,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,bold1 italics1 sup]script & subscript text h be5 trancrib$ z text1 text1 text1 & text1 respectively4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) capitals4 ,lett]s betwe5 squ>e brackets su* z ,t & ,v indicate ,t- & ,v-%ap$ symbols r ?an lett]s4 ,m transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,sold]+1 ,braz+ & ,weld+ ,,edit$ ,,by ,,b]n>d ,e4 ,,jones ,editor ( 8,"w0 ,) #gh ,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company ,,new ,,york & ,,london #aiag ,,editor',s ,,preface ,?is h&book1 :i* expla9s 9 detail a v>iety ( processes common to g5]al metalwork+1 has be5 writt5 by a numb] ( ?or\ghly practical m51 by :om x 0 contribut$ 9 ano!r =m to 8,"w10 ! illu/rat$ weekly j\rnal ( h&icrafts & me*anics4 ,its appeal is to ev]ybody :o makes any attempt at work+ 9 metals1 inasmu* z at lea/ "o ( ! processes--sold]+1 braz+ or weld+--w be met at a v e>ly /age 9 ! beg9n]'s exp]i5ce4 ,?is h&book w be f\nd a complete work%op guide to ! usual me?ods ( sold]+ & braz+1 & w =m an excell5t introduction to ! mod]n electrical & oxy-acetyl5e weld+ processes1 to d complete ju/ice to :i*1 h[ev]1 a sep>ate h&book w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y4 ,if read]s enc\nt] difficulty 9 any ( ! matt]s treat$ 9 ?is book1 !y h only to write to 8,"w10 9 ^: columns 7b n by po/7 help w be will+ly af=d$4 ,b4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page #a4 ,,v>i\s ,,processes ,,( ,,jo9+ ,,metals #a #b4 ,,s(t ,,sold]s #d #c4 ,,fluxes ,,us$ ,,9 ,,s(t-,,sold]+ #ab #d4 ,,s(t-,,sold]+ ,,) ,,! ,,copp] ,,bit #ag #e4 ,,s(t-,,sold]+ ,,) ,,bl[pipe ,,or ,,buns5 ,,burn] #cg #f4 ,,sold]+ ,,alum9ium #eg #g4 ,,wip+ ,,jo9ts ,,on ,,lead ,,pipes #fd #h4 ,,h>d-,,sold]+ ,,) ,,silv] ,,sold] #ge #i4 ,,sold]+ ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,jewell]y #hc #aj4 ,,braz+ #hi #aa4 ,,weld+ ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,"u ,,! ,,hamm] #ajh #ab4 ,,mak+ ,,bl[pipes #aab #ac4 ,,manag+ ,,bl[-,,lamps #aah #ad4 ,,mak+ ,,bl[-,,lamps #abb #ae4 ,,electric ,,& ,,!rmit ,,weld+ ,,briefly ,,consid]$ #abi #af4 ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,weld+ #acd #ag4 ,,lead-,,burn+ #aej ,,index #aee ,,sold]+1 ,,braz+ ,,& ,,weld+ ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,v>i\s ,processes ( ,jo9+ ,metals ,ap>t f ! use ( rivets1 screws1 etc41 metal is commonly jo9$ by sold]+1 braz+1 or weld+1 ?ree gr\ps ( processes t h "o ?+ 9 common--! use ( heat to fuse ei!r ! metals !mselves or an alloy :i* is int]pos$ to consolidate ! jo9t4 ,! ^w 8sold]0 is d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ 8solid40 ,sold]+ may be 8s(t0 or 8h>d40 ,s(t-sold]+ uses lead-t9 alloys :i* are easily melt$ 9 a buns5 gas flame or ) a hot iron or bit2 :ile h>d-sold]+ employs a silv]-copp] alloy1 to melt :i* a m\? bl[pipe at lea/ is necess>y4 ,braz+ is h>d-sold]+ ) spelt] 7brass71 & a =ge or a heavy bl[lamp or a p[]ful bl[pipe mu/ be employ$ to provide ! heat4 ,weld+ is a fusion process :i* 9 ! pa/ 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to wr\ght-iron & /eel1 ^! metals possess+ ! prop]ty ( weldability to an ext5t unkn[n 9 ! case ( any o!r metals4 ,! blacksmi?'s process ( weld+ is to heat ! iron or /eel until ! surface ( ! metal becomes pa/y1 & !n to br+ ! two pieces into intimate contact by hamm]+ on ! anvil4 ,( late ye>s ! weld+ ( iron1 /eel1 copp] & "s o!r metals has be5 r5d]$ possible by ! use ( c]ta9 electrical & *emical me?ods &--mo/ important ( all--by ! use ( ! oxy-acetyl5e bl[pipe1 ! process be+ kn[n z 8fusion weld+0 or 8autog5\s sold]+10 ! ^w autog5\s imply+ t ! process is complete 9 itself & indep5d5t ( ! use ( any extrane\s sub/ance su* z sold]4 ,! !rmit process1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 he>d1 & :i* is briefly dealt ) lat]1 is ! fusion weld+ ( iron & /eel by means ( ! int5se heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( a special *emical comp\nd4 ,p]haps ! olde/ ( ! autog5\s sold]+ processes is 8lead-burn+10 9 :i* ! flame ( an airo-hydrog5 bl[pipe is br\ght to be> ^u ! lead1 ! jo9t be+ f$ ) a /rip ( ! same metal4 ,s(t-sold]+ is an op]ation t ! beg9n] w n f9d ne>ly s difficult z h>d-sold]+ or braz+1 & al?\gh ! /r5g? ( jo9ts made by x is n ne>ly equal to t produc$ by ! me?ods nam$1 x fills a useful place )9 its scope4 ,x is purely a surface union--t is1 ! sold] adh]es to ! faces 9 contact 9 mu* ! same mann] z an adhesive /icks to metal2 b ) ! assi/ance ( fluxes1 ! contact is made s intimate t "s =ce is necess>y to break ! jo9t4 ,s(t-sold]+ is also ( use :]e braz+ w\ld simply mean ! ru9 or de/ruction ( ! metals1 z 9 ! cases ( lead1 poor-quality brass1 pewt]1 t91 z9c1 & 9 t9plate & galvanis$ iron4 ,9 silv]-sold]+ & braz+1 ! silv] or spelt] t fuses to =m ! jo9t alloys itself s intimately ) ! copp] or brass t x actually becomes "p ( ! piece itself1 & = all practical purposes _c be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,b s(t-sold]+ is n always inf]ior to h>d-sold]+4 ,inde$1 ! surface nature ( ! sold]+ (t5 con/itutes its value4 ,! /ronge/ jo9ts ( all are produc$ by fusion weld+1 z w be duly und]/ood f lat] *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,s(t ,sold]s ,a sold] %\ld melt at a slightly l[] temp]ature ?an ! metals :i* x unites1 & %\ld possess ! quality ( alloy+ ) ! two surfaces1 ?us effect+ a s\nd & true metallic jo9t4 ,ord9>y s(t sold]s are lead-t9 alloys1 & ! l>g] ! proportion ( lead ! common] is ! sold] said to be4 ,at an extreme is plumb]'s sold]1 consi/+ ( #b p>ts ( lead to #a "p ( t91 &1 at ! o!r1 ! be/ bl[pipe s(t sold]1 :i* conta9s #b p>ts ( t9 to only #a "p ( lead4 ,9 ! ord9>y way1 a 8co>se0 or 8common0 sold] is #b p>ts ( lead to #a "p ( t92 a 8f9e0 or 8m$ium0 sold]1 #a "p ( lead to #a "p ( t92 & a 8v f9e0 or 8be/0 sold]1 #a "p ( lead to #b p>ts ( t94 ,eutectic ,alloys4--,lead-t9 sold]s are eutectic alloys--t is1 !y are examples ( ! ph5om5on ( a comb9ation ( two metals melt+ at a temp]ature l[] ?an "o ( !m w\ld if melt$ sep>ately4 ,?us1 lead melts at ab\t #cbh ,c41 & t9 at ab\t #bcb ,c41 yet ref]5ce to ! foll[+ table1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,hiorns1 w %[ t ! 8commone/0 sold] m5tion$ fuses at #cjc ,c41 & ! 8be/0 at #age ,c4 ,melt+ po9ts ( lead-t9 alloys ,t9 ,lead ,melt+ po9t 7,c47 #aj #ij #cjc #bj #hj #bgh #cj #gj #bee #dj #fj #bcj #ej #ej #bje #fj #dj #ahg #fc #cg #age #gj #cj #ahe #hj #bj #aih #ij #aj #bae ,h>dness ( ,sold]s4--,accord+ to ! be=e-m5tion$ au?ority1 ,sapo%niko1 9 #aijh1 det]m9$ ! h>dness ( v>i\s lead-t9 alloys by ,br9eli's me?od1 by :i* a /eel cone is =c$ into ! metal4 ,! results he obta9$ are z foll[3 ,lead #ajj #ij #hj #gj #fj #ej #dj ,t9 #j #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj ,h>dness #ci #aja #abaf #ade #aeh #aej #adf ,lead #cd #cc #cb #cj #bj #aj #j ,t9 #ff #fg #fh #gj #hj #ij #ajj ,h>dness #afg #aed #adf #aeh #aeb #acc #da ,^! results1 says ,mr4 ,hiorns1 %[ t ! h>de/ alloy is ! "o ) #ff 7ab\t #b p>ts7 ( t9 & #cd 7ab\t #a "p7 ( lead1 :i* also is ! "o hav+ ! l[e/ melt+ po9t ( all ! lead-t9 alloys4 ,! results also %[ t t9 is slightly h>d] ?an lead4 ,compositions ( ,s(t ,sold]s4--,z already %[n1 sold]s v>y 9 fusibility accord+ to _! composition1 & ! *oice %\ld be det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! "w & ! prop]ties ( ! metal to be sold]$4 ,%\ld a sold] be us$ ( too high a melt+-po9t1 ! metal w itself be fus$ be=e ! sold] beg9s to fl[4 ,a po9t to be p>ticul>ly obs]v$ is t ! introduction ( a =eign sub/ance into ! sold]--= example1 ! addition ( a little z9c to a pot ( 8v f9e0 sold]--w utt]ly spoil x & r5d] x unworkable4 ,to remove z9c f sold]1 melt ! sold] 9 a pot1 take x (f ! fire & /ir 9 p[d]$ sulphur or brim/one until ! :ole is ( ! consi/5cy ( wet s&4 ,replace ! pot on ! fire & melt1 b d n /ir ! cont5ts4 ,! sulphur & z9c w rise to ! surface & =m into a cake4 ,n[ take ! pot (f ! fire & c>efully remove ! cake )\t break+ by employ+ two pieces ( hoop iron ) b5t ends4 ,x is false economy to use a r\gh sold] = f9e "w on ! score ( *eapness1 s9ce m sold] is requir$ = a giv5 job on acc\nt ( ! r\gh p>ticles ( sold] cl++ to ! "w2 moreov]1 ! r\gh appe>ance ( ! sold]+ may completely spoil ! job4 ,! table on ! opposite page gives ! fluxes & ! compositions ( s(t sold]s suit$ to a numb] ( diff]5t metals4 ,mak+ ,sold] ,/rips1 ,wire1 ,te>s1 etc4--,only clean1 pure t9 & pure lead %\ld be employ$4 ,! lead is fir/ melt$ & !n ! t9 add$4 ,:5 all is melt$1 place a piece ( res9 on ! molt5 metal to act z a flux1 & aft] well /irr+1 ! sold] is made into /rips by p\r+ f a ladle4 ,sold] %\ld n be p\r$ into s&4 ,x may be p\r$ into /rips on an oil$ %eet ( black iron1 pref]ably corrugat$ to accommodate ! /rips4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a corrugat$ iron %eet1 "s work]s use a ladle resembl+ a l>ge spoon ) a hole ab\t #a_/af 94 9 diamet] ne> ! end4 ,to =m ! /rips1 get a ladle full ( sold]1 place x on a flat iron %eet2 !n1 tilt+ ! ladle to all[ ! sold] to fl[ ov] ! hole1 quickly draw ! ladle across ! %eet4 ,a ?9 /rip ( sold] %\ld ?us be =m$1 & ! ?ickness ( ! /rip may be v>i$ by increas+ or decreas+ ! diamet] ( ! hole 9 ! ladle4 ,a button ( sold] usually =ms at "o or bo? ends ( ! /rip1 & ?is excess %\ld be melt$ (f ! /rips by j dipp+ ! ends into ! molt5 sold] 9 ! pot4 ,,s(t ,,sold]s ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,metals ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,s(t ,sold] ------------------------ ,metal to be ,flux ,o!r sold]$ ,t9 ,lead con/it- u5ts ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,alum9ium /e>9 see table on p4 #ei ,brass #az9c *loride1 res9 #ff #cd ,gunmetal or ammonium #fc #cg ,copp] *loride #fj #dj ,lead tall[ or res9 #cc #fg ,block t9 z9c *loride #ii #a ,t9plate z9c *loride or res9 #fd #cf ,galvanis$ /eel hydro*loric acid #eh #db ,z9c hydro*loric acid #ee #de ,pewt] gallipoli oil #be #be bismu?1 #ej ,iron & /eel ammonium *loride #ej #ej ,britannia metal tall[ or res9 #be #be bismu?1 #ej ,gold z9c *loride #fg #cc ,silv] z9c *loride #fg #cc ,bismu? z9c *loride #cc #cc bismu?1 #cd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,footnote #a3 ,z9c *loride is ! ord9>y 8kill$ spirits40 ,sold] wire is v h&y = small "w1 & c be made 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,roll a %eet ( /iff writ+ or draw+ pap] into a conical =m1 r broad 9 comp>ison ) its l5g?2 make a r+ ( /iff wire to hold x 91 atta*+ a suitable h&le to ! r+4 ,! po9t ( ! cone %\ld fir/ ( all be cut (f to leave an orifice ( ! size requir$4 ,x %\ld !n be fill$ ) molt5 sold]1 & held above a pail ( cold wat]1 & ! /ream ( sold] fl[+ f ! cone w solidify z x runs & =m ! wire4 ,if held a little high]1 s t ! /ream ( sold] breaks into drops be=e /rik+ ! wat]1 x w =m h&y elongat$ 8te>s0 ( metal2 :5 x is held /ill high]1 ea* drop =ms a ?9 concave cup or %ell1 & ea* ( ^! =ms w be f\nd to h its own peculi> uses 9 bl[pipe "w4 ,! me?od adopt$ = granulat+ t9man's sold]1 :i* is v r>ely call$ =1 is z foll[s3 ,place a piece ( wood1 well greas$1 ov] a tub conta9+ wat]1 & by g5tly p\r+ ! molt5 alloy f a di/ance 9 a small /ream on to ! greas$ bo>d1 ! metal is brok5 up into a l>ge numb] ( v f9e %ots1 :i* run (f ! bo>d into ! wat] & are imm$iately cool$4 ,! f9e %ots are !n tak5 f ! wat] & g5tly dri$4 ,mak+ ,sold] f ,pewt]4--,?is alloy is compos$ ( v>iable proportions ( t9 & lead1 ! av]age composition be+ ab\t #d p>ts ( lead to #a "p ( t94 ,if old pewt] is to be utilis$ = mak+ sold]1 t9 w h to be add$ to ! molt5 pewt]4 ,?us1 to conv]t #e lb4 ( av]age pewt] to 8co>se0 or 8common0 sold]1 add #a lb4 ( t92 to 8f9e0 or 8m$ium10 add #c lb4 ( t92 & to 8v f9e0 or 8be/10 add #g lb4 ( t94 ,! respective proportions ( lead & t9 w !n be #b & #a2 #a & #a2 & #a & #b4 ,aft] ! prop] quantity ( t9 has be5 add$1 mix "s p[d]$ sal-ammoniac ) ! molt5 metals1 & well /ir ! alloy2 x is !n ready = p\r+ into ! m\lds4 ,mak+ ,co>se ,sold] f ,composition ,pip+4--,good composition pip+ is made ( ne>ly all t91 or an alloy ( t9 & lead1 9 :i* ! =m] metal is 9 excess1 & =m]ly 0 mu* us$ by plumb]s 9 ! mak+ ( co>se sold]1 z ! mat]ial consi/$ ( odd pieces ( small value4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a great deal ( composition tub+ is made out ( old metals ( :i* lead1 t91 antimony1 ars5ic1 & z9c =m ! alloy1 x is n advisable to introduce x into sold]4 ,%\ld x be done1 ! melt+ po9t ( ! sold] w\ld be rais$1 & 9 apply+ x to ! lead to be jo9$ toge!r1 w\ld probably p>tly melt x4 ,nei!r d ! metals nam$ alloy 9 a ?or\gh mann]1 b p>take m ( ! nature ( a mixture 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts p>tly sep>ate :5 mak+ ! jo9ts1 & "s1 especially z9c1 %[ z small bright lumps on ! surface4 ,jo9ts wip$ ) :at is usually call$ 8poison$ metal0 are difficult to make1 almo/ inv>iably leak :5 on wat] s]vice pipes1 & are dirty grey1 in/ead ( bright & clean4 ,! z9c c\ld be remov$ f ! mixture by ! me?od already giv54 ,comb9$ ,sold] & ,flux4--,?is consi/$ ( equal p>ts ( lead & t9 made into f9e tub+ & aft]w>ds fill$ ) flux hav+ res9 z a base4 8,t9ol0 is a pa/e made ( f9ely p[d]$ sold] & a special flux1 & !re is also 8,t9ol wire0 hav+ a core ( flux4 ,a 8magic0 sold]1 sold by hawk]s1 consi/s ( ! above tubul> flux-fill$ sold] ( su* l[ melt+ po9t t x c be fus$ 9 ! flame ( a light$ mat*4 ,s(t ,sold]s t ,melt 9 ,boil+ ,wat]4--,! foll[+ s(t sold]s melt at a temp]ature l[] ?an t ( boil+ wat]3 #a "p t91 #a "p lead1 & #b p>ts bismu?1 melt+ po9t ab\t #bjj ,f42 #h p>ts lead1 #d p>ts t91 #ae p>ts bismu?1 & #c p>ts cadmium1 melt+ po9t #adj to #aej ,f42 #f p>ts lead1 #g p>ts bismu?1 & #a "p cadmium1 melt+ po9t ab\t #ahj ,f4 ,to ensure ! alloys melt+ at ! temp]atures /at$1 ! metals ( :i* !y are =m$ %\ld be free f impurities1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t oxidation :ile mak+ ! alloys4 ,:5 melt+ ! metals1 t hav+ ! highe/ melt+ po9t %\ld be melt$ fir/1 ) a lay] ( res9 ov] x1 ! o!r metals be+ add$ 9 ! ord] ( _! melt+ po9ts4 ,! alloy %\ld !n be well /irr$ ) a wood5 /ick1 & p\r$ quickly into m\lds4 ,re-melt+ & ,ov]heat+ ,sold]4--,aft] sold] has be5 re-melt$ a numb] ( times or has be5 ov]heat$1 its cont5t ( t9 w be r$uc$1 & ! sold] w become poor] & co>s]4 ,! t9 melts e>li] ?an ! lead &1 be+ ! light] ( ! two1 floats ov] x1 & is ?us fully expos$ to ! air1 ! oxidis+ effect ( :i* on heat$1 molt5 metal is extremely active4 ,! oxidis$ t9 =ms a dross1 f :i* mo/ ( ! t9 may1 h[ev]1 be recov]$ by melt+ x ) p[d]$ *>coal1 :i* comb9es ) ! oxyg5 & frees ! t94 ,! addition ( a little fre% t9 is desirable4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,fluxes ,us$ 9 ,s(t-sold]+ ,:y a ,flux is ,requir$4--,! great ess5tial to successful sold]+ is ! *emical cleanl9ess ( ! surfaces to be unit$1 & ! prop] use ( a flux4 ,al?\gh "w may be fil$ or scrap$ p]fectly bright & clean1 ?is is n ! k9d ( cleanl9ess :i* is alone suffici5t2 !re is always 9 c\rse ( =mation a film ( oxide pres5t1 & ! duty ( ! flux is to dissolve ?is & keep any m f =m+4 ,!n1 & n until !n1 w ! molt5 sold] 8run0 & spread ov] faces 9 ! intimate contact necess>y4 ,if ?is vital precaution ( clean+ & flux+ is always obs]v$1 ! difficulties :i* _m beg9n]s exp]i5ce 9 effective sold]+ w vani%4 ,v>iety ( ,fluxes4--,!re are a good _m fluxes employ$1 includ+ tall[ 7l>gely us$ = lead & pewt]71 res9 7us$ = lead1 compo-pipe1 & t9n$ metals71 hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ 7= z9c & galvanis$ iron71 & *loride ( z9c 7! well-kn[n 8kill$ _s074 ,! la/-nam$ is ! mo/ g5]ally us$1 be+ suitable = t9plate1 t9n$ iron1 new z9c1 copp]1 & brass4 ,sal-ammoniac is also utilis$1 sometimes 9 conjunction ) *loride ( z9c4 ,! small work] :o does b a mod]ate am\nt ( sold]+ w f9d x conv5i5t to use a sold]+ pa/e su* z 8,fluxite10 :i* is sold 9 a t91 & c be kept h&y & appli$ to ! "w ) a sliv] ( wood4 8,t9ol0 is a pa/e flux 9 comb9ation ) a sold]4 ,prep>+ ,z9c ,*loride 78,kill$ ,_s074--,make ?is flux at home f f9ely snipp$ new %eet-z9c & pure hydro*loric or muriatic acid4 7,?is is suffici5tly *eap at any work+ druggi/'s /ores1 & inf9itely pref]able to ! contam9at$ oil-%op quality kn[n z 8spirits ( salt407 ,/& ! acid outdoors 9 a /onew>e crock1 add ! z9c cutt+s a few at a "t at fir/1 & :5 ! fir/ viol5t ebullition mod]ates1 put 9 ! re/4 ,be sure to provide an excess ( metallic z9c1 obs]v+ t a quantity rema9s undissolv$ aft] all *emical action ceases4 ,leave ! metal 9 ! liquor = twelve h\rs 7cov]+ ! crock ) a pane ( glass71 !n decant & filt] into a wide-m\? glass j> ( h&y size4 ,d n add wat] to ! conc5trat$ z9c *loride solution2 dilution is sometimes recomm5d$1 b %\ld nev] be done2 ! heavy1 slightly syrupy1 wat]-bright liquor %\ld be us$ z x is4 ,! alleg$ 8clean+0 qualities ( ?is *loride c sc>cely be admitt$ to exi/1 & its pr9cipal function is to %ield ! surfaces ( ! "w f oxidation2 ?is x fulfils by ! =mation ( a viscid glaze on ! heat$ metal :5 ! salt rea*es its anhydr\s 7wat]less7 condition by evaporation4 ,! addition ( wat] to ! flux1 !re=e1 only uselessly prolongs ! p]iod occupi$ by evaporation1 & wa/es heat4 ,always remove all trace ( flux f f9i%$ "w1 fir/ by soak+ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds by wa%+ ) soda1 soap1 & wat]4 ,o!rwise1 !re is ! risk ( ! "w be+ corrod$4 ,special 8sold]+ solutions10 obta9able ready prep>$1 %\ld n be us$ 9 pref]5ce to z9c *loride made z be=e expla9$ or to ! well-kn[n pa/e fluxes4 ,apply+ ! ,flux4--,a %ort heavy bottle ab\t #c 94 or #d 94 high is be/ = b5* use z a flux conta9]4 ,x %\ld be p>ticul>ly not$ t sold]+ & sold]+ tackle %\ld be kept z f> away f o!r "w 7& iron & /eel goods & tools7 z possible4 ,a po9t$ wood5 /ick is n a good tool = apply+ kill$ _s1 because ! acid acts on ! wood1 :i* becomes unpleasant to h&le1 & ! liquid does n leave ! wood readily en\gh to place ! "r quantity on ! exact spot to be sold]$4 ,a galvanis$ iron wire is bett]4 ,ano!r good tool is a ?9 /eel or iron 8spit10 ab\t #ab 94 long1 & a /eel knitt+-ne$le is also excell5t4 ,%\ld a bru% be pref]r$1 take a few hairs f a broom1 place !m 9 "o end ( a ?9 metal tube1 & !n flatt5 ! end ) a bl[ f a hamm]4 ,a bru% made by hamm]+ ! ends ( a %ort l5g? ( cane until ! fibres are l bri/les is frequ5tly us$ = ! purpose1 ! h&le end be+ soak$ 9 molt5 wax be=e us+ ! cane bru% ! fir/ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,wire = ,apply+ ,flux ,a conv5i5t me?od ( apply+ liquid flux is to h a bottle ) a screw cap spr9kl+ top su* z is (t5 us$ = p]fumes1 & to pu% a l5g? ( ?ick galvanis$ iron wire ?r\gh ! orifice 9 ! /opp]1 leav+ ab\t #a-a_/b 94 project+ above4 ,! l[] end %\ld j rea* ! bottom ( ! bottle1 & may be flatt5$ & po9t$4 ,! lead nipple is squeez$ r\nd ! wire to hold x firmly1 & ! project+ end b5t into a r+ to =m a h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! cork "p %\ld be ?9n$ a little to r5d] x an easy fit 9 ! bottle neck4 ,! flux c be quickly appli$ ) ! wire exactly :]e x is want$1 & 9 v small quantity2 = a long seam ! wire c be run along ) "o dip 9 ! solution4 ,! f+]s ne$ n be br\ght into contact ) ! flux2 ! cork w n g s(t & w n s9k d[n ow+ to ! lead flange support+ x4 ,flux ,us$ on ,food ,conta9]s4--,kill$ spirits is objectionable z a flux = sold]+ vessels int5d$ to conta9 food ( any k9d4 ,n only is ?is flux a poison1 b x is liable to produce subsequ5t ru/+ :]ev] us$ unless all traces ( x are ?or\ghly remov$ imm$iately aft] sold]+4 ,a good non-poison\s flux suitable = t9 boxes may be made by dissolv+ res9 9 oil4 ,place a quantity ( p[d]$ res9 9 an iron vessel1 add colza1 olive1 or any simil> oil1 & apply g5tle heat1 mean:ile /irr+ x until ! res9 is dissolv$4 ,dissolve z mu* res9 9 ! oil z possible )\t mak+ ! flux too ?ick 7:5 cold7 to apply ) a bru%4 ,"o or two small exp]im5ts w soon decide ! requir$ proportions4 ,! res9 is really ! base ( ! flux2 b ! oil is add$ to facilitate its application & removal be=e & aft] ! sold]+ process4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,s(t-sold]+ ) ! ,copp] ,bit ,*oice betwe5 ,bl[pipe & ,bit4--,! me?od ( heat+ dep5ds on ! size ( ! "w1 or r ! area to be sold]$1 & ! conv5i5ces at ! comm& ( ! work]4 ,! sold]+ bit1 al?\gh s commonly us$1 is n necess>ily ! be/ = ! beg9n] to use = small "w4 ,a bl[pipe flame--f a buns5 burn] or a _s lamp--is f> m conv5i5t & neat1 & its effects c be appli$ & localis$ ) ! greate/ precision1 d[n to ! m]e/ p9 po9t ( heat appli$ at a def9ite spot4 ,! bit is *iefly useful = long jo9ts su* z 9 t9plate "w1 & = pieces b\nd toge!r to :i* ! bit is appli$ to heat up & melt sold] betwe5 !m4 ,b = "w :]e ! sold]+ area does n measure m ?an an in* or s 7& !re is a va/ am\nt ( ?is k9d71 ! bl[pipe flame is f> pref]able4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 ?\gh1 t ?is is a matt] 9 :i* "s workm5 might h two di/9ct op9ions2 &1 z already rem>k$1 ! bit is f> m commonly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,sold]+ ,bit ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,pivot$ ,sold]+ ,bit ,copp] ,bits4--,! sold]+ bit or bolt 7miscall$ an 8iron07 c>ries a po9t$ lump ( copp] at ! end 7,fig4 #b71 rivet$ 91 or alt]natively1 9 small sizes1 screw$ on to ! %ank4 ,"s bits are pivot$ 7see ,fig4 #c7 to enable !m to po9t at v>i\s angles = deal+ ) difficult situations4 ,a home-made bit 7,figs4 #d & #e7 may be made by drill+ & tapp+ a %ort l5g? ( #a-a_/b-;94 or #b-;94 squ>e copp] to receive ! screw$ end ( a rod ( #e_/af-;94 iron1 ! copp] be+ aft]w>ds heat$ & drawn to a po9t or to a blunt edge z pref]r$4 ,?is =ms a good bit = mo/ ord9>y purposes4 ,an axe-head or hat*et bit is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f2 ! copp] bolt is rivet$ 9 ! eye ( ! iron rod1 ! bit1 h[ev]1 be+ free to revolve1 z ?is is ess5tial :5 mak+ jo9ts 9 heavy lead pipe1 = :i* purpose x is pr9cipally us$4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts a bit :i* is a comb9ation & modification ( ! two o!rs1 & x is l>gely us$ = ! int]nal sold]+ ( bottoms ( l>ge drums1 milk *urns1 etc41 :]e great local heat is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,home-made ,sold]+ ,bit ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,bit = ,int]nal ,sold]+1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,hat*et ,sold]+ ,bit ,z to ! size ( bit requir$1 = ord9>y small "w ! /raight type %\ld n be less ?an #h oz4 or #aj oz4 7weight ( ! actual copp]74 ,two bits are v useful 9 do+ a l>ge job1 z ! "w c !n be arrang$ to progress cont9u\sly1 "o bit heat+ :ile ! o!r is 9 use4 ,a bit suitable = q light "w c be easily made by drill+ & tapp+ a piece ( copp]1 say #a_/b 94 by #a_/b 94 by #a-a_/b 94 long1 ei!r 9 ! end or 9 ! side1 = a #c_/af-;94 /eel rod #ab 94 long1 a h&le be+ !n fitt$ at ! o!r end4 ,9 ! 