,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,sci5ce2 ,,or1 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,nature4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,hunt1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,rese>*es ,,on ,,light20 8,,elem5t>y ,,physics20 8,,pan!a1 ,,or ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,nature10 ,,etc4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physics1 ,,metropolitan ,,s*ool ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,mdcccliv4 ,f ,%akespe>e to ,plato--f ! philosophic poet to ! poetic philosoph]--! transition is easy1 & ! road is cr[d$ ) illu/rations ( our pres5t subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ha/ ?\ ev] rais$ ?y m9d to ! consid]ation ( ,,exi/5ce1 9 & by itself1 z ! m]e act ( exi/+8 ,ha/ ?\ ev] said to ?yself1 ?\ghtfully1 ,,x ,,is6--he$less1 9 t mom5t1 :e!r x 7 a man be=e !e1 or a fl[]1 or a gra9 ( s&1--)\t ref]5ce1 9 %ort1 to ?is or t p>ticul> mode or =m ( exi/5ce8 ,if ?\ ha/1 inde$1 atta9$ to ?is1 ?\ wilt h felt ! pres5ce ( a my/]y1 :i* mu/ h fix$ ?y _s 9 awe & wond]4 ,col]idge4 ,,london3 ,,wilson & ,,ogilvy1 #eg1 ,sk9n] ,/reet4 ,,preface4 ,s9ce #ahdh1 :5 ! 8,poetry ( ,sci5ce0 0 fir/ submitt$ to ! public1 two editions h be5 exhau/$4 ,?is1 7 pro(s requir$1 w\ld ( itself %[ t !re is a l>ge circle ( read]s to :om ! d$uctions ( sci5ce h an unfail+ int]e/4 ,beyond ?is1 x conveys an assurance t e tru?1 h[ev] ab/ract x may appe>1 has a l>ge popul> value if /udi$ 9 its relations to ^? g5]alities :i* embrace great natural ph5om5a4 ,) ?is p]suasion ! ?ird edition ( ! 8,poetry ( ,sci5ce0 has be5 ext5d$ s z to include all ! important discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 ,natural ,philosophy to ! end ( ! ye> #ahec4 ,x is n[ pres5t$ to ! _w 9 a new & *eap] =m1 9 ! hope1 t1 ) ! ext5sion ( its circulation1 !re may be awak5$1 9 /ill l>g] circles1 a deep & heal?ful int]e/ 9 ! sci5ces ( :i* ! volume treats4 ,r4 ,h4 ,ed9burgh1 ,m>* #g1 #ahed4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,preface4 iii ,,cont5ts4 v ,,introduction4 ix ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,conditions ,,( ,,matt]4 ,its v>i$ ,*>act]s1 & con/ant *ange ( ext]nal ,=m--,! ,gra9 ( ,du/1 its ,prop]ties & ,p[]s--,comb9ations 9 inorganic ,masses & 9 organiz$ ,creations--,our k ( ,matt]--,!ory ( ,ultimate ,atoms--,! ,physical ,=ces act+ on ! ,composition ( ,masses--,! c]ta9ty ( ! ex]cise ( subtile pr9ciples1 :i* are beyond ! rea* ( exp]im5tal ,sci5ce #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,motion4 ,are ! ,physical ,=ces modes ( ,motion8--,motion def9$--,philosophical ,views ( ,motion1 & ! ,pr9ciples to :i* x has be5 ref]r$--,motions ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--,visible ,pro(s ( ! ,e>?'s ,motion on its ,axis--,influ5ce ( ! prop] ,motions ( ! ,e>? on ! ,conditions ( ,matt]--,!ory ( ! ,conv]sion ( ,motion into ,heat1 c4--,! ,physical ,=ces reg>d$ z pr9ciples indep5d5t ( ,motion1 al?\gh ! ,cause & (t5 app>5tly ! ,effects ( x #g ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,gravitation4 ,! ,=ms ( ,matt]--,%ape ( ! ,e>?--,probability ( ! ,mass =m+ ?is ,planet hav+ exi/$ 9 a ,nebul\s ,/ate--,zodiacal ,lights--,comets--,volatilization ( ,solid ,matt] by ,artificial means--,! pr9ciple ( ,gravitation--,its ,influ5ce ?r\gh ,space & )9 ! smalle/ ,limits--,gravitat+ p[]s ( ! ,planets--,d5sity ( ! ,e>?--,c]ta9ty ( ,newton's ,law ( ! ,inv]se ,squ>e--,discov]y ( ,neptune--,/ate ( a ,body reliev$ f ,gravitation--,exp]im5t expla9+ ,saturn's ,r+1 c4--,g5]al inf]5ce #ba ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,molecul> ,,=ces4 ,conditions ( ,matt]--,v>iety ( organiz$ ,=ms--,inorganic ,=ms--,all matt] r$ucible to ! mo/ simple conditions--,transmutation1 a natural op]ation--,*emical ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples--,divisibility ( ,matt]--,atom--,molecules--,p>ticles--,m olecul> ,=ce includes sev]al ,ag5cies--,in/anc$ 9 ! ,action ( ,heat on ,bodies--,all ,bodies por\s--,solution--,mixture--,comb9ation- -,c5tres ( ,=ce--,diff]5t ,/ates ( ,matt] 7,allotropic ,conditions7--,!ories ( ,frankl91 p9us1 & ,c\lomb--,electrical & ,magnetic ,ag5cies--,anci5t ,notions--,cohesive ,attraction1 c4 #ce ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,cry/allog5ic ,,=ces4 ,cry/allisation & ,molecul> ,=ce di/+ui%$--,exp]im5tal ,pro(--,pol>ity ( ,p>ticles =m+ a ,cry/al--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,organic & ,inorganic ,=ms--,decomposition ( ,cry/als 9 ,nature--,sub/itution ( ,p>ticles 9 ,cry/als--,pseudomorphism--,cry/all9e ,=m n dep5d5t on ,*emical ,nature--,isomorphism--,dimorphism--,!or ies ( ,cry/allog5ic ,attraction--,influ5ce ( ,electricity & ,magnetism--,ph5om5a dur+ ,cry/allisation--,c a *ange ( ,=m take place 9 ,primitive ,atoms8--,illu/rative ,example ( ,cry/allisation #ej ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,heat--,,sol> ,,& ,,t]re/rial4 ,sol> & ,t]re/rial ,heat--,position ( ! ,e>? 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em--,heat & ,light associat$ 9 ! ,sunbeam--,transp>5cy ( ,bodies to ,heat--,heat+ ,p[]s ( ! ,col\r$ ,rays ( ! ,spectrum--,undulatory ,!ory--,conduct+ ,prop]ty ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/--,convection--,radiation--,action ( ! ,atmosph]e on ,heat ,rays--,peculi> ,heat ,rays--,absorption & ,radiation ( ,heat by dissimil> ,bodies--,*anges 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,sol> ,beam--,diff]5ces betwe5 ,transmitt$ & ,reflect$ ,sol> ,heat--,ph5om5a ( ,dew--,action ( ,sol> ,heat ( ! ,ocean--,circulation ( ,heat by ! ,atmosph]e & ! ,ocean--,heat ( ! ,e>?--,mean ,temp]ature--,c5tral ,heat--,con/ant ,radiation ( ,heat ,rays f all ,bodies--,!rmography--,action ( ,heat on ,molecul> ,arrangem5ts--,s\rces ( ,t]re/rial ,heat--,lat5t ,heat ( ,bodies--,animal ,heat--,eremacausis--,sph]oidal ,/ate ,cold--,cond5sation--,freez+--,!ories ( ,heat--,natural ,ph5om5a--& ,philosophical ,conclusion #fb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,light4 ,!ories ( ! ,nature ( ,light--,hypo!ses ( ,newton & ,huyg5s--,s\rces ( ,light--,! ,sun--,velocity ( ,light--,transp>5cy--,d>k ,l9es ( ! ,spectrum--,absorption ( ,light--,col\r--,prismatic ,analysis--,rays ( ! ,spectrum--,ra9b[--,diffraction--,int]f] 5ce--,goe!'s ,!ory--,pol>isation--,magnetisation ( ,light--,vision--,! ,eye--,analogy--,s\nd & ,light--,influ5ce ( ,light on ,animals & ,vegetables--,phosphoresc5ce aris+ f sev]al ,causes--,artificial ,light--,its ,col\r dep5d5t on ,matt] #aah ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,act9ism--,,*emical ,,radiations4 ,! ,sun-ray & its ,p[]s--,d>k5+ ( ,horn ,silv]--,niepce's ,discov]y--,prismatic ,spectrum--,refrangibility ( ,light1 ,heat1 & ,act9ism--,dagu]re's ,discov]y--,photography--,*emical ,effects produc$ by ,sol> ,radiations--,absorption ( ,act9ism--,ph5om5a ( ! ,dagu]reotype--,*emical ,*ange produc$ ^u all ,bodies--,p[] ( ,matt] to re/ore its ,condition--,light protects f ,*emical ,*ange--,photographs tak5 9 ,d>kness--,*emical ,effects ( ,light on organiz$ ,=ms--,*emical ,effects ( ,sol> ,heat--,influ5ce ( ,act9ism on ,electricity--,radiations 9 ,d>kness--,mos]'s ,discov]ies1 c4 #aff ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electricity4 ,discov]y ( ,electrical ,=ce--,diffus$ ?r\gh all ,matt]--,:at is ,electricity8--,!ories--,frictional ,electricity--,conduct+ ,p[] ( ,bodies--,hypo!sis ( two ,fluids--,electrical ,images--,galvanic ,electricity--,effects on ,animals--,*emi/ry ( ,galvanic ,batt]y--,electricity ( a ,drop ( ,wat]--,electro-*emical ,action--,electrical ,curr5ts--,!rmo-,electricity--,animal ,electricity--,gymnotus--,torp$o--,atmos ph]ic ,electricity--,lightn+ ,conductors--,e>?'s ,magnetism due to ,electrical ,curr5ts--,influ5ce on ,vitality--,animal & ,vegetable ,developm5t--,t]re/rial ,curr5ts--,electricity ( ,m9]al ,ve9s--,electrotype--,influ5ce ( ,heat1 ,light1 & ,act9ism on ,electrical ,ph5om5a #aic ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,magnetism4 ,magnetic ,iron--,k (1 by ! ,anci5ts--,artificial ,magnets--,electro-,magnets--,electro-,m agnetism--,magneto- ,electricity--,!ories ( ,magnetism--,! ,magnetic ,p[] ( s(t ,iron & ,/eel--,influ5ce ( ,heat on ,magnetism--,t]re/rial ,magnetism--,decl9ation ( ! ,compass-ne$le--,v>iation ( ! ,e>?'s ,magnetism--,magnetic ,poles--,han/e5's ,speculations--,mon?ly & ,diurnal ,v>iation--,dip & ,int5sity--,!rmo-,magnetism--,aurora ,borealis--,magnetic ,/orms--,magnetic conditions ( ,matt]--,diamagnetism1 c4 #bce ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,*emical ,,=ces4 ,nature's ,*emi/ry--,*anges produc$ by ,*emical ,comb9ation--,atomic ,con/itution ( ,bodies--,laws ( ,comb9ation--,comb9+ ,equival5ts--,elective ,aff9ity--,*emical ,decomposition--,comp\nd ,"* ( ,*emical ,ph5om5a--,catalysis or action ( ,pres5ce--,trans=mation ( ,organic ,bodies--,organic ,*emi/ry--,con/ancy ( ,comb9+ ,proportions--,! ,law ( ,volumes1 ! ,law ( ,sub/itutions1 ,isom]ic ,/ates1 c4 #bgj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*emical ,,ph5om5a4 ,wat]--,its ,con/itu5ts--,oxyg5--,hydrog5--,p]oxide ( ,hydrog5--,physical ,prop]ty ( ,wat]--,ice--,sea ,wat]--,*lor9e--,muriatic ,acid--,iod9e--,brom9e--,comp\nds ( ,hydrog5 ) ,c>bon--,combu/ion--,flame--,safety ,lamp--,respiration--,animal ,heat--,! ,atmosph]e--,c>bonic ,acid--,influ5ce ( ,plants on ! ,air--,*emical ,ph5om5a ( ,vegetation--,comp\nds ( ,nitrog5--,m9]al ,k+dom1 c4 c4 #bie ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,"t4--,,geological ,,ph5om5a4 ,"t1 an elem5t 9 ,nature's ,op]ations--,geological ,sci5ce--,its ,facts & ,inf]5ces--,nebul> ,hypo!sis appli$--,prim>y ,=mations--,plutonic & ,metamorphic ,rocks--,transition ,s]ies--,palozoic ,rocks--,comm5cem5t ( ,organic ,arrangem5ts--,exi/5ce ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,plutonic ,rocks--,fossil ,rema9s--,coal ,=mation--,s&/ones--,t]ti>y ,=mations--,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e ,=mations--,progressive *anges n[ app>5t--,g5]al ,conclusions--,physics appli$ 9 explanation #ccb ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,vegetable ,,life4 ,psy*ology ( ,fl[]s--,progress ( ,matt] t[>ds ,organization--,vital ,=ce--,spontane\s ,g5]ation--,! ,vegetable ,cell--,simple/ ,developm5t ( ,organization--,! ,cry/al & ! ,cell--,primitive ,g]m--,progress ( ,vegetation--,influ5ce ( ,light--,morphology--,g]m9ation--,produc tion ( ,woody ,fibre--,leaves--,*lorophylle--,decompos ition ( ,c>bonic ,acid--,influ5ce ( ,light1 ,heat1 & ,act9ism on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,vegetable ,life--,fl[]s & ,fruits--,etiolation--,*anges 9 ! ,sun's ,rays ) ! ,seasons--,di/ribution ( ,plants--,electrical & ,comb9$ ,physical ,p[]s #ceg ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,animal ,,life4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,k+doms ( ,nature--,progress ( ,animal ,life--,sponges--,polypes--,infusoria--, animalcula--,phosphoresc5t ,animals--,annelidans--,myriapoda--,anim al ,metamorphoses--,fi%es--,birds--,mammali a--,n]v\s ,sy/em--,animal ,electricity--,*emical ,influ5ces--,influ5ce ( ,light on ,animal ,life--,animal ,heat--,me*anical ,action--,n]v\s ,excitem5t--,man & ! ,animal ,races1 c4 #chc ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,! ,*anges produc$ on ,physical ,ph5om5a by ! ,movem5t ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em consid]$--,ex]tion ( ! ,physical ,=ces ?r\gh ! ,cele/ial ,spaces--,! ,balance ( ,p[]s--,v>ieties ( ,matt]--,ext5sion ( ,matt]--,!ory ( ,non5tity--,a ,mat]ial ,creation an indisputable fact--,advantages ( ! ,/udy ( ,sci5ce--,conclusion #djc ,,index4 #dac ,,bohn',s ,,books4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note4 ,,introduction4 ,! ,true is ! ,beautiful4 ,:5ev] ?is becomes evid5t to our s5ses1 its influ5ces are ( a s\l-elevat+ "*4 ,! beautiful1 :e!r x is p]ceiv$ 9 ! ext]nal =ms ( matt]1 associat$ 9 ! h>monies ( light & col\r1 appreciat$ 9 ! modulations ( sweet s\nds1 or m+l$ ) ^? influ5ces :i* are1 z ! inn] life ( creation1 ev] appeal+ to ! s\l ?r\gh ! ve/ure :i* cov]s all ?+s1 is ! natural !me ( ! poet1 & ! *os5 /udy ( ! philosoph]4 ,b1 x w be ask$1 :]e is ! relation betwe5 ! /]n lab\rs ( sci5ce & ! e!real sy/em :i* con/itutes poetry8 ,! fumes ( ! laboratory1 its alkalies & acids1 ! me*anical appliances ( ! obs]vatory1 its specula & its l5ses1 d n appe> fitt$ = a place 9 ! pa9t$ b[]s ( ! ,muses4 ,b1 f ! lab\rs ( ! *emi/ 9 8 cell1--f ! multitud9\s obs]vations ( ! a/ronom] on 8 t[]1--spr+ tru?s :i* ! philosoph] employs to int]pret nature's my/]ies1 & :i* give to ! s\l ( ! poet ^? realities to :i* he aspires 9 8 high imag9+s4 ,sci5ce solicits f ! mat]ial _w1 by ! p]suasion ( inductive se>*1 a developm5t ( its elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & ( ! laws :i* ^! obey4 ,philosophy /rives to apply ! discov]$ facts to ! great ph5om5a ( be+1--to d$uce l>ge g5]alities f ! fragm5t>y discov]ies ( sev]e induction1--& ?us to asc5d f matt] & its prop]ties up to ^? impulses :i* /ir ! :ole1 float+1 z x 71 on ! conf9es ( s5se1 & indicat+1 ?\gh dimly1 ^? sup]ior p[]s :i*1 m ne>ly relat$ to inf9ity1 my/]i\sly manife/ !mselves 9 ! ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,poetry seizes ! facts ( ! "o & ! !ories ( ! o!r2 unites !m by a pleas+ ?\ght1 :i* appeals = tru? to ! mo/ un?9k+ s\l1 & leads ! reflective intellect to high] & high] ex]cises2 x connects common ph5om5a ) exalt$ ideas2 &1 apply+ its holie/ p[]s1 x inve/s ! human m9d ) ! sov]eign /r5g? ( ! ,true4 ,tru? is ! s\l ( ! poet's ?\ght2--tru? is ! rew>d ( ! philosoph]'s toil2 & _! works1 be>+ ?is /amp1 live among m5 ?r\gh all "t4 ,sci5ce at pres5t rejoices 9 h] m9i/ry to ! requirem5ts ( advanc+ civilization1 & is cont5t to receive ! rew>d giv5 to applications :i* increase ! com=ts ( life1 or add to its luxuries4 ,e improvem5t 9 ! arts or manufactures1 beyond encreas+ utilities = society1 has a t5d5cy to elevate ! race4 ,sci5ce is ev] useful 9 ! work+ days ( our week1 b x is n to be neglect$ on our ,sabba?1--:51 re/+ f our lab\rs1 x becomes agreeable to contemplate ! few tru?s p]mitt$ to our k1 & ?us ent] into communion z closely z is all[$ to f9ite be+s1 ) ^? influ5ces :i* involve & int]p5etrate ! e>?1 giv+ to all ?+s ,life1 ,beauty1 & ,div9ity4 ,! human m9d naturally delights 9 ! discov]y ( tru?2 & ev5 :5 p]v]t$ by ! con/ant op]ations ( prevail+ errors1 a glimpse ( ! ,real comes ^u x l ! smile ( daylight to ! sorr[+ captive ( "s d>k prison4 ,! ,psy*ean lab\rs to try man's s\l1 & exalt x1 are ! se>* = tru? b5ea? ! my/]ies :i* surr\nd creation1--to ga!r am>an?s1 %9+ ) ! hues ( heav51 f pla9s ^u :i* hang1 d>k & heavy1 ! mi/s ( e>?4 ,! poet may pay ! debt ( nature1--! philosoph] may return to ! bosom ( our common "m1--ev5 _! names fade 9 ! passage ( "t1 l planets blott$ out ( heav5 b ! tru?s !y h reveal$ to man burn on = ev] ) unext+ui%able brightness4 ,tru? _c die2 x passes f m9d to m9d1 imp>t+ light 9 its progress1 & con/antly r5ew+ its own brightness dur+ its diffusion4 ,! ,true is ! ,beautiful2 & ! tru?s reveal$ to ! m9d r5d] u capable ( p]ceiv+ new beauties on ! e>?4 ,! gladness ( tru? is l ! r++ voice ( a joy\s *ild1 & ! mo/ remote recesses e*o ) ! *e]ful s\nd4 ,to be = ev] true is ! ,sci5ce ( ,poetry1--! revelation ( tru? is ! ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,man1 a creation endu$ ) mighty faculties1 b a my/]y to himself1 /&s 9 ! mid/ ( a wond]ful _w1 & an inf9ite v>iety ( ph5om5a arise ar\nd him 9 /range =m & magical disposition1 l ! phantasma ( a re/less night4 ,! solid rock obeys a p[] :i* br+s its cong]ies ( atoms into a ?\s& %apes1 ea* "o geometrically p]fect4 ,its vegetable cov]+1 9 ob$i5ce to "s ext]nal excitation1 developes itself 9 a curi\s div]sity ( =ms1 f ! exquisitely graceful to ! s+ul>ly grotesque1 & exhibits prop]ties /ill m v>i$ & oppos$4 ,! animal organism quick5$ by high] impulses1--p[]s work+ )91 & modify+ ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal =ces1--pres5ts1 f ! ,monad to ! ,mammo?1 & ?r\gh e phase ( be+ up to ,man1 a yet m wond]ful s]ies ( comb9ations1 & features /ill m /rangely contra/$4 ,lift+ our se>*+ gaze into ! measureless space beyond our e>?1 we f9d planet b\nd to planet1 & sy/em *a9$ to sy/em1 all impell$ by a univ]sal =ce to roll 9 regul>ity & ord] ar\nd a common c5tre4 ,! p5dulations ( ! remote/ /> are communicat$ ?r\gh ! unse5 bond2 & our rock+ _w obeys ! my/]i\s impulse ?r\gh\t all ^? =ces :i* regulate ! inorganic comb9ations ( ?is e>?1 & unto :i* its organic creation is irresi/ibly compell$ to b[4 ,! glori\s sun by day1 & ! moon & />s 9 ! sil5ce & ! my/]y ( night1 are felt to influ5ce all mat]ial nature1 hold+ ! great ,e>? b\nd 9 a _m-/r&$ cord :i* _c be brok54 ,! tidal fl[ ( ! va/ ocean1 ) its v>iety ( animal & vegetable life1 ! atmosph]e1 bright ) light1 obscur$ by ! /orm-cl\d1 spann$ by ! ra9b[1 or r5t ) ! explosions ( electric fire1--atte/ to ! might ( ^! elem5t>y bonds4 ,^! are b a few ( ! great ph5om5a :i* play _! "p ar\nd ?is globe ( ours1 excit+ m5 to wond]1 or %ak+ !m ) t]ror4 ,! m9d ( man1 9 its progress t[>ds its high] de/9y1 is task$ ) ! physical e>? z a problem1 :i*1 )9 ! limits ( a life1 x mu/ /ruggle to solve4 ,! intellectual _s is capable ( embrac+ all f9ite ?+s4 ,man is gift$ ) p[]s = /udy+ ! entire circle ( visible creation2 & he is equal1 "u prop] tra9+1 to ! task ( exam9+ mu* ( ! secret ma*9]y :i* /irs ! :ole4 ,9 dim out%ad[+1 e>?'s fir/ poets1 f ! lovel9ess ( ext]nal nature1 evok$ beautiful spiritualizations4 ,to !m ! %ady =e/s teem$ ) arial be+s1--! gu%+ spr+s rejoic$ 9 fanta/ic sprites1--! leap+ cat>acts gleam$ ) transluc5t %ades1--! cav]n\s hills 7 ! abodes ( g5ii1--& ! e>?-girdl+ ocean 0 gu>d$ by my/]i\s =ms4 ,su* 7 ! creations ( ! f>-se>*+ m9d 9 its e>ly consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( unse5 p[]s4 ,! philosoph] pick$ out 8 way ?r\gh ! d>k & labyr9?9e pa?1 betwe5 effects & causes1 & sl[ly approa*+ t[>ds ! light1 he ga!r$ semblances ( ! great ,reality1 l a mirage1 beautiful & tru?ful1 al?\gh /ill b a cl\d-reflection ( ! va/ ,unse54 ,x is ?us t ! human m9d advances f ! ,ideal to ! ,real1 & t ! poet becomes ! philosoph]1 & ! philosoph] rises into ! poet2 b at ! same "t z we progress f fable to fact1 mu* ( ! s\l-s5tim5t :i* made ! romantic holy1 & gave a noble tone to e aspiration1 is too frequ5tly m]g$ 9 a *e]less philosophy :i* cl+s to ! e>?1 & r$uces ! m9d to a me*anical condition1 delight+ 9 ! accumulation ( facts1 reg>dless ( ! great laws by :i* ^! are regulat$1 & ! h>mony ( all ,telluric comb9ations secur$4 ,9 sci5ce we f9d ! elem5ts ( ! mo/ exalt$ poetry2 & 9 ! my/]i\s work+s ( ! physical =ces we discov] connections ) ! illimitable _w ( ?\ght1--9 :i* mighty m9ds delight to try _! p[]s1--z /rangely complicat$1 & z m>vell\sly ord]$1 z 9 ! psy*ological ph5om5a :i* h1 almo/ exclusively1 be5 ! objects ( _! /udies4 ,9 ! aspect ( visible nature1 ) its wond]ful div]sity ( =m & its *>m ( col\r1 we f9d ! ,beautiful2 & 9 ! op]ations ( ^! pr9ciples1 :i* are ev] active 9 produc+ & ma9ta9+ ! exi/+ conditions ( matt]1 we discov] ! ,sublime4 ,! =m & col\r ( a fl[] may excite our admiration2 b :5 we come to exam9e all ! ph5om5a :i* comb9e to produce t piece ( symmetry & t lovely hue1--to le>n ! physiological arrangem5t ( its /ructural p>ts1--! *emical actions by :i* its woody fibre & its juices are produc$1--& to inve/igate ^? laws by :i* is regulat$ ! p[] to ?r[ back ! :ite sunbeam f its surface 9 col\r$ rays1--our admiration passes to ! high] feel+ ( deep a/oni%m5t at ! p]fection ( ! processes1 & ( rev]5ce = _! great ,design]4 ,!re are1 inde$1 8tongues 9 trees20 b sci5ce alone c int]pret _! my/]i\s :isp]s1 & 9 ?is consi/s its poetry4 ,to re/ cont5t ) ! b>e enunciation ( a tru?1 is to p]=m b "o half ( a task4 ,z ea* atom ( matt] is involv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( prop]ties & p[]s1 :i* unites x to e mass ( ! univ]se1 s ea* tru?1 h[ev] common x may be1 is surr\nd$ by impulses :i*1 be+ awak5$1 pass f s\l to s\l l musical undulations1 & :i* w be repeat$ ?r\gh ! e*oes ( space1 & prolong$ = all et]nity4 ,! poetry :i* spr+s f ! contemplation ( ! ag5cies :i* are actively employ$ 9 produc+ ! trans=mation ( matt]1 & :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! tru?s develop$ by ! aids ( sci5ce1 %\ld be 9 no respect inf]ior to t :i* has be5 inspir$ by ! beauty ( ! individual =ms ( matt]1 & ! pleas+ "* ( _! comb9ations4 ,! imag9ative view ( man & 8 _w--! creations ( ! romantic m9d--h be51 & ev] w be1 dwelt on ) a s\l-absorb+ passion4 ,! my/]y ( our be+1 & ! my/]y ( our ceas+ to be1 act+ ^u intellig5ces :i* are = ev] /riv+ to compreh5d ! enigma ( !mselves1 leads by a natural process to a love = ! ,ideal4 ,! discov]y ( ^? tru?s :i* advance ! human m9d t[>ds t po9t ( k to :i* all its secret long+s t5d1 %\ld excite a high] feel+ ?an any m]e creation ( ! fancy1 h[ beautiful soev] x may be4 ,! ph5om5a ( ,reality are m />tl+ ?an ! phantoms ( ! ,ideal4 ,tru? is /rang] ?an fiction4 ,surely _m ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce :i* relate to ! comb9ations ( matt]1 & exhibit results :i* we c\ld n by any previ\s ef=ts ( reason+ d>e to reckon on1 results :i* %[ ! admirable balance ( ! =ces ( nature1 & ! might ( _! uncontroll$ p[]1 exhibit to our s5ses subjects = contemplation truly poetic 9 _! "*4 ,we tremble :5 ! ?und]-cl\d bur/s 9 fury above our heads4 ,! poet seizes on ! t]rors ( ! /orm to add to ! int]e/ ( 8 v]se4 ,fancy pa9ts a /orm-k+1 & ! g5ius ( romance clo!s 8 demons 9 lightn+s1 & !y are h]ald$ by ?und]s4 ,^! wild imag9+s h be5 ! delight ( mank9d2 !re is subject = wond] 9 !m3 b is !re any?+ less wond]ful 9 ! well-au!nticat$ fact1 ! dew-drop :i* gli/5s on ! fl[]1 t ! te> :i* trembles on ! eye-lid1 holds lock$ 9 its transp>5t cells an am\nt ( electric fire equal to t :i* is dis*>g$ dur+ a /orm f a ?und]-cl\d8 ,9 ^! /udies ( ! effects :i* are cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves to ! obs]v+ eye1 & ( ! ph5om5a ( causes1 z f> z !y are reveal$ by ,sci5ce 9 its se>* ( ! physical e>?1 x w be %[n t b5ea? ! beautiful ve/ure ( ! ext]nal _w !re exi/s1 l its quick5+ s\l1 a p]vad+ p[]1 assum+ ! mo/ v>i$ aspects1 giv+ to ! :ole its life & lovel9ess1 & l9k+ e portion ( ?is mat]ial mass 9 a common bond ) "s great univ]sal pr9ciple beyond our k4 ,:e!r by ! improvem5t ( ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 man w ev] be enabl$ to embrace )9 8 k ! laws :i* regulate ^! remote pr9ciples1 we are n suffici5tly advanc$ 9 intellig5ce to det]m9e4 ,b if admitt$ ev5 to a cle> p]ception ( ! !oretical ,p[] :i* we reg>d z regulat+ ! kn[n =ces1 we mu/ /ill see an unkn[n ag5cy beyond u1 :i* c only be ref]r$ to ! ,creator's w4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,conditions ,,( ,,matt]4 ,its v>i$ ,*>act]s1 & con/ant *ange ( ext]nal ,=m--,! ,gra9 ( ,du/1 its ,prop]ties & ,p[]s--,comb9ations 9 inorganic ,masses & 9 organiz$ ,creations--,our k ( ,matt]--,!ory ( ,ultimate ,atoms--,! ,physical ,=ces act+ on ! ,composition ( ,masses--,! c]ta9ty ( ! ex]cise ( subtile pr9ciples1 :i* are beyond ! rea* ( exp]im5tal ,sci5ce4 ,! ,physical ,e>? pres5ts to u1 9 e =m ( organic & inorganic matt]1 an inf9ite v>iety ( ph5om5a4 ,if we select specim5s ( rocks1 ei!r cry/all9e or /ratifi$1--( metals 9 any ( _! v>i\s comb9ations ) oxyg51 sulphur1 & o!r bodies1--( gems gli/5+ ) light & gl[+ ) col\r1--if we exam9e ! v>i$ =ms & hues ( ! vegetable _w1 or ! m my/]i\s animal creations1 we mu/ inevitably come to ! conclusion1 long s9ce proclaim$1 & admit t du/ !y are1 & to du/ mu/ !y return4 ,:atev] p]man5cy may be giv5 to matt]1 x is c]ta9 t its =m is ev] 9 a /ate ( *ange4 ,! surface ( ! 8,et]nal ,hills0 is worn away by ! s(t ra9s :i* fall to f]tilize1 & f _! wrecks1 borne by ! wat]s to ! ocean1 new cont95ts are =m+4 ,! mutations ( ! old e>? may be read ^u h] rocks & m\nta9s1 & ^! records ( =m] *anges tell u ! infallible tru?1 t z ! pres5t passes into ! future1 s w ! =m ( ,e>? und]go an important alt]ation4 ,! same =ces :i* lift$ ! ,&es & ! ,himalayas are /ill at "w1 & f ! p>ticles ( matt] c>ri$ f ! pres5t l&s by ! riv]s into ! sea1 :]e !y subside 9 /ratifi$ masses1 !re w1 9 ! great future1 be rais$ new worlds1 ^u :i* ! "w ( life w g =w>d1 & ov] :i* w be spread a va/ ,intellig5ce4 ,if we reg>d ! conditions ( ! beautiful & v>i$ organic cov]+ ( ! ,e>?1 ! c]ta9ty1 ! con/ancy1 ( *ange is ev] be=e u4 ,vegetable life passes into ! animal =m1 & bo? p]i% to fe$ ! future plant4 ,man1 mov+ to-day ! mon>* ( a mighty p1 9 a few ye>s passes back to 8 primitive clod1 & t comb9ation ( elem5t>y atoms1 :i* is dignifi$ ) ! circle ( sov]eignty & ! robe ( purple1 aft] a p]iod may be s\ght = 9 ! h]bage ( ! fields1 or 9 ! humble fl[]s ( ! valley4 ,we h1 !n1 ?is c]ta9 tru?1--all ?+s visible ar\nd u are b aggregations ( atoms4 ,f p>ticles ( du/1 :i* "u ! microscope c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 are all ! v>i$ =ms ( nature creat$4 ,?is gra9 ( du/1 ?is p>ticle ( s&1 has /range prop]ties & p[]s4 ,sci5ce has discov]$ "s tru?s1 b /ill m are hidd5 )9 ?is irregul> molecule ( matt] :i* we n[ survey1 ?an h yet be5 %ad[$ 9 ! dreams ( our philosophy4 ,h[ /rangely x obeys ! impulses ( heat--my/]i\s are ! influ5ces ( light ^u x--electricity wond]fully excites x--& /ill m curi\s is ! mann] 9 :i* x obeys ! magic ( *emical =ce4 ,^! are ph5om5a :i* we h se52 we "k !m1 & we c reproduce !m at our pleasure4 ,we h advanc$ a little way into ! secrets ( nature1 & f ! spot we h ga9$1 we look =w>d ) a vision some:at bright5$ by our task2 b we discov] s mu* to be yet unkn[n1 t we le>n ano!r tru?1--our va/ ignorance ( _m ?+s relat+ to ?is gra9 ( du/4 ,x ga!rs ar\nd x o!r p>ticles2 !y cl+ toge!r1 & ea* act+ ^u e o!r "o1 & all ( !m arrang+ !mselves ar\nd ! little c5tre accord+ to "s law1 a beautiful cry/al results1 ! geometric p]fection ( its =m be+ a s\rce ( admiration4 ,x ex]ts "s o!r p[]s1 & atom coh]+ to atom1 obey+ ! influ5ces ( _m ext]nal radiant =ces1 und]goes inexplicable *anges1 & ! same du/ :i* we f9d =m+ ! diamond1 aggregates into ! lordly tree1--bl5ds to produce ! graceful1 sc5t$1 & ri*ly pa9t$ fl[]1--& comb9es to yield ! luxury ( fruit4 ,x quick5s ) yet undiscov]$ en]gies2 x moves ) life3 du/ is /irr$ by ! my/]i\s excitem5t ( vital =ce2 & blood & bone1 n]ve & muscle1 are ! results4 ,=ces1 :i* we _c by ! utmo/ ref9em5ts ( our philosophy detect1 direct ! :ole1 & f ! same du/ :i* =m$ ! rock & grew 9 ! tree1 is produc$ a liv+ & a brea?+ ?+1 capable ( receiv+ a ,div9e illum9ation1 ( be>+ 9 its new /ate ! gladness & ! glory ( a ,s\l4 ,^! consid]ations lead u to reflect on ! am\nt ( our k4 ,we are l$ to ask ourselves1 :at d we "k8 ,we "k t ! _w ) all its v>iety is compos$ ( c]ta9 mat]ial atoms1 :i*1 al?\gh pres5t$ to u 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 d n 9 all probability diff] v ess5tially f ea* o!r4 ,we "k t ^? atoms obey c]ta9 conditions :i* appe> to be dep5d5t ^u ! influ5ces ( motion1 gravitation1 heat1 light1 electricity1 & *emical =ce4 ,^! p[]s are only kn[n to u by _! effects2 we only detect _! action by _! op]ations ^u matt]2 & al?\gh we reg>d ! sev]al ph5om5a :i* we h discov]$1 z ! manife/ations ( diff]5t pr9ciples1 x is possible !y may be b modifications ( "s "o univ]sal p[]1 ( :i* ^! are b a few ( its modes ( action4 ,9 exam9+1 !re=e1 ! tru?s :i* sci5ce has reveal$ to u1 x is advantage\s1 = ! purpose ( fix+ ! m9d to ! subject1 t we assume c]ta9 conditions z true4 ,^! may be /at$ 9 a few s5t5ces1 & !n1 )\t wa/+ a ?\ght ^u ^? metaphysical subtleties :i* h f "t to "t p]plex$ sci5ce1 & s]v$ to imp$e ! progress ( tru?1 we %all proce$ to exam9e our k ( ! ph5om5a :i* con/antly occur ar\nd u4 ,e =m1 :e!r inorganic or organic1 :i* we c discov] )9 ! limits ( human se>*1 is compos$ ( atoms1 :i* are capable ( assum+1 "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 physical =ces1 conditions ess5tial to ! physical /ate ( t body ( :i* !y con/itute a "p4#a ,! kn[n =ces1 active 9 produc+ ^! conditions1 are modes ( motion2 gravitation & aggregation1 heat1 light2 & associat$ ) ^!1 act9ism or *emical radiation2 electricity1 "u all its conditions1 :e!r /atic or dynamic2 & *emical aff9ity1 reg>d$ z ! result ( a sep>ate elem5t>y pr9ciple4 ,^! =ces mu/ be consid]$ z p[]s capable ( act+ 9 p]fect indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,!y are possibly modifications ( "o pr9ciple2 b ?is view be+ an hypo!sis1 :i*1 z yet1 is only support$ by loose analogies1 _c1 )\t dang]1 be receiv$ 9 any explanation :i* attempts to deal only ) ! tru?s ( sci5ce4 ,we _c exam9e ! v>i$ ph5om5a ( nature1 )\t feel+ t !re mu/ be o!r & mo/ active pr9ciples ( a high] ord] ?an any detect$ by sci5ce1 to :i* belong ! important op]ations ( vitality1 :e!r manife/$ 9 ! plant or ! animal4 ,9 treat+ ( ^!1 al?\gh speculation _c be entirely avoid$1 x w be employ$ only s f> z x gives any assi/ance 9 l9k+ ph5om5a toge!r4 ,we h to deal ) ! active ag5cies :i* give =m & feature to nature--:i* regulate ! h>mony & beauty & vig\r ( life--& ^u :i* dep5d ^? gr& *anges 9 ! conditions ( matt]1 :i* mu/ conv9ce u t dea? is b ! comm5cem5t ( a new /ate ( be+4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,sir ,isaac ,newton suppos$ matt] to consi/ ( h>d1 imp5etrable1 p]fectly inela/ic atoms4 ,boscovi* reg>d$ ! con/itution ( matt] diff]5tly4 ,! ultimate atom 0 ) him a po9t surr\nd$ by p[]s ( inf9ite ela/icity4 7,see ,dr4 ,robisons ,me*anical ,philosophy1 = a full explanation ( ! !ory ( ,boscovi*47 ,! view ent]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,f>aday1 :i* w be compreh5d$ f "o or two %ort extracts f 8 valuable & sugge/ive pap]1 claims att5tion3-- 8,if ! view ( ! con/itution ( matt] already ref]r$ to be assum$ to be correct--& ,i may be all[$ to speak ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 & ! space betwe5 !m 79 wat]1 or 9 ! vap\r ( wat]1 = in/ance71 z two diff]5t ?+s--! space mu/ be tak5 z ! only cont9u\s "p1 = ! p>ticles are consid]$ z sep>at$ by space f ea* o!r4 ,space w p]meate all masses ( matt] 9 e direction l a net1 except t 9 ! place ( me%es x w =m cells1 isolat+ ea* atom f its neighb\rs1 & itself only be+ cont9u\s40 ,exam9+ ! "q ( ! conduct+ p[] ( diff]5t bodies1 & obs]v+ t z space is ! only cont9u\s "p1 s space1 accord+ to ! receiv$ view ( matt]1 mu/ be at "o "t a conductor1 at o!rs a non-conductor1 x is rem>k$3 8,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t1 9 accept+ ! ord9>y atomic !ory1 space may be prov$ to be a non-conductor 9 non-conduct+ bodies1 & a conductor 9 conduct+ bodies2 b ! reason+ ends 9 ?is--a subv]sion ( t !ory altoge!r2 =1 if space be an insulator1 x _c exi/ 9 conduct+ bodies2 & if x be a conductor1 x _c exi/ 9 insulat+ bodies40--,a ,speculation t\*+ ,electric ,conduction1 & ! ,nature ( ,matt]3 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 c43 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxiv4 ,?ird ,s]ies4 ,see also ,wolla/on1 ,on ! ,f9ite ,ext5t ( ! ,atmosph]e4--,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbb4 ,"y1 ,on ! ,ess5tial ,prop]ties ( ,matt]4--,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy4 ,mossotti1 ,on ,molecul> ,action4--,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,motion4 ,are ! ,physical ,=ces modes ( ,motion8--,motion def9$--,philosophical ,views ( ,motion1 & ! ,pr9ciples to :i* x has be5 ref]r$--,motions ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--,visible ,pro(s ( ! ,e>?'s ,motion on its ,axis--,influ5ce ( ! prop] ,motions ( ! ,e>? on ! ,conditions ( ,matt]--,!ory ( ! ,conv]sion ( ,motion into ,heat1 c4--,! ,physical ,=ces reg>d$ z pr9ciples indep5d5t ( ,motion1 al?\gh ! ,cause & (t5 app>5tly ! ,effects ( x4 ,_m ( ! mo/ em95t ?9k]s ( ! pres5t "t are dispos$ to reg>d all ! active pr9ciples ( nature z 8modes ( motion10--to look ^u light1 heat1 electricity1 & ev5 vital =ce1 z ph5om5a result+ f 8*ange ( place0 among ! p>ticles ( matt]2 ?is *ange1 di/urbance1 or motion1 be+ dep5d5t ^u "s undef9$ mov]4#b ,! habit ( leav+ purely inductive exam9ation = ! delusive *>ms ( hypo!sis--( view+ ! mat]ial _w z a metaphysical bundle ( ess5tial prop]ties1 & no?+ m--has l$ "s em95t philosoph]s to /ruggle ) ! task ( prov+ t all ! wond]ful manife/ations ( ! great physical p[]s ( ! univ]se are b modifications ( motion1 )\t ! evid5ce ( any antec$5t =ce4#c ,! views ( metaphysicians reg>d+ motion involve _m subtle consid]ations :i* ne$ n at pres5t deta9 u4 ,we c only consid] motion z a *ange ( place 9 a giv5 mass ( matt]4 ,n[ matt] _c effect ?is ( itself1 no *ange ( place be+ possible )\t a mov]2 &1 consequ5tly1 motion _c be a prop]ty ( matt]1 9 ! /rict s5se 9 :i* t t]m %\ld be accept$4#d ,motion dep5ds ^u c]ta9 ext]nal di/urb+ & direct+ =ces act+ ^u all matt]2 &1 consequ5tly1 z e mode ( action is det]m9$ by "s excitem5t ext]nal to ! body mov$1 motion _c1 philosophically1 be reg>d$ o!rwise ?an z a peculi> affection ( matt] "u det]m9able conditions4 8,we f9d10 says ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 8b little motion 9 ! _w1 except :at pla9ly fl[s f ei!r ! active pr9ciples ( nature1 or f ! comm& ( ! will]40#e ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ! ,py?agoreans1 suppos$ t ?r\gh\t all nature an active pr9ciple 0 diffus$1 ^u :i* dep5d$ all ! prop]ties exhibit$ by matt]4 ,?is is ! same z ! 8pla/ic nature0 ( ,cudwor?1#f ! 8intellectual & artificial fire0 ( ,bi%op ,b]keley2#g & to ^! all modes ( motion 7 ref]r$4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton also reg>ds ! mat]ial univ]se & its ph5om5a z dep5d5t ^u 8active pr9ciples0--= in/ance1 ! cause ( gravity--:]eby ! planets & comets pres]ve _! motions 9 _! orbits1 & all bodies acquire a degree ( motion 9 fall+2 & ! cause ( fom5tation--:]eby ! he>t & blood ( animals pres]ve a p]petual w>m? & motion--! inn] p>ts ( ! e>? are kept con/antly w>m$--_m bodies burn & %9e--& ! sun himself burns & %9es1 & ) 8 light w>ms & *e]s all ?+s4 ,! e>? turns on its axis at ! rate ( m ?an #a1jjj miles an h\r1 & passes ar\nd ! sun ) ! spe$ ( upw>ds ( #fh1jjj miles 9 ! same "t4#h ,! e>? & ! o!r planets ( our sy/em move 9 ellipses ar\nd a common c5tre3 !re=e _! motion _c h be5 orig9ally communicat$ m]ely by ! impress$ =ce ( projection4 ,two =ces1 at lea/1 mu/ h op]at$1 "o mak+ ! planets t5d directly to ! c5tre1 & ! o!r impell+ !m to fly (f at a tang5t to ! curve describ$4 ,"h we h a sy/em ( sph]es1 held by "s p[] to a great c5tral mass1 ar\nd :i* !y revolve ) a fe>ful velocity4 ,nor is ?is all2 ! ,sol> ,sy/em itself1 b\nd by ! same my/ic *a9 to an undiscov]$ c5tre1 moves t[>ds a po9t 9 space at ! rate ( #cc1eej1jjj geographical miles1 :il/ our e>? p]=ms "o revolution ar\nd ! sun4#i ,! evid5ce ( ! motion ( ! ,e>? ar\nd its axis1 z af=d$ by ! sw++ ( a p5dulum or ! rotation ( a sph]e1 is too int]e/+ to be omitt$4 ,9 me*anical philosophy1 we h two t]ms ( ! same g5]al mean+--! cons]vation ( ! plane ( vibration--& ! cons]vation ( ! axis ( rotation4 ,= ! non-sci5tific read]1 ^! t]ms require explanation1 & 9 endeav\r+ to simplify ?is z mu* z possible1 we mu/ ask ! indulg5ce ( ! ,me*anical ,philosoph]4 ,let u fix 9 ! c5tre ( a small r\nd table an upright rod1 hav+ an arm ext5d+ f its top1 to :i* we c susp5d a tol]ably heavy weight atta*$ to a /r+4 ,?is is our piece ( app>atus3 ^u ! table draw a *alk l9e1 along :i* l9e we int5d our p5dulum to sw+1 & cont9u+ ?is l9e ^u ! floor1 or by a m>k on ! wall1 our arrangem5ts are complete4 ,raise /eadily ! bob ( our p5dulum1 & set x free1 s t its plane ( vibration is along ! l9e :i* has be5 m>k$4 ,z ! p5dulum is sw++ firmly along ?is l9e1 sl[ly & /eadily turn ! table r\nd4 ,x w !n be se5 t ! p5dulum w /ill vibrate 9 ! direction ( ! l9e we h cont9u$ onw>d to ! wall1 b t ! l9e on ! table is gradually )drawn f x4 ,if we _h no upright1 we might turn ! table entirely r\nd1 )\t 9 ! slighte/ degree alt]+ ! l9e along :i* ! p5dulum p]=ms its oscillations4 ,n[1 if f "s elevat$ spot1 say1 f ! c5tre ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's1 a long & heavy p5dulum is susp5d$1 & if on ! floor we m>k ! l9e along :i* we set ! p5dulum free to vibrate1 x w be se51 z 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! table1 t ! m>k$ l9e moves away f "u ! p5dulum4 ,x cont9ues to vibrate 9 ! plane x fir/ describ$1 al?\gh ! l9e on ! e>?'s surface cont9ues to move =w>d by ! diurnal rotation ar\nd ! axis4 ,simil> to ?is is ! law ( ! cons]vation ( ! axis ( rotation4 ,if a common humm+-top1 ! sp9dle ( :i* is its axis ( rotation1 is set sp9n+ obliquely1 x w be se5 t ! axis w cont9ue to po9t along ! l9e x took at ! comm5cem5t ( motion4 ,by plac+ a heavy sph]e 9 a la!1 re/+ its project+ axial po9ts on "s moveable be>+s1 & !n gett+ ! sph]e into extremely rapid motion1 "o ( ! be>+s may be remov$ )\t ! mass fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,! rapidity ( motion *anges s con/antly & quickly ! position ( ! p>ticles :i* h a t5d5cy to fall1 t we h motion balanc$ aga9/ ! =ce ( gravitation 9 a /rik+ mann]2 & we le>n1 f ?is exp]im5t1 ! explanation ( ! planet>y & /ell> masses revolv+ on _! axis at a spe$ suffici5t to ma9ta9 !m )\t support 9 space4 ,a mass ( matt]1 a sph]e or a disc1 c>efully balanc$1 is fix$ 9 gymbals su* z we employ = fix+ our compass ne$les1 & x is set by "s me*anical contrivance 9 rapid rotation4 ,! position ( ! axis ( rotation rema9s unalt]$1 al?\gh ! e>? is mov+2 & ?us1 by ?is in/rum5t1--call$ ! gyroscope1--we c det]m9e1 z ) ! p5dulum1 ! motion ( ! e>? ar\nd its axis2 & we le>n :y1 dur+ its movem5t ar\nd ! sun1 its axis is undeviat+ly po9t$ t[>ds "o po9t 9 space1 m>k$ 9 our ,heav5s z ! ,pol> ,/>4 ,9 addition to ^! great rotations1 ! e>? is subject$ to o!r motions1 z ! precession ( ! equ9oxes & ! nutation ( its axis4 ,rock+ regul>ly ^u a po9t r\nd :i* x rapidly revolves1 :il/ x progresses onw>d 9 its orbit1 l "s huge top 9 tremul\s gyration ^u ! deck ( a va/ arial %ip glid+ rapidly ?r\gh space1 is ! e>? p]=m+ its "p 9 ! great law ( motion4 ,! rapidity ( ^! impulses1 suppos+ ! p[]s ( ! physical =ces 7 = a mom5t susp5d$1 w\ld be suffici5t to scatt] ! mass ( our planet ov] space z a m]e />-du/4 ,limit+1 z mu* z possible1 ! view :i* op5s ^u ! m9d z we contemplate ! adju/m5ts by :i* ?is great ma*9e1 our sy/em1 is pres]v$ 9 all its ord] & beauty1 let u =get ! great movem5t ( ! :ole ?r\gh space1 & endeav\r to consid] ! effect ( ^? motions :i* are directly relat$ to ! e>?1 z a memb] ( "o small gr\p ( worlds4 ,we _c = a mom5t d\bt1 al?\gh we h n any exp]im5tal pro( ( ! fact1 t ! prop] motions ( ! e>? mat]ially influ5ce ! conditions ( ! matt] ( :i* x is =m$4 ,e pair ( atoms is1 l a balance1 delicately susp5d$1 "u ! con/ant /ruggle :i* arises f ! t5d5cy to fly asund]1 induc$ by "o ord] ( =ces--c5trifugal =ce--& ! ef=ts ( o!rs1 gravitation & cohesion1 to *a9 !m toge!r4 ,! spr+ is br\ght to ! highe/ /ate ( t5sion--"o tremor m1 & x w\ld be de/roy$4 ,we _c1 by any comp>ison ) ! lab\rs ( ! mo/ skilful human artisan1 convey an idea ( ! exquisite p]fection ( planet>y me*anics1 ev5 s f> z !y h be5 discov]$ by ! lab\rs ( sci5ce2 & we mu/ admit t our insight into ! va/ ma*9]y has be5 v limit$4 ,all we "k is ! fact t ?is planet moves 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & at a fix$ rate1 & t ! spe$ is ( itself suffici5t to r5d ! h>de/ rocks2 yet ! delicate d[n :i* re/s s lightly ^u ! fl[] is undi/urb$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t matt] is endu$ ) p[]s1 by :i* mass is b\nd to mass1 & atom to atom2 ^! p[]s are n ! results ( any ( ! motions :i* we h exam9$1 b1 act+ 9 antagonism to !m1 !y su/a9 our globe 9 its pres5t =m4 ,are !re o!r motions to :i* ^! p[]s c be ref]r$8 ,we "k ( none4 ,t absolute re/ may n exi/ among ! p>ticles ( matt] is probable4 ,electrical action1 *emical p[]1 cry/all9e aggregation1 ! expansive =ce ( heat1 & _m o!r kn[n ag5cies1 are 9 con/ant op]ation to prev5t x4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 t ea* & e atom con/itut+ a mass may be s susp5d$ betwe5 ! balanc$ =ces1 t x may be reg>d$ z relatively at re/4 ,!ory imag9es ,motion z produc+ ,=ce--a body is mov$1 & its m]e me*anical *ange ( place is reg>d$ z g5]at+ heat2 & h5ce ! ref9em5ts ( mod]n sci5ce h advanc$ to ! conclusion t motion & heat are conv]tible4 ,admitt+ t ! mat]ial atoms ( :i* ?is _w is =m$ are nev] 9 a /ate ( quiesc5ce1 yet we _c suppose any gross pond]able p>ticle z capable ( mov+ itself2 b once set 9 motion1 x may become ! second>y cause ( motion 9 o!r p>ticles4#aj ,! difficulties ( ! case w\ld appe> to h be5 z foll[s3--,are heat1 light1 electricity1 c41 mat]ial bodies8 ,if !y are mat]ial bodies--& heat1 = example1 is ! cause ( motion--mu/ n ! calorific matt] move itself--or if x be n self-mov+1 by :at is x mov$8 ,if heat is mat]ial1 & ! prim>y cause ( motion1 !n matt] mu/ h an innate p[] ( mov+2 x c conv]t itself into active =ce1 or be at once a cause & an effect1 :i* c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a logical d$uction4 ,we move a p>ticle ( matt]1 & heat is manife/$2 ! =ce be+ cont9u$1 light1 electricity1 & *emical action result2 all1 z appe>s f a limit$ view ( ! ph5om5a1 aris+ out ( ! me*anical =ce appli$ to ! p>ticle fir/ mov$4#aa ,?is me*anical =ce1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is ext]nal to ! body mov$1 & is1 9 all probability1 set up by ! movem5t ( a muscle1 act$ ^u by n]ves1 "u ! influ5ce ( a w4 ,! s]ies ( ph5om5a we h suppos$ to arise admit ( an explanation free ( ! hypo!sis ( motion1 & we avoid ! dang]\s gr\nd ( metaphysical speculation1 & ! subtleties ( t logic :i* re/s ^u ! immat]iality ( all creation4 ,?is explanation1 x is freely admitt$1 is incomplete3 we _c di/9ctly correlate ea* feature ( ! ph5om5a1 comb9e l9k to l9k1 & ?us =m a p]fect *a92 b x is suffici5tly cle> to exhibit :at we d "k1 & leave ! unkn[n free = unbiass$ inve/igation4 ,ea* p>ticle1 ea* atom ( t :i* conveys to our s5ses ! only ideas we h ( natural objects--pond]able matt]--is involv$ 91 or int]p5etrat$ by1 ^? pr9ciples :i* we call heat & electricity1 ) probably _m o!rs :i* are unkn[n to u2 & al?\gh ^! pr9ciples or p[]s are1 accord+ to "s law1 b\nd 9 /atical equilibrium to in]t matt]1 !y are freely develop$ by an ext]nal excitem5t1 & ! di/urbance ( any "o ( !m1 upsett+ ! equilibrium1 leaves ! o!r p[] equally free to be br\ght "u ! cognizance ( human s5se by _! effects4 ,:5 we come to an exam9ation ( ! influ5ces ex]t$ by ^! p[]s ^u ! physical e>?1 ! position1 t !y mu/ be reg>d$ z ! causes ( motion r ?an ! effects ( x1 w be fur!r consid]$4 ,at pres5t x is only necess>y to /ate ?us g5]ally ! views we ent]ta9 ( ! conditions ( matt] 9 connection ) ! impond]able =ces & me*anical p[]s4 ,! conv]sion1 z x has be5 call$1 ( motion into heat1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,c\nt ,rum=d & ,mr4 ,j\le1#ab are only evid5ces t a c]ta9 uni=mity exi/s betwe5 ! me*anical =ce appli$1 & ! am\nt ( heat lib]at$4 ,x does n appe> t we h any pro( ( ! conv]sion ( motion into physical p[]4 ,x is necess>y1 to a satisfactory contemplation ( ! wond]ful prop]ties ( matt]1 & ( ! =ces regulat+ ! =ms ( ! entire creation1 t we %\ld be cont5t ) reg>d+ ! elem5t>y bodies :i* *emi/ry in/ructs u =m our globe1 z tangible1 pond]able atoms1 hav+ specific & di/+ui%+ prop]ties4 ,t we %\ld1 z f> z x is possible = f9ite m9ds to d s1 endeav\r to conceive ! p[]s or =ces--gravitation1 molecul> attraction1 electricity1 heat1 light1 & ! pr9ciple :i* det]m9es all *emical ph5om5a--z manife/ations ( ag5cies :i* hold a place betwe5 ! mo/ subtile =m ( matt] & ! hidd5 pr9ciples ( vitality1 :i* is /ill va/ly inf]ior to ! spiritual /ate1 :i* reveals itself dimly 9 psy*ological ph5om5a1 & arrives at its sublimity 9 ! ,god ( ! univ]se4 ,,footnotes3 #b 8,motion1 !re=e1 is a *ange ( rectil9e> di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,all[+ ! accuracy ( ?is def9ition1 x appe>s t two po9ts are necess>y to con/itute motion2 t 9 all cases1 :5 we are inquir+ :e!r or no any body or po9t is 9 motion1 we mu/ recur to "s o!r po9t :i* we c comp>e ) x2 & t if a s+le atom exi/$ alone 9 ! univ]se1 x c\ld nei!r be said to be 9 motion nor at re/4 8,! space :i* we call quiesc5t is 9 g5]al ! e>?'s surface2 yet we well "k1 f a/ronomical consid]ations1 t e po9t ( ! e>?'s surface is p]petually 9 motion1 & t 9 v v>i\s directions3 nor are any mat]ial objects accessible to our s5ses :i* we c consid] z absolutely motionless1 or ev5 z motionless ) reg>d to ea* o!r2 s9ce ! cont9ual v>iation ( temp]ature to :i* all bodies are liable1 & ! m9ute agitations aris+ f ! motion ( o!r bodies ) :i* !y are connect$1 w always t5d to produce "s imp]ceptible *anges 9 _! di/ances40--,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 c41 by ,?omas ,"y1 ,m4,d4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,kell&4 #ahde4 #c 8,! position :i* ,i seek to e/abli% 9 ?is essay is1 t ! v>i\s impond]able ag5cies1 or ! affections ( matt] :i* con/itute ! ma9 objects ( exp]im5tal physics1 viz41 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 & motion1 are all correlative1 or h a reciprocal dep5d5ce2--t nei!r1 tak5 ab/ract$ly1 c be said to be ! ess5tial or proximate cause ( ! o!rs2 b t ei!r may1 z a =ce1 produce1 or be conv]tible into1 ! o!r3--?us heat may m$iately or imm$iately produce electricity1 electricity may produce heat1 & s ( ! re/4444 ,al?\gh /rongly incl9$ to believe t ! five o!r affections ( matt]1 :i* ,i h above nam$1 are1 & w ultimately be1 resolv$ into modes ( motion1 x w\ld be go+ too f> at pres5t to assume _! id5tity ) x3 ,i1 !re=e1 use ! t]m =ce1 9 ref]5ce to !m1 z mean+ t active =ce insep>able f matt]1 :i* induces its v>i\s *anges40--,on ! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,,grove1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #d ,:5 discuss+ ! hypo!sis ( ,hobbes--t no body c possibly be mov$ b by a body contigu\s & mov$--,boyle asks3-- 8,i dem& h[ !re comes to be local motion 9 ! _w8 ,= ei!r all ! portions ( matt] t compose ! univ]se h motion belong+ to _! natures1 :i* ! ,epicureans affirm$ = _! atoms1 or "s p>ts ( matt] h ?is motive p[]1 & "s h n1 or else none ( !m h x2 b all ( !m are naturally devoid ( motion4 ,if x be grant$ t motion does naturally belong to all p>ts ( matt]1 ! dispute is at an end1 ! concession q ov]?r[+ ! hypo!sis4 8,if ,mr4 ,hobbes %\ld reply t ! motion is impress$ ^u any ( ! p>ts ( matt] by ,god1 he w say t :i* ,i mo/ readily grant to be true1 b w n s]ve 8 turn1 if he w\ld speak congru\sly ) 8 own hypo!sis4 ,= ,i dem& :e!r ?is ,supreme ,be+ t ! ass]tion has rec\rse to1 be a corporeal or an incorporeal sub/ance8 ,if x be ! latt]1 & yet ! effici5t cause ( motion 9 bodies1 !n x w n be univ]sally true t :atev] body is mov$ is s by a body contigu\s & mov$4 ,=1 9 our supposition1 ! bodies t ,god moves1 ei!r imm$iately or by ! int]v5tion ( any o!r immat]ial be+1 are n mov$ by a body contigu\s1 b by an incorporeal _s40--,"s ,consid]ations ab\t ! ,reconcileabl5ess ( ,reason & ,religion3 ,boyle1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ebj4 #e ,boyle has "s +5i\s speculations on ?is po9t3-- 8,t !re is local motion 9 _m p>ts ( matt] is manife/ to s5se1 b h[ matt] came by ?is motion 0 ( old1 & is /ill1 hotly disput$ (3 = ! anci5t ,corpuscul>ian philosoph]s 7^: doctr9e 9 mo/ o!r po9ts1 ?\gh n 9 all1 we are ! mo/ incl9able to71 n ackn[l$g+ an au?or ( ! univ]se1 7 !reby r$uc$ to make motion cong5ite to matt]1 & consequ5tly coeval ) x4 ,b s9ce local motion1 or an endeav\r at x1 is n includ$ 9 ! nature ( matt]1 :i* is z mu* matt] :5 x re/s z :5 x moves2 & s9ce we see t ! same portion ( matt] may f motion be r$uc$ to re/1 & aft] x ha? cont9u$ at re/1 s long z o!r bodies d n put x out ( t /ate1 may by ext]nal ag5ts be set a mov+ aga92 ,i1 :o am n wont to ?9k a man ! worse naturali/ = n be+ an a!i/1 %all n scruple to say ) an em95t philosoph] ( old1 :om ,i f9d to h propos$ among ! ,greeks t op9ion 7= ! ma97 t ! excell5t ,des ,c>tes has reviv$ among/ u1 t ! orig9 ( motion 9 matt] is f ,god2 & n only s1 b t ?9k+ x v unfit to be believ$1 t matt] b>ely put into motion1 & !n left to itself1 %\ld casually con/itute ?is beautiful & ord]ly _w2 ,i ?9k also fur!r1 t ! wise ,au?or ( ?+s did1 by e/abli%+ ! laws ( motion among bodies1 & by guid+ ! fir/ motions ( ! small p>ts ( matt]1 br+ !m to conv5e aft] ! mann] requisite to compose ! _w2 & especially did contrive ^? curi\s & elaborate eng9es1 ! bodies ( liv+ creatures1 end[+ mo/ ( !m ) ! p[] ( propagat+ _! species40--,consid]ations & ,exp]im5ts t\*+ ! ,orig9 ( ,=ms & ,qualities3 ,boyle's ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfj4 ,ed9burgh4 #agdd4 #f ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em4 #g 8,accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans & ,platoni/s1 !re is a life infus$ ?r\gh\t all ?+s 444 an intellectual & artificial fire--an inw>d pr9ciple1 animal _s1 or natural life1 produc+ or =m+ )91 z art do? )\t--regulat+1 mod]at+1 & reconcil+ ! v>i\s motions1 qualities1 & p>ts ( ! mundane sy/em4 ,by virtue ( ?is life1 ! great masses are held toge!r 9 _! ord9>y c\rses1 z well z ! m9ute/ p>ticles gov]n$ 9 _! natural motions1 accord+ to ! sev]al laws ( attraction1 gravity1 electricity1 magnetism1 & ! re/4 ,x is ?is gives in/9cts1 tea*es ! spid] h] web1 & ! bee h] honey2--?is x is t directs ! roots ( plants to draw =? juice f ! e>?1 & ! leaves & ! cortical vessels to sep>ate & attract su* p>ticles ( air & elem5t>y fire z suit _! respective natures40--,bi%op ,b]keley1 ,siris1 ,no4 #bgg4 #h 8,! revolution ( ! e>? is p]=m$ 9 a natural day1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 once 9 #bc;h4 #ef' #d1 & z its mean circumf]5ce is #bd1hga miles1 x foll[s t any po9t 9 its equatorial surface has a rotatory motion ( m ?an #a1jjj miles p] h\r4 ,?is velocity mu/ gradually dim9i% to no?+ at ei!r pole4 ,:il/ ! e>? is ?us revolv+ on its axis1 x has a progressive motion 9 its orbit4 ,if we take ! l5g? ( ! e>?'s orbit at #fcj1jjj1jjj1 its motion ?r\gh space mu/ exce$ #fh1dij miles 9 ! h\r40--,enc4 ,brit4 art4 ,physical ,geography4 #i 8,"h !n we h ! spl5did result ( ! unit$ /udies ( ,,mm4 ,argel&]1 ,o4 ,/ruve1 & ,pet]s1 gr\nd$ on obs]vations made at ! ?ree obs]vatories ( ,dorpat1 ,abo1 ,pulkova1 & :i* is express$ 9 ! foll[+ !sis3--,! motion ( ! sol> sy/em 9 space is direct$ to a po9t ( ! cele/ial vault situat$ on ! "r l9e :i* jo9s ! two />s & ,h]culis1 at a qu>t] ( ! app>5t di/ance ( ^! />s1 reckon+ f ,h]culis4 ,! velocity ( ?is motion is su*1 t ! sun1 ) all ! bodies :i* dep5d ^u x1 advances annually 9 ! above direction #afbc times ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 or #cc1eej1jjj geographical miles4 ,! possible error ( ?is la/ numb] am\nts to #a1gcc1jjj geographical miles1 or to a sev5? ( ! :ole value4 ,we may !n wag] #djj1jjj to #a t ! sun has a prop] progressive motion1 & #a to #a t x is compris$ betwe5 ! limits ( ?irty-eight & tw5ty-n9e millions ( geographical miles40--,etudes d',a/ronomie ,/ellaire3 ,sur la ,voie ,lacte et sur les ,di/ances des ,etoiles ,fixes3 ,m4 ,f4 ,w4 ,g4 ,/ruve4 ,a report address$ to 8 ,excell5cy ,m4 ,le ,comte ,ouv>(f2 ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction & ,presid5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #aj 8,! fir/ great ag5t :i* ! analysis ( natural ph5om5a (f]s to our consid]ation1 m frequ5tly & prom95tly ?an any o!r1 is =ce4 ,its effects are ei!r1 #a/1 to c\nt]act ! ex]tion ( oppos+ =ce1 & !reby to ma9ta9 equilibrium2 or1 #bndly1 to produce motion 9 matt]1 8,matt]1 or t :atev] x be ( :i* all ! objects 9 nature :i* manife/ !mselves directly to our s5ses consi/1 pres5ts u ) two g5]al qualities1 :i* at fir/ sight appe> to /& 9 contradiction to ea* o!r--activity & in]tness4 ,its activity is prov$ by its p[] ( spontane\sly sett+ o!r matt] 9 motion1 & ( itself obey+ _! mutual impulse1 & mov+ "u ! influ5ce ( its own & o!r =ce2 in]tness1 9 refus+ to move unless oblig$ to d s by a =ce impress$ ext]nally1 or mutually ex]t$ betwe5 itself & o!r matt]1 & by p]si/+ 9 its /ate ( motion or re/ unless di/urb$ by "s ext]nal cause4 ,yet1 9 reality1 ?is contradiction is only app>5t4 ,=ce be+ ! cause1 & motion ! effect produc$ by x on matt]1 to say t matt] is in]t1 or has in]tia1 z x is t]m$1 is only to say t ! cause is exp5d$ 9 produc+ its effect1 & t ! same cause _c 7)\t r5ewal7 produce d\ble or triple its own prop] effect4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 equilibrium may be conceiv$ z a cont9ual production ( two opposite effects1 ea*1 undo+ at e in/ant :at ! o!r has done108--,see cont9uation ( ! argum5t 9 ,h]s*el's ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 page #bbc4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xlv41 w be f\nd a pap] by ,dr ,rob]t ,br[n--8,( ! s\rces ( motions ^u ! ,e>?1 & ( ! means by :i* !y are su/a9$10 :i* w well repay an att5tive p]usal1 z po9t+ to a class ( inve/igation ( ! highe/ ord]1 & conta9+ d$uctions ( ! mo/ philosophic description4 #aa ,friction1 x is well kn[n1 g5]ates heat2 by rapidly rubb+ two /icks toge!r1 ! ,indian produces _! ignition2 heat & light be+ bo? manife/$4 ,"u e me*anical di/urbance electrical *anges c be detect$1 & ! action ( heat 9 ! combu/ion ( ! wood is a *emical ph5om5on4 #ab ,c\nt ,rum=d's exp]im5t consi/$ 9 plac+ a mass ( metal 9 a box ( wat] at a kn[n temp]ature1 &1 by employ+ a bor+ app>atus1 asc]ta9+ c>efully ! increase ( heat aft] a giv5 numb] ( revolutions4 ,he ?us describes 8 mo/ satisfactory exp]im5t3-- 8,ev]y?+ be+ ready1 ,i proce$$ to make ! exp]im5t ,i _h project$1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! holl[ cyl9d] hav+ be5 previ\sly clean$ out1 & ! inside ( its bore wip$ ) a clean t[el till x 0 q dry1 ! squ>e iron b>1 ) ! blunt /eel bor] fix$ to ! end ( x1 0 put into its place2 ! m\? ( ! bore ( ! cyl9d] be+ clos$ at ! same "t by means ( ! circul> pi/on ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* ! iron b> pass$4 8,?is be+ done1 ! box 0 put 9 its place2 & ! jo9+s ( ! iron rod1 & ( ! neck ( ! cyl9d] ) ! two ends ( ! box1 hav+ be5 made wat]-tight1 by means ( coll>s ( oil$ lea!r1 ! box 0 fill$ ) cold wat] 7viz41 at ! temp]ature ( #fj7 & ! ma*9e 0 put 9 motion4 ,! result ( ?is beautiful exp]im5t 0 v /rik+1 & ! pleasure x af=d$ me amply repaid me = all ! tr\ble ,i _h _h1 9 contriv+ & arrang+ ! complicat$ ma*9]y us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,! cyl9d]1 revolv+ at ! rate ( ab\t ?irty-two times 9 a m9ute1 _h be5 9 motion b a %ort "t1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$1 by putt+ my h& into ! wat] & t\*+ ! outside ( ! cyl9d]1 t heat 0 g5]at$1 & x 0 n long be=e ! wat] :i* surr\nd$ ! cyl9d] began to be s5sibly w>m4 ,at ! end ( "o h\r1 ,i f\nd1 by plung+ a !rmomet] into ! wat] 9 ! box 7! quantity ( :i* fluid am\nt$ to #ahgg lbs4 avoirdupois1 or #b-a_/d w9e gallons71 t its temp]ature _h be5 rais$ no less ?an #dg2 be+ n[ #ajg ( ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,:5 ?irty m9utes m _h elaps$1 or "o h\r & ?irty m9utes aft] ! ma*9]y _h be5 put 9 motion1 ! heat ( ! wat] 9 ! box 0 #adb4 ,at ! end ( two h\rs1 reckon+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 f\nd to be rais$ to #agh4 ,at two h\rs tw5ty m9utes x 0 at #bjj2 & at two h\rs ?irty m9utes x actually boil$40--,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,s\rce ( ! ,heat excit$ by ,friction3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 lxxxviii4 ,a4,d4 #agih4 8,mr4 ,j\le br\ght a communication on ! same subject be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,cambridge1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 & f t j\rnal ! foll[+ notices are extract$3-- 8,! app>atus exhibit$ be=e ! ,association consi/$ ( a brass paddle-:eel1 work+ horizontally 9 a c ( wat]4 ,motion c\ld be communicat$ to ?is paddle by means ( weights1 pulleys1 c4 ,! paddle mov$ ) great resi/ance 9 ! c ( wat]1 s t ! weights 7ea* ( f\r p\nds7 desc5d$ at ! sl[ rate ( ab\t "o foot p] second4 ,! height ( ! pulleys f ! gr\nd 0 twelve y>ds1 & consequ5tly :5 ! weights _h desc5d$ ?r\gh t di/ance !y _h to be w\nd up aga9 9 ord] to r5ew ! motion ( ! paddle4 ,aft] ?is op]ation _h be5 repeat$ sixte5 times1 ! increase ( ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 asc]ta9$ by means ( a v s5sible & accurate !rmomet]4 8,a s]ies ( n9e exp]im5ts 0 p]=m$ 9 ! above mann]1 & n9e exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ord] to elim9ate ! cool+ or heat+ effects ( ! atmosph]e4 ,aft] r$uc+ ! result to ! capacity = heat ( a p\nd ( wat]1 x appe>$ t = ea* degree ( heat evolv$ by ! friction ( wat]1 a me*anical p[] equal to t :i* c raise a weight ( #hij lbs4 to ! height ( "o foot1 _h be5 exp5d$4 8,any ( y\r read]s :o are s =tunate z to reside amid ! romantic sc5]y ( ,wales or ,scotl& c\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 confirm my exp]im5ts by try+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! top & at ! bottom ( a cascade4 ,if my views be correct1 a fall ( #hag feet w ( c\rse g5]ate "o degree ( heat1 & ! temp]ature ( ! riv] ,niag>a w be rais$ ab\t "o fif? ( a degree by its fall ( #afj feet40--,relation betwe5 ,heat & ,me*anical ,p[]3 ,philosoph4 ,mag4 vol4 xxvii4 #ahde4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,gravitation4 ,! ,=ms ( ,matt]--,%ape ( ! ,e>?--,probability ( ! ,mass =m+ ?is ,planet hav+ exi/$ 9 a ,nebul\s ,/ate--,zodiacal ,lights--,comets--,volatilization ( ,solid ,matt] by ,artificial means--,! pr9ciple ( ,gravitation--,its ,influ5ce ?r\gh ,space & )9 ! smalle/ ,limits--,gravitat+ p[]s ( ! ,planets--,d5sity ( ! ,e>?--,c]ta9ty ( ,newton's ,law ( ! ,inv]se ,squ>e--,discov]y ( ,neptune--,/ate ( a ,body reliev$ f ,gravitation--,exp]im5t expla9+ ,saturn's ,r+1 c4--,g5]al inf]5ce4 ,let u suppose ! e>?--consi/+ ( ?ree conditions ( matt]2 ! solid1 ! fluid1 & ! ari=m--to be set free f t p[] by :i* x is reta9$ 9 its pres5t =m ( a sph]oid flatt5$ at ! poles1 b /ill subject to ! influ5ces ( its diurnal & annual rotations4 ,agreeably to ! law :i* regulates ! conditions ( all bodies mov+ at high velocities1 ! consequ5ce ( su* a /ate ( ?+s w\ld be1 t our planet w\ld in/antly spread itself ov] an enorm\s area4 ,! wat]s & ev5 ! solid masses ( ?is globe w\ld1 9 all probability1 pres5t !mselves amid/ ! o!r ph5om5a ( space 9 a highly att5uat$ /ate1 revolv+ 9 an orbit ar\nd ! sun1 z a b& ( nebul\s matt]1 :i* might sometimes be r5d]$ s5sible to sight by /ill reflect+ sol> light1 or by cond5sation 9 ! =m ( flights ( %oot+ />s4#ac ,?is may be illu/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,if ^u a rapidly revolv+ disc we place a ball ( du/1 x w be almo/ imm$iately spread out1 & its p>ticles w arrange !mselves 9 a s]ies ( regul> curves1 v>y+ ) ! velocity ( ! motion4 ,9 addition to ! dis9tegration :i* w\ld arise f ! t5d5cy ( ! atoms to fly f ! c5tre1 ! motion1 9 space1 ( ! planet>y mass w\ld naturally occasion a trail+ out1 & ! only degree ( uni=mity :i* ?is orb c\ld1 "u ^! imag9>y conditions1 possibly pres5t1 w\ld be d]iv$ f ! comb9$ effects ( motions 9 diff]5t directions4 ,amid ! remot] />s1 "s rem>kable cl\d-l appe>ances are discov]$4 ,^! nebul1 pres5t+ to ! eye ( ! obs]v] only a gleam+ light1 z f "s phosphoresc5t vap\r1 7 long reg>d$ z indications ( su* a condition z t :i* we h j be5 consid]+4 ,a/ronom]s saw1 9 ^? my/]i\s nebul1 a confirmation ( _! views1 :i* reg>d$ all ! orbs ( ! firmam5t z hav+ once be5 ?9 %eets ( vap\r1 :i* _h gradually1 f irregul> bodies trav]s+ space1 be5 sl[ly cond5s$ ab\t a c5tre1 & br\ght )9 ! limits ( aggregat+ ag5cies1 until1 aft] ! lapse ( ages1 !y become sph]$ />s1 mov+ 9 h>mony amid ! bright ho/ ( heav54#ad ,geologi/s seiz$ on ^? views ) eag]ness1 z confirm+ !oretical conclusions d$uc$ f an exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! e>? itself1 & expla9$ by !m ! gradual accretion ( atoms into cry/all9e rocks f a cool+ mass4 ,! rese>*es ( mod]n a/ronom]s1 aid$ by ! magnific5t in/rum5ts ( ,"l ,rosse1#ae h1 h[ev]1 %[n t _m ( ! mo/ rem>kable nebul are only clu/]s ( />s2 s remote f u1 t ! light f !m appe>s bl5d$ into "o diffus$ %eet or lum9\s film4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ! ,magellanic cl\ds1 & o!r s+ul> pat*es ( light1 exhibit+ *anges :i* c only be expla9$ on ! !ory ( _! sl[ cond5sation4 ,!re is no evid5ce to disprove ! position t _w-=mation may /ill be go+ on2 t a sl[ & gradual aggregation ( p>ticles1 "u ! influ5ce ( laws ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 may be con/antly 9 progress1 to end1 ev5tually1 9 ! =mation ( a sph]e4 ,may we n reg>d ! zodiacal light z ! rema9s ( a sol> lum9if]\s atmosph]e1 :i* once embrac$ ! entire sy/em ( :i* x is ! c5tre8#af ,w n ! /range *anges :i* h be5 se5 to take place 9 comet>y bodies1 ev5 :il/ !y 7 pass+ ne> ! e>?1--z ! division ( ,biela's comet & ! ultimate =mation ( a second nucleus f ! deta*$ portion1--/rongly t5d to support ! probability ( ! idea t att5uat$ matt] has1 9 ! progress ( "t1 be5 cond5s$ into solid masses1 & t nebul\s cl\ds mu/ /ill exi/ 9 e /ate ( t5uity 9 ! regions ( inf9ite space1#ag :i*1 9 ! my/]i\s processes ( _w-=mation1 w1 ev5tually1 become />s1 & reflect across ! blue imm5sity ( heav51 9 brightness1 t light :i* is ! necess>y ag5t ( organisation & all manife/ations ( beauty8 ,! inf]5ces drawn f a c>eful /udy ( ! condition ( our own globe are 9 fav\r ( ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( nebul\s matt]4 ,by ! processes ( art & manufacture1 by ! op]ation ( ^? p[]s on :i* organisation & life dep5d1 solid matt] is con/antly p\r$ (f 9 su* a /ate t x _c be detect$1 z matt]1 by any ( ! human s5ses4 ,yet a ?\s& results1 daily & h\rly accumulat+ z tru?s ar\nd u1 prove t ! solid metals1 ! gross e>?s1 & ! con/itu5ts ( animal & vegetable life1 all pass away invisible to u1 & become 8?9 air40 ,we "k t1 float+ ar\nd u1 ^! volatiliz$ bodies exi/ 9 "s mat]ial =m1 & num]\s exp]im5ts 9 *emi/ry are calculat$ to conv9ce u1 t ! mo/ att5uat$ air is capable1 ) a slight *ange ( circum/ances1 ( be+ conv]t$ into ! condition ( solid masses4 ,hydrog5 gas1 ! lighte/1 ! mo/ e!real ( ! *emical elem5ts1 dissolves iron & z9c1 ars5ic1 sulphur1 & c>bon2 & f ! transp>5t comb9ations ?us =m$1 we c ) facility sep>ate ^? pond]\s bodies4 ,su* sub/ances mu/ exi/ 9 our own atmosph]e2 :y n 9 ! regions ( space8 ,:e!r ?is planet ev] float$ a mass ( nebul\s matt]1 only kn[n by its dim & filmy light1 or comet-l ru%$ ?r\gh space ) widely ecc5tric orbit1 are que/ions :i* c only receive ! reply ( speculative m9ds4 ,:e!r ! e>? & ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em 7 ev] p>ts ( a ,c5tral ,sun1#ah & ?r[n f x by "s mighty convulsion1 ?\gh n[ revolv+ ) all ! o!r masses ar\nd t orb1 *a9$ 9 _! circuits by "s inf9ite p[]1 is beyond ! utmo/ ref9em5ts ( sci5ce to discov]4 ,?is hypo!sis is1 h[ev]1 9 its sublime conception1 wor?y ( ! ma/]-m9d t gave x bir?4 ,all we "k is1 t our e>? is an oblate sph]e1 :i*1 by ! effects ( its rotation ar\nd an axis1 is some:at enl>g$ at ! equator & flatt5$ at ! poles2--t x ma9ta9s its regul> c\rse ar\nd ! sun1 9 virtue ( ! op]ation ( two =ces1 "o ( :i*1 act+ con/antly1 w\ld ev5tually draw x into ! body ( ! sun itself2 b t x is oppos$ by ! o!r1 c5trifugal =ce1 & ! v>y+ mom5tum ( ! revolv+ mass2--t ! same =ce act+ f ! c5tre ( ! e>? itself1 & f ! c5tre ( e p>ticle ( its sub/ance1 resolves ! :ole into a globul> =m4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,gravitation#ai is t =ce :i* resides 9 e =m ( matt]1 by :i* p>ticle is attract$ by p>ticle1 & mass by mass1 ! less t[>ds ! great]4 ,:at ?is may be1 we sc>cely d>e to speculate4 ,9 ! va/ area ( its action1 :i* op5s be=e ! eye ( ! m9d1 we see a p[] spann+ all space1 & l9k+ toge!r e "o ( ^? myriads ( worlds :i* spangle ! robe ( ! ,inf9ite1 & we are compell$ to pause4 ,is ?is pr9ciple ( gravitation a prop]ty ( matt]1 or is x a p[] high] ?an ! m tangible =ces1 is ! "q :i* presses on ! m9d4 ,if we reg>d x z a subtile pr9ciple p]vad+ all space1 we compel ourselves to look beyond x = ano!r p[] yet m ref9$2 & we _c halt until1 asc5d+ f ! limitable to ! illimitable1 we resolve gravitation & its gov]n+ influ5ces to ! c5tre ( all p[]--! w ( ! et]nal ,creator4 ,sci5ce has develop$ ! gr& tru?1 t x is by ! ex]cise ( ?is all-p]vad+ influ5ce t ! e>? is reta9$ 9 its orbit--t ! pellucid globe ( dew :i* gli/5s on ! leaf is b\nd toge!r--t ! dbris :i* float ^u ! lake accumulate into "o mass--t ! sea exhibits ! ph5om5a ( ! tides--& ! arial ocean its b>ometric *anges4 ,9 all ?+s ?is =ce is active1 & ?r\gh\t nature x is ev] pres5t4 ,our k ( ! laws :i* x obeys1 enables u to conclude t ! sun & di/ant planets are consolidat$ masses l ?is e>?4 ,we f9d t !y h gravitat+ p[]1 & by comp>+ ?is influ5ce ) t ex]t$ by ! e>?1 we are enabl$ to weigh ! mass ( "o planet aga9/ ano!r4 ,9 ! balance ( ! a/ronom]1 x is z easy to poise ! remote />1 z x is = ! eng9e] to calculate ! weight ( ! iron tunnel ( ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 or any o!r me*anical /ructure4 ,?us ?r\gh\t ! univ]se ! balance ( gravitat+ =ce is un]r+ly su/a9$4 ,if "o ( ! mo/ remote ( ^? gems ( light1 :i* flick] at midnight 9 ! d>k di/ance ( ! />ry vault1 01 by any p[]1 remov$ f its place1 ! di/urbance ( ^! delicately balanc$ my/]ies w\ld be felt ?r\gh all ! creat$ sy/ems ( worlds4 ,f ! peculi>ity ( ! laws :i* ?is p[] call$ gravity obeys1 x has be5 inf]r$ t x acts f c5tres ( =ce2 x is prov$ t its p[] dim9i%es 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & t ! gravitat+ p[] ( e mat]ial body is 9 ! direct proportion ( its mass4 ,9 a/ronomical calculations we h fir/ to le>n ! mass ( our e>?4 ,exp]im5t in=ms u t ! d5sity ( our h>de/ rock is n above #bh2 b f ! enorm\s pressure to :i* matt] mu/ be subject$1 at great dep?s f ! surface1 ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass con/antly increas+1 x is q c]ta9 t ! e>?'s d5sity mu/ be f> m ?an ?is4 ,maskelyne det]m9$ ! attraction ( l>ge masses by a plummet & l9e on ! m\nta9 ,s*ehallion4#bj ,cav5di%1 ) exce$+ly delicate app>atus1 obs]v$ ! attraction ( masses ( kn[n weight & size ^u ea* o!r4 ,apply+ ! p[]s ( ari?metical calculation1 & ! data obta9$ f ! small exp]im5ts to ! l>g] ph5om5a1 ,maskelyne det]m9$ ! e>?'s mean d5sity to be #dga1 :il/ ,cav5di% made x #edh1 b ! m rec5t ref9$ inve/igations ( ,baily h det]m9$ x to be #efg4ba ,f data ?us obta9$ by sev]e inductive exp]im5ts & ma!matical analyses1 ! a/ronom]1 by obs]v+ ! deviations ( a di/ant />1 is enabl$ to det]m9e ! influ5ce ( ^? /ell> bodies ne> :i* x passes1 &1 h5ce1 to calculate ! relative magnitudes ( ea*4 ,! accuracy ( ! law is 9 ?is way put to ! sev]e/ te/1 & ! precision ( a/ronomical pr$iction is ! /ronge/ pro( ( its univ]sality & tru?4 ,roll+ onw>d its lonely way1 9 ! f> imm5sity ( our sy/em1 ! planet ,uranus 0 discov]$ by ! eld] ,h]s*el1--s great its di/ance t its dim9i%$ light c\ld sc>cely be detect$ by ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes2 b s9ce its discov]y its pa? has be5 c>efully wat*$1 & "s irregul>ities notic$4 ,mo/ ( ^! di/urbances 7 ref]able to kn[n causes2 b a little alt]ation 9 its rate ( motion obs]v$ :5 ! planet 0 9 "o portion ( its va/ orbit 0 unexpla9$4 ,conv9c$ ( ! c]ta9ty ( ,newton's law1 & hav+ det]m9$ t ! attraction ( kn[n masses 0 insuffici5t to produce ! di/urbance obs]v$1 ^! deviations 7 ref]r$ to ! gravitat+ influ5ce ( a mass beyond ! kn[n limits ( our ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,by ! inve/igations ( ,adams 9 ,engl&1#bb & ,le ,v]ri] 9 ,france1#bc ! place ( ! hypo!tical mass 0 det]m9$1 & its size comput$4 ,z a gr& confirmation ( ! great law1 & to ! glory ( ^? two f>-se>*+ m9ds1 :o d hon\r to _! respective c\ntries & _! age1 ! hypo!sis became a fact1 9 ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune 9 ! place det]m9$ by rigor\s calculation4 ,a/ronomy af=ds o!r examples ( ! sublime tru? ( ! law ( gravitation1 ?an :i* sci5ce c af=d no m elevat$ poetry4 ,s completely is all nature lock$ 9 ! bonds ( ?is inf9ite p[]1 t x is no poetic exagg]ation to decl>e1 t ! bl[ :i* r5ds any e>?ly mass is convey$ by successive impulses to e "o ( ! myriads ( orbs1 :i* are ev5 too remote = ! rea* ( telescopic vision4 ,an illu/rative exp]im5t mu/ close our consid]ation ( relative op]ations ( rotation & gravitation4 ,we well "k t a body 9 a fluid /ate w\ld1 if susp5d$ above ! e>?1 x be+ at ! same "t free to take any =m1 naturally assume t ( a flatt5$ sph]oid1 f ! action ( ! mass ( ! e>? ^u x3 :]eas ! =ce ( cohesive attraction act+ equally f all sides ( a c5tre1 w\ld1 if un9flu5c$1 necess>ily produce a p]fect sph]e4 ,! be/ me?od ( %[+ t ?is w\ld be ! case1 is z foll[s3-- ,alcohol & wat] are to be mix$ toge!r until ! fluid is ( ! same specific gravity z olive oil4 ,if1 :5 ?is is effect$1 we drop globules ( ! oil into ! mix$ fluid1 x w be se5 t !y take an orbicul> =m2--&1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is exp]im5t ! p[] ( ! e>?'s gravitat+ influ5ce is neutraliz$4 ,! same drops ( oil "u any o!r conditions w\ld be flatt5$4 ,simple z ?is illu/ration is1 x tells mu* ( ! wondr\s secret ( ^? beautifully balanc$ =ces ( cohesion & ( gravitation2 & f ! prosaic fact we rise to a great philosophical tru?4 ,our exp]im5t may lead u yet f>!r 9 exemplification ( kn[n ph5om5a4 ,if we pass a /eel wire ?r\gh "o ( ^? float+ sph]es ( oil1 & make x revolve rapidly & /eadily1 ?us imitat+ ! motion ( a planet on its axis1 ! oil spreads out1 & we h ! sph]oidal =m ( our e>?4 ,increase ! rapidity ( ?is rotation1 & :5 a c]ta9 rate is obta9$ ! oil wid5s into a disc1 a r+ sep>ates itself f a c5tral globe1 & at a di/ance f x /ill revolves ar\nd x4#bd ,"h we h a m9iature repres5tation ( ! r+ ( ,saturn4 ,?is is a sugge/ive exp]im5t1 ! repetition ( :i*1 by reflective m9ds1 _c fail to lead to important d$uctions4 ,! ph5om5a ( cohesion1 ( motion1 & gravitation1 are all involv$2 & we produce results resembl+1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 ! conditions :i* prevail 9 ! planet>y spaces1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! same p[]s4 ,if we take a glass globe1 & hav+ fill$ x ) a fluid ( ! prop] d5sity1 drop into x l>ge & small globules ( oil1 we may produce an in/ructive repres5tation ( ! /ell> vault1 ) its beautiful sph]es ( light revolv+ 9 _! respective orbits2 & ?\gh cross+ ea* o!r's pa?s1 /ill mov+ 9 ob$i5ce to attract+ & repell+ =ces--onw>d 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,f ! c5tre ( our e>? to ! utmo/ extremity ( ! univ]se--f ! inf9itely small to ! imm5sely va/--gravitation ex]ts its =ce4 ,x is met on all sides by physical p[]s act+ 9 antagonism to x1 b1 l a rul+ _s1 x re/ra9s !m 9 _! wilde/ moods4 ,! smalle/ du/ :i* floats ^u ! w9d ,be>s ?is /rong impress ( ! ,et]nal ,m9d4 ,9 my/]y r\nd x1 subtile =ces roll2 ,& gravitation b9ds & guides ! :ole4 ,9 e s&1 be=e ! tempe/ hurl'd1 ,lie lock$ ! p[]s :i* regulate a _w1 ,& f ea* atom human ?\ght may rise ,) might to pi]ce ! my/]ies ( ! skies1-- ,to try ea* =ce :i* rules ! mighty plan1 ,( mov+ planets1 or ( brea?+ man2 ,& f ! secret wond]s ( ea* sod1 ,evoke ! tru?s1 & le>n ! p[] ( ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,?ree hypo!ses may be us$ to acc\nt = ?is mo/ curi\s ph5om5on4 #a/4 ,! body %9es by its own light1 & !n explodes l a sky-rocket1 break+ into m9ute fragm5ts too small to be any long] visible to ! nak$ eye4 #bnd4 ,su* a body1 hav+ %one by its own light1 sudd5ly ceases to be lum9\s4 8,! fall+ />s & o!r fi]y meteors :i* are frequ5tly se5 at a consid]able height 9 ! atmosph]e1 & :i* h receiv$ diff]5t names accord+ to ! v>iety ( _! figure & size1 arise f ! f]m5tation ( ! effluvia ( acid & alkal9e bodies :i* float 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! m subtile p>ts ( ! effluvia are burn$ away1 ! visc\s & e>?y p>ts become too heavy = ! air to support1 & by _! gravity fall to ! e>?40--,kei?'s ,use ( ! ,globes4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahdg1 8! lum9\s appe>ances ( %oot+ />s & meteors _c be ow+ to any inflammation ( ela/ic fluids1 b mu/ dep5d ^u ! ignition ( solid bodies40 #c4 ,! body %9es by ! reflect$ light ( ! sun1 & ceases to be visible by its pass+ into ! e>?'s %ad[1 or1 9 o!r words1 is eclips$4 ,^u ! two =m] suppositions ! fact ( ! />'s disappe>ance conveys to u no k ( its position1 or ( its di/ance f ! e>?2 & all t c be said is1 t if x be a satellite ( ! e>?1 ! great rapidity ( its motion involves ! necessity ( its be+ at no great di/ance f ! e>?'s surface--mu* ne>] ?an ! moon2 :ile ! resi/ance x w\ld enc\nt] 9 trav]s+ ! air w\ld be s great t x is probably )\t ! limits ( our atmosph]e4 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,lubbock leans to ! ?ird hypo!sis4--,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,lubbock1 ,on ,%oot+ ,/>s3 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,no4 #bac1 p4 #ha4 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock also publi%$ a supplem5t>y pap] on ! same subject1 9 ,no4 #bad1 p4 #agj4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,j\le ent]ta9s an hypo!sis ) respect to ,%oot+ ,/>s simil> to t advocat$ by ,*ladni to acc\nt = meteoric /ones1 & he reckons ! ignition ( ^! m9iature planet>y bodies by _! viol5t collision ) our atmosph]e1 to be a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! doctr9e ( ! equival5cy ( heat to me*anical p[]1 or vis viva4 ,if we suppose a meteoric /one ( ! size ( a six-in* cube to ent] our atmosph]e at ! rate ( eighte5 miles p] second ( "t1 ! atmosph]e be+ #a_/ajj ( its d5sity at ! e>?'s surface1 ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! motion ( ! /one w 9 ?is case be at lea/ #ea1fjj lbs42 & if ! /one trav]se tw5ty miles ) ?is am\nt ( resi/ance1 suffici5t heat w !reby be develop$ to give #a ,fahr5heit to #f1ifg1ihj lbs4 ( wat]4 ,( c\rse by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ?is heat w be giv5 to ! displac$ air1 e p>ticle ( :i* w su/a9 ! %ock1 :il/ only ! surface ( ! /one w be 9 viol5t collision ) ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! /one may be consid]$ z plac$ 9 a bla/ ( int5sely heat$ air1 ! heat be+ communicat$ f ! surface to ! c5tre by conduction4 ,only a small portion ( ! heat evolv$ w !re=e be receiv$ by ! /one2 b if we e/imate x at only #a_/ajj x w /ill be equal to #a ,fahr5heit p] #fi1fgi lbs4 ( wat]1 a quantity q equal to ! melt+ & dissipation ( any mat]ials ( :i* x may be compos$4--,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,j\le1 ,on ,%oot+ ,/>s3 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,no4 #baf1 p4 #cdh4 #ad 8,laplace conjectures t 9 ! orig9al condition ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! sun revolv$ ^u 8 axis1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e :i*1 9 virtue ( an excessive heat1 ext5d$ f> beyond ! orbits ( all ! planets1 ! planets z yet hav+ no exi/5ce4 ,! heat gradually dim9i%$1 & z ! sol> atmosph]e contract$ by cool+1 ! rapidity ( its rotation increas$ by ! laws ( rotatory motion2 & an ext]ior zone ( vap\r 0 deta*$ f ! re/1 ! c5tral attraction be+ no long] able to ov]come ! increas$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is zone ( vap\r might 9 "s cases reta9 its =m1 z we see x 9 ,saturn's r+2 b m usually ! r+ ( vap\r w\ld break into sev]al masses1 & ^! w\ld g5]ally coalesce into "o mass1 :i* w\ld revolve ab\t ! sun10--,:ewell's ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 ,! foll[+ passage is translat$ by ! same au?or f ,laplace3-- 8,! ant]ior /ate 7a /ate ( cl\dy brightness7 0 itself prec$$ by o!r /ates1 9 :i* ! nebul\s matt] 0 m & m diffuse1 ! nucleus be+ less & less lum9\s4 ,we arrive 9 ?is mann] at a nebulosity s diffuse1 t its exi/5ce c\ld sc>ce be suspect$4 ,su* is 9 fact ! fir/ /ate ( ! nebula :i* ,h]s*el c>efully obs]v$ by means ( 8 telescope40 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el has ! foll[+ obs]vations on ^! rem>kable masses3-- 8,! nature ( planet>y nebul1 :i* has hi!rto be5 involv$ 9 mu* d>kness1 may n[ be expla9$ ) "s degree ( satisfaction1 s9ce ! uni=m & v consid]able brightness ( _! app>5t disc accords rem>kably well ) a mu* cond5s$1 lum9\s fluid2 :]eas1 to suppose !m to consi/ ( clu/]+ />s w n s completely acc\nt = ! milk9ess or s(t t9t ( _! light1 to produce :i* x w\ld be requir$ t ! cond5sation ( ! />s %\ld be c>ri$ to an almo/ inconceivable degree ( accumulation4 8,h[ f> ! light t is p]petually emitt$ f millions ( suns may be conc]n$ 9 ?is %9+ fluid1 x might be presumptu\s to attempt to det]m9e2 b not)/&+ ! inconceivable subtilty ( ! p>ticles ( light1 :5 ! numb] ( ! emitt+ bodies is almo/ inf9itely great1 & ! "t ( ! cont9ual emission indef9itely long1 ! quantity ( emitt$ p>ticles may well become adequate to ! con/itution ( a %9+ fluid or lum9\s matt]1 provid$ a cause c be f\nd t may reta9 !m f fly+ (f1 or reunite !m40--,obs]vations on ,nebul\s ,/>s3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 lxxxi4 ,a4,d4 #agia4 ,9 addition1 ! foll[+ ,memoirs on ! same subject1 by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions3--,catalogue ( #ajjj ,nebul & ,clu/]s ( ,/>s1 vol4 lxxvi42 ,catalogue ( ano!r #ajjj1 ) rem>ks on ! ,heav5s1 vol4 lxxix42 ,catalogue ( #ejj m1 ) rem>ks z above1 vol4 xcii42 ,( su* z h a comet>y appe>ance1 vol4 ci42 ,( planet>y nebul1 ibid42 ,( /ell> nebul1 ibid42 ,on ! sid]eal "p ( ! heav5s1 & its connection ) ! nebul\s1 vol4 civ42 ,on ! relative di/ances ( clu/]s ( nebul\s />s1 vol4 cviii4 #ae ,"l ,rosse's beautiful telescopes h be5 =m$ ^u pr9ciples :i* appe> to embrace ! be/ possible conditions = obta9+ a reflect+ surface :i* %\ld reflect ! greate/ quantity ( light1 & reta9 t prop]ty little dim9i%$ = a l5g? ( "t4 ,! alloy us$ = ?is purpose consi/s ( t9 & copp] 9 atomic proportions1 namely1 "o atom ( t9 to f\r atoms ( copp]1 or by weight #ehi to #abfd4--,on ! ,con/ruction ( l>ge ,reflect+ ,telescopes3 by ,"l ,rosse4 ,report ( ! ,f\rte5? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahdd1 p4 #gi4 #af ,! be/ description ( ! ,zodiacal ,light occurs 9 a lett] furni%$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el to ! ,times newspap] 9 ,m>*1 #ahdc3--8,! zodiacal light1 z its "n imports1 inv>iably appe>s 9 ! zodiac1 or1 to speak m precisely1 9 ! plane ( ! sun's equator1 :i* is #g incl9$ to ! zodiac1 & :i* plane1 se5 f ! sun1 int]sects ! ecliptic 9 longitude #gh & #beh1 or s mu* 9 advance ( ! equ9octial po9ts3 9 consequ5ce x is se5 to ! be/ advantage at1 or a little aft]1 ! equ9oxes2 aft] sunset1 at ! spr+1 & be=e sunrise1 at ! autumnal equ9ox2 n only because ! direction ( its app>5t axis lies at ^? times m ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 b also because at ^? epo*s we are approa*+ ! situation :5 x is se5 mo/ completely 9 section4 8,at ! v]nal equ9ox ! appe>ance ( ! zodiacal light is t ( a pretty broad pyramidal1 or r l5ticul>1 body ( light1 :i* beg9s to be visible z soon z ! twilight decays4 ,x is v bright at its l[] or broad] "p ne> ! horizon1 &1 if !re be brok5 cl\ds ab\t1 (t5 appe>s l ! gl[ ( a di/ant conflagration1 or ( ! ris+ moon1 only less r$1 giv+ rise1 9 %ort1 to amorph\s masses ( light su* z h be5 notic$ by "o ( y\r correspond5ts z possibly app]ta9+ to ! comet4 ,at high] altitudes1 its light fades gradually1 & is seldom traceable mu* beyond ! ,pleiades1 :i* x usually1 h[ev]1 atta9s & involves1 & 7:at is mo/ to my pres5t purpose7 its axis at ! v]nal equ9ox is always incl9$ 7to ! nor?w>d ( ! equator7 at an angle ( betwe5 #fj & #gj to ! horizon1 & x is mo/ lum9\s at its base1 re/+ on ! horizon1 :]e also x is broade/1 occupy+1 9 fact1 an angul> bread? ( some:]e ab\t #aj or #ab 9 ord9>y cle> wea!r40 #ag 8,! assumption t ! ext5t ( ! />ry firmam5t is lit]ally inf9ite has be5 made by "o ( ! greate/ ( a/ronom]s1 ! late ,dr4 ,olb]s1 ! basis ( a conclusion t ! cele/ial spaces are1 9 "s slight degree1 defici5t 9 transp>5cy2 s t all beyond a c]ta9 di/ance is1 & mu/ rema9 = ev]1 unse52 ! geometrical progression ( ! ext9ction ( light f> outrunn+ ! effect ( any conceivable increase 9 ! p[] ( our telescopes4 ,7 x n s1 x is argu$1 e "p ( ! cele/ial concave ought to %9e ) ! brightness ( ! sol> disc1 s9ce no visual ray c\ld be s direct$ z n1 9 "s po9t or o!r ( its inf9ite l5g?1 to enc\nt] su* a disc40--,ed9burgh ,review1 p4 #ahe1 = ,janu>y1 #ahdh2 ,etudes d',a/ronomie ,/ellaire4 #ah ,9 ! ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t5 ( ,july1 #ahdf1 appe>$ a ,memoir by ,m4 ,mdl]1 ,die ,c5tralsonne4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by ,mdl] may be und]/ood f ! foll[+ quotation f a ,fr5* translation1 made by ,m4 ,a4 ,gauti]1 9 ! ,ar*ives des ,sci5ces ,physiques et ,naturelles1 = ,octob]1 #ahdf3--8,quoiqu'il rsulte de ce qui prcde que la rgion du ciel que j'ai adopte satisfait t\tes les conditions poses plus haut1 il n'en e/ pas mo9s conv5able de la s\mettre t\tes les preuves possibles4 ,plusieurs essais de comb9aisons diffr5tes m'ont conva9cu qu'on ne p\rrait tr\v] aucun autre po9t dans le ciel qui pt t5ir lieu1 mme d'une manire appro*e1 que celui que j'ai adopt4 ,on p\rrait ma9t5ant m'address] l'objection que1 si la rgion du ciel o se tr\ve le c5tre de gravit de notre sy/me d'toiles fixes1 e/ dt]m9e p> ce qui prcde entre c]ta9es limites1 il n'en rsulte pas la ncessit de *oisir ,alcyone p\r ce c5tre1 att5du qu'il p\rrait bi5 tomb] sur quelqu'autre toile situe dans le gr\pe ou dans son vois9age4 ,mais outre que c'e/ t\t prs de l que se tr\ve le gr\pe le plus brillant et le plus ri*e en toiles de t\t le ciel1 et qu'il ne s'agit po9t ici d'un po9t arbitraire situ dans le vois9age peu app>5t et qui n'ait ri5 qui le di/+ue1 il ne se tr\ve nul "p1 mme dans la rgion vois9e1 une aussi exacte concordance des m\vem5ts propres qu'ici1 et ces m\vem5ts correspond5t mieux que t\s les autres aux conditions tablies plus haut4 ,or si l'on doit considr] ce gr\pe c5tral1 entre les toiles galem5t loignes1 on peut prsum] que la plus brillante de beauc\p prs5te la plus gr&e masse4 ,outre cela ,alcyone1 considre optiquem5t1 e/ au milieu du gr\pe des ,pleades2 et son m\vem5t propre1 dt]m9 p> ,bessel1 e/ plus exactem5t en accord avec la moy5ne de ceux des autres ,pleades2 a9si que des toiles de cette rgion jusqu' #aj de di/ance4 ,je puis donc tablir comme consqu5ce de t\t ce qui prcde1 que le gr\pe des ,pleades e/ le gr\pe c5tral de l'ensemble du sy/me des toiles fixes1 jusqu'aux limites extrieures dt]m9es p> la ,voie ,lacte2 et que ,alcyone e/ l'toile de ce gr\pe qui p>at tre1 le plus vraisemblablem5t1 le vrai ,soleil c5tral40 #ai ,see ! article ,on ,gravitation1 ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 f ! p5 ( ! ,a/ronom]-,royal4 #bj ,delambre dates ! comm5cem5t ( mod]n a/ronomical obs]vation 9 its mo/ p]fect =m f ,maskelyne1 :o 0 ! fir/ :o gave :at is n[ call$ a /&>d catalogue 7,a4,d4 #agij7 ( />s2 t is1 a numb] ( />s obs]v$ ) su* frequ5cy & accuracy1 t _! places s]ve z /&>d po9ts ( ! heav5s4 ,8 sugge/ion ( ! ,nautical ,almanack1 & 8 sup]9t5d5ce ( x to ! end ( 8 life1 f its fir/ publication 9 #agfg1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,almanack 7vol4 i4 p4 #cfd72 8 ,s*ehallion ,exp]im5t on ,attraction 9 vol4 iii4 p4 #fi2 & ! "* ( 8 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vations 9 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddb4 #ba ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! ,d5sity ( ! ,e>?4 ,by ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 & ,f4,a4,s4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #agih4 #bb ,adams3 ,an ,explanation ( ! obs]v$ irregul>ities 9 ! motion ( ,uranus1 on ! hypo!sis ( di/urbance caus$ by a m di/ant ,planet4--,app5dix to ,nautical ,almanack = #ahea4 #bc ,le ,v]ri]3 ,premi] ,mmoire sur la ?orie d',uranus1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 vol4 xxi42 ,sur la plante qui produit les anomalies obs]ves dans le m\vem5t d',uranus4--,ib4 vol4 xxiii4 #bd ,! exp]im5t allud$ to is "o ( a s]ies by ,m4 ,plateau1 :o ?us describes 8 arrangem5t ( ! fluid3--8,we beg9 by mak+ a mixture ( alcohol & di/ill$ wat]1 conta9+ a c]ta9 excess ( alcohol1 s t :5 submitt$ to ! trial ( ! te/ tube x lets ! small sph]e ( oil fall to ! bottom r rapidly4 ,:5 ?is po9t is obta9$1 ! :ole is ?r[n ^u filt]s1 c>e be+ tak5 to cov] ! funnels conta9+ ^! la/ ) plates ( glass2 ?is precaution is tak5 9 ord] to prev5t1 z mu* z possible1 ! evaporation ( ! alcohol4 ,! alcoholic liquor passes ! fir/ ?r\gh ! filt]s1 ord9>ily c>ry+ ) x a c]ta9 numb] ( v m9ute sph]ules ( oil ,:5 ! great] "p has ?us pass$1 ! sph]ules become m num]\s2 :at /ill rema9s 9 ! fir/ filt]s1 namely1 ! oil & a residue ( alcoholic liquor1 is !n ?r[n into a s+le filt] plac$ on a new flask4 ,?is la/ filtration takes place mu* m sl[ly ?an ! fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! viscosity ( ! oil2 x is consid]ably accel]at$ by r5ew+ ! filt] once or twice dur+ ! op]ation4 ,if ! funnel has be5 cov]$ ) suffici5t c>e1 ! oil w collect into a s+le mass at ! bottom ( ! flask "u a lay] ( alcoholic liquor40--,on ! ,ph5om5a pres5t$ by a free ,liquid ,mass )drawn f ! action ( ,gravity4 ,by ,pr(essor ,plateau1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gh5t4 ,translat$ f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,brussels1 vol4 xvi42 9 ! ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iv4 "p #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,molecul> ,,=ces4 ,conditions ( ,matt]--,v>iety ( organiz$ ,=ms--,inorganic ,=ms--,all matt] r$ucible to ! mo/ simple conditions--,transmutation1 a natural op]ation--,*emical ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples--,divisibility ( ,matt]--,atoms--,molecules--,p>ticles--, molecul> ,=ce includes sev]al ,ag5cies--,in/anc$ 9 ! ,action ( ,heat on ,bodies--,all ,bodies por\s--,solution--,mixture--,comb9ation- -,c5tres ( ,=ce--,diff]5t ,/ates ( ,matt] 7,allotropic ,conditions7--,!ories ( ,frankl91 p9us1 & ,c\lomb--,electrical & ,magnetic ,ag5cies--,anci5t ,notions--,cohesive ,attraction1 c4 ,9 contemplat+ ! works ( nature1 we _c b reg>d1 ) feel+s ( religi\s admiration1 ! inf9ite v>iety ( =ms "u :i* matt] is pres5t$ to our s5ses4 ,on e h& ! utmo/ div]sity is exhibit$2 ?r\gh all ?+s we trace ! mo/ p]fect ord]2 & ov] all is diffus$ ! *>m ( beauty4 ,x is ! un$ucat$ or deprav$ alone :o f9d de=mities 9 ! creations by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,! ?ree conditions ( matt] are--! solid1 ! fluid1 & ! ari=m2 & ^! belong equally to ! organic & ! inorganic _w4 ,9 organic nature we h an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( animal =m1 pres5t+ developm5ts widely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 yet 9 e case suit$ to ! circum/ances requir$ by ! position :i* ! creature1 occupies 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,?r\gh ! entire s]ies1 f ! ,polype to ! high] ord] ( animals1 ev5 to man1 we f9d a uni=mity 9 ! progress t[>ds p]fection1 & a cont9uity 9 ! s]ies1 :i* betrays ! great secret1 t ! my/]y ( life is ! same 9 all1--a p]vad+ spiritual ess5ce associat$ ) matt]1 & modify+ x by ! ma/]-me*anism ( an ,inf9ite m9d4 ,9 ! vegetable clo?+ ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* fits x = ! abode ( man & animals--f ! conf]v ( a /agnant pool1 or ! li*5 ( ! w9d-beat5 rocks1 to ! lordly oak or t[]+ palm--a s+ul>ly beautiful *a9 ( be+ pres5ts itself to ! contemplative m9d1 & we _c b trace ! gradual elevation 9 ! scale ( organization4 ,9 ! inorganic _w1 :]e ! great ph5om5a ( life are want+1 we h con/antly exhibit$ ! work+ ( p[]s ( a /rangely complicat$ k9d4 ,! symmetrical arrangem5t ( cry/als--! div]sifi$ *>act]s ( m9]al =mations--! sy/ematic aggregations ( p>ticles to =m masses possess+ prop]ties ( a peculi> & /rik+ nature--all prove1 t ag5cies1 :i* sci5ce1 ) all its ref9em5ts1 has n yet detect$1 are unceas+ly at "w4 ,heat1 electricity1 *emical p[]--:atev] t may be--& ! =ces ( cohesion1 are kn[n to be involv$ 9 ! production ( ! =ms we see2 b contemplation soon leads to ! conviction t ^! p[]s are subord9ate to o!rs :i* we "k n (4 ,we "k only ! ?+s belong+ to ! surface ( our planet1 & ^! b sup]ficially4 ,! geologi/ traces rock-=mations succe$+ ea* o!r 7f ! prim>y /rata hold+ no traces ( organiz$ =ms1 ?r\gh ! ,paleozoic s]ies1 9 :i*1 /ep by /ep1 ! hi/ory ( animal life is record$17 to ! m rec5t =mations1 teem+ ) relics1 :i*1 ?\gh alli$ to "s animal types /ill exi/+1 are g5]ally su* z h pass$ away4 ,! naturali/ se>*es ! e>?1 ! wat]s1 & ! air1 = _! liv+ ?+s2 & ! div]sity ( =m1 ! v>iety ( condition1 & ! p]fection ( organization :i* he discov]s z belong+ to ?is our epo*--diff]+ f1 inde$ be>+ b a slight relation to1 ^? :i* m>k ! e>?'s mutations--exhibit1 9 a mo/ /rik+ view1 ! endless v>iety ( *>act]s :i* matt] c assume4 ,we are s accu/om$ to all ^! ph5om5a ( matt]1 t x is ) "s difficulty we c b5d ourselves to ! /udy ( ! m simple conditions 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,! solid cru/s ( ?is telluric sph]e--! wat]s & ! atmosph]e--! div]sifi$ fabrics ( ! vegetable k+dom--& ! /ill m complicat$ /ructures ( m5 & animals--are1 altoge!r1 b ! aggregation ( m9ute p>ticles 9 accordance ) c]ta9 fix$ laws4 ,by me*anical means all k9ds ( matt] may be r$uc$ to p[d]1 ! f9e p>ticles ( :i* w\ld n appe> v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 b ea* atom has be5 impress$ ) prop]ties peculi> to itself1 :i* man has no p[] to *ange4 ,to nature alone belongs ! my/]i\s prop]ty ( transmutation4 ,! en?usia/ic al*emi/1 by ! ag5cy ( physical =ces1 dissipates a metal 9 vap\r2 b x rema9s a metal1 & ! same metal /ill4 ,by ! ,h]metic art he breaks up ! comb9ation ( masses2 b he _c alt] ! pr9ciples ( any "o ( ! elem5ts :i* =m ! mass ^u :i* 8 skill is tri$4 ,e atom is inve/$ ) prop]ties peculi> to all ( its class2 & ea* "o possesses p[]s1 to :i* 9 mute ob$i5ce x is compell$1 by :i* ^! prop]ties are modifi$1 & ! "* ( matt] v>i$4 ,:at are ^? prop]ties8 ,d we "k any?+ ( ^? p[]s8 ,! e>?1 s f> z we are acqua9t$ ) x1 is compos$ ( ab\t sixty pr9ciples1 :i* we call elem5t>y4 ,^! are ! mo/ simple /ates to :i* we c r$uce matt]1 & f !m all ! =ms ( creation yet exam9$ by ! *emi/ are produc$4 ,^! elem5t>y pr9ciples are1 "s ( !m1 p]man5tly gase\s "u ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & o!rs exi/ z solid masses2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two conditions be+ regulat$1 z x appe>s1 by ! oppos+ =ces ( heat & cohesive attraction4 ,matt] has be5 reg>d$ by "s z inf9itely divisible2 b ! kn[n conditions ( *emical comb9ations lead to ! conclusion t !re are limits beyond :i* matt] _c be divid$4#be ,! !ory ( atoms hav+ det]m9ate *>act]s1 & possess+ symmetric =ms1 c]ta9ly has ! advantage ( pres5t+ to ! human m9d a />t+ po9t--a sort ( /&+ gr\nd1--f :i* x c direct ! survey ( cosmical ph5om5a4 ,! metaphysical hypo!sis1 :i* resolves all matt] into prop]ties1 & ref]s all ?+s to ideas1 leaves ! m9d 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty & bewild]m5t4 ,adapt+ ! views ( ,dumas1 ) "s modifications1#bf x w be f\nd m satisfactory to reg>d ! ultimate atoms ( matt] z po9ts beyond ! rea* ( our exam9ation2 :i*1 accord+ to a law1 det]m9$ by ! influ5ces ( ! s-call$ impond]able =ces1 unite to =m molecules4 ,aga91 ^! molecules comb9e to =m ! p>ticles ( ! mass :i* we may reg>d z ! limit ( me*anical division4 ,! p>ticles ( solid bodies are solid1 ^? ( fluids fluid1 & ^? ( gase\s bodies are !mselves ari=m2 b x does n foll[ t ! molecules ( any body %\ld be necess>ily solid1 fluid1 or ari=m1 f ! circum/ance ( _! hav+ =m$ ! p>ticles ( a body 9 "o ( ^! /ates4 ,z ?is planet--a molecule 9 space--is =m$ ( aggregat$ atoms1 & envelop$ by its own physical ag5cies--& z x is involv$ 9 ! inf9itely ext5d+ influ5ces ( o!r planet>y molecules1 & ?us =ms "p ( a sy/em--s ! molecules ( any mass are gr\p$ into a sy/em or p>ticle1 :i* possesses ! great *>act]i/ic features ( ! :ole4 ,9 an ari=m body ! p>ticles are 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity1 ! molecules be+ !mselves1 by ! influ5ce ( "s repulsive =ce1 j on ! v]ge :]e cohesion ex]ts its decay+ p[]4 ,9 fluid bodies ! att5uation ( ! p>ticles is less--! p>ticles & also ! molecules are ne>] toge!r1--:]eas1 9 ! solid body1 ! =ces ( cohesion are mo/ /rongly ex]t$1 & all ! molecul> conditions br\ght m p[]fully into action4 ,"u ! t]m molecul> =ce1 we include sev]al ag5cies1--n alike 9 ! ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit1 b :i* are all-p[]ful 9 produc+ ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( bodies4 ,^! require a some:at close exam9ation4 ,all ! p>ticles ( ev5 a solid mass may be br\ght "u conditions on :i* !y are free to move4 ,by heat we c increase ! l5g? & ?ickness ( a b> ( iron1 or any o!r metal1 & at l5g? produce ! fluid /ate1--a melt$ metal fl[s z freely z wat] 9 a /ream4 ,fluids1 & gases 9 l mann] obey ! disp]sive influ5ce ( caloric4 ,f ^! & o!r analog\s results we le>n t all bodies h a great] or less degree ( porosity4 ,! di/ance at :i* ! p>ticles ( fluid bodies are ma9ta9$ is /rik+ly prov$ by ! fact1 t hydrat$ salts dissolv$ 9 wat] occupy no m space ?an t :i* is equal to ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! cry/all9e body2 :ile anhydr\s salts dissolve )\t at all increas+ ! bulk ( ! fluid4 ,all ! solid matt] ( ! salt mu/1 9 ^! cases1 x w\ld appe>1 g to fill up ! int]/itial spaces :i* we suppose to exi/ 9 ! liquid4#bg ,! conditions :i* regulate ! solubility ( bodies1 & ! p[] ( solution1 reg>d$ ei!r z a me*anical or a *emical process1 are v obscure4 ,we might be l$ to suppose1 t ^? bodies possess+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( unoccupi$ space 7 capable ( hold+ ! greate/ quantity ( soluble matt] dissolv$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ ! case1 ! d5s] fluids g5]ally hav+ ! greate/ solv5t p[]4 ,! peculi> mann] 9 :i* hydrog5 gas appe>s to dissolve solid sub/ances1--z iron1 potassium1 sodium1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 sel5ium1 & ars5ic1 may be expla9$ by reg>d+ ! results z a manife/ation ( ! p[]s ( *emical aff9ity ov] ! =ms ( bodies4 ,9 l mann]1 ! solution ( salt 9 wat]1 or ! mixture ( alcohol 9 t fluid1 may be view$ z *emical ph5om5a1 al?\gh usually consid]$ z simple cases ( solution or mixture3 alt]ations ( temp]ature & o!r physical *anges tak+ place 9 ei!r4 ,if two masses ( metal1--ei!r t9 & copp]1 = example1--are melt$ & comb9$1 ! unit$ mass w n equal ! bulk ( ! two masses4 ,if a p9t measure ( oil ( vitriol & an equal quantity ( wat] are mix$ toge!r1 ! comb9$ fluids w n fill a two p9t measure4#bh ,9 ^! in/ances a l>ge quantity ( heat is r5d]$ s5sible1 z if x _h be5 squeez$ out by ! =ce ) :i* ! p>ticles comb9$1 f int]/ices1 :i* 7 fill$ )1 :at we may be all[$ to call1 an atmosph]e ( heat4 ,h5ce we conclude t1 among/ ! influ5ces det]m9+ ! molecul> con/itution ( a body1 heat p]=ms an important "p4 ,all ^! facts g to prove t ! atoms :i* =m ! comp\nd body1 :atev] may be its "*1 are dispos$ ( z s _m c5tres ( =ce1 :i* act by influ5ces ( a peculi> "* ^u ea* o!r4 ,t ^! influ5ces are dep5d5t ^u kn[n physical =ces is c]ta92 b ! laws by :i* ! p[]s ( ! ultimate atom are alt]$ rema9 /ill unkn[n4 ,9 ! great op]ations ( nature1 *anges are produc$ :i* we _c und]/&1 & v>iations ( condition d c]ta9ly occur1 :i* may be reg>d$ z in/ances ( transmutation4 ,among/ o!rs1 we may adduce ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* we "k c>bon to exi/4 ,we h ! diamond ) its beautiful light-refract+ prop]ty1 its h>dness & high specific gravity1 capable ( be+ conv]t$ into graphite & coke4#bi ,*>coal1 graphite1 & ! diamond1 are totally unlike ea* o!r1 yet we "k !y are ea* compos$ ( ! same atoms4 ,*>coal is a black irregul> sub/ance1 light1 & readily inflammable2 graphite is cry/allizable2 b ! =ms ( its cry/als _c be ref]r$ to ^? ( ! diamond1 & x burns ) difficulty4 ,! diamond occurs 9 ! mo/ regul> & beautifully transp>5t =ms2 & x c be burn$ only at ! highe/ artificial temp]atures4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ by exp]im5t t ! brilliant & transp>5t gem is made up ( ! same atoms z ^? :i* g to =m ! dull black mass ( *>coal4 ,f diamonds1 z is above /at$1 coke has be5 =m$ by ! heat ( ! voltaic batt]y1 & rec5t exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! volatiliz$ c>bon con/antly pass+ (f f "o ( ! poles ( a suffici5tly p[]ful batt]y1 is deposit$ 9 a cry/all9e p[d]1 possess+ mo/ ( ! prop]ties1 z x reg>ds h>dness1 c4 ( true diamond du/4 ,:at is ! my/]y ( ?is8 ,we "k n4 ,! peculi> conditions h be5 ! subjects ( anxi\s /udy2 b sci5ce has n yet let 9 a ray ( light ^u ! my/]y4 ,t a diff]5t /ate--x has be5 call$ an allotropic condition--is (t5 induc$ 9 ! same class ( atoms is c]ta92 & h5ce ! v>iety ( ! result+ comp\nds4 ,to cont9ue our illu/rations ) c>bon--may n its comb9ations1 9 uni=m proportions ) oxyg5 & hydrog51#cj owe _! diff]5ces to "s allotropic *ange 9 ! ultimate atoms ( ?is elem5t4 ,we "k t silicon--! metallic base ( fl9t--is capable ( assum+ two or m diff]5t /ates2 & t sulphur1 sel5ium1 phosphorus1 & ars5ic1 are susceptible ( ^! rem>kable *anges 9 :i*1 )\t ! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! *emical "*1 a complete *ange 9 ! physical condition is produc$4 ,copp]1 iron1 t91 & manganese1 are kn[n to exi/ 9 at lea/ two /ates ( physical dissimil>ity1 & _m ( ! r>] metals exhibit ! same peculi>ity4#ca ,h5ce1 may we n inf] t "s ( ^? sub/ances1 :i* we n[ t]m elem5t>y1 are b alt]$ conditions ( ! same elem5t8 ,! resemblance betwe5 _m ( ^? bodies /r5g!ns ! supposition4 ,iridium & plat9um1--iron & nickel1--*lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 & probably fluor9e1--are good examples ( ^! simil>ities1 al?\gh ^! bodies are all di/+ui%$ by physical & *emical diff]5ces4 ,! light-refract+ gem1 :i* gli/5s on ! neck ( beauty1 & is valu$ = its transp>5cy1 diff]s only f ! rude lump ( coke 9 its molecul> arrangem5t4 ,*emi/ry tea*es u t we may1 )\t produc+ any dis>rangem5t ( ! aff9ities1 b by m]ely sett+ up molecul> di/urbance1 effect decid$ *anges1 z is /rik+ly %[n 9 ! col\r ( iodide ( m]cury *ang+ f r$ to yell[ "u slight influ5ces ( heat1 & back aga9 to r$ by a g5tle me*anical di/urbance4 ,by a slight *ange1 m]ely molecul>1 iron may be made to resemble plat9um 9 its physical prop]ties4#cb ,an iron wire plung$ into nitric acid is attack$ by ! acid ) viol5ce2 b if "o extremity ( ! wire is heat$ 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 su* a *ange ( /ate is produc$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! wire1 t if x be n[ plung$ into nitric acid no effect is produc$ ^u x4 ,on /udy+ ?is "q1 we f9d good reason = suppos+ t bodies :i*1 ?