,,bell',s ,,english ,,history ,,source ,,books ,general ,editors3 ,s4,e4 ,,winbolt1 ,m4,a41 ,,and ,,kenneth ,,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,,war ,,and ,,misrule ,,bell',s ,,english ,,history ,,source ,,books4 ,volumes now ,ready4 #bs4 net each4 #ddi-ajff4 ,,the ,,welding ,,of ,,the ,,race4 ,edited by the ,,rev4 ,,john ,,wallis1 ,m4,a4 #ajff-aaed4 ,,the ,,normans ,,in ,,england4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,a4,e4 ,,bland1 ,m4,a4 #aaed-abaf4 ,,the ,,angevins ,,and ,,the ,,charter4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,s4,m4 ,,toyne1 ,m4,a4 #abaf-acjg4 ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,parliament1 ,,and ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,scotland4 ,edited by ,w4,d4 ,,robieson1 ,m4,a4 #acjg-acii4 ,,war ,,and ,,misrule4 ,edited by ,a4,a4 ,,locke4 #acii-adhe4 ,,york ,,and ,,lancaster4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,w4 ,,garmon ,,jones1 ,m4,a4 #adhe-aedg4 ,,the ,,reformation ,,and ,,the ,,renaissance4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,f4,w4 ,,bewsher1 ,b4,a4 #aedg-afjc4 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,elizabeth4 ,third ,edition4 ,edited by ,,arundell ,,esdaile1 ,m4,a4 #afjc-affj4 ,,puritanism ,,and ,,liberty4 ,third ,edition4 ,edited by ,,kenneth ,,bell1 ,m4,a4 #affj-agad4 ,a ,,constitution ,,in ,,making4 ,third ,edition4 ,edited by ,g4,b4 ,,perrett1 ,m4,a4 #agad-agfj4 ,,walpole ,,and ,,chatham4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,k4,a4 ,,esdaile4 #agfj-ahja4 ,,american ,,independence ,,and ,,the ,,french ,,revolution4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,s4,e4 ,,winbolt1 ,m4,a4 #ahja-ahae4 ,,england ,,and ,,napoleon4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,s4,e4 ,,winbolt1 ,m4,a4 #ahae-ahcg4 ,,peace ,,and ,,reform4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,a4,c4,w4 ,,edwards1 ,m4,a41 ,christ's ,hospital4 #ahcg-ahef4 ,,commercial ,,politics4 ,by ,r4,h4 ,,gretton4 #ahef-ahgf4 ,,from ,,palmerston ,,to ,,disraeli4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,,ewing ,,harding1 ,b4,a4 #ahgf-ahhg4 ,,imperialism ,,and ,,mr4 ,,gladstone4 ,edited by ,r4,h4 ,,gretton4 #aece-aiac4 ,,canada4 ,edited by ,,james ,,munro1 ,lecturer at ,edinburgh ,university4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,source ,,book ,,of ,,london ,,history4 ,by ,p4 ,,meadows1 ,m4,a4 ,,london3 ,g4 ,,bell ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,war ,,and ,,misrule 7#acjg-acii7 ,,selected ,,by ,a4 ,,audrey ,,locke ,,oxford ,,honours ,,school ,,of ,,modern ,,history ,illustration ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 #aibj ,,introduction ,this series of ,english ,history ,source ,books is intended for use with any ordinary textbook of ,english ,history4 ,experience has conclusively shown that such apparatus is a valuable--nay1 an indispensable--adjunct to the history lesson4 ,it is capable of two main uses3 either by way of lively illustration at the close of a lesson1 or by way of inference-drawing1 before the textbook is read1 at the beginning of the lesson4 ,the kind of problems and exercises that may be based on the documents are legion1 and are admirably illustrated in a ,history of ,england for ,schools1 ,part ,i41 by ,keatinge and ,frazer1 pp4 #cgg-cha4 ,however1 we have no wish to prescribe for the teacher the manner in which he shall exercise his craft1 but simply to provide him and his pupils with materials hitherto not readily accessible for school purposes4 ,the very moderate price of the books in this series should bring them within the reach of every secondary school4 ,source books enable the pupil to take a more active part than hitherto in the history lesson4 ,here is the apparatus1 the raw material3 its use we leave to teacher and taught4 ,our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all grades of historical students between the standards of fourth-form boys in secondary schools and undergraduates at ,universities4 ,what differentiates students at one extreme from those at the other is not so much the kind of subject-matter dealt with1 as the amount they can read into or extract from it4 ,in regard to choice of subject-matter1 while trying to satisfy the natural demand for certain stock documents of vital importance1 we hope to introduce much fresh and novel matter4 ,it is our intention that the majority of the extracts should be lively in style--that is1 personal1 or descriptive1 or rhetorical1 or even strongly partisan--and should not so much profess to give the truth as supply data for inference4 ,we aim at the greatest possible variety1 and lay under contribution letters1 biographies1 ballads and poems1 diaries1 debates1 and newspaper accounts4 ,economics1 ,london1 municipal1 and social life generally1 and local history1 are represented in these pages4 ,the order of the extracts is strictly chronological1 each being numbered1 titled1 and dated1 and its authority given4 ,the text is modernised1 where necessary1 to the extent of leaving no difficulties in reading4 ,we shall be most grateful to teachers and students who may send us suggestions for improvement4 ,s4,e4 ,,winbolt4 ,,kenneth ,,bell4 ,,note ,,to ,,this ,,volume ,i have to thank ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson and the ,council of the ,royal ,society of ,literature for permission to quote from ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson's translation of ,adam of ,usk's ,chronicle4 ,the sources used in this book are for the most part contemporary4 ,a4,a4,l4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction ,v ,,date #acaj4 ,,bill ,,of ,,articles ,,presented ,,to ,,edward ,,ii4 #a #acaa4 ,,the ,,successes ,,of ,,king ,,robert ,,bruce #b #acab4 ,,peter ,,gaveston ,,and ,,the ,,friars ,,preachers #c #acac4 ,,an ,,unworthy ,,king #d #acac4 ,,corruption ,,in ,,the ,,papal ,,court #e #acad4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,bannockburn #f #acad4 ,,vagabond ,,friars #g #acai4 ,,charges ,,against ,,the ,,despensers #i #acbb4 ,,popular ,,feeling ,,about ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,lancaster',s ,,death #aj #acbb4 ,,the ,,revocation ,,of ,,the ,,ordinances #aa #acbg4 ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,the ,,king #ab #acbg4 ,,character ,,of ,,edward ,,ii4 #ad #acbg4 ,,accession ,,of ,,edward ,,iii4 #ae #acbg4 ,,the ,,manner ,,of ,,the ,,scots #ae #acbh4 ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,isabella #af #accj4 ,,why ,,mortimer ,,was ,,condemned ,,unheard #ah #accb4 ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,disinherited #ai #accd4 ,,for ,,the ,,safe-,,keeping ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,london #bj #acci4 ,,first ,,invasion ,,of ,,france3 ,,the ,,campaign ,,of #acci #ba #acdj4 ,,before ,,sluys #bd #acdj4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,sluys #be #acdj4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,france ,,ignores ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,england',s ,,challenge #bf #acdj-acda4 ,,archbishop ,,stratford ,,incurs ,,the ,,king',s ,,displeasure #bi #acdj-acda4 ,,the ,,libellus ,,famosus #cj #acda4 ,,trial ,,by ,,peers #cc #acdf4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,crecy #cd #acdf4 ,,david ,,bruce ,,invades ,,england #cf #acdf4 ,a ,,fighting ,,prior #ch #acdg4 ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,calais #dj #acdi4 ,,penitents ,,and ,,jews #db #acej4 ,a ,,statute ,,of ,,labourers #dc #acej4 ,,prosperity ,,of ,,the ,,landless ,,labourer #df #acej4 ,,first ,,statute ,,of ,,provisors #dg #acee4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,england ,,refuses ,,the ,,french ,,king',s ,,challenge #dh #acee-acef4 ,,the ,,balliols ,,resign ,,to ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,england #dh #acef4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,poitiers #ej #acei4 ,,the ,,treaty ,,of ,,london #eb #acfj4 ,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,paris ,,and ,,the ,,treaty ,,of ,,calais #ec #acfa4 ,,the ,,fateful ,,footprints ,,of ,,the ,,english #ee #acfb4 ,,no ,,subsidy ,,on ,,wool ,,without ,,assent ,,of ,,parliament #ef #acfc4 ,,regulation ,,of ,,wearing ,,apparel ,,by ,,statute #ef #acfg4 ,,the ,,haughtiness ,,of ,,the ,,english #ei #acgf4 ,,time-,,honoured ,,lancaster #fj #acgf4 ,,lament ,,for ,,the ,,black ,,prince #fc #acgf-acgg4 ,,renewal ,,of ,,the ,,war #fd #acgg4 ,,john ,,of ,,gaunt ,,attacks ,,william ,,of ,,wykeham #ff #acgg4 ,,master ,,john ,,wiclif #fg #acgg4 ,a ,,torchlight ,,procession #fh #acgg4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,france ,,equips ,a ,,fleet #fi #acgg4 ,,character ,,of ,,edward ,,iii4 #gj #acha4 ,,the ,,peasants' ,,revolt #ga #acha4 ,,wondrous ,,and ,,unheard-,,of ,,prodigies #gc #achb4 ,,heretical ,,and ,,erroneous ,,conclusions ,,of ,,wiclif #ge #achb4 ,,the ,,followers ,,of ,,this ,,master ,,john #gg #achd4 ,,the ,,parliament ,,of #achd #gh #ache4 ,,the ,,plot ,,against ,,lancaster #ha #ache4 ,,the ,,french ,,in ,,scotland #hd #ache4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,wiclif #he #achf4 ,,charles ,,vi4',s ,,frustrated ,,invasion ,,of ,,england #hf #achf4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,england #ia #achf4 ,,the ,,wonderful ,,parliament #ib #achg4 ,,richard ,,appeals ,,to ,,the ,,judges #ic #achg4 ,,defeat ,,of ,,the ,,king',s ,,friends #id #achh4 ,,the ,,merciless ,,parliament #ie #acid4 ,,on ,,the ,,truce ,,between ,,england ,,and ,,france #ie #acig4 ,,supposed ,,plots #ih #acig4 ,,richard',s ,,revenge #ii #acig4 ,,the ,,appeal ,,of ,,the ,,appellants #aja #acii4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,ireland #ajc #acii4 ,,the ,,betrayal ,,of ,,the ,,king #ajd #acii4 ,,abdication ,,and ,,death #ajh #acii4 ,,character ,,of ,,richard ,,ii4 #aaj #acii4 ,,richard ,,the ,,redeless #aaa #acii4 ,,isabella ,,of ,,france ,,returns ,,to ,,her ,,own ,,country #aae ,,appendix3 ,,education ,,in ,,the ,,fourteenth ,,century3 ,a ,,normal ,,schoolboy #aag ,,beggar',s ,,brats ,,are ,,book-,,learned #aai ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,impairing ,,of ,,our ,,language #abj ,,war ,,and ,,misrule 7#acjg-acii7 ,,bill ,,of ,,articles ,,presented ,,to ,,edward ,,ii4 ,,by ,,the ,,barons ,,in ,,the ,,parliament ,,of #acaj4 ,,source4--,annales ,londonienses in ,chronicles of the ,reigns of ,edward ,i4 and ,edward ,,ii4 7,rolls ,series71 ed4 ,stubbs1 i4 #afi4 ,to our lord the ,king showing the great perils and damages which from day to day will appear1 unless there is some hasty redress1 both destruction of the freedom of holy ,church and the disinheritance and dishonour of yourself and your royal power1 and the disinheritance of your crown and the damage of all the people of your kingdom both rich and poor3 from which perils neither you nor the good men of your kingdom may escape unless some immediate remedy be ordained by the advice of the prelates1 earls and barons and the most wise of your realm3-- ,to begin with1 while you are ruler of this land and sworn to maintain peace in your land1 you are led by unworthy and bad council and are held in great slander in all lands2 and so poor are you and so devoid of all manner of treasure that you have nothing wherewith either to defend your land or keep up your household1 except by extortions1 which your officers make from the goods of holy ,church and your poor people1 without paying anything1 against the form of the great charter2 which charter they pray may be held and maintained in all its force4 ,further1 ,sire1 whereas our lord the ,king your father1 whom ,god assoil1 left you all your lands entire1 ,england1 ,ireland and all ,scotland1 in good peace1 you have lost ,scotland and grievously dismembered your crown in ,england and ,ireland etc4 without the assent of your baronage and without pretext4 ,again1 ,sire1 showing you that whereas the commonalty of your realm give you the #bjth penny from their goods in aid of your ,scotch war and the #bdth penny1 in order to be freed of prises and other grievances2 the which pennies are all levied and foolishly spent and wasted by unworthy counsel1 and your wars do not advance1 nor are your poor people freed from prises and other grievances1 but they are more oppressed from day to day1 than before4 ,for which cause1 ,sire1 your said good people pray you humbly1 for the salvation of yourself and of them and of the crown1 which they are bound to maintain1 by virtue of their allegiance1 that you will consent to this1 that these and other perils may be wiped out and redressed by ordinances of your baronage4 ,this bill was followed by the appointment of the ,lords ,ordainers4 ,,the ,,successes ,,of ,,king ,,robert ,,bruce 7#acaa74 ,,source4--,the ,book of ,pluscarden in ,historians of ,scotland1 x4 #ahb4 ,in the year #acaa1 after having routed and vanquished all his foes everywhere he went1 and1 for the most part1 taken and levelled to the ground the castles and forts which offered him resistance1 ,king ,robert ,bruce twice invaded and ravaged ,england1 making great havoc with fire and sword1 and bringing untold plunder back to ,scotland4 ,and thus1 by the power of ,god1 that faithless ,english nation1 which had again and again unjustly tortured many a man1 was now by ,god's righteous judgment made to undergo scourgings2 and whereas it had once been victorious over other kingdoms1 it now sank vanquished and groaning and became a gazing stock to others4 ,the following year1 in #acab1 the then very strong walled town of ,perth was taken1 and all in it were put to the sword1 some drawn1 some beheaded1 some slain in the fight1 and the rest hanged on the gallows4 ,but the ,king was moved to compassion for the guiltless rabble1 and forgave them and received their submission4 ,and thus3 ,did ,england drink the gall itself had brewed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and the same year ,edward1 called of ,windsor1 the eldest son of the ,king of ,england1 was born at ,windsor1 of the daughter of ,philip1 ,king of ,france2 and he was the source of many wars4 ,through this ,edward1 that most cruel and most heinous war with ,france broke out4 ,,peter ,,gaveston ,,and ,,the ,,friars ,,preachers 7#acab74 ,,source4--,adam ,murimuth1 ,continuatio ,chronicarum 7,rolls ,series71 #ag-ah4 ,this year1 about the feast of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist ,june #bd1 the ,king desired ,peter ,gaveston for his safety's sake to be brought to him by ,adomar de ,valence1 ,earl of ,pembroke4 ,when they were at ,danyntone 7,deddington71 near ,banbury1 the said ,earl left him in the night and went on to another place1 for no apparent reason4 ,and on the morrow at dawn came ,guy1 ,earl of ,warwick1 with a small1 noisy following1 and surprised the said ,peter1 and carried him off with him to his ,castle of ,warwick4 ,there1 having held counsel with the chief men of the kingdom1 especially with ,thomas1 ,earl of ,lancaster1 he finally dismissed him from prison to go where he would4 ,and when he had gone out of the town of ,warwick and had come to a place called1 as though prophetically1 ,gaveressich 7,gaversike71 he found there many men raising hue and cry after him with voices and horns1 as they would after one of the enemies of the ,king and kingdom lawfully outlawed or exiled2 and finally they beheaded him1 as though he were one of these1 on the #aith day of ,june4 ,and one of the ,friars ,preachers carried away ,gaveston's head in his hood 7and brought it to the ,king74 ,afterwards the friars of the same order found the body#a and kept it at ,oxford with solemn vigils for a year and more4 ,but finally it was buried at ,langley1 where the ,king founded a religious house of ,friars ,preachers for the salvation of his own soul2 and there establishing a large number of student friars1 he provided for their sufficient sustenance from his treasury in ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,according to the ,annales ,londonienses in ,chronicles of the ,reigns of ,edward ,i4 and ,edward ,,ii4 7,rolls ,series71 i4 #bjg1 the body was carried to ,warwick by four shoemakers1 but the ,earl of ,warwick sent it back to the place where the beheading had taken place1 outside his fief1 and the ,jacobin ,friars carried the body to ,oxford1 and guarded it with much honour2 wherefore they were held in great odium by the aforesaid earl4 ,,an ,,unworthy ,,king 7#acac74 ,,source4--,vita ,edwardi ,,ii4 possibly by a monk of ,malmesbury in ,chronicles of the ,reigns of ,edward ,,ii4 and ,edward ,,iii4 7,rolls ,series71 ii4 #aia-aib4 ,behold now our ,king ,edward had reigned six whole years1 nor had he accomplished anything praiseworthy or fit to be remembered2 except that he married royally and raised for himself a fine heir to his kingdom4444 ,oh6 would that our ,king ,edward had borne himself well at the beginning of his reign1 and had not followed the counsel of pernicious men1 he should in truth have been more renowned than any of his ancestors4 ,then ,god had enriched him with the gifts of all virtues and had made him equal to1 nay1 more excellent than1 other ,kings4 ,for if anyone had wished to describe those things which ennobled our ,king1 they could not have found his peer in the land4 ,his ancestral fathers handed him down his generosity2 those fathers whose successions now extend themselves to the tenth degree4 ,he had riches1 the most in his kingdom2 an opulent country1 and the favour of the people4 ,he was kinsman to the ,king of ,france2 near relative to the ,king of ,spain4 ,if he had adhered to the counsel of his barons he would have humiliated the ,scots with no loss4 ,oh6 if he had employed himself in the pursuit of arms1 and excelled the valour of ,king ,richard ,i44 ,indeed1 his make-up was fitted to this2 he was tall of stature and a finely formed man of great strength1 with a handsome face4 ,but why delay to describe him8 ,if he had given as much energy to the pursuit of arms as he spent in rustic pursuits1 ,england would have prospered well2 his name would have resounded throughout the land4 ,o what things were hoped of him as ,prince of ,wales6 ,all hope vanished when he became ,king of ,england4 ,peter of ,gaveston ruled the ,king in an unseemly way1 disturbed the land1 consumed the treasure1 submitted three times to exile1 and1 afterwards returning1 lost his head4 ,but still some of ,peter's companions and his own family remain in the ,king's court1 and they disturb the peace of the whole country1 and urge on the ,king to seek vengeance4 ,give peace1 ,o ,lord1 in our days1 and make the ,king of one mind with his barons4 ,,corruption ,,in ,,the ,,papal ,,court 7#acac74 ,,source4--,vita ,edwardi ,,ii4 in ,chronicles of the ,reigns of ,edward ,i4 and ,edward ,,ii4 7,rolls ,series71 ii4 #aig-aii4 ,money does everything in the ,papal ,court4 ,if perchance you do not know this1 turn to the custom and ways of the ,roman ,court4 ,it loves causes1 suits1 quarrels1 because they cannot be carried on without money2 and a cause1 which once enters the court1 proves to be almost unending2 444 ,anyone ought to be satisfied with one ,church1 as is ordained in the ,section ,de multa2#b nevertheless1 high persons are made exceptions1 and receive dispensation indiscriminately so long as they give sufficient money4 ,this marvellous vanity1 and the detestable cupidity of the ,court1 has aroused scandal against it throughout the whole world4444 ,this is the eighth year and more that ,pope ,clement ,v4 has ruled the whole ,church1 but whatever he did to benefit mankind escaped the memory4 ,at ,vienna he gathered a council1 and settled the ,templars2 conceded indulgences for the ,holy ,land1 and collected an immense amount of money1 but in no way benefited the ,holy ,land4 ,he conceded tithes to ,kings1 and despoiled the churches of the poor4 ,far better were it for the rectors if there were no ,pope1 than to be daily subject to such exactions4 ,but whether or no this is possible is not for me to discuss1 because it is equivalent to sacrilege to question the power of that ,prince4 ,among all other provinces of the world ,england feels most the oppressive ,lord ,pope2 for out of the fulness of power he takes much on himself1 and neither the ,prince nor the people gainsay him2 he reserves all rich rents to himself1 and immediately excommunicates those who rebel2 the legates come and despoil the land1 others come bearing bulls and sell up the prebends4 ,every deanery is held by a foreigner1 whereas the law orders natives to be preferred4 ,residence of deans is now abolished1 and the number of canons is greatly decreased4444 ,lord ,jesus1 either take away the ,pope from our midst1 or lessen the power which he assumes over the people4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,decr4 ,greg4 ,,ix41 lib4 iii41 p4 #e1 c4 #bh4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,bannockburn 7,,june #bd1 #acad74 ,,source4--,fabyan's ,chronicle 7ed4 ,ellis1 #ahaa71 #dbj4 ,in this vii year1 for to oppress the malice of the ,scots1 the ,king assembled a great power1 and by water entered the realm of ,scotland and destroyed such villages and towns as lay or stood in his way4 ,whereof hearing1 ,robert le ,bruce1 with the power of ,scotland1 coasted towards the ,englishmen1 and upon the day of the ,nativity of ,saint ,john the ,baptist1 met with ,king ,edward and his host at a place called ,estryvelyn1 near unto a fresh river1 that then was called ,bannockburn1 where between the ,english and the ,scotch that day was fought a cruel battle2 but in the end the ,englishmen were constrained to forsake the field4 ,then the ,scots chased so eagerly that many of them were drowned in the fore-named river1 and many a nobleman of ,england that day was slain in that battle1 as ,sir ,gilbert de ,clare1 ,earl of ,gloucester1 ,sir ,robert ,clifford1 ,sir ,edmund of ,morley1 the ,king's steward1 with other lords and barons to the number as witnesseth ,guy de ,columpna of xlii1 and of knights and baronets to the number of lxvii1 over xxii men of name1 which that day by the ,scots were taken prisoners1 and the ,king himself from that battle escaped with great danger1 and so1 with a few of his host that with him escaped1 came unto ,berwick1 and there rested him a season4 ,then the ,scots inflamed with pride1 in derision of ,englishmen1 made this rhyme as followeth3 ,maidens of ,england1 sore may you mourn ,for your lemans you have lost at ,bannockbourn1 ,with a heave and a ho6 ,what weeneth the ,king of ,england ,so soon to have won ,scotland1 ,with a rumbelow6#c ,this song was after many days sung in dances1 in carols of the maidens and minstrels of ,scotland1 to the reproof and disdain of ,englishmen1 with divers others which ,i pass over4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,christopher ,marlowe introduced this ballad into his drama of ,edward the ,second 7written about #aeij71 in ,act ,,ii41 ,scene #b3 ,lancaster4 ,and thereof came it1 that the fleering ,scots1 ,to ,england's high disgrace1 have made this jig3 ,maids of ,england1 etc4 ,,vagabond ,,friars 7#acad74 ,,source4--,h4,t4 ,riley1 ,memorials of ,london 7,london1 #ahfh71 #aaa-aac4 ,edward by the grace of ,god1 ,king of ,england1 etc41 to the ,mayor and ,sheriffs of ,london greeting4 ,whereas from trustworthy relation we have heard that certain ,friars of the ,order of ,preachers1 who have made profession in that ,order1 despising such their profession and throwing away the religious garb1 are wandering and running to and fro1 arrayed in secular habit1 in the city aforesaid2 and that certain others1 still wearing the garb aforesaid1 but deserting their due obedience1 are dwelling in the same city without the close of the same ,friars1 and do not fear to take part in various matters that are not beseeming to them to the peril of their souls1 the scandal of the said ,order1 and the injury of ecclesiastical propriety--we1 for the especial affection which for the same ,order we do entertain1 and have long entertained1 wishing to restrain the malevolence of such insolent persons1 and to provide for the repose and honour of the ,friars of the said ,order1 so far as in good manner we may1 do command you1 that all vagabond ,friars of the said ,order found within the city aforesaid1 so often as and when in future you shall be requested by the ,prior of the same ,order in the city aforesaid1 or other the ,friars by him thereunto deputed1 you will cause to be arrested without delay1 and to the house of the same ,friars securely to be conducted1 unto the brethren of the same house there to be delivered1 by them1 according to the discipline of their ,order1 to be chastised4 ,and forasmuch as we have understood that the apostates aforesaid1 contriving to the utmost of their power how to palliate the heinousness of their errors1 and by false suggestions to vilify the ,order aforesaid1 have published defamatory writings1 and have caused the same in public places within the city aforesaid to be read and recited1 and have left copies of the same in those places fixed upon the walls1 that so they might the more widely defame the same ,order1 and withhold the devotion of the faithful from the same2 and still from day to day do not desist to do the like1 and even worse1 against the same ,order2 as1 also1 that many men are assisting the same apostates in the premises giving them aid and favour therein--we do command you1 strongly enjoining1 that on our behalf you will cause in the city aforesaid strict prohibition to be made that any person shall1 on pain of heavy forfeiture to us1 write any such manner of writings containing defamation of the said ,order1 or publish the same1 or give aid to those writing or publishing the same1 either secretly or openly2 or shall presume to inflict loss1 injury1 or grievance upon the ,friars of the said ,order whom we have taken under our own especial protection and defence4 ,and if you shall find any persons transgressors of such our prohibition1 you are to cause them in such manner to be punished1 that through their example others may be duly restrained from the commission of such offences4 ,witness myself at ,york this #ahth day of ,september in the #hth year of our reign4 ,,charges ,,against ,,the ,,despensers 7#acai74 ,,source4--,holinshed's ,chronicle1 iii4 #cbg4 ,articles wherewith the barons charged the ,despensers3 #a4 ,amongst other things it was alleged2 first that ,hugh ,spenser the son1 being on a time angry and displeased with the ,king1 sought to ally and confederate himself with the lord ,gifford of ,brimsfield1 and the lord ,richard ,gray1 to have constrained and forced the ,king by strong hand to have followed his will and pleasure4 #b4 ,secondly1 it was alleged1 that the said ,spensers as well the father as the son1 had caused the ,king to ride into ,gloucestershire1 to oppress and destroy the good people of his land1 contrary to the form of the great charter4 #c4 ,thirdly1 that where the ,earl of ,hereford and the lord ,mortimer of ,wigmore1 had gone against one ,llewelyn ,bren1 who had raised a rebellion against the ,king in ,glamorganshire1 while the lands of the ,earl of ,gloucester were in the ,king's hands1 the same ,llewelyn yielded himselfe to the said earl1 and to the ,lord ,mortimer1 who brought him to the ,king1 upon promise that he should have the ,king's pardon1 and so the ,king received him4 ,but after that the said ,earl and lord ,mortimer were out of the land1 the ,spensers taking to them royal power1 took the said ,llewelyn and led him into ,cardiff1 where after that the said ,hugh ,spenser the son had his purparty#d of the said ,earl of ,gloucester's lands1 he caused the said ,llewelyn to be drawn1 headed and quartered1 to the discredit of the ,king1 and of the said ,earl of ,hereford and ,lord ,mortimer1 yea and contrary to the laws and dignity of the imperial crown4 #d4 ,fourthly1 the said ,spensers counselled the ,king to forejudge ,sir ,hugh ,audley1 son to the lord ,hugh ,audley1 and to take into his hands his castles and possessions4 ,they compassed also to have attainted the lord ,roger ,d',amorie1 that thereby they might have enjoyed the whole earldom of ,gloucester4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,share1 part4 ,,popular ,,feeling ,,about ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,lancaster',s ,,death 7#acbb74 ,,source4--,henry ,knighton's ,chronicle 7,rolls ,series71 #dbf-dbg4 ,the ,earl therefore having died for the sake of ,justice1 ,church1 and ,state1 as it seemed to the people1 crowds hurried from all parts with gifts of offerings in order to show honour and reverence to the body of the ,earl according to his desert1 and they ceased not until the ,king1 aroused by the ,despensers1 sent armed men to prevent them from entering into the church1 and ordered1 under pain of imprisonment1 that no one should go into the church to offer honour or reverence to the body4 ,and when the people saw that they were prevented from entering the church by the royal power1 they turned the seat of their devotion to the place where the ,earl had died1 and were rushing thither in greater numbers 7for which cause the more intense severity of the ,king was directed against the pilgrims71 until the soil of all the field was moved away1 and a church was built there with chaplains serving ,god and by no means poorly endowed4444 ,it is to be remarked that all those who consented to the death of the ,earl afterwards finished by a shameful death4 ,first of all the ,king himself2 his two brothers1 namely ,thomas ,earl ,marshall and ,edmund ,earl of ,kent1 both of whom had been raised and promoted at the instance of the said ,earl of ,lancaster2 the ,earl ,warrenne2 the ,earl of ,arundell2 ,lord ,hugh ,despenser the father1 and ,lord ,hugh the son2 the ,earl of ,richmond2 the ,earl of ,pembroke2 ,lord ,aylmer de ,valence2 but among them there was not one who ended life honourably1 neither them nor any of their adherents4 ,,the ,,revocation ,,of ,,the ,,ordinances 7#acbb74 ,,source4--,statutes at ,large 7ed4 #agfb71 i4 #cgb4 ,since our lord the ,king ,edward1 son of ,king ,edward1 the #afth day of ,march in the third year of his reign1 to the honour of ,god and for the good of himself and his realm granted to the prelates1 earls and barons of his realm that they should choose certain persons from among the prelates1 earls and barons and other loyal men whom it should seem meet to call to them1 in order to ordain and establish the estate of the household of our lord the ,king and of his realm according to right and reason and in such manner that their ordinances should be made to the honour of ,god and to the honour and benefit of holy church and to the honour of the said ,king and his benefit and to the benefit of his people according to right and reason and the oath which our said lord the ,king made at his ,coronation1 and the ,archbishop of ,canterbury ,primate of all ,england and the prelates1 earls and barons chosen for that purpose made such ordinances which began3 ,edward by the grace of ,god1 etc4 444 which ordinances our said lord the ,king caused to be rehearsed and examined at his ,parliament at ,york1 three weeks from ,easter in the #aeth year of his reign1 by the prelates1 earls and barons among whom were most of the said ordainers who were then alive1 and by the commons of the realm summoned thither by his command4 ,and because it was found by this examination in the said ,parliament1 that by those things which had been ordained1 the true power of our said