s awe4 ,! g]m ( su* a #ehc di/9ction is f\nd ev5 9 ! l[] animal _w4 ,! horse fe>s ! :ip b x does n make him %y2 on ! o!r h&1 he may %y :5 he sees an umbrella op5$ be=e him or a pap] mov+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! :ip is well kn[n to ! horse1 :]eas ! mov+ pap] or umbrella is /range & uncanny4 ,dogs & cats are al>m$ by an unusual noise or appe>ance1 & rema9 uneasy till !y h by exam9ation satisfi$ !mselves ( ! nature ( its cause4#b ,pr(essor ,romanes fright5$ a dog by atta*+ a f9e ?read to a bone & surreptiti\sly draw+ x f ! animal1 giv+ to ! bone ! appe>ance ( self-movem5t2 & ! same dog 0 fright5$ by soap-bubbles4#c ,ev5 a lion is sc>$ by an unexpect$ noise or ! sight ( an unfamili> object2 a horse1 ! lion's fav\rite prey1 has be5 kn[n to w&] = days 9 ! vic9ity ( a troop ( ^! animals & be left unmole/$ simply because x 0 blanket$ & knee-halt]$4#d ,& we are told ( a tig] :i* /ood trembl+ & ro>+ 9 an ec/asy ( fe> :5 a m\se ti$ by a /r+ to a /ick _h be5 ins]t$ into its cage4#e ,little *ildr5 are apt to be t]rifi$ by ! /range & irregul> behavi\r ( a fea!r z x glides along ! floor or lifts itself into ! air4#f ,footnote #a3 ,i d n %>e ! objections rais$ by v>i\s writ]s to ! t]m sup]natural4 ,x has ! sanction ( common usage2 & ,i consid] x pref]able to ! ^w sup]human1 :5 appli$ to inanimate ?+s or animals :i* are objects ( wor%ip4 ,footnote #b3 ,morgan1 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #c3 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 #dee sq4 ,footnote #d3 ,gillmore1 quot$ by ,k+1 ,! ,sup]natural1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #e3 ,basil ,hall1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #ha4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #gh sqq42 ,vignioli1 ,my? & ,sci5ce1 p4 #eh sqq4 ,footnote #f3 ,sully1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bje sq4 ,b ! primitive m9d n only di/+ui%es betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 x makes1 practically1 yet a fur!r di/9ction4 ,! sup]natural1 l ! natural1 may be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( me*anical en]gy1 :i* dis*>ges itself )\t ! aid ( any volitional activity4 ,?is is1 = in/ance1 ! case ) ! sup]natural =ce inh]5t 9 a taboo$ object2 m]e contact ) su* an object communicates ! taboo infection4 ,s also ! baneful en]gy 9 a curse is orig9ally conceiv$ z a k9d ( sup]natural miasma1 :i* injures or de/roys anybody to :om x cleaves2 9 fact1 to #ehd taboo a c]ta9 ?+ commonly consi/s 9 *>g+ x ) a curse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sup]natural qualities may also be attribut$ to ! m5tal con/itution ( animate be+s1 especially to _! w4 ,su* an attribution makes !m sup]natural be+s1 z di/9ct f any ord9>y individuals :o1 )\t be+ end[$ ) special miracul\s gifts1 may make use ( sup]natural me*anical en]gy 9 magical practices4 ,?is di/9ction is 9 _m cases vague2 a wiz>d may be look$ ^u z a god & a god z a wiz>d4 ,b x is nev]!less ess5tial1 & is at ! bottom ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 religion & magic4 ,religion may be def9$ z a belief 9 & a reg>dful#g attitude t[>ds a sup]natural be+ on :om man feels himself dep5d5t & to ^: w he makes an appeal 9 8 wor%ip4 ,sup]natural me*anical p[]1 on ! o!r h&1 is appli$ 9 magic4 ,he :o p]=ms a purely magical act utilises su* p[] )\t mak+ any appeal at all to ! w ( a sup]natural be+4#h ,footnote #g3 ,?\gh some:at indef9ite1 ! epi!t reg>dful seems a necess>y attribute ( a religi\s act4 ,we d n call x religion :5 a savage flogs 8 feti% to make x submissive4 ,footnote #h3 ,see infra1 ,additional ,notes4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is :at we g5]ally und]/& by religion & magic4 ,b 9 ! ,lat9 ^w religio !re seems to be no indication ( su* a di/9ction4 ,religio is probably relat$ to relig>e1 :i* means to tie4 ,x is commonly assum$ t ! relation%ip betwe5 ^! words implies t 9 religion man 0 suppos$ to be ti$ by 8 god4 ,b ,i v5ture to believe t ! connection betwe5 !m all[s ( ano!r & m natural int]pretation--t x 0 n ! man :o 0 ti$ by ! god1 b ! god :o 0 ti$ by ! man4 ,?is int]pretation 0 sugge/$ to me by c]ta9 ideas & practices preval5t 9 ,morocco4 ,! ,moors are 9 ! habit ( ty+ rags to objects belong+ to a syid1 t is1 a place :]e a sa9t has1 or is suppos$ to h1 8 grave1 or :]e su* a p]son is said to h sat or camp$4 ,9 v _m cases1 at lea/1 ?is ty+ ( rags is 7r ^u ! #ehe sa9t1 & l-7r implies ! transf]5ce ( a conditional curse4#i ,?us1 9 ! ,great ,atlas ,m\nta9s ,i f\nd a l>ge numb] ( rags ti$ to a pole :i* 0 /uck 9 a cairn d$icat$ to ! great sa9t ,mlai 7,abd-7ul-k4d]1 & :5 ,i ask$ = an explanation ! answ] 0 t petition]s g5]ally fa/5 a /rip ( _! clo!s to ! pole mutt]+ "s words l ^!3--,o sa9t1 behold6 ,i promis$ !e an (f]+1 & ,i w n release 7lit]ally 'op5'7 !e until ?\ att5de/ to my bus9ess4 ,if ! petition]'s wi% is fulfill$ he goes back to ! place1 (f]s ! sacrifice :i* he promis$1 & unties ! knot :i* he made4 ,a ,b]b] s]vant ( m9e f ,aglu 9 ,ss told me t once :5 9 prison he invok$ ,llla ,r7ah4ma ,yusf1 a great female sa9t ^: tomb is 9 a neighb\r+ di/rict1 & ti$ 8 turban1 say+1 ,i am ty+ !e1 ,llla ,r7ah4ma ,yusf1 & ,i am n go+ to op5 ! knot till ?\ ha/ help$ me4 ,or a p]son 9 di/ress w g to h] grave & knot ! leaves ( "s palmetto gr[+ 9 its vic9ity1 ) ! words1 ,i ti$ !e "h1 ,o sa9t1 & ,i %all n release !e unless ?\ release/ me f ! toils 9 :i* ,i am at pres5t4 ,all ?is is :at we %\ld call magic1 b ! ,romans w\ld probably h call$ x religio4 ,!y 7 mu* m addict$ to magic ?an to true religion2 !y want$ to compel ! gods r ?an to be compell$ by !m4 ,_! religio 0 probably ne>ly ak9 to ! ,greek ,greek3 kata_/desmos1 :i* meant n only an ord9>y tie1 b also a magic tie or knot or a bewit*+ !reby4#aj ,plato speaks ( p]sons :o ) magical arts & incantations b\nd ! gods1 z !y said1 to execute _! w4#aa ,t religio1 h[ev]1 f hav+ orig9ally a magical significance1 #ehf has come to be us$ 9 ! s5se :i* we attribute to ! t]m religion1 is n difficult to expla94 ,m5 make use ( magic n only 9 relation to _! fell[ m51 b 9 relation to _! gods4 ,magical & religi\s elem5ts are (t5 almo/ insep>ably int]m+l$ 9 "o & ! same act2 &1 z we %all soon see1 ! magical means ( con/ra9+ a god are (t5 ext]nally v simil> to ! *ief =ms ( religi\s wor%ip1 pray] & sacrifice4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ',l-7r1 or ! ,transf]5ce ( ,conditional ,curses 9 ,morocco1' 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #cfa sqq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett = draw+ my att5tion to ?is mean+ ( ! ^w ,greek3 kata_/desmos4 ,s also ! v]b ,greek3 katade_/ means n only to tie b to b9d by magic knots 7,a!naeus1 ,deipnosophi/1 xv4 #i1 p4 #fgj2 ,dio ,cassius1 ,hi/oria ,romana1 l4 #e71 & ,greek3 kata_/desis is us$ to d5ote a b9d+ by magic knots 7,plato1 ,leges1 xi4 #icc74 ,see ,liddell-,scott1 ,greek-,engli% ,lexicon1 p4 #ged2 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #ach sqq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 ii4 #cfd4 ,t my/]y is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( sup]natural be+s is prov$ by innum]able facts4 ,x is te/ifi$ by language4 ,! mo/ prom95t belief 9 ! religion ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 0 _! !ory ( manit\1 t is1 ( a spiritual & my/]i\s p[] ?\ght to reside 9 "s mat]ial =m4 ,! ^w is ,algonk91 b all ! tribes _h "s equival5t = x4#ab ,?us ! ,dacotahs express ! ess5tial attribute ( _! deities by ! t]m wakan1 :i* signifies any?+ :i* !y _c compreh5d1 :atev] is wond]ful1 my/]i\s1 sup]human1 or sup]natural4#ac ,! ,navaho ^w d7ig7i'n likewise means sacr$1 div9e1 my/]i\s1 or holy2#ad & s does ! ,hidatsa t]m mahopa4#ae ,9 ,fiji ! native ^w expressive ( div9ity is kal\1 :i*1 :ile us$ to d5ote ! p's highe/ notion ( a god1 is also con/antly he>d z a qualification ( any?+ great or m>vell\s4#af ,! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& appli$ ! ^w atua1 :i* is g5]ally translat$ z god1 n only to spirits ( e description1 b to v>i\s ph5om5a n und]/ood1 su* z m5/ruation & =eign m>vels1 a compass = in/ance1 or a b>omet]4#ag ,! natives ( ,madagasc>1 #ehg says ,ellis1 designate by ! t]m ndriamanitra1 or god1 ev]y?+ t exce$s ! capacity ( _! und]/&+4 ,:atev] is new & useful & extraord9>y1 is call$ god4 4 4 4 ,rice1 money1 ?und] & lightn+1 & e>?quakes1 are all call$ god4 4 4 4 ,t>atasy1 or book1 !y call god1 f its wond]ful capacity ( speak+ by m]ely look+ at x4#ah ,! ,monbuttu use ! ^w kilima = any?+ !y d n und]/&--! ?und]1 a %ad[1 ! reflection 9 wat]1 z well z ! supreme be+ 9 :i* !y vaguely believe4#ai ,! ,masai conception ( ! deity 7ng7ai71 says ,dr4 ,?omson1 seems to be m>vell\sly vague4 ,i 0 ,ng7ai4 ,my language 0 ,ng7ai4 ,ng7ai 0 9 ! /eam+ holes4 4 4 4 ,9 fact1 :atev] /ruck !m z /range or incompreh5sible1 t !y at once assum$ _h "s connection ) ,ng7ai4#bj ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h9de use ! ,unkn[n z _! equival5t ( ! ^w ng7ai4#ba ,footnote #ab3 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #bbf4 ,p>kman1 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 lxxix4 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #ajb4 ,h(fman1 ',m5om9i ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xiv4 #ci1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ac3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,ar*ives ( ,aborig9al ,k1 iv4 #fdb4 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #cff4 ,mc,gee1 ',si\an ,indians1' ibid4 xv4 #ahb sq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,mat!ws1 ,navaho ,leg5ds1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,idem1 ,hidatsa ,indians1 p4 #dg sq4 ,footnote #af3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ag3 ,be/1 ',lore ( ! ,:>e-,kohanga1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 xiv4 #baj4 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aaf1 #aah4 ,! ^w tupua 7or tipua7 is us$ 9 a v simil> way 7,trege>1 ,maori-,polynesian ,comp>ative ,diction>y1 p4 #eeg74 ,footnote #ah3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cij sqq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,burr[s1 ,l& ( ! ,pigmies1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,?omson1 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #ba3 ,h9de1 ,la/ ( ! ,masai1 p4 #ii4 ,! te/imony ( language is corroborat$ by k9dr$ facts ref]r+ to ! nature ( ^? objects :i* are mo/ commonly wor%ipp$4#bb ,among all ! ,am]ican tribes1 says ,mr4 ,dorman1 any rem>kable features 9 natural sc5]y or dang]\s places became objects ( sup]/iti\s dread & v5]ation1 because !y 7 suppos$ to be abodes ( gods4#bc ,a great cat>act1 a difficult & dang]\s =d 9 a riv]1 a spr+ bubbl+ up f ! gr\nd1 a volcano1 a high m\nta91 an isolat$ rock1 a curi\s or unusually l>ge tree1 ! bones ( ! ma/odon or ( "s o!r imm5se animal--all 7 look$ ^u by ! ,indians ) sup]/iti\s respect #ehh or 7 propitiat$ by (f]+s4#bd ,9 ,fiji e object t is specially fe>ful1 or vici\s1 or injuri\s1 or novel1 is eligible = admission to ! native ,pan!on4#be ,x is said t :5 ! ,atas ( ! ,philipp9es saw ! fir/ locomotive pass+ ?r\gh _! c\ntry !y all fell ^u _! knees 9 abject t]ror1 wor%ipp+ ! /range mon/] z "s new & p[]ful deity4#bf ,( ! %amani/ic peoples 9 ,sib]ia ,georgi writes1 ,all ! cele/ial bodies1 & all t]re/rial objects ( a consid]able magnitude1 all ! ph5om5a ( nature t c d good or h>m1 e appe>ance capable ( convey+ t]ror into a weak & sup]/iti\s m9d1 are s _m gods to :om !y direct a p>ticul> adoration4#bg ,among ! ,samoy$es a curi\sly twi/$ tree1 a /one ) an uncommon %ape w\ld receive1 & 9 "s qu>t]s /ill receives1 n only v5]ation b actual c]emonial wor%ip4#bh ,ca/rn /ates t ! ,o/yaks wor%ipp$ no o!r objects ( nature b su* z 7 v unusual & peculi> ei!r 9 %ape or quality4#bi ,! ,lapps made (f]+s n only to l>ge & /range-look+ objects1 b to places :i* 7 difficult to pass1 or :]e "s accid5t _h occurr$1 or :]e !y _h be5 ei!r exceptionally unlucky or exceptionally lucky 9 fi%+ or ! *ase4#cj ,! ,a9u ( ,japan deify all objects & ph5om5a :i* seem to !m extraord9>y or dreadful4#ca ,9 ,*9a a /eep m\nta91 or any m\nta9 at all rem>kable1 is suppos$ to h a special local _s1 :o acts z gu>dian4#cb ,! av]age middle-class ,h9du1 accord+ to ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall1 wor%ips /ocks or /ones :i* are unusual or grotesque 9 size1 %ape1 or position2 or inanimate ?+s :i* are gift$ ) my/]i\s #ehi motion2 or animals :i* he fe>s2 or visible ?+s1 animate or inanimate1 :i* are directly or indirectly useful & pr(itable or :i* possess any incompreh5sible function or prop]ty4#cc ,f all p>ts ( ,africa we he> ( simil> cults4#cd ,! ,negroes ( ,si]ra ,leone d$icate to _! spirits places :i* inspire ! spectator ) awe1 or are rem>kable = _! appe>ance1 z imm5sely l>ge trees r5d]$ v5]able by age1 rocks appe>+ 9 ! mid/ ( riv]s1 & hav+ some?+ peculi> 9 _! =m1 9 %ort1 :atev] appe>s to !m /range or uncommon4#ce ,:5 ,t%i-speak+ natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/ take up _! abode ne> any rem>kable natural feature or object1 !y wor%ip & seek to propitiate its indwell+ _s2 :]eas !y d n wor%ip any ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! regul>ity ( ^: appe>ance makes little impression ^u _! m9ds4#cf ,?r\gh\t ,ea/ ,africa ! p seem to atta* religi\s sanctity to any?+ ( extraord9>y size2 9 ! isl& ( ,zanzib>1 :]e ! hills are l[1 !y rev]5ce ! baobab tree1 :i* is ! l>ge/ gr[+ !re1 & 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e hills are n f\nd !y wor%ip "s great /one or tall tree4#cg ,9 ,morocco places ( /rik+ appe>ance are g5]ally suppos$ to be haunt$ by jnn 7j9n7 or are associat$ ) "s dead sa9t4#ch ,z ,i h else:]e tri$ to %[1 ! ,arabic j9n 7 probably be+s inv5t$ to expla9 :at seems to fall outside ! ord9>y pale ( nature1 ! wond]ful & unexpect$1 ! sup]/iti\s imag9ations ( m5 :o fe>2#ci & ! sa9t 0 9 _m cases only ! successor ( ! j9n4 ,inde$1 ! sup]/iti\s dread ( unusual objects is n altoge!r dead ev5 among ourselves4#eij ,x survives 9 ,engl& to ?is day 9 ! habit ( ascrib+ grotesque & /rik+ l&m>ks or puzzl+ antiquities to ! ,devil1 :o became ! residu>y legatee ( obsolete pagan sup]/itions 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries4#dj ,footnote #bb3 ,see1 besides ! in/ances ref]r$ to bel[1 ,k>/51 ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip1 p4 #ad sqq42 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #bbj 7,bataks72 ,mitteil4 d4 ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 zu ,j5a1 iii4 #ad 7,bannavs1 betwe5 ,siam & ,annam74 ,9 ,"l ,kames's ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality & ,religion !re is 7p4 #cji sqq47 an int]e/+ discussion on ! dread ( unkn[n objects4 ,footnote #bc3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjj4 ,see also ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 i4 #eb2 ,h>mon1 ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cfc sq42 ,smi?1 ',my?s ( ! ,iroquois1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ii4 #ea4 ,footnote #bd3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgi1 #bij1 #bia1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cjh1 #cac-cae1 #cai4 ,*amb]la91 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 i4 #aeg 7,mississagua ,indians74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bcg sq4 7,aleuts47 ,footnote #be3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bf3 ,lala1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #bg3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bef4 ,footnote #bh3 ,jackson1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #cih4 ,cf4 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 iii4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bbg4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 iii4 #baj4 ,hg/rm1 ,beskrifn+ fv] de til ,sv]iges ,krona lyd&e ,lapm>k]1 p4 #ahb4 ,leem1 ,beskrivelse ov] ,f9m>k5s ,lapp]1 p4 #ddb sq4 ,friis1 ,lappi% ,my?ologi1 p4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,sugamata1 quot$ 9 ,l',an?ropologie1 x4 #ih4 ,footnote #cb3 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #cc3 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #cd3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #chh 7,mpongwe74 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 p4 #bee4 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 p4 #cdj 7,hott5tots74 ,footnote #ce3 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #bbc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bhb4 ,idem1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #cg3 ,*anl]1 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess 7,b>aka71 passim4 ,footnote #ci3 ,idem1 ',nature ( ! ,arab v,ginn1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 #bfh4 ,footnote #dj3 ,lyall1 op4 cit4 p4 #i4 ,! common preval5ce ( animal wor%ip is no d\bt due to ! my/]i\sness ( ! animal _w2 ! mo/ uncanny ( all creatures1 ! s]p5t1 is also ! "o mo/ g5]ally wor%ipp$4 ,?r\gh\t ,india we meet ) ! v5]ation ( animals :i* by _! appe>ance or habits />tle human be+s4#da ,9 ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica animals ( an unusual size 7 objects ( "s k9d ( adoration4#db ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,africa a cock cr[+ 9 ! ev5+ or a crane alight+ on a h\se-top is reg>d$ z sup]natural4#dc ,:ite m5 h (t5 be5 tak5 = spirits by r$1 yell[1 or black savages1 :5 se5 by !m = ! fir/ "t4#dd ,religi\s v5]ation is among v>i\s races be/[$ on p]sons suff]+ f "s abnormality1 su* z de=mity1 alb9oism1 or madness4#de ,"s ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians reg>d z div9ities all ph5om5al *ildr51 pr9cipally su* z are born ) a l>g] numb] ( f+]s or toes ?an is natural4#df ,! ,h9dus v5]ate p]sons rem>kable = any extraord9>y qualities great val\r1 virtue1 or ev5 vice4#dg ,by p]=m+ miracles m5 directly prove t !y are sup]natural be+s4 ,! ,muhamm$an sa9ts1 l ! ,*ri/ian 9 old5 days1 are believ$ to p]=m all k9ds ( wond]s1 su* z fly+ 9 ! air1 pass+ unhurt #eia ?r\gh fire1 walk+ ^u wat]1 transport+ !mselves 9 a mom5t ( "t to imm5se di/ances1 or support+ !mselves & o!rs ) food 9 des]t places4#dh ,:5 ,muhamm$ fir/ claim$ to be ! ,prophet ( ,allah1 he 0 urg$ to give pro( ( 8 call+ by work+ "s miracle2 & ?\gh he uni=mly d5i$ t he possess$ su* p[]1 x 0 nev]!less ascrib$ to him ev5 by 8 contempor>ies4#di ,footnote #da3 ,ibid4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #db3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #beh4 ,h>mon1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #dc3 ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my?1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #dd3 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc1 #cge4 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,conception ( ,god1 p4 #fg4 ,s*ultze1 ,fetis*ismus1 p4 #bbd4 ,9 ,au/ralia & else:]e :ite p 7 tak5 = gho/s by ! natives 7,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bdh2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #bfi sq42 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #e sq42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #agj sq474 ,footnote #de3 ,s*ultze1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbb4 ,supra1 i4 #bgj sq4 ,among _m savage or b>b>\s peoples ( ! _w alb9os h be5 res]v$ = ! prie/ly (fice 7,b\rke1 ',m$ic9e-,m5 ( ! ,apa*e1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dfj74 ,footnote #df3 ,gu9n>d1 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,slav]y among ! ,patagonians1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #dg3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #cej4 ,= crim9al-wor%ip 9 ,sicily1 see ,peacock1 ',execut$ ,crim9als & ,folk-,m$ic9e1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 vii4 #bge4 ,footnote #dh3 ,lane1 ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #di4 ,we/]m>ck1 ',sul culto del santi nel ,m>occo1' 9 ,actes du ,,xii4 ,congrs ,int]national des ,ori5tali/es1 iii4 #aec sqq4 ,idem1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess1 p4 #gg sqq4 ,footnote #di3 ,muir1 ,life ( ,mahomet1 i4 p4 lxv4 sq4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #ai4 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #bah4 ,! dead are objects ( wor%ip mu* m commonly ?an are ! liv+4 ,:il/ ! human individual consi/+ ( body & s\l is z a rule well-kn[n1 ! disembodi$ s\l1 se5 only 9 dreams or visions1 is a my/]i\s be+ :i* inspires ! survivors ) awe4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 ev5 reg>d ! wor%ip ( ! dead z ! root ( e religion4#ej ,b ?is is to c>ry ! gho/ !ory to an extreme = :i* !re is no ju/ification 9 facts4 ,! spirits ( ! dead are wor%ipp$ because !y are held capable ( influ5c+1 9 a my/]i\s mann]1 ! welf>e ( ! liv+2 b !re is no reason to assume t !y 7 orig9ally conceiv$ z ! only sup]natural ag5ts exi/+4 ,we h notic$ t ev5 ! l[] animals %[ signs ( ! same feel+ z und]lies ! belief 9 sup]natural be+s2 & we c h>dly suppose t !y are believ]s 9 gho/s4 ,footnote #ej3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #daa4 ,grant ,all51 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 pp4 #ia1 #dcc1 #dch1 c4 ,on acc\nt ( _! wond]ful effects m$ic9es1 intoxicants1 & /imulants1 are frequ5tly objects ( v5]ation4 ,mo/ ( ! plants = :i* ! ,am]ican ,indians _h sup]/iti\s feel+s 7 su* z h m$ical qualities2#ea tobacco 0 g5]ally held sacr$ by !m1#eb & s 0 cocoa 9 ,p]u4#ec ,! ,v$ic deification #eib ( ! dr9k soma 0 due to its exhil>at+ & invigorat+ effects4#ed ,footnote #ea3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bih sq4 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,mooney1 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xix4 #dci4 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #ed3 ,:itney1 ',v$ic ,rese>*es 9 ,g]many1' 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,soc4 iii4 #bii4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #ajh4 ,among all ! ph5om5a ( nature none is m wond]ful1 impressive1 awe-inspir+ ?an ?und]1 & none seems m g5]ally to h giv5 rise to religi\s v5]ation4 ,b ) gr[+ reflection man f9ds a my/]y ev5 9 ev5ts ( daily occurr5ce4 ,! ,v$ic poet1 :5 he sees ! sun mov+ freely ?r\gh ! heav5s1 asks h[ x comes t x does n fall d[nw>d1 al?\gh unpropp$ b5ea?1 n fa/5$ firm1 & d[nw>d turn$2#ee & x seems to him a miracle t ! sp>kl+ wat]s ( all riv]s fl[ into "o ocean )\t ev] fill+ x4#ef ,v]ily1 says ! ,koran1 9 ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & 9 ! succession ( night & day1 are signs to ^? possess$ ( m9ds4#eg ,footnote #ee3 ,rig-,v$a1 iv4 #ac4 #e4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid4 v4 #he4 #f4 ,footnote #eg3 ,koran1 iii4 #hg4 ,! attribution ( miracul\s p[] to a c]ta9 object or be+ may be due to direct exp]i5ce ( "s effect produc$ by x1 z 9 ! case ( a m$ical plant1 or a poison\s snake1 or a miracle-work+ spr+1 or a ,*ri/ian or ,muhamm$an sa9t4 ,or x may be bas$ on ! inf]5ce t objects ) a /range & my/]i\s appe>ance also possess /range & my/]i\s p[]s4 ,?is inf]5ce1 too1 is 9 a way support$ by facts4 ,! unusual appe>ance ( ! object makes an impression on ! p]son :o sees x1 & pr$isposes him to ! belief t ! object is end[$ ) secret p[]s4 ,if !n any?+ unusual actually happ5s 9 its neighb\rhood or %ortly aft] x has be5 se51 ! /range ev5t is attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! /range object4 ,?us a ,sib]ian tribe came to reg>d ! camel z ! small-pox demon because1 j :5 ! animal _h appe>$ among !m = ! fir/ "t ) a pass+ c>avan1 ! small-pox broke out4#eh ,( ! ,briti% ,guiana ,indian we are #eic told by ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn t if 8 eye falls ^u a rock 9 any way abnormal or curi\s1 & if %ortly aft] any evil happ5s to him1 he reg>ds rock & evil z cause & effect1 & p]ceives a _s 9 ! rock4#ei ,) ! lapse ( "t ! data ( exp]i5ce readily increase4 ,if a c]ta9 object has ga9$ ! reputation ( be+ sup]natural1 x is look$ ^u z ! cause ( all k9ds ( unusual ev5ts :i* may possibly be associat$ ) x4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! l>ge cave ,imi-ntak4k4ndut 9 ! ,great ,atlas ,m\nta9s1 ! int]ior ( :i* is said to conta9 a :ole _s city1 my horse happ5$ to /umble on my way back to my camp1 & fell ^u "o ( my s]vants :o 0 c>ry+ a gun4 ,! gun 0 brok5 & ! man became lame = "s days4 ,i 0 told t ! accid5t 0 caus$ by ! cave spirits1 because !y 7 displeas$ at my visit4 ,:5 ! foll[+ day ,i aga9 pass$ ! cave ) my little c>avan1 heavy ra9 began to fall2 & n[ ! ra9 0 attribut$ to ! ill-temp] ( ! spirits4 ,footnote #eh3 ,tiele1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 i4 #gj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,im ,?urn1 ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #ced4 ,/>tl+ ev5ts are ascrib$ to ! activity n only ( visible1 b ( invisible sup]natural ag5ts4 ,?us sudd5 or /range diseases are1 at ! l[] /ages ( civilisation1 commonly suppos$ to be occasion$ by a sup]natural be+1 :i* has tak5 up its abode 9 ! sick p]son's body1 or o!rwise s5t ! disease4#fj ,among ! ,maoris1 = in/ance1 ea* disease 0 suppos$ to be occasion$ by a diff]5t god1 :o resid$ 9 ! "p affect$4#fa ,! ,au/ralian ,kurnai ma9ta9 t ph?isis1 pneumonia1 b[el compla9ts1 & insanity are produc$ by an evil _s1 :o is l ! w9d4#fb ,accord+ to ,moori% beliefs convulsions1 epileptic or p>alytic fits1 rheumatic or neuralgic pa9s1 & c]ta9 r>e & viol5t epidemics1 l ! *ol]a1 are caus$ by spirits1 :i* ei!r /rike _! victim1 or ent] 8 body1 or sometimes1 9 ! case ( an epidemic1 %oot at ! #eid p ) poison\s arr[s4 ,inde$1 unexpect$ ev5ts ( e k9d are readily ascrib$ to sup]natural influ5ce1 9 ,morocco & else:]e4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! /orms & tempe/s 7 g5]ally ?\ght to be produc$ by arial spirits f ho/ile l&s4#fc ,among ! ,hudson ,bay ,indians ev]y?+ n und]/ood is attribut$ to ! work+ ( "o ( ! num]\s spirits4#fd ,dans t\te l',afrique1 says ,m4 ,duveyri] 9 8 description ( ! ,t\>eg1 il n'y a pas un individu1 clair ou ign>e1 in/ruit ou illettr1 qui n'attribue aux gnies t\t ce qui arrive d'extraord9aire sur la t]re4#fe ,( ! ,s\? ,african natives ,liv+/one writes1 ,ev]y?+ n to be acc\nt$ = by common causes1 :e!r ( good or evil1 is ascrib$ to ! ,deity4#ff ,) ! progress ( sci5ce ! *a9 ( natural causes is ext5d$1 &1 z ,livy puts x1 x is left to sup]/ition alone to see ! int]f]5ce ( ! deity 9 trifl+ matt]s4 ,among ourselves ! ord9>y tru?s ( sci5ce are s g5]ally recognis$ t 9 ?is doma9 ,god is seldom suppos$ to int]f]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to social ev5ts1 ! causes ( :i* are (t5 hidd51 ! idea ( ,provid5ce is /ill con/antly ne$$ to fill up ! gap ( human ignorance4 ,footnote #fj3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #adf sqq4 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 #bag4 ,b>tels1 ,die ,m$ic9 d] ,naturvlk]1 p4 #bg sqq4 ,hfl]1 ',krankheits-,dmon51' 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 ii4 #hf sqq4 ,k>/51 op4 cit4 p4 #bg sqq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #fb3 ,fison & ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #fc3 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #cej4 ,footnote #fd3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #bgb4 ,footnote #fe3 ,duveyri]1 ,exploration du ,sah>a1 p4 #dah4 ,see also ,s*neid]1 ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ff3 ,liv+/one1 ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1 p4 #eba sq4 ,man's belief 9 sup]natural ag5ts1 !n1 is an attempt to expla9 /range & my/]i\s ph5om5a :i* sugge/ a volitional cause4#fg ,! assum$ cause is ! w ( a sup]natural be+4 ,su* be+s are ?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 conceiv$ z volitional4 ,b a be+ :i* has a w mu/ h a m9d1 ) emotions1 desires1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( intellig5ce4 ,nei!r ! savage nor ourselves c imag9e a volitional be+ #eie :i* has no?+ b a w4 ,if an object ( nature1 !re=e1 is look$ ^u z a sup]natural ag5t1 m5tality & life are at ! same "t attribut$ to x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is ,i take to be ! real orig9 ( animism4 ,x is n correct to say t z ! objects ( ! visible _w are conceiv$ z animat$1 volitional1 & emotional1 !y may be deem$ ! orig9ators ( ^? mis=tunes ( :i* ! true cause is unkn[n4#fh ,?is is to rev]se ! actual ord] ( ideas4 ,inanimate ?+s are conceiv$ z volitional1 emotional1 & animate1 because !y are deem$ ! orig9ators ( />tl+ ev5ts4 ,! savage does n speculate ^u ! nature ( ?+s unless he has an int]e/ 9 do+ s4 ,he is n g5]ally inquisitive z to causes4#fi ,! natives ( ,we/ ,au/ralia1 says ,eyre1 are n naturally a reason+ p1 & by no means giv5 to ! inve/igation ( causes or _! effects4#gj ,9 matt]s n conc]n+ ! common wants ( life ! m9d ( ! ,brazilian ,indian is a blank4#ga ,:5 ,mungo ,p>k ask$ "s negroes1 :at became ( ! sun dur+ ! night8 !y consid]$ 8 "q a v *ildi% "o2 !y _h nev] indulg$ a conjecture1 nor =m$ any hypo!sis1 ab\t ! matt]4#gb ,i (t5 f\nd ! ,b$u9s ( ,morocco extremely curi\s1 b _! curiosity consi/$ 9 ! "q1 ,:at8 r ?an 9 ! "q1 ,:y8 ,footnote #fg3 ,already ,hobbes 7,levia?an1 i4 #ab1 p4 #gi7 trac$1 9 "p1 ! orig9 ( religion to ! fact t :5 man _c assure himself ( ! true causes ( ?+s1 he supposes causes ( !m4 ,see also ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 i4 #af4 ,footnote #fh3 ,pes*el1 ,races ( ,man1 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #fi3 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #hf sq42 ,k>/51 op4 cit4 p4 #dc sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 #cee4 ,footnote #ga3 ,bates1 ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons1 ii4 #afc4 ,footnote #gb3 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 i4 #dac4 ,:il/ belief 9 sup]natural ag5ts end[$ ) a w made ! savage an animi/1 ! idea t a m9d presupposes a body1 :5 ?\ght out1 l$ to an?ropomorphism4 ,impossible z x is to imag9e a w )\t a m9d1 x is h>dly less impossible to imag9e a m9d )\t a body4 ,! immat]ial s\l is an ab/raction to :i* has be5 attribut$ a metaphysical reality1 b ( :i* no cle> conception c be =m$4 ,z ,hobbes obs]v$1 ! op9ion t spirits are incorporeal or immat]ial1 c\ld #eif nev] ent] into ! m9d ( any man by nature2 because1 ?\gh m5 may put toge!r words 4 4 4 4 z ,_s & ,incorporeall2 yet !y c nev] h ! imag9ation ( any?+ answ]+ to !m4#gc ,desc>tes himself frankly confess$1 ,:at ! s\l itself 0 ,i ei!r did n /ay to consid]1 or1 if ,i did1 ,i imag9$ t x 0 some?+ extremely r>e & subtile1 l w9d1 or flame1 or e!r1 spread ?r\gh my gross] p>ts4#gd ,! sup]natural ag5ts 7 consequ5tly ( necessity consid]$ to possess a m or less mat]ial con/itution4 ,! disembodi$ human s\l :i* ! savage saw 9 dreams or visions1 9 ! %ad[ or ! reflection1 0 only ! lea/ mat]ial be+ :i* he c\ld imag9e2 & :5 rais$ to ! dignity ( an ance/or-god1 x by no means lo/ its mat]iality1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t5d$ to acquire a m sub/antial body4 ,footnote #gc3 ,hobbes1 op4 cit4 i4 #ab1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,desc>tes1 ,m$itationes1 #b1 p4 #aj4 ,( a gross] sub/antiality & v unlike ! human %ape are ! inanimate objects ( nature :i* receive div9e v5]ation4 ,x has be5 said ( savages t !y d n wor%ip ! ?+ itself1 only ! _s dwell+ 9 x4 ,b su* a di/9ction _c be primitive4 ,! natural object is wor%ipp$ because x is believ$ to possess sup]natural p[]1 b x is nev]!less ! object itself t is wor%ipp$4#ge ,ca/rn1 :o comb9$ great p]sonal exp]i5ce ) unusual acut5ess ( judgm5t1 /ates t ! ,samoy$es d n "k ( any spirits atta*$ to objects ( nature1 b wor%ip ! objects z su*2 9 o!r words1 !y d n sep>ate ! _s f ! matt]1 b adore ! ?+ 9 its totality z a div9e be+4#gf ,( ! deification ( ! ,n]budda riv] ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman likewise obs]ves1 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,ganges1 x is ! riv] itself to :om !y address !mselves1 & n to any deity resid+ 9 x1 or presid+ ov] x--! /ream itself is ! deity :i* fills _! imag9ations1 & receives _! #eig homage4#gg ,! animi/ :o end[s an inanimate object ) a s\l reg>ds ! visible ?+ itself z its body4#gh ,h[ a be+ ) su* a body1 l a tree or a /one1 c he> ! words ( m51 c see _! do+s1 & c p>take ( ! food !y (f]1 might be difficult to expla9--if x _h to be expla9$4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! inquisitiv5ess ( savage curiosity does n g to ! roots ( ?+s1 & religion is 9 its ess5ce my/]y4 ,footnote #ge3 ,cf4 ,tiele1 ,max ,mll] und ,fritz ,s*ultze b] e9 ,problem d] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 p4 #ce2 ,p>kman1 op4 cit4 p4 lxvii4 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,footnote #gf3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aib4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #afa1 #bjj sq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #afd sq4 ,h[ev]1 9 proportion z a sup]natural be+ comes m & m to occupy ! ?\ghts ( its wor%ipp]s & to /ir _! imag9ation1 a m di/9ct p]sonality is attribut$ to x2 & at l5g? nei!r ! e!real or vapor\s mat]iality ( a dep>t$ human s\l1 nor ! crude sub/antiality ( an inanimate object is consid]$ a satisfactory body = su* a be+4 ,x is humanis$ also ) reg>d to its ess5tial %ape4 ,! ,koriaks ( ,sib]ia believe t objects & ph5om5a ( nature conceal an an?ropomorphic sub/ance und]nea? _! out] =ms2 b !y also %[ ! fir/ signs ( a belief 9 spiritual own]s or ma/]s rul+ ov] c]ta9 classes ( ?+s or ov] l>ge objects4#gi ,! sup]natural be+ :i* is orig9ally embodi$ 9 a natural ph5om5on is gradually plac$ beh9d x4 ,9 ! ,v$ic hymns we may /udy ?is an?ropomorphism z a process 9 gr[?4 ,! true gods ( ! ,v$a are almo/ )\t exception ! deifi$ repres5tatives ( ! ph5om5a or =ces ( nature1#hj :i* are p]sonifi$1 ?\gh 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,:5 ! "n ( ! god is ! same z t ( 8 natural basis1 ! p]sonification has n yet advanc$ beyond ! rudim5t>y /age2 names l ,dyaus 7heav571 ,pr4?ivi 7e>?71 ,surya 7sun71 ,us4z 7dawn71 repres5t ! d\ble "* ( natural ph5om5a & ( ! p]sonalities presid+ ov] !m4 ,speak+ ( ! nature ( ! gods1 ! anci5t ,v$ic int]pret] ,yaska rem>ks t :at is se5 ( ! gods is c]ta9ly n #eih an?ropomorphic1 = example ! sun1 ! e>?1 & s =?4#ha ,aga91 :5 ! "n ( ! god is diff]5t f t ( ! physical sub/ance he is suppos$ to inhabit1 ! an?ropomorphism is m develop$1 ?\gh nev] v di/9ct4 ,! ,v$ic p always recognis$ beh9d its gods ! natural =ces ( :i* !y 7 ! expression1 & _! physical appe>ance (t5 only repres5ts aspects ( _! natural bases figuratively describ$ to illu/rate _! activities4 ,! sun is spok5 ( z ! eye ) :i* ,v>una obs]ves mank9d2#hb or x is said t ! all-see+ sun1 ris+ f 8 abode1 goes to ! dwell+s ( ,mitra & ,v>una to report ! de$s ( m54#hc ,ev5 to ?is day ! ,h9du1 to :atev] sect he may belong1 does homage to ! ris+ sun e morn+ ( 8 life by repeat+ a text ( ! ,v$a4#hd ,! god does n v readily *ange 8 old solid body = ano!r :i*1 ?\gh m respectable1 has ! disadvantage ( be+ invisible4 ,! simple unreflect+ m9d f9ds x easi] to wor%ip a mat]ial ?+ :i* may be se51 ?an a hidd5 god1 h[ev] p]fect 9 %ape4 ,to ! common ,japanese ! sun is /ill ! god to :om he prays morn+ & ev5+4#he ,:il/ ,*9ese s*ol>s decl>e t ! sacrifice (f]$ to ,heav5 is assur$ly n address$ to ! mat]ial & s5sible heav51 :i* our eyes see1 b to ! ,ma/] ( heav51 e>?1 & all ?+s1#hf ! p are less metaphysical2 & ! ,russian peasant to ?is day makes an appeal to ! ,sv>og ( ! old religion :5 cry+1 ,do/ ?\ he>1 ,o ,sky8 do/ ?\ see1 ,o ,sky8#hg ,t ! wor%ip ( animals survives at comp>atively late /ages ( civilisation is probably due to ! d\ble advantage ( _! bodies be+ bo? visible & animate4 ,footnote #gi3 ,jo*elson1 ',koryak ,religion & ,my?1' 9 ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 vi4 #aae1 #aah4 ,footnote #hj3 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #eia sqq4 ,footnote #ha3 ,nirukta1 vii4 #d1 quot$ by ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #hb3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #ej4 #f4 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #fg4 ,cf4 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #be4 #aj sq42 i4 #acf4 #b4 ,footnote #hc3 ,rig-,v$a1 vii4 #fj4 #a sq4 ,see ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #b1 #ae1 #ag1 #bc2 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v4 #f2 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #agh2 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #eia sqq4 ,footnote #hd3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #he3 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #hf3 ,legge1 ,notions ( ! ,*9ese conc]n+ ,god & ,spirits1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #cfb4 #eii ,b ?\gh man creat$ 8 gods 9 8 own image & lik5ess1 end[+ !m ) a m9d & a body modell$ aft] 8 own1 he nev] lo/ sight ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & !m4 ,he always ascrib$ to !m a sup]ior p[] ( action2 o!rwise !y w\ld h be5 no gods at all4 ,9 _m cases1 at lea/1 he also attribut$ to !m a sup]ior k4 ,! ,be*uanas ma9ta9 t _! gods are mu* wis] ?an !y are !mselves4#hh ,9 ! admonitions ( an ,aztek "m to h] daught] ref]5ce is made to a god :o sees e secret fault4#hi ,! gods ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 possess$ ( sup]human wisdom1#ij & s 0 ,yahveh4 ,x is true t ! an?ropomorphic god acquires k ( ! affairs ( m5 ?r\gh 8 s5ses4 ,:5 he>+ ! cry ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ,yahveh said1 ,i w g d[n n[1 & see :e!r !y h done altoge!r accord+ to ! cry ( x1 :i* is come unto me2 & if n1 ,i w "k4#ia ,b ! s5ses ( a god are g5]ally sup]ior to ^? ( a man4 ,a god1 says ,ore/es1 c he> ev5 f a di/ance4#ib ,v>una has an all-see+ eye1 & ! ,zoroa/rian ,mi?ra has a ?\s& e>s & t5 ?\s& eyes4#ic ,9 o!r respects1 also1 ! bodies ( gods excel ! bodies ( m54 ,sometimes !y are m beautiful1 sometimes !y h a gigantic %ape4 ,:5 ,ares is fell$ to ! gr\nd by ! /one flung by ,a!ne1 8 body cov]s sev5 roods ( l&4 #id ,:5 ,"h takes a solemn oa?1 %e grasps ! e>? ) "o h& & ! sea ) ! o!r4#ie ,9 ?ree /eps ,poseidon goes an imm5se di/ance2#if 9 ?ree paces ,vi%nu trav]ses e>?1 air1 & sky4#ig ,footnote #hh3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #hi3 ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria g5]al de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 vi4 #ai1 vol4 ii4 #aca4 ,footnote #ij3 ,cf4 ,we/cott1 ,essays 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #ia3 ,g5esis1 xviii4 #bj sq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #big4 ,footnote #ic3 ,ya/s1 x4 #g4 ,footnote #id3 ,iliad1 xxi4 #djg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ibid4 xiv4 #bgb sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #cbe4 ,h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy to make gods m & m #fjj p]fect--( :i* ,i %all say m 9 a foll[+ *apt]--gradually l$ to ! notion t mat]iality is a quality :i* is n becom+ to a god2 h5ce m5 endeav\r$1 to ! be/ ( _! ability1 to grasp ! idea ( a purely spiritual be+1 end[$ ) a w & ev5 ) human emotions1 b )\t a mat]ial body4 ,l ,x5ophanes 9 ,greece1 ! ,inca ,yupangui 9 ,p]u prote/$ aga9/ ! prevail+ an?ropomorphism1 decl>+ t purely spiritual s]vice 0 befitt+ ! almighty creator1 n tributes or sacrifices4#ih ,9 ! ,bible we notice a successive trans=mation ( ! nature ( ! deity1 f crude s5su\sness to pure spirituality4 ,accord+ to ! olde/ traditions1 ,yahveh works & re/s1 he plants ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 he walks 9 x 9 ! cool ( ! day1 & ,adam & ,eve he> 8 voice4 ,9 a great "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t he is expressly b\nd by conditions ( "t & space4 ,he is atta*$ 9 an especial mann] to ! ,j]usalem temple or "s o!r %r9e1 & 8 fav\r is ga9$ by def9ite modes ( sacrifice4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,prophets ! crud] an?ropomorphisms ( ! e>li] religion h be5 ov]come2 ,yahveh is no long] se5 9 p]son1 & by a prophet l ,isaiah 8 resid5ce 9 ,zion is almo/ :olly demat]ialis$4 ,yet1 z ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? obs]ves1 n ev5 ,isaiah has ris5 to ! full height ( ! ,new ,te/am5t conception t ,god1 :o is _s & :o is to be wor%ipp$ spiritually1 makes no di/9ction ( spot ) reg>d to wor%ip1 & is equally ne> to receive m5's pray]s 9 e place4#ii ,moslem !ologians take pa9s to po9t out t ,god nei!r is begott5 nor begets1 & t he is )\t figure1 =m1 col\r1 & p>ts4 ,he he>s all s\nds1 :e!r l[ or l\d2 b he he>s )\t an e>4 ,he sees all ?+s1 ev5 ! /eps ( a black ant on a black /one 9 a d>k night2 #fja b he has no eyes1 z m5 h4 ,he speaks2 b n ) a tongue1 z m5 d4#ajj ,he is end[$ ) k1 feel+s1 & a w4#aja ,?us ! demat]ialis$ god /ill reta9s a m5tal con/itution modell$ ^u ! human s\l1 ) all its bodily desires & imp]fections remov$1 ) its high] qualities indef9itely increas$1 &1 above all1 end[$ ) a sup]natural p[] ( action4 ,footnote #ih3 ,br9ton1 ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #ii3 ,goblet d',alviella1 op4 cit4 p4 #baf4 ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #hg4 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #dbd4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,rislah-i-,b]kevi1 quot$ by ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aff sq4 ,footnote #aja3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahe4 ,9 foll[+ *apt]s we %all see h[ ! moral ideas ( m5 h be5 influ5c$ by ! attributes !y ascribe to sup]natural be+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,,duties ,,to ,,gods ,,m5 n only believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural be+s1 b ent] into frequ5t relations ) !m4 ,9 e religion we may di/+ui% betwe5 two elem5ts3 a belief1 & a reg>dful attitude t[>ds ! object ( ?is belief4 ,at ! same "t ! assumption t sup]natural be+s exi/ is n necess>ily connect$ ) religi\s v5]ation ( !m4 ,relations may be e/abli%$ ) "s ( !m to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,if ! relations betwe5 man & a c]ta9 sup]natural be+ are ( a m or less p]man5t "*1 ! latt] is g5]ally call$ 8 god4 ,z man attributes to 8 gods a v>iety ( human qualities1 8 conduct t[>ds !m is 9 _m respects det]m9$ by consid]ations simil> to ^? :i* regulate 8 conduct t[>ds 8 fell[ m54 ,he end[s !m ) rights q aft] human fa%ion1 & imposes on himself correspond+ duties4 ,gods h ! rights to life & bodily integrity4 ,!y are n necess>ily ei!r invuln]able or immortal4#a ,accord+ to anci5t ,egyptian beliefs1 ! life ( a god is inde$ long] ?an t ( a man1 b dea? puts an end to ! "o z well z to ! o!r4#b ,! ,v$ic gods 7 mortal at fir/2 immortality 0 only be/[$ ^u !m by ,savitr or by ,agni1 or !y obta9$ x by dr9k+ #fjc soma1 or by practis+ cont95ce & au/]ity1 or by ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 c]emonies4#c ,nor 7 ! ,greek gods et]nal by nature2 !y secur$ immortality by fea/+ on nect> & ambrosia4#d ,! ,sc&9avian gods _h 9 ,idun's apples a means ( pres]v+ p]petual fre%ness & y\?2 b = all t !y 7 subject to ! encroa*m5ts ( age1 & _! dea? is spok5 ( )\t disguise4#e ,footnote #a3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #b3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #agc4 ,cf4 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #aaa2 ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #c3 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #ag4 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #d3 ,iliad1 v4 #cci sqq4 ,odyssey1 v4 #aii4 ,cf4 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #cag sq4 ,footnote #e3 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 i4 #cah sqq4 ,?\gh liable to dea?1 ! invisible an?ropomorphic gods g5]ally run little risk ( be+ kill$ by m54 ,b ! case is diff]5t ) su* sup]natural be+s z live on e>? 9 a visible & de/ructible %ape4 ,!y may be1 & occasionally are1 sla9 by human h&s1 al?\gh 9 ?is case kill+ h>dly means absolute de/ruction1 ! s\l surviv+ ! dea? ( ! body4 ,b to kill su* a be+ is 9 ord9>y circum/ances look$ ^u z a dang]\s act4 ,we h notic$ above t p are (t5 reluctant to slay animals ( c]ta9 species = fe> le/ ei!r ! disembodi$ _s ( ! sla9 animal or o!rs ( its k9d %\ld av5ge ! injury2#f & ! dang] is naturally increas$ :5 ! victim & its :ole species are reg>d$ z div9e4 ,savages z a rule avoid kill+ animals ( _! own totem1 & v>i\s /atem5ts imply t ! act is disapprov$ (4#g ,footnote #f3 ,supra1 ii4 #dia4 ,footnote #g3 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #g sqq42 ,idem1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #f sq4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is reg>d = ! life ( a totemic animal is due to ! notion t a man is ak9 to 8 totem4#h ,b ! v>i\s taboos impos$ ^u him ) ref]5ce to x1 & ! nature ( ! p5alties incurr$ by ! taboo-break]1#i indicate t ! relation betwe5 a human individual & ! animal memb]s ( 8 totem are aft] all some:at diff]5t f t betwe5 c\s9s4 ,x seems t ! totemic animal is 9 #fjd ! fir/ place look$ ^u z a sup]natural be+1 & t a p]son's attitude t[>ds x dep5ds on ! degree ( dread or v5]ation :i* he feels = x4 ,su* sacr$ animals z are n conceiv$ to be ( "o /ock ) _! devotees are equally taboo$2 9 anci5t ,egypt1 we are told1 (f5ces aga9/ holy animals 7 puni%$ ev5 ) dea?4#aj ,on ! o!r h&1 s little respect is n seldom felt = ! totem t x is treat$ 9 a way to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 ! treatm5t ( human relatives4 ,speak+ ( ! native tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve1 ,t ! totemic animal or plant is n reg>d$ exactly z a close relative1 :om x w\ld be wrong to kill1 or to assi/ any "o else to kill1 is v evid5t2 on ! contr>y1 ! memb]s ( "o totem n only1 z x 71 give _! p]mission to ^? :o are n ( ! totem to kill & eat ! totemic animal or plant1 b 4 4 4 !y w actually help 9 ! de/ruction ( _! totems4#aa ,! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,n>r9y]i kill _! totemic animals if !y are good = food4#ab ,a ,be*uana w kill 8 totem if x be a hurtful animal1 = in/ance a lion2 ! slay] !n only makes an apology to ! bea/ & goes ?r\gh a =m ( purification = ! sacrilege4#ac ,among ! ,m5om9i ,indians a man belong+ to ! ,be> clan may kill a be>1 al?\gh he mu/ fir/ address himself to 8 victim & apologise = depriv+ x ( life4#ad ,! ,indian tribes 9 ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,/ates _h no respect = _! totems & w\ld kill !m :5 !y got ! *ance4#ae ,among ! ,?l9kets a ,wolf man w hunt wolves )\t hesitation1 al?\gh he calls !m 8 relatives :5 pray+ !m n to hurt him4#af ,footnote #h3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bhe4 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #aa sqq42 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cbb1 #cbd sq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #aa3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #ab3 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ad3 ,h(fman1 ',m5om9i ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xiv4 #dd4 ,footnote #ae3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #af3 ,boas1 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #bc4 ,= "s o!r in/ances see ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #ai4 ,9 c]ta9 cases div9e animals are kill$ z a religi\s #fje or magical c]emony4 ,sev]al in/ances ( ?is h be5 po9t$ out by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4#ag ,sometimes1 :5 ! rev]$ animal is habitually sp>$1 x is nev]!less kill$ on r>e & solemn occasions4 ,9 o!r cases1 :5 ! rev]$ animal is habitually kill$1 !re is a special annual atonem5t1 at :i* a select individual ( ! species is sla9 ) extraord9>y m>ks ( respect & devotion4 ,fraz] has (f]$ +5i\s explanations ( bo? cu/oms4 ,z reg>ds ! =m] "o he argues t ! savage app>5tly ?9ks t a species left to itself w gr[ old & die l an individual1 & t ! only means he c ?9k ( to av]t ! cata/rophe is to kill a memb] ( ! species 9 ^: ve9s ! tide ( life is /ill runn+ /rong & has n yet /agnat$ among ! f5s ( old age2 ! life ?us div]t$ f "o *annel w fl[1 he fancies1 m fre%ly & freely 9 a new "o4#ah ,! latt] cu/om1 aga91 is expla9$ by ,fraz] z a k9d ( atonem5t2 by %[+ m>k$ def]5ce to a few *os5 individuals ( a species ! savage ?9ks himself entitl$ to ext]m9ate ) impunity all ! rema9d] ^u :i* he c lay h&s4#ai ,^! explanations1 z ,fraz] himself is ! fir/ to admit1 are only hypo!tical1 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 !y are ! only ones yet (f]$4 ,h[ev]1 x is wor? notic+ t c]ta9 acts accompany+ ! slaught] ( div9e animals sometimes cle>ly indicate a desire 9 ! wor%ipp]s to transf] to !mselves sup]natural b5efits--z :5 !y eat ! fle% ( ! animal1 or spr9kle !mselves ) its blood1 or by o!r means place !mselves 9 contact ) x2 & x may be t 9 su* cases ! animal is kill$ = ! express purpose ( communicat+ to ! p ! sanctity1 or b5eficial magic en]gy1 ) :i* x is end[$4 ,! ,madi or ,moru tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa furni% an in/ructive example4 ,once a ye>1 z x seems1 a v *oice lamb is kill$ by a man belong+ to a k9d ( prie/ly ord]1 :o #fjf spr9kles "s ( ! blood f\r times ov] ! assembl$ p & !n sme>s ea* individual ) ! same fluid4 ,b ?is c]emony is also obs]v$ on a small scale at o!r times--if a family is 9 any great tr\ble1 ?r\gh illness or b]eavem5t1 _! fri5ds & neighb\rs come toge!r & a lamb is kill$ ) a view to av]t+ fur!r evil4#bj ,among ! ,arunta & "s o!r tribes 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 z we h notic$ above1 at ! "t ( ,inti*iuma1 totemic animals are kill$ ) ! object ( be+ eat54 ,b "h ! sacram5tal meal is a magical c]emony int5d$ to multiply ! species1 s z to increase ! food supply = o!r totemic gr\ps2 ! fundam5tal idea be+ t ! memb]s ( ea* totemic gr\p are responsible = provid+ o!r individuals ) a supply ( _! totem4#ba ,footnote #ag3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #cff sqq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cfh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dce4 ,footnote #bj3 ,felk91 ',madi or ,moru ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xii4 #ccf sq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,supra1 ii4 #baj sq4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 vi4 ,iidem1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 ix4 sq4 ,fraz] has also call$ att5tion to v>i\s in/ances 9 :i* a man-god or div9e k+ is put to dea? by 8 wor%ipp]s1 & has sugge/$ ! foll[+ explanation ( ?is cu/om3--,primitive p sometimes believe t _! own safety & ev5 t ( ! _w is b\nd up ) ! life ( "o ( ^! god-m5 or human inc>nations ( ! div9ity4 ,!y !re=e take ! utmo/ c>e ( 8 life1 out ( a reg>d = _! own4 ,b no am\nt ( c>e & precaution w prev5t ! div9e k+ f gr[+ old & feeble & at la/ dy+4 ,& 9 ord] to av]t ! cata/rophes :i* may be expect$ f ! enfeeblem5t ( 8 p[]s & _! f9al ext9ction 9 dea?1 !y kill him z soon z he %[s symptoms ( weakness1 & 8 s\l is transf]r$ to a vigor\s successor be=e x has be5 s]i\sly impair$ by ! ?reat5$ decay4 ,b "s peoples appe> to h ?\ght x unsafe to wait = ev5 ! slighte/ symptom ( decay & h pref]r$ to kill ! div9e k+ :ile he is /ill 9 ! full vig\r ( life4 ,accord+ly1 !y h fix$ a t]m beyond :i* he #fjg may n reign1 & at ! close ( :i* he mu/ die1 ! t]m fix$ ^u be+ %ort en\gh to exclude ! probability ( 8 deg5]at+ physically 9 ! int]val4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 "s places ! p c\ld n tru/ ! k+ to rema9 9 full bodily & m5tal vig\r = m ?an a ye>2 :il/ 9 ,ngoio1 a prov9ce ( ! anci5t k+dom ( ,congo1 ! rule obta9s t ! *ief :o assumes ! cap ( sov]eignty "o day %all be put to dea? on ! next4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #e sqq4 ,e read] ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh mu/ admire ! +5uity1 skill1 & le>n+ ) :i* its au?or has work$ out 8 !ory1 ev5 ?\gh he may fail to f9d ! argum5t 9 e po9t conv9c+4 ,x is obvi\s t ! sup]natural p[] ( div9e k+s is frequ5tly suppos$ to be influ5c$ by ! condition ( _! bodies4 ,9 "s cases x is also obvi\s t !y are kill$ on acc\nt ( "s illness1 corporal defect1 or symptom ( old age1 & t ! ultimate reason = ?is lies 9 ! suppos$ connection betwe5 physical det]ioration & wan+ div9ity4 ,b1 z ,fraz] himself obs]ves1 9 ! *a9 ( 8 evid5ce a l9k is want+3 he c produce no direct pro( ( ! idea t ! s\l ( ! sla9 man-god is transmitt$ to 8 royal successor4#bc ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* evid5ce ,i v5ture to sugge/ a "s :at diff]5t explanation1 :i* seems to me m 9 accordance ) kn[n facts--to wit1 t ! new k+ is suppos$ to inh]it1 n ! pr$ecessor's s\l1 b 8 div9ity or hol9ess1 :i* is look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a my/]i\s entity1 tempor>ily seat$ 9 ! rul+ sov]eign1 b sep>able f him & transf]able to ano!r individual4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ef4 ,?is modification ( ,fraz]'s !ory is sugge/$ by c]ta9 beliefs preval5t among ! ,moors4 ,! ,sultan ( ,morocco1 :o is reg>d$ by ! p z ! viceg]5t ( ,god1 appo9ts be=e 8 dea? "s memb] ( 8 family--by pref]5ce "o ( 8 sons--z 8 successor1 & ?is implies t 8 b>aka1 or hol9ess1 w #fjh be transf]r$ to ! new sov]eign4 ,b 8 hol9ess may also be appropriat$ by a pret5d] dur+ 8 lifetime1 :i* proves t x is reg>d$ z some?+ q di/9ct f 8 s\l4 ,?us ! p told me t ! pret5d] ,buh4amra _h come into possession ( ! ,sultan's b>aka1 & t he w\ld subsequ5tly h& x ov] to "o ( ! ,sultan's bro!rs1 :o 0 !n d5i$ 8 lib]ty4 ,l ! sultans ( ,morocco1 ! div9e ,kafir k+s ( ,s(ala1 :o 7 put to dea? if afflict$ ) "s disease1 nom9at$ _! successors4#bd ,9 anci5t ,b5gal1 aga91 :oev] kill$ ! k+ & succe$$ 9 plac+ himself on ! royal ?rone1 0 imm$iately ackn[l$g$ z k+2 ! p said1 ,we are fai?ful to ! ?rone1 :oev] fills ! ?rone we are ob$i5t & true to x4#be ,9 ! k+dom ( ,passi]1 on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,sumatra1 ^: sacr$ mon>* 0 n all[$ by 8 subjects to live long1 ! man :o /ruck ! fatal bl[ 0 ( ! royal l9eage1 & z soon z he _h done ! de$ ( blood & seat$ himself on ! ?rone he 0 reg>d$ z ! legitimate k+1 provid$ t he contriv$ to ma9ta9 8 seat peaceably = a s+le day4#bf ,9 ^! cases1 x seems1 ! sanctity 0 consid]$ to be inh]5t 9 ! ?rone & to be p>tly communicat$ to p]sons :o came into close contact ) x4#bg ,footnote #bd3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #be3 ,ibid4 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #bg3 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] himself has k9dly drawn my att5tion to "s /atem5ts 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip 7p4 #aba sqq47 f :i* x appe>s t 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,malay region ! regalia are reg>d$ z wond]-work+ talismans or feti%es1 ! possession ( :i* c>ries ) x ! "r to ! ?rone4 ,among ! ,yorubas ( ,we/ ,africa1 a miracul\s virtue seems to be attribut$ to ! royal cr[n1 & ! k+ sometimes sacrifices %eep to x 7ibid4 p4 #abd1 n4 #a74 ,see infra1 ,additional ,notes4 ,n[1 z we h notic$ be=e1 hol9ess is g5]ally held to be exce$+ly susceptible to any pollut+ influ5ce1#bh & ?is w\ld naturally sugge/ ! idea t1 9 ord] to rema9 unimpair$1 x has to be remov$ f a body :i* is defil$ by disease or blemi%4 ,su* an idea may be suppos$ to und]lie ^? cases 9 :i* #fji ev5 ! slighte/ bodily defect is a suffici5t motive = putt+ ! div9e k+ to dea?4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance = ! community t ! hol9ess on :i* its welf>e dep5ds %\ld n be atta*$ to an individual ^: organism is no long] a fit receptacle = x1 & :o is consequ5tly unable to fulfil ! duties incumb5t ^u a div9e mon>*2 & x may be ?\ght t ! only way ( remov+ ! hol9ess f him is to kill him4 ,! same explanation w\ld seem to apply to ! kill+ ( k+s or magicians :o h actually prov$ incapable ( br++ ab\t ! b5efits expect$ f !m1 su* z ra9 or good crops1#bi al?\gh 9 ^! in/ances ! murd]\s act may also be a precaution aga9/ ! rev5ge !y might o!rwise take = be+ depos$1 or x may be a puni%m5t = _! failure1#cj or h ! "* ( a sacrifice to a god4#ca ,moreov]1 ! disease1 weakness1 or physical det]ioration ( ! k+ might cause 8 dea?2 &1 ow+ to ! extremely pollut+ effect ascrib$ to natural dea?1 ?is w\ld be ! greate/ cata/rophe :i* c\ld happ5 to ! hol9ess seat$ 9 him4 ,! p ( ,congo believ$ t if _! pontiff1 ! ,*itom1 7 to die a natural dea?1 ! _w w\ld p]i%1 & ! e>?1 :i* he alone su/a9$ by 8 p[] & m]it1 w\ld imm$iately be annihilat$2 h5ce1 :5 he fell ill & seem$ likely to die1 ! man :o 0 de/9$ to be 8 successor ent]$ ! pontiff's h\se ) a rope or a club & /rangl$ or clubb$ him to dea?4#cb ,simil> motives may also h induc$ p to kill _! div9e k+ aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 z ev]ybody is soon] or lat] liable to fall ill or gr[ weak & die4 ,b ,i c also imag9e ano!r possible reason = ?is cu/om4 ,sup]natural #faj en]gy is sometimes consid]$ s s5sitive to ext]nal influ5ces t x appe>s to we> away almo/ by itself 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,i h he>d f ,arabs 9 ,morocco t a pret5d]'s hol9ess usually la/s only = half a ye>4 ,& x may be t "s ( ! div9e k+s m5tion$ by ,fraz] 7 expos$ to a simil> fatality & !re=e _h to be sla9 9 "t4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see especially supra1 ii4 #bid-bif1 #ceb1 #cec1 #dae sqq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aeh sq4 ,l&tman1 ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood1 p4 #add sqq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 p4 #add4 ,div9e animals are sometimes treat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 if ! sacr$ bea/s c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 help 9 em]g5cy1 !y 7 beat52 & if ?is measure fail$ to prove efficaci\s1 !n ! creatures 7 puni%$ ) dea? 7,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #agh2 ,idem1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*1 p4 #dbh sq474 ,footnote #ca3 ,supra1 i4 #ddc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #h4 ,z ! "r to life1 g5]ally grant$ to gods1 is ?us 9 c]ta9 circum/ances abrogat$ = ! b5efit ( _! wor%ipp]s1 s _! "r to bodily integrity may be susp5d$ if _! behavi\r does n answ] ! expectations ( _! devotees4 ,m5 puni% _! gods z !y puni% _! fell[ m54 ,among ! ,amazulu1 :5 x ?und]s or1 z !y say1 ! heav5 is com+ badly1 ! doctors g out & scold x2 !y take a /ick & say !y are go+ to beat ! lightn+ ( heav54#cc ,! negro cudgels 8 feti% unm]cifully to make x submissive4#cd ,! ,samoy$e flogs 8 idol or ?r[s x away if he does n succe$ 9 8 do+s4#ce ,! idols ( ! ,typees1 9 ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 receiv$ m h>d knocks ?an supplications4#cf ,:5 8 gu>dian _s proves /ubborn1 ! ,hudson ,bay ,eskimo deprives x ( food1 or /rips x ( its g>m5ts4#cg ,footnote #cc3 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ba/ian1 ,afrikanis*e ,reis51 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #ce3 von ,/ruve1 9 ,ausl&1 #ahhj p4 #gie4 ,footnote #cf3 ,melville1 ,typee1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #cg3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 normal circum/ances m5 reg>d x z a duty1 n only to refra9 f kill+ or injur+ _! gods1 b positively to promote _! exi/5ce & com=t4 ,accord+ to e>ly beliefs1 sup]natural be+s are subject to human ne$s4 ,! gods ( ! hea!n ,sib]ians lab\r$ = _! subsi/5ce1 engag$ 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 & laid up provisions ( roots aga9/ times ( de>?4#ch ,:5 ! heav5s appe> *eck]$ ) :ite cl\ds on a blue surface1 ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& say t ! god is plant+ 8 potatoes & #faa o!r div9e edibles4#ci ,! ,fijian gods are describ$ z enorm\s eat]s4#dj ,! ,v$ic gods wore clo!s1 7 great drunk>ds1 & suff]$ f con/ant hung]2#da ,i ne$ only ref] to ! num]\s passages 9 ! ,rig-,v$a :]e m5tion is made ( ! appetite or ?ir/ ( ,indra & ! pleasure he has 9 fill+ 8 belly4#db ,an ,egyptian god _c be conceiv$ )\t 8 h\se 9 :i* he lives1 9 :i* 8 fe/ivals are solemnis$1 & :i* he nev] leaves except on pr(essional days4 ,8 dwell+ has to be clean$1 & he is assi/$ at 8 toilet by 8 att5dants2 ! prie/ has to dress & s]ve 8 god1 & places e day on 8 table (f]+s ( food & dr9k4#dc ,s also ! ,*aldean gods _h to be n\ri%$1 clo!d1 & amus$2 & ! /one or wood5 /atues erect$ to !m 9 ! sanctu>ies furni%$ !m ) bodies :i* !y animat$ ) _! brea?4#dd ,footnote #ch3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bei4 ,footnote #ci3 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bdd4 ,footnote #dj3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 pp4 #ahd1 #aie4 ,footnote #da3 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #cjd1 #cff sqq4 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #cf1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #db3 ,rig-,v$a1 ii4 #aa4 #aa2 viii4 #d4 #aj2 viii4 #ag4 #d2 viii4 #gh4 #g2 x4 #hf4 #ac sqq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,erman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgc1 #bge1 #bgi4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ball1 ',glimpses ( ,babylonian ,religion1' 9 ,proce$4 ,soc4 ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xiv4 #aec sqq4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #fgi4 ,! idea t sup]natural be+s h human appetites & human wants leads to ! practice ( sacrifice4 ,:atev] means !y may h ( e>n+ _! livelihood1 !y are c]ta9ly n indiff]5t to gifts (f]$ by m54 ,if su* (f]+s fail !m !y may ev5 suff] want & become feeble & p[]less4 ,! ,egyptian gods1 says ,m4 ,masp]o1 7 dep5d5t ^u ! gifts ( mortals1 & ! res\rces ( ea* individual deity1 & consequ5tly 8 p[]1 dep5d$ on ! weal? & numb] ( 8 wor%ipp]s4#de ,we meet ) ! same idea at e /ep 9 ! ,v$ic hymns4#df ,%\ld sacrifices cease = an in/ant to be (f]$1 ! gods w\ld cease to s5d ra91 #fab to br+ back at ! appo9t$ h\r ,aurora & ! sun1 to raise & rip5 h>ve/s--n only because !y w\ld be unwill+1 b because !y w\ld be unable to d s4#dg ,x 0 by sacrifice t ! gods deliv]$ ! _w f *aos1 & x is by sacrifice t man prev5ts x f laps+ back into ! same /ate2#dh 9 ! ',laws ( ,manu' x is said t sacrifices support bo? ! movable & ! immovable creation4#di ,! ,zoroa/rian books likewise repres5t ! sacrifice z an act ( assi/ance to ! gods1 by :i* !y become victori\s 9 _! combats ) ! demons4#ej ,:5 n /r5g!n$ by (f]+s !y fly helpless be=e _! foes4 ,ov]come by ! demon ,apao%a1 ! bright & glori\s ,ti/rya cries out 9 di/ress3--,woe is me1 ,o ,ahura ,mazda6 4 4 4 ,m5 d n wor%ip me ) a sacrifice 9 :i* ,i am invok$ by my own "n4 4 4 4 ,if m5 _h wor%ipp$ me ) a sacrifice 9 :i* ,i _h be5 invok$ by my own "n1 z !y wor%ip ! o!r ,yazatas ) sacrifices 9 :i* !y are invok$ by _! own names1 ,i %\ld h tak5 to me ! /r5g? ( t5 horses1 ! /r5g? ( t5 camels1 ! /r5g? ( t5 bulls1 ! /r5g? ( t5 m\nta9s1 ! /r5g? ( t5 riv]s4#ea ,footnote #de3 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjb4 ,cf4 ,wi$emann1 ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #df3 ,rig-,v$a1 ii4 #ae4 #b2 x4 #eb4 #e sq42 x4 #aba4 #g4 ,cf4 ,a?>va-,v$a1 xi4 #g4 #ad sq42 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #adi2 ,kaegi1 ,rigv$a1 p4 #ca2 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #dh3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #acj4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #di3 ,laws ( ,manu1 iii4 #ge sqq4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #cbg2 ,idem1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7#a/ edit471 iv4 p4 lxviii4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ya/s1 viii4 #bc sq4 ,m5 are induc$ by v>i\s motives to (f] sacrificial gifts to sup]natural be+s4 ,9 e>ly religion ! mo/ common motive is und\bt$ly a desire to av]t evils2 & we h reason to believe t su* a desire 0 ! fir/ s\rce ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,9 spite ( rec5t ass]tions to ! contr>y1 ! old say+ holds true t religion 0 born ( fe>4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t ! savage is little susceptible to ?is emotion1#eb & t he = ! mo/ "p takes 8 gods joy\sly1#ec %[ ignorance #fac ( facts4 ,"o ( 8 *>act]i/ics is great n]v\s susceptibility1#ed & he lives 9 con/ant appreh5sion ( dang] f sup]natural p[]s4 ,we are told ( ! ,samoy$es t a sudd5 bl[ on ! outside ( a t5t w sometimes ?r[ ! occupants into spasms4 ,! ,indian1 says ,p>kman1 liv$ 9 p]petual fe>4 ,! turn+ ( a leaf1 ! crawl+ ( an insect1 ! cry ( a bird1 ! creak+ ( a b\gh1 might be to him ! my/ic signal ( weal or woe4#ee ,f all qu>t]s ( ! uncivilis$ _w we he> t t]ror or fe> is ! pr$om9ant elem5t 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t1 t savages are m incl9$ to ascribe evil ?an good to ! influ5ce ( sup]natural ag5ts1 t _! sacrifices & o!r acts ( wor%ip m frequ5tly h 9 view to av]t mis=tunes ?an to procure positive b5efits1 or t1 ev5 ?\gh b5evol5t deities are believ$ 91 mu* m att5tion is paid to malignant ones4#ef ,& ev5 among peoples :o h pass$ beyond ! /age ( #fad savag]y fe> /ill rema9s a prom95t factor 9 _! religion4 ,! great bulk ( ,hom]ic cult-op]ations lay 9 propitiatory rites 9 avoidance ( evil4#eg ,no "o1 says ,sir ,moni]-,williams1 :o has ev] be5 br\ght into close contact ) ! ,h9dus 9 _! own c\ntry c d\bt ! fact t ! wor%ip ( at lea/ n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! p ( ,india 9 ! pres5t day is a wor%ip ( fe>4#eh ,9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts we read t he is n to be consid]$ z fai?ful :o has no fe> ( ! sacr$ be+s4#ei ,! ,egyptian ,amon ,r1 :o is prais$ z ! beautiful & belov$ god1 :o give? life by all mann] ( w>m?1 by all mann] ( fair cattle1 is at ! same "t /yl$ ,"l ( fe>1 great "o ( t]ror4#fj ,! ,psalmi/ says t ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1#fa &1 z ,nldeke po9ts out1 ! fe> ( ,god 0 us$ 9 its lit]al s5se4#fb ,al?\gh ! ,koran has mu* to tell ab\t ! lov+ k9dness ( ,god1 ! god ( ,islam evokes mu* m fe> ?an love4 ,fai? is said by ,muhamm$an !ologians to /& midway betwe5 hope & fe>4#fc ,footnote #eb3 ,gruppe1 ,die grie*is*5 ,culte und ,my!n1 p4 #bdd sq4 ,footnote #ec3 ,grant ,all51 ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ee3 ,p>kman1 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 lxxxiv4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #cia 7,am]ican ,indians g5]ally74 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 pp4 #hd1 #aga1 #bad1 #bfj4 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bdc 7,coroados74 ,brett1 ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana1 p4 #cfa sq42 ,im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cfg sq4 ,dunb>1 ',pawnee ,indians1' 9 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 viii4 #gcf4 ,mc,gee1 ',si\an ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xv4 #ahd4 ,murdo*1 ',e?n4 ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1' ibid4 ix4 #dcb 7,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo74 ,ross1 ',ea/]n ,t9neh1' 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahff1 p4 #cjf4 ,radl(f1 ,s*aman5?um1 p4 #ae 7,turki% tribes ( ! ,altai74 ,fawcett1 ,saoras1 p4 #eg4 ,campbell1 ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 p4 #afc sq4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #aha sq4 7,santals74 ,m\hot1 ,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a1 ii4 #bi 7,bannavs ( ,cambodia74 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aeg4 ,wilk51 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 p4 #bjg sq4 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #fi1 #gj1 #agh2 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #bec2 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 9 7,dyaks74 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #baf4 ,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln1' 9 ,j\r4 des ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #dd 7,pelew ,isl&]s74 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ahi4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',uea1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #aad4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ba4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ccf 7,tahitians74 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 pp4 #ajd1 #adh2 ,yate1 ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ada2 ,polack1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdd 7,maoris74 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's1 pp4 #cch1 #cci1 #cda 7,hott5tots74 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #aec 7,matabele74 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #dce 7peoples inhabit+ ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,zambesi74 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #b 7,negroes ( ,accra74 ,see also ,k>/51 ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip1 p4 #dd sqq42 infra1 p4 #ffe sqq4 ,footnote #eg3 ,cf4 ,kell]1 ,hom]ic ,society1 p4 #aae sq4 ,footnote #eh3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xxxix4 #cc4 ,footnote #fj3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #aaa sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,psalms1 cxi4 #aj4 ,footnote #fb3 ,nldeke1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 i4 #cfb4 ,footnote #fc3 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #afe4 ,hope1 inde$1 =ms an elem5t 9 e religion1 ev5 ! l[e/4 ,! assum$ au?ors ( pa9ful or al>m+ ev5ts became objects ( wor%ip because !y 7 conceiv$1 n z me*anical causes1 b z p]sonal ag5cies :i* might be influ5c$ by ! reg>dful attitude ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,! savage is n s irrational z to make (f]+s to be+s f :om he expects no b5efits 9 return4 ,& 9 proportion z ! deities grew m b5ignant & _! sph]e ( action 0 ext5d$1 _! wor%ipp]s became m confid5t1 expect+ f !m n only m]cy b positive assi/ance4 ,we may suppose t already at an e>ly /age ( #fae culture man1 occasionally1 0 /ruck by "s unexpect$ =tunate ev5t & ascrib$ x to ! influ5ce ( a fri5dly _s ) :i* he 0 anxi\s to keep on amicable t]ms4 ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ wor%ip is ! result n only ( fe>1 b also ( ! hope ( obta9+ "s direct advantage or protection4#fd ,! pagans ( ,sib]ia accompani$ _! sacrifices ) words l ^!3--,behold :at ,i br+ y to eat2 br+ me !n 9 return *ildr51 cattle1 & a long life4#fe ,! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,eskimo1 :5 he arrives at a riv]1 ?r[s into ! air a small piece ( tobacco1 cry+ out1 ,spirits1 spirits1 ,i give y tobacco1 give me pl5ty ( fi%6#ff ,( ! ,sia ,indians 7,pueblos7 ,mrs4 ,/ev5son writes t _! religion is n ma9ly "o ( propitiation1 b r ( supplication = fav\rs & paym5t = ! same--!y d ! w ( & !reby please ! be+s to :om !y pray4#fg ,we ev5 he> ( savages mak+ ?ank-(f]+s to _! gods4 ,9 ,fiji1 aft] successful fi%+ = turtle1 or rem>kable deliv]ance f dang] 9 w> or at sea1 or recov]y f sickness1 a k9d ( ?ank-(f]+ 0 sometimes pres5t$ to ! deities4#fh ,:5 c]ta9 natives ( ,ea/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 aft] !y h pray$ = a successful hunt+ exp$ition1 return home lad5 ) v5ison or ivory1 !y "k t !y are indebt$ to _! old relative = _! good =tune1 & give him a ?ank-(f]+4#fi ,we are told t 9 ,nor!rn ,gu9ea1 :5 a p]son has be5 repeat$ly =tunate ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a feti%1 he contracts a feel+ ( atta*m5t & gratitude to x4#gj ,yet we h reason to suspect t ! gratitude ( ! sacrific] is commonly #faf ( ! k9d :i* ,la ,ro*ef\cauld def9$ z a secret desire to receive great] b5efits 9 ! future4#ga ,sometimes ! ?ank-(f]+1 if x may be call$ s1 is expressly prec$$ by a v[4 ,among ! ,kansas ! w>rior1 :5 go+ to w> says1 fac+ ! ,ea/1 ,i wi% to pass along ! road to ! foe6 ,o ,wak&a6 ,i promise y a blanket if ,i succe$2 & turn+ to ! ,we/1 ,o ,wak&a6 ,i promise y a fea/ if ,i succe$4#gb ,ev5 9 religions ( a high] type ! (f]+ ( sacrificial gifts is ma9ly a sort ( b>ga9 ) ! god to :om !y are (f]$4 ,9 ! ,v$ic hymns ! gods are address$ by phrases l ^!1 ,if y give me ?is1 ,i %all give y t1 or1 ,z y h giv5 me ?is1 ,i %all give y t4#gc ,! s+] navely confesses1 ,i look$ =? 9 _s1 seek+ good1 ,o ,indra & ,agni1 to relations & k9sm52 b ,i h no o!r help] ?an y2 !re=e ,i h made y a p[]ful song4#gd ,! ,greeks express$ ! idea connect$ ) _! sacrifices 9 ! prov]bial say+1 ,greek3 dra !\s pei_/!i4#ge ,! anci5t ,hebrew view on ! subject is illu/rat$ by ! v[ ( ,jacob3--,if ,god w be ) me1 & w keep me 9 ?is way t ,i g1 & w give me bread to eat1 & raim5t to put on1 s t ,i come aga9 to my fa!r's h\se 9 peace2 !n %all ! ,"l be my ,god3 ,& ?is /one1 :i* ,i h set = a pill>1 %all be ,god's h\se3 & ( all t ?\ %alt give me ,i w surely give ! t5? unto !e4#gf ,footnote #fd3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #ag4 ,cf4 ,idem1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #fe3 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bhd4 ,footnote #ff3 ,murdo*1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dcc4 ,footnote #fg3 ,/ev5son1 ',sia1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #fg4 ,footnote #fh3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #fi3 ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #fa4 ,= o!r in/ances ( ?ank-(f]+s see ,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #afe2 ,smi?1 ',my?s ( ! ,iroquois1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ii4 #ea4 ,jo*elson1 ',koryak ,religion & ,my?1' 9 ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 vi4 #be1 #ib4 ,leem1 ,beskrivelse ov] ,f9m>k5s ,lapp]1 p4 #dca 7,lapps74 ,footnote #gj3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ga3 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,maximes1 #bih4 ,footnote #gb3 ,dorsey1 ',m\rn+ & ,w> ,cu/oms ( ! ,kansas1' 9 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 xix4 #fgh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,mll]1 ,physical ,religion1 p4 #ajj4 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #cjb-cbf1 #dcj sqq4 ,footnote #gd3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #aji4 #a4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #ga4 #g4 ,footnote #ge3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 iii4 #cij4 ,footnote #gf3 ,g5esis1 xxviii4 #bj sqq4 ,9 _m cases ! sacrificial victims are int5d$ to s]ve z sub/itutes = o!r individuals1 ^: lives are 9 dang]4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ t ! practice ( human sacrifice is ma9ly bas$ on ! idea ( sub/itution4#gg ,we h also se5 t a gr[+ reluctance to ?is practice (t5 l$ to ! (f]+ ( animals in/ead ( #fag m54#gh ,b we h no "r to assume t ! sacrifice ( an animal = ! purpose ( sav+ ! life ( a man is 9 e case a lat] modification ( a previ\s human sacrifice4 ,! idea t spirits :i* ?reat5 ! lives ( m5 are appeas$ by o!r ?an human blood may 9 "s in/ances be prim>y ?\gh 9 o!rs x is d]ivative4 ,! ,moors inv>iably sacrifice an animal at ! f\ndation ( a new build+2 & ?\gh ?is is said to be 7r ^u ! _s own]s ( ! place "s idea ( sub/itution seems also to be connect$ ) ! act1 z !y ma9ta9 t if no animal 7 kill$ ! inmates ( ! h\se w\ld die or rema9 *ildless4 ,a simil> practice prevails 9 ,syria1 :]e ! p believe t e h\se mu/ h its dea?1 ei!r man1 woman1 *ild1 or animal4#gi ,among ! ,jews x is or has be5 ! cu/om = ! ma/] ( ea* h\se to kill a cock on ! eve ( ! fa/ ( atonem5t4 ,be=e do+ s he /rikes 8 head ) ! cock ?ree times1 say+ at ea* /roke1 ,let ?is cock be a commutation = me1 let him be sub/itut$ = me2 & :5 he /rangles 8 victim by compress+ ! neck ) 8 h&1 he at ! same "t reflects t he himself des]ves to be /rangl$4#hj ,^! cu/oms c c]ta9ly n be reg>d$ z survivals ( an e>li] practice ( kill+ a human be+4 ,moreov] an animal is sometimes sacrific$ = ! purpose ( sav+ ! lives ( o!r animals4 ,?us 9 a place 9 ,scotl&1 9 #agfg1 a "y heif] 0 (f]$ 9 ! holy fire dur+ a cattle-plague4#ha ,& 9 ,great ,b591 9 ,we/ ,africa1 on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,adolo1 k+ ,ov]ami's fa!r1 n only twelve m51 b twelve c[s1 twelve goats1 twelve %eep1 & twelve f[ls 7 (f]$1 & ,ov]ami1 address+ 8 fa!r1 ask$ him to look aft] ! c[s1 goats1 & f[ls1 & ev]y?+ 9 ! f>ms1 z well z ! p4#hb ,sacrifices :i* are #fah sub/itutional 9 "* may or may n be int5d$ to satisfy ! mat]ial ne$s ( sup]natural be+s4 ,9 "s cases1 z we h se51 _! object is to appease a res5tful god by ! m]e dea? ( ! victim4#hc ,footnote #gg3 ,supra1 *4 xix4 ,footnote #gh3 ,supra1 i4 #dfi sq4 ,footnote #gi3 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 p4 #bbd sq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,all51 ,mod]n ,judaism1 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #ha3 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ii4 #fjh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,moor & ,r\pell1 quot$ by ,read & ,dalton1 ,antiquities f ! ,city ( ,b591 p4 #f1 & by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b591 p4 #gj sq4 ,footnote #hc3 ,supra1 i4 #dch sqq4 ,we h fur!r notic$ t1 9 ! case ( human sacrifice1 ! victim is occasionally reg>d$ z a mess5g] betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s & _! god ev5 ?\gh ! prim>y object ( ! rite be a diff]5t "o4#hd ,! same is sometimes true ( o!r (f]+s z well4#he ,! ,iroquois sacrifice ( ! :ite dog#hf 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,morgan1 int5d$ to s5d up ! _s ( ! dog z a mess5g] to ! ,great ,_s1 to ann\nce _! cont9u$ fidelity to 8 s]vice1 &1 also1 to convey to him _! unit$ ?anks = ! bless+s ( ! ye>2 & 9 _! ?anksgiv+ addresses !y 7 9 ! habit ( ?r[+ leaves ( tobacco into ! fire f "t to "t t _! words might asc5d to ! dwell+ ( ! ,great ,_s 9 ! smoke ( _! (f]+s4#hg ,! ,hui*ols ( ,mexico (t5 use ! arr[s :i* !y sacrifice to _! gods z c>ri]s ( special pray]s4#hh ,footnote #hd3 ,supra1 i4 #dfe sq4 ,footnote #he3 ,cf4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ',essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice1' 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 ii4 #ajf1 n4 9999#a4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see supra1 i4 #ec1 #fd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #baf sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 ii4 #bje4 ,n only are sacrifices us$ z be>]s ( pray]s1 b !y are also frequ5tly (f]$ = ! purpose ( transf]r+ curses4 ,9 ,morocco e syid#hi ( any importance is con/antly visit$ by p]sons :o desire to invoke ! sa9t to :om x is d$icat$ ) a view to be+ cur$ ( "s illness1 or be+ bless$ ) *ildr51 or gett+ a suitable husb& or wife1 or receiv+ help aga9/ an enemy1 or d]iv+ "s o!r b5efit f ! sa9t4 ,to secure 8 assi/ance ! visitor makes 7r ^u him2 & ! ,moori% 7r1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 above1#ij implies ! transf]5ce ( a conditional curse1 :e!r x be made ^u an ord9>y man or a sa9t1 liv+ or dead4 ,! 7r put ^u a sa9t may consi/ 9 ?r[+ /ones ^u a cairn connect$ ) 8 sanctu>y1 or mak+ a pile ( #fai /ones to him1 or ty+ a piece ( clo? at ! syid1 or knott+ ! leaves ( "s palmetto or ! /alks ( :ite broom gr[+ 9 its vic9ity1 or (f]+ an animal sacrifice to ! sa9t4#ia ,?is mak+ ( 7r is accompani$ by a promise to rew>d ! sa9t if he grants ! reque/2 b ! sacrifice (f]$ 9 fulfilm5t ( su* a promise 7l-w7da7 is totally di/9ct f t (f]$ z 7r4 ,x is a g5u9e gift1 :]eas ! 7r-sacrifice is a means ( con/ra9+ ! sa9t4 ,:5 an animal is kill$ z 7r ! usual phrase bismillh1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 is n us$1 & ! animal may n be eat51 except by poor p4#ib ,on ! o!r h&1 ! animal :i* is sacrific$ z w7da is always kill$ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & is (f]$ = ! v purpose ( be+ eat5 by ! sa9t's e>?ly repres5tatives4 ,no?+ c bett] %[ ?an ! ,moori% di/9ction betwe5 l-7r & l-w7da h[ futile x w\ld be to try to expla9 e k9d ( sacrifice by "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !m is fundam5tal3 ! =m] is a ?reat1 ! latt] is a promis$ rew>d4#ic ,b at ! same "t x is n improbable t ! idea ( transf]r+ curses to a sup]natural be+ by means ( a sacrifice 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! previ\s exi/5ce ( sacrifice z a religi\s act1 comb9$ ) ! ascription ( my/]i\s prop5sities to blood1 & especially to sacrificial blood1 :i*1 accord+ to primitive ideas1 made x a mo/ effici5t conductor ( curses4 ,footnote #hi3 ,= ! mean+ ( ?is ^w see supra1 ii4 #ehd4 ,footnote #ij3 ,supra1 i4 #ehf sq42 ii4 #ehd sq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,we/]m>ck1 ',l-7r1 or ! ,transf]5ce ( ,conditional ,curses 9 ,morocco1' 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #cfh sqq4 ,idem1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess 7,b>aka71 p4 #ij sqq4 ,footnote #ib3 ,h[ev]1 if ! syid has a m,k4ddem1 or regul> att5dant1 ! petition] (t5 h&s ! animal ov] to him alive1 s t he may himself kill x 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & ?us make x eatable4 ,!n ! desc5dants ( ! sa9t1 if he has any1 & ! m,k4ddem himself1 h no hesitation 9 eat+ ! animal1 bismillh be+ a holy ^w :i* removes ! curse or evil en]gy inh]5t 9 l-7r4 ,footnote #ic3 ,:5 ,i h ask$ h[ x is t a sa9t1 al?\gh invok$ ) l-7r1 does n always grant ! reque/ made to him1 ! answ] has be5 t he c1 b t he is n all-p[]ful & ! failure is due to ! fact t ,god does n li/5 to 8 pray]4 ,b x also occurs t a p]son :o has 9 va9 made 7r ^u a sa9t goes to ano!r syid to compla9 ( him4 ,!re is a g5]al belief t sa9ts d n help unless 7r is made on !m--an idea :i* is n v flatt]+ to _! "*4 #fbj ,!re are obvi\s indications t ! 7r-sacrifice ( ! ,moors is n unique ( its k9d1 b has its c\nt]p>t among c]ta9 o!r peoples4 ,9 anci5t religions sacrifice is (t5 suppos$ to ex]cise a con/ra9+ influ5ce on ! god to :om x is (f]$4 ,we meet ) ?is idea 9 ,zoroa/rianism1#id 9 _m ( ! ,v$ic hymns1#ie & especially 9 ,brahmanism4 ,"h1 says ,b>?1 ! rites ( religion are ! real deities1 or at any rate !y con/itute toge!r a sort ( indep5d5t & sup]ior p[]1 be=e :i* ! div9e p]sonalities disappe>1 & :i* almo/ holds ! place allott$ to de/9y 9 o!r sy/ems4 ,! anci5t belief1 :i* is already prom95t 9 ! ,hymns1 t sacrifice conditionates ! regul> c\rse ( ?+s1 is met ) "h 9 ! rank ( a commonplace1 & is at times accompani$ ) incr$ible details4#if ,n[1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is ascription ( a magic p[] to ! sacrifice1 by means ( :i* x c\ld control ! actions ( ! gods1 0 due to ! idea t x s]v$ z a conductor ( imprecations2 = x 0 inv>iably accompani$ by a =mula :i* 0 consid]$ to possess irresi/ible =ce4 ,9 ! invocation lies ! hidd5 en]gy :i* gives ! efficacy to ! sacrifice2 )\t ,brahman4aspati1 ! "l ( pray]1 sacrifice does n succe$4#ig ,! ,greeks actually (f]$ ana!mata1 or curses1 to _! gods4#ih ,! anci5t ,arabs1 aga91 aft] kill+ ! sacrificial animal1 ?rew its hair on a holy tree z a curse4#ii ,b s little has ! true import ( su* sacrifices be5 und]/ood ev5 by em95t s*ol>s1 t !y h be5 repres5t$ z votive (f]+s or gifts to ! deity4#ajj ,footnote #id3 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #ie3 ,rig-,v$a1 iii4 #de4 #a2 iv4 #ae4 #e2 vi4 #ea4 #h2 viii4 #b4 #f4 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #caa sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #dg sq4 ,footnote #ig3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #ah4 #g4 ,footnote #ih3 ,r\se1 ,greek ,votive ,(f]+s1 p4 #ccg sqq4 ,footnote #ii3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,r\se1 op4 cit4 p4 #ccg4 ,wellhaus51 op4 cit4 p4 #abd4 ,consid]+ t ! idea ( sacrifice be+ a conductor ( imprecations has hi!rto almo/ entirely escap$ ! notice ( /ud5ts ( e>ly religion1 x is impossible to say #fba h[ widely x prevails & :e!r x also occurs 9 ! savage _w4 ,we "k t ! practice ( curs+ a god n only 0 famili> to ! anci5t nations ( culture1 includ+ ! ,egyptians1#aja ,hebrews1 & o!r ,semites1#ajb b is common among peoples l ! ,s\? ,african ,be*uanas#ajc & ! ,nagas ( ,india4#ajd ,& t ! %$d+ ( blood is frequ5tly appli$ z a means ( transf]r+ curses is sugge/$ by v>i\s cases 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! object ( ! imprecation is n a god b a man4 ,we h previ\sly notic$ ! reception sacrifices (f]$ to visit+ /rang]s1 presumably = ! purpose ( transmitt+ to !m conditional curses2#aje & a v simil> idea seems to und]lie c]ta9 cases ( oa?-tak+4 ,sometimes ! oa? is tak5 9 connection ) a sacrifice made to a god1 & !n ! sanctity ( ! sacrificial animal naturally increases ! efficacy ( ! self-imprecation4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! oa? is tak5 on ! blood ( an animal :i* is kill$ = ! purpose1 app>5tly )\t be+ sacrific$ to a god4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ,i believe1 ! blood ( ! animal is ?\ght n only to add sup]natural en]gy to ! oa?1 b to transf]1 z x 71 ! self-imprecation to ! v p]son :o pron\nces x4 ,! ,mrs1 a ,*ittagong hill tribe1 w swe> by "o ( _! gods1 to :om1 at ! same "t1 a sacrifice mu/ be (f]$4#ajf ,among ! anci5t ,norsem5 bo? ! accus$ & ! accus] grasp$ ! holy r+ kept = t purpose on ! alt>1 /a9$ ) ! blood ( a sacrificial bull1 & made oa? by invok+ ,freyr1 ,niordr1 & ! almighty among ! ,asas4#ajg ,at ,a!ns a p]son :o *>g$ ano!r ) murd] made an oa? ) imprecations ^u himself & 8 family & 8 h\se1 /&+ ^u ! entrails ( a bo>1 a ram1 & a bull1 #fbb :i* _h be5 sacrific$ by special p]sons on ! appo9t$ days4#ajh ,tynd>eus sacrific$ a horse & swore ! suitors ( ,hel51 mak+ !m /& on ! pieces ( ! horse1 ! oa? be+ to def5d ,hel5 & him :o might be *os5 to m>ry h] if ev] !y %\ld be wrong$4#aji ,"o ( ! ?ree b9d+ =ms ( oa? preval5t among ! ,snsiya 9 ,india is to kill a cock & p\r+ its blood on ! gr\nd swe> ov] x4#aaj ,:5 ! ,annamese swe> by heav5 & e>?1 !y (t5 kill a buffalo or he-goat & dr9k its blood4#aaa ,among ! anci5t ,arabs comrades 9 arms swore fidelity to ea* o!r by dipp+ _! h&s 9 ! blood ( a camel kill$ = ! purpose4#aab ,footnote #aja3 ,book ( ! ,dead1 *4 #abe4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,exodus1 xxii4 #bh4 #a ,samuel1 xvii4 #dc4 ,isaiah1 viii4 #ba4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #de sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,wood?orpe1 ',wild ,tribes inhabit+ ! s-call$ ,naga ,hills1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xi4 #gj4 ,footnote #aje3 ,supra1 i4 #eij sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bcc4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #bdd 7,pankhos & ,bunjogees74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,l&nmabk1 iv4 #g 7,isl5dnga ,sgur1 i4 #beh74 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 p4 #bg4 ,keys]1 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]1 ii4 pt4 i4 #chh4 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,demo/h5es1 ,oratio 7xxiii47 contra ,ari/ocratem1 #fg sq41 p4 #fdb4 ,footnote #aji3 ,pausanias1 iii4 #bj4 #i4 ,= ,hom]ic oa? sacrifices see ,iliad1 iii4 #bfj sqq42 xix4 #bej sqq42 ,kell]1 ,hom]ic ,society1 p4 #agf sqq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 iv4 #bha4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,kohl]1 ,re*tsv]glei*5de ,/udi51 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #aab3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #abh4 ,! la/ m5tion$ case1 :i* implies %$d+ ( blood z a means ( seal+ a compact1 leads u to a special class ( sacrifices (f]$ to gods1 namely1 ! cov5ant sacrifice1 kn[n to u f ,semitic antiquity4 ,! ,hebrews1 z ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? obs]ves1#aac ?\ght ( ! national religion z con/itut$ by a =mal cov5ant sacrifice at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :]e half ( ! blood ( ! sacrific$ ox5 0 spr9kl$ on ! alt> & ! o!r half on ! p1#aad or ev5 by a /ill e>li] cov5ant rite 9 :i* ! p>ties 7 ,yahve & ,abraham2#aae & ! idea ( sacrifice e/abli%+ a cov5ant betwe5 ,god & man is also app>5t 9 ! ,psalms4#aaf ,9 v>i\s cases record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t sacrifice is accompani$ by a sacrificial meal2#aag ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s are wont to eat & dr9k toge!r1 & by ?is tok5 _! fell[%ip is decl>$ #fbc & seal$4#aah ,rob]tson ,smi? & 8 foll[]s h repres5t$ ?is z an act ( communion1 z a sacram5t 9 :i* ! :ole k9--! god ) 8 clansm5--unite1 & 9 p>tak+ ( :i* ea* memb] r5ews 8 union ) ! god & ) ! re/ ( ! clan4 ,at fir/1 we are told1 ! god--t is1 ! totem god--himself 0 eat51 :il/ at a lat] /age ! practice ( eat+ ! god 0 sup]s$$ by ! practice ( eat+ ) ! god4 ,communion /ill rema9s ! core ( sacrifice2 & x is said t only subsequ5tly ! practice ( (f]+ gifts to ! deity develops out ( ! sacrificial union betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s & _! god4#aai ,b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! :ole ( ?is !ory is bas$ ^u a misund]/&+ ( ! ,semitic evid5ce1 & t exi/+ beliefs 9 ,morocco ?r[ new light ^u ! cov5ant sacrifice4 ,footnote #aac3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cah sq4 ,footnote #aad3 ,exodus1 xxiv4 #d sqq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,g5esis1 xv4 #h sqq4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,psalms1 l4 #e4 ,footnote #aag3 ,g5esis1 xxxi4 #ed4 ,exodus1 xxiv4 #aa4 #a ,samuel1 xi4 #ae4 ,wellhaus5 says 7,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #ga7 t1 accord+ to ! practice ( ! old] p]iod1 a meal 0 ne>ly always connect$ ) a sacrifice4 ,footnote #aah3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ibid4 lec4 ix4 sqq4 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #bcf4 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #bbe4 ,! ,moori% cov5ant 7l-7ahd7 is closely connect$ ) ! ,moori% 7r4 ,:il/ l-7r is "o-sid$1 l-7ahd is mutual1 bo? p>ties transf]r+ conditional curses to "o ano!r4 ,& "h aga9 ! transf]5ce requires a mat]ial conductor4 ,among ! ,arabs ( ! pla9s & ! ,b]b]s ( ,c5tral ,morocco *iefs1 9 times ( rebellion1 ex*ange _! cloaks or turbans1 & x is believ$ t if any ( !m %\ld break ! cov5ant he w\ld be puni%$ ) "s grave mis=tune4 ,among ! ,uld ,bu 7,azz1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dukkla1 x is a common cu/om = p]sons :o wi% to be reconcil$ aft] a qu>rel to g to a holy man & 9 8 pres5ce jo9 _! "r h&s s t ! f+]s ( ! "o g betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! o!r1 aft] :i* ! sa9t ?r[s 8 cloak ov] ! unit$ h&s1 say+1 ,?is is 7ahd betwe5 y4 ,or !y may 9 a simil> mann] jo9 _! h&s at a sa9t's tomb ov] ! head ( ! box "u :i* ! sa9t is buri$1 or !y may p]=m ! same c]emony simply 9 ! pres5ce ( "s fri5ds4 ,9 ei!r case ! jo9+ ( h&s is usually #fbd accompani$ by a common meal1 & frequ5tly ! h&s are jo9$ ov] ! di% aft] eat+4 ,if a p]son :o has ?us made a compact ) ano!r is aft]w>ds guilty ( a brea* ( fai?1 x is said t ,god & ! food w repay him2 9 o!r words1 ! conditional curse embodi$ 9 ! food :i* he ate w be realis$4 ,all ov] ,morocco ! usual me?od ( seal+ a compact ( fri5d%ip is by eat+ toge!r1 especially at ! tomb ( "s sa9t4 ,z we h notic$ above1#abj ! sacr$ness ( ! place adds to ! efficacy ( ! imprecation1 b its vehicle1 ! real puni%]1 is ! eat5 food1 because x conta9s a conditional curse4 ,footnote #abj3 ,supra1 i4 #ehg4 ,! 7ahd ( ! ,moors helps u to und]/& ! cov5ant sacrifice ( ! anci5t ,semites4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t ! =m] is a me?od ( e/abli%+ a compact betwe5 m5 & m51 :il/ ! latt] e/abli%$ a compact betwe5 m5 & _! god4 ,! idea ( a mutual transf]5ce ( conditional curses und\bt$ly und]lies bo?4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t also1 z among ! ,moors1 we meet ) human cov5ants made by ! p>ties eat+ toge!r4#aba ,?us ! ,israelites ent]$ into alliance ) ! ,gibeonites by tak+ ( _! victuals1 )\t consult+ ,yahve1 & ! meal 0 expressly foll[$ by an oa?4#abb ,9 o!r in/ances1 aga91 ! common di% consi/$ ( sacrificial food1 ei!r because ! sacr$ness ( su* food 0 suppos$ to make ! conditional curse embodi$ 9 x m efficaci\s1 or because ! deity 0 includ$ z a ?ird p>ty to ! cov5ant4 ,footnote #aba3 ,g5esis1 xxvi4 #cj2 xxxi4 #df4 #b ,samuel1 iii4 #bj sq4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bga4 ,n[ack1 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie1 i4 #cei4 ,footnote #abb3 ,jo%ua1 ix4 #ad sq4 ,:il/ 9 "s cases ! object ( a sacrifice is to transf] conditional curses ei!r to ! god to :om x is made1 or to bo? ! god & ! wor%ipp]1 ! victim or article (f]$ may 9 o!r in/ances be us$ z a vehicle = transf]r+ b5ign virtue to him :o (f]$ x or to o!r p]sons4 ,z we h notic$ #fbe above1 a sacrifice is v frequ5tly believ$ to be end[$ ) b5eficial magic en]gy 9 consequ5ce ( its contact or communion ) ! sup]natural be+ to :i* x is (f]$1 & ?is en]gy is !n suppos$ to h a salut>y effect ^u ! p]son :o comes 9 t\* ) x4 ,i h said be=e t 9 ,morocco magic virtue is ascrib$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! %eep :i* is sacrific$ at ! ,great ,fea/1 & t e (f]+ to a holy p]son1 especially a dead sa9t1 is consid]$ to p>ticipate to "s ext5t 9 8 sanctity4#abc ,! ,v$ic p reg>d$ sacrificial food z a k9d ( m$ic9e4#abd ,! ,sib]ian ,ka*9zes bless$ _! huts ) sacrificial milk4#abe ,! ,lapps /rew$ ! a%es ( _! burnt-(f]+s ^u _! heads4#abe ,x is q possible t 9 "s in/ances a desire to receive ! b5efit ( ! sup]natural en]gy ) :i* ! sacrifice is end[$ is by itself a suffici5t motive = (f]+ x to a god4 ,footnote #abc3 ,supra1 i4 #dde sq4 ,see also ,we/]m>ck1 ',! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 xxii4 #ade sqq42 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #abd3 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #cbh sqq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,georgi1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bge4 ,footnote #abf3 von ,db51 ,lappl& o* ,lapp>ne1 p4 #beh4 ,z is ! case ) o!r rites1 sacrifices also h a /rong t5d5cy to survive ! ideas f :i* !y sprang4 ,?us :5 ! mat]iali/ic conception ( ! nature ( gods fad$ away1 (f]+s cont9u$ to be made to !m1 ?\gh _! mean+ 0 *ang$4 ,z ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor obs]ves1 ! idea ( practical acceptabl5ess ( ! food or valuables pres5t$ to ! deity1 beg9s e>ly to %ade into ! s5tim5t ( div9e gratification or propitiation by a rev]5t (f]+1 ?\gh 9 itself ( n mu* acc\nt to s mighty a div9e p]sonage1#abg ,sacrifice !n becomes ma9ly1 or exclusively1 a symbol ( humility & rev]5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 9 spite ( its crude mat]ialism1 we meet ) indications ( ! idea t ! value ( a sacrifice lies 9 ! feel+s ( ! wor%ipp]2 if unable to (f] an ox or c[1 ! s+] hopes t a small gift f ! he>t1 a fagot1 a libation1 a bundle ( grass1 (f]$ ) rev]5ce1 #fbf w be m acceptable to ! god ?an butt] or honey4#abh ,9 ,greece1 ?\gh ! sacrificial ritual rema9$ un*ang$ till ! end ( paganism1 we frequ5tly come ^u ! advanc$ reflection t righte\sness is ! be/ sacrifice1 t ! poor man's slight (f]+ avails m ) ! deity ?an hecatombs ( ox54#abi ,accord+ to ,porphyry1 ! gods h no ne$ ( banquets & magnific5t sacrifices1 b we %\ld ) ! greate/ alacrity make a mod]ate oblation to !m ( our own prop]ty1 z ! hon\rs :i* we pay to ! gods %\ld be accompani$ by ! same promptitude z t ) :i* we give ! fir/ seat to wor?y m54#acj ,x is said 9 ! ,talmud t he :o (f]s humility unto ,god & man1 %all be rew>d$ ) a rew>d z if he _h (f]$ all ! sacrifices 9 ! _w4#aca ,footnote #abg3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #cid4 ,footnote #abh3 ,rig-,v$a1 viii4 #ai4 #e4 ,kaegi1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #abi3 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #aja4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #dc4 ,we/cott1 ,essays 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #acj3 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium1 ii4 #fj4 ,footnote #aca3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #ee4 ,i h "h spok5 ( ! practice ( sacrifice & ! ideas on :i* x is bas$4 ,b sacrifice has also a moral value atta*$ to x4 ,?\gh no d\bt 9 _m cases optional1 x is "u v>i\s circum/ances reg>d$ z a /r+5t duty4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! (f]+s regul>ly made by ! community at l>ge on special occasions fix$ by cu/om4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z sup]natural be+s h mat]ial ne$s l m51 !y also possess prop]ty l m51 & ?is mu/ n be int]f]$ )4 ,! ,fjort ( ,we/ ,africa believe t ! spirits ( ! riv]s kill ^? :o dr9k _! wat]s & sometimes puni% ^? :o fi% 9 !m = gre$9ess1 by mak+ !m deaf & dumb4#acb ,:5 _! *ief god play$ by ?und]+1 ! ,amazulu said to him :o 0 fright5$1 ,:y d y />t1 because ! "l plays8 ,:at h y tak5 :i* belongs to him8#acc ,! ,fijians speak ( a deluge #fbg ! cause ( :i* 0 ! kill+ ( a fav\rite bird belong+ to ! god ,nd5gei by two mis*iev\s lads1 8 gr&sons4#acd ,9 ,efate1 ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 to /eal cocoanuts :i* are consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! gods at "s =?com+ fe/ival w\ld be reg>d$ z a mu* great] (f5ce ?an common /eal+4#ace ,s1 too1 ! pillag+ ( a temple has commonly be5 look$ ^u z ! wor/ k9d ( robb]y4#acf ,among ! ,hebrews any trespass ^u gr\nd :i* 0 hall[$ by ! localis$ pres5ce ( ,yahveh 0 visit$ ) extreme puni%m5t4#acg ,9 ,arabia p 7 =bidd5 to cut fodd]1 fell trees1 or hunt game )9 ! prec9cts ( a sacr$ place4#ach ,! ,moors believe t a p]son w\ld incur a v great risk inde$ by cutt+ ! bran* ( a tree or %oot+ a bird 9 ! h4orm ( a syid1 or dead sa9t4 ,! h4orm is ! home/ead & doma9 ( ! sa9t1 & he is ! own] ( ev]y?+ )9 its bord]s4 ,b ! (f5ce is n exclusively "o aga9/ prop]ty1 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r orig9ally any cle> idea ( own]%ip at all 0 connect$ ) x4 ,9 a holy place all objects are end[$ ) sup]natural en]gy1 & may !re=e !mselves1 z x 71 av5ge injuries committ$ aga9/ !m4 ,?is is true ( ! h4orm ( a sa9t1 z well z ( any o!r sanctu>y1 all 8 belong+s be+ consid]$ to p>take ( 8 sanctity4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! s-call$ tomb ( a sa9t is frequ5tly a place :i* 0 at fir/ reg>d$ z holy by itself1 on acc\nt ( its natural appe>ance1 & 0 only aft]w>ds traditionally associat$ ) a holy p]son1 :5 ! ne$ 0 felt ( giv+ an an?ropomorph\s int]pretation ( its hol9ess4#aci ,accord+ to e>ly ideas a #fbh sacr$ object _c ) impunity be appropriat$ = ord9>y purposes2#adj b1 on ! o!r h&1 visitors are all[$ to take a h&ful ( e>? f ! tomb ( ! sa9t or 9 c]ta9 cases to cut a small piece ( wood f "s tree gr[+ 9 8 h4orm1 to be us$ z a *>m4#ada ,x also des]ves notice t ! sa9t protects n only 8 own prop]ty1 b any goods left 9 8 c>e2 h5ce ! c\ntry ,arabs ( ,morocco (t5 h _! gran>ies 9 ! h4r7umat ( sa9ts4 ,footnote #acb3 ,d5nett1 ,folklore ( ! ,fjort1 p4 #e sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #acd3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 op4 cit4p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ace3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #acf3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ai sq4 ,cic]o1 ,de legibus1 ii4 #i1 #af2 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #deh4 ,wilda1 ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #iej2 ,dahn1 ,bau/e9e1 ii4 #ajf 7,teutons74 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #fje sq4 ,filangi]i1 ,la sci5za della legislazione1 iv4 #bje 7laws ( ,*ri/ian c\ntries74 ,footnote #acg3 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #ach3 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #aci3 ,we/]m>ck1 ',sul culto dei santi nel ,m>occo1' 9 ,actes du ,,xii4 ,congrs ,int]national des ,ori5tali/es1 iii4 #age4 ,cf4 ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 ii4 #cdd sqq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 lec4 iv4 & ,additional ,note ,b4 ,footnote #ada3 ,we/]m>ck1 9 ,actes du ,,xii4 ,congrs des ,ori5tali/es1 iii4 #afg sq4 ,moreov]1 anybody :o takes refuge at a syid is = ! mom5t safe4 ,! "r ( sanctu>y is reg>d$ z v sacr$ 9 ,morocco1 especially 9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! ,sultan's gov]nm5t has no p[]4 ,to violate x is an outrage :i* ! sa9t is sure to puni%4 ,i saw a madman ^: insanity 0 attribut$ to ! fact t he once _h =cibly remov$ a fugitive f a sa9t's tomb2 & ( a late ,gr&-,vizi] x is said t he 0 kill$ by two p[]ful sa9ts ( ,dukkla1 on ^: refugees he _h laid viol5t h&s4 ,ev5 ! desc5dants ( ! sa9t or 8 manag] 7mk4ddem7 c only by p]suasion & by promis+ to m$iate betwe5 ! suppliant & 8 pursu] induce ! =m] to leave ! place4#adb ,z is well kn[n1 ?is is n a cu/om re/rict$ to ,morocco4 ,among _m peoples1 at diff]5t /ages ( civilisation1 sacr$ places give %elt] to refugees4#adc ,footnote #adb3 ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess1 p4 #aaf sqq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,see ,&ree1 ',die ,asyle1' 9 ,globus1 xxxviii4 #cja sq42 ,fraz]1 ',orig9 ( ,totemism1' 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n4 ,s4 lxv4 #fej sqq42 ,hellwig1 ,das ,asylre*t1 passim2 ,bulm]9cq1 ,das ,asylre*t1 passim4 ,fuld1 ',das ,asylre*t im ,alt]?um und ,mittelalt]1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 vii4 p4 #ajc sqq4 ,among ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian ,arunta !re is 9 ea* local totem c5tre a spot call$ ertnatulunga1 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( :i* ev]y?+ is sacr$ & mu/ on no acc\nt be hurt4 ,! plants gr[+ !re are nev] int]f]$ ) 9 any way2 animals :i* come !re are safe #fbi f ! spe> ( ! hunt]2 & a man :o 0 be+ pursu$ by o!rs w\ld n be t\*$ s long z he rema9$ at ?is spot4#add ,9 ,upolu1 "o ( ! ,samoan ,isl&s1 a c]ta9 god1 ,vave1 _h 8 resid5ce 9 an old tree1 :i* s]v$ z an asylum = murd]]s & o!r great (f5d]s2 if t tree 0 rea*$ by ! crim9al he 0 safe1 & ! av5g] c\ld pursue no f>!r1 b _h to wait = inve/igation & trial4#ade ,9 ! isl& ( ,hawaii !re 7 two puhonuas1 or cities ( refuge1 :i* af=d$ an inviolable sanctu>y ev5 to ! vile/ crim9al :o ent]$ _! prec9cts1 & dur+ w> (f]$ safe retreat to all ! non-combatants ( ! neighb\r+ di/ricts :o flock$ into !m1 z well z to ! vanqui%$4 ,z soon z ! fugitive _h ent]$1 he repair$ to ! pres5ce ( ! idol & made a %ort ejaculatory address1 expressive ( 8 obligations to him 9 rea*+ ! place ) security4 ,! prie/s & _! adh]5ts w\ld imm$iately put to dea? anyone :o %\ld h ! tem]ity to foll[ or mole/ ^? :o 7 once )9 ! pale ( ! pahu tabu1 &1 z !y put x1 "u ! %ade or protection ( ! _s ( ,keave1 ! tutel>y deity ( ! place4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod1 probably n m ?an two or ?ree days1 ! refugee 0 p]mitt$ to return unmole/$ to 8 home1 ! div9e protection be+ suppos$ /ill to abide ) him4#adf ,9 ,tahiti ! morais1 or holy places1 likewise gave %elt] to crim9als ( e k9d4#adg ,at ,maiva1 9 ! ,s\?-,ea/]n "p ( ,new ,gu9ea1 %\ld a man be pursu$ by an enemy & take refuge 9 ! dubu or temple1 he is p]fectly safe inside4 ,any "o smit+ ano!r inside ! dubu w\ld h 8 arms & legs %rivell$ up1 & he c\ld d no?