,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 --,obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected4 --,bold text have been rendered as bold text4 ,illustration3 ,,popular ,,pastimes ,for ,field ,fireside4 ,popular ,pastimes ,,for ,field and ,fireside1 ,,or ,amusements for ,young and ,old4 ,,carefully ,,compiled ,,by ,,aunt ,,carrie4 ,,springfield1 ,,mass43 ,,published ,,by ,,milton ,,bradley ,,co4 #ahfg4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahff1 by ,,milton ,,bradley ,,company1 ,in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,district of ,massachusetts4 ,,samuel ,,bowles ,,and ,,company4 ,printers1 ,binders and ,electrotypers4 ,,aunt ,,carrie ,,dedicates ,,to ,,her ,,young ,,friends ,,this ,,book1 ,,in ,,the ,,hope ,,that ,,it ,,will ,,add ,,to ,,their ,,home ,,pleasures4 ,preface4 ,i ,,would like to make a few suggestions on 8home influence10 before ,i commence a list of amusements4 ,they may be superfluous2 if so1 ,i trust you will pardon me4 ,all parents1 ,i am sure1 must feel a deep interest in this subject1 and ,i think will agree with me that judicious praise is quite as necessary in the training of a child as wholesome correction4 ,but if we wish our children to have a genuine love for us1 and our homes1 we must sympathize with them1 and never forget we were once children1 and loved childish things4 ,mothers have by nature far more sympathy and patience than most fathers4 ,some fathers are apt to think that home is only a place in which to eat1 sleep1 and be generally comfortable2 but as to giving any of their valuable time to entertaining their own children1 why1 the very idea is preposterous6 ,a wife is presuming to expect it6 ,let me appeal to your selfish instincts4 ,you all wish to be loved and revered1 and are gratified if your children are attentive to your comforts4 ,can you expect such manifestations1 unless you set them an example1 and prove by a real interest in their pleasures1 that you sincerely love them8 ,is it not better to devote at least an hour a day to your children1 than to spend every moment in earning money for them1 which1 unless you rightly direct and train them1 will surely prove their ruin8 ,there is no time in the day when home is so pleasant as at twilight1 or in the early evening hour4 ,then all are gathered 7or should be7 together at home4 ,in the country it is after tea2 in cities1 particularly ,new ,york1 it is after dinner4 ,then1 ,i entreat you1 fathers and mothers1 assemble your children around you1 devote your time for an hour or two in being children with them1 join heartily in all their plays2 let them tell what has interested them during the day2 draw them out1 and encourage them to open their little hearts freely and confide in you4 ,some think it childish and silly to play games4 ,yet if we would only keep our hearts young and happy1 we should retain our youth longer1 and love our friends and homes better4 ,a good hearty laugh is wholesome4 ,mothers1 ,i intreat you to train your own children4 ,do not leave them to servants4 ,hire them to relieve you of the care of your house1 and to do your sewing2 but give your time to your children4 8,verily1 you will have your reward40 ,i have compiled this book to assist you in your home amusements4 ,may it carry to your home circle that spirit of enjoyment which is natural to the young heart1 and which should not be absent from the more mature4 ,contents4 ,,page ,,preface1 v ,,croquet4 ,,materials used in the ,game--,preparation of the ,ground--,choice of ,sides--,general ,principles of the ,game--,arrangement of the ,bridges--,diagrams--,rules of the ,game--,striking the ,ball--,running a ,bridge--,striking ,out--,the ,rover--,roquet--,croquet and ,roquet-,croquet--,the ,flinch--,suggestions to ,beginners--,hints to ,players--,carpet ,croquet--,the ,board ,game--,vocabulary of ,terms1 #ac ,,base ,,ball4 ,origin of the ,game--,rules adopted by 8the ,national ,association of ,base ,ball ,players0--,selection and ,measuring of ,ground--,diagram--,pitcher's ,point and ,home ,base--,use of the ,bat--,description of the ,game--,the ,catcher--,the ,pitcher--,the ,short ,stop--,first ,base--,second ,base--,third ,base--,left ,field--,center ,field--,right ,field--,the ,umpire--,the ,scorer1 #db ,,archery4 ,position of the ,targets--,attitude in ,shooting--,directions--,bows--,targets1 #fd ,,gardening ,,and ,,flowers4 ,benefit of ,children's ,gardens--,the ,woods--,how to ,plant ,seeds--,ferneries--,ivies--,pressed ,flowers--,how to ,plant and ,grow ,strawberries--,grapes--,designs for ,flowers--,to ,produce various ,flowers from one stem--,to ,preserve ,roses till ,winter1 #fg ,,illumination4 ,materials--,lists of ,selected ,colors--,brushes--,coloring--,table of ,colors and ,mixed ,tints--,design1 #he ,,house ,,and ,,home ,,arts4 ,decalcomanie1 #ih ,engraved ,boxes1 #aja ,coral ,flowers and ,baskets1 #ajb ,imitation of ,inlaid ,ivory1 #ajc ,alum ,baskets1 #ajc ,painting on ,glass1 #ajd ,painting on ,velvet1 #ajf ,casting in ,plaster1 ,sulphur1 c41 #aji ,leather ,work1 #aaa ,cigar ,boxes made ,useful1 #aaf ,potichimanie1 #aah ,ornaments in ,rice ,shell ,work1 #abj ,allspice ,baskets1 #abd ,rice or ,shell ,baskets1 #abe ,wafer ,baskets1 #abe ,impressions of ,butterflies1 #abf ,how to take ,impressions of ,leaves1 #abf ,paper ,landscapes1 #abg ,,natural ,,magic4 ,the olian ,harp1 #abh ,the ,magic of ,acoustics1 #abi ,how ,sound travels through a ,solid1 #abi ,singular ,example of ,superstition1 #acj ,theory of the ,voice1 #aca ,the visibly growing ,acorn1 #acb ,,dancing4 ,pop goes the ,weasel1 #acd ,lancers1 #acd ,le ,prince ,imperial ,quadrille1 #acg ,common ,cotillion1 #aci ,basket ,dance1 #adj ,white ,cockade1 #ada ,the ,waltz and ,polka ,quadrille1 #ada ,sir ,roger ,de ,coverly or ,virginia ,reel1 #ada ,nine-,pin ,dance1 #adb ,caledonian ,quadrilles1 #adb ,,dramatic ,,amusements4 ,general ,directions for ,private ,theatricals1 #add ,dramatic ,reading ,clubs1 #adg ,charades and how to ,act them--,examples1 #adi ,tableaux ,vivants1 #aed ,,the ,,sibyl4 ,sibylline ,leaves--,the ,fiat of ,fate--,flower ,fate--,fate ,box1 #aef ,,the ,,puzzler4 ,conundrums1 #afj ,enigmas1 ,charades and ,riddles1 #afb ,an ,enigmatical ,dinner1 #afh ,paradoxes and ,puzzles1 #agj ,arithmetical ,problems1 #agc ,answers to ,conundrums1 #age ,answers to ,enigmas and ,charades1 #agf ,answers to ,paradoxes and ,puzzles1 #agh ,answers to ,arithmetical ,problems1 #ahj ,,games ,,for ,,old ,,and ,,young4 ,blind ,man's ,buff1 #ahb ,shadow ,buff1 #ahc ,blind ,man's ,wand1 #ahc ,chinese ,shadows1 #ahd ,the ,comical ,concert1 #ahd ,the ,menagerie1 #ahf ,quaker ,meeting1 #ahf ,resemblances1 #ahg ,put in a ,word1 #ahh ,proverbs1 #ahh ,game of ,characters1 #ahi ,lawyer1 #aij ,consequences1 #aij ,fox and ,geese1 #aia ,stage-,coach1 #aib ,hunt the ,fox1 #aic ,sneezing1 #aic ,the ,ready ,writer1 #aic ,rhyming ,words in ,pantomime1 #aid ,exhibition of the ,modern ,giant1 #aif ,the ,shadow at ,command1 #aig ,the ,wizard of the ,east1 #aih ,how to ,bring a ,person down upon a ,feather1 #aii ,the ,apparent ,impossibility1 #bjj ,the ,turned ,head1 #bjj ,statuary1 #bja 8,he can do little who can't do this10 #bja 8,brother1 ,i'm ,bobbed10 #bjb 8,how do ,you ,like it8 ,when do ,you ,like it8 ,and ,where will ,you ,put it80 #bjb ,the ,bird ,catcher1 #bjc ,questions and ,answers1 #bjf ,the ,magic ,wand1 #bjf ,the ,rhyming ,game1 #bjg ,the ,game of ,twenty ,questions1 #bjh ,game of ,photograph1 #baj ,york and ,lancaster1 or the ,war of the ,roses1 #bab ,post-,office1 #bad ,hand-writing on the ,wall1 #bad ,graces1 #bae ,family ,newspaper1 #baf ,,games ,,of ,,memory4 ,grand ,panjandrum1 #bah 8,le ,jardin de ma tante10 #bai ,a ,good ,fat ,hand #bai ,,parlor ,,games4 ,squails1 #bbb ,parlor1 or ,carpet ,bowls1 #bbf ,the ,union ,game1 or ,red1 ,white and ,blue1 #bbg ,zoetrope1 or ,wheel of ,life1 #bbi ,grecian ,games1 #bcj ,jack-,straws1 #bca ,,games ,,for ,,little ,,children4 ,dance1 ,thumbkin1 ,dance6 #bcc ,uncle ,john1 #bcd ,mother ,goose1 #bcd ,clap out and ,clap in1 #bce ,fingers and ,thumbs1 #bcf 8,you are nothing but a ,goose10 #bcg ,buzz1 #bch ,the ,puzzle ,wall1 #bci ,dolls1 #bdj ,boys1 #bda ,play-,ground ,rhymes1 #bdc ,forfeits1 #bdd ,croquet4 ,,croquet has been for several years one of the most popular pastimes in ,england1 and is now very justly receiving a large and rapidly increasing share of attention in this country4 ,it is unmistakably a game of science1 in which the brain1 as well as the muscles and nerves1 has an essential part to perform1--thus very closely resembling billiards1 to which game it is in some respects superior1 in that it is a more social game1 and gives an opportunity for healthful open air exercise4 ,unlike most of out-of-door sports1 it does not require the possession of great strength or powers of endurance1 or severe muscular exertion on the part of the player4 ,excellence in it is almost equally attainable to the weakly and delicate as to the healthy and robust4 ,old and young meet on its arena on more nearly equal terms than in any other known game of skill4 ,a 8correct eye10 steady hands and nerves1 and good judgment1 are the essential qualifications for a good player1 and the possession of these advantages of course is not dependent upon the age1 sex1 or condition of the person4 ,and it may perhaps be considered as the chief excellence of this game that it gives this opportunity1 which very few other games1 combining scientific play and physical exercise1 afford1 for persons of the opposite sexes and disparity of age to join in one common amusement4 ,it should be a matter of congratulation to all to see the rapidly increasing popularity of any healthful open air sport in this country4 ,we predict for ,croquet a success wider in this than it has reached in any other country4 ,when we work or fight1 we work and fight harder than any other people1 and we should be as enthusiastic in our play4 ,in preparing this chapter on ,croquet we have endeavored to explain the general principles of the game1 and to present a code of rules1 simple1 concise1 and shorn as far as possible of technicalities of expression1 but comprehensive enough to include all points necessary to a thorough understanding of the game4 ,in ,rules of the ,game1 explanatory remarks are enclosed in brackets4 ,,materials ,,of ,,the ,,game4 ,a ,,complete set of ,croquet consists of eight balls1 eight mallets1 ten iron bridges1 and two posts4 ,the balls should be about ten inches in circumference1 perfectly spherical1 and should weigh about eight ounces4 ,they should be designated by different colors1 either by painting the entire surface of the ball1 or by a stripe of the color merely4 ,but the first method is much to be preferred1 as a ball needs all the protection it can have to preserve it from the effects of the weather1 and for this purpose nothing is better than good oil paint and varnish4 ,there is a universal predisposition towards large balls by all novices in the game2 but experience will invariably give the preference to a ball not more than ten inches in circumference1 if of rock maple or birch1 and if of box-wood1 not more than nine and one-half inches4 ,illustration3 ,,mallet4 ,the mallet head should be about #b inches in diameter1 and #d inches long1 shaped somewhat like a dice-box2 and the handle #cc inches long1 #ae_/af of an inch in diameter in the largest part1 and of an inch in the smallest4 ,it is customary to paint some portion of the mallets to correspond to the colors on the balls4 ,this is a very great advantage in distinguishing the different players and assisting the memory to connect them with their respective balls1 and we much prefer it2 but some players prefer to leave the mallets undistinguished1 and to allow each player to select his own1--choosing such weight1 size and length as he may desire--and perhaps there is no objection to this4 ,a feeble or delicate person may not be able to play as well with a mallet of the standard size as his opponent1 and thus will be upon an unequal footing with him at the outset2 while1 if each selects such as is suitable to his or her condition1 all will be satisfactorily equipped1 and1 of course1 upon equal terms1 as far as the implements are concerned4 ,for balls and mallet heads good rock maple is the most desirable of all our native woods1 and hickory is the best for mallet handles4 ,box-wood is very good for mallet heads1 but is too heavy for balls4 ,box-wood mallet heads and good rock maple balls1 well painted1 make an elegant and superior set1 and are preferable to a complete box-wood set1 while rosewood and lignum-vit balls are little better than iron1 and entirely unfit to use4 ,the bridges should be made of iron wire about #e_/af of an inch in diameter1 in form like an ox-bow4 ,the width of the bridge should be equal to the circumference of the ball1 and the hight such that when firmly set it will stand out of the ground a distance equal to its width4 ,they should be uniform in color4 ,white is best1 as it is more easily seen1 and contrasts more pleasingly with the green of the turf4 ,some have adopted the practice of painting them of different colors1 but the reason assigned seems not to be a good one1 and experience almost unanimously pronounces in favor of a uniform light color4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bridge4 ,one manufacturer has adopted and patented the happy idea of galvanizing or plating the iron bridges with zinc1 which gives them a permanent light color1 and at the same time perfectly preserves them from rust4 ,some writers assert that withs or firkin hoops answer very well for bridges4 ,they may answer as a very poor substitute1 but a good croquet player would no sooner play with such materials than a billiard player with a slack rope for a cushion or an umbrella for a cue4 ,in many of the scientific 8shots0 of the game1 the player calculates upon the rigidity of the bridges1 and an iron bridge1 when set in sandy soil1 is at best none too rigid2 and with loose or springy bridges the game loses much of its attraction to a good player4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,post4 ,the posts should be about #bh inches long1 #a inches in diameter in the largest part1 and pointed so as to be driven into the ground4 ,they should have rings painted on them corresponding to the colors of the balls1 and of such width that the bottom ring will be as high from the ground as the top of the bridges4 ,thus1 supposing the post to be #bh inches long1 commencing at the top1 make each ring #a inches wide4 ,this will occupy #aj inches1 and hence allow the posts to be driven into the ground #h inches1 and still have the lowest color so high from the turf that it can be easily seen from any portion of the ground4 ,the order of the colors on the post is not essential so long as the light and dark colors alternate2 but the two uppermost colors belong to the chiefs of the two sides1 and therefore most properly should be black and white1 as those are the best representatives of dark and light colors4 ,the exact arrangement of the succeeding colors is immaterial1 but the following is very good1 commencing at the top3 #a4 ,black4 #e4 ,brown4 #b4 ,white4 #f4 ,red4 #c4 ,blue4 #g4 ,green4 #d4 ,yellow4 #h4 ,pink4 ,as the order of the colors on the posts governs that of the play1 and since those on each side play alternately1 it follows that in a game of eight the dark balls1 black1 blue1 brown1 and green1 are matched against the light ones1 white1 yellow1 red and pink4 ,many devices have been suggested for marking the bridges when run1 such as clips or markers1 painting the bridges different colors1 c41 c41 but they have all proved to be useless1 as a player who is interested in the game will remember his own position more easily than he will remember to change the marker4 ,,the ,,ground4 ,,in contemplating the preparation of a ,croquet ground1 the first question that occurs is1 how much and what kind of ground is necessary4 ,the size of the ground1 as well as the distance between the bridges1 is governed very much by the taste and accommodation of the owner4 ,a model ,croquet ground has been defined as an elliptical field one hundred feet long and sixty feet wide1 with the bridges from nine to twelve feet apart2 but persons possessed of only a limited plot of ground need not conclude that the above dimensions are absolutely necessary1 for a very interesting game may be played on ground not more than sixty feet long and thirty feet wide1 with the bridges from six to eight feet apart4 ,the bounds may be imaginary lines defined by corner bounds1 or they may be walks or other natural bounds suggested by the nature of the ground2 or if a plot is prepared expressly for the purpose1 a ditch about eight inches wide1 and six inches deep1 well turfed is probably the best bound that can be made4 ,a smooth1 closely cut turf is always to be chosen1 and is improved by a thorough rolling with a very heavy roller1 or1 if that is not available1 a few hours' work with a heavy mall will bring the ground into very good condition4 ,next to having the turf smooth1 the most important point is to have the ground level2 and yet a very good game can be played on an uneven or sloping ground1 if in making the strokes and determining the necessary force and direction1 a proper calculation is made with reference to the condition of the surface over which the ball is to pass4 ,it in fact shows more skill to play a good game upon a poor ground than upon a perfect one4 ,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,the ,,game4 ,,two players being designated captains or chiefs1 one for each side1 sides are chosen in the usual manner4 ,the privilege of first choice of players is very conveniently decided between the chiefs by each placing his ball under the first bridge and striking for the starting post2 the one who thus drives his ball nearest the post gaining the first choice4 ,the chief who has the first choice takes the ball corresponding in color with the top of the post1 and the other chief the next ball according to the order of the colors on the posts1 while the remaining balls are given to the other players in the order in which they are chosen4 7,see remark under ,rule ,,ii47 ,illustration ,eight persons can play1 but a game of four or six is the most interesting4 ,if four or more play1 each player uses but one ball2 but if only two play1 the game is improved by each player taking two balls and playing them alternately as usual4 ,if there be an odd number of players--either three1 five or seven--the players play against each other individually1 or one person takes two balls and plays each in its proper turn4 ,assuming that each player has a ball and a mallet1 that the bridges are arranged in either of the three positions given in diagrams ,nos4 #a1 #b and #c1 we now come to the mode of playing the game4 ,the object is to drive the balls through all the bridges1 in the direction indicated by the dotted lines on the diagrams1 and to strike the two posts4 ,the side1 all of whose members succeed in performing this feat first1 wins the game4 ,now although this is the chief object of the game1 yet the act from which it derives its title1 to wit3 8,croquet10 is of much greater importance than would at first be imagined4 ,if a player hit with his ball any of the others1 he is allowed to place his own against the ball he has struck1 and setting his foot upon his own ball1 he hits it with the mallet1 and the force of the blow drives off the other ball while the playing ball remains stationary4 ,as a player is allowed to ,croquet either friend or foe1 it is evident that he can do a great deal of damage or service1 according to his inclination1 since he is at liberty to drive the ball in any direction he pleases4 ,the ,roquet-,croquet is an operation still more interesting than the ,croquet as it is susceptible of much greater skill in its execution4 ,this is accomplished the same as the ,croquet1 except that instead of holding one ball firmly by placing the foot upon it1 both balls are left free to be driven together by the blow of the mallet4 ,by practice and a skillful placing of the balls a stroke may be made that will cause the balls to diverge in any forward directions the player may desire4 ,in commencing a game1 the first chief places his ball one-third the distance from the starting post to the first bridge1 and endeavors1 by striking it with the end of his mallet's head1 to drive it through the first bridge4 ,if he succeeds1 he continues his turn and attempts to send the ball through the second bridge1 and then through the third1 for driving the ball through a bridge1 or hitting another ball1 generally imparts the privilege of an additional stroke4 ,when one ball driven by a blow of the mallet hits another1 it is said to make ,roquet on that ball4 ,when the first player1 who should be black1 has missed1 white goes on1 and the other players follow in the order of the colors on the posts1 and very soon comes the opportunity to use the great advantages of the ,croquet and ,roquet-,croquet4 ,often when a player has his ball in a good position in front of a bridge1 another will hit it1 and then by ,croquet or ,roquet-,croquet drive it to the other end of the ground1 compelling it perhaps to take two or three turns before it can regain its former position4 ,occasionally two or three balls lie close together1 and one is struck by a ball which was some distance off4 ,the player is now allowed to place his ball by the side of the one it has struck1 thus gaining position near the others1 so that after croqueting it he is almost sure of hitting the others4 ,as an example of the use of the ,roquet-,croquet1 we will take diagram ,no4 #a1 and suppose that white plays with success through the first two bridges1 and that black lies somewhere beyond the second bridge4 ,now if there was no other ball near1 it would be impossible for white to continue to play and pass through the third bridge1 because it will require one stroke to get in position for that bridge3 but if white can ,roquet black1 then she can ,roquet-,croquet with black up in front of the third bridge1 and then1 as the ,roquet gives another stroke1 play through the third bridge and perhaps through the fourth and fifth4 ,if below the fifth she should find1 say the brown ball1 to ,roquet-,croquet with1 it would be possible to get in front of ,no4 #f1 and then down to the turning post and hitting that return up through ,no4 #f4 ,here the brown ball may again be roqueted1 and then roquet-croqueted1 into position for ,no4 #h1 and so on4 ,this of course could only happen if white was an extra player and the other balls were in very favorable positions1 but it serves as an illustration of the use of this very valuable stroke4 ,the player who reaches the turning-post first1 has great advantages for a time1 for as soon as he touches it1 he commences his return journey1 and meeting the other players on their way to the farthest point of their journey1 he is able to croquet them and considerably impede their progress4 ,when a player has passed through all the bridges1 he becomes what is called in the technical language of ,croquet1 a rover1 and is privileged to rove about all over the ground1 croqueting his friends and foes4 ,it is therefore obvious that a good player can prove1 when thus situated1 of immense advantage to his side1 and should generally avoid hitting the starting post till all on his side have passed through the last bridge4 ,the excitement towards the end of the game1 often becomes intense1 and each stroke is watched with the keenest interest4 ,gradually1 one by one1 the players hit the post1 until perhaps only two remain1 and now occurs an opportunity for skillful play4 ,the object of both is first to hit the post1 and failing in that1 to keep as far off his adversary as he can4 ,each endeavors1 at the same time drawing nearer to the great object in view1 to keep the post between his and the other ball4 ,at length one plays at the post1 misses it1 and sends his ball near his adversary1 who first hits it1 next croquets it away1 and then strikes the post1 and wins the victory4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,the ,,bridges4 ,diagram ,no4 #a4 ,,this arrangement of the bridges1 which is the simplest of the three we have drawn1 is the one which we recommend for all eight handed games1 or for beginners4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,no4 #a4 ,the figures marked on this diagram are intended merely to furnish a relative scale of distances4 ,thus with these distances the posts are #ec feet apart1 which is perhaps more than is desirable1 unless the ground is very perfect1 or the players experts4 ,the course of the ball is indicated by the dotted lines1 and the arrows show the direction in which the balls proceed on the round4 ,it will be observed that bridge ,no4 #c is to the left of ,no4 #b4 ,as represented in this diagram1 bridges #c and #aj are set a little in advance of #b1 and #f a little in advance of #e and #h4 ,some players prefer that #aj1 #b and #c should be in a straight line1 and the same with #h1 #f and #e4 ,we prefer to have #c and #aj enough in advance of #b to make it just possible for an expert by a very superior stroke to run ,no4 #b and get position for ,no4 #c at one blow1 and the same with #e1 #f and #h4 ,in short1 we would have the arrangement such that it is not absolutely impossible for a player to make the grand round in one tour1 without the aid of the roquet4 ,this of course would very rarely be accomplished1--never1 except by extraordinarily skillful play1--yet it should be made possible1 but very difficult4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,no4 #b4 ,diagram ,no4 #b4 ,in this the same number of bridges are used1 as in the first diagram2 but the bridges numbered respectively #d and #i1 instead of being placed parallel to the others1 are now at right angles to them2 thus in playing from #c to #d1 the ball must keep to the left of #d1 and then pass through it1 from the outside of the game2 a much more difficult arrangement than the first1 and somewhat more difficult than the third1 although at first sight it may not appear so4 ,diagram ,no4 #c4 ,in this1 the third diagram1 it will be seen that the two center side bridges are done away with1 and that one is placed in the center of the ground instead2 but although in the play we now require one bridge less than in the former diagram1 yet the player will have to pass through the same number of bridges as before1 since he travels twice through the bridge in the center1 once on his way to the turning post1 and once on his return4 ,this is the best arrangement of bridges for a four-handed game4 ,as the player's knowledge of ,croquet increases1 many other positions will suggest themselves2 but those we have presented are the simplest1 and are the diagrams in general use at the present time4 ,some authors recommend the invariable use of diagram ,no4 #a1 as being sufficiently difficult1 especially when bridges #aj1 #b and #c are on a line4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,no4 #c4 ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,game4 ,striking the ,ball4 ,i4 ,,at the commencement of the game the ball should be placed on a line drawn from the starting post to the center of the first bridge1 and at a distance from the starting post1 equal to one-third the distance from the post to the bridge4 ,the rule usually given1 i4 e41 to place the ball a mallet's length from the post is very well for a large ground where the distance from post to bridge is nine or ten feet1 but for a small ground it brings the ball too near the first bridge4 #a4 ,in striking1 the mallet should be used with one hand1 and the striker should stand on one side of1 and not behind the ball4 #b4 ,the ball must be struck and not pushed--a push never being allowable under any circumstances2 and the blow must be given with the face--never with the side--of the mallet head4 ,a ball can never get into such a position on a croquet-ground that it cannot be struck in some direction1 and if it is in a bad position it is either the fault or the misfortune of the player owning the ball--which he is not to be allowed to rectify by a push1 for that would sometimes be rewarding bad play4 #c4 ,whenever the mallet hits the ball1 if it moves it however slightly1 it must be considered a stroke4 #d4 ,the player may if he wholly miss his ball1 strike at it again4 ,,ii4 ,the game is opened by the chief holding the ball corresponding in color with the top of the post1 and the players on the two sides follow alternately according to the order of the colors on the posts4 ,the playing must necessarily be in the order of the colors on the post4 ,but on some grounds the chief is allowed to assign the balls to the several players on his side according to his own choice2 thus according to this rule the chief is not compelled to play the first ball4 ,we do not advise this practice as there is generally some real or fancied difference in the mallets and hence a chief is liable to offend some one in the distribution of the materials4 ,there are other objections which we have not space to discuss4 #a4 ,a player who misses the first bridge is called a booby1 and at his next turn must strike his ball from the position to which it last rolled4 ,the above rule is based upon the almost universal practice of the best players in this country4 ,the following is gaining favor in ,england3 8,a ball missing the first bridge must be immediately picked up and played from the starting spot1 at its next turn40 ,both practices have peculiar advantages over the other1 which we have not space to discuss4 #b4 ,a roquet made upon1 or by1 a booby does not entitle the player to an extra stroke2 neither can a booby croquet or be croqueted4 #c4 ,if any ball is played out of its proper turn and discovered before the play of another ball has commenced1 the misplayed ball may be returned to its original place1 or permitted to remain in that to which it has rolled1 at the option of the chief of the opposing side4 ,but if the mistake is discovered before the player has finished his turn and the misplay be allowed1 the misplayer shall be permitted to finish his turn4 ,if the chief does not permit the misplay1 the misplayed ball shall be returned to its original place1 and any damages sustained or advantages gained by either side shall be canceled4 ,if the misplay is not discovered before the play of another ball commences1 or is allowed1 the misplayer cannot use his next turn as he has anticipated it4 #d4 ,if a player use a wrong ball1 all the balls moved by such play must be returned to their former position1 and the misplayer lose his turn4 ,running a ,bridge4 ,,iii4 ,a player continues to play so long as he makes a point in the game4 #a4 ,making a point is running one or more bridges1 striking the turning-post in order1 or performing the roquet 7except on a booby1 or on a ball the second time in one tour without making an intervening step47 #b4 ,a player is allowed but one extra stroke1 even though he make roquet and run one or more bridges at one stroke4 #c4 ,if a player makes two steps at one stroke1 he may take position one mallet's length or less1 in any direction from where the ball rested4 #d4 ,if a player makes three steps at one stroke1 he may take position as above up to two mallet lengths or less4 ,,iv4 ,the bridges must be passed through in their regular order in the direction of the course4 7,this is called running a bridge47 #a4 ,a ball runs a bridge when it passes through it in order and course1 by a direct blow1 by roquet1 roquet-croquet1 croquet or concussion4 ,hence1 for a player to drive his ball through a bridge out of its regular order1 or from the wrong side counts no more than to pass over any other part of the field4 #b4 ,a ball is not through its bridge when the handle of the mallet laid across the two piers of the bridge upon the side from whence the ball came1 touches the ball without moving the bridge4 #c4 ,a ball passing under its bridge in the wrong direction is not in position to run the bridge until it has passed clear through according to the foregoing rule4 #d4 ,a ball lying under a bridge is not in position for that bridge if it has been so placed by the hand for the purpose of croquet or roquet-croquet1 no matter from what position it may have been taken4 ,if the ball was taken from the back of the bridge1 it would not be in position1 having come from the wrong side1 as above4 ,now if it should be allowed that a ball may be taken from the front of the bridge and placed under the bridge without losing position1 as would at first seem proper1 then the question immediately arises as to a ball when taken from a position directly on a line with the two piers of the bridge1 thus coming from neither front nor back4 ,this question can rarely be settled without dispute1 to avoid which we have considered the adoption of the above rule as most judicious4 ,v4 ,tolling the turning post is in all respects equivalent to running a bridge1 but the post may be tolled from any quarter4 ,striking ,out4 ,,vi4 ,a ball1 after it has run all the bridges1 may hit the starting post either by a blow from its owner's mallet1 by roquet1 roquet-croquet1 croquet or concussion1 and is then a dead ball1 and must be immediately removed from the field4 #a4 ,a player who having run all the bridges strikes the starting post1 is out of the game1 his turn is omitted1 and the play goes on as before4 ,if1 instead of striking the post1 he continues to play1 he is called a rover4 #b4 ,when all the balls on one side have made the grand round and hit the starting post1 that side has won the game4 ,some authors on ,croquet require the ball to be placed on the spot or starting point before continuing play as a rover4 ,but this rule seems to be entirely arbitrary--useless--and to have been adopted for no sufficient reason4 ,the ,rover4 ,,vii4 ,if the roquet-croquet is allowed to all players alike1 the rover is governed entirely by the same laws as other players4 #a4 ,therefore1 a rover having completed the grand round1 and having no other steps to make 7except stepping out1 when of course his play ceases17 can only acquire the right to continuance of play by the roquet4 ,he may 7after roquet upon it7 croquet or roquet-croquet each ball once only during a tour4 ,roquet upon a ball the second time during a tour does not entitle him to a continuance of play4 ,roquet4 ,,viii4 ,a ball roquets another when it comes in contact with it by a direct blow of the mallet1 or rebounds upon it after the blow1 from any fixed obstacle of the ground or from another ball4 #a4 ,a ball having roqueted another ball1 except a booby1 is at liberty to croquet or roquet-croquet it or proceed on its round2 providing that the playing ball has not already in that tour roqueted that same ball since making a step on the round4 #b4 ,a ball may roquet another ball twice between two consecutive steps1 but the second roquet does not entitle the player to a continuance of play4 #c4 ,any player in his turn is at liberty at any time to make roquet on any ball on the ground4 #d4 ,roquet does not entitle a booby to a continuance of play4 #e4 ,roquet on a booby does not entitle the playing ball to a continuance of play4 #f4 ,a ball having made roquet and declined the croquet1 may continue its play either from the position to which it has rolled after the roquet1 or from the side of the roqueted ball4 #g4 ,if a ball roquet another and thereby gain the privilege of croquet1 and afterwards1 at the same blow1 run a bridge2 it may croquet the roqueted ball1 then proceed to roquet it again1 then croquet again and proceed on its round2 or waiving either or both croquets1 or the last roquet and croquet1 may proceed on its round4 ,thus supposing the playing ball roquets a ball that it has not roqueted since making a step1 and afterwards at the same blow runs a bridge2 it of course has a right to croquet the roqueted ball2 then as that roquet was made before the playing ball run its bridge there is no reason why it cannot again roquet and croquet the same ball4 ,but had the playing ball first run a bridge and afterwards at the same blow roqueted a ball then it can have but one croquet according to ,rule ,,ix4 #h4 ,the continuance of play is gained by virtue of the roquet1 and not of the croquet4 ,the croquet is merely a privilege consequent upon the roquet4 ,therefore to waive a croquet does not terminate the play4 ,this principle once fixed in the mind will avoid much confusion in understanding and interpreting the rules4 ,one author on ,croquet1 assumes to propound a set of rules on double points which are entirely new and at variance with all previously established principles of the game1 inasmuch as they allow a player to waive any point made or privilege gained4 ,it is an established fact in ,croquet that a player may waive any privilege that he has acquired--but it is also as well established that a step once made can not be taken back4 ,the beauty of ,croquet is in a great degree due to its simplicity1 and the granting of the above right to players adds one-half to the difficulties of the game1 without adding in the least to its interest4 ,a game of ,croquet in which all the players except the rover are denied the privilege of roquet-croquet1 and in which the right to waive a step is introduced1 becomes at once twice as intricate1 requires double the rules to explain it1 and loses one-half its interest4 ,the ,croquet and ,roquet-,croquet4 ,,ix4 ,a player may croquet or roquet-croquet any number of balls consecutively2 but he can croquet or roquet-croquet only those balls on which he has made roquet1 and roquet on the same ball the second time in one tour without an intervening step does not entitle the player to a croquet4 #a4 ,if a player in the act of croqueting does not separate the balls1 he is at liberty to take the stroke over again4 ,instead of the above the following rule is often given4 ,a croquet is completed when the mallet makes a perceptible 7that is an audible7 blow against the croqueting ball1 whether that to be croqueted move from its place or not4 ,this rule gives rise to frequent disputes whether the blow was perceptible or not1 and is not as generally acceptable as the one we have given4 #b4 ,if a player in executing the roquet-croquet does not move the croqueted ball from its position1 his tour of play ceases1 unless by the same stroke he makes a point4 ,if it is in dispute whether or not the ball has been moved as above required1 the question shall be decided by the umpire if there be one1 if not1 by the chief of the side opposing the player4 ,some authors allow the roquet-croquet to the rover only--but as it is one of the most scientific operations of the game1 the majority of players are not willing to give it exclusively to the rover1 especially when it is considered that a person who is able to become an early rover1 will naturally have advantage enough without any extra favors4 ,further1 the argument that the universal use of the roquet-croquet tends to perceptibly prolong the game has been proved by actual test to be without foundation4 #c4 ,if a ball is croqueted either through its own bridge or upon the turning or starting post when in order1 a point so made holds good4 #d4 ,in making ricochet the player is at liberty to croquet either a part or all of the balls roqueted2 but the order of croquet must be that of the ricochet1--the player1 however1 has only one additional stroke1 and not one for each ball he has roqueted4 #e4 ,if a ball when croqueted or driven through its own bridge from the rear roll back through the bridge1 it has not run that bridge4 ,this rule is based upon the principle that all questions as to position can only be satisfactorily determined when the ball is not in motion4 ,in the case put it would frequently be impossible to decide whether the ball when it began to roll back was in position or not4 ,x4 ,the laws that govern ,croquet all apply to ,roquet-,croquet1 except as to points for which special rules are herein given4 ,the ,flinch4 ,,xi4 ,if a ball flinch in the execution of the croquet1 it is considered as merely an accidental roquet-croquet1 and subject to the same laws4 ,in this case of course any point made or advantage gained by either ball holds good4 ,by adopting this rule all unpleasant difference of opinion as to the proper positions of the balls is avoided1 and as the origin of the roquet-croquet was this very practice of placing the foot lightly upon the playing ball and then allowing both balls to be moved together--there seems to be no objection to the rule4 #a4 ,the above rule only applies in a game where the roquet-croquet is allowed to all players4 #b4 ,in case the roquet-croquet is only allowed to the rover1 the following rule applies3 ,if the player's ball flinch in executing the croquet1 he forfeits the remainder of his tour1 and no point made by a flinching ball is valid1 and the balls are considered as accidentally displaced and are replaced in accordance with the rule applying to accidentally displaced balls4 ,,xii4 ,a ball accidentally displaced must be returned1 by the chief of the side opposed to the person displacing it1 to the place where it was lying before the play proceeds4 ,,xiii4 ,if a ball be hit off the ground it is to be placed at once1 and before the play proceeds1 twelve inches within the limit of the boundary and at a point nearest to where it stopped1 which of course causes the ball to be brought in square with the boundary4 ,,xiv4 ,if a ball in its progress over the ground1 be interrupted by the person or mallet of an enemy the ball may be placed by the chief of the side owning the ball1 in such position as he may judge it would have rested had it not been interrupted in its progress4 ,if interrupted by the person or mallet of a friend the ball may be placed by the chief of the opposing side in such position as he may judge it would have rested4 ,a person not taking part in the game1 should never be within the bounds of a croquet ground when a game is in progress--but should such person accidentally be in such a position and either displace a ball1 or interrupt it in its progress--such person shall be considered as an enemy to the owner of the ball--and the ball be replaced according to rules ,,xii4 and ,,xiv4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,beginners4 ,,keep ,,your ,,temper--and remember when your turn comes4 ,make good use of the privilege of croquet and roquet-croquet1 and not consider it the sole object of the game to run the bridges1--and yet it is not well to too much neglect the bridges1 as they must all be run before you can become a rover4 ,practice the roquet-croquet whenever an opportunity offers1 as it is susceptible of more scientific playing than any other stroke4 ,accustom yourself to be guided strictly according to established rules as far as you are informed on the subject4 ,do not attempt to use a kind of push and call it a stroke although it may not be expressly forbidden in some manual of croquet4 ,avoid acquiring the habit of standing behind the ball and holding the mallet in a perpendicular position with both hands when making a stroke1 even though you play with those who do not object to the practice1 as it will not be allowed on any well-regulated croquet ground4 ,in making a stroke grasp your mallet firmly2 strike squarely--take care that your wrist does not turn or twist1 7unless you wish to give a twist to your ball17 and after getting your aim look rather at your mark than at your ball when giving the blow4 ,after calculating distance1 direction1 c41 there is no more use in looking at your ball except to be sure you can hit it1 than in throwing a stone1 to look at your hand1 rather than the mark4 ,if the enemy have an expert rover it is generally advisable to use every effort to strike him out4 ,as an offset to this method of play it is often advisable to neglect to make the last bridge till near the close of the game1 as in this way you can venture as near the starting post as you please without the fear of being deaded4 ,it is often the case that you and an enemy may both be in position for the last bridge4 ,in such a case as a general rule roquet him1 then croquet or roquet-croquet through the bridge1 roquet again and croquet him against the starting post1 thus depriving the other side of a rover1 and gaining the advantage of bringing two of your own side into consecutive play4 ,leave your own ball as near your friend and as far from an enemy as possible4 ,accustom yourself as much as possible to strike with one hand1 as it is much more graceful1 and many players allow no other blow4 ,the ladies will very much oblige all their associates in croquet by avoiding long dresses1 which are continually dragging the balls about over the ground greatly to the annoyance of the players and disturbance of the game4 ,to the gentlemen we would say it is no proof of skill in executing the croquet1 to swing your mallet with both hands1 and give a blow hard enough to kill an ox4 ,if you want to do that sort of thing--it would be more agreeable to all concerned for you to go off alone somewhere and split wood4 ,an easy skillful stroke will send a ball anywhere within the bounds1 and a ball out of bounds may be brought in1 so nothing is gained by 8sledge hammering10 except injuring the implements1 irritating the players and delaying the game4 ,in executing the roquet-croquet the stroke may be varied so as to produce three very different results4 ,first1 if it is desirable to have the secondary ball go much further than your own1 strike a sharp1 quick blow1 proportioned in force to the distance you wish your own ball to go1 checking the force the instant the mallet hits the ball4 ,secondly1 if you wish to send both balls along together strike a more sweeping blow1 7not a push7 permitting the mallet to have its full swing4 ,the difference in these two blows is much more easily discovered by the player than described with the pen4 ,the third stroke may partake of the nature of either of the above1 but differs in the fact that the blow of the mallet is not delivered in a line with the centers of the two balls1 but partially to one side of the rear ball1 thus producing the splitting stroke1 i4 e41 sending the two balls in courses diverging from each other4 ,this is much the most difficult stroke of the three4 ,in procuring a set of croquet materials be sure that you know what you want1 or else buy a set manufactured by some recognized manufacturer4 ,it may seem a very simple thing to have a set of mallets1 c41 made from a description1 but having tried the experiment we can testify that to procure suitable lumber--well seasoned1 have mallets well shaped1 the handles serviceable and not bungling1 the balls perfectly round1 the bridges well formed and proportioned--and the painting brilliant and properly arranged is a very difficult matter4 ,an ,english author on this subject says1 8,it was our fortune 7or rather misfortune7 when in the country last year to take part in a game of ,croquet played with home-made materials4 ,we only hope that it will never be our lot to play with such things again4 ,the mallets were so large they had to be used as one would a scythe in mowing grass4 ,the heads1 instead of tapering at the center1 bore a great resemblance to an ale barrel on a small scale1 and were so large that if one attempted to croquet1 one was sure to hit one's own foot instead of the ball4 ,these1 by-the-by1 were any shape but round4 ,they bobbed up and down when in progress1 and scarcely ever went in the direction which it was intended for them to go4444 ,such was the unsatisfactory result of the combined labors of the local carpenter and blacksmith4 ,we therefore earnestly recommend our readers to eschew the use of home-made sets of ,croquet altogether40 ,we endorse the foregoing statement1 adding that responsible manufacturers in various parts of the country are now furnishing excellent sets of implements at a cheaper rate than individuals can get up equally good sets for themselves4 ,there is therefore no economy in using a home-made set4 ,parlor ,croquet is a very good substitute for the ,lawn game1 and may be enjoyed in a winter day or evening very much as canned fruit or preserved flowers are enjoyed as excellent and beautiful substitutes for the delicious fruits of autumn and fragrant flowers of summer4 ,but as the canned fruit is insipid when used beside the fresh fruit of autumn1 so will the parlor game seem when attempted in the season of the field sport4 ,there are two kinds of ,parlor ,croquet--which may be termed ,carpet ,croquet1 and ,table or ,board ,croquet4 ,the ,carpet ,croquet is played exactly like the field game and with similar materials except that they are usually smaller1 being reduced in size in the same proportion that the space available in a room is smaller than the ,lawn ,croquet ground4 ,the same relative proportion in the size of materials should be preserved as that given for the materials of the ,lawn game--assuming as a standard--a ball from #b to #b inches in diameter4 ,there are several ingenious devices for fastening the bridges to the floor or carpet4 ,each one of those which we have seen have some objections2 but those which are fastened with tacks are the simplest and we consider them the best4 ,the ,board game is played on a board of any convenient size--say five feet long and three feet wide--covered with baize or flannel1 and surrounded by a ledge or thin strip projecting above the top surface three-fourths of an inch4 ,the bridges and posts are set in this board in the same manner that the larger bridges are set in the ground on the lawn4 ,the balls should be about one inch in diameter and may be of glass--but box-wood or ivory are better4 ,the size of the mallets should be in proportion to that of the balls--with handles about eight inches long4 ,the method of play is the same as in ,lawn ,croquet1 except the croquet is executed by placing the finger instead of the foot on the playing ball4 ,the rules are the same1 except that1 first1 a player driving his ball off the board terminates his tour of play by that stroke and the ball must be placed immediately on the starting spot2 second1 making two or more steps at one stroke does not entitle the player to the privilege of taking position up to one or more mallet's length4 ,the ,board ,croquet is the most popular for the reason that it does not injure the furniture in any room1 while the ,carpet ,croquet1 although more like the ,lawn game1 requires a large room--well cleared--or there will soon be an action of ,croquet vs4 furniture4 ,,vocabulary4 ,a ,,booby4--,a ball that has attempted to run the first bridge and failed4 ,,bridges ,,or ,,arches4--,the iron hoops or bows through which the balls pass4 ,,bridged ,,ball4--,a ball that has run the first bridge4 ,,concussion4--,the displacement of a ball by another driven against it by roquet1 croquet1 ricochet1 or roquet-croquet1 and not hit directly either by the mallet or by the playing ball4 ,,croquet4--7,pronounced ,cr-kay47 ,the title of the game4 ,,the ,,croquet4--,any ball having struck another1 is taken up and placed in contact with the ball it has struck4 ,the player sets his foot upon his own ball1 pressing firmly so as to hold it in place1 and with a blow of his mallet1 delivered upon his own ball1 drives the other ball in whatever direction he may desire4 7,see cut1 page #ai47 ,,dead ,,ball4--,one that has made the grand round and hit the starting post4 ,,distanced4--,a ball is distanced when at the termination of the game it has not tolled the turning post4 ,,down4--,the course from the turning post to the starting post4 ,a ,,flinch4--,when in the croquet1 the playing ball is driven from under the foot by the blow of the mallet1 it is called a flinch4 ,,front ,,of ,a ,,bridge4--,the side from which the ball must proceed in running it1 and with the central bridges is not constant1 but is decided in each case by the course of the ball under consideration4 ,,grand ,,round4--,a ball has made the grand round when it has run all the bridges and tolled the turning post1 and is then a rover4 ,,playing ,,ball4--,the ball struck with the mallet4 ,,point4--,a player makes a point1 by running a bridge or tolling a post1 or by roqueting a ball that he has not previously roqueted during the tour--since making the step--or in other words1 by roqueting a ball under such circumstances as would entitle him to the privilege of the croquet4 ,,position4--,a ball is in position when it lies in front of its proper bridge with a possibility of running it by a single blow of the mallet4 ,,proper ,,bridge4--,a bridge which it is a player's turn to run next in order is said to be that player's bridge or his proper bridge4 ,,push4--,a stroke in which the mallet remains in contact with the ball after the instant of contact4 ,,ricochet4--7,rick-o-shay47--,a ball making ,roquet on two or more balls by the same blow of the mallet4 ,,roquet4--7,ro-kay47 ,a ball makes ,roquet on another ball when proceeding from a blow of the mallet it comes in contact with it either directly or by rebounding from a fixed obstacle in the ground or from another ball4 ,some writers define the ,roquet as the contact of the playing ball with another ball under such circumstances as to constitute a point4 ,this is merely a matter of choice regarding the facility of defining the other operations of the game4 ,we consider that our definition renders the whole matter much the most simple4 ,,roquet-,,croquet4--,the same as ,croquet1 except that the playing ball is not held under the foot1 but both balls are free to move in accordance with the blow of the mallet4 ,a ,,rover4--,a ball that has run all the bridges and has not hit the starting post4 ,,starting ,,post4--,the stake from which the play proceeds4 ,see diagram4 ,a ,,step4--,running a bridge1 or tolling the turning post4 ,,striking ,,out4--,a ball struck against the starting post after having run all the bridges in their proper order1 is struck out1 and is out of the game4 ,,the ,,turning ,,post4--,the post opposite the starting post4 ,,tolling ,,the ,,turning ,,post4--,striking the turning post in its proper order4 ,,under ,a ,,bridge4--,a ball is under a bridge when if the mallet handle is placed across the piers of the bridge on each side it will touch the ball in both positions of the handle4 ,,up4--,the course from the starting post to the turning post4 ,illustration ,base ,ball4 ,,the game of ,base ,ball is fast becoming with ,americans what ,cricket has already become with the ,english1 a national game4 ,the sport is both graceful and invigorating1 and requires when properly played the possession both of muscularity of body and strength of nerve4 ,the exercise attendant on this game develops all the physical powers and calls into action every muscle and sinew in the human frame4 ,there are few sights more exhilarating and captivating than a well contested match game between evenly matched clubs4 ,such a spectacle rarely fails to draw admiring throngs1 and to be considered a first class player is a distinction of which any ,american youth may feel proud4 ,as our readers will find this subject fully treated in professional works1 we do not propose to enter into any lengthy description of the origin or progress of the game of ,base ,ball4 ,we shall therefore simply state that this game was derived from the old ,english game of ,rounders1 reduced to a system1 and governed by rules and regulations adopted by 8,the ,national ,association of ,base ,ball ,players10 held in ,new ,york1 ,december #ac1 #ahfe4 ,these regulations for the convenience of our readers we here insert4 ,illustration ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,game4 ,,section #a4 ,the ball must weigh not less than five and one-half1 nor more than five and three-fourths ounces avoirdupois4 ,it must measure not less than nine and one-half1 nor more than nine and three-fourths inches in circumference4 ,it must be composed of ,india rubber and yarn1 and covered with leather1 and1 in all match games1 shall be furnished by the challenging club1 and become the property of the winning club as a trophy of victory4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the bat must be round1 and must not exceed two and a half inches in diameter in the thickest part4 ,it must be made of wood1 and may be of any length to suit the striker4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the bases must be four in number1 placed at equal distances from each other1 and securely fastened upon each corner of a square1 whose sides are respectively thirty yards4 ,they must be so constructed as to be distinctly seen by the umpire1 and must cover a space equal to one square foot of surface4 ,the first1 second1 and third bases shall be canvas bags1 painted white1 and filled with some soft material2 the home base and pitcher's point to be each marked by a flat circular iron plate1 painted or enameled white4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the base from which the ball is struck shall be designated the home base1 and must be directly opposite to the second base2 the first base must always be that upon the right-hand1 and the third base that upon the left-hand side of the striker1 when occupying his position at the home base4 ,and in all match games1 a line connecting the home and first base and the home and third base1 shall be marked by the use of chalk1 or other suitable material1 so as to be distinctly seen by the umpire4 ,many of our clubs have an iron quoit for the home base1 that is in direct violation of the rule which states that the home base must be marked by 8a flat circular iron plate40 ,those we allude to rise in the center1 and the consequence is1 when a ball touches the base1 it flies off at a tangent1 instead of rebounding as if it had touched the ground1 as it would do were it flat1 as the rule prescribes4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,the pitcher's position shall be designated by two lines1 four yards in length1 drawn at right angles to a line from home to second base1 having their centers upon that line at two fixed iron plates1 placed at points #ae and #af #a-c yards distant from the home base4 ,the pitcher must stand within the lines1 and must deliver the ball as near as possible over the center of the home base1 and for the striker4 ,it will be seen that the rule requires the ball to be pitched as near as possible over the home base1 and for the striker2 the pitcher1 therefore1 has no right to pitch the ball to the catcher especially1 as is often done when a player is on the first base1 and umpires should see that the rule is enforced4 ,this important change was made by the ,convention of #ahfc4 ,the object being to do away with the unfair style of pitching that was in vogue during #ahfa1 '#fb1 and '#fc1 during which period those pitchers who failed in achieving the success attained by the lamented ,creighton1 offset their want of skill by trying to intimidate the batsmen by pitching the ball at them instead of for them as the rules require4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,should the pitcher repeatedly fail to deliver to the striker fair balls for the apparent purpose of delaying the game1 or for any cause1 the umpire1 after warning him1 shall call one ball1 and if the pitcher persists in such action1 two and three balls2 when three balls shall have been called1 the striker shall take the first base2 and should any base be occupied at that time1 each player occupying it or them shall take one base without being put out4 ,in warning the pitcher before calling balls on him1 all that is necessary is to call 8ball to the bat20 and if two balls are pitched unfairly after such warning1 8one ball0 should be called1 and if one unfair ball be delivered after that call1 then 8two0 and 8three0 balls should be promptly called4 ,a pitcher 8repeatedly0 fails if he fails twice in succession2 and he 8persists0 in his unfair delivery if he pitch one ball after the first penalty has been imposed4 ,in the first innings of a game1 a little more latitude is allowable1 but afterwards the rule should be strictly enforced to the very letter of the law4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,the ball must be pitched1 not jerked or thrown to the bat2 and whenever the pitcher moves with the apparent purpose or pretension to deliver the ball1 he shall so deliver it1 and must have neither foot in advance of the front line or off the ground at the time of delivering the ball2 and if he fails in either of these particulars1 then it shall be declared a baulk4 ,the pitcher makes a baulk when he either jerks a ball to the bat1 has either foot in advance of the line of his position1 or off the ground at the time of delivering the ball1 or moves with the apparent purpose of pitching1 without delivering the ball4 ,the sentence 8time of delivering the ball0 has been interpreted by the ,committee on ,rules and ,regulations of the ,national ,association to mean1 the period when the last movement of the arm is made in delivering the ball2 and consequently if either foot of the pitcher be off the ground when this movement is made--it being nearly simultaneous with the ball's leaving the hand of the pitcher--umpires must declare a baulk without being appealed to4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,when a baulk is made by the pitcher1 every player running the bases is entitled to one base1 without being put out4 ,the striker cannot take a base1 on a baulk1 as he is not considered a 8player running the bases0 until he has made the first base and ceased to be a striker4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,if a ball1 from a stroke of the bat1 first touches the ground1 the person of a player1 or any other object1 behind the range of home and the first base1 or home and the third base1 it shall be termed foul1 and must be so declared by the umpire1 unasked4 ,if the ball first touches the ground1 either upon1 or in front of the range of those bases1 it shall be considered fair4 ,nothing is mentioned in ,section #i in reference to any ball that is caught1 either on the fly or first bound1 after touching the side of a building1 a fence1 or a tree4 ,in such cases a special rule is requisite before beginning a match4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,a player making the home base1 shall be entitled to score one run4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,if three balls are struck at1 and missed1 and the last one is not caught1 either flying or upon the first bound1 it shall be considered fair1 and the striker must attempt to make his run4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,the striker is out if a foul ball is caught1 either before touching the ground1 or upon the first bound4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,or1 if three balls are struck at and missed1 and the last is caught1 either before touching the ground1 or upon the first bound4 ,the bound-catch1 in this instance--the ball striking the ground back of the home base--is considered in the light of a foul ball1 as far as the fly-game is concerned1 and consequently when the ball is caught on the bound1 on the third strike1 the player must be given out1 the same as he was last year under the bound rule4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,or1 if a fair ball is struck1 and the ball is caught without having touched the ground4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,or1 if a fair ball is struck1 and the ball is held by an adversary on first base1 before the striker touches that base4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,any player running the bases is out1 if at any time he is touched by the ball while in play in the hands of an adversary1 without some part of his person being on the base4 ,all that is requisite for a player to 8hold his base10 according to the meaning of the rule1 is1 for him to touch the base bag1 no matter whether the bag is in its position or not4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,no ace or base can be made upon a foul ball2 such a ball shall be considered dead1 and not in play until it shall first have been settled in the hands of the pitcher4 ,in such cases players running bases shall return to them1 and may be put out in so returning in the same manner as the striker when running to the first base4 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,no ace nor base can be made when a fair ball has been caught without having touched the ground2 such a ball shall be considered alive and in play4 ,in such case players running bases shall return to them1 and may be put out in so returning1 in the same manner as the striker when running to first base2 but players1 when balls are so caught1 may run their bases immediately after the ball has been settled in the hands of the player catching it4 ,it will be seen by the above two ,sections that a player running a base on a foul ball must return to the base he has left and remain on it until the ball has been fairly settled in the hands of the pitcher4 ,but in case of fly-catches1 a player running a base is only required to return and touch the base1 after which he can leave it at once and try and make the next base4 ,he must1 however1 touch the base after the ball has been caught4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,the striker must stand on a line drawn through the center of the home base1 not exceeding in length three feet from either side thereof1 and parallel with the line occupied by the pitcher4 ,he shall be considered the striker until he has made the first base4 ,players must strike in regular rotation1 and1 after the first innings is played1 the turn commences with the player who stands on the list next to the one who lost the third hand4 ,this rule should be strictly enforced by the umpire4 ,a striker has no right to avail himself of the advantage derived from standing back of the line of his position1 thereby increasing the distance between himself and the pitcher1 and obtaining a better opportunity of judging the ball4 ,besides which1 a poorly hit ball which would strike the ground in front of the home base--if the batsman stood on the line of his base--and lead to his being put out1 is changed to a foul ball by his standing back of his base1 and he thereby escapes the penalty of his poor batting4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,players must make their bases in the order of striking2 and when a fair ball is struck1 and not caught flying1 the first base must be vacated1 as also the second and third bases1 if they are occupied at the same time4 ,players may be put out on any base1 under these circumstances1 in the same manner as the striker when running to the first base4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,players running bases must touch them2 and1 so far as possible1 keep upon the direct line between them2 and must touch them in the following order3 first1 second1 third1 and home2 and if returning must reverse this order2 and should any player run three feet out of this line1 for the purpose of avoiding the ball in the hands of an adversary1 he shall be declared out4 ,a player failing to touch his base must be declared out--after an appeal--unless he can return to the base before he is touched4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,any player1 who shall intentionally prevent an adversary from catching or fielding the ball1 shall be declared out4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,if the player is prevented from making a base1 by the intentional obstruction of an adversary1 he shall be entitled to that base1 and not be put out4 ,these two latter sections are1 of course1 intended solely for any willful or unnecessary obstruction4 ,it is impossible that a player1 while in the act of fielding a swiftly sent ball1 can always be on the lookout as to where his adversary is running1 or that a player running the bases can always be equally careful in regard to his preventing an adversary from getting to his base4 ,some base players have a habit of pushing players off their bases while in the act of receiving the ball4 ,such unfair play should be punished by promptly inflicting the above penalty4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,if an adversary stops the ball with his hat or cap1 or if a ball be stopped by any person not engaged in the game1 or if it be taken from the hands of any one not engaged in the game1 no player can be put out unless the ball shall first have been settled in the hands of the pitcher4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,if a ball1 from the stroke of a bat1 is held under any other circumstances than as enumerated in ,section #bb1 and without having touched the ground more than once1 the striker is out4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,if two hands are already out1 no player running home at the time the ball is struck1 can make a run to count in the score of the game if the striker is put out4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,an innings must be concluded at the time the third hand is put out4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,the game should consist of nine innings to each side1 when1 should the number of runs be equal1 the play shall be continued until a majority of runs1 upon an equal number of innings1 shall be declared1 which shall conclude the game4 ,,sec4 #bi4 ,in playing all matches1 nine players from each club shall constitute a full field1 and they must have been regular members of the club which they represent1 and of no other club1 either in or out of the ,national ,association1 for thirty days prior to the match4 ,no change or substitution shall be made after the game has been commenced1 unless for reason of illness or injury4 ,position of players and choice of innings shall be determined by captains1 previously appointed for that purpose by the respective clubs4 ,this rule of course excludes players belonging to ,junior clubs from taking part in ,senior club matches1 and likewise excludes players belonging to any base ball club1 but not cricket clubs1 as cricket is a distinct game of ball4 ,,sec4 #cj4 ,the umpire shall take care that the regulations respecting the ball1 bats1 bases1 and the pitcher's and striker's position1 are strictly observed4 ,he shall be the judge of fair and unfair play1 and shall determine all disputes and differences which may occur during the game2 he shall take special care to declare all foul balls and baulks immediately upon their occurrence1 unasked1 in a distinct and audible manner4 ,he shall1 in every instance1 before leaving the ground1 declare the winning club1 and shall record his decision in the books of the scorers4 ,,sec4 #ca4 ,in all matches the umpire shall be selected by the captains of the respective sides1 and shall perform all the duties enumerated in ,section #cj1 except recording the game1 which shall be done by two scorers1 one of whom shall be appointed by each of the contending clubs4 ,,sec4 #cb4 ,no person engaged in a match1 either as umpire1 scorer1 or player1 shall be either directly or indirectly interested in any bet upon the game4 ,neither umpire1 scorer1 nor player shall be changed during a match1 unless with the consent of both parties 7except for a violation of this law7 except as provided in ,section #bi1 and then the umpire may dismiss any transgressors4 ,this rule was almost entirely ignored last season2 for there was scarcely a game played in which some one or other of the parties abovenamed did not bet on the result4 ,this year more care will be taken to observe the rule2 for those who bet large sums on the leading contests of the season1 intend to dispute the loss of their bets in all cases wherein this rule is not observed2 and they will have the right--according to the best sporting authority--to hold the stake-holder responsible in every instance in which he pays over the stakes to the winner when this rule has been broken2 for under such circumstances the wager is not fairly won1 unless those who bet mutually agree beforehand to allow of such infringement of the rules of the game4 ,,sec4 #cc4 ,the umpire in any match shall determine when play shall be suspended2 and if the game cannot be concluded1 it shall be decided by the last even innings1 provided five innings have been played1 and the party having the greatest number of runs shall be declared the winner4 ,,sec4 #cd4 ,clubs may adopt such rules respecting balls knocked beyond or outside of the bounds of the field1 as the circumstances of the ground may demand2 and these rules shall govern all matches played upon the ground1 provided1 that they are distinctly made known to every player and umpire1 previous to the commencement of the game4 ,,sec4 #ce4 ,no person shall be permitted to approach or to speak with the umpire1 scorers1 or players1 or in any manner to interrupt or interfere during the progress of the game1 unless by special request of the umpire4 ,,sec4 #cf4 ,no person shall be permitted to act as umpire or scorer in any match1 unless he shall be a member of a ,base-,ball ,club governed by these rules4 ,this rule has never been properly observed4 ,every club should appoint a regular scorer for the season1 and he should be competent to record the fielding as well as batting score of the game4 ,until this is done a full analysis of the season's play of a club can not be obtained4 ,,sec4 #cg4 ,whenever a match shall have been determined upon between two clubs1 play shall be called at the exact hour appointed2 and should either party fail to produce their players within fifteen minutes thereafter1 the party so failing shall admit a defeat4 ,this rule has always been a dead letter4 ,when clubs appoint a time for calling the game1 it should be promptly proceeded with after the time allowed by the rule has expired4 ,,sec4 #ch4 ,any match game played by any club in contravention of the rules adopted by this ,association1 shall be considered null and void1 and shall not be counted in the list of match games won or lost1 except a game be delayed by rain beyond the time appointed to commence the same4 ,any match game can be put off by mutual consent of the parties about engaging in the game4 ,no match game shall be commenced in the rain4 ,this is a new rule and was designed to obviate the difficulty attending upon the repudiation of any rule of the game any two clubs may mutually agree to ignore4 ,thus1 for instance1 any two clubs agreeing to allow a member of either club to play in a match who has not been a member for thirty days previous to a match1 by this rule cannot claim the ball won1 or count the match played as a regular game4 ,the exception made in case of rain refers to that rule which requires a game to be commenced within fifteen minutes of the time appointed4 ,,sec4 #ci4 ,no person who shall be in arrears to any other club1 or who shall at any time receive compensation for his services as player1 shall be competent to play in any match4 ,,sec4 #dj4 ,should a striker stand at the bat without striking at good balls repeatedly pitched to him1 for the apparent purpose of delaying the game1 or of giving advantage to a player1 the umpire1 after warning him1 shall call one strike1 and if he persists in such action1 two and three strikes4 ,when three strikes are called he shall be subject to the same rules as if he had struck at three fair balls4 ,section #dj is a rule that should be strictly enforced1 as it refers to a part of the game that is oft-times a very tedious and annoying feature4 ,how often do we see the striker1 the moment his predecessor has made his first base1 stand still at the home base and await the moment when the player on the first base can avail himself of the failure of either the pitcher or catcher to hold the ball while tossing it backward and forward to each other4 ,some catchers--chiefly among boys1 however--actually stand to the right of the home base purposely for this style of game2 and even when the pitcher and catcher are inclined to do their duty1 the batsman is not1 and the latter is frequently allowed to stop the progress of the game by his refusal to strike at good balls1 under the plea that they do not suit him1 when it is apparent to all that he simply wants to allow his partner to get to his second base4 ,in every respect it is preferable to play the game manfully1 and without resorting to any such trickery as this1 which not only tires the spectator1 but detracts from the merit of the game itself4 ,even under the new rule of pitching this unfair play was practiced last season4 ,it is to be hoped that umpires will do their duty this year1 and put an entire stop to it1 which they have the power to do4 ,,sec4 #da4 ,every match hereafter made shall be decided by the best two games out of three1 unless a single game shall be mutually agreed upon by the contesting clubs4 ,,on ,,the ,,selection ,,and ,,measuring ,,of ,a ,,ground4 ,,it is of the greatest importance that a ,base ,ball ground should be perfectly level and as free as possible from all obstructions in the shape of irregularities1 stones1 c41 and a fine1 short turf will be found to add materially to the comfort of the players4 ,the length of the field should be #fjj feet1 while the breadth about #djj4 ,the home base or batter's stand1 should be #gj feet from the head of the field4 ,the space between the home base and the catcher's stand1 must be firmly packed earth as hard and level as a billiard table4 ,the bases should be square blocks of wood covered with a double thickness of canvas and they are sometimes stuffed with hair to prevent accidents from falling1 and here let us suggest that one point be not overlooked in preparing the ground1 that is the erection of seats protected by an awning1 for the accommodation of the 8fair sex10 who manifest great interest in this game1 and whose presence never fails to inspire the players with renewed ardor4 ,the bases should be firmly secured by leathern straps passing completely around them4 ,the simplest method of laying out your ground is to first determine the point of your home base4 ,then measure down the field #abg feet #d inches1 which will give the position of your second base4 ,then taking a cord #ahj feet in length and fastening either end to the second and home bases1 by grasping the center and extending it to the right and left you have the points of your first and third bases4 ,you have now found a square whose sides are #ij feet4 ,then draw a line from the home to second base1 and at a point #de feet from the former will be the pitcher's first point1 and three feet further on the same line his second point4 ,posts painted white1 and elevated from the ground so as to be distinctly seen by the umpire1 are placed on a line with the home and first base1 and home and third base1 at least #ajj feet from the bases4 ,these are termed 8foul ball posts10 and are used by the umpire in his decisions in reference to foul balls4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of ,,base ,,ball ,,field4 ,,pitcher',s ,,point ,,and ,,home ,,base4 ,,both the pitcher's point and the home base are indicated by iron quoits not less than nine inches in diameter and painted white1 secured by means of iron spikes from beneath4 ,a plank six feet in length1 two inches in width1 and inserted in the earth six or eight inches deep1 with enough edge above ground so that it may be distinctly seen by the umpire1 marks the line of the pitcher's position4 ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,bat4 ,,all bats and balls used are made regulation size1 and the bats of different woods as may suit the striker4 ,for a light bat the ,english willow is prized by many1 as its tough1 close fibre recommends it to the heavy batter1 as well as the ease with which it can be wielded4 ,with those who prefer a heavier bat the ash and hickory are favorites4 ,a light bat is generally preferred to a heavier one as it meets a swiftly pitched ball with greater promptness4 ,there are nearly as many different modes of handling the bat as there are players4 ,we see some grasping it with the left hand on the handle1 and sliding the right swiftly down the bat4 ,others take the bat near the middle1 others swing it with a long sweeping stroke1 while still another class hold it as in ,cricket1 pointing to the ground4 ,it is not so necessary to strike a powerful blow as to hit with quickness1 and at the same time maintain a firm and natural position4 ,it is not the heaviest1 who make the most powerful batters4 ,stand with the foot on the line of the striker's position1 and be prepared to strike as soon as the ball leaves the pitcher's hand4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,game4 ,,in order to play the game of ,base ,ball1 nine players of a side are necessary1 one side taking the bat and the other the field4 ,their relative positions are generally determined by tossing a coin4 ,a full game consists of nine innings to each side1 an inning lasting until three players are 8put out10 either at the bat or while running the bases1 as will be seen by referring to the rules4 ,the side scoring the largest number of runs during the game is declared victorious4 ,the list of fielders comprise catcher1 pitcher1 first1 second and third basemen1 short stop1 right1 center and left fieldsmen4 ,when each one is in his appointed place1 the captain of the fielding nine calls out 8ready10 to which the umpire promptly responds 8play60--and upon the first ball which leaves the pitcher's hand the game commences4 ,the batsman or striker stands at the home base on a line drawn through its center1 parallel to one extending from first to third base and extending three feet on each side of it4 ,the batsman requires considerable judgment to assist him in effectually striking at balls4 ,he must have a quick eye and ready hand to meet the deceptive pitching of an experienced player4 ,if these qualities are wanting he may find himself suddenly caught out on a 8foul tip10 or forced ingloriously to retire on a 8three strike40 ,as soon as the ball is struck1 it is the duty of a batsman to run at once for the first base1 and should he arrive there before the ball reaches the baseman he is said to have 8made his base40 ,many players acquire the habit of pausing to watch the course of a ball which may possibly fall within the 8foul lines10 or if an 8air ball0 be struck1 waiting to see if it is caught by a fielder1 before he starts for his base4 ,this is wrong1 as if it prove a 8foul10 the umpire will announce it in time for the player to return1 and should the 8fly ball0 be missed or 8muffed10 the player is well on his way to the base4 ,upon reaching his base1 the striker is succeeded by the next batsman on the list1 and when three of these are 8put out10 the fielders take their turn at the bat4 ,a run is scored by a player touching in succession the four bases1 avoiding being himself touched by the ball while running4 ,a home run is made by his hitting the ball to such a distance that he makes the four bases before it is returned4 ,in case of a tie at the close of the ninth inning the game may be prolonged until one or the other of the contestants obtain the most runs on even innings4 ,should anything occur to put a stop to the game1 before five innings have been played by each side the game is declared drawn4 ,for all other necessary particulars in regard to the game1 the reader is referred to the preceding rules and regulations4 ,,field ,,positions4 #a4 ,the ,catcher4 ,,the duty of this player is to catch or stop all balls pitched or thrown to the home base4 ,to fill this position properly1 requires no small measure of dexterity and skill1 always on the alert to secure foul bounds and tips1 with a vigilant eye to the bases1 together with precision and power in throwing to them1 the catcher's position is so important that he is generally chosen captain of the nine4 ,after a striker has made his first base1 the catcher should advance toward the pitcher and stand directly behind the bat so as to take the balls before they bound and by throwing swiftly at the second base cut off a player from making that base4 ,when a ball is batted high to long field and several fielders run to catch it1 he should distinctly call the fielder by name whom he thinks surest to take it1 when the others should pause1 and strive only to take it on the bound1 should it be missed on the fly4 #b4 ,the ,pitcher4 ,,the position of the player is behind a line four yards in length1 drawn at right angles from the home to second base1 at a distance of #de feet from the former base4 ,four feet in the rear of this line1 in another parallel to it and in the space between these two must the pitcher stand1 immediately before1 and while delivering the ball4 ,both feet must be firmly planted on the ground while he is pitching1 and he should be careful not to jerk or throw the ball1 but deliver it directly over the home base and for the striker4 ,the pitcher is frequently called upon to supply the places of basemen while they are fielding1 and it is of great importance that he should be a ready catcher and good fielder4 ,a ball pitched at a high rate of speed1 and at the same time containing a bias or 8twist0 will prove the most effective4 ,as this position calls for a great amount of physical labor1 some person who is not easily fatigued should be selected to fill it4 #c4 ,the ,short ,stop4 ,the duties of this player are many and arduous1 and his position the most dangerous one on the field4 ,he stands in the center of the triangle formed by the second and third bases and pitcher's position1 though he should vary his position according to his knowledge of different player's style of batting4 ,it is to this spot that nearly all the swiftly batted ground balls come1 which require more nerve and practice to stop than any other4 ,upon securing the ball the short stop should pass it swiftly to whatever base a player may be running for1 generally to the first4 ,he should be on the alert to cover the third base when the catcher throws to it2 to back up the second when receiving a ball from the fielders1 and also to take balls on the bound when missed by the third baseman or pitcher4 #d4 ,first ,base4 ,this player should be a splendid catch1 and able to hold swiftly sent balls1 as he will be obliged to take them from the pitcher and short stop1 more frequently than any of the other basemen4 ,he should play a little below his base1 and inside the line of the foul ball post in order to secure balls which would otherwise pass him4 ,as soon as the ball is struck he should return to his base and with one foot upon it stand ready to receive the ball from whatever player may have fielded it4 ,this is the only base where a player can be put out without being touched by the ball1 7excepting balls caught on the fly1 or those that are fouled7 as it is only necessary that the baseman with ball in hand touch the base before the striker reaches it4 ,he should instantly deliver the ball to the pitcher or to any base where it may be necessary4 #e4 ,second ,base4 ,many ball players consider this position to be the most important point in the whole game1 and with good reason4 ,it should never be filled but by an accurate thrower1 a sure catcher and a thorough fielder4 ,as most of the balls pass to the left of this base it is well to play in that direction and a little back of it1 although when a player reaches the first base the baseman should instantly return4 ,the second base can give material aid to the pitcher by backing him up closely1 and not suffering a ball to pass them both if possible to stop it4 ,if he fails to catch a ball1 let him by all means stop it in some way1 in order to put out a player by touching him1 then return it to the pitcher4 #f4 ,third ,base4 ,the position of third baseman is quite as important as any of the others1 as in this direction pass the majority of foul balls1 which with dexterity may be taken on the fly4 ,as he has considerable fielding to perform it is best that he play away from his base1 except when a player runs either to or from it4 ,he should never attempt to hinder a player from reaching his base1 and this advice should be taken and acted upon by all basemen4 #g4 ,left ,field4 ,here is a chance for the display of the finest of fielding1 as half of the air balls are sent in this direction4 ,the left fielder is required to be a swift runner1 powerful thrower1 and an excellent catcher in order to acceptably fill this position4 #h4 ,center ,field4 ,this player should be in readiness to back up the second base1 and should never go to long field except when a heavy hitter is at the bat4 ,he is required to possess nearly the same qualities which distinguish the left fielder4 #i4 ,right ,field4 ,it is difficult to find a poor place in any of the nine positions in a well contested game of ,base ,ball1 but if there is one which is at all inferior to the rest1 the right field should be so considered1 simply because balls are sent in this direction but occasionally4 ,yet it is important that this field be occupied by one who understands his business1 as the batsman if he sees signs of weakness there1 will soon take advantage of his discovery by batting frequently into that quarter4 ,the ,umpire4 ,one of the most undesirable positions on a ,base ,ball field is that of the umpire4 ,he cannot fail to displease some one by his decisions1 though he govern himself by the strictest rules of the game4 ,great firmness here is necessary in supporting a decision1 and on any doubtful point it is better that he adhere to his first impressions as they are most likely to prove correct4 ,no one should be allowed to approach1 or converse with the umpire during a game4 ,he should close both eyes and ears to everything outside of the game in progression1 and allow no remarks of whatever nature in reference to his judgment to influence him in the least4 ,all foul balls should be called in a loud1 clear and distinct tone of voice1 and no member of a club should question any decision1 however incorrect it may appear to them1 but cheerfully acquiesce1 and if corrections are to be made1 there will be plenty of time at the conclusion of the game4 ,it is unnecessary to add that the person acting as umpire should possess a thorough knowledge of the game in all its details4 ,he must keep a strict watch upon both pitcher and striker1 and if necessary call strikes or balls upon them in accordance with the rules4 ,his position is to the right of and between the striker and catcher1 on a line between the home and third base4 ,the ,scorer4 ,the scorer may be regarded as the clerk of the game1 and it is his duty to record the score of each player1 and make a full and complete showing of each man's standing throughout the game4 ,the same person should always be appointed scorer in all match games1 and he should be selected as well for his gentlemanly qualities as for his familiarity with the game4 ,illustration ,archery4 ,,archery was formerly one of the chief pastimes of ,england1 and at different periods in modern days it has been a fashionable amusement2 and in this country it has been practiced in some few localities4 ,archery is a healthful and agreeable pastime1 and ought to be revived and in general use all over this country2 it is scarcely excelled by any recreation in which propriety permits young ladies to indulge4 ,the attitude of an accomplished female archer 7for archery is not to be acquired without much practice7 at the moment of bending the bow is particularly graceful2 all the actions and positions tend at once to produce a proper degree of strength in the limbs and to impart a general elegance of bearing4 ,ladies usually shoot at a distance of about fifty yards4 ,two targets are placed opposite each other1 and the archers shoot from one to the other2 that is1 when all the party have shot at one target1 they walk up to it1 gather their arrows1 and shoot back to the one they came from1 to which they again return when their arrows are expended2 and so on1 shooting from one to the other in rotation4 ,in that way not merely the arm1 but the whole frame1 enjoys the benefit of salutary exercise in the open air1 while the mind is interested and the spirits elevated by the sport4 ,the attitude in shooting is a matter of much importance2 the feet should be a few inches apart1 the neck slightly curved1 so as to bring the head a little downward2 the face1 but no part of the front of the body1 is to be turned towards the mark4 ,the left arm must be held out quite straight to the wrist1 which should be bent inwards2 the bow is to be held easy in the hand2 and the arrow1 when drawn1 should be brought1 not towards the eye1 but the ear4 ,the right hand should begin to draw the string as the left raises the bow2 when the arrow is three parts drawn1 the aim is to be taken4 ,in doing this the head of the arrow should appear to the right of the mark2 the arrow is then drawn to its head1 and immediately loosened4 ,to draw the arrow from the mark or ground it should be taken by the hand1 as near the head of the arrow as possible1 and extracted in the same direction as it entered4 ,if these instructions be not attended to1 the young archer will break many arrows in drawing them from the ground1 or the mark1 when she is so successful as to hit it4 ,in selecting a bow the chief point to be attended to is the adaptation of the bow to the strength of the person who is to use it4 ,bows1 arrows1 and accoutrements can easily be obtained in any city4 ,any boy can find good material for bows in almost any piece of woods1 and easily make a bow for himself or his lady friends4 ,targets are made of wood and generally painted in circles4 ,the central point is the one to be aimed at by the archers4 ,the same dresses used at ,croquet parties are desirable for ,archery1 and add much to the graceful appearance of the ,archer4 ,let us become skillful ,archers and have ,archery meetings as of old1 and let ladies and gentlemen1 or boys and girls1 contend for the prizes4 ,it is useless here to give an elaborate essay on the history of ,archery2 any person sufficiently enthusiastic to desire it1 can easily obtain ,english books containing detailed directions on ,archery1 and its history from ancient to modern times4 ,illustration ,gardening1 ,flowers4 ,,we1 as a nation1 are not a happy1 home-loving people4 ,the 8spirit of unrest0 pervades all classes4 ,this enterprising1 uneasy spirit1 has been1 and is1 of benefit to us as a comparatively new country1 in settling and breaking our wild ,western lands4 ,but the time has come1 when it is well to curb that spirit1 and cultivate all quiet1 home-loving influences4 ,therefore1 ,i beseech you1 parents1 to begin in earliest infancy1 to cultivate a love of the beautiful in nature1 give your little ones flowers2 and as soon as they are able to play in the garden1 give them a little spot of their own to dig in2 and when they can understand the process1 give them seeds to plant1 and some few flowers to cultivate4 ,i can tell you of a happy cottage home1 where the children1 from earliest infancy1 have lived among flowers4 ,each had their tiny garden1 with spade1 hoe1 trowel and watering-pot4 ,the father and mother would also assist with their own hands in training vines1 roses and shrubs1 in artistic beauty4 ,the good father never went to his counting-room without some flowers in his hand1 or in the button-hole of his coat1 the valued gift from the tiny garden of one of his darlings4 ,years passed and fortune favored them1 but they never would exchange their cottage home1 with its vines1 trees and shrubs1 for all the stately mansions in the town4 ,and as the daughters married1 and the sons left to seek their fortunes1 they would look back with intense longing to their loved home2 and joyous were their meetings around the home ,christmas tree4 ,on ,sundays they always1 even in midwinter1 ornamented their social table with flowers1 for they are ,god's smiles4 ,therefore1 my friends1 ,i speak from observation1 and from seeing the effect of an opposite course4 ,if you wish to lessen your doctor's bill1 and give the beauty of robust health and happiness to your children1 girls or boys1 give them a garden and let them plant1 weed and water it4 ,if your children bring you even a simple field daisy1 express your pleasure to them1 and let them not see you cast it aside4 ,teach your boys the use of a pruning-knife1 and how to graft2 then give them some trees to experiment upon4 ,you may save them from dissipation1 by giving them a taste for ,horticulture4 ,it is a happy1 health-giving employment4 ,decorate even your barn with graceful vines4 ,the poorest house can be made an agreeable place1 by transplanting a few of the many simple1 wild vines4 ,it is not natural to love intensely a stiff1 ungainly object4 ,i have often thought1 as ,i have roamed about the farming districts of ,new ,england1 and have seen the many great1 stiff1 square houses1 with not a graceful tree1 or flower to relieve their nakedness1 7though now and then a syringa1 or lilac bush1 or cinnamon rose1 and perhaps a stately old butternut1 may be seen17 the sons and daughters of those households will surely emigrate4 ,utility is our hobby4 ,some farmers think it waste time to plant a flower1 as it yields no fruit4 ,remember the old saying1 8all work and no play makes ,jack a dull boy40 ,you that dwell in a city1 strive to have a small spot in the country to which you may send your children in ,summer1 to roam at will4 ,i heard a little child1 in urging her mother to go into the country in vain1 cry out1 8,it is too1 too bad1 mamma1 ,i know ,god did not make the city for little children1 because he loves us40 ,do not waste your money at fashionable watering-places4 ,even in early years1 take your children to the woods and let them see nature in its wild state4 ,there is nothing like a day in the woods for refreshing us all1 in body and mind4 ,the wild music of running brooks is so lulling1 the birds carol their 8native wood-notes wild0 so sweetly1 the strange blended odor of the damp mould1 the leaves1 the wild flowers1 and the prospect of the distant meadow1 are so delightful2 the play of the sunlight through the dense foliage1 and on the sylvan walks1 is so beautiful1 and the quiet is so marked1 after the hum and roar of a city1 that the mind is tranquilized1 and both you and your children will be nearer to ,god1 and nearer to one another1 for every hour so spent4 ,our whole country is full of wild beauty4 ,spend your spare money in decorating your homes with trees1 flowers and shrubs4 ,the influence upon your children will be far more beneficial4 ,if your children wish for money to purchase seeds and flowers for their gardens1 if possible1 give it cheerfully4 ,it is far better so spent than in dress and toys4 ,let them plan their own gardens and experiment as much as they please4 ,a very pretty fence can be made round such gardens1 by a number of stakes of equal lengths pointed at one end to drive into the ground1 square at the top1 and painted green4 ,then place them at equal distances around your garden1 and bore holes about six or seven inches apart for the twine1 which should be brown linen4 ,pass the twine through the holes1 in lines all around the garden4 ,plant vines which run rapidly1 such as ,cypress ,vine1 ,madeira ,vine1 ,nasturtium1 ,maurandya ,barclayanna1 ,dwarf ,convolvulus1 ,mountain ,fringe1 c41 c4 ,by midsummer your simple fence will be very beautiful4 ,having spent many years in cultivating flowers1 perhaps a few practical directions from my own experience may be of service to my readers4 ,,how ,,to ,,plant ,,seeds4 ,,we often think because the seed we plant does not germinate that we have purchased poor seed1 when the fault is in the manner of planting4 ,nearly all kinds of flower seeds require transplanting1 therefore it is best to plant in boxes1 pots1 or hot-beds4 ,old cigar boxes are convenient and are easily handled1 but first bore holes in the bottom of the boxes1 and in your pots or boxes place either broken clam or oyster shells or pieces of old flower pots as a drainage2 then take light1 rich earth and sift it or rub it carefully in your hands to be sure there are no lumps2 some bake the earth to destroy any insects which may be in it1 but it answers the same purpose to pour boiling water on it4 ,after you have filled your boxes or pots with this prepared earth1 sprinkle your seed carefully over it1 and sift over them light soil sufficient to cover them1 moisten them with warm water1 and place the box where there is but little light and throw a piece of paper over the top4 ,a warm place will start them best4 ,let them remain thus several days1 till the seeds have a chance to swell1 before you give them much light1 and keep the earth moist2 7a sponge is excellent to water them1 as it does not disturb the position of the seeds2 also use warm water17 as soon as you see they are sprouting give them light1 and air1 if not too cold1 or else the plant will not have strength to grow well4 ,hot-beds are the best1 and can be made with but little expense1 by taking some old box1 and if you do not possess an old window sash you can purchase one of some builder for a trifling sum of money1 and fit it to your box by nailing strips at the sides2 dig a place the size of the box and two or three feet deep1 fill it with horse manure mixed with straw1 which is the most heating1 then sprinkle soil over the top about six inches deep1 place your box on the top1 carefully heaping the earth around the outside1 and your hot-bed is made1 in which you can start your seeds and slips by either placing your boxes or pots in the earth on top of the manure and plant your seeds and slips in them1 or as many prefer1 planting in the soil of your hot-bed4 ,after your seedling plants are of sufficient size to transplant1 if you first transplant them into small pots1 you can easily plant them in your flower beds without disturbing the roots1 and the plants will not require covering2 you must first dig a hole and pour water into it1 then carefully slip the plant1 dirt and all1 from the pots and place into the hole made for it and press the earth tight around it4 ,of course they must remain in the pot till they are well rooted4 ,in raising slips you need to mix in full half common scouring sand with the soil1 and they must be shaded from the light several days4 ,all who care for flowers will desire to raise ,verbenas1 as they blossom all ,summer4 ,if you wish to raise them from seed they should be sown in ,february or first of ,march4 ,one secret in raising fine ,verbenas is change of soil4 ,it would be better to plant them every year in a different location1 but if you renew the soil it will do to plant them twice in the same bed1 but never three years in succession4 ,indeed1 flowers as well as vegetables need constant change of soil2 they soon exhaust the earth4 ,seeds are better that are raised in locations distant from the place where they are to be sown4 ,flowers soon deteriorate if you continue to plant over and over from seed raised in the same spot2 that is one of the reasons why seeds from ,europe are generally preferred by florists4 ,japan ,pink seed should be planted in ,march1 in order to have them flower the first year2 they are hardy and blossom also the second year4 ,pansy seed should be planted as early as ,verbenas4 ,ten ,weeks' ,stock1 ,phlox ,drummondi1 ,double ,zinnias1 ,lobelia1 ,petunias1 ,portulaca1 ,salpiglossis1 ,candytuft1 ,larkspur1 c41 should be planted in ,april4 ,if you desire to raise ,picotee or ,carnation ,pinks for the next year1 and ,canterbury ,bells and ,fox ,gloves1 sow in ,april4 ,sow ,asters of all kinds the last of ,april or first of ,may4 ,some of the climbers1 such as ,maurandya1 ,barclayanna1 ,tropolum1 commonly called ,nasturtium1 ,cypress ,vine1 ,thunbergia1 c41 need transplanting1 and better be sown early4 ,sweet ,peas should be sown in the open soil about three inches deep1 early in ,april4 ,it is better to soak the seed in warm water before sowing4 ,when they have germinated and as they begin to climb1 fill in earth around them1 and water now and then thoroughly with soap suds4 ,mignonette should not be transplanted2 sow the seed in the open soil the first of ,may4 ,candytuft and ,sweet ,alyssum1 are hardy1 and the seed can be sown out of doors2 but if you have once had them1 they will come up self sown2 look over your beds in ,spring and take up such plants1 when you have the soil prepared and beds made1 then you can plant them back again where you desire4 ,joseph's ,coat is a very brilliant plant1 its leaves are all shades of green1 red and yellow2 the seed can be sown either in or out of doors by the first of ,may1 also ,golden ,calliopsis4 ,balsams will grow better if the seeds are not planted till the second week in ,may out of doors4 ,all the flowers ,i have mentioned are desirable even in a small garden2 of course there are hundreds of varieties of even annuals1 but unless you have a gardener it is impossible to raise them all1 for it is desirable even in a small garden to have some flowers raised by slips1 or bought from some greenhouse1 such as ,fuchsias1 ,double ,feverfews1 ,scarlet ,geraniums1 ,heliotropes1 ,rose ,geraniums1 ,lemon ,verbenas1 ,monthly ,roses and ,hardy ,perpetuals1 c4 ,hardy ,perpetual ,roses are desirable in every garden1 they grow so thrifty and blossom all summer1 and with a little covering will live out all ,winter2 and if they are showered often early in the ,spring while the dew is on the roses1 with whale oil soap suds1 using a syringe to shower them1 it will prevent the usual damage done by the slug4 ,if you have a shady1 moist place in your garden there you can plant your ,lily of the ,valley1 double blue ,english ,violet1 ,forget-me-not1 and ,pansy4 ,fuchsias also require some shade4 ,heliotropes and ,geraniums will bear enriching more than most plants2 often watering with guano water is excellent4 ,a table-spoonful of guano to a common water-pail full of water is sufficiently strong4 ,it also improves ,pansies1 ,fuchsias and nearly all plants except ,roses4 ,soap suds is better for ,roses and ,verbenas1 at least according to my experience4 ,nearly all plants make a finer show in a garden arranged either in beds1 each variety by itself1 or in clusters4 ,before planting your garden in ,spring it is well to carefully consider the nature of each flower1 and arrange your garden so that each flower can be displayed to advantage2 never plant promiscuously2 it is astonishing what a difference landscape gardening will make in the general aspect of even a small place4 ,it is quite as desirable as to arrange the colors in a picture to harmonize4 ,even an old stump of a tree can be made beautiful by planting vines around it1 or by scooping out the top and filling in soil1 and planting ,nierembergia1 ,lobelia1 ,double ,nasturtium1 ,variegated ,myrtle1 c41 in it4 ,those ,i have mentioned blossom all ,summer1 except the ,myrtle1 the leaves of which are as beautiful as many flowers4 ,if we ladies would spend less time on our dress and in arrangements for the table1 and take that time for working in our gardens with our children1 we should not only make our homes more attractive but we should gain in health and strength4 ,early every ,spring call a family council to decide the arrangement of your flower garden4 ,let your boys have a place to raise vegetables as a pastime4 ,encourage them to diligence by promising to purchase all they will raise2 in that way they can earn money to give to the poor1 or for their ,christmas presents2 even children will take far more pleasure in giving what they have really earned with their own hands4 ,,ferneries4 ,,is it not1 my friends1 very pleasant to have a bit of the ,summer woods in our parlors in midwinter8 ,such a pleasure is within the reach of us all1 with but little trouble and expense4 ,those who live in cities and cannot go into the country1 surely must have some friend who can supply them1 or the materials can be obtained at any public greenhouse4 ,first you require a glass dome1 or what is still better1 take five panes of glass any size you please1 four to form the sides1 one for the top1 fasten the glass together with a light wooden frame1 then take any tin dish1 like a baking pan1 or if round a tin plate or jelly cake pan1 or a tin dish can be made to fit it for a trifling sum of money2 paint the tin green on the outside4 ,then collect some pieces of broken flower pots1 or still better1 bits of marble1 granite or any stone and scatter them around the tin dish1 placing in the center some moss-grown stump or stick1 and pile the stones around it2 then collect from the woods1 ferns1 mosses1 partridge-vines with its bright red berries1 7indeed1 any plant will grow in these ferneries which can be found in moist places in the woods27 take up a little of the leaf mould in which they grow1 they need but little soil1 arrange your plants spreading the roots carefully over the stones1 scattering a little leaf mould on them1 and placing your mosses around the whole4 ,the tallest plants should form the center1 but in arranging even ferneries1 it is more agreeable to exercise your own taste4 ,before placing your globe or glass frame over your fernery1 sprinkle the plants thoroughly1 then cover with the glass1 and let it remain a few days in the shade4 ,you can keep them where you please1 but ,i think they grow better near a window2 be very careful not to water them too often1 once a month is generally sufficient2 if too wet they will mould and die2 when there is but little moisture on the glass1 it is well to raise the glass to ascertain if it is dry4 ,my fernery has been made four years1 it has required but little care2 now and then ,i add a new fern1 some moss1 or any suitable plant gathered from the woods1 and remove any dried ferns or leaves4 ,it often renews itself4 ,trailing arbutus and partridge-vines will blossom in ferneries4 ,it is always pleasant to the eye and no care after the first expense and trouble4 ,ivy and ,lycopodium grow well in ferneries1 but the rare ferns1 c41 from green-houses do not flourish as well as those plants taken from our native woods4 ,,ivies4 ,,english ,,ivies are a great ornament to our rooms1 and are hardy and require very little care4 ,after the first two years they grow quite rapidly1 therefore it is well to procure two year old plants1 train them on your curtains1 over your windows and pictures4 ,many make a mistake by changing the pots very often1 thinking they require a very large pot1 which is not so1 for they do not require as much earth as many plants1 only keep them moist1 and have rich loam for the soil2 it is well to water them every month with guano water1 prepared according to the same rule given for flowers4 ,the poet's ivy is very pretty1 the leaf being quite small4 ,the most beautiful ivy ,i ever saw was one that never was removed from its place ,summer or ,winter2 it filled a large bay window1 encircled the whole room and wound around many pictures2 now and then a gardener came and changed the soil1 and the leaves were occasionally washed4 ,hanging baskets of moss with flowers growing in it1 are exceedingly pretty in ,winter4 ,,pressed ,,flowers4 ,,to press flowers1 to be arranged on paper like a painting1 you must take some plain white wrapping paper1 7in ,paris you can obtain paper prepared by a chemical process to preserve the colors7 and place your flowers or leaves carefully between two sheets of the paper4 ,then press them by placing a heavy weight over them1 7letter presses are excellent7 and leave them a day or two1 then change the paper2 thus the juices of the flowers are absorbed4 ,it takes a week or two to press perfectly1 and in ,summer often longer4 ,when dry1 place them in a book or some air-tight box ready for use4 ,a year is required to make a varied and handsome collection1 as each flower has its own season for blossoming4 ,wild flowers retain their colors better than cultivated2 but experience alone will teach you what flowers will retain their color best4 ,many pretend to be able to preserve all kinds of flowers1 but it is impossible4 ,i will give a list of flowers which are known to retain their color by this mode of pressing4 ,all ,geraniums 7except the horse-shoe and sweet-scented71 preserve their color4 ,they are very essential1 as their colors are brilliant and keep for years4 ,all yellow flowers both wild and cultivated retain their color4 ,the ,violet and ,pansy1 ,dwarf ,blue ,convolvulus1 ,blue ,larkspur1 ,blue ,myrtle1 ,blue ,lobelia1 ,heaths1 the small original ,red ,fuchsia1 ,wild ,housatonia1 and many tiny blue1 and even white flowers press perfectly4 ,for green1 ,ivy1 ,maiden ,hair1 ,ferns or ,brake1 ,mosses1 c41 retain their color best4 ,rarely a cultivated green leaf presses well4 ,autumn leaves1 if small1 and the youngest oak leaves mix in well4 ,certain kinds of stems such as ,pansy1 and others of similar character1 are best adapted for pressing4 ,after your collection is made1 take some card-board1 without a polish if possible1 and arrange your flowers as you design to have them4 ,gum them to the paper with tragacanth1 using a camel's hair brush1 then press on the paper and flower with a cloth1 carefully absorbing all moisture1 as well as firmly pressing the flower on the paper4 ,geraniums and some large flowers look better if each leaf is glued on separately4 ,in forming your bouquet1 it is better to arrange the stems first and work upwards4 ,baskets and vases of moss with flowers are pretty4 ,to form these1 you must trace out with a pencil your vase or basket1 and glue on the moss4 ,then arrange your flowers4 ,i have heard amusing criticisms on the coloring of such bouquets1 from persons who mistook them for paintings4 ,framed and covered with a glass1 they make ornamental pictures4 ,it is a pleasant way of preserving mementos of friends1 places or events4 ,flower albums or journals are very beautiful4 ,wreaths arranged of different varieties of ,pelargoniums mixed in with any pretty green1 and other little flowers1 such as ,lobelias1 are very handsome and the colors are durable4 ,pansies of different shades look well1 and brilliant wreaths may be made of all the varieties of flowers that hold their color4 ,the oval shape looks the best for wreaths4 ,there are innumerable varieties of ,ferns1 ,lycopodiums and ,maiden ,hair1 both native and foreign1 suitable for pressing4 ,by pasting each specimen on a separate sheet and interspersing specimens of our beautiful ,autumn leaves also on separate sheets1 and fastening them together1 either bound as a book or in a portfolio1 you will possess a beautiful and attractive book with but little expense4 ,crosses can be arranged with ferns and shaded to appear as if painted in perspective1 and look like a cross standing on a mossy bank1 with flowers1 c41 growing around and over it4 ,first draw and shade your cross as a guide1 then take the small leaflets of the darkest colored ferns you can procure1 and glue them on carefully where the cross should be in shadow darkest1 then take the brighter green ferns 7such as are gathered in ,spring17 and end with the white ferns 7which can only be obtained in the ,fall71 using them for the lightest shade2 be careful to cover every part and shade it with nature's colors as you would with paint2 in a cross six inches high and suitably proportioned1 full two hundred of the tiny leaflets of the fern may be used to good advantage before it is completed4 ,then take wild ,lycopodium if you can obtain it1 if not1 the finest of the cultivated1 and arrange it on your cross to look like a vine growing over and hanging from it2 also paste on to it tiny little pressed ,lobelias1 and arrange small ferns1 mosses and any little flowers 7wild ones are preferable71 around the base of the cross to look like a mossy bank4 ,different designs can be arranged in the same way4 ,be very careful in pasting on flowers and leaves that every part1 however small1 is firmly fixed to the paper2 press them on after pasting with a dry cloth4 ,,strawberries4 ,a ,,few hints as regards the cultivation of ,strawberries may be useful to both boys and girls2 for fine berries can be raised even on a small plot of ground1 if the soil be rich4 ,plants for a new bed should be set out early in the ,spring2 the roots will then grow strong and the plants will be better able to bear the cold of ,winter4 ,some gardeners prefer to plant their strawberry roots in ,august1 or even late in the ,autumn1 and if the ,winter is mild1 or deep snows cover the ground1 the vines will live and bear fruit the next ,summer4 ,some prefer to raise strawberries in hills1 but the most prolific vines are those planted in beds about three feet wide with a path between1 filled with straw1 to keep the fruit from the ground2 it is well to cut off most of the runners4 ,of course the beds should be kept free from weeds4 ,there are many new varieties1 but the old ,hovey's ,seedling is as reliable as any and very prolific4 ,the ,russell is easily propagated2 vines planted in ,april will often yield fine strawberries in ,june4 ,the ,wilson is a profitable strawberry for the market because of its large yield1 but it is hardly equal in flavor to the ,hovey4 ,the ,hovey will soon run out if planted by itself2 it requires some other kind to be planted with it4 ,the ,pine is usually the variety selected for that purpose4 ,it is useless to enumerate the several varieties1 for nearly every locality has its favorite strawberry4 ,some kinds will scarcely bear a perfect berry in some locations1 while in a different locality the same berry will be loaded with perfect fruit4 ,sometimes a healthy and vigorous looking bed of strawberry-plants will produce but few berries--then you must examine the blossoms1 those which bear fruit will have the berry formed in the flower--while others will blossom freely but do not bear fruit2 these are the male plants and it is better to leave but few of them in your strawberry beds4 ,when you plant the new roots dig a hole with a trowel and fill it with water1 then spread out the roots and pack the earth close around them1 but when they are fully rooted and commence to grow1 the earth should be kept loose around them4 ,strawberry plants should be replanted every third year2 it is best to change the location of the bed if possible1 or at least to renew the soil4 ,boys or girls who raise and gather from their own little garden a dish of strawberries will find great pleasure in presenting it to their friends as fruits of their own labor4 ,,grapes4 ,,the care of the grape-vine is a pleasant occupation4 ,to gather the rich1 ripe bunches of its delicious fruit is a grand enjoyment4 ,almost every one can command a spot of ground sufficient for the liberal support of a grape-vine4 ,it may be planted in any unappropriated corner about the house--a sunny spot is to be preferred1 but a vine may do well with but little direct sunshine1 if it is well sheltered and properly cared for4 ,it may be planted at the foot of a tree1 the branches of which are not near the ground1 and it will find its way high up the tree and will yield large crops of fine fruit hidden among its own thick foliage and that of the tree1 provided the ground immediately about its roots can be reached and kept warm by the sun's rays4 ,as it grows it will endeavor to adapt itself to the circumstances that surround it1 and will take the direction your taste or convenience require it to follow4 ,its flexible branches are obedient to the gentle hand of the careful cultivator4 ,you may train it upon stakes six or eight feet high1 or upon a low trellis where the fruit will be within easy reach of your hand4 ,you may have the fruit within a few inches of the ground1 or by removing all the lower branches of the vine1 you can cause the ripe bunches to hang in graceful festoons around and over the window of your chamber1 high above the reach of accident and pilferers4 ,the grape-vine will do as it is bid1 which is much more than can be said of some young people1 whose eyes sparkle at the sight of its fruit4 ,in preparing the ground in which to plant the vine1 reference must be had to the character of the soil4 ,if the soil is clayey and cold1 or if the neighboring surface is such as to turn an undue proportion of the rains upon the place where you propose to plant your vine1 care must be taken to secure for the roots of the vine a sufficient drainage4 ,if the roots of the vine are surrounded by wet and cold earth1 the fruit will mature slowly and will be endangered by the early frosts4 ,you will secure a sufficient drainage by digging a hole three feet deep and five or six feet in diameter and throwing into it small stones1 fragments of bricks or other like rubbish1 to the depth of about eighteen inches1 and filling to the surface with the soil4 ,if the soil in which you propose to plant your vine is light1 no artificial drainage will be necessary4 ,dig over the ground and mix with it some well rotted manure or bone dust to the depth of your spade4 ,the plan of trenching and deep manuring is of questionable advantage4 ,the roots of the vine prefer to run near the surface1 but they will seek the rich soil wherever it may be2 and if they are drawn away from the surface of the ground and out of their natural direction to the colder soil below1 the effect upon the fruit may be unfavorable1 both as to quality and quantity4 ,in the ground thus prepared set your young vine from the nursery4 ,first1 drive down a stake to which you can tie the young vine1 then place the roots of the vine three inches below the surface of the ground1 carefully spreading the roots so that they will be as nearly as possible in the position in which they grew in the nursery4 ,the beautiful operations of nature will then commence4 ,the roots of the vine will at once begin to adapt themselves to their new home1 and their delicate fibres will firmly clasp the particles of the well-prepared soil2 the warm days of the early ,spring will draw the sap up through the whole length of the vine1 the buds will open and exhibit their delicate tints1 new shoots and broad green leaves will follow1 and you can soon eat the fruit of your own labor1 sitting beneath the shadow of your own vine4 ,,designs ,,for ,,flowers4 ,,there are many beautiful ways of arranging flowers1 besides in our costly vases4 ,for example1 take a basket and knit like a garter pieces of different shades of moss colored worsted2 then dip in hot water and press them2 when dry ravel nearly out1 only leaving an end which can be fastened on to the basket with sewing silk or green glace thread and a large needle4 ,a basket tastefully covered in this way looks as if it were made of moss1 and it retains its beauty longer2 a tin dish should be made to fit it1 and painted green2 keep it filled with natural flowers4 ,i should prefer such an ornament to costly porcelain4 ,many fill such baskets with exquisite ,french flowers1 which imitate nature perfectly4 ,to form a pyramid of flowers1 take three1 four or five wooden bowls according to the size you wish for your pyramid1 let them be a regular gradation in size1 procure some round pieces of wood1 like ribbon blocks1 graded in size1 glue the tallest into the centre of the largest bowl so that it will stand upright1 and upon top of that glue the bowl next in size1 and so on to the smallest bowl4 ,varnish the inside several coats2 paint the outsides green and cover with moss2 some have a stand made and glued to the bottom of the largest bowl4 ,when filled with flowers1 it is a lovely sight4 ,baskets made of tin and painted green1 then covered with moss1 make the prettiest hanging baskets possible4 ,tin rings large enough to surround vases placed inside1 and made to hold water1 with little wires across the top and painted green1 when filled with flowers1 form the prettiest mats in the world2 the wires keep the flowers in place4 ,i saw one filled with only small ,rose-buds1 blue ,forget-me-nots and ,geranium leaves4 ,it is an improvement to cover the outside with moss4 ,crosses made in the same way are very beautiful and are appropriate to place on the grave of any beloved friend4 ,in that way flowers can be preserved a long time1 if there is a sufficient supply of water to preserve them4 ,there are innumerable ways of arranging flowers4 ,the poorest person can afford to purchase a tin basin1 and with a little common paste and moss1 which can be found in all country places1 a pretty dish for flowers is soon made4 ,shells make lovely vases4 ,the large shells sailors polish so exquisitely to resemble mother-of-pearl1 make elegant hanging vases2 bore holes on each side and hang them with strong cords4 ,decorate your rooms with flowers if possible4 ,if you have sick friends at home or abroad1 carry them flowers2 it will cheer them more than you can realize unless you too have been sick4 ,,to ,,produce ,,various ,,flowers ,,from ,,one ,,stem4 ,,scoop the pith from a small twig of elder2 split it length-ways1 and fill each of the parts with seeds that produce different colored flowers4 ,surround the seed with earth2 tie the two bits of wood together1 and plant the whole in a pot filled with earth4 ,the stems of the different plants will thus be so incorporated as to exhibit to the eye only one stem1 throwing out branches with the different flowers you have planted4 ,by choosing the seeds of plants which germinate at the same time1 and which are nearly similar in the texture of their stems1 an ingenious person may obtain artificial plants extremely curious4 ,,to ,,preserve ,,roses ,,till ,,winter4 ,,it is pleasant to see the ,summer flowers in midwinter1 and they who cannot have ,roses blooming at that period within doors can preserve them in ,summer to decorate their table in ,winter4 ,first select from your ,rose-trees the most beautiful specimens as they are just ready to blossom2 tie a piece of fine thread around the stalk of each2 do not handle the bud1 or the stalk2 cut it from the tree with the stalk two or three inches in length2 melt sealing-wax and quickly apply it to the end of the stalk2 the wax should only be just warm enough to be ductile2 form a piece of paper into a cone-like shape1 and place the ,rose within it2 twist it at the ends to exclude the air2 put it in a box1 and put the box into a drawer2 this is to be sure that it is air-tight4 ,in ,winter take it out1 cut off the end of the stalk1 place it in luke-warm water1 and in two or three hours it will become fresh and fragrant4 ,if the room is very warm it will answer to put it in cold water4 ,illustration ,illumination4 ,,in a practical treatise like the present1 a dissertation on the antiquities and history of ,illumination will not be looked for2 nor is there space for the amount of detail that would be necessary to make the subject thoroughly understood4 ,the more knowledge1 however1 the student has to work upon1 the purer and more complete must be his practice2 knowledge gives decision1 decision leads to facility1 and facility in any art whatever1 is the main object of pursuit4 ,for such knowledge1 full1 clear and accurate as it should be1 we must refer to long and learned treatises2 and to the inspection of many actual examples2 since to understand clearly what is meant by illumination1 one should not only read much1 but study the work itself at every stage of its career4 ,to look into this matter thoroughly1 reference should be made to books upon illumination4 ,among the best of these books are 8,the ,art of ,illumination10 by ,wyatt1 and 8,noel ,humphrey's ,work40 ,however1 a few directions may be given here4 ,to begin with the materials4 ,,materials4 ,a ,,careful inspection of the list of water colors manufactured at the present day1 leads to the conclusion that the following colors may be used1 though some of them are similar to others in tint1 c41 or can for other reasons be superseded4 ,these latter are marked in italics3 ,,yellows4 ,cadmium ,yellow4 ,gamboge4 ,lemon ,yellow4 ,mars ,yellow4 ,naples ,yellow4 ,raw ,sienna4 ,yellow ,ochre4 ,,reds4 ,brown ,madder4 ,carmine4 ,crimson ,lake4 ,indian ,red4 ,orange ,vermilion4 ,light ,red4 ,scarlet ,vermilion4 ,rose ,madder4 ,rubens' ,madder4 ,vermilion4 ,,blues4 ,cobalt4 ,french ,blue4 ,intense ,blue4 ,indigo4 ,smalt4 ,ultramarine ,ash4 ,,oranges4 ,burnt ,roman ,ochre4 ,burnt ,sienna4 ,mars ,orange4 ,neutral ,orange4 ,,purples4 ,burnt ,carmine4 ,indian ,purple4 ,purple ,lake4 ,purple ,madder4 ,violet ,carmine4 ,,greens4 ,emerald ,green4 ,oxide of ,chromium4 ,olive ,green4 ,,browns4 ,burnt ,umber4 ,sepia4 ,vandyke ,brown4 ,,blacks4 ,ivory ,black4 ,lamp-black4 ,,white4 ,chinese ,white4 ,the selected colors should be apportioned into five lists1 as follows1 viz3 ,,first ,,list4--,gamboge1 cadmium yellow1 crimson lake1 vermilion1 cobalt1 ,french blue1 emerald green1 lamp-black1 ,chinese white4 ,,second ,,list4--,lemon yellow1 gamboge1 cadmium yellow1 rose madder1 crimson lake1 vermilion1 cobalt1 ,french blue1 burnt sienna1 emerald green1 vandyke brown1 lamp-black1 ,chinese white4 ,,third ,,list4--,lemon yellow1 gamboge1 cadmium yellow1 rose madder1 crimson lake1 carmine1 orange vermilion1 vermilion1 cobalt1 ,french blue1 burnt sienna1 brown madder1 emerald green1 green oxide of chromium1 vandyke brown1 lamp-black1 ,chinese white4 ,,fourth ,,list4--,lemon yellow1 gamboge1 cadmium yellow1 mars yellow1 rose madder1 crimson lake1 carmine1 orange vermilion1 vermilion1 ,indian red1 brown madder1 cobalt1 ,french blue1 neutral orange1 burnt sienna1 burnt carmine1 ,indian purple1 emerald green1 green oxide of chromium1 vandyke brown1 lamp-black1 ,chinese white4 ,,fifth ,,list4--,lemon yellow1 gamboge1 ,naples yellow1 cadmium yellow1 mars yellow1 rose madder1 ,rubens' madder1 crimson lake1 carmine1 orange vermilion1 vermilion1 ,indian red1 cobalt1 ,french blue1 smalt1 mars orange1 burnt sienna1 purple madder1 burnt carmine1 ,indian purple1 emerald green1 green oxide of chromium1 vandyke brown1 lamp-black1 ,chinese white4 ,these five lists will be found to be carefully selected1 and to contain the colors best adapted for illumination4 ,there is not space in this book to enter into the peculiarities and properties of these colors1 which are fully discussed in several works and treatises4 ,the colors here recommended are permanent in character1 but chrome yellows1 red lead and pure scarlet it is best to avoid1 as they are not lasting4 ,pure scarlet is fugitive and the others in time turn black4 8,winsor and ,newton's moist water colors0 are the best for all illuminating purposes4 ,good ,bristol board with a fine firm grain1 and having an ivory-like surface1 but without gloss1 is the best material for illuminating upon4 ,,brushes4 ,,few brushes are required for illumination1 but from the peculiar character of the work1 and the nature of the colors1 c41 employed1 it is requisite that the right kinds should be carefully selected4 ,for general use1 the red sable brushes in goose1 duck and crow quills should be employed2 say one goose1 7for large grounds17 two duck 7for ordinary work17 and three crow 7for fine linings on initials1 c47 ,the red sable is preferable to the brown sable1 or other hair1 as being stronger and firmer at the point4 ,an ordinary flat camel's hair brush will suffice for damping the back of gold paper1 washing over weak solutions of gum water or ox-gall1 c41 c4 ,when gold leaf is used1 a soft camel's hair brush 7of swan quill size17 may be found useful for touching1 smoothing1 c4 ,for laying down the gold leaf1 a very thin1 flat brush is required1 called a gilder's tip4 ,burnishers are made of agate1 and the following metallic preparations are found useful in illuminating1 viz3 gold paper1 shell gold1 saucer gold1 shell silver1 saucer silver1 shell aluminum1 shell platina4 ,silver inevitably blackens4 ,aluminum is preferable to silver4 ,besides colors1 materials to work upon1 pens1 brushes1 burnisher1 tracer1 and metallic preparations1 there will be required an eraser1 compass1 rule1 pencil1 ,india rubber1 sponge1 cotton wood1 some tracing paper and other small sundries4 ,a bottle of gum water will be necessary1 and also one of liquid ox-gall4 ,a little of the former1 mingled with water1 is used to impart brilliancy to colors4 ,,coloring4 ,,under the head of materials1 are given colors recommended for illumination4 ,besides the colors in that list1 several others are requisite1 that are only to be obtained by mixing on the palette4 ,these broken hues are employed in backgrounds1 and as shading for the more brilliant colors and tints on the ornamentation4 ,there is only space in this book for a few practical directions for laying on such colors as are named4 ,first1 then1 everything connected with the painting should be scrupulously clean and free from dust4 ,distilled water should be used1 or at least soft water that is perfectly clear4 ,a very little gum water1 in some cases1 should be added to the color as it is mixed4 ,the sable pencils should be in readiness1 two or three1 or more1 according to the work and habits of the operator4 ,perhaps this is the best place to mention the manner of using the ,chinese white4 ,on being taken from the bottle1 it is found to be exceedingly viscid1 and troublesome to work1 clogging the point of the pencil4 ,of course it should be diluted with pure water1 but as this renders it too thin for the firm and fine lines and dots so often wanted1 it must be left a few moments to evaporate and thicken2 if still viscid1 it should be thinned again and left4 ,white thus put out of the tube and thinned1 will be found to be even better for working a day or two afterwards than at first4 ,all that is required1 as it will be dry1 is to dip the pencil in water before working it upon the white1 and make a good point before transferring it to the illumination4 ,unless these precautions be observed1 the use of white will be attended with continual vexation4 ,when a compound color is required1 sufficient for the work in hand should be mixed up at one time1 lest1 more being required1 the second tint differ from the first1 when a disagreeable patchy appearance will ensue4 ,compound tints should be kept extremely clean in tone1 muddy or dirty tints being fatal to that exquisite purity of colors for which illumination is so famed4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that dark tints are necessarily somewhat dirty2 on the contrary1 they can be kept as clean and clear in tone as the most vivid combinations4 ,the following is a list of colors and mixed tints1 stated without technical phraseology1 as far as possible3 ,table of ,colors and ,mixed ,tints4 ,,yellows4 ,vivid high-toned yellow or primrose4--,lemon yellow1 yellow and white1 gamboge and white4 ,bright transparent yellow4--,gamboge4 ,rich glowing yellow4--,cadmium yellow4 ,clear transparent yellow4--,mars yellow1 lemon yellow and cadmium yellow1 lemon yellow and gamboge and mars yellow4 ,rich brown yellow4--,cadmium yellow and little purple madder1 cadmium yellow and little ,indian red4 ,buff yellow4--,cadmium and touch of burnt carmine1 orange and little white4 ,,reds4 ,vivid high-toned red4--,orange vermilion4 ,deep opaque red4--,vermilion4 ,bright transparent pink4--,rose madder1 rose madder and touch of carmine4 ,opaque pink4--,white and little orange vermilion1 white and little vermilion1 white and little ,indian red1 white and touch of carmine1 white and little rose madder4 ,rich glowing crimson4--,crimson1 lake1 carmine4 ,chocolate red4--,vandyke brown and carmine1 vandyke brown and crimson lake1 burnt carmine and orange vermilion4 ,russet red4--,carmine and ,indian red4 ,,blues4 ,bright azure blue4--,cobalt1 cobalt and white4 ,rich strong blue4--,french blue4 ,deep dense blue4--,french blue and little black4 ,brilliant purple blue4--,smalt4 ,,oranges4 ,clear pure yellow orange4--,mars orange1 neutral orange4 ,deeper yellow orange4--,burnt sienna4 ,intensely brilliant transparent red orange4--,carmine over a ground of gamboge4 ,rich glowing warm orange4--,cadmium yellow and carmine1 cadmium yellow and orange vermilion1 orange vermilion and little lemon yellow4 ,,purples4 ,rich cold purple1 7violet1 lavender1 c47--,indian purple1 ,indian purple and ,french blue1 cobalt and little rose madder1 cobalt and little crimson lake1 cobalt and little purple madder1 ,french blue1 white and little rose madder1 ,french blue and little crimson lake1 ,french blue and little burnt carmine4 ,rich warm purple1 7pure maroon1 c47--,purple madder1 burnt carmine1 crimson lake and little ,french blue1 ,french blue and carmine1 rose madder and little ,french blue1 rose madder and little cobalt1 crimson lake and cobalt1 burnt carmine and little ,french blue4 ,white may be added with any of these4 ,greyish lilac4--,cobalt and brown madder4 ,,greens4 ,vivid high-toned green4--,emerald green1 emerald green and lemon yellow4 ,bright apple green4--,emerald green and little oxide of chromium1 emerald green little oxide of chromium and little lemon yellow1 lemon yellow and little cobalt4 ,high-toned transparent green4--,gamboge and little cobalt1 cadmium and little cobalt1 gamboge and little ,french blue1 cadmium and little ,french blue4 ,low-toned transparent green4--,cadmium yellow1 ,french blue and very little crimson lake1 lemon yellow1 cobalt and very little rose madder1 cobalt and little gamboge and little cadmium yellow1 ,french blue and little gamboge1 ,french blue and little cadmium4 ,light opaque green4--,oxide of chromium and white4 ,deep opaque green4--,oxide of chromium4 ,,browns4 ,pure brown4--,vandyke brown4 ,rich warm brown4--,vandyke brown and little burnt carmine or crimson lake1 purple madder and touch of cadmium yellow1 vandyke brown and brown madder4 ,cold brown4--,vandyke brown and ,indian purple4 ,yellow brown4--,indian red and little cadmium4 ,stone drab4--,vandyke brown and white1 yellow ochre and white4 ,,black4 ,dense black4--,lamp-black4 ,,white4 ,pure white4--,chinese white4 ,,greys ,,and ,,neutrals4 ,grey4--,black and white4 ,purple grey4--,black and white and little cobalt4 ,slate grey4--,black and white and little crimson lake1 black and white and ,indian red and cobalt4 ,silvery grey4--,black and white and rose madder4 ,clear warm neutrals for shading4--,orange vermilion and cobalt in various proportions4 ,various proportions of colors may be tried1 particularly for the greys1 neutrals1 and quiet compounds1 and the most pleasing and suitable should be carefully noted for use4 ,scientific formulas are not to be condemned1 but in the present state of the science of color1 it is rash to say what is1 and what is not right1 by law4 ,in delicate harmonies1 considerable license must be allowed to what is called taste4 ,whatever the numerical formulas may do in preventing us from utterly disgusting ourselves1 excellence in coloring can only be attained by careful study of beautiful examples4 ,reynolds' maxim1 of constant copying was practiced ages before by the ,italian masters2 and it is so still1 as the hundreds and thousands of studies left by deceased artists testify4 ,twenty good color studies1 patiently copied1 are worth all the numerical formulas in the world4 ,nevertheless1 to those who are timid or inexperienced in judgment of color1 a careful study of ,chevreul or ,hay will not be without advantage1 and though it will not create the power to color harmoniously1 it will aid in its development4 ,if any one should attempt to copy a manuscript of the fourteenth century or thereabouts1 first cut the proper kind of ,bristol board the size the page is to be1 and prepare it by rubbing with pomice4 ,then1 having sketched it out upon a board1 rule very lightly the lines for the margin1 type and initial letter4 ,if the border be open1 that is1 upon a white ground1 as most of this period were1 the outer marginal line will have to be erased1 so that it had better only be ruled in pencil4 ,next the type must be printed according to the date1 sketching the capitals1 which you will finish afterwards4 ,the next thing to be done is to copy the large initial letter1 which must be done with great care1 testing its accuracy by tracing4 ,if there is to be any picture1 then that must be next sketched4 ,your outline cannot be too delicate4 ,last of all you will copy the border1 and that in the following way3 fix your eye upon some prominent portion of the border in the copy1 and having ascertained its exact position and dimensions1 proceed to mark it out upon the surface of your ,bristol board4 ,measure again the distance from this to the next most prominent feature1 and so on in like manner until you have all the most important parts fixed in their proper places4 ,now advance to the subordinate ornamental detail and gradually fill that in1 dividing your work into small portions and taking the greatest care to have all correct4 ,do not rest till you have a literal fac-simile of the original4 ,now proceed to color2 but first mix a little liquid ox-gall with your colors1 which will enable you to paint with ease and certainty4 ,the initial letter can be first finished1 using the appropriate colors4 ,next begin to color the border1 applying one tint wherever it is wanted all through it1 then finishing the next1 and so on until you have all the colors laid on their proper places4 ,these you will proceed to shade and ornament in solid ,chinese white or gold2 any little figures also or grotesques should now be completed1 including of course the terminal line1 generally of gold and color1 which encloses the type4 ,when all these are finished and really accurate1 both in shape and color1 if there be a picture1 that comes next in order2 if not1 you will put in any dots of color or flat gold which may happen to adorn the background4 ,this will conclude the operation of copying1 and any marks or spots which have occurred in the course of your drawing can now be erased with bread4 ,,design4 ,,if you have any enthusiasm for this art1 and have studied manuscript of the best period of illumination1 as has been advised1 you will not be content simply to copy the designs of others1 but will desire yourself to try and compose them4 ,is it not our duty to try and develop to the extent of our power1 any art we cherish8 ,therefore let us consider the subject of design and try to form some rules for our future guidance4 ,the first thing necessary to do1 is to fix upon some existing style of illumination to serve as a basis for any intended developments4 ,of course this style must naturally be the best and purest1 and that is1 as ,i have often said before1 and as ,i firmly believe1 that which prevailed from the middle of the thirteenth to the end of the fourteenth century4 ,but you will ask of what nature ornament is to be1 and this leads to a rule1 that ornamentation must consist of conventionalized representation of natural objects4 ,all true beauty consists in the representation of1 or is derived from1 natural objects4 ,to this rule there is no exception4 ,but nature may be represented in two ways1 either by realizing her1 as far as our means will possibly allow1 or by conventionalism4 ,in realism1 we endeavor to obtain a literal copy of the object to be represented and set no bounds to our pursuit of this4 ,in conventionalism1 we beforehand arrange certain limits at which to stop1 and then get as much of nature as we can within those limits4 ,now in conventionalism it is to a great extent optional how far you will realize your flowers or leaves4 ,you may do it more or less as you feel the occasion requires4 ,the principle appears to be to seize upon the leading characteristics of the flower or form you wish to represent1 and then to add as much of the rest as you can consistently with your subject4 ,thus1 you may either represent a rose as an arrangement of five leaves of a certain shape and color round a yellow or gold central spot--as was the general medival type--or you may go somewhat nearer the reality and add a few more petals1 c41 so as to bring it to a closer resemblance4 ,you must arrange this with yourself1 but as a rule observe that the more you realize any flower the more you must proportionably increase the quantity of conventional ornament around it1 so as to make it evident that you had voluntarily set yourself limits which you did not choose to pass4 ,while ,i am on this subject1 ,i will take the opportunity to advise you to make great use of leaves in your designs4 ,wonderful and perfect as all nature's work is1 yet it seems as if the stamp of perfection and divine beauty were more strongly impressed on leaves than on any other of her productions4 ,the thousand changing forms of beauty with which she clothes the woods1 the banks1 and the very ground we tread on1 ought to be to all1 but especially to lovers of beauty and truth1 objects of the purest joy and delight4 ,make very frequent use of them in designing1 for they ever have been and ever will be sources of the best and most heavenly beauty4 ,remember always that in painting them it is far more important to have the form and outline quite right and true1 than to imitate or approach their color1 which may be left arbitrary4 ,remember also that their power will be better felt by a somewhat sparing use of them1 ,i mean as regards not over-crowding your page1 so that though you may employ many leaves1 you will have but few of each4 ,the last rule of design is1 that there should be a general purpose and meaning running throughout the ornamental detail4 ,you should endeavor to carry out some idea in each border1 and to this end should reflect well1 first what idea you wish to give1 next how1 and by what means you may best convey it4 ,i will not say that your meaning will at once be plain to every one1 nor indeed is it likely to be so to more than a few1 but still the working with a deliberate idea in your mind will give a unity and completeness to your design1 which will be entirely wanting to one worked out at random1 or with a view only to prettiness--the most noxious idea it is possible to conceive1 and the rock upon which nearly all modern illuminators make shipwreck4 ,accustom yourself to ask not1 8is this pretty80 but1 8is it right80 and this habit will1 ,i think1 be a safeguard to you4 ,the principles of design as applied to this art1 have now been considered4 ,there are1 it is true1 many other points on which ,i could speak1 but as my space will not allow it1 ,i have chosen those which are the most important1 and against which there is to beginners the greatest temptation to err4 ,careful study of the best manuscript you have an opportunity of seeing1 must be your guide on other points4 ,but as an encouragement let me tell you1 that if you have any talent for design1 and will take the trouble diligently to think over the directions here given and try them by such fourteenth century examples as may fall in your way1 ,i do not think that you can go wrong in any material point4 ,difference of opinion and taste there must always be1 but as long as we grasp the truth and resolutely cling to our landmarks1 our steps cannot go far astray4 ,these foregoing directions were prepared for this work by a lady who excels in the art of illumination4 ,illustration3 ,,finis ,house and ,home ,arts4 ,,decalcomanie will be appreciated and enjoyed by any one who takes pleasure in making tasteful articles for gifts1 or for contributions to fairs1 or in adding new graces to the parlor4 ,it consists in ornamenting vases and boxes with oil paintings4 ,the process saves a great deal of labor1 and when the work is well done1 very close examination is necessary to detect the difference between hand paintings and the ,decalcomanie1 particularly if the pictures are retouched1 or tiny sprays of moss1 small leaves1 or flowers are added in water colors4 ,the designs can be transferred to wood1 porcelain1 leather1 silk1 glass1 metal1 paper1 etc4 ,the designs are printed in oil colors1 on the surface of paper1 which has been previously prepared with a composition easily soluble in water1--or in fact the printing is entirely on this composition1 the paper merely serving as a back to give support to the thin film on which the design is printed4 ,by a process hereafter described1 these beautiful designs in oil colors may be perfectly transferred to the surface of any article which it is desirable to ornament1 such as vases1 card-cases1 porte-monnaies1 work-boxes1 needle-books1 toilet-cushions1 lamp-shades1 and hundreds of other things too numerous to mention2 and when nicely executed1 the work equals the finest painting4 ,beautiful bouquets may in this way1 be transferred to silk for toilet-cushions and perfume sachets4 ,when applied to china1 porcelain or other similar substances1 it may be freely washed with warm water without injury1 and is in every respect as durable as oil painting4 ,materials4 ,the necessary materials are as follows3 cementing varnish1 protecting varnish1 two or three camel's hair brushes of various sizes1 7these should be of fine quality1 as the cheaper ones never have good points71 a glass of clear water1 a small vial of benzine or burning fluid for cleaning the varnish brushes2 and be careful and procure suitably prepared pictures4 ,directions4 ,first1 with a fine brush1 apply the cementing varnish to every part of the picture1 following the outline neatly without running over on the white paper4 ,after applying the varnish let it dry a minute1 then1 holding the picture to the light1 take a larger brush and dampen the back with water1 being careful to wet the size of the design only4 ,before the picture has time to expand much1 apply the picture to the article to be ornamented1 firmly pressing every part2 dampen again with water1 after which remove the paper4 ,to remove the paper1 commence at one corner and carefully raise it1 keeping close watch that none of the design adheres to the paper4 ,if a piece1 however small1 is seen attached to the paper1 immediately replace the paper and again press that part to the article and perhaps dampen a little more4 ,having entirely removed the paper1 draw a damp cloth smoothly over the finger and firmly press every part1 using great care that no air bubbles remain under the large surfaces4 ,the day after the transfer1 carefully wash the design with cold water1 and when perfectly dry1 lightly apply the protecting varnish to the design4 ,the above directions are strictly applicable to ornamenting only such articles as can be washed4 ,in ornamenting any delicate substance1 such as silk1 great care must be observed in dampening the back1 in order to dampen only the exact size of the design2 as1 if the preparation on the paper is dampened around the picture1 it will soil the silk4 ,of course the washing above mentioned must be omitted2 and oftentimes the varnishing may also be omitted to advantage1 as its object is simply to render the painting more durable1 where it is to be subjected to use or exposed to the weather4 ,in order to avoid soiling delicate substances1 some persons have adopted the following expedients3--,after applying the cementing varnish to the picture1 and before dampening the back1 take the water brush1 and thoroughly wet the face of the paper all around the design4 ,this will soften the preparation1 which may be removed by carefully touching the surface with a wet cloth4 ,the cloth1 being wet1 will not stick to the varnish if it comes in contact with it4 ,after this operation1 the process is the same as before described1 except that some of the fine parts near the edge may require retouching with the cementing varnish4 ,for ornamenting any dark substances1 such as black silk or a rosewood box1 the picture is differently prepared4 ,after the picture has been printed in all its colors1 the whole design is entirely covered with gold leaf or a preparation of white lead1 which is merely to give the picture its proper effect1 by preventing the dark surface from showing through1 which it would do at every light part were it not for this backing4 ,but if it is desirable to use some pictures not backed on a dark ground1 it may be done by covering the design with a preparation of fine white lead1 called white grounding4 ,the grounding must be allowed to dry1 and then the process is the same as before4 ,in applying your pictures to any article1 face the light1 and1 holding the picture before you1 the design can be seen from the back1 and thus correctly placed in position4 ,,engraved ,,boxes4 ,,the box should be white or light straw-color in order to show the faint impression to advantage4 ,it should be varnished five or six times in succession1 and suffered to dry thoroughly each time4 ,while the last coat of varnish is yet so fresh that your finger will adhere to it1 the engraving must be put on1 the picture side next to the varnish4 ,the engraving must be prepared in the following manner3--,all the white paper must be cut off close to the edges of the engraving1 which must be laid on a clean table1 with the picture downward1 and moistened all over with a clean sponge4 ,it must then be placed between two leaves of blotting paper1 to dry it a little4 ,before putting it on the box1 take great care to have it even1 and determine exactly where you wish it to be4 ,lay one edge of the print1 picture downward1 upon the varnish1 and gradually drop it to its place1 passing the hand successively over the back of the print in such a manner as to drive out all the air1 and prevent the formation of blisters4 ,then carefully touch it all over with a linen cloth1 so as to be sure every part adheres to the varnish4 ,leave it until it is thoroughly dry4 ,then moisten the back of the engraving with a clean sponge1 and rub it lightly backward and forward with the fingers1 so as to remove the moistened paper in small rolls4 ,when the picture begins to appear1 take great care lest you rub through1 and take off some of the impression4 ,as soon as you perceive there is danger of this1 leave it to dry4 ,in drying1 the engraving will disappear1 because it is still covered by a slight film of paper4 ,you might think it mere white paper2 but give it a coat of varnish1 and it will become quite transparent4 ,should you by accident have removed any part of the engraving1 touch it with ,india ink1 and gum water1 in order that no white spots may appear2 but when you put on your second coat of varnish you must take care to pass very lightly over the spots you have retouched4 ,the box should be varnished as many as three times after the engraving has been placed on it1 and suffered to dry thoroughly each time4 ,the white alcoholic varnish is the best4 ,it should be put on in the sunshine1 or near a warm stove4 ,after the last coat is well dried1 sift a little pulverized rotten stone through coarse muslin1 and rub it on with linseed oil and a soft rag2 after being well rubbed1 cleanse the box thoroughly with an old silk handkerchief or soft linen rag4 ,some persons say that a very thin sizing of nice glue should be put on the box before it is varnished at all2 others say it is not necessary4 ,this work requires great patience and care2 but the effect is very beautiful1 and pays for the trouble4 ,,coral ,,flowers ,,and ,,baskets4 ,,form baskets1 flowers1 and sprays of all shapes and kinds1 of bonnet-wire already wound with thread4 ,then take one ounce of resin and dissolve it in a brass pan with two drachms of the finest vermilion1 and thoroughly mix them2 then take your basket1 twigs1 c41 and dip them into the solution till they are well dyed4 ,some persons dissolve red sealing-wax in alcohol1 and form coral1 powder the wax1 and fill in as much as the alcohol will dissolve4 ,,imitation ,,of ,,inlaid ,,ivory4 ,,have your fancy table1 work-box1 c41 made of smooth polished white wood1 such as satin wood or maple2 sketch upon it such figures as castles1 men1 women1 wreaths of flowers1 c41 as you fancy2 then color all1 except the figures you have drawn1 with dead black4 ,it then1 if neatly and tastefully finished1 looks like ebony inlaid with ivory4 ,,alum ,,baskets4 ,,success in these baskets depends somewhat upon chance2 for the crystals will sometimes form irregularly1 even when the utmost care is taken4 ,dissolve alum in a little more than twice as much water as will be necessary to cover the basket1 handle and all4 ,put in as much alum as the water will dissolve4 ,the water should be hot4 ,when the water is entirely saturated1 pour it into a sauce-pan or earthen jar1 7by no means put it into an iron vessel71 and slowly boil it1 until it is nearly evaporated4 ,the basket should then be suspended from a little stick1 laid across the top of the jar1 in such a manner that both basket and handle will be covered by the solution4 ,it must be set away in a cool place1 where not the slightest motion will disturb the formation of the crystals4 ,the frame may be made in any shape you fancy4 ,it is usually made of small wire1 woven in and out like basket-work2 but a common willow basket may be used for a frame4 ,whether it be wire or willow1 a rough surface must be produced by winding every part with thread or worsted4 ,bonnet-wire already covered can be used1 and the trouble of winding the basket avoided4 ,bright yellow crystals may be produced by boiling gamboge1 saffron or tumeric in the alum solution4 ,litmus boiled in will give bright red crystals2 logwood will form purple4 ,the colors will be more or less deep according to the quantity used4 ,splendid blue crystals may be obtained by preparing the sulphate of copper1 commonly called blue vitriol1 in the same manner as alum is prepared4 ,care must be taken not to drop it on your clothes4 ,,painting ,,on ,,glass4 ,,some of the works which profess to teach the art of painting on glass contain directions for staining large windows in churches and halls2 others merely give the process of producing the more common paintings1 such as are carried about the streets for sale4 ,these seem to have been much in vogue about a century since1 as all the 8,young ,artist's ,assistants0 of that day contain the mode of painting them4 ,they direct us to fix a mezzotinto print upon the back of a sheet of glass1 and to remove the paper by wetting and rubbing1 leaving the impression of the print1 which is afterwards to be painted in broad washes2 the ink of the print giving the shadows4 ,the picture being then turned over1 the glazed side becomes the front1 and the colors first laid on are1 of course1 nearest the eye4 ,this mode of painting resembles the style of ,grecian painting1 that being painted from the back1 and the shading is the ink of the engraving4 ,the methods by which glass is stained are scientific2 they require some knowledge of chemistry1 and such apparatus as must preclude the practice of this branch of art as an amusement4 ,it may be interesting1 however1 to know something of the process4 ,the glass being1 at first1 colorless1 a drawing is made upon it1 and the painting is laid on with mineral substances1 the vehicle being a volatile oil1 which soon evaporates4 ,the sheets of glass are then exposed to a powerful heat1 until they are so far melted that they receive the colors into their own substances4 ,enamel painting is done on the same principle4 ,this is a time of great anxiety to the artist1 as with all possible care1 valuable paintings1 both in glass and enamel1 are frequently spoiled in the proving1 or vitrification4 ,the art seems to have been lost during several centuries1 but it has of late been successfully revived2 and large windows have been executed for churches and gothic halls1 which almost vie with the fine old specimens in the cathedrals1 in point of color1 while they far excel them in other respects4 ,the branch of the art which may be treated as an accomplishment is the decoration of glass1 flower-stands1 lamp-shades1 and similar articles1 with light and elegant designs4 ,flowers1 birds1 butterflies and pleasing landscapes1 afford an extensive range of subjects1 which are suitable to this style of ornamental painting4 ,the glasses may be procured ready ground4 ,the outline may be sketched in with a black lead pencil2 the lead can be washed off with a sponge when the colors are dry4 ,the whole of the colors employed must be transparent1 and ground in oil2 opaque1 or body colors1 will not answer the purpose4 ,they may be purchased in small bladders1 only requiring to be tempered with fine copal or mastic varnish1 and a very little nut oil1 to be ready for use4 ,blue is produced by ,prussian blue2 red1 by scarlet or crimson lake2 yellow1 by yellow lake or gamboge2 green1 by verdigris1 or mineral green1 or a mixture of ,prussian blue and gamboge2 purple1 by a mixture of lake and ,prussian blue2 reddish brown1 by burnt sienna2 and all the other tints may be obtained by combinations2 for white1 or such parts as are required to be transparent1 without color1 the varnish only should be employed4 ,a very chaste and pleasing effect may be produced by painting the whole design in varnish1 without color4 ,it is an advantage to this style of painting1 that but few colors are required2 as from the nature of the subjects1 and their purpose as ornaments1 brilliancy is more desirable than a nice gradation of tints4 ,the work must1 of course1 be carefully dried1 but may afterwards be cleaned with a sponge and cold water4 ,,painting ,,on ,,velvet4 ,,painting on velvet as well as on glass is an old art revived4 ,no art that is really beautiful in itself will pass away entirely4 ,as these paintings are very pleasing to the eye1 and easy of execution1 it is well to know how to paint them4 ,the following directions are taken from a reliable ,english work4 ,the colors for this style of painting are sold at the drawing material warehouses1 in a liquid state and prepared for use4 ,in addition to these1 a brilliant rose color is obtained from the pink saucers1 by dropping a little weak gum water upon the color1 and rubbing it with a brush4 ,a deep yellow may also be produced by pouring a few drops of boiling water upon a small quantity of hay saffron4 ,it is necessary to mix gum water with all the colors made1 to prevent their spreading into each other2 gum dragon is the best for this purpose4 ,the brushes used are called scrubs2 they consist of a small stick1 with a camel's hair brush cut off quite short at one end1 and at the other1 a brush of bristles of a much harder description4 ,a small box of black lead is necessary1 and a piece of list rolled tightly round1 to the diameter of about two inches1 to be used as a sort of brush with the black lead1 for making outlines in the manner we shall presently direct4 ,a piece of linen rag1 to wipe the brushes on1 should also be provided4 ,the most brilliant flowers1 fruits1 shells1 birds1 c41 are well adapted to this style of painting4 ,the outline of the subject may be sketched in pencil on the velvet1 which is of such a very delicate nature1 that the greatest nicety is necessary to keep it in a state of neatness4 ,care should also be taken that the sketch is correctly made1 as an error cannot be effaced by rubbing out1 as on paper4 ,it is a safer method1 however1 to make the sketch on drawing-paper1 and to prick the outline very closely with a fine needle2 then1 the velvet being previously nailed on a flat piece of wood of a proper size1 the pricked pattern may be laid over it1 the roll of list dipped into the black lead powder1 and rubbed regularly over the pattern from side to side2 be careful to touch every part1 and on removing the pattern1 a perfect outline in black dots will appear on the velvet4 ,where a set of articles of the same pattern is undertaken1 this is a very good plan1 as it ensures accuracy1 and saves the trouble of making separate sketches4 ,even those who have no knowledge of drawing on paper may produce a design on velvet1 with ease and correctness1 by tracing off against a window1 or by means of tracing paper1 any drawing or print which they wish to copy1 and pricking the tracing on the velvet in the manner just described4 ,in order to keep the margin of the velvet from being soiled in the progress of painting1 a piece of thick paper should be laid over the whole1 and an aperture cut in the middle1 sufficiently large to expose the part to be worked on4 ,each brush should be kept for that color alone to which it has once been appropriated4 ,a small quantity of the color about to be used should be poured into a little cup1 and a drop of gum water added1 and stirred with the stick of a pencil prior to its being taken on the brush4 ,the mode of its application is so simple1 that a short description of the execution of a single flower will suffice to give an idea of the process of painting almost any other subject on velvet4 ,a very small portion of color is to be taken upon the brush1 and the darkest part of the leaf touched with it2 the brush is then to be dipped in water1 and the color gradually softened to the edge2 each leaf ought to be colored separately1 and the darkest parts in the centre of the flowers may be finished with a small brush without softening4 ,india ink is used to make the dark shadows of crimson flowers4 ,the veins1 and all the petals of flowers1 and all the fine lines1 should be done with a pen4 ,each leaf1 as it is shadowed1 should be brushed with the hard end of a brush1 that way of the velvet in which the pile runs most easily1 and then in the contrary direction1 so as to set it up again to become dry4 ,a deeper shade should never be added to a leaf or flower until the color previously laid on is perfectly set1 or the two colors will spread and run into each other1 this will be prevented by the gum1 if sufficient time can be allowed for each shade to dry before a subsequent one is applied4 ,when the piece is finished1 and quite dry1 it should be brushed over with a small1 round brush1 about two inches in diameter1 with hard bristles of an equal length1 to raise up such parts of the pile as may have been flattened in the process of painting4 ,toilet-sets1 sofa-cushions1 fancy tables1 pin-cushions1 and a variety of articles may be ornamented in this way4 ,,casting ,,in ,,plaster1 ,,sulphur1 ,,etc4 ,,taking the impression of coins1 medals1 c41 is1 independently of its utility1 a most interesting amusement4 ,this art is of considerable importance to collectors of antique coins1 c4 ,it is often difficult1 and always expensive1 to purchase superior specimens1 of which1 however1 exact models may be obtained by casting1 without the slightest injury to the originals4 ,the mould is made in the following manner3--,take a strip of paper1 a quarter or third of an inch wide2 roll it twice tight around the rim of the coin1 or gem1 of which a cast is intended to be taken1 and fasten the end with very stiff gum-water1 which will hold it instantly4 ,rub a very little oil1 with a camels-hair pencil1 over the coin1 in order to prevent the plaster from sticking2 then mix some fine plaster of ,paris1 with as much water as will make it almost as thick as treacle2 apply it quickly to the coin1 on which it will be held by the paper rim4 ,it sets almost instantly1 and may be taken off in a few hours2 but the longer it remains undisturbed the better4 ,the mould which is thus obtained is the reverse of the coin2 that is1 the impression is concave1 like a seal4 ,when the moulds are so dry that they will not wrinkle a piece of paper laid flat upon the surface1 let them be well saturated with the best boiled linseed oil1 placing the moulds with their surface upward1 that the whole of the oil may be absorbed4 ,they must be covered from dust1 and nothing should touch their surface1 lest they suffer injury4 ,moulds1 well prepared in this manner1 and dried about two days after being oiled1 will stand a long time1 for the casting of either plaster or sulphur4 ,when used1 either ,florence oil or a little hog's lard 7the latter to be preferred7 should be applied very tenderly over the mould with a little of the finest cotton wool1 and the cotton wool1 without lard1 afterwards passed lightly over the surface1 to leave as little as possible of the unctuous matter upon the mould1 that the casts may be the finer4 ,put paper around them1 as was before done to the coin2 pour on plaster in the same manner1 and a fac-simile of the original will be produced4 ,good casts may be made of sulphur1 melted in an iron ladle1 either pure1 or colored with a little red lead or vermilion powdered and stirred up with it4 ,the moulds and casts are made in the same manner as with plaster of ,paris1 only that the sulphur must be poured on the mould when hot1 and water1 instead of oil1 must be used1 to prevent adhesion4 ,sulphur makes the best moulds for plaster casts1 and vice versa--as similar substances can seldom be prevented1 by either water or oil1 from adhering1 in some degree1 to each other4 ,plaster cannot be used twice2 that is1 old or spoiled casts cannot be powdered and again employed2 for the moment the material is moistened1 being a species of lime1 it is no longer plaster1 without being reburnt4 ,another way of making casts of almost any color1 is with a strong solution of isinglass2 it must be used when quite hot2 and it is so thin that a box1 exactly fitting the rim of the coin1 is required1 otherwise it will escape4 ,it may be colored with saffron1 wood1 c4 ,very beautiful impressions may be taken by pouring melted wax upon the metal1 which comes off easily when the wax and metal are perfectly cold2 but any one attempting this had better try it first upon a penny1 or other coin of little value4 ,impressions may also be taken in wax1 which1 for this purpose1 should be rendered pliable by kneading it with the hand before the fire1 a little oil having been previously mixed with it4 ,when softened to about the consistency of putty1 lay it and press it close down on the coin1 the form of which will then be perfectly obtained4 ,the following is another mode of taking impressions3--,procure tin or lead foil1 as thin as possible1 place it on the coin1 and with a pin's head1 or any small1 smooth instrument1 work it into every part2 then take it off1 revert it into a shallow box1 and pour plaster into its concave side2 a durable plaster cast is thus obtained1 covered with tin foil1 which will resemble silver4 ,,leather ,,work4 8,,the ,complete ,guide to ,ornamental ,leather ,work0 gives very elaborate directions1 the more practical of which are given in this chapter in connection with suggestions derived from other sources4 ,being quite absorbed at one time in imitating various kinds of flowers and leaves in leather1 and in ornamenting and staining wood to represent beautiful carved work1--the writer of this examined the books on the subject1 and tried many elaborate methods1 and finally went to a cabinet-maker and learned the simplest mode of staining and varnishing4 ,her leather work proved to be quite as durable1 and was pronounced as handsome1 as if it had been covered with various coats of stiffening4 ,the kind of leather used for general purposes is basil2 it should be selected of an even texture and of a light color1 as the light colored will stain better than the dark4 ,it should be soft and free from blemishes4 ,the skiver leather is used for making grapes1 or very small leaves and flowers1 and can be obtained at the same place as the basil leather2 this kind is also useful for thin stems and any minute portion of the work4 ,the whole skins are very expensive1 and any one who wishes to experiment can obtain for quite a small sum pieces of leather from trunk-makers and saddlers1 7who call it sheepskin instead of basil27 you can engage them to save you all their pieces2 in this way you can obtain all you will wish to use4 ,you can also purchase strips of thicker leather at the same places1 to ornament the edge of your brackets1 c42 you can cut the edge of the leather in scollops1 points1 c41 with chisels and gouges1 and nail it round the shelf or glue it on1 the scollops1 c41 hanging down2 it will look exactly like wood when properly stained4 ,then nail your flowers to that4 ,pieces of skiver can also be obtained from the book-binders4 ,to form your leaves and flowers1 you must sketch your pattern from nature1 on pasteboard4 ,then dip your leather in cold water for half a minute 7not longer1 unless the leather is unusually thick27 it should then be taken from the water and pressed in a linen cloth until the surface is nearly dry4 ,being thus prepared1 lay it quite flat on a board1 and place upon it your pasteboard pattern1 and trace it4 ,while the leather is wet1 cut out your leaf with sharp scissors or a shoe-maker's knife4 ,the pattern may be drawn before the leather is wet1 and if sharp tools are used the leaf can be cut before wetting it2 and by drawing one pattern and nailing several pieces of leather firmly on a board1 with chisels1 gouges and hammer1 you can cut a number of leaves at once1 and then neatly trim them with the scissors4 ,all common leaves1 such as grape1 ivy1 or convolvulus1 are more easily cut in this way2 rose leaves and grape leaves are cut better with the scissors4 ,you should have a variety of sizes of leaves4 ,to vein the leaves you should copy nature1 and mark them with a brad awl or knitting needle1 or the point of the scissors2 press heavily for thick veins and lightly for the finer veins2 by using the two points of your scissors slightly spread apart1 you can form the raised veins2 a hard steel pen can be used for the smaller veins4 ,being veined1 the leaves should be bent and moulded into the required shape4 ,then they should be dried quickly1 as it hardens them better4 ,some persons stiffen them when dry by brushing over a stiffening made of two ounces of ,australian red gum1 six ounces of orange shellac1 half a pint of spirits of wine1 mixed cold1 and when dissolved1 strained for use4 ,it is not necessary to use any such preparation when your leather work is sufficiently hardened by drying2 take some asphaltum varnish and stain it carefully all over with a brush4 ,this varnish you can buy ready mixed1 or you can get the asphaltum1 powder it1 and dissolve it in spirits of turpentine2 when well dried it will probably need a second coat1 possibly a third1 depending on the color you wish1 whether dark or light2 when well dried1 varnish the work with copal varnish1 and dry it thoroughly4 ,then stain your wood 7or you can have it stained at the cabinet-makers1 as you prefer47 ,you can stain even common pine wood by the following process3 first1 stain with asphaltum the color you desire2 then varnish with three coats of copal varnish1 having each well dried2 when it is dry and hard1 rub it down with powdered pumice stone1 and wash off with clear cold water4 ,then arrange and nail1 or glue1 on your leather flowers or fruit4 ,when all is complete1 finish up with a coat of copal varnish carefully brushed on4 ,to make stems and tendrils3 cut strips as long as the leather will allow2 soak them well in water for a few minutes until they feel very soft2 take them out1 wipe the water from the surface1 roll them and dry them2 if required to be very stiff1 add inside a piece of wire2 when very thick ones are required the leather may be cut wider4 ,tendrils are made in the same manner as stems1 using skiver instead of the ordinary leather2 dry them quickly1 then take a strip1 damp it and wind it round a brad awl or knitting needle1 taking care to fasten both ends1 so that it cannot fly off2 dry it by the fire1 then remove it from the awl or needle1 and a delicately formed tendril will be the result4 ,every kind of flower can be imitated4 ,oak leaves and acorns are easily made1 and many prefer them to flowers4 ,take several sizes of natural oak leaves1 and draw the pattern on pasteboard1 and pencil them as the natural leaf is veined4 ,these you can keep always ready to copy your leather from4 ,the natural acorn can be used1 by leaving a little of the stem on the cup1 on which to glue a longer stem of leather2 then glue the acorn into the cup1 and varnish and stain4 ,if you can obtain sprays of acorns1 and glue each acorn to its cup and glue on a bit of leather to the end of the stem1 to nail to your frame1 they are the most desirable4 ,the acorns gathered from the shrub oak are the prettiest4 ,convolvulus is a vine most commonly imitated4 ,the leaves and tendrils are very simple1 and the flower is easily shaped over the top of a bottle4 ,first1 cut a round piece the size of a half dollar1 and punch a hole in the centre after it is wet1 then shape from the natural flower2 the cup can be formed in the neck of the bottle1 and the rest by rolling the edges over the rim of the top of the bottle4 ,ivy is easily made4 ,the berries can be formed from slack baked bread2 take it and roll into little berries1 then stick in each a piece of wire 7that pulled from wire taste is the best1 as it is wound with thread17 and in forming the branch wind the wires together with a strip of leather4 ,when the berries have hardened1 stain them4 ,grapes are made of skiver1 and either small clay marbles or dry peas4 ,first1 wet your skiver1 then form your bunch of grapes1 by pushing one after another firm into the pliant leather1 and fasten around each a linen thread1 and draw them with it close together1 shaping your bunch according to the size you wish4 ,they so perfectly imitate carved wood that persons familiar with carving may be deceived by them4 ,by the exercise of ingenuity and your imitative qualities you can accomplish very satisfactory results4 ,parts of the work may be gilded1 if you prefer4 ,for instance1 you may gild your acorns1 grapes or ivyberries4 ,bronzing is pretty for some kinds of work4 ,it is done by sprinkling or rubbing bronzing powder on the work before the last coat of varnish is dry4 ,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,bracket4 ,autumn leaves can be imitated by using finely powdered colors1 and mixing them to the consistence of cream1 with the following medium3--,mix the white of an egg with #b oz4 of pure distilled vinegar2 put them into a bottle and shake them well together whenever you wish to mix your colors2 or mix them with parchment size warmed1 or a weak solution of gum-,arabic2 in either case1 varnish with a quick drying pale varnish4 ,oil colors will not answer4 ,pieces of furniture easily ornamented by leather are book cases1 etageres1 brackets1 picture frames1 work boxes1 screens1 music and watch stands and fancy tables1 c41 c4 ,illustration3 ,,design ,,for ,a ,,bracket4 ,the edges of frames of all kinds may be neatly ornamented by taking two strips about seven-eighths of an inch wide1 cut them as long as possible1 and stain them2 when ready for use1 nail them together to the edge of the frame1 then twist them round so as to form a point1 and nail again1 and so on all around1 crossing them each time4 ,brackets need to be formed not only artistically1 but strong4 ,i will give here a design for the framework1 before the leather ornaments are nailed on4 ,the strips of wood must be entirely covered with the leather foliage2 it adds to the appearance of the whole4 ,to gild the upper edge1 ,i will also give a pretty design for an oak and ivy bracket4 ,this is intended to imitate old oak1 and should be stained very dark4 ,the oak stem should be made of very thick wire1 cut in the desired lengths1 and covered with leather1 and bent to resemble gnarled oak1 as naturally as possible2 fasten oak leaves and acorns at the back of the wires and on the wood-work1 as shown in the skeleton bracket1 then attach the ivy tendrils1 leaves and berries around the oak stems1 and the bracket is complete4 ,other and very beautiful designs will readily occur to persons who engage in this delightful recreation4 ,,cigar-,,boxes ,,made ,,useful4 ,,beautiful fancy boxes can be made from cigar-boxes1 if the cover is preserved whole4 ,small sizes are the most desirable4 ,toilet1 glove1 handkerchief1 gentlemen's collar1 note paper and work-boxes1 besides many other varieties1 are easily manufactured4 ,the materials required1 most of which can be purchased at the paper box manufactories1 are3--,all kinds of fancy enamel paper1 in sheets2 gold or silver paper1 and the gold or fancy beadings1 which can be bought in strips2 small enamel ,german pictures2 plain or water-colored paper1 or colored silk and satins1 for the lining2 gilded corner-pieces1 and claw-feet are an addition2 perfume powder1 narrow taste1 c4 ,first1 you must fasten the lid firmly by pasting a strip of linen along the edges of the lid and box1 inside1 as well as outside2 it holds the lid firm1 and acts as a hinge2 paste on each side bits of ribbon to support the lid1 then glue in the lining4 ,for very nice boxes1 silk or satin1 fluted1 is a great addition4 ,plait it above and below on a narrow piece of paper1 and paste the edges down2 then take an oblong piece of silk and another of paper1 place a piece of cotton wool on the paper sprinkled with perfume powder1 then cover with the silk1 and baste the paper over the edge1 pasting the whole on the lid in the center4 ,after you have covered it1 paste neatly round it a gold beading 7or bind the edges of the box first with gold paper72 close the box when the inside is finished1 and commence on the outside4 ,some persons take out the bottom of the box in lining it1 as it is easier to paste it smoothly1 and then nail it in its place4 ,cover the whole outside of the box with polished enamel paper 7,japanese paper is very beautiful1 but expensive17 and cover the bottom of the box2 then bind the edges of the box with gold paper1 and place beading on the edge where it meets the colored paper4 ,the styles may be varied by pasting gold beading in stripes all over the box2 ornament the sides1 if you prefer1 with pictures4 ,on the lid1 gold corner-pieces1 besides the beading1 are an improvement4 ,in the center place some pretty picture1 varnish it with map varnish1 and then frame the picture with a gold beading4 ,a loop of ribbon should be pasted on the lid to raise it by1 and your box is finished4 ,if your box is for gloves or handkerchiefs1 you may cut out in old ,roman or ,english letters1 in gold paper1 8,gantes0 or 8,mouchoir10 and paste them on the front side of the box4 ,pin-cushions could be fastened on the top of toilet boxes4 ,the pictures and gilding that come on linen or cambric goods may be used for this purpose4 ,common flour paste is the best2 a little common glue mixed in while boiling improves the paste4 ,mucilage can be used to glue on the beading4 ,the paper should be thoroughly wet with paste4 ,begin to paste smoothly from the center1 in order to keep out all air4 ,,potichimanie4 ,,potichimanie is the art of imitating painting on glass or ,china4 ,the most beautiful of the ,chinese porcelain1 ,sevres1 ,japanese or ,etruscan vases1 can be so closely imitated1 that none but connoisseurs can discover at first sight1 the difference4 ,the work is attractive1 and very simple2 the materials employed are few1 and inexpensive4 ,first1 select some plain glass vases1 resembling in shape and size the particular style of ,china you wish to represent4 ,you can have vases of any shape blown and fashioned for you at the glass houses4 ,select your colored figures1 representing the style of ,china you wish to imitate2 let them be rich1 and clear in their colors4 ,you will need two or three small brushes1 such as painters use1 some strong gum water1 and a bottle of varnish4 ,use paint for the groundwork of the color you wish to represent4 ,the ground color of the ,chinese porcelain is in general a greenish white2 the ,sevres a bluish white2 while the ,etruscan is a pale yellow4 ,these three colors are generally all that are wanted4 ,a delicate pink is sometimes used4 ,for any one kind of vase1 only one ground color is necessary4 ,a pair of very fine pointed scissors will also be required4 ,then proceed to cut out your figures with great care2 if you can cut a trifle within your figures1 all the better1 for no white edges must be visible4 ,when they are all cut1 arrange them on a sheet of paper in the order in which they are to be placed in the vase1 and gum them very evenly and carefully on the colored side2 let them lay until the gum rather thickens and the paper on which they are colored softens2 then take them up carefully and place them in their proper places on the inside of your vase2 press them carefully with a bit of old linen tight to the glass1 excluding all air between them and the glass1 otherwise bubbles will be formed1 and the work will be spoiled4 ,when all the pictures are arranged1 wipe the glass clean1 except where it is covered by the pictures4 ,after the work is dry and clean1 varnish the back of the prints1 and paint the inside of the vase with the ground color4 ,some persons pour it in the vase1 and let it run around1 and then carefully brush it on2 some put it on near the pictures by gently tapping the glass with the brush4 ,great care must be taken not to let the paint run under the paintings4 ,the antennae of butterflies and other minute objects may be imitated in gold1 or by drawing them on the glass with gum water and sprinkling them with gold bronze powder4 ,this must be done before the ground paint is laid4 ,gold stars scattered over some kinds of vases may improve them4 ,you can buy sheets of appropriate designs already colored4 ,if you prefer to color them yourself1 you must be sure and have your colors clear and bright2 the brighter they are the better they will appear4 ,where gold is introduced1 it is better to use the shell or prepared gold4 ,it is applied in the same manner as water colors1 and may be used with good effect1 in borders1 single ornaments1 flowers1 insects1 and to fill up when no other color is introduced4 ,this work may be used in various ways to decorate your homes4 ,the inside of your vase should be varnished1 to give it the smoothness of ,china1 and you can have the rim gilded4 ,if several coats of sizing are applied1 the vase may be filled with water without injury to the paint2 but you can fit cups to the vases1 in which to put water for flowers4 ,hall lamps1 windows1 c41 are decorated in the same manner1 except that no ground color is used4 ,cabinet boxes1 tables1 and a great variety of other articles1 both useful and ornamental1 may1 with a little ingenuity and taste1 be rendered extremely elegant4 ,,ornaments ,,in ,,rice ,,shell-,,work4 ,,the rice shells are brought from the ,west ,indies1 and are sold by measure1 or by the box1 at the conchological repositories4 ,they can be bought already prepared for use1 but are more expensive in that form4 ,to prepare the rough shell for use1 you must first take a long pin and free the interior of each shell from all grit or dirt2 next with your scissors clip the extreme tip of the shell so as to leave a tiny hole like the eye of a needle4 ,this must be carefully done or the shell will be spoiled1 or your eyes may be seriously injured by the flying fragments4 ,practice soon enables one to clip them rapidly and evenly4 ,it is advisable to have at hand a number of small card boxes1 to hold your articles4 ,in clipping1 it is well to sort the shells by the sizes1 and lay them in separate boxes4 ,small1 flat1 white shells1 nearly transparent1 add to the beauty of the shell-work4 ,these must be bored by a sharp needle near the stem4 ,when all are clipped1 pour over them cold water1 with a little soda and castile soap4 ,the latter should be shredded1 and mixed in the proportion of half an ounce to each pint of water4 ,then cover your pan and place it near a good fire1 or in an oven2 let it remain till scalding hot1 stirring now and then2 then take it away1 and rub the shells gently with your hands2 then pour off the water and rinse the shells2 add a fresh supply of water and soap only1 and repeat the same process2 after being again rinsed in clear water take a few shells1 fold them in a soft towel to dry them1 and afterwards rub them with a silk handkerchief2 then place them in a dish near the fire and shake them occasionally till they are dry4 ,then place them in a box ready for use4 ,they should appear polished and pearly white4 ,too much soap1 soda1 or heat will turn them yellow4 ,too great heat in drying will cause them to be brittle and crack1 but they must be dry before using4 ,next you must procure silver wire4 ,this can be bought at gold and silver bullion makers1 or at musical instrument makers4 ,you need several sizes1 the very finest thread wire to wind around the stems1 a size to twist in the shell and another for stems4 ,the largest shells are better for baskets and heavier work1 the middle size and smallest for flowers and leaves4 ,each kind should have its own box4 ,into one box cut some two or three hundred pieces of middle sized wire1 about two and a half inches in length4 ,you should collect for use various materials1 such as floss silk1 fine wire chenille1 roman pearl beads1 7the solid or grain-like bead is preferable17 coral beads1 or turquoise1 pink1 green or yellow1 red flower seeds1 velvet1 satin1 or silver leaves and silver bullion4 ,having collected materials for a wreath and sprays of various flowers1 commence your work by stringing your shells on your bits of wire4 ,turn the wire over the shell2 hold the folded wire between thumb and finger of the right hand1 and turn the shell round and round until the wires are firmly twisted together4 ,very soon you will be astonished at the rapidity with which you string and twist your shells4 ,they look like this cut1 when prepared4 ,much time will be saved by keeping your different sized shells separate4 ,having wired several hundred1 you can proceed to prepare a leaf4 ,illustration3 ,,wired ,,shells4 ,the cut at the head of page #abb shows the leaf when made4 ,it takes from five to fifteen or twenty shells to form a leaf2 the number depends on the size of the leaf4 ,the smallest shell forms the apex1 the others graduated in size by pairs4 ,then take your shells and bind them together1 one by one1 with the finest wire or floss silk1 leaving out a small portion of the twisted wire1 gradually increasing the piece left out1 as the plate indicates1 leaving all the openings of the shell all one way2 bind the stem firmly1 leaving no ends of wire1 as they catch in everything1 besides looking untidy4 ,illustration3 ,,shell-,,leaf4 ,to form a flower or bud1 take one of the lengths of the wire1 thread on a shell1 and then a pearl bead1 then a second shell1 and twist the wire firm4 ,the place of the bead is between the points of the two shells1 and both openings meet and are not seen4 ,the figure below shows a simple flower composed of five wired shells1 firmly twisted together down to the extremity4 ,a double flower is composed of eighteen shells1 twelve small ones1 and six of a middle size4 ,these latter are arranged as in the single flower4 ,the twelve are made into four leaflets4 ,a few pearl beads in the center of the flower improves it4 ,it is easy to shape them as you wish by bending the wires4 ,a simple flower may be arranged like the spokes of a wheel4 ,illustration3 ,,shell-,,flower4 ,wheat ears 7see cut on next page7 may be made of any number of shells1 from eight to thirty1 one taken as an apex1 then a pair set on either side of it and one in the center1 and other pairs successively to the end1 binding all firmly to the points of the shells1 and putting in here and there three quarter inch length of middle sized wire to resemble the beards4 ,ornamental groups can be made by threading good sized shells on middle sized wires1 twisting them together and winding them on a fine knitting needle4 ,when drawn out they have a spiral form4 ,bind several thus formed together at the ends4 ,their dancing1 wavy motion adds to the gracefulness of your spray or wreath4 ,the white1 round shells used as leaves are very pretty2 even whole flowers are often made of them4 ,wire chenille and colored beads increase the effect4 ,illustration3 ,,wheat ,,ears4 ,neatness and grace must be studied1 care must be used to avoid cutting off the thread wire1 or floss1 any oftener than possible4 ,in making wreaths and sprays every one must exercise his or her own taste4 ,infinite varieties of forms can be designed2 you can trim a head-dress exquisitely with them4 ,i advise young ladies to try their skill4 ,it is fascinating work and the effect is beautiful4 ,bridal wreaths formed of the rice shells1 ,roman pearls1 white chenille1 and silver wire are often made4 ,bugle flowers can be made in the same way1 taking wire the color of the bead4 ,shell baskets are very ornamental4 ,exquisite watch stands and cigar or match stands can be formed of shells4 ,your frames should be made of wood or tin4 ,cover them thick with white paint4 ,the painters will prepare it for you as thick as putty1 with boiled oil4 ,paint must be selected that will not turn yellow and will dry quickly4 ,after covering your frame thickly with this preparation1 lay on the shells in whatever form your own taste may direct4 ,place them so thick that none of the paint will be visible1 and set the frame aside until it is dry4 ,the drying may require several days4 ,when it is dry varnish it with white map varnish4 ,illustration3 ,,watch-,,stand4 ,watch stands1 in the form of a church or other building1 may be made with a tin frame4 ,rolls of tin may be used for columns and towers1 and soldered to the frame4 ,a circular opening must be made in the frame through which the watch can be seen1 and a small case of tin must be soldered to the back of the frame in which the watch can be held firmly4 ,take two blocks of wood similar in form1 but one of them larger than the other1 and glue the smaller one on top of the other2 then make a slit along the middle line of the upper block1 in which the tin frame is to be inserted and fastened with glue4 ,the blocks will represent the steps to the building1 and may be covered with shells4 ,if the building represents a church1 a cross for the top may be made of tiny rice shells4 ,the towers should be covered with larger sized rice shells1 and on the summit of each a small cone shell should be placed4 ,the opening for the watch should be surrounded by flat1 round1 white shells4 ,the inside of the case for the watch should be lined with crimson velvet1 glued in4 ,the outside should be covered with shells4 ,harps1 guitars1 etc41 etc41 can be ornamented in the same way4 ,if they are riveted into marble slabs1 the trouble of covering the stands with shells will be avoided4 ,cigar stands can be made of thick card-board1 but tin is better2 it must be cut about seven and a half inches long and four inches wide1 and soldered together1 7to make a round cup7 and fastened upon a stand4 ,boxes1 tables1 vases1 and all kinds of ornamental articles can be covered with shells4 ,,allspice ,,baskets4 ,,the allspice berries should be soaked in spirit to soften them1 and then holes should be made through them4 ,they are strung on slender wires1 which are twisted or woven into diamonds or squares1 or rows as you fancy1 and then formed into baskets4 ,a gold band between every two berries gives a lively look to the basket4 ,around the top are sometimes twisted semi-circles of berries1 from which are suspended festoons of berries strung on silk1 drooping over the outside4 ,the baskets may be lined with bright colored silk and ornamented with ribbons4 ,baskets can be made of cloves in the same way1 by taking off the berry and soaking the long part in spirit4 ,bead baskets are also made in the same way2 the wire should be the color of the bead4 ,cut glass beads are the most desirable1 as they glitter prettily amidst the green boughs of the ,christmas tree4 ,,rice ,,or ,,shell ,,baskets4 ,,the frame is made of pasteboard neatly lined2 the groundwork can be white or colored1 as you fancy2 fasten on with gum either grains of rice1 bugles of different colors1 or small rice shells1 arranged in any form you please4 ,,wafer ,,baskets4 ,,make a neat card-board frame and bind the edges with gilt paper4 ,take the smallest wafers you can get2 keep a whole one for the ground work2 cut another in halves2 wet the edges of one of the halves and stick it upright through the middle of the whole one2 cut the other half into two quarters1 wet the two straight sides1 and place them on each side of the half wafer2 this forms a kind of rosette4 ,when you have enough prepared1 wet the bottoms of the whole wafers1 and fasten them on the basket in such forms as you please4 ,it is very pretty to have the whole wafer one color and the rosette another4 ,stars can be made by placing six quarter wafers around the half in place of two4 ,the handle can be decorated in the same manner1 or with ribbons4 ,care must be taken to have the wafers cut even and uniform4 ,,impressions ,,of ,,butterflies4 ,,if you find a dead butterfly1 cut off the wings and place them upon clean paper1 in the position they occupy when the insect is flying4 ,spread some clean1 thick gum water on another piece of paper and press it on the wings2 the little colored1 feathery substance will adhere to it2 then lay a piece of white paper upon the top of the gummed paper1 and rub it gently with your finger1 or the smooth handle of a knife4 ,a perfect impression of the wings will thus be taken4 ,the body must be drawn and painted in the space between the wings4 ,,to ,,take ,,impressions ,,of ,,leaves4 ,,dip a piece of white paper in sweet oil1 and hold it over the lamp until it is thoroughly blackened with smoke2 place a green leaf upon the black surface1 and let it remain pressed upon it for a few moments2 then put it between two pieces of white paper and press it in a book1 with something heavy upon the top of it4 ,when taken out1 one of the papers will have received a perfect impression of the leaf with all its little veins4 ,some think the impression is more distinct if a little lamp-black and oil be passed lightly over the leaf with a hair pencil1 instead of smoking it over a lamp4 ,,paper ,,landscapes4 ,,observe well the shadows of the pictures you wish to copy2 draw their shapes as exactly as you can1 and cut them out4 ,paste these pieces on a sheet of paper1 in the same relative positions they occupy in the landscape2 if the shade be rather light1 put on only one thickness of paper2 if darker1 two thicknesses and three thicknesses may be used2 if the shadow is very deep and heavy1 five or six pieces may be pasted on1 one above another4 ,when held up to the light1 shades are produced differing in degree according to the thickness of the paper4 ,these make very pretty transparencies for lamps in ,summer4 ,lamp shades can be made in this way with colored paper placed between two thin white papers and so arranged that the shadows will represent grapes1 or any fruit or flower4 ,china lamp shades are prepared in the same way1 that is1 portions of the china are made thicker than others2 in the daylight they appear perfectly white1 but when the light shines through them the shades look like a soft landscape in ,india ink4 ,it is on the same principle that the beautiful ,parian transparencies are made for windows4 ,illustration ,natural ,magic4 ,,the ,,olian ,,harp consists of an oblong box of thin deal board about five or six inches deep1 with a circle drawn in the middle of the upper side1 an inch and a half in diameter1 around which are to be drilled small holes4 ,along the upper side of the box seven1 ten or more small strings of very fine gut are stretched over bridges near each end1 like the bridges of a violin1 and tightened or relaxed with screw pins4 ,the strings must be tuned to one and the same note1 and the instrument placed in some current of air where the wind can pass over its strings with freedom4 ,a window1 the width of which is exactly equal to the length of the harp1 with the sash just raised to give the air admission1 is a good situation4 ,when the wind blows upon the strings1 with various degrees of force1 different musical tones will be sounded2 sometimes the blast brings out all the tones in full concert1 and sometimes it sinks them to the softest murmur4 ,in many old castles these harps were fastened in the windows1 and their wild music caused the ignorant to think they were haunted4 ,a colossal imitation of the instrument just described was invented at ,milan1 in #aghf1 by ,abbate ,gattoni4 ,he stretched seven strong iron wires1 tuned to the notes of the gamut1 from the top of a tower sixty feet high1 to the house of a ,signor ,muscate1 who was interested in the success of the experiment2 and this apparatus1 called the giant's harp1 in blowing weather yielded lengthened peals of harmonious music4 ,in a storm this music was sometimes heard at the distance of several miles4 ,simply tying waxed saddler's silk to little sticks1 and pushing them into the crevices of windows1 so as to receive a draft of wind 7the silk being strained tight71 will produce very sweet sounds4 ,,the ,,magic ,,of ,,acoustics4 ,,the science of ,acoustics furnished the ancient sorcerers with some of their most complete deceptions4 ,the imitation of thunder in their subterranean temples did not fail to indicate the presence of a supernatural agent4 ,the golden virgins1 whose ravishing voices resounded through the temple of ,delphos2 the stone from the river ,pactoles1 where trumpet notes scared the robber from the treasure which it guarded2 the speaking head1 which uttered its oracular responses at ,lesbos2 and the vocal statue of ,memnon1 which began at the break of day to accost the rising sun1 were all deceptions derived from science1 and from a diligent observation of the phenomena of nature4 ,,to ,,show ,,how ,,sound ,,travels ,,through ,a ,,solid4 ,,take a long piece of wood1 such as the handle of a broom1 place a watch at one end1 apply your ear to the other1 and the ticking will be distinctly heard4 ,a ,,singular ,,example ,,of ,,superstition4 ,,the following true story was related to me by one who was personally acquainted with the facts4 ,there was a certain bend in one of our western rivers which was avoided by every one1 as it was supposed to be haunted by the devil4 ,at a certain hour in the evening1 for many years1 terrible curses were distinctly heard4 ,suddenly they ceased4 ,a gentleman skilled in the science of acoustics1 hearing an account of the strange phenomena1 determined to ascertain the cause1 and carefully examined the river on each side for about a mile above and below the bend4 ,he ascertained that at about the time the sounds ceased1 an old fisherman1 who had lived on the opposite side of the river1 full a mile from the spot where the curses were heard1 had died4 ,he was told that the fisherman was in the habit of crossing the river to a village1 where he found a market for his fish1 and where he spent his money for liquor1 and that after drinking freely on his way home1 while rowing across the river at night1 he would swear terribly4 ,this gentleman then persuaded a friend to go down the river to the place where the curses were formerly heard1 while he remained in a boat on the river at the point at which the old man usually crossed4 ,he then played on a bugle and sung several songs4 ,his friend soon returned1 and with eager delight exclaimed3 8,oh1 ----1 such glorious music fills the air just where the curses used to be heard40 ,the neighbors came rushing down to hear it1 and some fell on their knees praying2 they said 8the angels have driven the devil away40 ,mr4 ---- then asked what were the songs they heard4 ,his friend described them correctly1 and said he understood even the words1 one of them being the famous ,marseillaise1 another a ,german song2 the foreign words made the ignorant more sure that the sounds were supernatural4 ,mr4 ---- then played on the bugle and sang again the same songs1 while his friend stood by2 but his friend said the music was not equal to that he had heard below1 where the sounds had really seemed heavenly4 ,the peculiar configuration of the river banks had concentrated the sounds1 and the distance and the water had softened them4 ,the person who related this anecdote to me said that he and his friend had often tried the experiment4 ,nothing would convince the more ignorant neighbors that the sounds were occasioned by merely natural causes4 ,a love of the supernatural is strong within us1 and sometimes leads us into grave mistakes4 ,,theory ,,of ,,the ,,voice4 ,,provide a species of whistle common as a child's toy1 or a sportsman's call1 in the form of a hollow cylinder1 about three-fourths of an inch in diameter1 closed at both ends1 by flat circular plates with holes in their centres4 ,hold this toy between the teeth and the lips2 blow through it1 and you can produce sounds1 varying in pitch with the force with which you blow4 ,if the air be cautiously graduated1 all the sounds within the compass of a double octave may be produced from it2 and1 if great precaution be taken in the management of the breath1 even deeper tones may be brought out4 ,this simple instrument1 or toy1 has indeed the greatest resemblance to the larynx1 which is the organ of the voice4 ,,the ,,visibly ,,growing ,,acorn4 ,,cut a circular piece of card to fit the top of a hyacinth glass1 so as to rest upon the ledge1 and exclude the air4 ,pierce a hole through the centre of the card1 and pass through it a strong thread1 having a small piece of wood tied to one end1 which1 resting transversely on the card1 is prevented from being drawn through4 ,to the other end of the thread attach an acorn2 and having half filled the glass with water1 suspend the acorn at a short distance from the surface4 ,the glass must be kept in a warm room2 and in a few days the steam which has generated in the glass will hang from the acorn in a large drop4 ,shortly afterwards the acorn will burst1 the root will protrude and thrust itself into the water2 and in a few days more a stem will shoot out at the other end1 and rising upwards1 will press against the card1 in which an orifice must be made to allow it to pass through4 ,from this stem small leaves will soon begin to sprout2 and in the course of a few weeks you will have a handsome oak plant1 several inches in height4 ,illustration ,dancing4 ,,dancing is the most agreeable of all indoor pastimes that combine pleasure with healthful exercise4 ,it also gives grace and elasticity to the movements4 ,the modern gymnasium has many of the attractions of our dancing schools1 but its exercises are often too violent for delicate children4 ,the dancing school has proved physically beneficial to many who have been sent to it as an experiment1 at an early age4 ,such exercise invigorates the frame and does more for permanent health than can be accomplished by medicine4 ,exercise1 to be beneficial1 must have some pleasant excitement connected with it4 ,it is a pleasant sight to see a home circle1 old and young1 joining in a lively quadrille1 or an old fashioned contra dance1 in the early evening hour1 either the mother or a daughter presiding at the piano4 ,how joyously even children of three and four years old make their tiny feet move in time to merry music4 8,pop goes the ,weasel0 is a dance only suited to little children1 and they are apt scholars and can all join in singing the popular tune4 ,it may be well to give the directions for this and a few other dances4 ,,pop ,,goes ,,the ,,weasel4 ,,this is an old ,english dance revived4 ,the positions first taken are the same as in the contra dance1 the ladies and gentlemen being placed in lines opposite to each other4 ,the couple at the top begin the figures4 ,they first dance down outside the lines and back1 then join hands and down the middle1 then join hands with the lady of the couple next to them and the three dance around in a circle till the music comes to 8,pop goes the ,weasel40 ,as they sing that1 the second lady passes quickly under the joined hands of the couple dancing1 and goes to her place2 the same couple then join hands with the gentleman opposite1 and at the proper time he pops under their joined hands in like manner2 then down outside1 back again and join hands and down the middle2 then take the next lady and dance around as before4 ,so on through the whole line4 ,as soon as the top couple have danced down twice1 the next couple begins4 ,if there are long lines1 there is often a number of couples dancing together1 and when all sing in time the dance is very pretty4 ,,lancers4 ,,this1 also1 is a very old ,english dance4 ,there are innumerable changes1 but those given here are the most popular4 ,first ,change4 ,illustration ,first lady and opposite gentleman forward and back2 same couple forward a second time1 turn with right hand1 and return to places4 ,first and second couple cross over1 first couple joining hands and passing between the second couple1 and return to places1 the second couple joining hands and passing between the first4 ,balance at the corners1 the four ladies to the gentlemen on the right1 gentlemen facing the left1 to return the balance4 ,turn partners with both hands to places4 ,same for the other three couples4 ,second ,change4 ,first couple forward and back4 ,forward a second time and leave lady in front of opposite couple facing her partner1 gentleman returning to place4 ,the same couple chassez to right and left1 and turn to places with both hands4 ,all eight forward and back in two lines2 forward and turn partners to places4 ,in forming two lines first and second times1 the side couples separate from their partners1 and join each side of the head couples1 forming two lines1 four on a side2 third and fourth times the head couples join the sides4 ,third ,change4 ,first gentleman and opposite lady forward and back4 ,forward a second time and salute with a low bow and low graceful courtesy and return to places4 ,the four ladies then form a windmill by giving their right hands1 while the four gentlemen take their left hands1 with their left hands1 all facing the same direction1 and promenade entirely around1 and turn partners to places4 ,ladies grand chain is danced in ,paris in place of the windmill4 ,the three other couples dance the same4 ,fourth ,change4 ,first couple visit the couple on the right hand1 salute with bow and courtesy4 ,visit the couple on the left and salute1 then change across and salute same couple again4 ,first couple return to place4 ,right and left with opposite couples4 ,the other three couples dance the same4 ,in ,paris they dance it double1 first and second couples at the same time1 and so on4 ,fifth ,change4 ,grand right and left4 ,first couple turn and face outward4 ,then couple on the right take their place behind the first1 then the couple on the left1 the second couple behind all4 ,all chassez across and back1 gentlemen passing behind ladies4 ,promenade outside1 ladies to the left4 ,gentlemen to right1 meeting at the bottom1 and coming up together4 ,all eight forward and back1 ladies on one side1 gentlemen on the other4 ,all forward and turn partners to places4 ,this is danced through till each couple has taken turn in being the leaders4 ,,grand ,,square4 ,illustration ,at the same time1 the first lady and second gentleman1 and the second lady and first gentleman join hands and turn to the sides1 while the third lady and fourth gentleman and fourth lady and third gentleman passing on the outside of the first and second couples1 join hands and take the latters' place4 ,then they pass on the inside and the others on the outside1 each taking his own partner to place4 ,then repeat1 only reversing it1 by the first and second couples going on the outside first1 and the third and fourth inside4 ,,le ,,prince ,,imperial ,,quadrille4 7,a new change introduced by the ,empress ,eugenie47 ,first ,change4 ,,le ,,chaine ,,continue ,,des ,,dames4 ,,head couples to sides4 ,first and second couples lead to right hand couples1 and all salute1 7viz3 first couple to third1 second to fourth47 ,first and second gentlemen retaining partner's hand1 take with their left hands1 the left hands of the side ladies4 ,the two threes thus promenade to places of head couples1 second to first couples' place1 first to second couples' place1 all facing the centre4 ,ladies grand chain2 the four ladies1 without the gentlemen1 make a movement like the grand chain of the 8,lancers10 by crossing over from head to head of sets1 giving right hands2 passing from side to side1 giving left hands2 again back from head to head of set1 giving right hands1 and across again to side1 giving left hands1 ending with each lady in front of her partner1 lady facing outward4 ,all chassez to right and left and turn partners4 ,by repeating this figure the first and second couples return to places1 after which the side couples dance the figure twice through4 ,second ,change4 ,,la ,,nouvelle ,,trenis4 ,first gentleman and second lady forward1 and turn with both hands1 both stopping in front and facing the lady who was left in her place4 ,cross over2 the single lady passes between this couple and crosses to opposite gentleman1 giving him her left hand1 7that gentleman giving his left hand also17 and turn to lady's place on right of that gentleman2 at the same time the other two cross over to first couple's place1 and turn with left hands and face opposite couple4 ,forward four and back2 half ladies' chain1 7the ladies thus return to partners47 ,all eight chassez across and turn at corners4 ,all chassez back and turn partners4 ,third ,change4 ,,la ,,corbeille4 ,first gentleman leaves lady in the center1 7the lady facing outward17 separating with salute4 ,second gentleman the same2 third gentleman the same2 fourth the same4 ,ladies hands around2 the four ladies thus back to back take hands and round to right1 stopping in front of partners4 ,gentlemen forward4 ,the four gentlemen advance and give right hands to partners and left hands to next lady1 and make a large circle4 ,all balance in circle and turn partners to place4 ,fourth ,change4 ,,la ,,double ,,pastourelle4 ,forward four4 ,first and second couples forward and back2 leave partners on sides2 first gentleman leaves his lady on left of third gentleman1 and returns to place2 at the same time the second lady leaves her gentleman on right of fourth lady1 and retires to place2 forward six2 the six on sides forward and back twice2 two forward2 the first gentleman and second lady forward and back4 ,forward again1 salute1 and pass to side where partners are4 ,four hands half around1 with sides4 ,right and left to places4 ,fifth ,change4 ,,la ,,tourbillon ,ladies to right4 ,the four ladies pass to the gentleman next on their right1 and turn with him1 both giving right hands4 ,they pass again to the right1 and turn with next gentleman1 7with same hands47 ,they pass again and turn1 finally pass again to the right1 which brings all to partners4 ,first couple forward and back4 ,turn with right hands ending in centre1 face to face4 ,all four to right and left4 ,turn to places4 ,after the ladies repeat the first sixteen bars of this figure a fifth time1 all the gentlemen place their partners in the centre1 facing outward1 each lady thus facing her own partner4 ,then the quadrille thus terminates by all saluting4 ,,common ,,cotillion4 ,first ,change4 ,,first and second couples right and left4 ,the same couples balance4 ,ladies chain4 ,same half promenade1 half right and left back4 ,second ,change4 ,forward two1 first lady and second gentleman then cross over1 chassez and return to places4 ,balance4 ,each couple the same4 ,third ,change4 ,right hand across1 first and second couples cross over giving right hands to opposites as they pass4 ,left hands back1 which are retained1 giving right hands to partners1 thus forming a circle in the middle of the set4 ,balance in a circle1 then cross to opposite sides2 chassez4 ,two ladies forward and back2 two gentlemen the same2 four forward and back2 right and left to places4 ,head couples repeat1 then the sides the same4 ,fourth ,change4 ,forward four and back2 forward a second time1 first gentleman leaving first lady on the left of opposite gentleman2 three forward twice1 second time first gentleman handing both ladies to opposite gentleman2 three forward twice on opposite side1 the second time stop in the centre2 four hands half around to the right and cross over4 ,right and left to places4 ,head couples repeat1 then the sides go through the same figure4 ,fifth ,change4 ,,jig ,,dance4 ,hands all around4 ,all the ladies balance to and turn gentlemen on the right1 pass to the next1 balance1 c42 so on all around4 ,hands all around1 or promenade all4 ,gentlemen then pass to the right1 the same as the ladies4 ,all promenade or hands all around4 ,,basket ,,dance4 ,,forward two2 balance2 ladies' hands around in centre2 left to right2 gentlemen join hands outside the ladies and pass around1 stopping on the left of partners2 gentlemen pass their joined hands over the heads of ladies1 7ladies standing still17 and form the basket2 all balance and turn partners4 ,,white ,,cockade4 ,,first couple balance to right2 four hands around2 first couple balance to left2 four hands around2 hands all around4 ,this is repeated by the other couples4 ,,the ,,waltz ,,and ,,polka ,,quadrille4 ,,the changes in these quadrilles are the same as in the common cotillion1 except that a waltz or polka is played1 and all the changes are danced either with the waltz or polka step1 and at the end of each change1 all waltz or polka around4 ,,sir ,,roger ,,de ,,coverley1 ,,or ,,virginia ,,reel4 ,,danced with eight couples or more in two lines1 the ladies on one side1 gentlemen on the other1 facing each other4 ,the top lady and bottom gentleman execute each figure1 and are immediately followed by the bottom lady and top gentleman1 in the following order3 forward and back2 forward and turn with the right hand and back to places2 turn with the left and back2 then with both hands and back1 forward and dos a dos and back2 forward and back2 7this is often danced by the two top ladies1 and two bottom gentlemen1 at once2 it is prettier than in couples47 ,the lady then turns with the left hand1 every gentleman down the line1 while her partner turns every lady1 turning his partner alternately with the right hand4 ,when arrived at the bottom1 chassez back to the head1 separate from partner1 lady passing down the line outside of the ladies1 and the gentleman outside the gentlemen1 all in each line following1 meeting partners at the bottom and then chassez up the centre1 when first couple chassez down the middle and take their positions below the last couple4 ,the figure is continued by the new couple at the head1 and so on1 till all have danced the whole figure4 ,,the ,,nine-,,pin ,,dance4 ,,eight must form a cotillion2 the ninth must stand at the side and call any changes he pleases1 and lastly call grand right and left4 ,when he claps his hands1 they must all promenade4 ,the one calling must then1 if possible1 secure a partner4 ,if the attempt is successful1 the one left out must call the changes of the dance2 and so on4 ,,caledonian ,,quadrilles4 ,first ,change4 ,,first and second couples cross right hands1 left hands back2 balance1 and turn partners2 ladies' chain2 half promenade and half right and left to places4 ,repeat twice4 ,second ,change4 ,gentlemen forward and back twice2 all balance to corners and turn each lady1 passing into the next lady's place2 all promenade4 ,this figure to be repeated four times4 ,third ,change4 ,first lady and opposite gentleman forward and back twice2 first couples pass between opposite couples in crossing over1 and return outside2 balance to corners1 and turn to places2 all join hands in a circle and forward and back twice4 ,repeat four times4 ,fourth ,change4 ,first lady and opposite gentleman forward and stop2 partners the same2 turn partners to their places2 four ladies change places to the right2 gentlemen change places to the left2 ladies change places again to the right2 gentlemen change again to the left2 all around to their places1 and turn partners4 ,repeat four times4 ,fifth ,change4 ,first couple promenade around inside2 ladies all forward to centre2 give right hands and back to places2 gentleman the same2 balance to partners and turn2 grand right and left half round2 promenade to places and turn partners2 all chassez across1 giving right hands at corners and back to places4 ,repeat four times2 then all promenade4 ,illustration ,dramatic ,amusements4 ,,private theatricals and dramatic or ,shakspeare reading clubs are among the fashionable amusements of the present day4 ,many1 ,i know1 disapprove of them2 but ,i think they do far more good than harm4 ,they certainly strengthen the lungs1 memory1 and improve the intellectual tastes4 ,but ,i will not discuss the subject1 as far abler pens than mine have already argued on both sides of the question4 ,private theatricals amuse a large circle of friends1 and any club willing to undertake the presentation of plays deserves the thanks of the audience4 ,even a simple farce requires much labor and frequent rehearsals1 to be well acted1 and one soon wearies of the constant repetition of even witty sayings4 ,the most trivial character must be carefully studied1 for one bad actor often destroys the effect of the whole play4 ,then the foot-lights1 stage1 c41 must be prepared4 ,a few directions1 with a list of easy farces may be of service4 ,all who live in cities can easily hire scenery1 dresses1 c41 but for the benefit of towns and villages1 ,i will give a short account of how such things can be managed4 ,some lady can almost always be found who will give the use of her house4 ,a house should be selected which has two parlors1 connected by large folding doors1 or an arch2 one parlor being for the audience1 and the other for the stage4 ,all the furniture and carpets should be taken from the latter room4 ,a rough staging should be built 7boards can be easily hired71 and by boring a hole in the floor a gas-pipe can be run up along the front of the staging1 with a sufficient number of burners4 ,tin shades painted green 7as they render the light softer1 and more agreeable to the eye7 are an addition1 for they keep the light from the audience1 and throw it directly on the actors4 ,a large floor cloth can be nailed on the stage for a carpet4 ,a drop curtain1 so arranged as to be rolled up quickly and easily1 by means of a cord pulley at one side of the stage1 where the prompter sits1 just out of sight of the audience1 is necessary4 ,scenery for the sides and back parts of the stage can be roughly painted on cloth2 it answers every purpose of canvass by being strained when wet over light wooden frames 7made so as to be easily moved72 when dry1 it presents a smooth1 hard surface4 ,each member should provide his or her own dress4 ,to give the required expressions to the faces1 a box of good water colors1 some fine chalk powder1 camel's hair pencils1 and rouge saucers1 are wanted4 ,to make frowns1 scowls1 or comical expressions1 such as a broad grin1 smirk1 or simper1 stand before a mirror and assume the desired expression2 then trace the wrinkles produced1 with a fine brush of the brown tint2 this will fix the required expression on your face4 ,rouge is best applied with the finger4 ,burnt cork is excellent for darkening eyebrows1 and making moustaches1 also for representing leanness1 which will be done by applying a faint tint just under the eyes1 on the sides of the cheeks1 and under the lower lip4 ,a strong mark running from the corner of the nose down towards the corner of the mouth on each side1 marks age or emaciation4 ,a few directions may be of use in regard to the preparation of theatrical dresses4 ,powdered wigs can be made of tow1 raveled yarn1 or gray colored horse hair2 beards and moustache of the same1 or a piece of buffalo skin4 ,ermine can be made of cotton flannel with tags of lion skin cloth sewed on1 or black tags painted4 ,pelisse wadding is sometimes used4 ,crowns and sceptres are easily made of pasteboard and gold paper4 ,velvet talma cloaks1 capes1 or even the loose velvet sack1 can be converted into cavalier cloaks 7the arm-holes in the sack must be fastened up on the inside71 by fastening them gracefully over one shoulder4 ,then put on a large old-fashioned lace collar1 ruffles around the hand1 a ,kossuth hat1 looped up on one side with a paste pin or buckle1 fastening a white or black plume1 7taken from some lady's bonnet71 stockings drawn over the pantaloons and fastened at the knees with bows and buckles2 and lo6 with but little trouble1 you have a fine cavalier of the olden times4 ,with old finery and a little ingenuity1 a theatrical wardrobe can be quickly made1 if all are willing to do their part1 but the larger share of the work is generally done by a few4 ,rocks can be made by throwing plain gray blanket shawls over ottomans1 tables1 c4 ,rain may be imitated by dropping peas in a tin pan1 thunder by rattling sheet-iron1 lightning by means of a tin tube1 larger at one end than the other1 and filled with powdered resin4 ,the smaller end of the tube should be open1 the other end so managed that the resin may sift through4 ,shake the tube over a lamp1 or blow the resin through a plain tube into the flame of a lamp1 and you will have a good imitation of lightning4 ,dissolve crystals of nitrate of copper in spirits of wine1 light the solution and it will burn with a beautiful emerald green flame4 ,pieces of sponge1 soaked in this spirit1 lighted and suspended by fine wires over the stage of theatres1 produce the lambent green flames1 now so common in incantation scenes4 ,strips of flannel saturated with it1 and wrapped around pieces of copper1 will form the swords and fire-forks brandished by the demons in such scenes4 ,devices like the above are very simple1 and add much to the general effect4 ,the following is a list of plays which are easily and often acted in private theatricals3 ,comedies4 ,the ,rivals4 ,london ,assurance4 ,fashion4 ,lady of ,lyons4 ,farces4 ,the ,loan of a ,lover4 ,bombastes ,furioso4 ,the ,widow's ,victim4 ,lend ,me ,five ,shillings4 ,perfection4 ,phantom ,breakfast4 ,sketches in ,india4 ,rough ,diamond4 ,morning ,calls4 ,a ,pretty ,piece of ,business4 ,swiss ,cottage4 ,old ,guard4 ,my ,new ,wife and ,my ,old ,umbrella4 ,a ,game of ,romps4 ,kill or ,cure4 ,betsy ,baker4 ,poor ,pillecody4 ,,dramatic ,,reading ,,clubs4 ,,these clubs are far more agreeable to their members and less likely to cause unpleasant rivalries1 which1 it is to be regretted1 are apt to arise among even private actors4 ,human nature1 alas1 is weak6 ,some clubs read ,shakspeare alone4 ,it is most certainly a noble study1 and one we can never weary of4 ,few can hope ever to excel in delineating ,shakspeare4 ,therefore it is well1 if we meet together for social enjoyment as well as improvement1 to have a variety of plays4 ,i have known of very successful clubs1 and ,i will give the general manner of proceeding adopted by one of them1 as it may assist in the formation of others4 ,the club was started by some young ladies with a view of making home and winter evenings agreeable to their brothers2 a committee was chosen to form a code of laws4 ,each one was to subscribe a small sum to purchase the 8librettos0 of their plays4 ,the following rules were signed by all the members3 #a4 ,each member of the club must take his or her turn in choosing a play1 and in giving out the rle of characters4 #b4 ,every member must take the characters given him1 and do his best1 unless he can exchange parts with some other member1 with the consent of the one who selected the play4 #c4 ,the one who selects the play has a right to the best character4 #d4 ,the club shall meet once a week at the houses of members1 in alphabetical rotation4 #e4 ,whenever any member is unable to take his part and cannot attend the meeting1 he must provide some one to take his character4 #f4 ,no new member can be admitted without the vote of the majority4 #g4 ,each member must study his or her part well1 before meeting with the club4 ,if any two1 or several1 should have difficult parts together1 they must meet privately and practise them4 ,at first1 they merely read the plays2 but soon1 they partially acted them1 and found them increased in interest thereby4 ,they always had their little librettos by them4 ,those who had ready memories rarely referred to them2 or a mere glance would be sufficient4 ,finally they dressed in character1 and admitted an audience composed of their relatives4 ,there is not necessarily anything awkward in having the books in hand4 ,such little pamphlets can be easily rolled up1 and will scarcely be noticed4 ,under these rules they became familiar with the best plays1 without wearying of them2 and each member had an opportunity of consulting his own taste4 ,i sincerely recommend this as an amusement4 ,persons who read ,french and ,german will find this an admirable way of learning to converse with ease in either of those languages4 ,sheridan ,knowles' plays and ,shakspeare are among the best to select from4 8,love's ,sacrifice10 8,ion10 8,hunchback10 and 8,william ,tell10 are excellent plays to be read in this way4 ,,charades4 ,,there is no game that can afford so much amusement to a circle of friends as that of acting charades4 ,it affords a scope for the exercise of both wit and ingenuity4 ,a word must be chosen1 in which the syllables may be rendered into some kind of a lively performance1 and the whole word must be capable of similar representation4 ,then the plan of action must be agreed upon4 ,old-fashioned garments1 gay shawls1 scarfs1 old coats1 hats1 aprons1 gowns1 c41 must be looked up for the occasion1 and speedily converted into various and grotesque costumes1 suited to the representation to be made4 ,by exercising a little ingenuity1 very fine charades can be acted 8impromptu40 ,speed1 in all preparations1 is quite necessary to success1 as an audience is always impatient4 ,if it is determined to have charades at a party1 the lady of the house should arrange dresses1 plan of action and subjects1 beforehand4 ,she can generally tell who can assist her best4 ,if all the arrangements can be made without the knowledge of her guests1 the effect will be greatly increased4 ,this is also an improving game for a family of children4 ,write the plot and a simple dialogue1 and let them learn it2 it will be a good exercise for the memory1 and teach them ease of manner2 but let them only act before a home circle4 ,a few directions for acting certain words1 and a short list of words easy to be acted may be of service to my readers4 ,if a word or syllable can be represented by action1 it should be seldom spoken1 but syllables must be spoken in some cases to give an idea of the word3 ,,penitent4--8,penny0 sufficiently expresses the first division of the word4 ,it can be represented by dressing in old clothes1 torn hats1 bonnets1 c41 to appear as street hawkers1 common in cities4 ,one can sell 8,lucifer matches--penny a bunch60 another1 8,apples1 fine red apples--penny apiece60 another1 8,oranges1 fine fresh oranges--penny apiece60 and so on4 ,in this way a motley group can be contrived4 ,a policeman1 rushing in and dispersing the group1 may close the scene4 8,tent0 can be represented by throwing a sheet or table-cloth over two chairs 7high-backed chairs would be preferable71 in the style of a gypsy tent4 ,in front should be grouped some gypsies1 in gay shawls1 handkerchiefs1 looped dresses1 c4 ,a lady and gentleman can approach and ask to have their fortunes told1 c4 ,some one of the gypsies singing1 8,in the days when we went gypsying10 would close this act well4 8,penitent0 can be easily represented in a variety of ways4 ,if it is not guessed1 the charade could be repeated and acted differently4 ,,bridewell4--8,bride0 is usually represented by a wedding1 which can be arranged to suit the tastes of the parties acting1 and can be either simple or elaborate1 as they may please4 ,the common way is to have a dress ceremony2 bride in full costume1 with bridesmaids1 but for a change1 one might arrange a justice's office1 and have a couple come in to be married1 the bride conspicuous in white bows and ends1 and cheap finery4 ,let her be the chief speaker1 the man appearing awkward and shy4 ,after the ceremony1 let her drive a sharp bargain in paying the fee4 8,well30 ,take a large tub and cover it with a gray shawl1 so arranged as to look like stone1 and if you have any green fleecy mats1 arrange them to represent grass4 ,a dark-complexioned gentleman1 7any one can stain his face for the occasion17 with a turban1 and dressed in shawls skillfully arranged1 may represent an ,eastern ,emir4 ,he should be seen seated ,turkish-fashion by the well4 ,a lady1 dressed as ,rebecca1 with a crimson scarf about her waist1 having her arms bare1 and a handkerchief bound around her head1 should come in1 holding with one arm a pitcher on her head4 ,let her seem to fill her pitcher at the well4 ,then ,eliezer must ask her to give him drink4 ,after she has handed him her pitcher 7which she must have placed on her head after having appeared to fill it71 he must take from his bosom a casket of jewels1 and exhibit bracelets and ear-rings4 ,she can feign astonishment and admiration4 ,he must kneel at her feet and present them4 ,she should express surprise and delight4 ,then ,eliezer must fasten on the bracelets1 and the scene of ,eliezer and ,rebecca at the well will be represented4 ,to act 8,bridewell30 ,arrange a prison cell2 take screens or clothes-frames1 and hang them with gray or black shawls1 and cover the carpet4 ,put in a common wood table and a kitchen chair1 and let a dim-lighted lantern be the only light4 ,some gentleman1 meanly clad1 with hair all on end2 and clenched hands resting on his knees1 must be seated in the chair1 with eyes bent sullenly on the ground1 and with a scowling brow4 ,let chains hang from his wrists and ankles1 and as he moves clank together4 ,acted in this way1 the word would be easily guessed4 ,,farewell4--8,fare30 ,a gentleman dressed as a hackman can come in1 whip in hand4 ,then a gentleman and lady and a child should appear1 dressed for a journey4 ,the hackman must address them in the usual manner1 offering to take them to any place1 c4 ,the gentleman must then ask1 8,what is the fare80 and bargains for it1 refusing to pay fare for the child1 c4 8,well30 ,two ladies enter with shawls and bonnets on1 and appear to meet accidentally2 each asks anxiously if the other is well1 and if all the family are well1 c4 8,farewell0 can be acted in various ways4 ,a party with bandboxes and baskets1 on their way west1 may be bidding farewell to friends2 or a lover1 going to ,california1 may be taking leave of his lady-love1 c4 ,,railway4--8,rail30 ,take two chairs1 and place a strong cane1 stick or broom1 with one end resting on each chair4 ,then some boy or girl may come in and jump on the stick1 swing over it1 and talk about 8riding on a rail40 ,an elderly lady or gentleman should come in and talk to him about breaking his neck on the rail1 c41 c4 8,way30 a gentleman with a carpet bag in his hand may inquire the way to the depot1 or an old lady may ask which is the way to the menagerie1 c4 8,railway30 ,let a party of people come rushing in1 some limping and groaning1 others wondering where their bandboxes have gone to6 all talking of the 8smash up0 on the railway1 bringing in the word in all possible ways4 ,,carpet4--8,car30 several persons may pass in and out dressed in character1 as a ,yankee peddler1 a country girl never before from home1 a man of business1 a fine lady with servants1 c41 all appearing to be waiting for the cars1 and talking about them4 ,suddenly let a bell ring1 and the conductor call out1 8,cars start for10 etc4 ,all then rush forward in character4 8,pet30 ,let a lady come in with a cat1 dog or any pet animal1 fondling it as absurdly as possible1 pretending it is sick1 calling for some one to go for the doctor1 c4 8,carpet30 ,arrange a table as a counter4 ,some one must act as shopman4 ,let a lady enter with a simpering air1 her intended husband following1 and ask to look at carpets4 ,have in readiness under the counter several pieces of carpets or rugs1 which the shopman should display1 while the lady consults the taste of her future lord1 c4 ,,lunatic4--8,luna30 ,a gentleman1 dressed as a young collegian1 enters with a young lady on his arm2 they pretend to be walking by moon-light4 ,he speaks of the moon by its latin name1 ,luna1 and talks in a high-flown style4 ,the lady may ask in a flat and awkward style1 8,who is ,luna80 saying she never heard of her1 c41 c4 ,the young man explains1 in a bombastic style1 who ,luna is4 8,tic30 ,a lady represents an old woman1 and goes about offering to make over old tics1 as good as new1 and also says she has some geese feathers to sell1 carrying on of course other conversation1 so that the word to be guessed may not be too apparent4 8,lunatic30 ,the best actor of the company feigns the part of a lunatic1 in any way he sees fit4 ,,lamentable4--7,french charade47 8,l'amont0 can be acted well in pantomime1 by representing an old deaf man1 and his young wife2 the old man with spectacles on nose1 sitting in a large chair1 reading the newspaper1 his young wife standing behind the chair4 ,a low tap is heard at the door4 ,she starts and listens2 the door opens slily and discovers a young man4 ,she starts with delight1 but points to the old man1 motioning the young man to go4 ,he makes gestures of despair2 then appears to have a sudden thought1 bows and retires4 ,soon a loud knock is heard1 she goes to the door1 and returns with a letter1 giving it to the old man2 he reads1 shakes his head1 and hands it to her2 she looks at it1 runs for his hat and coat and motions him to go4 ,he leaves at one door1 while ,l',aman enters at another4 ,then they act a lover like scene and the curtain drops4 8,table30 ,she again appears with sleeves rolled up1 apron on1 rolling-pin in hand1 making cakes2 the young lover standing by1 and now and then eating one of the cakes4 ,they hear a heavy step and the lover runs for a hiding-place4 ,at last he springs under the table1 and she pulls a table-cloth down around it1 and goes on rolling cakes4 ,in comes the old man1 hobbling along4 ,he looks around and suspects something1 and begins a strict search4 ,thus ends that scene4 8,lamentable30 ,the same actors appear1 but the table is turned over1 and behold6 the old man has seized the young lover1 and is brandishing aloft a heavy cane1 while the young wife appears1 weeping bitterly4 ,,warlock4--7,a male wizard47 8,war30 ,a wounded soldier is seen prostrate and dying4 8,lock30 ,an old woman with a long tow wig1 sits mumbling to herself1 and knitting4 ,a young man appears and pretends entire devotion to her1 and begs for a lock of her hair4 ,she refuses at first1 but he coaxes it from her4 ,she then takes out a large pair of shears and cuts off a long lock1 rolls it up and gives it to him4 ,he pretends ecstasy1 but laughs behind her back4 8,warlock30 ,a gentleman dressed as an old wizard1 appears and offers to tell fortunes1 c42 this can be performed as the actor thinks best4 ,the following words are easy to be acted3-- ,back-bite4 ,bond-age4 ,brace-let4 ,com-fort4 ,ann-ounce4 ,in-firm4 ,in-fan-tile4 ,sin-cere4 ,spec-tacles4 ,,tableaux ,,vivants4 ,,tableau vivants1 as commonly represented1 are so well understood that no directions are necessary1 but some of my readers may not have heard of the illustration of poems1 c41 by a series of living pictures4 ,this is far more interesting than simply to personify some one picture4 ,still another way is to represent the different scenes in a song1 while at the same time some one who is a good musician sings the verses of the song as they are represented4 ,for instance1 8,the ,mistletoe ,bough10 first represent a room decorated with green1 a company assembled gaily dressed and dancing1 while a lady or gentleman behind the scene sings the verse represented in distinct tones1 and so on through the whole song2 the last scene representing children in a lumber-room opening an old chest and exposing a skeleton1 old flowers1 c4 8,auld ,robin ,grey10 and 8,the ,three ,fishers0 are easily represented4 ,still another variety of tableaux is a song represented in pantomime1 for instance1 the song of 8,blue ,beard10 or 8,o1 they ,marched through the ,town10 c4 ,illustration ,the ,sibyl4 ,,fortune telling1 as a practice1 is morally wrong1 and they who intentionally deceive credulous people commit a sin2 the effects of such deception on sensitive minds are often lasting1 and in some instances have been attended with very sad results4 ,almost all persons have a little superstition in their natures1 and naturally relish mystery4 ,but as a game and pastime1 fortune telling is harmless and amusing4 ,the old fashioned fate lady has afforded much amusement and profit at fairs4 ,the following is a more modern and graceful method3 ,cut green enameled paper in the shape of oak leaves1 and on the white side write some simple oracle4 ,the person who represents the sibyl seats herself1 dressed in character1 under a tasteful canopy1 with a table in front1 and her sibylline leaves scattered over it1 with the green side upwards4 ,then as individuals enquire their fate of the oracle1 let her move about the leaves1 muttering some incantation1 and let each one select his or her own leaf4 ,another way is to hold the leaves in a cornucopia and scatter them around from it4 ,care must be taken not to expose the white side of the leaves4 ,,the ,,fiat ,,of ,,fate4 ,illustration ,,make twelve flat pin-cushions1 heart-shape1 and all of different colors1 such as blue1 variegated1 white1 scarlet1 green1 lilac1 checkered1 brown1 slate1 purple1 yellow and pink4 ,have a loop of narrow ribbon fastened to each1 and stick small pins all around them as in the design4 ,take some narrow ribbon and string them all upon it2 they are then ready to be used1 with the following oracles3 ,the ,fiat of ,fate4 ,to all who wish their fate to know1 ,these hearts will future fortunes show2 ,with shaded eyes then touch and name-- ,the color will thy lot proclaim4 ,,blue4 ,if fortune favors thee1 wish blue1 ,thou couldst not wish a brighter hue2 ,on life's dark disc this shade portrays ,truth1 happiness1 and length of days4 ,,variegated4 ,these variegated colors show ,a pleasing mixture here below1 ,to those whose lot it is to name1 ,this emblem1 of both joy and pain4 ,,white4 ,this lovely white then touch with joy1 ,and gain a fate without alloy2 ,fair1 pure and spotless is the life ,thus singled out from future strife4 ,,scarlet4 ,with caution this gay color name1 ,for wide and evil is its fame2 ,inflammatory1 it taints the air1 ,portending strife and civil war4 ,,green4 ,this cool1 inviting1 lovely green1 ,has to the single ever been ,an emblem of their future state1 ,their peaceful1 though forsaken1 fate4 ,,lilac4 ,the lilac tint betokens life ,of every hope1 and plans are rife2 ,of love and friendship1 holy1 true1 ,the pink is tempered by the blue4 ,,checkered4 ,the many colors here portrayed1 ,of every hue1 and every shade1 ,portends a checkered changing lot1 ,from palace to the humble cot4 ,,brown4 ,this sombre brown denotes a calm ,and pleasing life1 devoid of harm2 ,an innocent and simple mind1 ,a temper meek and well inclined4 ,,slate4 ,this pale and melancholy shade ,betokens ills that never fade2 ,but prey upon the tainted power1 ,embittering each succeeding hour4 ,,purple4 ,this royal color1 rich in pride1 ,a splendid fate may well betide2 ,exalted rank and riches great1 ,vanity1 power1 pomp and state4 ,,yellow4 ,beware of yellow1 'tis a color ,speaks of misery1 grief and dolor2 ,of jealousy1 and broken vows1 ,and many nameless1 endless woes4 ,,pink4 ,a life of innocence and mirth ,will be thy portion here on earth2 ,with reason1 then1 you may rejoice1 ,the modest pink has been your choice4 ,,flower ,,fate4 ,,procure a quantity of cards1 each with a separate flower painted upon it4 ,in a book write the meaning of each flower1 and then let a person choose any number of cards4 ,you must look out the meaning of each1 and ingeniously combine the whole into one sentence4 ,a more beautiful design for a fair or a social party is the arrangement of natural flowers in small fate bouquets1 some one person arranging their accompanying oracles beforehand4 ,then let the person seeking to know his fate select a bouquet4 ,,fate ,,box4 ,,write a number of fates and fill a box1 made with an opening just large enough to admit the hand4 ,then1 as the person seeks his fortune1 shake up the box1 and let him draw out his fate4 ,illustration ,the ,puzzler4 ,,the following conundrums1 riddles1 etc41 are given merely as suggestions4 ,the conundrums most productive of amusement are those made in the course of general conversation4 ,a happy party1 in the course of a long and stormy evening1 may make more and better ones than are to be found in any one book4 ,if those given here attract the attention and excite the ingenuity of the boys and girls who read them1 a great deal of home pleasure will be the result4 ,,conundrums4 #a4 ,,if a man's son had told a lie1 and he wished to order him1 in the shortest way possible1 to leave him1 what ,scripture name would he use8 #b4 ,what relation would a man be to a person he visited in jail1 if1 on being asked1 he said1 8,brothers and sisters have ,i none1 yet this man's father is my father's son80 #c4 ,why had the children of ,israel plenty of food in the desert8 #d4 ,why were there plenty of sandwiches in the desert8 #e4 ,why is a short negro like a white man8 #f4 ,why do we all go to bed8 #g4 ,why is a room full of married people like an empty room8 #h4 ,why is an angry person like a hard baked loaf of bread8 #i4 ,when is a door not a door8 #aj4 ,why is a man in love like a lobster8 #aa4 ,why is an avaricious man like one with a short memory8 #ab4 ,why is a pair of pantaloons too big every way like two populous towns in ,france8 #ac4 ,you are requested to ask the following question in three letters3 8,are you the person80 #ad4 ,what sea would make the best bedroom8 #ae4 ,which are ladies most in favor of1 tall or short men8 #af4 ,why is a speech1 delivered on the deck of a man-of-war1 like a lady's necklace8 #ag4 ,why is the letter ,d like a sailor8 #ah4 ,why is grass like a mouse8 #ai4 ,why is a bald head like heaven8 #bj4 ,what two letters make a ,county in ,massachusetts8 #ba4 ,why is an angry man like a lady in full dress8 #bb4 ,why is a good wife like the evil one8 #bc4 ,why is a good story like a parish bell8 #bd4 ,why were the brokers of #aheg like ,pharaoh's daughter8 #be4 ,why is there but little difference between a light in a cavern and a dance in the hall of a tavern8 #bf4 ,by what three ,bible names would a mother call her three sons1 in telling them to go home with some young ladies in a carriage8 ,the first she spoke to in an enquiring tone2 the second1 entreating2 the third1 commanding8 #bg4 ,who was the fastest woman in the ,bible8 #bh4 ,how did ,adam and ,eve leave ,paradise8 #bi4 ,why was not ,noah a good mouser8 #cj4 ,why are camel's hair shawls in this country like a stone deaf person8 #ca4 ,in what way would you ask a ,doctor of ,divinity to play on a violin1 in the shortest possible way8 #cb4 ,why is an odd walker easiest recognized at his own door8 #cc4 ,why is the gray hair of a person who has had many trials like a plated spoon8 #cd4 ,why is a sword like lager beer8 ,,enigmas1 ,,charades ,,and ,,riddles4 #a4 ,my first is a common ,london cry1 ,my next an insect2 now try ,to guess my whole2 a clue ,i'll give1 though slight1 ,it oft emits my first1 a glorious sight4 #b4 ,we are twin brothers1 and in vain1 ,we never meet but to complain4 #c4 ,my first implies to be able1 ,my second is a ,christian name which may be read both ways1 ,my whole is in ,north ,america4 #d4 ,my first may be seen1 and my second be heard2 ,my whole is the name of a sweet-singing bird4 #e4 ,by me men often upward go1 ,behead--a reptile it will show4 #f4 ,a word of four letters ,i pray you to take2 ,if that word you follow1 'twill sure make you ache2 ,just alter that word1 and squeeze out one letter2 ,then follow that word1 and 'twill soon make you better4 #g4 ,my first in every shop is seen1 ,my next affords us light2 ,my total you will see1 ,i ween1 ,when you've bade friends good-night4 #h4 ,my first sounds much like something true1 ,my second sounds much like a lie2 ,but what is spoken like my whole1 ,let no one venture to deny4 #i4 ,to a word of consent add one half of a fright1 ,next subjoin what you never behold in the night2 ,these rightly connected1 you'll quickly obtain ,what millions have seen1 but will ne'er see again4 #aj4 ,found long ago1 yet made to-day1 ,employed while others sleep2 ,what few would wish to give away1 ,and none would wish to keep4 #aa4 ,two hundred men and women sitting1 ,talking1 reading1 sleeping1 knitting2 ,boston1 ,lynn1 ,salem1 ,andover1 ,in1 out1 under1 over2 ,tugging1 hugging1 dreaming1 screaming1 ,rain1 or snow1 or sunshine beaming2 ,buzz and stir1 smoke and hissing1 ,often ends with hearty kissing4 #ab4 ,my first is to hard-working horses oft spoken2 ,my second1 of sudden surprise is a token2 ,my third is a place we shall do well to shun2 ,my fourth is a river1 which in ,scotland doth run2 ,my half is an order to quit1 you will find2 ,my whole is an idol set up by mankind4 #ac4 ,in every hedge my second is1 ,as well as every tree2 ,and when poor school-boys act amiss1 ,it often is their fee4 ,my first1 likewise1 is always wicked1 ,yet ne'er committed sin2 ,my total for my first is fitted1 ,composed of brass or tin4 #ad4 ,my first is a part of the day1 ,my second at feasts overflows2 ,in the cottage my whole is oft seen1 ,to measure old ,time as he goes4 #ae4 ,if you a musical instrument behead1 ,a sweeter-toned one will remain behind4 #af4 ,a shining wit pronounced of late ,that every acting magistrate ,is water1 in a freezing state4 #ag4 ,in spring1 ,i am gay in my attire2 ,in summer1 ,i wear more clothing than in spring2 ,in winter1 ,i am naked4 #ah4 ,a word of three syllables1 seek till you find1 ,that has in it the twenty-six letters combined4 #ai4 ,a lady in prison received an animal1 as a present from her niece1 which signified to her1 8,make your escape40 ,in reply1 she sent back a fruit1 which imported1 8,it is impossible to escape40 ,what was the animal8 and what was the fruit8 #bj4 ,in ,sir ,walter ,scott's celebrated poem1 8,marmion10 are the following lines3-- 8,charge1 ,chester6 charge6 ,on1 ,stanley1 on6 ,were the last words of ,marmion40 ,these lines suggested the following enigma3-- ,were ,i in noble ,stanley's place1 ,when ,marmion urged him to the charge2 ,the word you then might all descry ,would bring a tear to every eye4 #ba4 ,round the house--in the corners1 ,down the stairs--behind the door6 #bb4 ,i'm reckoned only fifty1 but for centuries have been1 ,in every age1 in every clime1 among the living seen2 ,mute1 though incessantly in talk1 ,i give to silence sound2 ,and single 'tis my fate to be1 whilst fast in wedlock bound4 ,the learned place me at their head1 tho' oft unknown to fame1 ,and eloquence itself delights to sound abroad my name2 ,though plunged in guilt1 the tenant of a prison's gloomy cell1 ,yet1 twice invoked1 my potent aid concludes the wizard's spell4 ,i ride upon the whirlwind--point the lightning thro' the storm2 ,and mine the power1 with but a word1 another world to form2 ,i1 too1 alone1 can kindle fame1 and1 what is very odd1 ,the veriest miser can prevent from making gold his god4 ,i usher in the morning1 yet shun the face of day2 ,a stranger to the voice of mirth1 yet join in every play4 ,the fabled liquid ,i1 with which poor ,tantalus was cursed2 ,for1 in the proffered goblet seen1 ,i mock the wretch's thirst4 ,the rich secure me for their wealth1 the cunning for their wiles2 ,and1 'reft of me1 ah6 changed how soon were beauty's sweetest smiles6 ,i lurk within the brilliant glance that flashes from her eye1 ,rest on her ruby lip1 and in her laughing dimples lie2 ,i breathe the first soft sound of love1 in the maiden's willing ear1 ,and mingle in the rising blush that tells that love is dear2 ,i lead the laugh1 ,i swell the glee amid the festal hall1 ,but a truant from the banquet1 and a laggard in the ball4 ,first in the martial lists ,i ride1 with mail1 and lance and shield2 ,and1 foremost of the line1 ,i charge upon the battle-field4 ,and yet1 though ranked among the bold1 ,i scarcely join the fight2 ,when1 foul disgrace to manhood's race1 ,i turn at once to flight4 ,from greatness thus removed1 ,i make acquaintanceship with evil2 ,and1 7in your ear a word7 maintain alliance with the devil6 #bc4 ,we are little airy creatures1 ,all of different voice and natures2 ,one of us in glass is set1 ,one of us you'll find in jet2 ,the other you may see in tin1 ,and the fourth a box within2 ,if the fifth you should pursue1 ,it can never fly from you4 #bd4 ,my parent bred me to the sea1 ,i've been where never man could be2 ,long time ,i've ranged the ocean wide1 ,and all the rage of storms defied2 ,the lowering clouds obscured the sky1 ,and foaming billows mounted high2 ,tho' winds with almost fury blew1 ,and thunders roll'd1 and lightnings flew2 ,waves1 winds and thunders all in vain ,opposed my passage thro' the main4 ,at length1 my parent died1 and ,i ,on shore would fain my fortune try2 ,i left the sea1 grew fond of show1 ,dress'd neat1 and soon became a beau4 ,my body's taper1 tall and straight1 ,i chiefly dwell among the great2 ,am like a bridegroom1 clad in white1 ,and much the ladies ,i delight2 ,attend when ,chloe goes to rest1 ,she's always by my presence blest2 ,no ghost or goblin can she fear1 ,nor midnight hag1 if ,i am near4 ,no more a seaman1 bold and rough1 ,i shine at balls1 am fond of snuff ,to gay assemblies ,i repair1 ,and make a brilliant figure there4 ,at last1 a burning fever came1 ,that quite dissolved my tender frame2 ,i wasted fast1 light-headed grew2 ,of all my friends1 not one ,i knew2 ,great drops of sweat ran down my side1 ,and ,i1 alas6 by inches died4 #be4 ,a word there is of plural number1 ,foe to peace and tranquil slumber2 ,add but to this the letter ,s1 ,and though strange the metamorphosis1 ,there soon will meet your wond'ring view ,one syllable transposed to two2 ,plural is plural now no more1 ,and sweet what bitter was before4 #bf4 ,my first two letters make a man1 ,my three first a woman2 ,my four first letters make a great man ,my whole a great woman4 #bg4 ,my first is myself1 a very short word2 ,my second's a puppet1 and you are my third4 #bh4 ,cut off my head1 singular ,i am2 ,cut off my tail1 and plural ,i appear2 ,cut off my head and tail1 and you will find ,that though my body's left1 yet nought is there4 ,what is my head cut off8 a sounding sea2 ,what is my tail8 a mighty river1 ,within whose peaceful depths my whole doth play1 ,and parent of sweet sounds is mute forever4 #bi4 ,we left our little ones at home1 ,and whither went we did not know2 ,we for the church's sake did roam1 ,and lost our lives in doing so4 ,we went right onward on the road1 ,with all the wicked full in view2 ,we lived to man1 we died to ,god1 ,yet nothing of religion knew4 #cj4 ,my first is a famous watering place in ,england1 ,my second is a city where a mighty queen did dwell2 ,my whole is the name of a queen famous in ancient history4 #ca4 ,my first gives light to man2 ,my second you'll find in woman2 ,my third belongs to woman2 ,my whole is a ,christian name4 #cb4 ,to run and draw1 ,in peace or war1 ,my first have long been used2 ,and pleased or vex'd1 ,have1 by my next1 ,been petted and abused3 ,upon the seas1 ,in many a breeze1 ,my third may oft be seen2 ,my whole is an art ,known in each part ,where my two first have been4 #cc4 ,my whole is that which lightning does1 ,beheaded1 that which horses fear2 ,behead again1 and lo6 a tree1 ,a forest tree1 will then appear4 ,an ,enigmatical ,dinner4 ,illustration3 #a ,the ,grand ,seignor's ,dominions4 #b ,two ,tailors4 #c ,an ,ornamental part of the ,head4 #d ,an ,exquisite and the ,king of ,beasts4 #e ,a ,famous ,english ,wit4 #f ,a ,place where ,money is made and ,impudence4 #g ,woman's ,weapon4 #h ,a ,biped1 and to depart4 #i ,a cooking ,utensil1 a ,vowel and part of a foot4 #aj ,a ,biped from ,noah's ,ark4 #aa ,a ,tailor's ,perquisites4 ,illustration3 ,dessert4 #a ,a ,cold ,substance and the ,best of ,everything4 #b ,an ,island in the ,atlantic ,ocean4 #c ,a ,cure for ,lazy ,horses4 #d ,pretended ,suffering4 #e ,an ,amusing and ,talented ,periodical4 #f ,part of a ,river in ,pennsylvania4 #g ,to ,fret1 and the ,fruit of ,temptation4 #h ,the ,joint of an ,animal4 #i ,married ,people4 #aj ,one-,third of ,two1 and a ,firelock4 #aa ,running ,streams4 ,,paradoxes ,,and ,,puzzles4 #a4 ,a ,,captain of a ship who was driven out to sea by a heavy storm1 found he had provisions sufficient for only half his crew1 and decided to throw overboard half of them1 to be selected by lot4 ,there were twenty men1 half of them white1 and half black2 he placed them all in a circle1 saying that every fifth man in three times round should be thrown overboard4 ,he appeared to arrange them carelessly1 yet he managed so that the lot fell to the ten black men4 ,how could it be8 #b4 ,the ,wolf1 the ,goat and the ,cabbages4--,suppose a man has a wolf1 a goat1 and a basket of cabbages1 on the bank of a river2 he wishes to cross with them1 but his boat can only hold one of the three beside himself4 ,he must therefore take them over one by one1 in such a manner that the wolf shall have no opportunity to devour the goat1 nor the goat the cabbages4 ,how is he to accomplish it8 #c4 ,the impossibility made possible4--,place three pieces of money on the table and desire some person to take away the piece from the centre without touching it4 #d4 ,two men eat oysters together for a wager1 to see who could eat the greatest number4 ,one eat ninety-nine only1 the other eat a hundred and won4 ,how many did the winner eat8 #e4 ,what is the difference between six dozen dozen and a half a dozen dozen8 #f4 ,four people sat down one evening to play2 ,they played all that eve1 and parted next day4 ,could you think1 when you're told1 as thus they all sat1 ,no other played with them1 nor was there one bet2 ,yet1 when they rose up1 each gained a guinea1 ,tho' none of them lost to the amount of a penny6 #g4 ,p ,r ,s ,v ,r ,y ,p ,r ,f ,c ,t ,m ,n ,v ,r ,k ,p ,t ,h ,s ,p ,r ,c ,p ,t ,s ,t ,n4 ,this inscription was affixed to the communion-table of a small church in ,wales2 no one could decipher it for centuries1 but at length the clue has been discovered4 ,what is it8 #h4 ,procure six cards1 and having ruled them as in the following diagrams1 write in the figures neatly and legibly4 ,it is required to tell the number thought of by any person1 the numbers being contained in the cards1 and not to exceed #fj4 ,how is this done8 ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #c #e #g #i #aa #a #e #f #g #ac #ab #d ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ac #ae #ag #ai #ba #bc #ad #ae #bj #ba #bb #bc ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #be #bg #bi #ca #cc #ce #bh #bi #cj #ca #cf #cg ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #cg #ci #da #de #dc #dg #eb #ch #ci #dd #de #df ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #di #ea #ec #ee #eg #ei #dg #ec #ed #ee #fj #ac ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #h #c #f #g #aj #aa #b ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ad #ae #bd #be #bf #bg #ad #ae #ah #ai #bb #bc ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #bh #bi #cj #ca #dj #da #bf #bg #cj #ca #cd #ce ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #ch #ci #db #dc #df #dg ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #ac #ej #ea #ed #ee #eh #ei ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #af #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #cb ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #bh #bi #cj #ca #dh #di #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ef #eg #eh #ei #cj #fj #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #da ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #i4 ,place eight counters or coins1 as in the diagram below3 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- -------- ,it is then required to lay them in four couples1 removing only one at a time1 and in each removal passing the one in the hand over two on the table4 #aj4 ,the wine ,merchant and his ,clerk4--,a wine merchant caused thirty-two casks of choice wines to be deposited in his cellar1 giving orders to his clerk to arrange them as in the annexed figure1 so that each external row should contain nine4 ,the clerk1 however1 took away twelve of them1 at three different times--that is1 four at each time1 yet when the merchant went into the cellar1 after each theft had been committed1 the clerk always made him count nine in each row4 ,how was this possible8 -------------------- #a #g #a -------------------- #g #g -------------------- #a #g #a -------------------- #aa4 ,illustration man's family4 #ab4 ,first draw a square and divide it into four parts4 ,then make six marks in the first square and say they represent six pigs1 for you pretend to describe a farmyard you once saw4 ,in the next square make six more marks to represent cows1 in the next square six more marks for horses1 and the last square represent donkeys4 -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,arithmetical ,,problems4 #a4 ,an old man married a young woman2 their united ages amounted to one hundred4 ,the man's age1 multiplied by four and divided by nine1 gives the woman's age4 ,what were their respective ages8 #b4 ,how many yards of paper1 three-quarters of a yard wide1 will cover a chamber that is sixty feet round1 and ten feet one and one-half inches high8 #c4 ,in a family of eight young people1 it was agreed that three at a time should visit the ,crystal ,palace1 and that the visit should be repeated each day as long as a different trio could be selected4 ,in how many days were the possible combinations of three out of eight completed8 #d4 ,how many changes can be given to seven notes of a piano8 ,that is to say1 in how many ways can seven keys be struck in succession1 so that there shall be some difference in the order of the notes each time8 #e4 ,at a time when eggs were scarce1 an old woman who possessed some good hens1 wishing to oblige her friends1 sent her daughter with a basket of eggs to three of them2 at the first house1 which was the squire's1 she left half the number of eggs she had1 and half a one over2 at the second she left half of what remained and half an egg over2 and at the third she again left half of the remainder1 and half a one over2 she carried home one egg in her basket1 not having broken any4 ,how many had she when she started8 #f4 ,two drovers1 ,a and ,b1 meeting on the road1 began discoursing about the number of sheep they each had4 ,says ,b to ,a1 8,pray give me one of your sheep and ,i will have as many as you40 8,nay10 replied ,a1 8but give me one of your sheep and ,i will have as many again as you40 ,required to know the number of sheep they each had8 #g4 ,to tell at what hour a person intends to rise4 ,let the person set the hand of the dial of a watch at any hour he pleases1 and tell you what that hour is2 and to the number of that hour you add in your mind twelve2 then tell him to count privately the number of that amount upon the dial1 beginning with the next hour to that on which he proposes to rise1 and counting backwards1 first reckoning the number of the hour at which he has placed the hand4 ,how is it done8 8,the ,two ,travelers40 #h4 ,two travelers trudged along the road together1 ,talking1 as ,yankees do1 about the weather2 ,when1 lo6 beside their path the foremost spies ,three casks1 and loud exclaims1 8,a prize1 a prize60 ,one large1 two small1 but all of various size4 ,this way and that they gazed1 and all around1 ,each wondering if an owner might be found4 ,but not a soul was there--the coast was clear-- ,so to the barrels they at once drew near2 ,and both agree1 whatever may be there1 ,in friendly partnership they'll fairly share4 ,two they found empty1 but the other full1 ,and straightway from his pocket one doth pull ,a large clasp-knife2 a heavy stone lay handy1 ,and thus in time they found their prize was brandy4 ',tis tasted and approved2 their lips they smack1 ,and each pronounces 'tis the famous ,cognac4 8,wont we have many a jolly night1 my boy8 ,may no ill luck our present hopes destroy60 ',twas fortunate one knew the mathematics1 ,and had a smattering of hydrostatics2 ,then measured he the casks1 and said1 8,i see ,this is eight gallons--those are five1 and three40 ,the question then was how they might divide ,the brandy1 so that each should be supplied ,with just four gallons1 neither less nor more1 ,with eight1 and five and three1 they puzzle sore2 ,filled up the five1 filled up the three1 in vain4 ,at length a happy thought came o'er the brain ,of one2 'twas done1 and each went home content1 ,and their good dames declared 'twas excellent4 ,with those three casks they made division true2 ,i found the puzzle out2 say1 friend1 can you8 #i4 8,to five and five and fifty-five ,the first of letters add2 ,it is a thing that pleased a king1 ,and made a wise man mad40 #aj4 8,the sum of four figures in value will be ,above seven thousand nine hundred and three2 ,but when they are halved you'll find1 very fair1 ,the sum will be nothing1 in truth1 ,i declare40 ,,answers ,,to ,,conundrums4 #a4 ,,goliah4 #b4 ,he was his own son4 #c4 ,because of the sand which is 7sandwiches7 there4 #d4 ,because the children of ,ham were bred 7bread7 and mustered 7mustard7 there4 #e4 ,he is not at all black 7a tall black74 #f4 ,the bed will not come to us4 #g4 ,there is not a single person in it4 #h4 ,he is crusty4 #i4 ,when it is ajar4 #aj4 ,he had a lady in his head4 #aa4 ,he is always forgetting 7for-getting74 #ab4 ,because they are too long and too loose 7,toulon and ,toolouse74 #ac4 ,r ,u ,e 7are you he74 #ad4 ,adriatic 7a dry attic74 #ae4 ,hymen4 #af4 ,it is a deck oration 7decoration74 #ag4 ,it follows the sea 7,c74 #ah4 ,the cat'll eat it 7the cattle eat it74 #ai4 ,there is no parting there4 #bj4 ,s ,x 7,essex74 #ba4 ,he is ruffled4 #bb4 ,she sows tares while the husbandman sleeps4 #bc4 ,it is often told 7tolled74 #bd4 ,because they found little profit 7prophet7 in the rushes on the banks4 #be4 ,because one is a taper in a cavern1 the other a caper in a tavern4 #bf4 ,jeroboam1 ,samuel1 ,benjamin 7,jerry beau 'em2 ,sam you will2 ,ben jam in74 #bg4 ,herodias' daughter1 because she got ahead of ,john the ,baptist on a charger4 #bh4 ,they were snaked out4 #bi4 ,it took him forty days and nights to find ,ara-rat4 #cj4 ,because we can not make them here 7hear74 #ca4 ,fiddle-de-dee 7,fiddle ,d ,d74 #cb4 ,because he is best known by his gait 7gate74 #cc4 8,its silvered o'er with care40 #cd4 ,because it cannot be used till it is drawn4 ,,answers ,,to ,,enigmas ,,and ,,charades4 #a4 ,fire-fly4 #b4 ,mur-mur4 #c4 ,canada4 #d4 ,sky-lark4 #e4 ,ladder--adder4 #f4 ,fast--,feast4 #g4 ,counter-pane4 #h4 ,truly4 #i4 ,yesterday4 #aj4 ,a bed4 #aa4 ,railway train4 #ab4 ,gold4 #ac4 ,candle-stick4 #ad4 ,hour-glass4 #ae4 ,flute4 #af4 ,justice1 7just-ice47 #ag4 ,a tree4 #ah4 ,alphabet4 #ai4 ,the animal sent was an antelope1 7aunt elope67 the fruit returned was a cantelope 7can't elope47 #bj4 ,on ,i on1 7onion47 #ba4 ,broom4 #bb4 ,the letter ,l4 #bc4 ,the vowels4 #bd4 ,a spermaceti candle4 #be4 ,cares--s4 #bf4 ,heroine4 #bg4 ,idol4 #bh4 ,cod4 #bi4 ,the kine that bore the ark4 #a ,samuel1 vi41 #aj1 #ab1 #ad4 #cj4 ,bathsheba4 #ca4 ,solomon4 #cb4 ,horse-man-ship4 #cc4 ,flash4 ,answer to ,enigmatical ,dinner4 #a4 ,turkey4 #b4 ,parsnips4 #c4 ,hare1 7hair47 #d4 ,dandelion1 7dandy-lion47 #e4 ,lamb4 #f4 ,mint-sauce4 #g4 ,tongue4 #h4 ,mangoes4 #i4 ,potatoes4 #aj4 ,ham4 #aa4 ,cabbage4 ,dessert4 #a4 ,ice cream4 #b4 ,maderia1 7wine47 #c4 ,whips4 #d4 ,champagne1 7sham-pain47 #e4 ,punch4 #f4 ,brandy4 #g4 ,pine-apples4 #h4 ,hock4 #i4 ,pears4 #aj4 ,trifle4 #aa4 ,currants4 ,,answers ,,to ,,paradoxes ,,and ,,puzzles4 #a4 ,the secret of the puzzle is to arrange the men by a simple formula2 take the sentence1 8,a gray owl did eat a snake10 and arrange them with checkers1 the vowels all black1 the consonants white4 ,you will then see by taking away every fifth one1 three times round1 those left will be all white4 #b4 ,first take over the goat1 the next time the wolf2 leaving the wolf he must bring back the goat and leave it1 then take the cabbages1 and going back once more he takes the goat4 ,thus the wolf will never be left with the goat1 nor the goat with the cabbages4 #c4 ,if the secret be not discovered1 remove one of the end pieces to the other side1 thus you take away the piece from the centre without touching it4 #d4 ,one hundred4 #e4 #gib2 six dozen dozen being #hfd1 and a half a dozen dozen #gb4 #f4 ,four merry fiddlers played all night ,to many a dancing ninny2 ,and the next morning went away1 ,and each received a guinea4 #g4 ,persevere ye perfect men1 ,ever keep these precepts ten4 ,it was discovered that by using the vowel ,e this couplet was formed4 #h4 ,request the person to give you all the cards containing the number he has fixed upon1 and then add all the right hand upper corner figures together1 which will give the correct answer4 ,for example3 suppose #aj is the number thought of1 the cards with #b and #h in the corners will be given1 which makes the answer #aj4 #i4 ,place #d on #g1 #f on #b1 #a on #c1 and #h on #e1 or #e on #b1 #c on #g1 #h on #f1 #d on #a1 c4 #aj4 ,the clerk arranged them thus3 ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ #b #e #b #c #c #c #d #a #d ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ #e #e #c #c #a #a ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ #b #e #b #c #c #c #d #a #d ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ #aa4 ,be above meddling in a man's family4 #ab4 ,in the last square you must only make five marks1 and then ask the one you are talking to1 to count and see if all are right2 if you do it carelessly and he is off his guard he will probably say 8one of the donkeys are wanting40 ,you then must slily say1 8,if you'll jump in1 all will be right40 ,such simple 8sells0 often cause a good laugh4 ,,answers ,,to ,,arithmetical ,,problems4 #a4 ,the man's age was #fi years and #ab weeks4 ,the woman's1 #cj years and #dj weeks4 #b4 #ij yards4 #c4 ,multiply #h #g #f1 and also #c #b #a1 and divide the product of the former1 #ccf1 by the product of the latter1 #f1 the result is #ef1 the number of visits1 a different two going each time4 #d4 #g #f #e #d #c #b #a1 result is #e1jdj1 the number of changes4 #e4 #ae eggs4 #f4 ,a had seven and ,b had five sheep4 #g4 ,suppose the hour he intends to rise be #h1 and that he has placed the hand at #e2 you will add #ab to #e and tell him to count #ag on the dial first reckoning #e1 the hour at which the index stands1 and counting backwards from the hour at which he intends to rise2 and the number1 #ag1 will necessarily end at #h1 which shows that to be the hour he chose to rise4 #h4 ,the five-gallon barrel was filled first1 and from that the three-gallon barrel1 thus leaving two gallons in the five-gallon barrel2 the three-gallon barrel was then emptied into the eight-gallon barrel1 and the two gallons poured from the five-gallon barrel into the empty three-gallon barrel2 the five-gallon barrel was then filled1 and one gallon poured into the three-gallon barrel1 therefore leaving four gallons in the five-gallon barrel1 one gallon in the eight-gallon barrel1 and three gallons in the three-gallon barrel1 which was then emptied into the eight-gallon barrel4 ,thus each person had four gallons of brandy in the eight and five-gallon barrels respectively4 #i4 ,this puzzle has as yet no answer4 ,i trust some of the readers of this book will be able to send us a correct answer4 ,it most surely can be ascertained1 as there is a way to solve it4 #aj4 ,the four figures are #h #h #h #h1 which being divided by a line drawn through the middle1 become #hhhh4 ,the sum of which is eight #js1 or nothing4 ,illustration ,games for ,old and ,young4 ,,blind ,,man',s ,,buff is a popular1 old-fashioned and delightful pastime1 too well known to render any description of it necessary4 ,a more quiet variety of blind man's buff is played in the following manner3 ,all the company arrange themselves around the room1 one being blinded in the centre4 ,some one then either numbers them1 or calls them by the names of different towns or cities4 ,each one must remember the name given him4 ,then the one who named them calls out to any two in the party1 such as3 8,two and ,ten change places10 or1 8,boston go to ,new ,york10 c4 ,those called must quickly exchange places 7on pain of a forfeit it they do not71 the one blinded trying to catch them on their way4 ,the caller must make them change places often1 and from distant sides of the room1 so as to give the blinder a good chance4 ,if he catches any one in the act of changing his place1 and calls his name correctly1 the person so caught must take the part of blind-man until1 in turn1 he catches somebody else4 ,,shadow ,,buff4 ,,shadow ,buff is a variation of blind man's buff4 ,though not as generally known1 it is equally amusing4 ,a large piece of white cloth1 or a linen or cotton sheet1 is suspended smoothly at one end of the room1 at a little distance from 8,buffy10 who sits with his face towards the cloth1 and his back to the company4 ,behind him a light must be so placed as to throw the shadows of persons passing between it and 8,buffy0 directly on the curtain4 ,all other lights must be extinguished4 ,the players then walk1 one by one1 slowly between the light and 8,buffy0 7who must not turn his head71 limping1 jumping1 grimacing1 or disguised as they please1 so as to distort their shadows on the curtain4 ,if 8,buffy0 can tell correctly to whom any shadow belongs 7guessing once only at each person71 the player whom he so discovers takes his place as 8,buffy40 ,,blind ,,man',s ,,wand4 ,,this is another variety of the same game4 ,the blind man carries a cane1 which he reaches in every direction4 ,whoever it touches is bound1 by the rules of the game1 to take hold of it1 and repeat whatever the blind man orders4 ,the one who is caught can disguise his voice as he pleases4 ,the blind man is allowed three guesses1 and if he cannot discover the person touched by his voice1 he must try another4 ,this is an amusing change4 ,there is still another1 called 8,fettered ,buff40 ,the person who is to catch his companions is not blinded1 but his wrists are tied behind him1 and he catches by running backwards4 ,this form of the game is not recommended4 ,the person so bound cannot balance himself easily1 or guard himself1 and is liable to injury from falling4 ,,chinese ,,shadows4 ,,this can be played only in the evening1 by candle light4 ,a white curtain should be fastened smoothly at one end of the room1 as in 8shadow buff40 ,half the company must be spectators and half actors4 ,the spectators must be seated facing the curtain4 ,two persons in front should hold a ribbon or stick across the curtain as high as they can easily reach1 to mark the line on which the shadows are to move1 or a line may be drawn across the curtain4 ,the actors must stand behind the spectators1 at a little distance1 with a large supply of figures cut in paper1 such as houses1 trees1 men1 women1 animals1 birds1 c4 ,these figures must be slowly passed along1 one after the other1 in the manner you wish the shadows to fall on the curtain4 ,it is easy to make them advance1 retreat1 c41 while you hold conversation for them4 ,those who are skillful in the use of these shadows1 can make them represent a battle1 game1 contra dance1 c4 ,the figures of inanimate things must not be moved2 birds can be suspended on the ends of strings1 and swung about irregularly1 from time to time4 ,the effect is not unlike a magic lantern4 ,when the actors have played long enough1 they must change places with the spectators4 8,,the ,,comical ,,concert40 ,,this game1 when well played1 is extremely diverting4 ,the players are arranged as an orchestra1 and each one undertakes to imitate some musical instrument4 ,one pretends to play the violin1 by stretching out her left arm1 and moving her right hand across it1 as if she were drawing a bow2 another doubles up her hands and puts them to her mouth1 to imitate a horn2 another moves her fingers on a table1 to imitate a piano2 another takes the back of a chair and touches the rounds1 as if they were the strings of a harp2 another motions as if beating a drum2 another holds a stick1 after the manner of a guitar1 and pretends to play upon it2 another appears to be turning a hand-organ2 another plays a flute1 trombone1 or any instrument he fancies--even a jewsharp4 ,this is but half the game4 ,each musician should1 while playing1 make a sound with his mouth1 in imitation of his instrument1 thus3 ,rub-a-dub1 goes the drum2 ,twang1 twang1 goes the harp ,toot1 too1 hoo1 goes the horn2 ,tweedle-dee1 tweedle-dee1 goes the violin1 c4 ,if all play with spirit it makes a laughable jumble4 ,the leader must stand facing the orchestra1 with a long stick1 beating time1 in an absurd imitation of some famous leader4 ,in the midst of the noise and fun1 he suddenly stops1 and pointing his wand of office to one of the players1 asks1 abruptly1 8,why don't you play better80 ,the one spoken to must answer instantly1 and with suitable reference to the nature of his instrument4 ,for instance1 the drummer could say one of his drumsticks is broken2 the harper1 that a string is loose2 the pianist1 that a key is broken or out of tune2 the violinist1 that a string is broken1 c4 ,if they hesitate a moment1 or give an unsuitable answer1 or if they repeat an excuse already made1 they must pay a forfeit or take a new instrument4 ,while one is answering1 all must stop playing4 ,when the leader waves aloft his wand1 all must commence again1 and play till he speaks to some one else2 so on till they are weary4 ,sometimes it is a rule that all who laugh must pay a forfeit4 ,there are many forfeits in that case4 ,,the ,,menagerie4 ,,this is a noisy game4 ,all the actors in the play must take seats around the room1 while some one or two of the number must be chosen to give out the parts4 ,the persons so chosen whisper in the ear of each one the name of some animal he is to imitate4 ,when all are ready and the signal is given by one chosen for the purpose1 each one commences to utter sounds in imitation of the animal named to him4 ,those who fail must pay some penalty4 ,it cannot be called a 8concord of sweet sounds10 but such a game will give life to a too quiet company on a stormy ,winter evening4 ,,quaker ,,meeting4 ,,those who join the game take seats around the room1 and one or more whispers in the ear of each one some witty or absurd thing for him to do4 ,all must be quiet who are not playing4 ,when all are ready1 one person claps his hands1 and the first one must proceed to do what he was told2 the others must not speak or laugh1 on penalty of a forfeit4 ,each one in turn must act his or her part4 ,it must all be in pantomime4 ,when all are through1 each person must turn and shake hands with his or her neighbor1 saying3 8,friend1 how dost thee do80 ,it is important in this game that the one who gives the parts should be full of humor and of quick perceptions1 so as to adapt the game to the persons playing4 ,the parts assigned may be of endless variety4 ,one person may be ordered to play a mock bravura on a table for a piano2 another to gaze in admiration of himself in a mirror and arrange his dress and hair2 another to act the scornful belle1 while a gentleman acts the urgent but despairing lover2 one to dance a hornpipe1 another to make a speech by gestures1 another to make grimaces in the face of every one in the company1 another to pretend terror and fright from some imaginary animal1 etc4 ,,resemblances4 ,,one of the company taking part in this amusement rises1 and addressing his or her neighbor1 proposes the following question3 8,what does my thought resemble80 ,the person interrogated replies as he or she pleases2 then the questioner adds3 8,in what way does the object you designate resemble that which ,i am thinking of80 ,if1 as frequently occurs1 there exists no affinity1 no resemblance between the two1 a pawn must be given by the person interrogated4 ,here is an example3 ,mary4--,tell me1 ,alice1 what does my thought resemble8 ,alice4--,a windmill4 ,mary4--,i thought of ,rogers' poetry2 what resemblance is there between his poems and a windmill8 ,alice4--,i can give an answer very readily2 perhaps the very prettiest little poem written by your poet begins1 8,mine be a cot beside the mill40 ,mary4--,that is right2 it is now your turn1 ,annie4 ,what does my thought resemble8 ,annie4--,a chandelier4 ,mary4--,i thought of a partridge2 how does a partridge resemble a chandelier8 ,annie4--,dear me1 ,i'm sure ,i cannot tell6 ,i will give you my pawn4 ,this play1 by the strange inconsistencies which it authorizes1 exercises the imagination1 and brings into play a good deal of wit4 ,,put ,,in ,a ,,word4 ,,some one in the company leaves the room1 while those remaining select a word1 and then send for the person to return4 ,she must ask some question of the person nearest to her1 to which the one spoken to must make a prompt answer1 and in answering he must make use of the word selected4 ,sometimes an acute person will guess the word from the answer given to her first question4 ,some awkward use or slight emphasis may betray it1 but generally she will go to a number and sometimes to all present without guessing the word4 ,in that case 7unless some one volunteers to take her place71 she must go out again4 ,if she discovers the word1 the one by whose answer she guessed it1 leaves the room1 and those remaining choose a word and the game proceeds as before4 ,,proverbs4 ,,the company select some one to leave the room2 those remaining agree upon a proverb1 such as 8,all is not gold that glitters10 and then send for the person to return to the room4 ,she must ask questions of the company in turn4 ,the first person asked must include in his answer the first word of the proverb1 8all10 the next person1 8is10 and so on till they complete the proverb2 if she has not guessed it1 and there are more in the company1 the next person begins the proverb anew4 ,the one by whose answer the proverb is guessed must then leave the room4 ,this game requires considerable ingenuity and readiness4 ,the proverbs selected should be familiar ones1 such as 8,make hay while the sun shines10 8,when poverty comes in at the door love flies out at the window10 8,a fool is wise in his own conceit10 8,a stitch in time saves nine10 8,never look a gift horse in the mouth10 8,all's well that ends well10 8,a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush40 ,,game ,,of ,,characters4 ,a ,,person chosen leaves the room4 ,those remaining select some familiar character either in history or of the present day1 for the absent one to personate4 ,when he returns1 the person nearest him addresses him by a question1 as if he were the character selected4 ,in like manner1 each person in the company in turn asks a question4 ,the one at whose questions he guesses the character must take his place and leave the room in turn4 ,for instance1 8,napoleon the present emperor of ,france0 is selected4 ,when the person returns1 the first questioner exclaims1 8,are you not in constant fear of being killed80 ,the next1 8,are you really happy80 ,the third1 8,why are you so despotic80 ,the fourth1 8,do you believe in fatalism80 ,fifth1 8,do you worship the memory of your uncle80 8,why do you not like us ,americans80 etc41 etc4 ,this play is often very amusing and tact is required to ask questions that apply to the character and are not too plain4 ,,lawyer4 ,,all who take part in the play assemble and choose a lawyer4 ,the chairs in the room are arranged in two rows1 as in a contra dance4 ,if there are an equal number of gentlemen and ladies1 the former choose their partners4 ,the gentlemen take seats opposite the ladies4 ,the lawyer proceeds to ask such questions as he chooses4 ,the person addressed must never answer1 but his partner must answer for him4 ,if either make a mistake1 he or she must change places with the lawyer1 and ask the questions4 ,if the lawyer is ready in asking questions1 turning quickly from one person to another1 he can very soon catch some one4 ,,consequences4 ,,this is a quiet game4 ,all assemble around a table4 ,each person must have a half sheet of note paper and a pencil4 ,all are requested to write an adjective expressing either a good or bad quality in a man's character4 ,each one then turns over and creases down the place written upon1 and all change papers4 ,each one then writes a gentleman's name1 and turns it down1 and all change papers again4 ,then another word of quality applying to a lady1 is written1 and all the papers are turned down and changed as before4 ,then a lady's name is written4 ,then a place where they met2 then what he said to her2 then what she said to him2 what he gave to her2 and what she gave to him2 then the 8consequences40 ,the paper must be turned down every time and changed1 and no one must read what the others have written4 ,when all are finished1 some person collects and reads the papers4 ,some are absurd1 and others happen very correctly4 ,for instance1 they might read thus3 8,the clumsy ,mr4 ,snooks met the beautiful ,miss ,primrose at a ball4 ,he asked her if she liked turnips2 she sighed and hung her head1 and said1 #8,if mamma is willing4' ,he gave her a bouquet2 she gave him a box on the ear4 ,the consequences were too sad to relate40 ,a party of merry girls and boys will like this game for a variety4 ,,fox ,,and ,,geese4 ,,this game is a very old one1 but it is too good not to be always remembered4 ,arrange the company in this form1 all facing inward3-- ,illustration ,the stars represent persons2 the one outside the circle1 but next to it1 is the goose2 the one most distant from the circle1 the fox4 ,when the game commences1 the goose starts and places himself or herself in front of one of the two stars4 ,then the outside one becomes the goose1 and the object of the fox is to touch the outside one of three2 if he succeeds1 they change places1 and the one caught becomes the fox4 ,every one must be on the alert1 and change as quickly as possible4 ,i have seen this game1 on a stormy day at the seashore1 played with great zeal by old gentlemen1 judges1 lawyers1 ministers1 mothers1 fathers and children4 ,one gray-haired gentleman was the fleetest fox of all2 no one could escape him1 and his laugh made all hearts glad4 ,green old age is beautiful to see1 and the youthful are always made happier by its genial sympathy4 ,,stage-,,coach4 ,,all who join this game should be seated1 with the exception of the story-teller4 ,if there are vacant chairs1 they should either be turned over or taken out of the room4 ,a person with a quick memory and a flow of words1 should be selected for the office of story-teller4 ,when all are seated1 he or she passes around the circle1 giving a name to each individual4 ,when the story is told1 the one whose name is mentioned must rise and whirl around4 ,when 8stage-coach0 is mentioned1 all must rise and turn around2 when it is said the 8stage-coach tips over10 all must change places1 and the story-teller then takes his chance to secure a seat1 and the one who is left without any seat must go on with the story--the former story-teller taking the name of the person who takes his place4 ,if any one fails to turn around or change places according to the rules of the game1 a forfeit must be paid4 ,the common way of telling the story is to describe the 8,fidget family1 on a journey in a stage-coach40 ,the following names are generally given to the company3 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,fidget1 the baby and nurse1 ,miss ,fidget and ,master ,fidget1 and maiden aunt2 gingerbread1 band-box1 trunks1 bundles1 off horse1 nigh horse1 driver1 whip1 reins1 driver's seat1 cushions1 door1 curtains1 wheels1 footman1 c4 ,you must adapt your names to the number playing4 ,in telling the story1 it makes more fun to keep one or two 7who will bear the joke7 constantly whirling4 ,the story and names are at the will of the story-teller4 ,,hunt ,,the ,,fox4 ,,take partners1 and stand as in a contra dance4 ,the lady at the head is the fox2 her partner the hunter4 ,at a signal1 she starts and runs down the line1 her partner following2 she can pass through the lines as she pleases1 the players standing far enough apart to allow her to pass easily4 ,the hunter must follow the exact course of the fox2 if he varies1 he must pay a forfeit4 ,when the fox is caught1 the first couple goes to the foot1 and the next couple goes through with the same4 ,this and 8,follow the ,leader0 are favorite games for ,thanksgiving evenings4 ,old and young join4 ,,sneezing4 ,,all who join this game assemble in a circle4 ,the leader gives one of these syllables1 8,ash-ish-osh10 to each one4 ,thus1 to the first person1 8,ash20 the second1 8ish20 third1 8osh20 fourth1 8ash10 and so on through all the company4 ,the leader must then stand in the centre and count four1 slowly4 ,when he pronounces four1 all must sound their syllables at once4 ,the effect is very amusing2 it sounds like a prolonged sneeze4 ,,the ,,ready ,,writer4 ,,this game can be played by any number of persons1 each one having a pencil and paper4 ,the leader of the game gives to each one 7or each player chooses7 a letter in the alphabet4 ,each player then writes a sentence of five1 six or seven words1 each word commencing with the letter given him4 ,when all have finished1 each one in turn reads his sentence4 ,if any one fails1 he or she must recite some poetry and pay a forfeit4 ,this game often produces most amusing and instructive effects4 ,sometimes the leader requires each player to go through the alphabet1 as follows3 ,avoid avarice1 as an asp4 ,britons6 be bold6 be brave6 ,constant crime causes careless consciences4 ,do defer doing dirty deeds4 ,even every engineer engaged escaped4 ,fawning favorites fear fortune's freaks4 ,god's goodness gives great gifts4 ,happy homes have happy hearts4 ,it is instruction ,i intend4 ,keep kind1 kinsfolk6 keep kind6 ,jockeys joyfully joking jaded jackasses4 ,little lambs love long lanes4 ,many men make much money4 ,name nine noisy noblemen now4 ,ostentation often operates on opulence4 ,perfect piety produces pretty practices4 ,quit1 quibbling quacks1 quarreling1 quickly4 ,round rough rocks ragged rascals run4 ,such stings sting so sharply4 ,try to turn topsy-turvy4 ,up6 up6 ungrateful1 unjust usurper6 ,verily1 verily1 vice vilifies virtue4 ,willing wives will wash well4 ,yes1 yet you yawned yesterday4 ,zeal6 zeal6 zealous zary1 zeal6 ,,rhyming ,,words ,,in ,,pantomime4 ,,all who desire to join in this charming pastime must be seated in a circle1 in order that each player can have a clear view of all the other players4 ,one of the company must be selected to commence the game4 ,he must think of some word which can be easily rhymed by other words1 and give out only the termination of the word to the other players1 saying 8,i have thought of a word that rhymes with ----1 can any of you guess it80 ,the players must next speak in answer to the leader's question1 but whoever thinks of a word to rhyme with the given termination must strive to act out the word he thinks of in pantomime1 as plainly as possible1 and the leader must closely watch the player who is acting the word1 and as soon as he guesses what the person acting is trying to represent1 if it is not the word selected1 he must say1 8,it is not ----10 7calling out the word represented7 8that ,i thought of10 and so on as each player acts out a word1 the leader must call out the word represented until the right word is acted4 ,the leader must then resign his place1 and the person who acted out the right word must be the leader and think of a word1 giving out the termination to be rhymed with4 ,an example will here be given to assist those ignorant of this game4 ,suppose the person who first selects a word chooses 8sting0 and gives out 8ing0 to be rhymed with4 ,one of the players makes a motion with his hands of ringing a bell4 ,the leader says1 8,it is not ring1 to ring a bell40 ,another player will by signs indicate a ring on the finger4 ,the leader exclaims1 8,it is not a finger-ring40 ,one of the players will imitate wringing of clothes4 ,the leader says1 8,it is not wring40 ,another represents singing1 and is told 8it is not sing40 ,a player will perhaps imitate a bee stinging4 ,then the leader exclaims1 8,sting is the word1 ,i resign my place to you40 ,perhaps a few examples of rhyming words easily acted may be useful1 which will be given here4 ,sun4 ,hair4 ,map4 ,hill4 ,sheep4 ,dun4 ,hare4 ,cap4 ,kill4 ,deep4 ,pun4 ,pair4 ,lap4 ,mill4 ,weep4 ,run4 ,pear4 ,rap4 ,fill4 ,keep4 ,gun4 ,bear4 ,snap4 ,still4 ,creep4 ,fun4 ,fair4 ,trap4 ,rill4 ,reap4 ,spun4 ,prayer4 ,flap4 ,sill4 ,cheap4 ,bun4 ,flare4 ,clap4 ,bill4 ,leap4 ,,an ,,exhibition ,,of ,,the ,,modern ,,giant4 ,,this is rare sport1 when well managed1 and for a time the exhibition appears very mysterious to the uninitiated4 ,a large sheet should be strained across some open door2 folding doors are better adapted to this game1 as they give a larger space for action4 ,the room in which the spectators are seated should be darkened2 but in the room back of the curtain1 where the ,giant exhibits1 should be placed on the floor1 a bright lamp or candle1 with a reflector1 either of polished tin or a looking glass4 ,any one standing between the light and curtain1 appears immense in all his proportions1 as his reflection is cast upon the sheet4 ,let the person acting as the ,giant first open his hands and spread his fingers wide1 and let them appear at the bottom of the curtain1 and gradually rise till the shadow of his whole body is exhibited between the light and the curtain4 ,he will appear to rise from the cellar2 then let him jump over the light1 to the rear of the reflector1 and it will seem as if he jumped upwards through the ceiling4 ,many amusing scenes can be thus contrived1 articles of furniture1 etc41 etc41 can be called down from above by simply passing them over the light4 ,dolls can be used with great effect4 ,the ,giant can appear to swallow them--or destroy the pigmy race4 ,care should be taken to keep the profile on the screen or curtain as distinct as possible4 ,some call this game 8,the man in the moon came down too soon40 ,,the ,,shadow ,,at ,,command4 ,,this feat is performed by means of confederacy4 ,having privately apprised your confederate that when you strike one blow1 it signifies the letter ,a2 when you strike two1 it means ,b2 and so on for the rest of the alphabet2 you state to the company that if any one will walk into the adjoining room1 and have the door locked upon him1 perhaps the animal may appear which another person may name4 ,in order to deter every one except your confederate from accepting the offer1 you announce at the same time that the person who volunteers to be shut up in the room must be possessed of considerable courage1 or he had better not undertake it4 ,having thus gained your end1 you give your confederate a lamp1 which burns with a very dismal light1 telling him1 in the hearing of the company1 to place it on the middle of the floor1 and not to feel alarmed at what he may happen to see4 ,you then usher him into the room1 and lock the door4 ,you next take a piece of blank paper and a pencil1 and1 giving them to one of the party1 you tell him to write the name of any animal he wishes to appear to the person shut up in the room4 ,this being done1 you receive back the paper1 and after showing it around to the company1 you fold it up1 burn it in the candle or lamp1 and throw the ashes into a mortar 7an iron one is the best71 casting in at the same time a powder1 which you state to be possessed of valuable properties4 ,having taken care to read what was written1 you proceed to pound the ashes in the mortar1 thus3 ,suppose the word written be 8cat10 you begin by stirring the pestle around the mortar several times1 and then strike three distinct blows1 loud enough for your confederate to hear1 and by which he knows that the first letter of the word is ,c4 ,you next make some irregular evolutions of the pestle around the mortar1 that it may not appear to the company that you give nothing but blows1 and then strike one blow for ,a4 ,work the pestle about again1 and then strike twenty blows1 which he will know means ,t--finishing your manuvre by working the pestle about the mortar1 the object being to make the blows as little remarkable as possible4 ,you then call aloud to your confederate1 and ask him what he sees4 ,at first he is to make no reply2 after being interrogated several times1 he asks if it is not a cat4 ,that no mistake be made1 each party should repeat to himself the letters of the alphabet in the order of the blows4 ,if he misses1 you might go over1 pretending you had forgotten some word in your incantations1 as you can mumble to yourself when pounding4 ,if your confederate is a good mimic1 it would add to the amusement of all to mimic the sounds of the animal to appear to him4 ,i have seen this game differently performed4 ,your confederate1 after any word has been chosen1 returns to the room1 and you give assurance that by your magical art you can inform him of the word4 ,you then take a cane and draw a large circle1 and at the same time repeat any absurd jingle or formula of words2 then pretend to call up some ancient spirit1 and by your raps on the floor tell your confederate your first letter4 ,then pretend to draw magical figures1 and repeat anything you think of2 pretend to listen for an answer2 then call up some different spirit1 and by your distinct raps express the second letter2 and so on until the word is finished4 ,this game can be made very amusing4 ,,the ,,wizard ,,of ,,the ,,east4 ,,the principal performer attires himself in a robe1 a paper cap1 spectacles1 and other appointments necessary to the outfit of the 8,wizard of the ,east40 ,he is armed with a magic wand1 by means of which he is supposed to exercise his mysterious calling1 and with which he makes a circle on the ground1 muttering at the same time the unearthly words of some potent spell4 ,after communing profoundly for some moments with some imaginary familiar1 he appears to have decided1 and touches one of his confederates with his wand1 ordering him to go to the other end of the room1 and there blindfold his eyes4 ,this order executed1 and the audience satisfied that the confederate is really blindfolded1 the wizard orders him to guess the person on whom his wand shall rest4 ,the wizard then proceeds to touch several persons lightly with the wand1 saying at each1 8,the wand moves10 and at length allows it to rest on the shoulder of the one who spoke last 7the key to the trick71 exclaiming1 8,the wand rests40 ,the confederate will at once name the person touched 7who1 also being a confederate1 has purposely spoken last74 ,the latter takes the place of the person blindfolded1 and the wizard goes through with the same form2 his confederate exciting them to talk1 he again touches the one who spoke last2 the confederate names him correctly1 and the person touched is blindfolded in turn4 ,unless he understands the game1 he will have only chance to guide him1 and will rarely guess correctly4 ,those who fail1 pay a forfeit4 ,sometimes one of the confederates takes the place of the wizard1 and further mystifies the company4 ,this game1 though simple1 often puzzles a room full4 ,,to ,,bring ,a ,,person ,,down ,,upon ,a ,,feather ,,this is a practical pun3--,you desire any one to stand on a chair or table1 and you tell him that notwithstanding his weight you will bring him down upon a feather4 ,you then leave the room1 and procuring a feather you give it to him1 and tell him you have performed your promise1 that you engaged to bring him down upon a feather1 which you have done1 for there is the feather1 and if he looks he'll find down upon it4 ,,the ,,apparent ,,impossibility4 ,,you profess yourself able to show any one what he never saw before1 what you never saw1 and what no one ever saw1 and which after you two have seen1 no one else ever shall see4 ,after requesting the company to guess this riddle1 and they have professed themselves unable to do so1 produce a nut1 and having cracked it1 take out the kernel1 and ask them if they have ever seen it before2 of course they answer no2 you reply1 8,neither have ,i1 and ,i think you will confess that nobody else has ever seen it1 and now no one shall see it again20 saying which1 you put the kernel into your mouth and eat it4 ,,the ,,turned ,,head4 ,,let a lady be invested with as many wrappings as possible1 but cloak1 shawl1 scarf1 c41 must be put on wrong side before1 so as to present the appearance of a 8,turned ,head40 ,she should be furnished with a muff1 which she must hold behind her as nearly as possible in the usual manner1 but her bonnet must be put on the proper way4 ,thus equipped she must enter the room backwards and pass around it in that manner4 ,this can be used as a forfeit4 ,,statuary4 ,,statuary1 when personated by intelligent ladies and gentlemen1 can be made very amusing4 ,some witty gentleman1 well versed in statuary1 takes the part of showman4 ,he first selects from the company those he wishes to assist him1 being careful to select only such as can best control their countenances4 ,after obtaining a number of sheets1 he takes possession of a parlor1 shutting the rest of the company out4 ,he then arranges his assistants as statuary around the room as quickly as possible1 covering each one1 or each group1 with a sheet2 then throws open the door1 and invites the company to a rare exhibition of statuary4 ,after making a grandiloquent speech he uncovers a group1 and gives as absurd a description as possible2 so on through the whole4 ,as fun is the chief object1 take for example some tall plain gentleman and place him with bow in hand for ,cupid4 ,for ,diogenes1 take a large wash tub and a boy in it1 c4 ,another diversion is to cover some ladies and gentlemen all but one eye with a sheet2 then let the company guess who they are4 ,,he ,,can ,,do ,,little ,,who ,,can',t ,,do ,,this4 ,,arrange yourselves in a circle4 ,the one who knows the game takes a cane in his left hand and pounds upon the floor with it1 saying1 8,he can do little who can't do this10 and passes the cane with his right hand to his right hand neighbor1 who tries to do the same thing1 but generally fails4 ,the catch consists in quickly changing the cane from the left to the right hand before you pass it4 ,every one is then intent on your manner of pounding the cane on the floor4 ,change hands as carelessly as possible4 ,,brother6 ,i ,,am ,,bobbed6 ,a ,,person who understands the game proposes to another1 who is ignorant of it1 to be blinded with him and be 8bobbed40 ,after being blindfolded they sit down in two chairs placed back to back4 ,the one who knows the game then removes the bandage from his eyes and ties a knot in his handkerchief4 ,the others join hands and go round them in a circle4 ,the one not blindfolded carelessly hits the other with his handkerchief4 ,the one struck of course1 thinks himself hit by some one in the circle1 and exclaims1 8brother1 ,i am bobbed40 ,the other says1 8who bobbed you80 ,in answer he mentions the name of some one in the ring4 ,they all call out1 8you are wrong10 so he is bobbed till the fun is exhausted1 he trying to guess the person who hit him and expecting to change places when he guesses correctly4 ,the other pretends he is hit occasionally and calls out he is bobbed4 ,it requires a good-natured person to take the joke pleasantly4 ,,how ,,do ,,you ,,like ,,it8 ,,when ,,do ,,you ,,like ,,it8 ,,and ,,where ,,will ,,you ,,put ,,it8 ,,the difficulty of this game consists in guessing the meaning of two or more nouns1 which sound alike but have different meanings1 without any other help than the answers given to the above questions4 ,it is played in the following manner4 ,one of the company is sent out of the room and not recalled until her companions have agreed upon two words of similar sound1 with which to puzzle her4 ,when she comes in she asks1 8,how do you like it80 ,one answers1 8very much indeed10 or 8,i don't like it early in the morning20 another says1 8,it is too noisy20 another1 8,it is too fond of fine clothes10 c4 ,she then asks1 8,when do you like it80 ,one answers1 8,at all times20 another1 8,when ,i feel hungry for my dinner20 another1 8,i want it when walking alone20 another1 8,when ,i want some wood brought for my fire10 c4 ,lastly she asks1 8,where would you put it80 ,one says1 8,i would hang it20 another1 8,i would shut it up in a church-tower20 another1 8,i would take it to a ball-room10 c4 ,from such answers a witty little girl may guess that belle was the chosen word1 7belle1 a fashionable lady1 and bell1 an instrument of sound47 ,such as do not guess must pay a forfeit4 ,many words might be chosen for this game1 such as hair1 hare2 reign1 rain2 date1 a fruit and date a period of time2 whip to strike with1 and whip to eat2 pear1 pair2 heir1 air2 ale1 ail2 mason a brick-layer1 mason a member of a secret society2 beer1 bier2 see and sea4 ,,the ,,bird-,,catcher4 ,,all who join this game must be seated in a circle1 first choosing a bird-catcher1 who takes his or her place in the centre4 ,he can give the name of a bird to each person1 or each can select one1 but each one must represent some bird1 and one of the number must personate an owl4 ,the bird-catcher then tells a story1 introducing the names of different birds4 ,every bird when mentioned must immediately make a chirrup1 crow1 screech or splutter1 peculiar to its species4 ,the slightest delay or mistake is punished by a forfeit4 ,each player1 until the owl is mentioned1 must rest his hands on his knees2 but when the owl is called1 each player must instantly clasp his hands behind him4 ,the bird-catcher tries to seize the hand of one of the players before he raises it from his knee2 if he succeeds1 the person so caught must pay a forfeit or take the bird-catcher's place1 his name and place in the aviary being taken by the late officer4 ,if he fails to entrap any one1 he must pay a forfeit1 and continue the story until he does1 or has paid a certain number of forfeits2 another then takes his place1 either by lot or choice4 ,the company must keep their hands behind them until some other bird is mentioned1 when they must return them promptly4 ,it is well to mention the owl twice in succession1 but no one must change the second time2 the owl must make his peculiar cry whenever he is mentioned4 ,the following is a list of available birds1 with sounds peculiar to them1 taken from undoubted authorities3-- ,the ,cock--8,cook a doodle doo40 ,the ,hen--8,cut1 cut1 cut1 ca da cut40 ,the ,chicken--8,peep1 peep1 peep40 ,the ,turkey--8,gobble1 obble obble40 ,the ,duck--8,quack1 quack1 quack40 ,the ,canary--8,pretty ,dick40 ,the ,magpie--8,jack wants his dinner40 ,the ,sparrow--8,chip1 chip40 ,the ,whippowill--8,whip po will40 ,the ,parrot--8,pretty ,poll2 ,poll wants cracker40 ,the ,curlew--8,pe-wit1 pe-wit40 ,the ,crow--8,caw1 caw1 caw40 ,the ,goose--8,hiss--s--s40 ,the ,raven--8,cro-a-ak40 ,the ,snowbird--8,chick-adee-dee40 ,the ,owl--8,to-wit1 to-wit1 to-whoo40 ,these sounds of course can be varied to suit the idea of the performer4 ,parrot and magpie can be made to speak as they wish4 ,the raven may be made to say1 8,never more10 according to ,poe's poem4 ,but the sounds agreed upon at the beginning must not be changed during the game4 ,some amusement can be gained by giving appropriate names to different persons4 ,the owl could be given to the most learned in the company4 ,the best singer1 the nightingale1 could be represented by a few bars of ,jenny ,lind's melodies4 ,the magpie could be given to a great talker4 ,when all are ready the bird-catcher might commence in the following manner3-- ,i went out the other morning with my gun and nets to catch a few birds4 ,i did not intend robbing a farm yard1 but on the top of a railing ,i saw a fine cock2 78,cock a doodle do107 there was nobody looking and ,i couldn't resist it--when up came an enormous turkey4 78,gobble1 obble1 obble407 ,oh6 ,oh6 said ,i1 a turkey1 78,gobble1 obble1 obble07--well a turkey 78,gobble1 obble1 obble07 is worth more than a little sparrow1 78,chip1 chip107 and there is more to eat on it than on a curlew1 78,pewit1 pewit107 and as ,i had made up my mind to steal a cock1 78,cock a doodle do107 why not a goose1 78,his1 s1 s107 or a turkey4 78,gobble1 obble1 obble407 ,i crept up to him1 when all of a sudden a rascally magpie 78,jack wants his dinner07 flew out of a bush1 making such an abominable noise that all the birds in the air 7general cry without moving the hands7 took flight at once4 ,off went the turkey 78,gobble1 obble1 obble07 on one side and the cock 78,cock a doodle do07 on the other1 scattering a flock of ducks4 78,quack1 quack407 ,there was not a single bird in sight but the owl4 78,to whit6 to whit6 to whoo407 ,all hands up4 ,a forfeit given either by the unlucky bird-catcher who has not succeeded in catching a hand1 or by a bird whose hand he has caught2 in either case1 he who remains1 or becomes bird-catcher1 continues4 ,as ,i was saying1 the owl dead silence except the sound of the owl1 all hands still behind began making an extraordinary noise1 no doubt thinking himself the nightingale1 the nightingale sings a bar from the 8,daughter of the ,regiment20 all hands down on the knees immediately4 ,forfeits from those too late1 or in too great a hurry to replace them1 and all the birds in the air general cry flocked round again to see what the matter could be4 ,up came the crow1 78,caw1 caw107 the raven1 78,croak10 or 8never more10 as agreed on7 the wild duck1 78,quack6 quack607 even the farmer's parrot1 78,pretty ,poll107 in fact1 all the birds in the field1 dead silence4 8,oh6 ho60 ,i said1 8now ,i shall put some salt on you10 when to my horror1 the beast of an owl--78,to whit1 to whit1 to whoo607--all hands disappear as before1 and the bird-catcher darts forward to catch some one4 ,whenever the bird-catcher says1 8,all the birds in the air0--every bird must answer at once4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,,all take partners and sit opposite each other4 ,then one person whispers a different question in the ear of each on one side of the room1 and another gives an answer to each on the opposite side4 ,the first couple commence4 ,one asks the question whispered to him1 his partner gives the answer whispered to her4 ,each couple take turn in giving the questions and answers4 ,a lady should direct the gentlemen1 and a gentleman the ladies4 ,each side asks the questions alternately1 the side that first asked the questions next making the answers4 ,,the ,,magic ,,wand4 ,,the magician1 or the person who wields the wonderful wand1 has a confederate who retires from the room4 ,in his absence1 the company 7the magician being present7 agree upon some piece of furniture or other article1 by which the powers of the wand are to be tested4 ,he is then called in and the magician points to various articles about the room4 ,whenever he points to any article except the one agreed upon1 the confederate is sure to say 8that is not it10 and he never fails to designate the right article when the wand is pointed towards it4 ,this proceeding1 which at first sight appears mysterious1 is easily explained4 ,when the magician points to the article agreed upon by the company he slightly changes the position of the forefinger of the hand in which he holds the wand1 or makes some slight gesture previously agreed upon by him and his confederate4 ,the confederate looks intently at every article pointed out and pretends to be thinking deeply1 while the company are generally so intent on following his movements that they do not notice the almost imperceptible motions of the magician4 ,if one of the company thinks he has detected the trick1 he takes the confederate's place1 and sometimes finds himself mistaken4 ,if the magician is a very mysterious personage he will be apt to magnetize the confederate at the beginning of the game4 ,the 8,black ,art0 is another form of the same game4 ,the magician next before pointing at the article agreed upon1 points towards some object of a black color1 and in that way gives the information to his confederate4 ,,the ,,rhyming ,,game4 ,,where several are passing an evening quietly together1 this game may afford much amusement4 ,it is played as follows3 ,each one of the company writes a single word on a slip of paper2 the more unusual and difficult the word is to rhyme with1 the more amusement it makes4 ,these slips of paper are placed in a hat1 and each one of the company1 in turn1 draws one1 and then writes a couplet1 in which the word drawn shall stand at the end of a line1 and the word at the end of the other line shall rhyme with it4 ,of course1 each may write as much more as he pleases4 ,where the company are witty and ready1 and have a faculty of making verses easily1 the game is a pleasant one4 ,epigrams on the company present1 puns and good-natured hits1 add much to the fun in this game4 ,,the ,,game ,,of ,,twenty ,,questions4 ,,this is one of the best of the games1 though but little known4 ,such men as ,canning1 ,wyndham and ,pitt have played it2 the latter two1 indeed1 were especially fond of it2 so it does not lack recommendation4 ,the rules of the game and its description are briefly these3 ,two persons 7usually a lady and gentleman71 chosen by the company1 privately fix upon an article or subject4 ,two others are then chosen to discover the subject so agreed upon1 and they must do this by asking twenty questions as to its nature and qualities4 ,a fifth person is usually selected as umpire1 who is made acquainted with the subject fixed upon1 and whose duty it is to see that all the questions are fairly put and answered4 ,the questions are to be put plainly1 though in the alternative1 if desired1 and the answers must be plain and direct4 ,the object of the thoughts must not be an abstract idea1 or anything so occult1 or scientific1 or technical1 as to be beyond the reasonable information of the company1 but something well known to the present day1 or to general history4 ,it may be1 for example1 any name of renown1 ancient or modern1 or any well known work or memorial of art1 but not a mere event1 as a battle1 for instance4 ,of course1 the discovery1 if made1 is to be the fair result of mental inference from the questions and answers1 not of signs passing1 or juggling of any description4 ,mr4 ,pitt is said to have once succeeded in this game1 when the subject was ,the stone upon which ,walworth1 ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 stood1 when he struck down ,wat4 ,tyler1 in ,richard ,,ii4's time6 ,in a game in which ,mr4 ,canning was the questioner1 the questions and answers were as follows3-- ,first4--,does what you have thought of belong to the animal or vegetable kingdom8 ,answer4--,to the vegetable4 ,second4--,is it manufactured1 or unmanufactured8 ,answer4--,manufactured4 ,third4--,is it a solid1 or a liquid8 ,answer4--,a solid4 ,fourth4--,is it a thing entire in itself1 or in parts8 ,answer4--,entire4 ,fifth4--,is it for private use1 or public8 ,answer4--,public4 ,sixth4--,does it exist in ,england1 or out of it8 ,answer4--,in ,england4 ,seventh4--,is it single1 or are there others of the same kind8 ,answer4--,single4 ,eighth4--,is it historical1 or only existent at present8 ,answer4--,both4 ,ninth4--,for ornament1 or use8 ,answer4--,both4 ,tenth4--,has it any connection with the person of the king8 ,answer4--,no4 ,eleventh4--,is it carried1 or does it support itself8 ,answer4--,the former4 ,twelfth4--,does it pass by succession8 ,not answered1 on account of uncertainty2 but1 by agreement1 the question was counted one in the progress of the game4 ,thirteenth4--,was it used at the coronation8 ,answer4--,yes4 ,fourteenth4--,in the hall or abbey8 ,answer4--,probably1 in both2 certainly in the abbey4 ,fifteenth4--,does it belong specially to the coronation1 or is it used at other times8 ,answer4--,it is used at other times4 ,sixteenth4--,is it exclusively of a vegetable nature1 or is it not in some parts a compound of a vegetable and a mineral8 ,answer4--,exclusively of a vegetable nature4 ,seventeenth4--,what is its shape8 ,objected to1 as too particular2 withdrawn by the questioner and therefore not counted4 ,seventeenth1 repeated4--,is it decorated1 or simple8 ,objected to1 but objection not sustained4 ,answer4--,simple4 ,eighteenth4--,is it used at the ordinary ceremonial of the ,house of ,commons or ,house of ,lords8 ,answer4--,no4 ,nineteenth4--,is it ever used by either ,house8 ,answer4--,no4 ,twentieth4--,is it generally stationary1 or movable8 ,answer4--,movable4 ,answer1 guessed correctly at the end of the twentieth question3 8,the wand of the ,lord ,high ,steward40 ,,game ,,of ,,photograph4 ,,one person is chosen to preside4 ,he must see that each player is provided with pencil and paper with which to write his replies to the questions announced by the president4 ,the questions are put in the order here given1 and the answers must be numbered to correspond with the questions4 ,questions4 #a4 ,what virtue do you most admire8 #b4 ,what vice do you most abhor8 #c4 ,who is your favorite prose author8 #d4 ,who is your favorite poet8 #e4 ,who is your favorite poetess8 #f4 ,what book do you prefer8 #g4 ,what is your favorite amusement8 #h4 ,what is your favorite economy8 #i4 ,what is your favorite extravagance8 #aj4 ,what is your favorite color8 #aa4 ,what is your favorite hour8 #ab4 ,what is your favorite art8 #ac4 ,what is your favorite picture8 #ad4 ,what is your favorite statue8 #ae4 ,what is your favorite season8 #af4 ,what is your favorite flower8 #ag4 ,what is your favorite aim of life8 #ah4 ,who is your favorite hero8 #ai4 ,who is your favorite heroine8 #bj4 ,which is your favorite summer resort8 #ba4 ,what is your favorite weakness8 #bb4 ,what is the sweetest word in the world8 #bc4 ,what is the saddest word8 #bd4 ,what is your favorite man's name8 #be4 ,what is your favorite woman's name8 #bf4 ,what is your prevailing characteristic8 #bg4 ,what is your favorite piece of music8 #bh4 ,what is your favorite occupation8 #bi4 ,which do you prefer1 wealth or a competency8 #cj4 ,which is your favorite animal8 ,when all the answers have been written1 the papers are collected by the ,president4 ,no one is to see what answers have been written by any other person4 ,after shuffling them together1 the ,president reads them aloud1 and each player guesses as to the authorship of each paper4 ,forfeits are sometimes collected1 and the game prolonged in that way4 ,this game cannot be well played except by persons who are well acquainted with each other4 ,,york ,,and ,,lancaster1 ,,or ,,the ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,roses4 ,,this game is commenced by the choice of two ,commanders1 either by lot or by vote4 ,as it is necessary for the success of the game to select the most skillful as the ,commanders1 each player should carefully consider the merits of all the others before casting his vote4 ,one ,commander is called ,duke of ,york1 and the other ,duke of ,lancaster4 ,the ,commanders draw lots for the first choice of men1 and each ,duke selects alternately a man from the players till the whole are drawn4 ,each party marks out its fort by drawing semicircular lines2 the forts should be in line1 twenty paces apart1 and each of them sufficiently large to hold easily one of the armies4 ,twenty paces in front of each fort should be drawn a semicircle larger than the fort1 which is called the prison1 the prisons and forts thus marking the four corners of a square4 ,the two ,dukes then draw lots to decide which shall commence the game4 ,if the ,duke of ,york wins1 he sends out one of his red-rose men1 usually a new player1 who must run at least beyond the line of the prison before he returns4 ,as soon as he has started the other ,duke sends out one of his men to pursue1 and1 if possible1 to touch the red-rose runner before he can regain his own fort4 ,if this is accomplished1 the successful runner returns to his fort1 while the vanquished party must go to the enemy's prison1 from which he cannot stir until some one from his own side releases him1 by touching him in spite of the enemy4 ,this is not an easy task1 as in order to reach the enemy's prison1 the player must pass by the enemy's fort4 ,it is allowable for the prisoner to stretch his hand as far towards his rescuer as possible1 but he must keep his body within the bounds2 and if several prisoners are taken1 it is sufficient for one to remain within the prison1 while the rest1 by joining hands1 make a chain towards the player who is trying to release them4 ,the ,commanders in the commencement of the game must decide if they will allow this latter mode of escape4 ,when a rescue is thus accomplished1 both the prisoner and his rescuer return to their fort1 no one being allowed to touch them until they have reached then fort and again started out4 ,but the game is not restricted to the two originally sent out4 ,as soon as either ,duke sees one of his men pressed by an opponent1 he sends out a third1 who is in his turn pursued by another from the opposing side2 each being allowed to touch any who have preceded1 but none who have left their fort after him4 ,the war soon becomes exciting2 prisoners are made and released1 the two ,dukes watching the game1 and rarely exposing themselves1 except in cases of emergency1 but directing the whole proceedings4 ,the game is considered won1 when one party has succeeded in imprisoning the whole of the other side4 ,much depends upon the ,commanders1 who sometimes1 by a bold dash1 rescue the most important of their men1 and thereby turn the fate of the battle2 or when the attention of the opposite side is occupied by some hardly-contested struggle1 send out a player who walks quietly up to the prison1 and without attracting the notice of the opposing party1 lets out a prisoner4 ,no player is permitted to touch more than one person until he has returned to his fort2 when he can sally out again1 armed with fresh strength1 like ,antus of old1 who could not be conquered at wrestling because whenever he touched the ground his strength was renewed by his ,mother ,earth4 ,,post-,,office4 ,,this family game is instructive as well as amusing4 ,each one present writes a poem1 anecdote1 essay1 or a letter to some person either present or absent4 ,the articles written should be concise and must in all cases be original4 ,any one who chooses to do so can disguise his handwriting4 ,the papers1 as they are completed1 are carefully folded and directed1 and then deposited in a covered box placed on the table4 ,the post-master must be chosen by the company4 ,he has the right to open all the letters and papers1 first announcing to whom each is directed1 and reads them aloud4 ,after the reading1 the papers are distributed according to the directions written upon them4 ,young people who write for the 8family portfolio0 soon become very much interested in it1 and find themselves acquiring a ready use of the pen4 ,,handwriting ,,upon ,,the ,,wall4 ,,cut the word or words to be shown1 out of a thick card or pasteboard2 place it before a lighted lamp1 and the writing will be distinctly seen upon the wall of the room4 ,,graces4 ,,this also is an old game1 but should be revived1 as it is as beneficial as many of the exercises in the gymnasium1 and quite as graceful4 ,it is of ,german origin1 and can be played in the open air1 or in any hall or long room4 ,illustration ,to play the game you need four smooth1 round sticks nearly three-quarters of a yard long4 ,the stick at one end should be just large enough to be grasped firmly by the hand1 and should be tapered gradually to the end4 ,these sticks1 or grace wands1 may be prettily painted and wound near the large end1 where they are held1 with fancy ribbons4 ,the hoops are from ten to twelve inches in diameter1 made of some light wood1 as bamboo1 covered with bright colored silks and wound with silver cord or some tinsel chenille4 ,the game is usually played by only two players1 each taking two wands and one hoop1 and standing at a distance from each other2 the two wands are held in the hands across each other like open scissors4 ,the object is to throw and catch the hoop upon these wands4 ,when trying to catch the hoop the sticks are held like scissors shut1 and are opened apart when the hoop is thrown from you4 ,if you can crown your opponent without her catching the hoop1 a kiss is the old-established forfeit4 ,the object of the game1 as in 8,shuttlecock and ,battledoor10 is to keep both hoops flying without once touching the floor4 ,beginners had better first play with only one hoop4 ,,family ,,newspaper4 ,,this is an excellent pastime for a large family1 or several families can unite in it4 ,choose the most ready writer1 and the person of the best judgment among your number1 for the editor4 ,he must also be a good penman4 ,your paper can be a weekly or a monthly journal as you please4 ,every member of the family must contribute one or more articles for the paper1 either serious1 laughable1 instructive or absurd pieces1 and give to the editor in season for him to arrange his paper1 and publish it at the appointed time4 ,such as wish to conceal their authorship must notify the editor1 and he is bound in honor not to reveal the name of any writer without his permission4 ,large sheets can be procured1 or two or more small ones can be used together4 ,the paper can then be read aloud to the family1 or each can read it separately4 ,the family paper will be found to add another link to the home chain4 ,all the papers thus prepared should be carefully preserved1 and in after years they will prove a source of pleasure4 ,most vividly will they bring by-gone days before you4 ,a friend of mine lately told me of a newspaper of this description1 edited by a nephew only eleven years of age4 ,she said that its perfect regularity and neatness were beautiful to see4 ,he printed the whole with a pen1 and it was arranged in proper newspaper form4 ,the leading editorials first1 followed by a letter from abroad1 anecdotes1 terrible accidents1 telegraph news1 marriages1 deaths1 advertisements1 etc41 etc4 ,he was one of a family of nine4 ,every member of the family wrote for it1 even a little girl of six wrote an anecdote about her pet lamb4 ,illustration ,games of ,memory4 ,,french and ,english exercises of the memory1 such as the following1 may serve to amuse some leisure hour4 ,the first is entitled the 8,grand ,panjandrum30--8,she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to make an apple pie2 and at the same time a great she-bear coming up the street pops its head into the shop4 #8,what6 no soap8' ,so he died1 and she very imprudently married the barber2 and there were present the ,picininnies1 and the ,joblillies1 and the ,gurgulies1 and the great ,panjandrum himself1 with the little round button at top2 and they all fell to playing the game of #8catch as catch can1' till the gunpowder ran out at the heels of their boots40 8,peter ,piper picked a peck of pickled peppers1 ,a peck of pickled peppers ,peter ,piper picked2 ,if ,peter ,piper picked a peck of pickled peppers1 ,where is the peck of pickled peppers ,peter ,piper picked80 8,when a twister twisting would twist him a twist1 ,for twisting his twist three twists he will twist2 ,but if one of his twists untwists from the twist1 ,the twist untwisting untwists the twist40 8,didon dina1 dit on1 du dos d'un dodu dindon40 8,robert ,rowley rolled a round roll round2 ,a round roll ,robert ,rowley rolled round2 ,where rolled the round roll ,robert ,rowley rolled round80 ,a ,,frenchman having taken herb tea for a cough1 his neighbor asked him1 8,ton ,th1 t'a t'il ot ta toux80 8,,le ,,jardin ,,de ,,ma ,,tante40 ,,le vient du jardin de ma tante4 ,o1 qu'il est beau le jardin de ma tante6 ,dans le jardin de ma tante1 il y a un arbre4 ,o1 qu'il est beau l'arbre du jardin de ma tante6 ,dans l'arbre du jardin de ma tante1 il y a un trou4 ,o1 qu'il est beau le trou1 de l'arbre du jardin de ma tante6 ,dans le trou1 de l'arbre1 du jardin1 de ma tante1 il y a un nid4 ,o1 qu'il est beau le nid1 du trou1 de l'arbre1 du jardin de ma tante6 ,dans la nid1 du trou1 de l'arbre1 du jardin1 de ma tante1 il y a un oiseau4 ,o1 qu'il est beau l'oiseau du nid1 du trou1 de l'arbre1 du jardin1 de ma tante6 ,l'oiseau du nid1 du trou1 de l'arbre1 du jardin1 de ma tante1 porte dans son bec un billet1 ou ces mots sont crits3--8,je vous aime10 ,o1 qu'ils sont doux ces mots1 8,je vous aime10 qui sont crits sur le billet port dans le bec1 de l'oiseau1 du nid1 du trou1 de l'arbre1 du jardin1 de ma tante4 ,a ,,good ,,fat ,,hen4 #a4 ,a ,,good fat hen4 #b4 ,two ducks and one good fat hen4 #c4 ,three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #d4 ,four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #e4 ,five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #f4 ,six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #g4 ,seven hundred ,macedonian horsemen drawn up in line of battle1 six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #h4 ,eight cages of ,heliogabulus sparrowkites1 seven hundred ,macedonian horsemen drawn up in line of battle1 six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #i4 ,nine sympathetic1 epithetic1 didactic propositions1 eight cages of ,heliogabulus sparrowkites1 seven hundred ,macedonian horsemen drawn up in line of battle1 six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #aj4 ,ten helioscopic1 peroscopic1 pharmaceutical tubes1 nine sympathetic1 epithetic1 didactic propositions1 eight cages of ,heliogabulus sparrowkites1 seven hundred ,macedonian horsemen drawn up in line of battle1 six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen #aa4 ,eleven flat bottomed fly boats floating from ,madagascar to ,mount ,prunello1 ten helioscopic1 peroscopic1 pharmaceutical tubes1 nine sympathetic1 epithetic1 didactic propositions1 eight cages of ,heliogabulus sparrowkites1 seven hundred ,macedonian horsemen drawn up in line of battle1 six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 #ab4 ,twelve ,european dancing masters sent to ,egypt to teach the ,egyptian mummies to dance and sing1 eleven flat bottomed fly boats floating from ,madagascar to ,mount ,prunello1 ten helioscopic1 peroscopic1 pharmaceutical tubes1 nine sympathetic1 epithetic1 didactic propositions1 eight cages of ,heliogabulus sparrowkites1 seven hundred ,macedonian horsemen drawn up in line of battle1 six pairs of ,don ,alphonso's tweezers1 five hundred ,limerick oysters1 four plump partridges1 three squalling wild geese1 two ducks1 and one good fat hen4 ,illustration3 8,,can',t ,,remember40 ,parlor ,games4 ,,squails is a modern ,english game4 ,the incompleteness of the original rules1 and the ridiculous terms employed in the game have prejudiced many sensible people against it4 ,relieved of these absurdities1 the game is an interesting one4 ,materials4 ,the materials for this game consist of sixteen squails1 a target1 and a gauge4 ,the squails are small discs of wood1 about two inches in diameter1 eight of light and eight of dark colored wood4 ,the squails are designated by four distinct colors--two light and two dark of each color4 ,the target is of ivory1 about one inch in diameter1 and loaded so as not to be easily moved or overturned4 ,the gauge is a measure three inches long1 made with a convenient handle4 ,the method of the game is as follows3 ,the company being seated around a dining table1 the squails are distributed to them1 and the target placed in the center of the table4 ,now the object of each player is to drive his squails as near the target as possible1 by allowing the squail to project over the side of the table about one-fourth its size1 and striking it with the palm of the hand4 ,illustration ,vocabulary of ,terms4 ,,target4--,the movable hub at which the squails are played4 ,,gauge4--,the measure4 ,,line ,,of ,,demarcation4--,an imaginary line round the table1 at the distance of the length of the gauge from the edge4 ,,out4--,a squail struck over the line of demarcation on the opposite side from the player striking it1 is 8out40 ,,to ,,rout4--,to strike a collection of enemy's squails so as to scatter them about4 ,,to ,,blockade4--,to leave one's squails in such a position as to block up a passage in which the next hostile player could play to advantage4 ,,to ,,cut ,,out4--,to leave one's squails between the target1 a hostile squail lying near it4 ,rules4 ,the game of squails may be played by any number of persons not exceeding eight4 ,if the number of players is even1 half will play on one side and half on the other--one side taking the light squails and the other the dark ones4 ,the players of the opposing sides must be seated alternately round the table4 ,if there is an uneven number of players1 there are no sides1 and all are antagonistic to each other4 ,a captain is chosen on each side1 to whom the players may look for advice1 and who shall decide the amount to be scored at each round4 ,the first play1 if there are sides1 is determined by the two captains playing one squail each at the target1 the one who drives his squail nearest to the target having the first play4 ,if an odd number play1 each one plays in a like manner for the lead4 ,the lead being determined1 the commencing player places one of his squails about one quarter off the edge of the table1 and strikes it with the palm of his hand1 aiming at the target which is in the center of the table4 ,the squails slide on the surface of the table4 ,the players must play one at a time in rotation1 with the course of the sun--i4 e4 from right to left4 ,when all the squails have been played a round is finished1 and the nearest squail to the target counts one if within the distance of the gauge4 ,if more than one of the same side are nearer than any of the other color1 they all count one each1 provided they are within the distance of the length of the gauge--i4 e4 three inches4 ,a player can strike his squail from any position around the table which he can reach without moving from his chair1 or rising from his seat4 ,if the target is moved by a squail from its place1 and does not cross the line of demarcation1 it must remain where it stops1 unless it is rolling and unsteady2 in which case the next player can stand it firmly in the place where he finds it1 and all must play at it in its new position till that round is finished4 ,before commencing a new round the target must be placed back to the center of the table4 ,at the end of a round1 the captain of one side makes his claim for so many 8in10 and if the claim is disputed1 the gauge is used by the disputing captain to measure the distance from the target to the disputed squails4 ,if the captain of the side who claims one or more squails 8in0 at the conclusion of the round touches them before they have been allowed by the captain of the opposition1 the squail or squails so touched are null1 and do not count towards the game4 ,the winner of one round begins the next4 ,if the target is struck across the line of demarcation1 i4 e4 8out10 it terminates that round2 the person who sent it out commences the next round1 and one is added to the score of the adversary4 ,the game can consist of any number agreed upon by the players4 ,five is a short game1 and eleven is a long one4 ,a squail having been struck so far on the table as not to be touched by the gauge1 measuring from the edge of the table1 is considered as played1 and cannot be taken back4 ,it is then said to have passed the line of demarcation4 ,if a squail passes the line of demarcation twice1 i4 e4 goes across the table1 one of the opposing side must cry1 8,that squail is out10 before the next squail in succession has been played1 otherwise1 the owner may claim it1 and play it again at the conclusion of the round4 ,if more than one squail is 8out10 and not cried1 they may all be claimed and played at the end of the round in the order in which they were 8out40 ,,parlor ,,or ,,carpet ,,bowls4 ,,the materials of this game are one white ball1 and a number of other balls1 designated by four distinct colors4 ,it is played as follows3 ,place the white ball on the floor near one end of the room with perhaps a row of books behind it1 to protect the finish4 ,illustration ,divide the remaining balls equally among the players1 or give an equal number of balls to each player4 ,if four play1 it is more interesting to form sides1 the two players on one side taking the dark balls1 and the other two the light ones4 ,blue and black are considered dark--red and yellow1 light4 ,the players1 retiring to some part of the room more or less distant from the white ball1 now bowl the colored balls1 which they hold1 at the white one1 by turns4 ,each player bowls one ball at a time1 the play passing around the company as many times as there are colored balls for each player4 ,the first bowl goes by turn1 as the last bowl is the most valuable4 ,the object of each player is to have the balls that he bowls rest as near as possible to the white one1 and also to drive his enemy's balls away from the white one1 or the white one away from them4 ,when all the balls have been bowled1 the ball that lies nearest the white one counts #d2 the one next nearest1 #b2 and the third nearest1 #a--to the person or side to which they belong4 ,thus1 we will suppose that of the three balls lying nearest to the white ball1 the nearest one belongs to the dark side1 and the two next nearest belong to the light side4 ,then the dark side scores #d1 and the light side #b and #a1 making #c4 ,but if the three nearest balls had belonged to the dark side1 they would have scored #g1 and the light side nothing4 ,the game may be #bj1 or any other number agreed upon by the players before commencing1 and the player or side that gains that number first wins the game4 ,should the game be nearly equal1 so that both sides gain #bj in the same hand1 then the side that makes the greatest number wins4 ,the white ball must remain wherever it is rolled by the playing of the balls during each hand and placed back on some designated spot at the commencement of each hand4 ,if two balls belonging to opposite parties are equally distant from the white ball1 it is a tie1 and the two players who bowled those balls must try again1 and the one whose ball is nearest will count #d1 the other #c4 ,,the ,,union ,,game1 ,,or ,,red1 ,,white ,,and ,,blue4 ,,this is an excellent parlor game4 ,any person possessing a croquet board1 by taking out the hoops1 can use it for the ,union game1 although a square or round board is better2 if square1 the board should measure from three and a half to four feet each way2 if round1 from three and a half to four feet in diameter4 ,the board should be firmly made of well seasoned wood1 and covered with cloth or green baize4 ,it should have a rim or fence around the edge1 just sufficient to prevent the balls from rolling off the board4 ,it is necessary to have three cubes made of some light wood1 about an inch and a half each way2 one should be painted red1 one white1 and one blue1 with a star on each face4 ,each player should have three balls1 painted red1 white and blue1 and a mallet4 ,the balls and mallets may be the same used in parlor croquet4 ,if this game is played on a board1 it is necessary1 in order to avoid any disputes1 to have a square marked in the centre in which to place the cubes4 ,a croquet board can be adapted to the game by removing the central hoop4 ,all persons1 who prefer not to use a board1 can play the game on the floor1 by placing the cubes on some central figure of the carpet4 ,by using larger blocks and the croquet balls and mallets1 this game can be played on a level spot of ground1 in the open air4 ,how the ,game is to be ,played4 ,place the red cube in the centre of the board1 the white diagonally on top of the red1 and on top of the white place the blue cube1 with its sides square with the red4 ,the person to commence the game is chosen by lot4 ,he places his red ball at the distance of a mallet's head from the edge of the board1 and tries to send his ball against the cubes in the centre2 he can roll his three balls in succession1 and at the end of his play take back his balls and replace the cubes1 if their position has been changed by his play4 ,the player on his left then plays his three balls1 and each in turn1 until all have played4 ,the same thing is repeated until three rounds have been played4 ,rules of the ,game4 #a4 ,each player must play from the place he first selects1 and at the same distance from the cubes as the other players1 or forfeit his play4 #b4 ,if a player with his red ball throws down the blue and white cubes and moves the red cube over the square marked1 it counts him #bj1 and he need not play the white or blue ball1 but whatever points he wins during the second round with the first two balls counts on the first roll4 #c4 ,if a player only throws down the blue and white cubes without moving the red from its square1 he counts #ae4 #d4 ,if a player only knocks off the blue cube1 he counts #aj4 #e4 ,if a player only moves the three cubes1 he counts #e4 #f4 ,if a player with the first two balls throws down two cubes and moves the under red cube1 his play is finished for that round1 and when his next turn comes1 he can add what he wins with the first ball to the count on his former play4 #g4 ,if a player knocks the three cubes down in the three rolls1 he counts #bj1 and if he only knocks down two in three rolls without moving the red1 he counts #ae2 if only the blue cube he counts #aj2 if he merely moves them all together he counts #e for the three balls2 if he hits them but does not move them he counts nothing4 #h4 ,if in rolling the three balls at the cubes he misses them every time1 he loses #e from his score4 ,one of the company should be provided with pencil and paper and keep an accurate account of each player's score4 ,,zoetrope1 ,,or ,,wheel ,,of ,,life4 ,,the ,zoetrope is a newly invented toy4 ,it presents a series of striking optical delusions1 and is constructed in part on the principle of the ,phenakestoscope1 though altogether different in its arrangement and effect4 ,it can be exhibited on a table in the middle of a room1 and a dozen or more can be amused by it at the same time1 one of the party keeping it in motion4 ,the exhibitor can give such description of the pictures as they appear as he thinks best4 ,a bright boy or girl can add very much to the interest of the exhibition by witty descriptions4 ,the exhibitor can announce his performance to a family party in a high-flown handbill1 charge an admission fee to the room1 and carry out the exhibition in the most approved style4 ,the toy is admirably adapted for the entertainment of children4 ,illustration ,,grecian ,,games4 ,,in reading an account of the toys1 sports and pastimes of the ancient ,greeks1 one is surprised at their resemblance to our own4 ,they had many games now in common use1 and supposed to be of modern invention4 ,a ,grecian philosopher named ,archytas invented the child's rattle4 ,our children would like to revive the hoops of the ancient ,greeks4 ,they surely were more tasteful than ours4 ,i will describe them1 and perhaps some enterprising boy will try to imitate1 if not surpass them4 ,they were made of bronze1 three feet in diameter1 very light1 and adorned with little spherical bells and movable rings1 which jingled musically as the hoops rolled along2 the hoop stick was crooked at the point1 and called a 8plectron40 ,boys6 do not be outdone by the young ,greeks4 ,try and invent a hoop with bells of different tones1 that will play a melody as it rolls4 ,some iron hoops have bells1 but they are not musical4 ,the ,egyptians1 too1 excelled in toys of all kinds4 ,,jack-,,straws4 ,,jack-,,straws were played centuries ago1 and like many other good old games1 have come into fashion anew and with some improvements4 ,the game may be played with straws or fine splinters of wood1 four or five inches in length4 ,the straws are gathered in a bunch1 not tied1 but held firmly together by one end of the bunch1 in the hand1 a few inches above the table4 ,held in this manner the bunch will be spread at the bottom1 somewhat in the form of a haystack4 ,the player suddenly drops the bunch1 and the straws fall in an irregular heap on the table4 ,each player is provided with a straw or stick1 on one end of which a small hook or crooked pin is made fast1 and each in turn tries to draw with his hook a single straw from the heap without moving in the slightest degree1 any straw except the one he seeks to remove4 ,if he succeeds1 he keeps the straw1 and proceeds to draw out another or others1 but whenever he disturbs any other than the one straw he gives up his turn to his opponent4 ,the one who gains the largest number of straws wins the game4 ,the jack-straws sold in the toy shops are usually made of wood1 and each bunch contains pieces roughly representing kings1 queens1 bishops1 c4 ,each of these pieces has a number marked on it1 and when one of them is drawn from the heap1 it counts for the player as many straws as its number indicates4 ,if the players so agree1 each can gather up the straws1 as often as his turn comes1 and drop them anew4 ,illustration3 ,,jack-,,straws4 ,games for ,little ,children4 ,,dance1 ,,thumbkin1 ,,dance6 is a game by which an older person can amuse a number of little children4 ,it is played by holding up the hand and bending thumb and fingers in the following manner4 ,first1 put the thumb in motion1 singing in a lively tune1 8,dance1 thumbkin1 dance20 then keep the thumb still and move the four fingers1 singing1 8,dance1 ye merry men1 every one1 for thumbkin he can dance alone40 ,then move the forefinger and sing1 8,dance1 foreman1 dance60 ,then move all the fingers1 singing1 8,dance1 ye merry men1 every one1 for foreman he can dance alone40 ,then keep the second finger in motion1 singing1 8,dance1 middleman1 dance60 ,then move all the fingers1 singing1 8,dance1 ye merry men1 every one1 for middleman he can dance alone40 ,then in the same manner repeat the process with the two other fingers1 calling the third finger 8ring-man10 and the fourth finger 8little-man40 ,when these changes are done rapidly1 it entertains even babies4 ,,uncle ,,john4 ,,all the children who join this game must stand in a circle holding each others' hands1 and as they walk or dance around they sing the following words3 8,uncle ,john is very sick4 ,what shall we send him8 ,a piece of pie1 a piece of cake1 a piece of apple dumpling4 ,what shall we send it in8 ,in a golden saucer4 ,who shall we send it by8 ,by the king's daughter4 ,d-o-w-n1 down40 ,then all must kneel down as quickly as possible1 and rise up at once1 the one who is the last to kneel must1 when they all rise1 whisper to some one a girl's or boy's name1 and then all join in the circle1 the one who knelt last facing outwards4 ,then they all repeat as follows1 making use of the name whispered3 8,j---- ,b---- so they say ,goes a courting night and day1 ,sword and pistol by his side1 ,m---- ,l---- shall be his bride1 ,she has sparks1 one1 two1 three1 ,i can tell you who they be1 ,joel1 ,toel1 half a day1 ,exel1 ,toel1 turn away40 ,all again commence to sing 8,uncle ,john is very sick10 c41 this continues until each one faces outwards in turn or they are weary of it4 ,,mother ,,goose4 ,,this is a new and amusing game for little children4 ,one among their number must be chosen to take the part of 8,mother ,goose10 and she must arrange her forces in a line1 and place a cricket in the centre of the room4 ,she then leads off1 clapping her hands and dancing slowly1 saying1 8,hi1 diddle1 diddle1 the cat's in the fiddle40 ,all must follow her1 saying and acting exactly as she does1 on penalty of a forfeit4 ,she then imitates the mewing of a cat and all imitate her4 ,she then repeats 8the cow jumped over the moon10 and 8,mother ,goose0 runs and jumps over the cricket1 all the others following her4 ,again they pass round the room singing1 8,the little dog laughed to see the sport40 ,suddenly she stops and laughs heartily1 each one imitating her1 and away they go again1 singing1 8,the dish ran away with the spoon40 8,mother ,goose0 then claps her hands as a signal for all to run1 and off they start1 she after them2 if she succeeds in catching one1 she cries out1 8,here is ,mother ,goose10 and all assemble round her1 and the play commences again4 ,if played in the open air1 it is well to have some post or tree as a goal1 and if 8,mother ,goose0 does not catch some one before it is reached1 she has to act her part again4 8,,clap ,,out ,,and ,,clap ,,in40 ,,all the girls in the party arrange themselves behind chairs1 sofas1 ottomans1 c41 all the boys being sent out of the room1 one girl stands as door-keeper4 ,some girl then calls out the name of a boy whom she wishes to take the seat in front of her1 the door-keeper opens the door and calls out the name4 ,the boy called enters and the door is shut2 he looks all around wondering who has chosen him1 and finally takes a seat4 ,if he happens to sit down in front of the girl who called his name she kisses him1 and he keeps his seat2 but if not1 as is most likely to be the case1 they all clap him out1 and away he goes4 ,another is then chosen and the same thing is gone through2 sometimes a favorite boy will be called in a number of times before he guesses correctly4 ,when all the girls have taken their turn in calling1 they leave the room1 and the boys take their stand behind the seats1 and the girls are called in4 ,,fingers ,,and ,,thumbs4 ,illustration3 ,one finger one thumb keep moving1 ,one finger one thumb keep moving1 ,one finger one thumb keep moving1 ,gee up1 ,ge ,i1 ,ge ,o1 ,two fingers one thumb keep moving1 c4 ,three fingers1 one thumb1 keep moving4 ,three1 c4 ,four fingers1 one thumb1 keep moving4 ,four1 c4 ,five fingers1 one thumb1 keep moving4 ,five1 c4 ,six fingers1 one thumb1 keep moving4 ,six1 c4 ,seven fingers1 one thumb1 keep moving4 ,seven1 c4 ,eight fingers1 one thumb1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,eight fingers1 two thumbs1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,eight fingers1 two thumbs and one arm1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,eight fingers1 two thumbs and two arms1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,eight fingers1 two thumbs1 two arms and one foot1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,eight fingers1 two thumbs1 two arms1 and two feet1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,eight fingers1 two thumbs1 two arms1 two feet1 and your head1 keep moving4 ,eight1 c4 ,the words in brackets must be sung on one note1 as in chants2 and each line must be repeated three times1 as arranged under the above notes4 ,the person selected to commence this game must arrange all the players in a circle1 either seated or standing as he directs4 ,each must follow the motions of the leader1 and join him in singing4 ,when the leader is ready to commence the game he must clap his hands4 ,he then begins to move his fore-finger and thumb1 and sings the words as arranged at the beginning of these directions4 ,all the motions he makes must correspond with the words he sings1 and each player must imitate his motions1 and continue them through the game4 ,all the fingers1 thumbs1 arms1 feet and heads in the room will soon be in motion4 ,the effect of this game is quite laughable4 ,the persons joining in this play can recite the words without singing1 if they prefer4 8,,you ,,are ,,nothing ,,but ,a ,,goose40 ,,this play consists in telling a story for the amusement of little children1 and at the same time drawing figures on a slate or paper in illustration of it4 ,for instance1 8,an old man and his wife lived in a little cabin4 ,i will draw it with my pencil1 so that you may know it4 ,there it is1 7here make a picture of the cabin47 ,this cabin had a window1 which ,i will make thus1 7here put in the window47 ,near the window was a projecting door1 like this1 7here put in the door47 ,on the side opposite the door was a road1 bordered on one side by a hedge1 7draw the road and hedge47 ,this road terminated in a large pond1 7mark out the pond17 and herbs grew round it1 7mark them47 ,one night some robbers came to the further end of the pond1 7make some marks for robbers47 ,the old woman heard them and told her husband to get up and see what was the matter4 ,the old people walked down to the side of the pond1 7make marks for the old people on the side of the pond47 ,each of them held out a hand to caution the other to keep silence1 7mark the hands47 ,but they did not hear anything1 for the robbers had taken fright and had run away4 ,after standing out in the cold for a long time1 the old man said to his wife1 #8,go along back to the house1 you are nothing but a goose4' ,at this point you hold up your paper and it will be seen that you have made a picture of a goose4 ,the subjoined cut illustrates the progress of the picture40 ,illustration ,while telling the story you must be careful that the lookers-on see the growing picture sideways1 or upside down2 otherwise they may suspect your design before the picture is complete4 ,other simple stories can be illustrated in like manner4 ,,buzz4 ,,promptness is very necessary in this game4 ,any number of children excepting seven1 both girls and boys1 seat themselves round a table1 or in a circle4 ,one begins the game by saying1 8,one60 the child on the left says 8two60 so on till they come to seven1 which number must not be mentioned1 but in place thereof the word 8,buzz60 ,whenever a number occurs in which the figure seven is used or any number into which seven may be multiplied1 8,buzz0 must be used instead of that number4 ,such are the numbers1 #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #ba1 #bg1 #bh1 #ce1 #cg1 #db1 c41 c4 ,any one mentioning a number with seven in it instead of 8,buzz10 or calling out of turn1 or naming a wrong number1 must pay a forfeit4 ,after she has paid her forfeit1 she calls out1 8,one60 and so it goes round again to the left4 ,when by a little practice the circle gets as high as seventy-one1 then1 8,buzz one10 8,buzz two10 c41 must be used1 and for seventy-seven1 8,buzz-,buzz10 and so on4 ,if the person whose turn it is to speak delays longer than while any one of the circle can moderately count five1 she must pay a forfeit4 ,,the ,,puzzle ,,wall4 ,illustration3 ,,figure ,,one4 ,illustration3 ,,figure ,,two4 ,,suppose there was a pond1 around which four poor men build their houses1 as in figure one4 ,suppose four wicked rich men afterward built houses around the poor people1 as in figure two1 and wished to have all the water of the pond to themselves4 ,how could they build a high wall1 so as to shut out the poor people from the pond8 ,you might try on your slate a great while and not do it4 ,i will show you3 ,illustration ,,dolls4 ,,give your girls a number of substantial dolls to play with1 and pieces of cotton cloth1 calico or muslin-delaine1 ribbons1 c41 with which to make dresses2 and do not buy elegantly dressed dolls1 which can only be used on great occasions4 ,i will tell you how a little girl ,i once knew played dolls4 ,her first doll was a 8rag baby0 that her aunt made and dressed for her1 like a real child4 ,she had even a night-dress and cap4 ,she would amuse herself by hours together1 dressing1 undressing and singing it to sleep2 she would have it in her arms every night4 ,as she grew older she carefully treasured all bits of finery1 and everything she could manufacture into clothing for her doll4 ,a little girl lived near and they used to visit daily with their dolls4 ,christmas always added to their treasures1 and they finally concluded to join forces and commence a baby-house on a large scale in a spare room4 ,they had a parlor1 dining-room1 bed-rooms1 kitchen and pantry1 all completely furnished1 and a dozen nice dolls4 ,every leisure moment was spent in this baby-house4 ,they had regular washings and ironings4 ,they had little tubs and flat-irons of their own4 ,they baked bread1 cookies and ginger-cakes1 for their mother's cook would good-naturedly show them how to mix and make wee bits of loaves4 ,a thimble was often used as a cookie or biscuit cutter4 ,such plays give girls a taste for domestic employments1 and aid them in becoming good housekeepers1 and good housekeeping is always a desirable and sometimes a very necessary accomplishment4 ,they would often 8play school10 and in asking questions1 and answering for their dolls1 the lessons they were taught at school1 were more firmly impressed on their minds4 ,if they had birthday parties1 company was always invited at two2 and their 8party0 7that is1 refreshments17 were served at half-past four in ,winter1 and five in ,summer4 ,beaux they did not think of4 ,if little boys joined them1 they were their playmates1 and no more4 ,they always took their dolls1 and after playing simple games they would resort to them as their chief amusement4 ,,boys4 ,,if boys desire a hammer1 nails1 boards1 c41 do not deny them4 ,when a baby girl commences to play with a doll1 a baby boy will pound1 or pretend to hammer nails1 or drive horses4 ,it is useless to attempt to make boys love quiet sports4 ,set aside some spare spot in your house1 where the noise will not disturb your household1 or1 what is better1 build a little work-room especially for their use4 ,it will be money well invested4 ,thus by early cultivating their tastes and by giving them employment1 seed may be sown which will yield an abundant harvest4 ,mothers6 do not1 by yielding to your over-sensitive nerves1 stupefy your boys4 ,if they are good for anything1 they must and will make a noise4 ,it is better to let them have a place of their own1 but you should frequently inspect their work or play1 and let them see you are interested in all they do4 ,if they make you a flower frame1 praise it1 and if they show a taste for mechanics suggest to them other useful articles to be constructed1 such as boxes1 silk-winders1 c4 ,when you make presents give them tools4 ,encourage them also by judicious rewards1 to keep their room neat and their tools in order4 ,the following simple directions for making a few useful articles may be of service to boys who like to exercise their mechanical ingenuity4 ,flower ,frames4 ,simple frames are made by taking two long narrow strips of wood and several small ones of different lengths1 and nailing the latter to the long ones at equal distances apart1 or a still better way is to make holes in the long strips and insert the ends of the short ones4 ,when they are finished paint them green4 ,these frames can be made in the form of a partly opened fan4 ,a square frame can easily be made4 ,the prettiest frames are made of willows1 wire1 or rattans4 ,take strips of wood and burn or bore holes through them at equal distances4 ,then insert the wire1 or rattan1 or willow1 and twist them around in different forms1 fastening the ends firm2 then paint or varnish them4 ,boxes4 ,pretty boxes can be made of any common wood1 by simply staining them with asphaltum varnish4 ,then varnish with several coats of copal4 ,after they are well dried1 take some pumice-stone and polish them4 ,if necessary1 varnish carefully once again4 ,your common pine wood will then be turned into black walnut1 highly polished4 ,picture frames1 brackets1 little book-racks1 stands1 crickets1 and even sleds and wagons can easily be made by an ingenious boy1 and stained in this manner or painted4 ,your sisters can ornament them with leather work made to imitate carved wood4 ,if you are puzzled in making any of these articles1 go to any workshop and the workmen will tell you how to make them1 if you speak properly to them4 ,never say1 my dear boys1 you have nothing to do4 ,,play-,,ground ,,rhymes4 ,,these are used by boys and girls in selecting the leaders of their games1 instead of drawing lots4 ,the following rhymes are in common use3 ,one is all1 two is all1 ,zick is all1 zan2 ,bob-tail vinegar1 ,tickle 'em1 tan4 ,harum-scarum1 ,virginia ,marum1 ,tee-taw-buck4 ,little boy driving cattle1 ,don't you hear his money rattle8 ,one1 two1 three--out goes he4 ,aina1 maina1 ickery on ,feelsa1 folsa1 ,nicholas ,john ,quever1 quaver1 ,english naver1 ,stingum1 stangum1 jollo buck4 ,aina1 maina1 mona1 mike1 ,barcelona1 bona1 strike2 ,airy1 wairy1 dina1 snack1 ,harico1 barico1 wee1 wa1 wack4 ,one-ry1 two-ry1 dis-cum dary1 ,hackibo1 crackibo1 ,henry ,lary2 ,dis-cum dandy1 ,american time1 ,humelum1 jumelum1 twenty-nine4 ,hitum1 titum1 little ,kitty1 ,hop-um1 skip-um1 jumpey daily2 ,roly1 poly1 dilly1 dally1 ,he1 hi1 ho1 diddle-dum buck4 ,lo-po1 hi1 do1 de1 ti1 to1 tu1 ,hany1 wany1 zany zan1 you're the man4 ,,forfeits4 ,a ,,great many games for children and older persons end in forfeits4 ,a few hints in regard to them may be of service4 ,it is very foolish for any one to join a game unless he is willing to forget himself for the time1 and join heartily in it4 ,the game of forfeits1 if well played1 is amusing to old and young4 ,every one should be willing to redeem his or her forfeit without stopping to think whether it is foolish or not4 ,a good1 hearty laugh is healthful1 and every sensible person ought to be willing to take his turn in amusing the company4 ,a whole game may be ruined by the absurd actions of some one who foolishly refuses to redeem his forfeit1 for fear of lowering his dignity or making himself ridiculous4 ,in choosing a judge of forfeits1 it is necessary to select a person of quick perceptions and ready wit4 ,the judge must be prompt in giving his decisions1 and they who redeem their forfeits must be as expeditious as possible4 ,promptness is necessary to the success of all games4 ,the following list of forfeits1 collected from various sources1 may assist the judge3 ,let the judge give out a line with which the one who owns the forfeit shall make another line to rhyme1 no matter how absurdly4 ,laugh first1 sing next1 then cry1 and lastly whistle4 ,place your hands behind you and guess who touches them2 you are not to redeem your forfeit till you guess right4 ,stand with your heels and back close to the wall1 then stoop without moving your feet1 and pick up the forfeit4 ,say 8,quizzical1 quiz1 kiss me quick10 nine times without a mistake4 ,ask the person who owns the forfeit1 what musical instrument he likes best2 then require him to give an imitation of it4 ,ask the person what animal he likes best2 then require him to imitate it1 either by action or sound4 ,if a gentleman1 he must put on a lady's bonnet1 and imitate the voice and manner of the lady to whom it belongs4 ,if a lady1 then she must take a gentleman's hat and imitate his manner1 7sometimes these imitations are very humorous4 ,the use of some word or expression habitually employed by the person imitated adds largely to the sport47 ,go to service2 apply to the person who holds the forfeit for a place as maid of all work4 ,the questions then to be asked are3 8,how do you wash80 8,how do you iron80 8,how do you make a bed80 8,how do you scrub the floor80 8,how do you clean knives and forks80 c4 ,the whole of these processes must be imitated by motions1 and if the replies are satisfactory the forfeit must be given up4 ,put two chairs back to back1 take off your boots or shoes and jump over them4 7,the fun consists in a mistaken idea that the chairs are to be jumped over instead of the shoes47 ,it is said there is a person you have loved since a boy1 ,whose hand you must kiss ere ,i give you this toy1 ,it is not your father1 or mother1 or sister1 ,nor cousin1 nor friend1 take care not to miss1 sir4 ,himself4 ,make a low courtesy to each one in the room3 if it is a gentleman1 he must make a bow4 ,recite several of ,mother ,goose's melodies4 ,make wry faces at every person in the room4 ,admire yourself in the mirror4 ,shiver and act the part of a person half frozen1 or pretend to be nearly suffocated with heat4 ,rush around the room and greet every one as if you had just arrived from a long and dangerous voyage4 ,if a gentleman1 act the part of a village orator2 if a lady1 act the strong-minded woman4 7,a gentleman's and lady's forfeit can be given together in many cases1 making it more amusing as well as expeditious47 ,sing a song or repeat some high-flown poetry4 ,perform the laughing gamut without a pause or mistake3 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ,keep silence and preserve a sober face for several minutes1 without regard to what may be said or done4 ,kiss your shadow in every corner of the room without laughing4 ,repeat1 without mistake1 any difficult sentence which the judge appoints4 ,say to each person in the room1 8,you can't say boo to a goose40 ,tell the person to point out on a wall what he supposes to be the height of an ordinary hat4 ,if after measuring with a hat1 he has 7as is rarely the case17 guessed right1 he wins his forfeit2 but if not1 he or she must wear the hat and bow or curtsy to every one in the room4 ,yawn till you make several others yawn4 7,it is well to give this forfeit to one of the male sex with a large mouth4 ,a large circle of people may be made to yawn by simply opening and closing the fingers slowly47 ,two can redeem their forfeits in this way4 ,they must stand in separate corners of the room1 each holding a lighted candle2 one begins and walks toward the other1 with her handkerchief to her eyes1 saying in a most dismal tone1 8,the ,king of ,morocco is dead6 is dead60 ,the other in passing by her1 in the same attitude1 sobs out1 8,sad news6 sad news60 ,again1 in the same way1 both exclaim1 8,alas6 alas60 ,all must be said without laughing4 ,the above penalty is often used as a game4 ,place a candle on a table or piano4 ,then blindfold the person and place him just three paces from it1 and directly in front of the light4 ,then he must whirl around three times1 walk forward1 and blow out the candle4 ,this is amusing4 ,a room full of persons may try it unsuccessfully4 ,being blinded1 and then whirling around1 bewilders one1 and he will very likely walk in an opposite direction1 and perhaps blow in some one's face1 feeling sure he is right4 ,a number of children may redeem their forfeits together1 in this way3 ,this is the way we wash our clothes1 ,wash our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning2 ,this is the way we wash our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning4 ,while singing this they must pretend to wash4 ,this is the way we rinse our clothes1 ,rinse our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning2 ,this is the way we rinse our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning4 ,with this verse they imitate rinsing1 and with each verse they act the words they sing4 ,this is the way we wring our clothes1 ,wring our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning2 ,this is the way we wring our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning4 ,this is the way we hang out our clothes1 ,hang out our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning2 ,this is the way we hang out our clothes1 ,so early ,monday morning4 ,this is the way we sprinkle our clothes1 ,sprinkle our clothes1 ,so early ,monday evening2 ,this is the way we sprinkle our clothes1 ,so early ,monday evening4 ,this is the way we fold our clothes1 ,fold our clothes1 ,so early ,monday evening2 ,this is the way we fold our clothes1 ,so early ,monday evening4 ,this is the way we starch our clothes1 ,starch our clothes1 ,so early ,tuesday morning2 ,this is the way we starch our clothes1 ,so early ,tuesday morning4 ,this is the way we iron our clothes1 ,iron our clothes1 ,so early ,tuesday morning2 ,this is the way we iron our clothes1 ,so early ,tuesday morning4 ,this is a good game for young children4 ,illustration ,,condensed ,,list ,,of ,games and ,popular ,amusements1 ,manufactured and ,published by ,,milton ,,bradley ,,company1 #bdg ,main ,street1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,we can guarantee that in the nature and method of our games nothing will be found in the least objectionable to the most fastidious in such matters1 but on the contrary1 they are all moral and amusing1 and many of them very instructive in ,history1 ,literature1 ,business1 c41 c4 ,we have made social home amusements a specialty for several years1 and the extensive and rapidly increasing sales that our publications have already attained throughout the country1 is gratifying evidence of the universal favor with which they have been received4 ,in this ,catalogue we have not space to give even a brief description of each1 but append the ages of persons for which the several games are best adapted1 and the prices4 ,those games marked thus 99 will be sent by mail on receipt of price4 ,the rest cannot be safely sent by mail4 ,the ,new ,england and ,national ,games4 ,,checkered ,,game ,,of ,,life4 ,ages1 #e to #ej4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,checkered ,,game ,,of ,,life4 ,extra1 with muslin board and album box2 elegant for a present2 same game as above4 #b4jj4 99,,modern ,,hieroglyphics4 ,three series2 #aj and over4 ,each series #be cents4 ,no4 #c is new and interesting4 99,,patriot ,,heroes2 or1 ,,who',s ,,traitor8 ,historical1 instructive1 simple and amusing2 #h to #ah4 #fj cents4 99,,authors ,,improved4 ,instructive2 #aj and over4 #ej cents4 99,,authors ,,improved4 ,extra1 presentation edition1 in album box1 superior cards1 same game as above4 #a4jj4 99,,what ,,is ,,it8 ,,or1 ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,make ,,money4 ,lively and social2 a ,business ,educator2 #ae and over4 #fj cents4 99,,domino ,,cards4 ,linen ivory board2 #h to #ae4 #be cents4 99,,russian ,,dominoes4 ,five games2 #h and over4 #ej cents4 99,,chinese ,,and ,,old ,,santa ,,claus ,,puzzles4 #d to #aj4 #bj cents4 99,,alphabets ,,bewitched4 ,instructive2 #d to #bj4 #be cents4 ,,the ,,union ,,game4 ,including ,checkered ,game1 ,chess1 ,checkers and ,backgammon2 #e and over4 #a4jj4 ,,my ,,grandfather',s ,,games4 ,standard2 #e to #ae4 #cj cents4 99,,the ,,myriopticon4 ,a ,miniature ,panorama1 immensely popular with the boys2 #g to #ab4 #a4be4 99,,dissected ,,pictures4 ,three pictures--,darkey going to mill1 ,minnie shaving her cat1 ,amy teaching her dog his letters2 #e to #ab4 #fj cents4 ,,dissected ,,pictures4 ,two pictures2 #e to #ab4 #ej cents4 99,,contraband ,,gymnast4 ,comical2 #a to #ajj4 #bj cents4 99,,alphabetical ,,lotto4 ,instructive2 #d to #ab4 #be cents4 99,,curious ,,bible ,,questions4 ,sunday ,school ,cards2 ,reward ,cards1 ,bible series2 for ,sunday ,schools and the family4 ,per package1 #aj cents4 ,,american ,,squails4 ,very popular2 #h to #ajj4 #b4jj4 ,our ,american ,squails have improved target1 and a common-sense set of rules1 with respectable terms substituted for the disgusting terms used in the ,english game and its imitations in this country4 ,,the ,,centripeton4 ,for one or a dozen2 #a to #ge4 #b4ej4 ,,parlor ,,croquet4 ,from #aj to #ej4 ,,parlor ,,bowls4 ,for all ages4 #a4ej1 #b4jj1 #b4ge4 ,,the ,,zoetrope2 ,,or1 ,,wheel ,,of ,,life4 ,scientific2 a big thing for a whole household4 ,two styles4 #d4jj1 #e4jj4 99,,croquet4 ,its ,principles and ,rules1 for ,lawn and ,parlor4 ,illustrated4 ,the latest and standard rules4 #be cents4 ,,parlor ,,croquet ,,tables4 ,for ,parlor ,croquet1 the board or table form is the only one that is really practicable1 as the floor game is too destructive to furniture and finish4 ,examine ,bradley's ,patent ,parlor ,croquet1 with ,indexical ,balls1 ,socket ,bridges1 and ,rubber ,cushion1 before purchasing the game4 ,there are no others so good for the same price4 ,,parlor ,,bowls4 ,the best active family game for the price4 ,inferior in interest only to ,parlor ,croquet4 ,our rules are original1 and superior to any other rules for ,bowls4 ,,the ,,zoetrope1 ,,or ,,wheel ,,of ,,life4 ,no toy was ever invented that sold as rapidly1 or afforded one-half the amusement to young and old1 as this4 ,it is constructed on ,,purely ,,scientific ,,principles1 and the comical and mirth-provoking effect is produced solely by ,,optical ,,illusion4 ,it needs only to be seen to be appreciated4 ,,lawn ,,croquet4 ,,bradley',s ,,patent ,,croqueteries4 ,our ,,lawn ,,croquet has been acknowledged during the past season to be the best in the market1 either ,,foreign or ,,domestic4 ,we manufacture under three ,u4 ,s4 ,patents1 which secure to us the exclusive right to manufacture ,croquet sets with ,indexical ,balls1 ,plated ,bridges1 or ,socket ,bridges1 and we shall sustain our rights by legal force1 if compelled to do so by continued infringements4 ,in addition to our patented improvements1 we warrant every set1 with our stamp1 to be of the best seasoned rock maple1 and superior finish4 ,send for a ,catalogue to ,,milton ,,bradley ,,co41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,,bezique4 ,the ,game of ,bezique ,complete1 ,,published ,,by ,,olney ,,pratt1 ,no4 #da ,john ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,of all ,card games ever invented1 this one is perhaps the most interesting1 if it is not the most scientific4 ,it is especially a card game for the family circle1 and familiar gathering of friends1 calling out at once the interest1 skill and social nature of its players4 ,as a card game among ladies1 it has no rival in their admiration4 ,whether the game was originated in the brilliant ,court of ,louis ,,xiv41 during the last part of the sixteenth century1 by a ,duchess--and the term ,bezique has a personal signification relative to a singular marriage1 which occurred at that time1 of a lady of the highest rank and great beauty1 to a ,duke named ,bezique--cannot be clearly affirmed1 though it is accounted so1 and appears quite likely1 when we consider that the ,knave card represented ,dukes in the original game4 ,its origin is accredited to other sources1 but we give the above1 as it is the only account we have been able to gather that gives any explanation of the word ,bezique4 ,this game has been revived in the last few years among the ,french1 with some alterations and additions1 and has become a favorite ,card amusement in the fashionable circles of ,paris life4 ,in the meantime it has been introduced in the ,united ,states1 and1 though at present it is played only by the few in the higher circles of society1 it is rapidly making its popularity with all4 ,put up in ,rosewood and ,satinwood ,cases1 beautifully inlaid1 making an elegant ,holiday ,present1 retails at #aj #jj ,in handsome ,colored ,cloth ,boxes1 retails at #e #jj ,in ,morocco ,paper ,boxes1 gilt and very pretty1 retails at #b #ej ,a ,liberal ,discount to the ,trade4 ,,our ,,young ,,folks4 ,this ,monthly1 begun in ,january1 #ahfe1 has already won the reputation of being 8the best ,juvenile ,magazine published in any land or language40 ,prominent ,educators1 distinguished ,clergymen of all denominations1 and the ,press generally1 have commended it in the highest terms4 ,its contents are always thoroughly interesting and healthy1 at once variously attractive and useful4 ,the ,list of ,contributors for #ahfg will include1 as heretofore1 the names of the most distinguished writers of the country1 and the ,publishers will continue to rely for ,illustrations upon the assistance of the best ,artists and ,draughtsmen4 ,among the particular matters of interest that relate to the new volume1 may be mentioned the following3-- ,,the ,,leading ,,story of the year will be contributed by ,,rev4 ,,elijah ,,kellogg1 author of the celebrated ,speech of ,spartacus to the ,gladiators1 etc41 and will be a vivid picture of the life of ,american boys and girls a century ago1 preserving the history of customs and manners which are now forgotten or unknown1 and enlivened with anecdote and incident4 ,,mrs4 ,,harriet ,,beecher ,,stowe1 after completing ,little ,pussy ,willow1 will continue her regular monthly contributions4 8,,round-,,the-,,world ,,joe10 the popular contributor to the old 8,schoolmate10 has been engaged1 and will furnish a series of articles of adventure and observation in foreign countries4 ,,bayard ,,taylor',s tales of distant lands will be continued4 ,,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,diaz has written several articles1 of which one1 ,william ,henry's ,letters to his ,grandmother1 will be found especially entertaining4 8,,aunt ,,fanny0 has supplied several stories which will be printed during the year4 ,p4 ,h4 ,c4 will give several more of his favorite ,lessons in ,magic1 some of which will take up a different class of experiments from those that have been previously explained4 ,,music4--,each number of the next volume will contain a song1 composed expressly for 8,our ,young ,folks40 ,these songs will be written by ,,emily ,,huntington ,,miller1 and each will be especially adapted to the month in which it appears4 ,contributions will also be occasionally furnished by ,h4 ,w4 ,longfellow1 ,capt4 ,mayne ,reid1 ,rose ,terry1 ,e4 ,stuart ,phelps1 ,c4 ,d4 ,shanly1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a4 ,bone1 8,carleton10 ,j4 ,g4 ,whittier1 ,t4 ,b4 ,aldrich1 ,author of 8,leslie ,goldthwaite10 ,horatio ,alger1 ,jr41 ,author of 8,seven ,little ,sisters10 ,mary ,n4 ,prescot1 ,louise ,c4 ,chollet1 ,j4 ,warren ,newcomb1 ,jr4 ,kate ,putnam1 ,jane ,r4 ,austin1 ,c4 ,d4 ,gardette1 ,julia ,c4 ,r4 ,dorr1 and other well known and favorite writers4 ,the department of ,,illustration will remain under the supervision of ,mr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,s4 ,,anthony1 and the ,publishers will spare neither trouble nor expense in giving the best pictures which can be obtained4 ,full-page ,engravings from designs by ,artists of the first estimation will be given regularly1 and ,colored ,illustrations will be frequently supplied4 ,terms of ,our ,young ,folks4--,,single ,,subscriptions4--,two ,dollars a year4 ,single ,numbers1 ,twenty ,cents4 ,,clubs4--,three ,copies for ,five ,dollars2 ,five ,copies for ,eight ,dollars2 ,ten ,copies for ,fifteen ,dollars2 ,twenty ,copies for ,thirty ,dollars2 and an extra copy gratis to the person forming the ,club of ,twenty4 ,specimen ,numbers sent to any address on receipt of ,twenty ,cents4 ,all letters respecting the ,magazine should be addressed to the ,publishers1 ,,ticknor ,,fields1 #abd ,tremont ,street1 ,boston4