lord the ,king was restrained in many ways contrary to the due embellishment of his true lordship and injurious to the estate of the crown2 and moreover that in times past by such ordinances and purveyances made by subjects over the true power of the ancestors of our lord the ,king1 troubles and wars had arisen in the realm by which the land had been emperilled2 it was agreed and established in the said ,parliament by our lord the ,king and by the said prelates1 earls and barons and all the commonalty of the realm1 in this ,parliament assembled1 that everything ordained by the said ordainers and contained in the said ,ordinances for future should cease and lose for ever all force1 virtue and effect1 the statutes and establishments duly made by our lord the ,king and his ancestors before the said ordinances obtaining in their force1 and that henceforth1 at all time1 any manner of ordinances or purveyances made by the subjects of our lord the ,king or his heirs1 by whatever power or commission this may be done1 over the true power of our lord the ,king or his heirs or against the estate of our lord the ,king or of his heirs or contrary to the estate of the ,crown1 shall be null and of no manner of value or force4 ,but the matters which are to be established for the estate of our lord the ,king and his heirs and for the estate of the realm and of the people shall be treated1 accorded and established in ,parliaments by our lord the ,king1 and by the consent of the prelates1 earls and barons and the commonalty of the realm1 according as it hath been heretofore accustomed4 ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,the ,,king 7#acbg74 ,,source4--,christopher ,marlowe's ,edward the ,second 7#aeib74 ,,act ,v41 ,,scene #e4 ,,scene3 ,in ,berkeley ,castle4 7,,matrevis and ,,gurney having received the ,,bishop ,,of ,,hereford',s well-known cryptic message1 through the hands of ,,lightborn1 a creation of ,,marlowe',s own mind1 the ,,king is called up from the dungeon47 ,,king ,,edward4 ,and there in mire and puddle1 have ,i stood ,this ten days' space2 and lest that ,i should sleep1 ,one plays continually upon a drum2 ,they give me bread and water1 being a ,king2 ,so that for want of sleep and sustenance ,my mind's distempered and my body's numbed1 ,and whether ,i have limbs or no ,i know not4 ,o1 would my blood dropp'd out from every vein1 ,as doth this water from my tattered robes6 ,tell ,isabel1 the ,queen1 ,i look'd not thus1 ,when for her sake ,i ran at tilt in ,france1 ,and there unhors'd the ,duke of ,cleremont4 ,,lightborn4 ,o1 speak no more1 my lord6 this breaks my heart4 ,lie on this bed1 and rest yourself awhile4 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,these looks of thine can harbour nought but death2 ,i see my tragedy written in thy brows4 ,yet stay a while2 forbear thy bloody hand1 ,and let me see the stroke before it comes1 ,that even then when ,i shall lose my life ,my mind may be more steadfast on my ,god4 ,,light4 ,what means your highness to mistrust me thus8 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,what mean'st thou to dissemble with me thus8 ,,light4 ,these hands were never stained with innocent blood1 ,nor shall they now be tainted with a ,king's4 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,forgive my thought for having such a thought4 ,one jewel have ,i left2 receive thou this3 7,giving jewel47 ,still fear ,i1 and ,i know not what's the cause1 ,but every joint shakes as ,i give it thee4 ,o1 if thou harbour'st murder in thy heart1 ,let this gift change thy mind1 and save thy soul6 ,know that ,i am a ,king3 ,o1 at that name ,i feel a hell of grief6 ,where is my crown8 ,gone1 gone6 and do ,i remain alive8 ,,light4 ,you're overwatch'd1 my lord2 lie down and rest4 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,but that grief keeps one waking1 ,i should sleep2 ,for not ten days have these eye-lids clos'd4 ,now1 as ,i speak1 they fall2 and yet with fear ,open again4 ,o wherefore sitt'st thou here8 ,,light4 ,if thou mistrust me1 ,i'll be gone1 my lord4 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,no1 no2 for if thou mean'st to murder me1 ,thou wilt return again2 and therefore stay4 7,sleeps47 ,,light4 ,he sleeps4 ,k4 ,,edw4 7waking7 ,o6 ,let me die2 yet stay1 ,o stay a while6 ,,light4 ,how now1 my lord8 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,something still buzzeth in mine ears1 ,and tells me1 if ,i sleep1 ,i never wake2 ,this fear is that which makes me tremble thus2 ,and therefore tell me1 wherefore art thou come8 ,,light4 ,to rid thee of thy life4--,matrevis1 come4 ,enter ,,matrevis and ,,gurney4 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,i am too weak and feeble to resist4-- ,assist me1 sweet ,god1 and receive my soul6 ,,light4 ,run for the table4 ,k4 ,,edw4 ,o1 spare me1 or despatch me in a trice4 7,,matrevis brings in a table4 ,,king ,,edward is murdered by holding him down on the bed with the table47 ,,light4 ,so1 lay the table down1 and stamp on it1 ,but not too hard1 lest that you bruise his body4 ,,mat4 ,i fear that this cry will raise the town1 ,and therefore let us take horse and away4 ,,light4 ,tell me1 sirs1 was it not bravely done8 ,,gur4 ,excellent well2 take this for thy reward4 7,stabs ,,lightborn1 who dies47 ,come1 let us cast the body in the moat1 ,and bear the ,king's away to ,mortimer1 our lord3 ,away4 ,exeunt with bodies4 ,,character ,,of ,,edward ,,ii4 ,,source4--,gesta ,edwardi de ,carnarvon in ,chronicles of the ,reigns of ,edward ,,ii4 and ,edward ,,iii4 7,rolls ,series71 ii4 #ia4 ,king ,edward 444 was indeed fine in body and distinguished among men1 but1 as it is commonly said1 very different in his manners4 ,for1 caring little for the company of princes1 he made friends with singers1 actors1 grooms1 sailors1 and with others of this kind1 artists and mechanics1 believing more in the counsel of others than in his own2 prodigal in giving1 bounteous and splendid in entertainments1 quick to anger1 unreliable as to his word1 dilatory against foreign enemies1 easily enraged against his servants1 and ardently attached to some one familiar friend whom he would cherish1 enrich1 and promote1 not enduring to be absent from his presence1 and honouring him before all others2 whence came hatred of the lover1 and abuse and ruin of the one loved1 injury to the people1 and loss to the kingdom4 ,moreover he promoted unworthy and unfit men to be ecclesiastics2 these afterwards in his time of trouble deserted him4 ,,the ,,accession ,,of ,,edward ,,iii4 ,,source4--,harleian ,,ms4 7,british ,museum71 #bbfa1 fols4 #chh-chh;b4 ,edward1 son of ,king ,edward1 after the conquest the third1 of xv4 years in age1 was crowned into ,king in the feast of the ,purification of our blessed ,lady at ,westminster1 his father being in life and under keeping4 ,in the beginning of whom the earth began to give much fruit1 the air temperance1 the sea tranquillity1 the ,church liberty4 ,edward sometime ,king was brought from ,kenilworth to the castle of ,berkeley1 where he was slain4444 ,wherefore many people say that he died a martyr and did many miracles2 nevertheless keeping in prison1 vileness1 and opprobrious death cause not a martyr1 but if the holiness of life afore be correspondent2 for it is well and if that#e vile death do away sin in him and diminish his pains4 ,but women loving to go in pilgrimage increase much the rumour of such veneration1 until that a feeble edifying fall down4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,if4 ,,the ,,manner ,,of ,,the ,,scots 7#acbg74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #ca4 ,the ,scots are bold1 hardy1 and much inured to war4 ,when they make their invasions into ,england1 they march from twenty to four-and-twenty leagues without halting1 as well by night as day1 for they are all on horseback1 except the camp-followers1 who are on foot4 ,the knights and esquires are well mounted on large bay horses1 the common people on little galloways4 ,they bring no carriages with them1 on account of the mountains they have to pass in ,northumberland2 neither do they carry with them any provisions of bread or wine1 for their custom and sobriety is such1 in time of war1 that they will live for a long time on flesh half sodden without bread1 and drink the river water without wine4 ,they have therefore no occasion for pots or pans1 for they dress the flesh of their cattle in the skins1 after they have taken them off2 and being sure to find plenty of them in the country which they invade1 they carry none with them4 ,under the flaps of his saddle each man carries a broad plate of metal1 behind the saddle a little bag of oatmeal2 when they have eaten too much of this sodden flesh1 and their stomach appears weak and empty1 they place this plate over the fire1 mix with water their oatmeal1 and1 when the plate is heated1 they put a little of the paste upon it1 and make a thin cake1 like a cracknell or biscuit1 which they eat to warm their stomachs2 it is therefore no wonder that they perform a longer day's march than other soldiers4 ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,isabella 7#acbh74 ,,source4--,sismondi1 ,histoire des ,franais 7,paris1 #ahbh71 x4 #ad-ag4 ,edward ,,iii41 ,king of ,england1 was only aged sixteen years2 the administration of affairs was absolutely in the hands of his mother1 ,isabella of ,france1 who was beginning to realise how hateful she was to the nation which she governed4 ,a foreigner1 and surrounded by foreigners1 she was polluted in the eyes of the ,english by the blood of her husband1 shed by her1 and by her licentious conduct with ,roger de ,mortimer1 her favourite4 ,fearing at any time a rebellion1 she sought above all to diminish the number of her enemies1 and to escape the possibility of a foreign war4 ,with this end in view1 she first made treaty#f with ,robert ,bruce1 ,king of ,scotland1 fully recognising the independence of his kingdom1 surrendering to him all the titles and all the crown jewels1 which ,edward ,i4 had taken from the ,scots1 and marrying her daughter ,joan to ,david ,bruce1 son of ,robert1 and his heir-apparent1 only seven years old4 ,this transaction1 of the #ast of ,march1 #acbh1 still more augmented the resentment of the ,english3 they passionately desired to conquer ,scotland1 and they believed the moment to be very favourable since ,robert ,bruce was ill2 in fact it was not long before he died1 leaving his crown to a child4 ,the agitation against the ,queen increased2 one of the adversaries whom she most feared was her brother-in-law1 ,edmund1 ,earl of ,kent2 all her skill was directed towards drawing him into a trap3 she succeeded1 in fact1 in less than a month1 in implicating him in a conspiracy1 for which he suffered the extreme penalty4 ,but so long as ,isabella felt herself to be so unsafe on the throne of ,england1 she could hardly think to dispute that of ,france2 she contented herself with protesting for the preservation of what she called the rights of her son4 ,she wrote on the #bhth of ,march in the name of ,edward ,,iii4 to the chief princes of ,gascony1 ,navarre1 and ,languedoc1 that the ,king intended to recover his heritage and his rights in every good way that he knew and could1 that he prayed them then and charged them on their faith to work secretly to gain for him the heart of the nobles and the commons who were not under obedience to him that they might aid him when the time should come4 ,on the #afth of ,may she gave power to the bishops of ,winchester and ,chester to demand and recover all the rights which belonged to him ,edward ,,iii4 as legitimate heir to the kingdom of ,france2 on the #bhth of ,june she caused letters of reprisals to be given to stop the goods and merchandise of all the ,french1 as pledges for the reparation of certain hostilities which they had committed4 ,the #bhth of ,october1 however1 the effects thus seized were released under caution1 and the violences committed between the two kingdoms were referred to tribunals4 ,philip ,,vi4 was little concerned about these pretensions of his cousin1 since she appeared to be too badly circumstanced to be able to take action2 he judged with reason that1 after he had been ,king for some time1 the nation would feel itself bound in honour to defend his title4 ,he appeared only to occupy himself with gaining the favour of certain princes1 who were rather the friends than the feudatories of ,france4 ,in the month of ,june he put forth an ordinance in favour of the ,duke of ,brittany1 by which he recognised that the courts of this ,duchy were in no way dependent upon the ,parliament of ,paris2 he reconciled the ,dauphin1 ,guigues ,,viii41 with the ,count of ,savoy1 and by this negotiation obtained the recognition of these two princes4 ,both were dependent on the ,empire1 but they spoke the ,french language1 and they looked on the ,french ,court as the most notable for ftes and magnificence1 where princes might acquire a reputation for chivalry1 and where they might1 at the same time1 enjoy the greatest pleasures4 ,this superior elegance1 this attraction which ,paris had for foreign princes1 had a signal effect on politics during the whole of the century4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,the ,foul ,peace of ,northampton4 ,,why ,,mortimer ,,was ,,condemned ,,unheard 7#accj74 ,,source4--,adam ,murimuth1 ,continuatio ,chronicarum 7,rolls ,series71 #fb4 ,and immediately the same earl ,roger ,mortimer was sent to the ,tower until the meeting of ,parliament1 which was a little before the ,feast of ,st4 ,andrew ,november #cj4 ,at this ,parliament at ,westminster1 on the vigil of ,st4 ,andrew1 the same earl was condemned to death by his peers4 ,nevertheless1 he did not come before them1 nor was he allowed to answer2 nor was it to be wondered at1 since1 from the time of the death of the ,earl of ,lancaster until the death of this earl1 all nobles had been handed over to death without being heard1 and had perished without lawful conviction1 as appears by precedents1 as it is wisely written1 anyone who places himself as judge of another stands to be judged by him1 etc41 and in the same measure that they meet out to others it shall be meeted to them4 ,and that same vigil of ,st4 ,andrew was the said ,earl of ,march hung at ,elmis upon a common thieves' gallows1 where he hung for two days1 and afterwards was buried in ,london at the ,friars ,minors1 but1 a long time afterwards1 was translated to ,wigmore4 ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,disinherited 7#accb74 ,,source4--,robert of ,avesbury's ,de ,gestis ,edwardi ,tertii 7,rolls ,series71 #bif4 ,lord ,edward ,balliol1 son and heir of the said ,lord ,john ,balliol1 living in ,england in the year of our ,lord1 #accb1 the #fth year of ,edward1 the ,third after the ,conquest1 was1 about the ,feast of ,st4 ,lawrence1 preparing to set out for ,scotland1 which belonged to him by hereditary right4 ,since the ,king of ,england was unwilling for him to enter the country from the realm of ,england1 since ,david1 son of the said ,robert ,bruce1 had married the sister of the ,king of ,england1 coming by ship he entered ,scotland without the consent of the ,king of ,england1 taking with him the lords ,henry de ,beaumont and ,ralph de ,stafford1 barons1 and also ,sir ,walter ,manny and other vigorous soldiers and armed men and archers to the number of #a1ejj1 both footmen and horsemen together4 ,and then1 indeed1 he was engaged in a fierce conflict1 lasting from sunrise to the ninth hour of the day1 against the ,scots who came in great numbers to resist him at ,kynghorn4 ,but ,christ1 ever favouring justice1 preserved the ,english unhurt1 and threw to the ground before them more than #bj1jjj of the ,scots4 ,indeed many of the ,scots1 because of their impetuosity and haste1 falling over their own companions1 rushed into battle1 fell without a blow1 and were crushed by their own companions rushing on over them1 so that the mountainous heap of ,scots there killed and crushed reached one stadium1 #fj feet #i inches1 ,english1 in length1 and #f cubits and more in height4 ,,for ,,the ,,safe-,,keeping ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,london 7,,december #ac1 #accd74 ,,source4--,h4,t4 ,riley1 ,memorials of ,london 7,london1 #ahfh71 #aib-aic4 ,a ,,proclamation ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,reynald ,,de ,,conduit1 ,,mayor ,,of ,,london4 ,forasmuch as our ,lord the ,king1 whom may ,god save and preserve1 is now engaged in his war against his enemies in ,scotland1 and every man ought to be most tender of keeping and maintaining his peace2----it is ordained and granted by the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,commonalty of the ,city of ,london1 for maintaining the peace between all manner of folks in the said city1 that no person1 denizen or stranger1 other than officers of the ,city1 and those who have to keep the peace1 shall go armed1 or shall carry arms1 by night or by day1 within the franchise of the said city on pain of imprisonment1 and of losing the arms4 ,also1 it is agreed that whosoever shall draw sword1 or knife1 or other arm1 in affray of the people1 shall be forthwith attached and shall have imprisonment1 without being left to find surety1 according to the discretion of the ,mayor and of the ,aldermen of the ,city4 ,also we do forbid1 on behalf of our ,lord the ,king1 and on behalf of the ,mayor1 the ,aldermen1 and the ,commonalty of the ,city of ,london1 that for any offence that shall or may be committed in time to come1 as between any and singular persons1 the people of the trades to which such offenders belong1 shall make alliance or understanding as among them1 to support or embolden such offenders2 or that any man of the said trades shall seek vengeance against another1 under colour of such offence4 ,but if they shall be able to make good accord between the parties1 let them make it2 and if not1 let them bring the parties before the officers of the ,city2 and before them let them have their recovery1 according as law and right demand4 ,also it is ordained and assented to1 that no person shall be so daring1 on pain of imprisonment1 as to go wandering about the ,city1 after the hour of curfew rung out at ,st4 ,martin's le ,grand2 unless it be some man of the ,city of good repute1 or his servant2 and that1 for reasonable cause1 and with light4 ,and whereas misdoers1 going about by night1 commonly have their resort more in taverns than elsewhere1 and there seek refuge and watch their time for evil-doing2 it is forbidden that any taverner or brewer shall keep the door of his tavern open after the hour of curfew aforesaid1 on the pain as to the same ordained2 that is to say1 the first time1 on pain of being amerced in #dj pence2 the second time1 half a mark2 the third time1 #aj shillings2 the fourth time1 #bj shillings2 and the fifth time he is to forswear the trade4 ,also we do forbid1 on the same pain of imprisonment1 that any man shall go about at this ,feast of ,christmas with companions disguised with false faces1#g or in any other manner1 to the houses of the good folks of the ,city1 for playing at dice there2 but let each one keep himself quiet and at his ease within his own house4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,visors1 or masks4 ,,first ,,invasion ,,of ,,france3 ,,the ,,campaign ,,of #acci4 ,,source4--,robert of ,avesbury's ,de ,gestis ,edwardi ,tertii 7,rolls ,series71 #cjf-cjh4 ,edward ,,iii4's letter to his son and his ,council giving an account of his campaign4 ,edward1 etc41 to our dear son and to the honourable fathers in ,god1 ,john ,stratford by the same grace ,archbishop of ,canterbury etc4444 greeting4 ,the cause of our long sojourn in ,brabant we have ofttimes made known to you before now1 and well known it is to each one of you2 but1 for that of late scarce any aid hath come to us out of our realm1 and that the delay was to us so grievous1 and our people in such great straight and our allies too slow in business1 our messengers also1 who had so long tarried over against the cardinals and the ,council of ,france to treat for peace1 did bring us never other offers save that we shall not have one handbreadth of land in the realm of ,france1 and again our cousin ,philip of ,valois had ever sworn1 as we do have report1 that we should never make a sojourn for a single day with our host in ,france1 but that he would give us battle4--,we1 ever trusting in ,god and our right1 did make to come before us our allies1 and did surely make shown to them that for nought would we longer wait1 but would go forward in pursuit of our right1 taking the grace that ,god should give us2 and they1 seeing the dishonour which should have come to them if they should have tarried behind us1 agreed to follow us4 ,a day was taken for all to be on the march within ,france on a certain day1 at which day and place we were all ready and our allies came after1 as well as they could4 ,the ,monday1 on the eve of ,st4 ,matthew ,september #bj1 we passed out of ,valenciennes1 and on the same day they did begin to burn in ,cambresis1 and they burnt there all the week following1 so that that country is clean laid waste1 as of corn and cattle and other goods4 ,the ,saturday following we came to ,marcoing1 which is between ,cambray and ,france1 and they began to burn within ,france the same day2 and we did hear that the said lord ,philip was drawing nigh towards us at ,peronne on his march to ,noyon4 ,so we held ever our road forward1 our people burning and destroying commonly to the breadth of twelve or fourteen leagues of country4 ,the ,saturday next before the ,feast of ,st4 ,luke ,october #ah we passed the water of ,oise1 and lodged and sojourned there the ,sunday2 on which day we had our allies before us1 who showed unto us their victuals were near spent and that the winter was nigh at hand1 that they could not tarry1 but that they must needs withdraw on the march back1 when their victuals should be spent4 ,in truth1 they were the more shortly victualled by reason that they thought that our said cousin should have given us speedy battle4 ,on the ,monday morning there came letters unto my lord ,hugh of ,geneva from the master of the crossbowmen of ,france1 making mention that he wished to say to the ,king of ,england1 as from the ,king of ,france1 that he would give him battle within the ,thursday next following4 ,on the morrow1 to do always what destruction we could1 we marched on4 ,on the ,wednesday after came a messenger to the said ,sir ,hugh1 and brought him letters of the ,king of ,bohemia and of the ,duke of ,lorraine1 with their seals hanging1 making mention that whatever the said master of the crossbowmen had said1 on the part of the ,king of ,france1 touching the battle1 he would keep covenant4 ,we1 regarding the said letters1 immediately on the morrow withdrew towards ,flamengerie1 where we stayed the ,friday1 all the day4 ,at vespers three spies were taken and were examined1 each by himself1 and they agreed in saying that the said ,philip would give battle on ,saturday1 and that he was a league and a half from us4 ,on the ,saturday we stood in the field full a quarter before dawn1 and took our ground in a fitting place for us1 and for him1 to fight4 ,in early morning some of his scouts were taken1 and they told us that his advance guard was in front of the field in battle array1 and coming out toward us4 ,the news coming to our host1 although our allies before bore themselves sluggishly towards us1 they were surely of such loyal intent that never were folk of such good will to fight4 ,in the meantime was one of our scouts1 a ,german knight1 taken1 who had seen all our array and showed it in his plight to our enemy2 so that now he made withdraw his vanguard1 and gave orders to encamp1 and they made trenches around them1 and cut down the large trees1 in order to prevent the approach to them4 ,we tarried all day in battle array1 until1 towards vespers1 it seemed we had tarried enough2 and1 at vespers1 we mounted our horses and went near unto ,avesnes1 a league and a half from our said cousin1 and made him to know that we would await him there all the ,sunday2 and so we did4 ,and other news of him we send not1 save that on the ,saturday when we mounted our horses at the departing from our ground1 he thought that we should come towards them2 and1 such haste had he to take stronger ground1 that a thousand horsemen all at once were foundered in the marsh at his passage1 so came each one upon the other4 ,on the ,sunday was the lord of ,fagnolle taken by our people4 ,on the ,monday morning had we news that the said ,lord ,philip and all his allies were scattered and withdrawn in great haste4 ,and so would our allies no longer afterwards abide4 ,and touching what is further to be done we shall take counsel with them at ,antwerp on the morrow of ,st4 ,martin ,november #aa4 ,and from thence afterwards we will send news speedily of what may be meanwhile done4 ,given under our privy seal1 at ,brussels1 the #ast day of ,november4 ,,before ,,sluys 7#acdj74 ,,source4--,robert of ,avesbury's ,de ,gestis ,edwardi ,tertii 7,rolls ,series71 #caa4 ,before the ,battle of ,sluys1 ,edward ,,iii41 unheeding the news that ,philip of ,france had collected a large navy1 to bar his passage1 prepared to cross into ,flanders with a small force1 early in ,june1 #acdj4 ,but the ,lord ,archbishop of ,canterbury advised the ,king that the lord ,philip de ,valois1 his ,french adversary1 cautiously forseeing his the ,king of ,england's crossing1 had secretly sent over a large navy with a large fleet of armed ships to confront him in the port of ,swyna ,sluys1 and advised him to wait and provide himself with a larger force1 lest he and his should perish in the crossing4 ,to whom the ,king1 having no faith in the warning1 replied that he was going to cross anyhow4 ,the ,archbishop immediately placed himself outside the ,king's council1 and1 retiring1 gave up the ,chancellor's seal4 ,but the ,king1 calling to him ,sir ,robert de ,morley1 his ,admiral1 and a certain sailor called ,crabbe1 who were searching out the truth1 asked them if there was danger in crossing2 they answered him as the said ,lord ,archbishop of ,canterbury had told him4 ,to whom the ,king replied1 ,you and the ,archbishop are confederating together to hinder my passage4 ,and being offended he said to them3 ,though you are unwilling1 ,i will cross1 and you who fear1 where there is no fear1 shall remain at home4 ,then the said ,admiral and the sailor swore1 under pain of death1 that1 if the ,king then crossed1 he himself1 and all who went with him1 would inevitably be subject to peril4 ,nevertheless1 they said1 that1 if he wished to sail then1 they would precede him1 even though it should mean death4 ,hearing this1 the ,king sent immediately for the lord ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 his ,chancellor1 and1 speaking gracious words to him1 restored the ,chancellor's seal to him4 ,and he hastily made demands on all ports1 both north and south1 and also on ,london1 for a larger navy1 so that within ten days from thence he had sufficient ships1 and an unexpected number of armed men and bowmen1 greater even than he had wished for1 so that he sent many back1 and1 setting sail1 he came to the said port of ,sluys on the ,feast of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,sluys 7,,june #bd1 #acdj74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #ada1 #adb4 ,sir ,hugh ,quiriel1 ,sir ,peter ,bahucet1 and ,barbenoir were at that time lying between ,blanckenburg and ,sluys1 with upwards of one hundred and twenty large vessels1 without counting others3 these were manned with about forty thousand men1 ,genoese and ,picards1 including mariners4 ,by the orders of the ,king of ,france1 they were there at anchor1 waiting the return of the ,king of ,england1 to dispute his passage4 ,when the ,king's fleet was almost got to ,sluys1 they saw so many masts standing before it1 that they looked like a wood4 ,the ,king asked the commander of his ship what they could be1 who answered that he imagined they must be that armament of ,normans1 which the ,king of ,france kept at sea1 and which had so frequently done him much damage1 had burnt his good town of ,southampton1 and taken his large ship the ,christopher4 ,the ,king replied1 ,i have for a long time wished to meet with them1 and now1 please ,god and ,st4 ,george1 we will fight with them2 for1 in truth1 they have done me so much mischief1 that ,i will be revenged on them1 if it be possible4 ,the ,king then drew up all his vessels1 placing the strongest in front1 and1 on the wings1 his archers4 ,between every two vessels with archers1 there was one of men-at-arms4 ,he stationed some detached vessels as a reserve1 full of archers1 to assist and help such as might be damaged4 ,there were in this fleet a great many ladies from ,england1 countesses1 baronesses1 and knights' and gentlemen's wives1 who were going to attend on the ,queen at ,ghent2 these the ,king had guarded most carefully by three hundred men-at-arms and five hundred archers4444 ,the ,normans filled the ,christopher1 the large ship which they had taken the year before from the ,english1 with trumpeters and other warlike instruments1 and ordered her to fall upon the ,english4 ,the battle then began very fiercely3 archers and crossbowmen shot with all their might at each other1 and the men-at-arms engaged hand to hand3 in order to be more successful they had large grapnels and iron hooks with chains1 which they flung from ship to ship1 to moor them to each other4 ,there were many valiant deeds performed1 many prisoners made1 and many rescues4 ,the ,christopher1 which led the van1 was recaptured by the ,english1 and all in her taken or killed4 ,there were then great shouts and cries1 and the ,english manned her again with archers1 and sent her to fight against the ,genoese4 ,this battle was very murderous and horrible4 ,combats at sea are more destructive and obstinate than upon land1 for it is not possible to retreat or flee--every one must abide his fortune1 and exert his prowess and valour4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,france ,,ignores ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,england',s ,,challenge 7,,july #bg1 #acdj74 ,,source4--,adam ,murimuth1 ,continuatio ,chronicarum 7,rolls ,series71 #aaj-aab4 ,edward ,,iii4's personal challenge to ,philip of ,valois after the victory at ,sluys and immediately before the ,siege of ,tournay1 and the answer of the ,king of ,france4 ,philip of ,valois1 for long have we made suit before you by embassies and all other ways which we knew to be reasonable1 to the end that you should be willing to have restored unto us our right1 our heritage of ,france1 which you have long kept back and most wrongfully occupied4 ,and1 for that we see that you are minded to continue in your wrongful withholding1 without doing us right in our demand1 we have entered into the land of ,flanders1 as sovereign lord thereof1 and have passed through the country4 ,and we make known to you that1 by the help of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ and our right1 together with the power of the said land and with our people and allies 444 we are drawing near to you to make an end of our rightful challenge1 if you will come near4444 ,we greatly desire that despatch be made1 and for the avoiding of the death of ,christians1 seeing that the quarrel is manifestly ours and yours1 that the trial of our challenge be made between