+ b wi% to die4#adh ,footnote #add3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #acc sqq4 ,footnote #ade3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #fd sq4 ,footnote #adf3 ,ellis1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii1 p4 #aee sqq4 ,j>ves1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 p4 #bh sq4 ,footnote #adg3 ,turnbull1 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p4 #cff4 ,wilson1 ,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean1 p4 #cea4 ,footnote #adh3 ,*alm]s & ,gill1 ,"w & ,adv5ture 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #ahf4 ,9 _m ,nor? ,am]ican tribes c]ta9 sacr$ places or :ole villages s]v$ z asylums1 9 :i* ^? :o 7 pursu$ by ! tribe or ev5 an enemy 7 safe z soon z !y _h obta9$ admission4#adi ,among ! ,acag*emem ,indians1 9 ! valley & neighb\rhood ( ,san ,juan ,capi/rano 9 ,cali=nia1 a crim9al :o _h fl$ to a vanque*1 or place ( wor%ip1 0 secure n only z long z he rema9$ !re1 b #fcj also aft] he _h left ! sanctu>y4 ,x 0 n ev5 lawful to m5tion 8 crime1 b all t ! av5g] c\ld d to him 0 to po9t at him & d]ide him1 say+1 ,lo1 a c[>d1 :o has be5 =c$ to flee to ,*9ig*9i*6 ,?is flight1 h[ev]1 turn$ ! puni%m5t f ! head ( ! crim9al ^u t ( "s ( 8 relatives4#aej ,footnote #adi3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 pp4 #aeh1 #aei1 #daf4 ,bradbury1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,am]ica1 p4 #afe sq4 7,aric>as ( ! ,miss\ri74 ,b\rke1 ',m$ic9e-,m5 ( ! ,apa*e1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ix4 #dec4 ,kohl1 ,kit*i-,gami1 p4 #bga 7,*ippewas74 ,footnote #aej3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 iii4 #afg4 ,boscana1 9 ,rob9son1 ,life 9 ,cali=nia1 p4 #bfb sq4 ,! ,s\?-,c5tral ,african ,b>otse h a city ( refuge4 ,anyone incurr+ ! k+'s wra?1 or committ+ a crime1 may f9d safety by flee+ to ?is t[n4 ,! man 9 *>ge ( x is expect$ to plead = him be=e ! *ief1 & he c !n return to 8 h\se 9 peace4#aea ,among ! same p ! tombs ( *iefs are sanctu>ies or places ( refuge1#aeb & ?is is also ! case among ! ,kafirs4#aec ,s1 too1 9 ! mon>*ical /ates ( ! ,gallas homicides enjoy a legal "r ( asylum if !y h succe$$ 9 tak+ refuge 9 a hut ne> ! burial-place ( ! k+4#aed ,among ! ,ovambo 9 ,s\?-,we/]n ,africa ! village ( a great *ief is ab&on$ at 8 dea?1 except by ! memb]s ( a c]ta9 family1 :o rema9 !re to prev5t x f fall+ into utt] decay4 ,condemn$ crim9als :o contrive to escape to "o ( ^! des]t$ villages are safe1 at lea/ = a "t2 = n ev5 ! *ief himself may pursue a fugitive into ! sacr$ place4#aee ,9 ,congo ,franais !re are sev]al sanctu>ies3--,! great "o 9 ! ,calab> di/rict is at ,omon4 ,?i!r mo!rs ( tw9s1 wid[s1 ?ieves1 & slaves fly1 & if !y rea* x are safe4#aef ,9 ,a%antee a slave :o flies to a temple & da%es himself aga9/ ! feti% _c easily be br\ght back to 8 ma/]4#aeg ,among ! ,negroes ( ,accra crim9als us$ to seat !mselves ^u ! feti%1 t is1 place !mselves "u its protection2 b murd]]s :o s\ght refuge ) ! feti% 7 always liable to be deliv]$ up to _! pursu]s4#aeh ,a travell] 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury tells u t 9 ,fetu1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 a crim9al :o des]v$ dea? 0 p>don$ by tak+ refuge 9 ! hut ( ! high-prie/4#aei ,among ! ,krum5 ( ! ,gra9 ,coa/ ! h\se ( ! high-prie/ 7bodio7 is a sanctum to :i* culprits #fca may betake !mselves )\t ! dang] ( be+ remov$ by anyone except by ! bodio himself4#afj ,9 ,usamb>a a murd]] _c be arre/$ at any ( ! f\r places :]e ! great wiz>ds ( ! c\ntry reside4#afa ,footnote #aea3 ,arnot1 ,g>5ganze1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #aec3 ,rehme1 ',das ,re*t d] ,amaxosa1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 x4 #ea4 ,footnote #aed3 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 ,die gei/ige ,cultur d] ,dankil1 c4 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #aee3 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #aef3 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dff4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #bfe4 ,cf4 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #db4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,monrad1 op4 cit4 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #aei3 ,mll]1 ,die ,africanis*e ,l&s*afft ,fetu1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #afj3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #afa3 ,krapf1 ,reis5 9 ,o/-,afrika1 ii4 #acb4 ,9 o!r ,muhamm$an c\ntries besides ,morocco ! tombs ( sa9ts1 z also ! mosques1 are or h be5 places ( refuge4#afb ,9 ,p]sia ! great numb] ( su* asylums prov$ s injuri\s to public safety1 t ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury only ?ree mosques 7 left :i* 7 recognis$ by ! gov]nm5t z af=d+ protection to crim9als ( e description4#afc ,among ! ,hebrews ! "r ( asylum orig9ally belong$ to all alt>s1#afd b on ! abolition ( ! local alt>s x 0 limit$ to c]ta9 cities ( refuge4#afe ,accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t manslay]s c\ld f9d %elt] !re only 9 ! case ( involunt>y homicide2 b ?is 0 und\bt$ly a n>r[+ ( ! anci5t cu/om4 ,_m hea!n sanctu>ies ( ! ,phoenicians & ,syrians reta9$ ev5 9 ,roman times :at seems to h be5 an unlimit$ "r ( asylum2#aff & at c]ta9 ,arabian %r9es ! god likewise gave %elt] to all fugitives )\t di/9ction1 & ev5 /ray or /ol5 cattle t rea*$ ! holy gr\nd c\ld n be reclaim$ by _! own]s4#afg ,footnote #afb3 ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 i4 #bcg sq4 ,quatremre1 ',mmoire sur les asiles *ez les ,arabes1' 9 ,mmoires de l',in/itut de ,france1 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xv4 pt4 ii4 #cac sq4 ,footnote #afc3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 ii4 #hc sqq4 ,brugs*1 ,im ,l&e d] ,sonne1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #afd3 ,exodus1 xxi4 #ac sq4 ,cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #adh1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #afe3 ,numb]s1 xxxv4 #aa sqq4 ,deut]onomy1 iv4 #da sqq42 xix4 #b sqq4 ,footnote #aff3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ibid4 p4 #adh sq4 ,on ! ,coa/ ( ,malab> a c]ta9 temple situat$ to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,calicut af=ds protection to ?ieves & adult]\s wom5 belong+ to ! ,brahm9 ca/e1 b ?is privilege is reckon$ among ! sixty-f\r anat*>ams1 or abuses1 :i* 7 introduc$ by ,brahmanism4#afh ,among ! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku% !re are sev]al cities ( refuge1 ! l>ge/ be+ ! village ( ,m]grom1 :i* is almo/ entirely peopl$ by *iles1 or desc5dants ( p]sons :o h sla9 "s fell[ tribesman4#afi ,9 ! ,caucasus holy groves (f] refuge to crim9als1 z also to animals1 :i* _c be %ot !re4#agj ,footnote #afh3 ,graul1 ,reise na* ,o/9di51 iii4 #ccb1 #cce4 ,footnote #afi3 ,scott ,rob]tson1 ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 p4 #dda4 ,footnote #agj3 ,hahn1 ,kaukasis*e ,reis51 p4 #abb4 ,9 ,greece _m sanctu>ies possess$ ! "r ( asylum d[n to ! end ( paganism1 & any violation ( ?is "r #fcb 0 suppos$ to be sev]ely puni%$ by ! deity4#aga ,accord+ to an old tradition1 ,romulus e/abli%$ a sanctu>y1 d$icat$ to "s unkn[n god or _s1 on ! slope ( ! ,capitol9e ,hill1 proclaim+ t all :o resort$ to x1 :e!r bond or free1 %\ld be safe4#agb ,?is tradition1 & also "s o!r /atem5ts made by ,lat9 writ]s1#agc seem to indicate t f anci5t times c]ta9 sacr$ places 9 ,rome gave %elt] to refugees2 b x 0 only 9 a comp>atively late p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory t ! "r ( sanctu>y1 "u ,greek influ5ce1 became a recognis$ in/itution ( "s importance4#agd ,?is "r 0 expressly conf]r$ ^u ! temple :i* 9 ! ye> #db ,b4,c4 0 built 9 hon\r ( ,cs>2#age & o!r imp]ial temples1 z also ! /atues ( emp]ors1 laid claim to ! same privilege4#agf ,:5 ,*ri/ianity became ! religion ( ! ,/ate a simil> claim 0 made by ! *ur*es2 b a legal "r ( asylum 0 only grant$ to !m by ,honorius 9 ! ,we/ & ,!odosius 9 ! ,ea/4#agg ,subsequ5tly x 0 re/rict$ by ,ju/9ian1 :o decre$ t all manslay]s1 adult]]s1 & kidnapp]s ( wom5 :o fl$ to a *ur* %\ld be tak5 out ( x4#agh ,footnote #aga3 ,tacitus1 ,annales1 iii4 #fj sqq4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #gc4 ,we/cott1 op4 cit4 p4 #aae4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bhe4 ,bulm]9cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce sqq4 ,fuld1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aah sqq4 ,footnote #agb3 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 ii4 #ae4 ,livy1 i4 #h4 #e sq4 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 ix4 #e4 ,/rabo1 v4 #c4 #b1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #agc3 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,facta dictaque memorabilia1 viii4 #i4 #a4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitates ,roman1 vi4 #de4 ,cic]o1 ,de lege agr>ia oratio secunda1 #ad 7#cf74 ,see also ,h>tung1 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]1 ii4 #eh sq4 ,footnote #agd3 ,see ,tacitus1 ,annales1 iii4 #cf2 ,plautus1 ,rud5s1 #gbc2 ,dio ,cassius1 ,hi/oria ,romana1 xlvii4 #ai2 ,bulm]9cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #eh sqq42 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t1 p4 #deh sq4 ,footnote #age3 ,dio ,cassius1 xlvii4 #ai4 ,footnote #agf3 ,tacitus1 ,annales1 iv4 #fg4 ,suetonius1 ,tib]ius1 #ec4 ,momms51 op4 cit4 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #agg3 ,momms51 op4 cit4 p4 #dfa sq4 ,footnote #agh3 ,novell1 xvii4 #g4 ,! "r ( sanctu>y exi/$ among ! pagan ,slavs1 or "s ( !m1#agi & probably also among ! anci5t ,teutons4#ahj ,aft] _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity ! privilege ( asylum )9 ! *ur* 0 recognis$ 9 mo/ ( _! codes4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & lat]1 p]sons :o fl$ to a *ur* or to c]ta9 b\nd>ies surr\nd+ x 71 = a "t at lea/1 safe f all p]secution1 x be+ consid]$ treason aga9/ ,god1 an (f5ce beyond comp5sation1 to =ce ev5 ! mo/ flagrant crim9al f ,8 alt>4 ,! ord9>y ( ! sacr$ place1 or #fcc 8 (ficial1 0 ! only "o :o c\ld try to induce him to leave x1 b if he fail$1 ! utmo/ t c\ld be done 0 to d5y ! refugee victuals s t he might g =? volunt>ily4#aha ,9 ! ',lex ,baiuw>iorum' x is ass]t$ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms t !re is no crime :i* may n be p>don$ f ! fe> ( ,god & rev]5ce = ! sa9ts4#ahb ,b ! "r ( sanctu>y 0 gradually subject$ to v>i\s re/rictions bo? by secul> legislation & by ! ,*ur*4#ahc ,innoc5tius ,,iii4 enjo9$ t refuge %\ld n be giv5 to a highway robb] or to anybody :o deva/at$ cultivat$ fields at night2#ahd & accord+ to ,beaumanoir's ',c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1' dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x 0 also d5i$ to p]sons guilty ( sacrilege or arson4#ahe ,! ,p>liam5t ( ,scotl& enact$ t :oev] took ! protection ( ! ,*ur* = homicide %\ld be requir$ to come out & und]go an assize1 t x might be f\nd :e!r x 0 committ$ ( =e?\ght felony or 9 *audemelle2 & only 9 ! latt] case 0 he to be re/or$ to ! sanctu>y1 ! %]iff be+ direct$ to give him security to t effect be=e requir+ him to leave x4#ahf ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 !re 7 c]ta9 places :i* 7 all[$ to be places ( tuition & privilege1 9 addition to *ur*es & _! prec9cts4 ,!y 7 9 fact cities ( p]man5t refuge = p]sons :o %\ld1 accord+ to anci5t usage1 h abjur$ ! realm1 aft] !y _h fl$ 9 ! ord9>y way to a *ur*4 ,!re 0 a gov]nor 9 ea* ( ^! privileg$ places1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( mu/]+ e day 8 m51 :o 7 n to exce$ tw5ty 9 ea* t[n & :o _h to we> a badge :5ev] !y appe>$ out ( doors4 ,b :5 ^! regulations 7 made1 ! protection ( sanctu>y 0 tak5 away f p]sons guilty ( murd]1 rape1 burgl>y1 highway robb]y1 or arson4 ,! law ( sanctu>y 0 !n left un*ang$ till ! reign ( ,james ,i41 :51 9 !ory1 ! privilege 9 "q 0 altoge!r d5i$ to crim9als4#ahg ,yet #fcd z a matt] ( fact1 asylums cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,engl& s late z ! reign ( ,george ,i41 :5 t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,we/m9/] 0 demoli%$4#ahh ,9 ! legislation ( ,sw$5 ! la/ ref]5ce to ! privilege ( sanctu>y is f\nd 9 an enactm5t ( #aebh4ahi ,9 ,france x 0 aboli%$ by an ordonnance ( #aeci4aij ,9 ,spa9 x exi/$ ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4#aia ,n long ago ! mo/ important *ur*es 9 ,abyss9ia1#aib ! mona/]y ( ,affaf ,woira 9 ! same c\ntry1#aic & ! qu>t] 9 ,gond> :]e ! head ( ! ,abyss9ian cl]gy has 8 resid5ce1#aid 7 report$ to be asylums = crim9als4 ,& ! same is ! case ) ! old ,*ri/ian *ur*es among ! ,suanetians ( ! ,caucasus4#aie ,footnote #agi3 ,helmold1 ,*ronik d] ,slav51 i4 #hc1 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,wilda1 ,das ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man51 p4 #bdh sq4 ,/emann1 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov1 p4 #egh4 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #faj4 ,fuld1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ach sq4 ,frau5/dt1 ,blutra*e und ,todts*lagshne im ,deuts*5 ,mittelalt]1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #aha3 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #ei4 ,bulm]9cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #gc sqq4 ,fuld1 loc4 cit4 p4 #acf sqq4 ,bracton1 ,de legibus et consuetud9ibus ,angli1 fol4 #acf b1 vol4 ii4 #cib sq4 ,rville1 ',l'abjuratio regni1' 9 ,revue hi/orique1 l4 #ad sqq4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #eij sq4 ,innes1 ,scotl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #aie sq4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,lex ,baiuw>iorum1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,brunn]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #faa sq4 ,bulm]9cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #ia sqq4 ,fuld1 loc4 cit4 p4 #adj sq4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,gregory ,,ix4 ,decretales1 iii4 #di4 #f4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,beaumanoir1 ,c\tumes du ,beauvoisis1 xi4 #ae sqq41 vol4 i4 #afd sq4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,innes1 op4 cit4 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #bec4 ,black/one1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 iv4 #cdg1 n4 a4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,juss]&1 ,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,nord/rm1 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria1 ii4 #dje4 ,footnote #aij3 ,du ,boys1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes1 ii4 #bdf4 ,footnote #aia3 ,idem1 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne1 p4 #bbg sq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,hellwig1 op4 cit4 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #aic3 ,h>ris1 ,highl&s ( ?iopia1 ii4 #ic4 ,footnote #aid3 ,rppell1 ,reise 9 ,abyss9i51 ii4 #gd1 #ha4 von ,heugl91 ,reise na* ,abess9i51 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #aie3 von ,hax?aus51 ,transcaucasia1 p4 #afj1 n4 99 ,! "r ( sanctu>y has be5 ascrib$ to v>i\s causes4 ,obvi\sly errone\s is ! sugge/ion t places ( refuge 7 e/abli%$ ) a view to protect+ un9t5tional (f5d]s f puni%m5t or rev5ge4#aif ,! re/riction ( ! privilege ( sanctu>y to cases ( accid5tal injuries is n at all g5]al1 & :]e x occurs x is und\bt$ly an innovation due to moral or social consid]ations4 ,v frequ5tly ?is privilege has be5 attribut$ to a desire to give "t = ! fir/ heat ( res5tm5t to pass ov] be=e ! injur$ p>ty c\ld seek r$ress4#aig ,b al?\gh ,i admit t su* a desire may h help$ to pres]ve ! "r ( asylum :]e x has once come into exi/5ce1 ,i d n believe t x c\ld acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ?is "r4 ,we %\ld rememb] t ! privilege ( sanctu>y n only af=ds #fce tempor>y protection to ! refugee1 b 9 _m cases altoge!r exempts him f puni%m5t or retaliation1 & t %elt] is giv5 ev5 to animals :i* h fl$ to a sacr$ place4 ,&1 if ! !ory ref]r$ to 7 correct1 h[ c\ld we expla9 ! fact t ! "r ( asylum is p>ticul>ly atta*$ to sanctu>ies8 ,footnote #aif3 ,hegel1 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 #aag1 p4 #ajh4 ,p[ell1 ',outl9es ( ,sociology1' 9 ,saturday ,lectures1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #aig3 ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 p4 #ahi4 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dja4 ,p>dessus1 ,loi ,salique1 p4 #fef4 ,bulm]9cq1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cd1 #dg4 ,fuld1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #ajb1 #aah1 #aai1 #bid sqq4 ,kohl]1 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z1 p4 #ahe4 ,quatremre1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cad4 ,mr4 ,mall]y 7,israelite & ,indian1 p4 #cc sq471 also1 ?9ks t ! orig9al object ( ! "r ( sanctu>y 0 to re/rict v5geance & ma9ta9 peace1 & t ?is "r only subsequ5tly appe>$ z a pr]ogative ( religion4 ,x has be5 said t ! "r ( sanctu>y be>s te/imony to ! p[] ( c]ta9 places to transmit _! virtues to ^? :o ent]$ !m4#aih ,b we h no evid5ce t ! fugitive is suppos$ to p>take ( ! sanctity ( ! place :i* %elt]s him4 ,9 ,morocco p]sons :o are p]man5tly atta*$ to mosques or ! %r9es ( sa9ts are g5]ally reg>d$ z m or less holy1 b ?is is nev] ! case ) casual visitors or suppliants2 h5ce x is h>dly = fe> ( ! refugee t 8 pursu] refra9s f lay+ h&s on him4 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? has /at$ "p ( ! tru? 9 say+ t ! ass]tion ( a man's und\bt$ rights z aga9/ a fugitive at ! sanctu>y is reg>d$ z an encroa*m5t on its hol9ess4#aii ,!re is an almo/ in/9ctive fe> n only ( %$d+ blood1#bjj b ( di/urb+ ! peace 9 a holy place2 & if x is improp] to commit any act ( viol5ce 9 ! h\se ( ano!r man1#bja x is naturally consid]$ equally (f5sive1 & also inf9itely m dang]\s1 to d s 9 ! home/ead ( a sup]natural be+4 ,9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 = in/ance1 x is =bidd5 #fcf to qu>rel or fight ^u consecrat$ gr\nd4#bjb ,b ?is is only "o aspect ( ! matt]2 ano!r1 equally important1 /ill calls = an explanation4 ,:y %\ld ! gods or sa9ts !mselves be s anxi\s to protect crim9als :o h s\ght refuge 9 _! sanctu>ies8 ,:y d !y n deliv] !m up to ju/ice ?r\gh _! e>?ly repres5tatives8 ,footnote #aih3 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #bbc sq4 ,footnote #aii3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,supra1 i4 #chj4 ,footnote #bja3 ,among ! ,b>ea & ,kunma 9 ,ea/]n ,africa a murd]] :o f9ds "t to flee into ano!r p]son's h\se _c be seiz$1 & x is consid]$ a po9t ( hon\r = ! community to help him to escape abroad 7,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #ejc74 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s no enemy may be kill$ 9 a h\se1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ho/ 7,kub>y1 ',die ,palau-,inseln 9 d] ,sdsee1' 9 ,j\r4 d4 ,museum ,godeffroy1 iv4 #be74 ,9 ,europe ! privilege ( asylum w5t h& 9 h& ) ! sanctity ( ! home/ead 7,wilda1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc1 #ech1 #edc2 ,nord/rm1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dce2 ,fuld1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aeb2 ,frau5/dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #fc sqq472 & ! brea* ( a man's peace 0 proportionate to 8 rank4 ,:il/ e man 0 entitl$ to peace 9 8 own h\se1 ! great man's peace 0 ( m importance ?an ! common man's1 ! k+'s peace ( m importance ?an ! b>on's1 & 9 ! spiritual ord] ! peace ( ! ,*ur* comm&$ yet great] rev]5ce 7,pollock1 ',! ,k+'s ,peace1' 9 ,law ,qu>t]ly ,review1 i4 #dj sq474 ,footnote #bjb3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #bcb4 ,cf4 ibid4 i4 #bbg4 ,! answ] lies 9 c]ta9 ideas :i* ref] to human z well z div9e protectors ( refugees4 ,! god or sa9t is 9 exactly ! same position z a man to ^: h\se a p]son has fl$ = %elt]4 ,among v>i\s peoples ! domicile ( ! *ief or k+ is an asylum = crim9als2#bjc nobody d>es to attack a man :o is %elt]$ by s mighty a p]sonage1 & f :at has be5 said above1 9 connection ) ! rules ( hospitality1 x is also evid5t :y ! *ief or k+ feels himself compell$ to protect him4 ,by be+ 9 close contact ) 8 ho/1 ! suppliant is able to transf] to him a dang]\s curse4 ,sometimes a crim9al c 9 a simil> way be a dang] to ! k+ ev5 f a di/ance1 or by meet+ him1 & mu/ 9 consequ5ce be p>don$4 ,9 ,madagasc> an (f5d] escap$ puni%m5t if he c\ld obta9 sight ( ! sov]eign1 :e!r be=e or aft] conviction2 h5ce crim9als at "w on ! highroad 7 ord]$ to )draw :5 ! sov]eign 0 kn[n to be com+ by4#bjd ,among ! ,bamb>as une fois la s5t5ce prononce1 si le condamn p>vi5t cra*] sur un #fcg pr9ce1 non-seulem5t sa p]sonne e/ sacre1 mais elle e/ n\rrie1 loge1 etc41 p> le gr& seigneur qui a eu l'imprud5ce de se t5ir porte de cet trange projectile4#bje ,9 ,usamb>a ev5 a murd]] is safe z soon z he has t\*$ ! p]son ( ! k+4#bjf ,among ! ,m>utse & neighb\r+ tribes a p]son :o is accus$ ( any crime receives p>don if he lays a cupa--! fossilis$ base ( a conical %ell1 :i* is ! mo/ highly valu$ ( all _! in/rum5ts--at ! feet ( 8 *ief2 & a miscreant likewise escapes puni%m5t if he rea*es & ?r[s himself on ! k+'s drums4#bjg ,on ! ,slave ,coa/ crim9als :o are doom$ to dea? are always gagg$1 because if a man %\ld speak to ! k+ he mu/ be p>don$4#bjh ,9 ,a%antee1 if an (f5d] %\ld succe$ 9 swe>+ on ! k+'s life1 he mu/ be p>don$1 because su* an oa? is believ$ to involve dang] to ! k+2 h5ce knives are driv5 ?r\gh ! *eeks f opposite sides1 ov] ! tongue1 to prev5t him f speak+4#bji ,s also among ! ,romans1 accord+ to an old ,jewi% writ]1 a p]son condemn$ to dea? 0 gagg$ to prev5t him f curs+ ! k+4#baj ,fe> ( ! curses pron\nc$ by a dissatisfi$ refugee likewise1 9 all probability1 und]lay c]ta9 o!r cu/oms :i* prevail$ 9 ,rome4 ,a s]vant or slave :o came & fell d[n at ! feet ( ,jupit]'s high-prie/1 tak+ hold ( 8 knees1 0 = t day fre$ f ! :ip2 & if a prison] ) irons & bolts at 8 feet succe$$ 9 approa*+ ! high-prie/ 9 8 h\se1 he 0 let loose & 8 fett]s 7 ?r[n into ! road1 n ?r\gh ! door1 b f ! ro(4#baa ,moreov]1 if a crim9al :o _h be5 s5t5c$ to dea? accid5tally met a ,ve/al virg9 on 8 way to ! place ( execution1 8 #fch life 0 sav$4#bab ,s s5sitive to imprecations 7 bo? ,jupit]'s high-prie/ & ! prie/esses ( ,ve/a1 t ! ,praetor 0 nev] all[$ to compel !m to take an oa?4#bac ,n[1 z a refugee may by 8 curse =ce a k+ or a prie/ or any o!r man ) :om he e/abli%es "s k9d ( contact to protect him1 s he may 9 a simil> mann] con/ra9 a god or sa9t z soon z he has ent]$ 8 sanctu>y4 ,accord+ to ! ,moori% expression he is !n 9 ! 7r ( ! sa9t1 & ! sa9t is b\nd to protect him1 j z a ho/ is b\nd to protect 8 gue/4 ,x is n only m5 t h to fe> ! curses ( dissatisfi$ refugees4 ,let u once m rememb] ! words :i* ,aes*ylus puts into ! m\? ( ,apollo1 :5 he decl>es 8 int5tion to assi/ 8 suppliant1 ,ore/es3--,t]rible bo? among m5 & gods is ! wra? ( a refugee1 :5 "o ab&ons him ) int5t4#bad ,footnote #bjc3 ,h>mon1 ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #big 7,tacullies74 ,lew91 ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #ajj 7,kukis74 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 7,macass>s & ,bugis ( ,celebes74 ,tromp1 ',uit de ,salasila van ,koetei1' 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal- l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xxxvii4 #hd 7natives ( ,koetei1 a di/rict ( ,borneo74 ,jung1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ',re*t d] ,m>s*all9sulan]1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xiv4 #ddg 7natives ( ,nauru 9 ! ,m>%all ,gr\p74 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #ccd 7,samoans74 ,rautan51 9 ,/e9metz1 ,re*tsv]hltnisse1 p4 #cdb 7,ondonga74 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #cab 7,ovambo74 ,rehme1 ',das ,re*t d] ,amaxosa1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 x4 #ej4 ,m]k]1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ',banture*t 9 ,o/afrika1' ibid4 xv4 #ee 7,wad%agga74 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #bjf4 ,among ! ,b>otse ! resid5ces ( ! ,que5 & ! ,prime ,m9i/] are places ( refuge 7,decle1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge74 ,footnote #bjd3 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cgf4 ,footnote #bje3 ,raff5el1 ,n\veau voyage dans le pays des ngres1 i4 #che4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,krapf1 ,reis5 9 ,o/-,afrika1 ii4 #acb1 n4 99 ,see also ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #cab 7,ovambo74 ,footnote #bjg3 ,gibbons1 ,exploration 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #abi4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas = draw+ my att5tion to ?is /atem5t4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ibid4 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #baj3 ,quot$ by ,levias1 ',curs+1' 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 iv4 #cij4 ,footnote #baa3 ,plut>*1 ,que/iones ,roman1 #aaa4 ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 x4 #ae4 #h1 #aj4 ,footnote #bab3 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 x4 #e4 ,footnote #bac3 ,aulus ,gellius1 op4 cit4 x4 #ae4 #ca4 ,footnote #bad3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #bcb sqq4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix ,,duties ,,to ,,gods 7conclud$7 ,,sup]natural be+s are widely believ$ to h a feel+ ( _! wor? & dignity4 ,!y are s5sitive to insults & disrespect1 !y dem& submissiv5ess & homage4 ,! gods ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 says ,major ,ellis1 are jeal\s gods1 jeal\s ( _! dignity1 jeal\s ( ! adulation & (f]+s paid to !m2 & !re is no?+ !y res5t s mu* z any slight1 :e!r int5tional or accid5tal1 :i* may be (f]$ !m4 4 4 4 ,!re is no?+ t (f5ds !m s deeply z to ignore !m1 or "q _! p[]1 or laugh at !m4#a ,! wra? ( ,yahveh bur/ =? ) vehem5ce :5ev] 8 hon\r or sanctity 0 9 ! lea/ violat$1 h[ev] un9t5tionally4#b ,_m peoples consid] x insult+ & dang]\s m]ely to po9t at "o ( ! cele/ial bodies2#c & among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians x is a widespread belief t1 if anybody po9ts at ! ra9b[1 ! f+] w )] or become mis%ap54#d ,footnote #a3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 pp4 #ch1 #ajb4 ,footnote #c3 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #cda1 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions1 p4 #cdd 7,*ippewas74 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t1 #aa1 p4 #ac sq4 ,footnote #d3 ,mooney1 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xix4 #beg1 #ddb4 ,nor is x to sup]natural dang] only t a p]son exposes himself by irrev]5ce to a god1 b 9 _m cases he is also puni%$ by 8 fell[ m54 ,on ! ,slave ,coa/ insults to a god are always res5t$ & puni%$ by ! #fdj prie/s & wor%ipp]s ( t god1 x be+ _! duty to gu>d 8 hon\r4#e ,among ! anci5t ,p]uvians#f & ,hebrews1#g z also among ,*ri/ian nations up to comp>atively rec5t times1 blasphemy 0 a capital (f5ce4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 a boy ( fifte5 0 burn$ because he _h spok51 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a p>rot1 "s idle words affect+ ! sacram5t ( ! alt>1 :i* he _h *anc$ to he> b ( :i* he c\ld n h und]/ood ! mean+4#h ,accord+ to ,muhamm$an law a p]son guilty ( blasphemy is to be put to dea? )\t delay1 ev5 ?\gh he pr(ess himself rep5tant1 z adequate rep5tance = su* a s9 is deem$ impossible4#i ,^! & simil> laws are root$ 9 ! idea t ! god is p]sonally (f5d$ by ! insult4 ,x 0 ! ,"l himself :o made ! law t he :o blasphem$ ,8 "n %\ld be /on$ to dea? by all ! congregation4#aj ,blasphemy1 says ,?omas ,aqu9as1 z be+ an (f5ce directly aga9/ ,god1 outweighs murd]1 :i* is an (f5ce aga9/ our neighb\r 4 4 4 4 ,! blasphem] int5ds to w\nd ! hon\r ( ,god4#aa ,t blasphemy is1 or %\ld be1 puni%$ n z a s9 aga9/ ! deity b z an (f5ce aga9/ ! religi\s feel+s ( m51 is an idea ( q mod]n orig94 ,footnote #e3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #f3 ,prescott1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 i4 #db4 ,footnote #g3 ,leviticus1 xxiv4 #ad sqq4 ,footnote #h3 ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #i3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,leviticus1 xxiv4 #af4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 ii4-ii4 #ac4 #c4 #a4 ,9 _m cases x is consid]$ (f5sive to a sup]natural be+ m]ely to m5tion 8 "n4 ,sometimes ! "n is taboo$ on c]ta9 occasions only or 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 sometimes x is n to be pron\nc$ at all4 ,9 ,morocco ! jnn 7j9n7 mu/ n be ref]r$ to by "n 9 ! aft]noon & ev5+ aft] ! 7s4ar4 ,if speak+ ( !m at all1 ! p !n make use ( "s circumlocution2 ! ,b]b]s ( ,s\!rn ,morocco call !m wid-id4n91 ^? o!rs1 or wid-urd4-h7er'n91 ^? unse51 or wid-tntl-tsnt1 ^? :o %un salt4 ,! ,gre5l&]s d>e n pron\nce ! "n ( a glaci] #fda z !y r[ pa/ x1 = fe> le/ x %\ld be (f5d$ & ?r[ (f an iceb]g4#ab ,"s ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians believe t if1 :5 travell+1 !y m5tion ! names ( rocks or isl&s or riv]s1 !y w h mu* ra9 or be wreck$ or be dev\r$ by "s mon/] 9 ! riv]4#ac ,! ,omahas1 aga91 are v c>eful n to use names :i* !y reg>d z sacr$ on ord9>y occasions2 & no "o d>es to s+ sacr$ songs except ! *iefs & old m5 at ! prop] times4#ad ,"s o!r ,indians consid]$ x a pr(anation to m5tion ! "n ( _! highe/ div9ity4#ae ,among c]ta9 ,au/ralian natives ! eld]s ( ! tribe imp>t to ! y\?1 on 8 initiation1 ! "n ( ! god ,?>amul7un2 b !re is su* a dis9cl9ation to pron\nce 8 "n t1 9 speak+ ( him1 !y g5]ally use elliptical expressions1 su* z ,he1 ! man1 or ! "n ,i told y (1 & ! wom5 only "k him by ! "n ( ,papang 7fa!r74#af ,! ,m>utse & alli$ tribes along ! ,zambesi %r9k f m5tion+ ! real "n ( _! *ief god ,nyambe & !re=e sub/itute = x ! ^w molemo1 :i* has a v compreh5sive mean+1 d5ot+1 besides ,god1 all k9ds ( good & evil spirits1 m$ic9es1 poisons1 & amulets4#ag ,accord+ to ,cic]o1 !re 0 a god1 a son ( ,nilus1 ^: "n ! ,egyptians consid]$ x a crime to pron\nce2#ah & ,h]odotus is unwill+ to m5tion ! "n ( ,osiris on two occasions :5 he is speak+ ( him4#ai ,! div9e "n ( ,indra 0 secret1 ! real "n ( ,agni 0 unkn[n4#bj ,! gods ( ,brahmanism h my/ic names1 :i* nobody d>es to speak4#ba ,! real "n ( ,confucius is s sacr$ t x is a /atutable (f5ce 9 ,*9a to #fdb pron\nce x2 & ! "n ( ! supreme god ( ! ,*9ese is equally taboo$4 ,ti51 !y say1 means prop]ly only ! mat]ial heav51 b x also means ,%ang-,te 7supreme rul]1 ,god72 =1 z x is n lawful to use 8 "n lightly1 we "n him by 8 resid5ce1 :i* is 9 ti54#bb ,! great "n ( ,allah is a secret "n1 kn[n only to prophets1 & possibly to "s great sa9ts4#bc ,yahveh said1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va92 = ! ,"l w n hold him guiltless t take? 8 "n 9 va92#bd & or?odox ,jews avoid m5tion+ ! ^w ,yahveh altoge!r4#be ,among ,*ri/ian nations1 z ,pr(essor ,nyrop obs]ves1 !re is a common dis9cl9ation to use ! ^w ,god or its equival5ts 9 ev]yday spee*4 ,! ,engli% say good in/ead ( ,god 7good graci\s1 my goodness1 ?ank goodness72 ! ,g]mans1 ,potz in/ead ( ,gotts 7,potz ,welt1 ,potz ,wett]1 ,potz ,blitz72 ! ,fr5*1 bleu in/ead ( ,dieu 7corbleu1 morbleu1 sambleu72 ! ,spani>ds1 brios or diez in/ead ( ,dios 7voto brios1 juro brios1 p> diez74#bf ,footnote #ab3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,nyrop1 ',navnets magt1' 9 ,m9dre ,afh&l+] udgivne af det philologisk-hi/oriske ,samfund1 #ahhg1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cgj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #af3 ,h[itt1 ',"s ,au/ralian ,beliefs1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 #aib4 ,see also ,idem1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dhi1 #die4 ,footnote #ag3 ,holub1 ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #cja4 ,footnote #ah3 ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 iii4 #bb 7#ef74 ,footnote #ai3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #acb1 #aga4 ,footnote #bj3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 pp4 #ic1 #aaa4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #bb3 ,fri5d1 ',euphemism & ,tabu 9 ,*9a1' 9 ,folk-,lore ,record1 iv4 #gf4 ,cf4 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 p4 #ahe4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,exodus1 xx4 #g4 ,footnote #be3 ,h]zog-,plitt1 ,real-,encyklopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie1 vi4 #eja sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,nyrop1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aee sqq4 ,^! taboos h sprung f fe>4 ,!re is1 fir/1 some?+ uncanny 9 m5tion+ ! "n ( a sup]natural be+1 ev5 ap>t f any def9ite ideas connect$ ) ! act4 ,b to d s is also suppos$ to summon him or to attract 8 att5tion1 & ?is may be consid]$ dang]\s1 especially if he is look$ ^u z malevol5t or irritable1 z is g5]ally ! case ) ! ,moori% jnn4 ,! uncanny feel+ or ! notion ( dang] readily leads to ! belief t ! sup]natural be+ feels (f5d$ if 8 "n is pron\nc$2 we h notic$ a simil> association ( ?\ght 9 connection ) ! names ( ! dead4 ,b a god may also h good reason = wi%+ t 8 "n %\ld n be us$ lightly or tak5 9 va94 ,accord+ #fdc to primitive ideas a p]son's "n is a "p ( 8 p]sonality1 h5ce ! hol9ess ( a god may be pollut$ by 8 "n be+ m5tion$ 9 pr(ane conv]sation4 ,moreov]1 x may be ( great importance = him to prev5t 8 "n f be+ divulg$1 z magic may be wr\ght on a p]son ?r\gh 8 "n j z easily z ?r\gh any "p ( 8 body4 ,9 e>ly civilisation !re is a common t5d5cy to keep ! real "n ( a human individual secret s t sorc]]s may n make an evil use ( x2#bg & x is simil>ly believ$ t gods mu/ conceal _! true names le/ o!r gods or m5 %\ld be able to conjure ) !m4#bh ,! great ,egyptian god ,r decl>$ t ! "n :i* 8 fa!r & "m _h giv5 him rema9$ hidd5 9 8 body s9ce 8 bir?1 s t no magician might h magic p[] ov] him4#bi ,! li/ ( div9e names possess$ by ! ,roman pontiffs 9 _! indigitam5ta 0 a magical in/rum5t :i* laid at _! m]cy all ! =ces ( ! _s _w2#cj & we are told t ! ,romans kept ! "n ( _! tutel>y god secret 9 ord] to prev5t _! enemies f draw+ him away by pron\nc+ x4#ca ,!re is a ,muhamm$an tradition t :osoev] calls ^u ,allah by 8 great "n w obta9 all 8 desires1 be+ able m]ely by m5tion+ x to raise ! dead to life1 to kill ! liv+1 9 fact to p]=m any miracle he pleases4#cb ,footnote #bg3 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #aci sqq4 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 p4 #agi sqq4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #djc sqq4 ,clodd1 ,tom ,tit ,tot1 pp4 #ec-ee1 #ha sqq4 ,haddon1 ,magic & ,feti%ism1 p4 #bb sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 p4 #abd sq4 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ddc4 ,clodd1 op4 cit4 p4 #agc4 ,haddon1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc sqq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ddd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 pp4 #bab1 #bgg4 ,cf4 ,jevons1 9 ,plut>*'s ,romane ,que/ions1 p4 lvii4 ,footnote #ca3 ,plut>*1 ,que/iones ,roman1 #fa4 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis1 xxviii4 #d4 ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia1 iii4 #i4 ,footnote #cb3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahe4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #bgc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! greate/ insults :i* c be (f]$ a god is to d5y 8 exi/5ce4 ,plut>* 0 a/oni%$ at p's say+ t a!ism is impiety1 :ile at ! same "t !y attribute to gods all k9ds ( less cr$itable qualities4 ,i = my "p1 he adds1 w\ld mu* r h m5 to say ( me t !re nev] 0 a #fdd ,plut>*1 at all1 nor is n[1 ?an to say t ,plut>* is a man incon/ant1 fickle1 easily mov$ to ang]1 rev5geful = trifl+ provocations1 vex$ at small ?+s4#cc ,b ,plut>* seems to h =gott5 t a p]son is always mo/ s5sitive on 8 weak po9ts1 & t ! weake/ po9t 9 a god is 8 exi/5ce4 ,religi\s intol]ance is 9 a l>ge measure ! result ( t feel+ ( unc]ta9ty :i* c h>dly be eradicat$ ev5 by ! /ronge/ w to believe4 ,x is a means ( self-p]suasion 9 a case :]e su* p]suasion is sorely ne$$4 ,moreov]1 a god :o is n believ$ to exi/ c be no object ( wor%ip1 & to be wor%ipp$ is commonly held to be ! *ief ambition ( a god4 ,b a!ism is a s9 ( civilisation4 ,uncultur$ p are ready to believe t all sup]natural be+s !y he> ( also exi/4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plut>*1 ,de sup]/itione1 #aj4 ,"s gods are extremely ung5]\s t[>ds all ^? :o d n recognise !m1 & only !m1 z _! gods4 ,to believe 9 ,ahura ,mazda 0 ! fir/ duty :i* ,zoroa/rianism requir$ ( a man2 x 0 ,angra ,ma9yu1 ! evil _s1 t _h c\nt]creat$ ! s9 ( unbelief4#cd ,d\bt de/roy$ ev5 ! effects ( good actions2#ce inde$1 only ! true believ] 0 to be reg>d$ z a man4#cf ,! fai?ful 7 summon$ to a w> to ! dea? aga9/ ! oppos+ spirits1 ! ,daevas1 & _! foll[]s4#cg ,& to judge f anci5t writ]s1 ! ,p]sians1 :5 !y came into contact ) nations ( ano!r religion1 also c>ri$ into practice ! intol]ant _s ( _! own4#ch ,yahveh said3--,?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me4 4 4 4 ,?\ %alt n b[ d[n ?yself to !m1 nor s]ve !m3 = ,i ! ,"l ?y ,god am a jeal\s ,god4#ci ,9 ! pre-prophetic p]iod ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods 0 recognis$1#dj b !y 7 n #fde to be wor%ipp$ by ,yahveh's p4 ,nor 0 any m]cy to be %[n to _! foll[]s1 = ,yahveh 0 a man ( w>4#da ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity inh]it$ 8 jeal\sy4 ,9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ w>s 7 wag$1 n1 x is true1 = ! purpose ( ext]m9at+ unbeliev]s1 b ) a view to conv]t+ !m to a fai? :i* alone c\ld save _! s\ls f et]nal p]dition4 ,s f> z ! aim ( ! p]secution is conc]n$ we c ?us notice a di/9ct progress 9 humanity4 ,b :il/ ! puni%m5t :i* ,yahveh inflict$ ^u ! devotees ( o!r gods 0 m]ely temporal & re/rict$ to a comp>atively small numb] ( p--he took notice ( su* =eign nations only :i* came )9 8 sph]e ( int]e/s1--,*ri/ianity 0 a proselytis+ religion on a l>ge scale1 anxi\s to save b equally ready to condemn to ev]la/+ torm5ts all ^? :o refus$ to accept x1 nay ev5 ! milli>ds ( m5 :o _h nev] he>d ( x4 ,9 ?is po9t ,*ri/ianity 0 ev5 m intol]ant ?an ! ,koran itself1 :i* does n absolutely conf9e salvation to ! believ]s 9 ,allah & 8 ,prophet1 b leaves "s hope ( x to ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,sabans1 ?\gh all o!r infidels are hopelessly lo/4#db ,footnote #cd3 ,v5ddd1 i4 #h4 #af4 ,footnote #ce3 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #ccj1 n4 #d4 ,footnote #cf3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 xlii4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,see ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 p4 lii42 ,spiegel1 ,ernis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iii4 #fib4 ,footnote #ch3 ,spiegel1 op4 cit4 iii4 #gjh4 ,footnote #ci3 ,exodus1 xx4 #c1 #e4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ku551 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,national ,religions & ,univ]sal ,religions1 p4 #aai4 ,baudiss91 ,/udi5 zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te1 i4 #di sqq4 ,footnote #da3 ,exodus1 xv4 #c4 ,footnote #db3 ,koran1 v4 #gc4 ,t ,muhamm$anism has 9 c\rse ( "t become ! mo/ fanatical ( exi/+ religions is due to political r ?an religi\s causes4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s ! ,*ri/ian & ,muhamm$an _w 7 engag$ 9 a deadly conte/1 9 :i* ! =m] came (f victori\s4 ,mo/ nations confess+ ,islam h ei!r lo/ _! indep5d5ce or are on ! v]ge ( los+ x4 ,! memory ( pa/ defeats & cruelties1 ! pres5t /ate ( subjection or national weakness1 ! fe> ( ! future--are all factors :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 we judge ( ,moslem fanaticism4 ,9 its y\ng] days ,islam 0 und\bt$ly1 n only 9 !ory b 9 practice1 less intol]ant ?an its great rival1 ,*ri/ian subjects ( ,muhamm$an rul]s be+ on ! :ole treat$ ) #fdf consid]ation4#dc ,e>li] travell]s 9 ,arabia also speak fav\rably ( ! tol]ance ( its inhabitants4 ,niebuhr 0 able to write3--,i nev] saw t ! ,arabs h any hatr$ = ^? ( a diff]5t religion4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 reg>d !m ) mu* ! same contempt ) :i* ,*ri/ians look ^u ! ,jews 9 ,europe 4 4 4 4 ,! ,mahometans 9 ,india appe> to be ev5 m tol]ant ?an ^? ( ,arabia 4 4 4 4 ,! ,mussulmans 9 g5]al d n p]secute m5 ( o!r religions1 :5 !y h no?+ to fe> f !m1 unless 9 ! case ( an int]c\rse ( gallantry ) a ,mahometan woman4#dd ,9 ,*9a ! ,muhamm$ans live amicably ) ! infidel1 reg>d+ _! ,buddhi/ neighb\rs ) a k9dly feel+ :i* x w\ld be h>d to f9d 9 a mix$ community ( ,ca?olics & ,evangelicals4#de ,muhamm$anism looks ^u ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity ) pr(\nd rev]5ce1 z "o ( ! apo/les ( ,god1 z ! only man )\t s94 ,*ri/ian writ]s1 on ! o!r h&1 till ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury univ]sally treat$ ,muhamm$ z a false prophet & rank impo/or4 ,lu!r call$ him a devil1 & a fir/-born *ild ( ,satan1 :il/ ,melan*?on 0 incl9$ to see 9 him bo? ,gog & ,magog4#df ,footnote #dc3 ,see von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 ii4 #aff sq4 ,footnote #dd3 ,niebuhr1 ,travels ?r\gh ,arabia1 ii4 #aib1 #ahi sq4 ,cf4 d',arvieux1 ,travels 9 ,arabia ! ,des>t1 p4 #abc2 ,wall91 ,notes tak5 dur+ a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,arabia1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #de3 ,lane-,poole1 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 p4 #bih sq4 ,footnote #df3 ,deuts*1 ',islam1' 9 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 cxxvii4 #bie sq4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 pp4 #fg1 #fi4 ,pool1 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism1 p4 #djf4 ,equal 9 enormity ) ! s9 ( n believ+ 9 a c]ta9 god is sometimes ! s9 ( hav+ a false belief ab\t him4 ,x seems /range t a god %\ld be s easily (f5d$ z to puni% ) ! utmo/ sev]ity ^? :o hold errone\s notions reg>d+ "s attribute ( 8 :i* 9 no way affects 8 hon\r or glory1 or reg>d+ "s detail ( ritual4 ,?omas ,aqu9as himself admits t ! h]etic int5ds to take ! ^w ( ,*ri/1 al?\gh he fails 9 ! election ( articles :]eon to take t ^w4 ,b x is 9 ?is election t 8 s9 consi/s4 #fdg ,in/ead ( *oos+ ^? articles :i* are truly taught by ,*ri/1 he *ooses ^? :i* 8 own m9d sugge/s to him4 ,?us he p]v]ts ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/1 & 9 consequ5ce des]ves n only to be sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* by excommunication1 b to be bani%$ f ! _w by dea?4#dg ,moreov]1 ! h]etic is an apo/ate1 a traitor :o may be =c$ to pay ! v[ :i* he has once tak54#dh ,! extreme rig\r ( ?is sophi/ical argum5tation c only be und]/ood 9 connection ) its hi/orical surr\nd+s4 ,x presupposes a ,*ur* :i* n only reg>ds itself z ! sole possessor ( div9e tru?1 b ^: cohesion & p[] dep5d ^u a /rict adh]5ce to its doctr9es4#di ,nor 0 x a religi\s motive only t induc$ ,*ri/ian sov]eigns to p]secute h]etics4 ,c]ta9 h]esies1 z ,mani*ism & ,donatism1 7 expressly decl>$ to affect ! common welf>e2#ej & ! ,franki% k+s treat$ h]etics n only z rebels aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 b z traitors to ! ,/ate1 z conf$]ates ( ho/ile ,visigo?s or ,burgundians or ,lomb>ds4#ea ,footnote #dg3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 ii4-ii4 #aa4 #a1 #c4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ibid4 ii4-ii4 #aj4 #h4 ,footnote #di3 ,cf4 ,rit*ie1 ,natural ,rights1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ej3 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #cc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ibid4 ii4 #fa4 ,:il/ intol]ance is a *>act]i/ic ( all mono!i/ic religions :i* attribute human passions & emotions to _! godhead1 poly!ism is by nature tol]ant4 ,a god :o is always us$ to %>e ) o!r gods ! wor%ip ( 8 believ]s _c be a v jeal\s god4 ,! pi\s ,h5nep9 0 /ruck by ! fact t ,r$ ,indians 7 incapable ( tak+ away any p]son's life out ( hatr$ to 8 religion4#eb ,among ! natives ( ! ,african ,gold & ,slave ,coa/s1 ?\gh a man mu/ %[ outw>d respect = ! gods s z n to provoke calamities1 he may wor%ip _m gods or none1 j z he pleases4 ,!re is p]fect lib]ty ( ?\ght 9 matt]s ( religion4 4 4 4 ,at ?is /age1 man tol]ates any =m ( religion t tol]ates o!rs2 & z he ?9ks x p]fectly #fdh natural t diff]5t p %\ld wor%ip diff]5t gods1 he does n attempt to =ce 8 own p]sonal op9ions ^u anyone1 or to e/abli% con=mity ( ideas4#ec ,on ! ,slave ,coa/ ev5 a sacrilege committ$ by a ,european is usually reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce1 z ! gods ( a c\ntry are suppos$ to be conc]n$ ab\t ! actions ( ! p ( t c\ntry only4#ed ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,natural ,religion1 says ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall1 ! conditions ( its exi/5ce z we see x 9 ,india1 are complete lib]ty & mat]ial tol]ance2 !re is no monopoly ei!r ( div9e p[]s or ev5 ( sac]dotal privilege4#ee ,9 ,*9a ! hatr$ ( =eign]s has n its root 9 religion4 ,! ,ca?olics resid+ !re 7 left undi/urb$ until !y began to m$dle ) ! civil & social in/itutions ( ! c\ntry2#ef & ! difficulty 9 p]suad+ ! ,*9ese to embrace ,*ri/ianity is said by a mission>y to be due to _! notion t "o religion is z good z ano!r provid$ t x has a good moral code4#eg ,among ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans x 0 a pr9ciple t ! religion ( ! ,/ate %\ld be ! religion ( ! p1 z its welf>e 0 suppos$ to dep5d ^u a /rict obs]vance ( ! e/abli%$ cult2 b ! gods c>$ = ext]nal wor%ip r ?an = ! beliefs ( _! wor%ipp]s1 & evid5tly took little notice ev5 ( express$ op9ions4 ,philosoph]s op5ly despis$ ! v rites :i* !y bo? def5d$ & practis$2 & religion 0 m a pretext ?an a real motive = ! p]secutions ( m5 l ,anaxagoras1 ,protagoras1 ,socrates1 & ,ari/otle4#eh ,s also ! measures by :i* ! ,romans 9 e>li] times repress$ ! introduction ( new religions 7 l>gely sugge/$ by worldly consid]ations2 !y grew out ( t int5se national _s :i* sacrific$ e #fdi o!r int]e/ to ! ,/ate1 & resi/$ e =m ( innovation1 :e!r secul> or religi\s1 t c\ld impair ! unity ( ! national type1 & dissolve ! discipl9e :i* ! pr$om9ance ( ! milit>y _s & ! /]n gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic _h =m$4#ei ,x has also be5 suffici5tly prov$ t ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians dur+ ! pagan ,empire sprang f motives q diff]5t f religi\s intol]ance4 ,lib]ty ( wor%ip 0 a g5]al pr9ciple ( ! ,imp]ial rule4 ,t x 0 d5i$ ! ,*ri/ians 0 due to _! own aggressiv5ess1 z also to political suspicion4 ,!y grossly insult$ ! pagan cult1 d5\nc+ x z ! wor%ip ( demons1 & e calamity :i* fell ^u ! ,empire 0 9 consequ5ce reg>d$ by ! populace z ! righte\s v5geance ( ! (f5d$ gods4 ,_! proselytism di/urb$ ! peace ( families & t[ns4 ,_! secret meet+s ar\s$ suspicion ( political dang]2 & ?is suspicion 0 increas$ by ! doctr9es !y pr(ess$4 ,!y consid]$ ! ,roman ,empire a manife/ation ( ,anti*ri/1 !y look$ =w>d ) long+ to its de/ruction1 & _m ( !m refus$ to take "p 9 its def5ce4 ,! greate/ & be/ among ! pagans spoke ( ! ,*ri/ians z enemies1 or hat]s ( ! human race4#fj ,footnote #eb3 ,h5nep91 ,new ,discov]y ( a ,va/ ,c\ntry 9 ,am]ica1 ii4 #gj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bie4 ,see also ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #ha2 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #bh2 ,kub>y1 ',die ,v]bre*5 und das ,/rafv]fahr5 auf d5 ,pelau-,inseln1' 9 ,orig9al-,mit!il4 aus d4 e?nol4 ,ab!il4 d4 knigl4 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 i4 #ij4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ellis1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #ee3 ,lyall1 ,natural ,religion 9 ,india1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #ef3 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #g4 ,cf4 ,edk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #eg3 ,edk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #bd sqq4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #dic4 ,cf4 ,dio ,cassius1 ,hi/oria ,romana1 lii4 #cf4 ,footnote #fj3 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 i4 #djh sqq4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 p4 #cdf sqq4 ,see also supra1 i4 #cde sq42 ii4 #agh sq4 ,! same diff]5ce 9 tol]ation betwe5 mono!i/ic & poly!i/ic religions %[s itself 9 _! diff]5t attitudes t[>ds wit*craft4 ,a mono!i/ic religion is n necess>ily av]se f magic2 its god may be suppos$ to h creat$ magical z well z natural en]gy1 & also to h giv5 mank9d p]mission to utilise x 9 a prop] mann]4 ,bo? ,*ri/ianity 9 its e>li] phases & ,muhamm$anism are full ( magical practices expressly sanction$ by _! !ology--= in/ance1 ! use made ( sacr$ words & ( ! relics ( sa9ts4 ,b besides ?is sort ( magic !re is ano!r k9d--wit*craft1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! t]m1--:i* is ascrib$ to ! #fej assi/ance ( exorcis$ spirits1 reg>d$ n z ! will+ ag5ts b z ! adv]s>ies ( ,god2 & ?is practice is naturally look$ ^u z highly (f5sive to ,8 feel+s4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity wit*craft 0 e/eem$ ! mo/ horrible =m ( impiety4#fa ,! religi\s law ( ! ,hebrews--:i* g5]ally prohibit$ all practices t sav\r$ ( idolatry1 su* z soo?say+ & oracles--puni%$ wit*es & wiz>ds ) dea?4#fb ,islam disapproves ( all magic :i* is practis$ ) ! assi/ance ( evil spirits1 or j9n1 al?\gh su* magic is v preval5t & popul>ly tol]at$ 9 ,muhamm$an c\ntries4#fc ,among poly!i/ic peoples1 aga91 wit*craft is c]ta9ly 9 _m cases treat$ ) great sev]ity2 a l>ge numb] ( uncivilis$ races puni% x ) dea?1#fd & among "s ( !m x is ! only (f5ce :i* is capital4#fe ,b !n wit*craft is puni%$ because x is consid]$ de/ructive to human life or welf>e4#ff ,9 ,africa1 says ,mr4 ,r[ley1 !re is :at is reg>d$ z lawful z well z unlawful wit*craft1 ! lawful be+ practis$ pr(ess$ly = ! welf>e ( mank9d1 & 9 opposition to ! unlawful1 :i* is resort$ to = man's injury4 ,b ! purposes ( wit*craft #fea are n[ g5]ally wick$2 its processes g5]ally involve moral guilt2 ! spirits invok$ are1 = ! mo/ "p1 av[$ly evil & malefic5t4#fg ,among ! ,gaika tribe ( ! ,kafirs wit*craft is suppos$ to be an influ5ce = evil1 possess$ by "o individual ov] ano!r1 or o!rs4#fh ,among ! ,bondeis ! mean+ ( wit*craft is simply murd]4#fi ,t wit*craft1 z a malici\s practice1 mu/ be a grave & at ! same "t frequ5t (f5ce among savages1 is obvi\s f ! common belief t dea?1 disease1 & mis=tunes ( e description are caus$ by x4 ,f a simil> po9t ( view x is condemn$ by poly!i/ic nations ( a high] type4 ,among ! ,aztecs ( anci5t ,mexico anybody :o employ$ sorc]y or incantations = ! purpose ( do+ h>m to ! community or to individuals 0 sacrific$ to ! gods4#gj ,! ,*9ese ,p5al ,code puni%es ) dea? ^? :o h be5 convict$ ( writ+ & edit+ books ( sorc]y1 or ( employ+ spells & incantations1 9 ord] to agitate & influ5ce ! m9ds ( ! p4#ga ,b1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d5nys1 ! hatr$ ( wit*es & wiz>ds *]i%$ 9 ! ,we/ does n seem to exi/ 9 ,*9a2 ^? reput$ to possess magic p[]s are reg>d$ ) dread1 b x is r>e to he> ( any ( !m com+ to untimely end by mob viol5ce4#gb ,! ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 ! anci5t ,babylonian legislator1 enjo9 t if a man weave a spell & put a ban ^u a man1 & has n ju/ifi$ himself1 he t wove ! spell ^u him %all be put to dea?4#gc ,x is said 9 ',vi%nu ,purna' t he :o practises magical rites = ! h>m ( o!rs is puni%$ 9 ! hell call$ ,krimsa4#gd ,among ! anci5t ,teutons n e k9d ( magic b only su* z 0 consid]$ ( injuri\s nature 0 crim9al4#ge #feb ,9 ,rome1 also1 :at 0 deem$ h>mless magic 0 left undi/urb$1 :]eas1 accord+ to ! ',law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1' he :o affects ano!r by magical arts or ) poison\s drugs is to be put to dea?2#gf & dur+ ! ,empire p]sons 7 sev]ely p]secut$ = political a/rology or div9ation practis$ ) a view to discov]+ ! successors to ! ?rone4#gg ,plato1 writes 9 8 ',laws'3--,he :o seems to be ! sort ( man :o injures o!rs by magic knots or en*antm5ts or incantations or any ( ! l practices1 if he be a prophet or div9e1 let him die2 &1 if n be+ a prophet1 he be convict$ ( wit*craft1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 let ! c\rt fix :at he ought to pay or suff]4#gh ,z ,mr4 ,lecky ju/ly rem>ks1 bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome ! measures tak5 aga9/ wit*craft seem to h be5 almo/ entirely free f religi\s fanaticism1 ! magician be+ puni%$ because he injur$ man & n because he (f5d$ ,god4#gi ,sometimes we f9d ev5 among a poly!i/ic p t sorc]y is p>ticul>ly oppos$ by its prie/hood2#hj b ! reason = ?is is no d\bt hatr$ ( rivals r ?an religi\s zeal4 ,miss ,k+sley1 h[ev]1 does n ?9k t ! dislike ( wit*craft 9 ,we/ ,africa at l>ge has orig9ally any?+ to d ) ! prie/hood4#ha ,footnote #fa3 ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 iii4 #dbb1 #dec4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ii4 #eeb sqq4 ,milman1 op4 cit4 ix4 #fi4 ,lecky1 ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i4 #bf4 ,ke>y1 ,outl9es ( ,primitive ,belief among ! ,indo-,european ,races1 p4 #eaa sqq4 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl&1 iii4 #bfe1 #bfh4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 pp4 #chf1 #daf sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,exodus1 xxii4 #ah4 ,leviticus1 xix4 #bf1 #ca2 xx4 #f1 #bg4 ,deut]onomy1 xviii4 #aj sqq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #cdh4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #ccc4 ,footnote #fd3 ,supra1 i4 #ahi sq4 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #agi4 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #bfj4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #djc 7,bakongo74 ,cunn+ham1 ,ug&a1 pp4 #ce 7,banyoro71 #adj 7,bavuma71 #cje 7,basukuma71 ,arnot1 ,g>5ganze1 p4 #ge4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #gf 7,b>otse74 ,casalis1 ,basutos1 p4 #bbi4 ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #adh sq4 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #bib 7,malagasy74 ,swett5ham1 ,malay ,sket*es1 p4 #aif 7,malays ( ,p]ak74 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 7,oraons74 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #abc sq4 ,krause1 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #bic sq4 ,jones1 quot$ by ,kohl]1 ',die ,re*te d] ,urvlk] ,nordam]ikas1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 xii4 #dab 7,*ippewas74 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #ccj2 ,seav]1 ,life ( ,mrs4 ,jemison1 p4 #afg 7,iroquois74 ,p[ell1 ',wy&ot ,gov]nm5t1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 #fg4 ,/ev5son1 ',sia1' ibid4 xi4 #ai4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #cbe 7,t>ahum>es74 ,=bes1 ',aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u1' 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ii4 #bcf1 n4 99 ,footnote #fe3 ,supra1 i4 #ahi4 ,footnote #ff3 ,cf4 ,dorsey1 ',omaha ,sociology1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 #cfd4 ,footnote #fg3 ,r[ley1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 p4 #abe sq4 ,see also ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #fh3 ,maclean1 ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #fi3 ,dale1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 #bbc4 ,footnote #gj3 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #dfb4 ,footnote #ga3 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee1 sec4 cclvi4 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #gb3 ,d5nys1 ,folk-,lore ( ,*9a1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,laws ( ,hvammurabi1 #a4 ,footnote #gd3 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #ge3 ,brunn]1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 ii4 #fgh4 ,footnote #gf3 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um1 viii4 #be4 ,footnote #gg3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #dbj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,plato1 ,leges1 xi4 #icc4 ,footnote #gi3 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #hj3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #acg4 ,r9k1 ,gre5l&1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #ha3 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #ace sq4 ,! religi\s intol]ance :i* has accompani$ ! rise ( mono!ism is1 z we h j obs]v$1 ! result ( ! nature attribut$ to its godhead4 ,b ! evolution ( religion does n end ) ! triumph ( a jeal\s & irritable heav5ly despot4 ,!re is a lat] /age :]e m5 believe 9 a god or sup]natural p[] :i* is absolutely free f all human weakness1 & 9 su* a religion intol]ance has no place4 ,x has be5 said t ! tol]ant _s ( ,buddhism#hb is due to religi\s #fec indiff]5ce1#hc b ! orig9al cause ( x seems to be ! abs5ce ( a p]sonal god2 & ! increas+ tol]ance ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity is und\bt$ly connect$ ) ! m e?ical view x takes ( ! ,deity :5 comp>$ ) ! op9ions ( e>li] ages4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t religi\s tol]ation does n mean passive indiff]5ce ) reg>d to diss5t+ religi\s ideas4 ,! tol]ant man may be a great propag&i/4 ,he may d 8 utmo/ to eradicate1 by means ( p]suasion1 :at he consid]s to be a false belief4 ,he may ev5 resort to /rong] measures aga9/ ^? :o d mis*ief 9 ! "n ( _! religion4 ,b he does n p]secute anybody = ! sake ( 8 fai?2 nor does he believe 9 an intol]ant & p]secut+ god4 ,footnote #hb3 ,h>dy1 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 p4 #dab4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,buddhism1 p4 #abf4 ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 p4 #efh4 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #abg4 ,gutzlaff1 ,sket* ( ,*9ese ,hi/ory1 i4 #gj4 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma1 p4 #cbb sq4 ,footnote #hc3 ,=bes1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbb4 ,cf4 ,ku551 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,national & ,univ]sal ,religions1 p4 #bij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sup]natural be+s1 accord+ to ! belief ( _m races1 desire to be wor%ipp$ n only because !y dep5d ^u human c>e = _! subsi/5ce or com=t1 b because wor%ip is an act ( homage4 ,we h se5 t sacrifice1 aft] los+ its orig9al significance1 /ill survives z a rev]5t (f]+4 ,s also pray] is frequ5tly a tribute to ! self-reg>d+ pride ( ! god to :om x is address$4 ,a supplication is an act ( humility1 m or less flatt]+ to ! p]son appeal$ to & especially gratify+ :]e1 z 9 ! case ( a god1 ! grant+ ( ! reque/ entails no deprivation or loss1 b on ! contr>y is rew>d$ by ! wor%ipp]4 ,moreov]1 ! reque/ is v commonly accompani$ by rev]5tial epi!ts or words ( eulogy2 & praise1 nay ev5 flatt]y1 is j z pleasant to sup]human z to human e>s4 ,gods are address$ z great or mighty1 z lords or k+s1 z fa!rs or gr&fa!rs4#hd ,a pray] ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians began ) ! foll[+ words3--,o conqu]+ ,viraco*a6 ,ev] pres5t ,viraco*a6 ,?\ art 9 ! ends ( ! e>? )\t equal6#he #fed ,! anci5t ,egyptians flatt]$ _! gods1#hf ! ,v$ic & ,zoroa/rian hymns are full ( praise4 ,muhamm$ans invoke ,allah by s5t5ces su* z1 ,god is great1 ,god is m]ciful1 ,god is he :o see? & he>e?4 ,words ( praise1 z well z words ( ?anks1 address$ to a god1 may c]ta9ly be ! expressions ( unreflect+ admiration or gratitude1 free f all ?\ght ( pleas+ him2 b :]e laudation is dem&$ by ! god z a price = good s]vices1 x is simply a tribute to 8 vanity4 ,!re is a ,*9ese /ory :i* amus+ly illu/rates ?is little weakness ( s _m gods3--,at ! hotte/ season ( ! ye> !re 0 a heavy fall ( sn[ at ,soo*[4 ,! p1 9 _! con/]nation1 w5t to ! temple ( ! ,great ,pr9ce to pray4 ,!n ! _s mov$ "o ( !m to say1 ,y n[ address me z ,y\r ,hon\r4 ,make x ,y\r ,excell5cy1 &1 ?\gh ,i am b a less] deity1 x may be well wor? y\r :ile to d s4 ,!reupon ! p began to use ! latt] t]m1 & ! sn[ /opp$ at once4#hg ,! ,h9dus say t by praise a p]son may obta9 f ! gods :atev] he desires4#hh ,footnote #hd3 ,see ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #he3 de ,mol9a1 ',fables & ,rites ( ! ,yncas1' 9 ,n>ratives ( ! ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,yncas1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,aml9eau1 ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte anci5ne1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #hg3 ,giles1 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio1 ii4 #bid4 ,footnote #hh3 ,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 & ,religion ( ! ,h9doos1 ii4 #fi4 ,we h diff]5t means ( gratify+ a p]son's self-reg>d+ pride3 "o is to praise him1 ano!r is to humiliate ourselves4 ,bo? h be5 adopt$ by m5 ) ref]5ce to _! gods4 ,besides hymns ( praise !re are hymns ( p5it5ce1 ! object ( :i* is l>gely to appease ! angry feel+s ( (f5d$ gods4 ,pray]s = remission ( s9s =m a :ole lit]ature among peoples l t ( ! ,v$ic age1 ! ,*aldeans1#hi & ! ,hebrews1 :o commonly reg>d$ calamities to :i* m5 7 subject n z ! result ( an inexorable fate nor z ! ma*9ations ( evil spirits1 b z div9e puni%m5ts4 ,accord+ to e>ly ideas1 z we h se51 s9 is a sub/ance *>g$ ) injuri\s #fee en]gy1 f :i* ! infect$ p]son tries to rid himself by me*anical means4#ij ,b at ! same "t ! effect ( s9 is conceiv$ z a div9e puni%m5t1 & ?is sugge/s atonem5t4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a we n only he> ( ! removal ( s9s by magical op]ations1 b ! gods are reque/$ to free ! suff]] f 8 s94#ia ,footnote #hi3 ,zimm]n1 ,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 passim4 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #ch sq4 ,delitzs*1 ,wo lag das ,p>adies8 p4 #hf4 ,hommel1 ,die semitis*5 ,vlk] und ,spra*51 p4 #cae sqq4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 #agh4 ,footnote #ij3 ,supra1 i4 #eb sqq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4 #bib1 #bif1 #cag sq4 ,gods are fond ( pray]s n only z expressions ( humility or rep5tance b = o!r reasons z well4 ,9 e>ly religion a pray] is commonly connect$ ) an (f]+1 s9ce ! god is n suppos$ to be/[ 8 fav\rs gratuit\sly4#ib ,by ! call conta9$ 9 x he is invit$ to p>take ( ! (f]+1 or 8 att5tion is drawn to x4#ic ,compassionate fa!r6 says ! ,tanna prie/ :5 he (f]s fir/-fruits to a deifi$ ance/or2 "h is "s food = y1 eat x1 & be k9d to u on acc\nt ( x6#id ,9 "o ( ! ,pahlavi texts x is said t :5 ! gu>dian spirits ( ! righte\s are invit$ !y accept ! sacrifice1 :]eas if !y are n invit$ !y g up ! height ( a spe> & w rema94#ie ,?r\gh\t ! ,ya/s we he> ( ! claims ( deities to be wor%ipp$ ) sacrifices 9 :i* !y are invok$ by _! own names & ) ! prop] words4#if ,mi?ra compla9s1 ,if m5 w\ld wor%ip me ) a sacrifice 9 :i* ,i 7 invok$ by my own "n1 z !y wor%ip ! o!r ,yazatas ) sacrifices 9 :i* !y are invok$ by _! own names1 !n ,i w\ld come to ! fai?ful at ! appo9t$ "t4#ig #fef ,accord+ to ,v$ic & ,zoroa/rian texts ! gods 7 purifi$1 /r5g!n$1 & enc\rag$ n only by (f]+s b by pray]s1 al?\gh x is difficult 9 ?is respect to di/+ui% betwe5 two elem5ts 9 "o & ! same rite :i* are s closely int]wov5 ) ea* o!r4#ih ,by 8 invocations man assi/s ! gods 9 _! combats ) evil demons1 he s5ds 8 pray] betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav5s !re to smite ! fi5ds4#ii ,9 a ,v$ic hymn ! p are exhort$ to s+ to ,indra a song v de/ructive to ! demons4#ajj ,by pron\nc+ ! praise ( ,a%a1 ,z>a?u/ra br+s ! ,daevas to naught2#aja by m5tion+ ! "n ( ,ahura ,mazda _! malice is mo/ effectually de/roy$4#ajb ,?us pray] may be a religi\s duty also on acc\nt ( ! magic efficacy ascrib$ to x1 & ! same is ! case ) incantations direct$ aga9/ evil spirits4 ,footnote #ib3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #cfd sqq4 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bgb 7%amani/ic peoples ( ,sib]ia74 ,masp]o1 tudes de my?ologie et d'ar*ologie gypti5nes1 i4 #afc2 ,idem1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #abd1 n4 #e 7anci5t ,egyptians74 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 7#a/ ed47 p4 lxix4 7,zoroa/rians74 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcj sqq42 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #cd 7,v$ic p74 ,donaldson1 ',expiatory & ,sub/itution>y ,sacrifices ( ! ,greeks1' 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xxvii4 #dcj4 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #bi4 ,among ! ,kafirs ( ,natal a soldi] w\nd$ 9 battle w\ld only pray if 8 hurt 7 slight2 b if x 7 s]i\s1 he w\ld v[ a sacrifice on 8 return1 nam+ p]haps ! p>ticul> bea/ 7,%oot]1 ,kafirs ( ,natal1 p4 #afd74 ,footnote #ic3 ,cf4 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #id3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ie3 ,%ya/ ,l-,%ya/1 ix4 #ab4 ,footnote #if3 ,ya/s1 viii4 #bc sqq42 x4 #cj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,ibid4 x4 #ee4 ,cf4 ibid4 x4 #gd4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see ,b]gaigne1 ,la religion vdique1 ii4 #bcg1 #bej1 #bgc sqq42 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #ccg sqq42 ,old5b]g1 ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #dcg2 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #fj2 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 #ecd sq4 7,zoroa/rianism74 ,footnote #ii3 ,yasna1 xxviii4 #g4 ,ya/s1 iii4 #e4 ,v5ddd1 xix4 #a1 #b1 #h sqq4 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 pp4 #aja1 #aai1 #aca1 #aic4 ,idem1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 7#a/ ed47 p4 lxix4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,rig-,v$a1 viii4 #gh4 #a4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ya/s1 xiii4 #hi4 ,cf4 ibid4 xiii4 #ij4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 i4 #c1 #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ai4 ,9 e>li] *apt]s we h (t5 notic$ h[ curses gradually develop into g5u9e pray]s1 & vice v]sa may a pray] develop into a curse or spell4 ,dr4 ,riv]s obs]ves t ! =mul us$ 9 ,toda magic h ! =m ( pray]s4#ajc ,s also ,assyrian incantations are (t5 dress$ 9 ! robe ( supplication1 & end ) ! =mula1 ,d s & s1 & ,i %all gladd5 ?9e he>t & wor%ip !e 9 humility4#ajd ,v$ic texts :i* 7 n orig9ally meant z *>ms became s aft]w>ds4 ,incantations are comp>atively r>e 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 & seem ev5 to be look$ ^u z objectionable1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! ,v$ic p]iod ! reign ( ,brahma1 ! p[] ( pray]1 z ! supreme god 9 ! ,indian ,pan!on began to dawn4#aje #feg;,brahma is a =ce by :i* ! gods act1 by :i* !y are born1 & by :i* ! _w has be5 =m$2#ajf b x is also ! pray] :i* asc5ds f ! alt> to heav5 & by means ( :i* man wre/s f ! gods ! boon he dem&s#ajg--! pray] gov]ns !m4#ajh ,?is omnipres5t =ce is p]sonifi$ 9 ,brahman4aspati1 ! "l ( pray]1 :o resides 9 ! highe/ heav5 b ( :om n only e sep>ate god b ! prie/ himself becomes a manife/ation at ! mom5t he pron\nces ! mantras or sacr$ texts4#aji ,x is a curr5t say+ 9 ,india t ! :ole univ]se is subject to ! gods1 t ! gods are subject to ! mantras1 t ! mantras are subject to ! ,brahmans1 & t !re=e ! ,brahmans are ! real gods4#aaj ,9 ,zoroa/rianism pray]s are n made efficaci\s by devotion & f]v5cy1 b to ! words !mselves belongs a my/]i\s p[] & ! m]e recitation ( !m1 if correct & faultless1 br+s t p[] into action2#aaa 9 ! ,ya/s pray] is reg>d$ z a goddess1 z ! daught] ( ,ahura ,mazda4#aab ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 ,m4 ,masp]o obs]ves1 la prire n'tait pas comme *ez n\s une petition que l'homme prs5te au dieu1 et que le dieu e/ libre d'accept] ou de refus] son gr3 c'tait une =mule dont les t]ms ont une valeur imprative1 et dont l'nonciation exacte oblige le dieu concd] ce qu'on lui dem&e4#aac ,greek lit]ature supplies o!r in/ances ( m5 conjur+ _! gods by incantations2#aad ! ^w ,greek3 a7ra_/ means bo? pray] & curse4#aae ,& 9 ! ,roman1 z 9 ! majority ( ! old ,italian cults1 pray] is a magic =mula1 produc+ its effect by its own inh]5t quality4#aaf ,footnote #ajc3 ,riv]s1 ,todas1 pp4 #dej1 #dec4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,tallqvi/1 ',die assyris*e ,bes*wrungss]ie ,maql1' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xx4 #bb4 ,footnote #aje3 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #caa sqq4 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #adi4 ,ro?1 ',brahma und die ,brahman51' 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*4 i4 #fg1 #ga4 ,d>me/et]1 ,essais ori5taux1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,a?>va-,v$a1 xi4 #e4 #e4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ro?1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ff sqq4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,rig-,v$a1 vi4 #ea4 #h4 ,footnote #aji3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ae sq4 ,ro?1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #bja sq4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,see ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 #ga4 ,footnote #aab3 ,ya/s1 xiii4 #ib2 xvii4 #af4 ,footnote #aac3 ,masp]o1 tudes de my?ologie et ar*ologie gypti5nes1 i4 #afc4 ,footnote #aad3 ,see ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 p4 #cce sq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,cf4 von ,lasaulx1 ,d] ,flu* bei ,grie*5 und ,rm]n1 p4 #f4 ,s also ! ,manx ^w gwee means bo? pray] & curse 7,rhys1 ,celtic ,folklore1 i4 #cdi74 ,footnote #aaf3 ,r5an1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,in/itutions1 c4 ( ,rome on ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aj sq4 ,cf4 ,jevons1 9 ,plut>*'s ,romane ,que/ions1 p4 xxviii42 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #aeh4 #feh ,:il/ an ord9>y curse readily develops into a pray] :5 ! "n ( a god is br\ght 9 = ! purpose ( giv+ magic efficacy to ! curse1 a pray] may contr>iwise assume a magic "* by be+ address$ to a god--j z a sacrifice becomes end[$ ) magic en]gy 9 consequ5ce ( its contact or communion ) ! sup]natural be+ to :i* x is (f]$2 & ! con/ra9+ =ce 9 ! pray] or sacrifice may !n be direct$ ev5 aga9/ ! god himself4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t ! extreme importance :i* ! magic elem5t 9 ! cult atta9$ among ! nations ( anci5t civilisation 0 *iefly due to ! preval5ce ( a p[]ful prie/hood or class ( p]sons well v]s$ 9 sacr$ texts4 ,a successful incantation presupposes a c]ta9 k 9 him :o utt]s x4 ,! words ( ! =mul are fix$ & may n suff] ! slighte/ modification "u p5alty ( los+ _! pot5cy4 ,"r intonation is equally important4#aag ,! ,brahmanic mantras mu/ be pron\nc$ accord+ to c]ta9 my/ic =ms & ) absolute accuracy1 or _! efficacy is de/roy$2 nay1 if 9 ! repetition ( a mantra ! slighte/ mi/ake is made1 ei!r by omission ( a syllable or defective pronunciation1 ! calamity :i* x 0 int5d$ to br+ d[n on an enemy w inevitably recoil on ! head ( ! repeat]4#aah ,! pot5cy ( ! incantation l>gely lies 9 ! voice1 :i* is ! magical in/rum5t p> excell5ce4#aai ,a ,buddhi/ prie/ :o 0 ask$ :at advantage he c\ld expect to d]ive f m]ely repeat+ a numb] ( words ) ! s5se ( :i* he 0 entirely unacqua9t$1 gave ! answ] t ! advantage ( (t5 repeat+ ! s\nds 0 incalculable1 inf9ite2#abj & a ,muhamm$an writ] argues t pray]s :i* are (f]$ 9 any o!r language ?an #fei ,arabic are pr(ane & useless1 because ! s\nds ( ?is language--:e!r und]/ood or n--illum9ate ! d>kness ( m5 & purify ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful4#aba ,ideas ( ?is sort are ( c\rse mo/ /rongly advocat$ by ^? :o d]ive ! greate/ pr(it f !m--prie/s or scribes4 ,& x is easy to und]/& t ) _! increas+ influ5ce among a sup]/iti\s & cr$ul\s p ! magic significance :i* is s readily ascrib$ to a religi\s act also has a t5d5cy to gr[ 9 importance4 ,footnote #aag3 ,masp]o1 tudes1 i4 #aji2 ,idem1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 pp4 #adf1 #bac 7anci5t ,egyptians74 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,&5t ,babylonians1 p4 #cai4 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #i4 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 pp4 #ec1 #gi1 #ccd1 #cda4 ,footnote #aah3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ya/s1 iv4 #e4 ,masp]o1 tudes1 ii4 #cgc sq42 ,idem1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #adf 7anci5t ,egyptians74 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #cah 7,muhamm$ans74 ,footnote #abj3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #ade4 ,footnote #aba3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #adf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among all s9s !re is none :i* gods res5t m sev]ely ?an disob$i5ce to _! comm&m5ts4 ,mr4 ,macdonald says ( ! ,efatese1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 t no p "u ! sun is m ob$i5t to :at !y reg>d z div9e m&ates ?an ^! savages1 :o believe t an (f5ce aga9/ a spiritual be+ means calamity & dea?4#abb ,! ,*aldeans _h a lively s5se ( ! risks entail$ ^u ! s9n] by disob$i5ce to ! gods4#abc ,accord+ to ! ,bible disob$i5ce 0 ! fir/ s9 committ$ by man1 & dea? 0 introduc$ into ! _w z its puni%m5t4 ,rebellion is z ! s9 ( wit*craft1 & /ubbornness is z iniquity & idolatry4#abd ,on ! hi/ory ( morals ?is dem& ( ob$i5ce has ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce4 ,x gives emphasis to moral rules :i* are look$ ^u z div9e injunctions1 & x helps to pres]ve su* rules aft] ! conditions f :i* !y sprang h ceas$ to exi/4 ,! fact t !y h become mean+less does n r5d] !m less b9d+2 on ! contr>y1 ! my/]y surr\nd+ !m (t5 increases _! sanctity4 ,! comm&m5ts ( a god mu/ be obey$ indep5d5tly ( _! cont5ts1 simply because disob$i5ce to him is a s94 ,acts totally diff]5t 9 "*1 crimes ( ! wor/ description & #ffj practices by !mselves p]fectly h>mless1 are gr\p$ toge!r z almo/ equally (f5sive to ! deity because !y h be5 =bidd5 by him4#abe ,& moral progress is hamp]$ by a numb] ( precepts :i*1 ?\gh root$ 9 obsolete sup]/itions or antiquat$ ideas ab\t "r & wrong1 h an ob/9ate t5d5cy to p]si/ on acc\nt ( _! suppos$ div9e orig94#abf ,footnote #abb3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #abc3 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #fhb4 ,delitzs*1 ,wo lag das ,p>adies8 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #abd3 #a ,samuel1 xv4 #bc4 ,s*ultz1 ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology1 ii4 #bhf4 ,= o!r in/ances see ,rig-,v$a1 vii4 #hi4 #e2 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 p4 li42 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 ii4 #ea sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,cf4 supra1 i4 #aic sqq4 ,footnote #abf3 ,cf4 ,pollock1 ,essays on ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics1 p4 #cjf sq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,duties to gods are 9 ! fir/ place bas$ on prud5tial consid]ations4 ,sup]natural be+s1 ev5 :5 on ! :ole ( a b5evol5t disposition1 are no less res5tful ?an m51 &1 ow+ to _! sup]human p[]1 mu* m dang]\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may also be/[ wond]ful b5efits ^u ^? :o please !m4 ,! g5]al rule t prud5ce readily assumes a moral value holds p>ticul>ly true ( religi\s matt]s1 :]e great individual int]e/s are at /ake4 ,wat]l& says 9 8 ,s]mon on ,self-love3--,! wise/ c\rse = any man to take is to secure an int]e/ 9 ! life to come4 4 4 4 ,he may love himself1 9 ?is in/ance1 z highly & z t5d]ly z he pleases4 ,!re c be no excess ( fondness1 or self-indulg5ce1 9 respect ( et]nal happ9ess4 ,?is is lov+ himself 9 ! be/ mann]1 & to ! be/ purposes4 ,all virtue & piety are ?us resolvable into a pr9ciple ( self-love4 4 4 4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ourselves1 & = our own sakes1 t we love ev5 ,god himself4#abg ,footnote #abg3 ,wat]l&1 ',on ,self-,love1' 9 ,! ,engli% ,prea*]1 i4 #aja sq4 ,cf4 ,paley's def9ition ( virtue 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 i4 #g 7,complete ,works1 ii4 #ch2 supra1 i4 #cjj74 ,at ! same "t x may be n only 9 p's own int]e/s1 b 9 ! int]e/s ( _! fell[ m5 z well1 = !m to be on fri5dly t]ms ) sup]natural be+s4 ,^! be+s (t5 visit ! iniquity ( fa!rs or =efa!rs ^u *ildr5 or desc5dants1 or puni% ! community = ! s9s ( "o ( its memb]s2#abh &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y rew>d ! :ole family or gr\p = ! virtues ( a s+le individual4#abi ,s also1 :5 ! #ffa memb]s ( a community jo9 9 common acts ( wor%ip1 ea* wor%ipp] promotes n only 8 own welf>e1 b ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,9 e>ly religion x is ( ! utmo/ importance = ! tribe or nation t ! e/abli%$ cult %\ld be /rictly obs]v$4 ,?is is a fact :i* _c be too mu* emphasis$ :5 we h to expla9 h[ conduct :i* is pleas+ to a god has come to be reg>d$ z a moral duty2 =1 if ! late/ /ages ( religi\s developm5t be except$1 ! relations betwe5 m5 & _! gods are communal r ?an individual 9 "*4 ,ahura ,mazda said1 ,if m5 sacrifice unto ,v]e?raghna1 made by ,ahura1 if ! due sacrifice & pray] is (f]$ unto him j z x ought to be p]=m$ 9 ! p]fection ( hol9ess1 nev] w a ho/ile horde ent] ! ,aryan c\ntries1 nor any plague1 nor leprosy1 nor v5om\s plants1 nor ! *>iot ( a foe1 nor ! uplift$ spe> ( a foe6#acj ,?us ! duties to gods are at ! same "t social duties ( ! fir/ ord]1 ow+ to ! int5sely social "* ( religi\s relation%ips4 ,footnote #abh3 ,supra1 i4 #dh sqq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,supra1 i4 #if sqq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,ya/s1 xiv4 #dh4 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* has contribut$ to ! moral condemnation ( (f5ces aga9/ gods is t p are anxi\s to puni% su* (f5ces 9 ord] to prev5t ! div9e wra? f turn+ aga9/ !mselves2#aca = puni%m5t1 z we h se51 easily leads to moral disapproval4 ,b al?\gh prud5tial consid]ations ( "s k9d or o!r be ! *ief cause ( ! obligatory "* atta*$ to m5's conduct t[>ds _! gods1 !y are n ! only cause4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t gods are reg>d$ ) g5u9e rev]5ce by _! wor%ipp]s2 & :]e ?is is ! case (f5ces aga9/ religion naturally excite sympa!tic res5tm5t 9 ! latt]1 :il/ great piety calls =? sympa!tic approval & is prais$ z a virtue4 ,footnote #aca3 ,supra1 i4 #aid4 ,i h "h spok5 ( duties :i* m5 consid] !y owe to _! gods1 n ( duties to sup]natural be+s 9 g5]al4 ,?is di/9ction1 ?\gh n always easy to #ffb foll[ 9 detail1 is yet ( vital importance4 ,p may no d\bt be afraid to (f5d & ev5 anxi\s to please o!r spirits besides _! gods1 b religi\s duties *iefly arise :]e !re are e/abli%$ relation%ips betwe5 m5 & sup]natural be+s2 inde$1 x may ev5 be a duty to refra9 f wor%ipp+ or actually to p]secute o!r spirits1 z is ! case 9 mono!i/ic religions4 ,m5 dep5d = _! welf>e on _! gods m ?an on any o!r memb]s ( ! spiritual _w4 ,!y select z _! gods ^? sup]natural be+s f :om !y ?9k !y h mo/ to fe> or mo/ to hope4 ,h5ce x is g5]ally 9 ! relations to !m only t ^? factors1 prud5tial & rev]5tial1 are to be f\nd :i* lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( religi\s duties4 ,,*apt] ,l ,,gods ,,z ,,gu>dians ,,( ,,morality ,,z m5 are conc]n$ ab\t ! conduct ( _! fell[ m5 t[>ds _! gods1 s gods are 9 _m cases conc]n$ ab\t m5's conduct t[>ds "o ano!r--disapprov+ ( vice & puni%+ ! wick$1 approv+ ( virtue & rew>d+ ! good4 ,b ?is is by no means a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( gods4 ,x is a quality attribut$ to c]ta9 deities only &1 z x seems1 9 mo/ in/ances sl[ly acquir$4 ,we are told by compet5t obs]v]s t ! sup]natural be+s ( savage belief frequ5tly display ! utmo/ indiff]5ce to all que/ions ( worldly morality4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1 ?\gh !y assume ! exi/5ce ( bo? fri5dly & mis*iev\s spirits1 h n ! vague/ idea ( a p]sonal individual o!r ?an an actual liv+ memb] ( ! tribe :o approves or disapproves ( _! conduct1 s f> z any?+ l :at we call morality is conc]n$4#a ,! ,society ,isl&]s ma9ta9$ t ! only crimes t 7 visit$ by ! displeasure ( _! deities 7 ! neglect ( "s rite or c]emony4#b ,! religi\s belief ( ! ,gonds ( ,c5tral ,india is said to be :olly unconnect$ ) any idea ( morality2 a moral deity dem&+ righte\s conduct f 8 creatures1 our in=mant adds1 is a religi\s #ffd conception f> beyond ! pres5t capacity ei!r ( ! ,indian savage or ! ord9>y ,h9du4#c ,( ! ,e7we-1 ,yoruba-1 & ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,we/ ,african ,slave & ,gold ,coa/s ,major ,ellis writes3--,religion1 at ! /age ( gr[? 9 :i* we f9d x among ^! ?ree gr\ps ( tribes1 has no connection ) morals1 or ! relations ( m5 to "o ano!r4 ,x consi/s solely ( c]emonial wor%ip1 & ! gods are only (f5d$ :5 "s rite or c]emony has be5 neglect$ or omitt$4 4 4 4 ,murd]1 !ft1 & all (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son or aga9/ prop]ty1 are matt]s 9 :i* ! gods h no imm$iate conc]n1 & 9 :i* !y take no int]e/1 except 9 ! case :51 brib$ by a valuable (f]+1 !y take up ! qu>rel 9 ! int]e/s ( "s fai?ful wor%ipp]4#d ,s also among ! ,bambala1 a ,bantu tribe 9 ! ,kasai1 s\? ( ! ,riv] ,congo1 !re is no belief t ! gods or spirits puni% wrong-do+ by afflict+ ! crim9al or 8 family1 nor are ! acts ( a man suppos$ to affect 8 condition aft] dea?4#e ,! ,indians ( ,guiana1 says ,sir ,e4 ,f4 ,im ,?urn1 obs]ve an admirable code ( morality1 :i* exi/s side by side ) a simple animi/ic =m ( religion1 b ! two h absolutely no connection ) "o ano!r4#f ,) ref]5ce to ! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico ,dr4 ,lumholtz /ates t ! only wrong t[>ds ! gods ( :i* an ,indian may consid] himself guilty is t he does n dance en\gh4 ,= ?is (f5ce he asks p>don4 ,:atev] bad ?\ghts or actions t[>d man he may h on 8 consci5ce are settl$ betwe5 himself & ! p]son (f5d$4#g ,9 ! primitive ,indian's conception ( a god1 ,mr4 ,p>kman obs]ves1 ! idea ( moral good #ffe has no "p4 ,8 deity does n disp5se ju/ice = ?is _w or ! next4#h ,footnote #a3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #b3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cig4 ,footnote #c3 ,=sy?1 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india1 p4 #ade4 ,see also ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abd 7,bd & ,dhimls72 ,caldwell1 ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 p4 #cf2 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #de2 ,radl(f1 ,das ,s*aman5?um1 p4 #ac 7,turki% tribes ( ! ,altai74 ,footnote #d3 ,ellis1 ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #bic4 ,idem1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #aj4 ,! ,e7we god ,mawu is repres5t$ z an exception to ?is rule 7infra1 p4 #fhf74 ,footnote #e3 ,torday & ,joyce1 ',e?nography ( ! ,ba-,mbala1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxv4 #dae4 ,footnote #f3 ,im ,?urn1 ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #g3 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 i4 #ccb4 ,footnote #h3 ,p>kman1 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 lxxviii4 ,see also ,ea/man1 ,dacotah1 p4 xx42 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ii4 #aie 7,dacotahs74 ,t _m savage gods are s ?or\ghly selfi% z to c>e ab\t no?+ else ?an :at conc]ns _! own int]e/s1 may also be inf]r$ f ! "* attribut$ to !m4 ,we h se5 t ! altrui/ic s5tim5t is ! *ief s\rce f :i* moral emotions spr+1 & ( ! gods ( v>i\s uncivilis$ peoples we he> n only t !y are totally de/itute ( b5evol5t feel+s1 b t !y are ( a malici\s nature & mo/ly int5t on do+ h>m to mank9d4#i ,footnote #i3 ,see ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 i4 #dje2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #cbi2 ,avebury1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #bcb sqq42 ,rosk(f1 ,ges*i*te des ,teufels1 i4 #bj sq42 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #dj sqq42 ,k>/51 ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip1 p4 #df sqq4 ,! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& reg>d$ _! deities z ! causes ( pa91 mis]y1 & dea?1 z mighty enemies f :om nobody ev] ?\ght ( gett+ any aid or good1 b :o 7 to be r5d]$ h>mless by means ( *>ms or spells or by sacrifices (f]$ to appease _! wra?4#aj ,! ,tahitians suppos$ _! gods 7 p[]ful spiritual be+s1 9 "s degree acqua9t$ ) ! ev5ts ( ?is _w1 & g5]ally gov]n+ its affairs2 nev] ex]cis+ any ?+ l b5evol5ce t[>ds ev5 _! mo/ devot$ foll[]s1 b requir+ homage & ob$i5ce1 ) con/ant (f]+s2 d5\nc+ _! ang]1 & disp5s+ de/ruction on all :o ei!r refus$ or hesitat$ to comply4#aa ,! ,fijians =m$ no idea ( any volunt>y k9dness on ! "p ( _! gods1 except ! plant+ ( wild yams1 & ! wreck+ ( /range canoes & =eign vessels on _! coa/2#ab & t "s ( ^! be+s 7 conceiv$ z positively wick$ is indicat$ by ! names giv5 !m--! adult]]1 ! riot]1 ! murd]]1 & s =?4#ac ,! p ( ,aneiteum1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ma9ta9$ t e>? & air & ocean 7 fill$ ) natmasses1 spiritual be+s1 b all malignant1 :o rul$ ov] ev]y?+ t affect$ ! human race4 4 4 4 ,_! deities1 l !mselves1 7 #fff all selfi% & malignant2 !y brea!d no _s ( b5evol5ce4#ad ,footnote #aj3 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 pp4 #ajd1 #adh4 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #fb4 ,cf4 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aah4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #ccf4 ,footnote #ab3 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ad3 ,+lis1 ,9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 pp4 #cj1 #cb4 ,! ,santal ( ,india believes 9 no god f ^: b5ignity he may expect fav\r1 b 9 a multitude ( demons & evil spirits1 ^: spite he endeav\rs by supplications to av]t4 ,ev5 8 family god repres5ts ! secret pr9ciple ( evil1 :i* no bolts c %ut out1 & :i* dwells 9 unse5 b et]nally malignant pres5ce beside e he>?4#ae ,! ,kam*adales d n seem to h hop$ = any?+ good f _! deities2 ,kutka himself1 ! creator ( ! univ]se & ! greate/ ( ! gods1 0 once caught 9 adult]y & ca/rat$4#af ,footnote #ae3 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #aha sq4 ,footnote #af3 ,klemm1 ,cultur-,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 ii4 #cah sq4 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von ,kamts*atka1 p4 #bfd4 ,accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! ,koksoagmyut1 or ,hudson ,bay ,eskimo1 all ! m9or spirits are "u ! control ( ! great _s ^: "n is ,tung ak1 & ?is be+ is no?+ m or less ?an dea?1 :i* ev] seeks to torm5t & h>ass ! lives ( p t _! spirits may g to dwell ) him4#ag ,nay1 ev5 ! special gu>dian _s by :i* ea* p]son is suppos$ to be att5d$ is malignant 9 "* & ev] ready to seize ^u ! lea/ occasion to "w h>m ^u ! individual :om x accompanies2 its good (fices c be obta9$ by propitiation only4#ah ,among ! ,n55ot1 or ,indians ( ,hudson ,bay1 ! rule seems to be t all spirits are by nature bad1 & mu/ be propitiat$ to secure _! fav\r4#ai ,( v>i\s ,brazilian tribes we are likewise told t !y d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( any b5evol5t spirits4 ,?us ! ,coroado ,indian ackn[l$ges only an evil pr9ciple1 :i* sometimes meets him 9 ! =m ( a liz>d or a crocodile or an ounce or a man ) ! feet ( a /ag1 sometimes trans=ms itself into a swamp1 & leads him a/ray1 vexes him1 br+s him into difficulty & dang]1 & ev5 kills him4#bj ,! ,mundrucus ( ! ,cup> h no notion ( a good supreme be+1 b believe 9 an evil _s1 reg>d$ m]ely z a k9d ( hobgobl91 :o is at ! bottom ( all _! little failures & gives !m tr\bles 9 fi%+1 hunt+1 & s =?4#ba ,! ,uaups1 says ,mr4 ,wallace1 appe> to h no def9ite idea ( a ,god4 4 4 4 ,!y h mu* m def9ite ideas ( a bad _s1 ',jurup>1' or ,devil1 :om !y fe> & #ffg endeav\r ?r\gh _! pags or m$ic9e m5 to propitiate4 ,:5 x ?und]s1 !y say ! ',jurup>' is angry1 & _! idea ( natural dea? is t ! ',jurup>' kills !m4#bb ,footnote #ag3 ,turn]1 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #bgb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid4 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 p4 #aic sq4 ,footnote #bj3 von ,spix & von ,m>tius1 ,travels 9 ,brazil1 ii4 #bdc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,bates1 ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons1 ii4 #acg4 ,footnote #bb3 ,wallace1 ,travels on ! ,amazon1 p4 #ejj4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 accord+ to ,burton1 ! s5tim5t g5]ally elicit$ by a disc\rse ^u ! subject ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity is a desire to see him1 9 ord] to rev5ge ^u him ! dea?s ( relatives1 fri5ds1 & cattle4#bc ,! only quality ( a moral "* :i* ! ,wanika are said to ascribe to ! supreme be+1 ,mulungu1 is t ( v9dictiv5ess & cruelty4#bd ,to ! ,matabele ! idea ( a b5evol5t deity is utt]ly =eign1 b !y h a vague notion ( a numb] ( evil spirits always ready to d h>m1 & ! *ief among ^! are ! spirits ( _! ance/ors4#be ,all ! good ! ,be*uanas enjoy !y ascribe to ra9mak]s1 b all ! evil t comes !y attribute to a sup]natural be+2#bf ( _! pr9cipal god1 ,morimo1 ,mr4 ,m(fat nev] once1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-five ye>s sp5t 9 mission>y lab\r1 he>d t he did good or 0 capable ( do+ s4#bg ,among v>i\s o!r ,african peoples1 travell]s assure u1 sup]natural be+s are suppos$ to ex]cise a pot5t influ5ce = evil r ?an = good1 or b5efic5t spirits are1 at any rate1 almo/ unkn[n4#bh ,on ! ,gold ,coa/1 accord+ to ,major ,ellis1 ! majority ( spirits are malignant1 & e mis=tune is ascrib$ to _! action4 ,i believe1 he adds1 t orig9ally all 7 conceiv$ z malignant1 & t ! indiff]5ce1 or ! b5efic5ce 7:5 propitiat$ by sacrifice & flatt]y71 :i* are n[ believ$ to be *>act]i/ics ( "s ( ^! be+s1 are lat] modifications ( ! orig9al idea4#bi ,footnote #bc3 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #cdh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #ajc sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #bf3 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bg3 ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7ed4 #ahdb71 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,r[ley1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 p4 #ee4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #ddc4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia1 p4 #bee sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 pp4 #ab1 #ah1 #bj4 ,cf4 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #acd4 ,( _m savages x is report$ t !y h notions ( good1 z well z ( evil spirits1 b t !y *iefly or exclusively wor%ip ! evil ones1 s9ce ! o!rs are suppos$ to be s good t !y require no (f]+s or homage4#cj ,b adoration ( sup]natural be+s :i* are #ffh consid]$ at lea/ occasionally b5efic5t is also v preval5t among uncivilis$ peoples4#ca ,! gods ( ! pagan ,lapps 7 all good1 al?\gh !y took rev5ge ^u ^? :o (f5d$ !m4#cb ,among ! ,navaho ,indians ( ,new ,mexico ! gods :o are suppos$ to love & help m5 ! mo/ receive ! greate/ hon\r2 :]eas ! evil spirits are n wor%ipp$ except1 rum\r says1 by ! wit*es4#cc ,! belief 9 gu>dian or tutel>y spirits ( tribes1 clans1 villages1 families1 or individuals1 is extremely widespread4#cd ,^! spirits may be exact+ en\gh--!y are (t5 greatly fe>$ by _! own wor%ipp]s1 & sometimes describ$ z di/9ctly malignant #ffi by nature2#ce b _! g5]al function is nev]!less to af=d assi/ance to ! p]son or p]sons ) :om !y are associat$4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be notic$ t ! goodness ( _m savage gods only consi/s 9 _! read9ess to help ^? :o please !m by (f]+s or adoration2 & 9 no case does _! b5evol5ce prove t !y take an active int]e/ 9 morality at l>ge4 ,a fri5dly sup]natural be+ is n necess>ily a gu>dian ( m5's behavi\r t[>ds _! fell[ m54 ,9 ,morocco ! patron sa9t ( a t[n1 village1 or tribe is n 9 ! lea/ conc]n$ ab\t any k9d ( conduct :i* has n imm$iate ref]5ce to himself4#cf ,x is believ$ t ev5 ! robb] may1 by invok+ a dead sa9t1 secure 8 assi/ance 9 an unlawful ent]prise4 ,footnote #cj3 ,wilk51 ,het ,animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 p4 #bjg sq4 ,p]ham1 ',sea ,dyak ,religion1' 9 ,j\r4 ,/raits ,bran* ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 no4 #aj1 p4 #bbj2 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #fi sq4 7,sea ,dyaks74 ,blum5tritt1 ',d] ,ahn5cultus und die religis5 ,ans*auung5 d] ,malai5 des ,philipp95-,ar*ipels1' 9 ,mit!il4 d4 kais4 u4 kn4 ,geograph4 ,gesells*4 9 ,wi51 xxv4 #aff sqq4 ,pra91 ',angami ,nagas1' 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 v4 #dhi4 ,=sy?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ada1 #adc 7,gonds74 ,hook]1 ,himalayan ,j\rnals1 i4 #abf 7,lep*as74 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 i4 #chc2 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 pp4 #aej1 #aea1 #bcb1 #bfj2 ,dorman1 ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/ition1 p4 #cj 7,am]ican ,indians74 ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life1 p4 #bab 7,ahts74 ,falkn]1 ,description ( ,patagonia1 p4 #aaf2 ,pri*>d1 ,?r\gh ! ,he>t ( ,patagonia1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see supra1 ii4 #fae sq4 ,footnote #cb3 von ,db51 ,lappl&1 pp4 #bbg1 #bhe4 ,friis1 ,lappisk ,my?ologi1 p4 #ajf4 ,jess51 ,norske ,f9n]s og ,lapp]s ,h$5ske ,religion1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #cc3 ,mat!ws1 ,navaho ,leg5ds1 p4 #dj4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 pp4 #ag1 #ah1 #gg1 #ib4 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #ge4 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #chg 7,mpongwe74 ,tuckey1 ,riv] ,zaire1 p4 #cge4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #cie sq4 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 i4 #cba 7v>i\s ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s74 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ag sq4 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #ahe sq4 ,+lis1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj 7p ( ,aneiteum74 ,*ri/ian1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ge4 ,wilk51 ,het ,animisme1 pp4 #bca sqq4 7,m9ahass]s1 ,macass>s1 & ,bugis ( ,celebes71 #bdc 7,javanese74 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #ajc sq4 7,dyaks74 ,=bes1 ,insul9de1 p4 #bjc 7natives ( ,t5imb]74 von ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #bba 7,bataks74 ,mason1 ',religion1 c4 among ! ,k>5s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxiv4 #aif4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #ahb1 #ahf sq4 7,santals74 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abh 7,bd & ,dhimls74 ,bailey1 ',v$dahs ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ii4 #cja2 ,nevill1 ',va$das ( ,ceylon1' 9 ,taprobanian1 i4 #aid4 ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 p4 #bia sq4 7,tamils74 ,b]gmann1 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk51 iii4 #ahb sq4 ,ab]cromby1 ,pre- & ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 i4 #afj 7,o/iaks74 ,bu*1 ',die ,wotjak51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xii4 #eie sq4 ,ca/rn1 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>1 iii4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #agd sq4 7,f9ni% tribes74 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eia4 ,turn]1 ibid4 xi4 #aic sq4 7,hudson ,bay ,eskimo71 #bgb 7,hudson ,bay ,indians74 ,h(fman1 ',m5om9i ,indians1' ibid4 xiv4 #fe4 ,mc,gee1 ',si\an ,indians1' ibid4 xv4 #agi2 ,p>kman1 op4 cit4 p4 lxx2 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbg 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 pp4 #gb 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians71 #aga 7,indians ( ! ,great ,antilles74 ,c\to de ,magalhes1 ,trabalho prep>atorio p>a aproveitam5to d selvagem no ,brazil--,o selvagem1 p4 #abh sqq4 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aii sqq4 ,footnote #ce3 ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 p4 #bia sq4 7,tamils74 ,turn]1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #aic sq4 7,hudson ,bay ,eskimo71 #bgb 7,hudson ,bay ,indians74 ,mc,gee1 ibid4 xv4 #agi2 ,mll]1 op4 cit4 p4 #gb 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians74 ,footnote #cf3 ,= a s+ul> exception to ?is rule see supra1 ii4 #fg sq4 ,on ! o!r h&1 in/ances are n want+ 9 :i* savage gods are suppos$ to puni% ! transgression ( rules relat+ to worldly morality4 ,occasionally1 z we h notic$ above1 su* gods are repres5t$ z av5g]s ( "s special k9d ( wrong-do+--murd]1#cg !ft1#ch nigg>dl9ess1#ci want ( hospitality1#dj or ly+4#da ,( c]ta9 ,negro tribes we are told t1 :5 a man is ab\t to commit a crime1 or d t :i* 8 consci5ce tells him he ought n to d1 he lays aside 8 feti*e1 & cov]s up 8 deity1 t he may n be privy to ! de$4#db ,! ,tonga ,isl&]s firmly believe t ! gods approve ( virtue1 & are displeas$ ) vice2 t e man has 8 tutel> deity1 :o w protect him z long z he conducts himself z he ought to d2 b1 if he does n1 w leave him to ! approa*es ( mis=tune1 disease1 & dea?4 4 4 4 ,all rew>ds = virtue or puni%m5ts = vice happ5 to m5 9 ?is _w only1 #fgj & come imm$iately f ! gods4#dc ,! ,a9u ( ,japan are he>d to say1 ,we c\ld n g contr>y to ! cu/oms ( our ance/ors )\t br++ d[n ^u u ! wra? ( ! gods4#dd ,& ( v>i\s savages we are told t !y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a supreme be+ :o is a moral lawgiv] or judge4 ,footnote #cg3 ,supra1 i4 #cgh sq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,supra1 ii4 #ei sq4 ,footnote #ci3 ,supra1 i4 #efa sq4 ,footnote #dj3 ,supra1 i4 #egh4 ,footnote #da3 ,supra1 ii4 #aad sq4 ,footnote #db3 ,tuckey1 op4 cit4 p4 #cgg4 ,cf4 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #bg1 n4 99 ,footnote #dc3 ,m>9]1 ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ii4 #adi1 #ajg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #bdc sq4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 especially 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria b also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t1 _m ( ! native tribes h ! notion ( an ,all-fa!r1 call$ ,baiame1 ,d>amulun1 ,mungan-ngalla1 ,bunjil1 ,nurelli1 ,nurund]e1 or by "s o!r "n4#de ,he is repres5t$ z an an?ropomorphic1 sup]natural be+ & z ! fa!r ( ! race or ! mak] ( ev]y?+1 :o at "o "t dwelt on ! e>? b aft]w>ds asc5d$ to a l& beyond ! sky1 :]e he /ill rema9s4 ,he is ( a k9dly disposition1 & requires no wor%ip2 9 a v few cases only we meet ) "s fa9t traces ( a cult (f]$ him4#df #fga ,he is frequ5tly believ$ to h in/itut$ ! initiation c]emonies1#dg & to h giv5 ! p _! laws4#dh ,?us ,nurund]e is said to h taught ! ,n>r9y]i all ! rites & c]emonies :e!r connect$ ) life or dea?2 on inquiry :y !y adh]e to any cu/om1 ! reply is t ,nurund]e comm&$ x4#di ,at ! boorah1 or initiation1 ( ! ,euahlayi tribe1 ,byamee is proclaim$ z ,fa!r ( ,all1 ^: laws ! tribes are n[ obey+2 & 9 "o ( _! my?s he is describ$ z ! orig9al s\rce ( all ! totems & ( ! law t p]sons ( ! same totem may n int]m>ry4#ej ,bunjil taught ! ,kul9 ! arts ( life1 & told !m to divide !mselves into two int]m>ry+ classes s z to prev5t m>riages betwe5 k9dr$4#ea ,d>amulun in/ruct$ ! ,yu9 :at to d & gave !m laws :i* ! old p h h&$ d[n f fa!r to son to ! pres5t "t4#eb ,& 9 sev]al in/ances ! ,au/ralian ,all-fa!r is repres5t$ z a gu>dian ( morality :o puni%es ! wick$ & rew>ds ! good4 ,bunjil v frequ5tly s5t 8 sons to de/roy bad m5 & bad wom5 4 4 4 :o _h kill$ & eat5 blacks4#ec ,d>amulun1 or ,?>amulun1 :o f 8 resid5ce 9 ! sky wat*es ! actions ( m51 is v angry :5 !y d ?+s t !y ought n to d1 z :5 !y eat =bidd5 food4#ed ,! natives ( ! ,h]b]t ,riv]1 9 ,que5sl&1 believe t anybody :o takes a wife f ! prohibit$ sub-class1 or :o does n we> ! morn+ necklace = ! prescrib$ p]iod1 or :o eats =bidd5 food1 w soon] or lat] die 9 consequ5ce1 s9ce 8 behavi\r is (f5sive to ,koh91 a sup]natural be+ :o is suppos$ to h 8 dwell+ 9 ! ,milky ,way b to roam ab\t at night on e>? z a gigantic w>rior kill+ ^? :om he meets4#ee ,mo/ commonly1 h[ev]1 ! retribution is said to come aft] dea?4 #fgb ,! tribes ab\t ,m>ybor\gh1 9 ,que5sl&1 ma9ta9 t ! gho/s ( ^? :o are good or ^? :o h a high degree ( excell5ce 9 any p>ticul> l9e--fi%+1 hunt+1 fight+1 danc+1 & s =?--are direct$ by ,birral to an isl& 9 ! ,f> ,nor?1 :]e he resides4#ef ,among ! ,cape ,riv] tribes1 :5 a ,blackfell[ dies ^: actions dur+ life h be5 :at !y hold to be good1 he is said to asc5d to ,boorala 7i4e41 to ! ,creator1 lit]ally 'good'71 :]e he lives mu* z he did on e>?1 less ! usual t]re/rial discom=ts2 :]eas to ! man :o has l$ a bad life dea? is ?\ght to be simple annihilation4#eg ,! ,kul9 said t :5 !y die !y w be subject$ to a sort ( trial by ,b9beal1 ! good be+ rew>d$ 9 a bett] l&1 ! bad driv5 away1 b :]e !y seem$ to h no idea4#eh ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 aga91 ,b9beal1 aft] he has subject$ ! spirits ( ! deceas$ to an ordeal ( fire to try :e!r !y are good or bad1 lib]ates ! good at once1 :]eas ! bad are conf9$ & puni%$4#ei ,! ,illaw>ra1 :o liv$ f ?irty to a hundr$ miles s\? ( ,sidney1 believ$ t :5 p die !y are br\ght up to a l>ge tree :]e ,mirirul1 ! supreme rul]1 exam9es & judges !m4 ,! good he takes up to ! sky1 ! bad he s5ds to ano!r place to be puni%$4 ,! wom5 said to _! *ildr5 :5 !y 7 naughty1 ,mirirul w n all[ x4#fj ,among ! ,wa?iwa?i1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! belief prevails t if ! _s ( a bad man escapes ! traps :i* are set = x on its c\rse 9 ! sky1 x is sure to fall into ! hell ( fire4 ,! good _s1 on ! o!r h&1 is receiv$ by two old wom5 :o take c>e ( x till x becomes accu/om$ to its new abode2 & aft] a "t ! great ,god1 ,?a-?a-puli1 comes ) a ho/ ( spirits to see ! newcom] & try 8 /r5g?4#fa ,accord+ to a report writt5 by ,ar*deacon ,gn!r 9 #ahci1 ,baiame is suppos$ to l ! blacks :o are good2 & !re is also an idea ent]ta9$ by ! m ?\ghtful t good natives w g to ,baiame :5 !y die4#fb ,lat] au?orities /ate t ,baiame is believ$ n only to rew>d ! good aft] dea?1 b also to puni% ! wick$--t is1 p]sons :o tell lies or kill m5 by /rik+ !m secretly or :o are unk9d t[>ds ! old & sick or1 g5]ally1 :o break 8 laws4#fc ,a v elaborate #fgc !ory ( retribution is communicat$ by ,mr4 ,mann+1 ^: notes date f #ahdd or #ahde4 ,boyma 7,baiame7 is said to be seat$ f> away 9 ! nor?-ea/ on an imm5se ?rone made ( transp>5t cry/al & /&+ 9 a great lake4 ,he has a son1 ,grogoragally1 equal ) him 9 omnisci5ce1 :o acts z m$iator = ! s\ls to ! ,great ,god4 ,8 (fice is to wat* ov] ! actions ( mank9d & to br+ to life ! dead to appe> be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( 8 ,fa!r1 :o alone pron\nces ! judgm5t ( et]nal happ9ess 9 heav5 or et]nal mis]y 9 a hell ( ev]la/+ fire4 ,wom5 & boys dy+ be=e ! initiation1 h[ev]1 d n g to heav52 ! m5 h a vague idea t ano!r _w is res]v$ = !m4 ,!re is also a ?ird p]son1 half human1 half div9e1 call$ ,moodgeegally1 :o makes ,boyma's w kn[n to mank9d & is ! av[$ enemy ( all wick$ p1 transmitt+ _! misde$s to ,grogoragally4#fd ,footnote #de3 ,h5d]son1 ,colonies ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #adg4 de ,/rzelecki1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #cci4 ,mann+1 ',aborig9es ( ,new ,holl&1' 9 ,j\r4 & ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 xvi4 #aeg sqq4 ,ridley1 ,kmil>i1 p4 #ace sqq4 ,cam]on1 ',"s ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiv4 #cfd sq4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,euahlayi ,tribe1 p4 #d sqq4 ,?relkeld1 ,an ,au/ralian ,language z spok5 by ! ,awabakal1 p4 #dg4 ,ma!ws1 ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria1 p4 #ach sqq4 ,ma!w1 ,eagle-hawk & ,cr[1 p4 #adf sqq4 ,f\nta9 & ,w>d1 ,rambles ( an ,au/ralian ,naturali/1 p4 #bif4 ,missions-,blatt aus d] ,brd]geme9e1 xvi4 #aja1 #adc2 ,p>k]1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bd2 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #di 7tribes 9 ,victoria74 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #dbc sqq4 ,tapl91 ',n>r9y]i1' 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #ee sqq4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dhi sqq4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dih sq4 7,kaiti%74 ,/rehl[1 quot$ by ,?omas1 ',religi\s ,ideas ( ! ,arunta1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 xvi4 #dbi sq4 ,idem1 quot$ by von ,leonh>di1 ',religise und totemi/is*e ,vor/ellung5 d] ,ar&a und ,loritja 9 ,z5tralau/rali51' 9 ,globus1 xci4 #bhf sq4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #bec 7,l>rakia72 ii4 #dfe1 #dge 7"s ,cape ,riv] natives74 ,lang1 ,cooksl&1 p4 #dei sq42 ,idem1 ,que5sl&1 p4 #cgi sq4 ,ro?1 ,e?nol4 ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #af1 #aec4 #aeh4 ,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie1 p4 #beh 7natives ( ,we/ ,au/ralia74 ,footnote #df3 ,:5 ! natives ( ,cooksl&1 9 ,nor?