,illu/ration3 ,,*elms=d ,,high ,,/reet ,,9 #agfb4 7,r$uc$ by ,photography f ! ,l>g] ,engrav+ by ,j4 ,ryl&47 ,,! ,,trade ,,signs ,,( ,,essex3 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,mean+s ,,( ,,! ,public ,h\se ,o!r ,signs ,,n[ ,,or ,,=m]ly ,f\nd 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,essex4 ,,by ,,mill] ,,*ri/y1 ,au?or ( 8,manitoba ,describ$10 8,! ,g5us ,primula 9 ,essex10 8,our ,empire10 c4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,*elms=d3 ,,edmund ,,durrant ,,co41 #ij1 ,,high ,,/reet4 ,london3 ,,griffi?1 ,,f>ran1 ,,ok$51 ,,& ,,wel%1 ,,we/ ,,corn] ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,*ur*y>d4 ,,mdccclxxxvii4 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 8,prefaces to books says a le>n$ au?or are l signs to public-h\ses4 ,!y are int5d$ to give "o an idea ( ! k9d ( ent]ta9m5t to be f\nd )940 ,a /ud5t ( ! anci5t & peculi>ly int]e/+ ,art ( ,h]aldry c h>dly fail1 at an e>ly p]iod 9 8 rese>*es1 to be /ruck ) ! idea t "s connection obvi\sly exi/s betwe5 ! v>i\s 8*>ges10 8cre/s10 8badges10 & 8support]s0 ) :i* he is famili>1 & ! curi\s designs n[ to be se5 ^u ! sign-bo>ds ( _m ( our roadside inns1 & :i* 7 =m]ly display$ by mo/ o!r h\ses ( bus9ess4 ,on fir/ notic+ ?is relation%ip :5 comm5c+ ! /udy ( ,h]aldry1 some:]e ab\t ! ye> #ahgi1 x occurr$ to me t ! subject 0 well wor? foll[+ up4 ,x seem$ to me t mu* int]e/+ in=mation w\ld probably be br\ght to light by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! num]\s signs ( my native c\nty ( ,essex4 ,/ill m desirable did ?is appe> :51 aft] c>eful inquiry1 ,i f\nd t 7s f> z ,i 0 able to discov]7 no m ?an ?ree sy/ematic treatises ^u ! subject _h ev] be5 publi%$4 ,fir/ & =emo/ among ^! /&s ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5's ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds1#a a /&>d "w :i* is evid5tly ! result ( a v l>ge am\nt ( lab\r & rese>*4 ,i d n wi% to conceal ! ext5t to :i* ,i am indebt$ to x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be regrett$ t ! au?ors %\ld h paid s mu* att5tion to ,london signs1 to ! p>tial neglect ( ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & t !y %\ld n h provid$ a m complete index2 b x is significant ( ! complet5ess ( _! "w t ! o!r two writ]s ^u ! subject h be5 able to add v little t is new1 beside m]e local details4 ,a second diss]tation ^u ! orig9 & use ( trade-signs is to be f\nd 9 a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( articles ^u ! signs ( ! ,t[n ( ,d]by1 contribut$ to ! ,reliqu>y#b 9 #ahfg by ! late ,mr4 ,llewellyn ,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ! editor ( t magaz9e2 :ile ! ?ird & la/ s\rce ( in=mation is to be f\nd 9 a l5g?y pamphlet by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,p5gelly1 ,f4,r4,s41 treat+ 9 detail ( ! ,devon%ire signs4#c ,on ! ,cont95t ! lit]ature ( signs is mu* m volum9\s4 ,among ! *ief works may be m5tion$ ,mons4 ,j4 ,d4 ,blavignac's ,hi/oire des ,enseignes d',htell]ies1 d',aub]ges1 et de ,cab>ets2#d ,mons4 ,ed\>d ,f\rni]'s ,hi/oire des ,enseignes de ,p>is2#e & ,mons4 ,eu/a*e de ,la ,qurire's ,re*]*es ,hi/oriques sur les ,enseignes des ,maisons ,p>ticulires4#f ,x %\ld be po9t$ out "h t1 al?\gh 9 :at foll[s a good deal has be5 said z to ! age & pa/ hi/ory ( _m ( ! be/-kn[n ,essex inns1 ?is is1 /rictly speak+1 a treatise on ,signs & ,sign-bo>ds only4 ,! two subjects are1 h[ev]1 s closely connect$ t ,i h f\nd x be/ to treat !m z "o4 ,!re w1 d\btless1 be _m :o w say t mu* ( :at ,i h h]eaft] advanc$ is ( too speculative a nature to be ( real value4 ,!y w decl>e1 too1 t ,i h %[n f> too great a read9ess to ascribe to an h]aldic orig91 signs :i* are at lea/ z likely to h be5 d]iv$ f "s o!r s\rce4 ,to ^! objections ,i may fairly reply t z1 9 mo/ cases1 no means n[ exi/ ( discov]+ ! precise mode ( orig9ation1 c5turies ago1 ( _m ( our mod]n signs1 x is impossible to d mu* m ?an speculate z to _! d]ivation2 & ! fact t x has be5 f\nd possible to ascribe su* l>ge numb]s to a probable h]aldic orig9 af=ds1 to my ?9k+1 all ! excuse t is ne$$ = s _m attempts hav+ be5 made to %[ t o!rs h be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,no "o is m fully aw>e ?an ,i am ( ! incomplet5ess ( my "w4 ,_m v int]e/+ facts relat+ to ,essex inns & _! signs h unque/ionably be5 omitt$4 ,b ! se>* aft] all su* facts is practically an endless "o4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i _h be5 able to /ate ! hi/ory ( all ! inns & _! signs 9 e t[n & village 9 ! c\nty ) ! complet5ess ) :i* 7?anks to ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+7 ,i h be5 enabl$ to treat ^? ( ,leigh1 ,i %\ld h swell$ my book to encyclopdic dim5sions1 & %\ld h _h to ask = x a prohibitory price4 ,9 a treatise involv+ su* an imm5se am\nt ( m9ute detail1 x is impossible to avoid "s errors4 ,my hope is1 h[ev]1 t ^! are n _m4 ,i %all always be glad to h po9t$ out to me any ov]sights :i* may be detect$1 & ,i %all be n less glad at all times to receive any additional facts :i* my read]s may be k9d en\gh to s5d me4 ,i regret t x has be5 necess>y to make use ( "s old h]aldic t]ms :i* ! g5]al read] w probably n at fir/ und]/&4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 q unavoidable4 ,! mean+ ( ^! t]ms w be at once made cle> on ref]5ce to ! ,gloss>y giv5 at ! end ( ! "w1 z an ,app5dix4 ,accord+ to ! li/ giv5 9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,essex ,po/ ,(fice ,directory !re are n[ exi/+ 9 ! c\nty no less ?an "o ?\s&1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty-five inns & public-h\ses4 ,! signs ( all ^! h be5 classifi$1 arrang$ "u v>i\s head+s1 & treat$ ( 9 turn1 toge!r ) a v l>ge numb] ( o!rs :i* h exi/$ 9 ! c\nty dur+ ! la/ two c5turies & a half1 b h n[ disappe>$4 ,in=mation z to ^! has be5 collect$ by means ( a c>eful exam9ation ( ! trade-tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 old ,essex ,directories1 e>ly books & pamphlets relat+ to ! c\nty1 old de$s & records1 ! e>ly issues ( ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle 7n[ ! ,essex ,c\nty ,*ronicle71 & o!r newspap]s1 c41 c4 ,altoge!r x w be f\nd ,i h be5 able to enum]ate no less ?an #fic di/9ct signs z n[ or =m]ly occurr+ 9 ,essex4 ,i am indebt$ to a l>ge numb] ( g5tlem5 :o h mo/ k9dly assi/$ me by supply+ me ) in=mation1 sugge/ions1 c41 dur+ ! eight ye>s ,i h be5 ga!r+ mat]ial = ! pres5t book4 ,fir/ & =emo/ among ^! ,i mu/ m5tion ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ ( ,leigh1 ,hon4 ,secret>y to ! ,essex ,ar*ological ,society1 :o1 z he says1 8kn[s ! desc5t ( ne>ly e h\se & plot ( gr\nd 9 ! p>i% = two or ?ree g5]ations1 & ! "n ( e own]40 ,among o!r g5tlem5 to :om ,i am indebt$ 9 v>y+ degrees1 ,i may m5tion ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,beaumont1 ,mr4 ,fr$4 ,*ancellor1 t vet]an ,essex ar*ologi/ ,mr4 ,joseph ,cl>ke1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,cole1 ,f4,e4,s41 ,hon4 ,secret>y ( ! ,essex ,field ,club1 ,mr4 ,?os4 ,b4 ,daniell1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elliot1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,prob]t1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,n4 ,mayn>d1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,ecroyd ,smi?1 & o!rs1 ,i h also to express my ?anks to ! foll[+ g5tlem51 magi/rates' cl]ks to ! v>i\s ,petty ,sessional ,divisions ( ,essex1 :o h mo/ k9dly suppli$ me ) li/s ( su* be]-h\ses z h signs 9 _! respective divisions3--,messrs4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ar?y 7,ro*=d71 ,jos4 ,beaumont 7,d5gie71 ,w4 ,b9don ,blood 7,)am71 ,j4 & ,j4 ,t4 ,coll9 7,saffron ,wald571 ,g4 ,cre$ 7,epp+ & ,h>l[71 ,augu/us ,cunn+ton 7,fre%well & ,s\? ,h9ck=d71 ,w4 ,w4 ,duffield 7,*elms=d71 ,h4 ,s4 ,haynes 7,hav]+71 ,a4 ,h4 ,hunt 7,orsett71 & ,*as4 ,smi? 7,ong>74 ,i h also to ?ank ! ,essex ,ar*ological ,society = ! use ( ! f\r blocks ( ! ,de ,v]e badges appe>+ on p4 #gj2 ! ,essex ,field ,club = t ( ! ,rose ,inn1 ,peldon1 on p4 #aah2 ,messrs4 ,*amb]s ,sons ( #bb1 ,wilson ,/reet1 ,f9sbury1 = t ( ! ,brew]s' ,arms on p4 #cb2 ,messrs4 ,c\*man ,co4 ( #ad1 ,?rogmorton ,/reet1 ,e4,c41 = t ( ! ,drap]s' ,arms on p4 #dj2 & ! ,brew]s'1 ,drap]s' & ,but*]s' ,companies = k9dly all[+ me to ins]t cuts ( _! arms4 ,to my c\s91 ,miss ,s4 ,*ri/y1 ,i am indebt$ = k9dly draw+ ! illu/rations appe>+ on pp4 #hg & #adj4 ,portions ( ! ,introduction & o!r p>ts ( ! book h already appe>$ 9 an alt]$ =m 9 ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal 7,jan41 #ahhg1 p4 #ghe71 & ,i am indebt$ to ! editor = p]mission to repr9t4 ,f9ally1 ,i h to ?ank ! ,subscrib]s1 :o1 by k9dly ord]+ copies1 h dim9i%$ ! loss :i* almo/ inv>iably att5ds ! publication ( works ( ?is nature4 ,z ! book has already ext5d$ to consid]ably m space ?an 0 orig9ally int5d$1 ,i tru/ ! ,subscrib]s w excuse ! omission ( ! cu/om>y li/4 ,illu/ration3 signature ( ,mill] ,*ri/y ,,*elms=d1 ,febru>y #a1 #ahhg4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h]aldic ,,signs #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,mammalian ,,signs #df ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,orni?ological ,,signs #ia ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,piscatory1 ,,insect1 ,,& ,,reptilian ,,signs #ajc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,botanical ,,signs #ajg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,human ,,signs #abj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nautical ,,signs #acd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,a/ronomical ,,signs #adh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,miscellane\s ,,signs #aec ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,h]aldic ,,t]ms ,,us$ #agf ,,index ,,to ,,names ,,( ,,signs1 ,c4 #agg ,illu/ration ,! ,trade ,signs ( ,essex4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 8,! c\nty god1 444 ,^: blaz+ wyv]n wea!r-cock$ ! spire1 ,/ood f 8 walls1 & w+$ 8 entry-gates1 ,& swang besides on _m a w9dy sign40 ,,t5nyson3 ,aylm]'s ,field4 ,! use ( signs z a means ( di/+ui%+ diff]5t h\ses ( bus9ess1 is a cu/om :i* has come d[n to u f times ( great antiquity4 ,nev]!less1 x is n at all difficult to discov] ! reasons :i* fir/ l$ to _! be+ employ$4 ,9 days :5 only an inf9itesimally small proportion ( ! population c\ld read1 x w\ld obvi\sly h be5 absurd = a tradesman to h inscrib$ above 8 door 8 "n & occupation1 or ! numb] ( 8 h\se1 z is n[ done4 ,su* inscriptions z 8,sutton ,sons1 ,se$sm510 or 8,pe>s ,co41 ,soapmak]s10 w\ld !n h be5 q useless z a means ( di/+ui%+ ! p>ticul> h\ses t bore !m2 b1 if ea* deal] display$ conspicu\sly be=e 8 place ( bus9ess a pa9t$ repres5tation ( ! w>es he sold1 ! arms ( ! ,trade-,guild to :i* he belong$1 or ^? ( 8 l&lord or patron1 or "s o!r device by :i* 8 h\se might be kn[n1 !re w\ld be little probability ( mi/ake4 ,if ! sign ?us display$ indicat$ ! nature ( ! w>es sold )91 x w\ld answ] a d\ble purpose4 ,signs1 too1 w\ld be especially useful 9 di/+ui%+ diff]5t e/abli%m5ts 9 times :5 _m memb]s ( ! same craft resid$1 z !y us$ =m]ly to d1 9 "o /reet or di/rict4 ,al?\gh ?is habit has n[ l>gely disappe>$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! cities ( ! ,ea/ ea* trade is /ill *iefly conf9$ to its own special qu>t]4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( h[ signs orig9ally came into use1 x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t1 9 bygone times1 !y 7 n conf9$1 z n[1 almo/ exclusively to 8public-h\ses40 ,we h /ill1 among o!rs1 ! sign ( ! ,,pole = a b>b]1 ! ,,rod ,,& ,,fi% = a tackle-deal]1 ! ,,black ,,boy = a tobacconi/1 ! ,,gold5 ,,balls = a pawnbrok]2 b =m]ly ! proprietor ( ne>ly e h\se ( bus9ess1 & ev5 ( private resid5ces1 display$ 8 own p>ticul> sign1 j z ! keep]s ( inns & tav]ns d n[4 ,= in/ance1 an exam9ation ( ! title-page ( almo/ any book1 publi%$ a c\ple ( c5turies or s ago1 w %[ an impr9t some?+ l ! foll[+3--8,pr9t$ = ,timo?y ,*ilde at ! ,,:ite ,,h>t 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 & = ,?os4 ,v>nam & ,john ,osborn at ! ,,ox=d ,,arms 9 ,lomb>d ,/4 ,,mdccxii40 ,aga91 ,sir ,ri*>d ,bak]'s qua9t ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl& 0 pr9t$ 9 #afhd1 8= ,h4 ,sawbridge at ! ,,bible on ,ludgate ,hill1 ,b4 ,tooke at ! ,,%ip 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & ,t4 ,sawbridge at ! ,,?ree ,,fl[]-,,de-,,luces 9 ,little ,britta940 ,z a fur!r example ( ! use ( signs 9 =m] times by booksell]s1 9 common ) o!r tradesm51 x may be m5tion$ t1 accord+ to a writ] 9 ,fraz]'s ,magaz9e 7#ahde1 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #fgf7-- 8,! fir/ edition ( ,%akespe>e's ,v5us & ,adonis1 & ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,rape ( ,lucrece1 7 #8sold by ,john ,h>rison at ! sign ( ! ,,:ite ,,greyh\nd 9 ,sa9t ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2' & ! fir/ edition ( ,%ephe>d's ,kal5d] by #8,hugh ,s+leton1 dwell+ at ! ,,gold5 ,,tun1 9 ,cre$ ,lane1 ne> unto ,ludgate4' ,! fir/ edition ( ,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor 0 sold at ! ,,fl[] ,,de ,,leuse ,,& ,,cr[ne 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream at ! ,,:ite ,,h>t 9 ,fleet ,/reet2 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice at ! ,,gre5 ,,dragon 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 ! fir/ edition ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 at ! ,,angel1 & ! fir/ edition ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 at ! ,,fox1 bo? 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 ! fir/ edition ( ,h5ry ,v4 0 sold at ! ,,cat ,,& ,,p>rots 9 ,cornhill2 ! fir/ edition ( ,le> at ! ,,pi$ ,,bull 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 & ! fir/ edition ( ,o!llo #8at ! ,,eagle ,,& ,,*ild 9 ,brita9's ,b\rse'--i4e41 ! ,new ,ex*ange40 ,7 ann\ncem5ts simil> to ^! to appe> on any mod]n book1 x w\ld c]ta9ly give _m p]sons ! impression t ! "w _h be5 pr9t$ at a 8public-h\se40 ,aga91 on ! *eques1 & ov] ! door ( ,messrs4 ,ho>e1 bank]s1 ( ,fleet ,/reet1 may /ill be se5 a repres5tation ( ! ,,lea!r ,,bottle :i* =m$ _! sign 9 ,*eapside at lea/ z long ago z ! ye> #afgg4 ,9 ,p>is1 to ! pres5t day1 sell]s ( 8bois et *>bons0 7wood & *>coal or coals7 inv>iably h ! fronts ( _! e/abli%m5ts1 fac+ ! /reet1 pa9t$ 9 a mann] int5d$ to convey ! impression t ! h\se is built ( r\gh logs ( wood4 ,?is device1 al?\gh n display$ ^u a sign-bo>d1 =ms1 9 e respect1 a true trade-sign4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,france1 signs /ill reta9 mu* m ( _! anci5t glory ?an !y d 9 ,engl&4 ,?\gh n common 9 ! new] & m fa%ionable /reets & b\lev>ds1 !y are abundant 9 ! old] qu>t]s ( ,p>is1 ,r\51 & o!r l>ge t[ns4 ,!y are mu* (t5] pictorial or grav5 ?an ) u1 & x is notable t !y are us$ almo/1 or q1 z frequ5tly by %opkeep]s & o!r tradesm5 z by ! keep]s ( w9e-%ops1 inns1 & tav]ns4 ,! sign1 too1 v (t5 repres5ts ! w>es sold )94 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ! old cu/om ( display+ a sign f9ds fav\r ) v few ,engli% tradesm51 except ! keep]s ( inns & tav]ns2 & ev5 !y h all[$ ! cu/om to s9k to su* dep?s ( degradation t ! great majority ( sign-bo>ds n[ be> only ! "n ( ! h\se 9 pr9t3 consequ5tly ! reason :i* l$ orig9ally to ! use ( signs--! necessity = pictorial repres5tation :5 few c\ld read--is no long] obvi\s4 ,x may be truly said t ! great spread ( education among all classes dur+ ! pres5t c5tury has giv5 a dea?-bl[ alike to ! use ( signs 9 trade & to ! art ( ! sign-pa9t]4 ,?is1 to be sure1 is h>dly a matt] to call = regret on its own acc\nt4 ,nev]!less1 ! great decl9e 9 ! use ( ! old-fa%ion$ pictorial sign-bo>d is to be regrett$ = _m reasons4 ,! signs :i* our =efa!rs made use ( h int]wov5 !mselves ) our :ole dome/ic1 & ev51 to "s ext5t1 ) our political1 hi/ory4 ,9 los+ !m we are los+ "o ( ! well-kn[n l&m>ks ( ! pa/4 ,sign-bo>ds ( ! real old sort h ab\t !m an am\nt ( int]e/ :i* is suffici5t to surprise ^? :o c>e to take tr\ble 9 /udy+ !m4 ,dr4 ,brew] v truly says1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,phrase & ,fable3--8,mu* ( a nation's hi/ory1 & m ( its mann]s & feel+s1 may be glean$ f its public-h\se signs40 ,! sign-bo>ds !mselves tell u 7z has already be5 po9t$ out7 ( ! habit our =efa!rs _h ( cr[d+ toge!r 9 "o /reet or di/rict all ^? :o 7 ( a l occupation or pr(ession4 ,!y tell u also ( ! deep ignorance ( ! masses ( ! p 9 days :5 sign-bo>ds 7 a necessity4 ,& :5 x is rememb]$ t x 0 only s lately z ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury t ! k ( read+ & writ+ became suffici5tly widespread to all[ ! numb]+ ( h\ses to come into g5]al use z a means ( di/+ui%+ "o h\se f ano!r1 x w be easily se5 t ! sign-bo>ds ( 7say7 two c5turies ago play$ a v important1 & ev5 an ess5tial1 "p 9 ! comm]cial _w ( ^? days4 ,b a /udy ( ! v>i\s devices t appe> ev5 on mod]n sign-bo>ds w tea* u /ill m ( ! do+s ( our ance/ors4 ,!y tell u ( ! w>es our =efa!rs made & dealt 91 ( ! sup]/iti\s beliefs !y held1 ( ! p>ty /rifes 9 :i* !y engag$1 & ( ! great titl$ families :i* _h s l>ge a %>e 9 ! mak+ ( ,engli% hi/ory--9 %ort1 ! devices se51 ev5 on mod]n sign-bo>ds1 af=d1 to ^? :o c & c>e to read !m1 no mean picture bo? ( m$ival & m mod]n times4 ,x 0 well rem>k$ 9 an e>ly numb] ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 7#agch1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ebf71 t 8,! ,p ( ,engl& are a nation ( ,politicians1 f ! ,fir/ ,m9i/] d[n to ! cobbl]1 & peculi>ly rem>kable = hang+ out _! pr9ciples ^u _! sign-po/s40 ,"s ( our mod]n ,essex signs1 = in/ance1 are relics 7z w be m cle>ly po9t$ out h]eaft]7 ( :at 7 once /aple indu/ries 9 ! c\nty1 ?\gh n[ all b unkn[n 9 x4 ,?us ! signs ( ! ,,woolpack 7p4 #gi71 ! ,,%e>s 7p4 #da71 & ! ,,gold5 ,,fleece 7p4 #gh7 are all mem5toes ( ! "t :5 ! wooll5 trade fl\ri%$ 9 ,essex4 ,! sign ( ! ,,hop-,,poles 7p4 #aaa7 rem9ds u ( ! "t :5 hop-gr[+ =m$ a consid]able indu/ry 9 ! c\nty4 ,our v>i\s ,,blue ,,bo>s 7p4 #fh7 speak to u ( ! noble & once mighty ,essex family ( ,de ,v]e1 :i* =m]ly wield$ a great p[] 9 ,engl&4 ,^! are b a few in/ances4 ,o!rs w occur to e "o :o p]uses ! foll[+ pages4 ,at ! pres5t day1 too1 !re is sc>cely a village 9 ! c\nty t has n "s /reet1 squ>e1 or lane nam$ aft] an inn-sign1 z1 = in/ance1 ,sun ,/reet1 ,eagle ,lane1 ,swan ,/reet1 ,falcon ,squ>e1 ,lion ,walk1 ,greyh\nd ,lane1 c4 ,9 ,london1 or ,p>is1 ! connection is /ill clos]4 ,surely1 !n1 al?\gh signs are no long] ( great or urg5t importance to u 9 ! daily r\t9e ( our ord9>y bus9ess life1 an inquiry into _! pa/ hi/ory w be a matt] ( mu* int]e/1 especially z comp>atively little has hi!rto be5 writt5 ab\t !m4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh x is c]ta9 t 7z has be5 /at$7 n a few ( our pres5t signs h be5 d]iv$ f emblems ( indu/ries n[ decay$ & ! armorial be>+s ( anci5t c\nty families1 ! fact _c be ov]look$ t 9 a great _m cases ^! p>ticul> signs1 z n[ display$ by p>ticul> h\ses1 h only v rec5tly come into use4 ,t is to say1 !y are only indirectly d]iv$ f ! s\rces nam$1 hav+ be5 select$ because1 p]haps1 "s neighb\r+ & really anci5t inn 7:i* d]iv$ its sign directly7 0 kn[n to h long borne t sign4 ,!re c be no d\bt 7z ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ writes7 t-- 8,! v l>ge majority ( c\ntry inns are comp>atively mod]n1 bo? z to signs & sites4 ,else:]e1 z "h ,leigh1 ,i suspect !y h be5 mov$ & remov$ aga9 & aga9--old signs %ift$1 & (t5 *ang$ altoge!r4 ,i rememb] ! late ,mr4 ,edw>d ,wood>d1 ( ,bill]icay1 tell+ me "s ye>s ago t ! inns ( t t[n _h be5 *ang$ aga9 & aga93 t is1 :at are n[ private resid5ces 7 =m]ly inns1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is he knew f ! evid5ce ( conveyances :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s pr(essionally4 ,i h no d\bt t e t[n w\ld %[ ! same facts if only "o c\ld get suffici5t evid5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 ( c\rse1 "s inns are v old inde$1 bo? z to sites & signs40 ,! great decay 9 ! use ( inn-signs ( ! real old sort has1 x is mu* to be fe>$1 n[ gone too f> to be arre/$1 h[ev] mu* x may be regrett$4 ,9 ,essex1 probably n five p] c5t4 ( our sign-bo>ds are n[ pictorial4 ,ev5 9 ! remote & sleepy little t[n ( ,?axt$ v few ( ! inns n[ possess pictorial signs4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! c\nty "o may /ill come across a few su*1 & sev]al excell5t examples w be h]eaft] allud$ to4 ,probably no bett] idea c n[ be obta9$ 9 ,essex ( an old-fa%ion$ ?or\ghf>e ?an 9 ! broad ,high ,/reet at ,epp+4 ,f "o po9t no less ?an t5 sign-bo>ds may be se51 all sw++ ov] ! pavem5t 9 ! anci5t /yle4 ,only "o1 h[ev]1 ! ,,:ite ,,lion1 is n[ pictorial4 ,! numb] ( inns 9 ,grays1 too1 is v l>ge4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 pr9t t 8= its size1 x conta9s m ?an any o!r t[n 9 ,engl&40 ,9 ! n>r[ ,t9dal ,/reet at ,*elms=d ! sign-bo>ds /ill sw+ across ! /reet 9 ! old /yle1 & are hung ^u ! old supports4 ,! be/ example is t :i* supports ! sign ( ! ,,spott$ ,,dog4 ,)am has _m inns1 ne>ly all ( :i* h _! sign-bo>ds hang+ ov] ! pavem5t1 b nei!r !y nor _! supports are ( mu* int]e/4 ,col*e/] has h>dly su* a ?+ z a project+ sign-bo>d1 let alone pictorial signs4 ,ca/le ,h$+ham1 = its size1 probably has m pictorial signs ?an any o!r ,essex t[n1 ! ,,bell1 ! ,,cr[n1 ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns1 & ! ,,ris+ ,,sun be+ all ?us repres5t$4 ,except ! sign-iron ( ! ,six ,bells 7p4 #afh71 ,dunm[ conta9s b little ( sign-bo>d int]e/4 ,! only pictorial sign-bo>d 9 ,ong> is t ( ! ,,cock4 ,sev]al signs & sign-irons 9 ,b>dfield are h]eaft] notic$ 7pp4 #agj & #afi74 ,9 ! ,high ,/reet at ,rom=d are _m v old inns1 b _! signs are all script4 ,at ,leigh !re are _m inns1 ! mo/ anci5t ( :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+1 are ! ,,cr[n & ! ,,hamboro' ,,m]*ants' ,,arms1 ?\gh ! ,,george 0 orig9ally ! m important4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ li/ ( inns 9 ! ,epp+ ,division 9 ,septemb]1 #aghi1 has be5 k9dly contribut$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,cre$ ( ,epp+3-- ,,*+=d3 ,k+'s ,head1 ,bull4 ,,epp+3 ,:ite ,lion1 ,bell1 ,cock1 ,swan1 ,black ,lion1 ,epp+ ,place1 ,cock & ,magpie1 ,gre5 ,man1 ,globe1 ,george1 ,rose & ,cr[n1 ,?at*$ ,h\se1 ,:ite ,h>t1 ,h>p1 ,:ite ,horse1 ,sun1 ,*equ]s4 ,,naz+3 ,*equ]1 ,sun1 ,coa* & ,horses1 ,cr[n1 ,k+ ,h>old's ,head4 ,,roydon3 ,fi% & ,eels1 ,black ,swan1 ,new ,inn1 ,:ite ,h>t1 ,gre5 ,man4 ,,wal?am ,,abbey3 ,owl1 ,gre5 ,man1 ,h>p1 ,greyh\nd1 ,%ip1 ,cock1 ,*equ]1 ,angel1 ,rose & ,cr[n1 ,r$ ,lion1 ,bull's ,head1 ,?ree ,tons 7sic71 ,sun1 ,cock1 ,new ,inn1 ,gre5 ,dragon1 ,:ite ,horse1 ,compasses1 ,:ite ,lion1 ,k+'s ,arms4 ,,*igwell3 ,?ree ,jolly ,:eel]s1 ,roebuck1 ,k+'s ,head1 ,maypole1 ,bald ,h9d1 ,fox & ,h\nds1 ,bald ,/ag4 ,,l\ghton3 ,re9de]1 ,cr[n1 ,k+'s ,head1 ,plume ( ,fea!rs4 ,,moreton3 ,nag's ,head1 ,gre5 ,man1 ,:ite ,h>t4 ,,nor? ,,weald3 ,ra9b[1 ,k+'s ,head4 ,,/an=d ,,riv]s3 ,:ite ,be>1 ,gre5 ,man4 ,,!ydon ,,bois3 ,:ite ,h>t4 ,,!ydon ,,g>non3 ,m]ry ,fiddl]s4 ,,great ,,hall+bury3 ,george4 ,,latton3 ,sun & ,:alebone1 ,bu% ,fair ,h\se4 ,,fyfield3 ,black ,bull1 ,que5's ,head4 ,,lamb\rne3 ,:ite ,h>t1 ,blue ,bo>4 ,,high ,,lav]3 ,*equ]4 ,,little ,,lav]3 ,lea!r ,bottle4 ,,magdal5 ,,lav]3 ,gre5 ,man4 ,,*ipp+ ,,ong>3 ,:ite ,horse1 ,k+'s ,head1 ,an*or1 ,cr[n1 ,r$ ,lion1 ,bull1 ,cock4 ,,high ,,ong>3 ,r$ ,lion1 ,:ite ,horse1 ,two ,brew]s4 ,,h>l[3 ,k+'s ,head1 ,black ,bull1 ,george1 ,gre5 ,man1 ,:ite ,horse1 ,horns & ,horse%oes1 ,que5's ,head1 ,black ,lion1 ,m>quis ( ,granby4 ,,hatfield ,,broad ,,oak3 ,plume ( ,fea!rs1 ,:ite ,horse1 ,cock1 ,duke's ,head1 ,bald-,fac$ ,/ag1 ,r$ ,lion1 ,cr[n4 ,,%e]+3 ,cr[n1 ,cock4 ,,netteswell3 ,:ite ,horse1 ,*equ]4 ,,great ,,p>ndon3 ,cock1 ,?ree ,horse ,%oes4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,london ,directory1 #hb firms are /ill describ$ z 8sign-pa9t]s10 & 9 ! ,essex ,directory1 #aj2 b x is c]ta9 t mo/ ( ^! foll[ also "s o!r trade ?an sign-pa9t+4 ,9 "s cases arti/s ( em95ce h be5 kn[n to pa9t signs = inns1 b !re does n appe> to h be5 any notable in/ances ( ?is 9 ,essex4 ,z a rule our pictorial sign-bo>ds are n works ( art4 ,t ?is is a common fail+ else:]e1 is %[n by ! fact t ! ,fr5* say ( a bad portrait or picture1 8qu'il n'e/ bon qu' faire une enseigne bire40 ,signs1 x mu/ be admitt$1 are among ^? ?+s :i* ! enlight5m5t ( ?is g-ahead n9ete5? c5tury is rapidly improv+ (f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,yet "o _c b agree ) ! writ] 9 ,fraz]'s ,magaz9e1 already quot$1 :o aptly obs]ves t x is a ?\s& pities ! old signs 7 ev] tak5 d[n4 8,m5 might10 he says1 8read some?+ ( hi/ory 7to say no?+ ( a ha% ( h]aldry7 9 _! diff]5t devices40 ,?is decay 9 ! use ( inn-signs1 h[ev]1 is no great] ?an ! decl9e 9 importance ( ! inns !mselves4 ,^! h )9 q rec5t ye>s fall5 f a position ( great em95ce & prosp]ity to "o ( comp>ative degradation4 ,up to ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 inns 7 ! c5tres r\nd :i* mo/ ev5ts ( ! "t revolv$4 ,!y comb9$ )9 !mselves1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 ! v>i\s uses to :i* mod]n clubs1 read+-rooms1 in/itutes1 railway /ations1 re/aurants1 eat+-h\ses1 hotels1 public-h\ses1 liv]y-/ables1 & ! l are n[ sev]ally put4 ,at pres5t ! majority ( our inns are little m ?an tippl+-h\ses or dr9k+-places = ! poor] classes4 ,! upp] /ratum ( society has b little connection ) !m1 beyond receiv+ _! r5ts4 ,no?+ has done m to promote ?is l[]+ ( ! /atus ( mod]n inns 9 g5]al ?an ! disuse ( coa*+4 ,inns 7 ! />t+-po9ts & de/9ations ( ! old coa*es1 & travell]s naturally put up & took _! meals at !m4 ,n[ p travel by rail1 /op at railway /ations1 put up at ! 8,railway ,hotel10 & get _! meals 9 ! /ation 8refre%m5t rooms40 ,9 days1 too1 :5 c\ntry inns =m$ ! /opp+-places ( ! coa*es !y naturally became important c5tres ( in=mation4 ,9 ?is !y answ]$ ! purpose to :i* clubs1 in/itutes1 read+-rooms1 & ! l are n[ put4 ,! *eap newspap]s ( to-day h giv5 ano!r s]i\s %ock to ! old tav]n life ( la/ c5tury4 ,!n1 too1 ! innum]able horses1 ne$$ = ! _m coa*es on ! great high-roads ( fifty or a hundr$ ye>s ago1 7 kept at ! inns1 to ! great advantage ( ! latt]4 ,n[ ! v>i\s railway companies1 ( c\rse1 provide _! own eng9es1 & ! old-fa%ion$ inns h to cont5t !mselves ) a v limit$ po/+ or omnibus bus9ess4 ,x is1 inde$1 n too mu* to say t 9 ! old coa*+ days a small t[n or village on any ma9 road (t5 consi/$ l>gely or almo/ entirely ( inns1 & liv$ ^u ! traffic4 ,supply+ ! necess>ies = ?is traffic may be said to h be5 8! local indu/ry0 by :i* ! inhabitants ( su* places liv$4 ,evid5ces ( ?is may be ga9$ f n a few old books4 ,?us 9 ,ogilby's ,travell]'s ,guide1 a book ( ! roads publi%$ 9 #afii1 ,b[1 ne> ,/rat=d1 is said to be 8full ( inns10 :ile ,/rat=d & ,kelv$on are bo? spok5 ( z 8consi/+ *iefly ( inns40 ,aga91 9 ,daniel ,defoe's ,t\r ?r\gh ! :ole ,isl& ( ,great ,brita91 publi%$ 9 #agbd 7vol4 i4 p4 #eb71 x is said t-- 8,br5t-,wood & ,+>/one1 & ev5 ,*elms=d itself1 h v little to be said ( !m1 b t !y are l>ge ?or\gh-fair ,t[ns1 full ( good ,inns1 & *iefly ma9ta9$ by ! excessive ,multitude ( ,c>ri]s & ,pass5g]s1 :i* are con/antly pass+ ?is ,way1 ) ,droves ( ,cattle1 ,provisions1 & ,manufactures = ,london40 ,few p]sons ( ! pres5t day h any adequate idea ( ! ext5t to :i* tav]n life influ5c$ ?\ght & mann]s sev5ty1 eighty1 or "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ea* man !n _h 8 tav]n1 mu* z we n[ h our clubs & read+-rooms4 ,!re he met 8 fri5ds e ev5+1 discuss$ ! political que/ions ( ! day1 talk$ ov] bus9ess topics1 & he>d ! exp5sive & highly-valu$ ,london newspap]s read al\d4 ,dick5s1 9 ,b>naby ,rudge1 has well sket*$ ! select village company1 :i*1 = =ty or fifty ye>s1 _h met nightly 9 ! b> ( ! old ,,maypole to tipple & debate4 ,ale 0 ! univ]sal bev]age on ^! occasions1 & ! fame ( any giv5 tav]n 0 great or small accord+ to ! skill ( ! l&lord or 8 s]vants 9 produc+ ?is bev]age4 ,x 0 n !n1 z n[1 ! product ( colossal brew]ies at ,burton1 ,rom=d1 or else:]e1 b 0 entirely brew$ ^u ! premises ( ^? :o retail$ x4 ,su* cu/oms z ^!1 h[ev]1 are n[ almo/ entirely ( ! pa/4 ,we w n[ return once m to ! discussion ( sign-bo>ds & _! mod]n deg5]ation4 ,:5 signs 7 9 g5]al use by all tradesm51 x 0 b natural t p %\ld endeav\r to outvie "o ano!r 9 ! prom95ce & obtrusiv5ess ( _! sign-bo>ds4 ,exactly ! same ?+ may be se5 at ! pres5t day on any ho>d+ :i* ! bill-/ick] has ornam5t$ ) 8 fl>+ po/]s4 ,^! are ( all imag9able col\rs & designs1 9 ord] to adv]tise & draw att5tion to ! w>es ( rival tradesm51 ea* ( :om endeav\rs to obta9 great] publicity & attract m att5tion ?an 8 neighb\r4 ,_m 7 ! devices made use ( a c5tury or m ago to draw att5tion to ! sign-bo>ds ( ^? times4 ,"s ( ! bo>ds 7 made ( enorm\s size2 o!rs 7 pa9t$ 9 fl>+ col\rs2 o!rs bore /rik+ or amus+ devices1 likely to be rememb]$ by ^? :o saw !m2 :ile o!rs 7 project$ f> out into ! /reet1 or hung 9 elaborate & ornam5tal frameworks ( iron4 ,:5 ea* man endeav\r$ to outdo 8 neighb\r 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 x may well be imag9$ t no slight inconv5i5ce 0 caus$ to ! public4 ,compla9ts t ! size & prom95ce ( ! sign-bo>ds 9 ! ,london /reets prev5t$ ! access ( sunlight & ! free circulation ( ! air began to be he>d1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott51 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & an ord] 0 made to d away ) ! nuisance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! evil grew aga91 till ,*>les ,,ii41 9 #affg1 8ord]$ t 9 all ! /reets no sign-bo>d %all hang across1 b t ! sign %all be fix$ aga9/ ! balconies1 or "s conv5i5t "p ( ! side ( ! h\se40 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ! nuisance grew1 & 9 #agfb l>ge p[]s 7 once m grant$ = cle>+ away ! too obtrusive sign-bo>ds1 & v _m 7 tak5 d[n4 ,9 ,france & o!r cont95tal c\ntries ! same evil has _h to be grappl$ )4 ,"t aft] "t1 z ref]5ce to ! works previ\sly m5tion$ w %[1 ! police ( ,p>is & o!r l>ge t[ns h issu$ ord]s conc]n+ ! pull+ d[n & putt+ up ( sign-bo>ds4 ,all ,p>isian signs are1 consequ5tly1 n[ fa/5$ to ! fronts ( ! h\ses4 ,?is regulation ( sign-bo>ds is n altoge!r unkn[n1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,sussex ,daily ,news z lately z la/ ,octob] !re appe>$ an acc\nt ( ! removal ( two sign-bo>ds t _h rec5tly be5 erect$ 9 two ( ! pr9cipal /reets ( ,brighton4 ,^! bo>ds1 measur+ respectively #dh in*es by #cj1 & #dh in*es by #ah1 7 swung ov] ! pavem5t at ! respective heights ( #ae feet & #ab feet2 yet1 al?\gh !re are scores ( m ob/ructive sign-bo>ds & sun-bl9ds 9 ! bor\gh1 ! some:at ov]-(fici\s ,works ,committee ( ! ,corporation ord]$ t !y %\ld be remov$ by ! surveyor1 & ! co/ ( s do+ recov]$ f _! own]s1 because1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,committee1 su* bo>ds 7 8public annoyances & nuisances1 by reason ( _! project+ ov] ! highways & annoy+ ! public passage along ! /reets40 ,presumably x is )9 ! p[] ( any ,local ,au?ority to remove1 or direct ! alt]ation (1 any sign-bo>ds :i* x reg>ds z 8nuisances40 ,a writ]1 /yl+ himself 8,ambulator10 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 7vol4 xl4 p4 #djc7 obs]ves1 s long ago z ! ye> #aggj1 t signs 87 c]ta9ly ! effect ( a g5]al want ( lit]ature1 & !re=e c no long] be ?\ght necess>y1 )\t national disgrace40 ,he adds1 ?\gh he mu/ be guilty ( exagg]ation1 t 8!re is1 at pres5t1 sc>ce a *ild among ! poore/ ( ! p :o1 at sev5 or eight ye>s old1 _c read a man's "n & trade ^u 8 door or w9d[-%utt]2 & !re=e we want ! sign-pa9t] no m40 ,he also says t-- 8,long aft] signs became unnecess>y1 x 0 n unusual = an opul5t %opkeep] to lay out z mu* ^u a sign1 & ! curi\s ironwork ) :i* x 0 fix$ to 8 h\se1 s z to project ne>ly into ! middle ( ! /reet1 z w\ld furni% a less consid]able deal] ) a /ock-9-trade4 ,i h be5 cr$ibly in=m$ t !re 7 _m signs & sign-irons ^u ,ludgate ,hill :i* co/ sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 & t z mu* 0 laid out by a m]c] ^u a sign ( ! ,que5's ,head z w\ld h gone a long way t[>ds decorat+ ! orig9al = a bir?-night40 ,a good idea ( h[ our ,essex /reets 7 ob/ruct$ by ! huge dim5sions ( ! signs ( ! v>i\s inns a c5tury or m ago1 may be obta9$ f an old pr9t engrav$ by ,j4 ,ryl& 9 #agfb4 ,x %[s a view ( ! ,high ,/reet ( ,*elms=d1 tak5 f ! po9t at :i* ! f\nta9 opposite ! end ( ,spr+field ,lane n[ /&s1 & is entitl$ ,a ,p]spective ,view ( ! ,c\nty ,t[n ( ,*elms=d1 9 ,essex1 ) ! ,judge's ,procession on ! ,day ( ,entrance1 att5d$ by ! ,high ,%]iff & 8 ,(fic]s4 ,! judge's c>riage1 drawn by six horses & prec$$ by ! old 8javel9 m510 n[ disp5s$ )1 is %[n 9 its progress up ! /reet1 pa/ ! old ,,black ,,boy ,inn1 & go+ t[>ds ! *ur*4 ,! procession is pass+ "u ! great beam f :i* sw+s ! sign ( ! ,,black ,,boy4 ,?is beam ext5ds out f ! h\se to ! top ( a po/ set up 9 ! middle ( ! /reet = its support4 ,if ! height ( ?is po/ may be e/imat$ f ! height ( two p]sons %[n /&+ ne> its base 7:o may be fairly set d[n z six feet 9 /ature71 x is n less ?an #bh feet high1 :ile ! beam x supports mu/ project at lea/ #cc feet f ! h\se4 ,close to ?is /ructure1 b ne>] ! o!r side ( ! /reet1 ?\gh /ill n f> f its middle1 /&s ano!r sign-po/ ( ev5 m gigantic proportions4 ,?is po/ is v massive1 & 7if its height may be e/imat$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e7 x mu/ be at lea/ #bd feet high4 ,aga9/ ! sub/antial %ores support+ x 9 its upright position1 leans a fiddl]2 :ile1 close at h&1 two m\nt$ trumpet]s are salut+ ! pass+ judge4 ,b ?is is n all3 ^u ! top ( ! po/1 support$ by a f9e iron framework1 ( an excell5t fl[+ design1 is ! sign-bo>d4 ,?is displays a lion rampant gu>dant 7z ! h]alds say71 :i* is evid5tly ! sign ( ! l>ge inn opposite to :i* x /&s4 ,?is br+s ! height ( ! entire /ructure up to at lea/ #de feet1 or ne>ly z high z ! inn itself4 ,?is 0 probably ! sign ( ! anci5t ,,lion ,inn m5tion$ h]eaft] 7p4 #ei74 ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,veley ( ,*elms=d possesses a f9e old oil pa9t+ f :i* ?is engrav+ 0 evid5tly made1 ?\gh ! two diff] 9 "s p>ticul>s4 ,! figures & ! h\ses are almo/ precisely alike 9 bo?1 b ! pa9t+ has n ! signs & sign-po/s %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,9 bo? ! wid? ( ! /reet is mu* too great4 ,! engrav+ has be5 r$uc$ by ! photographic process1 & is h]e9 made use ( z a frontispiece1#g :il/ ! design ( ! rem>kably f9e iron framework support+ ! sign ( ! ,lion has be5 reproduc$ ^u ! cov] ( ! book4 ,x is a rem>kable f9e example ( ! elaborate & ornam5tal sign-iron )9 :i* swung _m sign-bo>ds ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,o!r examples1 b less elegant1 /ill rema9 "h & !re 9 ! c\nty1 g5]ally mu* ru/$ ) age4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ^? ( ! ,,six ,,bells at ,dunm[1 :i* is dat$ #aggh 7p4 #afh71 ! ,,bell at ,b>dfield 7p4 #agj71 & ! ,,bell at ,ca/le ,h$+ham 7p4 #aej71 all ( :i* w be f\nd depict$ h]eaft]1 ?\gh ) o!r signs atta*$4 ,leav+ n[ ! consid]ation ( ! orig9 ( ! use ( signs1 9 ord] to discuss ! orig9s ( ! v>i\s devices us$ z signs1 we may well feel "s surprise at fir/ t ! anci5t & extremely ent]ta9+1 ?\gh n[ mu* decay$1 art ( ,h]aldry %\ld h giv5 u1 at ! pres5t day1 s _m ( our commone/ signs z x obvi\sly has done4 ,a some:at ha/y exam9ation ( ! li/ ( ,essex signs w %[ t some?+ l #dj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole h probably be5 d]iv$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 f ,h]aldry4 ,! same /atem5t w\ld probably be f\nd to hold good ( ! re/ ( ,engl&4 ,s obvi\s is x t a v l>ge numb] ( inn-signs h be5 9 "s way d]iv$ f ,h]aldry1 t x is surpris+ ?is connection has n receiv$ a mu* full] recognition 9 ! pa/ ?an x has done4 ,x is impossible1 ev5 = ^? mo/ /rongly incl9$ to disbelieve 9 ! h]aldic orig9 ( a majority ( our signs1 to d5y t v _m ( !m1 at lea/1 h be5 s d]iv$4 ,allusion is "h made to su* signs z ! ,,griff91 ! ,,blue ,,bo>1 ! ,,gre5 ,,dragon1 ! ,,blue ,,lion1 ! ,,r$ ,,lion1 ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns1 ! ,,:ite ,,h>t1 ! ,,fleur-,,de-,,lys1 ! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n1 ! ,,cross ,,keys1 & _m o!rs1 ! difficulty ( ascrib+ :i* to any o!r ?an an h]aldic orig9 w be at once app>5t4 ,inde$1 ! fact t a v l>ge proportion ( our signs are ( an h]aldic d]ivation seems to require no /rong] pro( ?an w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! next ?+1 !re=e1 w be to %[ h[ ?is came ab\t4 ,x w\ld probably e>ly h sugge/$ itself to ! m9ds ( tradesm5 & o!rs to use _! own coats ( arms 7:5 !y _h any71 or ^? ( ! ,trade ,guilds to :i* !y belong$1 or ! arms1 cre/1 or badge#h ( _! l&lord or "s patron1 z a sign4 ,?is conv5i5t cu/om1 once e/abli%$1 w\ld be sure to be l>gely foll[$4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t 9 ?is way arose ! cu/om ( call+ a h\se ! 8,s-&-,s's ,arms40 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! cu/om itself rema9s1 al?\gh its orig9 has be5 l>gely lo/ sight (2 & _m inns h n[1 9 consequ5ce1 come to be kn[n z ! 8,arms0 ( p]sons1 trades1 places1 & ?+s :i* nev] did be>1 & nev] c\ld h borne1 a coat ( arms4 ,cle>ly ! orig9 ( ! sign ( ! ,,k+',s ,,arms _h nev] pres5t$ itself to ! m9d ( ! 8simple clodhopp]0 :o1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 7p4 #ajf71 8once walk$ _m miles to see ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 on "o ( 8 j\rneys1 & came home mightily disgu/$2 = ! k+ _h arms j l any o!r man1 :ile he _h always und]/ood t 8 ,maje/y's "r arm 0 a lion1 & 8 left a unicorn60 ,9 ,essex no less ?an #he p] c5t4 ( all ! inn-signs are 8,arms0 ( "s k9d4 ,9 ,devon%ire 8,arms0 actually =m z mu* z #bb p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5gelly4 ,al?\gh ! cu/om ( call+ a h\se ! 8,somebody's ,arms0 /ill survives1 x is probable t1 :5 ! k & ord9>y use ( ,h]aldry began to decl9e1 _m h\ses1 =m]ly kn[n z ! 8,s-&-,s's ,arms10 gradually came to be call$ aft] ! mo/ prom95t *>ge 9 ! coat1 or aft] ! 8cre/0 or "o ( ! 8support]s10#i :i* might h be5 a lion gules1 a bo> azure1 a :ite h>t1 or a rose cr[n$4 ,! badge1 aga91 has unque/ionably giv5 u n a few signs4 ,badges 7 us$ by ! sov]eign & by ! high] nobility f ! f\rte5? to ! sixte5? c5turies inclusive4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) cre/s1 :i* 7 p]sonal emblems1 worn on ! cre/ or helm by lead]s 9 ! field4 ,badges1 on ! o!r h&1 7 h\sehold emblems1 worn by all ! foll[]s & reta9]s ( ! "l4 ,!y 7 always ( a simple nature1 to be easily di/+ui%able 9 battle1 & 7 plac$ on arm\r1 /&>ds1 clo?+1 build+s1 furniture1 c41 c4 ,z a rule1 !re=e1 x is ! badge1 r ?an ! cre/1 or ev5 ! coat ( arms1 :i* has giv5 u our old h]aldic signs4 ,9 "s cases badges 7 adopt$ by p>ties1 z1 = in/ance1 dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 s call$ because ! ,yorki/s took ! ,:ite ,rose z _! badge1 :ile ! ,lanca/rians took ! ,r$4 ,%akespe>e (t5 alludes to ! old cu/om ( us+ badges4 ,mrs4 ,bury ,pallis]1#aj speak+ ( ?is subject1 says1 t 8we /ill f9d ! cognizance ( _m an illu/ri\s family pres]v$ z ! sign ( an inn4 ,! ,:ite ,h>t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 ! ,antelope ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ! ,beacon ( ,h5ry ,v41 ! ,fea!rs ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 ! ,/> ( ! ,lords ( ,ox=d 7^: brilliancy decid$ ! fate ( ! ,battle ( ,b>net71 ! ,lion ( ! ,duke ( ,norfolk 7:i* %one conspicu\s on ,boswor? field71 & _m o!rs1 too num]\s to m5tion1 may yet be se5 z sign-bo>ds to village inns contigu\s to ! =m] ca/les ( families ^: possessions h pass$ into o!r h&s40 ,f ! r$ %ield 7ro? s*ild71 above ! door ( ! h\se ( an hone/ old ,hebrew1 =m+ ,no4 #adh 9 ! ,jud5 ,gasse1 or ,jews' ,alley1 at ,frank=t1 has be5 d]iv$ ! "n ( ! ri*e/ family 9 ! _w4 ,f ^! h]aldic devices h unque/ionably be5 d]iv$ _m ( ! /rangely-col\r$ animals1 su* z r$ & blue lions1 blue bo>s1 c41 :i* are q unkn[n to m5 ( sci5ce1 & h nev] yet be5 se5 except 9 ,h]aldry & ^u sign-bo>ds4 ,a calculation w %[ t no less ?an #bjc ,essex signs1 or ab\t #ae p] c5t41 are describ$ z be+ ( "s p>ticul> col\r1 & t ^! col\r$ signs are animals 9 ne>ly all cases--"o good pro( ( _! h]aldic orig94 ,black occurs #bd times1 blue #g times1 gold5 #f times1 gre5 #bh times 7includ+ dragons & m5 only71 r$ #ci times 7includ+ #cd ,,r$ ,,lions1 #c ,,r$ ,,c[s1 #a ,,r$ ,,h\se1 & #a ,,r$ ,,tape ,,tav]n71 & :ite exactly #ajj times 7includ+ #ej ,,:ite ,,h>ts1 #b ,,:ite ,,swans1 #b ,,:ite ,,be>s1 ,,:ite ,,lions1 ,,:ite ,,horses1 c474 ,9 ,london ! proportion ( col\r$ signs is mu* small]4 ,!re are #gi di/9ct devices1 or ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( ! entire numb]4 ,ano!r /rong pro( t _m ( our o!rwise incompreh5sible signs h be5 d]iv$ f ,h]aldry1 is to be f\nd 9 ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! numb] ,?ree appe>s ^u sign-bo>ds4 ,no less ?an #ce h\ses 9 ,essex 7hav+ #ae di/9ct signs7 are kn[n z ! ?ree some?+s1 :ile o!r numb]s only occur #ab times 9 all4 ,! foll[+ is a complete li/3 ,!re are #c ,,two ,,brew]s1 a ,,f\r ,,a%es1 #b ,,five ,,bells1 #c ,,six ,,bells1 & #d ,,eight ,,bells4 ,_m ( our ,essex ,?rees w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,! li/ includes ! signs ( ! ,,?ree ,,blackbirds1 ! ,,?ree ,,colts1 ! ,,?ree ,,compasses1 ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns1 ! ,,?ree ,,cups1 ! ,,?ree ,,horse%oes1 ! ,,?ree ,,pigeons1 ! ,,?ree ,,tuns1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,nor is ?is peculi>ity conf9$ to ,essex signs only4 ,9 ,london ! numb] ,?ree gives tw5ty-n9e di/9ct devices & sixty-five signs1 includ+ repetitions ( ! same device4 ,all o!r numb]s put toge!r only give tw5ty-two di/9ct devices1 or fifty-five signs4 ,! au?or ( a curi\s & int]e/+ lett] on ! signs ( ,bury1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,bury & ,norwi* ,po/ on ,june #bi & ,july #f1 #agia1 notic$ ?is preval5ce ( ! numb] ,?ree on sign-bo>ds 9 8 day1 & 01 he says1 8incl9$ to acc\nt = x f a k9d ( pr$ilection !re is among sign-pa9t]s to ! numb] ,?ree1 z we see 9 ! ,?ree ,horse ,%oes1 be=e m5tion$1 also 9 ! ,?ree ,bulls1 ! ,?ree ,tuns1 ! ,?ree ,cr[ns1 & ! ,?ree ,goats' ,heads40 ,n[ e "o acqua9t$ ) ,h]aldry w "k h[ v common x is to f9d ?ree *>ges ( "s k9d or o!r ^u an escut*eon1 ei!r alone or ) an 8ord9>y0 or "s o!r *>ge betwe5 !m1 su* z ,arg5t1 ?ree c9quefoils gules = ,d',arcy1 ,gules1 ?ree eagles display$ or = ,b&1 ,gules1 a fess betwe5 ?ree bulls' heads c\p$ or = ,torrel1 c41 & !re c be v little d\bt t ?is /rik+ abundance ( ! numb] ?ree on our sign-bo>ds is due1 l>gely at lea/1 to ! frequ5t use ( t numb] 9 ,h]aldry4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t ?ree 0 a fav\rite1 or lucky1 numb] long be=e ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! art ( ,h]aldry4 ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 cite _m in/ances ( its use1 ev5 z f> back z ! "t ( ! ,assyrians & anci5t ,egyptians4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t _m ( our 8?rees0 are d]iv$ directly f ,h]aldry2 :il/ o!rs are probably d]iv$ f x indirectly4 ,9 ! latt] case ! "n has be5 be/[$ rec5tly ^u 8 h\se by ! l&lord1 because he knew x to be a v common cu/om to call a h\se ! 8,?ree ,some?+s10 al?\gh ( ! orig9 ( t cu/om he probably knew absolutely no?+4 ,essex examples ( ! =m] class are giv5 above4 ,among ^? ( ! latt] are probably our signs ( ! ,,?ree ,,a%es1 ! ,,?ree ,,elms1 ! ,,?ree ,,jolly ,,:eel]s1 & ! ,,?ree ,,m>9]s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 m ?an probable t "s signs1 :i* appe> to be truly h]aldic 9 _! orig91 are1 9 reality1 n d]iv$ f ,h]aldry at all1 b h be5 tak5 direct f ,nature4 ,at ! same "t1 ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ t v _m ( our signs h a truly h]aldic orig94 ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 recognize ?is fact to a consid]able ext5t1 & devote _! ?ird *apt]1 compris+ z mu* z a t5? "p ( _! :ole "w1 to 8,h]aldic & ,emblematic ,signs40 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !y h 9 mo/ cases err$ on ! side ( caution1 & h be5 too reluctant to ascribe to ,h]aldry ! orig9 ( any sign = :i* ano!r d]ivation c\ld possibly be f\nd4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 mu* tru? 9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( _! f\r? *apt] 7p4 #aej71 treat+ ( 8,animals & ,mon/]s40 ,!y say3 8,x is1 9 _m cases1 impossible to draw a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 signs borr[$ f ! animal k+dom & ^? tak5 f ,h]aldry3 we _c n[ det]m9e1 = in/ance1 :e!r by ! ,,:ite ,,horse is meant simply an equus caballus1 or ! ,:ite ,horse ( ! ,saxons1 & t ( ! ,h\se ( ,hanov]2 nor :e!r ! ,,:ite ,,greyh\nd repres5t$ orig9ally ! support] ( ! arms ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 or simply ! greyh\nd t c\rses #8poor puss' on our mead[s 9 ! hunt+-season4 ,= ?is reason ?is *apt] has be5 plac$ z a sequel to ! h]aldic signs4 ,z a rule1 fanta/ically-col\r$ animals are unque/ionably ( h]aldic orig93 _! numb] is limit$ to ! ,lion1 ! ,bo>1 ! ,h>t1 ! ,dog1 ! ,cat1 ! ,be>1 &1 9 a few in/ances1 ! ,bull4 ,all o!r animals 7 g5]ally repres5t$ 9 :at 0 meant = _! natural col\rs40 ,aga91 ! au?ors v truly rem>k 7p4 #aaj7 t-- 8,9 pond]+ ov] ?is class ( signs1 great difficulty (t5 arises f ! abs5ce ( all pro( t ! animal "u consid]ation 0 set up z a badge1 & n z a repres5tation ( ! actual animal4 ,z no am\nt ( inve/igation c decide ?is matt]1 we h be5 some:at pr(use 9 our li/ ( badges1 9 ord] t ! read] %\ld be able to =m 8 own op9ion ^u t subject4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ) ! fir/ sign t (f]s itself1 ,,! ,,angel ,,& ,,trumpet1 x is impossible to say :e!r ! support]s ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 gave rise to x1 or :e!r x repres5ts ,fame40 ,! late ,mr4 ,jewitt1 :o _h an excell5t k ( ,h]aldry1 9 8 article already ref]r$ to1 cle>ly recognizes ! important "p :i* t art has play$ 9 giv+ orig9 to _m ( our commone/ signs2 b ! same _c be said = ,mr4 ,p5gelly's treatise on ! ,signs ( ,devon%ire4 ,! connection betwe5 ,h]aldry & ! orig9 ( our trade-signs is s intimate1 t no "o is fully compet5t to discuss ! latt] unless well acqua9t$ ) ! =m]2 &1 al?\gh ! signs ( ! #a1abc inns exi/+ 9 ,devon%ire are c>efully classifi$ & treat$ ( at l5g? by ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 num]\s passages make x evid5t f ! outset t he has little or no k ( ! h]ald's art4 ,consequ5tly1 8 rem>ks lose v mu* ( _! int]e/4 ,= in/ance1 he says3--8,s f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 ! ,,h>p ,,& ,,lion at ,plym\? is )\t p>allel any:]e4 ,its mean+1 if x h any1 seems v f> to seek40 ,_h ! writ] be5 acqua9t$ ) ,h]aldry1 he w\ld h kn[n t a lion & a h>p are ! pr9cipal *>ges 9 ! arms ( ,scotl& & ,wales respectively1 z %[n on ! backs ( our flor9s4 ,aga91 he says3 8,?ree is ! popul> num]al1 & is n1 at all times1 easily acc\nt$ =4444 ,!re seems to be no explanation = ! ,,?ree ,,cranes at ,exet]1 ! ,,?ree ,,pigeons at ,bi%op's ,tawton1 ! ,,?ree ,,horse%oes1 ( :i* !re are f\r examples1 or ! ,,?ree ,,tuns1 met ) z _m z sev5 times1 unless we suppose ! numb] to h "s direct or indirect allusion to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 or to ! v popul> belief t #8,?ree are lucky4'0 ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( ! numb] ?ree on our sign-bo>ds has be5 already expla9$1 & ! orig9 ( its use w be made /ill cle>] h]eaft]4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t "o ( ,mr4 ,p5gelly's head+s is 8,h]aldry10 b "u x he speaks ( b little else ?an ^? inns :i* h ! 8,arms0 ( "s p]son or place z _! sign4 ,9 ?is connection he says3 8,! ,devon%ire inn-keep]s appe> to be fond ( h]aldic signs2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r "s ( ! arms !y h set up are kn[n at ! ,h]alds' (fice4 ,!re are 9 ! c\nty z _m z #bec sign-bo>ds--i4e41 #bb p] c5t4 ( ! entire numb]--be>+ arms ( "s k9d4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a suffici5t recurr5ce ( ! same names to r$uce ! numb] to #afe di/9ct signs or names ( coats4 ,! li/ conta9s ! arms ( a h]o :o _h di$1 & a hi]>*y t _h pass$ away--,a*illes & ! ,druids--be=e ! f\nd+ ( ! ,h]aldic ,sy/em2 ( royal1 noble1 & o!r di/+ui%$ p]sonages2 ( proprietors ( ! soil2 ( c\ntries1 c\nties1 cities1 t[ns1 & villages2 ( trades & employm5ts2 & ( objects difficult ( classification40 ,) ,mr4 ,p5gelly's treatm5t ( non-h]aldic signs !re is1 ( c\rse1 no fault to be f\nd4 ,m4 ,ed\>d ,f\rni]1 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ ,hi/oire des ,enseignes de ,p>is1 makes "s valuable rem>ks on ! connection betwe5 ,trade ,signs & ,h]aldry4 ,! foll[+ is a translation4 ,aft] /at+ t coats ( arms came into use at ! "t ( ! ,crusades1 he says3 8,! fir/ ,crusade dates f ! ye> #ajij4444 ,is x n all[able to suppose t1 among ! ,crusad]s :o _h tak5 ! sign ( ! cross ^u _! coats ( arms1 !re 7 "s :o1 prev5t$ f />t+ ^u ! ,crusade1 display$ ! cross ^u _! h\ses1 z a tok5 ( _! hav+ tak5 a v[1 soon] or lat]1 to proce$ to ! ,holy ,l&8 ,?is w\ld be a rational explanation ( ! g5]al & widely foll[$ cu/om ( us+ ! cross z ! sign ( a h\se or a %op--,r$ ,crosses1 ,:ite ,crosses1 ,gold5 & ,silv] ,crosses1 c41 :i* =m a k9d ( sign-bo>d crusade4 ,x is impossible o!rwise to expla9 ! s+ul> & obvi\s analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! devices on ! %ield ( arms & ^? on ! olde/ sign-bo>ds4 ,on ! sign-bo>ds1 z ^u ! armorial be>+s1 are to be se5 ! same devices1 borr[$ f e object :i* has a %ape or a "n 9 ! creation ( ,god or ( man2 moreov]1 ^u ! sign-bo>ds1 ^! figures are reproduc$ ) ! v>i\s col\rs & #8metals' 9 :i* !y appe> on ! coats ( arms4 ,! only diff]5ce is 9 ! #8field' or backgr\nd ^u :i* ! figures are pa9t$4 ,on ! sign-bo>d ?is is ( no importance2 :ile x is1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! di/9ctive features ( ! coat ( arms4 ,9 ,l\van ,geliot's ,indice ,armorial 7,armorial ,index7 is to be f\nd n only a gloss>y ( all ! words us$ 9 h]aldic #8blazon1' b also ! names ( ne>ly all ! devices display$ ^u sign-bo>ds4444 ,9 a ^w1 sign-bo>ds & %ields ( arms1 bo? alike1 display figures ( ev]y?+ t /rikes ! eye or ! m9d 9 our e-day life4444 8,! mansions built or inhabit$ by noble families bore1 z signs1 ! arms ( ^! families1 sculptur$ or pa9t$1 ov] ! entrance-door4 ,^! escut*eons ( ! nobility1 )\t d\bt1 excit$ ! envy ( ! m]*ants1 :o wi%$ also to h signs1 & :o1 !re=e1 plac$ _! trade or occupation "u ! protection ( ! %ield ( ,france1 or "s o!r %ield1 ei!r ( a prov9ce or ev5 ( a mona/]y4 ,!re 0 nobody to object to ?is1 & su* signs quickly multipli$ 9 e direction40 ,m4 ,f\rni] next gives a long li/ ( h\ses :i* =m]ly display$ armorial signs 9 sev]al ( ! 8,qu>ti]s0 ( ,p>is4 8,aft] ?is enum]ation he says x w be possible to =m an idea ( ! multitude ( signs ( ?is k9d :i* mu/ h exi/$ at ! same p]iods 9 ! o!r ,qu>t]s ( ,p>is40 ,be=e proce$+ to discuss 9 detail ! v>i\s signs to be met ) 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex1 x w be well to po9t out two cunn+ly-conceal$ pitfalls into :i* ! ard5t antiqu>y is likely to fall1 unless he is c>eful to ex]cise vigilance 9 avoid+ !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! arises f ! comb9ation ( two diff]5t signs into "o4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 speak ( su* signs be+ 8qu>t]$10 b 8impal$0 is a mu* bett] ^w1 if us$ 9 its old h]aldic s5se4 ,signs ( ?is k9d fir/ began to appe> ab\t ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 & are /ill common1 al?\gh less s ?an =m]ly4 ,x is noticeable t ,taylor 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 publi%$ 9 #afcf 7see p4 #bh71 does n "n a s+le impal$ sign1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,9 "s cases1 su* z ! ,,eagle ,,& ,,*ild1 ! ,,/> ,,& ,,g>t]1 ! ,,george ,,& ,,dragon1 c41 ! connection is at once obvi\s2 b 9 ! great majority no mean+ or connection is app>5t4 ,9 su* cases x w be f\nd be/ n to se>* too deeply = a mean+1 = ! good reason t none exi/s4 ,! m9d ( ,addison seems to h be5 consid]ably ex]cis$ by ! signs ( ?is k9d to be se5 9 8 day 9 ! ,london /reets4 ,9 an amus+ lett] to ! ,spectator1 9 #agaj1 he pr(esses himself desir\s ( obta9+ (fice z 8,sup]9t5d5t ( ,signs10 9 ord] t he might be able to expunge ^? ( an unnatural k9d4 8,my fir/ task1 !re=e he says1 %\ld be1 l t ( ,h]cules1 to cle> ! city f mon/]s4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i %\ld =bid t creatures ( j>r+ & incongru\s natures %\ld be jo9$ toge!r 9 ! same sign2 su* z ! ,,bell ,,& ,,neat',s ,,tongue1 ! ,,dog ,,& ,,gridiron4 ,! ,,fox ,,& ,,! ,,goose may be suppos$ to h met2 b :at h ! ,,fox ,,& ,,sev5 ,,/>s to d toge!r8 ,& :5 did ! ,,lion ,,& ,,dolph9 ev] meet except ^u a sign-po/8 ,z = ! ,,cat ,,& ,,fiddle1 !re is a conceit 9 x2 & ,i1 !re=e1 d n int5d t any?+ t ,i h "h said %\ld affect x40 ,fur!r on1 he makes x pla9 to u h[ "s ( ^! /range comb9ations arose4 8,i mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve to y ^u ?is subject says he1 t x is usual = a "y tradesman1 at 8 fir/ sett+ up1 to add to 8 own sign t ( ! ma/] :om he s]v$1 z ! husb&1 aft] m>riage1 gives a place to 8 mi/ress's arms 9 8 own coat4 ,?is ,i take to h giv5 rise to _m ( ^? absurdities :i* are committ$ ov] our heads2 &1 z ,i am in=m$1 fir/ occasion$ ! ,,?ree ,,nuns ,,& ,a ,,h>e1 :i* we see s frequ5tly jo9$ toge!r40 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 7p4 #ba7 impal$ signs1 too1 7 (t5 set up 8on remov+ f "o %op to ano!r1 :5 x 0 cu/om>y to add ! sign ( ! old %op to t ( ! new40 ,num]\s examples may be cit$ ( impal$ signs :i* occur at ! pres5t "t 9 ,essex4 ,su* are ! ,,bull ,,& ,,horse%oe 7p4 #fe7 at ,nor? ,weald1 ! ,,lion ,,& ,,bo> 7p4 #fc7 at ,e>l's ,colne1 ! ,,lion ,,& ,,key 7p4 #fc7 at ,leyton1 ! ,,bull ,,& ,,cr[n 7p4 #fe7 at ,*+=d1 ! ,,/> ,,& ,,fleece 7p4 #gi7 at ,kelv$on1 ! ,,sun ,,& ,,:alebone 7p4 #hc7 at ,latton1 ! examples ( ! ,,cock ,,& ,,bell 7p4 #ii7 at ,writtle1 ,rom=d1 & ,high ,ea/]1 ! ,,ra9b[ ,,& ,,dove 7p4 #aja7 at ,nor? ,weald1 ! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,blacksmi? 7p4 #aca7 at ,t5dr+1 ! examples ( ! ,,pl[ ,,& ,,sail 7p4 #adf7 at ,tollesbury1 ,ea/ ,hann+field1 ,pagle%am1 & ,maldon1 ! ,,sun ,,& ,,an*or 7p4 #adg7 at ,/eeple1 ! ,,bell ,,& ,,an*or 7p4 #aei7 at ,cann+ ,t[n1 ! ,,coa* ,,& ,,bell 7p4 #aei7 at ,rom=d1 ! ,,old ,,w9dmill ,,& ,,bells 7p4 #aei7 also at ,rom=d1 ! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,crook$ ,,billet 7p4 #afb7 at ,wood=d ,bridge1 & _m o!rs4 ,^! w all be f\nd notic$ 9 _! prop] places4 ,_m o!r app>5tly impal$ signs might be notic$4 ,su* are ! ,,coa* ,,& ,,horses 7p4 #eg71 ! ,,lion ,,& ,,lamb 7p4 #fc71 ! ,,eagle ,,& ,,*ild 7p4 #ib71 ! ,,dog ,,& ,,p>tridge 7p4 #ge71 ! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n 7p4 #aaf71 ! ,,george ,,& ,,dragon 7p4 #abh71 c41 c42 b ^! d n prop]ly belong to ?is class1 !re be+ "s obvi\s or possible connection betwe5 ! two objects nam$ 9 ea* case4 ,among signs ( ?is k9d--app>5tly1 ?\gh n /rictly speak+1 impal$--belong all1 or mo/1 comb9ations ( any object ) ei!r a ,h& or a ,hoop4 ,su* are ! ,,h& ,,& ,,glove 7p4 #adb71 ! ,,h& ,,& ,,ball 7p4 #adb71 ! ,,cross ,,& ,,h& 7p4 #adb71 & ! ,,h& ,,& ,,/> 7p4 #bh72 also ! ,,cock ,,& ,,hoop1 ! ,,hoop ,,& ,,horse%oe1 ! ,,hoop ,,& ,,grapes1 :i* d n occur 9 ,essex4 ,comb9ations ) a ,h& g5]ally arose f ! fact t x 0 once common to repres5t on ! sign-bo>d a h& hold+ or support+ "s o!r object4 ,9 _m cases1 no d\bt1 su* comb9ations orig9ally repres5t$ "s family cre/1 9 :i* 7z is commonly ! case7 a h& support$ a cross1 a glove1 a spe>1 or "s o!r object z ! case might be4 ,comb9ations into :i* a ,hoop ent]s may be expla9$ by m5tion+ ! fact t =m]ly ! sign 0 n always pa9t$ on a bo>d1 b (t5 c>v$ 9 wood or metal & susp5d$ be=e ! h\se )9 a hoop4 ,! second cause ( difficulty arises f ! fact t "s signs h become alt]$ & corrupt$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,_m curi\s examples ( signs ( ?is class are giv5 by ! au?ors s (t5 quot$4 ,mo/ ( !m seem to h aris5 9 ?is way3--,a sign 0 put up :i* commemorat$ "s incid5t or p]sonage1 (t5 p]haps ( only local celebrity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! occurr5ce commemorat$ or ! individual repres5t$ by ! sign became =gott5 7or1 at any rate1 disconnect$ f ! sign72 &1 "u ! influ5ce ( vulg> pronunciation 7or1 possibly1 ^u ! adv5t ( a fre% l&lord1 :o knew no?+ z to ! significance ( ! old "n71 ! sign 0 *ang$1 & giv5 "s fre% mean+1 :i* ! words seem$ to imply or ne>ly resemble4 ,su* signs z ^! may be /yl$ 8corruptions40 ,z an example1 x may be m5tion$ t at ,hev]1 9 ,k5t1 ne> :i* place ! ,bull5 or ,boleyn family _h l>ge possessions1 !re 01 = _m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! un=tunate ,ann1 an ale-h\se ) ! sign ( ! ,,bull5 ,,but*]$2 b1 on ! place fall+ into fre% h&s1 ! sign 0 vulg>iz$ into ! ,,bull ,,& ,,but*] 7671 & s rema9$ until a rec5t date4 ,9 exactly ! same way1 a f>m /&+ on or ne> ! site ( "o ( ! old lodges at "o ( ! entrances to ! ,p>k ( ,new ,hall1 ,boreham--ano!r anci5t e/ate ( ! ,boleyn or ,bull5 family--is n[ kn[n z 8,bull's ,lodge ,f>m10 x hav+ =m]ly be5 8,bull5's ,lodge ,f>m40 ,?us1 too1 ! ,,george ,,cann+ has become *ang$ into ! ,,george ,,& ,,cannon1 ! ,,isl& ,,que5 into ! ,,icel& ,,que51 ! ,,f\r ,,alls into ! ,,f\r ,,awls 7& us$ z a %oemak]'s sign71 & ! ,,elephant ,,& ,,ca/le into ! ,,pig ,,& ,,t9d]box4 ,x is by no means improbable t1 if suffici5tly m9ute inquiry 7 to be made1 x w\ld be f\nd t "s ( our #bb ,essex ,,%ips1 _m ( :i* are situat$ f> f ! sea1 & 9 purely agricultural di/ricts1 are int5d$ = ,%eep1 t ^w be+1 9 ,essex1 inv>iably pron\nc$ 8%ip10 bo? 9 ! s+ul> & plural4 ,! ,/ock ,,%ip1 = in/ance1 occupies "s ( ! highe/ gr\nd 9 ! c\nty1 & is a well-kn[n l&m>k = _m miles ar\nd4 ,x c\ld h>dly h rea*$ its pres5t position )\t und]go+ "s su* /range adv5tures z ,noah's ,ark is said to h exp]i5c$4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,,falcon ,,& ,,fett]lock4 au?ors ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds /ate t ! two words 8%ip0 & 8%eep0 7 once commonly pron\nc$ almo/ promiscu\sly1 z n[ 9 ,essex4 ,at ,b]khamp/ead1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 moreov]1 !re is a h\se :i* =m]ly _h a pictorial repres5tation ( a %ip 9 full sail z its sign4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ! sign-bo>d has m]ely borne ! ^w 8%ip20 &1 q rec5tly1 on ! adv5t ( a new l&lord :o _h be5 a cattle-deal]1 ! sign 0 *ang$ into ! ,,%eep4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is1 at ,*ipp+ ,norton1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 a h\se /yl$ ! ,,%eep ,,& ,,an*or1 :i*1 d\btless1 %\ld be1 & orig9ally 01 ! ,,%ip ,,& ,,an*or4 ,! old sign ( ! ,,falcon ,,& ,,fett]lock1 repres5t+ ! badge ( ,john ( ,gh5t1 is n[ (t5 corrupt$ into ! ,,hawk ,,& ,,buckle1 or ev5 into ! ,,hawk ,,& ,,buck4 ,9 speak+ ( ,essex examples ( corrupt$ signs1 x may be m5tion$ t ! ,,goat ,,& ,,boots 7p4 #ha7 appe>s at ,col*e/] = ! ,,goat ,,9 ,,boots1 & t ! ,,de ,,beauvoir',s ,,arms 7p4 #dc7 at ,d[nham is locally kn[n z 8! ,,beav]s40 ,9 ! ,po/ ,(fice ,directory1 too1 ! ,,horse ,,& ,,well 7p4 #eg7 at ,wood=d appe>s z ! ,,horse ,,& ,,:eel1 ! ,,roman ,,urn 7p4 #dd7 at ,col*e/] z ! ,,roman ,,arms1 & ! ,,sund]l& ,,arms 7p4 #ca7 at ,wakes ,colne z ! ,,su!rl& ,,arms4 ,"s ( ^! are n corruptions :i* h actually tak5 place on ! sign-bo>d2 b !y well %[ ! t5d5cy t[>ds su* corruption4 ,!re c be b little d\bt1 too1 t ! sign ( ! ,,h>r[ 7p4 #aga7 repres5ts ! ,portcullis cr[n$ :i* ,h5ry ,,vii4 & o!r sov]eigns us$ z a badge4 ,:5 ! k ( h]aldry decl9$ ! common p call$ ! sign by ! "n ( ! ,h>r[1 n kn[+ ( any?+ else :i* resembl$ ! device display$4 ,x ?us became an agricultural sign1 & 0 sometimes comb9$ ) ano!r sign ( ! same k9d1 namely1 ! ,,pl\gh1 z at ,leyton/one 7p4 #agj74 ,9 o!r c\nties1 accord+ to ,l>wood & ,hott51 ! sign is /ill commonly kn[n z ! ,,portcullis1 b we h no example 9 ,essex4 ,"s =ty ye>s ago x 0 record$ 9 ! ,worce/] ,j\rnal t ! l&lord ( ! ,,:ite ,,h>t ,inn at ,dudley decid$ t 8 sign1 :i* _h until !n be5 m]ely writt51 %\ld be made pictorial2 b in/ead ( hav+ depict$ ! ord9>y ,:ite ,h>t ) gold5 *a9 & coll>1 he 7:e!r ?r\gh ignorance or int5t7 _h pa9t$ 9 :ite1 on a black gr\nd1 a l>ge ,elephant's ,he>t6 ,( ?is absurd corruption we h n[ an example 9 ,essex1 z m5tion$ h]eaft] 7p4 #ec74 ,illu/ration3 ,,portcullis4 ,x 0 also once a v common ?+ = ! sign to =m a 8rebus10 or pun1 ^u ! "n ( ! own]4 ,?us ,,two ,,cocks repres5t$ ,cox2 ,,?ree ,,conies1 ,conny2 ,,?ree ,,fi%es1 ,fi%1 c41 c4 ,! tok5 issu$ 9 #affe by 8,b5iam9 ,samson 9 ,cogge%all0 be>s :at ,boyne describes z 8! figure ( ,sampson1 /&+1 ) a robe ov] 8 %\ld] & lo9s1 hold+ a jawbone 9 "o h&40 ,_m comb9ations1 o!rwise inexplicable1 d\btless arose f ?is s\rce1 su* z a ,,h& ,,& ,,cock1 signify+ ,hancock1 & a ,,babe ,,& ,,tun1 signify+ ,bab+ton4 ,x is n easy to detect any in/ance 9 :i* a rebus or punn+ device n[ appe>s on an ,essex sign-bo>d2 b sev]al cases may be po9t$ out on ! trade-tok5s issu$ by ,essex tradesm5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?us1 a ,,lamb appe>s on ! tok5 ( ,?omas ,lambe ( ,col*e/] 9 #afed 7p4 #hj71 a ,,f9* on t ( ,john ,f9* ( ,hal/ead1 & a ,,tree on t ( ,w4 ,spiltimb] ( ,hatfield ,broad ,oak4 ,x is wor? m5tion1 too1 t ,mr4 ,a4 ,/agg1 an ,engli% hatt]1 9 ! ,rue ,aub]1 ,p>is1 displays two gild$ /ags' heads on ! facia above 8 %op4 ,?us we see t1 9 se>*+ = ! orig9 ( any sign ( obscure d]ivation1 we may h to trace x back ?r\gh sev]al diff]5t =ms4 ,com+ n[ to ! m p>ticul> exam9ation ( ! signs connect$ ) ,essex1 we f9d t ! signs ( ! #a1cee inns exi/+ 9 ! c\nty furni% an ample fund ( int]e/ to any "o :o sy/ematically /udies _! orig9 & significance4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 treatm5t an attempt has be5 made to arrange ^! signs "u v>i\s head+s1 & "u "o or o!r ( ^! head+s e di/9ct inn-sign n[ appe>+ 9 ! c\nty w be f\nd treat$ (1 toge!r ) a l>ge numb] ( o!r signs :i* once exi/$ 9 ,essex1 b h n[ disappe>$4 ,! li/ ( ,essex inns giv5 9 ! ,po/ ,(fice ,directory = ! c\nty has be5 f\nd v useful1 al?\gh1 un=tunately1 ! signs ( ! num]\s 8be]-%ops0 7:5 !y h any7 are n giv54 ,?is defici5cy has1 h[ev]1 to "s ext5t1 be5 suppli$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! magi/rates' cl]ks 9 ! c\nty1 :o h =w>d$ li/s ( su* be]-h\ses z h signs or names 9 _! respective divisions4 ,! in=mation ?us obta9$ has be5 incorporat$ ) ! rema9d]2 b 9 speak+ ( a c]ta9 sign appe>+ s _m times 9 ! c\nty ! numb] ( fully-lic5s$ h\ses alone is 9 all cases ref]r$ to4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty1 b especially 9 ! s\?-we/]n portion r\nd ,epp+ & ,ong> 7z also 9 ,london71 ^! h\ses are kn[n among ! lab\r+ p by ! /range "n ( 8,tom & ,j]rys10 no explanation ( ! orig9 ( :i* seems to be obta9able4 ,be]-h\ses are compell$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t 7#a ,w4 ,,iv41 c4 #fd1 s4 #f1 #d #e ,w4 ,,iv41 c4 #he1 s4 #ah7 to display ov] _! doors a descriptive bo>d1 to be 8publicly visible & legible10 "u p5alty ( #aj1 b x does n appe> t ei!r !y or fully-lic5s$ h\ses are compell$ to display signs4 ,!re does n appe> to h be5 any complete li/ ( ! inns ( ! c\nty publi%$ m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 b ev5 ! li/s ext5d+ back t f> may advantage\sly be comp>$ ) t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,al?\gh v _m ( our signs /ill rema9 ! same n[ z !y 7 !n1 num]\s *anges are noticeable4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally 9 ! direction t might be expect$4 ,old h]aldic devices are sl[ly disappe>+ & giv+ place to mod]n vulg>isms4 ,= in/ance1 s lately z ! ye> #ahfh ,,railway ,,inns & ,,railway ,,tav]ns comb9$ only numb]$ tw5ty1 :ile at ! pres5t "t we h no less ?an ?irty-"o4 ,x is q cle> t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 be=e railways came into exi/5ce1 ^! signs mu/ h be5 altoge!r unkn[n4 ,_! places 7 !n fill$ by su* signs z ! ,,coa* ,,& ,,horses or ! ,,horn ,,& ,,horse%oes1 & o!r signs n[ go+ out ( fa%ion4 ,a great deal ( v useful & int]e/+ in=mation z to ! signs 9 use 9 ,essex two c5turies ago is also to be obta9$ f an exam9ation ( ! li/ ( sev5te5?-c5tury tok5s giv5 by ,mr4 ,boyne4#aa ,^! tok5s 7 issu$ v num]\sly by tradesm5 dur+ ! ,commonweal? & ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 :5 ! national co9age 0 9 an extremely debas$ condition4 ,9 ! 8field10 or c5tre1 ( ! co9 !re 0 g5]ally a device1 :i* usually repres5t$ ! sign "u :i* ! issu] trad$4 ,_m ( ! objects ?us repres5t$ h1 ( c\rse1 disappe>$ f ! sign-bo>ds ( ! pres5t day1 ?\gh v _m o!rs are /ill famili> public-h\se signs4 ,mr4 ,boyne is1 h[ev]1 ( ! op9ion t n m ?an "o-fif? ( ! tok5s n[ extant 7 issu$ by tav]n-keep]s1 ! re/ hav+ be5 circulat$ by ord9>y tradesm54 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! fact t _m ( ! common h]aldic signs _h _! orig9 9 ! use =m]ly made ( ! arms ( ! v>i\s ,trade ,guilds or companies z signs2 & a ha/y exam9ation ( ! li/ ( ,essex tok5s giv5 by ,boyne %[s t betwe5 #hj & #ij1 or #cg p] c5t41 be> arms or emblems belong+ to "o or o!r ( ^! anci5t companies4 ,?us1 ! ,groc]s appe> ab\t #be times1 ! ,bak]s ab\t #ac times1 ! ,tall[-*&l]s #aj times1 ! ,woolm5 #h times1 ! ,clo?work]s #d times1 ! ,blacksmi?s & ! ,drap]s ea* #c times1 ! ,m]c]s1 ! ,apo!c>ies1 & ! ,b>b] ,surgeons ea* twice1 & ! ,brew]s1 ! ,fi%mong]s1 ! ,but*]s1 ! ,fruit]]s1 & ! ,cutl]s ea* once4 ,ea* ( ^! signs w be h]eaft] treat$ ( 9 its prop] place4 ,a v int]e/+ li/ ( ! inns 9 ,essex 7#ajg 9 all7 9 #afcf is giv5 9 ,john ,taylor's--! 8,wat] ,poet's0--,catalogue ( ,tav]nes 9 ,t5ne ,%ires ab\t ,london1 publi%$ 9 t ye>4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 only ?irte5 cases does he give ! sign4 ,9 all o!r cases he m]ely gives ! "n ( ! hold]4 ,frequ5t allusion w h]eaft] be made to ?is li/ ( inns4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ,pigot's ,comm]cial ,directory1 publi%$ 9 #ahbc1 is a li/ ( ! inns 9 ! pr9cipal ,essex t[ns at t day1 :i* has prov$ v useful4 ,an a/]isk plac$ be=e ! sign ( any p>ticul> exi/+ inn1 or ! "n ( ! place at :i* x is situat$1 indicates t ! inn 9 "q is m5tion$ 9 ! above ,directory1 & t x is !re=e at lea/ #fd ye>s old4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t1 al?\gh ! inns are1 z a rule1 among ! olde/ & mo/ int]e/+ h\ses 9 any small t[n or c\ntry village1 our ,essex hi/orians h1 almo/ )\t exception1 be5 too fully occupi$ 9 trac+ ! desc5t ( manors & e/ates1 ev5 to notice !m4 ,! li/ giv5 9 ! ,london ,directory = #ahhe enum]ates no less ?an #a1gdb di/9ct signs or devices1 z appe>+ 9 ! metropolis alone4 ,"s ( ^! are1 ( c\rse1 repeat$ z _m z fifty times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,& ,,/>4 7,date #aeej1 aft] ,l>wood & ,hott547 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h]aldic ,,signs4 444 8a coat ( arms1 444 & wild bea/s on _! h9d legs1 %[+ x1 z if x 0 a copy !y _h done1 ) m\?s f e> to e>1--good graci\s60 ,,dick5s3 ,little ,dorrit1 book ii41 *ap4 ix4 ,z ! qua9t art ( ,h]aldry has giv5 to u _m1 if n a majority1 ( our mo/ int]e/+ signs1 x is only reasonable t signs ( ?is class %\ld be treat$ fir/4 ,9 all respects ! mo/ purely h]aldic sign we h 9 ,essex is ! ,,fleur-,,de-,,lys1 :i* occurs at ,widd+ton4 ,z a sign1 ?is 0 =m]ly mu* m common ?an at pres5t4 ,eight ( ! ,essex tok5s are describ$ z hav+ borne x4 ,two ( ^! 7 issu$ 9 ,col*e/]1 two 9 ,bill]icay1 & "o ea* 9 ,*elms=d1 ,cogge%all1 ,/ock1 & ,)am1 ! issu] at ! latt] place be+ ,john ,jackson1 clo?i]1 9 #affi4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a h\se ( ?is "n at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,9 ! p>i% regi/] ! burial ( a l&lord1 on ,may #h1 #afhd1 is record$ z foll[s3--8,edw>d ,cl>ke1 att ye fl[] de luis40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+1 too1 f9ds m5tion 9 anci5t de$s ( a 8,fl[] de ,luce0 at ,maldon 9 #afeh1 & aga9 9 #afij1 b :e!r an inn1 %op1 or dwell+-h\se1 !re is1 z usual1 no evid5ce to %[4 ,z x is sometimes v>i$ into ! ,,?ree ,,fleurs ,,de ,,lys1 ! mo/ reasonable conclusion is t x is tak5 f ! arms ( ,france1 z =m]ly qu>t]$ ) ^? ( ,engl&1 b a fleur-de-lys 0 also us$ z a badge by ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,9 =m] times1 too1 x 0 an emblem ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 ,london at ! pres5t day ! sign occurs once only1 namely1 9 ,fleur-de-,lys ,/reet1 ,e4 ,bel[ are depict$ f\r ( ! _m =ms tak5 by ?is device on e>ly %ields ( arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fleur ,,de ,,lys 7f\r e>ly =ms74 ,illu/ration3 ,,essex ,,arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col*e/] ,,arms4 ,no less ?an #aaf ( our pres5t public-h\ses 7or #he p] c5t47 are nam$ aft] ! arms ( "s family1 place1 city1 c\ntry1 or trade4 ,^? obvi\sly nam$ aft] "s place )9 ! c\nty w be fir/ notic$4 ,to comm5ce )1 h[ev]1 we w m5tion ! ,,royal ,,arms at ,silv]t[n4#ab ,! same device appe>s on a tok5 inscrib$ 8,!ophilus ,h>vey1 9 ,manitree1 #affi40 ,next we h ! ,,essex ,,arms4#ac ,!re are n[ f\r examples1 ?\gh =ty ye>s ago !re 7 five4 ,at ,spr+field1 too1 !re is a be]-h\se ( ?is "n4 ,!n we h a 99,,col*e/] ,,arms1#ad :i* is1 ( c\rse1 situat$ at ,col*e/]4 ,x is at lea/ =ty ye>s old4 ,! ,,col*e/] ,,arms also appe> on ! halfp5ny tok5 ( ,alex&] ,satt]?waite1 ( ,col*e/]1 dat$ #affh4 ,! ,,bor\gh ,,arms at ,maldon are1 ( c\rse1 ! arms ( t t[n4#ae ,! ,,abbey ,,arms at ,plai/[ d\btless repres5t ! arms ( ! neighb\r+ ,abbey ( ,b>k+4#af ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,h>wi* ,,arms#ag at 99,h>wi*4 ,!n we h ! ,,hutton ,,arms at ,hutton1 ! ,,*adwell ,,arms at ,*adwell ,hea?1 ! ,,b]e*ur* ,,arms at ,lexd51 ! ,,rom=d ,,arms 7be]-h\se7 at ,rom=d1 ! ,,colne ,,valley ,,arms at ,birdbrook1 & ! ,,royal ,,essex ,,arms at ,bra9tree1 all ( :i* coats ! h]alds w\ld probably be unable to f9d ent]$ at ,h]alds' ,college4 ,! la/-nam$ is an especially /range device4 ,x is probably an impal$ sign1 due to a comb9ation ( ! ,,royal ,,arms & ! ,,essex ,,arms4 ,_m o!r ( our 8arms0 are nam$ aft] places outside ! c\nty4 ,probably 9 _m cases a new l&lord has nam$ 8 h\se aft] ! place he came f4 ,su* are ! ,,cambridge ,,arms1 ! ,,cuckfield ,,arms1 ! ,,d>tm\? ,,arms1 ! ,,d5m>k ,,arms1 ! ,,dorset ,,arms1 #b ,,durham ,,arms1 ! ,,falm\? ,,arms1 ! ,,ipswi* ,,arms1 ! ,,liv]pool ,,arms1 ! ,,nor?umb]l& ,,arms1 ! ,,odessa ,,arms1 ! ,,lilliput ,,arms 79 ! ,lilliput ,road1 ,/rat=d71 ! ,,t[] ,,hamlets ,,arms 7at ,=e/ ,gate71 & ! ,,k5t ,,arms at ,nor? ,woolwi*1 a p>i% belong+ to ,k5t1 ?\gh situat$ on ! nor? side ( ! riv]4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago !re 0 also a ,,sussex ,,arms 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,,city ,,arms at ,cann+ ,t[n presumably repres5t ! arms ( ! ,city ( ,london4#ah ,! dagg] 9 ! ,city arms commemorates ! slay+ ( ,wat ,tyl] by ,sir ,william ,walwor?1 9 #acha4 ,! weapon us$ is /ill 9 ! possession ( ! ,fi%mong]s' ,company4 ,! ,,su!rl& ,,arms at ,wakes ,colne seems f ! pr9t$ li/ to h be5 corrupt$ f ! ,,sund]l& ,,arms )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,an example ( bo? =ms occurs 9 ,london at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is mo/ probable t "s ( ^! signs h n tak5 _! names direct f ! c\nties or t[ns m5tion$1 b f ! titles ( noblem5 :o h become prom95t = political or o!r reasons4 ,?is has be5 almo/ c]ta9ly ! case ) ! ,,cambridge ,,arms1 ! ,,durham ,,arms1 & ! ,,liv]pool ,,arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brew]s' ,,arms4 ,! foll[+ signs are1 ) equal cle>ness1 d]iv$ f trades or employm5ts pursu$ )9 ! c\nty4 ,_m ( !m are1 d\btless1 d]iv$ directly f ! arms ( ! ,london ,trade ,companies4 ,( ! ,,blacksmi?s' ,,arms#ai we h examples situat$ respectively at ,little ,clacton & at ,nor? ,weald4 ,! ,blacksmi?s' ,arms also appe> on ! halfp5ny tok5s ( 8,w ,todd1 ,blacksmi? ( ,epp+10 #affh1 & ( ,william ,?ompson ( ,s\? ,b5fleet 7no date74 ,! ,,blacksmi?s' ,,arms1 at ,little ,clacton1 appe>s to h exi/$ s9ce #aghf at lea/1 z x is ref]r$ to 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,m>* #ag? 9 t ye>4 ,n improbably ! ,,hamm] ,,& ,,p9c]s cross$1 :i* appe>$ on ! halfp5ny ( ,w ,willis ( ,rom=d1 9 #affg1 con/itut$ a blacksmi?'s sign4 ,! ,,brew]s' ,,arms#bj occur z a sign at ,woodham ,f]ris & 99,col*e/]4 ,! ,,?ree ,,tuns1 ( :i* we h examples at ,newport1 99,dunm[1 & ,wal?am ,abbey1 all ( !m be+ at lea/ =ty ye>s old1 are c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! arms ei!r ( ! ,brew]s' ,company or ! ,v9tn]s' ,company4#ba ,,?ree ,,tuns are depict$ on ! tok5 issu$ by ,william ,h>man1 ( ,*elms=d1 9 #afeg4 ,! ,,?ree ,,tuns :i* =m]ly exi/$ at 99,*elms=d 0 long a well-kn[n inn4 ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,e4 ,b>tlett f9ds x m5tion$ 9 ! p>i% regi/]s 9 #afai1 :5 8a *risome son ( ,robt4 ,ogd5 ( ,*elms=d1 ,v9tn]1 at ! #c ,tunnes1 & ( ,susan 8 wife1 0 buri$ ! ,,xxx day ( ,decemb]1 be+ ,?ursday40 ,taylor also m5tions x 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 publi%$ 9 #afcf4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a h\se ( ?is "n at 99,bra9tree1 & 9 #aghi t at ,wal?am ,abbey 0 spell$ ,,?ree ,,tons4 ,! ,bak]s' ,arms#bb occur on ! tok5s "s ?irte5 times1 ei!r z ! ,,bak]s' ,,arms1 a ,,h& ,,& ,,scales1 a ,,pair ,,( ,,scales1 or a ,,pair ,,( ,,scales ,,& ,a ,,:eat%eaf4 ,! ,,bak]s' ,,arms n[ only appe>s z an inn-sign at ,leyton1 b !re are be]-h\ses ( ?is "n at ,buttsbury & ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,our common mod]n sign ( ! ,,:eat%eaf is also probably d]iv$ f ! arms ( ?is ,company4 ,!re are sev5 examples 9 ! c\nty1 situat$ respectively at ,wrabness1 99,*elms=d1 ,tolle%unt ,d',arcy1 ,bra9tree1 ,/[ ,m>ies1 ,high ,ong>1 & ,ardleigh4 ,!re are also be]-h\ses ( ?is "n at ,l\ghton1 ,!ydon ,bois1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,hatfield ,pev]ell1 ,kelv$on1 ,rett5don1 ,writtle1 ,horn*ur*1 c4 ,a h\se at ,ca/le ,h$+ham1 kn[n z ! ,,:eat%eaf1 ?\gh n[ a be]-%op m]ely1 appe>s once to h be5 a v good private resid5ce4 ,! ,,:eat%eaf at 99,*elms=d seems to h be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce #aghf at lea/1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,janu>y #ac? 9 t ye>4 ,likewise ! /ill-extant sign ( ! ,,maid',s ,,head 7to be notic$ h]eaft]7 is probably d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company1#bc :i* appe> on ! undat$ f>?+s ( 8,?omas ,bvrges1 ,e/ ,/reet1 ,covl*e/]10 & 8,clem5t ,pask ( ,ca/ell ,h59hame40 ,! ,,masons' ,,arms#bd occur at 99,m\l%am4 ,! ,,g>d5]s' ,,arms#be appe> at ,wakes ,colne & ,l\ghton 7be]-h\se74 ,! ,,:eel]s' ,,arms#bf 78 ,:eelwrights' ,arms7 appe> at ,illu/ration3 ,,but*]s' ,,arms4 ,good ,ea/]4 ,! ,,bricklay]s' ,,arms#bg occur ?ree times1 namely1 at ,col*e/]1 ,/ondon1 & ,bock+ 7be]-%op74 ,! ,,royal ,,hotel at ,purfleet is fam$ = its :itebait4 ,until rec5tly x 0 kn[n z ! ,,bricklay]s' ,,arms1 evid5tly1 z ,mr4 ,pal9 ?9ks1#bh because ! ,bricklay]s' ,company =m]ly work$ ! huge *alk qu>ries close at h&4 ,! ,,but*]s' ,,arms#bi occur at ,wimbi%1 ,fel/ead1 ,/amb\rne1 & ,woodham ,f]ris 7be]-%op74 ,probably ! ,,bull',s ,,head1 ! ,,bo>',s ,,head1 & ! ,,fly ,,& ,,bullock1 to be notic$ h]eaft]1 are all connect$ ) ! arms ( ?is ,company1 :i* appe> on ! halfp5ny ( 8,john ,h>vey ( ,ro*foord0 9 #affh4 ,! ,,c>p5t]s' ,,arms#cj occur eight times 9 ! c\nty1 & also (t5 s]ve z a be]-h\se sign4 ,"o ne> ,*elms=d is kept by a c>p5t]1 z is1 d\btless1 (t5 ! case4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,,compasses1 :i* occurs six times1 & ! ,,?ree ,,compasses1 :i* appe>s twice1 are d]iv$ f ! arms ( ?is ,company4 ,a h\se ne> ,wal?am ,abbey1 n[ kn[n by ! latt] =m ( ! sign1 seems 9 #aghi to h be5 call$ ! ,,compasses m]ely4 ,! ,,axe ,,& ,,compasses at ,arkesd5 is probably a mod]n1 b c]ta9ly an appropriate1 comb9ation2 or ! axe may be int5d$ = "o ( ! adzes 9 ! arms ( ! ,coop]s' ,company1 = ! ,,coop]s' ,,arms#ca !mselves appe> at ,*adwell ,hea?1 ,aldham1 ,*elms=d1 & ,rom=d1 ! la/ two be+ be]-h\ses4 ,al?\gh ! arms ( ! ,cutl]s' ,company#cb are n n[ to be se5 on our sign-bo>ds1 !re c be little d\bt t ! ,,two ,,swords ,,cross$1 :i* appe>$ on ! undat$ f>?+ ( 8,na?aniell ,smi? 9 ,?ack/e$10 7 d]iv$ f ! arms ( t ,company1 ,?axt$ hav+ =m]ly be5 a seat ( ! cutl]y trade1 z ! "n 8,cutl]s' ,gre510 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 indicates4 ,! ,,wat]man',s ,,arms#cc 0 =m]ly a sign at ,leigh1 b :e!r ( an inn or private h\se does n appe>4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ is able1 by means ( evid5ce obta9$ f old de$s1 to give a complete acc\nt ( ! h\se :i* display$ ?is sign 7& :i* 0 built ab\t ! "t ( ,*>les ,i47 f #afej2 b !re are e>li] notices ( x4 ,portions ( x1 built ( oak1 are /ill /&+1 b mu* alt]$4 ,:5 x fir/ became an inn does n appe>4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ z hav+ be5 su* 9 #agdf1 :5 x is describ$ z 8two t5em5ts n[ & lately call$ ! ,wat]man's ,arms40 ,probably1 !re=e1 x _h ev5 !n ceas$ to be an inn1 & _h be5 divid$ into two dwell+-h\ses4 ,"u ! floor ( "o ( ! rooms1 "s ye>s s9ce1 7 f\nd sev]al small co9s ( ,*>les ,,ii41 & a lead5 tav]n tok51 undat$1 b probably ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,on x 0 a h& or arm1 p\r+ f a tank>d into a cup or glass4 ,=ty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,p\lt]]s' ,,arms#cd at ,*elms=d4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice ?is sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cups ,,hotel1 ,,col*e/]4 ,simil>ly1 sev]al o!r ,companies1 ^: arms are n n[ to be f\nd nam$ ^u our ,essex sign-bo>ds1 appe> to h giv5 u signs :i* we /ill h4 ,= in/ance1 ! sign ( ! ,,tr[el ,,& ,,hamm] at ,m>ks ,tey 7:i* is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott57 is 9 all probability d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,pla/]]s' ,company1#ce :ile ! sign ( ,,?ree ,,cups has1 d\btless1 be5 d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,salt]s' ,company4#cf ,( ?is sign we h examples at ,great ,oakley1 ,maldon1 ,spr+field1 & 99,col*e/]4 ,! ,,?ree ,,cups at ,col*e/] 7commonly call$ ! ,,cups71 ?\gh n "o ( ! olde/ lic5s$ h\ses 9 t anci5t bor\gh1 0 long a well-kn[n coa*+ inn1 & = upw>ds ( half a c5tury has be5 ! lead+ hotel 9 ! t[n4 ,!re is reason to believe t a small tav]n kn[n z ! ,que5's ,head /ood ^u ! site 9 ! days ( ,elizabe?2 b a m commodi\s build+ 0 erect$1 z an inscription on ! front /at$1 9 #agib4 ,t1 h[ev]1 _h become too antiquat$ = its requirem5ts1 & 0 demoli%$ 9 #ahhe4 ,^u its site has n[ be5 erect$ an extremely h&some build+ ( brick & /one4 ,c>v$ on "o ( ! project+ w9d[s are 8?ree cups10 ) p$e/als1 b !y d n correctly repres5t ! 8cov]$ spr9kl+-salts0 ( ! ,salt]s' ,arms4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are correctly repres5t$1 be+ c>v$ 9 wood1 & support$ ^u a sign-po/1 be=e ! ,,?ree ,,cups at 99,spr+field1 a h\se at lea/ a c5tury old1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #cj1 #aghg4 ,9 a curi\s poem1 describ+ a j\rney f ,london to ,aldbor\gh & back1 publi%$ 9 #ahjd1cg ! ,,?ree ,,cups at 99,h>wi*--n[ kn[n z ! ,,cups--is ?us allud$ to3 8,b n[ we're at ,h>wi*1 & ?ankful am ,i1 ,our ,inn's ! ,?ree ,cups1 & our d9n] draws nigh1 ,b fir/ = a walk to survey ?is old ,bor\gh1 ,to peep at ! *ur*1 & ! *ur*y>d g ?or\gh40 ,aga91 ! ,,adam ,,& ,,eve1 :i* occurs at ,we/ ,ham1 z notic$ h]eaft]1 is a v old device z a sign4 ,?is example is =ty ye>s old at lea/4 ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 /ate 7p4 #beg7 t 8our fir/ p>5ts 7 con/ant dramatis p]son 9 ! m$ival my/]ies & pageants20 b bo? !y & ,mr4 ,jewitt ov]look ! fact t ! sign may ) equal probability h be5 d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,fruit]]s' ,company1#ch :i* appe> on ! halfp5ny ( ,jasp] ,eve ( ,spr+field 9 #affi4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! device probably 0 int5d$ z a rebus ^u ! "n4 ,! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,pigeons is n improbably d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,tall[-*&l]s' ,company1#ci s9ce !re is no o!r obvi\s s\rce f :i* x c h come4 ,al?\gh ,l>wood & ,hott5 seem to reg>d x z be+ n[ a r>e sign1 !re are two cases ( x 9 ,essex--"o at ,/rat=d1 & ! o!r at ,hal/ead4 ,z already /at$1 ! occupation ( ! tall[-*&l] is repres5t$ t5 times on ! ,essex tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ei!r by ! arms ( ! ,company1 by a man mak+ c&les1 or by a /ick ( c&les4 ,! latt] device appe>s on ! undat$ f>?+ ( ,william ,newman ( ,hal/ead1 & may h "s connection ) ! ,,?ree ,,pigeons :i* n[ exi/s !re1 & has c]ta9ly done s = at lea/ =ty ye>s back4 ,! ,,dove ,,& ,,olive-,,bran*1 :i* is %[n on ! undat$ f>?+ ( 8,george ,evanes 9 ,+ate/one10 is also probably a device tak5 f ! arms ( ?is ,company4 ,o!r arms & emblems belong+ to ! great trade companies1 & appe>+ commonly on ! tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h n[ q disappe>$--at lea/ s f> z ,essex is conc]n$4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,,b>b]-,,surgeons' ,,arms#dj are to be se5 on ! halfp5ce ( 8,?omas ,bvll ( ,mamvd9e1 #affi10 & ( 8,h5ry ,c>t]1 ,*irvrgeon1 9 ,manitree1 #affi40 ,! ,,groc]s' ,,arms#da occur1 z already /at$1 no less ?an ab\t tw5ty-five times1 ei!r z ! ,groc]s' ,arms1 a sug>-loaf1 ?ree sug>-loaves1 "o or m cloves1 or a sug>-loaf & cloves comb9$4 ,! ,,groc]s' ,,arms & an ,,escalop occur respectively on ! two sides ( ! undat$ tok5 ( 8,george ,ni*olson 9 ,tol%on ,dacey 9 ,s4,x40 ,! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,sug>-,,loaves /ill occurs at ,sible ,h$+ham1 & has be5 9 exi/5ce !re = a c5tury at lea/1 z ! h\se is m5tion$ 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #i1 #aghg4 ,x c h>dly be call$ an h]aldic sign1 z ! ?ree sug>-loaves seem only to h be5 set up by groc]s z an emblem ( _! bus9ess4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! h\se has no sign-bo>d1 b ! ?ree sug>-loaves are susp5d$ ov] ! door z "h %[n4 ,!re is also a be]-h\se ( ! same "n 9 ,fel/ead p>i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,sug>-,,loaves ,,at ,,sible ,,h$+ham4 ,! ,,woolpack1 :i* occurs eight times on ! ,essex tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & six times 9 ! c\nty at pres5t1 w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,x is1 d\btless1 d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,woolm5's ,company4#db ,! ,,apo!c>ies' ,,arms#dc appe> on ! tok5s ( 8,isaac ,colman1 grocr1 9 ,col*e/]1 #affg10 & ( ,?omas ,brad%awe ( ,h>wi*1 9 ! same ye>4 ,! ,,drap]s' ,,arms#dd ,illu/ration3 ,,drap]s' ,,arms4 occur ?ree times on ! ,essex tok5s4 ,! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns1 :i* occurs f\r times 9 ! c\nty1 z h]eaft] m5tion$1 is v probably d]iv$ ei!r f ! arms ( ! ,drap]s' ,company1 or f ^? ( ! ,sk9n]s' ,company4#de ,! signs ( ! ,,horse%oe & ! ,,?ree ,,horse%oes 7! =m] ( :i* occurs ?ree times 9 ! c\nty & ! latt] t5 times7 probably bo? owe _! orig9 p>tly to ! fact t horse%oes appe> on ! arms ( ! ,f>ri]s' ,company1#df & p>tly to ! old cu/om ( fa/5+ a horse%oe ^u ! /able-door or else:]e 9 ! belief t x w\ld sc>e away wit*es4 ,! ,,?ree ,,horse%oes n[ exi/+ at ,bill]icay seems to be at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s old1 z x is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #aj1 #aghf4 ,z a be]-h\se sign ! ,,horse%oe occurs at ,great ,p>ndon1 & ! ,,?ree ,,horse%oes at ,bra9tree1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,high ,ong>1 & else:]e4 ,x appe>s f ! p>i% regi/]s ( ,grays t !re 0 a ,,horse%oes !re 9 #agbd1 & !re 0 a ,,?ree ,,horse%oes at ,great ,p>ndon 9 #aghi4 ,! ,,clo?work]s' ,,arms#dg appe> twice on ! ,col*e/] tok5s1 once on ! f>?+ ( 8,william ,cant1 9 ,h$+ham ,sibley1 #affg10 & once else:]e4 ,! ,,%uttle on ! tok5s ( 8,moses ,love1 slaymak]1 ( ,cogg%all10 & 8,na?aniell ,cattl9 ( ,safron ,wald51 #affh10 ! ,,woman ,,sp9n+ on t ( 8,john ,little 9 ,movl%em1 #afff10 & ! pair ( ,,%e>s on t ( 8,james ,bonvm 9 ,/i/$1 #afgj10 are all probably connect$ ) ! wooll5 trade :i* =m]ly fl\ri%$ 9 ,essex4 ,9 #affb !re 0 a h\se kn[n z ! ,,%e>s 9 ,*elms=d4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,murd] ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/] z be+ 9 8,col*e/]-lane10 :i* 0 probably :at is n[ kn[n z ,spr+field ,lane4 ,littlebury 0 once ano!r seat ( ! wooll5 trade4 ,until comp>atively rec5tly ! #crd ( ,febru>y us$ to be celebrat$ !re1 z relat$ 9 a poem /ill occasionally to be met )1 t be+ ! day d$icat$ to ,bi%op ,blaize1 patron ( work]s 9 wool4 ,two huge pairs ( %e>s1 "o ( :i* is "h repres5t$1 may /ill be se5 c>v$ on ! old oak5 nor? door ( ! *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%e>s4 7,f ,littlebury ,*ur* ,door47 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ signs connect$ ) trades & occupations1 we h ! foll[+1 ?\gh none ( ! employm5ts nam$ ev] bore coats ( arms4 ,mo/ ( !m are mod]n vulg>isms1 & ne$ no fur!r att5tion4 ,!re are ,,cricket]s' ,,arms at ,mann+tree1 ,danbury1 & ,rickl+2 ,,malt/]s' ,,arms at ,will+ale ,doe1 ,lamb\rne 7be]-h\se71 & ,col*e/]2 ,,freemasons' ,,arms at ,brightl+sea & ,bra9tree 7be]-h\se72 a ,,drov]s' ,,arms at ,rayleigh2 an ,,eng9e]s' ,,arms at ,/rat=d2 ,,?at*]s' ,,arms at ,m\nt ,bures & ,rett5don 7be]-%op71 ,tolle%unt ,d',arcy1 & ,great ,w>ley2 a ,,volunte]s' ,,arms at ,maldon2 a ,,ya*tsman',s ,,arms at ,brightl+sea2 a ,,slat]s' ,,arms at ,*adwell ,hea?2 a ,,m\ld]s' ,,arms 7be]-%op7 at ,great ,wak]+2 a ,,woodcutt]s' ,,arms 7be]-%op7 at ,ea/wood2 a ,,f\ndry ,,arms 7be]-%op7 at ,horn*ur* 7( c\rse nam$ aft] ,messrs4 ,w$lake's f\ndry !re72 ,,lab\r]s' ,,arms at ,great ,badd[ & ,woodham ,f]ris 7be]-%ops72 & an ,,odd ,,fell[s' ,,arms at ,spr+field 7be]-h\se74 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ f9ds m5tion 9 anci5t de$s ( a h\se at ,leigh1 9 #afhb1 ) ! sign ( ! ,,hambro' ,,m]*ants' ,,arms1 b :e!r an inn1 %op1 or private resid5ce does n appe>1 nor is !re any subsequ5t m5tion ( x4 ,! own]1 ,george ,k+1 is describ$ z a m]c] on "s ( 8 tok5s1 /ill extant1 & also on 8 tomb/one1 n[ de/roy$4 ,mo/ probably1 !re=e1 x 0 a %op-sign4 ,x /ood on ! site ( ! pres5t ,,k+',s ,,head4 ,at ,high ,ong> a be]-%op displays ! sign ( ! ,,=e/]s' ,,arms4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,nelson',s ,,arms at 99,col*e/]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,,weav]s' ,,arms#dh =m$ a v suitable sign at 99,col*e/]1 & !re 7 a 99,,jo9]s' ,,arms1 a 99,,tailors' ,,arms1 & a 99,,sawy]s' ,,arms at ! same place4 ,( ! latt]1 !re is /ill an example 7be]-h\se7 at ,magdal5 ,lav]4 ,9 times pa/1 probably1 _m o!r trades h _h _! 8,arms10 ?\gh only sign-bo>d ones4 ,_m o!r 8arms0 are borr[$ f ! names ( illu/ri\s p]sons1 ?\gh !re is "s unc]ta9ty ab\t sev]al 9 ! subjo9$ li/4 ,! foll[+ w be at once se5 to be nam$ aft] well-kn[n ,essex l&[n]s3 su* are1 ! ,,ducane ,,arms at ,braxt$1 ! ,,l5n>d ,,arms at ,aveley1 ! ,,neville ,,arms at ,audley ,end1 ! ,,rayleigh ,,arms at ,t]l+1 ! ,,t[] ,,arms at ,s\? ,weald1 ! ,,wake ,,arms at ,wal?am ,abbey 7:i* is ov] =ty ye>s old71 ! ,,wilkes ,,arms at ,w5d5 ,l(ts1 & ! ,,we/]n ,,arms at ,riv5hall1 :i* figur$ z ! ,,"l ,,we/]n ,,arms =ty ye>s ago1 :5 !re 0 also a ,,petre',s ,,arms at ,+ate/one4 ,o!r arms ( ?is class1 b n necess>ily connect$ ) ! c\nty1 are ! ,,camd5 ,,arms at ,=e/ ,gate1 ! ,,c[ley ,,arms at ,leyton/one1 ! ,,headley ,,arms at ,great ,w>ley1 ! ,,h5ley ,,arms at ,nor? ,woolwi*1 ! ,,laurie ,,arms at ,rom=d1 ! ,,manby ,,arms & ! ,,wadd+ton ,,arms at ,/rat=d1 ! ,,milton ,,arms at ,s\!nd1 ! ,,sp5c]s' ,,arms at ,horn*ur*1 & ! ,,de ,,beauvoirs' ,,arms at ,d[nham1 toge!r ) ! ,,peto ,,arms1 ! ,,sidney ,,arms1 ! ,,sutton ,,arms1 & two ,,napi]',s ,,arms4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a 99,,!obald',s ,,arms at ,grays4 ,! ,,de ,,beauvoirs' ,,arms is at lea/ =ty ye>s old4 ,x seems to be locally kn[n z 8! ,,beav]s40 ,its sign is a pictorial "o ) ! arms duly display$4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 describe ! ,,g5]al',s ,,arms at ,little ,badd[ z a 8new-fangl$1 unmean+ sign10 ?r\gh kn[+ no?+ ( its local significance4 ,x appe>s t ! h\se belongs to ,"l ,rayleigh1 & ! arms ( ! ,/rutt family--cre/1 motto1 & all--are correctly depict$ ^u ! sign-bo>d4 ,x takes its "n f ,major-,g5]al ,william ,goodday ,/rutt1 bro!r ( ! fir/ ,b>on4 ,aft] see+ mu* active s]vice1 9 :i* he lo/ a leg & receiv$ _m w\nds1 he 0 appo9t$ ,gov]nor ( ,quebec1 & di$ ,febru>y #e1 #ahdh4 ,! ,,royal ,,arms are display$ 9 ! undesirable neighb\rhood ( ,silv]t[n4 ,al?\gh our pres5t ,que5 has n[ reign$ fifty ye>s1 ! ,,que5',s ,,arms only appe> ?ree times on ,essex sign-bo>ds1 aga9/ no less ?an sev5te5 ,,k+',s ,,arms4 ,probably ! fact t ! numb] ( k+s has be5 v mu* great] ?an ! numb] ( que5s w fully acc\nt = ?is4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ,,victoria ,,arms at ,br5twood4 ,x seems probable t dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s _m h\ses =m]ly kn[n z ! ,,k+',s ,,head h come to be call$ ! ,,k+',s ,,arms1 aft] ! rec5t craze = 8arms20 = ! =m] sign 0 mu* common]1 & ! latt] mu* r>]1 =ty ye>s s9ce ?an n[4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 = in/ance1 t 9 ,mr4 ,cre$'s li/ ( signs r\nd ,epp+ 9 #aghi1 ! ,k+'s ,head appe>s six times1 & ! ,k+'s ,arms only once2 also t ! ,que5's ,head appe>s twice1 :ile ! ,que5's ,arms does n appe> at all4 ,?is %[s ! great preval5ce ( 8,heads0 ov] 8,arms0 on ! sign-bo>ds ( la/ c5tury1 & also t ! pres5t preval5ce ( ,k+s ov] ,que5s 9 ! same situation 0 obs]vable ev5 !n4 ,probably ! two ,que5's ,heads giv51 :i* 7 at ,h>l[ & ,fyfield respectively1 repres5t$ ! portrait ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,a tok5 0 issu$ by ,william ,drane at ! ,,k+',s ,,arms 7depict$ 9 ! field71 9 ,wal?am ,abbey 9 #affh1 & ! same sign is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = #aghf z occurr+ at ,hal/ead4 ,! sign /ill exi/s at bo? ^? places2 b x is1 ( c\rse1 difficult to say :e!r or n ! h\ses are ! same z ^? t display$ ! sign 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies respectively4 ,! sign ( ! ,,k+',s ,,arms at ,wal?am ,abbey 9 #affh c h>dly h be5 m ?an eight ye>s old at ! "t1 z no "o w\ld h v5tur$ to display su* a sign dur+ ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,d\btless x 0 set up at ! "t ( ! ,re/oration 9 #affj 9 hon\r ( ! new k+1 ,*>les ,,ii41 = ^: fa!r1 p]haps1 ?is ,william ,drane _h f\ght4 ,among ! m miscellane\s 8,arms0 may be m5tion$ ! ,,*atswor? ,,arms at ,=e/ ,gate1 ! ,,alma ,,arms 7be]-h\se7 at ,nave/ock1 ! ,,*obham ,,arms at ,/rat=d1 toge!r ) a ,,lib]ty ,,arms1 a ,,libra ,,arms1 ?ree ,,ordnance ,,arms1 a ,,railway ,,arms1 & a ,,roman ,,arms 9 ! ,roman ,road1 ,col*e/]4 ,! la/-nam$ sign has be5 corrupt$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s f ! ,,roman ,,urn4 ,mo/ ( ^! extremely absurd signs h come into exi/5ce dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,!y s]ve to %[ h[ completely ! orig9al use ( arms z signs has become disassociat$ f _! pres5t use4 ,ano!r indication ( ! mod]n gr[? ( 8,arms0 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t !y are v common z be]-h\se signs--be]-h\ses hav+ only be5 in/itut$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,ev5 =ty ye>s ago 8,arms0 7 decid$ly less common z signs ?an !y are n[4 ,! li/ has ( late be5 swell$ by su* /upid & unmean+ additions z ! ,,alma ,,arms1 ,,libra ,,arms1 & ,,lilliput ,,arms1 v few1 if any1 ( :i* exi/$ fifty ye>s s9ce4 ,to ! above may be add$ ! foll[+1 :i* appe> 9 ,london1 & are mo/ ( !m mod]n & mean+less absurdities3--,! ,,wat]loo ,,arms1 ! ,,gr& ,,junction ,,arms1 ! ,,paviors' ,,arms1 ! ,,palace ,,arms1 ! ,,roman ,,arms 79 ! ,roman ,road1 ,b[1 ,e471 ! ,,me*anics' ,,arms1 & ! ,,volunte]s' ,,arms4 ,! ,,sol',s ,,arms1 9 ! ,hamp/ead ,road1 commemorat$ by ,dick5s 9 ,bleak ,h\se1 /ill exi/s "u ! same "n4 8,arms0 9 ,london are v frequ5tly situat$ 9 /reets ( ! same "n1 & ^! /reets are usually nam$ aft] p]sons1 :o1 x may be presum$1 own prop]ty 9 !m4 ,altoge!r !re are 9 ,london no less ?an #ceb di/9ct signs consi/+ ( 8,arms0 ( "s k9d or o!r1 n c\nt+ ! numb] ( times ea* p>ticul> sign is repeat$4 ,?us1 9 ,london1 8,arms0 =m r m ?an tw5ty p] c5t4 ( all di/9ct signs4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,mammalian ,,signs4 ,! next great class ( signs to be notic$ consi/s ( :at may be t]m$ 8,mammalian ,signs40 ,9 ,essex no less ?an #dfd h\ses1 or #cdb p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 display devices d]iv$ f ! animal k+dom4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 only #ajb di/9ct signs4 ,^! may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,no4 ( ,no4 ( signs4 di/9ct signs4 ,mammals #chd #ha ,birds #ge #ah ,fi% #a #a ,insects #d #b --- --- #dfd #ajb --- --- ,?is calculation is1 moreov]1 made indep5d5t ( 8man & 8 p>ts10 z ! h]alds say4 ,signs ( human orig9 h be5 plac$ 9 a sep>ate class1 & w be treat$ ( h]eaft] by !mselves4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! signs belong+ to ?is class are1 und\bt$ly1 no?+ m ?an v mod]n vulg>isms1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] t a great numb] h a truly h]aldic orig91 z w be se5 f :at foll[s4 ,to comm5ce ! li/1 we f9d at ,buckhur/ ,hill a ,,bald-,,fac$ ,,/ag1 & 9 ! adjo9+ p>i% ( ,*igwell a ,,bald ,,h9d4 ,^! two signs h1 d\btless1 ! same orig91 b "o :i* x is n n[ easy to discov]4 ,9 ,essex a horse is always said to be 8bald0 :5 he has a :ite face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bald-,,fac$ ,,/ag4 7,buckhur/ ,hill47 ,possibly ! signs commemorate ! kill+ ( two de] ) :ite faces 9 ! adjo9+ =e/1 :i* 0 ! la/ locality 9 ! ea/ or s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& 9 :i* ! aborig9al wild r$ de] surviv$1 ! la/ hav+ be5 kill$ s lately z ! ye> #ahag or !reab\ts4 ,bo? ! ,,bald ,,h9d & ! ,,bald-,,fac$ ,,/ag are among ! olde/ ( ! =e/ inns4 ,! latt] is1 presumably1 ! same h\se m>k$ z ! ,,bald ,,/ag on ,c>y's map1 publi%$ 9 #agfh4 ,x has ! same "n 9 ,mr4 ,cre$'s li/ 7p4 #g74 ,! ,rev4 ,wm4 ,cole tells u1 9 8 volum9\s ,,mss41 t on ! morn+ ( ,octob] #bg1 #aggd1 he 8/>t$ f ! ,,cock at ,epp+ )\t eat+1 & breakfa/$ at an ,inne1 call$ ! ,,bald-,,fac$ ,,/ag40 ,! exi/+ inn is a l>ge squ>e1 :ite-wa%$ build+1 ) a high-pit*$ ro(4 ,x conta9s a portrait ( ,que5 ,anne1 & ! c(fee-room is panell$4 ,f x1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ,nooks & ,corn]s 9 ,essex 7p4 #ba71 ! fam\s 8,epp+ ,hunt10 s clev]ly satiriz$ by ,tom ,hood1 us$ to />t e ,ea/] ,monday1 :5 x 0 no uncommon ?+ = five hundr$ m\nts to ride (f f ! ridge on :i* ! h\se /&s4 ,! ,ea/] ,monday hunt is said to h orig9at$ z f> back z ! ye> #abbf1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,! cu/om 0 kept up until s rec5t a date z #ahec1 aft] :i* x gradually fell (f1 ow+ to ! r\gh ,ea/ ,end elem5t :i* m>k$ ! annual meet+1 & made x little m ?an a public nuisance4 ,! /ag--a tame "o--01 on ^! occasions1 tak5 r\nd 9 turn to all ! neighb\r+ public-h\ses be=e be+ set at lib]ty1 & ! am\nt ( liquor consum$1 & riot occasion$1 01 9 consequ5ce1 consid]able4 ,some?+ approa*+ a celebration ( ! old cu/om has1 h[ev]1 be5 attempt$ z lately z ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,!re 0 also a ,,bald-,,fac$ ,,/ag at ,hatfield ,broad ,oak 9 #aghi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roebuck4 7,buckhur/ ,hill47 ,at ,buckhur/ ,hill !re is also a ,roebuck1 z well z a ,,re9de]4 ,! =m] is m>k$ on ,c>y's map1 publi%$ 9 #agfh1 & is probably ! same h\se sev]al times spok5 ( 7p4 #f7 z ! ,,buck 9 ,! ,trials ( ,john ,swan & ,elizabe? ,jeffries1 publi%$ 9 #ageb4 ,x is /ill "o ( ! be/ & mo/ widely-kn[n inns on ! ,=e/4 ,9 its l>ge ,assembly ,room public ga!r+s (t5 take place4 ,! old ,,re9de]1 :i* is %[n on ,c>y's map1 publi%$ 9 #agfh1 is n[ a private h\se1 inhabit$ by ,capta9 ,mack5zie1 ! ,=e/ ,sup]9t5d5t1 & kn[n z 8,w>r5 ,h\se40 ,! pres5t ,,re9de] is situat$ ab\t a mile di/ant f ! old "o4 ,an ,,ar*] ,,%oot+ ,,at ,a ,,/ag is also depict$ on ! undat$ halfp5ny tok5 ( 8,john ,unw9 at ,layton ,/one40 ,x is 9 e way probable t ! fall[ de]1 =m]ly liv+ 9 ! surr\nd+ =e/s ( ,epp+ & ,ha9ault1 & /ill exi/+ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! =m]1 gave rise 9 "s way to ^! num]\s c]v9e signs 9 & ar\nd ! p>i% ( ,buckhur/ ,hill4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a moot po9t :5ce ! p>i% d]iv$ its "n4 ,"s connect ! "n ) ,"l ,buckhur/1 a fav\rite ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 o!rs reg>d x z compos$ ( two ,anglo-,saxon words1 ,boc1 a bee*1 & hur/1 a wood or =e/1 :i* is n unlikely to be ! true d]ivation2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 /ate t ?is "p ( ! =e/ 0 sev]$ f ! rema9d] by ,royal ,*>t]1 & s t]m$ ,book-hur/1 mean+ book-=e/2 :ile yet o!rs consid] ! "n to mean ,buckhur/1 ! wood or =e/ 9 :i* bucks liv$4 ,! latt] d]ivation seems 9 e way ! mo/ likely "o4 ,nev]!less1 ! place 0 =m]ly (t5 call$ 8,buckit's ,hill10 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,! ,trial ( ,john ,swan & ,elizabe? ,jeffries 7p4 #h71 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 b ?is 0 probably a corruption4 ,! f>?+ ( 8,william ,lock5 9 ,tollsbvry 9 ,esex1 #affh10 bore a ,,/ag1 & t ( 8,john ,attewell 9 ,black ,notle 9 ,esex1 #afgj10 bore ,,?ree ,,/ags' ,,heads c\p$1 probably tak5 f ! coat ( arms ( "s private family4 ,! ,,/ag',s ,,head at ,col*e/] is also1 probably1 a =m ( "s family cre/4 ,=ty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,doe ,,inn at ,hal/ead4 ,!re is n[ a ,,/ag at ,hatfield ,hea?1 & ano!r at ,little ,ea/on4 ,conc]n+ ! latt]1 !re c be v little d\bt t x repres5ts ! cre/ ( ! ,mayn>d family 7a /ag /atant or74 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to le>n :e!r ?is h\se has come to be kn[n z ! ,,/ag aft] hav+ fir/ be5 call$ ! ,,mayn>d ,,arms4 ,! ,,/ag also s]ves z a be]-h\se sign at ,high ,ong>4 ,x is n v easy to say :at fir/ l$ to ! ,,re9de] be+ us$ z a sign2 b t x 0 9 use z e>ly z ! ,illu/ration3 ,,cr[n ,,h\se4 7,newport1 ,essex47 sev5te5? c5tury is cle> f :at ,pepys says 9 8 ,di>y4 ,he tells u t on ! night ( ,octob] #g1 #affg1 he 8lay v well0 at ! 8,rayne-de]e at ,bi%op ,/af=d0 7mean+ ,bi%ops ,/ort=d71 :]e ! sign is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,! same sign also occurs at ,takeley1 ,black ,notley1 & 7z already m5tion$7 ,buckhur/ ,hill1 hav+ be5 probably set up at ! latt] place 9 ord] to keep company ) ! o!r k9ds ( de] t are f\nd !re4 ,! ,,re9de] at ,takeley has be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce #aghf at lea/1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,janu>y #bj? 9 t ye>4 ,at ,gre5/ead1 ne> ,col*e/]1 !re is to be se5 ! sign ( ! ,,buck',s ,,horns1 :i* is v likely int5d$ to repres5t ! de]'s 8attires0 9 somebody's coat ( arms4 ,! sign is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,! ,,horns at ,b>k+ ,side may h _h ! same orig91 or ! h\se may h tak5 its sign f ! not$ tav]n ( ! same "n :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,! resid5ce at ,newport1 n[ commonly kn[n z ! ,cr[n ,h\se 7f ! cr[n sculptur$ ov] ! door71 or ,nell ,gwynne's ,h\se1 us$ =m]ly to be an inn4 ,its pres5t names h be5 giv5 to x )9 liv+ memory4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,prob]t /ates#di t 9 ! "t ( 8 fa!r1 eighty or n9ety ye>s ago1 !re 0 a tradition /ill l+]+ 9 ! t[n t ! inn 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,,horns1 & t ,*>les ,,ii41 ,! ,duke ( ,york1 & ,nell ,gwynne us$ to /op !re on _! way f ,london to ,newm>ket races4 ,?is circum/ance is allud$ to 9 an old folio hi/ory ( ! ,rye ,h\se ,plot1 & ,mr4 ,prob]t has se5 a play1 pr9t$ ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago1 9 :i* ! sc5e 0 laid at ! ,,horns at ,newport1 ! *>act]s be+ ,*>les ,,ii41 ,nell ,gwynne1 ! ,duke ( ,york1 c4 ,mr4 ,prob]t writes3 8,tradition says !y us$ to come ) packhorses by ! ,great ,nor? ,road1 vi ,rickl+ & ! lane ne> ,wick5 ,bonhunt1 /ill call$ #8,london ,lane2' !n along ! anci5t road at ! foot ( ,bury ,field 9 ,newport2 !n along ! back ( ! ,burywat] ,h\se1 & s em]g+ opposite ! ,cr[n ,h\se40 ,! ,,horn ,hotel 9 ! ,high ,/reet at ,bra9tree is a well-kn[n old coa*+ inn1 & has long be5 "o ( ! be/ 9 ! t[n4 ,if ! late ,mr4 ,joseph ,/rutt is to be believ$1 ?is h\se1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 0 kn[n z ! ,,bugle ,,horn4 ,9 8 ,essex & ,h]ts romance1 entitl$ ,que5hoo ,hall1 publi%$ 9 #ahjh1 ! h]o relates 7ii4 p4 #ahj7 t 8we took "s d9n] at ! ,bugle ,horn at ,bra9tree1 & proce$$ 9 ! aft]noon to ,dunm[1 :]e we arriv$ be=e sunset40 ,9 any case1 ?is sign1 l t ( ! ,,horn ,,& ,,horse%oes at ,h>l[ ,common1 is probably connect$ ) ! old coa*+ days4 ,! s\nd ( ! horn & ( ! horses' %oes w\ld be ! fir/ intimation ( ! approa* ( a /age-coa*4 ,! latt] sign1 h[ev]1 may h "s h]aldic significance1 z ,l>wood & ,hott5 m5tion a ,london tok5 ( #afff on :i* a horse%oe is repres5t$ )9 a pair ( antl]s or de]'s attires4 ,9 #aghi1 too1 x seems to h be5 ! ,,horns ,,& ,,horse%oes4 ,! ,,bugle ,,horn might easily be connect$ ei!r ) coa*+1 hunt+1 or h]aldry1 7 x n situat$ 9 ,b>rack ,/reet1 99,col*e/]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes x 9 e way probable t x is a milit>y sign4 ,"h1 also1 mu/ be notic$ ! popul> sign ( ! ,,:ite ,,h>t4 ,?is device appe>s to be unusually common 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex4 ,ne>ly e t[n or village ( any consequ5ce possesses an example4 ,at pres5t we h no less ?an fifty1 & tw5ty ye>s ago ! numb] 0 exactly ! same4 ,london itself _c boa/ ( hav+ m1 z x has also j fifty examples ( ! sign4 ,! ,,:ite ,,h>t 9 ! ,high ,/reet at ,br5twood is 9 all respects ! mo/ notable h\se n[ display+ ?is sign 9 ,essex4 ,9 its be/ days x 0 a coa*+ inn ( great importance1 & is /ill by f> ! be/ hotel 9 ! t[n4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ has asc]ta9$ t x 0 9 exi/5ce "u its pres5t "n 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 b1 look+ at ! h\se itself1 he believes x to be ( /ill e>li] date1 p]haps ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 or ev5 e>li]4 ,x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! v be/ examples ( an old-fa%ion$ inn1 ) a c5tral c\rty>d & gall]ies runn+ r\nd x1 n[ rema9+ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,septemb] #ad1 #agfd1 z a /opp+-place = ! coa*es 8:i* set out on ,monday ! #bg? in/ant at #g o'clock 9 ! morn+ f ! ,black ,bull 9 ,bi%opsgate1 ,london1 & at ! same "t f ! ,great ,:ite ,horse ,inn#ej 9 ,ipswi*1 & cont9ue e day 7,sunday except$7 to be at ! above places ! same ev5+ at #e o'clock4 ,ea* pass5g] to pay #c p5ce p] mile & to be all[$ #ah p\nds luggage10 c4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? ! ,,:ite ,,h>t 0 also ! pr9cipal inn 9 ! t[n ( ,saffron ,wald51 b x is n n[ kn[n 9 :at /reet ! h\se 0 situat$4 ,possibly ! inn n[ kn[n z ! ,,hoops1 9 ,k+ ,/reet1 0 ! ,,:ite ,,h>t ( ^? days1 z x is a v anci5t /ructure4 ,boyne describes a f>?+ be>+ ! ,,groc]s' ,,arms1 & issu$ by 8,anne ,ma!ws1 9 ,saf=n ,wald51 #afef40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,ecroyd ,smi? has asc]ta9$1 f ! regi/]s 9 ! *ur*1 t a few ye>s lat] %e m>ri$ ,john ,pott] ( ! ,,:ite ,,h>t1 & also t !y !reupon jo9tly issu$ fre% tok5s1 reta9+ h] "n1 arms1 & date on ! obv]se1 b hav+ a new rev]se1 be>+ ! words 8,john ,pott]10 & 9 ! c5tre a h>t lodg$ ) ! monogram 8,i4,a4 ,p40 ov] x1 p]haps to indicate t !y cont9u$ to c>ry on _! two trades simultane\sly4 ,on ! #be? ( ,febru>y1 #afei1 ,pepys says 9 8 ,di>y3 8,mr4 ,blayton & ,i took horse1 & /raight to ,saffron ,wald51 :]e1 at ! ,:ite ,h>t1 we set up our horses1 & took ! ma/] ( ! h\se 9 all probability ! a=esaid ,john ,pott] to %[ u ,audly ,end ,h\se40 ,ref]5ces to ?is inn occur e>ly on 9 ! records ( ! ,corporation ( ,wald54 ,?us1 9 #afbg1 #ads4 0 exp5d$ 8= w9e :5 ! ,e>l ( ,sussex 0 at ! ,:ite ,h>t20 9 #afca1 #is4 0 8sp5t at ! ,:ite ,h>t :5 we ourselves did r+ = ! k+20 9 #afdc1 #bs4 #aj;d4 0 8payd at ! ,:ite ,h>t :5 ,radcliffe 0 tak5 = a ,jesuit20 & 9 #affa1 ! sum ( #cs4 #d;d4 0 8sp5t at ! ,:ite ,h>t :5 ! ryot 01 "s ( ! company be+ !re40 ,! ,,:ite ,,h>t on a sign-bo>d at ,boreham is correctly & h]aldically repres5t$1 b has evid5tly1 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/1 be5 associat$ ) ! de] 9 ,boreham ,p>k1 z a view ( ,boreham ,h\se has be5 introduc$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! ,,:ite ,,h>t at ,great ,yeldham is a v anci5t village ho/el4 ,its w9d[s1 & its ext]ior g5]ally1 are qua9t & antique4 ,9 front ( ! inn1 on ea* side ( ! door1 are old oak5 settles1 :]eon ! village sages debate ! topics ( ! day4 ,f ! sign-bo>d on ! ,gre5 opposite1 ! :ite h>t has long s9ce dep>t$4 ,! ,,:ite ,,h>t 9 ,t9dal ,/reet1 99,*elms=d1 has a new & l>ge grav5 sign1 h]aldically repres5t$1 & prom95tly project$ ov] ! /reet4 ,! ,,:ite ,,h>t at 99,)am1 too1 has a l>ge & r grotesque sign1 ?\gh x is correctly repres5t$4 ,x is rudely cut out ( :at appe>s to be a ?9 %eet ( iron1 & is susp5d$ ov] ! pavem5t4 ,! ,,:ite ,,h>t at 99,cogge%all--d\btless ! exi/+ hotel--is m5tion$ 9 ,bufton's ,di>y 9 #afgh4ea ,x is also record$ 9 ,bufton's ,di>y#eb t 8,9 ,april1 #afhb1 !re 0 ye floore ( a ,*amb] fell d[ney at ye ,,:ite ,,h>t at ,bock+ probably ! /ill exi/+ ,hotel ( t "n1 :]e ye ,ju/ices sat & ab\t #bjj p 9 ye roome1 & "o man broke 8 leg40 ,9 an e>ly numb] ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e is an illu/ration ( an old inscrib$ beam f ! ,,:ite ,,h>t betwe5 ,spr+field & ,boreham4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,repton 9 a note says t ! build+ 0 ?\ght to h be5 a h]mitage4 ,he adds3 8,!re is a long inscription at ! bottom ( "o ( ! gables1 b x is at pres5t conceal$ ) pla/]20 8t ! beam measur$ #eb in*es by sev52 & t x bore ! inscription1 #8,jesus6 ,m]cy6 ,lady help6 ,jesus6'0 ,taylor1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 m5tions a ,,:ite ,,h>t at 99,rom=d 9 #afcf1 probably ! hotel ( t "n /ill exi/+ !re4 ,an inn ) ?is sign at ,col*e/] is m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! old ,corporation records1 dat$ #afjc1 z be+ an 8auncy5t inne0 at t "t4 ,9 old de$s ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ f9ds m5tion ( a ,,:ite ,,h>t--ei!r inn1 %op1 or t5em5t--at ,horndon-on-!-,hill 9 bo? #agjd & #agai4 ,!re does n seem to be any app>5t reason :y ! :ite h>t %\ld h become s common a device z a sign z x has done4 ,accord+ to ,l>wood & ,hott51 its use dates f a v remote p]iod2 b !re c be v little d\bt t its pres5t abundance is due to ! fact t a ,:ite ,h>t lodg$1 coll>$ & *a9$ or1 0 ! fav\rite badge ( ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & appe>s1 ) v>iations1 no less ?an eighty-?ree times ^u 8 monum5t at ,we/m9/]4 ,at a t\rnam5t held 9 ,smi?field 9 #acij1 9 hon\r ( v>i\s =eign c\nts :o _h be5 elect$ memb]s ( ! g>t]-- 8,all ! kynges h\se 7 ( "o sute2 !yr cotys1 !yr armys1 !yr %eldes1 & !yr trapp\rs 7 b[drid all ) :yte h]tys1 ) cr[nes ( gold ab\t _! neck1 & *eyns ( gold hang+ !reon1 :i* h]tys 0 ! k+es lev]ye t he gaf to lordes1 ladyes1 knyghtes & squy]s1 to "k 8 h\sehold p f o!rs40 ,! ,:ite ,h>t 0 also us$ z a badge by ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,x is j possible t ! fact ( ! cre/ ( ! ,mayn>d family be+ a /ag1 z already m5tion$1 has some?+ to d ) ! abundance ( ! ,,:ite ,,h>t z a sign 9 ,essex1 or at lea/ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,x is possible1 too1 t ! abundance ( ?is sign 9 ,essex may be due 9 "p to ! fact t a v anci5t & fam\s ,,:ite ,,h>t =m]ly /ood 9 ,bi%opsgate ,/reet ,)\t1 9 su* a position t x w\ld probably =m a /opp+-place = mo/ travell]s to & f ,london along ! ,great ,ea/ ,road4 ,timbs1 9 8 ,clubs & ,club-life 9 ,london 7p4 #cig71 says t x 0 orig9ally built 9 #adhj1 b ! old h\se 0 pull$ d[n & rebuilt 9 mod]n /yle 9 #ahbi4 ,allusion has already be5 made 7p4 #be7 to an absurd corruption ( ?is sign at ,we/ ,b]gholt1 :]e ! l&lord ( ! ,,:ite ,,h>t1 n cont5t ) a script sign1 has add$ a pictorial "o ( 8 own design+1 repres5t+ a l>ge ,,:ite ,,he>t on a black gr\nd6 ,:e!r ?is has be5 done ?r\gh ignorance or int5t1 x is a good example ( ! way signs become corrupt$ & alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,illu/rations ( bo? =ms are giv5 above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,h>t 7,he>t74 7,at ,we/ ,b]gholt47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,h>t4 ,! horse & 8 belong+s are ref]r$ to no less ?an sev5ty-?ree times on ,essex sign-bo>ds1 al?\gh a simple horse does n once occur4 ,! use ( ! horse z a sign is probably d]iv$ bo? f ! animal himself & f ! "p he anci5tly play$ 9 ,h]aldry4 ,horses ( fanta/ic col\r1 su* z ! ,,gold5 ,,horse at ,=e/ ,gate1 are1 9 all probability1 ( h]aldic orig94 ,no less ?an ?irty-six times 9 ?is c\nty d we meet ) ! sign ( ! ,,:ite ,,horse1 & !re is an ,,old ,,:ite ,,horse at ,nor? ,ock5don4 ,boyne describes tok5s issu$ by 8,john ,tvrn] at ! ,:ite ,horse 9 ,*elms=d1 #affg10 & by 8,john ,lang/on at ! ,:it ,horse 9 ,mv*bodd[40 ,,:ite ,,horses are /ill 9 exi/5ce at bo? ( ^! places4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! "o at ,great ,badd[ is ! "o f :i* ! tok5 0 issu$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b 9 ! case ( ,*elms=d !re is "s d\bt4 ,! matt] is n )\t int]e/1 = !re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a sc>ce & curi\s qu>to tract1 ( tw5ty-"o pages1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #afhh1 ) ! foll[+ title3 8,a ,true ,relation ( a ,horrid ,murd]1 committ$ ^u ! p]son ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/] ( ,tupsley 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,h]e=d1 ,g5t41 at ! ,:ite ,horse ,inn 9 ,*elms=d1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,essex1 9 ! ,mon? ( ,april1 #afed1 toge!r ) a ,true ,acc\nt ( ! ,/range & ,provid5tial ,discov]y ( ! ,same n9e ye>s aft]1 c41 c40 ,9 ?is tract "o ,mr4 ,turn] 7)\t d\bt ! man :o issu$ ! tok5 9 #affg7 is _m times m5tion$ z l&lord at ! "t ! murd] 0 discov]$4 ,=ty ye>s ago ! ,,:ite ,,horse at ,dov]c\rt /yl$ itself ! ,,great ,,:ite ,,horse4 ,! ,,:ite ,,horse 9 ! ,high ,/reet1 ,maldon1 is sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 adv]tisem5ts 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle dur+ ! ye> #aghf4 ,likely orig9s = ?is sign h already be5 giv5 7p4 #ah74 ,! ,,fly+ ,,dut*man1 :i* is a be]-h\se sign at ,bra9tree1 probably commemorates ! racehorse ( t "n4 ,!re are ,,black ,,horses at ,:ite ,roo?+1 ,widd+ton1 ,sible ,h$+ham1 ,pilgrim's ,hat*1 & ,*elms=d 7be]-h\se74 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 ano!r at 99,cogge%all4 ,!re are also ,,york%ire ,,greys at ,cogge%all 7at lea/ =ty ye>s old71 ,/rat=d 7two71 & ,br5twood4 ,probably ^! are nam$ aft] "s fam\s rac]4 ,"o or o!r ( ^? at 99,/rat=d is sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 ! ,trials ( ,john ,swan & ,elizabe? ,jeffries 7#ageb74 ,x 0 !n kept by a c]ta9 ,ann ,wright4 ,sixty ye>s s9ce1 too1 !re 0 ano!r at 99,col*e/]4 ,adjo9+ ! racec\rse at ,galleywood !re is a ,,runn+ ,,m>e4 ,! ,,nag',s ,,head is a sign :i* seems to be becom+ increas+ly common1 z we h five n[ exi/+ 9 ! c\nty1 n c\nt+ a be]-h\se s call$ at ,*elms=d1 ?\gh1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 !re 7 only ?ree4 ,! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,colts1 :i* occurs at ,/an/ead ,montfit*et & ,buckhur/ ,hill1 has v likely an h]aldic orig94 ,x is n a mod]n device1 z !re 0 an inn ( ?is "n 9 ,bride ,lane1 ,london1 9 #afeb1 & our h\ses may h tak5 _! "n f ?is "o4 ,a ,,horse passant is depict$ on ! f>?+ tok5 ( 8,ioseph ,gleson10 #affd1 & a ,,horse ,,gallop+ on t ( 8,samvell ,salt]10 #afef1 bo? ( ,d$ham4 ,9 ,essex ! horse ent]s into _m comb9ations ) o!r sign-bo>d objects4 ,9 mo/ cases ! mean+ ( ! comb9ation is s evid5t t no explanation ( x is requir$4 ,= in/ance1 at ,col*e/] we f9d a ,,*aise ,,& ,,pair1 at ,/rat=d a ,,c>t ,,& ,,horses1 at ,mi/ley a ,,waggon ,,& ,,horses1 & ano!r at 99,col*e/]4 ,!re are also be]-h\ses s call$ at ,bra9tree & ,hadleigh4 ,! ,,coa* ,,& ,,horses occurs no less ?an ?irte5 times1 ! ,,old ,,coa* ,,& ,,horses once1 ! ,,horse ,,& ,,groom sev5 times1 & ! ,,horse ,,& ,,:eel once4 ,?is latt] is1 h[ev]1 a mispr9t on ! "p ( ! compil]s ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ,directory4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago x appe>$ 9 ! li/ z ! ,,horse ,,& ,,well1 & z ! h\se is situat$ at ,wood=d ,wells1 ?is is und\bt$ly its correct =m4 ,! sign is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,t "p ( ,wood=d kn[n z ,wood=d ,wells1 takes its "n f a m9]al spr+ :i* once exi/$ !re4 ,x 0 =m]ly 9 great repute1 b is n[ q dry & neglect$4 ,an ,it9]>y ( ,tw5ty-five ,miles r\nd ,london1 publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury1 & quot$ by ,mr4 ,wal=d 9 ,great] ,london 7vol4 i4 p4 #dfd71 indicates t ! "n ( ! h\se 0 !n ! ,,horse ,,& ,,groom4 ,! adjo9+ m9]al spr+1 says ! au?or1 80 =m]ly 9 good repute1 & mu* company resort$ to dr9k ! wat]s at a h\se ( public ent]ta9m5t call$ #8,,wood=d ,,wells2' b ! wat]s h long lo/ _! reputation40 ,hood1 9 8 witty poem on ! ,epp+ ,hunt1 ref]s to ! h\se z foll[s3 8,n[ _m a sign at ,wood=d ,t[n1 ,its ,inn-vitation tells2 ,b ,hugg9s1 full ( ills1 ( c\rse1 ,betook him to ! ,,wells40 ,! ,,horse ,,& ,,groom at ,great ,w>ley seems to be at lea/ a c5tury old1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #aj1 #aghf4 ,at ,m>g>et ,roo?+ !re is a ,,horse%oe1 :i* is a comp>atively r>e sign by itself4 ,! ,,bull ,,& ,,horse%oe at ,nor? ,weald is1 d\btless1 m]ely an impal$ sign4 ,our ?ree ,,horse%oes & t5 ,,?ree ,,horse%oes h already be5 ref]r$ to 7p4 #dj74 ,at ,f9*+field !re is a be]-h\se ) ! sign ( ! ,,kick+ ,,dickey1 & ! ,,cross ,,keys at ,roxwell is commonly kn[n 9 ! p>i% by ! same "n4 ,! orig9 ( ! sign1 :i* ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n m5tion1 is h>d to expla94 ,! ,lion1 ) frequ5t v>iations ( col\r & position1 is ( common occurr5ce 9 ! c\nty4 ,?is great v>iety 9 col\r+ cle>ly %[s t we are indebt$ to ! art ( ,h]aldry = mo/ ( our sign-bo>d lions4 ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say 7p4 #aah73 8,! lion rampant mo/ frequ5tly occurs1 al?\gh 9 late ye>s naturalism has crept 91 & ! ,felis leo is (t5 repres5t$ /&+ or cr\*+1 q reg>dless ( 8 h]aldic orig940 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ?ree lions passant1 gu>dant1 or occur on ! ,royal ,arms ( ,engl&1 & a lion rampant gules on ! arms ( ,scotl&2 t a cr[n$ lion /atant1 gu>dant or is us$ z ! ,royal ,cre/ ( ,engl&1 a cr[n$ lion sejant affronte gules z ! ,royal ,cre/ ( ,scotl&1 & a lion rampant gu>dant1 or z ! dext] support] ( ! ,royal ,arms ( ,engl&2 & t lions ( v>i\s col\rs & 9 diff]5t attitudes h s]v$ z *>ges1 badges1 cre/s1 & support]s to _m ( our e>li] sov]eigns1 & n[ appe> 9 ! armorial be>+s ( innum]able private families1 x w n be f\nd 9 any way surpris+ t ! lion figures s commonly z he does ^u our sign-bo>ds4 ,s frequ5tly1 inde$1 are lions made use ( 9 ,h]aldry t x is almo/ impossible to assign ! v>i\sly-col\r$ examples n[ to be se5 on our sign-bo>ds to _! orig9al we>]s4 ,lions rampant appe> on ! trade-tok5s ( ,john ,raym5t ( ,br5twood1 9 #affi1 & ( ,ri*>d ,boyse & ,ri*>d ,ri*1 bo? ( ,col*e/]1 9 #affh & #afef respectively4 ,at pres5t ! animal occurs eight times 9 ,essex z a simple ,,lion1 & once z a ,,briti% ,,lion4 ,! ,,lion at ,*elms=d1 al?\gh x has n[ disappe>$1 0 once evid5tly a v important inn4 ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,e4 ,b>tlett f9ds sev]al m5tions ( x 9 ! p>i% regi/]s1 ! e>lie/ be=e ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y are z foll[s3 8#aedc4 ,william ,knight1 a /rang]1 :o by mis=tune & 8 own lewdness 0 dr[n$ at ! ,lion1 & 0 buri$ ! #bbnd ( ,may40 ,aga91 9 #aede1 8,wyllyam ,pemb]ton1 s]vaunte to ! ,irle ( ,essex1 0 slayne at ! ,lion by "o ( 8 ,fell[s & bury'd ! #ai? ,day ( ,janu>ii40 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! x appe>s t ! inn 0 ne> ! riv]4 ,taylor1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 also m5tions ! ,,lion z "o ( ! *ief inns 9 ,*elms=d 9 #afcf4 ,:e!r ?is 0 ! same inn aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,,:ite ,,lion1 & m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,april #ad1 #aghf1 z !n exi/+ at ,*elms=d1 is h>d to say4 ,possibly ! latt] h\se 0 id5tical ) t %[n ) ! sign ( a rampant lion 9 ! frontispiece4 ,its back premises w\ld probably abut ^u ! riv] bank4 ,! site is n[ occupi$ by an inn ) ! sign ( ! ,,que5',s ,,arms4 ,! ,,gold5 ,,lion1 if x does n repres5t ! true 8lion ( ,engl&10 may repres5t ! lion passant1 gu>dant1 or :i* appe>s on ! arms ( ! ,hab]da%]s' ,company4#ec ,! sign n[ occurs at ,prittlewell1 99,*elms=d1 99,rom=d1 & ,rayleigh4 ,!re are also be]-%ops s-call$ at ,bra9tree1 ,hatfield ,pev]ell1 ,ro*=d1 & else:]e4 ,! ,,gold5 ,,lion at ,rayleigh is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,febru>y #bd1 #aghf4 ,sixty ye>s ago ano!r h\se ( ?is "n exi/$4 ,a ,,gold5 ,,lion at ,h>wi* 9 #agfd is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = t ye>4 ,! sign ( ! ,,blue ,,lion occurs at ,galleywood & at ,great ,badd[4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 ?9k t x 8may possibly h be5 fir/ put up at ! m>riage ( ,james ,i4 ) ,anne ( ,d5m>k40 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be v little d\bt t 9 ,essex ?is sign repres5ts ! arms ( ! ,mildmay family1#ed :i* 0 once ( v great influ5ce 9 ! c\nty4 ,at ! "t ( ,james ,i4 !re 7 n9e sev]al families ( ?is "n possess$ ( v l>ge e/ates 9 ! c\nty1 ! heads ( eight ( !m be+ knights4 ,our n9e ,,:ite ,,lions p]haps repres5t ! badge ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 ?\gh ! ,dukes ( ,norfolk1 ! ,e>ls ( ,surrey1 & o!r prom95t p]sonages h also borne lions arg5t4 ,=ty ye>s s9ce an ,,old ,,:ite ,,lion exi/$ at ,epp+1 be+ probably ! 99,,:ite ,,lion :i* liv$ !re 9 #aghi 7p4 #g74 ,z he has n[ disappe>$1 x is only natural to suppose t he has di$ ( old age4 ,! sign-bo>d ( ! exi/+ h\se at ,epp+ is fully pictorial4 ,! ,,:ite ,,lion at ,wal?am ,abbey is m5tion$ 9 ! p>i% regi/]s 9 ,july1 #agdf1 :5 ,w4 ,*esson 7presumably ! l&lord7 0 buri$4 ,,black ,,lions are to be se5 at ,plai/[1 ,/i/$1 ,al?orne1 ,lay] ,m>ney1 ,high ,roo?+1 & 99,epp+4 ,at ! la/-m5tion$ place two h\ses ( ?is "n exi/$ =ty ye>s ago1 "o ( :i* has exi/$ s9ce #aghi1 at lea/4 ,accord+ to adv]tisem5ts 9 ! issues ( ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,febru>y #aj & ,april #ad1 #aghf1 a ,,black ,,lion !n exi/$ at ,bra9tree2 b1 unless id5tical ) ! ,,lion ,,& ,,lamb or ,,:ite ,,lion1 /ill 9 exi/5ce !re1 x has n[ disappe>$4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say 7p4 #abj71 8,! ,,black ,,lion is some:at uncommon2 x may h be5 d]iv$ f ! coat ( arms ( ,que5 ,philippa ( ,ha9ault1 wife ( ,edw>d ,,iii410 or x may repres5t ! lion sable 9 ! arms ( ,ow5 ,gl5d[]4 ,! ,,r$ ,,lion is1 h[ev]1 by f> our commone/ leon9e sign 9 ,essex4 ,x occurs z _m z ?irty-f\r times4 ,! au?ors s frequ5tly quot$1 say 7p4 #aai7 t x d\btless orig9at$ 9 ! badge ( ,john ( ,gaunt1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 :o bore ! lion ( ,leon & ,ca/ille on 8 arms z a tok5 ( 8 claim to ! ?rone ( ^? c\ntries4 ,9 aft] ye>s x may (t5 h be5 us$ to repres5t ! lion ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,,r$ ,,lion1 opposite ! *ur* at ,/amb\rne1 has a truly h]aldic sign--a lion1 rampant1 gules1 arm$1 langu$1 c41 arg5t1 on a wrea? arg5t & sable4 ,on "o ( its gables ?is inn has two designs--"o repres5t+ an old man ) long :ite hair1 we>+ a l>ge gre5 coat & boots ( ! same col\r1 & app>5tly bl[+ a long horn or trumpet2 ! o!r a monogram 8,i4,w4,e40 & ! date #agji4 ,?is may indicate t x 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,,gre5 ,,man4 ,! ,,r$ ,,lion at 99,col*e/] is a v well-kn[n h\se4 ,l ! ,,:ite ,,h>t at ,br5twood1 x is "o ( ! few examples n[ rema9+ 9 ! c\nty ( ! old-fa%ion$ inn ( sev]al c5turies ago4 ,its capaci\s c\rty>d has evid5tly once be5 gall]i$1 & x is altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ anci5t inns n[ exi/+ 9 ,col*e/]1 or ev5 9 ! c\nty1 z well z be+ c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ qua9t & antique 9 its appe>ance4 ,its upp]mo/ /ory consid]ably ov]hangs ! o!rs1 & ! :ole ( ! front %[s mu* old c>v+ :i* is c]ta9ly n lat] ?an ! fifte5?1 & probably ! f\rte5?1 c5tury1 to :i* has be5 add$ "s good mod]n "w4 ,probably if ! pla/] 7 remov$ mu* m old c>v+ w\ld be br\ght to light4 ,among o!r faces1 are ^? ( two lions1 :i* look d[n ^u ! entrance4 ,! doorway is also c>v$4 ,miss ,l4 ,s4 ,co/ello1 9 an article on ,col*e/] 9 ,b5tley's ,miscellany = #ahdj 7vol4 xviii4 p4 #fb71 says1 t among ! few int]e/+ h\ses 9 ! ,high ,/reet1 %e 80 /ruck ) a wood5 doorway at ! entrance ( ! ,,r$ ,,lion ,,inn4 ,x has evid5tly be5 elaborately c>v$ on ! diff]5t /oreys all ov]1 b v little ( its ornam5t rema9s4 ,! sp&rels ( ! ar* h a repres5tation1 on "o side1 ( a dragon1 huge & grim1 & on ! o!r ( a knight on foot1 ) an imm5sely long spe>1 tilt+ at ! mon/]40 ,an entry1 dat$ ,jan4 #i1 #afjc-d1 9 "o ( ! old ,corporation assembly books1 /ates t 8! ,lion1 ! ,angel1 & ! ,:ite ,h>t 7 appo9t$ ! only ?ree w9e tav]ns 9 ye t[ne1 be+ auncy5t ,innes & ,tav]ns40 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,gold+ ( ,col*e/] has1 h[ev]1 trac$ its exi/5ce back _m ye>s e>li]1 hav+ f\nd m5tion ( x "u its pres5t "n 9 ! ,corporation records ( ! ye> #aecj or !reab\ts4 ,! /ill-extant ,,r$ ,,lions at ,great ,wak]+ & ,il=d are ref]r$ to 9 adv]tisem5ts 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,jan4 #bj & #bg1 #aghf1 respectively4 ,! latt] 0 a po/+-h\se ( great importance 9 ! days :5 coa*+ 0 at its height2 b1 l its neighb\r1 ! ,,angel 7ano!r h\se once ( consid]able fame71 x has n[ sunk into comp>ative insignificance1 ?\gh /ill q "o ( ! lead+ inns ( ! di/rict4 ,x is a l>ge1 massive squ>e brick build+1 be=e :i* on ! top ( ! sign-po/ reposes a grav5 repres5tation ( a ,r$ ,lion c\*ant4 ,! ,,r$ ,,lion at ,wal?am ,abbey is ref]r$ to 9 ! p>i% regi/]s 9 #afdd1 :5 #as4 #h;d4 0 8giv5 to ! woman t lay 9 at ! ,re$ ,lyon40 ,capt4 ,&rew ,hamilton has giv5#ee an int]e/+ acc\nt ( an old h\se at ,kelv$on1 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,,r$ ,,lion ,inn4 ,x is n[ conv]t$ into f\r good-siz$ t5em5ts1 & is kn[n z ,knight ,templ>s ,t]race1 f a tradition t ! inn once belong$ to t frat]nity4 ,9 its day x 0 probably ! mo/ consid]able inn 9 ,kelv$on1 & ! l>ge/ on ! ma9 road betwe5 ,*elms=d & ,col*e/]4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly built be=e ! ye> #adbj1 & is n[ an excell5t example ( a half-timb]$ h\se ( t date4 ,until lately1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al "w has be5 hidd5 by no less ?an two false fronts ( la? & pla/] ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies respectively4 ,capt4 ,hamilton describes 9 detail bo? ! int]nal & ext]nal con/ruction ( ?is s+ul>ly int]e/+ h\se1 b 8 rem>ks are too l5g?y to quote "h4 ,opposite to x /ood ! ,,angel4 ,! ,,r$ ,,lion at ,abb]ton figures 9 ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld's ,mehalah4 ,! ,,r$ ,,lion at ,spr+field is an extremely f]oci\s "o1 if "o may judge f ! appe>ance ( 8 effigy1 :i* is rudely cut out ( a ?9 %eet ( iron1 pa9t$ r$1 & plac$ ^u ! top ( ! be]-h\se to :i* he s]ves z a sign4 ,a ,,r$ ,,lion at ,radw9t] 7p]haps ! exi/+ ,,lion7 f9ds m5tion 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,janu>y #bj1 #aghf4 ,! ,,lion ,,& ,,bo> at ,e>ls ,colne may repres5t ! lion & bo> :i* sometimes appe> z ! support]s ( ! arms ( ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,iii41 or x may simply be an impal$ sign4 ,! sign is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,! ,,lion ,,& ,,key at ,leyton is a sign ( some:at obscure orig94 ,x is n a mod]n inv5tion1 z !re 0 a h\se ( ! same "n ne> ,lion's ,quay1 ,london1 9 #afec4 ,our h\se1 :i* is ov] =ty ye>s old1 & 0 =m]ly a blacksmi?'s %op1 may h tak5 its sign f ?is "o1 or x may h d]iv$ its "n indep5d5tly f ! popul> v]sion ( "s family cre/4 ,?is is r5d]$ extremely likely f ! fact 7suppli$ by ! pres5t l&lord1 :o1 h[ev]1 is unable to give any fur!r in=mation z to ! sign7 t among ! old prop]ty tak5 ) ! h\se is a pun*-b[l be>+ ! h]aldic device ( a lion rampant1 its paw re/+ ^u ! r+ ( an upright key1 & dat$ ei!r #agef or #aghf4 ,^: ?is cre/ is1 x is h>d to say4 ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elliot has asc]ta9$ t x is n includ$ among ^? 9 ,! ,book ( ,family ,cre/s1 al?\gh ! family ( ,lyng>d ( ,nor?ants bore a lion sejant gu>dant sable1 9 ! dext] =e paw a key 9 pale or2 :ile ! families ( ,knox1 ,criall1 & ,*amb]la9 _h cre/s ) a demi-lion hold+ a key4 ,! v common sign ( ! ,,lion ,,& ,,lamb is n[ met ) at ,bra9tree1 ,/rat=d1 ,takeley1 ,*elms=d1 & ,br5twood1 al?\gh1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! c\nty only conta9$ ?ree examples4 ,at ! la/-nam$ place ! sign seems to h exi/$ s9ce #aghf at lea/1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #ag? 9 t ye>4 ,at 99,*elms=d a ,,lion ,,& ,,lamb c>v$ 9 /one repose peacefully ^u ! p>apet ( ! build+1 :ile a newly-pa9t$ sign-bo>d1 v well design$1 depicts !m 9 ! same attitude4 ,! fact ( ! "n conta9+ an allit]ation has1 no d\bt1 _h some?+ to d ) its adoption2 b x is also an emblematic repres5tation ( ! ,mill5nium1 :5 7z ,l>wood & ,hott5 say7 8! lion %all lie d[n by ! kid40 ,^? g5tlem51 h[ev]1 toge!r ) all :o use ! sign1 appe> to be a little at fault 9 _! k ( ,scripture4 ,! passage describ+ ! 8,mill5nium0 7,isaiah xi4 #f7 says no?+ ab\t a lion ly+ d[n1 ei!r ) a lamb or a kid4 ,x runs z foll[s3 8,! wolf %all dwell ) ! lamb1 & ! leop>d %all lie d[n ) ! kid2 & ! calf & ! "y lion & ! fatl+ toge!r40 ,! sign fir/ came into use ov] two c5turies ago4 ,9 connection ) ?is sign !re is an amus+ tale1 :i* is wor? repeat+1 told ( a sceptical ,am]ican4 ,:5 ! significance ( ! sign 0 expla9$ to him1 he rem>k$ t ! /ate ( ?+s depict$ might possibly come to pass "s "t1 b t1 :5 x did1 he 8guess$ t !re ,lamb w\ld be inside t !re ,lion60 ,bov9e signs are v frequ5tly to be se5 ^u our ,essex sign-bo>ds4 ,! simple sign ( ! ,,bull is ! commone/ device1 occurr+ no less ?an tw5ty-two times4 ,its intimate connection ) ,*ri/mas beef1 h]aldry1 & bull-bait+ is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! frequ5t appe>ance ( ?is animal on ! sign-bo>d4 ,ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago ! ,,bull ,inn1 ,:ite*apel1 0 ! resort ( ! ,essex f>m]s1 :o came to ,london once a week to dispose ( _! corn1 c4 ,! l&lord1 nam$ ,johnson1 :o 0 =m]ly 8boots0 at ?is inn1 be+ 9 good cr$it ) 8 cu/om]s1 !y occasionally left _! samples ) him1 & he act$ z a middle man s mu* to _! satisfaction1 t he %ortly aft] op5$ an (fice ^u ,be> ,quay1 /yl+ himself 8,factor ( ! ,essex ,f>m]s40 ,! bus9ess ultimately grew to "o ( great ext5t4 ,9 old de$s ,mr4 ,k+ f9ds m5tion ( a ,,bull--ei!r %op1 inn1 or dwell+-h\se--at ,bill]icay z e>ly z #afaf1 also ( ano!r h\se ) ! same sign at ,hockley e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,taylor1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 m5tions a ,,bull 7probably ! exi/+ inn ( t "n7 at ,b>k+ 9 #afcf1 & ano!r at ,brook ,/reet1 :]e also !re is a /ill exi/+ ,bull4 ,! ,,black ,,bull appe>s at ,fyfield1 ,*elms=d1 ,m>g>ett+1 & ,old ,samp=d1 :ile an ,,old ,,black ,,bull occurs at ,/rat=d4 ,v probably ^! two signs owe _! exi/5ce to ! fact t a bull sable =m$ "o ( ! badges1 z well z ! s9i/] support] ( ! arms1 ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,9 #affb !re 0 a ,,black ,,bull ,inn at ,rom=d1 z appe>s f a m5tion made ( x 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,murd] ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/]1 already ref]r$ to4 ,9 #aghi !re 7 o!r examples ( ! ,,black ,,bull at ,l\ghton & ,h>l[1 & t at ,fyfield 0 !n exi/+4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 also "o at ,grays4 ,on ! map ( ! road betwe5 ,london & ,h>wi*1 giv5 9 ,ogilby's ,it9]>ium ,angli1 publi%$ 9 #afge1 8,ye ,,bull ,,inn0--evid5tly a h\se ( "s importance--is %[n ab\t midway betwe5 ,+ate/one & ,wid=d4 ,9 ! ,travell]'s ,guide1 a small] edition ( ! same "w1 publi%$ 9 #afii1 ! same h\se figures z ! ,,black ,,bull ,inn4 ,probably ?is is ! /ill exi/+ ,,black ,,bull at ,m>g>ett+4 ,! ,,bull ,,& ,,cr[n1 :i* has be5 9 exi/5ce at ,*+=d = at lea/ =ty ye>s pa/1 may be simply an impal$ sign1 or x may 7l ! la/ sign spok5 (7 be d]iv$ f ! black bull ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 or f ! :ite bull us$ z a support] by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 ei!r case ! bull w\ld probably be cr[n$4 ,?is device is n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds1 nor is t ( ! ,,bull ,,& ,,horse%oe1 :i* occurs at ,nor? ,weald4 ,x is probably only an impal$ sign4 ,! ,,bull',s ,,head1 to be se5 at ,l\ghton1 is1 z already /at$ 7p4 #cd71 probably tak5 f ! arms ( ! ,but*]s' ,company4 ,!re 0 once a fam\s ,,bull ,inn at ,newport4 ,x has n[ disappe>$1 hav+1 x is said1 be5 compell$ to close ow+ to ! op5+ ( ! ,,h]cules j opposite2 b !re are old folks /ill liv+ :o c recollect ! %ields ( arms 9 col\r$ glass 9 ! w9d[s1 & ! 8,bull ,or*>d0 /ill rema9s4 ,! h\se is m5tion$ 9 ! ,corporation records ( ,saffron ,wald5 = ! ye> #agcd4 ,cole also1 9 8 ,,mss41 speaks ( x by ! "n ( ! ,,r$ ,,bull 7a r uncommon sign1 ( :i* ,essex does n n[ possess an example74 ,! sign1 h[ev]1 seems to h und]gone a *ange ( col\r1 = x is ref]r$ to z ! ,,black ,,bull 9 ,poor ,rob9's ,p]ambulation f ,saffron ,wald5 to ,london1 p]=m$ ?is mon? ( ,july1 #afgh4ef ,! au?or says3 8,to ,newport ,pond my c\rse ,i next way b5t1 ,& 9 at ! sign ( ! ,black ,bull w5t4 ,:]e sc>cely 9 a room ,i _h set d[n1 ,:5 9 came my old fri5ds1 k9d ,mr4 ,br 444 ,& ,mr4 ,woo 4441 two :o love _! fri5d ,) true & he>ty love unto ! end2 ,= ?\gh !y 9 ano!r t[n d live1 ,!y to _! neighb\r "s k9d visits give4 ',twas twelve o'clock2 d9n] "t did approa*1 ,:5 m5 :et knives on :eels ( c>t or coa*4 ,! clo? 0 laid1 & by ! sc5t o' ?' meat1 ,"o might p]ceive !re some?+ 0 to eat4 ,& s x prov$1 inde$2 = f ! pot ,came =? a rump ( beef1 0 pip+ hot1 ,& f ! spit 0 br\ght a loyn ( mutton1 ,w\ld satisfy ! /omack ( a glutton1 ,= l a loyn ( beef x might well h be5 knight$1 ,to :i* our ho/ess k9dly u invit$2 ,:i* we accept$ (1 & to delight h]1 ,told h] t none c\ld d5y su* an invit]2 ,= %e's a wid[ ( su* excell5t c>riage1 ,w\ld make a man mo/ happy 9 h] m>riage10 c4 ,boyne describes a halfp5ny tok5 issu$ by 8,?omas ,rvnham at ye ,bull repres5t$ 9 ! c5tre 9 ,newport1 #affg40 ,he assigns ! tok5 to ,newport 9 ,%rop%ire2 b1 z ,mr4 ,joseph ,cl>ke1 ,f4,s4,a41 has in=m$ ! au?or t no less ?an sev5 examples h be5 f\nd at ,newport1 ,essex1 & z ! man's "n also occurs 9 ! p>i% regi/]1 !re c be no d\bt t ,boyne 0 wrong4#eg ,at ,*+=d ,hat* !re is a h\se ) ! sign ( ! ,,dun ,,c[4 ,?is is an anci5t device1 & probably has ref]5ce to ! feat ( ,guy1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 :o1 accord+ to an old ballad1 slew a 8dun c[ bigg] ?an an elephaunt0 on ,dunsmore ,hea?4 ,! ,,r$ ,,c[1 z a sign1 may be se5 at ,*ri%all1 ,a%51 & ,%elley4 ,a once well-kn[n ,,r$ ,,c[ at 99,*elms=d is n[ an equally well-kn[n c(fee-tav]n ) ! same sign4 ,at ,wal?am ,holy ,cross a be]-%op displays ! v /range sign ( ! ,,spott$ ,,c[1 :i* is 9 all probability unique4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n m5tion x4 ,! sign ( ! ,,r$ ,,c[ is probably int5d$ to express ! idea t good dr9k may be obta9$ )91 z f a c[2 b1 9 =m] times1 especial value seems to h atta*$ to ! milk ( r$ c[s4 ,at ,cold ,norton1 ne> ,maldon1 !re is a h\se ) ! v /range1 & probably unique1 sign ( ! ,,fly ,,& ,,bullock1 kept by "o ,william ,pond4 ,x is at fir/ difficult to see :at possible sign-bo>d connection ! two creatures c h4 ,f>m]s h reasons = believ+ t1 dur+ hot wea!r1 a great animosity exi/s betwe5 ! two4 ,inquiry has at la/ elicit$ ! fact t ! sign is a corrupt$ "o1 b ?is 0 n arriv$ at until aft] mu* amus+ & erudite speculation1 z ! sign 9 its pres5t =m is a v p]plex+ "o4 ,! fir/ guess 0 t x 0 a corruption ( ! 8,fly+ ,bullock0 or 8,w+$ ,bull10 ! usual emblem ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,?is seem$ ! m likely1 z we h 9 ,essex signs :i* might repres5t at lea/ two o!r ( ! ,apo/olic emblems1 namely1 ! ,,angel = ,mat!w1 & ! ,,eagle = ,john2 & :o c say b t "s ( our ,,lions 7 n once w+$1 ?us repres5t+ ! only rema9+ ,evangeli/1 ,m>k8 ,moreov]1 ,l>wood & ,hott51 al?\gh !y d n ref] to ?is sign1 m5tion 7p4 #gc71 :5 speak+ ( ! sign ( ! ,,fly+ ,,horse1 8a faceti\s innkeep] at ,rogate1 ,pet]sfield1 :o has put up a p>ody 9 ! %ape ( a ,fly+ ,bull40 ,b !n arose ! "q1 8,:y %\ld ,luke be ?us commemorat$80 ,x 0 next sugge/$ 9 sev]al qu>t]s t ! sign might h orig9at$ 9 ! old fable ( ,la ,m\*e et le ,toreau1 ( :i* ,miss ,elliot ( ,gosfield has k9dly =w>d$ a copy1 & :i* is ?\ght to be ( ,ori5tal orig94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n decide ! "q1 s inquiry 0 made ( ! l&lord1 :o1 ?\gh kn[+ no?+ ( ! orig9 ( 8 sign1 /at$ t x =m]ly 01 & %\ld n[ be1 ! ,,but*]s' ,,arms1 !reby cle>+ up ! d\bt1 ! cre/ & support]s ( ^? arms be+ 8,fly+ ,bulls40#eh ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! ,,fly ,,& ,,bullock orig9ally repres5t$ "o ( ! ,,fly+ ,,bullocks 9 ! ,but*]s' ,arms4 ,x seems1 moreov]1 t ! sign does aft] all repres5t ! w+$ ox ( ,/4 ,luke1 t ,evangeli/ be+1 9 a way1 ! ,patron ,sa9t ( but*]s1 = 9 ,*amb]s's ,book ( ,days 7ii4 p4 #dfd7 x is /at$ ?is symbol has be5 associat$ ) ,/4 ,luke1 8because1 to quote ! words ( an anci5t writ]1 #8he devise? ab\t ! pre/hode ( ,jesus ,*ri/1' ! ox or calf be+ ! sign ( a sacrifice1 & ,/4 ,luke ent]+ m l>gely ?an ! o!r ,evangeli/s into ! hi/ory ( ! life & suff]+s ( our ,savi\r40 ,! ,,blue ,,bo> is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all our ,essex signs4 ,at pres5t x occurs five times 9 ! c\nty--namely1 at 99,prittlewell1 99,maldon1 99,col*e/]1 99,/rat=d1 & ,abridge4 ,! two fir/-nam$ h\ses h be5 9 exi/5ce at lea/ a c5tury1 z !y are m5tion$ 9 adv]tisem5ts 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle 9 #aghf & #aghh respectively1 :ile ! la/-nam$ is m>k$ on ,gre5wood's ,map ( ,essex1 publi%$ 9 #ahbd4 ,=ty ye>s ago !re 0 ano!r example ( ! sign at ,/an=d ,riv]s1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ in=ms ! au?or t ! h\se at ,hadleigh1 n[ kn[n z ! ,,ca/le1 display$ ! sign ( ! ,,blue ,,bo> until late 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,taylor 7see p4 #bh7 m5tions ano!r ,,blue ,,bo> at ,il=d 9 #afcf4 ,9 #aghi1 too1 !re 0 "o at ,fyfield4 ,9 ! ye> #agej1 a ,,blue ,,bo>',s ,,head ,inn exi/$ opposite ! ,*ur* at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,gold+1 ( ,col*e/]1 9 writ+ to ,notes & ,qu]ies#ei to inquire ! late/ date at :i* bull-bait+ is kn[n to h tak5 place 9 ,engl&1 m5tions t an ent]ta9m5t ( ?is k9d 0 ann\nc$1 9 an old adv]tisem5t t he _h se51 to take place at ! above h\se on ,:itsun ,monday1 #agej1 & 8any g5tleman br++ a dog %\ld be ent]ta9$ at a d9n] free40 ,! same h\se is ref]r$ to 9 an entry 9 ! p>i% regi/]s 9 #afdg1 :5 #abs4 #f;d4 0 8paid = a d9n] at ! ,borseh$ :5 ! ould ,*ur*w>d5s gave up _! acc\nts40 ,! sign ( ! ,,bo>',s ,,head occurs at ,ea/ ,horndon1 99,bra9tree1 & 99,dunm[4 ,! fir/ ( ^! h\ses appe>$ 9 ! li/ =ty ye>s ago z ! ,,old ,,bo>',s ,,head4 ,our h\ses ( ?is "n h1 p]haps1 be5 nam$ aft] ! fam\s ,,bo>',s ,,head tav]n :i* us$ to exi/ 9 ,ea/*eap1 or !y may h _h a sep>ate orig94 ,z to ! d]ivation ( ! sign itself1 ,l>wood & ,hott5 are incl9$ to believe t x repres5ts ! bo>'s head z =m]ly (t5 br\ght to table1 r ?an a *>ge tak5 f "s "o's arms2 b1 9 ?is1 x is difficult altoge!r to agree ) !m4 ,a bo>'s head =ms "p ( ! arms ( ! ,but*]s' ,company 7p4 #cd71 & we h _h 9 ,essex sev]al families be>+ ! same *>ge 9 _! arms1 su* z ! ,borehams ( ,hav]hill1 ! ,welbores ( ,clav]+1 & ! ,tyrrells1 ,b>onets1 ( ,boreham ,h\se--! *>ge & ! "n ( ! place be+ v probably connect$ 9 "s way 9 ! latt] case4 ,inde$1 s f> z ! ,,bo>',s ,,head at ,ea/ ,horndon is conc]n$1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] t x repres5ts ! cre/ ( ! family ( ,tyrrells1 ,b>onets 7connect$ ) ! ,boreham ,tyrrells71 =m]ly ( ,h]on ,hall1 9 ! same p>i%1 :i* 0 demoli%$ ab\t ! ye> #aghi4 ,_! cre/1 :i* 0 a bo>'s head1 c\p$ & erect1 arg5t1 issuant out ( ! m\? a peacock's tail prop]1 is n[ correctly repres5t$ on ! sign-bo>d1 exactly z ^u sev]al ( ! family monum5ts 9 ! *ur*4 ,bo? ! sign-bo>d & ! h]aldic device x be>s are new1 hav+ be5 rec5tly set up "u ! sup]vision ( ! rector ( ! p>i%4 ,! old bo>d1 :i* is altoge!r unh]aldic1 is display$ ov] ! door1 & exhibits ! head ( an extremely f]oci\s-look+ bo> em]g+ f a clump ( ru%es 9 a mo/ ?reat5+ mann]4 ,!re c be v little d\bt t 9 ,essex ! sign ( ! ,,blue ,,bo> repres5ts ! bo> azure1 arm$1 ungul$1 & bri/l$ or1 :i* s]v$ z a cre/1 z "o ( ! support]s1 & also z "o ( ! pr9cipal badges ( ! once p[]ful ,de ,v]es1 ,e>ls ( ,ox=d1 =m]ly ( ,h$+ham ,ca/le4 ,?is is %[n to be ! m probable by ! fact t we h /ill no less ?an five examples ( ! sign 9 ! c\nty1 :ile ! adjac5t c\nties ( ,k5t1 ,middlesex1 & ,h]ts possess none4 ,else:]e1 too1 ! sign is v uncommon4 ,n a s+le example n[ appe>s 9 ,surrey1 ,sussex1 ,durham1 ,devon%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 or ,*e%ire4 ,norfolk1 ,k5t1 & ,cambridge h "o ea*4 ,leice/]%ire & ,suffolk 79 :i* c\nty ! ,de ,v]es also _h l>ge e/ates7 h1 h[ev]1 two ea*4 ,9 ,london1 al?\gh !re is bo? a ,,bo>',s ,,head & a ,,blue ,,bo>',s ,,head1 !re is n n[ a ,,blue ,,bo>4 ,h[ev]1 a tradesman's tok5 issu$ 8at ! ,bleu ,boore )\t ,bi%opsgate0 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury /ill exi/s4 ,mu* valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! ,blue ,bo> z us$ by ! ,de ,v]es1 is conta9$ 9 a pap] by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elliot1 ( ,gosfield1 ,on ,"s ,badges & ,devices ( ! ,de ,v]es1 on ! ,t[] ( ,ca/le ,h$+ham ,*ur*4#fj ,f\r ( ^!--! ,bo>1 ! ,mullet1 ! ,:i/le1 & ! ,w9dlass--are "h reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,bo>4 ,,mullet4 ,,:i/le4 ,,w9dlass4 7,badges ( ! ,de ,v]es47 ,illu/ration3 ,,badge ,,( ,,! ,,de ,,v]es4 7,front ! ,black ,boy1 ,*elms=d47 ,! motto ( ! family1 ,v]o nihil v]ius & ,v]ite vi5t =m$ a rebus on ! "n4 ,! bo> z a badge 0 evid5tly assum$ = ! same reason4 ,! ,lat9 "n = ! animal is v]res1 ?\gh ! ,de ,v]es probably got x ?r\gh ! ,dut* 7ve] or v]e71 z !y 7 a bran* ( ! ,h\se ( ,blois1 & own$ ! ,lord%ip ( ,v]e 9 ,zetl&4 ,! bo> has be5 a fav\rite device ( ! ,de ,v]es f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! feet ( ! cross-legg$ & mail-clad figure ( ,rob]t1 ! fif? ,e>l1 :o di$ 9 #abif1 /ill exi/+ at ,e>ls ,colne ,priory1 are plac$ aga9/ a bo>1 & ! same animal appe>s 9 diff]5t capacities on all1 or ne>ly all1 ! o!r exi/+ monum5ts ( ! family4 ,/[e speaks ( ,john1 ! sixte5? ,e>l1 8rid+ into ! city1 to 8 h\se by ,london ,/one1 ) eighty g5tlem5 9 a liv]y ( ,read+ tawney1 & *a9s ( gold ab\t _! necks1 be=e him1 & "o hundr$ tall yeom5 9 ! l liv]y to foll[ him1 )\t *a9s1 b all hav+ 8 cognizance ( ! ,blew ,bo> embroyd]$ on _! left %\ld]40 ,z a badge1 ! bo> is c>v$1 alt]nately ) ! mullet 7ano!r device ( ! ,de ,v]es#fa71 ov] ! cl]e/ory w9d[s ( ,ca/le ,h$+ham ,*ur*2 on sev]al p>ts ( ,lav5ham ,*ur*1 ,suffolk2 on ! ro( ( ! s\? aisle ( ,sible ,h$+ham ,*ur*2 ov] ! we/ door ( ,*elms=d ,*ur*1 & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,*elms=d ,museum1 moreov]1 is pres]v$ a wood5 boss1 tak5 f ! ceil+ ( a room ( ! old ,,black ,,boy ,inn :5 x 0 pull$ d[n4 ,on ?is is c>v$ a bo>1 )9 a circul> ribbon *>g$ ) sev5 mullets4 ,"s in=mation z to h[ ^! devices came into ^! positions is giv5 h]eaft]4 ,= close ^u five c5turies ?is mighty family1 ^: ri*es 7 imm5se1 & ^: p[] 0 second only to t ( ! sov]eign1 rul$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ,ea/ ,anglia 9 semi-regal fa%ion4 ,= #efg ye>s1 too1 0 ! same title reta9$ 9 ?is "o family4 ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t _! armorial be>+s %\ld h be5 l>gely us$ z signs by ^? :o 7 9 v>i\s ways dep5d5t ^u !m2 b x is int]e/+ to f9d at ! pres5t day su* comp>atively cle> evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,! pr9cipal ,essex inn exhibit+ ! sign ( ! ,,blue ,,bo> 7& ! "o f :i*1 9 all probability1 "s1 at lea/1 ( our o!rs h tak5 ! "n7 0 ! once fam\s ,,blue ,,bo> at ,ca/le ,h$+ham4 ,?is anci5t h\se may be cit$ z a good example ( an inn d]iv+ its sign directly f ! armorial be>+s ( a great hi/orical family :i* =m]ly resid$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 &1 )\t d\bt1 own$ ! h\se4 ,its sign1 ( c\rse1 repres5t$ ! badge ( ! mighty ,e>ls ( ,ox=d4 ,! inn 0 a f9e old h\se /&+ 9 ,/4 ,james's ,/reet1 :]e its ornam5tal *imneys once =m$ ! mo/ prom95t feature4 ,aft] be+ injur$ by fire x 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahfe4 ,on ?is occasion v>i\s old co9s & o!r relics 7 discov]$1 ! mo/ int]e/+ be+ an inscription 9 ,e>ly ,engli% *>act]s1 writt5 9 *alk on a black5$ beam beh9d ! wa9scot4 ,x ran ?us3-- 8,hans pes )e yore nebor :ilom ye maye1 ,= (tyn tymes favore d ! passe )e ye daye40 ,?is may be translat$ z foll[s3-- 8,be at peace ) y\r neighb\r :ile ye may1 ,= (t5 times ! fav\r w pass ) ! day40 ,accord+ to ! au?ors ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds 7p4 #aaf71 ?is sign 0 orig9ally a :ite bo>1 & repres5t$ ! bo> arg5t1 :i* =m$ ! fav\rite badge ( ,ri*>d ,,iii41 z well z "o 7or1 m g5]ally1 bo?7 ( ! support]s ( 8 arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,bo>4 7,badge ( ,ri*>d ,,iii47 8,! fondness ( ,ri*>d = ?is badge appe>s f 8 w>drobe acc\nts = ! ye> #adhc1 "o ( :i* conta9s a *>ge #8= #h1jjj bores made & wr\ght ^u fu/ian1' & #e1jjj m are m5tion$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,he also e/abli%$ a h]ald ( arms call$ #8,blanc ,sangli]1' & x 0 ?is tru/y squire :o c>ri$ 8 ma/]'s mangl$ body f ,boswor? battle-field to ,leice/]4444 ,aft] ,ri*>d's defeat & dea? ! ,,:ite ,,bo>s 7 *ang$ into ,,blue ,,bo>s1 ?is be+ ! easie/ & *eape/ way ( *ang+ ! sign2 & s ! ,,:ite ,,bo> ( ,ri*>d1 n[ pa9t$ #8true blue1' pass$ = ! ,,blue ,,bo> ( ! ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 :o _h l>gely contribut$ to place ,h5ry ,,vii4 on ! ?rone40 ,%akespe>e 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 7act v41 sc5e #c7 alludes to ! dead k+ & 8 badge z foll[s3-- 8,! wret*$1 bloody1 & usurp+ bo> ,t spoil$ y\r summ] fields & fruitful v9es2 444 ,?is f\l sw9e 444 lies n[ 444 ,ne> to ! t[n ( ,leice/]1 z we le>n40 ,x is relat$ t 9 ?is k+'s reign "o ,william ,coll+b\rne 0 execut$ = compos+ ! foll[+ c\plet3-- 8,! ,cat1 ! ,rat1 & ,lovell our ,dog1 ,rule all ,englonde "u an ,hogge40 ,! k+ & 8 m9i/]s1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ratcliffe1 ,sir ,william ,catesby1 & ,"l ,lovell1 71 ( c\rse1 ?us ref]r$ to4 ,at ,e>ls ,colne1 z already /at$ 7p4 #fc71 !re is a ,,lion ,,& ,,bo>4 ,"h1 9 all probability1 we h aga9 repres5t$ ! bo> ( ! ,de ,v]es1 ,colne ,priory hav+ be5 ano!r seat ( ! family1 "s memb]s ( :i* lie buri$ !re4 ,o!r signs1 :i* h1 9 all probability1 be5 d]iv$ 7p>tly1 at lea/7 f o!r badges ( ! ,de ,v]es1 w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,! sign ( ! ,,flit* ,,( ,,bacon is mo/ conv5i5tly describ$ 9 connection ) ! bo>4 ,! au?ors j quot$ say 7p4 #dbj71 8,! ,,flit* ,,( ,,dunm[ is a common sign 9 ,essex1 & is sometimes se5 9 o!r c\nties20 b x does n appe> t we h _h m ?an "o 9 ! c\nty = =ty ye>s pa/1 t "o be+1 ( c\rse1 ! well-kn[n inn at 99,little ,dunm[4 ,h[ ! sign orig9at$ is too well kn[n to ne$ any explanation "h4 ,a simil> cu/om has occasion$ a simil> sign at ,wi*nor1 ne> ,li*field 7,g5t's ,mag41 #ahai74 ,a be]-%op1 ab\t ?irty ye>s old1 9 ! m>ket-place at ,rom=d1 is kn[n by ! appropriate "n ( ! ,,pig ,,9 ,,! ,,p\nd4 ,a ,,pig ,,& ,,:i/le is 9 exi/5ce at ,?ames ,hav51 & !re are be]-%ops ( ! same "n 9 ,broomfield & ,writtle p>i%es4 ,! orig9 ( ?is sign appe>s n to h come d[n to u out ( ! mi/s ( antiquity4 ,v _m & v le>n$ are ! explanations :i* h1 ( late1 be5 propos$ z ! solution ( x4 ,half ! ,european languages h be5 ransack$ = its d]ivation1 b s f> )\t any satisfactory results4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 dismiss x z 8simply a freak ( ! m$ival arti/40 ,possibly x may repres5t1 9 a corrupt$ =m1 ! peg said to h be5 plac$ 9 ! wassail-b[l by ,k+ ,edg>1 :o1 9 ord] to disc\rage drunk5ness1 impos$ a p5alty ^u any "o :o drank s deeply z to leave x uncov]$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a by-no-means-unlikely orig9 = ! sign1 & "o :i* ! au?or believes has nev] be=e be5 sugge/$4 ,9 ,mr4 ,elliot's int]e/+ pap] j quot$ 7p4 #gj7 x is /at$ t1 9 addition to ! blue bo>1 ! ,de ,v]es1 among sev]al o!r devices1 made use ( a ,:i/le & ,*a9 z a h\sehold badge4 ,?us1 among ! devices ( ?is "o family1 are f\nd ! two objects--a pig 7or bo>7 & a :i/le--:i*1 :5 comb9$1 con/itute ?is mo/ p]plex+ sign4 ,x is v difficult--p]haps impossible--to prove n[ t ! sign 0 actually d]iv$ f ^! two badges ( ! ,de ,v]es1 b1 rememb]+ ! enorm\s pa/ importance ( ! family1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! sign 0 9 no way unlikely to h be5 s d]iv$4 ,mr4 ,elliot himself writes t he consid]s ?is sugge/ion n unlikely to be ! correct "o4 ,v probably ?is description ( ! ,e>l's badges 0 a d]isive "o1 appli$ to !m by ! ,yorki/ p>ty dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,a :i/le1 l t adopt$ by ! ,de ,v]es1 0 =m]ly worn by sea-capta9s1 ev5 ( high rank2 & ,mr4 ,elliot is ( op9ion t x 0 assum$ by ! ,de ,v]es z a symbol ( ! (fice ( ,"l ,high ,admiral1 an appo9tm5t held by ,john1 ! ?irte5? ,e>l1 :o 0 v active on behalf ( ! ,lanca/rian p>ty4 ,=ty-six inns 9 ,essex exhibit signs :i* are m or less can9e4 ,a few ( ^! may h _h _! orig9 9 ,h]aldry2 b !re c be no d\bt t1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! signs h orig9at$ 9 ! mod]n use ( ! dog1 :e!r = sport+ or o!r purposes4 ,at ,we!rsfield & ,hal/ead ! ,,dog appe>s alone2 at ,ea/ ,horndon !re is an ,,old ,,dog2 a ,,po9t] exi/s at ,alres=d2 & at ,col*e/]1 ,ea/ ,m]sey1 & ,tolle%unt ,knights ! ,,dog ,,& ,,pheasant appe>s2 :ile at ,/if=d & ,great ,leighs 7be]-h\se7 ! ,,dog ,,& ,,p>tridge is us$1 z x 0 also at 99,hal/ead sixty ye>s ago4 ,! sign ( ! ,,spott$ ,,dog1 al?\gh x is n m5tion$ by ,hott51 occurs f\r times1 namely at ,)am1 ,b>k+1 ,*elms=d1 & ,we/ ,ham1 & !re is a be]-h\se ( ! same "n at ,bra9tree4 ,! sole use ( ! ,spott$1 or ,dalmatian1 ,dog 9 ?is c\ntry1 says a writ] 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 8is to contribute1 by ! beauty ( its appe>ance1 to ! spl5d\r ( ! /able e/abli%m5t1 con/antly att5d+ ! horses & c>riage to :i* he belongs40 ,on ,octob] #bb1 #ahjd1 a disa/r\s & fatal fire took place at ! ,,spott$ ,,dog1 99,*elms=d4 ,! details are giv5 9 a sc>ce pamphlet1 repr9t$ 9 ,hughson's ,london 7vol4 vi4 p4 #bdf74 ,x seems t ab\t #abj ,hanov]ian soldi]s m>*$ into ,*elms=d on ! day 9 "q1 & ab\t #gj ( !m took up _! lodg+s 9 ! /ables ( ?is inn4 ,:ile mo/ ( !m 7 asleep x 0 discov]$ t ! /raw ^u :i* !y lay _h caught fire4 ,all 71 ( c\rse1 at once ar\s$1 b be+ unus$ to ! fa/5+ ( ! door1 !y 7 unable to op5 x4 ,:5 at la/ x 0 op5$ & ! inmates lib]at$1 _m ( !m 7 sorely burn$1 & o!rs _h _! clo?+ on fire4 ,! flames 7 got "u aft] a "t1 b n until !y _h ext5d$ to o!r /ables & burn$ sev]al horses4 ,on cle>+ away ! rubbi%1 ! bodies ( no less ?an ?irte5 ( ! ,hanov]ian soldi]s :o _h p]i%$ 9 ! flames 7 f\nd4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds buri$ ) milit>y hon\rs 9 ! *ur*4 ,at ,hordon-on-!-,hill !re is a ,,black ,,dog 7be]-h\se74 ,! ,,%eph]d ,,& ,,dog is a device :i* ,illu/ration3 ,,dog',s ,,head ,,9 ,,pot4 7,aft] ,l>wood & ,hott547 is n[ to be se5 at ,upm9/]1 ,ramsd5 ,cray1 & ,great ,/ambridge 7be]-h\se74 ,two c5turies ago x appe>$ on ! f>?+ tok5 ( 8,peet] ,pe>cce0 ( ,bra9tree2 :ile a ,,dog ,,) ,,*a91 passant1 occurs on t ( 8,?omas ,peeke1 ,wyre ,/reet1 9 ,col*/r10 & a dog eat+ out ( a fle%pot 7! ,,dog',s ,,head ,,9 ,,pot7 on ! halfp5ny issu$ by ,john ,phillips ( ,plai/[ 9 #afgj4 ,?is device seems to h be5 orig9ally us$ to indicate a dirty1 slov5ly h\sewife4 ,x 0 nev] common4 ,! ,,h>e ,,& ,,h\nds occurs sev5 times1 ! ,,fox ,,& ,,h\nds t5 times1 & ! ,,huntsman ,,& ,,h\nds once 7at ,upm9/]74 ,bo? ! ,,fox & ! ,,fox ,,& ,,h\nds are v common be]-h\se signs4 ,! ,,h>e1 an unusual sign :5 n accompani$ by ! ,h\nds1 appe>s at ,great ,p>ndon4 ,! ,,talbot at ,nor? ,weald may be nam$ aft] ! fam\s ,,talbot 9 ,s\?w>k1 :i*1 "u its =m] "n ( ! ,,tab>d1 %elt]$ ,*auc]'s pilgrims on _! way to ,cant]bury4 ,talbot is ! "n ( an old v>iety ( hunt+ dog :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 is nev] he>d ( except 9 connection ) ,h]aldry2 &1 z ! sign 9 "q is n n[ a pictorial "o1 mo/ ( ! inhabitants ( ,nor? ,weald w\ld probably be mu* puzzl$ to expla9 :at x orig9ally repres5t$4 ,!re 0 ano!r ,,talbot 9 ,/aple=d ,tawney until ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 b x is n[ a private h\se4 ,! c\nty conta9s no less ?an ?irte5 ,,greyh\nds1 "o ( :i* is an ,,old ,,greyh\nd4 ,! sign ( ! ,,greyh\nd exi/$ at ,*elms=d 9 #aghf1 accord+ to ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,july #ba/ 9 t ye>1 b x is n n[ extant1 ?\gh ,greyh\nd ,lane /ill exi/s4 ,9 all probability ?is 0 ! h\se t exi/$ "u ! same "n 9 #affb1 z m5tion$ 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,murd] ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/]1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made4 ,! ,,greyh\nd at ,wal?am ,abbey is m5tion$ 9 ! p>i% regi/]s on ,june #d1 #agce1 :5 8,john ,munns f ye ,greyh\nd 0 ,bur40 ,! ,,greyh\nd at ,b>k+ is m5tion$ 9 ! p>i% regi/] z e>ly z #aeib4fb ,an entry /ates t 8,h5ry1 ! suppos$ son ( ,h5ry ,fi%] ( ,london1 f ! ,greyh\nd1 0 bapd ! #ag? ( ,octob]40 ,= ?is sign we are probably ab\t equally indebt$ bo? to ! sport ( c\rs+ & ! art ( ,h]aldry4 ,greyh\nds arg5t =m$ ei!r "o or bo? ( ! support]s ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ! badge1 & (t5 "o ( ! support]s1 ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & "o ( ! support]s ( ,elizabe? & ,m>y2 s t 9 all probability ! sign f\nd its orig9 9 ,h]aldry1 b owes its use 9 ! pres5t day1 l>gely at lea/1 to c\rs+4 ,9 a hunt+ di/rict l ,essex x is 9 no way surpris+ t !re %\ld be z _m z tw5ty-five ref]5ces to ! fox on our sign-bo>ds4 ,al?\gh tw5ty ye>s ago ! sign ( ! ,fox only occurr$ five times1 x n[ occurs elev5 times2 :ile !re are t5 signs ( ! ,,fox ,,& ,,h\nds1 & ?ree ( ! ,,fox ,,& ,,goose4 ,! latt] is a comb9ation :i* m$ival arti/s nev] tir$ ( repres5t+4 ,x may be se51 among o!r places1 on a c>v$ oak scre5 9 ,had/ock ,*ur*4 ,( ! ,,fly+ ,,fox at ,col*e/]1 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say 7p4 #agj7--8;,x may repres5t "s k9d ( bat or fly+ squirrel 787 s d5om9at$1 or is a l&lord's caprice40 ,x seems mu* m probable1 h[ev]1 t ! device is int5d$ to repres5t a fox fly+ be=e ! h\nds4 ,!re is a be]-h\se kn[n z ! ,,wolf at ,great ,cogge%all4 ,! orig9 ( ! sign1 :i* is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott51 is h>d to expla94 ,probably x is unique4 ,! sign ( ! ,,h>e ,,& ,,h\nds1 ( :i*1 z previ\sly /at$ 7p4 #gf71 we h sev5 examples1 is1 d\btless1 entirely d]iv$ f ! sport ( c\rs+2 b ! ,,rabbits1 a v old h\se /ill 9 exi/5ce at ,little ,il=d1 has probably an h]aldic orig94 ,mo/ likely ! sign is d]iv$ f ?ree coneys appe>+ on "s family coat ( arms1 b ^:1 x is n[ difficult to say4 ,! sign appe>$ 9 ! li/ z ! ,,?ree ,,rabbits =ty ye>s ago1 & z ! ,,?ree ,,coneys on ,jean ,roque's ,map ( ,t5 ,miles ,r\nd ,london1 publi%$ 9 #agdf4 ,lysons1 9 8 ,environs ( ,london 7#agif1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aeg71 says-- 8,a great m>t = cattle f ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ! ,nor? ( ,engl& is held annually1 f ! latt] end ( ,febru>y till ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 on ! flat "p ( ! =e/ ( ,wal?am 7commonly call$ ,epp+ ,=e/71 )9 ! p>i%es ( ,il=d1 ,ea/ham1 ,we/ham1 ,leyton1 & ,wan/ead4 ,a great "p ( ! bus9ess betwe5 ! deal]s is transact$ at ! ,,rabbits 9 ?is p>i%--on ! high road40 ,!re is also a be]-%op kn[n z ! ,,rabbits 9 ,/aple=d ,tawney p>i%4 ,x is probably nam$ aft] ! =ego+4 ,!re is ano!r be]-h\se s call$ at ,we/ ,?urrock4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n m5tion ! sign "u any ( ! above =ms1 al?\gh !y say t 9 #affg ,hugh ,conny1 ( ,caxton & ,elswor?1 ,cambridge1 _h ,,?ree ,,conies = a sign1 & a ,,rabbit is depict$ on ! f>?+ tok5 ( "o ,william ,hut*5son1 ( ,*elms=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fleece4 ,! sign ( ! ,,fleece occurs twice at 99,col*e/]1 once at 99,cogge%all1 & once at ,br5twood4 ,t ( ! ,,gold5 ,,fleece appe>s at ,*elms=d & ,ea/ ,ham1 al?\gh ! =m] seems to h become gold5 only dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,!re 7 also ,,fleeces at ,hal/ead & ,)am sixty ye>s ago4 ,bo? =ms ( ! sign are1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to repres5t ,jason's ,gold5 ,fleece1 or ,gideon's1 & _! use commemorates ! "t :5 ! wooll5 trade 0 "o ( ! /aple indu/ries ( ,essex4 ,! ,fleece also =m$ ! p5dant ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,,gold5 ,,fleece1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #adbi by ,philip1 ,duke ( ,burgundy & ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 8to p]petuate ! memory ( 8 great rev5ues rais$ by wools ) ! ,l[ ,c\ntries10 z ,a%mole says4 ,anci5t encau/ic tiles h be5 f\nd1 ,mr4 ,elliot writes1 bo? 9 ,)am & ,maldon 7,/4 ,m>y's7 ,*ur*es be>+ ! arms ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 ) _! badge ( fl9t1 /eel1 & sp>ks 9 ! upp] & side sp&rels1 & ! figure ( ! ,fleece bel[4 ,a fleece =ms a *>ge 9 ! arms ( ! t[n ( ,le$s1#fc n[ ! pr9cipal seat ( ! wooll5 trade4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 faceti\sly rem>k t 8a fleece at ! door ( an inn or public-h\se looks v l a w>n+ ( ! fate a travell] may expect )940 ,! ,,/> ,,& ,,fleece is an odd comb9ation1 :i* does n appe> to be notic$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds4 ,x may simply be an impal$ sign1 or may repres5t ! fleece ( "o ( ! mullets 9 ! arms ( ,le$s4 ,an example has exi/$ at ,kelv$on = ov] =ty ye>s1 & ano!r 0 9 exi/5ce a few ye>s s9ce4 ,ano!r emblem ( ! wooll5 trade is ! ,,woolpack1 ( :i*1 z already /at$ 7p4 #ci71 we h six examples1 arrang$ 9 an almo/ /raight l9e across ! c\nty1 namely1 at 99,rom=d1 ,+ate/one1 ,*elms=d1 ,)am1 99,cogge%all1 & 99,col*e/]4 ,?ree1 at lea/1 ( ^! 7 9 exi/5ce sixty ye>s s9ce1 at :i* "t !re 0 ano!r at ,bock+4 ,x is record$ 9 ,bufton's ,di>y#fd t on ,may #a1 #afic1 at ,cogge%all1 8,ye soldi]s set up a ,maypole at ye ,,woolpacke doore40 ,! ,,woolpack is a device :i* appe>s commonly on ! tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is met ) at ,bill]icay1 ,dunm[1 ,ca/le ,h$+ham 7twice71 ,bra9tree1 ,bock+1 ,)am1 & ,col*e/]4 ,! sign ( ! ,,woolpack1 x %\ld be notic$1 is /ill1 or 0 lately1 to be se5 at ! ?ree la/-nam$ places4 ,! sign ( ! ,,%e>s1 z po9t$ out else:]e 7p4 #da71 is ano!r relic ( ! n[ dep>t$ wooll5 trade4 ,f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! sp9n+1 c>d+1 & weav+ ( wool =m$ ! /aple indu/ry 9 mo/ ( ! l>g] t[ns & villages ( ,ea/]n ,engl&4 ,sev]al prom95t families ( ! di/rict 9 =m] days ow$ _! weal? to ?is trade4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,h$+ham x is said t sev]al old h\ses1 ( :i* remnants only n[ exi/1 7 once 8wool-halls10 comb9+ a resid5ce = ! m]*ant ) a w>eh\se = 8 wools1 wor/$s1 & 8pieces40 ,v high wages 7 e>n$ by ! workpeople1 ev5 by *ildr5 & old p]sons4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t1 at ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 n less ?an #bj1jjj h&s 9 & ar\nd ,col*e/] 7 employ$ 9 ! wooll5 trade2 b by ! end ( ! c5tury ! numb] _h sunk to less ?an #h1jjj4 ,_m old p]sons /ill liv+ c rememb] _! p>5ts' or gr&-p>5ts' acc\nts ( ! fe/ivities on ,/4 ,blaize's ,day1 ! #crd ( ,febru>y1 :5 !re 7 processions 9 m$ival fa%ion1 ) %eph]dess & lamb1 & m5 & wom5 sp9n+ & weav+1 accompani$ by a great deal ( noise & fun1 bell-r++ & b&-play+1 ribbons & bann]s1 roy/]+ & dr9k+4 ,9 ! ev5+ bonfires 7 lit ^u ! hills to commemorate 7z ! common p ?\ght7 ! "n ( _! patron1 ,/4 ,blaize4 ,! weav+ ( bunt+ = %ips' flags l+]$ 9 & ar\nd ,sudbury until ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 b has n[ q di$ out 9 ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,! ,,ram1 at ,nor? ,woolwi*1 p]haps1 repres5ts ! cre/ ( ! ,clo?work]s' ,company4#fe ,our six examples ( ! sign ( ! ,,lamb may1 or may n1 h _h an h]aldic orig94 ,!y probably repres5t ! ,lamb ) ! flag ( ! ,apocalypse2 b ?is 0 us$ z a cre/ by ! ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,company4#ff ,! f>?+ issu$ 9 #afed by 8,?o4 ,lambe at ,bvttls ,gate 9 ,col*e/]0 be>s a ,holy ,lamb c\*ant1 & t ( 8,joseph ,lamb ( ,lee ,leigh1 #affd10 be>s ! same device4 ,9 bo? cases a rebus or pun on ! "n ( ! issu] is1 ( c\rse1 int5d$4 ,! ,,lambs at 99,col*e/] & 99,rom=d are bo? at lea/ sixty ye>s old4 ,probably ! sign 0 fir/ set up z an emblem ( ! wooll5 trade4 ,! five in/ances 9 :i* ! ,lamb occurs 9 conjunction ) a ,lion h already be5 notic$ 7p4 #fc71 & att5tion has also be5 drawn to ! fact 7p4 #bc7 t "s1 at lea/1 ( our ,,%ips are probably int5d$ = %eep4 ,! ,,%\ld] ,,( ,,mutton1 :i* occurs bo? at ,great ,to?am & ,=dham1 probably repres5ts ! jo9t s (t5 br\ght to table4 ,! ,,be> occurs by himself only twice1 namely1 at ,buttsbury 7:]e he is at lea/ =ty ye>s old71 & at ,rom=d4 ,! ,,be> at ,buttsbury is m5tion$ 9 ! ,/ock p>i% regi/]s 9 #afgc4 ,=ty ye>s ago !re 7 also ,,be>s at ,col*e/] & ,great ,badd[4 ,we are probably m indebt$ to ! old cu/om ( be>-bait+ = ?is sign ?an to ,h]aldry4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say t x 0 orig9ally adopt$ by ale-h\ses z a pun on ! ^w 8be]40 ,if s1 ! pun 0 a v weak "o4 ,! ,,:ite ,,be> is to be se5 at ,galleywood & at ,/an=d ,riv]s4 ,at ! latt] place he has exi/$ at lea/ s9ce #aghi1 & is repres5t$ on a bo>d ov] ! door1 b n ^u ! sw++ sign-bo>d1 z a ,pol> ,be> pick+ 8 way ov] blocks ( ice4 ,! sign ( ! ,,:ite ,,be> is n a mod]n "o4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & bo? ( our ,essex examples are ov] =ty ye>s old4 ,! ,que5 ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 us$ a ,:ite ,be> z h] badge1 & ?is p]haps orig9at$ ! sign4 ,( ! ,,elephant ,,& ,,ca/le1 a v old device1 we h two in/ances 9 ,essex1 "o at ,h>wi*1 & ! o!r at ,col*e/]4 ,nei!r seems to h be5 9 exi/5ce tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,mo/ probably !y are nam$ aft] ! fam\s old coa*+ inn at ,new+ton ,butts2 b !y may h orig9ally be5 cutl]s' signs4 ,! elephant ) a ca/le on 8 back 7z he 0 g5]ally repres5t$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages7 =m$ ! cre/ ( ! ,cutl]s' ,company4#fg ,at ,great ,badd[1 ,rayleigh1 & else:]e ! device s]ves z a be]-h\se sign4 ,! ,,goat ,,& ,,boots on 99,ea/ ,hill1 ,col*e/]1 ?\gh ov] =ty ye>s old1 is a sign :i* is n notic$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds4 ,x is1 d\btless1 a corruption ( ! n-uncommon sign ( ! ,,goat ,,9 ,,boots1 :i* appe>s to be a c>icature ( ,wel%m51 & n a corruption ( ! ,dut* description ( ,m]cury1 d] god5 boode 7! gods' mess5g]71 z is (t5 /at$4 ,we h 9 ,essex no example ( ! n-uncommon sign ( ! ,,goat ,,& ,,compasses1 :i* is usually suppos$ to be a corruption ( ! ,puritan motto1 8,god encompasses u40 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 is n s\nd4 ,! motto c\ld nev] h be5 repres5t$ pictorially ^u ! sign-bo>d1 & we "k t pictorial repres5tation 0 ! sole aim & object ( ! sign 9 old5 times4 ,probably ! sign is m]ely a comp\nd "o2 or x may repres5t ! arms ( ! ,cordwa9]s' ,company#fh 9 a corrupt$ =m4 ,to ?is orig9 may be c]ta9ly trac$ ! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,goats' ,,heads1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n occur 9 ,essex4 ,! ,,squirrel',s ,,head at ,squirrel's ,hea?1 ,rom=d1 has no d\bt "s connection ) ! locality4 ,x 0 n 9 exi/5ce =ty ye>s ago4 ,! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,squirrels1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ,essex1 has be5 9 use = ov] two c5turies4 ,! sign ( ! ,,sea ,,horse1 :i* has exi/$ at 99,col*e/] = at lea/ sixty ye>s pa/1 is n notic$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,v likely x commemorates ! capture 9 ! ,colne1 & subsequ5t exhibition 9 ! t[n1 ( "s su* /range creature z a seal or porpoise1 :i* vulg> belief set d[n z a 8sea horse40 ,! sign ( ! ,,dolph9 occurs f\r times 9 ! c\nty1 namely1 at 99,col*e/]1 99,*elms=d1 ,maldon1 & 99,rom=d4 ,! animal also figures z a be]-h\se sign at ,/i/$1 ,goldhang]1 c4 ,! h\ses be>+ x may h tak5 _! sign f ! _m repres5tations ( ! dolph9 9 private coats ( arms2 b1 mo/ likely1 !y h simply be5 call$ aft] ! fam\s ,,dolph9 ,inn :i* exi/$ 9 ,london = sev]al c5turies1 & is said to h be5 occupi$ by ,l\is1 ! ,dauph9 ( ,france1 :o1 9 #abaf1 came ov] to conte/ ! ,engli% cr[n ) ,k+ ,john4 ,x 0 once adorn$ ) fleurs-de-lys1 dolph9s1 & o!r ,fr5* cognizances4 ,! dolph9 =m$ ! badge ( ! ,dauph9s ( ,france1 j z ! ?ree o/ri* fea!rs =m ! badge ( our own ,pr9ces ( ,wales4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice ! sign ( ! ,,:alebone ( :i* ,essex possesses f\r examples1 namely1 at ,woodham ,f]r]s1 99,col*e/]1 ,f+r+hoe1 & ,:ite ,roo?+4 ,t at ! latt] place has app>5tly be5 9 exi/5ce = at lea/ a c5tury1 z x is m5tion$ m ?an once 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle 9 ! ye> #aghf1 :ile ! "o at ,col*e/] figur$ 9 ! li/ z ! ,,old ,,:alebone =ty ye>s ago4 ,! ,,fi%bone1 h[ev]1 spok5 ( by ,l>wood & ,hott5 z be+ 8r>ely met ) z a public-h\se sign10 ?\gh frequ5tly us$ by deal]s 9 rags & bones1 is probably ! same sign "u a diff]5t "n4 ,9 ! museum at ,saffron ,wald5 !re has be51 = ne>ly fifty ye>s pa/1 a l>ge :ale's scapula1 :i* is said =m]ly to h hung z a sign 9 "o ( ! /reets ( t t[n4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,cl>ke believes x 0 display$ at ! ,,k+',s ,,head1 & x has on x an almo/ illegible lett] ,r1 probably "p ( ! monogram ,g4 ,r42 b m likely x =m$ ! sign ( ! ,,:alebone at "s h\se n n[ 9 exi/5ce1 or n "u t "n4 ,( ! ,,sun ,,& ,,:alebone :i* has exi/$ at ,latton s9ce #aghi at lea/1 ! au?ors s frequ5tly quot$ say t 8x may h orig9at$ f a :alebone hang+ outside ! h\se or x may indicate t ! l&lord _h laid ! f\ndation ( 8 =tune z a rag m]*ant40 ,m probably1 h[ev]1 its orig9 0 ! impalem5t ( two di/9ct signs4 ,! sign-bo>d is n pictorial4 ,?is sign 0 v fully discuss$ 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies 9 #ahfb 7#crd s]ies1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bej1 #cce1 #cei1 #cig1 #dai1 & #dgc74 ,sev]al mo/ pr(\nd speculations 7 advanc$ to acc\nt = x1 b !y 7 all m or less f> fet*$4 ,! ,,:alebone at ,*adwell ,hea? has n[ disappe>$1 ?\gh a be]-%op s nam$ exi/$ !re until ab\t ! ye> #ahgj4 ,f x1 9 all probability1 our f\r exi/+ h\ses ( ?is "n1 z well z ! ,,sun ,,& ,,:alebone at ,latton1 h tak5 _! designation2 = ! sign is a v uncommon "o 9 ! adjo9+ c\nties1 & does n appe> at all 9 ,london4 ,! h\se 9 "q orig9ally took its "n f two :ale's jaw-bones 7n rib-bones1 z is commonly suppos$7 set up 9 ! =m ( an ar*way ov] ! road close at h&4 ,local tradition says t ! bones 7 ^? ( a :ale t 0 /r&$ 9 ! ,?ames ne> ,dag5ham dur+ ! great /orm t prevail$ on ! night prec$+ ,septemb] #c1 #afeh1 :5 ,oliv] ,cromwell di$4 ,?is 01 p]haps1 ! case1 z 8,ye ,:alebone0 is m>k$ aga9/ ! t5? mile/one f ,london on ! map ( ! high-road f ,london to ,h>wi*1 giv5 9 ,ogilby's ,it9]>ium ,angli1 publi%$ 9 #afge1 only sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! :ale is said to h be5 /r&$4 ,also 9 ,dr4 ,h[ell's ,anci5t & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,engl&1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #afgh1 x is /at$ 7#f? ,ed4 p4 #bfc7 t1 8ne> ab\t ?is "t #afeh1 !re came up ! ,?ames z f> z ,gre5wi* a :ale ( v great l5g? & bigness40 ,daniel ,defoe1 too1 9 8 ,t\r ?r\gh ! :ole ,isl& ( ,great ,brita91 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agbd1 says 7vol4 i4 p4 #c7 ! ,,:alebone 0 8s call$ because ! rib-bone ( a l>ge ,:ale1 tak5 9 ! ,riv] ( ,?ames1 0 fix$ !re 9 #afeh1 ! ye> ,oliv] ,cromwell di$1 = a monum5t ( t mon/r\s creature1 x be+ at fir/ ab\t ,eight & ,tw5ty ,foot long40 ,! ,,:ale',s ,,bone is also m>k$ on ,&rew & ,drury's ,map ( ,essex1 publi%$ 9 #aggg4 ,t a /orm ( mo/ unusual magnitude did rage on ! night 9 "q1 is c]ta94 ,prideaux1 9 8 ,introduction to ,hi/ory 7#afhb71 speaks ( 8t mo/ horrid tempe/u\s night :i* u%]$ 9 ?is day on :i* ,cromwell di$40 ,pepys also m5tions ! /orm4 ,nor is x any?+ new = :ales & simil> animals to appe> 9 ! ,?ames4 ,9 ,sir ,ri*>d ,bak]'s ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl& 7p4 #dbe71 publi%$ 9 #afhd1 x is record$ t on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 #afjf1 8a great ,porpus 0 tak5 at ,we/ ,ham1 9 a small creek a mile & a half )9 ! l&2 & )9 a few days aft] a ,:ale came up )9 eight miles ( ,london1 ^: body 0 se5 div]s times above ! wat]1 & 0 judg$ to exce$ ! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ %ip 9 ! ,riv]3 b :5 %e ta/$ ! fre% wat] & sc5t$ ! l&1 %e return$ aga9 into ! sea40 ,on ! morn+ ( ,april #ca1 #ahgi1 too1 a :ale al>m$ "s fi%]m5 by 8 sp\t+ ne> ,hole ,hav54 ,_m o!r records might be cit$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s circum/ance t 9 ,m4 ,j4 ,f>m]'s ,hi/ory ( ,wal?am ,abbey1 publi%$ 9 #agce1 !re is giv5 z an app5dix 8,! ,inquisition tak5 ! #ag? ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 #afdb ( a ,p]ambulation ( ,wal?am ,=e/ 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,essex10 9 :i* occurs ! foll[+ passage3--,! ,=e/ b\nd>y runs 8f ,great ,il=d directly by ! same ,k+'s ,high ,way lead+ t[>ds ,rum=d1 to a c]ta9 ,quadrivium 7or way lead+ f\r ways71 call$ ! ,f\r ,wants1 :]e late 0 plac$ & yet is a c]ta9 side ( a :ale1 call$ ! ,:ale bone40 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! spot 0 kn[n z ! ,:alebone long be=e ,cromwell's dea?4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 !re is an error 9 ! above date1 ,*>les ,i4 be+ ins]t$ in/ead ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,a good deal ( discussion ^u ! subject took place sev]al ye>s ago 9 ! pages ( ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,9 #ahga 7p4 #d71 8,g4 ,s40 wrote t he _h (t5 se5 :ales' bones set upright 9 ,holl& = cattle to rub aga9/1 & t he 80 once /ruck ) ! same 9 a l>ge p>k betwe5 ,+ate/one & ,*elms=d4 ,! own] 0 a ,dut* g5tleman1 :o _h introduc$ ?is s5sible idea into ,engl&40 ,o!r correspond5ts wrote t !y knew ( :ales' bones hav+ be5 set up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,lat] on 7p4 #aie71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p]ry1 ( ,wal?am ,abbey1 wrote t-- 8,!re is 7or 0 lately7 a pair ( :ale's ribs plac$ ov] ! old toll-gate at ,*adwell ,hea?1 ne> ,rom=d1 ,essex1 :i* =m a k9d ( ,go?ic ar* across ! roadway4 ,!y mu/ h be5 !re = a consid]able p]iod1 z x is beyond ! memory ( any ( ! good old c\ntry-folks liv+ 9 ! locality to tell :5 fir/ erect$4 ,at a little di/ance f ! toll-h\se occurs a simil> pair1 set up ov] ! c>riage entrance to a resid5ce40 ,aft]w>ds 7#ahgh1 p4 #cig7 8,s4 ,p40 wrote z foll[s3-- 8,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 !re /ood by ! roadside1 ab\t two miles we/ ( ,rom=d1 at ! ea/ end ( ! long /raggl+ village ( ,*adwell ,hea?1 & on ! left h& go+ f ,london1 a trem5d\s pair ( bones1 =m+ an ar*4 ,! bases 7 deeply root$ 9 ! e>?1 b ev5 !n ! space spann$ 0 consid]able4 ,ne> by 0 a toll-h\se1 ) its b>1 kn[n f ! adjac5t relic z #8,:alebone ,gate4' ,i ?9k1 too1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 !re /ood ne> ! spot a road-side inn call$ by ! sign ( #8! ,,:alebone4' ,my fa!r1 an ,essex man1 long s9ce dead1 us$ to tell me t he _h x f 8 gr&fa!r1 t ! bone 0 ! upp] %\ld be l[] jaw ( an imm5se :ale1 :i* _h be5 ca/ a%ore ab\t ?ree miles to ! s\? ( ! spot1 on ! nor? bank ( ! ,?ames1 at ,dag5ham1 :ile ! ,great ,/orm 0 rag+ on ! night t ,oliv] ,cromwell di$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 toll on suburban roads 0 aboli%$2 ! toll-h\se & gate 7 cle>$ away2 & ! jaw 0 appropriat$ to s]ve z an entrance ar* to ! front g>d5 ( a neighb\r+ suburban villa--! rural resid5ce1 ,i believe1 ( a ,:ite*apel pork-but*]--an edifice kn[n1 & /ill indicat$ on suburban maps ( a tol]ably mod]n date1 z #8,:alebone ,h\se4' 444 ,:at became ( ! wor?y tradesman ,i h above allud$ to1 ,i d n "k4 ,probably 8 h\se is /ill /&+1 b ,i am unable to id5tify x n[ by its =m] title or peculi> gate4 ,i am "u ! impression t :at rema9s ( ! relic has be5 transf]r$ to its orig9al site2 = ,i 0 pa/ ! spot :]e1 s f> z my memory s]ves me1 x =m]ly /ood1 on ,july #be? 9 ?is ye>4 ,half ! ar* 7i4e41 "o bone7 /ood upright1 /ill deeply root$ 9 ! e>?1 b alone1 =gott5 & des]t$1 by ! side ( ! high road 9 a fall[ field4 ,no "o 9 ! neighb\rhood seem$ to "k any?+ ab\t x or its hi/ory40 ,to ?is1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,sp>vel-,bayly1 ( ,bill]icay1 wrote 7#ahgi1 p4 #eh73-- 8,9 ! little village ( ,ea/ ,tilbury 9 ,essex1 situate on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 & n f> f ,rom=d1 is a h\se kn[n z #8,:alebone ,cottage1' 9 front ( :i* is an ar* compos$ ( ! jawbones ( a huge :ale4 ,f _! wea!r-worn appe>ance !y may possibly h belong$ to t allud$ to by ,s4 ,p40 ,9 reply to ?is1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,phillips 7p4 #cch7 /at$ t-- 8,! jawbones spok5 ( by ,mr4 ,sp>vel-,bayly z be+ at ,ea/ ,tilbury1 #8n f> f ,rom=d' 7x is twelve miles f ,rom=d z ! cr[ flies71 _c be id5tical ) ^? m5tion$ by ,s4 ,p41 ^: acc\nt ,i c corroborate1 s f> z kn[+ ! jawbones he m5tions1 =ty ye>s ago1 :5 travell+ on ! box-seat ( ! old ,col*e/] ,coa* alongside a coa*man ( ! ,mr4 ,well] sort1 ( "s sixty-five summ]s4 ,! two bones 7 !n 9 exi/5ce on ! nor? side ( ! road ne> ! t5? mile/one1 & two miles ! ,london side ( ,rom=d1 9 front ( a roadside public-h\se ) ! sign ( ! #8,,:alebone1' :i* my coa*man said us$ to be ! resort ( ! _m highwaym5 t once infe/$ ,*adwell ,hea? close by4 ,he spoke ( 8 be+ told :5 a boy t ! bones _h be5 !re f ! "t ( ,cromwell40 ,f ! =ego+1 x is cle> t !re 7 =m]ly two pairs ( bones set up ne> toge!r2 inde$1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p]ry di/9ctly says !re 74 ,"o pair has n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,! o!r pair /ill /& 7al?\gh ,s4 ,p4 seems to h ov]look$ !m71 z describ$1 ov] ! entrance ( an adjo9+ h\se1 kn[n to ?is day z 8,:alebone ,h\se0 or 8,lodge10 & m>k$ z su* 9 local directories4 ,!re is also 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity a 8,:alebone ,f>m10 z well z a 8,:alebone ,lane40 ,! bones 7( :i* an illu/ration is "h giv57 are ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3-- ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,height out ( gr\nd 7along curve7 #ae #f ,circumf]5ce 7at base7 #c #c 8 7ne> top7 #b #j ,bread? at base 7flat inn] side7 #a #e 8 7r\nd out] side7 #a #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,gateway ,,at ,,:alebone ,,h\se4 7,*adwell ,hea?47 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! bones are ^? ( ! ,gre5l& :ale 7,balna my/icetus71 x is extremely unlikely t ! creature :i* own$ !m 0 ev] /r&$ 9 ! ,?ames4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,fl[]1 ,f4,r4,s41 is ( mu* int]e/4 ,he says-- 8,pairs ( ! l[] jawbones ( ! ,gre5l& :ale1 erect$ usually z gate-po/s1 occur 9 _m p>ts ( ! ea/]n c\nties1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! old :al+-ports--! ,?ames1 ,y>m\?1 ,hull1 ,:itby1 c4 ,!y h all be5 br\ght f ! ,arctic ,seas by :al]s1 at any "t s9ce #afaa1 :5 ! fir/ %ips left ,engl& = ! ,spitzb]g5 :al+1 :i* 7) ! ,baff9's ,bay :al+7 has be5 c>ri$ on ) m or less success ev] s9ce1 ?\gh n[ conf9$ to ,pet]head & ,dundee4 ,i v mu* d\bt ,defoe's #8#bh feet long4' ,tw5ty feet1 foll[+ ! curve1 is ! maximum ( ! ,gre5l& :ale1 & no o!r :ale has su* l>ge jaws4 ,i also d\bt ! /ory ( ! creature be+ /r&$1 because1 if s1 x _c h be5 a ,gre5l& :ale--a species :i* nev] visits our %ores40 ,l>wood & ,hott51 9 common ) ne>ly all h]aldic writ]s1 innoc5tly treat ( :ales & dolph9s z fi%es1 z !y 7 commonly suppos$ to be 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a writ] 9 ,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 s lately z ! ye> #ahgi1 commits ! same absurd error4 ,x w "h be necess>y to ask p>don ( mod]n m5 ( sci5ce = discuss+1 "u ! head+ 8,zoology10 c]ta9 mon/r\s bea/s :i*1 ?\gh unkn[n to u 9 ^! enlight5$ times1 7 accr$it$ ) a mat]ial exi/5ce by ! anci5t h]alds1 & o!rs :o wrote 9 ! d>k days ( sev]al c5turies ago4 ,su* imag9>y creatures z dragons1 griff9s1 unicorns1 & ! l1 are1 ( c\rse1 "h ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dragon4 ,! ,,dragon 9 8 own prop] col\r 7:atev] t may be7 does n occur 9 ! c\nty2 b we h f\r examples ( ! ,,gre5 ,,dragon1 situat$ respectively at ,%5field1 ,black ,notley1 99,saffron ,wald51 & ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 7 also ,,gre5 ,,dragons at 99,col*e/] & else:]e4 ,x is v easy to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! use ( ! ,dragon z a sign1 b x is n s easy to say :y he %\ld s (t5 be gre54 ,! ,,gre5 ,,dragon1 h[ev]1 has be5 a common sign = ov] two c5turies4 ,z ! badge & support] ( ! arms ( _m ( our sov]eigns1 he 0 g5]ally r$1 ?\gh occasionally black or gold54 ,! ,dragon appe>$ on ! /&>d ( ! ,saxons1 & 0 us$ z a badge by sev]al e>ly ,pr9ces ( ,wales4 ,x =m$ "o or o!r ( ! support]s ( ! arms ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 & ( all ! ,tudor sov]eigns except ,que5 ,m>y4 ,x appe>s also 9 ! h]aldic be>+s ( _m private families4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be v little d\bt z to its h]aldic d]ivation1 al?\gh x 0 =m]ly us$ z a *emi/'s sign1 9 :i* case its orig9 0 probably non-h]aldic4 ,p]haps1 z ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elliot writes1 ! /range col\r 9 :i* ?is mon/] usually appe>s on sign-bo>ds is due to ! fact t a ,gre5 ,dragon1 hold+ 9 8 m\? a bloody h&1 0 a badge ( ,william ,h]b]t1 ,"l ,/ew>d1 creat$ ,e>l ( ,pembroke 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,! ,,george ,,& ,,dragon is a sign :i* occurs eight times 9 ,essex4 ,?is v common sign has increas$ greatly 9 popul>ity s9ce ! in/itution ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 ( :i* a repres5tation ( ,/4 ,george kill+ a dragon =ms ! p5dant2 b ! fact t sev]al ( our rec5t k+s h borne ! "n ( ,george has no d\bt _h a good deal to d ) its adoption4 ,! leg5d>y act ( ,/4 ,george1 ! patron-sa9t ( ,engl&1 is allud$ to 9 ! foll[+ amus+ little rhyme3-- 8,to save a mayd1 ,/4 ,george ! ,dragon slew-- ,a pretty tale1 if all t's told be true4 ,mo/ say !re are no dragons1 & 'tis sayd ,!re 0 no ,george2--let's hope !re 0 a mayd40 ,a repres5tation ( ,/4 ,george kill+ ! ,dragon appe>s on ! tok5 issu$ by ,j4 ,l>k ( ,cogge%all 9 #affg4fi ,!re are also 9 ,essex ?ree examples ( ! sign ( ! ,,griff91 situat$ respectively at ,great ,canfield1 ,hal/ead1 & ,danbury4 ,! ,,griff9 at ,danbury1 an anci5t & well-kn[n inn1 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,may #i1 #aghh4 ,x is also sev]al times prom95tly allud$ to 7ii4 p4 #agd1 iii4 pp4 #acj & #add1 & iv4 p4 #ff7 9 ,mr4 ,joseph ,/rutt's ,essex & ,h]ts ,romance ( ,que5hoo ,hall1 publi%$ 9 #ahjh4 ,al?\gh 9 =m] ages p firmly believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( griff9s1 ! animal has nev] yet be5 se5 except 9 ,h]aldry4 ,consequ5tly x is only natural to assign ! orig9 ( its use z a sign to t art2 b griff9s appe> ^u ! escut*eons ( s _m families t x is n[ q impossible to say 9 ^: hon\r x made its fir/ appe>ance ^u ! sign-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,griff94 ,! ,,unicorn appe>s z a public-h\se sign at ,we/ ,ham & at ,rom=d4 ,at ! latt] place ! h\se is situat$ 9 ,h>e ,/reet1 & is at lea/ a c5tury old1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,m>* #b1 #aghg4 ,a unicorn rampant is depict$ on ! f>?+ tok5s ( ,william ,alldr$ ( ,col*e/]1 & a unicorn passant on ^? ( 8,w4 ,ang] ( ,mv* ,clafton 8 ,clacton 9 ,esex1 #afed40 ,! orig9al use ( ! ,,unicorn z an inn-sign may be attribut$ to ! fact t x 0 =m]ly a common *emi/'s sign1 & is "o ( ! support]s ( ! arms ( ! ,apo!c>ies' ,company1 or to ! fact t x n[ =ms ! s9i/] support] ( ! ,royal ,arms4 ,mu* int]e/+ in=mation z to ! anci5t belief 9 its exi/5ce1 & ! p[] ( its horn z an antidote to all poison1 is giv5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,orni?ological ,,signs4 ,orni?ological signs /& next 9 turn = notice4 ,!y are fairly num]\s1 & _m are ( /rictly h]aldic d]ivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spread ,,eagle4 ,! ,eagle appe>s 9 "o =m or ano!r on n9ete5 ,essex sign-bo>ds4 ,on sev5 occasions a simple ,,eagle is int5d$4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 !re 7 b ?ree4 ,t5 times ! sign ( ! ,,spread ,,eagle occurs1 & ! same device is depict$ on ! tok5s issu$ by ,john ,millbank ( ,col*e/] 9 #affe1 & by ,samuel ,wall ( ,)am 9 #affh4 ,! ,,spread ,,eagle at ,h>wi*1 :i* is a h\se /ill extant1 is ref]r$ to 9 ! issue ( ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,m>* #ca1 #aghf4 ,at ,little ,b>dfield a c>v$ & gild$ ,,spread ,,eagle is set up on ! top ( a po/ be=e ! inn4 ,! sign is truly h]aldic1 inasmu* z ! bird does n seem to require to use its legs1 b /&s ^u its tail4 ,9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,m>* #b1 #aghg1 !re appe>s an adv]tisem5t /at+ t a 8,ma9 ( ,cocks0 0 to be f\ght on ! #g? ( t mon? at ! 99,,spread ,,eagle 9 ,prittlewell1 betwe5 ! ,g5tlem5 ( t place & ! ,g5tlem5 ( ,great ,wak]+4 ,eagles occur s frequ5tly 9 ,h]aldry t !re c be no d\bt :5ce ! sign ( ! ,,eagle is d]iv$2 & ! fact t ! bird is1 m (t5 ?an n1 describ$ z 8spread10 goes f> to confirm its h]aldic d]ivation4 ,an eagle 0 display$ ^u ! ensign ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 & has s9ce =m$ "o ( ! *ief ,illu/ration3 ,,eagle ,,& ,,*ild4 cognizances ( ! sov]eigns ( ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 ,france1 c4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 bore a cr[n$ eagle z 8 cre/1 & ,h5ry ,,iv4 adopt$ a spread eagle z "o ( 8 badges4 ,! bird is also ( v frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! armorial be>+s ( private families4 ,! ,,eagle at ,sn>esbrook is a well-kn[n old ho/elry1 & is a v fav\rite ,bank ,holiday resort ( 8#8,arry & #8,arriet0 f ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london4 ,! ,,eagle ,,& ,,*ild1 :i* is to be se5 at ,%5field & ,=e/ ,gate1 is n uncommon else:]e1 & w be at once recogniz$ z ! cre/ ( ! ,/anleys1 ,e>ls ( ,d]by1 :i* repres5ts an eagle c>ry+ (f a *ild1 z told 9 ! well-kn[n leg5d1#gj & z "h depict$4 ,9 a curi\s collection ( miscellanea relat+ to signs =m$ by a ,mr4 ,g4 ,cre$1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 x is /at$ t 9 ! p>l\r ( ! la/-nam$ inn !re is 7or 0 9 #ahej7 fram$ 8a ,,ms4 bit ( ,doggrell10 comm5c+ z foll[s3-- ,! ,essex ,flats too ,kn[+ = ! ,york%ire ,%>ps4 8,an ,essex ,l&lord ( "s fame1 ,^: hone/y des]ves a "n1 ,ne> to ! ,=e/ hangs 8 sign1 ,a h\se well kn[n = ,b[ls ( w9e4 ,x repres5ts a lovely boy1 ,su* z w\ld give a fa!r joy2 ,beside him 7don't say 'tis absurd7 ,/&s ! maje/ic k+ly ,bird1 ,& bo? are nam$ & kn[n toge!r1 ,z birds are kn[n t's ( "o fea!r40 ,! re/ ( ! poem1 :i* is long1 does n m]it reproduction4 ,?is h\se is m>k$ on ,jean ,roque's ,map ( ,t5 ,miles r\nd ,london1 publi%$ 9 #agda4 ,! ,,falcon occurs ?ree times1 namely1 at ,s\!nd1 ,littlebury1 & ,wiv5hoe4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago "o ( ^! figur$ 9 ! li/ z ! ,,new ,,falcon1 & sixty ye>s s9ce !re 0 ano!r 9 ! ,high ,/reet at 99,bra9tree4 ,a f>?+ tok5 %[+ a bird hold+ a sceptre1 & issu$ by 8,john ,p>k] at ! ,falk5 9 ,wev5hoe10 is describ$ by ,boyne4 ,taylor 7see p4 #bh7 also m5tions ?is ,p>k] 9 #afcf4 ,z ! sign ( ! ,,falcon /ill exi/s at ,wiv5hoe x is probably ! same h\se kept m ?an two c5turies ago by ,john ,p>k]1 especially z ! same h\se is m5tion$ aga9 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #ac1 #aghf4 ,at ! end ( la/ c5tury !re 0 an inn ) ! sign ( ! ,,falcon close aga9/ ! ,cross at ,wal?am4 ,two illu/rations ( x1 publi%$ respectively 9 #aghg & #agia1 are pres]v$ 9 ,mr4 ,cre$'s collection4 ,!y %[ ! sign-bo>d 7a pictorial "o1 inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! l&lord--,sibley7 susp5d$ f a beam :i* ext5ds across ! road4 ,above ?is beam is hung a bun* ( grapes )9 an iron frame1 z "h %[n4 ,! sign has n[ be5 alt]$ to t ( ! ,,great ,,ea/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,falcon4 7,at ,wal?am ,cross 9 #aghg47 ,! ,,old ,,falcon ,inn1 :i* =m]ly exi/$ at ,ca/le ,h$+ham1 ?\gh n[ r$uc$ to a m]e be]-%op1 0 once evid5tly a v good h\se4 ,its beams & raft]s are v massive1 & be> ! cre/ & badge ( ! ,e>ls ( ,ox=d1 l n a few o!r old h\ses 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! sign is probably id5tical ) t ( ! ,,hawk1 :i* occurs at ,battles ,bridge4 ,its orig9 may h be5 ! anci5t sport ( hawk+2 b1 m probably1 x has an h]aldic d]ivation4 ,a falcon volant =ms "p ( ! arms ( ! ,/ation]s' ,company1 & x 0 probably adopt$ by booksell]s on ?is acc\nt4 ,bo? ,edw>d ,,iii4 & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 us$ a falcon z "o ( _! badges1 & ! ,,falcon ,,hold+ ,a ,,sceptre1 :i*1 z j m5tion$1 exi/$ at ,wiv5hoe 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 presumably d]iv$ f "o ( ! badges ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 a falcon cr[n$1 hold+ a sceptre4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means improbable t ! p>ticul> in/ance ( ! sign ( ! ,,falcon 9 ,falcon ,squ>e1 ,ca/le ,h$+ham 7:i* happ5s to be triangul>671 may be a relic ( ! anci5t family ( ! ,hawkwoods1 :o resid$ 9 ! adjo9+ p>i% ( ,sible ,h$+ham4 ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 ! fam\s soldi] :o became s prom95t 9 ! ,italian w>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 buri$ 9 ,flor5ce1 b ^u ! beautiful crockett$ canopy ( ! monum5t erect$ to him 9 ! s\? aisle ( ,sible ,h$+ham ,*ur*1 8 badge 7871 a ,hawk or ,falcon1 is c>v$ sev]al times1 ) o!r devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,swan4 7,! ,badge ( ! ,de ,bohuns47 ,! ,swan1 includ+ sev]al v>iations 9 col\r1 c41 is a v common ,essex sign1 & appe>s 9 ?irty-eight diff]5t places2 :ile1 =ty or fifty ye>s ago1 x seems to h be5 ev5 common]4 ,?irty-two times he occurs z a simple ,,swan2 at ,h>wi* he appe>s z a ,,new ,,swan2 at ,rayne & ,roydon 7:]e he is at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s old7 z a ,,black ,,swan2 at ,*elms=d z an ,,old ,,swan2 & at ,epp+ & ,we/ ,ham z a ,,:ite ,,swan4 ,! ,,swan n[ exi/+ at ,br5twood is1 app>5tly1 at lea/ a c5tury old1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #bd1 #aghf4 ,! fondness ( ! bird = liquid 7?\gh ( a pur] k9d ?an t usually suppli$ at public-h\ses7 is said to h be5 ! reason = its v common adoption z a public-h\se sign2 b ! cu/om is equally likely to h _h an h]aldic orig94 ,k+s ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,v4 bo? us$ a swan among o!r badges1 & ! same device =m$ "p ( ! coat ( arms ( ! ,de ,bohun & o!r families4 ,! annex$ wood-cut ( ! swan prop]1 ducally gorg$ & *a9$ or1 :i* =m$ ! badge ( ! ,de ,bohuns1 is tak5 f ! c5tral sp&rel ( ! canopy ( ! brass 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey to ,alianore ,de ,bohun1 ,du*ess ( ,gl\ce/]1 :o di$ 9 #acii4 ,x is also v probable t ! :ite swan :i* =m$ ! badge ( ! great ,de ,m&evilles1 once ,e>ls ( ,essex1 has _h some?+ to d ) ! abundance ( ?is sign 9 ! c\nty4 ,9 ,tav]n ,anecdotes 7p4 #bda7 x is /at$ t 9 #ahbe ! l&lord ( ! 99,,swan at ,/rat=d recomm5d$ ! *>ms ( 8 h\se 9 ! foll[+ poetic /ra93-- 8,at ! ,swan ,tav]n kept by ,l\nd ,! be/ accommodation's f\nd1-- ,w9e1 ,spirits1 ,port]1 ,bottl$ ,be]1 ,y'll f9d 9 high p]fection "h4 ,if 9 ! g>d5 ) y\r lass ,y feel incl9$ to take a glass1 ,!re ,tea & ,c(fee ( ! be/ ,provid$ is1 = e gue/4 ,&1 females n to drive f h5ce1 ,! *>ge is only fifte5 p5ce4 ,or1 if dispos$ a ,pipe to smoke1 ,to s+ a song or crack a joke1 ,y may repair across ! ,gre51 ,:]e n\ght is he>d1 ?\gh mu* is se52 ,!re laugh & dr9k1 & smoke away1 ,& b a mod]ate reckon+ pay1 ,:i* is a mo/ important object ,to e loyal ,briti% subject4 ,9 %ort1 ! be/ accommodation's f\nd ,by ^? :o deign to visit ,l\nd40 ,9 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,gold+'s ,li/ ( ,essex ,tok5s1#ga pieces inscrib$ 8,abel ,bond at ye ,,:ite ,,swan 9 ,/rat=d1 ,8 ,halfe ,p5ny10 & 8,john ,*&l] a ,,swan 9 ,/rat=d1 ,j4 ,c40 are m5tion$4 ,! /ill-exi/+ ,,swan at ,bay?orn ,end1 ,birdbrook1 appe>s to be ov] two c5turies old4 ,9 ! p>i% regi/] is ! foll[+ entry3 8,m>?a ,blewitt1 ye wife ( n9e husb&s successively1 buri$ eight ( ym1 b la/ ( all ye woman dy'd allsoe1 0 bury'd ,may #g?1 #afha40 ,a slab 9 ! ,*ur* %[s t ,m>?a ,blewitt 0 l&lady ( ! above inn4 ,9 ,cromwell's ,excursions ?r\gh ,essex 7i4 p4 #ag7 x is /at$ t 8,! ,,swan1 a v l>ge & fam\s inn1 anci5tly /ood 9 ! road ne> ! f>m call$ ,%ake/ones40 ,! view ( ,rom=d giv5 9 ,wright's ,hi/ory ( ,essex 7#ahca1 ii4 p4 #dce7 %[s ! grav5 sign ( ! ,,:ite ,,swan ,inn1 project+ f ! front ( ! build+ exactly z x does n[4 ,x appe>s f an old ,manor ,roll#gb t 9 #aegb !re 0 a 8t5em5t call$ ! ,,swan0--n necess>ily an inn--9 ,cogge%all4 ,! sign /ill exi/s !re--namely1 9 ,ea/ ,/reet--?\gh possibly n at ! same h\se4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 aga9 m5tion$ 9 #afgh 9 ,bufton's ,di>y4#gc ,mr4 ,k+ f9ds m5tion 9 anci5t de$s ( a ,,swan--ei!r inn1 %op1 or t5em5t--at ,prittlewell 9 #afeb4 ,9 ! ,records ( ! ,h\se ( ,gurney 7p4 #eci7 !re is m5tion ( 8a messuage or t5em5t h]et(ore call$ or kn[n by ! "n or sign ( ! ,,swan1 situate 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ,maldon10 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,p]haps ! 99,,swan ,inn /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,high ,/reet is ! same h\se4 ,9 #afgh !re 0 a ,,black ,,swan at or ne> ,audley ,end4 ,poor ,rob9 7see p4 #ff7 m5tions x 9 8 ,p]ambulation f ,saffron ,wald5 to ,london4 ,aft] 8 acqua9tances _h drunk heavily ) him at ! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n1 ,saffron ,wald51 :5ce he />t$1 he says-- 8,yet w\ld my jovial fri5ds on me att5d1 ,"p ( my ,j\rney unto ,audley ,end1 ,by !m call$ ,n9evah1 b no great city1 ,?\gh too mu* s9 may be !re1 m's ! pity4 ,!re at ! sign 7( su* a ?+1 ,i ?9k1 ,z nev] swam on pond or riv]'s br9k7 ,( a ,black ,swan1 ,i ent]$ 94 99 99 99 99 99 ,yet al?\gh ( ?is sign !re's no su* ?+1 ,x 0 a sign !re 0 good dr9k )940 ,( ! well-kn[n ,,old ,,f\r ,,swans at ,wal?am ,cross ,mr4 ,e4 ,wal=d1 9 ,great] ,london 7vol4 i4 p4 #cic71 writes z foll[s3-- 8,x is und\bt$ly an old build+2 b x is que/ionable :e!r x c prop]ly lay claim to ! antiquity t is locally assign$ to x2 = 9 x1 accord+ to tradition1 ! body ( ,que5 ,eleanor rema9$ = ! night prec$+ its solemn entry into ,london4 ,salmon consid]s ?is inn to h be5 ! orig9al manor-h\se ( ! hon\r ( ,ri*mond2 & ,g\gh says t x #8be>s m>ks ( great antiquity 9 ! =ms ( its *imneys1 & ! quantity ( *e/nut timb] employ$ ab\t x4' ,a l>ge signbo>d1 support$ on tall po/s1 plac$ on ! opposite sides ( ! way1 sw+s across ! road1 hav+ on x ! inscription1 #8,ye ,olde ,f\re ,swannes ,ho/elrie1 #abfj4'0 ,david ,hughson1 9 8 "w on ,london 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cci71 says ( ?is h\se1 t 9 #ahje x 0 a good specim5 ( ! old /yle ( h\se1 8consi/+ ( ?ree sides1 sometimes ( f\r1 ) an entrance by a squ>e ap]ture 9 ! front1 into ! quadrangle4444 ,x is ! manor-h\se ( ! manor ( ,!obalds1 & 0 =m]ly ! resid5ce ( a natural son ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :om he creat$ ,e>l ( ,ri*mond40 ,9 ! p>i% regi/] ( ,wal?am ,holy ,cross1 or ,wal?am ,abbey1 !re is ! foll[+ entry3 8,julii1 #afab1 ,m>g>ett1 ! daught] ( ,edw>d ,sc>lett ( ,ce/rehunt1 0 buri$ #bf daye1 dwell+ at ! signe ( ,ye ,old ,swanne 9 ,wal?am ,cross40 ,9 days gone by ?is inn 0 a well-kn[n po/+-h\se1 & m rec5tly x numb]$ ,*>les ,lamb among its patrons4 ,! ,,swan ,,) ,,two ,,necks 0 =m]ly ! sign ( a private h\se 9 ,head ,/reet1 ,col*e/]1 once occupi$ by ,miles ,gray1 ! celebrat$ bell-f\nd]4 ,9 8 day he 0 q ! head ( 8 craft4 ,bells f\nd$ ei!r by him or 8 son & successor ,miles1 :o di$ 9 #afhf1 are /ill f\nd 9 _m belfries ?r\gh\t ,essex4 ,9 8 w1 dat$ ,may #ag1 #afdi1gd he bequea?s unto 8 wife ,doro?y all ! 8r5ts1 issues1 p'fits1 com+e1 gr[+e1 & aris+e out ( ! ea/ end ( ! capitall messuage or t5em5t1 lately burn$ d[ne1 scituate & be+e bel[ ,head ,gate1 9 ,col*e/] a=esayd1 commonly call$ or kn[ne by ! "n ( ! ,swann w? two ,neckes10 c4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ! ^w 8necks0 has be5 corrupt$ f 8nicks10 swans hav+ =m]ly be5 m>k$ by nicks or not*es on ! bill4 ,! ,rev4 ,/eph5 ,we/on1 9 ! ,ar*ologia = #ahab1 /ates t ! k+'s swans 7 =m]ly m>k$ by two nicks1 z %[n 9 ! two illu/rations giv5 bel[1 :i* repres5t ! royal swan-m>ks ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,edw>d ,,iv4 respectively4 ,^!1 he says1 7 n aft]w>ds und]/ood1 & ! d\ble-head$ two-neck$ swan 0 inv5t$4 ,l>wood & ,hott51 h[ev]1 d\bt ?is d]ivation1 *iefly because ! nicks w\ld h be5 s small :5 repres5t$ on ! sign-bo>d z to be ( no practical use z a di/9ctive sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swan ,,bills ,,) ,,two ,,nicks4 7,aft] ,y>rell47 ,illu/ration3 ,,swan ,,) ,,two ,,necks4 7,aft] ,l>wood & ,hott547 ,! ,,cock is a v anci5t & v common sign4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say t x 0 already 9 use 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,we h no less ?an eighte5 examples ( ! simple ,,cock1 & an ,,old ,,cock occurs at ,%e]+4 ,! anci5t & well-kn[n ,,cock ,hotel at ,epp+ f9ds frequ5t m5tion 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ! ye> #aghf4 ,taylor 7see p4 #bh7 also m5tions x by "n z long ago z #afcf4 ,x is a v old h\se1 ?\gh n[ re-front$ ) brick4 ,! ,rev4 ,wm4 ,cole1 9 8 volum9\s ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 says t on ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #aggd1 he 8arriv$ at ,epp+ 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+1 & lodg$ & d9$ late at ! ,,cock ,inn40 ,! ,,cock ,inn /ill exi/+ at ,/ock is sev]al times m5tion$ 9 ! p>i% regi/]s1 namely1 9 #afcd1 #afci1 & #afic4 ,on ! latt] occasion1 8a /rang] :o di$ at ! ,cock1 be+ a poor man1 0 buri$ by ! con/ables1 ,novemb] #bj40 ,! ,,cocke ,inn at ,great ,cogge%all 7n n[ exi/+7 0 once a h\se ( good /&+4 ,9 #afad ,james ,i4 grant$ x to ,h5ry ,eades1 & 9 #afaf to ,p]egr9e ,ga/rell & ,ralph ,l\nds4#ge ,n improbably 9 ?is case ! sign 0 d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,abbey ( ,cogge%all4#gf ,! ,,cock1 ne> ! ,*ur* at ,wal?am ,abbey1 is a v anci5t inn4 ,x f9ds frequ5t m5tion 9 ! old p>i% regi/]s4 ,! m>riage ( ,john ,broadly1 ( ! ,,cock ,inn1 is record$ z e>ly z ,febru>y1 #aeii4 ,9 #affb !re 0 a ,,cock at ,*elms=d1 :i* does n appe> to be 9 exi/5ce n[4 ,x is m5tion$ z be+ 8on ! hi!r side ( ! bridge0 7i4e41 ! side ne>e/ to ,rom=d7 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,murd] ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/]1 already ref]r$ to4 ,?is 0 probably ! same inn m5tion$ by ,foxe 9 8 ,book ( ,m>tyrs :5 he says t 8"o ,ri*>d ,potto ! eld]1 an inn-hold]1 dwell+ at ! sign ( ! ,cocke1 did mu* tr\ble0 ,george ,eagles1 :o 0 m>tyr$ 9 #aeeg4 ,= ! preval5ce ( ?is sign we h probably to ?ank ! b>b>\s old cu/om ( cock-fight+1 z is obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! sign ( ! ,,fight+ ,,cocks1 :i* occurs at ,little ,samp=d & ,w5d5s ,ambo1 & ! ,,game ,,cock at ,*adwell ,hea?4 ,b ! cock is also by no means an uncommon h]aldic be>+1 & sev]al comb9ations into :i* ! bird ent]s h probably _h an h]aldic orig94 ,= in/ance1 ! sign ( ! ,,cock ,,& ,,cr[n1 :i* exi/$ at ,col*e/] =ty ye>s back1 may h repres5t$ "o ( ! badges ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :i* 0 a :ite cock cr[n$1 ) ! cyph] ,h4,r4 ,! same k+ also (t5 us$ a :ite cock cr[n$1 z "o ( 8 support]s4 ,at ! same "t x may simply h be5 an impal$ sign ( v mod]n date4 ,9 any case x is v r>e4 ,! ,,cock ,,& ,,bell1 :i* appe>s at ,high ,ea/]1 ,writtle1 & 99,rom=d1 is an app>5tly mean+less sign1 & is probably an impalem5t4 ,! la/-nam$ example seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 9 exi/5ce = at lea/ a c5tury1 z x is m5tion$ 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,septemb] #ad1 #agfd4 ,9 ,wright's ,hi/ory ( ,essex ! inn itself is depict$4 ,taylor1 too1 probably ref]s to ?is h\se 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes :5 he m5tions a ,,cock at ,rom=d 9 #afcf4 ,! example at ,writtle has an old pictorial sign-bo>d repres5t+ a respl5d5t1 ?\gh fad$1 cock1 ) a bell ov] 8 head4 ,! ,,cock ,,& ,,magpie1 :i* has exi/$ s9ce #aghi at lea/ on ,epp+ ,gre51 is probably call$ aft] a celebrat$ ,london tav]n ( ! same "n4 ,! sign is id5tical 9 its orig9 ) t ( ! ,,cock ,,& ,,pie4 ,by ! latt] "n is kn[n "s w9e & _s vaults ( repute :i* = ov] a c5tury h be5 e/abli%$ on 99,nor? ,hill1 ,col*e/]4 ,sev]al m or less likely mean+s = ! sign h be5 sugge/$1 b ! au?ors ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds consid] x to be a corrupt$ sign4 ,!y believe t x orig9ally repres5t$ ! ,,peacock ,,pie1 =m]ly a v fav\rite di%4 ,:5 ! di% w5t out ( fa%ion ! sign became abbreviat$ into ! ,,cock ,,& ,,pie2 & z t appe>$ mean+less1 x 0 9 "t corrupt$ into ! ,,cock ,,& ,,magpie1 9 bo? ( :i* =ms we /ill h x4 ,=ty ye>s ago ! sign ( ! ,,magpie exi/$ at ,great ,w>ley1 & !re is n[ a ,,peacock at ,cann+ ,t[n4 ,a rebus ^u ! "n ( ! issu]1 ,ri*>d ,cock ( ,col*e/]1 occurs on a f>?+ tok5 dat$ #afeh4 ,! ,,rav5 z a sign is f\nd at ,b]d54 ,x 0 a badge ( ! old ,scot* k+s1 & may h be5 set up z a ,jacobite symbol4 ,! ,,blackbirds1 :i* occurs at ,bulm]1 & ! ,,?ree ,,blackbirds1 :i* occurs at ,leyton1 are1 d\btless1 two signs :i* 7 id5tical 9 _! orig91 & are probably connect$ ) ! ,,rav51 ! ,,?ree ,,rav5s1 ! ,,?ree ,,cr[s1 & ! ,,?ree ,,*\ghs1 all ( :i* are fairly common 9 o!r c\nties1 & are suppos$ by ,l>wood & ,hott5 to typify ,*>les1 ,james1 & ,rup]t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j z likely t !y repres5t ! mod]n v]sion ( "s family coat ( arms4 ,_m su* coats be> ?ree birds1 :i* might1 ) almo/ equal correctness1 be ref]r$ to any ( ! species j m5tion$4 ,v>i\s doves & pigeons h already be5 spok5 ( 7p4 #ch71 b !re /ill rema9s to be m5tion$ ! curi\s sign ( ! ,,ra9b[ ,,& ,,dove1 :i* is to be f\nd at ,nor? ,weald4 ,9 ! li/ ( signs 9 #aghi 7p4 #g7 x appe>s z ! ,,ra9b[ m]ely4 ,! sign is app>5tly q mean+less1 unless x typifies ! ra9b[ & dove :i* figure 9 ! acc\nt ( 8! ,flood0 7,g5esis1 *aps4 viii4 & ix474 ,! ,,night+ale at ,wan/ead is ano!r inn-sign :i* does n seem to be m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,x is at lea/ =ty ye>s old1 &1 d\btless1 takes its "n f1 or gives its "n to1 ,night+ale ,squ>e1 9 :i* x /&s4 ,! sign ( ! ,,owl1 :i* has exi/$ at ,high ,bee* s9ce #aghi at lea/1 is spok5 ( 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds z occurr+ only once else:]e1 namely1 at ,calv]ley1 ne> ,le$s4 ,a bird 7presumably a ,,f9*7 occurs on ! halfp5ny tok5 ( ,john ,f9* ( ,hal/ead1 :o 0 probably a malt/]1 z ! o!r side ( 8 tok5 bore ! repres5tation ( a ,,malt-,,scoop4 ,! ,,bird ,,9 ,,h& occurs five times 9 ,essex1 namely1 at ,bra9tree1 ,hal/ead 7twice71 ,cogge%all1 & 99,/rat=d4 ,!re are also be]-h\ses s call$ at ,goldhang] & ,*elms=d4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,beaumont ( ,cogge%all /ates t ! 99,,bird ,,9 ,,h& at t place 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,,?or\gh ,inn1 because !re 0 a "r ( way or ?or\ghf>e ?r\gh x f ,e>l ,/reet to ,*ur* ,/reet4 ,he also m5tions1 z a curi\s co9cid5ce1 t a %ort "t s9ce ! "n ( ! t5ant 0 ,joseph ,bird1 & t ( ! own] ,ri*>d ,bird ,holmes4 ,! same g5tleman contributes to ! ,cogge%all ,almanac = ! pres5t ye> an int]e/+ 8,programme ( a ,procession1 exhibit$ by ! ,weav]s ( ,cogge%all1 on ,w$nesday1 ! #ae? ( ,june1 #agia10 & :i* 0 to 8set out precisely at eight o'clock f ! ,,bird ,,9 ,,h&40 ,! idea ( ! sign is sugge/$ by ! prov]b-- 8,a bird 9 h& is bett] f>1 ,?an two t 9 ! bu%es are40 ,! device is to be se5 on "s ( ! trade tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! sign ( ! ,,fea!rs at ,hatfield ,broad ,oak is cle>ly id5tical ) t ( ! ,,plume ,,( ,,fea!rs at ,l\ghton2 inde$1 ! =m] appe>s 9 ,mr4 ,cre$'s li/ 7p4 #g7 z hav+ be5 ! ,,plume ,,( ,,fea!rs 9 #aghi4 ,! h\se at ,l\ghton is also m5tion$ 9 ! same li/1 s t bo? are at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,bo?1 ( c\rse1 n[ at lea/ repres5t ! badge ( our ,pr9ces ( ,wales4 ,o/ri* fea!rs h be5 among ! devices ( our k+s & pr9ces f v e>ly times2 & ! pretty tale ( h[ ! ,black ,pr9ce took !m f ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 :om he kill$ 9 ! battle ( ,creci1 is a pure delusion4 ,z ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elliot po9ts out1 8,s+le fea!rs1 diff]5c$ 9 v>i\s ways1 7 us$ z badges by ! k+s & ! ,beau=ts be=e ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 us$ two fea!rs 9 saltire1 ! s9i/] arg5t1 surm\nt$ ( ! dext] or1 z "h depict$1 z "o ( 8 badges40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plume ,,( ,,fea!rs4 7,badge ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fea!rs4 7,badge ( ,h5ry ,,vi47 ,tw5ty ye>s s9ce a h\se at ,/an/ead bore ! sign ( ! ,,bell ,,& ,,fea!rs1 :i* is a comb9ation n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,x 0 probably m]ely an impal$ sign1 z x 0 =m]ly ! ,,bell simply1 & has n[ return$ to its old "n1 "u :i* x w be h]eaft] ref]r$ to4 ,! sign ( ! ,,ph,,nix n[ only occurs at ,ra9ham1 ?\gh !re 0 ano!r example at ,bill]icay =ty ye>s s9ce4 ,! sign 0 =m]ly (t5 set up by *emi/s1 b o!r tradesm5 also us$ x4 ,! fact t a phnix =ms ! cre/ ( ! ,blacksmi?s' ,company 7p4 #cb7 has1 p]haps1 _h some?+ to d ) br++ ! bird into fav\r z a sign4 ,?is completes our li/ ( orni?ological signs4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,piscatory1 ,,insect1 ,,& ,,reptilian ,,signs4 444 8,ye ale-h\se pa9t$ signs40 ,,%akespe>e3 ,titus ,&ronicus1 ,act iv41 ,sc5e #c4 ,?is class ( signs--or r comb9ation ( sev]al small gr\ps1 tak5 toge!r = ! sake ( conv5i5ce--is1 naturally1 v f> f a l>ge "o4 ,x conta9s1 inde$1 only f\r signs1 all told4 ,! ,,fi% ,,& ,,eels1 :i* is a v /range device appe>+ at ,roydon1 is our only exi/+ sign connect$ ) fi%1 al?\gh ,,two ,,fi%es appe>$ on ! tok5s ( ! two ,william ,wildmans 7fa!r & son7 ( ,saffron ,wald51 issu$ 9 #afef & #affg respectively4 ,! =m] spells ! "n ,saffron ,walld+4 ,! sign1 p]haps1 orig9at$ 9 ! arms ( ! ,fi%mong]s' ,company4#gg ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice ! ,fi% & ,eels1 al?\gh ?is h\se has display$ ! sign s9ce #aghi at lea/4 ,x may be a mean+less impalem5t4 ,only two signs occurr+ 9 ! c\nty are 9 any way connect$ ) insects4 ,^! are ! ,,fly ,,& ,,bullock1 already describ$ 7p4 #fg71 & ! ,,beehive1 :i* occurs five times1 namely1 at ,great ,badd[1 ,)am1 ,horkesley1 ,il=d1 & ,lamb\rne4 ,! sign is g5]ally repres5t$ 7z at ,)am & ,badd[7 by an old /raw hive1 or skep1 ) a great _m bees1 volant1 c\nt]-volant 7z h]aldic writ]s say71 ar\nd x1 probably to indicate t a busy trade is c>ri$ on )94 ,x is record$#gh 9 ! ,b>k+ p>i% regi/]1 t 9 #afec1 8,francis1 ! sonne ( an ,e?iopian1 born at ! ,,beehive10 0 baptis$4 ,"u ?is head+ mu/ be notic$ a sign :i*1 al?\gh x does n occur 9 ,essex1 is1 nev]!less1 connect$ ) ! c\nty4 ,?is sign is ! ,,essex ,,s]p5t1 :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,k+ ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d52 &1 :5 ,l>wood & ,hott5 wrote1 !re 0 also ano!r example 9 ,*>les ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]4 ,^? g5tlem5 ?9k t x 01 p]haps1 orig9ally set up 89 allusion to a fabul\s mon/] record$ 9 a catalogue ( wond]s & awful progno/ications conta9$ 9 a broadside ( #agjd1gi f :i* we le>n t #8,be=e ,h5ry ! second dy$1 444 a ,dragon ( m>vell\s bigness 0 discov]$ at ,/4 ,osyph 9 ,essex4' ,_h we any evid5ce t x is an old sign1 we might almo/ be incl9$ to consid] x z dat+ f ! civil w>1 & hung up ) ref]5ce to ,essex1 ! ,p>liam5t>y ,g5]al2 =1 ?\gh we h se>*$ ! *ronicl]s fonde/ ( relat+ wond]s & mon/r\s app>itions1 we h n succe$$ 9 f9d+ any au?ority = ! ,/4 ,osyph ,dragon1 o!r ?an ! above-m5tion$ broadside40 ,ano!r ref]5ce to ! same unwelcome visitor is1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,h[ell's ,anci5t & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,engl& 7#agab71 :]e9 x is record$ 7p4 #ge7 t 8,at ,/4 ,osyphs 9 ,essex 0 se5 a dragon ( m>vell\s bigness1 :i* by mov+ burn$ h\ses40 ,! dragon is also m5tion$ 9 ,sir ,ri*>d ,bak]'s ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl&1 publi%$ 9 #afhd4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 fairly c]ta9 t ! sign has no ref]5ce to ! ,/4 ,osy? dragon2 = !re is a mu* m likely orig94 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y may be se5 a highly rem>kable tract ( ! ye> #affi1 entitl$1 ,! ,fly+ ,s]p5t1 or ,/range ,news out ( ,essex3 be+ a true relation ( a ,mon/r\s ,s]p5t :i* ha? div]s times be5 se5 at a p>i% call$ ,h5ham on ! ,m\nt1 )9 f\r miles ( ,saffron ,wald54 ,%[+ ! l5g?1 proportion1 & bigness ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,s]p5t4 7,facsimile ( ,orig9al47 ,s]p5t1 ! place :]e x commonly lurks1 & :at means ha? be5 us$ to kill x4 ,also a disc\rse ( o!r ,s]p5ts1 & p>ticul>ly ( a ,cockatrice kill$ at ,saffron ,wald510 c4#hj ,! tru? ( ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! tract is atte/$ by ! ,*ur*w>d51 ! ,con/able1 ! ,ov]se] ( ! ,poor1 & f\r ,h\sehold]s4 ,! title-page be>s no au?or's "n1 & ! impr9t ( ! copy 9 "q is p>tially de/roy$2 b !re c be little d\bt t x is "o ( ! _m curi\s productions ( 8,poor ,rob910 ^: ,p]ambulation f ,saffron ,wald5 to ,london has already be5 notic$ 7p4 #ff74ha ,9 addition to an awe-inspir+ portrait ( ! bea/1 "h reproduc$1 ! tract conta9s a v amus+1 ?\gh n[ highly absurd1 acc\nt ( ! fir/ discov]y ( ! s]p5t1 ! nature ( its habitat1 ! means tak5 to kill x1 & o!r details1 z set =? 9 ! title4 ,d\btless ! appe>ance ( ! tract caus$ suffici5t talk & attract$ en\gh att5tion to induce "s ent]pris+ publican or o!r tradesman to set up ! ,,essex ,,s]p5t z a sign2 or p]haps "s =m] ,,griff9 or ,,gre5 ,,dragon 0 re*ri/5$ "u t "n 9 ord] to attract cu/om]s4 ,t x is a fairly old sign is c]ta94 ,g\gh1 9 8 ,briti% ,topography1#hb aft] allud+ to ! pamphlet j spok5 (1 says3 8,mr4 ,oldys :o di$ 9 #agfa says !re is a public-h\se 9 ,k+ ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 call$ ! ,essex ,s]p5t1 & hav+ a s]p5t pa9t$ on its sign40 ,sussex _h a 8/range & mon/r\s ,s]p5t 7or ,dragon70 9 #afad1 z may be le>n$ f a v curi\s old pamphlet ( t date1 entitl$ ,true & ,wond]ful1 republi%$ 9 ! ,h>leian ,miscellany4#hc ,essex c boa/ ( a reptilian sign :i* probably exi/s n[h]e else1 a be]-h\se keep] at ,+ate/one hav+1 = "s inscrutable reason1 select$ ! ,,vip]--a device n notic$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,botanical ,,signs4 ,! next great class ( signs :i* w be notic$ includes ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,^! may be call$ 8,botanical ,signs40 ,?\gh n s num]\s z ! ,zoological ,signs1 !y are1 nev]!less1 fairly common2 b only a comp>atively small numb] c be trac$ back to an h]aldic orig94 ,^? signs w be notic$ fir/ :i* are obvi\sly d]iv$ f "s prom95t tree or trees gr[+ close to ! h\ses call$ aft] !m4 ,^! seem g5]ally to be ( v mod]n orig91 z !y figure b sp>sely 9 ! li/ pr9t$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,mo/ ( !m1 x w be notic$1 are 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london4 ,!re is a ,,bay ,,tree at ,/rat=d1 a ,,*e/nut ,,tree at ,wal?am/[1 an ,,elms at ,leyton/one1 a ,,fir ,,trees at ,wan/ead1 a ,,f\r ,,a%es at ,takeley1 a ,,grove ,tav]n at ,wal?am/[1 a ,,holly ,,bu% at ,leyton1 & ano!r at ,l\ghton1 a ,,holly ,,tree at ,=e/ ,gate1 & a ,,may ,,bu% at ,great ,oakley4 ,! sign ( ! ,,will[s appe>s at ,will+ale ,doe4 ,!re is also on ! li/ a ,,?ree ,,a%es at ,cress+1 & ano!r at ,*elms=d1 :ile =ty ye>s s9ce !re 0 ano!r at ,ro*=d1 a ,,yew ,,tree at ,great ,horkesley1 & ano!r at ,fel/ead 7be]-h\se71 a ,,?ree ,,elms at ,*ignal ,/4 ,james 7:i* has ?ree elm trees 9 front ( x71 & no less ?an sev5 ,,*]ry ,,trees 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty1 al?\gh =ty ye>s ago only f\r 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,,?orn ,,inn at 99,mi/ley seems to h be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce #aghf at lea/1 z x is m5tion$ 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,febru>y #bd? 9 t ye>4 ,its sign is1 obvi\sly1 connect$ ) ! old "n ( ! place1 :i* 0 ,mi/ley ,?orn4 ,9 ! ,v ,"y ,lady's ,t\r f ,london to ,aldbor\gh & ,back 7#ahjd1 see p4 #cg7 occurs ! foll[+3 8,our fir/ /age is to ,mi/ley2 we /op at ! ,?orn1 ,& %all see ! f9e sights :i* t village adorn40 ,!re is a ,,r\nd ,,bu% 7be]-%op7 at ,purleigh4 ,at ,hav]+ !re is an ,,orange ,,tree1 & 9 ! 99,cattle ,m>ket at ,bra9tree !re is ano!r h\se ) ! same "n4 ,! latt] has be5 9 exi/5ce = at lea/ =ty ye>s4 ,at ,*elms=d1 too1 ne> ! ,new ,london ,road1 !re is a be]-%op kn[n z ! ,,orange ,,tree4 ,inquiry has %[n t ! h\se 0 built "s ye>s ago by a woman :o _h sav$ suffici5t money = ! purpose out ( deal+ 9 oranges4 ,%e nam$ h] be]-%op ! ,,orange ,,tree1 a "n :i* x has s9ce reta9$1 ?\gh x has long s9ce pass$ out ( h] h&s4 ,!re are ,,walnut ,,trees at ,little ,horkesley & ,great ,wal?am 7be]-h\se74 ,9 #affb !re 0 ano!r h\se ( ! same "n at 8,mile-end ,gre50 7probably ,mill ,gre51 ,writtle1 or ,mile ,end ,gre51 ,great ,ea/on71 z m5tion$ 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,murd] ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/]1 already ref]r$ to 7p4 #ef74 ,!re is "s d\bt z to :e!r or n ! sign ( ! ,,oak1 :i* occurs ?ree times1 namely1 at ,hal/ead1 ,mess+1 & ,great ,sal+1 & t ( ! ,,old ,,oak1 :i* occurs at ,rom=d1 ought to be includ$ 9 ?is catalogue4 ,^! signs may be1 & probably are1 id5tical ) t ( ! ,,royal ,,oak1 :i* occurs eighte5 times 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty1 & ( c\rse commemorates ! incid5t ( ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 hid+ 9 an oak tree1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly /range t ?is comp>atively trivial incid5t %\ld h cont9u$ to be s long & s frequ5tly commemorat$4 ,x is also a v common be]-h\se sign4 ,! ,,oak1 too1 is put to ! same use at ,bra9tree4 ,! foll[+ v unpoetical production1 by ,h4 ,jopson1 ! l&lord1 is display$ 9 ! tap-room ( ! ,,royal ,,oak at ,saffron ,wald53 8,z cu/om]s come1 & ,i d tru/ !m1 ,i lose my money1 likewise my cu/om2 ,?\gh *alk is *eap1 say :at y w1 ,*alk won't pay ! brew]'s bill2 ,s ,i mu/ try to keep a dec5t tap1 ,= ready-money & no /rap40 ,! ,,!ydon ,,oak at ,!ydon ,g>non until la/ ye> bore ^u "o side ( its sign-bo>d a v good repres5tation ( ! f9e old oak f :i* x takes its "n1 & close to :i* x /&s4 ,! ,,k+',s ,,oak at ,high ,bee* is a sign :i* is probably q di/9ct f ! ,,royal ,,oak4 ,! au?or ( ,nooks & ,corn]s 9 ,essex says t ! h\se takes its "n 8f an old /ump ne> !reto1 =m]ly call$ ,h>old's ,oak40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is probably an error1 z ! l>ge old oak :i* /&s on ! gre5 be=e ! h\se has long be5 kn[n z ! 8,k+'s ,oak40 ,local tradition says t ,h5ry ,,viii41 :ile hunt+ 9 ! =e/ on ! day on :i* ,ann ,boleyn 0 behead$1 re/$ "u ?is tree :ile wait+ to he> ! gun1 fir$ f ! ,t[]1 :i* ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ! ,que54 ,o!r localities also claim ! oak "u :i* ! k+ li/5$1 b ?is is z likely z any o!r to be ! "r "o4 ,! ,,k+',s ,,oak is m>k$ on ,c>y's ,map ( ,fifte5 ,miles r\nd ,london 7#aghf71 & also on ,&rew & ,drury's ,map ( ,essex 7#aggg74 ,!re 0 =m]ly an ,,oaks 9 ,/if=d4 ,x n[ s]ves z ?ree cottages1 /&+ opposite ! s*ool4 ,at x1 9 ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 ! *ur*w>d5s treat$ !mselves to co/ly d9n]s4 ,9 #agab1 = in/ance1 ! records 9 ! p>i% *e/ in=m u t ! 8ve/ory /ood adj\rn$0 to ! ,,oaks4 ,a ,,tree occurs ^u ! f>?+ tok5 ( 8,w4 ,spiltimb] ( ,hatfild ,broad ,oake10 d\btless 9 allusion bo? to ! "n ( ! issu] & to ! old oak1 commonly call$ ! 8,doodle ,oak10 f :i* ! village takes its "n4 ,at ! same place a be]-h\se is /ill kn[n z ! ,,doodle ,,oak4 ,a public-h\se on ,%5field ,common has1 = at lea/ =ty ye>s1 borne ! sign ( ! ,,arti*oke4 ,?is is "o ( ! v la/ productions ( ! vegetable k+dom :i* "o w\ld expect to f9d repres5t$ ^u a sign-bo>d2 b ,l>wood & ,hott51 :o ?9k x orig9ally f\nd a place !re :5 fir/ introduc$1 say t 8x us$ to be a great fav\rite1 & /ill gives "n to "s public-h\ses40 ,ano!r v extraord9>y sign1 unnotic$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds1 is ! ,,caulifl[]1 :i* appe>s at ,great ,il=d4 ,unless due m]ely to a l&lord's caprice1 x is difficult to sugge/ any possible orig9 = x4 ,! pres5t l&lord1 9 ^: family ! h\se has be5 = #abj ye>s1 c give no in=mation ab\t ! matt]1 fur!r ?an t ! exi/+ h\se 0 built =ty-eight ye>s ago1 ! old inn hav+ be5 pull$ d[n to make room = ! railway4 ,!re is also a be]-h\se s call$ at ,ra9ham4 ,( ! ,,bu%1 :i*1 accord+ to ,l>wood & ,hott5 7p4 #d71 8mu/ c]ta9ly be c\nt$ among/ ! mo/ anci5t & popul> ( signs10 ,essex does n appe> to h a s+le example4 ,! same au?orities else:]e 7p4 #bcc7 decl>e x to be 8! olde/ sign borr[$ f ! vegetable k+dom10 & /ate t x came orig9ally f ! ,romans1 toge!r ) ! common say+1 8,good w9e ne$s no bu%40 ,z late z ! reign ( ,james ,i4 _m inns us$ x z _! sign4 ,at ,b>dfield1 & probably o!r t[ns 9 ! c\nty1 h\ses specially lic5s$ = ! sale ( liquor at fair "t /ill fa/5 bran*es ( oak & o!r trees to _! fronts z a sign1 a cu/om :i* is n unkn[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is )\t d\bt a mod]n =m ( ! anci5t sign ( ! ,,bu%4 ,x appe>s1 too1 9 e way probable t ! curi\s besom-l ornam5ts s (t5 to be se5 ^u ! ends ( old sign-irons are also conv5tional repres5tations ( ! same v5]able device4 ,examples are to be se5 9 ! draw+s ( ! sign-irons ( ! ,,six ,,bells at ,dunm[ 7p4 #afh71 & ! ,,sug> ,,loaves at ,sible ,h$+ham 7p4 #ci74 ,at ,!ydon ,g>non !re is a be]-h\se call$ ! ,,g>non ,,bu%es1 s nam$ d\btless aft] a "p ( ,epp+ ,=e/1 :i* goes by t "n4 ,at ,horn*ur* !re is a be]-%op kn[n z ! ,,furze1 probable a unique sign4 ,! ,,tulip at ,spr+field appe>s to be also unique4 ,possibly ! l&lord :o adopt$ ! sign 0 a cultivator ( tulips4 ,! ,,b>ley ,,m[1 mean+ a b>ley /ack1 is an anci5t sign :i* /ill occurs at ,/an/ead & at 99,col*e/]4 ,d\btless x 0 fir/ put up z a sign 9 hon\r ( ,john ,b>leycorn1 j z ! ,,v9e1 :i* occurs at ,great ,b>dfield & ,black ,notley 7be]-h\se71 & ! ,,grapes1 :i* occurs at ,col*e/] 7! latt] be+ /ill ! recogniz$ sign ( a v9tn]71 bo? und\bt$ly f\nd a place on ! sign-bo>d because !y help$ to supply ! :]e)al = ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us4 ,=ty ye>s s9ce !re 0 ano!r ,,v9e ,inn at ,?axt$4 ,! ,,hop-,,pole1 :i* is a sign occurr+ at ,good ,ea/]1 & ! ,,hop-,,poles1 :i* is ano!r occurr+ at ,great ,hall+bury1 bo? obvi\sly f\nd _! place on ! sign-bo>d = ! same reason4 ,!re are also be]-h\ses ) ! sign ( ! ,,hop-,,poles at ,little ,hall+bury & ,roydon1 al?\gh ! cultivation ( hops has n[ ceas$ at ^? places4 ,hop-gr[+ once fl\ri%$ ext5sively 9 ,essex1 & ^! two signs are relics ( ! n[ almo/ rel9qui%$ indu/ry4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury !y 7 gr[n at ! ,h$+hams1 ! ,maple/eads1 ! ,colnes1 ,hal/ead1 ,we!rsfield1 ,f9*+field1 ,great ,b>dfield1 & ,%al=d1 z well z at ,m\l%am1 ,good ,ea/]1 ,roxwell1 ,*ignal ,/4 ,james1 & o!r places r\nd ,*elms=d4 ,fifty ye>s e>li] ! cultivation ( hops 9 ! c\nty 0 spread ov] a wid] area1 ?\gh ! numb] ( acres gr[n 0 ab\t ! same4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! cultivation is all b discont9u$4 ,until ! ye> #ahhc !re 0 a hop-gr\nd adjo9+ ,skre5's ,p>k1 ,roxwell1 b x is n[ devot$ to o!r purposes4 ,r\nd ! ,h$+hams1 h[ev]1 hops are /ill gr[n1 _! cultivation hav+ be5 introduc$ by a =m] ,mr4 ,maj5die 9 #agib4 ,daniel ,defoe says1 9 8 ,t\r ?r\gh ,great ,brita91 t 9 #agbd1 hops 7 br\ght direct f ,*elms=d = sale at ! great ,/\rbridge ,hop ,fair4 ,! description ( ! ,,maypole at ,*igwell1 giv5 by ,dick5s 9 ,b>naby ,rudge1 w occur to e "o4 ,x runs z foll[s3-- 8,9 ! ye> #agge1 !re /ood ^u ! ,bord]s ( ,epp+ ,=e/1 at a di/ance ( ab\t twelve miles f ,london--measur+ f ! /&>d 9 ,cornhill1 or r f ! spot on or ne> to :i* ! /&>d us$ to be 9 days ( yore--a h\se ( public ent]ta9m5t call$ ! ,maypole2 :i* fact 0 demon/rat$ to all su* travell]s z c\ld nei!r read nor write 7& sixty-six ye>s ago a va/ numb]1 bo? ( travell]s & /ay-at-homes1 7 9 ?is condition7 by ! emblem re>$ on ! roadside ov] aga9/ ! h\se1 :i*1 if n ( ^? goodly proportions t maypoles 7 wont to pres5t 9 old5 times1 0 a fair "y a%1 ?irty feet 9 height1 & z /raight z any arr[ t ev] ,engli% yeoman drew4 8,! ,maypole--by :i* t]m h5ce=? is meant ! h\se & n its sign--! ,maypole 0 an old build+1 ) m gable ends ?an a lazy man w\ld c>e to c\nt on a sunny day2 huge zig-zag *imneys1 out ( :i* x seem$ z ?\gh ev5 smoke c\ld n *oose b come 9 m ?an naturally fanta/ic %apes1 imp>t$ to x 9 its tortu\s progress2 & va/ /ables1 gloomy1 ru9\s1 & empty4 ,! place 0 said to h be5 built 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh?2 & !re 0 a leg5d n only t ,que5 ,elizabe? _h slept !re "o night :ile ^u a hunt+ excursion1 to wit 9 a c]ta9 oak panell$ room ) a deep bay-w9d[1 b t next morn+1 :ile /&+ on a m\nt+-block be=e ! door ) "o foot 9 ! /irrup1 ! virg9 mon>* _h !n & !re box$ & cuff$ an unlucky page = "s neglect ( duty4 ,! matt]-(-fact & d\btful folks1 ( :om !re 7 a few among ! ,maypole cu/om]s1 z unluckily !re always are 9 e little community1 7 incl9$ to look ^u ?is tradition z r apocryphal2 b1 :5ev] ! l&lord ( t anci5t ho/elry appeal$ to ! m\nt+-block itself z evid5ce1 & triumphantly po9t$ out t !re x /ood 9 ! same place to t v day1 ! d\bt]s nev] fail$ to be put d[n by a l>ge majority1 & all true believ]s exult$1 z 9 a victory4 8,:e!r ^!1 & _m o!r /ories ( ! l nature1 7 true or untrue1 ! ,maypole 0 really an old h\se1 a v old h\se1 p]haps z old z x claim$ to be1 & p]haps old]1 :i* w sometimes happ5 ) h\ses ( an unc]ta91 z ) ladies ( a c]ta91 age4 ,its w9d[s 7 all diamond-pane lattices1 its floors 7 sunk5 & unev51 its ceil+s black5$ by ! h& ( "t & heavy ) massive beams4 ,ov] ! doorway 0 an anci5t por*1 qua9tly & grotesquely c>v$2 & "h on summ] ev5+s ! m fav\r$ cu/om]s smok$ & drank--ay1 & sang _m a good song too1 sometimes--repos+ on two grim-look+ high-back$ settles1 :i*1 l ! tw9 dragons ( "s fairy tale1 gu>d$ ! entrance to ! mansion4 8,9 ! *imneys ( ! disus$ rooms1 swall[s _h built _! ne/s = _m a long ye>1 & f e>lie/ spr+ to late/ autumn :ole colonies ( sp>r[s *irp$ & twitt]$ 9 ! eaves4 ,!re 7 m pigeons ab\t ! dre>y /able-y>d & outbuild+s ?an anybody b ! l&lord c\ld reckon up4 ,! :eel+ & circl+ flights ( runts1 fantails1 tumbl]s1 & p\t]s1 7 p]haps n q consi/5t ) ! grave & sob] "* ( ! build+1 b ! monoton\s coo+1 :i* nev] ceas$ to be rais$ by "s among !m all day long1 suit$ x exactly1 & seem$ to lull x to re/4 ,) its ov]hang+ /orys1 dr[sy little panes ( glass1 & front bulg+ out & project+ ov] ! pa?way1 ! old h\se look$ z if x 7 nodd+ 9 its sleep4 ,inde$ x ne$$ no v great /ret* ( fancy to detect 9 x o!r resemblances to humanity4 ,! bricks ( :i* x 0 built _h orig9ally be5 a deep d>k r$1 b _h gr[n yell[ & discol\r$ l an old man's sk92 ! /urdy timb]s _h decay$ l tee?2 & "h & !re ! ivy1 l a w>m g>m5t to com=t x 9 its age1 wrapp$ its gre5 leaves closely r\nd ! "t-worn walls4 8,x 0 a hale & he>ty age1 ?\gh1 /ill2 & 9 ! summ] or autumn ev5+s1 :5 ! gl[ ( ! sett+ sun fell ^u ! oak & *e/nut trees ( ! adjac5t =e/1 ! old h\se1 p>tak+ ( its lu/re1 seem$ _! fit companion1 & to h _m good ye>s ( life 9 him yet40 ,! h\se indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ description /ill /&s1 mu* z x 0 9 ! days ( :i* ,dick5s wrote4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! ,,maypole at ,*igwell4 ,dick5s1 to suit ! purposes ( 8 tale1 made free use ( t lic5se usually all[$ to poets & writ]s ( fiction4 ,8 description1 z above1 gives a v fair idea ( ! f9e old ho/elry kn[n z ! ,,k+',s ,,head1 situate opposite ! *ur* 9 ! village ( ,*igwell1 :]e x has display$ ! same sign s9ce #aghi at lea/4 ,x 0 9 :at has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! 8,*e/] ,room0 9 ?is h\se1 t a portion1 at lea/1 ( ,b>naby ,rudge 0 p5n$4 ,on ! sign-bo>d sw++ ov] ! door1 !re is a l>ge portrait ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i41 pa9t$ "s ye>s ago by ,miss ,h]r+4 ,at ,*igwell ,r[1 ab\t two miles di/ant1 !re is a ,,maypole ,,inn1 ) a maypole /ill be=e ! door1 & on ! site :i* ,dick5s indicates2 b ! =ego+ description is 7z has be5 said7 t ( ! ,,k+',s ,,head4 ,! pres5t ,,maypole is an inn ( no special pret5sions1 & is n ! same h\se t display$ ! sign at lea/ z e>ly z #aghi4 ,a writ] 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies1#hd says t ! foll[+ 0 =m]ly to be se5 on ! sign3-- 8,my liquor's good1 ,my measure's j1 ,excuse me1 sirs1 ,i _c tru/40 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+',s ,,head ,,inn4 7,at ,*igwell47 ,ov] ! fireplace 0 se5 ^! l9es3-- 8,all y :o /& ,be=e ! fire1 ,i pray sit d[n4 ,x's my desire ,t o!r folks ,z well z y ,may see ! fire ,& feel x too40 ,an inscription ^u ! /able-door ran z foll[s3-- 8,:oev] smokes tobacco "h1 ,%all =feit sixp5se to sp5d 9 be]4 ,y\r pipes lay by :5 y come "h1 ,or fire to me may prove sev]e40 ,! only o!r sign ( ! k9d n[ to be se5 9 ,essex is ! ,,old ,,maypole at ,b>k+side4 ,&rews & ,drury's ,map ( ,essex1 h[ev]1 publi%$ 9 #aggg1 %[s h\ses ) ?is sign !n exi/+ at ,*igwell1 ,b>k+1 & ,colli]'s ,r[4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 speak+ ( ,maypoles1 says1 8,! la/ 9 ,london 0 tak5 d[n 9 #agag1 & remov$ to ,wan/ead 9 ,essex4 ,x 0 m ?an #ajj feet high1 & /ood on ! ea/ side ( ,som]set ,h\se40 ,! cu/om ( celebrat+ ,mayday has n[ almo/ di$ out 9 ! c\nty1 except at ,saffron ,wald51 :]e1 e 8,g>l& ,day10 x is cu/om>y to see ! ,high ,/reet ( ! t[n cr[d$ dur+ ! morn+ ) *ildr51 ea* be>+ a 8g>l&0 m or less ta/efully arrang$ ^u a hoop1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,!y dilig5tly visit all ! h\ses ask+ = copp]s1 :i* are g5]ally giv5 ) lib]ality4 ,! ,,:eat%eaf1 z already /at$ 7p4 #cc71 appe>s z a sign no less ?an sev5 times 9 ,essex4 ,:eat%eaves =m *>ges on ! arms ( at lea/ ?ree ( ! great ,trade ,companies1 namely1 ! ,brew]s' 7p4 #cb71 ! ,bak]s' 7p4 #cc71 & ! ,inn-hold]s'4#he ,al?\gh ! sign ( ! ,,bak]s' ,,arms n[ only occurs once 9 ,essex1 two tok5s issu$ 9 ,*elms=d1 "o issu$ 9 ,bra9tree1 & sev]al issu$ 9 ,col*e/]1 be> ! arms ( ! ,bak]s' ,company2 & z !re are n[ h\ses display+ ! sign ( ! ,,:eat%eaf 9 ea* ( ^? places1 & all ( !m h exi/$ = at lea/ =ty ye>s1 x is q possible t !y are ! same e/abli%m5ts kept1 two c5turies ago1 by ! issu]s ( ! tok5s4 ,z a be]-h\se sign1 too1 ! ,,:eat%eaf is /ill common4 ,! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,?i/le1 :i* occurs at ,great ,*e/]=d1 is a r uncommon sign4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts ! royal badge ( ,scotl&1 a ?i/le1 imp]ially cr[n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rose ,,& ,,?i/le4 7,badge ( ,james ,i47 ,few w be surpris$ to le>n t ! ,,rose is v common z a sign4 ,a rose imp]ially cr[n$ is n[ ! national badge ( ,engl&2 :ite & r$ roses =m$ ! cognizances ( ! rival factions ( ,york & ,lanca/] 9 ! 8,w>s ( ! ,roses20 ! same fl[]1 "u diff]5t =ms1 s]v$ z ! badge ( ne>ly all ! ,engli% sov]eigns f ,edw>d ,i4 to ,anne2 & x is "o ( ! v commone/ 8vegetable0 *>ges kn[n 9 ,h]aldry4 ,! fact t1 :ile ! sign ( a simple ,,rose occurs only ?ree times 9 ,essex1 namely1 at ,s\?*ur*1 ,peldon1 & ,we/ ,m]sea1 ! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n occurs z _m z tw5ty-five times1 cle>ly %[s ! h]aldic orig9 ( ! sign1 mo/ ( our k+s & que5s hav+ worn ! rose cr[n$4 ,! ,rose & ! ,?i/le comb9$ toge!r 9 a v absurd h]aldic /yle1 & cr[n$1 7 us$ z a badge by ,james ,i4 to typify ! union ( ! two k+doms ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,on ! beautiful *apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 at ,cambridge ! rose & cr[n are repeat$ innum]able times1 toge!r ) ! k+'s o!r badges1 a portcullis & a fleur-de-lys1 bo? ( !m cr[n$4 ,a rose cr[n$ also appe>s on ! tok5 ( 8,iohn ,freeh]ne iunior1 9 ,)am1 #affg40 ,! au?ors ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds say 7p4 #abd73 8,hutton1 9 8 ,battle ( ,boswor?1 says t #8^u ! dea? ( ,ri*>d ,,iii41 & consequ5t ov]?r[ ( ! ,york ,faction1 all ! sign-bo>ds ) :ite roses 7 pull$ d[n1 & none are to be f\nd at ! pres5t day4' ,?is la/ "p ( ! /atem5t1 we believe1 is true40 ,! rose 9 ! sign ( ! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n at ,?axt$ is1 nev]!less1 pa9t$ :ite1 ?\gh ?is is c]ta9ly unusual4 ,on ,c>y's & o!r old maps ( ,essex1 publi%$ ab\t a c5tury ago1 may be se5 m>k$ two h\ses1 presumably inns1 kn[n z ! ,,:ite ,,rose & ! ,,r$ ,,rose1 situat$ ne> "o ano!r on ! edge ( ,epp+ ,=e/4 ,nei!r ( ^! signs appe> 9 ,essex at ! pres5t day1 nor d ,l>wood & ,hott5 m5tion !m4 ,!re is also a ,,:ite ,,rose 9 ,ca/le ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e1 ,london4 ,! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n at ,saffron ,wald5 has long be5 ! pr9cipal inn 9 ! t[n4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to x 9 ! ,corporation records occurs 9 #afed1 :5 #bs4 7 exp5d$ 8,= #a ,qu>t ( can>y at ! ,rose :5 ,m\lton & ,d\glas suff]$40 ,9 #affj1 #bs4 #d;d4 0 8,sp5t at ! ,rose & ,cr[n :5 ,capta9 ,turn] s5t ab\t ! t[n armes40 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & aga9 9 #afhb1 ! "n appe>s aga92 :ile 9 ! ye>s #afhi1 #agjd1 #agji1 & #ahai1 ! ,corporation seems to h exp5d$ v>i\s sums at 8! ,,rose0 7und\bt$ly ! same h\se7 ^u c]ta9 special occasions4 ,x 0 f ?is h\se1 too1 t 8,poor ,rob90 />t$ on 8 ,p]ambulation f ,saffron ,wald5 to ,london 9 #afgh 7see p4 #ff71 z %[n by ! foll[+ extracts4 ,he says3-- 99 99 99 99 99 8,?us1 hav+ %[n y :51 9 ! next place ,i'll %[ y :5ce1 my j\rney ,i did trace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 f ! ,rose & ,cr[n1 :]e ,mr4 ,eve ,do? keep a h\se l to an ,"u ,%]iff2 ,!re is good ,sack1 good ,fr5* w9e & good ,be]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re1 at my p>t+1 "s k9d fri5ds ( m9e1 ,w\ld ne$s be/[ on me a qu>t ( w9e1 ,:]e1 ) /\t dr9k+1 ere my p>t+ h\r1 ,t qu>t 0 made at lea/ a ?ree or f\r4 ,yet w\ld my jovial fri5ds on me att5d1 ,"p ( my j\rney unto ,audley ,end40 ,! ,mr4 ,eve m5tion$ h]e9 is und\bt$ly ! same l&lord m5tion$ 9 ! ,saffron ,wald5 ,mayor's ,book 9 #afhj1 :5 ! ,corporation 8,pd4 ,mr4 ,eves = w9e at ,illu/ration3 ,,rose ,,inn ,,at ,,peldon 7aft] ! e>?quake74 ! ,d9n]1 c41 :5 ! ,k+ came to ,audley ,end1 :5 we deliv]$ ! ,address--#e #bs4 #j;d40 ,! ,,rose at ,peldon appe>s to be at lea/ a c5tury old1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,may #e1 #aghf4 ,! inn plays a r conspicu\s "p 9 ! ,rev4 ,b>+-,g\ld's ,mehalah1 :]e9 7ii4 p4 #eh7 x is describ$ z 8an old-fa%ion$ h\se ) a v9e scrambl+ ov] ! r$ tile ro(1 & an anci5t /&>d sign on ! gre5 be=e ! door1 be>+ a rose pa9t$ ! size ( a gigantic turnip40 ,few h\ses suff]$ m sev]ely f ! e>?quake ( ,april #bb1 #ahhd1 ?an ?is4 ,an illu/ration ( its appe>ance imm$iately aft] t ev5t is "h giv54 ,mr4 ,k+ f9ds m5tion 9 anci5t de$s ( a ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n--ei!r inn1 %op1 or t5em5t--at ,ro*=d 9 #afic4 ,9 ! ,/ock p>i% regi/]s x is record$ t on ,augu/ #bc1 #afgf1 8,ri*>d ,b>nes1 a citiz5 ( ,london1 dwell+ 7z he sayd7 9 ! ,m9ories1 tak5 sick 9 travell1 dy$ 9 ye highway ne>e ye h\se call$ ye ,rose1 & 0 burri$ at ye p'i%es *>ge40 ,presumably ?is ,,rose 0 n an inn4 ,a ,,rose appe>s on ! tok51 dat$ #afgj1 ( ,?omas ,guyon ( ,cogge%all1 b no h\se ) t sign n[ exi/s !re4 ,! ,,rose ,,& ,,cr[n at ,ro*=d is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,april #ad1 #aghf4 ,! sign ( ! ,rose ( ,d5m>k occurs at ,cann+ ,t[n4 ,its orig9 is n obvi\s4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n ref] to ! sign4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,human ,,signs4 444 8,& make my image b an ale-h\se sign40 ,,%akespe>e3 ,,h5ry ,v41 ,"p ,,ii41 ,act iii41 ,sc5e #b4 ,! next class ( signs to be treat$ ( is t :i* includes ^? d]iv$ f 8,man & ,8 ,p>ts10 z ! old books on ,h]aldry h x4 ,su* signs may be /yl$ 8,human ,signs40 ,!y are num]\s1 ?\gh usually ( b v slight int]e/2 &1 z might be expect$1 v few are ( h]aldic orig94 ,9 speak+ ( !m x w n be necess>y to give mu* m ?an a m]e li/4 ,! num]\s 8heads0 obvi\sly indicate a portrait once to h be5 ! sign2 & mo/ ( ^! portraits repres5t p]sons ( v mod]n fame4 ,_m ,human ,signs h already be5 notic$ "u ! head+ 8,arms10 & else:]e1 & x w be q unnecess>y to ref] to !m aga94 ,by no means a few ( our inns are nam$ aft] p]sonages :o h made !mselves em95t ei!r 9 ! political1 milit>y1 lit]>y1 or social worlds4 ,! m]e m5tion ( ^! w call to m9d _m hi/orical ev5ts ( importance dur+ ! la/ two c5turies4 ,?us our six examples ( ! ,,duke ,,( ,,well+ton1 our two ( ! ,,well+ton1 & our six ( ! ,,duke',s ,,head1 rem9d u ( ! h]o ( ,talav]a & ,salamanca--! ,duke ( 8 day--:o di$ 9 #aheb4 ,a ,,duke',s ,,head1 h[ev]1 :i* exi/$ at ,hatfield ,broad ,oak 9 #aghi1 evid5tly commemorat$ "s o!r & e>li] ,duke1 p]haps "o ( ! ,dukes ( ,york4 ,!re is also a ,,duke ,,( ,,well+ton 7be]-h\se7 at ,bock+4 ,! ,,admiral ,,r\s at ,galleywood1 :]e ,*elms=d ,races are held1 commemorates ! fa!r ( mod]n ,engli% rac+1 :o di$ only a ye> or two ago4 ,! ,,oliv] ,,twi/ at ,leyton 0 d\btless set up 9 hon\r ( ! popul> ,dick5s1 :o well des]ves fur!r sign-bo>d hon\rs4 ,! same may be said ( ano!r great ,engli%man1 :o is commemorat$ only by ! ,,%akespe>e',s ,,head at ,cann+ ,t[n4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty we meet ) two examples ( ! ,,e>l ,,( ,,essex1 "o ( ! ,,duke ,,( ,,norfolk1 ?ree ( ! ,,grosv5or1 "o ( ! ,,"l ,,h5nik]1 & "o ( ! ,,clifton1 all ( :i* 7 unque/ionably set up 9 hon\r ( great titl$ families4 ,/atesm5 are repres5t$ by two examples ( ! ,,e>l ,,( ,,d]by1 "o ( ! ,,"l ,,/anley1 "o ( ! ,,"l ,,palm]/on1 two ( ! ,,cl>5don1 & "o ( ! ,,pitt',s ,,head4 ,,"l ,,d5man alone seems to h be5 select$ to repres5t ! legal pr(ession4 ,among great milit>y comm&]s1 we h ! ,,m>quis ,,( ,,granby 7repres5t$ by ?ree examples71 ! ,,"l ,,raglan 7by ?ree71 ! ,,"l ,,g\gh 7by "o71 ! ,,m>lbor\gh',s ,,head 7by ?ree--"o ( :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle 9 #agfd1 :ile ano!r at ,maldon1 n n[ exi/+1 is m5tion$ 9 ! same pap] on ,m>* #b1 #aghg71 & ! 99,,blu*]',s ,,head 7by "o at ,rom=d74 ,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,prussia /ill figures z a sign at 99,/rat=d4 ,prom95t ,indian (fic]s seem to be well repres5t$4 ,?us we h a ,,g5]al ,,havelock 7v mod]n71 a ,,sir ,,col9 ,,campbell1 & a ,,sir ,,john ,,lawr5ce4 ,sign-writ]s seem to h be5 unable to keep pace ) ! rapid promotion ( ^! g5tlem54 ,= in/ance1 ! fir/ became ,sir ,h5ry ,havelock s long ago z #aheg2 ! second became ,"l ,clyde 9 ! same ye>1 & di$ 9 #ahfc2 :ile ! ?ird 0 creat$ ,"l ,lawr5ce 9 #ahfi1 & di$ 9 #ahgi4 ,em95t naval comm&]s are commemorat$ by f\r examples ( ! ,,"l ,,nelson1 "o ( ! ,,nelson',s ,,head1 & "o ( ! ,,"l ,,napi]4 ,sixty ye>s ago1 too1 !re 0 a 99,,duncan',s ,,head at ,col*e/]4 ,x 0 d\btless 9 hon\r ( ,admiral ,duncan1 :o di$ 9 #ahjd4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice ?is sign4 ,! ,,rodney at ,little ,badd[ is a h\se well kn[n to ! wor%ipp]s ( 8,/4 ,lubbock0 & to o!r holiday-keep]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*elms=d4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 commemorates ,admiral ,"l ,rodney1 :o di$ 9 #agib4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ writes3 8,! tak+ ( ,porto ,bello 9 #agci1 & ! popul>ity ( ,admiral ,v]non at ! "t1 caus$ _m ,,v]non',s ,,heads4 ,"o =m]ly exi/+ at 99,ro*=d is n[ demoli%$ & has ceas$ to be4 ,ei!r entirely new inns 7 ?us nam$1 or else old signs 7 aboli%$ to make way = ! portrait ( ! new fav\rite4 ,probably !re 7 (t5 simil> *anges = ! sake ( popul>ity40 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable signs 9 ! c\nty belong+ to ?is class is ! ,,sir ,,wilfrid ,,lawson at ,wood=d4 ,x w be q unnecess>y to /ate t ?is is n an ord9>y inn-sign4 ,a ,cons]vative politician w\ld be m likely to deliv] himself ( an oration 9 praise ( ,mr4 ,glad/one & 8 virtues1 ?an a publican to erect a sign to ! hon\r ( ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson4 ,! h\se :i* exhibits ?is sign is a ,c(fee ,tav]n erect$ by an ard5t ab/a9] & op5$ by ,sir ,wilfrid 9 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,! foll[+ amus+ l9es 7 p5n$ by a memb] ( ! company pres5t at ! op5+4 ,!y are1 x is said1 /ill to be se5 9 ! h\se4 8,all hops ab&on1 ye :o ent] "h2 ,! wick$ ,wilfrid haunts ?is ,wat]y ,cav]n2 ,no w9e1 no :isky1 nor ev5 bitt] be]1 ,fl[ ?r\gh ! *annels ( ?is ,c(fee ,tav]n4 ,! /eam+ c(fee & ! fragrant tea ,are ready1 :]e ea* eye c pla9ly see 'em2 ,tea-total1 !n1 let ea* incom] be1 ,& :ile #8,te-total' let him s+ ,te ,deum40 ,on ! map ( ! road betwe5 ,london & ,h>wi*1 giv5 9 ,ogilby's ,it9]>ium ,angli1 publi%$ 9 #afge1 a h\se--presumably an inn--call$ ! ,,monk',s ,,head is %[n on ! ea/ side ( ! road1 exactly opposite ,new ,hall ,p>k4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is sign repres5t$1 n ! head ( an ecclesia/ic1 b t ( ,g5]al ,monk1 ! great promot] ( ! ,re/oration1 al?\gh he _h be5 creat$ ,duke ( ,albem>le "s fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,new ,hall 0 pur*as$ by1 or =1 ,g5]al ,monk1 & he liv$ !re1 z ,morant says1 89 v great spl5d\r1 to ! dim9ution ( 8 e/ates40 ,he di$ 9 #afgj1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son4 ,=ty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,fri>',s ,inn 9 ,fry]'s ,/reet1 ,*elms=d1 b x has n[ disappe>$4 ,at ,rayleigh !re is a ,,paul ,,pry 7be]-h\se74 ,at ,wid=d a be]-h\se keep] has adopt$ z 8 sign t mod]n1 ?\gh di/+ui%$1 ,essex wor?y1 ,,sir ,,evelyn ,,wood4 ,ano!r at ,wal?am ,abbey has select$ ! ,,sultan4 ,o!rs1 at ,saffron ,wald5 & ,wal?am ,abbey respectively1 d hon\r to ! ,,old ,,engli% ,,g5tleman4 ,probably ^! latt] h 9 _! m9ds ! h]o ( ! song1 r ?an any g5tleman 9 p>ticul>4 ,at ,!ydon ,g>non !re is a ,,m]ry ,,fiddl]s1 :i* displays no less ?an ?ree sign-bo>ds4 ,at ,becontree ,hea? !re is a be]-%op ) ! same sign4 ,! l&lord ( ! =m] /ates t1 al?\gh he has endeav\r$ to une>? ! mean+ ( 8 sign1 he has hi!rto fail$4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t1 previ\s to 8 own occupation1 ! h\se _h be5 9 "o family = _m g5]ations1 & t = long x display$ a pictorial sign-bo>d repres5t+ ,,?ree ,,fiddl]s1 b ^! h ( late giv5 place to ! pres5t sign4 ,:at p>ticul> ?ree fiddl]s are meant1 is difficult to expla94 ,! h\se bore m]ely its pres5t "n ( ! ,,m]ry ,,fiddl]s 9 #aghi4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n m5tion ! sign4 ,at ,abbots ,roo?+ !re is a ,,coop]s 7be]-h\se71 a sign :i* is d\btless ! same z t ( ! ,,coop]s' ,arms4 ,at ,will+ale ,doe !re is a ,,f]ry ,,man4 ,probably he has retir$ f bus9ess & settl$ !re1 z x is h>d to discov] any f]ry at t place4 ,ab\t sixty-five ye>s ago 99,,bi%op ,,blays1 ! patron sa9t ( wool-comb]s1 appe>$ z a sign at ,col*e/]4 ,x 0 a mo/ appropriate sign 9 t t[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 an important seat ( ! wooll5 trade4 99,,neptune appe>s beside 8 8native elem5t0 at ! ,hy!1 ,col*e/]4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a 99,,jolly ,,sailor at ,h>wi*1 a 99,,sailor',s ,,return at ,grays1 & a 99,,m>9] at ,col*e/]4 ,^! signs 7 all appropriate en\gh1 be+ situat$ 9 m>itime places1 b ! same _c be said ( ! 99,,?ree ,,m>9]s :i* appe>$ at ,*elms=d at ! same p]iod4 ,sixty ye>s ago1 too1 !re 0 to be se5 at ,col*e/] ! curi\s sign ( ! 99,,sailor ,,& ,,ball1 :i* ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n m5tion4 ,probably x 0 n an impal$ sign1 b took its "n f "s game ( ball play$ by sailors4 ,num]\s o!r signs are connect$ ) ,royalty4 ,?us we h two examples ( ! ,,alb]t1 "o ( ! ,,royal ,,alb]t1 "o ( ! ,,alb]t ,,h\se1 "o ( ! ,,k+ ,,( ,,prussia 7=m]ly a v common sign71 "o ( ! ,,que5 ,,adelaide 7:i* is at lea/ =ty ye>s old71 "o ( ! ,,que5 ,,elizabe?1 f\r ( ! ,,pr9ce ,,alfr$1 "o ( ! ,,duke ,,( ,,cambridge1 two ( ! ,,duke ,,( ,,ed9burgh 7nei!r ( :i* exi/$ tw5ty ye>s ago71 "o ( ! ,,cl>5ce 7( c\rse commemorat+ ! ,,duke ,,( ,,cl>5ce1 aft]w>ds ,k+ ,william ,,iv471 ?ree ( ! ,,duke ,,( ,,york 7probably commemorat+ ! second son ( ,george ,,iii41 :o di$ 9 #ahbg1 ?\gh "o or m ( ! e>li] ,dukes ( ,york may also be int5d$71 five ( ! ,,royal ,,inn1 "o ( ! ,,que51 "o ( ! ,,que5 ,,victoria1 t5 ( ! ,,victoria1 "o ( ! ,,royal ,,sov]eign1 "o ( ! ,,royal ,,arms1 "o ( ! ,,royal ,,=e/ ,,hotel1 "o ,,royal ,,/eam]1 "o ,,royal ,,essex ,,arms1 five ( ! ,,royal ,,hotel1 eighte5 ( ! ,,royal ,,oak1 "o ( ! ,,old ,,royal ,,oak1 "o ( ! ,,k+',s ,,oak1 f\r ( ! ,,royal ,,/&>d1 ?ree ( ! ,,que5',s ,,arms1 n9ete5 ( ! ,,que5',s ,,head1 sev5te5 ( ! ,,k+',s ,,arms1 =ty-n9e ( ! ,,k+',s ,,head1 "o ( ! ,,old ,,k+',s ,,head1 twelve ( ! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales1 "o ( ! ,,pr9cess ,,( ,,wales1 "o ( ! ,,pr9ce ,,alb]t ,,victor1 "o ( ! ,,pr9cess ,,alice1 two ( ! ,,pr9cess ,,alex&ra1 "o ( ,,william ,,! ,,conqu]or 7at ,widd+ton71 two ( ,,william ,,! ,,f\r?1 & two ( ,,k+ ,,william ,,! ,,f\r?1 "o ( :i* is plac$ at a 8f\r-want-way0 at ,lead5 ,roo?+1 & =ms a l&m>k well kn[n to e "o :o rides to h\nds or travels by road 9 8,! ,roo?+s40 ,! ,,k+ ,,william & ! ,,k+ ,,william ,,iv4 are bo? common be]-h\se signs1 probably because ! act au?oriz+ ! op5+ ( ^! h\ses 0 pass$ 9 8 reign4 ,! be]-retail]s ( ! "t1 :5 ca/+ ab\t = a sign1 naturally select$ ! sov]eign ( _! day4 ,9 ! fir/ =m ! sign occurs at ,bock+1 ,spr+field1 c41 & "u ! latt] at ,bra9tree1 ,*igwell1 & else:]e4 ,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales1 too1 is a v common be]-h\se sign1 z also ! ,,victoria1 ! ,,que5 ,,victoria1 ! ,,que5',s ,,head1 & ! ,,que5',s ,,arms4 ,,pr9ce ,,alfr$ is commemorat$ on a be]-h\se sign at ,*igwell4 ,at ! same place is a ,,briti% ,,que5 7be]-h\se71 by :i* probably is int5d$ ,que5 ,boadicea1 :o receiv$ h] la/ ov]?r[ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,orange /ill figures z a be]-h\se sign at ,*elms=d4 ,! sign ( ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales' ,,head exi/$ at ,h>wi* 9 #agfd1 z x is m5tion$ 9 a numb] ( ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = t ye>2 & a ,,royal ,,mort> 7:atev] t might be7 0 to be se5 at ,col*e/] tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 m5tion ! /range sign ( ! 99,,?ree ,,que5s1 :i* 01 until lately1 to be se5 at ,m\l%am4 ,!y surmise t x 0 sugge/$ by ! common sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,k+s1 ( :i* we h no example 9 ,essex1 unless ! ,,?ree ,,travell]s1 :i* occurs ne> ,rom=d1 & is app>5tly unique1 be ano!r =m ( x4 ,! ?ree k+s repres5t ! ?ree wise m5 or ,magi f ! ,ea/4 ,a writ] 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies 7#a/ ,s]ies1 vol4 viii4 p4 #fbg7 says t ! foll[+ rhyme 0 =m]ly app5d$ to ! sign ( a ,,victoria be]-%op at ,coop]sale3-- 8,! ,que5 "s day ,may pass ?is way ,& see our ,tom & ,j]ry2#hf ,p]haps %e'll /op ,& /& a drop ,to make h] subjects m]ry40 ,on ! o!r side ( ! sign-bo>d 7 "s diff]5t l9es :i* ! writ] _h =gott54 ,! sign ( ! ,,k+',s ,,head is by no means ( mod]n introduction4 ,x occurs on ! sev5te5? c5tury tok5s ( ,rob]t ,adson ( ,col*e/] 9 #affh1 ( ,?omas ,bribri/ ( ,fel/ead 7no date71 & ( ,?omas ,liv]m] ( ,we!rsfield1 & x is m5tion$ 9 adv]tisem5ts 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,m>* #aj1 #aghg1 z !n occurr+ at ,prittlewell & ,/ebb+4 ,z ! sign /ill exi/s at all ^! places1 except ,fel/ead & ,we!rsfield1 x is at lea/ probable t ! same h\ses :i* 7 kn[n by x 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies are kn[n by x n[4 ,! fam\s ,,k+',s ,,head1 opposite ! *ur* at ,*igwell1 s well describ$ by ,dick5s 9 ,b>naby ,rudge "u ! "n ( ! ,,maypole1 has be5 already spok5 ( 7p4 #aac74 ,x is a long1 l>ge1 pla/]$ build+1 ) _m gables1 & project+ upp] /oreys--evid5tly dat+ f ! era ( ! ,/u>ts or e>li]4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 9 #agga1 decl>es t 8( all ! curs$ roads t ev] disgrac$ ?is k+dom 9 ! v ages ( b>b>ism1 none ev] equall$ t f ,bill]icay to ! ,,k+',s ,,head at ,tilbury40 ,9 #afgh a ,,k+',s ,,head at ,rickl+ =m$ a h\se ( call = ,poor ,rob9 on 8 ,p]ambulation f ,saffron ,wald5 to ,london4 ,aft] rec\nt+ h[ he f>$ at ! ,,black ,,bull at ,newport1 he says-- 8,we hav+ d9$ & jo9$ a p9t or two1 ,!n =w>ds on my j\rney ,i did g2 ,& fir/ came unto a t[n call$ ,rickl+1 ,:]e = to /ay ,i made no /ickl+1 ,b pres5tly at ! ,k+'s ,head fell a tippl+1 ,:]e ( ,comp\nd+ ,dick#hg ,i !re he>d tell40 ,! ,,k+',s ,,head on ! ,balk]n ,hill1 ,col*e/]1 is an anci5t & memorable inn1 ?\gh ! pres5t h\se is n v old4 ,at ! "t ( ! surr5d] ( ! t[n to ,fairfax1 9 #afdh1 x 0 a g5]al r5dezv\s ( ! noblem5 & g5try ( ! ,royali/ p>ty4 ,foxe1 too1 9 8 ,book ( ,m>tyrs m5tions t 8at ! ,,k+e',s ,,head 9 ,col*e/]1 & at o!r innes 9 ! sayd t[ne1 ! afflict$ ,*ri/ians _h set places appo9t$ = !mselves to meet at40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ has k9dly in=m$ ! au?or t ! ,,k+',s ,,head1 n[ exi/+ at ,leigh1 is n ! same h\se z "o :i* exi/$ !re "u ! same "n 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! latt] is traceable 7writes ,mr4 ,k+7 z a private h\se f #afga to ab\t #agbj1 be+ describ$ 9 #agjb z a 8messuage & %op40 ,betwe5 #agah & #agbc x 0 rebuilt1 z 9 ! latt] ye> x is spok5 ( z a new h\se1 & is describ$ z an inn ) ! sign ( ! ,,que5',s ,,head4 ,9 #agdj x is describ$ z 8! ,,angel1 h]et(ore ! ,,que5',s ,,head40 ,9 #agff x is describ$ z 8! ,,k+',s ,,head1 h]et(ore ! ,,que5',s ,,head1 aft]w>ds ! ,,angel40 ,x !n became a private h\se1 z x has ev] s9ce rema9$4 ,x 0 probably soon aft] ?is1 ab\t #agff1 t ! pres5t ,,k+',s ,,head at ,leigh assum$ t "n4 ,^! ?ree *anges1 all )9 ! %ort space ( fifty ye>s1 or less1 are v int]e/+4 ,!y seem to sugge/ t ! h\se 0 fir/ nam$ ! ,,que5',s ,,head 9 hon\r ( ,que5 ,anne2 b t1 :5 %e di$ 9 #agad1 ! same sign 7p]haps slightly alt]$7 0 made to d duty = "s "t z an ,,angel1 & /ill lat] 0 *ang$ to ! ,,k+',s ,,head1 probably on ! accession ( "o ( ! ,georges4 ,at ,h>old ,wood !re is a ,,k+ ,,h>old1 :i* is no d\bt connect$ ) ! "n ( ! place4 ,at ,naz+1 :i* 0 "o ( ! e/ates ) :i* ,h>old end[$ ! neighb\r+ ,abbey ( ,wal?am1 !re has be5 = at lea/ a c5tury pa/ a ,,k+ ,,h>old',s ,,head4 ,! ,,george1 :i* occurs sev5te5 times 9 ,essex1 is ano!r royal sign4 ,9 "s in/ances x d\btless repres5ts ,/4 ,george1 our patron sa9t1 disconnect$ f 8 dragon2 b1 m probably1 x has usually be5 set up--at lea/1 ( late--9 hon\r ( our ,hanov]ian k+s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 abundant evid5ce t ev5 z e>ly z ! v beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,/4 ,george1 ! ,patron ,sa9t ( ,engl&1 _h already appe>$ on ! sign-bo>d )\t 8 usual antagoni/ ! ,dragon4 ,?us1 8,blague1 ! m]ry ho/ ( ! ,,george at ,wal?am10 figures prom95tly 9 ,! ,m]ry ,divel ( ,edmonton1 publi%$ 9 #afag--;a curi\s play1 :i* ,kirkman attribut$ to ,%akespe>e4 ,! sc5e is p>tly laid 9 ,wal?am ,=e/4 ,poor ,rob91 too1 9 8 ,p]ambulation also m5tions a ,,george at ,bi%ops ,/ort=d 9 #afgh4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ also f9ds evid5ce 9 anci5t de$s t ! ,,george at ,leigh 0 an inn z e>ly z #afhj1 b ! h\se itself is probably some:at e>li]4 ,9 #aggg x is describ$ z 8n[ & = "s "t pa/ kn[n z ! sign ( ! ,george40 ,x _h ceas$ to be an inn by #ahja1 ?\gh !n & long aft]w>ds describ$ z 8a messuage call$ ! ,george10 ! words 8kn[n by ! sign (0 be+ omitt$4 ,x 0 also a brew]y4 ,mr4 ,k+ also f9ds evid5ce 9 o!r anci5t de$s ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,,george at ,rayleigh 9 #afbc1 b :e!r an inn1 %op1 or private h\se1 does n appe>4 ,! 99,,george at ,epp+ 7p]haps id5tical ) ! ,,george ,,& ,,dragon :i* n[ occurs !re7 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle 9 #agfd2 :ile ! ,,george at ,hal/ead & ! 99,,george at ,)am 7p]haps bo? id5tical ) ! well-kn[n h\ses n[ exi/+ "u ! same "n at ea* ( ^? places7 are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 adv]tisem5ts 9 ! same pap] = #aghf1 ! latt] z be+ !n to let4 ,a small /one slab1 let into ! front ( ! ,,george ,,& ,,dragon ,inn at ,wan/ead1 be>s ! foll[+ inscription3-- 8,re/orat4 #aheh4 ,r4 ,c4--,9 memory ( ye ,*]rey ,pey z co/ a ,gu9ey1 ye #ag? ( ,july1 #ageb4 ,t day we _h good *e]1 ,i hope to s d _m a ye>4--,david ,j]sey40 ,! ,,george ,,& ,,dragon also occurs eight times else:]e 9 ! c\nty1 z well z on sev]al be]-h\se signs4 ,at ,*elms=d !re is an ,,old ,,george 7be]-h\se74 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ also f9ds m5tion 9 e>ly de$s ( a h\se kn[n z ! ,,george ,,& ,,tank>d at ,%opl& 9 #aegi4 ,x is n /at$ t x 0 an inn1 b f ! sign !re c be v little d\bt t x 04 ,! appe>ance ( an app>5tly impal$ sign at s e>ly a date is c]ta9ly v rem>kable4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice ?is device4 ,v>i\s milit>y signs occur at places :]e !re are b>racks4 ,= in/ance1 !re are at ,col*e/] h\ses ) su* signs z ! ,,bugle ,,horn1 ! ,,artill]y-,,man1 ! ,,rifleman1 ! ,,dragoon1 ! 99,,f5c]s 7a sign :i* is at lea/ =ty ye>s old1 ?\gh x is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood ,illu/ration3 ,,gr5adi]4 & ,hott571 an ,,ordnance ,,arms1 & a ,,royal ,,artill]y2 :il/ at ,great ,w>ley !re is a ,,horse ,,artill]y & a ,,soldi]',s ,,hotel1 :i* seems to h be5 ! ,,soldi]',s ,,hope =ty ye>s ago4 ,at ,wal?am ,abbey !re is a ,,volunte]2 !re are ,,riflem5 at ,col*e/] & ,black ,notley 7be]-h\se72 at ,kelv$on ,hat* !re is a ,,gu>dsman1 at ,rett5don a ,,life ,,gu>ds1 & at ,leyton a ,,gr5adi]4 ,! figure ( a ,gr5adi]1 "h reproduc$1 is tak5 f ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,decemb]1 #ahde 7p4 #eia71 to :i* x 0 contribut$ by ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,repton1 ,f4,s4,a41 =m]ly ( ,spr+field4 ,a ,,soldi] is repres5t$ on ?ree diff]5t f>?+ tok5s issu$ by ,john ,all5 ( ,bra9tree1 "o ( :i* be>s ! date #afeg4 ,all be> 8 initials1 b "o has ! inscription1 8,turne a p5ny10 9 ! place ( ! "n ( ! issu]4 ,on ^! tok5s ! or?ography is decid$ly peculi>4 ,?us1 ,bra9tree is twice spell$ 8,brantre0 & once 8,brantry10 :ile ,essex is twice spell$ 8,esex0 & once 8,esaxes40 ,among ! m miscellane\s ( ,human ,signs we meet ) a ,,cr[n',s ,,inn at ,ong>1 a ,,=e/] at ,cogge%all1 a ,,=e/]',s ,,inn at ,plai/[1 an ,,anci5t ,,=e/]s at ,hatfield ,broad ,oak 7all1 ( c\rse1 connect$ ) ! 8anci5t ord]071 ?ree ,,freemasons' ,,tav]ns1 sev]al ,,freemasons' ,,arms1 a ,,m]ry ,,fiddl]s at ,!ydon ,g>non1 eight examples ( ! ,,cricket]s 7aga9/ five 9 #ahfb71 two ( ! ,,cricket]s' ,,arms1 a ,,jolly ,,cricket]s1 a ,,jolly ,,fi%]man1 a ,,jolly ,,sailor1 a ,,sailor',s ,,return1 two ,,welcome ,,sailors1 an ,,old ,,welcome ,,sailor1 a ,,?ree ,,travell]s 7p]haps repres5t+ ! ?ree wise m5 f ! ,ea/71 & a ,,m9]va at ,s\!nd1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ has asc]ta9$1 0 rec5tly *ri/5$ by its own] aft] a b>ge ( ! same "n t he possess$4 ,at ,*igwell !re has be5 = at lea/ a c5tury pa/ a h\se ) ! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,jolly ,,:eel]s 7:atev] !y might be74 ,!re are ,,travell]s' ,,fri5ds at ,m\l%am & ,wood=d ,wells 7! =m] be+ at lea/ =ty ye>s old71 z well z a be]-h\se ( ! same "n at ,epp+2 ,,travell]s' ,,re/s at ,=e/ ,gate & ,we!rsfield 7! latt] be+ a be]-h\se72 ,,britannias at ,cann+ ,t[n1 ,b>k+1 ,s\!nd1 & ,horn*ur* 7be]-h\se72 & ,,two ,,brew]s at 99,/rat=d1 ,spr+field1 ,high ,ong>1 & ,*igwell 7be]-h\se74 ,?is is a sign once common1 b n[ becom+ r>e4 ,!y 7 usually repres5t$ c>ry+ a b>rel ( be] betwe5 !m1 slung on a pole4 ,!re are ,,woodm5 at ,hal/ead1 ,elmdon1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,/an=d ,riv]s1 ,?und]sley1 ,rom=d1 c41 all b ! fir/ two be+ be]-h\ses4 ,! ,,?ree ,,m>9]s is an odd sign :i* occurs at ,col*e/] & at ,m\l%am 7,*elms=d74 ,at ! latt] place x seems to h exi/$ = at lea/ a c5tury1 be+ ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #bg1 #aghf4 ,9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,,adam ,,& ,,eve at ,we/ ,ham 7p4 #cg7 /&s ! rema9s ( an old /one ar*1 n[ almo/ ! only rema9+ portion ( ! anci5t abbey ( ,/rat=d ,lang?orn4 ,9 ! kit*5 are 7or 7 lately7 a c(f91 a seal1 "s co9s1 & "s urns dug up 9 an adjo9+ field t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury4 ,! ,,essex ,,head1 9 ,essex ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 probably commemorates ! ,e>l ( ,essex1 :o 0 a fav\rite ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 r ?an ! c\nty ( t "n4 ,x cle>ly ei!r takes its "n f1 or gives its "n to1 ! /reet 9 :i* x /&s4 ,! inn 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,on ! ,=e/1 ne> ,high ,bee*1 is a be]-%op kn[n z ! ,,dick ,,turp9',s ,,cave4 ,x cle>ly takes its "n f a hole 9 ! gr\nd n f> di/ant1 commonly spok5 ( z 8,dick ,turp9's ,cave40 ,! 8cave0 7if su* x ev] 07 is n[ ?ickly ov]gr[n ) trees & bru%wood4 ,x is well kn[n t ,messrs4 ,dick ,turp9 & ,co4 especially haunt$ ! neighb\rhood ( ,epp+ & ,ha9ault ,=e/s1 & until ! end ( la/ c5tury x 0 n consid]$ safe to trav]se ! roads !reab\ts unless well arm$4 ,x may v well be1 !re=e1 t ! fam\s highwayman did1 at "s "t or o!r1 use ?is hole z a place ( refuge4 ,! ,,h]cules at ,newport 7! only example 9 ,essex ( ?is r uncommon sign7 has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #fe71 also ! tradition t ! ,,bull1 :i* /ood opposite to x1 0 by x compell$ to close its doors4 ,) reg>d to ?is inn ,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,prob]t ( ,newport s5ds an int]e/+ note4 ,he says3 8,! ,,h]cules /&s next to ! old ,vic>age4 ,n[ we "k x 0 a common cu/om among village cl]gym5 to take _! pipe & pot at ! village inn1 z m5tion$ 9 ! old song1 :i* says3 #8,at ! sign ( ! ,horse1 ,old ,sp9text1 ( c\rse1 ,ea* night takes 8 pipe & 8 pot1 ,o'er a ,jorum ( 8nappy10 ,cont5t$ & happy1 ,!re sits ?is canonical sot1' c41 c4 ,fur!r1 x is my belief t ! ,,h]cules 0 />t$ 9 opposition to ! ,,bull1 our ,pa/or 7be+ ! mo/ le>n$ individual 9 ! place at ! p]iod7 probably sugge/+ ! classical "n1 9 ref]5ce to ! sev5? lab\r ( ,h]cules--! slay+ ( ! ,cretan ,bull40 ,=ty ye>s ago !re exi/$ at ,col*e/] a ,,malt/]',s ,,inn1 a ,,m>9]',s ,,inn1 & a ,,neptune2 at ,/rat=d a ,,*9aman1 & at ,t5dr+ a ,,cr[n ,,& ,,blacksmi?1 ! latt] be+1 p]haps1 an impal$ sign signify+ t ! l&lord ( ! ,,cr[n 0 also a blacksmi?4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to treat ( ! sign ( ! ,,angel1 :i* occurs elev5 times 9 ,essex1 among ,human ,signs1 al?\gh an angel is commonly acc\nt$ to be some?+ m ?an human4 ,an ,,angel occurs on ! sev5te5?-c5tury tok5s ( 8,francis ,aleyn at ! ,angell 9 ,br5twood10 ( 8,georg ,silke at ! ,angell 9 ,rvm=d10 ( ,francis ,dilke1 also ( ,rum=d1 ( ,william ,h>tley ( ,col*e/]1 & ( ,george ,taylor ( ,il=d 9 #affe4 ,z ! sign /ill exi/s at ! two la/-nam$ places1 ! probabilities are t ! two h\ses be>+ x are id5tical ) ^? f :i* ! tok5s 7 issu$ a c\ple ( c5turies ago4 ,! ,,angel at ,il=d 0 =m]ly a po/+-h\se ( great importance2 b1 l its neighb\r1 ! ,,r$ ,,lion1 & all ! o!r once-busy inns on ?is great highway f ,london into ! ,ea/]n c\nties1 x is n[ sadly decay$ f its old importance1 ?\gh /ill a h\se ( high /&+4 ,its massive sign-po/ & ornam5tal sign-iron date f at lea/ a c5tury ago4 ,probably x 0 at ?is h\se t1 on ,augu/ #ah1 #affb1 ,pepys1 8:ile d9n] 0 gett+ ready1 practis$ measur+ ( ! tables & o!r ?+s1 till z he says ,i did und]/& measure ( timb] & bo>d v well40 ,?is he did t he might "k h[ to detect fraud on ! "p ( ^? :o b\ght timb] = ! navy4 ,taylor 7see p4 #bh7 9 #afcf m5tions ,,angels at ,rom=d & ,br5twood1 :i* d n n[ exi/4 ,! 99,,angel 9 ! ,high ,/reet at ,col*e/] is1 p]haps1 ! mod]n repres5tative ( ! ,,angel m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! ,corporation records 7see p4 #fb7 z be+ an 8auncy5t inne0 9 #afjc4 ,!re are be]-h\ses ) ! same sign at ,bra9tree1 ,bock+1 & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,corporation records ( ,saffron ,wald5 = ! ye> #afde x appe>s t ! sum ( #fs4 #b;d4 0 exp5d$ ^u 8a pottle ( sack1 #c qts4 ( cl>et & :ite w9e burnt1 = ! committee1 :5 !y sat at ! ,,angel40 ,?is is probably ! same h\se :i* cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,g\ld ,/reet up to ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 kept by "o ,butt]field1 :o 0 also a b>b]1 & :o display$ ! foll[+ rhyme ^u 8 sign-bo>d3 8,rove n f pole to pole1 b call 9 "h1 ,:]e n\ght exce$s ! %av+1 b ! be]40 ,! pole ref]r$ to is1 ( c\rse1 ! b>b]'s pole4 ,! c\plet 01 h[ev]1 n orig9al4 ,! ,,angel1 :i* /ill cont9ues to exi/ at ,kelv$on1 is ref]r$ to 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,decemb] #bi1 #aghf4 ,x is also /at$ 9 ! ,bufton ,,mss4#hh t on ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 #afib1 ,k+ ,william ,,iii4 8/ay$ & d9$ at ! ,,angell10 at ,kelv$on4 ,d\btless he 0 on 8 way to ,holl&1 vi ,h>wi*4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say 7p4 #bff7 t ?is sign 80 d]iv$ f ! ,salutation2 =1 t x orig9ally repres5t$ ! ,angel appe>+ to ! ,holy ,virg9 at ! ,salutation or ,annunciation1 is evid5t f ! fact t1 ev5 z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 on ne>ly all ! trades-tok5s ( h\ses ) ?is sign1 ! ,angel is repres5t$ ) a scroll 9 8 h&s2 & ?is scroll we "k1 f ! evid5ce ( pa9t+s & pr9ts1 to conta9 ! words address$ by ! ,angel to ! ,holy ,virg93 #8,ave ,m>ia1 gratia pl5a1 ,dom9us tecum4' ,probably at ! ,re=mation x 0 consid]$ too ,ca?olic a sign1 & s ! ,holy ,virg9 0 left out1 & ! ,angel only reta9$40 ,! support]s ( ! arms ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 7 also two angels1 bl[+ trumpets4 ,! ,,angel ,,& ,,h>p at ,*ur* ,end1 ,dunm[1 is a /range sign :i* does n appe> to be notic$ by ! au?ors s (t5 quot$4 ,probably x is a mod]n1 ?\gh by no means inappropriate1 impalem5t1 z x appe>s 9 ! li/ ( sixty ye>s ago simply z ! 99,,h>p4 ,! sign ( ! ,,black ,,boy occurs sev5 times 9 ! c\nty1 namely1 at ,*elms=d1 ,wrabness1 ,bock+1 ,weeley1 99,cogge%all1 ,wiv5hoe1 & ,great ,bromley4 ,at ! latt] place x seems to h exi/$ s9ce #aghf1 z a sale is adv]tis$ to take place at ! ,,black ,,boy 9 ,great ,bromley1 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,m>* #crd 9 t ye>4 ,!re is also a be]-h\se ( ?is "n at ,danbury1 & ! l>ge brick h\se 9 ! ,high ,/reet at ,epp+1 lately occupi$ by t em95t naturali/1 ,h5ry ,d\bl$ay1 0 an inn ) ?is sign be=e ! ,d\bl$ay family acquir$ x ab\t #aggj4 ,! ,,black ,,boy n[ exi/+ at ,*elms=d is n ! same h\se t w5t "u t "n dur+ ! la/ & previ\s c5turies1 ?\gh /&+ on ! same site4 ,! old inn rank$ z a coa*+-inn ( ! fir/ importance4 ,x 0 pull$ d[n 9 #aheg1 hav+ be5 fairly run (f ! road by ! op5+ ( ! railway 9 #ahdc4 ,two wood5 bosses1 tak5 f ! ceil+ ( "o ( ! rooms1 & n[ to be se5 9 ! ,*elms=d ,museum1 are c>v$1 respectively1 ) ! ,blue ,bo> ( ! ,de ,v]es 7to :i* family ! h\se probably once belong$71 & ! r$ & :ite rose comb9$4 ,mr4 ,john ,adey ,repton1 ,f4,s4,a41 =m]ly ( ,spr+field1 writ+ to ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 9 ,may1 #ahdj1 s5ds sket*es ( ^! two bosses1 :i* 7 duly ins]t$4 ,he says3 8,!re is a tradition t ,ri*>d ,,iii4 0 hunt+ 9 ! =e/1 & be+ miss$ by 8 c\rti]s 0 aft]w>ds f\nd at ?is h\se4444 ,! beam is massive1 be+ n less ?an #af in*es wide4 ,! room1 al?\gh only #i feet high1 0 orig9ally a hall #bh feet long1 b subsequ5tly r$uc$ to #ah feet by a p>tition1 leav+ a passage to ! inn4 ,yet ?is p>tition1 f ! /yle & "* ( ! panels1 appe>s to h be5 add$ s e>ly z ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! doors to ! butt]y-hat*1 c41 may /ill be trac$ on ! wall ( ! passage40 ,writ+ aga9 to ! same ,magaz9e 9 ,decemb]1 #ahde1 ,mr4 ,repton says3 8,i s5d y a sket* ( a ,*amb]maid4 ,! figure is n[ at ! ,:ite ,h>t1 ,*elms=d1 hav+ be5 rec5tly remov$ ?i!r f ! ,black ,boy4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om 9 anci5t family mansions to introduce a pa9t+ :i* repres5ts a h\semaid hold+ a broom 9 h] h&s1 :i* 0 cut out ( a bo>d1 & g5]ally plac$ 9 a passage or at ! top ( ! /airs4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s ,i h se5 are ( ! date ( ,*>les ,i41 or ! e>ly "p ( ,*>les ,,ii4444 ,! enclos$ specim5 is ( a lat] p]iod1 hav+ ! ,fonta9e head-dress :i* prevail$ ab\t ! "t ( ,william ,,iii4 or ,que5 ,anne4444 ,sometimes ! figure ( a soldi]1 l a s5try1 0 exhibit$ 9 l mann]4444 ,su* a figure is on ! /aircase ( ! ,bull at ,d>t=d4 ,ano!r1 ( :i* ,i s5d y a sket* see p4 #abi1 is at ! ,black ,boy 9 ,*elms=d40 ,mr4 ,*ancellor ( ,*elms=d writes t-- 8,9 #adbd :5 ,*elms=d ,*ur* 0 l>gely built ,john ,de ,v]e1 #ab? ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 0 at ! head ( t family1 hav+ succe$$ to ! title 9 #adae4 ,f 8 kn[n adh]5ce to ! ,h\se ( ,lanca/]1 he may be presum$ to h be5 a p]son ( "s importance1 & z a consequ5ce 9 con/ant communication ) ! ,c\rt4 ,und\bt$ly1 !re=e1 he w\ld j\rney to & f ,h$+ham ,ca/le1 8 b>onial seat1 to ,london1 _m times 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>2 & z x w\ld appe> t ! old ho/elry1 kn[n z ! ,black ,boy1 9 ?is t[n1 belong$ to ! ,de ,v]e family1 x is a v fair presumption t ,*elms=d 0 n only a halt+-place = ! ,e>l & 8 reta9]s ^u ! occasion ( _! j\rneys1 b probably us$ z an occasional resid5ce2 & z he liv$ 9 almo/ royal /ate1 8 com+s to & fro w\ld be a matt] ( z mu* importance to ! !n t[nsfolk z a visit ( ! sov]eign 9 ! pres5t day4444 ,we c readily believe t s p[]ful & weal?y a man w\ld be ! fir/ appli$ to = aid4 ,t he did assi/1 is prov$ by ! fact ( 8 %ield1 *>g$ ) ! mullet1 be+ c>v$ 9 ! sp&rel ( ! we/ door ( ! t[]2 & 8 cre/1 ! bo>1 be+ introduc$ 9 ! apex ( ! ar* ( ! same door2 ?is latt] corresponds ) ! c>v$ bo> :i* =m$ "p ( ! ceil+ ( an ap>tm5t 9 ! old ,black ,boy see p4 #ga4 ,= five c5turies did ?is mighty family rule x mo/ royally ov] _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 _! ri*es be+ imm5se1 & _! p[] & influ5ce be+ second only to ! sov]eign2 & yet n[ a cubic foot ( /one 9 our p>i% *ur*1 & a cubic foot ( oak deposit$ 9 our museum1 are all t rema9 9 ?is t[n to rem9d u ( ! ,de ,v]es40 ,a good view ( ?is fam\s old inn is giv5 9 ,ryl&'s view ( ,*elms=d ,high ,/reet1 engrav$ 9 #agfb1 & reproduc$ z ! frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,f x1 9 all probability1 our six o!r ,essex ,black ,boys h tak5 _! "n1 z ! sign is unusually common 9 ! c\nty4 ,x /ood at ! corn] ( ,spr+field ,lane & ! ,high ,/reet4 ,! ,ipswi* ,express1 9 speak+ ( ! clos+ ( ?is anci5t h\se1 :i*1 z x rem>k$1 _h be5 8= c5turies "o ( ! olde/ inns on ! road10 rem>k$ z foll[s3-- 8,!re are n only pleasant recollections ( #8slipp]$ ease1' b hi/orical associations1 connect$ ) ! old ,inn4 ,"h royal heads h re/$1 & w>riors h halt$ z !y hurri$ (f to draw ! sword on fields ( milit>y r5[n4 ,)9 its rooms1 m>tyrs h pass$ ! la/ night ( life1 9 ! fi]y days ( religi\s p]secution1 on _! way to ! fatal /ake4 ,9 ! old w>1 its ro( (t5 res\nd$ ) ! mad jollity ( prizem5 & private]s1 :o _h j br\ght _! ri* booty into ,h>wi*1 &1 z !y po/$ (f to ,london1 _h halt$ at ! well-kn[n ho/elry to make m]ry ) _! ga9s4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 betwe5 =ty & fifty /age-coa*es pass$ its door daily1 mo/ ( :i* pull$ up1 if !y did n pause1 to all[ ! travell]s to p>take ( ! provision made = !m2 :ile numb]less pairs ( po/-horses /ood saddl$ 9 its capaci\s /ables40 ,dick5s m5tions ?is h\se 9 ,pickwick ,pap]s 7#a/ ,edition1 p4 #afa71 :5 ,mr4 ,well]1 ,s5ior1 relates h[ he transport$ ,messrs4 ,job ,trott] & ,*>les ,fitz-,m>%all f 8! ,black ,boy at ,*elms=d 444 "r ?r\gh to ,ipswi*40 ,mr4 ,*ancellor has asc]ta9$ t1 9 a de$ dat$ #afdb1 ?is inn is describ$ z 8h]et(ore kn[n by ! "n or sign ( ! ,,cr[n or ,,new ,,inn1 or ! ,,k+',s ,,arms1 & lat] z ! ,,black ,,boy40 ,t x 0 ! ,,black ,,boy 9 #afcf is c]ta91 = ,taylor1 8! ,wat] ,poet10 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 m5tions x z "o ( ! *ief inns 9 ! t[n at t "t4 ,9 #affj1 ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,e4 ,b>tlett f9ds x record$ 9 ! ,*elms=d regi/]s t 8,&rew ,spell]1 a dumb man1 :o liv$ at ! ,black ,boy 9 ,*elms=d1 0 buri$ ! #b day ( ,augu/40 ,x has probably reta9$ ! same sign ev] s9ce4 ,?is frequ5t *ange at s e>ly a date is v int]e/+4 ,x seems to indicate 7z ,mr4 ,*ancellor sugge/s7 t1 on ! h\se pass+ out ( ! h&s ( ! ,de ,v]es1 x became an inn1 & t1 al?\gh x may h display$ ! sign ( ! ,,cr[n 7see p4 #aff71 x 0 commonly kn[n z ! ,,new ,,inn4 ,aft]w>ds1 = "s reason1 x came to be /yl$ ! ,,k+',s ,,arms1 & /ill lat] ! ,,black ,,boy1 ?\gh :y1 x is n app>5t4 ,at ! "t ( 8 demise1 ?is 8,old ,boy0 7z he may be famili>ly /yl$7 01 !re=e1 at lea/ #bej ye>s old4 ,x might be ?\ght /range t hav+ exi/$ s long1 & hav+ begat ! sev5 sons already m5tion$1 he nev] grew into a 8,black ,man10 b di$ z he _h s long liv$1 a 8,black ,boy06 ,a ,,black ,,boy =m]ly exi/$ 9 ,saffron ,wald51 z %[n by ! foll[+ entries 9 ! ,corporation records3--8,m>* #bg?1 #afhb1 #8,sp5t at ! ,black ,boy #ab p5ce1'0 & a little lat] #ds4 #f;d4 0 8sp5t at ! ,black ,boy ) ! ,*amb]la9s :5 we assess$ ! f9es on ! ,quak]s40 ,9 ! ,wal?am ,abbey p>i% regi/] is ! foll[+ entry3--8,judi? ,sutton1 f ye ,blacks1 ,bur4 ,may #bf1 #agdj40 ,?is 0 probably ! ,,black ,,boy ,inn t =m]ly /ood 9 ,t[n-mead ,lane4 ,! ,,black ,,boy is a sign ( v5]able antiquity4 ,f ! fir/ x has be5 l>gely us$ z a tobacconi/'s sign4 ,! cre/ ( ! ,tobacco-pipe ,mak]s' ,company1 incorporat$ 9 #affc1 0 a demi-,moor1 :ile ! support]s 7 two "y ,moors prop]1 wrea!d ab\t ! lo9s ) tobacco leaves v]t4 ,a black ,s>ac5's head1 too1 0 ! badge ( ,"l ,cobham 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 & also ( ,sir ,john ,h>lwyn4 ,essex conta9s at ! pres5t "t no less ?an tw5ty-sev5 h\ses %[+ ! sign ( ! ,,gre5 ,,man4 ,! ,,gre5 ,,man at ,leyton is m5tion$ 9 ! ,trials ( ,swan & ,jeffries 9 #ageb1 :ile ! ,,gre5 ,,man at ,leyton/one is m5tion$ by ,daniel ,defoe 9 8 ,t\r ?r\gh ,great ,brita91 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agbd1 & is also m>k$ on ,roque's ,map ( ,t5 ,miles r\nd ,london1 publi%$ 9 #agda4 ,x is record$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 7vol4 xxiii4 p4 #adh7 t ,*>les1 ,e>l ( ,tank]ville1 di$ ( an apoplectic fit at ! ,,gre5 ,,man on ,epp+ ,=e/ on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 #agec1 z he 0 travell+ to ,london4 ,old maps ( ! latt] half ( la/ c5tury %[ q a numb] ( ,,gre5 ,,m5 r\nd ,epp+ & ,ha9ault ,=e/s1 %[+ ! connection ev5 !n exi/+ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 betwe5 ! sign-bo>d ,,gre5 ,,m5 & =e/]s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,cre$'s li/ ( signs r\nd ,epp+ 9 #aghi1 ,,gre5 ,,m5 are nam$ at ! foll[+ places3 ,epp+1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,moreton1 ,/an=d ,riv]s1 ,magdal5 ,lav]1 ,h>l[1 & ,roydon4 ,evid5tly ?is sign 0 v common a c5tury ago4 ,al?\gh ?is device has a two-fold orig91 x is r difficult to acc\nt = its great preval5ce 9 ! pres5t day4 ,orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ! sign repres5t$ ! gre5-clad morris-danc]s t play$ an important "p 9 ! %[s & pageants ( m$ival times2 b1 :5 ^! w5t out ( date & 7 =gott5 by ! common p1 ! sign 0 made to repres5t a =e/] 9 8 coat ( gre54 ,z e>ly z ! sev5te5? c5tury ! sign _h come to be connect$ ) t celebrat$ =e/]1 ,rob9 ,hood1 z is %[n by ! designs on _m ( ! tok5s1 :i* repres5t ! outlaw accompani$ by 8 fri5d ,little ,john4 ,at ,els5ham & at ,high ,bee* ! sign n[ takes ! "n ( ! ,,rob9 ,,hood1 :ile ,,rob9 ,,hood ,,& ,,little ,,john occur 9 comb9ation at ,br5twood1 al?\gh 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #bj1 #aghf1 ! h\se is spok5 ( simply z ! ,,rob9 ,,hood4 ,at ,high ,bee*1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! foll[+ c\plet is app5d$ to ! sign3-- 8,if ,rob9 ,hood be n at home1 ,/ep 9 & ask = ,little ,john40 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,b4 ,pallis] says1#hi 8,que5 ,anne bore1 z "o ( ! support]s ( h] arms1 "o ( ! savage m51 wrea!d ) ivy & be>+ clubs1 ( ,d5m>k1 s9ce designat$ & adopt$ = an inn-sign z ! ,,gre5 ,,man40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is probably n ! only orig9 ( ! sign4 ,at ! pres5t day ! sign is g5]ally repres5t$ on ,essex signbo>ds by a gamekeep] 9 a gre5 velvete5 coat4 ,at ,grays !re is a ,,gre5 ,,man ,,& ,,bell 7be]-h\se71 :i* is d\btless an impal$ sign4 ,a be]-%op at ,great ,*e/]=d displays a pictorial sign--evid5tly ( "s age--repres5t+1 app>5tly1 ! ,,man ,,& ,,pl\gh4 ,a ru/ic 9 a gre5 smock-frock /&s at ! h&le ( 8 pl\gh1 politely t\*+ 8 hat to pass]s-by4 ,at ,*elms=d & ,dunm[ ! pr9cipal inn 9 ea* ( ! two t[ns has = its sign ! ,,s>ac5',s ,,head4 ,! =m] is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #f1 #aghf4 ,x is also _m times nam$ 9 ! ,trials ( ,swan & ,jeffries 9 #ageb1 on acc\nt ( a robb]y hav+ be5 committ$ !re4 ,x also f9ds m5tion 9 ,mr4 ,joseph ,/rutt's ,essex & ,h]ts romance1 entitl$ ,que5hoo ,hall1 publi%$ 9 #ahjh4 ,! h]o ( ! tale says 7ii4 p4 #agi7 t 8on my arrival at ,*elms=d1 ,i w5t to "o ( ! pr9cipal inns1 di/+ui%$ by ! sign ( ! ,s>ac51 or ,man ,qu9ta91 :]e ,i took "s small refre%m5t40 ,o!r examples1 mak+ five 9 all1 occur at ,danbury1 ,bra9tree1 & ,?axt$4 ,?\gh n describ$ by ,boyne1 tok5s1 be>+ a repres5tation ( a ,s>ac5's head1 & issu$ by ,john ,hav]s at ! h\se ( t "n 9 ,?axt$1 are /ill extant1 %[+ ! h\se & its sign to be ( consid]able antiquity4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,cl>ke1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( ,saffron ,wald5 c recollect t1 _m ye>s ago1 ! sign-bo>d bore ! repres5tation ( a man's head ) a v f]oci\s c\nt5ance1 b ! sign-bo>d is n n[ pictorial4 ,! sign owes its orig9 7l>gely1 at lea/7 to ! ,crusades4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* m common ?an n[4 ,! ,,maid',s ,,head at ,?orpe-le-,sok5 is1 9 all probability1 n a sign put up by "s enam\r$ publican4 ,z a g5]al rule ! sign1 :]ev] x appe>s1 has be5 d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company1 already giv5 7p4 #cc74 ,sir ,william ,p>r1 ,k4,g41 & also 8 gr&-daught]1 ,que5 ,ca!r9e ,p>r1 bo? bore ! same device z a badge4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! example at ,?orpe !re c be little d\bt t ! sign is a really anci5t "o1 & t x repres5ts ! cre/ ( ! ,d',arcy family1 ,b>ons ( ,*i*e1#ij to :om1 9 #aeea1 ,edw>d ,,vi4 grant$ ! manor ( ,?orpe & neighb\r+ l&s1 :i* long aft]w>ds rema9$ 9 ! family4 ,! same sign (t5 occurs else:]e z ! ,,maid5 ,,head4 ,!re 0 app>5tly a h\se ( ?is "n 7n necess>ily an inn7 at ,*elms=d 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,e4 ,b>tlett f9ds ! foll[+ entry 9 ! p>i% regi/]s3--8#afbj1 ,mat!w ,pr5tys ( ,*elms=d1 husb&man & h\sehold] at ! ,maid5head 9 ,*elms=d1 0 buri$ ! xiiii4 ( ,may1 be+ ,sunday40 ,! ,,village ,,maid1 :i* occurs at ,bradfield1 is a v mod]n sign1 & is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,probably ! l&lord set x up 9 hon\r ( "s damsel ( 8 acqua9tance4 ,! ,,m]maid1 ?\gh only a semi-human sign1 is mo/ conv5i5tly notic$ "h4 ,!re is no example ( x n[ exi/+ 9 ! c\nty1 ?\gh x occurs on ! f>?+ tok5 ( ,mi*ael ,arnold ( ,col*e/]4 ,z a sign x us$ =m]ly to be n uncommon4 ,! 99,,sil5t ,,woman is ! "n ( a public-h\se1 ) a truly pictorial sign1 at ,wid=d4 ,! signs ( ! ,,good ,,woman & ! ,,quiet ,,woman1 :i* occur occasionally 9 o!r c\nties1 are id5tical ) ?is1 &1 all alike1 con/itute a piece ( unw>rantable sl&] on ! fair sex1 be+ int5d$ to convey ! idea t a woman c only be sil5c$ by be+ depriv$ ( h] head4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say 7p4 #dee73 8,!re is a v curi\s example ( ?is sign at ,wid=d1 ne> ,*elms=d1 repres5t+ on "o side a half-l5g? portrait ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 on ! rev]se1 a woman )\t a head1 dress$ 9 ! co/ume ( ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 ) ! inscription ,=te ,bonne4 ,! addition ( ! portrait ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 has l$ to ! popul> belief t ! headless woman is meant = ,anne ,boleyn1 ?\gh probably x is simply a comb9ation ( ! ,,k+',s ,,head & ,,good ,,woman40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sil5t ,,woman ,,at ,,wid=d4 ,! inscription on ! sign-bo>d is1 presumably1 int5d$ to be ! ,fr5* = 8,v ,good10 b x is spell$ 8,=t ,bon10 & x has be5 8,=t ,bone40 ,a writ] 9 ,once a ,week 7,n4 ,s41 ii4 p4 #dhg7 says3 8,! ,essex tradition is t ,/4 ,osy?1 :5 ! conv5t 0 attack$ by ! ,danes ,a4,d4 #fce1 fl$ d[n ! p>k to a ?icket1 s9ce call$ #8,nun's ,wood1' :]e %e 0 ov]tak51 & h] head cut (f2 & t on ! spot :]e ! head fell1 a spr+ ( wat] bur/ =?1 :i* fl[s to ?is day4 ,ano!r local tradition ass]ts t on "o night 9 ea* ye> ,/4 ,osy? revisits ! sc5e ( h] =m] abode1 walk+ ) h] head "u h] arm4 ,x is ?is leg5d :i* probably gave rise to ! sign ( ! #8,good ,woman1' at ,wid=d1 ne> ,*elms=d1--( :om1 by ! way1 ,i may rem>k t %e is curr5tly said to be ! only good woman 9 ,essex40 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say t ! sign 0 l>gely us$ by oilm51 :i* makes x v probable t ! device has "s ref]5ce to ! 8he$less virg9s0 :o _h no oil 9 _! lamps :5 ! bridegroom came--he$ & head hav+ =m]ly be5 pron\nc$ alike1 accord+ to ^? au?ors4 ,! sign is n uncommon on ! ,cont95t also4 ,a writ] 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies 7,fif? ,s]ies1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ccg7 v +5i\sly expla9s ! orig9 ( ?is sign4 ,he says3 8,9 ! days ( old x 0 la bone fame1 ) a mean+ ! same z t ( la bonne r5omme 9 lat] times4 ,accord+ to ,virgil1 ,fame walks on ! e>? :ile h] head is conceal$ 9 ! cl\ds-- #8,+r$iturque solo1 et caput int] nubila condit4' ,consequ5tly la bone fame 0 repres5t$ by a headless woman--at times1 no d\bt1 v r\ghly drawn4 ,by degrees ! ^w fame dropp$ out ( ! ,fr5* language1 & !n p read la bonne femme1 correct+ :at !y deem$ an or?ographical error4 ,b !n arose ! "q :y %\ld ! #8good woman' h no head8 ,! explanation 01 ( c\rse1 sugge/$ by "s h5-peck$ cynic at ! w9e%op40 ,on ! high road betwe5 ,bra9tree & ,*elms=d1 & 9 ! p>i% ( ,great ,leighs1 /&s an inn ) ! /range sign ( ! ,,/4 ,,ann',s ,,ca/le4 ,on ! map ( ! road betwe5 ,*elms=d & ,bury1 giv5 9 ,ogilby's ,it9]>ium ,angli1 publi%$ 9 #afge1 ! words 8,/4 ,ann's0 appe> aga9/ a h\se beside ! high road at ,leighs & on ! site ( ! pres5t inn4 ,x appe>s f ?is t ! ^w 8,ca/le0 is a mod]n addition to ! "n1 p]haps connect$ ) ! adjac5t ru9s ( ,leighs ,priory4 ,! h\se is1 h[ev]1 m>k$ z ! ,,/4 ,,ann',s ,,ca/le on ,gre5wood's map ( ,essex1 publi%$ z long ago z #ahbd4 ,9 ,:ite's ,gazette] ( ,essex x is /at$ t !re =m]ly /ood ^u ! spot a h]mitage1 kn[n z ,/4 ,ann's1 8:]e pilgrims re/$ on _! way to & f ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,?omas ,becket4 ,at ! ,dissolution1 9 #aega1 x 0 giv5 to ,?os4 ,j5n+s1 & its site is n[ occupi$ by an inn1 call$ ! ,/4 ,ann's ,ca/le1 & said to be ! olde/ lic5s$ public-h\se 9 ,engl&40 ,morant says ( x 9 #agfh1 8#8,tis n[ conv]t$ into an ale-h\se40 ,probably x _h become an inn mu* e>li]1 = ,taylor1 9 #afcf1 m5tions "o ,w4 ,*&l] z be+ a keep] ( 8innes at ,pla%ie & ,/4 ,annes40 ,accord+ to ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson's ,hi/ory ( ,great ,to?am1 x is /at$ t a hill at t place 8seems to h be5 d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 = at its base is a small public-h\se kn[n n[ #ahca1 & z f> back z memory c g1 z ! ,,virg9',s ,,tav]n40 ,! sign is n n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,,lame ,,dog1 :i* does n occur z a sign 9 ?is c\nty1 ,l>wood & ,hott5 say t x is sometimes accompani$ by ! foll[+ c\plet3 8,/op1 my fri5ds1 & /ay a:ile ,to help ! lame dog ov] ! /yle40 ,!y cont9ue 7p4 #dej73 8,sometimes1 z at ,bulm]1 ,essex1 we see a some:at simil> idea express$ by a ,,man ,,/ruggl+ ?r\gh a globe--head & arms protrud+ on "o side1 8 legs on ! o!r--) ! inscription1 #8,help me ?r\gh ?is _w4'0 ,?is sign is n n[ to be se5 at ,bulm]4 ,a ,,h& occurs on ! halfp5ny tok5 issu$ by ,lawr5ce ,br[n1 junior1 ( ,wickham1 9 #affi2 a ,,h& ,,& ,,glove on t ( ,h5ry ,cordall ( ,*elms=d 9 #afeh2 a ,,h& ,,& ,,p5 on t ( ,samuel ,cox ( ,cogge%all2 & a ,,h& ,,& ,,ball on t ( 8,d4 ,g40 issu$ at 8,! ,h& & ,b[le 9 ,b>k+0 9 #afej4 ,9 #afge1 a h\se ( "s k9d display$ ! sign ( ! ,,cross ,,& ,,h& at ,m>ks ,tey 7see p4 #afc74 ,al?\gh ! h& does n n[ appe>1 ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 on any ,essex sign-bo>d1 x is n uncommon 9 o!r c\nties4 ,its use is attributable to ! fact t e>ly sign-pa9t]s (t5 repres5t$ x issu+ out ( a cl\d to p]=m "s action or support "s object4 ,?is br+s to a close ! li/ ( human signs n[ occurr+ 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nautical ,,signs4 ,! small class :i* w next receive notice conta9s :at may be call$ 8,nautical ,signs40 ,essex supports q a consid]able fleet ( %ips ^u its sign-bo>ds4 ,^! are ( widely diff]5t builds1 & are v v>i\sly rigg$4 ,mo/ ( !m are1 ( c\rse1 situat$ ne> ! coa/2 b o!rs are1 /range to say1 f> inl&4 ,! au?or w\ld be guilty ( great impropriety did he n speak fir/ ( ,,noah',s ,,ark--! greate/ feat ( e>ly %ip-build+ on record4 ,z a sign1 x 0 to be se5 at ,kelv$on tw5ty ye>s ago1 b is n[ non-exi/5t4 ,an ark or1 on ! top a dove arg5t1 hold+ 9 ! beak an olive-bran* v]t1 =ms ! cre/ ( ! ,%ipwrights' ,company1 incorporat$ 9 #afje4 ,z already /at$1 no less ?an tw5ty-two ,,%ips are to be f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,! surmise t "s ( ^! are int5d$ to repres5t %eep has be5 else:]e advanc$ 7p4 #bc74 ,mr4 ,k+ f9ds evid5ce 9 anci5t de$s ( no less ?an ?ree diff]5t h\ses at ,leigh :i* h =m]ly borne ! sign ( ! ,,%ip4 ,! exi/+ example 0 probably conv]t$ into an inn ab\t ! end ( la/ c5tury4 ,x 0 a private h\se 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,ano!r inn is fir/ spok5 ( z ! ,%ip 9 #agbh4 ,9 #agcb1 x 0 8kn[n by ! sign ( ! ,%ip10 b be=e #agef1 :5 x 0 spok5 ( z 8=m]ly kn[n by ! sign ( ! ,%ip10 x _h ceas$ to be an inn4 ,! ?ird & probably ! e>lie/ h\se ( ?is "n 0 a private resid5ce 9 #agef1 hav+ =m]ly be5 call$ ! ,,%ip4 ,a ,,%ip is depict$ on ! tok5s ( 8,william ,m>t9 at ! ,key 8 ,quay 9 ,b>k+10 & ( 8,?omas ,poll>d at ! ,%ip 9 ,plai/[e10 #affh1 & ! ,,%ip at 99,col*e/] is sev]al times m5tion$ 9 ! adv]tisem5ts appe>+ 9 ! v>i\s numb]s ( ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle issu$ dur+ ,febru>y1 #aghf4 ,! fir/ & la/ are1 p]haps1 id5tical ) ! h\ses ( ! same "n /ill exi/+ at ^? places4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ we h five ,,old ,,%ips4 ,if ,mr4 ,plimsoll 7 in=m$ ( ?is fact x w\ld probably cause him "s al>m2 b he w\ld be reassur$ on le>n+ t1 ) "o exception1 all are "s di/ance inl&4 ,!y are situat$ respectively at ,we/ ,?urrock1 ,debd51 ,*elms=d1 ,aveley1 & ,ro*=d4 ,! 99,,old ,,%ip at ! la/-nam$ place mu/ be 9 v unseawor?y condition1 = x 0 describ$ z old 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #bg1 #aghf4 ,!re is also a 99,,new ,,%ip at ,ro*=d--d\btless a h\se />t$ 9 opposition to ! ,,old ,,%ip at ! same place4 ,! sign ( ! 99,,%ip ,,& ,,an*or1 :i* occurs at ,maldon1 is a comb9ation ! mean+ ( :i* w be at once app>5t4 ,! ,,%ip ,,& ,,%ovel at ,rippleside1 ,b>k+1 is at lea/ =ty ye>s old4 ,x is probably 9 "s way connect$ ) ,sir ,cl\desley ,%ovel1 z !re is a portrait ( t g5tleman 9 ! inn4 ,! sign also occurs else:]e1 namely1 9 ,/eel ,y>d1 ,/4 ,?omas' ,/reet1 ,london1 ,s4,e4 ,an old newspap] cutt+ says a h\se kn[n z ! ,,%ip ,,& ,,%ovel 8is situat$ ne> to ,dag5ham ,bea*1 9 ,essex1 elev5 miles f ,london1 :]e ,p>i% & ,hadbrook f\ght a h>d battle ( #da r\nds1 on ! #ac? ( ,m>*1 #ahbj1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 fav\r ( ,p>i% 9 ?irty-eight m9utes4 ,! ,,%ip ,,& ,,%ovel 0 ! h\se ( call = t day40 ,!re is a ,,lob/] ,,smack at ,canvey ,isl&1 a ,,fi%+ ,,smack at ,b>k+1 an ,,oy/] ,,smack at ,burnham1 & a ,,smack at ,leigh1 conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ writes1 t x 0 no d\bt s nam$ :5 ! oy/]-fi%]y fl\ri%$ !re 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,!re is n n[ a smack belong+ to ! port4 ,! h\se itself 0 = c5turies a private resid5ce ( p]sons ( good acc\nt4 ,! sign ( ! ,,pet] ,,boat1 :i* also occurs at ,leigh1 is app>5tly unique4 ,a pet]-boat 0 a sort ( fi%+-vessel1 %>p bo? /em & /]n1 & half-deck$1 ) a spritsail1 in/ead ( a ma9sail & boom4 ,mr4 ,k+ /ates t ! inn d]ives its "n f ! fact t 8all ! fi%+-boats at ,leigh 7 =m]ly pet]-boats4 ,b1 out ( a fleet ( #abj or m fi%+-boats "h n[1 only "o pet]-boat1 ,i am told1 rema9s1 & t ,i h n se54 ,! h\se itself1 ( ! desc5t ( :i* ,i h a complete record s9ce #afde1 is built ( timb] & is ( ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury or e>li]4 ,! pres5t own]s h held x s9ce #affb1 ! l&lord :o n[ keeps ! inn be+ ab\t ! six? 9 direct desc5t4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ z kn[n by ! sign ( ! ,pet]-boat 9 #ageg4 ,! !n own] _h come into possession 9 #agci1 & _h s nam$ ! h\se betwe5 ^? ye>s40 ,at ,vange !re is a ,,b>ge1 at ,nor? ,woolwi* an ,,old ,,b>ge ,,h\se1 at ,=e/ ,gate a ,,/eam%ip1 & at ,*elms=d a ,,royal ,,/eam] 7probably an impal$ sign74 ,! ,b>ge "h m5tion$ 0 =m]ly ! ,,man ,,) ,,sev5 ,,wives1 z ,mr4 ,k+ c recollect4 ,at ! "t x belong$ to a man nam$ ,wife4 ,presumably 8 family numb]$ sev5 individuals4 ,!re is also a be]-h\se ( ! same "n at ,rett5don1 up to :i* place ! riv] ,cr\* is navigable = b>ges4 ,! ,,packet occurs at 99,h>wi* & 99,mann+tree4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 ano!r example at 99,col*e/]4 ,! sign ( ! ,,f]ry-,,boat occurs at ,wal?am/[1 ,nor? ,fambridge1 & ,canewdon4 ,ano!r h\se ( ! same "n has rec5tly disappe>$ f ! c\nty1 z also a ,,f]ry ,,h\se4 ,sixty ye>s ago ! sign ( ! ,,:]ry 7n notic$ by ,l>wood & ,hott57 occurr$ at 99,mi/ley4 ,! sign ( ! ,,hoy /ill occurs at ,tollesbury & at ,s\? ,b5fleet4 ,mr4 ,k+ rem>ks t "o w\ld naturally expect to f9d ?is sign at ! latt] place1 8z a long succession ( hoym5 c>ri$ on a lucrative bus9ess !re4 ,! ,,hoy is n[ pictorially repres5t$ on ! sign-bo>d by a b>ge1 ?\gh ! h\se is /ill call$ ! ,,hoy2 & a trade 9 hay1 /raw1 & corn is /ill c>ri$ on 9 two or ?ree b>ges40 ,! sign is n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds4 ,! foll[+ epitaph ^u a ,hoyman appe>s 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,s\? ,b5fleet4 ,?\gh n a v s*ol>ly production1 x is said to be ! "w ( a =m] rector ( ! p>i%4 8,james ,ma!ws1 ,ob4 ,july #ad1 #agbh4 ,sixty-?ree ye>s our ,hoyman sail$ m]rily r\nd1 ,=ty-f\r liv$ p>i%ion] :]e he's agr\nd1 ,five wives b>e him ?irty-?ree *ildr5--en\gh3 ,l& ano!r z hone/ be=e he gets half40 ,a hoy 0 a "o-ma/$1 sloop-rigg$ coa/+ vessel1 =m]ly mu* us$4 ,x is extremely difficult to sugge/ any likely orig9 = ! sign ( ! ,,pl\gh ,,& ,,sail1 :i* occurs no less ?an f\r times 9 ! c\nty1 namely1 at ,tollesbury1 ,ea/ ,hann+field1 ,pagle%am1 & ,maldon4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n allude to x4 ,! two fir/ are ea* at lea/ =ty ye>s old4 ,at fir/ "o might suppose x a mean+less impalem5t ( two di/9ct signs1 ! ,,pl\gh & ! ,,sail1 b x does n appe> t ! latt] figures z a sign1 ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation ) any o!r article except a pl\gh1 9 any "p ( ,engl&4 ,moreov]1 x is h>dly likely t ! two signs w\ld appe> impal$ f\r times 9 ,essex1 :ile ! comb9ation is 7) "o exception7 unkn[n 9 all o!r c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,an exam9ation ( ! li/s ( signs 9 ?irty ( ! pr9cipal c\nties ( ,engl& w %[ t x does n occur 9 any ( !m1 ) ! exception ( ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,suffolk1 :]e9 ! sign occurs twice4 ,x appe>s probable1 !re=e1 t ! sign has "s local significance1 ?\gh x is difficult to say exactly :at4 ,sev]al g5tlem5 h (f]$ sugge/ions z to its orig94 ,x has be5 ?\ght to be a corruption ( ! 8,pl[ & ,flail0 7& !re=e d\bly agricultural71 or a repres5tation ( ! old toa/ ( 8,agriculture & ,comm]ce0 7repres5t$ by a pl\gh & a %ip71 b ! mo/ likely sugge/ion seems to be "o put =w>d by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elliot1 :o ?9ks x is int5d$ z an appeal = ! cu/om ( ?ir/y s\ls work+ bo? on l& & sea4 ,all our ,essex examples1 except t at ,hann+field1 are ^u ! coa/4 ,! same g5tleman sugge/s t ! sign may be a corruption ( ! 8,pl\gh-tail0 or h&le1 :i* ,edw>ds1 9 8 ,words1 ,facts1 & ,phrases1 says is probably d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon /ail1 a h&le4 ,! ^w is /ill 9 use1 mean+ a h&le1 9 ,w>wick%ire & o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,an appeal to ! read]s ( ,notes & ,qu]ies has s f> ?r[n no light on ! mean+ ( ?is sign4 ,=ty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,%ip ,,& ,,excise ,,(fice at ,wal?am ,abbey & a ,,private] at ,h>wi*4 ,at ,wiv5hoe !re is a ,,%ip ,,at ,,laun*4 ,=ty ye>s ago x 0 kn[n z ! ,,%ip ,,laun*4 ,?is l>ge fleet ( sign-bo>d %ips is1 h[ev]1 suppli$ ) only eighte5 ,,an*ors2 &1 z "s ( ^! may repres5t ! symbol ( ,hope1 ! supply mu/ be reg>d$ z v inadequate4 ,"o ( !m1 belong+ to ,b>k+1 is describ$ z a ,,blue ,,an*or4 ,ano!r ( ! same description us$ =m]ly to exi/ on ,canvey ,isl&1 b x appe>s to h be5 lo/ 9 "s /orm dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s2 :ile ano!r at ,m]sey1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,rev4 ,b>+-,g\ld's ,mehalah1 has also disappe>$1 unless x be id5tical ) ! ,,an*or /ill exi/+ at t place4 ,! ,,an*or at ,canewdon seems to h exi/$ !re s9ce at lea/ #aghg1 z x is m5tion$ 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ! #e? ( ,janu>y 9 t ye>4 ,at ,grays !re is an ,,an*or ,,& ,,hope4 ,! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,an*or1 ! emblem ( ! ,royal ,navy1 occurs at ,aveley & ,bra9tree2 & ! ,,sun ,,& ,,an*or1 :i* is probably no?+ b an impal$ sign1 occurs at ,/eeple4 ,a tok5 is extant be>+ an ,,an*or1 ! initials 8,r4 ,s4 ,i410 & ! inscription1 8,at ! ,ank]1 9 ,lee ,leigh1 #affd40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ writes3#ia 8,?is is und\bt$ly ! tok5 ( ,rob]t ,say] & ,joan 8 wife1 %opkeep]s1 at ?is precise date4 ,! ,,an*or 0 _! %op sign4 ,!re 0 no inn ( t "n4 ,joan ,say] surviv$ h] husb& & di$ 9 #afhi40 ,mo/ ( our ,,an*ors are situat$ ^u ! sea coa/1 b !re are n a few inl&--at ,+ate/one1 ,*elms=d1 ,abbots ,roo?+1 c4 ,9 #aghi !re 0 "o at ,*ipp+ ,ong>4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,a/ronomical ,,signs4 ,a/ronomical signs fall naturally into ano!r small class1 :i* w be treat$ ( next4 ,9 ,essex we h six examples ( ! sign ( ! ,,half ,,moon1 :i* may repres5t ei!r cresc5ts tak5 f "s "o's arms or else ! emblem ( temporal p[]4 ,! ,,half ,,moon at 99,*elms=d1 a small1 ?\gh anci5t1 h\se1 possesses a qua9t & truly pictorial sign-bo>d4 ,at #id1 ,great ,suffolk ,/reet1 ,london1 ,s4,e41 !re has be5 = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 at lea/1 a h\se ) ! mo/ extraord9>y sign ( ! ,,moonrak]s4 ,x is all b impossible to conceive any orig9 = s /range a device4 ,x is j possible1 h[ev]1 t ! sign may h "s connection ) a tale told ( ! inhabitants ( ! t[n ( ,cogge%all1 ab\t :om s _m simil> /ories are told4 ,"o f9e night1 s says ! tale1 c]ta9 ( ! natives ( t celebrat$ t[n obs]v$ :at !y took to be a f9e r\nd *eese float+ on ! surface ( a pond4 ,!reupon1 x is fur!r /at$1 !y procur$ rakes & endeav\r$ to draw ! suppos$ *eese to l&4 ,nor did !y discov]1 until !y _h be5 "s "t s engag$1 t _! *eese 0 m]ely ! reflection ( ! moon 9 ! wat]6 ,! ,,sun is met ) twelve times & ! ,,ris+ ,,sun n9e times4 ,! use ( ! sun z a sign is v anci5t1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,a ris+ sun =m$ "o ( ! badges ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 & %9+ suns 7 us$ z badges by sev]al o!r ,engli% sov]eigns4 ,a sun also ,illu/ration3 ,,sun ,,9 ,,spl5d\r4 7,badge ( ,ri*>d ,,ii47 =ms a prom95t *>ge 9 ! arms ( ! ,di/ill]s' ,company4 ,! ,sun 9 ,spl5d\r1 us$ z a badge by ,ri*>d ,,ii41 is "h %[n4 ,! engrav+ is tak5 f an illum9at$ manuscript 9 ! ,h>leian ,collection1 :]e9 ! badge is pa9t$ on ! sail ( a %ip4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 sugge/ t ! ,,ris+ ,,sun 01 p]haps1 adopt$ z a sign 8on acc\nt ( ! fav\rable om5 x pres5ts = a man comm5c+ bus9ess40 ,! ,,sun at 99,?axt$ seems to h exi/$ s9ce ! ye> #aghf at lea/1 = x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #bj? 9 t ye>4 ,! ,,sun ,inn at ,rom=d be>s ! monogram 8,t4 ,w4 ,l40 & ! date #afcb4 ,! ,,sun ,,inn 9 ,*ur* ,/reet1 ,saffron ,wald51 0 once a h\se ( note1 b is n[ a private resid5ce4 ,x 0 probably built ab\t #afbe4 ,! devices1 m grotesque ?an elegant1 :i* adorn its _m gables1 make x "o ( ! be/ rema9+ ,essex examples ( h\ses adorn$ ) p>ge "w4 ,9 #afdf1 :5 x 0 probably ! *ief inn 9 ! t[n1 x lodg$ no less important an individual ?an ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,8 portrait1 pa9t$ on ! tiles at ! side ( a fire-place1 0 f\nd dur+ "s rec5t re/orations1 & is n[ 9 ! ,museum4 ,x 01 d\btless1 cov]$ up at ! ,re/oration4#ib ,until ab\t =ty ye>s ago !re /ood beside ! ma9 road to ,col*e/]1 j outside ! p>i% ( ,kelv$on1 an inn kn[n z ! ,,sun4 ,x is /ill a curi\s old h\se1 wor?y ( notice f ! pass]-by1 b up to ! date nam$ x1 & ev5 ! furniture x conta9$1 exhibit$ all ! *>act]i/ics ( a sixte5? c5tury h\se4 ,its c>v$ woodwork1 h[ev]1 0 sold & aft]w>ds accid5tally burn$ & its furniture scatt]$4 ,! pictorial sign-bo>d ( ! ,,ris+ ,,sun at ,ca/le ,h$+ham is v grotesque4 ,x is "h repres5t$ ,illu/ration3 ,,ris+ ,,sun4 7,at ,ca/le ,h$+ham47 )9 ! sign-iron ( ! ,,bell at ! same place 7p4 #aeh74 ,! ,,ris+ ,,sun at ,salcot is _m times m5tion$ 9 ! ,rev4 ,b>+-,g\ld's ,mehalah4 ,x is !re9 7ii4 p4 #d7 ?us describ$3--8,at ! end ( ! village /&s a l[ tav]n1 ! ,ris+ ,sun1 a mass ( gables4 ,"p ( x 7! tav]n dr9k+-room7 is only "o /orey high1 b ! re/ is a jumble ( ro(s & lean-to build+s1 *imneys & ov5s--a miracle ( picturesqu5ess40 ,z previ\sly /at$ 7pp4 #adg & #hc7 ! sun ent]s into two v absurd comb9ations1 a ,,sun ,,& ,,an*or at ,/eeple1 & a ,,sun ,,& ,,:alebone at ,latton4 ,bo? ( ^! are1 9 all probability1 impal$ signs4 ,! ,,/> appe>s on ,essex sign-bo>ds eight times4 ,its use is probably due to ! fact t 9 m$ival times ,illu/ration3 ,,/>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mullet4 x 0 ! symbol ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & t x =ms ! cre/ ( ! ,innhold]s' ,company2 b x is v probable t 9 ,essex ! sign ( ! ,,/> (t5 repres5ts ! mullet arg5t :i* =m$ "o ( ! *ief badges ( ! ,de ,v]es1 ,e>ls ( ,ox=d1 & also ! mo/ prom95t *>ge 9 ! family arms 7see p4 #gj74ic ,x 0 probably fir/ adopt$ by ,rob]t1 ! ?ird ,e>l1 :o di$ 9 #abba4 ,x appe>s on 8 seals & on 8 monum5t at ,hatfield ,broad ,oak4 ,!nce=? x 0 borne by all 8 desc5dants4 ,mr4 ,elliot1 9 ! int]e/+ article already quot$ 7p4 #gj71 says t at ! ,battle ( ,b>net1 9 #adga1 ! defeat ( ! ,lanca/rians is attribut$ to a mi/ake made by ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick's m52 :o1 9 ! morn+ mi/1 took ! badge ( ! ,e>l ( ,ox=d's m5 = ! ,yorki/ badge ( ! ,sun 9 ,spl5d\r4 ,!y accord+ly %ot at _! fri5ds1 :o1 suspect+ trea*]y1 cri$ 8,treason60 & fl$ f ! field4 ,mr4 ,elliot adds t 8?is badge is frequ5tly f\nd on h\ses & *ur*es 9 ?is c\nty & ,suffolk40 ,x is 9 e way probable t x 0 (t5 put ^u ! =m] z a sign4 ,9 ,h]aldry ! />1 or toile1 is repres5t$ ) six wavy po9ts & n pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre1 z "h %[n1 ?us di/+ui%+ x f ! mullet1 :i* has five /raight po9ts & is usually pi]c$4 ,! latt] is said orig9ally to h repres5t$1 n a />1 b a spur-r[el4 ,x appe>s f ! p>i% regi/]s1#id t !re 0 also a ,,/> at ,grays 9 #agbd4 ,at ,il=d !re is a c(fee-%op ) ! sign ( ! ,,morn+ ,,/>1 probably to indicate t x is op5 e>ly = work+ m54 ,a be]-h\se at ,)am1 h[ev]1 has ! same sign4 ,mr4 ,k+ f9ds 9 anci5t de$s m5tion ( a ,,/>--ei!r inn1 %op1 or t5em5t--at ,ro*=d 9 #afic4 ,!re are n[ be]-%ops ( ! same "n at ,+ate/one1 ,woodham ,f]ris1 & else:]e1 :ile a ,,nor!rn ,,/> exi/s at ,rom=d4 ,at ,brightl+sea !re is a ,,/> ,,( ,,d5m>k 7:atev] t might be71 & an ,,old ,,/> occurs at ,good ,ea/]4 ,twice1 also1 z else:]e m5tion$ 7p4 #gi71 we meet ) ! ,,/> ,,& ,,fleece1 namely1 at ,kelv$on & ,rom=d2 :ile ! ,,/> ,,& ,,g>t]1 repres5t+ ! ,insignia ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 occurs at ,*elms=d & at ,newport4 ,an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,febru>y #aj1 #aghf1 ref]s to ! ,,/> at ,writtle1 & ano!r 9 ! same j\rnal = ,m>* #ca/ foll[+ ref]s to ! ,,/> at ,dunm[1 at bo? ( :i* places ! sign /ill exi/s4 ,! ,,/> at ,kelv$on1 p]haps id5tical ) ! ,,/> ,,& ,,fleece n[ exi/+ !re1 is m5tion$ 9 ! issue = ! #bi? ( ,decemb] 9 ! same ye>4 ,! 99,,/> ,,& ,,an*or :i* appe>$ at ,col*e/] sixty ye>s ago 0 9 all probability an impalem5t4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,b+ham ( ,ca/le ,h$+ham is 9 possession ( docum5t>y evid5ce %[+ t dur+ ! latt] "p ( la/ c5tury ! pres5t vic>age at t place 0 kn[n z ! ,,black ,,mullet4 ,x may or may n h be5 an inn at ! "t4 ,! sign may h be5 set up orig9ally z a contra/ to ! silv] mullet ( ! ,de ,v]es4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,miscellane\s ,,signs4 ,! signs :i* /ill rema9 to be treat$ ( defy all ef=ts to classify !m4 ,all classification1 inde$1 :5 appli$ to ?is subject1 is v vague & unsatisfactory4 ,! foll[+ w1 !re=e1 be spok5 ( z 8,miscellane\s ,signs10 & w be tak5 9 any ord] f\nd mo/ conv5i5t4 ,^? already notic$ "u o!r head+s w n be ref]r$ to aga91 & _m are n ( suffici5t int]e/ to be wor? notic+4 ,! great majority are un9t]e/+ mod]n vulg>isms1 :ile v few are ( h]aldic orig94 ,_m signs ( ?is class are nam$ aft] places or t[ns1 or aft] objects ( local or g5]al celebrity4 ,su* are ! ,,albion1 ! ,,balmoral ,,ca/le1 ! ,,w9dsor ,,ca/le1 ! ,,walm] ,,ca/le1 ! ,,trossa*s ,,hotel1 ! ,,bridge ,,hotel1 ! ,,gibralt> ,,tav]n1 ! ,,grav+ ,,dock ,,tav]n1 ! ,,higham ,,hill ,,tav]n1 ! ,,hallsville ,,tav]n1 ! ,,cambridge ,,hotel1 ! ,,common ,,gate1 ! ,,london ,,tav]n1 ! ,,dock ,,h\se ,,tav]n1 ! ,,=e/ ,,gate1 ! ,,=e/ ,,gl51 ! ,,t[n ,,( ,,ayr1 ! ,,trafalg> ,,tav]n1 ! 99,,wat]loo ,,tav]n 7at ,col*e/]71 ! ,,tidal ,,bas9 ,,tav]n1 ! ,,half-,,way ,,tav]n 7at ,s\?*ur*71 ! ,,norfolk ,,inn1 ! ,,gr\nd ,,r5t ,,tav]n1 ! ,,brick ,,& ,,tile ,,inn at ,cop=d1 two ,,briti% ,,inns1 two ,,cante5s1 two ,,flags1 two ,,union ,,flags1 two ,,f\nta9s1 ! ,,/ores at ,will+ale ,doe 7be]-h\se71 ! ,,gold5 ,,h\se at ,=e/ ,gate1 an ,,ivy ,,*imneys 7be]-h\se7 at ,!ydon ,bois1 ! ,,r$ ,,h\se at ,il=d1 two ,,guns1 two ,,hopes 7"o at ,s\!nd be+ at lea/ sixty ye>s old71 ! ,,imp]ial ,,tav]n1 ! ,,locomotive1 ! ,,new ,,mill1 ! ,,old ,,mill1 two ,,pi] ,,hotels1 two ,,pun* ,,b[ls1 ! ,,qu>t ,,pot1 ! ,,r$ ,,tape ,,tav]n1 sev]al ,,royal ,,/&>ds1 ! ,,telegraph1 ! ,,temple1 ! ,,?at*$ ,,h\se1 ! ,,old ,,?at*$ ,,h\se 7a v old inn at ,epp+71 ! ,,w>r5 ,,inn1 ! ,,tollh\se1 ! ,,waggon1 & ! ,,waggon ,,& ,,horses1 all ( :i* are probably less ?an =ty ye>s old4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a s+le "o ( ^! signs c\ld claim an h]aldic orig94 ,mo/ ( !m lie ^u ! outskirts ( ,london4 ,!re are n[ f\r ,,alma ,,tav]ns1 ?\gh tw5ty ye>s ago !re 0 b "o4 ,! "n1 ( c\rse1 commemorates ! battle ( ,alma1 b :y fre% inns %\ld be ?us nam$ s long aft] ! ev5t1 is by no means obvi\s4 ,!re is a ,,b[l+ ,,gre5 at ,elm/ead1 ne> ,col*e/]1 & sixty ye>s ago !re 0 ano!r at ,dunm[4 ,! ,,w9dmill1 :i* is an anci5t sign1 occurs no less ?an eight times )9 ! c\nty4 ,9 mo/ cases h\ses h adopt$ ?is sign on acc\nt ( !re be+ a w9dmill adjac5t to !m4 ,at ,rom=d !re has be5 = at lea/ sixty ye>s an ,,old ,,w9dmill ,,& ,,bells1 :i* is d\btless an impal$ sign4 ,at ,la9don !re is a ,,=tune ,,( ,,w>1 well kn[n z a meet ( ! ,h\nds4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice ! sign1 ?\gh !re are sev]al examples ( x 9 ,london4 ,! ,,title ,,de$ ,,tav]n is a small h\se ( rec5t orig9 at ,buckhur/ ,hill4 ,?irty ye>s ago ! gr\nd on :i* x /&s 0 un5clos$ =e/4 ,at ,horn*ur* !re is an inn ) ! /range sign ( ! ,,good ,,int5t1 :i* is n m5tion$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,x 0 op5$ z a be]-%op1 "s fifty ye>s ago1 by ! fa!r ( ! pres5t l&lord1 :o _h be5 s f> an un=tunate man4 ,9 op5+ 8 new h\se ) good int5tions = ! future1 he ?us appropriately nam$ x1 & 8 hopes appe> to h be5 realiz$1 z 8 h\se /ill rema9s4 ,!re is a be]-h\se ) ! same "n at ,wal?am ,holy ,cross4 ,at ,spr+field !re is an ,,endeav\r1 :i* presumably d]iv$ its "n f "s simil> circum/ance4 ,!re are be]-h\ses ) ! motto ,,live ,,& ,,let ,,live at ,little ,canfield1 ,!ydon ,bois1 & ,*adwell ,hea?4 ,ano!r at ,pitsea 01 )9 ! recollection ( ,mr4 ,k+1 ?us inscrib$3 8,live & let live ,:od a ?\gh x20 :i* 0 int5d$ to mean 8:o w\ld h ?\ght x80 b ! l&lord's or?ographical k 0 v imp]fect4 ,! ,,hav]+ ,,b[] ,inn1 situat$ 9 ,ann ,/reet1 ,%adwell1 close to ,b[ ,/ation1 is a h\se connect$ )1 ?\gh n situat$ 91 ,essex4 ,:y an inn ( ?is "n %\ld appe> ?us fifte5 miles at lea/ f ! place f :i* x takes its "n1 is n v cle>4 ,9 ! ,roman ,road at ,col*e/] appe>s ! sign ( ! ,,roman ,,urn4 ,"o w\ld conclude t ! h\se _h be5 nam$ aft] "s ,roman urn t _h be5 dug up on its site1 did x n figure 9 ! li/ ye>s ago z ! ,,roman ,,arms4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ?is is a mispr9t1 al?\gh ! sign ( ! ,,roman ,,arms does actually occur else:]e1 namely1 9 ! ,roman ,road1 ,london1 ,e4 ,mr4 ,wal=d1 9 ,great] ,london 7vol4 i4 p4 #che71 says t !re is ano!r example ( ! sign ( ! ,,roman ,,urn j ov] ! c\nty b\nd>y at ,*e%unt1 9 ,h]t=d%ire4 8,x is to be se5 emb$d$ 9 ! front ( ! inn 9 ,crossbrook ,/reet4 ,! urn 0 f\nd on ! spot _m ye>s ago1 b its date is f> f c]ta940 ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n allude to ! sign1 :i* is c]ta9ly v uncommon4 ,"o ( our v /range/ signs--t ( ! ,,coal ,,hole--occurs at ,leigh4 ,x has only appe>$ !re )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ is ( op9ion t x is probably nam$ aft] ! once-well-kn[n ,,coal ,,hole ,tav]n 9 ! ,/r&4 ,at ! same place ano!r be]-h\se is kn[n z ! ,,unit$ ,,bre?r51 probably aft] a ,fri5dly ,society !re2 b _! club-h\se is n[ ! ,crook$ ,billet4 ,! sign ( ! ,,new ,,inn1 :i* is ! commone/ sign 9 ,devon%ire1 & occurs no less ?an "o hundr$ & f\r times 9 t c\nty1 is only twice met ) 9 ,essex1 b !re is also a be]-h\se s call$ at ,rom=d4 ,evid5tly ! ,cons]vative nature ( ! majority ( ,essex folk leads !m to pref] ?+s old1 in/ead ( new4 ,at ,plai/[ !re is a ,,gre5 ,,gate1 & =ty ye>s s9ce !re 0 a 99,,blue ,,po/s at ,)am1 9 bo? ( :i* cases ! col\r ( ! portals probably s]v$ ! same (fice z a sign 9 di/+ui%+ ! h\se4 ,nei!r sign is m5tion$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds1 ?\gh ! =m] is c]ta9ly a c5tury old1 z x is m5tion$ 9 an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #e1 #aghg1 & ! latt] is ref]r$ to 9 ano!r adv]tisem5t on ! #bcrd ( ! foll[+ mon?4 ,x 0 an old h\se ( good /&+1 z x is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,v ,"y ,lady's ,t\r f ,london to ,aldbor\gh & ,back 7#ahjd1 see p4 #cg74 ,! writ] says3 8,travell]s frequ5tly boa/ ( ! *>ms ( an inn1 ,b ! ,blue ,po/s at ,)am's ! be/ ,i h se51 ,! rooms are s clean1 s delici\s ! diet1 ,! l&lord s civil1 s spruce1 & s quiet1 ,! s]vants all r\nd s desir\s to please1 ,t y f9d y\rself "h mo/ completely at ease4 ,s we supp'd1 & we slept1 & we breakfa/$ too1 ,& !n bid to ,)am a p>t+ adieu40 ,! h\se 0 clos$ z an inn "s "t s9ce1 & is n[ a *9a %op1 kept by a prom95t ,)am teetotal advocate4 ,its door-po/s are /ill pa9t$ blue4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 ano!r inn ( ?is "n at 99,col*e/]4 ,no ,essex inn n[ displays ! sign ( ! ,,gate1 b !re are be]-h\ses ( t "n at ,saffron ,wald51 ,b>dfield1 & ,dag5ham4 ,at ! two la/-nam$ places ! h\ses be> ! foll[+ v unpoetic c\plet3-- 8,?is ,gate hangs high1 & h9d]s none1 ,refre% & pay & travel on40 ,at ,wan/ead !re is a ,,r$ ,,h\se1 presumably s call$ f its col\r4 ,9 #aghi !re 0 an ,,epp+ ,,place ,inn at ,epp+1 & a ,,bu%-,,fair ,,h\se at ,latton4 ,! ,,essex ,,inn1 ,no #da1 ,aldgate ,high ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e41 is1 )\t d\bt1 s nam$ because x =ms ! /opp+-place ( _m hay-c>t]s & o!r travell]s by road f ,essex up to t[n4 ,railways are ref]r$ to ?irty-"o times 9 all on ,essex sign-bo>ds1 al?\gh1 z might be expect$1 m5tion is v r>ely made ( railways among ! signs ( =ty ye>s ago4 ,?us we h five examples ( ! ,,railway ,,inn1 "o ( ! ,,railway ,,arms1 two ( ! ,,railway ,,bell1 sev5 ( ! ,,railway ,,hotel1 & sixte5 ( ! ,,railway ,,tav]n4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago !re 0 an ,,abbey ,,gate 9 ,/anwell ,/reet1 ,col*e/]1 d\btless nam$ aft] ! beautiful gateway ( ,/4 ,john's ,abbey1 :i* /ill /&s4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 a ,,bett+-,,/& at ,galleywood1 :]e ! ,*elms=d ,races are held1 z well z an ,,ex*ange ,,inn & a ,,*elm] ,,inn1 bo? at ,heybridge4 ,!re is a ,,m>k',s ,,gate 9 ,m>kgate1 ,dag5ham2 & a ,,m>% ,,gate at ,/rat=d4 ,eight ,essex inns are nam$ aft] ! great ,,globe itself1 :ile ! ,,_w',s ,,end appe>s1 at la/1 to h be5 discov]$ ne> ,tilbury ,=t4 ,?is is a v prop] "n1 if1 z has be5 ?\ght1 ,tilbury is d]iv$ f two ,saxon words1 ,til1 end1 & burgh1 city1 i4e41 ! city at ! end ( ! riv] road4 ,a be]-h\se keep] at ,pagle%am1 h[ev]1 seems also to consid] t ! ,,_w',s ,,end is situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 h\se4 ,probably bo? are equally "r & equally wrong4 ,! ,,globe at 99,epp+ is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #ac1 #aghf4 ,at ,bock+ !re is a be]-h\se kn[n z ! ,,dial1 a device n nam$ by ,l>wood & ,hott54 ,at ! same place !re is a ,,p>k ,,end be]-h\se1 & at ,fel/ead ano!r1 kn[n z ! ,,pye',s ,,bridge tav]n4 ,a be]-h\se at ,*igwell /yles itself ! ,,retreat4 ,at ,wal?am ,abbey is a ,,fl[] ,,pot4 ,a be]-h\se at ,inwor? is kn[n z ! ,,new ,,times1 :ile ano!r n f> (f /yles itself ! ,,old ,,times1 probably out ( rivalry4 ,at ,great ,badd[ a be]-h\se appe>s z ! ,,new ,,f\nd ,,out4 ,at ,*elms=d !re is a ,,unit$ be]-h\se1 & a ,,cornucopia at ,s\!nd4 ,no less ?an =ty-two ,essex inns display ! sign ( ! ,,bell4 ,bells 7 set up z signs z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! orig9 ( _! use 9 ?is way is probably due l>gely to our national fondness = bell-r++1 b p>tly also to ! great v5]ation 9 :i* bells 7 held 9 sup]/iti\s times4 ,adv]tisem5ts :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle ref] to ! inns ) ! sign ( ! ,,bell at ,ca/le ,h$+ham1 ,sible ,h$+ham1 & ,purleigh on ,janu>y #f?1 ,july #ba1 #aghf1 & ,m>* #b1 #aghg1 respectively4 ,^! h\ses all exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,,bell at 99,saffron ,wald51 ?\gh x does n n[ exi/1 mu/ =m]ly h be5 a h\se ( "s /&+1 = x is fairly (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! records ( ! ,corporation4 ,x is m5tion$1 = in/ance1 9 #afdb1 9 #afde1 & 9 #afej4 ,9 #affd #cs4 0 8paid at ! ,bell :5 ! ,quak]s 7 committ$10 & 9 #agad #ds4 #d;d4 0 8sp5t at ! ,bell :5 ,"l ,suffolk took ! oa?s40 ,tok5s are extant1 issu$ by 8,w4 ,mason at ! ,,bell 9 ,?axtead1 #affb10 ?\gh ! sign does n n[ exi/ !re4 ,! ,,bell at ,ca/le ,h$+ham1 /ill a fir/-class ho/elry1 0 a h\se ( consid]able note 9 ! old coa*+ days4 ,x 0 a /opp+-place = ! 8,old ,bury ,coa*10 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,! build+ is anci5t & ext5sive1 ?\gh n[ mu* cut up & divid$4 ,! spaci\s kit*5 is ro($ ) massive timb]1 black ) age4 ,9 ! l>ge room up/airs h be5 held = _m ye>s ! annual meet+s ( ! once-fam\s ,h9ck=d ,hundr$ ,cons]vative ,club4 ,9 times pa/ ^! meet+s regul>ly =m$ ! subject ( a lead] 9 ! ,times1 & addresses 7 deliv]$ by ,disraeli & o!r prom95t ,cons]vative /atesm51 b ! club has n[ lo/ its old importance4 ,! ornam5tal sign-iron is repres5t$ else:]e 7p4 #aej74 ,( ! ,,bell at ,leigh1 ,mr4 ,k+ writes t he has no p>ticul> acc\nt1 b he believes 8x has be5 an inn = probably a c5tury1 & t x 0 pull$ d[n to make way = ! railroad1 b rebuilt on "p ( ! same site40 ,! pres5t rectory at ,we/ ,tilbury 0 once an inn ) ! sign ( ! ,,bell4 ,! h\se 0 built by a speculator ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 & op5$ z an ho/elry = ! accommodation ( ! g5try t always cr[d$ to ! ,=t dur+ w> "t4 ,six ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 x _h to be clos$1 & ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury x 0 pur*as$ = ! sum ( #gjj by ! ,rev4 ,sir ,adam ,gordon1 ,b>t41 :o !n held ! liv+1 & pres5t$ to ! p>i% z a rectory4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ,bells frequ5tly appe> on a sign-bo>d4 ,9 su* cases ! peal ( bells 9 an adjac5t belfry is g5]ally allud$ to1 z may be se5 on ref]5ce to ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,cockey's ,li/ ( ,essex ,r+s4 ,9 #affb !re 0 a h\se ) ! sign ( ! ,,"o ,,bell at ,rom=d4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,murd] ( ,?omas ,kidd]m9/]1 already ref]r$ to 7p4 #ef74 ,taylor also1 9 #afcf1 m5tions a ,,bell at ,rom=d1 probably ! same h\se4 ,! sign ( ! ,,five ,,bells occurs at ,vange & ,colne ,enga9e4 ,at ! latt] place !re are five *ur* bells1 b at ! =m] only "o1 al?\gh !re may =m]ly h be5 m4 ,!re 0 ano!r example ( ! sign at ,bock+ =ty ye>s ago1 :5 p]haps !re 7 only five bells !re4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re are six1 & ! sign ( ! ,,six ,,bells 7probably ! same h\se7 appe>s !re1 z also at ,dunm[ & ,great ,wal?am4 ,at ! =m] place !re are six bells1 b at ! latt] eight4 ,at ,boreham a be]-h\se is kn[n z ! ,,six ,,bells1 t be+ ! numb] at t place4 ,at ,ma%bury is a cottage /ill kn[n z ! ,,bells4 ,9 a ,,ms4 dat$ #agfa x is spok5 ( z ! ,,five ,,bells1 & 0 probably !n an inn ) t sign1 ?\gh no *ur* 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity has t numb] ( bells4 ,! sign ( ! ,,eight ,,bells appe>s at 99,saffron ,wald51 ,great ,tey1 ,bel*amp ,walt]1 & ,bures ,hamlet1 at all ( :i* !re seem to be peals ( eight bells4 ,9 addition to ^!1 we h a ,,new ,,bell at ,h>wi*1 & two ,,railway ,,bells1 "o ne> ! /ation at ,maldon1 & ! o!r 9 ,tr9ity ,/reet1 ,hal/ead4 ,! bell also ent]s into num]\s comb9ations1 mo/ ( :i* are impalem5ts1 & !re=e q mean+less4 ,?us we h a ,,bell ,,& ,,an*or at ,cann+ ,t[n1 a ,,coa* ,,& ,,bell 7a sign n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds7 at ,rom=d1 ! ,,old ,,w9dmill ,,& ,,bells1 also at ,rom=d1 & examples ( ! ,,cock ,,& ,,bell at ,high ,ea/]1 ,writtle1 & ,rom=d4 ,! latt] has app>5tly be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce #aghf1 z x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #ac? 9 t ye>4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago !re 0 a ,,bell ,,& ,,fea!rs at ,/an/ead1 :i* seems n[ to h return$ to ! use ( its =m] sign1 :i* 0 a ,,bell simply 7see p4 #ajb74 ,?\gh ! fact is n m5tion$ by ,boyne1 tok5s ) ! foll[+ inscriptions are extant3 8,george ,p]r9 at ye ,bell 9 ,/an/ead4 ,8 ,half ,p5y4 #affi40 ,! same h\se & ! same l&lord are also m5tion$ 9 ,poor ,rob9's ,p]ambulation1 already ref]r$ to 7p4 #ff74 ,! writ] 7"o _c say poet7 says3 8,f ,ugley ,i next way to ,/an/ead travell'd1 ,^u a pla9 highway1 well /on'd & gravell$4 ,?is t[n ( ,/an/ead1 = di/9ction's sake1 ,do? unto itself ! "n ,montfit*et take1 ,f ! ,montfit*ets1 once ,lords ( great fame1 ,& :o ere:ile 7 own]s ( ! same4 ,!re at ! ,bell1 at my old fri5d ,george ,p]r9's1 ,we drank & tippl$ l unto a h]r+2 ,= !re is ale & /ale be]1 /rong & mighty1 ,w burn i' ! fire l unto aqua vit1 ,& t ! reason is1 z y may "k1 ,t ?is ,bell's liquor makes m5's clapp]s g40 ,9 #ahfh !re 0 a ,,clapp] at ,woodham :i*1 p]haps1 belong$ to "o or o!r ( ! bells j m5tion$4 ,! ,,ca/le is a frequ5t ,essex sign1 occurr+ ?irte5 times 9 all4 ,x is an anci5t sign1 :i* is ?\ght by ,l>wood & ,hott5 to h orig9at$ 9 ! fact t anci5tly ent]ta9m5t 0 to be _h at ! ca/les ( ! great1 z at an inn4 ,9 lat] times ! cu/om arose ( nam+ inns aft] p>ticul> ca/les1 & x is easy to see t ! example ( ! sign n[ f\nd at ,hadleigh1 & ! two examples n[ exi/+ at 9999,col*e/]1 orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 ano!r at 99,saffron ,wald51 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 nam$ aft] ! old ca/le !re4 ,n improbably1 9 "s cases1 ! sign may h be5 d]iv$ f ! arms ( ! ,masons' ,company4#ie ,a ca/le is repres5t$ on ! sev5te5? c5tury tok5 ( ,?omas ,hewes ( ,ca/le ,h$+ham--be+1 ( c\rse1 ! f9e old ca/le ( ! ,de ,v]es at t place4 ,mr4 ,k+ f9ds m5tion 9 "s old de$s dat$ #afic ( ! ,,ca/le ,,at ,,trimme at ,ro*=d 9 t day4 ,?is 0 probably an inn-sign1 b p]haps t ( a %op or t5em5t4 ,x 0 d\btless s call$ f ! anci5t ca/le ( ! ,de ,lacys1 built 9 #abbj1 at ,trim 9 ,irel&1 :i* figur$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,z ?is ca/le does n appe> to h _h any connection ) ,essex1 ! mo/ probable conclusion is t ! sign 0 set up by "s "o :o 0 pres5t at ! surr5d] ( ! ca/le to ,cromwell 9 #afdi4 ,! foll[+ adv]tisem5t appe>$ 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle on ,m>* #b1 #aghg3 8,,cock+4 ,on ,friday1 ,m>* #i?1 w be f\ght a ,ma9 ( ,cocks1 at ! sign ( ! ,,ca/le1 ,great ,oakley1 = ,two ,gu9eas a ,battle1 & ,five ! odds2 :]e ! company ( all g5tlem5 & o!rs w be e/eem$ a fav\r1 by _! humble s]vant ,william ,rayn]4 ,! ,cocks to be pitt$ at elev5 o'clock1 & a good ord9>y to be provid$ at two40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ writes3 8,! pres5t ,,ca/le at ,hadleigh *ang$ its "n 7?\gh rema9+ at ! same h\se7 late 9 ! la/1 or e>ly 9 ! pres5t1 c5tury4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! ,,blue ,,bo>1 & old p p]si/5tly call$ x s )9 my memory1 9 spite ( ! *ange4 ,i h also f\nd evid5ce ( ?is *ange 9 "s old ,c\rt ,rolls4 ,?is k9d ( *ange is n infrequ5t4 ,i conceive t ! ,,blue ,,bo> may h be5 ! sign ( ! inn = c5turies1 b ! ,,ca/le 01 ,i suppose1 ?\ght m attractive to ! _m visitors to ! old ,ca/le40 ,! ,,*equ]s is a sign ( great int]e/ & antiquity4 ,x is v common 9 ,essex1 z x appe>s no less ?an tw5ty times1 includ+ "o ,,old ,,*equ]s4 ,x is equally common z a be]-h\se sign4 ,robt4 ,b[y] kept ! ,,*equ]s at ,b>dfield 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z %[n by 8 tok51 b no h\se n[ exi/s !re "u t "n4 ,mr4 ,cre$'s li/ 7p4 #g7 %[s inns ) ?is sign at ,epp+1 ,naz+1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,high ,lav]1 & ,nettleswell 9 #aghi4 ,! ,,*equ]s at ,roxwell seems to h exi/$ s9ce #aghg1 z x is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,febru>y #bnd 9 t ye>4 ,z a sign x is said to be f\nd ev5 among ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 &1 accord+ to ,l>wood & ,hott51 x 8is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ patri>*al ( all signs40 ,! same writ]s say 7p4 #dhh7 t 9 ,engl& x is 8said to repres5t ! coat ( arms ( ! ,e>ls de ,w>r5ne & ,surrey1 :o bore *equy1 or & azure1 & 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 possess$ ! privilege ( lic5s+ ale-h\ses40 ,! old money-*ang]s us$ bo>ds divid$ up into squ>es l a mod]n *ess-bo>d1 & ! sign ( ! ,,*equ]s may h orig9at$1 p>tly1 at lea/1 9 ^! 8ex*equ]s10 z !y 7 call$1 be+ hung up outside _! places ( bus9ess4 ,n improbably ! sign also repres5ts ! 8*equ]10 or bo>d divid$ into squ>es1 & /ill us$ 9 "s c\ntry inns = keep+ a tally or record ( ! am\nt drunk by ea* regul> cu/om]4 ,z ! sign is n[ pa9t$ x is almo/ z (t5 loz5gy z *equy4 ,9 ! ye> #agfd1 accord+ to an adv]tisem5t ( t date 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle1 ! pres5t ,,ipswi* ,,arms at ,+ate/one 0 impal$ ) a ,,*equ]s1 =m+ ! ,,ipswi* ,,arms ,,& ,,*equ]s4 ,! sign ( ! ,,coa* ,,& ,,horses1 :i* occurs ?irte5 times 9 ! c\nty1 has already be5 allud$ to4 ,z might be expect$1 x 0 consid]ably common] =ty ye>s ago ?an n[4 ,an inn ( ?is "n at ,*elms=d has a pictorial sign-bo>d1 repres5t+ a numb] ( g5tlem51 9 ! co/ume ( fifty or sixty ye>s ago1 rid+ on ! top ( a coa*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crook$ ,,billet4 7,aft] ,l>wood & ,hott547 ,f\r h\ses 9 ,essex1 situat$ respectively at ,leigh1 ,b>k+1 ,*adwell ,hea?1 & ,naz+1 n[ make use ( ! ,,crook$ ,,billet z _! sign4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ano!r did s1 & !re is /ill a be]-h\se s /yl$ at ,fel/ead4 ,!re is also an ,,old ,,crook$ ,,billet at ,wal?am/[1 & a ,,cr[n ,,& ,,crook$ ,,billet 7d\btless m]ely an impal$ sign7 at ,wood=d ,bridge4 ,x is n by any means cle> :at ?is sign 0 d]iv$ f4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 confess t !y 8h n be5 able to discov] any likely orig92 x may h be5 orig9ally a ragg$ /aff1 or a pa/oral /aff4444 ,frequ5tly ! sign is repres5t$ by an untrimm$ /ick susp5d$ above ! door40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,k+ writes t ! sign exi/$ at ,leigh 9 ! e>li] "p ( la/ c5tury1 be+ us$ by a small h\se :i* /ill /&s1 b is n ! inn n[ display+ ! sign 9 t t[n4 ,he says3 8,! fir/ m5tion ,i f9d ( ! exi/+ inn is an admission dat$ #agfe1 & ref]r+ to a c]ta9 t5em5t adjo9+ ea/w>d to ! lane lead+ to ! ,,crook$ ,,billet4 ,?is previ\s h\se ( ! same "n is a small pla/] cottage4 ,x mu/ h be5 a v mean little public-h\se4 ,at "s p]iod its sign 0 transf]r$ to ! pres5t h\se 9 ! ma9 /reet1 :i* 0 =m]ly a g5tleman's resid5ce1 & on ! same prop]ty z ! cottage40 ,mr4 ,k+ adds3 8,i incl9e to ?9k t ! ,,crook$ ,,billet 0 orig9ally a fess dancett or a *evron--m probably ! =m]--& t x is1 !re=e1 an h]aldic sign4 ,! sign 9 ?is t[n 0 orig9ally a pictorial "o1 & c]ta9ly x rudely repres5t$ ! =m]4 ,n[ t x is writt5 a diff]5t orig9 is assign$ to x "h2 b !re are s _m o!rs t ,i r incl9e to ! h]aldic orig94 ,!y said "h =m]ly t faggots 7 %ipp$ f ! :>f opposite ! pres5t h\se4 ,b s !y 7 f o!r :>ves40 ,! sign ( ! ,,cross might1 ) equal probability1 be ascrib$ ei!r to an ecclesia/ical or an h]aldic orig93 9 ! "o x is ! symbol ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! o!r x is a v common ord9>y4 ,x came to be us$ v commonly z an h]aldic *>ge at ! "t ( ! ,crusades4 ,! h\se ) ?is "n at ,mi/ley 01 h[ev]1 probably s call$ on acc\nt ( its be+ situat$ at a 8f\r-want-way10 :]e two roads cross4 ,!re is ano!r example ( ! sign at ,boxt$1 & 9 #ahbc !re 0 a ,,r$ ,,cross at 99,col*e/]4 ,on ! map ( ! road betwe5 ,london & ,h>wi*1 giv5 9 ,ogilby's ,it9]>ium ,angli1 publi%$ 9 #afge1 a h\se--presumably an inn ( importance--kn[n z ! ,,cross ,,& ,,h&1 is %[n at ,m>ks ,tey1 & j =ty-five miles f ,london4 ,salmon 7,hi/ory ( ,essex1 p4 #fi7 quotes an anci5t docum5t1 describ+ ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! annual mak+ & pres5t+ ( ! ,w>d/aff 9 ,ong> ,hundr$1 9 :i* ano!r h\se--probably an inn--) ! sign ( 8! ,,cross ,,) ,a ,,h& at ! ?ree wants 9 ,fiffield0 ,fyfield is m5tion$4 ,9 ,essex1 ?ree or f\r roads meet+ are spok5 ( respectively z ! ?ree or f\r 8wants40 8,! ,cross says ,jewitt :e!r gold51 r$1 blue1 or o!rwise1 0 =m]ly a mu* m common sign ?an n[40 ,sev]al o!r ,essex signs are m or less ecclesia/ical4 ,= in/ance1 ! 99,,mitre at ,col*e/] is at lea/ sixty ye>s old4 ,v probably x 0 fir/ s call$ aft] "o or o!r ( ! sev]al well-kn[n tav]ns ( ! same "n :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 ,london4 ,?\gh x may h be5 d]iv$ f ! fact t ! ,abbot ( ,/4 ,john's ,abbey1 at ,col*e/]1 0 "o ( ! tw5ty-eight mitr$ abbots1 & sat 9 ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,,c>d9al',s ,,hat1 =m]ly a n uncommon sign1 0 display$ by a h\se 9 ,bock+ =ty ye>s s9ce1 b has n[ disappe>$4 ,at ,cogge%all1 "o ( ! *ief inns has long be5 kn[n z ! 99,,*apel ,,inn4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,beaumont has k9dly suppli$ ! foll[+ in=mation conc]n+ x3 8,9 ! w ( ,?omas ,halle ( ,coksale1 dat$ ,jan4 #ae?1 #adii1 & prov$ ,feb4 #e? foll[+1 is ?is ,beque/3--',i bequea? t[>de ! edifyng & mak+ ( a ,*apell )9 ! said t[ne ( ,coksale ,,xxs1 to be paid :5 ! said ,*apell is 9 w]kyng4' ,9 ! ,c]tificate ( ,*antry ,l&s 7#aedi7 is ! foll[+ "u ,cogge%all3--',item1 "o olde ,*aple 9 ! ,/reet !re1 ) a little ,g>d51 :i* is wor? by ! ye> #ds4'0 ,mr4 ,beaumont adds3 8,by de$1 dat$ ,oct4 #g?1 #aehh1 a messuage call$ ! old ,*apel 0 convey$ to ! full]s & weav]s ( ,cogge%all4 ,! site ( ?is build+1 :i* 0 pull$ d[n 9 #agie1 is n[ op5 gr\nd1 on ! we/ side ( :i* is ! ,,*apel ,inn40 ,! sign is probably unique4 ,! ,,cross ,,keys1 :i* repres5t ! arms ( ! ,papal ,see1 appe> five times on ,essex sign-bo>ds1 namely1 at ,saffron ,wald51 99,col*e/]1 ,:ite ,notley1 ,dag5ham1 & ,*adwell ,/4 ,m>y1 :ile !re is a be]-h\se s di/+ui%$ at ,nor? ,weald4 ,! ,cross ,keys h surviv$ ! ,re=mation on acc\nt ( _! appe>+ also 9 ! coats ( arms ( sev]al ,engli% sees1 namely1 ,york1 ,ca%el1 ,exet]1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,pet]bor\gh4 ,?ree pairs ( keys cross$ also =m a prom95t *>ge 9 ! arms ( ! ,fi%mong]s' ,company 7see p4 #ajc74 ,sometimes ! ,,cross ,,keys 0 us$ z a locksmi?'s sign1 z may be le>n$ f ! trade-tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?us ,,?ree ,,keys are repres5t$ on ! f>?+ ( 8,?omas ,hav51 ,locksmi?1 9 ,*elms=d1 #affi10 & ! ,,cross$ ,,keys on t ( 8,edw>d ,keat*5] ( ,dunm[1 ,locksmi?40 ,! sign ( ! ,,cr[n is v common 9 ,essex1 occurr+ tw5ty-eight times altoge!r4 ,judg+ f ,mr4 ,cre$'s li/ 7p4 #g7 x 0 equally common 9 ,essex a c5tury ago4 ,!re is also an ,,old ,,cr[n at ,s&on4 ,z an emblem ( ,royalty1 ! badge ( sev]al ( our ,k+s & ,que5s1 & z a v frequ5t h]aldic be>+1 ! ,cr[n is 9 e way likely to be common4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 7p4 #aja7 say t x 8seems to be "o ( ! olde/ ( ,engli% signs4 ,we read ( x z e>ly z #adfg1 :5 a c]ta9 ,walt] ,walt]s1 :o kept ! ,cr[n 9 ,*eapside1 made an innoc5t ,cockney pun1 say+ he w\ld make 8 son heir to ! ,cr[n1 :i* s displeas$ 8 graci\s ,maje/y1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iv41 t he ord]$ ! man to be put to dea? = high treason40 ,! ,,cr[n at ,rom=d1 a once-fam\s ho/elry1 built ab\t ?ree c5turies ago1 0 demoli%$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahha1 :5 f9e specim5s ( ,tudor "w1 & "s massive beams beautifully c>v$1 7 br\ght to light4 ,x 0 once ( l>ge size1 ) frontages bo? to ,high ,/reet & :at is n[ kn[n z ,s\? ,/reet4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 h[ev]1 hav+ decl9$ be=e y\ng] rivals1 x 0 divid$ into %ops4 ,lat] a consid]able portion 0 pull$ d[n to make room = a new bank4 ,?is demolition1 & t ( #ahha1 left no?+ /&+ ( ! old h\se except a portion :i* /ill rema9s betwe5 ! ,bank & ! ,,:ite ,,h>t ,hotel4 ,mr4 ,k+ le>ns f old de$s & f o!r s\rces t an inn ) ! sign ( ! ,,cr[n exi/$ at ,leigh 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :5 x 0 kn[n z ! 8,cr[n ,brew]y0 or 8,cr[n ,h\se10 b x does n seem to h reta9$ its exi/5ce lat] ?an ! end ( la/ c5tury or !reab\ts4 ,mr4 ,k+ believes t ?is 0 ! inn ref]r$ to by 8,taylor ! ,wat] ,poet10 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,tav]nes1 z be+ kept by a c]ta9 ,james ,h>e 9 #afcf4 ,no d\bt x 0 an inn also1 =1 z ,mr4 ,k+ rem>ks1 8all1 or ne>ly all1 inns =m]ly brew$ _! own be]40 ,he c trace x actually f #afai & practically f #aegj4 ,aft] x ceas$ to be an inn x 0 conv]t$ into a private h\se & b\ght by a c]ta9 ,francis ,m>riage1 :o aft] sev]al law-suits resold x4 ,a ,,cr[n also appe>s on ! tok51 dat$ #affg1 ( 8,abra4 ,langley1 iunior1 ( ,col*e/]1 ,baymakr40 ,! ,,cr[n at 99,bill]icay 7a h\se n n[ exi/+7 is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ,febru>y #ag1 #aghf1 & ! ,,cr[n at ,*e/]=d is ref]r$ to 9 ! same newspap] on ! #bnd ( ,m>*1 #aghg4 ,daniel ,defoe1 9 8 ,t\r ?r\gh ,great ,brita91 publi%$ 9 #agbd1 also m5tions ! ,,cr[n at ,*e/]=d4 ,probably ?is is ! h\se at ,little ,*e/]=d /ill kn[n z ! ,,cr[n4 ,! ,,cr[n ,,inn at ,br5twood1 :i* 0 m5tion$ by ,taylor 9 #afcf1 0 clos$ _m ye>s ago4 ,9 #agdj1 ,salmon1 :o seldom notic$ ! inns1 wrote ( x z foll[s 9 8 ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ,essex 7p4 #bfb73-- 8,! ,cr[n ,inn "h is v anci5t1 z appe>s f ! build+s ( ! back "p ( x4 ,mr4 ,symonds 9 8 collection sai? he 0 in=m$ f ! ,ma/] 7:o _h writ+s 9 cu/ody to %[ x7 t x _h be5 an ,inn #cjj ye>s ) ?is sign2 t a family nam$ ,salmon held x two hundr$ ye>s2 & t !re _h be5 eighty-n9e own]s1 among/ :i* 7 an ,e>l ( ,ox=d & an ,e>l ( ,sussex40 ,! ,,cr[n at ,il=d f9ds m5tion 9 ! ,b>k+ p>i% regi/] z e>ly z #aeie4if ,fox1 9 8 ,book ( ,m>tyrs1 says t ,george ,eagles1 :o 0 m>tyr$ 9 #aeeg1 80 c>ri$ to ! new inn1 call$ by ! sign ( ! ,,cr[n1 at ,*elms=d0 7see p4 #acf74 ,! sign does n n[ appe> !re4 ,! ,build] ( ,july #h1 #ahdh1 conta9s an illu/ration ( a f9e1 old1 timb]-ro($ hall at ,saffron ,wald54 ,its int]ior1 we are told1 0 8s completely hidd5 by ! subdivision ( walls & ceil+s )9 x1 to adapt x to ! necessities ( a dwell+-h\se1 t until ! demolition ( ! build+s 9 ! spr+ ( ! pres5t ye> all t c\ld be se5 7 ! c>v$ heads ( ! ends ( ! hamm]-beams4 ,^! heads 7 beautifully & spirit$ly c>v$1 &1 inde$1 ! ornam5tation ( ! entire hall 0 well & boldly cut4 ,x 0 ( small dim5sions4444 ,! build+s ) :i* x 0 connect$ 7 old1 b no record ( ! hi/ory or occupation ( ! place is kn[n1 except t ab\t two c5turies ago x 0 an inn1 ! sign be+ ! ,,iron ,,cr[n4 ,! ,hall appe>s to be ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 judg+ f its detail4 ,x may h be5 ! hall ( "s weal?y tradesman1 = ,wald5 _h _m ri* trad]s 9 ! old5 "t4444 ,! anci5t hall1 & ! build+s ) :i* x 0 connect$1 h be5 pull$ d[n 9 ord] to con/ruct a new m>ket-place4 ,! c>v$ heads f ! hamm]-beams 7six 9 all7 h be5 pres]v$ by ! ,hon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,neville 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,braybrooke7 9 8 museum at ,audley ,end40 ,! orig9 ( ?is sign is v d\btful4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n notice x4 ,goldsmi?1 9 ,! ,travell]1 speaks ( 8,luke's ,iron ,cr[n40 ,george & ,luke ,doza 7 two bro!rs :o l$ a revolt aga9/ ! ,hung>ian nobles at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 defeat$1 captur$1 & cruelly tortur$4 ,george1 n ,luke 7,goldsmi?'s memory mu/ h be5 at fault71 _h1 among o!r ?+s1 a r$-hot iron cr[n plac$ on 8 head4 ,john ( ,leyd51 an ,anabapti/ lead]1 0 also tortur$ to dea? 9 ! same way 9 #aecf1 b x is difficult to imag9e any connection betwe5 ^! incid5ts & ! inn at ,saffron ,wald54 ,:at 0 kn[n z ! 8,iron ,cr[n ( ,lomb>dy10 0 n a cr[n ( torture1 b "o ( ! nails us$ 9 ! ,crucifixion1 beat5 out into a ?9 rim ( iron1 magnific5tly set 9 gold & adorn$ ) jewels4 ,*>lemagne & ,napoleon ,i4 7 bo? cr[n$ ) x1 b x is h>d to see :at ?is _h to d ) ! inn at ,saffron ,wald54 ,! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns occurs at ,ra9ham1 ,r[h$ge1 ,nor? ,woolwi*1 & 99,hal/ead4 ,! sign at ! latt] place 0 9 exi/5ce =ty ye>s ago1 at :i* "t ano!r 0 also 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 #affh1 ,anne ,ellis kept ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns 7n necess>ily an inn7 at ,s\?m9/]1 z %[n by tok5s ( h]s1 /ill extant4 ,an ,,old ,,?ree ,,cr[ns also exi/$ 9 ! c\nty 9 #aghf accord+ to an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = ! #e? ( ,may 9 t ye>4 ,!re are sev]al s\rces f :i* ! sign ( ! ,,?ree ,,cr[ns may h be5 d]iv$4 ,!y might be tak5 f ! arms ( ! ,essex family ( ,wiseman 7sable2 a *evron betwe5 ?ree cr[ns arg5t71 or f ! arms ( ,*i* ,priory 7or2 ?ree ducal coronets1 gules1 two & "o71 or f ! arms ( ! ,drap]s' or ! ,sk9n]s' ,companies1 :i* h already be5 giv54 ,! signs ( ! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,?i/le1 ! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,crook$ ,,billet1 & ! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,an*or h all be5 previ\sly notic$4 ,! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,sceptre1 :i* exi/$ at ,*elms=d 9 #agfd1 z we le>n f an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,*elms=d ,*ronicle = t ye>1 0 a sign :i* 0 d\bly emblematic ( ,royalty4 ,x 01 d\btless1 m]ely an impalem5t4 ,sixty ye>s ago !re 0 a 99,,cr[n ,,& ,,pun* ,,b[l at ,col*e/]4 ,d\btless1 x too 0 m]ely an impal$ sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lea!r ,,bottle4 7,at ,ple%ey47 ,( ! sign ( ! ,,lea!r ,,bottle we h ?ree examples1 situat$ respectively at ,little ,lav]1 ,blackmore1 & ,lexd54 ,! fir/-nam$ has exi/$ s9ce #aghi at lea/4 ,!re is also a be]-h\se s call$ at ,we/ ,hann+field4 ,x is an old sign1 tak5 f ! 8lea!rn bottels0 =m]ly us$ to hold liquor1 &1 z previ\sly m5tion$ 7p4 #c71 is /ill to be se5 on ! *eques & ov] ! door ( ,messrs4 ,ho>e's ,bank 9 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,a be]-%op at ,ple%ey _h on its sign-bo>d until rec5tly a fad$1 b correct1 repres5tation ( ! ,,lea!r ,,bottle4 ,"u x1 & on ano!r bo>d1 is an inscription intimat+ t ,george ,philpott1 ! l&lord1 disp5ses 8f9e ,ale's & be] at #d;d4 p] ,pott40 ,! sign-bo>d has rec5tly be5 re-pa9t$1 & ! bottle is n n[ s well repres5t$ z =m]ly4 ,bel[ is a figure ( ! old bo>d 7) ! sign-iron ( ! ,,six ,,bells at ,dunm[ 7p4 #aei771 its fad$ 8bottle0 hav+ be5 re/or$ f "o ( sev]al /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,saffron ,wald54 ,! example at ,lexd5 _h1 b has n n[1 a pictorial sign4 ,! h\se is probably an old "o "u its pres5t sign1 z x appe>s to h giv5 ! "n ( 8,bottle ,end0 to t "p ( ! p>i% 9 :i* x /&s--a "n x seems to h long _h1 x be+ m>k$ on an old map publi%$ 9 #ahjb4 ,mr4 ,?os4 ,b4 ,daniell writes3 8,n e "o has =m$ an op9ion z to :at a lea!r bottle 0 l4 ,my fa!r--n[ ov] eighty ye>s ( age--rememb]s ! pictorial sign ( ! ,,lea!r ,,bottle1 & says t :5 a boy he di/9ctly recollects a v]itable lea!r bottle be+ pur*as$ at a sale by 8 fa!r4 ,x 0 a cyl9drical belt ( black lea!r1 v /\t1 ) two circul> ends 7also ( lea!r7 sewn 91 a d\ble ?ickness ( ! same mat]ial ov] ! bung-hole 7:i* receiv$ a cork = /opp]7 & a %ort /rap to c>ry x by4 ,its capacity 0 ab\t a gallon1 & x 0 no?+ l ! sk9 bottles ( ! ,ea/1 z "s might suppose40 ,portions ( ! ,rev4 ,b>+-,g\ld's ,mehalah are laid at ! ,,lea!r ,,bottle at ,m]sey--a fictiti\s "n1 unless !re is a be]-h\se !re ) t sign4 ,at ,b>dfield !re is a be]-h\se ) ! sign ( ! ,,boot1 s di/+ui%$ unque/ionably because ! l&lord is also a boot & %oe mak]1 z a p>tly pictorial bo>d ov] 8 door in=ms pass]s-by4 ,8 pictorial sign-bo>d is "h depict$ 7p4 #agj7 )9 ! old sign-iron ( ! ,,bell ,inn at ! same place4 ,imm$iately opposite to ! ,,boot is ano!r be]-h\se kn[n z ! ,,?ree ,,horse%oes1 because ! l&lord also c>ries on ! trade ( a f>ri] & blacksmi?4 ,?is is n an uncommon way ( nam+ be]-h\ses & small inns4 ,! 99,,ev5+ ,,gun 7:i* may be reg>d$ z a milit>y sign7 appe>$ at ,col*e/] sixty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boot4 7,at ,great ,b>dfield47 ,9 an agricultural c\nty l ,essex x is 9 no way surpris+ t z _m z eighte5 inns %\ld display ! sign ( ! ,,pl\gh4 ,at ,great ,*i%all a model ( a pl\gh1 ab\t half ! usual size1 set up on ! top ( a pole1 s]ves z a sign4 ,! connection betwe5 ! ,,pl\gh ,,& ,,h>r[1 :i* are comb9$ to =m a sign at ,leyton1 is at once app>5t1 b n s ! connection betwe5 ! ,,pl\gh ,,& ,,sail1 :i* is an incompreh5sible comb9ation1 occurr+ f\r times 9 ! c\nty1 & already treat$ ( 7p4 #adf74 ,! sign ( ! ,,h>r[ occurs f\r times1 namely1 at ,nor? ,b5fleet1 ,bulphan1 99,/rat=d1 & ,horn*ur*4 ,!re is also a be]-h\se s call$ at ,nave/ock4 ,x may h _h an agricultural orig91 b is equally likely to repres5t1 9 a corrupt$ =m1 ! portcullis1 :i* 0 a fav\rite badge ( ,k+s ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,,viii41 z already po9t$ out 7p4 #bd74 ,ano!r obvi\sly agricultural sign is t ( ! ,,two ,,hurdles 7be]-h\se7 at ,beau*amp ,roo?+4 ,! ,,drill ,,h\se 7be]-%op7 at ,/an=d ,riv]s1 too1 is probably ano!r agricultural sign4 ,d\btless !re is1 or us$ to be1 ne> x a h\se or %$ 9 :i* a drill 0 kept4 ,! ,,drill ,,inn at ,rom=d is1 h[ev]1 probably a milit>y sign4 ,at ,boxt$ !re is a be]-h\se ) ! v /range & probably unique sign ( ! ,,wig ,,& ,,fidget4 ,inquiry has elicit$ ! fact t ! h\se 0 built ab\t =ty ye>s ago by a man :o 0 a ,:ig 9 8 political views4 ,8 neighb\rs reg>d$ him also z a 8fidgety man20 h5ce1 :5 ! h\se 0 op5$ ! p ( ! p>i%1 hav+ reg>d to its own]'s peculi>ities1 nam$ x ! ,:ig & ,fidget1 o!rwise ! ,fidgety ,:ig4 ,9 ,/aple=d ,tawney is a be]-%op ) ! sign ( ! ,,mole ,,trap4 ,x is probably unique4 ,at ,l\ghton is a be]-%op kn[n z ! ,,bag ,,( ,,nails4 ,accord+ to ,l>wood & ,hott51 a bag ( nails1 ) ! spikes ( ! nails /ick+ ?r\gh x1 0 =m]ly a v common sign1 & may be se5 on old tok5s4 ,! sign seems1 9 "s cases at lea/1 to h be5 a corruption f ! 8,bac*anals40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,portcullis4 7,badge ( ,h5ry ,,vii47 ,( ! sign ( ! ,,hoops we h two examples1 "o at ,littlebury1 ! o!r at 99,saffron ,wald51 :ile a be]-h\se at ,buttsbury is s designat$4 ,anci5tly signs 7 n always pa9t$ on a sign-bo>d1 z n[1 b 7 (t5 c>v$ 9 wood & susp5d$ )9 a hoop1 f :i* cu/om _m inns became kn[n z ! 8,some?+-on-!-,hoop10 & ?us ! sign ( ! ,,hoops arose4 ,! ,,wel* ,,h>p at ,wal?am ,abbey1 probably tak5 f ! arms ( ! ,pr9cipality ( ,wales1 is presumably ! mod]n =m ( ! ,,h>p1 :i* exi/$ !re 9 #aghi & long aft]4 ,at ! same "t1 & long aft]1 !re 0 also a ,,h>p at ,epp+1 & tw5ty ye>s s9ce !re 0 ev5 a ,,jew',s ,,h>p at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,! ,,/ill1 :i* has be5 us$ z a sign at ,b>k+ = _m ye>s1 is v appropriate = a _s-m]*ant4 ,x occurs on ! arms ( ! ,di/ill]s' ,company1 & is also depict$ on ! tok5s issu$ at ,?axt$ 9 #afff by ,william ,pur*as1 & on ^? issu$ at ,)am ?ree ye>s lat] by ,george ,rob9son4 ,! family ( ,pur*as 0 well kn[n 9 ,?axt$ two c5turies ago4 ,samuel ,pur*as1 ! au?or ( ! qua9t1 ?\gh celebrat$1 book ( travels kn[n z ,pur*as1 ,8 ,pilgrimes1 0 born !re 9 #aegg4 ,ano!r memb] ( ! family--v possibly a son ( ! ,william m5tion$ above--came to a v bad end4 ,he murd]$ 8 "m 9 a fit ( drunk5ness1 & 0 hung = x ab\t ! ye> #afce4 ,8 8,w(ull ,lam5tation0 on ! occasion is to be f\nd 9 a qua9t broadside ( ab\t t date pres]v$ 9 ! celebrat$ collection kn[n z ! ,roxburghe ,ballads 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a ,,la/ occurs on ! tok5 issu$ at ,bra9tree 9 #afgj by ,?omas ,mirrils1 :o 0 d\btless a %oemak]4 ,a ,,pe/le ,,& ,,mort> are depict$ on ! tok5 issu$ at ,fel/ead 9 #affi by ,h5ry ,bigg1 :o 0 probably an apo!c>y4 ,a ,,lime-,,kiln is repres5t$ on ! halfp5ny issu$ at 8,pvrflet ,limekill0 9 #affi by ,samuel ,irons1 :o 0 )\t d\bt a lime-burn]4 ,,?ree ,,hats are %[n on ! halfp5ny tok5s issu$ by 8,b>ge ,all5 at ! ,?ree ,hats at ,/ebb+ 9 ,essex10 & a ,,hat on ^? issu$ at ,/ebb+ 9 #affh by ,ri*>d ,say]1 :o d\btless kept ! same h\se4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,beckett ( ,/ebb+ has inquir$ ( ! olde/ inhabitants ( ! t[n 7two ( !m be+ ov] n9ety7 )\t be+ able to he> ( any tradition z to ^! signs4 ,bo? ,all5 & ,say] h be51 b are no long]1 ,/ebb+ names4 ,! ,,two ,,pipes cross$1 :i* appe> on ! tok5s ( ,samuel ,lead] ( ,saffron ,wald5 9 #afec1 ( ,william ,lead] ( 8,saf=n ,walld+0 9 #affh1 & ( ,william ,m>t9 ( 8,brayntry10 ! ,,?ree ,,tobacco-,,pipes1 :i* are repres5t$ on ! tok5s issu$ 9 #afff by 8,miles ,hacklvitt 9 ,bilrekey 9 ,essex10 & 9 #affh by 8,?omas ,w>r9 ( ,wal?am ,abby10 & ! ,,roll ,,( ,,tobacco1 :i* is depict$ on ! tok5 ( 8,iohn ,k+1 groc]1 9 ,coold*e/]10 7 probably1 all ( !m1 m or less1 tobacconi/s' signs4 ,! latt]1 inde$1 is a v common tobacconi/'s sign at ! pres5t day4 ,a ,,wood5 ,,pail occurs on ! tok5 issu$ 9 ,m\l%am 9 #afff by ,?omas ,joyce1 :o 0 p]haps a coop]1 & a ,,bundle ,,( ,,y>n on t ( 8,iohn ,hance ( ,kelv$on1 clo?i]1 #affi40 ,at ,epp+ a l>ge ,,kettle1 pa9t$ r$ & susp5d$ be=e a h\se1 indicates t tea & hot wat] are obta9able )94 ,!re /ill rema9 to be notic$ sev]al signs :i* are 9 use at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh !y are n public-h\se signs4 ,sev]al su* h already be5 allud$ to1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,,black ,,boy & ! ,,tobacco ,,roll = a tobacconi/1 & ! ,,bun* ,,( ,,grapes = a v9tn]4 ,! ,,c[ or a ,,calf1 too1 =ms ! recogniz$ sign ( a dairyman4 ,at ,)am a h>ness-mak] displays a h>ness$ ,,horse',s ,,head1 life-size1 z 8 sign4 ,_m simil> in/ances ( tradesm51 o!r ?an publicans1 display+ signs indicative ( _! trades might be nam$ ?r\gh\t ! c\nty4 ,few public-h\se signs1 h[ev]1 are m famili> ?an ! ,,?ree ,,gold5 ,,balls display$ by pawnbrok]s4 ,! device is a truly h]aldic "o1 ! balls be+ tak51 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 7p4 #abh71 f-- 8,! l[] "p ( ! coat ( arms ( ! ,dukes ( ,m$ici1 f ^: /ates1 & f ,lomb>dy1 ne>ly all ! e>ly bank]s came4 ,^! capitali/s also advanc$ money on valuable goods1 & h5ce gradually became pawnbrok]s4 ,! arms ( ! ,m$icis family 7 five besants azure1 :5ce ! balls =m]ly 7 blue1 & only )9 ! la/ half c5tury h assum$ a gold5 ext]ior1 evid5tly to gild ! pill = ^? :o h deal+s ) #8my uncle'3 z = ! position 9 :i* !y are plac$1 ! popul> explanation is t !re are two *ances to "o t :atev] is br\ght !re w n be r$eem$40 ,accord+ to ! same au?ors 7p4 #cda71 ! ,,b>b]',s ,,pole dates f ! "t :5 b>b]s practis$ phlebotomy3 ! pati5t und]go+ ?is op]ation _h to grasp ! pole 9 ord] to make ! blood fl[ m freely4 ,?is use ( ! pole is illu/rat$ 9 m ?an "o illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,z ! pole 01 ( c\rse1 liable to be /a9$ ) blood1 x 0 pa9t$ r$3 :5 n 9 use b>b]s 7 9 ! habit ( susp5d+ x outside ! door ) ! :ite l95 swa?+-b&s twi/$ r\nd x2 ?is1 9 lat] times1 gave rise to ! pole be+ pa9t$ r$ & :ite1 or black & :ite1 or ev5 ) r$1 :ite1 & blue l9es w9d+ r\nd x4 ,! ,,pole 0 also once a too?-draw]'s sign4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 x is probable t x 0 int5d$ punn+ly to indicate ! fact t ! b>b] :o display$ x att5d$ to ! ne$s ( peoples' polls4 ,presumably x =m$ ! sign ( ,rog] ,giles1 :o is said to h circulat$ ! foll[+ amus+ adv]tisem5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rom=d3-- 8,rog] ,giles1 ,imp]ceptible ,p5etrator1 ,surg91 ,p>o* ,cl>ke1 ,etc31 ,etc31 ,rom=d1 ,essex1 h9=ms ,ladis & ,g5tlem5 t he cuts _! tee? & draws corns )\t wait5 a mom5t4 ,bli/]s on ! l[e/ turms1 & fysicks at a p5ny a peace4 ,sells godfa!rs cordial & /rap-ile1 & und]takes to keep any ,ladis nales by ! ye>1 & s on4 ,"y ,ladis & ,g5tlem5 tort ! he>t ( ride+1 & ! gram] language 9 ! nate/ mann]1 also grate ,k>e take9 to himprove _! morals & spell+1 s>m s++ & :issel+4 ,tea*es ! jews-arp1 & in/ructs "y ,ladis on ! g>-t>1 & plays ! ho-boy4 ,%oti% pok] & all o!r reels tort at home & abroad4 ,p]fum]y 9 all its bran*es4 ,sells all sorts ( /a%ion>y1 b>? bricks & all o!r sorts ( sweetmeats1 includ+ bees-wax1 po/age /amps & lusif]s3 likewise taturs1 roobub1 sossages1 & o!r g>d5 /ufs3 also fruits1 su* z h>dbake1 +uns1 too?picks1 ile & t9 w>e1 & o!r eatables4 ,s>ve1 treacle1 w9eg>1 & all o!r h>dw>e4 ,fur!r 9 p>ticul>1 he has laid 9 a /ock ( tripe1 *9a1 epsom salts1 lollipops1 & o!r pickles1 su* z oy/]s1 apples1 & table be]1 also silks1 sat9s1 & he>?/ones1 & all k9ds ( kimi/ry1 includ+ waxdolls1 rasors1 dut* cloks1 & gridirons1 & new laid eggs evry day by me ,rog] ,giles4 ,p4,s4--,i lectures on joggrefy40 ,two v qua9t1 ?\gh mod]n1 tradesm5's signs are n[ to be se5 9 ! t[n ( ,?axt$1 "o belong+ to a sweep1 ! o!r to a f>ri]4 ,! =m] is situat$ at ! end ( ! t[n ne>e/ ,dunm[1 & consi/s ( a l>ge picture repres5t+ a wide1 empty /reet ( h\ses4 ,a *imney belong+ to "o ( ^! h\ses is bel*+ =? flame & smoke l a volcano1 & a man is j giv+ ! al>m ) mu* %\t+ & ge/iculation4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! t[n a f>ri] displays z 8 sign a device rudely cut out ( t9 or ?9 %eet-iron1 & repres5t+ a horse1 held by a boy1 & be+ %od by ! man4 ,! affair evid5tly once =m$ a wea!r-cock1 & its appe>ance 9 its pres5t position gives x a decid$ly comical aspect4 ,none ( our ,essex inns appe> to h names q z jocose z t ( a small public-h\se to be se5 on an unusually long1 /raight1 & un9t]e/+ road ne> ! city ( ,york4 ,x is call$ ! ,,slip ,,inn1 & probably a good _m d 8slip 90 to relieve ! we>9ess ( ! way4 ,nor d our inn-keep]s seem able to compete ) "o at ,leigh 9 ,lanca%ire1 :o m]ely places ov] 8 door ! pi?y inscription3--8,my sign's 9 ! cell>40 ,) ?is we w conclude our exam9ation ( 8,! ,trade ,signs ( ,essex40 ,all t x is n[ possible to d t[>ds br++ to light _! mu*-obscur$ mean+s & orig9al significance1 has be5 done1 & x only rema9s = ! au?or to express ! hope t ! read] w deem ! result satisfactory4 ,,f9is4 ,a ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,h]aldic ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]s4 ,affronte1 full-fac$ & front+4 ,arg5t1 silv] or :ite4 ,azure1 blue4 ,badge1 see p4 #ae4 ,besant1 a ,byzant9e co91 repres5t$ 9 ,h]aldry z a r\nd flat piece ( gold1 )\t impress4 ,blazon1 ! prop] te*nical description ( armorial be>+s4 ,*>ge1 an h]aldic be>+ or emblem4 ,*equy1 a %ield divid$ by horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es into equal squ>e spaces1 alt]nately t9ctur$4 ,*evron1 a *>ge resembl+ ! raft]s ( a h\se4 ,col\rs1 azure1 gules1 v]t1 sable1 or purpure4 ,c\*ant1 an animal ly+ d[n4 ,c\p$1 ! head or limb ( any animal cut (f by an ev5 l9e4 ,cre/1 see p4 #ae4 ,dext]1 ! "r h&4 ,escut*eon1 a %ield ( arms4 ,escalop1 a fan-%ell1 ! pilgrim's badge4 ,fess1 a broad horizontal b> across ! c5tre ( a %ield4 ,fess dancett1 an ind5t$ or zig-zag fess4 ,field1 ! gr\nd or surface ( ! %ield4 ,gu>dant1 full-fac$4 ,gules1 r$4 ,impal$1 side by side on ! same %ield4 ,issuant1 com+ out (4 ,loz5gy1 a %ield divid$ by transv]se diagonal l9es into equal loz5ge-%ap$ spaces4 ,metals1 or 7gold7 & arg5t 7silv]74 ,or1 gold4 ,ord9>ies1 c]ta9 common h]aldic *>ges1 su* z ! fess1 ! pale1 ! *evron1 c4 ,pale1 a broad p]p5dicul> b> d[n ! c5tre ( ! %ield4 ,passant1 an animal walk+ pa/4 ,prop]1 ( natural col\r4 ,qu>t]$1 or qu>t]ly1 a %ield divid$ into f\r qu>t]s4 ,regu>dant1 look+ back4 ,sable1 black4 ,saltire1 a broad cross ( ,/4 ,&rew on ! %ield4 ,sejant1 seat$4 ,s9i/]1 left h&4 ,/atant1 /&+4 ,support]s1 animals :i* support ! %ield 7see p4 #ad74 ,v]t1 gre54 ,volant1 fly+4 ,illu/ration ,,index4 ,,note4--,an a/]isk indicates t ! sign nam$ is n not$ z n[ occurr+ or z hav+ occurr$1 9 ,essex4 ,abbey ,gate1 #aeg4 ,adam & ,eve1 #cg1 #acj4 ,admiral ,r\s1 #aba4 ,agricultural ,signs1 #agj4 ,alb]t1 #abd4 ,alb]t ,h\se1 #abd4 ,albion1 #aec4 ,alma ,arms1 #dd4 ,alma 7,tav]n71 #aed4 ,an*or1 #g1 #adg4 ,an*or & ,hope1 #adg4 ,anci5t ,=e/]s1 #acj4 ,angel1 #b1 #g1 #fg1 #abg1 #acb4 ,angel & ,h>p1 #acc4 ,angel & ,trumpet199 #ah4 ,apo!c>ies' ,arms1 #ci4 ,ar*] & ,/ag1 #di4 ,arms1 #ad1 #cj4 ,arti*oke1 #aaj4 ,artill]y-man1 #abh4 ,a/ronomical ,signs1 #adh4 ,axe & ,compasses1 #ce4 ,babe & ,tun199 #be4 ,badges1 #ae4 ,bag ( ,nails1 #aga4 ,bak]s' ,arms1 #cc1 #aae4 ,bald-fac$ ,/ag1 #g1 #df4 ,bald ,h9d1 #g1 #df4 ,bald ,/ag1 #g1 #dg4 ,balmoral ,ca/le1 #aec4 ,b>b]'s ,pole1 #b1 #agc4 ,b>b]-,surgeons' ,arms1 #ch4 ,b>ge1 #ade4 ,b>ley ,m[1 #aaa4 ,bay ,tree1 #ajg4 ,be>1 #ha4 ,beav]s1 #bd1 #dc4 ,beehive1 #ajc4 ,be]-h\se ,signs1 #bf4 ,bell1 #g1 #ac1 #ajb1 #aej1 #aeg1 #afi4 ,bell & ,an*or1 #bb1 #aei4 ,bell & ,fea!rs1 #ajb1 #aei4 ,bell & ,neat's ,tongue199 #ba4 ,b]e*ur* ,arms1 #ca4 ,bett+ ,/&1 #aeg4 ,bird 9 ,h&1 #aja4 ,bi%op ,blays1 #abc4 ,blackbirds1 #ajj4 ,black ,boy1 #b1 #ab1 #ga1 #acc1 #agc4 ,black ,bull1 #g1 #fe1 #abf4 ,black ,dog1 #ge4 ,black ,horse1 #ef4 ,black ,lion1 #g1 #fj4 ,black ,mullet1 #aeb4 ,blacksmi?s' ,arms1 #cb4 ,black ,swan1 #g1 #id4 ,blu*]'s ,head1 #aba4 ,blue ,an*or1 #adg4 ,blue ,bo>1 #e1 #g1 #ac1 #fh1 #fi1 #afa4 ,blue ,bo>'s ,head1 #fh1 #gj4 ,blue ,lion1 #ac1 #fj4 ,blue ,po/s1 #aef4 ,bo>'s ,head1 #cd1 #fi1 #gj4 ,booksell]s' ,signs1 #b4 ,boot1 #afi4 ,bor\gh ,arms1 #cj4 ,botanical ,signs1 #ajg4 ,bov9e ,signs1 #fd4 ,b[l+ ,gre51 #aed4 ,brew]s' ,arms1 #cb4 ,brick & ,tile 7,inn71 #aec4 ,bricklay]s' ,arms1 #cd4 ,bridge 7,hotel71 #aec4 ,britannia1 #acj4 ,briti% 7,inn71 #aec4 ,briti% ,lion1 #ei4 ,briti% ,que51 #abe4 ,buck's ,horns1 #ej4 ,bugle ,horn1 #ea1 #abh4 ,bull1 #g1 #fd1 #aca4 ,bull & ,but*]199 #bc4 ,bull & ,cr[n1 #ba1 #fe4 ,bull & ,horse%oe1 #ba1 #eh1 #fe4 ,bull5 ,but*]$199 #bc4 ,bull's ,head1 #g1 #cd1 #fe4 ,bun* ( ,grapes1 #agc4 ,bundle ( ,y>n1 #agc4 ,bu%1 #aaj4 ,bu% ,fair ,h\se1 #g1 #aef4 ,but*]s' ,arms1 #cd1 #fg4 ,calf1 #agc4 ,cambridge ,arms1 #ca4 ,cambridge 7,hotel71 #aec4 ,camd5 ,arms1 #db4 ,can9e ,signs1 #ge4 ,cante51 #aec4 ,c>d9al's ,hat1 #afd4 ,c>p5t]s' ,arms1 #cd4 ,c>t & ,horses1 #eg4 ,ca/le1 #fh1 #afj4 ,ca/le at ,trimme1 #afj4 ,cat & ,fiddle199 #ba4 ,caulifl[]1 #aaj4 ,c]v9e ,signs1 #df4 ,cetacean ,signs1 #hb4 ,*adwell ,arms1 #ca4 ,*aise & ,pair1 #eg4 ,*apel 7,inn71 #afd4 ,*atswor? ,arms1 #dd4 ,*elm] 7,inn71 #aeg4 ,*elms=d ,high ,/reet 9 #agfb1 #ab4 ,*equ]1 #g4 ,*equ]s1 #afa4 ,*]ry ,tree1 #ajg4 ,*e/nut ,tree1 #ajg4 ,*9aman1 #aca4 ,*obham ,arms1 #dd4 ,city ,arms1 #ca4 ,clapp]1 #afj4 ,cl>5ce1 #abd4 ,cl>5don1 #aba4 ,clifton1 #aba4 ,clo?work]s' ,arms1 #dj4 ,coa* & ,bell1 #bb1 #aei4 ,coa* & ,horses1 #g1 #bb1 #bg1 #eg1 #afb4 ,coal ,hole1 #aee4 ,cock1 #g1 #ih4 ,cock & ,bell1 #bb1 #ii1 #aei4 ,cock & ,cr[n1 #ii4 ,cock & ,hoop199 #bb4 ,cock & ,magpie1 #g1 #ajj4 ,cock & ,pie1 #ajj4 ,col*e/] ,arms1 #cj4 ,colne ,valley ,arms1 #ca4 ,col\r$ ,signs1 #af4 ,common ,gate1 #aec4 ,compasses1 #g1 #ce4 ,coop]s1 #abc4 ,coop]s' ,arms1 #ce1 #abc4 ,cornucopia1 #aeg4 ,corrupt$ ,signs1 #bb4 ,c[1 #agc4 ,c[ley ,arms1 #db4 ,cre/s1 #ae4 ,cricket]s1 #acj4 ,cricket]s' ,arms1 #da1 #acj4 ,crook$ ,billet1 #afb4 ,cross1 #afc4 ,cross & ,h&1 #bb1 #adb1 #afc4 ,cross ,keys1 #ac1 #eh1 #afd4 ,cr[n1 #f1 #g1 #acb1 #acf1 #afe4 ,cr[n & ,an*or1 #adg1 #afh4 ,cr[n & ,blacksmi?1 #bb1 #aca4 ,cr[n & ,crook$ ,billet1 #bb1 #afb1 #afh4 ,cr[n & ,pun*b[l1 #afh4 ,cr[n & ,sceptre1 #afh4 ,cr[n & ,?i/le1 #aaf1 #afh4 ,cr[n's 7,inn71 #acj4 ,cuckfield ,arms1 #ca4 ,cups1 #cg4 ,d>tm\? ,arms1 #ca4 ,de ,beauvoirs' ,arms1 #bd1 #db1 #dc4 ,decay ( ,inns1 #h4 ,d5m>k ,arms1 #ca4 ,dial1 #aeg4 ,dick ,turp9's ,cave1 #aca4 ,dock ,h\se 7,tav]n71 #aec4 ,doe1 #di4 ,dog1 #ge4 ,dog & ,*a91 #gf4 ,dog & ,gridiron199 #ba4 ,dog & ,p>tridge1 #bb1 #ge4 ,dog & ,pheasant1 #ge4 ,dog's ,head 9 ,pot1 #gf4 ,dolph91 #hb4 ,doodle ,oak1 #aji4 ,dorset ,arms1 #ca4 ,dove & ,olive-,bran*1 #ch4 ,dragon1 #hh4 ,dragoon1 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pages w include a description ( ea* ,monum5t1 &1 :5 practicable1 a %ort biographical sket*1 ) ! ,family ,hi/ory1 ,h]aldry 7if any71 & o!r curi\s in=mation relat+ to ! p]son or p]sons to :om ! ,monum5t is erect$1 & any o!r matt] ( ,ar*itectural or ,antiqu>ian ,int]e/ connect$ !re)4 ,! ,au?or has be5 l$ to und]take ?is "w = ! purpose ( pres]v+ correct illu/rations ( ! num]\s highly int]e/+ ,monum5ts :i* /ill rema9 scatt]$ ab\t ! ,c\nty ( ,essex 9 _m ( ! old ,*ur*es1 & else:]e4 ,^! old ,monum5ts1 f ! nature ( _! con/ruction & mat]ials1 are necess>ily ( a p]i%able "*1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 we f9d t _m ( ^? :i* are m5tion$ by ,weev] 9 8 8,fun]al ,monum5ts0 h disappe>$ altoge!r2 x is !re=e important t an accurate record %\ld be tak5 ( ^? :i* /ill rema9 )\t fur!r delay4 ,_m ( !m1 ap>t f _! ar*itectural beauty1 are imm5sely int]e/+ f _! hi/orical associations2 x is hop$1 !re=e1 t ?is "w w comm5d itself to t increas+ class :o n[ make ,ar*ology & ev]y?+ connect$ !re) a fav\rite /udy4 ,! ,volume w be publi%$ r l>g] ?an ,qu>to ,imp]ial1 viz41 #af in*es by #ab in*es1 on ton$ pap]4 ,! ,illu/rations w be ,photo li?ograph$ f ! orig9al ,draw+s1 & ! ,lett]press pr9t$ 9 l>ge cle> type4 ,! price ( ! ,book to ,subscrib]s w be #c #cs4 ,a limit$ numb] ( copies w be pr9t$4 ,imm$iately aft] publication ! price w be rais$ to #d #ds4 ,= ,prospectus & ord] =ms apply to ! ,au?or1 or to ,messrs4 ,edmund ,durrant ,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,*elms=d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to be publi%$ by ,subscription e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahhg4 ,,rays ,,( ,,light1 ,,= ,,sick ,,& ,,we>y ,,ones4 8,unto y t fe> ,my "n %all ! ,sun ( righte\sness arise ) heal+ 9 8 w+s40--,,mal4 iv4 #b4 ,i've f\nd a joy 9 sorr[1 ,a secret balm = pa91 ,a beautiful to-morr[1 ,( sun%9e aft] ra94 ,,compil$ ,,by ,,edi? ,l4 ,,wells4 ,) a ,preface ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,preb5d>y ,,hutton4 ,messrs4 ,edmund ,durrant ,co4 h ! hon\r to ann\nce t !y w publi% e>ly 9 #ahhg a devotional book1 consi/+ ( portions ( ,scripture1 & suitable ,pray]s & ,hymns v c>efully select$ f ! 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"w has be5 compil$ ) great c>e by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,wells1 ( ,broomfield ,lodge1 ,*elms=d4 ,! book w be well pr9t$ 9 cle> type1 on good pap]1 & /rongly b\nd1 & w comprise ab\t #daf pages4 ,! price ( ! book w be #fs41 b x w be suppli$ to subscrib]s :o s5d 9 _! names to ! publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,edmund ,durrant ,co41 ,high ,/reet1 ,*elms=d1 be=e publication1 at #ds4 #f;d4 p] copy4 ,a specim5 page & ord] =m w be s5t po/ free on application4 ,x is e>ne/ly hop$ t all :o c w subscribe = "o or m copies4 ,unless lib]al support be giv5 x is almo/ impossible to publi% works ( ?is "* )\t pecuni>y loss4 ,a limit$ numb] ( copies only w be pr9t$4 ,e>ly application is !re=e v necess>y4 ,imm$iately aft] publication ! price w be rais$ to #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,edmund ,,durrant ,co4's ,publications4 ,,royal ,,illu/rat$ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,engl&3 ,civil1 ,milit>y1 ,political1 & ,ecclesia/ical1 includ+ a ,survey ( ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties1 & ,memoirs ( ,c\nty ,families1 & ,em95t ,m5 ( e p]iod4 ,by ,a4 ,d4 ,,bayne1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,norwi*40 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 #b vols41 l>ge #hvo1 clo?4 #bas4 ,,domesday ,,book ,,relat+ ,,to ,,essex4 ,translat$ by ! late ,t4 ,c4 ,,*is5hale-,,m>%1 ,esq4 #dto1 clo?4 #bas4 net4 ,only a few copies unsold4 ,sc>ce4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ro*=d ,,hundr$1 ,,essex4 ,by ,,philip ,,b5ton1 ,esq4 ,n[ ,publi%+ 9 ,p>ts1 #f;d4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4 #aes4 #f;d42 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahs4 net4 ,,john ,,noakes ,,& ,,m>y ,,/yles2 or1 an ,essex ,calf's ,visit to ,tiptree ,races4 ,a ,poem 9 ! ,essex ,dialect4 ,by ! late ,,*>les ,,cl>ke1 ( ,to?am ,hall4 ,) a ,gloss>y & ,portrait4 #f;d4 ,,s]mons ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,v54 ,,ar*deacon ,,mildmay4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,/4 ,,albans4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,weak ,,fai?3 ,h[ to ,/r5g!n ,x4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,burton1 #a;d4 #fs4 p] #ajj net4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,eu*>i/4 ,by ! ,same ,au?or4 ,price #b;d4 #abs4 p] #ajj net4 ,a ,,fir/ ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,botany4 ,by ,,john ,,gibbs1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,symmetry ( ,fl[]s40 ,second ,edition4 #f;d4 8,x des]ves success40--,! ,educational ,times4 8,mr4 ,gibbs's book is ( v consid]able value1 & tea*]s & le>n]s w be glad to h x40--,lit]>y ,_w4 8,x is done ?or\ghly40--,! ,s*ool ,gu>dian4 ,,! ,,symmetry ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,by ! ,same ,au?or4 #d;d4 sew$4 ,,! ,,ti! ,,"q3 ,a ,discussion ( ! ,objections ,made to ! ,pres5t ,ti! ,law4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,gibson1 ,b4,d4 ,second ,edition4 #f;d4 sew$4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ,,facts ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,packe1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,fe]+4 #f;d4 sew$4 ,,confirmation2 or1 ,lay+ on ( ,h&s ^u ^? t are ,baptiz$4 ,new ,edition1 #a;d4 sew$4 ,,durrant',s ,,h&y ,,f>m ,,lab\r ,,book4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,daily ,di>y 7comm5c+ ei!r ,monday or ,saturday74 #cs4 #f;d4 b\nd4 ,,=ms ,,& ,,s]vices ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,diocese ,,( ,,/4 ,,albans4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority4 ,li/s on application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,edmund ,,durrant ,,co41 #ij1 ,,high ,,/41 ,,*elms=d4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds1 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,by ,jacob ,l>wood & ,john ,camd5 ,hott54 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,9 ?is o!rwise excell5t "w !re is1 un=tunately1 no connection betwe5 ! illu/rations & ! lett]press4 #b ,vol4 viii4 ,no4 #bg1 p4 #age et seq4 #c ,repr9t$ 9 #ahgb f ! ,transactions ( ! ,devon%ire ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art4 #ic pp4 #hvo4 #d ,g5eva3 ,grosset et ,trembley1 #ahgh1 #hvo1 #edb pp4 #e ,edit$ by le ,bibliophile ,jacob1 ) app5dix1 frontispiece1 #hd wood-engrav+s1 & a ,map ( ,p>is 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,p>is3 ,e4 ,d5tu1 #ahhd4 #f ,p>is & ,r\51 #aheb1 #hvo1 #aca pp4 #g ,india pro(s h also be5 /ruck (f1 & may be obta9$ sep>ately1 price #as41 f ,messrs4 ,edm4 ,durrant ,co41 ,*elms=d4 #h ,= an explanation ( ?is1 & all o!r h]aldic t]ms h]eaft]1 see ! ,gloss>y ( su* t]ms1 giv5 z an ,app5dix1 at ! end4 #i 8,support]s10 z expla9$ 9 ! ,gloss>y at ! end1 are ! animals repres5t$ z hold+ up or support+ ! %ields ( arms ( royal & o!r di/+ui%$ p]sonages4 ,!y are ref]r$ to 9 an amus+ mann] by ! inimitably comic ,dick5s1 :o1 9 ,little ,dorrit1 puts into ! m\? 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"r or1 supplant+ a s]p5t arg5t4 #dd ,azure2 ?ree cl\ds prop]1 radiat$ 9 base1 or ea* surm\nt$ ) a triple cr[n or4 #de ,erm9e2 on a *ief gules1 ?ree pr9ces' cr[ns compos$ ( crosses patte & fleurs-de-lys or4 #df ,arg5t2 ?ree horse%oes sable1 pi]c$ ( ! field4 #dg ,sable2 a *evron erm9e betwe5 two habicks 9 *ief arg5t & a teazle 9 base1 slipp$1 or4 #dh ,azure2 on a *evron arg5t betwe5 ?ree leop>ds' heads1 ea* hav+ 9 ! m\? a %uttle or1 z _m roses gules1 se$$ ( ! ?ird1 b>b$ v]t4 #di ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 vol4 v4 p4 #gg4 #ej ,a once-fam\s coa*+ h\se m5tion$ by ,dick5s 9 ,pickwick4 #ea ,dale's ,annals ( ,cogge%all1 p4 #bfa4 #eb ,ibid4 p4 #bfe4 #ec ,b>ry nebule ( six1 arg5t & azure2 on a b5d gules1 a lion passant gu>dant or4 #ed ,arg5t2 ?ree lions rampant azure1 arm$ & langu$ gules4 ,cre/ & support]s1 ! same device 9 diff]5t positions4 #ee ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 i4 p4 #aec4 #ef ,only a s+le copy is n[ kn[n to exi/ ( ?is rem>kable production ( ! effusive ,wald5 poet & w\ld-be wit1 ,rob]t ,w9/anley4 #eg ,x is int]e/+1 too1 to note t tok5s are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 inscrib$ 8,h5ry ,woodley1 #afeg1 at ,newport ,pond1 ,h4 ,w40 ,?is1 9 all probability1 0 ! 8,mr4 ,woo 4440 m5tion$ by ,poor ,rob94 #eh ,arms 7see p4 #cd74 ,cre/3 ,on a wrea? a ,fly+ ,bull arg5t1 w+s endors$ or1 arm$ & ho($ ( ! la/1 ov] ! head a small circle ( glory1 prop]4 ,support]s3 ,two ,fly+ ,bulls arg5t1 w+$1 arm$ & ho($ or1 ov] ea* head a small circle ( glory1 prop]4 #ei ,fif? ,s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #cbh4 #fj ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*ological ,soc41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 ii4 "p iv4 p4 #cce4 #fa ,see po/4 #fb ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh4 #fc ,azure2 a fleece or2 on a *ief ( ! la/1 ?ree mullets ( five po9ts ( ! fir/4 #fd ,dale's ,annals ( ,cogge%all1 p4 #bfg4 #fe ,a m\nt v]t1 !reon a ram /atant4 #ff ,arg5t2 a royal t5t betwe5 two p>liam5t robes gules1 l9$ erm9e2 on a *ief azure1 a lion passant gu>dant or4 ,cre/3 ,on a m\nt v]t1 a lamb passant arg5t1 hold+ a bann] ( ! la/1 /aff prop]1 on ! bann] a cross patte gules )9 a glory ( ! ?ird4 #fg ,an elephant arg5t1 arm$ or1 on 8 back a t[] ( ! fir/1 ! trapp+s1 c41 ( ! second4 #fh ,azure2 a *evron or1 betwe5 ?ree goats' heads eras$ arg5t4 #fi ,x is wor? m5tion "h t 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,trials ( ,john ,swan & ,elizabe? ,jeffries1 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 ref]5ce is made 7p4 #aj7 to a c]ta9 8,john ,mills :o resid$ at ! ,,:y ,,n ,,beat ,,dragon8 at ,mile ,end40 ,?is mo/ extraord9>y sign1 h[ev]1 is j outside ,essex4 ,l>wood & ,hott5 d n allude to x4 #gj ,on a *apeau gules1 turn$ up erm9e1 an eagle1 w+s ext5d$ or1 prey+ on an infant 9 its cradle prop]1 swaddl$ gules1 ! cradle lac$ gules4 #ga ,l[e/(t1 #ahfg4 #gb ,dale's ,annals ( ,cogge%all1 p4 #afj4 #gc ,ibid4 p4 #bfa4 #gd ,vide ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 iii4 "p i4 p4 #gd4 #ge ,dale's ,annals ( ,cogge%all1 p4 #gi4 #gf ,?ree ,cocks4 #gg ,azure2 ?ree cr[n$ dolph9s 9 pale betwe5 two pairs ( cr[n$ lucies saltire2 on a *ief1 ?ree pairs ( keys 9 saltire4 #gh ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh4 #gi ,repr9t$ 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies = ,janu>y #ae1 #ahei4 #hj ,?is amus+ & curi\s tract has s9ce be5 reproduc$ 9 facsimile1 illu/ration & all1 ) an introduction by ! au?or ( ?is "w4 ,x may be obta9$ f ,mr4 ,wm4 ,masl&1 ,booksell]1 ( ,saffron ,wald51 price #f;d4 #ha ,see a li/ ( _m ( 8 effusions1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,ecroyd ,smi?1 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies = ,april #bh1 #ahhc 7p4 #cba74 #hb #aghj1 vol4 i4 p4 #cee4 #hc ,vol4 iii4 p4 #aji4 #hd ,fir/ ,s]ies1 vol4 x4 p4 #cb4 #he ,azure2 a *evron1 p] pale & p] *evron1 gules & arg5t c\nt]*ang$1 betwe5 ?ree g>bs or2 on a *ief arg5t1 a ,/4 ,julian's cross sable4 #hf ,! use ( ! t]m 8,tom & ,j]ry0 has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #bf74 #hg ,a usur]4 #hh ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 vol4 i4 p4 #abe4 #hi ,hi/oric ,devices1 ,badges1 c41 p4 #chf4 #ij ,a demi-woman1 hair fl[+ prop]1 ve/$ gules hold+ 9 ! dext] h& ?ree roses1 slipp$ & leav$ v]t4 #ia ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 ii4 "p iv4 p4 #djj4 #ib ,a view ( ! h\se is giv5 9 ,"l ,braybrooke's ,hi/ory ( ,audley ,end & ,wald5 7p4 #aec74 #ic ,qu>t]ly1 gules & or2 9 ! fir/ qu>t] a mullet arg5t4 #id ,pal9's ,/if=d1 p4 #hb4 #ie ,sable2 on a *evron betwe5 ?ree ca/les arg5t1 a pair ( compasses ( ! fir/4 #if ,trans4 ,essex ,ar*4 ,soc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh4