,the ,de ,vinne ,press certifies that fifty copies of this book were printed on ,dickinson antique hand-made paper1 of which this is ,no4 ,,browere',s ,,life ,,masks ,,of ,,great ,,americans ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,jefferson ,age #hb ,,browere',s ,,life ,,masks ,,of ,,great ,,americans ,,by ,,charles ,,henry ,,hart ,illustration ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,de ,,vinne ,,press ,,for ,,doubleday ,,and ,mc,c,l,u,r,e ,,company #ahii ,copyright1 #ahig1 #ahih1 by ,s4 ,s4 ,,mcclure ,,co4 ,copyright1 #ahii1 by ,,doubleday ,,mcclure ,,co4 ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,james ,p4 ,,smith ,,miniature ,,painter ,,who ,,first ,,developed ,,my ,,taste ,,for ,,art ,i ,,inscribe ,,this ,,volume ,,as ,a ,,token ,,of ,,gratitude ,proem 8,great oaks from little acorns grow40 ,how big results may flow from small beginnings is typically illustrated by the possibilities of the present volume4 ,it began with the bare knowledge that there was1 once upon a time1 a man by the name of ,browere1 who had some facility in making masks from the living face4 ,this was the seed that was destined to expand into the present publication4 ,to tell how this germ grew1 would be to anticipate the recital in the following pages2 but the lively interest shown by the wide public and by the narrow public1 the people and the artistic circle1 in the articles upon ,browere's ,life ,masks of ,great ,americans1 contributed by the writer to 8,mc,clure's ,magazine10 has called for a more expanded history of the artist and his work1 for which fortunately there is ample material4 ,to the grandchildren of ,browere1 who have reverently preserved the works of their ingenious ancestor and generously placed them at my disposal for reproduction1 are due the heartiest thanks2 and in view of the possibility of the dispersal of the collection1 it should be secured1 en bloc1 by the ,government of the ,united ,states1 and the most important of the life masks cast in imperishable bronze4 ,,charles ,,henry ,,hart4 ,philadelphia1 ,october #a1 #ahih4 ,contents ,,page ,proem ix ,i ,the ,plastic ,art #a ,,ii ,the ,plastic ,art in ,america #d ,,iii ,john ,henri ,isaac ,browere #ab ,,iv ,the ,captors of ,andr #bh ,v ,discovery of the ,life ,mask of ,jefferson #cf ,,vi ,three ,generations of ,adamses #ej ,,vii ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,madison #ef ,,viii ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton #fj ,,ix ,the ,nation's ,guest1 ,la ,fayette #fc ,x ,de ,witt ,clinton #gj ,,xi ,henry ,clay #gc ,,xii ,america's ,master ,painter1 ,gilbert ,stuart #gf ,,xiii ,david ,porter1 ,united ,states ,navy #ic ,,xiv ,richard ,rush #ih ,,xv ,edwin ,forrest #ajb ,,xvi ,martin ,van ,buren #ajd ,,xvii ,death ,mask of ,james ,monroe #aji ,addendum to ,chapter ,,viii #aae ,list of ,plates ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,profile ,frontispiece ,,facing ,,page ,john ,h4 ,i4 ,browere #ab ,john ,paulding #bh ,isaac ,van ,wart #cb ,david ,williams #cd ,thomas ,jefferson #dj ,john ,adams #ej ,john ,quincy ,adams #eb ,charles ,francis ,adams #ed ,james ,madison #ef 8,dolly0 ,madison #eh ,charles ,carroll #fj ,marquis de ,la ,fayette #ff ,de ,witt ,clinton #gj ,henry ,clay #gd ,gilbert ,stuart #gh ,david ,porter #id ,richard ,rush #ih ,edwin ,forrest #ajb ,martin ,van ,buren #ajd ,james ,monroe's ,death ,mask #aab ,,life ,,masks ,i ,the ,plastic ,art ,the plastic art1 which is the art of modelling in the round with a pliable material1 was with little doubt the earliest development of the imitative arts4 ,to an untrained mind it is a more obvious method1 of copying or delineating an object1 than by lines on a flat surface4 ,its origin is so early and so involved in myths and legends1 that any attempt to ascribe its invention1 to a particular nation or to a particular individual1 is impossible4 ,its earliest form was doubtless monumental4 ,frequent passages in the ,scriptures show this1 and that the ,hebrews practised it1 as did also their neighbors the ,phnicians2 while excavations have revealed the early plastic monuments of the ,assyrians4 ,for more than two thousand years the ,egyptians are known to have associated the plastic arts with their religious worship1 but1 being bound within priestly rules1 made no perceptible progress from its beginning2 yet these crude monuments of ancient ,egypt are now the records of the world's history of their time4 ,associated with architecture from its earliest development1 it has1 in its narrower form of sculpture1 been called1 not inaptly1 8the daughter of architecture40 ,indeed1 in the remains of ancient monuments1 the two arts are so intimately combined1 that architecture is frequently subordinated to sculpture1 particularly in the buildings of the middle ages1 where they appear as very twin sisters1 sculpture often supplying structural parts of the erection4 ,among the ,greeks the plastic art existed from time immemorial1 and among them attained its highest proficiency and skill4 ,that they exceeded all others in this art goes without saying2 their familiarity with the human form enabling them to portray corporal beauty with a delicacy and perfection1 that no society1 reared in any other situation or surrounded by other influences1 could ever attain4 ,with them beauty was the chief aim1 it having in their eyes so great a value that everything was subservient to it4 ,as has been said1 8,it was above law1 morality1 modesty1 and justice40 ,greek art1 as we know it1 began about #fjj ,b4,c42 but it did not arrive at its perfection until the time of ,pericles1 a century and a half later1 in the person of ,pheidias1 who consummately illustrates its most striking characteristics--the simplicity with which great efforts are attained1 and the perfect harmony which obtains between the desire and the conception1 the realization and the execution4 ,the frieze of the ,parthenon1 which easily holds the supreme place among known works of sculpture1 is ample proof of this4 ,it was a ,greek of the time of ,alexander the ,great1 in the century following that of ,pheidias1 who invented the art of taking casts from the human form4 ,this honor1 according to ,pliny1 belongs to ,lysistratus1 a near relative of the famous sculptor ,lysippus1 who made life casts with such infinite skill as to produce strikingly accurate resemblances4 ,the art of making life casts did not1 however1 come into general use until the middle of the fifteenth century1 when ,andrea ,verocchio1 the most noted pupil of ,donatello1 and the instructor of ,perugini and of ,leonardo da ,vinci1 followed it with such success as to lead ,vasari1 ,bottari1 and others to ascribe to him its invention4 ,it was this art of taking casts from the human form1 so successfully followed in this country1 nearly four hundred years later1 by ,john ,henri ,isaac ,browere1 that has afforded the occasion for the present work4 ,,ii ,the ,plastic ,art in ,america ,before entering upon the subject of ,browere and his life masks1 it seems proper1 if not actually necessary1 to take a survey of the development of the plastic art in that part of ,america now embraced within the limits of the ,united ,states1 prior to the time of ,browere1 so as to understand what influences may have been exerted upon him in the direction of his career4 ,this becomes the more important from the fact that while there have appeared in print1 from time to time1 numerous references to this subject1 not a single consideration of the topic1 known to the writer1 has presented the facts with that accuracy without which all deductions must be in vain4 ,from the present consideration the plastic work of the aborigines is necessarily excluded1 as it belongs to another and very different department of study2 this having to do with a branch of the fine arts1 and that with a phase of archology4 ,prior to the war of the ,revolution1 while there were among us several painters exercising their art1 both those of foreign and those of native birth1 no note has come down of any modeller or sculptor in our midst1 save one--a very remarkable woman named ,patience ,wright4 ,it may be that we had no need for the sculptor's art4 ,we were mere colonies without call for statues or for monuments4 ,it is true there was the leaden figure of ,king ,george1 on the ,bowling ,green1 in ,new ,york2 but it came from the mother country1 and soon furnished bullets for her rebellious sons4 ,likewise came from across the ocean the odd bits of decoration intended as architectural aids in the building of old ,christ ,church1 in ,philadelphia1 and of a few other noted buildings4 ,but our first practitioner of the plastic art was1 as has been said1 a woman4 ,patience ,lovell was born in ,bordentown1 ,new ,jersey1 of ,quaker parentage1 in #agbe1 and died in ,london1 ,march #bc1 #aghf4 ,when twenty-three she married ,joseph ,wright1 who1 twenty-one years later1 left her a widow with three children4 ,she had early shown her aptitude for modelling1 using dough1 putty1 or any other material that came in her way2 and1 being left by her husband unprovided for1 she made herself known by her small portraits in wax1 chiefly profile bas-reliefs4 ,in #aggb1 she sought a wider field for her abilities by removing to ,london1 where for many years she was the rage1 not only for her plastic work1 but for her extraordinary conversational powers1 which drew to her all the political and social leaders of the day4 ,by this means she was kept fully advised as to the momentous events transpiring relative to the colonies2 and being on terms of familiar intercourse with ,doctor ,franklin 7whose profile she admirably modelled1 it being afterward reproduced by ,wedgwood71 she communicated her information regularly to him1 as shown by her numerous letters preserved in his manuscript correspondence4 ,mrs4 ,wright had a piercing eye1 which seems to have penetrated to the very soul of her sitters1 and enabled her to read their inner-selves and fix their characters in their features4 ,of her three children1 one daughter married ,john ,hoppner1 the eminent portrait-painter2 another1 ,elizabeth ,pratt1 followed her mother's profession of modelling small portraits in wax2 and the son1 ,joseph1 we shall have occasion to mention on a subsequent page4 ,some idea may be gathered of the meritorious quality of ,mrs4 ,wright's work from the fact that she modelled in wax a whole-length statue of the great ,chatham1 which1 protected in a glass case1 was honored with a place in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,although ,patience ,wright never aspired to what is recognized as high art1 still her abilities were of a high order1 and her career is a most interesting one to follow and reflect upon1 as she was the first native ,american1 of ,american parentage1 to follow the art of modelling as a profession4 ,her knowledge must have been wholly self-acquired1 and in an environment not conducive to the development of an artistic temperament4 ,mrs4 ,wright is not known to have essayed sculpture1 or to have worked in any resisting material1 so that the first native ,american sculptor was ,william ,rush4 ,he was born in ,philadelphia1 ,july #d1 #agef1 being fourth in direct descent from ,john ,rush1 who commanded a troop of horse in ,cromwell's army1 and1 having embraced the principles of the ,quakers1 came to ,pennsylvania the year following the landing of ,william ,penn4 ,from the emigrant ,john ,rush was also descended1 in the fifth generation1 the celebrated ,benjamin ,rush1 physician and politician1 and one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the father of ,william was ,joseph ,rush1 who married1 at ,christ ,church1 ,philadelphia1 ,september #ai1 #agej1 ,rebecca ,lincoln1 daughter of ,abraham ,lincoln1 of ,springfield ,township1 now in ,delaware ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,she was of the same family as ,abraham ,lincoln1 the martyr ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,i am thus minute in tracing the ancestry of ,william ,rush1 in order to establish and place upon record1 beyond a question or doubt1 that he was the first ,american sculptor by birth and parentage1 and thus set at rest1 the claim1 so frequently made1 that this honor belongs to ,john ,frazee1#a a man not born until #agij4 ,rush served in the army of the ,revolution1 and it was not until after peace had settled on the land that he seems to have turned his attention to art4 ,he soon became noted for the life-like qualities he put into the figureheads1 for the prows of ships1 he was called upon to carve1 and so noted did these works become1 that many orders came to him from ,britain1 for figureheads for ,english ships4 ,the story is told that when a famous ,east ,indiaman1 the ,ganges1 sailed up that river1 to ,calcutta1 with a figure of a river-god1 carved by ,rush1 at its prow1 the natives clambered about it as an object of adoration and of worship4 ,benjamin ,h4 ,latrobe1 the noted architect1 in a discourse before the ,society of ,artists of the ,united ,states1 in #ahaa1 says1 speaking of ,rush3 8,his figures1 forming the head or prow of a vessel1 place him1 in the excellence of his attitudes and actions1 among the best sculptors that have existed2 and in the proportion and drawing of his figures he is often far above mediocrity and seldom below it4 ,there is a motion in his figures that is inconceivable4 ,they seem rather to draw the ship after them than to be impelled by the vessel4 ,many are of exquisite beauty4 ,i have not seen one on which there is not the stamp of genius40 ,rush was a man of warm imagination and of a lively ideality4 ,these are shown by his figures symbolical of ,strength1 ,wisdom1 ,beauty1 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity1 carved by him for the ,masonic ,temple2 by his figures of 8,praise0 and 8,exaltation10 two cherubim encircled by glory1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,episcopal ,church2 and by his 8,christ on the ,cross10 carved for ,st4 ,augustine's ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,his best-known work is his whole-length statue of ,washington1 carved in #ahae1 from recollection1 by the aid of ,houdon's bust1 which it closely resembles1 now in the old ,state-house1 or ,independence ,hall1 ,philadelphia4 ,another noted work of his1 from ,miss ,vanuxem1 a celebrated ,quaker ,city belle1 having posed for the model1 is the graceful figure of a nymph1 with a swan1 located upon a rocky perch opposite the wheel-house at ,fairmount water-works1 ,philadelphia4 ,beside carving in wood1 ,rush modelled in clay1 and his portrait-busts have always been recognized as truthful and satisfactory likenesses4 ,the bust most commonly seen of ,lafayette is his work4 ,william ,rush died in the city of his birth on the seventeenth day of ,january1 #ahcc2 and considering the era in which he lived and its uncongenial atmosphere1 his achievement is most noteworthy and commendable4 ,twelve days after the birth of ,rush1 ,joseph ,wright came into the world1 inheriting from his mother her artistic temperament4 ,at sixteen he accompanied the family to ,england1 and received instruction from ,benjamin ,west and from his brother-in-law1 ,hoppner4 ,he returned to ,america late in #aghb1 bringing a letter of commendation from ,franklin to ,washington4 ,in #aghc1 he painted a portrait of ,washington from life1 at ,rocky ,hill1 ,new ,jersey1 and the next year was permitted to make a cast of ,washington's face1 which is said to have been broken irreparably in removing from the skin1--a story the veracity of which may be akin to that in regard to ,browere's mask of ,jefferson1 hereafter to be told4 ,however this may be1 ,wright made a bust of ,washington1 for which ,congress paid him 8#bcc dollars10 and also modelled in wax a laureated profile portrait of ,washington1 which is of both artistic and historical value4 ,wright died in ,philadelphia1 during the yellow fever epidemic of ,december1 #agic1 and his bust1 by his friend ,rush1 whom he is said to have instructed in clay modelling1 belongs to the ,academy of the ,fine ,arts1 at ,philadelphia4 ,patience ,wright1 her son ,joseph1 and ,william ,rush are the only native ,americans that we know to have worked at the plastic art during the period we have limited for this review2 and thus ,john ,frazee1 who claimed to be1 and therefore is commonly credited with being1 the first native ,american sculptor of ,american parentage1 need not be considered2 for he was only two years old when ,browere was born1 and therefore can have had no part in influencing ,browere's career4 ,there were1 however1 two foreigners who certainly did exercise a decided influence upon art in ,america1 and cannot properly be omitted from any consideration of the causes that helped the plastic art onward in these ,united ,states4 ,both of them were men of commanding ability and importance in sculpture4 ,one was the eminent ,french statuary ,houdon1 who visited this country in #aghe1 to prepare himself to produce his famous statue of ,washington2 and the other1 the not much less able ,italian1 ,giuseppe ,ceracchi1 who came here1 in #agia1 for love of freedom1 and lived among us about four years4 ,ceracchi's plan for an elaborate monument to commemorate the ,american ,revolution1 which was warmly taken up by ,washington and members of the cabinet1 and received the consideration of ,congress1 made his artistic proclivities better known1 and gave the subject a wider range than the limited scope of ,houdon's work4 ,yet the influence of both these eminent devotees of the plastic art left1 without doubt1 a strong impression upon the minds of the people--an impression constantly refreshed by the sight of their works1 which helped to create a healthy atmosphere for the development of a taste among us for the plastic art4 ,,note4 ,john ,dixey1 an ,irishman about whom little is known1 and ,john ,eckstein1 a ,german by birth and an ,englishman by adoption and education1 settled here toward the close of the last century1 and both did some work in modelling and in stone-cutting2 but they were of mediocre ability1 and left no impression upon the artistic instinct of the people4 ,,iii ,john ,henri ,isaac ,browere ,what one generation fails to appreciate1 and therefore decries and sneers at1 a subsequent one comprehends and applauds4 ,it is conspicuously so in discovery1 in science1 in poetry1 and in art2 so much depends upon the point of view and the environment of the observed and of the observer4 ,were these remarks not true1 the very remarkable collection of busts from life masks1 taken at the beginning of the second quarter of the present century1 by ,john ,henri ,isaac ,browere1 almost an unknown name a year ago1 would not have been hidden away until their recent unearthing4 ,the circumstances that led to their discovery are as curious as that the busts should have been neglected and forgotten for so long4 ,john ,henri ,isaac ,browere1 the son of ,jacob ,browere and ,ann ,catharine ,gendon1 was born at ,no4 #ee1 ,warren ,street1 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,henri ,,isaac ,,browere ,new ,york city1 ,november #ah1 #agib1 and died at his house opposite the old mile-stone1 in the ,bowery1 in the city of his birth1 ,september #aj1 #ahcd1 