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 rob a wild bees' hive !y g5]ally leave a little ( ! honey = ,buddai1 ! sup]natural ance/or ( _! race 7,lang1 ,cooksl&1 p4 #dfj2 ,idem1 ,que5sl&1 p4 #chj74 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] 7op4 cit4 pp4 #h1 #i1 #gi1 #hi7 0 told t 9 ! ,euahlayi tribe pray]s are address$ to ,byamee at fun]als = ! s\ls ( ! dead1 & t at "s initiatory rites ! olde/ m$ic9e-man pres5t addresses a pray] to him ask+ him to give ! p long life z !y h kept 8 law2 b !y d n pr(ess to pray or to h pray$ to ,byamee on any o!r occasions 7cf4 ,mann+1 loc4 cit4 p4 #afd74 ,! natives inhabit+ ! neighb\rhood ( ,lake ,boga 9 ,victoria h to placate ,pei-a-mei by dances 7,missions-,blatt aus d] ,brd]geme9e1 xvi4 #adc74 ,( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralian ,d>amulun ,mr4 ,h[itt says 7op4 cit4 p4 #ejg sq47 t1 al?\gh !re is no wor%ip ( him1 ! dances r\nd ! figure ( clay & ! invocat+ ( 8 "n by ! m$ic9e-m5 c]ta9ly might h l$ up to x4 ,footnote #dg3 ,mann+1 loc4 cit4 p4 #afe2 ,ridley1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ada1 #aee2 ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit4 p4 #g 7,boyma1 ,baiame1 ,byamee74 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #die 7,d>amulun74 ,m',k9lay1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #dif4 ,mr4 ,?relkeld says 7op4 cit4 p4 #dg7 t ,ko91 an imag9>y male be+ :o has ! appe>ance ( a black1 is suppos$ to prec$e ! com+ ( ! natives f di/ant p>ts :5 !y assemble to celebrate c]ta9 ( _! c]emonies4 ,footnote #dh3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhi 7,nurelli ( ! ,wiimbaio74 ,m',k9lay1 quot$ ibid4 p4 #dif4 ,footnote #di3 ,tapl91 9 ,woods1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #ej3 ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit4 p4 #g sq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 p4 #die4 ,footnote #ec3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbc4 ,footnote #ed3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #die4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ibid4 p4 #dii4 ,footnote #ef3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dih4 ,footnote #eg3 ,curr1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dge4 ,footnote #eh3 ,p>k]1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ridley1 op4 cit4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #fa3 ,cam]on1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiv4 #cfd sq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,gn!r1 quot$ by ,?omas1 9 ,man1 #aije1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ridley1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ace1 #acf1 #adj4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #fd3 ,mann+1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aei sqq4 ,x seems probable t ^! /atem5ts repres5t a mixture ( ,*ri/ian ideas & g5u9e aborig9al beliefs4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! ,au/ralian notion ( an ,all-fa!r is n 9 ! fir/ in/ance due to mission>y influ5ce2#fe we h records ( x f a comp>atively e>ly date1 x is spread ov] a wide area1 x has be5 f\nd among natives :o live 9 a /ate ( great isolation1 & ! multitude ( diff]5t names by :i* ! ,all-fa!r is call$ 9 diff]5t tribes does n sugge/ a rec5t orig9 f a common s\rce4 ,he may v well be a my?ical ance/or4 ,mr4 ,h[itt obs]ves t ! ma/] 9 ! sky-c\ntry repres5ts ! ,au/ralian idea ( a headman--a man :o is skilful 9 ! use ( weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce1 all-p[]ful 9 magic1 b g5]\s & lib]al to 8 p1 :o does no injury or viol5ce to any "o1 yet treats ) sev]ity any brea*es ( cu/om or morality4#ff ,b he may also be a p]sonification ( sup]natural =ce 9 g5]al1 or a be+ :o has be5 inv5t$ to acc\nt = all k9ds ( m>vell\s ph5om5a4 ,! ^w altjira1 by :i* ! ,arunta call _! great god1 is app>5tly n a prop] "n2 accord+ to ,kempe1 x is appli$ to five gods1 ^: names he gives1 z also to ! sun1 moon1 & rem>kable ?+s g5]ally4#fg ,& ,mulk>i1 :o figures 9 ! beliefs ( "s ,que5sl& tribes1 is describ$ n only z a b5evol5t1 omnipres5t1 sup]natural be+1 b z any?+ incompreh5sible1 z #fgd ! sup]natural p[] :o makes ev]y?+ :i* ! blacks _c o!rwise acc\nt =4#fh ,on ! o!r h&1 x is h>dly possible to d\bt t 9 v>i\s in/ances ,*ri/ian conceptions h be5 infus$ into ! aborig9al belief ei!r by ! natives !mselves or by our in=mants4#fi ,biblical traits are conspicu\s 9 "s ( ! leg5ds4 ,bi%op ,salvado tells u t1 accord+ to ,we/ ,au/ralian beliefs1 ! ,creator1 ,motogon1 employa ces p>oles3 ',t]re1 p>ais dehors'3 et il s\ffla1 et la t]re fut cre4 ',eau1 p>ais dehors'2 et il s\ffla1 et l'eau fut cre4#gj ,! believ]s 9 ,n\relle give ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( dea?3--,! fir/ creat$ man & woman 7 told n to g ne> a c]ta9 tree 9 :i* a bat 0 liv+1 z ! bat 0 n to be di/urb$4 ,b "o day ! woman1 :ile ga!r+ firewood1 w5t ne> ! =bidd5 tree2 ! bat flew away & aft] t came dea?4#ga ,& ! same natives also believe t ,n\relle creat$ a great s]p5t1 to :i* he gave p[] ov] all creat$ ?+s4#gb ,s also ! doctr9e ( a hell ) ev]la/+ fire has almo/ c]ta9ly a =eign orig92 & 9 "s o!r po9ts ! g5u95ess ( ! ,au/ralian !ories ( retribution is at lea/ op5 to d\bt1 ev5 ?\gh ! function ( a judge _c be reg>d$ z incompatible ) ! notion ( a my?ical headman 9 ! sky4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve t x w\ld be a v easy matt] inde$ to =m1 z ! result ( a g5]al /atem5t su* z might be made by any individual native 9 reply to a "q1 a p]fectly wrong impression ) reg>d to ! native's idea z to ! exi/5ce ( any?+ l a supreme be+ inculcat+ moral rules4#gc ,( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es !y say3--,any su* idea z t ( a future life ( happ9ess or ! rev]se1 z a rew>d = m]itori\s or z a puni%m5t = blamewor?y conduct1 is q =eign to !m4 4 4 4 ,we "k ( no tribe 9 :i* !re is a belief ( any k9d 9 a supreme be+ :o rew>ds or puni%es ! individual accord+ to 8 moral behavi\r1 us+ ! ^w moral 9 ! native s5se4#gd ,s f> z ! ,arunta are conc]n$1 ?is /atem5t is confirm$ by ,mr4 ,/rehl[4 ,he writes t _! god ,altjira1 :o lives 9 ! sky & %[s himself to man 9 ! lightn+1 is a #fge good god :o nev] inflicts any puni%m5ts on human be+s4#ge ,footnote #fe3 ,see especially ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejd sqq42 ,lang1 ,magic & ,religion1 p4 #be sqq42 ,?omas1 9 ,man1 p4 #ej sqq42 von ,leonh>di1 9 ,globus1 xci4 #bhg4 ,footnote #ff3 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejg4 ,see also ibid4 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #fg3 ,?omas1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xvi4 #dca4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cf1 #aec4 ,footnote #fi3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,lang 7,que5sl&1 p4 #cgi sq42 ,cooksl&1 p4 #dei sq47 ev5 suspects ,asiatic influ5ce 9 ! case ( ,buddai1 or ,budjah1 ! my?ical ance/or ( c]ta9 ,que5sl& aborig9es4 ,n only does 8 "n rem9d ( ,buddha1 b a /ory told ( him is rem>kably simil> to an ,ea/]n leg5d4 ,footnote #gj3 ,salvado1 op4 cit4 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #ga3 ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbh4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid4 i4 #dbc4 ,footnote #gc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dib sqq4 ,footnote #gd3 ,ibid4 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #ge3 ,/rehl[1 quot$ by ,?omas1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xvi4 #dbi sq4 ,idem1 quot$ by von ,leonh>di1 9 ,globus1 xci4 #bhg4 ,f v>i\s ,polynesian & ,melanesian isl&s we he> ( a supreme be+--call$ ,io by ! ,maoris1#gf ,tang>oa by ! ,samoans1#gg ,ta>oa by ! ,society ,isl&]s1#gh & s =?#gi--:o has made ev]y?+1 b :o is too remote & indi/9ct to be an object ( wor%ip & takes no int]e/ 9 ! morals ( m54 ,9 "s in/ances at lea/ he seems to be a v %ad[y deification ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,?us ,io is describ$ z ! great orig9ator1 ! ,all-,fa!r1 :o p]vades space1 has no resid5ce1 & _c be localis$2 & ! conception ( ,tang>oa is equally ab/ract4#hj ,mr4 ,guppy le>n$ t ! natives ( ,treasury ,isl& & ! ,%ortl&s1 9 ! ,solomon ,gr\p1 believe 9 a ,good ,_s :o lives 9 a pleasant l&1 :i!r all m5 :o h l$ good lives g aft] dea?2 :]eas all bad p are transport$ to ! crat] ( ,bagana1 ! burn+ volcano ( ,b\ga9ville1 :i* is ! home ( ! ,evil ,_s & 8 companion spirits4#ha ,b ?is belief sav\rs too mu* ( a ,*ri/ian hell to be accept$ z g5u9e )\t fur!r evid5ce4 ,footnote #gf3 ,gudgeon1 ',maori ,religion1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 xiv4 #ajh sq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajh sq4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 #cbc sqq4 ,footnote #gi3 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdd sqq4 ,h(fmann1 ,la notion de l'tre suprme *ez les peuples non civiliss1 p4 #gj sqq4 ,footnote #hj3 ,gudgeon1 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 xiv4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ha3 ,guppy1 ,solomon ,isl&s1 p4 #ec4 ,! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo h a great good god call$ ,bat>a1 or ,pet>a1 :o creat$ ! _w & rules ov] x1 & is ! cause ( e bless+4 ,he is n susceptible to human influ5ce1 & !re=e receives no wor%ip4 ,b he approves ( indu/ry1 hone/y1 purity ( spee*1 & skill 9 ^w & "w4 ,he puni%es !ft1 inju/ice1 disrespect = old p]sons1 & adult]y2 & immorality among ! unm>ri$ is suppos$ to br+ a plague ( ra9 ^u ! e>? z a puni%m5t inflict$ by ,pet>a4 ,9 g5]al1 says ,mr4 ,p]ham1 he is aga9/ man's s92 b ov] & above moral (f5ces _m s9s h be5 inv5t$ :i* are simply ! infr+em5t ( pemate1 or tabu4#hb ,l _m o!r great gods ( savages1 ,pet>a is lack+ 9 individuality4 ,he is at all ev5ts n n[ suppos$ to be "o supreme god1 b ! g5]al belief is t !re are _m ,pet>as--9 fact z _m ,pet>as z m54 ,ea* man1 ! p say1 has 8 own peculi> ,pet>a1 8 own tutel>y deity1 & if a #fgf p]son is mis]able x is because 8 ,pet>a is mis]able4#hc ,?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 loses mu* ( its int]e/ :5 we f9d t ! "n ,bat>a or ,pet>a has obvi\sly be5 borr[$ f ,sanscrit1 :]e ! ^w bhat4t4ra means "l or ma/]4#hd ,! great gods ( "s o!r peoples 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 aga91 h names :i* are d]iv$ f ,arabic--,lahatala1 ,latala1 or ,hatalla1 f ,allah ta7la4 ,h5ce :5 ! ,alfura ( ,bura are he>d to say t _! highe/ god1 ,opo-geba-snulat or ,lahatala1 writes d[n 9 a book ! actions ( m5 s z to be able to rew>d ! virtu\s & puni% ! wick$ z !y des]ve1 !re is e reason to ?9k ( influ5ce f ,muhamm$anism4#he ,footnote #hb3 ,p]ham1 ',pet>a1' 9 ,j\r4 ,/raits ,bran* ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 no4 #h1 p4 #adi sq4 ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 i4 #fi sq4 ,sel5ka1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig sqq4 ,footnote #hc3 ,p]ham1 9 ,j\r4 ,/raits ,bran* ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 no4 #h1 p4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ibid4 p4 #acc4 ,wilk51 ,het ,animisme1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #he3 ,wilk51 op4 cit4 pp4 #afb1 #bdj sq4 ,! ,&aman ,isl&]s are report$ to believe 9 a supreme be+1 ,puluga1 :o 0 nev] born & is immortal1 :o has creat$ ! _w & all its objects1 :o is omnisci5t :5 x is day1 kn[+ ev5 ! ?\ghts ( _! he>ts4 ,:il/ pitiful to ^? 9 di/ress1 he is ang]$ by ! commission ( c]ta9 s9s--falsehood1 !ft1 grave assault1 murd]1 adult]y1 & burn+ wax4 ,he is ! judge f :om ea* s\l receives its s5t5ce aft] dea?4 ,! spirits ( ! dep>t$ are s5t by him to a place compris+ ! :ole area "u ! e>?1 to await ! resurrection4 ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 aga91 pass ei!r into p>adise or to ano!r place :i* might be describ$ z purgatory1 a place ( puni%m5t = ^? :o h be5 guilty ( he9\s s9s1 su* z murd]4 ,at ! resurrection ! s\l 7f :i* evil emanates7 & ! _s 7f :i* all good emanates7 w be reunit$ & w h5ce=? live p]man5tly on ! new e>?1 s9ce ! s\ls ( ! wick$ w !n h be5 re=m$ by ! puni%m5ts inflict$ on !m dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! purgatory4#hf ,mr4 ,man1 :o has giv5 u ?is acc\nt1 ?9ks x is extremely improbable t ! leg5ds ab\t ,puluga1 ab\t ! p[]s ( good & evil1 & ab\t a _w beyond ! grave1 are ! result ( ! tea*+ ( mission>ies or o!rs4#hg ,b 8 assumption t !y are indig5\s seems h>dly ju/ifi$ by ! v scanty k we possess ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ^! isl&]s4 ,consid]+ _! l[ /ate ( culture1 ! metaphysical subtlety 9 "s ( ! notions record$ by ,mr4 ,man w\ld c]ta9ly be m a/oni%+ if ,india 7 n s ne>4 ,footnote #hf3 ,man1 ',aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 #aab1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa sq4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ibid4 p4 #aef4 #fgg;,among ! ,k>5s ( ,burma ! belief is held t ,hades has a k+ or judge :o /&s at ! door to admit or reject ^? :o apply = admission into 8 k+dom4 ,he decides ! future ( ea*4 ,^? :o h p]=m$ m]itori\s works are s5t to ! regions ( happ9ess above2 ^? :o h done wick$ness1 su* z /rik+ fa!r or "m1 are deliv]$ ov] to ! k+ ( hell :o is 9 wait+2 :il/ ^? :o h nei!r p]=m$ de$s ( m]it nor are guilty ( great crimes are allott$ a place 9 ,hades4#hh ,at ! same "t ! ,k>5s' ideas ( a future /ate are describ$ z confus$1 indef9ite1 & contradictory4 ,mr4 ,mason writes3--,!y seem to be a melee ( diff]5t sy/ems4 ,t :i* appe>s to me indig5\s ,k>5 4 4 4 repres5ts ! future _w z a c\nt]p>t ( ?is1 locat$ "u ! e>?1 :]e ! inhabitants are employ$ precisely z !y are "h4#hi ,! ,pahrias ( ! ,rjmahal ,hills believe t ! s\ls ( ^? :o h be5 disob$i5t to ! comm&s ( ,b$o ,gosa9 w be condemn$ ei!r to inhabit "s portion ( ! vegetable k+dom = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 or to be ca/ into a pit ( fire1 :]e ! (f5d] w suff] et]nal puni%m5t or be reg5]at$ 9 ! %ape ( a dog or a cat4 ,^? :o h l$ a good life1 on ! o!r h&1 w be rew>d$1 fir/ by enjoy+ a %ort b happy resid5ce ) ,b$o ,gosa9 9 heav51 & subsequ5tly by be+ born a second "t on e>? ( wom5 & be+ exalt$ to po/s ( great hon\r1 z also by possess+ an abundance ( worldly goods4#ij ,9 ^! notions our *ief in=mant1 ,lieut5ant ,%aw1 sees traces ( ,h9duism4#ia ,lack ( detail$ in=mation makes x impossible to decide :e!r ! belief 9 a creator & heav5ly judge :i* has be5 f\nd 9 "s o!r uncivilis$ tribes 9 ,india might be trac$ to a simil> influ5ce4 ,! ,munda ,kols 9 ,c5tral ,b5gal ma9ta9 t ! good & almighty ,s+bonga1 :o lives 9 ! sky & is connect$ ) ! sun1 has made ev]y?+4 ,be+ s f> away he occupies himself v little ) e>?ly matt]s1 & is only 9 exceptional cases an object ( wor%ip2 b he sees ev]y?+ :i* happ5s1 & is said to puni% !ft & ins9c]ity4#ib ,s also ! ,kukis recognise a b5evol5t & all-p[]ful god #fgh & creator1 call$ ,pu?n1 :o is ! judge ( all mortals & aw>ds puni%m5ts to ! wick$ bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next4#ic ,footnote #hh3 ,mason1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxxiv4 #aif4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibid4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #ij3 ,%aw1 ',inhabitants ( ! ,hills ne> ,rjamahall1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 iv4 #dh sqq4 ,%]will1 ',t\r ?r\gh ! ,rjmahal ,hills1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xx4 #eef4 ,footnote #ia3 ,%aw1 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 iv4 #df4 ,footnote #ib3 ,jell+haus1 ',sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] ,munda-,kolhs 9 ,*ota ,nagpore1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nologie1 iii4 #ccj sq4 ,footnote #ic3 ,/ew>t1 ',nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fbh4 ,! ,a9u ( ,japan believe 9 a great god or creator :o be/[s bless+s ^u ! good & visits ! bad ) disease1 unless !y rep5t4 ,!y also say t good p g aft] dea? to ! isl& ( ! ,great ,_s1 or to ! k+dom ( ,god1 to lead a happy life2 :]eas bad p g to ! bad isl&1 or to ! wet und]gr\nd _w1 9 :i* !y suff] discom=t or1 accord+ to "s1 are burn$ 9 ev]la/+ fires4#id ,( ! pagan ,samoy$es we are told t !y reg>d ! great ,num z ! creator ( ! univ]se1 z an all-p[]ful & omnisci5t be+1 :o protects ! innoc5t1 rew>ds ! virtu\s1 & puni%es ! wick$4#ie ,b ! primitive ,num1 :o 0 simply ! sky1 0 too f> remov$ f ! nomads :o w&]$ across ! froz5 pla91 to int]f]e to prev5t cata/rophe or accompli% _! well-be+2 & 9 ! provid5t actions & ov]see+ :i* "s ( ! ,samoy$es n[ ascribe to him1 we c cle>ly en\gh trace ! influ5ce ( ! mission>y & ! sugge/ion ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4#if ,footnote #id3 von ,siebold1 ,die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso1 p4 #bd4 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 pp4 #aii1 #bce sqq4 ,h[>d1 ,life ) ,trans-,sib]ian ,savages1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ad4 ,footnote #if3 ,jackson1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #cih4 ,see also ,ca/rn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ad-af1 #ahb sqq4 ,dr4 ,r9k ass]ts t ! ,gre5l&]s consid]$ ,torn>suk z ! supreme be+ on :om !y 7 dep5d5t = any sup]natural aid1 & 9 ^: abodes 9 ! dep? ( ! e>? all su* p]sons z _h /riv5 & suff]$ = ! b5efit ( _! fell[ m5 %\ld f9d a happy exi/5ce aft] dea?4#ig ,dr4 ,nans51 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion t ,torn>suk owes a great deal to mission>y influ5ce4#ih ,t he 0 n s sup]ior a be+ z is commonly /at$ is evid5t f ,capta9 ,holm's description ( ! ,angmagsaliks 9 ,ea/]n ,gre5l&1 :]e he is repres5t$ z a mon/] liv+ 9 ! sea1 ( ab\t ! same l5g? z a big seal1 b ?ick]4#ii ,& to judge f ,eg$e's description dat+ f ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,torn>suk's notions ( ju/ice1 if he _h any1 mu/ 9 old5 times h be5 v limit$1 z he took to 8 subt]ranean p>adise only wom5 t di$ 9 lab\r & m5 t p]i%$ at sea4#ajj ,footnote #ig3 ,r9k1 ,gre5l&1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ih3 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #ii3 ,holm1 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne1' 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 x4 #aae4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #aig4 #fgi ,! ,great ,_s s (t5 ref]r$ to 9 acc\nts ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 is describ$ z a be+ too elevat$ & remote to take mu* int]e/ 9 ! de/9ies & actions ( m5 & too b5evol5t by nature to require propitiation or wor%ip4 ,s*oolcraft ass]ts t 9 _! oral traditions !re is no attempt to make man acc\ntable to him1 "h or h]eaft]1 = ab]rations f virtue1 good w1 tru?1 or any =m ( moral "r4 ,) b5evol5ce & pity z prime attributes ! ,great ,transc5d5tal ,_s ( ! ,indian does n take ^u himself a righte\s adm9i/ration ( ! _w's affairs1 b1 on ! contr>y1 leaves x to be fill$1 & its affairs1 9 reality1 gov]n$1 by demons & fi5ds 9 human =m4#aja ,yet !re are in/ances 9 :i* he is repres5t$ 9 a diff]5t light4 ,! mo/ ess5tial moral precepts ( ! ,iroquois 7 taught z ! w ( ! ,great ,_s1 & ob$i5ce to _! requirem5ts z acceptable 9 8 sight2#ajb b :il/ highly gratifi$ ) _! virtues1 he dete/$ _! vices1 & puni%$ !m = _! bad conduct n only 9 ?is _w b 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce4#ajc ,! ,potawatomis consid]$ t rape 0 visit$ by ! ang] ( ! ,great ,_s4#ajd ,ti-ra'-wa1 ! supreme be+ ( ! ,pawnees1 applauds val\r1 abhors !ft1 & puni%es ! wick$ by annihilation1 :il/ ! good dwell ) him 9 8 heav5ly home4#aje ,! ,indians ( ,alabama told ,bossu t ^? :o behave !mselves fooli%ly & disreg>d ! supreme be+ w aft] dea? g to a b>r5 l& full ( ?orns & bri>s1 ) no hunt+ & no wives1 :]eas ^? :o nei!r rob nor kill nor take o!r m5's wives w occupy a v f]tile c\ntry & live !re a happy life4#ajf ,keat+ /ates t1 accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! ,dacotahs1 m5 g to ! resid5ce ( ! ,great ,_s if !y h be5 good & peaceable1 or if !y di$ by ! h& ( _! enemy1 b t _! s\ls are doom$ to ! resid5ce ( ! ,evil ,_s if !y p]i% 9 a broil ) _! own c\ntrym54#ajg ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is n support$ by o!r au?orities4 ,prescott writes ( ! same ,indians3--,!y h v little notion ( puni%m5t = crime h]eaft] 9 et]nity3 inde$1 !y "k v little ab\t :e!r ! ,great ,_s has any?+ to d ) _! affairs1 pres5t or future4#ajh #fhj ,& among ! ,omaha & ,ponka1 :o are bran*es ( ! same p1 ! old m5 us$ to say to _! fell[ tribesm51 ,if y are good1 y w g to ! good gho/s2 if y are bad y w g to ! bad gho/s4 ,b no?+ 0 ev] said ( go+ to dwell ) ,wak&a1 or ) demons4#aji ,z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican notion ( ! ,great ,_s diff]5t op9ions h be5 express$4 ,on ! "o h& we are told t x is ess5tially only ! ,indian's conception ( ! :ite man's god1 :i* belongs n to ! untutor$ b to ! tutor$ m9d ( ! savage4#aaj ,on ! o!r h& x is argu$ t ! belief 9 ! ,great ,_s mu/ be a native product1 s9ce x is report$ to h occurr$ already be=e ! arrival ( ! e>lie/ ,jesuit mission>ies4#aaa ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 we _c be sure t our in=mants h accurately int]pret$ ! beliefs ( ! ,indians4 ,mr4 ,dorsey has po9t$ out t a fruitful s\rce ( error has be5 a misund]/&+ ( _! t]ms & phrases4#aab ,! ,dacotah ^w wak&a1 :i* has be5 r5d]$ into ,great ,_s1 simply means my/]y1 or my/]i\s1 & signifies r a quality ?an a def9ite entity4 ,among _m tribes ! sun is wak&a1 among ! same tribes ! moon is wak&a1 & s are ?und]1 lightn+1 ! />s1 ! w9ds1 z also v>i\s animals1 trees1 & inanimate objects or places ( a /rik+ "*2 ev5 a man1 especially a m$ic9e-man1 may be consid]$ wak&a4#aac ,s1 too1 ! ,m5om9i t]m ma%' ma' nido1 or great unkn[n1 is n to be und]/ood z imply+ a belief 9 "o supreme be+2 !re are sev]al manidos1 ea* supreme 9 8 own realm1 z well z _m less] my/]ies1 or deities1 or spirits4#aad ,mr4 ,dorsey also obs]ves t 9 _m cases ,indians h be5 quick to adopt ! phrases ( civilisation 9 communicat+ ) :ite p1 :il/ 9 speak+ to "o ano!r !y use _! own t]ms4#aae ,at ! same "t x seems to me t if ! notion ( a ,great ,_s _h altoge!r a ,*ri/ian orig9 we might expect to f9d an idea ( moral retribution m commonly associat$ ) x ?an ! #fha /atem5ts imply4 ,x may be t among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians also1 z among "s o!r peoples1 a vague conception ( some?+ l a supreme be+ has aris5 ?r\gh a p]sonification ( ! my/]ies 9 nature4#aaf ,b if ?is be ! case ! int]e/ :i* ! ,great ,_s 9 r>e in/ances takes 9 human conduct may all ! same be due to mission>y influ5ce4 ,x is c]ta9ly n an orig9al *>act]i/ic ( 8 nature4 ,among ! ,iroquois & ,pawnees1 :o attribute to _! great god ! function ( a moral judge1 he also receives (f]+s--#aag a circum/ance :i* indicates t he _c be reg>d$ z a typical repres5tative ( 8 class4 ,footnote #aja3 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit4 i4 #ce4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,seav]1 ,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,mrs4 ,jemison1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,keat+1 ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 i4 #abg4 ,footnote #aje3 ,gr9nell1 ,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories1 p4 #cee4 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,bossu1 ,travels ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 i4 #bef sq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 i4 #cic sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aie4 ,cf4 ibid4 iii4 #bbi4 ,footnote #aji3 ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dai4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,smi?1 ',my?s ( ! ,iroquois1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ii4 #aab4 ,tylor1 ',limits ( ,savage ,religion1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxi4 #bhd4 ,boyle1 ',paganism ( ! ,civilis$ ,iroquois1' ibid4 xxx4 #bff4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #bea sqq4 ,idem1 ,magic & ,religion1 p4 #ai sqq4 ,h(fmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf sq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,dorsey1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #cfe sq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,ibid4 p4 #cff4 ,mc,gee1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xv4 #aha sqq4 ,cf4 ,james1 ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 i4 #bfh2 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdc4 ,footnote #aad3 ,h(fman1 ',m5om9i ,indians1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xiv4 #ci1 n4 #a4 ,cf4 ,p>kman1 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 lxxix4 ,footnote #aae3 ,dorsey1 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #cfe4 ,see also ,smi?1 ibid4 ii4 #aab4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,! ,great ,_s is repres5t$ by ,s*oolcraft 7op4 cit4 i4 #ae7 z a ,s\l ( ! ,univ]se :i* inhabits & animates e ?+1 & is suppos$ to exi/ "u e possible =m 9 ! _w1 animate & inanimate4 ,( ,ti-ra'-wa x is said t he is 9 & ( ev]y?+ 7supra1 i4 #ddh74 ,footnote #aag3 ,seav]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee4 ,supra i4 #ddh4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 too1 sev]al tribes h be5 f\nd to believe 9 a b5evol5t ,great ,_s1 :o is indiff]5t to m5's behavi\r & is n wor%ipp$ by !m4#aah ,( ! ,passs1 h[ev]1 we are told by a ,portuguese (ficial :o travell$ 9 ,brazil 9 #aggd-ge t !y h ! idea ( a creator :o rew>ds good p by all[+ _! s\ls to /ay ) him & puni%es ! wick$ by turn+ _! s\ls into evil spirits4#aai ,b accord+ to ,mr4 ,bates ^! notions are s f> 9 advance ( ! ideas ( all o!r tribes ( ,indians 4 4 4 t we mu/ suppose !m to h be5 d]iv$ by ! docile ,passs f "s e>ly mission>y or travell]4#abj ,( ! ,fuegians1 aga91 ,admiral ,fitzroy writes3--,a great black man is suppos$ to be always w&]+ ab\t ! woods & m\nta9s1 :o is c]ta9 ( kn[+ e ^w & e action2 :o _c be escap$1 & :o influ5ces ! wea!r accord+ to m5's conduct4 ,( ?is influ5ce our in=mant gives ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,a native relat$ a /ory ( 8 bro!r :o once kill$ a man--"o ( ^? v wild m5 :o w&] ab\t 9 ! woods support+ !mselves by !ft--because he /ole f him a bird4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 v sorry = :at he _h done1 p>ticul>ly :5 x began to bl[ h>d4 ,9 tell+ ! /ory1 ! bro!r said3--,ra9 come d[n--sn[ come d[n--hail come d[n--w9d bl[--bl[--v mu* bl[4 ,v bad to kill man4 ,big man 9 woods no l x1 he v angry4 ,! same native also reproa*$ ! surgeon #fhb ( ! ,beagle = %oot+ "s "y ducks ) ! old bird3--,v bad to %oot little duck--come w9d--come ra9--bl[--v mu* bl[4#aba ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 no m5tion 0 made ( ! black man 9 ! woods4 ,f ,admiral ,fitzroy's acc\nt ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang draws ! conclusion t ! ,fuegians h evolv$ ! idea ( a high deity1 an e?ical judge1 :o makes = righte\sness1 :o se>*es ! he>t1 :o almo/ lit]ally m>ks ! sp>r['s fall1 & ^: morality is s mu* above ! ord9>y savage /&>d t he reg>ds ! slay+ ( a /rang] & an enemy1 caught r$h&$ 9 robb]y1 z a s94#abb ,?is /atem5t may s]ve z a specim5 ( ! _s 9 :i* its au?or deals ) ! subject ( supreme be+s 9 savage beliefs4 ,!re is aft] all "s diff]5ce betwe5 a high moral god & a my?ical wea!r doctor :o lives 9 ! woods & s5ds bad wea!r if a wild man1 :o also lives 9 ! woods1 is kill$4 ,mr4 ,bridges1 our mo/ tru/wor?y au?ority on ! ,fuegians1 says no?+ ( ! black man1 b /ates t ne>ly all ! old m5 among ! ,fuegians are m$ic9e-m51 & t ^! wiz>ds make frequ5t incantations 9 :i* !y seem to address !mselves to a my/]i\s be+ call$ ,aapakal4 ,& !y also believe 9 ano!r _s1 nam$ ,hoakils1 f :om !y pret5d to obta9 a sup]natural p[] ov] life & dea?4#abc ,footnote #aah3 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 p4 #di4 ,h(fmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #ij sqq4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ribeiro de ,sampaio1 ,di>io da viagem1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #abj3 ,bates1 ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons1 ii4 #bdd4 ,cf4 ibid4 ii4 #afb2 ,dobrizh(t]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 ii4 #eg sq42 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #aba3 ,k+ & ,fitzroy1 ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ii4 #ahj4 ,footnote #abb3 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 pp4 #ahh1 #aih4 ,! same description ( ! ,fuegian black man is repeat$ by ,m4 ,h(fmann 7op4 cit4 p4 #dj74 ,footnote #abc3 ,bridges1 quot$ by ,hyades & ,d5ik]1 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 #bef4 ,! ,s\? ,african ,bu%mans1 ano!r v backw>d p1 are likewise repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,lang & ,m4 ,h(fmann z believ]s 9 a supreme be+4#abd ,a native said to ,mr4 ,orp5 t ,cagn made all ?+s1 & t ! p pray$ to him3--,o ,cagn6 ,o ,cagn6 are we n y\r *ildr51 d y n see our hung]8 ,give u food4 ,& he gave !m :at !y ask$ = bo? h&s full4 ,b al?\gh he 0 at fir/ v good & nice1 he aft]w>ds got spoilt ?r\gh fight+ s _m ?+s4#abe ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ano!r /atem5t1 made by a p]son :o f *ildhood _h mu* int]c\rse ) ,bu%mans & knew _! language1 !y did n believe 9 a ,god or ! great fa!r ( m51 b 9 a devil :o made ev]y?+ ) 8 left h&4#abf ,! ,hott5tots spoke ( ,tsui-goab z ! giv] ( all bless+s1 ! ,fa!r on high1 ,all-fa!r1 ! #fhc av5g]1 :o f\ght daily ! battle = 8 p4 ,!y ?us id5tifi$ him ) ! ance/or ( ! tribe1 b ,tsui-goab 0 also ! "n by :i* !y call$ ! ,inf9ite4#abg ,among ! pagans ( ,africa !re is1 9 fact1 a v widespread belief 9 a b5evol5t supreme deity1 a creator or mak] ( ?+s1 :o lives 9 or above ! sky1 :o g5]ally takes no conc]n :atev] 9 ! affairs ( mank9d1 :o mo/ly receives no wor%ip1 & is1 z a rule1 totally indiff]5t to good or evil4#abh ,9 "s r>e in/ances only he is describ$ z a judge ( human conduct4 ,?us "s ( ! ,be*uanas believe t a be+ :o is vaguely call$ by ! "n ( ,"l & ,ma/] ( ?+s1 ,mongal9to1 puni%es ?ieves by /rik+ !m ) ! lightn+4#abi ,accord+ to an old writ]1 ,fa!r ,santos1 ! natives ( ,s(ala 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa ackn[l$ge a god1 call$ ,molungo1 :o bo? 9 ?is & ! _w to come !y fancy measures retribution = ! good & evil done 9 ?is4 ,!y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( tw5ty-sev5 p>adises1 :]e ev]yone enjoys a pleasure proportionate to ! m]its ( 8 life2 :ile ^? :o h pass$ _! lives 9 wick$ness are suppos$ to be condemn$ to a privation f ! sight ( ! holy pres5ce ( ,molungo1 & to suff] torm5ts 9 "o ( ! ?irte5 hells !y assume to exi/1 ea* accord+ to ! evil he has done4#acj ,! ,baluba1 a ,bantu p ( ,equatorial ,africa1 h ! notion ( a creator1 nam$ ,fidi-,mukullu1 :o puni%es ! s\ls ( ! wick$ be=e !y are reborn on e>?1 :]eas ! good return to life aga91 9 ! %ape ( *iefs or o!r important p]sons1 imm$iately aft] !y h di$4#aca ,! ,awemba1 #fhd ano!r ,bantu p1 :o inhabit ! /ret* ( c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,lake ,tanganyika & ,lake ,bangweolo1 ackn[l$ge a supreme be+1 ,leza1 :o is ! ,judge ( ! dead1 & condemns ?ieves1 adult]]s & murd]]s to ! /ate ( ,vib&a1 or ,viwa 7evil spirits71 exalt+ ! good to ! rank ( mipa%i1 or b5evol5t spirits4#acb ,o!r natives 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lake ,tanganyika recognise a creator call$ ,kabesa1 :o lives 9 ! sky & admits to 8 abode ! s\ls ( good p aft] dea?1 b turns away ! s\ls ( ! wick$4#acc ,! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa recognise ?ree gods all ( :om are call$ ,ngai4 ,"o ( !m1 h[ev]1 is consid]$ ! supreme deity4 ,if a man is good ?is ,ngai c give him mu* prop]ty4 ,if he does wrong ! same p[] c /rike him d[n ) disease & cause 8 live/ock to dw9dle away4 4 4 4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( a man1 = in/ance by lightn+1 is ascrib$ to "s evil act ( 8 life be+ puni%$ by ,ngai4#acd ,proy>t tells u t ! ,negroes ( ,loango believ$ 9 a supreme be+1 ,zambi1 :o _h creat$ all t is good 9 ! _w1 :o 0 himself good & lov$ ju/ice 9 o!rs1 & :o sev]ely puni%$ fraud & p]jury4#ace ,x is ( c\rse impossible to say exactly h[ f> ! /atem5ts ref]r+ to ,african supreme be+s repres5t unadult]at$ native beliefs4 ,9 criticis+ ,kolb's acc\nt ( ! supreme & p]fect god ( ! ,hott5tots1 ,bi%op ,callaway obs]ves1 ,no?+ is m easy ?an to enquire ( hea!n savages ! "* ( _! cre$1 & dur+ ! conv]sation to imp>t to !m 4 4 4 ideas :i* !y nev] he>d be=e1 & pres5tly to h ^! come back aga9 z articles ( _! own orig9al fai?1 :5 9 reality !y are b ! e*oes ( "o's own ?\ghts4#acf ,) ref]5ce to ! ,we/ ,african native ,miss ,k+sley likewise rem>ks t he has a wond]ful p[] ( assimilat+ =eign =ms ( belief1 & t :5 he once has got hold ( a new idea x rema9s 9 8 m9d long aft] ! mission>ies :o put x !re h pass$ away4#acg ,& besides ! tea*+ ( mission>ies !re are 9 ,africa sev]al factors :i* = c5turies h t5d$ to introduce =eign conceptions1 namely1 int]c\rse ) ,european settl]s1 ! op]ations ( ! slave trade1 & ! influ5ce ( ,muhamm$anism4#ach ,b at ! same #fhe "t x seems exce$+ly probable t ! ,african belief 9 a supreme be+ has a native sub/ratum4 ,9 _m cases he is app>5tly ! heav5 god2#aci b he may also be a my?ical ance/or1 z ! ,hott5tot god ,tsui-goab & ! ,zulu god ,unkulunkulu2 or a p]sonification ( ! sup]natural1 z is sugge/$ by su* names z ! ,masai ,ng7ai1 ! ,monbuttu ,kilima1 & ! ,malagasy ,&riamanitra2#adj or ! assum$ cause ( any?+ :i* p>ticul>ly fills ! savage m9d ) wond] or awe4 ,among ! natives ( ,nor!rn ,gu9ea1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wilson1 e ?+ :i* transpires 9 ! natural _w beyond ! p[] ( man1 or ( spirits1 :o are suppos$ to occupy a place some:at high] ?an man1 is at once & spontane\sly ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( ,god4#ada ,nay1 = reasons :i* w be /at$ imm$iately1 ,i am ev5 ( op9ion t ! function ( a moral judge1 occasionally attribut$ to ! great god ( ,african pagans1 has 9 "s in/ances an indep5d5t orig94 ,footnote #abd3 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #baj4 ,h(fmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #dj sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,orp51 ',glimpse into ! ,my?ology ( ! ,maluti ,bu%m51' 9 ,! ,cape ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 ,n4,s4 ix4 #b4 ,footnote #abf3 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #bi4 ,footnote #abg3 ,hahn1 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi1 pp4 #abb1 #abf sq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #fda 7tribes ( ! ,zambesi74 ,rattray1 ,/ories & ,songs 9 ,*9yanja1 p4 #aih 7natives ( ,c5tral ,angonil&74 ,/ig&1 ',natives ( ,nyassal&1' 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvii4 #acj4 ,roscoe1 ',bahima1' ibid4 xxxvii4 #ajh sq4 ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 i4 #bjf4 ,beltrame1 ,il ,fiume ,bianco e i ,dnka1 pp4 #aia1 #aib1 #bgf sq4 ,k+sley1 ',feti% ,view ( ! ,human ,s\l1' 9 ,folk-,lore1 viii4 #adb sq42 ,idem1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #ddb1 #ejh4 ,p>k9son1 ',asaba ,p ( ! ,nig]1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #cab4 ,bosman1 ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 pp4 #aba sq4 7,gold ,coa/ natives71 #cdh 7,slave ,coa/ natives74 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 #abf sq4 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #bf sqq4 ,idem1 ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #cc sq4 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 #bbb4 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bji 7natives ( ,nor!rn ,gu9ea74 ,r[ley1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 pp4 #ae1 #af1 #ed4 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdg sqq4 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #bcj sqq4 ,h(fmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #de sqq4 ,footnote #abi3 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ,good ,hope1 p4 #cbb sq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,santos1 ',hi/ory ( ,ea/]n ,e?iopia1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 #fhg4 ,footnote #aca3 ,wissmann1 ,wolf1 c41 ,im ,inn]n ,afrikas1 p4 #aeh4 ,wissmann1 ,qu] dur* ,afrika1 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #acb3 ,%eane1 ',awemba ,religion1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #aej sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #acd3 ,tate1 ',kikuyu ,tribe1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxiv4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ace3 ,proy>t1 ',hi/ory ( ,loango1' 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 #eid4 ,footnote #acf3 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,k+sley1 9 ,folk-,lore1 viii4 #aej4 ,footnote #ach3 ,cf4 ,r[ley1 ,religion ( ! ,africans1 pp4 #bh1 #ij2 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bbi sq42 ,cruick%ank1 op4 cit4 ii4 #abf4 ,footnote #aci3 ,see ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdg sqq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see supra1 ii4 #ehf sq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,wilson1 op4 cit4 p4 #bji4 ,see also ,liv+/one1 ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1 p4 #eba sq41 quot$ supra1 ii4 #eid4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !n1 x seems t ! ,all-fa!r1 supreme be+1 or high god ( savage belief may be trac$ to sev]al diff]5t s\rces4 ,:5 n a loan-god ( =eign extraction1 he may be a my?ical ance/or or headman2 or a deification ( ! sky or "s l>ge & remote object ( nature1 l ! sun2 or a p]sonification or p]sonifi$ cause ( ! my/]ies or =ces ( nature4 ,! argum5t t ! belief 9 su* a be+ is irr$ucible because x prevails among savages :o wor%ip nei!r ance/ors nor nature1#adb c c>ry no weight 9 consid]ation ( ! fact t he himself1 z a g5]al rule1 is no object ( wor%ip4 ,9 v>i\s in/ances we h reason to suppose t ev5 ?\gh ! notion ( a supreme be+ is fundam5tally ( native orig91 =eign conceptions h be5 engraft$ ^u x2 & to ^! belongs 9 p>ticul> ! idea ( a heav5ly judge :o 9 ! aft]-life puni%es ! wick$ & rew>ds ! good4 ,b we are n entitl$ to assume t ! idea ( moral retribution z a function ( ! great god has 9 e case be5 adopt$ #fhf f p ( a high] culture4 ,a my?ical ance/or or headman may ( 8 own accord approve ( virtue & disapprove ( vice2 &1 besides1 ju/ice readily becomes ! attribute ( a god :o is habitually appeal$ to 9 curses or oa?s4 ,t ! supreme be+ ( savages is ?us invok$1 is 9 "s cases directly /at$ by our au?orities4 ,9 mak+ solemn treatises1 ! ,hurons call$ on ,oki1 ! heav5 god4#adc ,! ,negroes ( ,loango1 :o believ$ t ,zambi1 ! supreme be+1 puni%$ fraud & p]jury1 took 8 "n 9 te/imony ( ! tru?4#add ,among ! ,awemba ! supreme god ,leza1 :o is believ$ to rew>d ! good & to puni% ?ieves1 adult]]s1 & murd]]s1 is invok$ bo? 9 bless+s & curses1 ! injur$ man pray+ t ,leza w s5d a lion to dev\r ! evildo]4#ade ,9 ! ,e7we-speak+ ,ho tribe on ! ,slave ,coa/ ! great god ,mawu1 :o is said to inflict puni%m5t on ! wick$1 is frequ5tly appeal$ to 9 law-cases1 by ! judge z well z by ! pla9tiff & ! accus$4#adf ,9 ,nor!rn ,gu9ea ! "n ( ! supreme be+ is solemnly call$ on ?ree times at ! ratification ( an important treaty1 or :5 a p]son is condemn$ to und]go ! r$-wat] ordeal4#adg ,( ! ,mpongwe we are told t :5 a cov5ant is ab\t to be =m$ among ! diff]5t tribes1 ,mwetyi ! supreme be+ is always invok$ z a witness1 & is commission$ ) ! duty ( visit+ v5geance ^u ! p>ty :o %all violate ! engagem5t4 ,)\t ?is _! national treaties w\ld h little or no =ce4 ,:5 a law is pass$ :i* ! p wi% to be especially b9d+1 !y invoke ! v5geance ( ,mwetyi ^u e transgressor1 & ?is1 z a g5]al ?+1 is ample gu>antee = its obs]vance4#adh ,among ! ,ea/ ,african ,wakamba1 :5 ! suppos$ crim9al is to und]go ! ordeal ( ! hat*et1 a magician makes him repeat ! foll[+ words3--,if ,i h /ol5 ! prop]ty ( s & s1 or committ$ ?is crime1 let #fhg ,mulungu respond = me2 b if ,i h n /ol51 nor done ?is wick$ness1 may he save me4 ,! magician !n passes ! r$-hot iron f\r times ov] ! flat h& ( ! accus$2 & ! p believe t if he is guilty1 8 h& w be burn$1 b t1 if innoc5t1 he w suff] no injury4#adi ,among ! ,masai a p]son :o is accus$ ( cattle-lift+ & on t acc\nt subject$ to ! ordeal ( dr9k+ a mixture ( blood & milk1 has fir/ to swe>1 ,o ,god1 ,i dr9k ?is blood1 if ,i h /ol5 ! cattle ?is blood w kill me4 ,%\ld he n die )9 a =tnight he is consid]$ innoc5t4#aej ,! ,madi ( ,c5tral ,africa h v>i\s means ( trial by ordeal1 ?r\gh :i* x is believ$ t ! guilt ( a suspect$ individual c be detect$2 & be=e any ( ^! trials ! m5 look up & solemnly invoke "s invisible be+ to puni% him if guilty1 or help him if innoc5t4#aea ,( ! natives ( ! ,zambesi1 all ( :om h an idea ( a supreme be+1 ,liv+/one /ates t1 :5 und]go+ an ordeal1 !y hold up _! h&s to ! ,rul] ( ,heav51 z if appeal+ to him to ass]t _! innoc5ce4#aeb ,footnote #adb3 ,lang1 ,magic & ,religion1 p4 #db4 ,h(fmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abb1 #abf1 #aca4 ,footnote #adc3 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cdb4 ,footnote #add3 ,proy>t1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eid4 ,footnote #ade3 ,%eane1 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxxvi4 #aea4 ,footnote #adf3 ,spie?1 ,die ,e7we-,/mme1 p4 #dae4 ,footnote #adg3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #adh3 ,ibid4 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #adi3 ,krapf1 ,travels 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #aej3 ,m>k]1 ,die ,masai1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #aea3 ,felk91 ',notes on ! ,madi1' 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xii4 #ccd4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,liv+/one1 ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #fda sq4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! oa? & ordeal involve a belief 9 ! gods z v9dicators ( tru? & ju/ice1 t !y are appeals to ! moral nature ( ! ,div9ity4#aec ,if ?is 7 true1 moral retribution w\ld c]ta9ly be an exce$+ly common function ( savage gods4 ,b1 z we h notic$ be=e1#aed ! efficacy ascrib$ to an oa? is orig9ally ( a magic "*1 & if x conta9s an appeal to a god he is1 accord+ to primitive notions1 a m]e tool 9 ! h& ( ! p]son invok+ him4 ,s also ! ordeal is ess5tially a magical c]emony4 ,9 _m cases at lea/1 x conta9s a curse or an oa? :i* has ref]5ce to ! guilt or innoc5ce ( a suspect$ p]son1 & ! #fhh prop] object ( ! ordeal is !n to give reality to ! imprecation = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! validity or invalidity ( ! suspicion4 ,footnote #aec3 ,tiele1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 i4 #hf4 ,rville1 ,les religions des peuples non-civiliss1 i4 #ajc4 ,br9ton1 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #bbe4 ,s*neid]1 ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]1 p4 #bee4 ,hodgson1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 i4 #abf4 ,dahn1 ,bau/e9e1 ii4 #ba1 #bd4 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #aed3 ,supra1 ii4 #aah sqq4 ,?us 9 ,we/ ,africa ! common ordeal :i* consi/s 9 dr9k+ a c]ta9 draught or eat+ ! feti% is regul>ly accompani$ by an oa? or a curse4#aee ,9 ! ,calab> ! accus$ p]son1 be=e swall[+ ! ju-ju dr9k mbiam1 :i* is made ( fil? & blood1 recites an oa? beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,if ,i h be5 guilty ( ?is crime1 & end+ ) ! words1 ,!n1 ,mbiam1 ,?\ deal ) me6 ,& :5ev] ?is ordeal is us$ ! greate/ c>e is tak5 t ! oa? %all be recit$ 9 full4#aef ,( ! ,negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ,bosman /ates t if any p]son is suspect$ ( ?iev]y1 & ! indictm5t is n cle>ly made out1 he is oblig$ to cle> himself by dr9k+ ! oa?-draught1 & to use ! imprecation1 t ! ,feti*e may kill him if he be guilty ( ?iev]y4#aeg ,9 ,a%antee1 :5 any "o d5ies a !ft1 an aggry bead is plac$ 9 a small vessel1 ) "s wat]1 ! p]son hold+ x puts 8 "r foot aga9/ ! "r foot ( ! accus$1 :o invokes ! p[] ( ! bead to kill him if he is guilty1 & !n takes x into 8 m\? ) a little ( ! wat]4#aeh ,among ! ,negroes ( ,nor!rn ,gu9ea1 9 ! case ( ! r$-wat] ordeal1 ! accus$ invokes ! "n ( ,god ?ree times1 & imprecates 8 wra? 9 case he is guilty ( ! p>ticul> crime laid to 8 *>ge4 ,he !n /eps =w>d & dr9ks freely ( ! r$ wat]--t is1 a decoction made f ! inn] b>k ( a tree ( ! mimosa family4 ,if x nauseates & makes him vomit freely1 he is at once pron\nc$ innoc5t1 :]eas1 if x causes v]tigo & he loses self-control1 x is reg>d$ z evid5ce ( guilt4#aei ,accord+ to an old acc\nt1 ! ,negroes ( ,si]ra ,leone h a wat] ( curs+1 boil$ ( b>ks & h]bs4 ,! wit*-doctor puts 8 div9+-/aff into ! pot & drops or presses ! wat] out ( x ^u ! arm or leg ( ! suspect$ p]son1 mutt]+ ov] x ^! words3--,is he guilty ( ?is1 or ha? he done ?is or t2 if yea1 !n let x scald or burn him1 till ! v sk9 come (f4 ,if ! p]son rema9s unhurt !y hold him innoc5t1 & proce$ to #fhi ! trial ( ano!r1 till ! guilty is discov]$4#afj ,among ! ,wad%agga ( ,ea/]n ,africa ! m$ic9e-man gives to ! accus$ a poison\s draught ) ! words1 ,if y fall d[n1 y h committ$ ! crime & told a lie1 if y rema9 /&+ we recognise t y h spok5 ! tru?4#afa ,footnote #aee3 ,see1 besides ! ref]5ces bel[1 ,monrad1 ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/51 p4 #ce sq4 7,negroes ( ,accra72 ,bee*am1 ,a%antee1 p4 #bae sqq42 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 iii4 #acj4 ,footnote #aef3 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,b[di*1 ,mission to ,a%antee1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #aei3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bbe sq4 ,footnote #afj3 ,dapp]1 ,africa1 p4 #dje4 ,footnote #afa3 ,volk5s1 ,d] ,kilim&s*>o1 p4 #bdi4 ,among ! ,hawaiians1 9 ! ordeal call$ wai haalulu1 pray] 0 (f]$ by ! prie/ :ile a l>ge di% ( wat] 0 plac$ be=e ! culprit1 :o 0 requir$ to hold 8 h&s ov] ! fluid2 & if x %ook1 8 fate 0 seal$4#afb ,among ! ,t+uianes 9 ! di/rict ( ,el ,abra 9 ,luzon1 if a man is accus$ ( a crime & d5ies x1 ! headman ( ! village1 :o is also ! judge1 causes a h&ful ( /raw to be burn$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! accus$ !n holds up an e>!rn pot & says1 ,may my belly be *ang$ to a pot l ?is if ,i am guilty ( ! crime ( :i* ,i am accus$4 ,if he rema9s un*ang$ 9 body1 ! judge decl>es him innoc5t4#afc ,! foll[+ ordeal is 9 use among ! ,tunguses ( ,sib]ia4 ,a fire is made & a scaffold erect$ ne> ! hut ( ! accus$4 ,a dog's ?roat is !n cut & ! blood receiv$ 9 a vessel4 ,! body is put on ! wood ( ! fire1 b 9 su* a position t x does n burn4 ,! accus$ passes ov] ! fire1 & dr9ks two m\?fuls ( ! blood1 ! re/ :]e( is ?r[n into ! fire2 & ! body ( ! dog is plac$ on ! scaffold4 ,!n ! accus$ says3--,z ! dog's blood burns 9 ! fire1 s may :at ,i h drunk burn 9 my body2 & z ! dog put on ! scaffold w be consum$1 s may ,i be consum$ at ! same "t if ,i be guilty4#afd ,footnote #afb3 ,j>ves1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #afc3 ,lala1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #afd3 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #he sq4 ,! trial ( jeal\sy m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t involv$ a curse pron\nc$ by ! prie/ to ! effect t ! holy wat] :i* ! woman suspect$ ( adult]y _h to dr9k %\ld cause h] belly to swell & h] ?igh to rot4#afe ,9 ,india ! ordeal 0 expressly reg>d$ z a =m ( ! oa?1 ! same ^w1 s4apa?a1 be+ us$ to d5ote bo?4#aff ,we h se5 above t 9 ! ,middle ,ages e judicial combat 0 necess>ily prec$$ by an oa?1 :i* ess5tially decid$ ! issue ( ! fight & ! "q ( guilt4#afg ,s also at ! mom5t :5 ! hot iron 0 rais$ & ! accus$ took #fij x into 8 h&1 ! ,deity 0 invok$ to manife/ ! tru?4#afh ,! ordeal ( ! ,eu*>i/ involv$ ! foll[+ =mula recit$ by ! victim3--,et si alit] e/ quam dixi et juravi1 tunc hoc ,dom9i no/ri ,jesu ,*ri/i corpus non p]transeat gutur meum1 s$ hreat 9 faucibus meis1 /rangulet me suffocet me ac int]ficiat me /atim 9 mom5to4#afi ,footnote #afe3 ,numb]s1 v4 #bj sqq4 ,footnote #aff3 ,jolly1 ',beitrge zur indis*5 ,re*tsges*i*te1' 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*4 xliv4 #cdf4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #eaj1 n4 #a4 ,see also ,patetta1 ,le ordalie1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #afg3 ,supra1 i4 #eje4 ,footnote #afh3 ,beames1 9 8 ,translation ( ,glanville1 p4 #cea sq4 ,footnote #afi3 ,dahn1 op4 cit4 ii4 #af4 ,to ! li/ ( ordeals :i* conta9 an oa? or a curse z _! gov]n+ elem5t _m o!r in/ances might probably be add$ 9 :i* no imprecation has be5 expressly m5tion$ by our au?orities 9 _! %ort descriptions ( ! c]emonies4 ,?is is all ! m likely to be ! case z magical practices (t5 imply imprecations :i* are n =mally express$4#agj ,b !re may also be ordeals :i* h a diff]5t orig94 ,?us ! cu/om ( swimm+ wit*es seems to h aris5 f ! notion t ev]y?+ unholy is repell$ by wat] & unable to s9k into its dep?s2#aga & ! ordeal ( t\*+ ! corpse ( a murd]$ p]son no d\bt orig9at$ 9 ! belief t ! s\l ( su* a p]son l+]$ ab\t ! body until appeas$ by ! %$d+ ( ! murd]]'s blood & t by ! murd]]'s approa*1 & especially by 8 pollut$ t\*1 ! s\l 0 excit$ to an in/ant manife/ation ( its indignation1 by appe>+ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 suppos$ to subsi/1 viz4 9 t ( blood4#agb ,h[ev]1 ev5 ?\gh all ordeals h n ! same f\ndation1 x seems highly improbable t any p1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 resort$ to ?is me?od ( discov]+ innoc5ce & guilt f a belief 9 a god :o is by 8 nature a gu>dian ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,footnote #agj3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,we/]m>ck1 ',l-7r1 or ! ,transf]5ce ( ,conditional ,curses 9 ,morocco1' 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #cfa sqq4 ,footnote #aga3 ,b9sfeldius1 ,tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum et sag>um1 p4 #cae4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& x 0 believ$ t1 if a p]son committ$ suicide by dr[n+1 ! body did n s9k1 b float$ on ! surface 7,gregor1 ,folk-,lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl&1 p4 #bjh74 ,footnote #agb3 ,pitcairn1 ,crim9al ,trials 9 ,scotl&1 iii4 #ahg4 ,nor mu/ we make any inf]5ce z to ! moral "* ( gods f ! m]e preval5ce ( a belief 9 #fia a future _w :]e m5 are 9 "s way or o!r puni%$ or rew>d$ = _! conduct dur+ _! life4 ,su* a belief is said to be fairly common among uncivilis$ races2#agc &1 al?\gh 9 sev]al cases x is und\bt$ly due to ,*ri/ian or o!r =eign influ5ce1#agd ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,/e9metz t we are n entitl$ to #fib assume t x is s 9 all4#age ,x seems t ! savage m9d may by itself1 9 v>i\s ways1 come to ! idea ( "s k9d ( moral retribution aft] dea?4 ,fir/1 ! condition ( ! dead man is (t5 suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! att5tions be/[$ on him by ! survivors4 ,mr4 ,turn] 0 told t1 9 ! belief ( ! ,/4 ,augu/9e ,isl&]s 9 ,polynesia1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ if good w5t to a l& ( brightness & cle> wea!r 9 ! heav5s1 b if bad 7 s5t to mud & d>kness2 & ! answ] to 8 next "q in=m$ him t 9 ?is case goodness meant t ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ _h giv5 him a good fun]al fea/1 & t badness meant t 8 /+y fri5ds _h provid$ no?+ at all4#agf ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,turn] sees no moral di/9ction 9 ^! t]ms1 !re may be "o nev]!less4 ,speak+ ( ! ,efatese1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ,mr4 ,macdonald obs]ves3--,a man's condition 9 ! future w\ld be1 to "s ext5t1 happy or mis]able accord+ to 8 life "h4 ,suppos+ he 7 a wor?less fell[1 v scanty wor%ip w\ld be r5d]$ to him at 8 dea? & few animals sla9 to accompany him to ! _s _w2 & ?us he w\ld occupy an inf]ior position !re correspond+ to 8 social wor?lessness "h4 ,?is belief1 our in=mant adds1 has und\bt$ly great influ5ce 9 mak+ m5 /rive to live s z to obta9 ! good op9ion ( _! fell[s1 & leave an hon\rable memory beh9d !m at dea?4#agg ,! ,bu%mans1 :o ma9ta9 t ! dead w ultimately g to a l& ab\nd+ 9 excell5t food1 put a spe> by ! side ( a dep>t$ fri5d 9 ord] t1 :5 he arises1 he may h some?+ to def5d himself ) & procure a liv+2 b1 if !y hate ! p]son1 !y deposit no spe>1 s t on 8 resurrection he may ei!r be murd]$ or />v$4#agh ,! dead may also h to suff] f ! curses ( ^? :om !y injur$ :ile alive4 ,at ,motlav1 9 ! #fic ,banks ,isl&s1 relatives wat* ! grave ( a man ^: life 0 bad1 le/ "s man wrong$ by him %\ld come at night & beat ) a /one ^u ! grave1 curs+ him4#agi ,at ,gaua1 9 ! same gr\p1 :5 a great man di$ 8 fri5ds w\ld n make x kn[n1 le/ ^? :om he _h oppress$ %\ld come & spit at him aft] 8 dea?1 or govgov him1 /& bick]+ at him ) crook$ f+]s & draw+ 9 ! lips1 by way ( curse4#ahj ,! ,maoris 7 c>eful to prev5t ! bones ( _! dead relatives f fall+ into ! h&s ( _! enemies1 :o w\ld dreadfully desecrate & ill-use !m1 ) _m bitt] je]s & curses4#aha ,a p]son may1 moreov]1 himself dur+ 8 lifetime directly provide = 8 com=t 9 ! life to come1 & if ! act by :i* he does s is apt to call =? approval its result is easily int]pret$ z its rew>d4 ,?us ! ,kukis ( ,india believe t all enemies :om a p]son has kill$ w 9 8 future abode be 9 att5dance on him z slaves2#ahb & ?is belief probably acc\nts = _! op9ion t no?+ m c]ta9ly ensures future happ9ess ?an de/roy+ a numb] ( enemies4#ahc ,we h fur!r to notice ! common idea t a p]son's "* aft] 8 dea? rema9s m or less z x 0 dur+ 8 life4 ,h5ce ! s\ls ( bad p are suppos$ to reappe> 9 ! %ape ( obnoxi\s animals#ahd or become evil spirits1#ahe & ?is may lead to ! notion t !y h to d s z a puni%m5t = _! wick$ness4#ahf ,& z ! rev5geful feel+s ( m5 likewise are believ$ to la/ beyond dea?1 (f5d]s may 9 ! #fid o!r _w h to suff] f ! h&s ( ^? :om !y injur$ 9 ?is4#ahg ,"s ( ! ,nagas ( ,c5tral ,india ma9ta9 t a murd]$ man's s\l receives t ( 8 murd]] 9 ! _s _w & makes him 8 slave4#ahh ,! ,*ippewas ?9k t 9 ! l& ( ! dead ! s\ls ( bad m5 are haunt$ by ! phantoms ( ! p]sons or ?+s !y h injur$4#ahi ,9 ,aurora1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! belief prevails t ! gho/s ( ^? :om a man has wrong$ 9 ?is _w take a full rev5ge ^u him aft] dea?4#aij ,accord+ to ! ,banks ,isl&]s1 if a p]son has kill$ a good man )\t cause1 ! good man's gho/ )/&s 8 murd]]1 :5 ! latt] aft] dea? wants to ent] into ,panoi1 ! good place2 b if "o man has kill$ ano!r 9 fair fight he w n be )/ood by ! p]son :om he slew4#aia ,& n only ! (f5d$ p>ty b ! o!r dead z well may1 f dislike or fe>1 be anxi\s to refuse ! s\ls ( bad p admittance to _! company4 ,9 ! belief ( ! ,p5teco/ ,isl&]s1 :5 ! s\l ( a murd]$ man comes to ! l& ( gho/s ) ! in/rum5t ( dea? ^u him1 he tells :o kill$ him1 & :5 ! murd]] arrives ! gho/ly p w n receive him1 b he has to /ay ap>t ) o!r murd]]s4#aib ,! ,iroquois allot sep>ate villages ev5 to ! s\ls ( ^? :o h di$ 9 w> & ( ^? :o h committ$ suicide1 because ! o!r dead are afraid ( _! pres5ce4#aic ,among ! ,negroes ( ,nor!rn ,gu9ea1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wilson1 ! only idea ( a future /ate ( retribution is impli$ 9 ! use ( a sep>ate burial-place = ^? :o h di$ 'by ! r$-wat] ordeal' or :o h be5 guilty ( grossly wick$ de$s2#aid & if a p]son's body is buri$ ap>t1 8 s\l w naturally rema9 equally isolat$4#aie ,t ! frequ5t idea ( ! bad be+ sep>at$ #fie f ! good aft] dea? is l>gely due to ! assum$ unwill+ness ( ! latt] to associate ) dang]\s or disreputable s\ls1 seems probable f ! fact t1 9 ! beliefs ( ! l[] races1 p>adise g5]ally plays a mu* m prom95t "p ?an hell1 ! lot ( ! wick$ be+ to suff] want r ?an to be subject$ to torm5ts4#aif ,b1 f9ally1 x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! o!r _w is a creation ( m5's fancy1 & may !re=e be =m$ 9 accordance ) _! hopes & wi%es4 ,beyond ! gloom ( dea? !y imag9e a p>adise :]e life is mu* happi] ?an "h on e>?4#aig ,:y1 !n1 might n _! moral feel+s1 only too (t5 ungratifi$ 9 ! reality ( ! pres5t1 occasionally seek satisfaction 9 ! dreams ( ! future8 ,footnote #agc3 ,?omson1 ,savage ,isl&1 p4 #id4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',futuna1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #ci4 ,seemann1 ,viti1 p4 #djj2 ,williams & ,calv]t1 ,fiji1 p4 #bjh4 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #bgd sq4 7,banks' ,isl&]s74 ,+lis1 ,new ,hebrides1 p4 #ca2 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cbf 7p ( ,aneiteum74 ,campbell1 ,a ,ye> 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 p4 #afi 7p ( ,tana74 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 i4 #ahc 7natives ( ! ,b>ito di/rict74 ,sel5ka1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hh1 #id1 #aab 7,dyaks74 von ,br5n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdj 7,bataks ( ,sumatra71 de ,mas1 ,in=me sobre el e/ado de las ,islas ,filip9as1 ',orij51 c4' p4 #ad4 ,be/1 ',prehi/oric ,civilisation 9 ! ,philipp9es1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #bjj 7,tagalo-,bisaya tribes74 ,worce/]1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 p4 #aaj 7,tagbanuas ( ,palawan74 ,smeaton1 ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma1 p4 #ahf sq4 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi51 p4 #adf 7,kakhy5s74 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 p4 #bdc sq4 7,pankhos & ,bunjogees74 ,hunt]1 ,rural ,b5gal1 i4 #baj 7,santals74 ,macrae1 ',acc\nt ( ! ,kookies1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vii4 #aie2 ,butl]1 ,travels 9 ,assam1 p4 #hh 7,kukis74 ,/ew>t1 ',notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>1' 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 xxiv4 #fbj 7,old ,kukis71 #fcb 7,nagas74 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #ib sqq4 7,k&hs74 ,?ur/on1 ',todas ( ! ,nilgiris1' 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 i4 #aff sq4 ,breeks1 ,tribes & ,monum5ts ( ! ,nilagiris1 p4 #bh 7,todas & ,badagas74 ,radl(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa sq4 7,turki% tribes ( ! ,altai74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 i4 #ajf 7,*uva%es74 ,cranz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 i4 #ahf4 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es among ! ,esquimaux1 p4 #ega sq4 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal1 p4 #cgb sqq4 7,eskimo ( ,igloolik74 ,boas1 ',c5tral ,eskimo1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi4 #eij4 ,nelson1 ',eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1' ibid4 xviii4 #dbc4 ,d\glas1 quot$ by ,petr(f1 ,report on ,alaska1 p4 #agg 7,?l9kets74 ,h>rison1 ',religion & ,family among ! ,haidas1' 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxi4 #ag sqq4 ,duncan1 quot$ by ,mayne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #bic sq4 7,coa/ ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia74 ,mack5zie1 ,voyages to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 cxix4 7,*ippewyans74 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #afh sqq4 ,h>mon1 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cfd sq4 7,indians on ! ,ea/ side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s74 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 i4 #aaj sq4 7,potawatomis72 ii4 #aeh sq4 7,*ippewas74 ,say1 quot$ by ,dorsey1 ',si\an ,cults1' 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 xi4 #dbb 7,kansas74 ,/ev5son1 ',sia1' ibid4 xi4 #ade sq4 ,b>tram1 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 iii4 pt4 i4 #bg 7,creek & ,*]okee ,indians74 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 pp4 #cd1 #eh1 #ei1 #ia1 #aaj1 #add1 #aee1 #afa4 ,bu*anan1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #bce sqq42 ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 pp4 #cfb1 #ecf2 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 i4 #aef1 & ii4 #bdc2 ,dom5e*1 ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 #chj 7v>i\s ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica71 von ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 i4 #bdg 7,guats74 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #dce 7,p>essi74 de ,az>a1 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale1 ii4 #ach 7,payagus74 ,bosman1 op4 cit4 p4 #dbd 7p ( ,b5974 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bag 7,negroes ( ,nor!rn ,gu9ea74 ,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 p4 #eci 7,ibos74 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 p4 #bej 7,m&+oes74 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hc sqq4 ,m>illi]1 ,la survivance de l'me et l'ide de ju/ice *ez les peuples non civiliss1 p4 #cc sqq4 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 ii4 #cfh sqq4 ,footnote #agd3 ,cf4 ,tylor1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hd1 #ia sqq42 ,m>illi]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cb sq4 ,footnote #age3 ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 ii4 #cff sqq4 ,idem1 ',cont9uitt od] ,lohn und ,/rafe im ,j5seits d] ,wild51' 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,an?ropologie1 xxiv4 #egg sqq4 ,footnote #agf3 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #bib sq4 ,footnote #agg3 ,macdonald1 ,oceania1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #agh3 ,campbell1 ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4 #bi4 ,footnote #agi3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,ibid4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #aha3 ,col5so1 ,maori ,races1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,macrae1 ',acc\nt ( ! ,kookies1' 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vii4 #aie4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,hill & ,?ornton1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #d4 ,ratzel1 op4 cit4 i4 #cag 7,solomon ,isl&]s74 ,junghuhn1 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra1 ii4 #cch 7natives ( ,bali & ,lombok74 ,cross1 quot$ by ,mac ,mahon1 ,f> ,ca?ay & ,f>!r ,india1 p4 #bjc 7,k>5s74 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 ii4 #dai 7,m>avi74 ,s\!y1 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil1 iii4 #cib 7,guaycurus74 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 pp4 #add 7,tatu71 #aee 7,kato ,pomo74 ,footnote #ahe3 ,bailey1 ',wild ,tribes ( ! ,v$dahs1' 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ii4 #cjb1 n4 d\ble dagg] 7,s9halese71 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #cdi 7,bakari74 ,footnote #ahf3 ,see ,/e9metz1 ,/udi51 ii4 #cgf2 ,idem1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 xxiv4 #fjc sq4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,cf4 ,m>illi]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dd sq4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,fyt*e1 ,burma1 i4 #ced4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,keat+1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aeh sq4 ,footnote #aij3 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgi sq4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ibid4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aib3 ,ibid4 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #aic3 ,brebeuf1 ',relation de ce qui s'e/ pass dans le pays des ,hurons1' 9 ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afcf1 p4 #ajd sq4 ,hewitt1 ',! ,iroquoian ,concept ( ! ,s\l1' 9 ,j\r4 ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 viii4 #aji4 ,footnote #aid3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see supra1 ii4 #bcf sqq4 ,footnote #aif3 ,?is is especially ! case among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7cf4 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bdb sq42 ,dorman1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc2 ,/e9metz1 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,an?rop4 xxiv4 #eia74 ,see also ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd sq4 7,banks' ,isl&]s74 ,footnote #aig3 ,dove1 ',aborig9es ( ,tasmania4' 9 ,tasmanian ,j\r4 ,natural ,sci5ce1 i4 #bec4 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms 7( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bed2 ,dieff5ba*1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 #aah4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ',futuna1' 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 i4 #ci4 ,bat*elor1 ,a9u ( ,japan1 p4 #bbe4 ,/ell]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfi 7,kam*adales74 ,cranz1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahf 7,gre5l&]s74 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 ii4 #bjb4 ,arb\sset & ,daumas1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdc 7,be*uanas74 ,! belief 9 a moral retribution aft] dea? may ?us orig9ate 9 v>i\s ways1 q indep5d5tly ( any notion ( a god :o acts z a judge ( human conduct4 ,:5 su* a belief is said to prevail among a savage p x is by no means ! rule t ! rew>ds or puni%m5ts are associat$ ) ! activity ( a div9e be+4 ,& :51 z is sometimes ! case1 ! fate ( ! dead is suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! w ( a high god1 ! notions held ab\t ! o!r _w1 & especially ab\t ! place res]v$ = ! wick$1 9 sev]al in/ances sugge/ influ5ce f a m advanc$ religion4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is n an idea :i* seems incompatible ) g5u9e savage ?\ght t1 9 cases :]e ! s\ls ( m5 are believ$ to g to live ) gods1 ! latt] select _! companions &1 l ! human inhabitants ( ! o!r _w1 refuse admittance to undesirable individuals4 ,religi\s ideas h no d\bt already at ! savage #fif /age begun to influ5ce ! moral consci\sness ev5 9 po9ts :i* h no direct be>+ ^u ! p]sonal int]e/s ( gods2 b ?is influ5ce is n kn[n to h be5 s great z x has (t5 be5 repres5t$ to be4 ,i c f9d no solid f\ndation = ! /atem5ts made by rec5t writ]s1 t ! hi/orical beg9n+ ( all morality is to be f\nd 9 religion2#aih t ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( human hi/ory religion & morality are necess>y correlates ( ea* o!r2#aii t all moral comm&m5ts orig9ally h ! "* ( religi\s comm&m5ts2#bjj t 9 anci5t society all morality--z morality 0 !n und]/ood--0 consecrat$ & en=c$ by religi\s motives & sanctions2#bja t ! clan-god 0 ! gu>dian ( ! tribal morality4#bjb ,f v>i\s facts /at$ 9 ?is & e>li] *apt]s ,i h be5 l$ to ! conclusion t among uncivilis$ races ! moral ideas relat+ to m5's conduct t[>ds "o ano!r h be5 mu* m influ5c$ by ! belief 9 magic =ces :i* may be utilis$ by man1 ?an by ! belief 9 ! free activity ( gods4 ,footnote #aih3 ,pfleid]]1 ,philosophy & ,developm5t ( ,religion1 iv4 #bcj4 ,footnote #aii3 ,caird1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 i4 #bcg4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #bja3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bfg4 ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #aab4 #agg4 ,,*apt] ,,li ,,gods ,,z ,,gu>dians ,,( ,,morality 7cont9u$7 ,,f ! gods ( savage races we %all n[ pass to consid] ! attitudes ( m civilis$ gods t[>ds matt]s ( worldly morality4 ,! deities ( anci5t ,mexico 7 g5]ally clo!d ) t]ror1 & delight$ 9 v5geance & human sacrifices4 ,b !re 0 also ! god ,quetzalcoatl1 g5]\s ( gifts1 mild & g5tle1 & s av]se f su* sacrifices t he %ut 8 e>s ) bo? h&s :5 !y 7 m5tion$4#a ,! god ,tezcatlipoca1 aga91 0 look$ ^u z ! au/]e gu>dian ( law & morals2 b1 z ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor obs]ves1 ! rem>kable ,aztec =mulas collect$ by ,sahagun1 9 :i* ?is deity is s prom95t a figure1 %[ traces ( ,*ri/ian admixture 9 _! mat]ial1 z well z ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 _! /yle4#b ,x seems t ! ,mexicans _h rea*$ no fix$ or sy/ematic conclusions z to ! relation ( ! moral to ! religi\s life4#c ,!y held t dep>t$ s\ls atta9$ diff]5t degrees ( felicity or ( wret*$ness accord+ to _! diff]5t modes ( dea?4 ,w>riors :o di$ on ! battle-field or 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy's prie/s1 & m]*ants :o di$ on _! j\rney1 w5t to ! h\se ( ! sun2 ^? :o 7 kill$ by lightn+1 :o 7 dr[n$1 #fih or :o di$ f "s incurable disease w5t to a t]re/rial p>adise2 & ^? :o di$ ( old age or any ord9>y disease w5t to a l& ( d>kness & desolation1 :]e !y aft] a "t sunk 9 a sleep :i* knew no wak+4#d ,footnote #a3 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bid sq4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 iii4 #bei4 ,footnote #b3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #cdd4 ,footnote #c3 ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 p4 #ajd sq4 ,footnote #d3 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ecb sqq4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 #bdb sq4 ,among ! anci5t ,p]uvians morality obta9$ a religi\s sanction ?r\gh ! div9ity ascrib$ to _! rul]s4 ,!y consid]$ e m]e ord] ( ! k+ to be a div9e decree1 says ,g>cilasso de la ,vega2 h[ mu* m w\ld !y v5]ate ! special laws in/itut$ = ! common good4 ,!y said t ! sun _h ord]$ ^! laws to be made1 & _h reveal$ !m to 8 *ild ! ,ynca2 & h5ce a man :o broke !m 0 held to be guilty ( sacrilege4#e ,accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! high] classes ! ,incas 7 aft] dea? transport$ to ! mansion ( ! ,sun1 _! fa!r1 :]e !y /ill liv$ toge!r z 8 family4 ,! nobles w\ld ei!r foll[ !m !re or w\ld live b5ea? ! e>? "u ! sceptre ( ,supay1 ! god ( ! dead4 ,!re 0 no idea ( positive suff]+ inflict$ on ! wick$ "u 8 direction1 b ! subt]ranean abode 0 gloomy & dismal4 ,exceptional consid]ations ( bir?1 rank1 or val\r 9 w> det]m9$ ! passage ( *os5 s\ls to heav51 :]e _! lot w\ld be f> happi] ?an t ( ! s\ls :o rema9$ 9 ! regions bel[4 ,! common p1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\ght ( ! future life z a cont9uation1 pure & simple1 ( ! pres5t exi/5ce4#f ,footnote #e3 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #adh4 ,footnote #f3 ,rville1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcf sqq4 ,! great gods ( anci5t ,egypt 7 mo/ly conceiv$ z fri5dly be+s4#g ,amon ,r1 ! k+ ( ! gods1 01 9 8 "* ( ! sun god1 ! creator1 pres]v]1 & support] ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,he x is :o makes pa/ure = ! h]ds & fruit trees = m51 on 8 acc\nt ! ,nile comes & mank9d lives4 ,he is v]ily #fii ( k9dly he>t3 :5 m5 call to him he deliv]s ! fe>ful f ! insol5t4 ,he is ! vizi] ( ! poor1 :o takes no bribes1 & :o does n corrupt witnesses2 & to him (ficials pray = promotion4#h ,?o?1 ! moon god1 0 also ! god ( all wisdom & le>n+1 :o gave m5 spee* & writ+1 :o discov]$ ! writt5 *>act]s1 & by 8 ari?metic enabl$ gods & m5 to keep acc\nt ( _! possessions4#i ,osiris rul$ ov] ! :ole ( ,egypt z k+1 & in/ruct$ its inhabitants 9 all t 0 good--9 agriculture z well z 9 ! true religion--& gave !m laws4#aj ,aft] a long & bless$ reign1 h[ev]1 he fell a prey to ! ma*9ations ( 8 bro!r ,set1 &1 hav+ be5 sla91 0 con/ra9$ to desc5d into ! ,und]world1 :]e he ev]more liv$ & reign$ z judge & k+ ( ! dead4 ,b ! wick$ god ,set 0 also an object ( wor%ip2 = he 0 /rong & mighty1 a t]ror to gods & m51 & k+s 7 anxi\s to secure 8 fav\r4#aa ,we h notic$ above t c]ta9 ,egyptian gods 7 believ$ to be gu>dians ( tru?2#ab & closely connect$ ) ?is function 0 _! love ( ju/ice4 ,?o?1 :o 0 call$ to witness by him :o wi%$ to give assurance ( 8 hone/y & good fai?1#ac 0 /yl$ ! judge 9 heav52#ad :ile 8 wife ,maa1 or ,maat1 0 ! goddess ( bo? tru? & ju/ice1 & h] prie/s 7 ! supreme judges4#ae ,b x seems t ! ,egyptian gods aft] all *iefly took notice ( su* acts z conc]n$ _! own wellbe+4 #gjj ,?is is true ev5 ( ,osiris1 ! great god1 ! "l ( ju/ice1#af 9 ^: pres5ce ! judgm5t ( ! dead 0 giv5 :i* decid$ ^u _! admission into 8 k+dom4 ,9 ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( fun]>y inscriptions we read words l ^!3--,may a royal (f]+ be giv5 to ,osiris1 t he may grant all mann] ( good ?+s1 food & dr9k to ! s\l ( ! deceas$4#ag ,& :il/ ! liv+ paid him 8 dues 9 sacrifices repeat$ f ye> to ye> at regul> int]vals1 ! dead 7 n all[$ to receive directly ! sepul*ral meals or (f]+s ( k9dr$ on fea/-days1 b all t 0 address$ to !m mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! god4#ah ,9 ! ,negative ,confession1 :i* ! wor%ipp]s ( ,osiris taught to _! dead1 great importance 0 atta*$ to religi\s (f5ces1 su* z to sn>e ! birds ( ! gods1 to cat* ! fi% 9 _! lakes1 to injure ! h]ds 9 ! temple doma9s1 to dim9i% ! food 9 ! temples1 to revile ! god4 ,at ! same "t ! li/ ( (f5ces :i* exclud$ ! dead f ,osiris' k+dom conta9$ v _m ( a social "*--murd]1 oppression1 /eal+1 robb+ m9ors1 fraud1 ly+1 sl&]1 revil+1 adult]y4#ai ,b ! mean+ ( ?is seems to h be5 n s mu* t ! god 0 animat$ by a righte\s desire to puni% ! wick$ & rew>d ! good1 z1 r1 t he did n l to h any rascals among 8 vassals4 ,z to ! fate ( ! non-ju/ifi$ dead v little is said1 & ! puni%m5t devis$ = !m seems to h be5 a comp>atively mod]n inv5tion4#bj ,nay1 ! virtu\s dead !mselves dep5d$ = _! welf>e #gja ^u _! k ( magic words & =mulas1 ^u amulets laid 9 _! tombs1 & ^u ! (f]+s made to !m by _! k9dr$4 ,ignorant s\ls1 or ^? ill prep>$ = ! /ruggle1 7 ov]come by hung] & ?ir/1 7 attack$ by demons & poison\s animals 9 trav]s+ ! regions ( ! ,und]world1 &1 :5 9 ,osiris' k+dom1 _h to "w & till ! l& & e>n _! own liv+ if ! (f]+s ceas$4#ba ,! ,book ( ! ,dead is itself ess5tially a collection ( spells int5d$ to secure to ! dead victory ov] evil demons & protection f ! gods2 & ! ,negative ,confession is a lat] addition1 :i* %[s t orig9ally ! conduct ( e>?ly life 0 n consid]$ at all4#bb ,s also 9 ! book ( ,am ,dat ! :ole doctr9e ( a future life is bas$ ^u a belief 9 ! p[] ( magic1 ) ! s+le exception t nobody c look =w>d to possess+ fields 9 ,dat :o 9 life has be5 an enemy ( ! god ,r4#bc ,footnote #g3 ,on ,egyptian gods z gu>dians ( morality see1 g5]ally1 ,g>d9]1 ',egyptian ,e?ics & ,morality1' 9 ,ha/+s1 ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 v4 #dgi sq4 ,footnote #h3 ,erman1 ,h&book ( ,egyptian ,religion1 pp4 #eh-fj1 #hc4 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #i3 ,erman1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa4 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,erman1 op4 cit4 p4 #cb4 ,idem1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #bgj4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #agd4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #ac4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica1 i4 #ad1 #ae1 #be4 ,kaibel1 ,epigrammata ,grca1 p4 xxi4 ,footnote #aa3 ,x is probable t ,set orig9ally 0 ! div9e protector ( ! k+s ( ,upp] ,egypt1 :ile ,osiris' son ,horus1 :o defeat$ him1 0 ! protector ( ! k+s ( ,l[] ,egypt 7,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #ai sq474 ,footnote #ab3 ,supra1 ii4 #aae4 ,footnote #ac3 ,supra1 ii4 #aba4 ,footnote #ad3 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ae3 ,supra1 ii4 #aae4 ,wi$emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #adb4 ,aml9eau1 ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte anci5ne1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahg4 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #af3 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #ag3 ,wi$emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #ah3 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #ai3 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #ajc sqq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,wi$emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #ie sq4 ,idem1 ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #ee4 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #aje4 ,9 ! ,pyramid texts we read t1 if among ! deceas$ !re is "o ( :om x c be said1 ,!re is no evil :i* he ha? done1 ! say+ p5etrates to ! sun god1 & he receives him k9dly 9 heav54 ,! deceas$ also pr(its ) reg>d to 8 reception !re if he has nev] spok5 evil ( ! k+ nor slight$ ! gods4 ,b1 z a rule1 x is r bodily cleanl9ess :i* ! gods dem& ( _! new companion 9 heav51 & !y !mselves help to purify him 7,erman1 p4 #id74 ,footnote #ba3 ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #cae sqq4 ,idem1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #ii sq4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahe sq4 ,idem1 tudes de my?ologie et d'ar*ologie gypti5nes1 i4 #cdg4 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 pp4 #bgi1 #bif4 ,idem1 ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #fj sq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,masp]o1 tudes1 i4 #cdh4 ,aml9eau1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdc4 ,r5\f1 9 ,book ( ! ,dead1 p4 #bbj4 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #bc3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #id sq4 ,masp]o1 tudes1 ii4 #afc4 ,! religion ( ! ,*aldeans 0 a religion ( dread4 ,ev]y:]e !y felt !mselves surr\nd$ by ho/ile demons2 fe>$ above all 7 ! sev5 evil spirits1 :o 7 ev]y:]e & yet invisible1 :o slipp$ ?r\gh bolts & doorpo/s & sockets1 & :o _h p[] ev5 to bewit* ! gods4#bd ,9 _! incessant w>f>e aga9/ ^! fi5ds m5 7 assi/$ by ! m propiti\s among ! deities3 by ,m>duk1 ! m]ciful god1 ! god ( ! y\?ful sun ( spr+ & e>ly morn+2#be #gjb by ,ea1 ! good god1 ! god ( ! wat]s ( ! deep & ! s\rce ( wisdom2#bf by ,gibil-,nusku1 ! "l ( fire1 :o put to flight ! demons ( night :5 ! fire 0 k9dl$ on ! h\sehold he>?1 & :o 9 ! flame c>ri$ to ! o!r gods ! sacrifices (f]$ !m2#bg z also by ! tutel>y deities ( ea* individual1 h\sehold1 & city4#bh ,! gods 7 on ! :ole fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds man4 ,b !y help$ only ^? :o pi\sly obs]v$ ! prescrib$ rites1 :o recit$ ! conv5tional pray]s & (f]$ !m sacrifices2 on su* p]sons !y be/[$ a happy old age & a num]\s po/]ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o did n fe> 8 god w\ld be cut d[n l a re$2 & by neglect+ ! slighte/ c]emonial detail ! k+ excit$ ! ang] ( ! deities aga9/ himself & 8 subjects4#bi ,dur+ ! :ole ( _! lives ! ,*aldeans 7 haunt$ by ! dread ( (f5d+ _! gods1 & !y cont9ually implor$ p>don = _! s9s4#cj ,b ! s9n] became consci\s ( 8 guilt only z a conclusion drawn f ! fact t he 0 suff]+ f "s mis=tune1 :i* he int]pret$ z a puni%m5t s5t by an (f5d$ god4 ,x matt]$ little :at _h call$ =? ! wra? ( ! god or :e!r ! deity 0 act+ 9 accordance ) j ideas2#ca & 9 none ( ! p5it5tial psalms kn[n to u is !re any indication t ! notion ( s9 compris$ (f5ces aga9/ fell[ m54 ,x is true t 9 ! incantation s]ies ',%urpu' n only (f5ces aga9/ gods & c]emonial transgressions1 b a l>ge numb] ( wrongs ( a social "*1 are includ$ 9 ! li/ ( possible causes ( ! suff]+ :i* ! incantation is int5d$ to remove4 ,on behalf ( ! afflict$ individual ! exorcis] asks3--,has he s9n$ aga9/ a god1 ,is 8 #gjc guilt aga9/ a goddess1 ,is x a wrongful de$ aga9/ 8 ma/]1 ,hatr$ t[>ds 8 eld] bro!r1 ,has he despis$ fa!r or "m1 ,insult$ 8 eld] si/]1 ,has he giv5 too little1#cb ,has he )held too mu*1 ,= 'no' said 'yes1' ,= 'yes' said 'no'8 4 4 4 ,has he fix$ a false b\nd>y1 ,n fix$ a j b\nd>y1 ,has he remov$ a b\nd>y1 a limit1 or a t]ritory1 ,has he possess$ himself ( 8 neighb\r's h\se1 ,has he approa*$ 8 neighb\r's wife1 ,has he %$ ! blood ( 8 neighb\r1 ,robb$ 8 neighb\r's dress8 & s =?4#cc ,b ,i fail to see any legitimate gr\nd = ! conclusion :i* ,s*rad] & ,zimm]n h drawn f ^! passages1 to wit1 t ! gods 7 believ$ to be angry ) p]sons guilty ( any ( ! (f5ces enum]at$4#cd ,x seems to me q obvi\s t ! evils :i* 7 hypo!tically associat$ ) injuries inflict$ ^u fell[ m5 7 ascrib$1 n to ! av5g+ activity ( a god1 b to ! curses ( ! injur$ p>ty4 ,! gods are expressly invok$ to relieve ! unhappy individual f ! curses "u :i* he is suff]+1 :e!r he has be5 curs$ by 8 fa!r1 "m1 eld] bro!r1 eld] si/]1 fri5d1 ma/]1 k+1 or god1 or has approa*$ an accurs$ p]son1 or slept 9 su* a p]son's b$1 or sat on 8 *air1 or eat5 f 8 di% or drunk f 8 cup4#ce ,9 ^! incantations !re is no plea = =giv5ess2 ! possible causes = ! suff]+ are enum]at$ simply because ! m5tion ( ! real cause is suppos$ to g a long way t[>ds expell+ ! evil4#cf ,"s ( ! gods1 h[ev]1 are invok$ z judges4 ,?is is frequ5tly ! case ) ,%ama%1 ! sun god1 ! supreme judge ( heav5 & e>?1 :o1 seat$ on a ?rone 9 ! *amb] ( judgm5t1 receives ! supplications ( m54#cg ,( ! moon god ,s9 x is said 9 a hymn #gjd d$icat$ to him t 8 ^w produces tru? & ju/ice1 s t m5 speak ! tru?4#ch ,& ! "l ( fire is address$ z a judge1 :o burns ! evildo]s & annihilates ! bad1#ci & is exhort$ by ! conjur] to help him to 8 "r2#dj b ?is probably means little m ?an ! invocation1 ,eat my enemies1 de/roy ^? :o h done h>m to me4#da ,( a moral retribution aft] dea? !re is no trace 9 ! ,*aldean religion4 ,^? :o h obta9$ ! goodwill ( ! gods receive _! rew>d 9 ?is _w1 by a life ( happ9ess & ( good heal?1 b ! mom5t t dea? ensues ! control ( ! gods comes to an end4 ,all mank9d1 k+s & subjects1 virtu\s & wick$1 g to ,aral1 ! gloomy subt]ranean realm presid$ ov] by ,allatu & h] consort ,n]gal1 :]e ! dead are doom$ to ev]la/+ soj\rn or imprisonm5t 9 a /ate ( joyless inactivity4 ,a k9d ( judgm5t is spok5 (1 b no?+ indicates t x is bas$ on moral consid]ations4#db ,accord+ to ! ,gilgame% epic1 h[ev]1 ! =tunes await+ ^? :o die are n all alike4 ,^? :o fall 9 battle seem to enjoy special privileges1 provid$ t !y are prop]ly buri$ & !re is someone to make !m com=table 9 _! la/ h\r & to look aft] !m :5 dead4 ,b he ^: corpse rema9s 9 ! field has no re/ 9 ! e>?1 & he ^: _s is n c>$ = by any "o is consum$ by gnaw+ hung]4#dc ,footnote #bd3 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #bfj sqq4 ,smi?1 ,*aldean ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis1 pp4 #hg1 #hh1 #ajf sq4 ,idem1 ,*aldis*e ,g5esis1 edit$ by ,delitzs*1 pp4 #hc1 #cjf sq4 ,footnote #be3 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #ca4 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 p4 #ih4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,magic & ,sorc]y1 p4 #eb sqq4 ,j5s51 ,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #hg1 #hh1 #bdi sq4 ,s*rad]-,zimm]n1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1 p4 #cgb sq4 ,footnote #bf3 ,hommel1 ,die semitis*5 ,vlk] und ,spra*51 i4 #cgd sqq4 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 op4 cit4 p4 #bg4 ,sayce1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aca1 #adj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,tallqvi/1 ',die assyris*e ,bes*wrungss]ie ,maql1' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xx4 #be1 #bh sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 op4 cit4 p4 #cg sq4 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 pp4 #fdc1 #fgd1 #fhb sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,j]emias1 ,die babylonis*-assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode1 p4 #df sq4 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilization1 pp4 #fig1 #gje4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,zimm]n1 ,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 passim4 ,footnote #ca3 ,cf4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #cac sqq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,9 m]cantile transactions 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #bia1 n4 #b74 ,footnote #cc3 ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] babylonis*5 ,religion1 ',die ,bes*wrung/afeln v,surpu1' p4 #c sqq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,idem1 9 ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1 p4 #fab4 ,footnote #ce3 ,zimm]n1 ,die ,bes*wrung/afeln v,surpu1 ii4 #hi-ic1 #ii-ajd1 pp4 #g1 #bc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #cg3 ,tallqvi/1 ,maql1 ii4 #id4 ,zimm]n1 v,surpu1 ii4 #acj1 p4 #i4 ,idem1 ,babylonis*e ,hymn5 und ,gebete1 p4 #ac4 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 op4 cit4 p4 #bh4 ,s*rad]-,zimm]n1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfh4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ga1 #abj1 #bji sqq4 ,footnote #ch3 ,zimm]n1 ,babylonis*e ,hymn5 und ,gebete1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #ci3 ,tallqvi/1 ,maql1 i4 #ie2 ii4 #gj1 #hi1 #aaf1 #acj1 #aca1 #ahd4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ibid4 i4 #aad4 ,footnote #da3 ,ibid4 i4 #aaf2 ii4 #abj4 ,footnote #db3 ,j]emias1 op4 cit4 passim4 ,s*rad]-,zimm]n1 op4 cit4 p4 #fcf sq4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #efe sqq4 ,j5s51 op4 cit4 p4 #bag sqq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,haupt1 ',die zwlfte ,tafel des babylonis*5 ,nimrod-,epos1' 9 ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 i4 #fi sq4 ,j5s51 ',das ,gilgamvs 7,nimrod7-,epos1' xii4 #f1 9 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep51 p4 #bfe4 ,9 a /ill high] degree ?an ! ,*aldean religion ,zoroa/rianism repres5ts an incessant /ruggle aga9/ evil spirits4 ,"h ev]y?+ 9 heav5 & on e>? is engag$ 9 ! conflict2 x is a w> betwe5 two mighty sov]eigns1 ,ahura ,mazda & ,angra ,ma9yu1 & _! respective =ces4#dd ,:atev] works = ! good ( man comes f #gje & /rives = ,ahura ,mazda1 :atev] works = ! h>m ( man comes f & /rives = ,angra ,ma9yu4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! p[]s ( goodness w absolutely triumph 9 ! end2 b ?\gh ,angra ,ma9yu & 8 b& h be5 defeat$1 ! battle is /ill rag+4 ,ahura ,mazda1 be+ ! orig9ator ( ev]y?+ good 9 ! _w1 is also ! f\nd] ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 ! creator ( ! righte\s ord]4#de ,9 ! ,v5ddd he is ask$ ab\t ! rules ( life1 & he is pleas$ to answ]2#df ,m4 ,d>me/et] obs]ves t ! ,ave/a & ! ,p5tateu* are ! only two religi\s books kn[n 9 :i* legislation desc5ds f ! heav5s to ! e>? 9 a s]ies ( conv]sations betwe5 ! lawgiv] & 8 god4#dg ,! sacr$ law ( ,zoroa/rianism enjo9s *>ity#dh & indu/ry1#di x condemns ! murd] ( a believ]1#ej abortion1#ea !ft1#eb non-paym5t ( debts1#ec &1 ) special emphasis1 falsehood & brea* ( fai?1#ed & unnatural int]c\rse4#ee ,b ! good ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s mo/ urg5tly insi/$ ^u are or?odoxy1 pray]1 & sacrifice2 :il/ ! greate/ s9s are apo/asy1 transgressions ( ! rules ( c]emonial cleanl9ess1 & (f5ces aga9/ sacr$ be+s4 ,x is less crim9al to kill a man ?an to s]ve bad food to a %eph]d's dog2 = ! manslay] gets (f ) n9ety /ripes1 :]eas ! bad ma/] w receive two hundr$4#ef ,& ! kill+ ( a wat] dog is puni%$ ) t5 ?\s& /ripes4#eg ,(f5d]s w be liable to p5alties n only "h bel[1 b 9 ! next _w z well1 :]e ,ahura ,mazda1 ! disc]n+ arbit]1#eh e/abli%es evil = ! evil1 & happy bless+s = ! good4#ei ,! views accept$ 9 reg>d to ! future life1 #gjf :il/ incomplete 9 ! ,ga?as1 are exp&$ 9 ! ,y\ng] ,ave/a1 & fully giv5 9 ! ,pahlavi books4#fj ,! man :o has liv$ = ,ahura ,mazda w h a seat ne> him 9 heav51 & !re he rema9s undecay+ & immortal1 unal>m$ & undi/ress$1 full ( glory & delight2 :]eas ! wick$ s\l w be torm5t$ 9 ! d>kness ( hell1 ! dwell+ ( ! demons4#fa ,! good de$s ( ! virtu\s & ! bad de$s ( ! wick$1 9 ! =m ( maid5s1 come to meet !m on _! roads to p>adise or hell4#fb ,b ! fate ( ! dead is n m]ely influ5c$ by _! conduct t[>ds _! fell[ m5 :ile alive4 ,x is said t he :o wi%es to seize ! heav5ly rew>d1 w seize x by giv+ gifts to him :o holds up ! ,law4#fc ,& ! s\l ( him :o recites ! pray] ,ahuna ,vairya 9 ! mann] prescrib$ crosses ov] ! bridge :i* sep>ates ?is _w f ! next1 & rea*es ! highe/ p>adise4#fd ,footnote #dd3 ,accord+ to ! ,v5ddd 7i4 #c sqq47 ,angra ,ma9yu con/antly c\nt]creat$ ! creations ( ,ahura ,mazda4 ,b ?is idea is n yet to be f\nd 9 ! ,ga?as1 :]e ! wick$ness ( ,ako ,ma9yu is only repres5t$ z an attempt to de/roy ! good creation 7see ,lehmann1 ,z>a?u/ra1 ii4 #ge1 #afe74 ,footnote #de3 ,yasna1 xxxi4 #g4 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 pp4 #ai1 #bd1 #hh1 c4 ,footnote #df3 ,v5ddd1 xviii4 #ac sqq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,d>me/et]1 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 7#bnd edit47 p4 lviii4 ,footnote #dh3 ,supra1 i4 #eea4 ,footnote #di3 ,supra1 ii4 #bge4 ,footnote #ej3 ,v5ddd1 iii4 #da2 v4 #ad4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ibid4 xv4 #i sqq4 ,footnote #eb3 ,supra1 ii4 #fj4 ,yasna1 xi4 #c4 ,footnote #ec3 ,v5ddd1 iv4 #a4 ,footnote #ed3 ,supra1 ii4 #ic4 ,footnote #ee3 ,supra1 ii4 #dgi sq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,v5ddd1 iv4 #dj2 xiii4 #bd2 xv4 #c4 ,footnote #eg3 ,ibid4 xiv4 #a sq4 ,footnote #eh3 ,yasna1 xxix4 #d4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ibid4 xliii4 #e4 ,footnote #fj3 ,cf4 ,jackson1 ,ave/a ,gramm>1 i4 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,v5ddd1 xix4 #bh sqq4 ,ya/s1 xxii4 ,bundahis1 *4 xxx4 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad ii4 #abc sqq4 *4 vii4 ,ard ,vrf1 *4 xvii4 ,cf4 ,geig]1 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians1 i4 #aja4 ,footnote #fb3 ,dn- ,mang- ,khirad1 ii4 #abe1 #afg sqq4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ya/s1 xxiv4 #cj4 ,footnote #fd3 ,geig]1 op4 cit4 i4 #gc4 ,see also ,ya/s1 xii4 #cce2 xxiv4 #ci1 #dg sq42 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 p4 #bh4 ,9 ,v$ic religion we likewise meet ) a conflict betwe5 gods & demons1 b ! /ruggle is too unequal to result 9 any?+ l ! ,zoroa/rian dualism4#fe ,v>i\s mis=tunes are attribut$ to ! ill-w ( evil spirits1 b _! p[] is comp>atively slight1 & ! great] demons1 l ,vr4tra1 are repres5t$ z defeat$ or de/roy$ by ! gods4#ff ,on ! o!r h& !re is among ! great gods !mselves "o :o has a di/9ctly malevol5t "*1 namely ,rudra1 a god ( /orm1#fg t]rible l a wild bea/2#fh b ?\gh ! hymns #gjg address$ to him *iefly express fe> ( 8 dreadful %afts & deprecations ( 8 wra?1 he is also sometimes supplicat$ to conf] bless+s ^u man & bea/4#fi ,) ?is exception ! great gods are all b5efic5t be+s1#gj ?\gh ( c\rse liable to puni% ^? :o (f5d !m4 ,v>una has e/abli%$ heav5 & e>?1#ga has made ! cele/ial bodies to %9e#gb & ! riv]s to fl[4#gc ,he rules ov] nature by laws :i* are fix$ & immutable1 & :i* mu/ be foll[$ by ! gods !mselves4#gd ,he sees & kn[s ev]y?+1 because he is ! inf9ite light & ! sun is 8 eye2#ge & 9 connection ) ,mi?ra he is said to dispel & puni% falsehood4#gf ,v>una has ev5 be5 repres5t$ z ! supreme moral rul]1 b x seems to me t s*ol>s h g5]ally cr$it$ him ) a some:at m compreh5sive s5se ( ju/ice ?an ! hymns imply4#gg ,e hymn to ,v>una conta9s a pray] = =giv5ess1 b !re is no indication t ! s9s :i* excite 8 wra? include ord9>y moral wrongdo+4 ,t s9 & moral guilt are n id5tical conceptions 9 ! ,rig-,v$a is fairly obvi\s f ! fact t =giv5ess ( s9 is also s\ght f ,indra1#gh ^: fav\r is only won by ^? :o contribute to 8 wellbe+ or :o de/roy p]sons neglectful ( 8 wor%ip4#gi ,! ,v$ic religion is pre-emi5tly rituali/ic4 ,! pi\s man p> prfr5ce is he :o makes ! soma fl[ 9 abundance & ^: h&s are always full ( butt]1 ! reprobate man is he :o is p5uri\s t[>ds ! gods2#hj & j l ! o!r gods1 #gjh ,v>una visits ) disease ^? :o neglect him1#ha & is appeas$ by sacrifices & pray]s4#hb ,aft] dea? ! s\ls ( ^? :o h practis$ rigor\s p5ance1#hc ( ^? :o h risk$ _! lives 9 battle1#hd & above all ( ^? :o h be/[$ lib]al sacrificial gifts1#he g ) ! smoke aris+ f ! fun]al pile to ! heav5ly _w1 :]e ! ,fa!rs dwell ) ,yama--! fir/ man :o di$#hf--;& ,v>una1 ! two k+s :o reign 9 bliss4#hg ,!re !y enjoy an endless felicity among ! gods1 clo!d 9 glori\s bodies & dr9k+ ! cele/ial soma1 :i* r5d]s !m immortal4#hh ,yet !re are diff]5t degrees ( happ9ess 9 ?is heav5ly mansion4 ,! p]=mance ( rites 9 hon\r ( ! manes causes ! s\ls to asc5d f a l[] to a high] /ate2 inde$1 if no su* (f]+s are made !y d n g to heav5 at all4#hi ,ano!r s\rce ( happ9ess = ! dead is _! own pi\s conduct dur+ _! lifetime2 = 9 ! abode ( bliss !y are unit$ ) :at !y h sacrific$ & giv51 especially reap+ ! rew>d ( _! gifts to prie/s4#ij ,unwor?y s\ls1 on ! o!r h&1 are kept out ( ?is abode by ,yama's dogs1 :i* gu>d ! road to 8 k+dom4#ia ,z to ! de/9y 9 /ore = ^? :o are n admitt$ to heav51 ! hymns h little to tell4 ,zimm] & o!rs errone\sly argue t a race :o believe 9 future rew>ds = ! good mu/ logically believe 9 future puni%m5ts = ! wick$4#ib ,s f> z ,i c see1 all ! traces ( su* a belief :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,v$ic lit]ature are reque/s made to gods1 #gji or simply curses1 to ! effect t evil-do]s may be ?r[n into deep & dismal pits "u ! e>?4#ic ,!y d n imply t gods ( _! own accord puni% wick$ p aft] dea?4 ,footnote #fe3 ,cf4 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #ff3 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #bha4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #fg3 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v4 #adg4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ad4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #fh3 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fc1 #bha1 #bhd4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ah4 ,b]gaigne1 ,la religion vdique1 iii4 #aeb sqq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ge sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fj1 #bha4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ga3 ,rig-,v$a1 viii4 #db4 #a4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid4 i4 #bd4 #aj2 vii4 #hg4 #e4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bh4 #d4 ,footnote #gd3 ,ibid4 viii4 #da4 #g4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 ,bohn5b]g]1 ,d] alt9dis*e ,gott ,v>un4a1 p4 #ch sqq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,supra1 ii4 #eih4 ,d>me/et]1 ,essais ori5taux1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #gf3 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #gg3 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bj1 #bf4 ,:itney1 ',on ! ma9 ,results ( ! lat] ,v$ic ,rese>*es 9 ,g]many1' 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,soc4 iii4 #cbf4 ,ro?1 ',on ! ,morality ( ! ,v$a1' ibid4 iii4 #cdj sq4 ,b]gaigne1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aef4 ,d>me/et]1 ,essais ori5taux1 p4 #aaa4 ,bohn5b]g]1 op4 cit4 p4 #di sqq4 ,footnote #gh3 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ibid4 pp4 #bhb1 #bhc1 #cjj4 ,footnote #hj3 ,rig-,v$a1 viii4 #ca4 ,see ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #cd2 ,kaegi1 ,rigv$a1 p4 #bi2 ,muir1 op4 cit4 v4 #bj2 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ha3 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #abb4 #i4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ibid4 i4 #bd4 #ad4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ibid4 x4 #aed4 #b4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ibid4 x4 #aed4 #c4 ,footnote #he3 ,ibid4 i4 #abe4 #e sq42 x4 #ajg4 #b2 x4 #aed4 #c4 ,muir1 op4 cit4 v4 #bhe4 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecf4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #hf3 ,muir1 op4 cit4 v4 #cja4 ,footnote #hg3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ad4 #g sq4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bb sq4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe sqq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #daj sqq4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #afg sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #aee4 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #ece4 ,footnote #ij3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ad4 #h2 x4 #aed4 #c4 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #ece4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #ia3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ad4 #aj sqq4 ,cf4 ,zimm]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dba2 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #ib3 ,zimm]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dah4 ,s*]man1 ,indis*e ,visionslitt]atur1 p4 #abc4 ,idem1 ',e9e ,art visionr] ,hll5s*ild]ung aus dem indis*5 ,mittelalt]1' 9 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung51 v4 #efi4 ,old5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,rig-,v$a1 iv4 #e4 #e2 vii4 #ajd4 #c1 #aa1 #ag4 ,a?>va-,v$a1 v4 #ai4 #c1 #ab sqq42 xii4 #d4 #c1 #cf4 ,9 po/-,v$ic times ritualism grew m important /ill4 ,sometimes ! gods are repres5t$ z be+s indiff]5t to e moral di/9ction1 & ! mo/ indelicate /ories are unscrupul\sly relat$ ( !m4#id ,9 ! ,taittirya ,samhit ( ! ,yajur ,v$a we are told t if anybody wi%es to injure ano!r1 he ne$ only say to ,srya1 "o ( ! mo/ important among ! sol> deities1#ie ,smite su* a "o1 & ,i w give y an (f]+1 & ,srya1 to get ! (f]+1 w smite him4#if iva1 :o is connect$ ) ! ,v$ic god ,rudra1 is 9 ! ,mahabh>ata clo!d 9 t]rible =ms1 be+ arm$ ) ! trid5t & we>+ a necklace ( skulls2 he exacts a bloody cultus1 & is ! *ief ( ! mis*iev\s spirits & vampires t frequ5t places ( execution & burial gr\nds4#ig ,vi%nu1 ! o!r great god ( ,h9duism1 ?\gh less fi]ce ?an iva1 is nev]!less1 on "o side ( 8 "*1 an inexorable god2#ih & ,kri%na1 z accept$ by ,vi%nuism1 is a crafty h]o ( a s+ul>ly d\btful moral "*4#ii ,9 ,brahmanism religion is l>gely replac$ by magic1 ! rites !mselves are rais$ to ! rank ( div9ities1 ! prie/s become ! gods ( gods4#ajj ,& ! po9t ( view f :i* ^! man-gods look ^u human conduct is express$ 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 :]e x is said t fees paid to prie/s are l sacrifices (f]$ to o!r gods--^? :o gratify !m are plac$ 9 a /ate ( bliss4#aja ,ritual obs]vances are ess5tial = a man's wellbe+ bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! life to come1 :]e p>adise1 hell1 or transmigration #gaj awaits ! dead4 ,9 ! ,brhmanas immortality1 or at lea/ longevity1 is promis$ to ^? :o rightly und]/& & practise ! rites ( sacrifice1 :il/ ^? :o are defici5t 9 ?is respect dep>t be=e _! natural t]m ( life to ! next _w1 :]e !y are weigh$ 9 a balance & receive good or evil accord+ to _! de$s4#ajb ,to repeat sacr$ texts a c]ta9 numb] ( times is also laid d[n z a condition ( salvation1#ajc & ! doctr9e is gradually develop$ t a s+le invocation ( ! div9e "n cancels a :ole life ( iniquity & crime4 ,h5ce ! importance atta*$--z e>ly z ! ,bhagavad ,gt--to ! la/ ?\ght be=e dea?1 & ! idea ( atta9+ complete possession ( ?is ?\ght by an act ( suicide4#ajd ,accord+ to ! ,purnas x is suffici5t ev5 9 ! case ( ! vile/ crim9al1 :5 at ! po9t ( dea?1 to pron\nce by *ance "s syllables ( ! names ,vi%nu or iva 9 ord] to obta9 salvation2#aje & 9 ! preface to ! ,prem ,sg>1 :i* displays ! religion ( ! ,h9dus at ! pres5t day1 x is said t ^? :o ev5 ignorantly s+ ! praises ( ! greatness ( ,kri%n ,*& are rew>d$ ) f9al beatitude1 j z a p]son w\ld acquire et]nal life by p>tak+ ( ! dr9k ( immortality ?\gh he did n "k :at he 0 dr9k+4#ajf ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! ,h9du ,scriptures1 :atev] a man's life may h be51 if he d n die ne> "s holy /ream1 if 8 body is n burn$ on its banks1 or at any rate ne> "s wat] z a repres5tative ( ! /ream2 or :]e ?is is impracticable1 if "s portion ( 8 body be n ?r[n into x--8 _s mu/ w&] 9 mis]y1 unable to obta9 ! bliss = :i* he has done & suff]$ s mu* 9 life4#ajg ,at ! same "t we also f9d a great v>iety ( social duties #gaa inculcat$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ,india--humanity ev5 to enemies#ajh & slaves1#aji filial piety1#aaj *>ity1#aaa hospitality1#aab v]acity2#aac & 9 ! ,stras ! doctr9e appe>s t 9 ord] to obta9 ! *ief fruit ( sacrifice x is necess>y to practise ! moral virtues 9 addition to ! rite4#aad ,b ?is doctr9e is s+ul>ly free f any ref]5ce to ! ju/ice ( gods4 ,9 ! ,upani%ads & ,buddhi/ic books x is di/9ctly =mulat$ 9 ! idea ( k>ma1 accord+ to :i* ea* act ( ! s\l1 good or bad1 inevitably & naturally works out its full effect to ! sweet or bitt] end )\t ! int]v5tion ( any deity to apportion ! rew>d or puni%m5t4#aae ,footnote #id3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #df sq4 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #if3 ,taittirya ,samhit1 vi4 #d sqq41 quot$ by ,goblet d',alviella1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,conception ( ,god1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #ig3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aei1 #afd4 ,footnote #ih3 ,ibid4 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid4 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,supra1 ii4 #feg4 ,footnote #aja3 ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 ii4 #b4 #b4 #f4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,web]1 ',e9e ,leg5de des atapa?a-,brhman4a b] die /raf5de ,v]geltung na* dem ,tode1' 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*4 ix4 #bch sq4 ,see also ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #afh2 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aij1 #aic2 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ait>eya ,brahmanam1 ii4 #ag4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,bhagavad ,gt1 *4 #h4 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #aje3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,prem ,sg>1 p4 #ef4 ,cf4 ,wilson1 9 ,vi%'nu ,pur'na1 p4 #baj1 n4 #ac2 ,idem1 ',religi\s ,sects ( ! ,h9dus1' 9 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 xvi4 #aae4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 p4 #dci sq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,supra1 i4 #cdb4 ,footnote #aji3 ,supra1 i4 #fhi4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,supra1 i4 #fab4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,supra1 i4 #eej sq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,supra1 i4 #egh sq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,supra1 ii4 #ia4 ,footnote #aad3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 p4 #di4 ,see1 e4g41 pa/amba1 i4 #g4 #bj4 #a sqq42 i4 #h4 #bc4 #f4 ,footnote #aae3 ,b>?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gg1 #gh1 #aae sq4 ,mll]1 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #cja4 ,dhammapada1 i4 #a sq4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 p4 #he4 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #bhi4 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #cai sq4 ,buddha did n base 8 sy/em on any belief 9 gods1 h5ce !re is no place 9 x = a ritual nor = s9 9 ! s5se ( (f5d+ a sup]natural be+4 ,he t is pure 9 he>t is ! true prie/1 n he t kn[s ! ,v$as2 ! ,v$as are no?+1 ! prie/s are ( no acc\nt1 save z !y be morally ( repute4#aaf ,if ! g5u9e ,buddhi/ c be said to wor%ip any high] p[]1 x is ! moral ord] :i* nev] fails to ass]t itself 9 ! law ( cause & effect4 ,b ,buddha's foll[]s 7 less metaphysical1 & ! cl\ds return$ aft] ! ra94 ,! old gods ( ,brahmanism came back1 ,buddha himself 0 deifi$ z an omnisci5t & ev]la/+ god1 & ,buddhism incorporat$ mo/ ( ! local deities & demons ( ^? nations x s\ght to conv]t4#aag ,f be+ orig9ally a metaphysical & e?ical doctr9e1 x 0 ?us trans=m$ into a religion full ( ritualism1 &1 x %\ld be add$1 pr(usely mix$ ) magic4 ,9 ,lamaism1 especially1 #gab ritual is elevat$ to ! front rank ( importance2 we f9d !re pomp\s s]vices closely resembl+ ^? ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 litanies & *ants1 (f]+s & sacrifice4#aah ,& ! mutt]+ ( c]ta9 my/ic =mulas & %ort pray]s is alleg$ to be f> m efficaci\s ?an m]e moral virtue z a means ( ga9+ ! glori\s heav5 ( et]nal bliss1 ! p>adise ( ! fabul\s ,buddha ( b\ndless light4#aai ,s also 9 ,*9a ! tea*]s ( ,buddhism 7 by no means rigor\s 9 en=c+ ! obligations ( m5 to morality4 ,to expiate s9s1 (f]+s to ! idols & to ! prie/s 7 suffici5t4 ,a temple built 9 hon\r ( ,f7o1 & ri*ly end[$1 w\ld suffice to blot out e /a9 ( guilt1 & s]ve z a portal to ! bless$ mansions ( ,buddha4#abj ,footnote #aaf3 ,hopk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #aag3 ,waddell1 ,buddhism 9 ,tibet1 pp4 #abf1 #cbe sq4 ,griffis1 ,religions ( ,japan1 pp4 #ahg1 #bjg4 ,davis1 ,*9a1 ii4 #ea4 ,footnote #aah3 ,waddell1 op4 cit4 #dba1 #dgf4 ,footnote #aai3 ,ibid4 pp4 #adb1 #adh1 #egc4 ,footnote #abj3 ,gutzlaff1 quot$ by ,davis1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ea4 ,cf4 ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #aej4 ,9 ! national religion ( ,*9a ! heav5 god1 ,%ang-te1 is ! supreme be+1 ! creator & sov]eign rul] ( ! univ]se1 ^: p[] kn[s no b\nds1 & ^: sight equally compreh5ds ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 p5etrat+ ev5 to ! remote/ recesses ( ! he>t4#aba ,he is ! au?or & uphold] n only ( ! physical b ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 wat*+ ov] ! conduct ( m51 rew>d+ ! good1 & puni%+ ! wick$4#abb ,sometimes he appe>s to array himself 9 t]rors1 z 9 ! case ( public calamities & ! irregul>ity ( ! seasons2 b ^! are only salut>y w>n+s int5d$ to call m5 to rep5tance4#abc ,! cult :i* is (f]$ ,%ang-te is frigid & c]emonial4 ,! rules ( c]emony h _! orig9 9 heav51 & ! movem5t ( !m #gac rea*es to e>?2 _! ab&onm5t leads to ! ru9 ( /ates1 ! de/ruction ( families1 & ! p]i%+ ( individuals4#abd ,! ,*9ese are incl9$ to place ritualism on an equality ) social morality4 ,confucius himself humbly submitt$ to ! rules ( c]emony1 al?\gh he d5\nc$ hypocrisy4 ,b to him morality 0 inf9itely m important ?an religion4 ,he altoge!r avoid$ ! p]sonal t]m ,god1 & made only use ( ! ab/ract t]m ,heav54 ,he admitt$ t spiritual be+s exi/1 & ev5 sacrific$ to !m1#abe b :5 que/ion$ ab\t matt]s relat+ to religion he 0 sy/ematically sil5t4#abf ,religi\s duties occupy a v insignificant place 9 8 sy/em4 ,to give "o's self e>ne/ly to ! duties due to m51 &1 :ile respect+ spiritual be+s1 to keep alo( f !m1 may be call$ wisdom4#abg ,pray] is unnecess>y because ,heav5 does n actively int]f]e ) ! s\l ( man2 x has end[$ him at 8 bir? ) goodness1 :i*1 if he w1 may become 8 nature1 & ! rew>d or puni%m5t is only ! natural or provid5tial result ( 8 conduct4#abh ,( puni%m5ts 9 a future life ,confucius says no?+1 ?\gh he ma9ta9s t !re are rew>ds & dignity = ! good aft] dea?4#abi ,! belief ( ! ,*9ese 9 po/ mortem puni%m5ts comes f ,buddhism4#acj ,footnote #aba3 ,legge1 ,notions ( ! ,*9ese conc]n+ ,god1 pp4 #cc1 #cd1 #ajj sq4 ,idem1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #ih4 ,/aunton1 ,inquiry into ! prop] ,mode ( r5d]+ ! ,^w ,god 9 translat+ ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures into ! ,*9ese ,language1 p4 #h sq4 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 pp4 #gg1 #hb4 ,footnote #abb3 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #bgb4 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 i4 #ih2 iii4 #df4 ,smi?1 ,prov]bs ( ! ,*9ese1 p4 #dj4 ,boone1 ,essay on ! prop] r5d]+ ( ! ,words ,elohim & ,greek3 ,!_/os into ! ,*9ese ,language1 p4 #ee4 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 i4 #afb4 ,davis1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bf1 #cd4 ,d\glas1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gg1 #gh1 #hc4 ,footnote #abc3 ,/aunton1 op4 cit4 p4 #i4 ,legge1 ,*9ese ,classics1 iii4 #df sq4 ,footnote #abd3 ,l ,k1 vii4 #d4 #e sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,lun ,y1 iii4 #ab4 #a2 x4 #h4 #aj4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ibid4 vii4 #bj4 ,cf4 ,rville1 ,la religion *9oise1 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #abg3 ,lun ,y1 vi4 #bj4 ,footnote #abh3 ,d\glas1 op4 cit4 p4 #gh4 ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #cjj4 ,rville1 op4 cit4 p4 #fde4 ,footnote #abi3 ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 pp4 #aae1 #bii sq4 ,rville1 op4 cit4 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #acj3 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean]1 iii4 #bhh4 ,edk9s1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hc1 #hg sqq4 ,smi?1 ,prov]bs ( ! ,*9ese1 p4 #bbg4 ,! gods ( anci5t ,greece 7 on ! :ole b5efic5t be+s1 :o conf]r$ bless+s ^u ^? :o secur$ _! goodwill4 ,zeus protects ! life ( ! family1 city1 & nation2 he is a god ( victory & victori\s peace1 :o ga!rs ! ho/s aga9/ ,troy1 & saves ,greece f ,p]sia2 he br+s ! %ips to l&2 he is ! w>d] (f ( evil4#aca ,b nei!r he nor ! o!r gods be/[ _! #gad fav\rs = no?+2 ,x5ophon says t !y assi/ ) good advice ^? :o wor%ip !m regul>ly1#acb b take rev5ge on ^? :o neglect !m4#acc ,!y puni% sev]ely ev5 (f5ces committ$ aga9/ !m accid5tally1#acd & n infrequ5tly !y display actual malevol5ce t[>ds m5 by s$uc+ !m into s9#ace or inflict+ h>m ^u !m out ( %e] envy4#acf ,9 o!r respects1 also1 !y are by no means models ( morality2 b ?is does n prev5t !m f act+ z adm9i/rators ( ju/ice any m ?an1 among m51 a judge is suppos$ to lose all reg>d = ju/ice because he himself transgresses ! rules ( morality 9 "s p>ticul> ( private life4#acg ,= great crimes1 says ,h]odotus1 great puni%m5ts at ! h&s ( ! gods are 9 /ore4#ach ,dike1 or ,ju/ice1 ! t]rible virg9 :o brea!s aga9/ h] enemies a de/ructive wra?1#aci is repres5t$ sometimes z ! daught]1 sometimes z ! companion ( ! all-see+ ,zeus2#adj &1 z ,welck] obs]ves1 ,zeus 0 n only a god among o!r gods1 b also ! deity solely & ab/ract$ly4#ada ,we h notic$ above t f anci5t times ! murd] ( a k9sman 0 an (f5ce aga9/ ,zeus & "u ! ban ( ! ,er9yes1 & t lat] on all blood%$1 if ! victim _h any rights at all )9 ! city1 became a s9 :i* ne$$ purification4#adb ,zeus protect$ gue/s & suppliants1#adc he puni%$ *ildr5 :o reproa*$ _! ag$ p>5ts1#add he 0 a gu>dian ( ! family prop]ty1#ade he protect$ b\nd>ies1#adf he 0 no fri5d ( falsehood1#adg he puni%$ p]jury4#adh ,accord+ to e>li] beliefs retribution 0 exclusively re/rict$ #gae to ?is e>?ly exi/5ce1 & if ! guilty p]son himself escap$ ! puni%m5t = 8 de$ x fell on "s ( 8 desc5dants4#adi ,! transf]5ce ( ,m5elaus to ! ,elysian pla91 spok5 ( 9 ! ,odyssey1#aej 0 n a rew>d = 8 virtue--inde$1 he 0 n p>ticul>ly conspicu\s = any ( ! ,hom]ic virtues--b a privilege result+ f 8 be+ m>ri$ to ,zeus' daught] ,hel5a2#aea & if ! p]jur] 0 tortur$ 9 ,hades#aeb ! simple reason 0 t he _h call$ d[n ^u himself su* torture 9 8 oa?4#aec ,9 lat] times we meet ) ! doctr9e ( retribution aft] dea?1 n only 9 ! speculations ( isolat$ philosoph]s1 b z a popul> belief2#aed b ?is belief seems to h be5 q unconnect$ ) any notion ( ,olympian ju/ice4#aee ,! s\ls 9 ! _w beyond ! grave are s5t5c$ by special judges2#aef ,aes*ylus expressly says t x is ano!r ,zeus t adm9i/]s ju/ice !re4#aeg ,= him ,hades ) ! p[]s by :i* x is gov]n$ exi/s only z a place :]e ! guilty are puni%$1 :]eas = ! virtu\s he has no ^w ( true hope2#aeh & o!r writ]s also h mu* m to tell ab\t future puni%m5ts ?an ab\t future rew>ds4#aei ,p>ticul>ly prom95t among ! (f5ces :i* are puni%$ 9 ,hades are1 besides p]jury1#afj injuries to p>5ts#afa & gue/s1#afb t is1 (f5ces :i* 9 ?is _w are visit$ ) ! mo/ p[]ful curses4#afc ,accord+ to ,aes*ylus1 ! retribution :i* ! ,er9yes--p]sonifications ( curses--h begun on e>? is complet$ 9 ! ne!r _w1 & accord+ to ,py?agoras unpurifi$ s\ls are kept *a9$ !re by ! ,er9yes )\t any hope ( escape4#afd ,we are1 moreov]1 told t pa9t]s us$ to repres5t allegorical figures ( curses 9 connection ) _! #gaf images ( wick$ dead4#afe ,f all ^! facts ,i conclude t ! notion ( puni%m5ts 9 ,hades did n arise f a belief 9 ! ju/ice ( gods1 b f ! idea t ! efficacy ( a curse may ext5d beyond ! grave--an idea :i* we h already met ) bo? 9 ,v$ic texts & among c]ta9 savages1 & ( :i* ! suppos$ puni%m5t ( p]jury 9 ,hades is only a p>ticul> in/ance4#aff ,z = ! gods x %\ld be add$ t ! vulg> op9ion ( _! "* 0 n %>$ by all4 ,euripides affirms t ! leg5ds ab\t !m :i* t5d to confuse human ideas z to "r & wrong are n lit]ally true4#afg ,i ?9k1 he says1 t none ( ! gods is bad2#afh if ! gods d aught t is base1 !y are n gods4#afi ,plato opposes ! popul> views t ! deity induces m5 to commit crimes1#agj t he is capable ( feel+ envy1#aga & t evil-do]s may av]t div9e puni%m5ts by sacrifices (f]$ to ! gods z bribes4#agb ,god is good1 he is nev] ! au?or ( evil to any "o1 & if ! wick$ are mis]able ! reason is t !y require to be puni%$ & are b5efit$ by receiv+ puni%m5t f ,god4#agc ,plut>* likewise ass]ts 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms t ,god is p]fectly good & lea/ ( all want+ 9 ju/ice & love1 ! mo/ beautiful ( virtues & ! be/ befitt+ ! ,godhead4#agd ,footnote #aca3 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #ei-fa1 #hc1 #ajg4 ,vis*]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 ii4 #ceb sq4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #adf sqq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,x5ophon1 ,hipp>*icus1 ix4 #i4 ,idem1 ,cyropdia1 i4 #f4 #df4 ,footnote #acc3 ,idem1 ,anabasis1 v4 #c4 #ac2 vii4 #h4 #d4 ,footnote #acd3 ,ngelsba*1 ,die na*hom]is*e ,!ologie des grie*is*5 ,volksglaub5s1 p4 #cca sqq4 ,footnote #ace3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #bca sqq4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid4 i4 #gi sqq4 ,footnote #acg3 ,cf4 ,ngelsba*1 ,hom]is*e ,!ologie1 pp4 #bhh1 #cag sqq42 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 i4 #dh sqq42 ,maury1 ,hi/oire des religions de la ,grce antique1 i4 #cdb2 ,glad/one1 ,/udies on ,hom]1 ii4 #chd4 ,footnote #ach3 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #abj4 ,footnote #aci3 ,aes*ylus1 ,*oephoroe1 #idi sqq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,ibid4 #idi4 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et dies1 #bef 7#bed74 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 p4 #aig4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #ga1 ,d>me/et]1 ,essais ori5taux1 p4 #ajf sq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,welck]1 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1 i4 #aha4 ,footnote #adb3 ,supra1 i4 #cgi4 ,footnote #adc3 ,supra1 i4 #egi1 #ehe4 ,footnote #add3 ,supra1 i4 #fbd4 ,footnote #ade3 ,supra1 ii4 #fj4 ,footnote #adf3 ,supra1 ii4 #fa4 ,footnote #adg3 ,supra1 ii4 #aaf4 ,footnote #adh3 ,supra1 ii4 #aba4 ,footnote #adi3 ,supra1 i4 #di sq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,odyssey1 iv4 #efa sqq4 ,footnote #aea3 ,cf4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,iliad1 iii4 #bgh sq42 xix4 #bei sq4 ,footnote #aec3 ,cf4 ,rohde1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #aed3 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 i4 #ii sqq4 ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom]is*e ,!ologie1 p4 #ce sq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 i4 #ajd4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ibid4 i4 #aja4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,aes*ylus1 ,supplices1 #bcj sq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,cf4 ,we/cott1 ,essays 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #aei3 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 i4 #aja sq4 ,footnote #afj3 ,ari/ophanes1 ,ran1 #aej1 #bge4 ,footnote #afa3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #age1 #bfg sqq41 #cce sqq4 ,pausanias1 x4 #bh4 #d sq4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,ran1 #adg-aej1 #bgd4 ,footnote #afb3 ,aes*ylus1 ,eum5ides1 #bfi sq4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,ran1 #adg sq4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see supra1 i4 #ehd sqq41 #fba sqq4 ,footnote #afd3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,de vitis philosophorum1 viii4 #a4 #ca4 ,footnote #afe3 ,demo/h5es 7871 ,contra ,ari/ogitonem oratio ,i4 #eb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,! ,arabs ( ! ,uld ,bu 7,azz 9 ,s\!rn ,morocco ma9ta9 t !re are ?ree classes ( p]sons :o are infallibly doom$ to hell1 namely1 ^? :o h be5 curs$ by _! p>5ts1 ^? :o h be5 guilty ( unlawful homicide1 & ^? :o h burn$ corn4 ,!y say t e gra9 curses him :o burns x4 ,footnote #afg3 ,cf4 ,we/cott1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #afh3 ,euripides1 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 #cia4 ,footnote #afi3 ,idem1 ,bell]ophon1 #ag 7,fragm5ta1 #cjj74 ,footnote #agj3 ,plato1 ,respublica1 ii4 #cgi sq4 ,footnote #aga3 ,idem1 ,phdrus1 p4 #bdg4 ,idem1 ,timu1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #agb3 ,idem1 ,respublica1 ii4 #cfd sqq4 ,idem1 ,leges1 x4 #ije sqq42 xii4 #idh4 ,footnote #agc3 ,idem1 ,respublica1 ii4 #cgi sq4 ,cf4 ,aes*ylus1 ,agamemnon1 #agf sqq4 ,footnote #agd3 ,plut>*1 ,de defectu oraculorum1 ,see also ,idem1 ,de adulatore et amico1 #bb4 ,! gods ( ! ,romans 7 on ! :ole unsympa!tic & lifeless be+s1 "s ( !m ev5 actually p]nici\s1 z ! god ( ,fev]1 :o _h a temple on ! ,palat9e hill1 & ! god ( ,ill-,=tune1 :o _h an alt> on ! ,esquil9e hill4#age ,! relations betwe5 ! gods #gag & _! wor%ipp]s 7 cold1 c]emonial1 legal4 ,! *ief ?+ 0 n to break ! peace ( ! gods1 or1 :5 x 0 brok51 to re/ore x4#agf ,!y 7 r5d]$ propiti\s by sanctity & piety4#agg ,b sanctity 0 def9$ z ! k ( h[ we ought to wor%ip !m1 & piety 0 only ju/ice t[>ds ! gods1 ! return = b5efits receiv$2 ,cic]o asks1 ,:at piety is due to a be+ f :om y receive no?+8#agh ,! div9e law1 fas1 0 di/+ui%$ f ! human law1 jus4 ,to ! =m] belong$ n only ! religi\s rites b ! duties to ! dead1 z also ! duties to c]ta9 liv+ individuals4#agi ,(f5ces aga9/ p>5ts 7 av5g$ by ! divi p>5tum2#ahj ! duty ( hospitality 0 en=c$ by ! dii hospitales & ,jupit]2#aha b\nd>ies 7 protect$ by ,jupit] ,t]m9alis & ,t]m9us2#ahb & ,jupit]1 ,dius ,fidius1 & ,fides1 7 ! gu>dians ( sworn fai?4#ahc ,footnote #age3 ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 iii4 #be4 ,footnote #agf3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #bai sqq4 ,grang]1 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #agg3 ,cic]o1 ,de (ficiis1 ii4 #c4 ,footnote #agh3 ,idem1 ,de natura deorum1 i4 #da4 ,footnote #agi3 ,on ! di/9ction betwe5 fas & jus see von ,jh]+1 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,supra1 i4 #fbd4 ,footnote #aha3 ,supra1 i4 #ehj4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,supra1 ii4 #fa4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,supra1 ii4 #if1 #aba sq4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 pp4 #dh1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #abc sq4 ,! god ( ,israel 0 a p[]ful protector ( 8 *os5 p1 b he 0 a sev]e ma/] :o inspir$ m fe> ?an love4 ,9 ! pre-prophetic p]iod at lea/1 he 0 no model ( goodness4 ,he _h unacc\ntable moods1 8 wra? (t5 resembl$ r ! ins5sate viol5ce ( ang]$ nature1 ?an ! reasonable indignation ( a moralis$ p]sonality#ahd--;z appe>s1 = in/ance1 f ! sugge/ion ( ,david t ,saul's undes]v$ enmity might be due to ! incitem5t ( ,god4#ahe ,at ! same "t 8 sev]ity 0 also a gu>dian ( human relation%ips4 ,x turn$ aga9/ *ildr5 :o 7 disrespectful to _! p>5ts1 aga9/ murd]]s1 adult]]s1 ?ieves1 false witnesses--inde$1 ! :ole crim9al law 0 a revelation ( ! ,"l4 ,he 0 moreov] a protector ( #gah ! poor & ne$y1#ahf & a pres]v] ( /rang]s4#ahg ,b (f5ces aga9/ ,god 71 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 m5tion$ be=e (f5ces aga9/ man2 religi\s rites 7 put on ! same level ) ! rules ( social morality2 neglect ( circumcision1 or disreg>d ( ! precepts ( c]emonial cleanl9ess1 or sabba?-break+1 0 puni%$ ) ! same sev]ity z ! greate/ crimes4#ahh ,to ! ord9>y man1 says ,wellhaus51 x 0 n moral b liturgical acts t seem$ to be truly religi\s4#ahi ,a diff]5t op9ion1 h[ev]1 0 express$ by ! ,prophets4 ,!y oppos$ ! vice ( ! he>t to ! outw>d s]vice ( ! ritual4#aij ,god 0 said by !m to desire n sacrifice b m]cy1#aia & to hate ! hypocritical s]vice ( ,israel ) its fea/-days & solemn assemblies2#aib & ! true fa/ 0 decl>$ to consi/ 9 moral welldo+4#aic ,to !m righte\sness 0 ! fundam5tal virtue ( ,yahveh1 & if he puni%$ ,israel 8 ang] 0 no long] a m]ely fitful outbur/1 unrelat$ to ,israel's own wrongdo+1 b an ess5tial elem5t ( 8 righte\sness4#aid ,h[ev]1 z ,m4 ,halvy obs]ves1 ! truly national conceptions ( ! ,hebrews 7 n ^? :i* ! ,prophets ma9ta9$1 b ^? :i* !y oppos$4#aie ,! importance ( ritual 0 m ?an ev] emphasis$ 9 ! po/-prophetic prie/ly code4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,montefiore1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #ahe3 #a ,samuel1 xxvi4 #ai4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,supra1 i4 #eeb1 #efe4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,supra1 i4 #ehj4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cbg1 #dgj4 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 ii4 #bgf4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 p4 #dfh4 ,footnote #aij3 ,cf4 ,caird1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 ii4 #aai4 ,footnote #aia3 ,hosea1 vi4 #f4 ,footnote #aib3 ,amos1 v4 #ba sqq4 ,footnote #aic3 ,isaiah1 lviii4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #aid3 ,cf4 ,montefiore1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb sq4 ,footnote #aie3 ,halvy1 ,mlanges de critique et d'hi/oire relatifs aux peuples smitiques1 p4 #cga4 ,! opposition aga9/ ritualism :i* 0 />t$ by ! ,prophets rea*$ its height 9 ,*ri/4 ,m5 are defil$ n by ext]nal uncleanness1 b by evil ?\ghts & evil de$s4#aif ,x is lawful to d well on ! sabba? days4#aig ,^? ^: righte\sness does n exce$ t ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54#aih ,! fir/ & great comm&m5t is t :i* #gai enjo9s love to ,god1 b ! second1 accord+ to :i* a man %all love 8 neighb\r z himself1 is l unto x4#aii ,at ! same "t !re are 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t passages 9 :i* ,god's judgm5t ( m5 seems to be repres5t$ z det]m9$ by !ological dogma4#bjj ,! only s9 :i* c nev] be =giv5 ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! _w to come1 is blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/2#bja & ! belief 9 ,jesus is laid d[n z indisp5sable = salvation4#bjb ,accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 a man is ju/ifi$ by fai? alone1 )\t ! de$s ( ! law4#bjc ,?is doctr9e1 :i* makes man's salvation dep5d5t ^u 8 acceptance ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 has _h a la/+ influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ian !ology1 & has1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r dogmas1 l$ to t s+ul> discrepancy betwe5 ! notions ( div9e & human ju/ice :i* has up to ! pres5t day *>act]is$ ! *ief bran*es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,footnote #aif3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xv4 #ai sq4 ,/4 ,m>k1 vii4 #f sqq4 ,footnote #aig3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xii4 #ab4 ,footnote #aih3 ,ibid4 v4 #bj4 ,footnote #aii3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xxii4 #cg sqq4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #hb sq4 ,footnote #bja3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 xii4 #ca sq4 ,/4 ,m>k1 iii4 #bh sq4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,/4 ,m>k1 xvi4 #af4 ,/4 ,john1 iii4 #ah1 #cf2 viii4 #bd4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,romans1 iii4 #bh4 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs ma9ta9$ t ! int]f]5ce & suff]+ ( ,*ri/1 9 itself1 unconditionally sav$ all s\ls & empti$ hell = ev]2#bjd b ?is !ory nev] became popul>4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e &1 subsequ5tly1 ,calv9ian !ology1 ! b5efits ( ! atonem5t are limit$ to ^? :om ,god1 ( 8 sov]eign pleasure1 has f et]nity arbitr>ily elect$1 ! effect ( fai? & conv]sion be+ n to save ! s\l1 b simply to conv9ce ! s\l t x is sav$4 ,a ?ird !ory--t ( ,pelagius1 ,arm5ius1 & ,lu!r--attributes to ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ a conditional efficacy1 dep5d+ ^u p]sonal fai? 9 8 vic>i\s atonem5t1 :]eas ^? :o = "s reason or o!r d n possess su* fai? are exclud$ f salvation4 ,a f\r? doctr9e1 :i* e>ly began to be con/ruct$ by ! ,fa!rs & 0 adopt$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ! consi/5t portion ( ! ,episcopalian ,*ur*1 decl>es t by ,*ri/'s vic>i\s #gbj suff]+ p[] is giv5 to ! ,*ur*1 a prie/ly hi]>*y1 to save ^? :o confess h] au?ority & obs]ve h] rites1 :il/ all o!rs are lo/4 ,c]ta9 sect>ians1 l ! ,unit>ians1 or ^? lib]al ,*ri/ians :o d n feel !mselves ti$ by ! dogmas ( any special cre$1 are ! only ones among :om we meet ) ! op9ion t a free s\l1 :o by ! immutable laws :i* ! ,creator has e/abli%$ may *oose betwe5 good & evil1 is sav$ or lo/ j s f> & s long z x p>takes ( ei!r ! =m] or ! latt]4#bje ,footnote #bjd3 ,alg]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1 pp4 #eej-eeb1 #efc4 ,f>r>1 ,m]cy & ,judgm5t1 p4 #eh sq4 ,footnote #bje3 ,alg]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eec sqq4 ,accord+ to ! lead+ doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 !n1 ! fates ( m5 beyond ! grave are det]m9$ by q o!r circum/ances ?an :at ! moral consci\sness by itself recognises z virtue or vice4 ,!y are all doom$ to dea? & hell 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 & _! salvation1 if n absolutely pr$e/9$1 c only be effect$ by s9c]e fai? 9 ! atonem5t ( ,*ri/ or by valid reception ( sacram5tal grace at ! h&s ( a prie/4 ,p]sons :o on intellectual or moral gr\nds are unable to accept ! dogma ( atonem5t or to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( an exact+ hi]>*y1 are subject to ! mo/ awful p5alties = a s9 committ$ by _! e>lie/ ance/or1 & s are ! c\ntless millions ( hea!n :o nev] ev5 _h an opportunity to embrace ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,lu!r 0 consid]$ to h %[n an exceptional boldness :5 he express$ ! hope t our de> ,god w\ld be m]ciful to ,cic]o1 & to o!rs l him4#bjf ,9 ! ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai? ! ,div9es decl>$ ! op9ion t m5 n pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity may be sav$ to be v p]nici\s1 & to be dete/$2#bjg & 9 _! ,l>g] ,cate*ism !y expressly said t !y :o1 hav+ nev] he>d ! gospel1 "k n ,jesus ,*ri/1 & believe n 9 him1 _c be sav$1 be !y nev] s dilig5t to frame _! lives accord+ to ! light ( nature1 or ! laws ( t religion :i* !y pr(ess4#bjh ,?is doctr9e has _h _m #gba adh]5ts up to ! pres5t "t1#bji al?\gh a m lib]al view 9 fav\r ( virtu\s hea!n has obvi\sly be5 ga9+ gr\nd4#baj ,ev5 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ians errors 9 belief on su* subjects z *ur* gov]nm5t1 ! ,tr9ity1 transub/antiation1 orig9al s91 & pr$e/9ation1 h be5 decl>$ to expose ! guilty to et]nal damnation4#baa ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 a common !me ( c]ta9 ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s t ,prote/ancy unrep5t$ de/roys salvation1#bab :ile ! ,prote/ants on _! "p tax$ ,du ,m\l9 ) culpable laxity = admitt+ t "s ,roman ,ca?olics might escape ! torm5ts ( hell4#bac ,na?anael ,emmons1 ! sage ( ,frankl91 tells u t x is absolutely necess>y to approve ( ! doctr9e ( reprobation 9 ord] to be sav$4#bad ,footnote #bjf3 ,f>r>1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,confession ( ,fai?1 x4 #d4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,l>g] ,cate*ism1 ,answ] to ,"q #fj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,f>r>1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf sq4 ,footnote #baj3 ,pr5tiss1 ',infant ,salvation1' 9 ,presbyt]ian ,review1 iv4 #egf4 ,= e>li] in/ances ( ?is op9ion see ,abbot1 ',lit]ature ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1' =m+ an ,app5dix to ,alg]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1 pp4 #hei1 #hfc1 #hfe4 ,footnote #baa3 ,abbot1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hfc4 ,footnote #bab3 ,wilson1 ,*>ity ,mi/ak51 ) ! ,want :]e( ,ca?olickes are unju/ly *>g$1 = affirm+ 4 4 4 t ,prote/ancy unrep5t$ de/roys ,salvation4 ,footnote #bac3 ,abbot1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hfj4 ,footnote #bad3 ,emmons1 ,works1 iv4 #ccf4 ,besides ! hea!n !re is ano!r l>ge class ( p :om ,*ri/ian !ology has condemn$ to hell = no fault ( !irs1 namely1 infants :o h di$ unbaptis$4 ,f a v e>ly age ! wat] ( baptism 0 believ$ by ! ,*ri/ians to possess a magic p[] to wipe away s91#bae & s9ce ! days ( ,/4 ,augu/9e x 0 deem$ s indisp5sable = salvation t any *ild dy+ )\t ! ba? ( reg5]ation 0 reg>d$ z lo/ = ev]4#baf ,/4 ,augu/9e admitt$ t ! puni%m5t ( su* *ildr5 0 ( ! milde/ sort1#bag b o!r writ]s 7 m sev]e2 ,/4 ,fulg5tius condemn$ to ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9 et]nal fire ev5 infants :o di$ 9 _! "m's womb4#bah ,h[ev]1 #gbb ! notion t unbaptis$ *ildr5 w be torm5t$1 gradually gave way to a m humane op9ion4 ,9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury ,pet] ,lomb>d det]m9$ t ! prop] puni%m5t ( orig9al s91 :5 no actual s9 is add$ to x1 is ! puni%m5t ( loss1 t is1 loss ( heav5 & ! sight ( ,god1 b n ! puni%m5t ( s5se1 t is1 positive torm5t4 ,?is doctr9e 0 confirm$ by ,innoc5tius ,,iii4 & %>$ by ! l>ge majority ( ! s*oolm51 :o assum$ ! exi/5ce ( a place call$ limbus1 or inf]nus pu]orum1 :]e unbaptis$ infants w dwell )\t be+ subject to torture4#bai ,b ! old] view 0 aga9 set up by ! ,prote/ants1 :o g5]ally ma9ta9$ t ! due puni%m5t ( orig9al s9 is1 9 /rictness1 damnation 9 hell1 al?\gh _m ( !m 7 incl9$ to ?9k t if a *ild dies by mis=tune be=e x is baptis$ ! p>5ts' s9c]e int5tion ( baptis+ x1 toge!r ) _! pray]s1 w be accept$ ) ,god = ! de$4#bbj ,9 ! ,confession ( ,augsburg ! ,anabapti/ic doctr9e is emphatically condemn$2#bba & al?\gh ,zw+li reject$ ! dogma t infants dy+ )\t baptism are lo/1 & ,calv91 9 h>mony ) 8 !ory ( election1 refus$ to tie ! salvation ( infants to an outw>d rite1 ! necessity ( baptism z ! ord9>y *annel ( receiv+ grace appe>s to h be5 a g5]al belief 9 ! ,re=m$ *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4#bbb ,! damnation ( infants 0 9 fact an ackn[l$g$ doctr9e ( ,calv9ism1#bbc ?\gh an exception 0 made = ! *ildr5 ( pi\s p>5ts4#bbd ,b 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,toplady1 :o 0 a vehem5t ,calv9i/1 av[$ #gbc 8 belief 9 ! univ]sal salvation ( all dep>t$ infants1 :e!r baptis$ or unbaptis$4#bbe ,& a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,dr4 ,hodge ?\ght he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t ! common op9ion ( evangelical ,prote/ants 0 t all :o die 9 infancy are sav$4#bbf ,! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 seems some:at d\btful4 ,9 #ahhc ,mr4 ,pr5tiss wrote ( ! doctr9e ( infant salvation indep5d5tly ( baptism3--,my own impression is t1 _h x be5 taught z unequivocally 9 ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ev5 a ?ird ( a c5tury ago1 by a !ologian less em95t ?an ,dr4 ,hodge = or?odoxy1 piety1 & weight ( "*1 x w\ld h call$ =? an imm$iate prote/ f "s ( ! m cons]vative1 old-fa%ion$ ,calv9i/s4#bbg ,footnote #bae3 ,t]tullian1 ,de baptismo1 #a sqq4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 i4 #aaig sqq474 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i4 #bjf sq42 ii4 #bbg4 ,/anley1 ,*ri/ian ,in/itutions1 p4 #af4 ,lewis1 ,paganism surviv+ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #gb1 #gc1 #abi1 #add sq4 ,footnote #baf3 ,b+ham1 ,works1 iii4 #dhh sqq4 ,pr5tiss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #edi4 ,footnote #bag3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de peccatorum m]itis et remissione1 i4 #af 7,migne1 op4 cit4 xliv4 #af74 ,footnote #bah3 ,/4 ,fulg5tius1 ,de fide1 #bg 7,migne1 op4 cit4 lxv4 #gja74 ,footnote #bai3 ,wall1 ,hi/ory ( ,infant-,baptism1 i4 #dfj sq4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,ibid4 i4 #dfb1 #dfh4 ,lu!r & 8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 speak m d\btfully ab\t ! efficacy ( ! p>5ts' unrealis$ int5tion1 & lay mu* /ress on actual baptism 7ibid4 i4 #dfi74 ,footnote #bba3 ,augsburg ,confession1 i4 #i4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,pr5tiss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eej4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,calv91 ,in/itutio ,*ri/iana religionis1 iv4 #ae4 #aj1 vol4 ii4 #cga4 ,norton1 ,tracts conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #agi sqq4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,calv91 op4 cit4 iv4 #af4 #i1 vol4 ii4 #chc sq4 ,wall1 op4 cit4 i4 #dfi4 ,&]son1 ',introductory ,essay1' to ,logan's ,words ( ,com=t = ,p>5ts b]eav$ ( ,little ,*ildr51 p4 xxi4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,toplady1 ,works1 p4 #fde sq4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,hodge1 ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 i4 #bf sq4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,pr5tiss1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eei4 ,see also ,&]son1 loc4 cit4 p4 xxiii4 ,9 ord] fully to realise ! true import ( ! dogma ( damnation x is necess>y to consid] ! puni%m5t 9 /ore = ! condemn$4 ,! imm5se bulk ( ! ,*ri/ians h always reg>d$ hell & its agonies z mat]ial facts4#bbh ,orig51 :o 0 a ,platoni/ & an h]etic on _m po9ts1 0 sev]ely c5sur$ = say+ t ! fire ( hell 0 inw>d & ( ! consci5ce r ?an outw>d & ( ! body2#bbi & 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages ,scotus ,erig5a %[$ unusual audacity 9 que/ion+ ! locality ( hell & ! mat]ial tortures ( ! condemn$4#bcj ,! puni%m5t is burn+--a p5alty :i* ev5 9 ! mo/ b>b>ic codes is res]v$ = ! v grave/ crimes2 & "s great div9es1 l ,j]emy ,taylor & ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 h be5 anxi\s to po9t out t ! fire ( hell is inf9itely m pa9ful ?an any fire on e>?1 be+ fi]ce en\gh to melt ! v rocks & elem5ts4#bca ,?is awful puni%m5t also exce$s 9 dreadfulness any?+ :i* ev5 ! mo/ vivid imag9ation c conceive1 because x w la/ n = a pass+ mom5t1 #gbd nor = a ye> or a hundr$1 ?\s&1 million1 or milli>d ye>s1 b = ev] & ev]4 ,9 case any d\bt %\ld arise z reg>ds ! physical capacity ( ! damn$ to )/& ! heat1 we are assur$ by "s mod]n !ologians t _! bodies w be anneal$ l glass or asbe/os-l or ( ! nature ( salam&]s4#bcb ,?is1 !n1 is ! future /ate ( ! l>ge majority ( m51 q indep5d5tly ( any fault ( _! own1 or ( ! degree ( _! guilt4#bcc ,x w\ld seem t ev5 ! felicity ( ! few :o are sav$ mu/ be s]i\sly impair$ by _! contemplation ( ?is endless & undescribable mis]y1 b we are told t ! case is j ! rev]se4 ,!y become z m]ciless z _! god4 ,?omas ,aqu9as says t a p]fect sight ( ! puni%m5t ( ! damn$ is grant$ to !m t !y may enjoy _! beatitude & ! grace ( ,god m ri*ly4#bcd ,& ! ,puritans1 especially1 h revell$ 9 ! idea t ! sight ( hell torm5ts w exalt ! happ9ess ( ! sa9ts = ev]1 z a s5se ( ! opposite mis]y always increases ! reli% ( any pleasure4#bce ,footnote #bbh3 ,alg]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eaf4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,ibid4 p4 #eaf4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix4 #hh1 n4 k4 ,footnote #bca3 ,alg]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eaf sq4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,alg]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eah1 #ebj4 ,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 xxi4 #b sqq4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,= ! numb]s ( s\ls suppos$ to be lo/ see ,alg]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecj sqq4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om 7,9 ,acta ,apo/olorum ,homil4 ,,xxiv4 #d 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,graeca1 lx4 #ahi7 d\bt$ :e!r out ( ! _m ?\s&s ( s\ls con/itut+ ! ,*ri/ian population ( ,antio* 9 8 day "o hundr$ w\ld be sav$4 ,& at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a ,hi/ory ,pr(essor at ,ox=d publi%$ a book to prove t n "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s& 7nay probably n "o 9 a million7 f ,adam d[n to our times1 %all be sav$ 7,du-,m\l91 ,moral ,reflections ^u ! ,numb] ( ! ,elect1 title page74 ,footnote #bcd3 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa !ologica1 iii4 ,supplem5tum1 qu4 xciv4 #a4 #b 7,migne1 op4 cit4 ,s]4 ,secunda1 iv4 #acic74 ,footnote #bce3 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ,works1 vii4 #dhj4 ,alg]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eda4 ,9 ! pres5t times !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy among ,*ri/ian !ologians to humanise some:at ! doctr9es ( ! future life4#bcf ,b if ,*ri/ianity is to be judg$ f ! dogmas :i* almo/ f its beg9n+ until q rec5t times h be5 recognis$ by ! imm5se majority ( its adh]5ts1 x mu/ be admitt$ t its #gbe conception ( a heav5ly ,fa!r & ,judge has be5 utt]ly inconsi/5t ) all ord9>y notions ( goodness & ju/ice4 ,calv9 himself av[$ t ! decree accord+ to :i* ! fall ( ,adam involv$1 )\t rem$y1 9 et]nal dea? s _m nations toge!r ) _! infant *ildr51 0 a horrible "o4 ,b1 he adds1 no "o c d5y t ,god =eknew ! future f9al fate ( man be=e he creat$ him1 & t he did =ekn[ x because x 0 appo9t$ by 8 own decree4#bcg ,footnote #bcf3 ,?us ! doctr9e ( endless torm5ts is oppos$ by a consid]able numb] ( !ologians 7,alg]1 op4 cit4 p4 #edf71 &1 if held1 is n practically taught by ! va/ majority ( ! ,engli% cl]gy 7,/anley1 op4 cit4 p4 #id74 ,footnote #bcg3 ,calv91 op4 cit4 iii4 #bc4 #g1 vol4 ii4 #aea4 ,l ,*ri/ianity1 ,muhamm$anism adorns its godhead ) ! highe/ moral attributes & at ! same "t ascribes to him decrees & actions :i* flatly contradict ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y notions ( human ju/ice4 ,! god ( ,islam is address$ z ! compassionate & m]ciful2 b 8 love is re/rict$ to ^? :o fe>1#bch & 8 m]cy c only be ga9$ by t submissiv5ess or self-surr5d] :i* is indicat$ by ! v "n ( ,islam4 ,he dem&s a righte\s life1 he puni%es ! wrongdo] & rew>ds ! *>itable4#bci ,?r\gh 8 ,prophet he has reveal$ to mank9d bo? ! rules ( morality & ! elem5ts ( a social sy/em conta9+ m9ute regulations = a man's conduct 9 v>i\s circum/ances ( life1 ) due rew>ds or p5alties accord+ to 8 fulfilm5t ( ^! regulations4#bdj ,! :ole con/itution ( ! ,/ate has on x a div9e /amp2 z an ,arab prov]b says1 c\ntry & religion are tw9s4#bda ,b =emo/ among duties is to believe 9 ,god & 8 ,prophet4 ,god1 x is said1 does n p>don poly!ism & infidelity1 b ,he c1 if ,he wille?1 p>don o!r crimes4#bdb ,& ! pill>s ( religion are ! five duties ( recit+ ! ,kalimah or cre$1 ( p]=m+ ! five /at$ daily pray]s1 ( fa/+--especially 9 ! mon? ( ,ramad4n1--( giv+ ! legal alms1 & ( mak+ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4#bdc ,^! duties are bas$ on cle> #gbf s5t5ces ( ! ,koran1 b ! traditions h rais$ ! mo/ trivial c]emonial obs]vances into duties ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x is true t hypocrisy & =malism )\t devotion 7 /rongly condemn$ by ,muhamm$4 ,righte\sness1 he said1 is n t ye turn y\r faces t[>ds ! ,ea/ or ! ,we/1 b righte\sness is1 "o :o believes 9 ,god1 & ! la/ day1 & ! angels1 & ! ,book1 & ! prophets1 & :o gives weal? = ,8 love to k9dr$1 & orphans1 & ! poor1 & ! son ( ! road1 & begg>s1 & ^? 9 captivity2 & :o is /eadfa/ 9 pray]1 & gives alms2 & ^? :o are sure ( _! cov5ant :5 !y make a cov5ant2 & ! pati5t 9 pov]ty1 & di/ress1 & 9 "t ( viol5ce2 ^! are !y :o are true1 & ^! are ^? :o fe>4#bdd ,yet 9 ,muhamm$anism1 z 9 o!r rituali/ic religions1 ! *ief importance is practically atta*$ to ! punctual p]=mance ( outw>d c]emonies1 & ! virtue ( pray] is made dep5d5t ^u an ablution4#bde ,9 ! future life ! felicity or suff]+ ( ea* p]son w be proportionate to 8 m]its or dem]its1#bdf b ! admittance into p>adise dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place on fai?4 ,^? :o believe1 & act righte\sly1 & are /eadfa/ 9 pray]1 & give alms1 !irs is _! hire ) _! ,"l4#bdg ,^? :o h ackn[l$g$ ! fai? ( ,islam & yet act$ wick$ly w be puni%$ 9 hell = a c]ta9 p]iod1 b w f9ally ent] p>adise4#bdh ,z reg>ds ! future /ate ( c]ta9 infidels ! ,koran conta9s contradictory /atem5ts4 ,9 "o place x is said1 ,v]ily1 :e!r x be ( ^? :o believe1 or ^? :o are ,jews or ,*ri/ians or ,sabaeans1 :osoev] believe 9 ,god & #gbg ! la/ day & act aright1 !y h _! rew>d at _! ,"l's h&1 & !re is no fe> = !m1 nor %all !y grieve4#bdi ,b ?is passage is consid]$ to h be5 abrogat$ by ano!r :]e x is /at$ t :oso desires any o!r religion ?an ,islam %all 9 ! next _w be among ! lo/4#bej ,! puni%m5ts inflict$ ^u unbeliev]s are no less horrible ?an ! torm5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian hell4 ,yet 9 "o po9t ! ,muhamm$an doctr9e ( ! future life is m m]ciful ?an ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! *ildr5 ( believ]s w all g to p>adise1 & ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s are g5]ally suppos$ to escape hell4 ,"s ?9k !y w be 9 ,a7rf1 a place situat$ betwe5 heav5 & hell2 :il/ o!rs ma9ta9 t !y w be s]vants to ! true believ]s 9 p>adise4#bea ,footnote #bch3 ,koran1 iii4 #gj4 ,footnote #bci3 ,supra1 i4 #eec4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,cf4 ,muir1 ,life ( ,mahomet1 iii4 #bie sq42 ,lane-,poole1 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #bda3 ,sell1 ,fai? ( ,islm1 pp4 #ai1 #ci4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,ibid4 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,ibid4 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,koran1 ii4 #agb4 ,footnote #bde3 ,cf4 ,polak1 ,p]si51 i4 #i2 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iv4 #bhd sq42 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 i4 #ie sq4 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bca4 ,lane-,poole1 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,koran1 ii4 #bgg4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,lane1 op4 cit4 i4 #ie4 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbh4 ,! ,mu7tazilas1 h[ev]1 tea* t ! ,muslim :o ent]s hell w rema9 !re = ev]4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! p]son :o1 hav+ committ$ great s9s1 dies unrep5tant1 ?\gh n an infidel1 ceases to be a believ]1 & h5ce suff]s z ! infidels d1 ?\gh ! puni%m5t is light] ?an t :i* an infidel receives 7,sell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbi1 #bda74 ,footnote #bdi3 ,koran1 ii4 #ei4 ,footnote #bej3 ,ibid4 iii4 #gi4 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #cei sq4 ,footnote #bea3 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjd sq4 ,! =malism ( ,muhamm$an or?odoxy has f "t to "t call$ =? prote/s f m9ds ) deep] aspirations4 ,! e>li] ,muhamm$an my/ics s\ght to imp>t life to ! rigid ritual2#beb & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,bbism revolt$ aga9/ or?odox ,islam1 oppos+ bigotry & enjo9+ fri5dly int]c\rse ) p]sons ( all religions4#bec ,at pres5t !re are "s lib]al ,muhamm$ans :o set aside ! s*ola/ic tradition1 ma9ta9 ! "r ( private int]pretation ( ! ,koran1 & w>mly uphold ! adaptability ( ,islam to ! mo/ advanc$ ideas ( civilisation4#bed ,to !m ,muhamm$'s mission 0 *iefly t ( a moral re=m]4 ,9 ,islam1 says ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali1 ! s]vice ( man & ! good ( humanity con/itute pre-em95tly ! s]vice & wor%ip ( ,god4#bee ,footnote #beb3 ,ibid4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bec3 ,ibid4 p4 #acf sqq4 ,footnote #bed3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$1 passim4 ,idem1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 passim4 ,cf4 ,lane-,poole1 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 p4 #cbd2 ,sell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aih sq4 ,footnote #bee3 ,ame] ,ali1 ,e?ics ( ,islm1 p4 #c sq4 ,idem1 ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #bgd4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i %all try to expla9 ! *ief facts n[ set =? relat+ to gods z gu>dians ( 9999worldly morality4 ,,*apt] ,,lii ,,gods ,,z ,,gu>dians ,,( ,,morality 7conclud$7 ,,we h se5 t ! gods ( uncivilis$ races are to a v l>ge ext5t ( a malevol5t "*1 t !y z a rule take little int]e/ 9 any k9d ( human conduct :i* does n affect _! own welf>e1 & t1 if !y %[ any signs ( moral feel+s1 !y may be gu>dians ei!r ( tribal cu/oms 9 g5]al or only ( "s special bran* ( morality4 ,among peoples ( a high] culture1 aga91 ! gods are on ! :ole b5evol5t to mank9d1 :5 duly propitiat$4 ,!y by pref]5ce res5t (f5ces committ$ aga9/ !mselves p]sonally2 b !y also av5ge social wrongs ( v>i\s k9ds1 !y are sup]9t5d5ts ( human ju/ice1 & are ev5 repres5t$ z ! orig9ators & su/a9]s ( ! :ole moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,! gods h ?us exp]i5c$ a gradual *ange = ! bett]2 until at la/ !y are describ$ z ideals ( moral p]fection1 ev5 ?\gh1 :5 m closely scrut9is$1 _! goodness & notions ( ju/ice are f\nd to diff] mat]ially f :at is deem$ good & j 9 ! case ( m54 ,! malevol5ce ( savage gods is 9 accordance ) ! !ory t religion is born ( fe>4 ,! assum$ orig9ators ( mis=tunes 7 naturally reg>d$ z enemies to be propitiat$1 :il/ =tunate ev5ts1 if attract+ suffici5t att5tion & appe>+ suffici5tly m>vell\s to sugge/ a sup]natural cause1 7 commonly ascrib$ to be+s :o 7 too good to require #gbi wor%ip4 ,b gr[+ reflection has a t5d5cy to attribute m amiable qualities to ! gods4 ,! religi\s consci\sness ( m5 becomes less exclusively occupi$ ) ! hurts !y suff]1 & comes m & m to reflect ^u ! b5efits !y enjoy4 ,! activity ( a god :i* displays itself 9 a c]ta9 ph5om5on1 or gr\p ( ph5om5a1 appe>s to !m on "s occasions z a s\rce ( evil1 b on o!r occasions z a s\rce ( good2 h5ce ! god is reg>d$ z p>tly malevol5t1 p>tly b5evol5t1 & 9 all circum/ances z a be+ :o mu/ n be neglect$4 ,moreov]1 a god :o is by nature h>mless or good may by prop] wor%ip be induc$ to assi/ man 9 8 /ruggle aga9/ evil spirits4#a ,?is protective function ( gods becomes p>ticul>ly important :5 ! god is m or less disassociat$ f ! natural ph5om5on 9 :i* he orig9ally manife/$ himself4 ,no?+1 inde$1 seems to h contribut$ m t[>ds ! improvem5t ( nature gods ?an ! expansion ( _! sph]e ( activity4 ,:5 sup]natural be+s c ex]t _! p[] 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( life1 m5 naturally *oose = _! gods ^? among !m :o ) great p[] comb9e ! greate/ b5evol5ce4 ,m5 h select$ _! gods accord+ to _! usefulness4 ,among ! ,maoris a m]e trifle1 or natural casualty1 w induce a native 7or a :ole tribe7 to *ange 8 ,atua4#b ,! negro1 :5 disappo9t$ 9 "s ( 8 speculations1 or ov]tak5 by "s sad calamity1 ?r[s away 8 feti%1 & selects a new "o4#c ,:5 h>d-press$1 ! ,samoy$e1 aft] invok+ 8 own deities 9 va91 addresses himself to ! ,russian god1 promis+ to become 8 wor%ipp] if he relieves him f 8 di/ress2 & 9 mo/ cases he is said to be fai?ful to 8 promise1 ?\gh he may /ill try to keep on good t]ms ) 8 =m] gods by occasionally #gcj (f]+ !m a sacrifice 9 secret4#d ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians attribute all _! good or bad luck to _! ,manit\1 & if ! ,manit\ has n be5 fav\rable to !m1 !y quit him )\t any c]emony1 & take ano!r4#e ,among _m ( ! anci5t ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica !re 0 a regul> & sy/ematical selection ( gods4 ,fa!r ,blas ,val]a says t _! gods _h annual rotations & 7 *ang$ ea* ye> 9 accordance ) ! sup]/itions ( ! p4 ,! old gods 7 =sak5 z infam\s1 or because !y _h be5 ( no use1 & o!r gods & demons 7 elect$4 4 4 4 ,sons :5 !y inh]it$1 ei!r accept$ or repudiat$ ! gods ( _! fa!rs1 = !y 7 n all[$ to hold _! pre-em95ce aga9/ ! w ( ! heir4 ,old m5 wor%ipp$ o!r great] deities1 b !y likewise de?ron$ !m1 & set up o!rs 9 _! places :5 ! ye> 0 ov]1 or ! age ( ! _w1 z ! ,indians _h x4 ,su* 7 ! gods :i* all ! nations ( ,mexico1 ,*iapa1 & ,guatemala wor%ipp$1 z well z ^? ( ,v]a ,paz1 & _m o!r ,indians4 ,!y ?\ght t ! gods select$ by !mselves 7 ! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful ( all ! gods4#f ,^! are crude in/ances ( a process :i* 9 "s =m or o!r mu/ h be5 an important motive =ce 9 religi\s evolution by mak+ ! gods bett] suit$ to meet ! wants ( _! believ]s4 ,footnote #a3 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 p4 #afb 7,niase74 ,h[>d1 ,life ) ,trans-,sib]ian ,savages1 p4 #aib 7,a9u74 ,georgi1 ,russia1 iii4 #bgc sq4 7%amani/ic peoples ( ,sib]ia74 ,bu*1 ',die ,wotjak51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xii4 #fcc4 ,supra1 ii4 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd sq4 ,footnote #b3 ,polack1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 #bcc4 ,footnote #c3 ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #d3 ,ahlqvi/1 ',unt] ,wogul5 und ,o/jak51' 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5nic1 xiv4 #bdj4 ,footnote #e3 ,bossu1 ,travels ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 p4 #ajc4 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #f3 ,blas ,val]a1 quot$ by ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 i4 #abd sq4 ,b m5 n only select z _! gods su* sup]natural be+s z may be mo/ useful to !m 9 _! /ruggle = life1 !y also magnify _! good qualities 9 wor%ipp+ !m4 ,praise & exagg]at+ eulogy are common 9 ! m\? ( a dev\t wor%ipp]4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt ! god ( ea* petty /ate 0 )9 x held to be ! rul] ( ! gods1 ! creator ( ! _w1 & ! giv] ( all good ?+s4#g ,s also 9 ,*aldea ! god ( #gca a t[n 0 address$ by its inhabitants ) ! mo/ exalt$ epi!ts1 z ! ma/] or k+ ( all ! gods4#h ,! ,v$ic poets 7 engross$ 9 ! praise ( ! p>ticul> deity !y happ5$ to be invok+1 exagg]at+ 8 attributes to ! po9t ( inconsi/5cy4#i ,e virtue1 e excell5ce1 says ,hume1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! div9ity1 & no exagg]ation w be deem$ suffici5t to rea* ^? p]fections ) :i* he is end[$4#aj ,! t5d5cy ( ! wor%ipp] to extol 8 god beyond all measure is l>gely due to ! idea t ! god is fond ( praise1#aa b x may also be root$ 9 a s9c]e w to believe or 9 g5u9e admiration4 ,t nations ( a high] culture h especially a /rong fai? 9 ! p[] & b5evol5ce ( _! gods is easy to und]/& :5 we consid] t ^! are exactly ! peoples :o h be5 mo/ successful 9 _! national endeav\rs4#ab ,z ! ,greeks attribut$ _! victory ov] ! ,p]sians to ! assi/ance ( ,zeus1#ac s ! ,romans ma9ta9$ t ! gr&eur ( _! city 0 ! "w ( ! gods :om !y _h propitiat$ by sacrifices4#ad ,footnote #g3 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #h3 ,mrdt]-,delitzs*1 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #i3 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology1 p4 #af sq4 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bf4 ,hopk9s1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #aj3 ,hume1 ,philosophical ,works1 iv4 #cec4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see supra1 ii4 #fec sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cf4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 p4 #bha2 ,macdonell1 op4 cit4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ac3 ,supra1 ii4 #gac4 ,footnote #ad3 ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 iii4 #b4 ,! b5evol5ce ( a god1 h[ev]1 does n imply t he acts z a moral judge4 ,a fri5dly god is n g5]ally suppos$ to be/[ 8 fav\rs gratuit\sly2 x is h>dly probable1 !n1 t he %\ld m$dle ) matt]s ( social morality out ( %e] k9dl9ess & ( 8 own accord4 ,b by an invocation he may be induc$ to rew>d virtue & puni% vice4 ,we h (t5 notic$ h[ closely ! retributive activity ( gods is connect$ ) ! bless+s & curses ( m54 ,9 ord] to give efficacy to _! good or evil wi%es m5 appeal to "s god1 or simply br+ 9 8 "n :5 !y pron\nce a bless+ or a curse2 & if ?is is regul>ly done 9 connection ) "s p>ticul> k9d ( conduct1 ! idea may gr[ up t ! god rew>ds or puni%es x ev5 indep5d5tly ( #gcb any human invocation4 ,moreov]1 p[]ful curses1 z ^? utt]$ by p>5ts or /rang]s1 may be p]sonifi$ z sup]natural be+s1 l ! ,greek ,er9yes2 or ! magic en]gy inh]5t 9 a bless+ or a curse may become an attribute ( ! *ief god1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( su* a god to attract sup]natural =ces :i* are 9 h>mony ) 8 g5]al nature4#ae ,s also1 ! notion ( a p]secut+ gho/ may be *ang$ into ! notion ( an av5g+ god4#af ,v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( social morality h ?us come to be plac$ "u ! sup]vision ( gods3 ! rights ( life#ag & prop]ty1#ah *>ity#ai & hospitality1#bj ! submissiv5ess ( *ildr51#ba tru?speak+ & fidelity to a giv5 promise4#bb ,t gods are s frequ5tly look$ ^u z gu>dians ( tru? & good fai? is1 z we h se51 ma9ly a result ( ! common practice ( confirm+ a /atem5t or promise by an oa?2 & :]e ! oa? is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! judicial proce$+s1 z 0 ! case 9 ! ar*aic ,/ate1#bc ! consequ5ce is t ! gu>dian%ip ( gods is ext5d$ to ! :ole sph]e ( ju/ice4 ,tru? & ju/ice are repeat$ly m5tion$ h& 9 h& z matt]s ( div9e conc]n4 ,we h se5 h[ frequ5tly ! same gods z are appeal$ to 9 oa?s or ordeals are describ$ z judges ( human conduct4#bd ,en gypte1 says ,m4 ,aml9eau1 la vrit et la ju/ice n'avai5t qu'un seul et mme nom1 ,mt1 qui veut aussi bi5 dire vrit que ju/ice1 et ju/ice que vrit4#be ,zeus presid$ ov] assemblies & trials2#bf accord+ to a law ( ,solon1 ! judges ( ,a!ns _h to swe> by him4#bg ,& ! ,er9yes1 ! p]sonifications ( oa?s & curses1 are sometimes repres5t$ by poets & philosoph]s z gu>dians ( "r 9 g5]al4#bh ,footnote #ae3 ,see supra1 ii4 #fh4 ,footnote #af3 ,supra1 i4 #cgh sq4 ,footnote #ag3 ,supra1 i4 #cgi sqq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,supra1 ii4 #ei sqq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,supra1 i4 #efa sqq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,supra1 i4 #egh sqq4 ,footnote #ba3 ,supra1 i4 #fba sqq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,supra1 ii4 #aad sqq4 ,footnote #bc3 ,lei/1 ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,supra1 ii4 #aae1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abb1 #fhf1 #fhg1 #fii4 ,footnote #be3 ,aml9eau1 ,l'volution des ides morales dans l'gypte anci5ne1 p4 #ahg4 ,see also supra1 ii4 #aae1 #fii4 ,footnote #bf3 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #eh4 ,footnote #bg3 ,pollux1 ,onoma/icum1 viii4 #ab4 #adb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bdf4 #gcc ,x has be5 said t :5 m5 ascribe to _! gods a m5tal con/itution simil> to _! own !y also eo ipso consid] !m to approve ( virtue & disapprove ( vice4#bi ,b ?is conclusion is c]ta9ly n true 9 g5]al4 ,malevol5t gods _c be suppos$ to feel emotions :i* ess5tially presuppose altrui/ic s5tim5ts2 &1 z we h j notic$1 an invocation is frequ5tly requir$ to induce b5evol5t gods to int]f]e ) ! worldly affairs ( m54 ,moreov]1 :]e ! sy/em ( private retaliation prevails1 n ev5 ! ext5sion ( human analogies to ! _w ( sup]natural be+s w\ld lead to ! idea ( a god :o ( 8 own accord puni%es social wrongs4 ,b x is q probable t su* analogies h 9 "s cases made gods gu>dians ( morality at l>ge1 especially ance/or gods :o may readily be suppos$ n only to pres]ve _! old feel+s ) reg>d to virtue & vice b also to take a m active int]e/ 9 ! morals ( ! liv+1 & :o are notori\sly oppos$ to any deviation f anci5t cu/om4#cj ,i also admit t ! conception ( a great or supreme god may p]haps1 indep5d5tly ( 8 orig91 involve retributive ju/ice z a natural consequ5ce ( 8 p[] & b5evol5ce t[>ds 8 p4 ,yet x is obvi\s t ev5 a god l ,zeus 0 m influ5c$ by ! invocation ( a suppliant ?an by 8 s5se ( ju/ice4 ,dr4 ,f>nell po9ts out t ! epi!ts :i* designate him z ! god to :om ^? /rick5 ) guilt c appeal are f> m 9 vogue 9 actual ,greek cult ?an ^? :i* attribute to him ! function ( v5geance & retribution4#ca ,h]mes 0 address$ by ?ieves z _! patron4#cb ,accord+ to ! ,talmud ! ?ief invokes ,god :ile he breaks into ! h\se4#cc ,& ! ,italian b&it begs ! ,virg9 h]self to bless 8 endeav\rs4 ,footnote #bi3 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #bcb sq4 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #ie4 ,tiele1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 i4 #ib sq4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see supra1 ii4 #eai sq4 ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #cfi2 ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my?1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #ca3 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #ff sq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,s*midt1 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 i4 #acf4 ,footnote #cc3 ,deuts*1 ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #eg4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ aga9 rememb] t m5 #gcd ascribe to _! gods n only ord9>y human qualities b excell5ces ( v>i\s k9ds1 & among ^! may also be a /rong desire to puni% wick$ness & to rew>d virtue4 ,! gods ( mono!i/ic religions 9 p>ticul> h su* a multitude ( ! mo/ elevat$ attributes t x w\ld be highly a/oni%+ if !y _h rema9$ unconc]n$ ab\t ! morals ( mank9d4 ,if flatt]y & admiration make ! deity all-wise1 all-p[]ful1 all-good1 !y also make him ! supreme judge ( human conduct4 ,& !re is yet ano!r reason = inve/+ him ) ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,! claims ( ju/ice are n fully satisfi$ on ?is e>?1 :]e x only too (t5 happ5s t virtue is left unrew>d$ & vice escapes unpuni%$1 t "r succumbs & wrong triumphs2 h5ce p]sons ) deep moral feel+s & a religi\s or philosophical b5t ( m9d are apt to look = a future adju/m5t ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! deity1 :o alone c repair ! evils & inju/ices ( ! pres5t4 ,?is dem& ( f9al retribution is sometimes s /rongly develop$ t x ev5 leads to ! belief 9 a deity :5 no o!r pro( ( 8 exi/5ce is f\nd conv9c+4 ,kant ma9ta9$ t we mu/ po/ulate a future life 9 :i* ev]ybody's happ9ess is proportionate to 8 virtue1 & t su* a po/ulate involves ! belief 9 a ,god ( inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness :o gov]ns ! moral z well z ! physical _w4 ,n ev5 ,voltaire c\ld rid himself ( ! notion ( a rew>d+ & av5g+ deity1 :om1 if he did n exi/1 x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t4 ,! belief 9 a god :o acts z a gu>dian ( 9999worldly morality und\bt$ly gives emphasis to its rules4 ,to ! social & legal sanctions a new "o is add$1 :i* d]ives p>ticul> /r5g? f ! sup]natural p[] & k ( ! deity4 ,! div9e av5g] c puni% ^? :o are beyond ! rea* ( human ju/ice & ^? ^: secret wrongs ev5 escape ! c5sure ( _! fell[ m54 ,b on ! o!r h& !re are also c]ta9 circum/ances :i* consid]ably detract f ! #gce influ5ce ( ! religi\s sanction :5 comp>$ ) o!r sanctions ( morality4 ,! suppos$ puni%m5ts & rew>ds ( ! future life h ! disadvantage ( be+ conceiv$ z v remote2 & fe> & hope decrease 9 inv]se ratio to ! di/ance ( _! objects4 ,m5 commonly live 9 ! happy illusion t dea? is f> (f1 ev5 ?\gh x 9 reality is v ne>1 h5ce also ! retribution aft] dea? appe>s di/ant & unreal & is comp>atively little ?\ght ( by ! majority ( p :o believe 9 x4 ,moreov]1 !re seems always to be "t left = p5ance & rep5tance4 ,manzoni himself admitt$1 9 8 def5ce ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 t _m p ?9k x an easy matt] to procure t feel+ ( contrition by :i*1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 s9s may be cancell$1 & !re=e enc\rage !mselves 9 ! commission ( crime ?r\gh ! facility ( p>don4 ,! frequ5t assumption t ! moral law w\ld h>dly comm& ob$i5ce )\t ! belief 9 retribution beyond ! grave is contradict$ by an ov]:elm+ array ( facts4 ,we he> f tru/wor?y witnesses t unadult]at$ savages foll[ _! own rules ( morality no less /rictly1 or p]haps m /rictly1 ?an civilis$ p foll[ !irs4 ,nay1 x is a common exp]i5ce t contact ) a high] civilisation ex]cises a det]iorat+ influ5ce ^u ! conduct ( uncultur$ races1 al?\gh we may be sure t ,*ri/ian mission>ies d n fail to imp>t ! doctr9e ( hell to _! savage conv]ts4 ,x has also be5 notic$ t a high degree ( religi\s devotion is frequ5tly accompani$ by great laxity ( morals4 ,( ! ,b$\9s ,mr4 ,blunt writes t1 ) "o or two exceptions1 ! practice ( religion may be tak5 z ! sure index ( l[ morality 9 a tribe4#cd ,wall91 :o _h an intimate & ext5sive k ( ,muhamm$an peoples1 (t5 f\nd t ^? ,muslims :o att5d$ to _! pray]s mo/ regul>ly 7 ! greate/ sc\ndrels4#ce ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable traits #gcf 9 ! "* ( ! ,copts1 says ,lane1 is _! bigotry2 & at ! same "t !y are repres5t$ z deceitful1 fai?less1 & ab&on$ to ! pursuit ( worldly ga91 & to indulg5ce 9 s5sual pleasure4#cf ,among two hundr$ ,italian murd]]s ,f]ri did n f9d "o :o 0 irreligi\s2 & ,naples1 :i* has ! wor/ record ( any ,european city = crimes aga9/ ! p]son1 is also ! mo/ religi\s city 9 ,europe4#cg ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis1 x seems extremely r>e to f9d intellig5tly irreligi\s m5 9 prison2#ch & ,la+1 :o himself 0 any?+ b sceptical1 obs]v$ t !re 0 no c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e !re 0 s mu* morality & s little religion z ,switz]l&4#ci ,mo/ religions conta9 an elem5t :i* con/itutes a real p]il to ! morality ( _! vot>ies4 ,!y h introduc$ a new k9d ( duties--duties t[>ds gods2--&1 z we h notic$ above1 ev5 :]e religion has ent]$ into close union ) worldly morality1 mu* great] importance has be5 atta*$ to c]emonies or wor%ip or ! niceties ( belief ?an to good behavi\r t[>ds fell[ m54 ,p ?9k t !y may make up = lack ( ! latt] by or?odoxy or pi\s p]=mances4 ,a ,*ri/ian bi%op ( ! sev5? c5tury1 :o 0 canonis$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 describ$ a good ,*ri/ian z a man :o comes frequ5tly to *ur*2 :o pres5ts ! oblation :i* is (f]$ to ,god ^u ! alt>2 :o do? n ta/e ( ! fruits ( 8 own indu/ry until he has consecrat$ a "p ( !m to ,god2 :o1 :5 ! holy fe/ivals approa*1 lives *a/ely ev5 ) 8 own wife dur+ sev]al days1 t ) a safe consci5ce he may draw ne> ! alt> ( ,god2 & :o1 9 ! la/ place1 c repeat ! ,cre$ & ! ,"l's ,pray]4#dj ,a scrupul\s obs]vance ( ext]nal c]emonies--t is all :i* 9 ?is description is requir$ #gcg ( a good ,*ri/ian4 ,& s9ce !n popul> ideas on ! subject h und]gone b little *ange4 ,smollett obs]ves 9 8 ',travels into ,italy' t x is held m infam\s to transgress ! slighte/ c]emonial in/itution ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ?an to transgress any moral duty2 t a murd]] or adult]] w be easily absolv$ by ! ,*ur*1 & ev5 ma9ta9 8 "* 9 society2 b t a man :o eats a pigeon on a ,saturday is abhorr$ z a mon/] ( reprobation4#da ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,simonde de ,sismondi c\ld write3--,plus *aque homme vicieux a t rguli] obs]v] les comm&em5s de l'glise1 plus il se s5t dans son coeur disp5s de l'obs]vation de cette morale cle/e1 laquelle il faudroit sacrifi] ses p5*ans dpravs4#db ,& h[ _m a ,prote/ant does n imag9e t by go+ to *ur* on ,sundays he c s9 m freely on ! six days betwe54 ,footnote #cd3 ,mr4 ,blunt1 9 ,lady ,anne ,blunt's ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates1 ii4 #bag4 ,footnote #ce3 ,wall91 ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t51 iii4 #aff4 ,footnote #cf3 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 p4 #eea4 ,footnote #cg3 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,crim9al1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid4 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #ci3 ,la+1 ,notes ( a ,travell]1 pp4 #cbc1 #cbd1 #ccc4 ,footnote #dj3 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 i4 #bhb sq4 ,footnote #da3 ,smollett1 quot$ by ,kames1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 iv4 #chj4 ,footnote #db3 ,simonde de ,sismondi1 ,hi/oire des rpubliques itali5nes du moy5-ge1 xvi4 #dai4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! religi\s sanction ( moral rules only too (t5 leads to an ext]nal obs]vance ( ^! rules f purely selfi% motives4 ,*ri/ianity itself has1 ess5tially1 be5 reg>d$ z a means ( ga9+ a bless$ h]eaft]4 ,z = its influ5ce ^u ! moral life ( its adh]5ts ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,hobh\se t its *ief /r5g? lies n 9 its ab/ract doctr9es b 9 ! simple p]sonal foll[+ ( ,*ri/4#dc ,9 moral education example plays a m important "p ?an precept4 ,b ev5 9 ?is respect ,*ri/ianity has un=tunately little reason to boa/ ( its a*ievem5ts4 ,footnote #dc3 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ii4 #aei4 ,,*apt] ,,liii ,,conclusion ,,we h complet$ our task4 ,only a few words w be add$ to emphasise ! lead+ features ( our !ory ( ! moral consci\sness & to po9t out "s g5]al conclusions :i* may be drawn z reg>ds its evolution4 ,our /udy ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! moral ideas 0 divid$ into ?ree ma9 sections4 ,z moral ideas are express$ 9 moral judgm5ts1 we _h to exam9e ! g5]al nature ( bo? ! pr$icates & ! subjects ( su* judgm5ts1 z well z ! moral valuation ( ! *ief bran*es ( conduct ) :i* ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d conc]ns itself4 ,& 9 ea* case our aim 0 n only to describe or analyse b also to expla9 ! ph5om5a :i* came "u our obs]vation4 ,! !ory 0 laid d[n t ! moral concepts1 :i* =m ! pr$icates ( moral judgm5ts1 are ultimately bas$ on moral emotions1 t !y are ess5tially g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to call =? ei!r indignation or approval4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y = u to inve/igate ! nature & orig9 ( ^! emotions1 & subsequ5tly to consid] _! relations to ! v>i\s moral concepts4 ,we f\nd t ! moral emotions belong to a wid] class ( emotions1 :i* may be describ$ z retributive2 t moral disapproval is a k9d ( res5tm5t1 ak9 to #gci ang] & rev5ge1 & t moral approval is a k9d ( retributive k9dly emotion1 ak9 to gratitude4 ,at ! same "t !y diff] f k9dr$ non-moral emotions by _! dis9t]e/$ness1 app>5t imp>tiality1 & flav\r ( g5]ality4 ,z = ! orig9 ( ! retributive emotions1 we may assume t !y h be5 acquir$ by means ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 bo? res5tm5t & retributive k9dly emotion are /ates ( m9d :i* h a t5d5cy to promote ! int]e/s ( ! individuals :o feel !m4 ,?is explanation also applies to ! moral emotions 9 s f> z !y are retributive3 x acc\nts = ! ho/ile attitude ( moral disapproval t[>ds ! cause ( pa91 & = ! fri5dly attitude ( moral approval t[>ds ! cause ( pleasure4 ,our retributive emotions are always reactions aga9/ pa9 or pleasure felt by ourselves2 ?is holds true ( ! moral emotions z well z ( rev5ge & gratitude4 ,b h[ %all we expla9 ^? elem5ts 9 ! moral emotions by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f o!r1 non-moral retributive emotions8 ,fir/1 :y %\ld we1 q dis9t]e/$ly1 feel pa9 evok+ indignation because our neighb\r is hurt1 & pleasure call+ =? approval because he is b5efit$8 ,we notic$ t sympa?y aid$ by ! altrui/ic s5tim5t--sympa?y 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w--t5ds to produce dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions4 ,9 all animal species :i* possess ! altrui/ic s5tim5t 9 "s =m or o!r we may be sure to f9d sympa!tic res5tm5t z its accompanim5t4 ,& ?is s5tim5t may also give rise to dis9t]e/$ retributive k9dly emotion1 ev5 ?\gh x is m readily mov$ by ! sight ( pa9 ?an by ! sight ( pleasure & ?\gh sympa!tic retributive k9dl9ess has a p[]ful rival 9 ! feel+ ( envy4 ,moreov]1 sympa!tic retributive emotions may n only be reactions aga9/ sympa!tic pa9 or pleasure1 b may also be directly produc$ by ! cognition ( ! signs ( res5tm5t or ( ! signs ( retributive k9dl9ess4 ,puni%m5ts & #gdj rew>ds t5d to reproduce ! emotions f :i* !y sprang1 & language communicates retributive emotions by t]ms ( condemnation & by t]ms ( praise4 ,f9ally1 !re are cases ( dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions into :i* sympa?y does n ent] at all--s5tim5tal antipa?ies & lik+s q dis9t]e/$ 9 "*4 ,!re are ?us v>i\s ways 9 :i* dis9t]e/$ retributive emotions may orig9ate4 ,b h[ %all we expla9 ! fact t dis9t]e/$ness toge!r ) app>5t imp>tiality & ! flav\r ( g5]ality h become *>act]i/ics by :i* ! s-call$ moral emotions are di/+ui%$ f o!r retributive emotions8 ,to ?is "q ! foll[+ answ] 0 giv53--,society is ! bir?place ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,! fir/ moral judgm5ts express$ n ! private emotions ( isolat$ individuals b emotions :i* 7 felt by ! community at l>ge4 ,public indignation is ! prototype ( moral disapproval & public approval ! prototype ( moral approbation4 ,& ^! public emotions are *>act]is$ by g5]ality1 individual dis9t]e/$ness1 & app>5t imp>tiality4 ,! moral emotions give rise to a v>iety ( moral concepts1 :i* are 9 diff]5t ways connect$ ) ! emotions f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,?us moral disapproval is at ! bottom ( ! concepts bad1 vice1 & wrong1 ought & duty1 "r & rights1 ju/ice & inju/ice2 :il/ moral approval has l$ to ! concepts good1 virtue1 & m]it4 ,x has1 9 p>ticul>1 be5 ( fundam5tal importance = ! :ole ( our inve/igation to recognise ! true cont5ts ( ! notions ( ought & duty4 ,if ^! concepts 7 unanalysable1 z !y h (t5 be5 repres5t$ to be1 any attempt to expla9 ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! moral ideas w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be a hopeless failure4 ,f ! pr$icates ( moral judgm5ts we proce$$ to consid] _! subjects4 ,g5]ally speak+1 su* judgm5ts are pass$ on conduct or "*1 & #gda all[ance is made = ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* conduct & "* are compos$ 9 proportion z ! moral judgm5t is scrut9is+ & enlight5$4 ,x is only ow+ to ignorance or lack ( due reflection if1 z is (t5 ! case1 moral e/imates are influ5c$ by ext]nal ev5ts :i* are entirely indep5d5t ( ! ag5t's w2 if individuals :o are incapable ( recognis+ any act ( !irs z "r or wrong are treat$ z responsible be+s2 if motives are completely or p>tially disreg>d$2 if little cognisance is tak5 ( =be>ances 9 comp>ison ) acts2 if want ( =esight or want ( self-re/ra9t is ov]look$ :5 ! effect produc$ by x is suffici5tly remote4 ,we 7 also able to expla9 :y moral judgm5ts are pass$ on conduct & "*4 ,?is is due to ! facts t moral judgm5ts spr+ f moral emotions2 t ! moral emotions are retributive emotions2 t a retributive emotion is a reactive attitude ( m9d1 ei!r k9dly or ho/ile1 t[>ds a liv+ be+ 7or some?+ look$ ^u 9 ! light ( a liv+ be+71 reg>d$ z a cause ( pleasure or z a cause ( pa92 & t a liv+ be+ is reg>d$ z a true cause ( pleasure or pa9 only 9 s f> z ?is feel+ is assum$ to be caus$ by its w4 ,x is a circum/ance ( ! greate/ importance t n only moral emotions b non-moral retributive emotions are felt ) ref]5ce to ph5om5a exactly simil> 9 _! g5]al nature to ^? on :i* moral judgm5ts are pass$4 ,h[ c\ld we acc\nt = ?is rem>kable co9cid5ce unless ! moral judgm5ts 7 bas$ on emotions & ! moral emotions 7 retributive emotions ak9 to gratitude & rev5ge8 ,our !ory z to ! nature ( ! moral concepts & emotions is fur!r support$ by ano!r & v compreh5sive set ( facts4 ,9 our discussion ( ! p>ticul> modes ( conduct :i* are subject to moral valuation & ( ! judgm5ts pass$ on !m by diff]5t peoples & 9 diff]5t ages1 ?is !ory has con/antly be5 call$ 9 to expla9 ! data be=e u4 ,x is notewor?y t ! v acts1 =be>ances1 & omissions #gdb :i* are condemn$ z wrong are also apt to call =? ang] & rev5ge1 & t ! acts & =be>ances :i* are prais$ z morally good are apt to call =? gratitude4 ,?is co9cid5ce1 aga91 und\bt$ly be>s te/imony bo? to ! emotional basis ( ! moral concepts & to ! retributive "* ( ! moral emotions4 ,?us ! conclusions arriv$ at 9 ! fir/ section ( ! "w1 :ile help+ to expla9 ! facts m5tion$ 9 ! two o!r sections1 are at ! same "t greatly /r5g!n$ by ^! facts4 ,any attempt to discov] ! nature & orig9 ( ! moral consci\sness mu/ necess>ily take into acc\nt ! moral ideas ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,& ?\gh pa9fully consci\s ( ! incomplet5ess ( ! pres5t treatise1 ,i ?9k ,i may confid5tly ask1 ) ref]5ce to its fundam5tal !sis1 :e!r any o!r !ory ( ! moral consci\sness has ev] be5 subject$ to an equally compreh5sive te/4 ,! g5]al uni=mity ( human nature acc\nts = ! great simil>ities :i* *>act]ise ! moral ideas ( mank9d4 ,b at ! same "t ^! ideas also pres5t radical diff]5ces4 ,a mode ( conduct :i* among "o p is condemn$ z wrong is among ano!r p view$ ) indiff]5ce or reg>d$ z praisewor?y or enjo9$ z a duty4 ,"o reason = ^! v>iations lies 9 diff]5t ext]nal conditions4 ,h>d%ips ( life may lead to ! kill+ ( infants or ab&on+ ( ag$ p>5ts or eat+ ( human bodies2 & necessity & ! =ce ( habit may deprive ^! actions ( ! /igma :i* w\ld o!rwise be atta*$ to !m4 ,economic conditions h influ5c$ moral ideas relat+1 = in/ance1 to slav]y1 lab\r1 & cleanl9ess2 :il/ ! =m ( m>riage & ! op9ions conc]n+ x h be5 l>gely det]m9$ by su* a factor z ! num]ical proportion betwe5 ! sexes4 ,b ! mo/ common diff]5ces ( moral e/imates h und\bt$ly a psy*ical orig94 ,:5 we exam9e ! moral rules ( uncivilis$ races we f9d t !y 9 a v l>ge measure resemble ^? preval5t among nations ( culture4 ,9 e savage #gdc community homicide is prohibit$ by cu/om1 & s is !ft4 ,savages also reg>d *>ity z a duty & praise g5]osity z a virtue--inde$1 _! cu/oms conc]n+ mutual aid are (t5 mu* m /r+5t ?an our own2 & _m uncivilis$ peoples are conspicu\s = _! av]sion to tell+ lies4 ,b at ! same "t !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! reg>d = life1 prop]ty1 tru?1 & ! g5]al wellbe+ ( a neighb\r1 :i* displays itself 9 primitive rules ( morality & t :i* is f\nd among ourselves4 ,savages' prohibitions ( murd]1 !ft1 & deceit1 z also _! injunctions ( *>ity & k9d behavi\r1 h1 broadly speak+1 ref]5ce only to memb]s ( ! same community or tribe4 ,!y c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 an act ( homicide committ$ among _! own p & "o :]e ! victim is a /rang]2 :il/ ! =m] is 9 ord9>y circum/ances disapprov$ (1 ! latt] is 9 mo/ cases all[$ & (t5 consid]$ wor?y ( praise4 ,& ! same ?+ holds true ( !ft & ly+ & o!r injuries4 ,ap>t f ! privileges :i* are grant$ to gue/s1 & :i* are always ( v %ort duration1 a /rang] is 9 e>ly society devoid ( all rights4 ,?is is ! case n only among savages b among nations ( ar*aic culture z well4 ,:5 we f ! l[] races pass to peoples m advanc$ 9 civilisation we f9d t ! social unit has gr[n l>g]1 t ! nation has tak5 ! place ( ! tribe1 & t ! circle ( p]sons )9 :i* ! infliction ( injuries is prohibit$ has ext5d$ accord+ly4 ,b ! old di/9ction betwe5 (f5ces aga9/ compatriots & h>m done to =eign]s rema9s4 ,nay1 x survives to "s ext5t ev5 among ourselves1 z appe>s f ! prevail+ attitude t[>ds w> & ! read9ess ) :i* w>s are wag$4 ,b al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fell[ c\ntryman & a =eign] has n ceas$ to affect ! moral feel+s ( m5 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( mod]n civilisation1 its influ5ce has c]ta9ly be5 decreas+4 ,! doctr9e has be5 set =?1 & has be5 gradually ga9+ gr\nd1 t our duties t[>ds our #gdd fell[ m5 are univ]sal duties1 n re/rict$ by ! limits ( c\ntry or race4 ,^? :o recognise ! emotional orig9 ( ! rules ( duty f9d no difficulty 9 expla9+ all ^! facts4 ,! expansion ( ! comm&m5ts relat+ to neighb\rs co9cides ) ! expansion ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5t4 ,& ! cause ( ?is co9cid5ce at once becomes cle> :5 we consid] t su* comm&m5ts ma9ly spr+ f ! emotion ( sympa!tic res5tm5t1 & t sympa!tic res5tm5t is root$ 9 ! altrui/ic s5tim5t4 ,besides ! ext5sion ( duties t[>ds neighb\rs s z to embrace wid] & wid] circles ( m51 !re is ano!r po9t 9 :i* ! moral ideas ( mank9d h und]gone an important *ange on ! upw>d pa? f savag]y & b>b>ism to civilisation4 ,!y h become m enlight5$4 ,?\gh moral ideas are bas$ ^u emotions1 ?\gh all moral concepts are ess5tially g5]alisations ( t5d5cies 9 c]ta9 ph5om5a to call =? moral approval or disapproval1 ! influ5ce ( intellectual consid]ations ^u moral judgm5ts is naturally v great4 ,all high] emotions are det]m9$ by cognitions--s5sations or ideas2 !y !re=e v>y accord+ z ! cognitions v>y1 & ! nature ( a cognition may v l>gely dep5d ^u reflection or insight4 ,if a p]son tells u an untru? we are apt to feel indignant2 b if1 on due reflection1 we f9d t 8 motive 0 b5evol5t1 = in/ance a desire to save ! life ( ! p]son to :om ! untru? 0 told1 our indignation ceases1 & may ev5 be succe$$ by approval4 ,! *ange ( cognitions1 or ideas1 has ?us produc$ a *ange ( emotions4 ,n[1 ! evolution ( ! moral consci\sness p>tly consi/s 9 its developm5t f ! unreflect+ to ! reflect+ /age1 f ! un5light5$ to ! enlight5$4 ,?is appe>s f ! decreas+ influ5ce ( ext]nal ev5ts ^u moral judgm5ts & f ! gr[+ discrim9ation ) ref]5ce to motives1 neglig5ce1 & o!r factors 9 conduct :i* are c>efully consid]$ by a scrupul\s judge4 ,m p5etrat+ reflection has also r$uc$ #gde ! "p play$ by dis9t]e/$ likes & dislikes 9 ! =mation ( moral ideas4 ,:5 we cle>ly realise t a c]ta9 act is productive ( no real h>m b is condemn$ simply because x causes av]sion or disgu/1 we c h>dly look ^u x z a prop] object ( moral c5sure--unless1 inde$1 its commission is consid]$ to imply a blamable disreg>d = o!r p]sons' s5sibilities4 ,delib]ate res5tm5t1 :e!r moral or non-moral1 is too mu* conc]n$ ) ! w ( ! ag5t to be felt t[>ds a p]son :o obvi\sly nei!r int5ds to (f5d anybody nor is guilty ( culpable ov]sight4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 ! ag5t kn[s t 8 behavi\r is repulsive to o!rs1 he may be consid]$ ju/ifi$ 9 act+ z he does4 ,"s degree ( reflection easily leads to ! notion t s5tim5tal antipa?ies are no suffici5t gr\nd = int]f]+ ) o!r individuals' lib]ty ( action ei!r by puni%+ !m or by subject+ !m to moral c5sure1 provid$ ( c\rse t !y d n 9 an indelicate mann] %ock _! neighb\rs' feel+s4 ,h5ce _m p]sons h rec\rse to utilit>ian pretexts to support moral op9ions or legal enactm5ts :i* h orig9at$ 9 m]e av]sions2 ?us mak+ futile attempts to reconcile old ideas ) ! requirem5ts ( a moral consci\sness :i* is duly influ5c$ by reflection4 ,9 innum]able cases ! v>iations ( moral e/imates are due to diff]5ces ( beliefs4 ,almo/ e *apt] ( ?is "w has borne witness to ! enorm\s influ5ce :i* ! belief 9 sup]natural =ces or be+s or 9 a future /ate has ex]cis$ ^u ! moral ideas ( mank9d1 & has at ! same "t %[n h[ exce$+ly v>i$ ?is influ5ce has be54 ,religion1 or sup]/ition 7z ! case may be71 has on ! "o h& /igmatis$ murd] & suicide1 on ! o!r h& x has comm5d$ human sacrifice & c]ta9 cases ( volunt>y self-de/ruction4 ,x has inculcat$ humanity & *>ity1 b has also l$ to cruel p]secutions ( p]sons embrac+ ano!r cre$4 ,x has emphasis$ ! duty ( tru?speak+1 & has itself be5 a cause ( pi\s fraud4 ,x has promot$ #gdf bo? cleanly habits & fil?9ess4 ,x has enjo9$ lab\r & ab/95ce f lab\r1 sobriety & drunk5ness1 m>riage & celibacy1 *a/ity & temple pro/itution4 ,x has introduc$ a great v>iety ( new duties & virtues1 q diff]5t f ^? :i* are recognis$ by ! moral consci\sness :5 left to itself1 b nev]!less 9 _m cases consid]$ m important ?an any o!r duties or virtues4 ,x seems t ! moral ideas ( uncivilis$ m5 are m affect$ by magic ?an by religion1 & t ! religi\s influ5ce has rea*$ its greate/ ext5sion at c]ta9 /ages ( culture :i*1 ?\gh comp>atively advanc$1 d n include ! highe/ /age4 ,increas+ k less5s ! sph]e ( ! sup]natural1 & ! ascription ( a p]fectly e?ical "* to ! godhead does away ) moral e/imates :i* h sprung f less elevat$ religi\s conceptions4 ,i h "h po9t$ out only ! mo/ g5]al *anges to :i* ! moral ideas h be5 subject 9 ! c\rse ( progressive civilisation2 ! details h be5 dealt ) ea* 9 _! sep>ate place4 ,!re c be no d\bt t *anges also w take place 9 ! future1 & t simil> causes w produce simil> effects4 ,we h e reason to believe t ! altrui/ic s5tim5t w cont9ue to exp&1 & t ^? moral comm&m5ts :i* are bas$ on x w und]go a correspond+ expansion2 t ! influ5ce ( reflection ^u moral judgm5ts w /eadily increase2 t ! influ5ce ( s5tim5tal antipa?ies & lik+s w dim9i%2 & t 9 its relation to morality religion w be increas+ly re/rict$ to emphasis+ ord9>y moral rules1 & less preoccupi$ ) inculcat+ special duties to ! deity4 ,,additional ,,notes ,,to ,,vol4 ,,ii ,p4 #bhg1 n4 #f4--,! connection betwe5 ! ,hebrew ,sabba? & ! moon has be5 fully discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,web/] 9 8 rec5t book1 ,re/ ,days1 *4 viii4 ,p4 #cgg1 n4 #a4--;,9 8 book1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has def9itely sep>at$ exogamy f totemism & !reby1 x is to be hop$1 sav$ u f fur!r speculations ab\t ! totemic orig9 ( ! exogam\s rules4 ,l myself1 ,fraz] ?9ks 7iv4 #aje sqq47 t ^! rules h sprung f an av]sion to ! m>riages ( ne> k94 ,b :il/ my own belief is t ! av]sion to su* m>riages ?r\gh an association ( ideas l$ to ! prohibitions ( m>riage betwe5 memb]s ( ! same clan on acc\nt ( ! notion ( intimacy connect$ ) a common desc5t & a common "n1 ,fraz] is ( op9ion t exogamy 0 delib]ately in/itut$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! sexual unions ( ne> k94 ,to me x seems almo/ inconceivable t ! ext5sive1 cumb]some1 & sometimes v complicat$ in/itution ( exogamy %\ld h be5 inv5t$ simply z a precaution aga9/ unions betwe5 ! ne>e/ relatives4 ,grant+ ! preval5ce ( an av]sion to ! m>riages ( ne> k91 ,fraz] is confront$ ) ! "q h[ x has orig9at$4 ,8 answ] is1 ,we d n "k & x is difficult ev5 to guess4 ,yet he makes a cauti\s attempt to solve ! riddle4 ,he obs]ves 7iv4 #aef sqq47 t ! great sev]ity ) :i* ince/ is g5]ally puni%$ by savages seems to %[ t !y believe x to be a crime :i* endang]s ! :ole community4 ,x may h be5 ?\ght to r5d] ! wom5 ( ! tribe /]ile & to prev5t animals & plants f multiply+2 su* beliefs1 ,fraz] rem>ks1 appe> 9 po9t ( fact to h be5 held by _m races 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b he admits himself t all ! peoples :o are kn[n to hold !m seem to be agricultural1 & t ince/ is 9 p>ticul> suppos$ to h a /]ilis+ effect on ! crops4 ,x is inde$ a poor argum5t to conjecture t a c>eful se>* among ! mo/ primitive exogam\s peoples n[ surviv+1 especially among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 might /ill reveal ! exi/5ce ( a belief 9 ! /]ilis+ or injuri\s effects ( ince/ ^u wom5 g5]ally & p>ticul>ly ^u edible animals & plants4 ,x may also be ask$ if x really is reasonable to presume t an av]sion :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ! sup]/ition m5tion$ c\ld h rema9$ unimpair$ among all ! civilis$ nations ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 if ?is sup]/ition 7 ! root ( ! av]sion to ince/1 we %\ld /ill h to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! sup]/ition itself1 & ?is ,fraz] has n ev5 attempt$ to d4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! abhorr5ce ( ince/ has orig9at$ 9 ! way ,i h sugge/$1 ! sup]/ition :i* he is incl9$ to reg>d z ! cause ( t feel+ is a v natural result ( x or ( ! prohibition to :i* x gave rise4 ,t ?is is ! case is all ! m probable because ! same injuri\s effects z are attribut$ to ince/ are suppos$ to result f o!r sexual irregul>ities z well1 su* z adult]y & =nication 7cf4 supra1 ii4 #dag74 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] also subjects my !ory to a detail$ criticism 7iv4 #if sqq474 ,he admits t !re seems to be "s gr\nd = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a natural av]sion to1 or at lea/ a want ( incl9ation =1 sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons :o h be5 br\ght up closely toge!r #gdh f e>ly y\?2 b he f9ds x difficult to und]/& h[ ?is c\ld h be5 *ang$ into an av]sion to sexual int]c\rse ) p]sons ne> ( k91 & ma9ta9s t1 till ,i expla9 ?is satisfactorily1 ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* ,i support my !ory breaks d[n entirely at ! crucial po9t4 ,= my own "p ,i ?9k t ! transition :i* ,fraz] f9ds s difficult to und]/& is n only possible & natural1 b well-nigh prov$ by an exactly analog\s case ( equally _w-wide occurr5ce & ( /ill great] social importance1 namely1 ! process :i* has l$ to ! association ( all k9ds ( social rights & duties ) k9%ip4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out above 7*4 xxxiv471 ! mat]nal & pat]nal s5tim5ts1 :i* l>gely are at ! bottom ( p>5tal duties & rights1 _c 9 _! simple/ =ms be bas$ on a k ( blood relation%ip1 b respond to /imuli d]iv$ f o!r circum/ances1 notably ! proximity ( ! helpless "y1 t is1 ! ext]nal relation%ip 9 :i* ! (fspr+ f ! beg9n+ /& to ! p>5ts4 ,nor is ! s-call$ filial love 9 ! fir/ in/ance root$ 9 consid]ations ( k9%ip2 x is ess5tially retributive1 ! agreeable feel+ produc$ by b5efits receiv$ mak+ ! individual look ) pleasure & k9dl9ess ^u ! giv]4 ,"h aga9 ! affection is ultimately due to close liv+ toge!r1 & is fur!r /r5g!n$ by x1 z appe>s f ! cool+ effect ( long sep>ation ( *ildr5 f _! p>5ts4 ,s also frat]nal love & ! duties & rights :i* h sprung f x dep5d 9 ! fir/ place on o!r circum/ances ?an ! idea ( a common blood2 & ! same may be said ( ! tie :i* b9ds toge!r relatives m remotely alli$4 ,its social =ce is ultimately d]iv$ f ne> relatives' habit ( liv+ toge!r4 ,m5 became greg>i\s by rema9+ 9 ! circle :]e !y 7 born2 if1 in/ead ( keep+ toge!r ) _! k9dr$1 !y _h pref]r$ to isolate !mselves or to unite ) /rang]s1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be no blood-bond at all4 ,! mutual atta*m5t & ! social rights & duties :i* result$ f ?is greg>i\s condition 7 associat$ ) ! relation 9 :i* memb]s ( ! gr\p /ood to "o ano!r--! relation ( k9%ip z express$ by a common "n--& ^! associations might la/ ev5 aft] ! local tie 0 brok51 be+ kept up by ! common "n 7supra1 ii4 #bjc74 ,"h we h an imm5se gr\p ( facts :i*1 ?\gh ultimately dep5d+ ^u close liv+ toge!r1 h be5 int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( k9%ip4 ,:y1 !n1 c\ld n ! same h be5 ! case ) ! av]sion to ince/ & ! prohibitory rules result+ f x8 ,!y really pres5t a mo/ /rik+ analogy to ! in/ances j m5tion$4 ,!y h be5 associat$ ) k9%ip because ne> relatives normally live toge!r4 ,!y h come to include relatives m remotely alli$ :o d n live toge!r1 ow+ to an association ( ideas1 especially ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a common "n2 clan exogamy has its c\nt]p>t1 = in/ance1 9 ! blood feud z a duty incumb5t on ! :ole clan4 ,b !re are also cases 9 :i* m>riages betwe5 unrelat$ p]sons :o h be5 br\ght up toge!r 9 ! same family1 or :o belong to ! same local gr\p1 are held blamable or are actually prohibit$2 & s !re are1 ev5 9 e>ly society1 social rights & duties :i* are associat$ n ) a common desc5t b ) close liv+ toge!r4 ,fraz] asks3 ,if ! root ( ! :ole matt] is a horror ( m>riage betwe5 p]sons :o h always liv$ ) ea* o!r1 h[ comes x t at ! pres5t day t horror has be5 weak5$ into a m]e g5]al pref]5ce = m>riage ) p]sons ^: attractions h n be5 blunt$ by long famili>ity8 4 4 4 ,:y %\ld ! m>riage ( a bro!r ) a si/]1 or ( a "m ) a son1 excite ! deepe/ dete/ation1 4 4 4 :ile ! orig9 ( x all1 ! m>riage betwe5 h\semates1 %\ld excite at mo/ a mild surprise too slight probably to sugge/ ev5 a subject = a f>ce1 & %\ld be z legitimate 9 ! eye ( ! law among all civilis$ nations z any o!r m>riage8 ,= my own "p1 ,i believe t m>riage betwe5 a man & 8 fo/]-daught] or betwe5 a fo/]-bro!r #gdi & a fo/]-si/]1 9 case ! social relations betwe5 !m h be5 exactly simil> to ^? ( blood-relatives ( correspond+ degrees1 w\ld cause m ?an a mild surprise1 & appe> unnatural & objectionable4 ,z ,i h said above 7ii4 #cge71 ,i d n d5y t unions betwe5 ! ne>e/ blood-relatives inspire a horror ( _! own1 b x seems q natural t !y %\ld d s consid]+ t f e>lie/ times ! av]sion to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons liv+ closely toge!r has be5 express$ 9 prohibitions aga9/ unions betwe5 k9dr$4 ,nor c x be a matt] ( surprise t ! prohibitory rules s commonly ref] to m>riages ( k9dr$ alone4 ,law only takes into acc\nt g5]al & well-def9$ cases1 & h5ce relation%ips ( "s k9d or o!r betwe5 p]sons :o are ne>ly always k9dr$ are def9$ 9 t]ms ( blood-relation%ip4 ,?is is true n only ( ! prohibitions ( ince/1 b ( _m duties & rights inside ! family circle4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] raises ano!r objection to my !ory4 ,he argues t1 if exogamy result$ f a natural in/9ct1 !re w\ld be no ne$ to re9=ce t in/9ct by legal pa9s & p5alties2 ! law only =bids m5 to d :at _! in/9cts incl9e !m to d1 & h5ce we may always safely assume t crimes =bidd5 by law are crimes :i* _m m5 h a natural prop5sity to commit4 ,i mu/ confess t ?is argum5t greatly surprises me4 ,( c\rse1 :]e !re is no transgression !re is no law4 ,b ,fraz] _c be ignorant ( ! v>iability ( in/9cts & ( ! great v>iability ( ! sexual in/9ct2 nor %\ld he =get t !re are circum/ances 9 :i* a natural s5tim5t may be blunt$ & ov]come4 ,w\ld he ma9ta9 t !re c be no deep natural av]sion to be/iality because be/iality is =bidd5 by law1 & t ! exceptional sev]ity ) :i* p>ricide is treat$ by _m law books proves t a l>ge numb] ( m5 h a natural prop5sity to kill _! p>5ts8 ,! law expresses ! feel+s ( ! majority & puni%es acts t %ock !m4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] accuses me ( hav+ ext5d$ ,d>w9's me?ods to subjects :i* only p>tially admit ( su* treatm5t1 because my !ory ( ! orig9 ( exogamy attempts to expla9 ! gr[? ( a human in/itution too exclusively f physical & biological causes )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! factors ( intellig5ce1 delib]ation1 & w4 ,?is1 he adds1 is n sci5ce1 b a ba/>d imitation ( x4 ,:at h ,i done to incur s sev]e an accusation8 ,i h sugge/$ t ! in/9ctive av]sion to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons :o h be5 liv+ v closely toge!r f e>ly y\? may be ! result ( natural selection4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k--& s is ,fraz]--t consangu9e\s m>riages are 9 "s way or o!r detrim5tal to ! species4 ,?is fact w\ld lead to ! developm5t ( a s5tim5t :i* w\ld be p[]ful en\gh1 z a rule1 to prev5t injuri\s unions--a s5tim5t :i* w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 %[ itself z an innate av]sion to sexual connections ) ne> relatives z su*1 b z an av]sion on ! "p ( individuals to union ) o!rs ) :om !y liv$ closely toge!r f e>ly *ildhood4 ,^!1 z a matt] ( fact1 w\ld be blood-relations1 & ! result w\ld consequ5tly be ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,all t ,i h done1 !n1 is to appeal to natural selection to expla9 ! orig9 ( a primeval in/9ctive s5tim5t2 & ,i c nev] believe t ?is is to transgress ! legitimate b\nd>ies ( ,d>w9ism4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] himself ?9ks t we may safely conclude t inf]tility is an inevitable consequ5ce ( inbre$+ cont9u$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations 9 ! same place & "u ! same conditions1 & 9 support ( ?is view he quotes ! valuable op9ions ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,heape & ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,a4 ,m>%all4 ,he ?us f9ds t ! pr9ciples ( exogamy pres5t a curi\s resemblance to ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific bre$+1 b he rightly assumes t ?is analogy _c be due to any exact k or f>see+ c>e on ! "p ( its savage f\nd]s4 ,h[ !n %all we expla9 ?is analogy8 ,fraz]'s answ] is t x mu/ be an accid5tal #gej result ( a sup]/ition1 an unconsci\s mimicry ( sci5ce4 ,9 prohibit+ ince/ ! poor savages bl9dly obey$ ! impulse ( ! great evolution>y =ces :i* 9 ! physical _w are con/antly educ+ high] out ( l[] =ms ( exi/5ce & 9 ! moral _w civilisation out ( savag]y4 ,if t is s1 exogamy has be5 an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( t unkn[n p[]1 ! mask$ wiz>d ( hi/ory1 :o by "s my/]i\s process1 "s subtle al*emy1 s (t5 transmutes 9 ! crucible ( suff]+ ! dross ( folly & evil into ! f9e gold ( wisdom & good4 ,i hope x w n be consid]$ uncall$-= imp]t95ce on my "p to ask if ?is reason+ is a specim5 ( :at ,fraz] reg>ds z sci5ce prop] 9 contradi/9ction to my own ba/>d imitation ( x8 ,9 any attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( exogamy !re are1 9 my op9ion1 ?ree p>allel gr\ps ( facts ( g5]al occurr5ce :i* necess>ily mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation3--,fir/ly1 ! prohibitions ( ince/ & rules ( exogamy !mselves2 secondly1 ! av]sion to sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons liv+ toge!r f e>ly y\?2 ?irdly1 ! injuri\s consequ5ces ( inbre$+4 ,z = ! facts ( ! fir/ gr\p1 ,fraz] & ,i agree t !y all h ! same root1 exogamy be+ 9 "s way or o!r d]iv$ f an av]sion to ! m>riages ( ne> k94 ,z = ! facts ( ! second gr\p1 ,fraz] at all ev5ts admits t !re seems to be "s gr\nd = believ+ 9 !m4 ,z = ! facts ( ! ?ird gr\p1 !re is complete agreem5t betwe5 u4 ,i ask3 ,is x reasonable to ?9k t !re is no causal connection betwe5 ^! ?ree gr\ps ( facts8 ,is x "r to ignore ! second gr\p altoge!r1 z does ,fraz]1 & to look ^u ! co9cid5ce ( ! fir/ & ! ?ird z accid5tal8 ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge t ,fraz]'s *apt] on ! ,orig9 ( ,exogamy has only /r5g!n$ my belief 9 my own !ory4 ,o!r objections to my !ory h rec5tly be5 made by ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall 9 _! "w on ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aig1 note4 ,!y obs]ve t int]c\rse betwe5 a y\? & 8 si/]-by-adoption is n reg>d$ z ince/ 9 ^! tribes1 & t !y "k at lea/ "o in/ance ( m>riage betwe5 two "y ,k5yahs br\ght up toge!r z adopt$ bro!r & si/]4 ,?is occurr5ce ( ince/ betwe5 c\ples br\ght up 9 ! same h\sehold1 !y say1 is1 ( c\rse1 difficult to reconcile ) ,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck's well-kn[n !ory ( ! gr\nd ( ! almo/ univ]sal feel+ aga9/ ince/1 namely1 t x dep5ds ^u sexual av]sion or indiff]5ce eng5d]$ by close proximity dur+ *ildhood4 ,!y moreov] ma9ta9 t ! occurr5ce ( ince/ betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 & ! /rong feel+ ( ! ,sea ,dyaks aga9/ ince/ betwe5 nephew & aunt 7:o (t5 are memb]s ( di/9ct communities71 are facts :i* are fatal to ?is !ory4 ,9 my attempt to expla9 ! rules aga9/ ince/ ,i c]ta9ly did n ov]look ! fact t ^! rules v frequ5tly h ref]5ce to p]sons :o are1 or may be1 memb]s ( diff]5t communities1 & ,i f\nd no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = x 7see supra1 ii4 #cfi2 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #ccj sq474 ,curi\sly en\gh ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall's own attempt to solve ! problem is1 if ,i und]/& !m rightly1 bas$ on ! supposition t ! prohibitions ( int]m>riage orig9ally ref]r$ to p]sons :o belong$ to ! same community4 ,!y write3--,if we accept "s su* view ( ! con/itution ( primitive society z has be5 sugge/$ by ,messrs4 ,atk9son & ,lang 7,primal ,law71 namely1 t ! social gr\p consi/$ ( a s+le patri>* & a gr\p ( wives & daught]s1 ov] all ( :om he ex]cis$ unre/rict$ p[] or rights2 we %all see t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! con/itution ( a high] =m ( society mu/ h be5 ! /rict limitation ( 8 rights ov] c]ta9 ( ! wom51 9 ord] t y\ng] males might be incorporat$ 9 ! society & enjoy ! undisput$ possession ( !m4 ,! patri>*1 hav+ accept$ ?is limitation ( 8 rights ov] 8 daught]s = ! sake ( ! great] security & /r5g? ( ! b& giv5 by ! inclusion ( a #gea c]ta9 numb] ( "y males1 w\ld en=ce all ! m /rictly ^u !m 8 prohibition aga9/ any tamp]+ ) ! females ( ! s5ior g5]ation4 ,?us v /rict prohibitions & sev]e p5alties aga9/ ! consort+ ( ! patri>* ) ! y\ng] g5]ation ( females1 i4e4 8 daught]s1 & aga9/ int]c\rse betwe5 ! "y males admitt$ to memb]%ip ( ! gr\p & ! wives ( ! patri>*1 w\ld be ! ess5tial conditions ( advance ( social organisation4 ,! en=cem5t ( ^! p5alties w\ld eng5d] a traditional s5tim5t aga9/ su* unions1 & ^! w\ld be ! unions primitively reg>d$ z ince/u\s4 ,! p]si/5cy ( ! t5d5cy ( ! patri>*'s jeal\sy to drive 8 sons out ( ! family gr\p z !y atta9$ pub]ty w\ld r5d] ! ext5sion ( ?is s5tim5t to bro!r-&-si/] unions easy & almo/ inevitable4 ,= ! "y male admitt$ to ! gr\p w\ld be "o :o came ) a price 9 8 h& to (f] 9 return = ! bride he s\ght4 ,su* a price c\ld only be exact$ by ! patri>* on ! condition t he ma9ta9$ an absolute prohibition on sexual relations betwe5 8 (fspr+ s long z ! "y sons rema9$ "u 8 ro(4 ,i %\ld l to "k h[ ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 on ! basis ( ?is !ory1 w\ld expla9 ! /rong feel+ ( ! ,sea ,dyaks aga9/ ince/ betwe5 nephew & aunt 7:o (t5 are memb]s ( di/9ct communities71 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! rules prohibit+ ! int]m>riage ( p]sons belong+ to diff]5t local gr\ps4 ,= ! re/1 ,i mu/ confess t ! assumptions on :i* _! :ole !ory re/s seem to me extremely arbitr>y4 ,bro!rs are prohibit$ f m>ry+ _! si/]s because ! old patri>* drove away 8 gr[n-up sons out ( jeal\sy2 b 8 jeal\sy 0 n /rong en\gh to prev5t o!r "y males f jo9+ ! b&4 ,on ! contr>y1 he all[$ !m to be incorporat$ 9 x1 because !y add$ to its /r5g?2 nay1 he gave !m 8 own daught]s 9 m>riage1 & refra9$ h5ce=? himself f int]c\rse ) ^! "y wom5 s rigor\sly t ev] s9ce a fa!r has be5 prohibit$ f m>ry+ 8 daught]4 ,b ! "y m5 _h to pay a price = _! wives4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:y did n ! old patri>* accept a price f 8 own sons or let !m "w = him1 in/ead ( m]cilessly turn+ !m out ( _! old home1 al?\gh !y w\ld h be5 j z good protectors ( x z anybody else8 ,& :y did he give ! "y m5 8 daught]s8 ,he might h kept ! "y wom5 = himself & let ! "y m5 h ! old ones4 ,?is is :at is done by ! old m5 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ! "y girls are1 z a rule1 allott$ to old m51 & ! boys1 :5ev] !y are all[$ to m>ry1 get old lubras z wives 7,mal9[ski1 ,! ,family among ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #bei sqq474 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is cu/om1 !re is no c\ntry :]e ince/ has be5 m /rictly prohibit$ ?an 9 ,au/ralia4 ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall ma9ta9 t ! occurr5ce ( ince/ betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s & ! feel+ ( ! ,sea ,dyaks aga9/ ince/ betwe5 nephew & aunt are facts :i* seem to po9t /rongly to ! view t ! s5tim5t has a purely conv5tional or cu/om>y s\rce4 ,i ask3 ,is x reasonable to suppose t1 if ?is 7 ! case1 ! feel+ aga9/ sexual int]c\rse betwe5 ! ne>e/ relatives c\ld h s long surviv$ ! conditions f :i* x sprang )\t %[+ any signs ( decay8 ,z ,i h po9t$ out above1 ! prohibit$ degrees are v diff]5tly def9$ 9 ! cu/oms or laws ( diff]5t peoples1 g5]ally be+ m num]\s among peoples unaffect$ by mod]n civilisation ?an !y are 9 m advanc$ communities2 & x appe>s t ! ext5t to :i* relatives are prohibit$ f int]m>ry+ is closely connect$ ) ! intimacy ( _! social relations4 ,:il/ among ourselves c\s9s are all[$ to int]m>ry1 !re is /ill a /rong s5tim5t aga9/ int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 & betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 :o 9 normal cases belong to ! same family circle4 ,:y %\ld ! feel+ aga9/ ince/ h surviv$ 9 ?is case b n 9 o!rs1 if x _h a purely conv5tional orig98 ,& h[ c\ld any law #geb bas$ on conv5tion alone acc\nt = ! normal abs5ce ( erotic feel+s 9 ! relation betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 & bro!rs & si/]s8 ,x is true t cases ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! ne>e/ relatives d occur1 b !y are c]ta9ly q exceptional4 ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall say !mselves 7p4 #aih7 t ince/ ( any =m is v infrequ5t among ! tribes ( ,borneo1 & !y seem to "k ( only "o in/ance ( m>riage betwe5 "y ,k5yahs br\ght up toge!r z adopt$ bro!r & si/]1 al?\gh su* m>riages are all[$4 ,to ma9ta9 t cases ( ?is k9d are fatal to my !ory seems to me z illogical z x w\ld be to assume t ! occurr5ce ( a horror fem9 9 _m m5 disproves ! g5]al preval5ce ( a feel+ ( love betwe5 ! sexes4 ,p4 #cif1 n4 #a4--;,9 8 rec5t "w1 ,! ,family among ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 ,dr4 ,mal9[ski has come to ! same conclusion4 ,he obs]ves t ! individual family plays a =emo/ "p 9 ! social life ( ^? aborig9es2 x has a v firm basis 9 _! cu/oms & ideas1 & by no means be>s ! features ( any?+ l rec5t innovation1 or a subord9ate =m subs]vi5t to ! idea ( gr\p m>riage4 ,! ,au/ralian husb& _h g5]ally a def9ite sexual ov]-"r ov] 8 wife1 :i* secur$ to him ! privilege ( dispos+ ( h]1 or at lea/ ( ex]cis+ a c]ta9 control ov] h] conduct 9 sexual matt]s1 ev5 ?\gh ?is ov]-"r did n1 z a rule1 am\nt to an exclusive "r4 ,!re 7 cu/oms l wife-l5d+1 ex*ange ( wives1 c]emonial defloration ( girls by old m51 ! diff]5t =ms ( lic5ce practis$ at l>ge tribal ga!r+s1 & especially ! ,pirrauru relation%ip f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! s\!rn c5tral tribes4 ,b all ?is does n con/itute gr\p m>riage1 ! complete cont5t ( :i* does n consi/ 9 sexual relations alone4 ,dr4 ,mal9[ski emphasises ! fact t m>riage _c be deta*$ f family life2 x is def9$ 9 all its aspects by ! problems ( ! economic unity ( ! family1 ( ! bonds creat$ by common life 9 "o wurley1 ?r\gh ! common re>+ (1 & affection t[>ds1 ! (fspr+4 ,9 ne>ly all ^! respects ev5 ! ,pirrauru relation%ip ess5tially diff]s f m>riage1 & _c1 !re=e1 s]i\sly encroa* ^u ! individual family4 ,nor c we reg>d ?is relation%ip z a survival ( previ\s gr\p m>riage4 ,dr4 ,mal9[ski also po9ts out 7p4 #hi sq47 h[ highly objectionable x is t our be/ in=mants 7especially ,h[itt & ,sp5c] & ,gill57 describe ! facts ( sexual life ( to-day 9 t]ms ( _! hypo!tical assumptions4 ,p4 #dai1 n4 #e4--;,= ,moori% beliefs relat+ to contact betwe5 sexual uncleanness & hol9ess see my essays1 ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess 7,b>aka71 p4 #abc sqq41 & ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco1 pp4 #ag1 #bb1 #bc1 #bh1 #df1 #dg1 #ed4 ,p4 #dfc1 n4 #h4--;,dur+ ! ye>s t h pass$ s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is book 0 issu$1 ! /udy ( homosexuality has be5 c>ri$ on ) rem>kable activity4 ,! foll[+ books are exclusively devot$ to ?is subject3--,das glei*ges*le*tli*e ,leb5 d] ,naturvlk]1 by ,f4 ,k>s*-,haack 7#aiaa71 ,int]m$iate ,types among ,primitive ,folk1 by ,edw>d ,c>p5t] 7#aiad71 & ,die ,homosexualitt des ,mannes und des ,weibes1 by ,magnus ,hirs*feld 7#aiad74 ,c>p5t]'s book *iefly deals ) ! inv]t 9 e>ly religion & 9 w>f>e4 ,hirs*feld's "w is a v]itable encyclopdia ( homosexuality--accord+ to ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis1 n only ! l>ge/ b ! mo/ precise1 detail$1 & compreh5sive--ev5 ! mo/ cond5s$--"w :i* has yet appe>$ on ! subject4 ,9 #aiae ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis issu$ a ?ird1 revis$ & enl>g$1 edition ( 8 ,sexual ,inv]sion4 ,p4 #dhe1 n4 #a4--,?is passage &1 g5]ally1 ! sugge/ion t !re is a c]ta9 relation%ip betwe5 ! social reaction aga9/ homosexuality #gec & aga9/ infanticide1 h be5 exclud$ f ! la/ edition ( ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis's book4 ,p4 #ehd1 n4 #a4--,!re is h>dly any subject :i* dur+ ! la/ f\r or five ye>s has be5 m eag]ly discuss$ by /ud5ts ( social an?ropology ?an ! relation betwe5 religion & magic4 ,x has be5 dealt )1 e4g41 by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,magic ,art1 by ,pr(essor ,durkheim 9 ,les =mes lm5taires de la vie religieuse1 by ,dr4 ,m>ett 9 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion & o!r writ+s1 by ,dr4 ,irv+ ,k+ 9 ,! ,developm5t ( ,religion1 by ,pr(essor ,leuba 9 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl& 9 ,ritual & ,belief1 & by ! pres5t ,ar*bi%op ( ,sw$51 ,na?an ,sd]blom1 9 8 book ,gud/rons uppkom/4 ,accord+ to ! ,fr5* s*ool ( sociologi/s1 religion is social 9 its aims & magic antisocial2 & ?is di/9ction has lately be5 accept$ by ,dr4 ,m>ett1 :o writes 7,an?ropology1 p4 #bji sq473 ,magic ,i take to include all bad ways1 & religion all good ways1 ( deal+ ) ! sup]normal--bad & good1 ( c\rse1 n z we may happ5 to judge !m1 b z ! society conc]n$ judges !m4 ,b ?is use ( ! t]ms is nei!r 9 agreem5t ) traditional usage nor1 9 my op9ion1 suitable = ! purpose ( sci5tific classification4 ,besides black magic1 or wit*craft1 !re is also :ite magic2 ev5 a m$ieval !ologian l ,alb]tus ,magnus ass]ts t magical sci5ce is n evil1 s9ce ?r\gh k ( x evil c be avoid$ & good atta9$4 ,! ,fr5* di/9ction betwe5 magic & religion implies t a pray] to a god = ! de/ruction ( an enemy mu/ be classifi$ z religion if x is (f]$ 9 a cause :i* is consid]$ j by ! community1 b z magic if x is disapprov$ (4 ,if a man makes a girl dr9k a love-potion 9 ord] to ga9 h] fav\r1 x is religion if _! union is desirable f ! society's po9t ( view1 b if he gives ! same dr9k to ano!r man's wife x is magic4 ,! be/ "p ( :at has be5 hi!rto call$ imitative or homoeopa?ic magic no long] rema9s magic at all2 if wat] is p\r$ out = ! purpose ( produc+ ra9 x is homoeopa?ic magic only 9 case ra9 is n want$ by ! community1 b if x is done dur+ a dr\ght x is religion4 ,?us ! v same practices are qualifi$ z religi\s or magical accord+ z !y h social or antisocial ends2 &1 z ,mr4 ,h>tl& rightly asks 7,ritual & ,belief1 p4 #gf73 ,h[ %all we def9e ^! ends8 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! def9ition ( religion :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! text has ref]5ce only to religion 9 ! ab/ract1 n to ! v>i\s religions4 ,9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w1 a religion may include _m practices :i* are :at ,i h call$ magical4 ,z ,i h said above 7p4 #fdi71 bo? ,*ri/ianity 9 its e>li] phases & ,muhamm$anism are full ( magical practices expressly sanction$ by _! !ology4 ,al?\gh ! magical & ! /rictly religi\s attitude diff] f ea* o!r1 !y are n irreconcilable1 & may !re=e v well =m p>ts ( "o & ! same religion2 !re is no su* ?+ z a magic be+ oppos$ to a religion4 ,by a religion is g5]ally und]/ood a sy/em ( beliefs & rules ( behavi\r :i* h ref]5ce to m5's relations to "o or sev]al sup]natural be+s :om !y call _! god or gods1 t is1 sup]natural be+s :o are ! objects ( a regul> cult & betwe5 :om & _! wor%ipp]s !re are e/abli%$ & p]man5t relation%ips4 ,if x be admitt$ t ! ^w religion may be ?us legitimately us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses1 ,i ?9k !re is little gr\nd left = fur!r controv]sy on ! subject4 ,aft] all1 sociologi/s may m pr(itably occupy _! "t ?an by cont9u\s qu>rell+ ab\t ! mean+ ( t]ms4 ,p4 #fjh1 n4 #d4--;,9 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #bjd1 n4 #a1 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] writes3 ,!re is a good deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's !ory1 :i* is support$ 9 p>ticul> by ! sanctity attribut$ to ! regalia4 ,b on ! :ole ,i see no suffici5t reason to ab&on ! view adopt$ #ged 9 ! text1 & ,i am confirm$ 9 x by ! ,%illuk evid5ce1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck :5 he prop\nd$ 8 !ory4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman to :om ,fraz] is indebt$ = detail$ in=mation on ! subject 7op4 cit4 p4 #ag sqq47 x is a fundam5tal article ( ! ,%illuk cre$ t ! _s ( ,nyakang1 ! div9e or semi-div9e h]o :o settl$ ! ,%illuk 9 _! pres5t t]ritory & f\nd$ ! dyna/y ( _! k+s1 is inc>nate 9 ! reign+ k+1 :o is accord+ly himself inve/$ to "s ext5t ) ! "* ( a div9ity4 ,b :ile ! ,%illuk hold _! k+s 9 high1 inde$ religi\s1 rev]5ce & take e precaution aga9/ _! accid5tal dea?1 nev]!less !y *]i% ! conviction t ! k+ mu/ n be all[$ to become ill or s5ile1 le/ ) 8 dim9i%+ vig\r ! cattle %\ld sick5 & fail to be> _! increase1 ! crops %\ld rot 9 ! fields1 & man1 /rick5 ) disease1 %\ld die 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s4 ,to prev5t ^! calamities x us$ to be ! regul> cu/om ) ! ,%illuk to put ! k+ to dea? :5ev] he %[$ signs ( ill-heal? or fail+ /r5g?4 ,nay1 f ,dr4 ,seligman's enquiries x appe>s t ev5 :ile ! k+ 0 yet 9 ! prime ( heal? & /r5g? he might at any "t be attack$ by a rival & h to def5d 8 cr[n 9 a combat to ! dea?4 ,accord+ to ! common ,%illuk tradition any son ( a k+ _h ! "r ?us to fight ! k+ 9 possession &1 if he succe$$ 9 kill+ him1 to reign 9 8 /ead4 ,n[ an important "p ( ! solemnities att5d+ ! accession ( a ,%illuk k+ appe>s to be int5d$ to convey to ! new mon>* ! div9e _s ( ,nyakang1 :i* has be5 transmitt$ f ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y to all 8 successors on ! ?rone4 ,= ?is purpose a sacr$ f\r-legg$ /ool & a my/]i\s object :i* be>s ! "n ( ,nyakang himself are br\ght ) mu* solemnity f ! %r9e ( ,nyakang at ,akurwa to ! small village ( ,kwom ne> ,fa%oda1 :]e ! k+ elect & ! *iefs await _! arrival4 ,! ?