8,t9ol0 telescopic sold]+ bit = amateurs' use1 ! h&le is 9 ?ree p>ts3 7a7 ! actual wood5 h&le bu%$ ) metal1 & provid$ ) a set-screw %ap$ l a screw eye1 & !re=e easily turn$2 7b7 a /eel tube :i* telescopes into ! fir/ "p1 & :i* is also provid$ ) a set-screw2 & 7c7 a %ort rod1 hav+ at "o end a hat*et-%ap$ copp] bit4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! tool is #ab 941 & ! l5g?1 :5 ! p>ts are telescop$ toge!r1 is ab\t #e 94 ,! 8,fluxite0 bit is l>g] & heavi]4 ,x has a holl[ ca/-iron h&le1 p]=at$ to dissipate ! heat1 ?read$ int]nally at "o end to receive ! screw$ end ( ! iron /em1 only #e 94 or s 9 l5g?1 :i* at ! o!r end screws into an adapt] or hold] :i*1 9 turn1 receives ! screw$ end ( ! copp] bolt1 itself ab\t #d 94 long4 ,! bit is tak5 to pieces 9 a few mom5ts1 & is q a workmanlike tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,_s-heat$ ,bit ,_s-,heat$ ,sold]+ ,bits4--,bits heat$ by b5zol9e or _s may be made ) a small b>rel-%ap$ res]voir :i* also =ms ! h&le4 ,"o end ( ! res]voir is fitt$ ) a fill+ cap1 & f ! opposite end protrudes ! tube c>ry+ ! burn]4 ,to ! tube end ( ! res]voir an iron clip is atta*$1 & ?is secures an iron b> :i* /&s out ov] ! burn] head4 ,at ! end ( ?is b> ! copp] bit is atta*$ & held ei!r v]tically or horizontally 9 ! flame4 ,tool m]*ants' catalogues %[ a v>iety ( su* implem5ts4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates "o ( ! mo/ elaborate ( !m all1 ! weight complete be+ #b-a_/d lb4 ,x has a poli%$ brass conta9] ,a1 ( #a_/e p9t capacity--suffici5t = #de to #fj m9utes1 :5ce ! b5zol9e fl[s to ! burn] ,b1 ! flame f :i* heats ! copp] bit ,c4 ,?is bit may be ( any ( ! regul> %apes1 & weighs ab\t #a_/b lb4 ,! position %[n is t = heat+ ! bit prep>atory to sold]+4 ,! tray ,d cat*es any drips t might occur at />t+1 ,e is ! /&1 ,f ! fill] cap1 ,g is ! regulat+ h&le1 & ,h is ! clamp t holds ! bit 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,bit atta*$ to ,bl[-lamp ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,gas-heat$ ,bit ,a writ] 9 ,popul> ,me*anics has /at$ t ! ord9>y bl[-lamp1 ) ! burn] end equipp$ ) a copp] bolt 7see ,fig4 #h71 makes an excell5t sold]+ device4 ,! po9t c be easily kept at ! prop] heat1 & !re w be no want = hot copp]s4 ,! end ( ! burn] is ?read$ on ! outside1 & a hole is drill$ 9 ! copp] po9t & ?read$ to mat*4 ,small holes are drill$ 9 ! copp] 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! burn]1 to make v5ts = ! flame4 ,gas-heat$ ,bits4--,^! are l>gely us$ 9 factories1 & are cleanly1 exp$iti\s1 safe1 & conv5i5t4 ,! type %[n by ,fig4 #i is v h&y1 & ! illu/ration & description are due to ,f4 ,x4 ,somm]s1 ,jun41 9 ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/4 ,a mixture ( air & gas ent]s ! pipe at ab\t #aj lb4 pressure1 or en\gh to give a hot1 blue flame4 ,! "p ,a is ( ca/-iron1 :i*1 on exp]im5t1 has be5 f\nd to la/ long] )\t corrod+ ?an /eel1 al?\gh copp] w\ld be bett]4 ,! sold]+ bolt ,b 0 made ( /eel because x kept ! correct %ape po9t mu* long] ?an ca/-iron or copp]1 al?\gh ! latt] metal is bett] = transmitt+ ! heat4 ,! po9t %\ld be t9n$ be=e us+4 ,?is =m ( sold]+ head is be+ us$ on automatic c-sold]+ ma*9es1 & does ! "w effectively4 ,x also saves gas4 ,x w heat to ! correct temp]ature 9 ab\t #a-a_/b m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,gas-heat$ ,bit complete ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,air ,inlets 9 ,end ( ,air ,*amb] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,section ?r\gh ,air ,*amb] & ,gas-r$uc+ ,valve ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,details ( ,cones or ,ne$les ,a gas-heat$ bit inv5t$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,ryan is %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj to #ac4 ,! actual bit ,a is held 9 a /eel %ea? ,b hav+ a space und]nea? ! bit to all[ ! gas to pass4 ,! %ea? has a r[ ( holes on ea* side to all[ ! gas to come ?r\gh1 ! flame envelop+ ! bit :5 9 use4 ,! gas1 suppli$ ?r\gh a flexible tube1 passes ?r\gh ! tube t =ms ! h&le1 at ! end ( :i* is a small *amb] ,c to admit air1 :i* mixes ) ! gas to cause x to burn atmosph]ically1 ! supply ( gas pass+ ?r\gh a small cone valve ,d & !nce ?r\gh ! air *amb]4 ,9 ! air-inlet holes ,e at ! end ( ! air *amb] are fitt$ small cones ,f to regulate ! quantity ( air4 ,all ! cones1 includ+ ! gas-valve cone1 are connect$ rigidly toge!r1 s t :5 cutt+ d[n ! gas supply tempor>ily1 ! air supply is automatically r$uc$1 & ! gas flame rema9s 9 be+1 al?\gh its size is mu* r$uc$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 9 "s gas-heat$ bits1 ! cutt+ d[n ( ! gas s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! proportion ( ! gas & air mixture1 result+ 9 a back-fire4 ,! device "h describ$ has be5 inv5t$ especially to obviate t tr\ble4 ,to r$uce ! gas supply &1 ) x1 ! air supply also1 all t is necess>y is a slight =w>d movem5t ( ! fitt+ to :i* ! cones or ne$les are atta*$4 ,! copp] bit is kept 9 position by ! %ea? or clip1 ! small bolt 9 :i* c be tak5 out 9 a mom5t :5 special att5tion to ! bit becomes necess>y4 ,! connection to ! flexible gas tub+ is at ,g1 :ile ,h indicates a guide & /uff+ box = ! gas-valve cone or ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,gas-/ove = ,heat+ ,bits ,/oves = ,heat+ ,sold]+ ,bits4--,al?\gh a copp] bit may be heat$ 9 any fire1 x is bett] to avoid ! dirt1 smoke & t>ry /ick9ess :i* are (t5 pres5t 9 a coal fire4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( gas1 a bright1 cle> coke fire or a *>coal fire %\ld be us$ :5ev] available4 ,portable oil /oves ( ! wickless type c also be employ$1 b ! ideal fuel is gas1 :i* may be regulat$ at w to give a uni=m temp]ature4 ,two gas-/oves specially con/ruct$ = copp] bits are %[n by ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,gas-/ove = ,heat+ ,bits ,t9n+ a ,bit4--,be=e a bit c be us$1 x mu/ be 8t9n$10 t is1 coat$ ) sold] 9 a smoo? complete cov]+1 = :i* purpose--by "o me?od1 n ! be/1 b ! mo/ g5]al--! end is heat$ to a dull r$1 rubb$ quickly ) ! file on ! facets1 dipp$ 9 kill$ _s or 8fluxite10 or rubb$ aga9/ a piece ( sal-ammoniac1 & !n appli$ to a /ick or lump ( sold]1 ! facets be+ quickly wip$ or rubb$ on a piece ( t9plate s z to spread ! sold] ev5ly4 ,:5 prop]ly done1 ! nose ( ! bit is coat$ ) a smoo? film ( sold]4 ,?is mu/ always rema9 s1 or ! bit w n act1 & :5 x is honeycomb$1 or ! 8t9n+0 is pres5t 9 pat*es1 x mu/ be re-t9n$4 ,a bit mu/ nev] be rais$ to a r$ heat suffici5t to melt ! t9n+4 ,! bit does n op]ate well at su* a heat1 because its contact makes sold] too fluid & apt to run too quickly4 ,:5 dipp+ a hot bit1 prep>$ = t9n+1 into kill$ _s1 a %>p pop1 )\t smoke or splutt]+1 d5otes ! "r temp]ature4 ,if1 on )draw+ ! bit1 x is damp & /ill unclean1 x _h n be5 heat$ suffici5tly4 ,ano!r me?od ( t9n+ may be m5tion$4 ,into a small & clean t9 box 7a #b-oz4 tobacco t9 ab\t #c_/d 94 deep7 put "s scraps ( sold] & p[d]$ res94 ,heat ! bit to a v dull r$1 quickly file up clean on "o side ( ! po9t1 & !n plunge into ! sold] & res9 & rub ab\t2 x w at once take on a coat ( ! alloy4 ,a second side ( ! bit may be t9n$ by !n repeat+ ! op]ation1 re-heat+ if necess>y4 ,! bottom ( ! box %\ld be cov]$ ) sold]1 :i* adh]es easily en\gh1 ) a film ( res9 on top4 ,x is probably mo/ conv5i5t to t9 ! "u side & ! left-h& work+ face ( ! bit4 8,t9ol0 c\ld be us$ 9 ?is way )\t admixture ) any?+4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is to use a firebrick hav+ a holl[ 9 :i* ! sold] & res9 are plac$2 b ! t9 box plan is ?\ght to be bett]4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ me?od ( t9n+ a bit is t 9 use by ! plumb] :o well kn[s ! invaluable qualities ( sal-ammoniac 7ammonium *loride7 = ! purpose4 ,he has no wi% to squ&] en]gy on ^? vigor\s rubb+s ( ! bit--on pav+-/one1 ba? brick1 t9plate1 etc4 etc41 & he believes t ! habit ( dipp+ ! bit into z9c *loride is bo? slov5ly & wa/eful1 = n only is ?is corrosive /uff spray$ ab\t broadca/1 b ! rema9d] is soon r5d]$ unfit = its purpose by contam9ation ) copp] *loride & dirt f ! fire4 ,! outlay ( a few halfp5ce on a sizable slab ( sal-ammoniac w keep ! bit 9 ! be/ condition = ye>s1 & save h\rs ( sup]flu\s lab\r4 ,comm]cial sal-ammoniac is obta9able 9 l>ge1 rugg$ cry/als ( a t\gh1 fibr\s texture4 ,a piece weigh+ upw>ds ( #a_/d lb4 c be trimm$ to a r\ghly rectangul> slab1 a few in*es long & wide & ab\t #a 94 ?ick2 & a cavity %\ld be scoop$ 9 "o ( ! flat sides to accommodate ! bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,t9n+ ,bit 9 ,sal-ammoniac ,block ,let ! bit-faces be made %apely & fil$ bright & ! tool ?or\ghly heat$ 9 a clean fire1 remov$1 flick$ free ( a%1 & !n held d[n firmly 9 ! cavity ( ! sal-ammoniac block 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,pr(use :ite fumes w arise1 & ! surface ( ! salt w fuse4 ,be> heavily on ea* facet 9 turn1 & !n melt a few beads ( sold] into ! cavity along ) ! bit1 & ! latt] w become brightly t9n$ 9 a mom5t or s4 ,! bit %\ld be appli$ to ! 8ammonia block0 e few heats1 or z requir$1 z ! "w progresses1 & flick$ ) a tuft ( damp5$ cotton-wa/e4 ,! sal-ammoniac has "o great disadvantage--x is deliquesc5t 7collect+ moi/ure f a damp atmosph]e71 & its ne> proximity to mo/ metals oxidises & corrodes !m4 ,iron & /eel1 p>ticul>ly1 x ru/s rapidly & deeply4 ,!re=e ! tools 7saw & *isel7 us$ to %ape ! block mu/ be wa%$1 dri$1 w>m$1 & greas$ be=e !y are laid by1 & ! wa/e fragm5ts mu/ be c>efully swept up & dispos$ (4 ,! block itself mu/ always be kept ap>t f tools4 ,plumb]s enclose x 9 a %eet-lead box wrapp$ 9 a greasy rag2 amateurs may /ore x on a dry %elf1 p>cell$ 9 wax$ pap] secur$ by a rubb] b&1 or 9 a l5g? ( motor-tyre inn] tube1 roll$ up4 ,simple ,sold]+4--,scrupul\s cleanl9ess 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! process ( sold]+ is ess5tial to success4 ,! ord9>y proc$ure 9 mak+ a jo9t is to clean ! surfaces fir/ by fil+ or scrap+ ) a scrap] or a knife or a plumb]'s %ave-hook 7,fig4 #ag74 ,9 "s cases1 dirty metal is cleans$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,) or )\t prelim9>y heat+ ( ! "w1 flux is !n appli$ to ! jo9t1 & ! heat$ bit is held 9 "o h& & a /ick ( sold] 9 ! o!r1 & ! /ick drawn along ! jo9t :ile ! bit t\*es x 7or 8drops0 ( sold] may be transf]r$ to ! "w by means ( ! bit74 ,?is w cause a l9e ( molt5 sold] to run1 & "s skill & c>e are necess>y to get j ! "r am\nt ( sold] )\t wa/+ x & all[+ x to spread 9 a lumpy fa%ion beyond ! necess>y area4 ,! bit is next work$ up & d[n ! jo9t to spread ! sold]1 & by ! transmitt$ heat to make x ?or\ghly p5etrate ! jo9t4 ,?is is an outl9e ( ! process1 & !re is a numb] ( po9ts requir+ special in/ruction or a few words ( caution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,%ave-hook ,note t ! "w mu/ be fil$1 scrap$1 or o!rwise me*anically clean$1 & !n *emically clean$ by coat+ ) ! flux j :]e ! sold]+ is requir$4 ,9 heat+ ! copp] bit d n let x rea* ev5 a dull r$ heat4 ,lightly dip x into ! flux to clean ! po9t2 !n1 ) a small button or blob ( sold] re/+ on ! "w1 place ! bit mom5t>ily ^u x to cause ! sold] to fl[1 & draw ! bit :]e ! sold] is requir$4 ,_m beg9n]s try to draw along ! sold] ) an insuffici5tly heat$ bit4 ,! result is a s]ies ( lumps--8putt+ x on ) a tr[el10 z x is sometimes t]m$4 ,a good jo9t _c be made ?is way1 h[ev] mu* sold] may be us$4 ,"s beg9n]s fly to ! o!r extreme1 & try to make a neat job ) a r$-hot bit1 :i* results 9 ! sold] assum+ a s&y appe>ance & 9 ! "w be+ discol\r$4 ,o!rs try to sold] uphill--t is1 !y hold or place ! "w 9 su* a way z to cause ! sold] to fl[ away f :]e x is requir$4 ,! correct me?od is to sold] d[nhill by tilt+ or incl9+ ! "w1 s t ! sold] w always collect ar\nd & travel ) ! po9t ( ! bit4 ,?is1 besides facilitat+ ! "w1 makes a /rong jo9t1 & imp>ts a clean & neat appe>ance to ! job4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4--;,incorrect & ,correct ,me?ods ( ,hold+ ,bit ,a common mi/ake is to hold ! bit 9 a cramp$ & awkw>d way1 z 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ! h& be+ twi/$ "u ! h&le1 ! ?umb be+ br\ght to ! top1 & ! elb[ =c$ to ! side4 ,! correct positions ( arm & f+]s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai2 ! elb[ is held well out f ! body1 & ! ?umb is plac$ directly "u ! h&le ( ! bit1 =m+ a fulcrum ov] :i* ! bit may be slightly rais$ or depress$ at w4 ,?is is all-important :5 sold]+ v fusible metals su* z pewt]1 t91 etc41 on :i* ! weight ( ! copp] bit %\ld nev] be all[$ to re/1 z o!rwise a hole w sudd5ly be made 9 ! "w4 ,! :ole weight ( ! bit %\ld be support$ & balanc$ on ! ?umb by ! d[nw>d pressure ( t "p ( ! h& close to ! little f+]4 ,! work] %\ld n = a mom5t lose control ( ! copp] bit1 & control is always assur$ :5 ! ?umb is und]nea? ! h&le4 ,!re is b little /r5g? 9 a butt jo9t ) ! edges ( ! metal only j t\*+--t is1 )\t a lap2 to take ! example ( a small cyl9d]1 ! body seam %\ld h at lea/ a #a_/d-;94 lap4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts an example ( int]nal groov$ seam sold]+1 :i* may be execut$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,aft] apply+ ! flux1 place a small button ( sold] inside ! cyl9d] on ! seam1 re/ ! bit mom5t>ily on ! sold] to melt x1 & !n draw x g5tly along ! seam4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld be slightly tilt$ to all[ ( ! sold] travell+ ) ! po9t ( ! bit4 ,! h& %\ld avoid t\*+ any "p ( ! "w t comes directly into contact ) ! copp] bit1 z o!rwise ! h& w\ld be badly burn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,sold]+ ,int]nal ,groov$ ,seam ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,sold]+ on ,c ,bottom ,int]nally ,! me?od ( int]nally sold]+ ! bottom on a cani/]1 etc41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! bottom is held 9 position by g5tly press+ x aga9/ 7b n plac+ x on7 ! b5* dur+ ! sold]+ process1 :ile ! tilt ( ! cani/] & ! position ( ! bit cause ! sold] to travel ) ! bit4 ,9 sold]+ all su* articles1 ! sold]+ %\ld be done ) "o sweep ( ! bit1 ! left h& mean:ile mak+ ! necess>y revolution4 ,?is saves "t & sold]1 & avoids ! unsightly appe>ance ( a s]ies ( />ts & /ops4 ,9 "w ( a l>g] & m sub/antial nature1 z1 = example1 galvanis$ or t9n$ iron "w1 ! bottom ( ! article is fir/ 8knock$ up10 & !n sold]$ int]nally4 ,fig4 #ba repres5ts an example ( int]nal sold]+ :]e ! :ole weight ( ! bit is %[n re/+ on ! molt5 sold] inside2 ?is provides ! local heat requir$ to 8sweat0 ! sold] into ! f\r ?icknesses ( metal :i* con/itute ! bottom seam2 & = ?is "w ! bottom+ bit %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is (t5 us$4 ,pewt]1 lead1 z9c & t9--! latt] %\ld n be confus$ ) t9plate--d n require sweat+1 on acc\nt ( _! l[ fusibility1 & any attempt ev5 to sold] !m ) a v hot bit w probably end disa/r\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,sold]+ ,c ,ext]nally ,fig4 #bb %[s an example ( ext]nal seam sold]+4 ,! me?od !re %[n is inv>iably adopt$ = simple lap seams1 al?\gh groov$ seams are simil>ly sold]$4 ,a groov$ seam1 h[ev]1 %\ld pref]ably be sold]$ int]nally4 ,! position ( ! work]'s elb[ & ?umb %\ld be not$1 z %\ld also ! tilt ( ! cyl9d] 7m pron\nc$ 9 ?is case ?an ! o!r7 9 ord] to secure ! d[nfl[ ( ! sold]4 ,sweat+ has already be5 m5tion$4 ,x %\ld be said t "o ( ! easie/ ways 9 :i* a beg9n] may make a reliable jo9t is to prep>e bo? faces ( ! jo9t by flux+ & cov]+ ) a ?9 film ( sold]1 & !n press+ ! two p>ts toge!r ) ! hot bit until ! top "p 8floats0 & !n settles d[n4 ,! advantage ( ?is way is t "o c be sure ( p]fect application ( ! sold] to ! jo9t faces1 s9ce ea* is dealt ) fir/ & ?or\ghly coat$1 ) no faulty pat*es4 ,sweat+ is also done 9 ! flame ( a buns5 burn] or bl[pipe1 z expla9$ lat]4 ,re9=c$ & ,fill$-9 ,sold]$ ,jo9ts4--,! bottoms ( squ>e or cyl9drical vessels %\ld1 pref]ably1 be sold]$ f ! inside1 & 8buttons0 ( sold] may be melt$ to assume a /\t triangul>-%ape /ud 9 ! corn]s ( ! squ>e vessels4 ,a t9n$ rivet is sometimes rivet$ or j plac$ 9 a corn]1 & suffici5t sold] float$ ov] x to /r5g!n ! corn]4 ,sold] is always liable to run ?r\gh an improp]ly clos$ seam at ! corn] :5 ext]nal sold]+ is resort$ to2 b 9 cases :]e ?is is ! only practical me?od1 a t9n$ rivet may be ins]t$ f ! outside1 & !n sold]$ ov]4 ,x sometimes happ5s t two 8raw0 edges require sold]+ toge!r )\t a lap4 ,:]e a /rong jo9t is requir$ a good plan is to place a l5g? ( t9n$ wire ov] bo? edges & sold] ! lot toge!r4 ,9 addition to /r5g!n+ ! jo9t1 ! wire consid]ably improves ! g5]al appe>ance4 ,a simpl] jo9t may be made by 8skimm+0 ! sold] ov] ) a copp] bit heat$ only j suffici5tly to melt ! sold]4 ,! quick & skilful t\* is requir$ to p]=m ?is op]ation satisfactorily2 b a little practice w soon br+ ! necess>y pr(ici5cy4 ,! idea is to 8draw0 ! sold] across ! jo9t quickly1 be=e x has "t to run ?r\gh4 ,?is me?od is useful :5 sold]+ ?9 metal goods ( a l[] degree ( fusibility ?an t ( ! sold] employ$4 ,no prep>ation = fill+ cracks previ\s to sold]+ c be recomm5d$1 beyond su* small pieces ( metal t may be aft]w>ds sold]$ ov] & effectively hidd54 ,x is mu* bett] to endeav\r to produce "w ( su* quality t ?is exp$i5t is altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,sold]+ ,heavy ,milk ,*urns4--,:5 sold]+ ! bottom rims on l>ge milk *urns1 suffici5t heat _c be ma9ta9$ ) only "o sold]+ bit4 ,at lea/ two heavy bits are requir$1 s t "o may be gett+ hot :ile ! o!r is 9 use4 ,! rims are usually t9n$ be=e be+ fix$ by fir/ pickl+ !m 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 wa%+1 & !n dipp+ 9 a ba? ( molt5 t94 ,:5 repair+ & resold]+ ! rims1 remove all dirt & ru/ ) a file1 use a few bru%fuls ( raw spirits fur!r to assi/ ! clean+ process1 !n wa% ) clean wat] & sold] 9 ! usual way1 us+ kill$ spirits z a flux4 ,sold]+ ,hole 9 ,enamell$ ,w>e4--,fir/ scrape or file away ! enamel q cle> all r\nd ! hole1 apply a little raw _s to ! surface ( ! iron1 & coat x ) sold] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!n cut out a t9 disc l>ge en\gh to cov] ! hole1 & sold] ?is 91 us+ kill$ _s z ! flux4 ,sold]+ ,lead$ ,lights4--,= sold]+ ! calmes ( a lead-light w9d[1 ! calmes hav+ be5 fitt$ prop]ly toge!r1 %ave a small r\nd dot at ! po9t ( junction1 spr9kle a little p[d]$ res9 on ! %av+1 & ) a copp] bit or ) a glazi]'s iron hav+ a t9n$ face1 melt a small piece ( t9man's ord9>y sold] on ! %av$ "p s t x t9s to ! lead & =ms a r\nd button4 ,sold]+ ,cat* on ,gun-b>rel4--,9 sold]+ a cat* on a gun b>rel x w fir/ be necess>y to t9 bo? b>rel & cat*1 & !n to wire !m toge!r1 9 addition b9d+ ! b>rels = "s di/ance f ea* side ( ! cat*1 mak+ ! ribs secure ) w$ges4 ,to melt ! sold]1 use heat]s2 ^! are g5]ally made ( copp] ) iron h&les2 or iron rods c be us$1 ! ends be+ made r$ hot & ins]t$ 9 ! b>rels4 ,cut "s small slips ( ?9 sold] & place !m on ea* side ( ! cat*1 us+ p[d]$ res94 ,z soon z ! sold] melts1 remove ! heat]s & cool ! b>rels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,m\? ,bl[pipe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,black's ,m\? ,bl[pipe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,flet*]'s ,m\? ,bl[pipe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,section ?r\gh ,bl[pipe ,flame ,,*apt] ,v ,s(t-sold]+ ) ,bl[pipe or ,buns5 ,burn] ,! ,m\? ,bl[pipe4--,al?\gh s(t-sold]+ is usually associat$ ) ! use ( a copp] bit1 q a numb] ( jobs c be done )\t "o1 us+ in/ead a buns5 burn] or1 m g5]ally1 a m\? bl[pipe1 :i* is an inexp5sive appliance1 useful = bo? h>d & s(t sold]+1 & ) ei!r gas1 c&le1 or a me?ylat$-_s flame4 ,?ree %apes ( m\? bl[pipe are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bc to #be4 ,9 a bl[pipe flame !re are ?ree cones1 ,x1 ,y1 ,z 7,fig4 #bf74 ,x is a non-lum9\s cone1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( atmosph]ic air & unburnt combu/ible gases 7ea* ) a l[ temp]ature72 ,y is a lum9\s cone1 compos$ ( burn+ gases 7c>bon & c>bonic acid be+ 9 excess72 & ,z is a cone ! oxyg5 9 :i* r5d]s x less lum9\s & free f combu/ible mat]ials1 its temp]ature be+ exceptionally high1 especially :]e ! cone comes 9 contact ) ! po9t ( ! cone ,y4 ,because ( its prop]ties1 ,z is t]m$ ! oxidis+ or out] flame1 :il/ ,y is kn[n z ! inn] or r$uc+ flame1 because :5 x is appli$ to "s easily r$ucible sub/ance--say1 lead oxide--! oxyg5 9 ! sub/ance heat$ m+les ) ! unburnt c>bon 9 ! cone ( ! flame & produces c>bonic oxide1 ! lead be+ ?us sep>at$ or r$uc$4 ,! bl[pipe flame is "o ( int5se heat1 ev5 t produc$ by bl[+ a common c&le be+ capable ( melt+ metallic fragm5ts :5 !y are support$ on a b$ ( *>coal4 ,! po9t$ flame gives ! greate/ heat1 & ?is c be produc$ simply by increas+ or decreas+ ! space betwe5 ! flame & ! article to be sold]$ or ! metal to be melt$4 ,! p>ticul> advantage ( a bl[pipe is t x gives a fi]ce heat at a v localis$ area1 beyond :i* ! sold] does n run1 & x enables spots to be sold]$1 or p>ts to be unsold]$1 adju/$ & re-sold]$ )\t all[+ heat to /ray & cause tr\ble at o!r places4 ,a useful little addition to ! ord9>y bl[pipe is a small wa%] sold]$ on ne> ! m\? end 7see ,fig4 #bc71 ! object ( ?is be+ to raise ?is "p (f ! b5* & s keep x f contam9ation ) dirt1 fil+s1 etc41 :i* are unpleasant to ! lips4 ,sometimes ! wa%] is made elliptical & slightly concave to fit ! lips1 s t x =ms a conv5i5t /op or /eady :5 ! bl[pipe is held betwe5 ! tee? )\t help f ei!r h&4 ,buns5 ,burn]1 ,_s ,lamps1 etc4--,! buns5 burn] is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ conv5i5t device = heat+ 7:5 ! bit is n 9 "q72 b fail+ a gas supply1 a _s-lamp mu/ be employ$4 ,?is is a small glass bottle ) wick1 me?ylat$ _s be+ us$4 ,plumb]s & gasfitt]s make use ( metal tubul> lamps f$ ) _s p\r$ on cotton-wool1 & hav+ a bl[pipe tube atta*$ & c\pl$ up to ! lips ) a rubb] tube2 !y also use wax tap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,home-made ,_s-lamp ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,ano!r ,home-made ,_s-lamp ,a me?ylat$ wick lamp may be easily made out ( a small 8self-op5+0 cani/]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! holes ne> ! top increase ! effici5cy ( ! flame4 ,ano!r _s sold]+-lamp is %[n by ,fig4 #bh4 ,! conta9] = ! _s c be made ab\t #c 94 9 diamet] by ab\t #a-a_/b 94 deep1 ) a h&le sold]$ on4 ,a glance at ! illu/ration w expla9 ! burn]4 ,an out] wick surr\nds a piece ( tube1 :i* itself conta9s ano!r wick4 ,! _s 9 ! inn] tube is vaporis$ by ! heat f ! burn] :5 ! outside wick is lit4 ,! _s vap\r issues f a #a_/cb-;94 hole at ,a4 ,at ,b a r+ is slipp$ ov] ! out] wick1 hold+ x to ! c5tral tube4 ,by lift+ ! c5tral tube ! height ( ! vaporis+ flame c be adju/$4 ,! vaporis+ tube is a piece ( #c_/h-;94 brass tube ) a #c_/h-;94 gas cap screw$ on ! end1 or a brass disc c be braz$ 94 ,! total co/ %\ld n exce$ sixp5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,swivell+ ,gas-burn] = ,b5* ,sold]+ ,b5* ,bl[pipes4--,! be/ =m ( gas bracket = b5* use is "o hav+ a horizontal swivell+ arm1 & screw$ to ! b5* by a flange1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! swivell+ head is also a cock1 :i* %uts (f ! gas :5 ! jet arm is pu%$ ov] at "r angles to ! edge ( ! b5*1 z indicat$1 & ! gas is connect$ by an iron or compo pipe "u ! b5*4 ,a second gas tap %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! supply to regulate ! am\nt ( gas1 & = reasons ( safety4 ,a simple device 7see ,fig4 #cj7 may be made by anyone1 & connect$ to a rubb]-pipe connect+ head on ! gas bracket supply+ light to ! b5* & work%op4 ,a design ( gas bl[pipe :i* leaves "o h& free is %[n by ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is enables ! work] to apply ! sold] to ! "w 7hold+ ! end ( a /rip aga9/ x71 aft] x has be5 br\ght to ! melt+ heat ( ! sold]4 ,! bl[pipe is arrang$ s t x c be held 9 ! h& or dropp$ into a hole 9 ! b5*4 ,tap]s4--,tap]s = a bl[pipe flame are made by untwi/+ cotton rope until ! ?reads ( ! individual /r&s are /raight4 ,^! are !n dipp$ 9 melt$ wax made by melt+ two wax c&les ov] a gas /ove 9 a jam j>4 ,!y are repeat$ly dipp$ until suffici5t ?ickness ( wax is obta9$4 ,! wax %\ld be j suffici5tly hot to keep melt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,simple ,b5* ,burn] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,gas ,bl[pipe = ,b5* ,cat*+-tray = ,buns5 ,burn]4--,! bl[pipe is n ess5tial = "s k9ds ( "w1 su* z :5 ! job c be held :olly 9 ! flame )\t caus+ any damage4 ,:5 sold] is be+ melt$ to drop on to a surface1 ! pla9 buns5 or atmosph]ic flame is also suffici5t1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x is well to tilt ! burn] ov] s z to prev5t ! sold] dropp+ d[n ! tube4 ,an elb[ fitt$ on ! top ( ! tube is h&y 9 ?is connection1 to deflect ! flame at an angle1 & ,figs4 #cb & #cc %[ ?is1 ) ! addition ( a tray to cat* ! dripp+ sold] :i* o!rwise w\ld spla% on ! b5* & cause untid9ess4 ,! tray is rivet$ to a /rip ( brass b5t r\nd to slip ov] ! outside ( ! elb[1 & a small p9 rivet$ into ! tube prev5ts ! tray f fall+ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,section ?r\gh ,bl[lamp = ,sold]+1 ,braz+1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cb & #cc4--;,buns5 ,burn] & ,sold]-cat*+ ,tray ,bl[ ,lamps4--,a sold]+ lamp is us$ sometimes 9 ! place ( a bl[pipe1 & x %\ld comb9e p]fect security ) compactness & portability4 ,tool m]*ants' catalogues %[ a numb] ( /yles4 ,9 ! lamp %[n by ,fig4 #cd1 b5zol9e is burnt4 ,:5 ! lamp is 9 use & ! body ( x is v hot1 ! inside pressure does n exce$ ?ree-fif?s ( an atmosph]e1 :e!r ! regulator ,r is op5 or almo/ clos$4 ,?us ! dang] ( explosion1 :i* is su* a drawback to "s ( ! lamps t use ord9>y p>aff91 is avoid$4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! lamp are subject$ to great heat & !re=e are pack$ ) asbe/os1 :i* s]ves z a filt] & /ops any impurity 9 ! b5zol9e f gett+ to ! burn]4 ,! flame c be l[]$ to a glimm] :5 n actually 9 use1 ?us sav+ ! tr\ble ( relight+4 ,:5 ! lamp is to be us$1 ! regulator ,r is screw$ up tight2 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to asc]ta91 f "t to "t1 t ! burn] or nipple ,c is op5 & p]fectly clean4 ,if ?is becomes ob/ruct$1 x c be clean$ by unscrew+ ! tube ,t & pass+ a f9e /eel wire ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! lamp %\ld be completely fill$ ) b5zol9e e "t x is to be us$4 ,a little me?ylat$ spirits is p\r$ into ! bas9 ,a1 & set alight4 ,:5 ! app>atus has become slightly w>m1 ! regulator is op5$ gradually4 ,to ext+ui% ! flame1 ! regulator mu/ be screw$ up tight4 ,if any escape is obs]v$ r\nd ! screw ( ! regulator1 ! squ>e ,p %\ld be screw$ up ) ! key suppli$ by ! mak]s1 s z to tight5 ! asbe/os pack+4 ,! lamp above describ$ is only "o ( a great numb] ( su* appliances1 b x is fairly typical ( !m all4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a sold]]'s & a braz]'s bl[lamp is m]ely "o ( size & p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,sold]+ ,lad+-c h&le ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,sold]+ ,lug to ,lamp ,bottom ,h[ to ,op]ate a ,m\? ,bl[pipe4--,! op]ation ( us+ ! m\? bl[pipe does n consi/ 9 bl[+ int]mitt5t & /rong bla/s ) ! lungs1 z ?is w\ld soon exhau/ ! w9d p[]4 ,= v light jobs1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od is sometimes adopt$2 b once ! prop] way is discov]$1 ! us] naturally falls into ! use ( ?is me?od4 ,! prop] way to keep a cont9u\s bla/ is to brea! naturally ?r\gh ! nose1 & at ! same "t keep ! *eeks di/5d$ by =c+ ! air at suffici5t pressure f ! lungs4 ,! *eeks naturally resi/ ! pressure1 & =ce ! air ?r\gh ! bl[pipe4 ,! op]ation requires "s practice & a cle> nose passage4 ,!re is practically no limit to ! "t a cont9u\s bla/ c be kept up4 ,! bl[pipe flame is produc$ by hold+ ! bla/ end ( ! bl[pipe j above ! wick ( ! tap] & t\*+ ! flame2 ! bla/ !n causes a long blue flame to project4 ,?is flame is hotte/ at ! tip1 :i* is slightly br[n4 ,typical ,bl[pipe ,jobs4--,"s ( ! photographic reproductions 9 ?is *apt] %[ ! me?ods ( sold]+ comp>atively light & heavy articles4 ,fig4 #ce %[s a lad+-c h&le be+ resold]$4 ,z x _h brok5 away1 ! old sold] rema9$1 & ! jo9t did n ne$ clean+4 ,x is dabb$ ) ! kill$-_s bru%1 & a small piece ( sold] put ne> ! jo9t4 ,! flame is fir/ play$ on ! p>ts away f ! sold] to get !m to ! requisite heat1 & z ! heat rea*es ! sold] x melts1 & fl[s :]e requir$4 ,:]e ! sold] %\ld be ! ?icke/1 t "p ( ! jo9t is incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,a job ne$+ v mu* heat1 & !re=e a cont9u\s bla/ = "s "t1 is %[n by ,fig4 #cf4 ,a lug is %[n be+ sold]$ to a heavy brass lamp bottom4 ,be=e putt+ ! lug 9 position ! p>ts ( ! jo9ts h to be t9n$4 ,?is consi/s ( apply+ a film ( sold]4 ,9 ?is case ! heat is appli$ to ! lamp bottom = sev]al m9utes1 & )\t loss ( "t ! "p :]e ! lug fits is clean$ ) a f9e file1 ! _s bru% dabb$ on a piece ( sold]1 put 9 position1 & ! flame aga9 appli$4 ,! sold] almo/ imm$iately fl[s ov] ! clean$ portion2 if x does n fl[ z requir$1 ! flame is play$ on ! sold] & lamp bottom1 a dab ) ! _s bru% help+ matt]s4 ,! lug1 :i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly t9n$1 is plac$ 9 position on ! lamp bottom1 & ) a slight application ( ! flame1 ! sold] fl[s & unites ! p>ts firmly toge!r4 ,x %\ld be p>ticul>ly not$ t1 :5 unit+ light articles to heavy ones1 ! light ones %\ld be t9n$ fir/1 & secur$ to ! heavi] article :il/ ! latt] is /ill hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,sold]+ ,wires ( ,vegetable ,ma%] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,hold] = ,apply+ & ,adju/+ ,sold] ,fig4 #cg %[s ! wires ( a vegetable ma%] be+ sold]$4 ,!re is no?+ special ab\t ! job1 except t ! sold] _c be plac$ on ! jo9t4 ,to effect ?is a piece ( t9 7,fig4 #ch7 is ind5t$ at "o end1 & a small hole made 9 ! c5tre ( ! depression4 ,! bead ( sold] is plac$ 9 ?is depression1 & held ov] ! jo9t to be sold]$2 ! flame is !n play$ on ! jo9t & on ! sold] :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,bru%+ ,sold] ar\nd ,dial ,r+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,t9n+ ,dial ,r+ ,figs4 #ci & #dj %[ ! me?od ( t9n+ a brass dial r+4 ,! r+ is fil$ clean & plac$ on a piece ( asbe/os bo>d1 ! flame be+ appli$ until ! r+ is suffici5tly hot all r\nd4 ,a bead or two ( sold] is plac$ on1 &1 z !y melt1 ! sold] is bru%$ r\nd z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci ) ! _s bru%1 ! flame be+ appli$ at int]vals to aid ! fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,re-sold]+ ,kettle ,sp\t ,re-sold]+ ,kettle ,sp\t4--,refix+ a sp\t 9 a 8t9n$0 wr\ght-iron or copp] kettle4 ,! sp\t & t "p ( ! kettle :i* comes 9 contact ) x %\ld fir/ ( all be fil$ bright & clean4 ,next place ! sp\t 9 position1 apply kill$ spirits1 & hold x ov] a buns5 flame1 z 9 ,fig4 #da1 until suffici5t ( ! /rip sold] is melt$ to fl[ ar\nd & sweat ?r\gh to make a /rong s\nd jo9t4 ,%\ld any difficulty be exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! sold] to fl[ readily1 apply a little m flux4 ,sold]+ ,corrod$ ,metal4--,:5 ! surface ( metal to be sold]$ is badly corrod$1 & x is difficult to obta9 a clean1 bright surface prep>atory to sold]+1 x %\ld be treat$ to a lib]al application ( raw spirits ( salts 7hydro*loric acid71 :i* w soon remove ! cause ( ! tr\ble1 b all traces ( ! acid %\ld be wa%$ away ) clean wat] be=e attempt+ ! sold]+4 ,x is also a good plan 9 ^! cases to t9 ! surface by repeat$ly rubb+ x ) a hot bit & sold]1 toge!r ) pl5ty ( kill$ spirits1 be=e proce$+ ) ! actual sold]+ process4 ,sold]+ ,small ,"w4--,:5 sold]+ two small awkw>d-%ap$ pieces toge!r1 !y c be held 9 position by press+ slightly into a piece ( damp clay4 ,:5 ! "w has sev]al sold]$ jo9ts x c be buri$ 9 s& or cov]$ ) clay to conf9e ! heat to ! "p be+ op]at$ on4 ,al?\gh c>e %\ld be tak5 to limit ! sold] to ! area ( ! jo9t1 !re are circum/ances 9 _m cases :]e x is difficult to prev5t "s ( x f /ray+4 ,to clean ?is (f1 resort may be _h to ! bl[pipe1 apply+ ! bla/ & quickly wip+ ! surface :ile ! sold] is 9 a molt5 /ate4 ,or x may be fil$ (f :ile cold & f9i%$ ) a scrap] or a knife & em]y-clo?4 ,or if !re is only a ?9 film ! knife or em]y-clo? alone w suffice4 ,sold]+ ,pipe ,jo9ts4--,mo/ jo9ts 9 lead1 t9 & compo4 pipe are n[ pref]ably made by means ( a bl[lamp1 or ) a m\? bl[pipe1 /rip-sold] be+ us$4 ,:5 mak+ ! jo9t1 heat ! pipe 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 &1 dipp+ ! sold] 9 ! flux1 /roke x ar\nd ! pipe to =m ! jo9t4 ,9 sold]+ block t9 or compo4 pipe ) a bit1 if ?is is too hot x w promptly melt ! pipe4 ,?is is also liable to happ5 ) v ?9 z9c4 ,! only way to prev5t ?is is to h ! bit j hot en\gh to melt ! sold]1 & n to let x re/ any l5g? ( "t on ! s(t metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #db & #dc4--,sold]$ ,bran* ,jo9t on ,t9 or ,compo4 ,pipe ,9 mak+ connections ) s(t pipe x is bett] to make use ( brass c\pl+s1 & ^! c be sold]$ m easily & safely by means ( ! bl[pipe ?an ) a bit4 ,fir/ clean & t9 bo? ends ( ! c\pl+1 & ) ! bit put a little r+ ( sold] r\nd ab\t #a_/h 94 f ! end1 z %[n at ,d 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,next ) a p5knife cut a hole 9 ! pipe ,b :]e ! connection is want$1 a neat fit = ! end ( ! c\pl+ tail ,a1 scrap+ ! surface ( ! pipe all r\nd ! hole4 ,ins]t ! c\pl+ 9 ! hole 9 a v]tical position4 ,spr9kle a little p[d]$ res9 r\nd ! jo9t1 or sme> x ) fluxite4 ,us+ ! flame ( a _s lamp or a c&le & a m\? bl[pipe1 heat ! upp] "p ( ! c\pl+1 be+ c>eful n to all[ ! flame to come too ne> ! s(t pipe4 ,! sold] w soon melt1 & run d[n into ! jo9t 7see ,d 9 ,fig4 #dc71 :5 ! flame mu/ be in/antly )drawn4 ,! same proce$+ c be adopt$ 9 sold]+ ! o!r portion ( ! c\pl+ into ! connect+ pipe4 ,if a v]tical position is inconv5i5t = ! c\pl+ x c /ill be sold]$ 9 t position1 & aft]w>ds twi/$ c>efully into ! desir$ position4 ,9 ,figs4 #db & #dc1 ,c repres5ts a wood plug = /eady+ ! c\pl+ tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,sold]+ ,birdcage ,wires ,sold]+ ,birdcage ,wires4--,= ?is job1 x is bett] to flatt5 out ! sold] to ! ?9ness ( br[n pap] & ) a pair ( scissors or %e>s to cut x into v n>r[ /rips4 ,take little pieces ab\t #a_/d 94 long1 & ) ! f+]s p9* !m r\nd ! wires j above ! jo9ts to be sold]$4 ,t\* ea* jo9t ) a small quantity ( kill$ _s1 & apply ! flame ( a small bl[lamp j und]nea? ! jo9t2 ?is w cause ! sold] to run 9 ! jo9t 9 an in/ant 7see ,fig4 #dd74 ,! flame is q free f smoke1 & does n discol\r ! wire 9 ! lea/1 z ! sold] w run long be=e ! wire is r$ hot4 ,e jo9t may ?us be neatly made4 ,) a ?9 piece ( copp] wire secur$ 9 a h&le z illu/rat$1 ! sold] may be drawn any way desir$ to make special jo9ts 9 awkw>d places1 :]e ! po9t ( an ord9>y sold]+ bit c\ld n be us$4 ,sweat+4--,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x 0 %[n h[ useful sweat+ is1 :5 accompli%$ ) ! help ( ! bit4 ,9 bl[pipe "w1 also1 ?is me?od is ( mu* utility1 p>ticul>ly 9 delicate "w :]e portions h to be jo9$ up 9 v precise relations4 ,aft] t9n+ ! jo9t faces ! pieces are secur$ 9 accurate relation%ip ) b9d+ wire1 or by bolts or screws or o!r means1 or a sold]+ clamp is employ$1 hav+ jaws :i* clamp ! pieces & enable !m to be adju/$ to ! exact locations desir$1 & ! flame !n br\ght to be> until ! "w is hot en\gh to cause ! sold] to run4 ,an example ( ! usefulness ( sweat+ occurs 9 ! mak+ or repair+ ( metal "n plates hav+ sup]impos$ brass1 copp]1 or o!r metallic lett]s4 ,! plate hav+ be5 flatt5$ & poli%$ & ! lett]s cut out1 fil$ & f9i%$1 ! backs ( ! lett]s mu/ be r5d]$ *emically clean by c>eful scrap+1 & are next 8t9n$0 ) s(t sold]4 ,! t9n+ may be done 9 sev]al ways1 b ! easie/ is by ! bl[pipe1 us+ res9 oil z flux4 ,ea* lett] may be plac$ 9 succession on a lump ( *>coal1 us+ pl5ty ( ! res9 oil1 & apply+ ! flame ( ! bl[pipe to ! surface :ile "o h& holds ! *>coal & ! o!r ! /rip ( sold]4 ,to prep>e ! sold]1 :i* is sold 9 %eets by ! p\nd1 cut "s /rips #a_/c 94 wide4 ,take hold ( "o end #a 94 f ! end1 & ) a %>p knife scrape ! surface1 draw+ ! knife edge d[nw>ds4 ,d n use ! la/ #b 94 ( ! /rip1 z ! h&l+ ( ?is "p makes x *emically unclean4 ,! great] "p ( ! sold] %\ld be ab\t ! edges ( ! lett]s4 ,! next op]ation is to sold] ! lett]s to ! brass plate4 ,z ! brass plate also mu/ be *emically clean1 ! p>ts :]e ! lett]s are to g %\ld be lightly scrap$4 ,hav+ rul$ p>allel l9es 9 ord] to get ! lett]s 9 l9e1 lay ea* d[n 9 its prop] place1 & draw a p5cil l9e r\nd x2 !n ) a scrap] j remove ! surface ( ! brass :]e ! lett]s are to be sold]$4 ,a ?9 piece ( sold] is n[ plac$ und]nea? ea* lett]1 & ea* 9 turn is fix$ 9 its place & secur$ ) a loop ( b9d+ wire screw$ up tight4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s to be done b to apply ! bl[pipe flame & res9 oil1 :5 ! sold] w run und]nea? ! lett]s4 ,x is bett] to set ! plate on "s small lumps ( *>coal4 ,:5 ! lett]s appe> to be set fa/1 remove ! plate & boil x 9 a solution ( pota%1 ab\t #a_/b lb4 to #a-a_/b gal4 ( wat]1 & clean 9 dry sawdu/4 ,! res9 oil may be made by dissolv+ res9 9 sweet oil by g5tle heat1 until ! oil w cause ! sold] to run4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,sold]+ ,alum9ium ,x is well kn[n to ^? accu/om$ to ! art ( sold]+ t !re is no sold] :i* op]ates ) alum9ium 9 ! same way t ord9>y sold]s op]ate ) t9plate1 copp]1 brass1 etc4 ,alum9ium sold]+ pres5ts s _m difficulties t x has be5 ?\ght desirable to devote a sep>ate *apt] to ! subject4 ,!re is m ?an "o reason = ! difficulty enc\nt]$4 ,alum9ium does n alloy readily ) sold]s at temp]atures z l[ z o!r metals require2 &1 secondly1 alum9ium alloys ) lead sold]s only ) great difficulty1 & ) b a small proportion ( lead at t4 ,consequ5tly1 lead sold]s are n suitable = alum9ium4 ,ano!r & ev5 m s]i\s reason is 9 respect to ! refractory oxide :i* =ms at sold]+ temp]atures1 & :i* is und\bt$ly responsible = mo/ ( ! tr\ble4 ,! sold]+ ( alum9ium is "o ( ! mo/ debat$ subjects 9 metal work+4 ,almo/ z soon z alum9ium 0 prep>$ on a l>ge scale1 x 0 discov]$ t ! ord9>y sold]s & fluxes did n answ] ) x4 ,ei!r pure t9 or pure z9c w wet alum9ium1 & c1 !re=e1 be us$ z sold] = x2 exp]i5ce %[s t ! t9 soon falls ap>t1 :ile z9c by itself is brittle & discol\rs badly4 ,! failure ( t9 is due to ! fact t x =ms ) ! alum9ium an alloy t is decompos$ by ! action ( ! oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! air4 ,al?\gh alum9ium is popul>ly suppos$ to be non-oxidisable1 really ! surface is cov]$ ) a v ?9 film ( oxide1 :i* prev5ts sold] f alloy+ ) ! metal4 ,alum9ium :5 heat$ rapidly oxidises4 ,x is cu/om>y to scrape ! metal be=e & dur+ ! sold]+2 & al?\gh "s work]s say t x is useless to scrape be=e sold]+ because oxidation imm$iately />ts aga91 x is obvi\s t a ?9 film is m easily p5etrat$ ?an a ?ick "o4 ,(t5 x answ]s to scrape ) ! copp] bit dur+ ! sold]+1 previ\sly rubb+ (f ! oxide ) em]y clo?4 ,! "w %\ld1 if possible1 be back$ ) asbe/os1 to keep up heat 9 ! metal4 ,to discov] :e!r ! surface is ?or\ghly t9n$1 wipe (f lightly1 & ! unt9n$ p>ts w !n soon become app>5t4 ,if ! oxide is n scrap$ (f be=eh&1 x w probably mix ) ! sold] & =m a scum1 :i* w make a neat fl[ difficult4 ,scum %\ld be lightly remov$ ) an old knife blade4 ,x is ess5tial to 8t90 e "p to be jo9$1 z ! sold] w n take on any spot t has n be5 rubb$ 9 "s way1 unless previ\sly coat$4 ,sold]s = ,alum9ium4--,hundr$s ( alum9ium sold]s h be5 inv5t$1 naturally all claim$ to be /rong & durable1 ! alloys conta9+ v>i\s metals1 su* z alum9ium1 antimony1 bismu?1 cadmium1 *romium1 copp]1 lead1 manganese1 silv]1 phosphor t91 t91 & z9c4 ,a table ( ! mo/ approv$ alum9ium sold]s is "h giv54 ,_m ( ! be/ sold]s = alum9ium conta9 a small proportion ( phosphor t94 ,a molt5 alloy conta9+ phosphorus plac$ on alum9ium t5ds to absorb oxyg5 f ! impure film z well z ! surr\nd+ air4 ,,compositions ,,( ,,alum9ium ,,sold]s ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,t9 ,z9c ,sil- ,alu- ,cop-,bis-,phos- ,cad- ,lead ,anti- v] m9- p] mu?phor mium mony ium ,t9 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #gbe #be -- #ae -- -- #a -- -- -- #hj #bj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ig -- -- -- -- #c -- -- -- -- #bj -- #aj #gj -- -- -- -- -- -- #ij -- -- #aj -- -- -- -- -- -- #fe #bg #ege #bbe -- -- -- -- -- -- #cj #bj -- -- -- -- -- #ej -- -- #ii -- -- -- #a -- -- -- -- -- #ij -- -- -- #i #a -- -- -- -- #f #gge -- #cbe -- -- -- -- #cbe -- -- #ij -- #f #d -- -- -- -- -- -- #hj -- #ab #h -- -- -- -- -- -- #hj -- #bj -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ij -- #e -- -- -- -- -- #e #hj #ag -- #bbe -- -- #ge -- -- -- #ge #bb -- #be -- -- #e -- -- -- #gj #be -- #c -- -- #b -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,9 mak+ ! sold]s "h giv51 x is advisable to avoid loss ( ! m easily volatile ( ! metals by adopt+ ! foll[+ precautions3 ,! alum9ium is melt$ fir/1 ! z9c is add$ 9 small pieces1 !n t9 9 small pieces1 & la/ly ! phosphor t94 ,inasmu* z z9c alloys ) alum9ium m readily ?an does any ( ! common metals1 sold]s t w readily 8t90 alum9ium g5]ally conta9 z9c 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! sold]s f\nd mo/ satisfactory conta9 z9c1 t91 alum9ium1 & a v small proportion ( phosphor t92 b !y d n run v freely or fuse s readily z ! ord9>y t9 & lead sold]s1 & x is necess>y to use a high] temp]ature1 s high1 9 fact1 t difficulty is f\nd 9 us+ ^! sold]s ) a sold]+ bit1 & x is g5]ally necess>y to use a bl[lamp4 ,:ile !re is no sold] t all[s alum9ium to be sold]$ ) ! facility & success exp]i5c$ ) o!r metals1 t ( ,ri*>d's is ext5sively us$1 & seems to h giv5 z good results z any4 ,x consi/s ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 ,t9 #bi p>ts z9c #aa p>ts1 alum9ium #a "p1 & #e p] c5t4 phosphor t9 #a "p--practically ! same z t giv5 9 ! la/ l9e ( ! table4 ,?is sold] has )/ood ! te/ ( "t bett] ?an _m ( ! pat5t$ sold]s1 & c be us$ 9 jo9t+ alum9ium to alum9ium1 also alum9ium to copp] or brass1 & )\t ! use ( a flux4 ,9 mak+ ! sold] x is advisable to avoid loss ( ! m easily volatile ( ! metals4 ,! alum9ium %\ld be melt$ fir/1 !n ! z9c1 t91 & phosphor t9 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,:5 us+ phosphorus in/ead ( phosphor t9 9 ! mak+ ( alum9ium sold]1 x w fir/ be necess>y to incorporate x ) ! t91 = :i* purpose take a l5g? ( #a-;94 gas b>rel1 atta* a screw$ cap at "o end1 & close ! opposite end ) a t9 7n t9-plate7 plug4 ,remove ! screw$ cap1 &1 hav+ c>efully dri$ betwe5 blott+ pap] ! prop] proportion ( phosphorus1 ins]t ! latt] 9 ! tube & replace ! cap4 ,n[ put ! plugg$ end ( ! tube into ! molt5 t92 ?is w melt ! plug ( t9 & s all[ ! phosphorus to come 9 contact ) ! molt5 metal4 ,! +ot ( phosphor t9 =m$ is aft]w>ds alloy$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1 z already expla9$4 ,fluxes = ,alum9ium4--,a l>ge v>iety ( fluxes h be5 tri$ ) m or less success1 namely1 borax1 copp] *loride1 li?ium *loride1 p>aff9 res91 sal-ammoniac1 /e>91 silv] *loride1 t9 *loride1 v5etian turp5t9e1 tall[1 vasel9e1 & z9c *loride4 ,/e>9 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ reliable ( !m all1 b no flux is ne$$ = sold]s conta9+ phosphorus1 :i* is itself a flux4 ,! ,sold]+ ,bit4--,! av]age temp]ature requir$ to make a satisfactory & ?or\ghly sweat$ jo9t 9 alum9ium is f #fej ,f4 to #fhj ,f41 accord+ to ! size ( ! article4 ,a bl[pipe or bl[lamp w be ( great value1 & is frequ5tly pref]able to a bit4 ,%\ld a bit be us$1 see t x is ( alum9ium or nickel in/ead ( copp]1 ! po9t & ! sold]$ jo9t be+ kept mu* clean] :il/ remov+ ! film ( oxide dur+ ! sold]+ op]ation4 ,ano!r advantage is t ! po9t or 8face0 ( ! bit c be 8t9n$0 ) ! same flux z t :i* is us$ = ! jo9t4 ,m c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! manipulation ( ! alum9ium sold]+ bit ow+ to its l[] melt+ temp]ature ?an ! copp] & nickel bits4 ,! ,process ( ,sold]+ ,alum9ium4--,! sold]+ ( alum9ium mu/ be p]=m$ quickly to be satisfactory1 z ! metal1 if n coat$ at ! fir/ attempt1 may be injuri\sly affect$4 8,t9n+0 ! p>ts requir$ to be sold]$ fir/ is ano!r important factor2 also ! di/ance ( ! ov]lap ( ! jo9ts %\ld n exce$ m ?an #a_/h 941 s z to all[ ! sold] to fl[ ?or\ghly ?r\gh2 x does n fl[ s readily z :5 sold]+ o!r metals4 ,9 sold]+ l>ge pieces1 :]e ! ord9>y ov]lap is n all[able1 & :]e a butt jo9t w\ld be weak1 fit ! pieces toge!r z at ,a 7,fig4 #de74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,alum9ium ,fitt$ ,toge!r = ,sold]+ ,sold] always fl[s t[>ds ! hotte/ po9t4 ,?is t5d5cy enables "o to direct its c\rse "u ! bl[pipe or bl[lamp flame4 ,a l>ge flame %\ld only be employ$ 9 8heat+0 up ! "p to be sold]$ on l>ge & heavy "w4 ,) a small po9t$ flame directly on ! sold] & ! p>ts on :i* x re/s1 ! sold] w fl[ quickly1 & leave a smoo?1 ev5 surface at completion4 ,"s alum9ium sold]s n[ on ! m>ket are s h>d t x is necess>y to heat !m & ! "w to r$ness be=e !y melt4 ,%eet alum9ium is easily w>p$ by heat1 & also contracts badly4 ,if ! sold] is too high 9 melt+ po9t1 ! metal mu/ also be br\ght to t po9t to cause prop] union4 ,if a hole is be+ fill$ 91 ! body ( ! metal on heat+ exp&s all r\nd & p>tly closes ! hole2 also bo? ! sold] & ! pat* :il/ hot are slightly exp&$4 ,9 cool+1 ! hole enl>ges1 ! pat* contracts1 & ! sold] also contracts2 cracks result4 ,! body ( ! "w1 if n exactly ev5ly made1 w w>p1 :i* is fatal to eng9e & simil> "w4 ,by us+ a l[-heat sold] 7melt+ po9t1 ab\t #gjj ,f47 ^! tr\bles %\ld be avoid$4 ,sold]+ ,alum9ium to ,copp] or ,brass4--,alum9ium c be readily sold]$ to copp] or brass ) f9e sold] 7#b p>ts ( t9 & #a "p ( lead73 t9 ! metals1 us+ /e>9 z flux previ\s to mak+ ! requir$ jo9t4 ,x is ess5tial t bo? ! 