our two bodies2 whereunto we offer ourself for the reason aforesaid1 albeit that we consider well the great nobility of your person1 your prudence also and discretion4 ,and1 in case you would not choose this way1 then should our challenge be laid to make an end thereof by battle between yourself1 with one hundred of the fittest men of your side1 and ourself1 with so many others of our liegemen4 ,and1 if you will neither the one nor the other way1 that you assign unto us a certain day before the city of ,tournay to fight1 power against power1 within ten days next after the date of this letter4444 ,given under our ,great ,seal at ,chin1 in the fields near ,tournay1 the #bgth day of the month of ,july1 the year of our ,lord #acdj4 ,to which letter1 ,philip of ,valois1 ,king of ,france1 answered as follows3 ,philip1 by the grace of ,god1 ,king of ,france1 to ,edward1 ,king of ,england4 ,we have seen your letters1 which were brought unto our ,court1 sent from you to ,philip of ,valois1 wherein are contained certain demands which you make of the said ,philip of ,valois4 ,and1 for that the said letters came not unto us1 and that the demands were not made of us1 as clearly appeareth by the tenour of your letters1 we make unto you no answer4 ,nevertheless1 inasmuch as we have heard1 by means of the said letters1 and otherwise1 that you have entered into our realm of ,france1 bringing great harm to us and to our realm and to our people1 led on by wilfulness1 and without reason1 and without regard to the faith that a liege man oweth to his lord1 for you did enter into our liege homage1 recognising us1 as is right1 to be ,king of ,france1 and did promise obedience1 such as one is bound to promise to his liege lord1 as more clearly appeareth by your letters patent1 sealed with your great seal1 the which we have in our hands1 and which you ought equally to have with you4 ,therefore1 our intent is1 when unto us it shall seem good1 to cast you forth from our realm1 to the honour of us and of our realm and to the profit of our people2 and to do this we have steadfast hope in ,jesus ,christ1 from whom all power cometh unto us4 ,for1 by your undertaking1 which is of wilfulness and not reasonable1 hath been hindered the holy passage beyond sea1 and great numbers of ,christian people have been slain1 the service of ,god minished1 and holy ,church had in less reverence4 ,and as to what you have written that you think to have the help of the ,flemings1 we take it1 for certain1 that the good people and commons of the land will bear themselves in such manner towards our cousin the ,count of ,flanders1 their immediate lord1 and us1 their sovereign lord1 that they will keep their honour and their loyalty4 ,and that they have hitherto erred hath been from evil counsel of people who regarded not the commonweal nor the honour of the country1 but their own profit only4 ,given in the fields near the priory of ,st4 ,andrew1 under our ,privy ,seal in default of our great seal1 the #cjth day of ,july1 the year of grace1 #acdj4 ,,archbishop ,,stratford ,,incurs ,,the ,,king',s ,,displeasure 7,,january #a1 #acdj-a74 ,,source4--,robert of ,avesbury's ,de ,gestis ,edwardi ,tertii 7,rolls ,series71 #cbd-cbi4 ,certain of the ,king's secretaries envying the ,reverend ,father in the ,lord ,john de ,stratford1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury 444 roused the ,king to anger against him1 imputing to him crimes and defects4444 ,and the said ,lord ,archbishop1 fearing the anger of the ,king1 and the jealousy of his rivals1 fled to safety to the priory church of ,canterbury1 and there remained for some time4 ,meanwhile he wrote to the ,king3 ,most gentle lord1 please you to know that the most sovereign thing1 that holdeth kings and princes in due and fitting estate1 is good and wise counsel4444 ,sire1 in your own time1 you had certain counsellors by whom you did near lose the hearts of your people2 from whom ,god delivered you as it pleased ,him4 ,and then1 even till now1 by good avisement of the prelates1 peers1 the great men and wise of the ,council of the land1 your affairs have been brought into such a state that you entirely have the hearts of your people1 who1 as well clerks as others1 have given you aid1 even as you shall have henceforth1 or more1 as never had ,king of ,england2 so that by means of your good ,council1 the help of your people1 and the grace which ,god hath given you1 you have had the victory in presence of your enemies of ,scotland1 and of ,france1 and of all parts2 so that this day1 honour be to ,god1 you are held the most noble prince of ,christendom4 ,and now1 by evil counsel1 abetted by certain people of this land1 which are not so wise as were needful1 and by counsel of others1 which seek rather their own profit than your honour or the safety of the land1 you begin to seize divers clerks1 peers and other folk of the land and to make suit1 nothing fitting1 against the law of the land 444 the which things are done at the great peril of your soul and the minishing of your honour4444 ,and forasmuch as certain1 who are near to you1 do falsely charge us with treason and falsehood1 therefore they are excommunicate 444 and also they say of some others that they have evilly and falsely served you1 whereby you have lost the toun of ,tournay and many other honours that you might have had there2 be willing1 ,sire1 if it please you1 to make come the prelates1 great men1 and peers of the land1 in fitting place1 where we and others may securely come1 and cause1 if it please you1 to see and enquire in whose hands1 since the beginning of your war1 wools moneys1 and other things whatsoever1 which have been granted to you in aid of your war even to this day1 have come and have been expended1 and by whose default you thus departed from ,tournay2 and those which shall be found guilty in any whit before you1 as a good lord1 make them to be chastised well according to law4 ,and in whatsoever concerneth us1 we will stand in all points at the judgment of our peers1 saving always the estate of holy ,church1 of us1 and of our order4444 ,written at ,canterbury the first day of ,january1 by your chaplain1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,,the ,,libellus ,,famosus 7,,february #aj1 #acdj-a74 ,,source4--,wharton's ,anglia ,sacra1 i4 #bc-bg4 ,the following is a passage from the libellus famosus put forth by ,edward ,,iii4 against ,archbishop ,stratford1 and directed to the ,dean and ,chapter of ,st4 ,paul's4 444 ,because we believed ,john1 then ,bishop of ,winchester1 now ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 to be preeminent before all others1 because of his faithfulness and discreetness1 we followed his counsel in things spiritual and things temporal1 above those which were advantageous to us for the safety of our own soul and for the increase and preservation of our kingdom4 ,in such friendship was he held by us 444 that he was named our father and was venerated by all as next after the ,king4 ,and when the kingdom of ,france had devolved on us by right of succession1 and was1 according to report1 occupied by ,philip of ,valois1 the same ,archbishop violently and earnestly persuaded us to enter into alliance with the ,german ,princes and others against the said ,philip of ,valois1 and to expose us and ours to the losses of wars1 promising and affirming that it would be possible to meet abundantly the expenses attaching to such1 from the fruits of our land and from some special subsidies1 adding1 moreover1 that we should only make demands from persons experienced and active in wars1 as he himself would procure sufficient for our necessities and their expenses4 ,whence we1 having crossed the sea1 put our hand to the task and made a great outlay1 as was fitting1 in warlike preparations1 and bound our allies to us by large sums1 trusting in the promised help4 ,but1 alas6 we placed our faith1 as it were1 in the staff of a reed1 on which1 as the prophecy is ,isaiah xxxvi4 #f1 whosoever leans it shall enter into his hand and pierce it1 and1 driven by necessity1 since the hoped-for subsidy had been withdrawn 7would it had not been fraudulently71 we contracted1 under heavy usury1 an almost insupportable burden of debts1 and thus1 any further expedition being prevented1 we were forced magnanimously to desist for the time from our incomplete attacks on the enemy and to return to ,england4 ,there1 having laid our many calamities and never-to-be-forgotten misfortunes before our aforesaid ,archbishop1 and1 a ,parliament having been called1 the prelates1 nobles1 and other faithful of our kingdom granted us such a subsidy 7the ninth part of the tithes of sheep and wool1 besides the tenth conceded by the clergy71 that if it had been faithfully collected and acquired at a fitting time it would have provided payment for the debts accrued in the said expedition1 and would have been of no small assistance towards the confusion of the enemy1 nay1 even1 according to some1 it might have sufficed altogether4 ,the same ,archbishop meanwhile promised faithfully to mediate with his parts of the country for the collection of the said subsidy and the administration of our necessities4 ,wherefore1 trusting in his promises1 men having been again collected1 and a fleet having been gathered1 we sailed towards ,flanders1 and engaged in a hard naval battle with the enemy1 who had sworn our destruction and that of all the ,english people4 ,by the compassion and mercy of ,him who rules the wind and the sea1 not by our own merit1 we obtained a victory and triumph over the whole multitude of so many enemies4 ,this being accomplished we set out thence with a powerful army for the recovery of our rights1 and marked out a fort near the strong city of ,tournay1 in the siege of which we were perpetually occupied for some time1 and1 wearied out by continual expenses and labours1 awaiting in silence1 we were hoping day by day for the promised help2 to be relieved1 by the service of our ,archbishop1 from so many and so great necessities4 ,at length1 the conceived hope being frustrated1 although by many messengers and many letters we fully signified to the aforesaid ,archbishop1 and to others of our ,council who adhered to him1 not only our poverty and the many perils to which we were exposed on account of the failure of the said subsidy1 but also the advantage and the honour which1 by the help of the money1 we saw we could easily secure4 ,nevertheless we could not obtain emolument from them1 because1 caring for their own affairs rather than ours1 and procuring their own welfare1 they excused their sluggishness1 7not to say their fraud1 or their malice71 by frivolous excuses and ornate rhetoric1 like those mockers who1 as says ,isaiah1 delight in deriding1 saying3 ,precept upon precept1 precept upon precept1 line upon line1 line upon line1 here a little1 there a little4 ,isaiah xxviii4 #ac4 ,whence alas1 it came about that even when the near hope of triumphing over our enemies gracefully smiled upon us1 poverty prevailing1 we were obliged1 unwilling though we were1 to make truce1 to the shameful retarding of our expedition1 and the no little exultation of our rivals4444 ,wherefore we1 directing the force of our mind to the discipline and correction of such of our officials1 caused certain of them whom we held suspect1 for probable causes1 of bad administration1 of the subversion of justice1 of the oppression of our subjects1 of corruption by acceptance of gifts and other grave offences1 to be removed from their offices as it seems well to us2 while others of inferior rank were placed in custody4444 ,we ordered him the ,archbishop1 through our faithful servant ,nicholas de ,cantilupe1 specially chosen for this purpose1 to hasten and come to ,london early to our presence1 since we desired to have a personal interview with him4 ,but he1 always haughty in prosperity and cowardly in adversity1 fearing where no fear was1 alleged untruly that the peril of death1 threatened and directed against him by our partisans1 hung over him if he should leave the ,church of ,canterbury1 although this1 by witness of ,god and a pure conscience1 never had come into our mind1 or1 we believe1 into that of any of our partisans1 in spite of the fact that by his demerits he had made himself hated by the clergy and people of the kingdom4 ,but we1 desiring all to come to our presence1 and that all summoned to us by our letters should enjoy full security1 sent our faithful ,ralph de ,stafford1 seneschal of our guest chamber1 to him the ,archbishop to offer and make him a safe conduct2 and we gave him our letters patent1 signed under our seal1 to present1 demanding1 a second time1 that he should come to us personally1 and should1 first of all1 have a private interview with us concerning the affairs of the kingdom1 over which he had so long laboured1 as aforesaid4 ,but he1 treating the lenity of our prayers and our mandates with contempt1 answered indignantly that he would in nowise confer with us1 save in a full ,parliament1 which at this time1 for reasonable causes1 it would not be expedient to summon4444 ,,trial ,,by ,,peers4 ,,source4--,statute1 #ae ,edward ,,iii41 cap4 ii4 7#acda74 ,item4 ,whereas1 before this time1 the peers of the land have been arrested and imprisoned1 and their temporalties1 lands and tenements1 goods and cattels asseised in the ,king's hands1 and some put to death without judgment of their peers3 ,it is accorded and assented1 that no peer of the land1 officer1 nor other1 because of his office1 nor of things touching his office1 nor by other cause shall be brought in judgment to lose his temporalties1 lands1 tenements1 goods1 and cattels1 nor to be arrested1 nor imprisoned1 outlawed1 exiled1 nor forejudged1 nor put to answer1 nor to be judged but by award of the said peers in the ,parliament1 saving always to our ,sovereign ,lord the ,king and his heirs1 the laws rightfully used1 and by due process1 and saving also the suit of the party4444 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,crecy 7,,august #bf1 #acdf74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #cbe4 ,the ,english1 who were drawn up in three divisions1 and seated on the ground1 on seeing their enemies advance1 rose undauntedly up1 and fell into their ranks4 ,that of the ,prince was the first to do so1 whose archers were formed in the manner of a portcullis1 or harrow1 and the men-at-arms in the rear4 ,the ,earls of ,northampton and ,arundel1 who commanded the second division1 had posted themselves in good order on his wing1 to assist and succour the ,prince if necessary4 ,you must know that these kings1 dukes1 earls1 barons1 and lords of ,france1 did not advance in any regular order1 but one after the other1 but any way most pleasing to themselves4 ,as soon as the ,king of ,france came in sight of the ,english1 his blood began to boil1 and he cried out to his marshals1 ,order the ,genoese forward1 and begin the battle1 in the name of ,god and ,st4 ,denis4 ,there were about fifteen thousand ,genoese cross-bowmen2 but they were quite fatigued1 having marched on foot that day six leagues1 completely armed1 and with their cross-bows4 ,they told the ,constable they were not in a fit condition to do any great things that day in battle4 ,the ,earl of ,alenon1 hearing this1 said3 ,this is what one gets by employing such scoundrels1 who fall off when there is any need for them4 ,during this time a heavy rain fell1 accompanied by thunder1 and a very terrible eclipse of the sun3 and before this rain a great flight of crows hovered in the air over all these battalions1 making a loud noise4 ,shortly afterwards it cleared up1 and the sun shone very bright2 but the ,frenchmen had it in their faces1 and the ,english in their backs4 ,when the ,genoese were somewhat in order1 and approached the ,english1 they set up a loud shout1 in order to frighten them2 but they remained quite still1 and did not seem to attend to it4 ,they then set up a second shout1 and advanced a little forward1 but the ,english never moved4 ,they hooted a third time1 advancing with their cross-bows presented1 and began to shoot4 ,the ,english archers then advanced one step forward1 and shot their arrows with such force and quickness that it seemed as if it snowed4 ,when the ,genoese felt these arrows1 which pierced their arms1 heads1 and through their armour1 some of them cut the strings of their cross-bows1 others flung them on the ground1 and all turned about and retreated1 quite discomfited4 ,the ,french had a large body of men-at-arms on horseback1 richly dressed1 to support the ,genoese4 ,the ,king of ,france1 seeing them thus fall back1 cried out1 ,kill me those scoundrels1 for they stop up our road1 without any reason4 ,you would then have seen the above-mentioned men-at-arms lay about them1 killing all they could of these runaways4 ,the ,english continued shooting as vigorously and quickly as before3 some of their arrows fell among the horsemen1 who were sumptuously equipped1 and1 killing and wounding many1 made them caper and fall among the ,genoese1 so that they were in such confusion they could never rally again4 ,in the ,english army there were some ,cornish and ,welshmen on foot1 who had armed themselves with large knives3 these1 advancing through the ranks of the men-at-arms and archers1 who made way for them1 came upon the ,french when they were in this danger1 and1 falling upon earls1 barons1 knights1 and squires1 slew many1 at which the ,king of ,england was afterwards much exasperated4444 ,early in the day1 some ,french1 ,germans1 and ,savoyards had broken through the archers of the ,black ,prince's battalion1 and had engaged with the men-at-arms2 upon which the second battalion came to his aid1 and it was time1 for otherwise he would have been hard pressed4 ,the first division1 seeing the danger they were in1 sent a knight 7,sir ,thomas ,norwich7 in great haste to the ,king of ,england1 who was posted upon an eminence1 near a windmill4 ,on the knight's arrival1 he said3 ,sir1 the ,earl of ,warwick1 the ,lord ,stafford1 the ,lord ,reginald ,cobham1 and the others who are about your son1 are vigorously attacked by the ,french2 and they intreat that you would come to their assistance with your battalion1 for1 if their numbers should increase1 they fear he will have too much to do4 ,the ,king replied3 ,is my son dead1 unhorsed1 or so badly wounded that he cannot support himself8 ,nothing of the sort1 thank ,god6 rejoined the knight2 but he is in so hot an engagement1 that he has great need of your help4 ,the ,king answered3 ,now1 ,sir ,thomas1 return back to those that sent you1 and tell them from me not to send again for me this day1 or expect that ,i shall come1 let what will happen1 as long as my son has life2 and say that ,i command them to let the boy win his spurs1 for ,i am determined1 if it please ,god1 that all the glory and honour of this day shall be given to him and to those into whose care ,i have entrusted him4 ,,david ,,bruce ,,invades ,,england 7,,october1 #acdf74 ,,source4--,the ,cronykil of ,scotland in ,the ,historians of ,scotland1 iii4 #dgj et seq4 ,qwhen ,kyng ,david passyt fra hame till#h the ,batell off ,durame4 ,a thowsand and thre hundyr yhere ,and sex and fourty to tha clere1 ,the ,kyng off ,frawns set hym to ras ,and set a sege befor ,calays1 ,and wrate in ,scotland till oure ,kyng ,specyally be thra#i praying ,to pas on were#aj in till ,inglond2 444 ,oure ,kyng ,dawy ,that wes yhowng1 stowt1 and rycht joly1 ,and yharnyd#aa for to see fychtyng1 ,grawntyt the ,kyng off ,frawncys yharnyng ,and gaddryd his folk haly bedene4#ab 99 99 99 99 99 ,qwhat was thare mare8 ,the ,kyng ,dawy ,gaddryd his ost in full gret hy2#ac ,and with thame off the north cuntr ,till ,saynt-,jhonystown than come he4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he passyd swne the ,scottis ,se1 ,and to the ,marchis hym sped he1 ,qwhare-in the ,pele#ad wes off ,lyddale1 ,his ost till hym assemblyd hale3 ,thare-in wes ,watter off ,selby ,on the ,inglis mennys party4 ,that ,pele assaylyd thei sa fast1 ,qwhill it wes wonnyn at the last2 ,and all thai slwe1 that thai fand then1 ,to sawff yhowng childyr and women4 ,than consalyd ,williame off ,dowglas1 ,that off weris mast wys than was1 ,to turne agayne in thaire cuntr3 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,dowglas thare mycht noucht be herd4 ,bot on thaire way all furth thai ferd2 ,and in the ,abbay off ,hexhame ,all thare folk thai gert#ae aname1 ,and in till all thare ost thai fand ,off men armyd bot twa thowsande#af ,that wes to fewe a folk to fycht ,agayne off ,ingland the mekill mycht4 ,efftyr#ag swne thai passyd syne1 ,and held to ,durame1 or thai wald fyne2 ,and in a park well nere thare-by ,thai lugyd#ah thame1 and tuk herbry4#ai ,thai had bene in till ,ingland ,welle fourteyne dayis traveland1 ,that thei couth get na wyttyng ,off ,inglis mennys gadryng3 ,the gwethir#bj thai assemblid were ,in till a park besyd thame nere1 ,fra ,trent northwartis all the floure ,off folk1 that owcht war off waloure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,off archeris thare assembld wire ,twenty thousand1 that rollyd#ba war1 ,but men off armys1 that war thar1 ,qwhare-off in abundance had they4 ,the ,scottis men1 that in the park than lay1 ,wyst rycht nouht off that gadryng1 ,made thame gret myrth and solasyng4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here#bb follows an account of the battle4 ,jhon of ,copeland there took the ,king ,of force1 noucht yholdyne in that takyng2 ,the ,king twa teth owt off his hevyd1 ,wyth a dynt off a knyff hym revyd4#bc ,,footnotes3 #h ,to4 #i ,eager4 #aj ,war4 #aa ,yearned4 #ab ,quickly4 #ac ,haste4 #ad ,fortification4 #ae ,made to be4 #af ,the ,english writers compute the ,scottish numbers at threescore thousand1 and state that fifteen thousand were left slain 7cf4 ,baker's ,chronicle74 #ag ,after4 #ah ,lodged4 #ai ,their station4 #bj ,nevertheless4 #ba ,enrolled4 #bb pp4 #dge1 #dgf4 #bc p4 #dgf4 ,a ,,fighting ,,prior4 ,,source4--,thomas ,walsingham1 ,gesta ,abbatum 7,rolls ,series71 ii4 #cgh4 ,when he had a small breathing space from his domestic rivalries1 a greater trouble came upon ,prior ,thomas of ,tynmouth4 ,for the ,king of ,scots1 ,david le ,brus by name1 taking courage during the absence of ,king ,edward 7who at that time was fighting ,philip1 ,king of ,france1 at ,crey71 and being encouraged also by letters from the said ,philip1 gathered an army and entered the country1 slaying many1 taking others prisoner1 burning the country1 destroying the crops1 extorting money for the safety of goods1 and doing incalculable damage4 ,but ,thomas1 unmoved by these things1 stood firm1 and so fortified his place with men and arms1 and provisions1 and weapons of war1 that it would have been impossible for the enemy to injure his priory without great difficulty and danger4 ,at that time1 ,william ,douglas1 leader of the army1 in whom the whole hope of the ,scots was set1 being an arrogant man and a mocker1 sent1 according to his manner1 a messenger to ,prior ,thomas to tell him to prepare a meal for him1 since after two days he proposed to breakfast with him2 this order he sent hoping to shake his determination4 ,nevertheless1 he did not break his word1 but in truth prophesied1 as once did ,caiaphas4 ,for1 after two days1 he was taken and sent to ,tynmouth for safe custody4 ,the ,prior then hastened to meet him1 laughingly saying he had come well to the breakfast he had prepared for him4 ,and ,william said1 ,indeed this coming is painful to me4 ,not at all1 answered the ,prior1 you come most opportunely4 ,at that time1 the ,scots being overwhelmed1 ,david1 the ,king1 was taken prisoner1 by which event the ,prior was so much comforted that he recovered from a heavy infirmity1 which his eyes had lately contracted4 ,in fact1 whereas he had not been able to see the light1 suddenly1 on hearing the news1 he removed the plasters1 threw off the bandages1 and was never afterwards troubled by this kind of infirmity4 ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,calais 7,,august #c1 #acdg74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #cfe-cfg4 ,sir ,walter ,manny1 you will inform the ,governor of ,calais1 that the only grace he must expect from me is that six of the principal citizens of ,calais march out of the town1 with bare heads and feet1 with ropes round their necks and the keys of the town and castle in their hands4 ,these six persons shall be at my absolute disposal1 and the remainder of the inhabitants pardoned4 ,sir ,walter returned to the ,lord de ,vienne1 who was waiting for him on the battlements1 and told him all that he had been able to gain from the ,king4 ,i beg of you1 replied the ,governor1 that you would be so good as to remain here a little1 whilst ,i go and relate all that has passed to the townsmen2 for1 as they have desired me to undertake this1 it is but proper they should know the result of it4 ,he went to the market-place1 and caused the bell to be rung1 upon which all the inhabitants1 men and women1 assembled in the town-hall4 ,he then related to them what he had said1 and the answers he had received2 and that he could not obtain any conditions more favourable1 to which they must give a short and immediate answer4 ,this information caused the greatest lamentations and despair1 so that the hardest heart would have had compassion on them2 even the ,lord de ,vienne wept bitterly4 ,after a short time the most wealthy citizen of the town1 by name ,eustace de ,st4 ,pierre1 rose up and said3 ,gentlemen1 both high and low1 it would be a very great pity to suffer so many people to die through famine if any means could be found to prevent it2 and it would be highly meritorious in the eyes of our ,saviour if such misery could be averted4 ,i have such faith and trust in finding grace before ,god1 if ,i die to save my townsmen1 that ,i name myself as first of the six4 ,when ,eustace had done speaking1 they all rose up and almost worshipped him3 many cast themselves at his feet1 with tears and groans4 ,another citizen1 very rich and respected1 rose up and said he would be the second to his companion1 ,eustace3 his name was ,john ,d',aire4 ,after him ,james ,wisant1 who was very rich in merchandise and lands1 offered himself as companion to his two cousins1 as did ,peter ,wisant1 his brother4 ,two others then named themselves1 which completed the number demanded by the ,king of ,england4 ,the ,lord ,john de ,vienne then mounted a small hackney1 for it was with difficulty that he could walk1 and conducted them to the gate4 ,there was the greatest sorrow and lamentation all over the town2 and in such manner were they attended to the gate1 which the ,governor ordered to be opened1 and then shut upon him and the six citizens1 whom he led to the barriers1 and said to ,sir ,walter ,manny1 who was there waiting for him3 ,i deliver up to you1 as ,governor of ,calais1 with the consent of the inhabitants1 these six citizens3 and ,i swear to you that they were1 and are at this day the most wealthy and respectable inhabitants of ,calais4 ,i beg of you1 gentle sir1 that you would have the goodness to beseech the ,king1 that they may not be put to death4 ,i cannot answer for what the ,king will do with them1 replied ,sir ,walter2 but you may depend that ,i will do all in my power to save them4 ,the barriers were opened1 when these six citizens advanced towards the pavilion of the ,king1 and the ,lord de ,vienne re-entered the town4 ,when ,sir ,walter ,manny had presented these six citizens to the ,king1 they fell upon their knees1 and1 with uplifted hands1 said3 ,most gallant ,king1 see before you six citizens of ,calais1 who have been capital merchants1 and who bring before you the keys of the castle and of the town4 ,we surrender ourselves to your absolute will and pleasure1 in order to save the remainder of the inhabitants of ,calais1 who have suffered much distress and misery4 ,condescend1 therefore1 out of your nobleness of mind1 to have mercy and compassion upon us4 ,all the barons1 knights1 and squires1 that were assembled there in great numbers1 wept at this sight4 ,the ,king eyed them with angry looks 7for he hated much the people of ,calais1 for the great losses he had formerly suffered from them at sea71 and ordered their heads to be stricken off4 ,all present entreated the ,king that he would be more merciful to them1 but he would not listen to them4 ,then ,sir ,walter ,manny said3 ,ah1 gentle ,king1 let me beseech you to restrain your anger2 you have the reputation of great nobleness of soul1 do not therefore tarnish it by such an act as this1 nor allow anyone to speak in a disgraceful manner of you4 ,in this instance1 all the world will say you have acted cruelly if you put to death six such respectable persons1 who1 of their own free will1 have surrendered themselves to your mercy1 in order to save their fellow-citizens4 ,upon this1 the ,king gave a wink1 saying3 ,be it so1 and ordered the headsman to be sent for1 for that the ,calesians had done him so much damage1 it was proper they should suffer for it4 ,the ,queen of ,england fell on her knees1 and1 with tears said3 ,ah1 gentle sir1 since ,i have crossed the sea with great danger to see you1 ,i have never asked of you one favour3 now1 ,i most humbly ask as a gift1 for the sake of the ,son of the blessed ,mary1 and for your love to me1 that you will be merciful to these six men4 ,the ,king looked at her for some time in silence1 and then said3 ,ah1 lady1 ,i wish you had been anywhere else than here3 you have entreated in such a manner that ,i cannot refuse you2 ,i therefore give them to you to do as you please with them4 ,the ,queen conducted the six citizens to her apartments1 and had the halters taken from round their necks1 new clothed1 and served them with a plentiful dinner3 she then presented each with six nobles1 and had them escorted out of the camp in safety4 ,,penitents ,,and ,,jews 7#acdi74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #cia1 #cib4 ,addition from two manuscripts in the ,hafod ,library4 ,this year of our ,lord #acdi there came from ,germany persons who performed public penitencies by whipping themselves with scourges having iron hooks1 so that their backs and shoulders were torn3 they chaunted also1 in a piteous manner1 canticles of the nativity and sufferings of our ,saviour1 and could not1 by their rules1 remain in any town more than one night2 they travelled in companies of more or less in number1 and thus journeyed through the country1 performing their penitence for thirty-three days1 being the number of years ,jesus ,christ remained on earth1 and then returned to their own homes4 ,these penitencies were thus performed1 to entreat the ,lord to restrain his anger and withhold his vengeance2 for1 at this period1 an epidemic malady ravaged the earth1 and destroyed a third part of its inhabitants4 ,they were chiefly done in those countries the most afflicted1 whither scarcely any could travel1 but were not long continued1 as the ,church set itself against them4 ,none of these companies entered ,france1 for the ,king had strictly forbidden them1 by desire of the ,pope1 who disapproved of such measures1 by sound and sensible reasons1 but which ,i shall pass over4 ,all clerks1 or persons holding livings1 that countenanced them were excommunicated1 and several were forced to go to ,rome to purge themselves4 ,about this time the ,jews throughout the world were arrested and burnt1 and their fortunes seized by those lords under