+ call$ ,nyakang is said to be ( cyl9drical %ape1 "s two or ?ree feet long by six in*es broad4 ,! *ief ( ,akurwa in=m$ ,dr4 ,seligman t ! object 9 "q is a rude wood5 figure ( a man1 :i* 0 fa%ion$ long ago at ! comm& ( ,nyakang 9 p]son4 ,we may suppose t x repres5ts ! div9e k+ himself & t x is1 or 0 =m]ly1 suppos$ to h\se 8 _s1 ?\gh ! *ief ( ,akurwa d5i$ to ,dr4 ,seligman t x does s n[4 4 4 4 ,! image ( ,nyakang is plac$ on ! /ool2 ! k+ elect holds "o leg ( ! /ool & an important *ief holds ano!r4 4 4 4 ,a bullock is kill$ & its fle% eat5 by ! m5 ( c]ta9 families call$ ororo1 :o are said to be desc5d$ f ! ?ird ( ! ,%illuk k+s4 ,!n ! ,akurwa m5 c>ry ! image ( ,nyakang into ! %r9e1 & ! ororo m5 place ! k+ elect on ! sacr$ /ool1 :]e he rema9s seat$ = "s "t1 app>5tly till sunset4 ,:5 he rises1 ! ,akurwa m5 c>ry ! /ool back into ! %r9e1 & ! k+ is escort$ to ?ree new huts1 :]e he /ays 9 seclusion = ?ree days4 ,on ! f\r? night he is conduct$ quietly1 almo/ /eal?ily1 to 8 royal resid5ce at ,fa%oda1 & next day he %[s himself publicly to 8 subjects4 ,z reg>ds ?is s-call$ evid5ce x %\ld1 fir/1 be notic$ t x is only ,dr4 ,seligman's own conjecture t ! my/]i\s object call$ ,nyakang is or has be5 suppos$ to conta9 ! _s ( ! holy f\nd] ( ! dyna/y1 & t ?is conjecture is expressly said to be oppos$ to ! pres5t beliefs ( ! natives4 ,on ! o!r h& x is obvi\s t ! object 9 "q is reg>d$ z a holy object1 & t its hol9ess1 or a p>ticle ( x1 is suppos$ to be transmitt$ to ! new k+ ?r\gh mat]ial contact--an idea :i* well agrees ) my own !ory4 ,b ev5 if ! ,%illuk _h once believ$ t _! k+ 0 a re9c>nation ( ! _s ( ,nyakang1 t belief c\ld h>dly be reg>d$ z a direct pro( ( ! idea t ! s\l ( ! sla9 man-god is transmitt$ to 8 royal successor4 ,! ,%illuk believe t ,nyakang1 unlike 8 royal desc5dants ( m rec5t times1 did n die b simply disappe>$4 ,,au?orities ,,quot$#a ,footnote #a3 ,( articles 9 p]iodicals only "s ( ! m important h be5 includ$ 9 ?is li/4 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,london4 ,aas 7,e9>71 ,sjaeleliv og intellig5s hos dyr4 ,kri/iania1 #ahic4 ,abbot 7,ezra71 ',lit]ature ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life'2 9 ,alg]1 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfd4 7,abd-,allatif1 ,relation de l'gypte4 ,trans4 by ,s4 de ,sacy4 ,p>is1 #ahaj4 7,abd-es-,salm ,%abe5y1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,timbuctoo & ,h\sa4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,g4 ,jackson4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,abegg 7,j4 ,f4 ,h471 ,die v]s*i$55 ,/rafre*t/heorie54 ,neu/adt a4d4,o41 #ahce4 ,abel 7,*>les ,w471 ,savage ,life 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #aija4 ,ab]cromby 7,john71 ,! ,pre- & ,proto-,hi/oric ,f9ns4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,abreu de ,gal9do 7,juan de71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,trans4 ,london1 #agfd4 ,academy 7,!74 ,london4 ,a*elis 7,?471 ',animal ,wor%ip'2 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 vol4 xi4 ,*icago1 #ahig4 ---- ,mod]ne ,vlk]kunde4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahif4 ,a*]y 7,l4 d'71 ,spicilegium sive collectio vet]um aliquot scriptorum qui 9 ,galli biblio!cis delitu]ant4 #c vols4 ,p>isiis1 #agbc4 ,aco/a 7,joseph de71 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic4 ,hels+=s4 ,adair 7,james71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,london1 #agge4 ,adalb]o1 ',c>m5 ad ,rotb]tum regem ,francorum'2 9 ,b\quet1 ,recueil des hi/ori5s des ,gaules et de la ,france1 vol4 x4 ,p>is1 #agfj4 ,adam ( ,brem51 ',ge/a ,hammaburg5sis ecclesi pontificum'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus completus1 vol4 cxlvi4 ,p>isiis1 #ahec4 ,adams 7,john71 ,sket*es tak5 dur+ ,t5 ,voyages to ,africa1 ,betwe5 ! ,ye>s #aghf & #ahjj4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,addis 7,w4 ,e47 & ,arnold 7,?omas71 ,a ,ca?olic ,diction>y4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,addosio 7,c>lo d'71 ,be/ie del9qu5ti4 ,napoli1 #ahib4 ,aelian1 ,de natura animalium1 ,v>ia hi/oria1 c4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,h]*]4 ,p>isiis1 #aheh4 ,aes*9es1 ',orationes'2 9 ,oratores ,attici1 ed4 by ,c4 ,mll]1 vol4 ii4 ,p>isiis1 #aheh4 ,aes*ylus1 ,tragoedi et fragm5ta4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ahr5s4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdb4 ,ae!lbirht 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 #gef ,ae!l/an 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,afzelius 7,a4 ,a471 ,sw5ska ,folkets ,sago-,hfd]4 #aa vols4 ,/ockholm1 #ahci-gj4 ,aga?ias1 ',hi/ori>um libri qu9que'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 lxxxviii4 ,p>isiis1 #ahfj4 ,ahlqvi/ 7,a471 ',unt] ,wogul5 und ,o/jak5'2 9 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 vol4 xiv4 ,hels+=s1 #ahhe4 ,ahr5s 7,he9ri*71 ,naturre*t4 #b vols4 ,wi51 #ahgj-ga4 ,ait>eya ,brahmanam ( ! ,rigv$a 7,!74 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,m4 ,haug4 #b vols4 ,bombay1 #ahfc4 ,alaba/] 7,*al471 ',! ,law ( ,inh]itance'2 9 ,! ,*9a ,review1 vol4 v4 ,hongkong1 #ahgf-gg4 ,alaba/] 7,erne/71 ,notes & ,comm5t>ies on ,*9ese ,crim9al ,law4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,alaba/] 7,h5ry71 ,! ,:eel ( ! ,law4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,alagona 7,petrus71 ,comp5dium manualis ,d4 ,nav>ri4 ,lugduni1 #afjc4 ,al>d 7,paul71 ,condition et droits des enfants naturels4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,alb]icus1 ,visio4 ,ed4 by ,catello de ,vivo4 ,ariano1 #ahii4 ,alb]ti 7,l471 ,de ,kaff]s aan de ,zuidku/ van ,afrika4 ,am/]dam1 #ahaj4 ,ald5 7,t4 ,j4 ,fox7 & ,hoes5 7,j4 ,a4 van71 ,a ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ,mississippi4 ,new ,york1 #ahci4 ,alex&] 7,s471 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,alfonso de' ,liguori1 ,!ologia moralis4 #c vols4 ,bassani1 #ahbb4 ,alfr$ 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,alg] 7,w4 ,r471 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfd4 ,ali5i/ & ,neurologi/ 7,!74 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,all>d 7,paul71 ,les esclaves *rti5s depuis les premi]s temps de l'glise jusqu' la f9 de la dom9ation roma9e en ,occid5t4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,all>dt 7,&]s71 ,nylndska folks$] o* bruk4 7,nyl&1 vol4 iv47 ,hels+=s1 #ahhi4 ,all5 7,grant71 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,all5 7,john71 ,mod]n ,judaism4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,all5 7,w47 & ,?omson 7,t4 ,r4 ,h471 ,a ,n>rative ( ! ,exp$ition s5t by ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t to ! ,riv] ,nig]1 9 #ahda4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,am ,ur-,quell4 ,monatss*rift fr ,volkskunde4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss4 ,lund54 ,amadori-,virgilj 7,giovanni71 ,l',i/ituto famigli>e nelle ,societ primordiali4 ,b>i1 #aijc4 ,ambrose 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 xiv4-xvii47 ,p>isiis1 #ahde4 ,ame] ,ali 7,sy$71 ,! ,e?ics ( ,islm4 ,calcutta1 #ahic4 ---- ,! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$ or ! ,_s ( ,islm4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,aml9eau 7,e471 ,essai sur l'volution hi/orique et philosophique des ides morales dans l'gypte anci5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ 7,!74 ,wa%+ton4 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian & ,ori5tal ,j\rnal 7,!74 ,*icago4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology 7,!74 ,worce/]4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology 7,!74 ,*icago4 ,am]ican ,naturali/ 7,!74 ,philadelphia4 #geg ,amira 7,k>l von71 ,nordg]manis*es ,obligation5re*t4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahhb-ie4 ---- ',re*t'2 9 ,paul1 ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 vol4 ii4 ,/rassburg1 #ahic4 ---- ,?i]/raf5 und ,?i]processe4 ,innsbruck1 #ahia4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us4 ,see ,m>cell9us 7,a474 ,amos 7,&rew71 ,ru9s ( ,"t exemplifi$ 9 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n4 ,london1 #ahef4 ',anci5 ,c\tumi] de ,b\rgogne1' ed4 by ,a4-,j4 ,m>ni]2 9 ,revue hi/orique de droit franais et trang]1 vol4 iii4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,irel&4 #d vols4 ,dubl9 ,london1 #ahfe-gi4 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,anci5t ,sea-,laws ( ,ol]on1 ,wisby1 & ! ,hanse-,t[ns 7,!74 ,trans4 ,london1 #afhf4 ,ancona 7,a4 d'71 ,orig9i del teatro italiano4 #b vols4 ,tor9o1 #ahia4 ,&]son 7,john71 ,m&alay to ,momi54 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,&]son 7,john ,w471 ,notes ( ,travel 9 ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,&]sson 7,c4 ,j471 ,lake ,ngami4 ,london1 #ahef4 ---- ,notes on ,travel 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,&r 7,tony71 ,l'esclavage *ez les anci5s ,hbreux4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,&ree 7,ri*>d71 ,die ,an?ropophagie4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ---- ',e?nographis*e ,bem]kung5 zu e9ig5 ,re*tsgebru*54 ,i4 ,jagdre*t4 ,,ii4 ,die ,asyle'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 xxxviii4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhj4 ---- ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e4 #b vols4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh-hi4 ---- ,zur ,volkskunde d] ,jud54 ,bielefeld ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,&rews 7,william71 ,old-,"t ,puni%m5ts4 ,hull ,london1 #ahij4 ,angas 7,g4 ,f471 ,polynesia4 ,london1 #ahff4 ---- ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet4 ,p>is4 ,anne sociologique 7,l'74 ,ed4 by 4 ,durkheim4 ,p>is4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,wa%+ton4 ,anri* 7,g471 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes5 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,*ri/5tum4 ,gtt+51 #ahid4 ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e4 ,antanan>ivo4 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,rob]ts & ,j4 ,donaldson4 #bd vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfg-gb4 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,ox=d1 #aijg4 ,an?ropologie 7,l'74 ,p>is4 ,antiqu>y 7,!74 ,london4 ',anugit 7,!71' trans4 by ,k4 ,t4 ,telang2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 viii4 ,ox=d1 #ahih4 'pa/amba1' trans4 by ,g4 ,bhl]2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ii4 ,ox=d1 #ahig4 ,apocryphal ,books 7,!74 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,apollodorus ,a!ni5sis1 ,biblio!ca4 ,lipsiae1 #ahed4 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argonautica4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,lehrs4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdj4 #geh ,apuleius 7,l471 ,op]a omnia4 #g vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbe4 ,arbois de ,juba9ville 7,h4 d'71 ',des attributions judiciaires de l'autorit publique *ez les ,celtes'2 9 ,revue ,celtique1 vol4 vii4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ---- ,la civilisation des ,celtes et celle de l'pope ,homrique4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,arb\sset 7,t47 & ,daumas 7,f471 ,n>rative ( an ,exploratory ,t\r to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ! ,colony ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,trans4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,ar*ilo*us1 ,reliqui4 ,ed4 by ,i4 ,liebel4 ,lipsiae1 #ahah4 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie4 ,brauns*weig4 ---- fr ,religionswiss5s*aft4 ,leipzig4 ---- fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kunde von ,russl&4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,erman4 ,b]l94 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle4 ,p>is4 ,ar*ives de ,neurologie4 ,p>is4 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia4 ,fir5ze4 ,ar*ivio p] lo /udio delle tradizioni popol>i4 ,pal]mo4 ,arda ,viraf4 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,m4 ,haug & ,e4 ,w4 ,we/4 ,bombay ,london1 #ahgb4 ,arg5tr 7,b]tr& d'71 ,l'hi/oire de ,bretaigne4 ,p>is1 #afah4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,comoedi4 ,p>isiis1 #ahch4 ,ari/otle1 ,de republica ,a!ni5sium4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys4 ,london1 #ahic4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,trans4 by ,e4 ,po/e4 ,london1 #ahia4 ---- ,op]a omnia4 #e vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdh-gd4 ---- ,politica et ,,oeconomica4 #b vols4 ,oxonii1 #ahaj4 ---- ,! ,politics4 ,trans4 by ,b4 ,j[ett4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahhe4 ,arm/rong 7,alex471 ,a ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,arnes5 7,john71 ,hi/orisk ,indl$n+ til d5 gamle og nye ,isl&ske ,rtt]gang4 ,kib5havn1 #agfb4 ,arnobius1 ',disputationum adv]sus g5tes libri septem'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 v4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd4 ,arnold 7,?omas71 ,fragm5t on ! ,*ur*4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,arnold 7,wilhelm71 ,deuts*e ,urzeit4 ,go?a1 #ahgi4 ,arnot 7,fr$471 ,g>5ganze2 or1 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,pione] ,mission ,"w 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,arrian1 ,anabasis et ,indica4 ,ed4 by ,fr4 ,dbn]4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf4 ,arvieux 7,*evali] d'71 ,travels 9 ,arabia ! ,des>t4 ,trans4 ,london1 #agah4 ,a%e 7,r4 ,p471 ,two ,k+s ( ,ug&a4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,asiatic7k7 ,rese>*es4 ,calcutta4 ,a?>va-,v$a1 ,hymns ( !4 ,trans4 by ,m4 ,bloomfield4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xlii474 ,ox=d1 #ahig4 ,a!naeus1 ,dipnosophi/>um libri qu9decim4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,kaibel4 #c vols4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhg-ij4 ,a!nagoras1 ',legatio pro ,*ri/ianis'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 vi4 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,atk9son 7,e4 ,t471 ',notes on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion 9 ! ,himlaya ( ! ,n4,w4 ,prov9ces'2 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 vol4 liii4 pt4 i4 ,calcutta1 #ahhd4 ,atk9son 7,j4 ,c471 ,=ty ,ye>s 9 a ,moorl& ,p>i%4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,atk9son 7,j4 ,j471 ',! ,natives ( ,new ,cal$onia'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 xiv4 ,london1 #aijc4 ---- ,primal ,law4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,augu/ana ,confessio4 ,lipsiae1 #agcj4 #gei ,augu/9e 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 #af vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 xxxii4-xlvii47 ,p>isiis1 #ahde-di4 ,aurelius ,victor 7,sextus71 ,libri de ,roman g5tis orig9e1 ,viris illu/ribus1 ,imp]atoribus1 ,epitome4 ,lipsiae ,franc(urti1 #agjd4 ,ausl& 7,das74 ,/uttg>t ,augsburg4 ,au/ 7,emil71 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]4 ,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahii4 ,au/9 7,john71 ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,avebury 7,"l71 ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,ayala 7,bal?az>71 ,de jure et (ficiis bellicis et discipl9a milit>i1 libri ,,iii4 ,duaci1 #aehb4 ,ayrault 7,pi]re71 ,des procez faicts au cadav]1 aux c5dres1 a la mmoire1 aux be/es brutes1 c4 ,ang]s1 #aeia4 ,az>a 7,f4 de71 ,voyages dans l',amrique mridionale4 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #ahji4 ,ba>da 7,m4 ,j4 van71 ',fabel51 v]hal5 en ov]lev]+5 d] ,galel>eez5'2 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal-1 ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 vol4 xlv4 7s]4 vi4 vol4 i474 's-,grav5hage1 #ahie4 ,bab+ton 7,*ur*ill71 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 promot+ ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y 9 ,europe4 ,cambridge1 #ahdf4 ,ba*(5 7,j4 ,j471 ,das ,mutt]re*t4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfa4 ,bacon 7,"l71 ,works4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,sp$d+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,ellis1 & ,d4 ,d4 ,hea?4 #ad vols4 ,london1 #aheg-gd4 ,bad5-,p[ell 7,b4 ,h471 ,! ,indian ,village ,community4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,bagehot 7,walt]71 ,physics & ,politics4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,bailey 7,john71 ',an ,acc\nt ( ! ,wild ,tribes ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon'2 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 new s]4 vol4 ii4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,ba9 7,alex471 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,bak] 7,sir ,s4 ,w471 ,! ,alb]t ,n'yanza4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahff4 ---- ,ismaila4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ---- ,! ,nile ,tribut>ies ( ,abyss9ia4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,baldw9 7,j4 ,m471 ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations 9 ,m5tal ,developm5t4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,balf\r 7,a4 ,j471 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,belief4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,balf\r 7,edw>d71 ,! ,cyclopdia ( ,india1 & ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,asia4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,ball 7,c4 ,j471 ',glimpses ( ,babylonian ,religion'2 9 ,proce$4 ,soc4 ,biblical ,ar*ology1 vol4 xiv4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,ball 7,j4 ,dy]71 ,?+s ,*9ese4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,ball 7,w4 ,mc,k47 & ,roane 7,s4 ,c471 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,/ate ( ,arkansas4 ,bo/on1 #ahch4 ,balmes 7,don ,jaime71 ,el ,prote/antismo comp>ado con el ,catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilizacion ,europea4 #d vols4 ,b>celona1 #ahdd-de4 ,baluze 7,/eph571 ,capitul>ia ,regum ,francorum4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #afgg4 ,bancr(t 7,h4 ,h471 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #e vols4 ,new ,york1 #ahge-gf4 ,b> 7,l4 von71 ,die ,grundlag5 des ,/rafre*ts4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 ,b>beyrac 7,jean71 ,trait de la morale des ,pres de l'glise4 ,am/]dam1 #agbh4 ,b>+-,g\ld 7,s471 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ,/range ,survivals4 ,london1 #ahib4 #gfj ,b>nes 7,alb]t71 ,! ,*ur* & ,slav]y4 ,philadelphia1 #aheg4 ,b>onius 7,c471 ,annales ,ecclesia/ici4 #ch vols4 ,lucae1 #agch-ei4 ,b>r+ton 7,george71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,london1 #ahaj4 ,b>r[ 7,john71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,travels into ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 9 ! ,ye>s #agig & #agih4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahja-jd4 ,b>tels 7,max71 ,die ,m$ic9 d] ,naturvlk]4 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,b>? 7,a471 ,! ,religions ( ,india4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,b>? 7,he9ri*71 ,reis5 und ,entdeckung5 9 ,nord- und ,c5tral-,afrika4 #e vols4 ,go?a1 #aheg-eh4 ,b>?ol9us 7,?omas71 ,antiquitates ,danic4 ,hafniae1 #afij4 ,b>tram 7,william71 ',obs]vations on ! ,creek & ,*]okee ,indians'2 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,basil 7,sa9t71 ,op]a4 #d vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 xxix4-xxxii47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,ba/ian 7,a471 ,afrikanis*e ,reis54 ,e9 ,besu* 9 ,san ,salvador4 ,brem51 #ahei4 ---- ,all]lei aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahhh4 ---- ,die deuts*e ,exp$ition an d] ,loango-,k/e4 #b vols4 ,j5a1 #ahgd-ge4 ---- ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 ,bat*elor 7,john71 ,! ,a9u & _! ,folk-,lore4 ,london1 #aija4 ---- ,! ,a9u ( ,japan4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ',notes on ! ,a9u'2 9 ,trans4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,japan1 vol4 x4 ,yokohama1 #ahhb4 ,bates 7,h4 ,w471 ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ',baudhyana1' trans4 by ,g4 ,bhl]2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xiv4 ,ox=d1 #ahhb4 ,baudiss9 7,w4 ,w471 ,/udi5 zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf-gh4 ,baumann 7,osc>71 ',contrre ,sexual-,ers*e9ung5 bei d] ,neg]-,bevlk]ung ,zanzib>s'2 9 ,v]h&l4 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 fr ,an?ropologie1 #ahii4 ---- ,dur* ,massail& zur ,nilquelle4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ---- ,usamb>a4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,baur 7,f4 ,*r471 ,das ,mani*is*e ,religionssy/em4 ,tb+51 #ahca4 ,bax 7,e4 ,b471 ,! ,e?ics ( ,socialism4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,bayle 7,p471 ,dictionnaire hi/orique et critique4 #af vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbj4 ,baynes 7,h]b]t71 ,! ,idea ( ,god & ! ,moral ,s5se 9 ! ,light ( ,language4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,be>dmore 7,e471 ',! ,natives ( ,m[at1 ,daudai1 ,new ,gu9ea'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xix4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,beau*amp 7,w4 ,m471 ',! ,iroquois ,:ite ,dog ,fea/'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian & ,ori5tal ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii4 ,*icago1 #ahhe4 ,beaumanoir 7,philippe de71 ,les c\tumes du ,beauvoisis4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,becc>ia ,bonesana 7,ces>e71 ,op]e4 #b vols4 ,milano1 #ahba-bb4 ,beck] 7,w4 ,a471 ,*>ikles4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,gll4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahgg-gh4 ,bee*am 7,john71 ,a%antee & ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,bee*ey 7,f4 ,w471 ,n>rative ( a ,voyage to ! ,pacific & ,behr+'s ,/rait4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,beltrame 7,a4 ,g471 ,il ,fiume ,bianco e i ,dnka4 ,v]ona1 #ahha4 ---- ,il ,snna> e lo ,sciangllah4 #b vols4 ,v]ona ,padova1 #ahgi4 ,b5$ict 7,sa9t71 ,regula mona*orum4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,woelffl94 ,lipsiae1 #ahie4 #gfa ,b5ny 7,ph4 ,b]g]71 ,! ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews accord+ to ! ,talmud ,masse*e? ,synh$r94 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,b5t 7,j4 ,!odore71 ,! ,cyclades4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,b5?am 7,j]emy71 ,deontology4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,b[r+4 #b vols4 ,london ,ed9burgh1 #ahcd4 ---- ,an ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation4 ,ox=d1 #ahgi4 ---- ,! ,rationale ( ,puni%m5t4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ---- ,!ory ( ,legislation4 ,trans4 f ! ,fr5* ( ,e4 ,dumont4 ,london #ahhb4 ---- ,! ,works (4 #aa vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahch-dc4 ',b]akho?'2 9 ,le ,talmud de ,jrusalem1 trans4 by ,m4 ,s*wab1 vol4 i4 ,p>is1 #ahga4 ,b]gaigne 7,abel71 ,la religion vdique4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #ahgh-hc4 ,b]gemann 7,p471 ,die ,v]breitung d] ,an?ropophagie b] die ,erde4 ,bunzlau1 #ahic4 ,b]gmann 7,b471 ,nomadis*e ,/reif]ei5 unt] d5 ,kalmk54 #d vols4 ,riga1 #ahjd-je4 ,b]n>d 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #agai4 ,b]n>d 7,montague71 ',! ,gr[? ( ,laws & ,usages ( ,w>'2 9 ,ox=d ,essays1 #ahef4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,b]nau 7,j4 ,h471 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,b]n] 7,a4 ,f471 ,lehrbu* des ,deuts*5 ,/rafre*tes4 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,b]?olet 7,alfr$71 ,die ,/ellung d] ,israelit5 und d] ,jud5 zu d5 ,fremd54 ,freiburg i4,b4 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,be/ 7,elsdon71 ',! ,lore ( ! ,:>e-,kohanga'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 xiv4 ,well+ton1 #aije4 ---- ',notes on ! ,art ( ,w>1 z conduct$ by ! ,maori ( ,new ,zeal&'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 xi4 ,well+ton1 #aijb4 ---- ',pre-hi/oric ,civilisation 9 ! ,philipp9es'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 i4 ,well+ton1 #ahib4 ---- ',tuhoe ,l&'2 9 ,trans4 & ,proce$4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1 vol4 xxx41 #ahig4 ,well+ton1 #ahih4 ,be?une-,bak] 7,j4 ,f471 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ,w>4 ,cambridge1 #ahhh4 ',bhagavadgt 7,!7'1 trans4 by ,k4 ,t4 ,telang2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 viii4 ,ox=d1 #ahih4 ,bible 7,! ,holy74 ,appo9t$ to be read 9 ,*ur*es4 ,bickmore 7,a4 ,s471 ,travels 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,bi5] 7,f4 ,a471 ,das englis*e ,ges*worn5g]i*t4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aheb4 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal-1 ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi4 's-,grav5hage4 ,b9demann 7,c471 ,d] heilige ,augu/9us4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahdd-ee4 ,b9d+ 7,k>l71 ,die ,norm5 und ihre b]tretung4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgb-gg4 ,b+ham 7,j471 ,works4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,b+ham4 #aj vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahee4 ,b9sfeldius 7,p471 ,tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum et sag>um recognitus4 ,augu/ae ,trevirorum1 #aeia4 ,biot 7d\>d71 ,de l'abolition de l'esclavage anci5 en ,occid5t4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ---- ',mmoire sur la condition des esclaves et des s]viteurs gags en ,*9e'2 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 s]4 iii4 vol4 iii4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,bird 7,isabella ,l471 ,unbeat5 ,tracks 9 ,japan4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,birney 7,j4 ,g471 ,lett] to ! ,*ur*es on ! subject ( ,slav]y4 ,s4l41 #ahcd4 ---- ,second ,lett] on ! same subject4 ,s4l41 #ahcd84 #gfb ,bi%op 7,j4 ,p471 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,crim9al ,law4 #b vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahgg4 ,black 7,j4 ,s471 ',fa/+'2 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 ix4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgi4 ,black/one 7,william71 ,! ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&4 ,adapt$ to ! pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,law1 by ,r4 ,m4 ,k]r4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,blakey 7,rob]t71 ,! ,temporal ,b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,bl$soe 7,a4 ,t471 ,an ,essay on ,lib]ty & ,slav]y4 ,philadelphia1 #aheg4 ,block 7,maurice71 ,dictionnaire gnral de la politique4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahgc-gd4 ,blmn] 7,he9ri*71 ,ueb] die ,idee des ,s*icksals 9 d5 ,tragdi5 des ,ais*ylos4 ,leipzig1 #ahad4 ,blmn] 7,hugo71 ,! ,home ,life ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,blum5tritt 7,f]d471 ',d] ,ahn5cultus und die religis5 ,ans*auung5 d] ,malai5 des ,philipp95-,ar*ipels'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] kais4 und kn4 ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 vol4 xxv4 ,wi51 #ahhb4 ---- ',die ,sitt5 und ,bru*e d] alt5 ,tagal5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vol4 xxv4 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ---- ,v]su* e9] ,e?nographie d] ,philipp954 ,go?a1 #ahhb4 ,blunt 7,lady ,anne71 ,b$\9 ,tribes ( ! ,euphrates4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,blunts*li 7,j4 ,c471 ,le droit int]national codifi4 ,trans4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,boas 7,franz71 ',! ,c5tral ,eskimo'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vi41 #ahhd-he4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh4 ---- ',fir/ ,g5]al ,report on ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia'2 9 ,fif? ,report on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahhi47 ,london4 ---- ',! ,social ,organization & ! ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians'2 9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #ahie4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahig4 ,bock 7,c>l71 ,! ,head-,hunt]s ( ,borneo4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,bod5s*atz 7,j4 ,*r4 ,g471 ,kir*li*e ,v]fassung d] heutig5 ,jud54 #d vols4 ,erlang1 #agdh-di4 ,bod9 7,jean71 ,de republica4 ,ursellis1 #afja4 ,boeckh 7,a471 ,gesammelte kle9e ,s*rift54 #g vols4 ,leipzig1 #aheh-gb4 ,bogle 7,george71 ,n>rative ( ! ,mission (1 to ,tibet1 c4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,bohn5b]g] 7,k471 ,d] alt9dis*e ,gott ,v>un4a4 ,tb+51 #ahic4 ,boissi] 7,ga/on71 ,la religion roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9s4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,boll] 7,h4 ,a471 ,among ! ,indians4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfh4 ,bonav5tura 7,sa9t71 ,op]a4 #ac vols4 ,v5etiis1 #agea-ef4 ,bonet 7,honor71 ,l'arbre des batailles4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,nys4 ,bruxelles ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,bonfanti 7,m471 ',l'incivilim5to dei negri nell' ,africa int]tropicale'2 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 vol4 xv4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhe4 ,bonney 7,f471 ',on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,riv] ,d>l+'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,bonwick 7,james71 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,trans4 by ,sir ,p4 le ,page ,r5\f4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,proce$4 ,soc4 ,biblical ,ar*ology1 vols4 xiv4-xix47 ,london1 #ahib-ig4 ,book ( ! ,ordre ( ,*yualry or ,knygh?ode 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,w4 ,caxton4 ,we/m9/]1 #adhd8 #gfc ,boone 7,w4 ,j471 ,an ,essay1 on ! prop] ,r5d]+ ( ! ,words ,elohim & ,greek3 ,!os into ! ,*9ese ,language4 ,canton1 #ahdh4 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t 7,j4 ,b4 ,g4 ,m471 ,essais sur les ,isles ,=tunes4 ,p>is1 #ahjc4 ,bose 7,%ib ,*und]71 ,! ,h9doos z !y are4 ,london ,calcutta1 #ahha4 ,bosman 7,william71 ,a ,new & ,accurate ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,trans4 ,london1 #agba4 ,bosquett 7,a471 ,treatise on ,duell+4 ,london1 s4d4 ,bossu 7--71 ,travels ?r\gh t ,"p ( ,nor? ,am]ica =m]ly call$ ,l\isiana4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agga4 ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,bo/on4 ,bo/on ,review 7,!74 ,devot$ to ,!ology & ,lit]ature4 ,bo/on4 ,b\*e 7,p471 ,sept ans en ,afrique occid5tale4 ,la ,ct des ,esclaves et ,le ,dahomey4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,b\la9villi]s 7,c\nt de71 ,hi/oire de l'anci5 g\v]nem5t de la ,france4 #c vols4 ,la ,haye ,am/]dam1 #agbg4 ,b\quet 7,m>t97 & o!rs1 ,recueil des ,hi/ori5s des ,gaules et de la ,france4 #bd vols4 ,p>is1 #agch-aijd4 ,b\rke 7,j4 ,g471 ',! ,m$ic9e-,m5 ( ! ,apa*e'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 ix4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahib4 ---- ,! ,snake-,dance ( ! ,moquis ( ,arizona4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,b\rquelot 7,flix71 ',re*]*es sur les op9ions et la legislation en matire de mort volontaire p5dant le moy5 ge'2 9 ,biblio?que de l'cole des ,*>tes1 vols4 iii4-iv4 ,p>is1 #ahda-dc4 ,b\vi] 7,j4-,b471 ,in/itutiones philosophic4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd4 ,bove 7,giacomo71 ,patagonia4 ,t]ra del ,fuoco4 ,m>i ,au/rali4 ,g5ova1 #ahhc4 ,b[di* 7,t4 ,e471 ,mission f ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le to ,a%antee4 ,london1 #ahai4 ,b[r+ 7,sir ,john71 ,! ,k+dom & ,p ( ,siam4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aheg4 ---- ,a ,visit to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,boyle 7,d471 ',on ! ,paganism ( ! ,civilis$ ,iroquois ( ,ont>io'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxx4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,boyle 7,fr$471 ,adv5tures among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,brace 7,c4 ,lor+71 ,ge/a ,*ri/i4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,bracton 7,h5ricus de71 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,angli4 ,ed4 by ,sir ,trav]s ,twiss4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgh-gi4 ,bradbury 7,john71 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,am]ica1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahji-ahaa4 ,liv]pool1 #ahag4 ,bradley 7,f4 ,h471 ,e?ical ,/udies4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,bradley-,birt 7,f4 ,b471 ,*ota ,nagpore4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,bra9ne 7,*471 ,la ,n\velle-,caldonie4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,br&t 7,a4 ,j4 ,h4 ,w471 ,die ,m&is*e ,religion4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ---- ,m&is*e ,s*rift5 b]setzt und erlut]t4 ,gtt+51 #ahic4 ,brebeuf 7,jean de71 ',relation de ce qui s'e/ pass dans le pays des ,hurons1 en l'anne #afcf'2 9 ,relations des ,jsuites1 vol4 i4 ,quebec1 #aheh4 ,breeks 7,j4 ,wilk9son71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,primitive ,tribes ( ! ,nilagiris4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,brehm 7,a4 ,e471 ,f ,nor? ,pole to ,equator4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahif4 ---- ,?i]leb54 #aj vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg-hj4 ,br5*ley 7,j4 ,l471 ,jott+s dur+ ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 9 #ahfe4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,br5n] 7,j4 von71 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras4 ,wrzburg1 #ahid4 ,breton 7,w4 ,h471 ,excursions 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 c4 ,london1 #ahcc4 #gfd ,brett 7,w4 ,h471 ,! ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,brev>d 7,joseph71 ,an ,alphabetical ,dige/ ( ! ,public ,/atute ,law ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 #c vols4 ,*>le/on 7,s4 ,c471 #ahad4 ,bridel 7,l\is71 ,le droit des femmes et le m>iage4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,bridges 7,?omas71 ,lett] ref]r+ to ! ,fuegians1 9 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e1 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ---- ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,firel&]s'2 9 ,a ,voice = ,s\? ,am]ica1 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahff4 ',brihaspati1' trans4 by ,j4 ,jolly2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxiii4 ,ox=d1 #ahhi4 ,br9ton 7,d4 ,g471 ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhb4 ---- ,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,new ,york1 #ahfh4 ---- ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples4 ,new ,york ,london1 #ahii4 ,brissonius 7,b471 ,de regio ,p]s>um pr9cipatu4 ,arg5torati1 #agaj4 ,britton1 ,on ! ,laws ( ,engl&4 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,f4 ,m4 ,ni*ols4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahfe4 ,brooke 7,*>les71 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,s>wak4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,br[n 7,?omas71 ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahcd4 ,br[ne 7,e4 ,h471 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,br[ne 7,sir ,?omas71 ,*ri/ian ,morals4 ,cambridge1 #agaf4 ,bruce 7,james71 ,travels to discov] ! ,s\rce ( ! ,nile4 #h vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahje4 ,brugs* 7,he9ri*71 ,die gyptologie4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ---- ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahha4 ---- ,im ,l&e d] ,sonne4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 ,brunn] 7,he9ri*71 ,deuts*e ,re*tsges*i*te4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg-ib4 ---- ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 und franzsis*5 ,re*tes4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4 ,bruns 7,c4 ,g471 ,fontes juris romani antiqui4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,momms5 & ,o4 ,grad5witz4 ,friburgi i4 ,b4 ,lipsiae1 #ahic4 ,brunus 7,conradus71 ,de ,legationibus libri qu9que4 ,moguntiae1 #aedh4 ,brussel 7,n471 ,n\vel exam5 de l'usage gnral des fiefs en ,france1 p5dant les onzime1 d\zime1 treizime et quatorzime sicles4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #agej4 ,bry 7,!odor de71 ,n>rative ( ,le ,moyne1 an ,arti/ :o accompani$ ! ,fr5* ,exp$ition to ,florida "u ,laudonnire1 #aefd4 ,trans4 ,bo/on1 #ahge4 ,bryce 7,james71 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #aija4 ,bu* 7,m471 ',die ,wotjak5'2 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 vol4 xii4 ,hels+=s1 #ahhc4 ,bu*anan 7,james71 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,bu*n] 7,max71 ,kam]un4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,buckle 7,h4 ,t471 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahid4 ---- ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,b*] 7,k>l71 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,volkswirts*aft4 ,tb+51 #aijd4 ,bhl] 7,j4 ,g471 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie und ,alt]tumskunde4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,g4 ,b4 ,/rassburg1 #ahif1 c4 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is4 ,bulm]9cq 7,a471 ,das ,asylre*t und die ,auslief]ung fl*tig] ,v]bre*]4 ,dorpat1 #ahec4 #gfe';,bundahis 7,!71' trans4 by ,e4 ,w4 ,we/2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 v4 ,ox=d1 #ahhj4 ,buns5 7,c4 ,c4 ,j471 ,analecta ,ante-,nicna4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahed4 ---- ,*ri/ianity & ,mank9d4 #g vols4 ,london1 #ahed4 ---- ,de jure h]$it>io ,a!ni5sium4 ,gott+ae1 #ahac4 ,buonaf$e 7,a471 ,i/oria critica e filos(ica del suicidio4 ,v5ezia1 #aghh4 ,bur*ell 7,w4 ,j471 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbb-bd4 ,burckh>dt 7,j4 ,l471 ,arabic ,prov]bs4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ---- ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahbys4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ---- ,travels 9 ,arabia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ---- ,travels 9 ,nubia4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,buret 7,f471 ,la syphilis auj\rd'hui et *ez les anci5s4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ---- ,syphilis 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ,mod]n ,times4 ,trans4 ,philadelphia1 #ahie4 ,burns 7,rob]t71 ',! ,kayans ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,borneo'2 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,ea/]n ,asia1 vol4 iii4 ,s+apore1 #ahdi4 ,burr[s 7,guy71 ,! ,l& ( ! ,pigmies4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,burton 7,r4 ,f471 ,abeokuta & ! ,cam>oons ,m\nta9s4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ---- ,! ,book ( ! ,?\s& ,nights & a ,night4 #aj vols4 ,london1 #ahhe-hf4 7,quot$ 9 *4 xliii47 ---- ,! same "w4 #ab vols4 ,london1 #ahid4 ---- ,! ,city ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ---- ,fir/ ,foot/eps 9 ,ea/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahef4 ---- ,! ,highl&s ( ! ,brazil4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ---- ,! ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ---- ,a ,mission to ,gelele1 ,k+ ( ,dahome4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ---- ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( a ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah ,meccah4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahih4 ---- ,s9d ,revisit$4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ---- ,s9dh4 ,london1 #ahea4 ---- ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l& & ! ,cat>acts ( ! ,congo4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ---- ,wit & ,wisdom f ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ---- ,zanzib>4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ---- & ,drake 7,*4 ,f4 ,tyr:itt71 ,unexplor$ ,syria4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,butl] 7,john71 ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,assam4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,butl] 7,joseph71 ,! ,analogy ( ,religion1 ,diss]tations1 & ,s]mons4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,buxtorf 7,j471 ,synagoga ,judaica4 ,basile1 #afhj4 ,bynk]%oek 7,c4 van71 ,obs]vationum ,juris ,romani libri quatuor4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agaj4 ---- ,qu/ionum juris publici libri duo4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agcg4 ,caes> 7,c4 ,j471 ,op]a omnia4 #e vols4 ,london1 #ahai4 ,cailli 7,rn71 ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa to ,timbuctoo4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,caird 7,edw>d71 ,! ,evolution ( ,religion4 #b vols4 ,glasg[1 #ahid4 #gff ,cal& 7,w471 ,die ,alt9dis*5 ,todt5- und ,be/attungsgebru*e4 ,am/]dam1 #ahif4 ,calcutta ,review 7,!74 ,calcutta4 ,caldwell 7,r471 ,! ,t9nevelly ,%an>s4 ,madras1 #ahdi4 ,callaway 7,h5ry71 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu4 ,natal1 #ahfh-gj4 ,calv]t 7,a4 ,f471 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,calv9 7,j471 ,in/itutio ,*ri/ian religionis4 #b vols4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahcd-ce4 ,cam]on 7,a4 ,l4 ,p471 ',notes on "s ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xiv4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,campbell 7,f4 ,a471 ,a ,ye> 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ,loyalty ,isl&s1 & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,geelong ,melb\rne1 #ahgc4 ,campbell 7,john71 ,a ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,?irte5 ,ye>s' ,s]vice among/ ! ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,campbell 7,john71 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,london1 #ahae4 ---- ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 be+ a ,n>rative ( a ,second ,j\rney 9 ! ,int]ior ( t ,c\ntry4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,c&eli] 7,h471 ,rio-,ha*a et les ,indi5s ,goajires4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,canons & ,decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,wat]wor?4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ',canons enact$ "u ,k+ ,edg>'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,cape ,mon?ly ,magaz9e 7,!74 ,cape ,t[n4 ',capitul>ium ,c>oli ,magni et ,ludovici ,pii libri ,,vii4'2 9 ,georgis*1 ,corpus juris ,g]manici antiqui4 ,halae ,magdeburgicae1 #agch4 ,c>di 7,le ,comte ,c4 ,n4 de71 ',ju-ju ,laws & ,cu/oms 9 ! ,nig] ,delta'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxix4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,c>mi*ael 7,alex&]71 ,c>m9a ,gadelica4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijj4 ,c>p5t] 7,edw>d71 ,int]m$iate ,types among ,primitive ,folk4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,c>r+ton 7,f4 ,a47 & ,payne 7,j471 ,reports ( ,cases argu$ & rul$ at ,nisi ,prius1 9 ! ,c\rts ( ,k+'s ,b5*1 ,common ,pleas1 ,ex*equ]4 #i vols4 ,london1 #ahbe-da4 ,c>u!rs 7,r4 ,l47 & ,ni*olson 7,a4 ,o4 ,p471 ,a ,compilation ( ! ,/atutes ( ,t5nessee4 ,na%ville 7,t5n471 #ahcf4 ,c>v] 7,j471 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,london1 #agha4 ,casalis 7,e471 ,! ,basutos4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,casati 7,g471 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,ca/elnau 7,f4 de71 ,expdition dans les p>ties c5trales de l',amrique du ,sud4 #g vols4 ,p>is1 #ahej-ei4 ,ca/rn 7,m4 ,a471 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>4 #e vols4 ,hels+=s1 #aheb-eh4 ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,?4 ,a4 ,buckley4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,catl9 7,george71 ,illu/rations ( ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 & ,condition ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,catullus 7,c4 ,v471 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbb4 ,cauvet 7,j471 ',de l'organisation de la famille ,a?nes'2 9 ,revue de legislation et de jurisprud5ce1 vol4 xxiv4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,celtic ,magaz9e 7,!74 ,inv]ness4 ,c]teux 7,a47 & ,c>noy 7,e4 ,h471 ,l',algrie traditionnelle4 ,p>is ,alg]1 #ahhd4 #gfg ,*aik9 7,a471 ,apologie des ,juifs4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,*alm]s 7--71 ',cruelty to ,animals'2 9 ,! ,me?odi/ ,magaz9e1 vol4 ix4 ,new ,york1 #ahbf4 ,*alm]s 7,james71 ,pione] ,life & ,"w 9 ,new ,gu9ea #ahgg-ahid4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- & ,gill 7,w4 ,w471 ,"w & ,adv5ture 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,*alm]s 7,john71 ',*9ese ,natural ,!ology'2 9 ,! ,*9a ,review1 vol4 v4 ,hongkong1 #ahgf-gg4 ,*amb]la9 7,a4 ,f471 ,! ,*ild & ,*ildhood 9 ,folk-,?\ght4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,*amb]la9 7,b4 ,h471 ,?+s ,japanese4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,*amb]s 7,r471 ,! ,book ( ,days4 #b vols4 ,london ,ed9burgh1 #ahfb-fd4 ,*amb]s's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal4 ,ed9burgh ,london4 ,*anl] 7,w4 ,a471 ,?r\gh ,jungle & ,des]t4 ,london ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,*apela9 7,j471 ,de la lecture des vieux romans4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,feillet4 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ,*apman 7,j471 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,*>lemagne1 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 xcvii4-xcviii47 ,p>isiis1 #ahea4 ,*>les ,v4 7,emp]or71 ,die ,pe9li*e ,g]i*tsordnung4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,zoepfl4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahdb4 ,*>levoix 7,p4 ,f4 ,x4 de71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,p>aguay4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agfi4 ---- ,a ,voyage to ,nor?-,am]ica4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,dubl91 #agff4 ,*asseboeuf de ,volney 7,c4 ,f471 ,travels ?r\gh ,syria & ,egypt1 9 ! ,ye>s #aghc-aghe4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aghh4 ,*auveau 7,a47 & ,helie 7,f471 ,?orie du ,code pnal4 #h vols4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 ,*avanne 7,j471 ,die ,sah>a4 ,wi51 c41 #ahgi4 ,*]ry 7,r4 ,r471 ,lectures on ! ,gr[? ( ,crim9al ,law 9 ,anci5t ,communities4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,*evali] 7,j471 ,l'inv]sion sexuelle4 ,lyon ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,*ev]s 7,norman71 ,a ,manual ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india4 ,calcutta1 #ahgj4 ,*eyne 7,t4 ,k47 & ,black 7,j4 ,s471 ,encyclopdia ,biblica4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahii-aijc4 ,*ild]s 7,r4 ,c471 ,a ,diction>y ( ! ,pali ,language4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,*9a ,review 7,!74 ,hongkong4 ,*9ese ,repository 7,!74 ,canton4 ,*itty 7,joseph71 ,a ,treatise on ! ,laws ( ,comm]ce & ,manufactures4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahbj-bd4 ,*lot> ,,ii4 7,k+71 ',edictum de ,synodo ,p>isi5si'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 lxxx4 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ,*ri/ian 7,f4 ,w471 ,! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,*ri/ian ,review 7,!74 ,ro*e/] 7,n4,y474 ,*ryso/om 7,sa9t ,j471 ,op]a omnia4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 xlvii4-lxiv47 ,p>isiis1 #aheh-fj4 ',*ung ,yung'2 9 ,legge1 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 i4 ,ox=d1 #ahic4 ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c] 7,!74 ,london4 ,*ur*ill 7,*4 ,h471 ,m\nt ,lebanon4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,*wolsohn 7,d471 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus4 #b vols4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef4 ,cibr>io 7,luigi71 ,delia economia politica del m$ia eve4 #b vols4 ,tor9o1 #ahfa4 ---- ,della s*iavit e del s]vaggio4 #b vols4 ,milano1 #ahfh4 #gfh ,cic]o 7,m4 ,tullius71 ,op]a4 #ag vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahcj4 ,cieza de ,leon 7,p4 de71 ',la ,crnica del ,p] p>te prim]a'2 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 vol4 xxvi4 ,madrid1 #ahec4 ---- ,segunda p>te de la ,crnica del ,p]4 ,madrid1 #ahhj4 ,cl>k 7,c47 & ,f9nelly 7,w471 ,reports ( ,cases decid$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 on ,appeals & ,writs ( ,error4 ,london1 #ahce-dg4 ,cl>k 7,e4 ,c471 ,an ,analysis ( ,crim9al ,liability4 ,cambridge1 #ahhj4 ,cl>ke 7,r4 ,f471 ',on ,cruelty to ,animals 9 its ,moral ,aspect'2 9 ,! ,mon? & ,ca?olic ,review1 vol4 xxv4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,cl>ke 7,samuel71 ,a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 ! ,obligations ( ,natural ,religion1 & ! ,tru? & ,c]ta9ty ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation4 ,london1 #agch4 ,cl>kson 7,?omas71 ,an ,essay on ! ,slav]y & ,comm]ce ( ! ,human ,species4 ,london1 #aghh4 ,cl>us 7,julius71 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 ,g5evae1 #agci4 ,clavig]o 7,f4 ,s471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mexico4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,clay 7,c4 ,c471 ,a ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,alabama4 ,tuskaloosa1 #ahdc4 ,clay 7,w4 ,l[e71 ,! ,prison ,*apla94 ,cambridge1 #ahfa4 ,cleffelius 7,j4 ,*r471 ,antiquitates ,g]manorum potissimum sept5trionalium4 ,franc(urti ,lipsiae1 #agcc4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,op]a omnia4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 viii4-ix47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,clem5t ,i4 ( ,rome 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 i4-ii47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,clevel& 7,a4 ,r471 ,woman "u ! ,engli% ,law4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,clif=d 7,w4 ,k471 ,lectures & ,essays4 ,ed4 by ,leslie ,/eph5 & ,fr$]ick ,pollock4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,clodd 7,edw>d71 ,tom ,tit ,tot4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,cnut 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,cobb 7,?4 ,r4 ,r471 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,law ( ,negro ,slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,philadelphia ,savannah1 #aheh4 ,cobbe 7,frances ,p471 ,! ,mod]n ,rack4 ,pap]s on ,vivisection4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,co*9 7,a471 ,l'abolition de l'esclavage4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,code ,civil4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,griolet & ,*4 ,v]g4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 ,code ,napolon4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,code ,noir 7,le74 ,p>is1 #agfg4 ,code ( ,virg9ia 7,!74 #b vols4 ,ri*mond1 #ahdi4 ,code ,pnal4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahaj4 ,codex ,ju/9ianus4 ,see ,ju/9ian4 ,codex ,!odosianus4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,ha5el4 ,bonnae1 #ahdb4 ,codice ,p5ale p] il ,regno d',italia 7,,ii74 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,crivell>i4 ,tor9o1 #ahhi4 ,codigo ,p5al dos ,e/ados ,unidos d ,brazil4 ,ed4 by ,m4 ,g4 d ,al5ca/ro ,autran4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahib4 ,cdigo ,p5al re=mado4 ,madrid1 #ahgj4 ,codr+ton 7,r4 ,h471 ,! ,melanesians4 ,ox=d1 #ahia4 ,cohn 7,l471 ,zur ,lehre vom v]su*t5 und unvoll5det5 ,v]bre*54 ,breslau1 #ahhj4 ,coke 7,edw>d71 ,! ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,in/itutes ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #afhj4 ,cole 7,h471 ',notes on ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxii4 ,london1 #aijb4 #gfi ,colebrooke 7,t4 ,e471 ,miscellane\s ,essays4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,col5so 7,william71 ,on ! ,maori ,races ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,s4 l41 #ahfe4 ,coll9s 7,david71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agih-ahjb4 ,colquh\n 7,a4 ,r471 ,among/ ! ,%ans4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,compayr 7,g471 ,l'volution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,comte 7,augu/e71 ,c\rs de philosophie positive4 #f vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcj-db4 ,confr5ce de ,bruxelles4 ,la ,haye1 #ahij4 ,confr5ce int]nationale de la paix4 ,la ,haye #ah ,mai-#bi ,juillet #ahii4 #d p>ts4 ,la ,haye1 #ahii4 ,confession ( ,fai? 7,!71 toge!r ) ,! ,l>g] & ,%ort] ,cate*isms1 compos$ by ! ,assembly ( ,div9es at ,we/m9/]4 ,london1 #agag4 ,connolly 7,r4 ,m471 ',social ,life 9 ,fanti-l&'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxvi4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,con/ant 7,b5jam971 ,de la religion4 #f vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbd-cb4 ',con/itutiones ,apo/olicae'2 9 ,buns51 ,*ri/ianity & ,mank9d1 vol4 vi4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,con/itutiones ,neapolitan sive ,sicul4 ,see ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,contempor>y ,review 7,!74 ,london4 ,conv5tion sign$ at ,g5eva1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfd1 = ! ,amelioration ( ! ,condition ( ! ,w\nd$ 9 ,armies 9 ! ,field4 7,app5dix ,no4 ,,vi4 9 ,lorim]1 ,! ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 vol4 ii47 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ,cook 7,f4 ,c471 ,! ,holy ,bible1 ed4 by ,f4 ,c4 ,c4 #aj vols4 ,london1 #ahga-ha4 ,cook 7,james71 ,a ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w 4 4 4 9 ! ,ye>s #agfh-ga4 ,london1 #agga4 ---- ,a ,voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean 4 4 4 9 ! ,ye>s #aggf-hj4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,cooke 7,g4 ,w+rove71 ,*9a4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,coop] 7,t4 ,t471 ,! ,mi%mee ,hills4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,coquilhat 7,c471 ,sur le ,haut-,congo4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,coreal 7,f471 ,voyages aux ,indes ,occid5tales4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,am/]dam1 #agbb4 ,cosmos4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,cora4 ,tor9o4 ,c\dreau 7,h4 ,a471 ,la ,france qu9oxiale4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,c\to de ,magalhes 7,j4 ,v471 ,trabalho prep>atorio p>a aproveitam5to d selvagem e d solo por elle occupado no ,brazil4 ,o selvagem4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahgf4 ,c\ty 7,l\is71 ,l'esclavage au ,brsil4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,cov>ruvias a ,leyva 7,d4 de71 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 ,antv]pi1 #afch4 ,coxe 7,william71 ,acc\nt ( ! ,russian ,discov]ies betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,london1 #ahjd4 ,cranz 7,david71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,crawfurd 7,john71 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 #c vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbj4 ,crawley 7,erne/71 ,! ,my/ic ,rose4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,crell 7,j471 ,e?ica ,*ri/iana4 ,sel5oburgi1 #affc84 ,cremony 7,j4 ,c471 ,life among ! ,apa*es4 ,san ,francisco1 #ahfh4 ,crooke 7,w471 ,! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,! ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india4 #b vols4 ,we/m9/]1 #ahif4 ---- ,?+s ,indian4 ,london1 #aijf4 ---- ,! ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh4 #d vols4 ,calcutta1 #ahif4 #ggj ,cr[!r 7,s47 & ,taylor 7,j4 ,c471 ,! ,gospel on ! ,banks ( ! ,nig]4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,crozals 7,j4 de71 ,hi/oire de la civilisation4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,crozet 7--71 ,voyage to ,tasmania1 c4 9 ! ,ye>s #agga-b4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahia4 ',cruelty to ,animals 9 ,naples'2 9 ,! ,saturday ,review1 vol4 lix4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,cruick%ank 7,b471 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,cumm+ 7,c4 ,f4 ,gordon71 ,9 ! ,himalayas & on ! ,indian ,pla9s4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,cunn+ham 7,j4 ,f471 ,ug&a & its ,peoples4 ,london1 #aije4 ,cun[ 7,h471 ,die ,v]w&ts*afts-,organisation5 d] ,au/ralneg]4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4 ,curr 7,e4 ,m471 ,! ,au/ralian ,race4 #d vols4 ,melb\rne ,london1 #ahhf-hg4 ---- ,recollections ( ,squatt+ 9 ,victoria4 ,melb\rne1 c41 #ahhc4 ,curtiss 7,s4 ,i471 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,curtius ,rufus 7,qu9tus71 ,de ge/is ,alex&ri ,magni4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,foss4 ,lipsiae1 #ahfb4 ,cusack 7,m4 ,f471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,iri% ,nation4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,cyprian 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 iv47 ,p>isiis #ahdd4 ',ddi/n- ,dnk 7,!71' trans4 by ,e4 ,w4 ,we/2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xviii4 ,ox=d1 #ahhb4 ,dahn 7,felix71 ,bau/e9e4 ,b]l91 #ahgi1 c4 ,dalag] 7,l>s71 ,grnl&ske ,relation]4 ,kib5havn1 s4d4 ,dale 7,g471 ',an ,acc\nt ( ! ,pr9cipal ,cu/oms & ,habits ( ! ,natives inhabit+ ! ,bondei ,c\ntry'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxv4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,dall 7,w4 ,h471 ,alaska & its ,res\rces4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,dalton 7,e4 ,t471 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 ,calcutta1 #ahgb4 ,damh\d] 7,j4 de71 ,praxis r]um crim9alium4 ,antv]pi1 #aegj4 ,d&9i 7,j471 ',a ,voyage to ,m\nt ,libanus'2 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 x4 ,london1 #ahaa4 ,dapp] 7,o471 ,africa4 ,trans4 ,london1 #afgj4 ,d>e/e 7,r471 tudes d'hi/oire du droit4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ---- ,n\velles tudes d'hi/oire du droit4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,d>gun 7,l471 ,mutt]re*t und ,vat]re*t4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ---- ',ursprung und ,entwicklungs-,ges*i*te des ,eig5?ums'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 v4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhd4 ,d>me/et] 7,james71 ,essais ori5taux4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ---- ',introduction to ! ,v5ddd'2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 ,ox=d1 #ahhj4 ---- ,ormazd et ,ahriman4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,d>w9 7,*>les71 ',biographical ,sket* ( an ,infant'2 9 ,m9d1 vol4 ii4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ---- ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es into ! ,geology & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>i\s ,c\ntries visit$ by ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,daumas 7,e471 ,la vie arabe et la socit musulmane4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 #gga ,dautrem] 7,j471 ',! ,v5detta or ,legal ,rev5ge 9 ,japan'2 9 ,trans4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,japan1 vol4 xiii4 ,yokohama1 #ahhe4 ,davids 7,t4 ,w4 ,rhys71 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion z illu/rat$ by "s ,po9ts 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,davis 7,sir ,john ,francis71 ,*9a4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,davis 7,w4 ,w4 ,h471 ,el ,gr+o4 ,new ,york1 #aheg4 ,dawson 7,james71 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es4 ,melb\rne1 c41 #ahha4 ,decle 7,lionel71 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,decrusy 7--7 & o!rs1 ,recueil gnral des ,anci5nes ,lois ,franaises4 #bi vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbb-cc4 ,delcluze 7,e4 ,j471 ,rol& ou la ,*eval]ie4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,delepi]re 7,j4 ,o471 ,l'enf] dcrit p> ceux qui l'ont vu4 #b pts4 ,london #ahfd-fe4 ,delitzs* 7,fri$ri*71 ,wo lag das ,p>adies8 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,demangeat 7,*>les71 ,hi/oire de la condition civile des trang]s en ,france dans l'anci5 et dans le n\veau droit4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 ,demid(f 7,e471 ,a ,%oot+ ,trip to ,kam*atka4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,demo/h5es1 ,op]a4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,t4 ,voemelius4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdc4 ,d5ham 7,dixon7 & ,clapp]ton 7,hugh71 ,n>rative ( ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,d5is 7,j471 ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,wi54 ,d5nett 7,r4 ,e471 ',laws & ,cu/oms ( ! ,fjort or ,bavili ,family'2 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 vol4 i4 ,london1 #aijb4 ---- ,notes on ! ,folklore ( ! ,fjort 7,fr5* ,congo74 ,london1 #ahih4 ,d5nys 7,n4 ,b471 ,! ,folk-,lore ( ,*9a4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,desc>tes 7,r571 ,m$itationes de prima philosophia4 ,am/elodami1 #afgh4 ,des*amps 7471 ,c>net d'un voyageur--,au pays des ,v$das4 ,p>is #ahib4 ,desmaze 7,*>les71 ,les pnalits anci5nes4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,dessoir 7,max71 ',zur ,psy*ologie d] ,vita sexualis'2 9 ,allgeme9e ,zeits*rift fr ,psy*iatrie und psy*is*-g]i*tli*e ,m$ic91 vol4 l4 ,b]l9 #ahic-id4 ,deuts* 7,e471 ',islam'2 9 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 cxxvii4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ---- ,lit]>y ,rema9s4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,deuts*e ,runds*au fr ,geographie und ,/ati/ik4 ,wi51 c4 ,dewey 7,john71 ,! ,/udy ( ,e?ics4 ,ann ,arbor 7,mi*471 #ahig4 ,dhammapada 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,f4 ,max ,mll]4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 x47 ,ox=d1 #ahih4 ,diaz del ,ca/illo 7,b]nal71 ',v]dad]a hi/oria de los sucesos de la conqui/a de la ,nueva-,espaa'2 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 vol4 xxvi4 ,madrid1 #ahec4 ,dick9son 7,g4 ,l[es71 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,did]ot 7,d5is71 ,,oeuvres4 #g vols4 ,p>is1 #ahah-ai4 ,dieff5ba* 7,e471 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,diels 7,h]mann71 ',e9 orphis*] ,demet]hymnus'2 9 ,fe/s*rift ,!odor ,gomp]z d>gebra*t4 ,wi51 #aijb4 ,digby 7,k4 ,h471 ,mores ,ca?olici4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahde-dg4 ,dige/a4 ,see ,ju/9ian4 #ggb';,dimetian ,code 7,!7'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,dimitr(f 7,z471 ,die ,g]+s*tzung des m5s*li*5 ,leb5s und ihre ,ursa*5 bei d5 ,naturvlk]n4 ,leipzig-,reudnitz1 #ahia4 ',dn- ,mang- ,khirad1' trans4 by ,e4 ,w4 ,we/2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxiv4 ,ox=d1 #ahhe4 ,dio ,cassius1 ,hi/oria ,romana4 #d vols4 ,lipsiae1 #ahfc-fd4 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,op]a ,grca4 #b vols4 ,brunsvigae1 #ahdd4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,biblio!ca hi/orica4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,mll]us4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdb-dd4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,de cl>orum philosophorum vitis libri decem4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,g4 ,cobet4 ,p>isiis1 #ahej4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiquitatum ,roman>um qu sup]sunt4 ,p>isiis1 #ahhf4 ,dirks5 7,h4 ,e471 ,civili/is*e ,abh&lung54 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahbj4 ,di?m> ( ,m]seburg1 ',*ronicon'2 9 ,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica1 vol4 v4 ,hannov]ae1 #ahci4 ,dixon 7,w4 ,h471 ,new ,am]ica4 ,eigh? edit4 ,london1 s4d4 ,dobell 7,pet]71 ,travels 9 ,kamts*atka & ,sib]ia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,dobrizh(f] 7,m471 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,dodge 7,r4 ,irv+71 ,our ,wild ,indians4 ,h>t=d1 #ahhb4 ,dll+] 7,j4 ,j4 ,i471 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew 9 ! ,c\rts ( ! ,temple ( ,*ri/4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,dom5e* 7,e471 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,donaldson 7,james71 ',on ! ,expiatory & ,sub/itution>y ,sacrifices ( ! ,greeks'2 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xxvii4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgf4 ---- ',! ,position ( ,wom5 among ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians'2 9 ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 vol4 lvi4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,donne 7,john71 ,bia?anatos4 ,london1 #afdh4 ,doolittle 7,j471 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #ahfg4 ,dorman 7,r4 ,m471 ,! ,orig9 ( ,primitive ,sup]/itions4 ,philadelphia1 #ahha4 ,dorn] 7,i4 ,a471 ,a ,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e4 ,trans4 #d vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhj-hb4 ,dorsey 7,j4 ,ow571 ',m\rn+ & ,w> ,cu/oms ( ! ,kansas'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 vol4 xix4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhe4 ---- ',omaha ,sociology'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 iii4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhd4 ---- ',si\an ,folk-,lore'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 vol4 vii4 ,*icago1 #ahhe4 ---- ',si\an ,sociology'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xv4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahig4 ---- ',a ,/udy ( ,si\an ,cults'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xi4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid4 ,d\ghty 7,c4 ,m471 ,travels 9 ,arabia ,des]ta4 #b vols4 ,cambridge1 #ahhh4 ,d\glas 7,r4 ,k471 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ---- ,society 9 ,*9a4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,dove 7,t471 ',moral & ,social ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania'2 9 ,! ,tasmanian ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 c4 vol4 i4 ,hob>t ,t[n1 #ahdb4 ,drey] 7,i4 ,c4 ,h471 ,specim5 juris publici ,lubec5sis4 ,lubecae1 #agfa4 #ggc ,driv] 7,s4 ,r471 ,a ,critical & ,exegetical ,comm5t>y on ,deut]onomy4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahie4 ,drury 7,rob471 ,j\rnal dur+ ,fifte5 ,ye>s' ,captivity on ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc>4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,dubl9 ,review 7,!74 ,london4 ,dubois 7,flix71 ,timbuctoo4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,dubois 7,j4 ,a471 ,description ( ! ,"*1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p ( ,india4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahag4 ,du ,boys 7,alb]t71 ,hi/oire du droit crim9el de l',espagne4 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ---- ,hi/oire du droit crim9el des peuples mod]nes4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #ahed-fj4 ,du ,cange 7,c4 ,dufresne71 ',diss]tations ou ,rflexions sur l'hi/oire de ,s4 ,l\ys1 du ,sire de ,jo9ville'2 9 ,petitot1 ,collection des ,mmoires relatifs l'hi/oire de ,france1 vol4 iii4 ,p>is1 #ahbd4 ---- ,gloss>ium ad scriptores m$i et infim ,lat9itatis4 #f vols4 ,p>isiis1 #agcc-cf4 ,du ,*aillu 7,p4 ,b471 ,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ---- ,a ,j\rney to ,a%ango-,l&4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,du*esne 7,l471 ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip4 ,trans4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,db5 7,g4 von71 ,om ,lappl& o* ,lapp>ne4 ,/ockholm1 #ahgc4 ,dmml] 7,ern/71 ,ges*i*te des ,o/frnkis*5 ,rei*s4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 ,leipzig1 #ahfb-hh4 ,duf\r 7,pi]re71 ,hi/oire de la ,pro/itution4 #f vols4 ,bruxelles1 #ahea-ed4 ,dumont 7,j471 ,corps univ]sal diplomatique du droit des g5s4 #h vols4 ,am/]dam1 #agbf-ca4 ,dumont d',urville 7,j4 ,s4 ,c471 ,voyage pittoresque aut\r du monde4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcd-ce4 ,du-,m\l9 7,lewis71 ,moral ,reflections ^u ! ,numb] ( ! ,elect4 ,london1 #afhj4 ,dunb> 7,j4 ,b471 ',! ,pawnee ,indians'2 9 ,! ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 vols4 iv41 v41 viii4 ,new ,york ,*icago1 #ahhj1 #ahhb4 ,dunham 7,s4 ,a471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]manic ,empire4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahcd-ce4 ,durkheim 7mile71 ,de la division du travail social4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ---- ',deux lois de l'volution pnale2 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 vol4 iv41 #ahii-aijj4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ---- ,les =mes lm5taires de la vie religieuse4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ---- ',la prohibition de l'ince/e et ses orig9es'2 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 vol4 i41 #ahif-ig4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ---- ,le suicide4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,du ,t]tre 7,j4 ,b471 ,hi/oire gnrale des ,antilles4 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #affg-ga4 ,duveyri] 7,h5ri71 ,exploration du ,sah>a4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,dy] 7,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton71 ,! ,gho/ ,_w4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,dymond 7,j471 ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,e>l 7,g4 ,w471 ,papuans4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,ea/man 7,m>y71 ,dacotah4 ,new ,york1 #ahdi4 ,eclectic ,magaz9e ( ,=eign ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art 7,!74 ,new ,york4 ,edda ,snorra ,/urluson>4 ,see ,snorri ,/urluson4 ,ed5 7,sir ,f4 ,m471 ,! ,/ate ( ! ,poor2 or1 an ,hi/ory ( ! ,lab\r+ ,classes 9 ,engl&4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agig4 ,ed9burgh ,review 7,!74 ,london4 #ggd ,edk9s 7,j471 ,religion 9 ,*9a4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,edmund 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7,k+71 ',leges'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,edw>ds 7,bryan71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies4 #e vols4 ,london1 #ahai4 ,edw>ds 7,jona?an71 ,works4 #h vols4 ,london1 #ahag4 ,eg$e 7,hans71 ,a ,description ( ,gre5l&4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,eick5 7,h4 von71 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhg4 ,ell+] 7,g471 ,das ,v]hltniss d] ff5tli*5 ,me9ung zu ,wahrheit und ,lge im #aj4 #aa4 und #ab4 ,jahrhund]t4 ,sond]%aus51 #ahhd4 ,elliot 7,sir ,h5ry ,m471 ,memoirs on ! ,hi/ory1 ,folk-,lore1 & ,di/ribution ( ! ,races ( ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,elliot 7,sir ,w471 ',on ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,population ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,india'2 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 new s]4 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,elliott 7,h5ry ,w471 ,our ,arctic ,prov9ce ,alaska & ! ,seal ,isl&s4 ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ---- ',report on ! ,seal ,isl&s ( ,alaska'2 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhd4 ,ellis 7,a4 ,b471 ,! ,e7we-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,! ,l& ( ,feti%4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ---- ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,london #ahhg4 ---- ,! ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,london #ahid4 ,ellis 7,havelock71 ,! ,crim9al4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ,man & ,woman4 ,london1 #aijd4 ---- ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex4 #e vols4 ,philadelphia1 #aija-jf4 7,! ?ird edition ( vol4 i41 ',sexual ,inv]sion1' publi%$ 9 #aiae1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,additional ,notes47 ---- ,ursprung und ,entwicklung d] ,pro/itution4 7,repr9t$ f ,mutt]s*utz1 vol4 iii47 ,s4 l4 d4 ---- & ,symonds 7,j4 ,a471 ,das kontrre ,ges*le*tsgefhl4 ,trans4 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,ellis 7,w4 ,gilmore71 ',! ,amok ( ! ,malays'2 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxxix4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,ellis 7,william71 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahch4 ---- ,n>rative ( a ,t\r ?r\gh ,hawaii4 ,london1 #ahbg4 ---- ,polynesian ,rese>*es4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ---- ,! same "w4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahei4 7,?is edition ref]r$ to1 if n indicat$ o!rwise47 ,elph9/one 7,m\nt/u>t71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,k+dom ( ,caubul4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahci4 ---- ,! ,hi/ory ( ,india4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,b4 ,c[ell4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,elton 7,*4 ,i471 ,orig9s ( ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,elton 7,f471 ',notes on ,natives ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xvii4 ,london1 #ahhh4 #gge;,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,emmons 7,na?anael71 ,works4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,ide4 #f vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahdb4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,n9? edition4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahge1 c4 ,encyclopdie ,m?odique4 #afg vols4 ,p>is1 #aghb-ahcb4 ,epictetus1 ,diss]tationum libri ,,iv1 ,en*iridion et ,fragm5ta4 #e vols4 ,lipsiae1 #agii-ahjj4 ,erasmus 7,desid]ius71 ,adagiorum *iliades quatuor4 ,coloniae ,allobrogum1 #afab4 ,erman 7,adolf71 ,a ,h&book ( ,egyptian ,religion4 ,trans4 ,london1 #aijg4 ---- ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,erman 7,g4 ,a471 ,reise um die ,erde4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahcc-dh4 ,ersk9e 7,j4 ,e471 ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,ersk9e ( ,c>nock 7,john71 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,law ( ,scotl&4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,rank9e4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahij4 ,escayrac de ,lauture 7--d'71 ,die afrikanis*e ,w/e4 ,trans4 ,leipzig1 #ahfg4 ,es*wege 7,l4 ,w4 von71 ,brasili54 #b vols4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahcj4 ,esme9 7,a471 ,c\rs lm5taire d'hi/oire du droit franais4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ---- ,hi/oire de la procdure crim9elle en ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,esquirol 7,e471 ,des maladies m5tales4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahch4 ,e!lr$ 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,euripides1 ,fabul4 ,ed4 by ,t4 ,fix4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdc4 ---- ,fragm5ta4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,g4 ,wagn]4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf4 ,eusebius1 ,op]a4 #f vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 xix-xxiv47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,evans 7,e4 ,p471 ',e?ical ,relations betwe5 ,man & ,bea/'2 9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlv4 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,ewald 7,g4 ,h4 ,a4 von71 ,! ,antiquities ( ,israel4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,ew]s 7,j4 ,ph4 ,g471 ,das lte/e ,re*t d] ,russ54 ,dorpat ,hamburg1 #ahbf4 ,eyre 7,e4 ,j471 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,fab] 7,ern/71 ,a ,sy/ematical ,dige/ ( ! ,doctr9es ( ,confucius4 ,hongkong1 #ahge4 ,fabrice 7,h4 von71 ,die ,lehre von d] ,k9dsabtreibung und vom ,k9dsmord4 ,erlang51 #ahfh4 ,falkn] 7,?omas71 ,a ,description ( ,patagonia4 ,h]e=d1 #aggd4 ,f>nell 7,l4 ,r471 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates4 ,ox=d1 #ahif1 c4 ,9 progress4 ---- ',sociological ,hypo!ses conc]n+ ! ,position ( ,wom5 9 ,anci5t ,religion'2 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 vol4 vii4 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 ,f>r> 7,f4 ,w471 ,m]cy & ,judgm5t4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,f>r] 7,j4 ,a471 ,milit>y ,mann]s & ,cu/oms4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ---- ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,london ,ed9burgh1 #ahia4 ---- ,primitive ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,favyn 7,&r71 ,! ,!at] ( ,hon\r & ,knight-,hood4 ,trans4 ,london1 #afbc4 ,fawcett 7,f471 ',! ,ny>s ( ,malab>'2 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 vol4 iii4 ,madras1 #aija4 ---- ,on ! ,saoras4 7,repr9t$ f ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 vol4 i47 ,bombay1 #ahhh4 #ggf ,fea!rman 7,a471 ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,races ( ,mank9d4 #g vols4 ,london1 #ahha-ia4 ,felk9 7,r4 ,w471 ',notes on ! ,= ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa'2 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xiii4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ---- ',notes on ! ,madi or ,moru ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa'2 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xii4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ---- ',notes on ! ,wag&a ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa'2 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xiii4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,f]r]o 7,g471 ',les =mes primitives du travail'2 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 s]4 iv4 vol4 v4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,f]ri 7,enrico71 ,crim9al ,sociology4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,fe/us 7,s4 ,pompejus71 ,de v]borum significatione qu sup]sunt4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,o4 ,muell]us4 ,lipsiae1 #ahci4 ,feu]ba* 7,p4 ,j4 ,a4 von71 ,akt5mssige ,d>/ellung m]kwrdig] ,v]bre*54 #b vols4 ,giess51 #ahbh-bi4 ---- ,casp> ,haus]4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahcd4 ---- ,kritik des ,kle9s*rodis*5 ,entwurfs zu e9em pe9li*5 ,gesetzbu*e fr die ,*ur-,pfalz-,bayris*5 ,/aat54 #b vols4 ,gies51 #ahjd4 ---- ,lehrbu* des geme95 9 ,deuts*l& gltig5 ,pe9li*5 ,re*ts4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,j4 ,a4 ,mitt]mai]4 ,giess51 #ahdg4 ---- ,ueb] die ,/rafe als ,si*]ungsmittel vor knftig5 ,beleidigung5 des ,v]bre*]s4 ,*emnitz1 #ahjj4 ---- ,ueb] die ,unt]drckung und ,wi$]befreiung ,europ5s4 ,mn*5 ,leipzig1 #ahac4 ,feyf] 7,d4 de71 ,v]h&el+ ov] d5 ,k9d]moord4 ,utre*t1 #ahff4 ,fi*te 7,j4 ,g471 ,r$5 an die deuts*e ,nation4 ,leipzig1 #ahbd4 ---- ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,das ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre4 ,j5a ,leipzig1 #agih4 ---- ,ueb] d5 ,begriff des wahrhaft5 ,krieges 9 ,bezug auf d5 ,krieg im ,jahre #ahac4 ,tb+51 #ahae4 ,field+ ,hall 7,h471 ,! ,s\l ( a ,p4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,filangi]i 7,gaetano71 ,la sci5za della legislazione4 #f vols4 ,milano1 #ahbb4 ,f9ck 7,h4 ,t471 ,primitive ,love & ,love-,/ories4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,f+] 7,a471 ,comp5dium des ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,re*tes--,das ,/rafre*t4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahid-ie4 ,f9s* 7,otto71 ,neu-,gu9ea4 ,brem51 #ahfe4 ,fis*] 7,*r4 ,a471 ,b]greis54 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahjd-je4 ,fis*] 7,j471 ',notes sur l'intellig5ce des s+es'2 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 vol4 xxxiii4 7s]4 iii4 vol4 vii474 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,fi%] 7,capta971 ',memoir ( ,sylhet1 ,ka*>1 c4'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 ix4 pt4 ii4 ,calcutta1 #ahdj4 ,fiske 7,john71 ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,fison 7,l47 & ,h[itt 7,a4 ,w471 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai4 ,melb\rne ,sydney1 #ahhj4 ,flac\rt 74 de71 ,hi/oire de la gr&e isle ,madagasc>4 ,p>is1 #affa4 ,flem+ 7,william71 ,a ,manual ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,fleta1 seu ,comm5t>ius ,juris ,anglicani4 ,london1 #agce4 ,fleury 7,c471 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,behavi\r ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,trans4 ,london1 #afih4 ,flgel 7,g471 ,mani4 ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 ,folk-,lore4 ,london4 ,folk-,lore ,j\rnal 7,!74 ,london1 #ggg;,folk-,lore ,record 7,!74 ,london4 ,fonseca 7,l4 ,a4 da71 ,a escravido1 o cl]o e o abolicionismo4 ,bahia1 #ahhg4 ,=bes 7,anna71 ,insul9de4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahhg4 ,=bes 7,c4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s471 ,briti% ,burma & its ,p4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,=bes 7,david71 ',on ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u'2 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 new s]4 vol4 ii4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,=bes 7,f4 ,e471 ,dahomey & ! ,dahomans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,=bes 7,h4 ,o471 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,=eman 7,john71 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,=n&] 7,abraham71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,polynesian ,race4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgh-he4 ,=sman 7,j471 ,bidrag till lran om skade/nd i brottml enligt f9sk rx4 ,hels+=s1 #ahic4 ,=/] 7,g471 ,a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aggg4 ,=sy? 7,j471 ,! ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,=tnightly ,review 7,!74 ,london4 ,fo/] 7,mi*ael71 ,a ,report ( 4 4 4 ,cr[n ,cases4 ,london1 #aggf4 ,f\c>t 7,p471 ,des associations religieuses *ez les ,grecs4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,f\nta9 7,p47 & ,w>d 7,?omas71 ,rambles ( an ,au/ralian ,naturali/4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,f[l] 7,?omas71 ,progressive ,morality4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ,see ,wilson 7,j4 ,m47 & ,f[l]4 ,f[l] 7,w4 ,w>de71 ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,franciscus a ,victoria1 ,relectiones ,!ologic4 ,lugduni1 #aehg4 ,franois 7,h4 von71 ,nama und ,dam>a ,deuts*-,sd-,we/-,afrika4 ,magdeburg1 #ahif4 ,frank 7,j4 ,p471 ,sy/em e9] voll/ndig5 m$ic9is*5 ,polizey4 #i vols4 ,mannheim1 c41 #aghd-ahbg4 ,frankel 7,z471 ,grundl9i5 des mosais*-talmudis*5 ,eh]e*ts4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 ,frankl9 7,b471 ,works4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,sp>ks4 #aj vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahcf-dj4 ,frankl9 7,john71 ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,london1 #ahbc4 ,fras] 7,j4 ,b471 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r ?r\gh ,"p ( ! ,sn[y ,range ( ! ,himala ,m\nta9s4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,fras] 7,john71 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 ,frau5/adt 7,paul71 ,blutra*e und ,todts*lagshne im ,deuts*5 ,mittelalt]4 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,fraz] 7,sir ,j4 ,g471 ,adonis ,attis ,osiris4 ,london1 #aijf4 ---- ',c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms z illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xv4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ---- ,! ,dy+ ,god4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ---- ',folk-,lore 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t'2 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,ox=d1 #aijg4 ---- ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 #c vols4 ,london1 #aijj4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip4 ,london1 #aije4 ---- ,! ,magic ,art4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ---- ',! ,orig9 ( ,totemism'2 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 new s]4 vol4 lxv4 ,london1 #ahii4 ---- ,pausanias's ,description ( ,greece4 #f vols4 ,london1 #ahih4 #ggh ,fraz] 7,sir ,j4 ,g471 ,totemism4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg4 ---- ,totemism & ,exogamy4 #d vols4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7,emp]or71 ',con/itutiones ,neapolitan sive ,sicul'2 9 ,l9d5brog1 ,codex legum antiqu>um4 ,franc(urti1 #afac4 ,freeman 7,e4 ,a471 ,comp>ative ,politics4 ,london1 #ahif4 ---- ,! ,reign ( ,william ,rufus4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahhb4 ,freytag 7,g4 ,w471 ,arabum ,prov]bia4 #c vols4 ,bonnae ad ,rh5um1 #ahch-dc4 ,fri$lnd] 7,l471 ,d>/ellung5 aus d] ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,fri$ri*s 7,k>l71 ',e9zelunt]su*ung5 zur v]glei*5d5 ,re*tswiss5s*aft'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 x4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib4 ---- ',m5s* und ,p]son'2 9 ,das ,ausl&1 vol4 lxiv4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahia4 ,fries 7,j4 ,f471 ,neue od] an?ropologis*e ,kritik d] ,v]nunft4 #c vols4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahbh-ca4 ,friis 7,j4 ,a471 ,lappisk ,my?ologi4 ,*ri/iania1 #ahga4 ,frits* 7,gu/av71 ,drei ,jahre 9 ,sd-,afrika4 ,breslau1 #ahfh4 ---- ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrika's4 ,breslau1 #ahgb4 ,fry] 7,g4 ,e471 ,! ,khy5g ,p ( ! ,s&[ay ,di/rict1 ,arakan4 7,repr9t$ f ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal47 ,calcutta1 #ahge4 ,fry] 7,john71 ,a ,new ,acc\nt ( ,ea/-,india & ,p]sia4 ,london1 #afih4 ,fuld 7,l471 ',das ,asylre*t im ,alt]?um und ,mittelalt]'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 vii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhg4 ,fulg5tius 7,sa9t71 ',de fide'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 lxv4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdg4 ,funk 7--71 ',die ,entwicklung des ,o/]fa/5s'2 9 ,!ologis*e ,qu>tals*rift1 vol4 lxxv4 ,tb+51 #ahic4 ,furness 7,w4 ,h471 ,! ,home-,life ( ,borneo ,head-,hunt]s4 ,philadelphia1 #aijb4 ,fu/el de ,c\langes 7,n4 ,d471 ,la ,cit antique4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 7,quot$ 9 vol4 ii47 ---- ,! same "w4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 7,quot$ 9 vol4 i47 ,fyt*e 7,a471 ,burma ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,gadelius 7,bror71 ,om tvng/ank>4 ,lund1 #ahif4 ,gage 7,matilda ,j471 ,woman1 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,*icago1 #ahic4 ,gaidoz 7,h471 ',le suicide'2 9 ,mlus9e1 vol4 iv4 ,p>is1 #ahhh-hi4 ,gaius1 ,in/itutionum juris civilis comm5t>ii quattuor4 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,e4 ,po/e4 ,ox=d1 #ahij4 ,galton 7,francis71 ',eug5ics'2 9 ,sociological ,pap]s1 vols4 i4-ii41 #aijd-je4 ,london1 #aije-jf4 ---- ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty & its ,developm5t4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,gans 7,e471 ,das ,erbre*t 9 weltges*i*tli*] ,entwickelung4 #d vols4 ,b]l91 c41 #ahbd-ce4 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfi-ga4 ,g>d9] 7,a4 ,h471 ',egyptian ,e?ics & ,morality'2 9 ,ha/+s1 ,encyclop$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 vol4 v4 ,ed9burgh1 #aiab4 ,g>nett 7,lucy ,m4 ,j471 ,! ,wom5 ( ,turkey & _! ,folk-,lore4 #b vols4 #ahij-ia4 ,g>(alo 7,r471 ,la ,crim9ologie4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,g>raud 7,r471 ,trait ?orique et pratique du droit pnal ,franais4 #f vols4 ,p>is1 #ahih-aijb4 #ggi ,gason 7,s471 ',! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe'2 9 ,woods1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,gass 7,w471 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,e?ik4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahha-hg4 ',gautama1' trans4 by ,g4 ,bhl]2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ii4 ,ox=d1 #ahig4 ,gauti] 7,lon71 ,la ,*eval]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,geig] 7,k4 ,a471 ,d] ,selb/mord im klassis*5 ,alt]tum4 ,augsburg1 #ahhh4 ,geig] 7,w471 ,civilization ( ! ,ea/]n ,iranians 9 ,anci5t ,times4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london41 #ahhe-hf4 ,geisel] 7--71 ,die ,o/]-,insel4 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 ,gelli 7,j471 ,il duello4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhf4 ,gellius 7,aulus71 ,noctes ,attic4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,lion4 #b vols4 ,gott+ae1 #ahbd4 ,g5nep 7,a4 van71 ,les rites de passage4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 ---- ,tab\ et totmisme ,madagasc>4 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,geographical ,j\rnal 7,!74 ,london4 ,georgi 7,j4 ,g471 ,russia4 ,trans4 #d vols4 ,london1 #aghj-hc4 ,georgis* 7,p471 ,corpus juris ,g]manici antiqui4 ,halae ,magdeburgicae1 #agch4 ,g]hohus1 ',de a$ificio ,dei'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 cxciv4 ,p>isiis1 #ahee4 ,geusius 7,j471 ,victim ,human4 #b vols4 ,gron+ae1 #afge4 ,gey] 7,a471 ,die ,lehre von d] ,no?wehr4 ,j5a1 #aheg4 ,ghani 7,m4 ,a471 ',social ,life & ,morality 9 ,india'2 9 ,int]nal4 ,j\r4 ( ,e?ics1 vol4 vii4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,ghillany 7,f4 ,w471 ,die ,m5s*5opf] d] alt5 ,hebrer4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahdb4 ,gibb 7,john71 ',! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & ,w>'2 9 ,! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 lxxiii4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,gibbon 7,edw>d71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,ed4 by ,w4 ,smi?4 #h vols4 ,london1 #ahed-ee4 ,gibbons 7,a4 ,s4 ,h471 ,exploration & ,hunt+ 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,london4 #ahih4 ,gibbs 7,george71 ',tribes ( ,we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,nor?we/]n ,oregon'2 9 ,u4,s4 ,geographical & ,geological ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region3--,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 vol4 i4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgg4 ,gidd+s 7,f4 ,h471 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,gide 7,paul71 tude sur la condition prive de la femme4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,esme94 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,giesel] 7,j4 ,c4 ,l471 ,text-,book ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahcf4 ,giles 7,h4 ,a471 ,/range ,/ories f a ,*9ese ,/udio4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,gill 7,w4 ,w471 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ---- ,my?s & ,songs f ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,gill5 7,f4 ,j471 ',notes on ,"s ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,mc,donnell ,ranges belong+ to ! ,arunta ,tribe'2 9 ,report on ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,sci5tific ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pt4 iv4 ,london ,melb\rne1 #ahif4 ,gilm\r 7,james71 ,among ! ,mongols4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,g9\lhiac 7,*471 ,hi/oire du rgime dotal4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,g9sburg 7,*4 ,d471 ,! ,ess5es4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,gir>d 7,f471 ,manuel lm5taire de droit roma94 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,gir>d de ,rialle 7,j471 ,la my?ologie comp>e4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,gisborne 7,william71 ,! ,colony ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahhh4 #ghj ,gizycki 7,g4 von71 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,e?ics4 ,adapt$ f ! ,g]man by ,/anton ,coit4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,glab] 7,r471 ',hi/ori>um sui temporis libri qu9que'2 9 ,b\quet1 ,recueil des ,hi/ori5s des ,gaules et de la ,france1 vol4 x4 ,p>is1 #agfj4 ,glad/one 7,w4 ,e471 ,/udies on ,hom] & ! ,hom]ic ,age4 #c vols4 ,ox=d1 #aheh4 ,glanvilla 7,r4 de71 ,tractatus de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus ,regni ,angli4 ,lond9i1 #aeee84 ---- ,! same "w4 ,trans4 by ,john ,beames4 ,london1 #ahab4 ,glasson 7,erne/71 ,le m>iage civil et le divorce4 ,p>is1 #ahhj4 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,trans4 ,s+apore1 #ahid4 ,globus4 ,illu/rirte ,zeits*rift fr ,lnd]- und ,vlk]kunde4 ,brauns*weig1 c4 ,gob9eau 7,a4 de71 ,! ,moral & ,intellectual ,div]sity ( ,races4 ,trans4 ,philadelphia1 #ahef4 ,goblet d',alviella 7,eugne71 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,conception ( ,god4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,godw9 7,william71 ,enquiry conc]n+ ,political ,ju/ice4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agif4 ,goehl]t 7,v471 ',die ges*le*tsv]s*i$5heit d] ,k9d] 9 d5 ,eh5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vol4 xiii4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,gpf]t 7,f4 ,a471 ,moral!ologie4 ,vol4 i4 ,pad]born1 #ahii4 ,goesius 7,w471 ,rei agr>i auctores legesque v>i4 ,am/elr$ami1 #afgd4 ,gtte 7,w471 ,das ,delphis*e ,orakel4 ,leipzig1 #ahci4 ,gtt+] ,/udi54 ,gtt+54 ,gtt+is*e gelehrte ,anzeig54 ,gtt+54 ,goit5 7,e471 ,das ,v]geltungspr9cip im biblis*5 und talmudis*5 ,/rafre*t4 ,frankfurt a4,m41 #ahic4 ,golda/ 7,m471 ,collectio consuetud9um et legum imp]ialium4 ,franc(ordiae ad ,mo5um1 #afac4 ,goldzih] 7,ignaz71 ,abh&lung5 zur arabis*5 ,philologie4 #b vols4 ,leid51 #ahif-ii4 ---- ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi54 #b vols4 ,halle a4,s41 #ahhi-ij4 ,gom>a 7,f4 ,lopez de71 ',prim]a p>te de la hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias'2 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 vol4 xxii4 ,madrid1 #aheb4 ,gomme 7,g4 ,l471 ,e?nology 9 ,folklore4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ',"s ,traditions & ,sup]/itions connect$ ) ,build+s'2 9 ,! ,antiqu>y1 vol4 iii4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,goodell 7,william71 ,! ,am]ican ,slave ,code 9 ,!ory & ,practice4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ---- ,slav]y & ,anti-,slav]y4 ,new ,york1 #aheb4 ,goos 7,c471 ,=elsn+] ov] d5 alm9delige ,retslre4 #b vols4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhi-id4 ,gopvcevi'c 7,s471 ,ob]albani5 und se9e ,liga4 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ',gospel ( ! ,nativity ( ,m>y 7,!7'2 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 vol4 xvi4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgj4 ',gospel ( ,pseudo-,mat!w 7,!7'2 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 vol4 xvi4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgj4 ,gotl&s-,lag54 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,j4 ,s*lyt]4 7,corpus ,juris ,sueo-,gotorum ,antiqui1 vol4 vii47 ,lund1 #aheb4 ,grb]g di ,hems 7,j471 ,spec*io geografico1 e /ati/ico dell' imp]o di ,m>occo4 ,g5ova1 #ahcd4 ,grgs1 ,h9 =na lgbk sl5dnga4 #b vols4 ,havniae1 #ahbi4 #gha ,grange 7--71 ',extracts f ! ,j\rnal ( an ,exp$ition into ! ,naga ,hills'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 ix4 pt4 ii4 ,calcutta1 #ahdj4 ,grang] 7,f4 ,s471 ',! ,moral ,life ( ! ,e>ly ,romans'2 9 ,int]nal4 ,j\r4 ( ,e?ics1 vol4 vii4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,granville 7,r4 ,k47 & ,ro? 7,f4 ,n471 ',notes on ! ,jekris'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxviii4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,gratian1 ,decretum4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 clxxxvii47 ,p>isiis1 #ahee4 ,graul 7,k471 ,reise na* ,o/9di54 #e vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahed-ef4 ,gray 7,j4 ,h471 ,*9a4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,gre5 7,j4 ,r471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahgi-ha4 ,gre5wood 7,?omas71 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]mans4 ,london1 #ahcf4 ,gregor 7,walt]71 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl&4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,gregorovius 7,f]d9&71 ,w&]+s 9 ,corsica4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,gregory ,i4 7,sa9t71 surnam$ ! ,great1 ,op]a omnia4 #e vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 lxxv4-lxxix47 ,p>isiis1 #ahdi4 ,gregory ,,iii41 ',judicia congrua po5it5tibus'2 9 ,labbe-,mansi1 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio1 vol4 xii4 ,flor5ti1 #agff4 ,gregory ,,ix41 ',decretales'2 9 ,corpus juris canonici1 ed4 by ,a4 ,fri$b]g1 vol4 ii4 ,lipsi1 #ahha4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 #d vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 xxxv4-xxxviii47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg-eh4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 lxxi47 ,p>isiis1 #ahdi4 ,grey 7,george71 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahda4 ---- ,polynesian ,my?ology4 ,auckl&1 #ahhe4 ,gri]son 7,g4 ,a471 ,bihar ,peasant ,life4 ,calcutta1 #ahhe4 ,gries+] 7,w471 ,m5tal ,pa?ology & ,!rapeutics4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,griffis 7,w4 ,e471 ,corea4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,! ,mikado's ,empire4 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ---- ,! ,religions ( ,japan4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,griffi? 7,william71 ',j\rnal ( a ,visit to ! ,mi%mee ,hills 9 ,assam'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 vi4 ,calcutta1 #ahcg4 ,grimm 7,jacob71 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,heusl] & ,r4 ,hbn]4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ---- ,k9d]- und ,hausmr*54 ,grosse ,ausgabe4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 ---- ,kle9]e ,s*rift54 #h vols4 ,b]l91 #ahfd-ij4 ---- ,re9h>t ,fu*s4 ,b]l91 #ahcd4 ---- ,teutonic ,my?ology4 ,trans4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahhb-hh4 ,gr9nell 7,g4 ,b471 ,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories & ,folk-,tales4 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ---- ,! ,/ory ( ! ,indian4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,gronovius 7,j471 ,!saurus ,grc>um antiquitatum4 #ab vols4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #afig-agjb4 ,groot 7,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de71 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a4 ,leyd51 #ahib1 c4 ,9 progress4 ,grosse 7,ern/71 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie und die ,=m5 d] ,wir?s*aft4 ,freiburg i4,b4 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 #ghb ,grote 7,john71 ,a ,treatise on ! ,moral ,ideals4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,mayor4 ,cambridge1 #ahgf4 ,grotius 7,hugo71 ,de jure belli et pacis libri tres4 ,) a trans4 by ,w4 ,:ewell4 #c vols4 ,cambridge1 #ahec4 ,gruppe 7,otto71 ,die grie*is*5 ,culte und ,my!n4 ,vol4 i4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,guazz9i 7,s471 ,tractatus ad def5sam inquisitorum1 c>c]atorum reorum1 condemnatorum sup] quocunque crim9e4 ,v5etiis1 #afci4 ,gudgeon 7,w4 ,e471 ',maori ,religion'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 xiv4 ,well+ton1 #aije4 ,gudmundsson 7,v47 & ,klund 7,kr471 ',sitte4 ,sk&9avis*e ,v]hltnisse'2 9 ,paul1 ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 vol4 iii4 ,/rassburg1 #aijj4 ,gn!r 7,l471 ,die ,idee d] ,wi$]v]geltung 9 d] ,ges*i*te und ,philosophie des ,/rafre*ts4 #c vols4 ,erlang51 #ahhi-ie4 ,gur>d 7,b4 ,e4 ,c471 ,collection des ,c>tulaires de ,france4 ,tomes ,i-,,ii4 ,c>tulaire de l',abbaye de ,sa9t-,pre de ,*>tres4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ,guibal 7,georges71 ,hi/oire du s5tim5t national en ,france p5dant la gu]re de ,c5t ans4 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,guib]tus de ,novig5to1 ',monodi>um sive de vita sua libri tres'2 9 ,b\quet1 ,recueil des ,hi/ori5s des ,gaules et de la ,france1 vol4 xii4 ,p>is1 #agha4 ,gu9n>d 7,a471 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,slav]y among ! ,patagonians4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,gumilla 7,j471 ,el ,or9oco ilu/rado4 #b vols4 ,madrid1 #agde4 ,gumm]e 7,f4 ,b471 ,g]manic ,orig9s4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,guppy 7,h4 ,b471 ,! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,gurney 7,j4 ,j471 ,obs]vations on ! ,di/+ui%+ ,views & ,practices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,gutzlaff 7,*>les71 ,a ,sket* ( ,*9ese ,hi/ory4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,guyau 7,j4 ,m471 ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ',gw5tian ,code 7,!7'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,hab]l& 7,c471 ',d] ,k9d]mord als ,volkssitte'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 xxxvii4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhj4 ---- ',ueb] ,gebru*e und ,ab]glaub5 beim ,ess5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie und ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 vols4 xvii4-xviii4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg-hh4 ,haddon 7,a4 ,c471 ',! ,e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xix4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,head-,hunt]s4 ,london1 #aija4 ---- ,magic & ,feti%ism4 ,london1 #aijf4 ---- 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits4 vol4 v4 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 ,haeckel 7,ern/71 ,a ,visit to ,ceylon4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,hag5 7,b471 ,unt] d5 ,papua's4 ,wiesbad51 #ahii4 ,hagman 7,luc9a71 ',frn samskolan'2 9 ,humanitas1 vol4 ii4 ,hels+=s1 #ahig4 ,hahn 7,c471 ,kaukasis*e ,reis5 und ,/udi54 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,hahn 7,j4 ,g4 von71 ,albanesis*e ,/udi54 #c vols4 ,j5a1 #ahed4 ,hahn 7,!ophilus71 ,tsuni-,goam4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi4 ,london1 #ahha4 #ghc ,hale 7,horatio71 ',! ,iroquois ,sacrifice ( ! ,:ite ,dog'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian & ,ori5tal ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii4 ,*icago1 #ahhe4 ---- ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition "u ! ,comm& ( ,*4 ,wilkes4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,e?nography & ,philology4 ,philadelphia1 #ahdf4 ,hale 7,mat!w71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjj4 ,halvy 7,j471 ,mlanges de critique et d'hi/oire relatifs aux peuples smitiques4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,hall 7,c4 ,f471 ,arctic ,rese>*es & ,life among ! ,esquimaux4 ,new ,york1 #ahfe4 ,hall 7,g4 ,/anley71 ',*ildr5's ,lies'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 iii4 ,worce/]1 #ahij-ia4 ---- ',a ,/udy ( ,ang]'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 x4 ,worce/]1 #ahih-ii4 ,hall 7,w4 ,e471 ,a ,treatise on ,int]national ,law1 ,ox=d1 #ahij4 7,ref]r$ to 9 vol4 i47 ---- ,! same "w4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,atlay4 ,ox=d1 #aijd4 7,ref]r$ to 9 vol4 ii47 ,hallam 7,h5ry71 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahcg4 7,ref]r$ to 9 *4 xxvii47 ---- ,! same "w4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,halleck 7,h4 ,w471 ,int]national ,law4 ,ed4 by ,sir ,%]/on ,bak]4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,hamilton 7,augu/us71 ,maori ,art4 ,well+ton1 #ahif-aija4 ,hamilton 7,william71 ,lectures on ,metaphysics & ,logic4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahgg4 ,hamilton 7,william ,j471 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,hvammurabi 7,k+ ( ,babylon71 ,! ,code ( ,laws promulgat$ by4 ,trans4 by ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijc4 ,hanoteau 7,a47 & ,let\rneux 7,a471 ,la ,kabylie et les c\tumes ,kabyles4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #ahgb-gc4 ,hans>d 7,t4 ,c471 ,! ,p>liam5t>y ,debates f #ahjc to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,london1 #ahab1 c4 ,h>del& 7,a471 ,dajacks*-deuts*es ,wrt]bu*4 ,am/]dam1 #ahei4 ,h>di/y 7,w4 ,l471 ',! ,l\*eux ,indians'2 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahff4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfg4 ,h>dman 7,e4 ,t471 ',notes on "s ,habits & ,cu/oms ( ! ,natives ( ! ,kimb]ley ,di/rict1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia'2 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,academy1 s]4 iii4 vol4 i4 ,dubl91 #ahhi-ia4 ,h>dy 7,r4 ,sp5ce71 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism4 ,london1 #ahej4 ---- ,a ,manual ( ,budhism1 9 its ,mod]n ,developm5t4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,h>kness 7,h471 ,a ,description ( a ,s+ul> ,aborig9al ,race inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,h>mon 7,d4 ,w471 ,a ,j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,&ov]1 #ahbj4 ,h>nack 7,a471 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma4 ,trans4 #g vols4 ,london1 #ahid-ii4 ---- ',mani*aeism'2 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xv4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhc4 ,h>ris 7,s471 ',! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,labor'2 9 ,! ,new ,engl&]1 vol4 xxiv4 ,new ,hav51 #ahfe4 ,h>ris 7,s4 ,f471 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,crim9al ,law4 ,london1 #ahii4 #ghd ,h>ris 7,?omas7 & ,johnson 7,r471 ,reports ( ,cases argu$ & det]m9$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,c\rt & ,c\rt ( ,appeals ( ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 f #ahjj to #ahje1 inclusive4 #d vols4 ,annapolis1 #ahba-bg4 ,h>ris 7,w4 ,cornwallis71 ,! ,highl&s ( ?iopia4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,h>rison 7,*471 ',religion & ,family among ! ,haidas'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxi4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,h>rison 7,jane ,ell571 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion4 ,cambridge1 #aijc4 ,h>tkno* 7,*ri/471 ,alt- und ,neues ,preuss54 #b vols4 ,franckfurt ,leipzig1 #afhd4 ,h>tl& 7,e4 ,sidney71 ',conc]n+ ! ,rite at ! ,temple ( ,mylitta'2 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,ox=d1 #aijg4 ---- ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahid-if4 ---- ,ritual & ,belief4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,h>tley 7,david71 ,obs]vations on ,man4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahaj4 ---- ,!ory ( ! ,human ,m9d1 on ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,association ( ,ideas2 ) ,essays relat+ to ! ,subject ( x4 ,by ,joseph ,prie/ley4 ,london1 #agij4 ,h>tmann 7,r471 ,die m5s*5hnli*5 ,aff54 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,h>t%orne 7,b4 ,f471 ',! ,w$das'2 9 ,! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 vol4 viii4 ,bombay1 #ahgi4 ,h>tung 7,j4 ,a471 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]4 #b vols4 ,erlang51 #ahcf4 ,h>v>d ,law ,review4 ,cambridge 7,mass474 ,ha/+s 7,j471 ,a ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 #e vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahii-aijd4 ---- ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijh1 c4 ,9 progress4 ,haug 7,b471 ,die ,alt]?mm] d] ,*ri/54 ,/uttg>t1 #aghe4 ,haupt 7,paul71 ',die zwlfte ,tafel des babylonis*5 ,nimrod-,epos'2 9 ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 vol4 i4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,hawtrey 7,s4 ,h4 ,c471 ',! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxi4 ,london1 #aija4 ,hax?aus5 7,a4 von71 ,! ,russian ,empire4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahef4 ---- ,transcaucasia4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,haynes 7,e4 ,s4 ,p471 ,religi\s ,p]secution4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,haywood 7,john7 & ,cobbs 7,r4 ,l471 ,! ,/atute ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee4 #b vols4 ,knoxville1 #ahca4 ,he>n 7,w4 ,e471 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold4 ,london ,melb\rne1 #ahgi4 ,he>ne 7,s471 ,a ,j\rney f ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,=t to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean4 ,dubl91 #agif4 ,heb] 7,r471 ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,prov9ces ( ,india4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbh4 ,h$ley 7,j4 ,c471 ',dr4 ,miv>t on ,fai? & ,sci5ce'2 9 ,! ,dubl9 ,review1 s]4 iii4 vol4 xviii4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,hefele 7,c4 ,j471 ,beitrge zur ,kir*5ges*i*te1 ,ar*ologie und ,liturgik4 #b vols4 ,tb+51 #ahfd4 ---- ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,trans4 #e vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahga-if4 ,hefft] 7,a4 ,w471 ,das ,europis*e ,vlk]re*t d] ,geg5w>t4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,h4 ,geffk54 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,hegel 7,g4 ,w4 ,f471 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,j4 ,p4 ,j4 ,boll&4 ,leid51 #aijb4 ---- ,philosophy ( ,"r4 ,trans4 by ,s4 ,w4 ,dyde4 ,london1 #ahif4 #ghe ,hehn 7,v471 ,! ,w&]+s ( ,plants & ,animals f _! ,fir/ ,home4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,s4 ,/allybrass4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,hellwald 7,f4 von71 ,die m5s*li*e ,familie4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,hellwig 7,a471 ,das ,asylre*t d] ,naturvlk]4 ,b]l91 #aijc4 ,helmold 7--71 ,*ronik d] ,slav54 ,trans4 ,b]l91 #aheb4 ,helps 7,sir ,ar?ur71 ,"s ,talk ab\t ,animals & _! ,ma/]s4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ---- ,! ,spani% ,conque/ 9 ,am]ica4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahee-fa4 ,helvetius 7,c4 ,a471 ,de l',homme1 de ses facults intellectuelles et de son ducation4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aggc4 ,h5ault 7,*4 ,j4 ,f471 ,n\vel abreg *ronologique de l'hi/oire de ,france4 ,p>is1 #ageb4 ,h5d]son 7,john71 ,obs]vations on ! ,colonies ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,calcutta1 #ahcb4 ,h5ke 7,a471 ,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic94 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,b]gmann4 ,b]l91 #ahei4 ,h5ke 7,e471 ,grundriss e9] ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 pe9li*5 ,re*ts und d] pe9li*5 ,re*tswiss5s*aft4 #b vols4 ,sulzba*1 #ahji4 ,h5k5ius 7,h471 ',ent/ehung und ,v]breitung d] ,an?ropophagie'2 9 ,deuts*e ,runds*au fr ,geographie und ,/ati/ik1 vol4 xv4 ,wi51 c41 #ahic4 ,h5nep9 7,l\is71 ,description de la ,l\isiane4 ,p>is1 #afhc4 ---- ,a ,new ,discov]y ( a ,va/ ,c\ntry 9 ,am]ica1 4 4 4 betwe5 ,new ,france & ,new ,mexico4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #afih4 ---- ,n\velle ,dc\v]te d'un trs ,gr& ,pays situ dans l',am]ique1 entre ,le ,n\veau ,mexique1 et ,la ,m] ,glaciale4 ,utre*t1 #afig4 ,h5ry ,i4 7,k+71 ',leges'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,hepp 7,f4 ,c4 ,?471 ,die ,zure*nung auf dem ,gebiete des ,civilre*ts insbesond]e die ,lehre von d5 ,unglcksfll54 ,tb+51 #ahch4 ,h]iot 7,george71 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,h]mann 7,c4 ,f471 ,disputatio de t]m9is eorumque religione apud ,grcos4 ,gott+ae1 #ahdf4 ---- ,lehrbu* d] gottesdi5/li*5 ,alt]?m] d] ,grie*54 ,ed4 by ,k4 ,b4 ,/>k4 ,heidelb]g1 #aheh4 ---- ,lehrbu* d] ,grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,blmn]4 ,freiburg i4,b4 ,tb+51 #ahhb4 ---- ,lehrbu* d] ,grie*is*5 ,re*tsalt]?m]4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,?alheim4 7,lehrbu* d] ,grie*is*5 ,antiquitt51 vol4 ii4 pt4 i47 ,freiburg i4,b4 ,tb+51 #ahhd4 ,h]n%eim 7,franz71 ,beitrag zur ,spra*e d] ,m>%all-,inseln4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,h]odotus1 ,hi/ori>um libri ,,ix4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,d9dorfius4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,engli% v]sion1 ed4 by ,g4 ,rawl9son1 ,col4 ,rawl9son1 & ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,h]r]a 7,antonio de71 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,trans4 #f vols4 ,london1 #ahbe-bf4 ,h]%on 7,p4 ,i471 ,treasures ( ! ,talmud4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,h]tz 7,e471 ,voltaire und die franzsis*e ,/rafre*tspflege im a*tzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhg4 ,h]tz 7,r471 ',contribution une tude sur la reprs5tation collective de la mort'2 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 vol4 x41 #aije-jf4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 ,h]zog 7,j4 ,j471 ,real5cyclopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,hauck4 ,leipzig1 #ahif1 c4 ,9 progress4 #ghf ,h]zog 7,j4 ,j471 & ,plitt 7,g4 ,l471 ,real5cyclopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie4 #ah vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg-hh4 ,h]zog 7,r471 ,rcktritt vom ,v]su* und ?tige ,reue4 ,wrzburg1 #ahhi4 ,hesiod1 ,c>m9a4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,lehrs4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdj4 ,hessey 7,j4 ,a471 ,sunday1 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,hettn] 7,h471 ,ges*i*te d] franzsis*5 ,lit]atur im a*tzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahid4 ,hetzel 7,h471 ,die ,todes/rafe 9 ihr] kulturges*i*tli*5 ,entwicklung4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 ,heugl9 7,m4 ,?4 von71 ,reise na* ,abess9i54 ,j5a1 #ahfh4 ,hewitt 7,j4 ,n4 ,b471 ',! ,iroquoian ,concept ( ! ,s\l'2 9 ,j\r4 ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 vol4 viii4 ,bo/on ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,hickson 7,s4 ,j471 ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nor? ,celebes4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,hil>y 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 ix4-x47 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd-de4 ,hildebr& 7,r471 ,re*t und ,sitte auf d5 v]s*i$55 wirts*aftli*5 ,kultur/uf54 ,vol4 i4 ,j5a1 #ahif4 ,hildebr&t 7,j4 ,m471 ',e?nographis*e ,notiz5 b] ,wakmba und ihre ,na*b>5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nologie1 vol4 x4 ,b]l91 #ahgh4 ,hilh\se 7,william71 9999,indian ,notices4 ,s4l41 #ahbe4 ,hill 7,ri*>d7 & ,?ornton 7,george71 ,notes on ! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 ,hillebr&t 7,alfr$71 ',e9e ,miscelle aus dem ,v$>itual'2 9 ,zeits*r4 d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 vol4 xl4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ,h9de 7,s4 ,l4 & ,mrs4 ,hildeg>de71 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai4 ,london1 #aija4 ,hippel 7,rob]t von71 ,die ,?ielqul]ei 9 d] ,/rafgesetzgebung4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,hirn 7,yrj71 ,! ,orig9s ( ,art4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,hirs*feld 7,h471 ',rem>ks on ! ,etymology ( v,sabba?'2 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,hirs*feld 7,magnus71 ,die ,homosexualitt des ,mannes und des ,weibes4 ,b]l91 #aiad4 ,hislop 7,s471 ,pap]s relat+ to ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,temple4 ,s4l41 #ahff4 ,hitopadesa4 ,trans4 by ,f4 ,p9cott4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,hlo?hre & ,eadric 7,k+s71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,hobbes 7,?omas71 ,levia?an4 ,ox=d1 #ahha4 ,hobh\se 7,l4 ,t471 ,morals 9 ,evolution4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,hodge 7,*>les71 ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 #c vols4 ,london ,ed9burgh1 #ahga-gc4 ,hodgson 7,b4 ,h471 ,miscellane\s ,essays relat+ to ,indian ,subjects4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,hodgson 7,c4 ,p471 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,hodson 7,t4 ,c471 ',! ,g5na among/ ! ,tribes ( ,assam'3 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxvi4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,hffd+ 7,h471 ,etik4 ,kb5havn1 #ahig4 ,hfl] 7,m471 ',krankheits-,dmon5'2 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,religionswiss4 vol4 ii4 ,freiburg i4,b41 #ahii4 ,hg/rm 7,m4 ,p471 ,beskrifn+ fv] de til ,sv]iges ,krona lyd&e ,lapm>k]4 ,/ockholm1 #agde84 ,h(fman 7,w4 ,j471 ',! ,m5om9i ,indians'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xiv4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahif4 #ghg ,h(fmann 7,r571 ,la notion de l'tre suprme *ez les peuples non civiliss4 ,g5ve1 #aijg4 ,holba* 7,p4 ,h4 ,d4 d'71 ,sy/me de la nature4 ,ed4 by ,d4 ,did]ot4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahba4 ,hold5 7,w4 ,c471 ,! ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,kaffir ,races4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,hol9%$ 7,r471 ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 #f vols4 ,london1 #ahjg-jh4 ,holl& 7,f4 ,m471 ,! ,reign ( ! ,/oics4 ,new ,york1 s4d4 ,holl& 7,?omas ,a471 ,a ,"t ( ,w>4 ,brighton1 #ahee4 ,hollis 7,a4 ,c471 ,! ,masai4 ,ox=d1 #aije4 ,holm 7,g471 ',e?nologisk ,skizze af ,angmagsalik]ne'2 9 ,m$delels] om ,grnl&1 vol4 x4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhh4 ,holmb]g 7,h4 ,j471 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 b] die ,vlk] des russis*5 ,am]ika'2 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 vol4 iv4 ,hels+=s1 #ahef4 ,holmes 7,o4 ,w471 ,! ,common ,law4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,hoi/ 7,h4 von71 ,! ,con/itutional & ,political ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,trans4 #e vols4 ,*icago1 #ahgf-hi4 ,holtz5dorff 7,f4 von71 ,encyclopdie d] ,re*tswiss5s*aft4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc-gf4 ,holtzmann 7,adolf71 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,hold]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgd4 ,holub 7,e471 ',c5tral ,s\? ,african ,tribes'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 x4 ,london1 #ahha4 ---- ',die ,ma-,atabele'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vol4 xxv4 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ---- ,sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,holzman 7,m471 ',snde und ,shne 9 d5 ,rigv$ahymn5 und d5 ,psalm5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie und ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 vol4 xv4 ,b]l91 #ahhd4 ,home & ,=eign ,review 7,!74 ,london4 ,hom]1 ,c>m9a4 ,p>isiis1 #ahch4 ,hommel 7,fritz71 ,die ,semitis*5 ,vlk] und ,spra*54 ,leipzig1 #ahha-hc4 ,honor de ,sa9te ,m>ie1 ,diss]tations hi/oriques et critiques sur la *eval]ie4 ,p>is1 #agah4 ,hood 7,t4 ,h471 ,notes ( a ,cruise 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,fawn 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfc4 ,hook] 7,j4 ,d471 ,himalayan ,j\rnals4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,hook] 7,ri*>d71 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,polity & o!r ,works4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,hoop] 7,w4 ,h471 ,t5 ,mon?s among ! ,t5ts ( ! ,tuski4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,hopk9s 7,e4 ,w471 ,! ,religions ( ,india4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,horatius ,flaccus 7,q471 ,op]a omnia4 #d vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbe4 ,horwicz 7,adolf71 ,psy*ologis*e ,analys5 auf physiologis*] ,grundlage4 #b vols4 ,halle ,magdeburg1 #ahgb-gh4 ,hose 7,*>les71 ',a ,j\rney up ! ,b>am ,riv] to ,m\nt ,dulit & ! ,highl&s ( ,borneo'2 9 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahic4 ---- & ,mc,dougall 7,w471 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aiab4 ---- & ,mc,dougall1 ',! ,relations betwe5 ,m5 & ,animals 9 ,s>awak'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxi4 ,london1 #aija4 ,h\r/ 7--71 ,sur le ,nig] et au pays des ,t\>egs4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,h[>d 7,b4 ,d\glas71 ,life ) ,trans-,sib]ian ,savages4 ,london1 #ahic4 #ghh ,h[>d 7,g4 ,e471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,matrimonial ,in/itutions4 #c vols4 ,*icago ,london1 #aijd4 ,h[ell 7,t4 ,b4 & ,t4 ,j474 ,see ,/ate ,trials4 ,h[itt 7,a4 ,w471 ',au/ralian ,gr\p ,relations'2 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahhc4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhe4 ---- ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #aijd4 ---- ',! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 xvii4 ,london1 #aijf4 ---- ',on ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m5'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- ',on "s ,au/ralian ,beliefs'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ---- ',on "s ,au/ralian ,c]emonies ( ,initiation'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,hozumi 7,nobu%ige71 ,ance/or-,wor%ip & ,japanese ,law4 ,tokyo1 ,osaka ,kyoto1 #aiac4 ',hsio ,k+ 7,!71' trans4 by ,j4 ,legge2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iii4 ,ox=d1 #ahgi4 ,hub]t 7,h47 & ,mauss 7,m>cel71 ',essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice'2 9 ,l'anne sociologique1 vol4 ii41 #ahig-ih4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,huc 7,e4 ,r471 ,! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahei4 ---- ,travels 9 ,t>t>y1 ,?ibet1 & ,*9a4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 s4d4 ,hbbe-,s*leid5 7,w471 ,e?iopi54 ,/udi5 b] ,we/-,afrika4 ,hamburg1 #ahgi4 ,hllmann 7,k4 ,d471 ,/dtewes5 des ,mittelalt]s4 #d vols4 ,bonn1 #ahbf-bi4 ,humboldt 7,a4 von71 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,trans4 #g vols4 ,london1 #ahad-bi4 ,hume 7,b>on ,david71 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,scotl&1 respect+ ! ,description & ,puni%m5t ( ,crimes4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #agig4 ,hume 7,david71 ,philosophical ,works4 ,ed4 by ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 & ,t4 ,h4 ,grose4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahgd-ge4 ,hunt 7,a4 ,e471 ',e?nographical ,notes on ! ,murray ,isl&s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxviii4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,hunt] 7,w4 ,a471 ,a ,sy/ematical & ,hi/orical ,exposition ( ,roman ,law4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,hunt] 7,w4 ,w471 ,! ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahfh-gb4 ,hut*eson 7,francis71 ,an ,essay on ! ,nature & ,conduct ( ! ,passions & ,affections4 ,) ,illu/rations on ! ,moral ,s5se4 ,london1 #agcj4 ---- ,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue2 ,9 ,two ,treatises 4 4 4 ,,ii4 ,conc]n+ ,moral ,good & ,evil4 ,london1 #agch4 ---- ,a ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agee4 ,hyades 7,p47 & ,d5ik] 7,j471 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 #ahhb-ahhc4 ,tome ,,vii4 ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nographie4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,hyltn-,cavallius 7,g4 ,o471 ,wr5d o* ,wird>ne4 #b vols4 ,/ockholm1 #ahfc-fh4 ,ignatius 7,sa9t71 ',epi/olae'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 v4 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,im ,?urn 7,e4 ,f471 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,imm]wahr 7,walt]71 ,die ,kulte und ,my!n ,arkadi5s4 ,vol4 i4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,indian ,antiqu>y 7,!71 a ,j\rnal ( ,ori5tal ,rese>*4 ,bombay4 ,indo-,*9ese ,glean] 7,!74 #c vols4 ,malacca1 #ahah-ba4 ,ine 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 #ghi ,+e 7,w4 ,r471 ,society 9 ,rome "u ! ,cs>s4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,+lis 7,john71 ,9 ! ,new ,hebrides4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,+ram 7,j4 ,k471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y & ,s]fdom4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,innes 7,cosmo71 ,scotl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfj4 ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,jolly 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 vii47 ,ox=d1 #ahhj4 ,in/itutiones4 ,see ,ju/9ian4 ,in/ructions = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,field4 7,app5dix ,no4 #a 9 ,lorim]1 ,! ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 vol4 ii47 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics4 ,london ,philadelphia4 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,d4 ,e4 ,s*meltz4 ,leid54 ,ir5aeus 7,sa9t71 ,contra hreses libri qu9que4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 vii47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,isaeus1 ',orationes'2 9 ,oratores ,attici1 ed4 by ,c4 ,mll]1 vol4 i4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdg4 ,isamb]t 7,f4 ,a47 & o!rs1 ,recueil gnral des ,anci5nes ,lois ,franaises4 #bi vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbb-cc4 ,isocrates1 ,orationes4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,g4 ,bait]4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf4 ,it>d 7,e4 ,m471 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,discov]y & ,education ( a ,savage ,man4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahjb4 ,ives 7,george71 ,! ,classification ( ,crimes4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,iy] 7,s4 ,a471 ',nayadis ( ,malab>'2 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 vol4 iv4 ,madras1 #aija4 ,jackson 7,a4 ,v4 ,w471 ,an ,ave/a ,gramm>4 ,"p i4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib4 ,jackson 7,j4 ,g471 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,timbuctoo & ,h\sa4 ,see 7,abd-es-,salm ,%abe5y4 ,jacob 7,georg71 ,das ,leb5 d] vorislmis*5 ,b$u954 ,b]l91 #ahie4 ,jacob 7,k4 ,g471 ',d] muslimis*e ,fa/5monat ,ramad4n'2 9 ,,vi4 ,jahres-b]i*t d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,greifswald1 vol4 i4 #ahic-ahif4 ,greifswald1 #ahif4 ,jacob 7,william71 ,an ,hi/orical ,inquiry into ! ,production & ,consumption ( ! ,preci\s ,metals4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,jacobs 7,joseph71 ,/udies 9 ,biblical ,ar*ology4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,jacobs 7,julius71 ,e5ig5 ,tijd ond] de ,balirs4 ,batavia1 #ahhc4 ,jhns 7,max71 ,ueb] ,krieg1 ,fri$5 und ,kultur4 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ,jaffur ,%urreef1 ,qanoon-e-,islam1 or ! ,cu/oms ( ! ,mussulmans ( ,india4 ,trans4 by ,g4 ,a4 ,h]klots4 ,madras1 #ahfc4 ,jagor 7,f471 ,travels 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf5 mit besond]] ,b]ucksi*tigung d] ,homosexualitt4 ,ed4 by ,m4 ,hirs*feld4 ,leipzig4 ,jambli*us1 ,de my/]iis lib]4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,p>!y4 ,b]ol9i1 #aheg4 ---- ,de ,py?agorica vita lib]4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,we/]mann4 ,p>isiis1 #ahej4 ,james 7,edw971 ,acc\nt ( an ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye>s #ahai & #bj1 "u ! ,comm& ( ,s4 ,h4 ,long4 #b vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbc4 ,james 7,william71 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,jameson 7,mrs471 ,a ,common-,place ,book ( ,?\ghts1 ,memories1 & ,fancies4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,jamieson 7,g471 ',m>riage ,laws'2 9 ,! ,*9a ,review1 vol4 x4 ,hongkong1 #ahha-hb4 ,janka 7,k>l71 ,d] /rafre*tli*e ,not/&4 ,erlang51 #ahgh4 #gij ,j>cke 7,c4 ,e471 ,h&bu* des geme95 deuts*5 ,/rafre*ts4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahbg-cj4 ,j>ves 7,j4 ,j471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,honolulu1 #ahgb4 ,ja/r[ 7,morris71 ',! ,orig9al ,"* ( ! ,hebrew ,sabba?'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 vol4 ii4 ,*icago1 #ahih4 ---- ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,bo/on1 #ahih4 ,jataka ,tales1 ,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories4 ,trans4 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,jell+haus 7,?471 ',sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] ,munda-,kolhs 9 ,*ota ,nagpore'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vol4 iii4 ,b]l91 #ahga4 ,j5s5 7,p471 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep54 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ---- ,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]4 ,/rassburg1 #ahij4 ,j]emias 7,a471 ,die babylonis*-assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ---- ,izdub>-,nimrod4 ,e9e altbabylonis*e ,held5sage4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,j]ez 7,francisco de71 ',v]dad]a relacion de la conqui/a del ,p] y prov9cia del ,cuzco'2 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 vol xxvi4 ,madrid1 #ahec4 ,j]ome 7,sa9t71 ,op]a omnia4 #aa vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 xxii4-xxx47 ,p>isiis1 #ahde-df4 ,jess5 7,e4 ,j471 ,afh&l+ om de ,norske ,f9n]s og ,lapp]s ,h$5ske ,religion4 ,kb5havn1 #agfg4 ,jevons 7,f4 ,b471 ,an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia 7,!74 #ab vols4 ,new ,york ,london1 #aija-jf4 ,jh]+ 7,r4 von71 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #aheb-gh4 ---- ,das ,s*uldmom5t im rmis*5 ,privatre*t4 ,giess51 #ahfg4 ---- ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg-hc4 ,jo*elson 7,w471 ,! ,koryak ,religion & ,my?4 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 vol4 vi4 pt4 i47 ,leid5 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,jodl 7,f471 ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahif4 ,john/on 7,sir ,h4 ,h471 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ',! ,e?ics ( ,cannibalism'2 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 new s]4 vol4 xlv4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ---- ,! ,kilima-nj>o ,exp$ition4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ---- ,! ,riv] ,congo4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ---- ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,john/one 7,j4 ,c471 ,maoria4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,jo9ville 7--71 ',on ! ,religion & ,mann]s ( ! ,p ( ,ceylon'2 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vol4 vii4 ,calcutta1 #ahja4 ,jolly 7,j47 ',beitrge zur indis*5 ,re*tsges*i*te'2 9 ,zeits*r4 d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*4 vol4 xliv4 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ---- ',re*t und ,sitte'2 9 ,bhl]1 ,grundriss d] indo-aris*5 ,philologie1 vol4 ii4 ,/rassburg1 #ahif4 ,jones 7,sir ,william71 ',! ,t5? ,anniv]s>y ,disc\rse'2 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vol4 iv4 ,calcutta1 #agie4 ,jordanes1 ,romana et ,getica4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,momms54 ,b]ol9i1 #ahhb4 ,josephus1 ,op]a4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,d9dorfius4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahde-dg4 ,j\b]t 7,j471 ,p5ses1 essais et maximes4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,j\rdan 7,a4 ,j4 ,l47 & o!rs1 ,recueil gnral des ,anci5nes ,lois ,franaises4 #bi vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbb-cc4 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,sydney ,london4 #gia;,j\rnal ,asiatique4 ,p>is4 ---- des ,museum ,godeffroy4 ,hamburg4 ---- ( ! ,african ,society4 ,london4 ---- ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore 7,!74 ,bo/on ,new ,york4 ---- ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society4 ,new ,york4 ---- ( ! 7,royal7 ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 7,!74 ,london4 ---- ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,calcutta4 ---- ( ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,colombo4 ---- ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london4 ---- ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,s+apore4 ---- ( ! ,polynesian ,society4 ,well+ton4 ---- ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,london4 ---- ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london4 ---- ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,s+apore4 ,j\sse 7,d471 ,trait de la ju/ice crim9elle de ,france4 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #agga4 ,j\u5cel 7,le71 ,a ,romance comm5c$ by ,j4 de ,soreuil1 & complet$ by ,j4 ,tib]geau1 ,m4 ,mor91 & ,n4 ,riolai4 ,p>is1 #adic4 ,joyce 7,p4 ,w471 ,a ,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,juan 7,g47 & ,ulloa 7,a4 de71 ,a ,voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agfj4 ,jung 7,c4 ,e471 ',aus dem ,seel5leb5 d] ,au/rali]'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 des ,v]e9s fr ,erdkunde zu ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 ---- ',die ,mndungsgeg5d des ,murray und ihre ,bewohn]'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 des ,v]e9s fr ,erdkunde zu ,halle a_/,s1 #ahgg4 ,junghuhn 7,franz71 ,die ,battalnd] auf ,sumatra4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 ,junk] 7,wilhelm71 ,travels 9 ,africa dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahhb-hf4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,junod 7,h4 ,a471 ,les ,ba-,ronga4 ,neu*atel1 #ahih4 ,juss]& 7,j4 ,j471 ,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,ju/i 7,f]d471 ',die ,weltges*i*te des ,tab>i'2 9 ,das ,ausl&1 vol4 xlviii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahge4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ',apologia prima pro ,*ri/ianis'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 vi4 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,ju/9ian 7,emp]or71 ,codex ,ju/9ianus4 ,ed4 by ,p4 ,krueg]4 7,corpus juris civilis1 vol4 ii47 ,b]ol9i1 #ahhh4 ---- ',dige/a1' ed4 by ,?4 ,momms52 9 ,corpus juris civilis1 vol4 i4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahhi4 ---- ',in/itutiones1' ed4 by ,p4 ,krueg]2 9 ,corpus juris civilis1 vol4 i4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahhi4 ---- ,novell4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,s*oell & ,g4 ,kroll4 7,corpus juris civilis1 vol4 iii47 ,b]ol9i1 #ahie4 ,juv5alis 7,d4 ,j471 ,op]a omnia4 #c vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbj4 ,jydske ,lovbog 7,d574 ,ed4 by ,p4 ,k4 ,an*]4 ,kib5havn1 #aghc4 ,kaegi 7,adolf71 ,! ,rigv$a3 ! ,olde/ ,lit]ature ( ! ,indians4 ,trans4 ,bo/on1 #ahhf4 ,kaibel 7,g471 ,epigrammata ,grca4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahgh4 ,klund 7,kr471 ',sk&9avis*e ,v]hltnisse'2 9 ,paul1 ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 vol4 ii4 ,/rassburg1 #ahic4 #gib ,kames 7,"l71 ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality & ,natural ,religion4 ,ed9burgh1 #agea4 ---- ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man4 #d vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #aghh4 ,kane 7,e4 ,k471 ,arctic ,explorations4 #b vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahef4 ,kant 7,i471 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangungsgrnde d] ,tug5dlehre4 ,knigsb]g1 #ahjc4 ---- ,smmtli*e ,w]ke4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,h>t5/e94 #h vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfg-fh4 ---- ,zum ewig5 ,fri$54 ,knigsb]g1 #agie4 ,k>s*-,haack 7,f471 ,das glei*ges*le*tli*e ,leb5 d] ,naturvlk]4 ,mn*51 #aiaa4 ---- ,das glei*ges*le*tli*e ,leb5 d] ,o/asiat54 ,mn*51 #aijf4 ---- ',pd]a/ie und ,tribadie bei d5 ,ti]5'2 9 ,jahrbu* f4 sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 vol4 ii4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ---- ',uranismus od] ,pd]a/ie und ,tribadie bei d5 ,naturvlk]n'2 9 ,jahrbu* f4 sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 vol4 iii4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,k>/5 7,r471 ,! ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip4 ,wasa1 #aije4 ---- ,/udies 9 ,primitive ,greek ,religion4 7,(v]sigt af ,f9ska ,vet5skaps-,societet5s ,frh&l+>1 vol4 xlix41 #aijf-jg1 no4 #a47 ,hels+=s1 #aijg4 ,kate 7,h4 ,f4 ,c4 t571 ,reiz5 en ond]zoek+5 9 ,noord-,am]ika4 ,leid51 #ahhe4 ,kats*] 7,l471 ,bild] aus dem *9esis*5 ,leb54 ,leipzig ,heidelb]g1 #ahha4 ,katz 7,alb]t71 ,d] wahre ,talmudjude4 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ,katz 7,edw971 ,e9 ,grundriss des kanonis*5 ,/rafre*ts4 ,b]l9 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,kaufmann 7,georg71 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj-ha4 ,ke>ns 7,j4 ,f471 ,! ,tribes ( ,s\? ,india4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,ke>y 7,*4 ,f471 ,outl9es ( ,primitive ,belief among ! ,indo-,european ,races4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,keate 7,george71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,pelew ,isl&s4 ,london1 #aghh4 ,keat+ 7,w4 ,h471 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]4 #b vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbd4 ,keil 7,c4 ,f474 ,manual ( ,biblical ,ar*ology4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg-hh4 ,kell] 7,a4 ,g471 ,hom]ic ,society4 ,new ,york1 c41 #aijb4 ,kemble 7,j4 ,m471 ,! ,saxons 9 ,engl&4 ,ed4 by ,w4 ,de ,gray ,bir*4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,k5ny 7,c4 ,s471 ,outl9es ( ,crim9al ,law4 ,cambridge1 #aijb4 ,k]n 7,h471 ,d] ,buddhismus und se9e ,ges*i*te 9 ,indi54 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahhb-hd4 ---- ,manual ( ,indian ,buddhism4 ,/rassburg1 #ahif4 ,kessl] 7,k 71 ',mani1 ,mani*er'2 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyclopdie f4 ,prote/antis*e ,!ologie und ,kir*e1 vol4 xii4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,keys] 7,j4 ,r471 ,eft]ladte ,skrift]4 #b vols4 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfe-fg4 ,kidd 7,b5jam971 ,social ,evolution4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,kidd 7,dudley71 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,k+ 7,irv+71 ,! ,developm5t ( ,religion4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,k+ 7,j4 ,h471 ,! ,sup]natural4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,k+ 7,l4 ,w471 ,babylonian ,magic & ,sorc]y4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,k+ 7,p4 ,p47 & ,fitzroy 7,r471 ,n>rative ( ! ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahci4 #gic ,k+ 7,ri*>d71 ',on ! ,intellectual ,"* ( ! ,esquimaux'2 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,k+sley 7,m>y ,h471 ',! ,feti% ,view ( ! ,human ,s\l'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 viii4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,we/ ,african ,/udies4 ,london1 #aija4 ,kipl+ 7,j4 ,lockwood71 ,bea/ & ,man 9 ,india4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,kirke 7,h5ry71 ,tw5ty-five ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,kittlitz 7,f4 ,h4 von71 ,d5kwrdigkeit5 e9] ,reise na* dem russis*5 ,am]ika1 na* ,mikronesi5 und dur* ,kamts*atka4 #b vols4 ,go?a1 #aheh4 ,klemm 7,g471 ,allgeme9e ,cultur-,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit4 #aj vols4 ,leipzig4 #ahdc-eb4 ,kl5ze 7--71 ',die ,cognat5 und ,aff95 na* ,rmis*em ,re*te 9 ,v]glei*ung mit &]n v]w&t5 ,re*t5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ges*i*tli*e ,re*tswiss4 ed4 by ,f4 ,c4 von ,savigny & o!rs1 vol4 vi4 ,b]l9 ,/ett91 #ahbh4 ,kloss 7,c4 ,b471 ,9 ! ,&amans & ,nicob>s4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,klugmann 7,n471 ,die ,frau im ,talmud4 ,wi51 #ahih4 ,klunz+] 7,c4-,b471 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,knox 7,william71 ,?ree ,tracts respect+ ! ,conv]sion & ,in/ruction ( ! ,free ,indians & ,negroe ,slaves 9 ! ,colonies4 ,london1 #aghi4 ,kobelt 7,w471 ,reise]9n]ung5 aus ,alg]i5 und ,tunis4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahhe4 ,ko* 7,!odor71 ',die ,an?ropophagie d] sdam]ikanis*5 ,indian]'2 9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv f4 ,e?nographie1 vol4 xii4 ,leid51 #ahii4 ,khl] 7,j4 ,a4 ,e471 ,volksbrau*1 ,ab]glaub51 c4 im ,voigtl&e4 ,leipzig1 #ahfg4 ,ko5igsw>t] 7,l4 ,j471 tudes hi/oriques sur le dveloppem5t de la socit huma9e4 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ---- ,hi/oire de l'organisation de la famille en ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,kohl 7,j4 ,g471 ,kit*i-,gami4 ,w&]+s r\nd ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ---- ,reise na* ,i/ri51 ,dalmati5 und ,mont5egro4 #b vols4 ,dresd51 #ahea4 ,kohl] 7,j471 ,alt9dis*es ,prozessre*t4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahia4 ---- ',das ,banture*t 9 ,o/afrika'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 xv4 ,/uttg>t1 #aija4 ---- ',indis*es ,ehe- und ,famili5re*t'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 iii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhb4 ---- ',das ,re*t d] ,h]]o'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 xiv4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijj4 ---- ',das ,re*t d] ,hott5tott5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 xv4 ,/uttg>t1 #aija4 ---- ',das ,re*t d] ,m>s*all9sulan]'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 xiv4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijj4 ---- ',das ,re*t d] ,papuas'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 xiv4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijj4 ---- ',die ,re*te d] ,urvlk] ,nordam]ikas'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss4 vol4 xii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahig4 ---- ,re*tsv]glei*5de ,/udi5 b] islamitis*es ,re*t1 c4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ---- ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z4 ,wrzburg1 #ahhc4--,na*wort4 ,wrzburg1 #ahhd4 #gid ,kohl] 7,j47 & ,peis] 7,f4 ,e471 ,aus dem ,babylonis*5 ,re*tsleb54 #d vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahij-ih4 ,kolb5 7,pet]71 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good-,hope4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agca4 ,kolff 7,d4 ,h471 ,voyage ( ! ,dut* ,brig ( ,w> ,d\rga1 ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,p>ts ( ! ,moluccan ,ar*ipelago1 c4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,kollmann 7,paul71 ,! ,victoria ,nyanza4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,kopp5fels 7,h4 von71 ',me9e ,jagd5 auf ,gorillas'2 9 ,die ,g>t5laube1 #ahgg4 ,leipzig4 ,korn 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,m4 ,rodwell4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ---- ,see ,qur'n 7,!74 ,kosmos4 ,leipzig4 ,kotzebue 7,o4 von71 ,a ,voyage ( ,discov]y into ! ,s\? ,sea & ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahba4 ,kovalewsky 7,maxime71 ,c\tume contempora9e et loi anci5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ---- ,mod]n ,cu/oms & ,anci5t ,laws ( ,russia4 ,london1 #ahia4 ---- ',les orig9es du devoir'2 9 ,revue ,int]nationale de sociologie1 vol4 ii4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ---- ,tableau des orig9es et de l'volution de la famille et de la proprit4 ,/ockholm1 #ahij4 ,krafft-,eb+ 7,r4 von71 ,lehrbu* d] ,g]i*tli*5 ,psy*opatologie4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijj4 ---- ,psy*opa?ia sexualis4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijc4 ,krapf 7,j4 ,l471 ,reis5 9 ,o/-,afrika4 #b vols4 ,korn?al ,/uttg>t1 #aheh4 ---- ,travels1 ,rese>*es1 & ,mission>y ,lab\rs1 dur+ an ,eighte5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,kra%59nik(f 7,s4 ,p471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,kams*atka1 & ! ,kurilski ,isl&s4 ,trans4 ,gloce/]1 #agfd4 ,krause 7,aurel71 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian]4 ,j5a1 #ahhe4 ,krause 7,ern/71 ',die ,ablsung d] ,m5s*5opf]'2 9 ,kosmos1 vol4 iii4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,krauss 7,f4 ,s471 ',das ,bauopf] bei d5 ,sdslav5'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 vol4 xvii4 ,wi51 #ahhg4 ---- ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav54 ,wi51 #ahhe4 ,krem] 7,alfr$ von71 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts unt] d5 ,*alif54 #b vols4 ,wi51 #ahge-gg4 ---- ,/udi5 zur v]glei*5d5 ,culturges*i*te4 #b p>ts4 7,repr9t$ f ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,kais4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,wi51 ,philosophis*-hi/oris*e ,classe1 vol4 cxx47 ,wi51 #ahhi-ij4 ,kropf 7,a471 ,das ,volk d] ,xosa-,kaff]n im /li*5 ,sdafrika4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ,kropotk9 7,p471 ,mutual ,aid4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,kub>y 7,j471 ',die ,bewohn] d] ,mortlock ,inseln'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,hamburg1 #ahgh-gi4 ---- ',die ,ebongruppe im ,m>%all's ,ar*ipel'2 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 pt4 i4 ,hamburg1 #ahgc4 ---- ,e?nographis*e ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,k>ol9is*5 ,inselgruppe4 ,heft ,i43 ,die social5 ,e9ri*tung5 d] ,pelau]4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 ---- ',die ,palau-,inseln 9 d] ,sdsee'2 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 pt4 iv4 ,hamburg1 #ahgc4 ---- ',die ,religion d] ,pelau]'2 9 ,ba/ian1 ,all]lei aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde1 vol4 i4 ,b]l91 #ahhh4 #gie ,kub>y 7,j471 ',die ,v]bre*5 und das ,/rafv]fahr5 auf d5 ,pelau-,inseln'2 9 ,orig9al-,mit!ilung5 aus d] e?nologis*5 ,ab!ilung d] knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 vol4 i4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 ,kk5?al 7,w471 ,ergebnisse e9] zoologis*5 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk5 und ,borneo4 ,er/] ,teil3 ,reiseb]i*t4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahif4 ,ku55 7,a471 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,national ,religions & ,univ]sal ,religions4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,! ,religion ( ,israel4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgd-ge4 ,labat 7,j4 ,b471 ,relation hi/orique de l'?iopie occid5tale4 #e vols4 ,p>is1 #agcb4 ,labbe 7,ph471 ,sacrorum ,conciliorum collectio4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,d4 ,mansi4 #ca vols4 ,flor5tiae1 ,v5etiis1 #agei-ih4 ,labill>dire 7,j4 ,j4 ,h\t\ de71 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,voyage 9 ,se>* ( ,la ,pr\se 9 ! ,ye>s #agia-ic4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjj4 ,lab\laye 7,e471 ,re*]*es sur la condition civile et politique des femmes4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,lactantius 7,l4 ,c4 ,f471 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 vi4-vii47 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd4 ,lffl] 7,l4 ,f471 ,d5 gottlndska ,tak/e9>-sgn54 7,bidrag till knn$om om de sv5ska l&sml5 ock sv5skt folkliv1 vol4 xix4 art4 #f47 ,/ockholm1 #aijc4 ---- ',om d5 =nsv5ska h$nalag5'2 9 ,kongl4 ,vitt]hets ,hi/orie o* ,antiquitets ,akademi5s ,mnadsbad1 vol4 viii4 ,/ockholm1 #ahgi4 ,lafitau 7,j4 ,f471 ,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #agbd4 ,la ,fles*e 7,f471 ',dea? & ,fun]al ,cu/oms among ! ,omahas'2 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 vol4 ii4 ,bo/on ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ,lag]borg 7,rolf71 ',la nature de la morale'2 9 ,revue ,int]nationale de sociologie1 vol4 xi4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,lago 7,v471 ,memorie sulla ,dalmazia4 #c vols4 ,v5ezia1 #ahfi-ga4 ,lahontan 7,j4 de71 ,mmoires de l',amrique sept5trionale4 ,la ,haye1 #agjc4 ,la+ 7,a4 ,gordon71 ,travels 9 ! ,timannee1 ,kooranko1 & ,soolima ,c\ntries 9 ,we/]n ,africa4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,la+ 7,samuel71 ,notes ( a ,travell]1 on ! ,social & ,political ,/ate ( ,france1 ,prussia1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 c4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,lai/n] 7,l471 ,das ,re*t 9 d] ,/rafe4 ,mn*51 #ahgb4 ,lala 7,r4 ,reyes71 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,lallem& 7,lon71 ,hi/oire des enfants ab&onns et dlaisss4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,lancelot du ,lac4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #aebj4 ,l&a 7,diego de71 ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ',l&nmabk'2 9 sl5dnga sgur1 udgivne af ,del ,kongelige ,nordiske ,oldskrift-,selskab1 vol4 i4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahdc4 ,l&or 7,a4 ,h4 ,savage71 ,alone ) ! ,hairy ,a9u4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,l&tman 7,g471 ,! ,orig9 ( ,prie/hood4 ,ek5aes1 #aije4 ,lane 7,e4 ,w471 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahga4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,london1 #ahif4 ---- ,arabian ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ed4 by ,/anley ,lane-,poole4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,lane-,poole 7,/anley71 ,! ,spee*es & ,table-,talk ( ! ,prophet ,mohammad4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,/udies 9 a ,mosque4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,lanessan 7,j4-,l4 de71 ,la morale des philosophes *9ois4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 #gif ,lang 7,&rew71 ,magic & ,religion4 ,london1 #aija4 ---- ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,london1 #ahih4 ---- ,social ,orig9s4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,lang 7,j4 ,d471 ,cooksl& 9 ,nor?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ---- ,que5sl&4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,langkavel 7,b471 ',pf]de und ,naturvlk]'2 9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 vol4 i4 ,leid51 #ahhh4 ,langsdorf 7,g4 ,h4 von71 ,voyages & ,travels 9 v>i\s ,p>ts ( ! ,_w1 dur+ ! ,ye>s1 #ahjc-ahjg4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahac-ad4 ,la ,n\ 7,franois de71 ,disc\rs politiques et militaires4 ,basle1 #aehg4 ,la ,pr\se 7,j4 ,f4 ,g4 de71 ,a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 9 ! ,ye>s #aghe-hh4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agii4 ,lapp5b]g 7,j4 ,m471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& "u ! ,anglo-,saxon ,k+s4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,l>g] ,cate*ism 7,!71 agre$ ^u by ! ,assembly ( ,div9es at ,we/m9/]4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,cooke4 ,belfa/1 #ahcc4 ,la ,ro*e-,font5illes 7,l4 ,a4 ,m4 de71 ,l'glise et la piti env]s les animaux4 ,p>is1 c41 #aijc4 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld 7,f4 de71 ,les maximes4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,la ,salle 7,r4 ,r4 de71 ',an ,acc\nt ( ,monsieur de la ,salle's ,la/ ,exp$ition & ,discov]ies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica'2 9 ,collections ( ! ,new-,york ,hi/orical ,society1 = ! ,ye> #ahad1 vol4 ii4 ,new-,york1 #ahad4 ,lasaulx 7,ern/ von71 ,d] ,eid bei d5 ,rm]n4 ,wrzburg1 #ahdd4 ---- ,d] ,flu* bei ,grie*5 und ,rm]n4 ,wrzburg1 #ahdc4 ---- ,die ,shnopf] d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]4 ,wrzburg1 #ahda4 ,las* 7,ri*>d71 ',die ,beh&lung d] ,lei*e des ,selb/mrd]s'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 lxxvi4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahii4 ---- ',besitz5 die ,naturvlk] e9 p]snli*es ,ehrgefhl8' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*4 vol4 iii4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ---- ',ra*e als ,selb/mordmotiv'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 lxxiv4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahih4 ---- ',religis] ,selb/mord und se9e ,beziehung zum ,m5s*5opf]'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 lxxv4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahii4 ---- ',d] ,selb/mord aus erotis*5 ,motiv5 bei d5 primitiv5 ,vlk]n'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*4 vol4 ii4 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,lasson 7,adolf71 ,sy/em d] ,re*tsphilosophie4 ,b]l9 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,la?am 7,r4 ,g471 ,descriptive ,e?nology4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,laur5t 7,franois71 tudes sur l'hi/oire de l',humanit4 #ah vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfe-hj4 ,laurie 7,s4 ,s471 ,e?ica4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,laurire 7,e4 de71 ,glossaire du droit franois4 ,niort1 #ahhb4 ,laveleye 74 de71 ,de la proprit et de ses =mes primitives4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ---- ,das ,ureig5?um4 ,ed4 by ,k4 ,b*]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,law ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,!74 ,ed4 by ,sir ,f4 ,pollock4 ,london4 ,law ,reports1 ,cases det]m9$ 9 ! ,que5's ,b5* ,division4 ,london1 #ahgf1 c4 ,lawr5ce 7,john71 ,a ,philosophical & ,practical ,treatise on ,horses1 & on ! ,moral ,duties ( ,man t[>ds ! ,brute ,creation4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agif-ih4 ,lawr5ce 7,t4 ,j471 ,essays on "s disput$ ,que/ions 9 ,mod]n ,int]national ,law4 ,cambridge1 #ahhe4 #gig,laws ( ,manu 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,g4 ,bhl]4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxv47 ,ox=d1 #ahhf4 ,lay>d 7,a4 ,h471 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,lea 7,h4 ,c471 ,an ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,bo/on1 #ahhd4 ---- ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ---- ,sup]/ition & ,=ce4 ,philadelphia1 #ahib4 ,le ,blant 7,e471 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule antrieures au ,,viii4 sicle4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahef-fe4 ,le ,bon 7,gu/ave71 ,la civilisation des ,arabes4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,lecky 7,w4 ,e4 ,h471 ,democracy & ,lib]ty4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahii4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,leem 7,knud71 ,beskrivelse ov] ,f9m>k5s ,lapp]4 ,kjb5havn1 #agfg4 ,leffl] 7,l4 ,f474 ,see ,lffl]4 ',leges ,burgundionum'2 9 ,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica1 ,leges1 vol4 iii4 ,hannov]ae1 #ahfc4 ,legge 7,james71 ,! ,*9ese ,classics4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahic-ie4 ---- ,! ,notions ( ! ,*9ese conc]n+ ,god & ,spirits4 ,hongkong1 #aheb4 ---- ,! ,religions ( ,*9a4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,legis ,duodecim ,tabul>um reliqui4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,s*oell4 ,lipsiae1 #ahff4 ,legoyt 7,a471 ,le suicide anci5 et mod]ne4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,legr& 7,l\is71 ,l'ide de patrie4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,le ,gr& d',aussy 7,p4 ,j4 ,b471 ,hi/oire de la vie prive des ,franois4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,b4 ,b4 de ,roque=t4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #ahae4 ,leguvel de ,lacombe 7,b4 ,f471 ,voyage ,madagasc> et aux ,iles ,comores4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ,lehmann 7,alfr471 ,hov$lov5e = det m5neskelige ,flelseliv4 ,kb5havn1 #ahib4 ,lehmann 7,e471 ,z>a?u/ra4 #b vols4 ,kb5havn1 #ahii-aijb4 ,leibnitz 7,g4 ,w471 ,essais de ,!odice sur la bont de ,dieu1 la lib]t de l'homme1 et l'orig9e du mal4 ,am/]dam1 #agab4 ,lei/ 7,b4 ,w471 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile4 #b vols4 ,j5a1 #ahib-if4 ---- ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium4 ,j5a1 #ahhi4 ---- ,grco-italis*e ,re*tsges*i*te4 ,j5a1 #ahhd4 ,le ,mesuri] 7,c4 ,j4 ,r471 ',! ,v$ds ( ,ceylon'2 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,ceylon ,bran*1 vol4 ix4 ,colombo1 #ahhg4 ,leo ,africanus1 ,! ,hi/ory & ,description ( ,africa4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,r4 ,br[n4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,leo ,i4 7,sa9t71 surnam$ ! ,great1 ,op]a omnia4 #c vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 liv4-lvi47 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf4 ,leonh>di 7,m4 von71 'b] e9ige religise und totemi/is*e ,vor/ellung5 d] ,ar&a und ,loritja 9 ,z5tralau/rali5'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 xci4 ,brauns*weig1 #aijg4 ,lepsius 7,ri*>d71 ,lett]s f ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 & ! ,p59sula ( ,s9ai4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,leslie 7,david71 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahge4 #gih ,let\rneau 7,*471 ,l'volution de la morale4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ---- ,l'volution religieuse dans les div]ses races huma9es4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,leuba 7,j4 ,h471 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,le ,vaillant 7,franois71 ,travels f ! ,cape ( ,good-,hope1 into ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,africa4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agij4 ,levy 7,jacob71 ,neuhebris*es und ,*aldis*es ,wrt]bu* b] die ,talmudim4 #d vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf-hi4 ,lew9 7,t4 ,h471 ,! ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong4 ,calcutta1 #ahfi4 ---- ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,lewis 7,a4 ,h471 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,sunday ,legislation4 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 ---- ,paganism surviv+ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,lewis 7,m47 & ,cl>ke 7,w471 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 c4 ,london1 #ahad4 ',lex ,baiuw>iorum'2 9 ,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica1 ,leges1 vol4 iii4 ,hannov]ae1 #ahfc4 ,lex ,duodecim ,tabul>um4 ,see ,legis1 c4 ,lex ,frisionum4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,t4 ,gaupp4 ,vratislaviae1 #ahcb4 ',lex ,ripu>iorum'2 9 ,georgis*1 ,corpus juris ,g]manici antiqui4 ,halae ,magdeburgicae1 #agch4 ,lex ,salica3 ,! ,t5 ,texts ) ! ,glosses1 & ! ,lex ,em5data4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,h4 ,hessels4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ',lex ,saxonum'2 9 ,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica1 ,leges1 vol4 v4 ,hannov]ae1 #ahge-hi4 ',lex ,wisigo?orum'2 9 ,georgis*1 ,corpus juris ,g]manici antiqui4 ,halae ,magdeburgicae1 #agch4 ,leyd5 7,j471 ',on ! ,languages & ,lit]ature ( ! ,indo-,*9ese ,nations'2 9 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 x4 ,calcutta1 #ahaa4 ,l ,k 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,legge4 #b vols4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 vols4 xxvii4-xxviii47 ,ox=d1 #ahhe4 ,li*t5b]g 7,g4 ,*r471 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift54 #i vols4 ,gtt+51 #ahjj-jf4 ,li*t5/e9 7,h471 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahab-ae4 ,li*ts*e9 7,l471 ,die ,ehe na* 9999mosais*-talmudis*] ,auffassung4 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,liddell 7,h4 ,g47 & ,scott 7,r471 ,a ,greek-,engli% ,lexicon4 ,ox=d1 #ahig4 ,liebi* 7,r471 ,die ,zigeun]4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc4 ,liebre*t 7,felix71 ,zur ,volkskunde4 ,heilbronn1 #ahgi4 ,lilly 7,w4 ,s471 ,on ,"r & ,wrong4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,l9d5brog 7,f471 ,codex legum antiqu>um4 ,franc(urti1 #afac4 ,lipp]t 7,julius71 ,*ri/5?um1 ,volksglaube und ,volksbrau*4 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ---- ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit4 #b vols4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhf-hg4 ---- ,die ,religion5 d] europis*5 ,culturvlk]4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ---- ,d] ,seel5cult 9 se95 ,beziehung5 zur al!bris*5 ,religion4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,lisiansky 7,u471 ,a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,lisle 7,e471 ,du suicide4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,liszt 7,franz von71 ,la lgislation pnale comp>e4 ,publie p> l',union ,int]nationale de droit pnal4 #a;er volume3 ,le droit crim9el des tats europens4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ---- ,lehrbu* des deuts*5 ,/rafre*ts4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,little 7,h4 ,w471 ,madagasc>4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahhd4 #gii ,littr 7471 ,dictionnaire de la langue franaise4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfc-gb4 ---- tudes sur les ,b>b>es et le ,moy5 ,age4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,liv+/one 7,d471 ,! ,la/ ,j\rnals (1 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,wall]4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ---- ,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,london1 #aheg4 ---- & ,liv+/one 7,*>les71 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi & its ,tribut>ies4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,livy 7,t471 ,hi/ori>um libri qui sup]sunt4 #be vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbh4 ,lobo 7,j471 ,a ,voyage to ,abyss9ia4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,locke 7,john71 ,philosophical ,works4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ---- ,two ,treatises ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,london1 #agac4 ,locqu5euille 7,sc>sez de71 ,l'esclavage1 ses promoteurs et ses adv]saires4 ,lige1 #ahij4 ,lw 7,leopold71 ,gesammelte ,s*rift54 #d vols4 ,szeg$91 #ahhi-ih4 ,logan 7,james71 ,! ,scotti% ,gal4 ,ed4 by ,alex4 ,/ew>t4 #b vols4 ,inv]ness #ahgf4 ,logan 7,william71 ,words ( ,com=t = ,p>5ts b]eav$ ( ,little ,*ildr54 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,loir 7,a471 ',l'esclavage en ,tunisie'2 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 s]4 iv4 vol4 xii4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,lomonaco 7,a471 ',sulle razze indig5e del ,brasile'2 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 vol4 xix4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhi4 ,lopez ,cogolludo 7,diego71 ,hi/oria de ,yuca?an4 ,madrid1 #afhh4 ,lorim] 7,james71 ,! ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhc-hd4 ,loskiel 7,g4 ,h471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agid4 ,lovisato 7,dom5ico71 ',appunti etnografici con acc5ni geologici sulla ,t]ra del ,fuoco'2 9 ,cosmos1 ed4 by ,guido ,cora1 vol4 viii4 ,tor9o1 #ahhd-he4 ,l[ 7,hugh71 ,s>awak4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,loysel 7,anto9e71 ,in/itutes c\tumires4 ,ed4 by ,m4 ,dup9 & d4 ,lab\laye4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdf4 ,lubbock 7,sir ,john74 ,see ,avebury 7,"l74 ,lucian1 ,op]a4 ,p>isiis1 #ahfg4 ,ludwig 7,g471 ,t]tullian's ,e?ik4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,lumholtz 7,c>l71 ,among ,cannibals4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ---- ,unkn[n ,mexico4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijc4 ',lun ,y'2 9 ,legge1 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 i4 ,ox=d1 #ahic4 ,lyall 7,a4 ,c471 ,asiatic ,/udies4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,lycurgus1 ,oratio 9 ,leocratem4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,blass4 ,lipsiae1 #ahii4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,e4 ,j5icke4 ,leipzig1 #ahef4 ,lyon 7,g4 ,f471 ,! ,private ,j\rnal dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,discov]y "u ,capta9 ,p>ry4 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,lyttelton 7,george71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,life ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,second4 #d vols4 ,london1 #agfg-ga4 ,mabille 7,paul71 ,la gu]re4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,mac,cauley 7,clay71 ',! ,sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 v4 #ahhg4 ,mc,cord 7,d4 ,j471 ,! ,/atutes at l>ge ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 #aj vols4 ,columbia 7,s4 ,c471 #ahcf-da4 #hjj ,mc,coy 7,isaac71 ,hi/ory ( ,bapti/ ,indian ,missions4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahdj4 ,mc,curdy 7,j4 ,f471 ',! ,moral ,evolution ( ! ,old ,te/am5t'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 vol4 i4 ,*icago1 #ahig4 ,macdonald 7,d471 ,oceania4 ,melb\rne ,london1 #ahhi4 ,macdonald 7,duff71 ,africana4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,macdonald 7,james71 ',ea/ ,c5tral ,african ,cu/oms'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxii4 ,london1 #ahic4 ---- ,light 9 ,africa4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,religion & ,my?4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,macdonell 7,a4 ,a471 ,v$ic ,my?ology4 ,/rassburg1 #ahig4 ,macfie 7,m471 ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,mc,gee 7,w4 ,j471 ',! ,s]i ,indians'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xvii4 pt4 i4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahih4 ---- ',! ,si\an ,indians'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xv4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahig4 ,macgillivray 7,john71 ,n>rative ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,rattlesnake4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,mac,gregor 7,william71 ',lagos1 ,abeokuta1 & ! ,alake'2 9 ,j\r4 ,african ,soc4 nr4 xii4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,ma*iavelli 7,niccolo71 ,op]e4 #aj vols4 ,milano1 #ahjd-je4 ,maciei[ski 7,w4 ,a471 ,slavis*e ,re*tsges*i*te4 ,trans4 #d vols4 ,/uttg>t ,leipzig1 #ahce-ci4 ,mack5zie 7,alex471 ,voyages f ,montreal to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans4 ,london1 #ahja4 ,mack5zie 7,john ,s471 ,a ,manual ( ,e?ics4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,mack5zie 7,?omas71 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law4 ,ed4 by ,john ,kirkpatrick4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,mack9to% 7,john71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,scotl&4 #d vols4 ,ab]de51 #ahgh-ib4 ,maclean 7,john71 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,kafir ,laws & ,cu/oms4 ,m\nt ,coke1 #aheh4 ,mc,lennan 7,j4 ,f471 ',! ,levirate & ,poly&ry'2 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 new s]4 vol4 xxi4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ---- ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,m',leod 7,john71 ,a ,voyage to ,africa1 ) "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,dahomian ,p4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,mac,mahon 7,a4 ,r471 ,f> ,ca?ay & ,f>!r ,india4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,macmillan 7,mi*ael71 ,! ,promotion ( ,g5]al ,happ9ess4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,mc,nair 7,f471 ,p]ak & ! ,malays4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,macph]son 7,s4 ,c471 ',an ,acc\nt ( ! ,religi\s ,op9ions & ,obs]vances ( ! ,khonds'2 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 vol4 vii4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ---- ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,macrae 7,john71 ',acc\nt ( ! ,kookies'2 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vol4 vii4 ,calcutta1 #ahca4 ,mac ,rit*ie 7,david71 ,! ,anos4 ,leid51 #ahib4 ,macrobius 7,a4 ,t471 ,op]a4 ,ed4 by ,l4 ,janus4 #b vols4 ,qu$l9burgi ,lipsiae1 #ahde-eb4 ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet9s4 ,madras4 ,magalhanes de ,g&avo 7,p]o de71 ,hi/oire de la ,prov9ce de ,sancta-,crux4 ,trans4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory 7,!74 ,new ,york ,*icago4 ,magy> 7,l471 9999,reis5 9 ,sd-,afrika4 ,pe/ ,leipzig1 #ahei4 #hja,mahabh>ata ( ,kri%na-,dwaipayana ,vyasa4 ,trans4 by ,p4 ,*&ra ,roy4 #ah vols4 ,calcutta1 #ahhc-if4 ,mahaffy 7,j4 ,p471 ,social ,life 9 ,greece f ,hom] to ,m5&]4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,ma9e 7,sir ,h4 ,sumn]71 ,anci5t ,law4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ---- ,diss]tations on ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om4 ,london1 #ahia4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions4 ,london1 #ahge4 ---- ,! ,:ewell ,lectures4 ,int]national ,law4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,maitl& 7,s4 ,r471 ,! ,d>k ,ages4 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,mak>ewicz 7,j471 volution de la pe9e4 ,s4 l4 d4 ',makko?'2 9 ,le ,talmud de ,jrusalem1 trans4 by ,m4 ,s*wab1 vol4 xi4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,malalas 7,j471 ',*ronographia'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 xcvii4 ,p>isiis1 #ahfj4 ,malcolm 7,sir ,john71 ,a ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbc4 ---- ,sket* ( ! ,sikhs4 ,london1 #ahab4 ,mal9[ski 7,b471 ,! ,family among ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,mallat 7,j471 ,les ,philipp9es4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdf4 ,mall]y 7,g>rick71 ,israelite & ,indian4 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ---- ',mann]s & ,meals'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 i4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh4 ,mallet 7,p4 ,h471 ,nor!rn ,antiquities4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,mallo* 7,m4 ,m471 ',h[ ! ,*ur* dealt ) ,slav]y'2 9 ,! ,mon?1 vol4 xxvii4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,malone 7,r4 ,e471 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,cruise 9 ! ,au/ralian ,colonies4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,man4 ,a ,mon?ly ,record ( ,an?ropological ,sci5ce4 ,london4 ,man 7,e4 ,g471 ,son?alia & ! ,son?als4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,man 7,e4 ,h471 ',on ! ,aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xii4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,manacine 7,m>ie71 ,le surm5age m5tal dans la civilisation mod]ne4 ,trans4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,m&eville 7,b4 de71 ,! ,fable ( ! ,bees4 ,london1 #agbd4 ,mann+ 7,james71 ',notes on ! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,holl&'2 9 ,j\r4 & ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 #ahhb1 vol4 xvi4 ,sydney1 #ahhc4 ,mansel 7,h4 ,l471 ,prolegom5a ,logica4 ,ox=d1 #ahfj4 ,mantegazza 7,paolo71 ,rio de la ,plata e ,t5]ife4 ,milano1 #ahfg4 ---- ',/udii sull' etnologia dell' ,india'2 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'antropologia e la etnologia1 vol4 xiii4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhc4 ,manu1 ,! ,laws (4 ,see ,laws ( ,manu 7,!74 ,manual ( ! ,laws ( ,w> on ,l&4 ,prep>$ by ! ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law4 ,trans4 7,app5dix ,no4 ,,iii4 9 ,lorim]1 ,! ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 vol4 ii47 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ,manzoni 7,aless&ro71 ,oss]vazioni sulla morale cattolica4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhg4 ,m>cell9us 7,ammianus71 ,r]um ge/>um libri qui sup]sunt4 ,ed4 by ,v4 ,g>d?aus54 #b vols4 ,lipsiae1 #ahgd-ge4 ,m>cgravius de ,lieb/ad 7,g471 ,hi/oria r]um naturalium ,brasili4 ,lugduni ,batavorum ,am/elodami1 #afdh4 ,m>culfus1 ',=mul>um libri duo'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus4 vol4 lxxxvii4 ,p>isiis1 #ahea4 #hjb ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,comm5t>iorum libri ,,xii4 ,ed4 by ,i4 ,/i*4 ,lipsi1 #aijc4 ,m>es*alcus 7,nicolaus71 ',annalium ,h]ulorum ac ,v&alorum libri septem'2 9 ,monum5ta in$ita r]um ,g]manic>um1 c41 ed4 by ,e4 ,j4 de ,we/phal51 vol4 i4 ,lipsiae1 #agci4 ,m>ett 7,r4 ,r471 ,an?ropology4 ,london1 #aiab4 ---- ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,m>illi] 7,l471 ,la survivance de l'me et l'ide de ju/ice *ez les peuples non civiliss4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,m>9] 7,william71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s4 ,compil$ by ,john ,m>t94 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahag4 ,m>iti 7,giovanni71 ,travels ?r\gh ,cyprus1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agia-ib4 ,m>kham 7,a4 ,h471 ,! ,cruise ( ! ,ros>io among/ ! ,new ,hebrides & ,santa ,cruz ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,m>kham 7,sir ,c4 ,r471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,p]u4 ,*icago1 #ahib4 ---- ',a ,li/ ( ! ,tribes 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,amazon'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxiv4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ',on ! ,geographical ,positions ( ! ,tribes :i* =m$ ! ,empire ( ! ,yncas'2 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 vol4 xli4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,m>qu>dt 7,j471 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc-gh4 ,m>quette 7,jacques71 ,rcit des voyages et des dc\v]tes4 ,albanie 7,n4,y471 #ahee4 ,m>sd5 7,w471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra4 ,london1 #ahaa4 ,m>%all 7,fr$]ic71 ,int]national ,vanities4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahge4 ,m>%all 7,h4 ,r471 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,m>%all 7,w4 ,e471 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,m>t5s5 7,h471 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,g5]al ,"p4 ,trans4 ,ed9burgh1 s4 d4 ---- ,*ri/ian ,e?ics4 ,special ,"p4 ,individual ,e?ics4 ,trans4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahha4 ,m>tialis 7,m4 ,v471 ,epigrammata4 #c vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbb-bc4 ,m>t9 7,h5ri71 ,hi/oire de ,france depuis les temps les plus reculs jusqu'en #aghi4 #ag vols4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,m>t9 7,k471 ,reis5 9 d5 ,molukk51 c4 ,leid51 #ahid4 ,m>t9eau 7,james71 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahia4 ,m>t95go-,ces>esco 7,c\ntess ,evelyn71 ,essays 9 ! ,/udy ( ,folk-,songs4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,m>tius 7,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von71 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie und ,spra*5kunde ,am]ika's zumal ,brasili5s4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfg4 ---- ,von dem ,re*tszu/&e unt] d5 ,ure9wohn]n ,brasili5s4 ,mn*51 #ahcb4 ,m>x 7,k>l71 ,capital4 ,trans4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,engels4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,mas 7,s4 de71 ,in=me sobre el e/ado de las ,islas ,filip9as en #ahdb4 ,vol4 i4 ,madrid1 #ahdc4 ,mason 7,f471 ',on ,dwell+s1 ,works ( ,art1 ,laws1 c4 ( ! ,k>5s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 xxxvii4 pt4 ii4 ,calcutta1 #ahfh4 ---- ',physical ,"* ( ! ,k>5s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 xxxv4 pt4 ii4 ,calcutta1 #ahfg4 ---- ',religion1 ,my?ology1 & ,a/ronomy among ! ,k>5s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 xxxiv4 pt4 ii4 ,calcutta1 #ahfe4 ,mason 7,o4 ,t471 ,woman's ,%>e 9 ,primitive ,culture4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,masp]o 7,g471 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahif4 #hjc ,masp]o 7,g471 tudes de my?ologie et d'ar*ologie gypti5nes4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ---- ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,massey 7,william71 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,reign ( ,george ,,iii4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,ma!w 7,john71 ',! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es'2 9 ,j\r4 & ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 vol4 xxiii4 ,london ,sydney1 #ahhi4 ---- ,eaglehawk & ,cr[4 ,london ,melb\rne1 #ahii4 ,ma!ws 7,r4 ,h471 ,e?nological ,notes on ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria4 ,sydney1 #aije4 ,matiegka 7,h471 ',an?ropophagie 9 d] prhi/oris*5 ,ansi$lung bei ,knovize und 9 d] prhi/oris*5 ,zeit b]haupt'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 vol4 xxvi4 ,wi51 #ahif4 ,matignon 7,j4-,j471 ',deux mots sur la pdra/ie en ,*9e'2 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 vol4 xiv4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ---- ',le suicide en ,*9e'2 9 ,ar*ives d'an?ropologie crim9elle1 vol4 xii4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,mat!ws 7,wa%+ton71 ,e?nography & ,philology ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgg4 ---- ,navaho ,leg5ds4 7,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,folk-,lore ,society1 vol4 v47 ,bo/on ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ---- ',! ,/udy ( ,e?ics among ! ,l[] ,races'2 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 vol4 xii4 ,bo/on ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,maudsley 7,h5ry71 ,responsibility 9 ,m5tal ,disease4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,maur] 7,konrad71 ,die ,bekehrung des ,norwegis*5 ,/ammes zum ,*ri/5?ume4 #b vols4 ,mn*51 #ahef4 ,maury 7,l4 ,f4 ,a471 ,hi/oire des religions de la ,grce antique4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #aheg-ei4 ,mauss 7,m471 ',la religion et les orig9es du droit pnal'2 9 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 vols4 xxxiv4-xxxv4 ,p>is1 #ahif-ig4 ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]tationes4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,dbn]4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdj4 ,may 7,?4 ,ersk9e71 ,! ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl& s9ce ! ,accession ( ,george ,,iii4 #agfj-ahfj4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,may] 7,s471 ,die ,re*te d] ,israelit51 ,a!n] und ,rm]4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfb-ff4 ,mayne 7,j4 ,d471 ,a ,treatise on ,h9du ,law & ,usage4 ,madras1 #ahhh4 ,mayne 7,r4 ,c471 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,briti% ,columbia & ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,mazz>ella 7,g471 ,la condizione giuridica del m>ito nella famiglia matri>cale4 ,catania1 #ahii4 ,meade 7,h471 ,a ,ride ?r\gh ! di/urb$ ,di/ricts ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,meak9 7,budgett71 ,! ,moors4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,me>es 7,john71 ,voyages made 9 ! ,ye>s #aghh & #aghi f ,*9a to ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,london1 #agij4 ,m$hur/ 7,w4 ,h471 ',m>riage1 ,aff9ity1 & ,inh]itance 9 ,*9a'2 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,*9a ,bran*1 vol4 iv4 ,hongkong1 #ahee4 ,m$w9 7,?omas71 ,! ,angl] 9 ,wales4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcd4 ',meghilla'2 9 ,le ,talmud de ,jrusalem1 trans4 by ,m4 ,s*wab1 vol4 vi4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,mehr+ 7,g4 von71 ,die ,frage von d] ,todes/rafe4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfg4 ,mei] 7,m4 ,h4 ,e47 & ,s*mann 7,g4 ,f471 ,d] attis*e ,process4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,h4 ,lipsius4 ,b]l91 #ahhc-hg4 #hjd ,me9]s 7,c471 ,allgeme9e kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,religion]4 #b vols4 ,hannov]1 #ahjf-jg4 ---- ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit4 ,lemgo1 #aghe4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,female ,sex4 ,trans4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahjh4 ---- ,v]glei*ung des lt]n und neu]n ,russl&es4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #agih4 ,meissn] 7,b471 ,beitrge zum altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t4 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,mela 7,pomponius71 ,de *orographia 7situ orbis7 libri tres4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,frick4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhj4 ,mlus9e4 ,revue de my?ologie1 littrature populaire1 traditions et usages4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,gaidoz4 ,p>is4 ,melville 7,h471 ,typee4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,mmoires de l',in/itut ,royal de ,france1 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres4 ,p>is4 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,folk-,lore ,society4 ,bo/on ,new ,york4 ---- ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york4 ---- ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake4 ,*icago1 #ahid4 ,mnabra 7,lon71 ,de l'orig9e de la =me et de l'esprit des jugem5ts r5dus au moy5-ge contre les animaux4 ,*ambry1 #ahdf4 ,m5cius1 ',! ,works ('2 9 ,legge4 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 ii4 ,ox=d1 #ahie4 ,m5delsohn 7,s471 ,! ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews4 ,baltimore1 #ahia4 ,m5g] 7,anton71 ,! ,"r to ! ,:ole ,produce ( ,lab\r4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,m]k] 7,m471 ,die ,masai4 ,b]l91 #aijd4 ,m]olla da ,sorr5to 7,j471 ',a ,voyage to ,congo4' ,trans42 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,m]zba*] 7,g471 ,aus d5 ,ho*region5 des ,kaukasus4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,me?odi/ ,magaz9e4 ,london4 ,me?odi/ ,magaz9e4 ,new ,york4 ,me?odius 7,sa9t71 ',op]a omnia'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 xviii4 ,p>isiis1 #aheg4 ,metz 7,f471 ,! ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills4 ,mangalore1 #ahfd4 ,meursius 7,j471 ',!mis ,attica1 sive de legibus ,atticis'2 9 ,gronovius1 ,!saurus ,grc>um antiquitatum1 vol4 v4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #afii4 ,mey] 7,edu>d71 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums4 ,vol4 i4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhd4 ,mey] 7,h4 ,e4 ,a471 ',mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe'2 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,meyrick 7,f471 ,moral & ,devotional ,!ology ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,no4 ,i4 ,s4 ,alfonso de ,liguori's ,!ory ( ,tru?fulness4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,mi*aelis 7,j4 ,d471 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,moses4 ,trans4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,mi*elet 7,j471 ,orig9es du droit franais4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,middleton 7,c471 ,a ,free ,inquiry into ! ,miracul\s ,p[]s1 ,:i* are suppos$ to h subsi/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,london1 #agdi4 ,mielz9] 7,m471 ,die ,v]hltnisse d] ,sklav5 bei d5 ali5 ,hebrern4 ,kop5hag51 #ahei4 ,migne 7,j4 ,p471 ,patrologi cursus completus4 #bba vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd-fd4 ---- ,patrologi cursus completus4 ,s]ies ,grca4 #afb vols4 ,p>isiis1 #aheg-ff4 ,miklosi* 7,franz71 ',die ,blutra*e bei d5 ,slav5'2 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosophis*-hi/oris*e ,classe1 vol4 xxxvi4 ,wi51 #ahhh4 #hje ,mil] 7,e471 ',die ,hauskommunion d] ,sdslav5'2 9 ,jahrbu* d] int]national5 ,v]e9igung fr v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss5s*aft und ,volkswirts*aftslehre zu ,b]l91 vol4 iii4 ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,mill 7,james71 ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ---- ,a ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%4 ,london1 #ahce4 ,mill 7,john ,/u>t71 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ---- ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ---- ,utilit>ianism4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,mill> 7,john71 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,ranks4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahjf4 ,mill+5 7,j4 ,g471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,duell+4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,mills 7,*>les71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*ivalry4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,milman 7,h4 ,h471 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 #i vols4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,milton 7,j471 ,poetical ,works4 ,ed4 by ,d4 ,masson4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,m9d4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,psy*ology & ,philosophy4 ,london4 ,m9deleff 7,c471 ',navaho ,h\ses'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xvii4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahih4 ,missions ,ca?oliques 7,les74 ,lyon4 ,missions-,blatt aus d] ,brd]geme9e4 ,hamburg4 ,mit*ell 7,t4 ,l471 ,?ree ,exp$itions into ! ,int]ior ( ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,mit=d 7,a4 ,b471 ,tales ( ,old ,japan4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,mitt]mai] 7,c4 ,j4 ,a4 von71 ',beytrge zur ,lehre vom ,v]bre*5 des ,k9desmordes'2 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 vol4 vii4 ,halle1 #ahbd-be4 ---- ,grundstze des geme95 deuts*5 ,privatre*ts4 #b vols4 ,reg5sburg1 #ahdg4 ---- ,on ! ,effect ( ,drunk5ness on ,crim9al ,responsibility4 ,trans4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahda4 ---- ,die ,todes/rafe4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahfb4 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi54 ---- d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 7fr ,?r+57 zu ,j5a4 ---- d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,hamburg4 ---- d] kais4 und knig4 ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi54 ---- des ,v]e9s fr ,erdkunde zu ,halle a4 ,s4 ---- des ,v]e9s fr ,erdkunde zu ,leipzig4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman 7,a4 ,f471 ,briti% ,nig]ia4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,modigliani 7,elio71 ,un viaggio a ,nz4 ,milano1 #ahij4 ,mk]n 7,ph4 von71 ,o/9di54 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aheg4 ,mll] 7,p471 ,pagels 7,g471 & ,gle]up 7,e471 ,tre r i ,kongo4 #b vols4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhg-hh4 ,mo]5h\t 7,j4 ,a471 ,voyages aux les du ,gr& ,ocan4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,m(fat 7,rob]t71 ,mission>y ,lab\rs & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,mol9a 7,*ri/oval de71 ',! ,fables & ,rites ( ! ,yncas'2 9 ,n>ratives ( ! ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,incas4 ,trans4 & ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,mol9a 7,j4 ,j471 ,! ,geographical1 ,natural1 & ,civil ,hi/ory ( ,*ili4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahji4 #hjf ,moll 7,alb]t71 ,die ,contrre ,sexualempf9dung4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,momms5 7,!odor71 ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,trans4 #e vols4 ,london1 #ahid4 ---- ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ,moni]-,williams 7,moni]71 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- ,buddhism4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,h9duism4 ,london1 s4d4 ---- ,indian ,wisdom4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,monrad 7,h4 ,c471 ,bidrag til en ,skildr+ af ,gu9ea-,ky/5 og d5s ,indbygg]e4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahbb4 ,montaigne 7,m4 de71 ,,oeuvres4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bu*on4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,montefiore 7,c4 ,g471 ,hibb]t ,lectures on 4 4 4 ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,montesquieu 7,c4 de ,secondat de71 ,,oeuvres4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,montgom]y 7,james71 ,j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels by ,d4 ,ty]man & ,g4 ,b5net4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,mon? & ,ca?olic ,review 7,!74 ,london4 ,mooney 7,james71 ',my?s ( ! ,*]okee'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xix4 pt4 i4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijj4 ,moorcr(t 7,william7 & ,trebeck 7,george71 ,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces ( ,h9du/an & ! ,panjab4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,moore 7,*>les71 ,a ,full ,inquiry into ! ,subject ( ,suicide1 c4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agij4 ,moore 7,samuel71 ,! ,public ,acts 9 =ce2 pass$ by ! ,legislature ( ,b>bados1 #agfb-ahjj4 ,london1 #ahja4 ,moore 7,!(ilus71 ,m>riage ,cu/oms1 c4 ( ! ,v>i\s ,nations ( ! ,univ]se4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,m 7,sir ,?omas71 ,utopia4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,e4 ,arb]4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,morehead 7,c4 ,s47 & ,br[n 7,mason71 ,a ,dige/ ( ! ,/atute ,laws ( ,k5tucky4 #b vols4 ,frank=t 7,ky471 #ahcd4 ,morgan 7,c4 ,lloyd71 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce4 ,london1 #ahij-ia4 ,morgan 7,l4 ,h471 ,h\ses & ,h\se-,life ( ! ,am]ican ,aborig9es4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahha4 ---- ,league ( ! ,ho-de'-no-sau-nee1 or ,iroquois4 ,ro*e/]1 #ahea4 ,morley 7,john71 ,voltaire4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,morrison 7,w4 ,d471 ,crime & its ,causes4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,morselli 7,e471 ,il suicidio4 ,milano1 #ahgi4 ,mort de ,g>9 le ,loh]a9 7,la74 ,ed4 by 4 du ,mril4 ,p>is1 #ahdf4 ,morte ,d>?ur4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,mos*us 7,joannes71 ',pratum spirituale'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 lxxxvii4 ,p>isiis1 #ahfj4 ,moseley 7,h4 ,n471 ,notes by a ,naturali/ on ! ,*all5g]4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ---- ',on ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s1 c4'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 vi4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,mo%eim 7,j4 ,l4 von71 ,in/itutes ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 #c vols4 ,london4 #ahfc4 ,m\hot 7,h471 ,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a1 c4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,mozley 7,j4 ,b471 ,s]mons prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,mll] 7,c4 ,o471 ,diss]tations on ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus4 ,trans4 ,london ,cambridge1 #ahec4 #hjg ,mll] 7,c4 ,o471 ,! ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,doric ,race4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,mll] 7,fri$ri*71 ,allgeme9e ,e?nographie4 ,wi51 #ahgi4 ---- ,reise d] /]rei*is*5 ,fregatte ,nov>a um die ,erde4 ,e?nographie4 ,wi51 #ahfh4 ,mll] 7,fri$ri* ,max71 ,an?ropological ,religion4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ,physical ,religion4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,mll] 7,j4 ,g471 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion54 ,basel1 #ahfg4 ,mll] 7,josef71 ,das sexuelle ,leb5 d] alt5 ,kulturvlk]4 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 ---- ,das sexuelle ,leb5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kulturvlk]4 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 ,mll] 7,w4 ,j471 ,die ,africanis*e1 ,auff d] ,gu9eis*5 ,gold-,cu/ geleg5e ,l&s*afft ,fetu4 ,hamburg1 #afgc4 ,mrdt] 7,f471 ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,delitzs*4 ,calw ,/uttg>t1 #ahia4 ,muir 7,john71 ,additional ,moral & ,religi\s ,passages metrically r5d]$ f ! ,sanskrit4 ,london1 #ahge4 ---- ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts4 #e vols4 ,london1 #ahfh-hd4 ---- ,religi\s & ,moral ,s5tim5ts metrically r5d]$ f ,sanskrit ,writ]s4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,muir 7,william71 ,! ,life ( ,mahomet4 #d vols4 ,london1 #aheh-fa4 ,muirhead 7,j4 ,h471 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,munz+] 7,w471 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi54 ,s*affhaus51 #ahfd4 ---- ,ueb] die ,sitt5 und das ,re*t d] ,bogos4 ,w9t]?ur1 #ahei4 ,muratori 7,l4 ,a471 ,diss]tazioni sopra le anti*it ,italiane4 #e vols4 ,milano1 #ahcf-cg4 ---- ,r]um ,italic>um scriptores4 #be vols4 ,m$iolani1 #agbc-ea4 ,murdo* 7,john71 ',e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 ix4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahib4 ,murray 7,a4 ,w471 ,=ty ,ye>s' ,mission ,"w 9 ,polynesia & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,murray 7,j4 ,a4 ,h471 ,a ,new ,engli% ,diction>y4 ,ox=d1 #ahhd1 c4 ,9 progress4 ,murray 7,j4 ,cl>k71 ,an ,introduction to ,e?ics4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,mu/]s 7,g4 ,c471 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,na*tigal 7,g471 ,sah>a und ,sudan4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahgi-hi4 ,nadaillac 7,m>quis de71 ',l'an?ropophagie et les sacrifices huma9s'2 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 vol4 lxvi4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,ngelsba* 7,c4 ,f4 von71 ,hom]is*e ,!ologie4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,aut5rie?4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahhd4 ---- ,die na*hom]is*e ,!ologie des grie*is*5 ,volksglaub5s bis auf ,alex&]4 ,nrnb]g1 #aheg4 ,nans5 7,f471 ,eskimo ,life4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahic4 ---- ,! ,fir/ ,cross+ ( ,gre5l&4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahij4 ',nrada1' trans4 by ,j4 ,jolly2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxiii4 ,ox=d1 #ahhi4 ,n>rative ( ! ,*9ese ,embassy to ! ,khan ( ! ,t\rg\? ,t>t>s4 ,trans4 f ! ,*9ese by ,sir ,g4 ,t4 ,/aunton4 ,london1 #ahba4 ,n>ratives ( ! ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,yncas4 ,trans4 & ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,nassau 7,r4 ,h471 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,nation 7,!72 a ,weekly ,j\rnal4 ,new ,york4 #hjh',national ,p]sonality'2 9 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review1 vol4 cxciv4 ,london1 #aija4 ',nationality'2 9 ,! ,home & ,=eign ,review1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,natorp 7,paul71 ,die ,e?ika des ,demokritos4 ,m>burg1 #ahic4 ',naturalization ,act1 #ahgj 7,!7'2 9 ,*itty1 ,/atutes ( ,practical ,utility1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,nature2 a ,weekly ,illu/rat$ ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,london4 ,naudet 7--71 ',des sec\rs publics *ez les ,roma9s'2 9 ,mmoires de l',in/itut ,royal de ,france1 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 vol4 xiii4 ,p>is1 #ahch4 ,nav>ette 7,d4 ,f471 ',an ,acc\nt ( ! ,empire ( ,*9a4' ,trans42 9 ,awn%am & ,*ur*ill1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #agjd4 ,neale 7,e4 ,v471 ,fea/s & ,fa/s4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,ne&] 7,joseph71 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ,*ur*4 ,trans4 #i vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdg-ee4 ,nelson 7,e4 ,w471 ',! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahii4 ,nelson 7,j4 ,h471 ,a ,view ( ! ,h9du ,law4 ,madras1 c41 #ahgg4 ,n5nius1 ,! ,iri% ,v]sion ( ! ,hi/oria ,britonum (4 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,j4 ,h4 ,todd4 ,dubl91 #ahdh4 ,nepos 7,cornelius71 ,vit excell5tium imp]atorum4 #b vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbb4 ,neubau] 7,a471 ',notes on ! ,race-,types ( ! ,jews'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xv4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts4 ,halle4 ,neumann 7,k4 ,f471 ,die ,vlk] des sdli*5 ,russl&s4 ,leipzig1 #ahdg4 ,nevill 7,hugh71 ',va$das ( ,ceylon'2 9 ,! ,taprobanian1 vols4 i4-ii4 ,bombay1 #ahhg-hh4 ,new 7,*>les71 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 c4 9 ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,new ,engl&] 7,!74 ,new ,hav54 ,newbold 7,t4 ,j471 ,political & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,newman 7,f4 ,w471 ,anglo-,saxon ,abolition ( ,negro ,slav]y4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,newman 7,j4 ,h471 ,apologia pro vita sua4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,nicolaus ,i4 7,pope71 ',epi/olae et decreta'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 cxix4 ,p>isiis1 #aheb4 ,niebo] 7,h4 ,j471 ,slav]y z an ,indu/rial ,sy/em4 ,! ,hague1 #aijj4 ,niebuhr 7,c471 ,travels ?r\gh ,arabia4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #agib4 ,niels5 7,f471 ,t]tullians ,e?ik4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahgi4 ,nietzs*e 7,f471 ,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra4 #d vols4 ,*emnitz ,leipzig1 #ahhc-ia4 ,nisbet 7,hume71 ,a ,colonial ,tramp4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,njla4 ,ed4 by ,det ,kongelige ,nordiske ,oldskrift-,selskab4 #b vols4 ,kb5havn1 #ahge-hi4 ,nonius ,m>cellus1 ,de proprietate s]monis4 ,lipsiae1 #ahbf4 ,noodt 7,g471 ,op]a omnia4 #b vols4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agfg4 ,nord5skild 7,a4 ,e471 ,d5 &ra ,dicksonska exp$ition5 till ,grnl&4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhe4 ---- ,vegas frd kr+ ,asi5 o* ,europa4 #b vols4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhj-ha4 ,nord/rm 7,j4 ,j471 ,bidrag till d5 sv5ska samhlls-frfattn+5s hi/oria4 #b vols4 ,hels+=s1 #ahci-dj4 ,nore5 7,ad471 ,spridda /udi]4 ,&ra saml+54 ,/ockholm1 #aijc4 #hji ,norman 7,h5ry71 ,! ,real ,japan4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies3 a ,mon?ly ,p]iodical4 ,ed4 by ,w4 ,crooke4 ,allahabad4 ,norton 7,a471 ,tracts conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,cambridge1 #aheb4 ,n[ack 7,wilhelm71 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie4 #b vols4 ,freiburg i4 ,b4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,numa ,praetorius1 ',die /rafre*tli*5 ,be/immung5 geg5 d5 glei*ges*le*tli*5 ,v]kehr'2 9 ,jahrbu* fr sexuelle ,zwis*5/uf51 vol4 i4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ,nuez ,cabeza de ,vaca 7,alv>71 ',naufragios y relacion de la jornada que hizo a la ,florida'2 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 vol4 xxii4 ,madrid1 #aheb4 ,nyrop 7,k471 ',navnets magt'2 9 ,m9dre ,afh&l+] udgivne af del ,philologisk-hi/oriske ,samfund4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhg4 ---- ,romanske ,mosaik]4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahhe4 ,nys 7,erne/71 ,le droit de la gu]re et les prcurseurs de ,grotius4 ,bruxelles ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ---- ,le droit int]national4 #b vols4 ,bruxelles ,p>is1 #aijd-je4 ,ob]lnd] 7,r471 ',die ,e+ebor55 d] au/ralis*5 ,kolonie ,victoria'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 iv4 ,hildburghaus51 #ahfc4 ,oehl] 7,g4 ,f471 ,!ology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,vol4 i4 ,trans4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgd4 ,old5b]g 7,h471 ,buddha4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,die ,religion des ,v$a4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,oldfield 7,a471 ',on ! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia'2 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 new s]4 vol4 iii4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,olivecrona 7,k471 ,om dds/raffet4 ,upsala1 #ahff4 ,olm/$ 7,f4 ,a471 ,incid5ts ( a ,:al+ ,voyage4 ,new ,york1 #ahda4 ,op5 ,c\rt 7,!74 ,*icago4 ,opp]t 7,j471 ',la condition des esclaves ,babylone'2 9 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres--,comptes r5dus des sances de l'anne #ahhh1 s]4 iv4 vol4 xvi4 ,p>is4 ---- & ,mnant 7,j471 ,docum5ts juridiques de l',assyrie et de la ,*alde4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,orig51 ,op]a omnia4 #g vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vols4 xi4-xvii47 ,p>isiis1 #aheg-fj4 ,orig9al-,mit!ilung5 aus d] e?nologis*5 ,ab!ilung d] knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l94 ,b]l94 ,orosius 7,p471 ',hi/ori>um libri septem'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vol4 xxxi4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf4 ,orp5 7,j4 ,m471 ',a ,glimpse into ! ,my?ology ( ! ,maluti ,bu%m5'2 9 ,! ,cape ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 new s]4 vol4 ix4 ,cape ,t[n1 #ahgd4 ,ortolan 7,j471 lm5ts de droit pnal4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 ,os5brgg5 7,e471 ,das ,alamannis*e ,/rafre*t4 ,s*affhaus51 #ahfj4 ---- ,/udi5 zur deuts*5 und s*weiz]is*5 ,re*tsges*i*te4 ,s*affhaus51 #ahfh4 ,o/friesis*e ,l&-,re*t 7,das74 ,auri*1 #agdf4 ,ottoman ,p5al ,code 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,c4 ,g4 ,walpole4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,ovidius ,naso 7,p471 ,op]a omnia4 #i vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahba4 ,ovi$o y ,valds 7,g4 ,h]n&ez de71 ',summ>io de la natural hi/oria de las ,indias'2 9 ,biblioteca de autores espaoles1 vol4 xxii4 ,madrid1 #aheb4 #haj ,paget 7,john71 ,hung>y & ,transylvania4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,paley 7,w471 ,complete ,works4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,palgrave 7,w4 ,g471 ,n>rative ( a ,ye>'s ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia4 #b vols4 ,london ,cambridge1 #ahfe4 ,palissot de ,mont5oy 7,*>les71 ,les philosophes4 ,p>is1 #agfj4 ,pallas 7,p4 ,s471 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ! ,russian ,empire4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjb-jc4 ,palm] 7,edw>d71 ',notes on "s ,au/ralian ,tribes'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,pan*atantram4 ,) an ,engli% translation & a ,gloss>y4 #e pts4 ,madras1 #ahia-ic4 ---- ,see ,pants*atantra4 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 a ,mon?ly ,p]iodical4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,c4 ,temple4 ,allahabad4 ,pants*atantra4 ,trans4 into ,g]man by ,?4 ,b5fey4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahei4 ,p>amo 7,l4 de71 ,de orig9e et progressu ,sanct ,inquisitionis4 ,matriti1 #aeih4 ,p>dessus 7,j4 ,m471 ,collection de lois m>itimes antrieures au ,,xviiie sicle4 #f vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbh-de4 ---- ,loi ,salique4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ---- ,u et c\tumes de la m]4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,p>is 7,ga/on71 ,la posie du moy5 ge4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,p>k 7,mungo71 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ,di/ricts ( ,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahaf-ag4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfj4 ,p>k] 7,e4 ,h471 ',comp>ative ,*9ese ,family ,law'2 9 ,! ,*9a ,review1 vol4 viii4 ,hongkong1 #ahgi-hj4 ,p>k] 7,e4 ,s471 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,melb\rne1 #ahed4 ,p>k] 7,mrs4 ,k4 ,langloh71 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe4 ,london1 #aije4 ,p>k] 7,!odore71 ,! ,collect$ ,works (4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,p4 ,cobbe4 #ad vols4 ,london1 #ahfc-ga4 ---- ,a ,s]mon ( ,w>4 ,bo/on1 #ahdf4 ,p>k9son 7,john71 ',notes on ! ,asaba ,p'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxvi4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,p>k9son 7,r471 ,zur ,e?nographie d] nordwe/li*5 ,salomo ,inseln4 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,p>kman 7,francis71 ,! ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,p>kyns 7,m471 ,life 9 ,abyss9ia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,p>liam5t>y ,hi/ory & ,review2 conta9+ ,reports ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t dur+ ! ,session ( #ahbe-bf4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,p>ry 7,w4 ,e471 ,j\rnal ( a ,second ,voyage = ! ,discov]y ( a ,nor?-,we/ ,passage f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,p>tridge 7,*>les71 ,cross ,riv] ,natives4 ,london1 #aije4 ,patetta 7,f471 ,le ordalie4 ,tor9o1 #ahij4 ,paul 7,h]mann71 ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,p4 #b vols4 ,/rassburg1 #ahhi-ic4 ---- ,! same "w4 #c vols4 ,/rassburg1 #ahif-aijj4 ,paulhan 7,f471 ,l'activit m5tale et les lm5ts de l'esprit4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,paulits*ke 7,ph471 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahic-if4 ,pauls5 7,f471 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 #haa ,pauly 7,a4 ,f4 von71 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft4 #f vols4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdb-fb4 ,pausanias1 ,descriptio ,grci4 ,ed4 by ,l4 ,d9dorfius4 ,p>isiis1 #ahde4 ---- ,see ,fraz] 7,sir ,j4 ,g474 ,payne 7,e4 ,j471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahib-ii4 ,peacock 7,mabel71 ',execut$ ,crim9als & ,folk-,m$ic9e'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 vii4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,pe>son 7,*>les ,h471 ,national ,life & ,"*4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,peirce 7,l471 ,taylor 7,m471 & ,k+ 7,w4 ,w471 ,! ,consolidation & ,revision ( ! ,/atutes ( ! ,/ate ,l\isiana4 ,new ,orleans1 #aheb4 ,peltz] 7,a471 ,deuts*e ,my/ik und deuts*e ,kun/4 ,/rassburg1 #ahii4 ,p5ny 7,alfr$71 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,melanesia4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,p]cival 7,pet]71 ,! ,l& ( ! ,v$a4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,p]cival 7,rob]t71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,p]ela] 7,m4 ,t4 ,h471 ,e?nographis*e bes*rijv+ d] ,dajaks4 ,zalt-,bommel1 #ahgj4 ,p]ez 7,b]n>d71 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,p]ham 7,j471 ',pet>a'2 9 ,j\r4 ,/raits ,bran* ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 no4 #h4 ,s+apore1 #ahhb4 ---- ',sea ,dyak ,religion'2 9 ,j\r4 ,/raits ,bran* ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 no4 #aj4 ,s+apore1 #ahhc4 ,p]r9 du ,lac 7,f4 ,m471 ,voyage dans les deux ,l\isianes et *ez les nations sauvages du ,miss\ri4 ,p>is1 #ahje4 ,p]rot 7,ni*olas71 ,memoire sur les moeurs1 c\/umes et relligion des sauvages de l',am]ique sept5trionale4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,p4 ,j4 ,tailhan4 ,leipzig ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,p]ry 7,g4 ,g471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,fir/ ,p]iod4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,p]tile 7,antonio71 ',gli animali 9 giudizio'2 9 ,atti del ,reale ,i/ituto ,v5eto di sci5ze1 lett]e ed arti1 s]4 vi4 vol4 iv4 ,v5ezia1 #ahhd-he4 ,p]tuiset 7,e471 ,le trsor des ,incas la ,t]re de ,feu4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,p]ty 7,max471 ,ueb] das ,seel5leb5 d] ,?i]e4 ,leipzig ,heidelb]g1 #ahgf4 ,p]tz 7,g4 ,h471 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica4 ,leges4 #e vols4 ,hannov]ae1 #ahcg-ge4 ,pes*el 7,o471 ,! ,races ( ,man4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,pe!rick 7,john71 ,egypt1 ! ,s\dan & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahfa4 ---- & ,pe!rick 7,mrs471 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 & ,explorations ( ! ,we/]n ,nile ,tribut>ies4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,petitot 7,c4 ,b471 ,collection complte des ,mmoires relatifs l'hi/oire de ,france4 #acj vols4 ,p>is1 #ahai-bi4 ,petitot 7471 ,les ,gr&s ,esquimaux4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,petrie 7,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s71 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,petr(f 7,ivan71 ',report on ! ,population1 ,indu/ries1 & ,res\rces ( ,alaska'2 9 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhd4 ,pfeiff] 7,ida71 ,a ,lady's ,second ,j\rney r\nd ! ,_w4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,pfleid]] 7,otto71 ,philosophy & ,developm5t ( ,religion4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahid4 ,philip 7,rob]t71 ,! ,life & ,op9ions ( ! ,rev4 ,william ,milne4 ,london1 #ahdj4 #hab ,philo ,judaeus1 ,op]a4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,mangey4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agdb4 ,pi$rahita 7,l4 ,f]n&ez de71 ,hi/oria g5]al de las conqui/as del nuevo reyno de ,granada4 ,amb]es1 #afhh4 ,pi]otti 7,ermete71 ,cu/oms & ,traditions ( ,pale/9e4 ,trans4 ,cambridge1 #ahfd4 ,pike 7,l4 ,ow571 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgc-gf4 ,p9d>1 ,c>m9a4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,i4 ,t4 ,momms54 ,b]ol9i1 #ahfd4 ,p9el 7,ph471 ,trait mdico-philosophique sur l'alination m5tale4 ,p>is1 #ahji4 ,p9k]ton 7,john71 ,a ,g5]al ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels4 #ag vols4 ,london1 #ahjh-ad4 ,pitcairn 7,rob]t71 ,crim9al ,trials 9 ,scotl&4 #c vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahch4 ,pitcairn 7,w4 ,d471 ,two ,ye>s among ! ,savages ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,placucci 7,m471 ,usi e pregiudizj dei contad9i della ,romagna4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,pitr4 ,pal]mo1 #ahhe4 ,plato1 ,dialogues4 ,trans4 by ,b4 ,j[ett4 #e vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahib4 ---- ,op]a4 #c vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf-gc4 ,plautus 7,t4 ,m471 ,comoedi4 #e vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbi4 ,pl9y1 ! ,eld]1 ,hi/oria naturalis4 #ac vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbf4 ,pl9y1 ! ,y\ng]1 ,epi/ol>um libri decem4 ,ed4 by ,n4 ,e4 ,lemaire4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahbb-bc4 ,ploss 7,h4 ,h471 ,das ,k9d im ,brau* und ,sitte d] ,vlk]4 #b vols4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgf4 ---- ,das ,weib 9 d] ,natur- und ,vlk]kunde4 ,ed4 by ,m4 ,b>tels4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 ,pl[d5 7,e471 ,! ,comm5t>ies or ,reports (4 ,trans4 #b p>ts4 ,savoy 7,london71 #affa4 ,plut>*1 ,romane ,que/ions4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ,scripta moralia4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahci-da4 ---- ,vit4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,doehn]4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdf-dg4 ,pogge 7,paul71 ,im ,rei*e des ,muata ,jamwo4 ,b]l91 #ahhj4 ,poircy 7,l4 de71 ,hi/oire naturelle et morale des ,iles ,antilles de l',am]ique4 ,ed4 by ,c4 de ,ro*e=t4 ,rott]dam1 #afha4 ,polack 7,j4 ,s471 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,polak 7,j4 ,e471 ,p]si54 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfe4 ---- ',die ,pro/itution 9 ,p]si5'2 9 ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 vol4 xi4 ,wi51 #ahfa4 ,pollock 7,sir ,fr$]ick71 ,essays on ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ',! ,k+'s ,peace'2 9 ,! ,law ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 i4 ,london #ahhe4 ---- ,! ,law ( ,torts4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,ox=d ,lectures4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- & ,maitl& 7,f4 ,w471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law be=e ! ,"t ( ,edw>d ,i4 #b vols4 ,cambridge1 #ahih4 ,pollux 7,julius71 ,onoma/icum4 #b vols4 ,am/eldami1 #agjf4 ,polo 7,m>co71 ,! ,book (1 conc]n+ ! ,k+doms & ,m>vels ( ! ,ea/4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,h4 ,yule4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,polybius1 ,hi/ori>um reliqui4 #b vols4 ,p>isiis1 #ahci4 ,pomm]ol 7,jean71 ,among ! ,wom5 ( ! ,sah>a4 ,trans4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,pool 7,j4 ,j471 ,/udies 9 ,mohamm$anism4 ,we/m9/]1 #ahib4 #hac ,poole 7,r4 ,lane71 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval ,?