,,the ,,kiss ,,and ,,its ,,history ,,the ,,kiss ,and its ,history ,,by ,,dr ,,christopher ,,nyrop ,professor of ,romance ,philology at the ,university of ,copenhagen ,,translated ,,by ,,william ,,frederick ,,harvey ,m4,a41 ,hertford ,college1 ,oxford2 ,barrister-at-,law of the ,inner ,temple2 ,lecturer in ,english at the ,university of ,lund 7,sweden72 sometime ,professor of ,english ,literature at the ,university of ,malta ,,london ,,sands ,,co4 #ab ,,burleigh ,,street1 ,,strand #aija ,,to ,,walter ,,benson1 ,esquire ,i ,,dedicate ,,my ,,modest ,,part ,,in ,,this ,,book ,,in ,,token ,,of ,a ,,friendship ,,which ,,has ,,grown ,,stauncher ,,with ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,years ,,theocritus1 ,idyl xxviii41 #bd1 #be4 8,surely great grace goes with a little gift1 and all the offerings of friends are precious40 ,je clbre des jeux paisibles1 ,qu'en vain on semble mpriser1 ,les vrais biens des mes sensibles1 ,les doux mystres du baiser4 ,,dorat4 ,to gentle sports due praise ,i render1 ,at which some wits have vainly sneered3 ,the true delight of spirits tender1 ,the kiss's mysteries endeared4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,the following treatise1 which is the work of a ,romance philologist of high ,european reputation1 has not only gone through two editions in ,denmark1 but has also been translated into ,german1 ,swedish1 and ,russian4 ,the popularity which this learned and at the same time charming little book rapidly acquired abroad1 and the favourable criticisms passed on it by ,continental scholars1 have encouraged me to present it to my fellow-countrymen in an ,english dress4 ,with regard to the numerous poetical quotations that form so striking a feature of this book1 those which ,i have translated myself may be distinguished from such as ,i have borrowed from standard versions by the appended initials1 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,inner ,,temple1 ,,london1 #bnd ,august #aija4 ,,author',s ,,preface ,wenn ich nur selber wsste1 ,was mir in die ,seele zischt6 ,die ,worte und die ,ksse ,sind wunderbar vermischt4 ,oh1 could ,i but decipher ,what 'tis that fills my mind4 ,the words are with the kisses ,so wond'rously combined4 ,,heine4 ,dante1 in the fifth canto of his ,hell1 has celebrated the power a kiss may have over human beings4 ,in the course of his wanderings in the nether world1 when he has reached the spot where abide those who have sinned through love1 he sees two souls that 8flutter so lightly in the wind40 ,these are ,francesco da ,rimini and her brother-in-law ,paolo4 ,he asks ,francesco to tell him3 8,in the time of your sweet sighs1 ,by what1 and how love granted1 that ye knew ,your yet uncertain wishes80 ,whereto she replies3 8,one day ,for our delight we read of ,lancelot1 ,how him love thrall'd4 ,alone we were1 and no ,suspicion near us4 ,ofttimes by that reading ,our eyes were drawn together1 and the hue ,fled from our alter'd cheek4 ,but at one point ,alone we fell4 ,when of that smile we read1 ,the wished smile1 so rapturously kissed ,by one so deep in love1 then he1 who ne'er ,from me shall separate1 at once my lips ,all trembling kiss'd4 ,the book and writer both ,were love's purveyors4 ,in its leaves that day ,we read no more40#a ,i have had a special object in prefacing my studies on the history of kissing with these famous verses1 for ,i regarded it in the light of a duty to caution my readers emphatically1 and at the very outset1 as to the danger of even reading about kisses2 and ,i consider that1 having done this1 ,i have warned my readers against pursuing the subject1 and 8forewarned is forearmed10 or1 8homme averti en vaut deux40 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,kiss8 #c ,,ii4 ,,love ,,kisses #bi ,,iii4 ,,affectionate ,,kisses #gi ,,iv4 ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,peace #aja ,v4 ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,respect #aac ,,vi4 ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,friendship #ada ,,vii4 ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,kisses #afa ,,viii4 ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,kissing #agg ,l',,envoi #ahi ,i ,,what ,,is ,a ,,kiss8 ,,chapter ,i ,,what ,,is ,a ,,kiss8 ,it may perhaps seem somewhat futile to begin with discussing what a kiss is3 that every child of course knows4 ,we are greeted with kisses directly we enter the world1 and kisses follow us all our life long1 as ,hlty sings-- ,giving kisses1 snatching kisses1 ,keeps the busy world employed4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,nevertheless the question is not altogether superfluous4 ,it seems to me even to offer certain points of interest1 inasmuch as it is by no means so easy as people may imagine to define what a kiss is4 ,if we turn to the poets we are often put off with the answer that a kiss is something that should be merely felt1 and that people would do well to refrain from speculating as to what it actually is4 ,what says this glance8 ,what meaning lurks in this ,squeezing of hands1 embrace1 and ling'ring kiss8 ,this only can your heart explain to you4 ,what have such matters with the brain to do8 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,so1 for instance1 says ,aarestrup2 but he adds as a sort of explanation-- ,but when ,i see thee my fond kiss denying1 ,and straightway1 nathless1 mine embrace not spurning1 ,then needs must ,i to tedious arts be turning1 ,and let crabb'd wisdom from my lips go flying4 ,know then the voice alone interprets rightful ,and with poetic fire from heart's depth welleth1 ,and yet the sweetest of them all by no means6 ,whereas the bosom1 arms1 and lips1 and eye-sheens-- ,how shall ,i call it8 for the total swelleth ,unto a language wordless as delightful4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 which has not brought us nearer to a solution of the question4 ,other poets give us an allegorical transcription1 couched in vague poetical terms1 which rather refer to the feelings of which the kiss may be an expression than attempt to define its physiology4 ,thus ,paul ,verlaine defines a kiss as 8the fiery accompaniment on the keyboard of the teeth of the lovely songs which love sings in a burning heart40 ,baiser6 rose trmire au jardin des caresses6 ,vif accompagnement sur le clavier des dents1 ,des doux refrains qu',amour chante en les curs ardents ,avec sa voix d'archange aux langueurs charmeresses6 ,this definition1 which seems to me to be as original as it is beautiful and apt1 deals1 however1 exclusively with the kiss of love2 but kisses1 as we all know1 are capable of expressing many other emotions1 and it enlightens us not one whit as to the external side of the nature of a kiss4 ,let us1 therefore1 leave the poets1 and seek refuge with the philologists4 ,in the ,dictionary of the ,danish ,philological ,society 7,videnskabernes ,selskabs ,ordbog7 a kiss is defined as 8a pressure of the mouth against a body40 ,as every one at once perceives1 this explanation is very unsatisfactory1 for1 from the above statements1 we could hardly accept more than one1 viz41 the mouth4 ,now1 of course1 it is quite clear that one of the first requisites for a kiss is a mouth4 8,einen ,kuss an sich1 ohne ,mund1 kann man nicht geben10 say the ,germans1 and it is also remarkable that in ,finnish1 antaa sunta1 8to kiss10 means literally 8to give mouth40 ,how does the mouth produce a kiss8 ,a kiss is produced by a kind of sucking movement of the muscles of the lips1 accompanied by a weaker or louder sound4 ,thus1 from a purely phonetic point of view1 a kiss may be defined as an inspiratory bilabial sound1 which ,english phoneticians call the lip-click1 i4e41 the sound made by smacking the lip4 ,this movement of the muscles1 however1 is not of itself sufficient to produce a kiss1 it being1 as you know1 employed by coachmen when they want to start their horses2 but it becomes a kiss only when it is used as an expression of a certain feeling1 and when the lips are pressed against1 or simply come into contact with1 a living creature or object4 ,the sound which follows a kiss has been carefully investigated by the ,austrian savant1 ,w4 von ,kempelen1 in his remarkable book entitled ,the ,mechanism of ,human ,speech 7,wien1 #agia74 ,he divides kisses into three sorts1 according to their sound4 ,first he treats of kisses proper1 which he characterises as a freundschaftlich hellklatschender ,herzenskuss 7an affectionate1 clear-ringing kiss coming from the heart72 next he defines the more discreet1 or1 from an acoustic point of view1 weaker kiss2 and1 lastly1 speaks contemptuously of a third kind of kiss1 which is designated an ekelhafter ,schmatz 7a loathsome smack74 ,many other writers have1 although in a less scientific manner1 sought to define and elucidate the sound that arises from a kiss4 ,johannes ,jrgensen says very delicately in his ,stemninger that 8the plash of the waves against the pebbles of the beach is like the sound of long kisses40 ,it is generally1 however1 an exclusively humorous or satirical aspect that is most conspicuous4 ,in the ,seducer's ,diary 7,forfrerens dagbog7 of ,sren ,kierkegaard1 ,johannes speaks of the engaged couples who used to assemble in numbers at his uncle's house3 8,without interruption1 the whole evenings through1 one hears a sound as if a person was going round with a fly-flap3 that is the lovers' kisses40 ,a still more drastic comparison is found in the ,german expression1 8the kiss sounded just like when a cow drags her hind hoof out of a swamp40 ,this metaphor1 which is used1 you know1 by ,mark ,twain1 is as graphic as it is easy of comprehension2 whereas1 on the other hand1 ,i am somewhat perplexed with regard to an old ,danish expression that is to be found in the ,ole ,lade's ,phrases 7,fraser73 8,he kissed her so that it rang just as it does when one strikes the horns off felled cows40 ,another old author speaks of kissing that sounds as if one was pulling the horn out of an owl4 ,the emotions expressed by this more or less noisy lip-sound are manifold and varying3 burning love and affectionate friendship1 exultant joy and profound grief1 etc41 etc42 consequently there must be many different sorts of kisses4 ,the austere old ,rabbis only recognised three kinds of kisses1 viz43 those of greeting1 farewell1 and respect4 ,the ,romans had also three kinds1 but their classification was essentially at variance with the ,rabbis'3 they distinguished between oscula1#b friendly kisses1 basia1 kisses of love1 and suavia1 passionate kisses4 ,the significance of these words is clearly expressed in the following lines3-- ,basia coniugibus1 sed et oscula dantur amicis1 ,suavia lascivis miscantur grata labellis4 ,but the ,romans' division is by no means exhaustive2 kisses are and have been actually employed to express many other feelings than those above-mentioned4 ,that kisses in this book are arranged in five groups1 viz41 kisses of passion1 love1 peace1 respect1 and friendship1 is chiefly due to practical considerations2 for1 to be precise1 these artificially-formed groups are inadequate1 and1 besides1 often overlap one another4 ,a modern ,french writer reckons no less than twenty sorts of kisses1 but ,i find in ,german dictionaries over thirty different designations3 ,abschiedskuss1 ,brautkuss1 ,bruderkuss1 ,dankkuss1 ,doppelkuss1 ,ehrenkuss1 ,erwiderungskuss1 ,feuerkuss1 ,flammenkuss1 ,frauenkuss1 ,freundschaftskuss1 ,friedenskuss1 ,gegenkuss1 ,geisterkuss1 ,handkuss1 ,honigkuss1 ,inbrunstkuss1 ,judaskuss1 ,lehenskuss1 ,liebeskuss1 ,mdchenkuss1 ,minnekuss1 ,morgenkuss1 ,mutterkuss1 ,nebenkuss1 ,pantoffelkuss1 ,segenskuss1 ,shnungskuss1 ,undschuldskuss1 ,vermhlungskuss1 ,vershnungskuss1 ,wechselkuss1 ,weihekuss1 ,zuckerkuss1 etc41 etc4 ,in ,german the verb itself1 8to kiss10 is varied in many different ways1 e4g41 in ,germany one may aukssen1 aufkssen1 auskssen1 bekssen1 durchkssen1 emporkssen1 entkssen1 erkssen1 fortkssen1 herkssen1 nachkssen1 verkssen1 vorbeikssen1 wegkssen1 widerkssen1 zerkssen1 zukssen1 and zurckkssen4 ,we must give the ,germans the credit of being thorough1 and in the highest degree methodical and exhaustive in their nomenclature1 for can we conceive a more admirable word than1 for instance1 nachkssen1 which is explained as 8making up for kisses that have been omitted1 or supplementing kisses08 ,however1 on the other hand1 it cannot be denied that they are at the same time awkward and tasteless in their expressions2 a word such as auskssen1 which1 for instance1 is used in the refrain3 ,trink aus6 ,kss aus6 seems to me to smack perilously of the ale-house4 ,we have now seen what a kiss is2 but before proceeding to investigate the different kinds of kisses1 their significance in the history of civilisation1 and treatment in poetry1 it still remains for us to reply to some of the ordinary queries regarding the nature and characteristics of the kiss4 ,in the first place we must investigate the kiss in its gustative aspect4 ,i here confine myself to what ,kierkegaard calls 8the perfect kiss10 i4e41 the kiss between man and woman2 kisses between men are1 according to that authority1 insipid4 ,kssen1 wo smekt dat8 see de maid4 ,yes1 its taste naturally depends entirely on the circumstances1 and experience is here a teacher that sets every theory at nought2 but a few leading features may1 however1 be indicated4 ,when ,lars ,iversen1 in ,schandorph's ,skovfogedbrnene1 has kissed ,mette ,splyd1 he wipes his mouth and says1 when he has got well outside the door1 8,that tasted like meat that has been kept too long40 ,when the old minnesinger1 ,king ,wenceslaus of ,bohemia1 had kissed his sweetheart he sang3 8,just as a rose that opens its calix when it drinks the sweet dew1 she offered me her sugar-sweet red mouth40 ,recht als ein rse diu sich z ir klsen lt1 ,swenn si des sezen touwes gert1 ,sus bt si mir ir zuckersezen rten munt4 ,as we perceive from both these examples1 there is a great distinction between kisses in their gustative aspect1 but1 for obvious reasons1 ,i shall entirely exclude the variety represented by ,mette ,splyd4 ,the most frequently employed and1 at the same time undoubtedly the most fitting epithet of a kiss1 is that it is sweet4 ,the shepherd in the ,french pastorals is fond of asking for a sweet kiss 7un doux baiser71 and poets innumerable1 like ,wenceslaus1 have sung about the beloved's sugar mouth4 ,during the ,renaissance such expressions as her bouche sucrine 7sugary mouth7 and bouche pleine de sucre et d'ambregris 7mouth full of sugar and ambergris7 were often employed4 ,we find this further borne out by two ,latin epigrams4 ,one asks3--8,what is sweeter than mead80 and the answer runs3 8,the dew of heaven4 ,and what is sweeter than dew8--,honey from ,hybla8 ,what is sweeter than honey8--,nectar4 ,than nectar8--,a kiss40 ,quid mulso prstat8 ,ros cli4 ,rore quid8 ,hybl ,mel4 ,melle hoc8 ,nectar4 ,nectare8 ,suaviolum4 ,the second epigram goes through a similar string of comparisons1 and arrives at the same result3 8,what is better than sugar8--,honey-cake4 ,than honey-cake8--,the flavour of honey-combs4 ,than this flavour8--,dewy kisses0-- ,saccharo quid superat8 ,libum4 ,quid libo8 ,favorum ,gustus4 ,at hunc gustum8 ,basia roscidula4 ,kisses are sweet as woman's gentle breath1 which1 according to a ,roumanian folk-song1 smells of 8delicate young wine10 or1 as the ,french poets say1 of 8thousands of flowers40-- ,laughing mouth1 mouth to caress1 ,kissing ere its lips you press2 ,sweet for kissing1 balmy breath ,like the perfume of fresh heath4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,a woman's breath1 which intoxicates man1 is1 as it were1 the ethereal expression of her whole being4 ,in the description of the youthful ,blancheflor we are told that her breath is so delicious and refreshing that he who experiences it knows not pain1 and needs no food for a whole week4 ,de sa bouche ist si douce haleine1 ,vivre en peut-on une semaine2 ,qui au lundi le sentiroit ,en la semaine mal n'avroit4 ,moreover1 as the flavour of a kiss depends on the woman's mouth1 let us1 therefore1 investigate how a woman's mouth ought to be fashioned in order to fulfil its purpose from a philematological point of view4 ,when the medival ,french poets describe a beautiful and desirable woman they say of her mouth that it must be 8well-formed and sweet to kiss0 7bien faite et douce pour baiser74 ,the troubadours likewise in their love poems praise the mouth that is ben faita ad obs de baisar4 ,if more detailed explanations are wanted they can easily be given4 ,the lips must1 in the first place1 be bewitchingly soft2 next1 they must be as red as coral3 ,los labios de la su boca ,como un fino coral1 or else red as roses3 ,la bocca piccioletta e colorita1 ,vermiglia come rosa di giardino1 ,piagente ed amorosa per baciare4#c ,this last simile is one of the most frequently employed4 ,the beloved one's mouth is likened to a rose2 it has the scent and colour of a rose3 ,hc dulcis in amore ,est et plena decore1 ,rosa rubet rubore1 ,et lilium convallium ,tota vincit odore1 sang the wandering clerks in the ,middle ,ages1 the jolly ,goliards1 and they extolled the youth who was lucky enough to kiss the mouth of such a woman3 ,felix est qui osculis mellifluis ,ipsius potitur4 ,and1 they went on to say1 8on every maiden's lips the kiss sits like a rose which only longs to be plucked03 ,sedit in ore ,rosa cum pudore4 ,the old ,german minnesingers use the expression ,kssblmlein 7kiss-floweret71 and a bard of the ,netherlands sings3 8,my beloved is my summer1 my beloved is my joy1 all the roses bloom every time she gives me a kiss03 ,mijn liefken is mijn somer1 ,min liefken is mijn lust1 ,en al de rosen bloejen ,so dicmael si mi cust4 ,but all this is only poetry1 merely feeble imageries which only give an entirely weak idea of the reality4 ,how accurate is ,thomas ,moore when1 in one of his poems1 he declares that roses are not so warm as his beloved's mouth1 nor can the dew approach it in sweetness4 ,now if we turn to the other aspect of the case and see what women expect from a man's kiss1 then the question becomes somewhat more difficult to treat1 inasmuch as so exceedingly few women have treated of kisses in poetry--a fact which is also in itself quite natural4 ,runeberg1 who himself has so often sung the praises of kissing without1 however1 being versed in their nature3 ,for my part ,i've ne'er understood ,of kisses what can be the good2 ,but ,i should die if kept away ,from thy red lips one single day4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 asks his beloved3 ,now1 dearest maiden1 answer me1 ,what joy can kisses bring to thee8 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but she fails to answer him3 ,i ask thee now1 as ,i asked this1 ,and all thy answer's kiss on kiss4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,besides1 it seems very evident from the last line that the situation did not admit of the calmer and more sober observation which forms the necessary condition for a reliable answer to the question4 ,i am1 therefore1 obliged to attempt to reply to the question myself2 but ,i readily admit my deficiency in the essential qualification of being able to do so in a satisfactory manner4 ,moreover1 the literary material at my disposal is exceedingly inadequate1 and1 for that reason1 ,i cannot claim any universal application for my treatment of the subject4 ,in the first place it seems indisputable that a woman gives a decided preference to a man with a beard2 at all events a heiduke sings in a ,roumanian ballad3 8,i am still too young to marry2 my beard has not yet sprouted4 ,what married woman then will care about kissing me80 ,c simt voinic neinsorat2 ,nici mustete nu m'a dat3 ,cum simt bun de srutat ,la neveste cu brbat8 ,to judge from the part the heidukes play in the ballad literature of the ,roumanians and ,serbs1 they must be very experienced in everything that has to do with women and love1 and their testimony must therefore be accepted as being sufficiently reliable4 ,besides1 we find the same taste among women in ,northern ,europe4 ,in ,germany there is said to be nothing in a kiss without a beard3 ,ein ,kuss ohne ,bart ist eine ,vesper ohne ,magnificat 7a kiss without a beard is like ,vespers without the ,magnificat72 or1 still more strongly1 ,ein ,kuss ohne ,bart ist ein ,ei ohne ,salz 7a kiss without a beard is like an egg without salt74 ,the young girls in ,holland also incline to this point of view3 ,een kussje zonder baard1 een eitje zonder zout 7an egg without salt71 and they have in the ,frisian ,islands some who share their taste3 ,an ,kleeb sanner ,biard as s en ,brei sanner ,salt 7porridge without salt74 ,lastly1 the ,jutland lassies also take the same view of the matter--in fact they are1 if ,i may say so1 even more refined in their requirements2 a kiss is not only to sound1 but it must have some flavour about it--it ought to be strong and luscious3 ,at kysse en karl uden skr og skaeg er som at kysse en leret vaeg 7kissing a fellow without a quid of tobacco and a beard is like kissing a clay wall71 say those who express themselves in the most refined manner2 but there are others who are not so particular in the choice of words1 and these latter say straight out3 kys jen1 d hveken rger eller skrer1 de som m ku kys sp kal i r41 7kissing one who neither smokes nor chews tobacco is like kissing a new-born calf on the rump74 ,on the other hand1 a person should not be too wet about the mouth--that they do not like2 e4g41 the scornful saying3 8,he is nice to kiss when one is thirsty10 or1 as the ,german girls say3 ,einen ,kuss mit ,sauce bekommen 7to get a kiss with sauce74 ,it apparently follows from this that women are not so simple in their tastes as men2 a kiss by itself is not sufficient1 it requires some condiment or other in addition--and1 for the credit of women's taste1 let it be said--this need not always be tobacco4 ,in a ,french folk-song the lover tells us that he has smeared his mouth with fresh butter so that it may taste better3 ,j'avais toujou dans ma pochette ,du bon bieur' frais1 ,o qu je me gressais la goule1 ,quand j' l'embrassais4 ,i have already mentioned in my preface how dangerous the mere reading about kisses may be2 but1 apart from literature1 a kiss is something which has to be dealt with most cautiously4 ,now hear what ,socrates said to ,xenophon one day3 8,kritobulus is the most foolhardy and rash fellow in the world2 he is rasher than if he meant to dance on naked sword-points or fling himself into the fire2 he has had the audacity to kiss a pretty face40--8,but10 asked ,xenophon1 8is that such a deed of daring8 ,i am certainly no desperado1 but still ,i think ,i would venture to expose myself to the same risk40--8,luckless wight10 replied ,socrates1 8you are not thinking what would betide you4 ,if you kissed a pretty face1 would you not that very instant lose your freedom and become a slave8 ,would you not have to spend much money on harmful amusements1 and would you not do much which you would despise1 if your understanding were not clouded8 ,hercules forbid what dreadful effects a poor kiss can have6 ,and dost thou marvel at it1 ,xenophon8 ,you know1 ,i take it1 those tiny spiders which are not half the size of an obol1 and yet they can1 through merely touching a person's mouth1 cause him the keenest pains2 nay1 even deprive him of his understanding4 ,but1 by ,jupiter1 anyhow this is quite another matter2 for spiders poison the wound directly they inflict a sting4 ,o1 thou simple fellow1 dost thou not know that lustful kisses are poisoned1 even if thou failest to perceive the poison8 ,dost thou not know that she to whom the name of beautiful is given is a wild beast far more dangerous than scorpions2 for the latter only poison us by their touch1 whereas beauty destroys us without actual contact with us1 and even ejects from a long distance a venom so dangerous that people are deprived thereby of their wits4 ,this is the reason why ,i advise you1 ,o ,xenophon1 to run away as fast as you can the very instant you see a beautiful woman1 and with regard to yourself1 ,o ,kritobulus1 ,i deem you will act most prudently in spending a whole year abroad2 for that is the least time necessary for curing thy wound40#d ,it may perhaps be thought that ,socrates' fear of kissing is a trifle exaggerated1 his idea possibly arising from a certain prejudice derived from ,mistress ,xantippe2 anyhow1 nowadays1 we regard the matter from a far more sober point of view4 ,we ought1 nevertheless1 to be well on our guard against the frivolous opinion expressed in so many modern sayings1 that a kiss is a thing of no consequence whatever4 ,the ,italians bluntly assert 8that a mouth is none the worse for having been kissed0 7bocca baciata non perde ventura71 and a ,french writer of the present day even goes so far as to compare a kiss with those usually-harmless bullets which are exchanged in modern duels4 ,bah6 deux baisers1 qu'est que cela8 ,on les change comme des balles sans rsultat1 et l'honneur reste satisfait 7,bah6 two kisses4 ,what of that8 ,they are exchanged like bullets that miss the mark1 and honour is satisfied74 ,this frivolous notion must not1 however1 be deemed peculiar to the ,latin nations3 it is to be met with even in the ,north4 ,in ,norway there is a song3 ,jens ,johannesen1 the ,goth so brave1 ,the maid on her chops a good buss gave4 ,he kissed her once1 and once again1 ,but each time was she likewise fain1 ,but each time was she likewise fain4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,as you see1 the last line of the verse is repeated as if for the purpose of duly impressing the moral of the song4 ,it is said in ,als3 ,et kys er et stow1 den der it vil ha et1 ka vask et ow 7a kiss is like a grain of dust1 which any one who would be rid of it can wash away74 ,we read as far back as ,peder ,syv#e3 ,et kys kan afviskes 7a kiss can be washed away71 but he adds solemnly1 and for our warning3 8,she who permits a kiss also permits more2 and he who has access to kisses has also access to more40 ,even the ,germans say3 ,kuss kann man zwar abwischen1 aber das ,feuer im ,herzen nich lschen 7a kiss may indeed be washed away1 but the fire in the heart cannot be quenched74 ,thus hardly the shadow of a doubt ought to exist as to kisses being extraordinarily dangerous--or1 in any case1 capable of becoming so--far more dangerous1 for instance1 than dynamite or gun-cotton2 in the first place1 at any rate1 inasmuch as people are not in the habit of walking about with such explosives in their pockets1 whereas every one has kisses always at hand1 or1 more correctly speaking1 in their mouths2 secondly1 we are rid of dynamite when once it has exploded1 but1 on the other hand1 we can never actually be quit of a kiss--without at the same time returning it2 for we take back the kisses we give1 you know1 and we give1 too1 those we take back--and1 adds the proverb1 8nobody is the loser40 ,einen ,kuss den man raubt giebt man wieder 7,one returns a stolen kiss71 say the ,germans2 and the ,spaniards have expressed the same thought in a neat little copla3 8,dost thy mother chide thee for having given me a kiss8 ,then take back1 dear girl1 thy kiss1 and bid her hold her tongue40 ,porque un beso me has dado ,rie tu madre8 ,toma1 nia1 tu beso2 ,dile que calle4 ,marot has treated the same subject in his epigram ,le ,baiser ,vol1 or the ,stolen ,kiss4 ,about my daring now you grieve1 ,to snatch a kiss without ado1 ,nor even saying1 8,by your leave40 ,come1 ,i will make my peace with you1 ,and now ,i want you to believe ,i'm loth your soul again to grieve ,by theft of kisses1 since1 alack1 ,my kiss has wrought such dole and teen2 ,yet 'tis not lost2 ,i'll give it back1 ,and that right blithely1 too1 ,i ween4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,there is a ,french anecdote of the present day about a student who took the liberty of kissing a young girl4 ,she got very angry1 however1 and called him an insolent puppy1 whereupon he retorted with irrefutable logic3 ,pour ,dieu6 ,mademoiselle ne vous fchez pas1 si ce baiser vous gne1 rendez-le-moi 7,for goodness' sake1 don't be cross1 young lady4 ,if that kiss annoys you1 give it back to me74 ,it seems to have had a more amicable settlement in the case of a ,danish couple who had resolved to break off their engagement3 8,it is best1 ,i suppose1 that we return each other's letters80 said he4 8,i think so too10 replied she1 8but shall we not at the same time give each other all our kisses back80 ,they did so1 and thus agreed to renew their engagement4 ,this little story shows us that a kiss is something which cannot be so easily lost1 and ,i hope1 not least for the sake of my book1 that we shall concur in the ,italian proverb which says3 ,bacio dato non e mai perduto 7a kiss once given is never lost74 ,,ii ,,love ,,kisses ,a long1 long kiss1 a kiss of youth and love ,and beauty1 all concentrating like rays ,into one focus1 kindled from above2 ,such kisses as belong to early days1 ,where heart1 and soul1 and sense1 in concert move1 ,and the blood's lava1 and the pulse a blaze1 ,each kiss a heart-quake1--for a kiss's strength ,i think1 it must be reckon'd by its length4 ,,byron4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,love ,,kisses 8,at the time of the world's creation kisses were created and cruel love40 ,thus begins a ,cypriot folk-song1 and it is assuredly without the shadow of a doubt that among all nations which on the whole know kissing1 it gets its sublimest meaning as the expression of love4 ,in the transport of love the lovers' lips seek each other4 ,when ,byron's ,don ,juan wanders one evening along the shore with his ,haidee1 they glance at the moonlit sea which lies outspread before them1 and they listen to the lapping of the waves and the whispering murmur of the breeze1 but suddenly they ,saw each other's dark eyes darting light ,into each other--and1 beholding this1 ,their lips drew near1 and clung into a kiss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,they had not spoken1 but they felt allured1 ,as if their souls and lips each other beckoned1 ,which1 being joined1 like swarming bees they clung-- ,their hearts the flowers from whence the honey sprung4 ,the kiss of love is the exultant message of the longing of love1 love eternally young1 the burning prayer of hot desire1 which is born on the lovers' lips1 and 8rises10 as ,charles ,fuster has said1 8up to the blue sky from the green plains10 like a tender1 trembling thank-offering4 ,que tous les curs soient apaiss ,et toutes les lvres ouvertes1 ,qu'un frmissement de baisers ,monte au ciel bleu des plaines vertes6 ,the love kiss1 rich in promise1 bestows an intoxicating feeling of infinite happiness1 courage1 and youth1 and therefore surpasses all other earthly joys in sublimity--at any rate all poets say so--and no one has expressed it in more exquisite and choicer words than ,alfred de ,musset in his celebrated sonnet on ,tizianello3 ,beatrix ,donato was the soft sweet name ,of her whose earthly form was shaped so fair2 ,a faithful heart lay in her breast's white frame1 ,her spotless body held a mind most rare4 ,the son of ,titian1 for her deathless fame1 ,painted this portrait1 witness of love's care1 ,and from that day renounced his art's high claim1 ,loth that another dame his skill should share4 ,stranger1 if in your heart love doth abide1 ,gaze on my lady's picture ere you chide4 ,say if perchance your lady's fair as this4 ,then mark how poor a thing is fame on earth2 ,grand as this portrait is1 it is not worth-- ,believe me on my oath--the model's kiss4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,thus even the highest work of art1 yea1 the loftiest reputation1 is nothing in comparison with the passionate kiss of a woman one loves4 ,this is what life has taught ,musset1 and a half melancholy sigh rings through his exultation over the omnipotence of love4 ,in turning to the more nave speech of popular poetry1 we find in a ,german ,schnaderhpfel 7,improvisation7 a corresponding homage to the kiss as the noblest thing in the world3 ,my sweetheart's poor1 ,but fair to behold4 ,what use were wealth8 ,i cannot kiss gold4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,and we all yearn for kisses and we all seek them2 it is idle to struggle against this passion4 ,no one can evade the omnipotence of the kiss1 the best resolutions1 the most solemn oaths1 are of no avail4 ,a pretty little ,servian folk-song treats of a young girl who swore too hastily4 ,yestreen swore a maiden fair1 ,ne'er again ,i'll wear a garland1 ,ne'er again ,i'll wear a garland1 ,wine again ,i'll never drink1 ,never more ,i'll kiss a laddie4 ,yestreen swore the maiden fair1 ,clean to-day her oath's regretted3 ,if ,i decked myself with flow'rets1 ,then the flow'rets made me fairer2 ,if ,i quaffed the wine that's ruddy1 ,then my heart grew all the blither2 ,if ,i kissed my heart's beloved1 ,life to me grew doubly dearer4#f ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,it is through kisses that a knowledge of life and happiness first comes to us4 ,runeberg says that the angels rejoice over the first kiss exchanged by lovers4 ,the evening star was sitting beside a silver cloud1 ,a maid from out a twilight grove addressed this star aloud1 8,come1 tell me1 star of evening1 what angels think in heaven ,when by a youth and maiden the first sweet kiss is given80 ,and heaven's bashful daughter was heard to deign reply3 8,on earth the choir of angels bright look down from out the sky1 ,and see their own felicity then mirrored on the earth1 ,but death sheds tears1 and turns his eyes away from such blest mirth40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,only death weeps over the brief duration of human happiness1 weeps because the bliss of the kiss endures not for ever4 ,and likewise1 even after death1 lovers kiss4 ,jannakos and ,helena1 his plighted bride1 die before their wedding day4 ,they die in a kiss and are buried together2 but over their grave grew a cypress and an orange tree1 and the latter stretched forth its branches on high and kissed the cypress4 ,the happiest man is the man who has the kiss4 ,in the ,greek romance of ,babylonika1 which was attributed to ,jamblicus1 who lived in the second century of the ,christian era1 three lovers contend for the favour of a young maid4 ,to one she has given the cup out of which she was wont to drink2 the second she has garlanded with flowers that she herself has worn2 to the third she has given a kiss4 ,borokos is called on as judge to decide as to which has enjoyed the highest favour1 and he unhesitatingly decides the dispute in favour of the last4 ,the same subject is often the theme of folk-poetry1 and the verdict never alters2 the joy bestowed by a kiss surpasses all other joys4 ,a ,hungarian ballad runs thus3 ,as the hart holds dear the fountain1 ,and the bee the honied flow'rets1 ,so the noble grape ,i cherish2 ,after this songs melting1 tender1 ,kisses1 too1 of lips of crimson1 ,as thine own1 ,o ,cenzi mine4 ,but the wine's might fires my senses1 ,and songs wake within me blitheness1 ,and with love intoxicated1 ,with thy love1 mine own beloved4 ,and my heart no more is longing ,after purple1 after gew-gaws1 ,after what the others long for4 ,happy am ,i in the clinking ,of the goblet filled with rich wine2 ,happier still amidst sweet singing2 ,but my happiness were greatest1 ,dared ,i press my kisses on a ,mouth1 and that mouth only thine4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,the same idea is still more delicately expressed in the following ,servian ballad3 ,proudly cried a golden orange ,on the breezy shore3 8,certainly nowhere happiness ,is found to equal mine40 ,answered a green apple ,from its apple tree3 8,fool to boast1 golden orange1 ,on the breezy shore2 ,for happiness such as ,i've found1 ,its like cannot be seen40 ,then said the breezy meadow1 ,as yet untouched by scythe3 8,too conceited1 little apple1 ,that speech of thine1 meseems1 ,for happiness such as ,i've found1 ,its like cannot be seen40 ,then spake a lovely maiden1 ,unsullied by a kiss3 8,thou pratest folly1 grass-plot1 ,instead of sooth1 ,i ween1 ,for happiness such as ,i've found ,its like cannot be seen40 ,but a handsome lad made answer ,to every speech they made2 8,you're mad1 all mad1 to utter ,such words as ,i've just heard1 ,for no one in the universe ,can be so blest as ,i40 8,golden orange by the breezy ,shore ,i pluck thee now4 ,apple1 from thy apple tree ,to-day ,i'll shake thee down4 ,grass-plot1 ,i'll mow thee level ,with my scythe-strokes to-day4 ,maiden1 as yet unsullied ,to-day ,i'll kiss thy lips40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,in another ,servian lay1 the lover sings that he would rather kiss his sweetheart than be the ,sultan's guest4 ,in ,spain the lover wishes he were the water-cooler so that he might kiss his darling's lips when she is drinking3 ,arcarrasa de tu casa1 ,chiquiya1 quisiera ser1 ,para besarte los labios ,quando fueras beber4 ,the ,greeks say that the kiss is 8the key to ,paradise02 yea1 it is ,paradise itself1 declares ,wergeland3 ,nay1 bride1 thine embrace more than heav'n ,i prize2 ,oh1 kiss me once more that to heav'n ,i rise4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,the kiss is a preservation against every ill4 8,no ill-luck can betide me when she bestows on me a kiss10 sings the old trouvre1 ,colin ,muset3 ,se de li ai un douz baisier ,ne me porroit nus mals venir4 ,it gives health and strength1 adds ,heine3 ,yet could ,i kiss thee1 ,o my soul1 ,then straightway ,i should be made whole4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,it carries life with it2 it even bestows the gift of eternal youth--if one can believe the words of the ,duke of ,anhalt the minnesinger3 ,your mouth is crimson2 over its sweet portal ,a kindly ,genius seems for ever flowing4 ,if on that mouth a kiss ,i were bestowing1 ,methinks ,i should in sooth become immortal4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,the ,persians1 too1 had the same idea4 ,the jovial ,hafiz laments that 8sour wisdom added to old age and virtue0 has laid waste his strength1 but a remedy is to be found for these3 8,come and drink10 the maiden whispered1 8,sin and sweetness1 youthful folly1 ,lovingly from lips of crimson1 ,from my bosom's lily chalice1 ,and live on with strength redoubled40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,and if a kiss is no good1 then nought avails4 ,in another passage the same bard says1 that were he suddenly on some occasion to feel himself tormented by agony and unrest1 no one is to give him bitter medicine--for such he detests--but3 ,hand me the foaming juice of the vine1 ,jest and sing from your heart to mine1 ,and if these prove not a remedy sure1 ,then a pair of red lips you must straight procure4 ,but if these latter avail not to save1 ,may ,i be laid deep down in the grave4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,in the case of lovers a kiss is everything2 that is the reason why a man stakes his all for a kiss4 ,in ,enthousiasme ,aarestrup says3 ,ha1 you're blushing6 ,what red roses ,deck your lips6 ,a man were fain to1 ,if a chasm yawned before him1 ,straightway peril life to gain you4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,and man craves for it as his noblest reward3 ,from beyond the high green mountains ,lamentations fraught with sadness ,issue1 soft as from a girl's voice4 ,then a youth the sound pursueth1 ,and he sees a maiden shackled ,fast in fetters thick of roses4 ,then the fair maid called unto him3 8,doughty youth1 come here and help me2 ,i'll be to you as a sister40 ,but the youth straightway made answer3 8,in my home ,i have a sister40 8,doughty youth1 come here and help me1 ,for a brother-in-law ,i'll choose thee40 ,then the lad again made answer3 8,in my home ,i have that title40 8,come1 young hero1 and assist me1 ,and ,i'll be thy heart's belovd40 ,quickly kissed he then the maiden ,ere he loosed her from her fetters1 ,then went homeward with his bride4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,thus runs a ,servian ballad1 and innumerable analogues to it are to be found in the folk-lore of other countries1 in ballads as well as tales4 ,it is1 you know1 for a kiss from the princess's lovely mouth that the swine-herd sells his wonderful pan4 ,but women are aware1 too1 of the witchery that dwells on their lips1 and the power that lies in their kiss4 ,according to a remarkable saga which forms the subject of one of ,heine's poems1 ,king ,harald ,hrfager sits at the bottom of the sea in captivity to a mermaid4 ,the king's head is reposing on her bosom2 but1 suddenly1 a violent tremor thrills him1 he hears the ,viking shouts which reach him from above1 he starts from his dream of love and groans and sighs3 ,and then the ,king from the depth of his heart ,begins sobbing1 and wailing1 and sighing1 ,when quickly the water-fay over him bends1 ,with loving kisses replying4 ,man is the slave of the kiss2 by a kiss woman tames the fiercest man2 by means of a kiss man's will becomes as wax4 ,our peasant girls in ,denmark know this1 too1 right well4 ,when they want one of the lads to do them a service they promise him 8seven sweet kisses and a bit of white sugar on ,whitsunday morning40 8,but he will get neither10 they say to themselves4 ,now1 as we have discussed the kiss and its importance as the direct expression of love and erotic emotions1 we will pass over to certain more special aspects of its nature4 ,in the very first place1 then1 we have the quantitative conditions4 ,it is a matter of common knowledge that lovers are liberal in the extreme in the question of kisses1 which are given and taken to infinity1 and these have likewise continually the same intoxicating freshness as at the first meeting4 ,everything in love is1 you know1 a reiteration1 and yet love is a perpetual renewing4 ,how inspiriting are the words of ,tove to ,king ,waldemar1 as ,j4 ,p4 ,jacobsen gives them3 ,and now ,i say for the first time3 8,king ,volmer1 ,i love thee10 ,and kiss thee now for the first time1 ,and fling mine arms round thee2 ,but should you say ,i've said this before1 ,and you to kisses are fain1 ,then say ,i3 8,king1 he's but a fool ,who minds such trifles vain40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,what has a love kiss to do with the law of renewal8 ,that one does not arrive at anything by one kiss is expressed with sufficient plainness in an ,istro-,roumanian proverb3 ,cu un trat busni nu se afla muliere 7with a single kiss no woman is caught74 ,this maxim holds good besides in the case of both men and women4 ,but how many kisses are necessary then8 ,there is a little ,greek folk-song called 8,all good things are three40 ,it runs as follows3 ,your first kiss brought me near to the grave1 ,your second kiss came my life to save2 ,but if a third kiss you'll bestow1 ,not even death can bring me woe4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but1 nevertheless1 we may assume without a shadow of a doubt that he was not satisfied with these three kisses--lovers are not wont to be so easily contented4 ,the ,spaniards and many other nations besides say of lovers that 8they eat each other up with kisses20 but more than three are certainly required for that purpose3 ,take this kiss and a thousand more1 my darling1 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 sings ,aarestrup1 but ,catullus outbids him1 however1 in one of his songs to ,lesbia3 ,a thousand kisses2 add five score3 ,another thousand kisses more2 ,then best forget them all1 ,lest any wight with evil eye ,our too close counting might espy1 ,and dire mishap befall4#g ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,as we see1 ,catullus' love has no trifling start over ,aarestrup's1 and so a later poet seems likewise to think that even his demands are quite ridiculously small4 8,nay10 says ,joachim du ,bellay to his ,columbelle1 8give me as many kisses as there are flowers on the mead1 seeds on the field1 and grapes in the vineyards1 and so that you shall not deem me ungrateful1 ,i will immediately give you as many again40 ,du ,bellay1 moreover1 bitterly upbraids the poet of ,verona for asking for so few kisses that they can1 when taken together1 be counted3 ,in truth ,catullus' wants are small1 ,and little can they really mean1 ,since he could even count them all4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,i must1 however1 take ,catullus' part to a certain extent2 he is not so precise in his demands of ,lesbia as ,du ,bellay makes out2 in another poem he asks her3 ,thy kisses dost thou bid me count1 ,and tell thee1 ,lesbia1 what amount ,my rage for love and thee could tire1 ,and satisfy and cloy desire8 ,and the answer runs3 ,many as grains of ,libyan sand ,upon ,cyrene's spicy land ,from prescient ,ammon's sultry dome ,to sacred ,battus' ancient tomb2 ,many as stars that silent ken ,at night the stolen loves of men4 ,yes1 when the kisses thou shall kiss ,have reached a number vast as this1 ,then may desire at length be stayed1 ,and e'en my madness be allayed3 ,then when infinity defies ,the calculations of the wise2 ,nor evil voice's deadly charm1 ,can work the unknown number harm4 ,this being the case1 it is a divine blessing that1 according to the ,finnish saying1 8the mouth is not torn by being kissed1 nor the hand by being squeezed03 ,suu ei kulu suudellessa1 ,ksi ktt annellessa4 ,but even if the mouth is not exactly torn1 yet much kissing may be almost harmful2 but there is only one remedy to be found for this--8you must heal the hurts by fresh kisses40 ,dorat1 who may be regarded as a high authority on philematology1 expressly says3 ,a second kiss can physic ,the evil the first has wrought4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,and ,heine1 whose authority in these questions should hardly be inferior1 holds quite the same theory3 ,if you have kissed my lips quite sore1 ,then kiss them whole again2 ,if we till evening meet no more1 ,then hurry will be vain4 ,you have still yet the whole1 whole night1 ,my dearest heart1 know this3 ,one can in such a long1 long night1 ,kiss much and taste much bliss4 ,i make use of the last of the verses quoted as a transition to the next question we have to investigate1 viz41 the qualitative aspect of kissing1 as ,i regard it apart from its merely gustative qualities1 which have already been considered4 ,the love kiss gleams like a cut diamond with a thousand hues2 it is eternally changing as the sun's shimmer on the waves1 and expresses the most diverse states and moods1 ranging from humble affection to burning desire4 ,the love kiss 8quenches the fire of the lips10 quells and stills longing and desire1 but it also burns and arouses regret4 ,margaret sits at her spinning-wheel1 and1 in tremulous longing1 calls to mind ,faust's ardent kiss3 ,my peace is gone1 ,my heart is sore3 ',tis gone for ever ,and evermore4 ,and the magic flow ,of his talk1 the bliss ,in the clasp of his hand1 ,and1 oh1 his kiss6 ,my bosom yearns ,for him alone2 ,ah1 dared ,i clasp him1 ,and hold1 and own6 ,and kiss his mouth1 ,to heart's desire1 ,and on his kisses ,at last expire6 ,numberless poets have varied the theme of the quenching yet burning kisses of love4 ,o'er me flows in streams delicious ,kisses' rosy and glowing rain1 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 sings ,waldemar at his meeting with ,tove1 and ,aarestrup laments3 ,in vain ,i'm seeking ,in ev'ry land1 ,thy sweetness burning ,of mouth and hand4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,this 8burning sweetness0 seems to be an indubitable characteristic of a genuine love kiss2 we even find it again in ,heine3 ,the world's an ass1 the world can't see1 ,thy character not knowing1 ,it knows not how sweet thy kisses be1 ,how rapturously glowing4 ,the emotions consequent on the first kiss have been described in the old nave1 but1 nevertheless1 exceedingly delicate love-story1 of ,daphnis and ,chloe4 ,as a reward ,chloe has bestowed a kiss on ,daphnis--an innocent young-maid's kiss1 but it has on him the effect of an electrical shock3 8,ye gods1 what are my feelings4 ,her lips are softer than the rose's leaf1 her mouth is sweet as honey1 and her kiss inflicts on me more pain than a bee's sting4 ,i have often kissed my kids1 ,i have often kissed my lambs1 but never have ,i known aught like this4 ,my pulse is beating fast1 my heart throbs1 it is as if ,i were about to suffocate1 yet1 nevertheless1 ,i want to have another kiss4 ,strange1 never-suspected pain6 ,has ,chloe1 ,i wonder1 drunk some poisonous draught ere she kissed me8 ,how comes it that she herself has not died of it80 ,impelled1 as it were1 by some irresistible force1 ,daphnis wanders back to ,chloe2 he finds her asleep1 but dares not awake her3 8,see how her eyes slumber and her mouth breathes4 ,the scent of apple-blossoms is not so delicious as her breath4 ,but ,i dare not kiss her4 ,her kiss stings me to the heart1 and drives me as mad as if ,i had eaten fresh honey40 ,daphnis' fear of kisses disappears1 however1 later on1 directly his simplicity has made room for greater selfconsciousness4 ,that a kiss is like the sting of a bee1 or pains like a wound1 is a metaphor which many poets have used1 and the metaphor comes undoubtedly near the truth4 ,with growing passion1 kisses become mad and violent3 ,thy ruby lips1 they kissed so wild1 ,so madly1 so soul-disturbing2 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 and such kisses leave marks behind them4 ,aarestrup's mistress has beautiful plump shoulders3 ,they curve1 as of a goddess1 ,so naked and so bold4 ,i'll brand your comely shoulders1 ,such guerdon have they earned6 ,look where my lips enfevered ,have scars of crimson burned4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,hafiz' mistress is afraid that 8his too hot kisses will char her delicate lips40 ,with continually increasing desire kisses grow more and more voluptuous1 and assume forms which have been celebrated by poets of antiquity and the ,renaissance4 ,many burning1 erotic verses have been composed on the subject columbatim labra conserere1 or kissing as doves kiss4 ,kisses at last grow into bites4 ,mirabeau1 in a love-letter to ,sophie1 writes3 8,i am kissing you and biting you all over1 et jaloux de la blancheur je te couvre de suons02 and the classic poets often speak of the tiny red marks on cheeks or lips1 neck or shoulders1 which the lovers' morsiuncul have left behind4 ,arethusa writes to ,lycas3 8,what keeps you till now so long away from me8 ,oh1 suffer no young girl to print the mark of her teeth on your neck40 ,the ,italians use the expression baciare co' denti 7kiss with the teeth7 to signify 8to love40 ,we can only treat these kisses as a sort of transitional link1 of shorter or longer duration1 according to circumstances4 ,they are1 as it were1 8a sea fraught with perils10 which in ,mlle4 de ,scudry's celebrated letter 7la carte de tendre71 carries one to strange countries 7les terres inconnues72 but1 as these countries lie outside the regions of pure philematology1 ,i shall not pursue my investigations further4 ,i will1 however1 first quote what old ,ovid has written1 although ,i am not at all prepared to assert that his opinion is entitled to have any special weight1 more especially as it is far from being unimpeachable from a moral point of view3 ,oscula qui sumpsit1 si non et cetera sumet1 ,hc quoque qu data sunt perdere dignus erit4 ,quantum defuerat pleno post oscula voto8 ,heu mihi rusticitas1 non pudor ille fuit4#h ,after the foregoing it would seem superfluous to enter into a closer investigation of--if the term be allowed--the topographical aspects of kissing4 ,the love kiss is1 as you are aware1 properly directed towards the mouth--a fact sufficiently known1 and in testimony of which ,i have1 moreover1 brought forward a number of passages from respectable and trustworthy writers4 ,i shall only add a ,german 8,sinngedicht0 of ,friedrich von ,logau3 ,if you will kiss1 then kiss the mouth1 ,all other sorts are but half blisses1 ,the face--ah1 no--nor hand1 neck1 breast1 ,the mouth alone can give back kisses4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,von ,logau's vindication of the mouth as the only place that ought to be kissed is extremely logical1 and1 ,i take it1 from a purely theoretical point of view1 unobjectionable2 but1 practically1 the case is quite the contrary4 ,the royal trouvre1 ,thibaut de ,champagne1 treats in a lengthy poem--one of the so-called jeux-partis--the question whether one should kiss one's mistress's mouth or feet4 ,baudouin's opinion is in favour of kissing her on the mouth1 and he gives his reasons for it at some length2 but ,thibaut replies1 that he who kisses his darling on the mouth has no love for her1 because that is the way one kisses any little shepherdess one comes across2 it is only by kissing her feet that a lover shows his affection1 and it is by such means alone that her favour is to be won4 ,the question of feet or mouth is threshed out minutely by the two contending parties1 who at last agree in the opinion that one ought to kiss both parts1 beginning with the feet and ending with the mouth4 ,it cannot be denied that ,thibaut de ,champagne has a far better insight into the matter than ,von ,logau1 and yet even the old ,french poet's point of view must be characterised as being somewhat narrow4 ,all the other poets1 you must know1 teach us that not only the mouth1 but every part of our sweetheart's body says1 8,kiss me40 ,friends1 if it only were my fate6 ,if fate would will it so1 ,i'd kiss her beauties small and great ,from bosom down to toe4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,so sings ,aarestrup1 and he returns again and again to the same idea in his ritorneller3 ,when scarce the mouth can longer feel such fooling1 ,because thy lips are all too hotly burning1 ,press them to bosom's ,alpine snows for cooling4 ,the arms so white and tender woo caresses2 ,a lovely pleasance1 too1 those plump white shoulders6 ,but through the soul a bosom-kiss straight presses4 ,her snow-white shoulders6 ,all what may be said on ,such beauty ,i have uttered4 ,for my guerdon ,grant me one now to rest my weary head on4 ,at kisses pressed upon your neck's fair closes ,you thrilled and threw your head back1 and ,i straightway ,planted upon your throat my kisses' roses4 ,about my darling ,i am wheeling1 flying1 ,like to a gadfly round a lily's chalice1 ,buzzing until in nectar-cup mute dying4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,allow me also to call your attention to a pretty little myth which ,dorat composed about a 8kiss in the bosom's ,alpine snow40 ,the kiss is a fair rose1 and roses bloom everywhere in these tracks2 through witchcraft two vigorous rosebuds sprouted forth on woman's white bosom3 ,le bouton d'un beau sein est clos du baiser2 ,une rose y fleurit pour y marquer sa trace2 ,fier de l'avoir fait natre1 il aime s'y fixer4 ,but if the object of one's affection is not within reach1 and oscula corporalia are1 for that reason1 practically impossible1 her image may be kissed1 as a ,french song navely says3 ,i will make a portrait gay1 ,like to thee1 set in a locket2 ,kiss it five score times a day ,guard it safely in my pocket4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but if one is not fortunate enough to possess an image of the object of one's affection1 then anything that has in any way been associated with1 or is reminiscent of1 him or her may be kissed4 ,tovelille exults to ,king ,volmer3 ,for all my roses ,i've kissed to death ,whilst thinking1 dear love1 of thee4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but ,f4 ,rckert sings with pain and mockery3 ,with fervour the hard stone ,i'm kissing1 ,for your heart is as hard as a stone4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,such oscula impropria are often mentioned by ancient as well as modern poets4 ,propertius 7,i4 #af7 says3 ,ah1 oft ,i've hither sped with verse to greet ,thee1 leaning on thy steps with kisses pressed4 ,how often1 traitress1 turning towards the street1 ,i've laid in secret garlands on thy crest4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,eighteen hundred years afterwards ,dorat writes3 ,i kiss the kindly blades of grass ,because they have approached your charms3 ,the sands o'er which your footsteps pass1 ,and leafy boughs that stretched their arms ,to hide our happiness1 dear lass4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,lovers often send each other kisses through the air1 as in ,branger's well-known song on the detestable ,spring3 ,we loved before we ever met2 ,our kisses crossed athwart the air4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but should the distance be too great for such a platonic interchange of kisses1 certain small1 obliging postillons d'amour are employed ,heine uses his poems for that purpose3 ,o would that all my verses ,were kisses light and sweet3 ,i'd send them all in secret ,my sweetheart's cheeks to greet4 ,while the young girl in ,runeberg has recourse to a rose that has just blossomed3 ,through the grove amidst the blooming flow'rets ,walked the bonnie maiden unattended1 ,and she plucked a new-born rose1 exclaiming3 #8,lovely flow'ret1 if you'd only wings on1 ,i would send you to my well-belovd ,when ,i'd fastened just two tiny greetings ,lightly on your right wing and your left wing2 ,one should bid him cover you with kisses1 ,and the other send you back to me soon4' ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but however much poets may clothe with grace such kisses sent and received by post--and it cannot be denied that many of them are extraordinarily charming from a poetical point of view--they are1 and must be1 nevertheless1 in reality only certain mean substitutes with which lovers in the long run cannot feel fully satisfied4 8,the kiss10 says the practical ,frenchmen1 8is a fruit which one ought to pluck from the tree itself0 7,le baiser est un fruit qu'il faut cueiller sur l'arbre74 ,kisses ought to be given1 as they should be taken1 in secret2 only in such case have they their full freshness1 their intoxicating power4 ,heine says of such3 ,kisses that one steals in darkness1 ,and in darkness then returns-- ,how such kisses fire the spirit1 ,if with ardent love it burns6 ,no profane eyes should see them3 they only concern the pair of lovers--none other in the whole world4 ,secrecy and silence must rest over these kisses1 as over all else that regards the soul of love1 so that the butterfly's wings may not lose their delicate down4 ,the strait-laced ,cato degraded a senator of the name of ,manilius for having kissed his wife in broad daylight and in his daughter's presence4 ,plutarch1 however1 considers the punishment excessive1 but adds3 8,how disgusting it is in any case to kiss in the presence of third parties40 ,clement of ,alexandria1 one of the ,fathers of the ,church1 endorses this opinion1 and exhorts all married people to refrain from kissing one another before their servants4 ,all delicate-minded persons must undoubtedly sympathise with the ancient ascetic conception in proportion as they unconsciously follow it in practice4 ,a kiss to or from a woman we love is a far too delicate pledge of affection to bear the gaze of strangers4 ,how many engaged couples would1 do you suppose1 find favour in ,cato's eyes8 ,how often do they not by their behaviour offend the commonest notions of decency8 ,their kisses and caresses1 which ought to be their secret possession1 they expose quite unconcernedly to the sight of all4 ,one evening at a large party ,i saw a young girl ostentatiously kiss on the mouth the gentleman to whom she was engaged4 ,cato would certainly turn in his grave if he knew that such immodest behaviour was actually tolerated by people of refinement and position2 and how disgusted and indignant he would be--unless1 indeed1 he preferred to smile--at the sight of the duty-kisses after dinner1 which are often exchanged between man and wife at dinner-parties4 ,ah1 yes1 when the belly's full 4446 ,how warranted is ,kierkegaard's satire on the conjugal domestic kiss with which husband and wife1 in lack of a napkin1 wipe each other's mouth after meals4 ,on the lips of youth alone you reap the sweetest harvests3 ,sur les lvres de la jeunesse ,tu fais les plus douces moissons4 7,,dorat74 ,the young maiden will only give her love-kiss to her sweetheart1 the stalwart swain2 an old suitor is spurned with scorn4 ,the lovely ,mara1 white and red1 walked by the spring and tended her sheep3 ,see an old1 old suitor comes riding up on horseback1 ,shouting3 8,god's peace be thine1 fair ,mara1 white and red4 ,tell me1 canst thou offer me a draught of cold clear water2 ,tell me1 can the basil ever verdant here be gathered1 ,and may ,i snatch a kiss from thee1 fair ,mara1 white and red80 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but straightway comes the answer from fair ,mara1 white and red3 8,i charge thee1 old1 old suitor1 to horse and ride hence quickly1 ,no drink is here thy portion from the fountain cold and clear1 ,and the ever-verdant basil by thee shall not be gathered1 ,nor durst thou snatch a kiss from me1 fair ,mara1 white and red40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,again1 fair ,mara1 white and red1 walked by the spring and tended her sheep3 ,see a young and handsome suitor comes riding up on horseback1 ,shouting3 8,god's peace be thine1 fair ,mara1 white and red4 ,tell me1 canst thou offer me a draught of cold clear water2 ,tell me1 can the basil ever verdant here be gathered1 ,and may ,i snatch a kiss from thee1 fair ,mara1 white and red80 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but straightway comes the answer from fair ,mara1 white and red3 8,i charge thee1 handsome laddie1 to horse and ride hence quickly1 ,wouldst thou drink of this cool fountain1 thou must hither come some morning1 ,for cold and clear's the water in the hours of early dawn4 ,wouldst thou gather from the bushes1 thou must hither come at mid-day1 ,for the flower-trees smell the sweetest about the noon-tide hour4 ,wouldst thou kiss the beauteous ,mara1 then hither come at evening1 ,at evening sighs each maiden who finds herself alone40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,in another ,servian ballad we find the same glorification of the stalwart young lover1 the same contempt for1 and detestation of1 old men who go a-wooing4 ,high upon a mountain's slope once stood a maiden1 ,mirroring her lovely image in the stream1 ,and her image in these words addressing3 #8,image fraught to me with so much sadness ,had ,i known a time was ever coming ,when thou shouldst be kissed by agd lover1 ,then amidst the green hills ,i had wandered1 ,gath'ring with my hands their bitter herbage1 ,squeezing out of it its acrid juices1 ,washed thee then therewith that thou should'st savour ,bitterly wheresoe'r the old man kissed thee4' #8,o my lovely image1 had ,i known that ,thou wert fated for a young man's kisses1 ,i had hurried to the verdant meadows1 ,gathered all the roses in the meadows1 ,squeezing from the roses their sweet juices1 ,laved thee with them1 ,o mine image1 that thou ,savoured of fragrance wheresoe'r he kissed thee4' ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,a kiss must be given and taken in frank1 joyous affection4 ,to have recourse to violence is unknightly1 unlovely1 and despicable in the highest degree4 ,this is a sphere wherein the brutal axiom regarding the right of the stronger can never hold good4 ,an ,albanian folk-song tells us of a young man who is in search of a young maiden with whom he is in love2 he finds her at a brook1 and1 against her will1 kisses her mouth and cheeks4 ,filled with shame1 the young maiden tries to wash away the kisses in the brook1 but its water is dyed red1 and 8when the women in the neighbouring village come thither to wash their clothes1 the latter turn red instead of white4 ,and1 in the gardens watered with water from the brook1 scarlet flowers sprout up2 and the birds which drank of the water thereof lost their power of song40 ,this ballad shows us1 in burning words1 how deeply a man outrages a woman when he kisses her against the dictates of her heart4 ,a ,southern imagination alone can find an expression so sublime and poetical3 in ,french it runs simply and frankly3 ,un baiser n'est rien1 quand le cur est muet4 ,in ,teutonic countries it is expressed somewhat more awkwardly4 ,in ,denmark people say3 ,kys med gevalt er g uden salt 7a kiss snatched by force is as an egg without salt72 and in ,germany still less elegantly3 ,ein aufgezwungener ,kuss ist wie ein ,hhneraug' am ,fuss 7like a corn on one's foot74 ,the question of kissing by main force can be treated not only from an ethical1 but also from a juristic point of view4 ,holberg relates that in ,naples the individual who kissed in the street a woman against her will was punished by not being allowed to approach within thirty miles distance of the spot where the outrage had taken place2 and a ,german jurist wrote in the end of the eighteenth century1 a minute and extremely solid treatise on the remedy that a woman has against a man who kisses her against her will 7,von dem ,rechte des ,frauenzimmers gegen eine ,mannperson1 die es wider seinen ,willen ksset74 ,the author begins by classifying kisses2 he distinguishes between lawful and unlawful kisses1 and frames the following classification3-- ,kisses are either ,i4--,,lawful1 ,a4 ,as spiritual kisses4 ,b4 ,as kisses of reconciliation and kisses of peace4 ,c4 ,as customary kisses2 partly1 a4 ,by way of salutation4 #a4 ,at meeting4 #b4 ,on arrival4 #c4 ,at departure2 partly1 b4 ,as mark of courtesy4 c4 ,in jest4 ,d4 ,as kisses of respect4 ,e4 ,as kisses on festive occasions4 ,f4 ,as kisses of love3 4 ,between married people4 4 ,between such as are engaged to be married4 4 ,between parents and children4 4 ,between relations4 4 ,between intimate friends2 or1 ,,ii4--,,unlawful1 when they are given-- ,a4 ,out of treachery or malice4 ,b4 ,out of lust4 ,after this particularly happy attempt to reduce kissing to a system1 our jurist maintains the view that all depends on the person who kisses and the person who is kissed4 ,if1 for instance1 a peasant or a vulgar citizen takes such a liberty as to kiss a noble and high-born lady against her will1 her claim against the aggressor ought to be far greater than it would be in the case of one of less ignoble descent2 but1 on the other hand1 if ,hans steals from his ,greta 8an informal1 hearty1 rustic kiss10 and she complains to the authorities about it1 there will scarcely be any grounds for litigation4 ,on the whole1 says he1 a kiss between individuals of the same position in society is not to be regarded as a tort1 and he more closely defines how he arrives at this conception4 ,it can only be actionable in the case of a party having some consciously unchaste intention when he kissed1 or in the case of an osculum luxuriosum or libidinosum--in such cases only can a verdict be brought in of what1 according to ,roman law1 is termed crimen osculationis1 and in no other case can the wrong-doer be punished by fine or imprisonment1 propter voluntatem pernicios libidinis4 ,the punishment1 however1 should be proportioned in severity according to the rank of the injured party4 ,in the case of a nun or a married woman it ought to be most severe2 less severe if the lady be unmarried but betrothed1 and mildest when she is neither married nor betrothed4 ,but if the unchaste intention cannot be distinctly proved1 the woman has no grounds for complaining of any sort1 and1 in accordance with the procedure of the ,german courts1 the kiss is to be considered innocent till the contrary is proved4 ,our jurist thus takes a really liberal view in the case of a 8kiss taken by force02 he may almost be said to regard it as eine grosse ,kleinigkeit 7an unimportant trifle74 ,with regard to the question of a woman's right to defend herself in such cases1 he is of opinion that she is justified in repulsing the insulter by a box on the ears1 but only if the offence amounts to crimen osculationis1 and this box on the ears may not be inflicted with 8the fist of an ,amazon10 as1 by such requital1 she easily loses her right to take legal action in the matter4 ,she must1 above all1 be careful that the box on the ears be not excessive 7die ,ohrfeige proportionirlich einzukleiden71 as otherwise the man can bring an action against her2 consequently the woman ought to use her right of self-defence with great caution4 ,our jurist concludes with considerations of cases when the woman who has been kissed forfeits all claims1 viz41 when1 for instance1 by look or gestures she says1 8,i should like to see the man who would dare to kiss me10 and1 by such conduct1 obviously exposes herself to the danger4 ,holberg has also occupied himself with this question1 and tells the following story in one of his epistles 7,no4 #aii73-- 8,last week ,i was at a party where a curious incident happened4 ,a person stole up to a lady and gave her a kiss unexpectedly4 ,the ,vestal virgin took this douceur in such ill part that1 in her wrath1 she gave him a sound box on the ears4 ,he gave a start1 and every one expected he was going to pay her back in the same coin2 but1 to show his respect for the fair sex1 he made a low bow1 and kissed the very hand that had but lately struck him4 ,all present praised this act of courtesy1 on his part40 ,holberg1 on the contrary1 does not commend the man's politeness2 like the ,german jurist1 he sees nothing wrong about a kiss--indeed1 he even goes so far as to say that the young man ought to have given the maiden a box on the ears in return4 ,this coarse way of looking at the subject from a bachelor's point of view is wittily defended in the following rather startling way3 8,i candidly confess that if anything of the kind had happened to me ,i should have returned the good lady's salutation in the same way1 and that not out of anger or desire of being revenged1 but for the purpose of showing the courtesy with which one ought to treat a woman2 for kissing the lady on the hand which has boxed his ears is equivalent to saying3 #8,as you are a feeble creature of no importance1 and cannot hurt me1 your act deserves ridicule rather than revenge or rage4' ,no sensible woman can be pleased with such a compliment1 as there is nothing worse than being treated like a puppet2 and ,i hope no maid or matron will take this opinion of mine in ill part1 but will rather regard it as a proof of the justice ,i have always shown to women by always taking them seriously4 ,a kiss is nothing but a salutation1 and cannot be looked on as anything else4 ,we are no longer living in the golden age1 when a young lady almost fainted at hearing the word pronounced40 ,english ladies regard the matter from quite another point of view4 ,in #ahcg ,mr ,thomas ,saverland brought an action against ,miss ,caroline ,newton1 who had bitten a piece out of his nose for his having tried to kiss her by way of a joke4 ,the defendant was acquitted1 and the judge laid it down that 8when a man kisses a woman against her will she is fully entitled to bite his nose1 if she so pleases40--8,and eat it up1 if she has a fancy that way10 added a jocular barrister half aloud4 ,let us next consider how the thing stands when it is apparently only a question of a kiss snatched by force--for it is1 you know1 a matter of general knowledge that a woman's 8,no0 is not always to be taken seriously4 ,the refusal may1 you know1 be merely feigned4 ,the maiden's 8,no0 is the swain's 8,yes10 ,peder ,syv teaches us1 and ,runeberg1 who also understood women1 says3-- ,ev'ry girl is fond of kisses1 ,though she may pretend to scorn them4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,if one is now convinced that the ,german proverb which says3 ,auf ein ,weibes ,zunge ist ,nein nicht ,nein 7,on a woman's tongue 8no0 is not 8no071 what then8 ,well1 but how the point is to be finally settled is not satisfactorily explained by the authorities within my reach2 and this is the reason why ,i dare not pronounce an opinion on the question at issue4 ,but ,i am convinced that the momentary difficulty will afford the man the necessary diplomatic qualities as well as the requisite tact4 ,there is only one thing ,i can lay down for certain1 viz41 that if a man follows his natural simplicity and reserve1 and takes the girl's feigned 8,no0 seriously1 she will only laugh at him afterwards--such1 again1 is woman's nature4 ,a well-known ,french chanson deals with a hunter who meets a young girl out in the forest4 ,struck by her beauty1 he wants to kiss her3 ,and takes her by her white hand1 ,intending to caress her2 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 but she begins to cry1 and1 moved by her tears1 he releases her2 but he has hardly got clear of the wood before she begins to laugh at him heartily1 and in derision shouts after him3 8,when you've got hold of a quail you ought to pluck it1 and when you've got hold of a girl you ought to embrace her03 ,quand vous teniez la caille1 ,il fallait la plumer4 ,quand vous teniez la fillette1 ,il fallait l'embrasser4 ,i quote these verses1 for they may possibly afford inexperienced young men some matter for reflection4 ,besides1 a woman's 8,no0 has often a piquancy about it which lovers of a somewhat more refined class set great store by4 ,even ,martial 7v4 #df7 has expressed himself in favour of this in a little epigram which begins thus3 ,while ev'ry joy ,i scorn1 but that ,i snatch2 ,and me thy furies more than features catch4 ,and ,marot1 who was likewise much skilled in 8ars amandi10 even begs his mistress not to give him her kisses readily3 ,mouth of coral1 rare and bright1 ,that in kissing seems to bite2 ,longed-for mouth1 ,i pray you this3 ,feign deny me when you kiss4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,dorat has also expressed himself in favour of such4 8,promise me nine kisses10 says he to his ,thais1 8give me eight1 and let me struggle for the ninth40 ,the first eight kisses you accord ,will crown my love's felicity2 ,but ,i shall die in joy's reward ,if for the ninth a struggle be4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,even if the answer is not a decided negative1 yet it can1 you know1 be couched in such equivocal words as to be tantamount to neither a permission nor a refusal4 ,many girls agree with the ,swedish song3 ,but 8yes0 's a word ,i will not say1 ,nor will ,i either answer 8nay40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,there is a saying in ,jutland that runs thus3 8,maren1 may ,i kiss you8--,guess4 ,you won't then1 ,i suppose8--,guess once more8 ,you will8--,but how could you guess it then80 ,this tallies capitally with the following ,german saying3 8,zwinge mich1 so thu' ich keine ,snde10 sagte das ,mdchen 78,constrain me1 so that ,i shall not commit sin10 said the maiden74 ,naturally in this case1 there can be no question of any crimen osculationis1 for1 as the jurists have it1 volenti non fit injuria4 ,let us finally examine all these kisses from an ethical standpoint4 ,we have all of us1 you know1 learnt from our earliest childhood that-- ,he who kisses maidens hath ,a very naughty habit2 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 and popular belief adds1 by way of warning1 that it causes sores on the mouth4 ,ah1 yes1 that is certainly very true1 but what becomes of our childish lore in the main when we attain to somewhat riper age8 ,now1 only listen to the ballad about what happened in the case of the young ,serb1 in spite of all he had learnt3 ,here1 so people told us1 ,dwells a youth industrious1 ,who from ancient volumes ,late and early studies4 ,as for books they tell us3 ,don't vault on the saddle1 ,buckle not thy sword on1 ,drink no wine that fuddles1 ,never kiss a maiden4 ,but the young man harkens ,not to what they tell him3 ,keenest sword he seizes1 ,hottest wine he drinketh1 ,fairest maids he kisses4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,when so learned a man as our ,serb succumbs to the tempting kiss1 what is to be said then about all the rest who are less instructed8 ,and let us remember ere we sit in judgment on any one--and it ought to be regarded as peculiarly extenuating circumstances--that a woman's mouth is a direct incentive to kissing1 that it is formed1 as you know1 for that purpose1 asserts an old troubadour1 and created to kiss and smile3-- ,and when ,i gazed upon her red mouth sweet1 ,to match whose charms not ,jove himself were meet1 ,that mouth for laughter and for kisses framed1 ,i fell thereof so amorous straightway ,that ,i lacked power to do aught or to say4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,the roguish mouth with the white teeth and the moist red1 delicately-shaped lips say to every man who is not made of marble1 8,kiss me1 kiss me03 ,her fresh mouth's playing ,seems ever saying ,to kiss ,i am fain ,again1 again4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,how human is ,byron's wish that all women had but one mouth so that he might kiss them all at the same time3 ,that womankind had but one rosy mouth1 ,to kiss them all at once from north to south4 ,runeberg has uttered a similar wish1 and with a minute account of his reasons3 ,i gaze on a bevy of damsels1 ,i'm gazing and gazing incessant1 ,the fairest of all ,i'll be choosing1 ,and yet as to choice ,i'm uncertain2 ,for one has the brightest of bright eyes1 ,another girl's cheeks are more rosy1 ,a third one's lips are the riper1 ,the fourth has a heart far more tender4 ,there isn't a single maid lacking ,a something that captures my senses4 ,there isn't one there ,i'd say 8no0 to1 ,oh1 would ,i might kiss the whole bevy6 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,even an ecclesiastic such as neas ,silvius ,piccolomini1 when wishing to describe how beautiful and fascinating a young girl was1 writes that 8no one could see her without being seized at once with a desire to kiss her40 ,so as not to shock my readers1 ,i may mention that he wrote this before he was made ,pope and assumed the name of ,pius ,,ii4 ,it ought now to be taken as proved that women--beautiful women--and kisses are of a piece4 ,it is at the same time nature's ordinance1 and we find it verified in all countries and in all ages4 ,odin himself says1 you know1 in ,hvaml1 where he instructs mortals in the wisdom of life3 ,ships are for voyages1 ,and shields for ward1 ,sword-blades to smite1 ,and maids to kiss4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,and the ,greeks sing3 8,wine belongs to chestnuts1 honey to nuts1 and kisses morning and night to young maids40 ,i am inclined to assume that women also agree with this view2 certainly ,i have no positive enunciation to support my assumption1 but ,i am able to quote a ,german proverb which most assuredly points in this direction3 8,ich kann das ,kssen nicht leiden10 sagte das ,mdchen1 8wenn ich nicht dabei bin0 78,i cannot bear kissing10 said the maiden1 8when ,i am not taking any part in it407 ,now if1 in spite of all ,i have quoted1 some rigid moralist or other will persist that kissing young maids is always a 8bad0 habit1 and if1 peradventure1 a still sterner moralist will maintain it is a sin into the bargain1 ,i should reply that1 in any case1 it is one of those sorts of sin that are venial4 ,the ,pope himself will not refuse his absolution1 say the ,italians1 and they certainly ought to understand things in ,rome4 8,kiss me10 runs an ,italian folk-song1 8the ,pope will forgive you2 kiss me and ,i will kiss you1 and the ,pope will forgive us both40 ,o bella figlia1 o bella garzona1 ,baciate me1 ch il ,papa vi perdona2 ,baciate me1 ch io bacer vui1 ,ch il ,papa ci perdona tutti e dui4 ,if the ,pope is so complaisant then1 to be sure1 a subordinate servant of the ,church such as ,aarestrup's ,father ,hugo may well say3 ,child1 a kiss is but a trifle1 ,if it's only long and sweet4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,iii ,,affectionate ,,kisses ,seigneur1 tu m'as donn les baisers de ma mre1 ,je te bnis1 ,seigneur6 ,f4 ,e4 ,,adam4 ,i bless thee1 ,o ,lord1 for having given me my mother's kisses4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,affectionate ,,kisses ,a kiss can also express feelings from which the erotic element is excluded--feelings that are consequently less ardent and longing1 but1 most frequently1 far deeper and more lasting4 ,a kiss is expressive of love in the widest and most comprehensive meaning of the word1 bringing a message of loyal affection1 gratitude1 compassion1 sympathy1 intense joy1 and profound sorrow4 ,in the first place a kiss is the expression of the deep and intense feeling which knits parents to their offspring4 ,at its entrance into the world the little helpless infant is received by its father's and mother's warm kiss4 ,in the ,middle ,ages they kissed the new-born baby thrice in the name of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,and the parent's kiss follows the child through life4 ,when ,hector takes leave of his wife ,andromache he lifts his little son up into his arms1 but the child is afraid of his father's helmet1 8of the gleam of the copper and the nodding crest of horse-hair40 ,and from his brow ,hector the casque removed1 and set it down1 ,all glittering1 on the ground2 then kissed his child1 ,and danced him in his arms4#i ,the ,evangelist ,luke tells the story of the ,prodigal ,son's return home4 8,but when he was yet a great way off1 his father saw him1 and had compassion1 and ran and fell on his neck1 and kissed him40 ,the parent's kiss is like the good angel which shields the child from all evil4 ,when ,johannes in ,sren ,kierkegaard's ,forfrerens dagbog would describe the impression made on him by ,cordelia he says1 8,she looked so young and fresh1 as if nature like a tender and opulent mother had that very instant released her from her hand10 and he goes on to say3 8,it seemed to me as if ,i had been witness to this farewell scene2 ,i marked how the loving mother once again embraced her and bade her farewell2 ,i heard her say3 ',go out into the world now1 my child2 ,i have done all for you4 ,now take this kiss as a seal upon your lips2 'tis a seal the sanctuary preserves2 no one can break it against your own will1 but when the right man comes1 you shall understand him4' ,and she presses a kiss on her lips--a kiss which1 not like a human kiss1 takes aught1 but a divine kiss that gives all40 ,the chaste purity1 which is ,cordelia's halo and protection1 is1 as it were1 the reflection of a mother's kiss4 ,it is for this reason also that in the sagas a quite irresistible power is attributed to the parent's kiss4 ,when ,vildering1 the king's son1 quits ,maid ,miseri and journeys alone to his parents to tell them what has befallen him1 she implores him to be especially careful not to let his parents kiss him1 8for should that happen1 you will forget me utterly40 ,in spite of his caution his mother kisses him1 and oblivion covers the past2 he forgets his betrothed1 who is sitting and waiting for him in the depths of the forest4 ,kisses of affection are exchanged not only between parents and children1 but between all the members of the same family2 we find them even outside the more narrow family circle1 everywhere where deep affection unites people4 ,when ,naomi bade her son's wife farewell1 8they lifted up their voice and wept again2 and ,orpah kissed her mother-in-law2 but ,ruth clave unto her40 ,when ,moses went to meet his father-in-law1 8he did obeisance and kissed him2 and they asked each other of their welfare2 and they came into the tent20 and when ,jacob had wrestled with the ,lord he met ,esau1 ran towards him1 fell on his neck and kissed him4 ,the family kiss was also much in vogue with the ,romans4 ,propertius1 in one of his elegies1 chides his mistress for inventing quite ad libitum a whole crowd of relations so as always to have at hand some one to kiss her4 ,this is how that came to pass3 ,in ancient times there was a so-called jus osculi1 which allowed all a woman's relations to kiss her4 ,there are several curious stories about this peculiar privilege4 ,the old traditions1 which have been solemnly discussed by several writers1 relate that once upon a time women were forbidden to drink wine2 the above-mentioned law must have been instituted so that the parties concerned should1 in a pleasant and practical way1 be able to satisfy themselves about observing the prohibition4 ,this highly improbable explanation has been defended in a thesis for the degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy even in the eighteenth century4 ,the kiss of affection is often mentioned by the early ,greeks4 ,odysseus1 on reaching his home1 meets his faithful shepherds1 discloses his identity to them1 and shows them1 as a certain proof1 the cicatrix of a wound that he had on one occasion received when out hunting3 8,but come1 another token most manifest will ,i show1 ,that the truth in your souls may be strengthened1 and my very self ye may know4 ,lo the scar of the hurt1 which the wood-boar with his white tooth drave on a tide1 ,when with ,autolycus' children ,i sought ,parnassus' side60#aj ,so saying1 the rags about him from the mighty weal he drew1 ,and they twain looked upon it1 and all the tale they knew2 ,and they wept1 and o'er wise ,odysseus they cast their hands1 they twain1 ,and kissed his head and his shoulders1 and loved him and were fain4#aa ,in the same hearty manner the shepherd ,eumus received ,odysseus' son on the latter's return from his journey1 and lucky escape from the treacherous plot of the suitors3 ,and on the head he kissed him1 and both his eyes so fair1 ,and both his hands1 moreover1 and he shed a mighty tear2 ,and e'en as a loving father makes much of his dear son1 ,who has come from an alien country where the tenth long year is done1 ,his only son and darling for whom he hath travailed sore1 ,e'en so the goodly swineherd now kisseth him o'er and o'er ,telemachus the godlike1 as one escaped from death4,a ,he gets the same reception from his old nurse and his mother3 ,but the nurse1 e'en ,euryclea1 beheld him first of all ,as the fleecy fells she was spreading o'er the painted seats of the hall1 ,and1 weeping1 went straight toward him2 and the other maids thereto ,of ,odysseus hardy-hearted1 all round about him drew1 ,and they kissed him and caressed him1 his shoulders and his head4#ab 99 99 99 99 99 ,then ,penelope the wise-heart from her chamber forth she sped1 ,like to golden ,aphrodite or ,artemis the fair1 ,and she cast her arms amidst weeping round her son beloved and dear2 ,and therewithal she kissed him1 his head and his lovely eyes4#ac ,we have another famous scene of recognition1 but of far later date1 in the old ,french epic of ,girart de ,roussillon4 ,girart1 after many years' absence1 returns in poverty and sickness to ,france4 ,he presents himself to the queen1 who recognises him by means of a ring1 and1 8although it was ,good ,friday1 she fell on ,girart's neck and kissed him seven times40 ,it would perhaps be superfluous to quote more instances of the kisses of affection4 ,we meet with it in all ages in grave and solemn moments1 not only among those who love each other1 but also as an expression of profound gratitude4 ,when the ,apostle ,paul took leave of the elders of the congregation at ,ephesus1 8they all wept sore1 and fell on ,paul's neck and kissed him0 7,acts xx4 #cg74 ,when ,de ,malesherbes had solicited for himself the perilous honour of undertaking the defence of ,louis ,,xvi41 that monarch got up and1 in order to show his gratitude1 kissed him publicly4 ,even among persons who are utter strangers to each other1 kisses such as these may be exchanged4 ,the profoundest sympathy with1 the warmest interest in1 another's weal or woe can be instantly created4 ,the story of ,ingeborg ,vinding and ,poul ,vendelbo ,lvenrn is well known4 ,h4 ,p4 ,giessing relates it1 just as he heard it1 in the following form3 ,poul ,vendelbo1 the poor student1 went one day on the ramparts round ,copenhagen1 and walked with two rich noblemen who1 like himself1 had matriculated at the university from ,horsen's ,school4 ,they happened to notice a singularly beautiful woman sitting at the window of one of the adjacent houses4 ,one of the noblemen then said half-mockingly to ,vendelbo1 8,now1 if you could get a kiss from that lady1 ,poul1 we would defray the expenses of that tour abroad which you are so anxious to make40 ,vendelbo took him at his word1 went up to the beautiful lady1 and told her how his whole future possibly depended on her4 ,she then drew him towards the window1 and1 in the view of the nobleman1 gave him the kiss he craved4 ,he went abroad1 and1 returning at last as ,adjutant-,general ,lvenrn1 paid the fair lady a visit4 ,she was none other than ,ingeborg ,vinding4 ,this is the anecdote1 equally characteristic of both parties1 that ,carl ,ploug has so prettily treated in his poem ,et ,kys 7,a ,kiss74 ,the professor's daughter is sitting alone in the sitting-room1 and 8humming a song she has learnt by heart40 ,then some one knocks at the door1 and in steps young ,poul with his audacious request2 first she will refuse him indignantly3 ,ere yet a word she uttered ,she raised her eyes again4 ,their angry flash should wither ,that overbold young swain4 ,but1 ah1 he stood so quiet1 ,with such a modest grace1 ,with features stamped with honour1 ,and such a noble face4 ,once more the maiden's glances ,looked down1 their anger dead1 ,and with a blush delicious ,she spoke him fair instead4 8#8,twas wrong indeed1 ,i take it1 ,that you should boldly dare ,address a well-born maiden ,by stealth with such a prayer4 8,but if your looks belie not1 ,you good and noble are1 ,and so your path to fortune ,i should be loth to mar40 ,then by the hand she leads him ,to where the window is1 ,she blushes and she trembles2 ,they interchange a kiss4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,it would be superfluous to say more about this poem1 which ,i suppose is the most popular of ,ploug's essays in epic narrative4 ,how far the anecdote is historical is uncertain2 but with the knowledge we have of his and her character it cannot1 in any case1 be regarded as improbable4 ,ploug may thus be right when he says3 ,a kiss has with its gentle flame ,once kindled honour's beacon high2 ,a kiss has given ,denmark's fame ,a hero's name that shall not die4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,in early ,french literature there is a story somewhat akin to this2 it occurs in the old miracle play of 8,la ,marquise de la ,gaudine40 ,in her husband's absence she has been falsely accused of adultery and thrown into prison4 ,nobody dares to undertake her defence when1 suddenly1 a knight named ,anthenor steps up and offers1 with sword in hand1 to undertake the defence of her innocence1 having a long time back owed her a deep debt of gratitude for having1 on one occasion1 saved his life by a kiss4 ,he himself tells us navely and ingenuously how it happened3 8,once upon a time ,i found myself1 as you are aware1 in peril of death2 the king suspected me and believed ,i aspired to his wife's favour4 ,ah1 this was not the case at all1 you know4 ,but one day he said he would believe me if ,i divulged to him who my sweetheart was4 ,i did not know what to do1 and to save my life ,i said that the marquise was my amie4 ,he was not1 however1 content with this1 but1 as a proof1 demanded that ,i should take her by the waist in his presence and ask her for a kiss4 ,she gave it me and thus saved me from the snare the king had laid4 ,i shall never be able to repay her for what she has done for me40 ,the kiss of affection is also bestowed on some person or thing that excites detestation and abhorrence4 ,the legends of ,st ,martin tell us how1 on coming one day to ,lutetia1 followed by a great crowd of people1 he caught sight of a leper at the gate of the city1 who was so terrible an object to look at that everybody turned away from him with loathing4 ,to give those who followed him a lesson in ,christian charity1 he went up to the poor sick man1 kissed and blessed him1 and on the following morning the latter was cured as by a miracle4 ,it is just through overcoming oneself in respect to that which is intrinsically foul and repugnant that this kiss gets its high significance and dignity4 ,st ,francis of ,assisi had bidden farewell to an existence of luxury1 bestowed his wealth on the necessitous1 and lived the life of a beggar1 but his conversion was still incomplete2 he did not become ripe for his great work of charity until he had overcome his repugnance to the leprous4 ,one day1 when out riding1 he met one of these wretched sufferers1 whose whole body was like a great open wound1 and he reined his horse aside in disgust2 but shame overtook him at once1 he leapt off his horse1 spoke kindly to the sick man1 gave him what money he had1 and kissed both his hands4 ,such is the account given by the historical chronicles1 but the legend goes on to say that the leper immediately afterwards vanished3 it was ,christ ,himself who wished1 in this wise1 to bestow ,his benediction on the noble and beautiful life's work of the saint4 ,the kiss of affection also plays an important part in folk-poetry2 that alone has power to cast off spells1 that alone breaks all the bonds of witchcraft and sorcery1 and is able to restore man to his original shape4 ,in the ,scotch ballad of ,kempion we are told how the ,earl of ,estmereland's daughter is persecuted by her wicked stepmother1 who at last by magic arts changes her into a snake3 ,cum heir1 cum heir1 ye freely feed ,and lay your head low on my knee2 ,the heaviest weird ,i will you read1 ,that ever was read to gay ladye4 ,o meikle dolour sall ye dree1 ,and aye the salt seas o'er ye'se swim2 ,and far mair dolour sall ye dree1 ,on ,estmere crags1 when ye them climb4 8,i weired ye to a fiery beast1 ,and relieved sall ye never be1 ,till ,kempion1 the king's son1 ,cum to the crag1 and thrice kiss thee40 ,o meikle dolour did she dree1 ,and aye the salt seas o'er she swam2 ,and far mair dolour did she dree ,on ,estmere crags1 when she them clamb4 ,and aye she cried for ,kempion1 ,gin he would but come to her hand4 ,at last ,kempion hears her voice1 and straightway rows towards the foot of the mountain3 ,out of my stythe ,i winna rise1 99 99 99 99 99 ,till ,kempion1 the king's son1 ,cum to the crag1 and thrice kiss me2 implores the snake2 but ,kempion dares not4 ,the snake coils in and out1 and the mountain is aflame2 at last ,kempion summons all his courage3 ,he's louted him o'er the lofty crag1 ,and he has given her kisses three2 ,awa she gaed1 and again she cam1 ,the loveliest ladye e'er could be6 ,the same subject is found in the ballads of other countries4 ,in the ,danish ,jomfruen i ormeham the young maiden has been changed into a little snake1 compelled to wriggle in the grass4 ,however1 the knight ,jennus comes3 ,it was the brave knight ,jennus2 ,forth to the greenwood he hies4 ,as o'er the grass he rideth1 ,a little snake he espies4 ,it was the brave knight ,jennus2 ,over his saddle he lay4 ,he kissed the little serpent2 ,a maiden it turned straightway4 ,it was the brave knight ,jennus2 ,troth to the maid he did plight4 ,he bade them keep his wedding ,for both with much delight4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,in another ballad the maiden has been turned by her stepmother into a lime-tree1 and makes her moan3 ,she changed me into a lime-tree1 and ,she bade me e'en in the greenwood stand4 ,she bade me stand and hope for no bote1 ,until a king's son should kiss my root4 ,here have ,i tarried for years full five1 ,nor kissed me has any king's son alive4 ,here have ,i tarried for years now ten1 ,nor has a king's son kissed me since then4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,but at last the hour of her freedom arrives2 the king's daughter has heard the lime-tree's lamentation1 and she sends a message to her brother1 who comes at once3 ,he hoisted his silken sail of red1 ,and o'er the salt sea on he sped4 ,the knight on his back a red cloak threw1 ,and fared to the lime-tree without ado4 ,he kissed himself the lime-tree's feet1 ,which straight became a maiden sweet4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,corresponding poetical stories of the redeeming power of the kiss are to be found in the literature of many countries1 especially1 for example1 in the ,old ,french ,arthurian romances 7,lancelot1 ,guiglain1 ,tirant le blanc7 in which the princess is changed by evil arts into a dreadful dragon1 and can only resume her human shape in the case of a knight being brave enough to kiss her4 ,this kiss is called le fier baiser4 ,from ,french the subject migrated to ,italian literature1 in which it was taken up and made use of first in ,carduino1 later on in ,boiardo's ,orlando innamorato4 ,the hero1 after many perilous adventures1 reaches an enchanted castle where a young and beautiful maiden is sitting by a tomb4 ,she tells him she can be released if he will venture to lift the stone from the tomb and kiss what then appears4 ,without giving it a second thought1 the knight opens the tomb1 and a horrible serpent with hissing tongue and venomous breath darts forth4 ,trembling with fear1 he fulfils his promise1 and that very instant the monster is transformed into a lovely fairy who overwhelms her benefactor with recompenses4 ,this motif formed the subject of a drama in the last century by ,gozzi in ,la donna serpente3 fiaba teatrale tragicomica4 ,finally many folk-stories on this subject may be quoted4 ,in the tale of 8,beauty and the ,beast10 the transformed prince begged the young maiden he had carried off on his back for a kiss4 8,no10 answered she1 8how could ,i kiss you who are so ugly and have seven horns on your forehead80 ,then the beast went its way1 and she saw it no more till one day she found it lying dead under a bush in the garden1 whereupon she wept as she had never wept before1 and cast herself down on the beast and kissed it4 ,then it returned to life1 and the ugly beast became the handsomest prince her eyes could see4 ,he then told her that he had been bewitched by a wicked fairy1 and could not be delivered unless a maid fell in love with him and kissed him1 despite his ugliness4 ,in this case the kiss redeems from death1 and likewise death itself is nothing more than a great kiss of affection4 ,when a human being quits this earthly life it is ,god who takes ,his child in ,his arms1 kisses it1 and carries it away from earth to brighter and more blissful spheres4 ,this highly poetical and beautiful conception of death has found expression in ,italian1 where1 instead of the word 8die10 one can say1 8fall asleep in the ,lord's kiss0 7addormentarsi nel bacio del ,signore74 ,and this has got flesh and blood in an old legend of the saints1 where it is told of ,st ,monica that1 as she lay dying on her couch1 a little child whom nobody knew came and kissed her on her breast1 and straightway1 as if the child had called her1 she bowed her head and breathed forth her last sigh4 ,the kiss of affection follows man even after death2 with a kiss one takes leave of the lifeless body4 ,in ,genesis we read that when ,jacob was dead1 8,joseph fell upon his father's face and wept upon him and kissed him02 and it is told of ,abu ,bekr1 ,mahomet's first disciple1 father-in-law1 and successor1 that1 when the prophet was dead1 he went into the latter's tent1 uncovered his face1 and kissed him4 ,in the curious poem of ,ebbe ,tygesns ddsridt1 when the knight's horse carries his corpse back to his betrothed1 it is said3 ,she lifted up his gory head1 ,and raised it to her lips to kiss2 ,she swooned away1 and fell back dead1 ,in very sooth1 as she did this4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,in ancient times lovers always demanded of each other this act of love4 8,when the alabaster box1 filled with ,syrian perfume1 has been poured out over my dead body1 then do thou1 ,o ,cynthia1 press thy last kisses on my cold lips10 sings ,propertius in one of his elegies3 ,osculaque in gelidis pones suprema labellis1 ,cum dabitur ,syrio munere plenus onyx4 ,propertius iii4 #d1 #bi1 #cj4 ,and the same wish is expressed by ,tibullus 7,i41 i4 #fa1 #fb73 ,flebis et arsuro positum me1 ,delia1 lecto1 ,tristibus et lacrymis oscula mixta dabis4 8,you'll weep for me1 dear ,delia1 ere flames have caught my bier1 ,and mingle with your kisses full many a bitter tear40 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,the death-kiss is something so natural that it is superfluous to point out its existence amongst different nations4 ,it was not only a mark of love1 but it was also an article of belief that the soul might be detained for a brief while by such a kiss4 ,ovid1 in his ,tristia1 laments over his joyless existence in ,tomis1 whither ,augustus had banished him1 and is in despair because1 when the hour of death approaches1 he will not have his beloved wife by his side to detain his fleeting spirit by her kisses mingled with tears4 ,the kiss is the last tender proof of love bestowed on one we have loved1 and was believed1 in ancient times1 to follow mankind to the nether world4 ,even in our own days1 popular belief in many places demands that the nearest relative shall kiss the corpses forehead ere the coffin lid is screwed down2 in certain parts1 indeed1 it is incumbent on every one who sees a dead body to kiss it1 otherwise he will get no peace for the dead4 ,,iv ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,peace ,salute invicem in osculo sancto4 ,pauli ,epist4 ad ,romanos1 xvi4 #af4 ,salute one another with an holy kiss4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,peace ,the kiss1 as expressive of deep1 spiritual love1 also came to figure in the primitive ,christian ,church4 ,christ has said3 8,peace be with you1 my peace ,i give you10 and the members of ,christ's ,church gave each other peace symbolically through a kiss4 ,st ,paul repeatedly speaks of the 8holy kiss0 7 71 and1 in his ,epistle to the ,romans1 writes3 8,salute one another with an holy kiss02 and he reiterates this exhortation in both his ,epistles to the ,corinthians 7#a1 xvi4 #bj1 and #b1 xiii4 #ab71 and his first ,epistle to the ,thessalonians 7v4 #bf71 wherein he says3 8,greet all the brethren with an holy kiss40 ,the holy kiss has gradually found admission into the ritual of the ,church1 and was imparted on occasions of particular solemnity1 such as baptism1 marriage1 confession1 ordination1 obsequies1 etc41 etc4 ,at a wedding the ceremony was as follows3 ,on the conclusion of ,high ,mass and after the ,agnus ,dei had been chanted1 the bridegroom went up to the altar and received the kiss of peace from the priest4 ,after this he returned to his wife1 and gave her the priest's kiss of peace at the foot of the crucifix4 ,reminiscences of this rite still survive in several churches in ,england4 ,the holy kiss played an important part even at the ,mass2 in the ,greek ,church it was imparted before1 in the ,roman ,catholic ,church after1 the consecration of the elements4 ,the priest kissed the penitent1 and through this kiss gave him peace2 this was the true kiss of peace 7osculum pacis74 ,we have a peculiar memorial of this in ,old ,irish1 where the word pc1 which is derived from the ,latin pax1 means 8kiss10--not 8peace40 ,this change of meaning must1 ,i suppose1 be attributed partly to a misunderstanding of the priest's words when he kissed the penitent3 ,pacem do tibi 7,peace ,i give unto thee71 i4e41 people understood the kiss as the chief thing1 and thought pacem referred to that4 ,the same peculiarity is again to be met with in medival ,spanish1 where paz has also the meaning of 8kiss40 ,in an ancient romance which relates how ,fernando dubbed the ,cid a knight1 it says at the end1 8,he buckled a sword on his waist1 and gave him #8peace' 7i4e41 a kiss7 on the mouth03 ,el rey le ci la espada ,paz en la boca le ha dado4 ,the holy kiss occurs even in the early ,christian love-feasts1 the so-called 1 and indeed was often exchanged in the church itself by all the faithful without regard to sex1 which gave the heathen cause for scandal1 and its use was restricted so that only men kissed men1 and women1 women4 ,the kiss of peace was in vogue in ,france down to the thirteenth century4 ,we find it in the story about a very unpleasant incident to which ,queen ,margaret1 the wife of ,st ,louis1 was exposed4 ,one day when she was in church and the kiss of peace was to be imparted1 she saw close beside her a woman in splendid apparel1 and taking the latter to be a lady of rank1 she gave her the kiss of peace4 ,it turned out1 however1 that the queen had made a mistake2 she had kissed one of the common courtesans who always swarmed about the ,court4 ,she then complained to the king1 the consequence of which was that certain ordinances were drawn up with respect to the dress of women of that class1 in order to render all confusion with respectable women henceforward impossible4 ,the kiss of peace in the churches seems to have been abolished in the latter part of the ,middle ,ages1 at different times in different countries4 ,in the middle of the thirteenth century a special instrument for conveying the kiss was introduced into ,england--the so-called osculatorium or tabella pacis1 which was composed of a metal disc with a holy picture1 and was passed round the church to be kissed4 ,from the ,english ,church the osculatory was gradually introduced into other churches1 but nowhere does it appear to have contrived to rejoice in any particularly long stay4 ,in various ways it gave occasion to scandal4 ,it was provocative of contention and strife in the church itself1 when people of position quarrelled violently as to whom the honour belonged of kissing it first4 ,contentions as to precedence at church are1 as we see1 of long standing4 ,it seems also to have served as a sort of profane intermediary between lovers4 ,when a young and beautiful girl kissed it she had close beside her a fine young fellow who waited impatiently to take it directly from her hand and lips4 ,we read in one of ,marot's poems3 ,i told the maid that she was fair2 ,i've kissed the ,pax just after her4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,through the use of the osculatory1 the well-known custom of gallants such as1 from the ,greek romances and ,ovid1 existed in ancient times1 was revived--,huet calls it elegans urbanitatis genus--when the lover drank out of the goblet from the very place which the beloved one's lips had touched4 ,formerly a sort of pax was employed even in ,danish churches4 ,the ,catholic priests showed the people 8a picture in a book0 7of course the picture of some saint71 and this picture was kissed by the congregation2 for which purpose a small fee termed 8kiss-money0 or 8book-money0 was handed to the parish clerk4 ,even after the use of the pax had been abolished by the ,reformation1 the 8book-money10 as a customary due to the clerk1 was retained4 ,but at a congress at ,roskilde in #aefe1 parish clerks were forbidden to demand this fee4 ,the holy kiss is still imparted in the ,greek ,church on ,easter ,sunday2 all the faithful greet each other in church with kisses1 and the words1 8,christ is risen10 the reply to which being1 8,verily1 ,he hath risen40 ,in the ,roman ,catholic liturgy this usage has been confined to certain masses1 and the holy kiss is only exchanged among the clergy1 not among the members of the congregation4 ,first1 the bishop and archdeacon kiss the altar1 then the archdeacon kneels down and the bishop gives him the kiss of peace with the words3 ,pax tibi1 frater1 et ecclesi sanct ,dei 7,peace be with thee1 brother1 and with ,god's ,holy ,church74 ,the archdeacon answers3 ,et cum spiritu tuo 7,and with thy spirit71 after which he gets up1 genuflects towards the altar1 and carries the kiss of peace to the chief canon1 whom he kisses on the left cheek with the words pax tibi1 and thus it is sent round to all the officiating clergy with many different ceremonies4 ,the holy kiss soon spread beyond the walls of the church1 and came into usage even in secular festivities4 ,thus1 during the ,middle ,ages1 it was the custom to seal the reconciliation and pacification of enemies by a kiss4 ,the old ,german poets mention such a kiss under the name of 8,vredekuss10 and so widespread was the custom of the kiss of reconciliation1 that the verb at sone1 or udsone1 got the meaning of 8to kiss40 ,snen has still this meaning in ,frisian4 ,in an old ,french miracle-play ,st ,bernard of ,clairvaux says to ,count ,william and the ,bishop of ,poitiers1 who had had a long-standing feud with each other1 and between whom he had managed to make peace3 8,in order to show that your friendship is true and sincere1 you must kiss each other40 ,count ,william then goes up to the bishop1 saying3 8,my lord1 ,i crave your forgiveness for the wrong ,i have inflicted on you2 ,i have erred greatly towards you4 ,kiss me now to seal our peace1 and ,i will kiss you with loyal heart40 ,even knights gave each other the kiss of peace before proceeding to the combat1 and forgave one another all real or imaginary wrongs4 ,in ,covenant ,vivien1 ,vivien exchanges the kiss of peace with ,girart and six other illustrious warriors before the great fight with ,king ,desram begins4 ,manzoni has made use of the kiss of peace in the pathetic scene in ,i promessi ,sposi 7,the ,betrothed71 when ,fra ,cristoforo obtains forgiveness from the nobleman whose son he has slain4 ,the nobleman receives the monk in his palace4 ,surrounded by all his relations1 he stands in the middle of his great hall1 with left hand on his sword-hilt1 whilst with his right he holds a flap of his cloak pressed against his chest4 ,cold and stern1 he gazes contemptuously and with suppressed wrath at the novice as he enters1 but the latter exhibits such touching remorse and noble humility that the nobleman1 there and then1 abandons his stiffness4 ,he raises up the kneeling brother himself1 grants him his forgiveness1 and1 finally1 8carried away by the emotion that prevailed1 he threw his arms round the latter's neck1 and gave and received the kiss of peace40 ,after the ,middle ,ages the kiss of peace disappears altogether as the official token of reconciliation2 solitary instances1 indeed1 can certainly be quoted from ,catherine of ,medici's ,court1 but they are rather to be regarded as studied efforts to re-introduce an old and abandoned usage4 ,after the murder of ,francis de ,guise in #aefc1 his widow and brother meet ,admiral de ,coligny2 the latter swore that he had not the least suspicion of the assassin's plot1 whereupon they kiss each other1 and mutually promise to forget all enmities1 and henceforward to live in peace and harmony4 ,this kiss of peace was as powerless to revive the old custom as ,lamourette's memorable attempt at the time of the ,revolution4 ,on the #gth ,july #agib1 when the quarrel amongst the members of the ,legislative ,assembly had reached a terrible height1 at the time when the ,austrian and ,prussian armies were marching on ,paris1 ,lamourette got up and made a fervent patriotic speech1 in which1 in the most moving terms1 he exhorted all the members of the ,assembly to sink their differences4 ,he finished by saying3 8,let us forget all dissension and swear everlasting fraternity0--et jurons-nous fraternit ternelle1 and the deputies at once fell into each others arms1 and in a universal kiss of reconciliation every one forgave each other's wrongs4 ,but this unity did not last long4 ,the quarrels began again the following day1 and two years afterwards ,lamourette himself died by the guillotine2 but the expression1 a kiss of ,lamourette--un baiser de ,lamourette--still survives in the ,french language as a half ironical term for a short-lived reconciliation4 ,v ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,respect ,les rois des nations1 devant toi prosterns1 ,de tes pieds baisent la poussire4 ,,racine--,athalie4 ,the kings of the ,gentiles1 prostrate before thee1 kiss the dust of thy feet4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,respect ,margaret of ,scotland1 who was betrothed to ,charles the ,seventh's son1 the ,dauphin ,louis 7afterwards ,louis ,,xi471 one day walked through a hall where ,alain ,chartier was sitting asleep in a chair4 ,on perceiving the sleeping poet1 she went up to him and kissed him on the lips4 ,many of her suite were astonished at this1 8for nature had1 so far as ,chartier was concerned1 suffered a beautiful and rich mind to take up its abode in an ugly body40 ,the princess replied that they were not to marvel at what she had done1 for it was not the man she had kissed1 but the mouth from which so many golden words had proceeded4 ,margaret's kiss was therefore an expression of the respect she had for the poet1 and the admiration and regard inspired by his poetical genius4 ,a little further back in the ,middle ,ages we meet with another striking instance of a kiss as expressive of veneration2 but this kiss is of a more humble nature4 ,we are told that1 when the ,emperor ,otto ,i4 had taken leave of his pious mother in the church attached to a monastery1 the latter followed him with her eyes as long as she could1 and then returned to the church and kissed the place whereon his feet had stood4 ,the kiss of veneration is of ancient origin2 from the remotest times we find it applied to all that is holy1 noble1 and worshipful--to the gods1 their statues1 temples1 and altars1 as well as to kings and emperors2 out of reverence1 people even kissed the ground1 and both sun and moon were greeted with kisses4 ,in the first book of ,kings ,god says to ,elijah3 8,yet ,i have left me seven thousand in ,israel1 all the knees which have not bowed unto ,baal1 and every mouth which hath not kissed him0 7xix4 #ah74 ,in the thirty-first chapter of ,job1 ,job extols his own piety3 8,if ,i beheld the sun when it shined1 or the moon walking in brightness2 and my heart hath been secretly enticed1 or my mouth hath kissed my hand0 7#bf1 #bg74 ,here1 undoubtedly1 allusion is made to the kissing of hands whereby the heathen were wont to salute the heavenly bodies4 ,when the prophet ,hosea laments over the idolatry of the children of ,israel1 he says that they make molten images of calves and kiss them4 ,even in remote classical times a similar homage was paid to the gods2 people kissed the hands1 knees1 and feet1 even the mouths1 of their idols4 ,cicero informs us1 in one of his speeches against ,verres1 that the lips and beard of the famous statue of ,hercules at ,agrigentum were worn away by the kisses of devotees4 ,bayle tells us1 in reference to this passage1 that a physician was asked one day why it was that a bronze face could1 in this manner1 be worn away through being kissed1 whereas1 on the other hand1 kisses did not leave the slightest trace on the countenance of the most fashionable courtesan4 ,his answer was that the reason1 he supposed1 was that statues were kissed for centuries1 but that the woman in question was only kissed for a very few years1 viz41 so long as her beauty lasted4 ,this explanation was1 however1 considered unsatisfactory1 and the physician's attention was called to the fact that soft flesh must be far sooner worn away than hard bronze2 besides1 lover's kisses being considerably more violent than those of mere respect4 ,the physician then urged another reason1 viz41 that which kisses wear away from bronze lips is lost for ever1 but that which is worn away from living lips is immediately replaced by renewal of tissue in the body4 ,the kiss of veneration came to play a very important part in ,christian society4 ,st ,luke the ,evangelist tells us that when ,christ sat at meat in the ,pharisee's house there came a woman who had been a great sinner1 bringing with her a vase of ointment4 8,and stood at his feet behind him weeping1 and began to wash his feet with tears1 and did wipe them with the hairs of her head1 and kissed his feet1 and anointed them with the ointment0 7vii4 #ch74 ,when the ,pharisee wondered at ,his having allowed such a woman to touch ,him1 ,he rebuked him by the parable of the two debtors1 and added1 8,thou gavest me no kiss1 but this woman since the time ,i came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet4 ,my head with oil thou didst not anoint1 but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment40 ,again in the ,psalms1 8,kiss the ,son1 lest he be angry1 and ye perish from the way1 when his wrath is kindled but a little4 ,blessed are all they that put their trust in him40 ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon used these lines as the text of a sermon he preached in the 8,music ,hall10 ,london1 on the #crd of ,july #ahei1 in which he did his utmost to make his congregation understand what is meant by saying we are to 8kiss ,christ40 8,the kiss10 says he1 8is a mark of worship2 to kiss ,christ is at the same time to recognise ,him as ,god1 and to pay ,him divine worship4 ,the kiss is a mark of homage and subjection2 we ought likewise to acknowledge ,christ as our ,king1 and promise to follow blindly ,his behests4 ,the kiss is a sign of reconciliation2 we ought to show that we are reconciled with ,god4 ,lastly1 the kiss is the greatest of all tokens of love2 to kiss ,christ is therefore only a figurative way of expressing to love ,him with deep and fervent love40#ad ,as the woman that was a sinner showed her reverence for ,christ by kissing ,his feet1 so all saintly men and women henceforward were honoured in a like manner4 ,they were saluted humbly by kisses on their hands or feet1 and the legend goes that he who kissed the hand of ,st ,dominic never afterwards committed sin4 ,in many countries1 more especially in ,southern ,italy1 kissing the hands of the priest is still customary4 ,the kiss reverential was extended to everything that was holy1 or had been consecrated to sacred purposes4 ,people kissed the ,cross with the image of the ,crucified1 and such kissing of the ,cross is always regarded as a particularly holy act4 ,in many countries it is required1 on taking an oath1 as the highest asseveration that the witness is speaking the truth1 and as a last act of charity1 the image of the ,redeemer is handed to the dying or death-condemned to be kissed4 ,kissing the ,cross brings blessing and happiness4 ,in the south of ,france people used formerly1 in moments of difficulty or danger1 when no ,cross was at hand1 to kiss their thumbs laid in the form of a cross4 ,when devout ,catholics salute the ,pope by humbly kissing his slipper1 they are fond of explaining away this greeting4 ,they say that it is not to be taken as any personal homage paid to the ,pope2 the kiss having nothing to do with his slipper1 but the cross which is embroidered on it4 ,therefore ,christ it is to whom they are prostrating themselves4 ,this idea1 however1 is undoubtedly a later fancy2 the kiss on the slipper ought1 ,i take it1 more correctly to be considered as humble homage to the ,pope as primate of the ,church1 and such1 therefore1 must be the view the ,pope himself holds1 since he has1 times without number1 exempted cardinals and other persons of high rank from kissing his slipper4 ,the number of kings and ambassadors who1 in the course of time1 have refused to submit to this ceremony1 have undoubtedly regarded it as a humiliation2 and popular conception bears this out thoroughly4 ,to 8kiss the slipper0 has become in many languages synonymous with a low and unworthy cringing4 ,in the old ,german war-song against ,charles ,v41 we find3 ,ah1 think the whole imperial race ,through ,popery fell in sore disgrace ,and ,german might was riven4 ,will you for all their knavery ,to slipper-kiss be given8 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,people kiss the image of ,our ,lady4 ,the legend tells us that ,john of ,antioch even dared to kiss ,mary's mouth1 and this kiss gave him wisdom and great eloquence1 and spread a golden glory round his mouth1 hence his surname ,chrysostom 7golden mouth74#ae ,people kiss the pictures and statues of saints4 ,down in ,st ,peter's church in ,rome there is a remarkable old bronze figure of ,st ,peter1 which is said to date from the fifth century1 and the faithful have1 in all ages1 shown the highest veneration to this image1 in consequence of which a great part of the right foot has been gradually kissed away4 ,even nowadays the kiss bestowed on the pictures of the saints plays an enormous part in the ,roman ,catholic1 but more particularly in the ,greek ,church4 ,not only their pictures1 but even their relics are kissed2 they make both soul and body whole4 ,st ,balbina obtained forgiveness for her sins by kissing ,st ,peter's chains1 and ,pascal's niece was cured of a disease in her eyes by kissing one of the thorns of ,christ's ,crown4 ,this cure1 the historical authenticity of which is1 however1 somewhat doubtful1 made a great sensation1 and provoked a violent controversy between the ,jansenists and ,jesuits4 ,besides1 there are legends innumerable of sick people regaining their health by kissing relics2 innumerable1 too1 are the satires which arose by reason of abuses in respect to cures which were achieved with relics genuine and false4 ,one of the best known is perhaps the medival story of ,the ,monk's ,breeches4 ,a ,franciscan friar was a very intimate friend of a merchant in ,orleans and his wife--especially of the latter4 ,one evening the merchant returned home unexpectedly from a journey1 and the friar1 who had tried to the best of his ability to entertain the wife in the husband's absence1 for certain circumstances which were capable of being misunderstood1 thought it wisest to disappear as quick as possible2 but in his haste he forgot his breeches4 ,the merchant1 however1 did not notice anything2 the night was dark1 and next morning he even put on the friar's breeches instead of his own4 ,on coming back home from his office in the afternoon--he had long discovered his mistake--he demanded1 with violent and hasty words1 an explanation from his wife2 but the latter1 who had discovered at once in the morning what had happened1 hurriedly sent a messenger to the friar to consult with him as to what was to be done4 ,according to their arrangement she answered her husband very calmly3 8,my dear friend1 don't fly into a passion2 you ought to thank me instead of quarrelling with me4 ,you know we have no children1 and we have tried everything--but all in vain4 ,now ,i heard that ,st ,francis' breeches could work miracles1 even of that sort1 and that is why ,i had them fetched for you4 ,take them off now1 for ,i expect some one from the monastery will be coming for them directly40 ,the poor man in his delight quickly got out of his breeches1 and directly he had done so there came a knocking at the door4 ,it was the friar1 followed by a choir boy carrying holy-water and a censer4 ,he had come to fetch the precious relic of the monastery1 and inquisitive neighbours flocked in from all quarters4 ,he wrapped the breeches reverently up in a white hand-cloth1 and sprinkled them with holy-water while the boy incensed them1 after which he lifted up the sacred bundle4 ,meanwhile all fell on their knees1 and after pronouncing a panegyric on ,st ,francis1 he himself carried round the breeches so that the people who had assembled might kiss them4 ,this they did with deep piety and emotion1 more especially the honest and grateful merchant4 ,this little story afforded much merriment in the ,middle ,ages4 ,people found much enjoyment in its burlesque humour1 and never got tired of hearing it4 ,it occurs as a fabliau1 a farce1 and a story1 and belongs to the faceti with which the ,pope's ,secretary1 ,poggio1 amused his friends in ,il ,bugiale 7,the ,lie ,manufactory74 ,even as regards the great ones of this world the kiss used to serve in various ways as a mark of humility and reverence4 ,its use in ancient times was remarkably widespread2 people threw themselves down on the ground before their rulers1 kissed their footprints1 literally 8licked the dust10 as it is termed4 ,in the ,psalms1 ,solomon sings of the promised ,king3 8,they that dwell in the wilderness shall bow before him2 and his enemies shall lick the dust02 and the prophet ,isaiah says3 8,kings shall be thy nursing fathers1 and queens thy nursing mothers3 they shall bow down to thee with their face before the earth and lick up the dust of thy feet0 7xlix4 #bc74 ,they kissed not only the ground under the powerful1 but also their feet1 knees1 hands1 or the hem of their garments4 ,certain ,roman ,emperors adopted these oriental usages4 ,thus ,caligula ordered people to kiss his hands and feet1 and even in the ,middle ,ages the custom of kissing the feet of kings was in vogue4 ,nearly everywhere1 wheresoever an inferior meets a superior1 we observe the kiss of respect4 ,the ,roman slaves kissed the hands of their masters2 pupils and soldiers those of their teachers and captains respectively4 ,during the ,middle ,ages the vassal paid homage to his feudal lord by a kiss on the hand or foot1 hence the expression devoir la bouche et les mains4 ,it is well-known what befell ,charles the ,simple when ,rollo1 the ,norman chieftain1 had to pay him feudal homage4 ,the proud ,viking would not bow down to the king1 but laid hold of the latter's feet and lifted them up to his mouth1 whereat the king1 amidst the laughter of the spectators1 tumbled down4 ,thus the scene is depicted briefly and graphically in the ,roman de ,rou3-- ,quant baisier dut le pie1 baisier ne le deigna1 ,la main tendi aual1 le pie al rei leua1 ,a sa bouche le traist e le rei enuersa2 ,asez s'en ristrent tuit1 e li reis se drea4#af ,they also kissed their liege lords on the thigh1 and this method of kissing can be traced down to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries2 but the kiss on the hand was undoubtedly most frequently in use2 and it was the general custom for the vassal at the same time to hand his lord a present1 which is the reason why the word baise-main 7hand-kiss7 gradually got this meaning4 ,if the lord was absent when the vassal waited on him1 the latter had to kiss the door1 the lock or bolt1 which was regarded as a valid substitution for kissing the hand4 ,from this arose the expressions1 baiser l'huis1 7the door71 baiser le verrouil1 7the bolt71 which were used partly as an expression of slavish subserviency1 and partly in an ironical sense of lovers who have been rejected by their mistresses1 and thus constrained to ,kiss the door1 and kiss its chains ,for ladies' sake who are within4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,as expressive not only of respect1 but also of repentance1 children in former days were made to kiss the rod by which they had been chastised4 ,geiler von ,keiserberg writes in the sixteenth century3 8,when children are thrashed they kiss the rods and say3 ,liebe ruot1 trute ruot werestu1 ich tet niemer guot4#ag 8,they kiss the rods and jump over them1 yea they leap over them40 ,we have a memorial of this custom in the phrase1 8kissing the rod40 ,there is still one great power that we have not mentioned1 and one who demands1 too1 homage by kisses1 i4e41 the devil2 but1 in order that the humility shown to him may be as great as possible1 he must be kissed on his behind1 i4e41 on the place where the back ceases to be called the back4 ,old pictures of the ,sabbath on ,blocksberg exhibit to us his ,satanic majesty1 in the guise of a goat or cat1 sitting on a high seat1 while his worshippers reverently approach and kiss him under his tail4 ,in several confessions of witches we find this kiss still more closely described3 8,the devil has a big tail1 and under it a sort of face1 but with this face he never speaks1 as the only use he makes of it is to let his most devoted followers kiss the same2 for kissing this face is regarded as an especially great honour40 ,this somewhat awkward kiss occurs1 moreover1 in several sagas4 ,in ,harehyrden the ,jeppe gives up his magic flute to the king on condition that the latter kisses his ass under its tail4 ,it can also be shown in actual life1 and we have some anecdotes from the ,middle ,ages which seem to prove that the podex-kiss was used as a derisory punishment4 ,there is also a story told of a merry knight1 once upon a time1 compelling a party of monks to pay their respects to their abbot in the aforesaid less dignified way4 ,kisses in ano seem also to have been required of neophytes on their reception into certain secret societies4 ,the part this kiss plays in insulting speech ought to be sufficiently well known4 ,the ,romans ere now spoke about lingere culum or lambere nates2 the ,germans more decently say3 ,kss mich da ich sitz' 7,kiss me where ,i sit71 or ,er kann mich kssen da wo ich keine ,nase habe 7,he can kiss me where ,i have no nose74 ,frenchmen even use the last mentioned paraphrastic expression4 ,it is told in an old poem about ,theodore de ,beza1 whose youth was1 as you are aware1 a very dissipated one1 that1 on one occasion1 he said of a lady that he would like to kiss her1 but he did not know how he could manage to do so as her nose was far too long4 ,when the lady learnt this she wittily replied3 444 ,pour si peu ne tenez1 ,car si cela seulement vous en garde6 ,j'ai bien pour vous un visage sans nez4#ah ,we have no knowledge if this offer tempted the rigid ,calvinist that was to be2 but the lady was undoubtedly young1 and even if he had not found her face so remarkably beautiful1 yet it would have been very different had the invitation come from an old crone1 as the well-known saying1 8baiser le cul de la vieille10 implies the deepest ignominy that can befall a man1 at any rate a gambler--viz41 to lose without scoring a point4 ,there is a ,jutland variant of the story about ,theodore de ,beza3 8,i was driving one day with ,niels ,hundepenge1 and we saw at a distance a woman walking on in front4 ,says ,niels1 #8,peter1 there goes a pretty girl2 just see what a figure1 and how she steps out4' ,when we got up to her we found she was pock-marked and hideous4 ,then says ,niels1 #8,now1 my girl1 if you were only as good-looking in front as you are behind1 ,i should want to kiss you4' #8,well1 if you think so1' replied she1 #8you can kiss me1 you know1 where you fancy ,i am best looking4'0 ,allow me1 in connection with this1 to call your attention to a peculiarity about the ,latin word osculum4 ,the first syllable os of course signifies 8mouth10 the two last1 on the other hand1 mean the correlative part on the reverse side of the body4 ,this circumstance has been made use of in a ,latin anecdote about a married lady4 ,an importunate suitor asked her for a kiss1 whereupon she replied that this could not be granted1 inasmuch as the first of what he asked absolutely belonged to her husband1 but1 as she did not wish to be too hard on him1 he was welcome to have the last3 ,syllaba prima meo debetur tota marito1 ,sume tibi reliquas1 non ero dura1 duas4#ai ,in modern times the ceremonious kiss of respect has gone clean out of fashion in the most civilised countries2 it is only retained in the ,church1 but in all other domains it is practically unknown--so unknown1 indeed1 that in many cases the practice would be offensive or ridiculous4 ,kissing the earth is another instance of such kisses that ,i shall quote4 ,it plays a part in the old stories about ,junius ,brutus4 ,together with ,king ,tarquin's sons he journeyed to ,delphi to consult the oracle4 ,the answer they received was that the supreme power would fall to the lot of him who first kissed his mother4 ,brutus then made a pretence of stumbling1 and as he fell he kissed the earth1 our common mother4 ,a few years after this1 the royal family were expelled from ,rome1 and ,brutus and ,lucius ,tarquinius were elected consuls4 ,people also kissed the earth for joy on returning to their native land after a lengthened absence4 ,when ,agamemnon returned from the ,trojan ,war3 ,stepped he forth inwardly glad to the shore of his well-loved country1 ,kissing and kissing again his mother earth while the scalding ,tears down his cheeks were coursing1 though his heart was brimming with blitheness4 ,even nowadays people feel glad at seeing their native country again after long absence1 but they have another way of expressing their joy1 and1 without exaggeration1 it would be safe to assert that if any one returning from a journey wished to emulate ,agamemnon1 that person would undoubtedly be put down as mad4 ,we find in ,holberg 78,ulysses of ,ithaca10 or 8,a ,german ,comedy07 a parody of the old usage1 where ,ulysses says3 8,let us fall down1 after the old hero's fashion1 and kiss our mother earth40 ,they fall down and kiss the ground1 but ,chilian gets up hurriedly and says3 8,the deuce6 ,i don't really understand the use of these ceremonies4 ,eugh1 somebody has been here before--that ,i can plainly perceive40 ,the old custom now only survives in certain sayings4 ,frenchmen use the expression baiser la terre 7to kiss the earth71 jeeringly1 of a person falling2 and the ,german1 die ,erde kssen 7to kiss the earth71 is a euphemistic way of saying 8die40 ,i may add1 for the sake of completeness1 that kissing the earth still occurs sporadically nowadays in the sense of the profoundest humility mingled with regret4 ,when ,raskolnikow1 in ,dostojewski's novel of that name1 has confided to ,sonja how he murdered the old usurer's wife1 he exclaims in his despair3 8,and what shall ,i do now80--8,what shall you do now10 exclaims ,sonja1 and her eyes flash3 8,get up1 go hence at once2 station yourself at a crossway1 kneel down and kiss the earth you have defiled1 bow down thus before all the people1 and say to them3 #8,i have committed murder4' ,then ,god shall give you new life40 ,and1 finally1 when ,raskolnikow has determined publicly to acknowledge his crime and denounce himself as a murderer1 he falls prostrate on his knees in the middle of the market-place1 bows down1 and1 amidst the laughter and derision of the bystanders1 kisses the dirty ground with ecstasy and delight4 ,in ,europe1 at least1 we no longer kiss the ground before the feet of the mighty1 any more than we salute them by kissing their hands or feet2 a bow more or less gracious1 according to circumstances1 serves the same purpose generally4 ,nevertheless1 at certain courts1 such as the ,spanish1 ,english1 and ,russian1 kissing the hand is still customary as a sort of ceremonial salutation2 but its practice is usually confined to certain solemn occasions4 ,individuals of princely rank excepted1 the kiss of respect to superiors is to be regarded as all but extinct2 but even in the eighteenth century1 kissing the hem of their garments is mentioned as a salutation befitting ladies of exalted rank1 and in ,holberg's ,politiske ,kandestber 7the ,political ,pewterer71 we see how ,madame ,abrahamsen and ,madame ,sanderus even kissed ,gedske on the apron4 ,kissing1 as expressive of admiration1 still undoubtedly occurs1 but can scarcely be said to be particularly general2 it becomes less and less common as we approach our own time4 ,a half-ironical instance occurs in ,molire2 in ,les ,femmes ,savantes ,armande and ,philaminte fall into raptures over ,vadius' great learning4 ,du grec6 ,o ciel6 du grec6 ,il sait du grec1 ma sur6 7,greek6 good heavens6 ,greek6 ,he knows ,greek1 sister71 says the one1 and the other answers3 ,du grec6 quelle douceur6 7,greek6 how sweet674 ,in their boundless enthusiasm they ask ,vadius to let them kiss him as a mark of their admiration4 ,he accepts this salutation very politely1 if not with any particularly great joy2 but when he turns to young ,henriette1 from whose lips he is especially desirous of receiving so tender an expression of admiration1 she rejects him quite abruptly with the remark3 ,excusez-moi1 monsieur1 je n'entends pas le ,grec 7,excuse me1 sir1 ,i don't understand ,greek74 ,the pedantic ,vadius got just what he deserved--a kiss as dry as dust from two middle-aged1 sexless blue-stockings1 which nobody begrudges him4 ,on the other hand1 many1 perhaps1 will read with envy of the homage received by ,benjamin ,franklin at the ,french ,court4 ,mme4 de ,campan1 in her ,mmoires1 says3 8,at one of the splendid entertainments given in ,franklin's honour1 ,i saw how the most beautiful of the three hundred ladies present was chosen to place a laurel crown on the white locks of the ,american philosopher and imprint a kiss on each of the old man's cheeks40 ,the kiss of admiration and respect has1 ,i suppose1 been the longest to survive in the form of kissing ladies' hands4 ,formerly1 in many countries1 it constituted a friendly greeting on meeting a lady or saying good-bye to her2 but nowadays this custom has grown obsolete in most places2 nevertheless we have certain literary reminiscences of it4 ,in ,austria people say ,kss die ,hand1 gndige ,frau1 and ,srut mna in ,roumania1 but still it is comparatively rare that this expression is followed by actual kisses1 as was formerly the case4 ,je vous baise les mains is now only used in an ironical sense in ,france4 ,ceremonial kisses1 however1 still flourish in ,spain to a marked degree1 not only in the language of the ,court1 but also in general conversation4 ,when ,i was first presented to a ,spanish lady ,i expressed my gladness at making her acquaintance by kissing her hand--only1 however1 by figure of speech--but her husband at once pointed out to me in a laughing way1 that ,i had failed to show her proper respect4 ,one can only kiss a ,spanish lady's feet3 ,beso usted los pies or los pies de usted 7,i kiss your feet71 as they say4 ,before leaving the subject of the kiss reverential ,i will mention two different ways in which it has been used4 ,formerly it was the custom1 at least at the ,french ,court1 for pages to first kiss the articles they were to hand to distinguished personages4 ,henri ,estienne tells an anecdote about a page who had to carry a letter to the ,princess of ,naples4 ,it was expressly enjoined on him to kiss it 7baisez-la71 but the page pretended he had misunderstood the words1 so when he had to leave the letter he first kissed the unsuspecting princess4 ,we find another peculiar form of the kiss reverential in the cases when a person kisses his own hand before offering it to the guest he would especially honour1 or before accepting a present for which he wishes to show his gratitude in an extraordinarily polite manner4,a ,in an old comedy of ,marivaux1 8,harlequin poli par l',amour10 a fairy falls in love with a rustic lout4 ,she carries him off1 entertains him in her castle1 and tries in every possible way to gain his love2 but he remains utterly callous to all her blandishments1 and behaves all the time in a most foolish manner4 ,he takes a fancy to a valuable ring the fairy is wearing2 she removes it from her finger and gives it to him1 but when he scarcely says 8,thank you0 for it1 she says to chide him3 ,mon cher ,arlequin1 un beau garon comme vous1 quand une dame lui prsente quelque chose1 doit baiser la main en la reevant4#bj ,arlequin takes hold of the fairy's hand and kisses it2 but she corrects him again1 and says3 8,he does not understand me once1 but ,i like his mistake4 ,it is your own hand1 you know1 that you should kiss40#ba ,this usage still prevails amongst old peasants in ,jutland1 and is termed receiving something with 8kissed hand10 or 8kiss hand40 ,the expression ,kusshand is also employed in ,german1 and is explained thus3 8,gruss1 wobei man die eigne ,hand ksst und dann nach der zu grssenden ,person hin bewegt oder sie reicht40 ,the same sort of greeting is found both in ,england and ,france4 ,voltaire tells us that children in certain countries are taught to kiss their right hand when anybody gives them something good4 ,even at the present day1 in certain places on the ,alps1 peasants express their thanks by kissing their hand before taking what is given to them4 ,,vi ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,friendship ,par amistiet l'en baisat en la buche4 ,chanson de ,roland4 ,for friendship pressed a kiss upon his mouth4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,kiss ,,of ,,friendship ,the kiss is also employed as a conventional salutation between persons who only stand on a footing of friendship or acquaintance with each other4 ,in our northern countries the friendly kiss usually occurs only between ladies1 but in this instance its usage is very widely extended4 ,with men and women it is properly only allowable when there is a marked difference in age between both parties1 but1 on the other hand1 it seldom or never takes place between men1 with the exception1 however1 of royal personages who1 on solemn occasions1 are wont to greet and take leave of each other with more or less sincere kisses of greeting and farewell4 ,here we find ourselves again in a sphere in which1 alas1 we have sadly fallen away from the good old ways4 ,in former times1 to wit1 the friendly kiss was very common with us between man and man as well as between persons of opposite sexes4 ,in guilds it was customary for the members to greet each other 8with hearty handshakes and smacking kisses10 and1 on the conclusion of a meal1 people thanked and kissed both their hosts and hostesses4 ,in a description of a wedding in the olden time in the district of ,voer in ,denmark we read3 8,when they had eaten1 the parish clerk got up first1 put his arms round the parson's neck1 and kissed him on the mouth1 saying3 ,tak for mad1 hr4 pastor 7,thanks for your hospitality1 sir priest74 ,then the parson planted himself against a chest of drawers1 and all the women1 old and young1 went up to him1 one after the other1 and kissed him on the mouth4 ,some of the old goodies could not quite reach him1 for the priest was a big1 tall man1 and they had actually to climb on to his boots1 though he stooped down to them slightly40 ,peder ,havgrd said that he would not have cared much to be in the parson's place1 for it was a mean and poor country thereabouts1 and some of the women were very shabbily-dressed and dirty-looking4 ,if we glance outside ,denmark it appears that the kiss of friendship is considerably in vogue4 ,in ,iceland it is still a general form of salutation1 although of late years there is said to be a certain falling off in its use2 and every one who travels in ,south ,germany and ,austria can study at the very first railway station the different forms of that kind of kiss which in those countries is specially used by way of leave-taking2 officers and students1 farmers and merchants1 all treat each other to sounding kisses1 usually on the cheek4 ,one can observe the same sort of thing in ,france1 but more especially in ,italy4 ,i can attest from personal experience that it is looked upon as the most natural thing in the world for people to kiss their intimate friends when saying good-bye1 a shake of the hand being far too cold a leave-taking beneath the warm sky of ,italy4 ,it is1 however1 undoubted that1 speaking generally1 the custom of kissing1 as an ordinary greeting1 has immensely declined2 in ancient times and in the ,middle ,ages it was much more frequent than nowadays4 ,it was the common practice with the ,hebrews for acquaintances1 when they met1 to kiss each other on the head1 hands1 and shoulders2 and it was assuredly with a kiss of pretended friendship that ,judas betrayed his ,master4 ,even the ,greeks in former times used kissing as a common salutation2 not only friends and acquaintances kissed each other1 but also persons who quite accidentally met when they were travelling4 ,the custom of kissing1 however1 became less general later on4 ,in a discourse of ,dion ,chrysostomus1 called ,from ,euba1 or 8,the ,hunter10 is a story of a rustic coming to the city and meeting two acquaintances in the assembly1 whom he goes up to and kisses4 8,but10 says the rustic1 8people laughed prodigiously at my kissing them1 and1 on that occasion1 ,i learnt that it is not customary for people of the city to kiss each other40#bb ,kissing seems to have been much more in vogue with the ,romans1 amongst whom it was the usual custom for people to salute each other with a kiss on the hand1 the cheek1 or the mouth4 ,many even scented their mouths in order to render their kisses more pleasing--or less unpleasant4 ,martial laments over this usage in a little epigram to ,posthumus3 ,what's this that myrrh doth still smell in thy kiss1 ,and that with thee no other odour is8 ',tis doubt1 my ,posthumus1 he that doth smell ,so sweetly always1 smells not very well4 ,this kissing of friends gradually became a veritable nuisance to the country4 ,fashion ordained that every one should give and receive such kisses1 but1 in reality1 every one preferred evading them4 ,martial1 in another epigram to this same ,posthumus1 exclaims3 ,posthumus late was wont to kiss ,with one lip1 which ,i loth2 ,but now my plague redoubled is1-- ,he kisses me with both4 and ,posthumus' kisses some must have1 ,and some salute his fist2 ,thy hand1 good ,posthumus1 ,i crave1 ,if ,i may choose my list4 ,under such frightful circumstances people had recourse to shifts which seem almost as unsavoury as the kisses they would escape3 ,why on my chin a plaster clapped2 ,besalved my lips1 that are not chapped2 ,philnis1 why8 ,the cause is this3 ,philnis1 thee ,i will not kiss4 ,but such artifices1 however1 are of very little use2 no one escapes the basiatores 7kissers74 ,they prowl about the streets and market-places2 not even the walls of the home1 nor even the enforced solitariness of the most hidden-places served as a protection against them3 ,there are no means the kissing tribe to shun1 ,they meet you1 stop you1 after you they run1 ,press you before1 behind1 to each side cleave1 ,no place1 no time1 no men1 exempted leave2 ,a dropping nose1 salved lips1 can none reprieve1 ,gangrenes1 foul running sores1 no one relieve2 ,they kiss you in a sweat1 or starved with cold1 ,lovers' their mistress' kisses cannot hold2 ,a chair is no defence1 with curtains guarded1 ,with door and windows shut1 and closely warded1 ,the kissers1 through a chink will find a way1 ,presume the tribune1 consul's self1 to stay2 ,nor can the awful rods1 or ,lictor's mace1 ,his stounding voice away these kissers chase1 ,but they'll ascend the ,rostra1 curule chair1 ,the judges kiss while they give sentence there4 ,those laugh they kiss1 and those that sigh and weep2 ',tis all the same whether you laugh or weep2 ,those who do bathe1 or recreate in pool1 ,who are withdrawn to ease themselves at stool4 ,against this plague ,i know no fence but this3 ,make him thy friend whom thou abhorr'st to kiss4 ,all greet one another with kisses2 every condition of life1 every handicraft1 found a representative amongst the basiatores4 ,when a man1 in ancient times1 was afraid of meeting his tailor1 it was not so much on account of the latter's bill as by reason of his kisses4 8,rome10 says ,martial1 8gives1 on one's return after fifteen years' absence1 such a number of kisses as exceeds those given by ,lesbia to ,catullus4 ,every neighbour1 every hairy-faced farmer1 presses on you with a strongly-scented kiss4 ,here the weaver assails you1 there the fuller and cobbler1 who has just been kissing leather2 here the owner of a filthy beard1 and a one-eyed gentleman2 there one with bleared eyes1 and fellows whose mouths are defiled with all manner of abominations4 ,it was hardly worth while to return40 ,people kissed whenever they met3 morning and evening1 at all seasons of the year3 spring and autumn1 summer and winter4 ,the winter kisses seem to have been especially unpleasant1 and ,martial censures them1 in the strongest terms1 in his epigram to ,linus3 ',tis winter1 and ,december's horrid cold ,makes all things stark2 yet1 ,linus1 thou lay'st hold ,on all thou meet'st2 none can thy clutches miss2 ,but with thy frozen mouth all ,rome dost kiss4 ,what could'st more spiteful do1 or more severe1 ,had'st thou a blow o' th' face1 or box o' th' ear8 ,my wife1 this time1 to kiss me does forbear1 ,my daughter1 too1 however debonaire4 ,but thou more trim and sweeter art4 ,no doubt ,th' icicles1 hanging at thy dog-like snout1 ,the congealed snivel dangling on thy beard1 ,ranker than th' oldest goat of all the herd4 ,the nastiest mouth i' th' town ,i'd rather greet1 ,than with thy flowing frozen nostrils meet4 ,if therefore thou hast either shame or sense1 ,till ,april comes no kisses more dispense4 ,that ,martial's epigrams depict the actual state of the case without any particular exaggeration it may1 among other things1 be inferred from the fact that the ,emperor ,tiberius1 according to ,suetonius1 issued an edict against these cotidiana oscula 7daily kisses74 ,the friendly kiss was likewise much in vogue in the ,middle ,ages4 ,in ,la ,chanson de ,roland the ,saracen king receives ,ganelon with a kiss on the neck1 and then displayed to him his treasures3 ,quant l'ot ,marsilies1 si l'ad baisiet el' col2 ,pois1 si cumencet uvrir ses trsors4 7#fjc74 ,and ,ganelon salutes the ,saracen chiefs in the same way1 and 8they kissed each other on face and chin03 8,bien serat fait0--li quens ,guenes respunt2 ,pois1 se baisirent es vis e es mentuns4 7#fbe1 #fbh74 ,the friendly kiss is1 on the whole1 pretty often mentioned in the ,old ,french epics4 8,out of friendship he kissed him on the mouth0 is a verse that frequently recurs3 ,par l'amistiet l'en baisat en la buche4 ,the kiss of friendship was also exchanged between the opposite sexes4 ,it was the general custom for ladies to salute with a kiss any stranger whether he came as an ambassador1 expected guest1 or a chance passer-by4 ,in the old ,french mystery-play of ,st ,bernard de ,menton1 the ,lord of ,miolan is sitting one day with his wife and daughters in the hall of his castle1 when a squire steps in and announces that some strangers have arrived4 ,the lord of the castle receives them courteously1 bids them welcome in ,god's name1 and at once orders his wife do her duty to them4 ,she1 too1 bids them welcome1 and kisses them2 at last it comes to the turn of the little girls1 who assure their father that they know their duty right well1 and are even willing to perform it3 ,a vostre bon commandement ,les bayserons et festoyrons1 ,trestons le myeulx que nous pourrons1 ,mon seigneur1 vostre talent4 ,which may be rendered thus3 ,as it is your orders dear1 ,we will kiss and make good cheer1 ,all1 so far as in us lies1 ,since your wishes that comprise4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,whereupon they kiss the strange gentlemen4 ,in the poem of 8,huon de ,bordeaux0 we are told how ,huon's mother1 the ,duchess of ,bordeaux1 receives the ,french king's embassy with kisses4 ,the queen1 in ,marie de ,france's ,lai de ,graelan1 sends an ambassador after ,graelan to make his acquaintance1 and1 when he arrives1 goes to meet him1 and kisses him on the mouth4 ,in other ,romance countries1 too1 kissing serves as a common mode of greeting1 which fact can be incidentally substantiated by means of philology1 inasmuch as the ,latin verb salutare 7#8to greet'7 both in ,spanish and ,roumanian1 and partially in ,french1 has acquired the meaning of #8to kiss4' ,when ,abengalvon1 in the old ,pema del ,cid1 meets ,minaya ,alvar ,faez1 he advances smilingly towards him in order to kiss him1 and he 8greets0 him on the shoulder1 8for such was his wont03 ,sonrisando de la boca1 ibalo abrazar1 ,en el ombro lo saluda1 ca tal es su usaje4 ,the expression 8to greet on the mouth0 likewise occurs many times2 but also the verb saludar 7#8to hail'7 is also used alone1 as in the ,roumanian sruta1 to express #8to kiss4' ,even in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the friendly kiss flourished in ,france4 ,when ,leo ,rozmital1 the ,bohemian nobleman1 paid his respects to ,louis ,,xi4 at ,meung-sur-,loire1 the king led him to the queen1 and both she and all the ladies of her court kissed him on the mouth4 ,we get further information in a letter from ,annibale ,caro dated #bith ,october1 #aedd4 ,it is addressed to the ,duke of ,palma1 and describes the visit of the ,french ,queen ,elonore to the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 in ,brussels4 8,when we met10 says he1 8the ceremony of reception with kissing of the ladies was1 in the highest degree1 interesting2 it seemed as if ,i had been present at the ,rape of the ,sabines4 ,not only the higher nobility1 but even all the rest took each his lady1 and the ,spaniards and ,neapolitans were the most eager4 ,it gave rise to much merriment when the ,countess of ,vertus1 ,charlotte de ,pisseleu1 was observed to lean over her saddle to such an extent1 in order to kiss the ,emperor1 that she slid off her horse1 and kissed the earth instead of ,his ,majesty's mouth4 ,the ,emperor hurried up to her assistance1 and with a smile kissed her heartily 7e ridendo la baci saporitamente74 ,directly afterwards ,duke ,ottavio rode up1 jumped quickly off his horse1 and the ,emperor himself conducted him to the ,queen's carriage1 and there he was presented to the distinguished ladies4 ,the ,duke kissed the ,queen's hand and was about to remount his charger1 but the ,emperor called him back1 and told him that he ought also to kiss ,mdme4 d',etampes1 who was sitting right opposite to the ,queen in the carriage4 ,like a good ,frenchman1 he exceeded the ,emperor's order and kissed her on the mouth40 ,a vast quantity of other evidence goes to show how general was the friendly kiss of salutation even during the ,renaissance1 especially among the upper classes4 ,henri ,estienne satirises it in his ,apologie pour ,hrodote4 8,kisses are allowed10 writes he1 8in ,france between noblemen and ladies1 whether they do or do not belong to the same family4 ,if a high-born dame is in church1 and any fop of her acquaintance comes1 she must1 in conformity with the usage prevailing in good society1 get up1 even if she be absorbed in the deepest devotion1 and kiss him on the mouth40 ,even ,montaigne expresses his disapproval of such a state of things4 8,it is10 says he1 8a highly reprehensible custom that ladies should be obliged to offer their lips to every one who has a couple of lackeys at his heels1 however undesirable he may be1 and we men are no gainers thereby1 for we have to kiss fifty ugly women to three pretty ones40 ,none the less1 the friendly kiss held its ground right through the seventeenth and even a part of the eighteenth century4 ,molire's marquesses kiss each other whenever they meet2 for instance1 in the famous eleventh scene in ,les ,prcieuses ridicules1 when ,mascarille and ,jodelet fall into each other's arms with many warm kisses4 ,in ,le ,misanthrope ,alceste reproaches ,philinte with embracing and kissing every one1 and 8when ,i ask you who it is1 you scarcely know his name60 ,vous chargez la fureur de vos embrassements2 ,et quand je vous demande aprs1 quel est cet homme1 peine pouvez-vous dire comme il se nomme4 ,la ,bruyre has1 time after time1 satirised this foolish custom1 which1 especially at ,court1 seems to have assumed colossal dimensions2 but even in middle-class circles etiquette required men to salute ladies with a kiss4 ,in an old comedy entitled ,le ,gentilhomme guespin a father presents his son1 who is extraordinarily awkward and clumsy4 ,the latter does not know how he ought to behave to the ladies of the house1 so the father in despair gives him a dig in the ribs1 and whispers in his ear3 8,he's bashful4 ,kiss the lady4 ,one always greets a lady with a kiss40 444 ,il est honteux4 ,l1 baisez donc ,madame2 ,c'est toujours en baisant qu'on salue une femme1 ,molire has made use of this scene in ,le ,malade imaginaire1 where ,thomas ,diafoirus pedantically asks when he is introduced to ,anglique3 ,baiserai-je8 7,am ,i to kiss874 ,in ,england we come across pretty nearly the same state of things4 ,erasmus of ,rotterdam1 in one of his ,epistol familiares1 expresses his great satisfaction with ,english customs3 8,when you arrive every one kisses you2 at your departure they bid you good-bye and kiss you2 you come back1 then fresh kisses4 ,you are kissed when you meet any one1 and so1 too1 when you separate4 ,wheresoever you go everything is filled with kisses1 and if you have only once tasted how delicate these kisses are1 and the deliciousness of their savour1 you would want1 my dear ,faustus1 to be banished to ,england for time and eternity40 ,in another passage1 where ,erasmus is speaking of the state of the inns in ,england1 which he mentions in terms of unqualified praise1 he winds up as follows3 8,everywhere at the inns one meets with pretty1 smiling girls3 they come and ask for one's soiled clothes2 they wash them and soon bring them back again4 ,when the travellers are about to resume their journey these girls kiss them1 and take as affectionate a farewell of them as if the latter were their brothers or near relations40 ,and ,holberg in his letter writes3 8,in ,england it is considered uncourteous to enter a house without saluting one's hostess with a kiss40 ,even in the ,low ,countries the friendly kiss was much in vogue4 ,adrianus ,hreboord1 a professor at the ,university of ,leyden1 has1 in a ,latin treatise1 investigated the question as to whether the custom of allowing strangers to kiss young girls1 widows1 and other persons' wives1 on paying a visit1 can be said to be in conformity with the laws of chastity4 ,hreboord's opinion is that such practice is in no way objectionable3 as a kiss can be given without any arrire pense the kisses demanded by politeness may be quite chaste4 ,erycius ,puteanus1 the learned ,dutch philosopher1 on the contrary1 holds that the aforesaid custom is not without danger--at any rate to more sensually-disposed temperaments4 ,in a letter on the education of a young ,italian girl he writes that he would never suffer any one to kiss his pupil1 adding3 8,our ,flemish girls never do so2 they are not so ardent4 ,they do not comprehend the language of love in glances and kisses4 ,in the matter of ,italian girls on the other hand1 things are quite different1 and ,i teach my pupil the speech of our country and our customs1 kissing excepted40 ,the kiss of friendship was so general in ,germany1 even in the eighteenth century1 that ,klopstock could write to a friend in #agej3 ,vergessen sie nicht zu mir auf einen ,kaffee und auf einen ,kuss zu kommen4 ,it seems1 however1 soon to have fallen into disuse4 ,as far back as #agdg1 ,lessing had ridiculed it in a poem3 ,the kiss with which my friend will greet me ,is not what's rightly termed a kiss1 ,but only formal salutation ,because cold fashion bids him this4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,vii ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,kisses ,einen ,kuss in ,ehren ,darf niemand wehren4 ,german ,proverb4 ,no one should take amiss ,an honest-hearted kiss4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,kisses ,it has been previously shown by numerous examples that kissing occupies a prominent place in certain ceremonies4 ,it would be easy to multiply instances of this4 ,we know from ,roman law that the so-called osculum interveniens1 which concerned gifts1 was exchanged between engaged couples4 ,the law enacts that1 in the event of one of the contracting parties dying before the marriage1 only a moiety of the presents are to be returned1 provided a kiss was exchanged at the betrothal1 but1 if no kiss had been exchanged1 all the presents were to be returned4#bc ,the kiss was regarded as the introduction1 as it were1 to matrimonial cohabitation--initium consummationis nuptiarum2 it was symbolical of marriage--viri et mulieris conjunctio4 ,certain ancient jurists have even discussed the question whether a married woman who has suffered herself to be kissed by a stranger has not thereby rendered herself guilty of adultery4 ,the decree of the ,roman law which1 so far as ,i know1 still partly holds good in ,greece1 is met with again in the ,latin countries during the ,middle ,ages4 ,it was incorporated in the law of the ,visigoths 7,lex ,romana ,visigothorum71 and migrated thence to the different old ,spanish fueros and the old ,french law1 in which the word osculum was also used in the learned form oscle4 ,it was likewise admitted into the law of the ,lombards1 and ,italy is most probably the ,west ,european country where donatio propter osculum has been longest retained4 ,we find1 even down to our own times1 traces of the same in customary laws4 ,this is probably the only ceremonial kiss that has received legal sanction2 but wherever elsewhere we may turn our eyes and investigate old ceremonies1 we constantly find the kiss a necessary and important part4 ,its usage was1 for instance1 general at weddings4 ,thomas ,platter1 who studied at the ,university of ,montpellier at the end of the sixteenth century1 tells us1 in his 8,diary10 that the majority of marriages took place in private1 without witnesses1 through fear of witchcraft2 though the wedding feast1 on the contrary1 was celebrated in public with a vast concourse of guests1 and with many merry episodes4 ,at the conclusion of the feast the bride was divested of her bridal array1 amidst jokes and raillery1 smart young bachelors having to take off her garters2 and when at last she sat up in bed1 clad only in linen1 then all the guests1 male and female1 came and kissed her on the mouth1 and the kisses were followed by facetious compliments and good wishes4 ,moreover1 at the later ceremony of dubbing a knight1 the newly-made knight of the ,golden ,fleece was kissed by the master of the ceremonies1 and had afterwards to kiss all the senior knights present4 ,at certain academical functions the kiss also formed part of the festal ceremony2 in the seventeenth century the ,dean1 when degrees were conferred1 kissed all the new doctors and masters4 ,even in the guilds we meet with the kiss1 though in a somewhat peculiar form4 ,hbertz tells us that at the ceremony of admitting a member into the ,guild of ,tanners1 the candidate chose for his 8,krnzjungfer0 a girl who had to be 8fairly a maiden40 ,she painted black moustaches on his upper lip1 and the senior member placed a crown on his head4 ,this done1 he kissed the latter1 removed the crown1 and decorated him instead with a 8,jungferkranz40 ,finally1 the senior member made a speech to the new member1 and gave him three boxes on the ears1 on which the girl kissed him1 and washed off his moustaches1 whilst 8,vater0 hung a sword to his waist4 ,the ceremony of reception into the ,guild of ,carpenters was followed by a feast1 at which the members1 as a sign that they were now grown-up1 were allowed1 on the payment of a mark1 to kiss the barmaid1 who was usually the innkeeper's daughter4 ,it is easily understood that the kiss likewise came to play a prominent part in many different dances and games4 ,kiss-dances were very common during the ,middle ,ages and even later4 ,montaigne describes one that he witnessed at ,augsburg in #aehj4 8,the ladies10 said he1 8sit in two rows along the walls of the room4 ,the gentlemen go away and bow to them2 they kiss the latter's hands1 and the ladies get up1 but without kissing them on the hand4 ,then each gentleman puts his arm round the lady's waist1 right beneath her shoulder1 kisses her1 and lays his cheek to hers40#bd ,whether it is the lady's check or mouth that is kissed1 he omits to state2 but it is certain that kisses on the mouth were not uncommon4 ,a ,swiss traveller who stayed for some time in ,france in the middle of the sixteenth century relates that1 when he was in ,montpellier1 he was invited to a ball1 and there met a very beautiful young lady2 but1 he adds1 her nose was a trifle too long1 and so her partner had great difficulty in kissing her mouth1 8as is the general custom40 ,the kiss-dance has not yet died out in ,germany2 but it appears no longer to have the graceful forms of the ,renaissance period1 if we can trust ,fritz ,reuter's description in his ,journey to ,belgium4 ,at a wedding when the kiss-dance is to be held1 the parish clerk cautiously inquires of the clergyman whether kissing is regarded as unbefitting his priestly dignity1 but when the answer comes short and shrewd1 8,kiss away10 he bows to ,mrs ,black and--smack6--gives her a couple of hearty kisses right on her mouth4 ,madame was thoroughly frightened1 but that did not avail1 but every time he swang round with her1 she got a proper1 smacking kiss4 ,but it is evident from ,romeo and ,juliet that even in ,england there were dances in which a gentleman was allowed to kiss his partner4 ,all know the beautiful words with which ,romeo claims his right3 ,if ,i profane with my unworthiest hand ,this holy shrine1 the gentle sin is this3 ,my lips1 two blushing pilgrims1 ready stand ,to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss4 7,i4 #e47 ,one can still take the same liberty at ,christmastide under the mistletoe4 ,i know a young ,english lady who was offended with an ,american gentleman who did not dare to avail himself of his privilege1 because he thought that this custom was obsolete in ,europe4 ,kissing in our time still plays an important part in ,france in the refrains of dance songs4 ,le ,bouquet de ma ,mie ends with3 ,bell' bergre1 embrasse-moi1 ,embrasse1 embrasse1 embrasse6 ,and in ,ramenez vos ,moutons1 ,bergre1 is sung by way of conclusion3 ,tombez genoux1 ,jurez devant tous4 ,d'tre un jour poux ,et embrassez-vous4#be ,there is1 ,i suppose1 no doubt that in these games the kiss is given and taken1 as the dramatis person are generally children1 but what takes place when adults amuse themselves with these rondes1 ,i do not know2 but ,i consider it probable that the gentleman will demand as his due a kiss1 at any rate on the cheek4 ,there also exists an old ronde baisers1 which is very characteristic and merry4 ,in this it is the lady who has to take the first step3 ,madame1 entrez dans la danse1 ,regardez-en la cadence1 ,et puis vous embrasserez ,celui que vous aimerez4#bf ,as the living expression of the warmest and sincerest human feelings kissing has been credited1 in the world of fairy tales and superstition1 with a considerable curative and prophylactical power4 ,we have seen1 in the old sagas and ballads1 how enchantments are broken by means of a kiss2 we have seen how holy men in the legends restore the sick to health by means of a kiss1 etc4 ,kissing has1 on the whole1 influenced popular credulity to a large extent1 and of the numerous superstitious notions concerning it ,i only quote some few3 ,if you would protect yourself against lightning you should make three crosses before you1 and kiss the ground three times4 7,germany47 ,if you want to have luck in gambling you must kiss the cards before the game begins4 7,france47 ,if you have the toothache you should kiss a donkey on his chops4 7,germany47 ,this very efficacious advice is found as far back as ,pliny4 ,if you drop a bit of bread on the floor you must kiss it when you pick it up4 ,the same respect is also to be shown to books you have dropped4 7,denmark1 ,germany47 ,according to ,danish superstition1 it is a bad omen when the first person you meet of a morning is an old woman2 nevertheless1 you can ward off all evil consequences by giving her a kiss4 ,evil must be expelled by evil4 ,people kiss little children when they have knocked themselves1 in order to take away the pain2 they must 8kiss them well again10 as it is termed1 or1 as ,englishmen say1 8kiss the place and make it well40 ,the ,greenland mother1 who does not understand kissing as expressive of love1 kisses her sick child on the breast1 shoulders1 hips1 and navel to restore it to health4 ,as the loving kiss of a living human creature brings life1 health1 and happiness1 so it is thought1 on the other hand1 that kisses of a supernatural being bring destruction4 ,in ,lucian's ,true ,history there is a description of a perilous journey to the realms of fancy4 ,in one of these the travellers came upon a remarkable vineyard wherein all the vines at the bottom were green and luxuriant1 but those above had the shape of women4 8,they greeted us1 as we drew nigh1 and bade us halt4 ,some of us kissed them on the mouth1 and those who were kissed lost their understanding and reeled about like drunken men4 ,but worse befell those who had suffered themselves to be embraced by these women2 they were powerless to extricate themselves from the latter's arms1 and we beheld their fingers changed into boughs and twigs40#bg ,i will here call your attention to the ,roumanian song about cholera1 which comes in the shape of an ugly old woman to ,vlcu1 and ,vlcu entreats it thus3 8,take my horse1 take my weapons1 but give me still some days so ,i may once more see my children1 which are as dear to me as the light of the sun40 ,but the old woman stretches forth her bony arms1 folds ,vlcu to her bosom1 presses her pallid lips to his1 and1 in a death-dealing kiss1 takes his life1 whereupon she departs with a mocking laugh4 ,the ,roumanian text is here very strong3 ,gur pe gur punea1 ,buze pe buze lipa1 ,zilele i le sorba4 ,apo cloanza ear ridea1 ,cu zilele purcedea1 ,si vonicul mort cdea4 ,even a spectre's kiss brings death4 ,in an ,english variant of the ballad of ,leonora1 ,margaret says to her dead bridegroom1 who is knocking at her door at night3 8,come and kiss me on the cheek and chin40--8,perhaps ,i shall come to thee10 he replies1 but3 ,if ,i shou'd come within thy bower1 ,i am no mortal man2 ,and shou'd ,i kiss thy rosy lips1 ,thy days will not be long4 ,i shall also call your attention1 in connection with the foregoing1 to a curious old story of the venomous girl4 ,a young maiden had from her tenderest years been reared on all the most deadly poisons4 ,her beauty was marvellous1 but her breath was so poisonous that it killed everybody who came near her4 ,she was sent to the palace of ,alexander the ,great1 as the king's enemies reckoned on his falling in love with her and dying in her arms4 ,when the king saw her he at once wanted to make her his mistress2 but the shrewd ,aristotle suspected treachery4 ,he restrained the king1 and had a criminal who had been sentenced to death sent for4 ,the criminal was made to kiss the girl in presence of the king1 and he fell prone on the ground1 poisoned by her breath1 like one struck by lightning4 ,this story can be traced to ,india4 ,it found its way into several medival storybooks and attained great popularity4 ,the monks made use of it in their sermons1 and gave it an allegorical interpretation3 ,alexander was the good1 trustful ,christian2 ,aristotle was the conscience2 the venomous girl1 incontinence1 which comprehends everything that is poisonous to the soul2 and the criminal is the wicked man who pursues the lusts of the flesh and suffers his punishment4 8,let us1 therefore1 abstain from all such things if we wish to reach ,paradise10 is the moral that the monk draws from it at the close of his sermon4 ,in conclusion ,i will quote several expressions to which kissing has given rise3 ,a lady's hat which was fashionable in ,england in #ahej1 and which had no brim to it1 got the name of ,kiss-me-quick4 ,in contradistinction to this1 the old-fashioned ,danish hats with prominent brims were called ,kiss-me-if-you-can4 ,we have a modern variant in the ,salvation lasses' ,stop-kissing-me hat4 ,in ,france1 during the last century1 there was a colour of the name of ,baise-moi ma mignonne1 called in ,england 8heart's-ease03 ,look-up-and-kiss-me1 ,kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate1 ,kiss-me-ere-,i-rise or ,jump-up-and-kiss-me4 ,the verb 8to kiss0 is often used in a figurative sense1 e4g41 the ,italians say of one who likes drinking1 8,he kisses the flask0 7,bacia il fiasco72 the ,germans say of mean people1 8,they kiss the farthing0 7,den ,pfennig kssen72 the ,english too speak of a penny-kisser4 ,this figurative meaning is not1 however1 confined to jocose expressions and phrases2 on the contrary1 it occurs perhaps more frequently in serious prose4 ,our whole life1 lived in love to our neighbour and nature1 is nothing more than one long kiss4 ,kaalund somewhere says3 ,a babe was ,i not long ere this1 ,but time too swiftly slips2 ,and that is why ,i press a kiss ,so warmly on life's lips4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,a similar figurative use is extraordinarily common with the poets4 ,h4 ,c4 ,andersen1 in ,goose-grass1 says of the lark that it flies past the tulip and other aristocratic flowers only to light on the sward by the humble goose-grass1 which it kisses with its beak1 and for which it sings its joyous song4 ,the other poets represent the waves as kissing the white beach1 the bees1 the scented flowers2 and the ears of corn in the fields as heaving beneath the warm kisses of the sun's golden rays4 ,the sun's kisses are oscula sancta2 every creature shares in them1 for they are the most beautiful expression of ,god's love4 ,ingemann sings in a morning hymn3 ,the sun looks down on hut and hall1 ,on haughty king and beggar weeping1 ,beholds the great ones and the small1 ,and kisses babes in cradles sleeping4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,viii ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,kissing ,les coutumes1 quelque tranges qu'elles deviennent parfois la longue1 ont gnralement des commencements trs simples4 ,,max ,m,,ller4 ,usages1 however strange they may sometimes become in the long run1 have generally very simple beginnings4--,translated from the above4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,kissing ,with most civilised and many uncivilised nations kissing is the natural expression of love and its kindred emotions4 ,how can it be explained that a kiss has succeeded in getting so deep and comprehensive a significance8 ,how can a trivial movement of the lips interpret our innermost feelings in so eloquent a way that there is not a language which has at its command words approaching to it in argumentative power8 ,are we face to face with something primitive1 or something conventional and derivative8 ,is it as natural to kiss when we are transported with love as it is to smile when we are mirthful1 or weep when we are sad8 ,in other words1 is ,steele right when he says1 in strict conformity with a ,cypriot folk-song previously quoted1 that 8nature was its author1 and it began with the first courtship80 ,i shall try to answer this question in the following pages1 but1 nevertheless1 ,i wish at once to state most expressly that we are now approaching ground where we know nothing1 and where no one can with certainty know anything4 ,we can only advance more or less likely hypotheses4 ,in the first place1 it is important to bear in mind that there are many races of people who are quite ignorant of kissing as it is generally understood4 ,thus it is unknown in a great part of ,polynesia1 in ,madagascar1 and among many tribes of negroes in ,africa1 more particularly among those which mutilate their lips4 ,w4 ,reade1 in one of his books of travel1 tells us of the horror which seized a young ,african negress when he kissed her4 ,kissing is likewise unknown amongst the ,esquimaux and the people of ,tierra del ,fuego4 ,certain ,finnish tribes appear1 from what ,b4 ,taylor tells us1 not to practise it much4 ,in his ,northern ,travel he relates that 8while both sexes bathe together in a state of complete nudity1 a kiss is regarded as something indecent40 ,a ,finnish married woman1 on being told by him that it was the usual custom for husband and wife to kiss each other1 angrily exclaimed1 8,if my husband were to attempt such a thing1 faith1 ,i would warm his ears in such a way that he would feel it for a whole week40 ,if the question arises as to what these people substitute for kissing1 the fact is well-known that1 amongst uncivilised races1 there is an endless number of different ways of salutation2 some smack each other on the arms or stomach1 others blow on each other's hands1 others again rub their right ear and put out their tongue1 etc41 etc4 ,here1 however1 we must confine ourselves to the salutations which are suggestive of kissing4 ,in many places people are in the habit of saluting with their noses4 ,this is the so-called ,malay kiss1 which consists in rubbing or merely pressing one's nose against another person's nose4 ,this nose-salute is found among the ,polynesians1 ,malays1 ,esquimaux1 certain negro tribes in ,africa--in short1 just among the majority of races which are ignorant of kissing as we understand it4 ,darwin thus describes the ,malay kiss3 8,the women squatted with their faces upturned2 my attendants stood leaning over them1 laid the bridge of their noses at right angles over theirs1 and commenced rubbing4 ,it lasted somewhat longer than a hearty hand-shake with us4 ,during this process they uttered a grunt of satisfaction40#bh ,the ,french savant ,gaidoz1 who has also described this custom1 remarks1 8,i have many times observed that cats which are fond of one another greet each other in this way2 and ,i myself once had a cat which always tried to squeeze its nose against mine as a mark of affection40#bi ,everything is in favour of this nose-salute being a very primitive custom1 and its origin may be sought beyond the sense of touch2 no doubt1 in the sense of smell4 ,spencer has arrived at the following conclusions3 ,the sheep bleats after her little lamb which has run away4 ,it sniffs at several lambs that are skipping about near her1 and at last recognises her own by means of the sense of smell1 and undoubtedly feels great delight at recognising it4 ,in consequence of assiduous repetitions of this a certain relation is developed between the two factors1 so that the smell of the lamb excites joy in the sheep4 ,as every animal has its peculiar smell1 so1 too1 has every human being4 ,when the patriarch ,isaac grew old his eyes began to get dim1 and he could not see4 ,he wished to bless his eldest son1 ,esau1 but ,jacob deceived him by clothing himself in his brother's garments1 and giving himself out as the latter4 ,isaac then said to him3 8,come near now and kiss me1 my son40 ,and he came near and kissed him1 and he smelled the smell of his raiment1 and blessed him1 and said3 8,see the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the ,lord hath blessed40 ,the sense of the smell peculiar to some one we are fond of is capable of exciting pleasure4 ,timkowski writes of a ,mongol father that the latter time after time smelt his youngest son's head4 ,this mark of paternal tenderness serves with the ,mongols instead of kisses4 ,in the ,philippine ,islands1 the sense of smell is so developed that the inhabitants1 by simply sniffing at a pocket-handkerchief1 can tell to whom it belongs2 lovers who are separated send one another presents of bits of their linen1 and1 in their absence1 keep each other in mind by often inhaling each other's scent4 ,that the delicate perfume that exhales from a woman's body plays an important part in love affairs even with modern civilised nations is too well-known to require more than a passing mention on my part4 ,certain races of mankind now actually salute each other by smelling2 they apply their mouth and nose to a person's cheek1 and draw a long breath4 ,in their language they do not say 8,give me a kiss10 but 8,smell me40 ,the same sort of kiss is also met with among the ,burmese2 and with many ,malay tribes the words 8smell0 and 8salute0 are synonymous4 ,other races do not confine themselves to smelling each other's faces1 but sniff their hands at every salutation4 ,alfred ,grandidier1 a ,french traveller1 says of the nose-kiss in ,madagascar3 8,it always excites the merriment of ,europeans1 and yet it has its origin in an extremely refined idea4 ,the invisible air which is continually being breathed through the lips is to savages1 not only1 as with us1 a sign of life1 but it is also an emanation of the soul--its perfume1 as they themselves say--and1 when they mingle and suck in each other's breath and odour1 they think they are actually mingling their souls40#cj ,then the origin of the nose-kiss1 it seems1 undoubtedly ought to be sought--at any rate partly--in the sense of smell4 ,the love of another human being involves1 as a consequence1 one's loving everything belonging to this other being2 and this love is shown in casu by drinking in his or her breath1 whereby1 little by little1 a peculiar nose-salutation is very ingeniously developed1 which1 naturally1 is capable of gradually assuming various conventional forms4 ,now we will proceed to the kiss proper--that on the mouth4 ,how can its origin be explained8#ca ,it does not seem very rational to assume that the motion of the muscles in breathing should of itself be the natural1 purely physical reflex of a feeling of love in the same way as1 for instance1 certain half-spasmodic contractions of several muscles in the upper part of the face can be the immediate expression of wrath4 ,i do not believe either that the mere contact of the lips with another person's face was originally sufficient to express 8,i love you40 ,naturally1 the longing to touch the beloved ones body1 to approach it as closely as possible1 is a very essential manifestation of erotic emotion2 but so far as the contact of the lips is concerned1 there is reason for assuming that1 originally1 without its being the direct object1 it had been1 moreover1 and perhaps in an equally high degree1 a means of attaining a definite sensual gratification--a gratification that can be realised by the co-operation of the lips and mouth4 ,as the nose-salutation partly originates in smell1 so the mouth salutation may1 to a certain extent#cb at least1 have its origin in taste1 or--which is even more probable--in both smell and taste8 ,these latter1 as you know1 are very closely related to each other4 ,the dog shows his joy at his master's presence by licking the latter's hand4 ,why is this8 ,it would not1 ,i suppose1 be too rash to assume that he as good as 8tastes0 him2 loving his master1 he therefore loves the taste and smell peculiar to him4 ,the cow licks her calf1 and in this one may presumably see the expression of a feeling which is to some extent satisfied by this action4 ,and why so8 ,undoubtedly by recognising by the tongue 7and nose7 the taste 7and smell7 peculiar to the calf4 ,now1 is it not exceedingly probable that the human kiss1 in its original form1 can1 as to its passive element1 be accounted for in an identical way1 viz41 as a purely sensual assimilation1 by means of the nerves of taste and smell1 of another person's peculiar qualities with respect to gustus and odor8 ,these qualities have probably been much more conspicuous in primitive mankind than nowadays1 just as it is quite certain that its faculty of taste and smell were far more developed than ours4 ,and have we not still1 especially in the love-kiss1 but also in kisses between women1 very numerous representatives of the primitive kiss1 which ,i should like to term the 8taste-kiss40 ,i have many times pointed out1 in the preceding pages1 the part which taste plays in kissing2 and ,i shall now add what ,i have often heard young girls say to a lady they had kissed amorously3 8,your kisses taste so nice40 ,from being a natural expression for love the sucking1 tasting kiss has1 in course of time1 become reduced to nothing more than a simple inspiratory movement of the lips1 which1 by analogy1 has come to express many other feelings1 such as gratitude1 admiration1 compassion1 tenderness1 etc4 ,it has become at length so degraded as to be used as a purely conventional salutation4 ,if this reasoning be correct1 then the mouth-kiss1 in the course of its development1 presents a perfect parallel with the nose-kiss4 ,both these forms of greeting were originally closely allied1 but the mouth-kiss had better conditions for development than the nose-kiss4 ,it has become a salutation of a considerably higher sort1 and whenever savage tribes come into contact with civilised nations the nose-kiss is gradually discarded4 ,such1 for instance1 was the case in ,madagascar4 ,there is no doubt that savages can express very deep emotions by the nose-kiss4 ,a ,french missionary tells the story of how he was received when he went back to the island of ,pomotu3 8,when we approached the country all the population assembled on the beach4 ,they had harpoons in their hands1 for they imagined we were enemies2 but1 as soon as they saw my cassock1 they shouted1 #8,that's the ,father1 away with the harpoons1' and when we reached the shore they all rushed forward to kiss me by rubbing their noses against mine1 according to the custom of that country4 ,the ceremony was not very agreeable to me1 and ,i was not altogether pleased at having to take part in it40#cc ,civilised people1 on the other hand1 regard the nose-kiss as something highly ludicrous1 and ,i doubt if any poet has the power of casting a halo of romance over it4 ,the mouth-kiss1 on the contrary1 is redolent of the purest and most delicate poesy4 ,a ,german minnesinger rhapsodises thus3 8,the radiant sun is darkened before mine eyes when ,i behold the roses that bloom on my darling's mouth40 8,he who can pluck these roses may rejoice in the depth of his heart4 ,many are the roses ,i have beheld1 but never have ,i looked on any so splendid40 8,how beauteous are the roses one gathers in the valley2 nathless her delicate1 ruddy lips conjure up thousands that are lovelier still40 ,l',,envoi ,wherefore1 methinks1 let ev'ry man ,kiss as he knows best1 will1 should1 can2 ,but ,i and my beloved know this3-- ,how we ought properly to kiss4--,,paul ,,fleming4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,printed by ,oliver ,boyd ,edinburgh4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,h4 ,f4 ,cary's translation4 #b ,from osculum we get the words osculogy1 the science of kissing1 and osculogical1 that which pertains to kissing2 but the ,greek derivations philematology and philematological are perhaps preferable4 #c ,the tiny little mouth1 red as a rose ,that blossoms hidden in some garden-close1 ,pleasant and amorous through being kissed4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #d ,translated from the ,danish ,version4 #e ,a ,danish poet1 philologist1 and collector of proverbs 7#afca-agjb74 #f ,this and most of the following ,servian ballads were translated by ,prof4 ,nyrop into ,danish from the ,german version of ,o4 ,p4 ,ritto4 #g ,from 8,various ,verses10 #ahic4 #h ,he who a kiss has snatched and takes naught more1 ,deserves to lose the kiss he has in store1 ,how much was lacking to my perfect bliss8 ,not modesty but clownishness was this4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #i ,translated by ,edward1 ,earl of ,derby4 #aj ,william ,morris' ,translation4 #aa ,william ,morris' ,translation4 #ab ,william ,morris' ,translation4 #ac ,william ,morris' ,translation4 #ad ,retranslated from the ,danish of the ,text4 #ae ,we have here a striking example of how legends arise4 ,john1 the ,father of the ,church1 got the epithet 8golden-mouth0 on account of his great eloquence2 but the people sought another more concrete explanation1 if ,i may use the term1 of that name1 the metaphorical use of which they failed to comprehend4 #af ,and when he had to kiss ,charles' foot--such kissing ,rollo spurned-- ,he thrust his hand forth downward1 and to the monarch turned4 ,he raised the king's foot to his lips1 and overturned the king1 ,who quickly rose upon his feet whilst mirth around did ring4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #ag ,which may be freely translated3 ,dear1 kind rod that's trusty stood1 ,without thee ne'er should ,i do good4 #ah 444 ,well1 if you chose ,with less to be content1 don't stick at this4 ,i have for you a face without a nose4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #ai ,my first is for my husband1 not for you2 ,but you're right welcome to the other two4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #bj ,my dear ,arlequin1 a handsome lad like you1 when a lady offers him anything1 ought to kiss the hand when he receives it4 #ba ,omitted in the last edition4 #bb ,omitted in the last edition4 #bc ,si ab sponso rebus spons donatis1 interveniente osculo1 ante nuptias hunc vel illam mori contigerit1 dimidiam partem rerum donatarum ad superstitem pertinere prcipimus1 dimidiam ad defuncti vel defunct heredes cuiuslibet gradus sint et quocunque iure successerint1 ut donatio stare pro parte media et solvi pro parte media videatur3 osculo vero non interveniente1 sive sponsus sive sponsa obierit1 totam infirmari donationem et donatori sponso sive heredibus eius restitui4 #bd ,retranslated from the ,danish ,text4 #be ,now down on your knees fall1 ,and promise straightway ,to be wife and husband1 ,and then kiss away4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #bf ,madame1 join the dancing throng1 ,listen to their measured song2 ,but remember1 for the rest1 ,you shall kiss whom you love best4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 #bg ,retranslated from the ,danish of the ,text4 #bh ,retranslated from the ,danish ,version in the ,text4 #bi ,retranslated from the ,danish ,version in the ,text4 #cj ,retranslated from the ,danish ,version in the ,text4 #ca ,naturally1 ,i am not concerned here with the various explanations given by the poets as to the origin of the kiss4 ,gressner1 in an idyll of ,daphnis and ,chloe1 has told us how both the lovers observed the sport of the doves in the grove and then tried to imitate it by pressing their mouths together as the doves do their beaks4 #cb ,besides the passive or receptive element of the kiss1 which is essentially the object of my investigation1 there is also1 as we have previously noticed1 an active element which must not be overlooked1 viz41 the contact and muscular sensation at the pressure4 ,during the erotic transport1 which excites the desire for something further of a brutal and violent nature1 the body trembles with powerful muscular tension1 and a pressure or bite of the mouth is one of the forms by which the passion of love finds expression4 ,it is difficult1 in these pages1 to go further into this aspect of the kiss1 which is regarded by certain philosophers as the main one1 which it really is in respect to certain kisses under certain circumstances2 but there are other kisses which are equally so originally1 and in which the passive element seems to me the most essential4 ,the origin of the love-kiss ought scarcely to be sought in any single source1 whether in the sense of touch or in that of taste and smell combined4 ,unquestionably both these elements co-operate in its production1 but under constantly varying conditions1 just as the active or the passive element predominates1 the kiss accompanies and interprets according to the erotic phase4 ,in what follows ,i shall confine myself exclusively to the receptive element in the kiss4 #cc ,retranslated from the ,danish ,version in the ,text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber3 ,inbruntskuss ,inbrunstkuss pg #i ,kuss aus6 ,kss aus6 pg #aj eine grosse ,kleinigheit eine grosse ,kleinigkeit pg #fd ,er kan mich kssen da wo ich keine ,nase habe ,er kann mich kssen da wo ich keine ,nase habe pg #abh ,lucius ,turquinius ,lucius ,tarquinius pg #aca the same state of thing the same state of things pg #aee pedanticly asks pedantically asks pg #aee