\gh physically diff]5t1 resemble ea* o!r 9 "s ( _! prop]ties1 iod9e1 brom9e1 c41 are ! results ( diff]5t allotropic conditions :i* h be5 impress$ ^u ! ultimate atoms1 simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! sub/ances nam$4 ,?is hypo!sis appe>s to be m 9 accordance ) ! great pr9ciples :i* we mu/ conceive guid$ ! lab\rs ( an ,inf9ite ,m9d1 ?an t :i* supposes a va/ numb] ( individual creations4 ,x w be se5 9 ! sequel t light1 heat1 electricity1 & *emical action1 h ! p[] ( produc+ yet m /rik+ *anges 9 ! =ms ( bodies4 ,is x n probable t1 accord+ to ! op]ations ( ^! ag5ts1 ei!r comb9$ or sep>ate1 act+ ov] diff]5t spaces ( "t1 & "u v>y+ circum/ances1 9 relation to ! molecul> =ces1 all ^? allotropic /ates may be produc$8 ,h5ce bodies may be discov]$1 :i*1--f ! imp]fections ( sci5ce1--resi/+ our means ( analysis1 mu/1 = a "t1 be reg>d$ z new elem5ts1 :]eas !y are possibly only alt]$ /ates ( ! same sub/ance4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday & ( ,plck] prove t all matt] exi/s 9 c]ta9 pol> conditions1 hav+ p[]s ( mutual attraction & repulsion4#cc ,are ! molecul> =ces1 s call$1 to be ref]r$ to any ( ^? p[]s :i* are involv$ 9 ! g5]al t]m magnetic-pol>ity8 ,are !y n probably ! result ( "s ultimate pr9ciple ( :i* ^! prop]ties are b ! modifi$ manife/ations8 ,^! que/ions w n[ be g5]ally answ]$ 9 fav\r ( magnetism2 b 9 our ignorance we %\ld pause2 ! next g5]ation w )\t d\bt f9d ano!r solution = ! problem4 ,frankl9 suppos$ ! ultimate atoms ( bodies to be surr\nd$ by a subtile fluid or e!r1 :i* !y h ! p[] ( cond5s+ ^u _! surfaces ) great =ce--& we h exp]im5ts %[+ t ?is is probable#cd--:il/ he reg>d$ ! atoms ( ! e!r itself z mutually repell5t1 ?us e/abli%+ an equilibrium ( =ces4 p9us r$uc$ ! hypo!sis ( ,frankl9 to a ma!matical !ory2 & ,c\lomb prov$ t ! =ce ) :i* ! repulsion ( ! e!real atoms & ! attraction ( ! mat]ial molecules are produc$1 is1 l univ]sal attraction1--to :atev] p[] t may be due1--regulat$ by ! law ( ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,^! views are f\nd1 ^u m9ute exam9ation1 to hold true to ! ph5om5a ) :i* inductive sci5ce has made u acqua9t$2 & ! /rik+ mann] 9 :i*1 :5 submitt$ to ! rigor\s inve/igations ( geomet]s1 !y agree ) kn[n conditions ( electricity1 appe>s c]ta9ly to fav\r ! op9ion t ?is p[] may be mat]ially connect$ ) ^! molecul> arrangem5ts4 ,_m ( ! ph5om5a :i* are connect$ ) ! magnetic influ5ces also be> 9 a rem>kable mann] ^u ?is inquiry4 ,b1 )\t ! necess>y pro( ( direct exp]im5tal evid5ce1 x 7 z unphilosophical to ref] ! b9d+ toge!r ( ! molecules ( matt] to ! ag5cy ( electricity1 z x w\ld be to adopt ! !ory ( ! hook$ atoms ( ,epicurus1 or ! a/rological dream ( ! sympa?ies ( matt]4#ce ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 enables u to inf] ) safety t ! me*anical p[]s :i* regulate ! con/itution ( a cube ( m>ble1 or a granite m\nta91 are ( a simil> ord] to ^? :i* det]m9e ! e>?'s relation to ! o!r planets 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & t sol> sy/em itself a unit1 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 to ! myriads ( suns :i* spangle ! /ell> vault4 ,9 f9e1 cohesion1 or ! attraction ( aggregation1 is a p[] employ$ 9 b9d+ p>ticle to p>ticle4 ,to cohesion1 we f9d we h heat oppos$ z a repell5t =ce2 & ! my/]i\s op]ations ( ^? electrical ph5om5a1 g5]ally ref]r$ to z pol> =ces1 are con/antly1 x is c]ta91 int]f]+ ) its p[]s4 ,9 addition1 we h se5 t 9 nature !re exi/s an ag5cy :i* is capable ( *ang+ ! con/itution ( ! ultimate atoms1 & ( ?us giv+ v>iety to ea* result+ mass4 ,:at ?is p[] may be1 our sci5ce _c tell2 b our reason leads u1 ) firm conviction1 to ! belief t x is a pr9ciple :i* is1 beyond all o!rs 9 its subtile influ5ces :i* equally univ]sal )1 appe>s to rise sup]ior to gravitation2 & :i*1 l a spirituality1 %ad[s =? to our dw>f conceptions ! imm5sity ( ! div9e p[] ( ! omnisci5t ,creator4 ,! molecul> =ces involve a consid]ation ( all ! kn[n physical p[]s1 ! /udy ( :i*1 9 _! op]ations on matt]1 w engage our att5tion4 ,b x is pleasant to le>n1 z we advance /ep by /ep 9 our exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a ( creation1 t we may /udy ! gr& 9 :at ext]nally appe>s ! simple1 & le>n1 9 ! my/]ies ( a p>ticle1 ! high tru?s :i* sci5ce has to tell ( a planet4 ,x may appe> t ! =ces ( gravitation & cohesion are reg>d$ z id5tical4 ,_m ph5om5a1 :i* we are enabl$ to rea* by ! ref9em5ts ( inductive inquiry1 c]ta9ly pres5t to u a /rik+ simil>ity 9 ! laws :i* regulate ! op]ations ( ^! p[]s2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t _! id5tity is n e/abli%$4 ,s f> f ?is1 we "k ! law ( gravitat+ =ce4 ,newton det]m9$ ) surpris+ accuracy1 t ! action ( ?is p[] dim9i%es ) ! di/ance z ! univ]se squ>e1 b cohesive =ce is ex]t$ only at su* di/ances t x is impossible to det]m9e :e!r or n x is subject$ to ! same law4 ,to quote ! words ( ,"y3 8,! :ole ( our inquiries respect+ ! intimate nature ( =ces ( any k9d mu/ be consid]$ m]ely z speculative amusem5ts1 :i* are ( no fur!r utility ?an z !y make our views m g5]al1 & assi/ our exp]im5tal inve/igations40#cf ,,footnotes3 #be 8,! divisibility ( matt] is great beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation1 b we h no reason = ass]t+ t x is inf9ite2 = ! demon/rations :i* h sometimes be5 adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion are obvi\sly applicable to space only4 ,! inf9ite divisibility ( space seems to be ess5tial to ! conception t we h ( its nature1 & x may be /rictly demon/rat$ t x is ma!matically possible to draw an inf9ite numb] ( circles betwe5 any giv5 circle & its tang5t1 none ( :i* %all t\* ei!r ( !m except at ! g5]al po9t ( contact2 & t a %ip foll[+ always ! same oblique c\rse ) respect to ! m]idian1--= example1 sail+ nor?-ea/w>ds1--w\ld cont9ue p]petually to approa* ! pole )\t ev] completely rea*+ x4 ,b :5 we inquire into ! tru? ( ! old maxim ( ! s*ools1 t all matt] is inf9itely divisible1 we are by no means able to decide s positively4 ,newton obs]ves t x is d\btful :e!r any human means may be suffici5t to sep>ate ! p>ticles ( matt] beyond a c]ta9 limit2 & x is n impossible t !re may be "s con/itution ( atoms1 or s+le corpuscles1 on :i* _! prop]ties1 z matt]1 dep5d1 & :i* w\ld be de/roy$ if ! units 7 fur!r divid$2 b x appe>s to be m probable t !re are no su* atoms1 & ev5 if !re are1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t matt] is nev] ?us annihilat$ 9 ! common c\rse ( matt]40--,! ,ess5tial ,prop]ties ( ,matt]3 ,"y's ,natural ,philosophy2 ed4 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,kell&4 #bf 8,two v diff]5t hypo!ses h be5 =m$ to expla9 ! nature ( matt]1 or ! mode ( its =mation2 ! "o kn[n z ! atomic !ory1 ! o!r1 ! dynamic4 ,! f\nd] ( ! =m] & e>li] 0 ,leucippus3 he consid]$ ! basis ( all bodies to be extremely f9e p>ticles1 diff]+ 9 =m & nature1 :i* he suppos$ to be disp]s$ ?r\gh space1 & to :i* 8 foll[] ,epicurus fir/ gave ! "n ( atoms4 ,to ^! atoms he attribut$ a rectil9e> motion1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* su* z are homog5e\s unit$1 :il/ ! light] 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh space4 ,! au?or ( ! second hypo!sis 0 ! fam\s ,kant4 ,he imag9$ all matt] exi/$1 or 0 orig9at$1 by two antagoni/ & mutually c\nt]act+ pr9ciples1 :i* he call$ attraction & repulsion1 all ! pr$icates ( :i* he ref]r$ to motion4 ,mo/ mod]n philosoph]s1 & =emo/ among/ !m ,ampre & ,poisson1 h adopt$ an hypo!sis comb9+ ! features ( bo? ! prec$+4 ,!y reg>d$ ! atoms z data1 d]iv+ _! orig9 f ! ,deity z ! fir/ cause1 & consid] _! innate attractive & repulsive =ce z a necess>y condition to _! comb9ation 9 bodies4 ,! ma9 features ( ?is hypo!sis are borr[$ f ,ari/otle1 inasmu* z he suppos$ ! basis ( all bodies to be ! f\r elem5ts kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ! p>ticles ( :i*1 endu$ ) c]ta9 p[]s1 con/itut$ bodies4 ,accord+ to ,ampre1 all bodies consi/ ( equal p>ticles1 & !y aga9 ( molecules t1 up to a c]ta9 di/ance1 attract ea* o!r4 ,_! di/ance f ea* o!r he suppos$ to be regulat$ by ! int5sity ( ! attractive & repulsive =ces1 ! latt] ( :i* prepond]ates40--,pes*el's ,elem5ts ( ,physics2 translat$ by ,e4 ,we/1 #ahde4 #bg ,?is 0 fir/ prov$ by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,dalton3 ! subject w be aga9 allud$ to "u ! consid]ation ( atomic volumes4 #bh ,^! peculi> ph5om5a may be /udi$ advantage\sly 9 ! works ( mo/ ( ! em95t ,european *emi/s4 ,9 our own language ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,?ompson's ,outl9e ( ! ,sci5ces ( ,heat & ,electricity1 #bnd edition2 ,br&e's ,manual ( ,*emi/ry--,art4 ,specific ,heat2 ,graham's ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry2 & ,daniell's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,*emical ,philosophy4 #bi ,! conv]sion ( ! diamond into graphite & coke 0 fir/ effect$ by ! ag5cy ( ! galvanic arc ( flame1 by ,m4 ,jaquel9i1 & communicat$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahdg1 9 a ,memoir entitl$1 ,de l'action calorifique de la pile de ,buns51 du *alumeau gaz oxygne et hydrogne sur le c>bon pur1 artificiel et naturel4 ,see ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahdg1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #ajej2 also ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association1 = #ahdg1 7,transactions ( ,sections7 p4 #ej4 #cj 8,9 ! annual report on ! progress ( *emi/ry1 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,/ockholm1 9 ,m>* #ahdj1 ,i h propos$ to designate by ! t]m allotropic /ate1 t dissimil> condition :i* is obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 elem5ts1 & long kn[n examples ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( c>bon1 z graphite & diamond4 8,al?\gh ^! dissimil> conditions1 :i* ,i h "h call$ allotropic1 h long s9ce attract$ att5tion 9 "o or two elem5ts1 /ill !y h be5 reg>d$ z exceptions to ! g5]al rule4 ,x is at pres5t my object to %[ t !y are n s r>e2 t x is probably r a g5]al prop]ty ( ! elem5ts to appe> 9 diff]5t allotropic conditions2 & t al?\gh we h hi!rto be5 unable to obta9 sev]al ( ! elem5ts :5 uncomb9$ 9 _! allotropic /ates1 /ill _! comp\nds indicate ! same ) tol]able di/9ctness40--,b]zelius on ! ,allotropy ( ! ,elem5t>y ,bodies1 c43 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 #ahdd4 ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdj4 #ca 8,copp]1 :5 r$uc$ by hydrog5 at a heat bel[ t ( r$ness1 on exposure to air soon becomes conv]t$ ?r\gh\t its mass into protoxide2 & :5 x is triturat$ = "s "t ) an equival5t quantity ( sulphur1 x comb9es ) x accord+ to ,btt*]'s exp]im5ts1 produc+ flame1 & =m+ sulphuret ( copp]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! copp] be r$uc$ by hydrog5 at a r$ heat1 /ill consid]ably bel[ ! temp]ature at :i* x s(t5s & beg9s to melt1 x rema9s = ye>s un*ang$ by exposure to air1 & _c be made to comb9e ) sulphur )\t ! application ( heat4 ,iron1 cobalt1 & nickel1 :5 r$uc$ by hydrog5 bel[ a r$ heat1 inflame aft] !y h cool$1 if expos$ to ! air2 & if !y are imm$iately plac$ 9 wat] to avoid _! tak+ fire1 !y inflame :5 !y are aga9 remov$1 & h become ne>ly dry4 ,if we comp>e ?is behavi\r ) t ( iron r$uc$ by heat1 & ) iron 9 t /ate 9 :i* x =ms ! conductor ( a galvanic curr5t )\t becom+ oxidiz$1 x w\ld appe> t ^! peculi>ities dep5d$ ^u some?+ m ?an a diff]5ce ( me*anical condition40--,b]zelius on ! ,allotropy ( ,elem5t>y ,bodies4 ,see ,on ! ,isom]ic ,conditions ( ! ,p]oxide ( ,t93 by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,rose4--,*emical ,gazette1 ,oct4 #ahdh4 #cb ,on ?is curi\s subject1 & its hi/ory1 see ,b]gman's ,diss]t4 de ,phlog4 quantitate 9 ,metallis1 #agfd4 ,kirwan1 ,on ! ,attractive ,p[]s ( ,m9]al ,acids3 ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,ki]'s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,dissolution ( ,metals 9 ,acids3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agij4 ,f ^! valuable pap]s x w be se5 t ! peculi> /ates ( iron _h already attract$ att5tion1 p>ticul>ly ^? 8inactive conditions0 notic$ 9 a 8,note sur la ,manire d'agir de l',acide nitrique sur le ,f]1 p> ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el10 ,aug4 #ahcc2 & previ\sly indicat$ by ,m4 ,h4 ,braconnot1 ,sur quelques ,proprits de l',acide nitrique1 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 lii4 p4 #ed4 ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ! ,memoirs ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,on ! ,action ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum on ,vegetable ,col\rs1 c43 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 cxxxiii4 p4 #bba2 & ,on ! ,sep>ation ( ,iron f o!r ,metals3 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 cxi4 p4 #bic2 & sev]al pap]s by ,s*nbe91 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 f #ahcg4 #cc ,f>aday1 9 8 memoir ,on new ,magnetic ,actions1 & on ! ,magnetic ,conditions ( all ,matt]1 says3--8,by ! ex]tion ( ?is new condition ( =ce1 ! body mov$ may pass ei!r along ! magnetic l9es or across !m1 & x may move along or across !m 9 ei!r or any direction1 s t two portions ( matt]1 simultane\sly subject to ?is p[]1 may be made to approa* ea* o!r z if !y 7 mutually attract$1 or rec$e z if mutually repell$4 ,all ! ph5om5a resolve !mselves into ?is1 t a portion ( su* matt]1 :5 "u magnetic action1 t5ds to move f /rong] to weak] places or po9ts ( =ce4 ,:5 ! sub/ance is surr\nd$ by l9es ( magnetic =ce ( equal p[] on all sides1 x does n t5d to move1 & is !n 9 m>k$ contradi/9ction ) a l9e> curr5t ( electricity "u ! same circum/ances40--,phil4 ,trans4 = #ahdf1 vol4 cxxxvii4 #cd ,new ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,electricity made at ,philadelphia1 9 ,am]ica4--,address$ to ,mr4 ,coll9son1 f #agdg to #aged4 ,by ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,( ^! ,prie/ley rem>ks3--8,x is n easy to say :e!r we are mo/ pleas$ ) ! simplicity & p]spicuity ) :i* ! au?or proposes e hypo!sis ( 8 own1 or ! noble frankness ) :i* he relates 8 mi/akes1 :5 !y 7 correct$ by subsequ5t exp]im5ts40 #ce 8,! atomic philosophy ( ,epicurus1 9 its m]e physical contemplation1 all[s ( no?+ b matt] & space1 :i* are equally inf9ite & unb\nd$1 :i* h equally exi/$ f all et]nity1 & f diff]5t comb9ations ( :i* e visible =m is creat$4 ,^! elem5t>y pr9ciples h no common prop]ty ) ea* o!r2 = :atev] matt] is1 t space is ! rev]se (2 & :atev] space is1 matt] is ! contr>y to4 ,! actual solid "p ( all bodies1 !re=e1 are matt]1 _! actual pores space1 & ! p>ts :i* are n altoge!r solid1 b an int]mixture ( solidity & pore1 are space & matt] comb9$4 8,! inf9ite gr\ps ( atoms1 fly+ ?r\gh all "t & space 9 diff]5t directions & "u diff]5t laws1 h int]*angeably tri$ & exhibit$ e possible mode ( r5c\nt]3 sometimes repell$ f ea* o!r by concussion1 & sometimes adh]+ to ea* o!r f _! own jagg$ or po9t$ con/ruction1 or f ! casual int]/ices :i* two or m connect$ atoms mu/ produce1 & :i* may be j adapt$ to ^? ( o!r figures1--z globul>1 oval1 or squ>e4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( comp\nd & visible bodies2 h5ce ! orig9 ( l>ge masses ( matt]2 h5ce1 ev5tually1 ! orig9 ( ! _w itself40--,dr4 ,good's ,book ( ,nature4 #cf ,"y's ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy & ! ,me*anical ,arts4 ,lecture #di1 ,on ! ,ess5tial ,prop]ties ( ,matt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,cry/allog5ic ,,=ces4 ,cry/allisation & ,molecul> ,=ce di/+ui%$--,exp]im5tal ,pro(--,pol>ity ( ,p>ticles =m+ a ,cry/al--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,organic & ,inorganic ,=ms--,decomposition ( ,cry/als 9 ,nature--,sub/itution ( ,p>ticles 9 ,cry/als--,pseudomorphism--,cry/all9e ,=m n dep5d5t on ,*emical ,nature--,isomorphism--,dimorphism--,!or ies ( ,cry/allog5ic ,attraction--,influ5ce ( ,electricity & ,magnetism--,ph5om5a dur+ ,cry/allisation--,c a *ange ( ,=m take place 9 ,primitive ,atoms8--,illu/rative ,example ( ,cry/allisation4 8,cry/allisation is a peculi> & mo/ admirable "w ( nature's geometry1 wor?y ( be+ /udi$ by all ! p[] ( g5ius1 & ! :ole en]gy ( ! m9d1 n on acc\nt ( ! delight :i* always att5ds ! k ( wond]s1 b because ( its va/ importance 9 reveal+ to u ! secrets ( nature2 = "h %e does1 z x 71 betray h]self1 &1 lay+ aside all disguise1 p]mits u to behold1 n m]ely ! results ( h] op]ations1 b ! v processes !mselves40--,su* is ! language ( an ,italian philosoph]1 ,gulielm9i2 & x is ! /rik+ peculi>ity ( behold+ ! process ( ! =mation ( ! regul> geometric figures ( cry/als1 ! gradual accretion ( p>ticle to p>ticle1 :i* induces u to sep>ate cry/allization f m]e molecul> aggregation4 ,)\t d\bt ! =mation ( a cry/al & ! production ( an amorph\s block are due to p[]s :i* be> a close resemblance 9 _m po9ts2 b !y pres5t rem>kable diff]5ces 9 o!rs4 ,let u take "s simple case 9 illu/ration4 ,9 quiet wat] we h v f9ely divid$ matt] susp5d$1 & matt] 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,! fir/ is sl[ly precipitat$1 & 9 process ( "t consolidates into a h>d mass at ! bottom1 pres5t+ no p>ticul> "*1 unless x has be5 plac$ 9 "s peculi> physical conditions2 :51 z 9 nature1 we h a regul> b$d+ :i* is int]sect$ by l9es ( lam9ation or ( cleavage1 :i* we are1 f exp]im5t1 enabl$ to ref] to ! influ5ce ( curr5t electricity4 ,! second--! matt] 9 solution--is also sl[ly deposit$2 b x is accumulat$ ^u nuclei :i* possess "s peculi> dispos+ p[]s1 & e p>ticle is unit$ by "s p>ticul> face1 & an angul> figure ( ! mo/ p]fect "* results4 ,_m pleas+ exp]im5ts w\ld appe> to %[ t electricity has mu* to d 9 ! process ( cry/allization2 b x is evid5t t x mu/ be "u "s peculi>ly modifi$ conditions t ?is p[] is ex]t$1 if1 inde$1 x has any direct action4 ,! same sub/ances always cry/allize 9 ! same =ms1 unless ! conditions ( ! cry/alliz+ body are alt]$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ea* p>ticle ( a cry/all9e mass has c]ta9 po9ts or poles :i* possess def9ite prop]ties1 & t cohesion takes place only along l9es :i* h "s relation to ! attract+ or repell+ p[]s ( ^! poles4 ,we %all h1 ev5tually1 to consid] results :i* appe> to prove t magnetism is univ]sal 9 its influ5ce1 & t ?is pol>ity ( ! p>ticles ( matt] may be ref]r$ to x4 ,be ! cause ( cry/allisation :at x may1 x pres5ts to u 9 appe>ance a ne> approa* 9 inorganic nature to "s ( ! peculi> conditions ( gr[? 9 ! organis$ creation4 ,9 "o1 we h ! gradual production ( p>ts & ! =mation ( memb]s due to peculi> p[]s ( assimilation1 ea* individual pres]v+ all its di/+ui%+ features2 & 9 ! o!r1 we h a regul> ord] ( cohesion occurr+ "u ! influ5ce ( a p[] :i* draws l to l1 & arranges ! :ole into a =m ( beauty4 ,?is appe>s to be ! prop] place = correct+ an error too preval5t1 relative to ! =mation ( cry/als1 ! developm5t ( cells1 & ! yet m fatal falsehood ( ref]r+ ! great ph5om5a ( ,life to any ( ! physical =ces ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,,! ,,cry/al =ms1 by ! accretion ( p>ticle to p>ticle1 along l9es det]m9$ by "s yet unkn[n p[]4 ,!re is no *ange 9 ! "* ( any p>ticle--l coh]es to l2 ! fir/ atom & ! la/ ( ! s]ies be+ id5tical 9 "*4 ,,! ,,plant gr[s1 n by ! ga!r+ toge!r ( simil> p>ticles ( matt]1 b by ! absorption ( a comp\nd p>ticle--by t "o :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z ! prim>y nucle> atom or cell4 ,aft] ?is absorption--9 virtue ( a p[] :i* we call ,,life1 excit$ into action by ,,light--! comp\nd p>ticle is decompos$1 & "o con/itu5t is reta9$ to effect ! =mation ( a new cell1 :il/ ! o!r is lib]at$ z an invisible air4 ,"h we h a *ange ( *emical con/itution effect$2 & ?is takes place ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( vegetable gr[?1 f ! developm5t ( ! plumule up to ! =mation ( ! late/ leaf ^u ! topmo/ bran* ( ! mo/ lordly tree4 ,life has be5 ref]r$ to electricity & to *emical p[]--z ! effect ( a kn[n cause4 ,)\t d\bt1 dur+ ! op]ations ( life ! :ole ( ! physical p[]s are necess>y to ! production ( all ! ph5om5a ( gr[? 9 ! vegetable & ! animal _w4 ,b ^! p[]s are ev] subsidi>y to vital =ce1 & are l att5dant spirits *a9$ to d an en*ant]'s bidd+4 ,life is a =ce beyond ! rea* ( human se>*1 & he :o fancies he has a hold ^u ! pr9ciple :i* produc$ biological ph5om5a1 has committ$ himself to z wild a pursuit z he :o ra%ly endeav\rs to cat* a morass-meteor4 ,subtile z are ! =ces ( light1 heat1 & electricity--t ( life1 vitality1 is inf9itely m ref9$1 & x mu/ = ev] elude ! se>* ( ! philosoph]4 ,man is p]mitt$ to te/ & try all ?+s :i* are creat$1 & to apply to useful ends ! discov]ies :i* he may make4 ,b man c nev] become a creator2 & he :o w\ld attempt to give s5se to an in]t mass ( matt]1 by electricity1 heat1 or light1 w prove himself z ignorant ( nature's tru? z is ! s5seless mass ^u :i* he works4 8,s f> %alt ?\ g1 & no fur!r10 0 said equally to ! great tide-wave ( human intellect1 z to ! mighty surge ( ! e>?-girdl+ ocean4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t a /rik+ diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! productions ( ! m9]al & ! o!r k+doms ( nature4 ,animals & vegetables arrive at maturity by successive developm5ts1 & increase by ! assimilation ( sub/ances1 hav+ ! p[] ( produc+ ! mo/ important *emical *anges ^u su* matt] z comes )9 ! range ( _! influ5ce2 b m9]als are equally p]fect 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( _! =mation1 & increase only1 z previ\sly said1 by ! accretion ( p>ticles )\t _! und]go+ any *ange4 ,! animal & vegetable tribes cease to cont9ue ! functions ( life3 dea? ensues1 & a complete disorganisation takes place2 b ?is is n ! case 9 ! m9]al _w3 ! cry/al be+ ! result ( a con/antly act+ =ce is n necess>ily liable to decomposition4 ,nev]!less1 we sometimes f9d 9 nature t cry/als1 aft] arriv+ at :at may be reg>d$ z1 9 "s sort1 _! maturity1 are1 ow+ to a *ange ( ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 =m$1 gradually decompos$4 ,9 our m9es we discov] skeletons ( cry/als1 & )9 ! holl[ %ell ?us =m$1 o!r cry/als ( a diff]5t con/itution & figure f9d nuclei1 & ! conditions requir$ = _! developm5t4 ,aga91 to give a /rik+ in/ance1 ! felsp> cry/als ( ! granitic =mations are liable to decomposition 9 a some:at peculi> mann]4 ,9 decompos+1 ^! cry/als leave m\lds ( _! own peculi> =ms1 & x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 9 ! /annif]\s di/ricts ( ,cornwall1 t oxide ( t9 gradually fills ^! m\lds1 & we procure ?is metallic m9]al 9 ! =m ( ! e>?y "o4 ,!n we h ! curi\s in/ances ( bodies cry/allis+ 9 a false =m "u *ange ( circum/ances4 ,we f9d1 = example1 ,pseudomorphism1 7or false-=m71 z ?is class ( ph5om5a is nam$1 occurr+ by ! removal ( ! con/itu5t atoms ( "o cry/al1 :ile ano!r set--:i* naturally assumes a diff]5t =m--takes _! place1 yet /ill pres]v+ ! orig9al %ape4 ,x (t5 happ5s t copp] pyrites w1 9 ?is mann]1 exhibit ! angles ( an ord9>y v>iety ( cry/allis$ c>bonate ( iron4 ,^! curi\s *anges may be famili>is$ by suppos+ a beautiful /atue ( gold1 f :i* "s skilful me*anic removes p>ticle by p>ticle1 & s skilfully sub/itutes a gra9 ( brass = e "o ( gold remov$1 t ! loss ( ! preci\s metal _c be detect$ by any m]e exam9ation ( its =m4 ,cry/all9e =m is n /rictly dep5d5t ^u ! *emical nature ( ! p>ts =m+ ! cry/al4 ,! same numb] ( atoms1 arrang$ 9 ! same way1 produce ! same =m4 ,sub/ances mu* unlike ea* o!r w assume ! same cry/all9e arrangem5t4 ,magnesia1 lime1 oxide ( cadmium1 ! protoxides ( iron1 nickel1 & cobalt1 comb9$ ) ! same acid1 pres5t simil>ly =m$ bodies4 ,^! ,isomorphic 7l-=m7#cg peculi>ities are exce$+ly common1 & ! discov]] ( ! ph5om5a1 ,mits*]li*1 ann\nc$ ! above law4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z a philosophical expression ( ! fact1 & requires reconsid]ation--*emical elem5ts ( a dissimil> "* may h ! same law ( aggregation1 & ?us produce ! same =m1 )\t hav+ any relation to ! numb] ( atoms4 ,we also f9d comp\nds :i* h two di/9ct sy/ems ( cry/allisation4 ,?is prop]ty1 ,dimorphism1 is v /rik+ly %[n 9 c>bonate ( lime1 :i* occurs 9 rhomboh$rons1 9 calc sp>1 & 9 rhombic prisms 9 arragonite4 ,! molecul> arrangem5ts "h are n1 h[ev]1 ( equal /ability1 & "o =m is evid5tly =c$ ^u ! o!r1 & is ab&on$ by x on ! slighte/ di/urbance4 ,:5 a prism ( arragonite is heat$ x breaks up into ! rhombs ( common calc sp>1 at a temp]ature f> bel[ t at :i* ! c>bonate ( lime is decompos$2 b no alt]ation ( temp]ature c conv]t calc sp> into arragonite4 ,cry/als are f\nd 9 ! mo/ microscopic "*1 & ( an exce$+ly l>ge size4 ,a cry/al ( qu>tz at ,milan is ?ree feet & a qu>t] long1 & five feet & a half 9 circumf]5ce1 & its weight is #hgj p\nds4 ,b]yls h be5 f\nd 9 ,new ,hamp%ire measur+ f\r feet 9 l5g?4#ch ,9 ! d>k recesses ( ! e>?1 :]e ! influ5ces :i* produce organisation & life cease to act1 a creative _s /ill pursues its nev]-end+ task ( giv+ =m to matt]4 ,! sci5ce ( cry/allog5y1#ci embrac+ ! !oretical & practical "q ( ! causes produc+ ^! geometric =ms1 has 9 v>i\s ways attempt$ to expla9 ! laws accord+ to :i* molecules arrange !mselves on molecules 9 p]fect ord]1 giv+ rise to a rigidly correct sy/em ( ar*itecture4 ,b x _c be said t any !ory yet prop\nd$ is suffici5tly exact to embrace ! :ole ( ! kn[n ph5om5a1 & ! que/ions1--,:at is cry/allog5ic attraction1 & :at is ! physical nature ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1--are /ill op5 = ! inquiries ( t g5ius :i* delights 9 wre/l+ ) ! secrets ( nature4 ,! great ,epicurus speculat$ on ! 8pla/ic nature0 ( atoms1 & attribut$ to ?is nature ! p[] !y possess ( arrang+ !mselves into symmetric =ms4 ,mod]n philosoph]s satisfy !mselves ) attraction1 &1 reason+ f analogy1 imag9e t ea* atom has a pol> sy/em4 ,electricity1 & light1 & heat1 ex]t rem>kable p[]s1 & accel]ate or ret>d cry/allisation accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* ^! =ces are br\ght to be> on ! cry/allis+ mass4 ,we h rec5tly obta9$ evid5ce :i* appe>s to prove t "s =m ( magnetism has an active influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! natural =ms ( cry/als1 & we discov] t magnetism ex]ts a peculi> influ5ce 9 relation to ! optic axes ( cry/als1 :i* is n ex]t$ 9 l9es at "r angles to ^!4 ,electricity appe>s to quick5 ! process ( cry/all9e aggregation--to collect m readily toge!r ^? atoms :i* seek to comb9e--to br+ !m all )9 ! limits ( t influ5ce by :i* _! symmetrical =ms are det]m9$2 & /rong evid5ce is n[ af=d$1 9 support ( ! !ory ( magnetic pol>ity1 by ! ref9$ inve/igations ( ,f>aday & ,plck]1 :i* prove t magnetism has a direct+ influ5ce ^u cry/all9e bodies4#dj ,x has be5 f\nd t cry/als ( sulphate ( iron1 sl[ly =m+ f a solution :i* has be5 plac$ )9 ! range ( suffici5tly p[]ful magnetic =ce1 dispose !mselves along c]ta9 magnetic curves1 su* z are =m$ ar\nd a magnet by /eel fil+s2 :]eas ! cry/als ( ! ,arbor ,dian1 or silv] tree1 =m+ "u ! same circum/ances1 take a position ne>ly at "r angles to ^! curves4 ,c]ta9 gr\ps ( cry/als h be5 f\nd 9 nature1 :i* appe> to %[1 by _! positions1 t t]re/rial magnetism has be5 active 9 produc+ ! ph5om5a !y exhibit2 inde$1 ne>ly all our m9]al =mations indicate ! influ5ces ( ?is1 or "s simil>ly act+ p[]4#da ,dur+ rapid cry/allisation1 "s salts--z ! sulphate ( soda1 boracic acid1 & ars5i\s acid cry/allis+ 9 muriatic acid--exhibit decid$ indications ( electrical excitem5t2 light is giv5 out 9 fla%es4 ,we h evid5ce t cry/als exhibit a t5d5cy to move t[>ds ! light1 & t cry/allisation takes place m readily1 & progresses ) great] activity 9 ! sun%9e ?an 9 ! %ade4 ,pr(essor ,plck] has rec5tly asc]ta9$ t c]ta9 cry/als--9 p>ticul> ! cyanite--8po9t v well to ! nor?1 by ! magnetic p[] ( ! e>? only4 ,x is a true compass ne$le2 &1 m ?an t1 y may obta9 its decl9ation40 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is cry/al1 ! cyanite1 is a comp\nd ( silica & alum9a only4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* sci5ce has af=d$ 9 explanation ( ! conditions "u :i* nature pursues h] wondr\s "w ( cry/al =mation4 ,we see j suffici5t ( ! op]ation to be conv9c$ t ! lum9\s /> :i* %9es 9 ! brightness ( ,heav51 & ! cav]n-secret$ gem1 are equally ! result ( =ces :i* are kn[n to u 9 only a few ( _! modifications4 ,e sub/ance1 :5 plac$ "u circum/ances :i* all[ ( ! free movem5t ( its molecules1 has a t5d5cy to cry/allise4 ,all ! metals may1 by sl[ly cool+ f ! melt+ /ate1 be exhibit$ ) a cry/all9e /ructure4 ,( ! metallic & e>?y m9]als1 nature furni%es u ) an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( cry/als1 &1 by a r$uction ( temp]ature1 yet m simple bodies assume ! mo/ symmetric =ms4 ,wat]1 9 ! conditions ( ice & sn[1 is a famili> & beautiful example2 &1 by su* extreme degrees ( cold z are artificially produc$1 _m ( ! gases exhibit a t5d5cy to a cry/all9e condition4 ,may n ! solid elem5t>y atoms be susceptible ( *ange ( =m "u diff]5t influ5ces8 ,may n ! diff]5t /ates "u :i* ! same bodies are f\nd--z1 = example1 silica1 c>bon1 & iron--be due entirely to a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! primitive atom8 ,admitt+ ! probability ( ?is1 we !n easily see t ! c5tral molecule1 =m$ ( an aggregation ( su* atoms1 unit+ by p>ticul> faces1 w\ld pres5t a det]m9ate =m2 & t ! result+ cry/al1 a mass ( su* molecules1 coh]+ accord+ to a giv5 law1 at c]ta9 angles1 w\ld pres5t su* geometric figures z we f9d 9 nature1 or produce 9 our laboratories1 :5 we avail ourselves ( processes :i* nature has taught u4 ,if we take a p>ticle ( m>ble1 & place x 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 x dissolves1 & a new comp\nd results4 ,! m>ble disappe>s--! eye _c detect x by =m or col\r3 ! acid also has be5 disguis$--! ta/e discov]s no?+ s\r 9 ! fluid4 ,we h1 9 comb9ation ) ! wat]1 ! lime & sulphuric acid2 b t comb9ation appe>s to ! eye 9 no respect diff]5t f ! wat] itself4 ,x is col\rless & p]fectly transp>5t1 al?\gh x holds a mass ( solid matt] :i* previ\sly w\ld n all[ ( ! p]meation ( a ray ( light4 ,let u expose ?is fluid to su* circum/ances t ! wat] w sl[ly evaporate1 & we %all f9d =m+ 9 x1 aft] a "t1 microscopic p>ticles ( solid1 light-refract+ matt]4 ,^! p>ticles gradually increase 9 size1 & we may wat* _! gr[? until ev5tually we h a symmetric figure1 beautifully %ap$1 ! prim>y =m ( :i* is a "r rhomboidal prism4 ,?us 9 nature1 by ! action1 9 all probability1 ( vegetable matt] on ! sulphates held 9 solution by ! wat] ( ! great riv]s & ! ocean--aid$ by our oxidiz+ atmosph]e--sulphuric acid is produc$ to d its "w ^u ! lime/one =mations1 & f ?is comb9ation w\ld result ! well-kn[n gypsum1 or pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* ord9>ily exi/s z an amorph\s mass1 b is (t5 f\nd 9 a cry/all9e =m4#db ,?is is a v p]fect illu/ration ( ! wond]ful process we h be5 consid]+1 & 9 :i*1 simple ?\gh x appe>s to be1 we h set to "w a l>ge proportion ( ! kn[n physical elem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,by /udy+ aright ! result :i* we h x 9 our p[] to obta9 9 a wat*-glass1 we may advance our k ( gigantic ph5om5a1 :i* are n[ progress+ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 or ( ! wondr\s ag5cies :i* are 9 op]ation1 produc+ light-refract+ gems )9 ! secret recesses ( ! rocky cru/ ( our globe4 ,! =ce ( cry/allisation is a subject wor?y ( mu* consid]ation4 ,if we exam9e our slate rocks1 ?r\gh :i* little ve9s fill$ ) qu>tz cry/als are spread1 we %all see t ! me*anical =ce ex]t$ dur+ ! production ( ^! cry/als has be5 capable ( r5d+ ^? rocks 9 e direction4 ,^? fissures =m$ by ! fir/ sy/em ( cry/all9e ve9s1 9 ord] ( "t1 are fill$ 9 by ano!r set ( cry/all9e bodies1 :i* equally ex]t _! me*anical p[]1 & ?us produce ^? curi\s int]sections & dislocations :i* 7 long a puzzle to ! geologi/4 ,! simple/ p[]1 sl[ly & con/antly act+ ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t1 may become suffici5t1 ev5tually1 to r5d ! ,&es f base to summit1 or to lift a new cont95t above ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,,footnotes3 #cg 8,gay ,lussac fir/ made ! rem>k1 t a cry/al ( pota% alum1 transf]r$ to a solution ( ammonia alum1 cont9u$ to increase )\t its =m be+ modifi$1 & might ?us be cov]$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( ! two alums1 pres]v+ its regul>ity & prop] cry/all9e figure4 ,m4 ,beudant aft]w>ds obs]v$ t o!r bodies1 su* z ! sulphates ( iron & copp]1 might pres5t !mselves 9 cry/als ( ! same =m & angles1 al?\gh ! =m 0 n a simple "o1 l t ( alum4 ,b ,m4 ,mits*]li* fir/ recognis$ ?is correspond5ce 9 a suffici5t numb] ( cases to prove t x 0 a g5]al consequ5ce ( simil>ity ( composition 9 diff]5t bodies40--,graham's ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry 7#ahdb71 p4 #acf4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks are f a pap] by ,dr4 ,h]mann ,kopp1 ,on ! ,atomic ,volume & ,cry/all9e ,condition ( ,bodies1 c41 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = #ahda3--8,! doctr9e ( isomorphism %[s u t !re are _m bodies :i* possess an analog\s con/itution1 & ! same cry/all9e =m4 ,our idea ( ! volume 7or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! cry/all9e =m7 ( ^! bodies mu/ !re=e be ! same4 ,f ?is x foll[s t _! specific weight is connect$ ) mass conta9$ 9 ! same volume4 ,f ^! consid]ations ! foll[+ law may be d$uc$3 ,! specific weight ( isomorph\s bodies is proportional to _! atomic weight1 or isomorph\s bodies possess ! same atomic volume40--page #bee4 ,a translation appe>s 9 ! ,cav5di% ,society1 f ,dr4 ,otto's ,*emi/ry1 ,on ,isomorphism1 :i* may be advantage\sly consult$4 ,see also a pap] by ,m4 ,rose1 translat$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,b]l9 ,academy = ! ,*emical ,gazette1 ,oct4 #ahdh1 entitl$1 ,on ! ,isom]ic ,conditions ( ! ,p]oxide ( ,t94 #ch ,a ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy1 compris+ ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies1 by ,james ,d4 ,dana1 ,a4,m41 ,new ,york1 #ahdd4 #ci ,cry/allog5y1 or ! =mation ( cry/als1 is ! t]m employ$ by ,dana1 9 8 admirable "w quot$ above3 ^: rem>ks on ,!oretical ,cry/allog5y1 p4 #ga1 are well wor?y ( all att5tion4 #dj ,on ! ,magnetic ,relations ( ! ,positive & ,negative ,optic ,axes ( ,cry/als1 by ,pr(essor ,plck]1 ( ,bonn4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,no4 #bca 7#crd ,s]ies71 p4 #dej4 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity2 ,on ! ,cry/all9e ,pol>ity ( ,bismu? & o!r bodies1 & on its ,relation to ! ,magnetic =m ( ,=ce3 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4--,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society = #ahdh4 #da ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ( ! ,museum ( ,economic ,geology1 vol4 i4 #ahdf1 w be f\nd a pap]1 by ! au?or ( ?is volume1 ,on ! ,influ5ces ( ,magnetism on ,cry/allisation1 & o!r ,conditions ( ,matt]1 9 :i* ! subject is exam9$ ) mu* c>e4 ,see also ,magntisme polaire d'une montagne de ,*lorite s*i/euse et de ,s]p5t9e3 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxv4 p4 #cbg2 ,influ5ce du ,magntisme sur les actions *imiques1 by l',abb ,r5dus2 & also a notice ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,ritt] & ,han/e51 8,analyses p> ,m4 r/$20 also ,effets du ,magntisme t]re/re sur la prcipitation de l',arg5t1 obs]vs p> ,m4 ,mus*man3 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #aif-bja4 #db ,! transp>5t v>ieties ( sulphate ( lime are di/+ui%$ by ! "n ,sel5ite2 & ! f9e massive v>ieties are call$ ,alaba/]4 ,gypsum =ms v ext5sive b$s 9 second>y c\ntries1 & is f\nd 9 t]ti>y deposits2 occasionally1 9 primitive rocks2 x is also a product ( volcanoes4 ,! f9e/ =eign specim5s are f\nd 9 ! salt m9es ( ,bex1 9 ,switz]l&2 at ,hall1 9 ! ,tyrol2 9 ! sulphur-m9es ( ,sicily2 & 9 ! gypsum =mation ne> ,ocana1 9 ,spa94 ,9 ,engl&1 ! clay ( ,%otov] ,hill1 ne> ,ox=d1 yields ! l>ge/ cry/als4--,see ,dana's ,m9]alogy1 second edition1 p4 #bda4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,heat--,,sol> ,,& ,,t]re/rial4 ,sol> & ,t]re/rial ,heat--,position ( ! ,e>? 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em--,heat & ,light associat$ 9 ! ,sunbeam--,transp>5cy ( ,bodies to ,heat--,heat+ ,p[]s ( ! ,col\r$ ,rays ( ! ,spectrum--,undulatory ,!ory--,conduct+ ,prop]ty ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/--,convection--,radiation--,action ( ! ,atmosph]e on ,heat ,rays--,peculi> ,heat ,rays--,absorption & ,radiation ( ,heat by dissimil> ,bodies--,*anges 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,sol> ,beam--,diff]5ces betwe5 ,transmitt$ & ,reflect$ ,sol> ,heat--,ph5om5a ( ,dew--,action ( ,sol> ,heat on ! ,ocean--,circulation ( ,heat by ! ,atmosph]e & ! ,ocean--,heat ( ! ,e>?--,mean ,temp]ature--,c5tral ,heat--,con/ant ,radiation ( ,heat ,rays f all ,bodies--,!rmography--,action ( ,heat on ,molecul> ,arrangem5ts--,s\rces ( ,t]re/rial ,heat--,lat5t ,heat ( ,bodies--,animal ,heat--,eremacausis--,sph]oidal ,/ate ,cold--,cond5sation--,freez+--,!ories ( ,heat--,natural ,ph5om5a--& ,philosophical ,conclusion4 ,we receive heat f ! sun1 associat$ ) light2 & we h ! p[] ( develop+ ?is important pr9ciple by physical1 me*anical1 & *emical excitation1 f e k9d ( matt]4 ,our convictions are1 t ! calorific elem5t1 :e!r d]iv$ f a sol> or a t]re/rial s\rce1 pres5ts no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 its physical *>act]s2 b z !re are "s rem>kable peculi>ities 9 ! ph5om5a1 z !y arise f ei!r "o or ! o!r s\rce1 x w assi/ our compreh5sion ( ?is great pr9ciple1 if we consid] x "u ! two heads4 ,untutor$ man f9ds heal? & gladness 9 ! w>m? & light ( ! sun2 he re>s a rugg$ alt>1 & b[s 8 s\l 9 pray]1 to ! pr9ciple ( fire1 :i* 9 8 ignorance he reg>ds z ! giv] & ! support] ( life4 ,! philosoph] f9ds life & organization dep5d5t ^u ! p[]s comb9$ 9 ! sunbeam2 &1 exam9+ ! ph5om5a ( ?is wond]ful b& ( =ces1 he is compell$ to ackn[l$ge t ! flame ^u ! alt>--on ! ,p]sian hills1--0 inde$ a dim %ad[ ( ! inf9ite wisdom :i* abides beh9d ! veil4 ,! pres5t condition ( our e>? is directly dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( heat we receive f ! sun4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 said1 t if x 7 possible to move ?is planet s mu* ne>] t orb t ! quantity ( heat w\ld be increas$1 ! circum/ances ( life w\ld necess>ily be s f> *ang$1 t all ! pres5t races ( animals mu/ p]i%2 & t ! same result w\ld happ5 f any alt]ation :i* ?rew u yet fur!r f our c5tral lum9>y1 :51 ow+ to ! extremity ( cold & ! wret*$ness ( gloom1 all liv+ creatures w\ld equally fail to support _! organization4 ,to move ! e>? ne>] to1 or m di/ant f ! sun1 is an impossibility2 b x has be5 argu$ t ^? planets :i* are ne> to ! sun mu/ possess a temp]ature :i* w\ld melt our solid rocks1 & vaporize ! ocean1--:ile ,uranus & ,neptune mu/1 f _! di/ance f ! s\rce ( heat1 h s small an am\nt1 t wat] mu/ become solid z ! rock1 & su* an atmosph]e z t ( ! e>? exi/ z a d5se liquid4 ,x w be %[n t accord+ to ! physical condition ( ! mat]ial sub/ances1 s are _! p[]s regulat$ ( absorb+ & reta9+ ! heat :i* falls z a radiant p[] ^u _! surfaces4 ,heat rays1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! att5uat$ m$ium ( planet>y space1 lose none ( _! p[]--?is we "k f ! fact t ev5 ! less d5se upp] region ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e takes f ! sol> rays b an exce$+ly small quantity ( heat4 ,!re=e1 :e!r a sol> heat ray trav]ses ?r\gh "o million1 or "o hundr$ million miles ( space1 x /ill reta9s its p[] equally ( imp>t+ w>m? to ! solid matt] by :i* x is int]cept$4 ,!re is no law ( v>iation z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ^? radiat+ p[]s4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no reason :y ! physical conditions1 alike ( ! ne>e/ & ! mo/ remote planet>y bodies1 %\ld n be s adju/$ t !y all enjoy t life promot+ temp]ature :i* belongs to ! e>?4 ,all ! objects ar\nd u are adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( ! e>?'s position 9 relation to ! sun1 to :i* we are b\nd by ! pr9ciple ( gravitation2 oppos$ to t c5trifugal =ce :i* t5ds con/antly to drive ! mov+ planet>y mass (f f ! c5tre ( p[]4 ,! balance ma9ta9s its p]fect equilibrium1 al?\gh we h "o p[] con/antly draw+ ! e>? t[>ds ! sun1 & ! o!r z con/antly ex]t+ itself to move x (f into space at a tang5t to ! orbit 9 :i* ! planet moves4 ,9 our exam9ation x w be f\nd t "o common sy/em ( h>mony runs ?r\gh all ! cosmical ph5om5a1 by :i* ev]y?+ is produc$ t is s beautiful & joy\s 9 ?is _w4 ,heat1 & ! o!r elem5t>y radiant pr9ciples1 are (t5 comb9$ z ! common cause ( effects evid5t to our s5ses4 ,! w>m? ( ! sol> rays1 & _! lum9\s influ5ce1 are n1 h[ev]1 commonly associat$ 9 ! m9d z ! results ( a s+le cause4 ,x is only :5 we come to exam9e ! physical ph5om5a connect$ ) ^! radiations t we discov] ! complexity ( ! inquiry4 ,yet x is out ( ^! v subtle rese>*es t we draw ! mo/ ref9$ tru?s4 ,! high inf]5ces to :i* ! analysis ( ! subtile ag5cies ( creation leads u1 r5d] sci5ce1 pursu$ 9 ! _s ( tru?1 a great sy/em ( religi\s in/ruction4 ,al?\gh we d n fe> t heat & light c be conf\nd$ 9 ! m9d1 s diff]5t are _! ph5om5a1--we h heat rays1 z f d>k hot iron1 :i* give no light1 :ile 9 ! full flood ( ! lun> rays ! heat is sc>cely appreciable by ! mo/ delicate in/rum5ts2--yet x is important to %[ h[ f> ^! two pr9ciples h--be5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,transp>5t bodies h v>i$ p[]s ( calorific transp>5cy1 or transcalesc5ce3 "s ob/ruct+ ! heat radiat$ f bodies ( ! highe/ temp]atures almo/ entirely ev5 9 ! ?9ne/ lay]s2 :il/ o!rs w all[ ! w>m? ( ! h& to pass ?r\gh a ?ickness ( sev]al in*es4 ,liquid *loride ( sulphur1 :i* is ( a deep r$ col\r1 w all[ #fc out ( #ajj rays ( heat to pass1 & a solution ( c>m9e 9 ammonia1 or glass /a9$ ) oxides ( gold1 or copp]1 r a great] numb]2 yet ^! transp>5t m$ia ob/ruct a l>ge quantity ( light4 ,col\rless m$ia ob/ruct+ sc>cely any light1 w1 on ! contr>y1 prev5t ! passage ( calorific rays4 ,out ( e hundr$ rays1 oil ( turp5t9e w only transmit #ca1 sulphuric e!r #ba1 sulphuric acid #ag1 & di/ill$ wat] only #aa4 ,pure fl9t glass1 h[ev]1 is p]meat$ by #fg p] c5t4 ( ! !rmic rays1 & cr[n glass by #di p] c5t4 ,! body possess+ ! mo/ p]fect transp>5cy to ! rays ( heat is diaphan\s salt-rock1 :i* transmits #ib1 :ile alum1 equally transluc5t1 admits ! passage ( only #ab p] c5t4#dc ,black mica1 obsidian1 & black glass1 are ne>ly opaque to light1 b !y all[ #ij p] c5t4 ( radiant heat to pass ?r\gh !m2 :]eas a pale gre5 glass1 col\r$ by oxide ( copp]1#dd cov]$ ) a lay] ( wat]1 or a v ?9 plate ( alum1 w1 al?\gh p]fectly transp>5t to light1 almo/ entirely ob/ruct ! p]meation ( heat rays4 ,we ?us arrive at ! fact t heat & light may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 & if we exam9e ! sol> beam by t analysis :i* ! prism af=ds1 we %all f9d t !re is no correspond5ce betwe5 int5se light & ard5t heat4 ,by c>eful obs]vation1 x has be5 prov$1 :5 we h a temp]ature ( #fb ,f4 9 ! yell[ ray1 :i* ray has ! greate/ illum9at+ p[]2 t bel[ ! r$ ray1 out ( ! po9t ( visible light1 ! temp]ature is f\nd to be #gi1 :ile at ! o!r end ( ! spectrum1 9 ! blue ray1 x is #ef1 & at ! end ( ! violet ray no !rmic action c be detect$4#de ,f ! circum/ance1 t z we1 by artificial means1 raise ! temp]ature ( any body1 & produce int5se heat1 s aft] a c]ta9 po9t ( !rmic elevation has be5 obta9$1 we occasion a manife/ation ( light4#df ,x has be5 conclud$1 some:at ha/ily1 t heat & light diff] f ea* o!r only 9 ! rapidity ( ! undulations ( an hypo!tical e!r4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ma!matical demon/rations ( _m ( ! ph5om5a ( calorific & lum9\s p[] are suffici5tly /rik+ to conv9ce u t a wave-movem5t is common to bo? heat & light4 ,! undulatory !ory1 h[ev]1 requires ! admission ( s _m premises ( :i* we h no pro(2 its po/ulates are1 inde$1 9 _m cases s gratuit\s1 t not)/&+ ! array ( tal5t :i* /&s =w>d 9 its support1 we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be deceiv$ by ! d$uctions ( its advocates1 or dazzl$ by ! brilliancy ( _! displays ( le>n+4 ,radiant heat appe>s to move 9 waves2 b t calorific effects 9 mat]ial bodies are e/abli%$ by any sy/em ( undulation1 is a d$uction )\t a pro(2 & ! !rmic ph5om5a ( matt] are z easily expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( a diffusive subtile fluid4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 to prove ! correctness ( ei!r ( ! oppos+ views2 inde$1 x is ackn[l$g$ t _m ph5om5a require = _! explanation conditions :i* are n indicat$ by ei!r !ory4 ,! e>? receives its heat f ! sun2 a portion ( x is conduct$ f p>ticle to p>ticle into ! int]ior ( ! rocky cru/4 ,ano!r portion produces w>m? 9 ! atmosph]e ar\nd u1 by convection1 or ! circulation ( p>ticles2 ^? w>m$ by contact ) ! surface becom+ light]1 & asc5d+ to give place to ! cold] & heavi] ones4 ,a ?ird portion is radiat$ (f into space1 accord+ to laws :i* h n be5 suffici5tly inve/igat$1 b :i* are dep5d5t ^u ! col\r1 *emical composition1 & me*anical /ructure ( ! surface4 ,x _c b be in/ructive to contemplate ! indications :i* we h ( ! dep5d5ce ( all t is beautiful on e>?1 on ! heat & light radiations :i* we receive f ! sun4 ,let u endeav\r to realise "s ( ! effects :i* arise f ev5 ! tempor>y deprivation ( sol> heat4 ,x is w9t]1 ! vegetable _w appe>s *ill$ to its c5tre4 ,! trees1 except a few ( ! h>dy ev]gre5s1 are b>e ( leaves1 & /ret*+ =? _! bran*es into ! cold air1 !y realise ! condition ( vegetable skeletons4 ,! l[ly plants ( ! h$ge-r[1 & ! grasses ( ! field1 %[ t _! vital p[] is subdu$ to t m9imum degree ( action :i* is b a few slight removes f dea?4 ,! life ( ! runn+ /ream is susp5d$1 x is cas$ 9 ! 8?ick-ribb$ ice10 & ! wat]s b5ea? no long] s5d =? _! joy\s music to ! g5ial breeze4 ,ev5 )9 ! temp]ate limits ( our own l&1 ! aspect ( w9t] conv9ces ! ord9>y obs]v]1 t ! loss ( heat has be5 foll[$ by dim9i%$ activity 9 ! p[]s ( life2 & ! philosoph] discov]s t ! less5$ en]gies ( sol> light1 & ! weak] action ( ! radiant heat1 h aid$ 9 produc+ t repose :i* is a little m ?an sleep--a little less ?an dea?4 ,x is night1 & w9t]3 ! e>? is p>t+ ) its heat1--) ! abs5ce ( light1 !re is a /ill great] loss ( vig\r1 a yet fur!r dim9ution ( ! p[]s ( life4 ,ev5 ! animal races1 su/a9$ by vital influ5ces ( a m exalt$ k9d1 s9k "u ! tempor>y deprivation ( ! sol> rays to a monoton\s1 a melan*oly repose4 ,all animals und]go diff]5t degrees ( hyb]nation1 & ea* 9 8 w9t] retreat supports vitality by prey+ ^u himself4 ,! _w is hung 9 m\rn+ black2 !re is no play ( col\rs to h>monize ! human _s by s5d+ _! e!real pulsations to ! human eye1 & x is only ! consci\sness t :5 ! night is at ! d>ke/1 ! day is ne>e/1 t ev5 man's s\l is su/a9$ aga9/ ! depress+ influ5ces ( ! abs5ce ( ! sun4 ,! conditions :i* we mu/ obs]ve at our own doors _c fail to convey z a conviction to ! lea/ imag9ative m9d1 t a slightly prolong$ cont9uance ( d>kness1 ) its consequ5t increase ( coldness1 w\ld be fatal to ! exi/5ce ( ! organic _w4 ,! sun has ent]$ ,aries3 x is spr+4 ,! l5g? ( ! day & night are equal1 ! p[]s ( light & d>kness are n[ exactly balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & light1 l ! ,ar*angel1 triumphs ov] ! sombre _s4 ,! organic _w awakes4 ,*emical action comm5ces 9 ! se$1 ! vital sp>k is k9dl$ 9 ! embryo1 & "u ! impulsive =ce ( "s sol> radiations ! plant /ruggles into light & life4 ,! same invigorat+ =ce impels ! circulation ( ! sap ?r\gh ! capill>y tubes ( ! =e/ tree1 until ! topmo/ bran* trembles ) ! new fl[ ( life4 ,! buds bur/ =? into leaf1 & a fre% & lively cov]+ spreads ov] ^? bran*es :i*1 9 _! nak$ness1 c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ! dead4 ,! animal races are no less s5sible ( ! new influ5ce :i* is diffus$ ar\nd4 ,! birds float joy\sly ^u ! breeze1 & give to heav5 _! trill+ songs ( praise4 ,! bea/s come =? f ! clefts ( ! rocks & ! tangl$ %elt]s ( ! =e/s1 & gambol 9 ! full luxury ( _! r5ew$ vig\r4 ,man1 ev5 man1 ! inhabitant ( cities1 tra9$ & temp]$ to an artificial /ate1 awakes ( a spr+ morn+ ) a full] consci\sness ( m9d1 & a deep] & m pleas$ s5se ( 8 intellig5ce1 ?an :5 ! fogs & gloom ( w9t] hung l ! *>m$ robe ^u ! limbs ( ! giant4 ,n[1 ! dormant poetry ( man seeks expression4 ,z ! morn+ sun is said to h awak5$ ! musical undulations ( ! ,memnonian /atue1 s ! sun ( ! v]nal morn+ produces 9 ! m9d ( ! mo/ e>?ly1 fa9t pulsations ( t heav5-born music1 :i* nei!r s9 nor sorr[ c entirely de/roy4 ,! psy*ologi/1 9 /udy+ ! peculi> ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 mu/ associate himself ) ! natural philosoph]1 & le>n to appreciate ! influ5ce ( physical causes 9 det]m9+ effects :i* our eld] philosoph]s & ! poets ( e age h attribut$ to spiritual ag5cies4 ,summ]1 ) its increas$ heat & light1 reigns ov] ! l&4 ,! "w ( life is n[ at its maximum1 & e en]gy is quick5$ ?r\gh\t ! organic creation4 ,! laws ( nature are arrang$ on ! pr9ciple ( antagoni/ic =ces1 ! con/ant /ruggle to ma9ta9 !m 9 equilibrium con/itut+ ! s5sible ph5om5a ( exi/5ce4 ,heat & light1 ) *emical p[] & electricity1 h be5 quick5+ ! unkn[n pr9ciple ( life1 until x has become exhau/$ 9 ! production ( new p>ts--9 ! /range ph5om5on ( gr[?--! =mation ( organiz$ matt] f ! inorganic /ores ( creation4 ,! autumn1 ) its temp]$ sunlight1 comes1 b 9 ! sol> radiance we discov] new p[]s1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ^! ! fl[] & ! fruit h bir?4 ,! /ore ( a new life is c5t]$ 9 ! se$1 & ?\gh ! leaf falls1 & ! fl[] fades1 a new set ( organisms are produc$1 by :i* ! cont9uance ( ! species is secur$4 ,let any man exam9e himself z ! seasons *ange1 & he w soon be conv9c$ t e alt]nation ( light & d>kness1 ( heat & its abs5ce1 produces new sets ( influ5ces equally on ! m9d & on ! body1 %[+ ! entire dep5d5ce ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms ^u ^? causes :i* appe> to fl[ f ! c5tre ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,! ph5om5a :i* connect !mselves ) ! *anges ( ! seasons _c fail to conv9ce ! mo/ sup]ficial ?9k] t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? :i* des]ves our close att5tion4 ,inde$1 if we exam9e ! mo/ anci5t ( hi/ories1 we f9d "o great fact at ! base ( all _! philosophies4 ,moses connects d>kness ) a void & =mless e>?1 & light ) ! creation ( h>mony & life4 ,m5is s+s ( a fe>ful _w by 8_m =m$ d>kness encircl$10 & l9ks ! idea ( a 8life-brea?+ div9ity0 ) ! awak5+ ( light ^u creat$ ?+s4 ,! ,egyptian ,isis1 ! ,grecian ,apollo1 :o1 ,! ,"l ( b\ndless light ,asc5d+ calm o'er ! empyrean sails1 ,& ) t5-?\s& beams 8 awful beauty veils1 ! fire-wor%ipp] ( ! ,p]sian hills & ! sun-god ( ! ,p]uvian m\nta9s1 exhibit1 ?r\gh "t & space1 ! full consci\sness ( man to ! influ5ces ( sol> light & heat ^u ! organic creations ( :i* he is himself ! *ief exempl>4 ,! inve/igations ( mod]n philosoph]s h ext5d$ ^! influ5ces to ! inorganic masses :i* con/itute ! ,planet ,,e>?3--& we n[ "k t ! physical =ces1 ev] active 9 det]m9+ ! *emical condition & ! electrical relations ( matt]1 are directly influ5c$ by ! sol> radiations4 ,few ?+s )9 ! range ( our inquiry are m /rik+ ?an ! ph5om5a ( calorific radiation & absorption4 ,!y display s p]fectly ! mo/ ref9$ sy/em ( ord]1 & exhibit s /rik+ly ! admirable adaptation ( e =mation to its p>ticul> conditions1 & = its "p 9 ! great economy ( be+1 t !y claim mo/ /rongly ! /udy ( all :o w\ld seek to discov] a poetry 9 ! inf]5ces ( sci5ce4 ,ow+ to ! nature ( our atmosph]e1 we are protect$ f ! influ5ce ( ! full flood ( sol> heat4 ,! absorption ( caloric by ! air has be5 calculat$ at ab\t "o-fif? ( ! :ole 9 pass+ ?r\gh a column ( #f1jjj feet4 ,?is e/imate is1 ( c\rse1 made ne> ! e>?'s surface2 b we are enabl$1 kn[+ ! increas+ r>ity ( ! upp] regions ( our gase\s envelope 9 :i* ! absorption is con/antly dim9i%+1 to prove1 t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! sol> heat is lo/ by v]tical transmission ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( our atmosph]e4#dg ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! conditions ( ! sun's rays are n always ! same2 & !re are few p]sons :o h n obs]v$ t a m ?an usual scor*+ influ5ce prevails "u "s atmosph]ic circum/ances4 ,?is is also evid5c$ 9 ! effects produc$ on ! foliage ( trees1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 attribut$ to electricity1 is evid5tly due to heat4 ,an exam9ation ( ! sol> radiations1 z exhibit$ 9 ! prismatic spectrum1 has prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a class ( heat rays1 :i* manife/ !mselves by a v peculi> deoxidiz+ p[] q indep5d5t ( _! caloric prop]ties1 to :i* ! "n ( p>a!rmic rays has be5 giv54#dh ,we are protect$ f ! sev]e effects ( ^! rays by ! ord9>y /ate ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! sol> heat passes4 ,our atmosph]e is a mixture ( gases & aque\s vap\r2 & x has be5 f\nd1 z already /at$1 t ev5 a ?9 film ( wat]1 h[ev] transp>5t1 prev5ts ! passage ( _m calorific radiations1 & ! rays ret>d$ are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( t class :i* h ?is peculi> scor*+ p[]4 ,! air is1 9 ?is way1 ! great equalis] ( ! sol> heat1 r5d]+ ! e>? agreeable to all animals1 :o1 b = ?is peculi> absorb5t m$ium1 w\ld h to endure1 ev5 9 our temp]ate clime1 ! burn+ rays ( a m ?an ,african sun4 ,! surface ( ! e>? dur+ ! sun%9e--&1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 ev5 :5 ! sun is obscur$ by cl\ds--is con/antly receiv+ heat2 b ! rate ( its absorption v>ies4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 %[$1 by a set ( simple b mo/ conclusive exp]im5ts1 t a piece ( black clo? 0 w>m$ mu* soon] ?an clo? ( a light] col\r2#di & we "k1 f obs]vations ( a simil> class1 t ! b>e br[n soil receives heat m readily ?an ! bright gre5 grassy c>pet ( ! e>?4 ,consequ5tly1 dur+ ! w9t] season1 relatively to ! quantity p\r$ f its s\rce1 m heat p5etrates ! uncov]$ soil1 ?an dur+ ! spr+ or summ]4 ,!re is a con/ant t5d5cy to an equilibrium2 &1 dur+ ! night1 ! surface is robb$ ( m heat1 by ! cold] air1 ?an by day2 z1 :5 ! e>? is n receiv+ heat1 x is con/antly radiat+ x back into space4 ,ev5 9 ^! processes ( convection & radiation1 a simil> law prevails to t :i* is discov]$ 9 exam9+ into ! rate ( calorific absorption4 ,e tree spread+ its gre5 leaves to ! sun%9e1 or expos+ its br[n bran*es to ! air--e fl[] :i* l5ds its beauty to ! e>?--possesses diff]5t absorb+ & radiat+ p[]s4 ,! *alice-l cup ( ! pure :ite lily float+ on ! lake--! v>iegat$ tulip--! brilliant anemony--! delicate rose--& ! int5sely col\r$ peony or dahlia--h ea* p[]s peculi> to !mselves = dr9k+ 9 ! w>m+ life-/ream ( ! sun1 & = radiat+ x back aga9 to ! ?ir/+ atmosph]e4 ,^! are no conceits ( a sci5tific dream]2 !y are ! tru?s ( direct induction2 &1 by exp]im5ts ( a simple "*1 !y may be put to a se>*+ te/4#ej ,a !rmometric exam9ation ( ! v>i\s col\r$ fl[]s1 by enclos+ a delicate !rmomet] among/ _! leaves1 w readily e/abli% ! correctness ( ! "o2 & by a discov]y ( rec5t date1 connect$ ) calorific radiation1 :i* mu/ be p>ticul>ly describ$ pres5tly1 we c1 ) equal ease & c]ta9ty1 te/ ! tru? ( ! o!r2#ea ! absorption & radiation ( heat be+ directly regulat$ by ! col\rs ( ! surfaces ^u :i* ! sun rays fall4 ,x foll[s1 z a natural consequ5ce ( ! position ( ! sun1 z x reg>ds any p>ticul> spot on ! e>? at a giv5 "t1 t ! am\nt ( heat is con/antly v>y+ dur+ ! ye>4 ,?is v>iation regulates ! seasons4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! e>? is1 9 ! w9t]1 ne>ly ?ree millions ( miles ne>] ! sun ?an 9 ! summ]1 "s explanation is requir$ to acc\nt = our suff]+ m cold :5 ne>] ! s\rce ( heat1 ?an :5 at ! remote/ di/ance4 ,! e>? 9 h] pa? ar\nd ! sun describes an ellipse1 ! sun's place be+ "o ( its foci4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! law1 already describ$1 ( ! cons]vation ( ! axis ( rotation1 ! axis ( ! e>? con/antly po9ts t[>ds ! /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,little ,be>4 ,recollect+ ?is1 & also ! two facts1 t a d5se solid body absorbs heat m readily ?an a fluid "o1 & t radiation f ! surface is con/antly go+ on :5 absorption is n tak+ place1 let u foll[ ! e>? 9 h] orbit4 ,x is ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox--we h equal day & night--!re=e ! p]iods ( absorption & radiation ( heat are alike4 ,b at ?is "t ( ! ye> ! s\!rn hemisph]e is opposite to ! sun1 consequ5tly ! degree ( absorption by ! wide-spread oceans small4 ,x is ! summ] sol/ice--we h sixte5 h\rs ( daylight1 :5 ! absorption ( heat is go+ on--& b eight h\rs ( night1 dur+ :i* heat is pass+ (f4 ,! nor!rn hemisph]e is n[ pres5t$ to ! sun1 & z "h we h ! l>ge/ portion ( dry l&1 ! p[]s ( absorption are at _! maximum4 ,! autumnal equ9ox has arriv$1 ) its equal day & night1 z 9 ! spr+1 b n[ ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e is opposite ! sun2 h5ce1 accord+ to ! laws already expla9$1 we see ! causes ( ! increas$ heat ( ! autumnal season4 ,! w9t] sol/ice has come1 ) its long night & %ort5$ day4 ,! "t dur+ :i* radiation is go+ on is ne>ly twice t 9 :i* absorption takes place1 & ! e>? is 9 h] wor/ position = receiv+ heat1 z t half :i* has ! l>ge/ surface ( wat] is t[>ds ! sun4 ,^! are ! causes :i* lead to ! v>iations ( ! seasons1 & ?r\gh ^! we le>n :y we are cold] :5 ne> ! sun ?an :5 at a consid]ably great] di/ance4 ,an analysis ( ! spectrum %[s u t !re are "s *anges regul>ly tak+ place 9 ! /ate ( ! sol> beam1 :i* _c be ref]r$ to ! m]e alt]ation ( position4 ,x may be inf]r$1 f facts by long-cont9u$ obs]vations1 t ! ?ree classes ( ph5om5a--light1 heat1 & *emical p[]1 di/+ui%$ by ! t]m ,act9ism--:i* we detect 9 ! sun's rays1 are con/antly *ang+ _! relative proportions4 ,9 spr+1 ! *emical ag5cy prevails2 9 summ]1 ! lum9\s pr9ciple is ! mo/ p[]ful2 & 9 ! autumn1 ! calorific =ces are 9 a /ate ( ! greate/ activity4#eb ,! importance ( ^! v>iations1 to ! great economy ( vegetable life1 w be %[n :5 we come to exam9e ! ph5om5a connect$ ) organisation4 ,a rem>kable *ange takes place 9 ! "* ( heat 9 be+ reflect$ f mat]ial sub/ances4 ,9 nature we (t5 see ?is fact curi\sly illu/rat$4 ,sn[ :i* lies ne> ! trunks ( trees or wood5 poles melts mu* quick] ?an t :i* is at a di/ance f !m1 ! sun %9+ equally on bo?--! liquefaction comm5c+ on ! side fac+ ! sun1 & gradually ext5d+4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! direct rays ( sol> heat produce less effect ^u ! sn[ ?an ^? :i* are radiat$ f col\r$ surfaces4 ,by num]\s exp]im5ts1 x has be5 %[n t ^! second>y radiations are m abundantly absorb$ by sn[ or :ite bodies ?an ! direct sol> rays !mselves4 ,"h is "o ( ! _m v curi\s evid5ces1 :i* sci5ce lays op5 to u1 ( ! intimate connection betwe5 ! mo/ e!real & ! gross] =ms ( matt]4 ,heat1 by t\*+ ! e>?1 becomes m e>?-l4 ,! subtile pr9ciple :i*1 l ! _s ( sup]/ition1 has ! p[] ( pass+1 unfelt1 ?r\gh ! cry/al mass1 is robb$ ( its might by embrac+ ! ?+s ( e>?2 & al?\gh x /ill reta9s ! evid5ces ( its ref9$ orig91 its movem5ts are %ackl$ z by a clog ( clay1 & its w+s are heavy ) ! du/ ( ?is roll+ ball4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 acquir$ new prop]ties1 :i* fit x = ! requirem5ts ( creation1 & by :i* its great tasks are facilitat$4 ,matt] & heat unite 9 a common bond1 &1 h>moni\sly pursu+ ! necessities ( "s univ]sal law1 ! result is ! ext5sion ( beautiful =ms 9 e k+dom ( nature4 ,an easy exp]im5t pleas+ly illu/rates ?is rem>kable *ange4 ,if a black5$ c>d is plac$ ^u sn[ or ice 9 ! sun%9e1 ! froz5 mass und]nea? x w be gradually ?aw$1 & ! c>d s9k into x1 :ile t by :i* x is surr\nd$1 al?\gh expos$ to ! full p[] ( sol> heat1 is b little di/urb$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we reflect ! sun's rays f a metal surface1 an exactly contr>y result takes place2 ! uncov]$ p>ts are ! fir/ to melt1 & ! black5$ c>d /&s high above ! surr\nd+ portion4 ,! evid5ces ( sci5ce all indicate ! sun z ! s\rce1 n only ( t heat :i* we receive directly ?r\gh our atmosph]e1 b ev5 ( t :i* has be5 /or$ by our planet1 & :i* we c1 by sev]al me?ods1 develope4 ,we h n to inquire if ! e>? 0 ev] an int5sely heat$ sph]e2--?is conc]ns n our "q2 z we %\ld1 ev5 7 ?is admitt$1 /ill h to speculate on ! orig9--! primitive s\rce ( ?is caloric4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial heat1 a few ( ! great results ( ! laws ( radiation & convection claim our att5tion4 ,ne>ly all ! heat :i* ! sun p\rs ^u ! ocean is employ$ 9 conv]t+ its wat] into vap\r at ! v surface1 or is radiat$ back f x1 to p]=m ! important (fice ( produc+ ^? di/urb+ influ5ces 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* are ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( ! heal?ful condition ( ! great arial envelope 9 :i* we live4 ,curr5ts ( air are g5]ally due to ! unequal degrees 9 :i* ! atmosph]e is w>m$4 ,heat1 by exp&+1 increases ! ela/icity1 & less5s ! d5sity1 ( a giv5 mass4 ,consequ5tly1 ! air heat$ by ! high temp]ature ( ! tropics1 asc5ds *>g$ ) aque\s vap\rs1 :il/ ! cold] air ( ! temp]ate & ! frigid zones fl[s t[>ds ! equator to supply its place4 ,^! great curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e are1 indep5d5t ( ! m9or di/urbances produc$ by local causes1 9 con/ant fl[1 & by !m a uni=mity ( temp]ature is produc$1 :i* c\ld n 9 any o!r way be accompli%$4 ,by ^! curr5ts1 too1 ! equalisation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! 8brea? ( life0 is effect$1 & ! pur] oxyg5 ( ! 8l& ( ! sunny s\?0 is diffus$ 9 heal?ful gales ov] ! cold] climes ( ! nor?4 ,! wat]s1 too1 evaporat$ f ! great c5tral ,atlantic ,ocean1 or ! f> ,pacific1 are ?us c>ri$ ov] ! wide-spread cont95ts1 & p\r$ 9 f]tilis+ %[]s ^u di/ant l&s4 ,h[ magnific5t are ! op]ations ( nature6 ,! air is n mu* w>m$ by ! radiations ( caloric pass+ f ! sun to ! e>?2 b ! surface soil is heat$ by its p[] ( absorb+ ^! rays4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air next ! e>? is rais$1 & we ?us h ! circulation ( ^? b5eficial curr5ts :i* are s rem>kably regul> 9 ! ,trade ,w9ds4 ,! air heat$ )9 ! tropics w\ld asc5d directly to ! poles1 7 ! e>? at re/1 b be+ 9 motion1 ^? great arial curr5ts--! ,trade ,w9ds--are produc$1 & ! p]iodical monsoons are due to ! same cause4 ,a simil> circulation1 q indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y tidal movem5t1 takes place also 9 ! e>?-girdl+ ocean4 ,! wat]1 w>m$1 by convection1 f ! hot surface ( ! tropical l&s1 sets across ! ,atlantic f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 & be+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! two =ces--gravity & motion--x illu/rates ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 & fl[+ along ! diagonal1 rea*es our own %ores3 ! g5ial influ5ces ( ! gulf /ream produce t temp]$ climate :i* di/+ui%es our insul> home4 ,"h we h two imm5se influ5ces produc$ by "o ag5cy1 r5d]+ ^? p>ts ( ! e>? habitable & f]tile1 :i* b = ^! great results w\ld sorr[ 9 ! *e]less aspect ( an et]nal w9t]4 ,! beautiful ph5om5on ( ! =mation ( dew is also di/9ctly connect$ ) ! peculi> prop]ties :i* we h be5 /udy+4 ,:5 f ! bright blue vault ( heav51 ! sp>kl+ con/ellations %[] _! mild light ov] ! e>?1 ! fl[]s ( ! g>d5 & ! leaves ( ! =e/ become moi/ ) a fluid ( ! mo/ translucid nature4 ,well might ! anci5ts imag9e t ! dews 7 actually %$ f ! />s2 & ! al*emi/s & physicians ( ! middle ages conceive t ?is pure di/illation ( ! night possess$ subtile & p5etrat+ p[]s beyond mo/ o!r ?+s2 & ! ladies ( ^? old5 times endeav\r to pres]ve _! *>ms 9 ! p]fection ( _! y\?ful beauty ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( wa%es procur$ f s pure a s\rce4#ec ,sci5ce has remov$ ! veil ( my/]y ) :i* sup]/ition _h inve/$ ! =mation ( dew2 &1 9 %[+ to u t x is a cond5sation ( vap\r ^u bodies accord+ to a fix$ law ( radiation1 x has also develop$ s _m rem>kable facts connect$ ) ! *>act]s ( mat]ial creations1 t a mu* high] ord] ( poetry is op5$ to ! m9d ?an t :i*1 ?\gh beautiful1 sprang m]ely f ! imag9ation4 ,^u ! radiation ( heat dep5ds ! =mation ( dew1 & bodies mu/ become cold] ?an ! atmosph]e be=e x w be deposit$ ^u !m4 ,at :atev] temp]ature ! air may be1 x is *>g$ to saturation ) wat]y vap\r1 ! quantity v>y+ uni=mly ) ! temp]ature4 ,suppos+ ! temp]ature ( ! air to be #gj ,f41 & t a bottle ( wat] at #fj is plac$ 9 x1 ! air ar\nd ! bottle w be cool$1 & w deposit on ! glass exactly t quantity ( moi/ure :i* is due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! two bodies4 ,diff]5t sub/ances1 indep5d5t ( col\r1 h ! prop]ty ( p>t+ ) heat f _! surfaces at diff]5t rates4 ,r\gh & por\s surfaces radiate heat m rapidly ?an smoo? ones1 & are consequ5tly r$uc$ 9 temp]ature2 &1 if expos$1 are cov]$ ) dew soon] ?an su* z are smoo? & d5se4 ,! grass p>t]re gli/5s ) dew1 :il/ ! h>d & /ony walk is unmoi/5$4#ed ,col\rless glass is v readily suffus$ ) dampness1 b poli%$ metals are n s1 ev5 :5 dews are heavily cond5s$ on o!r bodies4 ,to compreh5d fully ! ph5om5a ( ! =mation ( dew1 we mu/ rememb] t ! entire surface ( ! e>? is con/antly radiat+ heat into space2 & t1 z by night no absorption is tak+ place1 x naturally cools4#ee ,z ! sub/ances spread ov] ! e>? become cold] ?an ! air1 !y acquire ! p[] ( cond5s+ ! vap\r ) :i* ! atmosph]e is always *>g$4 ,! bodies :i* cov] ?is globe are v diff]5tly con/itut$2 !y possess dissimil> radiat+ p[]s1 & consequ5tly pres5t1 :5 exam9$ by delicate !rmomet]s1 v>y+ degrees ( temp]ature4 ,by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,wells1#ef :i* may be adduc$ z an example ( ! be/ class ( inductive exp]im5ts1 we le>n t ! foll[+ diff]5ces 9 s5sible heat 7 obs]v$ at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+3-- ,! air f\r feet above ! grass #fj-c_/d ,wool on a rais$ bo>d #ed-a_/b ,sw&[n on ditto #ec ,! surface ( ! rais$ bo>d #eg ,grass plat #ea ,dew is mo/ abundantly deposit$ on cle>1 calm nights1 dur+ :i* ! radiation f ! surface ( ! e>? is un9t]rupt$4 ,! increas$ cold ( su* nights ov] ^? obscur$ by cl\ds is well kn[n4 ,! cl\ds1 x has be5 prov$1 act 9 ! same way z ! scre5s us$ by g>d5]s to protect _! "y plants f ! fro/s ( ! e>ly spr+1 :i* ob/ruct ! radiation1 &1 9 all probability1 reflect a small quantity ( heat back to ! e>?4 ,x is n improbable t ! obs]v$ increase 9 grass crops1 :5 !y h be5 /rewn ) bran*es ( trees or any slight %ades1 may be due to a simil> cause4#eg ,!re are _m rem>kable results dep5d5t entirely on ! col\rs ( bodies1 :i* are n explicable ^u ! idea ( diff]5ce 9 me*anical arrangem5t4 ,we "k t diff]5t col\rs are regulat$ by ! p[]s :i* /ructures h ( absorb+ & reflect+ light2 consequ5tly a blue surface mu/ h a diff]5t ord] ( molecul> arrangem5t f a r$ "o4 ,b !re are "s physical peculi>ities :i* also influ5ce heat radiation1 q indep5d5tly ( ?is surface condition4 ,if we take pieces ( r$1 black1 gre51 & yell[ glass1 & expose !m :5 ! dew is cond5s+1 we %all f9d t moi/ure w %[ itself fir/ on ! yell[1 !n on ! gre5 glass1 & la/ ( all ^u ! black or r$ glasses4 ,! same ?+ takes place if we expose col\r$ fluids 9 :ite glass bottles or tr\ghs1 9 :i* case ! surfaces are all alike4 ,if aga9/ a %eet ( glass1 ^u :i* moi/ure has be5 slightly froz51 we place glasses simil>ly col\r$ to ^? already describ$1 x w be f\nd t ! e>lie/ heat-rays w s w>m ! r$ & ! black glasses1 t ! ice w be melt$ opposite to !m1 long be=e any *ange w be se5 ^u ! froz5 film cov]$ by ! o!r col\rs4 ,! ord] 9 :i* heat p]meates col\r$ m$ia1 x has already be5 %[n1 v ne>ly agrees ) _! p[]s ( radiation4 ,^! mo/ curi\s results h engag$ ! att5tion ( ,melloni1 to ^: inve/igations we owe s mu*2 & f ! peculi> ord] ( radiations1 :i* pres5t ph5om5a ( an analog\s "* to ^? ( ! col\r$ rays ( light1 obta9$ by him f dissimil>ly col\r$ bodies1 he has be5 l$ to imag9e ! exi/5ce ( a 8heat-col\ration40 ,t is1 ! heat-rays are suppos$ to possess prop]ties l lum9\s col\r al?\gh invisible2 &1 consequ5tly1 t a blue surface has a /rong aff9ity = ! blue heat-rays1 a r$ surface = ! r$ ones1 & s on ?r\gh ! scale4 ,! +5uity ( ?is hypo!sis has procur$ x mu* att5tion2 b n[1 :5 ! ,newtonian hypo!sis ( ! refrangibility ( light is ne>ly ov]turn$1 we mu/ n1 ^u m]e analogy1 ru% to ! conclusion t ! rays ( heat h diff]5t ord]s ( refrangibility1 :i* ,melloni's hypo!sis requires4#eh ,c any?+ be m calculat$ to impress ! m9d ) ! consci\sness ( ! high p]fection ( natural ph5om5a1 ?an ! fact1 t ! col\r ( a body %\ld p[]fully influ5ce ! transmission ( a pr9ciple :i* is diffus$ ?r\gh all nature1 & also det]m9e ! rate ) :i* x is to pass (f f its surface4 ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts h br\ght u acqua9t$ ) o!r facts connect$ ) ^! heat-radiations1 & ! p[] ( heat1 z influ5c$ by ! calorific rays1 to produce molecul> *anges 9 bodies1 :i* be> mo/ importantly on our subject4 ,if we ?r[ ^u a plate ( poli%$ metal a prismatic spectrum 7depriv$1 z ne>ly z possible1 ( its *emical p[]1 by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a deep yell[ solution--:i* possesses ?is prop]ty 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 z w be expla9$ :5 we come to ! exam9ation ( ! *emical action ( ! sun's rays7--x w be f\nd1 if we aft]w>ds expose ! plate to ! action ( vap\r1 v sl[ly rais$ f m]cury1 t ! space occupi$ by ! r$ rays1 & ^? :i* lie )\t ! spectrum bel[ x1 w cond5se ! vap\r ?ickly1 :ile ! portion correspond+ ) ! o!r rays w be left unt\*$4 ,?is af=ds u evid5ce ( ! p[] ( sol> heat to produce1 v readily1 a *ange 9 ! molecul> /ructure ( solid bodies4 ,if we all[ ! sun's rays to p]meate col\r$ glasses1 & !n fall ^u a poli%$ metallic surface1 ! result1 on expos+ ! plate to vap\risation1 w be simil> to t j describ$4 ,"u yell[ & gre5 glasses no vap\r w be cond5s$2 b on ! space on :i* ! rays p]meat+ a r$ glass1 or ev5 a black5$ "o1 fall1 a v copi\s deposit ( vap\r w m>k ) di/9ctness ! spaces ^! glasses cov]$4 ,m rem>kable /ill1 if ^! or any o!r col\r$ bodies are plac$ 9 a box1 & a poli%$ metal plate is susp5d$ a few l9es above !m1 ! :ole be+ kept 9 p]fect d>kness = a few h\rs1 precisely ! same effect takes place z :5 ! arrangem5t is expos$ to ! full rays ( ! sun4 ,"h we h evid5ce ( ! radiat+ heat ( bodies1 produc+ ev5 9 d>kness ! same ph5om5a z ! transmitt$ heat-rays ( ! sun4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 return to ! exam9ation ( "s ( ^! & o!r analog\s influ5ces "u ! head ( act9o-*emi/ry4 ,f ^! curi\s discov]ies ( inductive rese>* we le>n "s high tru?s4 ,associat$ ) light--obey+ _m ( ! same laws--mov+ 9 a simil> mann]--we receive a p[] :i* is ess5tial to ! con/itution ( our planet4 ,?is p[] is (t5 manife/$ 9 su* intimate comb9ation ) ! lum9\s pr9ciple ( ! sol> rays1 t x has be5 suspect$ to be b ano!r =m ( ! same ag5cy4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 we are enabl$ to %[ ! ph5om5a ( "o )\t produc+ ^? :i* di/+ui% ! o!r1 we are con/ra9$ to reg>d heat z some?+ dissimil> to light4 ,x is true t we appe> to be t5d+ t[>ds "s po9t ( pro( on ?is problem2 b we are n 9 a position to decl>e !m to be =ms ( "o common p[]1 or 8p>ticul> solutions ( "o great physical equation40#ei ,9 _m in/ances x w\ld c]ta9ly appe> t "o ( ^! =ces 0 directly necess>y to ! production ( ! o!r2 b we h also num]\s examples 9 :i* !y d n /& 9 any su* correlation4 ,we le>n1 f ! sci5tific facts :i* we h be5 discuss+1 a few ( ! secrets ( natural magic4 ,9 _! relations to heat1 e fl[]1 :i* adds to ! adornm5t ( ! wilds ( nature or ! c>efully-t5d$ g>d5 ( ! flori/1 possesses a p[] peculi> to itself2 8,naiad-l lily ( ! vale10 &1 8---- ,! pi$ w9d-fl[]s1 & ! tulip tall1 ,& n>cissi1 ! faire/ among !m all10 are1 by _! diff]5t col\rs1 prev5t$ f ev] hav+ ! same temp]atures "u ! same sun%9e4 ,e plant be>s )9 itself ! measure ( ! heat :i* is necess>y = its well-be+1 & is endu$ ) functions :i* mutely det]m9e ! relative am\nt ( dew :i* %all wet its col\r$ leaves4 ,"s ( ! t]re/rial ph5om5a ( ?is rem>kable pr9ciple w /ill fur!r illu/rate ! title ( ?is volume4 ,to comm5ce ) ! mo/ famili> illu/rations1 let u consid] ! consequ5ces ( *ange ( temp]ature4 ,h[ev] slight ! additional heat may be to :i* a body is subject$1 x exp&s "u its influ5ce2 consequ5tly1 e atom :i* goes to =m ! mass ( ! e>? moves "u ! excitation1 & ! fir/ heat ray ( ! morn+ :i* t\*es ! e>?'s surface1 sets up a vibration :i* is cont9u$ z a tremor to its v c5tre4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! temp]ature ( day & night are consid]able2 !re=e all bodies exp& "u ! influ5ce ( ! high]1 & contract "u t ( ! l[] temp]ature4 ,dur+ ! day1 any cl\d obscur+ ! sun produces1 9 e solid1 fluid1 or ari=m body1 )9 ! range ( sol> influ5ce1 a *eck3 ! p>ticles :i* _h be5 exp&+ "u ! =ce ( heat sudd5ly contract4 ,?us !re mu/ ( necessity be1 dur+ ! h\rs ( sun%9e1 a t5d5cy 9 all bodies to dilate1 & dur+ ! h\rs ( night !y mu/ be resum+ _! orig9al conditions4 ,n only d dissimil> bodies radiate heat 9 diff]5t degrees1 b !y conduct x also ) con/antly v>y+ rates4 ,heat passes along silv] or copp] ) read9ess1 comp>$ to its progress ?r\gh plat9um4 ,x is conduct$ by glass b sl[ly1 & /ill m sl[ly by wood & *>coal4 ,we receive "s important intimations ( ! molecul> /ructure ( matt]1 f ^? exp]im5ts :i* prove t heat is conduct$ m readily along "s l9es ?an o!rs4 ,9 "s planes1 wood & o!r sub/ances are bett] conductors ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! metallic oxides or e>?s are bad conductors ( heat1 by :i* provision ! caloric absorb$ by ! sun's rays is n c>ri$ away f ! surface ( ?is planet s rapidly z x w\ld h be5 _h x be5 ( metal1 b is reta9$ 9 ! sup]ficial cru/ to produce ! due temp]ature = heal?ful g]m9ation & vegetable gr[?4 ,! wool & hair ( animals are /ill inf]ior conductors1 & ?us1 "u *anges ( climate & ( seasons1 ! bea/s ( ! field are secur$ aga9/ ^? viol5t transitions f heat to cold :i* w\ld be fatal to !m4 ,hair is a bett] conductor ?an wool3 h5ce1 by nature's al*emy1 hair *ang$ into wool 9 ! animals ( "s c\ntries on ! approa* ( w9t]1 & fea!rs into d[n4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! rate at :i* sol> heat is conduct$ into ! cru/ ( ! e>? mu/ alt] ) ! condition ( ! surface ^u :i* x falls4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( all ! rocks :i* h be5 exam9$ is f\nd to v>y 9 "s degree4#fj ,x foll[s1 z a natural consequ5ce ( ! position ( ! sun to ! e>?1 t ! p>ts ne> ! equator become m heat$ ?an ^? remote f x4 ,z ?is heat is conduct$ into ! int]ior ( ! mass1 x has a t5d5cy to move to ! cold] portions ( x1 & ?us ! heat absorb$ at ! equator fl[s t[>ds ! poles1 & f ^! p>ts is c>ri$ (f by ! atmosph]e1 or radiat$ into space4 ,ow+ to ?is1 !re is a c]ta9 dep? b5ea? ! surface ( our globe at :i* an equal temp]ature prevails1 ! dep? increas+ z we travel nor? or s\? f ! equator1 & con=m+ to ! cont\r ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! l9e s9k+ "u ! valleys & ris+ "u ! hills4#fa ,a "q ( great int]e/1 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 is ! temp]ature ( ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 )\t ! means ( solv+ ?is problem2 b we advance a little way onw>ds 9 ! inquiry by a c>eful exam9ation ( subt]ranean temp]ature at su* dep?s z ! ent]prise ( man enables u to rea*4 ,^! rese>*es %[ u1 t :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! climate is #ej1 ! temp]ature ( ! rock at #ei fa?oms f ! surface is #fj2 at #acb fa?oms x is #gj2 at #bci fa?oms x is #hj3 be+ an increase ( #aj at #ei fa?oms deep1 or #a 9 #ced feet2 ( #aj m at #gc fa?oms deep]1 or #a 9 #dch feet2 & ( #aj m at #aad fa?oms /ill deep]1 or #a 9 #fdb feet4#fb ,al?\gh ?is w\ld indicate an increase to a c]ta9 dep? ( ab\t "o degree 9 e fifty feet1 yet x w\ld appe> t ! rate ( increase dim9i%es ) ! dep?4 ,x appe>s !re=e probable1 t ! heat ( ! e>?1 s f> z man c exam9e x1 is due to ! absorption ( ! sol> rays by ! surface4 ,! evid5ces ( int5se igne\s action at a great dep? _c be d5i$1 b ! doctr9e ( a cool+ mass1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( an inc&esc5t mass1 at ! e>?'s c5tre1 rema9s b "o ( ^? guesses :i* active m9ds delight 94 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ?is planet is subject to v>iations1 :i* are probably dep5d5t ^u "s physical *anges 9 ! sun himself1 or 9 ! atmosph]ic envelope by :i* t orb is surr\nd$4 ,! v>iations ov] ! e>?'s surface are great4 ,at ! equator we may reg>d ! temp]ature z uni=mly exi/+ at #hj1 :ile at ! poles x is bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]2 & z f> z obs]vations h be5 made1 ! subt]ranean temp]atures be> a close relation to ! !rmic condition ( ! climate ( ! surface4 ,! circulation ( wat] ?r\gh faults or fissures 9 ! /rata is1 )\t d\bt1 "o means ( c>ry+ heat d[nw>ds mu* quick] ?an x w\ld be conduct$ by ! rocks !mselves4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 f\nd t ! quantity ( wat] increases ) ! dep?4 ,9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 unless :]e ! gr\nd is v loose1 m9]s f9d t1 aft] ab\t #aej fa?oms 7#ijj feet71 ! quantity ( wat] rapidly dim9i%es4 ,t wat] mu/ asc5d f v mu* great] dep?s is c]ta91 f ! high temp]atures at :i* _m spr+s fl[ out at ! surface4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,m9es 9 ,cornwall1 wat] rises f "o "p ( ! lode at #ij2 & "o ( ! levels 9 ^! work+s is s hot t1 not)/&+ a /ream ( cold wat] is purposely br\ght into x to r$uce ! temp]ature1 ! m9]s "w ne>ly nak$1 & w ba! 9 wat] at #hj to cool !mselves4 ,at ! bottom ( ,tresavean ,m9e1 9 ! same c\nty1 ab\t #cbj fa?oms f ! surface1 ! temp]ature is #ajj4 ,"o cause ( ! great heat ( _m ( our deep m9es1 :i* appe>s to h be5 entirely lo/ sight (1 is ! *emical action go+ on ^u l>ge masses ( pyritic matt] 9 _! vic9ity4 ,! heat1 :i* is s oppressive 9 ! ,unit$ ,m9es1 is1 )\t d\bt1 due to ! decomposition ( imm5se quantities ( ! sulphurets ( iron & copp] kn[n to be 9 ?is condition at a %ort di/ance f ^! m9]al works4 ,! heat :i* man is enabl$ to measure b5ea? ! e>?'s surface1 appe>s to be alone due to ! conduct+ p[]s ( ! rocks !mselves2 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! l9e ( equal temp]ature foll[s1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! elevations & depressions :i* prevail ^u ! surface1 & ! dim9i%+ rate ( increase beyond ?is l9e1 c]ta9ly is su* z w\ld arise1 0 all ! heat s measur$1 ! result ( ! passage ( ! heat by conduction ?r\gh ! cru/ ( rocks4 ,:e!r or n ! subt]ranean b&s ( equal heat h any /rict relation1 ^u a l>ge scale1 to ! iso!rmic l9es :i* h be5 trac$ ar\nd mo/ portions ( our globe1 is a po9t :i* has n yet be5 s satisfactorily det]m9$ z to admit ( any g5]al d$uctions4 ,! ,ori5tal /ory-tell] makes ! inn] _w a place ( r>e beauty--a cav]n temple1 be/udd$ ) self-lum9\s gems1 9 :i* reside ! spiritual be+s to :om ! direction ( ! inorganic _w is confid$4 ,! ,philosoph]1 9 ! height ( 8 k1 has _h dreams z absurd z ?is2 & amid ! romances ( sci5ce1 !re are n to be f\nd any m /range visions ?an ^? :i* relate to ! c5tre ( our globe4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$1 t _m ( ! peculi> ph5om5a :i* mod]n geological rese>*es h br\ght to light1 are be/ expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( a cool+ sph]e1 :i* necess>ily involves ! exi/5ce ( a v high temp]ature t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,we h already notic$ "s rem>kable diff]5ces betwe5 sol> & t]re/rial heat2 b a class ( obs]vations by ,del>o*e#fc /ill requires our att5tion4 ,sol> heat passes freely ?r\gh col\rless glass1 :]eas ! radiations f a bright fire or a mass ( inc&esc5t metal are entirely ob/ruct$ by ?is m$ium4 ,if we place a lamp or a ball ( gl[+ hot metal be=e a metallic reflector1 ! focus ( accumulat$ heat is soon discov]$2 b if a glass mirror be us$1 ! light is reflect$1 b n ! heat2 :]eas1 ) ! sol> rays1 b little diff]5ce is detect$1 :e!r vitre\s or metallic reflectors are employ$4 ,x is well kn[n t glass l5ses refract bo? ! light & heat ( ! sun1 & !y are commonly kn[n z burn+-glasses3 ! heat accumulat$ at _! focal po9t be+ ( ! highe/ int5sity4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! sol> beam1 we employ1 9 our exp]im5ts1 an int5se heat produc$ by artificial means1 ! passage ( x is ob/ruct$1 & ! mo/ delicate !rmomet]s rema9 undi/urb$ 9 ! focus ( ! l5s4 ,glass expos$ 9 front ( a fire becomes w>m1 & by conduction ! heat passes ?r\gh x1 & a second>y radiation takes place f ! opposite side4#fd ,x has be5 f\nd t glass is transcalesc5t1 or dia!rmic1 to "s rays ( t]re/rial heat1 & adia!mic1 or opaque = heat1 to o!rs#fe--t ! capability ( p]meat+ glass increases ) ! temp]ature ( ! ignit$ body--& t rays :i* h pass$ "o scre5 trav]se a second m readily4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> t some?+ m ?an a m]e elevation ( temp]ature is necess>y to give t]re/rial heat-radiations ! p[] ( pass+ ?r\gh glass scre5s1 or1 9 o!r words1 to acquire ! prop]ties ( sol> heat4 ,to give an example4 ,! heat ( ! oxy-hydrog5 flame is mo/ int5se1 yet glass ob/ructs x1 al?\gh x may be assi/$ by a p>abolic reflector4 ,if ?is flame is made to play ^u a ball ( lime1 by :i* a mo/ int5se light is produc$1 ! heat1 :i* has n be5 actually increas$1 acquires ! p[] ( be+ refract$ by a glass l5s1 & combu/ible bodies may be ignit$ 9 its focus4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s f ^! results1 t ! undulatory hypo!sis holds true1 s f> z ! motion ( ! calorific p[] is conc]n$4 ,at a c]ta9 rate ! vibrations are ?r[n back or /opp$ by ! oppos+ body1 :ile 9 a /ate ( high] excitation1 mov+ ) increas$ rapidity1 !y p]meate ! scre54#ff ,?is does n1 inde$1 int]f]e ) ! ref9$ !ory ( ,prvo/1#fg :i* supposes a mutual & equal int]*ange ( caloric betwe5 all bodies4 ,! mo/ g5]al effect ( heat is ! expansion ( matt]2 solids1 liquids1 & airs1 all exp& "u its influ5ce4 ,if a b> ( metal is expos$ to calorific action1 x increases 9 size1 ow+ to its p>ticles be+ sep>at$ f>!r f ea* o!r3 by cont9u+ ?is influ5ce1 aft] a c]ta9 "t ! cohesion ( ! mass is s r$uc$ t x melts1 or becomes liquid1 &1 "u ! =ce ( a /ill high] temp]ature1 ?is molt5 metal may be dissipat$ 9 vap\r4 ,x w\ld appe> z if1 "u ! ag5cy ( ! heat appli$ to a body1 its atoms exp&$1 until at la/1 ow+ to ! t5uity ( ! out] lay] or envelope ( ea* atom1 !y 7 enabl$ to move freely ov] ea* o!r1 or to int]p5etrate )\t difficulty4 ,t heat does really occasion a consid]able di/urbance 9 ! corpuscul> arrangem5t ( bodies1 may be prov$ by a v int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,a b> ( heat$ metal is plac$ to cool1 ) "o end support$ ^u a w$ge or a r+ ( a diff]5t metal ! o!r re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,9 cool+1 a di/9ct musical s\nd is giv5 out1 ow+ to ! vibratory action set up among ! p>ticles ( matt] mov+ z ! temp]ature decl9es4#fh ,heat is diffus$ ?r\gh all bodies 9 nature1 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 may be develop$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,we may1 !re=e1 inf]1 t 9 conv]t+ a sph]e ( ice into wat]1 & t aga9 into /eam1 we h done no?+ m ?an int]p5etrate ! mass ) a l>g] quantity ( heat1 by :i* its atoms are m widely sep>at$1 & t ?us its molecules become free to move ab\t ea* o!r4 ,h5ce1 f a solid /ate1 ! wat] becomes fluid2 & !n1 if ! expansive =ce is cont9u$1 an invisible vap\r4 ,if ^! limits are pass$ by ! p[]s ( any greatly increas$ !rmic action1 ! natural consequ5ce1 x mu/ be se51 w be ! sep>ation ( ! atoms f ea* o!r1 to su* an ext5t t ! molecule is de/roy$1 & *emical decomposition takes place4 ,by ! ag5cy ( ! electricity ( ! voltaic batt]y1 we are enabl$ to produce ! mo/ int5se heat ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & by a peculi>ly +5i\s arrangem5t ,mr4 ,grove has succe$$ 9 resolv+ wat] by ! m]e action ( heat into its con/itu5t elem5ts--oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases4 ,t ?is decomposition is n due to ! voltaic curr5t1 b to ! heat produc$ by x1 0 subsequ5tly prov$ by employ+ plat9a heat$ by ! oxy-hydrog5 flame4#fi ,?is int]e/+ "q has be5 exam9$ ) great c>e by ,dr4 ,rob9son ( ,armagh1 :o has %[n t1 z ! temp]ature ( wat] is increas$1 ! aff9ity ( its elem5ts is less5$1 until at a c]ta9 po9t x is ev5tually de/roy$4 ,?is new & />tl+ fact appe>s sc>cely consi/5t ) our k t a body heat$ s z to be lum9\s has ! p[] ( caus+ ! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( wat] ) explosive viol5ce4#gj ,b z ?is acute exp]im5tal philosoph] some:at boldly b /ill mo/ reasonably inquires3 8,is x n probable t1 if n light1 "s o!r act9ic p[] 7l t :i* accompanies light 9 ! spectrum1 & is reveal$ to u by its *emical effects 9 ! processes ( photography7 is evolv$ by ! heat1 &1 ?\gh invisible1 det]m9es1 9 conjunction ) ! aff9ity1 t atomic *ange :i* trans=ms ! ?ree volumes ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 into two ( /eam80#ga ,?is speculation expla9s1 9 a v satisfactory mann]1 "s results :i* 7 obta9$ by ,c\nt ,rum=d1 9 #agih4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts in/itut$ = ! purpose ( exam9+ 8^? *emical prop]ties ( light :i* h be5 attribut$ to x10 he has %[n t _m cases ( *emical decomposition occur 9 p]fect d>kness1 "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 :i* are precisely simil> to ^? produc$ by exposure to ! sun's rays4#gb ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 t bo? sol> light & heat are sometimes f\nd 9 direct antagonism to act9ic p[]1 & t ! mo/ decid$ *emical *anges are produc$ by ^? rays 9 :i* nei!r heat nor light c be detect$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a ( ?is class w be expla9$ "u ! head ( act9ism4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s relations :i* z yet h be5 discov]$ betwe5 light & heat is1 t1 ! temp]ature at :i* all bodies become inc&esc5t1 except+ su* z are phosphoresc5t1 is uni=m4 ,! po9t on ! !rmomet] 7,fahr5heit's scale7 :5 ! eye by p]fect repose is enabl$ to detect ! fir/ lum9\s influ5ce1 may probably be reg>d$ z1 or v ne>1 #ajjj4 ,daniel has fix$ ?is po9t at #ihj1 ,w$gwood at #idg1 & ,drap] at #igg4gc ,dr4 ,rob9son & ,dr4 ,drap]1 by indep5d5t obs]vations1 h bo? arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t ! fir/ gleam ( light :i* appe>s f heat$ plat9a is n r$1 b ( a lav5d] gray1 ! same 9 "* ( col\r z t detect$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el among ! mo/ refrangible rays ( ! sol> spectrum4#gd ,x mu/ be admitt$1 t ! "q ( ! id5tity1 or o!rwise1 ( light & radiant heat1 is beset ) difficulties4 ,_m ( _! ph5om5a are v simil>--_m ( _! modes ( action are alike3 !y are (t5 f\nd z alli$ ag5cies2 b !y z frequ5tly exhibit extreme div]sity ( action1 & !y may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! physical conditions & prop]ties ( ?is mo/ important elem5t1 & we mu/ proce$ to le>n some?+ ( ! means by :i* x may be develop$1 indep5d5tly ( its sol> s\rce4 ,?is extraord9>y pr9ciple exi/s 9 a lat5t /ate 9 all bodies1 & may be press$ out ( !m4 ,! blacksmi? hamm]s a nail until x becomes r$ hot1 & f x he lights ! mat* ) :i* he k9dles ! fire ( 8 =ge4 ,! iron has by ?is process become m d5se1 & p]cussion w n aga9 produce inc&esc5ce until ! b> has be5 expos$ 9 fire to a r$ heat4 ,! only inf]5ce we c draw f ?is result is1 t by hamm]+ ! p>ticles h be5 driv5 clos] toge!r1 & ! heat driv5 out2 n[ fur!r hamm]+ w n =ce ! atoms ne>]1 & consequ5tly no additional quantity ( heat c be develop$2 ! iron is made hot 9 a fire1 x absorbs heat1 ! p>ticles are re/or$ to _! =m] /ate1 & we c n[ aga9 by hamm]+ develope bo? heat & light4 ,! ,indian produces a sp>k by ! attrition ( two pieces ( wood4 ,by friction1 two pieces ( ice may be made to melt ea* o!r2 & c\ld we1 by me*anical pressure1 =ce wat] into a solid /ate1 an imm5se quantity ( heat w\ld be set free4 ,by ! cond5sation ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases1 pulv]ul5t plat9um w become gl[+ r$-hot1 &1 ) c]ta9 precautions1 ev5 ! compact metal1 plat9um1 itself2 ! heat be+ d]iv$ f ! gases1 ! union ( :i* x has effect$4 ,a body pass+ f ! solid to ! fluid /ate absorbs heat f all surr\nd+ sub/ances1 & h5ce a degree ( cold is produc$4 ,! heat :i* is ?us remov$ is n de/roy$--x is held comb9$ ) ! fluid2 x exi/s 9 a lat5t /ate4 ,fluids1 9 pass+ into a gase\s =m1 also rob all surr\nd+ bodies ( an am\nt ( heat necess>y to ma9ta9 ! ari=m condition4 ,f ! air or f ! fluid1 ?is heat may1 z we h %[n above1 be aga9 extract$4 ,lock$ 9 a p9t measure ( air1 !re exi/s suffici5t heat to raise sev]al squ>e in*es ( metal to gl[+ r$ness4 ,by ! compression ( atmosph]ic air ?is may be %[n1 & ) a small cond5s+ syr+e a suffici5t quantity ( heat may be set free to fire ! ,boletus igni>ius1 :i*1 impregnat$ ) nitre1 is kn[n z amad\4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) v>i\s s\rces f :i* heat may be develop$ = artificial purposes3 ! fl9t-&-/eel is an example ( ! production ( heat by me*anical =ce1 & ! mod]n lucif]-mat*1 ( ! comb9$ action ( friction & *emical aff9ity4 ,^! ( !mselves w\ld admit ( a l5g!n$ disc\rse2 b x is necess>y t we c>efully exam9e "s ( ! less famili> ph5om5a ( heat "u ! influ5ces ( *anges ( *emical condition4 ,if spirits ( w9e & wat] are mix$ toge!r1 a consid]able degree ( heat is giv5 out1 & by mix+ sulphuric acid & wat]1 an inf9itely l>g] quantity4 ,if sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 & _s ( w9e1 or nitric acid 7aqua=tis7 & spirits ( turp5t9e1 at common temp]atures1 be sudd5ly mix$1 s mu* heat is set free z to ignite ! _s4 ,9 ea* ( ^! in/ances !re is a cond5sation ( ! fluid4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ( solution1 cold is produc$ by ! absorption ( ! heat necess>y to su/a9 ! salt 9 a liquid =m2 b :5 pota% dissolves 9 wat]1 heat is giv5 out1 :i* is a fact we _c yet expla94 ,if potassium is plac$ on wat]1 x seizes ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] & sets fire to ! hydrog5 gas lib]at$ by ! heat produc$ 9 ! *ange ( =m4 ,antimony & _m o!r metals ?r[n into *lor9e gas ignite & burn ) brilliancy3 ! same ph5om5on takes place 9 ! vap\rs ( iod9e or brom9e4 ,_m *emical comb9ations1 z ! *loride ( potassium & sulphur explode ) a bl[2 :il/ ! slighte/ friction occasions ! detonation ( ! fulm9at+ salts ( silv]1 m]cury1 & gold4 ,comp\nds ( nitrog5 & *lor9e1 or iod9e1 are /ill m delicately comb9$--! =m] explod+ ) fe>ful viol5ce on ! contact ( any oleag9\s body1 & ! latt] by ! smalle/ elevation ( temp]ature3 bo? ( !m de/roy+ ! vessels 9 :i* !y may be conta9$4 ,gun cotton pres5ts "s peculi> ph5om5a :i* may m]it brief att5tion4 ,?is peculi> comp\nd is prep>$ by ! action ( nitric acid on cotton fibre4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! cotton is n alt]$1 b a rem>kable physical *ange has tak5 place4 ,x is n[ soluble 9 e!r1 & =ms a gelat9\s comp\nd3--x explodes viol5tly at a temp]ature :i* is insuffici5t = ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]4 ,inde$1 f1 z x w\ld appe>1 slight electrical di/urbances tak+ place 9 ! gun cotton itself1 x n unfrequ5tly explodes spontane\sly4 ,^! fe>ful di/urbances ( ! =ces :i* hold bodies 9 comb9ation are expla9$ ) difficulty4 ,may x n be1 t an enorm\s quantity ( ! calorific & *emical pr9ciples is held 9 a /ate ( extreme t5sion ar\nd ! p>ticles ( ! comp\nd1 & t ! equilibrium be+ de/roy$1 ! :ole is develop$ 9 de/ructive rapidity8 ,! fact ( great heat be+ evolv$ dur+ ! conv]sion ( a body f a solid to a gase\s /ate1 z 9 ! explosion ( gunp[d] or gun cotton1 :i* is a /rik+ exception to ! law ( lat5t heat1 z x prevails 9 mo/ cases1 admits ( no m satisfactory explanation4 ,z me*anical =ce produces calorific excitation1 s we f9d t e movem5t ( sap 9 vegetables1 & ( ! blood & fluids 9 ! animal economy1 causes a s5sible increase ( heat4 ,! *emical processes con/antly go+ on 9 plants & animals are ano!r s\rce ( heat1 9 addition to :i* n]v\s en]gy & muscul> movem5t mu/ be reg>d$ z produc+ ! caloric :i* is ess5tial to ! heal? & life ( ! latt]4 ,dige/ion has be5 consid]$ z a process ( combu/ion2 & ! action betwe5 ! elem5ts ( food1 & ! oxyg5 convey$ by ! circulation ( ! blood to e "p ( ! body1 reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( animal heat2 &1 )\t d\bt1 x is "o great s\rce1 al?\gh x c sc>cely be reg>d$ z ! only "o4#ge ,! vis vit1 or vital p[]1 influ5ces ! delicate & beautiful sy/em ( n]ves2 & z life 7an ess5ce ( ! r>e/ & mo/ subtile ord]1 a diffusive influ5ce7 runs ?r\gh !m1 f ! bra9 to ! extremities ( ! memb]s ( ! body1 x sets ^? t5d] ?reads 9 rapid vibration1 & heat is develop$4 ,by ?is action1 ! circulation ( ! blood is effect$2 ! muscle is ma9ta9$ 9 an ela/ic condition1 ready to p]=m ! tasks ( ! w2 & ?r\gh ^! ag5cies is ! w>m & fluid blood fitt$ to receive its *emical re/oratives 9 ! lungs1 & ! /oma* to support *anges = :i* x is design$--*emical also--by :i* m heat is lib]at$4 ,0 dige/ion--,eremacausis1 z ! sl[ combu/ion produc$ by comb9ation ) oxyg5 is call$--! only s\rce ( animal heat1 :y %\ld ! injury ( "o filmy n]ve place a memb] ( ! body = ev] 9 ! condition ( /ony coldness8 ,or :y1 *emical action be+ mo/ actively cont9u$ aft] a viol5t dea?1 by ! action ( ! ga/ric juices ^u ! animal tissues1 %\ld n animal heat be ma9ta9$ = a mu* long] p]iod ?an x is f\nd to be aft] respiration has ceas$8#gf ,9 /udy+ ! influ5ces ( caloric ^u ! conditions ( matt]1 we mu/ reg>d ! effects ( extreme heat1 & also ( ! greate/ degrees ( cold :i* h be5 obta9$4 ,!re are a set ( exp]im5ts by ! ,b>on ,cagni>d de la ,t\r1 :i* appe> to h a v important be>+ on "s conditions t may be suppos$ to prevail 9 nature1 p>ticul>ly if we adopt ! view ( a con/antly increas+ temp]ature t[>ds ! c5tre ( our e>?4 ,if wat]1 alcohol1 or e!r1 is put into a /rong glass tube ( small bore1 ! ends h]metically seal$1 & ! :ole expos$ to a /rong heat1 ! fluid disappe>s1 be+ conv]t$ into a transp>5t gas2 b1 ^u cool+1 x is aga9 cond5s$1 )\t loss1 into its orig9al fluid /ate4#gg ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 fluid bodies h be5 conv]t$ into ela/ic transp>5t gases ) b small *ange ( volume1 "u ! pressure ( _! own atmosph]es4 ,we c readily conceive a simil> result occurr+ ^u a f> m ext5sive scale4 ,9 volcanic di/ricts1 at great dep?s1 & consequ5tly "u ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass1 ! silice\s rocks1 or ev5 metals1 may1 f ! action ( int5se heat1 be br\ght into a fluid1 or ev5 a gase\s condition1 )\t any *ange ( volume1 s9ce ! ela/ic =ce ( heat is oppos$ by ! rigid resi/ance ( ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,"s beautiful exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 ( ,cambridge1 h prov$ t ! temp]ature necess>y to melt a body mu/ be consid]ably elevat$ z ! me*anical pressure to :i* x is subject$ is increas$4 ,directly connect$ ) ! results ( ,cagni>d de la ,t\r are a yet m rem>kable set ( ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 inve/igat$ by ,m4 ,b\tigny1#gh & g5]ally kn[n z ! 8sph]oidal condition0 ( bodies4 ,if wat] is project$ ^u v hot metal x in/antly assumes a sph]oidal =m--an int]nal motion ( its p>ticles may be obs]v$--x revolves ) rapidity1 & evaporates v sl[ly4 ,if a silv] or plat9um capsule1 :5 br\ght to a bright r$ heat1 is fill$ ) cold wat]1 ! :ole mass assumes ! sph]oidal /ate1 ! temp]ature ( ! fluid rema9+ consid]ably bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 s long z ! r$ heat is ma9ta9$4 ,if we all[ ! vessel to cool bel[ r$ness 9 ! d>k1 ! wat] !n bur/s into active ebullition1 & is dissipat$ into vap\r ) almo/ explosive viol5ce4 ,an equal quantity ( wat] be+ project$ into two simil> vessels1 ov] ! fire1 "o cold & ! o!r r$ hot1 x w be f\nd t ! wat] 9 ! cold vessel w boil & evaporate long be=e t 9 ! "o :i* is r$ hot4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is exp]im5t is exce$+ly in/ructive4 ,if a mass ( :ite hot metal is sudd5ly plung$ into a vessel ( cold wat]1 ! inc&esc5ce is n qu5*$1 ! metal %9es ) a bright :ite light1 & ! wat] is se5 to circulate ar\nd1 b at "s di/ance f ! gl[+ mass1 be+ actually repell$ by calorific ag5cy4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ! metal cools1 ! wat] comes 9 contact ) x1 & boils ) en]gy4 ,a result simil> to ?is 0 obs]v$ by ,p]k9s1 b its correctness mo/ unju/ly d\bt$4 ,hav+ made an iron %ell conta9+ wat]1 & c>efully plugg$ up1 :ite hot1 x 0 f\nd t ! /eam nev] ex]t$ suffici5t =ce to bur/ ! vessel1 z x 0 expect$ x w\ld d4 ,he caus$ a hole to be drill$ into ! bottom ( ! :ite-hot %ell1 & he 0 surpris$ to f9d t no wat] fl[$ ?r\gh ! orifice1 until ! iron 0 consid]ably cool$1 :5 x issu$ =? ) viol5ce 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,"h we h ! ,cagni>d de la ,t\r /ate fir/ induc$1 & ! calorific repulsion ( ! sph]oidal /ate sup]v5es4 ,if wat] is p\r$ ^u an iron sieve1 ! wires ( :i* are made r$ hot1 x w n p]colate2 b on cool+1 x runs ?r\gh rapidly4 ,m4 ,b\tigny1 pursu+ ?is curi\s inquiry1 has rec5tly prov$ t ! moi/ure ^u ! sk9 is suffici5t to protect x f disorganization1 if ! arm is plung$ into ba?s ( melt$ metal4 ,! resi/ance ( ! surfaces is s great1 t little elevation ( temp]ature is exp]i5c$4#gi ,pr(essor ,plck]1 ( ,bonn1 has /at$ t by wa%+ ! arm ) e!r previ\sly to plung+ x into melt$ metal1 ! s5sation produc$1 :ile 9 ! molt5 mass1 is t ( freez+ coldness4 ,we h n[ se5 t heat at diff]5t degrees ( int5sity appe>s to produce *emical composition--t x decomposes comb9$ elem5ts--t x alt]s ! conditions ( bodies1 & actually ma9ta9s s p[]fully a repell5t =ce1 t fluids _c t\* ! heat$ body4 ,m ?an ?is1 x ex]ts a mo/ p[]ful antagoni/ic influ5ce ov] all *emical relations4 ,if1 to give "o example1 ! volatile elem5t iod9e is put into a gl[+ hot capsule1 x resolves itself imm$iately into a sph]oid4 ,pota% rapidly comb9es ) iod9e2 b if a piece ( ?is alkali is ?r[n ^u x 9 ! capsule1 x also takes ! sph]oidal =m1 & bo? bodies revolve indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 _! *emical aff9ities be+ entirely susp5d$2--b all[ ! capsule to cool1 & !y comb9e imm$iately4 ,sci5ce tea*es u t a temp]ature s exalt$ z n to burn organic bodies may be produc$1 & po9ts to u ?is rem>kable fact1 t ! de/ructive limits ( heat are measur$ betwe5 c]ta9 degrees--beyond :i* a fire1 by reason ( its int5sity1 ceases to develope heat4 ,:at is ! radiant =ce into :i* ?is pr9ciple *anges8 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,cagni>d de la ,t\r & ( ,b\tigny 7d',evreux71 connect !mselves1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,grove & ,dr4 ,rob9son2 & !y tea* u t b a v slight alt]ation 9 ! proportions ( ! calorific pr9ciple giv5 to ?is planet w\ld completely *ange ! "* ( e mat]ial sub/ance ( :i* x is compos$1 unless !re 0 an alt]ation 9 ! physical condition ( ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,suppos+ ! ordeal ( fi]y purification to take place ^u ?is e>?1 ^! exp]im5ts appe> to indicate ! mighty *anges :i* w\ld !nce result4 ,!re w\ld be no annihilation1 b ev]y?+ w\ld be trans=m$ f ! c5tre ( ! globe to ! v]ge ( its atmosph]e--old ?+s w\ld pass away1 all ?+s become new1 & ! beautiful my?os ( ! phnix be realiz$ 9 ! fre% creation4 ,! d$uctions to be drawn f ! results obta9$ by ab/ract+ heat f bodies are equally in/ructive4 ,by tak+ advantage ( ! cool+ produc$ by ! rapid solution ( salts ( sev]al k9ds 9 wat]1 an int5se degree ( coldness may be produc$4#hj ,inde$1 ! absorption ( heat by liquefaction may be %[n by ! use ( metallic bodies alone4 ,if lead1 t91 & bismu?1 are melt$ toge!r1 & r$uc$ to a co>se p[d] by be+ p\r$ into wat]1 & ! alloy !n dissolv$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( quicksilv]1 ! !rmomet] w s9k ne>ly #ej degrees4 ,an int5se am\nt ( cold w result f ! mixture ( muriate ( lime & sn[1 by :i* a temp]ature ( #ej bel[ ! z]o ( ,fahr5heit1 or #hb bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 is produc$4 ,by su* a freez+ mixture z ?is1 m]cury w be r5d]$ solid4 ,a degree ( cold1 h[ev]1 f> exce$+ x1 has lately be5 obta9$ by ! use ( solid c>bonic acid & e!r4#ha ,solid c>bonic acid is itself procur$ f ! gas liquefi$ by pressure2 :i* liquid1 :5 all[$ to escape into ! air1 evaporates s rapidly t a l>ge quantity ( x is congeal$ by be+ robb$ ( its comb9$ heat by ! vaporiz+ portion4 ,:5 ?is solid acid is unit$ ) e!r1 a ba? is =m$ 9 :i* ! c>bonic acid w rema9 solid = tw5ty or ?irty m9utes4 ,by a mixture ( ?is k9d1 plac$ "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 a good exhau/ion be+ su/a9$1 a degree ( cold #aff bel[ z]o is secur$4 ,by ?is int5se cold1 _m ( ! bodies :i* h hi!rto be5 kn[n to u only 9 ! gase\s /ate h be5 cond5s$ into liquids & solids4 ,olefiant gas1 a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 0 br\ght into a liquid =m4 ,hydriodic & hydrobromic acids c\ld be cond5s$ into ei!r a liquid or a solid =m4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog51 a gas :i* inflames spontane\sly :5 br\ght into contact ) ! air or ) oxyg51 became a transp>5t liquid at ?is great r$uction ( temp]ature4 ,sulphur\s acid may be cond5s$1 by pressure & a r$uction ( temp]ature1 into a liquid :i* boils at #ad ,fahr5heit1 b by ! c>bonic acid ba? x is conv]t$ into a solid body1 transp>5t & )\t col\r4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas solidifies at #abb bel[ z]o1 & =ms a :ite sub/ance resembl+ a mass ( cry/als ( sea-salt4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two gases1 *lor9e & oxyg51 becomes solid at -#ge1 & ! protoxide ( nitrog5 at -#aej4 ,cyanog51 a comp\nd ( c>bon & nitrog5--! base ( prussic acid--is solidifi$ at #cj bel[ ! z]o ( our !rmometric scale4 ,! well-kn[n pung5t comp\nd1 ammonia1 s exce$+ly volatile at common temp]atures1 is conv]t$ into a cry/all9e1 transluc5t1 :ite sub/ance at ! temp]ature ( -#ajc4 ,! difficulties :i* necess>ily att5d ! exposure ( a body to extreme cold & great pressure at ! same "t1 appe> to be ! only ob/acle to ! cond5sation ( oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 gases4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( cond5sation 01 h[ev]1 effect$ by ,dr4 ,f>aday1 to lead him to ! conclusion1 arriv$ at also by o!r evid5ces1 t hydrog51 ! lighte/ ( ! pond]able bodies1 p>takes ( ! nature ( a metal4#hb ,dur+ ! solidification ( wat] by freez+1 "s rem>kable facts may be notic$4 ,wat]1 9 cool+1 gradually cond5ses 9 volume until x arrives at #dj ,fahr41 :i* appe>s to be ! po9t ( greate/ d5sity4 ,f ?is temp]ature to t ( #cb1 ! po9t at :i* x beg9s to solidify1 its volume rema9s un*ang$1#hb z cry/allisation 7freez+7 beg9s1 ! bulk increases1 ! mass becomes specifically light]1 & x swims on ! surface ( ! fluid4 ,f #dj to #cb ! p>ticles ( wat] mu/ be tak+ up t new position :i* is ess5tial to ! =mation ( ! solid--ice2 & :ile ?is is tak+ place1 e sub/ance held 9 solution by ! wat] is reject$4 ,if we mix ) wat] ! deepe/ col\r+ matt]--! /ronge/ acid or ! mo/ acrid poison--!y are ea* & all reject$ dur+ ! process ( freez+1 & if ! wat] has be5 kept 9 a /ate ( agitation dur+ ! process--s t ! lib]at$ p>ticles may n be me*anically entangl$--! ice w be transp>5t1 col\rless1 ta/eless1 & in]t--! sub/ances reject$ be+ ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! froz5 mass 9 a /ate ( int5se conc5tration4 ,9 l mann]1 ev5 ! atmosph]ic air1 :i* is always held 9 solution1 is reject$1 & h5ce ! reason :y all ! ice :i* =ms ^u /ill ponds is full ( air-bubbles1 :ile ! ice :i* is produc$ 9 agitat$ wat] is p]fectly free f !m4 ,?is 9 itself is a rem>kable condition1 ! entire be>+ ( :i* is n cle>ly und]/ood2 b a /ill m s+ul> fact has be5 discov]$ 9 intimate connection ) ! rejection ( all matt] f a freez+ solution4 ,wat]1 :i* 9 ?is way is fre$ entirely ( air1 w n boil at #bab ,f41 ! ord9>y boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,if a mass ( ice =m$ 9 ! mann] describ$ is plac$ 9 a vessel1 & be+ j cov]$ ) a film ( oil1 to prev5t ! absorption ( air1 is melt$ ov] a lamp or fire1 & ! heat cont9u$1 x w1 s f> f be+ conv]t$ into /eam at #bab1 cont9ue to increase 9 temp]ature up to #bgj or m1 & !n bur/ into ebullition ) su* explosive viol5ce z to r5d ! vessel 9 :i* x is conf9$4 ,f ?is exp]im5t we le>n t did wat] exi/ 9 any o!r condition ?an t 9 :i* we f9d x--ev5 ) ! app>5tly simple diff]5ce ( conta9+ no air--x w\ld n be safe to employ x 9 any cul9>y or manufactur+ op]ation1 s9ce its use w\ld be foll[$ by explosions z dang]\s z ^? ( gunp[d]4 ,su* rese>*es z ^! prove to u ! admirable adaptation ( all ?+s to _! especial ends--! beautiful adju/m5t ( ! balance ( =ces ?r\gh\t creation4 ,! ref9em5ts ( ,grecian philosophy saw1 )\t ! aids ( inductive sci5ce1 t ! outw>d ve/ure ( nature cov]$ a ho/ ( my/]i\s ag5cies to :i* its *>act]i/ics 7 directly due4 ,9 _! dream ( ! f\r elem5ts1 fire1 ! ext]nal & visible =m ( heat1 0 reg>d$ z ! cause ( vitality1 & ! dispos] ( e organis$ & unorganis$ condition ( matt]4 ,_! idealisations h assum$ ano!r =m1 b ! rese>*es ( mod]n sci5ce h only e/abli%$ _! univ]sality & tru?4 ,! great ag5ts at "w 9 nature--! mighty spirits b\nd to nev]-end+ tasks1 :i* !y pursue ) unremitt+ toil1 are ( s ref9$ a "*1 t !y w probably rema9 = ev] unkn[n to u4 ,! ar*-evocator1 ) ! w& ( induction1 calls2 b ! only answ] to 8 evocation is ! manife/ation ( p[] 9 />tl+ effects4 ,sci5ce pursues h] inquiries ) zeal & c>e3 %e tries & tortures nature to compel h] to reveal h] secrets4 ,b\nds are1 h[ev]1 set to ! p[]s ( mortal se>*3 we may n yet h rea*$ ! limits )9 :i* we are free to ex]cise our m5tal /r5g?2 b1 ^? limits rea*$1 we %all f9d an inf9ite region beyond u1 into :i* ev5 conjecture w&]s eyeless & aimless1 z ! bl9d ,cyclops grop+ 9 8 melan*oly cave4#hc ,all we "k ( heat is1 t /rik+ effects are produc$ :i* we measure by s5sation1 & by in/rum5ts ^u :i* we h obs]v$ t giv5 results w be produc$ "u c]ta9 conditions3 ( any?+ approa*+ to ! cause ( ^! we are totally ignorant4 ,! wond]-work+ mov] ( "s ( ! gr&e/ ph5om5a 9 nature--giv+ heal? to ! organic _w1 & =m to ! inorganic mass--produc+ g5ial gales & dire tornadoes--e>?quake /ruggl+s & volcanic eruptions--m9i/]+ to our com=ts 9 ! homely fire1 & to advancem5t 9 civilisation 9 ! mighty furnace1 & ! +5i\s eng9e :i* dra9s our m9es1 or trav]ses our c\ntry ) bird-l spe$1--w1 9 all probability1 rema9 = ev] unkn[n to man4 ,! immortal ,newton1 _m ( ^: guesses h a prophetic value1 ?us expresses himself3--8,heat consi/s 9 a m9ute vibratory motion 9 ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & ?is motion is communicat$ ?r\gh an app>5t vacuum by ! undulations ( a v subtile ela/ic m$ium1 :i* is also conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( light40 ,our exp]im5tal lab\rs & our ma!matical inve/igations h consid]ably advanc$ our k s9ce ! "t ( ,newton2 yet /ill ea* !ory ( heat /rangely resembles ! my/ic lamp :i* ! ,rosicrucian reg>d$ z a type ( et]nal life--a dim & flick]+ symbol1 9 ! tongue-l flame ( :i* imag9ation1 l a *ild1 c conjure _m %apes4 ,mod]n !ory reg>ds heat z a manife/ation ( motion1 & exp]im5t proves t a body fall+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 space g5]ates a def9ite quantity ( heat1 :ile obs]vation %[s t ! wat]s at ! base ( ! ,falls ( ,niag>a possess a temp]ature #a high] ?an :5 !y fir/ glide ov] ! edge ( ! precipice4 ,?is increase ( temp]ature is due to ! me*anical =ce due to ! fall1 & is no m an evid5ce ( ! conv]sion ( motion into heat1 ?an is ! old exp]im5t ( rubb+ a button until x becomes hot4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! fact t a giv5 am\nt ( me*anical =ce always produces an equival5t ( heat is z applicable to ! idea ( a 8subtile ela/ic m$ium0 :i* is diffus$ ?r\gh all matt]1 z to !1 at pres5t1 fav\rite hypo!sis4 ,s f> has ?is view be5 /ra9$1 t ! temp]ature ( ! planets has be5 ref]r$ to _! motions1 & speculation has aid$ ! ma!matician 9 det]m9+ ! cessation ( planet>y motion1 by ! conv]sion ( x into heat4 ,x is true t o!r !ori/s h suppos$ po9ts 9 space ^u :i* ?is heat might be conc5trat$ & reflect$ back aga9 to produce motion4 ,!re may be mu* ( ! poetic elem5t 9 su* speculations1 b x is ( t ord] :i* belongs r to ! romantic ?an to ! real4 ,a speculation :i* has m ( tru?1 & :i* is1 inde$1 demon/rable1 _c fail to impress e m9d ) its beauty1 & probable correctness4 ,9 ! gr[? ( a tree1 its wood & all its products are ! result ( c]ta9 ext]nal =ces effect+ *emical *anges4 ,c>bonic acid is decompos$1 ! c>bon is reta9$1 & oxyg5 giv5 (f1 & assimilations ( a complex "* are 9 con/ant progress to produce ! v>i\s comp\nds ( oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon4 ,e condition ( organis$ =ms is due to ! ext]nal excitation ( light & heat1 & 9 ! *emical *anges :i* take place1 an equival5t ( ^! pr9ciples1 or p[]s--x signifies b little accord+ to :i* view we may reg>d !m--is absorb$1 & reta9$ z ess5tial to ! condition ( ! matt] =m$4 ,let u conf9e our att5tion to wood--al?\gh ! position applies equally to e organic product4 ,a cubic foot ( wood is =m$ by ! decomposition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bonic acid1 by ! vital function ( ! plant1 excit$ by ! sol> rays1 :i* are involv$ 9 ! mass :i* nature by 8h] wondr\s al*emy0 has made4 ,ev5tually ?is cubic foot ( wood is subject$ to a process ( *emical *ange--combu/ion2 by ! application ( a s+le sp>k1--& 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! wood1 its c>bon comb9+ ) oxyg5 to =m c>bonic acid1 its hydrog5 to =m wat]1 :i* is return$ to ! air1 a l>ge am\nt ( light & heat is produc$4 ,?is is exactly equival5t to ! am\nt :i* 0 engag$ 9 its =mation4 ,inde$1 ! sun%9e :i* fell ^u ! leaves ( ! =e/ tree1 ( :i* ! log =m$ a "p1 has be5 ho>d$ up1 & we aga9 develope x 9 its orig9al /ate ( heat & light4 ,! va/ coal b$s ( ,engl& 7 =m$ by ! rapid gr[? & quick decay ( a peculi> class ( plants "u ! influ5ce ( a tropical sun4 ,!y h be5 buri$ myriads ( ages1 "u hundr$s ( feet ( s&y rock4 ,by ! indu/ry ( ! m9] ! coal is br\ght aga9 to ! surface1 & we develope f x ^? p[]s by :i* x 0 =m$4 ,9 ! fire :i* gives com=t to our homes--9 ! furnace :i* g5]ates =ce = ! purposes ( manufacture1 or to propel ! railway eng9e & its pond]\s tra9--9 ! gas ) :i* we illum9e our /reets & gladd5 dur+ ! long w9t] nights our ap>tm5ts1 we are develop+ t heat & light :i* fell ^u ! e>? ) all its quick5+ influ5ces millions ( ages be=e yet ! ,creator _h call$ into exi/5ce ! mon>* ,man1 = ^: necessities ^! wondr\s =mations 7 design$4 ,,footnotes3 #dc ,! foll[+ table ( ! rays p5etrat+ col\r$ glass has be5 giv5 by ,melloni1 9 8 memoir ,on ! ,free ,transmission ( ,radiant ,heat ?r\gh ,diff]5t ,bodies3-- ,deep violet #ec ,yell[i% r$ 7flak$7 #ec ,purple r$ 7flak$7 #ea ,vivid r$ #dg ,pale violet #de ,orange r$ #dd ,cle> blue #db ,deep yell[ #dj ,bright yell[ #cd ,gold5 yell[ #cc ,deep blue #cc ,apple gre5 #bf ,m9]al gre5 #bc ,v deep blue #ai ,translat$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #cj4 #dd 8,! physical *>act]s ( ?is species ( glass1 :i* acts s diff]5tly f ! o!r species ( col\r$ glass 9 all ! ph5om5a ( calorific absorption1 are1 #a/1 its int]cept+ almo/ totally ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh alum2 #bnd1 its entirely absorb+ ! r$ rays ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,i h already /at$ t _! col\ration is produc$ almo/ entirely by ! oxide ( copp]4 8,?us1 ! col\r+ matt]s ( ! col\r$ glasses1 :ile !y s p[]fully affect ! relations ( quantity :i* ! diff]5t rays ( ord9>y light be> to ea* o!r1 ex]cise no elective action on ! concomitant calorific rays4 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on is ! m rem>kable z ! col\r+ matt]s absorb almo/ always a v consid]able portion ( ! heat naturally transmitt$ by ! glass4 ,! foll[+ are1 9 fact1 ! calorific transmissions ( ! sev5 col\r$ glasses ref]r$ to2 ! transmission ( ! common glass be+ repres5t$ by #ajj2 r$ glass1 #hbe2 orange1 #gbe2 yell[1 #ee2 blui%-gre51 #ege2 blue1 #ebe2 indigo1 #cj2 violet1 #he4 ,! quantity ( heat absorb$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! col\r+ sub/ances is1 !re=e1 #age 9 ! r$ glass1 #bge 9 ! orange1 #de 9 ! yell[1 #dbe 9 ! gre51 #dge 9 ! blue1 #gj 9 ! indigo1 & #ae 9 ! violet4 ,n[1 z ^! absorptions ext+ui% a proportional "p ( ea* ( ! rays :i* con/itute ! calorific /ream transmitt$ by common glass1 !y may be comp>$1 z we said be=e1 ) ! absorb5t action ex]cis$ on light by matt]s m or less deeply br[n or d>k1 :5 !y are imm]s$ 9 wat]1 or "s o!r col\rless liquid :i* dissolves1 b does n affect !m *emically40--,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 tom4 xl4 p4 #chb4 ,guid$ by ^! pr9ciples1 ! au?or select$ ! glass employ$ 9 glaz+ ! ,royal ,palm-,h\se1 at ,kew ,botanical ,g>d5s1 :]e x 0 desir$ to ob/ruct ! passage ( ^? rays :i* h a p>ticul> scor*+ influ5ce4 ,( ?is glass a description 0 giv5 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,transactions = t ye>4 ,! result has be5 all t c\ld be desir$--n a s+le in/ance ( scor*+ hav+ occurr$ dur+ ! ?ree ye>s :i* h elaps$4 #de ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 xc41 ! foll[+ pap]s1 by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 may be consult$3-- ,inve/igation ( ! p[]s ( ! prismatic col\rs to heat & illum9ate objects2 ) rem>ks t prove ! diff]5t refrangibility ( radiant heat4 ,to :i* is add$1 an inquiry into ! me?od ( view+ ! sun advantage\sly1 ) telescopes ( l>ge ap]tures & high magnify+ p[]s1 p4 #bee4 ,exp]im5ts on ! refrangibility ( ! invisible rays ( ! sun1 p4 #bhd4 ,exp]im5ts on ! sol> & on ! t]re/rial rays t occasion heat2 ) a comp>ative view ( ! laws to :i* light & heat1 or r ! rays :i* occasion !m1 are subject2 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r !y are ! same or diff]5t1 pp4 #bic1 #dcg4 ,9 connection ) ?is inquiry1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el rem>ks1 t s9ce a r$ glass /ops no less ?an #fib out ( #a1jjj su* rays z are ( ! refrangibility ( r$ light1 we h a direct & simple pro(1 9 ! case ( ! r$ glass1 t ! rays ( light are transmitt$1 :ile ^? ( heat are /opp$1 & t ?us !y h no?+ 9 common b a c]ta9 equal degree ( refrangibility1 :i* by ! p[] ( ! glass mu/ occasion !m to be ?r[n toge!r into ! place :i* is po9t$ out to u by ! visibility ( ! rays ( light4 ,on ! same subject1 a ,memoir1 by ,sir ,h5ry ,englefield1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution = #ahjb1 p4 #bjb1 may be consult$2 & ,rese>*es on ,light1 by ! ,au?or4 #df ,dr4 ,drap]1 ,on ! production ( light by heat1 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = #ahdg4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton fix$ ! temp]ature at :i* bodies become self-lum9\s at #fce2 ,sir ,humphry ,davy at #hab2 ,mr4 ,w$gewood at #idg2 & ,mr4 ,daniell at #ihj2 :il/ ,dr4 ,drap] f 8 exp]im5ts gives #igg2 & ,dr4 ,rob9son #hfe4 ,9 a review ( ! above pap] by ,melloni1 entitl$ ,rese>*es on ! ,radiations ( ,inc&esc5t ,bodies1 & on ! ,elem5t>y ,col\rs ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum1 translat$ = ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,augu/1 #ahdg1 he rem>ks3-- 8,i say t !y conduct1 z d o!rs h]et(ore kn[n on light & radiant heat1 to a p]fect analogy betwe5 ! g5]al laws :i* gov]n ^! two great ag5ts ( nature4 ,i w add t ,i reg>d ! !ory ( _! id5tity z ! only "o admissible by ! rules ( philosophy2 & t ,i consid] myself oblig$ to adopt x1 until x %all h be5 prov$ to me t !re is a necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to two diff]5t pr9ciples1 = ! explanation ( a s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* at pres5t appe> to belong to a solit>y ag5t40 ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to a pap] by ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ,on ! effects ( ,heat 9 less5+ ! ,aff9ities ( ! ,elem5ts ( ,wat]1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 #ahdh1 :]e he says t 8:5 a plat9um wire is trav]s$ by a curr5t gradually increas$ till x produces ignition1 ! fir/ gleam t appe>s is n r$1 b ( a col\r :i*1 :5 ,i fir/ saw x1 ,i comp>$ to ! #8lav5d] ray' discov]$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el beyond ! violet1 ?\gh ,i 0 surpris$ at see+ ! t9t ( t mo/ refrangible ray prec$+ ! ray :i* is lea/ s4 ,x is q conspicu\s at ab\t #hfe2 & z ! mode 9 :i* x makes its appe>ance pres5ts no?+ abrupt or discont9u\s1 x seems likely t x is m]ely a transition f invisible rays excit$ at a l[] temp]ature to ord9>y light40--p4 #caj4 #dg ,9 ! ,bak]ian ,lecture = #ahdb1 ,on ! transp>5cy ( ! ,atmosph]e1 & ! law ( ext9ction ( ! sol> rays 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 by ,james ,d4 ,=bes1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 w be f\nd a mo/ complete inve/igation ( ?is subject4 ,! exp]im5ts 71 = ! mo/ "p1 made 9 ,switz]l& ) ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's act9omet]1 & !y prove satisfactorily1--8,t ! absorption ( ! sol> rays by ! /rata ( air to :i* we h imm$iate access1 is consid]able 9 am\nt = ev5 mod]ate ?icknesses40 #dh ,aft] ref]r+ to sev]al curi\s & in/ructive exp]im5ts1 9 :i* peculi> *emical *anges are produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays by _! ,,heat1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el says3-- 8,^! rays are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,light by be+ invisible2 !y are also di/+ui%$ f ! pure calorific rays beyond ! spectrum1 by _! possess+ prop]ties 7( a peculi> "*1 ref]r$ to 9 =m] pap]s7 ei!r exclusively ( ! calorific rays1 or 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,!y may p]haps n improp]ly be reg>d$ z be>+ ! same relation to ! calorific spectrum :i* ! photographic rays d to ! lum9\s ones4 ,if ! re/riction to ^! rays ( ! t]m !rmic1 z di/9ct f calorific1 be n 7z ,i ?9k1 9 fact1 x is n7 a suffici5t di/9ction1 ,i w\ld propose ! t]m p>a!rmic rays to designate !m4 ,^! are ! rays :i* ,i conceive to be active 9 produc+ ^? s+ul> molecul> affections :i* det]m9e ! precipitation ( vap\rs 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,drap]1 ,mos]1 & ,hunt1 & :i* w probably lead to important discov]ies z to ! intimate nature ( ^? =ces resid5t on ! surfaces ( bodies1 to :i* ,m4 ,dutro*et has giv5 ! "n ( epipolic =ces40--,on c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ,photographic ,processes1 describ$ 9 a =m] communication 7,phil4 ,trans1 vol4 cxxxiii472 & ,on ! ,p>a!rmic ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum1 ,phil4 ,trans1 vol4 cxxxiv4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 ,on ! ,action ( ! ,rays ( ! ,spectrum on ,vegetable ,juices 7,phil4 ,transactions1 vol4 cxxxvii471 appe> to connect !mselves ) ?is p>ticul> class ( rays 9 a curi\s mann]4 #di ,exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( heat on diff]5tly-col\r$ bodies 7 fir/ made by ,dr4 ,hooke2 & x 0 n until long aft] t ,frankl9 made 8 +5i\s exp]im5ts4 ,davy expos$ to sun%9e six equal pieces ( copp]1 pa9t$ :ite1 yell[1 r$1 gre51 blue1 & black1 9 su* a mann] t "o side only 0 illum9at$4 ,to ! d>k side he atta*$ a bit ( c]ate1 asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t to melt at #gjj4 ,! c]ate atta*$ to ! black became fluid fir/1 ! blue next1 !n ! gre5 & r$1 & la/ly ! yell[ & :ite4--,b$does's ,contributions to ,physical ,k1 & collect$ works ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg4 #ej ,by ref]5ce to ! ,treatise on ,heat1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 num]\s sugge/ive exp]im5ts w be f\nd1 all be>+ on ?is subject4 ,pes*el's ,elem5ts ( ,physics may also be consult$ ) advantage4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 simply prov$1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 by plac+ ! bulbs ( delicate !rmomet]s1 s z to be completely involv$ 9 ! petals ( fl[]s expos$ to sun%9e1 %ad+ ! upp] portion ( ! /em ( ! in/rum5t4 #ea ,mos]1 ,on ,vision1 & on ! ,action ( ,light on ,bodies3 & also ,on ,lat5t ,light3 ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iii4 ,drap]1 ,on c]ta9 ,spectral ,appe>ances1 & on ! ,discov]y ( ,lat5t ,light3 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,nov4 #ahdb4 #eb ,a p>ticul> exam9ation ( ?is curi\s "q w be f\nd 9 ! ,au?or's report ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,sol> ,rays on ! ,gr[? ( ,plants3 ,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahdg4 #ec ,ammianus ,m>cell9us ascribes ! longevity & robu/ heal? ( m\nta9e]s to _! exposure to ! dews ( night4 ,dew 0 employ$ by ! al*emi/s 9 _! exp]im5ts on ! solution ( gold4 ,! ladies ( old collect$ ! 8cele/ial wa%10 :i* !y imag9$ _h ! virtue ( pres]v+ _! f9e =ms1 by expos+ heaps ( wool to ! influ5ces ( night radiation4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! lean features ( ! gras%opp] arose f t insect fe$+ entirely on dew3 8,dumque ?ymo pasc5tur apes1 dum rore cicad10 ,virgil1 ,eclog4 ,see "s curi\s rem>ks by ,boyle1 ,on ! ,p[] ( ,dew 9 ,work+ on ,solid ,bodies3 ,works ( ! ,hon\rable ,r4 ,boyle1 vol4 v4 p4 #aba4 #agdd4 #ed ,see ! ,rese>*es on ,heat1 by ,pr(essor ,james ,=bes1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh2 also ,melloni's pap]s on ! same subject 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 translat$ into ! ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,taylor4 #ee ,! ph5om5a ( dew h con/antly engag$ ! att5tion ( man4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 book ,de ,mundo1 puts =? "s j notions on its nature4 ,an op9ion has almo/ always prevail$ t dew falls4 ,g]/5 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ :o oppos$ ?is motion4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,muss*5broek1 & !n by ,du ,fay4 ,! rese>*es ( ,leslie 7 ( a f> m exact "*4 ,dr4 ,wilson1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #a/ vol41 publi%$ a ,memoir on ,ho> ,fro/ ( mu* int]e/2 b ! que/ions involv$ rema9$ unsettl$ until ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,wells1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 8 ,essay on ,dew4 #ef ,by f> ! mo/ complete set ( exp]im5ts on ! radiation ( heat f ! surface at night1 :i* h be5 publi%$ s9ce ,dr4 ,wells's memoir ,on ,dew1 are ^? ( ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*4 ,in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d 7 employ$1 & ! obs]vations made ) s$ul\s c>e4 ,! results w be f\nd 9 a memoir ,on ! ,am\nt ( ! ,radiation ( ,heat1 at night1 f ! ,e>?1 & f v>i\s bodies plac$ on or ne> ! ,surface ( ! ,e>?1 by ,james ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,philosophical ,trans4 = #ahdg1 "p #b4 #eg ,dr4 ,wells notic$ ! practical fact t v light %ades protect$ delicate plants f fro/1 by prev5t+ radiation4 ,mr4 ,goldswor?y ,gurney has made a s]ies ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 & he imag9es t by %ad+ grassl&s ) b\ghs ( trees1 or any light litt]1 a m abundant crop is produc$4 ,! subject has be5 discuss$ 9 ! j\rnals ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 ,may n ! app>5t increase be due entirely to ! succul5t condition 9 :i* a plant always gr[s 9 ! %ade8 #eh ,?is pap] ( ,melloni's w be f\nd 9 ! ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 = #ahdc4 ,! conclusions are highly +5i\s1 b !y re/ entirely on ! analogy suppos$ to be discov]$ betwe5 ! relations ( heat1 l light1 to ! col\r$ rays ( ! spectrum4 ,?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n ! case1 s9ce ev5 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el %[$ t r$ light might exi/ ) only a m9imum ( calorific p[]1 not)/&+ ! fact1 t ! maximum heat-ray ( ! spectrum co9cides ) ! r$ rays4 #ei ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ,armagh1 9 8 ,memoir ,on ! ,effects ( ,heat 9 less5+ ! ,aff9ities ( ! ,elem5ts ( ,wat]4--,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 vol4 xxi4 "p #b4 #fj ,on ?is subject consult ,rob]t ,7 ,fox1 ,on ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,m9es ( ,cornwall4--,cornwall ,geological ,transactions1 vol4 ii42 ,w4 ,j4 ,h5wood1 on ! same subject1 ,ib4 vol4 v42 ,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahdj1 p4 #cae2 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #adj4 #fa ,on ! causes ( ! temp]ature ( ,hot & ,!rmal ,spr+s2 & on ! be>+s ( ?is subject z connect$ ) ! g5]al "q reg>d+ ! int]nal temp]ature ( ! ,e>?3 by ,pr(essor ,gu/av ,bis*(f1 ( ,bonn4--,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xx4 p4 #cgf2 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #ccj4 ,"s int]e/+ in=mation on ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd w be f\nd 9 ,erman's ,travels 9 ,sib]ia1 translat$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,cooley1 vol4 i4 p4 #cci2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cff4 ,sur la ,pr(ondeur laquelle se tr\ve la c\*e de ,temprature inv>iable entre les ,tropiques1 by ,b\ss+ault3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #ahcc1 p4 #bbe4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 ,otto's translation2 & to ! excell5t article on ,meteorology1 by ,george ,h>vey1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 ,^! *?oniso!rmal l9es1 z !y are call$1 h be5 trac$ by ,humboldt & o!rs ov] ext5sive di/ricts4 #fb ,^! results are obta9$ f ! valuable obs]vations ( ,rob]t ,7 ,fox1 ,esq41 made ) great c>e by t g5tleman 9 sev]al ( ! ,corni% m9es3 ,report on "s obs]vations on ,subt]ranean ,temp]ature4--,briti% ,association ,reports1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cji2 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahcg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebj4 #fc ,f 8 exp]im5ts1 ! foll[+ conclusions 7 arriv$ at by ,m4 ,del>o*e3-- #a4 ,invisible radiant heat may1 9 "s circum/ances1 pass directly ?r\gh glass4 #b4 ,! quantity ( radiant heat :i* passes directly ?r\gh glass is s mu* great]1 relative to ! :ole heat emitt$ 9 ! same direction1 z ! temp]ature ( ! s\rce ( heat is m elevat$4 #c4 ,! calorific rays :i* h already pass$ ?r\gh a scre5 ( glass1 exp]i5ce1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a second glass scre5 ( a simil> nature1 a mu* small] dim9ution ( _! int5sity ?an !y did 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ scre54 #d4 ,! rays emitt$ by a hot body diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! faculty to pass ?r\gh glass4 #e4 ,a ?ick glass1 ?\gh z mu* or m p]meable to light ?an a ?9 glass ( worse quality1 all[s a mu* small] quantity ( radiant heat to pass4 ,! diff]5ce is s mu* ! less z ! temp]ature ( ! radiat+ s\rce is m elevat$4 #f4 ,! quantity ( heat :i* a hot body yields 9 a giv5 "t1 by radiation to a cold body situate at a di/ance1 increases1 ct]is p>ibus1 9 a great] ratio ?an ! excess ( temp]ature ( ! fir/ body above ! second4--,j\rnal de ,physique1 vol4 lxxv4 #fd ,sir ,david ,brew/] diff]s f ! conclusions arriv$ at by ,del>o*e4 ,he ?us expla9s 8 views3--8,! inability ( radiant heat to pass ?r\gh glass1 may be consid]$ z a consequ5ce ( its refus+ to yield to ! refractive =ce2 = we c sc>cely conceive a p>ticle ( radiant matt] freely p]meat+ a solid body1 )\t suff]+ "s *ange 9 its velocity & direction4 ,! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,prvo/1 ( ,g5eva1 & ! m rec5t ones ( ,m4 ,del>o*e1 h be5 consid]$ z e/abli%+ ! p]meability ( glass to radiant heat4 ,m4 ,prvo/ employ$ moveable scre5s ( glass1 & r5ew$ !m cont9ually1 9 ord] t ! result :i* he obta9$ might n be ascrib$ to ! heat+ ( ! scre52 b su* is ! rapidity ) :i* heat is propagat$ ?r\gh a ?9 plate ( glass1 t x is extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to obs]ve ! /ate ( ! !rmomet] be=e x has be5 affect$ by ! second>y radiation f ! scre54 ,! me?od employ$ by ,m4 ,del>o*e1 ( obs]v+ ! diff]5ce ( effect1 :5 a black5$ glass scre5 & a transp>5t "o 7 made successively to int]cept ! radiant heat1 is liable to an obvi\s error4 ,! radiant heat w\ld f9d a quick] passage ?r\gh ! transp>5t scre52 &1 !re=e1 ! diff]5ce ( effect 0 n due to ! transmitt$ heat1 b to ! heat radiat$ f ! ant]ior surface4 ,! tru? conta9$ 9 ,m4 ,del>o*e's fif? proposition is almo/ a demon/ration ( ! fallacy ( all ^? t prec$e x4 ,he f\nd t #8a ?ick plate ( glass1 ?\gh z mu* or m p]meable to light ?an a ?9 glass ( worse quality1 all[$ a mu* small] quantity ( radiant heat to pass4' ,if he _h employ$ v ?ick plates ( ! pure/ fl9t glass1 or ?ick masses ( fluid t h ! p[] ( transmitt+ light copi\sly1 he w\ld h f\nd t n a s+le p>ticle ( heat 0 capable ( pass+ directly ?r\gh transp>5t m$ia40--,sir ,d4 ,brew/]1 ,on new prop]ties ( heat z exhibit$ 9 its propagation along plates ( glass4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cvi4 p4 #ajg4 #fe ,proposal ( a ,new ,nom5clature = ! ,sci5ce ( ,calorific ,radiations1 by ,m4 ,melloni4 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 ,no4 #gj4 ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iii4 "p #ab4 ,_m ( ! t]ms1 z ,dia!rmasy1 or transp>5cy = heat2 ,adia!rmasy1 opacity = heat2 ,!rmo*roic1 col\r$ = heat1 & o!rs1 are valuable sugge/ions ( =ms ( expression :i* are requir$ 9 deal+ ) ^! physical ph5om5a4 #ff ,= a c>eful exam9ation ( ! sev]al !ories ( heat consult ,dr4 ,"y's ,c\rse ( ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 c41 ,lecture #eb1 ,on ! ,measures & ! ,nature ( ,heat2 also ,p[ell's v excell5t ,reports on ,radiant ,heat--,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahcb1 #ahdj4 ,! transc5d5tal view :i* ! immat]ial !ory leads to1 _c be bett] exemplifi$ ?an by ! foll[+ quotation f t inexplicable dream ( a tal5t$ man1 ,elem5ts ( ,physiophilosophy1 by ,lor5z ,ok51 ,m4,d4 7translat$ = ! ,ray ,society1 by ,alfr$ ,tulk73-- 8,heat is n matt] itself any m ?an light is2 b x is only ! act ( motion 9 ! prim>y matt]4 ,9 heat1 z well z 9 light1 !re c]ta9ly resides a mat]ial sub/ratum2 yet1 ?is sub/ratum does n give out heat & light2 b ! motion only ( ! sub/ratum gives out heat1 & ! t5sion only ( ! sub/ratum light4 ,!re is no body ( heat2 nitrog5 is ! body ( heat1 j z oxyg5 may be call$ ! body ( fire4 ,heat is real space2 into x all =ms h be5 resolv$1 z all mat]iality has be5 resolv$ into gravity1 & all activity1 all pol>ity1 into light4 ,heat is ! univ]sal =m1 consequ5tly ! want ( =m40 #fg ,mmoires de la ,socit ,physique1 c41 de ,g5ve1 tom4 ii4 art4 #b4 #fh ,?is curi\s ph5om5on 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,trevelyan1 ^: ,notice reg>d+ "s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,vibration ( ,heat$ ,metals w be f\nd 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xii41 #ahcg4 ,9 a ,memoir 9 ! same volume1 entitl$ ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es reg>d+ c]ta9 vibrations :i* take place betwe5 metallic masses hav+ diff]5t temp]atures1 ,pr(essor ,=bes draws ! foll[+ conclusions3-- #a4 8,! vibrations nev] take place betwe5 sub/ances ( ! same nature4 #b4 8,bo? sub/ances mu/ be metallic4 7,?is is n[ prov$ n to be necess>y47 #c4 8,! vibrations take place ) an int5sity proportional 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 to ! diff]5ce ( ! conduct+ p[]s ( ! metals = heat or electricity2 ! metal hav+ ! lea/ conduct+ p[] be+ necess>ily ! colde/4 #d4 8,! "t ( contact ( two po9ts ( ! metals mu/ be long] ?an t ( ! int]m$iate portions4 #e4 8,! impulse is receiv$ by a di/9ct & sep>ate process at ea* contact ( ! b> & block1 & 9 no case is ! metallic connection ( ! be>+ po9ts 9 ! b>1 or ^? ( ! block1 9 any way ess5tial4 #f4 8,! int5sity ( ! vibration is 7"u c]ta9 exceptions7 proportional to ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! metals40--,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xii4 #fi ,! ,bak]ian ,lecture4 ,on c]ta9 ,ph5om5a ( ,voltaic ,ignition1 & ! ,decomposition ( ,wat] into its ,con/itu5t ,gases by ,heat3 by ,w4 ,r4 ,grove1 ,esq4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahdg4 ,"p #a4 #gj ,davy's ,rese>*es on ,flame4 ,works1 vol4 vi4--,philosophical ,transactions = #ahag4 #ga ,on ! ,effect ( ,heat 9 less5+ ! aff9ities ( ! ,elem5ts ( ,wat]3 by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,romney ,rob9son1 ,d4,d4--,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 vol4 xxi4 "p #b4 #gb ,an ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,*emical ,prop]ties t h be5 attribut$ to ,light3 by ,b5jam91 ,c\nt ( ,rum=d4--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 lxxxviii4 p4 #ddi4--,! results obta9$ by ,c\nt ,rum=d 7 probably due to ! non-lum9\s heat-rays--p>a!rmic rays--:i* are kn[n to be giv5 (f by boil+ wat]4 #gc ,= ,dr4 ,drap]s pap]1 see ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahdg1 vol4 xxx4 #crd s]ies4 #gd ,on ! ,action ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum on ,vegetable ,col\rs3 by ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t4 ,! pro( ( ! cont9uation ( ! visible prismatic spectrum beyond ! extreme violet may be witness$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--8,pap] /a9$ ) t9cture ( turm]ic is ( a yell[ col\r2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! spectrum ?r[n 9 x1 if expos$ 9 op5 daylight1 is consid]ably affect$ 9 its app>5t col\rs1 ! blue portion appe>+ violet1 & ! violet v pale & fa9t2 b beyond ! region occupi$ by ! violet rays1 is di/9ctly to be se5 a fa9t prolongation ( ! spectrum1 t]m9at$ lat]ally1 l ! re/ ( x1 by /raight & %>p outl9es1 & :i*1 9 ?is case1 affects ! eye ) ! s5sation ( a pale yell[ col\r40--,philosophical ,transactions1 p4 #acc4 #ge ,! mo/ complete exposition ( ! !ory t animal heat is d]iv$ f *emical action only1 w be f\nd 9 ,animal ,*emi/ry1 or ,*emi/ry 9 its applications to ,physiology & ,pa?ology1 by ,ju/us ,liebig3 translat$ by ,dr4 ,gregory4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by ! au?or1 not)/&+ 8 high--& des]v$ly high--position 9 *emical sci5ce1 mu/1 h[ev]1 be receiv$ ) great caution1 _m ( !m be+ f\nd$ on mo/ incorrect premises1 & 8 g5]alizations be+ ( ! mo/ ha/y & imp]fect "*4 ,at page #bb ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,if we 7 to g nak$1 l c]ta9 savage tribes1 or if 9 hunt+ or fi%+ we 7 expos$ to ! same degree ( cold z ! ,samoi$es1 we %\ld be able1 ) ease1 to consume t5 p\nds ( fle%1 &1 p]haps1 a doz5 ( tall[ c&les into ! b>ga91 daily1 z w>mly clad travell]s h relat$ ) a/oni%m5t ( ^! p4 ,we %\ld !n also be able to take ! same quantity ( br&y or tra9-oil )\t bad effects1 because ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ^! sub/ances w\ld only suffice to keep up ! equilibrium betwe5 ! ext]nal temp]ature & t ( our bodies40 ,a brief exam9ation w exhibit ! error ( ?is4 ,! analysis ( ,beef1 by ,d4 ,lyon ,playfair1 is z foll[s3-- ,c>bon #eahc ,hydrog5 #geg ,nitrog5 #aeja ,oxyg5 #bacg ,a%es #dbc ,& ! foll[+ has be5 giv5 by ,*evreul z ! composition ( mutton tall[3-- ,c>bon #if ,hydrog5 #af ,nitrog5 #af ,oxyg5 #dh ,ab\t ?ree times ! quantity ( oxyg5 to ! c>bon eat51 is requir$ to conv]t x into c>bonic acid2 h5ce1 ! ,samoi$e1 eat+ m highly c>boniz$ matt]1 mu/ inspire #bhh oz4 ( oxyg5 daily1 or ne>ly eight times z mu* z ! 8ord9>y adult40 ,by ! lungs he mu/ take into ! body #b1cjd cubic feet ( air besides :at w be absorb$ by ! sk94 ,8 respirations mu/ be s mu* quick5$1 t at ! l[e/ possible calculation he mu/ h #ejj pulsations a m9ute4 ,"u su* conditions x is q cle> man c\ld n exi/4 ,!re is no disput+ ! fact ( ! enorm\s appetites ( ^! p2 b all ! food is n remov$ f ! sy/em z c>bonic acid gas4 #gf ,an int]e/+ pap] by ,dr4 ,davy1 ,on ! ,temp]ature ( ,man1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxxxvi4 p4 #cai4--,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 8 ,consolations 9 ,travel1 or ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]1 9 8 f\r? dialogue1 ,! ,proteus1 has sev]al +5i\s speculations on ?is subject4 #gg ,expos de quelques rsultats obt5us p> l'action comb9e de la *aleur et de la compression sur c]ta9s liquides1 tels que l'eau1 l'alcool1 l'!r sulfurique1 et l'ess5ce de ptrole rectifie3 p> ,m4 le ,b>on ,cagni>d de la ,t\r4 ,! ?ree foll[+ conclusions are arriv$ at3-- #a4 ,que l'alcool #cf degrs1 l'ess5ce de ptrole rectifie #db degrs1 et l'!r sulfurique s\mis l'action de la *aleur et de la compression1 sont susceptibles de se rduire compltem5t en vapeur s\s un volume un peu plus que d\ble de celui de *aque liquide4 #b4 ,qu'une augm5tation de pression1 occasionne p> la prs5ce de l'air dans plusieurs des exp]i5ces qui vi5n5t d'tre cites1 n'a po9t apport d'ob/acle l'vaporation du liquide dans le mme espace2 qu'elle a seulem5t r5du sa dilatation plus calme et plus facile suivre jusqu'au mom5t o le liquide semble s'van\ir t\t--c\p4 #c4 ,que l'eau1 quoique susceptible sans d\te d'tre rduite en vapeur trs-comprime1 n'a pu tre s\mise des exp]i5ces compltes1 faute de moy5s suffisans p\r assur] l'exacte f]meture de la m>mite de compression1 non plus que dans les tubes de v]re dont elle altre la transp>5ce en s'emp>ant de l'alcali qui entre dans leur composition4--,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxi4 #gh ,sur les phnomnes qui prs5t5t les corps projets sur des surfaces *audes3 p> ,m4 ,b\tigny 7d',evreux74--,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 vol4 xi4 p4 #af4 ,conglation du m]cure en trois secondes1 en v]tu de l'tat sphrodal dans un creuset inc&esc5t3 by ,m4 ,f>aday4--,ibid41 vol4 xix4 p4 #chc4 ,sph]oidal ,condition ( ,bodies 7,extrait d'une ,note de ,m4 ,b\tigny d',evreux74 8,au nombre des proprits des corps l'tat sphrodal1 il en e/ c9q qui me p>aiss5t c>actri/iques et fondam5tales1 et c'e/ sur ces c9q proprits que je base la df9ition que je s\mets auj\rd'hui au jugem5t de l',acadmie4 ,ces c9q proprits sont3-- 8#a4 ,la =me arrondie que pr5d la matire sur une surface *auffe une c]ta9e temprature4 8#b4 ,le fait de la di/ance p]man5te qui exi/e entre le corps l'tat sphrodal et le corps sphrodalisant4 8#c4 ,la proprit de rfl*ir le calorique rayonnant4 8#d4 ,la susp5sion de l'action *imique4 8#e4 ,la fixit de la temprature des corps l'tat sphrodal4 8,cela pos1 voici la df9ition que je propose3 un corps projet sur une surface *aude e/ l'tat sphrodal qu& il revt la =me arrondie et qu'il se ma9ti5t sur cette surface au del du rayon de sa sphre d'activit physique et *imique2 alors il rfl*it le calorique rayonnant1 et ses molcules sont1 quant la *aleur1 dans un tat d'quilibre /able2 c'e/--dire1 une temprature inv>iable1 ou qui ne v>ie que dans des limites troites40--,comptes ,r5dus1 #f ,m>s1 #ahdh4 #gi ,"s ,facts relative to ! ,sph]oidal ,/ate ( ,bodies1 ,fire ,ordeal1 ,incombu/ible ,man1 c43 by ,p4 ,h4 ,b\tigny 7d',evreux71 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,no4 #bcc 7?ird1 s]ies71 p4 #hj2 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,may #ad1 #ahdi4 #hj ,! !ory ( freez+ mixtures is d$uc$ f ! doctr9e ( lat5t caloric4 ,^! are mixtures ( sal9e sub/ances :i*1 at ! common temp]ature1 by _! mutual *emical action1 pass rapidly into ! fluid =m1 or are capable ( be+ rapidly dissolv$ 9 wat]1 &1 by ?is quick transition to fluidity1 absorb caloric1 & produce degrees ( cold m or less int5se4--,rev4 ,francis ,lunn1 ,on ,heat3 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #ha ,proprits de l',acide ,c>bonique liquide1 p> ,m4 ,?ilori]1 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 lx4 p4 #dbg4 ,solidification de l',acide ,c>bonique3 ,ibid4 p4 #dcb4 #hb ,on ! ,liquefaction & ,solidification ( ,bodies g5]ally exi/+ z ,gases1 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 c42 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxxxvi1 p4 #aee4 #hc ,burns1 9 "o ( 8 mo/ natural & pa!tic lett]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,light4 ,!ories ( ! ,nature ( ,light--,hypo!ses ( ,newton & ,huyg5s--,s\rces ( ,light--,! ,sun--,velocity ( ,light--,transp>5cy--,d>k ,l9es ( ! ,spectrum--,absorption ( ,light--,col\r--,prismatic ,analysis--,rays ( ! ,spectrum--,ra9b[--,diffraction--,int]f] 5ce--,goe!'s ,!ory--,pol>isation--,magnetisation ( ,light--,vision--,! ,eye--,analogy--,s\nd & ,light--,influ5ce ( ,light on ,animals & ,vegetables--,phosphoresc5ce aris+ f sev]al ,causes--,artificial ,light--,its ,col\r dep5d5t on ,matt]4 ,light1 ! fir/ creation1 pres5ts to ! enquir+ m9d a s]ies ( ph5om5a ( ! mo/ exalt$ "*4 ,! gl[+ sun%9e1 pa9t+ ! e>? ) all ! brilliancy ( col\r1 & giv+ to ! l&scape ! inimitable *>m ( e degree ( illum9ation1 f ! grey %ad[ to ! gold5 gl[2--! calm ( ev5+1 :51 we>y ( ! 8excess ( spl5d\r10 ! eye c repose 9 tranquillity ^u ! 8cl\d-l&0 ( ! we/1 & wat* ! gold5 & ! ruddy hues fade sl[ly into ! blue t9cture ( night2--& ! pale refulg5ce ( ! moon1 ) ! quiet sp>kle ( ! sun-lit />s1--all t5d to impress ^u ! s\l1 ! great tru? t1 :]e !re is light1 organisation & life are f\nd1 & beyond its influ5ce dea? & sil5ce hold supreme dom9ion4#hd ,?r\gh all "t we h evid5ces t ?is has be5 ! prevail+ feel+ ( ! human race1 d]iv$1 ( c\rse1 f _! obs]vation ( ! natural ph5om5a dep5d5t ^u lum9\s ag5cy4 ,9 ! my?s ( e c\ntry1 imp]sonations ( light prevail1 & to ^! are ref]r$ ! my/]ies ( ! p]petual r5ewal ( life on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is pres5tim5t ( a philosophic tru?1 9 ! in/ance ( ! poet sages ( intellectual ,greece1 0 advanc$ to ! highe/ degree ( ref9em5t2 & ! sublime exclamation ( ,plato3 8,light is tru?1 & ,god is light10 approa*es ne>ly to a div9e revelation4 ,z ! m$ium ( vision--z ! cause ( col\r--z a p[] influ5c+ 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] all ! =ms ( organisation ar\nd u1 light pres5t$ to ! inquir+ m9ds ( all ages a subject ( ! highe/ int]e/4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s1 al?\gh !y lo/ !mselves 9 ! metaphysical subtleties ( _! s*ools1 c\ld n b discov] 9 light an elem5t ( ! utmo/ importance 9 natural op]ations4 ,! al*emi/s reg>d$ ! lum9\s pr9ciple z a mo/ subtile fluid1 capable ( int]p5etrat+ & m+l+ ) gross matt]3 gold be+ suppos$ to diff] f ! bas] metals only 9 conta9+ a l>g] quantity ( ?is e!real ess5ce4#he ,mod]n sci5ce1 aft] inve/igat+ mo/ att5tively a great] numb] ( ! ph5om5a ( light1 has endeav\r$ to assi/ ! inquiry by ! aid ( hypo!ses4 ,newton1 9 a !ory1 :i* exhibits ! ref9$ "* ( t great philosoph]'s m9d1 supposes lum9\s p>ticles to d>t f ! surfaces ( bodies 9 all directions--t ^! inf9itely m9ute p>ticles are influ5c$ by ! attract+ & repell+ =ces ( matt]1 & ?us turn$ back1 or reflect$1 f _! sup]ficies 9 "s cases1 & absorb$ into _! int]/itial spaces 9 o!rs4 ,huygh5s1 on ! contr>y1 supposes light to be caus$ by ! waves or vibrations ( an inf9itely ela/ic m$ium--,,e!r--diffus$ ?r\gh all space1 :i* waves are propagat$ 9 e direction f ! lum9\s body4 ,9 ! fir/ !ory1 a lum9\s p>ticle is suppos$ actually to come f ! sun to ! e>?2 9 ! o!r1 ! sun only occasions a di/urbance ( ! e!r1 :i* ext5ds ) great rapidity1 9 ! same mann] z a wave spreads itself ov] ! surface ( a lake4 ,ne>ly all ! facts kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,newton1 & ^? discov]$ by him1 7 expla9$ mo/ satisfactorily by 8 hypo!sis2 b x 0 f\nd !y c\ld be int]pret$ equally z ! effects ( undulation1 ) ! exception ( ! production ( col\r by prismatic refraction4 ,al?\gh ! lab\rs ( _m gift$ m9ds h be5 giv51 ) ! utmo/ devotion1 to ! support ( ! vibratory !ory1 ?is simple fact has nev] yet receiv$ any satisfactory explanation2 & !re are num]\s discov]ies connect$ ) ! molecul> & *emical di/urbances produc$ by ! sun's rays1 :i* d n appe> to be expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( emission or ( undulation4 ,9 bo? !ories a wave motion is admitt$1 & e fact r5d]s x probable t ?is mode ( progression applies n only to light1 b to ! s-call$ impond]able =ces 9 g5]al4 ,admitt+1 !re=e1 ! undulatory movem5t ( lum9\s rays1 we %all n /op to consid] ^? po9ts ( ! discussion :i* h be5 s ably dealt ) by ,"y1 ,laplace1 ,fresnel1 ,biot1 ,fraunh(]1 ,h]s*el1 ,brew/]1 & o!rs1 b proce$ at once to consid] ! s\rces ( light1 & its m rem>kable ph5om5a4#hf ,! sun is ! greate/ p]man5tly lum9\s body we are acqua9t$ )1 & t orb is cont9ually p\r+ (f light f its surface 9 all directions at ! rate1 ?r\gh ! resi/+ m$ium ( space & ( our own atmosph]e1 ( #aib1jjj miles 9 a second ( "t4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 h[ev]1 t light w\ld move ?r\gh a vacuum ) ! spe$ ( #aib1ejj miles 9 ! same p]iod4 ,we1 !re=e1 le>n t a ray ( light requires eight m9utes & ?irte5 seconds to come f ! sun to u4 ,9 travell+ f ! di/ant planet ,uranus1 ne>ly ?ree h\rs are exhau/$2 & f ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s ea* ray ( light requires m ?an six ye>s to trav]se ! int]v5+ space betwe5 x & ! e>?4 ,all[ ! m9d to advance to ! regions ( nebul1 & x w be f\nd t hundr$s ( ye>s mu/ glide away dur+ ! passage ( _! radiations4 ,consequ5tly1 if "o ( ^? masses ( matt]1 or ev5 "o ( ! remote fix$ />s1 0 8blott$ out ( heav50 to-day1 sev]al g5]ations ( ! f9ite inhabitants ( ?is _w w\ld fade out ( "t be=e ! oblit]ation c\ld be kn[n to man4 ,"h ! imm5sity ( space assi/s u 9 our conception1 limit$ ?\gh x be1 ( ! =-ev] ( et]nity4#hg ,all ! planets ( our sy/em %9e ) reflect$ light1 & ! moon1 our satellite1 also owes h] silv]y lu/re to ! sun's radiations4 ,! fix$ />s are1 9 all probability1 suns %9+ f ! f> di/ance ( space1 ) _! own self-emitt$ lights4 ,by ! photometric rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 we le>n1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld take #bj1jjj millions ( su* orbs z ,sirius1 ! brighte/ ( ! fix$ />s1 to af=d z mu* light z we d]ive f ! sun4 ,! same obs]v] has prov$ t ! brighte/ effulg5ce ( ! full moon is yet #hja1jgb times less ?an ! lum9\s p[] ( our sol> c5tre4 ,! cultivators ( mod]n sci5ce are a bold race2 n cont5t$ ) endeav\r+ to und]/& ! physical e>?1 !y are endeav\r+ to compreh5d ! condition ( ! sol> surface4 ,! m9d ( man c p5etrate f> into nature1 &1 z x 71 feel out ! my/]ies ( untrav]s$ space4 ,! a/ronom] le>ns ( a peculi> condition ( light1 :i* is t]m$ pol>isation1 & he le>ns by ?is1 too1 t he c det]m9e if f a bright lum9\s disc ! light is d]iv$ f a solid mass 9 a /ate ( int5se ignition1 or f vap\r 9 an inc&esc5t condition4 ,he adds a pol>is+ app>atus to 8 telescopes1 & he det]m9es t ! light we d]ive f ! sun is due to an envelope ( vap\r--burn+1 9 all probability--only ) great] int5sity1 z ! gas :i* we n[ employ4 ,?is ,photosph]e--z x has be5 call$ by ! late ,fr5* philosoph] ,arago1 is f\nd to be subject$ to viol5t di/urbances1 & ! d>k spots se5 on ! sun's disc are n[ kn[n to be op5+s ?r\gh ?is my/]i\s envelope ( light1 :i* enable u to look 9 ^u ! d>k body ( ! sun itself4 ,lum9\s ph5om5a may be produc$ by v>i\s means--*emical action is a s\rce ( light2 &1 "u sev]al circum/ances 9 :i* ! laws ( aff9ity are /rongly ex]t$1 a v int5se lum9\s effect is produc$4 ,"u ?is head all ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion are includ$4 ,9 ! electric sp>k we h ! developm5t ( light2 & ! arc :i* is =m$ betwe5 *>coal po9ts at ! poles ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y af=ds u ! mo/ int5se artificial illum9ation ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,9 addition to ^!1 we h ! peculi> ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce aris+ f *emical1 calorific1 electrical1 act9ic1 & vital excitation1 all ( :i* mu/ be p>ticul>ly exam9$4 ,f :atev] s\rce we procure light1 x is ! same 9 "*1 diff]+ only 9 int5sity4 ,9 its action ^u matt]1 we h ! ph5om5a ( transmission1 ( reflection1 ( refraction1 ( col\r1 ( pol>isation1 & ( vision1 to engage our att5tion4 ,a beam ( :ite light falls ^u a plate ( col\rless glass1 & x passes freely ?r\gh x1 los+ b little ( its int5sity2 ! l>ge/ portion be+ lo/ by reflection f ! fir/ surface ^u :i* ! light imp+es4 ,if ! glass is r\gh5$ by gr9d+1 we lose m light by absorption & by reflection f ! asp]ities ( ! r\gh5$ surface2 b if we cov] t face ) any oleag9\s fluid1 z1 = in/ance1 turp5t9e1 its transp>5cy is re/or$4 ,we h ?us direct pro( t transp>5cy to light is due to molecul> condition4 ,?is may be mo/ /rik+ly %[n by an int]e/+ exp]im5t ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s3-- ,if a glass tube is fill$ ) nitr\s acid vap\r1 :i* is ( a dull r$ col\r1 x admits freely ! passage ( ! r$ & orange rays ) "s ( ! o!rs1 &1 if held upright 9 ! sun%9e1 ca/s a r$ %ad[ on ! gr\nd2 by g5tly w>m+ x ) a _s-lamp1 :il/ 9 ?is position1 x acquires a mu* deep] & black] col\r1 & becomes almo/ imp]vi\s to any ( ! rays ( light2 b ^u cool+ x aga9 recov]s its transp>5cy4 ,x has also be5 /at$ by ! same exact exp]im5tali/1 t hav+ br\ght a purple glass to a r$ heat1 its transp>5cy 0 improv$1 s t x transmitt$ gre51 yell[1 & r$ rays1 :i* x previ\sly absorb$2 b ! glass recov]$ its absorptive p[]s z x cool$4 ,a piece ( yell[i%-gre5 glass lo/ its transp>5cy almo/ entirely by be+ heat$4 ,native yell[ orpim5t becomes blood-r$ ^u be+ w>m$1 :5 ne>ly all b ! r$ rays are absorb$2 & pure phosphorus1 :i* is ( a pale yell[ col\r1 & transmits freely all ! col\r$ rays ^u be+ melt$1 becomes v d>k1 & transmits no light4 ,*emi/ry af=ds num]\s examples ( a v slight *ange ( condition1 produc+ absolute opacity 9 fluids :i* 7 previ\sly diaphan\s4#hh ,*>coal absorbs all ! light :i* falls ^u x1 b 9 "s ( its /ates ( comb9ation1 & 9 ! diamond1 :i* is pure c>bon1 x is highly transp>5t4 ,gold & silv] beat5 into ?9 leaves are p]meat$ by ! gre5 & blue rays1 & ! metals 9 comb9ation ) acids are all ( !m m or less transp>5t4 ,:at becomes ( ! light :i* falls ^u & is absorb$ by bodies1 is a "q :i* we _c yet1 not)/&+ ! ext5sive obs]vations t h be5 made by "s ( ! mo/ gift$ ( m51 answ] satisfactorily4 ,9 all probability1 z already /at$1 x is p]man5tly reta9$ )9 _! sub/ances2 & _m ( ! exp]im5ts ( excit+ light 9 bodies :5 9 p]fect d>kness1 by ! electric sp>k & o!r means1 appe> to support ! idea ( light becom+ lat5t or hidd54 ,no body is absolutely transp>5t2 "s light is lo/ 9 pass+ ev5 ?r\gh e!real space1 & /ill m 9 trav]s+ our atmosph]e4 ,among/ ! mo/ curi\s in/ances ( absorption is t :i* is uni=mly discov]$ 9 ! sol> spectrum1 p>ticul>ly :5 we exam9e x ) a telescope4 ,we !n f9d t ! col\r$ rays are cross$ by a great numb] ( d>k b&s or l9es1 giv+ no light2 ^! are g5]ally call$ ,fraunh(]'s d>k l9es1 z x 0 to ! indefatigable ex]tions ( t exp]im5tali/1 & by ! aid ( 8 beautiful in/rum5ts1 t mo/ ( !m 7 discov]$ & measur$1 & enum]at$1 al?\gh !y 7 previ\sly notic$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,x is q cle> t ^? l9es repres5t rays :i* h be5 absorb$ 9 _! passage f ! sun to ! e>?3 al?\gh "s ( !m h no d\bt und]gone absorption )9 ! limits ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 we h e reason to believe1 ) ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t ! pr9cipal absorption takes place 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun4#hi ,x has be5 prov$ by ,dr4 ,mill]1 t ! numb] ( ^? d>k l9es is cont9ually v>y+ ) ! alt]ation ( atmosph]ic conditions2#ij & ! evid5ces :i* h be5 af=d$1 ( peculi> /ates ( absorption by ! gase\s envelope ( ! e>?1--dur+ ! prosecution ( inve/igations on ! *emical ag5cies ( ! sun's rays1--are ( a suffici5tly conv9c+ "*4 ,x has be5 calculat$ by ,b\gu]1 t if our atmosph]e1 9 its pure/ /ate1 c\ld be ext5d$ r m ?an #gjj miles f ! e>?'s surface in/ead ( ne>ly #dj1 z x is at pres5t1 ! sun's rays c\ld n p5etrate x1 & ?is globe w\ld roll on 9 d>kness & sil5ce1 )\t a ve/ige ( vegetable =m or ( animal life4 ,9 ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,mosaic ,hi/ory1 ! read+ is1 8,let light appe>30 may n ?is really mean t ! e>?'s atmosph]e 0 s cle>$ ( ob/ruct+ vap\rs1 t ! sol> rays 7 enabl$ to rea* ! e>?8 ,! same calculation supposes t sea-wat] loses all its transp>5cy at ! dep? ( #gcj feet2 b a dim twilight mu/ prevail mu* deep] 9 ! ocean4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes h prov$1 t at ! dep? ( #bcj fa?oms 9 ! gean sea1 ! few %ell$ animals t exi/ are col\rless3 no plants are f\nd )9 t zone2 & t indu/ri\s naturali/ fixes ! z]o ( animal life ( ^? wat]s at ab\t #cjj fa?oms4#ia ,s9ce ^! zones m>k ! rapidly dim9i%+ light1 x is evid5t t :]e life ceases to be mu/ be beyond ! limits to :i* life c p5etrate4 ,our atmosph]e1 *>g$ ) aque\s vap\r1 s]ves to %ield u f ! int5se action ( ! sol> p[]s4 ,by x we are protect$ f ! de/ructive influ5ces ( ! sun's light & heat2 enjoy ^? modifi$ conditions :i* are mo/ conducive to ! heal?ful be+ ( organic =ms2 to x we owe 8! blue sky b5d+ ov] all10 & ^? beauties ( morn+ & ev5+ twilight ( :i* ---- ,s\nd & motion own ! pot5t sway4 ,respond+ to ! *>m ) its own my/]y4 ,to defective transp>5cy1 or r to ! diff]5t degrees ( x1 we mu/ attribute1 9 "p1 ! col\rs ( p]meable m$ia4 ,?us1 a glass or fluid appe>s yell[ to ! eye1 because x has ! prop]ty ( admitt+ ! p]meation ( a l>g] quantity ( ! yell[ rays ?an ( any o!rs2--r$1 because ! r$ rays pass x ) ! greate/ fre$om2 & s on = e o!r col\r4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p[]s ( transmission & ( reflection are simil>2 b x is n s 9 all2 a v>iety ( fluor sp>1 :i*1 :ile x transmits gre5 light1 reflects blue1 & ! preci\s opal1 are /rik+ in/ances to ! contr>y4 ,"s glasses1 :i* transmit yell[ light h ! s+ul> p[] ( disp]s+ blue rays f "o surface2 & a solution ( qu99e 9 wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 al?\gh p]fectly transp>5t & col\rless :5 held betwe5 ! eye & ! light1 exhibits1 if view$ 9 a p>ticul> direction1 a lively c]ulean t9t4 ,^! effects be+ suppos$ to be due to ! conditions ( ! surface1 h be5 call$ epipolic ph5om5a4#ib ,! c>eful inve/igation ( ^! ph5om5a has made u acqua9t$ ) "s v int]e/+ facts1 & inde$ discov]$ to u a set ( lum9\s rays :i* 7 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,! disp]sion ( blue light f ! surface ( "s yell[ glasses--su* z h be5 col\r$ by ! oxide ( silv]--is ( a diff]5t ord] f t :i* takes place ) ! solution ( sulphate ( qu99e1 or ) ! fluor sp>4 ,! fir/ dep5ds ^u a peculi> condition ( ! surface1 :ile ! latt] ph5om5a are due to a disp]sion :i* takes place )9 ! solid or fluid4 ,9 addition to ! sulphate ( qu99e1 & ! fluor sp>1 we obta9 ! same results 9 a v m>k$ mann] by a can>y yell[ glass1 col\r$ ) ! oxide ( uranium1 & by a decoction ( ! inn] b>k ( ! horse-*esnut tree4 ,mr4 ,/okes1 :o has inve/igat$ ?is class ( ph5om5a1 & proposes to call x ,fluoresc5ce1 f its be+ naturally se5 9 fluor-sp>1 has %[n t ! peculi> int]nal disp]sion1 & ! consequ5t alt]ation ( ! col\r ( ! ray1 is due to an alt]ation 9 its refrangibility4 ,:e!r ?is hypo!sis prove to be ! correct "o or n1 x is c]ta9 t !re exi/s a set ( rays ( f> high] refrangibility ?an ^? se5 9 ! ord9>y ,newtonian spectrum4 ,?is may be %[n 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 tak+ ei!r ( ! solutions nam$1 or a block ( uranium glass1 ?r[ ^u "o face1 by means ( a prism1 a v pure spectrum4 ,on look+ into ! glass or fluid !re w be se51 comm5c+ amid/ ! mo/ refrangible rays1 a new set ( spectral rays1 /ruggl+ to make _! way ?r\gh ! absorb5t m$ium4 ,^! are ( a blue col\r 9 ! qu99e or *esnut solution1 & gre5 9 ! uranium glass1 & are se5 ext5d+ !mselves f> beyond ! mo/ refrangible rays ( ! ord9>y ,newtonian spectrum4 ,?is is ! space ov] :i* ^? rays :i* h ! p[] ( produc+ *emical *anges1 su* z are r5d]$ famili> by ! practice ( ,photography1 are detect$ 9 _! greate/ activity4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 suppos$ t ^! fluoresc5t rays are ! *emical rays r5d]$ lum9\s by ! alt]ation ( _! refrangibility4 ,?is view has receiv$ mu* support f ! fact t ! extra spectral rays are cross$ ) num]\s d>k l9es1 & t 9 ! *emical impressions ^! l9es are m>k$ by un*ang$ spaces :i* exactly co9cide ) !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* d\bt ( ! correctness ( ?is1 s9ce1 9 ! uranium glass ( su* a ?ickness t ^! visible rays are q absorb$1 ! *emical rays /ill pass4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole "q requires1 & is receiv+1 ! mo/ se>*+ inve/igation4 ,! discov]y ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* are includ$ "u ! t]m ( ,fluoresc5ce1 is ( t int]e/+ & important "*1 t x mu/ be rank$ z ! mo/ decid$ advance :i* has be5 made 9 physical optics s9ce ! days ( ,newton4 ,x is n improbable t ^? rays ( su* high refrangibility may1 al?\gh !y are "u ord9>y circum/ances invisible to ! human eye1 be adapt$ to produce ! necess>y degree ( excitem5t ^u :i* vision dep5ds 9 ! optic n]ves ( ! night-roam+ animals4 ,! bat1 ! owl1 & ! cat1 may see 9 ! gloom ( night by ! aid ( rays :i* are invisible to1 or inactive on ! eyes ( man1 or ( ^? animals :i* require ! light ( day = p]fect vision4 ,x is a g5]al law ( ! radiant =ces1 t :5ev] !y fall ^u any surface1 a portion is ?r[n back or reflect$ at ! same "t z o!r portions are absorb$ or transmitt$4 ,^u ?is peculi>ity appe> to dep5d ! ph5om5a ( natural col\r 9 bodies4 ,! :ite light ( ! sun is well kn[n to be compos$ ( sev]al col\r$ rays4 ,or r1 accord+ to ! !ory ( undulations1 :5 ! rate at :i* a ray vibrates is alt]$1 a diff]5t s5sation is produc$ ^u ! optic n]ve4 ,! analytical exam9ation ( ?is "q %[s1 t to produce a r$ col\r ! ray ( light mu/ give #cg1fdj undulations 9 an in*1 & #deh1jjjjjj1jjjjjj 9 a second4 ,yell[ light requires #dd1jjj undulations 9 an in*1 & #ece1jjjjjj1jjjjjj 9 a second2 :il/ ! effect ( blue results f #ea1aaj undulations )9 an in*1 & #fbb1jjjjjj1jjjjjj ( waves 9 a second ( "t4#ic ,! det]m9ation ( su* po9ts z ^! is among ! highe/ ref9em5ts ( sci5ce1 &1 :5 contra/$ ) ! mo/ sublime ef=ts ( ! imag9ation1 !y mu/ appe> immeasurably sup]ior4 ,if a body s5ds back :ite light un*ang$1 x appe>s :ite2 if ! surface has ! prop]ty ( alt]+ ! vibration to t degree :i* is calculat$ to produce r$ness1 ! result is a r$ col\r3 ! annihilation ( ! undulations produces blackness4 ,by ! o!r view1 or ! corpuscul> hypo!sis1 ! beam ( :ite light is suppos$ to consi/ ( c]ta9 col\r$ rays1 ea* ( :i* has physical prop]ties peculi> to itself1 & ?us is capable ( produc+ diff]5t physiological effects4 ,^! rays fall+ ^u a transp>5t or an opaque body suff] m or less absorption1 & be+ ?us dissev]$1 we h ! effect ( col\r4 ,a r$ body absorbs all ! rays b ! r$2 a blue surface1 all b ! blue2 a yell[1 all b ! yell[2 & a black surface absorbs ! :ole ( ! light :i* falls ^u x4 ,t natural col\rs are ! result ( :ite light1 & n innate prop]ties ( ! bodies !mselves1 is mo/ conclusively %[n by plac+ col\r$ bodies 9 mono*romatic light ( ano!r k9d1 :5 !y w appe> ei!r ( ! col\r ( t light1 or1 by absorb+ x1 become black2 :]eas1 :5 plac$ 9 light ( _! own "*1 ! int5sity ( col\r is greatly increas+4 ,e surface has1 !re=e1 a peculi> con/itution1 by :i* x gives rise to ! div]sifi$ hues ( nature4 ,! ri* & lively gre51 :i* s abundantly ov]spreads ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! v>i$ col\rs ( ! fl[]s1 & ! numb]less t9ts ( animals1 toge!r ) all ^? ( ! productions ( ! m9]al k+dom1 & ( ! artificial comb9ations ( *emical manufacture1 result f p[]s by :i* ! relations ( matt] to light are r5d]$ p]man5t1 until its physical conditions und]go "s *ange4 ,!re is a rem>kable correspond5ce betwe5 ! geographical position ( a region & ! col\rs ( its plants & animals4 ,)9 ! tropics1 :]e 8,! sun %9es = ev] un*angeably bright10 ! d>ke/ gre5 prevails ov] ! leaves ( plants2 ! fl[]s & fruits are t9ctur$ ) col\rs ( ! deepe/ dye1 :il/ ! plumage ( ! birds is ( ! mo/ v>iegat$ description & ( ! ri*e/ hues4 ,9 ! p also ( ^! climes !re is manife/$ a desire = ! mo/ /rik+ col\rs1 & _! dresses h all a di/+ui%+ "*1 n ( %ape m]ely1 b ( *romatic arrangem5t4 ,9 ! temp]ate climates ev]y?+ is ( a m subdu$ v>iety3 ! fl[]s are less bright ( hue2 ! prevail+ t9t ( ! w+$ tribes is a russet br[n2 & ! dresses ( ! inhabitants ( ^! regions are ( a sombre "*4 ,9 ! cold] portions ( ! e>? !re is b little col\r2 ! fl[]s are g5]ally :ite or yell[1 & ! animals exhibit no o!r contra/ ?an t :i* :ite & black af=d4 ,a *romatic scale might be =m$1 its maximum po9t be+ at ! equator1 & its m9imum at ! poles4#id ,! influ5ce ( light on ! col\rs ( organiz$ creation is well %[n 9 ! sea4 ,ne> ! %ores we f9d sea-we$s ( ! mo/ beautiful hues1 p>ticul>ly on ! rocks :i* are left dry by ! tides2 & ! ri* t9ts ( ! act9i1 :i* inhabit %all[ wat]1 mu/ h be5 (t5 obs]v$4 ,! fi%es :i* swim ne> ! surface are also di/+ui%$ by ! v>iety ( _! col\rs1 :]eas ^? :i* live at great] dep?s are grey1 br[n1 or black4 ,x has be5 f\nd t aft] a c]ta9 dep?1 :]e ! quantity ( light is s r$uc$ t a m]e twilight prevails1 ! inhabitants ( ! ocean become ne>ly col\rless4 ,t ! sun's ray alone gives to plants ! prop]ty ( reflect+ col\r is prov$ by ! process ( blan*+1 or etiolation1 produc$ by artificially exclud+ ! light4 ,by a triangul> piece ( glass--a prism1--we are enabl$ to resolve light into its ultimate rays4 ,! :ite p5cil ( light :i* falls on ! fir/ surface ( ! prism is b5t f its pa?1 & col\r$ b&s ( diff]5t col\rs are obta9$4 ,^! b&s or rays obs]ve a curi\s con/ancy 9 _! positions3 ! r$ ray is always ! lea/ b5t out ( ! /raight pa?3 ! yell[ class comes next 9 ! ord] ( refrangibility2 & ! blue are ! mo/ div]t$ f ! v]tex ( ! prism4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt ( illum9at+ p[] exi/s 9 ! yell[ ray1 & x dim9i%es t[>ds ei!r end4#ie ,x is n un9t]e/+ to obs]ve some?+ l ! same v>iety ( col\r occurr+ at ea* end ( ! prismatic spectrum4 ,! /rict ord] 9 :i* ! pure & mix$ col\r$ rays pres5t !mselves is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! extreme r$3 a ray :i* c only be discov]$ :5 ! eye is protect$ f ! gl>e ( ! o!r rays by a cobalt blue glass1 is ( a crimson "*--a mixture ( ! r$ & ! blue1 r$ pr$om9at+4#if #b4 ,! r$3 ! fir/ ray visible "u ord9>y circum/ances4 #c4 ,! orange3 r$ pass+ into & comb9+ ) yell[4 #d4 ,! yell[3 ! mo/ int5sely lum9\s ( ! rays4 #e4 ,! gre53 ! yell[ pass+ into & bl5d+ ) ! blue4 #f4 ,! blue3 9 :i* ! light v rapidly dim9i%es4 #g4 ,! indigo3 ! d>k int5sity ( blue4 #h4 ,! violet3 ! blue m+l$ aga9 ) ! r$--blue be+ 9 excess4 #i4 ,! lav5d] grey3 a neutral t9t1 produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! r$1 blue1 & yell[ rays1 :i* is discov]$ mo/ easily :5 ! spectrum is ?r[n ^u a %eet ( turm]ic pap]4 #aj4 ,! fluoresc5t rays3 :i* are ei!r a pure silv]y blue or a delicate gre54 ,newton reg>d$ ! spectrum z consi/+ ( sev5 col\rs ( def9ite & unv>y+ refrangibility4 ,brew/] & o!rs appe> to h detect$ a great diffusion ( ! col\rs ov] ! spectrum1 & reg>d :ite light z consi/+ only ( ?ree rays1 :i* 9 ! prismatic images ov]lap ea* o!r2 & f ^!--r$1 yell[1 & blue--all ! o!rs c be =m$ by comb9ation 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! tru? w probably be f\nd to be1 t ! ord9>y prismatic spectrum is a comp\nd ( two spectra3--t is1 z we h ! ord9>y ra9b[1 & a supplem5t>y b[1 ! col\rs ( :i* are inv]t$1 s ! extraord9>y may be some:at mask$ by ! int5se light ( ! ord9>y spectrum2 & yet by ov]lapp+ produce ! v>iations ( col\r 9 ! rays4 ,we h already exam9$ ! heat+ p[] f\nd 9 ^! col\r$ b&s1 :i*1 al?\gh %[n to be 9 a rem>kable mann] 9 con/ant agreem5t ) ! col\r ( a p>ticul> ray1 is n directly connect$ ) x2 t is1 n z ! effect ( a cause1 or ! contr>y4 ,! *emical action ( ! sol> rays1 to :i* f its important be>+s we %all devote a sep>ate *apt]1 has1 9 l mann] ) heat1 be5 conf\nd$ ) ! sun's lum9\s p[]2 b al?\gh associat$ ) light & heat1 & modifi$ by _! pres5ce1 x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,we f9d ! maximum ( heat at "o end ( ! spectrum1 & t ( *emical excitation at ! o!r--lum9\s p[] obs]v+ a mean po9t betwe5 !m4 ,)\t d\bt we h ^! p[]s act+ reciprocally1 modify+ all ! ph5om5a ( ea* o!r1 & ?us giv+ rise to ! difficulties :i* beset ! inquir] on e side4 ,we h beautiful natural illu/rations ( lum9\s refraction 9 ! ra9b[ & 9 ! halo3 9 bo? cases ! rays ( light be+ sep>at$ by ! refractive p[] ( ! fall+ ra9 drop1 or ! vesicles :i* =m ! moi/ure con/itut+ a fog4 ,9 ! simple toy ( ! *ild--! soap-bubble float+ ^u ! air--! philosoph] f9ds subjects = 8 contemplation2 & f ! unrivall$ play ( col\rs :i* he discov]s 9 t att5uat$ film1 he le>ns t ! v>y+ ?icknesses ( surfaces influ5ce1 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 ! col\rs ( ! sunbeam4 ,films ( oil float+ ^u wat] pres5t simil> appe>ances2 & ! col\rs develop$ 9 temp]+ /eel are due entirely to ! ?ickness ( ! oxidiz$ surface produc$ by heat4 ,!re h lately be5 introduc$ "s beautiful specim5s ( pap] r5d]$ ri*ly iridesc5t by ! foll[+ process3--,a solution ( a gum res9 9 *lor(orm is float$ ^u wat]1 :]e x =ms a film giv+ all ! col\rs ( ,newton's r+s4 ,a %eet ( pap] :i* has be5 previ\sly sunk 9 ! wat] is c>efully lift$1 & ! film ?us remov$ adh]es ) great firmness to ! pap]1 & produces ?is ri* & curi\s play ( col\r4 ,! ri* t9ts ^u "m-(-pe>l1 9 ! fea!rs ( _m birds1 ! r+s se5 9 ! cracks ( rock-cry/al1 or betwe5 ! unequal faces ( two pieces ( glass1 & produc$ by _m *emical & inde$ me*anical op]ations--are all ow+ to ! same cause2--! refraction ( ! lum9\s p5cil by ! condition ( ! film or surface4 ,if we take "o ( ^? /eel ornam5ts :i* are =m$ by be+ cov]$ ) an imm5se numb] ( f9e l9es1 x w be evid5t t ^! /ri pres5t _m diff]5t angles ( reflection1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! rays ?r[n back w1 at "s po9t or ano!r1 h a t5d5cy to cross ea* o!r4 ,! result ( ?is is1 t ! quantity ( light is augm5t$ at "s po9ts ( int]section1 & annihilat$ at o!rs4#ig ,out ( ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( diffraction1 ( ! effects ( ?9 & ?ick plates ^u light1 & ! results ( int]f]5ce1 has aris5 ! discov]y ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable conditions )9 ! range ( physical sci5ce4 ,two bright lights may be made to produce d>kness4--,if two p5cils ( light radiate f two spots v close to ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] t !y cross ea* o!r at a giv5 po9t1 any object plac$ at t l9e ( int]f]5ce w be illum9at$ ) ! sum ( ! two lum9\s p5cils4 ,if we suppose ^? rays to move 9 waves1 & ! elevation ( ! wave to repres5t ! maximum ( lum9\s effect1 !n ! two waves meet+1 :5 !y are bo? at ! height ( _! undulation1 w necess>ily produce a spot ( great] int5sity4 ,if n[ we s arrange ! po9ts ( radiation1 t ! sy/ems ( lum9\s waves proce$ irregul>ly1 & t "o arrives at ! scre5 half an undulation be=e ! o!r1 ! "o 9 elevation fall+ into ! depression ( ! o!r1 a mutual annihilation is ! consequ5ce4 ,?is fact1 p>adoxical z x may appe>1 0 broadly /at$ by ,grimaldi1 9 ! description ( 8 exp]im5ts on ! inflection ( light1 & has be5 obs]v$ by _m o!rs4 ,! vibratory hypo!sis1 seiz+ ^u ! analogy pres5t$ by two sy/ems ( waves 9 wat]1 expla9s ?is plausibly1 & _m simil> ph5om5a ( :at is call$ ! int]f]5ce ( light2 b /ill ^u exam9ation x does n appe> t ! explanation is q free f objection4#ih ,ano!r !ory1 n altoge!r new to u1 x be+ indicat$ 9 ,may]'s hypo!sis ( ?ree prim>y col\rs 7#agge71 & to be f\nd z a problem 9 "s ( ! ,encyclopdias ( ! la/ c5tury1 has be5 put =?1 9 a v orig9al mann]1 by t ma/]-m9d ( intellectual ,g]many1 ,goe!2 & f ! v compreh5sive views :i* ?is poet-philosoph] has tak5 ( bo? animal & vegetable physiology 7views :i* h be5 adopt$ by "s ( ! fir/ naturali/s ( ,europe71 we are b\nd to receive 8 !ory ( col\rs ) e respect & att5tion4 ,goe! reg>ds col\r z ! 8?9n+0 ( light2 = example1 by ob/ruct+ a portion ( :ite light1 yell[ is produc$2 by r$uc+ x /ill f>!r1 r$ is suppos$ to result2 & by yet f>!r ret>d+ ! free passage ( ! beam1 we procure a blue col\r1 :i* is ! next remove f blackness1 or ! abs5ce ( light4 ,!re is tru? 9 ?is2 x be>s ab\t x a simplicity :i* w satisfy _m m9ds2 by x _m ( ! ph5om5a ( col\r may be expla9$3 b x is insuffici5t = any int]pretation ( sev]al ( ^? laws to :i* ! o!r !ories d give u "s insight4 ,newton may h all[$ himself to be misl$ by ! analogy pres5t$ betwe5 ! sev5 rays ( ! spectrum & ! notes 9 an octave4 ,! my/ic numb]1 sev51 may h clung l a fibre ( ! web ( sup]/ition to ! cloak ( ! great philosoph]2 b ! attack made by ,goe! ^u ! ,newtonian philosophy betrays ! melan*oly fact ( 8 be+ diseas$ ) ! lam5table weakness ( too _m exalt$ m9ds--an ov]we5+ self-e/eem4 ,! pol>ization ( light1 z x has be5 un=tunately call$--un=tunately1 z convey+ an idea ( det]m9ate & diff]5t po9ts or poles1 :i* only exi/s 9 hypo!tical analogy--pres5ts to u a class ( ph5om5a :i* promise to unclose ! my/]i\s doors ( ! molecul> con/itution ( bodies4 ,?is rem>kable condition1 z produc$ by ! reflection ( light f glass at a p>ticul> angle1 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,malus1 9 #ahjh1ii :5 amus+ himself by look+ at ! beams ( ! sett+ sun1 reflect$ f ! w9d[s ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace ?r\gh a d\ble refract+ prism4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 ! prism 0 9 "o position1 ! w9d[s ) _! gold5 rays 7 visible2 b t turn$ r\nd a qu>t] ( a circle f t position1 ! reflect$ rays disappe>$ al?\gh ! w9d[s 7 /ill se54 ,! ph5om5on ( d\ble refraction 0 notic$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ,erasmus ,b>?ol91 9 ,icel&-sp>1 a cry/al ! prim>y =m ( :i* is a rhomboh$ron2 :o p]ceiv$ t ! two images produc$ by ?is body 7 n 9 ! same physical conditions4#ajj ,x 0 also /udi$ by ,huygh5s & ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & to our c\ntryman we owe ! s+ul> idea t a ray ( light em]g+ f su* a cry/al has sides4 ,?is break+ up ( ! beam ( light into two1--:i* is %[n by look+ ?r\gh a p9-hole on a c>d ?r\gh a cry/al ( ,icel& sp>1 :5 two holes become visible1 is due to ! diff]5t /ates ( t5sion 9 :i* ! diff]5t lay]s con/itut+ ! cry/al exi/4 ,9 ?us sep>at+ ! ray ( light into two rays1 ! condition call$ pol>isation has be5 produc$1 & by exp]im5t we discov] t ! s+le ray has prop]ties diff]5t f ^? ( ! comp\nd or ord9>y ray4 ,x is some:at difficult to expla9 :at is meant by1 & :at are ! conditions (1 pol>is$ light4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance let u see by :at me?ods ?is peculi> /ate may be br\ght ab\t4 ,if we reflect a ray ( light f ! surface ( any body1 fluid or solid1 b n metallic1 at an angle betwe5 #ec & #fh x und]goes :at has be5 call$ plane pol>isation4 ,x may also be produc$ by ! refraction ( light f sev]al refract+ surfaces act+ ^u ! p5cil ( light 9 succession2 z by a bundle ( plates ( glass4 ,ea* surface pol>ises a portion ( ! p5cil1 & ! numb] ( plates necess>y to pol>ise a :ole beam dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! beam & ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,?us1 ! light ( a wax c&le is :olly pol>is$ by =ty-sev5 plates ( glass at an angle ( #dj #da'2 :ile at an angle ( #gi #aa' x is pol>is$ by eight plates4 ,aga91 plane pol>isation may be produc$ by ! d\ble refraction ( cry/als4 ,ea* ( ! two p5cils is pol>is$1 l light reflect$ f glass at an angle ( #ef #de'1 b 9 opposite planes4 ,non-sci5tific read]s w /ill ask1--,:at is ?is my/]i\s condition ( light :i* is produc$ by reflection & refraction at peculi> angles to ! incid5t ray4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( problems to express 9 popul> language4 ,! conditions are1 h[ev]1 ^!3-- ,an ord9>y ray ( light w be reflect$ f a reflect+ surface at :atev] angle t surface may be plac$ 9 relation to ! incid5t beam4 ,a pol>is$ ray ( light is n reflect$ 9 all positions ( ! reflect+ surface4 ,an ord9>y ray ( light is freely transmitt$ ?r\gh a transp>5t m$ium1 z glass1 9 :atev] position x may be plac$ relative to ! s\rce ( light4 ,a pol>is$ ray ( light is n transmitt$ 9 all ! positions ( ! p]meable m$ium4 ,suppos+ a plate ( glass is pres5t$ at ! angle #ef to a pol>is$ ray1 & ! plane ( incid5ce or reflexion is at "r angles to ! plane ( pol>isation ( ! ray1 no light is reflect$4 ,if we turn ! plate ( glass r\nd ?r\gh #ij1 :5 ! plane ( reflexion is p>allel to t ( pol>isation ! light is reflect$4 ,if we turn ! plate r\nd ano!r #ij1 s t ! plane ( reflexion & ( pol>isation are p>allel to ea* o!r1 aga9 no light is reflect$2 & if we turn x ?r\gh ano!r #ij ! reflection ( ! ray aga9 takes place4 ,precisely ! same result takes place :51 in/ead ( be+ reflect$1 ! pol>is$ ray is transmitt$4 ,"s sub/ances h peculi> pol>iz+ p[]s3 ! t\rmal9e is a famili> example4 ,if a slice ( t\rmal9e is tak51 & we look at a common p5cil ( light ?r\gh x1 we see x 9 :atev] position we may place ! transp>5t m$ium4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look at a p5cil ( pol>is$ light1 & turn ! cry/al r\nd1 x w be f\nd t 9 two positions ! light is /opp$1 & t 9 two o!r positions x passes freely ?r\gh x to ! eye4 ,by way ( endeav\r+ to conceive some?+ ( :at may be ! conditions :i* det]m9e ?is v my/]i\s /ate1 let u suppose ea* ray ( light to vibrate 9 two planes at "r angles to ea* o!r3 "o wave be+ v]tical & ! o!r horizontal4 ,we h _m examples ( ?is comp\nd motion4 ,! ma/ ( a %ip1 by ! =ce ) :i* %e is urg$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 describes a v]tical wave1 :ile by ! roll ( ! bill[s across :i* %e sails1 a lat]al undulation is produc$ at ! same "t4 ,we may sometimes obs]ve ! same ?+ :5 a field ( corn is agitat$ by a %ift+ w9d on a gu/y day4 ,! hypo!sis !re=e is1 t e ray ( ord9>y light consi/s ( two rays vibrat+ 9 diff]5t planes2 & t ^! rays1 sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 h ! physical conditions :i* we call pol>iz$4 ,! mo/ transp>5t bodies may be reg>d$ z be+ made up ( atoms arrang$ 9 c]ta9 planes4 ,suppose ! plane ( lam9ation ( any sub/ance to be v]tical 9 position1 x w\ld appe> t ! ray :i* has a v]tical motion passes x freely1 :]eas if we turn ! body r\nd s t ! planes ( lam9ation are at "r angles to ! plane ( vibration ( ! ray1 x _c pass4 ,t "s action simil> to t :i* x is "h endeav\r$ to express 9 popul> language does take place1 is prov$ by ! correctness ( ! results d$uc$ by rigid ma!matical analyses f\nd$ on ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re are two o!r conditions ( ! pol>ization ( light--call$ circul> & elliptical pol>ization4 ,! fir/ is produc$ by light :5 x is twice reflect$ f ! second surface ( bodies at _! angle ( maximum pol>ization1 & ! second by reflexions f ! surfaces ( metals at angles v>y+ f #gj #de' to #gh #cj'4 ,! motion ( ! wave 9 ! fir/ is suppos$ to be circul>1 or to be t :i* is repres5t$ by look+ along ! c5tre ( a corkscrew z x is turn$ r\nd4 ,at e turn ( ! m$ium effect+ circul> pol>ization ! col\r ( ! ray ( light is *ang$ aft] a uni=m ord]4 ,if turn$ 9 "o direction1 !y *ange ?r\gh r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 & violet2 & if 9 ! o!r direction1 ! col\rs appe> 9 ! contr>y ord]4 ,! v>iety ( /rik+ effects produc$ by ! pol>ization ( light2 ! unexpect$ results :i* h sprung f ! inve/igation ( ! laws by :i* x is regulat$2 & ! s+ul> beauty ( _m ( its ph5om5a1 h made x "o ( ! mo/ attractive subjects ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,ord9>y light passes ?r\gh transp>5t bodies )\t produc+ any v /rik+ effects 9 its passage2 b ?is extraord9>y beam ( light has ! p[] ( ins9uat+ itself betwe5 ! molecules ( bodies1 & by illum9at+ !m1 & giv+ !m e v>iety ( prismatic hue1 ( enabl+ ! eye to detect some?+ ( ! /ructure ( ! mass4 ,! *romatic ph5om5a ( pol>iz$ light are s /rik+1 t no description c convey an adequate idea ( _! "*4 ,spectra m beautiful & int5se ?an ! prismatic image1--sy/ems ( r+s f> excell+ ^? ( ?9 plates1--& =ms ( ! mo/ symmetric ord]1 are con/antly pres5t+ !mselves1 z ! pol>iz$ ray is pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s transp>5t sub/ances2 ! pa? ( ! ray indicat+ :e!r ! cry/al has be5 =m$ r\nd a s+le nucleus or axis1 or :e!r x has be5 produc$ by aggregation ar\nd two axes4 ,! col\r$ r+s1 & ! d>k or lum9\s crosses :i* di/+ui% ! pa? ( ! pol>iz$ ray1 are respectively due to diff]5t /ates ( t5sion among/ ! p>ticles1 al?\gh ^? diff]5ces are s slight1 t no o!r means is ( suffici5t delicacy to detect ! v>iation4 ,! poetry :i* surr\nds ^!1 9 e way1 my/]i\s conditions ( ! sol> beam1 is su*1 t x is ) difficulty t imag9ation is re/ra9$ by ! /]n features ( tru?4 ,! uses ( ?is peculi> prop]ty 9 great natural ph5om5a are n yet made kn[n to u2 b1 s9ce we f9d on e side ( u ! natural conditions = ?us sep>at+ ! beam ( light1 & effect+ its pol>ization1 !re mu/ c]ta9ly be "s mo/ important end = :i* x is design$ by ,him :o said1 8,let !re be ,light40 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t we h at comm& ! means ( %[+ t ! *romatic ph5om5a ( pol>iz$ light are due to atomic arrangem5t4 ,by alt]+ ! molecul> arrangem5t ( transp>5t bodies1 ei!r by heat or by m]e me*anical pressure1 ! unequal t5sion or /ra9 ( ! p>ticles is at once indicat$ by means ( ! pol>iz$ ray ( light & its r+s ( col\r4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! *emical con/itution ( bodies1 too slight to be discov]$ by any o!r mode ( analysis1 c be mo/ readily & c]ta9ly detect$ by ?is lum9\s inve/igator ( ! molecul> =ces4#aja ,al?\gh we _c ent] into an exam9ation ( all ! conditions involv$ 9 ! pol>ization (1 & ! action ( matt] on1 ord9>y light1 x w be readily conceiv$1 f :at has be5 already /at$1 t "s mo/ important prop]ties are indicat$1 beyond ^? :i* sci5ce has made kn[n4 ,almo/ e sub/ance 9 nature1 9 "s def9ite position1 appe>s to h ! p[] ( produc+ ?is *ange ^u ! sol> ray1 z may be satisfactorily %[n by exam9+ !m ) a pol>iz+ app>atus4#ajb ,! sky at all times furni%es pol>iz$ light1 :i* is mo/ int5se :]e x is blue & uncl\d$1 & ! po9t ( maximum pol>ization is v>i$ accord+ to ! relative position ( ! sun & ! obs]v]4 ,a k ( ?is fact has l$ to ! con/ruction ( a 8,sol> ,clock10#ajc ) :i* ! h\r c be readily det]m9$ by exam9+ ! pol>iz$ condition ( ! sky4 ,x has be5 /at$1 t *emical *ange on ! ,dagu]reotype plates & on photographic pap]s is m readily produc$ by ! pol>iz$ ?an by ! ord9>y sunbeam4#ajd ,if ?is fact be e/abli%$ by future inve/igations1 we advance a /ep t[>ds ! discov]y s mu* desid]at$ ( ! "p x plays 9 natural op]ations4 ,! ref9$ & accurate inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,f>aday /& prom95tly =w>d amid ^? :i* w r$eem ! pres5t age f ! *>ge ( be+ sup]ficial1 & !y w1 ?r\gh all "t1 be ref]r$ to z illu/ri\s examples ( ! influ5ce ( a love ( tru? = tru?'s sake1 9 entire indep5d5ce ( ! m>ketable value1 :i* x has be5 un=tunately too mu* ! fa%ion to reg>d4 ,! se>*+ exam9ation made by ?is 8int]pret] ( nature0 into ! ph5om5a ( electricity 9 all its =ms1 has l$ him onw>d to trace :at connexion1 if any1 exi/$ betwe5 ?is great natural ag5t & ! lum9\s pr9ciple4 ,by employ+ t subtile analyz]1 a pol>iz$ ray1 ,dr4 ,f>aday has be5 enabl$ to detect & exhibit effects ( a mo/ />tl+ "*4 ,he has prov$ magnetism to h ! p[] ( influ5c+ a ray ( light 9 its passage ?r\gh transp>5t bodies4 ,a pol>iz$ ray is pass$ ?r\gh a piece ( glass or a cry/al1 or along ! l5g? ( a tube fill$ ) "s transp>5t fluid1 & ! l9e ( its pa? c>efully obs]v$2 if1 :5 ?is is done1 ! solid or fluid body is br\ght "u p[]ful magnetic influ5ce1 su* z we h at comm& by mak+ a v en]getic voltaic curr5t circulate ar\nd a b> ( s(t iron1 x w be f\nd t ! pol>iz$ light is di/urb$2 t1 inde$1 x does n p]meate ! m$ium along ! same l9e4#aje ,?is effect is mo/ /rik+ly %[n 9 bodies ( ! greate/ d5sity1 & dim9i%$ 9 fluids1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are easily moveable ov] ea* o!r1 & has n hi!rto be5 obs]v$ 9 any gase\s m$ium4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 arises1--does magnetism act directly ^u ! ray ( light1 or only indirectly1 by produc+ a molecul> *ange 9 ! body ?r\gh :i* ! ray is pass+8 ,?is "q1 s important 9 its be>+s ^u ! connexion betwe5 ! great physical p[]s1 w1 no d\bt1 be=e long receive a satisfactory reply4 ,a m$ium is necess>y to ! production ( ! result1 &1 z ! d5sity ( ! m$ium increases1 ! effect is enl>g$3 x w\ld !re=e appe> to be due to a di/urbance by magnetic =ce ( ! p>ticles :i* con/itute ! m$ium employ$4 ,)\t any desire to g5]alize too ha/ily1 we _c b express a feel+1--am\nt+ to a c]ta9ty 9 our own m9d1--t ^? manife/ations ( lum9\s p[]1 connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism1 :i* are s evid5t 9 all ! circum/ances att5dant ^u ! exhibition ( ,aurora ,borealis1 & ^? lum9\s cl\ds :i* are (t5 se51 indep5d5t ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights1 t a v intimate1 relation exi/s betwe5 ! sol> radiations & t p[] :i* s /rangely gives pol>ity to ?is globe ( ours4 ,9 connexion ) ! my/]i\s subject ( sol> light1 x is important t we %\ld occupy a brief space 9 ^! pages ) ! ph5om5a ( vision1 :i* is s directly dep5d5t ^u lum9\s radiation4 ,! human eye has be5 rightly call$ ! 8ma/]piece ( div9e me*anism20 its /ructure is complicat$1 yet all ! adju/m5ts ( its p>ts are z simple z !y are p]fect4 ,! eye-ball consi/s ( f\r coats4 ,! cornea is ! transp>5t coat 9 front ( ! globe2 x is ! fir/ optical surface1 & ?is is atta*$ to ! scl]otic membrane1 fill+ up ! circul> ap]ture 9 ! :ite ( ! eye2 ! *oroid coat is a v delicate membrane1 l9+ ! scl]otic1 & cov]$ ) a p]fectly black pigm5t on ! inside2 & close to ?is lies ! mo/ delicately reticulat$ membrane1 ! ret9a1 :i* is1 inde$1 an ext5sion ( ! optic n]ve4 ,^! coats enclose ?ree hum\rs1--! aque\s1 ! vitre\s1 & ! cry/all9e hum\rs4 ,! eye1 9 its m sup]ficial me*anical arrangem5ts1 pres5ts exactly ! same "* z a cam]a obscura1 ! cornea & cry/all9e l5s receiv+ ! images ( objects refract+ & inv]t+ !m2 b h[ inf9itely m beautiful are all ! arrangem5ts ( ! organ ( vision ?an ! d>k *amb] ( ,bapti/a ,porta6#ajf ,! hum\rs ( ! eye are = ! purpose ( correct+ ! ab]rations ( light1 :i* are s evid5t 9 ord9>y l5ses1 & = giv+ to ! :ole an a*romatic "*4 ,bo? sph]ical & *romatic ab]ration are correct$1 ! latt] n entirely1 & by ! ag5cy ( ! cornea & ! cry/all9e l5s p]fect images are depict$ on ! ret9a1 9 a simil> way to ^? v *>m+ pictures :i* pres5t !mselves 9 ! table ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,! seat ( vision has be5 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! ret9a2 b ,m>iotte has %[n t ! base ( ! optic n]ve1 :i* is imm$iately connect$ ) ! ret9a1 is incapable ( convey+ an impression to ! bra94 ,! *oroid coat1 :i* lies imm$iately beh9d ! ret9a1 is reg>d$ by ,m>iotte & ,b]n\lli z ! m probable seat ( vision4 ,! ret9a1 be+ transp>5t1 (f]s no ob/ruction to ! passage ( ! light onw>d to ! black surface ( ! *oroid coat1 f :i* ! vibrations are1 9 all probability1 communicat$ to ! ret9a & convey$ to ! bra94 ,h[beit1 ^u "o or ! o!r ( ^! delicate coats a di/9ct image is impress$ by light1 & ! communication made ) ! bra9 possibly by a vibratory action4 ,we may trace up ! ph5om5a ( vision to ?is po9t2 we may conceive undulations ( light1 diff]+ 9 velocity & l5g? ( wave1 occasion+ correspond+ tremors 9 ! neuralgic sy/em ( ! eye2 b h[ ^! vibrations are to communicate correct impressions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 no "o has yet und]tak5 to expla94 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ju/ly said by ,h]s*el3-- 8,x is ! boa/ ( sci5ce to h be5 able to trace s f> ! ref9$ contrivances ( ?is mo/ admirable organ1 n its %ame to f9d some?+ /ill conceal$ f scrut9y2 =1 h[ev] anatomi/s may diff] on po9ts ( /ructure1 or physiologi/s dispute on modes ( action1 !re is t 9 :at we d und]/& ( ! =mation ( ! eye1 s simil>1 & yet s inf9itely sup]ior to a product ( human +5uity2 su* ?\ght1 su* c>e1 su* ref9em5t1 su* advantage tak5 ( ! prop]ties ( natural ag5ts us$ z m]e in/rum5ts = accompli%+ a giv5 end1 z =ce ^u u a conviction ( delib]ate *oice & prem$itat$ design1 m /rongly1 p]haps1 ?an any s+le contrivance to be f\nd :e!r 9 art or nature1 & r5d]s its /udy an object ( ! greate/ int]e/40#ajg ,has ! read] ev] ask$ himself :y x is1 hav+ two eyes1 & consequ5tly two pictures produc$ ^u ! tablets ( vision1 t we see only "o object8 ,accord+ to ! law ( visible direction1 all ! rays pass+ ?r\gh ! cry/all9e l5ses conv]ge to "o po9t ^u ! ret9a1--& z ! two images are co9cid5t & ne>ly id5tical1 !y c only produce ! s5sation ( "o ^u ! bra94 ,:5 we look at any r\nd object1 z ! ornam5t$ mod]ator lamp be=e u1 fir/ ) "o eye1 & !n ) ! o!r1 we discov] t1 ) ! "r eye1 we see mo/ ( ! "r-h& side ( ! lamp1 & ) ! left eye m ( ! left-h& side4 ,^! two images are comb9$1 & we see an object :i* we "k to be r\nd4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 a mo/ int]e/+ mann] by ! little optical in/rum5t1 ! ,/]eoscope4 ,x consi/s ei!r ( two mirrors plac$ ea* at an angle ( #de1 or ( two semi-l5ses turn$ ) _! curv$ sides t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,to view its ph5om5a1 two pictures are obta9$ by ! cam]a obscura on photographic pap] ( any object 9 two positions1 correspond+ ) ! conditions ( view+ x ) ! two eyes4 ,by ! mirrors or ! l5ses ^! dissimil> pictures are comb9$ )9 ! eye1 & ! vision ( an actually solid object is produc$ f ! pictures repres5t$ on a plane surface4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ! in/rum5t2 :i* signifies1 ,solid ,i see4 ,analogy is (t5 ( great value 9 indicat+ ! direction 9 :i* to seek = a tru?2 b analogical evid5ce1 unless :]e ! resemblance is v /rik+1 %\ld be receiv$ ) caution4 ,mank9d are s ready to leap to conclusions )\t ! lab\r necess>y = a fai?ful elucidation ( ! tru?1 t too (t5 a few po9ts ( resemblance are seiz$ ^u1 & an inf]5ce is drawn :i* is calculat$ to mislead4 ,!re is an idea t ! ph5om5a ( s\nd be> a relation to ^? ( light1--t !re exi/s a resemblance betwe5 ! *romatic & ! diatonic scales4 ,s\nd1 we "k1 is convey$ by ! beat+ ( mat]ial p>ticles--! air--^u ! auditory membrane ( ! e>1 :i* h be5 set 9 motion by "s di/ant di/urbance ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,light has be5 suppos$ to act on ! optic n]ve 9 ! same mann]4 ,if we imag9e col\r to be ! result ( vibrations ( diff]5t velocities & l5g?s1 we c und]/& t "u "s ( ^! tremors1 fir/ e/abli%$ on ! n]ves1 & ?r\gh !m convey$ to ! bra91 s5sations ( pa9 or pleasure may result1 9 ! same way z %>p or subdu$ s\nds are disagreeable or o!rwise4 ,int5sely col\r$ bodies d make an impression ^u p]fectly bl9d m52 & ^? :o1 be+ born bl9d1 "k no condition ( light or col\r1 w po9t out a diff]5ce betwe5 /rongly illum9at$ r$ & yell[ m$ia4 ,:5 ! eyes are clos$ we are s5sible to lum9\s influ5ce1 & ev5 to diff]5ces ( col\r4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly inf] t light produces "s peculi> action ^u ! sy/em ( n]ves 9 g5]al2 ?is may or may n be indep5d5t ( ! *emical ag5cy ( ! sol> radiations2 b c]ta9ly ! excitem5t is n ow+ to any calorific influ5ce4 ,! sy/em ( n]ves 9 ! eye is m delicately organiz$1 & ( c\rse peculi>ly adapt$ to all ! necessities ( vision4 ,?us f> "s analogy does appe> to exi/ betwe5 light & s\nd2 b ! ph5om5a ( ! "o are s mu* m ref9$ ?an ^? ( ! o!r--! impressions be+ all ( !m ( a f> m complicat$ "*1 t we mu/ n be l$ too f> by ! analogical evid5ce 9 ref]r+ light1 l s\nd1 to m]e mat]ial motion4 ,x 0 a beautiful idea t real impressions ( ext]nal objects are made ^u ! seat ( vision1 & t !y are view$1 z 9 a picture1 by some?+ beh9d ! scre51--t ^! pictures become dormant1 b are capable ( be+ reviv$ by ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 peculi> conditions2 b we c only reg>d x z a philosophical speculation ( a poetic "*1 ! tru? or falsehood ( :i* we are nev] likely to be enabl$ to e/abli%4#ajh ,t :i* sees w nev] itself be visible4 ,! secret pr9ciple ( s5sation1--! my/]y ( ! life t is 9 u1--w nev] be unfold$ to f9ite m9ds4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made f "t to "t on ! influ5ce ( light ^u animal life4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! excitem5t ( ! sol> rays is too great = ! heal?ful gr[? ( "y animals2 b1 at ! same "t1 x appe>s probable t ! developm5t ( ! functional organs ( animals requires1 9 "s way1 ! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays4 ,?is might1 inde$1 h be5 inf]r$ f ! discov]y t animal life ceases 9 situations f :i* light is absolutely exclud$4 ,! in/ance ( ! ,proteus ( ! ,illyrian lakes may appe> aga9/ ?is conclusion4 ,?is rem>kable creature is f\nd 9 ! deep & d>k recesses ( ! calc>e\s rocks ( ,adelsburg1 at ,sitti*2 & x is /at$1 also 9 ,sicily1 & 9 ! ,mammo? caves ( ,k5tucky4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy describes ! ,proteus angu9us z 8an animal to :om ! pres5ce ( light is n ess5tial1 & :o c live indiff]5tly 9 air & 9 wat]1 on ! surface ( ! rock1 or 9 ! dep?s ( ! mud40 ,! geological "* ( rocks1 h[ev]1 r5d]s x extremely probable t ^! animals may h desc5d$ ) ! wat]1 p]colat+ ?r\gh fissures f v ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,all ! facts ) :i* sci5ce has made u acqua9t$--& bo? natural & physical sci5ce has be5 lab\r+ ) mo/ untir+ indu/ry 9 ! pursuit ( tru?--g to prove t light is absolutely necess>y to organization4 ,x is possible ! influ5ce ( ! sol> radiations may ext5d beyond ! p[]s ( ! human s5ses to detect lum9\s or !rmic action1 & t consequ5tly a developm5t ( animal & vegetable =ms may occur :]e ! human eye c detect no light2 & "u su* conditions ! ,proteus may be produc$ 9 its cav]n\s abodes1 & also ^? creatures :i* live buri$ deep 9 mud4 ,"s fur!r consid]ation ( ! probable ag5cy ( light w occupy u1 :5 we come to exam9e ! ph5om5a ( vital =ces4 ,light is ess5tially necess>y to vegetable life2 & to x sci5ce ref]s ! p[]s :i* ! plant possesses ( sep>at+ c>bon f ! air brea!d by ! leaves1 & secret+ x )9 its tissues = ! purpose ( add+ to its woody /ructure4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we h1 9 ! gr[+ plant1 ! action ( sev]al physical p[]s ex]t$ to diff]5t ends at ! same "t1 ! rem>kable facts :i* connect !mselves ) vegetable *emi/ry & physiology are def]r$ = a sep>ate exam9ation4 ,! p[] ( ! sol> rays to produce 9 bodies t peculi> gleam+ light :i* we call phosphoresc5ce1 & ! curi\s conditions "u :i* ?is ph5om5on is sometimes app>5t1 indep5d5t ( ! sun's direct influ5ce1 pres5t a v rem>kable *apt] 9 ! sci5ce ( lum9\s p[]s4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( animals is among/ ! mo/ surpris+ ( nature's ph5om5a1 & x is n ! less s f our almo/ entire ignorance ( ! cause ( x4 ,_m v poetical fancies h be5 appli$ 9 description ( ^! lum9\s creations2 & imag9ation has f\nd reason :y !y %\ld be gift$ ) ^! extraord9>y p[]s4 ,! gl[-worm lights h] lamp to lure h] lov] to h] b[]1 & ! lum9\s animalcules ( ! ocean are employ$ 9 light+ up ! fa?omless dep?s :]e ! sun's rays _c p5etrate1 to aid its mon/]s 9 _! se>* = prey4 8,! lamp ( love--! ph>os--! telegraph ( ! night1--:i* sc9tillates & m>ks1 9 ! sil5ce ( d>kness1 ! spot appo9t$ = ! lov]'s r5dezv\s10#aji is b a pretty fiction2 = ! gl[-worm %9es 9 its infant /ate1 9 t ( ! l>va1 & :5 9 its aurelian condition4 ,( ! d>k dep?s ( ! ocean x may be safely affirm$ t no organiz$ creation lives or moves 9 its grave-l sil5ce to require ?is fairy aid4 ,fiction has frequ5tly borr[$ h] creations f sci5ce4 ,9 ^! cases sci5ce appe>s to h made free ) ! rights ( fiction4 ,! gl[-worms 7lampyris noctiluca71 x is well kn[n1 h ! p[] ( emitt+ f _! bodies a beautiful pale blui%-:ite light1 %9+ dur+ ! h\rs ( night 9 ! h$ge-r[1 l cry/al sph]es4 ,x appe>s1 f ! obs]vations ( naturali/s1 t ^! insects nev] exhibit _! light )\t "s motion ( ! body or legs2--f ?is x w\ld seem t ! phosphoresc5ce 0 dep5d5t ^u n]v\s action1 regulat$ at pleasure by ! insect2 = !y c]ta9ly h ! p[] ( obscur+ x entirely4 ,if ! gl[-worm is cru%$1 & ! h&s or face are rubb$ ) x1 lum9\s /reaks1 simil> to ^? produc$ by phosphorus1 appe>4 ,!y %9e ) greatly increas$ brilliancy 9 oxyg5 gas & 9 nitr\s oxide4 ,f ^! facts may we n inf] t ! process by :i* ?is lum9osity is produc$1 :atev] x may be1 has a /rong resemblance to t ( respiration8 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( flies1 & ?ree species ( beetles ( ! g5us ,elat]1 :i* h ! p[] ( emitt+ lum9\s rays4 ,! great lant]n-fly ( ,s\? ,am]ica is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant1 a s+le insect giv+ suffici5t light to enable a p]son to read4 ,9 ,sur9am a v num]\s class ( ^! insects are f\nd1 :i* (t5 illum9ate ! air 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,9 "s ( ! bogs ( ,irel& a worm exi/s :i* gives out a bright gre5 light2 & !re are _m o!r k9ds ( creatures :i*1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 become lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,?is is always dep5d5t ^u vitality2 = all ^! animals1 :5 depriv$ ( life1 cease to %9e4 ,at ! same "t we h _m v curi\s in/ances ( phosphoresc5ce 9 dead animal & vegetable matt]2 ! lob/] among ! ,cru/acea1 & ! :it+ among fi%es1 are /rik+ examples2 decay$ wood also emits mu* light "u c]ta9 conditions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is developm5t ( light does n appe> to be at all dep5d5t ^u putrefaction2 inde$1 z ?is process progresses1 ! lum9osity dim9i%es4 ,we _c b imag9e t ?is light is ow+1 9 ! fir/ place1 to direct absorption by1 & fixation )91 ! corpuscul> /ructure ( ^? bodies1 & t x is develop$ by ! decomposition ( ! p>ticles "u ! influ5ce ( our oxyg5\s atmosph]e4 ,! pale light emitt$ by phosphorus 9 ! d>k is well kn[n2 & ?is is evid5tly only a species ( sl[ combu/ion1 a comb9ation ( ! phosphorus ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,:]e !re is no oxyg51 phosphorus w n %9e2 its combu/ion 9 *lor9e or iod9e vap\r is a ph5om5on ( a totally diff]5t "* f t :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,?is phosphoresc5ce ( animal & vegetable matt] has be5 reg>d$ z some?+ diff]5t f ! sl[ combu/ion ( phosphorus2 b1 ^u exam9ation1 all ! *emical conditions are f\nd to be ! same1 & x is c]ta9ly due to a simil> *emical *ange4 ,! lum9\s matt] ( ! dead :it+ or ! mack]el may be sep>at$ by a solution ( common salt or ( sulphate ( magnesia2 by conc5trat+ ^! solutions ! light disappe>s2 b x is aga9 emitt$ :5 ! fluid is dilut$4 ,! entire subject is1 h[ev]1 involv$ 9 ! my/]y ( ignorance1 al?\gh x is a matt] q )9 ! scope ( any indu/ri\s obs]v]4 ,! self-emitt$ light ( ! c>buncle ( ! romanc] is realiz$ 9 ^! rem>kable ph5om5a4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( "s plants & fl[]s is n1 p]haps1 ( ! same ord] z t :i* belongs to ei!r ( ! conditions we h be5 consid]+4 ,x appe>s to be due r to an absorption ( light & its subsequ5t lib]ation4 ,if a na/urtium is pluck$ dur+ sun%9e1 & c>ri$ into a d>k room1 ! eye1 aft] x has repos$ = a %ort "t1 w discov] ! fl[] by a light emitt$ f its leaves4 ,! foll[+ rem>kable example1 & an explanation ( x by ! poet ,goe!1 is in/ructive3-- 8,on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #agii1 late 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! twilight 0 deep5+ into a cle> night1 z ,i 0 walk+ up & d[n ! g>d5 ) a fri5d1 we v di/9ctly obs]v$ a flame-l appe>ance ne> ! ori5tal poppy1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are rem>kable = _! p[]ful r$ col\r4 ,we approa*$ ! place1 & look$ att5tively at ! fl[]s1 b c\ld p]ceive no?+ fur!r1 till at la/1 by pass+ & repass+ repeat$ly1 :ile we look$ side-ways on !m1 we succe$$ 9 r5ew+ ! appe>ance z (t5 z we pleas$4 ,x prov$ to be a physiological ph5om5on1 & ! app>5t corruscation 0 no?+ b ! spectrum ( ! fl[] 9 ! complem5t>y blue-gre5 col\r4 ,! twilight acc\nts = ! eye be+ 9 a p]fect /ate ( repose1 & ?us v susceptible1 & ! col\r ( ! poppy is suffici5tly p[]ful 9 ! summ] twilight ( ! longe/ days to act ) full effect1 & produce a complem5t>y image40#aaj ,! leaves ( ! no!ra macroc>pa are said to exhibit phosphoric light :5 ! air is highly *>g$ ) electricity4 ,! ag>ics ( ! olive-gr\nds ( ,montpeli] h be5 obs]v$ to be lum9\s at night2 b !y are said to exhibit no light1 ev5 9 d>kness1 dur+ ! day4 ,! subt]ranean passages ( ! coal m9es ne> ,dresd5 are illum9at$ by ! phosphoresc5t light ( ! rhizomorpha phosphoreus1 a peculi> fungus4 ,on ! leaves ( ! ,p9doba palm1 a species ( ag>ic gr[s :i* is exce$+ly lum9\s at night2 & _m v>ieties ( ! li*5s1 creep+ along ! ro(s ( cav]ns1 l5d to !m an air ( en*antm5t by ! s(t & cle> light :i* !y diffuse4 ,9 a small cave ne> ,p5ryn1 a lum9\s moss is abundant2 & x is also f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,hesse4 ,accord+ to ,he9zmann1 ! rhizomorpha subt]ranea & aidul are also phosphoresc5t4 ,x is b lately t a plant :i* ab\nds 9 ! jungles 9 ! ,madura di/rict ( ! ,ea/ ,indies 0 s5t to ?is c\ntry1 :i*1 al?\gh dead1 0 rem>kably phosphoresc5t2 &1 :5 9 ! liv+ /ate1 ! light :i* x emitt$ 0 extraord9>ily vivid1 illum9at+ ! gr\nd = "s di/ance4 ,^? rem>kable effects may be due1 9 "s cases1 to ! sep>ation ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 f decompos+ matt]1 &1 9 o!rs1 to "s peculi> electric manife/ation4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 or t condition call$ by fi%]m5 brimy1 :5 ! surface1 be+ /ruck by an o>1 or ! paddle-:eels ( a /eam]1 gives out l>ge quantities ( light1 has be5 attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( myriads ( m9ute insects :i* h ! p[] ( emitt+ light :5 irritat$4 ,! night-%9+ n]eis 7,n]eis noctiluca7 emits a light ( great brilliancy1 z d sev]al k9ds ( ! mollusca4 ,! n]eides atta* !mselves to ! scales ( fi%es1 & ?us frequ5tly r5d] !m exce$+ly lum9\s4 ,"s ( ! cru/ace possess ! same rem>kable prop]ty2--twelve diff]5t species ( canc] 7 tak5 up by ! naturali/s ( ! ,zaire 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea4#aaa ,! canc] fulg5s1 discov]$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 is enabl$ to illum9ate its :ole body1 & emits vivid fla%es ( light4 ,_m ( ! m$us also exhibit p[]ful phosphoresc5ce4#aab ,^! noctiluc\s creatures are1 _m ( !m1 exce$+ly m9ute1 sev]al ?\s&s be+ f\nd 9 a tea-cup ( sea wat]4 ,!y float ne> ! surface 9 c\ntless myriads1 & :5 di/urb$ !y give out brilliant sc9tillations1 (t5 leav+ a tra9 ( light beh9d !m4#aac ,by microscopic exam9ation no o!r fact has be5 elicit$ ?an t ^! m9ute be+s conta9 a fluid :i*1 :5 squeez$ out1 leaves a l9e ( light ^u ! surface ( wat]4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! creatures is almo/ inv>iably on ! eve ( "s *ange ( wea!r1 :i* w\ld lead u to suppose t _! lum9\s ph5om5a mu/ be connect$ ) electrical excitation2 & ( ?is1 ! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,pea*1 ( ,f[ey1 communicat$ to ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham1 furni% ! mo/ satisfactory pro(s we h z yet obta9$4 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i gave a curi\s acc\nt ( a c>buncle :i* %one ) great brilliancy 9 ! d>k4#aad ,! same ?+ has be5 /at$ ( ! diamond2 b x appe>s to be necess>y to procure ^! emissions ( light1 t ! m9]als %\ld be fir/ w>m$ ne> a fire4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$ t ! lum9\s appe>ance is ( a simil> "* to t ( fluor sp>1 & ( num]\s o!r e>?y m9]als1 :i*1 :5 expos$ to heat1 phosphoresce ) great brilliancy4 ,phosphoresc5t gl[ c also be excit$ 9 simil> bodies by electricity1 z 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,fa!r ,becc>ia1 & confirm$ by ,mr4 ,pe>sall4#aae ,^! effects1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are di/9ct f ! electric sp>k manife/$ ^u break+ :ite sug> 9 ! d>k1 or scrat*+ sulphuret ( z9c4 ,9 ! in/ances adduc$ !re is n necess>ily any exposure to ! sun%9e requir$4 ,x is probable t two1 if n ?ree1 di/9ct ph5om5a are conc]n$ 9 ! cases above quot$1 & t all ( !m are di/9ct f animal phosphoresc5ce1 or ! lum9\s appe>ance ( vegetables4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly prove1 ei!r t light is capable ( becom+ lat5t1 or t x is only a condition ( matt]1 9 :i* x may be made manife/ by any di/urbance ( ! molecul> =ces4 ,we h1 9 answ] to ?is1 v di/9ct evid5ce t "s bodies d d]ive ?is prop]ty f ! sol> rays4 ,canton's phosphorus1 :i* is a sulphuret ( calcium1 w1 hav+ be5 expos$ to ! sun1 cont9ue lum9\s = "s "t aft] x is c>ri$ into ! d>k2 z w also ! ,bolognian /one1--a sulphuret ( b>ium4 ,?is result appe>s to be due to a p>ticul> class ( ! sol> rays2 = x has be5 f\nd1 if ^! sulphurets1 spread smoo?ly on pap]1 are expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! sol> spectrum = "s little "t1 & !n exam9$ 9 ! d>k1 t lum9\s spaces appe>1 exactly correspond+ ) ! mo/ refrangible rays1 or ^? :i* excite *emical *ange2 & "o v rem>kable fact mu/ n be =gott5--! d>k rays ( ! spectrum beyond ! violet produce a lively phosphoresc5ce1 :i* is ext+ui%$ by ! action ( ! rays ( lea/ refrangibility1 or ! heat rays--:il/ artificial heat1 su* z a w>m iron1 produces a v consid]able elevation ( ! phosphoresc5t effect4#aaf ,x is n improbable1 t ! fluoresc5t rays ( ,mr4 ,/okes may be mat]ially conc]n$ 9 produc+ ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce3 exp]im5ts are1 h[ev]1 requir$ to prove ?is4 ,9 ^! alli$ ph5om5a we h effects :i* are evid5tly dep5d5t ^u sev]al dissimil> causes4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! liv+ animal is due1 )\t d\bt1 to n]v\s excitation3 t ( ! liv+ vegetable to sol> lum9\s influ5ce2 & 9 ! case ( ! mosses ( cav]ns1 c4 to ! *emical ag5cy ( ! sun's rays1 :i* appe>s to be capable ( conduction4 ,9 ! dead organic matt] we h a purely *emical action develop+ ! light1 & 9 ! inorganic bodies we h peculi> molecul> con/itution1 by :i* an absorption ( light appe>s to take place4 ,! subject is "o ( ! greate/ difficulty2 ! tor* ( sci5ce is too dim to enable u to see ! causes at "w 9 produc+ ^! m>vell\s effects4 ,! inve/igation leads1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to ! elucidation ( _m ( ! secrets ( lum9\s action2 & ! det]m9ation ( ! "q1 :e!r light is an emanation f ! sun1 or only a subtile pr9ciple diffus$ ?r\gh all matt]1 :i* is excit$ by sol> influ5ce1 is intimately connect$ ) ! inquiry4 ,x has be5 /at$ t matt] is necess>y to ! developm5t ( light2 t no lum9\s effect w\ld be produc$ if x 7 n = ! pres5ce ( matt]4 ,( ?is we n only h no pro(1 b su* evid5ce z we h is aga9/ ! position4 ,!re is no loss ( light 9 ! mo/ p]fect vacuum we c produce by any artificial means1 :i* %\ld be ! case if matt] 0 conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( light1 z a cause4 ,col\r is c]ta9ly a prop]ty regulat$ by mat]ial bodies2 or r1 ! pres5ce ( matt] is necess>y to ! production ( col\r4 ,*lor9e gas is a pale yell[1 & nitr\s vap\r a yell[i% r$4 ,^! & "o or two o!r vap\rs1 :i* are ne> ! po9t ( cond5sation into fluids1 are ! only col\r$ gase\s or vapori=m bodies4 ,! sky is blue1 because ! mat]ial p>ticles ( ! atmosph]e reflect back ! blue rays4 ,b we h m practical illu/rations ?an ?is4 ,! flame ( hydrog5 burn+ ) oxyg5 gives sc>cely any light2 all[ x to imp+e on lime1 a portion ( :i* is c>ri$ (f by ! heat ( ! flame1 & ! mo/ int5se artificial light ) :i* we are acqua9t$ is produc$4 ,hydrog5 gas alone gives a flame 9 :i* ne>ly all b ! blue rays are want+3 place a bru% ( /eel or asbe/os 9 x1 & _m ( ! o!r rays are at once produc$4 ,an arg& lamp1 & m p>ticul>ly ! lamp 9 :i* camph9e--a purifi$ turp5t9e1--is burnt1 gives a flame :i* emits mo/ ( ! rays f\nd 9 sunlight4 ,_s ( w9e mix$ ) wat]1 w>m$ & ignit$1 gives only yell[ rays2 add nitrate ( /rontian & !y become r$2 b nitrate ( b>ytes be+ mix$ ) ! fluid1 !y are *ang$ to gre5 & yell[2 salts ( copp] af=d f9e blue rays1 & common salt int5se yell[ ones4 ,_m ( ^! col\r$ rays & o!rs c be produc$ 9 great p[] by ! use ( v>i\s solid bodies introduc$ into flame4 ,?is has n be5 suffici5tly po9t$ out by au?ors2 b x is cle> f exp]im5ts t light requires ! pres5ce ( matt] to enable x to diffuse its col\r$ glories4 ,h[ is x t ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 flame gives s little light1 & ) a solid body pres5t1 p\rs =? su* a flood ( brilliancy8 ,! production ( artificial light by electrical & *emical ag5cies w necess>ily f9d "s consid]ation "u _! respective heads4 ,!re are num]\s ph5om5a :i* connect !mselves ) lum9\s p[]1 or appe> to d s1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 _c come imm$iately "u our att5tion4 ,we are compell$ to res]ve our limit$ space = ^? bran*es ( sci5ce :i* we are enabl$ to connect ) ! great natural op]ations con/antly go+ on ar\nd u4 ,_m ( ^! m ab/ruse results w1 h[ev]1 receive "s incid5tal notice :5 we come to exam9e ! op]ation ( ! comb9$ physical =ces on matt]4 ,we see 9 light a pr9ciple :i*1 if x has n its s\rce 9 ! sun1 is c]ta9ly dep5d5t ^u t lum9>y = its manife/ations & p[]s4 ,f t 8f\nta9 ( light0 we f9d ?is pr9ciple travell+ to u at a spe$ :i* almo/ approa*es ! quickness ( ?\ght itself2 yet by ! ref9em5ts ( sci5ce we h be5 enabl$ to measure its velocity ) ! utmo/ accuracy4 ,! immortal poet ( our own l& & language1 9 8 creations ( ,ariel1 t 8tricksy _s10 :o c\ld creep l music ^u ! wat]s1 & ( ! fanta/ic ,puck1 :o c\ld girdle ! e>? 9 ?irty m9utes1 appe>s to h approa*$ to ! highe/ po9t to :i* m]e imag9ation c\ld c>ry ! human m9d z to ! p[]s ( ?+s e!real4 ,sci5ce has1 s9ce !n1 %[n to man t ?is 8_s1 f9e _s10 0 a lagg>d 9 8 tasks1 & a gross piece ( matt]1 :5 comp>$ ) ! subtile ess5ces :i* man1 l a nobl] ,prosp]o1 has n[ subdu$ to d him s]vice4 ,light is necess>y to life2 ! _w 0 a dead *aos be=e its creation1 & mute disord] w\ld aga9 be ! consequ5ce ( its annihilation4 ,e *>m :i* spreads itself ov] ?is roll+ globe is directly dep5d5t ^u lum9\s p[]4 ,col\rs1 & probably1 =ms1 are ! result ( light2 c]ta9ly ! consequ5ce ( sol> radiations4 ,we "k mu* ( ! my/]i\s influ5ces ( ?is great ag5t1 b we "k no?+ ( ! pr9ciple itself4 ,! sol> beam has be5 tortur$ ?r\gh prismatic glasses & natural cry/als2 e *emical ag5t has be5 tri$ ^u x1 e electrical =ce 9 ! mo/ excit$ /ate br\ght to be> ^u its op]ations1 ) a view to ! discov]y ( ! mo/ ref9$ ( e>?ly ag5cies2 b x has pass$ ?r\gh e trial )\t reveal+ its secrets1 & ev5 ! effects :i* x produces 9 its pa? are unexpla9$ problems1 /ill to tax ! intellect ( man4 ,e animal & e plant alike proclaim t life & heal? are due to light2 & ev5 ! cry/alliz+ =ms ( inorganic matt]1 by b5d+ t[>ds x1 confess its all-prevail+ sway4 ,f ! sun to ea* planet revolv+ ar\nd t orb1 & to ! remote/ />s :i* gleam ?r\gh ! va/ imm5sity ( heav51 we discov] ?is p[] /ill 9 its brightness1 giv+ beauty & ord] to ^! unnumb]$ creations2 no less completely ?an to ?is small isl& ( ! univ]se :i* we call our ,e>?4 ,?r\gh e =m ( matt] we c m>k its p[]1 & f all1 we c1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 evoke x 9 lu/re & activity4 ,ov] all & ?r\gh all light spreads its e!real =ce1 & manife/s1 9 all its op]ations1 p[]s :i* might well exalt ! m9d ( ,plato to ! idea ( an omnisci5t & omnipres5t ,god4 ,sci5ce1 ) h] ,i?uriel w&1 has1 h[ev]1 %[n t light is itself ! effect ( a yet m exalt$ cause1 :i* we _c rea*4 ,inde$1 ! att5tive /udy ( ! f9e ab/ractions ( sci5ce lifts ! m9d f ! grossness ( matt]1 /ep by /ep1 to ! ref9em5ts ( immat]iality1 & !re appe>1 %ad[$ out beyond ! physical =ces :i* man c te/ & try1 o!r p[]s /ill asc5d+1 until !y rea* ! ,s\rce ( e good & e p]fect gift4 ,,footnotes3 #hd 8,^!--oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon--are ! f\r bodies1 9 fact1 :i*1 becom+ animat$ at ! fire ( ! sun1 ! true tor* ( ,prome!us1 approve !mselves ^u ! e>? ! et]nal ag5ts ( organisation1 ( s5sation1 ( motion & ( ?\ght40--,dumas1 ,leons de ,philosophie ,*imique1 p4 #ajj4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 #he ,x w be f\nd 9 exam9+ any ( ! works ( ! al*emi/s1--p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,geb]1 ,de inv5i5di arte ,auri et ,arg5ti1 & 8 ,de ,al*emi2 ,rog] ,bacon's ,opus ,majus1 or ,al*ymia ,major2 ,helvetius' ,brief ( ! ,gold5 ,calf2 or ,basil ,val5t9e's ,currus ,triumphalis1--t 9 ! processes ( transmutation ! sol> light 0 suppos$ to be m>vell\sly effective4 ,9 ,boyle's ,sceptical ,*emi/ ! same idea w be f\nd p]vad+ x4 ,amid all _! errors1 ! al*emi/s 7 assidu\s workm51 & to !m we are indebt$ = num]\s facts4 ,( !m1 & ( _! age1 z contra/$ ) our own1 ,gibbon rem>ks3--8,cong5ial to ! av>ice ( ! human he>t1 x 0 /udi$ 9 ,*9a1 z 9 ,europe1 ) equal eag]ness & equal success4 ,! d>kness ( ! middle ages ensur$ a fav\rable reception to e tale ( wond]2 & ! revival ( le>n+ gave new vig\r to hope1 & sugge/$ m speci\s arts ( deception4 ,philosophy1 ) ! aid ( exp]i5ce1 has at l5g? bani%$ ! /udy ( al*emy2 & ! pres5t age1 h[ev] desir\s ( ri*es1 is cont5t to seek !m by ! humbl] means ( comm]ce & indu/ry40--,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg4 #hf ,on ! two !ories ! foll[+ maybe consult$3--,"y1 ,supplem5t to ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article ,*romatics2 ,fresnel1 ,supplm5t la ,traduction ,franaise de la #e;ime dition du ,trait de ,*imie de ,?omson1 p> ,riffault1 ,p>is1 #ahbb2 ,h]s*el's ,article1 ,light1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 & ! ,fr5* ,translation ( x by ,quetelet & ,v]hul/2 ,airy's ,tract on ! ,undulatory ,!ory1 9 8 ,tracts1 #bnd edition1 ,cambridge1 #ahca2 ,p[el1 ,! ,undulatory ,!ory appli$ to ,disp]sion1 c4 p4 #ahd2 ,lloyd's ,lectures1 ,dubl91 #ahcf-da2 ,cau*y1 ,sur le ,m\vem5t des ,corps la/iques1 ,mmoires de l',in/itut1 #ahbg1 vol4 ix4 p4 #aad2 ,?orie de la ,lumire1 ,ibid4 vol4 x4 p4 #bic2 ,m',cullagh1 ,on ,d\ble ,refraction1 ,ibid41 vol4 xvi42 ,geometrical ,propositions appli$ to ! ,wave ,!ory ( ,light1 ,ibid41 vol4 xvii42 ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s pap]s 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 & ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e4 #hg ,results ( ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations made dur+ ! ye>s #ahcd-ch1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 c4 ,by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,b>t41 ,k4,h41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4--8,9 ! contemplation ( ! inf9ite1 9 numb] & 9 magnitude1 ! m9d ev] fails u4 ,we /& appall$ be=e ?is mighty spectre ( b\ndless space1 & falt]+ reason s9ks "u ! load ( its bur/+ conceptions4 ,b1 plac$ z we are on ! great locomotive ( our sy/em1 de/9$ surely to complete at lea/ "o r\nd ( its e!real c\rse1 & le>n+ t we c make no app>5t advance on our sid]eal j\rney1 we pant ) new ard\r = t di/ant b\rne :i* we con/antly approa* )\t ! possibility ( rea*+ x4 ,9 feel+ ?is disappo9tm5t1 & pati5tly be>+ x1 let u endeav\r to realise ! great tru? f :i* x fl[s4 ,x _c occupy our m9d )\t exalt+ & improv+ x40--,sir ,d4 ,brew/]3 ,nor? ,briti% ,review4 #hh ,= examples ( ?is1 consult ,graham's ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry2 ,br&e's ,manual ( ,*emi/ry2 or1 inde$1 any "w treat+ ( ! sci5ce4 ,! =mation ( ink1 by mix+ two col\rless solutions1 "o ( gallic acid & ano!r ( sulphate ( iron1 may be tak5 z a famili> in/ance4 #hi ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 8 pap] ,on ! ,*emical ,action ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum on ,prep>ations ( ,silv]1 rem>ks t1 8x may seem too haz>d\s to look = ! cause ( ?is v s+ul> ph5om5on 9 a real diff]5ce betwe5 ! *emical ag5cies ( ^? rays :i* issue f ! c5tral portion ( ! sun's disc1 & ^? :i*1 emanat+ f its bord]s1 h und]gone ! absorptive action ( a mu* great] dep? ( its atmosph]e2 & yet ,i confess myself some:at at a loss :at o!r cause to assign = x4 ,x mu/ suffice1 h[ev]1 to h ?r[n out ! h9t2 rem>k+ only1 t ,i h o!r1 &1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 decisive evid5ce 7:i* w f9d its place else:]e7 ( ! exi/5ce ( an absorptive sol> atmosph]e1 ext5d+ beyond ! lum9\s "o4 ,! bread? ( ! bord]1 ,i %\ld obs]ve1 is small1 n exce$+ #je or #a_/g "p ( ! sun's radius1 & ?is1 f ! circum/ances ( ! exp]im5t1 mu/ necess>ily err 9 excess40--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahdj4 #ij ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on "s ,cases ( ,l9es 9 ! ,prismatic ,spectrum1 produc$ by ! passage ( ,light ?r\gh ,col\r$ ,vap\rs & ,gases1 & f c]ta9 ,col\r$ ,flames4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,mill]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxvii4 #ia ,report on ! ,mollusca & ,radiata ( ! gean ,sea1 & on _! di/ribution1 consid]$ z be>+ on ,geology4 ,by ,edw>d ,=bes1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4--,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association1 vol4 xii4 ,pr(essor ,=bes rem>ks3--8,a comp>ison ( ! te/acea1 & o!r animals ( ! l[e/ zones1 ) ^? ( ! high]1 exhibits a v great di/9ction 9 ! hues ( ! species1 ^? ( ! dep?s be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 :ite or col\rless1 :ile ^? ( ! high] regions1 9 a great numb] ( in/ances1 exhibit brilliant comb9ations ( col\r4 ,! results ( an enquiry into ?is subject are z foll[s3-- 8,! majority ( %ells ( ! l[e/ zone are :ite or transp>5t2 if t9t$ rose is ! hue1 a v few exhibit m>k+s ( ano!r col\r4 ,9 ! sev5? region1 :ite species are also v abundant1 ?\gh by no means =m+ a proportion s great z ! eigh?4 ,br[ni% r$1 ! preval5t hue ( ! bra*iopoda1 also gives a "* ( col\r to ! fauna ( ?is zone2 ! cru/acea f\nd 9 x are r$4 ,9 ! six? zone ! col\rs become bright]1 r$s & yell[s prevail+1--g5]ally1 h[ev]1 uni=mly col\r+ ! %ell4 ,9 ! fif? region _m species are b&$ or cl\d$ ) v>i\s comb9ations ( col\rs1 & ! numb] ( :ite species has greatly dim9i%$4 ,9 ! f\r?1 purple hues are frequ5t1 & contra/s ( col\r common4 ,9 ! second & ?ird1 gre5 & blue t9ts are met )1 sometimes v vivid2 b ! gaye/ comb9ations ( col\r are se5 9 ! littoral zone1 z well z ! mo/ brilliant :ites4 8,! animals ( ,te/acea1 & ! ,radiata ( ! high] zones1 are mu* m brilliantly col\r$ ?an ^? ( ! l[]1 :]e !y are usually :ite1 :atev] ! hue ( ! %ell may be4 ,?us ! g5us ,tro*us is an example ( a gr\p ( =ms mo/ly pres5t+ ! mo/ brilliant hues bo? ( %ell & animal2 b :il/ ! animals ( su* species z inhabit ! littoral zone are gaily *equ]$ ) _m vivid hues1 ^? ( ! great] dep?1 ?\gh _! %ells are almo/ z brightly cov]$ z ! cov]+s ( _! allies ne>] ! surface1 h _! animals1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a uni=m yell[ or r$di% hue1 or else entirely :ite4 ,! *ief cause ( ?is increase ( int5sity ( col\r z we asc5d is1 d\btless1 ! increas$ am\nt ( light above a c]ta9 dep?40--p4 #agb4 #ib 4 ,on ! ,epipolic ,disp]sion ( ,light1 be+ a pap] entitl$1 ,on a case ( ,sup]ficial ,col\r pres5t$1 by a homog5e\s liquid int]nally col\rless4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t1 ,k4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4--,an epipoliz$ beam ( light 7mean+ !reby a beam :i* has once be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh a qu9if]\s solution1 & und]gone its disp]s+ action7 is incapable ( fur!r und]go+ epipolic disp]sion4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ! foll[+ exp]im5t may be adduc$1-- ,a glass j> be+ fill$ ) a qu9if]\s solution1 a piece ( plate glass 0 imm]s$ 9 x v]tically1 s z to be entirely cov]$1 & to pres5t "o face directly to ! incid5t light4 ,9 ?is situation1 :5 view$ by an eye almo/ p]p5dicul>ly ov] x1 s z to graze ei!r surface v obliquely1 nei!r ! ant]ior nor po/]ior face %[$ ! slighte/ trace ( epipolic col\r4 ,n[1 ! light1 at its egress f ! imm]s$ glass1 ent]$ ! liquid "u precisely ! same circum/ances z t :i*1 :5 trav]s+ ! ant]ior surface ( ! glass j>1 und]w5t epipolic disp]sion on fir/ ent]+ ! liquid4 ,x _h1 !re=e1 lo/ a prop]ty :i* x orig9ally possess$1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 be consid]$ qualitatively ! same light4--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxxxvi4 #ic ,9 connection ) ?is view1 ! ,newtonian !ory %\ld be consult$1 = :i* see--,a ,lett] ( ,mr4 ,isaac ,newton1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,ma!maticks 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge2 conta9+ 8 new ,!ory ab\t ,light & ,colors3 s5t by ! ,au?or to ! ,publi%]1 f ,cambridge1 ,feb4 #f1 #afga-gb1 9 ord] to be communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4 #id ,9 t admirable "w1 ,! ,physical ,atlas ( ,dr4 ,b]ghaus1 ( :i* a v complete edition by ,alex&] ,kei? ,john/one is publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! foll[+ ord] ( ! di/ribution ( plants is giv53-- #a4 ,! region ( palms & bananas ,equatorial zone4 #b4 ,tree f]ns & figs ,tropical zone4 #c4 ,myrtles & laurels ,sub-tropical zone4 #d4 ,ev]gre5 trees ,w>m temp]ate zone4 #e4 ,european trees ,cold temp]ate zone4 #f4 ,p9es ,sub-arctic zone4 #g4 ,rhodod5drons ,arctic zone4 #h4 ,alp9e plants ,pol> zone4 ,consult ,humboldt1 ,essai sur la ,gographie des ,plantes1 ,p>is1 #ahjg2 ,de ,di/ributione ,geographic ,plant>um1 ,p>is1 #ahag4 ,s*\w1 ,grundzge d] ,pflanz5geographie4 ,also 8 ,e>?1 ,plants1 & ,man2 translat$ by ,h5frey1 9 ,bohn's ,sci5tific ,libr>y4 ,lam\r\x1 ,gographie ,physique4 ,! ,plant1 a ,biography3 by ,s*leid52 translat$ by ,h5frey4 ,physical ,geography3 by ,mrs4 ,som]ville4 #ie ,fraunh(]'s measure ( illum9at+ p[] is z foll[s3-- ,at ! #bbnd degree ( ! r$ #jjcb #cd? degree ( ! r$ #jjid #bbnd degree ( ! orange #jfdj #aj? degree ( ! yell[ #ajjj #dbnd degree ( ! yell[ #jdhj #bnd degree ( ! blue #jagj #af? degree ( ! indigo #jjca #dcrd degree ( ! violet #jjjef #if ,h]s*el1 ,on ! ,action ( ,cry/alliz$ ,bodies on ,homog5e\s ,light1 & on ! causes ( ! deviation f ,newtons scale 9 ! t9ts :i* _m ( !m develope on exposure to a pol>iz$ ray4--,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 cx41 p4 #hh4 #ig ,on ! ,nature ( ,light & ,col\rs3 ,lecture #ci1 9 ,"y's ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 ,kell&'s ,edition1 p4 #cgc1 & ! au?orities !re quot$4 #ih ,brew/]'s ,optics3 ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,cyclopdia4 ,h]s*el1 ,on ,light3 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #ii ,malus1 ,sur une ,proprit de la ,lumire ,rfl*ie3 ,mmoires d',arcueil4 ,num]\s memoirs by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 #ajj ,b>?ol91 ,on ,icel& ,cry/als3 ,cop5hag51 #affi4 ,an ,accompt ( sundry ,exp]im5ts made & communicat$ by t ,le>n'd ,ma!matician ,dr4 ,erasmus ,b>?ol91 ^u a ,*ry/al l ,body s5t to him out ( ,isl&3 9 connection ) :i* ,dr4 ,mat?ias ,paiss5ius writes3--,! obs]vations ( ! excell5t ,b>?ol9 ^u ! ,isl& ,*ry/al are1 inde$1 consid]able1 z well z pa9ful4 ,we h "h1 also1 made "s tryals ( x ^u a piece he pres5t$ me )1 :i* confirm 8 obs]vations4 ,mean "t he f\nd x some:at scissile & r$ucible by a knife into ?9 lam9as or plates1 :i*1 :5 s+le1 %ew'd ! object s+le1 b laid ^u "o ano!r %ew'd x d\ble2 ! two images appe>+ ! m di/ant f "o ano!r1 ! great] ! numb] 0 ( ^? ?9 plates laid on "o ano!r4 ,) submission to bett] judgem5ts ,i ?9k x to be a k9d ( ,sel5ites4 ,"s ( our curi\s m5 "h 7 ( op9ion t ! ,rhomboid figure prop] to ?is /one 0 ! cause ( ! appe>ances d\bl$ !reby4 ,b hav+ try$ :e!r 9 o!r transp>5t bodies ( ! l figure ! l w\ld happ51 we f\nd no su* ?+ 9 !m1 :i* made u suspect "s peculi>ity 9 ! v ,body ( ! /one4--,phil4 ,trans4 = #afgj1 vol4 v4 #aja ,on ! ,application ( ! ,laws ( ,circul> ,pol>ization to ! ,rese>*es ( ,*emi/ry3 by ,m4 ,biot4--,n\velles ,annales du ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 vol4 iii41 & ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #fjj4 ,on ,circul> ,pol>ization3 by ,dr4 ,leeson4--,memoirs ( ! ,*emical ,society4 #ajb ,9 ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s ,treatise ,on ,optics1 *ap1 xviii41 ,on ,pol>ization1 ! be/ arrangem5ts = a pol>iz+ app>atus w be f\nd describ$4 #ajc ,?is beautiful application 0 rec5tly made by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* w be f\nd 9 8 int]e/+ communication4--,on a means ( det]m9+ ! app>5t ,sol> ,"t by ! diurnal *anges ( ! ,plane ( ,pol>ization at ! ,nor!rn ,pole ( ! ,sky3 ,report ( ! ,eighte5? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 #ajd ,on ! ,pol>ization ( ! ,*emical ,rays ( ,light3 by ,john ,su!rl&1 ,m4,d41 9 :i* ! au?or ref]s to ! foll[+ exp]im5t ( ,m4 ,j4 ,e4 ,br>d--8,i receiv$ ! *emical rays direct$ into ! plane ( ! m]idian on an unsilv]$ glass1 "u an incid5ce ( #ce #fa'4 ,! rays reflect$ by ! fir/ glass 7 receiv$ ^u a second1 "u ! same incid5ce4 ,i f\nd t :5 ?is 0 turn$ t[>ds ! s\?1 ! muriate ( silv] expos$ to ! invisible rays :i* x reflect$ 0 d>k5$ 9 less ?an half an h\r2 :]eas1 :5 x 0 turn$ t[>ds ! we/1 ! muriate ( silv] expos$ 9 ! place :]e ! rays ought to h be5 reflect$1 0 n d>k5$1 al?\gh x 0 left expos$ = two h\rs4 ,x is consequ5tly to be presum$ t ! *emical rays c und]go d\ble refraction 9 trav]s+ c]ta9 diaphan\s bodies2 & la/ly1 we may say t !y enjoy ! same physical prop]ties z light 9 g5]al40--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xx4 ,dr4 ,leeson has /at$ t ,dagu]reotype pictures c be tak5 m readily "u ! influ5ce ( pol>iz$ light1 ?an by ord9>y radiation4 #aje ,on ! ,magnetization ( ,light1 & ! ,illum9ation ( ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce3 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxxxvii4--,! foll[+ rem>ks are to ! po9t ( d\bt ref]r$ to 9 ! text4--8,! magnetic =ces d n act on ! ray ( light directly & )\t ! int]v5tion ( matt]1 b ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! sub/ance 9 :i* !y & ! ray h a simultane\s exi/5ce2 ! sub/ances & ! =ces giv+ to & receiv+ f ea* o!r ! p[] ( act+ on ! light4 ,?is is %[n by ! non-action ( a vacuum1 ( air or gases1 & x is also fur!r %[n by ! special degree 9 :i* diff]5t matt]s possess ! prop]ty4 ,t magnetic =ce acts ^u ! ray ( light always ) ! same "* ( mann]1 & 9 ! same direction1 indep5d5t ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( sub/ance1 or _! /ates ( solid or liquid1 or _! specific rotative =ce1 %[s t ! magnetic =ce & ! light h a direct relation2 b t sub/ances are necess>y1 & t ^! act 9 diff]5t degrees1 %[s t ! magnetism & ! light act on ea* o!r ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! matt]4 ,recognis+ or p]ceiv+ matt] only by its p[]s1 & kn[+ no?+ ( any imag9>y nucleus ab/ract f ! idea ( ^! p[]s1 ! ph5om5a describ$ mu/ /r5g!n my incl9ation to tru/ 9 ! views ,i h advanc$ 9 ref]5ce to its nature40--,phil4 ,mag4 vol4 xxiv4 #ajf ,! inv5tion ( ! cam]a obscura c]ta9ly belongs to ,giambatti/a ,porta1 & is describ$ 9 8 ,magi ,naturalis1 sive de ,miraculis ,r]um ,naturalium1 ,libri ,vig9ti2 ,antw]p1 #aefa4 ,an ,engli% translation made 9 #afeh exi/s1 b ,i h n se5 x4 ,hooke1 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ volumes ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 describes z new _m ( ! ph5om5a m5tion$ by ,porta1 & p>ticul>ly ! images ( ! d>k *amb]4 #ajg ,h]s*el1 ,on ,light1--,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #ajh 8,i w\ld "h obs]ve t a consid]ation ( _m su* ph5om5a 7! oblit]ation & revival ( photographic draw+s7 has l$ me to reg>d x z n impossible t ! ret9a itself may be photographically impress$ by /rong light1 & t "s at lea/ ( ! ph5om5a ( visual spectra & second>y col\rs may arise f ! s5sorial p]ception ( actual *anges 9 progress 9 ! physical /ate ( t organ itself subsequ5t to ! cessation ( ! direct /imulant40--,on ! action ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum on ,vegetable ,col\rs1 c43 by ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t4 #aji ,dum]il4 #aaj ,!ory ( ,col\rs3 by ,goe!2 translat$ by ,ea/lake4 #aaa ,see ,tuckey's ,n>rative ( ! ,exp$ition ( ! ,zaire4 #aab ,! mo/ complete exam9ation ( ?is subject w be f\nd 9 two ,memoirs3-- #a4 ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations on ! light :i* is spontane\sly emitt$ ) "s degree1 ( p]man5cy f v>i\s bodies4--,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xc4 #b4 ,a cont9uation ( ! above1 ) "s exp]im5ts & obs]vations on sol> light1 :5 imbib$ by ,canton's phosphorus3 by ,na?aniel ,hulm1 ,m4,d4--,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xci42 & 9 ! ,monograph ( ! ,briti% ,nak$-ey$ ,m$us1 by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes 7publi%$ = ! ,ray ,society74 ,see ,wilson's note to ! acc\nt ( ,p5nalata phosphorea 9 ,john/on's ,zoophytes1 #bnd edition4 #aac ,a ,g5]al ,outl9e ( ! ,animal ,k+dom3 by ,?omas ,rym] ,jones1 ,f4,l4,s4--,acaleph1 p4 #fd4 ,lettre ,m4 ,dumas sur la ,phosphoresc5ce des ,v]s luisants3 p> ,m4 ,*4 ,matteucci4--,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ga1 #ahdc4 #aad ,memoirs ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i--,bohn's ,/&>d ,libr>y4 ,see also 8 ,treatise on 8 ,art z a ,sculptor & ,engrav]4 ,flor5ce1 #aefh4 #dto4 #aae ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,diamond3 by ,m4 ,reiss 7,revue ,sci5tifique et ,indu/rielle1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #ahe74--8,! diamond1 phosphoresc5t by insulation1 lo/ rapidly its phosphoresc5ce :5 submitt$ to ! action ( ! r$ rays ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! blue rays are ^? :i* r5d] ! diamond ! mo/ lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,x is probable t ! phosphoresc5ce produc$ by heat is equally dim9i%$ by ! action ( ! r$ rays ( ! sol> spectrum40 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,becc>ia publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 #agfi4 ,see ,prie/ley's ,hi/ory ( ,electricity2 & ,on ! ,effects ( ,electricity ^u ,m9]als :i* are ,phosphoresc5t by ,heat2 & ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts on ! communication ( ,phosphoresc5ce & ,col\r to bodies ( ,electricity2 by ,?omas ,j4 ,pe>sall4--,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,oct4 #ahcj1 ,feb4 #ahca4--,^! two memoirs conta9 ! mo/ complete set ( exp]im5ts on ?is subject :i* h yet be5 made2 see ,placidus ,he9ri*1 ,phosphoresc5z d] ,krp]1 vol4 iv42 ,gmel9's ,h&bu* d] ,*emie1 "p #a42--,on ! ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,m9]als1 ,brew/]3 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg42--,! ,arial ,noctiluca1 or "s ,new ,ph5om5a1 & a process ( a factiti\s self %9+ sub/ance3 ,boyle's ,works1 vol4 iv4 #aaf ,des ,effets produits sur les corps p> les ,rayons ,solaires3 p> ,m4 ,edmond ,becqu]el4--,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 ix4 p4 #beg4 #ahdc4 ,m4 ,becqu]el has appli$ ! t]m phosphorognique to ^? rays produc+ phosphoresc5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,act9ism--,,*emical ,,radiations4 ,! ,sun-ray & its ,p[]s--,d>k5+ ( ,horn ,silv]--,niepce's ,discov]y--,prismatic ,spectrum--,refrangibility ( ,light1 ,heat1 & ,act9ism--,dagu]re's ,discov]y--,photography--,*emical ,effects produc$ by ,sol> ,radiations--,absorption ( ,act9ism--,ph5om5a ( ! ,dagu]reotype--,*emical ,*ange produc$ ^u all ,bodies--,p[] ( ,matt] to re/ore its ,condition--,light protects f ,*emical ,*ange--,photographs tak5 9 ,d>kness--,*emical ,effects ( ,light on organiz$ ,=ms--,*emical ,effects ( ,sol> ,heat--,influ5ce ( ,act9ism on ,electricity--,radiations 9 ,d>kness--,mos]'s ,discov]ies1 c4 ,heat & light are d]iv$ f ! sun1 & we h attempt$ to %[1 n only t ! ph5om5a ( ^! two pr9ciples are diff]5t1 b t !y c sc>cely1 9 ! pres5t condition ( our k1 be reg>d$ z modifi$ manife/ations ( "o sup]ior p[]4 ,associat$ ) ^! two rem>kable elem5ts1 o!rs may exi/ 9 ! sol> rays4 ,electrical ph5om5a are c]ta9ly develop$ by bo? heat & light1 & peculi> electric *anges are produc$ by exposure to sun%9e4 ,electricity may be m]ely excit$ by ! sol> rays1 or x may fl[ l light f ! sun4 ,*emical action may be only due to ! di/urbance ( "s diffus$ pr9ciple2 or x may be directly ow+ to "s ag5cy :i* is radiat$ at once f ! sun4 ,a sun ray is a magical ?+3 we connect x 9 our fancy ) ! mo/ e!real ( possible creations4 ,yet 9 its action on matt] x produces col\r2 x sep>ates ! p>ticles ( solid masses f>!r f ea* o!r1 & x breaks up "s ( ! /ronge/ =ces ( *emical aff9ity4 ,to mod]n sci5ce is entirely due ! k we h ga9$ ( ! m>vell\s p[]s ( ! sunbeam2 & x has r5d]$ u famili> ) ph5om5a1 to :i* ! incantation sc5es ( ! ,cornelius ,agrippas ( ! d>k ages 7 b ill-contriv$ delusions1 & _! magic mirrors poor in/rum5ts4 ,! silv] tablets ( ! photographic arti/ receiv+ fix$ impressions ( ! objects repres5t$ 9 ! d>k *amb] by a l5s1 are f> sup]ior z examples ( natural magic4 ,9 ! d>k ages1 or r z ! e>lie/ gleams ( ! bright morn+ ( inductive rese>* 7 dispell+ ! mi/s ( t phantom-peopl$ p]iod1 x 0 obs]v$1 = ! fir/ "t1 t ! sun's rays turn$ a :ite comp\nd black4 ,man mu/ h witness$1 long be=e1 t *ange :i* is con/antly tak+ place 9 all vegetable col\rs3 "s d>k5+ by exposure to sunlight1 :ile o!rs 7 blea*$ by its influ5ce4 ,yet ^? ph5om5a excit$ no att5tion1 & ! _w knew no?+ ( ! mighty *anges :i* 7 con/antly tak+ place ar\nd !m4 ,! al*emi/s--sublime pictures ( cr$ul\s humanity--toil+ 9 ! smoke ( _! secret laboratories1 wait+ & wat*+ = e *ange :i* c\ld be produc$ by fire1 or by _! 8royal wat]s10 caught ! fir/ fa9t ray ( an op5+ tru?2 & _! wild fancy1 t light c\ld *ange silv] into gold1 if !y b succe$$ 9 gett+ its subtile beams to int]p5etrate ! metal1 0 ! clue af=d$ to ! empirical philosoph] to guide him ?r\gh a m ?an ,cretan labyr9?4#aag ,! fir/ fact record$ ^u ?is1 po9t 01 t horn silv] black5$ :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,)\t d\bt _m anxi\s ?\ghts 7 giv5 by ^! al*emi/s to t fact4 ,"h 01 z x appe>$1 a mix+ up ( light & matt]1 & behold ! /rik+ *ange6 ,x 0 a /ep t[>ds ! realization ( _! dreams4 ,alas6 poor vision>ies6 9 pursu+ an ideality !y lo/ ! reality :i* 0 )9 _! grasp4 ,tru?s come sl[ly ^u man1 & long x is be=e ^! angel visits are ackn[l$g$ by humanity4 ,! _w cl+s to its errors1 & avoids ! tru?1 le/ its light %\ld betray _! mis]able follies4 ,at l5g? a man ( g5ius ann\nc$ t 8,no sub/ance c be expos$ to ! sun's rays )\t und]go+ a *emical *ange20 b 8 words fell idly ^u ! e>4 ,8 fri5ds look$ ^u 8 light-produc$ pictures z s+ul>2 !y pres]v$ !m 9 _! cab9ets ( curiosities2 b ! tru?s :i* he enunciat$ 7 soon =gott54 ,h[beit 8 words 7 record$1 & x is due to ! solit>y exp]im5tali/ ( ,*lons on ! ,sane1 to c\ple ! "n ( ,niepce ) ! discov]y ( a fact :i* is sc>cely second to ! developm5t ( ! great law ( univ]sal gravitation4#aah ,b an exam9ation awaits u1 :i*1 = its novelty1 has m *>ms ?an mo/ bran*es ( sci5ce1 & :i*1 = ! ext5sive views x op5s to ! inquir]1 has an int]e/ 9 n[ise inf]ior to any o!r physical inve/igation4 ,! prismatic spectrum af=ds u ! means ( exam9+ ! conditions ( ! sol> rays ) great facility4 ,9 b5d+ ! ray ( :ite light out ( its pa?1 by means ( a triangul> piece ( glass1 we divide x 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,we le>n t heat is less refract$ by ! glass ?an ! o!r p[]s2 we f9d ! maximum po9t ( ! calorific rays b slightly ?r[n out ( ! "r l9e1 :i* ! sol> p5cil w\ld h tak51 _h x n be5 int]rupt$ by ! prism2 & ! !rmic action is f\nd to dim9i% ) mu* regul>ity on ei!r side ( ?is l9e4 ,we discov] t ! lum9\s p[] is subject to great] refraction1 & t its maximum lies consid]ably above t ( heat2 & t1 9 l mann]1 on ea* side ! light dim9i%es1 produc+ orange1 r$1 & crimson col\rs bel[ ! maximum po9t1 & gre51 blue1 & violet above x4 ,aga91 we f9d t ! radiations :i* produce *emical *ange are m refrangible ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & ! maximum ( ?is p[] is f\nd at ! po9t :]e light rapidly dim9i%es1 & :]e sc>cely any heat c be detect$3 x ext5ds 9 full activity1 above its maximum1 to a consid]able di/ance1 :]e no trace ( light "u ord9>y conditions exi/s1 & bel[ t po9t1 until light1 appe>+ to act z an int]f]+ ag5t1 qu5*es its peculi> prop]ties4 ,^! are /rong evid5ces t light & act9ism--z ?is pr9ciple has be5 nam$--are n id5tical3 & we may sep>ate !m mo/ easily & effectually f ea* o!r4 ,c]ta9 glasses1 /a9$ d>k blue1 ) oxide ( cobalt1 admit sc>cely any light2 b !y (f] no int]ruption to ! passage ( act9ism or ! *emical rays2 on ! contr>y1 a pure yell[ glass1 or a yell[ fluid1 :i* does n s5sibly r$uce ! int5sity ( any "o col\r ( ! *romatic b& ( lum9\s rays1 completely cuts (f ?is *emical pr9ciple1 :atev] x may be4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are o!r results :i* we %all h to describe1 :i* prove t1 al?\gh associat$ 9 ! sol> beam1 light & act9ism are 9 con/ant antagonism4 ,:5 ,dagu]re fir/ publi%$ 8 great discov]y1 ! ,european public reg>d$ 8 metal tablets ) feel+s ( wond]3 we h gr[n accu/om$ to ! beautiful ph5om5a ( ?is art1 & we h become acqua9t$ ) a numb] ( no less beautiful processes on pap]1 all ( :i*1 if /udi$ aright1 mu/ conv9ce ! mo/ sup]ficial ?9k]1 t a _w ( wond] lies a little beyond our k1 b )9 ! rea* ( indu/ri\s & pati5t rese>*4 ,photography is ! "n by :i* ! art ( sun-pa9t+ w be = ev] kn[n4 ,we reg>d ?is z un=tunate1 convey+ z x does a false idea1--! pictures n be+ light-drawn4 ,c\ld we adopt ! "n giv5 by ,niepce to ! process1 ! difficulty w\ld be avoid$1 s9ce ,heliography involves no hypo!sis1 & /rictly tells ! und5iable tru?1 t our pictures are sun-drawn4 ,t pictures c be produc$ by ! rays f artificial s\rces1 pres5ts no objection to ?is2 ^! rays 7 /ill orig9ally d]iv$ f ! sun4 ,by :atev] "n we det]m9e to convey our ideas ( ^! ph5om5a1 x is c]ta9 t !y involve a s]ies ( effects :i* are ( ! highe/ int]e/ to e lov] ( nature1 & ( ! utmo/ importance to ! arti/ & ! amateur4 ,by easy manipulation we are n[ enabl$ to give p]man5ce to ! *>m+ pictures :i* are produc$ by means ( t pleas+ inv5tion ( ,bapti/a ,porta1 ! ,cam]a ,obscura4 ,any image1 :i* be+ refract$ by ! l5s ( ?is in/rum5t falls ^u ! table 9 its d>k *amb]1 may be secur$ ) its mo/ delicate gradations ( %ad[s1 ^u ei!r a metallic or a pap] tablet4 ,b let u proce$ to ! exam9ation ( a few ( ! m /rik+ ph5om5a ( ^! *emical *anges4 ,to comm5ce ) "s ( ! m simple b no less important results4 ,*lor9e & hydrog5 w n unite 9 d>kness1 nor w *lor9e & c>bonic oxide2 b1 if ei!r ( ^? gase\s mixtures is expos$ to sun%9e1 !y comb9e rapidly1 & (t5 ) explosion4 ,a solution ( ! sulphate ( iron 9 ord9>y wat] may be pres]v$ = a long "t 9 ! d>k )\t und]go+ any *ange2 expose x to ! sun%9e1 & a precipitation ( oxide ( iron is v rapidly produc$4 ,! m9]al *ameleon1 ! manganesiate ( pota% 9 solution1 is almo/ in/antly decompos$ 9 daylight2 b x is a long "t be=e x und]goes any *ange 9 d>kness4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) a comb9ation ( plat9um & lime3 inde$1 x appe>s t precipitation is at all times1 & "u all circum/ances1 accel]at$ by ! sol> rays4 ,z ^! precipitations are 9 exact agreem5t ) ! quantity ( act9ic radiation to :i* ! solutions h be5 expos$1 we may actually weigh (f ! relative quantities1 repres5t+ 9 gra9s ! equival5t numb]s to ! am\nt ( act9ism :i* has influ5c$ ! *emical comp\nd4#aai ,we h evid5ce :i* appe>s to prove t ?is *emical ag5t may be absorb$ by simple bodies1 & t by ?is absorption an actual *ange ( condition1 is produc$1 9 _m respects analog\s to ^? allotropic *anges :i* we h previ\sly consid]$4 ,*lor9e1 9 its ord9>y /ate1 does n comb9e ) hydrog5 9 ! d>k4 ,if we employ ! yell[ m$ium ( *lor9e gas1 = ! purpose ( analyz+ ! sun's rays previ\sly to _! fall+ ^u "s *emical comp\nd :i* is s5sitive to act9ic p[]1 we %all f9d t ! *lor9e ob/ructs all ?is act9ism1 &1 h[ev] un/able ! comp\nd1 x rema9s un*ang$4 ,b ! *lor9e gas :i* has int]rupt$ ?is wond]ful ag5t1 appe>s to h absorb$ x1 & x is s f> alt]$ 9 its con/itution t x w unite ) hydrog5 9 ! d>k4#abj ,9 l mann]1 if1 ( two portions ( ! same solution ( sulphate ( iron1 "o is kept 9 ! d>k & ! o!r expos$ to ! sun%9e1 x w be f\nd t ! solution :i* has be5 expos$ w precipitate gold & silv] f _! comb9ations mu* m spe$ily ?an t :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 d>kness--! temp]ature & e o!r condition be+ ! same4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! ,dagu]reotype involve _m /range conditions4 ,a plate ( silv]1 on :i* a slight *emical action has be5 e/abli%$ by ! use ( iod9e1 is expos$ to ! l5ticul> image 9 ! cam]a obscura4 ,if all[$ to rema9 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! radiations = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 a fai?ful picture ( ! illum9at$ objects is del9eat$ on ! plate1 z %[n by ! visible decomposition & d>k5+ ( ! iodiz$ surface4 ,! plate is n1 h[ev]1 9 practice all[$ to assume ?is condition2 aft] an exposure ( a few seconds ! radiant influ5ce is cut (f1 & ! eye _c detect any evid5ce ( *ange ^u ! yell[ plate4 ,x is n[ expos$ to ! vap\r ( m]cury1 & t metal 9 a /ate ( exce$+ly f9e division is cond5s$ ^u ! plate2 b ! cond5sation is n uni=mly spread ^u its face4 ,! deposit ( m]curial vap\r is 9 exact proportion to ! am\nt ( *emical action produc$4 ,is ! *ange1 by :i* ?is peculi> p[] ( cond5sation is effect$1 a *emical1 calorific1 electrical1 or m]ely a molecul> "o8 ,! evid5ces1 at pres5t1 are n suffici5t to det]m9e ! "q4 ,x has lately be5 sugge/$1 t ! m]cury acts *emically only1 & effects ! full decomposition ( ! iodide ( silv]2 & t ! picture is due to ?is1 & n to ! deposition actually ( ! m]cury vap\r4 ,9 all probability we h ! involv$ action ( sev]al =ces4 ,we h "s exp]im5ts :i* %[1 cle>ly en\gh1 t m]cury is deposit$ 9 proportions :i* correspond ) ! int5sity ( sol> action4 ,a *emically prep>$ surface is n necess>y to exhibit ?is result4 ,a poli%$ plate ( metal1 ( glass1 ( m>ble1 or a piece ( pa9t$ wood1 be+ p>tially expos$1 w1 :5 brea!d ^u1 or pres5t$ to ! action ( m]curial vap\r1 %[ t a di/urbance has be5 produc$ ^u ! portions :i* 7 illum9at$1 :]eas no *ange c be detect$ ^u ! p>ts :i* 7 kept 9 ! d>k4 ,x 0 ?\ght1 until lately1 t a few *emical comp\nds1 su* z ! iodide ( silv]1 ! mat]ial employ$ 9 ! ,dagu]reotype & ,calotype1--*loride ( silv]1 ! ord9>y photographic ag5t1--a few salts ( gold1 & "o or two ( lead & iron1 7 ! only mat]ials ^u :i* ^! v rem>kable *anges 7 produc$4 ,we n[ "k t x is impossible to expose any body1 simple or comp\nd1 to ! sun's rays1 )\t its be+ influ5c$ by ?is *emical & molecul> di/urb+ p[]4 ,to take our examples f inorganic nature1 ! granite rock :i* pres5ts its uplift$ head 9 firmness to ! driv+ /orm1 ! /ones :i* g5ius has fram$ into =ms ( ar*itectural beauty1 or ! metal :i* is int5d$ to commemorate ! great acts ( man1 & :i* 9 ! human =m proclaims ! h]o's de$s & ! arti/'s tal5t1 are all alike de/ructively act$ ^u dur+ ! h\rs ( sun%9e1 &1 b = provisions ( nature no less wond]ful1 w\ld soon p]i% "u ! delicate t\* ( ! mo/ subtile ( ! ag5cies ( ! univ]se4 ,niepce 0 ! fir/ to %[ t all bodies :i* und]w5t ?is *ange dur+ daylight possess$ ! p[] ( re/or+ !mselves to _! orig9al conditions dur+ ! h\rs ( night1 :5 ?is excitem5t 0 no long] influ5c+ !m4 ,res9s1 ! ,dagu]reotype plate1 ! unprep>$ metal tablet1 & num]\s photographic prep>ations1 prove ?is 9 a rem>kable mann]4#aba ,! picture :i* we receive to-day1 unless we adopt "s me?od ( secur+ its p]man5cy1 fades away be=e ! morr[1 & we try to re/ore x 9 va94 ,) "s ( our *emical prep>ations ?is is v rem>kably %[n1 b by none 9 s /rik+ a mann] z by pap] prep>$ ) ! iodide ( plat9um1 :i*1 be+ impress$ ) an image by heliographic p[]1 :i* is repres5t$ by d>k br[n t9ts1 re/ores itself 9 ! d>k1 9 a few m9utes1 to its =m] /ate ( a yell[ col\r1 & recov]s its s5sibility to sun%9e4#abb ,! inf]5ce we alone c draw f all ! evid5ces :i* ! /udy ( act9o-*emi/ry af=ds1 is1 t ! h\rs ( d>kness are z necess>y to ! inorganic creation z we "k night & sleep to be to ! organic k+dom4 ,b we mu/ n =get t !re does exi/ 9 ! sol> rays a balance ( =ces :i* mat]ially modifies ! am\nt ( di/urb+ influ5ce ex]t$ by !m on matt]4 ,n only d we f9d t ! *emical action is n ext5d$ ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! prismatic spectrum1 b we discov] t ov] spaces1 :i* correspond ) ! maximum po9ts ( light & heat1 a protective action is ex]t$4 ,t is1 t highly s5sitive photographic ag5ts1 :i* black5 rapidly "u exposure to diffus$ daylight1 are entirely protect$ f *ange 9 full sun%9e1 if at ! same "t z a /rong light is ?r[n ^u !m by reflection1 ! yell[ & extra r$ rays are br\ght to be> ^u _! surface4 ,n only s1 b by employ+ m$ia :i* w cut (f all ! *emical rays ( ! spectrum1 admitt+ freely at ! same "t ! lum9\s & calorific rays1 we f9d t a protect$ b&1 ! l5g? ( ! spectrum1 rema9s :ite1 :il/ e o!r portion has black5$4#abc ,among ! _m curi\s in/ances ( natural magic1 none are m rem>kable ?an an exp]im5t n long s9ce propos$1 by :i* ,dagu]reotype pictures may be tak5 9 absolute d>kness to ! human eye4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a l>ge prismatic spectrum is ?r[n ^u a l5s fitt$ into "o side ( a d>k *amb]2 & z we "k t ! act9ic p[] resides 9 great activity beyond ! violet ray1 :]e !re is no light1 ! only rays :i* we all[ to pass ! l5s into ! *amb] are ^? :i* are extra-spectral & non-lum9\s4 ,^! are direct$ ^u1 any :ite object1 & f t object radiat$ ^u a highly s5sitive plate 9 a cam]a obscura4 ,?us a copy ( ! subject w be obta9$ by ! ag5cy ( radiations :i* produce no s5sible effect ^u ! optic n]ve4 ,?is exp]im5t is ! conv]se ( ^? :i* %[ u t we may illum9ate any object ) ! /ronge/ sunlight :i* has pass$ ?r\gh yell[ glass1 ! yell[ solution ( sulphuret ( calcium1 or ( ! bi*romate ( pota%--^! be+ non-transp>5t to ! *emical rays--& yet fail to secure any ,dagu]reotype copy ( x1 ev5 ^u ! mo/ exquisitely s5sitive plate4 ,inde$1 ! image ( ! sun itself1 :5 sett+ ?r\gh an atmosph]e :i* r$uces its light to a r$ or ri* yell[ col\r1 n only produces no *emical *ange1 b protects an iodiz$ plate f x2 & :il/ e o!r "p ( ! tablet gives a picture ( surr\nd+ objects 9 ! ord9>y "*1 ! bright sun itself is repres5t$ by a spot ^u :i* no *ange has tak5 place4#abd ,9 tropical climes1 :]e a brilliant sun is giv+ ! utmo/ degree ( illum9ation to all surr\nd+ objects1 all photographic prep>ations are act$ ^u relatively m sl[ly ?an 9 ! climate ( ,engl&1 :]e ! light is less int5se4 ,z a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is fact1 a circum/ance may be m5tion$1 :i* is curi\sly illu/rative ( ! p[] ( light to int]f]e ) act9ism3-- ,a g5tleman1 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,dagu]reotype process1 obta9$ 9 ! city ( ,mexico all ! necess>y app>atus & *emicals1 expect+1 "u ! bright light & cl\dless skies ( t climate1 to produce pictures ( sup]ior excell5ce4 ,failure ^u failure 0 ! result2 & al?\gh e c>e 0 us$1 & e precaution adopt$1 x 0 n until ! ra9y season set 9 t he c\ld secure a good ,dagu]reotype ( any ( ! build+s ( t s\!rn city4 ,! fir/ attempts1 :i* 7 made at ! in/igation ( ,m4 ,arago1 by ord] ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 to copy ! ,egyptian tombs & temples1 & ! rema9s ( ! ,aztecs 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 7 failures4 ,al?\gh ! photograph]s employ$ succe$$ to admiration 9 ,p>is1 9 produc+ pictures 9 a few m9utes1 !y f\nd (t5 t an exposure ( an h\r 0 insuffici5t "u ! bright & gl[+ illum9ation ( a s\!rn sky4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! spectrum h be5 made 9 diff]5t latitudes1 & x is f\nd1 t1 z we proce$ t[>ds ! equator1 a b& :i* is always left un*ang$1 correspond+ exactly ) ! rays ( greate/ illum9at+ p[]1 regul>ly enl>ges 9 size1 ?us prov+ ! increase ( light ov] act9ism--& ! int]f]+ p[] ( ! =m]4 ,by increas+ ! s5sibility ( ! photographic prep>ation1 ?is difficulty is ov]come1 & p>ticul>ly :5 any organic comp\nd ent]s into ! prep>ation4 ,s t we are n[ enabl$ to copy nature 9 all h] v>y+ moods1 :e!r we employ our photographic tablets 9 temp]ate ,europe1 or 9 tropical ,africa4 ,! degree ( s5sibility :i* has be5 atta9$ is rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot1 by unit+ a process devis$ by ,dr4 ,woods1 ( ,p>son/[n1 & ano!r :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ by ! au?or ( ?is volume1 & comb9+ !m ) an e!r1 obta9s a mo/ un/able comp\nd1 :i* he ?us employs4 ,a glass plate is cov]$ ) album5 unit$ ) ! above solution1 & !n ) nitrate ( silv]3 ?is =ms ! s5sitive surface4 ,! plate be+ plac$ 9 ! d>k1 9 a cam]a1 x is s adju/$ t ! image ( a pr9t$ bill fix$ ^u a :eel may fall ^u x :5 uncov]$1 & ! :eel illum9at$4 ,! :eel is made to revolve ) ! utmo/ rapidity1 9 a p]fectly d>k room1 & ! s5sitive plate uncov]$4 ,!n ! :irl+ bill is illum9at$ = an inappreciably %ort space ( "t by ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,not)/&+ ! rapid rate at :i* ! po9t$ pap] is mov+1 & ! in/antane\s nature ( ! illum9ation--a m9iature fla% ( lightn+--! bill is f\nd to be copi$ ) unfail+ fidelity ^u ! photographic plate4 ,x un=tunately happ5s1 t ! prep>ation by :i* ?is extraord9>y degree ( s5sibility is obta9$1 is v unc]ta9 9 its action--& h5ce x is n g5]ally useful2 b "h we h ! evid5ce to %[ t at a spe$ z rapid z t ( a rifle-ball an impression may be made ^u a photographic plate4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s new processes :i* promise ev5tually to rival ! above = s5sibility1 & to be by no means ( difficult manipulation4 ,( ?is "* is ! collodion process4 ,! gun cotton dissolv$ 9 e!r possesses "s v great accel]at+ prop]ties1 & 9 comb9ation ) ! silv] salts1 & "o ( ! vegetable acids1 x =ms a s5sitive surface ^u :i* pictures may be obta9$ 9 less ?an a second ( "t4 ,col\r1 natural col\r too1 has be5 v decid$ly secur$4 ,! sun has be5 solicit$ to display 8 palette1 & ! answ] has be5 a picture 9 :i* col\r = col\r 9 all _! fidelity h be5 impress$4 ,! plate ^u :i* ?is result has be5 obta9$ is ( a d>k br[n col\r1 & ! *romatic v>iety is1 z x 71 eat5 out by ! sol> rays4 ,^! col\rs h n yet be5 p]man5tly fix$ ^u ! plate employ$1 b f ! tempor>y degree ( fix$ness :i* has be5 obta9$1 we may fairly hope t 9 a %ort "t col\r may be r5d]$ z p]man5t on ! productions ( ! photograph] z on ^? ( ! pa9t]4 ,x is a curi\s & /rik+ fact1 t 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! plates1 salts are us$ :i* give col\rs to flame2 & accord+ to ! col\r :i* is produc$ by !m :5 burn+1 s1 on ! photographic plate1 is t col\r impress$ ) great] int5sity ?an ! o!rs4 ,to :at is ?is lead+ u8 ,my/]ies surr\nd our advances on ! doma9 ( tru?4 ,we d>e n speculate ^u !m3 ! "t ( _! full developm5t w arrive4 ,by ! aid ( ?is beautiful art1 we are enabl$ to pres]ve ! l9eam5ts ( ^? :o h b5efit$ _! race by _! intellect1 or _! h]oism4 ,we c h& d[n to future ages portraits ( our own ,well+ton1 & ! illu/ri\s ,arago1 un]r+ 9 _! tru?fulness4 ,h[ great w\ld be ! joy ( all1 c\ld we n[ obta9 a dagu]reotype portrait ( a ,greek poet1 or ( a ,roman philosoph]1 ( a ,sophocles1 or ( a ,s5eca6 ,h[ mu* discussion w\ld be prev5t$ did we possess a calotype portrait ( ! ,b>d ( ,avon1 or ( ! ,philosoph] ( ,gran?am6 ,by ! ag5cy ( ^? v rays :i* give life & brilliancy to ! laugh+ eye & ! roseate *eek1 we c at once correctly trace ! outl9e ( ! features we admire1 ) all ^? %ad[y details :i* give a reality to ! 8pres5tm5t40 ,! objects ( our love may be = ev] pres5t ) u 9 ^! self-pa9t$ pictures4 ,! vici\s1 :om we w\ld avoid1 may be made kn[n to u by ?is un]r+ pa9t]4 ,! process :i* nature employs is p]fect2 ! imp]fections are ^? ( man1 & ^! be+ few1 he may soon le>n to rem$y4 ,to ! travell]1 h[ valuable are ! processes ( photography6 ,he secures repres5tations ( ^? rema9s ( temples :i* 7 9 _! glory :5 ,moses wrote4 ,he copies by "o op]ation a tomb at ,k>nac1 cov]$ ) myriads ( hi]oglyphics1 or an inscrib$ /one 9 ,arabia1 :i* x w\ld occupy him days to trace4 ,^! he c c>ry to 8 home & read at 8 leisure4 ,! relics ( ho> antiquity speak+ to ! pres5t ( ! pa/1 & record+ ! hi/ories ( races :i* h fleet$ away l %ad[s1 are ?us pres]v$ to tell _! wondr\s tales4 ,! admir] ( nature may copy h] arrangem5ts ) ! utmo/ fidelity4 ,e modulation ( ! l&scape1 ea* project+ rock or beetl+ tor--! s9u\s riv] 9 its rapid fl[--! me&]+ /ream1 8glid+ l happ9ess away20 & ! spread+ pla9s ov] :i* are scatt]$ ! homes ( hone/ indu/ry & dome/ic peace1 int]m+l$ ) ! t[]s ( ^? humble temples 9 :i* simple-he>t$ piety delights to 8b[ ! head & b5d _! knee20 ^!1 all ( ^!1 may1 by ! sunbeam :i* illum9ates ! :ole1 be fai?fully p5cill$ ^u our *emical prep>ations4 ,our art enables u to d m ev5 ?an ?is2 we h b to pres5t our s5sitive tablet to ! moon1 & %e1 by h] own light1 pr9ts h] m\nta9s & h] valleys1 & indicates ) all tru? ! physical conditions ( h] surface4 ,any ref]5ce to ! *emical ag5cy ( ,,light--! lum9\s rays z di/+ui%$ f ! *emical & calorific rays--has be5 avoid$ until we came to ! consid]ation ( ?is p>ticul> "q ( *emical *ange4 ,^u organic comp\nds1 z1 = in/ance1 ^u ! col\r+ matt] ( leaves & fl[]s1 light does ex]t a *emical p[]3 & x is f\nd t vegetable col\rs are blea*$1 n by rays ( _! own col\r1 b by ^? :i* are complem5t>y to !m4 ,a r$ dye fades "u ! influ5ce ( a gre5 ray1 & a yell[ "u t ( a violet "o1 mu* m spe$ily ?an :5 expos$ to rays ( any o!r col\r2 & ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is due to ! col\r$ ray itself1 & n to any act9ic p[] mask$1 z x 71 beh9d ! col\r1 z is g5]ally believ$4#abe ,x 0 long a "q :e!r ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid by plants 0 due to ! lum9\s or ! *emical rays4 ,x is n[ cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! lum9\s rays are ! mo/ active 9 produc+ ?is effect2 :i* !y d indirectly1 by excit+ ! vital p[]s ( ! organiz$ /ructures4 ,!re=e we w\ld ref] ?is ph5om5on ( gase\s decomposition to a vital p[] quick5$ by lum9\s excitem5t4#abf ,we h already notic$ "s *emical ph5om5a due to heat1 p>ticul>ly ^? exp]im5ts ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's1 :i* appe>$ to him to prove t ! *emical ag5cy ( ! sun's rays 0 due to its calorific p[]4 ,c]ta9 *emical ph5om5a1 we "k1 may be produc$ by !rmic action2 b ! only v>iety ( !rmo-*emical action :i* connects itself imm$iately ) ! sol> radiations1 belongs to a class ( rays to :i* ! "n ( ,p>a!rmic has be5 giv51 & to :i* ! scor*+1 z x is call$1 ( plants1 ! br[n+ ( ! autumnal leaves1 & ! rip5+ ( fruits1 appe> to be due4#abg ,:5 we come to ! consid]ation ( ^? physical ph5om5a :i* belong to ! gr[? ( plants1 all ^! peculi>ities ( sol> action mu/ be att5d$ to 9 detail4 ,! mann] 9 :i* we f9d ! act9ic p[] influ5c+ electrical action1 also %[s u t ! equilibrium ( =ces is cont9u$ ?r\gh all ! great pr9ciples ( nature4 ,if a galvanic arrangem5t is made1 by :i* small quantities ( metals may be sl[ly precipitat$ at "o ( ! poles 9 ! d>k1 & a simil> arrangem5t be expos$ to sun%9e1 x w be f\nd t no metal is deposit$3 ! sun's rays h int]f]$ ) ! decompos+ p[] ( ! electrical curr5t4 ,at ! same "t we le>n1 t by ?r[+ a beam ( light ^u a plate ( copp] :i* =ms "o ( a galvanic pair1 :il/ x is "u ! influ5ce ( an acidulat$ solution1 an additional excitation takes place1 & ! galvanomet] w indicate ! passage ( an increas$ curr5t ( electricity4 ,^! two dissimil> actions appe> enigmatical2 b !y may1 !re is no d\bt1 receive "s solution f ! influ5ce ( diff]5t rays on ! contr>y poles ( ! batt]y4 ,"o ?+ is q evid5t1--electricity suff]s a di/urbance ( "o ord]1 by light2 & an excitem5t ( ano!r by its associat$ pr9ciples 9 ! sunbeam4 ,if a yell[ glass is int]pos$ betwe5 ! galvanic arrangem5t & ! sun1 ! electro-*emical precipitation goes on 9 ! same mann] z x w\ld 9 p]fect d>kness1 & no extra excitem5t is produc$ ^u ! plates ( ! batt]y4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t act9ism & n light is to be reg>d$ z ! di/urb+ p[]4#abh ,x has already be5 %[n t yell[ m$ia possess ! p[] ( /opp+ back ! *emical ag5t4 ,we h already1 detail$ _m ( ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ,phosphori1 :i* w\ld seem to be ! result ( light4 ,phosphoresc5ce is probably excit$ by ^? rays :i* produce no direct effect ^u ! eye4 ,if we spread sulphuret ( calcium ^u pap]1 & expose x to ! action ( ! sol> spectrum1 x is f\nd to gl[ 79 ! d>k7 only ov] ^? spaces occupi$ by ! violet rays & ! ord9>ily d>k rays beyond !m2 prov+ t ! excitation necess>y to ! developm5t ( ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce is due to a class ( rays di/9ct f ! true light-giv+ pr9ciple1 & m ne>ly alli$ to t pr9ciple or p[] :i* sets up *emical decomposition4 ,:e!r ! fluoresc5t rays1 be=e m5tion$1 :i* are f\nd s abundantly ov] ! space :i* produces ! greate/ phosphoresc5t effect1 are active 9 produc+ ! ph5om5a1 is z yet an unsolv$ problem4 ,vision & col\r1 calorific action1 *emical *ange1 molecul> di/urbance1 electrical ph5om5a1 & phosphoresc5t excitation1 all1 ea* "o ) a /range duality1 are connect$ ) ! sunbeam4 ,we f9d1 :5 we receive sol> spectra ^u iodiz$ plates1 or on sev]al k9ds ( photographic pap]1 t a l9e1 ov] :i* no action takes place1 is pres]v$ at ! top & bottom ( ! impress$ image1 & 9 _m cases along ! sides also4 ,! only way 9 :i* ?is c be acc\nt$ =1 z ! spectrum repres5ts ! sun 9 a di/ort$ =m1 is by suppos+ t rays come f ! edges ( ! sun ( a diff]5t "* f ^? :i* proce$ f ! c5tre ( t orb4#abi ,light f ! c5tre ( ! sol> disc is "u diff]5t conditions f t :i* comes f ! edge ( ! sun3 ?is is due to ! v>y+ angle1 :i* is pres5t$ to u by a circul> body3 calorific action seems to be m /rongly manife/$ :5 ! envelope ( light1 ext5d+ l an atmosph]e to ! sun1 is ?r[n into great agitation1 & waves1 & great holl[s--sol> spots--are produc$4 ,!re is "s indication ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?ird condition on ! sun's surface1 to :i* probably belongs ! mighty *emical p[] :i* we call act9ism4 ,electricity may be1 z "s h speculat$1 ! excit+ ag5t2 a con/ant & viol5t ,aurora ,borealis may exi/ on ! sun1 & "u ! excitation ( ?is =ce ! o!rs nam$ may be quick5$ into full activity4 ,t act9ism is "o ( ! great p[]s ( creation we h abundant pro(4 ,ne>ly all ! ph5om5a ( *emical *ange :i* h be5 ref]r$ to light1 are n[ prov$ to be dep5d5t ^u act9ic p[]2 & beyond ! influ5ce :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ to be ex]t$ by x ^u all inorganic bodies1 we %all h occasion to %[ /ill fur!r ! dep5d5ce ( ! vegetable & animal worlds ^u its ag5cy4 ,! influ5ce ( ! sol> beams on vegetation is prov$ by common exp]i5ce2 ! clos] exam9ation ( its action on vegetable life is res]v$ = ! *apt] devot$ to its ph5om5a4 ,( its influ5ce on animals no?+ is v correctly kn[n2 b "s e>ly exp]im5ts prove t !y1 l o!r organis$ bodies1 are subject to all ! radiant =ces1 z inde$1 indep5d5t ( exp]im5t1 e obs]vation mu/ tea*4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t organisation c take place only :]e ! sun's rays c p5etrate3 :]e !re is un*ang+ d>kness1 !re we f9d all ! sil5ce ( dea?4 ,prome!us /ole fire f heav51 & gave ! sacr$ gift to man1 z ! mo/ useful to him ( all ?+s 9 8 necessities3 by ! aid ( x he c\ld temp] ! sev]ities ( climate1 r5d] 8 food m dige/ible & agreeable1 & illum9ate ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,s says ! beautiful fiction ( ! ,grecian m9d1--:i* appe>s z ! poetic dream or prophetic glance ( a gift$ race1 :o felt ! my/]i\s tru? !y 7 yet unable to describe4 ,pheaton & ,apollo are only o!r =e%ad[+s ( ! creative en]gies :i* dwell 9 ! glori\s c5tre ( our univ]se4 ,! poetry ( ! ,hell5ic p asc5d$ above ! littl5esses ( m]ely human action1 & s\ght to int]pret ! great tru?s ( creation4 ,reflective1 !y c\ld n b see t "s my/]i\s p[]s 7 at "w ar\nd !m2 imag9ative1 !y gave to f9e idealisations ! gov]nm5t ( ^? inexplicable ph5om5a4 ,mod]n sci5ce has %[n :at va/ly important (fices ! sol> rays execute1 & t ! pr9ciples discov]$ 9 a sunbeam are inde$ ! excit]s ( organic life1 & ! dispos]s ( inorganic =m4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t we h already allud$ to a speculation :i* supposes ?is act9ic influ5ce to be diffus$ ?r\gh all nature1 to be inde$ ! elem5t to :i* *emical =ce 9 all its =ms is to be ref]r$1 & t x is m]ely excit$ by ! sol> rays4 ,?is hypo!sis receives "s support f ! v peculi> mann] 9 :i* *emical action once set up is c>ri$ on1 indep5d5t ( all extrane\s excitem5t1 aft] ! fir/ di/urbance has be5 produc$4 ,if any ( ! salts ( gold are expos$ 9 connection ) organic matt]1 z on pap]1 to sun%9e = a mom5t1 an action is begun1 :i* goes on unceas+ly 9 ! d>k1 until ! gold is r$uc$ to its mo/ simple /ate4#acj ,! same ?+ occurs ) *romate ( silv]1 "s ( ! salts ( m]cury1 arg5t9e prep>ations comb9$ ) protosulphate ( iron or gallic acid1 & "s o!r *emical comb9ations4 ,^! progressive influ5ces po9t to "s law n yet discov]$1 :i* seems to l9k ?is radiant act9ism ) ! *emical ag5t exi/+ 9 all matt]4 ,?is problem also connects itself ) ano!r class ( facts :i*1 al?\gh due1 9 all probability1 to a great ext5t1 to calorific radiations1 & h5ce kn[n "u ! g5]al t]m ( ,!rmography1 appe> to involve bo? *emical & electrical excitation4 ,f ! inve/igations ( ,mos] & ( o!rs1 we le>n ! v extraord9>y fact1 t ev5 inanimate masses act & react ^u ea* o!r by ! influ5ce ( "s d>k radiations1 & seem to ex*ange "s ( ! peculi>ities :i* !y possess4 ,?is appe>s g5]ally 9 ! curi\s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 ref]r$ to1 z conf9$ m]ely to =m or /ructure4 ,?us an engrav$ plate w give to a poli%$ surface ( metal or glass plac$ ne> x1 aft] a v little "t1 a neat di/9ct image ( itself2 t is1 produce su* a /ructural di/urbance z w occasion ! plate to receive vap\r diff]5tly ov] ^? spaces opposite to ! p>ts 9 cameo or 9 intaglio1 f :at x does ov] ! opposite4 ,if a piece ( wood is us$ in/ead ( a metal1 !re w1 by simil> treatm5t1 be produc$ a true picture ( ! wood1 ev5 to ! repres5tation ( its fibres4#aca ,x is also probable t *emical decomposition is produc$ by ! m]e juxtaposition ( diff]5t bodies4 ,iodide ( gold or silv]1 p]fectly pure1 has be5 plac$ ^u a plate ( glass1 & a plate ( copp] cov]$ ) m]cury susp5d$ ov] x3 a gradual decomposition ( ^? salts is said to h be5 obs]v$1 iodide ( m]cury to be =m$1 & ! gold or silv] salts r$uc$ to a f9ely divid$ metallic /ate4#acb ,a body ^: p[]s ( radiat+ heat are l[1 be+ br\ght ne> ano!r ^: radiat+ p[]s are m ext5sive1 w1 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t1 und]go su* an am\nt ( molecul> di/urbance z w effect a complete *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( its surface1 & an impression ( ! body hav+ ! highe/ radiat+ p[]s w be made ^u ! o!r4 ,?is impression is dormant1 b may be develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( vap\r1 or ( oxidation4#acc ,a body1 su* z *>coal1 ( l[ conduct+ p[]1 be+ plac$ ne> ano!r1 su* z copp]1 :i* is a good conductor1 w1 9 a v %ort "t1 produce1 9 l mann]1 an impression ( itself ^u ! metal plate4 ,?us any two bodies1 ^: conduct+ or radiat+ p[]s are dissimil>1 be+ br\ght ne> ea* o!r1 w occasion a molecul> di/urbance1 or impress ! "o ) ! image ( ! o!r4 ,h[ev] small ! diff]5ce may be1 an effect is p]ceiv$1 & t ( ! mo/ extraord9>y k9d1 giv+ rise to ! production ( actual images ^u ea* surface expos$4 ,x is ?us t a pr9t on pap] may be copi$ on metal1 by m]ely susp5d+ x ne> a well-poli%$ plate ( silv] or copp] = a few days4 ,! :ite & black l9es radiate v diff]5tly2 consequ5tly an effect is produc$ on ! bright metal 9 ! p>ts correspond+ to ! black l9es1 dissimil> to t :i* takes place opposite to ! :ite portions ( ! pap]2 &1 on ! application ( vap\r1 a true image ( ! "o is f\nd impress$ ^u ! o!r4#acd ,bodies :i* are 9 diff]5t electrical /ates act ^u ea* o!r 9 an analog\s mann]4 ,?us ars5ic1 :i* is highly electro-negative1 w1 :5 plac$ ne> a piece ( electro-positive copp]1 readily imp>t to its surface an impression ( itself1 & s 9 l mann] w o!r bodies if 9 unlike conditions4 ,e sub/ance physically diff]5t 7x signifies n :e!r z x reg>ds col\r1 *emical composition1 me*anical /ructure1 calorific condition1 or electrical /ate17 has a p[] ( radiation by :i* a s5sible *ange c be produc$ 9 a body diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,fable has told u t ! magicians ( ! ,ea/ possess$ mirrors 9 :i* !y c\ld at w produce images ( ! abs5t4 ,sci5ce n[ %[s u t repres5tations q suffici5t to deceive ! cr$ul\s c be produc$ on ! surface ( poli%$ metals )\t difficulty4 ,a highly poli%$ plate ( /eel may be impress$ ) images ( any k9d1 :i* w\ld rema9 invisible1 ! poli%$ surface n be+ 9 ! lea/ degree affect$1 z x reg>ds its reflect+ p[]s2 b by brea?+ ov] x1 ! dormant images w\ld develope !mselves1 & fade away aga9 z ! cond5s$ moi/ure evaporat$ f ! surface4#ace ,^!1 :i* are b a few select$ f a s]ies ( results ( an equally /rik+ "*1 s]ve to conv9ce u t nature is unceas+ly at "w1 t e atom is possess$ ( prop]ties by :i* x influ5ces e o!r atom 9 ! univ]se1 & t a mo/ important class ( natural ph5om5a appe> to connect !mselves directly ) ! radiant =ces4 ,! al*emi/s obs]v$ t a *ange took place 9 *loride ( silv] expos$ to sun%9e4 ,w$gwood fir/ took advantage ( t discov]y to copy pictures4 ,niepce pursu$ a physical inve/igation ( ! curi\s *ange1 & f\nd t all bodies 7 influ5c$ by ?is pr9ciple radiat$ f ! sun4 ,dagu]re produc$ effects f ! sol> p5cil :i* no arti/ c\ld approa* to2 & ,talbot & o!rs ext5d$ ! application4 ,h]s*el took up ! inquiry2 & he1 ) 8 usual p[] ( inductive se>* & ( philosophical d$uction1 pres5t$ ! _w ) a class ( discov]ies :i* %[$ h[ va/ a field ( inve/igation 0 op5+ = ! y\ng] races ( mank9d1--a field 9 :i* a true _s may reap ! highe/ rew>d 9 ! discov]y ( new facts1 & to :i* we mu/ look = a fur!r developm5t ( ^? great p[]s ) :i* we h already "s slight acqua9tance1 & = ! discov]y ( high] influ5ces :i* are n yet dream$ ( 9 our philosophy4 ,if music1 ) its my/]ies ( s\nd1 ,gives to ! human he>t a heav5w>d feel+2 ,! beauty & ! gr&eur :i* are f\nd ,spread l a ve/ure ?is fair e>? ar\nd1 ,creation's wond'r\s h>monies reveal+1 ,& to ! s\l 9 tru?'s /rong tongue appeal+1 ,) all ! magic ( ^? secret p[]s1 ,:i*1 m+l+ ) ! lovely b& ( light1 ,! sun 9 con/ant undulation %[]s ,to m\ld ! cry/als1 & to %ape ! fl[]s1 ,or give to matt] ! immortal might ,( an embrac+ s\l--%\ld1 f ?is sod1 ,exalt our aspirations all to ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #aag ,see ,rese>*es on ,light1 by ! ,au?or4--,ref]5ce to any ( ! works ( ! al*emi/s w prove ! preval5ce ( ! idea express$ 9 ! text4 ,we f9d t gold 0 consid]$ to be always "u ! influ5ce ( light & sol> heat4--8,x is said ( gold t x waxe? cold t[>ds daylight1 insomu* t !y :o we> r+s ( x may p]ceive :5 ! day is ready to dawn40--,speculum ,mundi1 or a ,glass repres5t+ ! face ( ! ,_w4 ,cambridge1 #afdc4 #aah ,dagu]re's ,report to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces3 ,la ,dagu]rotype ,hi/orique1 et description des procds du ,dagu]rotype et du ,diorama 7,p>is1 #ahci72 p>ticul>ly ! description ( ,heliography1 by ,m4 ,niepce4 ,see also ! lett]s by ,niepce1 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,rese>*es on ,light4 #aai 8,if a solution ( p]oxalate ( iron be kept 9 a d>k place1 or if x be expos$ to #bab ( ,fahr4 = sev]al h\rs1 x does n und]go any s5sible *ange 9 its physical prop]ties1 nor does x exhibit any ph5om5on :i* may be consid]$ z ! result ( any elem5t>y action4 8,if1 h[ev]1 x be expos$ to ! influ5ce ( sol> light 9 a glass vessel provid$ ) a tube1 ! conc5trat$ solution ( oxalate ( iron soon pres5ts a v int]e/+ ph5om5on3 9 a %ort "t ! solution receiv+ ! sol> rays1 developes an inf9ite numb] ( bubbles ( gas1 :i* rise 9 ! liquor ) increas+ rapidity1 & give ! solution ! appe>ance ( a syrup und]go+ /rong f]m5tation4 ,?is ebullition always becomes /rong]1 & almo/ tumultu\s1 :5 an unpoli%$ glass tube is imm]s$ 9 x ) a small piece ( wood2 ! liquid itself is aft]w>ds ?r[n into asc5d+ & desc5d+ curr5ts1 becomes gradually yell[i%1 turbid1 & ev5tually precipitates protoxalate ( iron1 9 ! =m ( small brilliant cry/als ( a lemon-yell[ col\r1 gas cont9u+ to evolve40 ,*emical action ( light1 & =mation ( ,humboldt9e by x2 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahcb1 second s]ies4--8,:5 a solution ( plat9um 9 nitro-muriatic acid1 9 :i* ! excess ( acid has be5 neutraliz$ by ! addition ( lime1 & :i* has be5 well cle>$ by filtration1 is mix$ ) lime-wat] 9 ! d>k1 no precipitation to any consid]able ext5t takes place = a long :ile1--inde$1 none :atev]1 ?\gh aft] v long /&+ a slight flocky s$im5t is =m$1 aft] :i* ! action is arre/$ entirely4 ,b if ! mixture1 ei!r fre%ly made or :5 cle>$ by subsid5ce ( ?is s$im5t1 is expos$ to sun%9e1 x in/antly becomes milky1 & a copi\s =mation ( a :ite precipitate 7or a pale yell[ "o1 if ! plat9ic solution be 9 excess7 takes place1 :i* subsides quickly & is easily collect$4 ,! same takes place m sl[ly 9 cl\dy daylight40--,on ! action ( light 9 det]m9+ ! precipitation ( ,muriate ( ,plat9um by ,lime wat]2 be+ an extract f a lett] f ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,k4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 to ,dr4 ,daub5y4--,phil4 ,mag4 #ahcb4 #abj ,on a *ange produc$ by ,exposure to ! ,beams ( ! ,sun1 9 ! prop]ties ( an elem5t>y sub/ance1 by ,pr(essor ,drap]2 ,on ! *anges :i* bodies und]go 9 ! d>k1 by ,rob]t ,hunt3 ,report ( ! ,?irte5? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 vol4 xii1--,description ( ! ,ti?onomet]1 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! *emical =ce ( ! ,indigo-ti?onic rays3 by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4,d4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,dec4 #ahdc1 vol4 xxiii4 #aba ,= sev]al illu/rations ( ?is rem>kable ph5om5on1 see ,on ! ,action ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum on ,vegetable ,col\rs1 & on "s new ,photographic ,processes2 by ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t41 ,k4,h41 ,f4,r4,s4--,phil4 ,trans4 ,june1 #ahdb1 vol4 cxxxiii42 ,on c]ta9 improvem5ts on ,photographic ,processes describ$ 9 a =m] communication1 & on ! ,p>a!rmic ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum2 by ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t41 ,k4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 9 a lett] address$ to ,s4 ,hunt] ,*ri/ie4--,phil4 ,trans4 #ahdc1 vol4 cxxxiv4 #abb ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el2 see also ,rese>*es on ,light1 by ! ,au?or4 #abc ,att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! protect+ action ( c]ta9 rays ( ! spectrum by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & o!rs4 ,see ! ,eighte5? ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = an exp]im5t by ! ,au?or1 9 :i* x 0 prov$ t all ! ,,light rays protect$ photographic pap]s f *emical *ange1 &1 !re=e1 conv9c+ly %[ t light & act9ism 7 n simil> p[]s4 #abd 8,hav+ notic$1 "o d5sely foggy day1 t ! disc ( ! sun 0 ( a deep r$ col\r1 ,i direct$ my app>atus t[>ds x4 ,aft] t5 seconds ( exposure1 ,i put ! prep>$ plate 9 ! m]cury box1 & ,i obta9$ a r\nd image p]fectly black2--! sun _h produc$ no photog5ic effect4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 ,i left ! plate op]at+ = tw5ty m9utes2 ! sun _h pass$ ov] a c]ta9 space ( ! plate1 & !re result$ an image sev5 or eight times ! sun's diamet] 9 l5g?2 x 0 black ?r\gh\t1 s t x 0 evid5t1 :]ev] ! r$ disc ( ! sun _h pass$1 n only 0 !re a want ( photog5ic action1 b ! r$ rays _h de/roy$ ! effect produc$ previ\s to ! sun's passage4 ,i repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts dur+ sev]al days successively1 op]at+ ) a sun ( diff]5t t9ts ( r$ & yell[4 ,^! diff]5t t9ts produc$ ne>ly ! same effect2 :]ev] ! sun _h pass$1 !re exi/$ a black b&40--,mr4 ,claudet1 ,on diff]5t prop]ties ( ,sol> ,radiation1 modifi$ by col\r$ glass m$ia1 c43 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahdg4 ,"p #b4 #abe 8,x may also be obs]v$ t ! rays effective 9 de/roy+ a giv5 t9t are1 9 a great _m cases1 ^? ^: union produces a col\r complem5t>y to ! t9t de/roy$1 or at lea/ "o belong+ to t class ( col\rs to :i* su* complem5t>y t9t may be ref]r$4 ,= example1 yell[s t5d+ t[>ds orange are de/roy$ ) m en]gy by ! blue rays2 blue by ! r$1 orange1 & yell[ rays2 purples & p9ks by yell[ & gre5 rays40--,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,on ! action ( ! rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum on ,vegetable ,col\rs3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 cxxxiii4 #ahdb4 #abf ,! foll[+ memoirs & works are necess>y to a complete hi/ory ( ! inquiry3--,exp]im5ts & obs]vations relat+ to v>i\s bran*es ( natural philosophy1 ) a cont9uation ( ! obs]vation on air3 by ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,london1 #aggi4 ,mmoires ,physico-*imiques1 c43 by ,j4 ,s5ebi]4 ,expri5ces sur les vgtaux1 by ,de la ,ville3 ,p>is1 #aghb2 & ,phil4 ,trans4 #aghb4 ,obs]vations sur les expri5ces de ,m4 ,+5h\sz3 by ,de la ,ville2 ,roz4 obs4 #bc1 #bij4 ,expri5ces propres dvelopp] les effets de la lumire sur c]ta9es plantes3 by ,tessi]2 ,mm4 de l',ac4 des ,sc4 de ,p>is1 #aghc1 p4 #acb2 ,li*t4 ,mag4 iv4 #d1 #adf4 ,sur la v]tu de l'eau impregne d'air fixe p\r en obt5ir1 p> le moy5 des plantes et de la lumire du soleil1 de l'air dphlogi/iqu3 by ,+5h\sz2 ,roz4 obs4 #bd1 #ccg4 ,expri5ces sur l'action de la lumire solaire dans la vgtation3 by ,s5ebi]2 ,g5ve et ,p>is1 #aghh1 p4 #fa4 ,extrait des expri5ces de ,m4 ,s5ebi] sur l'action de la lumire solaire dans la vgtation3 by ,has5fratz2 ,ann4 ,*im4 iii4 #bnd4 s]4 #bff4 ,expri5ces relatives l'influ5ce de la lumire sur quelques vgtaux3 by ,de ,c&olle2 ,j\r4 de ,ph4 lii4 #abd3 ,voigt's ,mag4 ii4 #dhc2 ,gilb4 ,ann4 xiii4 #cgb2 ,mm4 des ,sav4 ,etr4 i4 #cbi4 ,re*]*es *imiques sur la vgtation3 by ,saussure2 ,ann4 ,*im4 l4 #bbe2 ,j\r4 de ,ph4 lvii4 p4 #cic2 ,gilb4 ,ann4 xviii #bjh4 ,re*]*es sur la respiration des plantes exposes la lumire du soleil2 by ,ruhl&2 ,ann4 ,*4 ,ph4 iii4 #daa2 ,j\r4 de ,ph4 #ahaf4 ,on ! action ( light ^u plants1 & ( plants ^u ! atmosph]e3 by ,dr4 ,daub5y2 ,phil4 ,trans4 cxxvii ,janu>y1 #ahcf4 ,on ! action ( yell[ light 9 produc+ ! gre5 col\r1 & ( indigo light on ! movem5ts ( plants3 by ,p4 ,g>dn]2 ,phil4 ,mag4 xxiv42 ,bibl4 ,univ4 xlix4 p4 #cgf1 & lii4 p4 #cha4 ,on ! influ5ce ( light on plants3 by ,r4 ,hunt2 ,phil4 ,mag4 xxiv4 p4 #if2 ,bibl4 ,univ4 xlix4 p4 #chc2 ,a!n4 #ahdd4 ,note on ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid by ! leaves ( plants1 "u ! influ5ce ( yell[ light3 by ,drap]2 ,phil4 ,mag4 xxv4 p4 #afi4 ,on ! action ( ! yell[ rays ( light on vegetation3 by ,h>kness2 ,phil4 ,mag4 xxv4 p4 #cci4 ,influ5ce des rayons solaires sur la vgtation3 by ,zant$es*i2 ,in/4 ,no4 #eda1 p4 #aeg4 #abg ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,memoirs already ref]r$ to2 & ,reports on ! influ5ce ( ! ,sol> ,rays on ! gr[? ( ,plants1 by ,rob]t ,hunt3 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 = #ahdg4 #abh ,memoir on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum1 pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #ahdb1 by ,m4 ,edmond ,becqu]el2 ,des effets produits sur les corps p> les rayons solaires1 p> ,m4 ,edmond ,becqu]el1 aide au ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle3 ,mmoire prs5t l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 le #bc ,octobre1 #ahdc4--8;,dans le c\rant de ce mmoire1 j'ai employ les noms de rayons lum9eux1 *imiques1 et phosphorogniques1 p\r dsign]1 dans *aque cas1 la portion des rayons solaires qui agit p\r produire1 en p>ticuli]1 les effets lum9eux1 *imiques1 et phosphorogniques2 mais cela e/ sans prjudice de l'op9ion que je vi5s d'mettre t\*ant l'exi/5ce d'un seul et mme rayonnem5t40 8,my reply is ?is10 says ,m4 ,arago1 9 8 pap] entitl$ ,consid]ations relative to ! action ( ,light3 8,x is by no means prov$ t ! photog5ic modifications ( s5sitive sub/ances result f ! action ( ! sol> light itself4 ,! modifications are1 p]haps1 eng5d]$ by invisible radiations mix$ ) light prop]ly s call$1 proce$+ ) x1 & be+ simil>ly refract$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! exp]im5t w\ld prove n only t ! spectrum =m$ by ^! invisible rays is n cont9u\s1 t !re are solutions ( cont9uity z 9 ! visible spectrum1 b also t 9 ! two sup]pos$ spectra ^! solutions correspond exactly4 ,?is w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ curi\s1 "o ( ! mo/ /range results ( physics40--,taylor's ,sci5tific ,memoirs4 #abi ,! *emical evid5ce ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,memoir ,on ! ,sol> ,spectrum1 & p>ticul>ly z exemplifi$ 9 ! *anges produc$ on ! t>trate ( silv]4 ,simil> influ5ces are describ$ z obs]v$ on a ,dagu]reotype plate1 9 a pap] entitl$ ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,light :i* has p]meat$ col\r$ m$ia1 & on ! ,*emical ,action ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum2 by ,rob]t ,hunt4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxvi4 #ahdj4 #acj ,?is peculi> cont9uance ( an effect has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ 9 _m ( ! photographic processes4 ,9 a note to a memoir ,on c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ,photographic processes1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ?us ref]s to ?is prop]ty3--8,! excitem5t is produc$ on su* pap] by ! ord9>y moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 & goes on sl[ly work+ its effect 9 ! d>k1 app>5tly )\t o!r limit ?an is af=d$ by ! supply ( +r$i5ts pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( silv] x ultimately produces a p]fect silv]+ ( all ! sunn$ portions4 ,v s+ul> & beautiful photographs1 hav+ mu* resemblance to ,dagu]reotype pictures1 are ?us produc$2 ! negative "* *ang+ by keep+1 & by q ins5sible gradations to positive1 & ! %ades exhibit+ a mo/ s+ul> *atoyant *ange ( col\r f ruddy-br[n to black1 :5 held m or less obliquely4 ,no d\bt1 also1 gold pictures ) ! metallic lu/re might be obta9$ by ! same process1 ?\gh ,i h n tri$ ! exp]im5t40 #aca ,! details ( ?is curi\s subject may be /udi$ 9 ! foll[+ memoir & communications3--,on vision & ! action ( light on all bodies3 by ,pr(essor ,ludwig ,mos]1 ( ,knigsb]g2 f ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 vol4 lvi4 p4 #agg1 ,no4 #f1 #ahde4 ,"s rem>ks on ,invisible ,light3 by ,pr(essor ,ludwig ,mos]1 ( ,knigsb]g2 f ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 vol4 lvi4 p4 #efi1 ,no4 #h4 ,on ! p[] :i* light possesses ( becom+ lat5t3 by ,pr(essor ,ludwig ,mos]1 ( ,knigsb]g2 f ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 vol4 lvii4 ,no4 #i1 p4 #a4 #ahdb4 ,on c]ta9 spectral appe>ances1 & on ! discov]y ( lat5t light3 by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york2 ,phil4 ,mag4 p4 #cdh1 ,nov4 #ahdb4 ,on a new impond]able sub/ance1 & on a class ( *emical rays analog\s to ! rays ( d>k heat3 by ,pr(essor ,drap]2 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,dec4 #ahdb4 ,on ! action ( ! rays ( ! sol> spectrum on ! ,dagu]reotype plate2 by ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,b>t42 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,feb4 #ahdc4 ,see rem>ks 9 ?is pap] on ! use :i* ,mos] has made ( col\r$ glasses3 also a communication by ,pr(essor ,drap]1 ,on ! rapid ,deti?oniz+ p[] ( c]ta9 gases & vap\rs1 & on an in/antane\s means ( produc+ spectral appe>ances3 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,m>* #ahdc2 & ,on ! causes :i* concur 9 ! production ( ! images ( ,mos]3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,nov4 #ahdb4 ,see ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iii4 #acb ,?is fact 0 fir/ obs]v$ by myself1 & describ$ 9 ! pap] already ref]r$ to1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bgj4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h attract$ ! att5tion ( any o!r obs]v]4 #acc ,on ,!rmography1 or ! ,art ( copy+ ,engrav+s or any pr9t$ *>act]s f pap] or plates ( metal1 & on ! rec5t discov]y ( ,mos]1 relative to ! =mation ( images 9 ! d>k1 by ,rob]t ,hunt3 ,reports ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society = #ahdb1 & ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxi4 p4 #dfb4--,on ! ,spectral ,images ( ,m4 ,mos]1 by ,rob]t ,hunt3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #dae4 #acd ,catalytic =ce1 or attraction ( surface conc]n$ 9 ! diffusive p[] ( gases3 an occult en]gy or p[] 9 saturat$ sal9e solutions2 ,prat]4--,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 vol4 xlv4 p4 #ajf4 ,ueb] elektris*e ,abbildung52 by ,g4 ,k>/54--,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 vol4 lvii4 p4 #djb4--,melloni & ,brew/] may be consult$ = mu* t is mo/ rem>kable connect$ ) radiation f col\r$ surfaces4 #ace ,cornelius ,agrippa is said to h possess$ su* a mirror4 ,! ,*9ese make mirrors :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 a p>ticul> light1 %[ ^u _! poli%$ faces ! patt]n on ! back ( ! metal1 al?\gh x is invisible 9 e o!r position4 ,?is is effect$ by giv+ diff]5t degrees ( h>dness to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! metal4 ,9 ,natural ,magic1 by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 sev]al curi\s exp]im5ts belong+ to ?is class are nam$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electricity4 ,discov]y ( ,electrical ,=ce--,diffus$ ?r\gh all ,matt]--,:at is ,electricity8--,!ories--,frictional ,electricity--,conduct+ ,p[] ( ,bodies--,hypo!sis ( two ,fluids--,electrical ,images--,galvanic ,electricity--,effects on ,animals--,*emi/ry ( ,galvanic ,batt]y--,electricity ( a ,drop ( ,wat]--,electro-*emical ,action--,electrical ,curr5ts--,!rmo-,electricity--,animal ,electricity--,gymnotus--,torp$o--,atmos ph]ic ,electricity--,lightn+ ,conductors--,e>?'s ,magnetism due to ,electrical ,curr5ts--,influ5ce on ,vitality--,animal & ,vegetable ,developm5t--,t]re/rial ,curr5ts--,electricity ( ,m9]al ,ve9s--,electrotype--,influ5ce ( ,heat1 ,light1 & ,act9ism on ,electrical ,ph5om5a4 ,if a piece ( amb]1 electrum1 is briskly rubb$1 x acquires ! prop]ty ( attract+ light bodies4 ,?is curi\s p[] excit$ ! att5tion ( ,?ales ( ,miletus2 & f ! inve/igations ( ?is ,grecian philosoph] we mu/ date our k ( "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! natural =ces--,electricity4 ,if an inquir+ m9d _h n be5 l$ to ask :y does ?is curi\s natural production attract a fea!r1 ! pres5t age1 9 all probability1 w\ld n h be5 9 possession ( ! means by :i* x is enabl$ to transmit intellig5ce ) a rapidity :i* equals ! poet's dream ( ! 8swift-w+$ mess5g]s ( ?\ght40 ,to ?is age ( application a /rik+ lesson does ?is amb] tea*4 ,mod]n utility w\ld h reg>d$ ,?ales z a madman4 ,hold+ a piece ( yell[ res9 9 8 h&1 rubb+ x1 & !n pick+ up bits ( d[n1 or cat*+ float+ fea!rs1 ! old ,greek w\ld h appe>$ a v imbecile1 & ! cui bono g5]ation w\ld h laugh$ at 8 silly lab\rs4 ,b :5 he ann\nc$ to 8 s*ool t ?is amb] held a s\l or ess5ce1 :i* 0 awak5$ by friction1 & w5t =? f ! body 9 :i* x previ\sly lay dormant1 & br\ght back ! small p>ticles float+ ar\nd x1 he gave to ! _w ! fir/ h9t ( a great tru? :i* has advanc$ our k ( physical ph5om5a 9 a m>vell\s mann]1 & m9i/]$ to ! ref9em5ts & to ! necessities ( civilisation4 ,ea* ph5om5on :i* pres5ts itself to u1 h[ev] simple x may appe> to be1 is an outw>d expression ( "s int]nal tru?1 ! int]pretation ( :i* is only to be arriv$ at by assidu\s /udy1 b :i*1 once discov]$1 directs ! way to new k1 & gives to man a great increase ( p[]4 ,!re is no tru? s ab/ract t x w n f9d its useful application1 & e example ( ! m9i/ration ( ,physical ,sci5ce to ! purposes ( humanity is an evid5ce ( ! value ( ab/ract /udy1 & a reply to ! utilit>ian 9 8 own language4 ,electricity appe>s to be diffus$ ?r\gh all nature2 & x is1 beyond all d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! physical =ces1 9 ! great ph5om5a ( creation4 ,9 ! ?und]-cl\d1 swell+ ) de/ruction1 x resides1 ready to laun* its d>ts & %ake ! e>? ) its explosions3 9 ! arial undulations1 sil5t & unse51 x passes1 giv+ ! necess>y excitem5t to ! organisms ar\nd :i* x floats4 ,! ra9-drop--! e>?-girdl+ ocean--& ! r++ wat]s ( ! hill-born riv]1 hold lock$ ?is mighty =ce4 ,! solid rocks--! t5aci\s clays :i* re/ ^u !m--! sup]ficial soils--& ! incoh]5t s&s1 give u evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ?is ag5cy2 & 9 ! organic _w1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 ! excitem5t ( electrical =ce is always to be detect$4 ,9 ! sol> radiations we h p]haps ! prime mov] ( ?is p[]4 ,9 our atmosph]e1 :5 calm & cl\dless1 a great ocean ( light1 or :5 sombre ) ! mighty aspect ( ! dire tornado1 we c con/antly detect ! /ruggle betwe5 ! elem5ts ( matt] to ma9ta9 an equilibrium ( electrical =ce4 ,diffus$ ?r\gh\t matt]1 electricity is ev] active2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t al?\gh x is evid5tly a necess>y ag5t 9 all ! op]ations ( nature1 t x is n ! ag5t to :i* ev]y?+ unkn[n is to be ref]r$4 ,d\btless ! influ5ce ( ?is =ce is m ext5sive ?an we h yet discov]$2 b t is an indol5t philosophy :i* ref]s1 )\t exam9ation1 e my/]i\s ph5om5on to ! influ5ce ( electricity4 ,! "q1 :at is electricity8 has ev] p]plex$1 & /ill cont9ues to agitate1 ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,:ile "o set ( exp]im5tali/s h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a !y h witness$1 ^u ! !ory t electricity is a peculi> subtile fluid p]vad+ matt]1 & possess+ s+ul> p[]s ( attraction & repulsion1 ano!r p>ty f9d !mselves compell$ to reg>d ! ph5om5a z giv+ evid5ce ( ! action ( two fluids :i* are always 9 opposite /ates2 :ile aga91 electricity has be5 consid]$ by o!rs z1 l ! attraction ( gravitation1 a m]e prop]ty ( matt]4#acf ,c]ta9 x is1 t 9 ! manife/ations ( electrical ph5om5a we h1 z x appe>s1 ! evid5ce ( two conditions ( =ce2 b ( ! /ates ( positive or negative1 ( vitre\s or res9\s electricity1 we h a famili> explanation 9 ! assumption ( "s curr5t fl[+ into or out ( ! mat]ial body1--( "s pr9ciple :i* is ev] active 9 ma9ta9+ its equilibrium1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 mu/ act 9 two directions1 & always exhibit t duality :i* is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is subtile ag5t4 ,x is a curi\s1 & x %\ld be an in/ructive fact1 t ea* ( ! ?ree !ories ( electricity is capable ( pro(1 & has1 inde$1 be5 mo/ ably support$ by ! rigor\s analysis ( ma!matics4 ,:5 we rememb] t "s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ inve/igators ( ?is & ! pa/ age h sev]ally ma9ta9$1 9 ! mo/ able mann]1 ^! dissimil> views1 we %\ld hesitate be=e we pron\nce an op9ion ^u ! cause or causes ( ! v complicat$ ph5om5a ( electrical =ce4 ,al?\gh we discov]1 9 all ! processes ( nature1 ! manife/ations ( ?is pr9ciple or =ce 9 its *>act]i/ic conditions1 x w be necess>y1 be=e we reg>d ! great ph5om5a1 to exam9e ! kn[n s\rces f :i* we c mo/ readily evoke ! mighty p[] ( electricity4 ,if we rub a piece ( glass or res91 we readily r5d] ?is ag5t active2 ^! sub/ances appe>1 by ?is excitem5t1 to become surr\nd$ by an attractive or a repell5t atmosph]e4 ,let u rub a /rip ( writ+ pap] ) ,indian rubb]1 or a /rip ( ,gutta ,p]*a ) ! f+]s1 9 ! d>k1 & we h ! manife/ation ( sev]al curi\s ph5om5a4 ,we h a peculi> attract+ p[]2 we h a lum9\s dis*>ge 9 ! %ape ( a sp>k2 & we h v s5sible evid5ce ( muscul> di/urbance produc$ by apply+ ! knuckle to ! surface ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 ea* case we h ! developm5t ( ! same p[]4 ,e sub/ance 9 nature is an electric1 &1 if s dispos$ t its electricity may n fly (f z x is develop$1 we may1 by friction1 manife/ its pres5ce1 &1 inde$1 measure its quantity or its =ce4 ,all bodies are n1 h[ev]1 equally good electrics2 %ell-lac1 amb]1 res9s1 sulphur1 & glass1 exhibit+ m p[]fully ! ph5om5a ( frictional or me*anical electricity1 ?an ! metals1 *>coal1 or plumbago4 ,solid bodies all[ ?is peculi> pr9ciple to pass along !m also 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,?us electricity travels readily ?r\gh copp] & mo/ o!r metals1 plat9um be+ ! wor/ metallic conductor4 ,x also passes ?r\gh liv+ animals & vegetables1 smoke1 vap\r1 r>ifi$ air1 & moi/ e>?2 b x is ob/ruct$ by res9s & glass1 pap] :5 dry1 oils1 & dry metallic oxides1 & 9 a v p[]ful mann] by ,gutta ,p]*a4#acg ,if1 !re=e1 we place an electric ^u any ( ^? non-conduct+ bodies1 ! air ar\nd be+ well dri$1 we are enabl$ to ga!r a l>ge quantity ( ! =ce = ! production ( any p>ticul> effect4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is fact1 arrangem5ts are made = ! accumulation & lib]ation at pleasure ( any am\nt ( electricity4 ,a ,leyd5 phial1--s call$ f its inv5tor1 ,muss*5broek1 hav+ resid$ at ,leyd51--is m]ely a glass bottle l9$ )9 & )\t1 to )9 a few in*es ( ! top1 ) a metal coat+4 ,if a wire or *a91 c>ry+ an electric curr5t1 is all[$ to dip to ! bottom ( ! bottle1 ! inn] coat ( ! j> becomes *>g$1 or ga!rs an excess1 :il/ ! out] "o is 9 its natural condition--"o is said to be 9 a positive1 & ! o!r 9 a negative /ate4 ,if ! two coat+s are n[ connect$ by a good conductor1 z a piece ( copp] wire1 pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 ! outside to ! inside1 a dis*>ge1 aris+ f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! equilibrium ( ! two coat+s1 takes place2 &1 if ! connection is made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our bodies1 we are s5sible ( a sev]e di/urbance ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! cause ( ! conduct+ & non-conduct+ p[]s ( bodies we "k n2 !y be> "s relation to _! conduct+ p[]s = caloric2 b !y are n 9 exact ob$i5ce to ! same laws4 ,:5 we consid] t res91 a comp>atively s(t body1 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 cohesive attraction is n v /rong1 is an imp]fect conductor1 & t copp]1 9 :i* cohesion is mu* m p[]ful1 is a good conductor1 we may be dispos$ to consid] t x is regulat$ by ! clos] approximation ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,b 9 plat9um ! corpuscul> arrangem5t mu/ be mu* m d5se ?an x is 9 copp]1 & yet x is1 comp>$ ) x1 a v bad conductor4#ach ,we h n[ le>nt t we may1 by friction1 excite ! electricity 9 a vitre\s sub/ance2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t we _c increase ! quantity :i* is1 "u ord9>y conditions1 natural to ! electric2 to d s1 we mu/ 9 "s way e/abli% a *annel ( communication ) ! e>?1 f :i*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium we excite1 we draw our supply4 ,we h ! means ( conf9+ ?is mighty =ce )9 c]ta9 limits ( quantity & ( "t4 ,if we place bodies :i* are susceptible ( electrical excitation 9 a s5sible degree ^u insulat+ ones1 we may reta9 = a consid]able "t ! evid5ces ( ! excitem5t1 9 ! same way z ) ! ,leyd5 j>2 b !re is a con/ant ef=t to ma9ta9 a balance ( conditions1 & ! body 9 :i* we h accumulat$ any extraord9>y quantity by conduction soon returns to its natural /ate4 ,a v simple means may be adopt$ ( %[+ :at is ?\ght to be "o ( ! _m evid5ces 9 fav\r ( two electricities4 ,if ! wire c>ry+ ! curr5t fl[+ f ! ma*9e1 is pass$ ov] pap] cov]$ ) nitrate ( silv]1 x produces no *ange ^u x2 b if ! wire :i* conveys ! curr5t to ! in/rum5t1 :5 x is excit$1 is pass$ ov] ! same pap]1 ! silv] salt is decompos$4#aci ,we may1 h[ev]1 expla9 ?is result 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ^u ! hypo!sis t ! decomposition is produc$ by ! ab/raction ( electricity1 r ?an by any physical diff]5ce 9 ! fluid itself4 ,by frictional electricity we may produce curi\s molecul> di/urbances1 & give rise to molecul> re-arrangem5ts1 :i* h be5 call$ 8electrical images10 9 glass1 9 /one1 & 9 ! app>5tly less tractable metals3 ^! images are r5d]$ visible by ! mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to _! electrical /ates1 "s l9es receive any p>ticul> p[d]1 or vap\r1 :i* is repell$ f o!r spaces4 ,_m ( ! great natural ph5om5a1 su* z ,lightn+ & ,?und]1 ! ,aurora ,borealis1 & ,meteors1 may be imitat$ 9 a curi\sly exact mann] by ! electrical ma*9e & a few famili> arrangem5ts4#adj ,voltaic electricity1 z ! active =ce produc$ by *emical *ange is commonly call$1 9 hon\r ( ! illu/ri\s ,volta1 is n[ to be consid]$4 ,x diff]s f frictional electricity 9 ?is3--! electricity develop$ by friction ( ! glass plate or cyl9d] ( ! electrical ma*9e is a dis*>ge ) a sort ( explosion4 ,x is electricity sudd5ly lib]at$ f ! highe/ /ate ( t5sion1 :]eas t :i* is g5]at$ by *emical action 9 ! voltaic batt]y is a /eady fl[+ curr5t4 ,we may comp>e "o to ! ignition ( a mass ( gunp[d] at once1 & ! o!r to ! sl[ burn+ ( ! same quantity spread out into a v prolong$ tra94 ,!re are num]\s ways 9 :i* we may excite ! ph5om5a ( ,voltaism1 b 9 all ( !m ! decomposition ( "o ( ! elem5ts employ$ appe>s to be necess>y4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! arrangem5ts ( batt]ies 9 :i* two dissimil> metals1 z9c & copp]1 silv] & plat9um1 or ! l1 is imm]s$ 9 fluids2 ! z9c or ! silv] are gradually conv]t$ into soluble salts1 :i* are dissolv$1 :il/ ! copp] or plat9um is protect$ f any action4 ,! mo/ simple mann] ( illu/rat+ ! developm5t ( ?is electricity is by plac+ a piece ( silv] on ! tongue1 & a piece ( z9c or lead und]nea? x4 ,no effect w be obs]v$ s long z ! two metals are kept asund]1 b :5 _! edges are br\ght toge!r1 a slight tremul\s s5sation w pass ?r\gh ! tongue1 a sal9e ta/e be di/+ui%$ by ! palate1 & if 9 ! d>k1 light w be obs]v$ by ! eye4 ,?is1 ! g]m ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! sci5ces1 0 notic$ by ,sulz>1 fifty ye>s be=e ,galvani obs]v$ ! convulsions 9 ! limbs ( frogs1 :5 excit$ by ! action ( dissimil> metals2 b ! =m] paid little att5tion to ! ph5om5on1 & ! discov]y l$ to no results4 ,:5 ,galvani's obs]vant m9d 0 direct$ to ! rem>kable fact t ! m]e contact ( two dissimil> metals ) ! moi/ surface ( liv+ muscles produc$ convulsions1 !re 0 an awak5+ 9 ! s\l ( t philosoph] to a great fundam5tal tru?1 :i* 0 nurtur$ by him1 tri$ & te/$1 & pres]v$ to "w its m>vels = future ages4 ,al?\gh ! _w ( sci5ce looks back to ,volta z ! man :o gave ! fir/ true int]pretation ( ?is discov]y1 yet ! ord9>y _w w nev] disconnect ?is important bran* ( physical sci5ce f ! "n ( ,galvani1 & *emical electricity 9 all its =ms w = ev] be kn[n "u ! famili> "n ( ,galvanism4 ,& x mu/ n be =gott51 t ! ph5om5a ( ! manife/ation ( electricity1 9 connection ) ! conditions ( vitality1 are entirely due to ,galvani4 ,let u exam9e ! ph5om5a ( ,galvanism 9 its mo/ simple phases3-- ,if we place a live fl\nd] ^u a plate ( z9c1 put a %ill+ on its back1 & !n t\* bo? metals ) ! ends ( a metallic wire1 ! fi% w exhibit pa9ful convulsions4 ,! z9c becomes oxidiz$ by ! sep>ation ( oxyg5 f ! fluid on ! surface ) :i* x is 9 contact1 :il/ hydrog5 gas is lib]at$ at t surface t\*$ by ! o!r metal4 ,"h we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 a *emical *ange effect$1 !n a peculi> muscul> di/urbance4 ,ea* successive comb9ation or decomposition1 l a pulsation1 is transmitt$ along ! circuit f "o extremity to ! o!r4 ,h[ ! impulse :i* is d]iv$ f ! z9c is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! animal1 or ! tongue1 to ! silv] or copp] is ! next consid]ation4 ,we c only und]/& ?is ^u ! supposition t a s]ies ( impulses are communicat$ 9 ! mo/ rapid mann] along ! connect+ l9e2 ! idea ( a curr5t1 al?\gh ! t]m is commonly employ$1 t5ds to convey an imp]fect impression to ! m9d4 ,x w\ld seem r t a di/urbance ?r\gh\t ! entire circuit is at once set up by a s]ies ( vibrations or impulses communicat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle1 & along ! /range net-"w ( n]ves4 ,"o set ( *emical elem5ts h a t5d5cy to develope !mselves at t po9t :]e vibration is fir/ communicat$ to ! mass f a bett] conductor ?an x is1 & ano!r set at ! po9t :]e x passes f ! body to a bett] conductor ?an itself4 ,! cause ( ?is is to be s\ght = 9 ! laws :i* regulate molecul> con/itution--by :i* *emical aff9ity is di/urb$1--& a new attractive =ce ex]t$1 9 ob$i5ce to :i* ! vital en]gy is itself agitat$4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t x is probable aft] all1 al?\gh n yet susceptible ( pro(1 t ! electricity does no?+ m ?an di/urb or quick5 ! unkn[n pr9ciples ^u :i* *emical & vital ph5om5a dep5d2 be+1 inde$1 a second>y ag5t4#ada ,not)/&+ our long acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a ( galvanism1 !re are b few :o ent]ta9 a correct idea ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( electricity :i* is necess>y to ! exi/+ conditions ( matt]4 ,to ,f>aday we are indebt$ = ! fir/ cle> set ( d$uctions f a s]ies ( inductive rese>*es1 :i* are ( ! mo/ complete ord]4 ,he has prov$1 by a s]ies ( exce$+ly conclusive exp]im5ts1 t if ! electrical p[] :i* holds a gra9 ( wat] 9 comb9ation1 or :i* causes a gra9 ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 to unite 9 ! "r proportions to =m wat]1 c\ld be collect$ & ?r[n into ! condition ( a voltaic curr5t1 x w\ld be exactly ! quantity requir$ to produce ! decomposition ( t gra9 ( wat]1 or ! lib]ation ( its elem5ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg54#adb ,by direct exp]im5t x has be5 prov$ t "o equival5t ( z9c 9 a voltaic arrangem5t evolves su* a quantity ( electricity 9 ! =m ( a curr5t1 z1 pass+ ?r\gh wat]1 w decompose exactly "o equival5t ( t fluid4 ,! law has be5 ?us express$3--,! electricity :i* decomposes1 & t :i* is evolv$ by ! decomposition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( matt]1 are alike4 ,! equival5t weights ( bodies are ^? quantities ( !m :i* conta9 equal quantities ( electricity2 electricity det]m9+ ! equival5t numb]1 because x det]m9es ! comb9+ =ce4#adc ,! same elegant & correct exp]im5tali/ has %[n t z9c & plat9um wires1 "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ab\t half an in* long1 dipp$ into wat] 9 :i* is mix$ sulphuric acid s weak t x is n s5sibly s\r to ! tongue1 w evolve m electricity 9 "o-tw5tie? ( a m9ute ?an is giv5 by ?irty turns ( a l>ge & p[]ful plate electrical ma*9e 9 full action1 a quantity :i*1 if pass$ ?r\gh ! head ( a cat1 is suffici5t to kill x z by a fla% ( lightn+4 ,pursu+ ?is int]e/+ inquiry yet fur!r1 x is f\nd t a s+le gra9 ( wat] conta9s z mu* electricity z c\ld be accumulat$ 9 #hjj1jjj ,leyd5 j>s1 ea* requir+ ?irty turns ( ! l>ge ma*9e ( ! ,royal ,in/itution to *>ge x1--a quantity equal to t :i* is develop$ f a *>g$ ?und]-cl\d4 8,yet we h x "u p]fect comm&1--c evolve1 direct1 & employ x at pleasure2 & :5 x has p]=m$ its full "w ( electrolisation1 x has only sep>at$ ! elem5ts ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]40 ,x has be5 argu$ by _m t ! realities ( sci5ce w n admit ( any?+ l a poetic view )\t degrad+ its high (fice2 t poetry1 be+ ! imag9ative side ( nature1 has no?+ 9 common ) ! facts ( exp]im5tal rese>*1 or ) ! philosophy :i* g5]alises ! discov]ies ( sev]e induction4 ,if our sci5ce 0 p]fect1 & laid b>e to our s5ses all ! secrets ( ! inn] _w2 if our philosophy 0 infallible1 & always connect$ "o fact ) ano!r ?r\gh a long s]ies up to ! und\bt$ cause ( all--!n poetry1 9 ! s5se we n[ use ! t]m1 w\ld h little bus9ess ) ! tru?2 x w\ld1 inde$1 be lo/ or embodi$1 l ! />s ( heav51 9 ! brightness ( a m]idian sun4 ,b to take our pres5t fact z an example1 h[ important a f\ndation does x (f] ^u :i* to build a s]ies ( ?\ghts1 capable ( lift+ ! human m9d above ! mat]ialities by :i* x is surr\nd$1--( exalt+ ea* common nature by ! ref9em5t ( its fre% ideas to a po9t high] 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce1--( quick5+ e impulse ( ! s\l1--& ( giv+ to mank9d ! mo/ holy long+s4 ,:at does sci5ce tell u ( ! drop ( wat]8 ,two gases1 ! "o excit+ life & quick5+ combu/ion1 ! o!r a highly inflammable air1 are1 by ! influ5ce ( a comb9ation ( p[]s1 br\ght into a liquid globe4 ,we c1 f ?is cry/al sph]e1 evoke heat1 light1 electricity1 & act9ism 9 enorm\s quantities2 & beyond ^! we c see p[]s or =ces1 = :i*1 9 ! pov]ty ( our ideas & our words1 we h n names2 & we le>n t ea* "o ( ^! pr9ciples is engag$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! conditions ( ! drop ( wat] :i* refre%es organic nature1 & gives gladness to man's dwell+-place4 ,has poetry a nobl] !me ?an ?is8 ,ag5cies are se5 l w+$ spirits ( inf9ite p[]1 ea* "o work+ 9 its own peculi> way1 & all to a common end1--to produce1 "u ! guidance ( omnipot5t rule1 ! wat]s ( ! riv]s & ! seas4 ,z ! great ocean mirrors ! bright heav5 :i* ov]spreads x1 & reflects back ! sunlight & ! %e5 ( ! midnight />s 9 gr&eur & lovel9ess2 s e drop ( wat]1 view$ ) ! k :i* sci5ce has giv5 to u1 s5ds back to ! m9d reflections ( yet di/ant tru?s :i*1 rightly foll[$1 w lead u upw>ds & onw>ds 9 ! tract ( high] intellig5ces1-- 8,to ! abodes :]e ! et]nals are40 ,9 ! discov]ies connect$ ) electricity1 we h results ( a m tangible "* ?an are z yet connect$ ) ! o!r physical =ces2 & x does appe> t ?is sci5ce has advanc$ our k ( nature & ( ! my/]ies ( creation f> m ext5sively ?an any o!r dep>tm5t ( purely exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,! ph5om5a ( electro-*emical action are s /range t we mu/ return = a mom5t to ! consid]ation ( ! decomposition ( wat]1 & ! appe>ance ( hydrog5 at "o pole1 & ( oxyg5 at ! o!r4 ,x appe>s t "s confusion ( our ideas has aris5 f ! views :i* h be5 receiv$ ( ! atomic con/itution ( bodies4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d wat]1--to take t body z an example ( all1--z a comp\nd ( two gases1 hydrog5 & oxyg52 an equival5t1 or "o atom ( ! fir/1 unit$ to an equival5t or "o atom ( ! la/1 =m+ "o atom ( wat]4 ,?is atom ( wat] we reg>d z inf9itely small2 consequ5tly a drop ( wat] is made up ( _m hundr$s ( ^! comb9$ atoms1 & a p9t ( wat] ( n less ?an #aj1jjj drops4 ,n[1 if ?is p9t ( wat] is connect$ ) ! wires ( a galvanic batt]y1 al?\gh _! extremities may be "s in*es ap>t1 = e atom ( oxyg5 lib]at$ at "o pole1 an atom ( hydrog5 is set free at ! o!r4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t an atom has und]gone decomposition at "o po9t1 its oxyg5 be+ torn f x1 & !n !re has aris5 ! difficulty ( s5d+ ! atom ( hydrog5 ?r\gh all ! comb9$ atoms ( wat] across to ! o!r pole4 ,a s]ies ( decompositions & recompositions h be5 suppos$ to take place1 & ! communication ( effects f p>ticle to p>ticle4 ,an attract+ p[] = "o class ( bodies has be5 f\nd 9 "o pole1 :i* is repell5t to ano!r class2 & ! rev]se ord] has be5 detect$ at ! opposite pole ( a galvanic arrangem5t4#add ,t is1 ! wire :i* c>ries ! curr5t f an excit$ z9c plate has a relation to all bodies1 :i* is directly opposite to t :i* is exhibit$ by ! wire convey+ ! curr5t f1 or complet+ ! circuit )1 ! copp] plate4 ,! "o1 = in/ance1 collects & c>ries acids & ! l1 ! o!r ! metallic bases4 ,at ! extremity ( "o galvanic wire1 plac$ into a drop ( wat]1 oxyg5 is always lib]at$2 & at ! end ( ! o!r1 necess>y to complete ! circuit ) ! batt]y1 hydrog5 is set free4 ,x appe>s necess>y1 to a cle> und]/&+ ( :at takes place 9 ?is exp]im5t1 t we %\ld reg>d ea* mass1 h[soev] l>ge1 z ! repres5tative ( a s+le atom4 ,nor is ?is difficult1 z ! foll[+ illu/ration w %[4 ,let u take "o p>ticle ( common salt 7*loride ( sodium7 weigh+ less ?an a gra91 & put x into a hundr$ ?\s& gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 a few m9utes ! salt has diffus$ itself ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! fluid1 & 9 e drop we c detect *lor9e & soda4 ,we _c believe t ?is gra9 ( salt has split itself up into a hundr$ ?\s& p>ts2 we conceive r t ! ph5om5on ( solution is "o ( diffusion4 ,"o inf9itely ela/ic body has int]p5etrat$ ) ano!r4 ,in/ead ( an exp]im5t ) a p9t ( wat]1 let u take our /& on ,dov] heights1 &1 ) a gigantic batt]y at our comm&1 place "o wire into ! ocean on our own %ores1 & convey ! o!r ?r\gh ! air across ! *annel1 & let its extremity dip into ! sea (f ,calais pi]--! exp]im5t is a practicable "o--we h n[ an electrical circuit ( :i* ! ,briti% *annel =ms a "p1 & ! result w be exactly ! same z t :i* we may obs]ve 9 a wat*-glass ) a drop ( wat]4 ,we _c suppose t ! in/antane\s & simultane\s effect :i* takes place 9 ! wat] at ,calais & at ,dov]1 is due to any?+ l :at we h /udi$ "u ! "n ( convection1 :5 consid]+ ,heat4 ,a ?\s& balls are plac$ 9 a l9e t\*+ ea* o!r2 ! fir/ ball receives a bl[1 & ! la/ ball flies (f ) a =ce exactly equal to ! p[] appli$ to ! fir/2 none ( ! int]m$iate balls be+ mov$4 ,we _c conceive t ! p>ticle ,a excites ! p>ticle ,b next x1 & s on ?r\gh ! s]ies betwe5 ! two %ores2 b reg>d+ ! *annel z "o l>ge drop1 *>g$ ) ! electric pr9ciple z we "k x to be1 x is excit$ by undulation or tremor ?r\gh\t its wid?1 & we h an equival5t ( oxyg5 ?r[n (f on "o side ( ! l9e1 & an exact equival5t ( hydrog5 at ! o!r1 ! electro-*emical influ5ce be+ ex]t$ only :]e ! curr5t or motion is transf]r$ f "o m$ium to ano!r4#ade ,! imp]fect "* ( ?is view is freely admitt$2 no o!r1 consi/5t ) kn[n facts1 pres5ts itself by :i* ! effect c be expla9$4 ,! fact /&s z a tru?2 ! hypo!sis by :i* x is attempt$ to be int]pret$ is op5 to d\bt1 & x is oppos$ to "s fav\rite !ories4 ,be=e we pass to ! consid]ation ( ! o!r s\rces ( electricity1 x is important we %\ld und]/& t no *emical or physical *ange1 h[ev] slight x may be1 c occur )\t ! developm5t ( electrical p[]4 ,if we dissolve a salt 9 wat]1 if we mix two fluids toge!r1 if we cond5se a gas1 or conv]t a fluid into vap\r1 electricity is di/urb$1 & may be made manife/ to our s5ses4#adf ,x has be5 %[n t ?is p[] may be excit$ by friction 7ma*9e electricity7 & by *emical action 7voltaic electricity1 galvanism72 x n[ rema9s to speak ( ! electricity develop$ by heat 7!rmo-electricity71 ! electricity exhibit$ "u n]v\s excitem5t by ! gymnotus & torp$o 7animal electricity72 magnetism & its ph5om5a be+ res]v$ = a sep>ate consid]ation4 ,if a b> ( metal is w>m$ at "o end & kept cool at ! o!r1 an electrical curr5t circulates ?r\gh ! b>1 & may be c>ri$ (f by connection ) any good conductor1 & %[n to exhibit ! prop]ties ( ord9>y electricity4 ,! metals be/ suit$ = %[+ ! effects ( !rmo-electricity appe> to be bismu? & antimony4 ,by b9d+ two b>s ( ^! metals toge!r at "o end1 & connect+ ! o!r ends ) a galvanomet]1 x w be discov]$ t an electric curr5t passes (f ?r\gh ! in/rum5t by ! slighte/ v>iation ( temp]ature4 ,m]ely clasp+ ! two metals1 :]e b\nd toge!r1 ) ! f+] & ?umb1 is suffici5t to exhibit ! ph5om5on4 ,by a s]ies ( su* arrangem5ts1--:i* =m :at h be5 call$ !rmo-electric multipli]s1--we obta9 ! mo/ delicate measur]s ( heat ) :i* philosoph]s are acqua9t$1 by ! aid ( :i* ,melloni has be5 enabl$ to pursue 8 beautiful rese>*es on radiant caloric4 ,t ?is electricity is id5tical ) ! o!r =ms has be5 prov$ by employ+ ! curr5t ?us excit$ = ! purpose ( produc+ *emical decomposition1 magnetism1 & electric light4#adg ,! ph5om5on ( !rmo-electricity--! discov]y ( ,seebeck1 is ano!r pro( ( ! v close connection ( ! physical =ces4 ,we witness _! be+ resolv$ z x 7 into ea* o!r1 electricity produc+ heat1 & heat aga9 electricity2 & x is f ^! curi\s results t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( _! intimate relations & actual id5tity h be5 drawn4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd to be ! be/ philosophy to reg>d ^! =ces z dissimil>1 until we are enabl$ to prove !m to be only modifi$ =ms ( "o pr9ciple or p[]4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 natural op]ations we inv>iably f9d ! comb9$ action ( sev]al =ces produc+ a s+le ph5om5on4 ,! important fact to be p>ticul>ly reg>d$ is1 t we h evid5ce t e sub/ance :i* is unequally heat$ becomes ! s\rce ( ?is v rem>kable =m ( electricity4#adh ,!re exi/ a few fi%es gift$ ) ! v extraord9>y p[] ( produc+ electrical ph5om5a by an ef=t ( muscul> or n]v\s en]gy4 ,! ,gymnotus electricus1 or electrical eel1 & ! ,raia torp$o1 a species ( ray1 are ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,?is p[] is1 x w\ld appe>1 giv5 to ^! curi\s creatures = purposes ( def5ce1 & also = enabl+ !m to secure _! prey4 ,! ,gymnotus ( ! ,s\? ,am]ica riv]s1 w1 x is said1 :5 9 full vig\r1 s5d =? a dis*>ge ( electricity suffici5tly p[]ful to knock d[n a man1 or to /un a horse2 :ile x c de/roy fi%es1 ?r\gh a consid]able space1 by ex]t+ its /range artill]y4#adi ,f>aday's description ( a ,gymnotus1 p>alyz+ & seiz+ its prey1 is too graphic & important to be omitt$4 8,! ,gymnotus c /un & kill fi% :i* are 9 v v>i\s positions to its own body2 b on "o day1 :5 ,i saw x eat1 its action seem$ to me to be peculi>4 ,a live fi%1 ab\t five in*es 9 l5g?1 caught n half a m9ute be=e1 0 dropp$ into ! tub4 ,! ,gymnotus in/antly turn$ r\nd 9 su* a mann] z to =m a coil1 inclos+ ! fi%1 ! latt] repres5t+ a diamet] across x2 a %ock pass$1 & !re1 9 an in/ant1 0 ! fi% /ruck motionless1 z if by lightn+1 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 its side float+ to ! light4 ,! ,gymnotus made a turn or two to look = its prey1 :i*1 hav+ f\nd1 he bolt$1 & !n w5t ab\t se>*+ = m4 ,a second small] fi% 0 giv5 him1 :i* be+ hurt 9 ! conveyance1 %[$ b little signs ( life1 & ?is he swall[$ at once1 app>5tly )\t %ock+ x4 ,! coil+ ( ! ,gymnotus r\nd its prey _h1 9 ?is case1 e appe>ance ( be+ int5tional on its "p1 to increase ! =ce ( ! %ock1 & ! action is evid5tly well suit$ = t purpose1 be+ 9 full accordance ) ! well-kn[n laws ( ! dis*>ge ( curr5ts 9 masses ( conduct+ matt]2 & ?\gh ! fi% may n always put ?is artifice 9 practice1 x is v probable he is aw>e ( its advantages1 & may resort to x 9 cases ( ne$40#aej ,animal electricity has be5 prov$ to be ( ! same "* z t d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,! %ock & ! sp>k are l ^? ( ! ma*9e2 & ! curr5t f ! animal1 circulat+ ar\nd s(t iron1 l galvanic electricity1 has ! prop]ty ( r5d]+ x magnetic4 ,x is important t we %\ld n[ review ^! conditions ( electrical =ce 9 connexion ) ! great physical ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t1 f ! results :i* h be5 exam9$1 t all matt]1 :atev] may be its =m or condition1 is = ev] "u ! op]ation ( ! physical =ces1 9 a /ate ( di/urbance4 ,f ! c5tre to ! surface all is 9 an active condition3 a /ate ( mutation prevails ) e creat$ ?+2 & sci5ce cle>ly %[s t influ5ces are con/antly 9 action :i* prev5t ! possibility ( absolute repose4 ,"u ! excitem5t ( ! sev]al ag5cies ( ! sol> beams1 motion is giv5 to all bodies by ! circulation ( heat1 & a full fl[ ( electricity is s5t ar\nd ! e>? to p]=m its wondr\s works4 ,! sol> influ5ces1 :i* regulate1 & possibly det]m9e1 e physical =ce ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 are active 9 effect+ an actual *ange ( /ate 9 matt]4 ,! sunbeam ( ! morn+ falls on ! solid e>?1 & its influ5ce is felt to ! v c5tre4 ,! m\nta9-top cat*es ! fir/ ray ( light1 & its base1 /ill wrapt 9 mi/s & d>kness1 is di/urb$ by ! irradiat+ p[]4 ,! cry/all9e gems1 hidd5 9 ! d>kness ( ! solid rock1 are dep5d5t1 = t =m :i* makes !m valu$ by ! pr\d & gay1 on ! influ5ce ( ^? radiations :i* !y are "o day to refract 9 beauty4 ,! metals lock$ 9 ! *asms ( ! rift$ rocks are1 = all _! physical peculi>ities1 z dep5d5t on sol> influ5ce z is ! fl[] :i* lifts its head to ! morn+ sun1 or ! bird :i* s+s 8at heav5's high gate40 ,let u1 !n1 exam9e h[ f> electricity1 z di/+ui%$ f ! o!r p[]s1 acts 9 produc+ any ( ^! effects4 ,we f9d electricity 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* ! electrical kite ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 prov$ to be id5tical ) t pr9ciple produc$ by ! friction ( glass4 ,9 ! gr&eur & t]ror ( a ?und]/orm1 _m see no?+ b manife/ations ( ,almighty wra?4 ,:5 ! volleys ( ! bur/+ cl\d are pi]c+ ! di/urb$ air1 & ! ?und]s ( ! dis*>ge are peal+ _! dreadful notes above our heads1 ! *emical comb9ations ( ! noxi\s exhalations aris+ f ! putrefy+ animal & vegetable masses ( ?is e>? are effect$1 elem5ts fitt$ = ! purposes ( heal? & vegetation are =m$1 & br\ght to ! gr\nd 9 ! heavy ra9s :i* usually foll[ ^! /orms4 ,sci5ce has taught man ?is--has %[n him t ! 8p>tial evil0 aris+ f ! 8w+$ bolt0 is a 8univ]sal good20 &1 m ?an ?is1 x has arm$ him ) ! means ( protect+ 8 life & prop]ty f ! influ5ce ( lightn+s4 ,s t1 l ,ajax1 he c defy ! /orm4 ,by metallic rods1 c>ri$ up a *imney1 a t[]1 or a ma/1 we may =m a *annel ?r\gh :i* ! :ole ( ! electricity ( ! mo/ t]rific ?und]-cl\d may be c>ri$ h>mlessly into ! e>? or ! sea2 & x is pleas+ to obs]ve t at l5g? prejudice has be5 ov]come1 & 8conductors0 are g5]ally atta*$ to high build+s1 & to mo/ ( ! %ips ( our navy4#aea ,x 0 discov]$ t ! deva/at+ hail/orms ( ! s\? ( ,france & ,switz]l&1 s de/ructive to ! v9ey>ds & crops1 7 accompani$ by evid5ces ( great electrical excitation1 & x 0 propos$ to dis*>ge ! electricity f ! air by means ( po9t$ metallic rods4 ,^! h be5 adopt$1 &1 x is said1 ) real advantage--ea* rod protect+ an area ( "o hundr$ y>ds4 ,?us x is t sci5ce m9i/]s to our s]vice2 & h[ mu* m pleas+ is x to contemplate ! lightn+1 ) ! philosoph]1 z an ag5t de/roy+ ! elem5ts ( pe/il5ce1 & re/or+ ! heal?fulness ( ! air we brea!1 ?an ) ! romanc]1 to see 9 x only ! dread$ aspect ( a demon ( de/ruction4 ,! laws :i* regulate ! spread ( a pe/il5ce are unkn[n4 ,! difficulties ( ! inve/igation are great1 b !y are by no means insurm\ntable4 ,a plague passes f ! ea/ to ! we/ across ! _w--x spreads m\rn+ ov] ! gaye/ cities1 & sorr[ sitte? 9 ! /reets4 ,! black dea? rises 9 ! ,ori5t3 x goes on 9 un*eck$ /r5g?1 & only f9i%es its c\rse :5 x has made ! circuit ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! *ol]a spreads its ebon w+s--mank9d trembles--wat*es its progress1 & looks ^u ! pa? :i* is m>k$ by ! myriads ( ! dead1 :o h fall5 be=e ! dire fi5d4 ,! diseases pass away--! dead are buri$1 & all is =gott54 ,! ru% & ! riot ( life are pursu$3 & until man is ?reat5$ ) ano!r adv5t1 he c>es n to tr\ble himself4 ,accompany+ ! la/ visitation1 !re appe> c]ta9 peculi> meteorological conditions1 :i* po9t a l9e ( inquiry4 ,x may or may n be ! pa? :i* leads to ! tru?1 b c]ta9ly its indications are wor?y ( c>eful exam9ation4 ,x may be ask$1 c weak man /op a pe/il5ce2 c a mortal's puny h& ret>d ! afflictions ( ! ,almighty8 ,! "q ask$--x mu/ be answ]$ 9 rev]5ce1 yet )\t fe>4 ,no human p[] c produce a *ange 9 ! physical conditions ( ! e>?1 or ( ! air2 & if our diseases are connect$ ) ^? *anges1 z beyond all d\bt a numb] ( !m are1 !y lie above man's control4 ,b :5 !re are indications t causes second>y to ^! are produc+ "s dire effect1 & :5 we "k t ^! second>y causes may be modifi$1 x is suffici5t evid5ce to prove t man is p]mitt$ to control ?us f> ! afflictions :i* are s5t to try 8 p[]s4 ,we f9d a disease w++ its way f lane to alley & clos$ c\rt1 sweep+ ) de/ructive viol5ce its way ?r\gh damp cell>s & cr[d$ attics2 x is rife ) mis*ief along ! banks ( reek+ dit*es1 & on ! bord]s ( fil?y /reams4 ,c]ta9 x is1 !re=e1 t "s ultimate connexion exi/s betwe5 ! conditions ( dirt & ?is spe$y dea?4 ,c sci5ce tell ( ^!8 has x yet se>*$ out ! connect+ l9k8 ,let ! "q be answ]$ by a few facts4 ,:5 ! *ol]a fir/ made its appe>ance1 & subsequ5tly1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! electrical int5sity ( ! atmosph]e 0 unusually l[4 ,! disease has dep>t$1 & x is !n f\nd t ! electricity ( ! air has be5 re/or$ to its ord9>y condition4 ,?is appe>s to %[ "s connexion2 b h[ d ^! conditions l9k ?is physical =ce ) ! dit*-seek+ disease8 ,f all /agnant places1 f all ! s9ks ( ov]cr[d$ humanity1 f f]m5t+ vegetable & f putrefy+ animal matt]1 !re are con/antly aris+ poison\s exhalations to d _! "w ( de/ruction4 ,:]e dea? & decay is a law1 ?is mu/ ( necessity con/antly occur2 b ! poison\s reek may be diffus$1 or x may be conc5trat$1 & ,nature has provid$ = ?is1 & ord]$ ! means = r5d]+ ! poison h>mless4 ,by ! ag5cy ( electricity1--probably1 too1 by ! influ5ce ( light1--! oxyg5 9 ! air und]goes a peculi> *ange1 by :i* x is r5d]$ f> m en]getic ?an x is 9 its ord9>y /ate4 ,?is is ! condition to :i* ! "n ( ozone has be5 appli$4 ,n[1 ?is ozone1 or ?is peculi> oxyg51 always exi/s 9 ! air we brea!2 b its quantity is subject to great & rapid v>iations4 ,x is f\nd t :5 electrical int5sity is high ! quantity ( ?is pr9ciple is great2 :5 ! electrical int5sity is l[1 z 9 ! *ol]a ye>s1 ! proportion ( ozone is relatively l[4 ,?is rem>kable *emical ag5t possesses ! p[] ( in/antly comb9+ ) organic matt]1--( remov+ ) s+ul> rapidity all noxi\s od\rs2 & x w\ld appe> to be ! mo/ active ( all kn[n dis9fectants4 ,may we n inf] f ! facts /at$ t ! pe/il5ce we dread is ! result ( organic poison1 :i* f a defici5cy ( ozone1--its natural antidote1--ex]ts its baneful influ5ces on humanity4 ,?is defici5cy is due to alt]ations 9 ! electrical "* ( ! air1 possibly dep5d5t ^u ph5om5a tak+ place 9 ! sun itself1 or x may be /ill m directly influ5c$ by v>iations 9 ! "* ( sol> light1 :i* we h n yet detect$1 by :i* ! conditions ( ! electric p[] are det]m9$4 ,?is may be a l9e along :i* x is fair to pu% enquiry4 ,b su* an enquiry mu/ be made 9 all ! purity ( ! highe/ inductive philosophy1 & speculation mu/ be held firmly 9 ! controll+ *a9s ( exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,9 ! tru?s1 h[ev]1 :i* are kn[n to u1 !re is s mu* h>mony & consi/5ce t ev5 ! melan*oly !me l9ks itself--a trag$y--) ! ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 & mu* satisfactory evid5ce has be5 br\ght =w>d to support ! idea1 t ! e>?'s magnetism is due to curr5ts ( electricity circulat+ ar\nd ! globe2 z a great natural curr5t f ea/ to we/--t1 inde$1 x has an unv>y+ ref]5ce to ! motion ( ! e>? 9 relation to ! sun4#aeb ,^! t]re/rial curr5ts1 z !y h )\t d\bt a v important be>+ on ! /ructural conditions ( ! rock-=mations & ! di/ribution ( m9]als1 require an att5tive consid]ation2 b we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 exam9e1 z f> z we "k1 ! influ5ces ex]t$1 or suppos$ to be ex]t$1 by electricity1 9 its v>i$ =ms4 ,! ph5om5a ( vitality h1 by _m1 be5 consid]$ z imm$iately dep5d5t ^u its influ5ce2 & a r ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts has be5 made 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! rese>*es ( ,philip on ! action ( ! organs ( dige/ion1 :5 sep>at$ f _! connection ) ! bra91 b unit$ ) a galvanic batt]y1 h be5 prov$ by ,dr4 ,reid to be delusive2#aec s9ce1 z ! organ is n remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! liv+ pr9ciple1 x is q evid5t t ! electricity "h is only second>y to "s m important p[]4 ,matteucci has endeav\r$ to %[ t n]v\s action is intimately connect$ ) electric excitation1 & t electricity may be made a measur] ( n]v\s irritability4#aed ,!re c be no d\bt t a peculi> susceptibility to excitem5t exi/s 9 "s sy/ems1 & ?is is v /rik+ly %[n 9 ! di/urbances produc$ by electric action2 b 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d we h only ! evid5ce t a c]ta9 numb] ( muscul> contractions are exhibit$ 9 "o animal by a curr5t ( electricity1 giv+ a measur$ effect by ! voltamet]1 :i* are diff]5t f ^? produc$ ^u ano!r by a curr5t ( ! same p[]4 ,an attempt has rec5tly be5 made by ,mr4 ,a4 ,smee to r$uce ! electrical ph5om5a connect$ ) vitality to a m exact sy/em ?an _h hi!rto be5 done4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! attempt z successful4 ,! au?or has tru/$ almo/ entirely to analogical reason+1 :i* is 9 sci5ce always dang]\s4#aee ,9 ! developm5t ( electricity dur+ ! op]ation ( ! vital =ce1 we see only ! ph5om5a produc$ by ! action ( any two dissimil> *emical comp\nds ^u ea* o!r4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! /ructure ( ! bra9 pres5ts an analogy to t ( ! galvanic batt]y1 & ! n]ves repres5t ! conduct+ wires4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! conditions appe> simil>1 !re are _m :i* h no repres5tatives 9 ei!r ! me*anical /ructure or ! physical prop]ties ( ! bra91 s f> z we "k x4 ,t ! bra9 is ! c5tre1 ! s\rce1 & t]m9ation ( s5sation is v cle>ly prov$ by physiological inve/igations4 ,t ! n]ves are ! m$ia by :i* all s5sation is convey$ to ! bra91 & also ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! w ex]ts its p[] ov] ! muscles1 is equally well e/abli%$4 ,b to say t we h any evid5ce to support ! idea t electricity has aught to d directly ) ^! great physiological ph5om5a1 w\ld be a bold ass]tion1 betray+ a want ( due caution on ! "p ( ! inve/igator4 ,t electric effects are develop$ dur+ ! op]ations ( vitality is mo/ c]ta94 ,su* mu/ be ! case1 f ! *emical *anges tak+ place dur+ respiration & dige/ion1 & ! me*anical movem5ts by :i*1 ev5 dur+ ext]nal repose1 ! necess>y functions ( ! body are c>ri$ on4 ,:e!r electricity is ! cause ( ^!1 or an effect aris+ f !m1 we ne$ n /op to exam9e1 z ?is is1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 a m]e speculation4 ,we h no evid5ce t electricity is an excit+ p[]1 b r t x is "o ( ^? =ces :i* t5d to e/abli% ! equilibrium ( matt]4 ,:5 di/urb$--:5 its equilibrium is ov]set--x does1 9 its ef=ts to rega9 its /ability1 produce mo/ rem>kable effects4 ,an electrical ma*9e mu/ be rubb$ to exhibit any =ce4 ,9 all galvanic arrangem5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 dissimil> bodies are br\ght toge!r1 & ! lat5t electricity ( bo? is di/urb$2 &1 ev5 9 ! magnet1 x is only :5 ?is takes place t its electrical p[]s are develop$4 ,9 ! ,gymnotus1 electricity appe>s to be dep5d5t ^u ! p[] ( ! w ( ! animal2 b ev5 9 ?is extraord9>y fi%1 x is only "u peculi> conditions t ! electrical excitem5t takes place1 & 8:at !y inflict1 !y feel0 dur+ ! re/oration ( t equilibrium :i* is necess>y to _! heal?y /ate4 ,9 e case1 !re=e1 we see t "s p[] f> sup]ior to ?is is ! ultimate cause2 inde$1 light & heat1 & probably act9ism1 appe> to /& sup]ior to ?is pr9ciple2 & on ^!1 9 "s comb9$ mode ( action1 9 all probability1 s5sible electricity is dep5d5t4 ,beyond ev5 ^! elem5ts1 l>gely z !y are engag$ 9 ! organic & inorganic *anges ( ?is _w1 !re are occult p[]s :i* may nev] be und]/ood by f9ite be+s4 ,we advance /ep by /ep f ! mo/ solid to ! mo/ e!real ( mat]ial creations1 & we exam9e a s]ies ( extraord9>y effects produc$ by p[]s :i* we "k n :e!r to reg>d z mat]ial or immat]ial1 s subtile are !y4 ,on ^!1 x appe>s1 we may exhau/ our inductive inve/igations--we may discov] ! laws by :i* ^! pr9ciples act ^u ! gross] elem5ts1 & develope ph5om5a ( a v rem>kable k9d :i* h be5 unobs]v$ or misund]/ood4 ,:e!r light1 heat1 & electricity are modifications ( "o p[]1 or diff]5t p[]s v closely unit$ 9 action1 is a problem we may possibly solve2 b to "k :at !y are1 appe>s to be beyond ! hopes ( sci5ce2 & x 7 idle to dream ( elucidat+ ! causes hidd5 beyond ^! =ces1 & by :i* !y are regulat$ 9 all _! actions on dead or liv+ matt]4 ,m4 ,du ,bois ,raymond1 f a s]ies ( rese>*es rem>kable alike = _! difficulty & ! delicacy ) :i* !y h be5 pursu$1 draws ! foll[+1 among/ _m o!rs1 z 8 conclusions z to ! connection ( electricity & vital ph5om5a4 ,! muscles & n]ves1 includ+ ! bra9 & ! sp9al *ord1 are end[$ dur+ life ) an electromotive p[]1 :i* acts accord+ to a def9ite law4 ,! electromotive p[] la/s aft] dea?1 or 9 dissect$ n]ves & muscles aft] sep>ation f ! body ( ! animal1 z long z ! excitability ( ! n]v\s & muscul> fibre2 :e!r ^! fibres are p]mitt$ to die gradually f ! cessation ( ! conditions necess>y to ! support ( life1 or :e!r !y are sudd5ly depriv$ ( _! vital prop]ties by heat or *emical action4 ,let u n suppose = a mom5t t ^! conclusions indicate 9 ! remote/ degree t electricity is life1--t vital p[] is due to electricity4 ,dur+ life1 ) e motion1 &1 inde$1 ) e emotion1 :e!r we move a muscle or ex]t ! m9d1 !re is a *ange ( /ate4 ,! result ( ?is is *emical ph5om5a1--heat & electricity2 b ^! are n life4 ,we excite !m equally by giv+ motion to a dead mass4 ,not)/&+ ! ass]tions ( ^? :o h zeal\sly foll[$ ! pa? ( ,mesm]1 & exam9$1 or !y h ?\ght s1 ! psy*ological effects dep5d5t ^u "s /range physiological conditions1 !re is n an exp]im5t on record1--!re is n an obs]vation wor?y ( cr$it1 :i* %[s t electricity has any connection ) _! results4 ,all ar\nd _! subject is unc]ta9ty3 d\bt involves e exp]im5t1 & deception cl\ds a l>ge numb]4 ,"s few gra9s ( tru?1 & ^! are suffici5tly /range1 are mix$ up 9 an enorm\s mass ( error4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( life1--( ! vis vit or vitality1 are beyond human se>*4 ,all ! physical =ces1 or elem5ts1 we may exam9e by ! te/ ( exp]im5t3 b ! pr9ciple on :i* s5sation dep5ds1 ! pr9ciple ev5 ^u :i* vegetable life dep5ds1 _c be te/$4 ,life is inf9itely sup]ior to e physical =ce2 x holds !m all 9 control1 b is n itself controll$ by !m2 x keeps its /ate sacr$ f human se>*1--! invisible hidd5 beh9d ! veil ( mortality4 ,dur+ *anges 9 ! electrical conditions ( ! e>? & atmosph]e1 vegetables give indications ( be+ 9 a peculi> mann] influ5c$ by ?is p[]4 ,x is prov$ by exp]im5ts t ! leaves ( plants are among ! be/ conductors ( electricity1 & x has h5ce be5 inf]r$ t x mu/ necess>ily be advantage\s to vegetation4 ,t vegetable gr[? is1 equally ) animal gr[?1 subject to electricity1 z "o ( its quick5+ p[]s1 mu/ be admitt$2 b all exp]im5ts :i* h be5 fairly tri$ ) ! view ( /imulat+ ! gr[? ( plants by its ag5cy1 h giv5 results ( a negative "*4#aef ,t a galvanic arrangem5t may produce *emical *anges 9 ! soil1 :i* may be advantage\s to ! plant1 is probable2 b t a plant c be br\ght to maturity soon]1 or be made to develope itself m completely1 "u ! direct action ( electrical excitation1 appe>s to be "o ( ^? dreams ( sci5ce :i* w h a place among/ ! m>vels ( al*emy & ! fictions ( a/rology4 ,an att5tive exam9ation ( all ! conditions necess>y = ! satisfactory developm5t ( ! plant1 w r5d] x evid5t1 t al?\gh ! ord9>y electrical /ate ( ! e>? & atmosph]e mu/ influ5ce ! processes ( g]m9ation & vegetable gr[?1 yet t any additional excitem5t mu/ be de/ructive to !m4 ,! wond]s wr\ght by electrical p[] are m>vell\s2 a magic influ5ce is ex]t$ by x1 & naturally ! inquir+ m9d is l$ at fir/ to believe t electricity is ! all-p[]ful pr9ciple ( creation2 b a little reflection w s]ve to conv9ce u t x is a subord9ate ag5t1 al?\gh a p[]ful "o4 ,9 proce$+ ) our exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a :i* pres5t !mselves 9 connection ) ! t]re/rial curr5ts1 we purposely sep>ate magnetism f ^? m di/9ct electro-*emical ag5cies :i* play s important a "p 9 ! great cosmical op]ations4 ,electricity1 we h already /at$1 fl[s ?r\gh or involves all bodies2 b1 l heat1 x appe>s to und]go a v rem>kable *ange 9 becom+ associat$ ) "s =ms ( matt]4 ,we h ! ph5om5a ( magnetism :5 an electric curr5t circulates ?r\gh a metallic wire1 & x w\ld appe> t all o!r bodies acquire a peculi> pol> condition "u ! influ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! rocks1 tak5 z masses1 w n conduct an electric curr5t :5 dry3 granite1 porphyry1 slate1 & lime/one1 ob/ruct+ its passage ev5 ?r\gh ! smalle/ spaces4 ,b all ! metallic =mations admit ( its circulat+ ) great fre$om4 ,?is fact x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ does n 9 any way int]f]e ) ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( electricity 9 all bodies1 9 :at we mu/ reg>d z its lat5t /ate1 f :i*1 "u prescrib$ conditions1 x may be readily lib]at$4 ,nei!r does x affect ! "q ( circulation1 9 relation to ! great diffusion ( electricity :i* we suppose to exi/ ?r\gh all nature1 & to move 9 ob$i5ce to "s fix$ law4 ,we "k t ?r\gh ! sup]ficial /rata electric curr5ts circulate freely1 :e!r !y are compos$ ( clay1 s&1 or any mixture ( ^! ) decompos$ organic matt]2 inde$1 t ) any sub/ance 9 a moi/ /ate !y suff] no int]ruption4 ,! electricity ( m9]al ve9s has attract$ mu* att5tion1 & num]\s inve/igations into ! ph5om5a :i* ^! metallif]\s =mations pres5t1 h be5 made f "t to "t4#aeg ,by ins]t+ into ! mass ( a copp] lode1 or ve91 9 situ1 a metallic wire1 :i* %all be connect$ ) a measur] ( galvanic action1 a wire also f ! in/rum5t be+ br\ght into contact ) ano!r lode1 an imm$iate effect is g5]ally produc$1 %[+ t a curr5t is trav]s+ ?r\gh ! wires f "o lode to ! o!r1 & complet+ ! circulation probably ov] ! d>k face ( ! rock 9 :i* ! fissures =m+ ! m9]al ve9s exi/4#aeh ,! curr5ts ?us detect$ are (t5 suffici5tly active to deflect a magnetic ne$le p[]fully1 to produce1 sl[ly1 electro-*emical decomposition1 & to r5d] a b> ( iron magnetic4 ,^! curr5ts mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! great electrical movem5ts ar\nd ! e>?4 ,!y are only to be detect$ 9 ^? m9]al =mations 9 :i* !re is evid5ce ( *emical action go+ on1 &1 ! great] ! am\nt ( ?is *emical op]ation1 ! m en]getic are ! electrical curr5ts4#aei ,we h1 h[ev]1 v good evid5ce t ^! local curr5ts h1 ( !mselves1 _m peculi> influ5ces4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ow+ to "s great di/urbance ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 a m9]al ve9 is dislocat$1 & "o "p ei!r s9ks bel[1 or is lift$ above its orig9al position2 ! fissures =m$ betwe5 ! two be+ usually fill$ 9 ) clay or ) cry/all9e masses ( m rec5t =mation ?an ! fissure itself4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd t ^! 8cross c\rses10 z !y are call$ 9 m9+ language1 conta9 ores ( a diff]5t "* f ^? :i* con/itute ! m9]al ve92 = in/ance1 9 !m nickel1 cobalt1 & silv] are n unfrequ5tly discov]$4 ,:5 ^! metals are s f\nd1 !y almo/ inv>iably occur betwe5 ! ends ( ! dislocat$ lode1 & (t5 take a curvil9e> direction1 z if !y 7 deposit$ along a l9e ( electrical =ce4#afj ,9 ! laboratory su* an arrangem5t has be5 imitat$1 & 9 a mass ( clay fix$ betwe5 ! galvanic plates1 aft] a %ort p]iod a di/9ct =mation ( a m9]al ve9 has tak5 place4#afa ,by ! action1 too1 ( weak electrical curr5ts1 ,becqu]el1 ,crosse1 & o!rs1 h be5 successful 9 imitat+ nature s f> z to produce cry/als ( qu>tz & o!r m9]als4 ,9 addition to ?is evid5ce1 9 support ( ! electrical !ory ( ! orig9 ( m9]al ve9s1 x c be exp]im5tally %[n t a s*i/ose /ructure may be giv5 to clays & s&/one by voltaic action4#afb ,!re is (t5 a v rem>kable regul>ity 9 ! direction ( m9]al ve9s3 ?r\gh\t ,cornwall1 = in/ance1 !y mo/ commonly h a be>+ f ! ,e4 ( ,n4 to ! ,w4 ( ,s4 ,x has h5ce be5 inf]r$ t !y obs]ve "s relation to ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! ore 9 any lodes :i* are 9 a direction at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 to ?is ma9 l9e1 diff]s 9 "* f t f\nd 9 ^!1 s call$1 ea/ & we/ lobes4#afc ,! s\rces ( *emical action 9 ! e>? are num]\s4 ,wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! soil1 & f9d+ its way to great dep?s ?r\gh fissures 9 ! rocks1 c>ries ) x oxyg5 & v>i\s salts 9 solution4 ,wat] aga9 ris+ f bel[1 :e!r infiltrat$ f ! ocean or d]iv$ f o!r s\rces1 is usually ( a high temp]ature1 & x always conta9s a l>ge quantity ( sal9e matt]4#afd ,by ^! causes alone *emical action mu/ be set up4 ,*emical *ange _c take place )\t a developm5t ( electricity3 & x has be5 prov$ t ! quantity ( electricity requir$ = ! production ( any *ange is equal to t conta9$ 9 ! sub/ances und]go+ su* *ange4 ,?us a con/ant activity is ma9ta9$ )9 ! cav]ns ( ! rock by ! ag5cy ( ! *emical & electrical elem5ts1 & mutations on a scale ( great gr&eur are con/antly tak+ place "u "s directive =ce4 ,! my/]i\s gnome1 lab\r+--ev] lab\r+--9 ! =mation ( metals1 & ! mis*iev\s ,cobalus ( ! m9e1 are ! poor creations ( sup]/ition4 ,a vague fe> is spread among/ great masses ( mank9d relative to ! condition ( ! d>k recesses ( ! e>?2 a c]ta9 unackn[l$g$ awe is exp]i5c$ by _m on ent]+ a cav]n1 or desc5d+ a m9e3 n ! natural fe> aris+ f ! peculi>ity ( ! situation1 b ! result ( a sup]/iti\s dread1 ! effect ( a deprav$ education1 by :i* !y h be5 taught to ref] ev]y?+ a little beyond _! imm$iate compreh5sion to sup]natural causes4 ,! _s ( demon wor%ip1 z well z t ( h]o wor%ip1 has pass$ f ! e>ly ages d[n to ! pres5t2 & "u its influ5ce ! g5ii ( ! ,ea/ & ! demons ( ! ,we/ h pres]v$ _! tradition>y p[]s4 ,fiction has employ$ itself ) ! utmo/ lic5se 9 giv+ gl[+ pictures ( treasures hidd5 9 ! e>?'s recesses4 ,! cav]ns ( ,*ilm9>1 ! cave ( ,aladd91 ! abodes ( ! spirits ( ! ,h>tz1 & ! dwell+s ( ! fairies ( ,engl&1 are gem-bespangl$ & gold-gli/5+ vaults1 to :i* man has nev] rea*$4 ,! pictures are pleas+2 b al?\gh !y h ! elem5ts ( poetry 9 !m1 & delight ! "y m9d1 !y want ! /]l+ "* ( sci5tific tru?2 & ! wond]ful rese>*es ( ! plodd+ m9]alogi/ h develop$ m beauty 9 ! cav]ns ( ! d>k rock ?an ev] fancy pa9t$ 9 h] happie/ mom5ts4 ,9 all probability ! action ( ! sun's rays ^u ! e>?'s surface1 produc+ a con/antly v>y+ diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 & also ! temp]ature :i* has be5 obs]v$ z exi/+ at great dep?s1 give rise to !rmo-electrical curr5ts1 :i* may play an important "p 9 ! results ?us briefly describ$4 ,9 connection ) ^! great natural op]ations1 expla9+ !m1 & be+ also1 to "s ext5t1 expla9$ by !m1 we h ! v beautiful application ( electricity to ! deposition ( metals1 call$ ! ,electrotype4 ,apply+ ! views we h adopt$ to ?is beautiful discov]y1#afe ! :ole process by :i* ^! metallic deposits are produc$ w be yet m cle>ly und]/ood4 ,by ! ag5cy ( ! electric fluid1 lib]at$ 9 ! galvanic batt]y1 a di/urbance ( ! electricity ( ! solution ( copp]1 silv]1 or gold1 is produc$1 & ! metal is deposit$2 b1 in/ead ( all[+ ! acid 9 comb9ation to escape1 x has pres5t$ to x "s ( ! same metal z t reviv$1 &1 consequ5tly1 x comb9es ) x1 & ?is comp\nd1 be+ dissolv$1 ma9ta9s ! /r5g? ( ! solution4#aff ,a sy/em ( revival1 or decomposition1 is c>ri$ on at "o pole1 & "o ( abrasion1 or m correctly speak+1 ( composition & solution1 at ! o!r4 ,by tak+ advantage ( ?is v extraord9>y p[] ( electricity1 we n[ =m vessels = ornam5t or use1 we gild or silv] all k9ds ( ut5sils1 & give ! imp]i%ability ( metal to ! mo/ delicate productions ( nature--h] fruits1 h] fl[]s1 & h] insects2--& ov] ! f9e/ lab\rs ( ! loom we may ?r[ coat+s ( gold or silv] to add to _! elegance & durability4 ,nor ne$ we employ ! some:at complex arrangem5t ( ! batt]y3 we may take ! /eel magnet1 &1 by me*anically di/urb+ ! electricity x conta9s1 we c produce a curr5t ?r\gh copp] wires1 :i* may be us$1 & is ext5sively employ$1 = gild+ & silv]+4#afg ,! e>? itself may be made ! batt]y1 &1 by connect+ wires ) its m9]al deposits1 curr5ts ( electricity h be5 secur$1 & us$ = ! production ( electrotype deposit4#afh ,! electrotype is b "o ( ! applications ( electricity to ! uses ( man4 ,?is ag5t has be5 employ$ z ! c>ri] ( ?\ght2 & ) inf9ite rapidity1 messages ( importance1 communications involv+ life1 & intellig5ces out/ripp+ ! spe$ ( c[>d crime1 h be5 communicat$4 ,!re w be no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! pr9ciple ( ?is1 al?\gh _m ( ! nice me*anical arrangem5ts1 to ensure precision1 are ( a some:at elaborate "*4 ,! entire action dep5ds on ! deflection ( a compass-ne$le by ! passage ( an electric curr5t along its l5g?4 ,if at a giv5 po9t we place a galvanic batt]y1 & at tw5ty or "o hundr$ miles di/ance f x a compass-ne$le1 betwe5 a wire br\ght f1 & ano!r return+ to ! batt]y1 ! ne$le w rema9 true to its pol> direction s long z ! wires are unexcit$2 b ! mom5t connection is made1 & ! circuit is complete1 ! electricity ( ! :ole ext5t ( wire is di/urb$1 & ! ne$le is ?r[n at "r angles to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,provid$ a connection betwe5 two po9ts c be secur$1 h[ev] remote !y are f ea* o!r1 we ?us1 almo/ in/antane\sly1 convey any intellig5ce4 ,! effects ( an electric curr5t w\ld appe> at a di/ance ( #egf1jjj miles 9 a second ( "t2 & to t di/ance1 & ) t spe$1 x is possible1 by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's beautiful arrangem5ts1 to convey :isp]s ( love or messages ( de/ruction4 ,! en*ant$ horse ( ! ,arabian magician1 ! magic c>pet ( ! ,g]man sorc]]1 7 poor contrivances1 comp>$ ) ! copp] wires ( ! electrician1 by :i* all ! difficulties ( "t & ! b>ri]s ( space appe> to be ov]come4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology we f9d c]ta9 spiritual p[]s ( evil enabl$ to pass ) imp]ceptible spe$ f "o remote po9t to ano!r1 s[+ ! se$s ( a common ru9 among/ mank9d4 ,su* is ! morbid creation ( a wild yet highly end[$ imag9ation4 ,! _s ( evil diffuses itself 9 a rem>kable mann]1 &1 inde$1 we might almo/ assign to x ! p[] ( ubiquity2 b 9 reality its advance is progressive1 & "t ent]s z an elem5t into any calculation on its diffusion4 ,electricity is in/antane\s 9 action2 z a _s ( peace & good-w x c ov]take ! _s ( evil1 & div]t x f its designs4 ,may we n hope t ! electrical telegraph1 mak+1 z x mu/ d1 ! :ole ( ! civiliz$ _w ent] into a communion ( ?\ght1 &1 ?r\gh ?\ght1 ( feel+ ) ea* o!r1 w b9d u up 9 "o common bro!rhood1 & t1 in/ead ( misund]/&+ & ( mis9t]pret+ ! desires & ! designs ( ea* o!r1 we %all le>n to "k t su* ?+s z 8natural enemies0 d n exi/8 ,to hope to break d[n ! great b>ri] ( language is p]haps too mu*2 b assur$ly we may hope t1 z we mu/ d :5 clos] & m intimate relations are secur$ by ! aids ( sci5ce1 ! b>ri] ( prejudice may be raz$ to ! gr\nd1 & n "o /one left to /& ^u ano!r8 ,our cont5tions1 our sangu9>y w>s1 consecrat$ to hi/ory by ! baptism ( blood1 h 9 e1 or 9 ne>ly e1 in/ance sprung f ! =ce ( prejudice1 or ! mi/akes ( politicians1 ^: m9ds 7 n>r[$ to ! limits ( a conv5tion =m$ = p]petuat+ ! reign ( ignorance4 ,& c any?+ be m 9 accordance ) ! _s ( all t we rev]e z holy1 ?an ! idea t ! elem5ts employ$ by ! ,all ,inf9ite 9 ! works ( physical creation %all be made1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( man1 ! m9i/]+ angels to ! great moral r$emption ( ! _w8 ,associate ! di/ant nations ( ! e>?1 & !y w f9d "s common gr\nd on :i* !y may unite4 ,mortality compels a dep5d5ce2 & !re are *>ities :i* spr+ up alike 9 ! brea/ ( ! savage & ! civiliz$ man1 :i* w n be controll$ by ! cold usages ( pride1 b :i*1 l all tru?s1 ?\gh 9 a /ill small voice1 speak m =cibly to ! he>t ?an errors c1 & s]ve z l9ks 9 ! great *a9 :i* mu/ b9d mank9d 9 a common bro!rhood4 8,none are all evil10 & ! be/ h mu* to le>n ( ! am5ities ( life f him :o yet lives 9 a 8/ate ( nature10 or r f him ^: s5sualities h prevail$ ov] 8 intellectual p[]s1 b :o /ill pres]ves _m ( ! noble/ in/9cts1 to give !m no high] t]m1 :i* o!r races1 pr\d ( _! intellig5ce1 h ?r[n aside4 ,"t & space h hi!rto prev5t$ ! accompli%m5t ( ?is2 electricity & me*anics promise to subdue bo?2 & we h e reason to hope ^? p[]s are de/9$ to accel]ate ! union ( ! va/ human family4 ,electrical p[] has also be5 employ$ = ! purpose ( measur+ "t1 & by its means a great numb] ( clocks c be kept 9 a /ate ( uni=m correctness1 :i* no o!r arrangem5t c effect4 ,a batt]y be+ unit$ ) ! *ief clock1 :i* is itself connect$ by wires ) any numb] ( clocks arrang$ at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 has ! curr5t cont9ually & regul>ly int]rupt$ by ! beat+ ( ! p5dulum1 :i* int]ruption is exp]i5c$ by all ! clocks includ$ 9 ! electric circuit2 &1 9 accordance ) ?is break+ & mak+ contact1 ! indicators or h&s move ov] ! dial ) a con/antly uni=m rate4 ,in/ead ( a batt]y ! e>? itself has suppli$ ! /ream ( electric fluid1 ) :i* ! rate ( its revolutions has be5 regi/]$ ) ! utmo/ fidelity4#afi ,electricity1 :i* is n[ employ$ to regi/] ! m>* ( "t1 ru%es f> 9 advance ( ! sage :o walks ) measur$ tread1 wat*+ ! fall+ s&s 9 ! h\r-glass4 ,! e>? is spann$ & ! ocean pi]c$ by ! wires ( ! electric telegraph4 ,already1 f ! banks ( ! ,?ames to ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic1 our electric mess5g] w d our bidd+4 ,! telegraph is mak+ its way ?r\gh ,italy1 & x is dipp+ its wires 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 soon to rea* ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,!y w !n run along ! ,african %ores to ,egypt & ,turkey1 & /ill onw>d until !y unite ) ! telegraphs ( ,india1 ( :i* ?ree ?\s& miles are 9 progress4 ,f ,h9do/an ^! wondr\s wires w run f isl& to isl& 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ?us connect ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& ) ,europe4 ,9 a few ye>s we may expect to h an in/antane\s report 9 ,london ( ! extraord9>y 8nugget0 discov]$ by "s =tunate gold-digg]2 & ! exile f 8 native l& 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean1 may le>n e h\r1 if he w1 ( ! do+s ( 8 family & fri5ds 9 "s village home ( ,engl&4 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,trait de ,physique3 ,m4 ,biot1 vol4 vii4 ,becqu]el3 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xlvi4-xlix4 ,f>aday's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity1 #b vols41 #ahcj-ahdd4 ,a ,speculation t\*+ ,electric ,conduction & ! ,nature ( ,matt]3 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s42 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxiv41 #ahcf4 ,objections to ! !ories sev]ally ( ,frankl91 ,dufay1 & ,ampre1 ) an attempt to expla9 ,electrical ,ph5om5a by /atical or undulatory pol>ization3 by ,rob]t ,h>e1 ,m4,d41 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #acg 8,a good piece ( gutta p]*a w insulate z well z an equal piece ( %ell-lac1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( %eet1 or rod1 or filam5t2 b be+ t\gh & flexible :5 cold1 z well z s(t :5 hot1 x w s]ve bett] ?an %ell-lac 9 _m cases :]e ! brittl5ess ( ! latt] is an inconv5i5ce4 ,?us x makes v good h&les = c>ri]s ( electricity 9 exp]im5ts on induction2 n be+ liable to fracture 9 ! =m ( ?9 b& or /r+1 x makes an excell5t insulat+ susp5d]2 a piece ( x 9 %eet makes a mo/ conv5i5t insulat+ basis = any?+ plac$ on x4 ,x =ms excell5t insulat+ plugs = ! /ems ( gold-leaf electromet]s1 :5 !y pass ?r\gh %elt]+ tubes1 & l>g] plugs =m good insulat+ feet = electrical arrangem5ts2 cyl9d]s ( x1 half an in* or m 9 diamet]1 h great /iffness1 & =m excell5t insulat+ pill>s4 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r ways its p[] z an insulator may be useful40--,on ! use ( ,gutta ,p]*a 9 ,electrical ,insulation3 by ,dr4 ,f>aday2 ,philosoph4 ,mag41 ,m>*1 #ahdh4 ,! foll[+ d$uctions h be5 giv5 by ,f>aday1 9 8 ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity1 a "w ( mo/ extraord9>y m]it1 be+ "o ( ! mo/ p]fect examples ( f9e inductive philosophy :i* we possess 9 ! ,engli% language3-- 8,all bodies conduct electricity 9 ! same mann] f metals to lacs & gases1 b 9 v diff]5t degrees4 8,conduct+ p[] is 9 "s bodies p[]fully increas$ by heat1 & 9 o!rs dim9i%$1 yet )\t "o p]ceiv+ any accompany+ ess5tial electrical diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 ! bodies1 or 9 ! *ange occasion$ by ! electricity conduct$4 8,a num]\s class ( bodies insulat+ electricity ( l[ int5sity1 :5 solid1 conduct x v freely :5 fluid1 & are !n decompos$ by x4 8,b !re are _m fluid bodies :i* d n s5sibly conduct electricity ( ?is l[ int5sity2 !re are "s :i* conduct x & are n decompos$2 nor is fluidity ess5tial to decomposition4 8,!re are b two bodies 7sulphuret ( silv] & fluoride ( lead7 :i*1 insulat+ a voltaic curr5t :5 solid1 & conduct+ x :5 fluid1 are n decompos$ 9 ! latt] case4 8,!re is no /rict electrical di/9ction ( conduction :i* c z yet be drawn betwe5 bodies suppos$ to be elem5t>y1 & ^? kn[n to be comp\nds40 #ach ,f>aday's ,speculation on ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 already ref]r$ to4 #aci ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es3 by ,dr4 ,f>aday4 ,*emical ,decomposition1 p4 #aea4 #adj ,k>/52 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 vol4 lvii4 #ada ,trait ,exprim5tal de l'lectricit et du ,magntisme3 ,becqu]el1 #ahcd1 ,prie/ley's ,introduction to ,electricity4 ,on ,electricity 9 ,equilibrium3 ,dr4 ,"y's ,lectures4 #adb ,f>aday's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity4 ,?is philosoph] has %[n1 by ! mo/ conclusive exp]im5ts1 8t ! electricity :i* decomposes1 & t :i* is evolv$ by ! decomposition (1 a c]ta9 quantity ( matt]1 are alike4 ,:at an enorm\s quantity ( electricity1 !re=e1 is requir$ = ! decomposition ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]6 ,we h already se5 t x mu/ be 9 quantity suffici5t to su/a9 a plat9um wire #a_/ajd ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 r$ hot1 9 contact ) ! air1 = ?ree m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,x w\ld appe> t #hjj1jjj *>ges ( a ,leyd5 batt]y1 *>g$ by ?irty turns ( a v l>ge & p[]ful plate ma*9e1 9 full action--a quantity suffici5t1 if pass$ at once ?r\gh ! head ( a rat or cat1 to h kill$ x z by a fla% ( lightn+--are necess>y to supply electricity suffici5t to decompose a s+le gra9 ( wat]2 or1 if ,i am "r1 to equal ! quantity ( electricity :i* is naturally associat$ ) ! elem5ts ( t gra9 ( wat]1 end[+ !m ) _! mutual *emical aff9ity40 #adc ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es3 ,f>aday4 #add ,! appe>ance ( acid & alkal9e matt]1 9 wat] act$ on by a curr5t ( electricity1 at ! opposite electrifi$ metallic surfaces1 0 obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ *emical exp]im5ts made ) ! column ( ,volta--7see ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ahc1 & vol4 iv4 p4 #bfa1 = ,mr4 ,cruick%ank's ,exp]im5ts2 & ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxxvii4 p4 #bcc1 = ^? ( ,m4 ,desormes73 ,on "s ,*emical ,ag5cies 9 ,electricity3 by ,sir ,humphry ,davy4--,philosophical ,transactions = #ahjg4 ,! v>i\s !ories ( electro-*emical decomposition are c>efully /at$ by ,f>aday1 9 8 fif? s]ies ( ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity1 9 :i* he ?us /ates 8 own views3--8,x appe>s to me t ! effect is produc$ by an int]nal corpuscul> action ex]t$ accord+ to ! direction ( ! electric curr5t1 & t x is due to a =ce ei!r sup]add$ to or giv+ direction to ! ord9>y *emical aff9ity ( ! bodies pres5t4 ,! body "u decomposition may be consid]$ z a mass ( act+ p>ticles1 all ^? :i* are includ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t contribut+ to ! f9al effect2 & x is because ! ord9>y *emical aff9ity is reliev$1 weak5$1 or p>tly neutraliz$ by ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t 9 "o direction p>allel to ! c\rse ( ! latt]1 & /r5g!n$ or add$ to 9 ! opposite direction1 t ! comb9+ p>ticles h a t5d5cy to pass 9 opposite c\rses40 #ade 8,?is capital discov]y 7*emical decomposition ( electricity7 appe>s to h be5 made 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ,messrs4 ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle1 :o obs]v$ ! decomposition ( wat] s produc$4 ,x 0 spe$ily foll[$ up by ! /ill m important "o ( ,b]zelius & ,his+]1 :o asc]ta9$ x z a g5]al law1 t1 9 all ! decompositions s effect$1 ! acids & oxyg5 become transf]r$ & accumulat$ ar\nd ! positive1 & hydrog51 metals1 & alkalies ar\nd ! negative1 pole ( a voltaic circuit2 be+ transf]r$ 9 an invisible1 &1 z x 71 a lat5t or torpid /ate1 by ! action ( ! electric curr5t1 ?r\gh consid]able spaces1 & ev5 ?r\gh l>ge quantities ( wat] or o!r liquids1 aga9 to reappe> ) all _! prop]ties at _! appropriate re/+-places40--,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy3 by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s4 #adf ,num]\s beautiful illu/rations ( ?is fact w be f\nd 9 ,becqu]el's ,trait ,exprim5tal de l'lectricit et du ,magntisme4 #adg ,see ,le ,feu lm5taire ( l',abb ,nollet2 ,leons de ,physique1 tom4 vi4 p4 #beb2 ,du ,p\voir !rmo-lectrique1 by ,m4 ,becqu]el--,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xli4 p4 #cec2 also a ,memoir by ,nobili1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 vol4 xxxvii4 p4 #ae2 ,exp]im5tal ,contributions t[>ds ! !ory ( ,!rmo-,electricity by ,mr4 ,j4 ,prideaux--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 iii41 ,?ird ,s]ies2 ,on ! ,!rmo-,magnetism ( ,homog5e\s ,bodies1 ) illu/rative exp]im5ts1 by ,mr4 ,william ,/urgeon--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 x4 p4 #a-aaf1 ,new ,s]ies4 ,botto made magnets & obta9$ *emical decomposition4 ,ant9ori produc$ ! sp>k4 ,mr4 ,watk9s heat$ a wire 9 ,h>ris's ,!rmo-,electromet]4 #adh ,a v +5i\s application ( ! k ( ?is fact 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,solly1 by :i* ! heat ( a furnace c\ld be con/antly regi/]$ at a v consid]able di/ance f x4 ,see ,description ( an ,electric ,!rmomet]3 by ,e4 ,solly1 ,jun41 ,esq4 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xx4 p4 #cia4 ,new ,s]ies4 #adi ,humboldt2 ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 ,*ap4 xvii4--,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #ae4 #aej ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity4 ,s]ies xv4 ,consult ,sir ,humphry ,davy3 ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,torp$o4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbi1 p4 #ae4 ,john ,davy1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s43 ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,torp$o1 ibid41 #ahcb1 p4 #bei2 & ! same au?or's ,obs]vations on ! ,torp$o1 ) an ,acc\nt ( "s ,additional ,exp]im5ts on its ,electricity2 & ,matteucci1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahcg1 vol4 xii4 p4 #agd4 #aea ,on ,lightn+ ,conductors1 by ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris2 ,obs]vations on ! ,action ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 by ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4--,london ,electrical ,society's ,transactions4 ,num]\s valuable pap]s ,on ,electricity1 by ,sir ,william ,h>ris1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 #aeb ,adopt+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?is view1 ,f>aday1 9 8 ,electrical ,nom5clature1 propos$ = ! ^w pole to sub/itute anode 71 upw>ds1 & 1 a way71 ! way :i* ! sun rises2 & ca?ode 71 d[nw>ds1 & 1 a way71 ! way :i* ! sun sets4 ,! hypo!sis belongs ess5tially to ,ampre4 ,objections to ! ,!ories sev]ally ( ,frankl91 ,dufay1 & ,ampre1 ) an ,ef=t to ,expla9 ,electrical ,ph5om5a by ,/atical or ,undulatory ,pol>isation1 by ,rob]t ,h>e1 ,m4,d41 ,p5nsylvania1 w well repay an att5tive p]usal4 #aec ,inquiry into ! ,laws ( ! ,vital ,functions4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahae1 #ahbb2 ,"s ,obs]vations relat+ to ! ,functions ( ,dige/ion1 ibid41 #ahbi3 ,on ! ,p[]s on :i* ! ,functions ( ,life 9 ! m p]fect animals dep5d1 & on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are associat$ 9 ! production ( _! m complicat$ results1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,w4 ,philip1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4 & ,e4--,! foll[+ extract f ! la/-quot$ ( ,dr4 ,philip's ,memoirs1 w give a g5]al view ( ! conclusions ( t em95t physiologi/3--8,) respect to ! nature ( ! p[]s ( ! liv+ animal :i* we h be5 consid]+1 ! s5sorial & muscul> p[]s1 & ! p[]s peculi> to liv+ blood1 we h f\nd belong to ! liv+ animal alone1 all _! peculi> prop]ties be+ ! prop]ties ( life4 ,! functions ( life may be divid$ into two classes1 ^? :i* are affect$ by ! prop]ties ( ?is pr9ciple alone1 & ^?1 by f> ! mo/ num]\s class1 :i* result f ! co-op]ation ( ^! prop]ties ) ^? ( ! pr9ciples :i* op]ate 9 inanimate nature4 ,! n]v\s p[] we h f\nd to be a modification ( "o ( ! latt] pr9ciples1 because x c exi/ 9 o!r textures ?an ^? to :i* x belongs 9 ! liv+ animal1 & we c sub/itute = x "o ( ^? pr9ciples )\t di/urb+ ! functions ( life4 8,late discov]ies h be5 gradually ev9c+ h[ f> m ext5sive ?an 0 suppos$1 ev5 a few ye>s ago1 is ! dom9ion ( electricity4 ,magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 & 7,i believe f ! facts /at$ 9 ! =ego+ pap]1 x w be impossible to avoid ! conclusion7 ! n]v\s influ5ce1 ! lead+ p[] 9 ! vital functions ( ! animal frame1 prop]ly s call$1 appe> all ( !m to be modifications ( ?is app>5tly univ]sal ag5t2 = ,i may add we h already "s glimpses ( its /ill m ext5sive dom9ion40 ,ref] to ,dr4 ,reid's pap]s4 #aed ,electro-physiological ,rese>*es3 by ,signor ,c>lo ,matteucci2 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahde1 p4 #bic1 & subsequ5t ye>s4 #aee ,electro-,biology3 by ,alfr$ ,smee1 ,esq4 #aef ,obs]vations ( ,electric ,curr5ts 9 ,vegetable ,/ructures3 by ,gold+ ,bird1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s42 ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 x4 p4 #bdj4 ,9 ?is pap] ,dr4 ,bird rem>ks t 8 exp]im5ts lead to ! conclusion t vegetables _c become s *>g$ ) electricity z to af=d a sp>k2 t electrical curr5ts ( feeble t5sion are always circulat+ 9 vegetable tissues2 & t electrical curr5ts are develop$ dur+ g]m9ation f *emical action4 #aeg ,on ,m9]al ,ve9s3 by ,rob]t ,7 ,fox1 ,esq42 ,f\r? ,report ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society4 ,on ! ,electro-magnetic ,prop]ties ( ,metallif]\s ,ve9s 9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall3 by ,rob]t ,w4 ,fox1 ,esq42 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahcj1 p4 #cii4 #aeh ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,electricity ( ,m9]al ,ve9s3 by ,rob]t ,hunt & ,john ,phillips2 ,reports ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society = #ahda-db4 ,on ! ,electricity ( ,m9]al ,ve9s3 by ,mr4 ,john ,ar?ur ,phillips2 ,ibid41 #ahdc4 #aei ,9 ! lead lodes ( ,lagylas & ,frongo*1 electrical curr5ts 7 detect$ by ,mr4 ,fox1 b none 9 ^? ( ,s\? ,mold & ,milwr1 9 ,fl9t%ire3 ,cornwall ,geological ,transactions1 vol4 iv4 ,9 ! lead ve9s ( ,coldb]ry & ,ske]s1 9 ,teasdale1 ,durham1 ! curr5ts detect$ 7 v feeble3 ,reports ( ! ,bri/ol ,association1 #ahch4 ,von ,/rombeck c\ld detect no electric curr5ts 9 ! ve9s work$ 9 ! clay slate ne> ,sa9t ,go>1 on ! ,rh9e3 ,ar*iv4 fr ,m9]alogie1 ,geognosie1 c41 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,b ,k>/51 #ahcc4 ,pr(essor ,rei*1 h[ev]1 obta9$ v decid$ results at ,fris* ,glck1 ,neue ,h(fnung1 ,gottlob1 & 9 o!r m9]al ve9s 9 ! m9+ di/ricts ( ,saxony3 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxviii4 #ahci4 ,! irregul>ities are all to be expla9$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( *emical excitation4 #afj ,?is 0 rem>kably ! case at ,huel ,sp>non1 ne> ,r$ru?1 :]e ! cobalt 0 discov]$ betwe5 two portions ( a dislocat$ lode2 & ! same 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,p]cival ,johnson 9 a small m9e work$ = nickel1 ne> ,/4 ,au/ell4 #afa ,on ! process us$ = obta9+ artificial ve9s 9 clay3 by ,t4 ,b4 ,jordan2 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society4 ,see also my memoir1 already ref]r$ to1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey & ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 vol4 i4 #afb ,see ,becqu]el1 ,trait ,exp]im5tal de l',electricit1 c4 ,electrical ,exp]im5ts on ! =mation ( ,artificial ,cry/als3 by ,&rew ,crosse1 ,esq42 ,briti% ,association ,reports1 vol4 v41 #ahcf4 ,! lam9ation ( clay & o!r sub/ances is describ$ 9 my memoir ref]r$ to1 ,note p4 #bbf4 #afc ,report on ! ,geology ( ,cornwall1 ,devon1 & ,we/ ,som]set1 by ,sir ,h5ry ,t4 ,de la ,be*e3 ,!oretical obs]vations on ! =mation & fill+ ( ,m9]al ,ve9s & ,common ,faults1 p4 #cdi4 #afd ,! foll[+ analyses ( wat]s f deep m9es 7 made by me 9 #ahdj1 &1 ) _m o!rs1 publi%$ 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society4 ,consolidat$ ,m9es1 ,gw5nap1 ,cornwall4 ,9 #a1jjj gra9s ( wat]4 ,muriate ( soda #ae ,sulphate ( lime #e ,sulphate ( iron #ae ,sulphate ( copp] #abe ,silica #ae ,alum9a #c ---- ,total #cg ,unit$ ,m9es1 ,gw5nap4 ,muriate ( soda #aaj ,muriate ( lime #ae ,sulphate ( soda #ej ,sulphate ( lime #ae ,sulphate ( iron #ge ,alum9a #e ,silica #ae ---- ,total #dfe ,great ,/4 ,george4 ,muriate ( soda #ace ,sulphate ( lime #gd ,c>bonate ( iron #gj ,alum9a #ej ,c>bonate ( lime #aj ---- ,total #cd #afe ,! discov]y ( ! electrotype has be5 disput$1 z all valuable discov]ies are4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 at all disp>ag+ ! m]its ( :at _h be5 done by ,mr4 ,jordan1 ,i am satisfi$1 aft] ! mo/ c>eful se>*1 t ! fir/ p]son :o really employ$ electro-*emical action = ! precipitation ( metals 9 an ornam5tal =m1 0 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ( ,liv]pool4 #aff ,see ,sp5c]1 ,in/ructions = ! ,multiplication ( works ( ,art 9 ,metal by ,voltaic ,electricity4 ,novelties 9 ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce3 ,griff91 ,glasg[1 ,elem5ts ( ,electro-,metallurgy3 by ,alfr$ ,smee1 ,esq4 #afg ,! magneto-electrical ma*9e is employ$ 9 ,birm+ham = ?is purpose2 b ,i am in=m$ by ,messrs4 ,elk+ton t !y d n f9d x economical1 or r t ! electro-precipitation is c>ri$ on too sl[ly4 #afh ,?is has be5 done by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,7 ,fox1 at a m9e ne> ,falm\?4 ,by connect+ two copp] wires ) two lodes1 & br++ !m1 at ! surface1 into a cell conta9+ a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 ?is g5tleman obta9$ an electrotype copy ( an engrav$ copp]-plate4 #afi ,?is has be5 mo/ effectually accompli%$ by ,mr4 ,ba94 ,mr4 ,hobson has _h an electric clock1 ?us excit$1 9 action = sev]al ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,magnetism4 ,magnetic ,iron--,k (1 by ! ,anci5ts--,artificial ,magnets--,electro-,magnets--,electro-,m agnetism--,magneto- ,electricity--,!ories ( ,magnetism--,! ,magnetic ,p[] ( s(t ,iron & ,/eel--,influ5ce ( ,heat on ,magnetism--,t]re/rial ,magnetism--,decl9ation ( ! ,compass-ne$le--,v>iation ( ! ,e>?'s ,magnetism--,magnetic ,poles--,han/e5's ,speculations--,mon?ly & ,diurnal ,v>iation--,dip & ,int5sity--,!rmo-,magnetism--,aurora ,borealis--,magnetic ,/orms--,magnetic conditions ( ,matt]--,diamagnetism1 c4 ,agreeably ) ! view n[ g5]ally receiv$1 t magnetism & electricity are b modifications ( "o =ce1 s9ce !y are f\nd to /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect1 ! sep>ation :i* is "h adopt$1 ( ! consid]ation ( _! sev]al ph5om5a1 may appe> inappropriate4 ,! importance1 h[ev]1 ( all t is connect$ ) magnetism1 & ! v decid$ diff]5ce :i* is pres5t$ by true magnetic action1 & t ( frictional or *emical electricity1 is s great t x has be5 ?\ght advantage\s to adopt ! pres5t arrangem5t 9 review+ ! influ5ce ( t]re/rial magnetism ) :i* sci5ce has made u acqua9t$4 ,f a v e>ly p]iod a peculi> attractive =ce has be5 obs]v$ 9 "s specim5s ( iron ore4 ,masses ( ?is k9d 7 f\nd 9 ,magnesia1 & f t locality we d]ive ! "n giv5 to iron 9 its pol> condition4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! foll[+ l9es by ,lucretius3-- ,quod sup]e/ ag]e incipiam1 quo fd]e fiat ,natura lapis hic ut f]rum duc]e possit1 ,quem magnta vocant patrio de nom9e ,graii ,magntum1 quia sit patriis 9 f9ibus ortus4 ,aga9 we f9d ,pl9y employ+ ! t]m magnetic1 to express ?is s+ul> p[]4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts t ! magnetic p[] ( iron1 & ! electric prop]ty ( amb]1 7 n ( ! same "*1 b !y 7 bo? alike reg>d$ z miracul\s4 ,! ,*9ese & ,arabians seem to h kn[n ,magnetism at a p]iod long be=e t at :i* ,europeans became acqua9t$ ) ei!r ! natural load/one or ! artificial magnet4 ,previ\sly to ,a4,d4 #aba1 ! magnet is di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 a ,*9ese diction>y2 & 9 ,a4,d4 #dai x is /at$ 9 ano!r ( _! books t %ips 7 /e]$ s\? by x4#agj ,! e>lie/ popul>ly receiv$ acc\nt ( its use 9 ,europe is1 t ,vasco de ,gama employ$ a compass 9 #adbg1 :5 t really adv5tur\s navigator fir/ explor$ ! ,indian seas4 ,x is highly probable1 h[ev]1 t ! k ( its important use 0 d]iv$ f "s ( ! ,ori5tal nations at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,we h "s curi\s descriptions ( ! lead+ /one or load/one1 9 ! works ( an ,icel&ic hi/orian1 :o wrote 9 #ajfh4 ,! m>9]'s compass is describ$ 9 a ,fr5* poem ( ! date ( #aaha2 & f ,torfu's ,hi/ory ( ,norway1 x appe>s to h be5 kn[n to ! nor!rn nations c]ta9ly 9 #abff4 ,we h n to deal ) ! hi/ory ( magnetic discov]y1 b s f> z x tells ( ! /range prop]ties :i* magnets are f\nd to possess1 & ! application ( ?is k to ! elucidation ( effects occurr+ 9 nature4 ,a br[n /one1 9 no respect pres5t+ any?+ by :i* x %all be di/+ui%$ f o!r rude /ones ar\nd x1 is f\nd1 ^u close exam9ation1 to possess ! p[] ( draw+ light p>ticles ( iron t[>ds x4 ,if ?is /one is plac$ ^u a table1 & iron fil+s are ?r[n lightly ar\nd x1 we discov] t ^! fil+s arrange !mselves 9 symmetric curves1 proce$+ f "s "o po9t ( ! mass to "s o!r2 & ^u exam9+ into ?is1 we %all f9d t ! iron :i* has once clung to ! "o po9t w be reject$ by ! o!r4 ,if ?is /one is freely susp5d$1 we %all le>n also t x always comes to re/ 9 a c]ta9 position1--?is position be+ det]m9$ by ^! po9ts1 & "s attractive =ce resid+ 9 ! e>? itself4 ,^! po9ts we call its poles2 & x is n[ e/abli%$ t ?is rude /one is b a small repres5tative ( our planet4 ,bo? are magnetic3 bo? are s 9 virtue ( ! circulation ( curr5ts ( electricity1 or ( l9es ( magnetic =ce1 z se5 9 ! curves =m$ by ! iron du/1 & ! nor? pole ( ! "o attracts ! s\? pole ( ! o!r1 & ! contr>y4 ,by a confusion ( t]ms we speak ( ! nor? pole ( a compass-ne$le1 mean+ t po9t :i* is always opposite to ! nor? pole ( ! e>?3 ! tru? be+ t ! pole ( ! compass-ne$le1 :i* is s =cibly drawn to ! nor?1 is a po9t 9 a contr>y /ate1 or1 z we may express x1 really a s\? pole4 ,!re is a p[] ( a peculi> k9d1 diff]+ f gravitation1 or any o!r attract+ or aggregat+ =ce ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 :i* exi/s p]man5tly 9 ! magnetic iron /ones1 & also 9 ! e>?4 ,:at is ?is p[]8 ,magnetism may be produc$ 9 any b> ( /eel1 ei!r by rubb+ x ) a load/one1 or by plac+ x 9 a c]ta9 position 9 relation to ! magnetic curr5ts ( ! e>?1 &1 by a bl[ or any o!r means1 di/urb+ its molecul> arrangem5t4 ,?is pr9ciple appe>s to involve ! iron z ) an atmosph]e1 & to int]p5etrate x4 ,by "o magnet we may induce magnetism 9 any numb] ( iron b>s )\t its los+ any ( its orig9al =ce4 ,z we h obs]v$ ( ! electrical =ces already consid]$1 ! magnet con/antly pres5ts two po9ts 9 :i* !re is a diff]5ce manife/$ by ! circum/ance t !y are always drawn ) consid]able p[] t[>ds ! nor? or s\? poles ( ! e>?4 ,t ?is p[] is ( ! same "* z ! electricity :i* we h be5 consid]+1 is n[ mo/ satisfactorily prov$4 ,by involv+ a b> ( s(t iron :i*1 be+ )\t any magnetic p[]1 is incapable ( su/a9+ ev5 an ounce weight1 ) a coil ( copp] wire1 ?r\gh :i* a galvanic curr5t is pass+1 ! b> w receive1 by induction f ! curr5t1 an enorm\s accession ( p[]1 & w1 s long z ! curr5t fl[s ar\nd x1 su/a9 _m hundr$ p\nds weight1 :i*1 ! mom5t ! curr5t is *eck$1 fall away f x 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( gravity4 ,?us ! m]e fl[ ( ?is invisible ag5t ar\nd a mass ( metal possess+ no magneto-attractive p[]1 at once imp>ts ?is life-l influ5ce to x1 & z long z ! curr5t is ma9ta9$1 ! iron is end[$ ) ?is surpris+ en]gy4 ,?is discov]y1 :i* we owe to ! g5ius ( ,o]/$1 & :i* has1 inde$1 giv5 rise to a new sci5ce1 electro-magnetism1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important additions made to our k4 ,curr5t electricity is magnetic2 iron is n necess>y to ! production ( magnetic ph5om5a1 al?\gh by its pres5ce we secure a great] am\nt ( p[]4 ,! copp] wires :i* complete ! circuit ( a galvanic batt]y1 w attract & hold up l>ge quantities ( iron fil+s1 & ! wires ( ! electric telegraph w d ! same1 :ile any signal is be+ convey$ along !m4 ,aga91 all ! ph5om5a common to galvanic electricity c be produc$ by m]ely di/urb+ ! p[] p]man5tly secur$ 9 ! ord9>y magnet4 ,x 0 ?\ght t magnets w\ld become weak5$ by ?is con/ant di/urbance ( _! magnetism2 b1 s9ce its application to ! purpose ( manufacture1 & magneto-electricity has be5 employ$ 9 electro-plat+1 x has be5 f\nd t cont9u$ action = _m ye>s1 dur+ :i* enorm\s quantities ( electricity h be5 ?us giv5 out & employ$ 9 produc+ *emical decomposition1 has n1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 alt]$ _! p[]s4 ,?us a small b> ( metal is %[n to be capable ( p\r+ out1 = any numb] ( ye>s1 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! ph5om5a ( magnetism dep5d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5ces1 & /rik+ ones1 betwe5 ord9>y & magnetic electricity4 ,9 ! magnet we h a p[] at re/1 & 9 ! electrical ma*9e or galvanic batt]y1 a p[] 9 motion4 ,ord9>y electricity is /opp$ 9 its passage by a plate ( glass1 ( res91 & _m o!r sub/ances2 b magnetism passes ^! ) fre$om1 & influ5ces magnetic bodies plac$ on ! o!r side4 ,x w\ld appe>1 ?\gh we _c expla9 h[1 t magnetism is due to "s lat]al influ5ce ( ! electric curr5ts4 ,a magnetic b> is plac$ ov] a copp] wire1 & x hangs /eadily 9 ! direction ( its l5g?2 an electric curr5t is pass$ along x1 & ! magnet is at once driv5 to place itself across ! wire4 ,^u ?is exp]im5t1 9 ! ma91 ,ampre f\nds 8 !ory ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,he supposes electrical curr5ts to be trav]s+ our globe f ea/ to we/1 & ?us1 t ! ne$le takes its direction1 n f ! t]re/rial action ( any fix$ magnetic poles1 b f ! repulsion ( ^! curr5ts1 z is ! case ) ! wire4 ,x has be5 f\nd t wires1 freely susp5d$1 along :i* curr5ts 7 pass+ 9 opposite directions1 revolve ab\t ea* o!r1 or h an incl9ation to place !mselves at "r angles2 ?us exhibit+ ! same ph5om5on z ! magnet & ! conduct+ wire4 ,s f> ! hypo!sis ( ,ampre leads u mo/ satisfactorily4 ,we see 9 ! magnet "o =m ( electricity1 & 9 ! ma*9e or batt]y ano!r4 ,b :y %\ld n ! electricity ( ! magnet1 electricity at re/1 exhibit ! same p[]s z ?is =ce 9 motion8 ,o]/$1 ^: !ory l$ him to ! discov]y ( ! fact ( ! magnetic p[] ( an electric curr5t1 ( ! e/abli%m5t inde$ ( ! new sci5ce--,,electro-,,magnetism1 reg>ds ! ph5om5a ( a curr5t pass+ a wire1 & its action on a ne$le1 z evid5ce ( two fluids1 positive & negative1 trav]s+ 9 opposite directions1 & mutually attract+ & repell+4 ,he conceives t !y pass ! wires 9 a s]ies ( spirals2 t 9 ! magnet1 by "s peculi> prop]ty ( ! iron1 ?is conflict ( ! curr5ts is r$uc$ to an equilibrium1 & its p[] becomes manife/$ 9 its attractive =ce4#aga ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 convey a cle> idea to ! m9d4 ,x is curi\s t iron becomes magnetic 9 a sup]ior degree to any o!r metal2 t /eel reta9s p]man5tly any magnetism imp>t$ to x2 b t s(t iron rapidly loses its magnetic p[]4 ,?is mu/ be 9 virtue ( "s peculi> arrangem5t ( ! molecules1 or "s unkn[n physical condition ( ! atoms ( ! mass1 by :i* a cont9u$ influ5ce is reta9$ by ! /eel1 probably 9 a /ate ( con/ant int]nal circulation4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n t s(t iron1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may be made to reta9 a l>ge am\nt ( magnetic =ce4#agb ,if a horse-%oe %ap$ b> ( s(t iron is r5d]$ magnetic by ! circulation ( an electric curr5t ar\nd x1 :ile its two ends are unit$ by an armature ( s(t iron1 s t x is capable ( support+ _m hundr$ p\nds weight2 & we !n1 by break+ ! circuit1 /op ! curr5t1 tak+ c>e ! armature is kept 9 contact1 ! iron w n lose its magnetic prop]ty1 b w reta9 ?is p[] = _m ye>s4 ,if ! connect+ piece ( iron1 ! armature1 is remov$1 ! b> imm$iately loses all its magnetism1 & w n support ev5 ! armature itself4 ,?is fact appe>s to confirm ! idea t magnetism is due to ! ret5tion ( electricity1 & t /eel possesses ! prop]ty ( equaliz+ ! oppos+ =ces1 or ( b9d+ ?is pr9ciple to itself l an atmosph]e4 ,! influ5ce ( heat on magnetism is s rem>kable a pro( ( ! dep5d5ce ( ?is p[] ^u molecul> arrangem5t1 t x mu/ n escape our notice4 ,to select b "o ( _m exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,b>l[1 x 0 f\nd t 9 a b> ( malleable iron1 9 :i*1 :5 cold1 ! magnetic effect 0 #cj #j'1 all pol>ity ceas$ at a :ite heat1 t x 0 sc>cely appreciable at a r$ heat1 b t at a blood-r$ heat x 0 equal to #da #j'4agc ,! m closely we exam9e ! peculi>ities ( ! magnetic p[]1 & p>ticul>ly z !y are pres5t$ to u 9 its t]re/rial action1 ! m surpris+ w its influ5ce appe> to be4 ,we h discov]$ a natural cause :i* c]ta9ly ex]cises a v rem>kable p[] ov] matt]1 & we h advanc$ s f> 9 our inve/igations z to h le>nt ! secret ( conv]t+ "o =m ( =ce into ano!r1 or ( giv+ to a pr9ciple1 produc$ by "o ag5cy1 a new "* "u new conditions2 ( *ang+1 9 fact1 electricity into magnetism1 & f magnetism aga9 evolv+ _m ( ! effects ( electrical curr5ts4 ,if a magnetic b> is freely susp5d$ above ! e>?1 x takes1 9 virtue ( "s t]re/rial p[]1 a giv5 direction1 :i* is an indication ( ! e>?'s magnetic =ce4 ,:e!r ?is is ! consequ5ce ( ! curr5ts ( electricity1 :i* ,ampre supposes to circulate ar\nd ! globe1 f ea/ to we/1 or ! result ( po9ts ( attraction 9 ! e>? itself1 ! ph5om5on is equally wond]ful4 ,to :atev] cause we may ref] ! visible effects1 x appe>s c]ta9 t ?is e>? is compos$ ( p>ticles 9 a magnetic /ate1 ! "* v>y+ ) physical conditions1 & t t]re/rial magnetic =ce is ! collective action ( all ! atoms ( ?is planet>y mass4#agd ,! rem>kable connexion :i* has be5 obs]v$ betwe5 ! *anges 9 ! physical condition ( ! surface ( ! sun & t]re/rial ph5om5a1 mu/ n escape our notice4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el ?\ght he p]ceiv$ a l9k connect+ ! d>k spots on ! sun's face ) ! v>iations ( ! e>?'s temp]ature4 ,?is has n1 h[ev]1 be5 confirm$ by ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made s9ce ! "t ( ,h]s*el4 ,! c>eful exam9ations ( ! sol> spots :i* h be5 made by ,s*wabe1#age prove a well-def9$ ord] ( progress 9 !m4 ,he has discov]$ t !y move 9 cycles ( t5 ye>s--f ! smalle/ numb] visible 9 a giv5 ye>1 !y regul>ly increase = five ye>s1 :5 !y rea* _! maximum2 !y !n z regul>ly decrease1 & at ! end ( ano!r five ye>s !y are at _! maximum numb]4 ,! magnetic obs]vations :i* h be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,briti% & o!r gov]nm5ts = "s ye>s1 ov] e "p ( ! _w1 h elicit$ ! fact t ! ord] ( v>iation 9 ! e>?'s magnetic int5sity is 9 cycles ( t5 ye>s1 & ! law ( increase & decrease :i* is f\nd to prevail ) ! sol> spots di/9ctly m>ks ! v>iations ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,few m int]e/+ facts ?an ?is are )9 ! range ( our k1 prov+ z x does ! direct dep5d5ce ( t]re/rial ph5om5a on sol> =ce4 ,! con/ancy ) :i* a magnetis$ ne$le po9ts along a c]ta9 l9e :i* v>ies a little f ! e>?'s axial l9e1 r5d]s x "o ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts to ! practical & ! sci5tific man4 ,! w&]] ( ! ocean or ( ! des]t is enabl$1 )\t fe> ( error1 to pursue 8 pa?1 & 9 unkn[n regions to det]m9e ! azimu? ( objects4 ,! m9] or ! surveyor f9ds 9 ! magnetic compass ! sure/ guide 9 8 lab\rs1 & ! exp]im5t is = ev] /udy+ its indications4 8,true z ! ne$le to ! pole10 has pass$ into a prov]b among mank9d1 b ! se>*+ inquiry ( mod]n obs]v]s has %[n t ! expression is correct only ) c]ta9 limitations4 ,!re are two l9es on ! surface ( ! e>? along :i* ! ne$le po9ts true nor?1 or :]e ! magnetic & ! geographical nor? correspond4 ,^! are call$ l9es ( no v>iation1 or1 z !y h also be5 designat$1 agonic l9es1 & "o is f\nd 9 ! ea/]n & ! o!r 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e4 ,! ,am]ican l9e is s+ul>ly regul>1 pass+ 9 a s\?-ea/ direction f ! latitude #fj to ! we/ ( ,hudson's ,bay1 across ! ,am]ican lakes1 till x rea*es ! ,s\? ,atlantic ocean1 & cuts ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* 9 ab\t #fe s\? latitude4 ,! ,asiatic l9e ( no v>iation is v irregul>1 ow+1 )\t d\bt1 to local int]f]5ces2 x beg9s bel[ ,new ,holl&1 9 latitude #fj s\?1 x b5ds we/w>d across ! ,indian ocean1 & f ,bombay has an inflection ea/w>d ?r\gh ,*9a1 & !n nor?w>d across ! sea ( ,japan1 till x rea*es ! latitude ( #ga nor?1 :5 x desc5ds aga9 s\?w>d1 ) an imm5se semicircul> b5d1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! ,:ite ,sea4 ,han/e5 has ?\ght t !re are two po9ts 9 ea* hemisph]e :i* may be reg>d$ z /rong] & weak] poles on opposite sides ( ! poles ( revolution4 ,^! are call$ ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?1 or by ,han/e5 magnetic po9ts ( conv]g5ce4 ,^! f\r po9ts are consid]$ to h a regul> motion r\nd ! globe1 ! two nor!rn ones f we/ to ea/1 & ! two s\!rn ones f ea/ to we/4 ,by ! assi/ance ( record$ obs]vations1 ,han/e5 has calculat$ ! p]iods ( ^! revolutions to be z foll[s3-- ,! weake/ nor? pole 9 #hfj ye>s4 ,! /ronge/ nor? pole 9 #agdf ye>s4 ,! weake/ s\? pole 9 #acjd ye>s4 ,! /ronge/ s\? pole 9 #dfji ye>s4 ,!re are "s po9ts ( speculation on :i* ,han/e5 has v5tur$ :i* h be5 smil$ at z fanciful2 b !y may r indicate an am\nt ( k 9 ! ,brahm9ical & ,egyptian prie/hood1 beyond :at we are usually dispos$ to all[ !m1 & prove t _! obs]vations ( nature _h l$ !m to an appreciation ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable h>monies ( ?is my/]i\s creation4 ,! above t]ms are exce$+ly ne> #hfd1 #abdf1 #agbh1 #dcbj1 & ^? numb]s are equal to ! my/ic numb] ( ! ,indians1 ,greeks1 & ,egyptians1 #dcb multipli$ by #b1 #c1 #d1 & #aj4 ,on ^! ! anci5ts believ$ a c]ta9 comb9ation ( natural ev5ts to dep5d1 &1 accord+ to ,brahm9ical my?ology1 ! duration ( ! _w is divid$ into f\r p]iods1 ea* ( #dcb1jjj ye>s4 ,aga91 ! sun's mean di/ance f ! e>? is #baf radii ( ! sun1 & ! moon's mean di/ance #baf radii ( ! moon1 ea* ! half ( #dcb4 ,proce$+ ) ?is v curi\s exam9ation1 ,han/e5 says1 #fj multipli$ by #dcb equals #ae1ibj1 ! smalle/ numb] divisible at once by all ! f\r p]iods ( magnetic revolution1 & h5ce ! %orte/ "t 9 :i* ! f\r poles c complete a cycle1 & return to _! pres5t /ate1 & :i* co9cides exactly ) ! p]iod 9 :i* ! precession ( ! equ9oxes w am\nt to a complete circle1 reckon+ ! precession at a degree 9 sev5ty-two ye>s4#agf ,:5 we consid] ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism c>efully1 x appe>s to indicate ! action ( a p[] ext]nal to ! e>? itself1 &1 z ,han/e5 conceives1 hav+ its orig9 f ! action ( ! sun1 heat+1 illum9at+1 & produc+ a magnetic t5sion1 9 ! same mann] z x produces electrical excitation & act9o-*emical action4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! magnetic poles h be5 ! subject ( ext5sive & mo/ accurate obs]vation 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,9 ,london1 dur+ #afeg-affb1 !re 0 no magnetic v>iation2 ! agonic l9e pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! v>iation /eadily increas$1 until1 9 #ahae1 x am\nt$ to #bd #ae' #ag1 s9ce :i* "t x has be5 sl[ly dim9i%+4 ,9 addition to ?is great v>iation1 we h a regul> annual *ange dep5d5t on ! position ( ! sun1 9 ref]5ce to ! equ9octial & sol/itial po9ts1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,cass9i1 & inve/igat$ by ,arago & o!rs4 ,also a diurnal v>iation1 :i* movem5t appe>s to comm5ce e>ly 9 ! morn+1 mov+ ea/w>d until half-pa/ sev51 ,a4,m41 :5 x beg9s to move we/w>d until two1 ,p4,m41 :5 x aga9 returns to ! ea/1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! night rea*es ! po9t f :i* x />t$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e4 ,we h also rem>kable v>iations 9 :at is t]m$ ! dip ( ! ne$le4 ,x is well kn[n t a piece ( unmagnetiz$ /eel1 if c>efully susp5d$ by its c5tre1 w sw+ 9 a p]fectly horizontal position1 b1 if we magnetize ?is b>1 x w imm$iately be drawn d[nw>ds at "o end4 ,! =ce ( ! e>?'s pol>ity1 attract+ ! dissimil> pole1 has caus$ x to dip4 ,!re is1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>?'s equator1 & cutt+ x at f\r po9ts1 an irregul> curve1 call$ ! magnetic equator1 or acl9ic l9e1 :]e ! ne$le balances itself horizontally4 ,z we proce$ f ?is l9e t[>ds ei!r pole ! dip increases1 until1 at ! nor? & s\? poles1 ! ne$le takes a v]tical position4 ,! int5sity ( ! e>?'s magnetism is also f\nd to v>y ) ! position1 & to increase 9 a proportion :i* corresponds v closely ) ! dip4 ,b ! int5sity is n a function ( ! dip1 & ! l9es ( equal int5sity1 isodynamic l9es1 are n p>allel to ^? ( equal dip4 ,we h already rem>k$ on ! diurnal v>iation ( ! decl9ation ( ! ne$le2 we "k1 also1 t !re exi/s a regul> mon?ly & daily *ange 9 ! magnetic int5sity4 ,! greate/ mon?ly *ange appe>s :5 ! e>? is 9 its p]ihelion & aphelion1 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb] & ,june1--a maximum !n occurs2 & ab\t ! "t ( ! equ9oxes a m9imum is detect$4#agg ,! daily v>iation ( int5sity is greate/ 9 ! summ]1 & lea/ 9 ! w9t]4 ,! magnetism is g5]ally f\nd to be at a m9imum :5 ! sun is ne> ! m]idian2 its int5sity increas+ until ab\t six o'clock1 :5 x aga9 dim9i%es4#agh ,:at /rik+ evid5ces all ^! well-asc]ta9$ facts give ( ! dep5d5ce ( t]re/rial magnetism on sol> influ5ce6 & 9 fur!r confirmation ( ?is view1 we f9d a v rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 ! l9es ( equal temp]ature--! iso!rmal l9es1 & ^? ( equal dip & magnetic int5sity4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] fir/ po9t$ out t !re 7 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e two poles ( maximum cold2 ^! poles agree ) ! magnetic po9ts ( conv]g5ce2 & ! l9e ( maximum heat1 :i* does n run p>allel to ! e>?'s equator1 is ne>ly co9cid5t ) t ( magnetic p[]4 ,s9ce ,seebeck has %[n u t electrical & magneto-electrical ph5om5a c be produc$ by ! action ( heat ^u metallic b>s1 we h1 p]haps1 approa*$ t[>ds "s fa9t appreciation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! sol> calorific radiations may1 act+ on ! surface ( our planet1 produce electrical & magnetic effects4 ,if we suppose t ! sun produces a di/urbance ( ! e>?'s electricity along any giv5 l9e1 9 all directions at "r angles to t l9e1 we %all h magnetic pol>ity induc$4#agi ,t su* a di/urbance is regul>ly produc$ e "t ! sun rises1 has be5 suffici5tly prov$ by _m obs]v]s4 ,9 #agej1 ,w>g5t9 notic$ t a v rem>kable display ( ,aurora borealis 0 ! cause ( a peculi> di/urbance ( ! magnetic ne$le2 & ,dr4 ,dalton#ahj 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ! lum9\s rays ( ! ,aurora are always p>allel to ! dipp+-ne$le1 & t ! ,auroral ar*es cross ! magnetic m]idian at "r angles4 ,han/e5 & ,arago h att5d$ ) p>ticul> c>e to ^! influ5ces ( ! nor!rn lights1 & ! results ( _! obs]vations are3-- ,t z ! cr[n ( ! ,aurora quits ! usual place1 ! dipp+-ne$le moves sev]al degrees =w>d3-- ,t ! "p ( ! sky :]e all ! beams ( ! ,aurora unite1 is t to :i* a magnetic ne$le directs itself1 :5 susp5d$ by its c5tre ( gravity3-- ,t ! conc5tric circles1 :i* %[ !mselves previ\sly to ! lum9\s beams1 re/ ^u two po9ts ( ! horizon equally di/ant f ! magnetic m]idian2 & t ! mo/ elevat$ po9ts ( ea* ar* are exactly 9 ?is m]idian4#aha ,x does n appe> t e ,aurora di/urbs ! magnetic ne$le2 z ,capta9s ,fo/] & ,back bo? describe v spl5did displays ( ! ph5om5on1 :i* did n appe> to produce any tremor or deviation ^u _! in/rum5ts4#ahb ,"s sudd5 & viol5t movem5ts h be5 f "t to "t obs]v$ to take place 9 susp5d$ magnets2 & s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( magnetic obs]vatories 9 almo/ e "p ( ! globe1 a v rem>kable co9cid5ce 9 ! "t ( ^! agitations has be5 detect$4 ,!y are frequ5tly connect$ ) ! appe>ance ( ,aurora borealis2 b ?is is n con/antly ! case4 ,^! di/urbances h be5 call$ magnetic /orms2 & ov] ! ,asiatic & ,european cont95t1 ! isl&s ( ! ,atlantic & ! we/]n hemisph]e1 !y h be5 prov$ to be simultane\s4 ,f obs]vations made at ,pet]sburg by ,kupff]1 & d$uctions drawn f ! obs]vations obta9$ by ! ,magnetic ,association1 x appe>s probable t ^! /orms arise f a sudd5 displacem5t 9 ! magnetic l9es ( ! e>?'s surface2 b ! cause to :i* ?is may be due is /ill to be s\ght =4 ,9 ! brief & ha/y sket* :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism1 en\gh has be5 /at$ to %[ ! va/ importance ( ?is v rem>kable p[] 9 ! great op]ations ( nature4 ,we are gradually r$uc+ ! imm5se mass ( record$ obs]vations1 & arriv+ at c]ta9 laws :i* are f\nd to prevail4 ,/ill1 ! orig9 ( ! =ce1 :e!r x is /rictly electrical1 :e!r x is ! circulation ( a magnetic fluid1 or :e!r x is m]ely a peculi> excitation ( "s prop]ty ( matt]1 are que/ions :i* are op5 = inve/igation4 ,9 ! beautiful ,aurora borealis1 ) its trembl+ diffusive lights1 & its _m-col\r$ rays1 we h :at may be reg>d$ z a natural exhibition ( magnetism1 & we appe> to h )9 our grasp ! explanation we desire4 ,b we "k n ! secret ( ev5 ^! extraord9>y meteorological displays4 ,if we pass an electric sp>k f a ma*9e ?r\gh a long cyl9d]1 exhau/$ ( air z f> z possible1 we h a mimic repres5tation ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights--! same att5uation ( brightness1 almo/ dw9dl+ into phosphoresc5ce2 & by ! slighte/ *ange ( temp]ature we may produce t play ( col\rs :i* is sometimes s rem>kably manife/$ 9 ,aurora4 ,dr4 ,dalton consid]$ ,aurora borealis z a magnetic ph5om5on1 & t its beams are gov]n$ by ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,we "k t ! arc ( light produc$ betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful galvanic batt]y is readily deflect$ by a good magnet2 & we h lately le>n$ t e vap\r obeys ! magnetic =ce4#ahc ,x is1 !re=e1 yet a "q = our consid]ation1 does ! e>?'s magnetism produce ! peculi> ph5om5a ( ,aurora by act+ ^u electricity 9 a /ate ( gl[8 or h we evid5ce 9 ?is display ( ! circulation ( ! magnetic fluid ar\nd our globe1 manife/+ itself by its action on ! f]rug9\s & o!r metallic matt]1 :i* ,fus9i]i has prov$ to exi/ 9 ! upp] regions ( our atmosph]e4#ahd ,t magnetic radiations d exi/1 has be5 prov$ by ,f>aday1 & t !y =m l9es ( =ce p]p5dicul> to ! e>?'s surface1 has be5 exp]im5tally %[n4 ,p>allelograms ( wire mov$ ^u a c5tral axis1 & connect$ ) a galvanomet]1 give at e revolution indication ( an electric di/urbance 9 all respects analog\s to ! production ( a curr5t by mov+ wires 9 front ( a /eel magnet4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! prop]ties ( heat1 :5 x passes f ! radiant /ate into comb9ation ) matt]1 exhibits to u some?+ l :at we may suppose occurs 9 ! conv]sion ( magnetism into electricity or ! contr>y4 ,we h a subtile ag5t1 :i* evid5tly is = ev] busy 9 produc+ ! necess>y conditions ( *ange 9 ?is our e>?3 an elem5t to :i* is due ! developm5t ( _m ( ! mo/ active p[]s ( nature2 p]=m+ its "p by bl5d+ ) ^? pr9ciples :i* we h already exam9$2 associat+ itself ) e =m ( matt]2 & giv+1 z we %all pres5tly see1 9 all probability1 ! fir/ impulses to comb9ation1 & regulat+ ! =ms ( aggregat+ p>ticles4 ,z electricity has ! p[] ( alt]+ ! physical conditions ( ! m adh]5t /ates ( matt]1 ?us giv+ rise to v>iations ( =m & modes ( comb9ation1 s gross matt] appe>s to alt] ! "* ( ?is ag5cy1 & ?us disposes x to ! sev]al modifications "u :i* we h already detect$ its pres5ce4 ,we h me*anical electricity & *emical electricity1 ea* p]=m+ its great "w 9 nature2 yet bo? manife/+ conditions s dissimil>1 t t$i\s rese>* 0 necess>y be=e !y c\ld be decl>$ id5tical4 ,magnetic electricity is a ?ird =m2 all its *>act]i/ics are unlike ! o!rs1 & ! (fice x appe>s to p]=m 9 ! laboratory ( creation is ( a diff]5t ord] f t ( ! o!r /ates ( electrical =ce4 ,9 ! fir/ two we h decompos+ & recomb9+ p[]s con/antly manife/$--9 fact1 _! influ5ces are always ( a *emical "*2 b 9 ! la/ x appe>s we h only a directive p[]4 ,x 0 ?\ght t evid5ce _h be5 detect$ ( a *emical influ5ce 9 magnetism2 x did appe> t sometimes a ret>d+ =ce 0 ex]t$1 & (t5 an accel]at+ "o4 ,?is has be5 aga9 d5i$1 & we h array$ 9 opposition to ea* o!r "s ( ! fir/ names among ,european exp]im5tali/s4 ,! "q is n yet to be reg>d$ z settl$2 b1 f long & t$i\s inve/igation1 dur+ :i* e old exp]im5t has be5 repeat$1 & num]\s new ones tri$1 we incl9e to ! conclusion t *emical action is n directly affect$ by magnetic p[]4 ,x is highly probable t magnetism may1 by alt]+ ! /ructural arrangem5t ( ! surface1 v>y ! rate ( *emical action2 b ?is requires confirmation4#ahe ,!re is no sub/ance to be f\nd 9 nature exi/+ indep5d5tly ( magnetic p[]4 ,b x influ5ces bodies 9 diff]5t ways3 "o set act+ ) relation to magnetism1 l iron1 & arrang+ !mselves along ! l9e ( magnetic =ce1--^! are call$ magnetic bodies2 ano!r set1 ( :i* bismu? may be tak5 z ! repres5tative1 always plac+ !mselves at "r angles to ?is l9e1--^! are call$ diamagnetic bodies4#ahf ,?is is /rik+ly %[n by means ( p[]ful electro-magnets2 b ! magnetism ( ! e>? is suffici5t1 "u prop] c>e1 to exhibit ! ph5om5a4 ,e sub/ance 9 nature is 9 "o or o!r ( ^! conditions4 ,! rocks1 =m+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & ! m9]als :i* are discov]$ 9 !m2 ! surface soil1 :i* is by nature prep>$ z ! fitt+ habitation ( ! vegetable _w1 & e tree1 %rub1 & h]b :i* f9ds root !re91 ) _! c>bonace\s matt]1 9 all its /ates ( wood1 leaf1 fl[]1 & fruit2 ! animal k+dom1 f ! l[e/ monad ?r\gh ! entire s]ies up to man1--h1 all ( !m1 di/9ct magnetic or diamagnetic relations4 8,x is a curi\s sight10 says ,dr4 ,f>aday1 8to see a piece ( wood or ( beef1 or an apple1 or a bottle ( wat] repell$ by a magnet1 or1 tak+ ! leaf ( a tree1 & hang+ x up betwe5 ! poles1 to obs]ve x take an equatorial position4 ,:e!r any simil> effects occur 9 nature among ! myriads ( =ms :i*1 ^u all p>ts ( its surface1 are surr\nd$ by air1 & are subject to ! action ( l9es ( magnetic =ce1 is a "q :i* c only be answ]$ by future obs]vation40#ahg ,at pres5t1 ! bodies :i* are kn[n to exhibit decid$ f]ro-magnetic prop]ties are ! foll[+1 :i* /& arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! int5sity3-- ,iron1 ,nickel1 ,cobalt1 ,manganese1 ,*romium1 ,c]ium1 ,titanium1 ,palladium1 ,plat9um1 ,osmium4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t !re are evid5ces t two bodies :i*1 :5 sep>ate1 are n magnetic1 z iron is1 become s :5 comb9$4 ,copp] & z9c are bo? ( ! diamagnetic class1 b _m k9ds ( brass are discov]$ to be magnetic4 ,! salts ( ! above metals are1 to a great] or less ext5t1 f]ro-magnetic1 b !y may be r5d]$ neutral by wat]1 :i* is a diamagnetic body1 be+ repell$ by ! magnet4 ,x w be unnecess>y1 "h1 to enum]ate ! class ( bodies :i* are diamagnetic2 inde$1 all n includ$ 9 ! prec$+ li/ may be consid]$ z belong+ to t class1 ) ! exception ( gases & vap\rs1 :i* appe> to exi/1 relatively to ea* o!r1 sometimes 9 ! "o1 & sometimes 9 ! o!r condition4#ahh ,to endeav\r to r$uce our k ( ^! facts to "s practical explanation1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t p>ticul> spaces ar\nd ! nor? & s\? geographical poles ( ! e>?1 are reg>d$ z circles to :i* all ! magnetic l9es ( =ce conv]ge4 ,"u circum/ances :i* %\ld prev5t any int]f]5ce ) :at is call$ f]ro-magnetic action1 all bodies com+ "u t class w\ld arrange !mselves accord+ to ! laws :i* w\ld regulate ! disposition ( an inf9ite numb] ( magnets1 free to move )9 ! sph]e ( ea* o!r's influ5ce4 ,! nor? & s\? pole ( "o magnetic body w\ld atta* itself to ! s\? & nor? pole ( ano!r1 until we _h a l9e ( magnets ( any ext5t2 ! two ends be+ 9 opposite /ates1 l ! magnetic po9ts ( conv]g5ce ( ! e>?4 ,e body1 n f]ro-magnetic1 places itself across su* a l9e ( magnetic =ce z we h conceiv$2 & if ! e>? 7 made up ( sep>ate lay]s ( f]ro-magnetic & diamagnetic bodies1 ! result w\ld be ! =mation ( b&s at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,?is is n ! case1 by reason ( ! int]m+l+ ( ! two classes ( sub/ances4 ,out ( ! kn[n *emical elem5ts we f9d only ab\t t5 :i* are actively f]ro-magnetic2 ! o!rs comb9+ ) ^! give rise to ei!r a weak] /ate1 a neutral condition1 or ! balance ( action is turn$ to ! diamagnetic side4 ,sulphate ( iron1 = in/ance1 is a magnetic salt2 b 9 solution1 wat] be+ diamagnetic1 x loses its prop]ty4 ,! yell[ prussiate ( pota% dissolv$ 9 wat] is a diamagnetic body2 b ! r$ prussiate1 :i* conta9s an atom less ( potassium1 is magnetic3 b 9 ! solid /ate !y are bo? diamagnetic4#ahi ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! *emical composition ( a body regulat$ its relation to magnetism4 ,! foll[+ facts w %[1 h[ev]1 t ! molecul> /ructure is m p>ticul>ly conc]n$ 9 det]m9+ ! molecul> condition ( sub/ances4 ,m4 ,plck]1 be+ desir\s ( f9d+ ! ext5t to :i* ! direction ( ! fibres 9 organic bodies might influ5ce _! magnetic or diamagnetic prop]ties1 0 l$ to inquire :e!r 9 cry/als ! direction ( ! optic axes1 :i* itself dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles1 might n also ex]cise "s influ5ce4 ,! fir/ submitt$ to ! action ( ! electro-magnet a ?9 plate ( t\rmal9e1 su* z is employ$ 9 exp]im5ts ^u pol>ization1 hav+ its optic axis p>allel to its longe/ l5g?4 ,x 0 v quickly p]ceiv$ t ! plate 0 magnetic1 by ! effect ( ! iron t x conta9s2 b x 0 susp5d$ successively 9 ?ree ways1--fir/1 s t its longe/ side 0 v]tical1 !n z t ! %orte/ side 0 v]tical1 & f9ally s t ! plate itself 0 horizontal4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is direct$ betwe5 ! two po9ts ( ! conical curvatures ( ! poles l a magnetic body2 b1 9 ! o!r two cases1 on ! contr>y1 x took ! direction assum$ by diamagnetic bodies--t is to say1 a direction su* t its longe/ l5g? 0 p]p5dicul> to ! l9e jo9+ ! poles4 ,?is direction indicat$ t ! optical axis 0 repell$ by ! two poles1 & t ?is repulsion outweigh$ ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! cry/al4#aij ,! relation ( /ructure to physical ph5om5a ( ess5tially diff]5t *>act]s is rem>kable4 ,sav>t1 :5 mak+ cry/all9e plates ( qu>tz & c>bonate ( lime vibrate1 succe$$ 9 det]m9+ a relation betwe5 ! ac\/ic figures t are produc$ 9 !m1 & ! p>ticul> mode ( ! cry/allization ( ! sub/ance4 ,he f\nd t ! direction ( ! optical axis is con/antly connect$ ) t ( ! pr9cipal =ms ( ! ac\/ic figures4 ,mits*]li* has rem>k$ t cry/als d n exp& uni=mly by heat1 b t ?is dilatation is great] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r2 & t ?is diff]5ce is connect$ ) _! cry/all9e =m4 ,m4 de ,sn>mont has %[n t conductibility = heat1 :i* is equal 9 all directions = ! cry/als ( ! regul> sy/em1 acquires 9 o!rs a maximum or a m9imum value1 accord+ to directions p>allel to ! cry/allographic axes2 s t ! iso!rmic surfaces1 :i* are sph]es 9 ! =m] case1 are1 9 ! o!r1 ellipsoids elongat$ or flatt5$ 9 ! same direction4 ,! optical axes d n altoge!r co9cide ) ! pr9cipal axes ( conductibility = heat2 b ?is appe>s to be due m]ely to slight diff]5ces 9 ! rate ( progression1 or ! refrangibility ( ! lum9\s & calorific rays4 ,wi$emann1 by employ+ a f9e po9t ?r\gh :i* he made electricity arrive ^u a surface t he _h p[d]$ ) licopodium or r$ lead1 succe$$ 9 det]m9+1 by means ( ! =m assum$ by ?is light p[d]1 ! conductibility ( cry/als 9 diff]5t directions4 ,on a surface ( glass1 ! p[d] :i* disp]ses itself ar\nd ! po9ts1 9 consequ5ce ( electric repulsion1 =ms a circul> figure trav]s$ by radii4 ,:5 a plate ( gypsum is us$ in/ead ( glass ! figure is f\nd to be elliptical1 & ! great axis ( ! ellipse =ms a "r angle ) ! pr9cipal cry/allographic axis1 :i* proves t ! electricity di/ributes itself m easily 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! axis ?an 9 any o!r4 ,m4 ,wi$emann comes to ! conclusion t cry/als :i* possess a bett] conductibility 9 ! direction ( ! pr9cipal axis1 all belong to ! class ( negative cry/als3 :ile ^? :i* h a bett] conductibility 9 ! direction p]p5dicul> to ! axis are positive1 :i* indicates t ! direction ( be/ conductibility = electricity is also t accord+ to :i* light is propagat$ relatively ) great] velocity4 ,tyndale has %[n1 t if gutta p]*a :i* has be5 r5d]$ fibr\s 9 manufacture is cut s t ! fibres are 9 ! direction ( ?is greate/ l5g?1 or 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ?is greate/ l5g?1 & plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( a magnet1 !y direct !mselves equatorially4 ,ivory cut 9 ! same direction manife/s ! same conditions1 ?\gh bo? ^! sub/ances are diamagnetic4 ,! fibr\s /ructure1 & ! planes ( cleavage1 ?us det]m9e ! magnetic condition ( a sub/ance4 ,! special prop]ties pres5t$ by cry/als1 9 reg>d to ! action ex]cis$ ^u !m by magnets1 is due to a p>ticul> mode ( gr\p+ _! p>ticles4 ,?is is also ! cause ( unequal dilatability1 & ( unequal conductibility = heat & = electricity4 ,h[ curi\sly1 !re=e1 does molecul> /ructure det]m9e ! relation ( a body to any ( ! =ms ( physical =ce6 ,we /ill se>* 9 ! d>k1 & see b dimly ! evid5ces2 yet x becomes almo/ a c]ta9ty to u1 t ?is /one ( granite1 ) its curi\s arrangem5t ( felsp>1 mica1 & qu>tz1 pres5ts its peculi> condition 9 virtue ( "s law ( magnetic =ce4 ,! cry/al1 too1 ( qu>tz1 :i* we break out ( ! mass1 & :i* pres5ts to u a beautifully regul> figure1 is1 beyond a d\bt1 s =m$1 because ! atoms ( silica are ea* "o impell$ 9 ob$i5ce to "o ( ^! two conditions ( magnetism to set !mselves 9 a c]ta9 ord] to ea* o!r1 :i* _c be alt]$ by human =ce )\t de/ruction4 ,all ! laws :i* regulate ! =ms ( cry/als & amorph\s bodies are1 to ! greate/ degree1 simple4 ,9 nature ! end is ev] atta9$ by ! easie/ means2 & ! complexity ( op]ation1 :i* appe>s sometimes to ! obs]v]1 is only s because he _c see ! spr+ by :i* ! ma*9e is mov$4 ,! gase\s envelope1 our atmosph]e1 is 9 a neutral /ate4 ,oxyg5 is /rik+ly magnetic 9 relation to hydrog5 gas1 :il/ nitrog5 is z s+ul>ly ! contr>y2 & ! same contra/s pres5t !mselves :5 ^! gases are exam9$ 9 _! relation to common air4 ,?us1 oxyg5 be+ magnetic1 & nitrog5 ! contr>y1 we h an equilibrium e/abli%$1 & ! result is a comp\nd neutral 9 its relations to all matt]4 ,all gases & vap\rs are f\nd to be diamagnetic1 b 9 diff]5t degrees4#aia ,?is is %[n by pass+ a /ream ( ! gas1 r5d]$ visible by a little smoke1 )9 ! influ5ce ( a p[]ful magnet4 ,^! bodies are1 h[ev]1 f\nd relatively to ea* o!r1--or ev5 to !mselves1 "u diff]5t !rmic conditions1--to *ange _! /ates1 & pass f ! magnetic to ! diamagnetic class4 ,heat has a v rem>kable influ5ce 9 alt]+ ^! relations2 & atmosph]ic air at "o temp]ature is magnetic to ! same fluid at ano!r3 ?us1 by !rmic v>iations1 attraction or repulsion may be alt]nately ma9ta9$4 ,by ?is x mu/ be und]/ood t a /ream ( air1 at a temp]ature elevat$ b a few degrees above t ( an atmosph]e ( ! same k9d into :i* x is pass+1 is deflect$ 9 "o way by a magnet2 :]eas1 if ! /ream is cold] ?an ! bulk ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 x is b5t 9 ano!r way by ! same =ce4 ,9 ?is respect magnetism & diamagnetism %[ equally ! influ5ce ( ano!r physical =ce1 heat2 & we may safely ref] _m meteorological ph5om5a to simil> alt]ations ( condition 9 ! atmosph]e1 relative to ! magnetic relations ( ! arial curr5ts4 ,t magnetism has a directive p[] is satisfactorily %[n by ! =mation ( cry/als 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! poles ( p[]ful magnets4 ,! common iron salt1 ! protosulphate1 ord9>ily cry/allizes s t ! cry/als unite by _! faces2 b :5 cry/alliz+ "u magnetic influ5ce1 !y h a t5d5cy to arrange !mselves ) reg>d to ea* o!r s t ! acute angle ( "o cry/al unites ) "o ( ! faces ( ano!r cry/al1 ne> to1 b nev] actually at1 its obtuse angle4 ,9 addition to ?is1 if a magnet ( suffici5t p[] is employ$1 ! cry/als arrange !mselves 9 magnetic curves f "o pole to ! o!r1 a l>g] crop ( cry/als be+ always =m$ at ! nor? ?an at ! s\? pole4 ,"h we h evid5ce ( an actual turn+ r\nd ( ! cry/al1 9 ob$i5ce to ! directive =ce ( ! magnet2 & we h ! curi\s circum/ance ( a diff]5ce 9 "s way1 :i* is n cle>ly expla9$1 betwe5 ! two opposite poles4 ,if1 in/ead ( an iron or a f]ro-magnetic salt1 we employ "o :i* belongs to ! o!r1 or diamagnetic1 class1 we h a curi\s diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,if into a glass di%1 fix$ on ! poles ( a /rong electro-magnet1 we p\r a quantity ( a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & place 9 ! fluid1 ov] ! poles ( ! magnet1 two globules ( m]cury 7an arrangem5t by :i* t arboresc5t cry/allization1 call$ ! ,arbor ,dian1 is produc$17 we h ! long ne$le-%ap$ cry/als ( silv]1 arrang+ !mselves 9 curves :i* w\ld cut ! ord9>y magnetic l9es at "r angles4#aib ,9 ! fir/ example giv5 we h an exhibition ( magnetic =ce1 :ile 9 ! la/ we h a /rik+ display ( ! diamagnetic p[]4 ,! l>ge majority ( natural =mations appe> to gr\p !mselves "u ! class ( diamagnetics4 ,^! bodies are ?\ght to possess poles ( mutual repulsion among !mselves1 & :i* are equally repell$ by ! magnetic po9ts ( conv]g5ce4 ,conf9+ our ideas to s+le p>ticles 9 "o condition or ! o!r1 we %all1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 compreh5d ! manifold results :i* mu/ arise f ! ex]cise ( ^! two modes ( =ce4 ,at pres5t1 our k ( ! laws ( magnetism is too limit$ to all[ ( our mak+ any g5]al d$uctions relative to ! disposition ( ! molecules ( matt]2 & ! am\nt ( obs]vation :i* has be5 giv5 to ! great natural arrangem5ts1 is too conf9$ to enable u to inf] m ?an t x is probable _m ( ! /ructural conditions ( our planet are due to pol>ity4 ,m\nta9 ranges obs]ve a s+ul> uni=mity ( direction1 & ! cleavage planes ( rock are evid5tly det]m9$ by "s all-p]vad+ p[]4 ,m9]al bodies are n di/ribut$ 9 all rocks indiscrim9ately4 ,! prim>y =mations hold "o class ( metallif]\s ores1 & ! m rec5t ones ano!r4 ,?is is n to be reg>d$ z 9 any way connect$ ) _! respective ages1 b ) "s peculi> condition ( ! /one itself4 ,! granite & slate rocks1 at _! junctions1 pres5t ! requir$ conditions = ! deposit ( copp] ore1 :ile we f9d ! lime/ones h ! *>act]i/ic physical /ate = accumulat+ lead ore4 ,aga91 on exam9+ any m9]al ve91 x w be at once app>5t t e p>ticle ( ore1 & e cry/al ( qu>tz or lime/one1 is dispos$ 9 a direction :i* indicates ! ex]cise ( "s p[]ful directive ag5cy4#aic ,x appe>s1 f all ! results hi!rto obta9$1 t ! magnetic & diamagnetic condition ( bodies is equally due to "s peculi> prop]ty ( matt] 9 relation to ! o!r =ms ( electricity4 ,we h n yet arriv$ at ! connect+ l9k1 b x does n appe> to be f> di/ant4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! /atem5t made by tal5t$ exp]im5tali/s1 t magnetism has a p[]ful influ5ce 9 ei!r ret>d+ or accel]at+ *emical comb9ation4 ,beyond a d\bt *emical action weak5s ! p[] ( a magnet2 b ! di/urbance :i* x occasions 9 s(t iron1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s to t5d to its receiv+ magnetism m readily1 & reta9+ x m p]man5tly4 ,fur!r inve/igations are1 h[ev]1 requir$1 be=e we c decide satisfactorily ei!r ( ^! problems1 bo? ( :i* be> v /rongly ^u ! subject we h j be5 consid]+4 ,we h se5 t heat & electricity act /rangely on magnetic =ce1 & t ?is /atical p[] reacts ^u !m3 & ?us ! "q naturally arises1 ,d light & magnetism 9 any way act ^u ea* o!r8 ,mori*9i & ,c>pi on ! cont95t1 & ,mrs4 ,som]ville 9 ,engl&1 h /at$ t small b>s ( /eel c be r5d]$ magnetic by expos+ !m to ! influ5ce ( ! violet rays ( light4 ,^! results h be5 d5i$ by o!rs1 b aga9 repeat$ & app>5tly confirm$4 ,9 all probability1 ! rays to :i* ! ne$les 7 expos$1 be+ ^? 9 :i* ! maximum act9ic p[] is f\nd1 produc$ an actual *emical *ange2 & !n1 if ! position 7 fav\rable1 x is q evid5t t magnetism w\ld be imp>t$4 ,inde$ we h f\nd ?is to be ! case :5 ! ne$les1 expos$ to sol> radiations1 7 plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! dip4 ,! suppos$ magnetization ( light by ,f>aday has already be5 m5tion$4 ,if ! influ5ce 9 "o case is det]m9$1 x w r5d] ! o!r m probable4#aid 8,9 seek+ = a cause10 writes ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 8:i* is capable ( induc+ magnetism on ! f]rug9\s matt] ( our globe1 :e!r we place x )9 ! e>?1 or 9 its atmosph]e1 we are limit$ to ! ,,sun1 to :i* all ! magnetic ph5om5a h a di/9ct ref]5ce2 b1 :e!r x acts by its heat1 or by its light1 or by specific rays1 or influ5ces ( a magnetic nature1 mu/ be left to future inquiry40#aie ,we h le>nt t magnetism is n limit$ to f]rug9\s matt]2 we "k t ! anci5t doctr9e ( ! univ]sality ( ! prop]ty is true4 ,kir*]1 9 8 /range "w on ,magnetism1 publi%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury#aif--;a curi\s exemplification ( ! mo/ unwe>y+ indu/ry & c>eful exp]im5t1 comb9$ ) ! influ5ces ( ! cr$ulity & sup]/itions ( 8 age--attributes to ?is p[] ne>ly all ! cosmical ph5om5a ) :i*1 9 8 "t1 m5 7 acqua9t$4 ,he curi\sly anticipates ! use ( ! suppos$ virtue ( magnetic traction 9 ! curative art2 & z ! titles ( 8 conclud+ *apt]s suffici5tly %[1 he 0 a firm believ] 9 animal magnetism4#aig ,b x is n ) any ref]5ce to ^! t we ref] to ! "w ( ,a?anasii ,kir*]i1 ,societatis ,jesu1 ,magnes1 sive de ,magnetiv ,arte1 b to %[ t two hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 man 0 ne> a great tru?2 b ! "t ( its developm5t be+ n yet come1 x 0 all[$ to sleep = m ?an two c5turies1 & ! %ad[ ( night _h cov]$ x4 ,9 speak+ ( ! vegetable _w1 & ! rem>kable processes by :i* ! leaf1 ! fl[]1 & ! fruit are produc$1 ?is sage br+s =w>d ! fact ( ! diamagnetic "* ( ! plant1 :i* has be51 )9 ! la/ two ye>s1 re-discov]$2 & he ref]s ! motions ( ! ,sun-fl[]1 ! clos+ ( ! ,convolvulus1 & ! directions ( ! spiral1 =m$ by tw9+ plants1 to ?is p>ticul> influ5ce4 ,?is does n appe> z a m]e speculation1 a r&om guess1 b is ! result ( d$uctions f exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,kir*] d\btless leap$ ov] a wide space to come to 8 conclusion2 b ! result is valuable 9 a tw(old s5se4 ,9 ! fir/ x %[s u t1 by neglect+ a fact :i* is sugge/ive1 we probably lose a tru? ( great g5]al application2 & secondly1 x proves to u1 t by /epp+ beyond ! po9t to :i* inductive logic leads1 & v5tur+ on ! wide sea ( hypo!sis1 we are liable to sacrifice ! true to ! false1 & ?us to h9d] ! progress ( human k4 ,magnetism1 9 "o or o!r ( its =ms1 is n[ prov$ to be univ]sal1 & to its p[] we are dispos$ to ref] ! /ructural conditions ( all mat]ial bodies1 bo? organic & inorganic4 ,?is view has sc>cely yet be5 recognis$ by philosoph]s2 b z we f9d a c]ta9 law ( pol>ity prevail+ ?r\gh e atom ( creat$ matt]1 9 :atev] /ate x may be pres5t$ to our s5ses1 x is evid5t t e p>ticle mu/ h a pol> & direct+ influ5ce ^u ! mass1 & e coh]5t mass becomes ?us only a l>g] & m p[]ful repres5tative ( ! magnetic unit4 ,?us we see ! speculation ( ,han/e51 t ! sun is1 to u1 a magnetic c5tre1 & t x is equally influ5c$ by ! remot] suns ( ! univ]se1#aih is support$ by legitimate d$uctions f exp]im5t4 ,! great difficulty is n1 h[ev]1 got rid ( by ?is speculation2 ! cause by :i* ! e>?'s magnetism is induc$ is only remov$ fur!r (f4 ,! idea ( a magnetic fluid is sc>cely t5able2 & ! f]rug9\s nature ( ! ,aurora borealis receives no pro( f any inve/igation2 inde$1 we h procur$ evid5ce to %[ t iron is n at all necess>y = ! production ( magnetic ph5om5a4 ,! leaf ( a tree1 a fl[]1 fruit1 a piece ( animal muscle1 glass1 pap]1 & a v>iety ( simil> sub/ances1 h ! p[] ( repell+ ! b> ( iron :i* we call a magnet1 & ( plac+ x at "r angles to ! direction ( ! =ce ex]t$ by !m4 ,?is is a po9t :i* mu/ be con/antly borne 9 m9d :5 we n[ consid] ! my/]ies ( magnetic ph5om5a4 ,any two masses ( matt] act ^u ea* o!r accord+ to ?is law1 & al?\gh by ! p[] ( cohesion ! =ce may be br\ght to an equilibrium1 or to its z]o po9t1 x is nev] lo/1 & may be readily & rapidly manife/$ by any ( ! means employ$ = electrical excitation4 ,reason+ by analogy1 ! "q fairly sugge/s itself3 ,if two sy/ems ( inorganic atomic con/itution are ?us inve/$ ) a p[] ( influ5c+ ea* o!r ?r\gh a di/ance1 :y may n two m highly develop$ organic sy/ems equally1 or to a great] ext5t1 produce an influ5ce 9 l mann]8 ,^u su* reason+ z ?is is f\nd$ ! ph5om5on kn[n z ,animal ,magnetism4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! fact t "o mass ( blood1 muscle1 n]ves1 & bone1 mu/1 magnetically1 influ5ce ano!r simil> mass4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 some?+ totally diff]5t f t abnormal condition :i* is produc$ ?r\gh "s peculi> &1 z yet1 unexpla9$ physiological influ5ces4 ,) ! my/]i\s op]ations ( vital action1 ! =ces :i* we h be5 consid]+ h no?+ :atev] 9 common4 ,! p[]s :i* are employ$ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( matt] are1 not)/&+ _! subtile "*1 ( f> too gross a nature to influ5ce ! psy*ological my/]ies :i* pres5t !mselves to ! obs]vant m9d4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 by plac+ a p]son ( ev5 mod]ate n]v\s s5sibility 9 a con/ra9$ position1 & "u an unnatural influ5ce ( ! m9d1 z acquir$ by ! disciples ( ,mesm]1 a torpor affect+ only c]ta9 s5ses is produc$4 ,! recognis$ & und\bt$ ph5om5a are 9 ! highe/ degree curi\s--b 9 ^! ! m>vels ( *>latanry & ignorance are n includ$2--& ! explanation mu/ be s\ght = by ! physiologi/ among ^? hidd5 pr9ciples ^u :i* dep5ds all human s5sation4#aii ,man1 l a magician1 /&s ^u a promontory1 & survey+ ! great ocean ( ! physical =ces :i* involve ! mat]ial creation1 & produce t inf9ite v>iety ( ph5om5a :i* is unceas+ly exhibit$ ar\nd him1 he ext5ds ! w& ( intellig5ce1 & bids ! 8spirits ( ! va/y deep0 obey 8 evocation4 ,! ph5om5a recur--! great processes ( creation g on--! ext]nal manife/ations ( omnipot5t p[] proce$--effects are aga9 & aga9 produc$2 b ! curr5t ( =ce passes undulat+ onw>ds2--& to ! pr\d bidd+ ( ! evocator !re is no reply b ! e*o ( 8 own va9 voice1 :i* is lo/ at la/ 9 ! va/ imm5sity ( ! unkn[n :i* lies beyond him4 ,we see h[ p[]fully ! physical =ces1 9 _! v>i\s modes ( action1 /ir & animate ?is planet>y mass2 & among/ ^! ! influ5ce ( magnetism appe>s z a great direct+ ag5t1 ?\gh its orig9 is unkn[n to u4 ,t p[] :i*1 l a pot5t _s1 guides ,! sea-wide w&]]s ov] di/ant tides1 ,inspir+ confid5ce :]e'er !y roam1 ,by indicat+ /ill ! pa?way home2-- ,?r\gh nature1 quick5'd by ! sol> beam1 ,inve/s ea* atom ) a =ce supreme1 ,directs ! cav]n'd cry/al 9 its bir?1 ,& frames ! mightie/ m\nta9s ( ! e>?2 ,ea* leaf & fl[] by its /rong law re/ra9s1 ,& b9ds ! mon>* ,man )9 its my/ic *a9s4 ,,footnotes3 #agj ,treatise on ,magnetism1 by ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,cosmos3 a ,sket* ( a ,physical description ( ! ,univ]se2 by ,alex&] ,von ,humboldt4--,ott's ,translation4 #aga ,expri5ce ,electro-,magntique4 p> ,m4 r/$4--,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bja4 ,de la ,rive1 ,re*]*es sur la ,di/ribution de l',electricit dyn4 dans les ,corps4--,g5ve1 #ahbe4 #agb ,on ! ,magnetic p[] ( ,s(t ,iron3 by ,mr4 ,watk9s4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcc4 #agc ,cavallo1 ,on ,magnetism4--,cavallo 0 ! fir/ :o notic$ ! influ5ce ( heat on ,magnetism4 ,consult ,on ! anomal\s ,magnetic ,action ( ,hot ,iron betwe5 ! :ite & blood-r$ heat3 by ,pet] ,b>l[1 ,esq4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbb1 p4 #abd4 ,treatise on ,magnetism3 by ,b>l[4--,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #agd 8,! f\ndation ( our rese>*es is ! assumption t ! t]re/rial magnetic =ce is ! collective action ( all ! magnetis$ p>ticles ( ! e>?'s mass4 ,we repres5t to ourselves magnetisation z ! sep>ation ( ! magnetic fluids4 ,admitt+ ! repres5tation1 ! mode ( action ( ! fluids 7repulsion ( simil>1 & attraction ( dissimil>1 p>ticles inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance7 belongs to ! numb] ( e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,no alt]ation 9 ! results w\ld be caus$ by *ang+ ?is mode ( repres5tation = t ( ,ampre1 :]eby1 in/ead ( magnetic fluids1 magnetism is held to consi/ 9 con/ant galvanic curr5ts 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticles ( bodies4 ,nor w\ld x occasion a diff]5ce if ! t]re/rial magnetism 7 ascrib$ to a mix$ orig91 z proce$+ p>tly f ! sep>ation ( ! magnetic fluids 9 ! e>?1 & p>tly f galvanic curr5ts1 9 ! same2 inasmu* z x is kn[n t = ea* galvanic curr5t may be sub/itut$ su* a giv5 di/ribution ( ! magnetic fluids 9 a surface b\nd$ by ! curr5t1 z w\ld ex]cise 9 ea* po9t ( ext]nal space precisely ! same magnetic action z w\ld be produc$ by ! galvanic curr5t itself40--,g5]al ,!ory ( ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 by ,pr(essor ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,gauss1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+54--,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahh4 #age ,humboldt's ,cosmos4--,ott's translation4 #agf ,han/e53 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,magnetismus d] ,erde1 ,*ri/ana1 #ahai4 ,humboldt3 ,expos des ,v>iations ,magntiques4--,gilb]t's ,annales4 ,brew/]'s ,magnetism3 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #agg ,han/e52 z above4 #agh ,on ! effects ( temp]ature on ! int5sity ( magnetic =ces1 & on ! diurnal v>iations ( ! t]re/rial magnetic int5sity2 by ,samuel ,hunt] ,*ri/ie1 ,esq4--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxv4 #ahbe4 #agi ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,b>l[1 9 ,engl&1 & "s em95t obs]v]s 9 ,au/ria1 t an electric curr5t con/antly trav]ses ! wires ( ! electric telegraph :]ev] !re are two e>? connections4 #ahj ,meteorological ,obs]vations & ,essays3 by ,dr4 ,dalton4 ,on ! ,height ( ! ,aurora ,borealis above ! surface ( ! ,e>?3 by ,john ,dalton1 ,f4,r4,s4--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxiv4 p4 #bia4 #aha ,arago3 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxxix4 p4 #cfi4 ,on ! v>iable ,int5sity ( ,t]re/rial ,magnetism & ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,aurora ,borealis ^u x2 by ,rob]t ,7 ,fox4--,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahca1 p4 #aii4 #ahb 8,brilliant & active coruscations ( ! ,aurora ,borealis10 says ,capta9 ,back1 8:5 se5 ?r\gh a hazy atmosph]e1 & exhibit+ ! prismatic col\rs1 almo/ inv>iably affect$ ! ne$le4 ,on ! contr>y1 a v bright ,aurora1 ?\gh att5d$ by motion1 & ev5 t+$ ) a dulli% r$ & a yell[ 9 a cle> blue sky1 seldom produc$ any s5sible *ange1 beyond1 at ! mo/1 a tremul\s motion4 ,a d5se haze or fog1 9 conjunction ) an active ,aurora1 seem$ uni=mly fav\rable to ! di/urbance ( ! ne$le1 & a l[ temp]ature 0 fav\rable to brilliant & active coruscations4 ,on no occasion dur+ two w9t]s 0 any s\nd he>d to accompany ! motions4 ,! ,aurora 0 frequ5tly se5 at twilight1 & z (t5 to ! ea/w>d z to ! we/w>d2 cl\ds1 also1 7 (t5 p]ceiv$ 9 ! day-"t1 9 =m & disposition v mu* resembl+ ! ,aurora40--,n>rative ( ! ,arctic ,l& ,exp$ition4 #ahc ,f>aday3 ,on ! ,diamagnetic "* ( ,flame & ,gases4 #ahd 8,! ,aurora ,borealis is c]ta9ly 9 "s measure a magnetical ph5om5on2 & if iron 7 ! only sub/ance capable ( exhibit+ magnetic effects1 x w\ld foll[ t "s f]rug9\s p>ticles mu/ exi/ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! light usually att5d+ ?is magnetical meteor may possibly be d]iv$ f electricity1 :i* may be ! imm$iate cause ( a *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( ! magnetic fluid1 conta9$ 9 ! f]rug9\s vap\rs :i* are imag9$ to float 9 ! air40--,lecture on ,magnetism3 ,"y's ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #ecc4 #ahe ,on ! suppos$ influ5ce ( ,magnetism & ,*emical ,action2 by ,rob]t ,hunt4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxxii4 ,no4 #bae1 #ahdi4 #ahf ,^? bodies :i* are attract$ by a magnet1 z iron is1 are call$ magnetic bodies4 ,^? :i* are1 on ! contr>y1 repell$ by ! same p[]1 are t]m$ diamagnetic bodies4 ,on ^! ,dr4 ,f>aday rem>ks3--8,( ! sub/ances :i* compose ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 by f> ! great] portion belong to ! diamagnetic class2 & ?\gh f]rug9\s & o!r magnetic matt]s1 be+ m en]getic 9 _! action1 are m /rik+ 9 _! ph5om5a1 we %\ld be ha/y 9 assum+ t1 !re=e1 !y ov] rule entirely ! effect ( ! =m] bodies4 ,z reg>ds ! ocean1 lakes1 riv]s1 & ! atmosph]e1 !y w ex]t _! peculi> effect almo/ un9flu5c$ by any magnetic matt] 9 !m1 & z respects ! rocks & m\nta9s1 _! diamagnetic influ5ce is p]haps great] ?an might be anticipat$4 ,i m5tion$ t by adju/+ wat] & a salt ( iron toge!r1 ,i obta9$ a solution inactive 9 air2 t is1 by a due association ( ! =ces ( a body1 f ea* class1 wat] & a salt ( iron1 ! magnetic =ce ( ! latt] 0 entirely c\nt]act$ by ! diamagnetic =ce ( ! =m]1 & ! mixture 0 nei!r attract$ nor repell$3 ,to produce ?is effect1 x requir$ t m ?an #dhf gra9s ( cry/allis$ protosulphate ( iron %\ld be add$ to t5 cubic in*es ( wat] 7= ^! proportions gave a solution :i* w\ld set equatorially71 a quantity s l>ge1 t ,i 0 greatly a/oni%$ on obs]v+ ! p[] ( ! wat] to ov]come x4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 at all unlikely t _m ( ! masses :i* =m ! cru/ ( ?is our globe1 may h an excess ( diamagnetic p[]1 & act accord+ly40--,on new magnetic actions1 & on ! magnetic condition ( all matt]2 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4--,philosophical ,transactions1 ,jan4 #ahdf1 vol4 cxxxvii4 p4 #da4 #ahg ,ibid4 #ahh ,on ! ,diamagnetic conditions ( ,flame & ,gases1 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,f4,r4,s42 & ,on ! motions pres5t$ by ,flame :5 "u ,electro-,magnetic ,influ5ce1 by ,pr(essor ,zant$es*i4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahdg1 pp4 #dja-dba4 #ahi ,on ,diamagnetism2 by ,pr(essor ,plck]1 ( ,bonn4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,july1 #ahdh4 #aij ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday1 ,plck]1 ,becqu]el1 ,tyndale1 & ,knoblau*1 see ,de ,la ,rive's ,treatise on ,electricity 9 ,!ory & ,practice4 #aia ,a few examples tak5 f ,dr4 ,f>aday's pap] w %[ ?is3-- ,nitrog5 be+ act$ on 0 manife/ly diamagnetic 9 relation to common air :5 bo? 7 ( ! same temp]ature4 ,oxyg5 appe>s to be magnetic 9 common air4 ,hydrog5 prov$ to be cle>ly & ev5 /rongly diamagnetic4 ,its diamagnetic /ate %[s1 9 a /rik+ po9t ( view1 t gases1 l solids1 h peculi> & di/9ctive degrees ( diamagnetic =ce4 ,c>bonic acid gas is diamagnetic 9 air4 ,c>bonic oxide 0 c>efully fre$ f c>bonic acid be=e x 0 us$1 & x appe>s to be m diamagnetic ?an c>bonic acid4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 mod]ately1 b cle>ly1 diamagnetic 9 air4 ,olefiant gas 0 diamagnetic4 ,! coal gas ( ,london is v well diamagnetic1 & gives exce$+ly good & di/9ct results4 ,sulphur\s acid gas is diamagnetic 9 air4 ,muriatic acid gas 0 decid$ly diamagnetic 9 air4--,on ! ,diamagnetic ,conditions ( ,flame & ,gases3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahdg1 p4 #dji4 #aib ,= illu/ration ( ?is ,i mu/ ref] to my own ,memoir1 ,rese>*es on ! ,influ5ce ( ,magnetism & ,voltaic ,electricity on ,cry/allization1 & o!r conditions ( matt]1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 c41 vol4 i4 #aic ,9 a "w publi%$ by ,mr4 ,evan ,hopk9s1 entitl$ ,on ! ,connexion ( ,geology ) ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 w be f\nd _m valuable practical obs]vations made 9 ?is c\ntry & ! gold & silv] di/ricts ( ,am]ica2 b ! views tak5 by ! au?or are op5 to _m objections4 #aid ,see a notice by ,f>aday ( ,mori*9i's ,exp]im5ts 9 ,relations ( ,light to ,magnetic ,=ce--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxxxvii4 p4 #ae4 ,see also ,mr4 ,*ri/ie ,on ,magnetic ,influ5ce 9 ! ,sol> ,rays--,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cvii4 p4 #bai2 vol4 cxix4 p4 #cgi4 #aie ,sir ,david ,brew/] ,on ,magnetism2 republi%$ f ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #aif ,! :ole ( ! title ( ,kir*]'s book w convey "s idea ( ! subjects embrac$3--,a?anasii ,kir*]i ,societatis ,jesu ,magnes1 sive de ,arte ,magnetic2 opus trip>titum1 quo ,univ]sa ,magnetis ,natura ejusque 9 omnibus ,sci5tiis et ,artibus usus nov me?odo explicatur3 ac prt]ea e viribus et prodigiosis effectibus ,magnetic>um ali>umque abdit>um ,natur ,motionum 9 ,elem5tis1 ,lapidibus1 ,plantis1 ,animalibus elucesc5tium3 multa hucusque incognita ,natur ,arcana1 p] ,physica1 ,m$ica1 ,*ymica1 et ,ma!matica omnis g5]is ,exp]im5ta recluduntur ,editio ,t]tia3 ab ipso ,au?ore recognita em5dataque1 ac multis novorum ,exp]im5torum ,problematibus aucta4 ,rom1 #afed4 #aig ,! foll[+ are ! titles ( ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ,kir*]'s book3--,de magnetismo solis et lun 9 m>ia4 ,de magnetic vi plant>um4 ,de insitionis magneticis miraculis4 ,de magnetismo virgul aurif] seu div9atori4 ,de plantis heliotropiis eorumque magnetismo4 ,de magnetismo r]um m$ic9alium4 ,de vi attractiv pot5ti imag9ativ4 ,de magnetismo music4 ,de magnetismo amoris4 #aih 8,= ^! reasons x appe>s mo/ natural to seek _! orig9 9 ! sun1 ! s\rce ( all liv+ activity1 & our conjecture ga9s probability f ! prec$+ rem>ks on ! daily oscillations ( ! ne$le4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple ! sun may be conceiv$ z possess+ "o or m magnetic axes1 :i*1 by di/ribut+ ! =ce1 occasion a magnetic diff]5ce 9 ! e>?1 9 ! moon1 & all ^? planets ^: int]nal /ructure admits ( su* a diff]5ce4 ,yet1 all[+ all ?is1 ! ma9 difficulty seems n to be ov]come1 b m]ely remov$ f ! eyes to a great] di/ance2 = ! "q may /ill be ask$1 ) equal ju/ice1 :5ce did ! sun acquire its magnetic =ce8 ,& if f ! sun we h rec\rse to a c5tral sun1 & f t aga9 to a g5]al magnetic direction ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 hav+ ! ,milky ,way = its equator1 we b l5g!n an unre/rict$ *a91 e l9k ( :i* hangs on ! prec$+ l9k1 no "o ( !m on a po9t ( support4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! foll[+ mode ( repres5t+ ! subject appe>s to me mo/ plausible4 ,if a s+le globe 7 left to move alone freely 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 ! opposite =ces exi/+ 9 its mat]ial /ructure w\ld soon arrive at an equilibrium con=mable to _! nature1 if !y 7 n s at fir/1 & all activity w\ld soon come to an end4 ,b if we imag9e ano!r globe to be introduc$1 a mutual relation w arise betwe5 ! two2 & "o ( its results w be a reciprocal t5d5cy to unite1 :i* is designat$ & sometimes ?\ght to be expla9$ by ! m]ely descriptive ^w ,attraction4 ,n[ w\ld ?is t5d5cy be ! only consequ5ce ( ?is relation8 ,is x n m likely t ! fundam5tal =ces1 be+ drawn f _! /ate ( indiff]5ce or re/1 w\ld exhibit _! en]gy 9 all possible directions1 giv+ rise to all k9ds ( contr>y action8 ,! electric =ce is excit$1 n by friction alone1 b also by contact1 & probably also1 ?\gh 9 small] degrees1 by ! mutual action ( two bodies at a di/ance2 = contact is no?+ b ! smalle/ possible di/ance1 & t1 moreov]1 only = a few small p>ticles4 ,is x n conceivable t magnetic =ce may likewise orig9ate 9 a simil> mann]8 ,:5 ! natural philosoph] & ! ma!matician pay reg>d to no o!r effect ( ! reciprocal relation betwe5 two bodies at a di/ance1 except ! t5d5cy to unite1 !y proce$ logically1 if _! inve/igations require no?+ m ?an a mov+ p[]2 b %\ld x be ma9ta9$ t no o!r en]gy c be develop$ betwe5 two su* bodies1 ! ass]tion w ne$ pro( & ! pro( w be h>d to f9d40--,! above is a translation f ,han/e5's "w ,on ,magnetism4 #aii ,see article ,animal ,magnetism1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 & ,mr4 ,braid's pap]s ,on ,hypnotism1 publi%$ 9 ! 8,m$ical ,times40 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,*emical ,,=ces4 ,nature's ,*emi/ry--,*anges produc$ by ,*emical ,comb9ation--,atomic ,con/itution ( ,bodies--,laws ( ,comb9ation--,comb9+ ,equival5ts--,elective ,aff9ity--,*emical ,decomposition--,comp\nd ,"* ( ,*emical ,ph5om5a--,catalysis or action ( ,pres5ce--,trans=mation ( ,organic ,bodies--,organic ,*emi/ry--,con/ancy ( ,comb9+ ,proportions--,! ,law ( ,volumes1 ! ,law ( ,sub/itutions1 ,isom]ic ,/ates1 c4 ,all ?+s on ! e>? are ! result ( *emical comb9ation4 ,! op]ations by :i* ! comm+l+ ( molecules & ! int]*ange ( atoms take place1 we c imitate 9 our laboratories2 b 9 nature !y proce$ by sl[ degrees1 &1 9 g5]al1 9 our h&s !y are di/+ui%$ by sudd5ness ( action4 ,9 nature *emical p[] is di/ribut$ ov] a long p]iod ( "t1 & ! process ( *ange is sc>cely to be obs]v$4 ,by art we conc5trate *emical =ce1 & exp5d x 9 produc+ a *ange :i* occupies b a few h\rs at mo/4 ,_m ( ! m /rik+ ph5om5a ( nature are /ill my/]i\s to u1 & pr9cipally because we d n1 or _c1 take ! elem5t "t into calculation4 ,! geologi/ is compell$ to d ?is to expla9 ! progress ( ! =mation ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 b ! *emi/ r>ely reg>ds ! effects ( "t 9 any ( 8 op]ations4 ,! *emical *ange :i* )9 ! fissure ( ! rock is sl[ly & sil5tly at "w1 displac+ "o elem5t or molecule1 & replac+ x by ano!r1 is 9 all probability ! op]ation ( a truly geological p]iod4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 ( ! *anges :i* are con/antly go+ on ar\nd u1 are ( a mu* m rapid "*1 & 9 ^! nature is no sl[] 9 manipulat+ ?an ! *emi/4 ,_h x be5 t ! elem5ts :i* are n[ f\nd 9 comb9ation c\ld exi/ 9 a free /ate1 ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces w\ld necess>ily ensue4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a p]iod :5 _m ( ! comb9ations kn[n to u 7 n yet creat$4 ,_! elem5ts ei!r exi/$ 9 o!r =ms1 or 7 uncomb9$4 ,our rocks are comp\nds ( oxyg5 ) c]ta9 peculi> metals :i* unite ) oxyg5 s rapidly t inc&esc5ce is produc$ by _! comb9ation4 ,let u suppose t any ( ^! metals exi/$ 9 purity1 & t !y 7 sudd5ly br\ght into contact ) wat]1 ! atmosph]ic air1 or any body conta9+ oxyg51 ! result w\ld be a convulsion ( ! mo/ fe>ful k9d2 ! entire mass ( metal w\ld gl[ ) int5sity ( heat1 & ! impetuosity ( ! action w\ld only be subdu$ :5 ! :ole ( ! metal _h become oxidiz$4 ,volcanic action has be5 ref]r$ to "s su* cause z ?is1 b !re is n suffici5t evid5ce to support ! hypo!sis2 inde$1 x is contr>y to ! op9ion ( mo/ philosoph]s4#bjj ,su* a condition may possibly h exi/$ at "o "t1 dur+ t p]iod :5 d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 :5 ! e>? 0 a *aos2 b x is only adduc$ "h z an example ( ! viol5t nature ( "s *emical *anges4 ,potassium ?r[n on wat] bur/s into flame1 & sodium does s "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,if ^!1 or ! metals prop] 9 a /ate ( f9e division1 are br\ght into an atmosph]e ( *lor9e1 ! int5sity ( *emical action is s great t !y become inc&esc5t1 _m ( !m gl[+ ) extreme brilliancy4 ,if hydrog5 gas is mix$ ) ?is elem5t 7*lor9e7 !y unite1 "u ! influ5ce ( light1 ) explosive viol5ce1 giv+ rise to a comp\nd1 muriatic acid1 :i* comb9es ) wat] 9 an almo/ equally en]getic mann]4 ,nitrog51 z x exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e1 mix$ ) oxyg51 appe>s ne>ly in]t2 ) hydrog5 x =ms ! pung5t comp\nd1 ammonia2 ) c>bon1 ! poison\s "o1 cyanog51 ! base ( prussic acid2 ) *lor9e x gives rise to a fluid1 oily 9 its appe>ance1 b :i*1 :5 m]ely t\*$ by an unctu\s body1 explodes m viol5tly ?an any o!r kn[n comp\nd1 %iv]+ :atev] vessel x may be conta9$ 91 to atoms2 ) iod9e x is only slightly less viol5t2 & 9 c]ta9 comb9ations ) silv]1 m]cury1 gold1 or plat9um1 x produces fulm9at+ comp\nds ( ! mo/ dang]\s "*4#bja ,"h we h elem5ts h>mless :5 uncomb9$1 exhibit+ ! mo/ de/ructive effects if _! comb9ations are at all di/urb$2 & 9 ! o!r case we h in]t masses produc$ f active & injuri\s ag5ts4 ,we reg>d a c]ta9 numb] ( sub/ances z elem5t>y2 t is to say1 n be+ able1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to r$uce !m to any m simple condition1 !y are consid]$ z ! elem5ts :i* by comb9ation produce ! v>iety ( sub/ances f\nd 9 ! ?ree k+doms ( nature4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! atomic con/itution ( bodies4 ,x rema9s n[ to expla9 ! simplicity & beauty :i* m>k e v>iety ( comb9ation "u *emical =ce4 ,z a prom95t & /rik+ example1 wat] is a comp\nd ( two gase\s bodies1 oxyg5 & hydrog53-- ,if we decompose wat] by means ( galvanic electricity1 or det]m9e its composition by direct *emical analysis1 we %all f9d x consi/s ( two volumes ( hydrog5 gas1 unit$ to "o volume ( oxyg51 or1 by weight1 ( "o "p ( hydrog5 comb9$ ) eight ( oxyg54 ,9 #ajj p>ts1 !re=e1 we %\ld f9d-- ,oxyg5 #hhi ,hydrog5 #aaj ,x is f\nd 9 ! same way t ! !oretical weight ( ! atom ( c>bon is #f1 & t ( nitrog5 #ad2 :il/ ! atom ( iron is #bh1 t ( silv] #ajh1 ( gold #aii1 & t ( plat9um & iridium ea* #ih4bjb ,n[1 z ^! are ! relative weights ( ! ultimate indivisible atom1 x foll[s t all comb9ations mu/ be ei!r atom to atom1 or "o to two1 ?ree1 or f\r2 b t 9 no case %\ld comb9ation take place 9 any o!r ?an a multiple proportion ( ! equival5t or atomic numb]4 ,?is is f\nd to be ! case4 ,oxyg51 = in/ance1 comb9es z "o1 two1 or ?ree atoms2 its comb9ation pres5t+ "s multiple ( its equival5t numb] #h1 z #af1 or #bd3 & 9 l mann] ! comb9+ quantity ( c>bon is #f1 or "s multiple ( t numb]4 ,:]e ?is law is n f\nd /rictly to agree ) analytical results1 ( :i* "s examples are af=d$ by ! sesquioxides1 x may be attribut$1 )\t d\bt1 to "s error ( analysis or 9 ! me?od ( calculation4 ,no?+ c be m p]fect ?an ! mann] 9 :i* nature regulates ! ord] ( comb9ation4 ,we h no unc]ta9 arrangem5t2 b1 h[ev] great ! numb] ( ! atoms ( "o elem5t may be1 ov] ^? ( ano!r1 ^? only comb9e :i* are requir$1 accord+ to ?is great natural law1 to =m ! comp\nd1 all ! o!rs /ill rema9+ free & uncomb9$4 ,^! results c]ta9ly appe> to prove t ! elem5t>y p>ticles ( matt] are n ( ! same specific gravities4 ,d !y n also indicate t any alt]ation 9 ! specific gravity ( ! atom w\ld give rise to a new s]ies ( comp\nds1 ?us app>5tly produc+ a new elem5t8 ,surely !re is no?+ irrational 9 ! idea t ! influ5ces ( heat or electricity1 or ( o!r p[]s ( :i* z yet we "k no?+1 may be suffici5t to effect su* *anges 9 ! atomic con/itu5ts ( ?is e>?4 ,! comb9ation ( elem5t>y atoms takes place "u ! influ5ce ( an unkn[n =ce :i* we are compell$ to express by a figurative t]m1 aff9ity4 ,9 "s cases x w\ld appe> t ! disposition ( two bodies to unite1 is det]m9$ by ! electrical condition2 b a clos] exam9ation ( ! "q ?an x is possible to ent] into 9 ?is place1 cle>ly %[s t "s physical /ate1 n electrical1 influ5ces comb9+ p[]4 ,*emical aff9ity or attraction is ! peculi> disposition :i* "o body has to unite ) ano!r4 ,to give "s in/ances 9 illu/ration4 ,wat] & _s comb9e mo/ readily3 !y h a /rong aff9ity = ea* o!r4 ,wat] & oil repel ea* o!r3 !y h no aff9ity2 !y w n ent] into comb9ation4 ,if c>bonate ( pota% is add$ to ! _s & wat] 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! wat] is entirely sep>at$1 & ! pure _s w float ov] ! hydrat$ pota%4 ,if pota% is add$ to ! oil & wat]1 x comb9es ) ! oil1 &1 =m+ soap1 !y all unite toge!r2 b1 if we n[ add a little acid to ! mixture1 ! pota% w quit ! oil to comb9e ) ! acid1 & ! oil w be repell$ z be=e & float on ! liquid4 ,?is has be5 call$ s+le elective aff9ity4 ,^! elections 7 reg>d$ z con/ant1 & *emi/s drew up tables = ! purpose ( %[+ ! ord] 9 :i* ^! decompositions occur4#bjc ,?us1 ammonia1 x 0 %[n1 w\ld sep>ate sulphuric acid f magnesia1 lime remove x f ammonia1 pota% or soda f lime1 & b>ytes f pota% or soda4 ,x 0 ?\ght ! inv]se ( ?is ord] w\ld n take place1 b rec5t rese>*es h %[n t ! results are modifi$ by quantity & "s o!r conditions4 ,x (t5 happ5s t we h a comp\nd action ( ?is k9d 9 :i* d\ble election is indicat$4 ,sulphate ( lime & c>bonate ( ammonia 9 solution are br\ght toge!r1 & !re result a c>bonate ( lime & a sulphate ( ammonia4 ,n[1 9 su* cases no?+ m ?an s+le elective attraction mo/ probably occurs1 & ! c>bonic acid is seiz$ by ! lime1 by ! great aff9ity ( t e>? = c>bonic acid1 only aft] x has be5 set free f ! ammonia1 & !n1 by ! =ce ( cohesion act+ ) ! comb9+ p[]s1 ! insoluble salt is precipitat$4#bjd ,!re is a curi\s fact 9 connection ) ?is decomposition4 ,if c>bonate ( lime & sulphate ( ammonia are mix$ toge!r dry1 & expos$1 9 a clos$ vessel1 to a r$ heat1 sulphate ( lime & c>bonate ( ammonia are =m$4 ,^! opposite effects are n v easily expla9$4 ,! action ( heat is to set free ! c>bonic acid2 & x c only be by suppos+ t consid]able diff]5ces ( temp]ature rev]se ! laws ( aff9ity1 t we c at all und]/& ?is ph5om5on4 ,t diff]5t effects result at high temp]atures f ^? :i* prevail at l[ ones1 rec5t exp]im5ts prove to u1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,b\tigny1 already quot$ :5 consid]+ decomposition by calorific action4 ,"u ! t]m *emical aff9ity1 :i* we reg>d z a p[] act+ at ins5sible di/ances1 & produc+ a *ange 9 bodies1 we are cont5t to all[ ourselves to believe t we h expla9$ ! great op]ations ( nature4 ,we f9d t ! vegetable & animal k+doms are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog54 ,! granite m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 & its lime/one hills1 & all its o!r geological =mations1 are f\nd to be metals & oxyg51 & c>bon & sulphur1 dispos$ to settle 9 h>moni\s union 9 _! prop] places by *emical aff9ity4 ,b :at really is ! p[] :i* comb9es atom to atom1 & unites molecule to molecule8 ,c we ref] ! process to heat8 ,! influ5ce ( caloric1 al?\gh by *ang+ ! =m ( bodies x sometimes assi/s comb9ation1 is to be reg>d$ r z 9 antagonism to ! p[] ( cohesion4 ,c x be ?\ght t electricity is active 9 produc+ ! result8 ,dur+ e *ange ( /ate1 ^? ph5om5a :i* we t]m electrical are manife/$2 b we !reby only prove ! g5]al diffusion ( ! electric pr9ciple1 & by no means %[ t electricity is ! cause ( ! *emical *ange4 ,c light det]m9e ^! *anges8 ,x is evid5t1 al?\gh light may be a di/urb+ p[]1 t x _c be ! effective "o2 = _m ( ^! decompositions & recompositions are con/antly go+ on )9 ! d>k & sil5t dep?s ( ! e>?1 to :i* a sunbeam _c rea*4 ,t ! excitation on ! surface ( ! e>?1 produc$ by sol> influ5ce1 may modify ^? *anges1 is probable4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t we mu/ reg>d all manife/ations ( *emical =ce z dep5d5t ^u "s secret pr9ciples common to all matt]1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 b modifi$ by ! influ5ces ( ! kn[n impond]able elem5ts1 & by ! me*anical =ce ( aggregative attraction4 ,bodies und]go rem>kable *anges ( =m1 & pres5t v diff]5t *>act]s1 by reactions1 :i* are ( sev]al k9ds4 ,we suppose t a p]man5t corpuscul> arrangem5t is ma9ta9$ s long z ! equilibrium ( ! molecul> =ces is undi/urb$4 ,wat]1 = in/ance1 rema9s un*ang$ s long z ! balance ( aff9ity is kept up betwe5 ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( :i* x is compos$1 or s long z ! oscillations ( =ce betwe5 ^! comb9+ elem5ts are equal2 b di/urb ?is =ce1 or set up a new vibratory action1 z by pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! wat]1 or by pres5t+ ano!r body1 :i* has ! p[] ( react+ ^u "o ( ^! corpuscul> sy/ems1 & ! wat] is decompos$1 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases be+ set free1 or "o alone is lib]at$1 & ! o!r comb9$ ) ! molecules ( ! ag5t employ$1 & a new comp\nd produc$4 ,?is is *emi/ry1 by :i* sci5ce we discov] all ! comb9ations ( matt]4 ,hav+ reason to conclude t atom comb9es ) atom1 accord+ to a sy/em mo/ h>moni\sly arrang$1 !re c be no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t molecule unites ) molecule1 9 a mann] regulat$ by "s equally well-m>k$ law4 ,x 01 inde$1 a discov]y by ,w5zel1 ( ,frib\rg1 t1 9 salts :i* decompose ea* o!r1 ! acid :i* saturates "o base w also saturate ! o!r base2 & ! subsequ5t obs]vations ( ,ri*t]1 ( ,b]l91 :o atta*$ proportional numb]s to ! acids & bases1 & :o rem>k$ t ! neutrality ( metallic salts does n *ange dur+ ! precipitation ( metals by ea* o!r1 :i* l$ ! way to ! atomic !ory ( ,dr4 ,dalton1 to :om entirely belongs ! obs]vation1 t ! equival5t ( a comp\nd body is ! sum ( ! equival5ts ( its con/itu5ts1 & ! discov]y ( comb9ation 9 multiple proportions4 ,! elem5ts ( a molecule c take a new arrangem5t among/ !mselves1 )\t any alt]ation 9 ! numb] ( ! atoms or ( _! weight1 & ?us give rise to a body ( a diff]5t =m & col\r1 al?\gh possess+ ! same *emical con/itution4 ,?is is ! case ) _m ( ! organic comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,! elem5ts ( a comp\nd may be disassociat$1 & ?us ! dissimil> sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$ set free4 ,a piece ( *alk expos$ to heat is1 by ! di/urbance ( its molecul> arrangem5t1 *ang$ 9 its nature2 a gase\s body1 c>bonic acid1 is lib]at$1 & quick-lime 7oxide ( calcium7 is left beh9d4 ,if ?is c>bonic acid is pass$ ?r\gh r$-hot metal tubes1 or br\ght 9 contact ) heat$ potassium1 x is resolv$ into oxyg5 & *>coal--! oxyg5 comb9+ ) ! metal employ$4 ,! oxide ( calcium 7lime71 if subject$ to ! action ( a p[]ful galvanic curr5t1 is conv]t$ into oxyg5 & a metal1 calcium4 ,?us we le>n t *alk is a body consi/+ ( two comp\nd molecules1--c>bonic acid1 :i* is =m$ by ! comb9ation ( an atom ( c>bon ) two atoms ( oxyg51--& lime1 :i* results f ! union ( an atom ( calcium ) "o ( oxyg54 ,! condition requisite to ! production ( *emical action betwe5 bodies is t !y %\ld be dissimil>4 ,two elem5t>y atoms are plac$ )9 ! sph]es ( ea* o!r's influ5ces1 & a comp\nd molecule results4 ,oxyg5 & hydrog5 =m wat]2 oxyg5 & c>bon give rise to c>bonic acid2 nitrog5 & hydrog5 unite to =m ammonia2 & *lor9e & hydrog5 to produce hydro*loric acid4 ,9 all ^! cases an ext]nal =ce is requir$ to br+ ! atoms )9 ! range ( mutual aff9ity3 flame1--! electrical sp>k1--act9ism1--or ! int]position ( a ?ird body1 is necess>y 9 ea* case4 ,!re are o!r examples 9 :i* no su* influ5ce is requir$4 ,potassium & oxyg5 in/antly unite3 *lor9e1 iod9e1 & brom9e imm$iately1 & ) mu* viol5ce1 comb9e ) ! metals to =m *lorides1 iodides1 or bromides4 ,) comp\nd molecules ! action is 9 _m cases equally active1 & comb9ation is readily effect$1 z 9 ! cases ( ! acids & ! oxides ( "s metals1 :i* are all in/ances ( ! mo/ common *emical attraction4 ,an elem5t>y or simple molecule & molecules ( a comp\nd & diff]5t con/itution are br\ght toge!r1 & a new comp\nd results f an int]*ange ( _! atoms1 :il/ an elem5t is lib]at$4 ,^! are ess5tially illu/rations ( analytical *emi/ry4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is mix$ ) *lor9e2 ! *lor9e comb9es ) ! hydrog51 & sulphur is set free4 ,potassium is put into wat]1 & x comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :il/ ! hydrog5 is lib]at$4 ,two comp\nd molecules be+ br\ght toge!r may decompose ea* o!r1 & =m two new comp\nds by an int]*ange ( _! elem5ts4 ,"o elem5t may be sub/itut$ = ano!r "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,gold may be replac$ by m]cury2 copp] w take ! place ( silv]2 & iron w occasion ! sep>ation ( copp] f its solutions1 ! iron itself be+ dissolv$ to supply its place2 *lor9e w sub/itute hydrog5 9 ! c>burett$ hydrog5 gases2 & _m o!r examples might be adduc$4 ,*emical ph5om5a v frequ5tly become ( a complex "*2 & "o1 two1 or ?ree ( ^! cases may be occurr+ at ! same "t 9 ! decomposition ( "o comp\nd by ano!r4 ,su* are ! g5]al features ( *emical sci5ce4 ,_m peculi>ities & rem>kable ph5om5a connect$ ) *emical inve/igations w be nam$1 z ! exam9ation ( ! elem5t>y composition ( matt] is proce$$ )2 b1 al?\gh ! philosophy ( *emical action is ( ! highe/ int]e/1 x mu/ n be all[$ to deta9 u ) its details1 :i* are1 inde$1 m 9 accordance ) a treatise on ! sci5ce ?an "o :i* pr(esses to d no m ?an sket* out ^? prevail+ & /rik+ features :i*1 :il/ !y elucidate ! great tru?s ( nature1 are capable ( be+ employ$ z sugge/ive examples ( ! t5d5cy ( sci5tific inve/igation to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( ?\ght1 & give a great] elevation to ! m9d1 lead+ u f ! m]ely me*anical process ( analysis up to ! great syn!tical op]ations1 by :i* all t is f\nd ^u ! e>? = its ornam5t1 or our necessities1 is creat$4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a )9 ! range ( physical *emi/ry are ^? ( ,catalysis1 or1 z x has also be5 call$1 ! 8,action ( pres5ce40#bje ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( bodies kn[n to possess ! p[] ( resolv+ comp\nds into new =ms1 )\t und]go+ any *ange !mselves4 ,kir*(f discov]$ t ! pres5ce ( an acid1 at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 conv]t$ />* into sug> & gum1 no comb9ation ) ! acid tak+ place4 ,!n>d f\nd t manganese1 plat9um1 gold1 & silv]1 &1 inde$1 almo/ any solid organic body1 _h ! p[] ( decompos+ ! b9oxide ( hydrog5 by _! pres5ce m]ely1 no action be+ detect$ on ^! bodies4 ,edmund ,davy f\nd t p[d]$ plat9um1 moi/5$ ) alcohol1 became r$-hot1 fir$ ! _s1 & conv]t$ x into v9eg>1 )\t und]go+1 itself1 any *emical *ange4 ,db]e9] next discov]$ t spongy plat9um fir$ a curr5t ( hydrog5 gas direct$ ^u x1 :i*1 by comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 =m$ wat]4 ,dulong & ,!n>d trac$ ! same prop]ty1 diff]+ only 9 degree1 ?r\gh iridium1 osmium1 palladium1 gold1 silv]1 & ev5 glass4 ,fur!r inve/igation has ext5d$ ! numb] ( in/ances2 & x has ev5 be5 f\nd t a poli%$ plate ( plat9um has ! p[] ( cond5s+ hydrog5 & oxyg5 s =cibly ^u its surface1 t ^! gases are drawn into comb9ation & =m wat]1 ) a developm5t ( heat suffici5t to ignite ! metal4 ,?is p[]1 :atev] x may be1 is common 9 bo? organic & inorganic nature1 & on its important purposes ,b]zelius has ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- 8,?is p[] gives rise to num]\s applications 9 organic nature2 ?us1 x is only ar\nd ! eyes ( ! potato t dia/ase exi/s3 x is by means ( catalytic p[] t dia/ase1 & t />*1 :i* are insoluble1 are conv]t$ into sug> & into gum1 :i*1 be+ soluble1 =m ! sap t rises 9 ! g]ms ( ! potato4 ,?is evid5t example ( ! action ( catalytic p[] 9 an organic secretion1 is n1 probably1 ! only "o 9 ! animal & vegetable k+dom1 & x may h]eaft] be discov]$ t x is by an action analog\s to t ( catalytic p[]1 t ! secretion ( su* diff]5t bodies is produc$1 all :i* are suppli$ by ! same matt]1 ! sap 9 plants1 & ! blood 9 animals40#bjf ,x is1 )\t d\bt1 to ?is peculi> ag5cy t we mu/ attribute ! abnormal actions produc$ 9 ! blood ( liv+ animals by ! addition ( any gase\s miasma or putrid matt]1 ( :i* we h1 9 all probability1 a fe>ful example 9 ! progress ( ,asiatic *ol]a2 !re=e ! /udy ( its ph5om5a becomes an important "p ( public hygine4 ,physical rese>* has prov$ to u t all bodies h peculi> p[]s1 by :i* !y cond5se ) v>y+ degrees ( =ce gases & vap\rs ^u _! surfaces2 e body 9 nature may1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z =m+ its own peculi> atmosph]e4 ,to ?is p[]1 9 all probability1 does catalysis belong4 ,diff]5t views h1 h[ev]1 prevail$ on ?is subject1 & ,dr4 ,lyon ,playfair#bjg argues t ! catalytic =ce is m]ely a modifi$ =m ( *emical aff9ity1 ex]t$ "u peculi> conditions4 ,:atev] may be ! p[] produc+ *emical *ange1 x acts 9 con=mity ) "s fix$ laws1 & 9 all its transmutations1 an ob$i5ce to a mo/ h>moni\s sy/em is app>5t4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! rem>kable "* ( _m ( ^! natural transmutations ( matt]1 b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) a few examples only4 ,= in/ance3-- ,sug>1 oxalic acid1 & citric acid are v unlike ea* o!r1 yet !y are compos$ ( ! same elem5ts2 ! fir/ is us$ z a g5]al condim5t1 ! second is a de/ructive poison1 & ! ?ird a grateful & heal?ful acid3 sug> is readily conv]t$ into oxalic acid1 & 9 ! process ( rip5+ fruits nature h]self conv]ts citric acid into sug>4 ,aga91 />*1 sug>1 & gum w\ld sc>cely be reg>d$ z alike1 yet _! only diff]5ce is 9 ! mode 9 :i* c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 comb9e4 ,!y are compos$ ( ! same pr9ciples1 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,/>* #ab #aj #aj ,sug> #ab #aa #aa ,gum #ab #aa #aa ,^! isom]ic gr\ps c]ta9ly indicate "s law ( aff9ity :i* sci5ce has n yet discov]$4 ,simil> & ev5 m rem>kable in/ances might be adduc$ ( ! same elem5ts produc+ comp\nds v unlike ea* o!r2 b ! above h be5 select$ f _! well-kn[n *>act]s4 ,inde$1 we may /ate ) tru? t all ! v>ieties ( ! vegetable _w--_! woody fibre--_! acid or alkal9e juices--! v>i\s exudations ( plants--_! fl[]s1 fruit1 & se$s1 & ! num]\s products :i*1 by art1 !y are made to yield = ! uses ( man1 are1 all ( !m1 comp\nds ( ^! ?ree elem5ts1 diff]+ only 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are comb9$ ) nitrog51 or 9 "s peculi> *ange ( /ate 9 "o or o!r ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,! *emi/ is n[ enabl$ by simple processes1 f ! refuse ( manufactories to produce fruit ess5ces :i* are equal 9 flav\r to ! natural production2 & f b5zoic acid1 :i* is obta9$ 9 great abundance f ! h\ses 9 :i* c[s are kept1 ! mo/ delicate ess5ces are produc$1 :i* are giv5 to ! _w z ! di/illations ( a ?\s& fl[]s4 ,by ! impulse giv5 to organic *emi/ry by ,liebig1 our k ( ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances1 9 physical "* exce$+ly dissimil>1 :i* result f ! comb9ation ( oxyg51 hydrog51 & c>bon1 9 v>y+ proportions1 has be5 l>gely increas$4 ,& ! sci5ce is n[ 9 t /ate :i* almo/ causes a regret t any new organic comp\nds %\ld be discov]$1 until "s indu/ri\s m9d has und]tak5 ! task ( r$uc+ to a good g5]al classification ! imm5se mass ( valuable matt] :i* has be5 accumulat$1 b :i*1 = all practical purposes1 rema9s ne>ly useless & un9telligible4 ,^! comb9ations1 almo/ inf9itely v>i$ z !y are1 & s readily produc$ & multipli$ z to be ne>ly at ! w ( ! organic analy/1 are n1 any ( !m1 accid5tal3 !y are ! result ( c]ta9 laws1 & atom has unit$ ) atom 9 direct ob$i5ce to pr9ciples :i* h be5 ?r\gh all "t 9 active op]ation4 ,!y are unkn[n2 ! rese>*es ( sci5ce h n yet develop$ !m1 & ! philosoph] has n yet made 8 d$uctions4 ,!y are to be ref]r$ to "s secret fix$ pr9ciples ( action1 to a =ce :i* has impress$ ^u e atom ( ! univ]se its di/+ui%+ "*4 ,*emi/ry makes u famili> ) a sy/em ( ord]4 ,! rese>*es ( analy/s h prov$ t e body has a p>ticul> law ( comb9ation1 to :i* x is b\nd by a ma!matical precision2 b x is n proportional comb9ation alone we h to consid]4 ,if allotrophy is evid5c$ 9 ! m9]al _w1 x is c]ta9ly f> m /rik+ly manife/$ 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,!re are "s cases 9 :i* bodies appe> to comb9e )\t any limitation1 z _s ( w9e & wat]1 sulphuric acid & wat]2 b ^! mu/ be consid]$ z conditions ( mixture r ?an ( *emical comb9ation4 ,! composition ( bodies is fix$ & inv>iable1 & a comp\nd sub/ance1 s long z x reta9s its *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 mu/ consi/ ( ! same elem5ts unit$ 9 ! same proportions4 ,?us1 sulphuric acid is inv>iably compos$ ( #af p>ts ( sulphur & #bd p>ts ( oxyg54 ,*alk1 :e!r =m$ by nature or by ! *emi/1 yields #dcga p>ts ( c>bonic acid1 & #efbi p>ts ( lime4 ,! ru/ :i* =ms ^u ! surface ( iron by ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 is z inv>iable 9 its composition z if x _h be5 =m$ by ! mo/ delicate adju/m5t ( weight by ! mo/ accurate manipulator1 be+ #bh p>ts ( iron & #ab p>ts ( oxyg54 ,?is law is ! basis ( all *emical inquiry1 all analytical inve/igations dep5d+ ^u ! k x af=ds u1 t we c only produce c]ta9 undeviat+ comp\nds z ! results ( our decompositions4 ,we are n 9 a position to (f] any explanation :i* w acc\nt = ^! con/ant quantities 9 comb9ation4 ,! =ces ( cohesion & ela/icity h be5 advanc$ 9 explanation1 on ! /r5g? ( ! fact t ! solubility ( a salt 9 wat] is regulat$ by cohesion1 & t ( a gas by its ela/icity4 ,al?\gh x may appe> t "s cases ( *emical comb9ation are due to ^! p[]s1--z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! union ( oxalic acid or sulphuric acid ) lime produces an insoluble salt1--we _c ?us expla9 ! con/ant proportions 9 :i* ! metals1 sulphur1 oxyg51 & simil> bodies1 unite4 ,x is q c]ta9 !re is a p[] or pr9ciple1 :i* we h n yet rea*$1 ^u :i* are dep5d5t all ! ph5om5a :i* we n[ embrace "u ! t]m *emical aff9ity4 ,ano!r law tea*es u t :5 comp\nd bodies comb9e 9 m ?an "o proportion1 e additional union repres5ts a multiple ( ! comb9+ proportion ( ! fir/4 ,) ! difficulty :i* arises f ! sub-multiple comp\nds we _c deal3--fur!r rese>* may r5d] _! laws less obscure4 ,we h se5 t #h p>ts ( oxyg5 unite ) #a ( hydrog5 & #ad ( nitrog54 ,x also unites ) #aaj ( silv]1 #if ( plat9um1 #dj ( potassium1 #cf ( *lor9e1 & #bjj p>ts ( m]cury1 giv+ rise to-- ,wat] #i ,nitr\s oxide #bb ,oxide ( silv] #aah ,oxide ( plat9um #ajd ,pota% #dh ,oxide ( *lor9e #dd ,oxide ( m]cury #bjh ,9 ^! proportions1 or 9 multiples ( !m1 & 9 no o!rs1 w ^! bodies unite ) ! acids or o!r comp\nds4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t any o!r numb]s may be adopt$1 provid$ !y /& 9 ! same relation to ea* o!r4#bjh ,f ! discov]y ( ^! h>moni\s arrangem5ts 0 d$uc$ ! beautiful atomic !ory to :i* allusion has be5 already made4 ,inde$1 !re does n appe> to be any o!r way ( expla9+ ^! ph5om5a ?an by ! hypo!sis t ! ultimate atoms ( bodies h relatively ! weights :i* we arbitr>ily assign to !m1 z _! comb9+ quantities4 ,^! views are fur!r confirm$ by ! fact1 t gase\s bodies unite toge!r by volume 9 v simple def9ite proportions3--#ajj measures ( hydrog5 & #bjj measures ( oxyg5 =m wat]2 #ajj measures ( oxyg5 & #ajj measures ( vap\r ( sulphur =m sulphur\s acid gas4 ,ammoniacal gas consi/s ( #cjj volumes ( hydrog5 & #ajj volumes ( nitrog51 cond5s$ by comb9ation into #bjj volumes2 consequ5tly1 we are enabl$ mo/ readily to calculate ! specific gravity ( ammoniacal gas4 ,! specific gravity ( nitrog5 is #jigbb1 t ( hydrog5 #jjfid4 ,n[1 ?ree volumes ( hydrog5 are equal to #jbjhb3 ?is add$ to #jigbb is equal to #aahjd1 :i* is exactly ! specific gravity obta9$ by exp]im5t4 ,!re is no d\bt1 f ! g5]ality ) :i* ?is law ( volumes prevails1 t x w\ld be f\nd to ext5d ?r\gh all sub/ances1 provid$ !y c\ld be r5d]$ gase\s2 9 o!r words1 !re is abundant pro( to conv9ce u t ?r\gh\t nature ! process ( comb9ation1 9 ! mo/ simple ratio ( volumes1 is 9 op]ation to produce all ! =ms ( matt] kn[n to u4 ,x has be5 %[n1 by ! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,dalton1 9 #ahdj1 t salts1 conta9+ wat] ( cry/allization1 dissolve 9 wat] )\t increas+ ! bulk ( ! fluid m ?an is due to ! liquefaction ( ! wat] :i* ^! salts conta92 :ile ,j\le & ,playfair h %[n t ! anhydr\s salts take up no space 9 solution4 ,f ?is we are naturally l$ to conclude t ! volume occupi$ by a salt 9 ! solid /ate has a c]ta9 relation to ! volume ( ! same salt :5 9 solution1 & has also a fix$ relation to ! volume occupi$ by any o!r salt4 ,! law appe>s to be3--! atomic volume ( any salt :atev] 7anhydr\s or hydrat$7 is a multiple ( #aa1 or ( a numb] ne> #aa1 or a multiple ( #ih 7! atomic volume ( ice71 or ! sum ( a multiple ( #aa or #ih4 ,m>ignac1 :o has also paid mu* att5tion to ! subject1 does n ?9k ^! numb]s absolutely correct1 b approximately s4#bji ,x w\ld be a beautiful exemplification ( ! simplicity ( ,nature's op]ations1 if x %\ld be cle>ly prov$ t ! atomic volume ( solid wat] 7ice7 regulat$ ! comb9+ proportions by volume ( all o!r bodies1--t x 0 ! /&>d by :i* *emical comb9ation & ord9>y solution 7 det]m9$4 ,9 addition to ! laws already indicat$1 !re appe> to be "s o!rs ( :i*1 z yet1 we h a less satisfactory k1 &1 z a rem>kable case1 we may adduce ! ph5om5a ( sub/itution1 or t p[] :i* an elem5t>y body1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 possesses1 ( turn+ out "o ( ! elem5ts ( a comp\nd1 & ( tak+ its place4#baj ,?us1 ! hydrog5 ( a comp\nd radical1 z c>burett$ hydrog51 may be replac$ by *lor9e1 equival5t = equival5t1 & =m a *loride ( c>bon1 :i* be+ con/ruct$ on ! same type z ! orig9al1 w h ! same g5]al laws ( comb9ation4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! laws1 all ! comb9ations :i* we discov] 9 nature take place4 ,! metals1 & oxyg51 & sulphur1 & phosphorus unite4 ,! elem5ts ( ! organic type1 ent]+ into ! close/ relations1 give rise to e =m ( vegetable life4 ,! acids1 ! gums1 ! res9s1 & ! sug> :i* plants produce2 & ^? yet m complicat$ animal sub/ances1 bone1 muscle1 blood1 & bile2 album51 case91 milk1 ) ^? comp\nds :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( vital p[]1 resolve !mselves into sub/ances :i* are ess5tial to ! exi/5ce1 heal?1 & beauty ( ! animal fabric1 are all dep5d5t on ^! laws4 ,b ^! metamorphoses mu/ be fur!r consid]$ 9 our exam9ation ( ! m /rik+ cases ( *emical action4 ,! *anges :i* result f organic comb9ation are s rem>kable1 & )al !y %[ h[ completely ! :ole ( ! mat]ial _w is 9 subjection to *emical =ce1 & e v>iety ( =m ! result ( my/]i\s comb9ation1 t "s p>ticul> ref]5ce to ^! metamorphoses is dem&$4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ( decid$ *emical action1 all trace ( ! *>act]s ( ! comb9+ bodies disappe>4 ,we say decid$ *emical action1 because1 al?\gh sulphuric acid & wat] comb9e1 & salts dissolve 9 wat]1 we may always recognize _! pres5ce1 & !re=e ^! & simil> cases _c be reg>d$ z /rict examples ( ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 comb9+1 lose _! gase\s =ms1 & are cond5s$ into a liquid--wat]4 ,sulphuric acid is int5sely s\r & corrosive2 pota% is highly cau/ic2 b unit$ !y =m a salt :i* is nei!r3 !y appe> to h de/roy$ ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ea* o!r4 ,comb9$ bodies frequ5tly occupy less space ?an !y did previ\sly to comb9ation1 ( :i* num]\s p>ticul> in/ances might be adduc$4 ,gases 9 _m cases und]go a rem>kable cond5sation :5 *emically comb9$4 ,9 slak+ lime1 ! wat] becomes solid 9 ! molecules ( ! hydrate ( lime =m$1 & ! int5se heat produc$ arises f ! lib]ation ( t caloric :i* _h be5 employ$ to keep ! wat] liquid4 ,:5 a solid passes into ! liquid /ate1 cold is produc$ by ! ab/raction f surr\nd+ objects ( ! heat requir$ to effect fluidity4 ,an alt]ation ( temp]ature occurs :5ev] *emical *ange takes place1 z we h already %[n1 ) a few trivial & unc]ta9 exceptions4 ,! di/urbance caus$ by ! ex]cise ( ! =ce ( aff9ity frequ5tly leads to ! developm5t ( sev]al physical p[]s4 ,*anges ( col\r commonly arise2 inde$1 !re does n appe> to be any relation betwe5 ! col\r ( a comp\nd & t ( its elem5ts4 ,iod9e is ( a deep iron-grey col\r2 its vap\r is violet2 yet x =ms beautifully :ite salts ) ! alkalies1 a spl5did r$ salt ) m]cury1 & a yell[ "o ) lead4 ,! salts ( iron v>y f :ite & yell[ to gre5 & d>k br[n4 ,^? ( copp]1 a r$ metal1 are ( a beautiful blue & gre5 col\r1 & ! anhydr\s sulphate is :ite4 ,isomorphism1 :i* appe>s 9 a v rem>kable mann] among ! organic comp\nds1 has1 "u ! head ( cry/allization1 already _h our att5tion4 ,!re is also a class ( bodies :i* are said to be isom]ic2 t is1 to h ! same composition1 al?\gh diff]5t 9 _! physical *>act]s4 ,b ! idea t bodies exi/1 :i*1 al?\gh ( a decid$ly diff]5t ext]nal "*1 are ( exactly ! same *emical composition & physical condition1 is n t5able2 & 9 ne>ly all ! examples :i* h be5 c>efully exam9$1 a diff]5ce 9 ! aggregate numb] ( atoms1 or 9 ! mode 9 :i* ^? atoms h respectively arrang$ !mselves1 or t peculi> physical diff]5ce designat$ by ! t]m allotropy1 has be5 detect$4 ,oil ( turp5t9e & oil ( lemons h ! same composition1 ea* be+ compos$ ( five equival5ts ( c>bon & f\r ( hydrog54 ,^! sub/ances =m1 f ! /rik+ diff]5ce p]ceptible 9 _! ext]nal *>act]s1 a good example ( isom]ism4 ,! laws ( organic *emi/ry are n1 h[ev]1 ! same z ^? apply+ to inorganic comb9ations4 ,organic *emi/ry is well def9$ by ,liebig1 z ! *emi/ry ( comp\nd radicals2 & "u ! influ5ce ( vitality1 nature produces comp\nds :i* h all ! prop]ties ( simple elem5ts4#baa ,:5 we reflect ^u ! conditions :i* prevail ?r\gh\t nature1 ) a few ( :i* only has sci5ce made u acqua9t$1 we _c fail to be /ruck ) ! v>i\s phases ( be+ :i* are pres5t$ to our obs]vation1 & ! h>moni\s sy/em ^u :i* !y all appe> to dep5d4 ,:5 we discov] t bodies are =m$ ( c]ta9 det]m9ate atoms1 :i* unite "o ) ano!r1 accord+ to an ari?metical sy/em1 to =m molecules1 :i*1 comb9+ ) molecules1 obs]ve a simil> law1 we see at once t all ! h>monies ( *emical comb9ation--! def9ite proportions1 laws ( volume1 & ! l--are b ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ^! simple & guid+ fir/ pr9ciples4 ,9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 inve/igators mu/ discov] /ill fur!r arrangem5ts1 :i*1 f _! p]fection1 may be comp>$ to ! melodi\s int]bl5d+ ( sweet s\nds1 & _m ( ! app>5tly indet]m9ate comb9ations w1 beyond a d\bt1 be %[n to be z def9ite z any o!rs4 ,b we _c reflect ^u ! fact t ^! atoms & ^! molecules are guid$ 9 _! comb9ations by impulses1 :i* we c only expla9 by ref]5ce to human passions1 z ! t]m elective aff9ity implies1 )\t feel+ t an imp5etrable my/]y ( a gr& & />tl+ "* 9 its manife/ations surr\nds ea* gra9 ( du/ :i* is hurri$ along ^u ! w9d4 ,we n[1 habitually1 speak ( attraction & repulsion--( ! aff9ity & non-aff9ity ( bodies4 ,we are dispos$1 f ! discov]y ( ! attractive & repell+ poles ( electrifi$ sub/ances1 to reg>d ^! p[]s 9 all cases z dep5d+ ^u "s electrical /ate1 & we write le>n$ly ^u ! laws ( ^! =ces4 ,aft] all1 x w\ld be m hone/ to admit1 t we "k no m ( ! secret impulses :i* regulate ! comb9ations ( matt]1 ?an did ^? :o satisfi$ !mselves by ref]r+ all ph5om5a ( ^! k9ds to sympa?ies & antipa?ies3 t]ms :i* h a poetic mean+1 convey+ to ! m9d1 ) consid]able di/9ctness1 ! fact1 & giv+ ! idea ( a feel+--a passion--involv+ & direct+ inanimate matt]1 simil> to t :i* /irs ! human he>t1 & c]ta9ly calculat$ to convey ! impression t !re is work+ )9 all ?+s a liv+ pr9ciple1 & po9t+1 inde$1 to 8! s\l ( ! _w40 ,! animat$ m>ble ( anci5t /ory is f> less wond]ful ?an ! fact1 prov$ by inve/igation1 t e atom ( matt] is p5etrat$ by a pr9ciple :i* directs its movem5ts & ord]s its positions1 & involv$ by an influ5ce :i* ext5ds1 )\t limits1 to all o!r atoms1 & :i* det]m9es _! union1 or o!rwise4 ,we h gravitation1 draw+ all matt] to a common c5tre1 & act+ f all bodies ?r\gh\t ! wide regions ( unmeasur$ space ^u all4 ,we h cohesion1 hold+ ! p>ticles ( matt] en*a9$1 op]at+ only at di/ances too m9ute = ! ma!matician to measure2 & we h *emical attraction1 diff]5t f ei!r ( ^!1 work+ no less my/]i\sly )9 absolutely ins5sible di/ances1 &1 by ! ex]cise ( its occult p[]1 giv+ det]m9ate & fix$ =ms to e k9d ( mat]ial creation4 ,! spiritual be+s1 :i* ! poet ( untutor$ nature gave to ! =e/1 to ! valley1 & to ! m\nta91 to ! lake1 to ! riv]1 & to ! ocean1 work+ )9 _! secret (fices1 & m\ld+ = man ! beautiful or ! sublime1 are b ! weak creations ( a f9ite m9d1 al?\gh !y h = u a *>m :i* all m5 unconsci\sly obey1 ev5 :5 !y refuse to confess x4 ,!y are l ! result ( ! lab\rs ( ! /atu>y1 :o1 9 8 high dreams ( love & sublimat$ beauty1 creates f ! m>ble block a figure ( ! mo/ exquisite m\ld+ :i* mimics life4 ,x *>ms u = a season2 we gaze & gaze aga91 & its fir/ *>ms vani%2 x is ev] & ev] /ill ! same dead heap ( *isell$ /one4 ,x has n ! p[] ( pres5t+ to our we>y+ eyes ! *ange :i* life alone enables matt] to give2 & we admit ! excell5ce ( ! arti/1 b we cease to feel at 8 "w4 ,! creations ( poetry are pleas+1 b !y nev] affect ! m9d 9 ! way 9 :i* ! poetic realities ( nature d4 ,! sylph moi/5+ a lily is a sweet dream2 b ! ?\ghts :i* rise :5 fir/ we le>n t its broad & beautiful d>k-gre5 leaves1 & its pure & delicate fl[]1 are ! results ( ! al*emy :i* *anges gross p>ticles ( matt] into symmetric =ms1--( a p[] :i* is unceas+ly at "w "u ! guidance ( light1 heat1 & electrical =ce1--are1 aft] our incr$ulity has pass$ away--= x is too wond]ful = ! untutor$ to believe at once--( an exalt+ "*4 ,! fl[] has gr[n "u ! impulse ( pr9ciples :i* h trav]s$ to x on ! sol> beam1 & m+l$ ) its sub/ance4 ,a /one is m]ely a /one to mo/ m54 ,b )9 ! int]/ices ( ! /one1 & involv+ x l an atmosph]e1 are great & mighty influ5ces1 p[]s :i* are fe>ful 9 _! gr&] op]ations1 & wond]ful 9 _! g5tl] developm5ts4 ,! /one & ! fl[] hold1 lock$ up 9 _! recesses1 ! ?ree great kn[n =ces--light1 heat1 & electricity3 &1 9 all probability1 o!rs ( a m exalt$ nature /ill1 to :i* ^! p[]s are b subord9ate ag5ts4 ,su* are ! facts ( sci5ce1 :i*1 inde$1 are ! true 8s]mons 9 /ones10 & ! mo/ musical ( 8tongues 9 trees40 ,h[ weak are ! creations ( romance1 :5 view$ beside ! discov]ies ( sci5ce6 ,"o af=ds matt] = m$itation1 & gives rise to ?\ghts ( a mo/ ennobl+ "*2 ! o!r excites = a mom5t1 & leaves ! m9d vacant or diseas$4 ,! =m]1 l ! atmosph]e1 furni%es a con/ant supply ( ! mo/ heal?ful matt]2 ! latt] gives an unnatural /imulus1 :i* compels a r5ewal ( ! same k9d ( excitem5t1 to ma9ta9 ! cont9uation ( its pleasurable s5sations4 ,,footnotes3 #bjj ,all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) volcanic action1 & ! !ories connect$ !re)1 w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,daub5y's "w1 ,a description ( active & ext9ct ,volcanoes1 ( ,e>?quakes1 & ( ,!rmal ,spr+s4 #ahdh4 #bja ,graham's ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,new ,edition4 #bjb ,graham's ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry2 & ,br&e's ,manual4 #bjc ,( ^! tables ( attraction ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a specim53-- ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,b>yta4 ,/rontia4 ,potassa4 ,soda4 ,lime4 ,magnesia4 ,ammonia4 ,x ?us appe>s t b>yta sep>ates sulphuric acid f its comp\nds ) all inf]ior sub/ances1 & t ammonia is sep>at$ f ! acid by all t are above x4 #bjd ,b]?ollet3 ,essai de ,/atique ,*imique1 #ahjc4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 has giv5 an excell5t review ( ! views ( ,b]?ollet4 #bje ,on c]ta9 comb9ations ( a new acid1 =m$ ( ,azote1 ,sulphur1 & ,oxyg52 by ,j4 ,pel\ze4 ,translat$ f ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xvi41 = ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgj4 ,"s ideas ( a new =ce act+ 9 ! comb9ations ( ,organic ,comp\nds1 by ,b]zelius3 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 lxi4 ,! conclusion come to by ?is em95t *emi/ is express$ 9 ! foll[+ translation3--8,?is new p[]1 hi!rto unkn[n1 is common bo? 9 organic & inorganic nature4 ,i d n believe t x is a p[] :i* is entirely indep5d5t ( ! electro-*emical aff9ities ( ! sub/ance4 ,i believe1 on ! contr>y1 t x is m]ely a new =m ( x2 b s long z we d n see _! connection & mutual dep5d5ce1 x w be m conv5i5t to describe x by a sep>ate "n4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 call x catalytic p[]3 ,i %all also call catalysis1 ! decomposition ( bodies by ?is =ce--9 ! same way z ! decomposition ( bodies by *emical aff9ity is t]m$ analysis40 #bjf ,b]zelius3 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 lxi4 #bjg ,on ,trans=mations produc$ by ,catalytic ,bodies3 by ,lyon ,playfair1 ,esq42 ,phil4 ,mag41 vol4 xxxi4 p4 #aia1 #ahdg4--8;,facts h be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t !re is at lea/ z mu* probability 9 ! view t ! catalytic =ce is m]ely a modifi$ =m ( *emical aff9ity ex]t$ "u peculi> conditions1 z !re is 9 ascrib+ x to an unkn[n p[]1 or to ! communication ( an inte/9e motion to ! atoms ( a complex molecule4 ,num]\s cases h be5 cit$1 9 :i* ! action results :5 ! assi/+ or catalytic body is n 9 a /ate ( *ange2 & attempts h be5 made to prove1 by new exp]im5ts1 t ! catalytic p[] ex]cises its peculi> p[] by act+ 9 ! same direction z ! body decompos+1 or ent]+ into union1 b "u conditions 9 :i* its own aff9ity _c always be gratifi$40 #bjh ,consult ,graham's ,*emi/ry1 ,on ,comb9+ ,proportions4 #bji ,memoir on ,atomic ,volume & ,specific ,gravity4 ,messrs4 ,lyon ,playfair & ,j\le4--,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #dec1 or ,transactions ( ,*emical ,society ( ,london4 ,obs]vations on ! above1 by ,pr(essor de ,m>ignac4--,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 ,feb4 #ahdf4 ,on ! ,relation ( ! ,volumes ( bodies 9 ! solid /ate1 to _! equival5ts1 or atomic weights3 by ,pr(essor ,otto4 ,/udies on ! connection betwe5 ! atomic weights1 cry/all9e =m1 & d5sity ( bodies3 by ,m4 ,filhol4 ,translat$ = ! ,cav5di% ,society1 & publi%$ 9 _! ,*emical ,reports & ,memoirs4 #baj ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 #ahdj1 ,no4 #e4 ,a good translation ( ,dumas's ,memoir appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+ famili> exposition ( ! laws ( sub/itution3--8,let me make a comp>ison drawn f a famili> ord] ( ideas4 ,let u put ourselves 9 ! place ( a man ov]look+ a game at *ess )\t ! slighte/ k ( ! game4 ,he w\ld soon rem>k t ! pieces mu/ be us$ accord+ to positive rules4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! equival5ts are our pieces1 & ! law ( sub/itutions "o ( ! rules :i* preside ov] _! moves4 ,& z 9 ! oblique move ( ! pawns "o pawn mu/ be sub/itut$ = ano!r1 s 9 ! ph5om5a ( sub/itution "o elem5t mu/ take ! place ( ano!r4 ,b ?is does n h9d] ! pawn f advanc+ )\t tak+ any?+1 z ! law ( sub/itution does n h9d] an elem5t f act+ on a body )\t displac+ or tak+ ! place ( any o!r elem5t t x may conta940--,memoir on ! ,law ( ,sub/itutions1 & ,!ory ( ,*emical ,types4 #baa ,liebig's ,*emi/ry 9 its application to ,agriculture & ,physiology3 translat$ by ,lyon ,playfair1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,animal ,*emi/ry1 or ,*emi/ry 9 its application to ,physiology & ,pa?ology3 by ,ju/us ,liebig2 translat$ by ,wm4 ,gregory4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*emical ,,ph5om5a4 ,wat]--,its ,con/itu5ts--,oxyg5--,hydrog5--,p]oxide ( ,hydrog5--,physical ,prop]ty ( ,wat]--,ice--,sea ,wat]--,*lor9e--,muriatic ,acid--,iod9e--,brom9e--,comp\nds ( ,hydrog5 ) ,c>bon--,combu/ion--,flame--,safety ,lamp--,respiration--,animal ,heat--,! ,atmosph]e--,c>bonic ,acid--,influ5ce ( ,plants on ! ,air--,*emical ,ph5om5a ( ,vegetation--,comp\nds ( ,nitrog5--,m9]al ,k+dom1 c4 c4 ,)\t attempt+ any?+ :i* %all approa* ev5 to ! "* ( a sket* ( *emical sci5ce1 we may be all[$1 9 our se>* aft] exalt+ tru?s1 to select su* examples ( ! results ( comb9ation z may s]ve to elucidate any ( ! facts connect$ ) natural ph5om5a4 ,9 do+ ?is1 by associat+ our exam9ation ) well-kn[n natural objects or conditions1 ! int]pretation af=d$ by analysis w be m evid5t1 & ! op]ation ( ! creative =ces r5d]$ m /rik+ & famili>1 p>ticul>ly if at ! same "t we exam9e su* physical conditions z are alli$ 9 action1 & are suffici5tly explanatory ( important features4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is planet is cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 ( lakes & riv]s4 ,wat] =ms ! be/ means ( communication betwe5 remote p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,x is 9 e respect ( ! utmo/ importance to ! animal & vegetable k+dom2 &1 inde$1 x is indisp5sable 9 all ! great ph5om5a ( ! inorganic _w4 ,! peculi>ities ( saltness or fre%ness 9 wat] are dep5d5t ^u its solv5t p[]s4 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean are sal9e f hold+ dissolv$ v>i\s sal9e comp\nds1 :i* are receiv$ 9 "p f1 & imp>t$ also to1 ! m>9e plants4 ,p]fectly pure wat] is )\t ta/e3 ev5 ! pleasant "* ( fre%ly-drawn spr+-wat] is due to ! admixture ( atmosph]ic air & c>bonic acid4 ,! mann] 9 :i* wat] absorbs air is evid5tly due to a peculi> physical attractive =ce1 ! value ( :i* we d n at pres5t cle>ly p]ceive or correctly e/imate4 ,x is *emically compos$ ( two volumes ( hydrog5 gas--! lighte/ body kn[n1 & at ! same "t a highly inflammable "o--unit$ ) "o volume ( oxyg51 :i* excites combu/ion1 & cont9ues t action1--produc+ heat & light1--) great en]gy4 ,by weight1 "o "p ( hydrog5 is unit$ ) eight ( oxyg51 or 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat] we f9d #hhi oxyg51 & #aaa ( hydrog5 gas4 ,t two su* bodies %\ld unite to furni% ! mo/ refre%+ bev]age1 & inde$ ! only natural dr9k = man & animals1 is "o ( ! extraord9>y facts ( sci5ce4 ,hydrog5 w n support life--we _c brea! x & live2 & oxyg5 w\ld ov]-/imulate ! organic sy/em1 &1 produc+ a k9d ( combu/ion1 give rise to fev] 9 ! animal frame2 b1 unit$1 !y =m t dr9k1 = a drop ( :i* ! fev]$ mon>* w\ld yield 8 diadem1 & ! deprivation ( :i* is "o ( ! mo/ horrid calamities t c be inflict$ ^u any liv+ ?+4 ,wat] appe>s z ! antagoni/ pr9ciple to fire1 & ! ravages ( ! latt] are qu5*$ by ! assuag+ p[]s ( ! =m]2 yet a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 9 ! exact proportion 9 :i* !y =m wat]1 explodes ) ! utmo/ viol5ce on ! contact ( flame1 &1 :5 judici\sly arrang$1 produces ! mo/ int5se degree ( heat kn[n2--su* is ! rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 a m]ely me*anical mixture & a *emical comb9ation4 ,beyond ?is1 we h already notic$ ! rem>kable fact t wat] depriv$ ( air is explosive at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 less ?an #cjj2 gunp[d] requir+ a temp]ature ( ne>ly #ajjj ,f4 ,if we place 9 a globe1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 9 ! exact proportions 9 :i* !y comb9e to =m wat]1 !y rema9 )\t *ange ( /ate4 ,!y appe> to mix intimately2 &1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravities ( ! two gases1 ! light] "o is diffus$ ?r\gh ! heavi] 9 a curi\s mann]1 agreeably to a law :i* has an important be>+ on ! conditions ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a4#bab ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t an inc&esc5t body1 or ! sp>k f an electric ma*9e1 is br\ght into contact ) ! mix$ gases1 !y ignite1 explode viol5tly1 & comb9e to =m wat]4 ,! discov]y ( ! composition ( wat] 0 ?us syn!tically made by ,cav5di%--its con/itution hav+ be5 previ\sly !oretically ann\nc$ by ,watt4#bac ,if1 in/ead ( comb9+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y =m wat]1 we compel ! hydrog5 to comb9e ) an additional equival5t ( oxyg51 we h a comp\nd possess+ _m prop]ties /rik+ly diff]5t f wat]4 ,?is--p]oxide ( hydrog51 z x is call$--is a col\rless liquid1 less volatile ?an wat]1 hav+ a metallic ta/e4 ,x is decompos$ at a l[ temp]ature1 &1 at ! boil+ po9t1 ! oxyg5 escapes f x ) su* viol5ce1 t some?+ l an explosion ensues4 ,all metals1 except iron1 t91 antimony1 & tellurium1 h a t5d5cy to decompose ?is comp\nd1 & sep>ate x into oxyg5 & wat]4 ,"s metals are oxidiz$ dur+ ! decomposition1 b gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 & a few o!rs1 /ill reta9 _! metallic /ate4 ,if ei!r silv]1 lead1 m]cury1 gold1 plat9um1 manganese1 or cobalt1 9 _! highe/ /ates ( oxidation1 are put into a tube1 conta9+ ?is p]oxide ( hydrog51 its oxyg5 is lib]at$ ) ! rapidity ( an explosion1 & s mu* heat is excit$ t ! tube becomes r$ hot4 ,^! ph5om5a1 to :i* we h already ref]r$ 9 notic+ catalysis1 are by no means satisfactorily expla9$1 & ! peculi> blea*+ prop]ty possess$ by ! p]oxide ( hydrog5 suffici5tly di/+ui%es x f wat]4 ,!re are few comb9ations :i* %[ m /rik+ly ?an ?is ! diff]5ce aris+ f ! *emical union ( an additional atom ( "o elem5t4 ,simil> in/ances are num]\s 9 ! range ( *emical sci5ce2 b sc>cely any two exhibit su* dissimil> prop]ties4 ,dur+ ! ord9>y processes ( combu/ion1 x has be5 long kn[n t wat] is =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ! hydrog5 ( ! burn+ body ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,s*nbe9 h %[n t a peculi> body1 :i* has be5 reg>d$ z a p]oxide ( hydrog51 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( ,,ozone1 is produc$ at ! same "t1 & t x is develop$ 9 a great _m ways1 p>ticul>ly dur+ electrical *anges ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?us we obta9 evid5ce t ?is rem>kable comp\nd1 :i* 0 consid]$ z a *emical curiosity m]ely1 is diffus$ v g5]ally ?r\gh nature1 & produc$ "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,dur+ ! excitation ( an electrical ma*9e1 or ! passage ( a galvanic curr5t ?r\gh wat] by ! oxidation ( phosphorus1 & probably 9 _m simil> processes--9 p>ticul> ^? ( combu/ion1 & we may !re=e inf] also ( respiration--?is body is =m$4 ,f obs]vations :i* h be5 made1 x w\ld appe> t1 dur+ ! night1 :5 ! activity ( plants is n excit$ by light1 !y act ^u ! atmosph]e 9 su* a way z to produce ?is ozone2 & its pres5ce is said to be indicat$ by its peculi> od\r dur+ ! e>ly h\rs ( morn+4 ,we are n yet acqua9t$ ) ?is body suffici5tly to speculate on its uses 9 nature3 )\t d\bt1 !y are important1 p]haps second to ^? ( wat] only4 ,x is probable1 z we h already _h occasion to rem>k1 t ozone may be ! active ag5t 9 remov+ f ! atmosph]e ^? organic poisons to :i* _m =ms ( pe/il5ce are traceable2 & x is a curi\s fact1 t a l[ electrical int5sity1 & a consequ5t defici5cy ( atmosph]ic ozone1 m>ks ! preval5ce ( *ol]a1 & an excess di/+ui%es ! reign ( influ5za4#bad ,"s int]e/+ rese>*es appe> to %[ ! probability t ozone is simply oxyg5 9 a /ate ( high activity4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 inde$1 t p]fectly dry oxyg51 :i* w n blea* vegetable col\rs 9 ! d>k1 acquires1 by exposure to sun%9e1 ! p[] ( de/roy+ !m4 ,becqu]el has prov$ t ?is ozon\s /ate may be produc$ 9 dry oxyg5 by pass+ a succession ( electric sp>ks ?r\gh x4 ,fremy pass$ ! electric sp>ks on ! outside ( a tube :i* conta9$ p]fectly dry oxyg51 & x 0 f\nd to h acquir$ ! prop]ties ( ozone4 ,9 ?is case1 & probably 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,becqu]el1 ! light ( ! sp>k1 r ?an ! electricity1 appe>s to h be5 ! active ag5t 9 produc+ ?is *ange4 ,s*nbe9 himself does n appe> dispos$ to reg>d ozone z be+ ei!r p]oxide ( hydrog51 or an allotropic oxyg54 ,he leans to 8 fir/ view ( its be+ an entirely new *emical elem5t4 ,! en]gy ( ?is ozone is s great1 t x has be5 f\nd to de/roy almo/ in/antane\sly ! ,indian-rubb] union jo9ts ( ! app>atus 9 :i* x is =m$4#bae ,wat]1 f ! consid]ation ( :i* a digression has be5 indulg$ 91 to consid] ! curi\s "* ( "o ( its elem5ts1--wat] is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful *emical ag5ts1 hav+ a mo/ ext5sive range ( aff9ities1 ent]+ directly into ! composition ( a great _m cry/allizable bodies & organic comp\nds4 ,9 ^? cases :]e x is n comb9$ z wat]1 its elem5ts (t5 exi/ 9 ! proportions 9 :i* wat] is =m$4 ,gum1 />*1 & sug>1 only diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! proportions 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( wat] are comb9$ ) ! c>bon4 ,9 sal9e comb9ations1 & also 9 _m organic =ms1 we mu/ reg>d ! wat] z cond5s$ to ! solid =m2 t is1 to exi/ z ice4 ,we well "k t1 by ! ab/raction ( heat1 ?is condition is produc$2 b1 9 *emical comb9ations1 ?is *ange mu/ be ! result ( ! me*anical =ce ex]t$ by ! p[] ( ! ag5cy direct+ aff9ity4 ,9 ! case ( wat] pass+ f a liquid to a solid /ate1 we h a mo/ beautiful exemplification ( ! p]fection ( natural op]ations4 ,wat] conducts heat d[nw>ds b v sl[ly2 a mass ( ice w rema9 undissolv$ b a few in*es "u wat]1 on ! surface ( :i*1 e!r1 or any o!r inflammable body1 is burn+4 ,if ice 7solid wat]7 swam b5ea? ! surface1 ! summ] sun w\ld sc>cely h p[] to ?aw x2 & ?us our lakes & seas w\ld be gradually conv]t$ into solid masses at our ord9>y w9t] temp]atures4 ,all simil> bodies contract equally dur+ ! process ( cool+1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ po9ts to :i* ! exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t if ?is appli$ to wat]1 ! result w\ld be ! sudd5 consolidation ( ! :ole mass4 ,a modification ( ! law has be5 suppos$ to take place to suit ! peculi> circum/ances ( wat]4 ,nature nev] modifies a law = a p>ticul> purpose2 we mu/1 !re=e1 seek to expla9 ! action ( ! =mation ( ice1 z we "k x1 by "s m rational view4 ,wat] exp&s by heat1 & contracts by cold2 consequ5tly1 ! colde/ portions ( ?is body occupy ! l[] portions ( ! fluid2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! p>ts are w>m$ by ! e>?4 ,ross1 h[ev]1 /ates t at ! dep? ( #a1jjj fa?oms ! sea has a con/ant temp]ature ( #ci4 ,wat] is said to be at its po9t ( greate/ d5sity at #dj ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 9 cool+ fur!r1 ?is fluid appe>s to exp&1 9 ! same way z if heat$3 &1 consequ5tly1 wat] cold] ?an ?is po9t1 in/ead ( be+ heavi]1 is light]1 & floats on ! surface ( ! w>m] fluid4 ,x does n seem t any modification ( ! law is requir$ to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on4 ,wat] cool$ to #dj /ill reta9s its peculi> corpuscul> arrangem5t2 b imm$iately x passes bel[ t temp]ature1 x beg9s to dispose itself 9 su* a mann] t visible cry/als may =m ! mom5t x rea*es #cb4 ,n[1 if we conceive ! p>ticles ( wat]1 at #ci1 to arrange !mselves 9 ! mann] necess>y = ! assumption ( ! solid =m1 by ! p>ticul> gr\p+ ( molecules 9 an angul> in/ead ( a sph]oidal %ape1 x w be cle>1 f :at we "k ( ! arrangem5t ( cry/als ( wat]--ice--t !y mu/ occupy a l>g] space ?an :5 ! p>ticles are dispos$1 side by side1 9 m9ute sph]es4 ,ev5 ! escape ( air f ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$ is suffici5t to give an app>5t lightness to ! cold] wat]4 ,?is expansion /ill goes on increas+1 f ! same cause1 dur+ ! =mation ( ice1 s t ! specific gravity ( a mass ( froz5 wat] is less ?an t ( wat] at any temp]ature bel[ #dj4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ice always conta9s a l>ge quantity ( air1 by :i* x is r5d]$ buoyant4 ,wat]1 at re/1 may be cool$ _m degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t )\t becom+ solid4 ,?is is easily effect$ 9 a ?9 glass flask2 b ! mom5t x is agitat$1 x becomes a firm mass4 ,"h we h ! indication ( ano!r cause aid+ 9 produc+ cry/als ( ice on ! surface ( wat]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! di/urbance produc$ by ! w9d1 :i* does n ext5d to any dep?4 ,z oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases ent] l>gely into o!r *emical comp\nds besides wat]1 x is important to consid] "s ( ! =ms ( matt] into ! composition ( :i* ^! elem5ts ent]4 ,to exam9e ?is ?or\ghly1 a complete essay on *emical philosophy w\ld be necess>y2 we mu/1 !re=e1 be cont5t ) ref]r+ to a few ( ! m rem>kable in/ances4 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean are salt3 ?is arises f _! hold+1 9 solution *loride ( sodium 7muriate ( soda--common cul9>y salt7 & o!r sal9e bodies4 ,wat] be+ pres5t1 ?is becomes muriate ( soda1--t is1 a comp\nd ( muriatic acid & soda3 muriatic acid is hydrog51 comb9$ ) a mo/ rem>kable gase\s body1 call$1 f its yell[ col\r1 *lor9e2 & soda1 oxyg5 9 union ) ! metal sodium1--!re=e1 :5 anhydr\s1 cul9>y salt is truly a *loride ( sodium4 ,*lor9e 9 "s respects resembles oxyg52 x attacks metallic bodies ) great en]gy2 &1 9 _m cases1 produces ! mo/ vivid inc&esc5ce1 dur+ ! process ( comb9ation4 ,x is a p[]ful blea*+ ag5t1 is de/ructive to animal life1 & rapidly *anges all organic tissues4 ,!re are two o!r bodies 9 _m respects s simil> to *lor9e1 al?\gh "o is at ! ord9>y temp]atures solid1 & ! o!r fluid1 & :i* are also discov]$ 9 sea-wat]1 or 9 ! plants gr[+ 9 x1 t x is difficult to consid] !m o!rwise ?an z diff]5t =ms ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,^! are iod9e & brom9e1 & !y bo? unite ) hydrog5 to =m acids4 ,! "p :i* *lor9e p]=ms 9 nature is a great & important "o4 ,comb9$ 9 muriate ( soda1 we may trace x 9 l>ge quantities ?r\gh ! ?ree k+doms ( nature1 & ! univ]sal employm5t ( salt z a condim5t indicates ! importance to ! animal economy ( ! elem5ts compos+ x4 ,iod9e has be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! great] numb] ( m>9e plants1 exi/+1 app>5tly z an ess5tial elem5t ( _! con/itution2 9 "s l& plants x has also be5 f\nd1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,arm]ia m>itima1 :5 ?is plant gr[s ne> ! sea3#baf x has be5 detect$ 9 "s m9]al spr+s1 & 9 small quantities 9 ! m9]al k+dom#bag comb9$ z iodide ( silv]1 & 9 ! alum9\s slate ( ,latorp 9 ,sw$54#bah ,brom9e is f\nd 9 sea-wat]1 al?\gh 9 extremely m9ute quantities1 9 a few sal9e spr+s1 & 9 comb9ation ) silv]2 b we h no evid5ce to %[ t its uses are important 9 nature4 ,hydrog51 aga91 unites ) c>bon 9 v>i\s proportions1 produc+ ! mo/ dissimil> comp\nds4 ,! air evolv$ f /agnant wat]1 & ! fire-damp ( ! coal m9e1 are bo? c>burett$ hydrog52 & ! gas :i* we employ s advantage\sly = illum9ation1 is ! same1 hold+ an additional quantity ( c>bon 9 susp5sion4 ,naph?a1 & a long li/ ( organic bodies1 are compos$ ( ^! two *emical elem5ts4 ,^! comb9ations lead u1 naturally1 to ! consid]ation ( ! great *emical ph5om5a ( combu/ion1 :i* involve1 inde$1 ! influ5ces ( all ! physical p[]s4 ,by ! application ( heat1 we produce an int5se action 9 a body said to be combu/ible2 x burns1--a *emical action ( ! mo/ en]getic "* is 9 progress1 ! elem5ts :i* con/itute ! combu/ible body are decompos$1 !y unite ) "s o!r elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & new comp\nds are =m$4 ,a body burns--x is entirely dissipat$1 or x leaves a v small quantity ( a%es beh9d unconsum$1 b no?+ is lo/4 ,its volatile p>ts h ent]$ into new arrangem5ts1 ! =m ( ! body is *ang$1 b its con/itu5ts are /ill play+ an important purpose 9 creation4 ,! anci5t notion t fire 0 an empyreal elem5t1 & ! ,/ahlian hypo!sis ( a phlogi/ic pr9ciple on :i* all ! effects ( combu/ion dep5d$1#bai h bo? giv5 way to ! philosophy ( ! un=tunate ,lavoisi]--:i* has1 inde$1 be5 modifi$ 9 our own times--:o %[$ t combu/ion is b ! developm5t ( heat & light "u ! influ5ce ( *emical comb9ation4 ,combu/ion 01 at "o p]iod1 ?\ght to be always due to ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! body burn+1 b rese>* has %[n t vivid combu/ion may be produc$ :]e !re is no oxyg54 ,! oxidizable metals burn mo/ en]getically 9 *lor9e1 & "s ( !m 9 ! vap\r ( iod9e & brom9e1 & _m o!r unions take place ) manife/ations ( inc&esc5ce4 ,support]s ( combu/ion 71 until lately1 reg>d$ z bodies di/9ct f ^? und]go+ combu/ion4 ,= example1 hydrog5 0 reg>d$ z a combu/ible body1 & oxyg5 z a support] ( combu/ion4 ,su* an arrangem5t is a mo/ illogical "o1 s9ce we may burn oxyg5 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 9 ! same mann] z we burn hydrog5 9 "o ( oxyg52 & s1 9 all ! o!r cases1 ! support] ( combu/ion may be burnt 9 an atmosph]e =m$ ( !1 s call$1 combu/ible4 ,! ord9>y ph5om5a ( combu/ion are1 h[ev]1 due to ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! body burn+2 !re=e e in/ance ( oxidization may be reg>d$ z a condition ( combu/ion1 ! diff]5ce be+ only "o ( degree4 ,common iron1 expos$ to air & moi/ure1 ru/s2 x comb9es ) oxyg54 ,pure iron1 9 a /ate ( f9e division1 unites ) oxyg5 s eag]ly1 t x becomes inc&esc5t1 & 9 bo? cases oxide ( iron is =m$4 ,?is la/ in/ance is c]ta9ly a case ( combu/ion2 b 9 :at does x diff] f ! fir/ "o1 except 9 ! int5sity ( ! action8 ,! cases ( spontane\s combu/ion :i* are cont9ually occurr+ are examples ( an analog\s "* to ! above4 ,oxyg5 is absorb$1 x ent]s m or less quickly1 accord+ to atmosph]ic conditions1 into *emical comb9ation2 heat is evolv$1 & ev5tually1--! action cont9ually increas+1--true combu/ion takes place4 ,9 ?is way our cotton-%ips1 /oreh\ses ( flax1 piles ( oil$-clo?1 sawdu/1 c41 frequ5tly ignite2 & to su* an influ5ce is to be attribut$ ! de/ruction ( two ( our %ips ( w>1 a few ye>s s9ce1 9 ,devonport naval ars5al4#bbj ,9 ! economic production ( heat & light1 we h ! comb9ation ( hydrog5 & c>bon ) ! oxyg5 ( common air1 =m+ wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,9 our dome/ic fires we employ coal1 :i* is ess5tially a comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog5 conta9+ a little oxyg5 & "s nitrog51 ) "s e>?y matt]s :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z impurities2 ! tap]1 :e!r ( wax or tall[1 is made up ( ! same bodies1 diff]+ only 9 _! comb9+ proportions1 &1 l coal gas1 ^! burn z c>burett$ hydrog54 ,all ^! bodies are v inflammable1 hav+ a t5d5cy to comb9e en]getically ) oxyg5 at a c]ta9 elevation ( temp]ature4 ,we are at a loss to "k h[ heat c cause ! comb9ation ( ^? bodies4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy has %[n t hydrog5 w n burn1 nor a mixture ( x ) oxyg5 explode1 unless directly influ5c$ by a body heat$ s z to emit light4#bba ,may we n1 !re=e1 conclude t ! *emical action exhibit$ 9 a burn+ body is a developm5t ( "s lat5t =ce1 ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 produc$ by ! absorption ( light2--t a repulsive action at fir/ takes place1 by :i* ! hydrog5 & c>bon are sep>at$ f ea* o!r2--& t 9 ! nasc5t /ate !y are seiz$ by ! oxyg51 & aga9 compell$1 ?\gh 9 ! new =ms ( wat] & c>bonic acid1 to resume _! *a9s ( comb9+ aff9ity8 ,e equival5t ( c>bon & ( hydrog5 9 ! burn+ body unites ) two equival5ts ( oxyg51 9 /rict con=mity ) ! laws ( comb9ation4 ,! flame ( hydrog51 if pure1 gives sc>cely any light1 b comb9$ ) ! solid p>ticles ( c>bon1 x increases 9 brightness4 ,! mo/ brilliant ( ! illum9at+ gases is ! olefiant gas1 produc$ by ! decomposition ( alcohol1 & x is only hydrog5 *>g$ ) c>bon to ! po9t ( saturation4 ,flame is a cone ( heat$ vap\r1 becom+ inc&esc5t at ! po9ts ( contact ) ! air2 a m]e sup]ficial film only be+ lum9\s4 ,x is evid5t t all ! p>ticles ( ! gas are 9 a /ate ( v active repulsion ov] ! surface1 s9ce flame w n pass ?r\gh wire gauze ( mod]ate f95ess4 ,^u ?is discov]y is f\nd$ ! inimitable safety-lamp ( ,davy1 by means ( :i* ! explosive gases ( a m9e are h>mlessly ignit$ )9 a cage ( wire gauze4 ,?is effect has be5 attribut$ to a cool+ influ5ce ( ! metal2 b1 s9ce ! wires may be br\ght to a degree ( heat b little bel[ r$ness )\t ignit+ ! fire-damp1 ?is does n appe> to be ! cause4 ,! conditions ( ! safety lamp may be reg>d$ z pres5t+ examples exactly ! conv]se ( ^? already /at$ ) ref]5ce to ! sph]oidal /ate ( wat]2 & x af=ds additional evid5ce t ! condition ( bodies at high temp]atures is subject to important physical *anges4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! safety lamp is con/ruct$ is1 t a mixture ( ! fire-damp & atmosph]ic air 9 c]ta9 proportions explodes ^u com+ 9 contact ) a flame4 ,?is mixture passes readily ?r\gh a wire gauze1 "u all circum/ances1 & x1 ( c\rse1 ?us approa*es ! flame ( ! lamp enclos$ )9 su* a mat]ial1 & x explodes4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! me*anical =ce ) :i* ! explod+ gas is ?r[n back aga9/ ! b>s ( its cage1 x _c pass !m4 ,consequ5tly1 ! elem5t ( de/ruction is caught & cag$2 & not)/&+ its fi]c5ess & en]gy1 x _c imp>t to ! explosive atmosph]e )\t1 any ( its =ce4 ,no combu/ion c be communicat$ ?r\gh ! wire gauze4 ,! rese>*es :i* l$ to ! safety-lamp may be reg>d$ z among ! mo/ complete examples ( correct inductive exp]im5t 9 ! range ( ,engli% sci5ce1 & ! result is c]ta9ly "o ( ! pr\de/ a*ievem5ts ( physico-*emical rese>*4 ,by m]ely envelop+ ! flame ( a lamp ) a metallic gauze1 ! lab\r] 9 ! recesses ( ! gloomy m9e may feel himself secure f t outp\r+ curr5t ( inflammable gas1 :i* has be5 s (t5 ! m9i/] ( dea?2 he may walk unh>m$ ?r\gh ! explosive atmosph]e1 & exam9e ! int5sity ( its p[]1 z x is wa/$ 9 trifl+ ef=ts )9 ! little cage he c>ries4 ,accid5ts h be5 attribut$ to ! 8,davy10 z ! lamp is call$ among ! colli]s2 b !y may 9 mo/ cases be trac$ to c>elessness on ! "p ( ^? ^: duty x has be5 to exam9e ! lamps1 or to ! recklessness ( ! m9]s !mselves4 ,t curi\s metal1 plat9um1 & also palladium1 possesses a prop]ty ( ma9ta9+ a sl[ combu/ion1 :i* ! discov]] ( ! safety-lamp propos$ to r5d] available to a v important purpose4 ,if we take a coil ( plat9um wire1 &1 hav+ made x r$-hot1 plunge x into an explosive atmosph]e ( c>burett$ hydrog5 & common air1 x cont9ues to gl[ ) consid]able brightness1 produc+1 by ?is v peculi> influ5ce1 a comb9ation ( ! gases1 :i* is discov]$ by ! escape ( pung5t acid vap\rs4 ,ov] ! little flame ( ! safety-lamp1 x 0 propos$ by ,davy to susp5d a coil ( plat9um :i* w\ld be ?us kept con/antly at a r$ heat4 ,if ! m9] became accid5tally envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e ( fire-damp1 al?\gh ! flame ( 8 lamp might be ext+ui%$1 ! wire w\ld cont9ue to gl[ ) suffici5t brightness to light him f 8 dang]1 ?r\gh ! d>k w9d+ passages :i* h be5 work$ 9 ! b$ ( fossil fuel4 ,?is v beautiful arrangem5t has n1 h[ev]1 be5 adopt$ by our m9]s4 ,x is ?us t ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 al?\gh !y may appe> ( an ab/ract "*1 con/antly1 soon] or lat]1 are appli$ to uses by :i* "s bran* ( human lab\r is assi/$1 ! necessities ( man's condition reliev$1 & ! am5ities ( life advanc$4 ,! respiration ( animals is an in/ance ( ! same k9d ( *emical ph5om5a z we discov] 9 ord9>y combu/ion4 ,9 ! lungs ! blood becomes *>g$ ) oxyg51 d]iv$ f ! atmosph]ic air1 ) :i* x passes ?r\gh ! sy/em1 p]=m+ its important (fices1 & ! blood is return$ to ! lungs ) ! c>bonic acid =m$ by ! sep>ation ( c>bon f ! body :i* is ?r[n (f at e expiration4 ,x w be q evid5t t ?is process is simil> to t ( ord9>y combu/ion4 ,9 man or animals1 z 9 ! burn+ tap]1--:i* is aptly en\gh employ$ by poets z ! symbol ( life1--we h hydrog5 & c>bon1 ) "s nitrog5 sup]add$2 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 =m wat] "u ! action ( ! vital =ces2 ! c>bon ) oxyg5 produces c>bonic acid1 &1 by a curi\s process1 ! nitrog5 & hydrog5 also comb9e1 to =m ammonia4#bbb ,all ! c>bon :i* is tak5 into ! animal economy passes1 9 ! process ( "t1 aga9 into ! atmosph]e1 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 ?is be+ effect$ 9 ! body1 "u ! catalytic p[] ( tissues1 imm$iately influ5c$ by ! excitation ( n]v\s =ces1 :i* are ! direct manife/ations ( vital en]gy4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid ?us giv5 out to ! air is capable ( calculation1 ) only a small am\nt ( error4 ,x appe>s t upw>ds ( fifty ounces ( c>bonic acid mu/ be giv5 (f f ! body ( a heal?y man 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on ! l[e/ calculation1 ! population ( ,london mu/ add to ! atmosph]e daily #d1ejj1jjj p\nds ( c>bonic acid4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t 9 e process = artificial illum9ation1 & 9 all ! op]ations ( ! manufactures 9 :i* fire is us$1 & also 9 our arrangem5ts to secure dome/ic com=t1 imm5se quantities ( ?is gas are =m$4 ,we may1 inde$1 fairly e/imate ! am\nt1 if we asc]ta9 ! quantity ( wood & coal consum$1 ( all ! c>bon :i* comb9es ) oxyg5 :ile burn+1 & escapes into ! air1 ei!r z c>bonic acid or c>bonic oxide4 ,! =m] gas1 ! same z t :i* accumulates 9 deep wells & 9 brew]s' vats1 is highly de/ructive to life1 produc+ v di/ress+ symptoms1 ev5 :5 mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 9 b slight excess ov] t proportion :i* x commonly conta9s4 ,! oppressive atmosph]e ( cr[d$ rooms is 9 a great measure due to ! increas$ proportion ( c>bonic acid giv5 (f f ! lungs ( ^? assembl$1 & collect$ 9 ! almo/ /agnant air ( badly v5tilat$ ap>tm5ts4 ,x w be evid5t to e "o1 t unless "s provision 0 made = remov+ ?is delet]i\s gas f ! atmosph]e z spe$ily z x =m$1 consequ5ces ( ! mo/ injuri\s "* to ! animal races w\ld ensue4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! quantity 9 ! atmosph]e is almo/ con/antly ab\t "o p] c5t4 ,! peculi> prop]ties ( c>bonic acid 9 "p ensure its spe$y removal4 ,x is among ! heavie/ ( gase\s bodies1 & x is readily absorb$ by wat]2 consequ5tly1 float+ )9 a %ort di/ance f ! surface ( ! e>?1 a l>ge quantity is dissolv$ by ! wat]s spread ov] x4 ,a consid]able portion is remov$ by ! vegetable k+dom2 inde$1 ! :ole ( t produc$ by animals1 & by ! processes ( combu/ion1 ev5tually becomes "p ( ! vegetable _w1 be+ absorb$ ) wat] by ! roots1 & sep>at$ f ! air by ! peculi> functions ( ! leaves4 ,h[ev]1 ?is heavy gas unites ) ! light] atmosph]ic fluid 9 ob$i5ce to t law :i* det]m9es ! diffusion ( diff]5t specific gravities ?r\gh ea* o!r4 ,! leaves ( plants may be reg>d$ z p]=m+ simil> (fices to ! lungs ( animals4 ,!y are ! brea?+ organs4 ,9 ! animal economy a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bon is necess>ily reta9$1 9 comb9ation ) nitrog5 & o!r elem5ts1 to =m muscle2 b ?is is con/antly und]go+ *ange2 ! entire sy/em be+ r5ew$ )9 a comp>atively limit$ p]iod4 ,! conditions ) plants are some:at diff]5t4 ,= in/ance1 ! c>bon is fix$ 9 a tree1 & rema9s z woody fibre until x decays1 ev5 ?\gh ! life ( ! plant may ext5d ov] c5turies4 ,animals1 !n1 are con/antly supply+ c>bonic acid2 plants are z con/antly fe$+ on x2 ?us is ! balance = ev] ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! two k+doms4 ,ano!r condition is1 h[ev]1 requir$ to ma9ta9 = ! uses ( m5 & animals ! necess>y supply ( oxyg5 gas4 ,?is is effect$ by "o ( ^? wond]ful op]ations ( nature's *emi/ry :i* mu/ /rike e reflect+ m9d ) admiration4 ,dur+ ! night plants absorb c>bonic acid2 b !re is a condition ( repose prevail+ !n 9 _! functions1 & consequ5tly _! p[]s ( effect+ ! decomposition ( ?is gas are r$uc$ to _! m9imum4 ,! plant sleeps1 & vital p[] reposes2 its repose be+ z necess>y to ! plant z to ! animal4 ,) ! fir/ gleam ( ! morn+ sun ! dormant en]gies ( ! plant are awak5$ into full action2 x decomposes ?is c>bonic acid1 secretes ! c>bon1 to =m ! r+s ( wood :i* con/itute s l>ge a "p ( its /ructure1 & p\r out oxyg5 gas to ! air4 ,! plant is1 !re=e1 an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! conditions necess>y = ! support ( animal life4 ,! animal produces c>bonic acid 9 an exact proportion to ! quantity ( c>bonace\s matt] :i* x consumes4 ,fruit & h]bage conta9 a small quantity ( c>bon 9 comp>ison ) muscle & fat4 ,b let u conf9e our att5tion to ! human race4 ,man )9 ! ,tropics1 :]e ! natural temp]ature is high1 does n require s great an am\nt ( *emical action to g on )9 him = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! requisite animal heat2 consequ5tly 8 ,mak] has surr\nd$ him ) fruits & gra9s :i* con/itute 8 food4 ,z we advance to ! cold] regions ( ! e>? man becomes a fle%-eat]1 & 8 c>nivor\s appetite increases z ! ext]nal temp]ature dim9i%es4 ,ev5tually we rea* ! colde/ zones1 & ! human be+ !re dev\rs enorm\s quantities ( fat to supply ! necessities ( 8 condition4 ,x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 t ! inhabitants ( ! tropics d n produce s mu* c>bonic acid z ^? :o dwell 9 cold] regions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! habits ( life are diff]5t1 & !y are n "u ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ animal heat by ! use ( artificial combu/ion1 z are ! p ( cold] climes4 ,! vegetation ( ! regions ( ! tropics is mu* m luxuriant ?an t ( ! temp]ate & arctic zones4 ,h5ce an additional supply ( c>bonic acid is requir$ betwe5 ! torrid zones1 & a less quantity is produc$ by its animals4 ,^! cases are all met by ! great arial movem5ts4 ,a curr5t ( w>m$ air1 ri* 9 oxyg51 moves f ! equator t[>ds ! poles1 :il/ ! cool] air1 *>g$ ) ! excess ( c>bonic acid1 sets 9 a con/ant /ream t[>ds ! equator4 ,by ?is means ! mo/ p]fect equalization ( ! atmosph]ic conditions is pres]v$4 ,! c>bonic acid p\r$ out f ! ?\s& m\?s ( our fi]y furnaces1--produc$ dur+ ! labori\s toil ( ! h>d-work+ artizan1--& exhal$ f e popul\s t[n ( ?is our isl& home1--is borne away by ?is our arial curr5ts to f9d its place 9 ! p9es ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 ! spice-trees ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 & ! c9*onas ( ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,! plants ( ! valley ( ! ,caucasus1 & ^? :i* fl\ri% among/ ! ,himalayas1 equally ) ! less luxuriant vegetation ( our temp]ate climes1 are directly dep5d5t ^u man & ! l[] animals = _! supply ( food4 ,if all plants 7 remov$ f ! e>?1 animals c\ld n exi/4 ,h[ w\ld x be if ! animal k+dom 0 annihilat$8--w\ld x be possible = vegetation to cont9ue8 ,?is "q is n q s easily answ]$2 b1 if we suppose all ! c>bon-produc+ ma*9es--! animals--to be ext9ct1 f :5ce w\ld ! plants draw _! supply8 ,x has be5 suppos$ t dur+ ! epo* ( ! coal =mation a luxuriant vegetation mu/ h gone on ov] ! e>?'s surface1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( animal life 0 reg>d$ z problematical4 ,x is suppos$ t ! air 0 !n *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 & t ! calamites1 lepidod5dra1 & sigil>ia1 7 employ$ to remove x1 & fit ! e>? = ! oxyg5-brea?+ races4 ,! evid5ce ^u ^! po9ts is by no means satisfactory2 & al?\gh at "o "t q dispos$ to acquiesce 9 a conjecture :i* appe>s to acc\nt s beautifully = ! obs]v$ geological ph5om5a ( c>bonif]\s p]iods1 we d n reg>d ! necessities = su* a condition ( ! atmosph]e z cle>ly made out4#bbc ,geological rese>*1 too1 has %[n t ! imm5se =e/s f :i* our coal is =m$ teem$ ) life4 ,a frog z l>ge z an ox exi/$ 9 ! swamps1 & ! exi/5ce ( insects proves ! high ord] ( organic creation at ?is epo*4 ,9 all probability ! same mutual dep5d5ce :i* n[ exi/s betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms exi/$ f ! beg9n+ ( "t1 & w cont9ue to d s "u v>y+ circum/ances ?r\gh ! c\ntless ages ( ! e>?'s duration4 ,!re is yet ano!r v important *a9 ( circum/ances :i* b9ds ^! two great k+doms toge!r4 ,?is is ! *a9 ( ! animal necessities4 ,a l>ge numb] ( races fe$ directly ^u vegetables2 h]bs & fruits are ! only ?+s f :i* !y ga9 ^? elem5ts requir$ to re/ore ! wa/e ( _! sy/ems4 ,^! h]bivor\s animals1 :i* mu/ necess>ily =m fat & muscle f ! elem5ts ( _! vegetable diet1 are prey$ on by ! c>nivor\s races2 & f ^! ! c>bon is aga9 re/or$ to ! vegetable _w4 ,sweep (f f ! e>? ! food ( ! h]bivora1 !y mu/ necess>ily v soon p]i%1 & ) _! dissolution1 ! de/ruction ( ! c>nivora is c]ta9ly ensur$4 ,to illu/rate ?is on a small scale1 x may be m5tion$ t ar\nd ! coa/s ( ,cornwall1 pil*>ds 7 =m]ly caught 9 v great abundance1 9 ! %all[ wat] )9 coves1 :]e ^! fi% are n[ b r>ely se54 ,f ! inve/igations ( ! ,messrs4 ,c\*1 ^: v accurate obs]vations on ! ,corni% fauna h plac$ bo? fa!r & son among/ ! mo/ em95t ( ,briti% naturali/s1#bbd x appe>s t ! abs5ce ( ^! fi% is to be attribut$ entirely to ! practice ( ! f>m]s1 :o cut ! sea-we$ f ! rocks = ! purpose ( manur+ _! l&s4 ,by ?is !y de/roy all ! small cru/acea inhabit+ ^! immature m>9e =e/s fe$+ on ! alg1 & z ^!1 ! pr9cipal food ( ! pil*>ds1 h p]i%$ !y seek = a sub/itute 9 m fav\rable situations4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 t if ! imm5se sea-we$s ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean 7 remov$ by any cause1 ! :ole fauna ( ^! seas w\ld be *ang$4 ,we h se5 t animals & vegetables are compos$ pr9cipally ( f\r elem5t>y pr9ciples1--oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon4 ,we h exam9$ ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* !y pass f "o condition--f "o k+dom ( nature--into ano!r4 ,! animal1 p]i%+ & dw9dl+ by decomposition into ! mo/ simple =ms ( matt]1 m+l+ ) ! atmosph]e z m]e gas1 gradually becomes "p ( ! gr[+ plant1 & by l *anges vegetable organism progresses onw>d to =m a portion ( ! animal /ructure4 ,a plant expos$ to ! action ( natural or artificial decomposition passes into air1 leav+ b a few gra9s ( solid matt] beh9d x4 ,an animal1 9 l mann]1 is gradually resolv$ into 8?9 air40 ,muscle1 & blood1 & bones1 hav+ und]gone ! *ange1 are f\nd to h escap$ z gases1 leav+ only 8a p9* ( du/10 :i* belongs to ! m /able m9]al _w4 ,our dep5d5cy on ! atmosph]e is !re=e evid5t4 ,we d]ive our sub/ance f x--we are1 aft] dea?1 resolv$ aga9 into x4 ,we are really b fleet+ %ad[s4 ,animal & vegetable =ms are little m ?an consolidat$ masses ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! sublime creations ( ! mo/ gift$ b>d _c rival ! beauty ( ?is1 ! highe/ & ! true/ poetry ( sci5ce4 ,man has div9$ su* *anges by ! unaid$ p[]s ( reason1 argu+ f ! ph5om5a :i* sci5ce reveals 9 unceas+ action ar\nd him4 ,! ,grecian sage's d\bts ( 8 own id5tity1 7 only an ext5sion ( a great tru? beyond ! limits ( our reason4 ,romance & sup]/ition resolve ! spiritual man into a visible =m ( extreme e!reality 9 ! spectral creations1 8clo!d 9 _! own horror10 by :i* _! reigns h be5 p]petuat$4 ,:5 ,%akespe>e made 8 *>m+ ,ariel s+-- 8,full fa?om five ?y fa!r lies1 ,( 8 bones are coral made1 ,^? are pe>ls t 7 8 eyes3 ,no?+ ( him t do? fade1 ,b do? suff] a sea *ange ,into some?+ ri* & /range10 he pa9t$1 ) consid]able correctness1 ! *emical *anges by :i* decompos+ animal matt] is replac$ by a silice\s or calc>e\s =mation4 ,b ! gift$ h ! p[] ( look+ ?r\gh ! veil ( nature1 & !y h revelations m wond]ful ?an ev5 ^? ( ! philosoph]1 :o evokes !m by p]petual toil & bra9-rack+ /ruggle ) ! ev]-*ang+ elem5ts ar\nd him4 ,! my/]ies ( fl[]s h ev] be5 ! *>m ( ! poet's song4 ,imag9ation has inve/$ !m ) a magic influ5ce1 & fancy has almo/ reg>d$ !m z spiritual ?+s4 ,9 contemplat+ _! surpass+ lovel9ess1 ! m9d ( e obs]v] is improv$1 & ! s5tim5ts :i* !y inspire1 by _! m]e ext]nal elegance1 are great & good4 ,b 9 exam9+ ! real my/]ies ( _! conditions1 _! physical ph5om5a1 ! relations 9 :i* !y /& to ! animal _w1 8/eal+ & giv+ od\rs0 9 ! m>vell\s int]*ange ( c>bonic acid & ammonia = ! s\l-inspir+ oxyg5--all speak+ ( ! p[]s ( "s unse51 9-dwell+ pr9ciple1 direct$ by a supreme rul]--! philosoph] f9ds subjects = deep & s\l-try+ contemplation4 ,su* /udies lift ! m9d into ! truly sublime ( nature4 ,! poet's dream is ! dim reflection ( a di/ant />3 ! philosoph]'s revelation is a /rong telescopic exam9ation ( its features4 ,"o is ! m]e e*o ( ! remote :isp] ( nature's voice 9 ! dim twilight2 ! o!r is ! swell+ music ( ! h>p ( ,memnon1 awak5$ by ! sun ( tru?1 newly ris5 f ! night ( ignorance4 ,to return f our long1 b some:at natural digression1 to a consid]ation ( ! *emical ph5om5a connect$ ) ! atmosph]e1 & its curi\s & important elem5t1 nitrog51 we mu/ fir/ exam9e ! evid5ce we h ( ! condition ( ! air itself4 ,! mean pressure ex]t$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 z indicat$ by ! b>omet]1 is equal to a column ( m]cury ?irty in*es high2 t is1 ! column ( air f ! surface ( ! ocean to its highe/ limits exactly balances t quantity ( m]cury4 ,if our tube ( m]cury _h ! area ( "o squ>e in*1 ! columns w\ld weigh fifte5 p\nds1 :i* repres5ts a pressure ( fifte5 p\nds ^u e squ>e in* ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,?is pressure1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is ! comp\nd weight ( ! gase\s envelope1 & ! ela/ic =ce ( ! aque\s vap\r conta9$ 9 x4#bbe ,if ! atmosph]e 7 ( uni=m condition1 its height1 z inf]r$ f ! b>omet]1 w\ld be ab\t five miles & a half4 ,! d5sity ( ! air1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es ) ! pressure ^u x1 s t at ! height ( #aa1eef feet1 ! atmosph]e is ( half d5sity2 or "o volume ( air1 z tak5 at ! surface ( ! e>?1 is exp&$ into two at t height4 ,?us ! weight is cont9ually dim9i%+2 b ?is is regul>ly oppos$ by ! decreas+ temp]ature1 :i* dim9i%es ! rate ( ab\t "o degree = e #ceb feet ( asc5t1 al?\gh 9 all probability x is less rapid at great di/ances f ! e>?4 ,x has be5 calculat$ f c]ta9 ph5om5a ( refraction1 t our atmosph]e mu/ ext5d to ab\t =ty miles f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x may1 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity1 ext5d /ill fur!r2 b x is probable t ! int5se cold produc$ by r>efaction sets limits to any ext5sion mu* beyond ?is elevation4 ,! uses ( ! atmosph]e are _m4 ,x is ! m$ium = regulat+ ! disp]sion ( wat]y vap\rs ov] ! e>?4 ,if !re 7 no atmosph]e1 & t1 z n[1 ! equatorial climes 7 hot & ! poles cold1 evaporation w\ld be cont9ually go+ on at ! equator1 & cond5sation 9 ! cold] regions4 ,! sky ( ! tropical climes w\ld be p]petually cl\dless1 :il/ 9 ! temp]ate & arctic zones we %\ld h con/ant ra9 & sn[4 ,by hav+ a gase\s atmosph]e1 a m uni=m /ate ( ?+s is produc$2 ! vap\rs aris+ f ! e>? become intimately mix$ ) ! air1 & are borne by x ov] l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 & only precipitat$ :5 !y ent] "s /ratum mu* cold] ?an t :i* involves !m4 ,!re are opposite t5d5cies 9 an atmosph]e ( air & "o ( vap\r4 ,! air circulates f ! cold] to ! w>m] p>ts1 & ! vap\r f ! w>m] to ! cold] regions2 & z ! curr5ts ( ! air1 f ! di/ribution ( l& & sea--! l&1 f its l[ conduct+ p[]1 be+ m quickly heat$ ?an ! sea--are v complicat$1 & z "s =ce is employ$ 9 keep+ ! vap\r susp5d$ 9 ! air1 wat] is less sudd5ly deposit$ on ! e>? ?an x w\ld h be51 _h n ^! t5d5cies ( ! air & its hygrometric peculi>ities be5 su* z we f9d !m4 ,! blue col\r ( ! sky1 :i* is s mu* m agreeable to ! eye ?an ei!r r$ or yell[1 is due to a t5d5cy ( ! mix$ gas & vap\r to reflect ! blue rays r ?an r$ or yell[4 ,! :ite light :i* falls ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 )\t absorption or decomposition 9 its passage f ! sun1 is p>tially absorb$ by1 & 9 "p reflect$ back f1 ! e>?4 ,! reflect$ rays pass ) tol]able fre$om ?r\gh ?is transp>5t m$ium1 b a portion ( ! blue rays are int]rupt$ & r5d]$ visible to u4 ,t x is reflect$ light1 is prov$ by ! fact ( its be+ 9 a pol>iz$ /ate4#bbf ,cl\ds ( vap\r reflect to u aga91 n isolat$ rays1 b ! undecompos$ beam1 & consequ5tly !y appe> :ite z sn[ to our vision4 ,! gold5 glories ( sunset1--:51 8l a dy+ dolph910 heav5 puts on ! mo/ gorge\s hues1 :i* are cont9ually *ang+1--dep5d entirely ^u ! quantity ( wat]y vap\r :i* is mix$ ) air1 & its /ate ( cond5sation4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t /eam at night1 issu+ into ! atmosph]e "u a pressure ( tw5ty or ?irty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 transmits & reflects orange-r$ light4 ,?is we may1 !re=e1 conclude to be ! prop]ty ( su* a condition ( mix$ vap\r & air1 z prevails :5 ! ris+ or ! sett+ sun is %$d+ ov] ! ea/]n or ! we/]n horizon ! glory ( its col\r$ rays4#bbg ,?us sci5ce po9ts out to u ! important uses ( ! air4 ,we le>n t life & combu/ion are entirely dep5d5t on x1 & t x is made ! means = secur+ great] con/ancy 9 ! climates ( ! e>? ?an c\ld o!rwise be obta9$4 ,! facts already dwelt ^u are suffici5t to conv9ce e ?9k+ m9d t ! beautiful sy/em ( ord] :i* is display$ 9 ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! all-excit+ elem5t1 oxyg51 is subdu$ to a tranquil /ate by ano!r elem5t1 nitrog51 7:i*1 we %all h pres5tly to %[1 is itself1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic ag5ts ) :i* we are acqua9t$17 indicates a supreme p[]1 omnisci5t 9 ! adaptation ( ?+s to an especial end4 ,oxyg5 & nitrog5 are "h mix$ = ! b5efit ( man2 man unites !m by ! aid ( p[]s ) :i* he is gift$1 & ! consequ5ces are ( a fatal k9d4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ! great ,*emi/ ( ,nature r5d]s mild are trans=m$ into s\rces ( evil by ! *emi/ ( art4 ,beyond all ?is1 ! atmosph]e produces effects on light :i* add inf9itely to ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,7 !re no atmosph]e1 we %\ld only see ^? objects ^u :i* ! sun's rays directly fell1 or f :i* !y 7 reflect$4 ,a ray fall+ ?r\gh a small hole into a d>k room1 illum9at+ "o object1 :i* reflects "s light ^u ano!r1 is an apt illu/ration ( ! effect ( light ^u ! e>?1 if x exi/$ )\t its envelop+ atmosph]e4 ,by ! disp]sive p[]s ( ?is m$ium1 sunlight is conv]t$ into daylight2 & in/ead ( unbe>able1 p>allel rays illum9at+ brilliantly1 & scor*+ up ) heat ^? p>ts ^u :i* !y directly fall1 leav+ all o!r p>ts 9 ! d>kness ( night1 we enjoy ! bless+s ( a diffusion ( its rays1 & exp]i5ce ! beauties ( s(t %ades & sl[ly-deep5+ %ad[s4 ,)\t an atmosph]e1 ! sun ( ! morn+ w\ld bur/ ^u u ) unbe>able brilliancy1 & leave u sudd5ly1 at ! close ( day1 at once 9 utt] d>kness4 ,) an atmosph]e we h ! twilight ) all its temp]$ lovel9ess1--a 8"t = poets made40 ,9 *emical "*1 atmosph]ic air is compos$ ( tw5ty-"o volumes ( oxyg51 & sev5ty-n9e volumes ( nitrog53 or "o hundr$ gra9s ( air consi/ ( #bca gra9s ( ! =m]1 & #gfi gra9s ( ! latt]4 ,:e!r ! air is tak5 f ! greate/ dep?s or ! mo/ exalt$ heights to :i* man has ev] rea*$1 an inv>iable proportion ( ! gases is ma9ta9$4 ,! air ( ,*imborazo1 ( ! arid pla9s ( ,egypt1 ( ! pe/il5tial delta ( ! ,nig]1 or ev5 ( ! infect$ atmosph]e ( an hospital1 all give ! same proportions ( ^! two gases z we f9d exi/+ on ! heal?ful hills ( ,devon%ire1 or 9 ! air ( ! city ( ,london4 ,?is con/ancy 9 con/itution leads to ! supposition t ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 are *emically comb9$2 b _m em95t philosoph]s h cont5d$ t !y are m]ely me*anically mix$2 & !y h %[n t "s peculi> prop]ties prevail among/ gase\s bodies1 :i* v fully expla9 ! equal admixture ( two gases ! specific gravities ( :i* are diff]5t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( c>bonic acid1 ( :i* gas "o p] c5t4 c be detect$ 9 all regions ( ! air to :i* ! inve/igations ( man h rea*$4 ,?is gas1 al?\gh s heavy1 is1 by ! law ( diffusion1 mix$ ) great uni=mity ?r\gh\t ! mass4#bbh ,e exhalation f ! e>?1 ( c\rse1 passes into ! air2 b ^! are g5]ally ei!r s light t !y are c>ri$ into ! upp] regions1 & !re p]=m _! p>ts 9 ! meteorological ph5om5a1 or !y are o!rwise v readily absorb$ by wat] or gr[+ plants1 & ?us is ! atmosph]e pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( purity = ! uses ( animals4 ,aga91 ! quantity ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air1 & its v peculi> "*1 ensures ! oxidation ( all ! volatile organic matt]s :i* are con/antly pass+ (f1--z ! odorif]\s pr9ciples ( plants1 ! miasmata ( swamps1 & ! products ( animal putrefaction2 ^! are rapidly conv]t$ into wat]1 c>bonic acid1 or nitric acid1 & quickly ent] into new & h>mless comb9ations4 ,! elem5ts ( contagion we are unacqua9t$ )2 b s9ce ! att5tion ( inquir]s has be5 ( late direct$ to ?is important & delicate subject1 "s light may possibly be ?r[n ^u x be=e long4 ,no?+1 %[s m /rik+ly ! admirable adaptation ( all ?+s = _! int5d$ uses ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,9 x we f9d ! s\rce ( life & heal?2 & *emi/ry tea*es u1 mo/ indisputably1 t x is compos$ ( c]ta9 proportions ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 gases2 & exp]i5ce in=ms u t x is on ! oxyg5 t we are dep5d5t = all t we enjoy4 ,s beautifully is ! atomic or molecul> con/itution ord]$1 t x is impossible to produce any *ange 9 ! air )\t r5d]+ x injuri\s to ! vegetable & animal economy4 ,x might be ?\ght1 f ! well-kn[n exhilirat+ "* ( oxyg5 gas1 t1 if a l>g] quantity exi/$ 9 ! atmosph]e ?an t :i* we f9d !re1 ! enjoym5ts ( life w\ld be ( a m excit+ k9d2 b ! consequ5ces ( any increase w\ld be exce$+ly injuri\s2 &1 by quick5+ all ! processes ( life to an unnatural ext5t1 ! animal fabric w\ld soon decay3 excit$ into fev]1 x w\ld be de/roy$ by its own fires4 ,*emi/ry has made u acqua9t$ ) six o!r comp\nds ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 nei!r ( !m fitt$ = ! purposes ( vitality1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ rem>kable3-- ,nitr\s oxide1 or !1 s call$1 laugh+ gas1 :i* conta9s two volumes ( nitrog5 to "o ( oxyg51 w\ld prove m de/ructive ?an ev5 pure oxyg51 f ! deliri\s intoxication :i* x produces4 ,nitric oxide is compos$1 accord+ to ,davy1 ( two volumes ( nitrog5 & two ( oxyg54 ,x is ( s irritat+ a nature1 t ! glottis contracts spasmodically :5 any attempt is made to brea! x2 & ! mom5t x escapes into ! air x comb9es ) m oxyg51 & =ms ! deep r$ fumes ( nitr\s acid4 ,nitr\s acid & ! p]oxide ( nitrog5 ea* conta9s an additional proportion ( oxyg51 & !y are /ill m de/ructive to all organization4 ,nitric acid conta9s five volumes ( oxyg5 unit$ to two ( nitrog52 & ! well-kn[n de/ructive prop]ties ( aqua =tis x is unnecess>y to describe4 ,! atmosph]e1 & ^! *emically active comp\nds1 conta9 ! same elem5ts1 b _! mode ( comb9+ is diff]5t2 & :at is1 9 ! "o case1 poison\s to ! highe/ degree1 is1 9 ! o!r1 r5d]$ salubri\s1 & ess5tial to all organiz$ be+s4 ,nitrog5 gas may be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a dilu5t to ! oxyg54 ,9 its pure /ate x is only *>act]is$ by its negative prop]ties4 ,x w n burn1 or act z a support] ( combu/ion4 ,animals spe$ily p]i% if conf9$ 9 x2 b !y die r ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 ?an f any poison\s prop]ty ( ?is gas4 ,yet1 9 comb9ation1 we f9d nitrog5 exhibit+ p[]s ( a mo/ en]getic "*4 ,9 addition to ! fulm9at+ comp\nds & ! explosive sub/ances already nam$1 :i* are among ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( un/able aff9ity ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 we h also ! well-kn[n pung5t body1 ammonia4 ,f ! analog\s nature ( ?is volatile comp\nd1 & ! fix$ alkalies soda & pota%1 x 0 inf]r$ t x mu/1 l !m1 be an oxide ( a metallic base4 ,davy expos$ ammonia to ! action ( potassium1 & to ! influ5ce ( ! voltaic arc produc$ f #b1jjj d\ble plates1 )\t at all *ang+ its "*4 ,f its slight t5d5cy to comb9ation1 & f its be+ f\nd abundantly 9 ! organs ( animals fe$+ on sub/ances t d n conta9 x1 x is1 h[ev]1 probably a comp\nd body4 ,a ph5om5on ( an obscure & my/]i\s "* is pres5t$ 9 ! =mation ( ! 8ammoniacal amalgam10 z x is call$4 ,m]cury1 be+ mix$ ) an ammoniacal salt1 is expos$ to p[]ful galvanic action2 & a comp\nd1 ma9ta9+ its metallic appe>ance1 b ( consid]able lightness & v por\s1 pres5ts itself4#bbi ,?is prep>ation has be5 c>efully exam9$ by ,davy1 ,b]zelius1 & o!rs4 ,x is always resolv$ into ammonia & m]cury2 &1 al?\gh ! latt] *emi/ is /rongly incl9$ to reg>d x z af=d+ evid5ce ( ! comp\nd nature ( nitrog51--& he has1 inde$1 propos$ ! "n nitricum = its hypo!tical base1--yet1 to ! pres5t "t1 we h no satisfactory explanation ( ?is app>5t metallization ( ammonia4 ,no attempt w be made to describe ! v>i\s elem5t>y sub/ances :i* come "u ! class ( metallic bodies1 mu* less to enum]ate _! comb9ations4 ,_m ( ! metals1 z silv] & copp]1 are f\nd sometimes 9 a native /ate1 or ne>ly pure2 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y exi/1 9 nature1 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 or sulphur2 gold furni%+ a rem>kable exception4 ,!y are occasionally f\nd comb9$ ) o!r bodies1--z oxidiz$ c>bon1 phosphorus1 *lor9e1 c42 b ^! cases are by no means s common4 ,^? sub/ances call$ metals are g5]ally f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! rocks1 or deposit$ 9 fissures =m$ ?r\gh !m2 b x is "o ( ! great discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 t ^? rocks !mselves are metallic oxides4 ,) metals we g5]ally associate ! idea ( great d5sity2 b potassium & sodium1 ! metallic bases ( pota% & soda1 are light] ?an wat]1 & !y consequ5tly float ^u t fluid4 ,we le>n1 !re=e1 f ! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 t ! cru/ ( ?is e>? is compos$ entirely ( metals1 comb9$ ) gase\s elem5ts2 & !re is reason = believ+ t "o1 or p]haps two1 ( ! gases we h already nam$ are also ( a metallic "*4 ,/range z x may appe>1 !re is no?+1 z w be se5 on att5tive consid]ation1 irrational 9 ?is idea4 ,_m ( ! metals prop]1 "u ! influ5ce ( su* heat z we c1 by artificial means1 comm&1 are dissipat$ 9 vap\r1 & may be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is /ate p]fectly invisible4 ,inde$1 ! transp>5t space above ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube ( a b>omet]1 kn[n z ! ,torricellian vacuum1 is fill$ ) ! vap\r ( m]cury4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason :y nitrog51 or ev5 hydrog51 %\ld n be metallic molecules kept by ! =ce ( ! repulsive p[]s ( heat1 or "s o!r influ5ce1 at a great di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! peculi> mann] 9 :i* nitrog5 unites ) m]cury1 & ! prop]ty :i* hydrog5 possesses ( comb9+ ) antimony1 z9c1 ars5ic1 potassium1 sodium1 & possibly o!r metals1 besides its union ) sulphur & c>bon--9 all :i* cases !re is no su* *ange ( "* z occurs :5 !y comb9e ) oxyg5--appe> to indicate bodies :i*1 *emically1 are n v dissimil> to ^? metals !mselves1 al?\gh1 physically1 !y h n ! mo/ remote resemblance4 8,we "k no?+10 says ,davy1 8( ! true elem5ts belong+ to nature2 b1 s f> z we c reason f ! relations ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 hydrog5 is ! sub/ance :i* approa*es ne>e/ to :at ! elem5ts may be suppos$ to be4 ,x has en]getic p[]s ( comb9ation1 its p>ts are highly repulsive z to ea* o!r1 & attractive ( ! p>ticles ( o!r matt]2 x ent]s into comb9ation 9 a quantity v mu* small] ?an any o!r sub/ance1 & 9 ?is respect x is approa*$ by no kn[n body40#bcj ,_m ( ! elem5ts are common to ! ?ree k+doms ( nature3 mo/ ( ^? f\nd 9 "o condition ( organization are discov]$ 9 ano!r4 ,! c>bonates are an abundant m9]al class4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom we f9d c>bon comb9+ ) oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog53 ^! elem5ts1 also1 con/itute ! sub/ance ( animals1 ! proportion ( nitrog5 be+1 h[ev]1 mu* l>g]4 ,if "o elem5t1 m ?an ano!r1 belongs especially to ! animal economy1 x is phosphorus1 al?\gh ?is is n want+ 9 ! vegetable _w2 & x is n uncommon 9 ! m9]al4 ,sulphur is common to ! ?ree k+doms3 x is abundant 9 ! m9]al1 be+ "o ( ! products ( volcanic action2 x is unit$ ) ! metals1 =m+ sulphurets2 & is f\nd 9 our rocks 9 ! /ate ( sulphuric acid or oxidiz$ vap\r1 comb9$ ) ! metallic bases ( lime & o!r e>?s4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom we discov] sulphur 9 all plants ( ! onion k9d1 9 ! mu/>d1 & "s o!rs2 x ent]s into ! composition ( vegetable album51 & appe>s always comb9$ ) album51 fibr9e1 & case9e1 9 ! animal economy4 ,*lor9e is f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 comb9ation ) sodium1 z common salt3 9 ?is /ate1 9 p>ticul>1 we may trace x f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 its wat]s1 & its rocks1 to ! plants & animals ( ! surface4 ,iod9e is mo/ abundant 9 m>9e plants2 b x has be5 f\nd 9 ! m9]al _w1 trac$ to plants1 & x is indicat$ 9 ! fle% ( "s animals4 ,brom9e is kn[n to u z a product ( c]ta9 sal9e wat]s1 & a few specim5s ( natural bromide ( silv] h be5 exam9$4 ,fluor9e1 ! base ( ! acid :i*1 comb9+ ) lime1 =ms fluor-sp>1 is f\nd to exi/ to "s consid]able ext5t 9 bones2 x has be5 discov]$ 9 milk & blood2 & inve/igations h prov$ its exi/5ce 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! e>?s1 lime & magnesia1 ent] into ! composition ( ! m solid p>ts ( plants & animals4 ,lime is "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( animal bone & %ells1 & x is f\nd 9 ne>ly all vegetables4 ,silica1 or ! e>? ( fl9ts1 is met ) 9 beautiful transp>5t cry/als1 9 ! dep?s ( ! m9e2 9 all rock & soils we f9d x4 ,9 ! b>k ( _m plants1 p>ticul>ly ! grasses1 x is discov]$1 =m+ ! h>d support+ cuticle ( ! /alk1 9 :eat1 ! ,dut* ru%1 ! sug>-cane1 ! bamboo1 & _m o!r plants4 ,x is ?us t we f9d ! same elem5t>y pr9ciple pres5t+ itself 9 e =m ( matt]1 "u ! mo/ ,protean %apes4 ,num]\s ph5om5a ( ev5 a m /rik+ "* ?an ^? select$1 are exhibit$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry2 b )9 ! limits ( ?is essay x is impracticable to speak ( any beyond ^? :i* directly expla9 natural ph5om5a4 ,! *emical elem5ts1 :i* actually exi/ 9 nature z simple bodies1 are probably b few4 ,mo/ ( ! gases are 9 all probability comp\nds ( "s e!real ultimate pr9ciples2 & ) ! advance ( sci5ce we may fairly hope to discov] ! means ( r$uc+ "s ( !m to a yet m simple /ate4 ,curi\s relations1 :i* c be trac$ ?r\gh c]ta9 bodies1 lead u to believe t !y may be only modifi$ conditions ( "o elem5t4 ,fl9t & *>coal d n at fir/ appe> alli$2 b c>bon 9 "s ( its /ates approa*es v ne> to ! condition ( silicon1 ! metallic base ( fl9t4 ,:5 we rememb] ! diff]5ces :i* are evid5t 9 ?ree =ms ( "o body--coke1 graphite1 & diamond--! dissimilitude betwe5 fl9t1 a qu>tz cry/al1 & c>bon1 w cease to be a /rong objection to ! speculation4 ,phosphorus1 sulphur1 & sel5ium1 h _m prop]ties 9 common4 ,iod9e1 brom9e1 *lor9e1 & fluor9e1 appe> to belong to ! same gr\p4 ,iron & nickel1 & cobalt1 h a close relation4 ,silv] & lead are usually comb9$1 & exhibit a /rong relation%ip4 ,gold1 plat9um1 & ! r>] metals1 h s _m prop]ties 9 common1 t !y may =m a sep>ate gr\p f all ! o!rs4 ,inde$1 a philosophical exam9ation ( ! elem5ts n[ suppos$ to con/itute ! mat]ial _w1 enables u to divide !m into ab\t six well-def9$ gr\ps4 ,wide diff]5ces exi/ )9 ^! gr\ps2 b /ill we f9d a suffici5t numb] ( common prop]ties to w>rant our class+ !m 9 "o family4 ,! dream ( ! al*emi/s1 9 ! va9 endeav\r to realise :i* !y exhau/$ _! lives & dissipat$ _! weal?1 _h its f\ndation 9 a natural tru?4 ,! transmutation ( "o =m ( matt] into ano!r may be beyond ! p[] ( man1 b x is c]ta9ly cont9ually tak+ place 9 ! laboratory ( nature1 "u ! direct+ law ( ! great ,creator ( ?is beautiful e>?4 ,! speculations ( m51 ?r\gh all ages1 h lean$ t[>ds ?is idea1 z is %[n by ! !ory ( ! f\r elem5ts1--,air1 ,fire1 ,e>?1 & ,wat]1--( ! anci5ts1 ! ?ree1--,salt1 ,sulphur1 & ,m]cury1--( ! al*emi/s1 & ! ref9$ speculations ( ,newton & ,boscovi* on ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]4 ,all exp]im5tal inquiry po9ts t[>ds a simil> conclusion4 ,x is true we h no direct evid5ce ( any elem5t>y atom actually und]go+ a *ange ( /ate2 b :5 we reg>d ! v>iations produc$ by electrical influ5ce1 ! *anges ( /ate :i* arise f ! p[] ( heat1 & ! physical alt]ations produc$ by light1 x w be difficult to come to any o!r conclusion ?an t ! p>ticles ( matt] kn[n to u z ultimate are capable ( *ange1 & consequ5tly mu/ be f> remov$ f positively simple bodies1 s9ce ! real elem5t>y atom1 possess+ fix$ prop]ties1 _c be suppos$ capable ( und]go+ any transmutation4 ,allotropism c\ld n occur 9 any absolutely simple body4 ,x w n[ be evid5t t 9 all *emical ph5om5a we h ! comb9$ ex]cise ( ! great physical =ces1 & evid5ces ( "s p[]s :i* are1 z yet1 %r\d$ 9 ! my/]y ( our ignorance4 ,! =mation ( m9]als )9 ! clefts ( ! rocks1 ! decomposition ( metallic lodes1 ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 ! gr[? ( ! plant1 ! developm5t ( its fruit & its ultimate decay1 ! secret processes ( animal life1 assimilation1 dige/ion1 & respiration1 & all ! *anges ( ext]nal =m1 :i* take place ar\nd u1 are ! result ( ! ex]cise ( t pr9ciple :i* we call *emical4 ,by *emical action plants take f ! atmosph]e ! elem5ts ( _! gr[?2 ^! !y yield to animals1 & f ^! !y are aga9 return$ to ! air4 ,! viewless atmosph]e is gradually =m$ into an organiz$ be+1 ! lordly tree ^u ^: bran*es ! f[ls ( ! air h _! homes1 & ! human animal1 exalt$ by be+ *>g$ ) a spiritual s\l3 yet ! tree & ! man alike are gradually resolv$ aga9 into ?9 air4 ,! *anges ( ! m9]al _w are ( an analog\s "*2 b we _c trace !m s cle>ly 9 all _! ph5om5a4 ,! planet on :i* we live began its c\rse *>g$ ) a fix$ quantity ( physical =ce1 & ?is has rema9$ con/ant to ! pres5t mom5t1 & w d s to ! end ( "t4 ,by influ5ces ext]nal to ?is e>? ! balance ( ^! =ces is cont9ually di/urb$2 & 9 ! ef=t to re/ore ! equilibrium1 we h ! production ( all ! v>i$ =ms ( matt]1 & ! manife/ation ( ea* p>ticul> physical pr9ciple or p[]4 ,z motion & attraction1 balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 ma9ta9 ! e>? 9 h] elliptical orbit1 s ! opposition ( =ces det]m9es ! exi/5ce ( ! amorph\s rock1 ! light-refract+ cry/al1 ! fix$ & fl[]+ plant1 & ! locomotive animal4 ,an et]nal r\nd ( *emical action is display$ 9 nature4 ,life & dea? are b two phases ( its influ5ces4 ,gr[? & decay are equally ! result ( its p[]4 ,,footnotes3 #bab ,dr4 ,prie/ley appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! diffusion ( gases4 ,dr4 ,dalton1 h[ev]1 fir/ drew att5tion to ! important be>+ ( ?is fact on natural ph5om5a1 & he publi%$ 8 views on ,! ,miscibility ( ,gases 9 ! ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 vol4 v4 ,! foll[+ extract f 8 memoir ,on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,atmosph]e w exhibit its be>+s3-- ,x may be wor? :ile to contra/ ?is view ( ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e ) ! only o!r "o1 z f> z ,i "k1 t has be5 ent]ta9$4 ,accord+ to "o view1 ,accord+ to ! o!r view1 #a4 ,! volumes ( ea* gas #a4 ,! volume ( ea* gas f\nd at ! surface ( ! f\nd at ! surface ( e>? are proportional to ! e>?1 multipli$ by ! :ole weights ( ! its specific gravity1 is respective atmosph]es4 proportional to ! :ole weight ( ! respective atmosph]es4 ,azote #gi ,azote #gff ,oxyg5 #ba ,oxyg5 #bcd ,aque\s vap\r #acc ,aque\s vap\r #jhc ,c>bonic acid #aj ,c>bonic acid #jae ------- ------ #ajadc #ajjhh #b4 ,! altitude ( ea* #b4 ,! altitude ( ea* atmosph]e diff]s f t atmosph]e is ! same1 & ( e o!r1 & ! ! proportion ( ea* 9 ! proportions ( ea* 9 ! comp\nd atmosph]e1 is ! comp\nd atmosph]e gradually same at all elevations4 v>y 9 ! asc5t4 #c4 ,:5 two atmosph]es are #c4 ,:5 two atmosph]es mix$1 !y take _! places are mix$1 !y cont9ue accord+ to _! specific s )\t ! heavi] gravity1 n 9 sep>ate manife/+ any disposition to /rata1 b int]mix$ly4 sep>ate & desc5d f ! ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a sep>ate light]4 /ratum ( ! specifically light] atmosph]e at ! summit ov] ! o!r4 #bac ,! discussion ( ?is "q1 comm5c$ by ,arago 9 8 ,eloge1 0 cont9u$ by ,"l ,br\gham 9 8 ,lives ( ,watt & ,cav5di%1 & by ,mr4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt1 9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & m rec5tly 9 8 ,lett] to ,"l ,br\gham4 ,watt's ,lett]s on ! subject h be5 s9ce publi%$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,muirhead4 #bad ,see sev]al pap]s ,on ,ozone1 by ,pr(essor ,s*nbe91 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 & 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,consult a pap] by ! ,au?or3 ,a!num1 ,septemb]1 #ahdi4 #bae ,memoire sur l',ozone2 ,ble #ahdi4 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 lxxvii41 p4 #eib4 ,ibid1 lxxviii4 p4 #afb4 #baf ,*emical ,gazette1 #ahdi4 #bag ,iodide ( silv] has be5 f\nd at ,alb>radon1 ne> ,mazapil1 9 ,mexico4 ,iodide ( m]cury1 ( a f9e lemon-yell[ col\r1 has be5 discov]$ 9 ! s&/one ( ,casas1 ,viegas1 ,mexico4 ,alg]s2 ,phillips' ,m9]alogy4 #bah ,,g5tele',s ,reports ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy4 #bai ,/ahl1 tak+ up ! obscure notions ( ,be*] & ,van ,helmont1 suppos$ ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion to be due to phlogi/on4 ,he imag9$ t by comb9ation ) phlogi/on1 a body 0 r5d]$ combu/ible1 & t its dis5gagem5t occasion$ combu/ion1 & aft] its evolution !re rema9$ ei!r an acid or an e>?3 ?us sulphur 01 by ?is !ory1 suppos$ to be compos$ ( phlogi/on & sulphuric acid1 & lead ( ! calx ( lead & phlogi/on1 c4 #bbj ,be+ call$ ^u by ! ,solicitor = ! ,admiralty to exam9e into ! causes ( ! fire :i* de/roy$ ! ,imog5e & ,talav]a1 9 ,devonport ,ars5al1 ,i discov]$ a b9 "u ! ro(+ :i* cov]$ ^! %ips1 9 :i* !re _h be5 accumulat+ = a long p]iod all ! refuse ( ! :eelwrights' & pa9t]s' %op2 & x 0 q evid5t t spontane\s combu/ion _h tak5 place 9 ! mass ( oil$ oakum1 sawdu/1 anti-attrition1 & old sail-clo?1 !re all[$ to accumulate4 #bba ,rese>*es on ,flame3 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's ,collect$ ,works4 #bbb ,see note1 ante1 ,on ! ,*emical ,!ory ( ,respiration4 #bbc ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 a committee und]took ! inve/igation ( ?is subject4 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on by ,dr4 ,daub5y1 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,ox=d1 & by ! ,au?or1 at 8 resid5ce1 ,/ockwell4 ,dr4 ,daub5y1 9 8 report made at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham1 appe>s dispos$ to consid] t5 p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid 9 excess z de/ructive to ! gr[? ( f]ns4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t1 by gradually increas+ ! quantity1 ! f]ns w\ld live 9 an atmosph]e /ill m highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid4 #bbd ,see memoir ,on ! ,pil*>d1 by ,mr4 ,c\*1 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,royal ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society4 #bbe 8,?is scale1 9 :i* ! humidity ( ! air is express$1 is ! simple natural scale 9 :i* air at its maximum ( humidity 7i4e41 :5 x is saturat$ ) vap\r7 is reckon$ z #ajj1 & air absolutely depriv$ ( moi/ure z #j2 ! int]m$iate degrees are giv5 by ! fraction #ajj actual t5sion ( vap\r t5sion requir$ = ! saturation ( ! air at its exi/+ temp]ature4 ,?us1 if ! air at any temp]ature :atsoev] conta9s vap\r ( half ! t5sion1 :i* x w\ld conta9 if saturat$1 ! degree is #ej2 if ?ree-f\r?s1 !n #ge2 & s =?4 ,air ( a high] temp]ature is capable ( conta9+ a great] quantity ( vap\r ?an air ( less temp]ature2 b x is ! proportion ( :at x does conta91 to :at x w\ld conta9 if saturat$1 :i* con/itutes ! measure ( its dryness or humidity4 ,! capacity ( ! air to conta9 moi/ure be+ det]m9$ by its temp]ature1 x 0 to be expect$ t an intimate connection & dep5d5ce w\ld be f\nd to exi/ betwe5 ! annual & diurnal v>iations ( ! vap\r & ( ! temp]ature40--,sab9e1 ,on ! ,meteorology ( ,toronto2 ,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #dg4 ,! ,temp]ature ,tables3 by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dove2 ,reports = #ahdg %\ld be consult$4 #bbf ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s ,optics1 & ,memoirs 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,treatise on ,light1 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 #bbg ,on ! ,col\r ( ,/eam "u c]ta9 circum/ances3 by ,pr(essor ,=bes2 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #aba1 vol4 xv4 p4 #be4 ,9 ! fir/ pap] ! foll[+ rem>ks occur3--8,i _c d\bt t ! col\r ( wat]y vap\r "u c]ta9 circum/ances is ! pr9cipal or only cause ( ! r$ col\r obs]v$ 9 cl\ds4 ,! v fact t t col\r *iefly appe>s 9 ! pres5ce ( cl\ds is a suffici5t refutation ( ! only explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( sunset & sunrise1 hav+ ! lea/ plausibility1 giv5 by optical writ]s4 ,if ! r$ light ( ! horizontal sky 7 simply complem5t>y to ! blue ( a pure atmosph]e1 ! sun ought to set r$ 9 ! cle>e/ wea!r1 & !n mo/ ( all2 b exp]i5ce %[s t a lurid sunrise or sunset is always accompani$ by cl\ds or diffus$ vap\rs1 & 9 a great majority ( cases occurs :5 ! *ang+ /ate ( previ\sly transp>5t & col\rless vap\r may be inf]r$ f ! succe$+ ra94 ,9 l mann]1 t]re/rial lights se5 at a di/ance gr[ r$ & dim :5 ! atmosph]e is fill$ ) vap\r soon to be precipitat$4 ,analogy appli$ to ! prec$+ obs]vations w\ld c]ta9ly conduct to a solution ( su* appe>ances2 = ,i h rem>k$ t ! exi/5ce ( vap\r ( high t5sion is by no means ess5tial to ! production ( col\r1 ?\gh ( c\rse a proportionally great] ?ickness ( ! m$ium mu/ be employ$ to produce a simil> effect :5 ! ela/icity is small40 #bbh ,on ! ,law ( ,diffusion ( ,gases3 by ,?omas ,graham1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 c42 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcb4 ,sur l',action ,capillaire des ,fissures1 c43 by ,db]e9]2 ,annales de ,*imie1 xxiv4 #ccb4 #bbi ,electro-*emical ,rese>*es on ! ,decompositions ( ! ,e>?s1 ) obs]vations on ! ,metals obta9$ f ! ,alkal9e ,e>?s1 & on ! ,amalgam procur$ f ,ammonia3 by ,sir ,humphry ,davy2 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjh1 & collect$ works1 vol4 v4 p4 #ajb4 #bcj ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy3 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,"t4--,,geological ,,ph5om5a4 ,"t1 an elem5t 9 ,nature's ,op]ations--,geological ,sci5ce--,its ,facts & ,inf]5ces--,nebul> ,hypo!sis appli$--,prim>y ,=mations--,plutonic & ,metamorphic ,rocks--,transition ,s]ies--,palozoic ,rocks--,comm5cem5t ( ,organic ,arrangem5ts--,exi/5ce ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,plutonic ,rocks--,fossil ,rema9s--,coal ,=mation--,s&/ones--,t]ti>y ,=mations--,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e ,=mations--,progressive *anges n[ app>5t--,g5]al ,conclusions--,physics appli$ 9 explanation4 ,! influ5ce ( "t1 z an elem5t1 9 produc+ c]ta9 /ructural arrangem5ts1 by modify+ ! op]ations ( physical =ce1 "u :atev] =m x may be ex]t$1 has sc>cely be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to 9 ! exam9ation ( cosmical ph5om5a4 ,e p>ticle ( matt] is1 z x 71 susp5d$ betwe5 ! ag5cies to :i* we h be5 direct+ our att5tion4 ,"u ! influ5ces ( ! physical p[]s1 sometimes ex]t$ 9 common1 b (t5 ) a great prepond]ance 9 fav\r ( "o ( !m1 e accumulat$ heap ( mud or s& is sl[ly coh]+1 & assum+ ! =m ( a rock possess+ c]ta9 di/+ui%+ features1 z x reg>ds lam9ation1 cleavage1 c4 ,! m9ute p>ticles ( matt] are necess>ily b slightly influ5c$ by ! physical =ces3 _! action 9 accordance ) ! laws :i* det]m9e physical condition is manife/$ 9 an exce$+ly modifi$ degree4 ,b 9 all ! op]ations ( nature1 :at is defici5t 9 p[] is made up 9 "t1 & effects are produc$ dur+ myriads ( ages1 by p[]s f> too weak to give satisfactory results by any exp]im5ts :i* might be ext5d$ ev5 ov] a c5tury4 ,if1 ) ! eye ( a geologi/1 we take b a cursory glance ov] ! ,e>?1 we %all discov] t c\ntless ages mu/ h pass$ dur+ ! progress ( ?is planet to its pres5t /ate4 ,?is is a fact writt5 by ! f+] ( nature1 9 unmi/akeable *>act]s1 ^u ! mighty tablets ( h] m\nta9s4 ,! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! e>?1--by :i* is meant only t film1 comp>$ ) its diamet]1 :i* is repres5t$ by a few miles 9 dep?--is compos$ ( di/9ct m9]al masses1 exhibit+ peculi> physical conditions & a c]ta9 ord] ( arrangem5t4 ,^! rocks appe> to h result$ f two dissimil> causes2 9 "o class ! action ( heat is evid5t1 & 9 ! o!r we h ei!r ! sl[ deposition ( matt] susp5d$ 9 wat]1 or cry/allization f solution2 an aque\s orig9 is indicat$ by peculi>ities ( =mation 9 all ! m rec5t rocks4 ,!re are few bran*es ( sci5ce :i* admit ( speculation to ! ext5t to :i* we f9d x c>ri$ 9 geology4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is are %[n 9 ! popul> "* ( ! sci5ce4 ,a few obs]vations are made ov] a limit$ area1 & c]ta9 /ructural conditions are asc]ta9$1 & at once ! m9d1 8fancy free10 p5etrates ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! e>?1 & imag9ation1 hav+ 8ample room & v]ge en\gh10 creates causes by :i* e effect is to be int]pret$4 ,su* /ud5ts1 g5]ally ignorant ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( physics1 kn[+ little ( m9]alogy1 & less ( *emi/ry1 to say no?+ ( palontology1 hav+ none ( ! requisites = an obs]v]1 boldly assume premises :i* are unt5able1 & ?9k !y h expla9$ a ph5om5on1--giv5 to ! _w a tru?1--:5 !y h m]ely promulgat$ an unsub/antiat$ speculation1 :i* may h occasional m>ks ( +5uity1 & b little else4 ,! c>efully-made obs]vations ( ^? :o1 ) unwe>y+ indu/ry1 h trav]s$ hill & valley1 m>k$ & measur$ ! v>i\s *>act]s1 ?icknesses1 incl9ations1 & positions ( rocks2 :o h wat*$ ! influ5ces ( heat 9 *ang+1 ( wat] 9 we>+1 & ! results ( precipitation 9 =m+1 /rata2 :o h trac$ ! me*anical effects ( e>?quake /ruggl+s & ( volcanic eruptions1 &1 reason+ f an imm5se mass ( accumulat$ facts1 d$uc$ c]ta9 g5]al conclusions1--are1 h[ev]1 ( a totally diff]5t "*2 & x is su* obs]v]s z ^! :o induc$ ,h]s*el to say truly1 t 8geology1 9 ! magnitude & sublimity ( ! objects ( :i* x treats1 und\bt$ly ranks1 9 ! scale ( ! sci5ces1 next to a/ronomy40#bca ,! orig9 ( ?is planet is involv$ 9 great obscurity1 :i* ! p[]s ( ! mo/ gift$ are unable to p5etrate4 ,x /&s ! "w ( an ,almighty & ,et]nal m9d1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* we _c compreh5d1 nor c we def9e ! p]iod ( its t]m9ation4 ,x may1 probably1 be safe to speculate t !re 0 a "t :5 ?is globe consi/$ ( only "o homog5e\s /ratum4 ,:e!r ?is rema9s1--:e!r1 9 our plutonic rocks1 our granites1 or our porphyries1 we h any indications ( ! primitive /ate ( ! _w1 or :e!r num]\s *anges took place be=e ev5 our un/ratifi$ =mations _h bir?1 are que/ions we _c answ]4 ,! geologi/ looks back into ! vi/a ( "t1 & reckons1 by ph5om5a1 ! progress ( ! _w's mutations4 ,! /ratifi$ =mations mu/ h occupi$ ?\s&s ( ages2 b be=e ^! 71 dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ ov] c\ntless ?\s&s1 ! un/ratifi$ rocks may h be5 v>i\sly metamorphos$4 ,x matt]s n :e!r we admit ! nebul> hypo!sis or n1--a "t mu/ h be5 :5 all ^! bodies :i* n[ =m ! mass ( ?is globe exi/$ 9 ! mo/ simple /ate4 ,we h already %[n t v rem>kable *anges 9 ext]nal "* & 9 *emical relations are induc$1 9 ! same simple elem5t1 by its hav+ be5 expos$ to "s peculi> & diff]5t conditions2 & already h we speculat$ on ! probability t ! advance ( sci5ce w enable u to r$uce ! num]\s elem5ts we n[ reckon1 to two or ?ree4 ,x is1 !re=e1 by no means an irrational ?\ght 7:i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be held 9 ! light ( a pure conjecture71 to suppose t at ! beg9n+ a mighty mass ( matt]1 9 ! mo/ att5uat$ /ate1 0 produc$ 9 space1 & 0 gradually1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 ( cohesive =ce1 & ( *emical aggregation1 m\ld$ into ! =m ( a sph]e4 ,asc5d+ to ! utmo/ ref9em5t ( physics1 we may suppose t ?is mass 0 ( "o uni=m "*1 & t x became 9 dissimil> p>ts--its surfaces & t[>ds its c5tre--diff]5tly con/itut$1 "u ! influ5ces ( ! same p[]s :i* we n[ f9d produc+1 out ( ! same body1 *>coal & ! diamond1 & creat+ ! multitud9\s =ms ( organiz$ creations4 ,^! conditions be+ e/abli%$1 & c>ri$ to an ext5t ( :i*1 z yet1 sci5ce has af=d$ u no evid5ce1 *emical int]mixture may h tak5 place1 & a new s]ies ( comp\nds h be5 =m$1 :i*1 by aga9 comb9+1 gave rise to ano!r & m complex class ( bodies4 ,! f\ndation ( ! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! e>? appe>s to be =m$ ( a class ( rocks :i* h result$ f ! sl[ cool+ ( an imm5se mass ( heat$ matt]4 ,^! rocks h be5 call$ igne\s2 b are n[ m g5]ally t]m$ ,plutonic 7su* z granites1 sy5ites1 c47 ,imm$iately above ^!1 we f9d rocks :i* h result$ by deposition f wat]4 ,^! masses1 hav+ be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! heat bel[1 h be5 consid]ably *ang$ 9 _! "*1 & h5ce !y are (t5 call$ metamorphic2 b metamorphic rocks may1 h[ev]1 be ( any age4 ,! rocks =m]ly t]m$ ! transition s]ies--f _! =m+ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! e>li] =mations--are n[1 f ! circum/ance ( _! be+ fossilif]\s1 class$ "u ! g5]al t]m ( palozoic rocks1 to di/+ui% !m f ! rocks 9 :i* no organic rema9s h be5 f\nd4 ,above ^! are f\nd ! second>y /rata1 &1 /ill m rec5tly produc$1 we h a class n[ usually d5om9at$ ! t]ti>y =mations4 8,et]nal z ! hills0 is a poetic expression1 imply+ a long duration2 b ^! mu/1 f ! nature ( ?+s1 ev5tually pass away4 ,! p]iod ( "t necess>y = ! dis9tegration ( a granite hill is va/ly beyond ! p[]s ( computation1 accord+ to our conception ( ! ord9>y b\nds ( f9ite ?+s4 ,b a consid]ation ( ! results ( a few ye>s1--"u ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e & ! ra9s1--z %[n 9 quantity ( solid matt] c>ri$ (f by ! riv]s1 & deposit$ at _! m\?s1 w t5d to c>ry conviction to e m9d1 t a degrad+ process is = ev] 9 action on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! e>? itself may be et]nal1 b ! surface is cont9ually und]go+ mutation1 f v>i\s causes1 _m ( :i* we mu/ briefly consid]4#bcb ,9 reg>d+ geological ph5om5a1 ! abs5ce ( any fossil rema9s has (t5 be5 suppos$ to indicate a p]iod previ\s to any organic =mations4 ,! inorganic con/itu5ts ( matt] are probably ( prior orig9 to ! organic comb9ations2 ! vessel 0 con/ruct$1 ^u :i* ! organic creation 0 to float 9 space be=e any vital organisms 7 creat$4 ,! suppos$ evid5ces 9 fav\r ( ! assumption t !re 0 no organic life dur+ ! =mation ( ! olde/ rocks we "k1 are 9 "s respects d\btful2 & we c well und]/& t *anges may h be5 induc$ 9 ! e>li] rock =mations1 by heat or by o!r p[]s1 q suffici5t to de/roy all traces ( organiz$ =ms4 ,x 0 long ?\ght t phosphoric acid 0 n to be detect$ 9 rocks :i* are reg>d$ z ( igne\s orig92 & s9ce ?is acid is peculi>ly a con/itu5t ( organic bodies1 ?is has be5 adduc$ z a pro( t ! plutonic rocks mu/ h exi/$ previ\sly to ! appe>ance ( vegetable or animal life ^u ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! rese>*es ( mod]n *emi/s h1 h[ev]1 %[n t phosphoric acid is to be f\nd 9 =mations ( granitic orig91 9 porphyry1 basalt1 & hornbl5de rocks4#bcc ,if1 !re=e1 we are to reg>d ?is sub/ance z ( organic orig91 ! rational inf]5ce is aga9/ ! speculation2 b !re is no m necessity = suppos+ phosphorus to be =m$ 9 ! animal economy ?an 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 f :i* x w probably be f\nd ! animal obta9$ x4 ,)\t attempt+ to ent] into any acc\nt ( ! app>5t progress ( life ov] ! e>?1 x appe>s desirable t "s description %\ld be giv5 ( ! k9ds ( plants & animals :i* we "k to h exi/$ at diff]5t epo*s4 ,we %all ?us le>n1 at lea/1 "s ( ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( ! e>? dur+ its transitions1 & be 9 a bett] condition = apply+ our k ( physical p[] to ! explanation ( ! v>i\s geological ph5om5a4 ,among ! e>lie/ races we h ^? rem>kable =ms1 ! trilobites1 inhabit+ ! anci5t ocean4 ,^! cru/acea be> "s resemblance1 al?\gh a v remote "o1 to ! common wood-l\se1 &1 l t animal1 !y _h ! p[] ( roll+ !mselves into a ball :5 attack$ by an enemy4 ,! eye ( ! trilobite is a mo/ rem>kable organ2 & 9 t ( "o species1 ,phacops caudatus1 n less ?an two hundr$ & fifty l5ses h be5 discov]$4 ,?is rem>kable optical in/rum5t indicates t ^! creatures liv$ "u simil> conditions to ^? :i* surr\nd ! cru/acea ( ! pres5t day4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! trilobites ( ! ,silurian rocks1 all ! animals contemporane\s ) !m _h ! organs necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life 9 ! wat]s4 ,next 9 ord] ( "t to ! trilobite1 ! mo/ s+ul> animals inhabit+ ^? anci5t seas1 ^: rema9s h be5 pres]v$1 are ! ,cephalopoda1 possess+ "s traces ( organs :i* belong to v]tebrat$ animals4 ,!re are num]\s arms = locomotion & preh5sion1 arrang$ 9 a c5tre r\nd ! head1 :i* is furni%$ ) a pair ( %>p1 horny m&ibles1 emb$d$ 9 p[]ful muscles4 ,^! preh5sile arms are provid$ ) a d\ble r[ ( suck]s1 by :i* ! animal seiz$ its prey4 ,( ^! cephalopod\s animals !re are _m v>ieties1 b all ( !m appe> to be furni%$ ) p[]s ( rapid locomotion1 & ^? ) %ells _h an hydraulic arrangem5t = s9k+ !mselves to any dep? ( ! seas 9 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 !y reign$ ! tyrants4 ,pass+ by )\t notice ! num]\s fi%es1 :i* appe> to h exhibit$ a simil> ord] ( progression to ! o!r animals1 we mu/ proce$ to ! m rem>kable p]iod :5 ! dry l& fir/ began to appe>4 ,all ! animals f\nd 9 ! /rata we h m5tion$ are su* z w\ld inhabit ! seas2 b we gradually arrive at di/9ct evid5ce ( ! sep>ation ( ! l& f ! wat]1 & ! 8gre5 tree yield+ se$0 pres5ts itself to our att5tion2 n t ! /rata e>li] ?an ?is are entirely de/itute ( any rema9s indicat+ vegetable gr[?1 b ^? !y exhibit are su* z1 9 all probability1 may be ref]r$ to m>9e plants4 ,^? plants1 h[ev]1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! c>bonif]\s s]ies are mo/ ( !m di/+ui%$ by all ! *>act]i/ics ( ^? :i* gr[ ^u ! l&2 we1 !re=e1 9 ! mutilat$ rema9s ( vegetation left u 9 our coal-=mations1 read ! hi/ory ( our e>ly _w4 ,!n ! re$-l calamite b[$ its holl[ & fragile /ems ov] ! edges ( ! lakes ! tree-f]ns grew luxuriantly 9 ! %elt] ( ! hills1 & gave a wild beauty to ! humid valleys2 ! lepidod5drons spread !mselves 9 mighty =e/s along ! pla9s1 :i* !y cov]$ ) _! curi\s cones2 :il/ ! sigill>i ext5d$ _! multitud9\s bran*es1 wrea?+ l s]p5ts among/ ! luxuri\s vegetation1 & embrac$1 ) _! roots 7/igm>i71 a mo/ ext5sive space on e side4#bcd ,! seas & lakes ( ?is p]iod ab\nd$ ) m9ute animals ne>ly alli$ to ! coral animals1 :i* are n[ s actively engag$ 9 ! =mation ( isl&s 9 ! tropical & s\!rn seas4 ,dur+ ! ages :i* pass$ by )\t any rem>kable di/urbance ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! _m b&s ( m\nta9 lime/one 7 =m$ by ! ceaseless activity ( ^! m9ute ar*itects4 ,encr9ites 7creatures 9 "s respects resembl+ />-fi%7 exi/$ 9 va/ numb]s 9 ! oceans ( ?is "t2 & ! great v>iety ( bivalve %ells1 & ^? ( a spiral "*1 discov]$ 9 ! rocks ( ?is p]iod1 %[ ! wat]s ( ! new] palozoic p]iod to h be5 in/9ct ) life4 ,9 ! _w !n1 z x does n[1 wat] act+ on ! dry l& produc$ rem>kable *anges4 ,we h evid5ce ( ext5sive di/ricts ov] :i* ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation mu/ h spread = ages1--f ! rema9s ( plants 9 e /ate ( decay1--:i* we f9d w5t to =m our great coal-fields4 ,^!1 by "s *anges 9 ! relative levels ( l& & wat]1 became cov]$ ) ?is fluid2 & ov] ?is mass ( decay+ organic matt]1 s& & mud 7 = ages be+ deposit$4 ,at l5g?1 ris+ above ! surface1 x becomes cov]$ ) vegetation1 :i* is1 aft] a p]iod1 subm]g$2 ! same deposition ( s& & mud aga9 takes place1 x is once m fitt$ = vegetable gr[?1 & ?us1 cycle aft] cycle1 we see ! dry l& & ! wat] *ang+ places ) ea* o!r4 ,?is w be evid5t to e "o :o w c>efully contemplate a section ( "o ( ! coal-fields ( ,great ,brita94 ,we f9d a /ratum ( coal ly+ ^u a b$ ( "u clay1 & above x an ext5sive /ratum ( %ale or s&/one1 probably =m$ by ! d5udation ( ! neighb\r+ hills2 & 9 ?is mann] we h _m /rata ( coal1 %ale1 clay1 iron/one1 & s&/one alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r2 ! coal-=mations ( ! ,s\? ,wales coal-field hav+ ! extraord9>y ?ickness ( #aejj feet4 ,! l[e/ b$ ( ?is ext5sive s]ies mu/ at "o "t h be5 expos$ z ! surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,asc5d+ 9 ! s]ies1 we h n[ =mations ( a m rec5t "*1 9 :i* fi%es ( a high] ord] ( organization1 creep+ & fly+ saurians1 crocodiles & liz>ds1 tortoises1 s]p5ts1 & frogs1 are f\nd4 ,! lias =mations 7a t]m corrupt$ f lay]s71 consi/+ ( /rata 9 :i* an argillace\s "* prevails1 /& next 9 s]ies4 ,9 ^! we h animals pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate1 ( a di/+ui%+ly diff]5t "* f ^? ( ! inf]ior /rata4 ,we meet ) ext5d$ b$s ( p5tacr9ites1 "s in*es 9 ?ickness2 & _! rema9s are (t5 s v complete t e "p ( ! skeleton c be made out1 al?\gh s complicat$ t x _c consi/ ( less ?an #aej1jjj p>ts4 ,9 ^! =mations we (t5 f9d ! curi\sly beautiful rema9s ( ! ammonites1 ( :i* a great v>iety h be5 discov]$4 ,( ! belemnites--animals furni%$ ) ! %ell & ! ink-bag ( ! cuttle-fi%1 ) :i* x d>k5$ ! wat] to hide itself f enemies1 num]\s v>ieties h also be5 dis5tomb$1 ) ! ink-bag s well pres]v$1 t ! /ory ( ! rem>kable fossil has be5 writt5 ) its own ink4 ,9 addition to ^! we f9d nautili2 & sixty species ( ext9ct fi%es h be5 describ$ by ,agassiz f ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis alone4 ,:5 ^! rocks 7 9 ! progress ( =mation1 !re exi/$ ! i*?yosaurus1 or fi%-liz>d1 :i* appe>s1 9 _m respects1 to h resembl$ ! crocodile ( ! ,nile4 ,x 0 a pr$atory creature ( enorm\s p[]1 & mu/ h be5 ! tyrant & t]ror ( ! seas :i* x inhabit$4 ,its alligator-l jaws1 its p[]ful eye1 its fi%-l f9s1 & turtle-l paddles1 7 all =m$ to facilitate its progress z a de/ructive m9i/]4 ,! plesiosaurus 01 if possible1 a /ill m extraord9>y creation4 ,to ! head ( a liz>d 0 unit$ an enorm\sly long neck1 a small & fi%-l body1 & ! tail ( a crocodile3 x appe>s =m$ = exi/5ce 9 %all[ wat]s1 s t1 :5 mov+ at ! bottom1 x c\ld lift its head above ! surface = air1 or 9 se>* ( its food4 ,! flora ( ?is p]iod mu/ h be5 ext5sive2 & x resembl$ ! vegetation :i* exi/s at pres5t 9 ,tropical regions4 ,we pass n[ to a new epo*1 :i* is well di/+ui%$ by its animals f all t _h prec$$ x4 ,races ( reptiles /ill h place ^u ! e>?1 & we h n[ ! megalosaurian rema9s2 ^! animals possess+ a /r5g? & rapacity :i* w\ld r5d] !m objects ( t]ror z well z a/oni%m5t1 c\ld !y be re/or$ to ! _w :i* !y once ravag$4 ,an enorm\s bat-l creature also exi/$ at ?is "t--! pt]odactyl--:i*1 9 ! language ( ,cuvi]1 01 8und\bt$ly1 ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all ! be+s ( ^: =m] exi/5ce a k is grant$ to u1 & t :i*1 if se5 alive1 w\ld appe> mo/ unlike any?+ t exi/s 9 ! pres5t _w40 8,y see be=e y10 says ! same writ]1 8an animal :i*1 9 all po9ts ( bony /ructure1 f ! tee? to ! extremities ( ! nails1 pres5ts ! well-kn[n saurian *>act]i/ics1 & ( :i* no "o c d\bt t its integum5ts & s(t p>ts1 its scaly arm\r & its organs ( circulation & reproduction1 are likewise analog\s4 ,b x 01 at ! same "t1 an animal provid$ ) ! means ( fly+2 &1 :5 /ation>y1 its w+s 7 probably fold$ back l ^? ( a bird1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 by ! claws atta*$ to its f+]s1 x might susp5d itself f ! bran*es ( trees40#bce ,f ! dis9tegration ( ! old] rocks h no d\bt aris5 ^? =mations :i* are kn[n z ! oolitic s]ies4 ,9 ^! /rata are pres]v$ ! rema9s ( plants & animals m resembl+ ^? :i* n[ exi/ ^u ! e>?2 &1 = ! fir/ "t1--unless ! evid5ce ( ! foot/eps ( birds on ! new r$ s&/one ( ,am]ica be accept$1--we meet ) ! rema9s ( ! fea!r$ tribes4 ,9 ^! =mations we discov] animals belong+ to ! class ,mammalia1--! amphi!rium & ! phascolo!rium1--:i* appe> to h resembl$1 9 _m respects1 ! m>supial animals ( ,new ,holl&4#bcf ,! weald5 =mations1 :i* are ! next 9 ord] ( position1 are a s]ies ( clays & s&s1 ) subord9ate b$s ( lime/one1 grit1 & %ale4 ,^! h1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 =m$ 9 ! sea2 b !y are usually reg>d$ z fre%-wat] deposits4 ,all ! old] rocks be> evid5t m>ks ( m>9e orig91 unless "s ( ! coal-measure /rata may be reg>d$ z o!rwise2 b ne>ly all ! weald5 s]ies conta9 ! rema9s ( l&1 fre%-wat]1 & e/u>y animals1 & ( l& vegetables4 ,! creatures :i* we discov]1 pres]v$1 to tell ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod1 are num]\s1 & h m>k$ peculi>ities to di/+ui% !m f ^? already describ$1 or f any n[ exi/+ on ! e>?4 ,we f9d l& saurians ( a l>ge k9d1 & animals ( all sizes2 ev5 insects1 ( :i* a great v>iety are f\nd 9 ! wealds4 ,! rem>kable iguanodon 0 an animal :i*1 ev5 by ! cauti\s measurem5t ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 mu/ h be5 at lea/ tw5ty-eight feet long2 & ?is enorm\s creature 0 suspect$1 by ,cuvi]1 & has be5 prov$ by ,ow51 to h be5 an 8h]bivor\s saurian = t]re/rial life40#bcg ,dr4 ,mantell calculates t no less ?an sev5ty individuals ( ! iguanodon ( all ages h come "u 8 notice2 & ! bones ( a va/ numb] ( o!rs mu/ h be5 brok5 up by ! workm5 9 ! few qu>ries ( ,tilgate grit2 s t ^! creatures 7 by no means r>e at ! p]iod ( _! exi/5ce4#bch ,! upp]mo/ ( ^! second>y =mations is ! cretace\s or *alk gr\p1 :i* spreads ov] a l>ge portion ( s\?-ea/]n ,engl&1 & is met ) 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?is *alk1 :i* is a c>bonate ( lime1 appe>s to h be5 sl[ly precipitat$ f tranquil wat]1 z1 accord+ to ,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e1 organic rema9s are beautifully pres]v$ 9 x4 ,sub/ances ( no great] solidity ?an common sponges reta9 _! =ms1 delicate %ells rema9 unbrok51 fi% ev5 are frequ5tly n flatt5$1 & altoge!r we h ! appe>ances :i* ju/ify u 9 conclud+ t1 s9ce ^! organic exuvi 7 entomb$1 !y h be5 protect$ f pressure by ! consolidation ( ! rock ar\nd !m4#bci ,b5ea? ! *alk exi/s :at has be5 call$1 f its col\r--d]iv$ f a silicate ( ! protoxide ( iron1--gre5 s&1 & 01 no d\bt1 =m$ by deposition f ! same wat] 9 :i* ! c>bonate ( lime 0 susp5d$1--! gre5 s& fall+ to ! bottom m readily f its great] specific gravity4 8,! tranquillity10 obs]ves ,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e1 8:i* seems to h prevail$ dur+ ?is great accumulation ( siliceo-calc>e\s matt]1 :e!r x may h be5 a deposit f wat]1 9 :i* x 0 me*anically susp5d$1 p>tly ! "w ( liv+ creatures1 or 9 a great measure *emical1 is v rem>kable40#bdj ,9 ! *alk1 ! rema9s ( ! leaves ( dicotyl$on\s plants & fragm5ts ( wood are f\nd m abundantly ?an 9 ! e>li] /rata1 _m ( :i* are m>k$ ) ! p]=ations ( m>9e worms1 indicat+ t !y _h float$ = "s "t 9 ! ocean4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 t ^! are n ! fir/ indications ( vegetable life1--leaves h be5 f\nd 9 ! new r$ s&/one2 & ! flora ( ! coal =mation mu/ n be =gott54 ,! mann] 9 :i* silica has deposit$ itself on organic bodies--su* z ! sponges--is curi\s2 ! :ole ( ! organiz$ tissue be+ (t5 remov$1 & fl9t hav+ tak5 its place4 ,fl9ts =m$ by su* a process z ?is ab\nd 9 ! upp] *alk4 ,! association ( c>bon & silicon1 comb9$ ) oxyg51 z we f9d !m 9 ! cretace\s =mations1 is mo/ int]e/+1 & naturally gives rise to "s speculation on ! relation ( ^! two elem5ts4 ,bo? c>bon & silicon1 z has be5 already %[n1 exi/ 9 sev]al allotropic conditions2 &1 al?\gh ! /atem5ts made by ,dr4 ,br[n relative to ! conv]sion ( c>bon into silicon are prov$ to be gr\nd$ on exp]im5tal error1 x is n improbable t a v intimate relation may exi/ betwe5 ^! elem5ts4#bda ,! probability is1 t ! sponge animal has ! p[] ( secret+ silica to give /r5g? to its =m4 8,_m species10 says ,rym] ,jones1 speak+ ( rec5t sponges1 8exhibit+ ! same por\s /ructure1 h none ( ! ela/icity ( ! (fic9al sponge--a circum/ance :i* is due to ! diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ! composition ( _! skeletons or ramifi$ frame-"w4 ,9 su* ! liv+ cru/ =ms )9 its sub/ance n only t5aci\s b&s ( animal matt]1 b great quantities ( cry/alliz$ spicula1 sometimes ( a calc>e\s1 at o!rs ( a silice\s1 nature40 ,?us1 a frame ( silice\s matt] be+ =m$ by ! liv+ animal1 a deposition ( ! same sub/ance is cont9u$ aft] dea?4 ,sea-ur*9s & />-fi%1 & num]\s fossil %ells1 are f\nd 9 ^! b$s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 diff] mat]ially f ! rema9s ( ! same animals f\nd 9 ! e>li] =mations4 ,a va/ numb] ( new species & g5]a ( fi% are also discov]$ 9 ! *alk4 ,ne>ly all ! animals & plants :i* exi/$ up to ?is p]iod are n[ ext9ct1 al?\gh !y h "s imp]fect repres5tatives at ! pres5t day4 ,! upp]mo/ gr\p1 :i* has be5 call$ ! sup]cretace\s or t]ti>y =mation1 appe>s 9 our isl& to h be5 =m$ dur+ f\r great eras1 z we f9d fre%-wat] deposits alt]nat+ ) m>9e ones4 ,! t]m eoc5e1 :i* is ! fir/ or olde/ deposit2 mioc5e1 :i* is ! second2 plioc5e1 :i* is ! ?ird2 & ! new] plioc5e1--:i* is ! f\r? & la/1 h be5 appli$ to ^! =mations1 ! names ref]r+ to ! respective proportions ( exi/+ species f\nd among _! fossil %ells4#bdb ,all ^! =mations %[ di/9ct evid5ce ( _! hav+ be5 deposit$ f /ill or sl[ly-fl[+ deep wat]s4 ,?us ! eoc5e appe>s 9 ! ,p>is bas91--=m$ cle>ly at an e/u>y1 9 :i* are m+l$ "s int]e/+ fre%-wat] deposits2--9 ! lacu/r9e =mations 9 ,auv]gne2 also at ,aix2 & 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,x appe>s probable t1 9 ! =mations g5]ally t]m$ eoc5e1 bo? fre%-wat] & m>9e deposits h be5 conf\nd$1 & sev]al =mations ( widely-diff]5t eras reg>d$ z ! result ( "o4 ,we h n yet be5 furni%$ ) any di/9ct & cle> evid5ce to %[ t ! deposits ( ! ,p>is bas91 & ^? ( ,auv]gne1 are ( ! same age4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to "k t !y are ! result ( actions :i* are n[ z g5]al z !y 7 :5 ! pla/ic clay ( ,p>is1 & its sulphate ( lime1 or ! ,london clay1 7 sl[ly deposit$4 ,z a g5]al conclusion1 we may decide t1 at ! eoc5e p]iod1 exi/+ cont95ts 7 ! sites ( va/ lakes1 riv]s1 & e/u>ies1 & 7 inhabit$ by quadrup$s1 :i* liv$ ^u _! ?ickly-wood$ m>g9s4 ,_m rema9s1 alli$ to ^? ( ! hippopotamus1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! subsid5ces ( ?is p]iod4 ,examples ( ! mioc5e or middle t]ti>y era are to be f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,france1 ov] ! :ole ( ! great valley ( ,switz]l&1 & ! valley ( ! ,danube4 ,9 ^! deposits we f9d ! bones ( ! rh9oc]os1 elephant1 hippopotamus1 & ! d9o!rium1 an ext9ct animal1 possess+ _m v di/+ui%+ features4#bdc ,! plioc5e p]iod has be5 t]m$ ! age ( elephants1 & is mo/ rem>kable = ! great ma/odons & gigantic elks1 ) o!r animals n v unlike ^? :i* are contemporane\s ) man4 ,9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! e>?1 ! diluvium1 alluvium1 peat & vegetable soil1 we h a cont9uation ( ! hi/ory ( ! mutations ( our globe & ( its inhabitants1 :i* has be5 "h s briefly sket*$4 ,!y br+ u up to ! p]iod :5 man appe>$ 9 ! _w1 s9ce ^: creation x is evid5t no v ext5sive *ange has be5 produc$ ^u ! surface4 ,we h view$ ! ph5om5a ( ea* great epo*1 m>k$ z !y are by new creations ( organiz$ be+s1 & x w\ld appe> z if1 ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies1 f ! prim>y rocks up to ! mod]n alluvial deposits1 a progressive improvem5t ( ! e>?'s surface _h be5 effect$1 to fit x at la/ = ! abode ( ! human race4 ,?us h we pres]v$ = u1 9 a natural mann]1 evid5ces :i*1 if we read !m aright1 mu/ conv9ce u t ! laws by :i* creation has ev] be5 regulat$ are z con/ant & unv>y+ z ! ,et]nal m9d by :i* !y are decre$4 ,our e>?1 we f9d1 by ! records pres]v$ 9 ! f\ndation-/ones ( h] m\nta9s1 has exi/$ ?r\gh c\ntless ages1 & ?r\gh !m all exhibit$ ! same active en]gies t prevail at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,by precisely simil> influ5ces to ^? n[ 9 op]ation1 h rocks be5 =m$1 :i*1 "u l ag5cies1 h be5 cov]$ ) vegetation1 & sport$ ov] by1 to u1 /range v>ieties ( animal life4 ,e plant t has gr[n ^u ! e>lie/ rocks :i* pres5t$ _! faces to ! life-giv+ sun1 has _h its influ5ce on ! subsequ5t *anges ( our planet4 ,ea* trilobite1 ea* saurian1 & e "o ( ! mammalia :i* exi/ 9 ! fossil /ate1 h be5 small laboratories 9 :i* ! great "w ( et]nal *ange has be5 c>ri$ =w>d1 &1 "u ! compulsion ( ! /rong laws ( creation1 !y h be5 made m9i/]s to ! great end ( =m+ a _w :i* might be fitt+ = ! pres5ce ( a creature endu$ ) a sp>k tak5 f ! cele/ial flame ( intellectual life4 ,= a few mom5ts we w return to a consid]ation ( ! op]ations at pres5t exhibit+ _! ph5om5a1 & exam9e :at be>+ !y h ^u our k ( geological =mations4 ,dur+ p]iods ( imm5se1 b unkn[n1 duration1 ! ocean & ! dry l& are se5 to h *ang$ _! places4 ,enorm\s deposits1 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are lift$ by "s me*anical1 probably volcanic1 =ce1 above ! wat]s1 & ! l&1 l ! ocean surr\nd+ x1 teems ) life4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/s = ages2 b ! "t arrives :5 ! ocean aga9 floods ! l&1 & a new /ate ( ?+s1 ov] a p>ticul> di/rict1 has a beg9n+4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! *anges :i* we h spok5 (1 z if !y 7 ! result ( sl[ decay & gradual deposit1 7 effect$ )\t occasional viol5t convulsions4 ,_m ( ! /rata :i* 7 evid5tly deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 ( c\rse1 z horizontal b$s1 are n[ f\nd ne>ly v]tical4 ,we h evid5ce ( /rata ( imm5se ?ickness hav+ be5 subject$ to =ces t h twi/$ & contort$ !m 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,masses ( solid rock1 _m ?\s& feet deep1 are frequ5tly b5t & fractur$ ?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t4 ,m\nta9s h be5 upheav$ by int]nal =ce1 & imm5se di/ricts h sudd5ly sunk f> bel[ _! usual level4 ,by ! expansive =ce due to t temp]ature :i* mu/ be requir$ to melt basaltic & trap rocks1 ! :ole ( ! sup]ficial cru/ ( a c\ntry has be5 heav$ to a great height1 imm5se fissures h be5 =m$ by ! break+ ( ! mass1 & ! melt$ matt] has be5 =c$ ?r\gh ! op5+1 & ov]fl[$ ext5sive di/ricts1 or volcanoes h be5 =m$1 & wide areas h be5 buri$ "u ! a%es eject$ f !m4 ,) ! cause ( ^! convulsions we are at pres5t unacqua9t$4 ,we h evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! =ces may be ex]t$1 9 ! cata/rophes :i* h occurr$ )9 hi/orical times1 & :i* h happ5$ ev5 9 our own day4 ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 buri$ "u ! lava & a%es ( ,vesuvius1 9 an h\r :5 ! inhabitants ( ^! cities 7 unprep>$ = su* a fe>ful visitation1--! frightful e>?quakes :i* h1 f "t to "t1 occurr$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica--are evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( hidd5 =ces :i* %ake ! firm-set e>?4 ,simil> ravag+ cata/rophes may h (t5 occurr$1 &1 involv+ cataclysms1 swept ! surface to produce ! *anges we detect ov] e "p ( ! e>?1 comp>$ ) :i* ! e>?quakes & floods ( hi/ory are b trivial ?+s4 ,evid5ce has be5 adduc$1 to %[ t ! m\nta9s ( ! ,old ,_w may h approa*$ 9 height ! highe/ ( ! ,&es or ,himalayas1 & ^! h n be5 de/roy$ by any sudd5 effect1 b by ! sl[ dis9tegrat+ action ( ! elem5ts4#bdd ,all ^! ph5om5a are n[ 9 progress3 ! w9ds & ! ra9s we> ! faces ( ! expos$ rock2 _! dbris1 mix$ ) decay$ vegetable & animal matt]1 are wa%$ (f f ! surface1 & borne away by ! riv]s1 to be deposit$ 9 ! seas4 ,?us x is t ! great delta ( ! ,ganges is =m$1 & t a cont9ual increase ( matt] is go+ on at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,! ,amazon1 ! ,mississippi1 & o!r great riv]s1 be> into ! ocean1 daily1 ?\s&s ( tons ( matt] f ! surface ( ! e>?4#bde ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & x mu/1 9 ! process ( "t1 alt] ! relative levels ( ! ocean & ! l&4 ,isl&s h be5 lift$ by volcanic p[] f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & _m di/ricts 9 ,s\? ,am]ica h be5 depress$ by ! same causes4 ,*anges z ext5sive h be51 9 all probability1 effect$ by =ces 8equally or m p[]ful1 b act+ ) less irregul>ity1 & s di/ribut$ ov] "t z to produce none ( ^? int]regnums ( *aotic an>*y :i* we are apt to ?9k 7p]haps errone\sly7 great disfigurem5ts ( an ord] s beautiful & h>moni\s z t ( nature40#bdf ,^! =ces are1 )\t d\bt1 ev5 n[ 9 action4 ,_h x n be5 = ^! convulsive di/urbances ( ! surface1 ! e>? w\ld h pres5t$ an almo/ uni=m pla91 & x w\ld h be5 ill-adapt$ = ! abode ( man4 ,! hills rais$ by ! di/urbances ( nature1 & ! valleys worn by ! /orms ( ages1 m9i/] especially to 8 wants1 & af=d him ! means ( enjoym5t :i* he c\ld n possess _h ! surface be5 o!rwise =m$4 ,! 8ic$ m\nta9 tops10 cond5s+ ! cl\ds :i* pass ov] !m1 s5d d[n heal?ful /reams to ! valleys1 & supply ! spr+s ( ! e>?1 ?us secur+ ! f]tility & salubrity ( ! di/ant pla9s4 ,! sev]ities ( climate are mitigat$ by ^! conditions1 & bo? ! p ( ! tropics & ^? dwell+ ne> ! poles are equally b5efit$ by !m4 ,gravitation1 cohesion1 motion1 *emical =ce1 heat1 & electricity1 mu/1 f t hypo!tical "t :5 ! e>? float$ a cl\d ( nebul\s vap\r1 9 a /ate ( gradual cond5sation up to ! pres5t mom5t1 h be5 ex]cis+ _! p[]s1 & regulat+ ! mutations ( matt]4 ,:5 ! dry l& 0 b5ea? ! wat]s1 & :5 d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 ! same great op]ations z ^? :i* are n[ 9 progress 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,atlantic1 or 9 ! /ill wat]s ( our inl& lakes1 7 9 full activity4 ,at l5g? ! dry l& appe>s2 &--my/]y ( my/]ies--x soon becomes teem+ ) life 9 all ! =ms ( vegetable & animal beauty1 "u ! aspect ( ! beams ( a glori\s sun4 ,geology tea*es u to reg>d our position ^u ! e>? z "o f> 9 advance ( all =m] creations4 ,x bids u look back ?r\gh ! enorm\s vi/a ( "t1 & see1 %9+ /ill 9 ! remote/ di/ance1 ! light :i* exposes to our vision _m ( nature's holy wond]s4 ,! elem5ts :i* n[ make up ?is /rangely beautiful fabric ( muscle1 n]ves1 & bone1 h pass$ ?r\gh _m ordeals1 ere yet x became fa%ion$ to hold ! human s\l4 ,no gra9 ( matt] has be5 add$ to ! planet1 s9ce x 0 weigh$ 9 a balance1 & pois$ ) o!r worlds4 ,no gra9 ( matt] c be remov$ f x4 ,b 9 virtue ( ^? =ces :i* seem to orig9ate 9 ! sun1 8! s\l ( ! great e>?10 a succession ( new =ms has be5 produc$1 z ! old ?+s h pass$ away4 ,"u ! =ces we h be5 consid]+1 act+ z s _m cont5d+ armies1 matt] passes f "o condition to ano!r1 & :at is n[ a liv+ & a brea?+ creature1 or a delicate & sweetly-sc5t$ fl[]1 has be5 a portion ( ! amorph\s mass :i* once lay 9 ! d>kness ( ! deep ocean1 & x w aga91 9 ! progress ( "t1 pass into t condition :]e no evid5ces ( organization c be f\nd1--aga91 p]haps1 to arise clo!d ) m exalt$ p[]s ?an ev5 man enjoys4 ,:5 man places himself 9 contra/ ) ! ,intellig5ces beyond him1 he feels 8 weakness2 & ! ext5t ( p[] :i* he c discov] at "w1 guid$ by a my/]i\s law1 is su*1 t he is dw>f$ by its imm5sity4 ,b look+ on ! pa/1 survey+ ! progress ( matt] ?r\gh ! inorganic =ms up to ! high] organizations1 until at l5g? man /&s reveal$ z ! *ief figure 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture1 ! mon>* ( a _w on :i* su* elaborate c>e has be5 be/[$1 & ! absolute rul] ( all ?+s ar\nd him1 he rises l a giant 9 ! consci\s /r5g? ( 8 f>-se>*+ m9d4 ,t s great1 s noble a be+1 %\ld suff] himself to be degrad$ by ! s5sualities ( life to a level ) ! creep+ ?+s1 ^u :i* he has ! p[] to tread1 is a lam5table spectacle1 ov] :i* angels mu/ weep4 ,! curi\s connection betwe5 ! sup]/itions ( races1 ! tradition>y tales ( remote tribes1 & ! developm5ts ( ! tru?s ( sci5ce1 are (t5 ( a v m>k$ "*1 & !y _c b be reg>d$ z in/ructive4 ,9 ! wond]s ( 8old5 "t0 fiction has ev] delight$2 & a ?\s& pictures h be5 produc$ ( a p]iod :5 be+s liv$ & brea!d ^u ! e>? :i* h no exi/5ce n[4 ,hydras1 h>pies1 & sea-mon/]s1 figure 9 ! my?s ( antiquity4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ! nor!rn races ( ,europe we h fi]y fly+ dragons1 & ,poetry has plac$ ^! z ! gu>dians ( ! 8ho>d$ _s0 & protectors ( ! en*ant$ gold4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( ! romance p]iod ( ,european lit]ature1 no?+ figures b s]p5ts1 8:ite & r$10 toil+ & fight+ und]gr\nd1--?us produc+ e>?quakes1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,m]l9 & ! build+ ( ,/oneh5ge4 ,fly+ mon/]s1 griff9s & o!rs1 :i* n[ live only 9 ! mean+less embelli%m5ts ( h]aldry1 appe> to h be5 conceiv$ by ! e>li] races ( m5 z ! repres5tatives ( p[]4 ,curi\s is x1 too1 to f9d ! same class ( ideas prevail+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! mon/] dragons ( ! ,*9ese1 blazon$ on _! /&>ds & ornam5t+ _! temples2--! ,buddaical sup]/ition t ! _w is support$ on a va/ elephant1 :i* /&s on ! back ( a tortoise1 :i* aga9 re/s on a s]p5t1 ^: movem5ts produce e>?quakes & viol5t convulsions2--! rude decorations also ( ! temples ( ! ,aztecs1 :i* h be5 s rec5tly re/or$ to our k by ! adv5tur\s travell]s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1--all give expression to ! same my?ological idea4 ,d n ^! indicate a fa9t & %ad[y k ( a previ\s /ate ( organic exi/5ce8 ,! process ( communion betwe5 man ( ! pres5t1 & ! creations ( a =m] _w1 we "k n2 x is my/]i\s1 & = ev] lo/ to u4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ ignorant & uncultivat$ races ( mank9d h figur$ = !mselves ! images ( creatures :i*1 :il/ !y d really be> "s resemblance to ?+s :i* h = ev] pass$ away1 d n1 9 ! remote/ degree1 p>take ( any ( ! peculi>ities ( exi/+ creations4 ,! i*?yosaurus1 & ! plesiosaurus1 & ! pt]odactylus1 are pres]v$ 9 ! rude images ( h>pies1 ( dragons1 & ( griff9s2 &1 al?\gh ! idea ( an elephant /&+ on ! back ( a tortoise 0 (t5 laugh$ at z an absurdity1 ,capta9 ,cautley & ,dr4 ,falcon] at l5g? discov]$ 9 ! hills ( ,asia ! rema9s ( a tortoise 9 a fossil /ate ( su* a size t an elephant c\ld easily h p]=m$ ! feat4#bdg ,( ! ammonites1 we h m exact evid5ce2 !y 7 obs]v$ by our =efa!rs1 & call$ by !m snake-/ones4 ,accord+ to ! leg5ds ( ,ca?olic sa9ts !y 7 consid]$ z possess+ a sacr$ "*3-- 8,( ^! & snakes1 ea* "o ,0 *ang$ into a coil ( /one ,:5 holy ,hilda pray$40 ,& 9 addition to ?is petrify+ process1 "o ( decapitation is said to h be5 effect$2 h5ce ! reason :y ^! snake-/ones h no heads4 ,we also f9d1 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts ( our isl&1 t ! "n ( 8,/4 ,cu?b]t's beads0 is appli$ to ! fossil rema9s ( encr9ites4 ,?us we le>n t1 to a great ext5t1 fiction is dep5d5t ^u tru? = its creations2 & we see t :5 we come to inve/igate any wide-spread popul> sup]/ition1 al?\gh mu* di/ort$ by ! m$ium ( error ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 x is frequ5tly f\nd$ ^u "s fragm5t>y tru?4 ,!re are float+ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 c]ta9 ideas :i* are n ! result ( any associations drawn f ?+s ar\nd2 we reckon !m among/ ! my/]ies ( our be+4 ,may !y n be ! tru?s ( a =m] _w1 ( :i* we receive ! dim out%ad[+ 9 ! pres5t1 l ! fa9t lights ( a di/ant ,ph>os1 se5 ?r\gh ! mi/s ( ! wide ocean8 ,man treads ^u ! wreck ( antiquity4 ,9 times :i* are s long pa/1 t ! ye>s betwe5 !m _c be numb]$ by ! aids ( our sci5ce1 geology tea*es u t =ms ( life exi/$ p]fectly fitt$ = ! conditions ( ! p]iod4 ,^! p]=m$ _! (fices 9 ! great "w2 !y pass$ away1 & o!rs succe$$ to c>ry on ! process ( build+ a _w = man4 ,! pa/ prea*es to ! pres5t1 & f its m>vell\s disc\rses we v5ture to inf] some?+ ( ! yet unveil$ future4 ,! =ces :i* h work$ /ill lab\r3 ! ph5om5a :i* !y h produc$ w be repeat$4 ,ages on ages sl[ly pass away1 ,& nature m>ks _! progress by decay4 ,! plant :i* decks ! m\nta9 ) its bloom1 ,f9ds 9 ! e>?1 ere long1 a damp d>k tomb3 ,& man1 e>?'s mon>*1 h[e'er great & brave-- ,toils on--to f9d at la/ a sil5t grave4 ,! *os5 lab\rs ( 8 teem+ m9d ,fade by ! light1 & crumble 'nea? ! w9d2 ,& e'en ! hills1 ^: tops appe> to %r\d ,_! granite peaks deep 9 ! vap\ry cl\d1 ,worn by tempe/s--wa/$ by ! ra9s1 ,s9k sl[ly d[n to fill wide ocean's pla9s4 ,! ocean's brea/ new l&s aga9 display1 ,& life & beauty dr9k ! light ( day3 ,! p[]s :i* "w at great creation's :eel1 ,w f ! wrecks ( matt] /ill reveal ,new =ms ( wondr\s beauty--:i* w rise ,pure z ! flame ( love's "y sacrifice1 ,beam+ ) all ! pri/9e hues ( y\?1 ,rob$ by ! day1 & cr[n$ by holy tru?4 ,,footnotes3 #bca ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse2 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el4 ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,cyclopdia4 #bcb ,geological ,rese>*es2 by ,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e1 ,c4,b4 7,degradation ( ,m\nta9s1 p4 #afg47 ,geological ,manual1 p4 #ahd4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology2 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #g? ,edition1 p4 #aej1 #fhf4 ,on ! ,d5udation ( ,s\? ,wales1 & ! adjac5t c\ntries ( ,engl&2 by ,pr(essor ,&rew ,ramsay2 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey & ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #big4 #bcc ,f[nes1 ,on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,rocks ( ,igne\s ,orig92 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahdd1 p4 #ec4 ,nesbitt1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society4 #bcd ,on ! ,vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod z comp>$ ) t ( ! pres5t day2 ,on "s peculi>ities 9 ! /ructure ( ,/igm>ia2 ,rem>ks on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( "s ,lepido/robi3 by ,dr4 ,hook]2 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey1 c41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #chg1 #dca1 #ddj4 #bce ,see ,ow51 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,no4 #f1 p4 #if4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,geological ,transactions1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bbj4 ,! ,wond]s ( ,geology3 by ,dr4 ,mantell1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dic4 #bcf ,report on ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia3 by ,ri*>d ,ow51 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s42 ,briti% ,association ,reports1 vols4 xi4 xii4 #bcg ,notice on ! ,iguanodon1 a newly discov]$ fossil reptile f ! s&/one ( ,tilgate ,=e/1 9 ,sussex3 by ,gideon ,mantell1 ,esq1 ,f4,r4,s41 c42 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxv4 p4 #agi4 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ,tee?1 c42 by ,pr(essor ,ow54 #bch ,dr4 ,mantell1 ,wond]s ( ,geology4 ,geology ( ! ,s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 #bci ,geological ,rese>*es2 ,geological ,manual2 by ,sir ,h5ry ,?os4 ,de la ,be*e1 ,c4,b41 c4 #bdj ,ibid4 #bda ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ! production ( ,silicon f ,p>acyanog53 by ,samuel ,br[n1 ,m4,d42 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xv4 p4 #bbi4 ,exp]im5ts on ! alleg$ conv]sion ( ,c>bon into ,silicon3 by ,r4 ,h4 ,brett1 ,ph4,d41 & ,j4 ,d5ham ,smi?1 ,esq42 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 xix4 p4 #bie1 ,new ,s]ies4 ,see also ,dr4 ,br[n's reply to ! above1 ibid1 p4 #chh4 #bdb ,geology1 ,introductory1 ,descriptive1 & ,practical3 by ,pr(4 ,an/$1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb4 #bdc ,! ,wond]s ( ,geology3 by ,dr4 ,mantell1 vol4 i4 p4 #afb4 ,bridgewat] ,treatise3 by ,dr4 ,buckl&4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,kemp1 & ,dr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,klip/e91 ,on ! ,d9o!rium2 ,d>m/adt1 #ahcf4 ,cuvi] & ,de ,bla9ville h also c>efully describ$ ! fossil rema9s ( ?is animal4 #bdd ,see ,pr(essor ,ramsay's memoir ,on ,d5udation3 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita94 #bde 8,! di/ances to :i* riv] wat]1 m or less *>g$ ) detritus1 w\ld fl[ ov] sea-wat]1 w dep5d ^u a v>iety ( obvi\s circum/ances4 ,capta9 ,sab9e f\nd discol\r$ wat]1 suppos$ to be t ( ! ,amazons1 ?ree hundr$ miles di/ant 9 ! ocean f ! emb\*ure ( t riv]4 ,x 0 ab\t #abf feet deep4 ,its specific gravity 0 #ajbjd1 & ! specific gravity ( ! sea-wat] #ajbfb4 ,?is appe>s to be ! greate/ di/ance f l& at :i* riv] wat] has be5 detect$ on ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,if riv]s1 conta9+ me*anically susp5d$ detritus1 fl[$ ov] sea-wat] 9 l9es :i*1 9 g5]al t]ms1 might be call$ /raight1 ! deposit ( transport$ matt] :i* !y c>ri$ out w\ld also be 9 /raight l9es4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y be turn$ aside by an ocean curr5t1 z 0 ! case ) t obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,sab9e1 ! detritus w\ld be ?r[n1 & cov] an area correspond+ 9 a great degree ) ! sweep :i* ! riv] has be5 compell$ to make out ( ! c\rse1 t its impulse1 :5 dis*>g$ f its emb\*ure1 might lead x to take3 suppos+ ! velocity ) :i* ?is riv]-wat] 0 mov+ has be5 correctly e/imat$ at ab\t ?ree miles p] h\r1 x is n a little curi\s to consid] t ! agitation & resi/ance ( its p>ticles %\ld be suffici5t to keep f9ely comm9ut$ solid matt] me*anically susp5d$1 s t x w\ld n be dispos$ freely to "p ) x1 except at its junction ) ! sea-wat] ov] :i* x fl[s1 & :]e1 f friction1 x is suffici5tly ret>d$4 ,s t a riv]1 if x c pres]ve a giv5 am\nt ( velocity fl[+ ov] ! sea1 may deposit no v l>ge am\nt ( me*anically susp5d$ detritus 9 its c\rse f ! emb\*ure1 :]e x is ultimately /opp$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! deposit may n be s abundant z at fir/ sight w\ld appe> probable1 ! con/ant accumulation ( matt]1 h[ev] inconsid]able at any giv5 "t1 mu/ produce an appreciable effect dur+ ! lapse ( ages40--,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e's ,geological ,rese>*es1 p4 #gb4 #bdf ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el3 ,prelim9>y ,treatise4 #bdg ,fauna ,antiqua ,sival5sis4 ,be+ ! ,fossil ,zoology ( ! ,sewalik ,hills 9 ! ,nor? ( ,india3 by ,hugh ,falcon] & ,proby ,t4 ,cautley4 #ahdd4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,vegetable ,,life4 ,psy*ology ( ,fl[]s--,progress ( ,matt] t[>ds ,organization--,vital ,=ce--,spontane\s ,g5]ation--,! ,vegetable ,cell--,simple/ ,developm5t ( ,organization--,! ,cry/al & ! ,cell--,primitive ,g]m--,progress ( ,vegetation--,influ5ce ( ,light--,morphology--,g]m9ation--,produc tion ( ,woody ,fibre--,leaves--,*lorophylle--,decompos ition ( ,c>bonic ,acid--,influ5ce ( ,light1 ,heat1 & ,act9ism on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,vegetable ,life--,fl[]s & ,fruits--,etiolation--,*anges 9 ! ,sun's ,rays ) ! ,seasons--,di/ribution ( ,plants--,electrical & ,comb9$ ,physical ,p[]s ,! v>iety ( beautiful =ms :i* cov] ! surface ( ?is sph]e1 s]ve1 beyond ! physical purposes to :i* we h already allud$1 to influ5ce ! m9d1 & give "* to ! inhabitants ( e locality4 ,!re are m5 :o appe> to be dead to ! mild influ5ces ( fl[]s2 b ^! sweet blossoms--! />s ( our e>?--ex]t a p[] z diffusive z _! p]vad+ od\rs4 ,! poet tells u ( a man to :om ,! primrose on ! riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m4 ,b x 0 some?+ m4 ,he1 p]haps1 att5d$ n to ! eloqu5t tea*+ ( its pure1 pale leaves3 he might n h be5 consci\s ( ! my/]i\s s++ ( t l[ly fl[]3 he might1 p]*ance1 h cru%$ x b5ea? 8 rude foot r ?an quaff ! draught ( wisdom :i* x secret$ 9 its cell2 b ! fl[] /ill m9i/]$ to t m]e s5suali/1 & 9 its /range1 tongueless mann]1 reprov$ 8 passions1 & kept him 8a wis] & a bett] man18 ?an if x _h pleas$ ,god to h left ! _w )\t ! lovely primrose4 ,! psy*ology ( fl[]s has f\nd _m /ud5ts--?an :om n "o read !m m deeply ?an t mild _s :o sang ( ! ,s5sitive ,plant1 & 9 wondr\s music =e%ad[$ 8 own melan*oly fate4#bdh ,t m>tyr to s5sibility1 ,keats1 :o long$ to feel ! fl[]s gr[+ above him1 drew ! /rong inspiration ( 8 volant muse f ^? delicate creations :i* exhibit ! passage ( inorganic matt] into life2 & o!r poets w h _! s5sibilities awak5$ by ! /hetics ( fl[]s1 & f9d a mirror ( tru? 9 ! cry/al dew-drop :i* cl+s s lov+ly to ! purple violet1 & draws fre% beauties f its col\r$ petals4 ,if we exam9e c>efully all ! conditions ( matt] :i* we h made ! subject ( our /udies1 we _c b p]ceive h[ gradual is ! progress ( ! involv$ action ( ! physical =ces1 z we advance f ! molecule--! m]e p>ticle ( matt]--up to ! organic comb9ation4 ,at fir/ we detect only ! action ( cohesion 9 =m+ ! rude mass2 !n we h ! influ5ce ( ! cry/allog5ic p[]s giv+ a rem>kable regul>ity to bodies2 we next discov] ! influ5ces ( heat & electrical =ce 9 det]m9+ condition1 & ( *emical action z controll$ by !m4 ,yet1 /ill we h a body )\t organization4 ,light ex]ts its my/]i\s p[]s1 & ! same elem5ts assume an organiz$ =m2 &1 9 addition to ! recogniz$ ag5cies1 we dimly p]ceive o!rs on :i* vitality evid5tly dep5ds4 ,^! empyreal influ5ces become m & m complicat$ to u3 asc5d+ 9 ! scale1 !y rise beyond our sci5ce2 &1 at l5g?1 we f9d !m guid+ ! p[] ( intellig5ce1 :ile in/9ct & reason are exhibit$ 9 imm$iate dep5d5ce ^u !m4 ,let x n be imag9$ t ?is view has any t5d5cy to mat]ialism4 ,! vital en]gy is reg>d$ z a spiritualization1 & reason z a div9e emanation2 b !y are connect$ ) mat]ialities1 on :i* !y act1 & by :i* !y are !mselves controll$4 ,! organic comb9ations1 & ! physical p[]s by :i* ^! unions ( matt] are effect$ & reta9$1 h a direct action ov] t e!reality :i* is life1 & ! p[]s ( life aga9 control ^! m mat]ial =ces4 ,! _s1 9 :atev] /ate1 :5 connect$ ) matt]1 is1 l ,prome!us *a9$ to 8 rock1 9 a con/ant /ruggle to escape f its %ackles1 & ass]t ! full p[] ( its div9e /r5g?4 ,we h se5 v>iety en\gh 9 ! sub/ances :i* make up ! inorganic "p ( creation2 b inf9itely m v>i$ are ! =ms ( organization4 ,9 ! vegetable _w :i* is imm$iately ar\nd u1 f ! gre5 slime ( our m>%es to ! lu/r\s fl[]s ( our g>d5s & ! lordly trees ( our =e/s1 :at an extraord9>y div]sity ( =m is app>5t6 ,f ! infusoria ( an h\r1 to ! gigantic elephant roam+ 9 8 greatness 9 ! =e/s ( ,siam--! noble lion ( ! caves ( ,s5egal--! mighty condor ( ! ,&es--& onw>d to man1 ! mon>* ( !m all1 h[ va/ are ! diff]5ces1 & yet h[ complete are !y 9 _! respective conditions6 ,9 ! creation we h exam9$1 we h _h conclusive evid5ce1 t f ! comb9ation ( atoms e peculi> =m has be5 produc$4 ,9 ! creation we are ab\t to exam9e1 we %all discov] t all ! imm5se div]sity ( =m1 ( col\r1 & condition :i* is spread ov] ! _w 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 results f ! comb9ation ( cells4 ,! atom ( inorganic nature becomes a cell 9 organic creation4 ,?is cell mu/ be reg>d$ z ! comp\nd radical ( ! *emi/1 & by decompos+ x1 we de/roy ! ess5tial elem5t ( organization4 ,) ! my/]i\s process by :i* ! atom is conv]t$ into a cell1 or a comp\nd radical1 we are unacqua9t$2 b we mu/ reg>d ! cell z ! organic atom4 ,x is 9 va9 t ! *emi/ or ! physiologi/ attempts to exam9e ?is *ange ( ! inorganic elem5ts to an organiz$ /ate2 x is "o ( ! my/]ies ( creation1 :i* is to be1 9 all probability1 hid f our eyes1 until ?is 8mortal coil0 is %ak5 (f1 & we enjoy ! full p[]s ( t intellig5ce :i* we are promis$ we %all enjoy 9 an immortal /ate4 ,aga9 & aga9 has ! att5tion ( m5 be5 attract$ to ! g5]atio quivoca2 !y h sometimes ?\ght !y h discov]$ a g5]atio primitiva or spontanea2 b a m c>eful exam9ation ( ^! organisms has %[n t an embryo exi/$--a real g]m9ation has tak5 place4 ,c\nt ,rum=d#bdi /at$ t ?reads ( silk & wool _h ! p[] ( decompos+ c>bonic acid 9 wat] 9 ! sun%9e2 & h5ce "s h ref]r$ organization to a m]e *emical *ange produc$ by lum9\s excitation2 & we h he>d ( animal life result+ f p\nd$ silice\s matt]4 ,all su* /atem5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z evid5ces ( imp]fect inve/igation4 ,dr4 ,c>us1 allud+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,grui?uis51 ,prie/ley1 & ,+5h\sz1#bej says3--8,^! %[1 m ?an any o!r exp]im5ts1 t1 9 ! pure/ wat]1 "u ! influ5ce ( air1 light1 & heat1 be+s are =m$1 :i*1 oscillat+ z x 7 betwe5 ! animal & ! plant1 exhibit ! primitive g]ms ( bo? k+doms40#bea ,treviranus#beb repeat$1 & appe>$ to confirm ^! results2 b 9 ^! exp]im5ts we h no evid5ce t ! g]m did n previ\sly exi/ 9 ! spr+-wat] :i* 0 employ$4 ,"s h reg>d$ ! cell z a cry/al2 !y see ! cry/al =m+1 by ! accumulation ( atoms1 into a fix$ =m1 "u ! influ5ce ( an 8inn] life20 &1 advanc+ b a /ep1 !y reg>d ! cell z ! result ( an increas$ ex]cise ( ! physical influ5ces4#bec ,we h ref]r$ cry/all9e =m to c]ta9 magnetic conditions2 & x is evid5t t ! atomic cell is influ5c$ by simil> =ces2 b if we place a cry/al 9 its natural fluid1 ?\gh x increases 9 size1 x nev] alt]s 9 =m3 :]eas1 if we exam9e a cell 9 its natural position1 x gives indications ( motion1 x produces o!r cells1 & we h a developm5t ( organs :i* are 9 no respect ! same 9 =m z ! orig9al4 ,f a vesicle float+ invisible to ! unaid$ human s5se 9 its womb ( fluid1 is produc$ a plant possess+ /range p[]s1 or an animal gift$ ) volition4 ,! idea1 t two k9ds ( pol>ity--light on "o side1 & gravitation on ! o!r--produce ! two peculi> developm5ts ( roots & bran*es1 c only be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? fanciful analogies :i* prove m imag9ation ?an philosophy4#bed ,! conditions are1 h[ev]1 mo/ curi\s2 !y des]ve v att5tive /udy2 b 9 exam9+ ! ph5om5a1 ! safe/ c\rse is to all[ ! effects z !y arise to int]pret to u1 & n admit ! love ( hypo!sis to lead u into bewild]+ analogies2 or unc]ta9 ph5om5a to betray u to ha/y inf]5ces4 ,x is ( ?is evil t ,bacon speaks1 9 8 8,advancem5t ( ,le>n+40 ,he says3-- 8,! root ( ?is error1 z ( all o!rs1 is ?is1 t m51 9 _! contemplations ( nature1 are accu/om$ to make too timely a dep>ture1 & too remote a recess f exp]i5ce & p>ticul>s1 & h yield$ & resign$ !mselves ov] to ! fumes ( _! own fancies & popul> argum5tations40 ,)\t v5tur+1 !re=e1 to speculate on ! orig9 ( ! primitive cell1 or unit ( organic life1 :i* involves ! problem ( ! metamorphosis ( a rude mass--! primitive trans=mation ( ! rudim5t>y atoms into organic =m1--we mu/ admit t ! highly organiz$ plant or animal is b an aggregation ( cells2 _! arrangem5t be+ dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 prop]ties peculi> to !m1 & ! ex]cise ( =ces su* z we h be5 /udy+1--all ( :i* appe> to act ext]nally to ! plant or animal itself4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 br\ght =w>d1 9 :i* x appe>$ t1 aft] all organization :i* c\ld by any possibility h exi/$1 _h be5 de/roy$ by ! action ( fire1 solutions ( fl9t & metallic salts1 h1 "u ! influ5ce ( electric curr5ts1 exhibit$ signs ( organic =mations1 & t1 inde$1 insects--a species ( ac>i--h be5 develop$ 9 !m4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 said to h be5 made ) c>e1 & _m precautions tak5 to %ut out all *ances ( any error1 b n all ! precautions requir$ 9 a matt] ( su* exce$+ delicacy2 & we are b\nd n to receive ! evid5ce af=d$ z ! true expression ( a fact )\t mu* fur!r inve/igation4 ,all exp]i5ce1--sett+ aside ! exp]im5t nam$1--is aga9/ ! supposition t p\nd$ or dissolv$ fl9t c\ld by any artificial means be awak5$ into life4 ,ova may h be5 convey$ into ! vessels :i* conta9$ ! solutions "u exp]im5t2 & 9 due "t1 al?\gh possibly quick5$ by electric excitation1 ! animals--! mo/ common ( insects--came into exi/5ce4#bee ,! rapid gr[? ( conf]v ^u wat] has (t5 be5 br\ght =w>d z evid5ce ( a spontane\s g5]ation1 or ! conv]sion ( inorganic elem5ts into organic =ms2 b x has be5 mo/ satisfactorily prov$ t ! g]m mu/ be pres5t1 o!rwise no evid5ce ( any?+ l organization w be develop$4 ,all ! conditions requir$ = ! production ( vegetable life appe> to %[1 t x is q impossible = any k9d ( plant1 ev5 ! v l[e/ 9 ! scale1 to be =m$ 9 any o!r way ?an f an embryo 9 :i* are conta9$ ! elem5ts necess>y = x1 & ! arrangem5ts requir$ = ! v>i\s processes :i* are connect$ ) its vitality4 ,! e>? is n[ cov]$ ) vegetable life1 b !re mu/ h exi/$ a "t :5 8d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep10 & organization _h n yet comm5c$ trac+ its lovely net-"w ( cells ^u ! b>e surface ( ! ocean-buri$ rock4 ,at l5g? ! my/]y ( organic creation began3 into ?is sci5ce d>es n p5etrate1 b x is privileg$ to beg9 its se>* a little beyond ?is po9t1 & we are enabl$ to trace ! progress ( organic developm5t ?r\gh a *a9 ( int]e/+ results :i* are con/antly recurr+4 ,if we take "s wat]1 ris+ f a subt]ranean spr+1 & expose x to sun%9e1 we %all see1 aft] a few days1 a curi\s =mation ( bubbles1 & ! gradual accumulation ( gre5 matt]4 ,at fir/ we _c detect any m>ks ( organization--x appe>s a slimy cl\d ( an irregul> & undet]m9$ =m4 ,x sl[ly aggregates1 & =ms a sort ( mat ov] ! surface1 :i* at ! same "t assumes a d>k] gre5 col\r4 ,c>eful exam9ation w n[ %[ ! orig9al corpuscles involv$ 9 a net-"w =m$ by sl5d] ?reads1 :i* are tubes ( circulation1 & may be trac$ f small po9ts :i* we mu/ reg>d z ! comp\nd atom1 ! vegetable unit4 ,we mu/ n =get1 "h1 t we h to deal ) f\r *emical elem5ts1--oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog51 :i* compose ! _w ( organiz$ =ms1 & t ! wat] af=ds u ! two fir/ z its con/itu5ts1 gives u c>bon 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 x1 & t nitrog5 is 9 ! air surr\nd+ x1 & frequ5tly mix$ ) x also4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( sun%9e1 we h n[ se5 ^! elem5ts unit+ into a my/]i\s bond1 & ! result is ! =mation ( a cellul> tissue1 :i* possesses _m ( ! functions ( ! noble/ specim5s ( vegetable gr[?4 ,b let u exam9e ! progress4 ,! b>e surface ( a rock rises above ! wat]s cov]$ ov] ) ?is gre5 slime1 a m]e veil ( delicate net-"w1 :i*1 dry+ (f1 leaves no p]ceptible trace beh9d x2 b ! basis ( a mighty gr[? is !re1 & "u sol> influ5ce1 9 ! process ( "t1 o!r *anges occur4 ,aft] a p]iod1 if we exam9e ! rock1 we %all f9d ^u its face little col\r$ cups or l9es ) small h>d discs4 ,^!1 at fir/ sight1 w\ld n be tak5 = plants1 b on close exam9ation !y w be f\nd to be li*5s4 ,^! m9ute vegetables %$ _! se$ & die1 & f _! own rema9s a m num]\s crop spr+s into life4 ,aft] a few ( ^! *anges1 a suffici5t dep? ( soil is =m$1 ^u :i* mosses beg9 to develope !mselves1 & give to ! /one a second "t a fa9t t9t ( gre51 a m]e film /ill1 b indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a beautiful class ( plants1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 exhibit 9 _! leaves & fl[]s _m po9ts ( s+ul> elegance4 ,^! mosses1 l ! li*5s1 decay+1 increase ! film ( soil1 & o!rs ( a l>g] gr[? supply _! places1 & run !mselves ! same r\nd ( gr[? & decay4 ,by & by1 funguses ( v>i\s k9ds m+le _! little globes & umbrella-l =ms4 ,season aft] season plants1 p]i% & add to ! soil1 :i* is at ! same "t increas$ 9 dep? by ! dis9tegration ( ! rock ov] :i* x is laid1 ! cohesion ( p>ticles be+ brok5 up by ! op]ations ( vegetable life4 ,! m9ute se$s ( ! f]ns float+ on ! breeze1 n[ f9d a suffici5t dep? ( e>? = g]m9ation1 & _! beautiful fronds1 ev5tually1 wave 9 lovel9ess to ! pass+ w9ds4 ,vegetable =ms ( a high] & a high] ord] gradually succe$ ea* o!r1 ea* s]ies p]i%+ 9 due season1 & giv+ to ! soil additional elem5ts = ! gr[? ( plants ( _! own species or ^? ( o!rs4 ,fl[]+ h]bs f9d a g5ial home on ! once b>e rock2 & ! primrose pale1 ! purple foxglove1 or ! gaudy poppy1 op5 _! fl[]s to ! joy ( light4 ,! %rub1 ) its h>dy roots int]lac$ ?r\gh ! soil1 & b9d+ ! v /ones1 gr[s ri* 9 its bright gre5]y4 ,ev5tually ! tree spr+s f ! soil1 & :]e once ! tempe/ beat on ! b>e cold rock1 is n[ ! lordly & bran*+ mon>* ( ! =e/1 ) its ?\s& leaves1 af=d+ %elt] f ! /orm = bird & bea/4 ,su* are ! conditions :i* prevail ?r\gh\t nature 9 ! progress ( vegetable gr[?2 ! gre5 matt] ga!r+ on a pond1 ! mildew accumulat+ on a %ad$ wall1 be+ ! comm5cem5t ( a process :i* is to end 9 ! developm5t ( ! giant trees ( ! =e/1 & ! beautifully t9t$ fl[] ( nature's mo/ *os5 spot4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] closely ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! gr[? ( an individual plant1 :i* w illu/rate ! op]ation ( physical influ5ces ?r\gh\t ! vegetable _w4 ,! process by :i* ! embryo1 secur$ 9 ! se$1 is develop$1 is our fir/ inquiry4 ,a se$ is a highly c>boniz$ body1 consi/+ ( integum5ts & embryo3 betwe5 ^!1 9 mo/ se$s1 lies a sub/ance call$ ! album51 or p]isp]m4 ,! embryo conta9s ! elem5ts ( ! future plant--! cotyl$ons1 ! plumule1 & ! radicle2 ! =m] develop+ into /alk & leaves1 ! latt] into roots4 ,?is embryo hides ! liv+ pr9ciple1 = ! developm5t ( :i* x is necess>y t ! />* & glut5 und]go a *emical *ange1 & t an elevation ( temp]ature is produc$4 ,! vital p[] is dormant--x sleeps--9 ! se$ until ! prop] conditions are produc$4 ,x has be5 prov$1 t ! p[]s ( ma9ta9+ life 9 ! se$ are v great2 excessive cold1 suffici5tly int5se to freeze m]cury1 w n kill se$1 & !y resi/ a comp>atively high temp]ature4 ,x is probable t heat only de/roys se$s by dry+ !m too completely4 ,! temp]ature at :i* se$s g]m9ate is exce$+ly v>i$1--^? belong+ to our own clime w g]m9ate :5 ! !rmomet] rises above #dj ,f41 b ! se$s ( tropical plants dem& t a temp]ature ( f #gj to #hd1 or ev5 to #ij1 be /eadily appli$ to !m4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd t ev5 boil+ ! se$s has be5 advantage\s to ! future process ( g]m9ation 9 ! soil4 ,b let u take ! se$ ( "s ord9>y plant1 & trace its progress4 ,an app>5tly dead gra9 is plac$ 9 ! soil4 ,if ! temp]ature is a few degrees above ! freez+ po9t1 & ! soil holds a due quantity ( wat]1 ! integum5t ( ! se$ imbibes moi/ure & swells2 ! tissue is s(t5$1 & ! fir/ ef=t ( vital =ce beg9s4 ,! se$ has n[ ! p[] ( decompos+ wat]1 ! oxyg5 comb9es ) "s ( ! c>bon ( ! se$1 & is expell$ z c>bonic acid4 ,saussure's exp]im5ts prove ?is4 ,! air above ! soil 9 :i* a horse-bean 0 plac$ to g]m9ate1 gave1 be=e ! exp]im5t1 nitrog5 #bajbf1 & oxyg5 #efbi1 & aft] g]m9ation1 nitrog5 #bjida1 oxyg5 #ddch1 & c>bonic acid #aabg4 ,?is "p ( ! process is b little remov$ f ! m]ely *emical *anges :i* we h already consid]$4 ,we f9d ! />* ( ! se$ *ang$ into gum & sug>1 :i* af=ds nutritive food = ! develop+ embryo4 ,! se$ n[ l5g!ns d[nw>ds by ! radicle1 & upw>ds by ! cotyl$ons1 :i*1 z !y rise above ! e>?1 acquire a gre5 col\r4 ,"h ! fir/ /age ( vegetable life ends1 ! *emically excit+ process is at an end1 & a new /imulus is requir$ to cont9ue 9 full activity ! vital p[]s4 ,c>bonic acid is no long] giv5 (f4 ,! cotyl$ons1 :i* are two opposite r\ndi% leaves1 act z ! lungs2 by !m c>bonic acid tak5 f ! atmosph]e is absorb$ & c>ri$ by a circulat+ process1 n[ 9 full activity1 ?r\gh ! "y plant4 ,! c>bonic acid1 a comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg51 is decompos$2 x is depriv$ ( its c>bon1 :i* is reta9$ by ! plant1 & oxyg5 is exhal$4 ,! plant at ?is p]iod is little m ?an an arrangem5t ( cellul> tissue1 a v slight developm5t ( vascul> & fibr\s tissue appe>+ z a cyl9d] ly+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ea?4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we beg9 m di/9ctly to trace ! op]ations ( ! new p[]2 ! impulses ( life are /rik+ly evid5t4 ,! "y root is n[ l5g!n+1 & absorb+ f ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 :i* always conta9s "s soluble salts1 a portion ( its nutrim5t1 :i* is impell$ upw>ds by a =ce--probably capill>y attraction & endosmose action comb9$--to ! po9t f :i* ! plumule spr+s4 ,capill>y =ce raises ! fluids ?r\gh ! tubes 9 ! /alk1 & conveys !m to ! ve9s 9 ! leaves1 :ile ! endosmose =ce diffuses !m ?r\gh ! vegetable tissues4 ,! plumule fir/ asc5ds z a little twig1 &1 at ! same "t1 by ex]t+ a m en]getic action on ! c>bonic acid ?an ! cotyl$ons h done1 ! c>bon reta9$ by !m be+ only s mu* z is necess>y to =m *lorophylle1 or ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( leaves1 "s wood is deposit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! radicle4 ,f ?is "t ! process ( lignification goes on ?r\gh all ! fabric1--! increase1 & inde$ ! life1 ( ! plant dep5d+ ^u ! developm5t ( a true leaf f ! plumule4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! process consi/s1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( a m]e oxidation ( ! c>bon 9 ! se$1--a sl[ combu/ion by :i* ! sp>k ( life is to be k9dl$2--! hydrog5 ( ! wat] plays an important "p1 &1 comb9+ also ) ! c>bon1 =ms necess>y comp\nds1 & by a second>y process gives rise aga9 to wat] by comb9ation ) oxyg5 9 ! cells ( ! g]m9at+ gra94 ,nor mu/ we reg>d ! second class ( ph5om5a z m]e me*anical processes = decompos+ c>bonic acid1 b ! result ( ! comb9$ influ5ces ( all ! physical p[]s & life sup]add$4 ,?is elongat+ little twig1 ! plumule1 at l5g? unfolds itself1 & ! bran* is metamorphos$ into a leaf4 ,! leaf arates ! sap x receives1 effects ! decomposition ( ! c>bonic acid1 ! wat]1 & 9 all probability ! ammonia :i* x d]ives f ! air1 & ?us returns to ! pores1 :i* communicate ) ! pneumatic arrangem5ts ( ! plant1 ! necess>y secretions = ! =mation ( b>k1 wood1 & ! v>i\s proximate pr9ciples :i* x conta9s4 ,aft] ! fir/ =mation ( a leaf1 o!rs successively appe>1 all con/ruct$ alike1 & p]=m+ simil> functions4 ,! leaf is ! pr9cipal organ to ! tree2 &1 inde$1 ,l9nu div9$1 & ,goe! demon/rat$1 ! beautiful fact1 t ! tree 0 develop$ f ?is curi\sly-=m$ organ4 8,keep+ 9 view10 says ! poet-philosoph]1 8! obs]vations t h be5 made1 !re w be no difficulty 9 discov]+ ! leaf 9 ! se$-vessel1 not)/&+ ! v>iable /ructure ( t "p & its peculi> comb9ations4 ,?us ! pod is a leaf :i* is fold$ up & gr[n toge!r at its edges1 & ! capsules consi/ ( sev]al leaves gr[n toge!r1 & ! comp\nd fruit is compos$ ( sev]al leaves unit$ r\nd a common c5tre1 _! sides be+ op5$ s z to =m a communication betwe5 !m1 & _! edges adh]+ toge!r4 ,?is is obvi\s f capsules :i*1 :5 ripe1 split asund]1 at :i* "t ea* portion is a sep>ate pod4 ,x is also %[n by diff]5t species ( "o g5us1 9 :i* modifications exi/ ( ! pr9ciple on :i* _! fruit is =m$2 = in/ance1 ! capsule ( nigella ori5talis consi/s ( pods assembl$ r\nd a c5tre1 & p>tially unit$2 9 nigella damasc5a _! union is complete40#bef ,pr(essor ,l9dley ?us expla9s ! same view3--8,e fl[]1 ) its p$uncle & bracteol1 be+ ! developm5t ( a fl[]-bud1 & fl[]-buds be+ altoge!r analog\s to leaf-buds1 x foll[s z a coroll>y t e fl[]1 ) its p$uncle & bracteol1 is a metamorphos$ bran*4 8,&1 fur!r1 ! fl[]s be+ abortive bran*es1 :atev] ! laws are ( ! arrangem5t ( bran*es ) respect to ea* o!r1 ! same w be ! laws ( ! fl[]s ) respect to ea* o!r4 8,9 consequ5ce ( a fl[] & its p$uncle be+ a bran* 9 a p>ticul> /ate1 ! rudim5t>y or metamorphos$ leaves :i* con/itute bracte1 floral envelopes1 & sexes1 are subject to exactly ! same laws ( arrangem5t z regul>ly-=m$ leaves40#beg ,! idea t ! leaf is ! pr9cipal organ ( ! plant1 & t f x all ! o!r organs are probably develop$1 is wor?y ! g5ius ( ! great ,g]man poet4 ,e leaf1 a my/]y 9 itself1 is an individual gift$ ) peculi> p[]s2 !y congregate 9 families1 & ea* "o m9i/]s to ! =mation ( ! bran* on :i* x hangs1 & to ! ma9 trunk ( ! tree ( :i* x is a memb]4 ,! tree repres5ts a _w1 e "p exhibit+ a mutual dep5d5ce4 8,! "o r$ leaf1 ! la/ ( its clan1 ,t dances z (t5 z dance x c2 ,hang+ s light & hang+ s high1 ,on ! topmo/ twig t looks up at ! sky10 is influ5c$ by1 & influ5ces1 ! l[e/ root :i* pi]ces ! humid soil4 ,l :isp]+ voices1 ! trembl+ leaves s+ rejoic+ly 9 ! breeze & summ] sun%9e1 & !y tremble alike ) agony :5 ! equ9octial gale r5ds !m f ! p>5t /alk4 ,! influ5ces :i* p]vade ! :ole1 mak+ up ! sum ( vital =ce1 are di/urb$ by e movem5t ?r\gh\t ! sy/em2 a w\nd on a leaf is kn[n to di/urb ! :ole1 & an injury inflict$ on ! trunk int]f]es ) ! processes :i* are ! functions ( e individual leaf4#beh ,! consid]ation ( ! physical circum/ances necess>y to g]m9ation & vegetable gr[?1 br+s u acqua9t$ ) _m rem>kable facts4 ,at a temp]ature bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 se$s w n g]m9ate2 at ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 a *emical *ange is produc$ 9 ! gra91 & its p[] ( g]m9at+ is de/roy$4 ,heat1 !re=e1 is necess>y to ! developm5t ( ! embryo1 b its p[] mu/ only be ex]t$ )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ limits3 ^! limits are only con/ant = ! same class ( se$s1 !y v>y ) almo/ e plant4 ,?is is app>5t to e "o1 9 ! diff]5t p]iods requir$ = g]m9ation by ! se$s ( dissimil> vegetables4 ,! se$ is plac$ 9 ! soil2 %ade is always--absolute d>kness sometimes--necess>y = ! success ( ! g]m9at+ process4 ,we h se5 t ! fir/ op]ation ( nature is purely a *emical "o1 b ?is manife/ation ( aff9ity is due to an ex]tion ( =ce1 :i* is directly dep5d5t ^u sol> p[]4 ,! se$ is buri$ 9 ! soil1 :5 ! g5ial %[]s ( spr+1 & ! increas+ temp]ature ( ! e>?1 furni% ! requir$ conditions = ?is *emi/ry ( life1 & ! plant ev5tually spr+s into sun%9e4 ,?us we obta9 evid5ce t ev5 ?r\gh "s dep? ( soil ! sol> p[]1 :atev] x may be1 is effici5t1 & t "u its excitem5t ! fir/ spr+ ( life1 9 ! g]m1 is effect$4 ,! cotyl$ons & ! plumule be+ =m$1 ! plant und]goes a rem>kable *ange4 ,! se$1 l an animal1 absorb$ oxyg5 & exhal$ c>bonic acid2 ! fir/ leaves secrete c>bon f c>bonic acid inspir$1 & s5d =?1 z useless to ! plant1 an excess ( oxyg5 gas4 ,?is p[] ( decompos+ c>bonic acid is a vital function :i* belongs to ! leaves & b>k4 ,x has be5 /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,liebig1 t dur+ ! night ! plant acts only z a m]e bundle ( fibres1--t x all[s ( ! circulation ( c>bonic acid & its evaporation1 un*ang$4 ,9 8 eag]ness to support 8 *emical hypo!sis ( respiration1 ! able *emi/ neglect$ to inquire if ?is 0 absolutely correct4 ,! heal?y plant nev] ceases to decompose c>bonic acid dur+ "o mom5t ( its exi/5ce2 b dur+ ! night1 :5 ! excitem5t ( light is remov$1 & ! plant reposes1 its vital p[]s are at _! m9imum ( action1 & a mu* less quantity is decompos$ ?an :5 a /imulat+ sun1 by ! action ( its rays1 is compell+ ! ex]tion ( e vital function4 ,dur+ ?is process1 we h ano!r example ( natural organic *emi/ry4 ,! f\r inorganic elem5ts ( :i* ! vegetable k+dom is compos$--oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon--are absorb$ z air or moi/ure by ! leaves & ?r\gh ! roots1 & ! great ph5om5on ( vegetable life is ! conv]sion ( ^! to an organic condition4 ,sug> & gum are con/antly produc$1 & f ^!1 by comb9ation ) atmosph]ic nitrog51 a prote9e comp\nd is =m$1 :i* is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! progress ( developm5t4#bei ,plants gr[+ 9 ! light are beautifully gre51 ! int5sity ( col\r+ increas+ ) ! brilliancy ( ! light4 ,^? :i* are gr[n 9 ! d>k are etiolat$1 _! tissues are weak & succul5t1 _! leaves ( a pale yell[4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t ! =mation ( ?is *lorophylle--z ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( leaves is call$--results f "s action det]m9$ by ! sun's rays4 ,*lorophylle is a c>bonace\s comp\nd =m$ 9 ! leaves1 s]v+1 x w\ld appe>1 _m purposes 9 ! process ( assimilation4 ,9 ! d>k ! plant /ill requires c>bon = its fur!r developm5t1 & gr[+ sl[ly1 x removes x f ! leaves1 decompos+ ! *lorophylle1 & supports its weak exi/5ce by prey+ on p>ts ( its own /ructure1 until at l5g?1 ?is be+ exhau/$1 x actually p]i%es ( />vation4 ,plants always turn t[>ds ! light3 ! guid+ p[] we "k n1 b ! evid5ce ( "s impulsive or attract+ =ce is /rong2 & ! purpose = :i* !y are con/itut$ to obey x1 is prov$ to be ! dep5d5ce ( vegetable exi/5ce ^u lum9\s p[]4 ,light is n1 h[ev]1 alone suffici5t to p]fect ! plant3 ano!r ag5t is requir$ to aid 9 ! production ( fl[]s & fruits1 & ?is p[] is prov$ to be heat--& heat1 p]haps1 9 "s peculi> condition4 ,hav+ rea*$ t po9t ( developm5t :5 ! reproductive functions are1 by ano!r *ange 9 ! *emical op]ations go+ on )9 ! vegetable /ructure1 to be call$ =?1 x has be5 f\nd t ! heat rays become 9 a rem>kable mann] effective4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t plants b5d f ! r$1 or calorific rays1 in/ead ( t[>ds !m1 z !y are f\nd to d to e o!r ray ( ! spectrum4 ,f ?is we may argue t ! influ5ce ( ^! rays is to *eck ! vegetation1 & ?us to ensure ! p]fection ( ! reproductive processes4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t we h ! means ( sep>at+1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! ?ree pr9ciples :i* we discov] 9 ! sunbeam1 f ea* o!r1 by ! use ( absorb5t m$ia4 ,by a peculi> yell[ glass we cut (f ! *emical pr9ciple ( ! sunbeam1 & admit ! passage ( ! lum9\s rays only--,,light4 ,by a cobalt blue glass we ob/ruct ! light1 b all[ ! *emical ag5t to pass ?r\gh freely1 )\t1 inde$1 any loss--,,act9ism4 ,by a glass col\r$ deep blood-r$ by oxide ( gold we ob/ruct ! *emical pr9ciple & mu* ( ! light1 b su* a m$ium is p]fectly transp>5t to ,,heat4 ,!re=e1 ?is gives u ! means ( exp]im5t+ ) ei!r ( ^! pr9ciples1 & ( exam9+ ! p>ts :i* !y respectively play 9 ! "w ( organization4 ,"s se$s be+ plac$ 9 ! soil1 9 e respect 9 _! natural conditions1 duly suppli$ ) moi/ure1 & a uni=m & prop] temp]ature ma9ta9$1 we place above ! soil ! ?ree m$ia above nam$1 & all[ "o portion to be expos$ to all ! ord9>y influ5ces ( ! sol> rays4 ,! result w be1 t ! se$s "u ! blue glass w g]m9ate long be=e ^? :i* are expos$ to ! comb9$ influ5ces ( ! sun%9e3 a few ( ! se$s w /ruggle into day "u ! r$ glass1 b ! process ( g]m9ation is entirely *eck$ "u ! yell[ glass4 ,"h we see t ! *emical radiations h quick5$ ! *emical *anges1 & accel]at$ ! process1 "u ! r$ glass1 ?r\gh :i* rays hav+ "s peculi> *emical action pass2 ! g]m9at+ process1 ?\gh *eck$1 is n entirely /opp$4 ,:]eas1 x w\ld appe> t "u ! influ5ces ( light :i* has be5 depriv$ ( *emical p[]1 ?is conv]sion ( ! />* into gum & sug>1 :i* appe>s to be necess>y1 is entirely prev5t$4 ,if ! exp]im5t is cont9u$1 x w be f\nd t "u ! blue glass ! plants gr[ rapidly1 b weakly2 & t in/ead ( produc+ leaves & wood !y consi/ *iefly ( /alk1 ^u :i* w be se5 "h & !re "s abortive attempts to =m leaves4 ,:5 ! process ( g]m9ation has t]m9at$1 if ! "y plant is br\ght "u ! yell[ glass1 x gr[s mo/ heal?fully1 & =ms an abundance ( wood1 ! leaves hav+ an unusually d>k gre5 col\r1 f ! =mation ( a l>ge quantity ( *lorophylle4 ,plants d n1 h[ev]1 produce fl[]s ) read9ess "u ?is m$ium2 b if1 at ! prop] p]iod1 !y are br\ght "u ! r$ glass1 ! fl[]+ & fruit+ processes are mo/ effectively complet$4#bfj ,^! exp]im5ts1 simple z !y are1 prove to u ! importance ( light3 ! lum9\s pr9ciple ( ! sunbeam is excit+ ! vital p[]s ( ! plant to decompose c>bonic acid & =m wood2 & ! calorific ag5t1 possibly "u ^? modifications :i* h already be5 notic$ z belong+ to ! p>a!rmic rays1 is ess5tial to ! production ( fl[] & fruit4 ,obs]vations1 :i* h be5 ext5d$ ov] _m ye>s1 prove t ) ! seasons ^! sol> p[]s are1 relatively to ea* o!r1 subject to an int]e/+ *ange4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! act9ic or *emical p[] prevails1 & dur+ ?is p]iod its ag5cy is requir$ = ! vitalization ( ! g]m4 ,z ! summ] comes on1 ! act9ic rays dim9i%1 & ^? ( light increase4 ,p]haps x w\ld be m /rictly correct to say t ! lum9\s int5sity be+ increas$1 ! *emical p[] 0 ret>d$2 ! =m] expression implies a v>iation 9 quantity1 :i* may n be correct4 ,we see ! necessity = ?is1 s9ce lum9\s p[] is requir$ = ! secretion ( ! c>bon1 ) :i* ! woody fibre is =m$1 & also = ! elaboration ( ! proximate pr9ciples ( ! plant4 ,autumn1 ! season ( fruit1 is *>act]iz$ by an increase ( ! heat rays1 & a dim9ution ( ! o!rs3 ?is *ange be+ necess>y1 z sci5ce n[ tea*es u1 = ! due production ( fl[] & fruit4 ,! calorific rays ( ! sol> beam1 to :i* ! autumnal ph5om5a ( vegetation appe> p>ticul>ly to belong1 are ( a peculi> "*4 ,!y h be5 call$1 ! ,p>a!rmic rays1 & exhibit a curi\s comp\nd nature4 ,to ^! rays we may ref] ! rip5+ ( fruit & gra91 & ! br[n+ ( ! leaf be=e its fall4 ,may n ! rise ( ! sap 9 spr+ be trac$ to ! excitem5t ( ei!r light or act9ism1 & its recession1 9 ! autumn1 to t p[] f :i* ! plant is f\nd to b5d1 & :i* appe>s to be _! modifi$ =m ( heat8 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! v>ieties ( climate & ! peculi>ities ( c\ntries1 z x reg>ds _! animal & vegetable productions1 are dep5d5t on ! same causes4 ,! di/ribution ( species has be5 ref]r$ by "s to specific c5tres ( creation ar\nd :i* ! plants & animals h spread1 )\t ref]5ce to physical conditions4 ,al?\gh c5tres ( creation may be admitt$1 ^! c5tres !mselves h be5 det]m9$ by ! physical fitness ( ea* c5tre to ! conditions ( ! creation1 & 9 l mann] ! migration ( tribes is solely due to ^! physical =ces we h be5 consid]+4 ,9 e zone we f9d t vegetable organization is peculi>ly fitt$ = ! consid]ations by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,"u ! equator we h ! spice-be>+ trees1 ! nutmeg1 ! clove1 ! c9namon1 & ! pepp]-tree2 !re we h also ! odorif]\s s&al1 ! ebony1 ! banyan1 & ! teak3 we h frank9c5se1 & myrrh1 & o!r inc5se-be>+ plants2 ! c(fee-tree1 ! tea-plant1 & ! tam>9d4 ,a little fur!r nor? we h ! apricot1 ! citron1 ! pea*1 & ! walnut4 ,9 ,spa91 ,sicily1 & ,italy1 we h ! orange & lemon-tree bloom+ ri* ) p]fume1 & ! pomegranate & ! myrtle gr[+ wild ^u ! rocks4 ,beyond ! ,alps ! vegetation aga9 *anges2 in/ead ( ! cypress1 ! *esnut1 & ! cork-tree1 :i* prevail to ! s\? ( !m1 we h ! h>di] oak1 ! bee*1 & ! elm4 ,/ill fur!r nor?1 we h ! ,scot* & spruce fir & l>*4 ,on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,baltic1 & 9 t l9e ( latitude1 ! hazel alone appe>s2 & beyond ?is ! ho>y ald]1 ! sycamore1 & ! m\nta9 a%4 ,)9 ! ,arctic circle we f9d ! mez]eum1 ! wat]-lilies1 & ! globe-fl[]s2 &1 :5 ! weakness ( ! sol> radiations becomes too great ev5 = ^!1 ! re9de] moss /ill l5ds an aspect ( gladness to ! o!rwise /]ile soil4 ,! cultivation ( vegetables dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! clime4 ,! v9e fl\ri%es :]e ! mean annual temp]ature ranges betwe5 #ej & #gc1 & x is only cultivat$ pr(itably )9 #cj ,s4 & #ej ,n4 ( ! equator4 ,to ! same limits is conf9$ ! cultivation ( maize & ( olives4 ,cotton is gr[n pr(itably up to latitude #df 9 ! ,old ,_w1 b only up to #dj 9 ! ,new4 ,we h evid5ce d]iv$ f photographic ph5om5a1 t ! con/itution ( ! sol> rays v>ies ) ! latitude4 ,! effects ( ! sun's rays 9 ,france & ,engl& 9 produc+ *emical *ange are inf9itely m decid$ ?an1 ) f> great] spl5d\r ( light1 !y are f\nd to be 9 ! l&s "u or ne> ! equator4 ,inde$1 ! rem>ks made on ! v>iations 9 ! "* ( ! sunbeam ) ! *ang+ seasons1 may apply equally to ! v>iations 9 latitude4 ,fungals are among ! l[e/ =ms ( vegetation1 b 9 ^! we h peculi>ities :i* appe> to l9k !m ) ! animal k+dom4 ,m>cet f\nd t mu%rooms absorb$ oxyg51 & dis5gag$ c>bonic acid4 ,9 all probability ?is is only a *emical ph5om5on ( a precisely simil> "* to t :i* we "k takes place ) decay+ wood4 ,9 ! conv]sion ( wood into humus1 oxyg5 is absorb$1 & comb9+ ) ! c>bon1 x is evolv$ z c>bonic acid4 ,( c\rse we h ! peculi> condition ( vitality to modify ! effect1 & we h1 too1 9 ?is class ( plants1 ! exi/5ce ( a l>g] quantity ( nitrog5 ?an is f\nd 9 any o!r vegetat+ sub/ance4 ,^! few sket*es ( rem>kable ph5om5a connect$ ) vegetation are int5d$ to %[ m]ely ! op]ations ( ! physical p[]s ( ! univ]se1 s f> z we "k !m1 ^u ^! p>ticul> =ms ( organization4 ,dur+ ! process ( g]m9ation1 electricity is1 accord+ to ,p\illet1 evolv$2 & aga91 9 rip5+ fruits1 !re appe>s to be "s evid5ce ( electrical curr5ts4 ,vegetables are1 h[ev]1 9 ! gr[+ /ate1 su* good conductors ( electricity1 t x is n1 accord+ to ! laws ( ?is =ce1 possible t !y %\ld accumulate x2 s t ! lum9\s ph5om5a /at$ to h be5 obs]v$ _c be due to ?is ag5cy4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t "u e condition ( *ange1 :e!r induc$ by *emical or calorific action1 electricity is set 9 motion2 & we h reasons = believ+ t ! excitation ( light w also give rise to electrical circulation4 ,! "q1 :e!r plants possess s5sation1 :e!r !y h any disposition ( p>ts at all analog\s to ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals1 has be5 (t5 put =w>d1 b z yet ! answ]s h be5 unsatisfactory4 ,! po9t is "o well wor?y all ! att5tion ( ! vegetable physiologi/2 b reg>d+ plants z ! l9k betwe5 ! animal & ! m9]al k+dom1--look+ ^u phyto-*emi/ry1 z exhibit$ by !m1 z ! means employ$ to produce ^? m complex organizations :i* exi/ 9 animals1--we necess>ily consid] plants z m]e natural ma*9es = effect+ organic arrangem5ts1 &1 z su*1 t !y _c possess any n]v\s s5sibility4 ,muscul> contraction may be repres5t$ 9 _m ( _! m>vell\s arrangem5ts2 & any di/urbance produc$ by natural or artificial means w\ld consequ5tly effect a *ange 9 ! op]ations ( ^? =ces :i* comb9e to produce vegetable life4 ,inde$1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,c>lo ,matteucci1 already ref]r$ to1 prove t an incision across a leaf1 ! fracture ( a bran*1 or ! m]e bruis+ ( any "p ( ! plant1 int]f]es ) ! ex]cise ( t p[] :i*1 "u ! op]ation ( lum9\s ag5cy1 decomposes c>bonic acid1 & effects ! assimilation ( ! o!r elem5ts4 ,to recapitulate4 ,a plant is an organiz$ creation2 x is s 9 virtue ( c]ta9 /range phyto-*emical op]ations1 :i* are r5d]$ active by ! sol> influ5ces involv$ 9 ! great ph5om5a ( light1 & by ! excitation ( caloric =ce mid electrical circulation4 ,x is a /rik+ exemplification ( ! unit$ action ( c]ta9 empyreal p[]s1 :i* give rise to ! comb9ation1 ( inorganic pr9ciples "u su* =ms t !y become capable ( obey+ ! my/]i\s impulses ( life4 ,! poet has imag$ ! ag5cy ( ext]nal p[]s 9 v>i\s %apes ( spiritualiz$ beauty4 ,f ! goddess ,flora1 & h] att5dant nymphs1 to ! romantic en*antress :o call$ up fl[]s by ! light t\* ( h] w&1 we h1 9 all ^! creations1 =e%ad[+s ( ! discov]y ( ^? p[]s :i* sci5ce has %[n are ess5tial to vegetable life4 ,a p[] f )\t influ5ces ! plant2 b ! animal is dep5d5t ^u a high] ag5cy :i* is pot5t )9 him4 ,! poet's dream pleases ! imag9ative m9d2 &1 associat+ 9 our ideas all t is graceful & loveable 9 ! female =m1 ) t div9] feel+ :i* impresses ! s\l ) ! s5se ( "s unse5 spirituality1 we p]ceive 9 ! goddess1 ! en*antress1 or ! sylph1 pure idealizations ( ! physical p[]s4 ,! _s float+ ov] ^! =ms ( beauty1 & adorn+ !m ) all ! ri*ness ( col\r--pa9t+ ! rose1 & giv+ p]fume to ! violet--is1 9 ! poet's m9d1 "o :i* asc5ds to ne>ly ! highe/ po9t ( e!realization1 & :i* becomes1 inde$1 to him a _s ( light2 !y ride ^u ! zephyrs1 & !y float1 9 all ! luxury ( an empyreal enjoym5t1 d[n to ! e>? ^u a sunbeam4 ,su* is ! "w ( ! imag9ation4 ,:at is ! result ( ! se>* ( plodd+ sci5ce aft] tru?8 ,! sunbeam has be5 torn into rays1 & e ray task$ to tell ( its m9i/ry4 ,nature has answ]$ to "s ( ! int]rogations2 &1 pass+ ov] all ! e>?1 e*o$ f plant to plant1 we h "o univ]sal cry proclaim+ t e function ( vegetable life is due to ! spirits ( ! sun4 ,! mighty ,adansonia ( ,s5egal1 ho>y ) ! mosses ( five ?\s& ye>s1--! ,pohon upas 9 _! deadly valleys1--! climb+ lianas ( ! ,guiana =e/s1--! contort$ s]p5t-cactus on ! burn+ hills1--! oaks1 :i* spread _! bran*es 9 our temp]$ climes1--! glori\s fl[]s ( ! int]-tropical regions1 & ^? :i* gem our vir5t pla9s1--! re9de] li*5 ( nor!rn l&s1 & ! conf]v ( ! sil5t pool1--! greate/ & humble/ creations ( ! vegetable _w1--all proclaim _! direct dep5d5ce ^u ! my/]i\s =ces :i* are b\nd toge!r 9 ! silv] ?read ( ,light4 ,^! undulations1 pulsations too ref9$ = mortal e>s1 :i* quick5 & guide ^! wond]ful organisms1 may be inde$ reg>d$ z sph]$ music = ev] repeat+ ! ,div9e comm&1 8,let !re be ,light10 by ! creation ( :i*1 a d>k & dre>y *aos 0 m\ld$ into a /> ( beauty1 capable ( radiat+ brightness to o!r space-w&]+ worlds4 ,,footnotes3 #bdh ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley4 #bdi ,exp]im5ts on ! production ( dephlogi/icat$ air f wat] ) v>i\s sub/ances3 by ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,b5jam91 ,c\nt ( ,rum=d2 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lxxvii4 p4 #hd4 #bej ,exp]im5ts ^u ,vegetables1 discov]+ _! great p[] ( purify+ ! common air 9 ! ,sun%9e1 & ( injur+ x 9 ! ,%ade & at ,night2 to :i* is jo9$1 ,a new me?od ( exam9+ ! accurate degrees ( ,salubrity ( ! ,atmosph]e1 by ,john ,+5h\sz1 ,c\ncillor ( ! ,c\rt1 & ,body ,physician to _! ,imp]ial & ,royal ,maje/ies1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,london3 pr9t$ = ,p4 ,elmsley1 9 ! ,/r&1 & ,h4 ,payne1 ,pall ,mall1 #aggi4 #bea ,! ,k+doms ( ,nature1 _! life & aff9ity3 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,c>us2 ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc4 #beb ,9 ,biologie1 by ,g4 ,r4 ,treviranus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjb1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,if we expose spr+ wat] to ! sun 9 op5 or ev5 clos$ transp>5t vessels1 aft] a few days bubbles rise f ! bottom1 or f ! sides ( ! vessel1 & a gre5 cru/ is =m$ at ! same "t4 ,^u obs]v+ ?is cru/ ?r\gh a microscope1 we discov] a mass ( gre5 p>ticles1 g5]ally ( a r\nd or oval =m1 v m9ute1 & ov]laid ) a transp>5t muc\s cov]+1 "s ( !m mov+ freely1 :il/ o!rs1 p]fectly simil> to ^!1 rema9 motionless & atta*$ to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,?is motion is sometimes great] ?an at o!rs4 ,! animalcules frequ5tly lie z if torpid1 b soon recov] _! =m] activity40 #bec ,on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,vegetable ,cell3 by ,mohl4--,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aac4 ,outl9es ( ,/ructural & ,physical ,botany3 by ,h5frey4 #bed ,dr4 ,c>us1 9 ! memoir already quot$1 says3--8,b s9ce1 9 ! organization ( ! e>?1 light & air1 z con/itut+ a second integrant "p1 /& oppos$ to gravitation1 & s9ce ! plant be>s a relation1 n only to gravitation1 b to light also1 :5 its =mation is complete x w necess>ily pres5t a second anatomical sy/em1 namely1 t ( ! spiral vessels1 :i* h be5 v ju/ly consid]$1 ( late1 z ! organs t p]=m 9 plants ! functions ( n]ves40 #bee ,mr4 ,crosse's ,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,london ,electrical ,society1 & ,mr4 ,weekes 9 ! ,electrical ,magaz9e1 & a communication app5d$ to ,explanations3 a ,sequel to ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 #bef ,die ,metamorphose d] ,pflanz53 ,goe!1 sect4 #gh4 #beg ,l9dley's ,elem5ts ( ,botany4 #beh ,see ! v curi\s exp]im5ts ( ,c4 ,matteucci4 ,traduit et extrait du 8,cim5to40--,ar*ives des ,sci5ces ,physiques et ,naturelles2 ,quelques ,expri5ces sur la ,respiration des ,plantes4 ,nov4 #ahdf4 #bei ,consult ,rural ,economy1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,b\ss+ault2 ,! ,*emical & ,physiological ,balance ( ,organic ,nature1 by ,dumas & ,b\ss+ault2 & ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 by ,liebig4 #bfj ,! practical value ( ! discov]y n[ describ$1 w be be/ und]/ood f ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,lawson1 ( ,ed9burgh3-- ,ed9burgh1 #a1 ,george ! ,f\r?'s ,bridge1 ,sept4 #h1 #ahec4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am fav\r$ ) y\rs ( ! #e?1 relative to my practical exp]i5ce 9 ! effect ( ! *emical ag5cy ( col\r$ m$ia on ! g]m9ation ( se$s & ! gr[? ( plants4 ,i mu/ fir/ expla9 t x is our practice to te/ ! g]m9at+ p[]s ( all se$s :i* come into our w>eh\ses be=e we s5d !m out = sale2 &1 ( c\rse1 x is an object to discov]1 ) z little delay z possible1 ! ext5t t ! vital pr9ciple is active1 z ! value comes to be depreciat$ 9 ! ratio x is f\nd to be dormant4 ,= in/ance1 if we s[ #ajj se$s ( any sort1 & ! :ole g]m9ate1 ! se$ w be ! highe/ curr5t value2 b if only #ij g]m9ate1 its value is #aj p] c5t4 less2 if #hj1 !n its value falls #bj p] c5t4 ,i m]ely give ?is detail to %[ ! practical value ( ?is te/1 & ! influ5ce x ex]ts on ! fluctuation ( prices4 ,our usual plan =m]ly 0 to s[ ! se$s to be te/$ 9 a hot-b$ or frame1 & !n wat* ! progress & note ! results4 ,x 0 usually f eight to f\rte5 days be=e we 7 9 a condition to decide on ! comm]cial value ( ! se$ "u trial4 ,my att5tion 01 h[ev]1 direct$ to y\r excell5t "w1 8,on ! ,physical ,ph5om5a ( ,nature10 ab\t five ye>s ago1 & ,i resolv$ to put y\r !ory to a practical te/4 ,i accord+ly _h a case made1 ! sides ( :i* 7 =m$ ( glass col\r$ blue or indigo1 :i* case ,i atta*$ to a small gas /ove = eng5d]+ heat2 9 ! case %elves 7 fix$ 9 ! inside1 on :i* 7 plac$ small pots :]e9 ! se$s to be te/$ 7 s[n4 ,! results 7 all t c\ld be look$ =3 ! se$s freely g]m9at$ 9 f two to five days only1 in/ead ( f eight to f\rte5 days z be=e4 ,i h n c>ri$ our exp]im5ts beyond ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 s t ,i _c af=d practical in=mation z to ! effect ( o!r rays on ! aft] culture ( plants4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 made "s trials ) ! yell[ ray 9 prev5t+ ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 :i* h be5 successful2 & ,i h always f\nd ! violet ray prejudicial to ! gr[? ( ! plant aft] g]m9ation4--,i rema91 my de> ,sir1 ,v fai?fully y\rs1 ,,*>les ,,lawson4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,animal ,,life4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,k+doms ( ,nature--,progress ( ,animal ,life--,sponges--,polypes--,infusoria--, animalcula--,phosphoresc5t ,animals--,annelidans--,myriapoda--,anim al ,metamorphoses--,fi%es--,birds--,mammali a--,n]v\s ,sy/em--,animal ,electricity--,*emical ,influ5ces--,influ5ce ( ,light on ,animal ,life--,animal ,heat--,me*anical ,action--,n]v\s ,excitem5t--,man & ! ,animal ,races1 c4 8,a /one gr[s2 plants gr[ & live2 animals gr[1 live1 & feel40 ,su* 7 ! di/9ctions made by ,l9nu1 betwe5 ! conditions ( ! ?ree k+doms ( nature4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 b reg>d !m z 9 all respects illogical4 ,! /one--a solid mass ( unorganiz$ p>ticles--enl>ges1 if plac$ 9 suitable conditions1 by ! accretion ( o!r simil> p>ticles ar\nd x2 b x does n1 accord+ to any mean+ 9 :i* we use ! ^w1 gr[4 ,plants & animals gr[2 & !y diff]1 probably1 only 9 ! ph5om5a ( s5sation4 ,yet1 ! trembl+ mimosa1 & sev]al o!r plants1 appe> to possess z mu* feel+ z sponges & "s ( ! l[] classes ( animals4 ,by ?is def9ition1 h[ev]1 ( ! celebrat$ ,sw$i% naturali/1 we h a popul> & simple expression ( a great fact4 ,z we h only to exam9e ! "q ( ! ag5cy ( ! physical =ces ^u animal life1 we mu/ necess>ily conf9e our att5tion to ! m /rik+ ph5om5a ) :i* sci5ce has made u acqua9t$2 &1 hav+ briefly trac$ ! app>5t ord] 9 :i* ! advance ( organization proce$$1 we mu/ direct our few conclud+ rem>ks to ! physico-physiological influ5ces1 :i* we mu/ confess to "k b too imp]fectly4 ,we le>n t1 dur+ ! /ates ( progress :i* geology1 look+ into ! arcana ( "t1 has made u acqua9t$ )1 a great v>iety ( animal =ms 7 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,!y liv$ _! p]iods4 ,! conditions ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! sea1 or ! atmosph]e1 7 alt]$2 &1 no long] fitt$ = ! enjoym5ts ( ! new life1 ^! races pass$ away1 & o!rs occupi$ _! places1 :i*1 9 turn1 w5t ?r\gh all ! /ages ( gr[?1 maturity1 & decay2 until at l5g?1 ! e>? be+ con/itut$ = ! abode ( ! highe/ ord] ( animals1 !y 7 call$ into exi/5ce2 & man1 ! intellectual mon>* ( ! _w1 0 plac$ supreme among/ !m all4 ,types ( ne>ly all ^? =ms ( life :i* are f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate are n[ 9 exi/5ce2 & if we exam9e ! geographical di/ribution ( animals--! zones ( elevation ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! zones ( dep? 9 ! ocean1--we %all f9d1 n[ exi/+1 animal creations /rik+ly analog\s to ! primitive =ms & conditions ( ! e>?'s inhabitants4 ,f ! dep?s ( ! ocean we may ev5 n[ /udy--z t mo/ indefatigable naturali/1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 has done--! v>y+ /ates ( organization "u ! circum/ances ( imp]fect light & v>y+ temp]ature4#bfa ,! gradual advance ( animal life 9 ! asc5d+ /rata has l$ to _m speculations1 +5i\s & ref9$1 on ! progressive developm5t ( animals4 ,t ! *anges ( ! inorganic _w h impress$ new conditions on ! organic /ructures ( animals1 to meet ! necessities ( _! be+1 mu/ be admitt$4 ,comp>ative anatomy has demon/rat$ t su* suppos$ diff]5ces really exi/$ betwe5 ! creatures ( second>y =mations--^? ( ! t]ti>y & ! pres5t p]iods4 ,x has be5 imag9$1 b ^u debatable f\ndations1 t ! atmosph]e1 dur+ ! second>y p]iods1 0 highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ?\gh b5eficial to ! gr[? ( plants1 & peculi>ly fitt$ = ! conditions requir$ by ^? :i* ! fossil flora makes u acqua9t$ )1 x 0 n adapt$ to support any animals above ! sl[-brea?+1 cold-blood$ fi%es & reptiles4 ,"u ! action ( ! sup]-luxuriant vegetation ( ^! p]iods1 ?is c>bonic acid is suppos$ to h be5 remov$1 an addition ( oxyg5 furni%$2 & ?us1 consequ5tly1 ! e>? gradually fitt$ = ! abode ( w>m-blood$ & quick-brea?+ creatures4 ,we d1 inde$1 f9d a v m>k$ l9e betwe5 ! fossil rema9s ( ! lias =mations :i* enclose ! saurians1 & ! weald51 9 :i* birds make _! appe>ance m num]\sly ?an 9 any previ\s =mation4 ,f\nd$ ^u ^! facts1 speculations h be5 put =? on ! gradual developm5t ( animals f ! l[e/ up to ! highe/ ord]s4 ,betwe5 ! polype & man a cont9u\s s]ies has be5 imag9$1 e l9k ( ! *a9 be+ trac$ into connection ) ! "o imm$iately succe$+ x2 &1 ?r\gh all ! divisions1 zoophytes1 fi%es1 amphibia1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammalia are se51 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 to be d]iv$ by gradual advancem5t f ! prec$+ ord]s4 ,! fir/ hav+ giv5 rise to amphibia1--! amphibion gives bir? to ! reptile1--! reptile advances to ! bird1--& f ?is class is develop$ ! mammal4 ,a slight inve/igation w conv9ce u t ?is view has no f\ndation4 ,al?\gh a c]ta9 relation%ip may be f\nd betwe5 "s ( ! memb]s ( "o class1 & ^? ( ! o!r imm$iately jo9+ x1 yet ?is is equally discov]$ to exi/ t[>ds classes m remote f ea* o!r2 & 9 no "o in/ance c we detect any?+ l ! passage ( an animal ( "o class into an animal ( ano!r4 ,until ?is is done1 we _c b reg>d ! =ms ( animal life z di/9ct creations1 ea* "o fitt$ = its /ate ( be+1 spr++ f ! comm& ( ! great ,fir/ ,cause4#bfb ,b x is "t to quit ^! speculative que/ions1 & proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! g5]al conditions ( animal life at ! pres5t "t4 ,l[e/ 9 ! scale ( animals1 & sc>cely di/+ui%able f a vegetable1 we f9d ! sponge1 atta*$ to & pass+ its life ^u a rock1 exhibit+1 inde$1 less signs ( feel+ ?an _m ( ! vegetable tribes4 ,! *emical diff]5ces betwe5 vegetables & sponges are1 h[ev]1 v decid$2 & we f9d 9 ! tissues ( ! sponge a l>ge quantity ( nitrog51 a true animal elem5t1 :i* exi/s1 b 9 small] quantities1 9 vegetables4 ,^! creations1 /&+ betwe5 vegetable & animal life1 possess ! s+ul> p[] ( decompos+ c>bonic acid1 z plants d2 & ! wat] 9 :i* !y live always conta9s an excess ( free oxyg54 ,! polypes are a rem>kably curi\s class4 8,fix$ 9 l>ge arboresc5t masses to ! rocks ( tropical seas1 or 9 our own climate atta*$ to %ells or o!r subm>9e sub/ances1 !y ?r[ b _! ramifications 9 a ?\s& beautiful & plant-l =ms2 or1 incru/+ ! rocks at ! bottom ( ! ocean ) calc>e\s e>?1 sep>at$ f ! wat] :i* ba!s !m1 !y sil5tly build up reefs & %oals1 ju/ly dread$ by ! navigator2 & sometimes giv+ orig91 z !y rise to ! surface ( ! sea1 to isl&s1 :i* ! lapse ( ages clo!s ) luxuriant v]dure1 & peoples ) appropriate inhabitants40#bfc ,mo/ ( ! polypes are fix$ & /ation>y2 b ! hydra & "s o!rs h ! p[] ( *ang+ _! positions1 :i* !y d 9 se>* ( ! light ( ! sun4 ,!y d n appe> to h organs ( sight requir+ light2 b /ill !y delight 9 ! sol> influ5ces4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y fact connect$ ) ! hydra is its be+ multipli$ by division4 ,if an incision be made 9 ! side ( a hydra1 a "y polype soon developes itself2 & if "o ( ^! creatures be divid$1 x quickly re/ores ! lo/ portion ( its /ructure4 ,! v>ieties ( ! polypes are exce$+ly num]\s1 & _m ( !m are 9 ! highe/ degree curi\s1 & (t5 v beautiful4 ,! act9i1 l fl[]s1 appe> to gr[ f ! rocks1 unfold+ _! t5tacula to ! light2 &1 9 ! excitem5t due to _! eag]ness = prey1 !y exhibit a beautiful play ( col\rs & mo/ int]e/+ =ms4 ,microscopic zoophytes ( ! mo/ curi\s %apes are f\nd1--all ( :i* atte/1 "u exam9ation1 ! p]fection ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,infusoria & animalcula1--animals1 _m ( !m1 appe>+ "u ! microscope z little m ?an a transp>5t jelly1--mu/ be recogniz$ z ! mo/ simple ( ! =ms ( life4 ,!y exi/ 9 all wat]s 9 unc\ntable myriads2 &1 m9ute creatures z !y are1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t _m ( ! great lime/one hills are compos$ entirely ( _! rema9s4 ,! acaleph1 or ! phosphoresc5t animals ( ! ocean1 are no less curi\s4 ,f creatures ( ! mo/ m9ute size1 !y ext5d to a consid]able magnitude1 yet !y appe> to be little m ?an animat$ masses ( sea-wat]4 ,if any "o ( ^! sea-jellies1 or jelly-fi%es z !y are (t5 call$ 7ev5 ! l>ge/ v>ieties ( !m71 is ca/ ^u ! %ore1 x is soon1 by ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 conv]t$ into a m]e fibre no ?ick] ?an a cobweb3 an animal weigh+ sev5 or eight p\nds is v soon r$uc$ to z _m gra9s4 ,!re are num]\s k9ds ( ^! s+ul> creatures1 mo/ ( :i* are rem>kable = ! p[]ful phosphoresc5t light !y emit4 ,! b]oes & ! pulmonigrade %9e ) an int5se :ite light _m feet bel[ ! surface1 :il/ ! ,ce/um ,v5]is1 or girdle ( ,v5us1 glid+ rapidly along1 pres5ts1 on ! edge ( ! wave1 an undulat+ rib& ( flame ( consid]able l5g?4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is arises f ! emission ( phosphoresc5t matt] ( an unkn[n k9d f ! bodies ( ^! animals4 ,! microscope has made u famili> ) ! my/]ies ( a m9ute creation :i* we %\ld n o!rwise h compreh5d$4 ,^! creatures are f\nd inhabit+ ! wat]s & ! l&1 & !y exi/ 9 ! inte/9al /ructure ( plants & animals1 prey+ ^u ! nutritive juices :i* pass ?r\gh _! sy/ems4 ,al?\gh ^! be+s are s exce$+ly small t ev5 ! mo/ practis$ obs]v] _c detect !m ) ! nak$ eye1 !y are prov$1 by c>eful exam9ation "u ! microscope1 to be 9 _m cases elaborately organiz$4 ,ehr5b]g has discov]$ 9 !m filam5t>y n]ves & n]v\s masses1 & ev5 vessels appropriat$ to ! circulation ( fluids1 %[+ t !y belong really to a high condition ( exi/5ce4 ,pass+ ov] _m l9ks 9 t curi\s *a9 :i* appe>s to b9d ! animal k+dom into a complete :ole1 we come to ! articulata ( ,cuvi]--! homogangliata ( ,ow54 ,all ^? creatures :i* we h be5 hi!rto consid]+ are too imp]fect 9 ! con/ruction ( _! simple organizations to ma9ta9 a t]re/rial exi/5ce2 !y are1 !re=e1 conf9$ to a wat]y m$ium4 ,9 ! articulata1 we h evid5ces ( high] attributes1 & indications ( in/9cts develop$ 9 proportion to ! increas$ p]fection ( organization4 ,comm5c+ ) ! annelidans1 all ( :i*1 except ! e>?worms1 are inhabitants ( ! wat]s1 we proce$ to ! myriapoda1 pres5t+ a sy/em int]m$iate 9 e respect betwe5 t ( worms & insects2 we !n f9d embrac$ 9 ! same ord]1 ! class insecta1 :i* includes flies & beetles ( all k9ds2 &1 z ! f\r? division ( articulat$ be+s1 ! ara*nidans or spid]s2 &1 la/ly1 ! m>9e tribe ( cru/aceans4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a connect$ ) ^! animals are ! metamorphoses :i* !y und]go4 ,! female butt]fly1 = in/ance1 lays eggs1 :i*1 :5 hat*$1 produce cat]pill>s3 ^! live 9 ?is /ate = "s "t1 fe$+ ^u vegetables1 &1 aft] ca/+ _! sk9s z !y increase 9 size1 at la/ assume an entirely diff]5t /ate1 &1 dormant 9 _! oblong case1 !y appe> l dead matt]4 ,?is *rysalis1 or pupa1 is g5]ally pres]v$ f injury by be+ emb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 f :i*1 aft] a season1 a beautifully p]fect insect escapes1 &1 float+ on ! breeze ( summ]1 enjoys its sun%9e1 & revels amid/ its fl[]s4 ,no less rem>kable is ! metamorphosis ( ! caducibran*iate amphibia1 pass+ ?r\gh ! true fi% condition ( ! tadpole to ! p]fect air-brea?+ & f\r-foot$ animal1 ! frog4 ,a metamorphosis ( ! cru/aceans1 some:at simil> to t :i* takes place 9 insects1 has be5 ( late ye>s creat+ mu* discussion among/ naturali/s3 b ! "q appe>s to be n[ settl$ by ! c>eful & long-cont9u$ obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,?ompson & ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,c\*4 ,a wide l9e ( dem>cation m>ks ! sep>ation ( ! inv]tebrata f ! f\r great classes ( v]tebrate animals--fi%es1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammalia4 ,e "p ( ! globe1--! ocean & ! inl& lake1--! wide & f>-w9d+ riv]1 & ! babbl+ /ream1--! m\nta9 & ! valley1--! =e/ ) its dep? ( %ade1 & ! des]t ) its int5sity ( light1--! cold regions ( ! fro/-*a9$ nor?1 & ! f]vid clime )9 ! tropics--pres5ts = our /udy innum]able animals1 ea* fitt$ = ! conditions to :i* x is de/9$2 & ?r\gh ! :ole we f9d a gradual elevation 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce1 until at la/1 sep>at$ f all by peculi> p[]s1 we arrive at man himself4 ,9 ea* ( ^! f\r classes ! animals are furni%$ ) a bony skeleton1 :i* is 9 ! "y animal little m ?an c>tilage2 b1 z gr[? increases1 lime becomes deposit$1 & a suffici5t degree ( h>dness is ?us produc$ to support ! adult =mation4 ,"s anatomi/s h endeav\r$ to %[ t ev5 9 ! me*anical /ructure ( ! bony fabrics ( animals1 we are enabl$ to trace a gradual increase 9 ! p]fection ( arrangem5t1 f ! fi% until ! mo/ p]fect is f\nd 9 man4 ,_m ( ! mammalia1 h[ev]1 are furni%$ ) skeletons :i* really surpass t ( man4 ,^! belong to animals :i* dep5d = subsi/5ce ^u _! muscul> p[]s1 & ) :om man is1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 on no equality4 ,:at is ! "l ( ! creation1 comp>$ ) ! antelope = fleetness1 or ) ! elephant & _m o!r animals = /r5g?8 ,z we asc5d ! scale ( animal life we f9d a m p]fectly develop$ n]v\s sy/em2 & ! relative size ( ! bra91 comp>$ ) t ( ! brute1 is f\nd progressively to increase1 until x arrives at ! utmo/ p]fection 9 man4 ,on ! sy/em ( n]ves dep5ds s5sation1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! m exalt$ ! ord] ( intellig5ce display$1 ! m exquisitely delicate is ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?us1 9 ?is _w1 ref9$ g5ius mu/ necess>ily be att5d$ ) a condition ( s5sibility :i*1 too frequ5tly1 to ! possessor is a /ate ( real disease4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to e read] t b v few ( ! /rik+ features ( animal life h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! rapid survey :i* has be5 tak5 ( ! progress ( animal organization4 ,! subject is s ext5sive t x w\ld be q impossible to embrace x )9 any reasonable limits2 & x furni%es matt] s curi\s & s in/ructive1 t1 hav+ once ent]$ on x1 x w\ld h be5 difficult to h made any selection1 & we mu/ h devot$ a volume to ! /hetics ( natural sci5ce4 ,pass+ x by1 !re=e1 ) ! m]e outl9e :i* has be5 giv51 we mu/ proce$ to consid] "s ( ! conditions ( vitality4 ,bell has prov$ t "o set ( n]ves is employ$ 9 convey+ s5sation to ! bra91 & ano!r set 9 transf]r+ ! desires ( ! w to ! muscles4 ,by ! sep>ation ( a ma9 bran* ( "o ( ! n]ves ( s5sation1 al?\gh all ! op]ations ( life w /ill proce$1 ! organ to :i* t n]ve goes is dead to its p>ticul> s5se4 ,9 l mann]1 if "o ( ! n]ves ( volition is divid$1 ! memb] w n obey ! incl9ation ( ! bra94 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 al?\gh _m ( ! great ph5om5a ( vital =ce are dep5d5t on ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! p>alysis ( a memb] ensues ^u ! sep>ation or ! disease ( a n]ve1 t ! n]ves are b ! *annels ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 influ5ces are c>ri$4 ,! vis vit or vital pr9ciple--= we are compell$ by ! imp]fection ( our k to associate "u ?is "o t]m ! ultimate causes ( _m ( ! ph5om5a ( life--is a p[] :i*1 al?\gh con/antly employ$1 has ! capability ( cont9ually r5ew+ itself by "s inexplicable connection exi/+ betwe5 x & _m ext]nal influ5ces4 ,we "k t c]ta9 conditions are necess>y to ! heal? ( animals4 ,diseas$ dige/ion1 or any int]ruption 9 ! circulation ( ! blood1 de/roys ! vital =ce1 & dea? ensues4 ,! processes ( dige/ion & ( ! circulation are p]fectly und]/ood1 yet we are no ne>] ! great secret ( ! liv+ pr9ciple4 ,animals are dep5d5t on sev]al ext]nal ag5ts = ! support ( exi/5ce4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air is necess>y = respiration4 ,animal heat1 z w be %[n pres5tly1 is 9 a great measure dep5d5t ^u x4 ,! ext]nal heat is s regulat$ t animal exi/5ce is com=tably support$4 ,electricity is )\t d\bt an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! liv+ processes2 &1 inde$1 _m physiologi/s h be5 incl9$ to ref] vital =ce to ! developm5t ( electricity by *emical action 9 ! bra94 ,?is view has1 h[ev]1 no f\ndation 9 exp]im5t beyond t af=d$ by ! appe>ance ( electric curr5ts1 :5 ! bra9 is excit$4 ,?is proves no m ?an t ! op]ations ( m9d develope physical p[] 9 ! matt] ) :i* x is my/]i\sly connect$4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! ,torp$o & ,gymnotus we h already notic$1#bfd & !re are o!r creatures :i* c]ta9ly possess ! p[] ( secret+ & dis*>g+ electricity4 ,galvani's exp]im5ts1 & ^? ( ,ald9i1 appe> to %[--& ! m delicate rese>*es ( ,matteucci h satisfactorily det]m9$--t curr5ts ( electricity are always circulat+ 9 ! animal frame2--t positive electricity is con/antly pass+ f ! int]ior to ! ext]ior ( a muscle4 ,matteucci1 by arrang+ a s]ies ( muscles1 has =m$ an electric pile ( "s en]gy4#bfe ,^! curr5ts h be5 detect$ 9 man1 9 pigeons1 f[ls1 eels1 & frogs4 ,9 ! human body x is evid5t a l>ge quantity ( electricity exi/s 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,du ,bois ,raymond has %[n t we may by m]e muscul> motion give rise to electric curr5ts :i* c be measur$ by ! galvanomet]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be said ( e sub/ance4 ,x is p]haps m easily di/urb$ 9 ! human sy/em2 inde$1 ! manife/ation ( sp>ks f ! hair & o!r p>ts ( ! body by friction is n uncommon4 ,e *emical action1 x has be5 already %[n1 gives rise to electrical manife/ations2 & ! animal body is a laboratory1 beautifully fitt$ ) app>atus1 9 :i* ne>ly e *emical process is go+ on4 ,x has be5 prov$ t acid & alkal9e pr9ciples are con/antly act+ ^u ea* o!r ?r\gh ! tissues ( ! animal frame2 & we h ! curi\s ph5om5a ( endosmose & exosmose 9 con/ant ef=t1 & catalysis or surface =ce1 op]at+ 9 a my/]i\s mann]4#bff ,) ! ref9$ physiological que/ions connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( s5sation we _c deal1 nor w any argum5t be adduc$ = or aga9/ ! hypo!sis :i* w\ld ref] ^! ph5om5a to "s extraord9>y developm5t ( electric =ce 9 ! bra94 ,! entire subject appe>s to /& beyond ! true limits ( sci5ce1 & e attempt to pass x is inv>iably f\nd to lead to a confus$ my/icism1 9 :i* ! real & ! ideal are /rangely conf\nd$4 ,sci5ce /ops %ort ( ! ph5om5a ( vital action4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 b ref] to ! idea ent]ta9$ by _m t ! bra9 is an electric batt]y1 & ! n]ves a sy/em ( conductors4 ,on ?is view ,sir ,john ,h]s*el rem>ks3--8,if ! bra9 be an electric pile con/antly 9 action1 x may be conceiv$ to dis*>ge itself at regul> int]vals1 :5 ! t5sion ( ! electricity rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 along ! n]ves :i* communicate ) ! he>t1 & ?us excite ! pulsation ( t organ40 ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to promulgate ?is idea4 ,light is an ess5tial elem5t 9 produc+ ! gr& ph5om5on ( life1 ?\gh its action is ill und]/ood4 ,:]e !re is light1 !re is life1 & any deprivation ( ?is pr9ciple is rapidly foll[$ by disease ( ! animal frame1 & ! de/ruction ( ! m5tal faculties4 ,we h pro( ( ?is 9 ! squalor ( ^? ^: necessities compel !m to lab\r 9 places to :i* ! bless+s ( sun%9e nev] p5etrate1 z 9 our coal-m9es1 :]e m5 hav+ ev]y?+ necess>y = heal?1 except light1 exhibit a s+ul>ly unheal?y appe>ance4 ,! /ate ( fatuity & wret*$ness to :i* ^? individuals h be5 r$uc$ :o h be5 subject$ = ye>s to inc>c]ation 9 d>k dungeons1 may be ref]r$ to ! same deprivation4 ,aga91 9 ! peculi> aspect ( ^? p :o inhabit diff]5t regions ( ! e>? "u v>y+ influ5ces ( light1 we see evid5ce ( ! p[]ful effects ( sol> action4 ,o!r =ces1 z yet undiscov]$1 may1 9 all probability d1 ex]t decid$ influ5ces on ! animal economy2 b1 al?\gh we recognize _m effects :i* we _c ref] to any kn[n causes1 we are p]fectly unable to imag9e ! s\rces f :i* !y spr+4 ,x w be int]e/+ n[ to exam9e ! ph5om5a ( animal heat1 ! consid]ation ( :i* naturally leads u to consid] ! dige/ive sy/em1 ! circulatory processes1 & ! effects ( n]v\s excitation4 ,! !ory1 :i* attributes animal heat to ! comb9ation ( ! c>bon ( ! food tak5 into ! /oma* ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air inspir$ ?r\gh ! lungs1 has become a v fav\rite "o4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t x is by no means new4 ,! doctr9es ( ,br[n1 kn[n z ! ,brunonian sy/em1 & set =? 9 8 ,elem5ta ,m$ic91 are f\nd$ ^u simil> ha/y g5]alizations4 ,al?\gh1 )\t d\bt1 true 9 a c]ta9 degree1 x is n s to ! ext5t to :i* its advocates w\ld h u believe4 ,t ! c>bonace\s matt] receiv$ into ! /oma*1 aft] hav+ und]gone ! process ( dige/ion1 ent]s into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 brea!d ?r\gh ! lungs or absorb$ by ! sk91 & is giv5 (f f ! body 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 & t1 dur+ ! comb9ation1 heat is produc$1 by a process simil> to t ( ord9>y combu/ion1 is an e/abli%$ fact2 b ! idea ( ref]r+ animal heat entirely to ?is *emical s\rce1 :5 !re are o!r well-kn[n causes produc+ calorific effects1 is an example ( ! errors into :i* an +5i\s m9d may be l$1 :5 eag]ly seek+ to e/abli% a fav\rite hypo!sis4 ,animal & vegetable diet1 :i* is compos$ l>gely ( c>bon & hydrog51 passes into ! dige/ive sy/em1 & becomes conv]t$ into ! v>i\s matt]s requir$ = ! support ( ! animal /ructure4 ,! blood is ! pr9cipal fluid employ$ 9 di/ribut+ ov] ! sy/em ! necess>y elem5ts ( heal? & vig\r1 & = re/or+ ! wa/e ( ! body4 ,?is fluid1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! lungs1 und]goes a v rem>kable *ange1 & n m]ely assumes a diff]5t col\r1 b really acquires new prop]ties1 f its exposure to ! air ) :i* ! cells ( ^! organs are fill$4 ,by a true *emical process1 ! oxyg5 is sep>at$ f ! air1 t oxyg5 is made to comb9e ) ! c>bon & hydrog51 & c>bonic acid & wat] are =m$4 ,^! are lib]at$ & ?r[n (f f ! body ei!r ?r\gh ! lungs or by ! sk94 ,9 ! processes ( life1 z f> z we are enabl$ to trace !m1 we see actions go+ on :i* are ref]r$ to c]ta9 causes :i* we appe> to expla94 ,?us1 ! comb9ation ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! c>bon ( ! blood is truly designat$ a case ( *emical aff9ity2 & we f9d t 9 endeav\r+ to imitate ! processes ( nature 9 ! laboratory1 we are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 successful4 ,we c comb9e c>bon & oxyg5 to produce c>bonic acid2 & we "k t ! result ( t comb9ation is ! developm5t ( c]ta9 def9ite quantities ( heat4 ,let u exam9e ! conditions ( ?is *emical ph5om5on1 & we %all f9d t 9 ! natural & artificial processes1--= we mu/ be all[$ to make t di/9ction1--!re are analog\s circum/ances4 ,if we place a piece ( pure c>bon1 a lump ( *>coal or a diamond1 9 a vessel ( air1 or ev5 ( pure oxyg5 gas1 no *ange w take place 9 ei!r ( ^! elem5ts1 &1 h[ev] long !y may be kept toge!r1 !y w /ill be f\nd z c>bon or diamond1 & oxyg5 gas4 ,if we apply heat to ! c>bon until x becomes inc&esc5t1 x imm$iately beg9s to comb9e ) ! oxyg5 gas1--x burns2--aft] a little "t all ! c>bon has disappe>$1 & we %all f9d1 if ! exp]im5t has be5 prop]ly made1 t a gas is left beh9d :i* is di/+ui%$ by prop]ties 9 e respect ! rev]se ( ^? ( oxyg51 support+ nei!r life nor combu/ion1 :]eas oxyg5 gives increas$ vig\r to bo?4 ,we h n[1 inde$1 c>bonic acid gas =m$ by ! union ( ! two pr9ciples4 ,a dead mass ( animal matt] may be plac$ 9 oxyg5 gas1 &1 unless "s peculi> conditions are 9 "s way br\ght ab\t1 no *ange w take place2 b1 if x 7 possible to apply ! sp>k ( life to x1 z we light up ! sp>k 9 ! o!r case1 or if1 z t is beyond ! p[] ( man1 we sub/itute a liv+ creature1 a comb9ation betwe5 ! c>bon ( ! animal & ! gas w imm$iately beg91 & c>bonic acid w be =m$ by ! wa/e ( animal matt]1 z 9 ! o!r case x is by ! de/ruction ( ! c>bon2 &1 if !re is n a fre% supply giv51 ! animal mu/ die1 f ! exhau/ion ( its fabric4 ,n[1 9 bo? ^! cases1 x is cle> t1 al?\gh ?is *emical union is a proximate cause ( heat1 !re mu/ be exi/+ "s p[] sup]ior to x1 z ! ultimate cause !re(4 ,! sl[ combu/ion 7eremacausis7 ( vegetable matt]1 decompos+ "u ! influ5ce ( moi/ure & ! air1 does n pres5t simil> conditions to ^? ( ! human body1 al?\gh x has be5 insi/$ ^u to be 9 e respect analog\s4 ,t ! results resemble ea* o!r is true1 b we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 effects & causes2 & ! results ( *emical decomposition 9 in]t matt] diff] f ^? 9 ! liv+ organism4 ,! vegetable matt] has lo/ ! pr9ciple ( organic life1 &1 t gone1 ! t5d5cy ( all ?+s be+ to be resolv$ into _! mo/ simple =ms1 a disunion ( ! elem5ts comm5ces3 oxyg51 hydrog51 & c>bon pass (f ei!r 9 ! gase\s /ate or z wat]1 :il/ "s c>bon is lib]at$ 9 a v f9ely-divid$ condition1 & ent]s sl[ly into comb9ation ) oxyg5 suppli$ by ! wat] or ! air4 ,hydrog5\s comp\nds are at ! same "t =m$1 &1 "u all ^! circum/ances1 z 9 all o!r *emical ph5om5a1 an alt]ation ( temp]ature results4 ,heat results f ! *emical *anges1 & ev5tually true combu/ion beg9s4 ,! animal tissue may act 9 ! same way z plat9a has already be5 %[n to act 9 produc+ comb9ation betwe5 gases2 b ( ?is we h no pro(4 ,we "k t electricity is capable ( produc+ ! requir$ conditions1 & we also le>n1 f ! beautiful rese>*es ( ,f>aday1 t ! quantity ( electricity develop$ dur+ decomposition is exactly equal to t requir$ to effect ! comb9ation ( ! same elem5ts4 ,?us x is q cle> t1 dur+ ! comb9ation ( ! c>bon ( ! blood ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 a l>ge am\nt ( electricity mu/ become lat5t 9 ! comp\nd4 ,! s\rce ( ?is we "k n3 x may be d]iv$ f "s secret spr+ )9 ! liv+ /ructure1 or x may be ga!r$ f ! matt] surr\nd+ x4 ,!re is mu* 9 n]v\s excitation :i* appe>s l electrical ph5om5a1 & attempts h be5 frequ5tly made to ref] s5sation to ! ag5cy ( electricity4 ,b ^! are ! dreams ( ! +5i\s1 = :i* !re is b little wak+ reality4 ,e me*anical movem5t ( ! body occasions ! developm5t ( heat2 e ex]tion ( ! muscles produces s5sible w>m?2 &1 inde$1 x c be %[n by exp]im5t t e expansion ( muscul> fibre is att5d$ ) ! escape ( caloric1 & its contraction ) ! absorption ( x4 ,!re are few op]ations ( ! m9d :i* d n excite ! lat5t caloric ( ! body1 & frequ5tly we f9d x manife/$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] by a sudd5ly-awak5$ feel+4 ,! poet1 9 ! pleasure ( creation1 gl[s ) ! ard\r ( 8 m9d1 & ! blu% ( ! innoc5t is b ! exhibition ( ! ph5om5on "u "s n]v\s excitation1 produc$ by a _s-di/urb+ ?\ght4 ,?us we see t ! processes ( dige/ion & respiration are n ! only s\rces ( animal heat1 b t _m o!rs exi/ to :i* mu* ( ! natural temp]ature ( ! body mu/ be ref]r$4 ,s mu* t is my/]i\s belongs to ! ph5om5a ( life1 t sup]/ition has _h a wide scope = ! ex]cise ( its influ5ce2 & ?r\gh all ages a p[]ful p>ty ( mank9d h imag9$ t ! _s ( human curiosity mu/ be *eck$ be=e x advances to remove ! veil f any physiological causes4 ,h5ce x is t ev5 at ! pres5t day s mu* t /&s betwe5 :at1 9 our ignorance1 we call ! real & ! sup]natural1 rema9s un9ve/igat$4 ,ev5 ^? m5 ^: m9ds are sceptical ^u any developm5t ( ! tru?s ( great natural ph5om5a1--:o1 at all ev5ts1 w h pro( be=e !y admit ! evid5ce1 are ready to give cr$it to ! grosse/ absurdities :i* may be palm$ ^u !m by +5i\s *>latans1 :]e ! subject is man & 8 relations to ! spiritual _w4 ,man1 & ! races ( animals by :i* he is surr\nd$1 pres5t a v /rik+ gr\p1 consid] !m 9 :atev] light we please4 ,! gradual improvem5t ( organic =m1 & ! consequ5t increase ( s5sibility1 & ev5tually ! developm5t ( reason1 are ! gr&e/ feature ( animat$ creation4 ,! conditions z to numb] ev5 ( ! v>i\s classes are n ! lea/ rem>kable ph5om5a ( life4 ,9 ! l[e/ ord]s ( animals1 creatures ( imp]fect organization1--consequ5tly ^? to :om ! conditions ( pa9 mu/ be ne>ly unkn[n1--increase by c\ntless myriads4 ,( ! infusoria & o!r be+s1 entire m\nta9s h be5 =m$1 al?\gh microscopes ( ! highe/ p[]s are requir$ to detect an individual4 ,high] 9 ! scale1 ev5 among insects1 ! same rem>kable conditions ( increase are obs]v$4 ,"s silkworms lay f #a1jjj to #b1jjj eggs2 ! wasp deposits #c1jjj2 ! ant f #d1jjj to #e1jjj4 ,! que5 bee lays betwe5 #e1jjj & #f1jjj eggs accord+ to ,burmei/]2 b ,kirby & ,sp5ce /ate t 9 "o season ! numb] may am\nt to #dj1jjj or #ej1jjj4 ,b1 above all1 ! :ite ant 7,t]mes fatalis7 produces #hf1djj eggs ea* day1 :i*1 cont9u+ = a lun> mon?1 gives ! a/oni%+ numb] ( #b1dai1bjj1 a numb] f> exce$+ t produc$ by any kn[n animal4 ,^! may appe> l ! /atem5ts 9 :i* a fictioni/ might indulge1 b !y are ! sob] tru?s discov]$ by ! mo/ pa9s-tak+ & cauti\s obs]v]s4 ,& x is necess>y t su* conditions %\ld prevail4 ,^! insects1 & all ! l[] tribes ( ! animal k+dom1 furni% food = ! m elevat$ races4 ,?\s&s are born 9 an h\r1 & millions ^u millions p]i% 9 a day4 ,= ! support ( organic life1 l matt] is requir$2 & we f9d t ! creatures :o are de/9$ to become ! prey ( o!rs are s con/itut$ t !y pass f life ) a p]fect unconsci\sness ( suff]+4 ,z ! animal creation advances 9 size & /r5g?1 _! increase becomes limit$2 & ?us !y are prev5t$ f ma9ta9+ by numb]s t dom9ion ov] ! _w :i* !y w\ld be enabl$ f _! p[]s to d1 7 _! b&s m num]\s ?an we n[ f9d !m4 ,! comp>ative /r5g?1 too1 ( ! insect tribes has ev] be5 a subject ( wond] & ( admiration to ! naturali/4 ,! /r5g? ( ^! m9ute creatures is enorm\s2 _! muscul> p[]1 9 relation to _! size1 f> exce$s t ( any o!r animal4 ,! gras%opp] w spr+ two hundr$ times ! l5g? ( its own body4 ,! dragonfly1 by its /r5g? ( w+1 w su/a9 itself 9 ! air = a long summ] day ) unabat$ spe$4 ,! h\se-fly makes six hundr$ /rokes ) its w+s1 :i* w c>ry x five feet1 e second4 ,! /ag-beetle1 7 x ! size ( ! elephant1 w\ld be able to te> up ! l>ge/ m\nta9s4 ,su* are ! wond]s ( ! natural _w2 f ! zoophyte1 gr[+ l a fl[]+ plant#bfg ^u an axis fill$ ) liv+ pi?--a small remove f ! conditions ( vegetable life1 upw>ds ?r\gh ! myriads ( brea?+ ?+s--to man1 we see ! dep5d5ce ( all ^u ^! physical p[]s :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,to trace ! effects ( ^? great causes ?r\gh all _! my/]i\s phases is ! "w ( inductive sci5ce2 & ! tru?s discov]$ t5d to fit u = ! enjoym5t ( ! et]nal /ate ( high intellig5ce to :i* e human s\l aspires4 ,t :i* ! ignorant man calls ! sup]natural1 ! philosoph] classes among/ natural ph5om5a4 ,! ideal ( ! cr$ul\s man becomes ! real to him :o w b5d 8 m9d to ! task ( inquiry4 ,!re=e to attempt to advance our k ( ! unkn[n1 to add to ! /ores ( tru?1 is an employm5t wor?y ! high de/9y ( ! human race4 ,rememb]+ t ! revelations ( natural sci5ce _c 9 any way injure ! revelation ( et]nal tru?1 b1 on ! contr>y1 aid to e/abli% 9 ! m9ds ( ! d\bt+ a firm conviction ( its ,div9e orig9 & ( man's high position1 we ne$ nev] fe> t we are proce$+ too f> ) any inquiry1 s long z we are cauti\s to exam9e ! conditions ( our own m9ds1 t !y be n made ! dupe ( ! s5ses4 ,9 ! fairies ( ! hills & valleys1 9 ! gnomes ( ! cav]ns1 9 ! spirits ( ! elem5ts1 we h ! attempts ( ! m9d1 :5 ! _w 0 "y1 to give =m to ! dim out%ad[+s ( some?+ :i* 0 !n felt to be hidd5 beh9d ext]nal nature4 ,9 ! ,oread1 ! ,dryad1 & ! ,n]eid1 we h1 9 l mann]1 an embodim5t ( p[]s :i* ! poet-philosoph] saw 9 8 visions presid+ ov] ! m\nta91 ! =e/1 & ! ocean4 ,cont5t ) ^!1 inve/$ z !y 7 ) poetic beauty1 man = ages held !m mo/ religi\sly sacr$2 b ! progress ( natural sci5ce has de/roy$ ?is class ( creations4 8,great ,pan is dead10 b ! m\nta9s are n voiceless2 !y speak 9 a m conv9c+ tone2 &1 in/ead ( ! e> cat*+ ! dy+ e*o ( an obscure tru?1 x is gladd5$ ) ! full1 cle> note ( nature 9 ! sweete/ voice proclaim+ secrets :i* 7 unkn[n to ! dreams ( sup]/ition4 ,,footnotes3 #bfa ,reports ( ! ,fauna ( ! gean3 by ,pr(essor ,=bes4--,reports ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,on ! ,physical ,conditions affect+ ! ,di/ribution ( ,life 9 ! ,sea & ! ,atmosph]e1 c43 by ,dr4 ,williams4 ,swansea4 #bfb ,! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 #bfc ,g5]al ,outl9e ( ! ,animal ,k+dom3 by ,pr(essor ,?omas ,rym] ,jones1 ,f4,z4,s4 #bfd ,9 addition to ! memoirs already ref]r$ to1 ,note p4 #baa1 see ,c>lisle1 ,on ! batt]y ( ! ,torp$o1 gov]n$ by a volunt>y muscle4--,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xcv4 p4 #aa4 ,todd1 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,torp$o ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4--,ibid41 vol4 cvi4 p4 #abj4 ,todd1 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,torp$o ,electricus at ,la ,ro*elle4--,ibid41 vol4 cvii4 p4 #cb4 #bfe ,= a concise acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts see ,elem5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy3 by ,gold+ ,bird1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 c4 #crd ,edition1 *ap1 xx p4 #ccf4 ,9 ?is "w all ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es are giv51 & ! au?orities ref]r$ to2 see also ,matteucci's int]e/+ pap]s already quot$4 #bff ,on ! laws accord+ to :i* ! mix+ ( fluids1 & _! p5etration into p]meable sub/ances1 occurs1 ) special ref]5ce to ! processes 9 ! ,human & ,animal ,organism1 by ,julius ,vogel1 ( ,giess53 translat$ = ! ,cav5di% ,society4 ,liebig1 ,on ! ,motion ( ! ,juices 9 ! ,animal ,body4 #bfg ,a ,g5]al ,outl9e ( ! ,animal ,k+dom3 by ,?omas ,rym] ,jones1 p4 #ed1 et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,! ,*anges produc$ on ,physical ,ph5om5a by ! ,movem5t ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em consid]$--,ex]tion ( ! ,physical ,=ces ?r\gh ! ,cele/ial ,spaces--,! ,balance ( ,p[]s--,v>ieties ( ,matt]--,ext5sion ( ,matt]--,!ory ( ,non5tity--,a ,mat]ial ,creation an indisputable fact--,advantages ( ! ,/udy ( ,sci5ce--,conclusion4 ,we h exam9$ t]re/rial ph5om5a "u _m ( ! h>moni\s conditions :i*1 ) our limit$ intellig5ce1 we c rea* by ! aid ( sci5ce4 ,f ! fir/ exhibition ( =ce1 9 ! cohesion ( two atoms1 onw>d to ! full developm5t ( organic =m 9 ! highe/ ord] ( animals1 we h obs]v$ /range influ5ces4 ,we h se5 ! solit>y molecule inve/$ ) peculi> prop]ties1 & regulat$ by mighty =ces2 we h le>n$ t ! modes ( motion giv5 to ?is beautiful sph]e produce curi\s *anges 9 ! op]ation ( ^! p[]s2 & we may ) safety inf] t e atom con/itut+ ?is globe is held 9 wond]ful susp5sion aga9/ e atom ( e />1 9 ! cele/ial spaces1 ev5 to t bright orb 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,pleiades1 ar\nd :i* ! entire sy/em ( creat$ worlds is suppos$ to roll4 ,z we move ar\nd our own sun--9 ! limit$ p]iod ( #cfe days1 & r\nd our own axis 9 #bd h\rs--we exp]i5ce transitions f heat to cold1 dep5d5t ^u our position 9 reg>d to t lum9>y & ! laws :i* regulate ! reception & ret5tion ( c]ta9 physical =ces4 ,may we n !re=e conclude1 )\t be+ *>g$ ) mak+ any viol5t d$uction1 t 9 ! great revolution ( our sy/em ar\nd ! c5tre ( space1 we are und]go+ gradual *anges :i* are ess5tial to ! great s*eme ( creation1 ?\gh at pres5t incompreh5sible to u8 ,9 our consid]ation ( ! influ5ce ( "t on ! /ructure ( ! e>? z we f9d x1 we discov]$ t1 9 ages long pa/1 ! vegetation ( ! tropics exi/$ ^u ^! nor!rn p>ts ( ! globe2 & geological rese>* has also prov$ t ov] ! same l&s ! cold ( an arctic w9t] mu/ h long prevail$--! imm5se glaci]s ( t p]iod hav+ left ! m>ks ( _! movem5ts ^u ! face ( ! exi/+ rocks4#bfh ,we "k t dur+ #c1jjj ye>s no *ange ( temp]ature has tak5 place 9 ! ,european climate4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel f\nd ! date & ! v9e fl\ri%+ 9 ,canaan2 & !y exi/ !re /ill4 ,arago has %[n t a trifl+ alt]ation ( temp]ature w\ld h de/roy$ "o or ! o!r ( ^! fruit-be>+ trees1 s9ce ! v9e w n rip5 :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye> is high] ?an #hd1 or ! date fl\ri% :]e x s9ks bel[ t degree4 ,h[ imm5se1 !n1 ! duration ( "t s9ce ^! *anges mu/ h tak5 place6 ,! #dcb1jjj ye>s ( ,ori5tal my?ology is a p]iod sc>cely comm5surable ) ^! effects2 yet1 to ! creature ( ?ree-score ye>s1 t p]iod appe>s an et]nity4 ,! ?irty-?ree millions ( geographical miles :i* our sol> sy/em trav]ses annually1 if multipli$ by ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 dur+ :i* we "k no *ange has tak5 place1 give u #ii1jjj1jjj1jjj z ! di/ance pass$ ov] 9 t p]iod4 ,h[ wide1 !n1 mu/ h be5 ! j\rney ( ! sy/em 9 space to produce ! alt]ation 9 ! physical p[]s1 by :i* ^! *anges h be5 effect$6 ,we h an example1 & a /rik+ "o1 ( ! v>iations :i* may be produc$ 9 all ! physical conditions ( a _w1 9 ^? di/urbances ( ,uranus :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ,neptune4 ,= ?irty ye>s or m c]ta9 p]turbations 7 obs]v$ 9 ?is di/ant planet1 ! discov]y ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 & calculation po9t$ to "s /ill m remote mass ( matt] z ! cause1 :i* has be5 v]ifi$ by its actual discov]y4 ,b n[ ,uranus is at re/2--quietly t /> progresses 9 its appo9t$ orbit1--,neptune c no long]1 = ! pres5t1 cause x to move ) great] or less rapidity--!y are too remote to produce any s5sible influ5ce ^u ea* o!r4 ,consequ5tly1 = ?irty ye>s1 x is evid5t1 ph5om5a mu/ h occurr$ on ! surface ( ,uranus1 :i* c be no long] repeat$ until ^! two planets aga9 arrive at ! same positions 9 _! respective pa?s :i* !y h occupi$ s9ce #ahab4 ,^! consid]ations assi/ u 9 our attempts to compreh5d inf9ite "t & space2 b ! human m9d fails to advance f> 9 ! great sublimity4 ,?r\gh e in* ( space we h evid5ce ( ! ex]cise ( su* =ces z we h be5 consid]+4 ,gravitation *a9s _w to _w1 & holds !m all susp5d$ f ! my/ic c5tre4 ,cohesion b9ds e mass ( matt] into a sph]e1 :ile motion ex]ts a con/ant p[]1 :i* t5ds to alt] ! =m ( ! mass4 ,! e>?'s =m--a flatt5$ sph]oid--! r+s ( ,saturn & ( ,neptune are ! consequ5ces ( motion 9 antagonism to cohesion4 ,heat1 radiat+ f "o planet to ano!r1 does its "w 9 all1 giv+ v>iety to matt]4 ,light seeks out e _w--ea* trembl+ /> tells ( ! my/]y ( its pres5ce4 ,:]e light & heat are1 *emical action1 z an associat$ p[]1 mu/ be pres5t2 & electricity mu/ d its wondr\s duties among/ !m all4 ,modifi$ by peculi> prop]ties ( matt]1 !y may n manife/ !mselves 9 ph5om5a l ^? ( our t]re/rial nature2 b ! evid5ce ( light is a suffici5t pro( ( ! pres5ce ( its k9dr$ elem5ts2 & x is difficult to imag9e all ^! p[]s 9 action )\t produc+ "s =m ( organization4 ,9 ! r\nd$ pebble :i* we ga!r f ! sea-%ore1 9 ! m$usa float+ bright ) all ! beauty ( prismatic col\r 9 ! sun-lit sea1--9 ! animal1 mighty 9 8 /r5g?1 roam+ ! labyr9?9e =e/s1 or1 great 9 intellig5ce1 look+ f ?is to ! my/]ies ( o!r worlds1--9 all creat$ ?+s ar\nd u1 we see direct evid5ce ( a beautiful adju/m5t ( ! balance ( =ces1 & ! h>moni\s arrangem5t ( prop]ties4 ,"o atom is remov$ f a mass & its "* is *ang$2 "o =ce be+ r5d]$ m active ?an ano!r1 & ! body1 "u its influ5ce1 ceases to be ! same 9 condition4 ,! regulation :i* disposes ! arrangem5ts ( matt] on ?is e>?1 mu/ exi/ ?r\gh ! cele/ial spaces1 & e planet be>s ! same relation to e o!r glitt]+ mass 9 heav5's o'er>*+ canopy1 z "o atom be>s to ano!r 9 ! pebble1 ! m$usa1 ! lion1 or ! man4 ,an indissoluble bond unites !m all1 & ! gra9 ( s& :i* lies buri$ 9 ! dep? ( "o ( our prim>y =mations1 holds1 *a9$ to x by ^! all-p]vad+ =ces1 ! unc\nt$ worlds :i*1 l lum9\s s&1 are spr9kl$ by ! h& ( ! ,creator ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,?us we advance to a conception ( ! on5ess ( creation4 ,! vigor\s m9d ( t immortal b>d :o sang 8( man's fir/ disob$i5ce10 nev]1 9 ! highe/ rapture1 ! holie/ trance ( poetic conception1 dream$ ( any natural tru?s s sublime z ^? :i* sci5ce has reveal$ to u4 ,! dep5d5ce ( all ! sy/ems ( worlds ^u ea* o!r1 e du/ compos+ ea* individual globe be+ 8weigh$ 9 a balance10 ! adju/m5t ( ! p[]s by :i* e physical condition is ord]$1 ! disposition ( matt] 9 ! mass ( ! e>?1 & ! close relation ( ! k+doms ( nature1--are all revelations ( natural tru?s1 exalt+ ! m9d to ! div9e conception ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is a rem>kable antagonism display$ 9 ! op]ation ( _m ( ^! =ces4 ,gravitation & cohesion act 9 opposition to ! repell5t influ5ces ( caloric4 ,light & heat are (t5 associat$ 9 a v rem>kable mann]2 b !y are c]ta9ly 9 _! radiant /ates 9 antagonism to *emical action1 :e!r produc$ by ! direct ag5cy ( act9ic =ce1 or ?r\gh ! int]m$iate excitem5t ( ! electrical curr5t4#bfi ,& 9 relation to *emical =ce1 z manife/$ 9 organic comb9ations1 we h ! all-p[]ful op]ation ( ,,life prev5t+ any ex]cise ( its decompos+ p[]4#bgj ,z _w is balanc$ aga9/ _w 9 ! univ]se1 s 9 ! human fabric1 9 ! vegetable /ructure1 9 ! cry/alliz$ gem1 or 9 ! rude rock1 =ce is weigh$ aga9/ =ce1 & ! balance hangs 9 tranquillity4 ,let b a slight di/urbance occasion a vibration ( ! beam1 & electricity %akes ! /\te/ he>t ) t]ror1 at ! might ( its deva/at+ p[]4#bga ,heat melts ! h>de/ rocks1 & ! e>? trembles ) volcanic /ruggl+s2 & act9ic ag5cy1 be+ fre$ f its *a9s1 spe$ily spreads decay ov] ! beautiful1 & r5d]s ! lovely repulsive4 ,we "k matt] 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( =ms1 f ! mo/ pond]\s metal to ! lighte/ gas2 & we h x )9 our p[] to r5d] ! mo/ solid bodies invisible 9 ! condition ( vap\r4 ,is x n easy1 !n1 to und]/& t matt] may exi/ equally att5uat$ 9 relation to hydrog51 z t gas itself is1 :5 comp>$ ) ! metal plat9um8 ,a d\bt has be5 rais$ aga9/ ?is view1 f ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! passage ( ! physical elem5ts ?r\gh solid masses ( matt]4 ,if we1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ! kn[n gases h ! p[] ( transpiration ?r\gh matt] 9 a rem>kable degree1#bgb & t ! passage ( wat] ?r\gh a sieve may be prev5t$ by heat1 x w be at once app>5t t ! p]meation ( any radiant body ?r\gh fix$ solid matt] is entirely a "q ( conditions4 ,we c =m no idea ( ! size ( ! ultimate atom2 we _c compreh5d ! degree ( e!realization to :i* matt] may be ext5d$4 ,our atmosph]e1 we h se51 is only ano!r condition ( ! same elem5ts :i* compose all ! organiz$ =ms ( matt] ^u ! e>?1 &1 at ! height rea*$ by man1 x is 9 a /ate ( extreme att5uation4 ,:at mu/ be its condition at ! di/ance ( =ty miles f ! e>?8 ,accord+ to kn[n laws1 c]ta9 ph5om5a ( refraction h l$ u to set ^! b\nds to ! matt] con/itut+ our globe3 b x may exi/ 9 su* a /ate ( t5uity1 t no philosophical in/rum5t con/ruct$ by human h&s c\ld measure its refract+ p[]2 & :o %all decl>e ) c]ta9ty t matt] itself may n be z f> ext5d$ z we suppose its influ5ces to be8 8,ha/ ?\ p]ceiv$ ! bread? ( ! e>?8 decl>e if ?\ kn[e/ x all4 8,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( heav58 ,can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?80 ,a *e]less philosophy1 d]iv$ f ! transc5d5talism ( ! ,g]man s*ools1 by an unhappy metaphysical subtlety1 & graft$ ^u :at pr(esses to be a positive philosophy1 b :i* is n s1 is spread+ among/ u1 & w\ld tea* u to reg>d all ?+s z ! m]e exhibition ( prop]ties1 a manife/ation ( p[]s2 x believes n 9 a mat]ial creation4 ,! gr&eur ( ! e>?1 & ! beautiful =ms adorn+ x1 are n entities4 ,yond] exquisite specim5 ( ! skill ( man1 9 :i* m9d appe>s to %9e ?r\gh ! m>ble1--t di/ant m\nta9 :i* divides ! cl\ds z !y are driv5 by ! w9ds across x1--^? trees1 amid ^: bran*es ! birds make mo/ melodi\s music1--?is fl[]1 s r$ol5t ( p]fume1 s bright 9 col\r1 & s symmetric 9 =m1--& t lovely be+ :o1 a model ( beauty & grace1 walks ! e>? an imp]sonation ( love & *>ity bl5d$1 mak+1 inde$1 8a sun%9e 9 a %ady place10 are n realities4 ,c]ta9 =ces comb9e to produce effects1 all ( :i* unite to deceive poor man into ! belief t he is a mat]ial be+1 & ! inhabitant ( a mat]ial _w4 ,!re may be +5uity 9 ! philosophy ( ?is s*ool2 its metaphysics may be ( a high ord]2 b x evid5tly advances f ! real to ! ideal ) su* rapidity1 t e argum5t is bas$ on an assumption )\t a pro(2 e assumption be+ m]ely a type ( ! philosophy itself1--a baseless fabric1 a transc5d5tal vision4 ,a mat]ial creation surr\nds u4 ,?is e>?1 all t x conta9s1 & ! imm5se ho/s ( /ell> worlds1 are absolute entities1 surr\nd$ )1 & int]p5etrat$ by1 c]ta9 exhibitions ( creative intellig5ce1 :i* p]=m1 accord+ to fix$ laws1 ! mighty lab\rs ^u :i* dep5d ! inf9ite & et]nal mutations ( matt]4 ,! orig9 ( a gra9 ( du/ is hidd5 f our f9ite compreh5sions2 b its exi/5ce %\ld be a s\rce ( hope1 t ^? m9ds :i* are all[$ ! privilege ( trac+ out its m>vell\s prop]ties1--( exam9+ ! empyreal pr9ciples ^u :i* its condition1 z a gra9 ( du/1 dep5ds1--& ev5 ( r$uc+ ^! giant elem5ts to d our human bidd+1--may1 aft] a p]iod ( probation1 be admitt$ to ! enjoym5t ( t inf9ite p[] to :i* ! great secrets ( creation w be unveil$4 ,e motion :i* ! accurate se>* ( ! exp]im5tali/ has trac$1 e pr9ciple or p[] :i* ! physici/ has discov]$1 e comb9ation :i* ! *emi/ has detect$1 e =m :i* ! naturali/ has record$1 involves reflections ( an exalt+ "*1 :i* con/itute ! elem5ts ( ! highe/ poetry4 ,! philosophy ( physical sci5ce is a gr& epic1 ! record ( natural sci5ce a great didactic poem4 ,to /udy sci5ce = its useful applications m]ely1 is to limit its advantages to purely s5sual ends4 ,to pursue sci5ce = ! sake ( ! tru?s x may reveal1 is an endeav\r to advance ! elem5ts ( human happ9ess ?r\gh ! intellig5ce ( ! race4 ,to avail ourselves ( facts = ! improvem5t ( art & manufactures1 is ! duty ( e nation mov+ 9 ! advance ( civilization4 ,b to draw f ! great tru?s ( sci5ce intelligible inf]5ces & ma/]ly d$uctions1 & f ^! to advance to new & beautiful ab/ractions1 is a m5tal ex]cise :i* t5ds to ! ref9em5t & elevation ( e human feel+4 ,! m9d ?us ex]cis$ dur+ ! mid-day ( life1 w f9d 9 ! twilight ( age a div9e s]5ity2 &1 *>m$ by ! music ( nature1 :i*1 l a vesp] hymn p\r$ =? f pi\s s\ls1 proclaims 9 devotion's pure/ /ra9 ! dep>ture ( day1 he w s9k into ! repose ( t my/]i\s night :i* awaits u all1 tranquil 9 ! happy consci\sness t ! sun ( tru? w rise 9 uncl\d$ brilliancy1 & place him 9 ! enjoym5t ( t intellectual light1 :i* has ev] be5 among ! holie/ aspirations ( ! human race4 ,! task ( wield+ ! w& ( sci5ce1--( /&+ a sci5tific evocator )9 ! *>m$ circle ( its p[]s1 is "o :i* leads ! m9d ?r\gh nature up to nature's ,god4 ,exp]im5t & obs]vation in/ruct u 9 ! discov]y ( a fact2--t fact connects itself ) natural ph5om5a1--! ultimate cause ( :i* we le>n f ,div9e revelation1 & receive 9 full belief1--b ! proximate causes are res]v$ z trials ( man's intellig5ce2 & e natural tru?1 discov]$ by induction1 enables ! contemplative m9d to d$uce ^? p]fect laws :i* are exemplifications ( ! fre%-spr++ & all endur+ ,,poetry ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #bfh 8,z to ! poli%+ & groov+ ( h>d rocks1 x has lately be5 asc]ta9$ t glaci]s give rise to ^! effects :5 pu%+ =w>d s&1 pebbles1 & rocky fragm5ts1 & caus+ !m to grate along ! bottom4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t iceb]gs1 :5 !y run agr\nd on ! floor ( ! ocean1 impr9t simil> m>ks ^u x40--,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 or ! mod]n *anges ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants consid]$ z illu/rative ( ,geology3 by ,*>les ,lyell1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,alps ( ,savoy1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,p5n9e ,*a91 ) ,obs]vations on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,glaci]s3 by ,james ,d4 ,=bes1 ,f4,r4,s4 #bfi ,?is may be readily prov$ by ! foll[+ simple b in/ructive exp]im5t3--,take two pairs ( wat*-glasses2 into "o pair put a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 into ! o!r a weak solution ( iodide ( potassium2 connect ! silv] solution ( ea* pair ) ! pota% "o by a film ( cotton1 & c>ry a plat9a wire f "o glass into ! o!r4 ,place "o s]ies 9 sun%9e1 & ! o!r 9 a d>k place4 ,aft] a few h\rs x w be f\nd t ! little galvanic arrangem5t 9 ! d>k w exhibit1 ar\nd ! plat9a wire1 a v pretty cry/allization ( metallic silv]1 b no su* *ange is obs]vable 9 ! o!r expos$ to light4 ,if a yell[ glass is int]pos$ betwe5 ! glass & ! sun%9e1 ! action proce$s z :5 9 ! d>k4 ,?is exp]im5t is naturally sugge/ive ( _m o!rs1 & x involves "s mo/ important consid]ations4 #bgj ,9 cases ( viol5t dea? x is (t5 f\nd ! ga/ric juice has1 9 a few h\rs1 dissolv$ portions ( ! /oma*4--,dr4 ,budd's ,lecture be=e ! ,college ( ,physicians4 #bga ,f>aday's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 vol4 i42 f :i* a quotation has already be5 made1 %[+ ! enorm\s quantity ( electricity :i* is lat5t 9 matt]4 #bgb ,on ! ,motion ( ,gases3 by ,pr(essor ,graham1 ,f4,r4,s4--,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 cxxxvi4 p4 #egc4 ,,index4 ,absorption ( heat by air1 wat]1 & e>?1 #gd4 ---- ( light1 #abe4 ,acaleph1 or phosphoresc5t animals1 #chg4 ,act9ism1 #aff4 ---- produc+ *emical *ange1 #agd4 ---- & light antagoni/ic1 #agg4 ----1 influ5ce (1 on plants1 #cgb4 ,action ( pres5ce--,catalysis1 #bhj4 8,active pr9ciples0 ( ,newton1 #aa4 ,adams on planet ,neptune1 #cb4 ,adia!rmic bodies1 #ie4 ,arial curr5ts dep5d5t on heat1 #hj4 ---- *emical1 #bgd4 ,aff9ity1 #bib4 ,age ( ! _w1 #djd4 ,aggregation1 attraction (1 #dh4 ----1 cry/all9e1 #eh4 ,agonic l9es1 #bdd4 ,air1 absorption ( heat by1 #gd4 ---- d5sity ( !1 #cai4 ,al*emy1 ,nature's1 #bic4 ,ald9i on animal electricity1 #cic4 ,allotropic conditions ( atoms1 #dc4 ,allotropism1 #ccj4 ,allotropy1 #bia4 ,alum1 opacity to heat rays1 #fe4 ,alp9us' !ory ( matt]1 #dg4 ,ammonites ( ! lias1 #cda4 ,ammoniacal amalgam1 #cbe4 ,ampre's !ory ( magnetism1 #bci4 ,analogy1 dang]s ( reason+ by1 #aeb4 ,anci5ts' k ( magnetism1 #bce4 ,animals1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #aed4 ---- respiration (1 #caj4 ---- articulat$1 #chh4 ,animal magnetism1 #bfg4 ---- electricity1 #baa1 #cib4 ---- life1 progress (1 #cch4 ----1 ph5om5a (1 #chc4 ,arago on ! surface ( ! sun1 #abc4 ---- on copy+ ! ,egyptian temples1 #agg4 ---- on magnetic v>iation1 #bdf4 ,arbor ,dian--silv] tree1 #bfa4 ,ari/otle on motion1 #aj4 ,atmosph]e1 uses ( !1 #cai4 ,atmosph]ic refraction1 #cbb4 ,atomic !ory1 #bgh4 ---- volumes1 #bhg4 ,atoms1 allotropic /ate (1 #dc4 ,atom1 ! organic1 #cfj4 ----1 ultimate size (1 #djh4 ----1 !1 & its p[]s1 #c4 ,attraction1 *emical1 #bge4 ,aurora ( ! sun1 #ahf4 ,back's acc\nt ( ,aurora1 #bdi4 ,balance ( =ces1 #ad4 ,b>?ol9 on ,icel& sp>1 #adj4 ,becc>ia1 ,fa!r1 on phosphoresc5ce1 #afj4 ,becqu]el's exp]im5ts on electricity1 #bbg4 ---- on ozone1 #cjj4 ,bell on ! n]ves1 #cia4 ,belemnites1 #cda4 ,b]keley1 ,bi%op1 on motion1 #aj4 ,b]zelius on allotropy1 #dd4 ---- on catalysis1 #bha4 ,biela's comet1 #bf4 ,biot on pol>ization1 #ade4 ,bolognian /one1 #afa4 ,b\gu] on ! absorption ( light by ! atmosph]e1 #abf4 ,b\tigny on heat1 #ajg4 ,boletus igni>ius1 #ajb4 ,boyle on motion1 #i4 ,bra9 & n]ves1 #cia4 ,brahm9ical philosophy1 #bde4 ,brew/]1 ,sir ,d41 ref]s magnetism to ! sun1 #bfc4 ---- on magnetism1 #bdg4 ,br[n's doctr9es ( life1 #cie4 ,butt]fly1 metamorphosis (1 #chi4 ,cagni>d de la ,t\r /ate1 #ajf4 ,calorific transp>5cy1 #fe4 ---- influ5ce on plants1 #cgf4 ,calotype1 !1 #agd4 ,canton's phosphorus1 #afa4 ,c>bon1 allotropic /ate (1 #dc4 ,c>bonif]\s plants1 fossil1 #cci4 ,c>bonic acid1 solid1 #aaa4 ---- quantity 9 atmosph]e1 #caa4 ,cass9i on magnetic v>iation1 #bdf4 ,catalysis1 #bhj4 ,cell1 organic1 #cfa4 ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 on ! c>buncle1 #aei4 ,c5tral sun1 doctr9e ( a1 #bg4 ,*anges1 physical1 #bij4 ,*emical ph5om5a develop+ heat1 #db4 ---- decomposition produc+ heat1 #ig4 ---- comb9ation by heat1 #ih4 ---- aff9ity susp5d$ by heat1 #aji4 ---- radiations1 #aff4 ---- p[] ( sol> rays 9 ! ,tropics1 #agg4 ---- ag5cy ( lum9\s rays1 #agh4 ---- action influ5c$ by magnetism1 #beb4 ---- =ces1 #bgj4 ---- elem5ts1 #bgb4 ---- proportions1 #bhe4 ---- metamorphoses1 #bhi4 ---- ph5om5a1 #bie4 ---- composition ( atmosph]e1 #cbb4 ---- rays1 action (1 on g]m9ation1 #cge4 ,*emi/ry1 ,electro1 #bjf4 ---- ( ,nature1 #bgj4 ---- ,animal1 #cif4 ,*9ese k ( magnet1 #bcf4 ,*lorophylle1 =mation (1 #cgc4 ,*loride ( sulphur1 transp>5cy (1 to heat1 #fe4 ,*lor9e & hydrog5 comb9e by light1 #aga4 ,*lor9e 9 ! ocean1 #cjc4 ,*ol]a & electricity1 #bae4 ,*oroid coat1 !1 #adi4 ,*romatic l9es on ! e>?1 #acc4 ,clay conv]t$ into slate by electricity1 #bbg4 ,climate ( ! e>?1 #cej4 ,clock1 ,electrical1 #bcc4 ,coal =mation1 !ory (1 #cad4 ,cohesive =ce oppos$ to gravitation1 #cc4 ,cohesion & gravitation1 #di4 ---- di/+ui%$ f cry/allization1 #ea4 ,cold1 extreme1 #aaj4 ,col\r ( bodies1 #acb4 ---- *anges (1 9 *emical comb9ations1 #bij4 ---- blue1 ( sky1 #cbj4 ---- ( /eam1 #cba4 ,col\rs1 ,newton's !ory (1 #ace4 ,col\r$ heat rays1 #he4 ,comb9+ equival5ts1 #bgc4 ---- =ces1 #bib4 ,comb9ation1 laws (1 #bhf4 ---- ( =ces1 #ccj4 ,combu/ion1 #cje4 ,comets1 #bf4 ,cond5sation ( gases1 #bij4 ,conduction ( heat1 #fi4 ,conduct+ p[] ( bodies = heat1 #hi4 ,condition1 *ange ( *emical1 #bga4 ,conv]sion ( motion1 #af4 ,convection ( heat1 #fi4 ,cotyl$ons1 use ( !1 #cfh4 ,c\lomb on repulsion ( atoms1 #dg4 ,creation1 on5ess (1 #djf4 ,cretace\s =mations1 #cdd4 ,crosse on electricity1 #bbg4 ,cru/aceans1 metamorphosis (1 #chi4 ,cru/ ( ! e>?1 #ccc4 ,cry/als1 pseudomorph\s1 #ed4 ----1 size (1 #ef4 ,cry/allog5ic =ces1 #ej4 ,cry/all9e bodies1 magnetic influ5ce (1 #bfj4 ,cudwor?'s 8,pla/ic ,nature10 #aj4 ,curr5t1 electric1 spe$ (1 #bca4 ----1 electricity1 magnetic1 #bci4 ,cry/allization1 #ej4 ,cultivation1 limits (1 #cgi4 ,curr5ts ( electricity ar\nd ! e>?1 #bbd4 ,cyanite1 a true magnet1 #dh4 ,dagu]re's discov]y1 #agj4 ,dagu]reotype1 !1 #agb4 ,dalton on ,aurora ,borealis1 #bdh4 ---- on liquefaction1 #bhg4 ,dalton's atomic !ory1 #bgh4 ,daniel on inc&esc5ce1 #ajj4 ,d>k l9es ( spectrum1 #abe4 ,d>w9 on sea-we$s ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 #caf4 ,davy1 ,sir ,h41 on ! elem5ts1 #cbh4 ---- on flame1 #cjg4 ---- discov]s ! alkal9e metals1 #cbe4 ,decomposition1 electro-*emical1 #bjh4 ,de la ,t\r1 ,cagni>d's exp]im5ts1 #aje4 ,del>o*e on heat1 #ic4 ,d5sity ( ! e>?1 #ca4 ,developm5t1 animal1 #chd4 ,dew1 =mation (1 #ha4 ,diamond1 allotropic c>bon1 #dc4 ----1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #afj4 ,diamagnetism1 #bec4 ,diamagnetic nature ( gases1 #bei4 ,dia!rmic bodies1 #id4 ,diffusion ( gases1 #cbc4 ,dige/ion a cause ( heat1 #aje4 ,dip ( magnetic ne$le1 #bdg4 ,dimorphism 9 cry/als1 #ee4 ,directive p[] ( a magnet on cry/als1 #bfa4 ,di/ribution ( elem5ts1 #cbh4 ,divisibility ( matt]1 #ch4 ,db]e9]'s lamp1 #bha4 ,disp]sion ( light1 #abi4 ,drap] on inc&esc5ce1 #ajj4 ,dumas on atoms1 #ci4 ,du/1 a gra9 (1 #b4 ,e>?1 physical1 !1 #a4 ---- d5sity (1 #ca4 ---- ! revolution ( !1 #gg4 ----1 geological =mation (1 #ccc4 ,e>?'s1 motion1 #aa4 ---- temp]ature dep5d5t on ! sun1 #fc4 ,effects produc$ by loss ( heat1 #fi4 ,eggs1 numb] (1 laid by insects1 #cii4 ,elective aff9ity1 #bib4 ,electricity1 #aic4 ,electricity & light influ5c+ cry/allization1 #eg4 ----1 k9ds (1 #aie4 ---- conta9$ 9 wat]1 #bjc4 ---- develop$ by *emical action1 #bjd4 ----1 velocity (1 #bca4 ---- ( plants1 #chj4 ,electric condition ( matt]1 #e4 ---- telegraph1 !1 #bca4 ---- aff9ity1 #bge4 ,electrical phosphoresc5ce1 #afj4 ---- action influ5c$ by act9ism1 #ahc4 ---- radiations1 #aij4 ---- clock1 #bcc4 ,electro-*emi/ry1 #bjf4 ,electro culture1 #bbc4 ,electrotype1 !1 #bbi4 ,electro-*emical decomposition1 #bjh4 ,electro-magnetism1 #bdj4 ,electrum1 #aic4 ,elem5ts1 *emical1 #cg1 #bgb4 ----1 atmosph]ic1 #cbe4 ----1 int]*anges (1 #cai4 ,englefield on heat rays1 #fg4 ,eoc5e =mations1 #cdf4 ,equ9oxes1 precession ( !1 #bdd4 ----1 ! v]nal & autumnal1 #gg4 ,epicurus' hook$ atoms1 #dh4 ,epipolic ph5om5a1 #abi4 ,eremacausis1 #aje4 ,e!r1 hypo!sis ( an1 #abj4 ,examples ( cry/allization1 #ei4 ,expansion ( bodies by heat1 #if4 ,eye1 me*anism (1 #adi4 ,f>aday on ,magnetism ( ,cry/als1 #ei4 ---- on solidification ( gases1 #aab4 ---- on magnetization ( light1 #adg4 ---- on ! gymnotus1 #baa4 ---- on diamagnetism1 #bed4 ,f]ro-magnetic bodies1 #bee4 ,fi% ,liz>d1 !1 #cda4 ,fix$ />s1 light (1 #abb4 ,fl9t glass1 p]meability to heat1 #fe4 ,flora1 fossil1 #cde4 ,fl[]s1 influ5ces (1 #cag4 ,fluid1 magnetic !ory (1 #beb4 ,fluoresc5ce ( light1 #acj4 ,=bes1 ,pr(4 ,jas41 on vibrations ( heat$ metals1 #ig4 ,=bes1 ,pr(4 ,edw>d1 on zones ( life 9 ! ocean1 #abg4 ,=bes on col\r ( /eam1 #cba4 ,=ce produc+ motion1 #i4 ---- a cause ( motion1 #ag4 ----1 molecul>1 #dj4 ---- ( cry/allization1 #fa4 ,=ces1 active1 9 matt]1 #c4 ----1 balance (1 #ad4 ---- 9 antagonism1 #djg4 ,=m1 *ange (1 #b4 ---- ( surface1 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #cea4 ----1 v>iety ( vegetable1 #cei4 ,fo/] describes ,nor!rn ,lights1 #bdi4 ,fox1 ,r4 ,w41 on temp]ature ( ,corni% m9es1 #ia4 ,frankl9 on atoms1 #dg4 ,frankl9's kite exp]im5t1 #bad4 ,freez+ mixtures1 #aaj4 ,freez+1 rem>kable ph5om5a (1 #aab4 ---- ( wat]1 #cjb4 ,friction1 #ag4 ,frictional electricity1 #aii4 ,fraunh(]'s d>k l9es1 #abe4 ,frankl9's exp]im5t on heat1 #ge4 ,fusion influ5c$ by pressure1 #ajg4 ,galvanism1 #bja4 ,galvani's exp]im5t1 #bja4 ,gases1 cond5sation (1 #aaa1 #bij4 ----1 magnetism (1 #bei4 ,gase\s con/itution1 #cag4 ,gauss's !ory ( magnetism1 #bdc4 ,g5]ation1 spontane\s1 #cfc4 ,geological ph5om5a1 #ccb4 ,g]m1 ,treviranus on !1 #cfa4 ,g]m9ation ( se$s1 #cfg4 ,glass1 col\r$1 transp>5cy to heat1 #fe4 ,goe!'s !ory ( col\r1 #aci4 ,goe! on phosphoresc5ce1 #aeg4 ---- on ! leaf1 #cfi4 ,graham's law ( diffusion1 #cbc4 ,gravitation1 #ba4 ,gr[? expla9$1 #eb4 ----1 progress (1 #cfd4 ---- def9$1 #chc4 ,grove decomposes wat] by heat1 #ih4 ,gulf /ream1 !1 #ha4 ,gulielm9i on cry/allisation1 #ej4 ,gun cotton1 #ajc4 ,gymnotus electricus1 #baa4 ,gyroscope1 !1 #ad4 ,han/e5 & ,arago on ,nor!rn ,lights1 #bdh4 ,han/e5 on magnetism1 #bdd4 ,heat1 sol> & t]re/rial1 #fb4 ----1 conductors (1 #ij4 ----1 rays absorb$ by atmosph]e1 #fc1 #gc4 ---- & light1 _! relations1 #fd4 ----1 radiation (1 #hb4 ---- rays1 col\r$1 #he4 ---- less5s *emical aff9ity1 #hh4 ----1 lat5t1 #aja4 ----1 decomposition by1 #aji1 #bgf4 ----1 sci5tific k (1 #aad4 ---- develop$ by combu/ion ( wood equival5t to heat absorb$ 9 gr[?1 #aaf4 ----1 influ5ce (1 on magnetism1 #bda4 ----1 action (1 on wat]1 #cjb4 ----1 influ5ce ( on plants1 #cga4 ---- ess5tial to life1 #cie4 ,heliography ( ,m4 ,niepce1 #agj4 ,h]bivor\s animals1 #cae4 ,h]s*el on ! nebul1 #bd4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,w41 on heat rays1 #fg4 ,hobbes on ! prop]ties ( matt]1 #h4 ,hopk9s on ! temp]ature ( fusion1 #ajg4 ,huygh5s on d\ble refraction1 #adj4 ,hydra1 !1 #chg4 ,hydrog51 p]oxide (1 #bih4 ---- & oxyg51 #bhi1 #big4 ,hydro-c>bons1 #big4 ,hydro-c>bon comp\nds1 #cjh4 ,hypnotism1 ,mr4 ,braid on1 #bfi4 ,ice1 #cja4 ,i*?yosaurus1 !1 #cda4 ,igne\s rocks1 #cce4 ,ignition by *emical action1 #ajb4 ,iguanodon1 !1 #cdc4 ,inc&esc5ce1 temp]ature (1 #fi-ajj4 ,influ5ces ( matt] on heat1 #gi4 ,infusoria & animalcul1 #chg4 ,int]f]5ce ( light1 #ach4 ,int5sity1 magnetic1 #bdg4 ,invisible light1 ,mos] on1 #ahh4 ,iodide ( silv] f\nd natural1 #cjd4 ,iod9e1 #cjd4 ,iridesc5t pap]1 #acg4 ,iron1 magnetic1 #bce4 ----1 s(t1 r5d]$ magnetic1 #bda4 ----1 ru/+1 #cjf4 ,isom]ic comp\nds1 #bia4 ,isomorphism1 #bij4 ,iso!rmic l9es1 #ib4 ,isodynamic l9es1 #bdg4 ,jones1 ,rym]1 on sponges1 #cde4 ,j\le on anhydr\s salts1 #bhg4 ---- on heat & motion1 #ah4 ,kir*]'s ,magnetism1 #bfd4 ,kupff> on magnetic /orms1 #bdi4 ,lam9ation ( clay by electricity1 #bbf4 ,l& & sea1 alt]nations (1 #cdj4 ,laplace's !ory ( ! univ]se1 #bc4 ,lat5t heat1 #aja4 ,lavoisi]'s !ory ( combu/ion1 #cje4 ,law ( gravitation1 #cj4 ,lawson1 lett] f ,mr41 on g]m9ation ( se$s1 #cge4 ,leaf1 ! functions ( !1 #cfi4 ,leaves ( plants1 action on air (1 #caa4 ,le ,v]ri] on planet ,neptune1 #cb4 ,leyd5 j>1 !1 #aih4 ,lias =mations1 #cda4 ,liebig & organic *emi/ry1 #bhd4 ,life & light1 #eb4 ----1 influ5ce ( light on1 #aec4 ---- dep5d5t on light1 #afd4 ----1 vegetable1 #cfb4 ----1 my/]ies (1 #cih4 ,light1 #aah4 ---- ess5tial to life1 #ci4 ---- ( fix$ />s1 #abb4 ----1 transp>5cy to1 #abd4 ----1 transmission (1 ?r\gh diff]5t m$ia1 #abh4 ----1 absorption (1 #abe4 ----1 int]f]5ce (1 #ach4 ----1 pol>iz$ condition (1 #ada4 ----1 magnetization (1 #adf4 ----1 artificial1 #afb4 ----1 influ5ce (1 on plants1 #cgc4 ---- & heat1 correlation (1 #fd4 ,lightn+ conductors1 #bae4 ,l9dley on ! leaf1 #cgj4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,j41 on %oot+ />s1 #bb4 ,lodes1 m9]al1 electricity (1 #bbe4 ,lum9\s & act9ic rays di/+ui%$1 #agf4 ,ma*9e electricity1 #bji4 ,magellanic cl\ds1 #be4 ,magnetic curves1 #bcf4 ---- iron ore1 #bcg4 ---- pol>ity1 #bcg4 ---- po9ts ( conv]g5ce1 #bdd4 ---- poles ( ! e>?1 #bde4 ---- int5sity1 #bdg ---- /orms1 #bdi4 ---- l9es ( no v>iation1 #bdc4 ,magnetism1 #bce4 ---- induc$1 #bch4 ---- influ5c$ by heat1 #bdb4 ----1 univ]sality (1 #bec4 ---- ( gases1 #bei4 ---- induc$ by sol> rays #bfc4 ---- & electricity1 correlation (1 #bci4 ---- & cry/allisation1 #eg4 ,magneto-electrical decomposition1 #bcj4 ,magnetisation ( light1 #adf4 ,malus on pol>isation1 #aci4 ,mammalia1 fossil1 #cdc4 ,man1 temp]ature (1 #aje4 ,manganesiate ( pota%1 #aga4 ,mantell1 ,dr41 on ! iguanodon1 #cdc4 ,m>iotte on seat ( vision1 #adi4 ,matt]1 its g5]al conditions1 #a4 ----1 =ms (1 #ba4 ----1 transmutation (1 #cg4 ----1 divisibility (1 #ch4 ----1 solid1 absorption ( heat by1 #ge4 ----1 influ5ce (1 on light1 #afb4 ----1 pol>ity (1 #bfe4 ---- & its prop]ties1 #dji4 ----1 entity (1 #daj4 ----1 v>i$ condition (1 #cf4 ,may]'s hypo!sis ( ?ree col\rs1 #ach4 ,me*anical =ce & heat1 #ajc4 ,me*anism ( ! eye1 #adi4 ,m$ia1 influ5ce (1 on light1 #abh4 ,m$us1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #aei4 ,melloni on col\r$ heat rays1 #he4 ---- on new nom5clature = heat1 #ie4 ,mesm] & electricity1 #bbb4 ,metamorphic rocks1 #ccf4 ,metamorphoses ( animals1 #chi4 ,mexico1 ,gulf (1 w>m? ( !1 #ha4 ,mica1 black1 transp>5cy to heat1 #ff4 ,mill]1 ,dr41 on d>k l9es ( ! spectrum1 #abf4 ,m9]al ve9s1 electricity (1 #bbe4 ,m9es1 ,corni%1 temp]ature (1 #ia4 ,mioc5e =mations1 #cdf4 ,mirrors1 magic1 #aia4 ,mits*]li* on expansion ( cry/als by heat1 #beg4 ,molecul> =ces1 #ce1 #dj4 ----1 comp\nd action (1 #bgi4 ,molecules1 ,dumas on1 #ci4 ---- comb9ation1 #bgg4 ,mori*9i & ,c>pi on magnetism ( violet rays ( light1 #bfc4 ,mos] on invisible light1 #ahi4 ,motion1 #g4 ---- a prop]ty ( matt]1 #h4 ----1 pr9ciples (1 #aj4 ---- ( ! e>?1 #ab4 ---- r\nd an axis %[s ! e>?'s motion1 #ah4 ----1 influ5ce (1 on =m1 #cb4 ,m\nta9 ranges probably det]m9$ by magnetic =ce1 #bfb4 ,multiplication ( life1 #cii4 ,musical notes produc$ by heat1 #ig4 ,muscul> contraction by electricity1 #bjb4 ,muss*5broek ( ,leyd51 #aih4 ,my?ology1 anci5t1 probable orig9 (1 #cec4 ,natural pol>ization1 #ade4 ,nebul\s /ate ( matt]1 #bc4 ,neptune1 discov]y (1 #cb4 ,newton on gravitat+ =ce1 #di4 ,newton on motion1 #i4 ,newton's hypo!sis ( matt]1 #d4 ---- !ory ( heat1 #aae4 ---- !ory ( light1 #abj4 ---- !ory ( col\rs1 #ace4 ,niepce on ! *emical radiations1 #afh4 ,nitrog51 magnetic neutrality (1 #bei4 ----1 comb9ations (1 #cbd4 ----1 suppos$ metallic nature (1 #cbe4 ,nocturnal radiation1 #hc4 ,nor!rn lights1 !1 #bfh4 ,obsidian transp>5cy to heat1 #ff4 ,ocean1 wat]s (1 #cjc4 ,o]/$ discov]s electro-magnetism1 #bch4 ,ord]s ( animals1 #chf4 ,organic creation1 influ5ce1 #ahe4 ---- comp\nds1 #bhc4 ---- comp\nds1 influ5ce ( light on !m1 #aha4 ---- *emi/ry1 #cca4 ---- cell1 #cfj4 ---- rema9s1 #ccg4 ,organiz$ =ms1 v>ieties (1 #ce4 ---- bodies1 heat (1 #ajd4 ,organization1 progress (1 #che4 ,oxides1 metallic1 #cbf4 ,oxidizable metals1 #cje4 ,oxyg5 gas magnetic1 #bei4 ---- & nitrog51 uses (1 #cba4 ---- & c>bon 9 animals1 #cif4 ,ozone1 #bii4 ---- & electricity1 #bag4 ,palladium ma9ta9+ sl[ combu/ion1 #cji4 ,p>a!rmic rays1 #gd4 ---- rays1 influ5ce 9 nature1 #cgg4 ,p>ticles1 ,dumas on1 #ci4 ,pea* on phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 #aei4 ,pe>sall on phosphoresc5ce1 #afj4 ,p5dulum1 oscillation (1 indicates ! e>?'s motion1 #ac4 ,p]k9s on repulsion ( heat1 #ajh4 ,p]meation ( heat1 #if4 ,p]turbations ( ,uranus1 #ca4 ,pe/il5tial diseases1 #baf4 ,ph5om5a ( vision1 #adh4 ----1 natural1 ( electricity1 #aid4 ----1 rec5t geological1 #cdi4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( animals1 #aed4 ---- ( plants1 #aef4 ,phosphoresc5t spectrum1 #ahd4 ,phosphoric acid detect$ 9 ! olde/ rocks1 #ccg4 ,photosph]e ( ! sun1 #abc4 ,photography1 #agj4 ----1 its importance1 #ahj4 ,physiological influ5ces ( electricity1 #bai4 ,physical =ces1 action (1 #d1 #de4 ---- =ces1 modes ( motion1 #g4 ---- prop]ties ( pol>iz$ light1 #adb4 ,physiological influ5ces ( magnetism1 #bfh4 ,pil*>d1 on !1 by ,c\*1 #cae4 ,plants1 di/ribution (1 dep5d5t on light1 #acc4 ----1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #aef4 ----1 respiration (1 #cab4 ---- & animals1 dep5d5ce (1 #cac4 ----1 gr[? (1 #cfh4 ---- b5d to ! light1 #cgc4 ----1 di/ribution (1 #cgh4 ---- ( ! ,tropics1 #cha4 ,plane pol>ization1 #ada4 8,pla/ic nature0 ( ,cudwor?1 #aj4 ,plateau's exp]im5t on bodies reliev$ f gravitation1 #cc4 ,plat9um ma9ta9+ sl[ combu/ion1 #cji4 ,plato on motion1 #aj4 ---- on light1 #aai4 ,plesiosaurus1 !1 #cda4 ,plioc5e =mations1 #cdf4 ,plck] on cry/allo-magnetic =ce1 #eg4 ---- on diamagnetic bodies1 #bef4 ,plumule1 use (1 #cfi4 ,plutonic rocks1 #ccd4 ,pol>ization1 circul> & elliptical1 #adc4 ,pol>ization ( light1 #aci4 ,pol> condition ( matt]1 #bfe4 ,polypes & infusoria1 #chg4 ,porosity ( matt]1 #da4 ,porta1 ,bapti/a--cam]a obscura1 #adi4 ,p[]s1 active1 9 nature1 #dje4 ,prevo/1 !ory (1 on heat1 #if4 ,prim>y orig9 ( our planet1 #ccd4 ,pr9ciples ( motion1 #aj4 ,prismatic refraction1 #aba4 ---- rays1 heat (1 #fg4 ---- analysis ( sunbeam1 #acd4 ,pr9ciple ( gravitation1 #bi4 ----1 elem5t>y1 #ch4 ,prop]ties1 ess5tial1 ( matt]1 #e4 ,pseudomorphism1 #ed4 ,psy*ology ( fl[]s1 #ceg4 ,pt]odactyl1 !1 #cdb4 ,py?agorean doctr9e ( motion1 #aj4 ,qu99e1 solution1 influ5ce (1 on light1 #abi4 ,radiant heat1 #fi4 ,radiation & absorption ( heat1 #gg4 ----1 nocturnal1 #hc4 ,raia torp$o1 #baa4 ,raymond1 ,du ,bois1 on animal electricity1 #bba4 ,refrangibility1 rays ( high1 #acj4 ---- ( sol> =ces1 #afh4 ,refraction1 prismatic1 #aba4 ,races1 dep5d5ce (1 #cae4 ,repulsion ( heat1 #ajh4 ,respiration ( animals1 #caj4 ---- plants1 #cab4 ,re/1 absolute & relative1 #ae4 ,respiration a cause ( heat1 #aje4 ,ret9a1 !1 #adi4 ,revelations ( nature1 #dja4 ,revolution ( magnetic poles1 #bdf4 ,rob9son on decomposition by heat1 #ih4 ,rock =mations1 #cce4 ,rocks1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bbd4 ,rosse's1 ,"l1 telescopes1 #be4 ,rum=d1 ,c\nt1 exp]im5ts on heat1 #ah4 ---- on *emical prop]ties ( light1 #ii4 ,r+s1 ,newton's1 #acg4 ,safety lamp ( ,davy1 #cji4 ,salt rock1 transp>5cy to heat1 #fe4 ,saturn's r+ expla9$1 #cd4 ,sav>t on vibrat+ plates1 #beg4 ,seasons1 influ5ce ( heat on !1 #gj4 ,sea1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #aeh4 ,s*nbe9 on ozone1 #bii4 ,s*wabe on sol> spots1 #bdc4 ,seebeck on !rmo-electricity1 #baa1 #bdh4 ,sel5ite & alaba/]1 #fj4 ,sn>mont on conduct+ p[] ( cry/als = heat1 #beg4 ,%oot+ />s1 #ba4 ,silicon1 allotropic /ate (1 #dc4 ,silica1 sub/itution (1 #cde4 ,simple bodies1 *emical1 #cbi4 ,sky ( tropical climes1 #cai4 ,sl[ combu/ion 9 animals1 #cig4 ,smee on electricity & vitality1 #bai4 ,sol> sy/em1 motion (1 #aa4 ---- disc1 light f1 #ahe4 ---- influ5ce on magnetism1 #bfc4 ,solidification ( gases by ,f>aday1 #aab4 ,sol/ices1 summ] & w9t]1 #gg4 ,sol> spots connect$ ) magnetism1 #bdc4 ,sol> phosphori1 #afa4 ,som]ville1 ,mrs41 magnetises ne$les by light1 #bfc4 ,s\nd & light1 analogy (1 #aea4 ,spectra produc$ by pol>ization ( light1 #add4 ,spectrum1 d>k l9es (1 #abe4 ,sph]oidal condition ( fluids1 #ajg4 ,spontane\s ignition1 #cjg4 ,/ahl on phlogi/on1 #cje4 ,/>s1 %oot+1 !ories (1 #ba4 ,/eel ornam5ts inc&esc5t1 #acg4 ,/]eoscope1 !1 #aea4 ,/okes1 ,pr(41 on fluoresc5ce1 #acj4 ,/ratifi$ =mations1 #ccd4 ,/r5g? ( animals1 #djj4 ,/ructure1 influ5ce (1 on magnetism1 #bef4 ----1 relation (1 to physical ph5om5a1 #beg4 ,/ruv on motion ( sol> sy/em1 #ab4 ,sub/itution1 *emical1 #bgi4 ----1 law (1 #bhh4 ,sub/ances1 all1 electric1 #aig4 ,subt]ranean temp]ature1 #ia4 ,sulphuric acid1 p]meability to heat1 #fe4 ,surfaces1 action (1 #bhb4 ,sulz> on galvanism1 #bja4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 solid1 #aaa4 ,sun1 ! c5tral1 #bh4 ----1 ! s\rce ( light1 #aba4 ----1 physical /ate ( !1 #abc4 ----1 a magnetic c5tre1 #bfe4 ,tadpole1 metamorphosis (1 #chi4 ,talbot's s5sitive photographic process1 #agh4 ,telegraph1 electric1 #bca4 ,temp]ature ( inc&esc5ce1 #fh4 ,temp]ature1 subt]ranean1 #ia4 ,t]re/rial curr5ts ( electricity1 #bbd4 ---- magnetism1 #bee4 ,?ales ( ,miletus discov]s electricity1 #aic4 ,!ories ( light1 #hf1 #aah4 ,!rmography1 #ahh4 ,!rmometric exam9ation ( ! temp]ature ( fl[]s1 #gf4 ,!rmo-electricity1 #bji4 ,!ory ( motion produc+ =ce1 #ae4 ,?ilori] on solid c>bonic acid1 #aaa4 ,"t1 influ5ce (1 #ccb4 ,tissues1 catalytic p[] (1 #caj4 ,t\rmal9e1 action (1 on light1 #adb4 ,trade w9ds1 #ha4 ,transition s]ies ( rocks1 #ccf4 ,transp>5cy1 calorific1 #fg4 ----1 lum9\s1 #abd4 ,transmutation ( matt]1 #cg4 ,transmission ( light1 #abh4 ,transcalesc5t bodies1 #id4 ,trevelyan1 ,mr41 on vibration ( heat$ metals1 #ig4 ,tyndale proves ! influ5ce ( /ructure on magnetism1 #beh4 ,type1 elem5ts ( ! organic1 #bhi4 ,undulations produc+ col\r1 #aca4 ,undulatory !ory ( heat1 #aae4 ---- !ory ( light1 #aba4 ,uranus1 discov]y (1 #ca4 ,uranium glass1 influ5ce (1 on light1 #abi4 ,vap\r1 ela/ic =ce (1 #cah4 ,v>iation1 magnetic1 #bdd4 ,vegetables conductors ( electricity1 #cgi4 ,vegetable life1 ph5om5a (1 #ceg4 ,vegetation ( c>bonif]\s epo*1 #cci4 ,velocity ( electricity1 #bca4 ,v]tebrate animals1 #cij4 ,vision1 ph5om5a (1 #adh4 ,vis vit1 vital pr9ciple1 #cia4 ,vision s+le ) a pair ( eyes1 #aej4 ,vitality sup]ior to physical =ce1 #ec4 ,vision1 seat (1 #adi4 ,volume1 doctr9e (1 #bhg4 ,volcanic action ref]r$ to *emical action1 #bga4 ,volatilization ( matt]1 #bg4 ,voltaic electricity1 #bja4 ,wat]1 absorption ( heat by1 #gd4 ---- froz5 free ( air1 #aab4 ---- free ( air1 peculi> /ate (1 #aac4 ----1 electricity 9 a drop (1 #bjd4 ----1 composition (1 #bif4 ,w>g5t9's notice ( aurora1 #bdh4 ,wave movem5t ( heat & light1 #fh4 ,weald5 =mations1 #cdc4 ,w$gwood on inc&esc5ce1 #ajj4 ,wells1 ,dr41 on dew1 #hd4 ,wi$emann on electrical vibrations1 #beg4 ,w5zel's proportional numb]s1 #bgg4 ,w9ds dep5d5t on heat1 #hj4 ,wolla/on notices d>k l9es 9 spectrum1 #abe4 ,_w1 its age1 #djd4 ,"y on molecul> =ces1 #di4 ,zodiacal light1 #be4 ,zoophytes1 microscopic1 #chg4 ,,! ,,end4 ,wilson & ,ogilvy1 #eg1 ,sk9n] ,/reet1 ,sn[hill1 ,london4 ,,bohn',s ,,books4 ,,bohn',s ,,/&>d ,,libr>y4 ,po/ #hvo41 ,elegantly ,pr9t$1 & b\nd 9 ,clo?1 at #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,vol4 #a4 ,,! ,,miscellane\s ,,works ,,& ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,hall1 ) ,memoir by ,,dr4 ,,gregory1 & ,essay by ,,john ,,fo/]4 ,portrait4 #b #c4 ,,roscoe',s ,,life ,,& ,,pontificate ,,( ,,leo ,x4 ,edit$ by 8 ,son1 ) ! ,copyright ,notes1 ,docum5ts1 c4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,portraits4 #d4 ,,s*legel',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ) a ,memoir by ,j4 ,b4 ,,rob]tson1 ,esq4 ,portrait4 #e #f4 ,,sismondi',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,europe4 ,translat$ by ,,roscoe4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,portraits4 #g4 ,,roscoe',s ,,life ,,( ,,lor5zo ,,de ,,m$ici1 ) ! ,copyright ,notes1 c4 #h4 ,,s*legel',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,dramatic ,,lit]ature4 ,portrait4 #i #aa4 ,,beckmann',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,inv5tions1 ,,discov]ies1 ,,& ,,orig9s4 ,f\r? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,portraits4 #aj4 ,,s*ill]',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,?irty ,,ye>s' ,,w> ,,& ,,revolt ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,morrison4 ,portrait4 #ab4 ,,s*ill]',s ,,works4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,conclusion ( 8,! ,revolt ( ! ,ne!rl&s20 8,wall5/e9's ,camp20 8,! ,piccolom9i20 8,! ,dea? 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publi%$ 9 ! orig9al edition at #ab #abs47 #dto4 #ajs4 #f;d4 #bi4 ,,%]idan',s ,,dramatic ,,works ,,& ,,life4 ,portrait4 #ca4 ,,goe!',s ,,works4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,8 ,autobiography4 #ac ,books4 ,portrait4 #ce4 ,,:eatley ,,on ,,! ,,common ,,pray]4 ,frontispiece4 #cg4 ,,milton',s ,,prose ,,works4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,portrait4 #ch1 #da1 #de4 ,,m5zel',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g]many4 ,complete 9 #c ,vols4 ,portrait4 #ci4 ,,milton',s ,,prose ,,works4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,frontispiece4 #dj4 ,,milton',s ,,prose ,,works4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,portrait ( ,laud4 #db4 ,,s*legel',s ,,/hetic ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,works4 #dc4 ,,goe!',s ,,works4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,rema9d] ( 8 ,autobiography1 & ,travels4 #dd4 ,,s*ill]',s ,,works4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 8,! ,robb]s10 8,fiesko10 8,love & ,intrigue10 & 8,! ,gho/-,se]40 ,translat$ by ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn4 #df4 ,,s*legel',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory4 #dg4 ,,lam>t9e',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,,( #ahdh4 #dh #ej4 ,,junius',s ,,lett]s1 ) ,notes1 ,additions1 ,essay1 ,index1 c4 #b ,vols4 #di1 #ee1 #fj1 #fe1 #ga4 ,,vas>i',s ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,celebrat$ ,,pa9t]s1 ,,sculptors1 ,,& ,,ar*itects4 ,translat$ by ,,mrs4 ,,fo/]1 ) ,notes4 ,complete 9 #e ,vols41 ) ,index4 #ea4 ,,taylor',s 7,,j]emy7 ,,holy ,,liv+ ,,& ,,dy+4 ,portrait4 #eb4 ,,goe!',s ,,works4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 8,fau/10 8,iphig5ia10 8,torquato ,tasso10 & 8,egmont40 ,translat$ by ,miss ,,swanwick4 ,) 8,goetz von ,b]li*+510 translat$ by ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 #ec1 #ef1 #eh1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg1 #ge4 ,,ne&]',s ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 ,c>efully revis$ by ! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,morrison4 #ed4 ,,ne&]',s ,,life ,,( ,,*ri/4 #eg1 #fd4 ,,ne&]',s ,,plant+ ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,antigno/ikus1 #b ,vols4 #ei4 ,,gregory',s 7,,dr47 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion4 #fb #fc4 ,,james' 7,g4 ,p4 ,r47 ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,complete 9 #b ,vols4 ,portraits4 #fh #gj4 ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds' ,,lit]>y ,,works1 ) ,memoir1 #b ,vols4 ,port4 #fi4 ,,&rew ,,full]',s ,,pr9cipal ,,works4 ,portrait4 #gb4 ,,butl]',s ,,analogy ,,( ,,religion1 ,,& ,,s]mons1 ) ,notes1 c4 ,port4 #gc4 ,,miss ,,brem]',s ,,works4 ,translat$ by ,,m>y ,,h[itt4 ,new ,edition1 revis$4 ,vol4 ,i4 8,! ,neighb\rs10 & o!r ,tales4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,portrait4 #cs4 #f;d4 #gd4 ,,ne&]',s ,,memorials ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,& ,,middle ,,ages 7includ+ 8 8,light 9 ,d>k ,places074 ,po/ #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,uni=m ) ! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 price #cs4 #f;d41 ,,bohn',s ,,extra ,,volumes4 #a4 ,,grammont',s ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,*>les ,,ii4 ,portrait4 #b #c4 ,,rabelais' ,,works4 ,complete 9 #b ,vols4 ,portrait4 #d4 ,,c\nt ,,hamilton',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,portrait4 ,uni=m ) ! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 price #es4 7except+ 8,cosmos10 :i* is only #cs4 #f;d41 & ,mantell's 8,petrifactions10 :i* is #fs471 ,,bohn',s ,,sci5tific ,,libr>y4 #a4 ,,/aunton',s ,,*ess ,,play]',s ,,h&-,,book1 ) ,diagrams4 #b4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,pa9t+1 by ,,! ,,royal ,,academicians4 #c1 #d1 #h1 #ae4 ,,humboldt',s ,,cosmos2 or1 ,sket* ( a ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,,otte4 ,9 #d ,vols41 ) f9e ,portrait4 ,?is ,translation 7?\gh publi%$ at s l[ a price7 is m complete ?an any o!r4 ,! ,notes are plac$ b5ea? ! text4 ,humboldt's analytical summ>ies1 & ! passages hi!rto suppress$1 are includ$2 & compreh5sive ,indices subjo9$4 #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,volume4 #e4 ,,/aunton',s ,,*ess ,,play]',s ,,companion1 compris+ a ,new ,treatise on ,odds1 a ,collection ( ,mat* ,games1 ,orig9al ,problems1 c4 #f4 ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,games1 by ,,v>i\s ,,amateurs & ,,pr(essors4 #g4 ,,humboldt',s ,,views ,,( ,,nature1 ) col\r$ view ( ,*imborazo1 c4 #i4 ,,ri*>dson',s ,,geology1 ,,& ,,pal,,ontology1 ,revis$ by ,dr4 ,,wright1 ) upw>ds ( #djj ,illu/rations on ,wood4 #aj4 ,,/ockh>dt',s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,exemplifi$ 9 ,simple ,exp]im5ts1 ) upw>ds ( #bgj ,illu/rations4 #aa4 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,mantell',s ,,petrifactions ,,& ,,_! ,,tea*+s2 ,a ,h&-,book to ! ,fossils 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,beautiful ,wood ,engrav+s4 #fs4 #ab4 ,,agassiz ,,& ,,g\ld',s ,,comp>ative ,,physiology4 ,new & ,enl>g$ ,edition1 ) ne>ly #djj f9e ,illu/rations4 #ac #ai4 ,,humboldt',s ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative ,,( ,,8 ,,travels ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,vols4 ,i4 ,,ii4 7to be complet$ 9 #c ,volumes47 #ad4 ,,pye ,,smi?',s ,,geology ,,& ,,scripture4 ,fif? ,edition1 ) ,memoir4 #af4 ,,o]/$',s ,,s\l ,,9 ,,nature1 ,c4 ,portrait4 #ag4 ,,/aunton',s ,,*ess ,,t\rnam5t1 ) ,diagrams4 #ah #ai4 ,,bridgewat] ,,treatises4 ,,kirby on ! ,hi/ory1 ,habits1 & ,in/9cts ( ,animals2 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,,rym] ,,jones4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,_m ,illu/rations4 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 ,,b>bauld',s 7,,mrs47 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,spectator1 ,,tatl]1 ,,gu>dian1 ,,& ,,freehold]4 ,9 #b ,vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,volume4 ,,briti% ,,poets1 f ,,milton to ,,kirke ,,:ite1 ,cab9et ,edition1 compris+1 9 a v small b rem>kably cle> type1 z mu* matt] z ! sixty volumes ( ,johnson's ,poets4 ,complete 9 #d ,vols41 ) ,frontispieces4 #ads4 ,,c>y',s ,,translation ,,( ,,dante4 ,extra clo?4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,catt]mole',s ,,ev5+s ,,at ,,haddon ,,hall4 #bd exquisite ,engrav+s on ,/eel1 f ,designs by himself2 ! ,lett]-,press by ! ,,b>oness ,,de ,,calabrella4 ,po/ #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,classic ,,tales2 compris+ ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 ,elizabe?1 ,paul & ,virg9ia1 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 ,/]ne's ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney1 ,sorr[s ( ,w]t]1 ,!odosius & ,con/antia1 ,ca/le ( ,otranto1 & ,rasselas4 #abmo4 #g ,portraits4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,demo/h5es4 ,translat$ by ,,lel&4 ,portrait4 #cs4 ,,*ill+wor?',s ,,religion ,,( ,,prote/ants4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,horace',s ,,odes ,,& ,,epodes1 translat$ lit]ally & ry?mically1 by ! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,sewell4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,irv+',s 7,,wa%+ton7 ,,works4 ,complete 9 #aj ,vols41 #a #aes41 or #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,vol4 ,,joyce',s ,,sci5tific ,,dialogues4 ,greatly ,improv$ ,edition1 ) ,que/ions1 c41 by ,,p9nock4 7,upw>ds ( #fjj pages74 ,woodcuts4 #es4 ,,joyce',s ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces4 #es4 ,,lam>t9e',s ,,?ree ,,mon?s ,,9 ,,p[]4 ,sew$1 #bs4 ,,lam>t9e',s ,,poetical ,,m$itations ,,& ,,religi\s ,,h>monies1 ) ,biographical ,sket*4 ,portrait4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lawr5ce',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1 ,,zoology1 ,,& ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man4 ,front4 & ,plates4 #es4 ,,lilly',s ,,introduction ,,to ,,a/rology4 ,a ,new & ,improv$ ,edition1 by ,,zadkiel1 ) 8 ,gramm> ( ,a/rology1 & ,tables ( ,nativities4 #es4 ,,l\don',s 7,,mrs47 ,,ent]ta9+ ,,naturali/1 a ,popul> ,description1 ,tales1 & ,anecdotes ( m ?an ,five ,hundr$ ,animals1 ) ,indexes ( ,sci5tific & ,popul> ,names4 ,) upw>ds ( #ejj beautiful ,woodcuts1 by ,,bewick1 ,,h>vey1 ,,:imp]1 c4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,l[?',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,maxwell',s ,,victories ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,armies4 ,new ,edition1 ) highly f9i%$ ,/eel ,portraits1 extra gilt clo?4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,mi*elet',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 #ds4 ,,mill]',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,?ird ,revis$ & ,improv$ ,edition1 #d ,volumes1 at #cs4 #f;d4 p] ,volume4 ,,miln]',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,*ri/4 #d vols4 #ads4 ,,mit=d',s 7,,miss7 ,,our ,,village4 #b ,vols41 ,new ,edition1 ) ,woodcuts & beautiful ,frontispieces on ,/eel1 gilt clo?4 ,ea* ,vol4 #es4 ,,p>kes' ,,elem5t>y ,,*emi/ry4 ,new ,edition1 revis$1 #es4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe1 includ+ 8 fur!r ,adv5tures1 ) ,life ( ,defoe1 c4 ,upw>ds ( #fj f9e ,woodcuts1 f designs by ,,h>vey & ,,:imp]4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,s*ill]',s ,,philosophical ,,/hetic ,,lett]s ,,& ,,essays4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,%akspe>e',s ,,plays ,,& ,,poems1 ) ,life1 by ,,*alm]s4 ,9 #a ,vol4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/&>d ,,libr>y ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,political1 ,,con/itutional1 ,,/ati/ical1 ,,& ,,=5sic ,,k4 #d ,vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,?is "w conta9s z mu* z eight ord9>y octavos4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ano!r %ape by ,mr4 ,*>les ,knight1 "u ! title ( ,political ,diction>y1 at #a #afs4 ,! ,compil]1 ,,mr4 ,,george ,,long1 is "o ( ! mo/ compet5t ,s*ol>s ( ! day4 ,also1 uni=m ) ! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 price #es41 ,,bohn',s ,,ecclesia/ical ,,libr>y4 #a4 ,,eusebius' ,,ecclesia/ical ,,hi/ory1 ,translat$ f ! ,greek1 ) ,notes4 ,,bohn',s ,,%ill+ ,,s]ies4 ,^? m>k$ 991 be+ ,d\ble ,volumes1 are #as4 #f;d4 #a4 ,,em]son',s ,,repres5tative ,,m54 #b4 ,,irv+',s ,,life ,,( ,,mahomet499 #c4 ,,! ,,g5u9e ,,autobiography ,,( ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94 #d4 ,,willis',s ,,p ,i ,,h ,,met499 #e4 ,,irv+',s ,,successors ,,( ,,mahomet499 #f4---- ,,life ,,( ,,goldsmi?499 #g4---- ,,sket*-,,book499 #h4---- ,,tales ,,( ,a ,,travell]499 #i4---- ,,t\r ,,on ,,! ,,prairies4 #aj #aa4---- ,,conque/s ,,( ,,granada ,,& ,,spa94 #b ,vols499 #ab #ac4---- ,,life ,,( ,,columbus4 #b ,vols499 #ad4---- ,,companions ,,( ,,columbus499 #ae #af4 ,,taylor',s ,,el ,,dorado2 or1 ,pictures ( ! ,gold ,region4 #b ,vols499 #ag4 ,,irv+',s ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,capta9 ,,bonneville499 #ah4---- ,,knick]bock]499 #ai4---- ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,alhambra499 #bj4---- ,,conque/ ,,( ,,florida499 #ba4---- ,,abbots=d ,,& ,,new/ead4 #bb4---- ,,salmagundi499 #bc4---- ,,bracebridge ,,hall499 #bd4---- ,,a/oria 7) f9e ,portrait ( ! ,au?or74 #b ,vols4 9 #a4 #bs4 #be4 ,,lam>t9e',s ,,g5evieve2 or1 ,! ,hi/ory ( a ,s]vant ,girl4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,,scoble499 #bf4 ,,mayo',s ,,b]b]2 or1 ,! ,m\nta9e] ( ! ,atlas4 ,a ,tale ( ,morocco4 #bg4 ,,willis',s ,,life ,,"h ,,& ,,!re2 or1 ,sket*es ( ,society & ,adv5ture499 #bh4 ,,guizot',s ,,life ,,( ,,monk1 ) ,app5dix & ,portrait499 #bi4 ,,! ,,cape ,,& ,,! ,,kaffirs3 ,a ,di>y ( ,five ,ye>s' ,resid5ce1 ) ,advice to ,emigrants4 ,by ,h4 ,,w>d4 ,plate & ,map ( ! ,seat ( ,w>4 #bs4 #cj4 ,,willis',s ,,hurry-,,graphs2 or1 ,sket*es ( ,sc5]y1 ,celebrities1 & ,society1 tak5 f ,life499 #ca4 ,,haw?orne',s ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,sev5 ,,gables4 ,a ,romance4 #cb4 ,,london ,,& ,,its ,,environs2 ) ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,sket* ( ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,by ,,cyrus ,,r$d+4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #cc4 ,,lam>t9e',s ,,/onemason ,,( ,,sa9t ,,po9t499 #cd4 ,,guizot',s ,,monk',s ,,contempor>ies4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,biographic ,/udies on ! ,engli% ,revolution4 ,portrait ( ,edw>d ,"l ,cl>5don4 #ce4 ,,haw?orne',s ,,twice-,,told ,,tales4 #cf4------------ ,second ,s]ies4 #cg4---- ,,sn[ ,,image1 & o!r ,tales4 #ch4---- ,,sc>let ,,lett]4 #ci4 ,,em]son',s ,,orations ,,& ,,lectures4 ,also1 uni=m ) ! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 #es4 7except ,?ucydides1 s*ylus1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 & ,cic]o's ,(fices1 :i* are #cs4 #f;d4 ea*71 ,,bohn',s ,,classical ,,libr>y4 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lit]al ,,prose ,,translations ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,& ,,lat9 ,,classics1 ,,) ,,notes4 #a4 ,,h]odotus4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,c>y1 ,m4,a4 ,index1 & ,frontispiece4 #b #c4 ,,?ucydides4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,h4 ,,dale4 ,9 #b ,vols4 7#cs4 #f;d4 ea*74 #d4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,by ,,c>y4 ,! ,apology ( ,socrates1 ,crito1 ,phd1 ,gorgias1 ,protagotas1 ,phdrus1 ,!tetus1 ,eu?yphron1 ,lysis4 #e4 ,,livy',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome4 ,vol ,i41 ,books #a to #h4 #f4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,by ,,davis4 ,! ,republic1 ,timu1 & ,critias4 #g4 ,,livy',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,books #i to #bf4 #h4 ,,sophocles4 ,! ,ox=d ,translation1 revis$4 #i4 ,,s*ylus4 ,by an ,,oxonian4 7,price #cs4 #f;d47 #aj4 ,,ari/otle',s ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,poetic4 ,) ,exam9ation ,que/ions4 #aa4 ,,livy',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,books #bg to #cf4 #ab #ad4 ,,euripides4 ,f ! ,text ( ,d9dorf4 ,9 #b ,vols4 #ac4 ,,virgil4 ,by ,,davidson4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$4 7,price #cs4 #f;d47 #ae4 ,,horace4 ,by ,,sm>t4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$4 7,price #cs4 #f;d47 #af4 ,,ari/otle',s ,,e?ics4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,br[ne1 ( ,k+'s ,college4 #ag4 ,,cic]o',s ,,(fices4 ,old ,age1 ,fri5d%ip1 ,scipio's ,dream1 ,p>adoxes1 c4 #ah4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,by ,g4 ,,burges1 ,m4,a4 ,eu?ydemus1 ,symposium1 ,sophi/es1 ,politicus1 ,la*es1 ,p>m5ides1 ,cratylus1 & ,m5o4 #ai4 ,,livy',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 7:i* completes ! "w74 #bj4 ,c,,s> ,,& ,,hirtius4 ,) ,index4 #ba4 ,,hom]',s ,,iliad4 ,frontispiece4 #bb4 ,,hom]',s ,,odyssey1 ,,hymns1 ,,epigrams1 ,,& ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,frogs ,,& ,,mice4 #bc4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,by ,g4 ,,burges1 ,m4,a4 ,philebus1 ,*>mides1 ,la*es1 ,! ,two ,alcibiades1 & ,t5 o!r ,dialogues4 #bd1 #be1 #cb4 ,,ovid4 ,by ,h4 ,t4 ,,riley1 ,b4,a4 ,complete 9 #c ,vols4 ,frontispieces4 #bf4 ,,lucretius4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,watson4 ,) ! ,metrical ,v]sion ( ,j4 ,m4 ,,good4 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd4 ,,cic]o',s ,,orations4 ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge4 ,complete 9 #d ,vols 7,vol4 #d conta9s also ! ,rhetorical ,pieces47 #bh4 ,,p9d>4 ,by ,,dawson ,w4 ,,turn]4 ,) ! ,metrical ,v]sion ( ,,moore4 ,front4 #bi4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,by ,g4 ,,burges1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,laws4 #cc4 ,,! ,,com$ies ,,( ,,plautus4 ,by ,h4 ,t4 ,,riley1 ,b4,a4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ce4 ,,juv5al1 ,,p]sius1 c4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,l4 ,,evans1 ,m4,a4 ,) ! ,metrical ,v]sion ( ,,gif=d4 ,frontispiece4 ,also1 uni=m ) ! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 at #es4 p] volume1 ,,bohn',s ,,illu/rat$ ,,libr>y4 #a to #h4 ,,lodge',s ,,portraits ,,( ,,illu/ri\s ,,p]sonages ,,( ,,great ,,brita94 #h ,vols4 po/ #hvo4 #bdj ,portraits4 #i4 ,,cruik%ank',s ,,?ree ,,c\rses ,,& ,,dess]t1 ) #ej ,illu/rations4 #aj4 ,,pick]+',s ,,races ,,( ,,man1 ) num]\s ,portraits 7or ,col\r$ #gs4 #f;d47 #aa4 ,,kitto',s ,,scripture ,,l&s1 ,,& ,,biblical ,,atlas1 ) #bd ,maps1 7or ,col\r$1 #gs4 #f;d47 #ab4 ,,:ite',s ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,selborne1 ) ,notes by ,,sir ,,wm4 ,,j>d9e & o!rs1 edit$1 ) l>ge additions1 by ,,ed4 ,,jesse1 ,esq4 ,) #dj highly-f9i%$ ,wood ,engrav+s 7,col\r$1 #gs4 #f;d47 #ac4 ,,didron',s ,,*ri/ian ,,iconography1 ) #aej beautiful ,engrav+s4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ad4 ,,r$d+ ,,on ,,w9es4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition1 ) #bj beautiful ,woodcuts4 #ae #af4 ,,all5',s ,,battles ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,navy4 ,new ,edition4 ,enl>g$ by ! ,au?or4 ,num]\s f9e ,portraits on ,/eel4 #b ,vols4 #ag #ah4 ,,rome ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,fif? ,edition1 9 #b ,vols41 ) #cd f9e ,/eel ,engrav+s1 & ,index4 ,also1 uni=m ) ! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y1 price #es41 ,,bohn',s ,,antiqu>ian ,,libr>y4 #a4 ,,b$e',s ,,ecclesia/ical ,,hi/ory1 ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,*ronicle4 #b4 ,,mallet',s ,,nor!rn ,,antiquities4 ,by ,,bi%op ,,p]cy4 ,) ,ab/ract ( ! ,eyrbiggia ,saga1 by ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,,blackwell4 #c4 ,,william ,,( ,,malmesbury',s ,,*ronicle ,,( ,,! ,,k+s ,,( ,,engl&4 #d4 ,,six ,,old ,,engli% ,,*ronicles3 viz41 ,ass]'s ,life ( ,alfr$2 ! ,*ronicles ( ,e!lw]d1 ,gildas1 ,n5nius1 ,ge(fry ( ,monm\?1 & ,ri*>d ( ,cir5ce/]4 #e4 ,,ellis',s ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,metrical ,,romances4 ,revis$ by ,j4 ,,or*>d ,,halliwell4 ,complete 9 "o vol41 ) ,illum9at$ ,frontispiece4 #f4 ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,! ,,crusad]s3 ,ri*>d ( ,devizes1 ,ge(frey de ,v9sauf1 ,"l de ,jo9ville4 ,complete 9 #a volume1 ) ,frontispiece4 #g4 ,,e>ly ,,travels ,,9 ,,pale/9e4 ,willibald1 ,swulf1 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 ,m&eville1 ,la ,brocqui]e1 & ,maundrell4 ,9 "o volume4 ,) ,map4 #h1 #aj1 #ab4 ,,br&',s ,,popul> ,,antiquities ,,( ,,great ,,brita94 ,by ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,ellis4 ,9 #c ,vols4 #i #aa4 ,,rog] ,,( ,,w5dov]',s ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,hi/ory 7=m]ly ascrib$ to ,mat!w ,p>is47 ,9 #b ,vols4 #ac4 ,,keightley',s ,,fairy ,,my?ology4 ,enl>g$4 ,frontispiece by ,,cruik%ank4 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,br[ne',s ,,works4 ,edit$ by ,,simon ,,wilk94 ,portrait4 ,9 #c ,vols4 ,) ,index4 ,,bohn',s ,,m9iature ,,libr>y4 ,foolscap #abmo4 elegantly b\nd 9 morocco clo?4 ,,b>bauld ,,& ,,aik9',s ,,ev5+s ,,at ,,home4 ,frontisps4 #cs4 ,,b\rri5ne',s ,,memoirs ,,( ,,napoleon1 f9e ,portrait & ,frontisp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bunyan',s ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress4 ,) a ,life & ,notes by ,,scott1 conta9+ all 9 ,s\!y's ,edition4 #be f9e ,woodcuts1 by ,,h>vey1 ,frontisp4 c4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,,*eev]',s ,,lectures ,,on1 ,frontisp4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,byron',s ,,poetical ,,works1 9 #a ?ick ,volume1 includ+ sev]al suppress$ ,poems n includ$ 9 o!r editions4 ,beautiful ,frontispiece4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,,don ,,juan1 complete4 ,frontispieces4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,col]idge',s ,,select ,,poetical ,,works4 #bs4 ,,c[p]',s ,,poetical ,,works1 ) ,life by ,,s\!y1 includ+ all ! copyright ,poems 7#gjj pages74 ,beautiful ,frontispieces aft] ,,h>vey1 by ,,goodall4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,mann]s ,,& ,,etiquette1 compris+ an improv$ edition ( ,*e/]field's ,advice to 8 ,son on ,m5 & ,mann]s4 #bs4 ,,heb]',s 7,,bp47 ,,mrs4 ,,hemans' ,,poetical ,,works4 #c ,vols4 9 #a4 ,frontisp4 #cs4 ,,h]rick',s ,,poetical ,,works1 complete4 ,frontispiece4 #cs4 ,,joe ,,mill]',s ,,je/ ,,book4 ,frontispiece4 #cs4 ,,longfell[',s ,,poetical ,,works1 viz4--,voices ( ! ,night--,evangel9e--,seaside & ,fireside--,spani% ,/ud5ts--,translations4 ,portrait & ,frontisp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,,prose ,,works1 viz4--,outre-,m]--,hyp]ion--,kavanagh4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,milton',s ,,poetical ,,works1 ) ,life & ,notes by ,,dr4 ,,/ebb+2 & ,dr4 ,*ann+'s ,essay on ,milton4 ,frontispiece4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ossian',s ,,poems1 ) ,diss]tations by ,,macph]son & ,dr4 ,blair4 ,frontisp4 #cs4 ,,pope',s ,,hom]',s ,,iliad4 ,essay on ,hom]4 ,notes & ,essays4 ,frontispiece4 #cs4 ---- ,,odyssey1 7uni=m74 ,frontispiece4 #cs4 ,,scott',s ,,poetical ,,works1 & ,life1 9 "o volume4 ,port4 & ,frontisp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/urm',s ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,god4 ,frontisp4 #bs4 ,,?ompson',s ,,seasons4 ,) 8 ,ca/le ( ,indol5ce1 #d beautiful ,woodcuts4 #bs4 ,,va!k1 ,,& ,,! ,,amb] ,,wit*4 #b vols4 9 #a4 #cs4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note4 ,ar*aic1 obsolete1 unusual & inconsi/5t spell+s h be5 ma9ta9$ z 9 ! orig9al book4 ,obvi\s errors h be5 fix$ z detail$ bel[4 ,"s entries 9 ! index 7 out ( alphabetical ord] 9 ! orig9al book4 ,!y h be5 mov$ )\t not+ !m 9 ! details bel[4 ,! totals 9 ! v>i\s tables are n equal to ! sum ( ! column above !m4 ,i assume ?is is due to r\nd (f error1 or details 9 ! orig9al data :i* are n repres5t$ "h4 ,no attempt has be5 made to correct ^! totals4 ,9 ! orig9al book1 half ( ! publi%]'s catalogue 7,bohn's ,books7 0 9 ! beg9nig ( ! book4 ,x 0 mov$ to imm$iately prec$e ! o!r half ( ! catalogue at ! end ( ! book4 ,preface1 ,cont5ts1 ,introduction1 ,index1 ,bohn's ,books & ,transcrib]'s ,note h be5 add$ to ! table ( cont5ts4 ,only ! *apt]s ( ! book 7 9 ! table ( cont5ts 9 ! orig9al book4 ,! title ,bohn's ,books 0 ins]t$ into ! beg9n+ ( ! publi%]'s book catalogue4 ,9 ! table bel[1 ! fir/ l9e %[s ! text 9 ?is ebook1 ! second l9e %[s ! text 9 ! orig9al book4 ,page vii43 conditions ( ,matt]--,diamagnetism1 c4 #bce ,orig9ally3 conditions ( ,matt]--,dia-,magnetism1 c4 #bce ,page viii43 ,"t1 an elem5t 9 ,nature's ,op]ations--,geological ,orig9ally3 ,"t1 an elem5t 9 ,nature's ,op]ations,geological ,page viii43 ,progress ( ,matt] t[>ds ,organization ,orig9ally3 ,progress ( ,matt] r[>ds ,organization ,page xii43 ( ext]nal nature1 evok$ beautiful spiritualizations ,orig9ally3 ( ext]nal nature1 evok$ beautiful spirtualizations ,footnote #a3 ,boscovi* reg>d$ ! con/itution ( matt] diff]5tly ,orig9ally3 ,boscovit* reg>d$ ! con/itution ( matt] diff]5tly ,footnote #a3 full explanation ( ! !ory ( ,boscovi*47 ,orig9ally3 full explanation ( ! !ory ( ,boscovit*47 ,page #h3 ,! views ( metaphysicians reg>d+ motion involve ,orig9ally3 ,! views ( metaphyscians reg>d+ motion involve ,page #ad3 tremul\s gyration ^u ! deck ( a va/ arial %ip ,orig9ally3 tremul\s gyration ^u ! deck ( a va/ a]ial %ip ,page #bg3 ag5t ( organisation & all manife/ations ( beauty8 ,orig9ally3 ag5t ( organisation & all manife/ati\s ( beauty8 ,footnote #ah3 fixes1 e/ dt]m9e p> ce qui prcde entre c]ta9es ,orig9ally3 fixes1 e/ det]m9e p> ce qui prcde entre c]ta9es ,footnote #ah3 e/ le gr\pe c5tral de l'ensemble du sy/me ,orig9ally3 e/ le gr\pe c5tral l'ensemble du sy/me ,footnote #bd3 into a s+le mass at ! bottom ( ! flask "u ,orig9ally3 into a s+le mass at ! bottom ( ! flask unde ,page #db3 ) :i* ! p>ticles comb9$1 f int]/ices1 ,orig9ally3 ) :i* ! p>ticles comb9$1 f in/]/ices1 ,page #de3 brom9e1 c41 are ! results ( diff]5t allotropic ,orig9ally3 bromime1 c41 are ! results ( diff]5t allotropic ,page #df3 :i*1--f ! imp]fections ( sci5ce1--resi/+ ,orig9ally3 :i*1--f ! imp]fecti\s ( sci5ce1--resi/+ ,page #df3 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday & ( ,plck] prove ,orig9ally3 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday & ( ,pluck] prove ,footnote #be3 ,"y's ,natural ,philosophy2 ed4 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,kell&4 ,orig9ally3 ,"y's ,natural ,philosophy2 ed4 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,lell&4 ,footnote #ce3 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( comp\nd & visible bodies2 h5ce ,orig9ally3 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( comp\ud & visible bodies2 h5ce ,page #ej3 h] op]ations1 b ! v processes !mselves4 ,orig9ally3 h] op]ations1 b ! v processes !mselvss4 ,paqe #ei3 comb9ation appe>s to ! eye 9 no respect diff]5t ,orig9ally3 comb9ati\ appe>s to ! eye 9 no respect diff]5t ,page #fa3 ,^? fissures =m$ by ! fir/ sy/em ( cry/all9e ,orig9ally3 ,^? fissures =m$ by ! fir/ sytsem ( cry/all9e ,page #fh3 lum9\s p[] are suffici5tly /rik+ to conv9ce u ,orig9ally3 lum9\s p[] are suffici5lty /rik+ to conv9ce u ,page #aji3 ( temp]ature is exp]i5c$4#gi ,pr(essor ,plck]1 ( ,orig9ally3 ( temp]ature is exp]i5c$4#gi ,pr(essor ,pluck]1 ( ,footnote #ee3 ?is motion4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,muss*5broek1 & !n ,orig9ally3 ?is motion4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,mus*5broek1 & !n ,footnote #fa3 reg>d+ ! int]nal temp]ature ( ! ,e>?3 by ,orig9ally3 reg>d+ ! int]nal temp]ature ( ?a ,e>?3 by ,footnote #gh3 en v]tu de l'tat sphrodal dans un creuset ,orig9ally3 en v]tu de l'tat sphrodal dans un creuset ,page #aba3 ,fraunh(]1 ,h]s*el1 ,brew/]1 & o!rs1 b proce$ ,orig9ally3 ,frau5h(]1 ,h]s*el1 ,brew/]1 & o!rs1 b proce$ ,page #abc3 betwe5 *>coal po9ts at ! poles ( a p[]ful voltaic ,orig9ally3 betwe5 *>coal po9ts a ! poles ( a p[]ful voltaic ,page #abi3 ( qu99e1 & ! fluor sp>1 we obta9 ! same results ,orig9ally3 ( qu99e1 & ! fl\r sp>1 we obta9 ! same results ,page #adj3 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ,erasmus ,b>?ol91 9 ,icel&-sp>1 ,orig9ally3 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ,erasmus ,b>tol91 9 ,icel&-sp>1 ,page #ade3 f :at has be5 already /at$1 t "s ,orig9ally3 f :at has bee5 already /at$1 t "s ,page #aec3 to prove t light is absolutely necess>y to ,orig9ally3 to prove t light is absolutely neccess>y to ,page #aei3 ( light beh9d !m4#aac ,by microscopic exam9ation ,orig9ally3 ( light beh9d !m4#aac ,by miscroscopic exam9ation ,page #aei3 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i gave a curi\s acc\nt ( a c>buncle ,orig9ally3 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i give a curi\s acc\nt ( a c>buncle ,page #afj3 ne> a fire4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$ t ! ,orig9ally3 ne> a a fire4 ,f ?is x may be inf]$ t ! ,footnote #hh3 ,br&e's ,manual ( ,*emi/ry2 or1 inde$1 any "w ,orig9ally3 ,br&e's ,mannal ( ,*emi/ry2 or1 inde$1 any "w ,footnote #id3 ,s*\w1 ,grundzge d] ,pflanz5geographie4 ,also 8 ,orig9ally3 ,s*\w1 ,grundzge d] ,pflanz5geographie4 ,also 8 ,footnote #ie3 ,fraunh(]'s measure ( illum9at+ p[] is z ,orig9ally3 ,frau5h(]'s measure ( illum9at+ p[] is z ,footnote #ii3 ,sur une ,proprit de la ,lumire ,rfl*ie3 ,mmoires ,orig9ally3 ,sur une ,proprit de la ,lumire ,rfl*ie3 ,memoires ,page #agf3 ! /ronge/ sunlight :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ,orig9ally3 ! /ronge/ sun-light :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ,page #agi3 productions ( ! photograph] z on ^? ( ! ,orig9ally3 productions ( ! photograp] z on ^? ( ! ,page #ahj3 pres]ve ! l9eam5ts ( ^? :o h b5efit$ ,orig9ally3 pres]ve ! l9eam5ts ( ^? :o h b5efitt$ ,page #ahe3 l9e1 ov] :i* no action takes place1 is pres]v$ at ,orig9ally3 l9e1 ov] :i* no action takes plates1 is pres]v$ at ,page #ahe3 pres5t$ to u by a circul> body3 calorific action seems ,orig9ally3 pres5t to u by a circul> body3 calorific action seems ,page #ahh3 piece ( wood is us$ in/ead ( a metal1 !re w1 by ,orig9ally3 piece ( wood is us$ in/ead ( a m$al1 !re w1 by ,footnote #abf3 dans la vgtation3 by ,s5ebi]2 ,g5ve et ,p>is1 #aghh ,orig9ally3 dans la vgetation3 by ,s5ebi]2 ,g5ve et ,p>is1 #aghh ,page #aih3 ,leyd5 phial1--s call$ f its inv5tor1 ,muss*5broek1 ,orig9ally3 ,leyd5 phial1--s call$ f its inv5tor1 ,mus*5brock1 ,page #bai3 may be made a measur] ( n]v\s irritability4#aed ,!re ,orig9ally3 may be made a measur] ( n]v\s iritability4#aed ,!re ,footnote #ada3 ,trait ,exprim5tal de l'lectricit et du ,magntisme3 ,orig9ally3 ,trait ,exprim5tal de l',electricit et du ,magntisme3 ,footnote #adf3 ,trait ,exprim5tal de l'lectricit et du ,magntisme4 ,orig9ally3 ,trait ,exprim5tal de l',electricit et du ,magntisme ,footnote #afj3 :]e ! cobalt 0 discov]$ betwe5 two portions ( ,orig9ally3 :]e ! cobalt 0 discov]$ betwe$ two portions ( ,page #bce3 ,/orms--,magnetic conditions ( ,matt]--,diamagnetism1 ,orig9ally3 ,/orms--,magnetic conditions ( ,matt]--,dia-,magnetism1 ,page #bcf3 ,magntum1 quia sit patriis 9 f9ibus ortus4 ,orig9ally3 ,magntum1 buia sit patriis 9 f9ibus ortus4 ,page #bea3 conditions ( *ange 9 ?is our e>?3 an elem5t to ,orig9ally3 conditions ( *ange 9 ?is our e>?3 an elemeut to ,page #beg3 ,wi$emann1 by employ+ a f9e po9t ?r\gh :i* ,orig9ally3 ,wi$mann1 by employ+ a f9e po9t ?r\gh :i* ,page #beh3 ?an 9 any o!r4 ,m4 ,wi$emann comes to ! conclusion ,orig9ally3 ?an 9 any o!r4 ,m4 ,wi$mann comes to ! conclusion ,page #bfj3 salt1 ! protosulphate1 ord9>ily cry/allizes s t ,orig9ally3 salt1 ! proto-sulphate1 ord9>ily cry/allizes s t ,footnote #agf3 ,humboldt3 ,expos des ,v>iations ,magntiques4 ,orig9ally3 ,humboldt3 ,expos des ,v>iations ,magnetiques4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,electro-,magnetic ,influ5ce1 by ,pr(essor ,zant$es*i4 ,orig9ally3 ,electro-,magnetic ,influ5ce1 by ,pr(essor ,z&etes*i4 ,footnote #aij3 detail$ acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday1 ,plck]1 ,orig9ally3 detail$ acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday1 ,pluck]1 ,page #bgf3 light det]m9e ^! *anges8 ,x is evid5t1 al?\gh ,orig9ally3 light det]m9e ^! *ange8 ,x is evid5t1 al?\gh ,page #bha3 *emical *ange4 ,db]e9] next discov]$ t ,orig9ally3 *emical *ange4 ,db]e9] next discov]$ t ,page #bhb3 a fe>ful example 9 ! progress ( ,asiatic ,orig9ally3 a fe>ful example 9 ! progress ( ,asatic ,page #cjj3 z be+ ei!r p]oxide ( hydrog51 or an allotropic ,orig9ally3 z be+ ei!r p]-oxide ( hydrog51 or an allotropic ,page #cjd3 ! gas :i* we employ s advantage\sly = illum9ation ,orig9ally3 ! gas :i* we emply s advantage\sly = illum9ation ,page #cjf3 increas+1--true combu/ion takes place4 ,9 ?is way ,orig9ally3 increas+1--true combu/ion takes plaee4 ,9 ?is way ,page #cjf3 sawdu/1 c41 frequ5tly ignite2 & to su* an ,orig9ally3 saw-du/1 c41 frequ5tly ignite2 & to su* an ,page #caf3 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 t if ! imm5se sea-we$s ( ,orig9ally3 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 t if ! imm5se seawe$s ( ,page #cag3 ,:5 ,%akespe>e made 8 *>m+ ,ariel s+-- ,orig9ally3 ,:5 ,%akspe>e made 8 *>m+ ,ariel s+-- ,footnote #bab3 7,r$undant l9e remov$ be=e item #b 9 table47 ,orig9ally3 ,accord+ to "o view1 ,accord+ to ! o!r view1 ,page #ccd3 speculation1 :i* may h occasional m>ks ( +5uity1 ,orig9ally3 speculation1 :ieh may h occasional m>ks ( +5uity1 ,page #ccg3 orig91 ! rational inf]5ce is aga9/ ! speculation2 ,orig9ally3 org91 ! rational inf]5ce is aga9/ ! speculation2 ,page #cgj3 capsule ( nigella ori5talis consi/s ( pods assembl$ ,orig9ally3 capsule ( nigilla ori5talis consi/s ( pods assembl$ ,page #cgj3 a c5tre1 & p>tially unit$2 9 nigella damasc5a ,orig9ally3 a c5tre1 & p>tially unit$2 9 nigilla damasc5a ,page #cii3 ^: m9ds are sceptical ^u any developm5t ( ! ,orig9ally3 ^: m9d are sceptical ^u any developm5t ( ! ,page #djf3 evid5ce ( a beautiful adju/m5t ( ! balance ( ,orig9ally3 evid5ce ( a beautifnl adju/m5t ( ! balance ( ,page #djh3 ,let b a slight di/urbance occasion a vibration ,orig9ally3 ,let b a slight di/urbance occcasion a vibration ,page #dji3 ,a *e]less philosophy1 d]iv$ f ! transc5d5talism ,orig9ally3 ,a *e]less philosophy1 d]iv$ f ! trans5d5talism ,page #daj3 :i* are all[$ ! privilege ( trac+ out its ,orig9ally3 :i* are al[$ ! privilege ( trac+ out its ,page #dac3 ,areal curr5ts dep5d5t on heat1 #hj4 ,orig9ally3 real curr5ts dep5d5t on heat1 #hj4 ,page #dac3 ,animal electricity1 #baa1 #cib4 ,orig9ally3 ,magnetic electricity1 #baa1 #cib4 ,page #dac3 ,b>?ol9 on ,icel& sp>1 #adj4 ,orig9ally3 ,b>tol9 on ,icel& sp>1 #adj4 ,page #dad3 ,cagni>d de la ,t\r /ate1 #ajf4 ,orig9ally3 ,caign>d de la ,t\r /ate1 #ajf4 ,page #dae3 ,db]e9]'s lamp1 #bha4 ,orig9ally3 ,doeb]e9]'s lamp1 #bha4 ,page #dae3 ,eye1 me*anism (1 #adi4 ,orig9ally3 ,eye1 me*anism (1 #dia4 ,page #daf3 ---- on diamagnetism1 #bed4 ,orig9ally3 ---- on dia-magnetism1 #bed4 ,page #dah3 ,muss*5broek ( ,leyd51 #aih4 ,orig9ally3 ,mus*5brock ( ,leyd51 #aih4 ,page #dba3 ,wi$emann on electrical vibrations1 #beg4 ,orig9ally3 ,wi$man on electrical vibrations1 #beg4 ,bohn's ,books3 ,,l\don',s 7,,mrs47 ,,ent]ta9+ ,,naturali/1 ,orig9ally3 ,,l\don',s 7,,mrs47 ,,ent]ta+ ,,naturali/1 ,bohn's ,books3 ,indexes ( ,sci5tific & ,popul> ,names4 ,) ,orig9ally3 ,indexes ( ,sci5tific & & ,popul> ,names4 ,) ,bohn's ,books3 #ah4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,by ,g4 ,,burges1 ,m4,a4 ,eu?ydemus1 ,orig9ally3 #h4 ,,plato4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,by ,g4 ,,burges1 ,m4,a4 ,eu?ydemus1 ,bohn's ,books3 #ce4 ,,juv5al1 ,,p]sius1 c4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,l4 ,,evans1 ,m4,a4 ,orig9ally3 #cd4 ,,juv5al1 ,,p]sius1 c4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,l4 ,,evans1 ,m4,a4