which includes the more than #hj original illustrations4 ,see #eaigf-;h4htm or #eaigf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#eaigf_/pg#eaigf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#ea igf_/eaigf-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,,the ,,first ,,quarter-,,century ,,of ,,steam ,,locomotives ,,in ,,north ,,america ,illustration3 ,replica of the ,lafayette 7see p4 #eh7 as it appeared in the fall of #aiee1 during the making of a motion picture in northern ,georgia4 ,for the picture1 which was based on the story of the famous ,civil ,war locomotive ,general 7see p4 #hd71 this 8,one-,armed ,billy0 of the #ahcj's was disguised as the ,yonah1 of the ,cooper ,iron ,works ,rail ,road1 and is shown here as it was operating on the ,tallulah ,falls ,railway4 7,color plate contributed by ,thomas ,norrell47 ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,bulletin #baj ,,the ,,first ,,quarter-,,century ,,of ,,steam ,,locomotives ,,in ,,north ,,america ,remaining ,relics and ,operable ,replicas with a ,catalog of ,locomotive ,models in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,,smith ,,hempstone ,,oliver ,curator of ,land ,transportation ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,illustration3 ,,for ,,the ,,increase ,,and ,,diffusion ,,of ,,knowledge ,,among ,,men ,,smithsonian ,,institute ,,washington #ahdf ,smithsonian ,institution ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #aief ,,advertisement ,the scientific publications of the ,national ,museum include two series known1 respectively1 as ,proceedings and ,bulletin4 ,the ,proceedings series1 begun in #ahgh1 is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the ,national ,museum1 that set forth newly acquired facts in biology1 anthropology1 and geology1 with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups4 ,copies of each paper1 in pamphlet form1 are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects4 ,the dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes4 ,the series of ,bulletins1 the first of which was issued in #ahge1 contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises 7occasionally in several volumes71 faunal works1 reports of expeditions1 catalogs of type specimens1 special collections1 and other material of similar nature4 ,the majority of the volumes are octavo in size1 but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances4 ,in the ,bulletin series appear volumes under the heading ,contributions from the ,united ,states ,national ,herbarium1 in octavo form1 published by the ,national ,museum since #aijb1 which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the ,museum4 ,the present work forms ,no4 #baj of the ,bulletin series4 ,remington ,kellogg1 ,director1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,,contents ,page ,foreword3 ,the vanishing iron horse #d ,remaining relics and operable replicas representing the first quarter-century of steam locomotives in ,north ,america #f ,america's first rail locomotive #aj ,two ,british-built locomotives #ad ,peter ,cooper and ,phineas ,davis #bb ,the ,west ,point ,foundry ,association #bf ,national ,museum's ,john ,bull #ch ,three ,grasshoppers #dg ,two midwestern locomotives #ec ,a ,one-,armed ,billy #eh ,a ,rocket in ,america #fj ,a ,canadian relic #fc ,the final decade #ff ,supplement3 ,models1 in the ,national ,museum1 of locomotives not included in this work #ge ,picture credits #ajd ,acknowledgments #aje ,bibliography #ajf ,index #aji ,,foreword ,the ,vanishing ,iron ,horse ,as the midpoint of the #bjth century was reached1 the curtain was falling upon the final phases of steam locomotive operation in ,north ,america4 ,almost certainly1 after another decade there would remain in service comparatively few representatives of the engine which had been the primary source of motive power of the railroads for over a hundred years4 ,in that comparatively short time the steam locomotive had changed the ,united ,states from a small country with a few seaports1 and with towns and settlements little farther inland than river navigation permitted1 to a great nation covered with cities and spanning a continent4 ,it had made possible the confederation of the isolated provinces of ,canada into a great ,dominion4 ,now1 by the #aiej's1 owing to the emergence of another type of motive power1 it had become obsolete and its days could be numbered4 ,no future generation would experience the thrill enjoyed by its predecessors4 ,no future ,american could stand awed beside the track and behold the majestic onrush of the iron horse1 be deafened by the blast of the exhaust1 the crash and clatter of steel on steel1 and the hiss of escaping steam1 or be momentarily shaken as the locomotive thundered past in a blurred flash of connecting rods1 valve mechanism1 and pounding wheels4 ,no child at night would ever again awaken to the eerie echo of a far-off steam whistle crying at a lonely crossing1 or by day look out from a hillside at the long white plume of steam that marked a distant train charging down the valley below4 ,the present generation of ,americans can gaze back upon these things with nostalgia4 ,the next will never know them4 ,here and there a steam engine will be saved1 but the people of a different era will note them and quickly pass on1 wondering4 ,only a few will pause to marvel and ponder over the development of the steam locomotive4 ,it is to the everlasting credit of our forebears that some few examples and relics of the early engines have been preserved2 and the appearance of this study of them1 coming in the final hour of the steam locomotive1 is most appropriate4 ,the author has gone to painstaking lengths to find and sift and bring together the most complete record ever compiled of these examples and relics remaining of the earliest of ,north ,american railway engines and of working replicas of them4 ,students of locomotive and railroad history are familiar with the almost impossible task confronting the researcher who undertakes to trace the history of early engines4 ,the contemporary account is often a will-o'-the-wisp pursued endlessly through the yellowed pages of century-old newspapers and books2 the seemingly authentic fragment of fact is found to be faulty just when it seems flawlessly correct2 the colorful description of some ephemeral engine of the past just cannot be reconciled with contemporary accounts and finally proves to have been prepared long afterward1 replete with the inaccuracies which most unfortunately result from the inroads made by time upon the recollections of the most careful observer4 ,through all this confusing maze the author step by step has made his way1 the result being a most noteworthy and valuable contribution to the literature of the steam locomotive4 ,to students of its history1 to the vast body of railway enthusiasts all over the world1 and to those generally interested in the development of mechanical industry and transportation1 this work must appeal as unique and one that will be long remembered4 ,,thomas ,,norrell ,july #aiee ,silver ,spring1 ,maryland ,remaining ,relics and ,operable ,replicas ,representing the ,first ,quarter-,century ,of ,steam ,locomotives in ,north ,america ,,builder ,,name ,,date ,,built ,,for ,,condition ,,see ,,built ,,page ,col4 ,john none #ahbe ,experiment ,relics and #b #aj ,stevens operable replicas ,robert ,america #ahbh ,delaware and ,relics only #ad ,stephenson ,hudson ,canal ,co4 ,co4 ,foster1 ,stourbridge #ahbi ,delaware and ,assembled #ad ,rastrick and ,lion ,hudson ,canal ,co4 relics and ,co4 an operable replica ,peter ,cooper ,tom ,thumb #ahcj ,baltimore and ,operable #bb ,ohio ,rail ,road replica ,co4 ,phineas ,davis ,york #ahca ,baltimore and ,operable #bd ,ohio ,rail ,road replica ,co4 ,the ,west ,point ,best ,friend #ahcj ,south-,carolina ,operable #bf ,foundry of ,canal and replica ,association ,charleston ,rail-,road ,co4 ,the ,west ,point ,de,witt #ahca ,mohawk and ,hudson ,relic and an #cb ,foundry ,clinton ,rail ,road ,co4 operable ,association replica ,robert ,john ,bull #ahca ,camden and ,amboy ,operable #ch ,stephenson ,rail ,road and original ,co4 ,transportation and replica ,co4 ,davis and ,john ,quincy #ahce ,baltimore and ,operable #dg ,gartner ,adams ,ohio ,rail ,road original ,co4 ,davis and ,andrew #ahcf ,baltimore and ,operable #dg ,gartner ,jackson ,ohio ,rail ,road original ,co4 ,davis and ,john ,hancock #ahcf ,baltimore and ,operable #dg ,gartner ,ohio ,rail ,road original ,co4 ,matthias ,w4 ,pioneer #ahcf ,utica and ,operable #ec ,baldwin ,schenectady ,rail original ,road ,h4 ,r4 ,dunham ,mississippi about ,name unknown ,operable #ee and ,co4 787 #ahcf original ,william ,norris ,lafayette #ahcg ,baltimore and ,operable #eh ,ohio ,rail ,road replica ,co4 ,braithwaite1 ,rocket #ahch ,philadelphia and ,operable #fj ,milner and ,co4 ,reading ,rail original ,road ,co4 ,timothy ,samson #ahch ,general ,mining ,operable #fc ,hackworth ,association original ,builder unknown ,peoples' about ,name unknown ,operable #fg ,railway ,no4 #ahdb original #c ,holmes ,hinkley ,lion #ahdf ,machiasport ,operable #fi ,railroad original ,new ,castle ,memnon #ahdh ,baltimore and ,operable #ga ,manufacturing ,ohio ,rail ,road original ,co41 ,co4 sub-contractor to ,matthias ,w4 ,baldwin ,illustration3 ,uncaptioned locomotive4 ,altogether1 perhaps a quarter of a million steam locomotives have been built in ,america4 ,from the first they have been objects of interest to young and old4 ,they have been depicted and photographed untold times1 and as a result a wonderfully accurate pictorial record of their construction and appearance has been built up4 ,the locomotives themselves1 however1 as they wore out or fell into disuse were usually destroyed for the value of their scrap metal4 ,this process has been greatly hastened in recent years by the trend toward the use of diesel-electric and other types of motive power4 ,few remain of the busy multitudes of steam locomotives that served so well in building the ,nations on this continent4 ,the picturesque and once popular steamer has today become the vanishing iron horse4 ,it is proposed to deal here only with the relics and replicas of the historic steam locomotives used during the pioneer days of railroading on this continent1 in the period #ahbe-ahdi4 ,of these1 only #aa have survived in even reasonably complete form4 ,with the remaining parts of several others1 they are accounted museum treasures4 ,full sized operable replicas of #g other famous early locomotives have been constructed4 ,all these together afford a good idea of the actual construction of the locomotives of long ago4 ,not to be included1 are the many nonoperable1 wooden facsimiles of early locomotives that merely serve to show the general external appearance of the originals they represent4 ,many such are to be seen in the railroad collection in the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,transportation ,museum located at the old ,mount ,clare station and roundhouse at ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,also not to be included are the modern1 full sized1 operable replicas of ,robert ,stephenson's famous locomotive ,rocket of #ahbi1 of which several exist in the ,united ,states 7one is in the ,henry ,ford ,museum at ,dearborn1 ,mich41 another is in the ,museum of ,science and ,industry at ,chicago1 ,ill474 ,these replicas1 built #ajj years later by ,robert ,stephenson ,co41 ,ltd41 of ,darlington1 ,england1 do not represent a locomotive actually used in ,north ,america during the pioneering days of railroading here1 and therefore do not fall into the category covered by this work4 ,various old models of suggested designs for locomotives would not seem to come within the scope of this publication either1 as the full sized versions never came into being4 ,one such example is the model said to have been built by ,john ,fitch1 and now exhibited in the ,ohio ,state ,archaeological and ,historical ,society at ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,as ,fitch died in ,july #agih1 the model might1 if authenticated as to builder and purpose1 be a very early example of an idea along the lines of a steam locomotive4 ,on the other hand1 there is no assurance that the model referred to was intended by its builder to represent a locomotive4 ,it is thought by most historians that the model is that of a proposed power plant for a boat1 for ,fitch is known to have constructed several successful steamboats a few years before his death4 ,america's ,first ,rail ,locomotive ,col4 ,john ,stevens of ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j41 had by #ahbe long been intrigued with the idea of constructing a steam locomotive1 having had considerable success with steam as a method of propulsion on water4 ,in that year he constructed a small experimental #d-wheeled engine1 the first rail locomotive to be built in this country4 ,the unflanged wheels were kept on the flat rails by vertical bars that projected down from each corner of the locomotive4 ,these were fitted on their lower ends with horizontal rollers bearing on the inside of the rails4 ,equipped with a vertical water-tube boiler1 and with its horizontal #a-;cylinder power plant geared to a rack located between the two rails1 it was built only for demonstration and experimentation4 ,it was often run1 however1 on a small circular track laid out on the lower lawn of ,stevens' estate at ,hoboken4 ,this was the first steam railroad in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4--,original boiler1 now in ,national ,museum1 of experimental locomotive built in #ahbe by ,col4 ,john ,stevens4 ,of this original locomotive only the boiler and safety valve remain4 ,they are on exhibition at the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #ahjjbi71 where they were deposited in #ahhh by the ,stevens ,institute of ,technology4 ,the boiler 7figure #a7 contains #bj wrought-iron tubes1 each a little over #a inch in outside diameter1 set closely together in a circle and originally surrounding a circular grate1 now missing4 ,it is #d feet high1 including the headers1 and #a foot across1 and was formerly enclosed by a jacket of thin sheet iron topped by a conical hood on which rested the smokestack4 ,wood used as fuel was dropped onto the grate through a door in the hood1 and water was put into the boiler through a pipe in the bottom header4 ,steam was taken from a #a-;inch pipe in the top header4 ,the boiler when new is reported to have sustained with safety a steam pressure of #eej pounds per square inch4 ,the design of the boiler was patented by ,stevens on ,april #aa1 #ahjc4 ,the safety valve 7figure #b7 is of simple design4 ,it consists of a lever #aj inches long from which a #d-pound lead ball about #b inches in diameter is suspended4 ,beneath the lever1 and about #a inch in from the fulcrum1 is a disk valve controlled by the weight of the ball1 which hangs by a stirrup that can be moved to any of several notches1 so that it can be set for different pressures at which the valve will open4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--,original safety valve of ,stevens' locomotive1 now in ,national ,museum4 ,a small1 nonoperable model of the locomotive1 about #b feet long 7figure #c71 was made in the ,national ,museum in #ahih 7,,usnm #ahjbda7 and is exhibited there4 ,a full sized operable replica1 constructed in #aibh at the ,altoona shops of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 was demonstrated 7figure #d7 at the ,stevens ,institute of ,technology on ,november #bc1 #aibh1 upon the occasion of the inauguration of ,harvey ,n4 ,davis as president of the ,institute4 ,it was given by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad to the ,museum of ,science and ,industry at ,chicago in #aicb1 where it is now exhibited4 ,another replica of the ,stevens locomotive1 made by the ,pennsylvania in #aici1 appeared in the railroad pageant at the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair in #aici and #aidj1 and for a time in #aida was exhibited at the ,pennsylvania ,station in ,new ,york ,city4 ,in ,june #aida it was placed on exhibition in the museum of ,stevens ,institute1 where it remained until ,march #aidc4 ,at that time it was returned to the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 and has since been stored in their enginehouse at ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--,model of ,stevens' locomotive1 in ,national ,museum4 ,the boiler is shown outside the sheet-metal shell which normally surrounds it4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--;,full sized operable replica of ,stevens' locomotive1 built in #aibh by ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 being demonstrated at ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j41 on ,november #bc1 #aibh4 ,the design of these replicas is based in part on the recollections in the #ahhj's of the grandson of ,john ,stevens1 ,dr4 ,francis ,b4 ,stevens1 who was a frequent passenger on the original locomotive in #ahbe at the age of #aa4 ,these recollections are contained in letters from ,dr4 ,stevens to ,j4 ,elfreth ,watkins1 onetime curator of transportation and engineering of the ,national ,museum4 ,stevens' letters1 dated ,march #cj1 #ahhc1 ,january #ag1 #ahhh1 and ,november #ai1 #ahib1 are now in the archives of the ,museum4 ,two ,british-,built ,locomotives ,the next locomotives known to have been used in this country were the ,british machines today popularly referred to as the ,america 7figure #e7 and the ,stourbridge ,lion 7figure #f74 ,they were contracted for in ,england in #ahbh by ,horatio ,allen1 who had been sent there for that purpose by the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,co41 and were delivered at ,new ,york ,city in #ahbi4 ,the ,america1 built by the already famous ,british firm of ,robert ,stephenson ,co41 of ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 arrived from ,london on the ship ,columbia on ,january #ae4 ,the ,stourbridge ,lion1 built by ,foster1 ,rastrick and ,co41 of ,stourbridge1 arrived from ,liverpool on the ,john ,jay on ,may #ac4 ,the delivered price of the former was #c1ffc4cj and of the latter #b1iad4ij4 ,on ,july #b they were shipped up the ,hudson ,river by the steamboat ,congress to ,rondout1 ,n4 ,y41 where they arrived on ,july #c4 ,illustration3 ,uncaptioned locomotive4 ,illustration3 ,figure #e4--;,early drawing of ,america1 built by ,stephenson in ,england in #ahbh4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4--;,drawing of ,stourbridge ,lion of #ahbi appearing in ,renwick's 8,treatise on the ,steam ,engine10 published in #ahcj 7notice that crank rings are not shown74 ,the track shown is not the type upon which the locomotive ran at ,honesdale1 ,pa4 ,later in ,july the two locomotives were sent up the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal from ,eddyville1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,honesdale1 ,pa41 where the ,stourbridge ,lion was subsequently tried out on the newly laid railroad tracks of the ,canal company4 ,the tests on ,august #h1 and again on ,september #i1 with ,horatio ,allen at the controls1 showed that although the performance of the locomotive was satisfactory1 the track was not sufficiently stable to withstand the weight of the relatively large machine4 ,as a result of this failure1 horses and steam- or water-powered stationary engines 7see figure #g7 constituted the motive power of this railroad until #ahfj4 ,the ,stourbridge ,lion1 nevertheless1 had earned the distinction of being the first locomotive to operate in ,america on a railroad built expressly for commercial traffic4 ,no record exists to show that the ,america was ever used1 and its subsequent history as a locomotive is unknown4 ,two other locomotives were built by ,foster1 ,rastrick and ,co4 for the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,co4 ,as these were not delivered to ,rondout until after the ,lion had demonstrated the inadequacy of the track at ,honesdale1 they were not sent there1 but were instead stored at ,rondout1 where all trace of them has been lost4 ,it is thought they were destroyed by fire while in storage4 ,illustration3 ,figure #g4--;,combining different methods of transportation was