whose jurisdiction they had lived1 except at ,avignon1 and the territories of the ,church dependent on the ,pope4 ,each poor ,jew1 when he was able to hide himself1 and arrived in that country1 esteemed himself safe4 ,it was prophesied1 that for one hundred years1 people were to come1 with iron scourges1 to destroy them2 and this would now have been the case had not these penitents been checked in their mad career1 as has been related4 ,a ,,statute ,,of ,,labourers 7#acej74 ,,source4--,statute1 #be ,edward ,,iii41 ,statute ,i4 ,whereas late against the malice of servants which were idle1 and not willing to serve after the pestilence1 without taking excessive wages1 it was ordained by our ,lord the ,king1 and by assent of the prelates1 earls1 barons1 and other of his council1 7#a7 ,that such manner of servants1 as well men as women1 should be bound to serve1 receiving salary and wages1 accustomed in places where they ought to serve in the twentieth year of the reign of the ,king that now is1 or five or six years before2 and that the same servants refusing to serve in such manner should be punished by imprisonment of their bodies1 as in the said statute is more plainly contained2 7#b7 whereupon commissions were made to divers people in every county to enquire and punish all them which offend against the same4 7#c7 ,and now1 forasmuch as it is given the ,king to understand in this present parliament1 by the petition of the commonalty1 that the said servants having no regard to the said ordinance1 but to their ease and singular covetise1 do withdraw themselves to serve great men and other1 unless they have livery and wages to the double or treble of that they were wont to take the said twentieth year1 and before1 to the great damage of the great men1 and impoverishing of all the said commonalty1 whereof the said commonalty prayeth remedy3 7#d7 wherefore in the same parliament by the assent of the said prelates1 earls1 barons1 and other great men of the said commonalty there assembled1 to refrain the malice of the said servants1 ordained and established the things underwritten3 ,,cap4 ,i4--,the year and day's wages of servants and labourers in husbandry4 ,first4 ,that carters1 ploughmen 444 and all other servants shall take liveries and wages1 accustomed the said twentieth year1 or four years before1 so that in the country1 where wheat was wont to be given1 they shall take for the bushel ten pence1 or wheat at the will of the giver1 till it be otherwise ordained4 ,and that they be allowed to serve by a whole year1 or by other usual terms1 and not by the day4 ,and that none pay in the time of farcling#bd or hay-making but a penny a day4 ,and a mower of meadows for the acre five pence1 or by the day five pence4 ,and reapers of corn in the first week of ,august two pence1 and the second three pence1 and so till the end of ,august1 and less in the country where less was wont to be given1 without meat or drink or other courtesy to be demanded1 given1 or taken4 ,and that all workmen bring openly in their hands to the merchant towns their instruments1 and there shall be hired in a common place and not privy4 ,,cap4 ,,ii4--,how much shall be given for threshing all sorts of corn by the quarter4 ,none shall depart from the town in summer where he dwelt in winter4 ,item4 ,that none take for the threshing of a quarter of wheat or rye over ii4 d4 ob4 and the quarter of barley1 beans1 pease1 and oats i4 d4 ob4 if so much were wont to be given4444 ,and that the same servants be sworn two times in the year before lords1 stewards1 bailiffs and constables of every town1 to hold and do these ordinances4 ,and that none of them go out of the town1 where he dwelleth in the winter1 to serve the summer1 if he may serve in the same town1 taking as before is said4 ,certain exceptions follow 444 ,and that those who refuse to make such oath 444 shall be put in the stocks by the said lords1 stewards1 etc4444 by three days or more1 or sent to the next gaol1 there to remain1 till they will justify themselves4 ,and that stocks be made in every town by such occasion betwixt this and the ,feast of ,pentecost4 ,,cap4 ,,iii4--,the wages of several sorts of artificers and labourers4 ,item4 ,carpenters1 masons1 etc4444 ,a master carpenter1 iii4 d4 a day1 and an other1 ii4 d4 ,a mason free mason iiii4 d4 and other masons iii4 d4 and their servants i4 d4 ob42 tylers iii4 d4 and their knaves i4 d4 ob42 plasterers and other workers of mud walls and their knaves1 by the same manner without meat or drink4s4 from ,easter to ,st4 ,michael4 ,and from that time less1 according to the rate and discretion of the justices which should be thereto assigned4444 ,,cap4 ,,iv4--,shoes c4 shall be sold as in the #bjth year of ,king ,edward ,,iii4 ,artificers sworn to use their crafts as they did in the #bjth year of the ,king4 ,,cap4 ,v4--,the several punishments of persons offending against this statute4 ,item4 ,offenders to be attached by their body1 to be before the justices to answer of such contempts1 so that they make fine and ransom to the ,king1 in case they be attainted4444 ,and in case that any of them come against his oath and be thereof attainted1 he shall have imprisonment for forty days4 ,and if he be another time convict1 he shall have imprisonment of a quarter of a year1 so that every time he offendeth and is convict1 he shall have double pain4444 ,,cap4 ,,vi4--,no sheriff1 constable1 bailiff1 etc41 shall exact anything of the same servants4 ,their forfeitures shall be employed to the aid of the dismes and quinzimes granted to the ,king by the ,commons4 ,,cap4 ,,vii4--,the justices shall hold their sessions four times a year1 and at all times needful4 ,servants which flee from one county to another shall be committed to prison4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,carrying4 ,,prosperity ,,of ,,the ,,landless ,,labourer4 ,,source4--,william ,langland1 ,piers the ,plowman1 ,c4 ,passus ix41 ll4 #ccj-ccg4 ,laboreres that han no londe 4 to liven on bot here hands#be ,deyned noght to dyne a-day 4 night-old wortes4#bf ,may no peny ale hem paye 4#bg ne a pece of bacon1 ,bote hit be freesh fleesch other fysh 4 fried other ybake2 ,and that chaud and pluschaud 4#bh for chilling of here mawe4 ,bote he be heylich yhyred 4#bi elles wol he chide1 ,that he was a werkman ywroght 4 waryen the tyme4#cj 99 99 99 99 99 ,and thenne he corseth#ca the king 4 and alle the kynges ,justices1 ,suche lawes to lere 4#cb laborers to greve4 ,ac while ,hunger was here mayster 4 wolde none chide1 ,ne stryve agens the statute 4 he lokede so sturne4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,have no land to live on1 but 7work with7 their hands4 #bf ,no longer deign to dine on the stale vegetables of yesterday4 #bg ,penny-ale will not satisfy them4 #bh ,hot-and-hotter4 #bi ,highly paid4 #cj ,bewail the time4 #ca ,curseth4 #cb ,for making such laws4 ,,first ,,statute ,,of ,,provisors 7#acej74 ,,source4--,statute1 #be ,edward ,,iii41 ,statute ,,vi4 ,,cap4 ,,iii4-- 444 ,that the free election of archbishops1 bishops and of all other dignitaries and benefices elective in ,england1 shall hold from henceforth in the manner as they were granted by the ,king's progenitors1 and the ancestors of other lords founders of the said dignities and other benefices4 ,that prelates and other people of holy ,church which have advowsons of any benefices 444 shall have their collations and presentments freely to the same in the manner as they were enfeoffed by their donors4 ,and in case that reservation1 collation or provision be made by the ,court of ,rome of any archbishopric1 bishopric1 dignity1 or benefice1 in disturbance of free elections1 collations1 or presentations aforenamed1 that at the same time of voidance 444 our ,lord the ,king and his heirs shall have and enjoy for the same time the collations1 etc41 which be of his advowry1 such as his progenitors had before that free election was granted4 ,,cap4 ,,iv4--,and in case that the presentees of the ,king or the presentees of other patrons of holy ,church 444 be disturbed by such provisors1 so that they may not have possession of their benefices by virtue of the presentments or collations to them made1 or that they which be in possession of such benefices be impeached upon their said possessions by such provisors1 their procurators1 executors and notaries1 shall be attached by their body1 and brought in to answer4 ,and if they be convict they shall abide in prison 444 till they have made fine and ransom to the ,king 444 and before that they be delivered they shall make full renunciation1 and find sufficient surety that they shall not attempt such things in time to come4444 ,,cap4 ,v4--,and that meanwhile the ,king shall have the profits of such benefices so occupied by such provisors1 except abbeys1 priories1 etc41 which have colleges or convents and in such houses the college or convent shall have the profits4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,england ,,refuses ,,the ,,french ,,king',s ,,challenge 7#acee74 ,,source4--,a4 ,paulin ,paris1 ,les ,grandes ,chroniques de ,france1 vi4 #ah4 ,in this year '#ee1 the ,king of ,england came to ,calais at the end of the month of ,october and rode to ,hesdin2 and broke the park and burnt the houses which were in the park2 but he did not enter the castle or the town4 ,and the ,king of ,france1 who had made the demand at ,amiens1 as soon as he heard of the coming of the said ,king of ,england when he was in the said town of ,amiens1 went thence with the people who were with him to go against the said ,english ,king4 ,but he did not dare wait1 but returned to ,calais as soon as he had heard the news that the ,king of ,france was coming towards him1 burning and pillaging the country through which he passed4 ,the said ,king of ,france sent after him to ,st4 ,omer1 and challenged him1 by the ,marshal d',odenham and many other knights1 to fight with him if he would1 either in single combat or power against power4 ,but the said ,king of ,england refused battle1 and crossed back over the sea without doing anything more this time1 and the ,king of ,france returned to ,paris4 ,,the ,,balliols ,,resign ,,to ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,england ,,their ,,pretended ,,right 7#acee-ef7 ,,source4--,the ,book of ,pluscarden in ,the ,historians of ,scotland1 x4 #bbg4 ,in the year #acee1 on the #ast of ,february1 ,edward of ,windsor1 chafing at the capture of ,berwick1 assembled an army and prepared to besiege the said town4 ,but1 when the garrison of the town saw this1 they feared they could not defend the town for many reasons3--first1 because there were few able-bodied men supplied with arms2 secondly1 because they had no provisions2 thirdly1 because they feared the said king's ungovernable ferocity2 fourthly1 because they had no hope of any succour reaching them from their own chiefs4 ,they therefore took the wisest course1 and treated for an agreement for the surrender of the town1 their lives and property being spared and with a free pass to return to their own country2 and they surrendered the town to the ,king of ,england1 and went home again1 enriched with the wealth of the ,english4 ,after this ,edward ,balliol broke out in the following words before the ,king of ,england1 then at ,roxburgh1 and said3 ,most excellent prince1 and most mighty above all mortals of the present day1 ,i do here before all your chivalry1 entirely1 fully1 altogether and absolutely resign1 yield1 give and relinquish to you all my right which ,i have1 claim1 or may hereafter have to the throne of ,scotland1 to the end that you may avenge me of mine enemies1 those infamous ,scots1 who ruthlessly cast me off that ,i should not reign over them4 ,in proof whereof ,i will here with my own hand1 in token of the said resignation and gift1 hand over to you1 in the presence of all1 the royal crown1 the sceptre together with some earth and a stone of the said land of ,scotland1 in token of possession and investiture1 that you may acquire in perpetuity the kingdom formerly my due4 ,upon this it should be remarked first1 that he had no right to it originally1 as was seen above2 and1 if he had any right1 he there publicly renounced and resigned that right1 which1 even though he had been the true king1 he could by no means renounce or resign without the consent of the three estates1 and that into the hands of him who should have the power of instituting another1 which the ,king of ,england could not have1 as he had formerly entirely1 purely1 and simply resigned and quitclaimed all his right1 pretended or true1 as was seen above2 nor1 even if he had been the true king1 could he have resigned without the superior's consent4 ,also several ,kings of ,england had resigned into the hands of the ,king of ,scotland following upon discussion and a bond1 all their pretended right1 as aforesaid4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,poitiers 7#acef74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #dbj-dci4 ,this passage begins with the report of the ,french spies4 ,sir1 we have observed accurately the ,english3 they may amount1 according to our estimate1 to about two thousand men-at-arms1 four thousand archers1 and fifteen hundred footmen4 ,they are in a very strong position2 but we do not imagine they can make more than one battalion3 nevertheless1 they have posted themselves with great judgment1 have fortified all the roads along the hedge-side1 and lined the hedges with part of their archers2 for1 as that is the only road for an attack1 one must pass through the midst of them4 ,this lane has no other entry2 and it is so narrow1 that scarcely can four men ride through it abreast4 ,at the end of this lane1 amidst vines and thorns1 where it is impossible to ride or march in any regular order1 are posted the men-at-arms on foot2 and they have drawn up before them their archers1 in the manner of an harrow1 so that it will be no easy matter to defeat them4 ,the ,king asked in what manner they would advise him to attack them3 ,sir1 replied ,sir ,eustace1 on foot2 except three hundred of the most expert and boldest of your army1 who must be well armed and excellently mounted1 in order to break1 if possible1 this body of archers2 and then your battalions must advance quickly on foot1 attack the men-at-arms hand to hand1 and combat them valiantly4 ,this is the best advice that ,i can give you2 and if anyone know a better1 let him say it4 ,the ,king replied1 ,thus shall it be then4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it often happens1 that fortune in war and love turns out more favourable and wonderful than could have been hoped for or expected4 ,to say the truth1 this battle which was fought near ,poitiers1 in the plains of ,beauvoir and ,maupertius1 was very bloody and perilous2 many gallant deeds of arms were performed that were never known1 and the combatants on each side suffered much4 ,king ,john himself did wonders2 he was armed with a battle-axe1 with which he fought and defended himself4444 ,there was much pressing at this time1 through eagerness of taking the ,king of ,france2 and those that were nearest to him1 and knew him1 cried out1 ,surrender yourself1 surrender yourself1 or you are a dead man6 ,in that part of the field was a young knight from ,st4 ,omer1 who was engaged by a salary in the service of the ,king of ,england--his name was ,denys de ,morbeque--who for five years had attached himself to the ,english1 on account of having been banished1 in his younger days1 from ,france for a murder committed in an affray at ,st4 ,omer4 ,it fortunately happened for this knight that he was at the time near to the ,king of ,france1 when he was so much pulled about2 he1 by dint of force1 for he was very strong and robust1 pushed through the crowd1 and said to the ,king in good ,french1 ,sire1 sire1 surrender yourself4 ,the ,king1 who found himself very disagreeably situated1 turning to him1 asked1 ,to whom shall ,i surrender myself2 to whom8 ,where is my cousin1 the ,prince of ,wales8 ,if ,i could see him1 ,i would speak to him4 ,sire1 replied ,sir ,denys1 he is not here2 but surrender yourself to me1 and ,i will lead you to him4 ,who are you8 said the ,king4 ,sire1 ,i am ,denys de ,morbeque1 a knight from ,artois2 but ,i serve the ,king of ,england1 because ,i cannot belong to ,france1 having forfeited all ,i possessed there4 ,the ,king then gave him his right-hand glove1 and said3 ,i surrender myself to you4 ,there was much crowding and pushing about1 for everyone was eager to cry out1 ,i have taken him6 ,neither the ,king nor his youngest son ,philip were able to get forward1 and free themselves from the throng4 ,the ,prince of ,wales1 who was as courageous as a lion1 took great delight that day to combat his enemies4 ,sir ,john ,chandos1 who was near his person1 and had never quitted it during the whole of the day1 nor stopped to make prisoners1 said to him towards the end of the battle3 ,sir1 it will be proper for you to halt here1 and plant your banner on the top of this bush1 which will serve to rally your forces1 that seem very much scattered2 for ,i do not see any banners or pennons of the ,french1 nor any considerable bodies able to rally against us2 and you must refresh yourself a little1 as ,i perceive you are much heated4 ,upon this1 the banner of the ,prince was placed on a high bush2 the minstrels began to play1 and trumpets and clarions to do their duty4 ,,the ,,treaty ,,of ,,london 7#acei74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 i4 #eah1 #eai4 ,the truce of ,bordeaux having expired the first day of ,may1 #acei1 from that period the ,english and ,navarre garrisons made war for him ,king ,edward as ,king of ,france1 and continued so to do daily4444 ,at that time also1 the ,king of ,england and the ,prince of ,wales came to ,westminster1 to meet the ,king of ,france and ,lord ,james de ,bourbon2 when these four assembled together in counsel1 and agreed on a peace1 without any arbitrator between them1 upon certain conditions which were written down1 and also a letter was indited to be sent to ,france to the ,duke of ,normandy4444 ,it appeared to the ,king of ,navarre1 the ,duke of ,normandy and his brothers1 as well as to the ,council of ,state1 that the conditions of peace were too hard2#cc and they gave a unanimous answer to the two lords who had brought them1 that they would much rather endure the great distress they were in at present1 than suffer the ,kingdom of ,france to be diminished1 and that ,king ,john must remain longer in ,england4 444 ,the ,king of ,england1 on receiving their answer1 said that since it was so1 before the winter was over1 he would enter ,france with a most powerful army1 and remain there until there was an end of the war by an honourable and satisfactory peace4 ,he began by making more splendid preparations than he had ever done before4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,king ,john1 for whom a ransom of #d1jjj1jjj golden crowns was to be paid1 promised to yield the sovereignty of the empire of ,henry ,,ii4 in ,france to ,edward1 who promised to help ,king ,john against ,charles of ,navarre1 then ,england's ally4 ,this treaty was not only received with the liveliest indignation in ,france1 but it resulted in peace between the ,regent of ,france 7,charles of ,normandy7 and the ,king of ,navarre1 since ,edward had abandoned the latter4 ,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,paris ,,and ,,the ,,treaty ,,of ,,calais 7#acfj74 ,,source4--,henry ,knighton's ,chronicon 7,rolls ,series71 ii4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,in the year of grace1 #acfj1 all laymen1 of whatever condition1 between the ages of sixteen and sixty1 were arrayed4 ,and the best armed bowmen of these were sent to the admirals at the sea for the defence of the kingdom4 ,one admiral was ,john ,wesnam1 ,prior of the ,hospital1 and others appointed by the ,king4 ,it was said that a very strong navy of the enemy was at sea4 ,the archbishops and bishops conceded great indulgences1 throughout their sees1 to all those going over the sea against the enemy in defence of the kingdom1 and that each one should be able to choose for himself a confessor1 according to pleasure4 ,the bishops also1 abbots and priors1 rectors1 vicars1 and chaplains1 and all ecclesiastical men were prepared1 just as the abbots had been2 some to be armed men1 some to be bowmen1 and they were chosen by the mandate of the bishops4 ,and the beneficed who were not able to give personal service1 were ready to furnish through their goods a complement of other persons1 if the ,french should enter the land1 and the occasion should be opened to them4 ,then the admiral1 with #afj ships from ,london1 reached the sea by the ,thames4 ,and first he ploughed the high sea as far as ,boulogne1 thence to ,honfleur1 to crush the insolence of the enemy1 who had proposed to attack the land of ,england4 ,and thus our people did much harm to the ,french in this peregrination4 ,when1 therefore1 the ,king had lain at ,rheims for seven weeks1 he crossed to ,chalons1 and thence went into ,burgundy4 ,and the ,duke of ,burgundy came and treated with the ,king1#cd and the ,king conceded to him a truce for three years1 for him and his1 for #bjj1jjj motons#ce paid to the ,king4 ,in the following ,lent ,king ,edward entered into a treaty with the ,french1 and one cardinal and one legate were present1 but nothing came of it4 ,thus the ,king moved his army towards ,paris1 burning1 killing1 and devastating everywhere4 ,and there1 near the feast of ,easter1 he pitched his tents two leagues from the city4 ,and on ,monday after ,easter ,day1 the ,king placed his army in three lines of battle before the city1 trumpets and clarionets blaring1 and other musical instruments sounding4 ,the ,king was in the second line with his men1 the ,duke of ,lancaster1 and the ,earls of ,northampton and ,salisbury with theirs in the first line4 ,in the third line1 the ,prince and the barons with the rest of the people awaiting attack from those who were in the city of ,paris1 as before they had promised them4 ,however1 no one came out of the city to meet them4 ,thereat ,king ,edward1 much displeased1 ordered a great part of the suburbs to be set on fire that they might provoke them to battle4 ,nevertheless none came out to resist them4 ,at length thirty soldiers in good order with their lances advanced straight forward to the gate of the ,parisians1 seeking from them military operations according to the law of arms4 ,and sixty came out of the city with spears1 and much brave fighting took place on both sides2 but by the grace of ,god1 which was ever present with the ,english in all their undertakings1 the ,english conquered the ,french1 and caused them to flee back into the city1 leaving some dead1 some mortally wounded2 but our men1 thanks be to ,god1 escaped without any serious injury4 ,then the ,king removed to other parts1 and handed over the custody of the castles which are in the vicinity of ,orleans and ,catenesia to the ,earl of ,lancaster4 ,at that time the ,count de ,armenak fought in ,gascony with the ,count de ,foy1 an ally of the ,king of ,england4 ,and on the side of the said count were killed #ae1jjj men and on our part no one of note1 thanks be to ,god4 ,in this campaign many ,english nobles died in ,france2 among them the ,earl of ,march1 marshall of the army1 ,guy of ,warwick1 firstborn of the earl1 a most famous soldier1 and many other renowned soldiers1 knights1 and squires4 ,for in their return from the city of ,paris towards the district of ,orleans in ,beauce1 suddenly a terrible storm arose with severe thunder and lightning1 and killed men without number and more than #f1jjj horses1 so that the transport of the army almost failed altogether1 and made it necessary to retire at once towards ,england1 but ,god turned the misery of necessity to the honour of the ,king's majesty4 ,for the ,pope sent solemn messengers with letters to the ,king of ,england1 to treat concerning peace and concord4 ,and they deliberated at ,morancez near ,chartres1 and the discussion was continued to the #eth day of ,may4444 ,about the ,translation of ,st4 ,thomas ,july #c ,john de ,valois1 ,king of ,france1 and other prisoners crossed to ,calais and deliberated with the ,french princes concerning the final peace between the kingdoms of ,england and ,france4#cf ,,footnotes3 #cd ,the ,treaty of ,guillon4 #ce ,gold coin1 so called from having a figure of a sheep impressed on it4 #cf ,this was the ,treaty of ,calais1 more commonly known as the ,treaty of ,brtigny4 ,as a matter of fact1 only the preliminaries were signed at ,brtigny in ,may1 #acfj2 the definitive treaty was made at ,calais in the following ,october4 ,,the ,,fateful ,,footprints ,,of ,,the ,,english 7c4 #acfa74 ,,source4--,petrarch1 ,epistol ,familiares1 book xxii41 ep4 #ad4 ,in short there is an hour in which we see the stability of all things become unstable3 faith fails2 restfulness becomes unrest4 ,nor do ,i bid you turn your eyes afar1 but look at your own country and your own time4 ,in my youth1 the ,britons1 whom we called ,angles or ,english1 were held to be the most cowardly of all barbarians3 now they are a most warlike people and have laid low the ,french1 who long flourished in military glory1 by a series of victories so numerous and so unforeseen that those who even lately were inferior to the wretched ,scots have not only brought about the pitiful and ignominious downfall of a high ,king1 whom ,i am not able to call to memory without a sigh1 but have so crushed the whole kingdom by fire and sword that ,i was hardly able to persuade myself on a recent journey that it was the same kingdom that ,i had before seen4 ,everywhere a woeful solitude1 and lamentation and desolation3 everywhere rough uncultivated fields2 and ruined and deserted houses1 except some which had escaped destruction1 being surrounded by the walls of fortifications or cities2 indeed in every place were seen the fateful footprints of the ,english and the fresh and hateful scars wrought by their swords4 ,,no ,,subsidy ,,on ,,wool ,,without ,,assent ,,of ,,parliament 7#acfb74 ,,source4--,statute1 #cf ,edward ,,iii41 cap4 xi4 ,item4 ,the ,king by the assent aforesaid1 having regard to the grant that the ,commons have granted now in this ,parliament of wools1 leather and woolfells to be taken for three years3 will and grant that after the said term passed1 nothing be taken nor demanded of the said ,commons1 but only the ancient custom of half a mark1 nor that this grant now made1 or which hath been made in times past shall not be had in example nor charge of the said ,commons in time to come4 ,and that the merchants denizens may pass with their wools as well as the foreigns without being restrained4 ,and that no subsidy1 nor other charge1 be set nor granted upon the wools by the merchants nor by none other from henceforth1 without the assent of the ,parliament4 ,,regulation ,,of ,,wearing ,,apparel ,,by ,,statute 7#acfc74 ,,source4--,statute1 #cg ,edward ,,iii41 caps4 viii4-xiv4 ,,cap4 ,,viii43 ,the diet and apparel of servants4 ,item4 ,for the outrageous and excessive apparel of divers people1 against their estate and degree to the great destruction and impoverishment of the land3 it is ordained1 that grooms1 as well servants of lords1 as they of mysteries and artificers1 shall be served to eat and drink once a day of flesh or of fish1 and the remnant of other victuals1 as of milk1 butter1 and cheese1 and other such victuals1 according to their estate4 ,and that they have cloths for their vesture1 or hosing1 whereof the whole cloth shall not exceed two marks1 and that they wear no cloth of higher price1 of their buying1 nor otherwise1 nor nothing of gold nor of silver embroidered1 aimeled1#cg nor of silk1 nor nothing pertaining to the said things4 ,and their wives1 daughters and children of the same condition in their clothing and apparel1 and they shall wear no veils passing xiid a veil4 ,,cap4 ,,ix43 ,the apparel of handicraftsmen and yeomen1 and of their wives and children4 ,item4 ,that people of handicraft and yeomen shall take nor wear cloth of an higher price for their vesture or hosing than within forty shillings the whole cloth1 by way of buying1 nor otherwise1 nor stone1 nor cloth of silk1 nor of silver1 nor girdle1 knife1 button1 ring1 garter1 nor owche1 ribband1 chains1 nor no such other things of gold1 nor of silver1 nor no manner of apparel embroidered1 aimeled1 nor of silk by no way4 ,and that their wives1 daughters1 and children1 be of the same condition in their vesture and apparel4 ,and that they wear no veil of silk1 but only of yarn made within the realm1 nor no manner of furr1 nor of budge1#ch but only lamb1 cony1 cat1 and fox4 ,,cap4 ,x43 ,what apparel gentlemen under the estate of knights1 and what esquires of two hundred mark-land c may wear1 and what their wives and children4 ,item4 ,that esquires and all manner of gentlemen under the estate of a knight1 which have no land nor rent to the value of an hundred pounds by year1 shall not take nor wear cloth for their clothing or hosing of an higher price than within the price of four marks and an half the whole cloth by way of buying1 nor otherwise1 and that they wear no cloth of gold1 nor silk1 nor silver1 nor no manner of clothing imbroidered1 ring1 buttons1 nor owche of gold nor of silver1 nor nothing of stone1 nor no manner of furr1 and that their wives1 daughters1 and children be of the same condition1 as to vesture and apparel1 without any turning up or purfle4#ci ,and that they wear no manner of apparel of gold1 or silver1 nor of stone1 but that esquires1 which have lands or rent to the value of ii4 ,c4 marks by year and above1 may take and wear cloths of the price of v marks the whole cloth1 and cloth of silk and of silver1 ribband1 girdle and other apparel reasonably garnished of silver4 ,and that their wives1 daughters1 and children may wear furr turned up of miniver1 without ermines or letuse1 or any manner of stone1 but for their heads4 ,,cap4 ,,xi43 ,the apparel of merchants1 citizens1 burgesses1 and handicraftsmen4 ,item4 ,that merchants citizens and burgesses artificers1 people of handy-craft as well within the city of ,london1 as elsewhere which have clearly goods and chattels to the value of v4 ,c4 pounds and their wives and children may take and wear in the manner as the esquires and great men1 which have land or rent to the value of ,c4 li4 by year4 ,and those who have goods etc4 to value of ,m4 li4444 may take and wear in the manner as esquires and gentlemen which have land and rent to the value of ii4 ,c4 li4 by year1 and no groom1 yeoman1 or servant of merchant artificer or people of handicraft shall wear otherwise in apparel than is above ordained of yeomen of lords4 ,,cap4 ,,xii43 ,the apparel of knights4 ,item4 ,that knights which have land or rent within the value of ii4 ,c4 li4 shall take and wear cloth of vi4 marks the whole cloth1 for their vesture1 and of none higher price4 ,and they that wear not cloth of gold1 nor cloths1 mantle nor gold furred with miniver nor of ermins1 nor no apparel broidered of stone1 nor otherwise3 and that their wives daughters and children be of the same condition4 ,and that they wear no turning up of ermine nor of letuses1 nor no manner of apparel of stone1 but only for their heads4 ,but all knights and ladies which have land or rent over the value of iv4 ,c4 mark by year1 to the sum of ,m4 li4 shall wear at their pleasure1 except ermins and letuses and apparel