\ght 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,!ology & ,ecclesia/ical ,politics4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,poole 7,s4 ,lane74 ,see ,lane-,poole 7,s474 ,popovivc 7,georg71 ,re*t und ,g]i*t 9 ,mont5egro4 ,agram1 #ahgg4 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 7,!74 ,new ,york4 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia ab esu animalium4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,h]*]4 ,p>isiis1 #aheh4 ,port] 7,g4 ,r471 ,! ,progress ( ! ,nation f ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,po/ 7,a4 ,h471 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z4 #b vols4 ,old5burg ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ---- ,die ,anfange des ,/aats- und ,re*tsleb5s4 ,old5burg1 #ahgh4 ---- ,die ,ges*le*tsg5oss5s*aft d] ,urzeit und die ,ent/ehung d] ,ehe4 ,old5burg1 #ahge4 ---- ,die ,grundlag5 des ,re*ts4 ,old5burg1 #ahhd4 ---- ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z4 #b vols4 ,old5burg ,leipzig1 #ahid-ie4 ---- ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts4 ,old5burg ,leipzig2 #ahij4 ,potgiess] 7,j471 ,comm5t>iorum juris ,g]manici de /atu s]vorum vet]i p]9de atque novo libri qu9que4 ,lemgoviae1 #agcf4 ,pott] 7,john71 ,ar*ologia ,grca4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahcb4 ,p[ell 7,j4 ,w471 ',outl9es ( ,sociology'2 9 ,! ,saturday ,lectures deliv]$ 9 ! ,lecture-,room ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhb4 ---- ',sociology'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 new s]4 vol4 i4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ---- ',wy&ot ,gov]nm5t'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 i4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahha4 ,p[ell 7,wilfr$71 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry2 or1 ,?ree ,ye>s among/ ! ,cannibals ( ,new ,brita94 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,p[]s 7,/ephan71 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgg4 ,pra9 7,david71 ',! ,angami ,nagas'2 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 vol4 v4 ,am/]dam1 #ahhg4 ,prejevalsky 7,n471 ,mongolia4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,prell] 7,l471 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie4 ,vol4 i4 ,ed4 by ,c>l ,rob]t4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,prem ,sg>2 or1 ! ,ocean ( ,love4 ,trans4 by ,e4 ,b4 ,ea/wick4 ,h]t=d ,london1 #ahea4 ,pr5tiss 7,g4 ,l471 ',infant ,salvation & its ,!ological ,be>+s'2 9 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,review1 vol4 iv4 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ,presbyt]ian ,review 7,!74 ,new ,york4 ,prescott 7,w4 ,h471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,f4 ,kirk4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,preuss 7,!odor71 ,die ,begrbnis>t5 d] ,am]ikan] und ,nordo/asiat54 ,knigsb]g1 #ahid4 ,prexl 7,r471 ',geburts- und ,todt5gebru*e d] ,rumn5 9 ,sieb5brg5'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 lvii4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahij4 ,price 7,ri*>d71 ,a ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions 9 ,morals4 ,london1 #aghg4 ,pri*>d 7,h4 ,h471 ,?r\gh ! ,he>t ( ,patagonia4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,pridham 7,*>les71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,ceylon4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,prie/ley 7,joseph74 ,see ,h>tley1 ,!ory ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,pr9ce 7,o4 ,h471 ,a ,dige/ ( ! ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,georgia4 ,a!ns 7,u4,s471 #ahcg4 #had ,prit*>d 7,w4 ,t471 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society & ,mon?ly ,record ( ,geography4 ,london4 ---- ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,dubl94 ---- ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ---- ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology4 ,london4 ,procopius1 ex rec5sione ,g4 ,d9dorfii4 #c vols4 ,bonnae1 #ahcc-ch4 ,pr\dhon 7,p4-,j471 ,la gu]re et la paix4 #b vols4 ,bruxelles1 #ahfa4 ,proy>t 7,l4 ,b471 ',hi/ory ( ,loango1 c4' ,trans42 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,ptan-,hotep1 ',! ,precepts ('4 ,trans4 by ,ph4 ,virey2 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 new s]4 vol4 iii4 ,london1 s4 d4 ,pu*ta 7,g4 ,f471 ,cursus d] ,in/itution54 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 ,puf5dorf 7,samuel71 ,de jure natur et g5tium4 ,am/elodami1 #afhh4 ,purcell 7,b4 ,h471 ',rites & ,cu/oms ( ,au/ralian ,aborig9es'2 9 ,v]h&l4 ,b]l9] ,gesells*4 ,an?rop41 #ahic4 ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,!74 ,london4 ,quatremre 7,e4 ,m471 ',mmoire sur les asiles *ez les ,arabes'2 9 ,mmoires de l'ln/itut ,royal de ,france1 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 vol4 xv4 pt4 ii4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,qu9tilian 7,m4 ,f471 ,declamationes qu sup]sunt ,,cxlv4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,ritt]4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhd4 ,in/itutionis oratori libri duodecim4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,halm4 #b vols4 ,lipsiae1 #ahfh4 ,qur'n 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,e4 ,h4 ,palm]4 #b vols4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 vi4 & ix47 ,ox=d1 #ahhj4 ,rabb9[icz 7,i4 ,j4 ,m471 ,lgislation crim9elle du ,talmud4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,radde 7,g471 ,die ,*ews'ur5 und ihr ,l&4 ,cassel1 #ahgh4 ,radl(f 7,w471 ,das ,s*aman5?um4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,raff5el 7,anne71 ,n\veau voyage dans le pays des ngres4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,raffles 7,t4 ,s471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,java4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahag4 ,rj5dralla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans4 #b vols4 ,london ,calcutta1 #ahha4 ,ral/on 7,w4 ,r4 ,s471 ,! ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,rambaud 7,a471 ,hi/oire de la civilisation franaise4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahic-id4 ,ramsay 7,w4 ,m471 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire be=e ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,london1 #aijc4 ---- ,! ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahie-ig4 ---- ,! ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,ramsey] 7,f4 ,a47 & ,khne 7,j471 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,a%antee4 ,ed4 by ,mrs4 ,weitbre*t4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,rank+ 7,john71 ,hi/orical ,rese>*es on ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 ,mexico1 c4 ,london1 #ahbg4 ,rattray 7,r4 ,s471 ,"s ,folk-,lore ,/ories & ,songs 9 ,*9yanja4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,ratzel 7,f471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahif-ih4 ,rav5scr(t 7,a4 ,g4 ,b471 ',"s ,habits & ,cu/oms ( ! ,*+alee ,tribe'2 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 vol4 xv4 ,adelaide1 #ahib4 ,rawl9son 7,george71 ,! ,religions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,london1 s4 d4 #hae ,read 7,c4 ,h47 & ,dalton 7,o4 ,m471 ,antiquities f ! ,city ( ,b594 ,london1 #ahii4 ,reade 7,w4 ,w9wood71 ,savage ,africa4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,ral de ,c\rban 7,g4 de71 ,la sci5ce du g\v]nem5t4 #h vols4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 c41 #agfa-fe4 ,recopilacion de leyes de los re9os de las ,indias4 #d vols4 ,madrid1 #ahda4 ,records ( ! ,pa/4 ,london4 ,re 7,paul71 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,gewiss5s4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 ---- ,d] ,ursprung d] moralis*5 ,empf9dung54 ,*emnitz1 #ahgg4 ,re$ 7,sir ,e4 ,j471 ,japan4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,rehme 7,paul71 ',das ,re*t d] ,amaxosa'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 v]gl4 ,re*tswiss4 vol4 x4 ,b]l91 #ahib4 ,rei*>d 7,paul71 ',die ,wanjamuesi'2 9 ,zeits*r4 d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 vol4 xxiv4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ,reid 7,a4 ,p471 ',religi\s ,belief ( ! ,ojibois or ,sauteux ,indians'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 iii4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,reid 7,?omas71 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d4 ,london1 #aghe4 ,re9 7,j4 ,j471 ,japan4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,re9 7,wilhelm71 ,das ,crim9alre*t d] ,rm]4 ,leipzig1 #ahdd4 ,re9h>d 7,f4 ,v471 ,sy/em d] ,*ri/li*5 ,moral4 #e vols4 ,witt5b]g1 #ahje-ae4 ,remy 7,jules71 ,ka ,mooolelo ,hawaii4 ,p>is ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 ,r5an 7,erne/71 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,in/itutions1 ,?\ght & ,culture ( ,rome1 on ,*ri/ianity4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,r5gg] 7,j4 ,r471 ,naturges*i*te d] ,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay4 ,basel1 #ahcj4 ,r5\f 7,p4 ,le ,page71 ,hibb]t ,lectures on 4 4 4 ! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,r5ton 7,a4 ,w471 ,encyclopdia ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahig1 c44 ,report on ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,sci5tific ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,ed4 by ,b4 ,sp5c]4 ,"p iv4 ,london ,melb\rne1 #ahif4 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon4 ,vol4 v4 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 ,rville 7,alb]t71 ,hibb]t ,lectures on 4 4 4 ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ---- ,prolegom5a ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ---- ,la ,religion ,*9oise4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ---- ,les religions des peuples non-civiliss4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,rville 7,&r71 ',l'abjuratio regni'2 9 ,revue hi/orique1 vol4 l4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,/ate ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,!71 pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly at ! ,session ( #ahcf-g4 #b vols4 ,raleigh1 #ahcg4 ,revue ,celtique4 ,p>is4 ---- coloniale int]nationale4 ,am/]dam4 ---- de lgislation et de jurisprud5ce4 ,p>is4 ---- de l'hi/oire des religions4 ,p>is4 ---- des ,deux ,mondes4 ,p>is4 ---- hi/orique4 ,p>is4 ---- hi/orique de droit franais et trang]4 ,p>is4 ---- int]nationale de sociologie4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,worms4 ,p>is4 ---- sci5tifique4 ,p>is4 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 ,rhys 7,john71 ,celtic ,folklore4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #aija4 #haf ,ribbe 7,*4 de71 ,les families et la socit en ,france avant la ,rvolution4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,ribeiro de ,sampaio 7,f4 ,x471 ,di>io da viagem4 ,lisboa1 #ahbe4 ,ribot 7,?471 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,ri*>dson 7,c4 ,h471 ',obs]vations among ! ,cam]oon ,tribes ( ,we/ ,c5tral ,africa'2 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology4 ,*icago1 #ahid4 ,ri*>dson 7,james71 ,n>rative ( a ,mission to ,c5tral ,africa p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye>s #ahej-ea4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,ri*>dson 7,john71 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,ri*mond 7,legh71 ',a ,s]mon on ! ,s9 ( ,cruelty to ! ,brute ,creation'2 9 ,! ,me?odi/ ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxx4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,ri*t] 7,w471 ,die ,sklav]ei im ,grie*is*5 ,alt]tume4 ,breslau1 #ahhf4 ,rickaby 7,j471 ,moral ,philosophy4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,ridley 7,william71 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,sydney1 #ahfd4 ---- ,kmil>i1 & o!r ,au/ralian ,languages4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 #ahge4 ---- ,kamil>oi1 ,dippil1 & ,turrubul4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 #ahff4 ,ri$el 7,j4 ,g4 ,f471 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua4 's-,grav5hage1 #ahhf4 ,rigv$a 7,d]74 ,trans4 into ,g]man by ,a4 ,ludwig4 #f vols4 ,prag1 #ahgf-hh4 ,r9k 7,h4 ,j471 ,dani% ,gre5l&4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,br[n4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ---- ,! ,eskimo ,tribes4 ,cop5hag5 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- ,tales & ,traditions ( ! ,eskimo4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahge4 ,risley 7,h4 ,h471 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,e?nographic ,app5dices4 ,calcutta1 #aijc4 ---- ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal4 ,e?nographic ,gloss>y4 #b vols4 ,calcutta1 #ahia4 ,rit*ie 7,d4 ,g471 ,natural ,rights4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,ritson 7,jos471 ,an ,essay on ,ab/95ce f ,animal ,food z a ,moral ,duty4 ,london1 #ahjb4 ,ritt] 7,b471 ,philo und die ,hala*a4 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,riv]s 7,w4 ,h4 ,r471 ,! ,todas4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,rivi] 7,alphonse71 ,prcis du droit de famille roma94 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,rivire 7,arm&71 ,l'glise et l'esclavage4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,rivi/a italiana di sociologia4 ,roma4 ,rob]ts 7,george71 ,! ,social ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,s\!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& 9 ,pa/ ,c5turies4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,rob]tson 7,sir ,g4 ,scott71 ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,rob]tson 7,h4 ,a471 ,erromanga1 ! ,m>tyr ,isle4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,eras]4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,rob]tson 7,john ,m471 ,patriotism & ,empire4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,rob]tson 7,william71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aggg4 ---- ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahjf4 ,rob9son 7,a471 ,life 9 ,cali=nia4 ,new ,york1 #ahdf4 ,rob9son 7,cecilia71 ,! ,m9i/ry ( ,deaconesses4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,rob9son 7,edw>d71 ,biblical ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,ro*as 7,v4 de71 ,la ,n\velle ,caldonie et ses habitants4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 ,ro*e=t 7,c4 de74 ,see ,poircy 7,l4 de74 ,ro*holz 7,e4 ,l471 ,deuts*] ,glaube und ,brau* im ,spiegel d] heidnis*5 ,vorzeit4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahfg4 #hag ,ro*on 7,a4 ,m471 ,a ,voyage to ,madagasc> & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,trans4 ,london1 #agic4 ---- ,! same "w4 ,trans42 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,rockhill 7,w4 ,w471 ,! ,l& ( ! ,lamas4 ,london1 #ahia4 ---- ',notes on ,"s ( ! ,laws1 ,cu/oms1 & ,sup]/itions ( ,korea'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 iv4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahia4 ,rog]s 7,*471 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl&4 #c vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd-hf4 ,rohde 7,erw971 ',p>alipom5a'2 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 neue ,folge1 vol4 xv4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahie4 ---- ,psy*e4 ,freiburg i4 ,b4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,romanes 7,g4 ,j471 ,animal ,intellig5ce4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ',consci5ce 9 ,animals'2 9 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xiii4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ---- ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung54 ,erlang54 ,romans de ,ra\l de ,cambrai et de ,b]ni] 7,li74 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,le ,glay4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ,romilly 7,h4 ,h471 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ---- ,! ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,romilly 7,h5ry71 ,! ,puni%m5t ( ,dea?4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,ror>ius 7,hi]onymus71 ,quod ,animalia bruta ratione utantur melius ,hom9e4 ,p>is1 #afdh4 ,roscoe 7,j471 ',! ,bahima'2 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxvii4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,ros5baum 7,julius71 ,ges*i*te d] ,lu/seu*e im ,alt]?ume4 ,halle1 #ahde4 ,ros5b]g 7,c4 ,f4 ,v4 ,m471 ,nordbo]nes ,a&sliv4 #c vols4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahgh-he4 ---- ,traek af ,livet paa ,isl& i ,fri/ats-,tid54 ,kjb5havn1 #ahid4 ,ros5b]g 7,h4 von71 ,d] malayis*e ,ar*ipel4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,rosk(f 7,g4 ,g471 ,ges*i*te des ,teufels4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 ,ross 7,b4 ,r471 ',! ,ea/]n ,t9neh'2 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahff4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahfg4 ,ross 7,john71 ,hi/ory ( ,corea4 ,pasley1 #ahgi4 ,rossba* 7,a471 ,unt]su*ung5 ub] die rmis*e ,ehe4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahec4 ,rossi 7,p471 ,trait de droit pnal4 #c vols4 ,g5ve1 #ahbi4 ,ro? 7,h4 ,l+71 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,great ,b594 ,halifax1 #aijc4 ---- ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo4 #b vols4 ,london4 #ahif4 ---- ',on ! ,orig9 ( ,agriculture'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- ',on ,salutations'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xix4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ',on ! ,signification ( ,c\vade'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxii4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,ro? 7,rud471 ',brahma und die ,brahman5'2 9 ,zeits*r4 d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*4 vol4 i4 ,leipzig1 #ahdf4 ---- ',on ! ,morality ( ! ,v$a4' ,trans42 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 vol4 iii4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,ro? 7,walt] ,e471 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es4 ,brisbane ,london1 #ahig4 #hah ,ro?> 7,k+71 ',edictus'2 9 ,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica1 ,leges1 vol4 iv4 ,hannov]ae1 #ahfh4 ,r\se 7,w4 ,h4 ,d471 ,greek ,votive ,(f]+s4 ,cambridge1 #aijb4 ,r\sseau 7,j4 ,j471 ,,oeuvres compltes4 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,r[latt 7,e4 ,a471 ',report ( an ,exp$ition into ! ,mi%mee ,hills'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 xiv4 pt4 ii4 ,calcutta1 #ahde4 ,r[ley 7,h5ry71 ,africa ,unveil$4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ---- ,! ,religion ( ! ,africans4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,r[ney 7,h4 ,b471 ,! ,wild ,tribes ( ,india4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,rhs 7,f471 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te des ,mittelalt]s4 ,b]l91 #ahaf4 ,rppell 7,e471 ,reise 9 ,abyss9i54 #b vols4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahch-dj4 ,rusk9 7,john71 ,! ,works (4 #aa vols4 ,ke/on1 ,orp+ton1 #ahga-hc4 ,sabati] 7,paul71 ,life ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,sa*au 7,e471 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t na* ,s*afiitis*] ,lehre4 ,/uttg>t ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,saco 7,don ,j4 ,a471 ,hi/oria de la esclavitud4 #c vols4 ,p>is ,b>celona1 #ahge-gh4 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7,!74 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,max ,mll]4 ,ox=d1 #ahgi1 c4 ',sad ,d>1' trans4 by ,e4 ,w4 ,we/2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxiv4 ,ox=d1 #ahhe4 ,sag>d ,?odat 7,g471 ,le gr& voyage du pays des ,hurons4 ,p>is1 #afcb4 ,sahagun 7,f4 ,b]n>d9o de71 ,hi/oria g5]al de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa4 #c vols4 ,mexico1 #ahbi-cj4 ,sa9te-,palaye 7,de la ,curne de71 ,mmoires sur l'anci5ne *eval]ie4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #agha4 ,/4 ,john 7,bayle71 ,adv5tures 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ---- ,village ,life 9 ,egypt4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,/4 ,john 7,sp5s]71 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,les tablissem5ts de4 ,ed4 by ,paul ,viollet4 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #ahha-hf4 ,sa9t-,simon 7,duc de71 ,mmoires complets et au!ntiques4 #dj vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdj-da4 ,sale 7,george71 ',prelim9>y ,disc\rse'2 9 ,:]ry1 ,a ,compreh5sive ,comm5t>y on ! ,qurn1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,salt 7,h4 ,s471 ,animals' ,rights4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,salt 7,h5ry71 ,a ,voyage to ,abyss9ia4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,salvado 7,r471 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur l',au/ralie4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,salvioli 7,g471 ,manuale di /oria del diritto italiano4 ,tor9o1 #ahib4 ,samuelson 7,james71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,dr9k4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,s&ys 7,edw971 ,! ,s]mons (4 ,ed4 by ,john ,ayre4 ,cambridge1 #ahda4 ,santos 7,joano dos71 ',hi/ory ( ,ea/]n ,e?iopia4' ,trans42 9 ,p9k]ton1 ,collection ( ,voyages1 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,s>as9 7,paul & ,fritz71 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon4 #c vols4 ,wiesbad51 #ahhg-ic4 ,s>bah 7,j4 ,m471 ,fanti ,cu/om>y ,laws4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,s>tori 7,paul71 ',die ,sitte d] ,alt5- und ,krank5ttung'2 9 ,globus1 vol4 lxvii4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahie4 ---- ',ueb] das ,bauopf]'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nologie1 vol4 xxx4 ,b]l91 #ahih4 #hai ,s>yts*ew 7,g471 ',acc\nt ( a ,voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,sib]ia1 ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 & ! ,nor?-,ea/ ,sea4' ,trans42 9 ,a ,collection ( ,mod]n & ,contempor>y ,voyages & ,travels1 vols4 v4-vi4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,satapa?a-,brhmana 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,eggel+4 #e vols4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 xii41 xxvi41 xli41 xliii41 & xliv47 ,ox=d1 #ahhb-aijj4 ,sau] 7,m471 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,geographical & ,a/ronomical ,exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn ,p>ts ( ,russia p]=m$ by ,j4 ,bill+s4 ,london1 #ahjb4 ,savage 7,t4 ,s471 ',obs]vations on ! ,ext]nal ,*>act]s & ,habits ( ! ,troglodytes ,nig]'2 9 ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 iv4 ,bo/on1 #ahdd4 ,sayce 7,a4 ,h471 ,hibb]t ,lectures on 4 4 4 ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,sc>amucci 7,f47 & ,giglioli 7,e4 ,h471 ',notizie sui ,danakil'2 9 ,ar*ivio p] l'an?ropologia e la etnologia1 vol4 xiv4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhd4 ,s*aafhaus5 7,h471 ',die ,m5s*5fress]ei und das ,m5s*5opf]'2 9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 vol4 iv4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgj4 ,s*ad5b]g 7,alex471 ',ueb] die ,negritos 9 d5 ,philipp95'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vol4 xii4 ,b]l91 #ahhj4 ,s*aff 7,philip71 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*3 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ianity1 ,a4,d4 #ajj-cbe4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ,s*]man 7,l471 ',e9e ,art visionr] ,hll5s*ild]ung aus dem indis*5 ,mittelalt]'2 9 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung51 vol4 v4 ,erlang51 #ahij4 ---- ,mat]iali5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,indis*5 ,visionslitt]atur4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,s*]z] 7,k4 von71 ,reise d] ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,fregatte ,nov>a um die ,erde4 #c vols4 ,wi51 #ahfa-fb4 ,s*iap>elli 7,e471 ,del s5tim5to religioso degli anti*i egiziani4 ,tor9o1 #ahgg4 ,s*9z 7,hans71 ,deuts*-,sd-,we/-,afrika4 ,old5burg ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,s*midt 7,b]nh>d71 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*5 und das hell5is*e ,alt]?um4 ,leipzig1 #ahga4 ,s*midt 7,c4 ,c471 ,jahrb*] d] 9- und auslndis*5 gesammt5 ,m$ic94 ,leipzig4 ,s*midt 7,emil71 ,ceylon4 ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,s*midt 7,leopold71 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*54 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,s*neid] 7,wilhelm71 ,die ,naturvlk]4 #b vols4 ,pad]born ,mn/]1 #ahhe-hf4 ---- ,die ,religion d] afrikanis*5 ,naturvlk]4 ,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahia4 ,s*oemann 7,g4 ,f471 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahee-ei4 ,s*o5 7,j4 ,f47 & ,cr[!r 7,samuel71 ,j\rnals (1 :o accompani$ ! ,exp$ition up ! ,nig] 9 #ahda4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,s*nw]? 7,fr471 ,aus d] ,ob]pfalz4 ,sitt5 und ,sag54 #c vols4 ,augsburg1 #aheg-ei4 ,s*omburgk 7,sir ,rob]t ,h471 ',j\rnal ( an ,exp$ition f ,pir>a to ! ,upp] ,cor5tyne'2 9 ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 vol4 xv4 ,london1 #ahde4 ---- ',on ! ,natives ( ,guiana'2 9 ,j\r4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,s*oolcraft 7,h4 ,r471 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,in=mation respect+ ! ,hi/ory1 ,condition1 & ,prospects ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7! title pages ( vols4 iv4-vi4 read3 ,ar*ives ( ,aborig9al ,k1 c474 #f vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahea-fj4 ---- ,! ,indian 9 8 ,wigwam4 ,new ,york1 #ahdh4 #hbj ,s*op5hau] 7,ar?ur71 ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik4 7,smmtli*e ,w]ke 9 zwlf ,bnd51 vol4 vii47 ,/uttg>t1 s4 d4 ---- ,essays4 ,trans4 by ,mrs4 ,r4 ,dircks4 ,london1 s4 d4 ---- ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahea4 ---- ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahei4 ,s*rad] 7,e471 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,zimm]n & ,h4 ,w9ckl]4 ,b]l91 #aijc4 ,s*rad] 7,o471 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples4 ,trans4 by ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde4 ,/rassburg1 #aija4 ,s*rd] 7,ri*>d71 ,lehrbu* d] deuts*5 ,re*tsges*i*te4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,s*u]mann 7,c4 ,w471 ',! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln'2 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,s*tz-,holzhaus5 7,d4 von71 ,d] ,amazonas4 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahie4 ,s*ul*an ,aru* od] ,die vi] judis*5 ,gesetzb*]4 ,trans4 by ,h4 ,g4 ,f4 ,lwe4 #b vols4 ,wi51 #ahif4 ,s*ultz 7,h471 ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahib4 ,s*ultze 7,fritz71 ,d] ,fetis*ismus4 ,leipzig1 #ahga4 ---- ,v]glei*5de ,seel5kunde4 ,leipzig1 #ahib1 c4 ,s*urtz 7,h471 ,das afrikanis*e ,gew]be4 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 ---- ',die ,anfnge des ,l&besitzes'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*4 vol4 iii4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ---- ,die ,speisev]bote4 ,hamburg1 #ahic4 ---- ,urges*i*te d] ,kultur4 ,leipzig ,wi51 #aijj4 ,s*uyl] 7,e471 ,turki/an4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ---- ,s*wab5spiegel 7,d]74 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,l4 ,a4 von ,lassb]g4 ,tb+51 #ahdj4 ,s*wally 7,f471 ,das ,leb5 na* dem ,tode na* d5 ,vor/ellung5 des alt5 ,israel und ,jud5tums4 ,giess51 #ahib4 ,s*wan] 7,c4 ,a4 ,l4 ,m471 ,borneo4 #b vols4 ,am/]dam1 #ahec4 ,s*w>z 7,w471 ,prhi/oris*-an?ropologis*e ,/udi54 ,b]l91 #ahhd4 ,s*we9fur? 7,georg71 ,! ,he>t ( ,africa4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,sci5ce4 ,an ,illu/rat$ ,j\rnal4 ,cambridge 7,mass474 ,scott 7,sir ,walt]71 ',an ,essay on ,*ivalry'2 9 ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works1 vol4 vi4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbg4 ,scotus ,novanticus4 ,see ,laurie 7,s4 ,s474 ,seav] 7,james ,e471 ,a ,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,jemison1 ,:o 0 tak5 by ! ,indians1 9 ! ,ye>1 #agee4 ,h[d51 #ahbf4 ',second ,helvetic ,confession'2 9 ,sylloge confessionum sub tempus re=m& ecclesi4 ,oxonii1 #ahjd4 ,seebohm 7,f471 ,! ,engli% ,village ,community4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ---- ,tribal ,cu/om 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,law4 ,london1 #aijb4 ---- ,! ,tribal ,sy/em 9 ,wales4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,seeg] 7,h]mann71 ,ueb] die ,ausbildung d] ,lehre vom ,v]su* d] ,v]bre*5 9 d] ,wiss5s*aft des ,mittelalt]s4 ,tb+51 #ahfi4 ---- ,d] ,v]su* d] ,v]bre*5 na* rmis*5 ,re*t4 ,tb+51 #ahgi4 ,seeley 7,j4 ,r471 ,ecce ,homo4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ,natural ,religion4 ,london ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,seemann 7,b471 ,n>rative ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]ald dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahde-ea4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 ---- ,viti4 ,cambridge1 #ahfb4 #hba ,seld5 7,j471 ,de ,syn$riis et ,prfecturis ,juridicis vet]um ,ebrorum4 ,franc(urti1 #afif4 ,sel5ka 7,emil & ,l5ore71 ,sonnige ,welt54 ,o/asiatis*e ,reise-,skizz54 ,wiesbad51 #ahif4 ,seligmann 7,c4 ,g471 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vol4 v4 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 ---- ',sexual ,inv]sion among ,primitive ,races'2 9 ,! ,ali5i/ & ,neurologi/1 vol4 xxxiii4 ,/4 ,l\is1 #aijb4 ,sell 7,edw>d71 ,! ,fai? ( ,islm4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,semp] 7,k>l71 ,die ,palau-,inseln im ,/ill5 ,ocean4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,s5eca 7,l4 ,a471 ,op]a qu sup]sunt4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,haase4 #c vols4 ,lipsiae1 #ahec-fb4 ,sepp 7,johannes71 ,vlk]brau* bei ,ho*zeit1 ,geburt und ,tod4 ,mn*51 #ahia4 ,s]pillon 7,f471 ,code ,crim9el1 ou ,comm5taire sur l',ordonnance de #afgj4 #b vols4 ,lyon1 #aghd4 ,s]vius ,maurus ,honoratus1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,virgilium4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,a4 ,lion4 #b vols4 ,gott+ae1 #ahbf4 ,se? 7,james71 ,a ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahih4 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,op]a ,grce et ,lat9e4 ,ed4 by ,i4 ,a4 ,fabricius4 #b vols4 ,lipsiae1 #ahdb4 ,%aftesbury 7,antony ,e>l (71 ,*>act]i/icks4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agcc4 ,%akespe>e 7,w471 ,works4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,dyce4 #i vols4 ,london1 #ahfd-fg4 ,%& 7,a4 ,f471 ',"* & ! ,emotions'2 9 ,m9d1 new s]4 vol4 v4 ,london1 #ahif4 ---- ',! ,s\rces ( ,t5d] ,emotion'2 9 ,/\t1 ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,psy*ology4 ,london1 #aijc4 ',%ya/ ,l-,%ya/1' trans4 by ,e4 ,w4 ,we/2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 v4 ,ox=d1 #ahhj4 ,%aw 7,?omas71 ',on ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,hills ne> ,rjamahall'2 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vol4 iv4 ,calcutta1 #agie4 ,%eane 7,j4 ,h4 ,we/71 ',"s ,aspects ( ! ,avemba ,religion'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxvi4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,%]will 7,w4 ,s471 ',notes ^u a ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,rjmahal ,hills'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 xx4 ,calcutta1 #aheb4 ,%oot] 7,joseph71 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,%ort ,treatise ^u ! ,propriety & ,necessity ( ,duell+ 7,a74 ,ba?1 #aggi4 ,%ortl& 7,edw>d71 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,%ortt 7,john71 ',an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hill ,tribes ( ! ,neilgh]ries'2 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 new s]4 vol4 vii4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ---- ',a ,contribution to ! ,e?nology ( ,jeypore'2 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 new s]4 vol4 vi4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ---- ,! ,hill ,ranges ( ,s\!rn ,india4 #e p>ts4 ,madras1 #ahgj-gf4 ,%way ,yoe 7i4e4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,scott71 ,! ,burman4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,sibree 7,james71 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&4 ,*apt]s on ,madagasc>4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,siculus ,flaccus1 ',de conditionibus agrorum'2 9 ,goesius1 ,rei agr>i auctores4 ,am/elr$ami1 #afgd4 ,sidgwick 7,h471 ,! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics4 ,london1 #aija4 ---- ',! ,morality ( ,/rife'2 9 ,int]nal4 ,j\r4 ( ,e?ics1 vol4 i4 ,philadelphia ,london1 #ahia4 #hbb ,sidonius 7,c4 ,sollius ,apoll9>is71 ,epi/ul4 ,ed4 by ,p4 ,mohr4 ,lipsiae1 #ahie4 ,siebold 7,h4 von71 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 b] die ,a9o auf d] ,insel ,yesso4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,simancas 7,jacobus71 ,de ca?olicis in/itutionibus lib]4 ,romae1 #aege4 ,simcox 7,e4 ,j471 ,primitive ,civilizations4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,simmel 7,georg71 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahib-ic4 ---- ',die ,v]w&t5ehe'2 9 ,vossis*e ,zeitung1 ,june #crd & #aj?1 #ahid4 ,b]l94 ,simonde de ,sismondi 7,j4 ,c4 ,l471 ,hi/oire des rpubliques itali5nes du moy5 ge4 #af vols4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 ,simons 7,f4 ,a4 ,a471 ',an ,exploration ( ! ,goajira ,p59sula1 ,u4,s4 ( ,colombia'2 9 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 new s]4 vol4 vii4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,simson 7,alfr$71 ,travels 9 ! ,wilds ( ,ecuador4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,skeat 7,w4 ,w471 ,malay ,magic4 ,london1 #aijj4 ---- & ,blagd5 7,*4 ,o471 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,sk5e 7,w4 ,f471 ,celtic ,scotl&4 #c vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgf-hj4 ,sk]t*ly 7,j4 ,a471 ,dahomey z x is4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,sleeman 7,sir ,w4 ,h471 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,sm>agdus1 ',via ,regia'2 9 d',a*]y1 ,spicilegium1 vol4 i4 ,p>isiis #agbc4 ,smeaton 7,d4 ,mack5zie71 ,! ,loyal ,k>5s ( ,burma4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,smellie 7,william71 ,! ,philosophy ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #agij-ii4 ,smi? 7,adam71 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfc4 ---- ,! ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,smi? 7,ar?ur ,h471 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ,! ,prov]bs & ,common ,say+s ( ! ,*9ese4 ,%anghai1 #ahhh4 ,smi? 7,e4 ,r471 ,! ,araucanians4 ,new ,york1 #ahee4 ,smi? 7,erm9nie ,a471 ',my?s ( ! ,iroquois'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 ii4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhc4 ,smi? 7,george71 ,*aldis*e ,g5esis4 ,trans4 by ,h4 ,delitzs*1 ed4 by ,f4 ,delitzs*4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ---- ,! ,*aldean ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,smi? 7,g]rit71 ,lett] to ,rev4 ,james ,smylie1 ( ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi4 ,new ,york1 #ahcg4 ,smi? 7,goldw971 ,lectures & ,essays4 ,toronto1 #ahha4 ,smi? 7,r4 ,boswor?71 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,smi? 7,s4 ,p]cy71 ',futuna'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 i4 ,well+ton #ahib4 ---- ',uea'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 i4 ,well+ton1 #ahib4 ,smi? 7,sir ,?omas71 ,! ,common-weal? ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #afce4 ,smi? 7,w4 ,rob]tson71 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia4 ,ed4 by ,s4 ,a4 ,cook4 ,london1 #aijc4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,london1 #ahid4 ---- ',sacrifice'2 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xxi4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts4 ,wa%+ton4 ,smy? 7,r4 ,br\gh71 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,snorri ,/urluson1 ,edda4 ,ed4 by 4 ,jnsson4 ,kaupmannahfn1 #ahge4 #hbc ,snorri ,/urluson1 ,heimskr+la4 ,nregs ,konunga ,sgur4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,jnsson4 #d vols4 ,kb5havn1 #ahic-aija4 ,sn[ 7,w4 ,p>k]71 ',rem>ks on ! ,wild ,tribes ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego'2 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,london1 new s]4 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ---- ,a ,two ,ye>s' ,cruise (f ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,sociological ,pap]s4 ,publi%$ = ! ,sociological ,society4 ,london4 ,socrates1 ',hi/oria ecclesia/ica'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 lxvii4 ,p>isiis1 #ahei4 ,sd]blom 7,na?an71 ,gud/rons uppkom/4 ,/ockholm1 #aiad4 ,sol9us1 ,collectanea r]um memorabilium4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,momms54 ,b]l91 #ahfd4 ,somm]ville 7,b4 ,t471 ',e?nographical ,notes 9 ,new ,georgia'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxvi4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,sophocles1 ,! ,plays & ,fragm5ts4 ,ed4 & trans4 by ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb4 #g vols4 ,cambridge1 #ahhc-if4 ---- ,tragoedi et ,fragm5ta4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ahr5s4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdb4 ,soppitt 7,c4 ,a471 ,a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,kuki-,lu%ai ,tribes on ! ,nor?-,ea/ ,fronti]4 ,%illong1 #ahhg4 ,soto 7,dom9icus71 ,de ju/itia et jure4 ,lugduni1 #aehb4 ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,magaz9e 7,!74 ,london4 ,s\!y 7,r471 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahaj-ai4 ,sozom5us 7,h]mias71 ',hi/oria ecclesia/ica'2 9 ,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 lxvii4 ,p>isiis1 #ahei4 ,spang5b]g 7--71 ',ueb] das ,v]bre*5 d] ,abtreibung d] ,leibesfru*t'2 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 vol4 ii4 ,halle1 #ahah4 ---- ',ueb] das ,v]bre*5 des ,k9d]mords und d] ,aussetzung d] ,k9d]'2 9 ,neues ,ar*iv des ,crim9alre*ts1 vol4 iii4 ,halle1 #ahai-bj4 ,sp>rman 7,a471 ,a ,voyage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aghe4 ,sp>tian1 ',vita ,hadriani1' ed4 by ,j4 ,c5t]wall2 9 ,upsala ,univ]sitets rsskrift1 #ahgj4 ,upsala1 #ahfi4 ',speculum ,saxonum'2 9 ,golda/1 ,collectio consuetud9um et legum imp]ialium4 ,franc(ordiae ad ,mo5um1 #afac4 ,sp5c] 7,baldw97 & ,gill5 7,f4 ,j471 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #ahii4 ---- ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,sp5c] 7,h]b]t71 ,descriptive ,sociology4 #h vols4 ,london1 #ahgc-ha4 ---- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib-ic4 ---- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgi-if4 ,spiegel 7,f471 ,erdnis*e ,alt]?umskunde4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahga-gh4 ,spie? 7,jakob71 ,die ,e7we-,/mme4 ,b]l91 #aijf4 ,sp9oza 7,b4 de71 ,op]a philosophica omnia4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,gfroer]4 ,/uttg>diae1 #ahcj4 ,spix 7,j4 ,b4 von7 & ,m>tius 7,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von71 ,reise 9 ,brasili54 #c vols4 ,mn*51 #ahbc-ca4 ---- ,travels 9 ,brazil 9 ! ,ye>s #ahag-bj4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,sproat 7,g4 ,m471 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,squi] 7,e4 ,g471 ,nic>agua4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aheb4 ---- ',obs]vations on ! ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology ( ,nic>agua'2 9 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,e?n4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,/udl9 7,c4 ,f471 ,ges*i*te d] ,vor/ellung5 und ,lehr5 vom ,selb/morde4 ,gtt+51 #ahbd4 #hbd ,/anley 7,a4 ,p471 ,*ri/ian ,in/itutions4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,/anley 7,hiram ,m471 ,/udies 9 ! ,evolution>y ,psy*ology ( ,feel+4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,/>buck 7,e4 ,d471 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,/>cke 7,c4 ,n471 ,la famille dans les diffr5tes socits4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,/ate ,trials1 ,cobbett's ,complete ,collection (4 ,cont9u$ by ,t4 ,b4 & ,t4 ,j4 ,h[ell4 #cc vols4 ,london1 #ahji-bf4 ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 #aaj vols4 ,cambridge1 ,london1 #agfb-ahfi4 ,/aunton 7,sir ,g4 ,?omas71 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,prop] ,mode ( r5d]+ ! ,^w ,god 9 translat+ ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures into ! ,*9ese ,language4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,/avor9us 7,j4 ,s471 ,voyages to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,trans4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agih4 ,/e95 7,k>l von d571 ,dur* ,c5tral-,brasili54 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ---- ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,/e9metz 7,s4 ,r47 ',gli anti*i scongiuri giuridici contro i cr$itori'2 9 ,rivi/a italiana di sociologia1 vol4 ii4 ,roma1 #ahih4 ---- ',cont9uitt od] ,lohn und ,/rafe im ,j5seits d] ,wild5'2 9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 vol4 xxiv4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahig4 ---- ,endokannibalismus4 7,repr9t$ f ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 vol4 xxvi47 ,wi51 #ahif4 ---- ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe4 #b vols4 ,leid5 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ---- ',die neu]5 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] m5s*li*5 ,familie1' 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*4 vol4 ii4 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ---- ,re*tsv]hltnisse von e+ebor55 ,vlk]n 9 ,afrika und ,ozeani54 ,ed4 by ,s4 ,r4 ,s4 ,b]l91 #aijc4 ---- ',suicide among ,primitive ,peoples'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 vii4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid4 ---- ',das ,v]hltnis zwis*5 ,elt]n und ,k9d]n bei d5 ,naturvlk]n'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,socialwiss5s*4 vol4 i4 ,b]l91 #ahih4 ,/ell] 7,e471 ,de ,sangi-,ar*ipel4 ,am/]dam1 #ahff4 ,/ell] 7,g4 ,w471 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka4 ,frankfurt ,leipzig1 #aggd4 ,/emann 7,*r4 ,l4 ,e471 ,d5 danske ,ret%i/orie indtil ,*ri/ian ,v4's ,lov4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahga4 ,/5gel 7,paul71 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]4 ,mn*51 #ahih4 ,/eph5 7,a4 ,m471 ',! ,navajo'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 vi4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahic4 ,/eph5 7,h4 ,j471 ,new ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&4 #d vols4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,/eph5 7,james71 ,! ,slav]y ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,colonies del9eat$4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbd-cj4 ,/eph5 7,james ,fitzjames71 ,a ,dige/ ( ! ,crim9al ,law4 ,london1 #ahid4 ---- ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ---- ,hora ,sabbatic4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahia-ib4 ---- ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,/eph5 7,leslie71 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,/eph5s 7,edw>d71 ',! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia'2 9 ,j\r4 ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 vol4 xxiii4 ,sydney ,london1 #ahhi4 ,/ev5son 7,matilda ,c471 ',a ,*apt] ( ,zui ,my?ology'2 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology4 ,*icago1 #ahid4 #hbe ,/ev5son 7,matilda ,c471 ',! ,sia'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xi4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid4 ,/ew>t 7,david71 ,sket*es ( ! ,"*1 ,in/itutions1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl&4 ,inv]ness1 c41 #ahhe4 ,/ew>t 7,dugald71 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s ( ,man4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbh4 ,/ew>t 7,r471 ',notes on ,nor!rn ,ca*>'2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 xxiv4 ,calcutta1 #ahee4 ,/irl+ 7,e4 ,c471 ',an?ropology'2 9 ,report on ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,sci5tific ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pt4 iv4 ,london ,melb\rne1 #ahif4 ,/obaeus 7,joannes71 ,florilegium4 ,ed4 by ,?4 ,gais=d4 #d vols4 ,oxonii1 #ahbb4 ,/okes 7,j4 ,lort71 ,discov]ies 9 ,au/ralia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,/okes 7,w471 ,all ,w> inconsi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,/oll 7,otto71 ,die ,e?nologie d] ,indian]/mme von ,guatemala4 ,leid51 #ahhi4 ,/one 7,o4 ,c471 ,a ,few ,mon?s 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,/or* 7,h5ri71 ,c\rs d'conomie politique4 #f vols4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahae4 ,/orr 7,f471 ',duel'2 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 vii4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgg4 ,/\t 7,g4 ,f471 ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,psy*ology4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,/rabo1 ,geographica4 ,p>isiis1 #ahec4 ,/ra*ey 7,william71 ,! ,hi/orie ( ,travaile into ,virg9ia ,britannia4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,h4 ,major4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,/rack 7,h4 ,l471 ,d] ,blutab]glaube 9 d] ,m5s*heit4 ,mn*51 #ahib4 ,/rafgesetzbu* fr das ,deuts*e ,rei* 7,das74 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,/rauss 7,d4 ,f471 ,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube4 ,leipzig1 #ahgb4 ,/rausz 7,adolf71 ,die ,bulg>54 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,/riek] 7,w471 ',e?nographis*e ,notiz5 b] d5 ,k9d]mord und die kn/li*e ,fru*tabtreibung'2 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,an?ropologie1 vol4 v4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgb4 ,/rickl& 7,samuel71 ,tw5ty-sev5 ,ye>s 9 ,canada ,we/4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,/r\d 7,g4 ,m471 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,laws relat+ to ,slav]y 9 ! ,sev]al ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,philadelphia1 #ahef4 ,/rutt 7,joseph71 ,a ,complete ,view ( ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 ,arms1 c4 ( ! ,inhabitants ( ,engl&4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agge-gf4 ,/ruve 7,b4 von71 ',die ,samoj$5 im ,nord5 von ,sibiri5'2 9 ,das ,ausl&1 vol4 liii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhj4 ,/rzelecki 7,p4 ,e4 de71 ,physical ,description ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,/uhlmann 7,franz71 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,/urt 7,*>les71 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition into ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,su>ez de ,paz 7,gonalo71 ,praxis ecclesia/ica et secul>is4 ,salamanticae1 #aehc4 ,suetonius ,tranquillus 7,c471 ,de vita ,cs>um4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,l4 ,ro?4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhf4 ,sug5heim 7,s471 ,ges*i*te d] ,aufhebung d] ,leibeig5s*aft und ,hrigkeit 9 ,europa4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfa4 ,sully 7,james71 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,sumn] 7,w4 ,g471 ',! ,yakuts1' f ! ,russian ( ,si]o%evski2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxi4 ,london1 #aija4 ,suomi4 ,hels+=s4 #hbf ,su!rl& 7,alex471 ,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,swan 7,james ,g471 ,! ,nor?we/ ,coa/2 or1 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory4 ,new ,york1 #aheg4 ,swett5ham 7,f4 ,a471 ,malay ,sket*es4 ,london ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,swift 7,j471 ,works4 ,) notes by ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 #ai vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbd4 ',t ,hsio'2 9 ,legge1 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 i4 ,ox=d1 #ahic4 ,ta ,ts+ ,leu ,lee4 ,trans4 by ,sir ,g4 ,?4 ,/aunton4 ,london1 #ahaj4 ,tacitus 7,c4 ,c471 ,op]a omnia4 #aa vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahba4 ,tallqvi/ 7,k4 ,l471 ',die assyris*e ,bes*wrungss]ie maql'2 9 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic1 vol4 xx4 ,hels+=s1 #ahie4 ,talmud de ,jrusalem 7,le74 ,trans4 by ,m4 ,s*wab1 #aa vols4 ,p>is1 #ahga-hi4 ',to ,teh ,k+ 7,!71' trans4 by ,j4 ,legge2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxix4 ,ox=d1 #ahia4 ,tapl9 7,george71 ,! ,folklore1 ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 & ,languages ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,aborig9es4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,t4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ---- ',! ,n>r9y]i'2 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,taprobanian 7,!74 ,bombay4 ,tasmanian ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 c4 ,hob>t ,t[n4 ,taylor 7,j]emy71 ,! ,:ole ,works (4 ,ed4 by ,r4 ,heb]4 #ae vols4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,taylor 7,r47 ,te ,ika a ,maui2 or1 ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,t$es*i 7,p471 ,la s*iavit4 ,piac5za1 #ahhb4 ,teit 7,james71 ',! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia'2 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican 9999,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii41 ,an?ropology1 vol4 i4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,t5n5t 7,sir ,j4 ,em]son71 ,ceylon4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,t]me 7,j4-,f47 & ,montfalcon 7,j4-,b471 ,hi/oire des enfants tr\vs4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ,t]tullian1 ,op]a omnia4 #c vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 vols4 i4-iii47 ,p>isiis1 #ahdd4 ,tettau 7,w4 ,j4 ,a4 von71 & ,temme 7,j4 ,d4 ,h471 ,die ,volkssag5 ,o/preuss5s1 ,lit?au5s und ,we/preuss5s4 ,b]l91 #ahcg4 ,texte 7,j471 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau & ! ,cosmopolitan ,_s 9 ,lit]ature4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahii4 ',?i-,%ang 7,!71' trans4 by ,j4 ,legge2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xl4 ,ox=d1 #ahia4 ,!al 7,g4 ,m4 ,m',call71 ,hi/ory ( ! ,bo]s 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,!ognis1 ,/udies 91 toge!r ) a ,text ( ! ,poems4 ,by ,e4 ,h>rison4 ,cambridge1 #aijb4 ,!ologis*e ,qu>tals*rift4 ,tb+54 ,?r\ 7,abb71 ,le *ri/ianisme et l'esclavage4 ,p>is1 #ahda4 ,!sleff 7,a471 ',zig5>lif i ,f9l&'2 9 ,nya ,press51 #ahig1 no4 #cca ,b4 ,hels+=s4 ,?i]s 7,a471 ,de la proprit4 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,?omas 7,n4 ,w471 ',baiame & ! ,bell-bird'2 9 ,man1 #aije4 ,london4 ---- ,k9%ip ,organisations & ,gr\p ,m>riage 9 ,au/ralia4 ,cambridge1 #aijf4 ---- ',religi\s ,ideas ( ! ,arunta'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #aije4 #hbg ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,sa9t71 ,summa !ologica1 #d vols4 7,migne1 ,patrologi cursus1 ,s]4 ,secunda1 vols4 i4-iv47 ,p>isiis1 #ahde-df4 ,?omass9 7,l\is71 ,dictionnaire de discipl9e ecclsia/ique4 ,ed4 by ,j4-,j4 ,b\rass4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,?oms 7,w4 ,j471 ,anecdotes & ,traditions1 ,illu/rative ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,?omson 7,a4 ,s471 ,! ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,?omson 7,basil ,c471 ,savage ,isl&4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,?omson 7,j4 ,p471 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,?omson 7,joseph71 ,?r\gh ,masai ,l&4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,?on 7,augu/71 ,re*tsnorm und subjectives ,re*t4 ,weim>1 #ahgh4 ,?oniss5 7,j4 ,j471 ,le droit pnal de la rpublique a?ni5ne4 ,bruxelles ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,?orpe 7,b5jam971 ,nor!rn ,my?ology4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,?ree ,e>ly ,assize ,rolls = ! ,c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l&1 sc4 xiii4 7,! ,publications ( ! ,surtees ,society1 vol4 lxxxviii47 ,durham1 #ahia4 ,?relkeld 7,l4 ,e471 ,an ,au/ralian ,language z spok5 by ! ,awabakal4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 ,?rupp 7,john71 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,home4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,?ucydides1 ,hi/oria ,belli ,peloponnesiaci4 ,p>isiis1 #ahdj4 ,?unb]g 7,*4 ,p471 ,travels 9 ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia1 p]=m$ betwe5 ! ,ye>s #aggj & #aggi4 #d vols4 ,london1 #agie4 ,?ur/on 7,edg>71 ',an?ropology ( ! ,todas & ,kotas ( ! ,nilgiri ,hills'2 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 vol4 i4 ,madras1 #ahif4 ---- ',! ,badgas ( ! ,nilgiris'2 9 ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum's ,bullet91 vol4 ii4 ,madras1 #ahig4 ,tickell 7--71 ',memoir on ! ,hodsum2 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1 vol4 ix4 ,calcutta1 #ahdj4 ,tiele 7,c4 ,p471 ,elem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahig-ii4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian ,religion4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,max ,mll] und ,fritz ,s*ultze b] e9 ,problem d] ,religionswiss5s*aft4 ,trans4 ,leipzig1 #ahga4 ,tissot 7,j471 ,le droit pnal tudi dans ses pr9cipes4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,tnnies 7,f471 ',philosophical ,t]m9ology'2 9 ,m9d1 new s]4 vol4 viii4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,toplady 7,a4 ,m471 ,! ,works (4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,torday 7,e47 & ,joyce 7,t4 ,a471 ',notes on ! ,e?nography ( ! ,ba-,huana'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxvi4 ,london1 #aijf4 ---- ',notes on ! ,e?nography ( ! ,ba-,mbala'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxv4 ,london1 #aije4 ---- ',notes on ! ,e?nography ( ! ,ba-,yaka'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxvi4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,torquemada 7,juan de71 ,ve9te y un libros rituales y ,mon>*ia ,indiana4 #c vols4 ,madrid1 #agbc4 ,t\t 7,*4 ,hill71 ',report on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,siciatl ( ,briti% ,columbia2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxiv4 ,london1 #aijd4 ---- ',report on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,/latlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxv4 ,london1 #aije4 ,toy 7,c4 ,h471 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,transactions & ,proce$+s ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute4 ,well+ton4 #hbh,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society4 ,new ,york4 ---- ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 ,yokohama4 ---- ( ! ,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,hongkong4 ---- ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,london4 ---- ( ! ,royal 9999,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ---- ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide4 ,trav]s 7,w4 ,t4 ,l471 ',on ! ,life & ,times ( ,te ,raup>aha'2 9 ,trans4 & ,proce$4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/4 #ahgb1 vol4 v4 ,well+ton1 #ahgc4 ,trege> 7,e471 ',ea/] ,isl&'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 i4 ,well+ton1 #ahib4 ---- ,! ,maori-,polynesian ,diction>y4 ,well+ton1 #ahia4 ---- ',niue'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 ii4 ,well+ton1 #ahic4 ,tri/ram 7,h4 ,b471 ,! ,great ,sah>a4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,trollope 7,an?ony71 ,s\? ,africa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,tromp 7,s4 ,w471 ',uit de ,salasila van ,koetei'2 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal-1 l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 vol4 xxxvii4 7s]4 v4 vol4 iii474 's ,grav5hage1 #ahhh4 ,truman 7,b4 ,c471 ,! ,field ( ,honor4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,trumbull 7,h4 ,clay71 ,! ,blood ,cov5ant4 ,philadelphia1 #ahic4 ---- ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,trumm] 7,c471 ,vortrge b] ,tortur1 ,hex5v]folgung51 c4 9 d] ,hamburgis*5 ,re*tsges*i*te4 #c vols4 ,hamburg1 #ahdd-di4 ,ts*udi 7,j4 ,j4 von71 ,reis5 dur* ,sdam]ika4 #e vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahff-fi4 ,tuck] 7,abraham71 ,! ,light ( ,nature pursu$4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,tuckey 7,j4 ,k47 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to explore ! ,riv] ,zaire4 ,london1 #ahah4 ,tuke 7,d4 ,h471 ,*apt]s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,insane 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,a ,diction>y ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,turnbull 7,john71 ,a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjj-ahjd4 ,london1 #ahac4 ,turn] 7,george71 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ---- ,samoa4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,turn] 7,james71 ,pallas ,armata4 ,london1 #afhc4 ,turn] 7,l4 ,m471 ',e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1 ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 xi4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid4 ,turn] 7,%>on71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 #ab vols4 ,london99991 #ahci4 ,tutuila 7--71 ',! ,l9e ,isl&]s'2 9 ,j\r4 ,polynesian ,soc4 vol4 i4 ,well+ton1 #ahib4 ,twells 7,leon>d7 & o!rs1 ,! ,lives ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,pocock1 c4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahaf4 ,twiss 7,sir ,trav]s71 ,! ,law ( ,nations4 ,ox=d ,london1 #ahge4 ,tyl] 7,josiah71 ,=ty ,ye>s among ! ,zulus4 ,bo/on ,*icago1 #ahia4 ,tylor 7,sir ,e4 ,b471 ,an?ropology4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ',on ! ,limits ( ,savage ,religion'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxi4 ,london1 #ahib4 ---- ',on a ,me?od ( inve/igat+ ! ,developm5t ( ,in/itutions'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xviii4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ---- ,primitive ,culture4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijc4 ---- ',primitive ,society'2 9 ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 vols4 xxi4-xxii4 ,london1 #ahgc4 #hbi ,tylor 7,e4 ,b471 ',rem>ks on ,totemism'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxviii4 ,london1 #ahii4 ---- ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ---- ',salutations'2 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xxi4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,uhlhorn 7,g471 ,die *ri/li*e ,liebe/htigkeit4 #c vols4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhb-ij4 ,ung] 7,f4 ,w471 ',d] g]i*tli*e ,zweikampf bei d5 g]manis*5 ,vlk]n'2 9 ,gtt+] ,/udi51 #ahdg1 ,zweite ,ab!ilung3 ,philosophis*e1 philologis*e und hi/oris*e ,abh&lung54 ,gtt+54 ,urquh>t 7,d471 ,! ,_s ( ! ,ea/4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahch4 ,us5] 7,h471 ,gtt]nam54 ,bonn1 #ahif4 ,utievsenovi'c 7,o4 ,m471 ,die ,hauskommunion5 d] ,sdslav54 ,wi51 #ahei4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,factorum dictorumque memorabilium libri novem4 #c vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahbc4 ,valikhan( 7--7 & o!rs1 ,! ,russians 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,trans4 by ,j4 & ,r4 ,mi*ell4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,vallon 7,*47 & ,m>ie 7,a471 ',des psy*oses religieuses'2 9 ,ar*ives de neurologie1 s]4 ii4 vol4 iii4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,valrog] 7,l4 de71 ,les ,celtes4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,vmbry 7,h471 ,d] ,islam im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 ---- ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ---- ,das ,trk5volk4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,vang][ 7,k4 ,a4 von71 ,lehrbu* d] ,p&ekt54 #c vols4 ,m>burg ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,v>ro 7,m4 ,t]5tius71 ,de l+ua ,lat9a4 ,ed4 by ,m4 ,nis>d4 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ---- ,r]um ru/ic>um libri tres4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhi4 ',vasi%?a1' trans4 by ,g4 ,bhl]2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xiv4 ,ox=d1 #ahhb4 ,vattel 7,e4 de71 ,le droit des g5s4 #b vols4 ,neu*atel1 #aggg4 ,velt5 7,c471 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e d] ,suaheli4 ,gtt+51 #aijc4 ,v5ddd 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,d>me/et]4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv47 ,ox=d1 #ahie4 ',v5$otian ,code 7,!7'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te4 ,b]l94 ,vi]k&t 7,a471 ,naturvlk] und ,kulturvlk]4 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,vigfusson 7,gudbr&7 & ,p[ell 7,f4 ,york71 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahhc4 ,vignioli 7,tito71 ,my? & ,sci5ce4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,villema9 7,a4 ,f471 ,c\rs de littrature franaise4 ,littrature du moy5 ge4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcj4 ,villot 7,e471 ,moeurs1 c\tumes et in/itutions des indignes de l',algrie4 ,alg]1 #ahhh4 ,v9c5tius ,bellovac5sis1 ,speculum naturale4 ,v5etijs1 #adid4 ,v9nius 7,a471 ,9 quatuor libros in/itutionum imp]ialium comm5t>ius4 ,lugduni1 #agdg4 ,v9ograd(f 7,paul71 ,villa9age 9 ,engl&4 ,ox=d1 #ahib4 ,virgilius ,m>o 7,p471 ,op]a omnia4 #aj vols4 ,lond9i1 #ahai4 ,vis*] 7,wilhelm71 ,kle9e ,s*rift54 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg-gh4 ,vi%nu1 ,! ,in/itutes (4 ,see ,in/itutes ( ,vi%nu 7,!74 #hcj,vi%'nu ,pur'na 7,!74 ,trans4 by ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,volk5s 7,georg71 ,d] ,kilim&s*>o4 ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,voltaire 7,f4 ,m4 ,ar\et de71 ,,oeuvres compltes4 #gj vols4 ,s4 l41 #aghe-hi4 7,quot$ 9 vol4 i47 ---- ,,oeuvres compltes4 #ac vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcf-ch4 7,quot$ 9 vol4 ii47 ,vos 7,h471 ',die ,v]breitung d] ,an?ropophagie auf dem asiatis*5 ,fe/l&e'2 9 ,int]nat4 ,ar*iv f4 ,e?nogr4 vol4 iii4 ,leid51 #ahij4 ,vossis*e ,zeitung4 ,b]l94 ,wa*smu? 7,wilhelm71 ,hell5is*e ,alt]?umskunde4 #b vols4 ,halle1 #ahdf4 ,waddell 7,l4 ,a471 ,! ,buddhism ( ,tibet4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,wa*t] 7,c4 ,g4 von71 ,beitrge zur ,deuts*5 ,ges*i*te4 ,tb+51 #ahde4 ,waitz 7,!odor71 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]4 #f vols4 7vols4 v4 pt4 ii4 & vol4 vi4 by ,g4 ,g]l&74 ,leipzig1 #ahei-gb4 ---- ,introduction to ,an?ropology4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,wall 7,w471 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,infant-,baptism4 #b vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahfb4 ,wallace 7,a4 ,russel71 ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,london1 #ahij4 ---- ,travels on ! ,amazon & ,rio ,negro4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,wallace 7,d4 ,mack5zie71 ,russia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,wall9 7,g4 ,a471 ,fr/a ,resa frn ,cairo till ,arabiska kn5 #ahde4 ,hels+=s1 #ahec4 ---- ,notes tak5 dur+ a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,"p ( ,nor!rn ,arabia1 9 #ahdh4 7,repr9t$ f ,j\r4 ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 vol4 xx47 ,london1 #ahej-ea4 ---- ,reseanteckn+> frn ,ori5t5 r5 #ahdc-ahdi4 ,ed4 by ,s4 ,g4 ,elmgr54 #d vols4 ,hels+=s1 #ahfd-ff4 ,wallon 7,h471 ,hi/oire de l'esclavage dans l'antiquit4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,walt] 7,f]d9&71 ,das alte ,wales4 ,bonn1 #ahei4 ---- ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,re*ts bis auf ,ju/9ian4 #b vols4 ,bonn1 #ahfj-fa4 ,w>d 7,h]b]t71 ,five ,ye>s ) ! ,congo ,cannibals4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,w>d 7,rob]t71 ,an ,enquiry into ! ,f\ndation & ,hi/ory ( ! ,law ( ,nations 9 ,europe1 f ! ,"t ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 to ! ,age ( ,grotius4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agie4 ,w>d 7,w471 ,a ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 & ,religion ( ! ,h9doos4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahag-bj4 ,w>dlaw 7,r471 ,f\r ,s]mons3 ,two on ,man's ,acc\ntabl5ess = 8 ,belief1 c4 ,glasg[1 #ahcj4 ,w>on5 7,matti71 ,va9aja9palvelus mu9aisilla suomalaisilla4 ,hels+iss1 #ahie4 ,wass]s*leb5 7,f4 ,w4 ,h471 ,die ,bussordnung5 d] ab5dlndis*5 ,kir*e4 ,halle1 #ahea4 ,wat]l& 7,d471 ',s]mon on ,self-,love'2 9 ,! ,engli% ,prea*]1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #aggc4 ,watson 7,j4 ,selby71 ,! ,reason+ ,p[] 9 ,animals4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,wayl& 7,francis71 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,moral ,sci5ce4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,web] 7,a471 ,indis*e ,/reif54 #c vols4 ,b]l9 ,leipzig1 #ahfh-gi4 ---- ',e9e ,leg5de des atapa?a-,brhman4a b] die /raf5de ,v]geltung na* dem ,tode'2 9 ,zeits*r4 d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*4 vol4 ix4 ,leipzig1 #ahee4 ,web] 7,e4 von71 ,vi] ,jahre 9 ,afrika4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,web/] 7,hutton71 ,re/ ,days4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,w$dell 7,james71 ,a ,voyage t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,london1 #ahbe4 #hca ,weg5] 7,h47 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e auf dem ,gesells*afts-,ar*ipel4 ,b]l91 #ahdd4 ,we9hold 7,k>l71 ,altnordis*es ,leb54 ,b]l91 #ahef4 ---- ,die deuts*5 ,frau5 9 dem ,mittelalt]4 #b vols4 ,wi51 #ahhb4 ,welck] 7,f4 ,g471 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre4 #c vols4 ,gtt+51 #aheg4 ---- ,kle9e ,s*rift54 #c vols4 ,bonn1 #ahdd-ej4 ,wellhaus5 7,j471 ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ---- ,re/e des arabis*5 ,heid5tums4 ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,well+ 7,j4 ,c471 ',! ,law ( ,torture'2 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 v4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahib4 ',wel% ,laws'2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,wales4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,we/cott 7,b4 ,f471 ,essays 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ! ,we/4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,we/cott 7,w4 ,w471 ,suicide4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,we/]m>ck 7,edw>d71 ',l-7r1 or ! ,transf]5ce ( ,conditional ,curses 9 ,morocco'2 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,london1 #aijg4 ---- ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco4 7fv]sigt af ,f9ska ,vet5skaps-,societet5s ,frh&l+>4 ,bd4 ,,liv41 #aiaa-aiab4 ,afd4 ,b4 ,n3 o #a7 ,hels+=s1 #aiac4 ---- ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage4 ,london1 #ahid4 ---- ',! ,magic ,orig9 ( ,moori% ,designs'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxxiv4 ,london1 #aijd4 ---- ,m>riage ,c]emonies 9 ,morocco4 ,london1 #aiad4 ---- ',m?ode p\r la re*]*e des in/itutions prhi/oriques propos d'un ouvrage du pr(esseur ,kohl]'2 9 ,revue int]nationale de sociologie1 vol4 v4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ---- ',midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #aije4 ---- ,! ,moori% ,conception ( ,hol9ess 7,b>aka74 7fv]sigt af ,f9ska ,vet5skaps-,societet5s ,frh&l+>4 ,bd4 ,,lviii41 #aiae-aiaf4 ,afd4 ,b4 ,n3 o #a7 ,hels+=s1 #aiaf4 ---- ',! ,nature ( ! ,arab v,ginn1 ,illu/rat$ by ! pres5t ,beliefs ( ! ,p ( ,morocco'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxix4 ,london1 #aijj4 ---- ',normative und psy*ologis*e ,e?ik'2 9 ,b]i*t b] d5 ,,iii4 ,int]national ,congress fr ,psy*ologie 9 ,mn*54 ,mn*51 #ahig4 ---- ',! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco'2 9 ,folk-,lore1 vol4 xxii4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ---- ',! ,position ( ,woman 9 ,e>ly ,civilisation'2 9 ,sociological ,pap]s1 vol4 i41 #aijd4 ,london1 #aije4 ---- ',sul culto dei santi nel ,m>occo'2 9 ,actes du d\zime ,congrs ,int]national des ,ori5tali/es1 ,rome1 #ahii1 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 ,flor5ce1 #aijb4 ,we/gta-,lag54 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,s4 ,coll9 & ,c4 ,j4 ,s*lyt]4 7,corpus ,juris ,sueo-,gotorum ,antiqui1 vol4 i47 ,/ockholm1 #ahbg4 ,:eaton 7,h5ry71 ,elem5ts ( ,int]national ,law4 ,ed4 by ,a4 ,c4 ,boyd4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,:eel] 7,g4 ,c471 ,! ,tribe1 & ,int]tribal ,relations 9 ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,:eel] 7,j4 ,d471 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,law ( ,slav]y4 ,new ,york ,new ,orleans1 #ahcg4 ,:eel] 7,j4 ,talboys71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,india4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahfg-gd4 #hcb ,:]ry 7,e4 ,m471 ,a ,compreh5sive ,comm5t>y on ! ,qurn4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahhb-hf4 ,:ewell 7,william71 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,morality4 ,cambridge1 #ahfd4 ,:itney 7,w4 ,d471 ',on ! ,ma9 ,results ( ! lat] ,v$ic ,rese>*es 9 ,g]many'2 9 ,j\r4 ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,soc4 vol4 iii4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,wi*mann 7,yrj71 ',tietoja ,votjaakki5 mytologiia/a'2 9 ,suomi1 s]4 iii4 vol4 vi4 ,hels+iss1 #ahic4 ,wi$-,neuwi$ 7,maximilian ,pr9z zu71 ,reise na* ,brasili5 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahae bis #ahag4 #b vols ,frankfurt a4,m41 #ahbj-ba4 ---- ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,wi$emann 7,alfr$71 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ,h]odots zweites ,bu* mit sa*li*5 ,erlut]ung5 h]ausgegeb5 von4 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ---- ',maa1 desse de la vrit'2 9 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 vol4 x4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ---- ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,wi5] 7,j471 ',die altte/am5t>is*5 ,speisev]bote'2 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol4 vol4 viii4 ,b]l91 #ahge4 ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift4 ,wi54 ,wigmore 7,j4 ,h471 ',responsibility = ,torti\s ,acts'2 9 ,h>v>d ,law ,review1 vol4 vii41 #ahic-id4 ,cambridge 7,mass471 #ahid4 ,wihtrd 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,wilda 7,w4 ,e471 ,das ,/rafre*t d] ,g]man54 ,halle1 #ahdb4 ,wilk5 7,g4 ,a471 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel4 ,am/]dam1 #ahhd-he4 ---- ,huwelijk5 tuss*5 blo$v]want54 7,repr9t$ f ,de ,gids1 #ahij1 no4 #f47 ,am/]dam4 ---- ,ov] de v]wants*ap en het huwelijks- en erfre*t bij de volk5 van het maleis*e ras4 7,repr9t$ f ,de ,indis*e ,gids1 ,may1 #ahhc47 ,am/]dam4 ---- ',ple*tigh$5 en gebruik5 bij v]lov+5 en huwelijk5 bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel'2 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal-1 l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 s]4 v4 vols4 i41 iv4 's ,grav5hage1 #ahhf1 #ahhi4 ---- ',het ,/rafre*t bij de volk5 van het maleis*e ras'2 9 ,bijdrag5 tot de taal-1 l&- en volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 ,l&- en volk5kunde1 #ahhc4 's ,grav5hage4 ---- ',ueb] das ,ha>opf] und e9ige &]e ,trau]gebru*e bei d5 ,vlk]n ,indonesi5's'2 9 ,revue coloniale int]nationale1 vols4 iii4-iv4 ,am/]dam1 #ahhf1 vol4 ii41 & #ahhg1 vol4 i4 ,am/]dam4 ,wilkes 7,*>les71 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahch-db4 #e vols4 ,philadelphia ,london1 #ahde4 ,wilk9 7,an?ony71 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vol4 v4 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 ,wilk9s 7,d471 ,concilia ,magn ,britanni et ,hib]ni4 #d vols4 ,london1 #agcg4 ,wilk9s 7,w4 ,j471 ,mod]n ,h9duism4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,william ! ,conqu]or 7,k+71 ',! ,laws ('2 9 ,anci5t ,laws & ,in/itutes ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,williams 7,*>les71 ,dogs & _! ,ways4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,williams 7,john71 ,a ,n>rative ( ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahcg4 #hcc ,williams 7,moni]74 ,see ,moni]-,williams 7,moni]74 ,williams 7,s4 ,wells71 ,! ,middle ,k+dom4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ,williams 7,?omas7 & ,calv]t 7,james71 ,fiji & ! ,fijians4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,wilson 7,&rew71 ,! ,abode ( ,sn[4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahgf4 ,wilson 7,c4 ,t47 & ,felk9 7,r4 ,w471 ,ug&a & ! ,egyptian ,s\dan4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,wilson 7,h4 ,h471 ',a ,sket* ( ! ,religi\s ,sects ( ! ,h9dus'2 9 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvi4 ,calcutta1 #ahbh4 ---- ,works4 #ab vols4 ,london1 #ahfb-ga4 ,wilson 7,j4 ,leighton71 ,we/]n ,africa4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,wilson 7,j4 ,m47 & ,f[l] 7,?471 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 #b p>ts4 ,ox=d1 #ahhf-hg4 ,wilson 7,james71 ,a ,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean1 p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye>s #agif-agih4 ,london1 #agii4 ,wilson 7,m471 ,*>ity ,mi/ak54 ,/4 ,om]1 #afcj4 ,wilson 7,sir ,r4 ,k471 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,engli% ,law4 ,london1 c41 #ahge4 ,wilson 7,s4 ,g471 ,p]sian ,life & ,cu/oms4 ,ed9burgh ,london1 #ahif4 ,w9dis*mann 7,f471 ,zoroa/ris*e ,/udi54 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,spiegel4 ,b]l91 #ahfc4 ,w9ro? 7,a471 ,(f5tlig rtt4 ,familj]tt3 kt5skap%9dr54 ,lund1 #ahij4 ,w9t] 7,j471 ,die ,/ellung d] ,sklav5 bei d5 ,jud5 9 re*tli*] und gesells*aftli*] ,beziehung na* talmudis*5 ,quell54 ,breslau1 #ahhf4 ,w9t]bottom 7,?omas71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,w9t]nitz 7,m471 ',das alt9dis*e ,ho*zeitsrituell'2 9 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosophis*-hi/oris*e ,classe1 vol4 xl4 ,wi51 #ahib4 ---- ',e9ige ,bem]kung5 b] das ,bauopf] bei d5 ,ind]n'2 9 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 vol4 xvii4 ,wi51 #ahhg4 ,wissmann 7,h4 von71 ,unt] deuts*] ,flagge qu] dur* ,afrika4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ---- ,wolf 7,l471 ,franois 7,c4 von71 & ,muell] 7,h471 ,im ,inn]n ,afrikas4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,wiss[a 7,georg71 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]4 ,mn*51 #aijb4 ,wlislocki 7,h4 von71 ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,magy>54 ,mn/] i4,w41 #ahic4 ---- ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,zigeun]4 ,mn/] i4,w41 #ahia4 ,woldt 7,a471 ,kapte9 ,jacobs5s ,reis] til ,nordam]ikas ,nordve/ky/ #ahha-ahhc4 ,trans4 ,kri/iania1 #ahhg4 ,wolff 7,*ri/ian von71 ,jus ,g5tium4 ,franc(urti ,lipsiae1 #agfd4 ,wolseley 7,g4 ,j4 ,visc\nt71 ,! ,soldi]'s ,pocket-,book = ,field ,s]vice4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,wood 7,john71 ,a ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,riv] ,oxus4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,wood-,m>t9 7,w4 ,g471 ,traces ( ! ,eld] ,fai?s ( ,irel&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,wood-,r5ton 7,a471 ',moral ,mania'2 9 ,! ,law ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 iii4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,woods 7,j4 ,d471 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia2 ) an ,introductory ,*apt] by ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,wood?orpe 7,r4 ,g471 ',"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,%ans & ,hill ,tribes ( ! ,/ates on ! ,mekong'2 9 ,j\r4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vol4 xxvi4 ,london1 #ahig4 #hcd ,worce/] 7,dean ,c471 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & _! ,p4 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,_w 7,!74 ,by ,adam ,fitz-,adam4 #d vols4 ,london1 #agec-ef4 ,wrangell 7,f4 von71 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,pol> ,sea1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahbj-ahbc4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,wr$e 7,a4 von71 ,reise 9 ,h4adhramaut4 ,ed4 by ,h4 von ,maltzan4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgj4 ,wr$e 7,ri*>d71 ,die ,krp]/raf5 bei alt5 ,vlk]n4 ,dresd51 #ahih-ii4 ,wright 7,julia ,mc,nair71 ,among ! ,alaskans4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhc4 ,wright 7,?omas71 ,essays on ,ar*ological ,subjects4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ---- ,a ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,wundt 7,w471 ,e?ics4 ,trans4 by ,e4 ,b4 ,tit*5] & o!rs4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahig-aija4 ---- ,e?ik4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib4 ,wuttke 7,a471 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube d] ,geg5w>t4 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,wyatt 7,william71 ',"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,aborig9al ,tribes'2 9 ,woods1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,x5ophon1 ,scripta qu sup]sunt4 ,p>isiis1 #ahch4 ,yanoski 7,j471 ,de l'abolition de l'esclavage anci5 au moy5 ge4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,y>r[ 7,h4 ,c471 ',a ,fur!r ,contribution to ! ,/udy ( ! ,mortu>y ,cu/oms ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians'2 9 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 vol4 i4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahha4 ---- ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,mortu>y ,cu/oms among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhj4 ',yasna 7,!71' trans4 by ,l4 ,h4 ,mills2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxxi4 ,ox=d1 #ahhg4 ',ya/s 7,!71' trans4 by ,j4 ,d>me/et]2 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxiii4 ,ox=d1 #ahhc4 ,yate 7,william71 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahce4 ,ym]4 ,tidskrift utgifv5 af ,sv5ska ,sllskapet fr ,antropologi o* ,geografi4 ,/ockholm4 ,"y 7,?omas71 ,an ,essay on ,humanity to ,animals4 ,london1 #agih4 ,za*>i 7,h4 ,a471 ,die ,lehre vom ,v]su*e d] ,v]bre*54 #b vols4 ,gtt+51 #ahcf-ci4 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft4 ,leipzig4 ---- d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l94 ---- fr die ,crim9al-,re*ts-,pflege 9 d5 ,preussis*5 ,/aat54 ,ed4 by ,e4 ,hitzig4 ,b]l94 ---- fr ,e?nologie4 ,b]l94 ---- fr ges*i*tli*e ,re*tswiss5s*aft4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,c4 von ,savigny & o!rs4 ,b]l9 ,/ett94 ---- fr ,socialwiss5s*aft4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,wolf4 ,b]l94 ---- fr v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss5s*aft4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,kohl]4 ,/uttg>t4 ---- fr ,vlk]psy*ologie und ,spra*wiss5s*aft4 ,leipzig4 ,zell] 7,e471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,"t ( ,socrates4 ,trans4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahha4 ---- ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ool4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahhe4 #hce ,zell] 7,e471 ,! ,/oics1 ,epicureans & ,sceptics4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,z5d-,ave/a 7,le74 ,trans4 into ,fr5* by ,j4 ,d>me/et]4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,ziegl] 7,?471 ,social ,e?ics4 ,trans4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,zimm] 7,he9ri*71 ,alt9dis*es ,leb54 ,b]l91 #ahgi4 ,zimm]mann 7,w4 ,f4 ,a471 ,die ,inseln des indis*5 und /ill5 ,me]es4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahfc-fe4 ,zimm]n 7,he9ri*71 ,babylonis*e ,busspsalm54 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ---- ,babylonis*e ,hymn5 und ,gebete 9 ,auswahl4 ,leipzig1 #aije4 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,babylonis*5 ,religion4 ,die ,bes*wrung/afeln v,surpu1 c4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,zckl] 7,otto71 ,askese und ,mn*tum4 #b vols4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahig4 ,zll] 7,hugo71 ,=s*ungsreis5 9 d] deuts*5 ,colonie ,kam]un4 #c vols4 ,b]l9 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhe4 ---- ,das ,togol& und die ,sklav5ku/e4 ,b]l9 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhe4 ,zs*>nack 7,l471 ,d] ,di5/ d] ,frau 9 d5 er/5 ,jahrhund]t5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e4 ,gtt+51 #aijb4 ,,subject ,,index ,,ablutions1 i4 #ec-ef1 ii4 #bid1 #bie1 #ceb-ced1 #ceh-cei1 #dae1 #daf1 #gbf ,abortion1 i4 #cgh1 #djh1 #dji1 #dac-dag1 ii4 #gje ,accessio1 ii4 #ej ,accid5t1 injuries due to1 i4 #bag-bdj1 #cae1 #caf1 #cai1 ii4 #gad2 b5efits due to1 i4 #cah sq42 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h di$ by1 ii4 #bch1 #bci1 #bda ,acts1 i4 #bjc-bjf ,adopt$ *ildr51 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 ii4 #df2 mat]nal affection =1 ii4 #ahg-ahi ,adoption1 ( prison]s ( w>1 i4 #ccf2 ( un9t5tional manslay]s1 i4 #dhd2 ! blood-cov5ant repres5t$ z a rite (1 ii4 #bjf sq42 m>riage betwe5 relations by1 ii4 #cfi1 #cgd1 #cge1 #gdh-gej1 #geb ,adult]y1 ii4 #ddg-dee2 puni%m5t (1 i4 #ahi1 #caa1 #dib1 #eba1 #fcj1 ii4 #ddg-de4 #deb1 #dec1 #eeh2 self-r$ress 9 case (1 i4 #bij-bic1 #dia sq41 ii4 #ddg2 z a gr\nd = divorce or judicial sep>ation1 ii4 #cig1 #dee2 suppos$ to injure ! h>ve/1 ii4 #dag1 #gdg2 /igmatis$ by religion1 ii4 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dej1 #dec-dee1 #fge1 #fgf1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gjj1 #gag2 refuge d5i$ to p]sons guilty (1 ii4 #fcb sq4 ,ae/hetic emotions1 i4 #cbf ---- judgm5ts1 i4 #h ,affection4 ,see ,altrui/ic s5tim5t2 ,conjugal1 ,filial1 ,frat]nal1 ,m>ital1 ,mat]nal1 ,pat]nal1 ,social affection ,age1 re/rictions 9 diet dep5d+ on1 ii4 #cai sq4 ,see ,*ildr51 ,old age1 ,old p]sons1 ,s5iority ,agricultural tribes1 ! position ( wom5 among1 i4 #ffj sq42 slav]y among1 i4 #fgc1 #fgd1 #fha2 social aggregates (1 ii4 #bja2 sympa?y = dome/ic animals among1 ii4 #ejf1 see ,ox5 ,agriculture1 orig9ally a fem99e pursuit1 i4 #fcd1 #fce n4 #d1 #fcg2 moral valuation (1 ii4 #bgc-bgg1 #bhj1 #djb ,alb9os1 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #eij ,all ,s\ls1 ii4 #eej ,all-fa!r4 ,see ,supreme be+s ,alliance1 prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 relations by1 ii4 #cfi1 #cgg ,alms1 connection betwe5 sacrifices (f]$ to gods &1 i4 #efe-efi2 betwe5 fa/+ & ! giv+ (1 ii4 #caf-cah2 betwe5 (f]+s to ! dead &1 ii4 #eej-eeb2 to be giv5 ) an ungrudg+ eye1 & n be=e witnesses1 i4 #eid4 ,see ,*>ity ,altrui/ic s5tim5t1 !1 its orig9 & developm5t1 *4 xxxiv4 7ii4 #ahf-bbh72 i4 #id1 #ie1 #aaj-aad1 #abi1 #cgc1 #dfh1 #eei1 ii4 #did-ejf1 #eaj-ead4 ,see ,conjugal1 ,filial1 ,frat]nal1 ,m>ital1 ,mat]nal1 ,pat]nal1 ,social affection ,ance/ors4 ,see ,dead ,ang]1 ! nature & orig9 (1 i4 #ba-bc1 #cj1 #ch-db2 9 animals1 i4 #bb1 ii4 #ea2 9 *ildr51 i4 #bb sq42 t[>ds inanimate ?+s1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bfj-bfc1 #cae2 appeas$ by rep5tance1 i4 #hg2 sympa!tic res5tm5t produc$ by ! cognition ( ! signs (1 i4 #aad sq42 injuries inflict$ 91 i4 #bij-bih1 #caa1 #caf sq42 a cause ( suicide1 ii4 #bcc ,animals1 reg>d = ! l[]1 *4 xliv4 7ii4 #dij-ead71 i4 #aa sq42 ang] 91 i4 #bb1 ii4 #ea2 rev5ge tak5 ^u1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bea-bec1 #bee1 #bef1 #beh2 rev5ge tak5 by1 i4 #cg sq42 self-reg>d+ pride 91 i4 #ci1 ii4 #acg sq42 retributive k9dly emotion 91 i4 #id2 sympa!tic res5tm5t 91 i4 #aab1 ii4 #eb2 kill+ ( sacr$1 i4 #bbg1 ii4 #fjc-fjf1 #fji2 ( totemic1 ii4 #baj1 #fjc1 #fjd1 #fjf2 #hch ( v>i\s k9ds (1 see ,kill+2 eat+ ( totemic1 i4 #bbg1 ii4 #baj1 #baa1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #fjf2 cr$it$ ) a consci5ce1 i4 #bdi-bea2 n responsible = _! acts1 i4 #bdi-bea2 treat$ z responsible ag5ts1 i4 #bea-bfj1 #bfd1 #cjh2 believ$ to take v5geance ^u m51 i4 #beb1 #beh1 ii4 #dia1 #dig1 #ejj1 #ejb1 #ejd1 #fjc2 subject to regul> puni%m5t1 ii4 #bec-bfj1 #bfd1 #cjh2 sexual int]c\rse betwe5 m5 &1 i4 #bec sq41 ii4 #dji1 #gdi2 believ$ to be rew>d$ or puni%$ aft] dea?1 i4 #beh sq42 reg>d$ z on a foot+ ( equality ) man1 i4 #beh-bfj1 ii4 #did1 #eaj2 non-moral res5tm5t 9 ! case ( injuries inflict$ by1 i4 #caf2 sacrific$ in/ead ( human victims1 i4 #dfi sq42 sacrific$ = ! purpose ( sav+ ! lives ( m5 or ( o!r animals1 i4 #dfi sq41 ii4 #faf sq42 _! desire to appropriate & to keep t :i* has be5 appropriat$1 ii4 #ea2 mat]nal affection among1 ii4 #ahf-aij1 #aic2 pat]nal affection among1 ii4 #ahi1 #aij1 #aic2 conjugal atta*m5t among1 ii4 #aia sq42 ab/95ce f eat+ v>i\s k9ds (1 ii4 #cai-cce2 f eat+ any k9d (1 ii4 #cce-cch1 #dii2 belief 9 ! transmigration ( human s\ls into1 ii4 #cbd1 #cbh1 #cch1 #dij1 #dif1 #ejj1 #ejd1 #eaf1 #eag1 #fic1 #gji sq42 homosexual int]c\rse among1 ii4 #def1 #dff1 #dge n4 #b2 _! fe> ( /range ph5om5a1 ii4 #ehb sq42 wor%ip (1 ii4 #eij1 #eih2 %elt]$ by sacr$ places1 ii4 #fbg-fbi1 #fca1 #fce ,animism1 ii4 #eie-eig ,annihilation ( ! s\l1 belief 9 !1 ii4 #bcf1 #eae1 #eaf1 #eei1 #efe1 #ehj1 #fgi ,an?ropomorphism1 ii4 #eie1 #eig-fjj ,antipa?ies1 dis9t]e/$1 i4 #aaf1 #aag1 #ecc1 #gac sq41 ii4 #aac1 #aff1 #ahe1 #bbg1 #bfb1 #bff-bfh1 #bia1 #ccd1 #cce1 #cea1 #cfh1 #cgb-cge1 #cha1 #chb1 #djc1 #djd1 #dcd1 #dci1 #ddj1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #gdd-gdf ,antivivisectioni/s1 ii4 #eab1 #ead ,apes1 ! man-l1 pat]nal c>e among1 ii4 #ahi sq42 ! duration ( _! conjugal unions1 ii4 #aib2 n greg>i\s1 ii4 #aie2 *iefly monogam\s1 ii4 #cia4 ,see ,monkeys ,arbitration1 i4 #cfh sq4 ,arms1 /eal+ (1 i4 #bhg1 ii4 #ad2 reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s v5]ation1 i4 #ejf2 oa?s tak5 ^u1 i4 #ejf1 ii4 #aai-aba ,arson1 i4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bic1 #fgf1 ii4 #fcc ,asceticism1 ii4 #bha1 #cae-cah1 #cee-cfc1 #dba ,a/ronomical *anges1 ab/95ce f "w connect$ )1 ii4 #bhd-bhh1 #gdg2 fa/+ connect$ )1 ii4 #cji-cae ,asylums1 ii4 #fbh-fch2 i4 #bba1 #bbd1 #bie-big1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #chj1 #dbg1 #egi1 #ehj1 #ehe1 #ffh1 #ffi1 #fij1 #fib1 #fif ,a!ism1 ii4 #fdc sq4 ,atonem5t4 ,see ,expiation1 ,expiatory sacrifice ---- ! day 7fa/7 (1 i4 #fe1 ii4 #caa1 #cab1 #caf1 #ceg-cei4 #fag ,attempts to commit crimes1 i4 #bjj1 #bda-bdg1 #cgd ,,bad1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #acd ,badg]-bait+1 ii4 #eji ,bananas1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cba ,bani%m5t1 z a puni%m5t1 i4 #df1 #eh1 #agb1 #agc1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bfg1 #bhg1 #cab1 #dbd1 #fja1 ii4 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #gd1 #abc n4 #a1 #cca1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #deb1 #dge n4 #aj1 #dgh1 #ebe ,baptism1 i4 #ee1 #daa1 #daf1 #dag1 #fff1 ii4 #bie1 #dag1 #gba-gbc ,b>r5ness ( a wife1 human sacrifices (f]$ 9 cases (1 i4 #deg sq42 a cause ( polygyny1 ii4 #chh ,be>-bait+1 ii4 #ejh-eaj ,beat+1 z a religi\s rite1 ii4 #bid1 #ceg-cei ,beef1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbg1 #ccj ,bees1 prohibition ( kill+1 ii4 #dij ,beliefs1 z subjects ( moral judgm5ts1 i4 #bae sq4 ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 i4 #dia ,b5evol5ce1 *4 xxxiii4 7ii4 #aec-ahe74 ,see ,*>ity1 ,hospitality ,be/iality1 i4 #bec sq41 ii4 #dji1 #gdi ,birds1 def5d+ _! ne/s1 ii4 #ea2 pat]nal c>e among1 ii4 #ahi sq42 ! duration ( conjugal unions among1 ii4 #aib ---- ( night1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #ccc ---- ( prey1 prohibition ( eat+1 ii4 #cba ,blasphemy1 ii4 #fci1 #fdj1 #gai ,bless+s1 mat]iali/ic conception (1 i4 #ih1 #efb2 pron\nc$ by #hci recipi5ts ( gifts1 i4 #efa-efe2 gods appeal$ to 91 i4 #efb1 #efd sq41 ii4 #fhf1 #gca2 ( /rang]s1 i4 #eha-ehd1 ii4 #ddf2 ( p>5ts1 i4 #fba-fbg2 ( old p]sons1 i4 #fbf2 9 salutations1 ii4 #aea ,blood1 effusion (1 at fun]als1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #dgf1 ii4 #edd1 #ede1 #edg2 ab/95ce f1 i4 #ahg1 ii4 #ccd sq42 z a religi\s rite1 i4 #dgj sq41 ii4 #bid1 #eeg2 pollution (1 i4 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #cge-chb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b1 #bfb1 #gad2 %$d+ (1 prohibit$ 9 sacr$ places1 i4 #chj1 ii4 #fce2 (f]$ to ! dead1 i4 #dge sq42 drunk or lick$ 9 blood-rev5ge1 i4 #dhc sq42 z a conductor ( curses1 i4 #ehf1 #ehg1 #eia1 ii4 #fi1 #aah-aba1 #bjh1 #bji1 #eff1 #efg1 #fah-fbb1 #fhg-fhi2 primitive ideas conc]n+1 i4 #ffd n4 #a2 oa?s tak5 ^u1 ii4 #aah-aba1 #fba1 #fbb1 #fhg-fhi2 sup]natural or m$ic9al effect ascrib$ to ! p>tak+ ( human1 ii4 #efd sq4 ,see ,cannibalism ---- -cov5ant1 !1 ii4 #bjf-bji1 #eff sq4 ---- -money4 ,see ,comp5sation = homicide ---- -rev5ge1 i4 #dgg-dib1 ii4 #gdh2 collective responsibility 91 i4 #bd1 #be1 #cj-cf1 #dc2 v[ (1 i4 #eh2 re/rict$ to ! actual culprit1 i4 #ga2 a cause ( social di/urbance1 i4 #ahb sq42 9 cases ( accid5tal injury1 i4 #bag1 #bah1 #bca sq42 tak5 ^u animals1 i4 #bea-bec1 #bee #bef1 #beh2 ^u lunatics1 i4 #bga2 connection betwe5 inh]itance &1 ii4 #ed sq42 betwe5 ! sy/em ( trac+ desc5t &1 ii4 #baa ,bodily integrity1 ! "r to1 *4 xxii4 7i4 #eaa-ebe72 ( ! dead1 ii4 #eaf sq42 ( gods1 ii4 #fjb1 #faj ,b\nd>ies4 ,see ,l&m>ks ,bro!r1 kill+ ( a1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b4 ,see ,frat]nal affection1 duties ---- ! eld]1 all[$ to inflict corporal puni%m5t ^u ! y\ng] "o1 i4 #eae2 respect =1 i4 #fje1 #fjf1 #fad2 curses (1 i4 #fbf1 ii4 #gjc ,buffaloes1 ab/95ce f ! fle% (1 ii4 #cbj1 #cbb2 prohibition ( kill+1 = food1 ii4 #ccj ,build+s1 human sacrifices (f]$ at ! f\ndation (1 i4 #ddg n4 #e1 #dfa-dfe2 animals sacrific$ at ! f\ndation (1 ii4 #fag ,bull-bait+1 ii4 #eji sq4 ,burgl>y1 i4 #ahg1 #cab1 ii4 #eh1 #fcc ,burial1 ii4 #eba-ebc1 #ebe-ebg4 #edb1 #edc1 #edf-edh1 #gjd2 dep5d+ on ! mode ( dea?1 i4 #bf1 ii4 #bch-bdj1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #beb1 #bee sq42 d5i$ to suicides1 ii4 #bch1 #bej1 #edi2 to murd]$ p]sons1 ii4 #bci1 #edi2 to p]sons /ruck by lightn+1 ii4 #b #ci1 #edi2 to p]sons :o h kill$ a p>5t1 bro!r1 or *ild1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 ( crim9als1 ii4 #fid ,but*]s1 reg>d$ z unclean1 ii4 #dic2 despis$1 ii4 #dih ,butt]1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbf ,,calumny1 ii4 #adj-adb2 aga9/ dead p]sons1 ii4 #eai1 #eeb ,calves1 ab/95ce f slaught]+1 ii4 #cca ,camels1 rev5ge 91 i4 #cg sq42 ab/95ce f ! fle% (1 ii4 #ccb1 #ccd n4 #b ,cannibalism1 *4 xlvi4 7ii4 #eec-eha72 old p]sons victims (1 i4 #cij1 ii4 #eed1 #efh sq42 practis$ = m$ic9al purposes1 i4 #dja1 ii4 #efb1 #efd sq42 ! fir/born a victim (1 i4 #deh sq41 ii4 #efb2 z a puni%m5t1 ii4 #d1 #cfg1 #eed1 #eeh sq42 consid]$ pollut+1 ii4 #ech1 #ege sq4 ,c>elessness1 i4 #baj-bab1 #cje-caj1 #cag sq4 ,ca/es1 int]m>riage betwe5 diff]5t1 ii4 #cgi4 ,see ,rank ,casui/ry1 ii4 #ajj1 #aja1 #aag ,cats1 sympa!tic res5tm5t 91 ii4 #eb2 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbg1 #ccj1 #ccb2 tak5 = spirits 9 disguise1 ii4 #dia2 _! fe> ( /range ph5om5a1 ii4 #ehc ,cattle1 /eal+ (1 i4 #ahg sq41 ii4 #ad2 ab/95ce f kill+1 ii4 #ccj1 #dic sq42 rev]5ce =1 ii4 #cca sq42 affection =1 ii4 #cca1 #did4 ,see ,beef1 ,calves1 ,c[s1 ,ox5 ---- -re>+1 l>gely a mascul9e pursuit1 i4 #fcd1 #fcf4 ,see ,pa/oral peoples ,celibacy1 *4 xli4 7ii4 #cii-dba72 a cause ( un*a/ity1 ii4 #dcb2 ( homosexual practices1 ii4 #dfg ,"*1 i4 #bad1 #bae1 #caj-cad1 #cah sq42 ! innate1 i4 #cbe sq4 ,*>ity1 *4 xxiii4 7i4 #ebf-efi72 z a duty emphasis$ by religion1 i4 #hdjedi-eeh1 #efa-efi1 ii4 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fii1 #gje1 #gaa1 #gag1 #gah1 #gbe1 #gbf1 #gcb4 ,see ,alms ,*>ms1 made f dead bodies1 ii4 #bjd1 #edf2 aga9/ ! evil eye1 ii4 #bef n4 #b2 put 9 tombs1 ii4 #gja ,*a/ity1 *4 xlii4 7ii4 #dbb-dee72 suicide z a means ( pres]v+1 ii4 #bdb1 #bea sq42 fa/+ ! beg9n+ (1 ii4 #cah2 requir$ 9 connection ) ! religi\s cult1 ii4 #djf-dba1 #gcf ,*iefs1 ti$ by cu/om1 i4 #afa sq42 ju/ice adm9i/]$ by1 i4 #agc-agf1 #ahj-ahd1 #dij sq42 protect+ =eign]s & p]sons :o h no relations1 i4 #ahj2 kill+ (1 i4 #dc2 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( sav+ ! lives (1 i4 #ded-def1 #dff2 sacrific$1 i4 #dff2 ! practice ( comp5sation enc\rag$ by1 i4 #dij sq42 disrespect =1 puni%$ by gods1 i4 #fbf2 propriet>y rights (1 ii4 #cc2 suicide committ$ on ! graves (1 ii4 #bcd2 lab\r susp5d$ on ! dea? (1 ii4 #bhd2 ab/95ce f fi% aft] ! dea? (1 ii4 #cja2 treatm5t ( ! dead bodies (1 ii4 #ebg2 cannibalism practis$ by1 ii4 #eeh1 #egd2 _! tombs asylums1 ii4 #fcj2 _! h\ses asylums1 ii4 #fcf2 _! p]sons asylums1 ii4 #fcf sq4 ,see ,k+4 ,*ildr51 ! subjection (1 *4 xxv4 7i4 #eig-fbh72 curs$ or bless$ by _! p>5ts1 i4 #eh1 #ech1 #fba-fbg1 ii4 #gjc1 #gae4 #gaf n4 #b1 #gcb2 puni%$ if convict$ ( a design to kill _! fa!r or "m1 i4 #bde2 p>5ts kill+ _! infant1 i4 #cgh #cid-dac1 #fcc1 ii4 #efb1 #geb sq42 kill+ _! p>5ts1 i4 #chc-chf1 #ebb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 kill+ or ab&on+ _! ag$ p>5ts1 i4 #chf-cij1 #fjf1 #fjg1 #fab1 #fbj2 eat+ _! p>5ts1 i4 #cij1 ii4 #eed1 #efh sq42 p>5ts kill+ _! gr[n-up1 i4 #cic sq41 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 a fa!r's affection = 81 i4 #dja1 #djb1 #dje1 #ebi-ecc1 ii4 #ahg-aij1 #aic1 #cig1 #gdh2 a "m's affection = h]1 i4 #dje1 #ebi-eca1 ii4 #ahf-aij1 #aic1 #gdh2 eat5 by _! p>5ts or o!rs1 i4 #dja1 #deh sq41 ii4 #eed1 #eee1 #efb1 #efh sq42 p>5ts expos+ _! new-born1 i4 #djf-dab1 #fhi2 sacrific$ to save ! lives ( _! p>5ts1 i4 #dee1 #def1 #dei-dfa2 sacrific$ by _! p>5ts1 i4 #dee-dfa2 committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( _! p>5ts1 i4 #dgc2 p>5ts inflict+ corporal puni%m5t ^u _!1 i4 #eac-eae1 #fjg1 #faj2 us+ viol5ce aga9/ _! p>5ts1 i4 #eac #fbd sq41 ii4 #fgg2 p>5ts' duty ( tak+ c>e ( _!1 i4 #ebf-ecc2 _! duty ( tak+ c>e ( _! p>5ts1 i4 #ecc-ech2 _! respect = _! p>5ts1 i4 #ecd-ech1 #fjj1 #fja1 #fjg-fac1 #faf-fbh1 ii4 #aid2 _! affection = _! p>5ts i4 #ecd-ech1 #fah1 ii4 #aid1 #gdh2 = _! mo!rs1 i4 #fah1 #fei2 _! duties to _! p>5ts emphasis$ by religion1 i4 #ecf1 #ecg1 #fjh1 #faj1 #fab1 #fac1 #faf1 #fag1 #fbj-fbg1 ii4 #gaa1 #gad1 #gae1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gag #gcb2 curs+ _! p>5ts1 i4 #efd2 sold z slaves by _! p>5ts1 i4 #eii1 #fjg1 #fji1 #faa1 #fab1 #fae1 #fge1 #fha1 #fhb1 #fhd1 #fhe1 #fhi1 #fia sq42 propriet>y incapacities (1 ii4 #bg1 #bh1 #eg2 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 ii4 #dd-di1 #ec-eg2 tell+ a falsehood 9 ! pres5ce ( _! p>5ts1 ii4 #if2 address+ abusive language to _! p>5ts1 ii4 #adb2 _! duties to _! p>5ts1 ii4 #aff1 #gdh2 p>5ts' duties to _!1 ii4 #aff1 #gdh2 p>5ts committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( _!1 ii4 #bcb1 #bdd n4 #c2 p>5ts fa/+ aft] ! dea? ( _!1 ii4 #bih-cjj2 fa/+ aft] ! dea? ( _! p>5ts1 ii4 #bih-cja2 puni%$ aft] dea? = inflict+ injuries ^u _! p>5ts1 ii4 #gae2 adopt$1 see ,adopt$ *ildr52 illegitimate1 see ,illegitimate *ildr5 ,*ildr51 "y1 ! ang] (1 i4 #bb sq42 sympa!tic res5tm5t 91 i4 #aab2 _! ideas ( "r & wrong1 i4 #aae2 _! respect = ! cu/om>y1 i4 #aei2 injuries committ$ by1 i4 #bag1 #bah1 #bfd-bfi1 #caf2 treatm5t (1 9 w> i4 #cce1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cfi sq42 sacrific$1 i4 #ded-dfa2 _! desire to appropriate & to keep t :i* has be5 appropriat$1 ii4 #ea2 tru?fulness & m5dacity (1 ii4 #hh n4 #e1 #aaa n4 #c1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abd-abf1 #abi2 dispos$ to believe :at !y are told1 ii4 #aji2 _! #hda dislike ( t :i* is /range or unfamili>1 ii4 #bbg2 ! altrui/ic s5tim5t 91 i4 #bbh2 treatm5t ( ! dead bodies (1 ii4 #ebf1 #ebg1 #edi2 _! fe> ( /range ph5om5a1 ii4 #ehc2 ! future /ate (1 ii4 #fgc1 #gbg2 ! future /ate ( unbaptis$1 ii4 #gba-gbc ,*ivalry1 i4 #ceb-cee ,clan1 !1 i4 #fbg sq41 ii4 #bjb1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf-bbj1 #bbb sq4 ,class di/9ction1 cleanl9ess a1 ii4 #cea ,classes1 int]m>riage betwe5 diff]5t1 ii4 #cgi-chb4 ,see ,rank ,classificatory sy/em1 !1 ii4 #cic ,cleanl9ess1 ii4 #cdf-cef2 c]emonial1 ii4 #bid1 #bie1 #ceb-ced1 #ceh1 #cei1 #dae-dbj1 #gjj n4 #e1 #gje1 #gah1 #gbf1 #geb ,climate1 connection betwe5 indu/ry &1 ii4 #bfi-bga2 betwe5 cleanl9ess &1 ii4 #cdi sq4 ,cock-fight+1 ii4 #eji sq4 ,cocks1 prohibition ( eat+ tame1 ii4 #ccj ,cocoa1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cba2 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #eia ,common enjoym5t ( m]its1 i4 #if-ii ---- responsibility1 9 blood-rev5ge1 i4 #bd1 #be1 #cj-cf1 #dc1 #ga2 9 ! case ( puni%m5t1 i4 #dc-dh1 #fi-gb2 9 ! case ( s91 i4 #dh-eg1 #fa-gb ,communal m>riage1 ii4 #dde ,community ( goods1 ii4 #ej sq4 ,compacts1 seal+ (1 i4 #ehg1 ii4 #fbb-fbd ,comp5sation1 ! relation betwe5 puni%m5t &1 i4 #afh sq42 = involunt>y de/ruction ( prop]ty1 i4 #bbb-bbe1 #ch sq42 = bodily injuries1 i4 #eaa-eac1 #eag-ebj1 #ebd n4 #c1 ii4 #bfc2 = ! s$uction ( an unm>ri$ woman1 ii4 #dbe1 #dbf1 #dcf sq42 = rape1 ii4 #dch2 = adult]y1 ii4 #ddg sq4 ---- = homicide1 i4 #ahc1 #dhd-dia2 if committ$ accid5tally1 i4 #bag1 #bai-bba1 #bbd1 #bbf2 if committ$ by a *ild1 i4 #bfh2 by an idiot1 i4 #bgb2 if ! victim is a woman1 i4 #dbj sq42 if ! victim is a slave1 i4 #dbc2 influ5c$ by ! rank ( ! victim1 i4 #dcj sq4 ---- = s91 i4 #hf sq4 ,compulsion1 injuries committ$ "u1 i4 #bhd1 #bhe1 #caf1 #cai2 conf\nd$ ) causation1 i4 #cbb-cbf ,compulsion by necessity1 i4 #bhe-bhg1 ii4 #a ,conduct1 i4 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bad1 #bae1 #cad ,confession1 i4 #hd sq41 ii4 #cfj ,conjugal affection1 i4 #aac1 #ecb sq41 ii4 #aij-aic2 its influ5ce on ! =m ( m>riage1 ii4 #aib1 #chi1 #cia2 on ! duration ( m>riage1 ii4 #cig2 on moral ideas conc]n+ un*a/ity1 ii4 #dci sq4 ,consci5ce1 i4 #aje-ajg1 #abc-abe2 an unju/ retribut]1 i4 #ae sq42 animals cr$it$ ) a1 i4 #bdi-bea ,contributions1 milit>y1 ii4 #bg ,contub]nium1 ( slaves1 i4 #fic1 #fig1 #gjf sq42 betwe5 freem5 & slaves1 ii4 #cha ,cook+1 ab/a9$ f aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cjd-cjf ,corporal puni%m5t1 ii4 #ebj-ebe ,cosmopolitanism1 ii4 #agf-agi1 #ahb-ahe ,c\rage1 admiration (1 i4 #af1 #aag1 ii4 #af1 #eh1 #bgc1 #eij2 ! duel reg>d$ z a te/ (1 i4 #eji2 suicide reg>d$ z a te/ (1 ii4 #bea1 #bfa sq42 approv$ ( by ! supreme be+1 ii4 #fgi2 ! future /ate ( a w>rior suppos$ to be det]m9$ by 81 ii4 #fih ,c\vade1 !1 ii4 #bje ,cov5ant+ rites1 i4 #ccd sq41 ii4 #fbb-fbd1 #fhf4 ,see ,blood-cov5ant ,c[>dice1 =giv5ess ( enemies reg>d$ z a sign (1 i4 #gc1 #gd1 #dhe1 ii4 #ade2 ! secret commission ( (f5ces despis$ z1 ii4 #eh1 #if sq42 ly+ a sign (1 ii4 #aac2 suicide reg>d$ z an act (1 ii4 #bdj1 #bfb ,c[-dung1 a means ( purification1 i4 #ed1 ii4 #cec1 #ede2 suicide committ$ 91 ii4 #bdd ,c[s1 contact )1 reg>d$ z purify+1 i4 #ed2 prohibition ( eat+ ! fle% (1 ii4 #cbg1 #ccj2 ! kill+ (1 ab/a9$ f or prohibit$1 ii4 #ccj1 #cca1 #dig2 rev]5ce =1 ii4 #ccb4 ,see ,cattle ,coyness1 female1 ii4 #dce ,cremation1 i4 #dgf1 ii4 #ebb1 #ebc1 #ebf1 #ebg1 #edb1 #edc1 #edf-edh2 ( suicides1 ii4 #bef sq4 ,crim9als1 abs5ce ( remorse 91 i4 #ij n4 #a2 puni%$ 9 public1 i4 #aia #hdbsq42 detection (1 i4 #aic2 sacrific$1 i4 #dci1 #ddj1 #dfg1 #dga sq41 ii4 #fea2 enslav$1 i4 #eah1 #fge1 #fgf1 #fha1 #fhb1 #fhe1 #fhh-fia1 ii4 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #gd2 eat51 ii4 #d1 #cfg1 #eed1 #eeh sq42 _! blood p>tak5 (1 ii4 #dfd sq42 treatm5t ( ! bodies (1 ii4 #ebg1 #ebh1 #edi4 ,see ,asylums1 ,puni%m5t ,crops1 robb]y (1 i4 #bhg1 ii4 #ad sq42 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( secur+ good1 i4 #ddc-dea2 un*a/ity suppos$ to injure !1 ii4 #dag1 #gdg ,cross1 !1 ii4 #bef n4 #b ,cross-roads1 i4 #ejb1 ii4 #bef1 #bef sq4 n4 #b ,cr[n1 miracul\s virtue attribut$ to ! royal1 ii4 #fjh n4 #d1 #gec ,crucifixion1 ii4 #bef n4 #b ,cruelty to animals1 ii4 #dif1 #ejh-eaj ,curiosity1 ii4 #aji1 #aaj1 #ace1 #adi1 #eie1 #eig ,curses1 mat]iali/ic conception (1 i4 #eg-fa1 #gj1 #bcc sq41 ii4 #ehc4 #ehd1 #gjc2 hol9ess n all[$ to be defil$ by1 i4 #eh1 #fbe1 ii4 #fch2 ( p>5ts1 i4 #eh1 #ech1 #fba-fbg1 ii4 #gjc1 #gae1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gcb2 ( ! poor1 i4 #efa-efe2 ( magicians & prie/s1 i4 #efc2 ( sa9ts1 i4 #efc1 #fbb2 ( dy+ p]sons1 i4 #efc1 #fbf1 ii4 #bde2 ( dissatisfi$ gue/s1 i4 #ehd-eid1 ii4 #gae1 #gcb2 ( dissatisfi$ refugees1 i4 #ehe1 #ehg sq41 ii4 #fcf-fch2 ( old p]sons1 i4 #fbb1 #fbf2 ( husb&s1 i4 #fbf2 ( eld] bro!rs & si/]s1 i4 #fbf1 ii4 #gjc2 ( sup]iors1 i4 #fbf sq41 ii4 #gjc2 ( wom51 i4 #ffh2 ( slaves1 i4 #gaf2 ( _! ma/]s1 ii4 #gjc2 ( k+s1 ii4 #gjc2 p]sonifi$ & elevat$ to ! rank ( sup]natural be+s1 i4 #fj1 #cgi1 #dhb1 #efa1 #ehe1 #fbc1 #fbd1 #fbf1 ii4 #fh1 #aaf1 #gae1 #gcb2 trans=m$ into attributes ( gods1 i4 #cgi1 #efa1 #efb1 #ehe1 #fbd1 ii4 #fh1 #aaf1 #gae2 sup]natural be+s appeal$ to 91 i4 #efa1 #efd sq41 ii4 #ff-fh1 #abj-abc1 #feh1 #fhf-fij1 #fii1 #gca2 sup]natural be+s expos$ to m5's1 i4 #efd1 #eff1 #ehe1 ii4 #ehd1 #ehe1 #fah-fbd1 #fcf1 #fch1 #fef-fei1 #gjj2 conduct$ by v>i\s vehicles1 i4 #ehf-eid1 ii4 #aba1 #aea1 #bjh1 #bji1 #efg1 #fbb-fbd1 #fhg-fij2 by blood1 i4 #ehf1 #ehg1 #eia1 ii4 #fi1 #aah-aba1 #bjh1 #bji1 #fah-fbb1 #fhg-fhi2 by human blood or fle%1 ii4 #eff sq42 9 reception c]emonies & salutations1 i4 #eij sq41 ii4 #aea2 pron\nc$ on ?ieves or z a means ( protect+ prop]ty1 ii4 #fb-fi1 #gjc2 sacrifices to gods z a means ( transf]r+1 ii4 #fah-fbd1 #feh2 me?od ( protect+ ! k+ aga9/ crim9als1 ii4 #fcg2 pray]s assum+ ! "* (1 ii4 #fef-fei2 conta9$ 9 ordeals1 ii4 #fhg-fij2 influ5c+ m5's /ate 9 ! future life1 ii4 #fib1 #fic1 #gjh1 #gji1 #gae sq4 ,see ,l-7r ,cu/oms1 & laws z expressions ( moral ideas1 *4 vii4 7i4 #aeh-bja72 rules ( duty1 i4 #aah-abb1 #aei-afb2 _! relations to laws1 i4 #afc-aff2 /rong] ?an law & religion comb9$1 i4 #afd2 ! v>iety (1 i4 #cbg sq42 ! rigidity ( ance/ral1 ii4 #eai1 #ebj1 #eda2 transgressions (1 puni%$ by gods1 ii4 #fgj1 #gbh2 in/itut$ by ! supreme be+1 ii4 #fga ,,d>k1 prohibition ( eat+ 9 !1 ii4 #cji ,daught]s1 committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( _! p>5ts1 i4 #dgc4 ,see ,*ildr5 ,days1 taboo$1 ii4 #bhc-bhi1 #gdg ,dead1 reg>d = !1 *4 xlv4 7ii4 9999#eae-eeb72 human sacrifices to !1 i4 #bf-bh1 #dgb-dgf1 #dhf1 ii4 #bcd1 #dej1 #dea1 #eah2 v9dictiv5ess ( murd]$1 i4 #bcb1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #djf1 #dgf1 #dha sq41 ii4 #eei sq42 ! prop]ty ( !1 i4 #cii1 ii4 #dd1 #eah1 #eci sq41 see ,inh]itance1 ,wills2 ! treatm5t ( old p]sons influ5c$ by beliefs reg>d+ !1 i4 #fbj sq42 int]r$ 9 ! field belong+ to ! family1 ii4 #ff n4 #a2 *>ms made f ! bodies ( !1 ii4 #bjd1 #edf2 (f]+s to !1 ii4 #cjb1 #cjc1 #djj-djd1 #eag1 #eah1 #ebd1 #eci1 #edg #eej1 #fib1 #gjj1 #gja1 #gjd1 #gjh1 cf4 ,alms2 pollut+ influ5ce attribut$ to !1 ii4 #cjc1 #ecg sq42 m>riages ( !1 ii4 #djj2 self-reg>d+ pride attribut$ to !1 ii4 #eai2 beliefs z reg>ds ! "* & activity ( !1 ii4 #ebh-ece1 #fic2 fe> ( !1 ii4 #ece-edf1 #edh-eej1 #egf2 believ$ to be easily dup$1 ii4 #edh2 wor%ip ( !1 ii4 #eia1 #eif2 rev5ge tak5 by ! liv+ ^u #hdc !1 ii4 #fib sq42 suppos$ to be tak5 by ! dead ^u o!r1 ii4 #fic sq4 ,see ,annihilation1 ,burial1 ,cannibalism1 ,cremation1 ,fun]al rites1 ,future life1 ,future /ate1 ,m\rn+1 ,scalp+1 ,suicide1 ,transmigration1 ,vampires ,dea?1 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( magic1 i4 #bd1 #bi1 ii4 #ecd1 #fea2 self-mutilation aft] a1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #dgf1 ii4 #ebd1 #ebh1 #edd1 #ede1 #edg2 "w susp5d$ aft] a1 ii4 #bhc1 #bhd1 #cjf2 pollut+ influ5ce ascrib$ to1 ii4 #bhc1 #cjb-cjg1 #daf1 #ecf-eci1 #edd sq42 to self-inflict$1 ii4 #beg n4 #e1 #bfb2 to natural1 ii4 #daf1 #fji2 fa/+ aft] a1 ii4 #bih-cjh1 #ebd1 #edd2 ab/95ce f cook+ aft] a1 ii4 #cjd-cjf2 ab/95ce f sexual int]c\rse aft] a1 ii4 #cjf2 fe> (1 ii4 #ece sq4 ,debtors1 enslav$1 i4 #dbb1 #fge1 #fgg1 #fhj1 #fhd1 #fhh1 #fhi1 #fia2 cr$itors />v+ !mselves to dea? be=e ! doors ( _!1 ii4 #bde ,debts1 ! ow+ (1 ii4 #ic1 #gje ,deceit4 ,see ,tru?1 reg>d = ,de=m$ p]sons1 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #eij ,deod&1 i4 #bfb-bfd1 #cjh ,desc5t1 ! social influ5ce ( a common1 ii4 #aih1 #bja-bjf1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #gdh2 congruity or discrepancy betwe5 ! pr9ciple ( local proximity & ! pr9ciple (1 ii4 #bjb1 #bai sq4 ,see ,k9%ip ----1 ! sy/em ( trac+1 connection betwe5 ! au?ority ov] *ildr5 &1 i4 #eig sq42 suppos$ connection betwe5 ! position ( wom5 &1 i4 #fee sq42 ! rules ( inh]itance influ5c$ by1 ii4 #dd-dg1 #ed2 ! influ5ce ( local connections on1 ii4 #bjc1 #cfh sq42 diff]5ce betwe5 ! notion ( actual blood-relation%ip &1 ii4 #bje sq42 connection betwe5 ! blood-feud &1 ii4 #baa1 #gdh ,despotism1 a cause ( ! sev]ity ( crim9al codes1 i4 #aic-aif1 #aih2 a cause ( deceitful habits1 ii4 #hi1 #acj sq42 polit5ess eng5d]$ by1 ii4 #aeb2 love ( y\?s consid]$ inimical to1 ii4 #dgh sq4 ,det]m9ism1 i4 #cbj-cbb1 #cbe sq4 ,dh>na1 ! cu/om ( sitt+1 ii4 #bde ,diet1 re/rictions 91 *4 xxxvii1 sq4 7ii4 #bij-cde74 ,see ,food ,disease1 cur$ by contact ) a sa9t1 i4 #fc2 transf]5ce (1 i4 #fd sq42 suppos$ to be caus$ by sup]natural be+s1 i4 #cib sq41 ii4 #eib-eid2 by ! dead1 ii4 #ece2 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h di$ (1 i4 #cib1 ii4 #bch n4 #c1 #fih2 human fle% or blood p>tak5 ( z a rem$y aga9/1 i4 #dja1 ii4 #efb1 #efd sq42 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( cur+1 i4 #ddf1 #ddg1 #ded-deg2 cur$ at cross-roads1 ii4 #bef n4 #b4 ,see ,epidemics1 ,sick p]sons ,dis9t]e/$ antipa?ies4 ,see ,antipa?ies ---- lik+s4 ,see ,lik+s ,dis9t]e/$ness1 a *>act]i/ic ( moral concepts1 i4 #aja2 ( ! moral emotions1 i4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajg-abb ,divorce1 i4 #ead1 #ebh1 #fcj1 #fcb1 #fch1 #fda1 #fdf-fed1 ii4 #aib1 #cif-cih1 #dee ,dog-fight+1 ii4 #eji ,dogs1 self-reg>d+ pride 91 i4 #ci1 ii4 #acg sq42 sympa!tic res5tm5t 91 i4 #aab1 ii4 #eb2 cr$it$ ) a consci5ce1 i4 #bdi-bea2 ! kill+ (1 consid]$ pollut+1 i4 #cha n4 #f2 fight+ = _! k5nels or _! prey1 ii4 #ea2 suppos$ deceitfulness (1 ii4 #abe2 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #ccj1 #ccb2 tak5 = spirits 9 disguise1 ii4 #dia2 reg>d =1 ii4 #dic1 #eja1 #gje2 affection =1 ii4 #die sq42 ,er9yes (1 ii4 #ejd2 _! fe> ( /range ph5om5a1 ii4 #ehc ,dr9k1 z a conductor ( curses1 i4 #ehf1 #ehi-eia1 ii4 #aba1 #bjh1 #bji1 #efg1 #fhg-fhi ---- 1 intoxicat+1 prohibition (1 i4 #bbh1 ii4 #cda-cde2 ab/a9$ f aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cjb4 ,see ,drunk5ness1 ,intoxicants1 ,w9e ,droit d'auba9e1 ii4 #di ,dr[n$ p]sons1 ! future /ate (1 ii4 #bch1 #eba1 #fgh1 #fig sq4 ,drunk5ness1 i4 #caj1 ii4 #cch-cdd2 injuries committ$ 91 i4 #bgg-bhb1 #cjf2 attribut$ to possession by a god or _s1 i4 #bgh1 #bha1 ii4 #cdd ,duel1 !1 *4 xxi4 7i4 #dig-eaj72 i4 #afc1 #cjf1 ii4 #i1 #ade1 #ddi ,duty1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #acd-acg2 correspond+ to a "r1 i4 #adj sq42 ! relation betwe5 virtue &1 i4 #adi sq42 betwe5 m]it &1 i4 #aea #hdd ,duty1 ! feel+ (1 z a motive1 i4 #bhc sq4 ,,eaglehawks1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbf1 #ccb ,e>?ly desires1 s9fulness (1 ii4 #cfa-cfc ,eclipses1 suppos$ connection betwe5 human activity &1 ii4 #bhd sq42 fa/+ 9 connection )1 ii4 #cji sq42 ( ! moon1 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( evil spirits1 ii4 #cac ,education1 a means ( communicat+ res5tm5t1 i4 #aad sq42 its influ5ce on ! reg>d = tru?1 ii4 #abd2 on moral ideas relat+ to self-reg>d+ conduct1 ii4 #bff-bfh2 lead+ to homosexual practices1 ii4 #dfh-dgj ,eggs1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbj1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbi ,election1 div9e1 ! future /ate ( m5 det]m9$ by1 ii4 #gai sq4 ,elephants1 ! feel+ ( rev5ge 91 i4 #cg sq42 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbi ,emasculation1 z a puni%m5t1 i4 #de1 #eba4 ,see ,eunu* prie/s ,emigration1 puni%$ by law1 ii4 #age2 m injuri\s to ! ,/ate ?an suicide1 ii4 #bei ,emotions1 moral judgm5ts ref]r+ to1 i4 #bae ,endogamy1 ii4 #cgh-chb ,enemies1 kill+ (1 reg>d$ z praisewor?y1 i4 #cca-ccc2 ! future /ate influ5ce by ! kill+ (1 i4 #ccb1 #cgc1 ii4 #fic2 hospitality t[>ds1 i4 #egf1 #egg1 #ehg sq4 ,see ,blood-rev5ge1 ,=giv5ess1 ,rev5ge1 ,w> ,envy1 a h9drance to sympa!tic retributive k9dl9ess1 i4 #abi2 ( gods1 ii4 #cfa1 #gad1 #gaf ,epidemics1 suppos$ to be caus$ by sup]natural be+s1 i4 #bg1 ii4 #eib-eid2 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( /opp+ or prev5t+1 i4 #ff1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddi2 fa/+ dur+1 ii4 #cae ,equ9oxes1 fa/+ at1 ii4 #cji1 #caj1 #cab sq4 ,equival5ce1 ! rule (1 i4 #agg-ahj2 i4 #cd1 #ce1 #bjj1 #bag-bai1 #did1 #dif1 #eja1 #eaa1 #eai sq41 ii4 #bcc ,equivocation1 ii4 #ajj1 #aja1 #aag ,er9yes1 i4 #fj1 #cgi1 #dhb1 #efa1 #ehe1 #fbc1 #fbf1 ii4 #fh1 #ejd1 #gad1 #gae1 #gcb ,e?ics1 ! object ( sci5tific1 i4 #ah ,eu*>i/1 !1 i4 #fff1 ii4 #bie1 #dae n4 9999#h1 #dag1 #dhj1 #efd2 ! ordeal (1 ii4 #fij ,eunu* prie/s1 ii4 #djh1 #dad1 #dhh n4 #f ,evil1 mat]iali/ic conception (1 i4 #ef1 #eg1 #deg2 transf]5ce (1 comb9$ ) a sacrifice1 i4 #fb-fe ---- eye1 !1 i4 #efa1 #efc1 #ehd1 #eia-eid1 ii4 #bef n4 #b1 #ced ---- spirits1 lunatics suppos$ to be possess$ )1 i4 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bge1 ii4 #eic2 intoxicat$ p]sons suppos$ to be possess$ )1 i4 #bha1 ii4 #cdd2 p]secut+ gho/s replac$ by1 i4 #cgh sq41 ii4 #dic2 disease suppos$ to be caus$ by1 i4 #cib sq41 ii4 #eib-eid2 old wom5 reg>d$ z1 i4 #fai2 bury+ ap>t ( p]sons suppos$ to h be5 kill$ by1 ii4 #bci2 eclipses ( ! moon attribut$ to ! influ5ce (1 ii4 #cac2 wat] reg>d$ z haunt$ by1 ii4 #cee2 sc\rg+ z a means ( driv+ away1 ii4 #ceh2 sacr$ words z a weapon aga9/1 ii4 #dah2 c]ta9 animals tak5 =1 ii4 #dia2 but*]s reg>d$ z haunt$ by1 ii4 #dic2 prev5t$ f do+ h>m to ! dead1 ii4 #ebc1 #ebd1 #edd2 ! gho/s ( dead p]sons reg>d$ z1 ii4 #eca-ecd1 #fic2 places ( /rik+ appe>ance suppos$ to be haunt$ by1 ii4 #ehi2 unexpect$ ev5ts ascrib$ to ! influ5ce (1 ii4 #eid2 taboos impos$ ^u ! names (1 ii4 #fdj1 #fdb2 magic practis$ ) ! assi/ance (1 ii4 #fdi sq42 /ruggle ( m5 & gods aga9/1 ii4 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd-gjf1 #gbi ,execution]1 tribal1 i4 #agd sq42 ! injur$ p>ty act+ z1 i4 #ahd sq4 ,exogamy4 ,see ,ince/ ,expiation1 ii4 #cef-cfa2 fa/+ z a means (1 ii4 #cae-cah2 vic>i\s1 ii4 #gai sq4 ,expiatory sacrifice1 vic>i\s1 i4 #fe-gj1 #dch-ddj ,exposure ( infants1 i4 #djf-dab2 a s\rce ( slav]y1 i4 #fhi ,,fai?1 consid]$ necess>y = salvation1 ii4 #gai-gba1 #gbe-gbg4 ,see ,unbelief ,fai?fulness4 ,see ,good fai? ,false accusation1 i4 #ebb1 ii4 #gi1 #hj1 #adj-adb #hde ,false te/imony1 ii4 #hf n4 #d1 #ia1 #ib1 #if-ih1 #abc n4 #a1 #gag ,falsehood4 ,see ,tru?1 reg>d = ,family1 !1 i4 #aac1 #ecc1 #fbg sq41 ii4 #aie1 #aif1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bbc2 ! jo9t1 i4 #eci sq41 ii4 #bac-baf ,fam9es1 human sacrifices (f]$ 9 connection )1 i4 #ddb sq42 cannibalism caus$ by1 ii4 #eee1 #egg sq4 ,see ,crops ,fas1 i4 #egi sq41 ii4 #gag ,fa/+1 ii4 #bib-cah2 enjo9$ by religion1 i4 #bga1 ii4 #bdf1 #bib-bih1 #cjh-cah1 #ceh1 #djf1 #gbe2 z a means ( purification1 i4 #cge1 ii4 #bid-bif1 #ceh2 z a p5ance1 ii4 #bdf1 #cae-cah1 #djf2 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #bih-cjh1 #ebd1 #edd ,fat1 ab/95ce f1 i4 #ahg1 #bbi1 ii4 #cab ,fatalism1 i4 #cbc-cbf ,fa!r1 !1 8 au?ority ov] 8 *ildr51 *4 xxv4 7i4 #eig-fbh72 p]mitt$ to puni% 8 *ildr5 ) dea?1 i4 #cic sq42 to kill or expose 8 new-born *ildr51 i4 #cid-daa2 to inflict corporal puni%m5t ^u 8 *ildr51 i4 #eac-eae1 #fjg1 #faj2 to sell 8 *ildr51 i4 #eii1 #fjg1 #fji1 #faa1 #fab1 #fae1 #fge1 #fha1 #fhb1 #fhd1 #fhe1 #fhi1 #fia2 8 affection = 8 *ildr51 i4 #dja1 #djb1 #dje1 #ebi-ecc4 ii4 #ahg-aij1 #aic1 #cig1 #gdh2 oblig$ to protect & support 8 family1 i4 #ebf-ecc2 desc5t trac$ ?r\gh1 i4 #fee sq41 ii4 #dd-dg1 #ed1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bbj2 ! son all[$ to eat only c]ta9 foods aft] ! dea? (1 ii4 #cja sq4 ,see ,p>5ts ,fe>1 i4 #dj sq42 ( dea?1 ii4 #ece sq42 z an elem5t 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ii4 #fab-fad1 #gbe2 ( puni%m5t 9 ! future life1 ii4 #gce ,females1 ! sexual impulse (1 i4 #feg sq41 ii4 #dce ,feticide1 i4 #cgh1 #djh1 #dji1 #dac-dag1 ii4 #gje ,filial affection1 i4 #ecd-ech1 #fah1 #fei1 ii4 #aid1 #gdh ---- rev]5ce1 i4 #ecc-ech1 #fjj1 #fja1 #fjg-fac1 #faf-fbh1 ii4 #aid ,fir/born *ild1 !1 all *ildr5 kill$ except1 i4 #cih2 kill$1 i4 #deh-dfj1 ii4 #efb2 eat51 i4 #deh1 ii4 #efb2 reg>d$ z sacr$1 ii4 #ech n4 #b ,fir/born son1 !1 sacrifice (1 i4 #deg-dfa2 eat51 i4 #deh sq42 consid]$ id5tical ) 8 fa!r1 i4 #dfj2 fa/+ on ! eve ( ,passov]1 ii4 #bif4 ,see ,primog5iture ,fi%1 ang] %[n by1 i4 #bb1 ii4 #ea2 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbd sq42 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja2 def]5ce %[n =1 ii4 #dib2 kill+ (1 ii4 #dig sq4 ,fi%+ peoples1 ! position ( wom5 among1 i4 #ffj2 slav]y among1 i4 #fgb2 social aggregates (1 ii4 #aih-bjj2 fil?9ess a *>act]i/ic (1 ii4 #cdi ,flagellation1 ii4 #bid1 #ceg-cei ,flagrante delicto1 (f5d]s caught1 i4 #bij-bid1 ii4 #h1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #eh1 #dbi1 #ddg ,food1 prohibitory rules relat+ to1 *4 xxxvii4 sq4 7ii4 #bij-cde72 /eal+ (1 i4 #bhf1 #bhg1 #fgf1 ii4 #ad1 #ae1 #eg sq42 z a conductor ( curses1 i4 #ehf-eib1 ii4 #fbb-fbd2 detrim5tal to hol9ess1 ii4 #bid-bif2 ! eat+ ( c]ta9 k9ds (1 =bidd5 by gods1 ii4 #cbf1 #cc1 #cce1 #fga ,=be>ances1 i4 #bji1 #baj1 #cjc-cje ,=eign]s1 protect$ by ! *ief or k+1 i4 #ahj1 #aha1 #cch2 kill+ (1 i4 #cca-ccd1 #ccg-cd1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc2 sacrifice (1 i4 #dfg sq42 infliction ( bodily injuries ^u1 i4 #eai2 k9dness to1 i4 #ede1 #eef-eeh1 #egj-egb1 #eha2 enslav+ (1 i4 #fgd1 #fge1 #fhi1 #fij1 #fia1 #gad sq42 respect = ! propriet>y rights (1 ii4 #b1 #aa1 #ei2 demoralis+ influ5ce (1 ii4 #b1 #abf-abi1 see ,:ite m52 robb]y committ$ ^u1 ii4 #bj-be1 #eh sq42 r$uc$ to s]fdom1 ii4 #bd2 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 ii4 #di2 deceiv+ (1 ii4 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #id1 #ig1 #aab1 #abf-abi2 duties to1 ii4 #aff2 despis$1 ii4 #aga-agd1 #ecb2 disreg>d ( _! int]e/s1 ii4 #agf2 antipa?y to1 ii4 #bbg2 m>riages )1 ii4 #cgh1 #cha sq42 eat51 ii4 #eed2 sacrilege committ$ by1 ii4 #fdh4 ,see ,/rang]s ,=g]y1 puni%$ ) dea?1 i4 #ahg sq42 ) mutilation1 i4 #eba ,=giv5ess1 i4 #gc-gi1 #hd-hh1 #ii1 #caa1 #cah1 ii4 #ade1 #cfj ,f\ndation sacrifices4 ,see ,build+s ,f[ls1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbj-cbb1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccb2 affection =1 ii4 #die #hdf ,foxes1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbg ,frat]nal affection1 ii4 #aid1 #aie1 #gdh ---- duties1 i4 #ech1 ii4 #gdh ,fraud4 ,see ,tru?1 reg>d = ,free love1 *4 xlii4 7ii4 #dbb-dee74 ,see ,un*a/ity ,fre$m51 m>riages )1 i4 #fhh1 ii4 #cgi2 n all[$ to br+ crim9al *>ges aga9/ freeborn p]sons1 i4 #fig ,fre$om1 p]sonal1 i4 #eig1 ii4 #bfe ,free-w1 moral valuation &1 i4 #cbj-cbf ,frogs1 prohibition ( eat+1 ii4 #cba ,fun]al rites1 ii4 #eai-ebh1 #ecf-eeb2 ! ord9>y1 d5i$ to suicides1 ii4 #bch1 #bdh1 #bej1 #beb-bed1 #edi4 ,see ,blood 7effusion (1 at fun]als2 (f]$ to ! dead71 ,burial1 ,cremation1 ,dead 7human sacrifices to !2 (f]+s to !71 ,self-mutilation 7aft] a dea?7 ,future life1 belief 9 retribution 9 a1 among civilis$ races1 i4 #beh1 #bei1 #eai1 #eej-eec1 #eee1 #eef1 #egi1 #ehj1 #fbe1 #fej1 #fhc1 #fhg1 ii4 #afe1 #bhd1 #cda1 #dag1 #dgi1 #dig1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gjf1 #gjh-gac1 #gae1 #gaf1 #gah-gbj1 #gbe1 #gcd sq42 among uncivilis$ peoples1 i4 #djc1 #edb-edd1 #egh1 ii4 #ei1 #fj1 #fi1 #aae1 #bga1 #bgb1 #fga-fha1 #fhc-fhe1 #fij-fie2 ! belief 9 a1 ii4 #eae sq42 its influ5ce on ! notions conc]n+ homicide1 i4 #chb2 conc]n+ ! kill+ ( old or sick p]sons1 i4 #cij1 #cib2 conc]n+ infanticide1 i4 #daa sq42 conc]n+ feticide1 i4 #daf sq42 conc]n+ suicide1 ii4 #bce-bcg1 #bdd1 #bec1 #bfb4 ,see ,dead ---- /ate1 !1 ( p]sons :o h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 i4 #bf1 ii4 #edd1 #edi1 #fig sq42 :o h n sla9 any enemies1 i4 #ccb2 :o h sla9 enemies1 i4 #cgc1 ii4 #fic2 :o h di$ ( old age1 i4 #cij1 ii4 #bce1 #bch n4 #c1 #fih2 ( disease1 i4 #cib1 ii4 #bch n4 #c1 #fih2 by viol5ce1 i4 #dha sq41 ii4 #bcg-bci1 #bdb2 by accid5t1 ii4 #bch1 #bci1 #bda2 by />vation1 ii4 #bch n4 #c2 :o h committ$ suicide1 ii4 #bce-bci1 #bdb-bdd1 #bdf1 #bec1 #bfb1 #fid1 #gaj2 :o h be5 kill$ 9 w>1 ii4 #bcg1 #eba1 #fid1 #fig1 #gjd1 #gjh2 :o h be5 dr[n$1 ii4 #bch1 #eba1 #fgh1 #fig sq42 :o h suff]$ pa9 9 ?is life1 ii4 #cfj2 :o h di$ unm>ri$ & *ildless1 ii4 #cii-djd2 :o h refra9$ f connections ) wom51 ii4 #dad sq42 :o h committ$ p]jury1 ii4 #gae sq42 ( wom51 i4 #ffb sq41 ii4 #fgc2 ( wom5 :o h di$ 9 *ildbir?1 ii4 #bch n4 #c1 #fgh2 ( *ildr51 ii4 #fgc1 #gbg2 ( unbaptis$ *ildr51 i4 #daa1 #dab1 #daf sq41 ii4 #gba-gbc2 ( ! hea!n1 ii4 #gbj sq42 influ5c$ by human sacrifices (f]$ to ! dead1 i4 #dgb-dgf1 ii4 #eah2 by ! mutilations & self-ble$+s ( m\rn]s1 i4 #dgf1 ii4 #edg2 by k ( religi\s tru?1 ii4 #acb-acd1 #gai-gba1 #gbe-gbg2 by ! treatm5t ( ! dead p]son's corpse1 ii4 #bch1 #eba-ebc1 #edf1 #edh1 #fid1 #gjd2 by (f]+s made to ! dead1 ii4 #djj-djd1 #eag1 #eah1 #ebd1 #eci1 #fib1 #gjj1 #gja1 #gjd1 #gjh2 by alms giv5 on behalf ( ! dead1 ii4 #eej-eeb2 by pray] on behalf ( ! dead1 ii4 #eeb2 by curses1 ii4 #fib1 #fic1 #gjh1 #gji1 #gae sq42 by rank1 ii4 #fih2 by magical practices1 ii4 #gjj1 #gja1 #gjf1 #gji1 #gaj1 #gab2 by vic>i\s expiation1 ii4 #gai sq42 by div9e election1 ii4 #gai sq42 by fai?1 ii4 #gai-gba1 #gbe-gbg2 by sacram5tal grace1 ii4 #gai sq41 by baptism1 ii4 #gba-gbc ,,g5]ality1 ! moral emotions *>act]is$ by a flav\r (1 i4 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aag-abc ,g5]osity1 *>ity &1 *4 xxiii4 7i4 #ebf-efi7 ,gifts1 bless+s pron\nc$ by recipi5ts (1 i4 #efa-efe2 ! dang] ( accept+1 i4 #eic sq4 ,girls1 at pub]ty1 ii4 #cjg sq4 ,gluttony1 ii4 #bij sq4 ,goat-dung1 a means ( purification1 i4 #cgf -----fle%1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbb1 #ccb ,god1 def9ition ( ! t]m1 ii4 #fjb ,goddesses1 jeal\s ( ! *a/ity ( _! prie/s1 ii4 #dad ,gods1 duties to1 *4 xlviii4 sq4 7ii4 #fjb-ffb72 z gu>dians ( morality1 *s4 l4-lii4 7ii4 #ffc-gcg72 puni% innoc5t p]sons 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9s ( ! guilty1 i4 #dh-gb1 ii4 #ffj2 puni% un*a/ity1 i4 #di1 ii4 #fge2 curses p]sonifi$ #hdg & elevat$ to ! rank ( sup]natural ag5ts or1 i4 #fj1 #cgi1 #dhb1 #efa1 #ehe1 #fbc1 #fbd1 #fbf1 ii4 #fh1 #aaf1 #gae1 #gcb2 human sacrifices (f]$ to1 i4 #fb1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #cci1 #dcd-dgb1 ii4 #bie1 #bif1 #dai1 #eei1 #efb1 #efc1 #egi1 #fea1 #fig2 rew>d undes]v+ p]sons 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]its ( o!rs1 i4 #if-ii1 ii4 #ffj2 connection betwe5 ! sev]ity ( puni%m5t & ! belief 91 i4 #aic-aih2 disob$i5ce to1 i4 #aid-aih1 ii4 #fei sq42 rev5geful feel+s attribut$ to1 i4 #aid1 #aih1 #dch-ddj1 #dga sq41 ii4 #ffj1 #ffa1 #ffg1 #ffh1 #gjb1 #gad2 atta* undue importance to ! outw>d aspect ( conduct1 i4 #bbg-bca1 #bcc-bce1 ii4 #gad2 judge ^u human actions )\t mu* reg>d to _! motives1 i4 #bii-cjb2 puni% homicide1 i4 #cgh-chj1 ii4 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fgf1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gjj1 #gad1 #gag1 #gcb2 curses trans=m$ into attributes (1 i4 #cgi1 #efa1 #efb1 #ehe1 #fbd1 ii4 #fh1 #aaf1 #gae2 blood pollution %unn$ by1 i4 #chj-chb2 enjo9 or approve ( *>ity1 i4 #edi-eeh4 #efa-efi1 ii4 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fii1 #gje1 #gaa1 #gag1 #gah1 #gbe1 #gbf1 #gcb2 appeal$ to 9 curses or oa?s1 i4 #efa1 #efd sq41 ii4 #ff1 #fg1 #abj-abc1 #feh1 #fhf-fij1 #fii1 #gca sq42 9 bless+s1 i4 #efb1 #efd sq41 ii4 #fhf1 #gca2 enjo9 hospitality1 i4 #egh-ehj1 ii4 #ffi1 #gaa1 #gad1 #gag1 #gah1 #gbf1 #gcb2 expos$ to ! curses ( m51 i4 #ehe1 ii4 #fah-fbd1 #fcf1 #fch1 #fef-fei1 #gjj2 protect refugees1 i4 #ehe1 ii4 #fbi-fcc1 #fcf1 #fch1 #gad2 enjo9 reg>d = p>5ts1 i4 #faj1 #fbd1 ii4 #gaa1 #gad1 #gag1 #gcb2 puni% ab&on+ ( old p]sons1 i4 #fbj2 puni% disrespect = *iefs1 i4 #fbf2 wom5 %unn$ by1 i4 #ffd-fff2 gu>dians ( prop]ty1 ii4 #ei-fi1 #ffi1 #fge-fgg1 #fgi1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gad1 #gag1 #gcb2 guilty ( falsehood1 ii4 #id1 #ie1 #ih2 gu>dians ( tru? & good fai?1 ii4 #if1 #aad-abc1 #abh1 #abi1 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fge-fgg1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gjc-gje1 #gjg1 #gaa1 #gad1 #gag1 #gbf1 #gcb2 p]jury reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/1 ii4 #abb1 #abb sq4 n4 #aj2 p]jury puni%$ by1 ii4 #abc n4 #a1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gad2 condemn pride1 ii4 #add sq42 diff]5t1 fus$ into "o1 ii4 #bbe sq42 approve ( suicide1 ii4 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bfa2 suicide (f5sive to1 ii4 #bcg1 #bdc1 #bde-bdi1 #bea-bed1 #bfj1 #bfc2 agriculture pleas+ to1 ii4 #bge1 #bgg2 comm5d indu/ry1 ii4 #bge1 #bhj1 #bha1 #fge1 #gje2 require pure sacrifices1 ii4 #bie sq42 prohibit ! eat+ ( c]ta9 foods1 ii4 #cbf1 #ccj1 #cce #fga2 disapprove ( ab/95ce f intoxicat+ dr9k1 ii4 #cci2 disapprove ( drunk5ness1 ii4 #cdb2 dem& c]emonial cleanl9ess1 ii4 #ceb1 #cec1 #gjj n4 #e1 #gje1 #gah1 #gbf2 puni% ablutions1 ii4 #cee2 self-mortification pleas+ to1 ii4 #cef-cfa1 #dba2 excit+ ! compassion (1 ii4 #cfa2 envi\s ( m51 ii4 #cfa1 #gad1 #gaf2 puni% ince/1 ii4 #cge1 #cgf1 #fga2 wom5 m>ri$ to1 ii4 #dab-dad2 sexual 9999pollution %unn$ by1 ii4 #dah2 addict$ to homosexual practices1 ii4 #dgb1 #dgd2 eat+ (1 ii4 #efc sq41 see ,totem2 ! t5d5cy to make !m m & m p]fect1 ii4 #eii1 #fjj1 #gcj1 #gca1 #gcc sq42 n necess>ily immortal1 ii4 #fjb sq42 kill+ (1 ii4 #fjb-faj1 #gec sq41 see ,totem2 puni%$ by m51 ii4 #faj2 subject to human ne$s1 ii4 #faj sq42 sacrifices to1 ii4 #faa-fbf1 see ,sacrifice2 fe> (1 ii4 #fab-fad1 #gbe2 malevol5t1 ii4 #fac1 #ffe-ffg1 #gjf1 #gjg1 #gji1 #gad1 #gaf1 #gbh1 #gbi1 #gcc2 b5evol5t1 ii4 #fac-fae1 #ffg-ffi1 #fig-gjh1 #gab1 #gac1 #gaf1 #gbe1 #gbh1 #gbi1 #gca2 assi/ance expect$ f1 ii4 #fad-faf2 gratitude to1 ii4 #fae sq42 prop]ty (1 ii4 #fbf sq42 self-reg>d+ pride (1 ii4 #fci-fee2 blasphemy aga9/1 ii4 #fci1 #fdj1 #gai2 taboos impos$ ^u ! names (1 ii4 #fdj-fdc2 intol]ance (1 ii4 #fdc-fdg1 #fdi1 #fej1 #feb2 tol]ance (1 ii4 #fdg-fdi1 #feb sq42 free f human weaknesses1 ii4 #feb2 pray]s to1 ii4 #fec-fei1 see ,pray]2 prie/s reg>d$ z manife/ations (1 ii4 #feg1 #gji2 ! communal "* ( ! relations betwe5 m5 & _!1 ii4 #ffa2 selection (1 ii4 #ffb1 #gbi sq42 puni% transgressions ( cu/om1 ii4 #fgj1 #gbh2 puni% bad behavi\r t[>ds old & sick p]sons1 ii4 #fgb1 #fge2 puni% adult]y1 ii4 #fge1 #fgf1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gjj1 #gag2 love ju/ice1 ii4 #fge1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gjc1 #gjd1 #gcb2 approve ( val\r1 ii4 #fgi2 fight+ aga9/ evil #hdh spirits1 ii4 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd-gjf1 #gbi2 invok$ by ?ieves1 ii4 #gcc4 ,see ,gu>dian spirits1 ,religion1 ,sup]natural be+s1 ,supreme be+s1 ,totem ,gold5 rule1 !1 i4 #ajb sq4 ,good1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #ade-adg ---- de$s1 i4 #bii-cjb ,good fai?1 reg>d = tru? &1 *4 xxx4 sq4 7ii4 #gb-aca7 ,gratitude1 i4 #ba1 #db1 #dc1 #ic1 #id1 #cah1 #cai1 #ech1 #fah1 ii4 #aed-aff2 to gods1 ii4 #fae sq4 ,greet+s1 i4 #eij-eib1 ii4 #adf1 #adg1 #adi-aea ,greg>i\s in/9ct1 !1 ii4 #aig sq4 ,greg>i\sness1 i4 #id1 #ie1 #aac1 ii4 #aie-aig4 #gdh ,grief1 expressions (1 ii4 #bhc1 #cjh1 #caf1 #ebh ,gr\p m>riage1 ii4 #chg1 #cib-cif1 #geb ,gu>dian spirits1 i4 #cgc1 #dfd sq41 ii4 #baj1 #djf1 #ebh-eca1 #ehh1 #fff1 #ffh1 #ffi1 #fge1 #fgf1 #gjb ,,habit1 ! influ5ce (1 on moral ideas1 i4 #aei1 #afj1 #djb1 #ecc1 #eei1 #fdf1 ii4 #eb1 #abe-aca1 #adf1 #ahe1 #bgb1 #cce1 #cdc1 #cea1 #cib1 #ddj1 #dda1 #dee1 #dga1 #dhd1 #eji1 #egg1 #egh1 #ehj2 on ! au?ority ( ! law1 i4 #afc sq4 ,hair1 conditional curses seat$ 9 !1 i4 #eg sq4 ,h&icraft1 moral valuation (1 ii4 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgh-bhj1 #bhb sq4 ,h&%ak+1 ii4 #aej1 #aea1 #fbc sq4 ,happ9ess1 reg>d = o!r p]sons' *4 xxxiii4 7ii4 #aec-ahe72 = "o's own1 ii4 #bfe ,h>es1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #ccc sq4 ,head-hunt+1 i4 #ccc1 #cgc1 #edd ,he$lessness1 i4 #baa1 #cje-caj ,hell1 notions ab\t1 ii4 #fj1 #bhd1 #dag1 #fgb1 #fgd1 #fge1 #fgg1 #fgh1 #fhc1 #fib1 #gjf1 #gbc1 #gbd1 #gbg ,h]esy1 ii4 #fdf sq42 puni%m5t (1 i4 #dg1 #ej1 #bde1 #dic2 consid]$ a legitimate cause ( w>1 i4 #cdi-ceb1 #cei2 judicial torture 9 cases (1 i4 #ebc2 a b> to int]m>riage1 ii4 #chj sq42 homosexual practices associat$ )1 ii4 #dhf-dhi2 ! future /ate influ5c$ by1 ii4 #gba ,hol9ess1 mu/ n be defil$ by curses or oa?s1 i4 #eh1 #fbe1 ii4 #fch2 by blood1 i4 #chj-chb2 by wom51 i4 #ffd-fff2 by food1 ii4 #bid-bif2 by c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 ii4 #cbb2 by intoxicat+ dr9k1 ii4 #cdd sq42 by sexual pollution1 ii4 #dae-dbj1 #geb2 v susceptible to any pollut+ influ5ce1 ii4 #ceb1 #cec1 #fjh-faj2 objects end[$ )1 mu/ n be appropriat$ = ord9>y purposes1 ii4 #fbg sq42 a god's1 pollut$ by 8 "n be+ m5tion$ 9 pr(ane conv]sation1 ii4 #fdc2 attribut$ to sacrificial victims1 i4 #fc1 #fe1 #fi1 #ddd-ddg1 ii4 #efc1 #fbe1 #feh2 its magic virtue transf]r$ by contact1 i4 #fc-fe1 #fi1 #ddd-ddf1 ii4 #fje1 #fjf1 #fbe1 #ged2 by eat+1 i4 #ddf1 ii4 #efb-efd1 #fje1 #fbe2 by sexual int]c\rse1 i4 #eic1 ii4 #ddd-ddf1 #dhh2 look$ ^u z a transf]able entity1 i4 #ehf1 ii4 #fjg-faj1 #ged2 contact )1 reg>d$ z dang]\s1 ii4 #ech n4 #b ,see ,sacr$ places ,home1 love (1 ii4 #afg-afi1 #agi sq4 ,home/ead1 sanctity ( !1 i4 #ehg1 ii4 #fce n4 #d ,homicide1 9 g5]al1 *s4 xiv-xvi4 7i4 #cbg-chb72 puni%$ ) dea? i4 #aga1 #agb1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #dia1 #dib2 consid]$ pollut+1 i4 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #cge-chb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b1 #bfb1 #gad2 /igmatis$ by religion1 i4 #cde1 #cdf1 #cgh-chj1 #chb1 ii4 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fgf1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gad1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gag1 #gcb2 ! influ5ce ( rank on ! crim9ality (1 i4 #dcj-dcc2 duels 9 cases (1 i4 #eja sq4 ,see ,blood-rev5ge1 ,comp5sation = homicide1 ,duel1 ,head hunt+1 ,human sacrifice1 ,kill+1 ,manslaught]1 ,manslay]s1 ,puni%m5t ( ,dea?1 ,w> ,homosexual love1 *4 xliii4 7ii4 #def-dhi71 #geb sq4 ,honey1 ab/a9$ f aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja ,hon\r1 duels (1 i4 #dih-ejc1 #ejg-eaj2 respect = o!r m5's1 ii4 #acg-adc ,hope1 z an elem5t 9 religion1 ii4 #fad1 #gce2 9 rew>ds aft] dea?1 ii4 #gce ,horses1 /eal+ (1 i4 #ahg sq41 ii4 #ad2 ab/95ce f ! fle% (1 ii4 #cbb1 #cce ,hospitality1 *4 xxiv4 7i4 #egj-eif72 i4 #ccc1 #cdj1 #edj1 #edb1 #edc1 #ede1 #edh1 #edi1 #eee2 enjo9$ by religion1 i4 #hdi #egh-ehj1 ii4 #ffi1 #gaa1 #gad1 #gae1 #gag1 #gah1 #gbf1 #gcb ,h\ses1 /eal+ f1 i4 #ahg sq41 ii4 #ae1 #af1 #eh1 see ,burgl>y2 asylums1 i4 #ehg1 ii4 #fcj1 #fce n4 #d1 #fcf sq4 ,human effigies1 sacrifice (1 i4 #dfh-dgj1 #dge ---- sacrifice1 *4 xix4 7i4 #dcd-dgf72 i4 #bf-bh1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe-fg1 #cci1 #dhf1 ii4 #bcd1 #bie1 #bif1 #dai1 #dej1 #dea1 #eah1 #egi1 #fea1 #fig2 ! execution ( blood-rev5ge a k9d (1 i4 #dgf1 #dha sq42 suicide z a k9d (1 ii4 #bcd-bcf2 comb9$ ) cannibalism1 ii4 #eei1 #efb sq4 ,humility1 ii4 #add-adf2 sacrifice z a symbol (1 ii4 #fbe sq4 ,hunt+ peoples1 vegetable food provid$ by ! wom5 among1 i4 #fcd1 ii4 #bgc2 ! position ( wom5 among1 i4 #ffj sq42 slav]y h>dly kn[n among1 i4 #fgb2 social aggregates (1 ii4 #aih-bjj2 ! =m ( m>riage among1 ii4 #chi sq4 ,husb&s1 _! p[] ov] _! wives1 *4 xxvi4 7i4 #fbi-ffi72 wives puni%$ if convict$ ( a design to kill _!1 i4 #bde2 crimes committ$ by wives 9 ! pres5ce ( _!1 i4 #bhd2 kill+ _! wives1 i4 #dah1 #dai1 #fca2 wives kill+ _!1 i4 #dai sq42 wives sacrific$ on ! dea? ( _!1 i4 #dgb-dgd1 ii4 #dej sq42 wives committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( _!1 i4 #dgc sq41 ii4 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bdg2 inflict+ bodily injuries ^u _! wives1 i4 #ead-eaf1 #fca2 _! duty to protect & support _! wives1 i4 #ebf-ebi1 #ecb sq42 l5d+ _! wives to gue/s1 i4 #ege1 #eic2 liv+ ) _! fa!rs-9-law1 i4 #fja1 #fef sq41 ii4 #bjb1 #bjc2 curses (1 i4 #fbf2 sell+ _! wives z slaves1 i4 #fge4 #fhd2 belief 9 a my/]i\s bond ( sympa?y betwe5 wives &1 ii4 #bje2 wives fa/+ on ! dea? ( _!1 ii4 #bih-cja2 adult]y committ$ by1 ii4 #cig1 #dea-dee2 eat+ _! wives1 ii4 #eee4 ,see ,m>ital affection1 ,m>riage1 ,wid[]s ,,idiots1 injuries committ$ by1 i4 #bfi-bgc1 #bge2 objects ( religi\s rev]5ce1 i4 #bgj sq42 k9dness to1 i4 #edg ,idl5ess1 ii4 #bfh-bgg1 #bha sq42 a cause ( uncleanl9ess1 ii4 #cej sq4 ,illegitimate *ildr51 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 i4 #dg1 ii4 #df1 #dh1 #di1 #ef sq42 treatm5t (1 i4 #dg1 ii4 #dca1 #dci2 sacrifice (1 i4 #dfg ,imp>tiality1 app>5t1 a *>act]i/ic ( ! moral emotions1 i4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aag-abb ,inanimate ?+s1 rev5g$ ^u or puni%$1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bfj-bfd1 #cjh2 retributive emotions evok$ by1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bfj-bfd1 #cae1 #cah2 conceiv$ z animate1 i4 #bg1 #bfc1 ii4 #eie2 moral praise & blame n appli$ to1 i4 #cai ,incantations1 ii4 #fef-fei ,ince/1 prohibition & horror (1 i4 #agd4 #age1 #agg1 #aig4 #dib1 ii4 #cfd-cgh1 #gdg-geb2 /igmatis$ by religion1 ii4 #cge1 #cgf1 #fga ,indemnification1 i4 #afh1 #afi1 #cjh sq4 ,see ,comp5sation ,indep5d5ce1 love ( national1 ii4 #agj1 #age ,indiff]5t1 ! morally1 i4 #aed-aeg ,indu/ry1 ii4 #bfh-bhb2 comm5d$ by religion1 ii4 #bge1 #bhj1 #bha1 #fge1 #gje2 cleanl9ess promot$ by1 ii4 #ce ,infanticide1 i4 #cgh1 #cid-dac1 #fcc1 ii4 #efb2 suppos$ relation%ip betwe5 ! social reaction aga9/ homosexuality & aga9/1 ii4 #dhd1 #dhe1 #geb sq4 ,infants1 exposure (1 i4 #djf-dab2 a s\rce ( slav]y1 i4 #fhi4 ,see ,infanticide ,inh]itance1 rules (1 ii4 #dd-di1 #ec-eg ,initiation c]emonies1 in/itut$ by ! ,all-fa!r1 ii4 #fga ,inju/ice1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #ada-ade ,inju/ice1 puni%$ by ! supreme be+1 ii4 #fge ,in/9ct1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 ii4 #cgd n4 #b ,insults1 i4 #ci1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #eji1 #eaj1 #ebd sq41 ii4 #aaj1 #ach-adc2 to ! dead1 ii4 #eai2 to gods1 ii4 #fci-feb ,intellectual disability1 ag5ts "u1 *4 x4 7i4 #bdi-bhb7 ,intemp]ance1 ii4 #bij sq4 ,int5tions1 i4 #bjd-bjf1 #bab sq42 puni%m5t ( b>e1 i4 #bdd sq4 ,intol]ance1 religi\s1 ii4 #fdc-fec #hej ,intoxicants1 religi\s1 v5]ation (1 ii4 #eia sq4 ,see ,dr9k1 intoxicat+2 ,drunk5ness2 ,w9e ,inv]sion1 sexual1 ii4 #dfe-dgj1 #geb sq4 ,,jeal\sy1 ii4 #chg1 #chi1 #ddi1 #dej1 #gea ,j9n 7jnn71 i4 #cgh1 #cgi1 #fai1 ii4 #cee1 #dic4 #ehi1 #eic-eid1 #fdj1 #fdb1 #fej ,jo9t family1 !1 i4 #eci sq41 ii4 #bac-baf ,judgm5t ( ,god1 w> look$ ^u z a1 i4 #ceh1 #cfj2 ! duel z a1 i4 #ejd-ejg4 ,see ,ordeals ,jus prim noctis1 ii4 #cie1 #geb ,ju/ice1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #ada-ade ,ju/ice1 ! s5se (1 among savages1 i4 #abd1 #abf-abi2 lov$ by gods1 ii4 #fge1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gjc1 #gjd4 #gcb ,k>ma1 ii4 #gaa ,kill+1 9 self-def5ce1 i4 #bhh-bij2 ( =eign]s1 i4 #cca-ccd1 #ccg-cd1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc2 ( enemies1 i4 #cca-ccc1 #cgc1 ii4 #fic2 ( slaves1 i4 #cgh1 #dba-dbi1 #fif1 #gjg2 ( infants by _! p>5ts1 i4 #cgh1 #cid-dac1 #fcc1 ii4 #efb2 ( human embryos1 i4 #cgh1 #djh1 #dji1 #dac-dag1 ii4 #gje2 ( p>5ts by _! *ildr51 i4 #chc-chf1 #ebb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 or ab&on+ ( ag$ p>5ts1 i4 #chf-cij1 #fjf1 #fjg1 #fab1 #fbj2 or ab&on+ ( sick p]sons1 i4 #cia-cic1 ii4 #edb2 ( gr[n-up *ildr5 by _! p>5ts1 i4 #cic sq41 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 ( wives by _! husb&s1 i4 #dah1 #dai1 #fca2 ( wom51 i4 #dah-dba2 ( husb&s by _! wives1 i4 #dai sq42 ( freem5 by slaves1 i4 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dia n4 #e2 ( *iefs1 i4 #dcj2 ( ! fir/born *ild1 i4 #deh-dfj1 ii4 #efb2 ( ! fir/born son1 i4 #deh-dfa2 ( dep>t$ s\ls1 ii4 #eaf sq42 ( div9e be+s1 ii4 #fjb-faj1 #gec sq42 ( disappo9t+ magicians1 ii4 #fji4 ,see ,blood-rev5ge1 ,comp5sation = homicide1 ,duel1 ,head hunt+1 ,homicide1 ,human sacrifice1 ,manslaught]1 ,manslay]s1 ,puni%m5t ( dea?1 ,suicide1 ,w> ,kill+ ( animals1 *4 xliv4 7ii4 #dij-ead72 9 consequ5ce ( h>m done by !m1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bea-bfj2 ( sacr$ animals1 i4 #bbg1 ii4 #fjc-fjf1 #fji2 ( totem animals1 ii4 #baj1 #fjc1 #fjd1 #fjf2 ( v]m91 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bea2 dogs1 i4 #cha n4 #f1 ii4 #eja2 monkeys1 ii4 #cbi1 #dij1 #eac2 buffaloes1 ii4 #ccj2 %eep1 ii4 #ccj2 cattle1 ii4 #ccj1 #dic sq42 c[s1 ii4 #ccj1 #cca1 #dig2 ! pl\gh+ ox1 9999ii4 #ccj1 #cca1 #dic4 #did1 #ejd2 calves1 ii4 #cca2 bees1 ii4 #dij2 pigeons1 ii4 #dij2 /orks1 ii4 #dij2 swall[s1 ii4 #dij2 rav5s1 ii4 #dia2 toads1 ii4 #dia2 fi%1 ii4 #dig sq4 ,see ,sacrifice ,k+1 !1 ti$ by cu/om1 i4 #afa sq42 ! poor & ! weak protect$ by1 i4 #ahj sq42 ! "r ( p>don a pr]ogative (1 i4 #aib1 #aif1 #bbf2 an object ( religi\s v5]ation1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #fjf-faj1 #ged2 homicide committ$ by ! comm& (1 i4 #bhe2 /rang]s protect$ by1 i4 #cch2 homicide reg>d$ z an injury inflict$ ^u1 i4 #cgd2 sacrific$1 i4 #ddc1 #dff2 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( sav+ ! life (1 i4 #ded-deg1 #dff2 propriet>y rights (1 ii4 #cc2 loyalty to1 ii4 #ahj1 #ahb2 suicide reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/1 ii4 #bdj1 #bfc n4 #a2 taboos impos$ ^u1 ii4 #bhg sq41 #djg1 #dah2 ! cu/om ( %utt+ up doors us$ by1 ii4 #ech n4 #b2 cannibalism z a duty incumb5t ^u1 ii4 #eeh2 kill+ (1 ii4 #fjf-faj1 #gec sq42 8 burial place an asylum1 ii4 #fcj2 8 h\se an asylum1 ii4 #fcf2 8 p]son an asylum1 ii4 #fcf sq42 swe>+ on ! life (1 ii4 #fcg2 crim9als prev5t$ f curs+1 ii4 #fcg2 curses pron\nc$ by1 ii4 #gjc ,k9%ip1 mutual assi/ance impos$ z a duty by1 i4 #ech-edj2 ! social influ5ce (1 ii4 #aih1 #bja-bjf1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #gdh4 ,see ,desc5t ,knots1 magic1 ii4 #ehe1 #fai1 #feb ,k1 reg>d =1 ii4 #aca-acf2 ( religi\s tru?1 influ5c+ ! future /ate1 ii4 #acb-acd1 #gai-gba1 #gbe-gbg ,kn[n concomitants ( acts1 i4 #bab-bad1 #bdi ,,lab\r1 ii4 #bfh-bhc2 ! division (1 betwe5 ! sexes i4 #fcc-fcg1 ii4 #bga2 prop]ty acquir$ by1 ii4 #da-dc1 #ec1 #fi-ga2 susp5sion (1 #hea on v>i\s occasions1 ii4 #bhc-bhi2 tempor>ily =bidd5 to m5 :o h eat5 human fle%1 ii4 #ege ,l-7ahd1 ii4 #fbc sq4 ,lam5tations at fun]als1 ii4 #ebd1 #ebh1 #eda sq4 ,l&m>ks1 remov+ (1 i4 #ahf1 ii4 #fj1 #fa1 #fg-fi1 #gjc1 #gad1 #gag ,language1 z a communicator ( moral emotions1 i4 #aae-aag2 z an expression ( moral concepts1 i4 #aca-acc2 ! influ5ce ( a common1 ii4 #afg1 #agj1 #aha2 z an emblem ( nationality1 ii4 #bbd sq4 ,l-7r1 i4 #eg1 #eh1 #eff1 #ehf1 #ehg1 #eia1 ii4 #ehd-ehf1 #fah-fbj1 #fbc1 #fch ,laws1 cu/oms &1 z expressions ( moral ideas1 *4 vii4 7i4 #aeh-bja72 _! relations to cu/oms1 i4 #afc-aff ,l5t fa/1 ii4 #bie1 #cjh sq4 ,levirate1 !1 i4 #ebh ,lex talionis4 ,see ,equival5ce1 ! rule ( ,libel1 i4 #ebb1 ii4 #if1 #ada ,lightn+1 p]sons /ruck by1 i4 #bf1 ii4 #bci1 #edd1 #edi1 #fig sq4 ,lik+s1 dis9t]e/$1 i4 #aag1 ii4 #af1 #eh1 #ahe1 #bbg1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bfg1 #gdd-gdf ,limbus1 ii4 #gbb ,lions1 _! fe> ( /range ph5om5a1 ii4 #ehc ,love4 ,see ,affection1 ,free love1 ,homosexual love ,loyalty1 ii4 #ahj1 #ahb ,lunacy1 attribut$ to demoniacal possession1 i4 #bgj1 #bgd sq41 ii4 #eic2 to malignant magical ag5cy1 i4 #cag1 ii4 #eca sq42 reg>d$ z a div9e puni%m5t1 i4 #bgd sq42 z a puni%m5t inflict$ by a sa9t1 ii4 #fbh ,lunatics1 injuries committ$ by1 i4 #ahi1 #bfi-bgg1 #bih1 #bii1 #caf1 #cag1 #cai2 objects ( religi\s rev]5ce1 i4 #bgj sq41 ii4 #eij2 burn$ z wit*es1 i4 #bgc ,luxury1 ii4 #bff ,ly+4 ,see ,tru?1 reg>d = ,lyn*+1 i4 #ia ,,madness4 ,see ,lunacy ,magic1 reg>d$ z a cause ( dea?1 i4 #bd1 #bi1 ii4 #ecd1 #fea2 z a cause ( lunacy1 i4 #cag1 ii4 #eca sq42 exp]tness 91 attribut$ to /rang]s1 i4 #ehd2 to old p]sons1 i4 #fai sq42 to wom51 i4 #fbj1 #fff-ffh2 ! position ( slaves influ5c$ by ! dread (1 i4 #gaf2 fa/+ 9 connection )1 ii4 #bic sq42 def9itions (1 ii4 #ehd1 #gec2 attitude ( religion t[>ds1 ii4 #fdi1 #fej1 #feb1 #gec2 its influ5ce on moral ideas1 ii4 #fif2 suppos$ to influ5ce ! future /ate ( m51 ii4 #gjj1 #gja1 #gjf1 #gji1 #gaj1 #gab4 ,see ,bless+s1 ,blood1 ,*>ms1 ,cross1 ,cross-roads1 ,curses1 ,evil eye1 ,knots1 ,l-7ahd1 ,l-7r1 ,magicians1 ,oa?s1 ,ordeals1 ,pray]1 ,purificatory c]emonies1 ,sacrifice1 ,sexual int]c\rse 7z a magical or religi\s rite71 ,spitt+1 ,transf]5ce1 ,wit*craft ----1 homoeopa?ic1 ii4 #ddf n4 #g1 #gec ----1 sympa!tic1 i4 #ehi sq41 ii4 #bjd1 #bje1 #bji n4 #e1 #edf1 #eff1 #fdc ,magicians1 curses (1 i4 #efc2 sexual int]c\rse )1 i4 #eic n4 #a2 ab/a9 f c]ta9 foods1 ii4 #cbb1 #cbg2 purificatory c]emonies (1 ii4 #ceb2 celibacy compulsory on1 ii4 #dje sq42 conjugal fai?fulness compulsory on p]sons :o wi% to become1 ii4 #dai2 addict$ to homosexual practices1 ii4 #deh1 #dei1 #dfe1 #dgb1 #dgg1 #dhd1 #dhf sq42 treatm5t ( ! dead bodies (1 ii4 #ebg2 cannibalism (1 ii4 #efd2 kill+ ( disappo9t+1 ii4 #fji2 _! resid5ces asylums1 ii4 #fca4 ,see ,wit*es2 cf4 ,prie/s ,males1 ! sexual impulse (1 i4 #feg ,mammals1 pat]nal c>e among1 ii4 #ahi sq42 mat]nal c>e among1 ii4 #aij2 ! duration ( conjugal unions among1 ii4 #aib ,man-gods1 eat+ (1 ii4 #efc sq42 kill+ (1 ii4 #fjf-faj1 #gec sq4 ,mank9d at l>ge1 duties to4 ,see ,cosmopolitanism ,manslaught]1 di/+ui%$ f murd]1 i4 #bid-bih1 ii4 #fcc ,manslay]s1 reg>d$ z unclean1 i4 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #cge-chb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 adoption ( un9t5tional1 i4 #dhd2 refuge d5i$ to1 ii4 #fcb sq4 ,m>ital affection1 i4 #aac1 #ecb sq41 ii4 #aij-aic4 ,see ,conjugal affection ,m>riage1 *4 xl4 7ii4 #cfd-cih72 z a comp5sation = homicide1 i4 #dhd2 ! fa!r's cons5t requir$ = a daught]'s1 i4 #eii1 #fji1 #faa1 #fac1 #fae sq41 ii4 #chc2 = a son's1 i4 #fji1 #fac1 #fae sq42 ! p>5ts' #heb cons5t requir$ = a *ild's1 i4 #fjg1 #fjh1 #fag1 #fah1 #fbd sq42 slaves prohibit$ f contract+ a legal1 i4 #fic1 #fig1 #gjf sq42 prohibition (1 betwe5 :ite & col\r$ p]sons1 i4 #gad2 betwe5 relations by adoption1 ii4 #cfi1 #cgd1 #cge1 #gdh-gej1 #geb2 reg>d$ z a duty1 ii4 #cii-dje2 enjo9$ by religion1 ii4 #cii-djd2 betwe5 dead p]sons1 ii4 #djj2 =bidd5 to p]sons ^: function x is to p]=m religi\s or magical rites1 ii4 #dje-dji1 #dab-dad1 #dah-dba2 consid]$ impure1 ii4 #daj-dab2 betwe5 a god & a woman1 ii4 #dab-dad2 avoidance (1 betwe5 cannibals & _! non-cannibal neighb\rs1 ii4 #ega2 ! contract+ ( a second1 =bidd5 to wid[s1 i4 #dge1 ii4 #dej sq42 to prie/s1 ii4 #dab2 consid]$ improp] = wid[]s1 ii4 #dea4 ,see ,divorce1 ,gr\p m>riage1 ,ince/1 ,levirate ,m>riage by capture1 ii4 #chb sq4 ---- by pur*ase1 i4 #dba1 #eii1 #fcb sq41 ii4 #chb-che1 #gea2 a h9drance to polygyny1 ii4 #chi2 ! m>riage tie /r5g!n$ by1 ii4 #cig2 ! /&>d ( female *a/ity rais$ by1 ii4 #dcf1 #dcg1 #ddj ---- portion1 ii4 #che sq42 ! m>riage tie /r5g!n$ by !1 ii4 #cig ,mat]nal affection1 i4 #dje1 #ebi-eca1 ii4 #ahf-aij1 #aic1 #gdh ---- duties1 i4 #ebf1 #ecc1 9999ii4 #gdh ---- rights1 *4 xxv4 7i4 #eig-fbh71 9999ii4 #gdh ,matt]1 reg>d$ z impure1 ii4 #cfb sq4 ,meat1 manslay]s prohibit$ f eat+1 i4 #cge2 ab/a9$ f be=e ! (f]+ ( a sacrifice1 ii4 #bif2 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjd sq4 ,see ,veget>ianism ----1 fre%1 ab/a9$ f aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cjj sq42 by girls at pub]ty1 ii4 #cjg sq4 ,m$ic9es1 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #eia1 #fda ,m51 ! occupations (1 i4 #fcc-fcg2 ! sexual impulse (1 i4 #feg2 =bidd5 to eat c]ta9 foods1 ii4 #cba sq42 extra-matrimonial int]c\rse (1 ii4 #dbb-dcd1 #dcf-dee2 ! pref]5ce giv5 to virg9 brides by1 ii4 #dcd-dcg1 #ddj2 homosexual practices betwe51 *4 xliii4 7ii4 #def-dhi71 ii4 #geb sq4 ,m]it1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #aej-aeb ,m]its1 i4 #hf1 ii4 #cfj sq41 common enjoym5t (1 i4 #if-ii2 ! conf]r+ (1 ^u ! dead1 ii4 #eej-eeb ,midsumm] cu/oms1 i4 #ef sq4 ,milk1 prohibition ( boil+1 i4 #aig2 (f]$ to /rang]s1 i4 #eij sq42 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbe sq42 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja ,miracles1 ii4 #eij sq4 ,mode/y1 ii4 #add sq4 ,monkeys1 ! feel+ ( rev5ge 91 i4 #cg sq42 self-reg>d+ pride 91 i4 #ci1 ii4 #ach2 sympa!tic res5tm5t 91 i4 #aab2 cr$it$ ) a consci5ce1 i4 #bdi2 adoption ( "y among1 ii4 #ahi2 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbh sq42 av]sion to kill+1 ii4 #cbi1 #dij1 #eac4 ,see ,apes ,monks1 sexual int]c\rse =bidd5 to1 ii4 #dji1 #dab2 addict$ to homosexual practices1 ii4 #dfb1 #dfg ,monogamy1 ii4 #aib1 #chg-cib ,mono!ism1 intol]ance (1 ii4 #fdd-fdg1 #fdi1 #fej1 #feb2 its t5d5cy to attribute ! mo/ exalt$ qualities to ! deity1 ii4 #gcd ,moon1 ab/95ce f "w 9 connection ) *anges 9 !1 ii4 #bhd-bhg1 #gdg2 fa/+ 9 connection ) *anges 9 !1 ii4 #bif1 #big4 #cji-cac ---- gods1 appeal$ to 9 oa?s1 ii4 #aba1 #abb1 #fii2 reg>d$ z judges1 ii4 #fii1 #gjc sq4 ,moral approval1 ! nature (1 i4 #ba1 #ic-ajg2 ! orig9 (1 i4 #ajh-aaa1 #aag-abc1 #abi sq42 moral concepts spr++ f1 i4 #ade-aed2 only indirectly express$ 9 cu/om1 i4 #afj2 h>dly at all express$ 9 law1 i4 #aff sq42 ! resemblance betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* give rise to gratitude & ^? :i* call =?1 i4 #cah sq4 ---- axioms1 i4 #ab ---- concepts1 bas$ on moral emotions1 *4 i4 7i4 #d-bj72 analysis ( ! pr9cipal1 *4 vi 7i4 #aca-aeg72 among non-,european peoples1 i4 #aca-acc ---- disapproval1 ! nature (1 i4 #ba-ic1 #ajj-ajg2 ! orig9 (1 i4 #hecajh-abi2 moral concepts spr++ f1 i4 #acd-ade2 express$ 9 cu/oms & laws1 *4 vii4 7i4 #aeh-bja72 ! resemblance betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* give rise to non-moral res5tm5t & ^? :i* call =?1 i4 #cae-cai ,moral emotions1 ! moral concepts bas$ on1 *s4 i4 7i4 #d-bj71 vi4 7i4 #aca-aeg72 ! nature ( !1 *s4 ii4-iv4 7i4 #ba-ajg72 ! orig9 ( !1 *4 v4 7i4 #ajh-acj72 express$ 9 cu/oms & laws1 *4 vii4 7i4 #aeh-bja72 ! resemblance betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* give rise to non-moral retributive emotions & ^? :i* call =?1 i4 #cad-cai2 n det]m9$ by ! cognition ( free-w1 i4 #cba-cbf ---- evolution1 g5]al *>act]i/ics (1 ii4 #gdc-gdf ---- ideals1 i4 #aec sq4 ---- judgm5ts1 ! emotional orig9 (1 *4 i4 7i4 #d-bj72 ! assum$ objectivity (1 i4 #f-bj1 #ajd sq42 ! g5]al nature ( ! subjects (1 *s4 viii4-xii4 7i4 #bjb-cac72 :y conduct & "* =m ! subjects (1 i4 #cad-cbj2 ! relation betwe5 free-w &1 i4 #cbj-cbf2 ! innate "* ! prop] subject (1 i4 #cbf ---- law1 ! au?oritativ5ess attribut$ to !1 i4 #ad-ag ---- reason1 i4 #g sq4 ---- tru?1 i4 #ag sq4 ,morbid impulses1 injuries committ$ "u ! influ5ce (1 i4 #bih sq4 ,morn+ gift1 ii4 #che ,mos1 i4 #aai1 #abb ,"m1 *ildr5's affection = _!1 i4 #ecd-ech1 #fah1 #fei1 ii4 #aid1 #gdh2 desc5t trac$ ?r\gh !1 i4 #eig #eih1 #fee sq41 ii4 #dd-df1 #ed1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bbj2 committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( h] only son1 ii4 #bdd n4 #c4 ,see ,mat]nal affection1 duties1 rights2 ,p>5ts ,motives1 *4 xi4 7i4 #bhc-cjb72 i4 #bjg-bji1 #caf1 #cah ,m\rn]s1 delicate /ate (1 ii4 #bhc1 #cjg2 consid]$ pollut$1 ii4 #cjf1 #cjg1 #ede2 purificatory c]emonies (1 ii4 #ced ,m\rn+ co/ume1 ii4 #ebd1 #ede1 #edg ---- cu/oms1 ii4 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bih-cjh1 #ebj1 #ebd1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #eda1 #edb1 #edd-edh2 =bidd5 9 ! case ( suicide1 ii4 #bdg4 ,see ,dea? ,murd]1 manslaught] di/+ui%$ f1 i4 #bid-bih1 ii4 #fcc4 ,see ,homicide ,mutilation1 z a puni%m5t1 i4 #aib1 #aie4 #caa1 #cab1 #eac1 #eah-ebc4 ii4 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #gd1 #hd1 #abc n4 #a1 #adc n4 #a1 #ddg1 #ddi sq4 ,mutton1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbb1 #cbg ,mutual aid1 i4 #ech-efi ,,names1 c]ta9 sup]/itions relat+ to1 i4 #dfj1 ii4 #cfi2 social influ5ce (1 ii4 #bjc sq42 _! influ5ce on exogamy1 ii4 #cfi1 #gdh2 prohibition ( m5tion+ dead p]sons'1 ii4 #ebd1 #ede-edg1 #eej2 ( m5tion+ sup]natural be+s'1 ii4 #fdj-fdc ,national conceit1 ii4 #agj-agd ,nationalism1 i4 #cfg-cfi1 ii4 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbd sq4 ,nationality1 ! feel+ (1 ii4 #ahc-ahe4 ,see ,patriotism ,negative comm&m5ts1 :y m prom95t ?an positive comm&m5ts1 i4 #cjc ,neglig5ce1 i4 #baj1 #baa1 #cjc-cje ,negro slav]y1 i4 #dbh1 #dbi1 #eaf-eah1 #fhc1 #gjd-gad1 ii4 #cb sq4 ,negroes1 n accept$ z witnesses aga9/ :ite p]sons1 i4 #dbi2 antipa?y to1 i4 #gac sq42 injuries inflict$ ^u :ite p]sons by1 i4 #gac sq42 :ite p]sons prohibit$ f m>ry+1 i4 #gad ,new1 fe> ( any?+1 i4 #dfb sq4 ,nuns1 sexual int]c\rse =bidd5 to1 ii4 #dji1 #dab ,,oa?s1 mat]iali/ic conception (1 i4 #eh-fa1 #bcc sq42 ! tak+ (1 =bidd5 to ! high prie/1 i4 #eh1 ii4 #fch2 to prie/esses1 ii4 #fch2 conta9$ 9 ordeals1 i4 #eje sq41 ii4 #fhg-fij2 tak5 ^u arms1 i4 #ejf1 ii4 #aai-aba2 ^u t5t-poles1 i4 #ehh n4 #e2 9 connection ) !ft1 ii4 #fb1 #fc1 #ff1 #fh2 sworn by ! elde/ si/]1 i4 #fjf2 on ! life ( ! k+1 ii4 #fcg2 sup]natural be+s appeal$ to 91 ii4 #fg1 #fh1 #abj-abc1 #fhf-fij1 #fii1 #gca sq42 prohibition ( tak+1 ii4 #ii1 #abd2 n consid]$ b9d+ if contr>y to ! good ( ! ,*ur*1 ii4 #ajj2 me?ods ( add+ sup]natural #hed en]gy to1 ii4 #aah-abb2 tak5 ^u blood1 ii4 #aah-aba1 #fba1 #fbb1 #fhg-fhi2 blood-cov5ants accompani$ by1 ii4 #bjh1 #bji1 #efg4 ,see ,p]jury ,ob$i5ce1 to p>5ts1 *4 xxv4 7i4 #eig-fbh72 to husb&s1 *4 xxvi4 7i4 #fbi-ffi72 slaves1 to _! ma/]s1 *4 xxvii 7i4 #fgj-gaf72 to rul]s1 i4 #aid-aif2 to gods1 i4 #aid-aih1 ii4 #fei sq42 to ! dead1 ii4 #eai1 #ebj1 #eda ,occupation1 acquisition ( prop]ty by1 ii4 #ce-ci1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed sq4 ,occupations ( life1 divid$ betwe5 ! sexes1 i4 #fcc-fcg1 ii4 #bga ,(f]+s to ! dead1 ii4 #cjb1 #cjc1 #djj-djd1 #eag1 #eah1 #ebd1 #eci1 #edg1 #eej1 #fib1 #gjj1 #gja1 #gjd1 #gjh2 connection betwe5 almsgiv+ &1 ii4 #eej-eeb ---- to gods4 ,see ,sacrifice ,(fspr+1 man's desire =1 i4 #ecc1 ii4 #chh1 #cia1 #djj-djd1 #dbc1 #ddj2 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h di$ )\t1 ii4 #djj-djd ,old age1 crim9al responsibility affect$ by1 i4 #bff sq42 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h di$ (1 i4 #cij1 ii4 #bce1 #bch n4 #c1 #fih ---- p]sons1 kill+ or ab&on+ (1 i4 #chf-cij1 #fjf1 #fjg1 #fab1 #fbj2 eat5 by _! relatives1 i4 #cij1 ii4 #eed1 #efh sq42 k9d treatm5t (1 i4 #edj1 #edf1 #fbe sq41 ii4 #fgb2 respect =1 i4 #fjc-fje1 #fad1 #fae1 #fai-fba1 ii4 #aid1 #fge2 suppos$ to be v]s$ 9 magic1 i4 #fai sq42 curses & bless+s (1 i4 #fbb1 #fbf2 suicide committ$ by1 ii4 #bcb1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdg sq4 ,omissions1 i4 #baj-bab1 #cjc-cje1 #cag ,op]a sup]]ogativa1 i4 #hf1 #ih sq4 ,see ,m]its ,op9ions1 moral judgm5ts relat+ to1 i4 #bae sq4 ,ordeals1 ii4 #fhf-fij1 #gcb2 duels z1 i4 #ejd-ejg ,ought1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #acd-acg ,outlawry1 i4 #df1 #dg1 #agb1 #agc1 #caa ,owls1 prohibition ( eat+1 ii4 #cba ,ox51 prohibition ( kill+ pl\gh+1 ii4 #ccj1 #cca1 #dic1 #did1 #ejd ,,p>don1 ! "r (1 z a pr]ogative ( ! ,cr[n1 i4 #aib1 #aif1 #bbf ,p>5tal affection4 ,see ,mat]nal1 ,pat]nal affection ,p>5ts1 _! au?ority ov] _! *ildr51 *4 xxv4 7i4 #eig-fbh72 curses or bless+s (1 i4 #eh1 #ech1 #fba-fbg1 ii4 #gjc1 #gae1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gcb2 *ildr5 puni%$ if convict$ ( a design to kill _!1 i4 #bde2 kill+ _! infant *ildr51 i4 #cgh1 #cid-dac1 #fcc1 ii4 #efb1 #geb sq42 *ildr5 kill+ _!1 i4 #chc-chf1 #ebb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b1 #gdi2 *ildr5 kill+ or ab&on+ _! ag$1 i4 #chf-cij1 #fjf1 #fjg1 #fab1 #fbj2 eat5 by _! *ildr51 i4 #cij1 ii4 #eed1 #efh sq42 kill+ _! gr[n up *ildr51 i4 #cic sq41 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b2 expos+ _! new-born *ildr51 i4 #djf-dab1 #fhi2 *ildr5 sacrific$ to save ! lives ( _!1 i4 #dee1 #def1 #dei-dfa2 sacrific+ _! *ildr51 i4 #dee-dfa2 eat+ _! *ildr51 i4 #deh sq41 ii4 #eed1 #eee4 #efb1 #efh sq42 daught]s committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( _!1 i4 #dgc2 inflict+ corporal puni%m5t ^u _! *ildr51 i4 #eac-eae1 #fjg1 #faj2 *ildr5 us+ viol5ce aga9/ _!1 i4 #eac1 #fbd sq41 ii4 #fgg2 _! duty ( tak+ c>e ( _! *ildr51 i4 #ebf-ecc2 *ildr5's duty ( tak+ c>e ( _!1 i4 #ecc-ech2 *ildr5's respect = _!1 i4 #ecd-ech1 #fjj1 #fja1 #fjg-fac1 #faf-fbh1 ii4 #aid2 *ildr5's affection = _!1 i4 #ecd-ech1 #fah1 #fei1 ii4 #aid1 #gdh2 religion emphasis+ *ildr5's duties to _!1 i4 #ecf1 #ecg1 #fjh1 #faj1 #fab1 #fac1 #faf1 #fag1 #fbj-fbg1 ii4 #gaa1 #gad1 #gae1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gag1 #gcb2 *ildr5 curs+ _!1 i4 #efd2 sell+ _! *ildr5 z slaves1 i4 #eii1 #fjg1 #fji1 #faa1 #fab1 #fae1 #fge1 #fha1 #fhb1 #fhd1 #fhe1 #fhi1 #fia sq42 *ildr5 tell+ a falsehood 9 ! pres5ce ( _!1 ii4 #if2 *ildr5 address+ abusive language to _!1 ii4 #adb2 _! duties to _! *ildr51 ii4 #aff1 #gdh2 *ildr5's duties to _!1 ii4 #aff1 #gdh2 committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( _! *ildr51 ii4 #bcb1 #bdd n4 #c2 fa/+ aft] ! dea? ( _! *ildr51 ii4 #bih-cjj2 *ildr5 fa/+ aft] ! dea? ( _!1 ii4 #bih-cja2 *ildr5 puni%$ aft] dea? = #hee inflict+ injuries ^u _!1 ii4 #gae4 ,see ,mat]nal1 ,pat]nal affection ,p>ricide4 ,see ,p>5ts ,p>ricidium1 i4 #chd sq4 ,pa/oral life1 suppos$ connection betwe5 ! cu/om ( ultimog5iture & a1 ii4 #dh n4 #d1 #ef n4 #e ---- peoples1 vegetable food provid$ by ! wom5 among1 i4 #fcd1 ii4 #bgc2 ! position ( wom5 among1 i4 #ffj sq42 slav]y among1 i4 #fgb1 #fgc1 #fha2 social aggregates (1 ii4 #bja2 _! sympa?y = _! dome/ic animals1 ii4 #ejf ,pass+-bell1 !1 ii4 #ebd1 #edd ,passov]1 !1 i4 #dei1 #dgj1 ii4 #bif ,pat]nal affection1 i4 #dja1 #djb1 #dje1 #ebi-ecc4 ii4 #ahg-aij1 #aic1 #gdh2 its influ5ce on ! duration ( m>riage1 ii4 #cig ,patriotism1 ii4 #afg-ahe ,peace1 p]petual1 i4 #ccd1 #ccg1 #cfg ---- ,societies1 i4 #cfi ,peculium1 ( slaves1 i4 #fij1 #fig1 ii4 #ca-cc2 ( sons1 ii4 #bh2 ( wom51 ii4 #bi ,p$]a/y4 ,see ,homosexual love ,p5ance1 ii4 #cef-cfa1 #cfc1 #gjh1 #gce2 fa/+ z a =m (1 ii4 #bdf1 #cae-cah1 #djf ,p]jury1 consid]$ contagi\s1 i4 #eh-fa2 consid]$ s9ful ?\gh committ$ unconsci\sly1 i4 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcc sq42 puni%$ by cu/om or law1 i4 #eje1 #eba sq41 ii4 #abc n4 #a2 reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/ ! deity1 i4 #ejg1 ii4 #abb1 #abb sq4 n4 #aj2 no civil puni%m5t affix$ to1 ii4 #abc n4 #a2 believ$ to incur div9e puni%m5t1 ii4 #abc n4 #a1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gad2 to cause mis]y aft] dea?1 ii4 #gae sq4 ,phratry1 !1 ii4 #bag1 #bah1 #bbb sq4 ,pigeons1 prohibition ( kill+1 ii4 #dij2 eat+ (1 ii4 #gcg ,pilgrimage1 ii4 #cad1 #daf1 #ech n4 #b1 #gbe ,pi\s fraud1 ii4 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aab ,pocket-pick+1 i4 #ahg1 #bdc ,polit5ess1 i4 #afj1 ii4 #adf-aeb ,pollution1 ( s91 i4 #eb-eg1 #fa-fe1 #gj1 #ga1 #he1 #hf1 #djg1 ii4 #bef n4 #b1 #fed sq42 ( curses1 i4 #eg-fa1 #gj1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #fbd sq41 ii4 #ehc1 #ehd1 #gjc2 ( blood1 i4 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #cge-chb1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b1 #bfb1 #gad2 ( wom51 i4 #ffc-fff1 ii4 #ech n4 #b2 ( self-inflict$ dea?1 ii4 #beg n4 #e #bfb2 ( dea?1 ii4 #bhc1 #cjb-cjg1 #daf1 #ecf-eci1 #edd sq42 ( natural dea?1 ii4 #daf1 #fji2 ( food1 ii4 #bid-bif2 ( w9e1 ii4 #cdd sq42 sexual1 ii4 #dad-dbj1 #geb2 caus$ by p>tak+ ( human fle%1 ii4 #ech1 #ege sq42 hol9ess v susceptible to1 i4 #eh1 #chj-chb1 #fbe1 ii4 #bid-bif1 #cbb1 #cdd1 #cde4 #ceb1 #cec1 #dae-dbj1 #fjh-faj1 #fch1 #fdc1 #geb ,poly&ry1 ii4 #chg1 #cie ,polygyny1 ii4 #chg-cib1 #cie2 connection betwe5 illegitimate *ildr5's "r to inh]itance &1 ii4 #eg2 a cause ( homosexual practices1 ii4 #dff ,poly!ism1 tol]ance (1 ii4 #fdg-feb ,pork1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbf-ccj1 #cce ,positive comm&m5ts1 i4 #cjc-cje1 #caj ,possession1 acquisition ( prop]ty by cont9u$1 ii4 #ci-da1 #eb ,potatoes1 ab/95ce f1 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja ,pov]ty1 e/imation (1 i4 #eef1 ii4 #bhj sq42 a cause ( uncleanl9ess1 ii4 #cea2 monogamy associat$ )1 ii4 #cib ,pray]1 ii4 #fec-fei2 = remission ( s91 i4 #di1 #ed1 #ee1 #bbh sq41 ii4 #fed1 #fee4 #gb1 #gjg2 purification prep>atory to1 i4 #chj sq41 ii4 #ceb1 #cec1 #ceh1 #cei1 #dae4 #daf1 #dah sq42 developm5t ( a curse or a bless+ into a1 i4 #efd sq41 ii4 #ff-fh1 #abj-abc1 #feh1 #fhf-fij1 #gca2 almsgiv+ connect$ )1 i4 #efg sq42 =bidd5 to wom51 i4 #ffd1 #ffg n4 #a2 us$ z greet+1 ii4 #aej2 fa/+ an app5dage to1 ii4 #caf sq42 magic efficacy ascrib$ to1 ii4 #cec1 #dah1 #dai1 #fef-fei1 #gjf1 #gab2 cont95ce a prep>ation =1 ii4 #dag-dai ,prep>ation1 acts (1 i4 #bdc-bdf ,prescription1 ii4 #dj1 #da1 #eb sq4 ,pride1 condemnation (1 ii4 #add sq4 ,see ,self-reg>d+ pride ,prie/esses1 =bidd5 to m>ry or to h int]c\rse ) m51 ii4 #djf-djh1 #dab-dad1 #dbj2 cont95ce compulsory on wom5 :o wi% to become1 ii4 #dai2 pro/itution (1 ii4 #ddc sq42 asylums1 ii4 #fcg sq42 prohibit$ f tak+ an oa?1 ii4 #fch ,prie/s1 =bidd5 to take an oa?1 i4 #eh1 ii4 #fch2 to engage 9 w>f>e1 #hef i4 #cdh1 #cha2 to %$ human blood1 i4 #cha sq42 to take "p 9 a capital *>ge1 i4 #cha1 #chb1 #dic2 to engage 9 hunt+1 ii4 #ejf2 ! law ( torture relat+ to1 i4 #ebc sq42 curses (1 i4 #efc2 enslav+ ( *ildr5 ( incont95t1 i4 #gjj2 c]ta9 foods =bidd5 to1 or reject$ by1 ii4 #cbb1 #cbi1 #ccc1 #cch2 =bidd5 to m>ry & to h int]c\rse ) wom51 ii4 #dje-dji1 #dab1 #dad1 #dah-dba2 eunu*1 ii4 #djh1 #dad1 #dhh n4 #f2 =bidd5 to contract a second m>riage1 ii4 #dab2 to m>ry wid[s1 ii4 #dab1 #dbj2 to m>ry h>lots or divorc$ wives1 ii4 #dbj2 taboos impos$ ^u1 ii4 #dag sq42 cont95ce compulsory on p]sons :o wi% to become1 ii4 #dai2 tempor>y cont95ce compulsory on1 ii4 #dai sq42 ! puni%m5t ( un*a/ity 9 ! daught]s (1 ii4 #dbj2 repres5t$ z corrupt]s ( dome/ic virtue1 ii4 #dcb2 _! celibacy a cause ( homosexual practices1 ii4 #dfg2 boys kept z1 ii4 #dgc2 us$ z temple pro/itutes1 ii4 #dgc1 #dhh2 cannibalism (1 ii4 #efc1 #egd2 _! resid5ces asylums1 ii4 #fcj1 #fcd1 #fcg2 oppos+ sorc]y1 ii4 #feb2 reg>d$ z manife/ations ( gods1 ii4 #feg1 #gji2 enc\rag+ ! belief 9 ! magic efficacy ( pray]1 ii4 #feh sq4 ,see ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy2 cf4 ,magicians ,primog5iture1 ii4 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #ee sq4 ,promiscuity1 ! !ory (1 ii4 #cif ,promises4 ,see ,good fai? ,prop]ty1 ! "r (1 *4 xxviii4 sq4 7ii4 #a-ga72 =feiture (1 z a puni%m5t1 i4 #dg1 ii4 #bed2 acquir$ by a successful duel1 i4 #dih1 #ejc1 ii4 #i2 ( wives1 i4 #fcb1 #fcg-fda1 #fdc1 #fde1 #ffa1 ii4 #bh-ca1 #da2 ( wom51 i4 #ffa1 ii4 #bh-cj1 #da2 ( slaves1 i4 #fgg1 #fhd1 #fhh1 cf4 ,peculium ( slaves2 ( ! dead1 i4 #cii1 ii4 #dd1 #eah1 #eci sq41 see ,inh]itance1 ,wills2 ( sup]natural be+s1 ii4 #fbf sq42 sup]natural be+s z gu>dians (1 ii4 #ei-fi1 #ffi1 #fge-fgg1 #fgi1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gad1 #gag1 #gcb ,pro/itution1 i4 #fjh1 ii4 #dbh-dca1 #dcg1 #dci-ddf2 religi\s1 ii4 #ddc-ddf1 #dhh2 ( m51 ii4 #dei-dfb1 #dfc1 #dgf1 #dgh1 #dhh ,provocation1 i4 #bij-bih1 #caa1 #caf sq4 ,prud5ce1 i4 #efj1 #eha1 #gae1 ii4 #eb1 #ei1 #aad1 #abd1 #agf1 #ahe1 #bfe-bfh1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccd4 #cce1 #cdb1 #dbh1 #dig1 #eci1 #edg1 #edh1 #ffj ,pub]ty1 girls at1 ii4 #cjg sq4 ,public approval1 ! prototype ( moral approval1 i4 #i1 #abb1 #abi ---- disapproval1 ! prototype ( moral disapproval1 i4 #i1 #aai-abb ,pulse1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbb1 cf4 ii4 #dcj sq4 ,puni%m5t1 inflict$ on o!rs ?an ! culprit1 i4 #dc-dh1 #fi sq42 re/rict$ to ! culprit1 i4 #gj-gb2 ess5tially an expression ( ! moral indignation ( ! society :i* inflicts x1 i4 #gi1 #hi-ia1 #afi1 #ahe1 #aih-bja2 !ories z to ! prop] object (1 i4 #gi-ia2 reg>d$ z a means ( elim9at+ ! crim9al1 i4 #hj-hb2 z a det]r5t1 i4 #hj-hd1 #hh-ia2 z a means ( re=m+ ! crim9al1 i4 #hj-ia2 def9$1 i4 #hb1 #afi sq42 ! limit$ effici5cy (1 z a det]r5t1 i4 #ij n4 #a2 a s\rce ( moral disapproval1 i4 #aae2 ! relation betwe5 indemnification &1 i4 #afh sq42 among savages1 i4 #agj-agg2 transition f rev5ge to1 i4 #ahj-ahe2 ! op9ion t det]m5t actually is or has be5 ! *ief object (1 i4 #ahe-bjj2 ! increas+ sev]ity (1 i4 #ahf-aih2 inflict$ on crim9als 9 public1 i4 #aia sq42 ( un9t5tional injuries1 i4 #bai1 #bba-bbf1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bce-bdj2 ( attempts to commit crimes1 i4 #bda-bdg1 #cgd2 ( acts ( prep>ation1 i4 #bdc-bdf2 ( b>e int5tions1 i4 #bde2 inflict$ on animals1 i4 #bec-bfj1 #bfd1 #cjh2 on inanimate ?+s1 i4 #bfa-bfd1 #cjh2 ( injuries committ$ by *ildr51 i4 #bfe-bfi2 by old p]sons1 i4 #bff sq42 by lunatics1 i4 #bga-bgg1 #bih sq42 by idiots1 i4 #bgc2 9 drunk5ness1 i4 #bgi-bhb2 inflict$ ^u ! (f5d+ memb]1 i4 #caa1 #cab1 #eac1 #eah1 #eai1 #eba sq41 ii4 #i1 #ac1 #gd1 #hd1 #abc n4 #a1 #adc n4 #a2 f a det]m9i/ic po9t ( view1 i4 #cbj sq42 influ5c$ by rank1 i4 #dcj-dcc1 #dia1 #eah1 #eai1 #ebd1 ii4 #ai1 #bj1 #eh1 #adb1 #adc1 #ddh-dej2 corporal1 i4 #ebj-ebe2 suicide committ$ out ( fe> (1 ii4 #bcc2 r$eems ! suff]] f #heg puni%m5t 9 a future exi/5ce1 ii4 #cfj2 inflict$ on gods1 ii4 #faj4 ,= v>i\s k9ds ( puni%m5t see ,bani%m5t1 ,cannibalism 7z a puni%m5t71 ,emasculation1 ,mutilation1 ,outlawry1 ,prop]ty 7=feiture (71 ,s]fdom 7z a puni%m5t71 ,%ame 7putt+ (f5d]s to71 ,slav]y 7z a puni%m5t7 ,puni%m5t 9 a future exi/5ce4 ,see ,future life ---- ( dea?1 i4 #dia-dif2 among savages1 i4 #ahh-aij1 #aie-aig2 z a k9d ( human sacrifice1 i4 #ddj1 #dga sq42 suicide z an alt]native to1 ii4 #bdc2 inflict$ = a v>iety ( crimes1 i4 #dd-df1 #aga1 #agb1 #agd1 #agg1 #ahf-aig1 #bec1 #bed1 #bhg1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cab1 #cca1 #chc-chf1 #djd1 #djg1 #dji1 #dab1 #daf1 #dai1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbi-dcc1 #dci1 #ddj1 #dia1 #dib1 #die1 #dif1 #ejh1 #eji1 #eac1 #eaf1 #eah1 #fhe1 ii4 #d1 #e1 #g-i1 #ab-ae1 #ai1 #if1 #adj-adb1 #bef n4 #b1 #bgf1 #cca1 #cff-cfh1 #cgh1 #djf-djh1 #dbj1 #dbd-dbf1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #dca1 #ddb1 #ddg-dej1 #dec1 #dgd1 #dge n4 #aj1 #dgg-dhb1 #dig1 #eeh1 #fdj1 #fdg1 #fej-feb ,purificatory c]emonies1 i4 #ec-eg1 #fi1 #bcc1 #cge-cgg1 #cgi-cha1 #fbe1 ii4 #bef sq4 n4 #b1 #beg n4 #e1 #bid1 #bie1 #cbh1 #ceb-ced1 #ceh1 #cei1 #dae1 #daf1 #dgb n4 #g1 #dgf1 #ech1 #ede1 #gbf ,,ra91 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( produc+1 i4 #ddi-dea2 c]ta9 o!r me?ods ( procur+1 ii4 #cae1 #cfa ,ramad4n1 ! fa/ (1 i4 #bga1 ii4 #cac-cae1 #gbe ,rank1 influ5c+ cu/oms or laws relat+ to homicide1 i4 #cd1 #ce1 #agh1 #dcj-dcc1 #dia2 to capital puni%m5t1 i4 #dia2 to bodily injuries1 i4 #eah1 #eai1 #ebd2 to corporal puni%m5t1 i4 #ebb-ebd2 to torture1 i4 #ebc sq42 to !ft1 ii4 #ai1 #bj1 #eh2 to s9c]ity1 ii4 #ajc2 to insults1 i4 #adb sq42 to polit5ess1 i4 #aea sq42 to suicide1 i4 #bdc2 to m>riage1 ii4 #cgi1 #chj1 #chd2 to *a/ity1 ii4 #dbh1 #dcc sq42 to rape1 ii4 #dcg sq42 to adult]y1 ii4 #ddh-dej2 to ! disposal ( ! dead1 ii4 #ebg1 #edi2 to cannibalism1 ii4 #egc sq42 suppos$ to influ5ce ! efficacy ( curses1 i4 #fbf sq42 to influ5ce m5's /ate 9 ! o!r _w1 ii4 #fih ,rape1 i4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #caa1 #eba1 ii4 #dcg1 #dch1 #dgf1 #fcc1 #fgi2 self-def5ce 9 ! case (1 i4 #bij ,ra%ness1 i4 #baa1 #cje-caj ,rav5s1 fe> ( kill+1 ii4 #dia ,reason1 ! !ory accord+ to :i* moral judgm5ts are ultimately bas$ on1 i4 #g-ag ,reception c]emonies1 i4 #eij-eib ,reflection1 its influ5ce on moral e/imates1 i4 #aj1 #aa1 #gj1 #baf1 #bcg1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bhc1 #cjc1 #caj1 #cab-cad1 ii4 #aaa1 #acf1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgd1 #bhc1 #dje1 #eab-ead1 #ehj1 #eha1 #gdd-gdf2 on non-moral res5tm5t1 i4 #cae1 #caf1 #cah ,reflex action1 i4 #bb ,regalia1 reg>d$ z wond]-work+ talismans1 ii4 #fjh n4 #d1 #gec sq4 ,regret1 ! simil>ity betwe5 remorse &1 i4 #abc sq4 ,religio1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 ii4 #ehd-ehf ,religion1 belief 9 sup]natural be+ an ess5tial elem5t 91 *4 xlvii41 7ii4 #ehb-fja72 duties to gods inculcat$ by1 *4 xlviii4 sq4 7ii4 #fjb-ffb72 relations betwe5 morality &1 *s4 l4-lii4 7ii4 #ffc-gcg71 #gde sq42 cu/om /rong] ?an1 i4 #afd2 enjo9s ab/95ce f "w on c]ta9 days1 i4 #ahg1 ii4 #bhd-bhi1 #gah2 ! sev]ity ( puni%m5t increas$ by1 i4 #aic-aih2 enjo9s fa/+1 i4 #bga1 ii4 #bdf1 #bib-bih1 #cjh-cah1 #ceh1 #djf1 #gbe2 a s\rce ( w>1 i4 #cci1 #cdi-ceb1 #cei2 attitude (1 t[>ds w>1 i4 #cci1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cde-cff1 #cfi sq41 ii4 #gaa2 condemns homicide1 i4 #cde1 #cdf1 #cgh-chj1 #chb1 ii4 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fgf1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gad1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gag1 #gcb2 condemns ! kill+ or exposure ( infants1 i4 #djg1 #daa sq42 condemns feticide1 i4 #dad-dag1 ii4 #gje2 attitude (1 t[>ds slav]y1 i4 #dbd1 #dbf1 #eaf1 #fhc-fhi1 #fic-gjj1 #gaa-gac1 ii4 #gaa2 gives support to capital puni%m5t1 i4 #dif2 influ5ces ! "r to bodily integrity1 i4 #ebj2 inculcates filial duties1 i4 #ecf1 #ecg1 #fjh1 #faj1 #fab1 #fac1 #faf1 #fag1 #fbj-fbg1 ii4 #gaa1 #gad1 #gae1 #gaf n4 #b1 #gag1 #gcb2 enjo9s *>ity1 i4 #edi-eeh1 #efa-efi1 ii4 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fii1 #gje1 #gaa1 #gag1 #gah1 #gbe1 #gbf1 #gcb2 enjo9s hospitality1 i4 #egh-ehj1 ii4 #ffi1 #gaa1 #gad1 #heh #gae1 #gag1 #gah1 #gbf1 #gcb2 influ5ces ! treatm5t ( old p]sons1 i4 #fbj sq41 ii4 #fgb1 #fge2 influ5ces ! position ( wom51 i4 #ffc2 reg>ds wom5 z unclean1 i4 #ffc-fff2 attitude (1 t[>ds s]fdom1 i4 #gjc sq42 ! "r ( prop]ty sanction$ by1 ii4 #ei-fi1 #ffi1 #fge-fgg1 #fgi1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gad1 #gag1 #gcb2 ! reg>d = tru? & good fai? sanction$ by1 ii4 #if1 #aad-abd1 #abh1 #abi1 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fge-fgg1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gjc-gje1 #gjg4 #gaa1 #gad1 #gag1 #gbf1 #gcb2 leads to pi\s fraud1 ii4 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aab2 condemns pride1 ii4 #add sq41 its relation to national feel+ & patriotism1 ii4 #agd1 #age1 #agh sq42 z a social tie1 ii4 #bji-bac1 #bbe-bbg1 #gbe2 ! op9ions z reg>ds suicide influ5c$ by1 ii4 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdb-bed1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfc2 ! moral ideas relat+ to self-reg>d+ conduct influ5c$ by1 ii4 #bfg sq42 comm5ds agriculture1 ii4 #bge2 attitude (1 t[>ds lab\r1 ii4 #bge1 #bhj-bhi1 #fge1 #gje1 #gdg2 comm5ds pov]ty1 ii4 #bhj-bhb2 requires c]emonial cleanl9ess1 ii4 #bid1 #bie1 #ceb-ced1 #ceh1 #cei1 #dae-dbj1 #gjj n4 #e1 #gje1 #gah1 #gbf2 enjo9s pilgrimage1 ii4 #cad1 #gbe2 imposes v>i\s re/rictions 9 diet1 ii4 #cbb-cch1 #fga2 enc\rages drunk5ness1 ii4 #cci2 enjo9s sobriety or total ab/95ce f intoxicat+ liquors1 ii4 #cda-cde2 a cause ( uncleanl9ess1 ii4 #ced-cef2 leads to v>i\s =ms ( asceticism1 ii4 #cee-cfc2 /igmatises ince/1 ii4 #cge1 #cgf1 #fga2 enjo9s v>i\s =ms ( endogamy1 ii4 #cgh-chb2 a b> to int]-m>riage1 ii4 #chj-chb2 enjo9s monogamy1 ii4 #cib2 prohibits divorce1 ii4 #cig2 enjo9s m>riage1 ii4 #cii-djd2 enjo9s celibacy or cont95ce1 ii4 #djf-dba2 reg>ds m>riage z impure1 ii4 #daj-dab2 condemns second m>riages1 ii4 #dab1 #dea2 enjo9s sexual cleanl9ess1 ii4 #dae-dbj1 #gcf1 #geb2 requires *a/ity ( unm>ri$ wom51 i4 #di1 ii4 #dbg sq42 condemns extra-matrimonial int]c\rse1 ii4 #dca-dcc1 #dci1 #fge2 pro/itution connect$ )1 ii4 #ddc-ddf1 #dhh2 condemns adult]y1 ii4 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dej1 #dec-dee1 #fge1 #fgf1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #gjj1 #gag2 homosexual practices connect$ )1 ii4 #deh1 #dei1 #dgb-dgd1 #dhd1 #dhf-dhi1 #geb2 /igmatis$ by1 ii4 #dge1 #dgf1 #dgi-dhb1 #dhe-dhi1 #gje2 inculcates reg>d = ! l[] animals1 ii4 #dig-ejd1 #gje2 looks d[n ^u ! l[] animals1 ii4 #eje-ejh2 cannibalism 9 connection )1 ii4 #efb sq42 def9itions (1 ii4 #ehd1 #gec2 born ( fe>1 ii4 #fab-fad2 hope an elem5t 9 e1 ii4 #fad-faf2 attitude (1 t[>ds magic1 ii4 #fdi1 #fej1 #feb1 #gec2 ! communal "* (1 ii4 #ffa4 ,see ,asylums1 ,a!ism1 ,baptism1 ,blasphemy1 ,blood 7effusion (1 z a religi\s rite71 ,eu*>i/1 ,flagellation1 ,future life1 ,future /ate1 ,god1 ,goddesses1 ,gods1 ,gu>dian spirits1 ,hell1 ,h]esy1 ,hol9ess1 ,human sacrifice1 ,intol]ance1 ,mono!ism1 ,oa?s1 ,ordeals1 ,p5ance1 ,p]jury1 ,pilgrimage1 ,poly!ism1 ,pray]1 ,prie/esses1 ,prie/s1 ,purificatory c]emonies1 ,sacr$ places1 ,sacrifice1 ,sacrilege1 ,sa9ts1 ,self-mortification1 ,self-mutilation 7z a religi\s rite71 ,s91 ,supreme be+s1 ,tol]ance1 ,totem1 ,totemism1 ,unbelief ,remorse1 i4 #aje-ajg1 #abc-abe1 #acf2 abs5ce (1 9 crim9als1 i4 #ij n4 #a2 a cause ( suicide1 i4 #ajf1 ii4 #bcc ,rep5tance1 i4 #aje-ajg1 #abc-abe2 z a gr\nd = =giv5ess1 i4 #hd-hh1 #ii1 #caa1 #cah1 ii4 #cfj1 #gce2 adequate1 deem$ impossible 9 ! case ( blasphemy1 ii4 #fdj ,repetition ( an (f5ce1 i4 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #beg1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cab1 #cah1 ii4 #g ,reptiles1 av]sion to eat+1 ii4 #cbd ,requisitions1 milit>y1 ii4 #bg ,res5tm5t1 i4 #ba-ic2 t[>ds animals1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bea-bfj1 #bfd1 #cjh1 #caf2 t[>ds inanimate ?+s1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bfj-bfd1 #cae2 ! ph5om5a :i* call =?1 i4 #cae-cah ----1 sympa!tic1 i4 #aaa-aaf1 #afi1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #dbi1 #dcc1 #ebd1 #ecc1 #eei1 #efj1 #fei1 #gad sq41 ii4 #eb1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac1 #adj1 #aff1 #agf1 #ahe1 #bfb1 #bff1 #dif1 #ebh1 #ehj1 #ffa2 9 animals1 i4 #aab1 ii4 #eb ,re/1 ii4 #bhc-bhi1 #gdg ,retaliation1 moral valuation (1 i4 #gc-gi4 ,see ,puni%m5t1 ,rev5ge ,retributive emotions1 i4 #ba-ii2 ! ph5om5a :i* call =?1 i4 #hei #cad-cai2 n det]m9$ by ! cognition ( free-w1 i4 #cbb1 #cbf ,retributive k9dly emotion1 i4 #ba1 #ic-ii2 9 animals1 i4 #id2 ! ph5om5a :i* call =?1 i4 #cah sq42 sympa!tic1 i4 #aag1 #abi ,rev5ge1 tak5 ^u animals1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bea-bec1 #bee1 #bef1 #beh2 ^u inanimate ?+s1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bfj-bfc2 reg>d$ z a duty1 i4 #gc sq42 condemn$1 i4 #gc-gi2 dem&$ by public op9ion1 i4 #agf sq42 regulat$ by ! rule ( equival5ce1 i4 #agg-ahj2 succe$$ by puni%m5t1 i4 #ahj-ahe2 believ$ to be tak5 by animals ^u m51 i4 #beb1 #beh1 ii4 #dia1 #dig4 #ejj1 #ejb1 #ejd1 #fjc2 tak5 ^u (f5d]s caught flagrante delicto1 i4 #bij-bid1 ii4 #h1 #ac1 #ag1 #dbi1 #ddg2 n to be tak5 ^u a gue/1 i4 #egf1 #ehg sq42 tak5 = injuries inflict$ ^u gue/s1 i4 #egg sq42 suicide z a me?od ( tak+1 ii4 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdb-bde2 suppos$ to be tak5 by ! dead ^u ! liv+1 ii4 #ecj1 #eca1 #edh1 #egf2 tak5 by ! liv+ ^u ! dead1 ii4 #fib sq42 suppos$ to be tak5 by gho/s ^u o!r gho/s1 ii4 #fic sq4 ,see ,blood-rev5ge ----1 ! feel+ (1 its nature & orig91 i4 #ba-db2 9 animals1 i4 #cg sq42 appeas$ by rep5tance1 i4 #hg1 #hh1 #cah2 attribut$ to gods1 i4 #aid1 #aih1 #dch-ddj1 #dga sq41 ii4 #ffj1 #ffa1 #ffg1 #ffh1 #gjb1 #gad2 to ! s\ls ( murd]$ p]sons1 i4 #bcb1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cgf1 #cgh #cgi1 #djf1 #dgf1 #dha sq41 ii4 #eei sq42 to ! dead1 ii4 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecd2 a motive = committ+ suicide1 ii4 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdb-bde2 a motive = cannibalism1 ii4 #eeg-eei ,rew>ds1 vic>i\s1 i4 #if-ii2 a s\rce ( moral approval1 i4 #aag2 public1 i4 #aff sq42 9 a future exi/5ce1 see ,future life ,rice1 ab/95ce f1 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja ,"r1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #acg-aci2 ! relation betwe5 good &1 i4 #adf sq4 ,rights1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #aci-ada ,riv]s1 human sacrifices (f]$ to1 i4 #deb-ded ,robb]y1 i4 #ahg-ahi1 ii4 #a-bg1 #eg-fi2 di/+ui%$ f !ft1 ii4 #af1 #ag1 #eh2 ( tombs1 ii4 #eah1 #eai1 #edj sq42 ( temples1 ii4 #fbg2 refuge d5i$ to p]sons guilty (1 ii4 #fcc4 ,see ,/eal+ ,,sabba?1 ! ,jewi%1 i4 #ahg1 ii4 #bhf-bhi1 #gah1 #gdg2 orig9ally a fa/-day1 ii4 #caj sq4 ,sacram5tal grace1 consid]$ necess>y = salvation1 ii4 #gai sq4 ,sacr$ places1 pollut$ p]sons prohibit$ f ent]+1 i4 #eh1 ii4 #bid1 #dae sq42 %$d+ ( human blood prohibit$ 91 i4 #chj1 ii4 #fce2 wom5 exclud$ f1 i4 #ffd sq42 sexual int]c\rse prohibit$ 91 ii4 #daf1 #geb2 fe> ( di/urb+ ! peace 91 ii4 #fce sq4 ,see ,asylums ,sacrifice1 ii4 #faa-fbf2 transf]5ce ( evil comb9$ ) a1 i4 #fb-fe2 vic>i\s expiatory1 i4 #fe-gj1 #dch-ddj2 purification prep>atory to1 i4 #chj1 ii4 #bid1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ceh1 #cei1 #dae2 connection betwe5 alms giv+ &1 i4 #efe-efi1 ii4 #eej-eeb2 z a means ( transf]r+ curses1 i4 #ehf sq41 ii4 #fah-fbd1 #feh2 z a reception c]emony1 i4 #eia1 ii4 #fba2 wom5 prohibit$ f (f]+ a1 i4 #ffd sq42 fa/+ 9 connection )1 ii4 #bid-bih2 fa/+ ! survival ( an expiatory1 ii4 #caf-cah2 asceticism 9 "s o!r in/ances ! survival ( an e>li]1 ii4 #cei2 oa?s tak5 9 connection ) a1 ii4 #fba sq42 connect$ ) pray]1 ii4 #fee sq42 importance (1 ii4 #gje1 #gjg-gab1 #gad1 #gaf1 #gah4 ,see ,human sacrifice1 ,(f]+s to ! dead ,sacrificial victims1 magic virtue ascrib$ to1 i4 #fc1 #fe1 #fi1 #ddd-ddg1 ii4 #efc1 #fbe1 #feh2 look$ ^u z gu>dian spirits1 i4 #dfd sq42 z mess5g]s1 i4 #dfe sq41 ii4 #fah2 privilege grant$ to1 i4 #ehe n4 #a2 mu/ be free f pollution1 ii4 #bie1 #bif1 #dai ,sacrilege1 puni%$ ) dea?1 i4 #ahh1 #aig1 #dci1 #dib2 refuge d5i$ to p]sons guilty (1 ii4 #fcc2 if committ$ by =eign]s1 ii4 #fdh ,sago1 ab/95ce f1 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cja ,sa9ts1 oa?s tak5 at ! %r9es (1 i4 #ei sq41 ii4 #abj2 diseases cur$ by contact )1 i4 #fc2 lunatics reg>d$ z1 i4 #bgj sq42 curses pron\nc$ by1 i4 #efc1 #fbb2 l-7r 7imply+ #hfj ! transf]5ce ( a conditional curse7 made ^u1 i4 #eff1 ii4 #ehd1 #ehe1 #fah1 #fai1 #fcf1 #fch2 robb$ ( _! hol9ess1 i4 #ehf1 ii4 #fjh2 compacts made at ! %r9es (1 i4 #ehg1 ii4 #fbc sq42 old m5 reg>d$ z1 i4 #fai2 look$ ^u z gu>dians ( prop]ty1 ii4 #fg sq42 ! saliva (1 ii4 #cbb2 c]emonial cleanl9ess requir$ ( ^? :o approa* ! %r9es (1 ii4 #daf1 #dah1 #geb2 sexual int]c\rse )1 ii4 #ddd1 #dhh2 places ( /rik+ appe>ance associat$ )1 ii4 #ehi1 #fbg2 miracles p]=m$ by1 ii4 #eij-eib2 gifts (f]$ to1 ii4 #fai2 (f]+s to1 p>ticipate 9 _! sanctity1 i4 #dde sq41 ii4 #fbe2 sacr$ness ( ! %r9es (1 ii4 #fbg1 #fbh1 #fce2 lunacy attribut$ to ! res5tm5t (1 ii4 #fbh2 _! %r9es asylums1 ii4 #fbh1 #fce1 #fcf1 #fch2 p]sons atta*$ to ! %r9es (1 ii4 #fce2 unconc]n$ ab\t ! worldly morality ( _! devotees1 ii4 #ffi2 invok$ by ?ieves1 ii4 #ffi ,salmon1 ab/95ce f eat+1 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cjf sq4 ,salutations1 i4 #eij-eib1 ii4 #adf1 #adg1 #adi-aea ,sanctu>y1 ! "r (4 ,see ,asylums ,scalp+1 i4 #ccc1 #cge1 ii4 #ebe ,scape-goats1 i4 #ec-ee1 #fa-fe ,sci5tific rese>*1 ii4 #acc-acf ,sc\rg+1 z a religi\s rite1 ii4 #bid1 #ceg-cei ,sea1 human sacrifices (f]$ to !1 i4 #deb-ded ,self-approval1 i4 #aje-ajg1 #abc -----def5ce1 i4 #bhh-bij2 ly+ 91 ii4 #ib1 #id1 #ig-aja1 #ajc-ajf1 #aab -----mortification1 ii4 #bha1 #cae-cah1 #cee-cfc1 #dba -----mutilation1 aft] a dea?1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #dgf1 ii4 #ebd1 #ebh1 #edd1 #ede1 #edg2 z a religi\s rite1 i4 #dgj sq41 ii4 #ceg ,self-reg>d+ duties & virtues1 ii4 #bfe-bfh -----reg>d+ pride1 respect = o!r m5's1 *4 xxxii4 7ii4 #acg-aeb72 9 m51 i4 #bc1 #bd1 #cj1 #ch-dj1 #id1 #agi1 #cae1 ii4 #aaj1 #acg-adj2 a cause ( suicide1 ii4 #gc1 #aci1 #adj1 #bca-bcc1 #bdc2 9 animals1 i4 #ci1 ii4 #acg sq42 attribut$ to ! dead1 ii4 #eai2 to gods1 ii4 #fci-fee -----reproa*1 i4 #aje-ajg1 #abc-abe -----respect1 ii4 #bfe ,self-sacrifice1 i4 #bac1 #bad1 #efe1 ii4 #aed1 #bfe1 #cei ,s5iority1 respect =1 i4 #fje1 #fjf1 #fad1 #fae1 #fai1 #fbf1 ii4 #gjc ,s5su\s pleasures1 condemnation (1 ii4 #bia1 #bib1 #cfa-cfc ,s5tim5t1 i4 #aaj n4 #c ,sep>ation1 judicial1 ii4 #cig1 #dee ,s]fdom1 i4 #gja-gjd2 z a puni%m5t1 ii4 #ai2 /rang]s r$uc$ to1 ii4 #bd2 %ipwreck$ p]sons r$uc$ to1 ii4 #be ,s]fs1 bodily injuries inflict$ ^u1 i4 #ebd n4 #c2 propriet>y rights or 9 capacities (1 i4 #gja sq41 ii4 #cb2 int]m>riage betwe5 freewom5 &1 ii4 #cgi ,s]p5ts1 wor%ip (1 ii4 #eij4 ,see ,snakes ,sev51 ! numb]1 ii4 #caa sq4 ,sev5? day1 !1 ii4 #bhf-bhi4 ,see ,sabba? ,sexual impulse1 !1 9 males1 i4 #feg1 ii4 #dce sq42 9 females1 i4 #feg sq41 ii4 #dce2 connection betwe5 religi\s feel+s &1 ii4 #cge n4 #c2 reg>d$ z s9ful 9 ! unm>ri$1 ii4 #dcb2 associat$ ) affection1 ii4 #dci sq41 see ,conjugal affection ---- int]c\rse1 betwe5 man & bea/1 i4 #bec sq41 ii4 #dji1 #gdi2 manslay]s tempor>ily prohibit$ f1 i4 #cge1 #cgg2 ab/95ce f1 ) wom5 :o are pregnant or :o suckle a *ild1 i4 #cii1 ii4 #chh1 #cia2 ) /rang]s1 i4 #ege1 #eic1 ii4 #ddd-ddf2 ) holy p]sons1 i4 #eic n4 #a1 ii4 #ddd1 #dhh2 ab/a9$ f aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cjf2 ab/a9$ f dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramad4n1 ii4 #cac2 ab/95ce f1 a means ( propitiat+ or pleas+ ! deity1 ii4 #ceh1 #dbj sq42 z a magical or religi\s rite1 ii4 #cie1 #ddc-ddf1 #dhh2 betwe5 a man & a m>ri$ woman1 ii4 #cig1 #ddg-dee2 betwe5 a m>ri$ man & a woman1 ii4 #cig1 #dea-dee2 =bidd5 to prie/s & prie/esses1 ii4 #dje-dji1 #dab-dad1 #dah-dba2 to monks & nuns1 ii4 #dji1 #dab2 consid]$ impure1 ii4 #daj1 #daa1 #dad-dbj1 #geb2 reg>d$ z a consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 ii4 #daa2 suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally free f all c>nal desire1 ii4 #daa n4 #d2 suppos$ to take place betwe5 gods & wom51 ii4 #dab sq42 ! future /ate ( p]sons #hfa :o h refra9$ f1 ii4 #dad sq42 dang] attribut$ to1 ii4 #dae1 #ddf2 prohibit$ 9 sacr$ places1 ii4 #daf1 #geb2 ab/a9$ f 9 connection ) religi\s obs]vances1 ii4 #daf-dbj1 #gcf1 #geb2 admission into prie/hood prec$$ by ab/95ce f1 ii4 #dai2 reg>d$ z a transmitt] ( h]$it>y s91 ii4 #dba2 betwe5 unm>ri$ p]sons1 ii4 #dbb-ddf1 #fge1 #gdg2 betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex1 *4 xliii4 7ii4 #def-dhi71 #geb sq42 betwe5 animals ( ! same sex1 ii4 #def1 #dff1 #dge n4 #b2 tempor>ily =bidd5 to m5 :o h eat5 human fle%1 ii4 #ege4 ,see ,adult]y1 ,ince/1 ,jus prim noctis1 ,sodomy ,sexual inv]sion1 cong5ital1 ii4 #dfe-dfg2 acquir$1 ii4 #dfg-dgj ,%ame1 putt+ (f5d]s to1 i4 #agj2 a cause ( suicide1 ii4 #bcc ,%av+1 z a means ( purification1 ii4 #bid sq4 ,%eep1 /eal+ (1 i4 #ahg sq41 ii4 #ad2 ab/95ce f kill+1 = food1 ii4 #ccj4 ,see ,mutton ,%ipwreck$ p]sons1 sacrifice (1 i4 #dfg2 treatm5t (1 ii4 #be1 #cg sq4 ,sick p]sons1 kill+ or ab&on+ (1 i4 #cia-cic1 ii4 #edb2 k9d treatm5t (1 i4 #edf-edh2 suicide committ$ by1 ii4 #bcb2 unk9dness to1 puni%$ by ! supreme be+1 ii4 #fgb4 ,see ,disease ,s91 collective responsibility 9 ! case (1 i4 #dh-eg1 #fa-gb2 pray]s = remission (1 i4 #di1 #ed1 #ee1 #bbh sq41 ii4 #fed1 #fee1 #gjb1 #gjg2 mat]iali/ic conception & transf]5ce (1 i4 #eb-eg1 #fa-fe1 #gj1 #ga1 #he1 #hf1 #djg1 ii4 #bef n4 #b1 #fed sq42 committ$ accid5tally or unkn[+ly1 i4 #bbg-bca1 #bcc-bce2 ! s5se (1 ii4 #cfa2 sexual int]c\rse reg>d$ z a transmitt] ( h]$it>y1 ii4 #dba ,si/]1 ! eld]1 respect =1 i4 #fje1 #fjf1 #fad2 swe>+ by1 i4 #fjf2 curses (1 i4 #fbf1 ii4 #gjc ,sl&]1 ii4 #if1 #ih1 #adj-adb1 #gjj ,slav]y1 *4 xxvii4 7i4 #fgj-gaf72 z a puni%m5t = crime1 i4 #de1 #df1 #did1 #eah1 #fge1 #fgf1 #fha1 #fhb1 #fhe1 #fhh-fia1 ii4 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #gd2 a cause ( suicide1 ii4 #bcc1 #bce1 #bda2 produces contempt = manual lab\r1 ii4 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgh ,slaves1 sacrific$ to gods1 i4 #ff1 #deb1 #dee1 #def1 #dfg sq42 to dead p]sons1 i4 #dgb1 #dgd1 #dhf1 ii4 #bcd2 kill+ (1 i4 #cgh1 #dba-dbi1 #fif1 #gjg2 ( free m5 by1 i4 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dia n4 #e2 refuge d5i$ to1 i4 #dbg2 grant$ to1 i4 #fij1 #fib1 #fif1 ii4 #fcg2 n all[$ z witnesses1 i4 #dbi1 #fig2 bodily injuries inflict$ ^u1 i4 #eae-eah1 #ebd1 #fgg1 #gjg2 ^u freem5 by1 i4 #eaf-eah2 corporal puni%m5t inflict$ ^u1 i4 #ebb-ebd2 *ildr5 sold z1 by _! p>5ts1 i4 #eii1 #fjg1 #fji1 #faa1 #fab1 #fae1 #fge1 #fha1 #fhb1 #fhd1 #fhe1 #fhi1 #fia sq42 curses (1 i4 #gaf2 propriet>y rights & incapacities (1 i4 #fgg1 #fhd1 #fhh1 #fij1 #fig1 ii4 #bh1 #ca-cc1 #eg2 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 i4 #fgi1 ii4 #df sq42 addict$ to falsehood1 ii4 #aac1 #abi sq42 insults (f]$ by1 ii4 #adb sq42 (f]$ to1 ii4 #adc2 m>riages betwe5 free m5 &1 ii4 #cgi2 treatm5t ( ! dead bodies (1 ii4 #ebg1 #edi2 eat51 ii4 #eei #efg2 curs$ by _! ma/]s1 ii4 #gjc ,snakes1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cbd4 ,see ,s]p5ts ,social affection1 i4 #id1 #ie1 #aab-aad1 #eei1 ii4 #aig1 #aih1 #bbf-bbh ---- aggregates1 ! evolution (1 ii4 #aih-bbf ,socialism1 ii4 #fi-ga ,society1 ! bir?place ( ! moral consci\sness1 i4 #aag-abc ,sodomy1 i4 #ahh1 ii4 #dfj1 #dfe n4 #b1 #dgd-dgf1 #dgi-dhc1 #dhf-dhi4 ,see ,homosexual love ,sol/ices1 fa/+ at1 ii4 #cji sq4 ,see ,midsumm] cu/oms ,soma1 ii4 #eia1 #eib1 #gjg sq4 ,son1 sacrific$ to save ! life ( 8 fa!r1 i4 #dee sq42 ! p>5ts' or fa!r's cons5t requir$ = ! m>riage ( !1 i4 #fjg-fji1 #fac1 #fae-fah1 #fbd sq42 "m committ+ suicide on ! dea? ( h] only1 ii4 #bdd n4 #c2 all[$ to eat only c]ta9 foods aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 ii4 #cja sq4 ,see ,*ildr51 ,fir/born1 ,primog5iture1 ,ultimog5iture ,sorr[ expressions (1 ii4 #bhc1 #cjh1 #caf1 #ebh ,s\l1 ! immat]iality ( !1 ii4 #eie sq4 ,see ,annihilation1 ,dead1 ,future ,life1 ,future /ate1 ,transmigration #hfb ,spid]s1 prohibition ( kill+ :ite1 ii4 #dij ,spirits1 evil4 ,see ,evil spirits ,spiritual relation%ip1 a b> to int]-m>riage1 ii4 #cfi1 #cgg ,spitt+1 sup]/itions relat+ to1 i4 #ehh1 #eid1 ii4 #fe1 #aea1 #bji1 #cbb1 #edf n4 #b1 #fcf sq4 ,/ate1 !1 z a social unit1 ii4 #bba-bbf2 its influ5ce on ! small] units ( :i* x 0 compos$1 i4 #fbg sq41 ii4 #bbb sq42 suicide reg>d$ z a wrong aga9/1 ii4 #bdh1 #bec1 #bei1 #bfc2 celibacy reg>d$ z a wrong aga9/1 ii4 #djd ,/eal+1 ii4 #a-bg1 #eg-fi2 ( horses99991 cattle1 or %eep1 i4 #ahg sq41 ii4 #ad2 f h\ses1 i4 #ahg sq41 ii4 #ae1 #af1 #eh1 see ,burgl>y2 ( lett]s1 i4 #ahh2 ( food1 i4 #bhf1 #bhg1 #fgf1 ii4 #ad1 #ae1 #eg sq42 at night1 i4 #bhi1 ii4 #af1 #eh2 self-def5ce 9 ! case (1 i4 #bhi sq42 p]sons :o are caught1 i4 #bic4 #bid4 #caa1 ii4 #h1 #ac1 #ag-ai1 #eh2 puni%m5t inflict$ on ! (f5d+ memb] 9 ! case (1 i4 #caa1 #cab1 #eba n4 #a1 ii4 #i1 #ac2 f relatives1 ii4 #ec sq4 n4 #d2 puni%$ by sup]natural be+s1 ii4 #ei-fi1 #ffi1 #fge-fgg1 #fgi1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gje1 #gad1 #gag1 #gcb2 curses pron\nc$ to puni% or prev5t1 ii4 #fb-fi1 #gjc2 adult]y reg>d$ z a =m (1 ii4 #ddi sq42 f tombs1 ii4 #eah1 #eai1 #edj sq42 ( prop]ty belong+ to gods1 ii4 #fbf sq4 ,/imulants1 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #eia ,/orks1 ab/95ce f kill+1 ii4 #dij ,/rang]s1 protect$ by ! *ief or k+1 i4 #ahj1 #aha1 #cch2 kill+ (1 i4 #cca-ccd1 #ccg-cd1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc2 sacrific$1 i4 #dfg sq42 infliction ( bodily injuries ^u1 i4 #eai2 k9dness to1 i4 #eef-eeh1 see ,hospitality2 bless+s (1 i4 #eha-ehd1 ii4 #ddf2 reg>d$ z semi-sup]natural be+s1 i4 #ehc sq42 suppos$ to be v]s$ 9 magic1 i4 #ehd2 ! evil eye (1 i4 #ehd1 #eia-eic2 curses (1 i4 #ehd-eid1 ii4 #gae1 #gcb2 reception (1 i4 #eij-eib1 ii4 #fba2 gifts (1 i4 #eic sq42 sexual int]c\rse )1 i4 #eic1 ii4 #ddd-ddf2 enslav+ (1 i4 #fgd1 #fge1 #fhi1 #fij1 #fia1 #gad sq42 respect = ! propriet>y rights (1 ii4 #b1 #aa1 #ei2 robb]y committ$ ^u1 ii4 #bj-be1 #eh sq42 r$uc$ to s]fdom1 ii4 #bd2 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 ii4 #di2 deceiv+ (1 ii4 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #id1 #ig1 #aab1 #abf-abi2 polit5ess to1 ii4 #aeb2 duties to1 ii4 #aff2 despis$1 ii4 #aga-agd1 #ecb2 disreg>d ( _! int]e/s1 ii4 #agf2 antipa?y to1 ii4 #bbg2 m>riages )1 ii4 #cgh1 #cha sq42 treatm5t ( dep>t$1 ii4 #ebe1 #edh sq42 eat51 ii4 #eed2 sacrilege committ$ by1 ii4 #fdh4 ,see ,hospitality ,/ratagems1 ii4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab ,suicide1 *4 xxxv4 79999ii4 #bbi-bfd72 puni%$ ) =feiture ( prop]ty1 i4 #dg1 ii4 #bed2 prompt$ by remorse1 i4 #ajf1 ii4 #bcc2 ( daught]s1 i4 #dgc2 ( wid[s1 i4 #dgc sq41 ii4 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bdg2 caus$ by w\nd$ pride1 ii4 #gc1 #aci1 #adj1 #bca-bcc1 #bdc2 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h committ$1 ii4 #bce-bci1 #bdb-bdd1 #bdf1 #bec1 #bfb1 #fid1 #gaj ,sun1 fa/+ 9 connection ) !1 ii4 #cji1 #caj1 #cab sq4 ---- gods1 appeal$ to 9 oa?s1 ii4 #aba sq42 reg>d$ z judges1 ii4 #fih1 #fii1 #gjc ,sunday1 z a day ( re/1 ii4 #bhh sq42 a cause ( drunk5ness1 ii4 #cdc sq4 ,sup]natural1 !1 ii4 #ehb-ehd ---- be+s1 ! belief 91 *4 xlvii4 7ii4 #ehb-fja72 disease suppos$ to be caus$ by1 i4 #cib sq41 ii4 #eic2 curses p]sonifi$ & elevat$ to ! rank (1 i4 #fj1 #cgi1 #dhb1 #efa1 #ehe1 #fbc1 #fbd1 #fbf1 ii4 #fh1 #aaf1 #gae1 #gcb2 fe> ( m5tion+ ! names (1 ii4 #fdj-fdb2 di/9ction betwe5 (f5ces committ$ aga9/ gods & (f5ces aga9/ o!r1 ii4 #ffa sq4 ,see ,animals 7kill+ ( sacr$71 ,er9yes1 ,evil spirits1 ,goddesses1 ,gods1 ,gu>dian spirits1 ,j9n1 ,sa9ts1 ,supreme be+s1 ,totem ,sup]obligatory1 !1 i4 #aea-aed ,suppliants4 ,see ,asylums1 ,l-7r ,supreme be+s 9 savage beliefs1 ii4 #fgj-fhg ,swall[s1 prohibition ( kill+1 ii4 #dij ,sympa!tic feel+s spr++ f association1 i4 #aji sq4 ---- magic4 ,see ,magic1 sympa!tic #hfc ,sympa!tic res5tm5t4 ,see ,res5tm5t1 sympa!tic ---- retributive k9dly emotion4 ,see ,retributive k9dly emotion1 sympa!tic ,sympa?y1 i4 #aji-aaa2 = animals1 ii4 #did-ejf1 #eaj-ead4 ,see ,affection1 ,altrui/ic s5tim5t ,,taboo1 i4 #aig1 #bcc1 ii4 #fc-ff1 #ehc1 #ehd1 #fge ,talion4 ,see ,equival5ce1 ! rule ( ,te/ation1 ii4 #dc1 #ec4 ,see ,wills ,?ank (f]+s1 i4 #dda1 ii4 #fae sq4 ,!ft4 ,see ,/eal+ ,?rift1 ii4 #bfe ,?rone1 ! ,royal1 reg>d$ z holy1 ii4 #fjh1 #ged ,?und]1 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #ehg1 #eib ,tig]s1 ab/95ce f ! fle% (1 ii4 #cba2 _! fe> ( /range ph5om5a1 ii4 #ehc ,toads1 fe> ( kill+1 ii4 #dia ,tobacco1 religi\s v5]ation (1 ii4 #eia ,tol]ance1 religi\s1 ii4 #fdg-fec ,tombs1 !ft or violation committ$ at1 ii4 #eah1 #eai1 #ebe1 #edj sq42 places ( refuge1 ii4 #fcj ,tomb-/ones1 ii4 #edd1 #edf ,tortoises1 prohibition ( eat+1 ii4 #cba ,torture1 infliction ( dea? by1 i4 #ahf-ahh1 #aij2 judicial1 i4 #ebc sq4 ,totem1 eat+ ( !1 i4 #bbg1 ii4 #baj1 #baa1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #fjf2 kill+ ( !1 ii4 #baj1 #fjc1 #fjd1 #fjf2 reg>dful treatm5t ( !1 ii4 #dij ,totemism1 z a social tie1 ii4 #baj-bac2 repres5t$ z ! s\rce ( ! prohibition ( ince/1 ii4 #cgf1 #cgf sq4 n4 #g1 #cgg n4 #a1 #gdg2 believ$ to be in/itut$ by ! ,all-fa!r1 ii4 #fga ,t\rnam5ts1 i4 #ced sq4 ,trade1 moral valuation (1 ii4 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgh-bhj1 #bhb ,transf]5ce1 ( bless+s1 see ,bless+s2 ( curses1 see ,curses2 ( disease1 see ,disease2 ( evil1 see ,evil2 ( hol9ess1 see ,hol9ess2 ( ! hol9ess tempor>ily seat$ 9 ! rul+ sov]eign1 ii4 #fjg-faj1 #gec sq42 ( magic virtue ascrib$ to sacrificial victims1 i4 #fi1 #ddd-ddg1 ii4 #efc1 #fbd sq42 ( magic virtue1 by sexual int]c\rse1 i4 #eic1 ii4 #ddd-ddf1 #dhh2 by eat+ or by contact1 ii4 #efb-efd1 #fje1 #fjf1 #fbe2 ( m]its1 see ,m]its2 ( qualities inh]5t 9 animals1 m51 or man-gods1 by eat+ _! fle% or dr9k+ _! blood1 ii4 #cbj1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #efj-efd2 ( s91 see ,s92 ( ! s\ls ( div9e k+s1 ii4 #fjf1 #fjg1 #gec sq42 ( virtue1 see ,virtue ,transmigration ( human s\ls1 into animals1 ii4 #cbd1 #cbh1 #cch1 #dij1 #dif1 #ejj1 #ejd1 #eaf1 #eag1 #fic1 #gji sq42 into trees1 ii4 #eaf ,treason1 puni%m5t (1 i4 #de-dh1 #ahg-ahi1 #dib1 ii4 #eeh2 judicial torture 9 cases (1 i4 #ebc ,trees1 rev5ge tak5 ^u1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bfj-bfc2 transmigration ( human s\ls into1 ii4 #eaf ,tribe1 !1 ii4 #bjb1 #bag-bai1 #bbb sq4 ,tribes1 associations (1 ii4 #bbj sq4 ,tribunals among savages1 i4 #agc-age ,truce ( ,god1 !1 i4 #cef sq4 ,tru? & good fai?1 reg>d =1 *4 xxx4 sq4 7ii4 #gb-acf72 gods z gu>dians (1 ii4 #if1 #aad-abc1 #abh1 #abi1 #ffi1 #fgb1 #fge-fgg1 #fhd1 #fhf1 #fii1 #gjj1 #gjc-gje1 #gjg1 #gaa1 #gad1 #gag1 #gbf1 #gcb ,turtle1 ab/95ce f eat+1 ii4 #cai1 #ccc ,twilight1 prohibition ( eat+1 travell+1 & sleep+ dur+1 ii4 #cji ,tw9s1 i4 #cie1 #cif1 #djh1 #dfj ,,ultimog5iture1 ii4 #df1 #dh1 #ef ,unbelief1 ii4 #fdd-fdf1 #gje2 z a subject ( moral judgm5t1 i4 #baf2 consid]$ a legitimate cause ( w>1 i4 #cci1 #cdi-ceb1 #cei2 ! "r to bodily integrity influ5c$ by1 i4 #ebj2 a cause ( un*>itabl5ess1 i4 #eeg1 #fif2 a gr\nd = enslav+ captives1 i4 #fhf1 #fie2 ! valuation ( !ft or robb]y influ5c$ by1 ii4 #bj1 #be2 does n ju/ify brea* ( fai?1 ii4 #ic2 a legitimate gr\nd = deceiv+ an enemy1 ii4 #id2 a b> to int]m>riage1 ii4 #chj sq42 homosexual practices associat$ )1 ii4 #dhf-dhi2 ! "r to life influ5c$ by1 ii4 #gje2 ! future /ate influ5c$ by1 ii4 #gai-gba1 #gbe-gbg ,un*a/ity1 *4 xlii4 sq4 7ii4 #dbb-dhi72 ( unm>ri$ p]sons1 suppos$ to incur div9e puni%m5t1 i4 #di1 ii4 #fge2 =bidd5 to prie/s & prie/esses1 ii4 #djf-dji1 #dab-dad1 #dai sq42 to monks & nuns1 ii4 #hfd #dji1 #dab2 to p]sons :o wi% to become prie/s or prie/esses1 ii4 #dai2 suppos$ to injure ! h>ve/1 ii4 #dag1 #gdg2 celibacy a cause (1 ii4 #dcb ,uncle1 *ildr5 9 ! p[] ( _! mat]nal1 i4 #eig sq4 ,uncleanl9ess1 ii4 #cdh-cef ,uncleanness4 ,see ,pollution ,une>n$ income1 ii4 #gj sq4 ,un9t5tional injuries1 i4 #bag-bdj1 #cae1 #caf1 #cai1 ii4 #gad2 b5efits1 i4 #cah sq4 ,unnatural love4 ,see ,homosexual love ,usucapio1 ii4 #dj ,,vampires1 i4 #dgf1 ii4 #efd1 #gji ,veal1 consid]$ un:olesome1 ii4 #ccb ,veget>ianism1 ii4 #cce-cch1 #dii ,v5ison1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbj ,v]acity4 ,see ,tru?1 reg>d = ,v]m91 rev5ge tak5 ^u1 i4 #bf1 #bg1 #bea2 reg>d =1 ii4 #dib1 #dic1 #dih sq4 ,ve/al virg9s1 i4 #dci1 #dec1 ii4 #djg1 #djh1 #fcg sq4 ,vice1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #acd ,village communities1 ii4 #bjj-bjb1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf1 #bai ,viol5t dea?1 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h di$ a1 i4 #dha sq41 ii4 #bcg-bci1 #bdb ,virg9ity1 requir$ ( prie/esses1 ii4 #djf-djh2 religi\s v5]ation (1 #dji-daa1 #dbi2 n requir$ ( a bride1 ii4 #dbb-dbd1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddd-ddf2 requir$ ( unm>ri$ wom51 ii4 #dbd-ddb2 ! pref]5ce giv5 by m5 to1 ii4 #dcd-dcg1 #ddj ,virtue1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #adg-aej ,virtue1 transf]5ce (1 i4 #ih ,vivisection1 ii4 #eaj1 #eab1 #ead ,volitions1 z subjects ( moral judgm5ts1 i4 #bjb-baj2 z a s\rce ( non-moral retributive emotions1 i4 #cad-cai ---- abs5ce (1 a subject ( moral judgm5t1 i4 #baj-bad2 a cause ( non-moral retributive emotions1 i4 #cag-cai ,,wag] ( battle1 i4 #cjf1 #ejd-ejg ,w>1 i4 #cca-chb2 provok$ by a homicide1 i4 #cc2 humanity t[>ds enemies 91 i4 #cce1 #ccf1 #cdb-cdd1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #eeh1 ii4 #gaa2 private1 i4 #cee-ceh2 human sacrifices (f]$ 91 i4 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddg n4 #e1 #ddi2 end+ 9 a duel1 i4 #dig sq42 de/ruction ( prop]ty 91 ii4 #be sq42 seizure ( prop]ty 91 ii4 #bf1 #bg1 #ch1 #eh sq42 deceit 91 ii4 #id1 #ajf-ajh1 #aab2 ! future /ate ( p]sons :o h fall5 91 ii4 #bcg1 #eba1 #fid1 #fig1 #gjd1 #gjh2 burial ( p]sons :o h fall5 91 ii4 #bci2 consid]$ a nobl] occupation ?an lab\r1 ii4 #bgb-bgd1 #bgh1 #bhb2 fa/+ aft] a rev]se 91 ii4 #cae2 a cause ( polygyny1 ii4 #chi1 #cia2 preval5ce ( homosexual love among peoples addict$ to1 ii4 #dfg1 #dgi1 #geb ,w>1 prison]s (1 treatm5t (1 i4 #ccf1 #cdc1 #dbb2 sacrific$ to gods1 i4 #cci1 #dda1 #dej1 #deb1 #dfg2 to ! dead1 i4 #dgb1 #dgd2 bodily injuries inflict$ ^u1 i4 #eai sq42 enslav$1 i4 #fgd1 #fge1 #fgg1 #fha-fhf1 #fhh-fia1 #fie1 #gja1 #gae2 ransom accept$ =1 i4 #gja2 eat51 ii4 #eed1 #efa1 #egh ,wat]1 human sacrifices (f]$ = ! purpose ( gett+ dr9k+1 i4 #dea sq4 ,:ite m51 atrocities committ$ by1 among col\r$ peoples1 i4 #cgj sq42 col\r$ p]sons n accept$ z witnesses aga9/1 i4 #dbi2 _! demoralis+ influ5ce ^u savages1 i4 #edh1 #edi1 #ega sq41 ii4 #b1 #abf-abi1 #dbd1 #gce2 injuries inflict$ by col\r$ p]sons ^u1 i4 #gac sq42 prohibit$ f m>ry+ col\r$ p]sons1 i4 #gad2 look$ d[n ^u by savages1 ii4 #aga sq42 tak5 = spirits1 ii4 #eij ,wid[]s1 suicide committ$ by1 ii4 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce sq42 fa/+ (1 ii4 #bii-cja2 second m>riages (1 prohibit$ or condemn$1 ii4 #dab1 #dea ,wid[s1 sacrifice (1 i4 #dgb-dgd1 ii4 #dej sq42 suicide committ$ by1 i4 #dgc sq41 ii4 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bdg2 prohibit$ f rem>ry+1 i4 #dge1 ii4 #dej sq42 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 ii4 #de1 #dg #ee sq42 fa/+ (1 ii4 #bih-cja2 prie/s =bidd5 to m>ry1 ii4 #dab1 #dbj ,w1 !1 z ! subject ( moral judgm5t1 *4 ix4 7i4 #bag-bdh71 i4 #bad-baf1 #caj-cad2 z a cause ( non-moral retributive emotions1 i4 #cae1 #cai4 ,see ,free-w #hfe ,wills1 ii4 #dc1 #ec2 ! sacr$ness atta*$ to1 ii4 #eai1 #eda1 #eeb ,w9e1 sup]/iti\s notions conc]n+1 i4 #bgh1 #bha1 ii4 #cdd1 #cde1 #eia sq42 prohibition (1 ii4 #cda-cde2 aft] a dea?1 ii4 #cjb1 #cje2 9 hon\r ( ! sun1 ii4 #cab ,wi%es1 delib]ate1 z subjects ( moral judgm5ts1 i4 #bjf sq4 ,wit*craft1 ii4 #fdi-feb2 puni%m5t (1 i4 #de1 #ahi1 #aij1 #dib1 ii4 #fej-feb4 ,see ,magic ,wit*es1 lunatics burn$ z1 i4 #bgc2 old wom5 reg>d$ z1 i4 #fbj2 addict$ to homosexual practices1 ii4 #dhd n4 #a2 ! cu/om ( swimm+1 ii4 #fij4 ,see ,wit*craft ,wives1 ! subjection (1 *4 xxvi4 7i4 #fbi-ffi72 puni%$ if convict$ ( a design to kill _! husb&s1 i4 #bde2 crimes committ$ by1 9 ! pres5ce ( _! husb&s1 i4 #bhd2 husb&s kill+ _!1 i4 #dah1 #dai1 #fca2 kill+ _! husb&s1 i4 #dai sq42 acquir$ by duels1 i4 #dii1 #ejj1 #ejc2 husb&s inflict+ bodily injuries ^u _!1 i4 #ead-eaf1 #fca2 ! duty ( husb&s to protect & support _!1 i4 #ebf-ebi1 #ecb sq42 l5d+ (1 to gue/s or o!rs1 i4 #ege1 #eic1 ii4 #geb2 curs$ by _! husb&s1 i4 #fbf2 sold z slaves by _! husb&s1 i4 #fge1 #fhd2 propriet>y rights & incapacities (1 i4 #fcb1 #fcg-fda1 #fdc1 #fde1 #ffa1 ii4 #bh-ca1 #da1 #eg2 belief 9 a my/]i\s bond ( sympa?y betwe5 husb&s &1 ii4 #bje2 suicide committ$ by husb&s on ! dea? ( _!1 ii4 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce sq42 fa/+ ( husb&s on ! dea? ( _!1 ii4 #bii-cja2 adult]y committ$ by1 ii4 #cig1 #ddg-dee2 ( gods1 ii4 #dab-dad2 prie/s =bidd5 to m>ry divorc$1 ii4 #dbj2 ex*ange (1 ii4 #geb2 eat5 by _! husb&s1 ii4 #eee4 ,see ,conjugal affection1 ,m>riage1 ,wid[s ,wiz>ds4 ,see ,magicians ,wolf's fle%1 ab/95ce f1 ii4 #cbj1 #cbb1 #cbg ,wom51 ! position (1 *4 xxvi4 7i4 #fbi-ffi72 rape committ$ ^u1 i4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bij1 #caa1 #eba1 ii4 #dcg1 #dch1 #fcc1 #fgi2 puni%$ by be+ burn$ alive1 i4 #ahh2 treatm5t (1 9 w>1 i4 #cce1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cfi sq42 kill+ (1 i4 #dah-dba2 n all[$ to be beat51 i4 #ead2 ! evil eye (1 i4 #eib2 reg>d$ z v]s$ 9 magic1 especially :5 old1 i4 #fbj1 #fff-ffh2 ! occupations (1 i4 #fcc-fcg2 ! sexual impulse (1 i4 #feg sq41 ii4 #dce2 ideas held ab\t1 i4 #ffa-ffi1 ii4 #aib2 ! future /ate (1 i4 #ffb sq41 ii4 #fgc2 ( su* z h di$ 9 *ild-bir?1 ii4 #bch n4 #c1 #fgh2 m5/ru\s1 i4 #ffc2 ii4 #cjg n4 #b1 #ech n4 #b1 #ehf2 reg>d$ z unclean1 i4 #ffc-fff1 ii4 #ech n4 #b2 =bidd5 to ent] sacr$ places1 i4 #ffd1 #ffe1 9999ii4 #geb2 to (f] sacrifices1 i4 #ffd sq42 to pray1 i4 #ffd1 #ffg n4 #a2 curses (1 i4 #ffh2 s]v+ z asylums1 i4 #ffh sq42 propriet>y rights & incapacities (1 i4 #ffa1 ii4 #bh-cj1 #da1 #eg2 rules ( inh]itance relat+ to1 ii4 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #ee2 addict$ to falsehood1 ii4 #gf1 #aac2 to suicide1 ii4 #bcb2 polit5ess to1 ii4 #aeb2 c]ta9 foods =bidd5 to1 ii4 #cbj sq42 celibacy & cont95ce ( religi\s1 ii4 #djf-dad1 #dai-dba2 m>ri$ to gods1 ii4 #dab-dad2 *a/ity ( unm>ri$1 i4 #di1 ii4 #dbb-ddf1 #fge2 coyness (1 ii4 #dce sq42 homosexual practices betwe51 ii4 #dfd1 #dfe1 #geb2 ! lack ( accessible wom5 a cause ( homosexual practices betwe5 m51 ii4 #dff sq42 _! m5tal inf]iority a cause ( p$]a/y1 ii4 #dgj sq42 treatm5t ( ! dead bodies (1 ii4 #ebf1 #ebg1 #edi2 =bidd5 to eat human fle%1 ii4 #eed1 #eee n41 #egc1 #ege2 refuge d5i$ to kidnapp]s (1 ii4 #fcc4 ,see ,daught]s1 ,"m1 ,wives1 ,wid[s ,"w4 ,see ,lab\r ,_w1 r5unciation ( !1 ii4 #cfa-cfc ,wrong1 analysis ( ! concept1 i4 #acd ,,"y ,,p]sons1 c]ta9 foods =bidd5 to1 ii4 #cai sq4 ,see ,*ildr51 "y ,,! ,,end ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,brunswick ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas ,,by ,,edw>d ,,we/]m>ck1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,"s ,,press ,,op9ions ,,on ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,a!n,,um4-- ,! fir/ attempt to deal ) ! subject ( ! evolution ( human morality 9 ! concrete on a scale at all correspond+ to its complexity & %e] bulk4 4 4 4 ,?is book rema9s an a*ievem5t unsurpass$ 9 its own k9d1 a p]petual monum5t ( ! c\rage1 ! v]satility1 & ! amaz+ indu/ry ( its au?or4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 9 ,,m9d4-- ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's "w fills me ) pr(\nd admiration4 4 4 4 ,!re is no book 9 any language t deals concretely ) ! evolution ( morality on s gr& a scale or 9 s au?oritative a way4 ,havelock ,ellis1 9 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,m5tal ,,sci5ce4-- ,?r\gh\t m>k$ by an extraord9>y degree ( erudition :i* nev] becomes p$antic1 by an inv>iably fair-m9d$ & well-balanc$ attitude t[>ds difficult problems1 & by a p[] ( broad & lucid pres5tation :i* recalls ,buckle4 ,q4 ,c4 ,:eel]1 9 ,,revue ,,de ,,droit ,,int]national4-- ,une des contributions les plus importantes la sociologie qui ai5t t produites p5dant les d]nires annes4 4 4 4 ,cet ouvrage aura p\r effet de r5dre presque impossible t\te tude sci5tifique de la morale sur les anci5nes bases4 ,franz ,opp5heim]1 9 ,,das ,,blaubu*4-- ,e9 neues ,bu* von ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck b$eutet e9 soziologis*es ,ereignis4 ,we/]m>ck1 das heis/3 pr(unde/es e?nographis*es ,wiss51 mei/]haft beh]rs*t dur* ordn5d5 ,v]/& und dur*leu*tet von s*rf/] ,kritik und sprkrftig/] ,psy*ologie4 ,wie se9e ',ges*i*te d] ,ehe' e9 /&>d "w d] ,gesells*aftslehre bleib5 wird1 als dasj5ige ,bu*1 das zum er/5mal e9es d] s*wi]ig/5 ,gebiete des m5s*li*5 ,zusamm5leb5s auf briete/] ,grundlage s*ild]te und erklrte1 s wird au* dieses zweite m*tige ,w]k1 dess5 er/] ,b& uns jetzt vorliegt1 auf lange ,zeit h9aus zu d5 ,grund/e95 d] w]d5d5 ,wiss5s*aft von ,m5s*5 gehr54 ,,philosophical ,,review4-- ,altoge!r x is p]haps safe to say t ! "w is ! mo/ important contribution to e?ical lit]ature )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,w4 ,r4 ,sorley1 9 ,,! ,,bookman4-- ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck is ! only writ] :o c claim to h sy/ematically exam9$ ! :ole ( ! evid5ce1 & to h produc$ a compreh5sive treatise on ! developm5t ( m5's ideas ( good & evil4 4 4 4 ,he is to be congratulat$ on hav+ produc$ a /&>d "w on a subject ( fir/-rate importance4 ,x is di/+ui%$ alike by bread? ( view & ma/]y ( detail1 by skilful m>%all+ ( evid5ce & by s\nd judgm5t4 ,,nature4-- ,! read]s ( 8 ',hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage'--all ( !m 8 debtors--7 d\btless prep>$ = ! va/ array ( footnotes1 ! excell5t way 9 :i* long s]ies ( facts are arrang$1 ! cle>ness ( ! /yle1 ! sanity & reasonabl5ess ( a "w :i* c]ta9ly 0 ne$$ to keep e?ical !ory abrea/ ( an?ropological rese>*1 & :i* w add greatly to its au?or's reputation4 4 4 4 ,! acc\nt ( ! moral emotions1 ! treatm5t ( puni%m5t 79 :i* subtle argum5ts are (f]$ aga9/ det]m5t z a suffici5t guid+ pr9ciple71 ! discussion ( ! v>i\s di/9ctions sugge/$ by t]ms l act1 ag5t1 motive1 int5tion1 ! detail$ exam9ation ( ! facts advanc$ by su* au?orities z ,"l ,avebury1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 are all excell5t4 ,,nor!rn ,,:ig4-- ,= le>n+ & rese>* ! book is simply a m>vel4 4 4 4 ,x w be an au?oritative book = _m a day on ! subjects ) :i* x deals4 ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 9 ,,tribune4-- ,x has rema9$ = ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 a ,f9n writ+ 9 ,engli%1 to give to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w ! fir/ compreh5sive & sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( moral ideas on ! basis ( a detail$ survey ( ! cu/oms ( mank9d4 4 4 4 ,x is n too mu* to pr$ict t x w m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 ! /udy ( g5]al sociology4 ,,gu>dian4-- ,?is "w1 by ! au?or ( ',! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1' w und\bt$ly take its place1 & t a =emo/ place1 among/ ! /&>d works on ! subject ( e?ics4 4 4 4 ,! wid? & dep? ( 8 le>n+ w be recognis$ by e read]1 & w be utilis$ by _m g5]ations ( /ud5ts4 ,,daily ,,news4-- ,a p]fect gravey>d ( ! ha/y g5]alisations ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,,cambridge ,,review4-- ,! purpose ( ! pres5t "w is to arrange & exam9e all ! available evid5ce reg>d+ ! nature ( m5's moral judgm5ts & ! k9d ( objects :i* !y approve or condemn4 ,no "o c\ld be f\nd m compet5t ?an ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck to c>ry ?is great und]tak+ to a successful issue4 ,,expository ,,times4-- ,"o ( ! greate/ contributions ( rec5t ye>s to ! /udy ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,s4 ,alex&]1 9 ,,! ,,speak]4-- ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's book is )\t d\bt ( ! fir/ importance1 :e!r x be reg>d$ z a philosophical treatise on e?ics or z a hi/ory ( moral in/itutions4 ,nei!r ( ^! descriptions s+ly does ju/ice to x1 = its m]it lies 9 its bl5d+ ( ! analytical ) ! hi/orical me?od1 s t ! long hi/ory :i* beg9s 9 ! second half ( ?is volume & is to be complet$ 9 ! next volume1 con/itutes a cont9u\s v]ification ( 8 ma9 e?ical !sis t moral disapprovals und approvals arise f & express social indignation & social gratitude4 4 4 4 ,i conclude by express+ my unqualifi$ admiration ( ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's "w1 :i* is wor?y ( ! ye>s ( lab\r he has be/[$ ^u x4 ,besides its sci5tific importance x is recomm5d$ to read]s by ! unfail+ int]e/ & lucidity ( its mann]4 ,,univ]sity ,,review4-- ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck belongs to no accept$ s*ool ( morali/s4 ,he endorses nei!r ! humani/ nor ! religi\s views ( society4 ,he is nei!r a utilit>ian nor an intuitionali/4 ,he is bo? an an?ropologi/ & a hi/orian2 he is also a sociologi/ & a travell]4 ,9 neglect$ l&s :]e he might escape f ,european prejudices he has liv$ & /udi$ ! problems ( ! human he>t & m9d1 accumulat+ at fir/ h& a mass ( mat]ial :i* ?r[s mu* light on ! orig9 & developm5t ( peculi> cu/oms & beliefs4 ,?is1 add$ to a rem>k able erudition1 a sci5tific temp]1 a felicity & abundance ( illu/ration1 & a cle> & vigor\s /yle1 gives u a contribution to e?ics1 psy*ology1 & sociology :i* is und\bt$ly ( ! fir/ rank1 &1 9 our op9ion1 ! mo/ compreh5sive & lum9\s "w :i* has yet be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,,globe4-- ,bo? by ! cl>ity & ! philosophical insight ( its argum5ts1 & ! wide range ( its inve/igations & illu/rative details1 x w claim securely to rank among ^? epo*-m>k+ works :i* def9e ! /eady progress ( mank9d 9 ! /udy & und]/&+ ( its sociological developm5ts4 ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4-- ,! full] consid]ation ( ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's book z a philosophic treatise mu/ wait2 mean:ile we c only congratulate him & ! ,du*y1 ( :i* he is s conspicu\s an ornam5t1 on ! production ( a book t is really epo*-m>k+4 ,,scotsman4-- ,"o ( its prime *>act]i/ics is ! skill ) :i* x traces out ! hi/orical connection betwe5 moral op9ions & magic & religi\s beliefs4 ,,york%ire ,,po/4-- ,9 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's h&s a subject :i* might be impossibly ab/ruse becomes almo/ z attractive z a romance4 4 4 4 ,9 pure philosophy he is to "s ext5t a pione]1 & w h ! noble satisfaction ( ! pione] 9 ar\s+ d\bt1 int]e/1 & admiration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is text comb9es ! two sep>ate volumes ( ,we/]m>ck's book into "o file4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ sequ5tially ?r\gh ea* *apt] & plac$ bel[ ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y occur4 ,conv5tions = transcription ( =eign languages1 etc4 ,page numb]s ,page numb]s are pres]v$ 9 ! text1 & are plac$ inside curly brackets ) a space on ea* side1 ev5 if t means break+ "s o!r ,,pg transcription guidel9e4 ,pages )\t a pr9t$ numb] 7su* z initial pages ( *apt]s7 are left unm>k$1 ev5 ?\gh ! table ( cont5ts etc4 may ref] to ^? p>ticul> pages4 ,greek alphabet ,greek expressions are translit]at$ 9 normal ,,pg /yle 7upsilon always z u71 except t acc5ts are m>k$ ?us1 ) symbols foll[+ ! ,greek lett]3 acute _/ grave circumflex ,brea?+s are m>k$ ?us1 ) symbols foll[+ ! ,greek lett]3 r\gh 7 smoo? 7 ,o!r ,non-,engli% alphabetic symbols ,! oe-ligature is writt5 oe4 ,aga91 o!r non-/&>d symbols n 9 ! basic ,,ascii range are m>k$ z usual 9 ,,pg3 ! transcription is plac$ 9 squ>e brackets2 m>ks above ! basic lett] are symbolis$ ) a "* prec$+ ! basic "*1 ^? b5ea? ! lett] ) a "* foll[+ ! basic "*3 ,acute acc5t 7or a simil> m>k on consonants7 is m>k$ ) ' ,circumflex ) ,macron 7long m>k7 ) ,breve above a v[el 7%ort m>k7 ) 7 ,inv]t$ circumflex_/breve bel[ ) v ,dot ) 4 ,we/]m>ck uses "s o!r unusual lett]s3 ?is text uses 7 = ! transcription left half r+ = ,arabic ay9 & = some?+ l a r\gh brea?+ above w 9 ! "n ,e7we4 ,correct$ text ,correct$ text is m>k$ ) 9999 prec$+ ! correction 7except = volume #b1 p4 #bcd1 footnote #ca :]e 9999 is ! orig9al text74 ,corrections to ! text3 ,page ,text ( #bnd edition ,correction *4 #b1 p4 #cb n4 #eg ,ob>albani5 ,ob]albani5 *4 #g1 p4 #aha n4 #hi ,du ,boys ,du ,boys *4 #g1 p4 #aie n4 #ahf slove slave *4 #i1 p4 #bcb neglect$ neglectful *4 #aj1 p4 #bfj n4 #fj proemio prmio *4 #aj1 p4 #bfb text = n4 #ha has no initial *4 #af1 p4 #cha has ha/ *4 #ah1 p4 #dbg n4 #fe ,communt>ii ,comm5t>ii *4 #ah1 p4 #dcb l>c5cy l>c5y *4 #ai1 p4 #dcg text = n4 #bh has no f9al *4 #ai1 p4 #dea ,an!nians ,a!nians *4 #ai1 p4 #dfh text = n4 #bea has no f9al *4 #ba1 p4 #ejb text = n4 #ba has no f9al * #bb1 p4 #eag n4 #de abuse abus$ *4 #bb1 p4 #eba memtion$ m5tion$ *4 #bc1 p4 #eca n4 #db ,magaz9 ,magaz9e *4 #bc1 p4 #eeh n4 #bed ,law is n italicis$ *4 #bd1 p4 #egb n4 #aa ! ,discov]y ,discov]y *4 #be1 p4 #fja text = n4 #cc has no initial *4 #bf1 p4 #fcd n4 #ci ,globus is n italicis$ *4 #bi1 p4 #ce n4 #c tibes tribes *4 #cj1 p4 #gd text = n4 #f has no f9al *4 #cj1 p4 #ii n4 #bef #ajj #aaj *4 #cc1 p4 #aff m-da% 4 *4 #ce1 p4 #bdh n4 #aea ,phdro ,phd *4 #ce1 p4 #beg n4 #baa ev]body ev]ybody *4 #ce1 p4 #bfa m-da% 4 *4 #cg1 p4 #cja1 n4 #hj 4 1 *4 #ci1 p4 #cdi1 n4 #ba 1 4 *4 #db1 p4 #dbb text = n4 #b has no f9al *4 #dc1 p4 #dei n4 #f4 4 1 *4 #dc1 p4 #dhg n4 #bji italics omitt$ f ,sacr$ ,books etc4 *4 #dd1 p4 #dih n4199 n4 991 *4 #df1 p4 #eec n4 #a 1 *4 #df1 p4 #eee ,if ,x *4 #dh1 p4 #fah n4 #he i #a *4 #ea1 p4 #gbg wordly worldly *4 #eb1 p4 #gcd wordly worldly ,au?orities1 p4 #ghf ,indan ,indian ,au?orities1 p4 #gih mosai* mosais* ,au?orities1 p4 #hjj ,reis9 ,reis5 ,au?orities1 p4 #hbf ,museun ,museum ,au?orities1 p4 #hbh ,soceity ,society ,index1 p4 #hbh ,london #ahci ,london1 #ahci ,index1 p4 #hdb #ead #eae ,index1 p4 #hdd n4 #b n4 #h ,index1 p4 #hdg polution pollution ,index1 p4 #hej i4 ii4 ,index1 p4 #heb 7twice7 ii4 ,index1 p4 #hfb 2 1 ,index1 p4 #hfb i4 ii4 ,index1 p4 #hfe ii4