8t9n+0 & sold]+ %\ld be ?or\ghly done4 ,d n expect ! sold] to pull ! jo9t toge!r1 b see t ! jo9t is kept "u slight pressure until ! sold] is h>d1 o!rwise ! jo9t w n be p]fect4 ,_m workm5 refuse to place any reliance 9 su* jo9ts4 ,f9ally1 x seems v likely t1 at any rate z reg>ds factory "w1 ! use ( sold] on alum9ium objects w be :olly disc>d$ 9 ! future 9 fav\r ( fusion weld+ or autog5\s sold]+1 9 :i* process no alloy is int]pos$ betwe5 ! surfaces to be jo9$4 ,in=mation on ! subject is giv5 t[>ds ! end ( ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,wip+ ,jo9ts on ,lead ,pipes ,plumb]s make jo9ts 9 lead pipes ) s(t sold] :i*1 by means ( clo?s1 !y 8wipe0 to ! %ape %[n by ,fig4 #dg4 ,figs4 #df & #dg %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a copp]-bit or bl[pipe jo9t & a wip$ jo9t4 ,plumb]s' ,sold]4--,z already /at$1 co>se1 or plumb]s' wip+ sold]1 is made 9 ! proportion ( #b ( lead to #a ( block t94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! lead is q pure & free f any o!r metal1 z z9c-adult]at$ sold] w be difficult to use1 & jo9ts made ) x on s]vice pipes w n be s\nd4 ,9 melt+ up scrap lead = mak+ sold]1 only %eet lead %\ld be us$1 z ! lead us$ 9 ! manufacture ( %eets is mu* pur] & conta9s a great] proportion ( pure pig lead4 ,! scraps mu/ be q dry2 a damp piece dropp$ into a pot ( molt5 metal may cause a s]i\s accid5t1 z ! cont5ts ( ! pot may be bl[n out4 ,to te/ ! quality ( sold] :5 made1 heat x z = wip+ a jo9t2 ! correct temp]ature is det]m9$ by dropp+ a small piece ( newspap] into ! pot1 & if x quickly burns & cat*es alight ! sold] is "r = us+4 ,next p\r a small quantity on to a cold b dry /one or cem5t floor4 ,?is1 on cool+1 %\ld h a few spots on ! surface ab\t ! size ( a ?reep5ny-piece1 & on ! "u side %\ld be bright ne>ly all ov]4 ,sold] ( ?is quality w\ld1 if prop]ly us$1 /& any pressure )\t sweat+4 ,if ! sold] on ! /one or cem5t floor looks :ite on bo? sides1 or has a few small bright spots on ! "u side only1 x is too co>se & requires m t94 ,on no acc\nt %\ld ! sold] be heat$ to r$ness1 z ! t9 rises to ! top & quickly turns to dross 7see p4 #aa74 ,if ?is %\ld happ5 to sold] t is be+ us$ = s]vice pipes1 x %\ld be rectifi$ by add+ m t94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df ,fig4 #dg ,fig4 #df4--;,copp]-bit ,jo9t on ,lead ,pipe ,fig4 #dg4--,wip$ ,jo9t on ,lead ,pipe ,to purify a pot ( 8poison$0 sold] 7sold] t conta9s z9c71 melt1 /ir 9 a h&ful ( common sulphur or p[d]$ brim/one until ! mass is ( ! con/itu5cy ( wet s&1 heat to ! ord9>y work+ temp]ature1 & c>efully remove ! cru/ t =ms on ! top1 & ! sold] w !n be fit = use1 except t a little t9 mu/ be add$ to x4 ,! pres5ce ( z9c 9 sold] c be detect$ by ! difficulty ( =m+ jo9ts1 ! metal fall+ ap>t & work+ v lumpy1 & ! jo9ts :5 f9i%$ hav+ a dirty grey appe>ance4 ,:5 plumb]s' sold] is b\ght ready = use f ! manufactur]s1 x is usually 9 ! =m ( ca/s ( eight b>s1 weigh+ ab\t #ef lb4 to ! ca/4 ,! be/ only %\ld be us$1 z *eap sold] is frequ5tly ! cause ( mu* tr\ble if us$ on high-pressure "w1 & jo9ts made ) x are nev] ( good appe>ance4 ,to te/ manufactur]s' sold]1 wipe a jo9t ) x1 & if x is ( good quality x w "w easily at a good heat1 & :5 clean$ (f ) tall[ & a clean rag x %\ld be well cov]$ ) bright spots4 ,brass fitt+s %\ld n be t9n$ by dipp+ into ! sold] pot1 z brass be+ an alloy ( z9c & copp]1 ! z9c may be melt$ into ! pot ) disa/r\s results4 ,flux4--,! flux us$ is tall[1 no o!r flux answ]+ ! purpose s well1 al?\gh mutton fat has be5 us$ z a sub/itute4 ,plumb]s (t5 call tall[ 8t\*10 & !y frequ5tly use x 9 ! =m ( tall[ c&les1 ! cotton wicks com+ 9 h&y = pack+ sp9dles ( taps & slides ( gas p5dants4 ,an excell5t plumb]s' black1 soil or smudge1 c be b\ght 9 packets1 & requires only to be mix$ ) wat] be=e us+4 ,ord9>y black consi/s ( lampblack1 glue1 & wat]4 ,! black %\ld be fir/ mix$ ) wat]1 aft]w>ds add+ ! glue1 :i* mu/ h be5 previ\sly melt$ 9 a glue-pot4 ,simm] ?is = a "t to remove surplus wat]4 ,te/ ! black on a piece ( %eet lead & dry (f sl[ly4 ,if x *ips1 add m black1 b if x rubs (f add glue4 ,! black %\ld be made 9 small quantities1 z x det]iorates if kept4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,jo9ts prep>$ = ,jo9t+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,m>k+-gauge = use on ,pipe ,ends ,ano!r recipe is to place 9 ! pot #a_/d lb4 ( size or dilut$ molt5 glue & a little wat]2 g5tly w>m until ! size dissolves1 b d n boil4 ,mix #a_/b cub4 94 ( *alk gr\nd to a f9e p[d] ) a p5nywor? ( lampblack1 & !n ) a pallet knife incorporate "s ( ! melt$ size ) ! mixture on a flat bo>d or /one to =m a ?9 pa/e1 aft] :i* place ! :ole 9 ! pot1 w>m1 & /ir toge!r ?or\ghly4 ,te/ z be=e4 ,old & ?ick soil is ?9n$ ) port] or /\t1 b d n add too mu* or ! soil w become s /icky t ! sold] w cl+ to x4 ,a little br[n sug>1 or a little /\t1 add$ to ! black w make x m t5aci\s1 & cause x to dry ) a slightly glossy surface4 ,"s plumb]s soil _! jo9ts aft] !y are made1 ) black japan or ?9n$ ,brunswick black4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r ! effect is s good z :5 a 8dead0 black1 su* z giv5 by ord9>y soil1 is us$4 ,! ,clo?s4--,sold] clo?s = und]h& jo9ts %\ld be f #a_/b 94 to #g_/h 94 wid] ?an ! jo9t = :i* !y are to be us$1 & ab\t #a_/b 94 long] ?an !y are wide4 ,mo/ plumb]s use ! same clo?s = und]h& & upright1 b x is pref]able to use a special clo? = #d-;94 upright jo9ts ) ! l5g? #a 94 less ?an ! wid?4 ,= gett+ up ! heat ( an und]h& jo9t on a small pipe a l>g] clo? may be us$ until ! work] is suffici5tly skill$ 9 jo9t wip+ n to burn 8 f+]s :5 us+ ! correct size4 ,= #c-;94 jo9ts & upw>ds a l>ge clo? mu/ be us$ fir/ to get up ! heat1 ! wip+ clo? be+ kept w>m$ & ready = use :5 ! heat is "r4 ,?is l>ge clo?1 z us$ by "s plumb]s1 is (t5 long en\gh to lay on ! work]'s arm1 b ?is is clumsy to use :5 ! jo9t to be wip$ is 9 a cramp$ position1 & is liable to let ! pipe get burnt1 z ! metal x holds _c be readily di/ribut$ r\nd ! jo9t2 #h 94 by #i 94 is a good size to practise ) on ! b5*1 & z m skill is obta9$ x c be r$uc$ to #g 94 by #g 94 ,a diagonal /rap %\ld be /it*$ to ! back to take ! little f+] & ?umb2 ! position = ?is c be obta9$ by lay+ ! clo? face d[nw>ds & plac+ ! h& on x ) ! f+] slightly spread2 ! wri/ %\ld be ov] ! "r-h& corn]1 s t :5 ! clo? is be+ us$ ! edge is readily kept p>allel ) ! sides ( ! pipe4 ,bran* clo?s are made f #a-a_/b 94 to #b-a_/b 94 wide & ab\t half z long aga9 9 wid?4 ,^! clo?s %\ld be ab\t sev5 ?icknesses ( mat]ial1 all o!rs be+ n9e or t54 ,:ite molesk9 clo? is obta9$ f ! tailor's = mak+ ^! sold] clo?s1 is usually #a yd4 wide1 & co/s ab\t #cs4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,! usual me?od ( mak+ clo?s is to cut a /rip d[n ! selv$ge ( ! mat]ial & fold up ! /rip till ! desir$ size is obta9$2 x c !n be cut (f ! piece1 & any odd ends left may be us$ = pack+ a l>g] clo?4 ,ano!r me?od is to cut a squ>e piece ! requir$ size1 & !n fold x ?ree times ea* way4 ,?is makes a r clumsy clo? = small sizes1 b makes a v good 8blanket40 ,horizontal or ,und]h& ,jo9ts4--,= mak+ a successful wip$ jo9t1 ! ends to be jo9$ mu/ be a good fit & ! tempor>y fix+ mu/ be suffici5tly /rong s t ! jo9ts w n be brok5 9 ! process ( wip+4 ,^! two po9ts %\ld be always /rictly att5d$ to4 ,s]vice pipes %\ld be tightly press$ home "o 9 ! o!r1 ! cupp$ or female end %av$ inside ) a knife1 b n close 9 z is ! case ) soil or wa/e pipe2 ?is all[s ! sold] to fill up ! cavity1 :i* effectually prev5ts any t5d5cy to sweat4 ,?is pr9ciple is foll[$ up by "s plumb]s ) bran* jo9ts on small size s]vice pipes1 ! male end be+ work$ 9 ) a twi/+ motion1 to prev5t any sold] gett+ into ! pipes4 ,all o!r pipe jo9ts %\ld be clos$1 ! female end be+ tightly work$ 9 r\nd ! male end ( pipes z an extra precaution aga9/ ! sold] gett+ inside4 ,x is a good plan to black ! inside ( wa/e & soil pipes1 s t ! sold] w n adh]e if any %\ld get ?r\gh :5 mak+ ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #ej %[s ! wip+ ( an und]h& jo9t4 ,beg9n]s (t5 sp5d a lot ( "t practis+ 8roll+0 und]h& jo9ts4 ,?is is bad practice1 & w be ( no use 9 wip+ fix$ jo9ts4 ,little advice c be (f]$ ) reg>d to ! actual wip+1 con/ant practice be+ ! ess5tial ?+4 ,see t ! sold] is at ! correct heat4 ,?is is readily f\nd by dropp+ a piece ( newspap] into ! pot1 &1 if x quickly br[ns1 ! sold] is ready = use4 ,if ! sold] is us$ too hot x w quickly burn holes 9 ! pipe1 & if n hot en\gh a heat _c be prop]ly work$ up1 & ! clo? may get torn try+ to move h>d metal4 ,= und]h& jo9ts p\r on /eadily ) a circul> motion on to ! sides ( ! jo9t1 & on to ! soil at ! ends ( ! jo9t1 until suffici5t sold] 9 a molt5 condition c be br\ght up to cov] ! top ( ! jo9t ) ! clo?1 :i* is held und]nea? x2 !n p\r /eadily all ov] ! sold] until x runs back aga94 ,repeat ?is cont9u\sly until ! sold] c be work$ 9 a sub/antial body all r\nd ! jo9t )\t any h>d sold] be+ left at ! und]nea? edges4 ,give ! jo9t a la/ p\r on1 & wa% all ! sold] into ! clo?4 ,br+ ! sold] sm>tly on to ! top1 & quickly "w x all r\nd ! jo9t ) ! wip+ clo?1 us+ two f+]s ( "o h& = ! top & back edges1 & ! index f+]s ( bo? h&s = ! und]nea? "p4 ,! top ( ! jo9t %\ld be r\ghly %ap$ fir/ & ! surplus metal br\ght ov] ! back to ! und]nea?2 ?is %\ld be work$ into ! bottom ( ! jo9t ) a slight sideways motion4 ,! extra body ( metal %\ld be us$ to w>m up any h>d edges1 ! surplus be+ br\ght up aga9 to ! top & quickly ?r[n (f to ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,pipes ,support$ & ,secur$ on ,b5* = ,jo9t ,wip+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,f9i%$ ,wip$ ,jo9t ,upright ,jo9ts4--,^! are m try+ to ! work]'s pati5ce b are ! easi] to wipe4 ,aft] ! pipe has be5 fix$ 9 position1 a lead coll> %\ld be fix$ a few in*es bel[ ! jo9t to cat* ! surplus metal4 ,a piece ( /\t /r+ ti$ by a half hit* r\nd ! pipe w prev5t any leakage ( ! sold]4 ,9 work+ up ! heat ( an upright jo9t1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to "w /eadily r\nd ! jo9t s t ! heat is ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,aft] suffici5t metal has be5 spla%$ on ) ! spla% /ick & ladle1 & ! metal is at a mov+ heat1 r\ghly %ape up ! jo9t ) ! spla% /ick1 keep+ ! metal fairly high on ! jo9t2 !n spla% on a little m hot metal all r\nd4 ,a w>m clo? is n[ us$ to %ape up ! jo9t by br++ ! l[] metal up to ! high] "p1 aft] :i* />t to wipe fir/ ) ! h& z f> r\nd ! back ( ! jo9t z possible & br+ ! surplus metal to ! front1 ! clo? be+ held by ! ?umb & ! index & little f+]s2 !n *ange ! clo? to ! left h& & repeat ! op]ation4 ,! jo9t %\ld be f9i%$ (f at ! back1 al?\gh if quickly done ! f9i% (f %\ld n be app>5t4 ,! coll> mu/ n[ be tak5 (f & ! sold] x conta9s melt$ ) a plumb]'s iron4 ,a plumb]'s iron c be us$ to good purpose on ^! jo9ts1 especially if !y are out ( doors & ! wea!r is r\gh4 ,! iron mu/ be heat$ to r$ness & well fil$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #eb4--,mak+ ,upright ,wip$ ,jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,wood5 ,coll> or ,plat=m to ,cat* ,wa/e ,sold] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,lead ,coll> to ,cat* ,wa/e ,sold] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,pipes fully prep>$ = ,jo9t+ ,:]e possible1 all jo9ts to be wip$ 9 _! p]man5t position are sprung away f ! wall & tempor>ily fix$ ) /eel po9ts made f #a_/b-;94 hexagon /eel ab\t #i 94 long & drawn out to a po9t at "o end4 ,9 "s cases1 m p>ticul>ly soil-pipe "w1 ! pipes _c be fix$ away f ! wall2 a hole mu/ !n be cut into ! wall ab\t #d 94 back & ab\t #ab 94 squ>e to all[ ! jo9t to be prop]ly made at ! back4 ,wip$ ,jo9t betwe5 ,lead & ,ca/-iron ,pipes4--,9 wip+ a lead pipe to a ca/-iron pipe p]haps ! be/ practice is to file clean ! end ( ! ca/-iron pipe fir/ & !n coat ) pure t91 sal-ammoniac be+ us$ z a flux4 ,! pipe !n is wa%$ to remove ! sal-ammoniac1 & aft]w>ds 8ret9n$10 us+ res9 & grease z a flux4 ,a plumb]'s jo9t !n is wip$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x is necess>y to take great pa9s to make a good s\nd /rong jo9t betwe5 ! two metals1 b ev5 !n 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7x may be only a few ye>s7 ! iron w come out ( ! sold]4 ,! fir/ sign ( decay w be a r$ r+ ( iron ru/ %[+ at ! end ( ! jo9t4 ,?is ru/ w swell a little & cause ! end ( ! sold]+ to slightly curl outw>ds4 ,ev5tually ! ru/ w creep betwe5 ! sold] & ! iron & de/roy ! adhesion ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! jo9t w\ld ev5tually become a loose r+ on ! iron pipe1 b n on ! lead pipe1 z ! expansion ( lead & sold] d n diff] to any great ext5t4 ,only ^? metals t alloy toge!r c be satisfactorily jo9$ by s(t sold]+1 & ! sold] %\ld conta9 z great a proportion z possible ( ! metals to be unit$4 ,! illu/rations to ?is *apt] 7,figs4 #df to #ee7 are self-explanatory4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,h>d-sold]+ ) ,silv] ,sold] ,h>d-sold]+ is *iefly ( two k9ds1 braz+ & silv]-sold]+1 ! =m] be+ employ$ = iron & /eel1 ! sold] us$ be+ kn[n z 8spelt]10 a brass alloy :i* c be obta9$ 9 v>i\s degrees ( f95ess4 ,= copp]1 brass1 & nickel silv]1 alloys conta9+ silv] are ! be/ sold]s4 ,9 bo? =ms ( h>d-sold]+1 ! flux is borax4 ,! me?ods ( silv]-sold]+ v>y ) ! size ( ! "w4 ,a jewell] may hold ! "w 9 8 h&1 on ! end ( a piece ( b9d+ wire or on a squ>e ( *>coal1 ! heat be+ appli$ by a m\? bl[lamp f a horizontal gas jet1 z already describ$4 ,l>g] "w dem&s a flame ( great] int5sity1 & suffici5t air c be suppli$ only by a footbl[] or simil> device1 or1 z an alt]native1 f ! flame ( a suitable bl[lamp4 ,silv] ,sold]4--,?is c be pur*as$ at prices up to #cs4 #f;d4 or s p] ounce 9 %eet =m1 ab\t #a_/cb 94 ?ick4 ,:]e ! sold] is melt$ d[n by ! amateur1 a good way to obta9 ! %eet =m is to turn ! globule ( molt5 metal on to ! b5* & to place a flat iron on x2 b ! result w n be equal to a roll$ +ot4 ,an old %op me?od ( mak+ silv]-sold] is to melt up old silv] 7us+ curr5t silv] co9age is an exp5sive me?od ( obta9+ ! silv]1 & is said to be illegal7 ) "s brass p9s1 n ! iron ones s common n[4 ,accord+ to ,w4 ,h4 ,jubb1 two sold]s compulsory = silv] articles t h to be s5t to assay = hallm>k+ are3 7#a7 #ab p>ts /&>d silv] & #a "p brass2 7#b7 #f p>ts /&>d silv] & #a "p brass4 ,no4 #a has a l[ melt+ po9t1 & is t]m$ 8quick10 & ,no4 #b1 :i* requires a high] temp]ature1 is call$ 8/>k0 79 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 8f9e071 b ! use ( ?is t]m "h is mislead+4 ,no4 #b %\ld be us$ at ! fir/ heat+ & ,no4 #a at ! second4 ,^! %\ld make ideal sold]s = beg9n]'s use1 z ! *ances ( burn+ ! "w1 ev5 ?9 brass1 are almo/ nil4 7#c7 #b p>ts brass1 #a "p /&>d silv]2 7#d7 #e p>ts brass1 #b p>ts /&>d silv]4 ,:]eas ,nos4 #a & #b are 8silv] sold]s10 ,nos4 #c & #d are t]m$ 8,g]man silv] sold]s10 z !y are n s :ite & are us$ on ,g]man or nickel silv] 7an alloy ( copp] & nickel74 ,bo? ,nos4 #c & #d are good1 h a comp>atively l[ melt+ po9t1 are mu* less exp5sive ?an ,nos4 #a & #b1 &1 if pl5ty ( wet borax is us$1 w 8/rike up0 well4 ,no4 #c is recomm5d$4 8,/&>d silv]0 is ab\t #ie p] c5t4 pure silv]4 ,old 8/]l+ silv]0 is #ibe p] c5t4 pure silv]4 ,9 mak+ any ( ! above sold]s ! brass & silv] %\ld be melt$ toge!r1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! metal is clean be=eh&4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( sold] are made1 ! metals are sc\r$ ) em]y clo? be=e !y are put into ! crucible4 ,requisites = ,silv]-sold]+4--,= light jobs 9 silv]-sold]+ ! special tools & mat]ials requir$ are z foll[3 ,suitable gas jet or o!r flame1 m\? bl[pipe1 scrap]1 j> conta9+ a sulphuric acid 8pickle10 piece ( slate1 camel-hair bru%1 pieces ( lump borax1 two grades ( silv] sold]1 *>coal block1 iron b9d+ wire4 ,! pickle is made by p\r+ #a "p ( common sulphuric acid into #bj p>ts ( wat]1 & its function is to remove all dirt & borax f ! metal4 ,silv]-sold]$ articles %\ld n be ?r[n into ! pickle until !y are ne>ly cold1 z o!rwise ! jo9ts may crack1 b 9 ! prep>atory anneal+ 7t is1 s(t5+7 ( pla9 metal1 wire1 rod or tub+1 ! article may be put into ! pickle :5 hot--b take c>e ( ! spla%es6 ,plung+ hot copp] or brass into cold wat] does n h ! effect ( h>d5+ x4 ,be=e plac+ a job 9 ! pickle1 remove any iron b9d+1 z ?is is imm$iately attack$ by ! acid4 ,(t5 x is advisable to heat ! metal & put x 8?r\gh ! pickle0 be=e work+ on x1 especially 9 ! case ( tub+ t has be5 ly+ by = "s "t & has become dirty4 ,= heavi] "w1 a foot-bell[s & gas bl[pipe1 or else a bl[lamp1 are ess5tial4 ,an 8tna0 p>aff9 bl[lamp ) horizontal burn] w be f\nd q satisfactory1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 if a gas supply is available 9 ! work%op ! us] w f9d t a foot-bell[s & bl[pipe are m conv5i5t4 ,a bl[lamp or bl[pipe requires a suitable tray or 8=ge0 ( %eet-iron 9 :i* coke & odd pieces ( brick or tile may be laid & us$ to pack r\nd ! object :il/ ! flame is be+ play$ on ! "p to be sold]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ef & #eg4--;,clip = ,hold+ & ,apply+ ,silv] ,sold] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,prick] & ,spatula = ,consolidat+ ,jo9ts & ,apply+ ,sold] ,among ! small] additional tools t w be requir$ w be a clip to hold ! sold] 7,figs4 #ef & #eg7 & a brass prick] 7,fig4 #eh74 ,prep>+ ! ,borax ,flux4--,make up ! flux on ! slate by rubb+ on x a piece ( ! lump borax moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,?is pa/e may be appli$ ) ! camel-hair bru% to ! p>ts to be jo9t$4 ,! flux prev5ts ! oxidisation ( ! surfaces1 :i* w\ld resi/ ! amalgamation ( ! metals & ! sold]4 ,! ,me?od ( ,silv]-sold]+4--,9 h>d-sold]+ ) silv] sold]1 fir/ file or scrape ! p>ts bright1 & cov] !m & ! sold] ) ! borax pa/e4 ,heat g5tly at fir/ s z to h>d5 ! borax2 !n cont9ue to heat by bl[pipe until a r$ heat is rea*$1 at :i* ! sold] w run4 ,! secret is to bl[ cont9u\sly until ! sold] runs1 & n to /op half-way4 ,= sold]+ a silv] wat* case1 an ord9>y easy-runn+ silv] sold]1 :i* melts at a l[] heat ?an silv]1 w d4 ,b to make sure1 %r$ ! sold] into v ?9 /rips1 & apply pl5ty ( borax to !m z well z to ! jo9t to be unit$4 ,use ! bl[pipe g5tly at fir/ s z to bake ! borax1 !n heat ! case all ov] almo/ to ! melt+ po9t ( ! sold]1 & direct ! flame to ! "p to be sold]$ until ! sold] runs & gli/5s4 ,cease bl[+ in/antly1 & plunge ! case into a solution ( sulphuric acid #a "p & wat] #aj p>ts1 to :it5 x2 !n wa% 9 hot wat] & dry 9 sawdu/4 ,be c>eful to remove all /eel spr+s be=e sold]+ ! case4 ,sold]+ ,small ,"w ) ,paillons4--,^! are small squ>es1 say1 #a_/h 941 ( %eet silv] sold]1 made by us+ ! snips z 9 ,fig4 #fa1 & prep>$ by well cov]+ ) ! borax pa/e4 ,ea* paillon is plac$ 9 position ) ! tip ( ! bru%1 ?is job requir+ a little practice4 ,! sold] %\ld be clean1 & if n1 %\ld be made s by pass+ ?r\gh ! fire & pickl+4 ,! "w ) ! paillons 9 position %\ld be sl[ly heat$ by bl[+ ! gas jet on a "p ( ! job f>!/ away f ! sold]2 ! borax w dry1 & %\ld ! sold] h mov$1 replace x ) a suitable tool or ! po9t ( ! wet camel-hair bru%4 ,! heat mu/ n be appli$ too sudd5ly at fir/1 o!rwise ! borax w boil up & pu% (f ! pieces ( sold]4 ,! heat may be increas$ :5 ! bubbl+ has ceas$4 ,d n hold ! "w too f> away1 or x w get dirty 9 ! smoke ( ! flame1 or yet too ne>1 else ! gas w n be us$ to advantage4 ,z ! "w beg9s to get hot1 sl[ly "w ! flame t[>ds ! jo9t until ! sold] melts & runs into ! jo9t4 ,give x n[ a little extra heat to get ! sold] ?or\ghly d[n into ! crevices1 & !n let ! "w cool d[n4 ,:5 ne>ly cold twi/ (f ! iron b9d+ wire & put ! job into ! pickle4 ,leave ! "w 9 ! pickle ab\t t5 m9utes1 :5 all ! borax w be dissolv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,section ?r\gh ,pipes prep>$ = ,silv]-sold]+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,pipes prep>$ = ,silv]-sold]+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,cutt+ ,up ,silv] ,sold] into ,paillons ,l>g] ,"w4--,an example ( silv]-sold]+ l>g] "w is ! jo9+ toge!r ( two pipes1 "o small] ?an ! o!r4 ,! be/ c\rse to adopt is to file or scrape ! end ( ! small] & ! inside ( ! l>g] 7ream+ & fil+ !m if necess>y7 until a good fitt+ jo9t is obta9$1 z 9 ,figs4 #ei & #fj4 ,a /rip ( sold] is !n cut (f1 &1 aft] ! jo9t is well coat$ ) borax pa/e1 ?is sold] may be w\nd r\nd ! small] pipe4 ,if ! jo9t is sold]$ 9 a v]tical position1 ! l>g] pipe %\ld be ! l[]4 ,! heat %\ld be cons]v$ by lay+ ! "w 9 ! coke & build+ ! same r\nd1 or1 if ! "w is too l>ge or ! jo9t 9 an awkw>d "p ( ! pipe1 a %ield ( t9 plate or iron %\ld be plac$ beh9d ! jo9t s t ! flame is ?r[n back on to ! "w4 ,%\ld ! pipe be atta*$ 9 close proximity to ! jo9t to a heavy piece ( metal1 !n w>m ?is metal up fir/1 o!rwise all ! heat w travel to ?is "p1 & ! "w w take mu* long] to get to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,9 all cases :]e "o "p ( ! jo9t is ( heavi] sub/ance ?an ! o!r1 t "p %\ld receive ! great] am\nt ( att5tion f ! flame4 ,qu5*+ ,silv]-sold]$ ,"w4--,_m craftsm5 object to ! cool+ ( ! "w by plung+ x into wat] or pickle :il/ x is hot2 b no damage or crack+ ( ! jo9t occurs1 x is ?