of pearl and stone1 but only for their heads4 ,,cap4 ,,xiii43 ,the apparel of several sorts of clerks4 ,item4 ,that clerks1 which have degree in any church1 cathedral1 collegial or schools or clerk of the ,king1 that hath such estate that requireth furr1 shall do and use according to the constitution of the same4 ,and all other clerks which have ii4 ,c4 marks of land by year shall wear and do as knights of the same rent4 ,and other clerks within the same rent1 shall wear as the esquires of ,c4 li4 of rent4 ,and after all those1 as well knights as clerks1 which by this ordinance may wear furr in the winter1 in the same manner shall wear linure in the summer4 ,,cap4 ,,xiv43 ,the apparel of ploughmen1 and others of mean estate2 and the forfeitures of offenders against this ordinance4 ,item4 ,that carters1 ploughmen1 drivers of the plough1 oxherds1 cowherds1 etc4 and all other people that have not forty shillings of goods1 nor of chattels1 shall not take nor wear any manner of cloth1 but blanket1 and russett wool of twelve pence1 and shall wear the girdles of linen according to their estate1 and that they come to eat and drink in the manner as pertaineth to them and not excessively4 ,and it is ordained that if any wear or do contrary to any of the points aforesaid that he shall forfeit against the ,king all the apparel that he hath so worn against the form of this ordinance4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,enamelled4 #ch ,lambskin1 with the wool dressed outwards1 often worn on the edges of capes as hoods of ,bachelors of ,arts are still made4 #ci ,trimming or edgings4 ,,the ,,haughtiness ,,of ,,the ,,english 7#acfg74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 iii4 #bji4 ,i1 the author of this history1 was at ,bordeaux when the ,prince of ,wales marched to ,spain1 and witnessed the great haughtiness of the ,english1 who are affable to no other nation than their own2 nor could any of the gentlemen of ,gascony or ,aquitaine1 though they had ruined themselves by their wars1 obtain office or appointment in their own country2 for the ,english said they were neither on a level with them nor worthy of their society1 which made the ,gascons very indignant1 as they showed the first opportunity that presented itself4 ,it was on account of the harshness of the ,prince's manners that the ,count d',armagnac and the ,lord d',albreth1 with other knights and squires1 turned to the ,french interest4 ,king ,philip of ,france1 and the good ,john his son1 had lost ,gascony by their overbearing pride2 and in like manner did the ,prince4 ,but ,king ,charles1 of happy memory1 regained them by good humour1 liberality1 and humility4 ,in this manner the ,gascons love to be governed4444 ,such are the ,gascons2 they are very unsteady1 but they love the ,english in preference to the ,french1 for the war against ,france is the most profitable2 and this is the cause of their preference4 ,,time-,,honoured ,,lancaster 7,,may-,,june1 #acgf74 ,,source4--,harleian ,,mss4 7,british ,museum71 #bdg1 fol4 #agc2 and #fbag1 fols4 #c-d4dj 444 ,there arose this question amongst them the ,commons which of the knights should be their speaker1 for they had fully resolved to deny the ,king's request until certain abuses were corrected4444 ,careful they were1 as is said1 about their speaker for they doubted certain of the ,king's secretarys who they thought would have disclosed their drifts1 for they were captious and in great and especial favour with the ,king4 ,in this space ,god moved the spirit of a knight of their company called ,peter de la ,mare1 pouring into him wisdom1 and boldness to the conceit of his mind1 and with all such constancy that he neither feared the threats of his enemies nor the subtleties of such as envied his preferment1 c4 ,peter1 trusting in ,god1 and standing together with his fellows before the nobles 7whereof the chief was ,john ,duke of ,lancaster whose doings were ever contrary1 for1 as it is thought1 he wanted the grace of ,god1 c471 he began thus3 ,lords and nobles1 by whose faith and diligence the realm is governed1 it is well known to your wisdoms1 how with like vexations the ,commons have been often oppressed1 now paying fifteenths1 otherwhiles ninths and tenths1 to the ,king's use1 which they would take in good part1 if the ,king or his realm took any commodity1 thereby1 nor would they grieve at it if it had been bestowed in the ,king's wars1 although scarcely prosperous2 but it is evident neither the ,king nor the realm do have any profit thereby4 ,and because it cannot be known how such great expences should arise1 the commonalty require an account of such as received the same to the ,king's use1 neither is it credible that the ,king should want such an infinity of treasure if they were faithful that served him4 ,when he had thus said1 they having not wherewith to answer1 the judges held their peace4 ,the night following the ,duke of ,lancaster consulted with his private men how he might put off that that redounded to his infamy and manifest dishonour4 ,after divers men's opinions diversely told1 he1 liking of none of their ways1 is reported to have said3 ,what1 saith he1 do these base and ignoble knights attempt8 ,do they think they be kings or princes of this land8 ,or else whence is this haughtiness and pride8 ,i think they know not what power ,i am of4 ,i will therefore early in the morning appear unto them so glorious and will show such power among them and with such vigour ,i will terrify them1 that neither they nor their like shall dare henceforth to provoke me to wrath4 ,boasting in this sort and vainly assuring himself1 one of his gentlemen is said to have given him this answer3 ,my lord1 saith he1 it is not unknown to your honour what helps these knights1 not of the common sort1 as you affirm1 but mighty in arms and valiant1 have to undershore them2 for they have the favour and love of the lords1 and especially of the ,lord ,prince ,edward1 your brother1 who giveth them his council and aid effectually4 ,the ,londoners also1 all and everyone1 and common people be so well affected towards them that they will not suffer them to be overlaid with reproachful language1 or to be molested with the least injury in the world4 ,yea1 and the knights themselves abused in any reproachful manner1 shall be enforced to attempt all extremities against your person and your friends1 which1 haply1 otherwise they would never do4 ,with this admonition the duke's guilty conscience was very much troubled4 ,he was afraid indeed that it would so come to pass1 as the gentleman had said unto him1 and that so his honour should ever more distained4#da ,whereas he knew that if mention were openly made of his wicked acts he could not satisfy the people by any purgation1 nor for trouble of mind and guiltiness of conscience durst1 though he were willing thereto1 wage battle against his enviers4444 ,o unfortunate duke and miserable1 ,o that destroyest with thy treason and lack of sense and reason1 whom thou guidest to battle1 and whom in peace thou shouldst guide through examples of good works1 thou leadest them through bye ways and bringest them to destruction1 for thou whereas either ,god1 or1 that ,i may so say1 ,nature1 the mother of all things hath given thee a soul and discretion1 than the which nothing is more excellent1 so dost abject and abase thyself1 that a man may think you to differ nothing from a brute beast4 ,behold1 ,o most miserable man1 thinkest thyself to flourish1 which accountest thyself happy1 in what sort thy own miseries do overbear thee1 thy lusts do torment thee2 to whom that which thou hast is not sufficient1 and yet fearest lest it will not long continue thine4 ,the sting of conscience for thy lewd acts prick and vex thee but would ,god and the fear of laws and judgment terrify thee as it doth others1 truly then thou wouldst even against thy will1 amend that is amiss4 ,the ,duke therefore1 as afore is touched1 punished with the most sharp pricks of his conscience and terrified with the answers of his councillors1 laid aside all vigour and stoutness of stomach1 and the next day came into the assembly of the knights1 and1 contrary to all expectations1 showed himself so favourable and so mild that he drew them all into admiration4 ,they knew how proud ,moab was ii or iii days before1 although they regarded not his arrogancy2 and they said1 is not this the change of the right hand of the highest8 ,the ,duke1 counterfeiting modesty1 deceitfully seemed to comfort them1 saying he knew well the desire of the knights to be zealous1 and to tender the state of the realm and therefore1 whatsoever they thought good to be corrected they should speak1 and he would put thereto the wished remedy4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,the first leaf of this ,english translation of part of the ,harleian ,,ms4 #cfcd1 which is the ,chronicon ,angli1 #acjh-achh1 written by a contemporary monk of ,st4 ,albans1 possibly ,walsingham1 has at some time been separated from the main part of the manuscript1 and is now in ,harleian ,,ms4 #bdg1 while the rest is in ,harleian ,,ms4 #fbag1 fol4 #c1 of which begins3 ,the night following1 the ,duke consulted1 etc4 #da ,soiled1 stained4 ,,lament ,,for ,,the ,,black ,,prince4 ,,source4--,chronicon ,angli1 #acbh-achh 7,rolls ,series71 #ia4 ,who being dead1 the whole hope of the ,english perished2 for while he lived they feared no inroad of any enemy1 even as when he was present1 they feared no warlike encounter4 ,for never when he was present were any foul deeds done1 nor did any soldiers turn renegade2 and1 as it was said of the great ,alexander1 he attacked no people that he did not conquer1 he besieged no city that he did not take4 ,let these witness to what ,i say3 the battle of ,crey1 the siege of ,calais1 the battle of ,poitiers where the ,king of ,france was taken2 the war in ,spain #acfg where ,henry the ,bastard1 the invader of that kingdom1 was put to flight1 and the courageous ,peter1 the lawful ,king1 was restored to his dominion2 and1 finally1 that greatest siege of the city of ,limoges 7,september #ai1 #acgj71 and the ruin of that city1 where1 although he was weighed down by so great infirmity of body that he could scarcely sit on his horse at the time1 he nevertheless so inspired his men that they believed it impossible for any city to be able to resist their strength4 ,his body was borne to ,canterbury1 there1 as he1 while living1 had commanded1 to be buried1 bewailed by the whole realm of ,england4 ,o thou untimely1 too-eager ,death1 who bearest away that one of the ,english who seemed to be of help6 ,oh1 what sorrow dost thou give to the old ,king1 his father1 taking from him not only his own desire1 but that of the whole people1 namely that his first born should sit after him upon his throne and should judge the people in equity6 ,oh1 what lamentations dost thou give to the country which believes itself shorn of a protector now he is no longer present6 ,what tears dost thou give to the citizens deprived of so great a prince2 what exultations to the enemy1 the fear of so great a defender being removed6 ,in truth1 unless ,god1 who protected him in battle1 and now took him out of the world 7perchance we ,english should place a greater hope in the ,lord ,god1 lest the poor ,english-born be set at variance among themselves7 shall raise his hand1 our enemies1 who surround us on every side1 will surely rage upon us even to our destruction1 and will destroy our place and people4 ,rise up1 ,o ,god1 help us and protect us for ,thy name's sake4 ,,renewal ,,of ,,the ,,war 7#acgf-gg74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 ii4 #agh4 ,after the feast of ,michaelmas1 when the funeral of the ,black ,prince had been performed1 in a manner suitable to his birth and merit1 the ,king of ,england caused the young ,prince ,richard to be acknowledged as his successor to the ,crown after his decease1 by all his children1 the ,duke of ,lancaster1 the ,earl of ,cambridge1 the ,lord ,thomas1 his youngest son1 as well as by all the barons1 earls1 prelates1 and knights of ,england4 ,he made them solemnly swear to observe this1 and on ,christmas ,day he had him seated next to himself1 above all his children1 in ,royal state1 that it might be seen and declared he was to be ,king of ,england after his death4 ,the ,lord ,john ,cobham1 the ,bishop of ,hereford1 and the ,dean of ,london1 were at this time sent to ,bruges on the part of the ,english4 ,the ,french had sent thither the ,count de ,saltzbourg1 the ,lord de ,chtillon1 and ,master ,philibert l',espiote4 ,the prelates1 ambassadors from the ,pope1 had still remained there1 and continued the negotiations for peace4 ,they treated of a marriage between the young son of the ,prince and the ,lady ,mary1 daughter of the ,king of ,france3 after which the negotiators of each party separated1 and reported what they had done to the respective ,kings4 ,about ,shrovetide a secret treaty was formed between the two ,kings for their ambassadors to meet at ,montreuil-sur-,mer1 and the ,king of ,england sent to ,calais ,sir ,guiscard d',angle1 ,sir ,richard ,sturey1 and ,sir ,geoffry ,chaucer4 ,on the part of the ,french were the ,lords de ,coucy and ,de la ,rivieres1 ,sir ,nicholas ,bragues1 and ,nicholas ,bracier4 ,they for a long time discussed the subject of the above marriage2 and the ,french1 as ,i was informed1 made some offers1 but the others demanded different terms1 or refused treating4 ,these ,lords returned1 therefore1 with their treaties to their sovereigns2 and the truces were prolonged to the first of ,may4 ,the ,earl of ,salisbury1 the ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's1 ,chancellor of ,england1 and the ,bishop of ,hereford1 returned to ,calais1 and with them1 by orders of the ,king of ,france1 the ,lord ,de ,coucy1 and ,sir ,william ,de ,dormans1 ,chancellor of ,france4 ,notwithstanding all that the prelates could say or argue1 they never could be brought to fix upon any place to discuss these treaties between ,montreuil and ,calais1 nor between ,montreuil and ,boulogne1 nor on any part of the frontiers2 these treaties1 therefore1 remained in an unfinished state4 ,when the war recommenced1 ,sir ,hugh ,calverley was sent ,governor of ,calais4 ,,john ,,of ,,gaunt ,,attacks ,,william ,,of ,,wykeham 7#acgg74 ,,source4--,chronicon ,angli1 #acbh-achh 7,rolls ,series71 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,the ,duke of ,lancaster spewed out the venom of serpents which was in him and directed the sting of his malice against the ,bishop of ,winchester1 ,lord ,william ,wykeham1 seeking a knot in a bulrush and an occasion for condemning him in every way and manner that he could4 ,at length1 among the many things which1 as it is said1 he falsely deposed against him1 he declared that he had been false to the lord ,king at the time when he was discharging the office of ,chancellor4 ,and although the said ,bishop would have been prepared to bring forward sufficient honest witnesses and accounts to prove his innocence1#db nevertheless1 ,william ,skipworth unjustly sitting as justiciar1 he the duke caused him to be condemned without answer1 and the temporalities of his bishopric to be taken from him by royal authority4 ,and1 in order that he might gain popular favour1 he demanded1 in the power of the ,king1 that the same goods should be given to the aid of the son of the ,black ,prince1 ,richard de ,bordeaux1 ,earl of ,chester1 who had lately received by gift of the ,king the principality and name of his father4 ,moreover1 he prohibited the same bishop1 in place of the ,king1 from taking it on himself to come within twenty miles of the royal presence4 ,thus was he avenged against the said bishop4 ,now the cause of all this malice was1 as it is said1 that the same ,bishop had said that he ,john of ,gaunt was not the son of the ,king or ,queen2 but in the time when the ,queen was delivered at ,gaunt1 she had given birth not to a boy1 but to a girl1 whom she had overlaid2 and1 fearing the royal indignation1 she had ordered the son of a certain ,flemish woman1 born at the same time1 to be put in its place2 thus she had fostered one to whom she had not given birth1 namely1 this man1 the notorious ,duke of ,lancaster4 ,these things the ,queen1 in her last hours1 had related to the bishop under seal of confession2 and had prayed him steadfastly that1 if at any time it should happen that he ,john of ,gaunt should either have designs on the kingdom1 or if the said kingdom should in any way whatever devolve on him1 he1 the said bishop1 should make known his birth1 lest he1 a false heir1 should inherit the kingdom of ,england4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,in ,harleian ,,ms4 #bdg1 fol4 #agj;b1 we read of the ,council of ,july1 #acgg1 wherein the lords did greatly debate upon the suppressing of the ,duke of ,lancaster and the ,lord ,latimer by ,sir ,william ,wykeham1 ,bishop of ,winchester1 of sundry trespasses and misprisons by him committed1 and charged him with sundry grievous articles and forfeits1 which the ,king himself had certainly understood and by divers evidences were known1 as also by the common voice of the people2 for he had sundry charges and offices under the ,king from the xxxv4 year of his reign and had by his writings made sundry defaults to the prejudice1 hurt and reproach of the ,king and of his realm1 and to the oppression of his people4 ,,master ,,john ,,wiclif 7#acgg74 ,,source4--,harleian ,,ms4 #bbfa1 fols4 #cii1 #cii;b4 ,master ,john ,wiclif1 doctor of divinity in the ,university of ,oxford1 began to sustain openly in the said ,university erroneous conclusions contrary to the state of the universal ,church and conclusions of heresy1 and especially against canons1 monks1 and religious men possessionate1 which drew to him in this time divers fellows of the same sect dwelling in ,oxford1 going barefoot with long gowns of russet1 that they might publish and fortify their errors against men contrarious to them1 preaching openly the said errors4 ,among whom they said that the sacrament in the altar after the sacrament or consecration is not the very body of ,christ4 ,also he said that temporal lords and men might take away meritoriously the goods of men of the ,church sinning or trespassing4 ,nevertheless1 the ,pope with his council damned xxiii conclusions as vain1 erroneous and full of heresy1 and sent bulls direct to the ,metropolitan of ,england and to the ,bishop of ,london that they should cause the said ,master ,john to be arrested and to examine him of the said conclusions4 ,that inquisition done1 and a declaration made1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury commanded and prohibited the said ,master ,john and his co-disciples to use the said conclusions1 and so they were still for a season4 ,but soon after1 by supportation of lords and other noble men1 they took to them more wicked opinions1 and had great continuation in their malice4 ,a ,,torchlight ,,procession 7#acgg74 ,,source4--,harleian ,,ms4 7,british ,museum7 #bdg1 fol4 #agb;b4 ,at the same time the commons of ,london made great sport and solemnity to the young prince4 ,for upon the ,monday next before the ,purification of our ,lady at night and in the night1 were #acj men disguisedly apparelled and well mounted on horseback to go on mumming to the said prince1 riding from ,newgate through ,cheapside1 where many people see them1 with great noise of minstrelsy trumpets1----1#dc cornets and shaumes and great plenty of wax and torches lighted4 ,and in the beginning they rid #dh1 after the manner of esquires1 two and two together1 clothed in coats and cloaks of red say or sendall and their faces covered with vizards well and handsomely made2 after these esquires came #dh like knights well arrayed after the same manner2 after the knights came one excellently arrayed and well mounted as he had been an ,emperor2 after him some #ajj paces came one nobly arrayed as a pope2 and after him came #bd arrayed like cardinals2 and after the cardinals came #h or #aj arrayed and with black vizards like devils nothing amiable1 seeming like legates2 riding through ,london and over ,london bridge towards ,kenyton 7,kennington7 where the young prince made his abode with his mother4 ,and the duke of ,lancaster1 and the earls of ,cambridge1 ,hertford1 ,warwick and ,suffolk and many other lords were there with him to behold the solemnity4 ,and when they were come before the manor1 they alighted on foot and entered into the hall2 and soon after the prince with his mother and the other lords came out of the chambers into the hall and the said mummers saluted them1 showing a pair of dice upon a table to play with the prince1 which dice were subtly made1 so that when the prince should cast he should win4 ,and the said players and mummers set before the prince three jewels each after other1 the first a ball of gold1 then a cup of gold1 then a gold ring1 the which the said prince won at three casts1 as before it was appointed2 and after that they set before the prince's mother1 the duke of ,lancaster and the other earls every one a gold ring and the mother and the lords won them2 and then the prince caused to bring the wine and they drank with great joy1 commanding the minstrels to play2 and the trumpets began to sound and other instruments to pipe etc4 and the prince and the lords danced on the one side and the mummers on the other a great while4 ,and then they drank and took their leave and so departed towards ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #dc ,a blank in the manuscript4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,france ,,equips ,a ,,fleet 7#acgg74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 ii4 #aha4 ,during the negotiations for peace1 the ,king of ,france had been very active in providing ships and galleys2 the ,king of ,spain had sent him his admiral1 ,sir ,fernando ,sausse1 who1 with ,sir ,john de ,vienne1 ,admiral of ,france1 had sailed for the ,port of ,rye1 which they burnt1 five days after the decease of ,king ,edward1 the vigil of ,st4 ,peter1 in ,june1 and put to death the inhabitants1 without sparing man or woman4 ,upon news of this coming to ,london1 the ,earls of ,cambridge and ,buckingham were ordered to ,dover with a large body of men-at-arms4 ,the ,earl of ,salisbury and ,sir ,john ,montague1 on the other hand1 were sent to the country near ,southampton4 ,after this exploit the ,french landed in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,they afterwards burnt the following towns3 ,portsmouth1 ,dartmouth1 ,plymouth1 and several others4 ,when they had pillaged and burnt all in the ,isle of ,wight1 they embarked and put to sea1 coasting the shores until they came to a port called ,poq 78 ,pool74 ,the ,earl of ,salisbury and ,sir ,john ,montague defended the passage1 but they burnt a part of the town of ,poq4 ,they again embarked and coasted towards ,southampton1 attempting every day to land2 but the ,earl of ,salisbury and his forces1 who followed them along the shore1 prevented them from so doing4 ,the fleet then came before ,southampton2 but ,sir ,john ,arundel1 with a large body of men-at-arms and archers1 guarded well the town1 otherwise it would have been taken4 ,the ,french made sail from thence towards ,dover1 and landed near to the ,abbey of ,lewes1 where there were great numbers of the people of the country assembled4 ,they appointed the ,abbot of ,lewes1 ,sir ,thomas ,cheney1 and ,sir ,john ,fusele their leaders1 who drew up in good array to dispute their landing1 and to defend the country4 ,the ,french had not the advantage1 but lost several of their men1 as well might happen4 ,however1 the better to maintain the fight1 they made the land1 when a great skirmish ensued1 and the ,english1 being forced to retreat1 were finally put to flight4 ,two hundred at least were slain1 and the two knights with the ,abbot of ,lewes made prisoners4 ,the ,french re-embarked and remained at anchor before the abbey all that night4 ,they then heard for the first time1 from their prisoners1 the death of ,king ,edward ,june #bj and the coronation of ,king ,richard1 and also a part of the regulation of the kingdom1 and that great numbers of men-at-arms were under orders to march to the coast4 ,,character ,,of ,,edward ,,iii4 ,,source4--,harleian ,,ms4 #bbfa1 fol4 #djj;a4 ,this noble and mighty ,king ,edward1 among all other men of nobility in the world1 was a man of great goodness called gracious1 excelling all his predecessors by virtue and grace given to him of ,god1 a bold man in heart1 dreading not sinister fortune in battles1 having great fortune in them both by sea and land4 ,also he was meek1 benign1 and familiar to all manner of people1 devout to ,god1 honouring the church of ,god1 and having his ministers in great reverence4 ,also he was moderate in cures temporal1 provide in council1 affable and eloquent1 meek in behaviour1 having compassion on men in tribulation4 ,also he was elegant and beauteous of body1 having a comfortable and pleasant countenance1 like to the sight of an angel1 for ,god had endued him with such excellence of grace that a man would have thought as for a surety that he should have sped well in the day following after that he had dreamed of the said ,king4 ,this noble ,king governed his reign gloriously unto his later days1 large in gifts1 excessive in expenses1 endued with all honesty of manners4 ,whereof his fame was so increased among people of ,barbary1 insomuch that they said there was no land in the world that had so noble a prince1 and that ,england should never have so noble again after his death4 ,but the inordinate lust of the flesh used in his old age helped him much unto death4 ,also it is to be attended1 as the acts afore express1 that like as in his beginning all things enjoyed to him1 and in the midst of his age glorious and fortunate1 so the said ,king drawing to age and towards death1 all things were as unfortunate to him1 for his sins and many incommodities began to spring1 having after him long continuation1 which thing was to be sorrowed4 ,,the ,,peasants' ,,revolt 7#acha74 ,,source4--,chronicle of ,adam of ,usk 7translated and edited by ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson1 #aijd71 #ac4 ,during this ,king ,richard's reign great things were looked for4 ,but he1 being of tender years1 others1 who had the care of him and his kingdom1 did not cease to inflict on the land acts of wantonness1 extortions1 and unbearable wrongs4 ,whence sprang that unnatural deed1 when the commons of the land and especially those of ,kent and ,essex1 under their wretched leader ,jack ,straw1 declaring that they could no longer bear such wrongs1 and above all wrongs of taxes and subsidies1 rose in overwhelming numbers against the lords and the ,king's officers1 and1 marching to ,london on the eve of ,corpus ,christi ,june #ab1 in the year of our ,lord #acha1 struck off the heads of ,simon ,sudbury1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 then the ,king's ,chancellor1 ,sir ,robert ,hales the treasurer1 and many others1 hard by the ,tower of ,london4 ,and on the places where these lords were beheaded there are set up to this day two marble crosses1 a lasting memorial of so monstrous a deed4 ,in this rising of the commons were many great men of the land in many places beheaded4 ,the ,savoy1 the palace of the ,duke of ,lancaster and the fairest in the kingdom1 standing near ,london1 on the bank of ,thames1 was1 from the commons' hatred of the duke1 utterly destroyed by them with fire2 and the duke himself1 for fear of them1 fled into ,scotland4 ,to appease them and to quiet their fury1 the ,king granted that the state of villeinage1 as well in their persons as in their labour1 should be henceforth done away1 freedom fully given1 and all prisoners set at large4 ,and this he commanded and made to be openly proclaimed throughout the counties of the kingdom4 ,and then what a throe of grief passed through the desolated land6 ,for they boasted that they would slay all those of higher birth1 would raise up ,king and lords from among themselves1 would stablish new laws1 and1 in a word1 would make new1 or rather disfigure1 the face and estate of the whole island4 ,then every man struck off the head of his enemy1 and despoiled his richer neighbour4 ,but1 by the mercy of ,god1 when their leader1 being in ,smithfield near ,london1 doffed not his hood before the ,king nor in anything did reverence to the ,king's ,majesty1 his head was deftly struck off1 in the very midst of his flock of kites1 by ,sir ,william ,walworth1 knight and citizen of ,london3 and straightway1 being raised on the point of a sword1 it was shown before them4 ,then the commons1 in sore dread1 sought flight by stealth1 and there and then casting away their rebellious weapons1 as though unguilty of such riot and wickedness1 like foxes into their holes1 they pitifully crept home4 ,but the ,king and the lords pursued them1 and some they made to be dragged behind horses1 some they slew with the sword1 some they hanged on the gallows1 some they quartered2 and they destroyed thousands4 ,,wondrous ,,and ,,unheard-,,of ,,prodigies 7#acha74 ,,source4--,h4,t4 ,riley's ,memorials of ,london 7,london1 #ahfh71 #ddi-dea4 ,among the most wondrous and hitherto unheard-of prodigies that have ever happened in the ,city of ,london1 that which took place there on the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi1 the #ahth day of ,june1 in the #dth year of the reign of ,king ,richard the ,second1 seems deserving to be committed to writing1 that it may be not unknown to those to come4 ,for on that day1 while the ,king was holding his ,council in the ,tower of ,london1 countless companies of the commoners and persons of the lowest grade from ,kent and ,essex suddenly approached the said ,city1 the one body coming to the town of ,southwark1 and the other to the place called ,mileende1 without ,algate4 ,by the aid also of perfidious commoners within the ,city1 of their own condition1 who rose in countless numbers there1 they suddenly entered the ,city together1 and1 passing straight through it1 went to the mansion of ,sir ,john1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 called ,le ,savoye1 and completely levelled the same with the ground and burned it4 ,from thence they turned to the ,church of the ,hospital of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 without ,smithfield1 and burnt and levelled nearly all the houses there1 the church excepted4 ,on the next morning1 all the men from ,kent and ,essex met at the said place called ,mileende1 together with some of the perfidious persons of the ,city aforesaid2 whose numbers in all were past reckoning4 ,and there the ,king came to them from the ,tower1 accompanied by many knights and esquires1 and citizens on horseback1 the lady his mother following him also in a chariot4 ,where1 at the prayer of the infuriated rout1 our ,lord the ,king granted that they might take those who were traitors against him1 and slay them1 wheresoever they might be found4 ,and from thence the ,king rode to his wardrobe1 which is situated near to ,castle ,baynard2 while the whole of the infuriated rout took its way towards the ,tower of ,london2 entering which by force1 they dragged forth from it ,sir ,simon1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,chancellor of our ,lord the ,king1 and ,brother ,robert ,hales1 ,prior of the said ,hospital of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 the ,king's ,treasurer2 and