and was buried in the ,carmine ,street ,churchyard4 ,he was of ,dutch descent1 one of those innumerable claimants of heirship to ,anneke ,jans1 through ,adam ,brouwer1 of ,ceulen1 who came to this country and settled on ,long ,island1 in #afdb4 ,adam ,brouwer's name was really ,berkhoven1 but the name of his business1 ,brouwer or ,brewer1 became attached to him1 so that his descendants have been transmitted by his trade-name1 and thus1 as is often the case1 a new surname introduced4 ,his second son1 ,jacob ,adam ,brouwer1 or ,jacob son of ,adam the ,brewer1 married ,annetje ,bogardus1 granddaughter of ,reverend ,edward ,bogardus and ,anneke ,jansen 7corrupted to ,jans72 and among the most persistent pursuers of the intangible fortune of ,anneke ,jans has been the family of ,browere4 ,john ,browere was entered as a student at ,columbia ,college1 but did not remain to be graduated1 owing doubtless to his early marriage1 on ,april #cj1 #ahaa1 to ,eliza ,derrick1 of ,london1 ,england4 ,he turned his attention to art and became a pupil of ,archibald ,robertson1 the miniature-painter1 who came to this country from ,scotland1 in #agia1 with a commission from ,david ,stuart1 ,earl of ,buchan1 to paint1 for his gallery at ,aberdeen1 a portrait of ,washington4 ,later on1 ,archibald ,robertson1 with his brother ,alexander1 opened at ,no4 #gi1 ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york1 the well-known ,columbian ,academy1 where1 for thirty years1 these ,scotchmen maintained a school1 for the instruction of both sexes in drawing and in painting1 and where ,vanderlyn1 ,inman1 ,cummings1 and other of the early ,new ,york artists1 profited by their training4 ,at the present time1 when miniature-painting is again coming into vogue1 it is interesting to reflect that the letters which passed between ,archibald ,robertson in this country1 and his brother ,andrew in ,scotland1 form the best treatise that can be found upon the charming art of painting in little4 ,these letters1 after having remained in manuscript for the better part of a century1 have recently been given to the public1 in a charming volume of 8,letters and ,papers of ,andrew ,robertson10 edited by his daughter1 ,miss ,emily ,robertson1 of ,lansdowne ,terrace1 ,hampton ,wick1 ,england4 ,determined to improve himself still further1 ,browere accepted the offer of his brother1 who was captain of a trading-vessel to ,italy1 to accompany him abroad2 and for nearly two years the young man travelled on foot through ,italy1 ,austria1 ,greece1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 and ,england1 diligently studying art and more especially sculpture4 ,returning to ,new ,york1 he began modelling1 and soon produced a bust of ,alexander ,hamilton1 from ,archibald ,robertson's well-known miniature of the ,federal martyr1 which was pronounced a meritorious attempt to produce a model in the round from a flat surface4 ,being of an inventive turn1 he began experimenting to obtain casts from the living face in a manner and with a composition different from those commonly employed by sculptors4 ,after many trials and failures1 he perfected his process1 with the superior results shown in his work4 ,browere's first satisfactory achievement was a mask of his friend and preceptor1 ,robertson1 and his second was that of ,judge ,pierrepont ,edwards1 of ,connecticut4 ,but the most important of his very early works was the mask of ,john ,paulding1 the first to die of the captors of ,andr2 and this mask1 made in #ahag1 was followed later by masks of ,paulding's coadjutors1 ,williams and ,van ,wart2 so that we owe to ,browere's nimble fingers the only authentic likenesses we have of these conspicuous patriots of the ,revolution4 ,browere wrote verse and painted pictures in addition to his modelling1 and1 in the spring of #ahba1 made an exhibition at the old gallery of the ,american ,academy of the ,fine ,arts1 in ,chambers ,street1 ,new ,york1 which called forth the following card from his early instructor1 ,robertson1 who was one of the directors of the ,academy4 ,it is interesting1 notwithstanding the unconscious partiality one is apt to have for a former pupil1 and is addressed3 ,to the ,american ,public4 ,having for many years been intimately acquainted with ,john ,h4 ,i4 ,browere1 of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,i deem it a duty which ,i owe to him as an artist1 and to the public as judges1 to say that from my own observation of his works both as a painter1 poet1 and sculptor1 ,i think him endowed with a great genius by nature and first talents by industry4 ,this my opinion1 his works lately exhibited in the ,gallery of the ,american ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 ,new ,york1 fully justify and is amply corroborated by all1 who with unprejudiced eye1 view the works of his hand4 ,,archibald ,,robertson4 ,,new ,,york1 ,may #ba1 #ahba4 ,it was left1 however1 for 8,the ,nation's ,guest0 to lift ,browere's art into prominence4 ,at the request of the ,new ,york city authorities1 ,lafayette permitted ,browere1 in ,july of #ahbe1 to make a cast of his face4 ,this was so successful that from this time on1 ,browere was devoted to making casts of the most noted characters in the country's history1 who were then living1 with the purpose of forming a national gallery of the busts of famous ,americans4 ,he intended to have them reproduced in bronze1 and devoted years of labor and the expenditure of much money to the furtherance of his scheme4 ,he wrote to ,madison3 8,pecuniary emolument never has been my aim4 ,the honor of being favored by my country biases sordid views40 ,in #ahbh he wrote to the same3 8,i have expended #ab1jhg in the procuration of the specimens ,i now have40 ,these included masks of ,presidents ,john and ,john ,quincy ,adams1 ,jefferson1 and ,madison1 and later was added that of ,van ,buren2 ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton2 ,lafayette2 ,de ,witt ,clinton2 ,generals ,philip ,van ,cortlandt1 ,alexander ,macomb and ,jacob ,brown2 ,commodore ,david ,porter2 ,secretary of the ,navy ,samuel ,l4 ,southard of ,new ,jersey2 and ,secretary of the ,treasury ,richard ,rush of ,pennsylvania2 ,justice of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court ,philip ,pendleton ,barbour2 and the great commoner1 ,henry ,clay2 ,doctors ,samuel ,latham ,mitchill1 ,valentine ,mott1 and ,david ,hosack2 ,edwin ,forrest and ,tom ,hilson1 the actors2 ,charles ,francis ,adams and ,philip ,hone2 ,thomas ,addis ,emmet and ,doctor ,cooper of ,south ,carolina2 ,colonel ,stone and ,major ,noah1 of newspaper notoriety2 ,dolly ,madison and ,francis ,wright2 ,gilbert ,stuart1 ,paulding1 ,williams1 and ,van ,wart2 and other personages favorably known in their day1 but who have slipped out of the niche of worldly immortality1 so that even their names fail to awaken a recollection of themselves4 ,such is the mutability of fame4 ,the time1 however1 was not ripe for the public patronage of the ,fine ,arts4 ,there was1 too1 a feeling abroad that it savored of monarchy and favored classes1 to perpetuate men and deeds by statues and monuments4 ,another cause that hampered ,browere was the lack of protection accorded to such works4 ,he complains to ,madison3 8,i regret to say that as yet no law has been passed to protect modelling and sculpture1 and therefore ,i have been hindered from completing the gallery1 fearful of having the collection pirated40 ,so disheartened did he become with the little interest shown in his project and the work he had accomplished for it1 that at one time he contemplated visiting ,panama1 and presenting the busts of the more prominent subjects to the republics of ,south ,america1 in order to incite them to further efforts for freedom4 ,finally he was forced to abandon his scheme of a national gallery1 owing to want of support1 and the direct opposition--8jealous enmity10 ,browere calls it--of his brother artists1 the old ,american ,academy faction led by ,colonel ,trumbull1 and the new ,national ,academy followers led by ,william ,dunlap4 ,they maligned his pretensions because he was honest enough to call his method for accomplishing what he attempted 8a process40 ,surely1 judging from results1 it was superior to any other known method of obtaining a life mask1 and it seems most unfortunate that his 8process0 has to be counted among 8the lost arts02 for neither he nor his son1 who was acquainted with both the composition and the method of applying it1 has left a word of information on the subject4 ,when the public press attacked ,browere and his method for the rumored maltreatment of ,president ,jefferson1 he replied3 8,mr4 ,browere never has followed and never will follow the usual course1 knowing it to be fallacious and absolutely bad4 ,the manner in which he executes portrait-busts from life is unknown to all but himself1 and the invention is his own1 for which he claims exclusive rights1 but it is infinitely milder than the usual course40 ,that his method of taking the mask was accomplished without discomfort to the subject is fully attested by the number of persons who submitted to it1 as also by the many certificates given by ,jefferson1 ,adams1 ,madison1 ,lafayette1 ,gilbert ,stuart1 and others to that effect4 ,in the following letter from ,browere to ,trumbull it will be seen the writer does not attempt to conceal his feelings of resentment3 ,,new ,,york1 #ab ,july1 #ahbf4 ,sir3 ,the very illiberal and ungentleman-like manner in which ,col4 ,trumbull treated the execution1 c41 of my portrait-busts of ,ex-,president ,adams and ,honorable ,charles ,carroll with the statue of ,ex-,president ,jefferson1 late displayed in the banquetting hall of the ,hon4 ,common ,council of ,new ,york1 has evidenced a personal ill-will and hostility to me that ,i shall not pass over in silence4 ,the envy and jealousy inherent in your nature and expressed in common conversations intimate to me a man of a perverse and depraved mind4 ,rest assured1 ,sir1 ,i fear not competition with you as a portrait or historic painter2 ,i know your fort1 and your failings4 ,to convince you that ,i know somewhat of the ,arts of ,design1 ,i shall immediately commence an analysis of your four pictures painted for ,congress1 and shall endeavor therein to refer to each and every figure plagiarized from ,english and other prints4 ,your assertion to me that you made your portraits therein to correspond with their characters1 will assuredly go for as much as they deserve4 ,in my opinion1 ideal likenesses ought not to be palmed on a generous public for real ones4 ,remember what was said on the floor of ,congress in reference to your four celebrated pictures3 8,instead of being worth #cb1jjj they were not worth #cb cents40 ,in remembering this remember that 8nemo me impune lacessit40 ,and by attending to your own concerns you will retain a reputation or name of being an able artist and not a slanderer4 ,,browere1 ,sculptor4 ,colonel ,trumbull has endorsed this letter3 8,browere4 ,poor man6 too much vanity hath made him mad40 ,however1 from a letter written three years later to the ,directors of the ,american ,academy of the ,fine ,arts1 and 8,favored by ,col4 ,trumbull10 it would appear that the two artists had healed their differences2 but ,browere's feeling of resentment toward the ,national ,academy of ,design knew no abatement4 ,he was kept out of the ,national ,academy by ,dunlap1 who also ignored him in his malevolent and unreliable 8,history of the ,arts of ,design in the ,united ,states40 ,the cause for this1 as stated by ,browere's son1 was that before ,browere had ever met ,dunlap he was asked his opinion of ,dunlap's painting of 8,death on the ,pale ,horse10 then on public exhibition4 ,he replied3 8,it's a strong work1 but looks as if it were painted by a man with but one eye40 ,this remark was reported to ,dunlap1 who actually had but one eye4 ,he was mortally offended at the sculptor's insight1 and became his undying enemy4 ,browere wrote to the ,academy as follows3 ,,new ,,york1 #ca ,july1 #ahbi4 ,gentlemen3 ,for several years past ,i have strictly devoted myself to the profession of the liberal arts and flatter myself that my efforts have not been detrimental to their interests4 ,the reason why or wherefore ,i1 an ,american artist1 bearing with me an unblemished moral reputation1 should have been selected for exclusion by both the ,american ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 as well as the self-denominated ,academy of ,design1 appears mysterious and illiberal1 and not in accordance with the principles of religion or democracy4 ,had not an enthusiastic love of and devotion to the ,fine ,arts guided my reason1 at this day ,i should have become one of the most inveterate enemies to both institutions4 ,philosophy has made me what ,i now am1 viz41 the sincere friend of man and admirer of the works of his hands4 ,as such ,i have1--written injuries as sand--favors on the tablet of memory4 ,as one of the great body of artists of ,america ,i deem it an incumbent duty to advance the beauteous arts by all honorable means1 and to chastise arrogance1 presumption1 ignorance1 and wilful malevolence4 ,with chagrin ,i have viewed the sinister and aristocratical proceedings of the ,national ,academy1 and the ill results that must eventually follow its longer continuance1 and therefore have publicly deprecated its wickedness4 ,as one of the regenerators of the old or ,american ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 ,i now make bold in saying to its directors a few things1 which if duly weighed and followed must result favorably to its vitality and best interests1 and be the medium of establishing the reputation of artists on firm and lasting basis1 viz43 by collecting around the ,american ,academy and with it all the genius and talent in the arts of design which our country possesses and creating a fund sufficient to all its wants and expenditures4 ,already1 twenty-five artists of respectability of this city await one effort of the ,american ,academy to restablish its original standing and reputation1 and they will join heart and hand to oppose the ,academy of ,design 7truly so called7 by every work of their hands done and to be done4 ,the one effort alluded to is to procure at a reasonable rent say from #hjj to #ajjj dollars per annum the second story of the large and splendid building now erecting corner of ,anthony ,street and ,broadway4 ,the undersigned is perfectly well assured that from #ajjj to #aejj per annum can be realized 7exclusive of rent7 from daily exhibitions of the works of living artists not in connection with the ,national ,academy4 ,he is fully satisfied from late observations that twenty-five new pieces or paintings can be procured monthly1 all of which may be procured on loan for one month at least4 ,this being the case the ,academy must eventually and in a very short time supplant the puny efforts of a few ,national ,esquires1 a majority of whom are scarce entering their teens4 ,the subscribing artist respectfully informs you that the exhibition of the rough specimens of his art1 viz41 8,the ,inquisition of ,spain10 at ,no4 #cae ,broadway1 did positively realize to him1 in eighteen months1 ,seven thousand and sixty-nine dollars4 ,if1 then1 such an exhibition could realize such a sum1 what would an exhibition of splendid historic and allegoric subjects1 with portraits1 miniatures1 and landscapes by our native artists1 not realize under the guidance of such a respectable board of directors as is that of the ,american ,academy of ,fine ,arts8 ,the names of ,trumbull1 ,vanderlyn1 ,frothingham1 etc41 alone would act as magic on a discriminating public1 provided fair specimens of their talents be judiciously arranged for public inspection4 ,boston has done wonders this year in her ,athenum4 ,why1 then1 should we1 equally blessed with native talent1 despair1 and sit down in sack-cloth and ashes1 when a single effort can make us her equal and rival8 ,gentlemen1 ,i am enthusiastic1 and yet have maturely weighed each and every reason against your regeneration1 and boldly assert more is for you than against you4 ,the three preceding mentioned gentlemen are equal to1 if not superior in talent to1 any ,boston can produce4 ,our portrait-painters generally bid fair to excel4 ,all that is wanted is your help as a body corporate1 your co-operation as lovers of the ,fine ,arts4 ,where1 if you become extinct1 shall we go to study the models of antiquity8 ,alas6 we know of no other place wherein the experience of ages is collected1 en masse1 no place wherein to receive that instruction so essential to a knowledge of our profession4 ,mr4 ,bowen1 the proprietor1 has offered to you through ,colonel ,trumbull1 the room alluded to at a fair compensation2 it now rests with you to say for once and for all1 8,we will10 or1 8we will not continue the patrons of art40 ,wishing to yourselves individually1 and collectively as a body corporate1 health and peace1 ,i remain1 ,gentlemen1 truly your ,friend in the ,fine ,arts1 ,,john ,h4 ,i4 ,,browere4 ,no formal action is known to have been taken upon this communication2 but the antagonism plainly evident as existing between the new ,academy of ,design and the old ,academy of the ,fine ,arts1 forms a lively chapter in the history of ,american art4 ,full particulars of the strife are given in ,dunlap's book and in ,cummings's 8,historic ,annals of the ,national ,academy of ,design40 ,but these accounts are from biased adherents of the new institution and bitter opponents of the old1 so that1 for a brief but philosophical and judicial consideration of the subject1 one must turn to ,john ,durand's sketch of ,colonel ,trumbull in the 8,american ,art ,review0 for #ahhj4 ,browere died1 after only a few hours' illness1 of cholera2 and it is pathetic to picture the disappointed sculptor1 on his deathbed1 directing1 as he did1 that the heads should be sawed off the most important busts1 and boxed up for forty years1 at the end of which period he hoped their exhibition would elicit recognition for their merit and value as historical portraits from life4 ,this directed mutilation was not made2 but the busts never saw the light of day until the ,centennial year1 when a few of them were placed on exhibition in ,philadelphia4 ,but not being connected with the national celebration1 they were a mere side-show1 and were not in a position to attract attention4 ,indeed1 the fact of their exhibition was unheralded1 and has only recently become known4 ,call ,browere's work what one will1--process1 art1 or mechanical1--the result gives the most faithful portrait possible1 down to the minutest detail1 the very living features of the breathing man1 a likeness of the greatest historical significance and importance4 ,a single glance will show the marked difference between ,browere's work and the ordinary life cast by the sculptor or modeller1 no matter how skilful he may be4 ,browere's work is real1 human1 lifelike1 inspiring in its truthfulness1 while other life masks1 even the celebrated ones by ,clark ,mills1 who made so many1 are dead and heavy1 almost repulsive in their lifelessness4 ,it seems next to marvelous how he was able to preserve so wonderfully the naturalness of expression4 ,his busts are imbued with animation2 the individual character is there1 so simple and direct that1 next to the living man1 he has preserved for us the best that we can have--a perfect facsimile4 ,one experiences a satisfaction in contemplating these busts similar to that afforded by the reflected image of the daguerreotype4 ,both may be 8inartistic0 in the sense that the artist's conception is wanting2 but for historical human documents they outweigh all the portraits ever limned or modelled4 ,browere left a wife and eight children1 his second child and eldest son1 ,alburtis ,d4 ,o4 ,browere1 inheriting the artistic temperament of the father4 ,he was born at ,tarrytown1 ,march #ag1 #ahad1 and died at ,catskill1 ,february #ag1 #ahhg4 ,after his father's death1 he entered the schools of the ,national ,academy of ,design1 and1 in #ahda1 gained the first prize of #ajj1 in competition with twenty-four others1 for his picture of 8,canonicus ,treating with the ,english10 as detailed in ,thatcher's 8,lives of the ,indians40 ,previous to this1 when only eighteen years old1 he was awarded a silver medal1 by the ,american ,institute in ,new ,york1 8for the best original oil painting10 the title of which has been forgotten4 ,he painted several pictures with ,rip ,van ,winkle as the subject1 and among his contemporaries and friends was highly appreciated as an artist and as a man4 ,he went to ,california soon after the opening to the east of that ,el ,dorado1 where he remained several years1 painting many pictures of mining scenes4 ,it was he who added the draperies to the busts made from his father's life masks--an addition much to be regretted2 but1 on the other hand1 it was his filial reverence that preserved these invaluable human documents1 and has permitted us to see and know how many of the great characters who have gone before really appeared in the flesh1 how they actually looked when they lived and moved and had their being4 ,illustration ,,iv ,the ,captors of ,andr 8,while ,arnold is handed down with execration to future times1 posterity will repeat with reverence the names of ,van ,wart1 ,paulding1 and ,williams40 ,these words of ,alexander ,hamilton1 written to ,john ,laurens shortly after the taking of ,andr1 form a fitting text for the chapter introducing ,browere's busts of those patriots4 ,it is fitting1 because of the varying winds that have blown over the subject1 swaying public opinion first one way and then the other2 until finally the full prophecy of ,hamilton is accepted as the right judgment of posterity4 ,of course1 my comments refer only to the captors of ,andr2 there never has been but one judgment as to the execrated ,arnold4 ,it required more than a generation for any voice to let itself be heard questioning the sincerity and patriotism of the three ,illustration3 ,,john ,,paulding ,age #ei lads who brought ,andr to justice4 ,and then it was the voice of only one man1 ,colonel ,tallmadge1 who had come under ,andr's winsome fascinations1 while acting as officer of the guard over the unfortunate spy from his capture to his execution4 ,the occasion for the unworthy onslaught of ,tallmadge1 was a resolution offered in the ,house of ,representatives1 at ,washington1 to increase the beggarly pension of #bjj per annum1 awarded1 with a silver medal1 by the ,continental ,congress1 to each of the three1--,paulding1 ,williams1 and ,van ,wart4 ,tallmadge opposed it1 not upon the ground that these men had not done the deed history accords to them and thereby possibly saved the new nation1 but because ,andr1 the captured spy1 while in captivity1 had told his keeper that they deceived him into believing they were ,british soldiers1 and when he found they were not1 but were ,american militiamen and he their prisoner1 he could have bought his freedom if he had been weighted down with gold4 ,suppose this story of ,andr1 as retailed by ,tallmadge1 thirty-seven years after the happening of the event1 is accepted at its fullest value--what does it signify8 ,at best it is a mere surmise1 hardly even the expression of an opinion2 and that it was baseless is shown most emphatically by the express denial of each one of the captors1 under oath1 when ,tallmadge made his ill-judged and unpatriotic charge4 ,british gold was ever present during the ,revolution to debauch patriots and make them traitors1 acting upon the doctrine of ,sir ,robert ,walpole1 that every man has his price2 therefore ,andr surmised that three ragged1 unpaid1 militiamen would easily have yielded could they have seen the yellow glitter2 but subsequent events clearly disprove that the prisoner could have bought his freedom4 ,the fact is1 such a halo of romance and supposed chivalry has garlanded itself over ,andr1 owing to his youth and charming personality1 that the best judgments are warped and influenced1 in his favor1 when they take up a consideration of his unhappy fate4 ,yet his case was an aggravated one4 ,he entered upon the errand of a spy with his eyes wide open to its dangers and its consequences4 ,he was taken red-handed1 and suffered the penalty of his daring1 after a trial1 not by his peers1 but by his superiors4 ,his suppliant plea that he was unwittingly betrayed within our lines by the very man with whom he knew he was holding unlawful communication1 and that he should be protected by the word and passes of the traitor ,arnold1 are pathetic in their puerility2 yet his cause has not failed of advocates upon this plea4 ,after all1 it is merely the settling of a sentimental point in history1 and the consensus of opinion is that ,andr suffered justly and that posterity should 8repeat with reverence the names of ,van ,wart1 ,paulding1 and ,williams40 ,the truth is1 there is too much unnecessary iconoclasm abroad in regard to historic characters4 ,where false reputations have been built upon foundations laid by others1 or impinge upon the honor due to another1 it is meet and right that they should be exposed and honor be given to whom honor is due4 ,but there is no such condition here2 it is a mere attempt to tarnish one of the most important acts of the ,american ,revolution in its far-reaching consequences1 so that it shall be deprived of some of its brilliancy4 ,on the present question we can do no better than accept the judgment of ,washington--a man never carried away by his feelings1 but always calm1 judicial1 and just4 ,he wrote to ,congress3 8,i do not know the party that took ,major ,andr1 but it is said that it consisted only of a few militia1 who acted in such a manner upon the occasion as does them the highest honor and proves them to be men of great virtue4 ,as soon as ,i know their names ,i shall take pleasure in transmitting them to ,congress40 ,and later1 in forwarding the proceedings of the ,board of ,war1 to ,congress1 he writes3 8,i have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the three persons who captured ,major ,andr and who refused to release him notwithstanding the most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward on his part4 ,their names are ,john ,paulding1 ,david ,williams1 and ,isaac ,van ,wart40 ,the master spirit of the three captors seems to have been ,john ,paulding1 who was the first of them to die1 as also the first to have his mask taken by ,browere4 ,indeed1 his bust is from the earliest mask we have that ,browere made1 and is inscribed by the sculptor3 8,made #ahba from the mould made in #ahag40 ,the latter was the year of the ,tallmadge episode1 and ,paulding1 when in ,new ,york in connection with that affair1 was taken1 by ,alderman ,percy ,van ,wyck1 to ,browere's house at ,no4 #cae ,broadway1 where the life mask was made4 ,the attempt has also been made to throw discredit upon the service of the captors of ,andr by underestimating their social position in the community in which they lived4 ,this absurd but too common practice in a democracy like ours1 where all men are supposed to be equal1 can cut no figure here2 for whatever may have been the station in life of ,williams and ,van ,wart1 who were kinsmen 7the latter's mother and the former's father having been brother and sister71 ,paulding belonged to a family of consideration in his native ,state4 ,john ,paulding was born in ,new ,york city in #ageh1 and died in ,staatsburg1 ,dutchess county1 ,new ,york1 ,february #ah1 #ahah4 ,his brother1 ,william ,paulding1 represented ,suffolk county in the first provincial congress that met in ,new ,york city1 ,may #bc1 #agge2 was a member of the ,new ,york ,committee of ,safety1 and commissary-general of the ,state troops4 ,he1 himself1 served throughout the war of the ,revolution1 and was three times taken prisoner by the ,british1 having escaped from his second capture only a few days before the adventure with ,andr4 ,his unswerving patriotism is therefore ,illustration3 ,,isaac ,,van ,,wart ,age #ff established by his personal service4 ,paulding was the one who actually made the arrest by seizing the bridle of ,andr's horse1 and he was the leader and spokesman on the occasion4 ,nearly a decade after his death1 the corporation of the city of ,new ,york caused a monument to be erected over his grave1 at ,peekskill1 when his nephew1 ,william ,paulding1 then ,mayor of ,new ,york1 made the dedicatory address4 ,rear-,admiral ,hiram ,paulding--who1 at the time of his death1 ,october #bj1 #ahgh1 was senior officer in the ,united ,states navy--was his son1 and ,commander ,leonard ,paulding1 who commanded the ,st4 ,louis1 the first ironclad vessel in the ,united ,states navy1 in the war of the rebellion1 was his grandson2 while ,james ,kirke ,paulding1 the collaborateur of ,washington ,irving1 in the ,salmagundi papers1 and ,secretary of the ,navy under ,president ,van ,buren1 was his nephew4 ,surely this brief family history is sufficient to set at rest any ridiculous squabbling as to his respectability and position in the community4 ,he very possibly wore the stigma of poverty1 in which case his refusal to release ,andr1 8notwithstanding the most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward10 only emphasizes him to have been1 in the words of ,washington1 a man of 8great virtue40 ,isaac ,van ,wart1 who next followed ,paulding to the grave1 died at ,mount ,pleasant1 ,new ,york1 on ,may #bc1 #ahbh1 having been born1 in ,greenburg1 sixty-eight years before4 ,he was the youngest of the three captors4 ,van ,wart was a ,west ,chester farmer1 and a staunch adherent to the cause of his country2 and there is no more reason to throw doubt upon the purity of his motives in the great affair of his life than upon the motives of ,paulding1 which are beyond questioning4 ,his social position also seems to be established by the fact1 that he was a brother of ,abraham ,van ,wart1 ,adjutant in the ,continental line1 whose son ,henry married the youngest sister of ,washington ,irving4 ,van ,wart's mask was made by ,browere at ,tarrytown in #ahbf1 and until its discovery by the writer there was no likeness of him known to be in existence4 ,david ,williams1 the eldest and the last survivor of the three1 was born in ,tarrytown1 ,october #ba1 #aged1 dying near ,livingstonville1 ,august #b1 #ahca4 ,he served under ,montgomery in the expedition to ,canada1 and remained actively in the service until disabled by frozen feet4 ,many of the details of the capture of ,andr that we have1 are from ,williams's sworn statement1 made on the day following1 when everything was perfectly fresh in his mind4 ,he passed the closing years of his life on a farm in the ,catskills1 that had belonged to the leader of ,shays's rebellion1 and it is still in the occupancy of ,williams's descendants4 ,a monument has been erected to his memory1 by the ,state of ,new ,york1 near ,schoharie ,court ,house4 ,browere had great trouble in securing ,williams's mask4 ,illustration3 ,,david ,,williams ,age #ge ,twice he went by sloop and on foot for this purpose to the latter's home at ,schoharie1 only to find the veteran absent4 ,finally1 in #ahbi1 ,williams visited ,general ,delavan1 at ,peekskill1 and sent ,browere word1 whereupon the artist went thither and took the mask1 the only portrait extant of the sturdy patriot4 ,therefore to ,browere's art1--or 8process10 whichever one pleases1--we owe1 among other causes for congratulation1 the possession of the only authenticated likenesses of ,paulding1 ,williams and ,van ,wart1 the three pure and unyielding patriots who captured the unfortunate ,andr1 and who1 8leaning only on their virtue and an honest sense of their duty1 could not be tempted by gold40 ,thereby they saved ,washington and his army from capture1 and possibly preserved the infant nation from a return to servitude4 ,each one of them received the thanks of ,congress1 and from the ,state of ,new ,york a two-hundred-acre farm4 8,vincit amor patri40 ,illustration ,v ,discovery of the ,life ,mask of ,jefferson ,i had been familiar1 for years1 with the tragic story told by ,henry ,s4 ,randall1 in his ponderous life of ,president ,jefferson1#b of how the venerated sage of ,monticello1 within a year of his decease1 was nearly suffocated1 by 8an artist from ,new ,york10 by name ,browere1 who had attempted to take a mask of his living features2 and how1 in fear of bodily harm from the ex-,president's irate black body-servant1 8the artist shattered his cast in an instant10 and was glad to depart quickly with the fragments which he was permitted to pick up4 ,this unvarnished tale1 copied word for word1 was put into the mouth of ,clark ,mills1 the sculptor1 by ,ben ,perley ,poore1 and published by him1 some years later1 under the caption of 8,jefferson's ,danger40 ,with these statements fixed in my mind1 ,i came across1 while searching for information anent my article on the 8,life ,portraits of ,thomas ,jefferson10#c a letter from ,james ,madison to ,henry ,d4 ,gilpin1 written ,october #be1 #ahbg1 in which ,madison writes1 respecting ,jefferson's appearance1 8,browere's bust in plaster1 from his mode of taking it1 will probably show a perfect likeness40#d ,i was struck by the utter inconsistency of ,randall's circumstantial account of the shattered cast1 picked up in fragments1 with ,madison's pointed observations upon 8,browere's bust10 as being in existence fifteen months after ,jefferson's death4 ,the latter directly negatived the former4 ,this made it both interesting and important to ascertain the exact status of the subject1 by tracing it to and from the fountain source1 a task ,i found comparatively easy through the calendars of ,jefferson and ,madison ,papers1 in the ,state ,department1 at ,washington4 ,from an examination of these manuscripts1 together with the newspapers of the time1 it was clearly to be seen that ,mr4 ,randall's method of writing history1 was to accept and repeat irresponsible country gossip1 rather than to turn to documents at his hand1 that would explain and refute the gossip4 ,the existence at one time of the bust of ,jefferson1 from ,browere's life mask1 being thus established1 the next and more difficult quest was to discover its whereabouts1 if still extant4 ,i instituted a systematic search1 that gained for me among my friends the sobriquet of ,sherlock ,holmes1 and my persistency was finally rewarded not only by the discovery of this bust of ,jefferson1 but also of all the other busts that had remained in ,browere's possession at the time of his death4 ,they were in the custody of a granddaughter of the artist1 on a farm near ,rome1 ,new ,york4 ,the positive statement of ,randall1 frequently repeated by others1 the last time unequivocally by ,mr4 ,laurence ,hutton1 in his 8,portraits in ,plaster10 that ,browere's mask from ,jefferson's face was destroyed1 and the indisputable fact that the bust from the perfect mask exists and is here reproduced1 cause the incidents connected with the taking of this original life mask1 to have an importance that justifies recording them at length1 so that there may remain no possibility for further question or doubt on the subject4 ,my authorities are ,jefferson1 ,madison and ,browere1 as preserved in their own autographs1 in the ,state ,department1 at ,washington4 ,thomas ,jefferson was born in #agdc and died in #ahbf1 on the semi-centennial of the adoption of the immortal instrument of which he is the recognized father4 ,through the intercession of ,president ,madison1 his friend1 neighbor and successor in the chair of state1 ,jefferson consented1 in ,browere's words1 8to submit to the ordeal of my new and perfect mode of taking the human features and form40 ,for this purpose ,browere visited ,monticello1 on the fifteenth of ,october1 #ahbe4 ,at this time ,jefferson was eighty-two years of age and was suffering the infirmities incident to his advanced years4 ,during the operation1 he was attended by his faithful man-servant ,burwell1 who prepared him for 8the ordeal10 by removing all of his clothing to the waist1 excepting his undershirt1 from which the sleeves were cut4 ,he was then placed on his back1 and the material applied down to the waist1 including both arms folded across the body4 ,the entire procedure lasted ninety minutes1 with rests every ten or fifteen minutes1 during which rests ,jefferson got up and walked about4 ,the material was on ,jefferson's face for eighteen minutes1 and the whole of the mould of his features was removed therefrom in three minutes4 ,this was accomplished before the alarmed entrance of his granddaughters1 the ,misses ,randolph1 into the room4 ,they were brought there by their brother1 who had been peeping in at the window1 and begging for admission1 which was denied him4 ,it was the exaggerated report of what young ,randolph thought he saw1 that induced the sudden entrance of his sisters1 and this report found its way subsequently into the local newspapers of ,virginia1 with the remarkable result indicated4 ,the intrusion of the ,randolphs into the room caused delay in removing other parts of the mould1 and this did cause the venerable subject to feel a little faint and to experience some other discomforts4 ,but ,browere remained at ,monticello overnight1 dining with ,jefferson and the ,randolphs1 and chatting with his host through the evening until bed-time1 which would scarcely have been the case had the artist nearly suffocated and otherwise maltreated his subject1 so that for his safety1 the cast had to be shattered to pieces4 ,but we do not have to speculate and surmise4 ,we have direct and unimpeachable proof to the contrary4 ,the very day on which1 according to ,randall and his followers1 the 8suffocation0 and 8shattering0 took place1 ,jefferson wrote3 ,at the request of the ,honorable ,james ,madison and ,mr4 ,browere of the city of ,new ,york1 ,i hereby certify that ,mr4 ,browere has this day made a mould in plaster composition from my person for the purpose of making a portrait bust and statue for his contemplated ,national ,gallery4 ,given under my hand at ,monticello1 in ,virginia1 this #aeth day of ,october1 #ahbe4 ,,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,four days later ,president ,madison1 who1 with his wife1 was ,browere's next subject1 writes3 8,a bust of ,mr4 ,jefferson1 taken by ,mr4 ,browere from the person of ,mr4 ,jefferson1 has been submitted to our inspection and appears to be a faithful likeness40 ,that ,jefferson did suffer some inconvenience1 from the application of the wet material1 is undeniable4 ,three ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,jefferson ,age #hb days after the taking of the mould he wrote to ,madison3 8,i was taken in by ,mr4 ,browere4 ,he said his operation would be of about twenty minutes and less unpleasant than ,houdon's method4 ,i submitted without enquiry4 ,but it was a bold experiment1 on his part1 on the health of an octogenary worn down by sickness as well as age4 ,successive coats of thin grout plastered on the naked head and kept there an hour1 would have been a severe trial of a young and hale man40 ,but the newspapers had gotten hold of the 8suffocation0 and 8shattering0 story1 and any one familiar with the newspapers of that day knows what a scarcity of news there was4 ,therefore the press over the land laid the ,virginia papers tribute for this bit of sensationalism4 ,richmond1 ,boston and ,new ,york vied with each other in keeping the ball moving4 ,but 8those teachers of disjointed thinking10 as ,dr4 ,rush called the public press1 were getting too rabid for ,browere1 so he published1 in the ,boston 8,daily ,advertiser0 of ,november #cj1 #ahbe1 a two-column letter1 in which he calls the attack by the 8,richmond ,enquirer10 the most virulent of his assailants1 8a libel false in almost all its parts and which ,i am now determined to prove so by laying before the public every circumstance relating to that operation on our revered ex-president1 ,thomas ,jefferson40 ,a copy of this published letter ,browere sent to ,jefferson under cover of the following important but effusive epistle3 ,,new ,,york1 ,may #bj1 #ahbf4 ,most ,esteemed and venerable ,sir3 ,as the poet says 8there are strings in the human heart which once touched will sometimes utter dreadful discord40 ,per the public vehicles of information1 the ex-,president has perceived the very illiberal manner in which my character and feelings have been treated1 and that of those of his honor have been unintentionally wounded4 ,mine have been publickly assaulted1 upbraided and lacerated4 ,and why8 ,because through the error of youth1 ,i unwittingly1 in a confidential letter to ,m4 ,m4 ,noah1 ,esq41 editor of the ,new ,york ,national ,advocate1 had written in a style either too familiar or that the whole of said letter 7instead of extracts therefrom7 had been made public4 ,in my address to the ,boston public1 the ex-president will perceive ,i set down naught but facts4 ,that ,i intended not to wound your feelings or those of the ladies at ,monticello1 ,i acknowledged the urbanity of ,mr4 ,jefferson and the hospitality of his family4 ,possibly the ex-president is not aware that a young gentleman1 one of his family1 did1 previous to my departure from ,monticello1 7the very afternoon of the day on which ,i took the bust7 go to ,charlottesville1 and publickly declare ,i had almost killed ,mr4 ,jefferson1 first almost separating the ears1 cutting the skull and suffocating him4 ,what were my feelings8 ,what6 would not any man of spirit and enterprise resent such assertions and rebut them8 ,i was in this state of feeling when ,i indited the letter to ,m4 ,m4 ,noah1 which letter ,i fear has forfeited me your confidence and regard4 ,but a letter confidential and therefore not to be attributed as malign or censorious4 ,your character ,i have always esteemed1 and ,i now intend evidencing that regard by making a full-length statue of the 8,author of the ,declaration of ,american ,independence10 which 7if the president be not in ,new ,york on the #dth of ,july next7 ,i intend presenting for that day to the ,honorable the ,corporation of ,new ,york1 to be publickly exhibited to all who desire to view the beloved features of the friend of science and of liberty4 ,the attitude of your statue will be standing erect2 the left hand resting on the hip2 the right hand extended and holding the unfolded scroll1 whereon is written the ,declaration of ,american ,independence4 ,if possible1 ,history1 ,painting1 ,sculpture1 ,poetry and ,fame will be attendant4 ,the portrait busts of ,washington1 ,john ,adams1 ,franklin1 ,madison1 ,john ,q4 ,adams1 ,lafayette1 ,clinton and ,jay1 will be on shields1 hung on the column of ,independence1 surmounted with the figure of ,victory4 ,may you enjoy health1 peace and competence4 ,may the ,god of nature continue to shower down his choicest blessings on your head and finally receive you to himself is the prayer of your sincere friend1 ,j4 ,h4 ,i4 ,,browere4 ,this communication ,jefferson acknowledged1 within a month of his decease1 in a letter of such ruling importance in this connection1 as it settles the question forever1 that ,i am glad of the opportunity to publish it in full4 ,,monticello1 ,june #f1 '#bf4 ,sir3 ,the subject of your letter of ,may #bj1 has attracted more notice certainly than it merited4 ,that the oper to which it refers was painful to a certain degree ,i admit4 ,but it was short lived and there would have ended as to myself4 ,my age and the state of my health at that time gave an alarm to my family which ,i neither felt nor expressed4 ,what may have been said in newspapers ,i know not1 reading only a single one and that giving little room to things of that kind4 ,i thought no more of it until your letter brot4 it again to mind1 but can assure you it has left not a trace of dissatisfaction as to yourself and that with me it is placed among the things which have never happened4 ,accept this assurance with my friendly salutes4 ,,th3 ,,jefferson4 ,notwithstanding this 8very kind and consolatory letter10 as ,browere had good reason to call it1 the report that the venerable ,jefferson had been nearly suffocated and otherwise maltreated by the artist1 was so widely circulated that ,browere's career was seriously affected by it2 and so much easier is it to disseminate error than truth1 that his hopes were not fulfilled that the publication of ,jefferson's letter would1 as he wrote to ,madison1 8in some manner turn the current of popular prejudice1 which at present is great against my modus operandi40 ,in acknowledging ,jefferson's letter of the #fth1 ,browere writes concerning the statue3 8,on the very day of the receipt of yours1 the #acth inst41 ,i had completed your full length statue 7nudity7 and to-morrow ,i intend1 if spared1 to commence dressing it in the costume you wore at the time of your delivery of the ,declaration of ,american ,independence4 ,understanding that your dress corresponded with that of ,mr4 ,laurens1 ,president of ,congress in #aggh1 ,i have commenced the suit4 ,but if ,mr4 ,jefferson would condescend to give a full and explicit account of the form and colour of his dress1 at that very interesting period1 he will be conferring a particular favor on me and on the whole ,american ,nation4 ,dispatch in forwarding the same will be pleasing to the ,honorable the ,common ,council of ,new ,york1 for whom ,i am preparing your statue for the #dth of ,july1 #ahbf40 ,an examination of such of the ,new ,york newspapers of the period as could be found1 fails to reveal any mention of this remarkable1 colored and habited1 statue of ,jefferson1 our whole knowledge of which is derived from the letters of the artist4 ,it would seem to have belonged to the ,eden ,muse variety of freaks1 from ,browere's own description of it4 ,here is what he writes to ,madison from ,new ,york1 ,july #ag1 #ahbf3 8,you are aware that two months ago ,i tendered to the ,common ,council of ,new ,york1 my services and those of my son to complete a full length figure or statue of ,jefferson4 ,the memorial was unanimously accepted and referred to the ,committee on ,arts and ,sciences1 who would superintend its being placed in the ,banqueting ,room of the ,common ,council1 on the approaching anniversary or jubilee4 ,without money and without power ,i was enabled in five weeks of unremitting exertions1 to finish and place it in the ,hall1 exactly at the hour of the dissolution of ,mr4 ,jefferson40 ,it may not be unamusing to read a description of his statue in the ,city ,hall banqueting-room4 8,his lofty and majestic figure standing erect2 his mild blue and expressive eyes beaming with intelligence and good will to his fellow men4 ,the scroll of the ,declaration1 which gave freedom to millions1 clutched in his extended right hand1 strongly contrasted with the decrepitude of his elder associate1 the venerable ,john ,adams1 gave an effect to the whole which will not ever be forgotten here4 ,his left hand resting on the hip1 gave a carelessness yet dignified ease that pleased thousands4 ,on his right hand was the portrait bust of the venerable ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 like that of ,adams1 clothed with white drapery4 ,beside and behind these figures were placed various flowers and shrubbery4 ,immediately over the head of the author of the ,declaration of ,american ,independence hovered the ,american ,eagle2 a civic crown suspending from his beak was ready to drop on the temples and crown with immortal honors the wisest and best of men4 ,his likeness is perfect4 ,if the congratulations of ,governor ,de ,witt ,clinton1 ,his ,honor the ,mayor1 the ,city authorities of ,new ,york and the general mass of reputable lives1 can affix the seal of truth in likeness1 rest assured the beloved features will not soon be forgotten4 8,now should the ,university of ,virginia desire to erect in marble or bronze a statue to the memory of its founder be pleased1 ,sir1 to note that ,i will be ready at all times to complete such a work4 ,moreover that1 should appropriate funds at this period be lacking1 it matters not3 ,i will furnish one and await the pleasure of the institution for pecuniary emolument4 ,all that would be required at first1 would be a sufficiency to defray actual expenditures for materials and the indispensable requisites to the support of my young family4 ,should this proposition meet the approval of the visitors of the ,virginia ,university and the citizens at large1 a satisfactory answer will meet with my cordial thanks40 ,evidently the ,university of ,virginia did not accept ,browere's proposition1 as the only statue of its founder and architect1 now to be seen there is an extremely bad one by a sculptor named ,galt2 and no trace of ,browere's curious work has up to the present time been found4 ,save for the truth of history1 silence concerning it would seem to have been most expedient for ,browere's reputation as a serious artist4 ,surely this story is as interesting as a romance1 and but for fiction it might never have been told4 ,how dare any man assume to write history and set down on his pages such statements1 as did ,randall about ,browere's mask of the living ,jefferson1 without first exhausting every channel of inquiry and every means of search and research to ascertain the truth8 ,the material that ,i have drawn from was as accessible to ,mr4 ,randall as it has been to me2 in fact1 he claims to have used the ,jefferson papers in his compilation4 ,it is true we have acquired more exact and scientific methods of writing history than were in vogue when ,randall wrote1 a generation or more ago4 ,yet this will not excuse his positive misstatements and false assumptions4 ,the existence of an opportunity for such severe criticism only serves to emphasize the great necessity of observing the inflexible rule3 take nothing for granted and nothing at second hand1 without the most careful investigation and scrutiny4 ,if the standard of life's ordinary action should be the precept 8,whatever is worth doing is worth doing well10 with what intensified force does it apply to the writing of history6 ,pains1 infinite pains1 are the requisites for good work4 ,nothing meritorious is ever accomplished without hard labor4 ,toil conquers everything2 without it1 the result is at best uncertain4 ,while it is some gratification to have set wrong right and done tardy justice to ,browere's reputation1 it is a far greater satisfaction to have rescued from oblivion and presented to the world his magnificent facsimile of the face and form of ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,illustration ,,vi ,three ,generations of ,adamses ,the allied families of ,adams and ,quincy are the only instances in this country1 that present themselves to my mind1 of hereditary ability manifesting itself and being recognized in the public service1 for three and more generations4 ,the ,quincy family has done its work in local and more narrow spheres than the ,adamses2 yet ,josiah ,quincy1 ,jr41 of ,boston ,port ,bill fame1 and his son1 bearing the same name1 who for so many years was at the head of ,harvard ,university1 have had a wide field for the spread of their influence4 ,but the ,adams family is the only one that has given father and son to the ,presidential chair1 and father1 son and grandson to the ,english mission4 ,the series of double coincidences in the ,adams family connected with missions to ,england and treaties with that power1 is most curious4 ,john ,adams1 just ,illustration3 ,,john ,,adams ,age #ij after having served as a commissioner to arrange the treaty of peace that concluded the ,revolutionary ,war1 was made minister to the court of ,st4 ,james2 his son ,john ,quincy ,adams1 immediately after signing the treaty of ,ghent1 that concluded the war of #ahab-ae1 was appointed minister to the same court2 and his grandson1 ,charles ,francis ,adams1 minister to ,england during the entire ,civil ,war1 took part in the treaty that disposed of the ,alabama question4 ,john ,adams was born in #agce and died in #ahbf4 ,the coincidences in his career1 parallel with events in the career of ,jefferson1 are very remarkable4 ,they were both on the committee of five to draft the ,declaration of ,independence2 they both signed that ,american ,magna ,charta2 they both represented this country in ,france2 they both became successively ,vice-,president and then ,president of these ,united ,states1 being the only signers of the ,declaration of ,independence thus elevated to the chair of state2 and they both died1 within a few hours of each other1 on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,is it possible that more curious historical parallels can be found in the lives of any two men8 ,from ,monticello1 the home of ,jefferson1 ,browere journeyed to ,quincy1 the home of ,adams1 in order to secure a mask of the face of the distinguished nonagenarian4 ,but the ,virginian story of the maltreatment of ,jefferson had gotten there before him1 and it was with difficulty that ,browere could persuade ,mr4 ,adams to submit4 ,however1 the old ,spartan finally yielded1 and submitted not only once but twice1 as appears by his certificate3 ,,quincy1 ,,mass41 ,nov4 #bc1 #ahbe4 ,this certifies that ,john ,h4 ,i4 ,browere of the city of ,new ,york1 has yesterday and to-day made two ,portrait bust moulds on my person and made a cast of the first which has been approved of by friends4 ,,john ,,adams4 ,to this certificate1 his son1 ,judge ,thomas ,b4 ,adams1 added a postscript3 8,i am authorized by the ex-,president to say that the moulds were made on his person without injury1 pain or inconvenience40 ,the bust from the mask of old ,john ,adams is1 next to that of ,jefferson1 the most interesting of ,browere's works4 ,i do not mean for the subject1 but for its truthful realism4 ,there is an unhesitating feeling of real presence conveyed by ,browere's busts that is given by no other likeness4 ,they present living qualities and characteristics wanting in the painted and sculptured portraits of the same persons4 ,such a comparison is easily made in the instance of ,john ,adams1 for the same ,illustration3 ,,john ,,quincy ,,adams ,age #eh year as that in which ,browere made his life masks1 ,gilbert ,stuart painted his famous portrait of 8,john ,adams at the age of ninety02 and ,browere's bust will bear comparison with ,stuart's portrait4 ,i must tell a story connected with the painting of this portrait by ,stuart1 which1 while a little out of place1 especially as we have a chapter devoted to ,gilbert ,stuart1 comes in better here than there4 ,stuart had painted a portrait of ,john ,adams as a younger man4 ,it is the familiar portrait of the great statesman by that artist4 ,john ,quincy ,adams was desirous that ,stuart should paint another of his father at the advanced age of ninety1 and applied to the artist for the purpose4 ,but ,stuart was too old to go down to ,quincy1 and ,john ,adams was too old to come up to ,boston4 ,finally1 ,stuart agreed that he would go down to ,quincy1 for the purpose1 if he were paid half of the price of the picture before he went4 ,to this ,john ,quincy ,adams gladly assented1 and ,stuart went to ,quincy and had the first sitting4 ,then ,john ,quincy ,adams could not get ,stuart to go down for a second sitting1 and1 as his father was past ninety1 he feared he might die before the picture was finished4 ,he at last succeeded in getting ,stuart to go down for a second sitting by paying him the balance of the price of the picture4 ,then the artist would not go down to finish it1 and the only way ,john ,quincy ,adams got him to complete the portrait was by promising him1 if he would make the journey and do the work1 he would pay him the agreed price over again4 ,this is only one of many illustrations of the character of the greatest portrait-painter this country has produced1 and the peer of any portrait-painter who has ever lived4 ,browere broke his journey from ,virginia to ,massachusetts by a rest at the country's capital1 and while there he took a mask of the ruling ,president1 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 and one of his young son1 ,charles ,francis ,adams4 ,it was this young man who wrote to ,browere as follows3 ,,washington ,,city1 ,october #bh1 #ahbe4 ,the president requests me to state to ,mr4 ,browere that he will be able to give him two hours tomorrow morning at seven o'clock at his 7,mr4 ,browere's7 rooms on ,pennsylvania ,avenue4 ,he is so much engaged at present that this is the only time he can conveniently spare for the purpose of your executing his portrait bust from life4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,adams4 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 the sixth ,president of the ,united ,states1 was born in ,braintree1 ,massachusetts1 ,july #aa1 #agfg1 and died in the ,speaker's room of the ,house of ,representatives at ,washington1 ,february #bh1 #ahdh4 ,he has been called the most cultivated occupant that the ,presidential chair has ever had2 but his administration was unimportant1 and he ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,francis ,,adams ,age #ah personally was the most unpopular man who has yet achieved the high office4 ,he seems to have anticipated ,whistler in the 8gentle art of making enemies40 ,not the least interesting of ,browere's busts is the youthful head of ,charles ,francis ,adams1 made when ,mr4 ,adams had just passed his eighteenth birthday1 he having been born ,august #ah1 #ahjg1 in ,boston1 where he died ,november #ba1 #ahhf4 ,the services of ,mr4 ,adams to his country1 as minister to ,england from #ahfa to #ahfh1 covering the entire period of the war between the ,states1 can never be forgotten or overestimated1 and will remain among the foremost triumphs of ,american diplomacy4 ,it is certainly of curious interest to have busts of three generations1 in one family1 made by the same hand and within a few days of each other1 as is the case with ,browere's casts of ,john1 ,john ,quincy1 and ,charles ,francis ,adams4 ,illustration ,,vii ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,madison 8,jimmy0 ,madison and his wife 8,dolly0 were prominent characters in social as well as in public life4 ,he early made a name for himself by his knowledge of constitutional law1 and acquired fame by the practical use he made of his knowledge1 in the creation of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 and in its interpretation in the celebrated letters of the 8,federalist40 ,with the close of ,washington's administration ,madison determined to retire to private life1 but shortly before this he met the coy ,north ,carolina ,quakeress1 ,dorothea ,payn4 ,she was at the time the young widow of ,john ,todd1 to whom she had been married not quite a year1 and ,madison made her his wife4 ,james ,madison was born in #agea and ,dorothea ,payn in #aggb1 but the score and one years' difference in their ages did ,illustration3 ,,james ,,madison ,age #gd not prevent them from enjoying a married life of two score and two years of unclouded happiness4 ,madison died in #ahcf1 and was survived by ,mrs4 ,madison for thirteen years4 ,madison's temperament1 like that of his young bride1 was tuned to too high a pitch to be contented with quietness after the excitement incident to his earlier career4 ,therefore his retirement1 like stage farewells1 was only temporary1 and he became afterward the fourth ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,as we have seen1 it was ,madison who brought ,browere to the notice of ,jefferson1 and ,browere was commended to ,madison in the following letter from ,general ,jacob ,brown1 the land hero of the war of #ahab1 and later ,commander-in-chief of the ,army of the ,united ,states3 ,,washington ,,city1 ,oct4 #ast1 #ahbe4 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,mr4 ,browere waits on you and ,mrs4 ,madison with the expectation of being permitted to take your portrait busts from the life4 ,as ,i have a sincere regard for him as a gentleman and a scholar1 and great confidence in his skill as an artist 7he having made two busts of myself71 in the art which he is cultivating1 ,i name him to you with much pleasure as being worthy of your encouragement and patronage4 ,i am interested in having ,mr4 ,browere take your likeness1 for ,i have long been desirous to obtain a perfect one of you4 ,from what ,i have seen and heard of ,mr4 ,browere's efforts to copy nature1 ,i hope to receive from his hands that desideratum in a faithful facsimile of my esteemed friend ex-,president ,madison4 ,be pleased to present my most respectful regards to ,mrs4 ,madison1 and believe me always ,your most devoted friend1 ,,jacob ,,brown4 ,from this introduction ,browere seems to have gained the friendship of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,madison1 who took more than an ordinary interest in the artist and his family4 ,they were on terms of familiar intercourse1 and an infant1 born to ,mrs4 ,browere1 ,july #c1 #ahbf1 was1 by ,mrs4 ,madison's permission1 named for her4 ,some years later this child accompanied her parents on an extended visit to ,montpelier4 ,that ,madison was satisfied with the result of ,browere's skill is shown by the following3 ,per request of ,mr4 ,browere1 busts of myself and of my wife1 regarded as exact likenesses1 have been executed by him in plaister1 being casts made from the moulds formed on our persons1 of which this certificate is given under my hand at ,montpelier1 #ai1 ,october1 #ahbe4 ,,james ,,madison4 ,illustration3 8,,dolly0 ,,madison ,age #ec ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,madison each submitted to ,browere's process a second time1 which is sufficient evidence that the ordeal was not severe and hazardous4 ,the bust of ,madison is very fine in character and expression1 but that of ,mrs4 ,madison is of particular interest1 as being the only woman's face handed down to us by ,browere4 ,her great beauty has been heralded by more than one voice and one pen1 but not one of the many portraits that we have of her1 from that painted by ,gilbert ,stuart1 aged about thirty1 to the one drawn by ,mr4 ,eastman ,johnson1 shortly before her death1 sustains the verbal verdict of her admirers2 and now the life mask by ,browere would seem to settle the question of her beauty in the negative4 8,dolly0 ,madison was in her fifty and third year when ,browere made his mask of her face1 and she lived on for a quarter century4 ,she has always been surrounded by an atmosphere of personal interest1 not so much for what she was as for what she was supposed to be4 ,she doubtless possessed a charm of manner that made her a most attractive hostess at the ,white ,house during her reign of eight years1 in which particular she shares the laurels with the winsome wife of ,mr4 ,cleveland4 ,,viii ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton ,the last of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence1 to be gathered to his fathers1 was the distinguished ,marylander1 ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 who so signed his name to distinguish himself from a younger kinsman of the same name1 his object being merely purposes of convenience1 and not the patriotic purpose of identifying himself to the ,british1 as is commonly stated4 ,charles ,carroll was not a member of the ,continental ,congress when the ,declaration of ,independence was adopted1 but took his seat a fortnight afterward1 in time to sign the instrument with the rest of the sitting delegates1 when it was placed before them on ,august #b1 #aggf4 ,mr4 ,carroll died ,november #ad1 #ahcb1 in his ninety-sixth ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,carroll ,,of ,,carrollton ,age #hh year1 and his last public act was to lay the corner-stone of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad on ,july #d1 #ahbh4 ,from the description of his personal appearance at this time1 as given by ,hon4 ,john ,h4 ,b4 ,latrobe1 it would seem as if it had been written of ,browere's bust1 so true is ,browere's work to the life4 ,mr4 ,latrobe says3 8,in my mind's eye ,i see ,mr4 ,carroll now--a small1 attenuated old man1 with a prominent nose and receding chin1 and small eyes that sparkled when he was interested in conversation4 ,his head was small and his hair white1 rather long and silky1 while his face and forehead were seamed with wrinkles40 ,at the present time1 when foreign matrimonial alliances of high degree1 with ,american women1 are of almost daily occurrence1 it is interesting to note that among the first ,american women to marry into the nobility of ,england were three granddaughters of the 8signer10 ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton4 ,they were the children of his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,caton1 and became respectively the ,marchioness of ,wellesley1 the ,duchess of ,leeds1 and ,lady ,stafford4 ,browere1 when he presented himself to ,mr4 ,carroll for the purpose of making his mask1 was armed with the following letter from the eminent scientist1 ,doctor ,samuel ,latham ,mitchill1 which contains the super-added endorsements of ,archibald ,robertson1 ,richard ,riker and ,m4 ,m4 ,noah3 ,,new ,,york1 ,july #h1 #ahbe4 ,my dear ,sir3 ,i approve your design of executing a likeness in statuary of the ,honorable ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton4 ,when you shall present yourself to him within a few days1 ,i authorize you to employ my testimony in favor of your skill1 having submitted more than once to your plastic operation4 ,i know that you can perform it successfully without pain and within a reasonable time4 ,the likenesses you have made are remarkably exact1 so much so that they may be truly called facsimile imitations of the life4 ,your gallery contains so many specimens of correct casts that not only common observers1 but even critical judges bear witness to your industry1 genius and talents4 ,i foresee that your collection of busts already well advanced and rapidly enlarging1 will1 if your labors continue1 become a depositary of peculiar and intrinsic value4 ,without instituting any invidious comparison between sister arts1 the professional branch under which you address ,mr4 ,carroll1 possesses1 in my humble opinion1 all the superiority that sculpture exercises over music and painting4 ,yours1 with kind feelings and fervent wishes for success1 ,,samuel ,l4 ,,mitchill4 ,,ix ,the ,nation's ,guest ,la ,fayette ,gilbert ,motier de ,la ,fayette1 who had fought side by side with ,washington at ,brandywine and at ,yorktown1 made his third and last visit to the ,united ,states in #ahbd4 ,landing at ,castle ,garden1 in ,new ,york1 on ,august #aeth of that year1 he set sail thirteen months later1 on ,september #gth1 #ahbe1 to return to ,france1 in the frigate ,brandywine4 ,he came as the invited guest of the nation1 and during his sojourn here travelled over the whole country1 visiting each one of the twenty-four ,states and receiving one continuous ovation4 ,at the request of the ,common ,council of the city of ,new ,york1 ,la ,fayette permitted ,browere to make a cast of his head1 neck and shoulders on ,july #aa1 #ahbe4 ,for this purpose ,la ,fayette visited ,browere's workshop1 in the rear of ,no4 #cae ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 accompanied by ,richard ,riker1 ,elisha ,w4 ,king and ,henry ,i4 ,wyckoff1 a committee of the ,common ,council4 ,the composition had been applied and had set1 and ,browere was about taking it off1 when the clock struck1 and one of the committee remarked that the hour for the corporation dinner in honor of ,la ,fayette1 and which he was to attend1 had arrived4 8,sacr bleu60 said ,la ,fayette1 starting up1 8,take it off6 ,take it off60 which caused a piece to fall out from under one of the eyes4 ,this accident1 which necessitated a second sitting1 led to some interesting correspondence4 ,,new ,,york1 ,tuesday #ab o'clock1 ,july #ab1 #ahbe4 ,dear ,general3 ,we have just been to see your bust by ,mr4 ,browere and have pleasure in saying it is vastly superior to any other likeness of ,general ,la ,fayette1 which as yet has fallen under our inspection4 ,indeed it is a faithful resemblance in every part of your features and form1 from the head to the breast1 with the exception of a slight defect about the left eye1 caused by a loss of the material of which the mould was made4 ,this defect or deficiency ,mr4 ,browere assures us1 and we have confidence in his assertion1 that he can correct in a few minutes and without giving you any pain1 provided you will again condescend to his operations1 for a limited time4 ,we should much regret that this slight blemish should not be corrected1 which if not done will cause to us and to the ,nation a continued source of chagrin and disappointment4 ,most truly your ,friends ,,richard ,,riker ,,elisha ,w4 ,,king ,,henry ,i4 ,,wyckoff4 ,this letter was followed two days later by the following to ,browere3 ,,new ,,york #adth ,july #ahbe4 ,dear ,sir3 ,every exertion has been made to get ,general ,la ,fayette to spend half an hour with you1 so the eye of his portrait bust be completed1 but in vain4 ,he has not had more than four hours each night to sleep1 but has consented that you may take his mask in ,philadelphia4 ,he left ,new ,york this morning at eight o'clock and will be in ,philadelphia on ,monday next1 where he will remain three days4 ,it you can be present there on ,monday or ,tuesday at furthest1 you can complete the matter4 ,he has pledged his word4 ,this arrangement was all that could be effected by ,your friend ,,elisha ,w4 ,,king4 ,p4 ,s4 ,previous to going get a line from the ,recorder or ,committee4 ,upon this letter ,browere has endorsed3 ,,note4--,the subscribing artist met the ,general on ,monday1 in the ,hall of ,independence1 ,philadelphia1 and ,tuesday morning ,july #ai1 #ahbe from seven to eight o'clock was busy in making another likeness from the face and head of the ,general4 ,at #d ,p4,m4 of that day he finished the bust under the eye of the ,general and his attendant1 and had the satisfaction then of receiving from the ,general the assurance that it was the only good bust ever made of him4 ,,john ,h4 ,i4 ,,browere4 ,the result of the second trial was a likeness so admirable and of such remarkable fidelity1 that ,general ,jacob ,morton1 ,rembrandt ,peale1 ,de ,witt ,clinton1 ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ,john ,a4 ,graham1 ,thomas ,addis ,emmet and others1 came forward and enthusiastically bore witness to its being 8a perfect facsimile0 of the distinguished ,frenchman4 ,the written commendations ,illustration3 ,,the ,,marquis ,,de ,,la ,,fayette ,age #fg of ,peale and ,morse are notably interesting as the views of two brother artists1 each of whom had painted a portrait of ,la ,fayette4 ,rembrandt ,peale1 widely known by his composite portrait of ,washington1 writes3 ,,new ,,york ,august #ajth #ahbe4 ,the singular excellence shown by ,mr4 ,browere in his new method of executing ,portrait busts from the life deserves the applause and patronage of his countrymen4 ,the bust of ,la ,fayette1 which he has just finished1 is an admirable demonstration of his talent in this department of the ,fine ,arts4 ,the accuracy with which he has moulded the entire head1 neck and shoulders from the life and his skill in finishing1 render this bust greatly superior to any we have seen4 ,it is in truth a 8faithful and a living likeness40 ,of this ,i may judge having twice painted the ,general's portrait from the life1 once at ,paris and recently at ,washington4 ,,rembrandt ,,peale4 ,samuel ,finley ,breese ,morse was1 at the period of which we write1 an artist of some reputation as a portrait-painter1 and he was under commission1 from the corporation of ,new ,york1 to paint a whole-length portrait of ,la ,fayette for the ,city ,hall1 where it now hangs4 ,its chief interest is as a study of costume2 for if ,browere's bust is 8a perfect facsimile0 of ,la ,fayette's form and features1 true to life1 ,morse's portrait is a caricature4 ,that ,morse was destined to greater ends than painting mediocre portraits1 was shown1 a decade later1 by his invention of the magnetic electric telegraph1 a discovery of such importance that while millions of human beings know ,morse the inventor1 not a dozen perhaps ever heard of ,morse the painter4 ,he damns his own portrait of ,la ,fayette by the following commendation of ,browere's bust3 ,,new ,,york ,august #ae1 #ahbe4 ,being requested by ,mr4 ,browere to give my opinion of his bust or cast from the person of ,general ,la ,fayette1 ,i feel no hesitation in saying it appears to me to be a perfect facsimile of the ,general's face4 ,,saml4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,these are certainly strong words coming from a rival artist and a man of ,mr4 ,morse's character4 ,john ,a4 ,graham1 who published a volume to prove that ,horne ,tooke was the author of the ,letters of ,junius1 was one of the leading lawyers of ,new ,york4 ,his closing words of eulogy upon the bust of ,la ,fayette should have been1 but unfortunately were not1 prophetic4 ,he wrote3 8,i have no doubt that the name of ,browere1 in virtue of this bust1 will live as long as the memory of ,la ,fayette shall be beloved and respected in ,america40 ,on the contrary1 the name of ,browere was wholly and entirely forgotten and unknown1 until brought to light1 and publicly proclaimed1 by the present writer1 in the fall of #ahig4 ,so much for the stability of man's reputation6 ,illustration ,x ,de ,witt ,clinton ,when ,samuel ,woodworth1 the author of the well-known lines to the 8,old ,oaken ,bucket10 who was a close friend of ,browere1 entered the artist's workshop and caught a glimpse of the bust of ,de ,witt ,clinton1 he made a gesture1 as of restraint1 and pronounced these impromptu lines3 8,stay6 the bust that graces yonder shelf claims our regard4 ,it is the front of ,jove himself2 ,the ,majesty of ,virtue and of ,power1 ,before which guilt and meanness only cower4 ,who can behold that bust and not exclaim1 ,let everlasting honor claim our ,clinton's name60 ,illustration3 ,,de ,,witt ,,clinton ,age #ef ,de ,witt ,clinton1 who was born in #agfi and died in #ahbh1 was the first recognized practical politician of this country4 ,apart from his immense service in pushing to completion the ,erie canal1 he was essentially a politician for what politics would yield4 ,consequently1 he was always looked upon with distrust1 and even his high private station was powerless to overcome this feeling4 ,he posed as a connoisseur of the fine arts1 was at one time ,president of the ,american ,academy of ,arts1 and seems to have had a lofty appreciation of ,browere's work4 ,he wrote3 8,i have seen and examined with attention several specimens of busts executed by ,mr4 ,browere in plaster1 and have no hesitation in saying that their accuracy is equally surprising and gratifying4 ,i feel pleasure in recommending the fidelity of his likenesses1 and the skill with which they are executed1 particularly the portrait bust of ,general ,la ,fayette40 ,of ,clinton's own bust the eminent ,irish patriot and ,american advocate1 ,thomas ,addis ,emmet1 wrote to ,browere3 ,,new ,,york ,july #fth #ahbf4 ,sir3 ,if my opinion as to the merits of the portrait busts ,i have seen of your workmanship1 can be of any advantage to you1 it is entirely at your service4 ,i really think them all entitled to great praise for fidelity of expression and accuracy of resemblance4 ,those of ,general ,la ,fayette and ,governor ,clinton are1 as far as ,i can judge1 the most perfect likenesses of the originals that have as yet been presented to the public4 ,i am1 ,dear ,sir1 your obt ,servt ,,thomas ,,addis ,,emmet4 ,illustration ,,xi ,henry ,clay ,henry ,clay1 who wore the appellation1 conferred upon ,pitt1 of 8the ,great ,commoner10 long before it was given to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 has left behind him perhaps the most distinct personality of any of the statesmen of his era4 ,where ,daniel ,webster counted his admirers by hundreds1 ,henry ,clay was idolized by thousands2 the one appealing to the head and the other to the heart4 ,his strongly marked features are familiar to every one1 from the scores of portraits of him to be found here1 there1 and everywhere2 while there are1 living to-day1 a large number of people who knew ,clay in the flesh2 so that ,browere's bust of him needs no perfunctory certificate to assure of its truthfulness4 ,it is certainly human to a wonderful degree1 and there could scarcely be any truer portraiture than this1 wherein we have the very features of the living man down to the minutest detail4 ,clay was of striking physique4 ,he was quite tall1 nearly six feet two inches1 rather sparsely built1 with a crane-like neck that he endeavored to conceal by his collar and stock4 ,he had an immense mouth1 phenomenal for size as well as shape1 and kindly blue eyes which were electrical when kindled4 ,yet he was so magnetic in his power over men that when he was defeated for the ,presidency1 thousands of his ,whig followers wept as they heard the news4 ,henry ,clay was born in ,hanover county1 ,virginia1 ,april #ab1 #aggg1 and died at ,washington1 ,june #bi1 #aheb1 preceding his compeer ,webster to the grave by only a few months4 ,on reaching his majority1 he removed to ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 which became his future home1 although he was so rarely out of public life that he was comparatively little there4 ,having chosen the law for his profession1 he was admitted to the bar1 and before attaining his thirtieth year1 was sent to the ,senate of the ,united ,states4 ,he was strenuous in his support of home industries1 and endeavored by legislation to enforce upon legislators the wearing of homespun cloths4 ,so ardent was he in this1 that his course led to a duel with ,humphrey ,marshall1 in which both were slightly wounded4 ,at the close of the war of #ahab1 ,clay was one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate the treaty of peace with ,illustration3 ,,henry ,,clay ,age #dh ,great ,britain1 and as such signed the ,treaty of ,ghent4 ,he was known as 8the great ,pacificator10 from his course in the events that led to the ,missouri ,compromise and later averted ,southern 8nullification40 ,he was an active and bitter opponent of ,andrew ,jackson1 and supported ,john ,quincy ,adams against him for the ,presidency1 his reward being the portfolio of ,state2 but there was no bargain and corruption about this business as his enemies claimed and which haunted ,clay's political career throughout the rest of his life4 ,he was an ambitious man1 and his failure to reach the goal of his ambition--the presidential chair--was a fatal blow4 ,clay was undoubtedly one of the greatest orators this country has produced1 and a man with much natural ability1 but little study and cultivation4 ,his name is one to conjure with in old ,kentucky1 and it is with a moist eye that personal reminiscences of ,clay are related out there in the blue grass ,state1 even at this day1 nearly half a century after his decease4 ,illustration ,,xii ,america's ,master ,painter ,gilbert ,stuart ,one artist1 and he easily the first of ,american painters1 did not deny to ,browere and his works the merit that was their due4 ,on the contrary1 he saw the fidelity and great value of these life masks1 and gave practical encouragement to the maker of them by submitting to his process and by giving a certificate of approval4 ,he did this1 not so much that his living face might be transmitted to posterity1 as to test the truth of the newspaper reports of the suffering and danger experienced by the venerable and venerated ,jefferson1 and thus by his example encourage others to go and do likewise4 ,the result was the superb head of ,gilbert ,stuart1 herewith reproduced from the original bust1 in the ,redwood ,library1 at ,newport1 ,rhode ,island4 ,this noble action of ,stuart must have been as light out of darkness to ,browere4 ,upon the completion of the mask1 from which this bust was made1 ,stuart gave to ,browere the following emphatic certificate3 ,,boston ,november #bith #ahbe4 ,mr4 ,browere1 of the city of ,new ,york1 has this day made a portrait bust of me from life1 with which ,i am perfectly satisfied and which ,i hope will remove any illiberal misrepresentations that may deprive the nation from possessing like records of more important men4 ,g4 ,,stuart4 ,the 8illiberal misrepresentations0 referred to were of course the reported inconveniences that ,jefferson had suffered2 and praise such as this1 from ,stuart1 is1 as approbation from ,sir ,hubert ,stanley1 praise indeed4 ,a few days afterward the ,boston 8,daily ,advertiser0 announced3 8,the portrait bust of ,gilbert ,stewart1 ,esq41 lately executed by ,mr4 ,browere1 will be exhibited by him at the ,hubard ,gallery1 this evening4 ,this exhibition is made by him for the purpose of showing that he can present a perfect likeness1 and he will prove at the same time1 by the certificate of ,mr4 ,stewart1 that the operation is without pain40 ,two days later the local press fairly teemed with laudatory notices of ,browere's work4 ,the ,boston 8,american0 said3 8,this bust has been adjudged by all who have examined it and are acquainted with the original to be a striking and perfect resemblance40 ,the 8,commercial ,gazette0 said3 8,it is a fine likeness1 in truth we think the best we ever saw of any one4 ,we particularly enquired of ,mr4 ,stuart's family if he suffered by any difficulty of breathing or if the process was in any degree painful1 and were assured that there was nothing of an unpleasant or painful nature in it40 ,considering ,stuart's eminence in art1 a position fully recognized in his lifetime1 and his irascible temper and unyielding character1 such action as his toward ,browere1 not only in submitting to have the mask taken1 but in certifying to it and permitting it to be publicly exhibited for the benefit of ,browere's reputation1 speaks volumes of the highest authority in support of the workman and his work4 ,stuart's daughter1 ,jane1 who died at ,newport1 in #ahhh1 at a very advanced age1 and was as 8impossible0 in some respects as was her distinguished father1 remembered well the incident of the mask being taken1 and testified to its marvellous life-speaking qualities4 ,having lost all knowledge of its whereabouts1 she searched for years in the hope of finding it1 since she looked upon it as the next thing to having her father before her4 ,finally1 in the ,centennial year1 it was discovered ,illustration3 ,,gilbert ,,stuart ,age #gj in the possession of ,browere's son1 and was purchased by ,mr4 ,david ,king1 of ,newport1 as a present for ,miss ,stuart4 ,but ,miss ,stuart felt that her little cottage1 so well remembered by many visitors to ,newport1 was no place for so big a work1 and desired that it might be placed in a public gallery1 which wish ,mr4 ,king complied with1 by presenting it to the ,redwood ,library1 at ,newport1 where it may be seen by all interested in ,stuart or in ,browere's life masks4 ,jane ,stuart is the subject of ,colonel ,wentworth ,higginson's charming paper1 8,one of ,thackeray's ,women10 in his volume of ,essays entitled 8,concerning ,all of ,us40 ,gilbert ,stuart was born in what was called the ,narragansett country1 on ,december #c1 #agee4 ,the actual place of his birth is now called ,hammond ,mills1 near ,north ,kingston1 ,rhode ,island1 about nine miles from ,narragansett ,pier2 and the old-fashioned gambrel-roofed1 low-portalled house1 in which the future artist first saw light1 still stands at the head of ,petaquamscott ,pond4 ,the snuff-mill set up by ,gilbert ,stewart1 the father of the painter1 who had come over from ,perth1 in ,scotland1 at the suggestion of a fellow ,scotchman1 ,doctor ,thomas ,moffatt1 to introduce the manufacture of snuff into the colonies1 was located1 by the race1 immediately under the room in which ,stuart was born1 both being part of the same building1 so that ,stuart's excuse for taking snuff1 that he was born in a snuff-mill1 is literally true4 ,when four months old1 the third and youngest child of the snuff-grinder and his beautiful wife1 ,elizabeth ,anthony1 was carried1 on ,palm ,sunday1 to the ,episcopal church and baptized 8,gilbert ,stewart40 ,the significance of this record is found in the orthography of the surname and in the limitation of the baptismal name4 ,stuart's name will be found in print quite frequently as 8,gilbert ,charles ,stuart10 and ,i have seen it as 8,charles ,gilbert ,stuart02 and the ,jacobin leaning of his ,scotch sire1 is commonly supported by the naming of the child for the last of the ,royal ,stuarts1 the romantic ,prince ,charlie4 ,this pretty legend1 built to support unreliable tradition1 is blown to the winds by the prosaic church record1 which shows that the artist's orthography was an assumption1 and his name simply ,gilbert ,stewart4 ,that this plebeian spelling of the royal name1 was not an error or accident of the scribe who made it1 is proved by signatures of the snuff-grinder which have come down to us4 ,stuart's parents early removed to ,newport1 where the son had the advantage of tuition in ,english and ,latin1 from the assistant minister of venerable ,trinity parish2 but in his boyhood ,stuart seems to have shown none of those dominant characteristics which later were so strongly developed both in the artist and in the man1 unless it may be the predilection for pranks and practical jokes that early manifested itself4 ,the earliest picture that can be recognized as from the brush of ,gilbert ,stuart1 is a pair of ,spanish dogs belonging to the famous ,dr4 ,william ,hunter1 of ,newport1 which ,stuart is said to have painted when in his fourteenth year2 and what are claimed to be his first portraits1 those of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,bannister1 have been so nearly destroyed by 8restoration10 that nothing of the original work remains to show any merit the pictures may have possessed4 ,stuart's first instruction in art was received from ,cosmo ,alexander1 a ,scotchman1 who passed a few years in the colonies painting a number of interesting portraits in the affected1 perfunctory manner of the period4 ,of ,alexander nothing was known until recent investigations by the writer discovered him to be a great-grandson of ,george ,jamesone1 whom ,walpole calls 8the ,vandyke of ,scotland40 ,alexander took ,stuart1 then in his eighteenth year1 back with him to ,scotland1 to acquire a greater knowledge of art than was possible in the colonies at that time2 and ,stuart is claimed to have been at this period a student at the ,university of ,glasgow4 ,but this tradition1 like that previously mentioned1 is shattered1 as tradition almost always is shattered1 by the cold1 unimaginative record1 which fails to show his name on the matriculation register4 ,alexander died not long after reaching ,edinburgh1 and ,stuart was left1 according to his biographers1 in the care of ,alexander's friend1 8,sir ,george ,chambers10 who 8quickly followed ,alexander to the grave10 leaving ,stuart without protection4 ,but this story is manifestly without foundation1 as there was no 8,sir ,george ,chambers0 at the period considered4 ,there was1 however1 a ,scotch painter of some repute1 ,sir ,george ,chalmers1 of ,cults1 who had married either a sister or a daughter of ,cosmo ,alexander2 and this ,sir ,george ,chalmers is doubtless the person intended1 although he lived on until #agia1 so that it could not have been his demise that threw ,stuart upon his own resources1 which1 being few1 necessitated his working his way home1 on a collier1 after a few months' absence4 ,stuart returned to ,america from ,scotland at a period of intense excitement4 ,the ,boston ,port bill had just been received1 assuring what the ,stamp ,act had initiated1 and the tories and the patriots were being marshalled according to their particular bias4 ,it was not a time for the peaceful arts4 ,it was the time for action and for town meetings4 ,before the echoes of ,lexington and ,concord had died away1 8,gilbert ,stewart the snuff-grinder0 hied himself away to ,nova ,scotia1 leaving his wife and family behind4 ,at this epoch ,gilbert ,stuart1 the future painter1 was in his twentieth year1 and apparently had inherited from his father sentiments of loyalty to the ,crown1 so that instead of going forth to battle for his native land1 as many no older than he did1 he embarked for ,england1 the day before the action at ,bunker ,hill1 with the ostensible object of seeking the ,mecca of all of our early artists1 the studio of ,benjamin ,west4 ,once in ,london1 ,stuart's object to seek instruction in painting from ,west1 seems to have weakened1 and he remained in the great metropolis nearly two years before he knocked at the ,newman-street door of the kindly ,pennsylvanian4 ,these months were occupied chiefly with a sister art in which ,stuart was most proficient4 ,he loved music more than he loved painting--a taste that never forsook him4 ,he played upon several instruments1 but his favorites were the organ and the flute2 indeed the story has come down that his last night in ,newport1 before sailing1 was spent in playing the flute under the window of one of its fair denizens4 ,this knowledge of music stood ,stuart in good stead when an unknown youth in an unknown land4 ,a few days after his arrival in ,london1 hungry and penniless1 he passed the open door of a church1 through which there came to his ear the strains of a feebly played organ4 ,he ventured in and found the vestry sitting in judgment upon several applicants for the position of organist4 ,receiving permission to enter the competition1 he was selected for the position at a salary of thirty pounds1 after having satisfied the officials of his character1 by reference to ,mr4 ,william ,grant1 whose whole-length portrait ,stuart afterward painted4 ,having some kind of subsistence assured him by the position of organist he thus secured1 ,stuart began that desultory dallying with art which later often left him without a dry crust for his daily bread4 ,while his work was always serious1 his temperament never was1 and he seems to have played cruel jokes upon himself1 as carelessly as he did upon others4 ,for two years his career is almost lost to art2 only once in a while did he gather himself together to work at his painting4 ,he had1 however1 to a marked degree1 that odd resource of genius which enabled him to work best and catch up with lost time when under the spur of necessity4 ,in later days1 with sitters besieging his door1 he would turn them away1 one by one1 until the larder was empty and there was not a penny left in the purse2 then he would go to work and in an incredibly short time produce one of his masterpieces4 ,such was the character1 in outline1 of the man who went to ,london to study under ,west1 and1 after reaching the metropolis1 let two years slip by him without seeking his chosen master4 ,finally he went to the famous ,american and was received as a pupil and as a member of the painter's family1 in true apprentice style4 ,just what ,stuart learned from ,west it is difficult to imagine2--unless it was how not to paint4 ,for1 without desiring or meaning to join in the hue and cry of to-day against the art of ,west1 but on the contrary1 protesting against the clamor which fails to consider the conditions that existed in his time and therefore fails to do him the justice that is his due1 there is surely nothing in the work of the one to suggest anything in the work of the other4 ,for five long and doubtless weary years ,stuart plodded under the guidance of his gentle master until1 tired of doing some of the most important parts of ,west's royal commissions1 for which his remuneration was probably only his keep and tuition1 without even the chance of glory1 he broke away and opened a studio for himself in ,new ,burlington ,street4 ,if ,stuart did gain little in art from ,west1 he gained much of the invaluable benefit of familiar intercourse with persons of the first distinction1 who were frequenters of the studio of the ,king's painter4 ,this was of great advantage to the young artist when he set up his own easel1 and many of these men became his early sitters4 ,stuart1 while domiciled with ,west1 drew in the schools of the ,royal ,academy1 attended the lectures of the distinguished ,william ,cruikshank on anatomy1 and listened to the discourses delivered by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds on painting4 ,later on he painted the portraits of each of these celebrated men1 and did enough individual work to indicate the quality of the artistic stuff that was in him1 awaiting an opportunity to manifest itself4 ,in #aggg1 the year ,stuart went to ,west1 he made his first exhibition at the ,royal ,academy4 ,his one contribution is entered in the catalogue of that year merely as 8,a ,portrait40 ,it is not improbable that this was a portrait of his fellow countryman and early friend1 ,benjamin ,waterhouse1 of ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 who preceded ,stuart to ,london only a short time1 and who seems to have remained the artist's chum during their sojourn in the ,english capital4 ,a portrait of ,doctor ,waterhouse1 by ,stuart1 was given by the ,doctor's widow1 to the ,redwood library1 at ,newport1 together with ,stuart's self-portrait1 wearing a large hat1 and dated on the back1 #aggh4 ,these two portraits are evidently of a contemporaneous period4 ,in #aggi ,stuart exhibited1 at the ,royal ,academy1 three pictures3 8,a ,young ,gentleman10 8,a ,little ,girl10 and 8,a ,head40 ,in #agha he showed 8,a ,portrait from ,recollection since ,death10 and in #aghb made his last exhibition there1 sending a 8,portrait of an ,artist10 and 8,a ,portrait of a ,gentleman ,skating40 ,this last picture1 although painted so early in his career1 has been considered ,stuart's chef-d'uvre4 ,it is a whole-length portrait of ,mr4 ,william ,grant1 of ,congalton1 skating in ,st4 ,james ,park4 ,mr4 ,grant was the early friend who bore testimony to ,stuart's character1 whereby ,stuart gained the organist's position soon after his arrival in ,london2 and the story has come down that ,mr4 ,grant1 desiring to help ,stuart1 determined to sit for his portrait1 and went to ,stuart's room for a sitting4 ,the day was crisp and cold1 and the conversation1 not unnaturally1 turned upon skating1 a sport much enjoyed by both painter and sitter1 each being rarely skilful at it4 ,finally paints and brushes were put away1 and the two friends started forth to skate4 ,stuart was so struck with the beauty and rhythm of his companion's motion that he determined to essay a picture of him thus engaged4 ,the original canvas was abandoned and a new one begun1 showing ,mr4 ,grant not merely upon skates1 but actually skating2 and the latent force of the graceful undulating motion has been rendered with a skill and ability that at once put ,stuart in the front rank of the great portrait-painters of his day4 ,the remarkable merit of this picture and the wilful unreasonableness of painters in not signing their works1 were curiously shown at the exhibition of 8,pictures by the ,old ,masters10 held at ,burlington ,house1 in ,january of #ahgh4 ,in the printed catalogue of the collection this picture was attributed to ,gainsborough1 and attracted and received marked attention4 ,a writer in the 8,saturday ,review10 speaking of the exhibition1 remarks3 8,turning to the ,english school1 we may observe a most striking portrait in number #abh1 in ,gallery ,,iii4 ,this is set down as #8,portrait of ,w4 ,grant1 ,esq41 of ,congalton1 skating in ,st4 ,james ,park4 ,thomas ,gainsborough1 ,r4 ,a4 787' ,the query is certainly pertinent1 for1 while it is difficult to believe that we do not recognize ,gainsborough's hand in the graceful and silvery look of the landscape in the background1 it is not easy to reconcile the flesh tones of the portrait itself with any preconceived notion of ,gainsborough's workmanship4 ,the face has a peculiar firmness and decision in drawing1 which reminds one rather of ,raeburn than of ,gainsborough1 though we do not mean by this to suggest in any way that ,gainsborough wanted decision in either painting or drawing when he chose to exercise it40 ,the discussion as to the authorship of this picture waxed warm1 the champions of ,raeburn1 of ,romney1 and of ,shee1 contending with those of ,gainsborough for the prize1 which contention was only set at rest by a grandson of the subject coming out with a card that the picture was by 8the great portrait-painter of ,america1 ,gilbert ,stuart40 ,and to ,stuart it did justly belong4 ,with the success of this portrait of ,mr4 ,grant1 ,stuart was launched upon the sea of prosperity1 and to himself alone1 and not to want of patronage or lack of opportunity1 is due his failure to provide against old age or a rainy day4 ,for a while he lived like a lord1 in reckless extravagance4 ,money rolled in upon him1 and he spent it lavishly1 without a thought for the morrow4 ,his rooms were thronged with sitters1 and he received prices for his work second only to those of ,reynolds and of ,gainsborough4 ,he was on the best footing with his brethren of the brush1 and with ,gainsborough1 his senior by more than a quarter of a century1 he painted a whole-length portrait of ,henry1 ,earl of ,carnarvon1 in his robes1 which has been engraved in mezzotinto by ,william ,ward1 with the names of the two painters inscribed upon the plate4 ,this alone shows the estimation in which ,stuart was held by his contemporaries1 and it would be most interesting to know which parts were the work of ,stuart and which were due to his famous collaborator4 ,about this period ,boydell was in the midst of the publication of his great ,shakespeare gallery1 to which the first artists of the day contributed1 and ,stuart was commissioned by the ,alderman1 to paint1 for the gallery1 portraits of the leading painters and engravers who were engaged upon the work4 ,thus1 for ,boydell1 he painted the superb half-length portraits of his master ,west1 and of the engravers ,woollett and ,hall1 now in the ,national ,portrait ,gallery1 ,st4 ,martin's ,place1 ,london4 ,he painted1 also for ,boydell1 his own portrait1 and portraits of ,reynolds1 ,copley1 ,gainsborough1 ,ozias ,humphrey1 ,earlom1 ,facius1 ,heath1 ,william ,sharp1 ,boydell himself1 and several others4 ,stuart was an intimate friend of ,john ,philip ,kemble1 and painted his portrait several times2 one picture is in the ,national ,portrait ,gallery1 and another1 as ,richard ,,iii41 which has been engraved by ,keating1 did belong to ,sir ,henry ,halford4 ,other prominent sitters to ,stuart in ,london were ,hugh1 ,duke of ,northumberland1 the ,lord ,percy of the ,battle of ,bunker ,hill2 ,admiral ,sir ,john ,jervis1 afterward ,earl ,st4 ,vincent2 ,isaac ,barr2 ,dr4 ,fothergill1 and the ,dukes of ,manchester and of ,leinster4 ,from these names alone it can be seen that ,stuart was in touch with persons of the highest consideration1 and they were not only his patrons1 but his friends4 ,he kept open house1 dispensing a princely hospitality4 ,the story has been handed down that he led off with a dinner of forty-two1 composed of the choice spirits of the metropolis4 ,he was so charming as a host1 and had gathered together such delightful guests1 that it was suggested the same party should meet frequently1 which proposition ,stuart accepted1 by arranging that six of them should dine with him each day of the week1 without special invitation1 the six first arriving to be the guests of the day1 until the entire forty-two had again warmed their legs under his mahogany4 ,such prodigality as this1 for a young artist1 shows what ,stuart's temperament was1 and points as surely to the pauper's grave as though it was there yawning open before him4 ,stuart was five feet ten inches in height1 with fine physique1 brown hair1 a ruddy complexion1 and strongly marked features4 ,he dressed with elegance1 which was possible at that period1 and notwithstanding his biting sarcasm1 keen wit1 and searching eye1 was a great favorite with the fair sex4 ,in his thirty-first year he selected ,miss ,charlotte ,coates1 the daughter of a ,berkshire physician1 for his partner through life1 and on ,may #aj1 #aghf1 they were married4 ,stuart remained in ,london until #aghh1 when he was induced to visit ,ireland and open a studio in ,dublin4 ,here he kept up the same style of living he had indulged in before he left ,london and was in high favor with the ,irish1 painting some of his most elaborate portraits at this time2 but1 although fully employed and receiving the highest prices for his pictures1 he was always without money4 ,so poor was he1 indeed1 that when he returned to this country1 in #agib1 he had not the means to pay for his passage and engaged to paint the portrait of the owner of the ship as its equivalent4 ,he landed in ,new ,york towards the close of the year2 and although the tradition has been handed down that the cause of his returning to ,america1 was his desire to paint the portrait of ,washington1 it seems1 considering that he waited two years before visiting ,philadelphia for the purpose1 that the remark of ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence may not have been without foundation4 ,the latter1 upon hearing this reason assigned1 is related by ,leslie to have said3 8,i knew ,stuart well and ,i believe the real cause of his leaving ,england was his having become tired of the inside of our prisons40 ,whatever the real cause was that brought the artist home1 we may congratulate ourselves that he came to live among us at the period that he did1 for he was then in the fulness of his powers1 and the pictures that he painted between this time and his removal to ,boston1 in #ahje1 are the finest productions of his brush on this side of the water4 ,gilbert ,stuart went to reside in ,philadelphia about ,new ,year1 #agie4 ,there he painted his famous life portraits of ,washington1 three in number1 but ,i have written so often and so much on this subject that ,i shall content myself with this bare mention4#e ,there also he painted the portraits of the famous men and of the beautiful women that have helped most to place his name so high up on the pillar of fame4 ,that ,stuart was a master in the art of portrait-painting it needs no argument to prove2 his works are the only evidence needed1 and they establish it beyond appeal4 ,in his portraits the men and women of the past live again4 ,each individual is here1 and it was ,stuart's ability to portray the individual that was his greatest power4 ,each face looks at you and fain would speak1 while the brilliant and animated coloring makes one forgetful of the past4 ,the 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 a forum beyond dispute1 says3 8,stuart was pre-eminent as a colourist1 and his place1 judged by the highest canons in art1 is unquestionably among the few recognized masters of portraiture40 ,stuart had two distinct artistic periods4 ,his ,english work shows plainly the influence of his ,english contemporaries1 and might easily be mistaken1 as it has been1 for the best work of ,romney or of ,gainsborough4 ,but his ,american work1 almost the very first he did after his return to his native soil1 proclaims aloud the virility and robustness of his independence4 ,the rich1 juicy coloring so marked in his fine portraits painted here1 replaces the tender pearly grays so predominant in his pictures painted there4 ,the delicate precision of his early brush gives way to the masterful freedom of his later one4 ,his ,english portraits might have been limned by ,romney or by ,gainsborough1 but his ,american ones could have been painted only by ,gilbert ,stuart4 ,this greatest of ,american painters died in ,boston1 ,july #bg1 #ahbh1 and was interred in an unmarked grave in the ,potter's ,field4 ,,xiii ,david ,porter ,united ,states ,navy ,while this country and the world are yet enthralled by the magical victories won by the ,american navy over the fleets of ,spain1 it is instructive to recall how the exploits of ,uncle ,sam's boys1 on the seas1 have always bordered on the marvellous4 ,the doings of ,paul ,jones in the ,revolutionary ,war1 and of ,truxtun in the war with ,france2 of ,decatur and of ,preble in the war with ,tripoli2 of ,bainbridge and of ,stewart1 and of ,hull and of ,perry1 in the second war with ,england2 and of ,farragut and of ,jouett and of ,cushing in the war between the ,states1 seem1 each one1 too incredible to have a like successor1 yet nothing heretofore in naval warfare has approached the victories of ,dewey and of ,sampson4 ,with all these glittering names1 we have still another name the peer of the best1 possessing in addition the spur of naval heredity--the name of ,porter4 ,there have been three officers of high rank in the ,united ,states navy bearing the name of ,david ,porter4 ,the first served the ,continental ,congress2 his son1 born in #aghj1 gave the best years of his life to his country on the sea2 and his grandson1 after having four times received the thanks of ,congress for his services during the ,civil ,war1 died at the head of the navy1 with the rank of ,admiral1 in #ahia4 ,david ,porter1 second of the name1 began his naval career in action1 having been1 at the age of eighteen1 appointed a midshipman on board the frigate ,constellation1 and with her1 soon after1 participated in the fight where the ,french frigate ,l',insurgente was captured by ,truxtun with the loss of one man killed and two men wounded4 ,porter subsequently distinguished himself in the war with ,tripoli1 was promoted to a captaincy1 and early in the war of #ahab sailed from ,new ,york1 in command of the ,essex1 on one of the most eventful cruises ever had by a man-of-war4 ,his first feat was to capture the ,alert1 in an engagement of eight minutes1 without any loss or damage to his ship2 and so well directed was the fire of the ,essex1 that the ,alert had seven feet of water in her hold when she surrendered4 ,this was the first ,british war vessel taken in the conflict4 ,porter then turned his attention to the destruction of the ,illustration3 ,,commodore ,,david ,,porter ,age #de ,english whale-fishery in the ,pacific ,ocean1 and sailed on this errand1 around the ,horn1 for ,valparaiso4 ,he made such havoc with the ,british shipping that the loss footed up to two million and a half of dollars and four hundred men prisoners4 ,the ,british sent two vessels1 with picked crews of five hundred men and a combined armament of eighty-one guns1 to search for the ,essex 7mounting only thirty-two guns and with a crew of two hundred and fifty-five men71 with instructions that neither ship should engage her singly4 ,they found her in the neutral harbor of ,valparaiso1 where she was attacked1 in defiance of all neutrality laws2 and after one of the most desperate engagements in naval history1 lasting two hours and a half1 the ,essex was forced to surrender4 ,upon his return home1 ,captain ,porter was received with distinction and given the thanks of ,congress and of several of the ,states4 ,he retired from the navy1 in #ahbf1 to take command of the ,mexican navy1 from which he withdrew three years later1 was subsequently appointed consul-general to the ,barbary ,states1 then charg d'affaires at ,constantinople1 and later minister resident1 which office he held at the time of his death4 ,it was but a short time before ,porter's retirement from the navy that ,browere took his life mask1 and the toss of the head and the determined mouth show the qualities that made up ,david ,porter's character4 ,the spirited pose of this bust is quite remarkable in a life mask1 and would seem to indicate that ,browere's material must have been1 at least in some degree1 flexible4 ,porter was very enthusiastic over ,browere's work1 as may be seen from the following letter to ,major ,noah3 ,,meridian ,,hill1 #ahth ,sept4 #ahbe4 ,dear ,sir3 ,by means of epistolary introduction ,i have had the pleasure of becoming acquainted with ,john ,h4 ,i4 ,browere1 ,esq41 a young and deserving artist of your city4 ,agreeably to your and my friends' requests1 ,i consented to sit for my portrait bust1 which has been executed by him according to his novel and perfect mode4 ,mr4 ,browere has succeeded to admiration4 ,nothing can be more accurate and expressive2 in fact1 it was impossible that it could be otherwise than a perfect facsimile of my person1 owing to the peculiar neatness and dexterity which guide his scientific operation4 ,the knowledge and dexterity of ,mr4 ,browere in this branch of the ,fine ,arts is surprising1 and were ,i to express my opinion on the subject1 ,i should recommend every one who wished to possess a perfect likeness of himself or friends to resort to ,mr4 ,browere in preference to any other man4 ,his portrait busts are chef d'uvres in the plastic art1 unequalled for beauty and correct delineation of the human form4 ,to those to whom a saving of time is important1 ,mr4 ,browere's method must receive the preference1 were it solely on that ground4 ,as to the effect of the operation1 none need apprehend the least danger or inconvenience2 it is perfectly safe and not disagreeable1 for while the plastic material is applying to the skin1 a sensation both harmless and agreeable produces a pleasant glow or heat somewhat similar to that which is felt on entering a warm bath2 neither does the composition affect the eyes1 which are covered with it4 ,too much commendation of ,mr4 ,browere's rare and invaluable invention cannot be made4 ,may he derive benefits from his art equal to his merit4 ,hoping to have the pleasure of seeing my friends in ,new ,york during the course of a few weeks1 ,i remain1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your obt4 servant ,,david ,,porter4 ,illustration ,,xiv ,richard ,rush ,the clean-cut features of ,richard ,rush recall a statesman and a scholar of 8ye olden tyme40 ,born in ,philadelphia1 the eldest son of that signer of the ,declaration of ,independence who1 both politician and physician1 has been termed the ,sydenham of ,america1--,doctor ,benjamin ,rush1--and a kinsman of ,william ,rush1 the first ,american sculptor1 mentioned in the second chapter of this book1--,richard ,rush was bred to the bar1 and gained distinction1 soon after attaining his majority1 by his defence of ,william ,duane1 the editor of the 8,aurora0 newspaper1 accused of libelling ,governor ,mc,kean4 ,when only thirty he entered public life by becoming ,attorney-,general of ,pennsylvania1 and at thirty-four was a member of the cabinet of ,president ,madison1 as ,attorney-,general of the ,united ,states4 ,three years later1 he was for a brief period ,illustration3 ,,richard ,,rush ,age #de ,secretary of ,state1 and then minister from the ,united ,states to ,great ,britain1 being recalled1 in #ahbe1 to become ,secretary of the ,treasury under ,john ,quincy ,adams4 ,it was at this period that ,browere made his mask4 ,rush was subsequently candidate for ,vice-,president on the ticket with ,john ,quincy ,adams when ,mr4 ,adams sought a second term4 ,the career of ,richard ,rush was not only public1 but it was important1 and not the least of his wide-spread benefits were his successful efforts in securing for this government the munificent legacy of ,james ,smithson2 this was the foundation upon which has been reared the ,smithsonian ,institution1 which has done so much for scientific pursuits in this country4 ,james ,smithson was a natural son of ,hugh ,smithson1 ,duke of ,northumberland1 and died in ,genoa1 ,june #bg1 #ahbi1 aged about seventy-five years4 ,he was a graduate of ,oxford1 and took up the study of natural philosophy1 for his expertness in several branches of which he was made a member of the ,royal ,society and of the ,french ,institute4 ,he travelled extensively1 and formed a very valuable cabinet of minerals which came into possession of the ,institute founded by his liberality1 but which was unfortunately destroyed in the ,smithsonian fire of #ahfe4 ,smithson's illegitimate birth seems to have engendered a desire for posthumous fame1 as he wrote3 8,the best blood of ,england flows in my veins2 on my father's side ,i am a ,northumberland1 on my mother's ,i am related to kings2 but it avails me not4 ,my name shall live in the memory of man when the titles of the ,northumberlands and the ,percys are extinct and forgotten40 ,to carry out this desire he bequeathed his whole property1 after the expiration of a life estate1 8to the ,united ,states for the purpose of founding an institution at ,washington1 to be called the ,smithsonian ,institution1 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men40 ,although ,smithson died in #ahbi1 the ,united ,states ,government was not advised of the gift until six years afterward1 when the life estate fell in1 and the will was thrown into chancery4 ,it was then that ,richard ,rush was appointed1 by ,president ,jackson1 special representative of the government to pursue and secure the property4 ,he was successful1 and returned to this country1 in ,august of #ahch1 with the legacy1 amounting to upwards of half a million of dollars4 ,nothing was done for quite eight years toward carrying into effect the bequest of ,smithson1 except to ask advice1 from eminent scholars and educators1 as to the best means of fulfilling the testator's intention4 ,the consensus of opinion was in favor of a university or school for higher education1 but ,mr4 ,rush objected to a school of any kind1 and proposed a plan which more nearly corresponded1 than any other of the early ones1 with that which was finally adopted4 ,thus1 both in securing the legacy1 and directing the curriculum of the institution1 ,richard ,rush took a most important part4 ,mr4 ,rush's last official service was as minister to ,france1 during the eventful years of #ahdg to #ahea and he was the first representative of a foreign power to recognize the new republic4 ,he had a fine literary sense1 which he did not fail to cultivate1 and his 8,narrative of a ,residence at the ,court of ,london10 and 8,washington in ,domestic ,life10 from the papers of ,tobias ,lear1 are standard works4 ,it may not be without interest to add that ,mr4 ,rush was the author of the famous game 8,twenty ,questions10 which has been thought worthy of the consideration of some of the brightest minds in ,europe and in ,america4 ,illustration ,,xv ,edwin ,forrest ,for many years ,edwin ,forrest was regarded as the greatest of ,american tragedians1 his nearest rival being his namesake ,edwin ,booth4 ,now that the great leveller1 death1 has claimed them both1 it may be questioned if ,forrest's supremacy is maintained4 ,the animal was so uppermost in ,forrest's nature and person that he was unsuited to the delineation of the finer types of character1 and therefore his greatest achievements were in robust parts requiring physical power1 where he could rant and rage at will4 ,in youth he must have had a singularly handsome face1 and he was but twenty-one1 in #ahbg1 when ,browere made his life mask4 ,it was during an engagement at the old ,bowery theatre1 ,new ,york1 when ,forrest was playing 8,william ,tell40 ,it will be observed that the head1 which is finely classical1 of the ,roman type1 appears to be bald1 while ,forrest took great pride in his ,illustration3 ,,edwin ,,forrest ,age #ba luxurious locks4 ,this effect happened in this wise4 ,forrest was a novice on the stage and had just made his first appearance as ,william ,tell4 ,browere saw the performance1 and was so struck with the personality of the young actor that he asked permission to take his mask4 ,forrest consented1 but was so afraid the material of the mould might cling to his hair1 that he insisted upon wearing a skull-cap during the operation4 ,some faces change so much from youth to age that it is difficult1 if not impossible1 to trace any resemblance of the beginning in the end4 ,but the characteristics of feature and expression in ,browere's bust of ,forrest are also to be found in his latest photographs4 ,the tragedian was born in old ,southwark1 ,philadelphia1 ,march #i1 #ahjf1 and was 8stage struck0 almost from infancy1 playing girl's parts when only twelve years old4 ,in his fifteenth year he made his dbut at the ,walnut ,street theatre1 ,philadelphia1 as young ,norval in the tragedy of 8,douglas02 and before he was twenty-one had gained considerable reputation and had played ,othello before a ,new ,york audience4 ,from this time he enjoyed a vacillating reputation1 but was always the stage idol of the masses1 while his intense personality kept him from appealing to the refinements of intellect4 ,he died at ,philadelphia1 ,december #ab1 #ahgb1 leaving his fortune1 books and paintings to a home for aged actors to be called the ,forrest ,home2 but his estate was largely crippled by claims for unpaid alimony due to his divorced wife1 so the home is not exactly what ,forrest intended that it should be4 ,,xvi ,martin ,van ,buren ,the latest work that we have from the hand of ,browere1 is the bust from the life mask of 8the ,little ,magician10 as ,martin ,van ,buren was called1 made in #ahcc1 the year before ,browere's death4 ,van ,buren was then in his fifty-first year1 and he lived until ,july #bd1 #ahfb4 ,his life covered a longer era and his career witnessed greater changes in national life than those of any other man who has occupied the presidential chair4 ,he was born and died in ,kinderhook1 ,columbia county1 ,new ,york2 studied law with ,william ,p4 ,van ,ness1 the friend of ,burr2 and was admitted to the bar on attaining his majority4 ,he was fitted by taste and temperament for politics1 and politics were fitted for him4 ,as early as his eighteenth year1 before he had a vote1 ,van ,buren was chosen to take part in a local nominating ,illustration3 ,,martin ,,van ,,buren ,age #ea convention2 and as soon as he could act1 as well as speak1 he became an ardent adherent of the ,jeffersonian democracy4 ,his first office was surrogate of his native county1 which place he held for five years2 and when1 in #ahaa1 the proposed recharter of the ,united ,states ,bank was the leading question of ,federal politics1 ,van ,buren took an active part against the measure4 ,the following year he was elected to the ,senate of ,new ,york1 and supported ,president ,madison and the ,war with ,england1 drawing up the resolution of thanks1 voted by the legislature1 to ,general ,jackson for his victory at ,new ,orleans4 ,in #ahae1 ,van ,buren became ,attorney-,general of ,new ,york1 from which office he was removed four years later1 owing to his refusal to adhere to ,de ,witt ,clinton1 whose policy1 excepting as regarded the canal1 he did not approve4 ,the politics of ,new ,york were in a most feverish and topsy-turvy state1 and the many factions could not combine to elect a ,united ,states senator in #ahah-ai1 until ,van ,buren1 by his moderation and his genius for political organization1 brought about order and harmony1 and ,rufus ,king1 a political opponent of ,van ,buren1 was chosen to the high office4 ,two years later ,van ,buren was rewarded by being also sent to the ,senate1 and about the same time was chosen delegate to the convention which reviewed the ,constitution of ,new ,york4 ,in this body he sought to limit the elective franchise to householders1 that this invaluable right of citizenship might not be cheapened and the rural districts overborne by the cities4 ,unfortunately he was in the minority1 or such a beneficent provision might have spread over the length and breadth of the land1 so that the elective franchise would have retained the value of its high prerogative1 and not become the valueless and unwieldy burden that it now is4 ,van ,buren also opposed an elective judiciary1 in both of which positions he was in opposition to his own party4 ,in the ,united ,states ,senate he was for many years chairman of the ,judiciary ,committee1 and1 on the ,florida territorial bill voted against the increase of slavery4 ,he was a strict constructionist of the ,constitution1 recognizing that as the only safe canon of interpretation for a fundamental law2 and he had pronounced views in favor of ,state rights and against the power of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 to overthrow ,state laws1 believing this contrary to the provision of the ,constitution insuring the inviolability of contracts4 ,in #ahbh he was called from the ,senate to the gubernatorial chair of ,new ,york1 and1 supporting ,jackson for the ,presidency1 was made by him ,secretary of ,state1 which office he resigned to accept the ,english mission2 but1 by the opposition of ,john ,c4 ,calhoun1 he was not confirmed4 ,this discreditable action increased ,van ,buren's popularity1 and he succeeded ,calhoun as ,vice-,president for ,jackson's second term1 soon being regarded as the lineal successor to the ,presidency4 ,he was elected1 over ,harrison and over ,webster1 pledged to oppose any interference with slavery in the slave ,states4 ,the ruling act of his administration was one for the lasting benefit of the nation1 which never should be forgotten4 ,in his first message to ,congress he deprecated the deposit of public moneys in private banks1 which had followed ,jackson's removal of the deposits from the ,united ,states ,bank1 and urged an independent treasury for the safe-keeping and disbursements of the public money2 but it was not until near the close of his administration that he secured congressional assent to the measure4 ,this has been far-reaching in its beneficial effects1 and too much honor cannot be accorded ,van ,buren1 for his action in the matter1 which has saved the treasury from great financial disruptions4 ,notwithstanding this1 his administration went down in a cloud1 and he was overwhelmingly defeated for a second term4 ,van ,buren was opposed to the extension of slavery1 but on all other points was an uncompromising ,democrat4 ,on this platform he was again nominated for the ,presidency1 in #ahdh1 with ,charles ,francis ,adams as ,vice-,president4 ,the result of his candidature was the defeat of ,general ,cass1 the regular ,democratic nominee1 and the election of ,general ,taylor4 ,after this he retired from public life and devoted his time to the writing of his 8,inquiry into the ,origin and ,course of ,political ,parties in the ,united ,states10 a work which has been called more an apology than a history4 ,when the ,civil ,war came upon the nation1 ,van ,buren gave zealous support to the ,national ,government4 ,he was an intense partisan1 masterful in leadership1 reducing politics to a fine art4 ,it has been well said that1 8combining the statesman's foresight with the politician's tact1 he showed his sagacity1 rather by seeking a majority for his views than by following the views of a majority40 ,he was far from being a demagogue1 and he was frequently found fighting on the unpopular side4 ,his convictions were strong1 and he adhered to them with tenacity4 ,while from peculiar circumstances his public career has been the subject of much partisan denunciation1 he is entitled1 both for activity and ability1 to a higher niche in the temple of fame than is commonly accorded him4 ,van ,buren was small in stature and of blond coloring4 ,the physiognomist would accord to him penetration1 quickness of apprehension and benevolence of disposition1 while the phrenologist would add unusual reflective faculties1 firmness and caution4 ,illustration ,,xvii ,death ,mask of ,james ,monroe ,the masks that ,browere made from the subject in full life1 must not be confused in any sense with the more common mask made after death4 ,this confusion could not occur with any one who has had an opportunity to observe ,browere's work or to make comparison with the reproductions in this book2 but persons not familiar with these portrait busts1 and having only some knowledge of masks made after death1 or of such life masks as ,clark ,mills made1--which are thoroughly death-like in their character1--might easily fall into such an error1 and1 looking upon the latter as repulsive and worthless as portraiture1 give no heed to the different character and true value of ,browere's living likenesses4 ,mr4 ,laurence ,hutton1 in his very curious and interesting volume entitled 8,portraits in ,plaster10 says3 8,the value of a plaster cast as a portrait of the dead or living face cannot for a moment be questioned4 ,it must of necessity be absolutely true to nature4 ,it cannot flatter2 it cannot caricature4 ,it shows the subject as he was1 not only as others saw him in the actual flesh1 but as he saw himself4 ,and in the case of a death mask particularly1 it shows the subject often as he permitted no one but himself to see himself4 ,he does not pose2 he does not #8try to look pleasant4' ,in his mask he is seen1 as it were1 with his mask off40 ,i do not quote these words1 of my accomplished friend ,mr4 ,hutton1 simply for the purpose of combating them1 but to show how differently two1 perfectly sincere1 honest delvers after historic truth1 can see the same thing4 ,having made portraiture my study for many years1 and thus having in my mind's eye1 indelibly fixed1 the faces of legions of public men1 ,i have yet to see a death mask that ,i could recognize at sight2 many ,i could recall when told whose masks they were1 but more yet have1 to my vision1 no resemblance whatever to the living man4 ,mr4 ,story1 the eminent ,american sculptor but recently deceased1 recognized how untrustworthy even life masks are as portraits4 ,in speaking of what is claimed to be ,houdon's original mask of ,washington1 which ,mr4 ,story owned1 he wrote3 8,indeed1 a mask from the living face1 though it repeats exactly the true forms of the original1 lacks the spirit and expression of the real person40 ,so true is this1 that when ,mr4 ,st4 ,gaudens first saw ,clark ,mills's life mask of ,president ,lincoln1 he insisted that it was a death mask2 for1 without 8the spirit and expression10 where can the likeness be8 ,as ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds says in one of his ,discourses3 8,in portraits1 the grace and1 we may add1 the likeness consists more in taking the general air than in observing the exact similitude of every feature40 ,in photography we have 8the exact similitude of every feature10 yet how often are photographs bad likenesses1 because they lack 8the spirit and expression06 ,while it is possible to preserve 8the spirit and expression0 as well as to give 8the exact similitude of every feature0 in a life mask1 as exemplified in the marvellous work of ,browere1 it is impossible in a death mask1 for these evanescent qualities are then gone4 ,i am not quite certain that even 8the exact similitude of every feature0 is preserved in a death mask2 certainly the natural relation of one feature to another is not4 ,the death mask may1 to a degree1 be a correct reproduction of the bony structure1 but only to a limited degree as it was in nature1 for the obvious reason that the ligaments1 holding the sections of bone together in their proper places1 become relaxed with dissolution1 and the bones lose their exact positions1 which condition even the slight weight of the plaster increases4 ,masks1 too1 will sometimes approach caricature1 if they will not flatter1 for they will reproduce peculiarities of formation which may not be observable superficially4 ,this view is emphasized by ,lavater in his 8,physiognomy10 as quoted by ,mr4 ,hutton4 ,lavater writes3 8,the dead and the impressions of the dead1 taken in plaster1 are not less worthy of observation than the living faces4 ,the settled features are much more prominent than in the living and in the sleeping4 ,what life makes fugitive1 death arrests4 ,what was undefinable1 is defined4 ,all is reduced to its proper level2 each trait is in its exact proportion1 unless excruciating disease or accident have preceded death40 ,this is undoubtedly true from the point of view of the physiognomist1 and it is his much desired vantage-ground1 for his only object is to read the features laid bare4 ,from ,browere's hand we have but one death mask1 and although it is open to much of the objection urged against death masks generally1 it is superior to any other death mask ,i have ever seen4 ,it is difficult to believe it was made after life was gone1 so vibrant with life it seems4 ,it possesses more living1 breathing qualities than the life masks made by other men4 ,if any proof were needed of the inestimable value of ,browere's lost process for making masks1 it can be found in the quality of this death mask of ,james ,monroe4 ,monroe's name is perhaps more familiarly known to the public than that of any other ,president1 save ,washington and ,lincoln1 owing to its association with the doctrine1 which he ,illustration3 ,,death ,,mask ,,of ,,james ,,monroe promulgated1 of non-interference on the western hemisphere by ,european nations1 known as the 8,monroe ,doctrine40 ,he was the fourth of the seven ,virginian ,presidents1 and left ,william and ,mary ,college1 when only eighteen1 as a lieutenant in ,hugh ,mercer's regiment1 to join ,washington's army4 ,he served throughout the ,revolutionary ,war1 having been wounded at ,trenton1 and was present at ,monmouth1 ,brandywine1 and ,germantown4 ,in #aghb he took his seat in the ,assembly of ,virginia1 and later was a delegate to ,congress4 ,monroe took an active part in the controversy relative to the settlement of the ,northwest ,territory1 which was quieted only by the ,ordinance of #aghg2 and although he had a hand in originating the convention to frame a constitution for the ,general ,government1 he was not a member of it1 and opposed the ratification of its work4 ,he was elected to the ,senate of the ,united ,states in #agij1 and held the office until he was sent as minister to ,france1 four years later4 ,he was a bitter anti-,federalist and opponent of the administration of ,washington1 so that his appointment to ,france came as a great surprise2 and his action in recognizing the ,republic1 was an even greater surprise to his home government4 ,for this he was reprimanded1 and on his return published a defence of his conduct4 ,he was ,governor of ,virginia1 from #agig to #ahjb1 and returned to ,france as special envoy to negotiate with ,napoleon the purchase of ,louisiana4 ,he was again ,governor of ,virginia1 but resigned to accept the portfolio of state in ,madison's cabinet1 which was the stepping-stone to the succession in the ,presidency4 ,this high office he held for two terms1 and for the last term there was only one electoral vote cast against him4 ,it was in the second year of his second term1 #ahbc1 that he enunciated the famous ,monroe ,doctrine of 8,hands off60 contained in two brief paragraphs in his annual message1 which doctrine is logically nullified by the present foreign policy of the country4 ,monroe's administration has been designated 8the ,era of ,good ,feeling10 and he should always be remembered as an upright and honest politician4 ,as is too often the case with men who give their best years to the public service1 his latter days were burdened by intense poverty1 and he died in ,new ,york1 ,july #d1 #ahca1 almost in want4 ,in person ,monroe was tall1 well formed1 and with a fair complexion and blue eyes4 ,the well-known portraits of him1 by ,stuart and by ,vanderlyn1 tail to bestow any signs of recognition upon ,browere's death mask2 but it is true these two portraits were painted a score and more years before ,monroe's death4 ,while1 as has been said1 it is far more life-like than many life casts1 its reproduction only serves to emphasize my views as to the little value of death masks as portraits4 ,addendum to ,chapter ,,viii ,since this chapter went to press there has been published ,roland's 8,life of ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton10 and upon page #cdb1 of ,volume ,,ii1 there appears the following letter from ,charles ,carroll1 upon his bust1 by ,browere1 which is too important not to be given a place here3 ,,doughoregan ,,manor1 ,july #bi1 #ahbf4 ,sir3 ,mr4 ,browere has produced and read to me several letters from sundry most respectable personages2 on their recommendation and at his request ,i sat to him to take my bust4 ,he has taken it1 and in my opinion and that of my family1 and of all who have seen it1 the resemblance is most striking4 ,the operation from its commencement to its completion was performed in two hours1 with very little inconvenience and no pain to myself4 ,this bust ,mr4 ,browere contemplates placing1 with many others1 in a national gallery of busts4 ,that his efforts may be crowned with success is my earnest wish4 ,that his talents and genius deserve it ,i have no hesitation in pronouncing4 ,i remain1 with great respect1 ,sir1 your most humble servant ,,ch4 ,,carroll ,,of ,,carrollton4 ,,to ,,archibald ,,robertson1 ,,esq4 ,in 8,niles's ,register0 for ,august #ab1 #ahbf1 7,volume ,,xxx1 page #daa17 is given an account of this bust and its public exhibition at the ,exchange in ,baltimore4 ,illustration ,index ,adams ,family1 #ej ,c4 ,f4 ,mask by ,browere1 #ag ,minister to ,england1 #ea1 #ee ,letter to ,browere1 #ed ,birth and death1 #ee ,services to his country1 #ee ,nominated for ,vice-,president1 #ajg ,john4 ,mask by ,browere1 #ag ,minister to ,england1 #ea ,birth and death1 #ea ,browere visits him1 #ea ,makes mask1 #eb ,certificate to ,browere1 #eb ,stuart's portrait of1 #eb ,mentioned1 #ai1 #dc1 #df ,j4 ,q4 ,mask by ,browere1 #ag1 #ed ,minister to ,england1 #ea ,and ,gilbert ,stuart1 #ec ,birth and death1 #ed ,unpopular1 #ee ,supported by ,clay1 #ge ,t4 ,b41 certificate to ,browere1 #eb ,alexander1 ,cosmo4 ,instructed ,stuart1 #ha ,who he was1 #ha ,took ,stuart to ,scotland1 #ha ,death of1 #ha 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#ag ,certifies to ,browere's busts1 #ff1 #ga ,woodworth's lines on bust of1 #gj ,a politician1 #ga ,opposed by ,van ,buren1 #aje ,columbian ,academy1 ,new ,york1 #ad ,cooper1 ,t41 mask by ,browere1 #ag ,copley1 ,j4 ,s41 portrait of1 by ,stuart1 #hi ,cromwell1 ,o41 #g ,cruikshank1 ,w41 lectures on anatomy1 #he ,cummings1 ,t4 ,s41 #ad1 #be ,cushing1 ,w4 ,b41 exploit in the ,civil ,war1 #ic ,decatur1 ,s41 exploit in war with ,tripoli1 #ic ,delavan1 ,general1 #ce ,derrick1 ,eliza1 marries ,browere1 #ac ,dewey1 ,g41 exploits in war with ,spain1 #ic ,dixey1 ,j41 sculptor1 #aa ,donatello1 #c ,duane1 ,w41 libel on ,governor ,mc,kean1 #ih ,dunlap1 ,w41 unreliability of1 #bj ,durand1 ,j41 memoir of ,trumbull1 #be ,earlom1 ,r41 portrait of1 by ,stuart1 #hi ,eckstein1 ,j41 sculptor1 #aa ,edwards1 ,p41 mask by ,browere1 #ae ,emmet1 ,t4 ,a4 ,mask by ,browere1 #ag ,letter to ,browere1 #ga1 #gb ,encyclopdia ,britannica on ,stuart1 #ib ,facius1 ,j4 ,g41 portrait of1 by ,stuart1 #hi ,farragut1 ,d4 ,g41 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