common practice in the early days of railroading4 ,the ,delaware and ,hudson as late as #ahff1 for example1 carried coal by rail from the mines of ,scranton and ,carbondale1 ,pa41 to its canal at ,honesdale1 ,pa41 and thence on barges by way of ,port ,jervis1 ,ellenville1 and ,rondout1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,new ,york ,city4 ,on some early railroads1 horses drew the cars on level stretches1 but in hilly country where grades were very steep1 gravity roads with switchbacks and inclined planes were often used4 ,the inclined plane consisted of a set of rails over which units of the train could be raised or lowered by mechanical means4 ,horses1 water power1 or a stationary steam engine1 often located at the top of the slope1 were among the sources of power4 ,in #ahij1 ,lindsay and ,early of ,carbondale1 ,pa41 deposited one of the two cylinders 7figure #h7 of the ,america in the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #ahjibb74 ,it has a #i-;inch bore and a #bd-;inch stroke1 and the piston 7figure #i7 is fitted with two compression rings4 7,the location of the other cylinder is today unknown47 ,earlier1 in #ahhh1 the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,co4 had given to the ,museum several locomotive parts1 all thought to have been from the ,stourbridge ,lion4 ,it has been established1 however1 through correspondence with ,e4 ,a4 ,forward1 formerly of the ,science ,museum1 ,south ,kensington1 ,london1 and with the firm of ,robert ,stephenson ,hawthorns1 ,ltd41 that the three crank rings 7,,usnm #ahjjcj-;,c7 received at that time are actually relics of the ,america4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4--;,cylinder of ,america1 in ,national ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #i4--,piston from cylinder1 at about twice the scale of figure #h4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aj4--,walking beams of ,stourbridge ,lion1 in ,national ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aa4--,stourbridge ,lion partially reassembled from original parts in ,national ,museum4 ,frame and wheels are not original1 and the crank rings are undoubtedly from the ,america4 ,other definite relics of the ,lion received from the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,co4 in #ahhh1 from ,lindsay and ,early in #ahij1 from ,g4 ,t4 ,slade in #aija1 and from ,mrs4 ,townsend ,poore of ,scranton1 ,pa41 in #aiac1 include the boiler1 one of the two cylinders1 the two #f-;foot-long walking beams 7figure #aj71 and the #dh-;inch-diameter flanged metal tires of the four driving wheels4#a ,these parts1 with the exception of the walking beams1 were many years ago reassembled at the ,national ,museum into a reconstructed version showing somewhat the original appearance of the locomotive 7figure #aa74 ,illustration3 ,figure #ab4--,model of ,stourbridge ,lion1 in ,national ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ac4--;,full sized operable replica of ,stourbridge ,lion1 built in #aicb by ,delaware and ,hudson ,railroad ,corp4 ,at that time1 the three crank rings from the wheels of the ,america1 together with a fourth1 duplicate ring made at the time of the reassembly1 were unwittingly incorporated in the reconstruction4 ,it is this version of the ,stourbridge ,lion that is now on exhibition4 ,the gauge of the reassembly1 furthermore1 is #ef inches1 while that of the original is recorded as #ea inches4 ,also exhibited in the ,national ,museum is a small nonoperable model 7,,usnm #baefdi7 of the ,stourbridge ,lion with its tender1 together about #b feet long 7figure #ab71 made by ,c4 ,r4 ,luscombe in #aija and rebuilt by ,paul ,e4 ,garber in #aibj4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ad4--,replica of ,stourbridge ,lion at ,new ,york ,world's ,fair1 ,may #bj1 #aici4 ,a full sized operable replica 7figure #ac7 was constructed in #aicb by the ,delaware and ,hudson ,railroad ,corp4 and lent by them to the ,wayne ,county ,historical ,society at ,honesdale1 ,pa4 ,the cylinder bore of the replica is _/ inches1 the stroke #cf inches4 ,since the outside dimensions of the original cylinder are approximately those of the replica1 its working dimensions are probably also the same4 ,from time to time the replica has appeared in various railroad pageants1 including those at the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and #aicd1 the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair in #aici 7figure #ad7 and #aidj1 and the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair in #aidh4 ,otherwise1 it can be seen on exhibition at ,honesdale1 the scene of the trials of the original ,stourbridge ,lion4 ,peter ,cooper and ,phineas ,davis ,no original parts remain of one of the best known early locomotives1 the ,tom ,thumb4 ,a full sized operable replica 7figure #ae71 however1 was made in #aibf by the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 for use in their exhibit that year at the ,philadelphia ,sesqui-,centennial ,international ,exposition4 ,it has since appeared at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse1 held at ,halethorpe1 near ,baltimore1 in the fall of #aibg1 the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and #aicd1 the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair in #aici and #aidj1 and the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair in #aidh and #aidi4 ,its permanent home is in ,baltimore1 at the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,transportation ,museum4 ,a small nonoperable model of the ,tom ,thumb1 about #b feet long 7figure #af71 made in the ,national ,museum in #ahij 7,,usnm #bjdeha71 is exhibited in the collection of the ,museum4 ,other small models of it appear in the ,b ,o ,museum4 ,one of these1 a -inch-scale model recently made under the direction of ,lawrence ,w4 ,sagle of the ,b ,o ,museum1 differs somewhat from the usually accepted idea of the ,tom ,thumb4 ,notably1 the smokestack is not straight1 but has an elbow at its upper end1 and the belt-driven blower is located there rather than on the floor of the machine as in the replica and the other models4 ,peter ,cooper1 the ,new ,york engineer and inventor who constructed the original ,tom ,thumb as an experiment in the winter of #ahbi-ahcj1 mentioned this upper location of the blower in a speech delivered many years later1 in #ahge1 and quoted in ,bulletin #gc of the ,railway and ,locomotive ,historical ,society 7#aidh1 pp4 #ej-eb74 ,the little locomotive1 with its vertical boiler made of rifle barrels1 looked rather like the larger locomotive of ,john ,stevens of only several years earlier but had considerably smaller wheels1 these being only #cj inches in diameter4 ,although a #c-;inch bore for its vertical #a-;cylinder engine is given by most writers1 ,jonathan ,knight1 chief engineer of the ,baltimore and ,ohio1 in the fourth annual report of the company 7for #ahcj1 p4 #ce7 gives the figure as #c4 ,unfortunately1 he does not mention the stroke1 which is usually given elsewhere as either #ad or #ad inches4 ,the bore and stroke of the replica were made #e and #bg inches so as to give it sufficient power to operate satisfactorily4 ,for that matter1 in the interest of sturdiness and suitable operation the replica is somewhat larger in all respects and considerably heavier than the original4 ,it operates on a steam pressure of #ij pounds per square inch1 and it is reported that the original did likewise4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ae4--;,full sized operable replica of ,cooper's ,tom ,thumb1 built in #aibf by ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 7,,peter ,,cooper',s 8,,tom ,,thumb0 #ahbi-cj ,,baltimore ,,ohio ,r4,r47 ,illustration3 ,figure #af4--,model of ,tom ,thumb1 in ,national ,museum4 ,the ,tom ,thumb was engaged in its famous race with the horse-drawn railroad car in the summer of #ahcj on a parallel section of the new #ac-mile stretch of track between ,baltimore and ,ellicott's ,mills4 ,it covered the #ac miles between the ,mount ,clare station and ,ellicott's ,mills in a little over an hour1 and the return trip in #eg minutes4 ,the race with the horse-drawn car took place during the return trip4 ,the ,tom ,thumb appeared to be a certain winner until temporary slipping of the belt driving the blower caused the steam pressure to drop and allowed the horse to become the victor4 ,nevertheless1 the ,tom ,thumb by this and later trips in the same year proved that steam locomotives were practicable1 and caused the railroad officials to announce on ,january #d1 #ahca1 a proposed contest 7to be somewhat similar to the famous ,rainhill ,trials held in ,october #ahbi in ,england7 in which the best locomotive demonstrated would be purchased by the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,rail ,road ,co4 for the sum of #d1jjj4 ,the winner of this contest1 the ,york1 a vertical-boiler locomotive built in early #ahca by ,phineas ,davis1 a former watchmaker of ,york1 ,pa41 is in the same category as the ,tom ,thumb1 not only in that no original parts survive1 but also in that a full sized operable replica of it 7figure #ag7 has been constructed4 ,this was built by the ,baltimore and ,ohio in #aibg for use in the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse4 ,it also appeared at the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and #aicd1 after which it was presented to the ,museum of ,science and ,industry at ,chicago1 where it has since remained4 ,the original ,york was used successfully on the run between ,baltimore and ,ellicott's ,mills1 and subsequently on the much longer run of some #dj miles between ,baltimore and the inclined planes at ,parr's ,ridge1 on the way to ,frederick ,town and ,point of ,rocks1 ,md4 7,horse power was used to raise the cars at ,parr's ,ridge in #ahcb47 ,illustration3 ,figure #ag4--;,full sized operable replica of ,davis' ,york1 built in #aibg by ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 7,,york #ahca ,,baltimore ,,ohio7 ,as the first practical and generally serviceable locomotive of the early ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad1 the ,york influenced considerably the design of the company's subsequent locomotives4 ,within a year ,davis had constructed several locomotives of a generally similar design1 all with vertical boilers 7see p4 #dg74 ,the ,york had wheels #cj inches in diameter1 weighed about #c tons1 and had a top speed of #cj miles an hour4 ,not long after its construction1 it was drastically altered in design and appearance4 ,the vertical cylinders were removed from the opposite sides of the boiler1 where they had operated the four wheels by means of direct-acting rods and trussed side bars1 and inclined adjacent cylinders were located behind the boiler1 where they operated by means of gearing on the rear axle only4 ,the modern replica1 however1 represents the ,york as it was originally designed and constructed4 ,it operates on a steam pressure of #aae pounds per square inch4 ,the original is said to have operated on #ajj pounds per square inch1 and it burned anthracite coal1 a very early use of that fuel in locomotives4 ,the ,west ,point ,foundry ,association ,illustration3 ,figure #ah4--;,early drawing of ,best ,friend of ,charleston1 built in #ahcj4 ,the scene is now shifted to ,south ,carolina and ,new ,york4 ,the ,west ,point ,foundry ,association1 situated in ,new ,york ,city1 had been the location of a stationary demonstration under steam of the blocked-up ,stourbridge ,lion on ,may #bh1 #ahbi1 shortly after it was unloaded from the ship that brought it from ,liverpool4 ,the ,association soon thereafter built a locomotive 7figure #ah7 for the ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road ,co41 which was building a line from ,charleston to ,hamburg1 ,s4 ,c41 just across the ,savannah ,river from ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,prior to its adoption of the steam locomotive1 the railroad had used horses to draw its cars1 and had even experimented with a wind-propelled sail car4 ,the locomotive1 the ,best ,friend of ,charleston1 which was to become the first to operate on a regularly scheduled run in this country1 was constructed at a cost of #d1jjj in the summer of #ahcj1 and arrived at ,charleston on ,october #bc of that year1 on the ship ,niagara4 ,the same ,horatio ,allen who had tested the ,stourbridge ,lion for the ,delaware and ,hudson had become chief engineer of the ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road ,co4 and was one of those responsible for the plans of the ,best ,friend4 ,local machinists at ,charleston were hired to reassemble the locomotive and prepare it for its first trial1 but when the run was made on ,november #b1 #ahcj1 the wheels were discovered to be unsatisfactory4 ,they were replaced by sturdier ones1 and following a subsequent test on ,december #i1 the locomotive was accepted4 ,after several more experimental runs1 some with passengers1 the official first run1 carrying #ada persons1 finally took place on ,christmas ,day #ahcj4 ,notice of the coming event had been published the previous day1 so it became the first steam railroad train run scheduled by 8timetable0 to be made in the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,all previous locomotive operations on this side of the ,atlantic had been purely experimental--for test or demonstration purposes4 ,at the time of this run the tracks of the railroad extended only about #f miles out of ,charleston1 but by ,october #c1 #ahcc1 the full #acf miles to ,hamburg had been completed4 ,the ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road was then the longest continuous railroad in the world 7see figure #ai74 ,a description of the ,best ,friend by ,david ,matthew1 who in #ahcj had been foreman of the ,west ,point ,foundry ,association1 is contained in a letter he wrote in #ahei to the historian ,william ,h4 ,brown4 ,later quoted by ,brown in his 8,history of the ,first ,locomotives in ,america10 the letter says in part3 ,the ,best ,friend was a four-wheel engine1 all four wheels drivers4 ,two inclined cylinders at an angle1 working down on a double crank1 inside of the frame1 with the wheels outside of the frame1 each wheel connecting together outside1 with outside rods4 ,the wheels were iron hub1 wooden spokes and felloes1 with iron tire1 and iron web and pins in the wheels to connect the outside rods to4 ,the boiler was a vertical one1 in form of an old-fashioned porter-bottle1 the furnace at the bottom surrounded with water1 and all filled inside full of what we called teats1 running out from the sides and top1 with alternate stays to support the crown of the furnace2 the smoke and gas passing out through the sides at several points1 into an outside jacket2 which had the chimney on it4 ,the boiler sat on a frame upon four wheels1 with the connecting-rods running by it to come into the crankshaft4 ,the cylinders were about six inches in the bore1 and sixteen inches' stroke4 ,wheels about four and a half feet in diameter4 ,the whole machine weighed about four and a half tons4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ai4--;,in #ahcc the ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road was the longest continuous railroad in the world4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bj4--,old locomotive wheel at ,redwood ,library1 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 claimed to be 8wheel of first locomotive used on first railroad of any length in ,america1--,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 to ,augusta1 ,ga41 #ahce40 ,the ,best ,friend1 as such1 was short-lived4 ,it gave service that was entirely satisfactory up to the moment its boiler exploded on ,june #ag1 #ahca1 when one of the helpers on the locomotive deliberately held the safety valve closed4 ,according to the statement in #ahfi of ,nicholas ,w4 ,darrell1 first engineer of the ,best ,friend and later superintendent of machinery of the ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road1 the salvageable parts were used in constructing another locomotive which was appropriately named the ,phoenix4 ,darrell's recollection is confirmed by the early reports of the company1 which also reveal that the machinery and new boiler were arranged differently on the ,phoenix1 the cylinders being placed outside the frame1 and the weight being much more evenly distributed4 ,the ,phoenix was put in service on ,october #ah1 #ahcb4 ,although no documented relics of either of these two locomotives remain1 the ,redwood ,library at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 now exhibits an all-metal wheel 7figure #bj7 claimed to be from the 8first locomotive used on first railroad of any length in ,america4 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 to ,augusta1 ,ga41 #ahce40 ,quite probably it is a replacement wheel from the ,phoenix1 for ,darrell also stated in #ahfi that cast wheels with wrought tires were used to replace the original wooden wheels with iron tires that were on the ,best ,friend when it was salvaged to construct the ,phoenix4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ba4--;,full sized operable replica of ,best ,friend of ,charleston1 built in #aibh by ,southern ,railway ,system4 ,the wheel at ,newport is built up of parts1 and consists of a large round hub1 #ab round #a-;inch-diameter spokes1 a rim approximately #df inches in diameter and #d inches wide1 and a flanged tire #d inches wide and about #a inch thick1 the flange of which is #b inches wide on its outside face4 ,the wheel1 therefore1 has a diameter of about #dh inches4 ,the spokes are staggered in the hub and appear to be fastened to it by threaded nuts4 ,four keyways are cut into the hole in the hub4 ,the complete history and exact origin of this wheel1 given to the ,redwood ,library in ,january #ahfc by ,isaac ,p4 ,hazard of ,newport1 will probably remain a mystery4 ,as with other early locomotives1 a full sized operable replica of the ,best ,friend has been built4 ,the ,southern ,railway ,system1 which now includes the old ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road1 in #aibh constructed a faithful replica of the locomotive at its ,birmingham1 ,ala41 shops1 and in the same year reproduced the original tender and several cars at its shops at ,hayne1 ,s4 ,c4 7figure #ba74 ,a new boiler was installed on the replica in #aidh4 ,among the various fairs at which it has been exhibited are those held at ,new ,york in #aici and #aidj and in ,chicago in #aidh and #aidi4 ,at present it is to be seen in the depot of the ,chattanooga ,station ,co4 at ,chattanooga1 ,tenn4 ,a small1 nonoperable model of the ,best ,friend1 about #b feet long 7figure #bb71 with tender and two cars1 was made in the late #ahhj's by ,d4 ,ballauf1 well known model maker of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,it was first exhibited at the ,cincinnati ,centennial ,exposition in #ahhh1 after which it was placed on exhibition in the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #ahjbdd74 ,of the ,west ,point1 the second locomotive built by the ,west ,point ,foundry ,association1 and the second bought by the ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road ,co41 no relics or replicas are known to exist4 ,a satisfactory locomotive1 it arrived at ,charleston on the ship ,lafayette on ,february #bh1 #ahca4 ,its final disposition is no longer known4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bb4--,model of ,best ,friend of ,charleston1 in ,national ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bc4--;,early drawing of ,de ,witt ,clinton1 built in #ahca4 ,the third locomotive 7figure #bc7 built by the ,west ,point ,foundry ,association1 the ,de ,wilt ,clinton of the ,mohawk and ,hudson ,rail ,road ,co41 was the first to run in ,new ,york ,state4 ,its first public demonstration was an excursion trip on ,august #i1 #ahca1 on a #ab-mile stretch of railway between ,albany and ,schenectady4 ,the distance was covered in less than one hour4 ,another notable demonstration1 attended by many public officials1 took place on ,september #bd of the same year4 ,the locomotive1 which had been shipped up the ,hudson ,river to ,albany during the last week of ,june with ,david ,matthew in charge1 weighed a little over #f1gej pounds1 was #aa feet long1 and was mounted on four #ed-;inch wheels1 all of which were drivers4 ,the two cylinders1 at the rear of the locomotive and connected to the axle of the front wheels1 had a bore of #e inches and a stroke of #af inches4 ,the boiler was tubular1 with copper tubes about #b inches in diameter and #f feet long4 ,the top speed when pulling a load of about #h tons was said to have been about #cj miles an hour4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bd4--,wheel1 said to be from original ,de ,witt ,clinton1 in ,national ,museum4 ,the ,de ,witt ,clinton was never completely satisfactory1 and after infrequent use in #ahca and #ahcb it was disassembled and disposed of piece by piece4 ,some of the parts were listed as sold on ,april #bj1 #ahce1 others on ,september #ac and ,october #bi1 #ahcf4 ,a total of #dhe was realized from the various sales4 ,in #ahia1 a wheel said to have been one of the wheels of the original ,de ,witt ,clinton1 was deposited in the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #ahjidg7 by ,william ,buchanan1 at that time superintendent of motive power of the ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,co4 ,the all-metal wheel 7figure #bd7 contains #ad round1 #a-;inch-diameter spokes staggered around the hub1 and is #eb inches in diameter4 ,the flanged metal tire is missing from the rim1 which is #d inches wide1 but its presence would undoubtedly bring the overall diameter of the wheel up to #ed inches4 ,illustration3 ,figure #be4--;,full sized operable replica of ,de ,witt ,clinton1 built in #ahic by ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,co41 at ,world's ,columbian ,exposition1 in ,chicago1 in #ahic4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bf4--,replica of ,de ,witt ,clinton photographed during an appearance in #aiba4 ,this wheel1 or an identical one1 was used in the very early #ahij's by the ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,co4 as a guide in their construction of the full sized operable replica of the ,de ,witt ,clinton locomotive1 tender1 and cars1 first shown at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition at ,chicago in #ahic 7figure #be74 ,the replica1 constructed from the original plans of #ahca1 was made at the railroad's shops at ,west ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,during the past #fj years the replica has undergone a number of repair operations1 but it remains authentic4 ,it has been exhibited on many occasions 7figure #bf74 ,since the #ahic unveiling of the replica of the train at ,chicago1 it has been displayed at the ,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition at ,st4 ,louis in #aijd1 the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse 7figure #bg71 the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and #aicd1 the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair in #aici and #aidj1 the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair in #aidh and #aidi1 and on many other occasions4 ,for years the train was exhibited on a balcony within ,new ,york ,city's ,grand ,central ,terminal1 but since #aice it has been on loan from the ,new ,york ,central ,system to the ,henry ,ford ,museum at ,dearborn4 ,an exquisitely made nonoperable model of the ,de ,witt ,clinton1 its tender1 and three cars1 together about #c feet long 7figure #bh71 was made in #aicb by ,peyton ,l4 ,morgan of ,lynchburg1 ,va41 and has been since #aice in the collection of the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #cajifa74 ,illustration3 ,figure #bg4--,replica of ,de ,witt ,clinton at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse in #aibg4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bh4--,model of ,de ,witt ,clinton1 in ,national ,museum4 ,national ,museum's ,john ,bull ,illustration3 ,figure #bi4--,pre-#aijj photo of ,john ,bull1 oldest complete and operable locomotive in ,north ,america1 now in ,national ,museum4 ,probably the most famous and historic old locomotive in the ,united ,states today is the ,john ,bull1 the oldest complete and operable locomotive in the country 7figure #bi74 ,built in ,england in #ahca by ,robert ,stephenson ,co4 of ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 it was officially placed in service on ,november #ab1 #ahca1 at ,bordentown1 ,n4 ,j41 on the lines of the ,camden and ,amboy ,rail ,road and ,transportation ,co41 now a part of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 ,in regular service until #ahfe1 the locomotive was given by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 to the ,national ,museum in #ahhe 7,,usnm #ahjjja74 ,it should not be confused with another ,stephenson-built locomotive of the same name1 built for the ,mohawk and ,hudson ,rail ,road ,co4 at the same time but no longer in existence4 ,the ,camden and ,amboy's ,john ,bull1 its first locomotive1 was ordered from ,stephenson by ,robert ,l4 ,stevens of ,new ,jersey1 son of the railroad pioneer ,col4 ,john ,stevens1 and president of the company1 who had gone to ,england in ,october #ahcj for this purpose1 as well as to purchase iron rails of his design for the track of the new railroad4 ,the locomotive was completed early in the summer of #ahca and was shipped from ,liverpool on the ship ,allegheny1 which sailed for ,philadelphia on ,july #ad4 ,it had been disassembled for shipping1 as were most of the early locomotives1 and it is interesting to note that the freight charge was only #ai1 or a little under #ajj4 ,the total cost of the locomotive1 incidentally1 was #ghd #gs4 #j;d41 or a little under #d1jjj4 ,the engine arrived at ,philadelphia about the middle of ,august1 and was then transshipped by sloop to ,bordentown1 near ,trenton1 whence a few miles of rail were soon to head northeastward toward ,south ,amboy4 ,the mechanics who assembled the locomotive found it a mysterious and completely unfamiliar device4 ,after considerable experimentation the task was successfully accomplished under the leadership of ,isaac ,dripps1 a local youth who later rose to a position of importance in the ,pennsylvania ,railroad4 ,in its first test the locomotive was fired up to #cj pounds steam pressure1 and ,dripps1 with ,stevens by his side1 opened the throttle of the first locomotive of what was to become part of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 ,the engine was disassembled for a few minor modifications shortly after this trial1 and a few weeks later1 on ,november #ab1 the official first trip was made4 ,the ,john ,bull as it appeared when first placed in service in #ahca was described in detail by ,j4 ,elfreth ,watkins in his 8,camden and ,amboy ,railroad10 published in #ahia4 ,he wrote3 ,the engine originally weighed about ten tons4 ,the boiler was thirteen feet long and three feet six inches in diameter4 ,the cylinders were nine inches by twenty inches4 ,there were four driving wheels four feet six inches in diameter1 arranged with outside cranks for connecting parallel rods1 but owing to the sharp curves on the road these rods were never used4 ,the driving wheels were made with cast-iron hubs and wooden 7locust7 spokes and felloes4 ,the tires were of wrought iron1 three-quarters of an inch thick1 the tread being five inches and the depth of flange one and a-half inches4 ,the gauge was originally five feet from center to center of rails4 ,the boiler was composed of sixty-two flues seven feet six inches long1 two inches in diameter2 the furnace was three feet seven inches long and three feet two inches high1 for burning wood4 ,the steam ports were one and one-eighth inches by six and a-half inches2 the exhaust ports one and one-eighth by six and a-half inches2 grate surface1 ten feet eight inches2 fire-box surface1 thirty-six feet2 flue surface1 two hundred and thirteen feet2 weight1 without fuel or water1 twenty-two thousand four hundred and twenty-five pounds4 ,after the valves were in gear and the engine in motion1 two levers on the engineman's side moved back and forth continuously4 ,when it was necessary to put the locomotive on the turn-table1 enginemen who were skilled in the handling of the engines first put the valves out of gear by turning the handle down1 and then worked the levers by hand1 thus moving the valves to the proper position and stopping the engine at the exact point desired4 ,the reversing gear was a very complicated affair4 ,the two eccentrics were secured to a sleeve or barrel1 which fitted loosely on the crank-shaft1 between the two cranks1 so as to turn freely4 ,a treadle was used to change the position of this loose eccentric sleeve on the shaft of the driving wheel 7moving it to the right or left7 when it was necessary to reverse4 ,two carriers were secured firmly to the body of this shaft 7one on each side of the eccentrics72 one carrier worked the engine ahead1 the other back4 ,the small handle on the right side of the boiler was used to lift the eccentric-rod 7which passed forward to the rock shaft on the forward part of the engine7 off the pin1 and thus put the valves out of gear before it was possible to shift the sleeve and reverse the engine4 ,as no tender came with the locomotive1 one was improvised from a four-wheel flat car that had been used on construction work1 which was soon equipped to carry water and wood4 ,the water tank consisted of a large whiskey cask which was procured from a ,bordentown storekeeper1 and this was securely fastened on the center of this four-wheeled car4 ,a hole was bored up through the car into the barrel and into it a piece of two-inch tin pipe was fastened1 projecting below the platform of the car4 ,it now became necessary to devise some plan to get the water from the tank to the pump and into the boiler around the turns under the cars1 and as a series of rigid sections of pipe was not practicable1 young ,dripps procured four sections of hose two feet long1 which he had made out of shoe leather by a ,bordentown shoemaker4 ,these were attached to the pipes and securely fastened by bands of waxed thread4 ,the hogshead was filled with water1 a supply of wood for fuel was obtained1 and the engine and tender were ready for work4 ,the distance between the two main axles on the locomotive is just #e feet1 and the gauge is #ef inches4 ,the overall length of the locomotive1 including the pilot1 is #be feet2 of the tender1 #ab feet4 ,watkins has given the cylinder bore as #i inches1 a figure also used by ,c4 ,f4 ,dendy ,marshall in his 8,two ,essays in ,early ,locomotive ,history10 and by ,j4 ,g4 ,h4 ,warren in his 8,a ,century of ,locomotive ,building10 both excellent publications4 ,in fact1 however1 the cylinder bore of the ,john ,bull was recently measured and found to be #aa inches4 ,the stroke of #bj inches as cited by all is correct4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cj4--;,another pre-#aijj view of ,john ,bull1 which was built in ,england by ,stephenson in #ahca4 ,many changes1 some minor and some major1 were incorporated in the ,john ,bull during the next few years4 ,the most noticeable was the addition of a #b-wheeled pilot1 suggested in #ahcb by ,robert ,l4 ,stevens to guide the locomotive around the sharp curves common in the tracks of that era4 ,in order to attach the pilot to the front axle1 the outside rods and cranks connecting the front and back axles had to be permanently removed1 thus reducing the number of drivers from four to two4 ,the ,john ,bull has ever since been driven by only the two rear wheels 7figure #cj74 ,the wheels of the pilot are #bi inches in diameter4 ,another early permanent change was the replacement of the wooden-spoked wheels with those of cast iron4 ,the old wooden carriage-type wheels could not stand up under service in ,america1 where sharp curves in the tracks prevailed4 ,a wheel1 said to be one of the originals 7figure #ca7 but lacking the flanged metal tire1 was presented to the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #ahaaid7 by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 in #ahid4 ,an inch or so less in diameter than #ed inches1 the wheel would certainly be of the original size if the tire were in place4 ,the #ad spokes and the felloe are of wood4 ,metal bands1 similar to the crank rings of the ,america 7now affixed to the reconstructed wheels of the restored ,stourbridge ,lion1 see p4 #bj71 are included in the construction of this old wheel of the ,john ,bull4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ca4--,original wooden-spoked wheel of ,john ,bull1 in ,national ,museum4 ,whether or not it is one of the original wheels applied to the locomotive by ,stephenson can not at this time be definitely proved4 ,possibly it is an early wooden-spoked wheel built and tried by the ,camden and ,amboy prior to the adoption of the all-metal wheels now on the locomotive4 ,another similar wheel1 until recently located in the ,pennsylvania's library in its ,suburban ,station ,building in ,philadelphia1 is now in storage4 ,these two wheels were included in that railroad's exhibit at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition in #ahic4 ,among the many other changes to the ,john ,bull were the addition of a bell1 a whistle1 and a headlight1 as well as a dial-type steam pressure gauge 7figure #cb71 and the relocation of the axle springs1 the water cocks1 the safety valve1 and the steam dome4 ,at one time a cab was installed at the rear of the locomotive1 and an #h-wheeled tender was in use 7figure #cc74 ,the tender as seen today is basically original1 but much of the woodwork was in such poor repair that it was completely disassembled in #aiaj and stored1 the rotted pieces of wood being discarded4 ,in #aicj the tender was completely restored at the ,altoona shops of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 and since that time has been exhibited constantly with the locomotive4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cb4--;,john ,bull on display in ,national ,museum4 ,note controls and modern steam pressure gauge4 ,prior to its presentation to the ,national ,museum1 the ,john ,bull had appeared at the ,centennial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia in #ahgf1 and at the ,exposition of ,railway ,appliances at ,chicago in #ahhc4 ,in early #ahic1 the locomotive and tender were taken from ,washington to ,new ,york ,city1 and on ,april #ag proceeded under steam1 pulling two old cars of the period of #ahcf 7figure #cd71 to the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition at ,chicago4 ,it arrived without mishap on ,april #bb after having covered #iab miles4 ,the locomotive and tender were returned to the ,museum in ,december #ahic after having made daily demonstration runs at the exposition4 ,they returned to ,washington under steam via ,pittsburgh1 ,altoona1 ,harrisburg1 and ,baltimore4 ,the next time the locomotive left the ,museum's confines was for a brief sojourn at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse in #aibg 7figure #ce74 ,more recently it appeared at the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair in #aici and #aidj4 ,in early #aidj1 a full sized operable replica of the ,john ,bull locomotive 7figure #cf7 was made at the ,altoona shops of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 ,the cylinder dimensions of #aa by #bj inches were apparently known by the shops at that time1 as the drawings made then for use in building the replica show the bore and stroke to be #aj by #bj inches4 ,perhaps the bore of the original locomotive was also #aj inches in #ahca1 and was increased to #aa inches through many years of wear4 ,however1 the figure of #i inches for the bore1 so often used in the past1 is definitely incorrect4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cc4--;,as this early photo shows1 the ,john ,bull toward the end of its active career had a cab and large smokestack1 and an #h-wheeled tender was used4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cd4--;,john ,bull1 with train of #ahcf-period cars1 en route to ,world's ,columbian ,exposition at ,chicago in #ahic4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ce4--,original ,john ,bull1 with replica of tender built in #aibg1 at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse1 ,october #e1 #aibg4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cf4--;,full sized operable replica of ,john ,bull1 built in #aidj by ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cg4--,model of ,john ,bull and tender1 in ,national ,museum1 showing appearance of original #ahca design4 ,note side rod connecting the two axles4 ,earlier1 in #aibg1 a full sized replica of the tender had been constructed at ,altoona4 ,this replica of the tender appeared with the original locomotive at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse in #aibg1 but since #aicj the restored original tender has always appeared with the original locomotive4 ,in #aidj1 the replica of the locomotive1 accompanied by the replica of the tender1 appeared at the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair as a moving exhibit1 while the original locomotive and tender appeared there as a stationary exhibit4 ,the replica again appeared at the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair in both #aidh and #aidi4 ,when not on exhibition1 the replica is usually stored at the ,pennsylvania's enginehouse at ,northumberland1 ,pa4 ,a small1 nonoperable model of the ,john ,bull and its tender 7figure #cg71 with two of the cars of the #ahca period1 together about #f feet long1 was made in the ,national ,museum by ,c4 ,r4 ,luscombe about #aijj1 and is included in the ,museum's collection 7,,usnm #bcceaj74 ,the units are represented as the originals appeared in #ahca1 without the pilot on the locomotive1 and without the sides and top on the tender4 ,three ,grasshoppers ,as a result of the success of ,phineas ,davis' ,york on the ,baltimore and ,ohio 7see p4 #bd71 about #ah more small locomotives with vertical boilers were built for the ,b ,o between #ahcb and #ahcg1 the first few by ,davis#b and his partner ,israel ,gartner1#c several by ,charles ,reeder1 and the remainder by ,george ,gillingham and ,ross ,winans4 ,these machines1 with their vertical cylinders and their walking beams1 earned the name 8grasshopper0 because of their peculiar appearance when under way4 ,of the many 8grasshoppers0 constructed1 three have survived4 ,the earliest1 the ,john ,quincy ,adams1 was built in ,july #ahce and is now exhibited in ,carillon ,park at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 where it has been for several years1 the gift of the ,baltimore and ,ohio4 ,the remaining two1 the ,andrew ,jackson and the ,john ,hancock1 were built in #ahcf and are now housed in the ,b ,o ,museum at ,baltimore4 ,the history of these three locomotives is somewhat complicated4 ,all were in use at the ,mount ,clare station in ,baltimore as recently as #ahib1 then serving as switching engines4 ,at that time1 with a fourth1 the ,martin ,van ,buren of #ahcf1 they were retired from active service so they could be modified for the exhibit the ,b ,o was planning for the following year at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,as it was the desire of the ,b ,o to show in this exhibit some earlier 8grasshoppers10 the ,andrew ,jackson 7figure #ch7 was altered to resemble the first 8grasshopper0 built1 ,davis' ,atlantic of #ahcb 7figure #ci72 while the ,john ,quincy ,adams was rebuilt to resemble the ,traveller 7originally named the ,indian ,chief7 of #ahcc4 ,the ,john ,hancock1 unaltered1 was merely renamed the ,thomas ,jefferson 7figure #dj71 a 8grasshopper0 of #ahce4 ,why the ,john ,quincy ,adams1 itself built in #ahce1 was not used for this purpose under its original name1 is not now understood4 7,the ,martin ,van ,buren1 now no longer in existence1 was altered considerably at that time to resemble the ,mazeppa1 a so-called 8crab0 engine of #ahch47 ,illustration3 ,figure #ch4--;,andrew ,jackson1 bearing number 8#g10 in a photo taken between #ahej and ,january #a1 #ahhd1 at which time it was renumbered 8#b40 ,note tender4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ci4--;,andrew ,jackson1 as remodeled to resemble ,atlantic1 with ,charles ,b4 ,chaney at throttle--a photo taken at ,b ,o ,mount ,clare shops1 ,july #g1 #aiab4 ,note wooden barrel used as water tank4 ,the original ,andrew ,jackson1 ever since called the ,atlantic 7figure #da71 has appeared at many railroad pageants throughout the ,east 7figure #db72 in #aice and #aicf it was on exhibit in the ,national ,museum 7figure #dc74 ,the ,john ,hancock1 on the other hand1 was recently given back its original name 7figure #dd7 after having carried the incorrect appellation ,thomas ,jefferson for about #fj years4 ,many railroad historians of recent times have apparently not been aware of the name-switching involving these two locomotives1 which are now part of the permanent collection in the ,b ,o ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dj4--;,john ,hancock1 bearing name ,thomas ,jefferson1 at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse1 ,september #cj1 #aibg4 ,when first placed in service1 8grasshoppers0 did not use metal water tanks4 ,illustration3 ,figure #da4--,recent photo of so-called ,atlantic4 ,note absence of side rod that originally connected the two axles4 ,illustration3 ,figure #db4--,so-called ,atlantic in #aice1 with modern reproductions of the famous ,imlay passenger coaches used on ,b ,o in the #ahcj's4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dc4--,so-called ,atlantic on exhibition in ,national ,museum hall of transportation1 in #aice4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dd4--;,john ,hancock photographed during a recent appearance4 ,illustration3 ,figure #de4--;,john ,quincy ,adams as restored for exhibition at ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,this is the oldest complete ,american-built locomotive in existence4 ,metal water tank is not original4 ,the ,john ,quincy ,adams 7figure #de71 recently restored and repainted and no longer referred to as the ,traveller1 is the oldest complete ,american-built locomotive in existence4 ,these 8grasshoppers0 burned anthracite1 as did the ,york4 ,the cylinders of the newer two of the survivors have a #bb-;inch stroke and a #ab-;inch bore 7according to the #ajth annual report of the ,b ,o1 for #ahcf1 p4 #bb7 and originally operated on a steam pressure of #ej pounds per square inch4 ,with their thoroughly overhauled boilers1 they now operate on #ge4 ,the bore of the ,john ,quincy ,adams is slightly smaller1 #ab inches 7according to the #ith annual report of the ,b ,o1 for #ahce1 p4 #bd71 unless it has been increased by wear or replacement4 ,the wheelbase of each 8grasshopper0 is #di inches1 and the weight was originally about #h tons4 ,the wheels1 modern replacements1 are about #cd inches in diameter but the original ones were several inches larger4 ,all four wheels of each are 7or were7 connected by gearing and rods to the two cylinders4 ,in converting the ,andrew ,jackson to represent the ,atlantic1 however1 the side rods were removed so that only its rear wheels now serve as drivers1 as did those of the original ,atlantic4 ,it is of interest that at least one other 8grasshopper0 locomotive was built by ,gillingham and ,winans1 but not for the ,b ,o4 ,named the ,columbus1 this generally little known example was made in #ahcf for the ,leipzig to ,dresden ,railroad in ,germany1 and quite probably was the first ,american locomotive ever built for export4 ,a description and illustration of it are found in the ,german publication 8,hundert ,jahre deutsche ,eisenbahnen10 published in #aice4 ,two ,midwestern ,locomotives ,among the early locomotives that have survived is the ,pioneer 7figure #df71 the first to have steamed out of ,chicago1 this having occurred on ,october #be1 #ahdh1 at the opening of the ,galena and ,chicago ,union ,rail ,road4 ,built early in #ahcf1 the ,pioneer was the #cgth constructed by ,matthias ,w4 ,baldwin and is the oldest ,baldwin locomotive now in existence4 ,it was originally sold to the ,utica and ,schenectady ,rail ,road1 in ,new ,york's ,mohawk ,valley1 and was their locomotive ,no4 #g4 ,later it was sold to the ,michigan ,central ,railroad1 by whom it was reportedly renamed the ,alert1 a name that is open to question4 ,from the latter road the ,galena and ,chicago ,union obtained it in #ahdh4 ,in order to get the locomotive to ,chicago1 it had to be shipped by boat across ,lake ,michigan from ,michigan ,city1 ,ind41 and hauled by teams to the tracks4 ,the little ,baldwin locomotive at this time was given the name ,pioneer4 ,its new owner1 the ,galena and ,chicago ,union1 later1 in #ahfd1 was merged into the then #e-year-old ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway ,co4 ,illustration3 ,figure #df4--;,chicago and ,north ,western's ,pioneer1 built in #ahcf and oldest ,baldwin locomotive in existence1 as repainted for ,chicago ,railroad ,fair of #aidh4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dg4--;,earliest known photo of ,pioneer1 showing it at work in bridge construction at ,rockford1 ,ill41 in #ahfi4 ,the ,pioneer had a full and active life1 for it was in operation #ab years prior to its acquisition by the ,galena road and #bf years after 7figure #dg74 ,it was at one time temporarily lent to the new ,chicago1 ,burlington and ,quincy line1 until that company was able to buy an engine of its own1 and was finally retired by the ,chicago and ,north ,western in #ahgd4 ,the ,pioneer is a typical ,baldwin design of the period4 ,a wood burner1 it weighs #aj tons1 has slightly inclined cylinders #aa by #ah inches in size1 one pair of #ed-;inch driving wheels at the rear1 and a #d-wheeled swiveling truck at the front4 ,the cylinder bore was originally #aj inches1 but in #ahgb the ,chicago and ,north ,western changed it to the present slightly larger dimension4 ,while owned by the ,michigan ,central1 it had been altered in several ways1 the principal change being in the valve motion4 ,the locomotive originally had a single fixed eccentric for each cylinder1 with two arms extending backward4 ,these arms were fitted with drop hooks to engage with a pin on a rocker arm that actuated the valve rod4 ,the new motion1 installed by the ,michigan ,central1 uses double eccentrics with ,v-hooks for each cylinder4 ,the cab and the cowcatcher1 not applied to the locomotive when it was constructed in #ahcf1 are of a slightly later period according to an article in 8,baldwin ,locomotives0 7vol4 #aj1 ,no4 #b1 ,october #aica1 pp4 #c1 #d74 ,in common with many of the other surviving old locomotives1 the ,pioneer has been on exhibition at many places1 including the ,exposition of ,railway ,appliances at ,chicago in #ahhc1 the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition held there #aj years later1 the ,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition at ,st4 ,louis in #aijd1 the ,chicago ,world's ,fair #cj years later1 and the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair in #aidh and #aidi4 ,at the latter fair it operated under its own power every day each summer1 requiring only the replacement of the old boiler flues with new ones of sturdier construction to make it again serviceable4 ,in recent years it has been exhibited at the ,museum of ,science and ,industry at ,chicago1 but is now stored in that city in one of the shops of the ,chicago and ,north ,western4 ,not a great deal is known of the early history of the ,mississippi 7figure #dh71 which is now exhibited at the ,museum of ,science and ,industry at ,chicago4 ,originally it was used on a pioneering railroad operating east out of ,natchez in the late #ahcj's4 ,some writers have contended that it was imported from ,england4 ,others1 including ,angus ,sinclair1 the railroad historian1 have stated that it was probably built by the ,new ,york firm of ,h4 ,r4 ,dunham and ,co4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dh4--,mississippi1 probably built in the #ahcj's1 with tender of a later period4 ,photo may have been taken after locomotive was rebuilt for exhibition at ,world's ,columbian ,exposition at ,chicago1 in #ahic4 ,the ,mississippi1 however1 has none of the characteristics of ,english locomotives of its period1 and it is well known that a representative of ,dunham took several locomotives from ,new ,york to ,natchez in late #ahcf4 ,it is most probable that the ,mississippi is a ,dunham-built locomotive of the middle #ahcj's4 ,its first recorded service began in ,april #ahcg1 between ,natchez and ,hamburg1 ,miss41 a distance of about #ai miles4 ,a violent storm lashed ,natchez on ,may #g1 #ahdj1 and destroyed considerable railroad property4 ,from this and subsequent financial blows the little railroad shortly succumbed1 and the ,mississippi passed to other owners4 ,among these were the ,grand ,gulf and ,port ,gibson ,railroad1 the ,mississippi ,valley and ,ship ,island ,railroad1 and the ,meridian1 ,brookhaven and ,natchez ,railroad4 ,the latter road was acquired in #ahia by the ,illinois ,central ,railroad ,co4 ,in the spring of #ahic the locomotive was rebuilt at the ,mc,comb1 ,miss41 shops of the ,illinois ,central and then was taken under its own power from ,mc,comb to ,chicago1 a distance of #hae miles4 ,there it was exhibited at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,it has since been seen in many places1 including the old ,field ,museum at ,chicago1 the ,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition in #aijd1 the ,semicentennial of ,wheeling1 ,w4 ,va41 held in ,june #aiac1 and the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and #aicd4 ,the tender usually seen with the locomotive and marked 8,natchez ,hamburg ,r4 ,r40 is not the original one1 but is of a considerably later period4 ,the ,mississippi is a wood burner1 weighs #g tons1 has wheels #dc inches in diameter1 and1 according to ,sinclair1 has cylinders with a bore and stroke of #i and #af inches4 ,its tractive force is said to be #d1hba pounds4 ,a ,one-,armed ,billy ,illustration3 ,figure #di4--;,full sized operable replica of ,lafayette1 built in #aibg by ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 ,an operable replica 7figure #di7 of another locomotive of the same period also exists4 ,the ,lafayette1 built in #ahcg by ,william ,norris of ,philadelphia1 was the first ,baltimore and ,ohio locomotive to have either a horizontal boiler or six wheels4 ,as ,b ,o ,no4 #ac1 with a #d-b-j wheel arrangement1 it represented the first stage of the transition from the old #d-wheeled vertical-boiler types4 ,it was the first of a group of eight ordered from ,norris and was placed on the road in ,april #ahcg4 ,according to the railroad historian ,j4 ,snowden ,bell1 these locomotives were known as 8one-armed ,billys10 a term derived from the name of the builder and the single connecting rod on each side4 ,some of them were in service with light local passenger trains as late as #aheg1 but by #ahci it had been realized that they could not meet the rapidly increasing requirements of the expanding ,b ,o railroad system4 ,as a result1 only the eight 8one-armed ,billys0 were bought by the company1 and as early as ,september #ahci the road introduced on its lines the more advanced #d-d-j1 or ,american-type locomotive--the second stage of transition from the old 8grasshoppers0 and 8crabs40 ,the replica of the ,lafayette has one pair of #db-;inch driving wheels1 and a leading truck with four #bi-;inch wheels1 although the diameters of the wheels of the original were #dh inches and #cj inches1 respectively4 ,it looks somewhat like the ,chicago and ,north ,western's ,baldwin-built ,pioneer1 but whereas it was ,baldwin's practice to locate the driving axle behind the firebox1 the ,norris engine had it located ahead4 ,this feature gave the ,norris #d-b-j's greater adhesion and tractive force4 ,the ,lafayette replica1 with a wheelbase of #aab inches and a weight of #bi1bjj pounds1 has a tractive force of #b1cbc pounds4 ,its cylinders have a #i-;inch bore and an #ah-;inch stroke1 and it operates on a steam pressure of #ij pounds per square inch4 ,the replica was built in #aibg for the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse and later appeared at the ,chicago ,world's ,fair in #aicc and #aicd1 the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair in #aici and #aidj1 and the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair in #aidh and #aidi4 ,it has also been taken several times to the west coast1 where it has been used in the filming of motion pictures4 ,in the fall of #aiee it was used in northern ,georgia in a film based on the story of the famous ,civil ,war locomotive ,general 7see p4 #hd74 ,for many years the replica carried the nameplate ,william ,galloway1 this name having been given it shortly after it was built1 to honor a famous early locomotive engineer of the ,baltimore and ,ohio4 ,today1 bearing the correct nameplate1 the ,lafayette is usually to be seen at the ,b ,o ,museum in ,baltimore4 ,a ,rocket in ,america ,illustration3 ,figure #ej4--,rocket1 built in #ahch by ,braithwaite of ,london1 ,england1 and used by the ,philadelphia and ,reading ,railroad until #ahgi4 ,photo was made about #aijj4 ,the second oldest of the three complete ,british locomotives of the #ahbe-ahdi period extant in ,north ,america is the ,rocket 7figure #ej71 built in early #ahch for the ,philadelphia and ,reading ,rail ,road ,co4 by ,braithwaite#d of ,london4 ,it was the first of eight ,braithwaite locomotives purchased by that railroad between #ahch and #ahda4 ,the ,rocket was the third of the ,reading's locomotives1 having been preceded by the ,baldwin-built ,neversink in ,august #ahcf and the ,winans-built ,delaware in ,january #ahch4 ,it was delivered at ,philadelphia by boat in ,march #ahch1 and was then carried up the ,schuylkill ,canal to the foot of ,penn ,street in ,reading4 ,from there it was hauled by team to the terminus of the ,reading-to-,pottstown line at ,seventh and ,penn ,streets1 where it participated in the opening of this portion of the road in ,may #ahch4 ,it was first used in passenger service in ,july #ahch1 but in #ahde1 as the need grew for heavier motive power1 it was relegated to the ,construction and ,roadway ,department1 where it remained in service until #ahfe4 ,next used for a short time to move and assort cars at ,reading1 it was finally transferred to the wharves at ,port ,richmond1 ,philadelphia1 where it worked until retirement in ,march #ahgi1 covering during its career some #caj1afd miles4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ea4--,photo1 taken about #ahhg1 of ,rocket as it appeared during final stages of its life as ,p ,r locomotive ,no4 #a4 ,note absence of builder's plate4 ,the ,rocket was constructed as a wood burner1 but in #ahfb was modified to burn anthracite coal4 ,at that time it was also converted into a tank locomotive1 a cab was added1 and1 it is now thought1 the original wheels were replaced by the standard ,philadelphia and ,reading wheels shown in figure #ea4 ,its present wheels1 undoubtedly installed when the locomotive was refurbished in #ahic1 are #di inches in diameter and contain #bj round metal spokes staggered around the hub4 ,published descriptions of the ,rocket refer to #da-;inch wheels1 but this figure probably applies to an earlier set1 possibly that installed in #ahfb4 ,the ,rocket was formerly driven by all four wheels1 but today only the rear two wheels are drivers4 ,the cylinders of the locomotive1 which are inside1 have a #aj-;inch bore and a #af-;inch stroke4 ,the wheelbase is #eh inches and the weight was originally #h4d tons4 ,this was raised during the #ahfb rebuilding to #aa4h tons4 ,the gauge is standard--#ef inches4 ,the present smokestack is not original1 and a headlight was not installed until recent years4 ,the tank and cab added in #ahfb1 as well as the bell1 were removed at the time of the refurbishment4 ,after its retirement in #ahgi1 the ,rocket stood neglected at ,reading until it was placed in condition for exhibition and permanent preservation at the time of the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition in #ahic4 ,it was exhibited in #aijd at ,st4 ,louis1 and then was housed for many years in the ,reading's ,columbia ,avenue station in ,philadelphia4 ,it appeared at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse in #aibg 7figure #eb71 after which it was taken to the ,reading ,terminal in ,philadelphia4 ,in ,october #aicc the ,rocket was lent to ,the ,franklin ,institute in ,philadelphia1 where it has since remained on exhibition4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eb4--,rocket at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse1 ,october #g1 #aibg4 ,note shortened smokestack4 ,a ,canadian ,relic ,illustration3 ,figure #ec4--,photo of ,samson1 built in ,england in #ahch by ,hackworth1 taken in ,nova ,scotia by a ,new ,glasgow photographer some time before #ahij4 ,observe chairs provided for engineer4 ,the third and last of the three complete ,british locomotives of the #ahbe-ahdi period remaining in ,north ,america is also the only extant locomotive of the period on this continent located outside the ,united ,states4#e ,the ,samson 7figure #ec7 was built by ,timothy ,hackworth at ,new ,shildon1 ,durham1 ,england1 in the summer of #ahch1 at a cost of about #aj1jjj1 for the ,general ,mining ,association of ,nova ,scotia4 7,despite statements that the ,albion1 also preserved in ,nova ,scotia1 was built by ,hackworth before #ahdj1 it was actually built by ,rayne and ,burn in ,newcastle in #ahed47 ,the ,samson was not1 as has so often been claimed1 the first locomotive in ,canada4 ,it had been preceded in #ahcf by the ,stephenson-built ,dorchester employed on the ,champlain and ,st4 ,lawrence ,railroad1 running between ,st4 ,johns and ,laprairie1 south of ,montreal4 ,the ,dorchester exploded and was demolished near ,joliette in #ahfd4 ,also antedating the ,samson was the ,jason ,c4 ,pierce1 built in #ahcg by ,william ,norris for the same railroad1 and destroyed in a fire in about #ahij4 ,the ,samson was one of three identical ,hackworth locomotives built for the ,general ,mining ,association1 whose railroad was known unofficially as the ,albion ,mines ,railway1 and the ,south ,pictou ,railroad4 ,each had an #j-f-j wheel arrangement1 #ef-;inch gauge1 #dh-;inch cast iron plate wheels1 and vertical cylinders with a bore and stroke of #ae and #ah inches4 ,each weighed #ag tons4 ,the other two1 the ,john ,buddle and the ,hercules1 were scrapped in #ahhe and #ahib1 respectively4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ed4--,samson at ,chicago in #ahhc1 during ,exposition of ,railway ,appliances4 ,george ,davidson1 long its engineer1 stands at controls on right4 ,the ,samson made a trial run in ,december #ahch1 and was put into regular service on ,september #ai1 #ahci1 hauling cars of coal from the ,albion mines at ,stellarton to the harbor at ,pictou1 a distance of about #f miles4 ,according to one early report1 a train of #cj coal cars1 weighing #c tons each1 was the usual load pulled to the harbor4 ,the ,samson made about #c round trips a day at a speed of a little less than #aj miles an hour4 ,this same report states that up to #ahef the locomotive operated on a steam pressure of #gj pounds per square inch1 and thereafter1 until it was taken out of service in the early #ahhj's1 on #de pounds4 ,the locomotive was operated in an unusual manner4 ,the engineer was stationed at one end1 adjacent to the cylinders and driving gear1 while the fireman was located at the other end1 from which the boiler was fired4 ,the boiler is about #ac feet long and #d feet in diameter1 and has a large ,u-shaped return flue4 ,the cylinders are mounted vertically at the rear1 and the piston rods are guided by ,watt's parallel motion instead of the usual cross heads and slide bars4 ,the engine has no frame1 the axle bearings being bolted to brackets riveted to the under side of the boiler4 ,only the front and middle axle bearings are fitted with springs4 ,in the course of its working career1 the ,samson traveled considerably4 ,in addition to having been brought across the ,atlantic1 the old locomotive was brought to ,chicago in #ahhc for display at the ,exposition of ,railway ,appliances 7figure #ed74 ,there it was accompanied by ,george ,davidson1 long its engineer and said to have come with it to ,nova ,scotia from ,england4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ee4--,samson1 with an original passenger car of #ahdj1 