together with them1 ,brother ,william ,appeltone1 of the ,order of ,friars ,minor1 and ,john ,leg1 ,serjeant-at-,arms to the ,king1 and also1 one ,richard ,somenour1 of the ,parish of ,stebenhuthe2 all of whom they beheaded in the place called ,tourhille1 without the said ,tower2 and then carrying their heads through the ,city upon lances1 they set them up on ,london ,bridge1 fixing them there on stakes4 ,upon the same day there was also no little slaughter within the ,city1 as well of natives as of aliens4 ,richard ,lions1 citizen and vintner of the said ,city1 and many others1 were beheaded in ,chepe4 ,in the ,vintry also1 there was a very great massacre of ,flemings1 and in one heap there were lying about forty headless bodies of persons who had been dragged forth from the churches and their houses2 and hardly was there a street in the ,city in which there were not bodies lying of those who had been slain4 ,some of the houses also in the said ,city were pulled down1 and others in the suburbs destroyed1 and some1 too1 burnt4 ,such tribulation as this1 greater and more horrible than could be believed by those who had not seen it1 lasted down to the hour of ,vespers on the following day1 which was ,saturday1 the #aeth of ,june2 on which day ,god sent remedy for the same1 and ,his own gracious aid1 by the hand of the most renowned man ,sir ,william ,walworthe1 the then ,mayor2 who in ,smithfield1 in presence of our ,lord the ,king and those standing by him1 lords1 knights1 esquires1 and citizens on horseback1 on the one side1 and the whole of this infuriated rout on the other1 most manfully1 by himself1 rushed upon the captain of the said multitude1 ,walter ,tylere by name1 and1 as he was altercating with the ,king and the nobles1 first wounded him in the neck with his sword1 and then hurled him from his horse1 mortally pierced in the breast2 and further1 by favour of the divine grace1 so defended himself from those who had come with him1 both on foot and horseback1 that he departed from thence unhurt1 and rode with our ,lord the ,king and his people towards a field near to the spring that is called ,whittewell-beche2 in which place1 while the whole of the infuriated multitude in warlike manner was making ready against our ,lord the ,king and his people1 refusing to treat of peace except on condition that they should first have the head of the said ,mayor1 the ,mayor himself1 who had gone into the ,city at the instance of our ,lord the ,king1 in the space of half an hour1 sent and led forth therefrom so great a force of citizen warriors in aid of his ,lord the ,king1 that the whole multitude of madmen was surrounded and hemmed in1 and not one of them would have escaped if our ,lord the ,king had not commanded them to be gone4 ,therefore our ,lord the ,king returned into the ,city of ,london with the greatest of glory and honour1 and the whole of this profane multitude in confusion fled forthwith for concealment in their affright4 ,,heretical ,,and ,,erroneous ,,conclusions ,,of ,,wiclif 7,,condemned ,,at ,,london1 #achb74 ,,source4--,fasciculi ,zizaniorum 7,rolls ,series71 #bgg-bhb4 ,heretical conclusions1 contrary to the determination of the ,church34444 ,i4 ,that the material substance of bread and wine remains after consecration in the sacrament of the altar4 ,,ii4 ,that accidents do not remain without a subject in the same sacrament4 ,,iii4 ,that ,christ is not in the sacrament of the altar inherently1 truly1 and really1 in ,his own corporal presence4 ,,iv4 ,that if a bishop or priest be in mortal sin he may neither ordain1 consecrate1 nor baptize4 ,v4 ,that if a man be duly penitent all outward confession is superfluous or useless to him4 ,,vi4 ,to tenaciously affirm that it is not stated in the ,gospels that ,christ ordained the ,mass4 ,,vii4 ,that ,god should obey the ,devil4 ,,viii4 ,that if the ,pope be a worthless and evil man and so a member of the ,devil1 he has no power over the faithful of ,christ granted to him by any1 except perchance by ,csar4 ,,ix4 ,that after ,urban ,,vi4 no one is to be received as ,pope1 but it is necessary for us to live1 like the ,greeks1 under our own laws4 ,x4 ,to assert that it is contrary to ,scripture that ecclesiastical men should have temporal possessions4 ,erroneous conclusions contrary to the determination of the ,church3 444 ,,xi4 ,that no prelate should excommunicate anyone unless he first knows he is excommunicated by ,god4 ,,xii4 ,that if he excommunicates he is thereby a heretic or excommunicate4 ,,xiii4 ,that a prelate excommunicating a clerk who has appealed to the ,king and the ,council of the realm is thereby a traitor to ,god1 ,king1 and realm4 ,,xiv4 ,that those who abstain from preaching or hearing the ,word of ,god or the ,gospel1 preached1 on account of the excommunication of men1 are themselves excommunicate1 and in the day of judgment shall be held to be traitors to ,god4 ,,xv4 ,to assert that it is lawful to anyone1 either deacon or priest1 to preach the ,word of ,god without the authority of the ,apostolic ,see1 or a ,catholic bishop1 or some other sufficiently authorized4 ,,xvi4 ,to assert that no one is a civil lord1 bishop1 or prelate while he is in mortal sin4 ,,xvii4 ,that temporal lords can at their will take away temporal goods from ecclesiastics habitually sinful1 or that the public may at their will correct sinful lords4 ,,xviii4 ,that tithes are pure alms1 and that the parishioners may detain them on account of the sins of their curates and confer them at pleasure on others4 ,,xix4 ,that special prayers restricted to one person by prelates or religious do no more avail the same person1 other things being equal1 than general prayers4 ,,xx4 ,that the fact of anyone entering into any private religion makes him more unfit and unable to perform ,god's commandment4 ,,xxi4 ,that holy men who endow private religions either of possessioners or mendicants had sinned in so endowing4 ,,xxii4 ,that the religious living in private religions are not of the ,christian religion4 ,,xxiii4 ,that friars are bound to get their living by the labour of their hands and not by begging4 ,,xxiv4 ,that anyone conferring alms on friars or preaching friars is excommunicate2 as is the one who receives4 ,,the ,,followers ,,of ,,this ,,master ,,john 7#achb74 ,,source4--,chronicle of ,adam of ,usk 7translated and edited by ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson1 #aijd71 #adj1 #ada4 ,according to the saying of ,solomon1 ,woe to thee1 ,o land1 when thy king is a child1 in the time of the youth of the same ,richard many misfortunes1 both caused thereby and happening therefrom1 ceased not to harass the kingdom of ,england 444 even to the great disorder of the ,state1 and to the last undoing of ,king ,richard himself and of those who too fondly clung to him4 ,amongst all other misfortunes1 nay1 amongst the most wicked of all wicked things1 even errors and heresies in the catholic faith1 ,england1 and above all1 ,london and ,bristol1 stood corrupted1 being infected by the seeds which one master ,john ,wycliffe sowed1 polluting1 as it were1 the faith with the tares of his baleful teaching4 ,and the followers of this master ,john1 like ,mahomet1 by preaching things pleasing to the powerful and rich1 namely1 that the withholding of tithes and even of offerings and the reaving#dd of temporal goods from the clergy were praiseworthy1 and1 to the young1 that self-indulgence was a virtue1 most wickedly did sow the seed of murder1 snares1 strife1 variance1 and discords1 which last unto this day1 and which1 ,i fear1 will last even to the undoing of the kingdom4444 ,the people of ,england1 wrangling about the old faith and the new1 are every day1 as it were1 on the very point of bringing down upon their own heads rebellion and ruin4 ,and ,i fear that in the end it will happen as once it did1 when many citizens of ,london1 true to the faith1 rose against the ,duke of ,lancaster to slay him1 because he favoured the said ,master ,john1 so that hurrying from his table into a boat hastily provided1 he fled across the ,thames1 and hardly escaped with his life4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,plundering4 ,,the ,,parliament ,,of #achd 7,,april1 #achd74 ,,source4--,higden's ,polychronicon 7,rolls ,series71 ix4 #cb-dj4 ,this ,parliament has been well called the turning-point of ,richard's reign4 ,it marked his first deliberate attempt to enforce his own policy in ,parliament4 ,moreover1 on the #bith day of ,april the ,king of ,england held a ,parliament at ,salisbury1 and it lasted until the #bgth day of the month of ,may4 ,at the beginning of which several extraordinary things happened4 ,firstly1 because both the lords spiritual and temporal1 quarrelling among themselves1 almost frustrated the object of ,parliament4 ,but the ,duke of ,lancaster intervening pacified them1 mingling threats with much eloquence of words4 ,secondly1 because of the words of the ,earl of ,arundell2 for1 in the hearing of all1 in full ,parliament1 when the ,king was present1 he said these words1 or to this effect3 ,my ,lords1 you know that the whole kingdom stands in peril of destruction through lack of prudent government1 and the thing is now apparent1 because1 as you know1 this kingdom has long begun to languish1 and is now almost decaying4 ,and unless it is quickly succoured by fitting remedies1 and immediately snatched out of the tempestuous whirlpool in which it is involved1 one indeed fears lest it may shortly suffer even greater misfortunes and heavy damages1 and may be lacking in everything1 all power of relief being withdrawn in the future1 which ,god forbid4 ,at these words the ,king leapt up1 and turning himself in fury1 and looking angrily at the earl1 said to him3 ,if you charge it on me and say it is my fault that the kingdom is badly governed1 ,i say to your face1 you lie1 go to the devil6 ,hearing these words all kept silence1 nor was there one who stood by who dared to speak4 ,then the ,duke of ,lancaster1 breaking the silence1 interpreted the speech of the earl in his own words2 thus was the fury of the ,king mitigated4 ,thirdly1 because a certain ,carmelite friar1 influenced by a foolish zeal1 came to the ,king's ,court with the intention of accusing the ,duke of ,lancaster of craftily and treacherously plotting the ,king's death4 ,therefore1 after the said friar on a certain day had celebrated ,mass before the ,king in the chamber of the ,earl of ,oxford1 and had obtained to speak with the ,king 444 he immediately accused the ,duke of ,lancaster1 and so bitterly that the ,king without trial ordered the duke to be put to death4 ,but the other nobles present with the ,king utterly opposed this1 declaring that it was unlawful for anyone to be condemned without judgment4 ,hearing this1 the ,king wisely promised he would do as they said4 ,then1 as ,sir ,j4 ,clanvowe has said1 immediately he had dissembled his fury burst out1 and flinging his cape and boots out of window1 behaved like a madman4444#de ,the ,duke of ,lancaster hearing that he was to be gravely accused before the ,king1 hastened to him1 and so completely cleared himself that the ,king afterwards held him excused4444 ,in the meanwhile1 those elected to ,parliament by the commonalty for the common weal of the kingdom earnestly complained concerning the frustration of justice by those who were in power in certain parts of the country 444 whence they prayed for a general statute coercing them so that in future their fraud and cunning might not prevail to the detriment of the kingdom4 ,to this the ,duke of ,lancaster replied that the charge was too general2 saying moreover 444 that any lord was powerful enough and had authority enough to correct and punish such excesses in his parts4 ,for in things temporal1 after the ,king1 he said1 he himself was above all other lords of the kingdom4 ,and he himself1 if any of those in his parts were found guilty1 and it should come to his notice1 he would subject them to such punishment that it would inculcate fear in others against doing likewise4444 ,truly those elected by the commonalty of the kingdom hearing these things1 since no remedy would be given1 remained silent4 ,the ,king and his ,council were then eagerly seeking to extort money from both clergy and people4 ,and after much consultation and discussion of pros and cons1 the clergy conceded to him the said moiety of a tenth which had been before conceded to him1 under conditions1 in another ,parliament4 ,the laity also granted a fifteenth4 ,but the ,king1 not content with these concessions1 declared he would employ that most severe inquisition against usurpers of the ,crown called ,trailbastoun1#df unless they made him a more ample grant4 ,having heard this and consulted together1 the clergy conceded to him another moiety of one-tenth1 and the laity likewise another moiety of a fifteenth2 according to that saying1 as is his darkness so is his light4 ,for behold in these days almost all the lights of the ,church of ,god are about to be extinguished2 which thing is grievous since great darkness is obscuring her surface everywhere1 nor is there anyone now who will rise up and defend the ,church of ,god4 ,the prelates are as dumb dogs that are not strong enough to bark4 ,wherefore it is to be feared1 which ,god forbid1 lest there shall come upon ecclesiastics in high place1 a sudden calamity1 an immeasurable sorrow1 an intolerable distress and lamentable misfortune4 ,,footnotes3 #de ,here follows an account of the torture of the friar by the ,lancastrian party4 ,evidence seems to prove that he was a tool of the ,king1 who showed sorrow at the cruel treatment he received1 but was powerless to save him4 #df ,the office of the justices of ,trail-,baston1 so styled for trailing or drawing the staff of justice1 was to make inquisition through the kingdom concerning extortion1 bribery1 etc41 of intruders into other men's lands1 robbers1 etc4 ,some offenders were punished with death1 some with ransom2 the land was quieted and the ,king gained riches for his wars4 ,edward ,i4 appointed them during his absence in the ,scotch and ,french wars2 ,edward ,,iii4 also granted a commission at least once4 ,,the ,,plot ,,against ,,lancaster 7,,february1 #ache74 ,,source4--,higden's ,polychronicon 7,rolls ,series71 ix4 #ee-ei4 ,a conspiracy1 said to be approved by the ,king1 was set on foot by certain lords1 to put the ,duke of ,lancaster to death1 but he himself1 being warned of this thing1 fled secretly with a few of his companions4 ,now the cause why they wished to kill him was this1 as some claim4 ,a little while before1 the government of the kingdom and the rule of the ,king1 and what it would be most expedient for the ,king to do for the safety of the realm in the coming autumn1 was discussed in ,council4 ,then the ,duke of ,lancaster declared it seemed to him most necessary for the good of the kingdom that the ,king should cross to ,france with an army1 and should fight his enemies boldly with armed fist1 rather than give them the opportunity of coming into this land1 since they would continually infest us1 not without grave danger and loss4 ,upon this certain of the ,council1 thinking differently1 proceeded to reject1 and violently attack the advice of the duke1 asserting it would be madness for the ,king to cross the sea and enter ,france for many causes2 but rather he should remain safely in his own land to defend it from the attacks of enemies1 and not cross unadvisedly to foreign provinces1 adding nothing to the glory of his fame4 ,this pleased all the ,council except the ,duke of ,lancaster and his brothers1 who1 indignant at this1 stalked out of the ,council4 ,further1 the ,duke of ,lancaster declared neither he nor his vassals would aid the ,king again unless he should determine to cross to ,france4 ,which saying much displeased both the ,king and his ,council4 ,wherefore1 on account of this1 they declared he was neither faithful to the ,king nor to the kingdom4 ,nevertheless1 these temporal lords were always fearful of the ,duke of ,lancaster on account of his great power1 his remarkable prudence1 and his wonderful ability4444 ,on the #bcrd day of ,february the ,duke of ,lancaster1 having gathered a company of armed men1 came by night to the ,king at ,sheen1 and1 having first of all disposed the main body of men on this side the ,thames1 he crossed the river1 leaving there some of his men to guard the skiff until his return4 ,then he hastened to the gate1 and left certain of his men to await there until his return1 and deny anyone entrance or exit4 ,at length1 in full armour1 he entered with a few of his men into the ,king's presence1 where1 having made due reverence1 he at first addressed him harshly1 and sternly1 upbraiding him for retaining such evil councillors with him1 and finally counselling him to remove such men from him1 and henceforward to adhere to the wiser men in his ,council4 ,for unworthy is it for a ,king in his kingdom1 when he may be lord of all1 to avenge himself by private homicide when he himself may be above the law1 and is able to concede life and limbs1 and what is more1 if he wishes1 may deprive men of them at his pleasure4 ,therefore is it the more necessary that he should have good and faithful councillors around him1 by whose good advice he should ever withdraw from illegal actions1 and should not fear any jealousy to perform those things which are right4 ,the ,king replied graciously1 in suave and gentle words1 saying undoubtedly he would give his attention to reforming those things which before time had been unjustly done4 ,then the ,duke of ,lancaster1 having sought license1 excused himself from coming to him in future1 as was hitherto accustomed1 since he saw certain men still adhering to the ,king who would gladly see him 7,lancaster7 deprived of life4 ,and immediately he left the ,king1 and came by night with his men to the village of ,tottenham1 where he rested a little while1 and then hastened to his ,castle of ,hertford1 where he decided to abide in safety with his men4 ,the ,king's mother1 having news of this1 was much disturbed1 and hastened to the ,king1 persuading him to avoid discords with any of his nobles1 more especially with the ,duke of ,lancaster and his brothers4 ,therefore1 at her persuasion1 he came with a large following of knights to ,westminster on the #fth of ,march4 ,his mother then hastened to the ,duke of ,lancaster1 and so persuaded him that she led him to the ,king1 and by her mediation they were straightway reconciled4444 ,afterwards1 council having been taken at ,westminster1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury and other lords1 spiritual and temporal1 complained sorely of these councillors abiding round the ,king1 since they had induced the ,king to assent to a plot to kill the ,duke of ,lancaster1 both because the thing was of bad example1 and because it followed from this that whenever the ,king's heart or mind was raised in hatred against anyone1 whether of small or great estate1 he would perchance order him to be killed in a like manner1 which ,god forbid6 ,that in this way the approved laws and constitutions will be exposed to serious breach1 and perchance1 which ,god forbid1 quarrels1 strife1 disputes1 contentions1 discussions1 and other such things will be born in the kingdom4 ,therefore1 such crimes must be avoided in the future1 lest a lawless deterioration of this kind shall befall the kingdom4 ,these words1 or words to this effect1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury repeated to the ,king1 on behalf of the lords then assembled there4 ,hearing which1 the ,king was incensed against the archbishop1 and1 rising up1 there and then began to threaten him4 ,that same day the ,king was dining with the ,mayor of ,london3 at the end of the meal he went on the ,thames1 and met the archbishop between his palace and ,lambeth4 ,for the aforesaid archbishop had come to the ,king under safe conduct of the ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,then1 indeed1 when the archbishop repeated what he had said before1 the ,king drew his sword on the spur of the moment1 and would have transfixed the archbishop had not the ,duke of ,buckingham1 ,sir ,john ,devereux1 and ,sir ,thomas ,trivet strongly resisted him4 ,with whom the ,king was so enraged that in fear they sprang out of the royal barge into the archbishop's skiff1 and thus retired4 ,,the ,,french ,,in ,,scotland4 ,,arrival ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,into ,,scotland ,,in ,,aid ,,of ,,the ,,scots ,,against ,,the ,,english 7#ache74 ,,source4--,the ,book of ,pluscarden in ,historians of ,scotland1 x4 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,in the year #ache the ,king of ,france1 beyond measure rejoiced at the success of the ,scots1 sent a certain knight of ,burgundian origin1 named ,john de ,vienne1 ,count of ,valentinois and ,admiral of ,france1 with a considerable train of men-at-arms1 belted chivalry1 eighty knights with their followers1 admirably equipped as was meet and ready to battle4 ,they landed at ,dunbar and ,leith1 and presented the ,king1 who was at ,edinburgh with his magnates1 with fifty complete suits of armour from the ,king of ,france1 with as many lances and targes2#dg and they also handed over to the ,king of ,scotland from the ,king of ,france as a free gift from him fifty thousand francs in gold in ready money as well as the said ,frenchmen1 with their pay fully and entirely paid up for six months to come and the sailors2 and there were royal letters addressed to the ,king1 telling him to send them on service in his war against the ,english4 ,these ,frenchmen1 together with ,archibald ,douglas1 ,lord of ,galloway1 and with a very large force of men-at-arms1 seeing that he was guardian of ,wester-,march1 raided into ,england two or three times and wrought much mischief4 ,on their return they first proposed to besiege the ,castle of ,carlisle2 but assembling a larger army they laid siege to ,roxburgh4 ,here the general and commander was ,robert ,stewart1 the ,king's son1 ,earl of ,fife1 and afterwards ,duke of ,albany2 and he had with him the ,earls of ,douglas and ,march1 ,archibald ,douglas1 ,lord of ,galloway1 and a great knightly rout of nobles4 ,but there arose a dispute among them whether1 if the castle happened to be taken1 it should remain for ever with the ,king of ,france1 or be converted to the uses of the ,king of ,scotland4 ,some indeed said the ,french offered that they themselves should recover the castle entirely1 assigning to them either the honour or the profit4 ,and thus1 because they could not agree1 they returned without doing anything2 and not many days after this the ,frenchmen embarked about the ,feast of ,all ,saints1 and returned safely to ,france4 ,the following year ,richard1 ,king of ,england1 the second of this name1 being nineteen years of age1 entered ,scotland about the ,feast of ,saint ,lawrence1 and attacked1 overthrew and ravaged everything in his pride1 sparing nothing1 saving nothing1 sparing neither age1 nor order1 nor religious community4 ,he pillaged and burnt down many churches and monasteries and other sacred places1 such as ,melrose1 ,dryburgh1 ,newbottle2 he also destroyed the noble town of ,edinburgh1 with the church thereof1 erected in honour of ,st4 ,giles1 and the whole of ,lothian2 and he returned home to his own kingdom without loss1 having1 however1 before his departure in like manner pillaged and burnt the monastery of ,holyrood4 ,wherefore1 and by the vengeance of ,god alone1 this ,king ,richard wandered about the ,scottish isles as a poor beggar1 and was found living most wretchedly for a while in a certain lord's kitchen2 and1 being afterwards recognized by someone1 he was brought to the ,king of ,scotland1 and there ended his days in idiocy4 ,and thus1 as is presumed1 by the hidden judgment of ,god and in revenge for the foregoing1 his uncle1 who had been most shamefully exiled and cast out from the kingdom by the wickedness and power of the peasants1 put an end to his life in great wretchedness among his enemies1 according to the word of the prophet1 saying3 ,the ,lord delivered them into the hand of the enemy1 and they who hated them had dominion over them4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,small shields4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,wiclif 7#ache74 ,,source4--,capgrave's ,chronicle of ,england 7,rolls ,series71 #bdj4 ,in the #ith year of this ,king1 ,john ,wiclif1 the organ of the devil1 the enemy of the ,church1 the mirror of hypocrisy1 the nourisher of schism1 by the rightful doom#dh of ,god1 was smitten with a horrible palsy throughout his body4 ,and this vengeance fell upon him on ,st4 ,thomas' ,day in ,christmas1 but he died not till ,st4 ,silvester's ,day4 ,and worthily was he smitten on ,st4 ,thomas' ,day1 against whom he had greatly offended1 letting#di men of that pilgrimage2 and conveniently died he in ,silvester's feast1 against whom he had venomously barked for dotation#ej of the ,church4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,judgment4 #di ,hindering4 #ej ,endowment4 ,,charles ,,vi4',s ,,frustrated ,,invasion ,,of ,,england 7,,august1 #achf74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 iii4 #bhe-bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #cbi1 #ccj4 ,the young ,king of ,france had ever shown great desire to invade ,england with a powerful army and navy4 ,in this he was joined by all the chivalry of the realm1 but especially by the ,duke of ,burgundy1 the ,constable of ,france1 and the ,count de ,st4 ,pol1 although he had married ,king ,richard's sister1 and the ,lord de ,coucy4 ,these lords said3 ,why should not we1 for once1 make a visit to ,england to see the country and its inhabitants1 and learn the way thither1 as the ,english have done in ,france8 ,this year1 therefore1 of #achf1 we will go thither1 as well to break up the expedition of the ,duke of ,lancaster1 and force him to return home1 as to give the alarm to the ,english1 and see how they will behave4 ,greater armaments were made in ,france than had hitherto been done4 ,heavier taxes were imposed on all the towns and country than for one hundred years1 and such sums had never been raised1 nor were ever greater preparations made by sea and land4 ,the whole summer1 until ,september1 was employed in grinding flour and making biscuit in ,arras1 ,bethune1 ,lille1 ,douay1 ,amiens1 ,st4 ,omer1 and in all the towns near to ,sluys2 for it was the plan of the ,king to embark at ,sluys1 sail for ,england1 and destroy the whole country4444 ,all that was going forward in ,france1 ,flanders1 ,bruges1 ,damme1 and ,sluys was known in ,england1 and with many additions to the real truth4 ,the people in several places were exceedingly alarmed1 and generally the priests made processions in many towns three times a week2 where1 with much devotion1 they offered up their prayers to ,god1 to avert this peril from them4 ,there were upwards of one hundred thousand who were desirous the ,french should come to ,england1 saying1 to comfort the weak-hearted3 ,let them come2 by ,god6 not a soul shall return back to tell their story4 ,such as were in debt1 and had not any intentions nor wherewithal to pay1 were delighted1 and said to their creditors3 ,hold your tongues6 they are coining florins in ,france1 and we will pay you with them2 and thus they lived extravagantly1 and expended largely1 for credit was not refused them4 ,whenever they were asked to pay1 they replied3 ,how can you ask for money8 ,is it not better that we spend it than ,frenchmen should find it and carry it away8 ,thus were many thousand pounds sterling foolishly spent in ,england4 444 ,every port and harbour from the ,humber to ,cornwall was well provided with men-at-arms and archers1 and watchmen were posted on all the hills near the sea-coasts opposite to ,france and ,flanders4 ,the manner of posting these watchers was as follows3 they had large ,gascony casks filled with sand1 which they placed one on the other1 rising like columns2 on these were planks1 where the watchmen remained day and night on the look-out4 ,they were ordered1 the moment they should observe the fleet of ,france steering towards land1 to light torches and make great fires on the hills to alarm the country1 and the forces within sight of these fires were to hasten thither4 ,it had been resolved to allow the ,king of ,france to land1 and even to remain unmolested for three or four days2 they were first to attack the fleet and destroy it and all their stores1 and then to advance on the ,king of ,france1 not to combat him immediately1 but to harass his army1 so that they might be disabled and afraid to forage1 for the corn countries were all to be burnt1 and ,england1 at best1 is a difficult foraging country2 by which plan they would be starved and easily destroyed4 ,such was the plan laid down by the ,council of ,england4 ,colchester ,bridge was ordered to be broken down1 for a deep river runs under it1 which flows through ,essex1 and falls into the ,thames opposite the island of ,sheppey4 ,the ,londoners would pull this bridge down for the greater security of their town4 ,if the taxes were burdensome on towns and persons in ,france1 ,i must say they were not much lighter in ,england1 and the country suffered from them a long time afterwards2 but they were paid cheerfully1 that they might be more effectually guarded4 ,there were at this time ten thousand men-at-arms and one hundred thousand archers in ,england4 444 ,from ,senlis the ,king of ,france came to ,compigne1 ,noyon1 ,peronne1 ,bapaume1 and ,arras2 and there were such numbers of men-at-arms pouring into those countries from all quarters1 that everything was destroyed or devoured without a farthing being paid for anything4 ,the poor farmers1 who had filled their barns with grain1 had only the straw1 and if they complained1 were beaten or killed4 ,the fish-ponds were drained of fish1 and the houses pulled down for firing1 so that if the ,english had been there1 they could not have committed greater waste than this ,french army did4 ,they said3 ,we have not at present any money1 but shall have enough on our return1 when we will pay for all4 ,the farmers1 not daring to speak out1 cursed them inwardly1 on seeing them seize what was intended for their families2 and said3 ,go to ,england1 and may never a soul of you come back6 444 ,sir ,simon ,burley was ,governor of ,dover ,castle1 and1 from his situation1 received frequent intelligence from ,france by the fishermen of the town1 who related to him what they heard from the ,french fishermen1 as they were often obliged to adventure as far as ,wissan or ,boulogne to obtain good fish4 ,when the fishermen from ,france met them at sea1 they told them enough1 and more than they knew2 for1 though there were wars between ,france and ,england1 they were never interrupted in their pursuits1 nor attacked each other1 but1 on the contrary1 gave mutual assistance1 and bought or sold1 according as either had more fish than they were in want of2 for1 if they were to meddle in the national quarrels1 there would be no fishing1 and none would attempt it1 unless supported by men-at-arms4 ,sir ,simon learnt from the fishermen1 that the ,king of ,france was absolutely determined on the invasion2 that he intended to land one division at or near ,dover and another at ,sandwich1 and that his forces were immense4 ,he1 as well as the rest of ,england1 believed all this was true2 and one day he set out for ,canterbury to visit the abbey1 which is very large and handsome2 near it is ,christ-church1 which is also rich and powerful4 ,the ,abbot inquired1 ,what news8 and ,sir ,simon told him all he knew1 adding3 ,that the shrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 so respectable and rich1 was not safe in ,canterbury1 for the town was not strong2 and if the ,french should come1 some of the pillagers1 through avarice1 would make for ,canterbury1 which they would plunder1 as well as your abbey1 and make particular inquiries after the shrine1 and will take it away1 to your great loss4 ,i would therefore advise that you have it carried to ,dover ,castle1 where it will be perfectly safe1 though all ,england were lost4 ,the abbot1 and all the convent1 were so much angered at this speech1 though meant well1 they replied3 ,how1 ,sir ,simon1 would you wish to despoil this church of its jewel8 ,if you are afraid yourself1 gain courage1 and shut yourself up in your castle of ,dover1 for the ,french will not be bold enough1 nor in sufficient force1 to adventure themselves so far4 ,this was the only answer he had2 but ,sir ,simon persisted so long in his proposition1 the common people grew discontented1 and held him for an ill-inclined person1 which1 as ,i shall relate1 they afterwards showed more plainly4 ,sir ,simon made but a short stay1 and returned to ,dover4 444 ,meanwhile mismanagement and bad weather were breaking up the ,french armada at ,sluys4 444 ,some of the young princes of the blood-royal1 with a desire to display their courage1 had indeed made a few cruises near the harbour1 saying that they would be the first to land in ,england1 should none others venture thither4 ,in this number were ,sir ,robert and ,sir ,philip d',artois1 ,sir ,henry de ,bar1 ,sir ,peter de ,navarre1 ,sir ,peter d',albreth1 ,sir ,bernard d',armagnac1 with many more4 ,these young lords1 having once begun1 were so impatient to sail in earnest1 that a council was held1 in the presence of the ,king1 to determine how they should proceed4 ,the ,duke of ,berry broke up the whole2 and gave such well-grounded reasons1 that the greater part of those who were the most forward to embark were discouraged2 and said it would be folly and madness to advise the ,king1 who was then but a child1 to put to sea in such weather1 and to make war on a people and country whose roads no one was acquainted with1 and which was likewise disadvantageous for warlike exploits4 ,now1 suppose1 said the ,duke of ,berry1 we were all landed in ,england1 we cannot fight the ,english unless they like it1 and we dare not leave our purveyances behind1 for whoever would do so would lose the whole4 ,but if anyone wished to make this voyage1 though of no great length1 he would do it in the middle of summer1 and not in the heart of winter4 ,summon all the sailors who are here1 and they will tell you that what ,i say is true2 and that1 notwithstanding the very numerous fleet we have collected1 should we put to sea1 of the fifteen hundred sail1 there would never be three hundred together1 or within fight4 ,now1 consider what risks we may run2 but ,i do not say this out of any desire to be excused from being of the party myself1 but solely as ,i believe it sound sense1 and that the council1 and the majority of ,france1 are of my way of thinking4 ,i am willing1 brothers of ,burgundy1 that you and ,i undertake this expedition1 but ,i will never advise the ,king to do so2 for1 should any accident happen to him1 the whole blame would be laid on us for having consented to it4 ,in ,god's name1 replied the ,king of ,france1 ,i am resolved to go1 should no one follow me4 ,the lords laughed1 and said the ,king had a strong inclination to embark4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,england 7#achf74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 iii4 #dji-dab4 ,england was1 at this period1 in greater danger than when the peasants1 under ,jack ,straw1 rose in rebellion1 and marched to ,london2 and ,i will tell you the cause4 ,the nobles and gentlemen were unanimous1 at that time1 in their support of the ,king1 but now there were many serious differences between them4 ,the ,king quarrelled with his uncles of ,york and ,gloucester1 and they were equally displeased with him1 caused1 as it was said1 by the intrigues of the ,duke of ,ireland ,robert de ,vere1 the sole confident of the ,king4 ,the commonalty1 in many towns and cities1 had noticed these quarrels1 and the wisest dreaded the consequences that might ensue2 but the giddy laughed at them1 and said they were owing to the jealousy of the ,king's uncles1 and because the crown was not on their heads4 ,but others said3 ,the ,king is young1 and puts his confidence in youngsters3 it would be to his advantage if he consulted his uncles more1 who can only wish the prosperity of the country1 than that puppy1 the ,duke of ,ireland1 who is ignorant of all things1 and who never saw a battle4 ,thus were the ,english divided2 and great disasters seemed to be at hand1 which was perfectly known all over ,france1 and caused them to hasten their preparations for invading the country1 and adding to its miseries4444 ,parliament was harangued on the subject of the finances1 and assured that there was not in the royal treasury more than sufficient to support1 even with economy1 the usual expenses of the ,king4 ,the council said there was no other means than laying a general tax on all the country1 if they were desirous of paying the great sums the defence of the kingdom had cost4 ,those from the ,archbishopric of ,canterbury1 the ,bishoprics of ,norwich and ,warwick1 the counties of ,devonshire1 ,hampshire1 and ,wiltshire1 readily assented1 because they knew better what had been done1 and were more alarmed than those at a greater distance1 in ,wales1 ,bristol1 and ,cornwall1 who were rebellious1 and said3 ,we have never seen any enemies come into this country1 why therefore should we be thus heavily taxed and nothing done8 ,yes1 yes1 replied others1 let them call on the ,king's ,council1 the ,archbishop of ,york1 and the ,duke of ,ireland1 who received sixty thousand francs1 for the ransom of ,john of ,brittany1 from the ,constable of ,france1 which ought to have gone to the general profit of the ,kingdom4 ,let them call on ,sir ,simon ,burley1 ,sir ,william ,elmham1 ,sir ,thomas ,brand1 ,sir ,robert ,tresilian1 and ,sir ,john ,beauchamp1 who have governed the ,king4 ,if they gave a true account of the sums raised in ,england1 or were forced so to do1 there would be more than money enough to pay all expenses1 and poor people remain in quiet4 ,the ,king's uncles were much pleased when these speeches were told them1 for those they had named were unfriendly to their interests1 and opposed their obtaining any favours from the ,court4 ,they encouraged such discourses1 and1 to gain popularity1 said3 ,the good people who hold such language are well advised in wishing to have an account of the management of the finances1 and to refuse to pay their taxes1 for1 in good truth1 there is cash enough in the purses of the ,king or of those who govern him4 ,by degrees1 this discontent was much increased among the people1 who declared against any tax being laid on1 and who grew bolder in their language when they saw that the ,king's uncles1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 the ,earls of ,salisbury and ,northumberland1 with many other great barons1 supported them4 ,the ministers1 therefore1 withdrew the tax1 and said nothing should be done in the matter until ,michaelmas1 when the ,parliament would again meet4 ,,the ,,wonderful ,,parliament 7,,october-,,november1 #achf74 ,,source4--,chronicle of ,adam of ,usk 7translated and edited by ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson1 #aijd71 #adb1 #adc4 ,owing to the many ill-starred crises of ,king ,richard's reign which were caused by his youth1 a solemn ,parliament was holden at ,westminster1 wherein twelve#ea of the chief men of the land were advanced by full provision of ,parliament to the government of the ,king and the kingdom1 in order to bridle the wantonness and extravagance of his servants and flatterers1 and1 in short1 to reform the business of the realm2 but1 alas6 only to lead to the weary deeds which are hereinafter written4 ,the ,king1 bearing it ill that by this appointment the due freedom of ,his ,majesty should be bridled by his own lieges1 and urged by his servants1 who were thus set in authority1 till the end came in the destruction of the ,king himself1 his abettors1 and many of these same rulers4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,the actual number appointed was eleven--namely1 the ,archbishops of ,canterbury and ,york1 the ,dukes of ,york and ,gloucester1 the ,bishops of ,winchester and ,exeter1 the ,abbot of ,waltham1 the ,earl of ,arundel1 ,john de ,cobham1 ,richard le ,scrope1 and ,john ,devereux4 ,,richard ,,appeals ,,to ,,the ,,judges 7,,august1 #achg74 ,,source4--,henry ,knighton's ,chronicle 7,rolls ,series71 ii4 #bcf4 ,at the same time the ,king came to ,shrewsbury1 where1 by the ,royal command1 certain of the justices of the kingdom had gathered4 ,then the aforesaid seducers of the ,king1 ,alexander1 ,archbishop of ,york1 ,robert ,vere1 ,duke of ,ireland1 ,michael de la ,pole1 ,robert ,tresilian1 and others1 asked them the justices whether it would be lawful for the ,king to oppose and resist the ordinances made in the last ,parliament concerning the ,king and kingdom by the princes and commons of the realm with the consent of the ,king1 which consent1 they said1 had been obtained by force4 ,they answered that the ,king was able to annul and alter such ordinances at pleasure for the bettering of affairs since he was above law4 ,,defeat ,,of ,,the ,,king',s ,,friends 7,,november-,,december1 #achg74 ,,source4--,chronicle of ,adam of ,usk 7translated and edited by ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson1 #aijd71 #adc-ade4 ,then the ,king passed with his mother#eb to ,westminster ,hall1 and there1 seated on his throne of state1 by her mediation1 made his peace with his twelve guardians2#ec yet he did it falsely and with deceit4 ,soon afterwards the ,earl of ,oxford#ed went with royal letters into the county of ,chester1 and led back with him a great armed power of the men of those parts for the destruction of the twelve4 ,but the ,duke of ,gloucester and the ,earls of ,derby1 ,arundel1 ,nottingham1 and ,warwick were forewarned thereof1 and arrayed in a glorious host before the men of ,chester could reach the ,king1 they routed the earl's army on the eve of ,st4 ,thomas the ,apostle ,december #bj at ,radcot ,bridge in ,oxfordshire4 ,and the earl himself they drove in flight beyond hope of return2 for he died beyond seas4444 ,at that time1 ,i1 the writer of this chronicle1 was at ,oxford an extraordinary in canon law1 and ,i saw the host of the five lords march through the city on their way to ,london from the battlefield2 whereof the ,earls of ,warwick and ,derby led the van1 the ,duke of ,gloucester the main body1 and the ,earls of ,arundel and ,nottingham the rear4 ,the ,mayor of ,london1 hearing of their coming1 sent forth to them the keys of the city1 and thereafter those same five lords did1 on the feast of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist ,december #bg1 blockade the ,tower of ,london till it yielded3 then straightway they placed the ,king1 who was therein1 under new governance1 and delivered his fawning councillors into divers prisons until the next following ,parliament4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,she died in #ache3 hence the chronicler must be in error4 #ec ,namely1 the eleven4 #ed ,robert de ,vere4 ,,the ,,merciless ,,parliament 7,,february1 #achh74 ,,source4--,william ,caxton1 ,the ,polychronicon 7published #adhb71 ii41 fols4 #cif;b1 #cig4 ,in the eleventh year of his reign was the arising of certain lords in ,england in destruction of rebels1 etc41 that is to say ,sir ,thomas ,woodstock1 ,duke of ,gloucester1 ,sir ,richard1 ,earl of ,arundell1 ,sir ,richard1 ,earl of ,warwick1 ,sir ,harry of ,bolingbroke1 ,earl of ,derby1 and ,sir ,thomas ,mowbray1 ,earl ,marshall4 ,these five lords understood the mischief and government of the ,king's ,council1 wherefore they1 that were that time of the ,king's ,council1 fled out of the land1 that is to say1 ,master ,alexander ,nevill1 ,archbishop of ,york1 ,sir ,michael de la ,pole1 ,earl of ,suffolk and ,chancellor of ,england1 and the ,marquis of ,dublin1 ,sir ,robert de ,vere4 ,these three lords came never again into ,england1 for they died beyond the sea4 ,these five lords abovesaid made a ,parliament at ,westminster and there they took ,sir ,robert ,tresilian1 justice1 ,sir ,nicholas ,brember1 knight and citizen of ,london1 ,sir ,john ,salisbury1 knight1 and ,uske ,serjeant1 with other more which were judged to death and were drawn to ,tyburn and there hanged4 ,also in the same ,parliament1 ,sir ,simon ,burley1 ,knight of the ,garter1 ,sir ,john ,beauchamp1 knight1 steward of the ,king's house1 and ,sir ,john ,berneis were beheaded at ,tower ,hill4 ,also ,richard ,belknap1 ,john ,holt1 ,john ,cary1 ,william ,burgh1 ,robert ,frilthorp1 and ,john ,lockton1 justices1 were exiled into ,ireland1 there for to dwell all their lifetime4 ,,on ,,the ,,truce ,,between ,,england ,,and ,,france 7#acid74 ,,by ,,eustace ,,deschamps4 ,,source4--,political ,poems and ,songs 7,rolls ,series71 i4 #cjj4 ,antre#ee ,beauraym et le parc de ,hedin1 ,on moys#ef d',aoust1 qu'on soye les fromens1#eg ,m'en aloye jouer#eh par un matin2 ,si vi bergiers et bergieres#ei aux champs1 ,qui tenoient l leurs parliers moult grans1#fj ,tant que ,bochiers dist ,margot la broingne1#fa ,que l'en aloit#fb au traitt ,bouloigne1 ,et que ,franois et ,anglois feront paix4 ,elle respont3 ,foy que doy ,magueloigne1 ,paix n'avez j s'ilz ne rendent ,calays4#fc ,lors vint avant ,berthelot du ,jardin1 ,qui respondit3 ,la paix suis desirans2 ,car je n'ose descouchier#fd le matin4 ,pour les ,anglois que nous sont destruisans2 ,mais dire oy1 il a pass dix ans4#fe ,qu' leur dessoulz quierent tondis aloingne#ff ,pour mettre sus#fg leur fait et leur besoigne1 ,et puis courent#fh le regne grans eslays2#fi ,maint l'out veu1#gj et pour ce je tesmoigne1 ,paix n'avez j s'ilz ne rendent ,calays4 ,aprs parla1 par grant courroux1#ga ,robin ,a ,berthelot1 et lui dist3 ,tu te mens1 ,car les ,franois et les ,anglois enfin ,veulent la paix1 il en est ds or temps2#gb ,trop a dur la guerre et li contens1#gc ,ne je ne voy nul qui ne la ressoingne4#gd ,certes1 tout ce ne vault une escaloigne4#ge ,ce lui respont ,henris li contrefais3#gf ,encor faulra chascun 7prengne7 sa broingne2#gg ,paix n'avez j s'ilz ne rendent ,calays4 ,car l'autre jour oy maistre ,martin1#gh ,qui racontoit le roy est mendre d'ans1#gi ,et qu'il estoit une loy#hj en ,latin ,qui deffendoit#ha rien vendre des enfans4#hb ,en ,guyenne sont deux mille et cinq cens ,villes1 chasteauls1#hc qu',angleis veulent qu'on doingne4#hd ,et grant tas#he d'or1 et que le roy esloigne#hf ,de roy en duc l'ommaige#hg qui est fais4 ,qui fera ce8 respon sote ,caroingne2#hh ,paix n'avez j s'ilz ne rendent ,calays4 ,guichars si bruns1 qui fu nez ,seclin1#hi ,dist que cilz faiz est doubreux et pesans3#ij ,voire1 et qu',engls y pensent mal engin#ia ,de retenir ce port1 qui est constans4 ,se ce ne fust bien se fussent rendans3#ib ,mais ils pensent barat1#ic guerre1 et alloingne#id ,faire au derrain4#ie ,ne le duc de ,bourgoingne ,et de ,berry ne feroient jamais ,tel paix eux4 ,qui voulra si me perdoingne1#if ,paix n'avez j s'ilz ne rendent ,calays4 ,,envoy4 ,princes1 l fu ,bertrisons1 et ,hersans1 ,et ,alizons1 qui moult orent de sens2#ig ,et jugierent1 quand li parlers fu fait1 ,que telle paix seroit orde et meschans2#ih ,et concluirent aux bergiers eulx disans3#ii ,paix n'avez j s'ilz ne rendent ,calays4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,between4 #ef ,month4 #eg ,when they reap the wheat4 #eh ,i went to enjoy myself4 #ei ,i saw shepherds and shepherdesses4 #fj ,very great talk4 #fa ,stout4 #fb ,people were going4 #fc ,by the faith ,i owe the ,magdalene1 you will never have peace unless they restore ,calais4 #fd ,for ,i do not dare rise from bed4 #fe ,but ,i have heard say this ten years gone4 #ff ,that underneath they seek always delay4 #fg ,in order to cover4 #fh ,overrun4 #fi ,rapidity4 #gj ,many have seen it4 #ga ,in great rage4 #gb ,it is high time for it4 #gc ,contention4 #gd ,who does not fear it4 #ge ,is not worth an onion4 #gf ,deformed4 #gg ,everyone will still have to take his cuirass4 #gh ,i heard ,master ,martin4 #gi ,a minor4 #hj ,law4 #ha ,prohibited4 #hb ,children's property4 #hc ,castles4 #hd ,will give4 #he ,heap4 #hf ,alienate4 #hg ,homage4 #hh ,caroingue the fool4 #hi ,guichard the brown1 who was born at ,seclin4 #ij ,grave4 #ia ,it is true that the ,english have an ill design in their thoughts4 #ib ,they would restore it4 #ic ,strife4 #id ,delay4 #ie ,to make it last4 #if ,who will1 let him pardon me4 #ig ,who had much sense4 #ih ,disgraceful and injurious4 #ii ,saying to them4 ,,supposed ,,plots 7#acig74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 iv4 #edf1 #eeb1 #eec4 ,this story1 given by ,froissart and the ,monk of ,st4 ,denis1 both admirers of ,richard1 seems to be absolutely unfounded4 ,the ,duke of ,gloucester would gladly have seen this nephew1 called ,john1 ,earl of ,march1 on the throne of ,england1 and ,king ,richard deposed from it1 saying he was neither worthy nor capable to hold the government of ,england2 and this opinion he made no secret of to those who were in his confidence4 ,he invited this ,earl of ,march to come and see him2 and1 when at ,pleshy1 he unbosomed himself to him of all the secrets of his heart1 telling him that he had been selected for ,king of ,england2 that ,king ,richard and his ,queen were to be confined1 but with ample provision for their maintenance1 as long as they lived2 and he earnestly besought his nephew to believe all he said1 for he should make it a point to put his plans into execution1 and that he was already joined by the ,earl of ,arundel1 ,sir ,john ,arundel1 the ,earl of ,warwick1 and many prelates and barons of ,england4444 ,the ,king of ,england had received positive information that the ,duke of ,gloucester and ,earl of ,arundel had plotted to seize his person1 and that of the ,queen1 and carry them to a strong castle1 where they should be confined under proper guards1 but allowed sufficiently for their table and other necessary expenses4 ,that four regents should be appointed over the kingdom1 of whom the ,dukes of ,lancaster and ,york were to be the chief1 and have under them the government of all the northern parts1 from the ,thames to the ,tyne1 and as far as the ,tweed1 that runs by ,berwick1 and comprehend all ,northumberland1 and the borders of ,scotland4 ,the ,duke of ,gloucester was to have for his government ,london1 ,essex1 and that part of the country to the mouth of the ,humber1 and likewise all the coast from the ,thames to the water of ,southampton1 and westward comprehending ,cornwall4 ,the ,earl of ,arundel was to have ,sussex1 ,kent1 ,surrey1 ,berkshire1 and all the country from the ,thames to ,bristol1 and the river ,severn that divides ,england from ,wales1 where there are very extensive lordships1 with power of punishing by death all offenders4 ,but their chief design was to find out some means of re-kindling the war with ,france2 and1 if the ,king of ,france wished to have his daughter again1 it might be done1 for she was still very young1 not more than eight years and a half old1 and1 perchance1 when she was marriageable1 she might repent of this connection1 for she was innocently1 and without her being able to judge for herself1 married1 and1 beside1 it was unjust to break off her match with the heir of ,brittany2 but should she wish to abide by her marriage1 she would in justice remain ,queen of ,england1 and enjoy her dower1 but she should never be the companion of the ,king of ,england4 ,should the ,king die before she was of a proper age1 she was to be sent back to ,france4 ,these were the plans that had been concerted by many of the ,english1 particularly the ,londoners1 for they hated the ,king1 and several now repented they had checked the mobs that attacked ,london from the different counties of ,england2 for they had determined1 according to their confessions when put to death1 to murder the ,king1 the ,earl of ,salisbury1 the ,earl of ,oxford1 and the whole of the ,king's ,council4 ,had this been done the kingdom would soon have found another head2 and the citizens1 with the consent of the country1 and the aid of the ,duke of ,gloucester 7who took great pains to excite trouble and confusion71 have selected a fit person to wear the crown1 and place the government and kingdom in a different state to what it then was4 ,,richard',s ,,revenge 7,,july1 #acig74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 #eeh-eei1 #ehc-eia4 ,the ,king under pretence of deer-hunting1 went to a palace he had at ,havering-at-the-bower1 in ,essex3 it is about twenty miles from ,london1 and as many from ,pleshy1 where the ,duke of ,gloucester generally resided4 ,the ,king set out1 one afternoon1 from ,havering1 without many attendants1 for he had left them behind with the ,queen at ,eltham1 and arrived at ,pleshy at about five o'clock2 the weather was very hot3 and he came so suddenly to the castle1 no one knew of it1 until the porter cried out1 ,here is the ,king6 ,the ,duke of ,gloucester had already supped1 for he was very temperate in his diet1 and never sat long at dinner or supper4 ,he immediately went out to meet the ,king in the court of the castle1 and paid him all the respect due to his sovereign1 as did the duchess and her children4 ,the ,king entered the hall and the apartment1 where the table was again laid out for the ,king1 who ate some little2 but he had before told the duke1 ,fair uncle1 have your horses saddled1 not all1 but five or six1 for you must accompany me to ,london1 as ,i am to have a meeting to-morrow with the citizens2 and we shall surely meet my uncles of ,lancaster and ,york1 but ,i shall advise with you what answer to make to the ,londoners' demands4 ,tell your house-steward to follow us with your servants to ,london1 where they will find you4 ,the duke1 suspecting nothing evil intended against him1 too easily consented2 and the ,king1 having soon supped1 rose from table4 ,everything being ready1 the ,king took leave of the duchess and her children1 mounted his horse1 and the duke did the same1 attended only by three squires and four varlets4 ,they took their way to ,bondelay1 to avoid the high road to ,london1 and ,brentwood1 with the other towns through which it passes4 ,they rode hard1 for the ,king pretended impatience to get to ,london1 and conversed all the way with the ,duke of ,gloucester4 ,on their arrival at ,stratford1 near the ,thames1 where an ambuscade had been laid1 the ,king galloped forwards1 leaving his uncle behind1 on which the earl-marshal advanced to the rear of the duke1 with a large body of men1 and said3 ,i arrest you in the ,king's name4 ,the duke was panic-struck1 for he saw he had been betrayed1 and cried aloud after the ,king4 ,i know not if the ,king heard him1 but he did not turn back1 galloping on faster than before1 and followed by his attendants4444 ,the ,king of ,england left the ,tower of ,london at a very early hour1 and rode to ,eltham1 where he remained4 ,this same day1 towards evening1 the ,earls of ,arundel and ,warwick were brought to the ,tower by the ,king's officers1 and there confined1 to the great surprise of the citizens4 ,their imprisonment caused many to murmur1 but they were afraid to act1 or do anything against the ,king's pleasure1 lest they might suffer for it4 ,it was the common conversation of the knights1 squires1 and citizens of ,london and in other towns3 ,it is useless or us to say more on this matter1 for the ,dukes of ,lancaster and of ,york1 brothers to the ,duke of ,gloucester1 can provide a remedy for all this whenever they please3 they assuredly would have prevented it from happening1 if they had suspected the ,king had so much courage1 or that he would have arrested their brother2 but they will repent of their indolence2 and1 if they are not instantly active1 it will end badly4 ,,the ,,appeal ,,of ,,the ,,appellants 7#acig74 ,,source4--,chronicle of ,adam of ,usk 7edited and translated by ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson1 #aijd71 #aeb et seq4 ,this ,parliament was packed by the sheriffs in the ,king's interest2 his constitutional rule for the past nine years had been a determined preparation for this moment of revenge4 ,a ,parliament was holden in ,london1 at ,westminster1 on ,st4 ,lambert's ,day ,september #ag1 a ,monday1 in the year of our ,lord #acig2 in which ,parliament ,i1 the writer of this chronicle1 was present every day4 ,in the first place1 a speech in the form of a sermon was made by ,edmund ,stafford1 ,bishop of ,exeter1 then ,chancellor1 wherein he kept his discourse to the one point3 that the power of the ,king lay singly and wholly in the ,king1 and that they who usurped or plotted against it were worthy of the penalties of the law4 ,wherefore to the end was it ordained in ,parliament3 first1 to enquire after those who molest the power of the ,king and his royalty2 secondly1 what penalties such molesters should receive2 thirdly1 that things be so ordered that henceforth such molesting do not ensue4444 ,on the ,tuesday ,september #ah ,sir ,john ,bushy#ajj was presented by the ,commons to the ,king their speaker4444 ,then straightway spake he thus before the ,king3 ,in that1 my lord the ,king1 we are bound by your dread command to make known to your ,royal ,highness who they be who transgressed against your royalty1 we say that ,thomas ,duke of ,gloucester1 and ,richard ,earl of ,arundel1 did in the tenth year of your reign traitorously force you1 by means of him who is now ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and who was then ,chancellor1 thereby doing you grievous wrongs1 to grant to them a commission to govern your kingdom and to order its estate1 to the prejudice of your majesty and royalty4 ,and the same day that same commission was made of none effect1 with all and every the acts thereon depending or caused thereby4 ,also a general pardon1 granted after the great ,parliament by their means1 and a special pardon granted to the ,earl of ,arundel1 were recalled4 ,it was also prayed by the ,commons1 still by the mouth of their speaker1 that whereas that special pardon had been gotten for a traitor by ,thomas ,arundel1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 then ,chancellor of ,england1 he1 the procurer of the same1 who should rather by virtue of his office have been against it1 should be declared a traitor4 ,and the ,archbishop rose up1 wishing to make answer2 but the ,king said3 ,to-morrow4 ,but thenceforth he appeared not there again4 ,the ,king also said1 as to this petition1 that he would take counsel4 ,also it was decreed that any man henceforth convicted of acting against the ,government of our lord the ,king should be declared a false traitor1 and the fitting punishment of treason be awarded to him4 ,also it was decreed1 with assent of the prelates1 that criminal charges henceforth be determined without their agreement1 in every ,parliament4 ,and then1 having leave1 they withdrew4 ,then there was1 as is wont to be1 some bustle4 ,and thereupon the ,king's archers1 who1 to the number of four thousand1 surrounded the ,parliament-house1 which was set up to this end in the middle of the palace-yard1 thought that some quarrel or strife had arisen in the house2 and1 bending their bows1 they drew their arrows to the ear1 to the great consternation of all who were there3 but the ,king quieted them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,friday ,september #ba1 which fell on ,st4 ,matthew's ,day1 the ,earls of ,rutland1 ,kent1 ,huntingdon1 ,nottingham1 ,somerset1 ,salisbury1 the ,lord ,despenser and ,sir ,william ,scrope1 in a suit of red robes of silk banded with white silk and powdered with letters of gold1 set forth the appeal which they had already proclaimed before the ,king at ,nottingham2 wherein they accused ,thomas ,duke of ,gloucester1 ,richard ,earl of ,arundel1 ,thomas ,earl of ,warwick1 and ,sir ,thomas ,mortimer1 knight of the aforesaid treasons1 and also of armed revolt at ,haringhay-park traitorously raised against the ,king4 ,,footnotes3 #ajj ,walshingham1 in his account of this ,parliament1 adds3 ,a knight of the county of ,lincoln1 a man of great discretion and very eloquent4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,ireland 7#acii74 ,,source4--,roll of ,proceedings of the ,king's ,council in ,ireland 7,rolls ,series71 ,appendix1 #bfd4 ,item4 ,as regards other matters touching the state of the said land1 be it known that the ,irish enemies are strong and arrogant and of great power1 and there is neither rule nor power to resist them1 for the ,english archers are not able1 nor are they willing1 to ride against them1 without stronger paramount power4 ,item4 ,the ,english families in all parts of the land which are rebels1 as the ,butyllers1 ,powers1 ,gerardynes1 ,bermynghames1 ,daltons1 ,barrettes1 ,dillons1 and the others1 who will not obey the law nor submit to justice1 but destroy the poor1 liege people of the land1 and take their living from them and rob them1 will needs be called gentlemen of blood and idlemen1 whereas they are sturdy robbers and are not amenable to the law1 and will make prisoners of the ,english and put them to greater duress than do the ,irish enemies1 and this from default of the execution of justice4 ,item4 ,in addition to this the said ,english rebels are accomplices of the ,irish enemies and will not displease them1 and thus between the one and the other the loyal ,english are destroyed and injured4 ,item4 ,by the rebellion and falseness of the ,english rebels on the one side1 and by the war of the ,irish enemies on the other1 the ,king has no profit of the revenues of the land1 because the law cannot be executed1 nor any officer dare put it1 nor go to put it1 in execution4 ,,the ,,betrayal ,,of ,,the ,,king 7,,august1 #acii74 ,,source4--,traison et ,mort du ,roy ,richart 7,english ,historical ,society71 #aie et seq4 ,translated from manuscript 7,bibliothque du ,roi7 ,no4 #ijd1 ,fonds ,st4 ,victor4 ,item4 ,the same day that the ,earl of ,huntingdon1 ,duke of ,exeter1 went to seek the ,duke ,henry of ,lancaster1 he found him lodging in his own city of ,chester1 with his army4 ,and that same day1 which was ,sunday1 the twentieth day of ,august1 the year aforesaid1 the duke sent to ,king ,richard the ,earl of ,northumberland1 who was aged1 that the ,king might the rather believe his words and not be so overbearing with him as with a younger person2 and the said earl had with him a company of one hundred lancers and two hundred archers4 ,and know that1 as soon as the ,duke of ,lancaster and the ,earl of ,huntingdon had spoken together1 the ,earl of ,huntingdon sent one of his people1 by the command of the duke1 to the ,earl of ,northumberland1 and gave him two letters1 one of which he was to take to the ,king from his brother1 requesting him to believe the message he should deliver to him1 and the other to the ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,it is a truth that the ,earl of ,northumberland went to ,king ,richard with 7only7 seven attendants1 for he had left his people in ambush between two mountains1 and had commanded them that they should not stir till they had tidings from him1 or of the ,king1 whom they much longed to hold4 ,and when the said earl went towards the ,king1 he found him in an exceedingly strong castle1 surrounded on all sides by the sea1 which is called ,conway2 and thither he went1 with all submission1 he and his seven attendants and saluted the ,king very humbly1 as did his attendants4 ,the ,king had with him not more than five or six notable persons4444 ,when the ,king perceived the said earl1 he caused him to rise1 and asked him1 ,what news8 ,then said the earl1 ,my dear sire1 ,i am sent to you by your cousin ,henry of ,lancaster4 ,the ,king asked him if he had not met his brother1 whom he had sent there4 ,yes1 dear sire2 and here is a letter he gave me for you4 ,the ,king took the letter and looked at the seal1 and saw that it was the seal of his brother2 then he opened the letter and read it4 ,all that it contained was this3 ,my very dear lord2 ,i commend me to you4 ,i hope you will believe the earl in everything that he shall say to you4 ,for ,i found the ,duke of ,lancaster at my city of ,chester1 who has a great desire to have a good peace and agreement with you2 and has kept me to attend upon him till he shall know your pleasure4 ,when the ,king had read the letter1 he said to the ,earl of ,northumberland3 ,now then1 ,northumberland1 what is your message8 ,my dear sire1 said the earl1 my lord of ,lancaster has sent me to you to tell you what he most wishes for in this world is to have peace and a good understanding with you1 and greatly repents1 with all his heart1 of the displeasure he hath caused you now and at other times1 and asks nothing of you in this living world1 save that you would consider him as your cousin and friend1 and that you would please only to let him have his land1 and that he may be ,seneschal of ,england as his father and his predecessors have been1 and that all other things of bygone time may be put in oblivion between you two3 for which purpose he hath chosen umpires for yourself and for him2 that is to say1 your brother1 the ,bishop of ,carlisle1 the ,earl of ,salisbury1 ,maudelyn1 and the ,earl of ,westmorland2 and charges these five with the arrangement of the differences that are between you and him4 ,give me1 if you please1 an answer4 ,then the ,king1 with the ,bishop of ,carlisle1 the ,earl of ,salisbury1 ,sir ,stephen ,scrop1 ,fereiby1 and the ,gascon squire1 withdrew into the chapel of the castle2 and the ,king said to them3 ,my lords1 you have heard what the earl says2 what think you of it8 ,to which they replied3 ,my lord1 do you speak first4 ,the ,king answered3 ,it seems to me that a good peace would be made between us two1 if it be as the earl says2 but1 in truth1 whatever agreement or peace he may make with me1 if ,i can ever get him into my power1 ,i will cause him to be foully put to death1 just as he hath deserved4 ,the ,bishop of ,carlisle said3 ,my lord1 peace is desirable2 but it appears to me that it will be well that you should make the ,earl of ,northumberland swear upon the ,holy ,gospels1 and on the body of our ,lord1 that what he has said is true4 ,the ,earl of ,salisbury and others said3 ,it is well spoken4 ,the ,king then said3 ,tell ,northumberland to come in4 ,upon which came in the said earl1 who can only be likened to ,judas or to ,guenelon1#aja for he falsely perjured himself on the body of our ,lord in everything which he said4 ,when he was in the presence1 the ,king said to him as follows3 ,northumberland1 if you will assure us by your loyal oath1 and swear upon the sacred body of our ,lord1 that what you have told us from our cousin of ,lancaster is true1 we will believe you1 and will go and lodge at ,flint2 and there our good cousin of ,lancaster can come and speak to us4 ,then said the earl1 who was old and venerable3 ,dear sire1 ,i am quite ready to make what oath you wish4 ,upon which the ,king commanded that they should chant the mass1 for it was still early2 which he heard with much devotion as well as all his companions1 for he was a true ,catholic4 ,when mass had been chanted1 he caused the ,earl of ,northumberland to come forward1 who placed his hand upon the body of our ,lord which was upon the altar in the presence of the ,king and of the lords1 and swore that all that he had said to the ,king from ,henry of ,lancaster was true2 in which he perjured himself wickedly and falsely4 ,after the oath had been taken1 the ,king and those present went to dinner1 and the ,king ordered that everyone should get ready to set out to go to ,flint after dinner4 ,when dinner was over1 the ,king said to the earl3 ,northumberland1 for ,god's sake1 be sure you consider well what you have sworn1 for it will be to your damnation if it be untrue4 ,the earl replied3 ,dear sire1 if you find it untrue1 treat me as you ought to do a traitor4 ,well1 then1 said the ,king1 we will go to ,flint trusting in ,god and in our opinion of your honesty4 ,dear sire1 said the earl1 ,i will go forward to order your supper1 and will tell to my lord the duke what ,i have done4 ,the ,king replied3 ,go3 and the false earl said1 on setting out3 ,dear sire1 make haste1 for it is already two o'clock or thereabouts4 ,the earl then left1 with his seven attendants1 as he had arrived1 and rode to the mountain where he had left his men in ambush1 who all made very merry1 for he said to them3 ,we shall very soon have what we are looking for4444 ,the ,king1 setting out1 saw ,northumberland's men in ambush in the valley1 and1 when ,northumberland came back to meet him1 questioned him as follows3 ,what people are those who are below in the valley8 ,the earl replied3 ,my lord1 ,i do not know3 ,i have seen none4 ,look before you then1 said the ,earl of ,salisbury2 there they are4 ,by ,st4 ,john6 said the ,bishop of ,carlisle1 ,i believe they are your men1 for ,i distinguish your banner4 ,northumberland1 said the ,king1 if ,i thought you wished to betray me1 ,i would return to ,conway6 ,by ,st4 ,george6 my lord1 replied the earl1 you shall not return for this month to come2 for ,i shall conduct you to my lord1 the ,duke of ,lancaster1 as ,i have promised him4 ,as he spoke ,erpingham came up with all the people of the earl1 his trumpets sounding aloud4 ,the ,king and his companions then saw well enough that they had been betrayed2 and said the ,king to the earl3 ,the ,god upon whom you have sworn reward you and all your accomplices at the day of judgment6 ,then turning to his companions who were weeping1 he said with a sigh3 ,ah6 my good and faithful friends1 we are all betrayed and given without cause into the hands of our enemies2 for ,god's sake have patience1 and call to mind our ,saviour1 who was undeservedly sold and given into the hands of his enemies4 ,dear sire1 said the good ,earl of ,salisbury1 we will patiently submit to our lot with you since it is the will of ,god4 ,so discoursing1 with tears and lamentations1 they came to ,flint1 where they lodged the ,king and his companions in the castle2 and the earl and ,erpingham set a strong guard over them3 which done1 the earl immediately took five horsemen1 and rode to ,chester to relate to the ,duke of ,lancaster how he had captured the ,king and conducted him to ,flint4 ,,footnotes3 #aja ,a notorious traitor1 torn to pieces at ,aix-la-,chapelle by order of ,charlemagne4 ,,abdication ,,and ,,death 7#acii74 ,,source4--,froissart's ,chronicle 7,hafod ,press1 #ahjc71 iv41 pp4 #ffh1 #fge1 #fhh4 ,king ,richard was released from his prison1 and entered the hall that had been prepared for the occasion1 royally dressed1 the sceptre in his hand and the crown on his head1 but without supporters on either side4 ,he addressed the company as follows3 ,i have reigned ,king of ,england1 ,duke of ,aquitaine1 and ,lord of ,ireland1 about twenty-two years1 which royalty1 lordship1 sceptre and crown1 ,i now freely and willingly resign to my cousin1 ,henry of ,lancaster1 and entreat of him1 in the presence of you all1 to accept this sceptre4 ,he then tendered the sceptre to the ,duke of ,lancaster1 who took it and gave it to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,king ,richard next raised the crown with his two hands from his head1 and1 placing it before him1 said3 ,henry1 fair cousin1 and ,duke of ,lancaster1 ,i present and give to you this crown1 with which ,i was crowned ,king of ,england1 and all the rights dependent on it4444 ,the inhabitants of ,bourdeaux1 ,dax and ,bayonne1 were lost in astonishment when they heard that their lord1 ,king ,richard1 had been arrested and was confined in the ,tower of ,london1 his principal counsellors executed1 and ,duke ,henry of ,lancaster crowned ,king1 and would not at first believe that such melancholy events had happened in ,england2 but as the reports were confirmed daily by fresh intelligence they were constrained to think them true4 ,the gates of the three cities were closed1 and no person whatever suffered to go out1 from the sorrow they were in1 more particularly those of ,bourdeaux1 for ,king ,richard had been educated among them4 ,they were sincerely attached to him1 and he always received them kindly when they waited on him1 inclining naturally to comply with every request they made him4 ,on first hearing of his misfortune1 they said3 ,ah1 ,richard1 gentle king6 by ,god1 you are the most honourable man in your realm4 ,this mischief has been brewed for you by the ,londoners1 who never loved you1 and their dislike was still increased by your alliance with ,france4 ,this misfortune is too great for us to bear4 ,ah1 ,king ,richard6 they have acknowledged you their ,sovereign two and twenty years1 and now they imprison you1 and will put you to death2 for1 since they have crowned the ,duke of ,lancaster ,king1 that consequence must follow4444 ,it was not long after this that a true report was current in ,london of the death of ,richard of ,bourdeaux4 ,i could not learn the particulars of it1 nor how it happened1 the day ,i wrote these chronicles4 ,richard of ,bourdeaux1 when dead1 was placed on a litter covered with black1 and a canopy of the same4 ,four black horses were harnessed to it1 and two varlets in mourning conducted the litter1 followed by four knights dressed also in mourning4 ,thus they left the ,tower of ,london1 where he had died1 and paraded the streets at a foot's pace until they came to ,cheapside1 which is the greatest thoroughfare in the city1 and there they halted for upwards of two hours4 ,more than twenty thousand persons1 of both sexes1 came to see the ,king1 who lay in the litter1 his head on a black cushion1 and his face uncovered4 ,some pitied him when they saw him in this state1 but others not1 saying he had for a long time deserved death4 ,now consider1 ye kings1 lords1 dukes1 prelates and earls1 how very changeable the fortunes of this world are4 ,this ,king ,richard reigned twenty-two years in great prosperity1 and with much splendour2 for there never was a ,king of ,england who expended such sums1 by more than one hundred thousand florins1 as ,king ,richard did in keeping up his state and his household establishments4 ,i1 ,john ,froissart1 canon and treasurer of ,chimay1 know it well1 for ,i witnessed and examined it1 during my residence with him1 for a quarter of a year4 ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,richard ,,ii41 ,,as ,,described ,,by ,a ,,monk ,,of ,,evesham4 ,,source4--,vita ,r4 ,ricardi ,,ii4 7ed4 ,hearne1 #agbi71 #afi4 ,king ,richard was of common stature4 ,his hair was yellow1 his face white1 round1 and effeminate1 sometimes flushed2 he was abrupt and stammering in his speech1 capricious in his ways1 since spurning the counsels of the elder nobles1 he adhered rather to that of the young4 ,in his gifts he was prodigal1 in his banquets and dress splendid beyond measure1 timid and unsuccessful in war against foreign enemies1 ill-tempered with his domestics1 arrogant1 rapacious1 and too much given over to luxury4 ,he was a great lover of late hours1 so that sometimes till midnight1 sometimes till morning1 he would remain drinking and committing other unspeakable excesses4 ,grievously extorting tithes and taxes1 and other subsidies1 from his people1 throughout his reign1 scarcely a year passed in which he did not have a tenth1 or a fifteenth1 or their halves1 from ,parliament4 ,and while these grants came into his treasury1 under pretext of repelling national enemies1 everything was foolishly wasted upon his extravagances4 ,however1 there were two praiseworthy features to be found in him3 the one1 that he loved and promoted the ,church of ,god and the persons of the clergy1 especially the ,black ,monks2 the other1 that he endowed the ,church of ,westminster with rents to the value of #ejj marks to pray for the salvation of his soul on his anniversary1 although he is not buried there4 ,may ,god have mercy on his soul4 ,amen4 ,,richard ,,the ,,redeless 7#acii74 ,,source4--,william ,langland's ,richard the ,redeless 7about #acfb-acii74 ,,prologus ,,ii4 #a-cf4 ,and as ,i passid in my preire#ajb 4 ther prestis#ajc were at messe1 ,in a blessid borugh#ajd 4 that ,bristow#aje is named1 ,in a temple of the trinite 4 the toune even amyddis1#ajf ,that ,cristis chirche is cleped#ajg 4 amonge the comune peple1 ,sodeynly ther sourdid#ajh 4 selcouthe#aji thingis1 ,a grett wondir to wyse men 4 as it well mygth1#aaj ,and dowtes#aaa ffor to deme#aab 4 ffor drede comynge after4 ,so sore were the sawis#aac 4 of bothe two sidis1 ,of ,richard that regned 4 so riche and so noble1 ,that whyle he werrid#aad be west 4 on the wilde ,yrisshe1 ,henrri was entrid#aae 4 on the est half1 ,whom all the londe loued 4 in lengthe and in brede1 ,and ros with him rapely#aaf 4 to rightyn his wronge1 ,ffor he shulde hem serue 4 of the same after4 ,thus tales me troblid 4 ffor they trewe were1 ,and amarride#aag my minde rith moche#aah 4 and my wittis eke3#aai ,ffor it passid#abj my parceit#aba 4 and my preifis#abb also1 ,how so wondirffull werkis 4 wolde haue an ende4 ,but in sothe whan they sembled 4 some dede repente1 ,as knowyn is in cumpas 4 of ,cristen londis1 ,that rewthe#abc was1 if reson 4 ne had reffourmed ,the myssecheff and the mysserule 4 that men tho in endurid4#abd ,i had pete#abe of his passion 4 that prince was of ,walis1 ,and eke our crouned kynge 4 till ,crist woll no lenger2 ,and as a lord to his liage 4 though ,i lite#abf hade1 ,all myn hoole herte#abg was his 4 while he in helthe regnid4 ,and ffor ,i wuste not witterly#abh 4 what shulde ffall1 ,whedir ,god wolde geue#abi him grace 4 sone to amende1 ,to be oure gioure#acj ageyn 4 or graunte it another1 ,this made me to muse 4 many tyme and ofte1 ,for to written him a writte#aca 4 to wissen#acb him better1 ,and to meuve him of mysserewle 4 his mynde to reffresshe1 ,ffor to preise#acc the prynce 4 that paradise made1 ,to fullfill him with ffeith 4 and ffortune aboue1 ,and not to grucchen a grott#acd 4 ageine godis sonde#ace ,but mekely to suffre 4 what so him sente were4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,passus ,,primus4 ,now1 ,richard the redeless#acf 4 reweth#acg on you-self ,that lawelesse leddyn youre lyf 4 and youre peple bothe2#ach ,ffor thoru the wyles and wronge 4 and wast in your tyme1 ,ye were lyghtlich y-lyfte 4 ffrom that you leef thoughte1#aci ,and ffrom youre willffull werkis3 youre will was channgid1 ,and rafte was youre riott 4 and rest1#adj ffor youre daiez ,weren wikkid thoru youre cursid counceill 4 youre karis#ada weren newed1 ,and coueitise hath crasid#adb 4 youre croune ffor euere6 ,radix omnium malorum cupiditas4#adc ,of alegeaunce now lerneth 4 a lesson other tweyne1 ,wher-by it standith 4 and stablithe moste-- ,by drede1 or by dyntis#add 4 or domes untrewe1#ade ,or by creaunce of coyne 4 ffor castes of gile1#adf ,by pillynge#adg of youre peple 4 youre prynces to plese2 ,or that youre wylle were wroughte 4 though wisdom it nolde2 ,or be tallage of youre townes 4 without ony werre1 ,by rewthles routus#adh 4 that ryffled euere1 ,by preysinge of polaxis#adi 4 that no pete hadde1 ,or be dette ffor thi dees 4 deme as thou ffyndist2 ,or be ledinge of lawe 4 with loue well ytemprid1#aej 99 99 99 99 99 ,ffor legiaunce without loue 4 litill thinge availith4 ,but graceles gostis#aea 4 gylours#aeb of hem-self1 ,that neuere had harnesse 4 ne hayle-schouris1#aec ,but walwed in her willis#aed 4 ffor-weyned#aee in here youthe1 ,they sawe no manere sizth 4 saff solas and ese1#aef ,and cowde no mysse amende 4 whan mysscheff was vp1 ,but sorwed ffor her lustus 4 of lordschipe they hadde1#aeg ,and neuere ffor her trespas#aeh 4 oo tere wolde they lete6#aei 99 99 99 99 99 ,,passus ,,ii4#afj ,but moche now me merueilith#afa 4 and well may ,i in sothe1 ,of youre large leuerey#afb 4 to leodis#afc aboute1 ,that ye so goodliche gaf#afd 4 but if gile letted1#afe ,as hertis y-heedyd#aff 4 and hornyd of kynde1#afg ,so ryff#afh as they ronne 4 youre rewme#afi thoru-oute ,that non at youre nede#agj 4 youre name wolde nempne1#aga ,in ffersnesse ne in ffoltheed1#agb 4 but ffaste ffle away-ward1 ,and some stode astonyed#agc 4 and stared ffor drede1 ,ffor eye of the egle#agd 4 that oure helpe broughte4 99 99 99 99 99 ,now liste#age me to lerne 4 ho#agf me lere#agg coude1 ,what kynnes conceyll#agh 4 that the kyng had1 ,or meued him most 4 to merke his liegis1#agi ,or serue hem with signes#ahj 4 that swarmed so thikke1 ,thoru-oute his lond 4 in lengthe and in brede1 ,that ho so had hobblid 4 thoru holtes and tounes1 ,or y-passid the patthis 4 ther the prynce dwellyd1 ,of hertis or hyndis 4 on hassellis brestis1 ,or some lordis lever 4 that the lawe stried1 ,he should have ymette 4 mo than ynowe1#aha ,ffor they accombrede#ahb the contr 4 and many curse seruid1#ahc ,and carped#ahd to the ,comounes 4 with the kyngys mouthe1 ,or with the lordis 4 ther they belefte#ahe were ,that no renke#ahf shulde rise 4 reson to schewe2 ,they plucked the plomayle#ahg 4 ffrom the pore skynnes1 ,and schewed her signes#ahh 4 ffor men shulde drede1 ,to axe ony mendis 4 ffor her mys-dedis4#ahi 99 99 99 99 99 ,so trouthe to telle 4 as toune-men said1 ,ffor on that ye merkyd#aij 4 ye myssed ten schore ,of homeliche hertis#aia 4 that the harme hente4 ,thane was it ffoly 4 in ffeith1 as me thynketh ,to sette siluer in signes 4 that of nought serued ,i not what you eylid#aib 4 but if it ese#aic were2 ,ffor frist at youre anoyntynge 4 alle were youre owene1 ,both hertis and hyndis 4 and helde of non other2 ,no lede#aid of youre lond 4 but as a liege aughte1#aie ,tyl ye1 of youre dulnesse 4 deseuerance made1 ,thoru youre side#aif signes 4 that shente all the browet1 ,and cast adoun the crokk 4 the colys amyd4#aig ,,footnotes3 #ajb ,prayer4 #ajc ,priests4 #ajd ,borough4 #aje ,bristol4 #ajf ,in the middle of4 #ajg ,named4 #ajh ,arose 7,lat4 surgere74 #aji ,wonderful4 #aaj ,might4 #aaa ,doubts4 #aab ,think4 #aac ,sayings4 #aad ,made war in4 #aae ,entered4 #aaf ,rapidly4 #aag ,disturbed4 #aah ,very much4 #aai ,also4 #abj ,surpassed4 #aba ,power of perception4 #abb ,experience4 #abc ,pity4 #abd ,continued in4 #abe ,pity4 #abf ,little4 #abg ,my whole heart4 #abh ,because ,i did not know for certain4 #abi ,give4 #acj ,guide4 #aca ,a writing4 #acb ,to show4 #acc ,more probably preie pray4 #acd ,not to grumble a groat--namely1 not to grumble at all4 #ace ,god's visitation4 #acf ,devoid of counsel 7cf4 ,ethelred the ,unready74 #acg ,have pity4 #ach ,that lawless led your life and ruled your people4 #aci ,you were lightly lifted from that you thought dear4 #adj ,your indulgence and rest were taken away4 #ada ,cares4 #adb ,covetousness has cracked4 #adc ,cupidity is the root of all evils4 #add ,blows4 #ade ,unjust judgments4 #adf ,by borrowing of coin for fraudulent contrivances4 #adg ,pillaging4 #adh ,ruthless gangs4 #adi ,appraising by means of the ,king's officers4 ,polaxis 7 pole-axes7 here denote the men who used them--i4e41 the ,king's officers4 #aej ,the writer asks the ,king how is allegiance best promoted among subjects--by dread1 blows1 unjust judgments1 bad coinage1 pillage of the people1 self-will of the ,king1 taxes imposed in time of peace and exacted by pitiless plunderers1 and by debts thou contractest in dice-playing1 judge as thou findest1 or by guidance of the law1 well tempered with love8 #aea ,spirits4 ,an allusion to the ,king's favourites--,de ,vere1 ,de la ,pole1 etc4 #aeb ,deceivers4 #aec ,that never wore harness1 nor felt showers of hail4 #aed ,wallowed in their wills4 #aee ,pampered4 #aef ,they saw no kind of sight1 save amusement and ease4 #aeg ,but sorrowed for their pleasures of lordship once enjoyed4 #aeh ,their trespasses4 #aei ,one tear would they let fall4 #afj ,the author is here inveighing against the ,king's servants1 particularly against their wearing badges4 #afa ,i marvel4 #afb ,livery4 #afc ,men4 #afd ,liberally gave4 #afe ,unless fraud hindered4 #aff ,antlered harts4 ,the white hart was the favourite badge of ,richard ,,ii4 #afg ,horned by nature4 #afh ,rife4 #afi ,realm4 #agj ,in the time of your need4 #aga ,name4 ,whoever wore a lord's livery was bound in honour to espouse the cause of the donor in any quarrel4 #agb ,neither in fierceness nor in folly4 #agc ,astonished4 #agd ,for awe of the eagle4 ,the eagle represents ,henry1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 afterwards ,henry ,,iv4 #age ,it would please4 #agf ,whoever4 #agg ,teach4 #agh ,what sort of advice4 #agi ,to mark his servants4 #ahj ,or serve them with signs--e4g41 badges4 #aha ,whoso had travelled through woods and towns1 or passed the roads where the ,prince dwelt1 would see more than enough of hearts and hinds on retainers' breasts1 or else the livery of some lord who destroyed the law4 #ahb ,cumbered4 #ahc ,deserved4 #ahd ,talked4 #ahe ,left4 #ahf ,man4 #ahg ,plumage4 #ahh ,their badges4 #ahi ,in order that men should be afraid to ask any amendment against their misdeeds4 #aij ,i4e41 gave a badge to4 #aia ,homely hearts4 ,there is a play on the words heart and hart3 ,for one that you marked with a hart's badge you lost ten score of homely hearts4 #aib ,ailed4 #aic ,luxuriousness4 #aid ,man4 #aie ,ought4 #aif ,wide4 #aig ,that spilt all the broth and upset the pot among the coals4 ,,isabella ,,of ,,france ,,returns ,,to ,,her ,,own ,,country 7#acii74 ,,source4--,archologia 7,london1 #ahbd71 xx4 #bcg-bda4 ,translation of a ,french ,metrical ,history of the ,deposition of ,richard ,,ii4 ,the ,english were disposed to fulfil her restoration to her country1 together with all the jewels which she had1 when1 after her marriage1 she quitted ,france4 ,she then passed through ,france to ,paris1 where her coming caused many a tear and smile4#aih ,let us now beseech ,god1 who humbly suffered his naked body to be suspended upon the ,cross1 for the redemption and restoration of sinners from the false foes of hell1 that he will speedily avenge the great evils and ingratitude1 the outrage and injustice1 which the wicked ,english have committed against their ,king and ,queen4 ,for ,i protest to you of a truth1 that ,i greatly desire to behold this1 on account of the wickedness which ,i have seen among them4 ,and if every one knew their disposition and how they hate the ,french ,i firmly believe that before three months were passed we should see many a vessel filled with men and stores to make war upon them4 ,for anyone may plainly see that they are a very wicked people and negligent to do well4 ,and if ,i have spoken too freely of them in any way which may displease1 ,i humbly and heartily beg pardon4 ,for ,i solemnly declare that1 according to my ability1 ,i have uttered no evil or slander of them whereof they have not been guilty4 ,because ,i beheld their actions for seven whole months1 and rode with them in many countries1 and parts of ,ireland and ,england4 ,the good ,earl of ,salisbury also1 when he was taken with ,king ,richard1 was pleased most earnestly to request1 and humbly entreat me1 that ,i would publish the whole of their bad behaviour and disloyal treason4 ,and1 certes1 ,i promised it him with free will and loyal heart4 ,for which cause1 ,i have taken the trouble to fulfil the promise that ,i made him1 in the great sorrow and peril in the which ,i left him4 ,besides1 ,i am sure that the truth of the taking of the ,king1 and how he was falsely drawn out of his strong and fair castles in ,wales1 by treaty and parley with the ,earl of ,northumberland1 could have been little known4 ,so ,i sincerely beseech all those1 who shall read to the end of this treatise1 which ,i have made concerning the ,english and their affairs1 that if ,i have committed any fault in rhyme or in prose1 or in elegance of rhyme1 they would have me excused because ,i am not skilled therein4 ,amen4 ,,footnotes3 #aih ,in ,monstrellet's ,chronicle it is stated that though ,isabella was most honourably sent over1 yet there was no rent nor revenue assigned for her dowry2 whereat many of the princes of ,france were not well content with the said ,king of ,england2 and greatly desired that the ,king of ,france would prepare war upon him4 ,,appendix ,,education ,,in ,,the ,,fourteenth ,,century ,a ,,normal ,,schoolboy4 ,,source4--,harleian ,,ms4 #bbee1 fols4 #fj-fa;b4 ,from ,dan ,john ,lydgate's ,testament4 ,lydgate was born in #achi1 and probably sent at an early age to a monastic school4 ,duryng the tyme of this sesoun ver ,i meene the seson _/ of my yeerys greene ,gynning fro childhood _/ streechithe up so fer to the yeerys _/ accountyd ful ,fifteene bexperience _/ as it was wel seene ,the gerisshe seson _/ straunge of condicions ,dispoosyd to many _/ unbridlyd passiouns ,voyd of reson _/ yove to wilfulnesse ,froward to vertu _/ of thrift gaf litil heede loth to lerne _/ lovid no besynesse ,sauf pley or merthe _/ straunge to spelle or reede ,folwyng al appetites _/ longng to childheede lihtly tournyng wylde _/ and seelde sad ,weepyng for nouht _/ and anoon afftir glad ,for litil wroth _/ to stryve with my felawe ,as my passiouns _/ did my bridil leede ,of the yeerde somtyme _/ ,i stood in awe to be scooryd _/ that was al my dreede loth toward scole _/ lost my tyme in deede lik a yong colt _/ that ran with-owte brydil ,made my freendys _/ ther good to spend in ydll ,i hadde in custom _/ to come to scole late ,nat for to lerne _/ but for a contenaunce ,with my felawys _/ reedy to debate to jangle and jape _/ was set al my plesaunce wherof rebukyd _/ this was my chevisaunce to forge a lesyng _/ and thereupon to muse ,whan ,i trespasyd _/ my silven to excuse ,to my bettre _/ did no reverence ,of my sovereyns _/ gaf no fors at al ,wex obstynat _/ by inobedience4 ,ran in to gardyns _/ applys ther ,i stal ,to gadre frutys _/ sparyd hegg nor wal to plukke grapys _/ in othir mennys vynes ,was moor reedy _/ than for to seyn matynes ,my lust was al _/ to scorne folk and jape ,shrewde tornys _/ evir among to use to skoffe and mowe _/ lyk a wantoun ,ape ,whan ,i did evil _/ othre ,i did accuse4 ,my wittys five _/ in wast ,i did abuse ,rediere chirstoonys _/ for to telle ,than gon to chirche _/ or heere the sacry belle4 ,loth to ryse _/ lother to bedde at eve ,with unwassh handys _/ reedy to dyneer ,my pater noster _/1 my ,crede1 or my beleeve ,cast at the ,cok _/1 loo this was my maneer ,wavid with eche wynd _/ as doth a reed speer ,snybbed of my frendys _/ such techchys for ta mende ,made deff ere _/ lyst nat _/ to them attende4 ,,abridged ,,translation4 ,during the years of my boyhood1 up to fifteen1 ,i was void of reason1 prone to wilfulness1 and loved no work but play and mirth4 ,i loved to fight1 but stood in awe of being scored by the rod4 ,loth towards school1 ,i lost my time like a young colt without bridle4 ,i came to school late1 and was always ready to talk1 and lied to get off blame4 ,i mocked my masters1 and was always disobedient4 ,i stole apples and grapes4 ,my delight was to mock and play tricks on people4 ,i liked counting cherry stones better than church4 ,i disliked getting up and going to bed3 came to dinner with unwashed hands1 and threw my ,pater noster1 etc41 at the cook4 ,i was deaf to the snubbings of my friends4 ,,beggar',s ,,brats ,,are ,,book-,,learned4 ,,source4--,langland's ,pierce the ,ploughman's ,crede 7ed4 ,skeat71 ll4 #gdd-gfd4 ,now mot ich soutere hys sone 4 seten to schole1 ,and ich a beggares brol 4 on the book lerne1 ,and worth to a writere 4 and with a lorde dwelle ,other falsly to a frere 4 the fend for to serven2 ,so of that beggares brol 4 a bychop shal worthen1 ,among the peres of the lond 4 prese to sytten1 ,and lordes sones lowly 4 to the losels alowte1 ,knyghtes crouketh hem to 4 and cruccheth ful lowe2 ,and his syre a soutere 4 y-suled in grees ,his teeth with toylyng of lether 4 tatered as a sawe ,alaas6 that lordes of the londe 4 leveth swiche wrecchen1 ,and leveth swych lorels 4 for her lowe wordes4 ,they shulden maken bichopes her owen bretheren childre ,other to som gentil blod4 ,and so yt best semed1 ,and fostre none faytoures 4 ne swich false freres ,to maken fat and fulle 4 and her flesh combren4 ,for her kynde were more 4 to y-clense diches ,than ben to sopers y-set first 4 and served with sylver ,a grete bolle-ful of benen 4 were better in hys wombe ,and with the bandes of bakun 4 his baly for to fillen ,than pertryches or plovers 4 or pecockes y-rosted4 ,,abridged ,,translation4 ,now every cobbler's son and beggar's brat becomes book-learned and a writer and dwells with a lord4 ,the beggar's brat becomes a bishop1 and lords' sons crouch before him1 and his father a cobbler1 soiled with grease1 and his teeth jagged as a saw with working on leather6 ,alas6 that the lords of the land love such as these2 they should make gentlemen bishops1 not these1 who are more fit to clean dishes than sit in places of honour at supper1 and be served with silver2 and ought to eat beans and bacon rind1 not partridges1 or plovers1 or roast peacocks4 ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,impairing ,,of ,,our ,,language4 ,,source4--,malcom's ,manners and ,customs of ,london 7,london1 #ahaa71 #fe1 quoting ,higden in his ,polychronicon3 translated by ,trevisa4 ,one is because children that go to school learn to speak first ,english1 and then are compelled to construe their lessons in ,french1 and that has been the custom since the ,normans came to ,england4 ,also gentlemen's children are learned and taught from their youth to speak ,french1 and uplandish men will counterfeit and liken themselves to gentlemen1 and are busy to speak ,french1 for to be more set by2 wherefore it is said by the common proverb3 ',jack would be a gentleman if he could speak ,french4' ,trevisa1 the translator1 adds3 ,this manner was much used before the great death 7#acdi or #acfa71 but since it is some deal changed2 for ,sir ,john ,cornwall1 a master of grammar1 changed the teaching in grammar schools and construction of ,french2 and other schoolmasters use the same way now in the year of our ,lord #acfe1 the #ith year of ,king ,richard the ,second1 and leave all ,french in schools and use all construction in ,english2 wherein they have advantage one way1 that is1 they learn the sooner their grammar2 and in another1 disadvantage1 for now they learn no ,french1 nor con none1 which is hurt for them that shall pass the sea2 and also gentlemen have much left#aii to teach these children to speak ,french4 ,,footnotes3 #aii ,difficulty4 ,,printed ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,by ,,billing ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,guildford ,,and ,,esher4