\ght1 if ! "w is n plung$ :5 x is r$ hot or any:]e ne> r$ hot4 ,plung+ into a pickle c]ta9ly cracks ! burnt-9 borax1 :i* c be readily remov$ & ! jo9t exam9$ to bett] advantage4 ,_m a silv]-sold]$ jo9t has be5 pass$ z q s\nd :5 x has only be5 ! borax t has be5 /opp+ ! int]/ices1 & only aft] x has be5 plac$ "u s]vice = "s "t does ! faulty jo9t make itself app>5t4 ,silv]-sold]+ _c be done on "w t has be5 previ\sly s(t-sold]$ unless ! s(t-sold]$ "p is fir/ cut away2 b1 ( c\rse1 s(t-sold]+ c be readily accompli%$ aft] silv]-sold]+ or braz+ s long z ! "w is clean & all burnt borax is fir/ remov$4 ,remov+ ,sold]+ ,m>ks4--,sold] w run away f a "p ( a jo9t in/ead ( runn+ into x :5 ! edges ( ! jo9t h be5 imp]fectly clean$ prep>atory to ! application ( flux & sold]2 also1 if "s dirt has got into ! flux1 or on ! paillons ( sold] employ$4 ,ano!r cause is unequal heat+ ( ! jo9t1 or all[+ x to exp& too mu* :il/ be+ heat$4 ,! result+ fire m>ks may be remov$ by w>m+ ! articles on a pan ov] gas1 & plung+ !m :il/ w>m into ! sulphuric acid pickle4 ,or ! m>ks may be remov$ 9 a hot & /rong solution ( potassium cyanide1 & ! poli% r5ew$ by a light poli%+ ) a revolv+ swansd[n mop & r\ge composition4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,sold]+ ,gold & ,silv] ,jewell]y ,two me?ods ( sold]+ are 9 common use among jewell]s & silv]smi?s4 ,s(t-sold]+ is done ) f9e sold] 7#a ( lead & #b ( t971 & is us$ = articles t w n be> mu* heat+4 ,! metal is fil$ or scrap$ clean & bright :]e ! sold] is want$ to run1 kill$ _s is appli$1 & a little sold] is run on ! surfaces by apply+ g5tle heat4 ,hav+ ?us be5 8t9n$10 ! p>ts are plac$ toge!r & heat appli$ until !y unite1 a _s lamp or a bl[pipe be+ us$4 ,?is is ! sweat+ process1 already ref]r$ to a numb] ( times4 ,= sold]+ cat*es & jo9ts to *eap metal broo*es t h be5 silv]-plat$ or gilt1 ! same sold] is us$ z 9 ! above4 ,bo? cat*es & jo9ts c be *eaply pur*as$1 h>d-sold]$ on to small plates1 squ>e1 oval1 or cresc5t %ap$1 to suit all k9ds ( broo*es4 ,take "o ( ^! & hold x ) an old pair ( sold]+ tweez]s 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 & give x a coat+ ( sold] on its "u side4 ,fir/ wet x ) ! kill$ _s1 & !n place a small portion ( sold] on x1 & hold x 9 ! flame until x fl[s all ov] ! plate4 ,x c be assi/$ to fl[ ev5ly by a copp] wire1 :i* is also useful to apply ! acid flux4 ,hav+ 8t9n$0 ! cat*1 clean 7by scrap+ bright7 ! broo*1 & place ! cat* 9 position4 ,direct a g5tle bl[pipe flame to x until x is se5 to settle d[n & ! sold] fl[s4 ,!n wa% x imm$iately 9 w>m wat] to remove ! acid & dry 9 sawdu/1 kept 9 a w>m place4 ,use z little sold] z possible1 & only clean ! broo* :]e ! sold] is requir$ to run4 ,att5tion to ^! po9ts w ensure a neat job4 ,h>d-sold]+ on jewell]y1 etc41 is done ) silv] or gold sold]1 & requires ! articles to be heat$ to a bright r$4 ,! p>ts are clean$1 & a pa/e ( borax & wat] is appli$ z a flux4 ,a small piece ( ! sold] is also dipp$ 9 ! borax pa/e & laid ov] ! jo94 ,g5tle heat is fir/ appli$ to bake ! borax h>d1 !n by ! use ( a bl[pipe ! p>ts are rais$ to a r$ heat until ! sold] runs4 ,! in/ructions giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] apply g5]ally4 ,) reg>d to gold-cas$ jewell]y1 x is useless to attempt to h>d-sold] gold t has ! lea/ trace ( s(t sold] or lead on x2 ! heat causes ! lead to heat into & rot ! gold1 & ! articles w tumble to pieces4 ,! only way to m5d1 say1 a gold-cas$ lead r+ is by s(t-sold]+ a t9 b& or plate ov] x1 apply+ ! heat v g5tly to avoid melt+ ! lead inside4 ,= h>d-sold]+ a gold r+ )\t discol\r+ x1 use sold]s conta9+ gold1 ! preci\s metal 9 ! sold] be+ aft]w>ds laid b>e by a process ( anneal+ & pickl+4 ,! sold]s are prep>$ to suit ! quality ( ! gold to be sold]$1 s t !y may 8col\r0 well & ?us hide ! jo9t4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( col\r$ sold]s3 ,be/ sold]3 ,f9e gold1 #ab-a_/b p>ts2 f9e silv]1 #d-a_/b p>ts2 copp]1 #c p>ts4 ,m$ium3 ,f9e gold1 #aj p>ts2 f9e silv]1 #f p>ts2 copp]1 #d p>ts4 ,common3 ,f9e gold1 #h-a_/b p>ts2 f9e silv]1 #f-a_/b p>ts2 copp]1 #e p>ts4 ,! gold sold] is ca/ 9 long +ots1 roll$ ?9 & flat1 & cut up or fil$ into du/1 & ?us appli$ to ! clean$ jo9ts1 us+ borax z a flux4 ,aft] ! jo9t has be5 clos$ "u a bl[pipe flame1 ! :ole r+ is anneal$ on an anneal+ plate to a dull r$ heat1 !n cool$1 pickl$ 9 acid1 & poli%$4 ,! film ( grease left by ! poli%+ process is wa%$ (f 9 hot soda wat]1 & ! r+ dri$ 9 hot sawdu/4 ,h>d-sold]$ r+s may be col\r$ ) a film ( electro-deposit$ gold4 ,if ! gold is ( common quality1 "u #ab-;c>at1 to remove any excess sold] make a mixture by r$uc+ to p[d] #a oz4 ( gre5 copp]as & #a_/b oz4 ( saltpetre & boil+ 9 #e oz4 ( wat]4 ,?is w cry/allise :5 cool4 ,r$issolve ! cry/als 9 eight times _! bulk ( muriatic acid4 ,= use1 add boil+ wat]1 & place ! gold 9 ! hot mixture4 ,= gold ( #ab-;c>at or ov]1 nitric acid & wat] 7#a "p ( acid to #b ( wat]7 w dissolve ! sold] )\t injur+ ! gold4 ,gold sold]s us$ on gold articles are made f gold ( ! quality ( ! article--say1 #ah- or #ae-;c>ats--to :i* is add$ #a_/ab? or m ( silv] & #a_/bd? or m ( copp]4 ,! quality ( ! sold] is always a trifle inf]ior to ! metal on :i* x is us$1 s t ! sold] may melt at a l[] heat ?an ! article4 ,! melt+ po9t ( #ah-;c>at gold is #aiie ,f41 ( #ae-;c>at #aiib1 & #i-;c>at #aigi1 :ile easy silv] sold] melts at ab\t #ahjb ,f4 ,?is %[s t al?\gh #i- or #ae-;c>at gold c\ld be us$ to sold] #ah-;c>at1 x is n possible to use #ah-;c>at to sold] #ae-;c>at4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to silv] & brass2 & ! quality ( ! sold] has to be kn[n be=e any attempt %\ld be made to c>ry out ! actual sold]+ ( an article4 ,ano!r important po9t is t ?9 gold articles1 l broo*es1 w n be> s h>d a sold] z ! same quality ( gold w d :5 made up solid1 z 9 ! case ( a bangle r+4 ,sold] = #ah-;c>at & #ae-;c>at is made ?us3 ,take #a dwt4 ( ! gold1 & add #b gr4 f9e silv] & #a gr4 f9e copp]2 melt well toge!r1 & roll out ?94 ,= #ab-;c>at1 ! addition ( #c gr4 f9e silv] & #a ( f9e copp] to ! dwt4 is advisable2 :ile = #i-;c>at ! mo/ useful sold] is made f #a "p f9e gold1 #a "p f9e copp]1 & #b p>ts f9e silv]4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 h>d-sold]+ gem jewell]y1 z ! /ones are likely to be injur$4 ,diamonds are ! only /ones t x is safe to heat to r$ness 9 sold]+4 ,fancy col\r$ /ones1 su* z rubies1 em]alds1 sapphires1 topazes1 ame?y/s1 g>nets aquam>9es1 or pa/es mu/ n be made hot4 ,a r+ ) any ( ^! /ones may be h>d-sold]$ at ! back if ! /ones are cov]$ up ) a pad ( wet tissue pap] to keep !m cool2 b if ! sold]+ has to be done any:]e ne> ! /ones1 !y mu/ all be tak5 out by un-sett+4 ,articles set ) pe>ls1 turquoises1 opals1 or cat's-eyes 7^! ?+s are n really 8/ones07 w be> no heat :atev]1 & mu/ all be tak5 out be=e sold]+4 ,9 cases :]e x is v desirable to leave ! /ones 9 place1 9 ord] to prev5t _! bur/+ :5 heat is appli$ to ! jewell]y1 cut a juicy potato into halves & make a holl[ 9 bo? portions1 9 :i* ! "p ( ! r+ hav+ jewels may fit exactly4 ,wrap ! jewell$ portion 9 s(t pap]1 place x 9 ! holl[1 & b9d up ! clos$ potato ) b9d+ wire4 ,n[ sold] ) easy-fl[+ gold sold]1 ! potato be+ held 9 ! h&4 ,ano!r me?od is to fill a small crucible ) wet s&1 bury ! jewell$ portion 9 ! s&1 & sold] 9 ! usual way4 ,to re/ore ! col\r ( gold or silv] aft] sold]+1 dip ! articles :ile hot into pickl+ acid 7#a "p ( sulphuric acid to #aj p>ts ( wat]72 or put !m 9 a little acid 9 a pan & boil !m 9 x4 ,"h1 aga91 diamonds are ! only /ones t may be dipp$ hot1 & !re is a slight risk ev5 ) !m4 ,pe>ls1 etc41 mu/ n t\* ! acid1 ei!r hot or cold4 ,aft] heat+ & pickl+1 all gold is ( a pale col\r1 & ! common] ! gold ! pal]4 ,h[ev]1 #ah-;c>at gold may be re/or$ to its orig9al col\r 9 a few mom5ts by buff+ ) rott5/one & oil on a lea!r buff or on a bru%1 & foll[+ ) r\ge 9 ! same way2 or x may be burni%$ if ! nature ( ! article p]mits ?is4 ,poor] qualities ( gold may be re/or$ to _! bright col\r by ! same means1 b ?is takes long]4 ,mo/ #i-;c>at articles are gilt to improve _! col\r1 & aft] sold]+ mu/ be re-gilt to re/ore _! orig9al appe>ance4 ,,*apt] ,x ,braz+ ,h>d-sold]+ by braz+ ) spelt] is us$ to a v great ext5t 9 ! metal indu/ries1 especially 9 ! manufacture ( cycles & motor-c>s4 ,al?\gh sev]al me*anical jo9ts h be5 tri$ 9 cycle manufacture1 ! greate/ numb] ( jo9ts are made by means ( braz+ sold]4 ,a jo9t made 9 ?is mann] is almo/ z /rong z a weld1 & ! /eel tube itself w (t5 break "u a /ra9 & ! braz$ jo9t rema9 intact4 ,copp] & brass tubes1 :5 well braz$1 w /& a pressure ( #dj lb4 or m p] squ>e in*4 ,spelt]4--,h>d braz+ sold] 7spelt]7 is some:at difficult to make4 ,! metals h to be melt$ 9 a crucible & ca/ at a prop] heat1 & :ile 9 a c]ta9 condition h to be p\nd$ or punn$ 9 a mort>4 ,?is dis9tegrates ! mat]ials & =ms cry/als ( v>i\s sizes1 "s be+ z co>se z :eat gra9s1 v>y+ 9 f95ess d[n to t kn[n z #j #j1 :i* is v f9e du/ inde$1 & us$ only on v p>ticul> "w1 su* z tub+ #a_/h 94 or #c_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,! quantity ( #j #j f #a cwt4 ( sold] is v small1 ! correspond+ quantity ( co>se gra9s be+ mu* l>g]2 s t unless a quantity is requir$1 x is *eap] to buy ?an to make4 ,x is necess>y to employ ! pure/ mat]ials1 & 9 pur*as+ h>d sold] x is advisable to /ate ! purposes = :i* x is to be us$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a sold] %\ld melt at a heat j "u ! melt+ po9t ( ! metals to be unit$4 ,n[1 9 ironwork1 or ) ! /eel us$ 9 cycle "w1 ?is is impossible1 = ! melt+ po9ts ( ^! two metals are too high to be effect$ by ! buns5 bl[pipe or braz+ he>?2 b to jo9 two metals 9 :i* ! melt+ po9t approximates v closely to t ( ! sold] requires great c>e 9 ord] t ! metals may n be fus$ & ! jo9 spoil$4 ,! reason :y ! melt+ po9t ( sold] %\ld be ab\t ! same z t ( ! metals be+ jo9$ is app>5t :5 x is rememb]$ t heat & cold1 vibration & concussion1 t5sion & compression1 h v consid]able effect on metals1 & t if ! expansion & contraction ( ^! "u work+ conditions is n ne>ly alike1 disruption or op5+ ( ! jo9t w foll[4 ,h>d sold]s or spelt]s are ma9ly compos$ ( copp] & z9c--t is1 !y are brass alloy--! quality mo/ ext5sively us$ consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( copp] & z9c4 ,z ! quantity ( copp] 9 ! sold] is increas$1 s ! fus+ or melt+ po9t is rais$4 ,ord9>y copp] melts at ab\t #b1jjj ,f4 & z9c at ab\t #hdj ,f41 & a sold] compos$ ( equal p>ts ( ea* metal has !re=e a high melt+-po9t4 ,a v h>d sold] consi/s ( equal p>ts ( silv] & copp]4 ,g5]ally1 a spelt] ( diff]5t composition is requir$ = iron1 copp]1 & brass "w1 t = ! latt] be+ requir$ m readily fusible ?an t = ! =m]4 ,a suitable spelt] = ironwork is "o compos$ ( #b p>ts copp] & #a "p z9c2 a spelt] = copp] consi/s ( #c p>ts copp] & #b p>ts z9c2 :ile equal p>ts ( copp] & z9c make a suitable spelt] = ord9>y brass "w4 ,if a v l[ melt+ po9t be requir$1 a little silv] %\ld be add$ to ! la/-giv5 spelt]4 ,! ,flux4--,borax is ! be/-kn[n flux = braz+4 ,x is b5eficial1 h[ev]1 to h ! borax calc9$ 7fus$71 z x settles d[n to its "w imm$iately :5 appli$ to ! hot metal1 :]eas uncalc9$ borax has a t5d5cy to swell & fall (f ! "w4 ,spelt] is 9 ! =m ( fil+s1 a ?9 /ick1 or wire4 ,fil+s are apt to be bl[n f ! "w4 ,braz+ is a v useful1 &1 if prop]ly done1 reliable1 me?od ( jo9+ two pieces ( iron4 ,a braz$ jo9t is consid]ably /rong] ?an a s(t-sold]$ "o1 & easily resi/s temp]atures t w\ld cause ord9>y sold] to run4 ,! process is n at all difficult if !re is suffici5t heat1 &1 = ^? :o h no gas laid on1 ! pur*ase ( a p>aff9 tna braz+ lamp c be recomm5d$4 ,) ?is lamp1 ( c\rse1 ! bell[s is n us$1 & only an iron he>? ) asbe/os cubes is want$2 b gas %\ld be us$ if available4 ,! ,me?od4--,= satisfactory braz+1 ?or\ghly clean ! surfaces to be jo9$1 fir/ ) a file & !n ) em]y-clo?1 &1 if necess>y1 b9d !m toge!r ) ?9 iron wire4 ,a flux ( borax & wat] mix$ up into a ?ick pa/e is sme>$ r\nd ! jo9t1 :i* %\ld !n be w>m$ to get rid ( ! moi/ure4 ,heat ! metal to a :ite heat1 dip ! spelt] into ! borax pa/e1 & apply to ! "p to be jo9$1 rubb+ r\nd ! jo9t until ! brass is se5 to run1 :5 ! heat c be cut (f4 ,! "w %\ld be almo/ cov]$ 9 ! asbe/os cubes1 & ! spelt] appli$ all r\nd & n only 9 "o place2 failures to unite ! p>ts mo/ly result f insuffici5t heat or clean+ ( ! p>ts4 ,braz+-lamps4--,^! lamps are con/ruct$ to burn b5zol9e or p>aff91 & ! m p[]ful types are fitt$ ) pumps s t air pressure may be ex]t$ on ! oil4 ,! p>aff9 or b5zol9e is ?us =c$ into ! burn]1 & by pass+ ?r\gh ! previ\sly heat$ tubul> coil is conv]t$ into gas1 :i* issues =? out ( ! gas nipple1 mixes ) air1 & !n burns ) a blue atmosph]ic flame ( high temp]ature4 ,aft] fill+ ! lamp1 a tor* %\ld be held "u ! burn] to vaporise ! oil1 & ?us ignite ! lamp1 aft] :i* pressure is appli$ by means ( ! pump4 ,d n />t pump+ too soon--t is1 be=e ! burn] is suffici5tly hot to vaporise ! oil--or ! oil itself w be =c$ ?r\gh ! gas nipple4 ,! flame may be regulat$ at w1 to suit ! "w 9 h&1 aft] ! burn] has become ?or\ghly hot to set ! lamp fairly go+4 ,:5 braz+1 lay ! article to be braz$ on "s brok5 coke1 *>coal1 or firebrick1 & if ! article is comp>atively heavy1 cov] x ov] ) "s small pieces 7to cons]ve ! heat7 except :]e ! braz+ is requir$4 ,aft] apply+ flux & spelt] to ! previ\sly clean$ metal1 direct ! flame ( ! lamp on x1 g5tly at fir/1 until ! spelt] fuses & makes ! jo9t4 ,gas ,bl[pipe = ,braz+4--,braz+ bl[pipes %\ld be fitt$ ) a comb9ation air & gas regulator1 by means ( :i* bo? ! size & nature ( ! flame c be adju/$ to suit ! "w 9 h&4 ,:5 *oos+ a bl[pipe x is always bett] to make "o r l>g] ?an ! "w 9 h& necessitates--! flame c be r$uc$ :5 requir$2 by ?is means a m>g9 ( res]ve is provid$ :i* is useful 9 em]g5cies4 ,a bl[pipe ^: dim5sions are #aj 94 long1 hav+ a #e_/h-;94 gas supply r$uc$ to #g_/af 94 at ! nozzle1 & a #c_/h-;94 air supply r$uc$ to #c_/af 94 at ! nozzle1 w braze ord9>y lat* keys & o!r simil> "w if us$ ) a ,no4 #c size bl[]4 ,z already /at$1 a p>aff91 petrol or b5zol9e bl[lamp is a *eap & effective app>atus1 especially :]e ! quantity ( "w to be done does n w>rant ! outlay ( a foot bl[]1 gas bl[pipe1 etc41 b gas has advantages ov] ! liquid fuel1 inasmu* z ! bl[pipe is m "u control4 ,! quantities ( gas & air c be readily & m delicately adju/$ dur+ ! actual braz+ process1 !n z soon z ! spelt] fuses & ! gas is turn$ (f1 ! /ream ( cold air soon c\nt]acts any excessive heat4 ,mak+ a ,gas ,braz+ ,he>?4--,! braz+ he>? c be b\ght ready-made1 or c be *eaply put toge!r by ! work] himself1 ! necess>y mat]ials consi/+ ( two bell[s1 "s lead pip+1 & an old pack+ case to support a l>ge size fry+-pan--ab\t #a ft4 #d 94 by #a ft4 ,! bell[s are fix$ "o above ! o!r1 int]connect$ by a fix$ lead pipe1 "o pair ( bell[s work$ by ! foot pump+ air into ! pair above x1 f :i* ! air is tak5 to a buns5 bla/ burn] by flexible tube4 ,?is buns5 burn] c also be easily & *eaply made1 & z ?is works v well & w be f\nd useful = bo? sold]+ & braz+1 ! foll[+ h9ts on mak+ x are giv54 ,fir/1 get two ord9>y l>ge h\se bell[s ab\t #a ft4 squ>e1 or l>g] if possible2 ! l>g] ! bett]4 ,next a good /rong pack+ case ab\t #b ft4 long by #a ft4 #c 94 high & #aj 94 wide is requir$4 ,"o end ( ! box w =m ! base1 & to make x /eadi] two #a-;94 bo>ds %\ld be screw$ across to protrude ab\t #f 94 on ea* side1 ! front "o be+ consid]ably wid]1 z c be se5 at ,t 7,fig4 #fb71 :i* %[s ! app>atus ) "o ( ! case sides remov$4 ,! pack+ case prop] is d5ot$ by ! lett] ,a2 ! "p ,a ,s ,a 0 =m]ly ! bottom ( ! case1 b is n[ ! back2 & ! top ,a ,v ,a 0 ! end ( ! pack+ case4 ,half-way betwe5 ! top & bottom a %elf ,b %\ld be fix$1 hav+ a l>ge hole cut out ( ! middle at ,g to accommodate ! union piece 7se5 9 section71 :i* holds ! lead air-pipe communicat+ f ! l[] bell[s to ! upp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,home-made ,braz+ ,he>? ,9 ! back1 ne> ! bottom1 at ,s1 cut a hole = ! nozzle ( "o ( ! bell[s1 & above ! %elf cut ano!r hole at ,s#a to take ! nozzle ( ! o!r bell[s4 ,! bottom bell[s ,c %\ld h ! top h&le ext5d$ by a piece ( /\t b5t iron ,n to act z a p$al1 & %\ld be screw$ to ! base4 ,a c5tral hole ab\t #c 94 9 diamet] %\ld be cut at ,p to all[ ! air to rea* ! valve4 ,n[ get a piece ( lead pipe #a_/b 94 inside diamet]1 &1 hav+ cut d[n ! nozzle to j "u t diamet]1 =ce ! m\? ( ! pipe ov] x z at ,s1 & b5d ! pipe ,f z %[n1 to rea* ! c5tre ( ! %elf ,b & ent] ! hole ,g until flu% ) ! top4 ,remove ! lead pipe & get a block ( wood ab\t #c 94 squ>e4 ,cut (f ! corn]s & bore a hole 9 ! middle1 s t ! lead pipe w j pass ?r\gh x1 & c\nt]s9k ! hole4 ,broa* out ! m\? ( ! lead pipe until x becomes bell-%ap$ & fits ! block ( wood1 s t its edge is flu% ) ! wood :5 press$ h>d aga9/ x4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n at ,g1 :]e ! d>k %ad+ repres5ts ! wood block4 ,cut a lea!r wa%] ! size ( ! block1 ) a #a_/b-;94 c5tral hole1 & lay ?is ov] ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! top bell[s :]e ! lea!r flap valve is4 ,bore two holes 9 ! wood block1 & screw ?is d[n tightly to ! bottom ( ! bell[s1 s t ! bell-m\? ( ! lead pipe faces ! hole & has ! lea!r betwe5 x & ! block4 ,?is %\ld make an air-tight jo9t = ! fix+ ( ! pipe to ! bell[s4 ,next1 pu% ! nozzle ( ! bell[s ?r\gh ! hole ,s#a1 & screw ! bell[s d[n tightly to ! %elf ,b4 ,jo9 ! lead pipe to ! nozzle ( ! bottom bell[s1 & make an air-tight jo9t ) glue & tape b\nd r\nd4 ,betwe5 ! top ( ! upp] bell[s ,d & ! top ( ! pack+ case at ,v1 a /\t s(a spr+ ,e is fix$ to keep ! top bell[s %ut d[n tight till air is pump$ 9 f ! bell[s bel[4 ,f a screw ne> ! top ( ! case /ret* a h\se-bell coil spr+ ,m1 & atta* its l[] end to ! foot-plate or p$al ,n4 ,?is spr+ t5ds to keep ! l[] bell[s op54 ,:5 pressure is put on ! foot-plate ,n1 air is pump$ f ! l[] to ! upp] bell[s1 & !nce along ! flexible pipe ,r to ! buns5 bla/ nozzle describ$ 9 detail lat]4 ,if x 7 n = ! upp] bell[s1 ! air w\ld come to ! nozzle 9 puffs1 b ! spr+ ,e keeps ! pressure con/ant1 & a /eady bla/ is secur$4 ,! rubb] pipe ,r %\ld be ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* ! h& conv5i5tly1 & all[ room = movem5t4 ,! he>? ,k c be made f %eet-metal1 ) ! edges b5t upw>ds to =m a tray2 or an old fry+-pan w answ] v well4 ,:i*ev] is employ$1 f\r iron /ays or legs ,h mu/ be us$ to raise x above ! top ( ! pack+ case z %[n4 ,^! legs %\ld be screw$ at "o end to ! sides ( ! case1 & at ! o!r to ! pan1 & if a fry+-pan is us$1 ! h&le may be cut & b5t to =m a hook z at ,l2 x !n acts z a support = ! bla/ nozzle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,bl[pipe or ,bla/ ,gas ,nozzle = ,braz+ ,he>? ,= use ) ! braz+ he>?1 a bla/ gas nozzle on ! buns5 pr9ciple is requir$1 & ?is is easily made f two pieces ( gas-pip+1 a "r-angle jo9t1 & two m\?pieces to take flexible pipes4 ,fir/1 get #a ft4 ( #c_/d-;94 brass 7or iron7 pipe & an elb[1 int]nally ?read$ at bo? ends4 ,cut #b 94 (f ! brass pipe1 & cut a ?read at "o end ( ! %ort piece & "o end ( ! long piece1 to screw into ! elb[ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! long tube sold] 9 a cock or m\?piece to take a l>ge diamet] flexible pipe f ! gas bracket4 ,next get #a ft4 ( #a_/d-;94 brass pipe1 & b5d x to ! %ape %[n at ,b1 sold]+ a m\?piece at ,f to take ! small] diamet] air-pipe ,r 7,fig4 #fb7 f ! bell[s4 ,bore a hole ?r\gh ! elb[ ,c1 & pu% ! pipe 91 mak+ a tight fit1 & s t x passes c5trally ?r\gh ! l>g] brass tube until x ne>ly rea*es ! end z %[n at ,d4 ,run a %\ld] ( sold] to hold ! small tube firmly 9 ! l>g] "o z at ,e1 & unite ) a drop ( sold] ! l>ge tube ,a & ! small tube ,b :]e !y cross at ,g4 ,! gas passes up ! l>ge pipe1 & out at ,d1 & a bla/ ( air is =c$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! flame ?r\gh ! small pipe ,b4 ,! %ape ( ! small pipe all[s ( x be+ readily hung up on ! hook ,l 7,fig4 #fb7 :5 n 9 use4 ,in/ead ( ! m\?piece %[n at ,h 7,fig4 #fc71 a cock w be f\nd m conv5i5t2 b x %\ld n be too small1 or x w re/rict ! fl[ ( gas1 :i* %\ld be z great z possible4 ,no gas-cock %\ld h less ?an #a_/d-;9 hole4 ,! 8fuel0 7heat cons]v]s7 consi/s ( *unks or cubes ( asbe/os1 & :5 ^! are bl[n ^u ) ! gas flame1 ! heat is q suffici5t = mod]ately heavy braz+4 ,be c>eful n to get any k9ks 9 ! flexible tubes1 or ! air & gas w be r$uc$ 9 quantity1 if n /opp$ altoge!r4 ,a squ>e ( ?ick asbe/os 7%eet7 is useful = lay+ on small articles :il/ braz+1 & a piece or two ( *>coal w be h&y = silv]-sold]+4 ,braz+ ,iron & ,/eel4--,be=e attempt+ to braze ei!r iron or /eel ! surfaces %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ by fil+ or gr9d+1 etc4 ,brass or copp] may be clean$ by dipp+ 9 a solution ( #a "p nitric acid & #b p>ts ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is same solution c be us$ to remove ! scale aft] braz+4 ,! p>ts %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r 9 ! position !y are to occupy :5 jo9$4 ,! fa/5+ may be effect$ by ! use ( wires1 screws1 bolts1 clamps1 etc4 ,if practicable1 ! p>ts %\ld be held 9 su* a way t !y c be turn$ ov] dur+ ! braz+ process )\t di/urb+ ! relation ( ! p>ts1 ?us af=d+ a bett] *ance to apply ! flux & braz+ mat]ial4 ,9 braz+ %eet metal1 if ! seams are n requir$ to /& mu* work+ aft] sold]+1 !y may be jo9$ edge to edge4 ,:5 seams are =m$ 9 ?is way1 little nicks1 ab\t #a_/b 94 ap>t1 %\ld be fil$ out along ! edges1 s t ! sold] fl[+ ?r\gh ! nicks w r5d] ! jo9t s\nd4 ,if ! seam is to be work$ aft] sold]+1 a small lap is necess>y to ensure adequate /r5g?4 ,to =m seams ( ?is type1 fir/ ?9 ! edge ( ! metal along ! ends t are to =m ! seams1 ab\t #a_/h 94 9 f ! edge1 s t :5 ! two edges are lapp$ ov] ea* o!r ! comb9$ ?ickness at ! seams w be ! same z ! s+le ?ickness ( ! metal at o!r p>ts4 ,cut a small cramp at ! top & bottom ( ! seam1 & fit ! opposite edge 9 ^! cramps4 ,aft] prep>+ ! seams by ei!r ( ! above me?ods1 fa/5 b9d+ wire r\nd ! articles s z to hold ! seams securely 9 position4 ,n[ p[d] "s borax flux1 mix equal p>ts ( ! borax pa/e & gra9s ( spelt]1 & along ! seams place suffici5t ( ! mixture to sold] !m :5 melt$4 ,"s dry borax %\ld also be kept ready at h&1 s t a little may be tak5 & ?r[n on ! sold] at any po9t :]e ! mat]ial does n appe> to be fl[+ freely4 ,g5tly heat ! article by "s suitable means1 su* z foot bell[s & bl[pipe1 s t x w exp& equally1 & n dis>range ! seam2 increase ! temp]ature until ! metal is a dull r$1 & ! spelt] runs4 ,if necess>y1 ) a piece ( wire flatt5$ at "o end g5tly rub ! sold] along ! seam until e "p is jo9$4 ,braz+ ,copp] ,rod4--,= unit+ two pieces ( copp] rod1 #a_/d 94 or #c_/h 94 9 diamet]1 fir/ prep>e ! jo9t z at ,a 9 ,fig4 #fd1 & file ! surface ( ! copp] clean 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! jo9t4 ,a mixture ( borax & wat] & spelt] %\ld n[ be appli$ to ! jo9t1 :i* %\ld re/ on a small heap ( brok5 coke1 ! coke be+ also built r\nd x4 ,! flame ( ! bl[-lamp %\ld be direct$ at fir/ on ! coke surr\nd+ ! jo9t1 & !n gradually br\ght to be> on ! jo9t itself4 ,if necess>y1 add a little m spelt] be=e any ( x fuses1 & :5 ! copp] beg9s to get r$ hot1 ?r[ j a p9* ( dry borax on ! jo9t to facilitate matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--;,dovetail$ ,jo9t 9 ,copp] ,rod ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,dovetail$ ,jo9t 9 ,key ,/em ,braz+ ,key ,/ems4--,9 braz+ toge!r ! brok5 p>ts ( a key /em1 fir/ x is necess>y to file ! fractur$ ends q true2 ?is may entail ! %ort5+ ( ! key by #a_/d 94 or #a_/b 941 & z ano!r #a_/d 94 w be lo/ 9 mak+ ! jo9t1 x may be advisable to use ano!r key b[ hav+ a long] piece ( /em ?an ! "o t 0 brok5 (f4 ,) a w>d+ file cut a dovetail on ea* ( ! ends to be jo9$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #fe4 ,a small1 half-r\nd file w assi/ 9 mak+ ! edges true & squ>e4 ,! pieces mu/ int]lock p]fectly1 & :5 ?is is ! case1 v lightly hamm] ! jo9t1 r\nd :i* !n b9d sev5 or eight turns ( brass wire to act z spelt]4 ,wet ! jo9t1 spr9kle p[d]$ borax on x 7?is is to s]ve z ! flux71 &1 hold+ ! key 9 a pair ( tongs1 place x 9 a cle> "p ( a =ge fire made ) *>coal1 small coke1 or coal c9d]s1 & comm5ce to bl[ /eadily ! =ge bell[s or bl[]4 ,fail+ a =ge fire1 use a bl[pipe1 ! key be+ plac$ on a piece ( *>coal or pumice-/one :il/ ! heat is be+ appli$4 ,if ! =ge fire is us$ x is z well to support ! key on a gu>d ( ?ick iron plate hav+ a hole 9 its c5tre ov] :i* is ! jo9t to be braz$4 ,by ?is means ! necess>y local heat+ is obta9$1 & mu* lab\r 9 clean+ ! key aft]w>ds is avoid$4 ,on be+ heat$1 ! borax swells & boils up1 & %\ld be press$ d[n ) a spatula1 previ\sly dipp$ 9 cold wat] to prev5t ! hot borax adh]+ to x2 a suitable spatula is made by flatt5+ "o end ( a #a-;ft4 l5g? ( a #a_/d-;94 r\nd rod1 hav+ at its o!r end an eye by :i* x may be hung :5 n 9 use4 ,) ?is spatula1 also1 p[d]$ spelt] may be add$ to ! jo9t if requir$4 ,:5 ! brass wire beg9s to run1 assi/ ! fl[ by add+ p[d]$ borax1 & :5 all ! brass has run into ! jo9t1 rub (f sup]flu\s molt5 metal f und]nea? & all[ ! jo9t to cool gradually4 ,:5 cold1 file up & clean ! /em ( ! key until only a ?9 bright l9e ( brass c be se54 ,cycle ,braz+4--,9 cycle braz+1 ! fir/ consid]ation is ! means ( heat+ ! heavie/ jo9t to a braz+ heat4 ,?is may be done 9 sev]al ways1 by a p>aff9 bl[-lamp co/+ at lea/ #ces4 to #djs41 or1 :at is bett]1 a gas bl[pipe #g_/h 94 or #a 94 9 diamet]1 ) at lea/ #a_/b 94 gas supply pipe & a fan or bell[s to supply ! necess>y air pressure4 ,a small fan is f> pref]able to a bell[s ( any description1 ! flame be+ /eady & con/ant1 & ! op]ator be+ able to devote 8 entire att5tion to ! job4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( p[]1 obta9 a small circul> d\ble-bla/ bell[s & he>?1 co/+ ) bl[pipe ab\t #e4 ,! braz+ mat]ials are brass spelt]4 ,no4 #c size1 or brass braz+ wire & p[d]$ borax2 a t9 to hold ! mixture ( spelt] & borax1 & "o = ! pla9 borax2 a piece ( iron wire ab\t #a_/d 94 by #ah 941 flatt5$ at "o end to fe$ ! spelt] & borax to ! jo9ts2 & a brazi]'s bru%1 :i* is desirable1 b n absolutely necess>y1 to bru% ! sup]flu\s borax & brass f ! outside ( ! jo9t z soon z x is remov$ f ! he>?2 ?is saves mu* "w 9 fil+ up1 & saves ! files imm5sely4 ,d n pur*ase ! borax ready p[d]$1 b buy lump borax1 z t pur*as$ ready p[d]$ is likely to be adult]at$4 ,9 mak+ ! braz+ mixture1 use ab\t equal p>ts1 9 bulk1 ( ,no4 #c spelt] & borax4 ,9 prep>+ ! "w = braz+1 see t ! surfaces are bright1 clean1 & free f scale4 ,! jo9ts %\ld be a good tight fit1 free f %ake1 & :]e a jo9t su* z ! back =ks to ! bridge lugs is be+ made1 see t ! tube edges fit close up to ! %\ld] ( ! lugs all r\nd1 & d n dep5d on ! brass to fill up a badly fitt$ jo9t4 ,! *ief ?