at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse1 ,september #cj1 #aibg4 ,ten years later1 in #ahic1 it was again brought to ,chicago1 this time to be exhibited at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,at the conclusion of the exposition the ,samson1 and the ,albion that had accompanied it1 were taken by the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 to ,baltimore for preservation there4 ,the ,b ,o later included the ,samson 7and also the ,albion7 in the exhibition of historic locomotives at the ,fair of the ,iron ,horse in #aibg 7figure #ee74 ,in ,june #aibh1 when the two old locomotives were given by the ,b ,o to the ,province of ,nova ,scotia1 the ,samson returned to the land of its youth1 only to be placed in storage in ,halifax4 ,later1 however1 it was given to the town of ,new ,glasgow1 through which it had run almost daily in its early days1 and it is now housed in a small building especially constructed for it at the town's railroad station4 ,the ,final ,decade ,in #ahci the ,philadelphia locomotive building firm of ,eastwick and ,harrison constructed to the order of ,moncure ,robinson for the ,philadelphia and ,reading ,rail ,road ,co4 a noteworthy anthracite-burning locomotive1 named the ,gowan and ,marx after an ,english banking firm4 ,this engine during trials on ,february #bj1 #ahdj1 turned in what was for the time an outstanding performance4 ,it hauled from ,reading to the inclined plane on the ,columbia and ,philadelphia ,rail ,road1 located several miles from ,vine and ,broad ,streets in ,philadelphia1 #aja cars of freight1 a load of #dbc long tons 7#b1bdj pounds74 ,the total weight of this load was #idg1ebj pounds not including the weight of the engine itself and its tender4 ,the engine1 in running order1 weighed #bd1ffj pounds4 ,the story of this remarkable feat is told by ,joseph ,harrison1 ,jr41 in his book1 8,the ,locomotive ,engine1 and ,philadelphia's ,share in ,its ,early ,improvements40 ,so pleased was the ,philadelphia and ,reading with this locomotive that the road decided to order more of the same general style4 ,however1 as ,eastwick and ,harrison shortly became involved with plans to construct locomotives in ,russia1 and contemplated closing their ,philadelphia works1 most of these additional locomotives were made by other builders4 ,a dozen or so1 somewhat similar to the ,gowan and ,marx1 were built in the machine shop of a ,lowell1 ,mass41 firm named 8,proprietors of ,locks and ,canals on ,merrimack ,river40 ,others were built by the ,new ,castle ,manufacturing ,co4 at ,new ,castle1 ,del4 ,at least two1 however1 the ,boston and the ,j4 ,e4 ,thayer1 were built by ,eastwick and ,harrison1 and placed in service on the ,philadelphia and ,reading in ,september and ,october1 respectively1 of #ahdb4 ,what is thought to be one of these now famous locomotives has survived 7figure #ef74 ,it is the earliest extant #d-d-j1 or ,american type4 ,known today as the ,peoples' ,railway ,no4 #c1 it was obtained at fourth or fifth hand in about #ahgb by the ,peoples' ,railway1 which was then establishing a line from the ,york ,street station at ,pottsville to ,minersville1 ,pa41 a distance of about #d miles4 ,seldom used by the ,peoples' ,railway after #ahhc1 it was obtained by the ,reading ,co4 in the early #aibj's when that road took over some of the rolling stock of the ,peoples' ,railway4 ,since ,october #aicc it has been on loan to ,the ,franklin ,institute in ,philadelphia1 where it is exhibited with the ,braithwaite-built ,rocket of #ahch1 also owned by the ,reading ,co4 ,the ,no4 #c has been the subject of much speculation and investigation since it was obtained by the ,reading4 ,its origin and the name of its builder are not definitely known1 nor is it absolutely certain for whom it was constructed4 ,without question1 however1 it is of the period of the early #ahdj's1 and is similar in appearance to the famous ,gowan and ,marx1 although of considerably longer wheelbase4 ,paul ,t4 ,warner1 for many years writer and historian for the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works1 conducted an intensive examination of the ,no4 #c1 and in ,january #aicd prepared a thorough paper on his findings1 based on a careful comparison of the ,no4 #c with contemporary drawings of the various other locomotives1 and on a comparison of its dimensions with those still known of the others4 ,he concluded that from the information at hand it was not possible to state positively which1 if any1 of these locomotives it was1 or even if it had been built for the ,philadelphia and ,reading4 ,similar engines1 he pointed out1 had also been built by ,eastwick and ,harrison for other railroads in eastern ,pennsylvania1 among them the ,beaver ,meadow ,rail ,road and ,coal ,co4 and the ,hazelton 7sic7 and ,lehigh ,rail ,road4 ,the ,no4 #c could easily have been built for one of these roads before falling into the possession of the ,peoples' ,railway1 particularly since it is known to have had a number of prior owners4 ,it was ,warner's opinion1 however1 that if it had originally been a ,philadelphia and ,reading engine1 it was more likely to have been either the ,boston or the ,j4 ,e4 ,thayer of ,eastwick and ,harrison rather than a locomotive built by another firm1 of which the ,lowell-built ,conestoga of #ahdb had been considered by some to be the chief possibility4 ,at first glance the ,no4 #c appears much more modern than its actual age1 but this is mainly because it has the #d-d-j wheel arrangement with which people today are more familiar4 ,the cab1 not original1 is of a design similar to that used on the ,pawnee class of engines first built at the ,reading shops in #aheb4 ,also not original are the headlight1 the sandboxes1 and the truck wheels4 ,sandboxes worked from the cab were not used in this country prior to #ahdf2 the truck wheels1 #cj inches in diameter1 are of cast iron1 manufactured by ,a4 ,whitney ,sons of ,philadelphia1 whose wheel foundry was established in #ahdf4 ,the smokestack has obviously been altered1 if not replaced entirely4 ,the ,no4 #c1 now an anthracite-burning locomotive1 is thought to have been originally a wood burner4 ,the firebox is of the ,bury type1 which was in common use up to #ahej4 ,the four driving wheels of the ,no4 #c are #db inches in diameter1 the extreme wheelbase is #agh inches1 and the distance between the two driving axles is #ee inches4 ,the inclined cylinders are connected by long rods to the rear drivers4 ,the exact cylinder bore1 which had not been known for many years1 was measured in ,october #aied by representatives of the ,reading ,co4 and found to be #ab inches4 ,the stroke is #ah inches4 ,the type of reversing mechanism designed by ,andrew ,m4 ,eastwick in #ahce is thought to have been originally applied1 and it is also thought that the original steam chests are still on the locomotive4 ,the old valve gear has been replaced by a double-eccentric motion1 the two eccentric rods being respectively attached to the top and bottom of a straight link4 ,when the new motion was applied1 the old reversing blocks were removed from the steam chests and discarded1 the new valves being placed directly on the valve seats4 ,this made it necessary to use only the lower stuffing boxes for the valve rods1 and so the upper openings were permanently closed by suitable fittings4 ,there are but two positions for the reverse lever1 as was the case with the original valve gear1 and the valves are always worked full stroke4 ,the absence of definitive facts concerning the early history of the ,no4 #c is challenging1 and it would add much to railroad history if in the near future the complete story could be developed as a result of further study of the locomotive itself1 and of the written records4 ,of the many hundreds of locomotives built by ,holmes ,hinkley1 the only one extant is the interesting old ,lion 7figure #eg71 built in #ahdf in ,boston at the ,hinkley and ,drury plant4 ,it is not ,hinkley's first locomotive1 as has often been said1 nor is it his first ,lion1 as his #bb;d locomotive1 built in #ahdd for the ,nashua and ,lowell ,railroad1 also bore that name4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ef4--;,controversial ,peoples' ,railway ,no4 #c1 built in the #ahdj's1 as it appeared in #aibc4 ,the second ,lion1 now preserved in the ,crosby ,mechanical ,laboratory at the ,university of ,maine at ,orono1 ,maine1 was built for the ,machiasport ,railroad 7later called the ,whitneyville and ,machiasport ,railroad7 running between the towns of ,whitneyville and ,machiasport in ,maine4 ,strictly a lumber road about #g miles long1 it was abandoned in the early #ahij's when lumber became scarce in that region4 ,the ,lion and a similar but slightly older ,hinkley locomotive1 the ,tiger1 fell into disuse1 and were subsequently sold as junk to ,thomas ,towle of ,portland4 ,what happened to the ,tiger is today not known1 but quite probably it was broken up for scrap4 ,alderman ,e4 ,e4 ,rounds of ,portland succeeded in raising funds to acquire the ,lion for exhibition in the ,fourth of ,july parade held in ,portland in #ahih4 ,it then remained in ,portland on city property until #aije when1 through the efforts of ,alderman ,rounds1 the ,president and alumni of the ,university of ,maine1 and friends of the ,university1 it was shipped to the ,university to be preserved as a museum piece4 ,once on the campus it was stored in various places and received little attention1 until it was moved in #aibi to the then newly completed ,crosby ,mechanical ,laboratory4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eg4--,lion1 built in #ahdf by ,holmes ,hinkley of ,boston1 as it appeared in what is probably the ,portland1 ,maine1 junkyard from which it was rescued in #ahih4 ,as the result of a study made in the fall of #aibi1 some missing parts of the ,lion were replaced1 and it was restored to the point where it can now be operated on compressed air4 ,today the locomotive1 jacked up so that its four wheels can be made to operate1 is a valued relic at the ,university of ,maine 7figure #eh74 ,illustration3 ,figure #eh4--,lion as now exhibited at ,university of ,maine4 ,it has been stated that the ,lion cost #b1gjj1 exclusive of the tender4 ,the bore and stroke of its cylinders are #i inches and #ag inches1 respectively1 and the diameter of the four wheels is approximately #db inches4 ,the gauge is standard1 #ef inches4 ,the locomotive alone weighs #i tons4 ,the final survivor of this group of early locomotives is the ,memnon 7figure #ei71 built for the ,baltimore and ,ohio in #ahdh by the ,new ,castle ,manufacturing ,co41 ,new ,castle1 ,del41 under subcontract to ,matthias ,w4 ,baldwin4 ,it is one of a small group of similar freight engines built by ,baldwin1 who won the contract as a result of his bid in reply to a ,b ,o advertisement in the 8,american ,railroad ,journal0 of ,october #ahdg4 ,the design of the ,memnon class of locomotives followed closely that of the ,dragon1 a slightly smaller locomotive built by ,baldwin in late #ahdg and placed on the road in ,january #ahdh4 ,all had an #j-h-j wheel arrangement1 and were intended for heavy-duty work with freight trains4 ,the general design of these locomotives had been originated by ,baldwin in #ahdf in an order of freight engines built by him for the ,philadelphia and ,reading4 ,the ,memnon type of engine had four coupled driving wheels on each side1 and early reports give their diameter as #dc inches4 ,today's measurement of the ,memnon reveals the diameter of its wheels1 undoubtedly replacements1 to be only #da inches4 ,the wheels on the two center axles are unflanged1 the better to negotiate curves of limited radius with its wheelbase of #ace inches 7in #ahdg the shortest curve on the ,b ,o had a #djj-;foot radius74 ,the inclined cylinders have a #ag-;inch bore and a #bb-;inch stroke1 and the valve gear is of the ,gooch stationary link type4 ,the ,memnon is now operated on a steam pressure of #fe pounds per square inch1 although it originally operated on #ajj4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ei4--,recent photo of ,memnon1 built in #ahdh by ,new ,castle ,manufacturing ,co4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fj4--,memnon as it appeared shortly after ,january #a1 #ahhd1 when it had been renumbered 8#ac40 ,a few years later it was given back its original number1 8#eg40 ,the original specifications1 as set forth in the ,b ,o advertisement1 called for a locomotive weight not to exceed #bj tons 7of #b1bdj pounds74 ,according to ,j4 ,snowden ,bell1 the weight amounted to about #eb1jjj pounds at first1 but changes reduced it to about #dg1jjj pounds4 ,it would be interesting to know what parts1 unnecessary enough to justify their removal or so sturdy that they could be drastically lightened1 were involved in changes that reduced the total weight by #e1jjj pounds4 ,today1 the unloaded weight of the engine and tender together is #gd1gjj pounds4 ,the tractive force is #h1ehj pounds4 ,as was true of the ,baldwin-built ,pioneer1 the cowcatcher of the ,memnon was not installed originally4 ,this class of locomotive1 which burned bituminous coal1 introduced to the ,b ,o the grate having a rocking bar in the center1 with fingers on each side that interlocked with projections on fixed bars in front and behind4 ,the rocking bar operated from the footboard4 ,the ,memnon has appeared with other engines in the historic collection of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad at many expositions1 fairs1 and railroad pageants4 ,its permanent home is now that railroad's transportation museum at ,baltimore4 ,originally numbered #eg1 the ,memnon was renumbered #ac on ,january #a1 #ahhd 7figure #fj71 and when on exhibition at ,st4 ,louis in #aijd it was incorrectly labeled ,dragon4 ,today1 however1 bearing its correct name and number1 it stands on the roster as the oldest of all extant ,b ,o freight locomotives1 as well as the last of the locomotives to have survived the first quarter-century of railroading in ,north ,america4 ,illustration3 ,uncaptioned locomotive4 ,,supplement ,models1 in the ,national ,museum1 of ,locomotives ,not ,included in ,this ,work ,certain of the locomotives1 locomotive parts1 and models described in the foregoing pages have been noted as being in the collection of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,in addition to these1 the collection of the ,museum includes #ba models of locomotives that do not fall into the scope of this work1 as the originals they represent are either no longer in existence1 are of too recent vintage1 or were not used in ,north ,america4 ,among them are five operable models--four steam and one electric4 ,the originals represented by many of these models were involved in notable events in the history of railroading or mark major steps in its progress4 ,for these reasons1 and in order to provide the reader with a complete catalog of the locomotive collection of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 a brief description of each will be given on the pages that follow4 ,trevithick ,locomotive1 #ahjd ,the ,national ,museum's nonoperable model shown in figure #fa represents the probable form of the first rail locomotive of ,richard ,trevithick1 the ,cornish engineer who was one of the early advocates of the high-pressure steam engine4 ,the ,museum's model 7,,usnm #ahjjeh7 is about #bj inches in length1 and its flywheel is about #aj inches in diameter4 ,it was obtained in #ahhh from its builder ,d4 ,ballauf1 a model maker often employed by the ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fa4--,model of ,trevithick locomotive1 #ahjd4 ,trevithick1 who a few years earlier had constructed several successful steam vehicles for use on the highways1 in ,february #ahjd completed the construction of a machine at ,pen-y-darran1 near ,merthyr ,tydfil1 ,glamorganshire1 ,wales1 for use at the ,pen-y-darran ,iron ,works of ,samuel ,homfray4 ,it is thought to have been the first steam locomotive ever propelled along a railway4 ,the first trip was made on ,monday1 ,february #ac1 #ahjd4 ,among the several trips made by the locomotive was one of #i miles1 between ,merthyr ,tydfil and ,abercynon1 drawing #e cars with a load of #aj tons of iron and #gj men4 ,although a satisfactory machine1 and one that proved that a useful load could be hauled through the adhesion of wheels on smooth track1 it was not long in use because of frequent breakage of the primitive railway4 ,the single horizontal steam cylinder1 projecting partly into the end of the boiler1 operated a crankshaft fitted with a large-diameter flywheel4 ,the driving wheels were coupled to the crankshaft by gearing4 ,the bore and stroke of the cylinder are said to have been about #h and #ed inches1 respectively1 and the unflanged wheels were about #de inches in diameter4 ,discharge of the exhaust steam into the chimney was utilized with this particular locomotive1 as ,trevithick appreciated fully the effect it had upon the fire4 ,the date of this early use of exhaust steam to aid the fire greatly antedates those claimed for later locomotive builders4 ,trevithick ,locomotive ,catch-me-who-can1 #ahjh ,trevithick's next best known locomotive1 his ,catch-me-who-can1 is represented in the national collection by a #i-;inch-long nonoperable model 7,,usnm #bddhhi74 ,the model 7figure #fb7 was transferred to the ,museum from the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of the ,interior in #aijf4 ,nothing further is known of its origin4 ,the original ,catch-me-who-can1 built for ,trevithick by ,hazeldine and ,rastrick of ,bridgnorth1 was exhibited in the summer of #ahjh in ,london on a small circular railway laid down on part of the ground now occupied by ,euston ,square4 ,the public was charged admission to enter a small enclosure to view the demonstration or ride in a small car pulled by the locomotive4 ,as on his #ahjd locomotive1 a single cylinder projecting partly within the end of the boiler was used1 but it was vertical instead of horizontal4 ,the rear wheels only were driven1 actuated by long1 return connecting rods attached to the ends of a wide crosshead4 ,because of the necessary arrangement of the cranks on the ends of the rear axle1 it was entirely possible for the engine to stop on dead center4 ,this was likewise a fault of the #ahjd locomotive1 which had a single crank4 ,the engine is said to have weighed #h tons and to have traveled at a speed of #ab miles an hour1 but troubles with the track ultimately brought the demonstrations to a halt4 ,no dimensions are known today of the original ,catch-me-who-can1 which has long since disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fb4--,model of ,trevithick ,catch-me-who-can1 #ahjh4 ,stephenson ,locomotive ,rocket1 #ahbi ,probably the most famous of ,robert ,stephenson's many locomotives1 the ,rocket1 winner of the ,rainhill ,trials in ,october #ahbi1 is represented in the ,museum collection by a nonoperable model 7figure #fc7 that1 with its tender1 is a little less than #a feet long4 ,the model was transferred to the ,museum 7,,usnm #bddhij7 from the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of the ,interior in #aijf4 ,the original ,rocket1 the considerably altered remains of which now appear on exhibition in the ,science ,museum at ,south ,kensington1 was constructed by ,stephenson at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne to compete for the #ejj prize offered by the ,liverpool and ,manchester ,railway4 ,the ,rocket turned out to be the only one of the five competing machines to finish the trials4 ,its success was especially important because it showed beyond doubt that steam locomotives were suitable for general railway work1 and also because they could attain speeds not previously known4 ,running with a light load1 it reached a speed of #bi miles an hour4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fc4--,model of ,stephenson ,rocket1 #ahbi4 ,the locomotive weighed #c tons empty and #d tons in working order4 ,it had two inclined cylinders of #h-;inch bore and #ag-;inch stroke and two #ef-;inch-diameter driving wheels at the front4 ,a tubular boiler suggested by ,henry ,booth1 the secretary and treasurer of the ,liverpool and ,manchester ,railway1 is said to have contributed greatly to the success of the ,rocket during the trials4 ,it must not be forgotten1 however1 that in ,america ,john ,stevens had used successfully a tubular boiler in his experimental locomotive in #ahbe4 ,the ,rocket was used on the ,liverpool and ,manchester ,railway until #ahcf1 and from then until #ahdd on the ,midgeholme ,railway near ,carlisle4 ,it was presented to the ,science ,museum in #ahfb1 where it is now an outstanding exhibit in the railroad collection4 ,j4 ,g4 ,h4 ,warren's history of ,robert ,stephenson ,co41 which contains detailed and well illustrated accounts of the ,rocket and of the ,rainhill ,trials1 will interest those seeking further details on either subject4 ,baldwin ,locomotive ,old ,ironsides1 #ahcb ,the locomotive ,old ,ironsides is represented in the ,museum's collection by a nonoperable model 7figure #fd7 that1 with its tender1 is #c feet long4 ,the model 7,,usnm #ahjaad7 was given to the ,museum in #ahhi by ,burnham1 ,parry1 ,williams ,co41 who were then proprietors of the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fd4--,model of ,baldwin ,old ,ironsides1 #ahcb4 ,the original ,old ,ironsides was the first full sized locomotive built by ,matthias ,w4 ,baldwin1 a jeweler turned machinist1 of ,philadelphia4 ,it was constructed for the ,philadelphia1 ,germantown1 and ,norristown ,rail-,road ,co41 which had been using horse cars in operating a short line of only #f miles between ,philadelphia and ,germantown4 ,the line's first locomotive1 ,old ,ironsides1 was initially operated on the road on ,november #bc1 #ahcb1 and was a success from the start1 though a few understandable imperfections were noted during the trials and shortly corrected4 ,the fairly new locomotive ,john ,bull of the ,camden and ,amboy ,rail ,road and ,transportation ,co4 had been inspected by ,baldwin before he undertook the project4 ,undoubtedly it furnished helpful suggestions to the man whose locomotive building enterprise was ultimately to eclipse anything possibly dreamed of by him4 ,the locomotive1 contracted for at #d1jjj but for which ,baldwin was1 after some difficulty1 able to collect only #c1ejj1 was somewhat similar to the locomotives of the ,english ,planet class quite popular at the time4 ,the two driving wheels1 located at the rear1 were larger than the carrying ones at the front1 the diameters being #ed and #de inches1 respectively4 ,the two cylinders had a bore of #i inches and a stroke of #ah4 ,the exhaust steam was discharged into the chimney in order to increase the draft4 ,the boiler1 #cj inches in diameter1 contained #gb copper tubes #a inches in diameter and #g feet long4 ,a complete description of ,old ,ironsides and detailed accounts of its first trials are to be found in 8,history of the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works1 #ahca-aibc40 ,davis and ,gartner ,locomotive ,arabian1 #ahcd ,davis and ,gartner1 who built the ,atlantic in #ahcb for the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,rail ,road 7see p4 #dg71 built as their next two 8grasshoppers0 the ,traveller and the ,arabian4 ,the latter of these was placed in service on the ,b ,o in ,july #ahcd4 ,neither of these two locomotives is extant1 but a #b-;foot-long nonoperable model of the ,arabian 7figure #fe7 is now in the ,national ,museum collection 7,,usnm #bcceaa74 ,it was made in the ,museum in about #aijj by ,c4 ,r4 ,luscombe4 ,the ,arabian was similar in design to the three 8grasshoppers0 that have survived1 but differed from them in many small ways4 ,its two cylinders1 for example1 had a bore and stroke of #ab and #bb inches4 ,this bore was fractionally less than that of the other three4 ,also1 its weight with fuel and water1 #g tons1 was about a ton less than that of any of the others4 ,the extent to which the ,museum's model represents these slight differences between the ,arabian and the 8grasshoppers0 that followed it cannot now be determined4 ,most of these differences would be impossible to reproduce on such a small scale4 ,it is entirely possible that the model represented no particular 8grasshopper10 and the name ,arabian may have been selected by chance4 ,a detailed description of the construction of the ,arabian and a discussion of its performance characteristics appear in the eighth 7#ahcd7 and ninth 7#ahce7 annual reports of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,rail ,road ,co4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fe4--,model of ,davis and ,gartner ,arabian1 #ahcd4 ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor ,locomotive ,sandusky1 #ahcg ,the ,sandusky1 first locomotive built by the firm of ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor of ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 is represented in the ,museum's collection by a #b-;foot-long nonoperable model 7figure #ff7 of the locomotive and its tender4 ,the model 7,,usnm #ahjbde7 was built for the ,museum in #ahhh by ,d4 ,ballauf4 ,notice of the firm's intention to produce locomotives was given in the 8,american ,railroad ,journal0 for ,december #bd1 #ahcf1 and the original ,sandusky was constructed during the following year4 ,intended for the ,new ,jersey ,railroad and ,transportation ,co41 it was built to the gauge of that road--#eh inches4 ,however1 after a trial trip on ,october #f between ,paterson and ,new ,brunswick1 it was purchased for the ,mad ,river and ,lake ,erie ,railroad by that road's president1 ,j4 ,h4 ,james of ,urbana1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ff4--,model of ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor ,sandusky1 #ahcg4 ,it was delivered to ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 on ,november #ag1 at which time not a foot of track had been laid4 ,the engine was used in the construction of the road1 which in consequence was built to the gauge of the engine4 ,this fact has been given as the reason why the legislature of ,ohio at one time passed an act requiring all railroads built in ,ohio to be of #eh-;inch gauge4 ,on ,april #aa1 #ahch1 regular trips for the conveyance of passengers commenced between ,bellevue and ,sandusky1 a distance of #af miles1 and the locomotive ,sandusky was used4 ,the ,sandusky resembled the early ,stephenson engines in some respects1 but differed principally in having a #d-wheeled leading truck1 the wheels of which were #cj inches in diameter4 ,the two driving wheels1 made of cast iron and with hollow spokes and rims1 were #ed inches in diameter4 ,the crankshaft throws were counterbalanced by a method of balancing devised by ,thomas ,rogers1 who had filed a patent application on it dated ,july #ab1 #ahcg4 ,this consisted of having the part of the wheel rim opposite the crank throw cast solid1 while the rest of the rim was hollow4 ,the driving wheels and the inclined #aa- by #af-;inch cylinders were inside the frame1 whereas the eccentric rods1 working off the outer ends of the driving axle1 were outside4 ,the bonnet-type smokestack had a deflecting cone in its center and a wire mesh on the top to prevent the escape of sparks4 ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor ,locomotive ,general1 #ahee ,the smallest locomotive model in the ,national ,museum 7figure #fg7 is of the wood-burning locomotive ,general that figured so prominently in the famous ,civil ,war locomotive chase of ,april #ab1 #ahfb4 7,in ,william ,pittenger's 8,the ,great ,locomotive ,chase0 is told the complete story of this epic adventure1 which took place when a group of ,northern raiders stole the ,general and its train at ,big ,shanty1 ,ga4 ,the ,confederates finally recaptured the ,general minus the cars1 which had been cut loose to delay the pursuers1 but with most of the raiders1 after a thrilling pursuit that led them #ij miles away1 to ,ringgold1 ,ga41 just south of ,chattanooga1 ,tenn47 ,the ,museum's display is constructed from a pair of model kits1 to which a great many engineering details have been added4 ,it shows two beautifully made reproductions1 scaled inch to the foot1 passing in opposite directions on a slight curve4 ,each is #g inches long4 ,the builder1 ,adolph ,h4 ,schutz of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #aiee presented the model to the ,museum 7,,usnm #cacgbd71 where it had been on exhibit as a loan since #aiea4 ,built by the ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor plant at ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 in #ahee1 the original ,general was used on the ,western and ,atlantic ,railroad for many years4 ,it is now on permanent exhibit at ,chattanooga in the ,union ,station of the ,nashville1 ,chattanooga ,st4 ,louis ,railway4 ,a #d-d-j1 or ,american type1 it is the earliest of this particular type represented in the ,museum's collection of models4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fg4--,model of ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor ,general1 #ahee4 ,american-,type ,locomotive of about #ahij ,an operable model 7figure #fh7 in the ,museum's collection 7,,usnm #cjieae71 appears to represent a ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad #d-d-j locomotive of the period of about #ahij4 ,this class of locomotive was built by the ,schenectady ,locomotive ,works to the ,new ,york ,central's design1 and had #gh-;inch driving wheels1 cylinders with a bore of #ai inches and a stroke of #bd inches1 and weighed #abj1jjj pounds4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fh4--,operable model of an ,american-type locomotive of about #ahij4 ,work on this model was commenced by the donor1 the late ,robert ,e4 ,m4 ,bain1 in #aiaf1 and it was completed about three years later1 only spare time having been employed in its construction4 ,the model was given to the ,museum in #aibh4 ,the length of the locomotive and tender is #hj inches1 the gauge is #f inches1 the diameter of the driving wheels is #h_/ inches1 and the bore and stroke of the cylinders are #a and #c inches1 respectively4 ,the brakes on the model are inoperative1 as the actuating cylinders for the brake system are dummies4 ,on the other hand1 such parts as the boiler1 firebox1 steam gauge1 water gauge1 throttle1 and valve motion are all operable1 and the donor has asserted that there is even ring packing in the cylinders4 ,although capable of being fired and steamed up1 using coal as the fuel1 the locomotive has never been operated4 ,the number on the locomotive and tender apparently represent the year the donor commenced his work on the model1 as there was never a ,new ,york ,central locomotive of this type bearing that number4 ,new ,york ,central ,locomotive #iii1 #ahic ,the ,museum's nonoperable model 7figure #fi7 of the famous #iii1 long the holder of the world's speed record1 was built especially for the ,museum's collection 7,,usnm #cacafa71 and was the gift in #aidg of the ,new ,york ,central ,system4 ,constructed by ,edwin ,p4 ,alexander of ,yardley1 ,pa41 it is about #ae inches long with tender and is accompanied by a train of four model cars of the period4 ,locomotive and cars are built to a scale of inch to the foot4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fi4--,model of ,new ,york ,central ,american-type locomotive #iii1 #ahic4 ,one of the best known of all locomotives1 the ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad's #iii1 with engineer ,charles ,h4 ,hogan at the throttle1 reached a speed of #aab miles an hour over a measured mile on ,may #aj1 #ahic1 while pulling the ,empire ,state ,express westward between ,batavia and ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this was a new world's record1 and the #iii was shortly withdrawn from active service and placed on exhibition at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition at ,chicago4 ,at the conclusion of the exposition it was again placed in service with the ,empire ,state ,express1 but was later withdrawn because1 although having great speed with a light train1 it lacked the pulling power required for the larger and heavier trains then coming into use4 ,today1 the #iii1 altered somewhat1 and with smaller driving wheels than when built1 is preserved by the ,new ,york ,central ,system as one of its historic relics4 ,it is usually to be seen at the ,collinwood shops near ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 but it still occasionally appears at fairs and expositions4 ,designed by the superintendent of motive power1 ,william ,buchanan1 and constructed at the ,west ,albany shops of the ,new ,york ,central1 the #iii is of the #d-d-j1 or ,american1 type and was fitted originally with #hf-;inch driving wheels4 ,the bore and stroke of the cylinders are #ai and #bd inches1 respectively1 and a steam pressure of #ahj pounds per square inch was used4 ,the fuel was bituminous coal4 ,the extreme wheelbase is #bhg inches1 and the distance between the two driving axles is #ajb inches4 ,the weight of the locomotive is #abd1jjj pounds1 that of the loaded tender is #hj1jjj4 ,american-,type ,locomotive of about #aijj ,through the bequest in #aiee of ,john ,semple ,clarke1 a model 7figure #gj7 formerly lent by him to the ,museum has been added to the collection 7,,usnm #cadfae74 ,a #d-d-j of exquisite workmanship in brass and steel1 the model is #ba inches long and has a gauge of #b inches4 ,it was constructed during the #g-year period from #aijg to #aiad by ,george ,boshart1 a toolmaker of ,brookline1 near ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,all rotating and reciprocating parts are operable1 though the boiler is apparently not capable of generating steam4 ,there is no tender with the locomotive1 none having been built4 ,it is not definitely known what1 if any1 original locomotive the model represents1 but some of its details are similar to those of locomotives built at the turn of the century by the ,schenectady ,locomotive ,works4 ,while it has been stated that ,boshart patterned the model after a ,pennsylvania ,railroad locomotive with which he was familiar1 in certain of its details the model does not appear to justify this claim4 ,the number on the model represents the year in which its construction was started4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gj4--,model of an ,american-type locomotive of about #aijj4 ,british ,locomotive of about #aije ,in the national collection is an operable model 7figure #ga7 of a ,british locomotive of the period of about #aije4 ,made by the well known ,english model makers ,carson and ,co41 and given in #aicc to the ,museum by ,frank ,a4 ,wardlaw and ,frank ,a4 ,wardlaw1 ,jr41 the model 7,,usnm #cajehd7 represents the ,caledonian ,railway ,co4 ,no4 #ijc1 a #d-f-j with inside cylinders4 ,the length of the locomotive and the #f-wheeled tender is #de inches and the gauge is #c inches4 ,a locomotive of similar appearance1 though not necessarily identical1 is described and illustrated in the ,british technical journal 8,engineering0 for ,august #ca1 #aijf 7p4 #bii74 ,the elder ,wardlaw stated that the model was built by ,carson for ,sir ,henry ,lopes1 and that he acquired it from ,carson when ,sir ,henry turned it in on a new one4 ,wardlaw believed this gasoline-fueled model to have been the first model locomotive ever built with a flash boiler4 ,a letter from ,james ,c4 ,crebbin in the ,july #bg1 #aicc1 issue of the ,british journal 8,the ,model ,engineer and ,practical ,electrician10 contains the following statement3 ,when ,i was chairman of ,messrs4 ,carson and ,co41 the late ,mr4 ,james ,carson and ,i collaborated in the development of flash steam model locomotives4 ,with the exception of the very small model ,l4 ,n4 ,w4 8,experiment0 loco which had only one coil1 and a methylated vaporising burner1 the boilers had longitudinal coils running the full length of the boiler1 and were fired by means of a ,carson ,primus type burner4 ,the pressure container was a drum inside the tender1 and was surrounded by water in the usual square or oblong tank4 ,this water fed the geared pump1 which was driven from the second tender axle4 ,the most successful of this type was a -inch-scale #d-d-j ,caledonian1 built for ,sir ,henry ,lopes4 ,mr4 ,carson always declared that this engine was the fastest he had ever seen1 and during tests he carried out1 on ,sir ,henry's track1 never dared to give the model more than half-throttle1 no matter what load the engine was hauling4 ,mr4 ,wardlaw1 of ,new ,york1 and a 8,m4 ,e40 ,exhibition ,championship ,cup ,holder1 has a similar locomotive which1 ,i believe1 is destined for exhibition in some museum in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ga4--,operable model of a ,british locomotive of about #aije4 ,british ,locomotive1 #aije ,an operable model 7figure #gb7 of locomotive ,no4 #adf of the ,ferrocarril ,oeste of ,argentina was presented to the ,museum 7,,usnm #cajehe7 in #aicc by ,frank ,a4 ,wardlaw and ,frank ,a4 ,wardlaw1 ,jr4 ,the #bb-;inch-long model has a gauge of #b inches4 ,gasoline carried in the tender is used as fuel4 ,the builder is not known4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gb4--,operable model of a ,british locomotive1 #aije4 ,the original locomotive ,no4 #adf1 a #d-d-d-,t type with a cowcatcher and outside cylinders1 was built in #aije by ,beyer1 ,peacock ,co41 ,ltd41 of ,manchester1 ,england4 ,the locomotive and tender have a common frame4 ,according to a small plate affixed to the model1 the original was the first locomotive to be fitted with 8,wardlaw's composite clackvalve40 ,this invention of the elder ,wardlaw was installed at ,buenos ,aires in ,january #aijh1 according to the legend on the plate4 ,the original ,greyhound was locomotive ,no4 #cjb of the ,london and ,north-,western ,railway ,co41 built in #aije at the ,crewe works of the company4 ,of the #d-d-j type1 the locomotive had inside cylinders and was the first in ,europe to be fitted with 8,wardlaw's composite clackvalve40 ,this was done in ,august #aiaj4 ,the model of the locomotive and its #f-wheeled tender 7figure #gc7 is #bi inches long and has a gauge of #b inches4 ,it is operable1 using gasoline carried in the tender as fuel4 ,the builder is not known4 ,the donors1 ,frank ,a4 ,wardlaw and ,frank ,a4 ,wardlaw1 ,jr41 presented the model 7,,usnm #cajehf7 to the ,museum in #aicc4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gc4--,operable model of ,british locomotive ,greyhound1 #aije4 ,pennsylvania ,atlantic-,type ,locomotive1 #aijg ,the ,atlantic-type steam locomotive is represented in the ,museum collection by a nonoperable model 7figure #gd7 lent to the ,museum in #aibb by ,e4 ,howard ,askew of ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,constructed by the lender1 the model 7,,usnm #cjgidi7 is #cb inches long and has a gauge of #b inches4 ,it represents the ,pennsylvania ,railroad class ,e#csd ,no4 #eabg1 a #d-d-b steam locomotive with ,walschaert valve gear4 ,the original locomotive was built at the railroad's ,juniata shops1 ,altoona1 ,pa41 in ,august #aijg1 construction ,no4 #agcd4 ,originally a class ,e#c;d locomotive1 it was converted to an ,e#csd in ,june #aiac by the addition of a superheater in the ,wilmington1 ,del41 shops of the road4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gd4--,model of ,pennsylvania ,atlantic-type locomotive1 #aijg4 ,in a letter to ,askew 7,dec4 #ad1 #aibb7 the chief of motive power of the ,pennsylvania ,system1 ,j4 ,t4 ,wallis1 stated that the cylinders of the original had a bore and stroke of #bb and #bf inches4 ,the drivers were #hj inches in diameter and the boiler carried a steam pressure of #bje pounds4 ,the boiler had a minimum 7internal7 diameter of #fe inches1 and it contained #agj #b-;inch flues and #bd #e-;inch flues1 while the superheater consisted of #if #a-;inch flues4 ,the distance between flue sheets was #ahj inches and the total heating surface was #b1ega square feet4 ,the grate was #aaa inches long and #gb wide4 ,the total weight on the drivers was #abg1bjj pounds1 on the engine truck #ce1ejj pounds1 and on the trailer truck #cc1ijj pounds--or a total of #aif1fjj pounds in working order4 ,the weight of the tender in working order was #acd1jjj pounds4 ,the tractive force of the locomotive was #bg1dji pounds4 ,in his letter ,wallis also made the following statement to explain the significance of the modification of this class of locomotive3 ,the ,atlantic1 or #d-d-b1 type locomotive was