+s to obs]ve are to make a s\nd jo9t ! full dep? ( ! lug1 & n m]ely to get a ?9 film ( brass r\nd ! out] edge4 ,to d ?is1 ! flame %\ld be direct$ on to ! ?icke/ "p ( ! lug fir/ be=e gett+ ! tube too hot1 & fe$+ ! jo9t ) borax be=e ! metals get hot en\gh to scale4 ,z soon z ! lug & tube beg9 to get a dull r$1 fe$ ) borax only1 !n ) brass & borax1 :5 x %\ld fl[ almo/ l wat] & p5etrate to ! deepe/ "p ( ! jo9t4 ,ano!r v important ?+ is n to 8burn0 ! tube by gett+ x too hot1 :i* w spoil x & cause an e>ly fracture4 ,if ! above me?od ( heat+ ! lug fir/ is obs]v$1 & ! tube ne> ! lug kept 8wet0 ) borax to prev5t x scal+1 ?is %\ld n happ54 ,:]e ! jo9t to be braz$ l5ds itself to inside load+ ) ! spelt]1 ! "w %\ld be s plac$ on ! he>? t ! brass inside1 :5 x melts1 w t5d to fl[ to ! outside ( ! jo9t4 ,!n if borax only is us$ on ! outside until brass appe>s r\nd ! edges1 x w be fairly c]ta9 t a s\nd jo9t w result4 ,z soon z ?is comes ?r\gh1 fe$ a little brass-&-borax mixture to ! jo9t1 &1 z soon z ?is melts1 /op ! flame & remove f ! he>?4 ,if ! flame is kept on too long aft] ?is1 !re is a possibility ( 8soak+0 all ! brass out ( ! jo9t1 especially s if ! jo9t is n a v good fit4 ,"s brazi]s use a blacklead mixture = protect+ ?9 tubes :il/ braz+2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep x out ( ! actual jo9t1 z brass w n adh]e to metal :]e ?is is pres5t4 ,cycle frame jo9ts c be braz$ on an ord9>y smi?'s he>?1 b x is r risky1 & requires m skill ?an ) a gas bl[pipe4 ,x also requires a good cle> fire & a light bla/4 ,! job %\ld be kept well f$ ) borax to prev5t ! tubes scal+ & burn+4 ,! jo9t %\ld be load$ f ! inside ) ab\t a ?imbleful or less ( cru%$ borax & ,no4 #c spelt] mix$ 9 ! proportion ( ab\t half ( ea* 9 bulk4 ,! heavie/ "p ( ! lug %\ld be heat$ fir/1 & ! "w mu/ be turn$ frequ5tly 9 ! fire s z to avoid burn+ ! tube4 ,if ! jo9t is f$ f ! outside ) borax until ! brass fl[s r\nd x1 a s\nd jo9t is ensur$4 ,?is applies to a jo9t :]e ! lug is fitt$ inside ! tube4 ,:]e ! tube is fitt$ inside ! lug1 a little brass & borax %\ld be appli$ outside ! jo9t j z ! inside *>ge has melt$1 :i* c be se5 ) "s jo9ts by look+ d[n ! inside ( ! tube4 ,:5 ! tube is clos$ bo? ends1 su* z ! la/ jo9t ( a frame1 ! job is m difficult & requires c>eful judgm5t & skill to ensure a s\nd jo9t4 ,braz+ ,ca/-iron4--,al?\gh x has be5 dogmatically ass]t$ bo? t ca/-iron c & _c be braz$1 x may be /at$ t ! g5]al results ( attempt+ ?is process are s indiff]5t z to w>rant ! conclusion t ?is process _c be recomm5d$4 ,9 braz+1 "o ( ! conditions ess5tial to success is t ! metal to be braz$ & ! spelt] %\ld unite to =m an alloy j :]e ! braz+ occurs1 & t ?is %\ld take place spontane\sly4 ,?is actually happ5s :5 braz+ copp]1 brass1 wr\ght-iron1 etc41 b n 9 ! case ( ca/-iron4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! read] desires to exp]im5t 9 ?is direction1 ! foll[+ h9ts may be useful4 ,fir/ ( all1 remove all dirt & grease f ! ca/-iron1 & !n *emically clean x by imm]sion 9 hydro*loric acid1 aft]w>ds well r9s+ x 9 clean cold wat]4 ,a mixture ( borax & wat] & spelt] %\ld n[ be appli$ :]e ! braz+ is requir$1 & g5tle heat !n br\ght to be> on x until ! wat] is evaporat$4 ,! heat %\ld n[ be increas$ until ! ca/+ is r$ hot 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! braz+2 & "s work]s claim t at ?is juncture ! be/ results are obta9$ by du/+ ! r$ hot ca/-iron lib]ally ) boric or boracic acid p[d]4 ,a h>d spelt] %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to a readily fusible "o1 o!rwise ! spelt] w\ld be fus$ mu* too soon1 & be=e ! ca/+ is rais$ to a suffici5tly high temp]ature4 ,an exp]i5c$ work] :o believes t x is possible to make a s\nd jo9t 9 ca/-iron by braz+1 /ates t he has braz$ articles ) equal p>ts ( borax & boracic acid4 ,! *ief difficulty is ! flux4 ,he has tri$ "o call$ 8,f]rom5t10 :i* seems to give good results4 ,! fir/ ca/+ braz$ ) x 0 #c 94 wide & #e_/h 94 ?ick1 & ?is ca/+ at ! "t ( writ+ _h be5 9 "w six mon?s = fifte5 h\rs p] day4 ,?is same work] pref]s to roa/ borax be=e use1 z x /ops on ! "w bett]4 ,also1 :5 a deep1 wide jo9t is be+ dealt )1 he f9ds x an advantage to sme> on a little clay und]nea? & ! side1 z %\ld ! jo9t get slightly hott] 9 "o "p ! spelt] w run ?r\gh & make an uns\nd jo9t4 ,! heat requir$ to braze ca/-iron v>ies some:at ) ! spelt] us$4 ,if braz+ by means ( a smi?y fire1 ! spelt] w %[ a blue flame :5 x />ts to run1 & ! article mu/ !n be remov$ f ! fire4 ,9 us+ a bl[pipe or bl[lamp1 ! blue flame does n %[1 & "o has to look = ! spelt] melt+1 & see t x fl[s well along ! jo9t be=e remov+ ! flame4 ,spelt] :i* has be5 kept 9 /ock a good "t may n fl[ well4 ,! work] 9 "q pref]s braz+ wire to gra9 spelt]1 z by means ( w>m+ ! end ( ! wire & dipp+ 9 ! flux 7:i* w adh]e to ! hot wire71 x may be put j :]e desir$4 ,he collects all ! s(t brass turn+s f 8 la! & uses !m = braz+4 ,ano!r work] has /at$ t ^? :o h a =ge ( any k9d w f9d ! foll[+ an effective me?od ( repair+ an iron ca/+4 ,a flux may be made ( *lorate ( pota% #d oz41 boracic acid #a lb41 & c>bonate ( iron #c oz4 ,^! %\ld be mix$ well toge!r & p\nd$4 ,! p>ts to be braz$ toge!r %\ld be c>efully clean$ by scrap+ !m1 & br\ght to a bright-r$ heat4 ,!n apply ! flux & spelt] & increase ! heat4 ,/ill ano!r work] says t 9 braz+ ca/-iron1 if p[d]$ soda is us$ in/ead ( borax1 ! result w be a p]fect jo9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,weld+ ,iron & ,/eel "u ! ,hamm] ,iron & /eel c be jo9$ by heat+ until !y become pla/ic & !n consolidat+ ! two memb]s ( ! jo9t by hamm] bl[s1 ! "w be+ support$ on an anvil4 ,correct heat & cleanl9ess are ! *ief requisites4 ,! 8weld+ heat0 corresponds ) t temp]ature at :i* ! metal is 9 a /ate ( p>tial fusion on ! surface4 ,! bett] ! quality ( ! iron1 ! high] ! temp]ature x c /& )\t be+ burn$ & ru9$4 ,iron at a weld+ heat gives (f dazzl+ sp>ks1 :]eas ord9>y ca/ /eel is only an int5se yell[1 b few sp>ks be+ evolv$4 ,suffici5t lap = ! prop] mak+ ( ! jo9t mu/ always be all[$4 ,:5 heat$ 9 a p]fectly cle> fire1 ! metal may ne$ no treatm5t prior to hamm]+2 b o!rwise x may be necess>y to spr9kle s& or "s special flux ov] ! "w4 ,at ! prop] mom5t ! iron is transf]r$ to ! anvil1 & ! union ( ! two memb]s ( ! jo9t imm$iately effect$2 delay means an imp]fect jo9t4 ,9 lift+ ! "w out ( ! fire1 remove x v]tically & s z n to collect p>ticles ( dirt on x4 ,keep a swit* ( bru%wood at h& = remov+ adh]+ matt]4 ,weld+ ( ,/eel ,specially ,consid]$4--,"s /eels w 8/& ! fire0 bett] ?an o!rs1 :i* means t !y w /& m heat be=e !y rea* ! po9t :5 !y beg9 to burn4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( /eel us$ 9 a g5]al way may be summ$ up z bli/]1 spr+1 %e>1 d\ble %e>1 & ca/ /eel4 ,bli/] /eel w1 z a rule1 /& ! mo/ heat+ be=e beg9n+ to burn1 & ! o!rs foll[ 9 ! ord] giv54 ,! diff]5ce 9 heat+ w v>y f ne>ly a :ite heat on bli/] to ! yell[ heat ( ca/ /eel4 ,a simple me?od ( asc]ta9+ :at heat a /eel w /& be=e beg9n+ to burn is z foll[s3 ,heat ! /eel to its burn+ po9t1 & at v>i\s /ages1 beg9n+ at ! yell[ /age1 lay x on ! anvil & give x a few bl[s ) ! h& hamm]4 ,repeat ! process until a heat is rea*$ t w cause ! /eel1 :5 /ruck ) ! hamm]1 to give (f sp>ks l small fireworks4 ,:5 ?is /age is rea*$ x w %[ t ! burn+ po9t is arriv$ at4 ,c>eful obs]vations ( ^! po9ts w enable ! smi? to "k j :5 to beg9 to use ! flux = weld+1 :i*1 by ! way1 mu/ be j be=e ! /eel rea*es ! burn+ po9t4 ,ano!r important po9t is ! =mation ( ! sc>fs4 ,^! %\ld n be full]$ d[n s ?9 or left 9 ! same =m z ! sc>fs z :5 jo9+ iron1 & %\ld be %ort] 7comp>e ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #ff74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,sc>fs = ,iron & ,/eel ,9 br++ ! /eel up to its weld+ po9t1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h x at a uni=m heat ?r\gh\t at ! "p = weld+2 &1 to get ?is1 ! bla/ %\ld n be =c$ at ! />t1 b us$ g5tly4 ,9 "s cases ! bla/ %\ld be /opp$ occasionally1 to all[ ! /eel to soak4 ,!n re/>t ! bla/1 & gradually =ce x :5 beg9n+ to use ! flux1 cont9u+ s until ! weld+ po9t is rea*$4 ,only light bl[s %\ld be giv5 at ! />t1 j to cause ! two p>ts to /ick toge!r2 b :5 /uck1 ! h>d] ! bl[ ! bett] ! weld4 ,an idea seems preval5t t ! flux has a c]ta9 influ5ce on ! /eel1 & conv]ts x into a =m t makes x m weldable4 ,! real use ( a flux 9 ?is case is simply to ret>d ! heat1 & =m a coat or %ell on ! /eel1 & s c\nt]act & prev5t ! burn+ action :i* takes place :5 heat+ /eel 9 an ord9>y bla/ fire4 ,! reason :y diff]5t fluxes are requir$ = diff]5t br&s ( /eel is no d\bt due to ! diff]5ces 9 manufacture4 ,z a rule1 ! great] ! heat ! /eel w /& be=e burn+1 ! less x requires a flux to protect x1 s t 9 a great _m cases a flux consi/+ ( "s clean1 %>p s& is all t is requir$2 b ! /eels t w burn at a l[] heat require some?+ m ?an s& to protect !m4 ,h5ce arises ! necessity ( add+ burnt borax1 cru%$ glass1 p[d]$ m>ble1 etc4 ,! me?od ( weld+ /eel is z foll[s2 b be=e proce$+ to get ! heat make a po9t ( hav+ a %all[ t9 on ! =ge l>ge en\gh to hold a suffici5t quantity ( ! flux1 s t x w cov] ! sc>f$ end :5 be+ dipp$ 9 same4 ,h a clean fire & pl5ty ( fir+ on ! he>?1 s t ! heat c be well cov]$4 ,/>t ) g5tle bla/ until ! heat is ne>ly up to burn+ po9t4 ,if necess>y1 /op ! bla/ & let ! heat soak = a few seconds s z to ensure a uni=m heat4 ,gradually =ce ! bla/1 & keep )draw+ ! 8heats0 & roll !m well 9 ! flux1 & s cont9ue until x is ?\ght t ! heat is pla/ic en\gh to unite4 ,place ! sc>fs 9 position1 give a few light bl[s until ! p>ts /ick toge!r1 !n hamm] well home & move sm>tly s z to ensure ! prop] jo9+ toge!r :il/ 9 a pla/ic /ate4 ,:5 weld$1 d n cont9ue ! hamm]+ or tool+ at too l[ a heat2 b if fur!r hamm]+ is necess>y1 re-heat ! "w4 ,^! h9ts are n applicable to e make ( /eel4 ,) ! special /eels manufactur]s issue p>ticul> in/ructions4 ,a flux = weld+ ca/ /eel consi/s ( #b oz4 ea* ( p[d]$ *alk1 soda & burnt borax1 mix$ ) #a lb4 ( silv] s&4 ,a firm ( /eel manufactur]s recomm5d a mixture ( #ba oz4 ( s& & #g oz4 ( salt1 moi/5$2 ! /eel is to be treat$ 9 a fire ( sulphurless coal4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,mak+ ,bl[pipes ,h[ to ,make a ,b5* ,gas ,bl[pipe4--,! bl[pipe illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #fg gives a p[]ful flame4 ,x c be clamp$ to ! edge ( ! workb5* by means ( a w+$ nut1 a hole be+ made ne> ! edge ( ! b5* to accommodate ! bolt4 ,a piece ( h>d wood ,a1 #e 94 by #b 94 by #a 94 ?ick1 has a /rong iron bolt ,b pass$ ?r\gh at "o end4 ,a #b-;94 cube ,c1 :i* %\ld also be ( good h>d wood1 is screw$ firmly to ! o!r end ( ,a1 ! comb9$ block be+ p]=at$ ?r\gh ! c5tre to take a l5g? ( gas tube ,d1 :i* c>ries a gas-bracket ) flange1 elb[ jo9t1 & tap ,e4 ,! flange %\ld be screw$ d[n to ! top ( ! block4 ,! elb[ jo9t all[s ! direction ( ! flame to be adju/$ )9 a wide range movem5t4 ,! arm ( ! bracket is remov$1 & a %ort] tube ,f1 #c 94 long1 is sub/itut$4 ,?is c>ries a #a_/b-;94 iron ,t-piece ,g4 ,! tube ,h1 :i* is #c 94 long1 %\ld be ( brass1 ?read$ at "o end to fit into ! ,t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,b5* ,gas ,bl[pipe ,! air is convey$ ?r\gh an #h-;94 brass tube ,j #a_/d 94 9 diamet]1 :i* %\ld be smoo? inside4 ,?is latt] po9t is ( "s importance1 &1 if pref]r$1 a glass tube may be us$ in/ead ( brass1 ! curr5t ( cold air hav+ a suffici5t cool+ effect to prev5t undue heat+4 ,! end %\ld be cut (f %>p ) a file 9 ! ord9>y way & left 9 t condition4 ,smoo?+ ! edge by fusion 9 a flame w n improve matt]s1 b r ! rev]se4 ,( c\rse1 ! o!r end1 :i* comes outside1 mu/ be smoo!d to prev5t injury to ! indi>ubb] tube us$ = mak+ connection ) ! bell[s4 ,! air tube mu/ be held firmly 9 ! c5tre ( ! gas tube1 :ile capable ( be+ mov$ 9 or out = ! purpose ( adju/+ ! flame4 ,?is c be done q satisfactorily by means ( a %ort brass tube or nipple ,k1 ?read$ to screw into ! ,t 7see ,fig4 #fg74 ,a s\nd cork %\ld be driv5 into ?is %ort tube s z to entirely fill x1 a hole be+ made ) a cork-bor] to admit ! air tube4 ,?is hole mu/ be exactly c5tral1 & ! cork mu/ grip r tightly4 ,a foot-bell[s is g5]ally us$ = supply+ ! air1 ! bell[s be+ connect$ ) ! air jet ,j by means ( an indi>ubb] tube4 ,! tube ,d1 :i* %\ld ext5d an in* or s bel[ ! b5*1 is to be connect$ ) ! gas supply4 ,a ,simple ,gas ,bl[pipe4--,a simple =m ( gas bl[pipe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh1 ! rubb] tube connect+ x ) ! gas supply be+ fix$ on ! pipe at ! po9t ( connection ) ! cock4 ,to con/ruct ! appliance1 "o end ( a piece ( brass gas pipe ( ! requir$ l5g? )1 say1 a #c_/h-;94 bore1 is b5t z %[n1 :il/ at ! back ( ! curve ?us made a hole is drill$ to admit a tube ,a #e_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is %\ld h "o end 7see dott$ l9es7 b5t to correspond ) ! angle previ\sly =m$ 9 ! l>g] tube1 :il/ its o!r extremity %\ld be b5t upw>ds4 ,make ^! pipes r$ hot :]e !y are to be b5t1 &1 if !y are aft]w>ds plung$ 9 cold wat]1 ! mat]ial w to "s ext5t be s(t5$1 & its t5d5cy to split w be obviat$4 ,! small] tube is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! b5d ( ! l>g] "o1 ! ends be+ almo/ flu% & q conc5tric4 ,sold] ! p>allel portions ( ! tubes toge!r1 & !n fix a gas-regulat+ cock to ! l>g] "o1 z 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! end is !n connect$ to an ord9>y bracket or burn] by means ( an indi>ubb] tube ,g1 & a %ort piece ( tub+ is fitt$ ) a bone or o!r m\?piece1 & atta*$ to ! project+ end ( ! air tube4 ,?is in/rum5t w d any sold]+1 & w be suitable = melt+ gold1 silv]1 & brass1 or braz+ odd jobs 9 iron or /eel4 ,( c\rse1 :5 us$ = ! la/-nam$ purpose x w\ld be 9 conjunction ) asbe/os tubes or o!r supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,simple ,=m ( ,gas ,bl[pipe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,l>g] & m effici5t ,bl[pipe ,proportion ( ,air to ,gas4--,z reg>ds ! relative volumes ( gas & air = bl[pipes1 ! late ,mr4 ,?omas ,flet*] said t1 speak+ r\ghly1 b /ill suffici5tly ne> to make a correct rule by :i* to "w1 a bl[pipe requires "o volume ( gas to eight ( air4 ,if ! gas is suppli$ at a pressure equal to #a 94 ( wat]1 & ! air at eight times t pressure1 !n1 to get ! be/ effect1 ! area ( ! gas & air pipes %\ld be equal4 ,if ! air supply is equal to #af 94 ( wat] pressure1 ! gas pipe mu/ be d\ble ! area ( ! air1 & s on 9 proportion4 ,"s mak]s ass]t t a bett] work+ flame is produc$ by us+ t5 volumes ( air to "o volume ( gas2 b1 ( c\rse1 if ! bl[pipe is fitt$ ) taps1 ! supplies c be adju/$ easily4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t any practical dep>ture f ,flet*]'s rule w result 9 a loss ( p[]4 ,capacities ( ,bl[pipes4--,x has be5 said1 a bl[pipe ) a #a_/h-;94 air jet1 if work$ ) an air pressure ( #aj oz4 p] squ>e in*--t is1 #ae 94 ( wat]--w braze up to ab\t #a_/b lb4 total weight2 or 9 o!r words1 w securely unite two pieces ( brass ea* weigh+ #a_/d lb4 ,) ! same pressure a #a_/d-;94 bore air-jet w braze a total weight ( ab\t #b lb41 & s on 9 proportion4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! air jet is measur$ at ! po9t at :i* ! bla/ leaves ! air tube1 :il/ ! area ( ! gas supply is t ( ! annul> space betwe5 ! two tubes4 ,:5 ! air tube is ?us c>ri$ inside ! gas tube 7see ,fig4 #fi71 ! tool appe>s to be mu* l>g] ?an x really is1 & ?is acc\nts = ! fact t a #a_/b-;94 size bl[pipe ) ! air tube fix$ outside ! gas supply is j z effective z "o ( ! #c_/d-;94 size :i* c>ry ! air tube inside ! /em4 ,all indi>ubb] tub+ mu/ be p]fectly smoo? inside1 = if x is wir$ or 9 any way r\gh1 ! resultant friction w cause a loss ( pressure4 ,x %\ld also be ( z l>ge a bore z is conv5i5t4 ,l>ge & ,effici5t ,bl[pipe4--,a l>ge & effici5t bl[pipe t c be made 9 a few m9utes is %[n by ,fig4 #fi1 ! only mat]ials requir$ be+ a ,t-c\pl+ & dim9i%+ socket1 an elb[1 & "o or two pieces ( pipe4 ,! air tube ,a 7repres5t$ = ! mo/ "p by dott$ l9es7 passes ?r\gh ! dim9i%+ socket until x almo/ rea*es ! nozzle ( ! bl[pipe1 ) :i* x is conc5tric4 ,by us+ ! elb[ ,d1 ! two supply pipes are br\ght p>allel to ea* o!r1 s t ! indi>ubb] connect+ tubes c be m easily held 9 ! h& l re9s1 z by simply squeez+ !m ! flame c be readily regulat$4 ,sometimes1 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 a plug drill$ to meet ! air tube is us$ 9 place ( ! socket4 ,! plug is ?ru/ into ! end ( ! ,t-socket2 b 9 all cases x mu/ be airtight4 ,?is bl[pipe c be us$ effici5tly only 9 conjunction ) a foot bl[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,manag+ ,bl[-lamps ,! /oves & lamps burn+ p>aff9 9 ! =m ( vap\r h become v popul> on acc\nt ( _! good heat+ prop]ties1 portability1 & little att5tion requir$4 ,!y consi/ ( a conta9] hold+ p>aff91 a burn] ) a heat+ tube atta*$ is screw$ to ! conta9]1 & a tube lead+ almo/ to ! bottom4 ,a small air-tube1 simil> to a cycle-pump1 is fix$ 9 conta9]1 ! h&le & cap only be+ 9 sight4 ,:5 ! burn] tubes are heat$1 a ?umbscrew on ! fill] caps is clos$1 & a few /rokes ( ! pump puts a slight pressure on ! oil 9 ! conta9]4 ,! oil is =c$ up ! c5tral tube to ! burn]2 b be=e rea*+ ?is x has to fl[ r\nd ! heat+ coils1 & 9 s do+ is turn$ to vap\r4 ,! outlet at ! nipple be+ v small1 causes ! vap\r to issue ) "s =ce1 & x mixes ) ! air1 =m+ a mixture :i* burns ) a non-lum9\s flame simil> to t ( a buns5 burn]4 ,?is flame plays on ! heat+ coils1 & once />t$1 ! lamp is practically automatic2 a /roke or two f ! pump w keep x go+ until ! oil is consum$4 ,!re are patt]ns t use petrol or b5zol1 _! action be+ slightly diff]5t4 ,petrol & b5zol are light spirits1 :i* give (f inflammable vap\r at a mu* l[] heat ?an p>aff9 does4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is fact by caus+ burn] & nipple to be 9 "o solid brass ca/+1 s t :5 ! nozzle is heat$1 ! brass conducts ! heat back to ! nipple & s vaporises ! petrol1 :i* is f$ to ! nipple by a ?ick wick conta9$ 9 a tube :i* rea*es almo/ to ! bottom ( ! conta9]1 ! wick t\*+ ! bottom4 ,to />t ei!r p>aff9 or petrol lamps1 ! exit tube or nozzle is heat$4 ,! petrol lamp has no coils r\nd ! nozzle2 b comes /raight f ! hold] to ! exit nipple4 ,! size ( flame is regulat$ by a ne$le valve fitt$ ) a wood or fibre h&le4 ,! petrol lamp has no pump1 except on high-p[] braz+ lamps ^: use requires exp]t h&l+4 ,! *ief tr\ble ) lamps us+ p>aff9 is t ! burn] becomes *ok$2 ?is is %[n by ! lamp jump+ out or ! flame n atta9+ suffici5t heat4 ,! mak]s supply a prop] clean+ ne$le1 a %eet /amp$ to =m a h&le & a piece ( f9e /eel wire fix$ at "o end4 ,no?+ else1 su* z p9s1 etc41 %\ld be us$1 or ! hole 9 ! nipple becomes enl>g$1 & emitt+ too mu* gas1 causes a smoky flame4 ,! clean] %\ld be us$ ea* "t be=e light+4 ,a good way to avoid ?is tr\ble is to use a small funnel ) f9e brass gauze sold]$ 9 ! body :5 fill+4 ,:ite ,rose is a q satisfactory oil = ^! lamps4 ,aft] consid]able use ! heat+ coil becomes *ok$ ) c>bon deposit4 ,a new heat] tube c be obta9$1 or ! old "o clean$ by drill+ two or ?ree holes 9 ! ends & pass+ a piece ( flexible wire 7su* z ,b[d5 brake wire7 ?r\gh ! heat] & remov+ ! ob/ruction4 ,aft] gett+ x clean1 tap out ! holes & fix suitable screws1 flat "u ! head1 ) a piece ( asbe/os to make a tight jo9t4 ,if a l>g] flame is n obta9$ by pump+1 take ! cap (f ! pump & draw out ! plung]2 ! lea!r is probably worn4 ,fit a new "o2 or x may h become h>d1 9 :i* case apply a little oil & op5 out c>efully4 ,! reta9+ valve is 9 ! c5tre ( ! pump bottom1 & is remov$ by us+ a long key d[n ! pump b>rel4 ,! valve is 9 f\r pieces4 ,see t ! spr+ is free & t ! cork is 9 good condition4 ,:5 replac+1 take c>e n to get x cross ?read1 & screw firmly home4 ,! wa%] "u ! fill] cap is ( rubb] & cuts ?r\gh 9 "t4 ,d n use pli]s to screw d[n2 x w g gas-tight ) ! f+]s if ! wa%] is good4 ,to remove ! nipple f :i* ! gas issues is almo/ impossible )\t a prop] key4 ,?is has a univ]sal jo9t1 :i* all[s x to be rotat$1 al?\gh ! h&le is almo/ at "r angles ) ! burn]4 ,keys & all o!r p>ts m5tion$ c be obta9$ f any deal] 9 ^! lamps4 ,) ! lamps us+ petrol1 ! only p>ts requir+ att5tion are ! plate f :i* gas issues & ! wick4 ,unlike ! p>aff9 nipple1 ?is is a circul> /amp+ ( brass approximately #c_/d 94 9 diamet] ) a f9e hole 9 ! c5tre4 ,to remove ?is disc1 pass a long flat screwdriv] blade ?r\gh two op5+s 9 ! nozzle & turn to ! left 7anti-clockwise71 hold+ ! body ( ! lamp firmly on ! b5*4 ,be=e fitt+ a new disc1 ?or\ghly clean recess & remove any deposit f ! inside ( ! valve box4 ,unscrew ! ne$le & gl& if !re is any leak !re1 & clean & repack ) asbe/os y>n4 ,a little glyc]9e on ! pack+ appe>s to be an advantage4 ,place ! disc 9 position1 dip an asbe/os wa%] 9 wat]1 & screw ! nozzle firmly d[n4 ,! wick inside ! lamp filt]s ! _s be=e rea*+ ! nipple & occasionally ne$s replac+4 ,remove ! cap f ! bottom ( ! lamp1 & ) a piece ( ?ick wire flatt5$ at "o end & fil$ to a hook1 pu% x up ! tube & )draw ! old wick4 ,! new "o is simply put 9 its place & ! cap screw$ tight4 ,! wa%] "u ! fill$ cap is ( cork & r>ely gives any tr\ble4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,mak+ ,bl[-lamps ,a ,p>aff9 ,braz+ ,bl[-lamp4--,! braz+ bl[lamp %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj 0 made at a total co/ ( less ?an #ds4 ,! illu/ration is pr9t$ to a scale ( ab\t "o-qu>t] full size4 ,! lamp illu/rat$ is n a m]e exp]im5t1 z ! writ] ( ?is description _h a simil> "o 9 use = ov] two ye>s1 & dur+ t "t braz$ hundr$s ( jobs ) its aid4 ,! conta9] is ( t9plate1 & adapt$ f a workman's tea c4 ,:5 pur*as$ ?is w h a wire h&le & two h+es1 & ^! %\ld be remov$ & sold]$ up4 ,! h&le %[n at ,h is made f a /rip ( iron1 #a_/h-;94 by #e_/h-;94 section1 b5t r\nd to ! %ape %[n & rivet$ to ! side ( ! conta9]4 ,^! rivets %\ld be well sold]$ ov] inside to prev5t leakage4 ,! jo9t ( ! long] /rip is %[n at ,x4 ,! lid %\ld next be tak5 9 h&1 a #e_/af-;94 hole be+ drill$ at "o side close to ! h&le1 to take an ord9>y ,lucas cycle valve4 ,a lea!r wa%] is fitt$ inside1 & also "o outside "u ! lock nut1 ! latt] be+ !n tightly clamp$ up4 ,at ,e is %[n ! fill+ cap1 ! body "p ( :i* 0 tak5 f an old p>aff9 oil-lamp conta9]1 & ! screw cap made at ! local brass works2 b ?is fitt+ c be obta9$ 9 a f9i%$ /ate f _m model-fitt+s manufactur]s4 ,?is is sold]$ to ! lid 9 ! position %[n1 a hole be+ aft]w>ds drill$ 9 ! t9 to suit x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,p>aff9 ,braz+ ,bl[-lamp1 ! conta9] be+ %[n 9 section ,! cock %[n at ,d is an ord9>y gas-cock1 ) a l5g? ( #c_/h-;94 outside-diamet] copp] pip+ screw$ & sweat$ 9 b5ea?4 ,?is is pass$ ?r\gh a hole drill$ 9 ! lid = its reception1 & ! base ( ! cock is !n sweat$ 9 position4 ,note t ! l5g? ( ?is pipe is su* t :5 ! lid is 9 place x cle>s ! conta9] bottom by #a_/h 94 ,! coil ( pip+ at ,p is #c_/h 94 diamet] copp] tube coil$ r\nd to ! %ape %[n1 ! l[] end be+ tightly screw$ into ! top ( ! cock4 ,! opposite end is screw$ = a %ort l5g? ( #c_/h-;94 gas ?read1 & v tightly fitt$ ) a screw plug su* z t us$ by plumb]s = %utt+ (f a portion ( gas pip+4 ,be=e screw+ ?is on1 a small hole ab\t #a_/cb 94 9 diamet] %\ld be drill$ 9 ! middle ( same2 ?is is ! nipple = ! exit ( gas to ! burn]4 ,! #c_/h-;94 copp] tub+ %\ld n require fill+ ) any?+ be=e b5d+2 ?is op]ation is be/ done r\nd a m&rel ( wood4 ,no heat+ is necess>y4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( flatt5+ ( ! tube w no d\bt occur1 b ?is is immat]ial4 ,! end ( ! flame tube is1 ( c\rse1 op51 o!rwise ! flame c\ld n em]ge4 ,! nipple end ( ! flame tube is also q op51 ) ! nipple end ( ! coil j project+ inside4 ,! portion ( tub+ %[n dott$ 9 ,fig4 #gj takes ! vap\r f ! coils to ! nipple2 x does n pass ?r\gh ! coils1 b at ! back ( !m1 & b5ds r\nd z %[n4 ,! lid ( ! conta9] %\ld n[ be c>efully sold]$ d[n all r\nd1 & !n ! #c_/af-;94 brass /ay rod %[n at ,s mu/ be fitt$ & bo? ends sweat$ ov]4 ,x is ess5tial t ?is /ay is n omitt$1 z o!rwise ! pressure to :i* ! conta9] is subject$ w\ld bulge out ! ends4 ,! flame tube ,a %\ld n[ be made ( #a_/cb-;94 %eet-iron1 be+ held 9 place by two or ?ree clips rivet$ on & b5t ov] ! coil ends z %[n at ,c1 only "o ( :i* is %[n = cle>ness4 ,! flame tube does n tap]1 nor is ! back end clos$ up4 ,its diamet] %\ld be #a-a_/d 94 & l5g? #c-a_/b 941 b ?is dep5ds on ! size ( ! hole 9 ! nipple4 ,no holes are requir$ 9 ?is tube1 z all ! air is drawn 9 at ! end4 ,! nipple has a gas ?read cut inside x1 & x is screw$ tightly on to ! end ( ! copp] coil4 ,! l5g? ( ! pipe f tap to coil is n important2 ab\t #i 94 w be satisfactory4 ,! be/ means ( jo9+ ! nipple to ! tube is to screw ! end ( ! tube be=e b5d+ x r\nd at ! end1 & !n to screw ! nipple on tightly4 ,! pipe c aft]w>ds be b5t z %[n4 ,! jet hole 9 ! nipple %\ld be ab\t #a_/cb 94 b>e1 & %\ld be s drill$ t ! issu+ gas passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! flame tubes4 ,! tube is op5 at bo? ends1 to all[ air to be drawn d[n & complete ! combu/ion ( ! p>aff9 vap\r1 ! mixture ignit+ & burn+ prop]ly :5 ! vap\r passes out at ! o!r end & comes into contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,to use ! lamp1 x %\ld be fill$ ab\t two-?irds or "o-half full ( p>aff9 oil1 & ! conta9] cap !n screw$ h>d d[n ) a lea!r cap z a wa%]4 ,a cycle pump %\ld !n be connect$ to ! valve ,v1 & a few /rokes giv51 ! cock ,d be+ mean:ile clos$4 ,! copp] coil %\ld next be put into a gas flame or ! fire = a few m9utes until ne>ly r$ hot1 & !n ! cock ,d %\ld be op5$ a %ade1 :i* w all[ ! p>aff9 to rise up ! pipe ,i & ent] ! coils ,p1 :]e x w become vaporis$1 & ! gas w !n issue f ! nozzle ,n1 & burn at ! m\? ( ! coils4 ,! lamp may !n be appli$ to ! job1 & five or six m /rokes giv5 to ! pump1 :5 ! flame %\ld burn ) an int5se heat & give out a ro>+ noise4 ,! !ory ( action ( lamps ( ?is "* is z foll[s3 ,! pressure ( air 9 ! conta9] =ces ! p>aff9 up ! copp] tube into ! coil1 :]e x is vaporis$ by ! r$-hot pip+4 ,! vap\r !n issues at "s pressure f ! nipple hole &1 pass+ d[n ! flame tube1 an ejector action is caus$ :i* draws air 9 ) x4 ,?is air m+les ) ! p>aff9 vap\r1 & :5 ! mixture issues at ! o!r end1 & comes into contact ) m air1 combu/ion takes place4 ,! heat produc$ by ! lamp %\ld be q suffici5t to braze ! bottom bracket ( a motor-cycle frame & o!r simil> jobs4 ,! size ( nipple ) relation to ! size ( ! flame tube is mo/ important4 ,if ! flame tube be too l>ge 9 proportion1 ! result is an excess ( air1 :i* cools ! gas unduly & ! flame dies out4 ,a c&le is put out 9 a draught f ! same cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! flame tube is too small1 or ! nipple hole too l>ge1 ! result is an excess ( gas1 caus+ incomplete combu/ion & a p>tly lum9\s & smoky flame1 ) less heat+ p[]4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! nipple hole is too small1 take a /rip ( t9 &1 :il/ ! lamp is burn+1 hold ! t9 p>tly ov] ! end ( ! flame tube1 s z to re/rict ! am\nt ( air ent]+1 & note ! result4 ,if ! draw+ 7,fig4 #gj7 be reg>d$ z #d 94 to #a ft41 & ! lamp made accord+ly1 x w be ( ample size to braze small & model boil]s4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 ?\gh1 t ! size ( ! lamp alone does n gov]n ! size ( ! flame1 ?is dep5d+ entirely on1 fir/ly1 ! size ( ! nipple1 & secondly1 ! pressure ( air 9 ! conta9] =c+ ! vap\r out4 ,! l>g] ! conta9]1 ! long] ! lamp w burn )\t refill+1 &1 incid5tally1 ! l>g] x is ! weak] ! conta9] w be1 & vice v]sa4 ,%\ld ?is lamp be requir$ = braz+ & silv]-sold]+ articles ab\t #a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 x mu/ be alt]$1 z x is obvi\sly mu* too l>ge4 ,! same conta9] w d1 ( c\rse1 al?\gh p]haps r unwieldy4 ,if pref]r$1 ano!r conta9] j half ! size c\ld be made2 ?is w be h&i] 9 use1 al?\gh x w n all[ ! lamp to burn = s long a p]iod )\t re*>g+ z ! l>g] patt]n4 ,= ! tub+1 #c_/af-;94 copp] tube1 pref]ably solid drawn1 w be suitable4 ,?is %\ld be heat$ to a dull r$ & !n qu5*$ 9 wat] to anneal x1 ?is mak+ ! task ( b5d+ x mu* simpl]4 ,if x k9ks too mu* 9 ! b5t portions1 p\r "s molt5 res9 into ! tube1 "o end be+ plugg$ up = ?is purpose1 & :5 set1 b5d to ! %ape desir$4 ,! res9 c be heat$ & run out aft]w>ds4 ,! flame tube may be half ! diamet] & l5g? ( ! "o illu/rat$1 b no h>d & fa/ rule c be giv5 = ! dim5sions ( ?is "p ( ! lamp1 z ! size ( ! nipple hole has ev]y?+ to d ) ?is4 ,make ! latt] j big en\gh to admit a f9e ne$le4 ,a simple me?od is to drill ! cap almo/ ?r\gh1 & !n pun* ! re/ ?r\gh ) ! po9t ( a ne$le4 ,by exp]im5t+1 x w be easy to f9d ! "r proportions ( flame tube & nipple hole4 ,! screw$ jo9ts %\ld be a metal-to-metal fit z x is t]m$1 t is1 !y %\ld fit s tightly :5 screw$ home t no leakage is possible4 ,?is c be ensur$ by see+ t all male ?reads are a tight fit 9 _! respective holes4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,electric & ,!rmit ,weld+ ,briefly ,consid]$ ,contact ,weld+4--,! electric weld+ ( iron /rips & %eets is usually done by ! ,?omson process ( 8contact-weld+40 ,9 ?is process ! metal is br\ght to a weld+ heat by pass+ a v l>ge curr5t ?r\gh ! jo9t to be weld$1 :i*1 by virtue ( its high resi/ance 9 relation to o!r p>ts ( ! circuit1 develops great local heat4 ,:5 ! correct temp]ature = weld+ is rea*$1 ! jo9t is press$ toge!r by me*anical means1 & ! curr5t int]rupt$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga ! necess>y arrangem5ts = ! weld+ ( a /eel rim are sket*$4 ,a is ! iron core ( an alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m] & ,b ! prim>y w9d+ suppli$ ) alt]nat+ curr5t ei!r f a works dynamo or a public supply1 & controll$ by a d\ble-pole swit* ,c4 ,! trans=m] has a second>y w9d+ consi/+ ( a s+le copp] /rip ( v heavy section ,d1 9 :i* second>y curr5ts ( l[ voltage b v l>ge volume are induc$4 ,?is w9d+ ,d t]m9ates 9 two heavy metal clamps ,e1 "o fix$ & ! o!r capable ( movem5t by rack & p9ion or screw1 & ! clamps mu/ be %ap$ to ! cont\rs ( ! "w ,f !y are int5d$ to hold1 s z to fit well & pres5t z little electrical resi/ance !re z possible4 ,! butt ends ( ! :eel rim are br\ght into contact1 curr5t swit*$ on at ! trans=m] prim>y1 & imm$iately a v heavy second>y curr5t passes r\nd ! 8w9d+0 ,d1 g5]at+ int5se heat at ! junction ( ! metal rim ,g held 9 ! clamps1 :]e ! electrical resi/ance is comp>atively high4 ,9 a few mom5ts ! jo9t w arrive at weld+ heat & ! screw fe$ is !n op]at$1 driv+ ! jo9t toge!r & complet+ ! weld1 except s f> z a little h& dress+ may be f\nd necess>y4 ,directly ! weld is e/abli%$ ! curr5t is swit*$ (f at ! ma9s & ! job all[$ to cool out4 ,no?+ less ?an #e kil[atts to #aj kil[atts is likely to be v satisfactory = hoops ab\t #c_/d 94 by ,no4 #af gauge1 & ! curr5t mu/ be alt]nat+4 ,! prim>y voltage & frequ5cy is immat]ial1 z ! trans=m] c be w\nd to suit ! circuit conditions :atev] !y may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,electric ,contact ,weld+ ( ,/eel ,rim ,! me?od ( weld+ by resi/ance1 t is1 by rais+ locally ! weld+ po9t to ! temp]ature requir$ by br++ ! two surfaces into contact until _! high resi/ance produces a weld+ heat & !n squeez+ !m toge!r1 is by f> ! mo/ manageable & satisfactory comm]cial process ( ! two electrical processes4 ,x is adapt$ = 8spot-weld+0 or produc+ local adhesions betwe5 metal plates aft] ! mann] ( rivet+1 = butt or end-on welds1 = seams1 *a9s1 r+s1 etc41 & automatic weld+ ma*9es are n[ made t c deal ) no less ?an #a1ejj welds & upw>ds p] h\r ) semi-skill$ lab\r1 ) ! lea/ possible p]c5tage ( failures & a v l[ co/ = electrical en]gy4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t is ess5tial ) ?is type ( weld1 & is us$ to en]gise a /ep-d[n trans=m] ( special con/ruction4 ,arc ,weld+4--,not)/&+ ! sup]iority ( ! resi/ance weld+ process to mo/ comm]cial "w1 p>ticul>ly t ( a small k9d necessitat+ rapid repeat "w1 ! 8arc0 me?od1 :i* has be5 9 use = _m ye>s1 & 0 probably ! fir/ exp]im5t$ )1 has n[ become l>gely us$ on "w :]e x 0 ?\ght impossible to adapt x a few ye>s ago4 ,! sy/em is ext5sively employ$ 9 iron & /eel works1 %ipy>ds1 & boil] works1 & ! class ( "w x is employ$ on v>ies f ! dismantl+ ( iron & /eel build+s1 by fus+ & cutt+ ?r\gh ! /ructural ironwork & gird]s1 to ! fill+ up ( bl[holes 9 ca/+s4 ,! metal to be weld$ is connect$ to "o pole1 & ! electrode h&l$ by ! op]ator =ms ! o!r pole1 an arc be+ /ruck betwe5 ! two4 ,brok5 ca/+s & =g+s c be satisfactorily repair$ by runn+ new fus$ metal r\nd !m4 ,rec5tly ! arc sy/em has be5 appli$ ) success = mak+ welds on tramway rails1 ! resi/ance ( ! weld$ jo9t be+ f\nd v mu* l[] ?an :5 made ) ! usual fi%plates & bond$ jo9ts4 ,cont9u\s curr5t gives bett] results ?an alt]nat+ = ! arc sy/em1 & a g5]ator design$ = use ) ?is process has a 8droop+ *>act]i/ic10 t is1 ! volts at ! t]m9als fall rapidly ) an increase 9 ! curr5t output4 ,9 ?is way ! curr5t is automatically limit$ to "s ext5t1 :5 ! %ort-circuit+ effect ( ! op]ation comes into play4 ,successfully to weld by ?is process a curr5t ( #cjj to #ejj amp]es at #hj volts is necess>y1 & e precaution has to be tak5 to protect ! workman f ! int5se gl>e ( ! arc4 ,!rmit4--,!rmit is an alum9ium alloy ^: combu/ion g5]ates s mu* heat t ! sub/ance c be us$ = ! weld+ ( iron & /eel4 ,x is ! pat5t$ inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,hans ,golds*midt4 ,) !rmit z a means ( melt+ & weld+1 & ) ! use ( special clamps & devices1 a numb] ( op]ations1 o!rwise difficult1 c be p]=m$1 & !rmit has come into g5]al use = repair+ brok5 or defective p>ts4 ,by ! use ( a portable jacket & clamp1 ! jo9ts ( gas1 wat]1 & /eam pipes may be weld$ ) ! pipes 9 position2 & ! advantages ( su* a mat]ial to an eng9e] f> remov$ f supplies & repair %op1 z at sea1 c h>dly be enum]at$4 ,new j\rnals h be5 weld$ to heavy rolls1 brok5 pump-rods h be5 jo9$1 & a numb] ( /ructural p>ts successfully unit$ by its aid4 ,!rmit is made up z foll[s3 ,iron oxide is intimately mix$ up ) ab\t "o-?ird z mu* 9 weight ( p[d]$ alum9ium1 accord+ to ! equation ,fe#b ,o#c #b ,al ,al#b ,o#c #b ,fe4 ,! metals to be unit$ are plac$ toge!r & surr\nd$ by a little clay or simil> sub/ance & ! mixture is plac$ all ar\nd ! jo9t4 ,! mixture is fir$ by a little magnesium1 & ! *emical *ange t foll[s creates su* an int5se heat t iron is readily weld$4 ,:5 ! jo9t is cold & clean$ up x is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,accord+ to in/ructions publi%$ by ,!rmit1 ,ltd41 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! m\lds1 crucibles1 etc41 %\ld be kept ?or\ghly dry1 & !y may advantage\sly be w>m$ be=e use to ensure ! abs5ce ( any dampness4 ,! p>ts to be weld$ mu/ previ\sly be br\ght to r$ heat1 :i* is be/ effect$ by means ( a gas & air flame4 ,! prop] design ( ! m\ld is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x %\ld h a runn] & ris]1 & ! metal %\ld be all[$ to fl[ betwe5 z well z ar\nd ! ends ( ! pieces to be weld$4 ,! exp5se & inconv5i5ce ( mak+ wood5 patt]ns may be obviat$ by mak+ ! model ( wax1 ramm+ ! s& r\nd ?is1 & subsequ5tly melt+ out ! wax4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,oxy-,acetyl5e ,weld+ ,( late ye>s oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & cutt+ h made great /rides1 & h plac$ at ! disposal ( ! metal-work+ trades a means ( do+ _m ?+s t hi!rto 7 impossible4 ,purifi$ acetyl5e & oxyg51 bo? "u pressure1 are suppli$ to a special bl[pipe or tor*4 ,! flame 9 its hotte/ "p has a temp]ature ( ab\t #d1jjj ,c4 & is !re=e suffici5tly high to melt any metals ) :i* x may be br\ght into contact4 ,! tor* is fitt$ ) all necess>y adju/m5ts to v>y ! supply ( ei!r ( ! gases1 & con/itutes a h&y tool ) :i* ! intellig5t work] soon acquires great dext]ity4 ,9 a special =m ( ! tor* !re is a means ( introduc+ a fur!r supply ( compress$ oxyg51 :i* makes x possible = ! bl[pipe flame to cut its way rapidly ?r\gh ?ick metal1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are actually consum$ 9 ! pa? ( ! oxyg54 ,x is out ( ! "q 9 a s+le *apt] ( a h&book cov]+ su* a l>ge scope z ! pres5t "w to d m ?an indicate "s ( ! uses to :i* ! oxy-acetyl5e tor* or bl[pipe may be put4 ,?is *apt] is obvi\sly no attempt :atev] at provid+ a complete work+ guide to oxy-acetyl5e weld+4 ,all t w be "h attempt$ is to pres5t a brief description ( a typical outfit & "s notes on work+ ! bl[pipe1 & !n to give "s practical in/ruction f ! p5 ( an oxy-acetyl5e weld] on ! treatm5t ( copp]1 alum9ium & ca/-iron4 ,x may "h be po9t$ out t !re is n[ a l>ge numb] ( firms specialis+ 9 ! manufacture ( oxy-acetyl5e weld]s' appliances1 & mo/ ( !m publi% illu/rat$ catalogues :i* anyone propos+ to equip himself = oxy-acetyl5e weld+ w\ld d well to obta94 ,! s\rce ( ! oxyg5 us$ 9 weld+ is n[ always cyl9d]s1 :i* are obta9able 9 v>i\s sizes1 ei!r by pur*ase or on hire f ! gas-compress+ companies1 to :om !y h to be return$ = re*>g+4 ,! acetyl5e also c be _h 9 ! compress$ =m1 b 9 ?is case ! gas is n simply compress$ into /eel cyl9d]s because1 if x 71 any simple %ock w\ld be likely to cause explosion4 ,! acetyl5e is !re=e dissolv$ 9 liquid acetone1 ! cyl9d]s conta9+ "s por\s sub/ance su* z fossil meal1 :i* is saturat$ ) ! acetone & ! acetyl5e !n pump$ 94 ,^! also c be b\ght or hir$ f ! gas-compress+ companies4 ,a trem5d\s am\nt ( weld+ is done1 h[ev]1 ) acetyl5e g5]at$ on ! spot1 & !re are on ! m>ket q a numb] ( approv$ appliances t c be recomm5d$1 ! be/ =m ( g5]ator be+ t 9 :i* ! calcium c>bide is dropp$ into ! wat] in/ead ( ! wat] dripp+ into ! *>ge ( calcium c>bide4 ,x is ess5tial t ! gas be purifi$ be=e use4 ,z mo/ p d\btless "k1 acetyl5e is "o ( ! hydro-c>bon s]ies ( gases & is evolv$ by ! action ( wat] on calcium c>bide1 a sub/ance :i* is "o ( ! products ( ! electric furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,diagram ( ,oxy-acetyl5e ,weld+ ,app>atus ,! p>ticul>s & in/ructions on pp4 #acf to #aci are due to ! ,acetyl5e ,corporation1 ,ltd4 ,fig4 #gb pres5ts a diagrammatic illu/ration ( a complete oxy-acetyl5e bl[pipe equipm5t ) ! exception ( ! acetyl5e g5]ator & hold]1 :i* app>atus may be plac$ 9 any suitable position 7pref]ably outside7 at any reasonable di/ance f ! bl[pipe4 ,a is an ord9>y gas tap connect+ ! hydraulic back pressure valve ,b ) ! acetyl5e supply pipe f ! acetyl5e hold]4 ,! bl[pipe is connect$ at valve ,c by means ( a flexible tube ) ! outlet tap ,d ( ! hydraulic back-pressure valve4 ,?is =ms ! acetyl5e supply pipe to ! bl[pipe4 ,! bl[pipe is connect$ at valve ,e by means ( a special canvas-cov]$ /rong rubb] pipe ) ! outlet tap ,f ( ! oxyg5 pressure regulator1 :i* is fix$1 z %[n1 on ! oxyg5 cyl9d]4 ,g is a pressure gauge4 ,?is pipe conveys ! oxyg5 supply to ! bl[pipe1 & %\ld be securely atta*$1 z x is subject to pressures v>y+ f #e lb4 to #dj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! hydraulic back-pressure valve %\ld h be5 previ\sly *>g$ ) wat]1 & ! gas regulator screw$ into ! oxyg5 cyl9d]4 ,! bl[pipe app>atus is n[ ready = use1 ) ! taps ,a & ,d clos$ & ! taps ,c1 ,e & ,f op54 ,fir/1 sl[ly op5 ! oxyg5 cyl9d] valve 7n %[n7 ) ! key suppli$ = t purpose4 ,by means ( ! ?umb-screw ,h1 adju/ ! gas pressure to ! correct work+ pressure = ! bl[pipe us$4 ,! approximate pressure ( oxyg5 requir$ = ea* bl[pipe is z foll[s3 ,no4 #b1 #h lb4 p] sq4 942 ,no4 #c1 #aj lb42 ,no4 #d1 #aa lb42 ,no4 #e1 #ab lb42 ,no4 #f1 #ad lb42 ,no4 #g1 #af lb42 ,no4 #h1 #ai lb42 ,no4 #aj1 #bj lb42 ,no4 #ab1 #be lb42 ,no4 #ae1 #cj lb4 ,!n op5 ! acetyl5e taps ,a & ,d1 & :5 acetyl5e is unmi/akably smelt at ! nozzle ( ! bl[pipe1 ignite ! gases by means ( a gas jet1 c&le1 or tap]4 ,!n by means ( ! tap ,c sl[ly ?rottle d[n ! acetyl5e until ! small :ite cone ( flame at ! nozzle ( ! bl[pipe %[s a cle>ly def9$ outl9e4 ,z "s indication ( ! correct size ( ! cone1 x may be m5tion$ t :5 work+ ) ! ,no4 #aj bl[pipe ?is %\ld be ab\t #a_/d 94 diamet] by #e_/h 94 long4 ,?is cone 9 ! o!r bl[pipes is great] or less accord+ to ! relative size4 ,! tap ,a mu/ nev] be us$ to regulate ! supply ( acetyl5e2 9 fact1 aft] ! hydraulic back-pressure valve has be5 *>g$ ) wat]1 x is be/ to leave ?is tap always on4 ,! work+ pressure = oxyg5 previ\sly giv5 %\ld n be too rigidly adh]$ to4 ,ev5 9 ! same sizes ( bl[pipes ! conditions mu/ v>y slightly1 & a little practical exp]i5ce ) ea* bl[pipe w soon indicate ! be/ work+ conditions4 ,if ! flame is n prop]ly regulat$ x may fire back & g out4 ,if s1 ! taps ,c & ,e %\ld be %ut (f at once1 & a few seconds all[$ to elapse be=e relight+4 ,:5 "w is c>ri$ on = a long "t at a /ret* & ! burn] becomes w>m1 x w be f\nd necess>y to slightly op5 ! acetyl5e tap ,c f "t to "t4 ,if "w is be+ done :i* involves ! nozzle ( ! bl[pipe be+ held 9 a conf9$ space1 x is advantage\s to cool ?is end ( ! bl[pipe by imm]s+ x f "t to "t 9 a bucket ( wat]4 ,:ile ?is is done ! gases mu/ be turn$ (f at ,c & ,e4 ,weld+ %\ld be done at ! apex or out] extremity ( ! small :ite cone4 ,if ! hole 9 ! nozzle ( ! bl[pipe gets ob/ruct$ at any "t ?r\gh beads ( iron be+ spla%$ into x1 or f any o!r cause1 x may be cle>$ ) a piece ( copp] wire & clean$ ) a wire bru%4 ,no /eel ream] or o!r %>p in/rum5t %\ld be us$ 9 ! hole1 :i* o!rwise w be alt]$ 9 size4 ,on /opp+ "w ! acetyl5e tap ,c %\ld be clos$ fir/ & !n ! oxyg5 tap ,e4 ,:5 "w is completely /opp$1 ! oxyg5 cyl9d] %\ld be %ut (f4 ,! oxyg5 cyl9d] valve %\ld nev] be op5$ until taps ,f & ,e are op51 & x %\ld !n be op5$ sl[ly4 ,9 ?is way sudd5 impact ( oxyg5 9 ! regulator is obviat$4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions on ! me?ods ( weld+ copp]1 ca/-iron & alum9ium are contribut$ by a =eman weld]4 ,weld+ ,copp]4--,copp] to be weld$ %\ld h its edges bevell$ to enable ! weld+ to p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! metal4 ,bevell+ is n g5]ally practis$ bel[ a ?ickness ( #c_/cb 94 ,f #c_/cb 94 to #c_/af 941 a slight op5 bevel is suffici5t2 #c_/af 94 ?ick & ov]1 ! angle ( ! bevel %\ld be ab\t #ij4 ,x is n necess>y to g beyond ?is ev5 ) great ?ickness4 ,! bevell+ %\ld be regul>1 especially at ! bottom1 s z n to produce holes or excess ( ?ickness at ! bottom ( ! bevel4 ,! edges to be weld$ & _! imm$iate neighb\rhood %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$4 ,?is c be done ) a file1 scrap]1 or %eets ( em]y4 ,*emical ag5ts su* z spirits ( salt or nitric acid are sometimes employ$2 b x is pref]able to prec$e _! use by a me*anical clean+4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! weld+ ! p>ts %\ld be c>efully arrang$ s t dur+ ! weld+ op]ation !y rema9 p]fectly 9 position4 ,ow+ to ! high conductivity ( copp]1 a relatively l>g] bl[pipe tip mu/ be us$ ?an :5 weld+ ei!r iron or mild /eel ( ! same ?ickness4 ,! p[] ( a bl[pipe ( #bbe litres ) an approximate consumption ( #gge cub4 ft4 ( acetyl5e p] h\r w\ld be suitable1 ) economical results1 = iron or mild /eel #a_/h 94 ?ick1 :]eas = copp] ( ! same ?ickness ! p[] ( ! bl[pipe %\ld be ( #cjj litres1 hav+ an approximate consumption ( #aje cub4 ft4 ( acetyl5e p] h\r4 ,also1 a bl[pipe :i* is too /rong t5ds to melt ! metal too rapidly4 ,?is %\ld be z c>efully avoid$ z t ( melt+ too sl[ly4 ,a pure copp] weld+ rod may be employ$ = fill+ 91 b x is n s effective z a weld+ rod made ( phosphor copp]4 ,! phosphorus is incorporat$ 9 a v small quantity1 s t none rema9s 9 ! weld aft] its execution4 ,a fill] rod :i* conta9s too mu* phosphorus lacks fluidity1 & melts at a temp]ature mu* l[] ?an t ( ! copp] to be weld$1 ?us facilitat+ adhesion4 ,moreov]1 ! welds 9 :i* ! phosphorus rema9s lack elongation1 & !re=e d n possess ! same me*anical prop]ties z pure copp]4 ,! weld+ rod aft] #a_/af 94 ( its diamet] %\ld be ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( ! weld1 al?\gh 9 practice fe$]s ab\t #a_/d 94 9 diamet] are n g5]ally employ$4 ,welds made on copp] )\t a deoxidis+ weld+ rod prop]ly prep>$ h a t5d5cy to oxidise1 & !re=e d n possess ! requir$ qualities4 ,9 addition1 ! surface ( ! metal mu/ be cov]$ ) a c>efully prep>$ mixture ( potassium phosphate & potassium c>bonate to a dep? ( ab\t #a_/af 94 ,^u ! application ( ! flame1 ! mixture w melt & =m a glaze ov] ! surface ( ! copp]1 ?us prev5t+ oxidation & assur+ good "w4 ,a flux consi/+ ( *loride ( sodium1 sodium borate1 & boracic acid is also recomm5d$4 ,! flux %\ld be sp>+ly appli$ by dipp+ ! end ( ! weld+ rod into ! vessel conta9+ ! flux4 ,! end ( ! rod %\ld be w>m$ 9 ord] t ! flux adh]es4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! actual op]ation ( weld+1 x is ess5tial to raise ! edges ( ! weld & ! p>ts 9 ! vic9ity to a high temp]ature4 ,! high conductivity ( ! metal necessitates ?is1 z any supply ( molt5 weld+ rod be=e ! edges are 9 a molt5 /ate inevitably produces adhesion4 ,! flame ( ! bl[pipe %\ld be p]fectly regulat$ & ma9ta9$ )\t excess ( ei!r acetyl5e or oxyg54 ,9 execut+ ! weld1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid contact ( ! :ite jet ( ! bl[pipe flame ) ! metal j ab\t to be melt$4 ,! di/ance ( ! :ite jet %\ld v>y accord+ to ! p[] ( ! bl[pipe1 say f #c_/af 94 to #c_/h 94 ,if ?is di/ance is increas$1 ! gases result+ f ! second phase ( combu/ion1 c>bonic acid & wat] vap\r1 influ5ce ! weld4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! fusion ( ! metal %\ld n be und]tak5 until ! edges ( ! weld & ! p>ts ne> h be5 rais$ to a high temp]ature4 ,at ?is mom5t ! weld+ rod & ! p>ts to be jo9$ %\ld be melt$ simultane\sly4 ,x is ess5tial t ! weld+ rod %\ld be regul>ly incorporat$ 9 ! l9e ( weld+1 & mu/ n be all[$ to fall 9 drops4 ,! op]ation %\ld be cont9u\s1 tak+ c>e to attack regul>ly ! two edges ( ! metal4 ,! weld+ is ?us execut$ rapidly4 ,x is well kn[n t int]nal /ra9s are always set up 9 e process ( weld+1 due to ! expansion & contraction :5 a metal is heat$ & cool$4 ,copp] lacks t5acity :5 heat$2 h5ce contraction ( ! metal1 ^: coeffici5t ( expansion is also fairly high2 fractures !reby are (t5 produc$1 especially 9 ! weld$ "p4 ,h[ev]1 pre-heat+ ! article to a high temp]ature1 ma9ta9+ ! heat+ aft] ! op]ation ( weld+ & sl[ cool+1 enables "o 9 _m cases to avoid fractures due to contraction4 ,x is also necess>y to hamm] ! l9e ( weld+ & its vic9ity4 ,aft] ! hamm]+ op]ation x is ess5tial to reheat ! copp]1 rais+ x to r$ness 7#ejj ,c4 to #fjj ,c474 ,!n plunge into cold wat]1 or cool z rapidly z possible4 ,! /ructure ( ! weld is n q z homog5e\s z o!r p>ts ( ! piece weld$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 controll$ l>gely by ! skill & workman%ip ( ! op]ator1 :o c1 at w1 make ! weld m or less homog5e\s4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate 9 any?+ l detail all ! "w 9 copp] :i* may be execut$ by oxy-acetyl5e autog5\s weld+4 ,h[ev]1 copp]-smi?s are advantage\sly mak+ great use ( ! sy/em1 !reby replac+ _! old me?ods ( braz+ & rivet+4 ,weld+ ,alum9ium4--,9 prep>+ alum9ium to be weld$1 ! edges mu/ fir/ be ?or\ghly clean$ & ! weld+ rod v pure1 s z to avoid ! incorporation ( impurities1 :i* is apt to br+ ab\t rapid dis9tegration 9 ! l9e ( weld+4 ,bevell+ ! edges to be jo9$ is n necess>y bel[ a ?ickness ( #a_/h 94 ,f #a_/h 94 to #c_/af 94 a slight op5 bevel is suffici5t1 #c_/af 94 ?ick & above angle ( bevel %\ld be ab\t #ij4 ,= ?9 %eets up to a maximum ( #c_/cb 941 weld+ is facilitat$ by flang+ ! edges at "r angles4 ,! dep? ( ! flange %\ld be slightly deep] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! metal4 ,by ?is me?od no weld+ rod is requir$1 ! edges be+ simply fus$4 ,! weld %\ld aft]w>ds be hamm]$ level4 ,alum9ium %\ld nev] be weld$ )\t a flux4 ,if weld+ is attempt$ )\t a flux1 globules consi/+ ( alum9ium )9 & a coat+ ( alum9a 7oxide ( alum9ium7 w appe>4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate ^! by ! bl[pipe flame x w\ld be necess>y to raise ! temp]ature to ! melt+ po9t ( ! oxide ( alum9ium1 :i* is ne>ly #c1jjj ,c41 :il/ ! melt+ po9t ( metallic alum9ium is only #feg ,c4 ,to produce a flux :i* w dissolve ! oxide at ! l[ melt+ po9t ( ! metal & at ! same "t protect ! hot metal f contact ) ! air has obvi\sly n be5 a simple problem to ! *emi/ & eng9e]4 ,h[ev]1 sev]al good fluxes are n[ obta9able :i* enable any exp]i5c$ weld] to effect satisfactory welds 9 alum9ium4 ,a flux consi/+ ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts c be recomm5d$3 sodium *loride #cj p>ts1 potassium *loride #de p>ts1 li?ium *loride #ae p>ts1 potassium fluoride #g p>ts1 & bisulphate ( potassium #c p>ts4 ,:5 mak+ fluxes = ! weld+ ( alum9ium1 great c>e is necess>y 9 ord] to completely dry ! +r$i5ts1 ?us avoid+ _! comb9ation ) ea* o!r4 ,on alum9ium above #c_/cb 94 ?ick1 ! flux is be/ appli$ by dipp+ ! end ( ! weld+ rod into ! vessel conta9+ ! flux4 ,! end ( ! rod %\ld be fir/ w>m$ 9 ord] t ! flux adh]es4 ,! weld+ rod aft] #a_/af 941 its diamet] %\ld be j ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( ! weld1 al?\gh 9 practice fe$]s above #a_/d 94 diamet] are n advisable4 ,9 execut+ ! weld1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid contact ( ! :ite jet ( ! bl[pipe flame ) ! metal j ab\t to be melt$1 because ! high temp]ature ( ?is "p t5ds to produce holes :i* are difficult to fill 94 ,! di/ance ( ! :ite jet %\ld v>y accord+ to ! p[] ( ! bl[pipe1 say f #a_/d 94 to #c_/d 94 ,! flame %\ld be s adju/$ z to furni% an excess ( acetyl5e4 ,!re ne$ be b little fe> ( c>bonis+ ! metal1 = ! reason t ! temp]ature ( ! "w is comp>atively l[4 ,= ?9 welds1 up to #a_/h 94 ?ick1 x is pref]able to hold ! weld+ rod 9 front ( ! bl[pipe 9 ! direction ( ! edges to be weld$4 ,z soon z ! latt] beg9s to melt x is heat$ rapidly1 & %\ld be l[]$ to =m "o molt5 ba? ) ! metal ( ! piece4 ,! weld+ is ?us done v rapidly4 ,= great ?icknesses x is pref]able to obta9 fusion ( ! weld+ rod1 previ\sly heat$ 9 ! molt5 ba? ( ! bevel4 ,directly aft] weld+1 ! weld %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 clean w>m wat] 9 ord] to remove all rema9+ traces ( ! flux1 :i* w\ld o!rwise cont9ue to h a *emical action on ! metal1 !reby sett+ up corrosion4 ,weld+ ,ca/-,iron4--,! edges ( ! weld %\ld be bevell$ :5 ! ?ickness exce$s #a_/h 942 ?is enables ! weld+ to p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! metal4 ,bo? edges mu/ be bevell$ to an angle ( #de1 s z to =m a "r angle at ! weld4 ,! bevell+ %\ld be regul>1 especially at ! bottom1 s z n to produce holes or excess ?ickness at ! bottom ( ! bevel4 ,work]s :o attempt to effect welds on ca/-iron above1 say1 #a_/d 94 9 ?ickness1 )\t bevell+1 inv>iably obta9 poor results1 z x is impossible to get regul> & ?or\gh p5etration4 ,! bevell+ ( ! edges may be done by *ipp+ or gr9d+1 etc4 ,gr9d+ :eels made f a c>bide ( silicon abrasive are v effective = ca/-iron4 ,! edges to be weld$ & _! imm$iate neighb\rhood mu/ be free f s&1 dirt1 & ru/4 ,x is kn[n t int]nal /ra9s are always set up 9 e process ( weld+1 due to ! expansion & contraction :5 a metal body is heat$ & cool$4 ,^! /ra9s are n unavoidable1 b _! effect may be m9imis$ or nullifi$4 ,9 ! case ( ca/-iron1 ! t5d5cy to crack w be greatly increas$ if ! cool+ ( ! metal aft] fusion is rapid or irregul>4 ,consequ5tly1 ! article to be weld$ %\ld be pre-heat$ sl[ly to ab\t #gjj ,f4 to #a1jjj ,f4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! high] ! temp]ature ( pre-heat+1 ! less ! dang] ( crack+4 ,pref]ably1 pre-heat+ & subsequ5t sl[ cool+ %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a muffle1 p>ticul>ly :]e light & intricate ca/+s h to be dealt )4 ,9 all cases c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! selection ( ! prop] size ( bl[pipe tip to be us$ on any p>ticul> job4 ,!re=e1 ! size ( tip recomm5d$ by ! manufactur]s %\ld be employ$4 ,! total heat ( fusion ( ca/-iron be+ high1 x is necess>y to use a bl[pipe ) a great] p[] ?an = ! same ?ickness ( welds on mild-/eel or wr\ght-iron4 ,9 ! actual op]ation ( weld+1 ! bl[pipe flame %\ld be play$ on ! edges to be weld$ until ! melt+ ( ! iron j takes place4 ,x is ess5tial to avoid contact ( ! :ite cone ( ! bl[pipe flame ) ! metal j ab\t to be melt$2 ! po9t %\ld be kept at a di/ance v>y+ f #c_/af 94 to #c_/d 941 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! "w4 ,! two edges to be jo9$ %\ld melt simultane\sly4 ,z soon z ! fir/ fusion is obta9$1 a little flux or scal+ p[d] mu/ be add$2 ?is is usually appli$ by dipp+ ! extremity ( ! weld+ rod into ! vessel conta9+ ! flux1 ! rod hav+ be5 previ\sly heat$4 ,avoid ?r[+ ! p[d] into ! molt5 metal :il/ execut+ ! weld1 z ! supply f ! weld+ rod is always suffici5t4 ,_m k9ds ( fluxes = ca/-iron are furni%$ by ! manufactur]s ( weld+ app>atus1 :i* v>y consid]ably 9 composition4 ,! pr9ciple ( all ( !m is to provide "s *emical :i*1 at ! high temp]ature involv$1 w break up ! oxide into its compon5t p>ts4 ,! foll[+ comb9ations w p]=m ^! functions1 & c be recomm5d$3 7#a7 ,boracic acid #hj p>ts1 p[d]$ *lorate ( pota% #bj p>ts1 f]ric c>bide #ae p>ts4 7#b7 ,equal p>ts ( c>bonate & bic>bonate ( soda1 to :i* is add$ f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( borax & #e p] c5t4 ( precipitat$ silica4 7#c7 ,c>bonate ( soda #ej p] c5t4 & bic>bonate ( soda #ej p] c5t4 ,! necessity = us+ a flux may n be ?or\ghly appreciat$2 b if x is attempt$ to weld ca/-iron )\t x difficulty w at once be exp]i5c$4 ,d n add any metal f ! weld+ rod until ! bottom ( ! ,v is fill$ f ! sides4 ,x is f\nd t by employ+ silicon 9 ! weld+ rod1 9 ! =m ( f]ro-silicon1 ! iron comb9es ) ! silicon 9 pref]5ce to ! c>bon1 all[+ ! c>bon to take ! =m ( graphite1 & ?us facilitate ! =mation ( grey iron4 ,! weld+ rod %\ld conta9 ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( silicon & z l[ z possible 9 manganese4 ,! pur*ase ( su* a weld+ rod is n at all difficult1 & may be obta9$ f ! same manufactur]s z ! flux1 f #a_/h 94 to #a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,"o criticism ( ca/-iron weld+ has be5 direct$ aga9/ ! h>dness ( ! weld4 ,?is h>dness may be due to a numb] ( causes1 su* z ineffici5cy ( ! op]ator1 unsatisfactory fluxes & weld+ app>atus1 rapid cool+1 etc4 ,!re=e1 z /at$ previ\sly1 9 ord] to get good workable welds1 !re mu/ be sl[ cool+ aft] ! weld+ is complete2 & !re is no reason :y ! work] :o c>efully foll[s ! in/ructions giv51 & applies himself dilig5tly to ! task1 %\ld n be able to weld ca/-iron ( any ?ickness 9 an effici5t & workmanlike mann]4 ,?is me?od ( weld+ ca/-iron successfully solves an unlimit$ v>iety ( manufactur+ & repair problems 9 ! eng9e]+ indu/ry1 & c be reli$ on to make homog5e\s welds on ca/-iron4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate 9 any?+ l detail all ! "w 9 ca/-iron :i* may be execut$ by oxy-acetyl5e weld+2 b ! foll[+ are "s ( ! applications = :i* x has already be5 advantage\sly employ$3 ,= repair+ brok5 ma*9e p>ts1 ge> boxes1 motor cyl9d]s1 crank cases1 tanks1 manifolds1 fly:eels1 etc41 fill+ bl[holes & defects 9 ca/+s4 ,ca/+s impossible or difficult to m\ld c be made 9 p>ts & unit$4 ,tee? brok5 f ge> :eels c be r5ew$1 & add+ metal 9 any desir$ quantity to worn p>ts ( ca/-iron articles4 ,z a concrete example ( its economical & positive aid to ! eng9e]+ indu/ry1 ! foll[+ may be ( int]e/4 ,a ca/-iron belt-:eel w\ld h gone on ! scrap heap1 a total loss1 ) f\r ( ! six spokes brok51 ?ree entirely out4 ,x 0 #e ft4 9 diamet]1 & weigh$ ab\t #ejj lb41 b 0 n wor? mu* z scrap metal4 ,scrapp+ x meant ! pur*ase ( a new :eel1 & p]haps a long delay 9 gett+ "o ca/4 ,b ) ! oxy-acetyl5e process ! ?ree spokes t 7 fractur$ 7 weld$ into place2 ! f\r? spoke brok5 ne> ! hub 0 also weld$4 ,!re 7 sev5 welds1 ea* ab\t #a-a_/b 94 by #d 942 ! job 0 done pr(itably at a co/ ( #e1 ready = deliv]y 9 two days1 & 0 consid]ably bett] ?an buy+ a new :eel1 & wait+ two weeks or two mon?s = deliv]y4 ,! process is p>ticul>ly suitable = ?is class ( "w1 & _c fail to give satisfaction if p]=m$ by an exp]i5c$ weld]4 ,! co/ ( weld+ a giv5 job dep5ds n only on its ?ickness1 b on ! skill ( ! workman4 ,= example1 ! same class ( job may v>y z mu* z #ej p] c5t4 if execut$ by diff]5t op]ators4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,lead ,burn+ ,lead-burn+ or flam+ is ! autog5\s weld+ ( lead by means ( ei!r an a]o-hydrog5 or oxy-coal-gas bl[pipe flame4 ,9 ! pa/ ! app>atus requir$ includ$ a hydrog5-gas g5]at+ *amb] 7call$ ! 8lead-burn+ ma*9e07 & a bl[] or air *amb]4 ,! hydrog5 0 made by ! action ( dilute sulphuric acid on z9c4 ,t sy/em is n[1 or %\ld be1 obsolete1 hav+ be5 sup]s$$ by ! cleanly & altoge!r m conv5i5t process ( employ+ two cyl9d]s1 "o ( compress$ coal-gas & ! o!r ( compress$ oxyg51 9 conjunction ) an injector-patt]n bl[pipe4 ,gauges & regulators are requir$ z 9 ! oxy-acetyl5e process4 ,! oxy-acetyl5e process may be successfully appli$ to lead-burn+ 9 spite ( ! great heat ( su* a flame4 ,! consumption ( acetyl5e1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d4 ,ri*>dson's translation ( ,granjon & ,ros5b]g's ,fr5* "w1 is only #a to #b cubic feet p] h\r = lead #a_/af 94 to #c_/af 94 ?ick1 & ! process is /at$ to h 8consid]able advantages ov] all o!r me?ods ( autog5\s sold]+40 ,9 lead-burn+ x is cu/om>y to employ a triangul> /ick ( ref9$ lead = fill+ up ! seams4 ,by be+ burnt or jo9$ toge!r 9 ?is way1 ! lead becomes homog5e\s1 & ! v>i\s p>ts ( x equally )/& ! same *emical action & heat4 ,= ?is reason x is us$ = jo9+ ! seams ( *emical & acid tanks1 & = ! jo9ts ( pipes us$ = ! conveyance ( su* *emicals4 ,sold] be+ an alloy1 ! acid w\ld h a solv5t action on x1 eat+ x away & r5d]+ x useless1 & x w\ld also give rise to electrical action1 practically impossible :5 only "o metal is exclusively employ$4 ,lead-burn+ is also (t5 us$ on ext]nal or ro( "w4 ,! seams burnt on %eet-lead are ( two k9ds3 "o =m+ a butt$ jo9t1 ! o!r a lapp$ jo9t4 ,9 burn+ a butt$ seam1 ! two edges ( ! lead to be jo9$ are butt$ toge!r1 & %av$ ab\t #a_/d 94 to #c_/h 941 or slightly less1 on ea* side4 ,! gas & oxyg5 are turn$ on & adju/$ s z to produce a flame f ab\t #e 94 to #f 94 long1 & tap]+ to a f9e po9t4 ,! hotte/ "p ( ! flame is ! c5tre ( ! ?icke/ portion1 ab\t #a 94 or #a-a_/b 94 f ! jet4 ,hold ! jet 9 ! "r h&1 & a /rip ( lead 9 ! left1 & all[ ! flame to play on ! end ( ! /rip1 :i* is held j above ! seam4 ,z ! /rip melts1 ! jet is div]t$ on to ! seam s z to fuse ! edges toge!r1 ! additional lead =m+ a ?ick5$ portion4 ,! /rip is aga9 melt$1 & jo9$ to ! edges1 & also to ! ?icke/ "p2 & s on along ! l5g?4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to burn ! lead ?r\gh1 b n = ! metal to fl[ b5ea? ! seam4 ,aft] a little practice1 ! op]ator w "k exactly :5 to apply & :5 to remove ! jet4 ,fig4 #gc %[s a flat butt$ jo9t p>tly burnt4 ,! /ick ( lead is j nipp$ ) ! flame1 & a bead ( lead dropp$ on ! seam4 ,! flame is !n direct$ on to ?is bead until x is fus$ ) ! seam4 ,:5 bead & seam are melt$ toge!r1 ! flame is imm$iately rais$4 ,! next bead ( lead is !n dropp$ on ! seam s z to half cov] ! previ\s bead1 z %[n at ,m 7,fig4 #gc74 ,! flame is !n direct$ on ! second bead1 ! flame be+ imm$iately rais$ aft] ^! are fus$ toge!r1 & ?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! seam is burnt4 ,a flat lapp$ jo9t1 p>tly burnt1 is %[n by ,fig4 #gd4 ,9 burn+ ?is jo9t1 ! /ick ( lead is only requir$ to fill up any irregul>ities 9 ! burn+1 & is n requir$ to =m ! seam 9 ! same way z x is 9 a butt$ jo9t1 because 9 lapp$ burn+ ! ov]cloak is burnt d[n on to ! und]cloak1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,9 horizontal & v]tical burn+1 lapp$ jo9ts only %\ld be us$4 ,fig4 #ge %[s a specim5 ( horizontal or side burn+1 & ,fig4 #gf "o ( v]tical or upright burn+4 ,9 burn+ bo? ( ^!1 ! /ick ( lead is n requir$ at all1 ! ov]cloak be+ 9 ea* case burnt d[n on to ! und]cloak4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t bo? ! ov]cloak & und]cloak ( a lapp$ jo9t are well %av$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,butt$ ,seam ,p>tly ,burnt ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,lapp$ ,seam ,p>tly ,burnt ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,horizontal or ,side ,burn+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,v]tical or ,upright ,burn+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,burn+ ,upright ,jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,bran* ,jo9t ,ready = ,burn+ ,! seams %\ld n be soil$ or greas$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to t>ni% !m 9 any way4 ,if ! lead is n %av$ q clean1 or x becomes t>ni%$ aft] x is %av$1 x w be f\nd difficult to burn x toge!r successfully4 ,no tall[ or smudge is necess>y4 ,! op]ator w soon detect ! pres5ce ( any =eign sub/ance or dirt on ! lead1 & ! %avehook %\ld be kept h&y to remove x4 ,9 burn+ a v]tical lapp$ seam1 />t+ at ! bottom1 ! lapp+ lead is melt$1 & z x runs is turn$ on to ! back portion & fus$ into x4 ,a slight projection is =m$1 :i* holds ! next melt+1 & s on1 ea* lay] =m+ a base = ! next1 & add+ to ! height until ! top is rea*$4 ,9 practis+ ei!r horizontal or v]tical burn+1 ! /ud5t %\ld fir/ place 8 "w at an easy angle--say1 at ab\t #be or #cj--;gradually rais+ x z he becomes pr(ici5t until ! seam is 9 a horizontal or v]tical position z desir$4 ,two surfaces c be burn$ toge!r 9 any position--horizontal1 v]tical1 or ev5 ov]head1 :]e sold]+ w\ld be impossible4 ,pipe jo9ts c also be made by burn+4 ,fir/ "o pipe is op5$ to =m a socket l a slip jo9t4 ,! male "p1 :i* mu/ ent] at lea/ #c_/d 941 mu/ be well %av$ & made to fit tight4 ,fig4 #gg %[s an upright jo9t prep>$ & p>tly burnt4 ,fig4 #gh %[s a section ( a bran* jo9t z prep>$ = burn+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to "w up a good ?ick %\ld] = ! socket ,n4 ,,index ,acetyl5e us$ 9 weld+1 #ace ,alloys1 eutectic1 #d ,alum9ium1 bit us$ )1 #fa ----1 difficulty 9 sold]+1 #eg1 #eh ----1 flux =1 #fa1 #adc1 #add ----1 oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 #adc ----1 sold]+1 #fb1 #fc ---- sold]s1 #eh-fa ,arc weld+1 #aca1 #acb ,autog5\s weld+ 7see ,oxy-acetyl5e weld+7 8,be/0 sold]1 #d ,birdcage wires1 sold]+1 #ec ,bismu?1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,black1 plumb]'s1 #ff-fh ,bl[-lamp bit1 #ba ,bl[-lamps1 #dd1 #df1 #ib ----1 manag+1 etc41 #aah-aba ----1 p>aff9 braz+1 #abb-abh ,bl[pipe1 b5*1 #dj1 #da ----1 ,black's1 #cg ---- capacities1 #aaf ---- flame1 #ch ----1 ,flet*]'s1 #cg ----1 gas1 mak+1 #ic1 #id ----1 m\?1 #cg-dj ----1 op]at+1 #df ----1 oxy-acetyl5e1 #acf ----3 proportion ( air to gas1 #aad ---- s(t sold]1 #d ---- sold]+1 #ag1 #df-ef ,boil+ wat]1 sold]s t melt 91 #aa ,borax flux1 #gh1 #gi ,brass fitt+s1 t9n+1 #ff ----1 sold] & flux =1 #g ----1 sold]+ alum9ium to1 #fj ,britannia metal1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,braz+1 #a1 #hi-ajg ---- copp] rod1 #ajj ---- cycle-frame jo9ts1 #ajc ----1 flux =1 #ia ---- iron1 #ih-ajj1 #aje-ajg ---- key /ems1 #aja ----1 spelt] =1 #hi-ia ---- /eel1 #ih-ajj ,braz+-lamps 7see ,bl[-lamps7 ,broo*es1 sold]+1 #hc ,bru% = apply+ flux1 #ad ,buns5 burn]1 #dj1 #db ,burn+ lead1 #b1 #aej-aed ,ca/-iron1 braz+1 #aje-ajg ----1 flux =1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #adg ----1 oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 #ade ,cat*+-tray1 #db ,*urns1 sold]+1 #ce ,clay1 pack+ "w 91 #ea ,clo?s1 plumb]'s1 #fh1 #fi 8,co>se0 sold]1 #d 8,common0 sold]1 #d ,compo4 pip+1 mak+ sold] f1 #i ,contact weld+1 #abi-aca ,copp]1 braz+1 #ajj ----1 flux =1 #ada ----1 oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 #aci ----1 sold]+ alum9ium to1 #fj ----1 s(t sold] & flux =1 #g ,copp]-bit sold]+1 #bh-cf ,copp]-bits1 #ag-bd ----1 gas-heat$1 #bb-bd ----1 hold+1 #cj ----1 _s-heat$1 #bj1 #ba ----1 /oves =1 #bd1 #be ----1 t9n+1 #be-bh ,corrod$ metal1 sold]+1 #ej ,cycle braz+1 #ajb-aje ,dial r+1 sold]+1 #ej ,dross on sold]1 #aa ,electric arc weld+1 #aca1 #acb ---- contact weld+1 #abi-aca ,enamell$ w>e1 sold]+1 #ce ,eutectic alloys1 #d 8,f9e0 sold]1 #d ,flam+ lead1 #b1 #aej-aed ,flux 7see also names ( metals7 ----1 apply+1 #ad1 #ae ---- = braz+1 #ia ---- comb9$ ) sold]1 #aj ---- conta9]s1 #ad ---- = s(t sold]+1 #ab-af ,fluxite & specialities1 #ac1 #bj ,food conta9]s1 flux =1 #ae ,fusion weld+ 7see ,oxy-acetyl5e weld+7 ,galvanis$ /eel1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,gas bl[pipes1 #da1 #ic1 #id1 #aab-aag ---- braz+-he>?1 #id-ih ,gas-heat$ bits1 #bb-bd ,gold1 8col\r+10 #hg1 #hh ----1 flux =1 #g ---- jewell]y1 sold]+1 #hc-hh ---- sold]s1 h>d1 #he1 #hf ---- ----1 s(t1 #g ,gold-cas$ w>e1 sold]+1 #hd ,granulat$ sold]1 #h ,gun-b>rel1 sold]+ cat* on1 #cf ,gunmetal1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,h>d sold] & sold]+ 7see ,braz+1 ,silv]-sold]+1 & names ( metals7 ,h>dness ( sold]1 #e ,he>?1 gas braz+1 #id-ih ,hiorns1 ,a4 ,h41 #d1 #e ,iron1 braz+1 #ih-ajj1 #aje-ajg ----1 flux =1 #adg ----1 hamm]-weld+1 #ajh ----1 oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 #ade ----1 s(t sold] & flux =1 #g ,jewell]y1 sold]+1 #hc-hh ,jo9ts1 re9=c$ & fill$-91 #cd ,jubb1 ,w4 ,h41 #gf ,kettle sp\t1 sold]+1 #ej ,key /ems1 braz+1 #aja 8,kill$ _s10 #ab-ae ,lad+-c h&le1 sold]+1 #dg ,ladle1 sold]1 #g ,lamp1 sold]+ lug on1 #dh ,lead1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,lead-burn+1 #b1 #aej-aed ,lead$ lights1 sold]+1 #ce 8,magic0 sold]1 #aj 8,m$ium0 sold]1 #d ,melt+ po9ts ( sold]1 etc41 #d1 #e ,milk *urns1 sold]+1 #ce ,"n-plates1 sweat+ lett]s on1 #ed-ef ,oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 #b1 #acd-adi ---- ---- alum9ium1 #adc-ade ---- ----3 app>atus1 #acf-aci ---- ---- ca/-iron1 #ade-adi ---- ---- copp]1 #aci-adc ,oxyg5 us$ 9 weld+1 #ace ,paillons1 sold]1 #gi-hj ,pewt]1 mak+ sold] f1 #i ----1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,phosphor-t91 sold]s conta9+1 #ei-fa ,pickle1 gold-sold]]'s1 #he1 #hg ----1 silv]-sold]]'s1 #gg1 #gh1 #hg ,pipe jo9ts1 burnt1 #aec1 #aed ---- ----1 horizontal or und]h& wip$1 #fi-gb ---- ----3 lead to ca/-iron1 #gd ---- ----1 silv]-sold]$1 #hj1 #ha ---- ----1 sold]$1 #eb1 #ec ---- ----1 upright wip$1 #gb-gd ,plumb]'s black1 #ff-fh ---- clo?s1 #fh1 #fi ---- flux1 #ff ---- sold]1 #d1 #fd-ff 8,poison$0 sold]1 #f1 #fe1 #ff ,r+s1 jewell$1 sold]+1 #hd ,ryan's gas-heat$ bit1 #bb ,sal-ammoniac block = t9n+ bits1 #bf-bh ,s&1 pack+ "w 91 #ea ,seams1 s(t-sold]$1 #ca-cc ,%ave-hook1 #bh ,silv] jewell]y1 sold]+1 #hc ----1 s(t sold] & flux =1 #g ---- sold]s1 #ge-gg ,silv]-sold]+1 #a1 #c1 #ge-hb ----3 pickle1 #gg1 #gh ----3 qu5*+1 #ha ----3 remov+ m>ks1 #ha ,smudge1 plumb]'s1 #ff-fh ,s(t sold]+1 #a-c1 #bh-ef ---- ---- ) bl[pipe1 #df-ef ---- ---- ---- copp]-bit1 #bh-cf ---- sold]s1 #d-aa ---- ---- t melt 9 boil+ wat]1 #aj1 #aa ,soil1 plumb]'s1 #ff-fh ,sold] 7see also ,silv] sold]1 ,s(t sold]1 etc41 & "u names ( metals7 ---- comb9$ ) flux1 #aj ----1 ov]heat$1 #aa ----1 re-melt$1 #aa 8,sold]+ iron10 #ag ,sold]+ solutions1 #ad ,spelt]1 #a1 #c1 #hi-ia ,_s-heat$ bits1 #bj1 #ba ,_s-lamps1 #dj ,spot-weld+1 electric1 #acj ,/eel1 braz+1 #ih-ajj ----1 flux =1 #aaa ----1 hamm]-weld+1 #aji-aaa ----1 s(t sold] & flux =1 #g ,/oves = heat+ bits1 #bd1 #be ,/rip sold]1 #f-h ,sweat+1 #cb-cd1 #ed-ef ,tap]s1 #da ,te>s1 sold]1 #h ,!rmit weld+1 #b1 #acb1 #acc ,t91 sold] & flux =1 #g ,t9n+ bits1 #be-bh 8,t9ol0 specialities1 #aj1 #ac1 #ai ,t9plate1 sold] & flux =1 #g 8,t\*0 or tall[1 #ff ,tube sold]1 #aj ,vegetable ma%]1 sold]+1 #dh 8,v f9e0 sold]1 #d ,wat*-case1 silv]-sold]+1 #gi ,weld+ 7see also sep>ate head+s7 ----1 electric1 #abi-acb ---- iron & /eel "u ! hamm]1 #ajh-aaa ----1 oxy-acetyl5e1 #acd-adi ----1 !rmit1 #acb1 #acc ----3 v>i\s processes1 #a1 #b ,wire1 sold]1 #h ,z9c *loride1 #ab-ae ---- 9 sold]1 #f1 #fe1 #ff ----1 sold] & flux =1 #g ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5cies 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 reta9$4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,page #ei1 table3 ! r[ ,t9 #f does n add up to #ajj 71 presumably7 z ! o!r r[s d4 ,m9or obvi\s punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page #e3 #ff & #cd h be5 *ang$ to #ff & #cd1 respectively4 ,page #g3 fl[ ov] ! hoe has be5 *ang$ to fl[ ov] ! hole4 ,page #aed3 ent] at la/ has be5 *ang$ to ent] at lea/4