developed in an effort to retain the desirable features of the ,american1 or #d-d-j1 type of locomotive and at the same time to produce a locomotive in answer to the demand for greater power4 ,to do this1 the firebox was increased in area by making it considerably wider1 so that a greater amount of soft coal could be burned4 ,the diameter of the barrel of the boiler was increased to allow for greater heating surface1 which1 of course1 increased the weight on the drivers4 ,to make room for the driving wheels without unduly increasing the length of the tubes in the boiler1 the driving wheels were moved forward1 the main driver being in the rear instead of in front as in the ,american type locomotive4 ,in order to carry the weight of the firebox1 which1 with the new driving wheel location1 overhangs the rear driver too much to be properly supported1 a two-wheel trailer truck was used4 ,this trailer truck1 which is fulcrumed a short distance back of the main driver1 is so designed that it has lateral motion1 and provision is made for ash pan as well as firebox clearance4 ,by the use of higher steam pressure1 larger heating surface and grate area1 the use of passenger locomotives of the three-coupled type1 with the troubles incident to the use of long parallel rods1 was put off for a decade4 ,general ,electric ,locomotive1 #aibf ,a detailed and exquisitely made operable model of the ,new ,york ,central class ,t-#c;,a electric locomotive ,no4 #aagc1 now ,no4 #bgc1 was constructed by ,w4 ,howard ,r4 ,parsons1 and was donated by him in #aieb to the ,museum 7,,usnm #cadbcg74 ,the model 7figure #ge7 is powered by eight electric motors1 as is the full sized original1 one for each axle1 but because of space limitations and power requirements the model's drive is through gears rather than direct4 ,the model operates on #ab-volt direct current4 ,its length is #dc inches and its gauge is #c inches4 ,the ,new ,york ,central ,system purchased #aj class ,t-#c;,a locomotives in late #aibf at a cost of #ajj1jjj each4 ,these supplemented an earlier group of #aj ,t-#a's and #af ,t-#b's built for the ,new ,york ,central from #aiac to #aiag at the ,erie1 ,pa41 plant of the ,general ,electric ,co4 ,of this total of #cf locomotives only one1 ,no4 #bgj 7formerly ,no4 #aagj71 had been stricken from the records as of ,december #aied4 ,the remaining #ce still perform routine passenger service between ,new ,york and ,harmon1 and ,new ,york and ,north ,white ,plains4 ,the numbers in the group now run from #bdg to #bhb 7formerly #aadg to #aahb71 with the exception of the scrapped ,no4 #bgj4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ge4--,operable model of ,general ,electric locomotive1 #aibf4 ,with an operating weight of #bib1fjj pounds1 the locomotives of the ,t-#c;,a class develop #a1ijh horsepower continuously1 with a tractive force of #ab1gej pounds1 and they can develop #b1dhh horsepower for #a hour1 with a tractive force of #ah1ddj pounds4 ,the maximum speed of a ,t-#c;,a is #ge miles an hour4 ,these locomotives operate on #ffj-volt direct current1 usually obtained from a third rail4 ,the pantographs are used only when crossing certain complicated crossover switches4 ,each of the eight axles is driven by its individual gearless motor4 ,the overall wheelbase is #df feet1 #e inches1 the overall length #ef feet1 #aj inches4 ,b ,o ,hudson-,type ,locomotive ,lord ,baltimore1 #aice ,during the winter of #aicf-aicg1 ,the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 conducted in conjunction with the magazine 8,the ,model ,craftsman0 a contest among model builders for the construction of a model of the railroad's ,washington-to-,jersey ,city lightweight1 streamlined train1 the 8,royal ,blue10 first placed in operation on ,june #bd1 #aice4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gf4--,model of ,b ,o ,hudson-type locomotive ,lord ,baltimore1 #aice4 ,the contest1 with a first prize of #ejj1 was won by ,fletcher ,g4 ,speed of ,new ,rochelle1 ,n4 ,y41 and his prize-winning train 7figure #gf7 was presented by the ,baltimore and ,ohio in #aicg to the ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #caaaia74 ,the train consists of the ,hudson-type1 or #d-f-d1 steam locomotive ,lord ,baltimore and tender1 together #b feet long1 plus five cars4 ,beautiful in workmanship1 and powered with a small electric motor1 the model is built to a scale of inch to the foot4 ,the original locomotive ,lord ,baltimore was designed by the ,baltimore and ,ohio1 and was constructed at the company's ,mount ,clare shops in ,baltimore4 ,the weight of the locomotive and tender in working order was #ebg1jjj pounds1 and the tractive force was #ch1jjj pounds4 ,the driving wheels were #hd inches in diameter1 and the driving wheelbase was #agh inches4 ,the bore and stroke of the cylinders were #bj and #bh inches1 respectively1 ,walschaert valve gear was used1 and a steam pressure of #cej pounds per square inch was employed4 ,the fuel was bituminous coal4 ,on ,september #aa1 #aice1 an average speed of #ei4bh miles an hour was obtained between ,washington and ,jersey ,city while pulling a dynamometer car and five other cars4 ,although designated as ,no4 #b when built in #aice1 the locomotive was changed to ,no4 #ecdj in #aidb4 ,as it was not designed to handle standard weight trains1 the locomotive was later removed from service1 and after being in storage for several years was scrapped on ,july #ai1 #aidi4 ,lima ,northern-,type ,locomotive1 #aicg ,a black1 red1 and orange nonoperable model 7figure #gg7 in the collection represents the ,southern ,pacific ,co4 ,no4 #ddaj1 the first of the many such streamlined #d-h-d1 or ,northern-type1 steam locomotives built for that line4 ,this model of ,no4 #ddaj and its tender1 about #bg inches long1 is built to the scale of inch to the foot4 ,the gift of the ,southern ,pacific ,co4 in #aicg1 it was made early in that year especially for the ,museum's collection 7,,usnm #caacdj74 ,the first group of this type of streamliner1 which was the conception of ,george ,mc,cormick and ,frank ,e4 ,russell of the ,southern ,pacific1 was completed by the ,lima ,locomotive ,works in ,january #aicg4 ,the first run with one of these streamliners was made on ,march #ba with the 8,coast ,daylight0 passenger train between ,san ,francisco and ,los ,angeles4 ,of the total of #ej essentially similar locomotives of this streamlined class1 the ,southern ,pacific still had #di in ,november #aied1 only ,no4 #ddad having been authorized for scrapping4 ,at that time1 these locomotives had averaged approximately #ac1jjj miles a month since being placed in service1 although many had completed over #ae1jjj miles in particularly productive months4 ,the earlier ones1 represented by this model1 developed #d1ejj horsepower at #ee miles an hour and had a top speed of #ij miles an hour1 although #ge was the highest allowable operating speed4 ,they were able to maintain a #i-;hour schedule between ,san ,francisco and ,los ,angeles4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gg4--,model of ,lima ,northern-type locomotive1 #aicg4 ,the locomotive and tender are #ajh feet long1 and weigh #hce1jjj pounds in operating condition4 ,the fuel is bunker type ,c oil4 ,a boiler pressure of #bej pounds per square inch is employed4 ,the cylinder bore is #bg inches1 the stroke #cj4 ,the eight drivers are #gc inches in diameter1 and the driving wheelbase is #bj feet4 ,the later streamlined #d-h-d's of the ,southern ,pacific develop #e1ejj horsepower at #ee miles an hour1 and operate on a boiler pressure of #cjj pounds per square inch4 ,general ,electric ,locomotive1 #aich ,a nonoperable model 7figure #gh7 of the first of six #b-;,c,c-#b streamlined electric locomotives built by the ,general ,electric ,co4 for ,the ,new ,york1 ,new ,haven and ,hartford ,railroad ,co4 was made especially for the ,museum collection 7,,usnm #caahhj7 by the builder of these locomotives4 ,the model1 constructed in the ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 plant of the ,general ,electric ,co4 and presented to the ,museum in #aidj1 is of plaster painted green and black1 with gold trim4 ,it is #ca inches long and has a gauge of #a inches4 ,the electric locomotives represented by this model were built in #aich at the ,erie1 ,pa41 plant of the ,general ,electric ,co4 for passenger service between ,new ,haven and ,new ,york4 ,originally numbered from #jcfa to #jcff1 they are now numbered from #cfj to #cfe4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gh4--,model of ,general ,electric locomotive1 #aich4 ,on the ,new ,haven tracks these #gg-;foot-long locomotives operate on #aa1jjj-volt1 single-phase1 #be-;cycle1 alternating current obtained from an overhead trolley system4 ,on the ,new ,york ,central tracks they operate on #ffj-volt direct current obtained usually from a third rail1 but occasionally from an overhead supply at some crossover switches4 ,for this latter purpose a small auxiliary pantograph is used4 ,control equipment is1 of course1 provided for both types of power supply4 ,the fully loaded weight is #dcc1bjj pounds1 of which #bgb1djj pounds is on the twelve #ef-;inch drivers4 ,while operating on alternating current1 the continuous tractive force is #bd1ajj pounds1 and the continuously available horsepower #c1fjj4 ,the maximum available horsepower from the six twin-armature1 #ab-pole motors is #g1fjj4 ,slightly different results are obtained while operating on direct current4 ,the maximum safe speed is #ic miles an hour4 ,american ,locomotive ,co4 ,hudson-,type ,locomotive1 #aich ,development of the original ,hudson-type locomotives began in #aibf when the ,new ,york ,central ,system decided it needed a new type of passenger locomotive to meet the demands of high-speed1 long-distance runs4 ,the type was named after the river along which it would run4 ,in late #aicg and in #aich1 #ej ,hudsons of an improved design1 built by the ,american ,locomotive ,co41 were placed on the ,new ,york ,central4 ,these locomotives1 ,nos4 #edje to #eded1 had larger boilers than their predecessors1 had greater tractive force1 and were fitted with roller bearings4 ,in addition1 ,nos4 #edde to #eded were streamlined4 ,a nonoperable model 7figure #gi7 in the ,museum collection 7,,usnm #cacafb71 gift of the ,new ,york ,central ,system in #aidg1 represents ,no4 #edbi4 ,the model locomotive and tender are #b feet long and are accompanied by a train of six streamlined cars4 ,the entire train is painted silver1 with black trimming on the locomotive and tender4 ,built to a scale of inch to the foot1 it was especially made for the ,museum1 the builder being ,edwin ,p4 ,alexander of ,yardley1 ,pa4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gi4--,model of ,american ,locomotive ,co4 ,hudson-type locomotive1 #aich4 ,the original ,no4 #edbi1 constructed in #aich1 was streamlined in #aida in the ,west ,albany shops of the ,new ,york ,central1 and in ,december of that year was placed back in service on the ,empire ,state ,express with an entirely new streamlined train of specially designed stainless-steel cars4 ,when the ,empire ,state ,express was ultimately dieselized in #aide1 ,no4 #edbi was put to other uses1 and the streamlining was removed in #aiej4 ,as of ,october #aiee it was still in service4 ,in streamlined condition1 as represented by the model1 the locomotive and tender together weighed #fha1ijj pounds and their length was a few inches over #ig feet4 ,the diameter of the driving wheels was #gi inches1 the bore and stroke of the cylinders were #bb and #bi inches1 respectively1 and the total tractive force was #ec1ifj pounds4 ,a steam pressure of #bfe pounds per square inch was used4 ,baldwin-,westinghouse ,geared ,steam-,turbine ,locomotive1 #aidd ,a radical departure from the usual design for a coal-burning steam locomotive1 and the first of its type built in this country1 was the noncondensing geared steam-turbine locomotive built jointly by ,the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works and the ,westinghouse ,electric and ,manufacturing ,co4 ,constructed in #aidd at ,baldwin's ,eddystone plant 7,westinghouse manufactured the turbines and gears71 it was designated ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 class ,s-#b locomotive ,no4 #fbjj4 ,this locomotive1 combining the work of two pioneers in the railroad equipment field1 is represented in the ,museum collection by a nonoperable model 7figure #hj7 made especially for the ,museum 7,,usnm #cabice7 and presented to it by ,the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works early in #aidf4 ,the locomotive and tender1 together #cj inches long1 were built to a scale of inch to the foot by ,minton ,cronkhite of ,pasadena1 ,calif4 ,two steam turbines1 similar to the type that drive the larger fighting ships of the ,u4,s4 ,navy1 powered the original locomotive4 ,the more complex and powerful of the two1 the forward-drive turbine1 developed a maximum of #g1bej horsepower and was at all times engaged with the wheels4 7,although #f1ejj horsepower has usually been the quoted figure for the forward-drive turbine1 #g1bej was actually developed on ,october #bb1 #aidf1 at the ,altoona ,locomotive ,testing ,plant47 ,the simpler one1 for reverse only1 developed #a1ejj horsepower and was normally disengaged from the driving wheels except while actually being used4 ,the boiler1 frame1 trucks1 and driving wheels were of the conventional type1 the most notable visible difference between the locomotive and those of other types being the absence of cylinders1 valve motion1 and their accompanying parts4 ,because of the elimination of piston rods and other reciprocating parts it was possible to balance almost perfectly the driving wheels1 thus permitting a higher operating speed than normally practical with a conventional locomotive4 ,the weight of the locomotive alone was #ehj1jjj pounds1 and its forward tractive force was #gj1ejj pounds4 ,a #f-h-f wheel arrangement was employed1 the driving wheel diameter was #fh inches1 and a speed of #ajj miles an hour was possible4 ,the working steam pressure was #caj pounds per square inch4 ,bituminous coal served as the fuel4 ,a detailed and well illustrated description of this locomotive appears in the magazine 8,baldwin0 7for the fourth quarter of #aidd74 ,the locomotive covered #ajc1jej miles in passenger service1 and was then set aside on ,june #aa1 #aidi1 because it was in need of repairs to the firebox and flues1 and also to the turbines1 oil pumps1 and gears4 ,at that time all passenger service on the ,pennsylvania was being changed to diesel-electric operation1 so the locomotive was ultimately scrapped on ,may #bi1 #aieb4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hj4--,model of ,baldwin-,westinghouse geared steam-turbine locomotive1 #aidd4 ,general ,motors ,diesel-,electric ,locomotive1 #aide ,a nonoperable model of a diesel-electric locomotive 7figure #ha7 was given to the ,museum 7,,usnm #cacafc7 by the ,new ,york ,central ,system in #aidg4 ,this gray and black model1 which is #cc inches long and is built to a scale of inch to the foot1 represents the ,general ,motors #b-unit diesel-electric ,no4 #djjj-djja of the ,new ,york ,central1 a type placed in service with the ,empire ,state ,express in #aide to replace the ,hudson-type steam locomotives described on page #ii4 ,the model was especially built for the ,museum's collection1 the builder being ,edwin ,p4 ,alexander of ,yardley1 ,pa4 ,the overall length of the two full sized units is just over #adj feet and their combined weight is #fdf1jjj pounds4 ,each end of each unit is supported by a #f-wheeled truck1 and the wheel diameter is #cf inches throughout4 ,each unit is equipped with two ,general ,motors #ab-;cylinder ,v-type #b-;cycle diesel engines having a bore of #h inches and a stroke of #aj inches1 and developing #a1jjj horsepower at #hjj revolutions per minute1 a total of #d1jjj horsepower for the two units combined4 ,each engine is directly coupled to a generator that supplies direct current to the two traction motors1 geared1 respectively1 to the front and rear axles of its corresponding truck4 ,no power is applied to the center axle1 which is for weight distribution only4 ,the joint tractive force of the two units is #ajh1iej pounds4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ha4--,model of ,general ,motors diesel-electric locomotive1 #aide4 ,,picture ,,credits ,figure #a4--,museum photo #becgj #b4--,museum photo #bgbj #c4--,museum photo #bceed #d4--,museum photo #dcajb #e4--,museum photo #dcacj #f4--,museum photo #afecd #g4--,museum photo #dcehf-;,b #h4--,museum photo #afjdh #i4--,museum photo #caige #aj4--,museum photo #dcjgf-;,b #aa4--,museum photo #dcjgf #ab4--,museum photo #cjega-;,a #ac4--,museum photo #cbcfg-;,e #ad4--,museum ,chaney photo #bddgh #ae4--,photo courtesy ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 #af4--,museum photo #dcjed-;,a #ag4--,photo courtesy ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 #ah4--,museum photo #acbbe-;,b #ai4--,museum photo #dcehf #bj4--,photo courtesy ,redwood ,library #ba4--,photo courtesy ,southern ,railway ,system #bb4--,museum photo #dcjed #bc4--,museum photo #bejab-;,b #bd4--,museum photo #dcjgf-;,a #be4--,museum photo #dcjfj #bf-bg4--,photos from ,chaney collection #bh4--,museum photo #caiei-;,a #bi4--,museum photo #adbic #cj4--,museum photo #cdcbh #ca4--,museum photo #bigei-;,a #cb4--,museum photo #afech #cc4--,museum ,chaney photo #hhaj #cd4--,museum photo #babdc-;,c #ce4--,museum ,chaney photo #acgeh #cf4--,photo courtesy ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 #cg4--,museum photo #bceeb #ch4--,museum ,chaney photo #adbi #ci4--,museum ,chaney photo #adeg #dj4--,museum ,chaney photo #acebh #da4--,photo courtesy ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 #db4--,museum photo #cbjig-;,a #dc-de4--,photos courtesy ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 #df-dg4--,photos courtesy ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway ,system #dh4--,museum ,chaney photo #bjbie #di4--,photo courtesy ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 #ej4--,museum photo #dcjid #ea4--,museum photo #dcahb #eb4--,museum ,chaney photo #acgii #ec4--,museum photo #dcjhc #ed4--,museum photo #cjdeg #ee4--,museum ,chaney photo #acech #ef4--,photo courtesy ,reading ,co4 #eg-eh4--,photos courtesy ,university of ,maine #ei4--,photo courtesy ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co4 #fj4--,museum ,chaney photo #ajcad #fa4--,museum photo #bfigg-;,b #fb4--,museum photo #cjcig #fc4--,museum photo #dcbii #fd4--,museum photo #bfiha-;,b #fe4--,museum photo #bfigd-;,a #ff4--,museum photo #bfhii-;,a #fg4--,museum photo #dceih #fh4--,museum photo #dcbii-;,e #fi4--,museum photo #dcbig #gj4--,museum photo #bfhdg-;,h #ga4--,museum photo #dcbih #gb4--,museum photo #dcbih-;,a #gc4--,museum photo #dcbih-;,b #gd4--,museum photo #dcbii-;,a #ge4--,museum photo #dbbgb #gf4--,museum photo #dcbii-;,b #gg4--,museum photo #dcbii-;,c #gh4--,museum photo #dcbii-;,d #gi4--,museum photo #dcbig-;,a #hj4--,museum photo #dcbic #ha4--,museum photo #dcbig-;,b ,,acknowledgments ,the author wishes to express his appreciation for the help given him by the many individuals1 including railroad officials1 librarians1 and museum curators1 who provided answers to many questions and confirmed many conjectures4 ,special thanks are tendered ,a4 ,b4 ,lawson and ,lawrence ,w4 ,sagle of ,the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad ,co41 ,f4 ,v4 ,koval of the ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway ,system1 ,w4 ,f4 ,kascal and ,harry ,b4 ,spurrier of the ,new ,york ,central ,system1 ,h4 ,t4 ,cover of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 ,harry ,e4 ,hammer of the ,reading ,co41 ,k4 ,c4 ,ingram of the ,southern ,pacific ,co41 ,elizabeth ,o4 ,cullen of the ,association of ,american ,railroads1 ,d4 ,m4 ,mac,master of the ,museum of ,science and ,industry at ,chicago1 ,h4 ,d4 ,watson of the ,university of ,maine1 ,george ,m4 ,hart of ,george ,school in ,bucks ,county1 ,pa41 and ,robert ,r4 ,brown of ,lachine1 ,quebec--to name a few of those whose contributions have helped bring together the facts here presented4 ,it is fitting also at this time to refer to the late ,charles ,b4 ,chaney1 who collected over a period of almost #fj years an immense number of photographs1 negatives1 drawings1 lithographs1 and books dealing with railroading4 ,upon his death in #aidh1 he left this entire collection to the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 confident that in the ,museum it would be put to the widest possible use and would1 therefore1 carry forward his lifelong work of research in the history of locomotives and railroads4 ,his confidence was well founded4 ,the ,chaney collection of railroad material has been an invaluable source of information for the present work4 ,to acknowledge the contribution of ,thomas ,norrell of ,silver ,spring1 ,md41 is likewise a pleasure4 ,he graciously consented to read the manuscript of this work1 and his authoritative comments have greatly enhanced its comprehensiveness and accuracy4 ,,bibliography ,austin1 ,erastus ,long1 and ,hauser1 ,odell #aibi4 ,the ,sesqui-,centennial ,international ,exposition4 ,current ,publications1 ,inc41 ,philadelphia4 ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works #aibb et seq4 ,baldwin ,locomotives4 7,baldwin with first issue of #aidd47 ,philadelphia4 #aibc4 ,history of the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works1 #ahca-aibc4 ,printed by the ,bingham ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,baltimore and ,ohio ,rail ,road ,co4 #ahbg et seq4 ,baltimore and ,ohio ,rail ,road ,company annual reports4 ,baltimore4 ,bell1 ,j4 ,snowden #aiab4 ,the early motive power of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad4 ,angus ,sinclair ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,brown1 ,william ,h4 #ahga4 ,the history of the first locomotives in ,america4 ,d4 ,appleton and ,co41 ,new ,york4 7,a second1 revised1 edition appeared in #ahgd47 ,burgess1 ,george ,h41 and ,kennedy1 ,miles ,c4 #aidi4 ,centennial history of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,delaware and ,hudson ,co4 #aibe4 ,a century of progress--,history of the ,delaware and ,hudson ,company1 #ahbc-aibc4 ,printed by ,j4 ,b4 ,lyon ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dendy ,marshall1 ,c4 ,f4 #aibh4 ,two essays in early locomotive history4 ,the ,locomotive ,publishing ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,derrick1 ,samuel ,melanchthon #aicj4 ,centennial history of ,south ,carolina ,railroad4 ,the ,state ,co41 ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c4 ,forney1 ,m4 ,n4 #ahhf4 ,locomotives and locomotive building1 being a brief sketch of the growth of the railroad system and of the various improvements in locomotive building in ,america together with a history of the origin and growth of the ,rogers ,locomotive and ,machine ,works1 ,paterson1 ,new ,jersey1 from #ahca to #ahhf4 ,printed by ,wm4 ,s4 ,gottsberger1 ,new ,york4 ,german ,state ,railways #aice4 ,hundert ,jahre deutsche ,eisenbahnen4 ,germany4 ,harrison1 ,joseph1 ,jr4 #ahgb4 ,the locomotive engine1 and ,philadelphia's share in its early improvements4 ,george ,gebbie1 ,philadelphia4 ,hinchman1 ,walter ,s4 #aiac4 ,holmes ,hinkley1 an industrial pioneer1 #agic-ahff4 ,riverside ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,hungerford1 ,edward #aibh4 ,the story of the ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad1 #ahbg-aibg4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #aich4 ,men and iron--,the history of ,new ,york ,central4 ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co4 #ahic4 ,catalogue of the exhibit of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,chicago4 ,pittenger1 ,william #ahic4 ,the ,great ,locomotive ,chase4 ,jones and ,stanley1 ,new ,railway and ,locomotive ,historical ,society #aiba et seq4 ,railway and ,locomotive ,historical ,society bulletins4 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,renwick1 ,james #ahcj4 ,treatise on the steam engine4 ,g4 ,c4 ,h4 ,carvill1 ,new ,york4 ,sagle1 ,lawrence ,w4 #aieb4 ,a picture history of ,b ,o motive power4 ,simmons-,boardman ,publishing ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,sinclair1 ,angus #aijg4 ,development of the locomotive engine4 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,stevens1 ,frank ,walker #aibf4 ,the beginnings of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad--,a history4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,warner1 ,paul ,t4 #aicd4 ,locomotive ,number #c1 ,peoples' ,railway4 ,unpublished manuscript in the files of ,the ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia4 ,warren1 ,j4 ,g4 ,h4 #aibc4 ,a century of locomotive building by ,robert ,stephenson ,co41 #ahbc-aibc4 ,andrew ,reid ,co41 ,ltd41 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne4 ,watkins1 ,j4 ,elfreth #ahia4 ,the ,camden and ,amboy ,railroad--,origin and ,early ,history1 an address appearing in ,ceremonies upon the completion of the monument erected by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company at ,bordentown1 ,new ,jersey1 to mark the first piece of track laid between ,new ,york and ,philadelphia in #ahca4 ,william ,f4 ,roberts1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,young1 ,robert #aibc4 ,timothy ,hackworth and the locomotive4 ,the ,locomotive ,publishing ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,,index ,a ,albion1 locomotive1 #fd1 #fe ,albion ,mines ,railway1 #fd ,alert1 locomotive1 #ec ,alexander1 ,edwin ,p41 #hg1 #ajj1 #ajb ,allegheny1 ship1 #ci ,allen1 ,horatio1 #ad1 #af1 #bg ,altoona ,locomotive ,testing ,plant1 #aja ,america1 locomotive1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #db ,american ,locomotive ,co41 #ii ,andrew ,jackson1 locomotive1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb ,arabian1 locomotive1 #ha1 #hb ,askew1 ,e4 ,howard1 #ib ,atlantic1 locomotive1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1 #ha ,b ,bain1 ,robert ,e4 ,m41 #hf ,baldwin1 ,matthias ,w41 #ec1 #ed1 #ei1 #fa1 #ga1 #gb1 #ha ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works1 #fg1 #hj1 #ajj1 #aja ,ballauf1 ,d41 #ca1 #gf1 #hc ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad ,co41 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #dg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fe1 #ga1 #gc1 #ha1 #hb1 #ie1 #if ,baltimore and ,ohio ,transportation ,museum1 #i1 #bb1 #dg1 #eb1 #ei1 #gd ,beaver ,meadow ,rail ,road and ,coal ,co41 #fg ,bell1 ,j4 ,snowden1 #eh1 #gc ,best ,friend of ,charleston1 locomotive1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca ,beyer1 ,peacock ,co41 ,ltd41 #ia ,booth1 ,henry1 #hj ,boshart1 ,george1 #hh ,boston1 locomotive1 #fg1 #fh ,braithwaite1 ,milner and ,co41 #fj1 #fg ,brown1 ,william ,h41 #bh ,buchanan1 ,william1 #cc1 #hh ,burnham1 ,parry1 ,williams ,co41 #hj ,c ,caledonian ,railway ,co41 #hi ,camden and ,amboy ,rail ,road and ,transportation ,co41 #ch1 #db1 #ha ,carillon ,park1 #dg ,carson and ,co41 #hi1 #ij ,catch-me-who-can1 locomotive1 #gg1 #gh ,centennial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 #dc ,champlain and ,st4 ,lawrence ,railroad1 #fd ,chattanooga ,station ,co41 #ca ,chicago1 ,burlington and ,quincy1 #ed ,chicago and ,north ,western ,railway ,co41 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ei ,chicago ,railroad ,fair1 #ba1 #bb1 #ca1 #ce1 #df1 #ee1 #ei ,chicago ,world's ,fair1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #ce1 #dd1 #ee1 #eg1 #ei ,cincinnati ,centennial ,exposition1 #ca ,clarke1 ,john ,semple1 #hh ,coast ,daylight1 train1 #ig ,codorus1 ship1 #dg ,collinwood shops1 #hh ,columbia1 ship1 #ad ,columbia ,avenue station1 #fb ,columbia and ,philadelphia ,rail ,road1 #ff ,columbus1 locomotive1 #eb ,conestoga1 locomotive1 #fh ,congress1 ship1 #ad ,cooper1 ,peter1 #bb ,crebbin1 ,james ,c41 #ij ,crewe works1 #ib ,cronkhite1 ,minton1 #aja ,crosby ,mechanical ,laboratory1 #fi1 #gj ,d ,darrell1 ,nicholas ,w41 #bi ,davidson1 ,george1 #fe ,davis1 ,harvey ,n41 #ab ,davis1 ,phineas1 #bd1 #be1 #dg1 #ha ,delaware1 locomotive1 #fa ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal1 #af ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal ,co41 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai ,delaware and ,hudson ,railroad ,corp41 #ba ,dendy ,marshall1 ,c4 ,f41 #dj1 #fj ,de ,witt ,clinton1 locomotive1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf ,dorchester1 locomotive1 #fd ,dragon1 locomotive1 #ga1 #gd ,dripps1 ,isaac1 #ci ,dunham1 ,h4 ,r41 and ,co41 #ee1 #ef ,e ,eastwick1 ,andrew ,m41 #fh ,eastwick and ,harrison1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh ,eddystone plant1 #ajj ,elgar1 ,john1 #dg ,empire ,state ,express1 train1 #hg1 #hh1 #ajj ,exposition of ,railway ,appliances1 #dc1 #ee1 #fe ,f ,fair of the ,iron ,horse1 #bb1 #bd1 #ce1 #dd1 #df1 #ei1 #fb1 #ff ,ferrocarril ,oeste of ,argentina1 #ia ,field ,museum at ,chicago1 #eg ,fitch1 ,john1 #aj ,forward1 ,e4 ,a41 #ag ,foster1 ,rastrick and ,co41 #ad1 #af ,franklin ,institute1 ,the1 #fb1 #fg ,g ,galena and ,chicago ,union ,rail ,road1 #ec ,garber1 ,paul ,e41 #bj ,gartner1 ,israel1 #dg1 #ha ,general1 locomotive1 #ei1 #hd1 #he ,general ,electric ,co41 #id1 #ih ,general ,mining ,association1 #fd ,general ,motors1 #ajb ,gillingham1 ,george1 #dg1 #eb ,gowan and ,marx1 locomotive1 #ff1 #fg ,grand ,central ,terminal1 #ce ,grand ,gulf and ,port ,gibson ,railroad1 #ef ,greyhound1 locomotive1 #ib ,h ,hackworth1 ,timothy1 #fc1 #fd ,harrison1 ,joseph1 ,jr41 #ff ,hazard1 ,isaac ,p41 #cj ,hazeldine and ,rastrick1 #gg ,hazelton and ,lehigh ,rail ,road1 #fg ,henry ,ford ,museum1 #aj1 #ce ,hercules1 locomotive1 #fd ,hinkley1 ,holmes1 #fi1 #gj ,hinkley and ,drury1 #fi ,hogan1 ,charles ,h41 #hg ,homfray1 ,samuel1 #gg ,i ,illinois ,central ,railroad ,co41 #ef1 #eg ,indian ,chief1 locomotive1 #dg ,j ,james1 ,j4 ,h41 #hc ,jason ,c4 ,pierce1 locomotive1 #fd ,j4 ,e4 ,thayer1 locomotive1 #fg1 #fh ,john ,buddle1 locomotive1 #fd ,john ,bull1 locomotive1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #ha ,john ,hancock1 locomotive1 #dg1 #eb ,john ,jay1 ship1 #ad ,john ,quincy ,adams1 locomotive1 #dg1 #eb ,juniata shops1 #ic ,k ,knight1 ,jonathan1 #bb ,l ,lafayette1 locomotive1 #eh1 #ei ,lafayette1 ship1 #ca ,leipzig to ,dresden ,railroad1 #eb ,lima ,locomotive ,works1 #ig ,lindsay and ,early1 #ag1 #ai ,lion1 locomotive1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga ,liverpool and ,manchester ,railway1 #gi1 #hj ,locomotives ,albion1 #fd1 #fe ,alert1 #ec ,america1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #db ,andrew ,jackson1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb ,arabian1 #ha1 #hb ,atlantic1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1 #ha ,best ,friend of ,charleston1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca ,boston1 #fg1 #fh ,catch-me-who-can1 #gg1 #gh ,columbus1 #eb ,conestoga1 #fh ,delaware1 #fa ,de ,witt ,clinton1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf ,dorchester1 #fd ,dragon1 #ga1 #gd ,general1 #ei1 #hd1 #he ,gowan and ,marx1 #ff1 #fg ,greyhound1 #ib ,hercules1 #fd ,indian ,chief1 #dg ,jason ,c4 ,pierce1 #fd ,j4 ,e4 ,thayer1 #fg1 #fh ,john ,buddle1 #fd ,john ,bull1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #ha ,john ,hancock1 #dg1 #eb ,john ,quincy ,adams1 #dg1 #eb ,lafayette1 #eh1 #ei ,lion1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga ,lord ,baltimore1 #if ,martin ,van ,buren1 #dg1 #dh ,mazeppa1 #dh ,memnon1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd ,mississippi1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg ,neversink1 #fa ,no4 #b1 #if ,no4 #g1 #ec ,no4 #ac1 #eh ,no4 #adf1 #ia ,no4 #cjb1 #ib ,no4 #ijc1 #hi ,no4 #iii1 #hg1 #hh ,no4 #aagc1 #id ,no4 #djjj-djja1 #ajb ,no4 #ddaj1 #ig ,no4 #eabg1 #ib ,no4 #ecdj1 #if ,no4 #edbi1 #ii1 #ajj ,no4 #fbjj1 #aja ,old ,ironsides1 #hj1 #ha ,pawnee1 #fh ,peoples' ,railway ,no4 #c1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,phoenix1 #bi ,pioneer1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ei1 #gc ,planet1 #ha ,rocket 7,braithwaite's71 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fg ,rocket 7,stephenson's71 #i1 #gi1 #hj ,samson1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff ,sandusky1 #hc1 #hd ,stourbridge ,lion1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bg1 #db ,thomas ,jefferson1 #dg1 #eb ,tiger1 #gj ,tom ,thumb1 #bb1 #bd ,traveller1 #dg1 #eb1 #ha ,west ,point1 #ca ,william ,galloway1 #ei ,york1 #bd1 #be1 #dg1 #eb ,london and ,north-,western ,railway ,co41 #ib ,lopes1 ,sir ,henry1 #hi1 #ij ,lord ,baltimore1 locomotive1 #if ,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition1 #ce1 #ee1 #eg ,luscombe1 ,c4 ,r41 #bj1 #df1 #hb ,m ,mc,cormick1 ,george1 #ig ,machiasport ,railroad1 #fi ,mad ,river and ,lake ,erie ,railroad1 #hc ,martin ,van ,buren1 locomotive1 #dg1 #dh ,matthew1 ,david1 #bh1 #cb ,mazeppa1 locomotive1 #dh ,memnon1 locomotive1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd ,meridian1 ,brookhaven and ,natchez ,railroad1 #ef ,mexican ,national ,railways1 #fc ,michigan ,central ,railroad1 #ec1 #ee ,midgeholme ,railway1 #hj ,mississippi1 locomotive1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg ,mississippi ,valley and ,ship ,island ,railroad1 #ef ,mohawk and ,hudson ,rail ,road ,co41 #cb1 #ch ,morgan1 ,peyton ,l41 #cf ,mount ,clare shops1 #if ,mount ,clare station1 #i1 #dg ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 #aj1 #ab1 #bd1 #ee ,n ,nashua and ,lowell ,railroad1 #fi ,nashville1 ,chattanooga ,st4 ,louis ,railway1 #he ,natchez ,hamburg ,r4 ,r41 #eg ,neversink1 locomotive1 #fa ,new ,castle ,manufacturing ,co41 #ff1 #ga ,new ,jersey ,railroad and ,transportation ,co41 #hc ,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,co41 #cc1 #ce1 #he1 #hg ,new ,york ,central ,system1 #ce1 #hg1 #hh1 #id1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb ,new ,york1 ,new ,haven and ,hartford ,railroad ,co41 #ih ,new ,york ,world's ,fair1 #ab1 #ba1 #bb1 #ca1 #ce1 #dd1 #df1 #ei ,niagara1 ship1 #bg ,no4 #b1 locomotive1 #if ,no4 #g1 locomotive1 #ec ,no4 #ac1 locomotive1 #eh ,no4 #adf1 locomotive1 #ia ,no4 #cjb1 locomotive1 #ib ,no4 #ijc1 locomotive1 #hi ,no4 #iii1 locomotive1 #hg1 #hh ,no4 #aagc1 locomotive1 #id ,no4 #djjj-djja1 locomotive1 #ajb ,no4 #ddaj1 locomotive1 #ig ,no4 #eabg1 locomotive1 #ib ,no4 #ecdj1 locomotive1 #if ,no4 #edbi1 locomotive1 #ii1 #ajj ,no4 #fbjj1 locomotive1 #aja ,norris1 ,william1 #eh1 #ei1 #fd ,o ,ohio ,state ,archaeological and ,historical ,society1 #aj ,old ,ironsides1 locomotive1 #hj1 #ha ,p ,parsons1 ,w4 ,howard ,r41 #id ,pawnee1 locomotive class1 #fh ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,co41 #ab1 #ch1 #ci1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #ib1 #ic1 #aja ,pennsylvania ,station1 #ab ,pen-y-darran ,iron ,works1 #gg ,peoples' ,railway1 #fg ,peoples' ,railway ,no4 #c1 locomotive1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,philadelphia and ,reading ,rail ,road ,co41 #fj1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb ,philadelphia1 ,germantown and ,norristown ,rail-,road ,co41 #ha ,philadelphia ,sesqui-,centennial ,international ,exposition1 #bb ,phoenix1 locomotive1 #bi ,pioneer1 locomotive1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ei1 #gc ,planet1 locomotive class1 #ha ,poore1 ,mrs4 ,townsend1 #ai ,proprietors of ,locks and ,canals on ,merrimack ,river1 #ff ,prospect ,hill ,cemetery1 #dg ,r ,rainhill ,trials1 #bd1 #gi1 #hj ,rayne and ,burn1 #fd ,reading ,co41 #fg1 #fh ,reading ,terminal1 #fb ,redwood ,library1 #bi1 #cj ,reeder1 ,charles1 #dg ,robinson1 ,moncure1 #ff ,rocket1 locomotive 7,braithwaite's71 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fg ,rocket1 locomotive 7,stephenson's71 #i1 #gi1 #hj ,rogers1 ,ketchum ,grosvenor1 #hc1 #he ,rogers1 ,thomas1 #hd ,rounds1 ,e4 ,e41 #gj ,royal ,blue1 train1 #if ,russell1 ,frank ,e41 #ig ,s ,sagle1 ,lawrence ,w41 #bb ,samson1 locomotive1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff ,sandusky1 locomotive1 #hc1 #hd ,schenectady ,locomotive ,works1 #hf1 #hh ,schutz1 ,adolph ,h41 #he ,schuylkill ,canal1 #fa ,science ,museum1 #ag1 #gi1 #hj ,sinclair1 ,angus1 #ee1 #eg ,slade1 ,g4 ,t41 #ai ,south-,carolina ,canal and ,rail-,road ,co41 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca ,south ,pictou ,railroad1 #fd ,southern ,pacific ,co41 #ig1 #ih ,southern ,railway ,system1 #cj ,speed1 ,fletcher ,g41 #if ,stephenson1 ,robert1 #i1 #db1 #fd1 #gi ,stephenson1 ,robert1 ,co41 ,ltd41 #aj1 #ad1 #ch1 #hj ,stephenson1 ,robert1 ,hawthorns1 ,ltd41 #ag ,stevens1 ,col4 ,john1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ch1 #hj ,stevens1 ,dr4 ,francis ,b41 #ac ,stevens1 ,robert ,l41 #ch1 #ci1 #da ,stevens ,institute of ,technology1 #aa1 #ab ,stourbridge ,lion1 locomotive1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bg1 #db ,suburban ,station ,building1 #db ,t ,thomas ,jefferson1 locomotive1 #dg1 #eb ,tiger1 locomotive1 #gj ,tom ,thumb1 locomotive1 #bb1 #bd ,towle1 ,thomas1 #gj ,traveller1 locomotive1 #dg1 #eb1 #ha ,trevithick1 ,richard1 #gf1 #gg ,u ,union ,station at ,chattanooga1 #he ,university of ,maine1 #fi1 #ga ,utica and ,schenectady ,rail ,road1 #ec ,w ,wallis1 ,j4 ,t41 #ic ,wardlaw1 ,frank ,a41 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib ,wardlaw1 ,frank ,a41 ,jr41 #hi1 #ia1 #ib ,warner1 ,paul ,t41 #fg1 #fh ,warren1 ,j4 ,g4 ,h41 #da1 #hj ,watkins1 ,j4 ,elfreth1 #ac1 #ci1 #dj ,wayne ,county ,historical ,society1 #ba ,west ,albany shops1 #ce1 #hh1 #ajj ,west ,point1 locomotive1 #ca ,west ,point ,foundry ,association1 #bg1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb ,western and ,atlantic ,railroad1 #he ,westinghouse ,electric and ,manufacturing ,co41 #ajj ,whitney1 ,a41 ,sons1 #fh ,whitneyville and ,machiasport ,railroad1 #fi ,william ,galloway1 locomotive1 #ei ,wilmington1 ,del41 shops1 #ic ,winans1 ,ross1 #dg1 #eb1 #fa ,world's ,columbian ,exposition1 #ce1 #db1 #dd1 #dg1 #ee1 #eg1 #fb1 #fe1 #hg ,y ,york1 locomotive1 #bd1 #be1 #dg1 #eb ,,footnotes #a,the ,museum catalog numbers of these are1 respectively1 ,,usnm #ahjadi1 #bjihbf1 #ahjjcj-;,a and #bgggjj1 and #ahjjcj-;,b4 #b;,davis and ,gartner have an earlier claim to engineering fame1 for in conjunction with ,john ,elgar they had constructed in ,york1 in #ahbe1 the first ,american-built vessel with a metal hull1 the sheet-iron steamboat ,codorus4 #c;,although he spelled his name ,gartner1 and it appears in that form in the early annual reports of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,rail ,road ,co41 and in all subsequent histories of that road1 his tombstone 7in lot #cd1 section ,h of the ,prospect ,hill ,cemetery in ,york1 ,pa47 bears the name in its ,anglicized form1 ,israel ,gardner4 #d,the correct name of the builder of the ,rocket1 according to ,dendy ,marshall1 was ,braithwaite1 ,milner and ,co4 ,the two brass maker's plates on the opposite sides of the front of the locomotive's boiler read 8,braithwaite ,co4_/ ,london4_/ ,march #ahch40 ,however1 as they are of the same size and shape as the shop plates of the ,philadelphia and ,reading in the early #ahij's1 and as there was no plate on the locomotive in the late #ahhj's 7see figure #ea71 it is quite likely that these plates are not original with the locomotive4 ,they were probably made and installed at the time it was refurbished for exhibition at ,chicago in #ahic4 #e,railroads are known not to have existed in ,mexico prior to #ahej1 and although locomotives of the #ahbe-ahdi period could possibly have found their way into that country at some later date1 none are to be found there today1 according to advice from the ,mexican ,national ,railways 7,ferrocarriles ,nacionales de ,mexico74 ,central ,america falls outside the scope of this work1 as do the ,islands of the ,caribbean4 ,however1 a railroad was opened in ,cuba in #ahcg1 and another was started across the ,isthmus of ,panama in #ahdi and completed in #ahee 7its first locomotive was received soon after the midcentury mark had been passed71 so there is the remote possibility that somewhere in this area the remains of a pre-#ahej locomotive could exist4 ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 - ,price #a4jj ,u4 ,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aief ,o-,f--#cecfhi ,illustration3 ,uncaptioned railroad station4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 --,silently corrected obvious typographical errors2 left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged4