,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,free?\ght ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,by ,,john ,m4 ,,rob]tson ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,exp&$ ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,vol4 ,i 7,,issu$ ,,= ,,! ,,rationali/ ,,press ,,association1 ,,limit$7 ,london3 ,,watts ,,co41 ,,johnson',s ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #aiae ,,to ,,sydney ,,ansell ,,gimson ,,cont5ts ,,volume ,i ,,page ,preface xi ,*ap4 ,i--,introductory #a4 ,orig9 & ,mean+ ( ! ^w ,free?\ght #a #b4 ,previ\s hi/ories #aj #c4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,free?9k+ #ae ,*ap4 ,,ii--,primitive ,free?9k+ #bb ,*ap4 ,,iii--,progress "u ,anci5t ,religions #a4 ,e>ly ,association & ,competition ( ,cults #dd #b4 ,! ,process 9 ,india #dh #c4 ,mesopotamia #fa #d4 ,anci5t ,p]sia #fe #e4 ,egypt #fi #f4 ,pho5icia #gh #g4 ,anci5t ,*9a #hb #h4 ,mexico & ,p]u #hh #i4 ,! ,common ,=ces ( ,deg5]ation #ia ,*ap4 ,,iv--,relative ,free?\ght 9 ,israel #a4 ,! ,e>ly ,hebrews #ig #b4 ,! manipulat$ prophetic lit]ature #ajd #c4 ,! ,po/-,exilic ,lit]ature #aji ,*ap4 ,v--,free?\ght 9 ,greece #abj #a4 ,beg9n+s ( ,ionic ,culture #abc #b4 ,hom]1 ,/esi*oros1 ,p9d>1 & s*ylus #abf #c4 ,! ,culture-,conditions #acd #d4 ,f ,?ales to ! ,eleatic ,s*ool #acf #e4 ,py?agoras & ,magna ,graecia #adh #f4 ,anaxagoras1 ,p]ikles1 & ,aspasia #aeb #g4 ,f ,demokritos to ,euripides #aeg #h4 ,sokrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle #afh #i4 ,po/-,alex&rian ,greece3 ,ephoros1 ,pyrrho1 ,z5o1 ,epicurus1 ,!odorus1 ,diagoras1 ,/ilpo1 ,bion1 ,/rato1 ,evm]os1 ,c>neades1 ,clitoma*os2 ,! ,sci5ces2 ,advance & ,decl9e ( ,a/ronomy2 ,lucian1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,polybius1 ,/rabo2 ,summ>y #ahj ,*ap4 ,,vi--,free?\ght 9 anci5t ,rome #a4 ,culture ,beg9n+s1 to ,ennius & ! ,greeks #aid #b4 ,lucretius1 ,cic]o1 ,cs> #bja #c4 ,decl9e "u ! ,empire #bjg #d4 ,! high] ,pagan e?ics #bae ,*ap4 ,,vii--,anci5t ,*ri/ianity & its ,oppon5ts #a4 ,free?\ght 9 ! ,gospels3 contradictory =ces #bah #b4 ,! ,epi/les3 _! anti-rationalism #bbd #c4 ,anti-pagan rationalism4 ,! ,gno/ics #bbd #d4 ,rationali/ic h]esy4 ,arius4 ,pelagius4 ,jov9ian4 ,a]ius4 ,vigilantius4 ,! religi\s w>s #bbi #e4 ,anti-,*ri/ian ?\ght3 its decl9e4 ,celsus4 ,la/ lights ( critical ?\ght4 ,macrobius4 ,!odore4 ,phot9us4 ,! expulsion ( sci5ce4 ,! appropriation ( pagan end[m5ts #bce #f4 ,! intellectual & moral decad5ce4 ,boe?ius #bdc ,*ap4 ,,viii--,free?\ght "u ,islam #a4 ,mohamm$ & 8 contempor>ies4 ,e>ly ,z5dekism #bdh #b4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,koran #beb #c4 ,s>ac5 free?\ght 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,motazilites4 ,! ,spread ( ,culture4 ,intellectual ,collapse #bec #d4 ,al-,ma'arri & ,om> ,khayym4 ,sufism #bfa #e4 ,arab ,philosophy & ,moori% free?\ght4 ,avempace4 ,abubac]4 ,av]ros4 ,ibn ,khaldun #bff #f4 ,rationalism 9 lat] ,islam4 ,sufism4 ,bbism 9 contempor>y ,p]sia4 ,free?9k+ 9 ,mohamm$an ,india & ,africa #bgb ,*ap4 ,,ix--,*ri/5dom 9 ! ,middle ,ages #bgg #a4 ,h]esy 9 ,byzantium4 ,iconoclasm4 ,leo4 ,photius4 ,mi*ael4 ,! e>ly ,paulicians #bgg #b4 ,critical ,h]esy 9 ! ,we/4 ,v]gilius4 ,claudius4 ,agob>d4 ,john ,scotus4 ,! case ( ,gotts*alk4 ,b]5g>4 ,roscel94 ,nom9alism & ,realism4 ,h]esy 9 ,flor5ce & 9 ,france #bhb #c4 ,popul> ,anti-,cl]ical ,h]esy4 ,! ,paulicians 7,ca?>i7 9 ,we/]n ,europe3 _! anticipation ( ,prote/antism4 ,abuses ( ! ,*ur* & papacy4 ,vogue ( anti-cl]ical h]esy4 ,pet] de ,brueys4 ,eudo4 ,pat]9i4 ,wald5ses #bia #d4 ,h]esy 9 ,s\!rn ,france4 ,! crusade aga9/ ,albig5sian h]esy4 ,arre/ ( ,prov5al civilization3 ,rise & "* ( ! ,inquisition #bii #e4 ,free?\ght 9 ! ,s*ools4 ,! problem set to ,anselm4 ,roscel94 ,nom9alism & ,realism4 ,te/imony ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis3 ,simon ( ,t\rnay4 ,william ( ,con*es4 ,abail>d4 ,john ( ,salisbury #cjg #f4 ,s>ac5 & ,jewi% ,influ5ces4 ,maimonides4 ,ibn ,ezra4 ,av]ro/s4 ,amalri*4 ,david ( ,d9ant4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,unbelief at ,p>is ,univ]sity4 ,suppressive action ( ! ,*ur*4 ,judicial torture #cae #g4 ,free?\ght 9 ,italy4 ,anti-cl]icalism 9 ,flor5ce4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,mi*ael ,scotus4 ,dante's views4 ,pietro ( ,abano4 ,brunetto ,lat9i4 ,cecco ,/abili4 ,boccaccio4 ,petr>*4 ,av]rosm #cbb #h4 ,sects & ,ord]s4 ,italian developm5ts4 ,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s4 ,begh>ds1 etc4 ,franciscans4 ,humiliati4 ,abbot ,joa*im4 ,seg>elli & ,dolc9o #cca #i4 ,?\ght 9 ,spa94 ,arab influ5ces4 ,h]esy "u ,alfonso ,x4 ,! fir/ ,inquisition4 ,arnaldo ( ,villanueva4 ,enrique ,,iv4 ,p$ro d ,osma4 ,! ,new ,inquisition4 ,! causes ( ,spani% evolution #ccg #aj4 ,?\ght 9 ,engl&4 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,*auc]4 ,items 9 ,pi]s ,pl\ghman4 ,loll>dry4 ,wiclif #cdb #aa4 ,?\ght 9 ,france4 ,franois de ,rues4 ,jean de ,meung4 ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 ,p>is univ]sity4 ,! sects4 ,! ,templ>s4 ,william ( ,occam4 ,m>siglio4 ,pi]re ,aureol4 ,nom9alism & ,realism4 ,d\ble tru?4 ,unbelief 9 ! ,p>is s*ools #cea #ab4 ,?\ght 9 ! ,teutonic ,c\ntries4 ,! ,m9nes+]s4 ,walt] d] ,vogelweide4 ,ma/] ,eckh>t4 ,sects4 ,! ,imitatio ,*ri/i #cfa ,*ap4 ,x--,free?\ght 9 ! ,r5aissance #a4 ,! ,italian ,evolution4 ,s>ac5 ,s\rces4 ,anti-cl]icalism4 ,discr$it ( ! ,*ur*4 ,lor5zo ,valla4 ,masuccio4 ,pulci4 ,executions = blasphemy4 ,av]rosm4 ,nifo4 ,unbelief at ,rome4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,platonism4 ,pico della ,mir&ola4 ,ma*iavelli4 ,guicci>d9i4 ,belief 9 wit*craft4 ,pomponazzi4 ,pomponio ,leto4 ,! survival ( ,av]rosm4 ,jewi% free?\ght #cfe #b4 ,! ,fr5* ,evolution4 ,desp]i]s4 ,rabelais4 ,dolet4 ,! ,vaudois massacres4 ,unbeliev+ ,*ur*m54 ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re4 ,rons>d4 ,bod94 ,valle4 ,e/i5ne4 ,pleas = tol]ance4 ,revival ( ,/oicism #cgi #c4 ,! ,engli% ,evolution4 ,reg9ald ,pecock4 ,duke ,humphrey4 ,unbelief 9 immortality #cic #d4 ,! ,rema9+ ,european ,c\ntries4 ,nicolaus ( ,cusa4 ,h]mann van ,ryswyck4 ,a/rology & sci5ce4 ,summ>y #cih ,*ap4 ,,xi--,! ,re=mation ,politically ,consid]$ #a4 ,! ,g]man ,conditions4 ,! ,new ,le>n+4 ,economic ,causation #djc #b4 ,! ,problem 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,savon>ola4 ,ca?olic reaction4 ,! ,new ,inquisition4 ,h]esy 9 ,italy4 ,its suppression4 ,! ,index ,expurgatorius4 ,italian & nor!rn "* #djg #c4 ,! ,hussite ,failure 9 ,bohemia4 ,e>ly anti-cl]icalism4 ,militz & 8 s*ool4 ,huss & ,j]ome4 ,! ,taborite w>s4 ,hel*itsky #dae #d4 ,anti-,papalism 9 ,hung>y4 ,e>ly anti-cl]icalism4 ,rapid success ( ! ,re=mation4 ,its decl9e4 ,new h]esy4 ,soc9ianism4 ,bi&rata4 ,davides4 ,recov]y ( ! ,*ur* #dai #e4 ,prote/antism 9 ,pol&4 ,e>ly anti-cl]icalism4 ,inroad ( ,prote/antism4 ,gr[? ( ,unit>ianism4 ,goniondzki4 ,pauli4 ,ca?olic reaction #dbb #f4 ,! ,/ruggle 9 ,france4 ,attitude ( ,k+ ,francis4 ,economic issues4 ,pre-,lu!ran ,prote/antism4 ,p]secution4 ,b]qu94 ,prote/ant viol5ces4 ,=tunes ( ! cause 9 ,france #dbg #g4 ,! ,political ,process 9 ,brita94 ,engl& n specially anti-papal4 ,! causation4 ,h5ry's divorce4 ,spoliation #dca ,*ap4 ,,xii--,! ,re=mation & ,free?\ght #a4 ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,mutianus4 ,crotus4 ,bebel4 ,rise ( ,unit>ianism4 ,lu!r & ,melan*?on4 ,_! anti-democratic politics4 ,_! dogmatism4 ,zw+li4 ,calv9 & 8 victims4 ,gruet4 ,! ,lib]t9i4 ,s]vetus4 ,gripaldi4 ,calv9's polity4 ,o*9o4 ,an?o9e4 ,moral failure ( ,prote/antism #dcd #b4 ,engl&4 ,h5ry & ,wolsey4 ,advanc$ h]esy4 ,p]secution4 ,sir ,?omas ,m #deh #c4 ,! ,ne!rl&s4 ,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism4 ,reaction t[>ds ,ca?olicism4 ,b>neveldt4 ,grotius #dfa #d4 ,conclusion4 ,! intellectual failure4 ,indirect ga9s to fre$om #dfd ,*ap4 ,,xiii4--,! ,rise ( ,mod]n ,free?\ght #a4 ,! ,italian ,influ5ce4 ,deism4 ,unit>ianism4 ,latitud9>ianism4 ,aconzio4 ,nizolio4 ,p]eira #dff #b4 ,spa94 ,hu>te #dgj #c4 ,france4 ,treatises aga9/ a!ism3 ,de ,mornay4 ,new skepticism3 ,san*ez4 ,montaigne4 ,*>ron4 ,! ,satyre-,m5ippe4 ,g>asse on ! ,beaux ,esprits4 ,m]s5ne's attack #dgc ,,preface ,?is1 ! ?ird edition1 repres5ts a consid]able expansion ( ! second 7#aijf71 :i* 9 its turn 0 a consid]able expansion ( ! fir/ 7#ahii74 ,! book n[ some:at approximates1 9 po9t ( fullness1 to ! mode/ ideal aim$ at4 ,any?+ mu* full] w\ld cease to be a ,%ort ,hi/ory4 ,! process ( revision1 c>ri$ on s9ce ! la/ issue1 has1 ,i hope1 meant "s fur!r advance t[>ds correctness1 & "s improvem5t 9 arrangem5t--a p>ticul>ly difficult matt] 9 su* a book4 ,z be=e1 ! _m critical excursus h be5 s pr9t$ t !y may be recogniz$ & skipp$ by ^? read]s :o c>e to foll[ only ! n>rative4 ,! *apt] on ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?\gh mu* exp&$1 l ^? on ! eighte5?1 rema9s1 ,i fe>1 op5 to objection on ! score ( scant9ess4 ,i c only plead t ! ample & excell5t "w ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,b5n has n[ sub/antially met ! ne$ = a full] survey ( t p]iod4 ,x is fitt+ t ,i %\ld ackn[l$ge ! g5]\s critical reception giv5 by mo/ review]s to ! previ\s editions ( a book :i*1 break+ z x did new gr\nd1 lack$ ! ga9 f previ\s example t accrues to mo/ hi/orical writ+4 ,my _m debts to hi/orians ( culture are1 ,i tru/1 indicat$ 9 ! notes2 b ,i h to repeat my =m] ackn[l$gm5ts z to ! ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,free?9k]s ( my dead fri5d1 ,j4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 inasmu* z ! aid ,i h _h f 8 manifold rese>* does n ?us appe> on ! surface4 ,x rema9s to add my ?anks to a numb] ( fri5dly correspond5ts :o h assi/$ me by po9t+ out %ortcom+s & errors4 ,fur!r assi/ance ( ! same k9d w be gratefully welcom$4 ,x is /ill my hope t ! book may help "s m leisur$ /ud5t 9 ! con/ruction ( a m massive record ( ! developm5t ( rational ?\ght on ! side ( human life ) :i* x deals4 ,an apology is p]haps due to ! pur*as]s ( ! second edition1 :i* is n[ sup]s$$ by a full] record4 ,i c b plead t ,i h be5 unable o!rwise to s]ve _! ne$2 & express a hope t ! l[ price ( ! pres5t edition w be a comp5sation4 ,j4 ,m4 ,r4 ,septemb]1 #aiad4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,free?\ght ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory #a4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,! words free?9k+ & free?9k] fir/ appe> 9 ,engli% lit]ature ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & seem to h orig9at$ !re & !n1 z we d n f9d !m e>li] 9 ,fr5* or 9 ,italian1 #a ! only o!r mod]n lit]atures :]e9 ! ph5om5a = :i* ! words /& _h previ\sly aris54 ,! title ( a!i/ _h be5 f "t immemorial appli$ to e %ade ( s]i\s h]esy by ! or?odox1 z :5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 s describ$ by ! image-ador+ poly!i/s ar\nd !m2 & 9 ,lat9 ,*ri/5dom ! t]m infidelis1 translat+ ! api/os ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* prim>ily appli$ to ,jews & pagans1 #b 0 easily ext5sible1 z 9 ! writ+s ( ,augu/9e1 to all :o *all5g$ or d\bt$ articles ( ord9>y ,*ri/ian belief1 all alike be+ reg>d$ z consign$ to p]dition4 #c ,x is by ?is l9e ( desc5t t ! t]m infidelity1 appli$ to d\bt on su* doctr9es z t ( ! future /ate1 comes up 9 ,engl& 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 #d ,x impli$ no sy/ematic or critical ?9k+4 ,! label ( dei/1 presumably self-appli$ by ! be>]s1 beg9s to come into use 9 ,fr5* ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 #e & t ( naturali/1 also presumably *os5 by ^? :o bore x1 came into curr5cy ab\t ! same "t4 ,le*l] traces ! latt] t]m 9 ! ,lat9 =m z f> back z ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,heptaplom]es ( ,bod91 dat$ #aehh2 b x 0 common be=e t date1 z ,de ,mornay 9 ! preface to 8 ,de la ,vrit de la religion *rti5ne 7#aeha7 declaims aga9/ ! false naturali/s 7t is to say1 pr(essors ( ! k ( nature & natural ?+s72 & ,montaigne 9 "o ( 8 lat] essays 7#aehh7 has ! phrase n\s autres naturali/es4 #f ,ap>t f ^! t]ms1 ^? commonly us$ 9 ,fr5* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 bel esprit 7sometimes1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 connot+ unbelief71 esprit =t & lib]t91 ! latt] be+ us$ 9 ! s5se ( a religi\s d\bt] by ,corneille1 ,molire1 & ,bayle4 #g ,x seems to h fir/ come into use z "o ( ! ho/ile names = ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 a pan!i/ic & g5]ally h]etical sect :i* became prom95t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & fl\ri%$ widely1 despite de/ructive p]secution1 till ! fifte5?4 ,_! doctr9e be+ ant9omian1 & _! practice (t5 extravagant1 !y 7 accus$ by ,*ur*m5 ( lic5ti\sness1 s t 9 _! case ! "n ,lib]t9i _h its full latitude ( application4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! "n ( ,lib]t9es is f\nd borne1 volunt>ily or o!rwise1 by a simil> sect1 probably spr++ f "s remnant ( ! fir/1 b call+ !mselves ,spirituales1 :o came into notice 9 ,fl&]s1 7 fav\r$ 9 ,france by ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re1 si/] ( ,francis ,i1 & became to "s ext5t associat$ ) sections ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 attack$ by ,calv9 9 ! treatise ,contre la sects fanatique et furieuse des ,lib]t9s 7#aedd & #aede74 #h ,! "n ( ,lib]t9i 0 n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury appli$ by any ,g5evese writ] to any political p>ty2 #i b by lat] hi/orians x 0 9 "t ei!r fa/5$ on or adopt$ by ! ma9 body ( ,calv9's oppon5ts 9 ,g5eva1 :o probably includ$ "s memb]s ( ! sect or movem5t 9 "q4 ,!y 7 accus$ by him ( g5]al depravity1 a judgm5t n at all to be acquiesc$ 91 9 view ( ! controv]sial habits ( ! age2 ?\gh !y probably includ$ ant9omian ,*ri/ians & lib]t9es 9 ! mod]n s5se1 z well z or?odox lov]s ( fre$om & ord]ly non-,*ri/ians4 ,z ! fir/ ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 s-call$1 seem to h appe>$ 9 ,italy 7:]e !y are suppos$ to h d]iv$1 l ! ,wald5ses1 f ! immigrant ,paulicians ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*71 ! "n ,lib]t9i presumably orig9at$ !re4 ,b 9 ,r5aissance ,italy an unbeliev] seems usually to h be5 call$ simply ateo1 or inf$ele1 or pagano4 ,! /&+ phrase 0 non av] f$e4 #aj ,9 ,engl&1 be=e & at ! ,re=mation1 bo? infidel & fai?less usually _h ! !ological =ce ( non-,*ri/ian4 ,?us ,tyndale says ( ! ,turks t ?\gh !y k "o ,god1 yet !y h err$ & be5 fai?less ^! eight hundr$ ye>s2 add+ ! same ( ! ,jews4 #aa ,?r\gh\t ,elizabe?'s reign1 infidel seems ?us to h commonly signifi$ only a hea!n or ,jew or ,mohamm$an4 ,bi%op ,jewel1 = in/ance1 writes t ! ,anglo-,saxon invad]s ( ,brita9 !n 7 infidels2 #ab & ! ^w appe>s to be normally us$ 9 t s5se1 or ) a playful =ce d]iv$ f t1 by ! div9es1 poets1 & dramati/s1 includ+ ,%akespe>e1 z by ,milton 9 8 v]se4 #ac ,b5 ,jonson has ! phrase3 ,i did n expect ,to meet an infidel1 mu* less an a!i/1 ,"h 9 ,love's li/4 #ad ,"o or two e>li] writ]s1 #ae inde$1 use infidel 9 ! mod]n s5se2 & x 0 at times s us$ by e>ly ,elizabe?ans4 #af ,b ,foxe brackets toge!r ,jews1 ,turks1 or infidels2 #ag & ,hoop]1 writ+ 9 #aedg1 speaks1 l ,jewel1 ( ! hea!n z ! infidels4 #ah ,hook] 7#aeec-afjj71 9 8 ,fif? ,s]mon1 #i1 #ai uses ! ^w some:at indef9itely1 b 9 8 m>g9 makes ,pagans & ,infidels equival5t to ,pagans & ,turks4 ,s also1 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 #bj infidels means m5 ( ano!r religion4 ,on ! title-page ( ,reg9ald ,scot's ,discov]ie ( ,wit*craft 7#aegd71 on ! o!r h&1 we h ! infidelitie ( a!i/s2 b s late z #afjj we f9d ,j4 ,h4 ,john ,healy1 ! translator ( ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god1 r5d]+ infideles & hom9es infideles by unbeliev]s4 #ba ,infidelity1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 occurs 9 ,sir ,t4 ,br[ne4 #bb ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ! re/ ( ,europe1 h[ev]1 ! ph5om5on ( free?\ght _h exi/$1 9 specific =m1 long be=e x c\ld express itself 9 propag&i/ writ+s1 or f9d any g5]ic "n save ^? ( a!ism & infidelity2 & ! process ( nam+ 0 z =tuit\s z x g5]ally is 9 matt]s ( intellectual evolution4 ,phrases approximat+ to free ?\ght occur soon aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,?us ,glanvill repeat$ly writes sympa!tically ( free philosoph]s #bc & free philosophy4 #bd ,9 #affg we f9d ,sprat1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,royal ,society1 describ+ ! activity ( t body z hav+ aris5 or tak5 its special direction ?r\gh ! conviction t 9 sci5ce1 z 9 w>f>e1 bett] results _h be5 obta9$ by a free way ?an by me?ods n s describable4 #be ,z ,sprat is c>eful to insi/1 ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ?\gh look$ at askance by mo/ ( ! cl]gy #bf & o!r pieti/s1 7 n z su* to be class$ z unbeliev]s1 ! lead+ memb]s be+ /rictly or?odox2 b a c]ta9 numb] seem to h %[n scant conc]n = religion2 #bg & :ile x 0 "o ( ! ,society's fir/ rules n to debate any !ological "q :atev]1 #bh ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ! "t 0 su* t "s among ^? :o foll[$ ! free way 9 matt]s ( natural sci5ce w\ld be extremely likely to apply x to m famili> problems4 #bi ,at ! same p]iod we f9d ,sp9oza devot+ 8 ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus 7#afgj7 to ! advocacy ( lib]tas philosoph&i2 & su* a "w 0 b\nd to h a g5]al ,european influ5ce4 ,x 0 probably1 !n1 a result ( su* express ass]tion ( ! ne$ & value ( fre$om 9 ! m5tal life t ! "n free?9k] came into ,engli% use 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,be=e deism came into ,engli% vogue1 ! names = unbelief1 ev5 dei/ic1 7 simply infidelity & a!ism--e4g41 ,bi%op ,fo!rby's ,a!oma/ix 7#afbb71 ,baxt]'s ,unreasonabl5ess ( ,infidelity 7#afee7 & ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 7#affg71 passim4 ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet's ,lett] to a ,dei/ 7#afgg7 appe>s to be ! fir/ publi%$ attack on deism by "n4 ,8 ,orig9es ,sacr 7#affb7 deals *iefly ) dei/ic views1 b calls unbeliev]s 9 g5]al a!i/s4 ,cudwor?1 9 8 ,true ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se 7writt5 #afga1 publi%$ #afgh71 does n speak ( deism1 attack+ only a!ism1 & 0 himself suspect$ ( ,soc9ianism4 ,w4 ,%]lock1 9 8 ,practical ,disc\rse ( ,religi\s ,assemblies 7#bnd ed41 #afhb71 attacks a!i/s & infidels1 b says no?+ ( dei/s4 ,t t]m1 fir/ co9$1 z we h se51 9 ,fr5*1 seems fir/ to h f\nd common curr5cy 9 ,france--e4g41 on ! title-pages ( ! apologetic works ( ,m>9 ,m]s5ne1 #afbc & #afbd4 ,! t]m a!i/ 0 (t5 appli$ at r&om at ?is p]iod2 b a!ism did exi/4 ,:5 ! or?odox ,boyle pu%$ criticism 9 physical sci5ce "u su* a title z ,! ,sceptical ,*emi/1 ! pr9ciple c\ld n well be )held f application to religion2 & x lay 9 ! nature ( ! case t ! "n free?9k]1 l t ( skeptic1 %\ld come to atta* itself specially to ^? :o d\bt$ :]e d\bt 0 mo/ res5t$ & mo/ resi/$4 ,at l5g? ! =m] t]m became specific4 ,9 ! meantime ! ^w rationali/1 :i* 9 ,engli% has latt]ly t5d$ to become ! prevail+ "n = free?9k]s1 _h made its appe>ance1 )\t secur+ mu* curr5cy4 ,9 a ,london news-lett] dat$ ,octob] #ad1 #afdf1 x is /at$1 conc]n+ ! ,presbyt]ians & ,indep5d5ts1 t !re is a new sect sprung up among !m1 & ^! are ! rationali/s2 & :at _! reason dictates to !m 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate /&s = good until !y be conv9c$ ) bett]4 #cj ,on ! ,cont95t1 ! equival5t ,lat9 t]m 7rationali/a7 _h be5 appli$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury to ! ,ari/otelian humani/s ( ! ,helm/adt s*ool by _! oppon5ts1 #ca app>5tly 9 ! same s5se z t 9 :i* ,bacon us$ ! t]m rationales 9 8 ,r$>gutio ,philosophi>um--,rationales autem1 arane>um m1 telas ex se conficiunt4 ,"u ?is title he contra/s 7z spid]s sp9n+ webs out ( !mselves7 ! m]e ,ari/otelean speculators1 :o fram$ priori s*emes ( ,nature1 ) empirici/s1 :o1 l ants1 collect some?+ & use x1 pref]r+ to bo? ! bees :o %\ld foll[ ! ideal me?od prescrib$ by himself4 #cb ,!re is "h no allusion to het]odox op9ion on religion4 ,bi%op ,hur/1 :o 7p]haps foll[+ ! ,apoph!gms7 puts a translation ( ,bacon's words1 ) rationali/s = rationales1 z "o ( ! mottoes ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 is ?us mislead+ 8 read]s z to ,bacon's mean+4 ,9 #affa ,john ,amos ,com5ius1 9 8 ,!ologia ,naturalis1 applies ! "n rationali/a to ! ,soc9ians & dei/s2 )\t1 h[ev]1 lead+ to its g5]al use 9 t s5se4 ,lat] we %all meet ) ! t]m 9 ,engli% discussions betwe5 #afhj & #agae1 appli$ usually to rationaliz+ ,*ri/ians2 b z a "n = oppon5ts ( or?odox religion x 0 = ! "t sup]s$$1 9 ,engli%1 by free?9k]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! t]m 0 adopt$ 9 o!r languages4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* translation 7#agad7 ( ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+ is entitl$ ,disc\rs sur la lib]t de p5s]2 & ! t]m free?9k]s is translat$ on ! title-page by esprit =t1 & 9 ! text by a p]iphrasis ( lib]t de p5s]4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 we f9d ,voltaire 9 8 correspond5ce frequ5tly us+ ! sub/antive franc-p5sant1 a translation ( ! ,engli% t]m :i* subsequ5tly gave way to libre p5seur4 ,! mod]n ,g]man t]m ,freigei/1 f\nd z e>ly z #agjb 9 ! allusion to ,alt5 ,quck] und neu5 ,frey-,gei/] on ! title-page ( ! folio ,anabapti/icum et ,en?usia/icum ,pan!on1 probably d]ives f ! old ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s2 :ile ,s*ngei/ arose z a translation ( bel esprit4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,freid5k] came into ,g]man use z a translation ( ! ,engli% t]m4 ,9 a g5]al s5se free ?\ghts 0 a natural expression1 & we h x 9 ,b5 ,jonson3 ,be+ free ma/] ( m9e own free ?\ghts4 #cc ,b n till ab\t ! ye> #agjj did ! phrase beg9 to h a special application to religi\s matt]s4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 in/ance ?us f> not$ ( ! use ( ! t]m free?9k] is 9 a lett] ( ,molyneux to ,locke1 dat$ ,april #f1 #afig1 #cd :]e ,tol& is spok5 ( z a c&id free?9k]4 ,9 an e>li] lett]1 dat$ ,decemb] #bd1 #afie1 ,molyneux speaks ( a c]ta9 book on religion z some:at lack+ 9 fre$om ( ?\ght2 #ce & 9 ,burnet's ,lett]s #cf occurs /ill e>li] ! expression m5 444 ( fre] ?\ghts4 ,9 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y a citation is giv5 f ! title-page ( ,s4 ,smi?'s bro*ure1 ,! ,religi\s ,impo/or 444 d$icat$ to ,doctor ,s-l-m-n & ! re/ ( ! new ,religi\s ,frat]nity ( ,free?9k]s1 ne> ,lea!r-,sell]s' ,hall4 ,pr9t$ 444 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,grace & ,free?9k+1 conjecturally dat$ #afib4 ,x is ?\ght to ref] to ! sect ( ,freeseek]s m5tion$ 9 ,luttrell's ,brief ,hi/orical ,relation 7iii1 #ef7 "u date #afic4 ,9 t case x is n unbeliev]s t are 9 "q4 ,s 9 ,%aftesbury's ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,virtue 7fir/ ed4 #afii7 ! expression free?\ght has a g5]al & n a p>ticul> s5se2 #cg & 9 ,bak]'s ,reflections ^u ,le>n+1 also publi%$ 9 #afii1 9 ! rem>k3 ,aft] ! way ( free?9k+ _h be5 lai'd op5 by my ,"l ,bacon1 x 0 soon aft] gre$ily foll[$2 #ch ! ref]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 to sci5tific & n to religi\s ?\ght4 ,b 9 ,%aftesbury's ,essay on ! ,fre$om ( ,wit & ,hum\r 7#agji7 ! phrases free-writ]s & a free?\ght #ci h ref]5ce to advanc$ op9ions1 ?\gh 9 8 lett]s to ,a9swor? 7,may #aj1 #agjg7 he _h writt51 ,i am glad to f9d y\r love ( reason & free?\ght4 ,y\r piety & virtue ,i "k y w always keep4 #dj ,comp>e ! ,miscellane\s ,reflections 7v1 #c7 9 ! ,*>act]i/ics #da 7#agaa71 :]e ! t5d5cy to =ce ! s5se f ! g5]al to ! special is incid5tally illu/rat$4 ,%aftesbury1 h[ev]1 includes ! t]m free liv] among ! naturally hone/ appellations t h become opprobri\s4 ,9 ,swift's ,s5tim5ts ( a ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,man 7#agjh7 ! specializ$ ^w is f\nd def9itely & abusively connot+ religi\s unbelief3 ,! a!i/s1 lib]t9es1 despis]s ( religion--t is to say1 all ^? :o usually pass "u ! "n ( free?9k]s2 ,/eele & ,addison s use x 9 ! ,tatl] 9 #agji2 #db & ,leslie s uses ! t]m 9 8 ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity ,demon/rat$ 7#agaa74 ,! anonym\s essay1 ,rflexions sur les gr&s hommes qui sont morts en plaisantant1 by ,desl&es 7,am/]dam1 #agab71 is translat$ 9 ,engli% 7#agac7 z ,reflections on ! ,dea? ( ,free-?9k]s1 & ! translator uses ! t]m 9 8 prefatory ,lett] to ! ,au?or1 beside putt+ x 9 ! text 7pp4 #ej1 #he1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajf1 etc471 :]e ! orig9al _h esprit =t4 ,x 0 n till #agac1 h[ev]1 t ,an?ony ,coll9s's ,disc\rse ( ,free?9k+1 occasion$ by ! ,rise & ,gr[? ( a ,sect call$ ,free?9k]s1 gave ! ^w a univ]sal notoriety1 & br\ght x into e/abli%$ curr5cy 9 controv]sy1 ) ! normal significance ( dei/1 ,coll9s hav+ entirely repudiat$ a!ism4 ,ev5 aft] ?is date1 & inde$ 9 full con=mity ) ! def9ition 9 ,coll9s's op5+ s5t5ce1 ,ambrose ,philips took ,! ,free?9k] z ! title ( a weekly j\rnal 7begun 9 #agah7 on ! l9es ( ! ,spectator1 ) no het]odox lean+1 #dc ! contributors includ+ ,b\lt]1 aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91 & ! son ( ,bi%op ,burnet4 ,b despite ?is attempt to keep ! ^w free?9k+ z a "n = simple fre$om f prejudice 9 secul> affairs1 ! t5d5cy to specialize x z a=esaid 0 irresi/ible4 ,z names g1 x 0 on ! :ole a good "o2 & ! bitt]ness ) :i* x 0 g5]ally h&l$ on ! or?odox side %[$ t its implicit claim 0 felt to be di/urb+1 ?\gh "s antagoni/s ( c\rse claim$ f ! fir/ t !y 7 z free "u ! law ( "r reason z any skeptic4 #dd ,at ?is "t ( day ! ^w may be all[$ prescriptive /&+1 z hav+ no m drawbacks ?an mo/ o!r names = s*ools ( ?\ght or attitudes ( m9d1 & z hav+ be5 admitt$ into mo/ ,european languages4 ,! "q-begg+ elem5t is n great] 9 ?is ?an 9 _m o!r t]ms ( simil> int5tion1 su* z rationalism2 & x incurs no su* *>ge ( absurdity z lies aga9/ ! invidi\s religi\s t]m1 infidelity4 ,! t]m infidel invites fidel4 ,a plausible objection may1 inde$1 arise on ! score t su* a t]m z free?\ght %\ld n be set up by ?9k]s :o almo/ inv>iably reject ! t]m freewill--! rationali/ic succession hav+ = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s be5 c>ri$ on ma9ly by det]m9i/s4 ,b ! issues rais$ by ! two t]ms are on :olly diff]5t planes2 & :ile 9 bo? cases ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5t ( language is app>5t1 x is n 9 ! pres5t case a cause ( psy*ological confusion1 z x is 9 ! discussion ( ! nature ( w4 ,! freewill fallacy consi/s 9 apply+ univ]sally to ! process ( judgm5t & pref]5ce 7:i* is a process ( natural causation l ano!r7 a conception relevant only to human or animal action1 z int]f]$ ) or unaffect$ by extrane\s compulsion4 ,to ! processes ( nature1 organic or inorganic1 ! concepts free & bond are equally irrelevant3 a tig] is no m free to crave = grass & recoil f fle% ?an is wat] to fl[ uphill2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 su* appetites are n rationally to be describ$ z =ms ( bondage4 ,only z a mode di/+ui%able f its contr>y c fre$om be pr$icat$ ( any proc$ure1 & x is s pr$icat$ ( actions2 :]eas ! :ole category ( volitions is alleg$ & d5i$ by ! v]bal disputants to be free4 ,"s attempt to save ! case by di/+ui%+ betwe5 free & alleg$ unfree volitions2 b ! latt] are f\nd to be simply cases ( *oices dictat$ by int5se ne$1 z 9 ! case ( deadly ?ir/4 ,! diff]5ce1 !re=e1 is only "o ( degree ( impulse1 n 9 ! fact ( *oice4 ,! t]m freewill1 !re=e1 is irrational1 z be+ :olly irrelevant to ! conception ( volition4 ,b free?\ght1 on ! o!r h&1 po9ts to an actual diff]5ce 9 degree ( employm5t ( ! faculty ( criticism4 ,! proposition is t "s m5 ?9k m freely ?an o!rs 9 t !y are 7a7 n t]roriz$ by any veto on criticism1 & 7b7 n hamp]$1 or less hamp]$1 by ignorant pre-suppositions4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a real discrim9ation4 ,!re is no allegation t1 absolutely speak+1 ?\ght is free 9 ! s5se ( ! or?odox =mula2 on ! contr>y1 x is ass]t$ t ! rationali/'s critical c\rse is specifically det]m9$ by 8 intellectual /ructure & 8 prep>ation1 & t x is sometimes diff]5t /ructure1 b m (t5 diff]5t prep>ation1 t det]m9es ! anti-critical or c\nt]-critical attitude ( ! believ]4 ,*ange 9 ! prep>ation1 x is cont5d$1 w put ! latt] 9 full] use ( 8 pot5tial res\rces2 8 inculcat$ fe> ( d\bt & docility ( ass5t be+ simply acquiesc5ces 9 vetoes on 8 att5tion to c]ta9 matt]s = reflection--t is to say1 9 arbitr>y limitations ( 8 action4 ,x is fur!r impli$ t ! in/ruct$ man1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is fre] to ?9k ?an ! un9/ruct$1 z be+ less ob/ruct$2 b = ! purpose ( our hi/ory x is suffici5t to posit ! discrim9ations above not$4 ,! ess5tial ?+ to be realiz$ is ! fact t f its e>lie/ /ages humanity has suff]$ f conv5tional or tradition>y h9drances to ! use ( judgm5t4 ,?is holds good ev5 z to ! e>ly play ( ! simple inv5tive faculty1 all innovations 9 implem5ts be+ met by ! in]tia ( habit2 & :5 m5 rea*$ ! /ages ( ritual practice1 social con/ruction1 & religi\s doctr9e1 ! =ces ( repression became p[]ful 9 proportion to ! s]i\sness ( ! problem4 ,x is only 9 mod]n times t fre$om 9 ^! relations has come to be g5]ally reg>d$ z p]missible2 & x has always be5 ov] que/ions ( religion t ! /rife has be5 ke5e/4 ,= practical purposes1 !n1 free?\ght may be def9$ z a consci\s reaction aga9/ "s phase or phases ( conv5tional or traditional doctr9e 9 religion--on ! "o h&1 a claim to ?9k freely1 9 ! s5se n ( disreg>d = logic1 b ( special loyalty to x1 on problems to :i* ! pa/ c\rse ( ?+s has giv5 a great intellectual & practical importance2 on ! o!r h&1 ! actual practice ( su* ?9k+4 ,?is s5se1 :i* is sub/antially agre$ on1 w on "o or o!r side suffici5tly cov] ^? ph5om5a ( e>ly or rudim5t>y free?9k+ :i* we> ! guise ( simple concrete opposition to giv5 doctr9es or sy/ems1 :e!r by way ( special demur or ( ! obtrusion ( a new cult or doctr9e4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! claim to ?9k 9 a measure freely is implicit 9 ! criticism or ! new affirmation2 & su* prim>y movem5ts ( ! m9d _c well be sep>at$1 9 psy*ology or 9 hi/ory1 f ! fully consci\s practice ( criticism 9 ! _s ( pure tru?-seek+1 or f ! claim t su* free exam9ation is pr(\ndly important to moral & intellectual heal?4 ,mod]n free?\ght1 specially s-call$1 is only "o ( ! developm5ts ( ! slight prim>y capacity ( man to d\bt1 to reason1 to improve on pa/ ?9k+1 to ass]t 8 p]sonality z aga9/ sacrosanct & m5ac+ au?ority4 ,concretely consid]$1 x has proce$$ by ! support & /imulus ( successive accretions ( actual k2 & ! mod]n consci\sness ( its own ab/ract importance em]g$ by way ( an impression or inf]5ce f c]ta9 social ph5om5a1 z well z 9 t]ms ( self-ass]t+ in/9ct4 ,!re is no break 9 its evolution f primitive m5tal /ates1 any m ?an 9 ! evolution ( ! natural sci5ces f primitive obs]vation4 ,:at p>ticul>ly accrues to ! /ate ( consci\s & sy/ematic discrim9ation1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 is j ! imm5se ga9 9 security ( possession4 #b4 ,,previ\s ,,hi/ories ,x is some:at rem>kable t 9 ,engl& ?is ph5om5on has ?us f> #de _h no g5]al hi/oric treatm5t save at ! h&s ( ecclesia/ical writ]s1 :o1 9 mo/ cases1 h reg>d$ x solely z a =m ( m or less p]v]se ho/ility to _! own cre$4 ,! mod]n sci5tific /udy ( religions1 :i* has yield$ s _m in/ructive surveys1 almo/ ( necessity excludes f view ! specific play ( free?\ght1 :i* 9 ! religion-mak+ p]iods is to be trac$ r by its religi\s results ?an by any record ( its expression4 ,all hi/ories ( philosophy1 inde$1 9 "s degree necess>ily recognize x2 & su* a "w z ,lange's ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism may be reg>d$ z "p--:e!r or n s\nd 9 its hi/orical treatm5t--( a complete hi/ory ( free?\ght1 deal+ specially ) g5]al philosophic problems4 ,b ( free?\ght z a reason$ revision or rejection ( curr5t religi\s doctr9es by m or less practical p1 we h no regul> hi/ory by a pr(ess$ free?9k]1 ?\gh !re are _m monographs & surveys ( p]iods4 ,! late/ & fre%e/ sket* ( ! k9d is ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,bury's brief ,hi/ory ( ,fre$om ( ,?\ght 7#aiac71 notable = ! =ce ( its *ampion%ip ( ! law ( lib]ty4 ,! useful compilation ( ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,watts1 entitl$ ,free?\ght3 ,its ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,triumph 7n4 d471 deals ) free?\ght 9 relation only to ,*ri/ianity4 ,ap>t f treatises :i* broadly sket* ! developm5t ( k & ( op9ion1 ! ne>e/ approa*es to a g5]al hi/oric treatm5t are ! ,dictionnaire des ,a?es ( ,sylva9 ,m>*al 7#ahjj3 #c;e dit41 p> ,j4 ,b4 ,l4 ,g]mond1 #ahec7 & ! ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,free?9k]s by ! late ,joseph ,mazz9i ,:eel]4 ,! qua9t "w ( ,m>*al1 exp&$ by 8 fri5d ,lal&e1 exhibits mu* le>n+1 b is made p>tly fanta/ic by its s>donic plan ( includ+ a numb] ( typical religioni/s 7includ+ ,job1 ,john1 & ,jesus ,*ri/671 "s ( ^: utt]ances are held to lead logically to a!ism4 ,mr4 ,:eel]'s book is 9 e respect ! m tru/wor?y4 ,9 excuse ( ,m>*al's me?od1 x may be not$ t ! prevail+ practice ( ,*ri/ian apologi/s _h be5 to impute a!ism to het]odox !i/ic ?9k]s ( all ages4 ,! ,hi/oria univ]salis ,a!ismi et ,a!orum falso et m]ito suspectorum ( ,j4 ,f4 ,reimmann 7,hildesi1 #agbe7 exhibits ?is habit bo? 9 its criticism & 9 its practice1 z d ! ,!ses de ,a!ismo et ,sup]/itione ( ,buddeus 7,trajecti ad ,rh5um1 #agaf74 ,^! 7 ! /&>d treatises ( _! k9d = ! eighte5? c5tury1 & seem to be ! e>lie/ sy/ematic treatises 9 ! nature ( a hi/ory ( free?\ght1 except+ a ,hi/oria ,naturalismi by ,a4 ,tribbe*ov 7,j51 #agjj7 & a ,hi/oria ,a!ismi brevit] del9eata by ,j5k9us ,?omasius 7,altdorf1 #afib2 ,basile1 #agji2 ,london1 #agaf74 ,9 ! same ye> ) ,reimmann's ,hi/oria appe>$ ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius's ,delectus ,argum5torum et ,syllabus scriptorum qui v]itatem religionis ,*ri/ian adv]sus ,a!os1 ,epicureos1 ,dei/as1 seu ,naturali/as 444 ass]u]unt 7,hamburghi71 9 :i* x is cont5d$ 7cap4 viii7 t _m philosoph]s h be5 falsely describ$ z a!i/s2 b 9 ! ,freyd5k] ,lexicon ( ,j4 ,a4 ,tr9ius 7,leipzig1 #agei71 plann$ z a supplem5t to ! "w ( ,fabricius1 are includ$ su* writ]s z ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne & ,dryd54 ,! works ( ! late ,rev4 ,john ,ow51 ,ev5+s ) ! ,skeptics1 ,skeptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & ,skeptics ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 :i*1 ?\gh n con/itut+ a lit]>y :ole1 collectively cov] a great deal ( hi/orical gr\nd1 mu/ be expressly except$ f ! above *>act]ization ( cl]ical hi/ories ( free?\ght1 9 respect ( _! lib]ality ( view4 ,!y deal l>gely1 h[ev]1 ) g5]al or philosophical skepticism1 :i* is a special developm5t ( free?\ght1 (t5 by way ( reason+s 9 :i* _m free?9k]s d n acquiesce4 7,all /rict skeptics1 t is to say--z di/+ui%$ f religioni/s :o pr(ess skepticism up to a c]ta9 po9t by way ( mak+ a surr5d] to or?odox dogmatism #df--;are free?9k]s2 b mo/ free?9k]s are n /rictly skeptics47 ,! hi/ory ( philosophic skepticism1 aga91 is prop]ly & me?odically treat$ 9 ! old "w ( ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,/udl91 ,ges*i*te und ,gei/ des ,skepticismus 7#b ,bde41 ,leipzig1 #agid71 ! hi/oric survey be+ divid$ into six p]iods3 #a1 ,be=e ,pyrrho2 #b1 f ,pyrrho to ,sextus2 #c1 f ,sextus to ,montaigne2 #d1 f ,montaigne to ,la ,mo! le ,vay]2 #e1 f ,la ,mo! le ,vay] to ,hume2 #f1 f ,hume to ,kant & ,platn]4 ,! po/hum\s "w ( mile ,saisset1 ,le ,scepticisme3 nsidme--,pascal--,kant 7#ahfe71 is a fragm5t ( a project$ complete hi/ory ( philosophic skepticism4 ,/udl9's lat] "w1 ! ,ges*i*te des ,rationalismus und ,sup]naturalismus 7#ahbf71 is a %ort] b m g5]al hi/ory ( ! /rife betwe5 g5]al free?\ght & sup]naturalism 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w & era4 ,x deals cursorily ) ! intellectual attitude ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 ! e>ly h]etics1 & ! ,s*ola/ics2 proce$+ to a full] survey ( ! developm5ts s9ce ! ,re=mation1 & cov]+ ,unit>ianism1 ,latitud9>ianism1 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,deism1 & ,g]man ,rationalism ( diff]5t %ades d[n to ! date ( writ+4 ,/udl9 may be describ$ z a rationaliz+ sup]naturali/4 ,l mo/ works on religi\s & intellectual hi/ory writt5 f a religi\s /&po9t1 ^? ( ,/udl9 treat ! ph5om5a z x 7 9 vacuo1 ) little reg>d to ! condition+ circum/ances1 economic & political2 critical ?\ght be+ reg>d$ purely z a =ce proce$+ ?r\gh its own proclivities4 ,saisset is at v mu* ! same po9t ( view4 ,ne$less to say1 valuable "w may be done up to a c]ta9 po9t on ?is me?od1 :i* is se5 9 full play 9 ,hegel2 & high praise is due to ! le>n$ & ?\ghtful treatise ( ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay1 ,! ,progress ( ! ,intellect z ,exemplifi$ 9 ! ,religi\s ,developm5t ( ! ,greeks & ,hebrews 7#b vols4 #ahej71 :]e x is p>tially b ably supplem5t$ by ! me?od ( inductive sci5ce4 ,t me?od1 aga91 is fre%ly & =cibly appli$ to a re/rict$ problem 9 ,w4 ,a4 ,s*midt's ,ges*i*te d] ,d5k- und ,glaub5sfreiheit im er/5 ,jahrhund]t d] ,kais]h]rs*aft und des ,*ri/5?ums 7#ahdg74 ,lat] come ! ,vorges*i*te des ,rationalismus 7#ahec-fb7 & ,ges*i*te des ,rationalismus 7#ahfe7 ( ! !ologian ,?oluck4 ,( ^! ! latt] is unf9i%$1 com+ d[n only to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 :ile ! =m] does n exactly fulfil its title1 be+ compos$ ( a volume 7#b ,ab?4 #ahec1 #ahed7 on ,das akademis*e ,leb5 des #agt5 ,jahrhund]ts1 & ( "o on ,das kir*li*e ,leb5 des #agt5 ,jahrhund]ts 7#b ,ab?4 #ahfa1 #ahfb71 bo? be+ re/rict$ to ,g]man developm5ts4 ,!y ?us give mu* matt] extrane\s to ! subject1 & are n exhau/ive z to rationalism ev5 9 ,g]many4 ,hag5ba*'s ,die ,kir*5ges*i*te des #ah4 und #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts 7#b ,?4 #ahdh1 #ahdi71 a s]ies ( lectures1 translat$ 9 ,engli%1 abridg$1 "u ! title ,g]man ,rationalism 9 its ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,decl9e 7#ahfe71 con=ms fairly to ! latt] title1 save z reg>ds ! la/ clause4 ,( mu* great] s*ol>ly m]it is ! ,ges*i*te d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 vom ,ende des a*t5 ,jahrhund]ts bis zum ,anfange des vi]zehnt51 by ,h]mann ,reut] 7#ahge1 #ahgg74 ,?is is at once le>n$1 judici\s1 & imp>tial4 ,its def9ition ( ,aufklrung is sub/antially 9 agreem5t ) ! work+ def9ition ( ,free?\ght giv5 above4 ,among o!r surveys ( p]iods ( innovat+ ?\ght1 z di/+ui%$ f hi/ories ( ecclesia/ical h]esy1 or hi/ories ( religi\s or !ological ?\ght :i* only incid5tally deal ) het]odox op9ion1 %\ld be not$ ! c>eful ,ges*i*te des englis*5 ,deismus ( ,g4 ,f4 ,le*l] 7#ahda72 ! slight] sket* ( ,e4 ,say\s1 ,les di/es anglais et le ,*ri/ianisme 7#ahhb72 ! some:at diffuse "w ( ,ces>e ,cant1 ,gli eretici d',italia 7#c tom4 #ahfe-fg72 ! v intellig5t /udy ( ,felice ,tocco1 ,l',eresia nel m$io evo 7#ahhd72 ,s*midt's ,hi/oire des ,ca?>es 7#b tom4 #ahdi72 ,*r4 ,u4 ,hahn's le>n$ ,ges*i*te d] ,ketz] im ,mittelalt] 7#c ,bde4 #ahde-ej72 & ! valuable rese>* ( ,f4 ,t4 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s en ,france au xviie sicle 7#ahif74 ,a simil> s*ol>ly rese>* = ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france is /ill lack+1 & ! _m monographs on ! m fam\s free?9k]s leave a good deal ( lit]>y hi/ory 9 obscurity4 ,su* a rese>* has be5 v pa9/ak+ly made = ,engl& 9 ! late ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#b vols41 #bnd ed41 #ahha71 :i*1 h[ev]1 ignores sci5tific ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! be/ monographs ( ! k9d is ,la ,critique des traditions religieuses *ez les ,grecs1 des orig9es au temps de ,plut>que1 by ,pr(essor ,paul ,de*>me 7#aijd71 a survey at once s*ol>ly & attractive4 ,! brilliant treatise ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d1 ,f ,religion to ,philosophy 7#aiab71 sket*es on m speculative l9es ! beg9n+s ( ,greek rationalism 9 ,ionia4 ,! ,ges*i*te des ,monismus im ,alt]tum ( ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,drews 7#aiac7 is a wide survey1 ( great syn!tic value4 ,contributions to ! g5]al hi/ory ( free?\ght1 fur!r1 h be5 made 9 ! works ( ,j4 ,w4 ,drap] 7,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 #b vols1 #ahfa1 _m repr9ts2 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 #ahgc1 _m repr9ts71 bo? full ( sugge/ion & /imulus1 b requir+ ?or\gh revision z to detail2 9 ! fam\s ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl& ( ,h4 ,t4 ,buckle 7#b vols4 #aheg-fa2 new ed4 9 #a vol4 ) annotations by ! pres5t writ]1 #aijd72 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe ( ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky 7#b vols4 #ahfe2 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 rep4 #aiaj71 :o 0 ( ,buckle's s*ool1 b fell bel[ him 9 po9t ( coh]5ce2 9 ! compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology ( ,pr(essor ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite 7#b vols4 #ahif--;a great expansion ( 8 e>li] essay1 ,! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce1 #bnd ed4 #ahgg72 & 9 ! essay ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,haynes1 ,religi\s ,p]secution3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,political ,psy*ology 7#aijd2 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 rep4 #aijf71 z well z 9 _m hi/ories ( philosophy & ( sci5ces4 ,! s-call$ ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism ( ! ,am]ican ,bi%op ,j4 ,f4 ,hur/1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 & revis$ 9 #aija1 is 9 ! ma9 a "w ( odium !ologicum1 deal+ *iefly ) ! evolution ( !ology & criticism 9 ,g]many s9ce ! ,re=mation4 ,ev5 to t purpose x is v inadequate4 ,its preface alleges t happily ! vital body ( evangelical tru? has receiv$ only comp>atively weak & timor\s attacks f ! m mod]n repres5tatives ( ! rank & rabid rationalism :i* rea*$ its climax ne> ! close ( ! eighte5?1 & has _h a cont9u\s decl9e ?r\gh ! n9ete5?1 c5tury4 ,x urges1 h[ev]1 z a reason = def5sive activity1 ! consid]ation t ! "w ( ,satan is nev] planless2 & fur!r pron\nces t ! "w ( rationalism mu/ det]m9e its "*4 ,?is "w has be5 mo/ injuri\s to ! fai? & life ( ! ,*ur*1 & its de$s mu/ !re=e be its condemnation 7,introd4 p4 #c74 ,?us ! late/ approximation to a hi/ory ( !ological rationalism by a cl]ical writ] is ! mo/ negligible4 ,9 ,engli%1 ap>t f /udies ( giv5 p]iods & ( ! progress ( sci5ce & culture1 ! only o!r approa*es to a hi/ory ( free?\ght are ^? ( ,bi%op ,van ,mild]t1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,riddle1 & ! ,rev4 ,adam ,/orey ,f>r>4 ,van ,mild]t's ,hi/orical ,view ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,infidelity #dg con/itut$ ! ,boyle ,lectures = #ahjb-je2 ,mr4 ,riddle's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,infidelity & ,sup]/ition 9 ,contra/ ) ,*ri/ian ,fai? =m$ "p ( 8 ,bampton ,lectures = #aheb2 & ,mr4 ,f>r> produc$ 8 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,free?\ght 9 ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian ,religion z ! ,bampton ,lectures = #ahfb4 ,all ?ree 7 m5 ( consid]able read+1 & _! works give useful bibliographical clues2 b ! virul5ce ( ,van ,mild]t deprives 8 treatise ( rational weight2 ,mr4 ,riddle1 :o 9 any case pr(esses to give m]ely a ,natural ,hi/ory or ab/ract argum5t1 & n a hi/ory prop]1 is only some:at m con/ra9$ly ho/ile to infidelity2 & ev5 ,mr4 ,f>r>1 ! mo/ judicial z well z ! mo/ compreh5sive ( ! ?ree1 proce$s on ! old assumption t unbelief 7f :i* he *>itably di/+ui%es d\bt7 g5]ally arises f antagonism ( feel+1 :i* wi%es revelation untrue--a !sis ma9ta9$ ) vehem5ce by ! o!rs4 #dh ,writ]s s plac$1 inde$1 c\ld n well be expect$ to contemplate free?\ght sci5tifically z an aspect ( m5tal evolution common to all civilizations1 any m ?an to look ) sympa?y on ! free?\ght :i* is specifically anti-,*ri/ian4 ,! annotations to all ?ree works1 c]ta9ly1 %[ "s consci\sness ( ! ne$ = ano!r temp] & me?od ?an t ( _! text1 #di :i* is too obvi\sly1 p]haps inevitably1 compos$ = ! satisfaction ( ! ord9>y or?odox animus ( _! respective p]iods2 b ev5 ! be/ rema9s n s mu* a hi/ory z an indictm5t4 ,9 ! pres5t sket*1 fram$ ?\gh x be f ! rationali/ic /&po9t1 x is propos$ to draw up n a c\nt] indictm5t1 b a m or less dispassionate acc\nt ( ! ma9 hi/orical phases ( free?\ght1 view$ on ! "o h& z expressions ( ! rational or critical _s1 play+ on ! subject-matt] ( religion1 & on ! o!r h& z sociological ph5om5a condition$ by social =ces1 9 p>ticul> ! economic & political4 ,! lack ( any previ\s g5]al survey ( a sci5tific "* w1 x is hop$1 be tak5 into acc\nt 9 pass+ judgm5t on its s*ematic defects z well z its inevitable flaws ( detail4 #c4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,free?9k+ ,?\gh x is no "p ( our bus9ess "h to elaborate ! psy*ology ( d\bt & belief1 x may be well to anticipate a possible criticism on ! l9es ( rec5t psy*ological speculation1 & to indicate at ! outset ! practical conception on :i* ! pres5t survey broadly proce$s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! conception ( free?9k+ implies t ( h9drance1 resi/ance1 co]cion1 difficulty2 & z reg>ds objective ob/acles ! type ( all h9drance is re/ra9t ^u fre$om ( spee* or publication4 ,9 o!r words1 all su* re/ra9t is a *eck ^u ?9k+4 ,on reflection x soon becomes cle> t :]e m5 d>e n say or write :at !y ?9k1 ! v p[] ( ?9k+ is at l5g? impair$ 9 ! able/1 :ile ! natural /imulus to new ?\ght is )drawn f ! re/4 ,no man c prop]ly develop 8 m9d )\t contact ) o!r m9ds1 sugge/ion & criticism be+ alike factors 9 e fruitful m5tal evolution2 & ?\gh = "s ! atmosph]e ( p]sonal int]c\rse is b slightly necess>y to ! process ( m5tal con/ruction1 ev5 = ^! ! prospect ( promulgation is probably ess5tial to ! und]tak+ ( ! task2 & ! /udy ( o!r writ]s is a condition ( useful ratioc9ation4 ,9 any case1 x is c]ta9 t ! ex]cise ( argum5t is a condition ( intellectual gr[?4 ,n "o man 9 a million w or c argue closely ) himself on issues on :i* he kn[s he c say no?+ & c nev] ov]tly act2 & = ! av]age man all reason+ on great problems is a matt] ( prompt+ f )\t4 ,! simple fact t ! conv]sation ( un$ucat$ p runs s l>gely to citation ( :at he says makes cle> ?is dep5d5ce4 ,ea* br+s some?+ to ! common /ore1 & progress is set up by pool+ ! mass ( small intellectual v>iations or orig9alities4 ,?us 9 ! long run fre$om ( spee* is ! measure ( a g5]ation's intellectual capacity2 #ej & ! promot]s ( su* fre$om are typically ! true/ s]vants ( progress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is /ill a common disposition to ascribe to a species ( intellectual malice ! di/urbance t criticism causes to ! hold]s ( e/abli%$ beliefs4 ,rec5t writ]s h press$ f> ! !orem t w ent]s z an elem5t into e m5tal act1 ?us giv+ a mom5t>y appe>ance ( support to ! old =mula t unbelief is ! result ( an arbitr>y or s9i/] p]v]sity ( individual *oice4 ,ne$less to say1 h[ev]1 ! new !orem--:i* inv]ts )\t refut+ ,sp9oza's d5ial ( ! entity ( volition--applies equally to acts ( belief2 & x is a matt] ( ! simple/ concrete obs]vation t1 9 s f> z w or wilfulness 9 ! ord9>y s5se op]ates 9 ! sph]e ( religion1 x is at lea/ z obvi\s & z active on ! side ( belief #ea z on ! o!r4 ,a mom5t's reflection on ! hi/oric ph5om5a ( or?odox resi/ance to criticism w satisfy any /ud5t t1 :atev] may h be5 ! /imulus on ! side ( h]esy1 ! antagonism x ar\ses is l>gely ! index ( prim>y passion--! spontane\s res5tm5t ( ! believ] ^: habits are di/urb$4 ,8 w normally decides 8 action1 )\t any process ( judicial delib]ation4 ,x is ano!r way ( /at+ ! same fact to po9t out ! fallacy ( ! famili> assumption t free?9k+ repres5ts a bias to negation4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case1 ! believ] has to d at lea/ z mu* negation z 8 oppon5ts2 & if aga9 we scan hi/ory 9 ?is connection1 we %all see cause to conclude t ! temp]am5tal t5d5cy to negation--:i* is a =m ( v>iation l ano!r--is abundantly common on ! side ( religi\s cons]vatism4 ,n[h]e is !re m habitual opposition to new ideas z su*4 ,at be/ ! believ]1 s-call$1 rejects a giv5 proposition or sugge/ion because x cla%es ) some?+ he already believes4 ,! new proposition1 h[ev]1 has (t5 be5 rea*$ by way n ( prelim9>y negation ( ! belief 9 "q1 b ( con/ructive explanation1 und]tak5 to br+ obs]v$ facts into !oretic h>mony4 ,?us ! innovator has only cont+5tly put aside ! old belief because x cla%es ) some?+ he believes 9 a m vital way2 & he has done ?is ) circumspection1 :]eas 8 oppon5t too (t5 repels him )\t a second ?\ght4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! rise ( ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy1 mod]n geology1 & mod]n biology1 all be> out ?is g5]alization4 ,nor is ! *>ge ( negativ5ess any m g5]ally valid aga9/ su* free?9k+ z directly assails curr5t doctr9es4 ,!re may be1 ( c\rse1 negative-m9d$ p on t side z on ! o!r2 & su* may =tuit\sly d some?+ to promote free?\ght1 or may damage x 9 _! neighb\rhood by _! atmosph]e4 ,b ev]y?+ goes to %[ t free?9k+ normally proce$s by way ( intellectual con/ruction--t is1 by way ( ef=t to h>monize "o position ) ano!r2 to modify a special dogma to ! g5]al run ( "o's ?9k+4 ,rationalism /&s n = skepticism 9 ! /rict philosophic s5se1 b = a critical ef=t to rea* c]ta9ties4 ,! attitude ( pure skepticism on a wide scale is really v r>e--mu* r>] ev5 ?an ! philosophic ef=t4 ,s f> f free?9k]s be+ giv5 to de/roy+ )\t build+ up1 !y are1 z a rule1 unable to de/roy a dogma ei!r = !mselves or = o!rs )\t sett+ a con/ructive belief 9 its place--a =m ( explanation1 t is2 su* be+ mu* m truly a process ( con/ruction ?an w\ld be ! imposition ( a new s*eme ( dogma4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !y are (t5 accus$1 & by ! same critics1 ( an undue t5d5cy to speculative con/ruction2 & ! e>ly a!i/s ( ,greece & ( ! mod]n p]iod did s err4 ,b t is only a pro( ! m t _! free?9k+ 0 n a matt] ( arbitr>y volition or an undue negativ5ess4 ,! only explanation :i* o/5sibly c\nt]vails ?is is ! old "o above glanc$ at--t ! unbeliev] f9ds ! giv5 doctr9e tr\blesome z a re/ra9t1 & s det]m9es to reject x4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ?is view has surviv$ ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,f>r>4 ,yet x is v cle> t no man ne$ ?r[ aside any fai?1 & lea/ ( all ,*ri/ianity1 on ! gr\nd ( its hamp]+ 8 conduct4 ,to say no?+ ( ! fact t 9 e age1 "u e religion1 at e /age ( culture f t ( ! savage to t ( ! sup]subtle decad5t or my/ic1 m5 h practis$ e k9d ( misconduct )\t ab&on+ _! sup]natural cr$5ces--!re is ! special fact t ! :ole ,*ri/ian sy/em re/s on ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess ( s9s to ! believ]4 ,! !ory ( wilful disbelief on ! "p ( ! reprobate is ?us entirely unplausible4 ,su* disbelief 9 ! t]ms ( ! case w\ld be uneasy1 z involv+ an elem5t ( inc]titude2 & 8 fe> ( retribution c\ld nev] be laid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he has b inw>dly to av[ himself a s9n] & a believ]1 & he has ! assurance t rep5tance at ! la/ mom5t w outweigh all 8 s9s4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 sugge/$ t su* is ! normal or frequ5t c\rse ( believ+ ,*ri/ians2 b x has be5 s (t5 en\gh to make ! lib]t9e !ory ( unbelief unt5able4 ,inde$1 ! s+ul> div]sity betwe5 pr(ession & practice among ,*ri/ians has 9 all p]iods call$ out decl>ations by ! m f]vid believ]s t _! av]age fell[-,*ri/ians are practical a!i/s4 ,m judicial m9ds may be set ask+ in/ead h[ f> m5 really believe :o d n act on _! op9ions4 ,z "o high au?ority has put x1 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! normal opposition ( !ory & practice 0 peculi>ly abrupt4 ,m5's impulses 7 m viol5t1 & _! conduct m reckless1 ?an is (t5 witness$ 9 mod]n society2 :ile ! abs5ce ( a criticiz+ & measur+ _s made !m surr5d] _! m9ds m unres]v$ly ?an !y w\ld d n[ to a complete & impos+ !ory4444 ,resi/ance to ,god's ,vic> might be1 & inde$ 0 admitt$ to be1 a deadly s91 b x 0 "o :i* nobody hesitat$ to commit4 #eb ,& s ) o!r s9s1 ! s9n] hav+ some:]e 9 ! re> ( 8 consci\sness ! reflection t 8 s9s c\ld be absolv$4 ,&1 ap>t f su* half-purposive =ms ( lic5ce among ,*ri/ians1 !re h be5 c\ntless cases ( purposive lic5ce4 ,9 all ages !re h be5 ant9omian ,*ri/ians1 #ec :e!r ( ! sort t simply re/ on ! sev5ty times sev5 ( ! ,gospel1 or ( ! m articulately logical k9d :o dwell on ! doctr9e ( fai? v]sus works4 ,= ! re/1 z ! consid]ate !ologian w readily see1 insi/5ce on ! possibility ( a s9i/] motive = ! unbeliev] br+s up ! equal possibility ( a s9i/] motive on ! "p ( ! conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,at e turn1 !n1 ! *>ge ( p]v]sity ( ! w recoils on ! advocate ( belief2 s t x w\ld be ! c\rse ( common prud5ce to ab&on x1 ev5 7 x n 9 itself1 z a rule1 s pla9ly an expression ( irritat$ bias4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x ne$ n be disput$ t unbelief has be5 (t5 en\gh associat$ ) "s species ( lib]t9ism to give a pass+ col\r = ! pret5ce ( causal connection4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 leads u to a less sup]ficial explanation1 wor? keep+ 9 view "h4 ,free?9k+ be+ tak5 to be normally a v>iation ( intellectual type 9 ! direction ( a critical dem& = consi/5cy & cr$ibility 9 beliefs1 its social ass]tion w be a matt] on ! "o side ( =ce ( "* or degree ( recklessness1 & on ! o!r h& ( =ce ( circum/ances4 ,! intellectual pot5tiality & ! propag&i/ purpose w be v>i\sly develop$ 9 diff]5t m5 & 9 diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,if we ask ourselves h[1 9 g5]al1 ! critical t5d5cy is to arise or to come into play1 we are almo/ compell$ to suppose a special /imulus z well z a special faculty4 ,critical d\bt is made possible1 broadly speak+1 by ! accumulation ( ideas or habits ( c]ta9 k9ds :i* ins5sibly undo a previ\s /ate ( homog5eity ( ?\ght4 ,= in/ance1 a community subsid+ into peace & ord] f a /ate ( w>f>e & plund] w at l5g? f9d ! e?ic ( its daily life at v>iance ) ! cons]v$ e?ic ( its e>ly religion ( human sacrifice & special family or tribal sanctions2 or a community :i* has accumulat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( accurate k ( a/ronomy w gradually f9d su* k irreconcilable ) its primitive cosmology4 ,a specially gift$ p]son w anticipate ! g5]al movem5t ( ?\ght2 b ev5 = him "s /&+-gr\nd mu/ be suppos$2 & = ! majority ! advance 9 moral practice or sci5tific k is ! condition ( any effective free?9k+4 ,betwe5 top & bottom1 h[ev]1 !re are all grades ( vivacity1 e>ne/ness1 & c\rage2 & on ! side ( ! normal resi/ance !re are all v>ieties ( political & economic circum/ance4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! av[$ free?9k] may be s 9 virtue ei!r ( special c\rage or ( antec$5t circum/ances :i* make ! attitude on 8 "p less c\rage\s4 ,& x may ev5 be grant$ to ! quieti/ t ! c\rage is at times t ( ill-balanc$ judgm5t or heady temp]am5t2 j z x may be conc$$ to ! cons]vative t x is at times t :i* goes ) or foll[s on disreg>d ( wise ways ( life4 ,x is well t ! full =ce ( ?is position be realiz$ at ! outset4 ,:5 we f9d1 z we %all1 "s hi/oric free?9k]s display+ ei!r extreme imprud5ce or p]sonal indiscipl9e1 we %all be prep>$1 9 t]ms ( ?is prelim9>y que/ion+1 to realize anew t humanity has ow$ a great deal to "s ( its unbalanc$ types2 & t1 ?\gh discipl9e is ne>ly ! la/ ^w ( wisdom1 indiscipl9e may at times be ! morbid accompanim5t or excess ( a c]ta9 op5ness ( view & spontaneity ( action :i* are m fav\rable to moral & intellectual advance ?an a cold prud5ce or a safe insusceptibility4 ,b cold or calm prud5ce 9 turn is n a vice2 & x is h>dly possible to d\bt t !re h be5 9 all ages v>y+ numb]s ( unbeliev]s :o %rugg$ _! %\ld]s ov] ! follies ( fai?1 & decl9$ to tilt aga9/ ! w9dmills ( fanaticism4 ,!re is mu* reason = surmis+ t ,%akespe>e 0 a case 9 po9t4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 !n1 because "s free?9k]s :o came out into ! op5 7 unbalanc$ types1 t _! psy*ology is ! psy*ology ( free?\ght1 any m ?an t ( ,g5]al ,gordon or ,francis ( ,assisi is to be reckon$ typical on ! side ( belief4 ,!re mu/ h be5 myriads ( quiet unbeliev]s1 rational all r\nd1 ^: unbelief 0 a /rictly intellectual process1 undi/urb$ by temp]am5t4 ,9 our own day su* types ab\nd1 & x is r 9 !m ?an 9 ! abnormal types ( pa/ free?\ght--! ,brunos & ! ,voltaires--t ! av]age psy*ology ( free?\ght is to be look$ = & und]/ood4 ,z = ! case ( ! man :o1 already at odds ) 8 fell[s 9 ! matt] ( 8 conduct1 may 9 "s phases ( society feel x ! easi] to brave !m 9 ! matt] ( 8 av[$ cre$1 we h already se5 t ev5 ?is does n convict him ( intellectual di%one/y4 ,& 7 su* cases relatively z num]\s z !y are sc>ce--7 ! debau*$ dei/s ev5 common] ?an ! v9\s ,/eeles & ,field+s--! use ( ! fact z an argum5t w\ld /ill be an oblique c\rse on ! side ( a religion :i* claims to h f\nd its fir/ & readie/ he>+ among publicans & s9n]s4 ,= ! re/1 ! h>m done 9 ! _w's hi/ory by unbalanc$ free?9k]s is z du/ 9 ! balance aga9/ ! immeasurable evil delib]ately wr\ght on s]i\s religi\s motives1 to say no?+ ( ! con/ant deviation ( ! mass ( believ]s f _! own pr(ess$ code4 ,x may1 f9ally1 help a religi\s read] to a judicial view ( ! ph5om5on ( free?\ght if he is rem9d$ t e /ep =w>d 9 ! alleg$ hi/oric evolution ( 8 own cre$ w\ld dep5d1 9 ! case put1 on ! exi/5ce ( p]sons capable ( reject+ a curr5t & prevail+ code 9 fav\r ( "o ei!r d5\nc$ z impi\s or m>k$ (f by circum/ances z dang]\s4 ,! ,israelites 9 ,egypt1 ! prophets & _! support]s1 ! ,gospel ,jesus & 8 adh]5ts1 all o/5sibly /& 9 "s degree = positions ( negation1 ( h>dy innovation1 ( disreg>d to ?+s & p]sons popul>ly v5]at$2 :]e=e ,coll9s1 9 ! ,disc\rse above m5tion$1 smil+ly claim$ at lea/ ! prophets z great free?9k]s4 ,on t head x may suffice to say t "s ( ! temp]am5tal qualifications w\ld probably be v mu* ! same = ^? :o ( old br\ght ab\t religi\s innovation 9 t]ms ( sup]natural beliefs1 & = ^? :o 9 lat] times innovate by way ( m9imiz+ or repudiat+ su* beliefs1 ?\gh ! intellectual qualifications might be diff]5t4 ,bruno & ,dolet & ,van9i & ,voltaire1 faulty m5 all f\r1 c\ld at lea/ be m readily conceiv$ z prophets 9 e>ly ,jewry1 or re=m]s "u ,h]od1 ?an z ,ph>isees1 or ev5 ,sadducees1 "u ei!r regim54 ,be t z x may1 h[ev]1 ! issues betwe5 free?\ght & cre$ are ultimately to be settl$ only 9 respect ( _! argum5tative bases1 z appreciable by m5 9 society at any giv5 "t4 ,x is ) ! notion ( mak+ ! process ( judicial appreciation a little easi]1 by hi/orically exhibit+ ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* x has be5 und]tak5 9 ! pa/1 t ^! pages are writt54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,primitive ,,free?9k+ ,to consid] ! normal aspects ( primitive life1 z we see !m 9 savage communities & trace !m 9 e>ly lit]ature1 is to realize ! enorm\s h9drance (f]$ to critical ?9k+ 9 ! prim>y /ages ( culture by ! m]e =ce ( habit4 ,! savage1 says our lead+ an?ropologi/1 by no means goes ?r\gh life ) ! int5tion ( ga!r+ m k & fram+ bett] laws ?an 8 fa!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 t5d5cy is to consid] 8 ance/ors z hav+ h&$ d[n to him ! p]fection ( wisdom1 :i* x w\ld be impiety to make ! lea/ alt]ation 94 ,h5ce among ! l[] races !re is ob/9ate resi/ance to ! mo/ desirable re=ms1 & progress c only =ce its way ) a sl[ness & difficulty :i* we ( ?is c5tury c h>dly imag9e4 #ed ,among ! ,bantu ( ,s\? ,africa1 be=e ! spread ( ,european rule1 any p]son 9 advance ( 8 fell[s 0 specially liable to suspicion ( sorc]y1 s t progress ( any k9d t[>ds :at we %\ld t]m high] civilization 0 made exce$+ly difficult by ?is belief4 #ee ,! real or w\ld-be sorc]] c\ld ?us secure ! elim9ation ( ! hone/ inv5tor2 fe> ( sorc]y be+ mo/ pot5t z aga9/ ! suppos$ irregul> practition]4 ,! relative ob/9acy ( cons]vatism 9 p]iods & places ( n>r[ k is aga9 illu/rat$ 9 ,lane's acc\nt ( ! mod]n ,egyptians 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,"s ,egyptians :o _h /udi$ = a few ye>s 9 ,france decl>$ to me t !y c\ld n in/il any ( ! notions :i* !y _h !re acquir$ ev5 into ! m9ds ( _! mo/ intimate fri5ds4 #ef ,s 9 mod]n ,japan !re 7 _m assass9ations ( re=m]s1 & "s civil w>1 be=e ,we/]n ideas c\ld ga9 a foot+4 #eg ,! less ! k1 9 %ort1 ! h>d] to add to x4 ,x is h>dly possible to e/imate ) any confid5ce ! relative rates ( progress2 b1 ?\gh all are extremely sl[1 x w\ld seem t reason c\ld soon] play correctively on errors ( secul> practice #eh ?an on any species ( proposition 9 religion--tak+ t ^w to connote at once my?ology1 e>ly cosmology1 & ritual e?ic4 ,m]e disbelief 9 a p>ticul> m$ic9e-man or ra9-mak] :o fail$ w\ld n lead to any reflective disbelief 9 all2 any m ?an ! beat+ or r5unciation ( 8 feti% by a savage or b>b>ian means rejection ( 8 feti%ism1 or ?an ! r5unciation ( a p>ticul> sa9t by a mod]n ,ca?olic #ei means ab&onm5t ( pray] to sa9ts = int]cession4 ,! "q z to :e!r savages d beat _! idols is a matt] 9 "s dispute4 ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 a high au?ority1 (f]s a notable d5ial to ! curr5t belief t negroes beat _! ,gods if _! pray]s are unansw]$4 ,aft] an exp]i5ce ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ext5d+ ov] ?irte5 ye>s1 he writes1 ,i h nev] he>d (1 mu* less witness$1 any?+ ( ! k9d1 al?\gh ,i h made inquiries 9 e direction 7,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 #ahhg1 p4 #aid74 ,o!r an?ropologi/s h collect$ _m in/ances 9 o!r races--e4g41 ,fr4 ,s*ultze1 ,d] ,fetis*ismus1 #ahga1 p4 #acj4 ,9 "o case1 a prie/ beats a feti% 9 advance1 to secure 8 c>eful att5tion4 7,id4 pp4 #ij-ia1 cit+ ! p]sonal n>rative ( ,ba/ian47 ,x seems to be a matt] ( psy*ic /age4 ,! m primitive negro is z x 7 too religi\s1 too mu* afraid ( 8 ,gods1 :o are n = him idols1 b spirits resid+ 9 images or objects4 ,:]e ! /ate ( fe> is only *ronic ano!r temp] may arise4 ,among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra disappo9t$ wor%ipp]s (t5 scold a ,god2 & _! leg5ds tell ( m5 :o decl>$ w> on a deity & %ot at him f a m\nta94 7,w>neck1 ,die ,religion des ,batak1 #aiji1 p4 #g4 ,cp4 ,g54 ii1 #d-i47 ,a temp] ( defiance t[>ds deity has be5 not$ 9 an ,aryan ,kafir ( ! ,h9du-,ku%4 7,sir ,g4 ,s4 ,rob]tson1 ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 #ahii1 p4 #ahb47 ,"s peoples g mu* fur!r4 ,among ! ,polynesians1 :5 a ,god fail$ to cure a sick *ief or notable1 he 0 reg>d$ z inexorable1 & 0 usually bani%$ f ! temple & 8 image de/roy$ 7,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 #bnd ed4 #ahca1 i1 #cej74 ,s among ! ,*9ese1 if ! ,god does n give ra9 !y w ?reat5 & beat him2 sometimes !y publicly depose him f ! rank ( deity 7,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 #aije1 pp4 #ih-aja4 ,cp4 ,ross1 ,pansebeia1 #d? ed41 #afgb1 p4 #hj74 ,!re are _m analog\s ph5om5a4 ,9 old ,samoa1 9 ! ritual ( m\rn+ = ! dead1 ! family ,god 0 fir/ implor$ to re/ore ! deceas$1 & !n fi]cely abus$ & m5ac$4 #fj ,see1 too1 ! /ory ( ! p ( ,niue or ,savage ,isl& 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 :o 9 ! "t ( a great pe/il5ce1 ?9k+ ! sickness 0 caus$ by a c]ta9 idol1 broke x 9 pieces & ?rew x away 7,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago1 #ahhd1 p4 #cjf74 ,see fur!r ! cases cit$ by ,con/ant1 ,de la religion1 #ahbd1 vol4 i1 ptie4 ii1 pp4 #cb-cd2 & by ,pes*el1 ,! ,races ( ,man1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgf1 pp4 #bdg-h1 9 p>ticul> t ( ,ra/us1 ! la/ pagan ,lapp 9 ,europe1 :o qu>rell$ ) 8 feti% /one = kill+ 8 re9de] 9 rev5ge = ! )hold+ ( its cu/om>y (f]+ ( br&y1 & imm$iately embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 7,comp>e ,e4 ,rae1 ,! ,:ite ,sea ,p59sula1 #ahha1 p4 #bgf47 ,see aga9 ! te/imony ( ,h]man ,melville 9 8 ,typee1 *4 xxiv2 & t ( ,t4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ed4 #aheh1 i1 #bcf3 ,sometimes ! natives get angry ) _! deities1 & abuse & ev5 *all5ge !m to fight4 ,h]odotos has simil> /ories ( b>b>ians :o defy _! own & o!r deities 7iv1 #agb1 #ahc1 #ahd74 ,comp>e ! case ( ,k+ ,rum ,bahadur ( ,nepaul1 :o cannonad$ 8 ,gods4 ,sp5c]1 ,/udy ( ,sociology1 pp4 #cja-b4 ,also ! anecdote cit$ by ,sp5c] 7,id4 p4 #afj7 f ,sir ,r4 ,burton's ,goa1 p4 #afg4 ,"h !re is no disbelief1 no reflection1 b simple res5tm5t4 ,comp>e1 too1 ! amus+ /ory ( a blasphemy by ,ross9i1 told by ,l\is ,vi>dot1 ,libre ,exam51 #f;e d4 pp4 #aff-fg1 note4 ,t ?reats aga9/ ! ,gods are possible at a semi-civiliz$ /age is prov$ by v>i\s passages 9 m$ieval lit]ature4 ,?us 9 ,caxton's ,*>les ! ,grete1 a translation f an old] ,fr5* orig9al1 ,*>les is made to say3 ,o "l ,god1 if ye suffre t ,olyv] be ov]come & t my ryght at ?ys tyme be lo/e & defyl$1 ,i make a v[e t al ,cry/yante %al be de/roy$4 ,i %al n leve 9 ,fraunce *ir*e ne mona/]ye1 ymage ne ault]1 etc4 7,e>ly ,eng4 ,text ,soc4 rep4 #ahha1 pp4 #gj-ga47 ,su* language 0 probably us$ by n a few m$ieval k+s 9 mom5ts ( fury2 & !re is ev5 record t at ! battle ( ,dunb> c]ta9 ( ! ,scots ,presbyt]ian cl]gy intimat$ to _! deity t he w\ld n be _! ,god if he fail$ !m on t day4 ,if su* flights be reckon$ possible = ,*ri/ian k+s & cl]ics 9 ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re w\ld seem to be no unlikelihood ab\t ! _m /ories ( ,god-beat+ & ,god-defy+ among contempor>y savages1 ?\gh s good an obs]v] z ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis may n h witness$ !m 9 ! "p ( ,africa be/ kn[n to him4 ,! conclusion rea*$ by ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis is t ! negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ are n prop]ly to be describ$ z feti%i/s4 ,feti%ism1 on 8 view1 is a wor%ip ( objects z 9 !mselves end[$ ) magical p[]2 :]eas ! ,gold ,coa/ negro ascribes no virtue to ! object commonly call$ 8 feti%1 reg>d+ x simply z inhabit$ by a sup]natural p[]4 ,?is writ] sees true feti%ism 9 ! attitude ( ,italian peasants & fi%]m5 :o beat & ill-treat _! images :5 pray]s are n answ]$1 & 9 t ( ,spani>ds :o cov] ! faces ( _! images or turn !m to ! wall :5 ab\t to d any?+ :i* !y ?9k ! sa9t or deity w\ld disapprove (4 ,on ?is view1 feti%ism is a lat] yet l[] /age ( religi\s evolution ?an t ( ! negro4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,miss ,k+sley takes feti%ism to be ! prop] "n ( ! attitude ( ! negro t[>ds p>ticul> objects z div9ely inhabit$1 & repres5ts x z a k9d ( pan!ism 7,we/ ,african ,/udies1 #bnd ed4 #aija1 *4 v74 ,& s9ce1 by h] def9ition1 ,gods ( feti% d n necess>ily require a mat]ial object to manife/ !mselves 9 7p4 #if71 ! t]m feti% is ?us deta*$ f all ( its =m] mean+s4 ,x seems exp$i5t1 z a matt] ( t]m9ology1 to let feti%ism mean bo? object- or image-wor%ip & ! belief 9 ! special inhabit+ ( objects by deities1 ) a recognition t ! beliefs may be diff]5t /ages 9 an evolution1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are obvi\sly likely to coalesce or concur4 ,9 ! ,obeah sy/em ( ! negroes ( ! ,we/ ,indies ! =m] belief 9 ! indwell+ _s has become1 or has coalesc$ )1 belief 9 ! magical p[]s ( ! object 7,keane1 ,man1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #aijj1 p4 #eg74 ,z to defiance or contumely t[>ds ! ,gods1 f9ally1 we h ! te/imony ( ! ,swiss mission>y ,junod t ! ,s\? ,african ,?onga1 :om he /udi$ v closely1 h 9 _! ritual a regul> insult+ ( ! ,gods4 7,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 ii1 #aiab1 p4 #chd47 ,:y n8 ,pray]s to ! ance/ors 444 are 444 absolutely devoid ( awe 7p4 #che71 ?\gh ! ance/or-,gods are c]ta9ly ! mo/ p[]ful spiritual ag5cy act+ on man's life 7p4 #cfa72 & ! spirits ( ! ance/ors are ! ma9 objects ( religi\s wor%ip 7p4 #cdd74 ,! ,?onga1 aga91 use nei!r idolatry nor feti%ism1 hav+ no idols 7p4 #chh71 ?\gh !y recognize hidd5 virtues 9 plants1 animals1 & /ones 7p4 #cde74 ,!y simply reg>d _! ance/or-,gods v mu* z !y d _! ag$ p1 :om !y g5]ally treat ) little consid]ation4 ,b ! dead c d h>m1 & mu/ !re=e be propitiat$--z savages propitiate1 ) fe> or malice or d]ision 9 _! he>ts1 z ! case may be4 7,cp4 p4 #cgi47 ,on ! o!r h&1 despite ! d5ial ( _! feti%ism1 !y believe t ance/or-,gods may come 9 ! %ape ( animals2 & !y s v5]ate a k9d ( palladium 7made up l a m$ic9e-man's amulet7 z to raise ! "q :e!r ?is k9d ( belief is n j t :i* ,miss ,k+sley call$ feti%4 7,junod1 pp4 #ceh1 #cgc-gd47 ,:atev] may be ! ess5ce1 or ! v>ieties1 ( feti%ism1 x is cle> t ! beat+ ( idols or ?reat5+ ( ,gods does n am\nt to rational d\bt conc]n+ ! sup]natural4 ,"s g5]al approa* to t attitude may p]haps be inf]r$ 9 ! case ( an economic revolt aga9/ ! burd5s ( a highly specializ$ religi\s sy/em1 :i* may (t5 h occurr$ 9 unwritt5 hi/ory4 ,we %all note a record$ in/ance ( ! k9d 9 connection ) ! "q :e!r !re are any savage tribes )\t religion4 ,b x occurs 9 ! some:at highly evolv$ b>b>ism ( pre-,*ri/ian ,hawaii2 & x c set up no inf]5ce z to any developm5t ( critical unbelief at l[] levels4 ,9 ! long /age ( l[] savag]y1 !n1 ! only approa* to free?9k+ t w\ld s]i\sly affect g5]al belief w\ld presumably be t v cr$ulity :i* gave foo?old to religi\s beliefs to beg9 )4 ,t is to say1 )\t any?+ 9 ! nature ( g5]al criticism ( any /ory or doctr9e1 "o su* might to "s ext5t sup]s$e ano!r1 9 virtue ( ! relative gift ( p]suasion or p]sonal weight ( ! prop\nd]s4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t p]sons ) a turn = my? or ritual-mak+ w\ld compete1 & might ev5 call 9 "q ea* o!r's hone/y1 z well z ea* o!r's inspiration4 ,s9ce ! rise ( sci5tific hi]ology !re has be5 a disposition among /ud5ts to take = grant$ ! good fai? ( all e>ly religion-mak]s1 & to dismiss entirely t assumption ( fraud :i* 0 s long made by ,*ri/ian writ]s conc]n+ ! great] "p ( e non-,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,! assumption _h be5 pass$ on f ! free?9k]s ( antiquity :o =mulat$ ! view t all religi\s doctr9e _h be5 inv5t$ by politicians 9 ord] to control ! p4 #fa ,*ri/ian polemi/s1 ( c\rse1 appli$ x to all sy/ems b _! own4 ,:51 h[ev]1 all sy/ems are se5 to be alike natural 9 orig91 su* *>ges are felt to recoil on ! sy/em :i* makes !m2 & latt]ly #fb ,*ri/ian writ]s1 see+ z mu*1 h be5 fa9 to ab&on ! conception ( prie/craft1 adroitly repres5t+ x z an extravagance ( rationalism4 ,x c]ta9ly s]v$ rationali/ic purposes1 & ! title ( ! supposititi\s m$ieval "w on ,! ,?ree ,impo/ors po9ts to its curr5cy among unbeliev]s long ago2 b :5 we fir/ f9d x popul>ly curr5t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x is 9 a ,*ri/ian atmosph]e4 #fc ,"s ( ! e>ly dei/s & o!rs h probably 9 turn exagg]at$ ! am\nt ( delib]ate deceit involv$ 9 ! =mation ( religi\s sy/ems2 b nev]!less prie/craft is a demon/rable factor 9 ! process4 ,:at is call$ ! psy*ology ( religion has be5 mu* obscur$ 9 response to ! dem& ( religi\s p]sons to h x s pres5t$ z to flatt] !m 9 t capacity4 #fd ,su* a claim _c be p]mitt$ to ov]rule ! fair inductions ( comp>ative sci5ce4 ,an?ropological evid5ce sugge/s t1 :ile religion cle>ly beg9s 9 primordial fe> & fancy1 wilful fraud mu/ to "s ext5t h ent]$ into all religi\s sy/ems alike1 ev5 9 ! p]iod ( primeval cr$ulity1 7 x only because ! cr$ulity 0 s great4 ,"o ( ! mo/ judicial & sympa!tic ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>s :o h writt5 ! hi/ory ( ,greece treats z unque/ionable ! view t alike 9 pagan & ,*ri/ian cults prie/craft has be5 f]tile 9 pr(itable devices1 9 ! inv5tion ( leg5ds1 ! fabrication ( relics1 & o!r modes ( impo/ure2 #fe & ! lead+ hi]ologi/ ( ! la/ g5]ation pron\nces decisively z to an elem5t ( int5tional deceit 9 ! ,koran-mak+ ( ,mohamm$ #ff--;a judgm5t :i*1 if upheld1 c h>dly fail to be ext5d$ to "s portions ( all o!r sacr$ books4 ,h[ev] t may be1 we h positive evid5ce t wilful & sy/ematic fraud ent]s into ! doctr9e ( contempor>y savages1 & t among "s primitives kn[n my?s are delib]ately prop\nd$ to ! boys & wom5 by ! male adults4 #fg ,inde$1 ! majority ( mod]n travell]s among primitives seem to h reg>d$ _! prie/s & sorc]]s 9 ! mass z consci\s deceiv]s4 #fh ,if1 !n1 we c po9t to delib]ate impo/ure alike 9 ! *>m-mong]+ & my?-mong]+ ( contempor>y savages & 9 ! sacr$-book-mak+ ( ! high] hi/orical sy/ems1 x seems reasonable to hold t consci\s deceit1 z di/+ui%$ f *ildlike fabrication1 w\ld *ronically ent] into ! tale-mak+ ( primitive m51 z into _! simpl] relations ) ea* o!r4 ,x is inde$ impossible to conceive h[ a copi\s my?ology c\ld ev] arise )\t ! play ( a k9d ( imag9ativ5ess t is h>dly compatible ) v]acity2 & x is probably only ! exig5cies ( ecclesia/ical life t cause mod]n critics /ill to treat ! mo/ delib]ate fabrications & =g]ies 9 ! ,hebrew sacr$ books z someh[ produc$ 9 a _s ( ! deepe/ conc]n = tru?4 ,an all-r\nd conc]n = tru? is1 9 fact1 a late intellectual developm5t1 ! product ( mu* criticism & mu* d\bt2 h5ce1 p]haps1 ! l5ity ( ! v]dicts "u notice4 ,c]ta9 wild tribes "h & !re1 liv+ 9 a /ate ( great simplicity1 are 9 our own day describ$ z rem>kably tru?ful2 #fi b !y are n rem>kable = range ( sup]natural belief2 & _! tru?fulness is to be reg>d$ z a product ( _! special /ability & simplicity ( life4 ,! trick]y ( a primitive m$ic9e-man1 ( c\rse1 is a mu* m *ildlike ?+ ?an ! frauds ( educat$ prie/hoods2 & x is compatible ) s mu* ( spontane\s pietism z is impli$ 9 ! common pass+ ( ! op]ator into ! /ate ( convulsion & trance--a transition :i* comes easily to _m savages4 #gj ,b ev5 at t /age ( psy*osis1 & 9 a community :]e simple secul> ly+ is v r>e1 ! pr(essional wiz>d-prie/ becomes an adept 9 play+ ^u cr$ulity4 #ga ,x belongs1 9 %ort1 to ! v nature ( ! prie/ly function1 9 its e>li] =ms1 to develop 9 a special degree ! normal bias ( ! undiscipl9$ m9d to intellectual fraud4 ,grant+ t !re are all degrees ( self-consci\sness 9 ! process1 we are b\nd to recognize t 9 all ( u !re is ! sophi/ )91 :o /&s betwe5 u & c&\r 9 e problem ei!r ( self-criticism or ( self-def5ce4 ,&1 if ! in/ruct$ man recognizes ?is cle>ly & ! un9/ruct$ does n1 none ! less is ! latt] an exemplification ( ! fact4 ,8 m5tal obliquities are n any less real because ( 8 indiff]5ce to !m ?an are ! acts ( ! h]$it>y ?ief because he does !m )\t %ame4 ,& if we consid] h[ ! feti%-prie/ is at e turn tempt$ to inv5t & prev>icate1 simply because 8 pret5sions are fundam5tally prepo/]\s2 & h[ 9 turn ! prie/ ( a high] grade1 ev5 :5 he s9c]ely believes 9 8 deity1 is b\nd to put =w>d z matt]s ( k or revelation ! hypo!ses he frames to acc\nt = ei!r ! acts or ! ab/5tions ( ! ,god1 we %all see t ! prie/ly (fice is really z incompatible ) a high s9c]ity 9 ! primitive /ages z 9 ^? 9 :i* x is held by m5 :o consci\sly prop\nd falsities1 :e!r = _! m]e ga9 or 9 ! hope ( do+ good4 ,x may be true t ! prie/ly claim ( sup]natural sanction = an e?ical comm& is at times motiv$ by an int5se conviction ( ! rightness ( ! c\rse ( conduct prescrib$2 b none ! less is su* a habit ( m9d fatal to intellectual s9c]ity4 ,ei!r !re is %e] halluc9ation or !re is pi\s fraud4 ,giv51 h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy to deceit among primitive folk1 di/ru/ & detection 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases w\ld presumably foll[1 con/itut+ a measure ( simple skepticism4 ,by =ce p>tly ( ?is & p>tly ( %e] in/ability ( ?\ght1 e>ly belief w\ld be apt to subsi/ = ages l t ( contempor>y ,african tribes1 #gb 9 a /ate ( flux4 #gc ,comp>ative fixity w\ld presumably arise ) ! approa* to /ability ( life1 ( indu/ry1 & ( political in/itutions1 :e!r ) or )\t a special prie/hood4 ,! usages ( e>ly family wor%ip w\ld seem to h be5 no less rigid ?an ^? ( ! tribal & public cults4 ,= primitive man z = ! mod]ns def9ite organization & ritual cu/om mu/ h be5 a great e/abli%+ =ce z reg>ds e phase ( religi\s belief2 #gd & x may well h be5 t !re 0 ?us less intellectual lib]ty ( a k9d 9 ! long ages ( :at we reg>d z primitive civilization ?an 9 ^? ( savag]y & b>b>ism :i* prec$$ !m4 ,on t view1 sy/ems :i* are suppos$ to repres5t 9 ! fulle/ degree ! primeval spontaneity ( religion may h be5 9 "p prie/ly reactions aga9/ habits ( fre$om accompani$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( skepticism4 ,a mod]n inquir] #ge has 9 "s su* s5se advanc$ ! !ory t 9 anci5t ,india1 9 ev5 ! e>li] p]iod ( collection ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* itself und]m9$ ! mon>*ic "* ( ! pre-,v$ic religion1 !re 0 a decay ( belief1 :i* ! f9al r$action s]v$ to accel]ate4 ,su* a !ory c h>dly pass beyond ! /age ( hypo!sis 9 view ( ! entire abs5ce ( hi/ory prop] 9 e>ly ,indian lit]ature2 b we seem at lea/ to h ! evid5ce ( ! ,v$a itself t :ile x 0 be+ collect$ !re 7 d5i]s ( ! exi/5ce ( its ,gods4 #gf ,! latt] te/imony alone may s]ve z gr\nd = rais+ afre% an old "q :i* rec5t an?ropology has some:at inexactly decid$--t1 namely1 z to :e!r !re are any savages )\t religi\s beliefs4 ,= old discussions on ! subject see ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 i1 #bc2 ,cumb]l&1 ,disquisitio de legibus natur1 #afgb1 introd4 7reject+ negative view z re/+ on inadequate te/imony72 ,locke1 ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ,bk4 ,i1 *4 iii1 #i2 *4 iv1 #h 7accept+ negative view72 prote/s aga9/ x by ,vico 7,sci5za ,nuova1 #agbe1 z cit$ above1 p4 #bf72 by ,%aftesbury 7,lett]s to a ,/ud5t1 #agaf1 rep4 9 ,lett]s1 #agdf1 pp4 #cb-cc72 by ,rev4 ,john ,milne1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,lock's ,religion 7anon471 #agjj1 pp4 #e-h2 & by ,sir ,w4 ,an/ru!r1 ,essays ,moral & ,div9e1 ,ed9burgh1 #agja1 p4 #bd2 fur!r prote/s by ,lafitau 7,moeurs des sauvages am]iqua9s comp>es aux moeurs des premi]s temps1 #agbd1 i1 #e71 foll[+ ,boyle1 to ! effect t ! v travell]s & mission>ies :o d5i$ all religion to savages av[ facts :i* confute !m2 & g5]al view by ,fabricius1 ,delectus argum5torum et ,syllabus scriptorum1 ,hamburghi1 #agbe1 *4 viii4 ,cp4 also ,swift1 ,disc\rse ,conc]n+ ! ,me*anical ,op]ation ( ! ,_s1 #b4 ,b*n] 7,=ce & ,matt]1 *4 on ,! ,idea ( ,god72 ,"l ,avebury ,sir ,john ,lubbock 7,prehi/oric ,times1 #e? ed41 pp4 #egd-hj2 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #e? ed41 pp4 #bac-ag72 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] 7,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 iii1 #ehc7 h collect$ mod]n travell]s' te/imonies z to ! abs5ce ( religi\s ideas 9 c]ta9 tribes4 ,cp4 also ,j4 ,a4 ,/4 ,john's 7,bohn7 ed4 ( ,locke1 notes on passages above cit$1 & on ,bk4 ,,iv1 *4 x1 #f4 ,z ,"l ,avebury po9ts out1 ! ^w religion is by "s loosely or n>r[ly us$ to signify only a high] !ology z di/9ct f l[] sup]naturali/ beliefs4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 excludes f ! field ( religion a belief 9 evil spirits & 9 magic--"h co9cid+ ) ! lat] an?ropologi/s :o repres5t$ magic & religion z fundam5tally oppos$--a view reject$ ev5 by "s religioni/s4 ,cp4 ,avebury1 ,m>riage1 ,totemism1 & ,religion1 7#aiaa71 p4 #aaf sq42 ,rev4 ,e4 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 #aijb1 p4 #c2 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,witt5 ,davies1 ,magic1 ,div9ation1 & ,demonology1 #ahih1 pp4 #ah-bd4 ,! prov$ errone\sness ( _m ( ! negative te/imonies has be5 insi/$ on by ,b5jam9 ,con/ant 7,de la ,religion1 #ahbd1 i1 #c-d72 ,!odore ,p>k] 7,disc\rse ( ,matt]s ,p]ta9+ to ,religion1 #ahdb & #ahee1 ed4 #ahgg1 p4 #af72 ,g4 ,rosk(f 7,das ,religionswes5 d] rohe/5 ,naturvlk]1 #ahhj1 ,abs*n4 ,i & ,,ii72 ,dr4 ,tylor 7,primitive ,culture1 #crd ed41 i1 pp4 #dag-be72 & ,dr4 ,max ,mll] 7,introd4 to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ed4 #ahhb1 p4 #db sq42 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ia sq42 ,natural ,religion1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ha-hi2 ,an?ropological ,religion1 #ahib1 pp4 #dbh-ce47 ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,junod 7,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 vol4 ii1 #aiac1 p4 #cdf7 %[s h[ easily misconception on ! subject may arise4 ,galton 7,n>rative ( an ,explor]1 *4 viii1 ed4 #ahia1 p4 #ach7 writes3 ,i h no conception to ?is day :e!r or no ! ,ovampo h any religion1 = ,click 0 fright5$ & angry if ! subject ( dea? 0 allud$ to4 ,! context %[s t ! native reg>d$ all que/ions on religi\s matt]s ) suspicion4 ,s*we9fur?1 aga91 contradicts himself twice )9 ?ree pages z to ! beliefs ( ! ,bongo 9 a ,supreme ,be+ & 9 a future /ate2 & ?us leaves u d\bt+ 8 /atem5t t ! neighb\r+ race1 ! ,dyoor1 put no fai? at all 9 any wit*craft 7,! ,he>t ( ,africa1 #crd ed4 i1 #adc-de74 ,mu* ( ! confusion turns on ! fact t savages :o practise no wor%ip h religi\s beliefs 7cp4 ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ed4 #ahgh1 p4 #ag1 cit+ ,monsignor ,salvado2 & ,c>l ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 #ahhi1 p4 #bhd74 ,! dispute1 z x n[ /&s1 ma9ly turns on ! def9ition ( religion 7cp4 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 ,manual ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahia1 pp4 #af-ah1 :]e ,lubbock's position is p>tly misund]/ood74 ,dr4 ,tylor1 :ile decid+ t no tribes kn[n to u are religionless1 leaves op5 ! "q ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! pa/4 ,a notable example ( ! prolongation ( error on ?is subject ?r\gh or?odox assumptions is se5 9 ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt's o!rwise valuable "w on ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7#aijd74 ,dr4 ,h[itt produces 7pp4 #dhh-ejh7 abundant evid5ce to %[ t a numb] ( tribes believe 9 a sup]natural an?ropomorphic be+1 v>i\sly nam$ ,nurrund]e1 ,nurelli1 ,bunjil1 ,mungan-ngaua1 ,d>amalun1 & ,baiame 7! same be+ "u diff]5t names1 writes ,dr4 ,h[itt1 p4 #dii74 ,?is be+ he describes z ! tribal ,all-,fa!r1 a v5]able k9dly ,headman ( a tribe1 full ( k & tribal wisdom1 & all-p[]ful 9 magic1 ( :i* he is ! s\rce1 ) virtues1 fail+s1 & passions su* z ! aborig9es reg>d !m 7pp4 #ejj-a74 ,b he insi/s 7p4 #ejf7 t 9 ?is be+1 ?\gh sup]natural1 !re is no trace ( a div9e nature1 &1 aga91 t ! ,au/ralian aborig9es d n recognize any div9ity1 good or evil 7p4 #gef71 ?\gh 7p4 #eja7 x is mo/ difficult = "o ( u to dive/ himself ( ! t5d5cy to end[ su* a sup]natural be+ z ! ,all-,fa!r ) a nature quasi-div9e1 if n altoge!r s4 ,dr4 ,h[itt does n "n any ,european deity :o satisfies him on ! po9t ( div9ity6 ,obvi\sly ! ,au/ralian deities h evolv$ 9 exactly ! same way z ^? ( o!r peoples1 ,yahweh includ$4 ,dr4 ,h[itt1 inde$1 admits 7p4 #ejg7 t ! ,au/ralian notions may h be5 at ! root ( mono!i/ic beliefs4 ,!y c]ta9ly 72 & :5 he adds t1 al?\gh x _c be alleg$ t ^! aborig9es h consci\sly any =m ( religion1 x may be said t _! beliefs are su* t1 "u fav\rable conditions1 !y might h develop$ into an actual religion1 he indicates afre% ! confusion possible f unsci5tific def9itions4 ,! sole cont5t ( 8 !sis is1 f9ally1 t a sup]natural be+ is n div9e till ! prie/s h some:at trimm$ him1 & t a religion is n actual till x has be5 sac]dotally =mulat$4 ,dr4 ,h[itt's negations are z unt5able z ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang's magnification ( ! ,au/ralian ,all-,fa!r into a p]fect ,supreme ,be+4 ,! really important "p ( ,dr4 ,h[itt's survey ( ! problem is 8 conclusion t ! k9d ( belief he has describ$ exi/s only 9 a specifi$ area ( ,au/ralia1 & t ?is area is ! habitat ( tribes 444 :]e !re has be5 ! advance f gr\p m>riage to individual m>riage1 f desc5t 9 ! female l9e to t 9 ! male l9e 7p4 #ejj74 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5's d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any belief 9 a p]sonal deity among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,nor!rn ,tribes1 #aijd1 p4 #dia7 appe>s to /& = actual fact4 ,z to ! div9ity ( ! ance/or-gods ( ! primitives1 see ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 p4 #da sq4 ,! problem has be5 unduly n>r[$ to ! "q :e!r !re are any :ole tribes s develop$4 ,x is obvi\sly p]t95t to ask :e!r !re may n be div]sity ( op9ion )9 a giv5 tribe4 ,su* te/imonies z ^? collect$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock ,"l ,avebury & o!rs1 z to ! exi/5ce ( religionless savages1 are held to be dispos$ ( by fur!r pro( t tribes ( savages :o _h be5 set d[n z religionless on ! evid5ce ( "s ( !mselves _h 9 reality a numb] ( religi\s beliefs4 ,travell]s' que/ions _h be5 falsely answ]$1 ei!r on ! pr9ciple t non-initiates mu/ n be told ! my/]ies1 or f t sudd5 p]ception ( ! oddity ( _! beliefs :i* comes ev5 to "s civiliz$ p :5 !y try to /ate !m to an unbeliev+ outsid]4 ,que/ions1 aga91 c\ld easily be misund]/ood1 & answ]s likewise4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 t savages :o sc\t ! idea t ! dead c rise aga9 d believe 9 ! cont9u$ disembodi$ exi/5ce ( all _! dead1 & ev5 at times conceive ( !m z m>ry+ & procreat+6 ,on ! :ole1 !y conceive ( a cont9uity ( _s-life on e>? 9 human %ape4 ,to speak ( su* p z hav+ no idea ( a life beyond ! grave w\ld obvi\sly be mislead+1 ?\gh !y h no notion ( a judgm5t day or ( future rew>ds or puni%m5ts4 #gg ,und\bt$ly1 !n1 ! negative view ( savage religion _h 9 a numb] ( cases be5 ha/ily tak52 b !re rema9s ! "q1 z a rule surpris+ly ignor$1 :e!r "s ( ! savages :o disav[$ all belief 9 ?+s sup]natural may n h be5 tell+ ! simple tru? ab\t !mselves1 or ev5 ab\t _! families & _! comrades4 ,z "o sympa!tic travell] notes ( ! ,samoy$es3 ,!re c be no su* ?+ z /rict accuracy ( gramm> or expression among an illit]ate p2 nor c !re be among ^! simple creatures any consi/5t or fix$ appreciation ev5 ( _! own =ms ( 444 belief4444 ,hav+ no object 9 arriv+ at a common view ( su* matt]s1 ea* ,samoy$e1 if que/ion$ sep>ately1 w give m or less 8 own disconnect$ impression ( 8 fai?4 #gh ,& ?is holds ( unfai?4 ,a savage ask$ by a travell]1 ,d y believe s-&-s1 might v well give a true negative answ] = himself2 #gi & ! travell]'s result+ misconception w\ld be due to 8 own arbitr>y assumption t all memb]s ( any tribe mu/ ?9k alike4 ,a good witness expressly te/ifies3 ,9 ! tribe ( ,au/ralians ) :i* ,i 0 be/ acqua9t$1 :ile ! blacks _h a t]m = gho/ & believ$ t !re 7 dep>t$ spirits :o 7 sometimes to be se5 among ! foliage1 individual m5 w\ld tell y ^u inquiry t !y believ$ t dea? 0 ! la/ ( !m 7,eaglehawk & ,cr[3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 by ,john ,ma!w1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,d41 #ahii1 p4 #adf74 ,z to ! risk ( wrong negative inf]5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 see pp4 #ade1 #adg4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( our mission>y witnesses1 ,h4 ,a4 ,junod1 9 8 valuable /udy ( ! ,s\? ,african ,?onga1 te/ifies bo? to ! commonness ( individual v>iation 9 ! way ( religi\s fancy & ! occurr5ce ( sporadic unbelief1 usually end$ by fe>4 ,individuals freely indulge 9 concrete speculations--e4g41 z to ! exi/5ce ( animal s\ls--:i* d n w9 vogue 7,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 vol4 ii1 #aiac1 p4 #cdb sq471 ?\gh ! report] seems to ov]look ! possibility t su* ideas may be adopt$ by a tribe4 ,free?9k+ ideas h1 ( c\rse1 by f> ! lea/ *ance ( curr5cy4 ,! "y folks ( ,libombo us$ to blaspheme 9 _! he>ts1 say+1 ',!re are no ,gods4' ,b1 add$ ! witness1 we v soon saw t !re 7 "s1 :5 !y kill$ "o ( u1 :o trod on a snake 7"w cit$1 pp4 #ced-ee74 ,t te/imony illu/rates well ! difficulties ( rational progress 9 a primitive community4 ,b at times ! process may be enc\rag$ by ! environm5t4 ,! e>ly mission>y ,ellis gives an in/ance ( a community 9 ,hawaii t _h ab&on$ all religi\s practices3 ,we ask$ !m :o 0 _! ,god4 ,!y said !y _h no ,god2 =m]ly !y _h _m3 b n[ !y _h ca/ !m all away4 ,we ask$ !m if !y _h done well 9 aboli%+ !m4 ,!y said ',yes1' = tabu _h occasion$ mu* lab\r & inconv5i5ce1 & dra9$ (f ! be/ ( _! prop]ty4 ,we ask$ !m if x 0 a good ?+ to h no ,god4444 ,!y said p]haps x 02 = !y _h no?+ to provide = ! great sacrifices1 & 7 "u no fe> ( puni%m5t = break+ tabu2 t n[ "o fire cook$ _! food1 & m5 & wom5 ate toge!r ! same k9d ( provisions4 7,w4 ,ellis1 ,t\r ,?r\gh ,hawaii or ,o:yhee1 #ahbg1 p4 #ajj47 ,! community 9 "q _h 9 _! own way rea*$ ! ,lucretian v]dict1 ,tantum relligio potuit suad]e malorum4 ,unless1 aga91 su* witnesses z ,m(fat be unfai?ful report]s z well z mi/ak5 9 _! inf]5ces1 "s ( ! natives ) :om !y dealt 7 all b devoid ( ! ord9>y religi\s notions #hj :i* 9 ! case ( o!r natives h enabl$ ! mission>ies to plant _! doctr9es4 ,nor is !re any?+ h>d ( belief 9 ! idea t1 j z special religi\s movem5ts spread cr$5ce 9 c]ta9 p]iods1 a lack ( active tea*]s 9 c]ta9 tribes may = a "t h let previ\sly common beliefs pass almo/ out ( k4 ,if x be true t ! ,black ,dea? wr\ght a great decl9e 9 ! ecclesia/ical life ( ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 #ha a long p]iod ( life-de/roy+ conditions might elim9ate f ! life ( a savage tribe all lore save t ( prim>y self-pres]vation4 ,m(fat incid5tally notes ! significant fact t ra9-mak]s 9 8 "t 7 usually =eign]s to ! tribes 9 :i* !y op]at$4 #hb ,! explanation is p>tly t giv5 by him lat]1 t a ra9-mak] seldom dies a natural dea?1 #hc mo/ be+ execut$ z impo/ors = _! failures4 ,to ?is effect !re are _m te/imonies4 #hd ,among ! ,bu%m51 says ,li*t5/e91 :5 a magician happ5s to h pr$ict$ falsely sev]al times 9 succession1 he is ?ru/ out ( ! kraal1 & v likely burn$ or put to dea? 9 "s o!r way4 #he ,a celebrat$ magician1 says ,burton aga91 r>ely if ev] dies a natural dea?4 #hf ,& x is told ( ! p ( ,niue1 or ,savage ,isl&1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 t ( old !y _h k+s2 b z !y 7 ! high prie/s z well1 & 7 suppos$ to cause ! food to gr[1 ! p got angry ) !m 9 times ( sc>city1 & kill$ !m2 & z "o aft] ! o!r 0 kill$1 ! end ( x 0 t no "o wi%$ to be k+4 #hg ,s1 9 ,ug&a1 if a *ief & 8 m$ic9e-m5 _c make ra91 8 :ole exi/5ce is at /ake 9 times ( di/ress4 ,"o *ief 0 actually driv5 out2 & ! ra9-doctors always live on suff]ance4 #hh ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s religion might well lose vogue4 ,among "s peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 x appe>s1 ! regul> prie/s1 despite _! p[] & pre/ige1 are always "u suspicion by reason ( _! frequ5t misc>riages2 & !y are--or 7--n unfrequ5tly put to dea?4 #hi ,"h !re is disbelief 9 ! prie/ )\t disbelief 9 ! ,god4 ,b a disbelief 9 ! prie/ :i* t5d$ to ext]m9ate him might well dim9i% religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a relative indiff]5ce to religion 9 a giv5 tribe might result f ! influ5ce ( "o or m lead+ m5 :o spontane\sly d\bt$ ! religi\s doctr9e (f]$ to !m1 z _m 9 ,israel1 on ! face ( ! prie/ly records1 disbeliev$ 9 ! :ole !ocratic polity4 ,9 mod]n times prea*]s are con/antly f\nd *>g+ unbelief on _! own flocks1 9 respect n ( any criticism ( religi\s n>rative or dogma1 b ( simple lack ( o/5sible fai? 9 doctr9es ( pray] & ,provid5ce nom9ally accept$4 #ij ,among peasants :o h nev] se5 a free?9k+ book or he>d a pr(ess$ free?9k]'s argum5ts may be he>d expressions ( spontane\s unfai? 9 curr5t doctr9es ( ,provid5ce4 ,?is is b a type ( v>iations possible 9 primitive societies4 ,despite ! social pot5cy ( primitive cu/om1 v>iation may be surmis$ to occur 9 ! m5tal z 9 ! physical life at all /ages2 & :at normally happ5s 9 savag]y & l[ civilization appe>s to be a cancelm5t ( ! skeptical v>iation by ! total circum/ances--! /r5g? ( ! g5]al lead to sup]naturalism1 ! plausibility ( su* beliefs to ! av]age intellig5ce1 & ! impossibility ( sett+ up skeptical in/itutions to oppose ! o!rs4 ,9 civiliz$ ages skeptical movem5ts are repeat$ly se5 to dw9dle = simple lack ( in/itutions2 :i*1 h[ev]1 are spontane\sly set up by & s]ve z su/a9]s ( religi\s sy/ems4 ,on ! simpl] level ( savag]y1 skeptical p]sonalities w\ld 9 ! long run fail to affirm !mselves z aga9/ ! in/itutions ( ord9>y savage religion--! seasonal fea/s1 ! c]emonies att5d+ bir? & dea?1 ! use ( rituals1 images1 *>ms1 sorc]y1 all t5d+ to /imulate & cons]ve sup]natural beliefs 9 g5]al4 ,only ! abnormally c\rage\s w\ld d>e outspok5ly to d\bt or d5y at all2 & _! d>+ w\ld put !m 9 special jeop>dy4 #ia ,! anci5t maxim1 ,primus 9 orbe deos fecit timor1 is v]ifi$ by all mod]n /udy ( primitive life4 #ib ,x is a rec5t travell] :o gives ! def9ition3 ,feti%ism is ! result ( ! ef=ts ( ! savage intellig5ce seek+ aft] a !ory :i* w acc\nt = ! app>5t ho/ility ( nature to man4 #ic ,& ?is incalculable =ce ( fe> is con/antly exploit$ by ! religi\s bias f ! e>lie/ /ages ( sorc]y4 #id ,! *eck to intellectual evolution w\ld "h be on all f\rs ) "s ( ! *ecks inf]ribly at "w 9 e>ly moral evolution1 :]e ! types ) ! high] ideals w\ld seem (t5 to be positively endang]$ by _! peculi>ity1 & w\ld ?us be ! less likely to multiply4 ,& :at happ5$ z betwe5 man & man w\ld fur!r t5d to happ5 at times z betwe5 communities4 ,giv5 ! possible case ( a tribe s well plac$ z to be unusually little affect$ by fe> ( enemies & ! natural =ces1 ! influ5ce ( rationali/ic *iefs or ( respect$ tribesm5 might set up = a "t a consid]able anti-religi\s v>iation1 involv+ at lea/ a m9imiz+ ( religi\s doctr9e & practices4 ,su* a case is actually se5 among ! prosp]\s peoples ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 "s ( :om1 l ! poor] tribes kn[n to ,m(fat1 h no m$ic9e-m5 ( _! own1 & v vague notions ( deity4 #ie ,b :5 su* a tribe did *ance to come into conflict ) o!rs m religi\s1 x w\ld be peculi>ly obnoxi\s to !m2 &1 be+ 9 ! t]ms ( ! case unw>like1 its *ance ( survival on ! old l9es w\ld be small4 ,su* a possibility is sugge/$ ) "s vividness by ! famili> contra/ betwe5 ! mod]n communities ( ,fiji & ,samoa--! =m] cruel1 cannibali/ic1 & religi\s1 ! latt] mu* less au/]ely religi\s & mu* m humane4 ,! f]oci\s ,fijians look$ ^u ! ,samoans ) horror1 because !y _h no religion1 no belief 9 any su* deities z ! ,fijians'1 nor any ( ! sangu9>y rites :i* prevail$ 9 o!r isl&s 7,sp5c]1 ,/udy ( ,sociology1 pp4 #bic-id1 foll[+ ,j4 ,williams1 ,n>rative ( ,mission>y ,ent]prise 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 ed4 #ahcg1 pp4 #edj-da2 cp4 ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,w4 ,murray1 ,=ty ,ye>s' ,mission ,"w1 #ahgf1 p4 #aga74 ,! no religion is1 ( c\rse1 only relatively true4 ,mr4 ,lang has notic$ ! error ( ! phrase ! godless ,samoans 7cp4 ,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago1 #ahhd1 pp4 #af-ag72 b1 :ile sugge/+ t ! facts are ! o!r way1 he admits t 9 _! cre$ ! religi\s s5tim5t has already become m or less self-consci\s1 & has begun to reason on its own practices 7,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 ii1 #cd2 #bnd ed41 ii1 #eh74 ,tak+ ! ph5om5a all along ! l9e ( evolution1 we are l$ to ! g5]alization t ! rationali/ic t5d5cy1 e>ly or late1 l ! religi\s t5d5cy1 is a v>iation :i* prosp]s at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t degrees relatively to ! fav\rabl5ess ( ! environm5t4 ,?is view w be set =? 9 "s detail 9 ! c\rse ( our hi/ory4 ,x is n1 f9ally1 a m]e surmise t individual savages & semi-savages 9 our own "t v>y t[>ds disbelief 9 ! sup]naturalism ( _! fell[s4 ,to say no?+ ( ! rational skepticism exhibit$ by ! ,zulu conv]ts ( ,bi%op ,col5so1 :i* 0 ! means ( op5+ 8 eyes to ! incr$ibility ( ! ,p5tateu*1 #if or ( ! rationalism ( ! ,african *ief :o debat$ ) ,sir ,samuel ,bak] ! possibility ( a future /ate1 #ig we h ! express mission>y record t ! =cible suppression ( idolatry & tabu & ! prie/hood by ,k+ ,rihoriho 9 ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 9 #ahai1 0 accompli%$ n only be=e ! arrival ( any mission>y1 b on purely common-s5se gr\nds1 & ) no ?\ght ( fur!r+ ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh he _h he>d ( ! sub/itution ( ,*ri/ianity = ! native religion by ,pom>e 9 ,tahiti4 ,rihoriho simply desir$ to save 8 wives & o!r wom5 f ! cruel pressure ( ! tabu sy/em1 & to div]t ! prie/s' rev5ues to secul> purposes2 & he actually _h "s /rong prie/ly support4 #ih ,_h n ! mission>y sy/em soon foll[$1 h[ev]1 ! old wor%ip1 :i* _h be5 desp]ately def5d$ 9 battle at ! in/igation ( ! cons]vative prie/s1 w\ld 9 all probability h gr[n up afre%1 ?\gh p]haps ) modifications4 ,! savage & semi-savage social conditions1 tak5 z a :ole1 are fatally unpropiti\s to rationalism4 ,a p>allel case to t ( ,rihoriho is t ( ,k+ ,f9[ ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 describ$ by ,m>9]1 :o 0 8 intimate4 ,f9[ 0 not$ = 8 want ( religion4 ,he us$ to say t ! ,gods w\ld always fav\r t p>ty 9 w> 9 :i* !re 7 ! greate/ *iefs & w>riors--! ,european mot /rictly adapt$ to ,fiji conditions4 ,he did n believe t ! ,gods paid mu* att5tion 9 o!r respects to ! affairs ( mank9d2 nor did he ?9k t !y c\ld h any reason = do+ s--no m ?an m5 c\ld h any reason or int]e/ 9 att5d+ to ! affairs ( ! ,gods4 ,= ! re/1 x is c]ta9 t he disbeliev$ mo/ ( ! oracles deliv]$ by ! prie/s1 ?\gh he c>efully us$ !m = political & milit>y purposes2 & he acquiesc$ 9 ! usage ( human sacrifices--p>ticul>ly on 8 own acc\nt--:ile pr(ess+ to deplore ! ta/e ( ! ,gods 9 ^! matt]s4 ,8 own dea? seems to h be5 ! result ( poison+ by a prie/1 :om ! k+ _h plann$ to /rangle4 ,! k+'s daught] 0 sick1 & ! prie/1 in/ead ( br++ ab\t h] recov]y by 8 pray]s1 h>dily expla9$ t ! illness 0 ! act ( ! ,gods 9 puni%m5t ( ! k+'s frequ5t disrespect to !m4 ,daught] & fa!r 7 alt]nately ill1 till ! =m] di$2 & !n x 0 t ! k+1 by disclos+ 8 resolve to /rangle ! prie/1 br\ght on 8 own dea? 7#ahaj74 ,a few w>riors 7 dispos$ to take rev5ge on ! prie/2 b ! majority1 on le>n+ ! facts1 %udd]$ at ! impi\s design ( ! late k+1 & reg>d$ 8 dea? z ! natural v5geance ( ! ,gods4 ,b1 ?\gh su* impiety z 8 0 v r>e1 8 son aft] him decid$ to aboli% ! prie/ly (fice ( div9e *iefta91 on ! score t x 0 se5 to avail = no?+1 :ile x co/ a good deal2 & ! *iefs & common p 7 soon br\ght to acquiesce 9 ! policy4 #ii ,su* cases appe> to occur 9 _m b>b>\s communities4 ,x is record$ ( ! ,kaffir *ief ,g t he 0 p]fectly aw>e ( ! holl[ness ( ! pret5sions ( ! magicians & ra9-mak]s ( 8 tribe1 ?\gh he held x impolitic to break ) !m1 & call$ !m 9 & foll[$ _! prescriptions1 z did 8 subjects4 #ajj ,( ! ,galeka *ief ,segidi x is simil>ly told t1 :ile 8 m$ic9e-m5 w5t into trances = occult k prep>atory to a milit>y exp$ition1 he c>efully obta9$ real in=mation ?r\gh spies1 &1 :ile lib]ally rew>d+ 8 wiz>ds1 s5t 8 sons to s*ool at ,bly?swood4 #aja ,yet aga91 9 ,b$e's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 we h ! /ory ( ,k+ ,edw9's prie/1 ,coifi1 navely av[+ t he saw no virtue 9 8 religion1 #ajb inasmu* z _m m5 receiv$ m royal fav\rs ?an he1 :o _h be5 mo/ dilig5t 9 s]v+ ! ,gods4 #ajc ,su* a decl>ation might v well h be5 arrang$ = by ! ,*ri/ian ,bi%op ,paul9us1 :o 0 conv]t+ ! k+1 & w\ld naturally provide = ,coifi2 b on any view a process ( skepticism _h tak5 place 9 ! b>b>ian's m9d4 #ajd ,o!r illu/rations come f ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,sc&9avia4 ,grimm notes 9 sev]al ,norse sagas & songs expressions ( contempt = v>i\s ,gods1 :i* appe> to be indep5d5t ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce2 #aje & _m w>riors cont9u$ alike ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,pagan deities4 ,9 ! saga ( ,k+ ,olaf ,tryggvason1 :o en=c$ ,*ri/ianity on ,norway1 x is decl>$ by "o *ief t he reli$ mu* m on 8 own arm ?an on ,?or & ,od92 :ile ano!r ann\nc$ t he 0 nei!r ,*ri/ian nor ,pagan1 add+3 ,my companions & ,i h no o!r religion ?an ! confid5ce ( our own /r5g? & 9 ! good success :i* always att5ds u 9 w>4 ,simil> s5tim5ts are record$ to h be5 utt]$ by ,rolf ,krake1 a leg5d>y k+ ( ,d5m>k 7circa #ejj72 #ajf & we h 9 ! neid ! classic type--d\btless drawn f b>b>ic life--( ,mez5tius1 divum contemptor1 :o calls 8 "r arm 8 ,god1 & 9 dy+ decl>es t he appeals to no deity4 #ajg ,su* utt]ances1 inde$1 d n am\nt to rational free?9k+2 b1 :]e "s c\ld be ?us capable ( anti-!ism1 x is reasonable to surmise t among ! m reflective !re 7 "s capable ( simple a!ism or non-belief1 & ( ! prud5ce ( keep+ ! fact to !mselves4 ,p>tial skepticism1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be mu* m common1 z among ! ,aryan ,kafirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 ) :om1 be=e _! conque/ by ! ,ame] ( ,afghani/an1 a ,briti% ag5t f\nd among ! y\ng] m5 an incl9ation to be skeptical ab\t "s sacr$ c]emonies1 :ile v s9c]e 9 _! wor%ip ( _! fav\rite deity1 ! ,god ( w>4 #ajh ,x is ?us se5 to be inaccurate to say1 z has be5 said by an accompli%$ antagoni/ ( apriorism1 t "u ! yoke ( tribal cu/om skepticism c h>dly arise3 !re is no place = ! half-he>t$3 z all m5 feel alike1 s all ?9k alike3 skepticism arises :5 beliefs are put into =mal propositions4 #aji ,x is broadly true t !re is no place = ! d\bt] z su* 9 ! tribal society2 b d\bt]s d exi/4 ,skepticism--9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is "h us$1 t ( rational disbelief--may ev5 be common] 9 "s /ages ( ! life ( tribal cu/oms ?an 9 "s /ages ( backw>d civilization load$ ) =mulat$ cre$s4 ,:at is true is t 9 ! primitive life ! rationalism necess>ily fails1 = lack ( culture & in/itutions1 to diffuse & e/abli% itself1 :]eas sup]/ition succe$s1 be+ naturally in/itution-mak+4 ,"u su* conditions skepticism is b a recurr5t v>iation4 #aaj ,x is significant1 fur!r1 t 9 ! =ego+ cases ( unbelief at ! l[] levels ( civilization x is only ! high rank ( ! d\bt] t secures publication = ! fact ( ! d\bt4 ,9 ,hawaii1 or ,tonga1 only a k+'s unbelief c\ld make itself hi/orically he>d4 ,s 9 ! famili> /ory ( ! d\bt+ ,inca ( ,p]u1 :o 9 public religi\s assembly is said to h av[$ 8 conclusion t ! deifi$ ,sun 0 n really a liv+ ?+1 x is ! /atus ( ! speak] t gives 8 words a record4 ,! d\bt _h 9 all likelihood be5 long curr5t among ! wise m5 ( ,p]u2 x is inde$ ascrib$ to two or ?ree diff]5t ,incas2 #aaa b1 save = ! ,incas' promulgation ( x1 hi/ory w\ld be> no trace ( ,p]uvian skepticism4 ,s aga9 9 ! ,acolhuan ,/ate ( ,tezcuco1 ! mo/ civiliz$ 9 ! ,new ,_w be=e ! ,spani% conque/1 ! great ,k+ ,netzahualcoyotl is f\nd oppos+ ! cults ( human sacrifice & wor%ipp+ an unkn[n ,god1 )\t an image & ) only inc5se = (f]+4 #aab ,only ! k+ 9 su* an environm5t c\ld put on record su* a conception4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 reason to believe t all anci5t ameliorations ( bloody rites 7 ! "w ( humane k+s or *iefs1 #aac z !y are kn[n to h be5 among semi-savages 9 our own day4 #aad ,9 b>e ju/ice we are b\nd to surmise t simil> developm5ts ( rationalism h be5 fairly frequ5t 9 unwritt5 hi/ory1 & t !re mu/ h be5 mu* ( x among ! common folk2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v position ( a savage k+1 & ! special en]gy ( "* :i* usually goes to secure x1 may c\nt = mu* 9 giv+ him ! c\rage to ?9k 9 defiance ( cu/om4 ,9 mod]n z 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times1 x is always to ! *ief or k+ ( a savage or b>b>\s tribe t ! mission>y looks = p]mission to proce$ aga9/ ! =ce ( popul> cons]vatism4 #aae ,ap>t f k+s & *iefs1 ! prie/hood itself w\ld be ! likelie/ soil = skepticism1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n = ! op5 av[al ( x4 ,!re are to be not$1 f9ally1 ! facts collect$ z to m>k$ skeptical v>iation among *ildr52 #aaf & ! express evid5ce t x has n be5 f\nd 9 a s+le in/ance t an un$ucat$ deaf-mute has _h any conception ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+ z ! ,creator & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4 #aag ,^! latt] ph5om5a d n1 ( c\rse1 entitle u to accept ,pr(essor ,gruppe's sweep+ !orem t x is ! religi\s v>iation t is abnormal1 & t religion c h spread only by way ( ! h]$it>y imposition ( ! orig9al insanity ( "o or two on ! imag9ation ( ! _m4 #aah ,deaf-mutes are n normal organisms4 ,b all ! facts toge!r entitle u to decide t religion1 broadly speak+1 is b ! v>iation t has *iefly fl\ri%$1 by reason ( its adaptation to ! prevail+ environm5t ?us f>2 & to reject z unsci5tific ! =mulas :i*1 ev5 9 ! face ( ! rapidly-spread+ rationalism ( ! m civiliz$ nations1 /ill affirm sup]naturali/ beliefs to be a univ]sal necessity ( ! human m9d4 ,on ! same gr\nds1 we mu/ reject ! claim--arbitr>ily set up by "o hi/orian 9 ! v act ( %[+ h[ religion hi/orically oppugns sci5ce--t all sacr$ books z su* are true because !y h be5 develop$ 9 accordance ) ! laws gov]n+ ! evolution ( tru? 9 human hi/ory2 & because 9 poem1 *ronicle1 code1 leg5d1 my?1 apologue1 or p>able1 !y reflect ?is developm5t ( :at is be/ 9 ! onw>d m>* ( humanity4 #aai ,9 ?is proposition ! op5+ words1 are true because are /rictly mean+less4 ,all lit]ature :atev] has be5 develop$ "u ! same g5]al laws4 ,b if x be meant t sacr$ books 7 specially likely to g>n] tru? z su*1 ! claim mu/ be negat$4 ,9 t]ms ( ! :ole demon/ration ( ! bias ( !ology aga9/ new tru? 9 mod]n times1 ! irresi/ible presumption is t 9 e>li] times also ! !ological & !ocratic _s 0 9 g5]al ho/ile to e process by :i* tru? is normally atta9$4 ,& if ! !sis be limit$ to moral tru?1 x is /ill less cr$ible4 ,x is1 9 fact1 inconceivable t lit]ature s ne> ! popul> level z to suit :ole prie/hoods %\ld be morally ! be/ ( :i* ev5 ! age produc+ x is capable2 & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t enlight5$ e?ic has always _h to impea* or expla9 away ! b>b>isms ( "s sacr$ books4 ,! true summ>y is t 9 all cases ! accept$ sacr$ books h ( necessity fall5 %ort n only ( sci5tific tru? & ( pure e?ic1 b ev5 ( ! be/ speculation & ! be/ e?ic ( ! "t ( _! acceptance1 inasmu* z !y exclud$ ! criticism ( ! free?9k+ few on ! sacr$ books !mselves4 ,!re is sociological z well z physical sci5ce1 & ! =m] is fl\t$ :5 ! :ole free?9k+ ( ! human race 9 ! p]iod ( ,bible-mak+ is ei!r ignor$ or treat$ z wor?less4 ,x is probable1 = in/ance1 t 9 all /ages ( primitive religion !re h be5 disbeliev]s 9 ! value ( sacrifice1 :o might or might n d>e to d5\nce ! practice4 ,! demurr]s to x 9 ! ,hebrew prophetic lit]ature are probably late2 b !y 7 9 all likelihood anticipat$ 9 e>ly times4 ,among ! ,fijians1 = :om cannibalism 0 an ess5tially religi\s act1 & ! privilege ( ! males ( ! ari/ocracy1 !re 7 a numb] ( ! latt] :o1 be=e & ap>t f ! entrance ( ,*ri/ianity1 abom9at$ & d5\nc$ ! practice1 reason+ aga9/ x also on utilit>ian gr\nds1 :ile ! or?odox made x out to be a social duty4 ,!re 7 ev5 :ole t[ns :i* revolt$ aga9/ x & made x tabu2 & x 0 by =ce ma9ly ( ?is rationali/ic reaction t ! mission>ies succe$$ s readily 9 putt+ d[n ! usage4 #abj ,x is impossible to e/imate h[ (t5 9 ! pa/ su* a revolt ( reason aga9/ religi\s insanity has be5 ov]borne by ! =ces ( pi\s habit4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,progress ,,"u ,,anci5t ,,religions #a4 ,,e>ly ,,association ,,& ,,competition ,,( ,,cults ,:5 religion has ent]$ on ! /age ( quasi-civiliz$ organization1 ) fix$ leg5ds or docum5ts1 temples1 & ! rudim5ts ( hi]>*ies1 ! increas$ =ces ( t]rorism & cons]vatism are 9 ne>ly all cases se5 to be 9 "p c\nt]vail$ by ! simple int]action ( ! sy/ems ( diff]5t communities4 ,!re is no m ubiquit\s =ce 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! subject1 op]at+ z x does 9 anci5t ,assyria1 9 ! life ( ,v$ic ,india & ,confucian ,*9a1 & 9 ! div]se hi/ories ( progressive ,greece & relatively /ation>y ,egypt1 d[n ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages to our own p]iod ( comp>ative /udies4 ,9 ages :5 any dispassionate comp>ative /udy 0 impossible1 religi\s sy/ems appe> to h be5 consid]ably modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ^? ( conqu]$ peoples on ^? ( _! conqu]ors1 & vice v]s4 ,peoples :o :ile at arm's l5g? w\ld insult & affect to despise ea* o!r's ,gods1 & w\ld d]ide ea* o!r's my?s1 #aba appe> frequ5tly to h alt]$ _! attitude :5 "o _h conqu]$ ! o!r2 & ?is n because ( any special gr[? ( sympa?y1 b by =ce ( ! old motive ( fe>4 ,9 ! /age ( natural poly!ism no nation really d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods ( ano!r2 at mo/1 l ! ,hebrews ( ! e>ly hi/oric p]iod1 x w\ld set its own ,god above ! o!rs1 call+ him ,"l ( ,lords4 ,b1 e community hav+ its own ,god1 he rema9$ a local p[] ev5 :5 8 own wor%ipp]s 7 conqu]$1 & 8 cult & lore 7 respect$ accord+ly4 ,?is proc$ure1 :i* has be5 sometimes attribut$ to ! ,romans 9 p>ticul> z a /roke ( political sagacity1 0 ! normal & natural c\rse ( poly!ism4 ,?us 9 ! ,hebrew books ! ,assyrian conqu]or is repres5t$ z admitt+ t x is necess>y to leave a prie/ :o kn[s ! mann] ( ! ,god ( ! l& among ! new inhabitants he has plant$ !re4 ,see #b ,k+s xvii1 #bf4 ,cp4 ,ru? i1 #af1 & ,judges xvii1 #ac4 ,! acc\nt by ,h]odotos 7ii1 #aga7 ( ! pres]vation ( ! ,pelasgic rites ( ,dmtr by ! wom5 ( ,arcadia po9ts to ! same pr9ciple4 ,see also h]e9aft]1 *4 vi1 #a2 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to a ,sci4 ,/udy ( ,my?ol41 ,eng4 trans41 p4 #aic2 ,adolf ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 #ahfj1 i1 #ahi2 ,rhys1 ,celtic ,brita91 #bnd ed41 p4 #fi2 ,max ,mll]1 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #afd2 ,gibbon1 *4 xxxiv--,bohn ed41 iii1 #eed1 note2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i1 #aac-ae2 & ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons's ,introd4 to ! ,hi/4 ( ,relig41 #ahif1 pp4 #cf-dj1 :]e ! fe> felt by conqu]+ races = ! occult p[]s ( ! conqu]$ is limit$ to ! sph]e ( magic4 ,b :5 ,dr4 ,jevons s def9es magic z to admit ( 8 proposition 7p4 #ch7 t ! ho/ility f ! beg9n+ betwe5 religion & magic is univ]sally admitt$1 he ?r[s into confusion ! :ole ph5om5a ( ! e>ly (ficial-religi\s practice ( magic1 ( :i* sacrifice & pray] are ! type-=ms t h be/ surviv$4 ,& 9 ! end he upsets 8 def9ition by not+ 7p4 #dj7 h[ magic1 ev5 :]e its relation to religion is "o ( av[$ ho/ility1 w imitate religion4 ,obvi\sly magic is a function or aspect or elem5t ( primitive religion 7cp4 ,rosk(f1 ,das ,religionswes5 d] rohe/5 ,naturvlk]1 #ahhj1 p4 #add2 ,sayce1 pp4 #cae1 #cai1 #cbg1 & passim2 & ,tiele1 ,egyptian ,rel41 pp4 #bb1 #cb72 & any ho/ility1 f> f be+ univ]sal1 is ei!r a social or a philosophical diff]5tiation4 ,on ! :ole "q comp>e ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #aa-ch4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,web] 7,hi/4 ( ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #bfd7 ! magic arts f\nd a m & m fruitful soil z ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,h9dus progress$2 s t !y n[1 9 fact1 reign almo/ supreme4 ,see aga9 ,dr4 ,jevons's own lat] admission1 p4 #cie1 :]e ! exception ( ,*ri/ianity is some:at arbitr>y4 ,on ?is comp>e ,kant1 ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 ,b4 iv1 ,?4 ii1 #c4 ,simil> cases h be5 not$ 9 primitive cults /ill surviv+4 ,fe> ( ! magic p[]s ( l[] or conqu]$ races is 9 fact normal :]ev] belief 9 wiz>dry survives2 & to ! g5]al t5d5cy may be conjecturally ascrib$ su* ph5om5a z t ( ! ,saturnalia1 9 :i* ma/]s & slaves *ang$ places1 & ! in/itution ( ! ,levites among ! ,hebrews1 o!rwise only my?ically expla9$4 ,b if conqu]ors & conqu]$ ?us t5d$ to amalgamate or associate _! cults1 equally w\ld alli$ tribes t5d to d s2 &1 :5 p>ticul> ,gods ( diff]5t gr\ps 7 se5 to correspond 9 respect ( special attributes1 a fur!r analysis w\ld be enc\rag$4 ,h5ce1 ) e ext5sion ( e ,/ate1 e advance 9 int]c\rse made 9 peace or ?r\gh w>1 !re w\ld be a fur!r comp>ison ( cr$5ces1 a fur!r *all5ge to ! reason+ p[]s ( ?\ghtful m54 ,on ! normal t5d5cy to def] to local deities1 comp>e ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 z la/ cit$2 ,b4 ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 #aijh1 p4 #aab2 ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-,speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 #ahhg1 p4 #adg1 & ,! ,ewe-,speak+ ,peoples1 #ahij1 p4 #ee2 ,p4 ,wurm1 ,h&bu* d] ,religionsges*i*te1 #bte ,aufl41 p4 #dc 7z to ,madagasc>72 ,sir ,h4 ,john/on1 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 #aijb1 ii1 #ehi2 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 iii1 #ahf2 ,p4 ,kropotk91 ,memoirs ( a ,revolutioni/1 ed4 #aijh1 p4 #aia2 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 #aijj1 pp4 #ef1 #hd2 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india1 #aiji1 i1 #hf-hg1 #id1 #ajj2 iii1 #ahh2 iv1 #agj2 v1 #dfg-fh2 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,! ,todas1 #aijf1 p4 #bfc2 ,rae1 ,! ,:ite ,sea ,p59sula1 #ahha1 p4 #bfb2 lie ,reclus1 ,primitive ,folk1 pp4 #bed-ef2 ,grant ,all51 ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 #ahig1 pp4 #bhi1 #cja-cjb2 ,ca/rn1 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,f9nis*e ,my?ologie1 #ahec1 p4 #bha2 ,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 #ahib1 p4 #adj1 cit+ ,we9hold1 ,deuts*e ,frau51 i1 #aje2 ,gob9eau1 ,les religions et les philosophies dans l',asie c5trale1 #b;e d4 p4 #fg2 ,e4 ,higg9s1 ,hebrew ,idolatry & ,sup]/ition1 #ahic1 pp4 #bj1 #bd2 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ahhi1 p4 #gg2 ,wellhaus51 ,heid5?um1 pp4 #abi1 #ahc1 cit$ by ,smi?1 p4 #gi2 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #fe2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed4 ii1 #gb4 ,above all1 see ! record 9 ,old ,new ,zeal&1 by a ,pakeha ,maori 7#bnd ed4 ,auckl&1 #ahfc1 p4 #aed71 ( ! believ+ resort ( "s :ite m5 to native wiz>ds 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,/ev5son1 aga91 is evid5tly proce$+ ^u obs]vation :5 he makes 8 trad] 9 ,! ,bea* ( ,fales say3 ,we laugh at ! natives & _! sup]/itions2 b see h[ _m trad]s take !m up1 spl5didly educat$ :ite m5 t h be5 bookkeep]s 7"s ( !m7 & cl]ks 9 ! old c\ntry 7,isl& ,nights' ,ent]ta9m5ts1 #ahic1 pp4 #ajd-aje74 ,9 ,abyss9ia1 ,galla sorc]esses are frequ5tly call$ 9 by ! ,*ri/ians ( ,%oa to transf] sickness or to rid ! h\se ( evil spirits 7,major ,w4 ,cornwallis ,h>ris1 ,! ,highl&s ( ,ae?iopia1 #ahdd1 iii1 #ej74 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ,sudanese tribes believe 9 ! virtue bo? ( ,*ri/ian & ,moslem amulets1 b h hi!rto l5t a deaf e> to ! prea*]s ( bo? ^! religions 7,a4 ,h4 ,keane1 ,man1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #aijj1 p4 #ej74 ,?is t5d5cy did n exclude1 b w\ld 9 c]ta9 cases conflict )1 ! /rong primitive t5d5cy to associate e ,god p]man5tly ) 8 suppos$ orig9al locality4 ,tiele writes 7,hi/4 ( ! ,egypt4 ,relig41 ,eng4 trans4 introd4 p4 xvii7 t 9 no case 0 a place giv5 to ! ,gods ( "o nation 9 ano!r's pan!on if !y did n :olly alt] _! =m1 "*1 appe>ance1 & n seldom _! v "n4 ,?is seems an ov]-/atem5t1 & is inconsi/5t ) ,tiele's own /atem5t 7,hi/4 comp>e des anc4 relig4 gypti5nes et smitiques1 ,fr5* trans41 #ahhb1 pp4 #agd-hj7 z to ! adoption ( ,sum]ian & ,akkadian ,gods & cre$s by ! ,semites4 ,:at is cle> is t local cults resi/$ ! removal ( _! ,gods' images2 & ! attempt to deport su* images to ,babylon1 ?us affect+ ! monopoly ( ! ,god ( ,babylon himself1 0 a ma9 cause ( ! fall ( ,nabonidos1 :o 0 driv5 out by ,cyrus4 7,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i 7#ahhd71 #eii47 ,b ! ,assyrians invok$ ,bel ,m]oda* ( ,babylon1 aft] !y _h conqu]$ ,babylon1 9 t]ms ( 8 own ritual2 ev5 z ,israelites (t5 invok$ ! ,gods ( ,canaan 7cp4 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,relig4 ( ! ,anc4 ,babylonians1 p4 #abc74 ,& ,k+ ,m>d\k-nad9akhe ( ,babylon1 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c41 c>ri$ (f /atues ( ! ,assyrian ,gods f ! t[n ( ,hekali to ,babylon1 :]e !y 7 kept captive = #dah ye>s 7,masp]o1 ,hi/4 anc4 des peuples de l'ori5t1 #d;e d4 p4 #cjj74 ,a ,god c\ld migrate ) 8 wor%ipp]s f city to city 7,mey]1 iii1 #afi2 ,sayce1 p4 #abd72 & ! ,assyrian scribe class ma9ta9$ ! wor%ip ( _! special ,god ,nebo :]ev] !y w5t1 ?\gh he 0 a local ,god to />t ) 7,sayce1 pp4 #aag1 #aai1 #aba74 ,& z to ! recognition ( ! ,gods ( diff]5t ,egyptian cities by politic k+s1 see ,tiele's own /atem5t1 p4 #cf4 ,cp4 8 ,outl9es1 pp4 #gc1 #hd1 #bjg4 ,a concrete k ( ! multiplicity ( cults1 !n1 0 obtrud$ on ! leisur$ & travell$ m5 ( ! e>ly empires & ( su* a civilization z t ( ,hellas2 #abb & :5 to su* k !re 0 add$ a sci5tific a/ronomy 7! e>lie/ to be con/itut$ ( ! concrete sci5ces71 a revision ( beliefs by su* m5 0 inevitable4 #abc ,x might take ! =m ei!r ( a gu>d$ skepticism or ( a mon>*ic !ology1 answ]+ to ! organization ( ! actual e>?ly empire2 & ! latt] view1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 w\ld mu* ! m easily ga9 gr\nd4 ,! free?\ght ( e>ly civilization1 !n1 w\ld be practically limit$ = a long "t to movem5ts 9 ! direction ( co-ord9at+ poly!ism1 to ! end ( sett+ up a supreme ?\gh n a sole deity2 ! *ief ,god 9 any giv5 case be+ apt to be ! ,god specially affect$ by ! reign+ mon>*4 ,allocation ( sph]es ( influ5ce to ! pr9cipal deities w\ld be ! work+ m9imum ( plausible adju/m5t1 s9ce only 9 "s su* way c\ld ! e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( ! regul>ity ( ! heav5s be =mally accommodat$ to ! curr5t wor%ip2 & :]ev] !re 0 mon>*y1 ev5 if ! mon>* 7 poly!i/ic1 !re 0 a lead to gradation among ! ,gods4 #abd ,a pan!i/ic conception w\ld be ! highe/ /ret* ( rationalism t c\ld h any vogue ev5 among ! educat$ class4 ,all ! :ile e advance 0 liable to ! ill-=tune ( ov]?r[ or arre/ at ! h&s ( an invad+ b>b>ism1 :i* ev5 9 adopt+ ! sy/em ( an e/abli%$ prie/hood w\ld be m likely to /iff5 ?an to develop x4 ,e>ly rationalism1 9 %ort1 w\ld %>e 9 ! fluctuations ( e>ly civilization2 & a*ievem5ts ( ?\ght w\ld repeat$ly be swept away1 ev5 z 7 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! con/ructive arts4 #b4 ,,! ,,process ,,9 ,,india ,! process ?us d$ucible f ! ma9 conditions is f\nd actually happ5+ 9 m ?an "o ( ! anci5t cultures1 z _! hi/ory is n[ sket*$4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* if n ! olde/ is ! lea/ alt]$ ( ! ,ea/]n ,sacr$ ,books1 ! ma9 l9e ( *ange is obvi\s en\gh4 ,x rema9s s f> matt] ( conjecture to :at ext5t ! e>ly ,v$ic cults conta9 matt] adopt$ f non-,aryan ,asiatic peoples2 b no o!r hypo!sis seems to acc\nt = ! special developm5t ( ! cult ( ,agni 9 ,india z comp>$ ) ! cont5t & developm5t ( ! o!r e>ly ,aryan sy/ems1 9 :i*1 ?\gh !re are developm5ts ( fire wor%ip1 ! ,god ,agni does n appe>4 #abe ,! specially prie/ly "* ( ! ,agni wor%ip1 & ! prec$5ce x takes 9 ! ,v$as ov] ! sol> cult ( ,mitra1 :i* among ! k9dr$ ,aryans ( ,iran receives 9 turn a special developm5t1 sugge/ "s su* graft+1 ?\gh ! relations betwe5 ,aryans & ! ,h9du aborig9es1 z indicat$ 9 ! ,v$a1 seem to exclude ! possibility ( _! adopt+ ! fire-cult f ! conqu]$ inhabitants1 #abf :o1 besides1 are (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,v$as z non-sacrific]s1 #abg & at times z )\t ,gods4 #abh ,b ?is is sometimes ass]t$ ev5 ( ho/ile ,aryans4 #abi ,9 any case ! c>ry+ on ( ! two ma9 cults ( ,agni & ,indra side by side po9ts to an orig9al & m>k$ het]og5eity ( racial elem5ts2 :ile ! v>y+ comb9ation ) !m ( ! wor%ip ( o!r deities1 ! old ,aryan ,v>una1 ! ?ree =ms ( ! ,sun-,god ,aditya1 ! ,goddess ,aditi & ! eight ,adityas1 ! sol> ,mitra1 ,vi%nu1 ,rudra1 & ! ,m>uts1 imply ! adaptation ( fur!r v>ieties ( h]$it>y cre$4 ,! outcome is a suffici5tly *aotic m$ley1 9 :i* ! attributes & /atus ( ! v>i\s ,gods are r$ucible to no code1 #acj ! same feats be+ assign$ to sev]al1 & ! attributes ( all claim$ = almo/ any "o4 ,"h1 !n1 7 ! conditions provocative ( d\bt among ! critical2 & :ile x is only 9 ! lat] books ( ! ,rig-,v$a t su* d\bt f9ds prie/ly expression1 x mu/ be inf]r$ t x 0 curr5t 9 "s degree among laym5 be=e ! hymn-mak]s av[$ t !y %>$ x4 ,! ,god ,soma1 ! p]sonification ( w9e1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,moon-,god ,*&ra1 #aca hurls ! irreligi\s into ! abyss4 #acb ,?is may mean t 8 cult1 l t ( 8 cong5] ,dionysos 9 ,greece1 0 at fir/ =cibly resi/$1 & =cibly triumph$4 ,at an e>li] p]iod d\bt is direct$ aga9/ ! mo/ popul> ,god1 ,indra1 p]haps on behalf ( a rival cult4 #acc ,lat] x seems to take ! %ape ( a half-skeptical1 half-my/ical que/ion+ z to :i*1 if any1 ,god is real4 ,f ! ,ca?olic /&po9t1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,fis*] has argu$ t ,v>una is 9 ! ontological1 physical1 & e?ical relation ! highe/1 inde$ ! unique1 ,god ( anci5t ,india2 & t ! ,nature-,gods ( ! ,v$a c belong only to a lat] p]iod 9 ! religi\s consci\sness 7,heid5?um und ,(f5b>ung1 #ahgh1 pp4 #cf-cg74 ,su* a developm5t1 _h x really occurr$1 might be said to repres5t a movem5t ( primitive free?\ght f an unsatisfy+ mono!ism to a poly!ism t seem$ bett] to expla9 natural facts4 ,a m plausible view ( ! process1 h[ev]1 is t ( von ,bradke1 to ! effect t ! old ,indo-,g]manic poly!ism1 ) its pron\nc$ mon>*ic apex1 :i* 444 con/itut$ ! religion ( ! pre-,v$ic ,aryan ,h9dus1 lo/ its mon>*ic apex %ortly be=e & dur+ ! ,rig-,v$a p]iod1 & set up = itself ! s-call$ ,h5o!ism wor%ip ( deities sev]ally z if ea* 7 ! only "o1 :i* ?us repres5t$ 9 ,india a "t ( religi\s decl9e2 a decl9e t1 at ! end ( ! p]iod to :i* ! ,rig-,v$a hymns belong1 l$ to an almo/ complete dissolution ( ! old beliefs4 ,! e>li] collection ( ! hymns mu/ h promot$ ! decl9e2 & ! f9al r$action mu/ h complet$ x4 ,! collect$ hymns %[ only too pla9ly h[ ! v deity be=e :om 9 "o song all ! rema9+ ,gods b[ !mselves1 9 ! next s9ks almo/ 9 ! du/ be=e ano!r4 ,!n !re s\nds f ! ,rig-,v$a 7x1 #aba7 ! wi/ful "q3 ,:o is ! ,god :om we %\ld wor%ip8 7,dyu ,asura1 ,ahuramazda1 und die ,asuras1 ,halle1 #ahhe1 p4 #aae2 cp4 note1 supra1 p4 #cj74 ,on ?is view ! gr[? ( mono!ism w5t on alongside ( a gr[? ( critical unbelief1 b1 in/ead ( express+ t1 provok$ x by way ( reaction4 ,dr4 ,muir m specifically argues 7,sanskrit ,texts1 v1 #aaf7 t 9 ! ,v$ic hymns ,v>una is a ,god 9 a /ate ( decad5ce2 &1 despite ! diss5t ( ,m4 ,b>? 7,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ah71 ?is seems true4 ,b ! recession ( ,v>una is only 9 ! normal way ( ! eclipse ( ! old ,supreme ,god by a ne>] deity1 & does n suffice to prove a gr[? ( agno/icism4 ,m4 ,fontane 7,inde ,vdique1 #ahha1 p4 #cje7 ass]ts on o!r gr\nds a popul> movem5t ( negation 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod1 b (f]s r sl5d] evid5ce4 ,!re is bett] gr\nd = 8 acc\nt ( ! sy/em z "o 9 :i* diff]5t cults _h ! upp] h& at diff]5t times1 ! devotees ( ,indra reject+ ,agni1 & s on 7pp4 #caj-aa74 ,to meet su* a d\bt1 a pan!i/ic view ( ?+s w\ld naturally arise1 & 9 ! ,v$as x (t5 em]ges4 #acd ,?us ,agni is all ! ,gods2 & ! ,gods are only a s+le be+ "u diff]5t names4 #ace ,= anci5t z = m civiliz$ peoples su* a doctr9e _h ! attraction ( nom9ally reconcil+ ! popul> cult ) ! skepticism x _h ar\s$4 ,ris+ ?us z free?\ght1 ! pan!i/ic doctr9e 9 itself ultimately became 9 ,india a dogmatic sy/em1 ! monopoly ( a prie/ly ca/e1 ^: tra9+ 9 my/ical dialectic made !m able to repel or baffle amateur criticism4 ,su* =tify+ ( a sophi/icat$ cre$ by in/itutions--( :i* ! ,brahmanic ca/e sy/em is p]haps ! /ronge/ type--is "o ( ! ma9 conditions ( relative p]man5ce = any set ( op9ions2 yet ev5 )9 ! ,brahmanic sy/em1 by reason1 presumably1 ( ! pr9ciple t ! high] tru? 0 = ! adept & ne$ n int]f]e ) ! popul> cult1 !re 7 aga9 successive critical revisions ( ! pan!i/ic idea4 ,pr(4 ,g>be 7,philosophy ( ,anc4 ,india1 sect4 on ,h9du ,monism7 argues t all moni/ic1 & inde$ all progressive1 ?9k+ 9 anci5t ,india arose n among ! ,brahmans1 :o 7 consci5celess oppressors1 b among ! w>rior ca/e2 cit+ /ories 9 ! ,upani%ads 9 :i* ,brahmans are repres5t$ z receiv+ su* ideas f w>riors4 ,! !sis is mu* weak5$ by ! ,pr(essor's acceptance ( ,kri%na z prim>ily a hi/oric "*1 ( ! w>rior class4 ,b !re is gr\nd = 8 g5]al !sis1 :i* recognizes 7p4 #gh7 t ! ,brahmans at l5g? assimilat$ ! high] ?\ght ( laym54 ,max ,mll] puts x t ,no nation 0 ev] s completely prie/ridd5 z ! ,h9dus 7 "u ! sway ( ! ,brahmanic law4 ,yet1 on ! o!r side1 ! same p 7 all[$ to indulge 9 ! mo/ unre/ra9$ fre$om ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! s*ools ( _! philosophy ! v names ( _! ,gods 7 nev] m5tion$4 ,_! exi/5ce 0 nei!r d5i$ nor ass]t$4444 7,select$ ,essays1 #ahha1 ii1 #bdd74 ,sankhya philosophy on :i* ,buddhism is suppos$ to be bas$1 9 its orig9al =m1 claims ! "n ( an-sv>a1 'lordless' or 'a!i/ic1' z its di/9ctive title 7ibid4 p4 #bhc74 ,( ! nature ( a free?9k+ dep>ture1 among ! e>ly ,brahmani/s z 9 o!r societies1 0 ! sub/itution ( non-human = human sacrifices--a developm5t ( peaceful life-conditions :i*1 ?\gh n primitive1 mu/ h ante-dat$ ,buddhism4 ,see ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #abf-bg & refs42 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 pp4 #eg-ei2 & ,mll]1 ,physical ,religion1 p4 #aja4 ,pr(4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cdf7 appe>s to hold t animal sacrifice 0 nev] a sub/itute = human2 b 8 +5i\s argum5t1 on analysis1 is f\nd to prove only t 9 c]ta9 cases ! idea ( su* a sub/itution hav+ tak5 place may h be5 unhi/orical4 ,if x be grant$ t human sacrifices ev] occurr$--& all ! evid5ce goes to %[ t !y 7 once univ]sal--sub/itution w\ld be an obvi\s way ( aboli%+ !m4 ,hi/orical analogy is 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! *ange 0 =c$ on ! prie/hood f ! outside1 & only aft] a "t accept$ by ! ,brahmans4 ,?us we f9d ! ,khrvkas1 a s*ool ( free?9k]s1 ris+ 9 ! ,alex&rian p]iod1 mak+ x "p ( _! bus9ess to d5\nce ! ,brahmanic doctr9e & practice ( sacrifice1 & to argue aga9/ all blood sacrifices2 b !y _h no practical success 7,tiele1 p4 #abf7 until ,buddhism triumph$ 7,mit*ell1 ,h9duism1 #ahhe1 p4 #ajf2 ,rhys ,davids1 tr4 ( ,dialogues ( ! ,buddha1 #ahii1 p4 #afe74 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,upani%ads ! ,_w-,be+ seems to h be5 figur$ z ! totality ( matt]1 #acf an a!i/ic view associat$ 9 p>ticul> ) ! tea*+ ( ,kapila1 #acg :o himself1 h[ev]1 0 at l5g? rais$ to div9e /atus1 #ach ?\gh 8 sy/em cont9ues to pass z sub/antially a!i/ic4 #aci ,?is view be+ op5 to all mann] ( anti-religi\s criticism1 :i* x incurr$ ev5 )9 ! ,brahmanic pale1 #adj !re 0 evolv$ an ideal =mula 9 :i* ! s\rce ( all ?+s is ! invisible1 intangible1 unrelat$1 col\rless "o1 :o has nei!r eyes nor e>s1 nei!r h&s nor feet1 et]nal1 all-p]vad+1 subtile1 & undecay+4 #ada ,at ! same "t1 ! ,upani%ads exhibit a /r+5t reaction aga9/ ! :ole cont5t ( ! ,v$as4 ,_! o/5sible object is to %[ ! utt] uselessness--nay1 ! mis*iev\sness--( all ritual p]=mances2 to condemn e sacrificial act :i* has = its motive a desire or hope ( rew>d2 to d5y1 if n ! exi/5ce1 at lea/ ! exceptional & exalt$ "* ( ! ,devas2 & to tea* t !re is no hope ( salvation & deliv]ance except by ! individual self recogniz+ ! true & univ]sal self & f9d+ re/ !re1 :]e alone re/ c be f\nd4 #adb ,& ! critical developm5t does n end !re4 ,9 ! old ,upani%ads1 9 :i* ! hymns & sacrifices ( ! ,v$a are look$ ^u z useless1 & z sup]s$$ by ! high] k taught by ! =e/-sages1 !y are n yet attack$ z m]e impositions4 ,t opposition1 h[ev]1 sets 9 v decid$ly 9 ! ,sutra p]iod4 ,9 ! ,nirukta 7i1 #ae7 ,yska quotes ! op9ion ( ,kautsa1 t ! hymns ( ! ,v$a h no mean+ at all4 #adc ,9 %ort1 e =m ( critical revolt aga9/ incr$ible doctr9e t has aris5 9 lat] ,europe _h tak5 place 9 anci5t ,india long be=e ! ,alex&rian conque/4 #add ,& ! same attitude cont9u$ to be common )9 ! po/-,alex&rian p]iod2 = ,pan9i1 :o mu/ app>5tly be dat$ !n1 #ade 0 acqua9t$ ) infidels & nihili/s2 #adf & ! tea*+ ( ,brihaspati1 #adg on :i* 0 f\nd$ ! sy/em ( ! ,khrvkas--app>5tly "o ( sev]al sections ( a free?9k+ s*ool call$ ! ,lokyatas #adh or ,lokyatikas--is extremely de/ructive ( ,v$ic pret5sions4 ,! ,v$a is ta9t$ by ! ?ree faults ( untru?1 self-contradiction1 & tautology4444 ,! impo/ors :o call !mselves ,v$ic p&its are mutually de/ructive4444 ,! ?ree au?ors ( ! ,v$as 7 buffoons1 knaves1 & demons3 ,all ! well-kn[n =mulas ( ! p&its1 & all ! horrid rites = ! que5 comm&$ 9 ! ,asvam$ha--^! 7 inv5t$ by buffoons1 & s all ! v>i\s k9ds ( pres5ts to ! prie/s2 :ile ! eat+ ( fle% 0 simil>ly comm&$ by night-pr[l+ demons4 #adi ,to :at ext5t su* aggressive rationalism ev] spread x is n[ q impossible to asc]ta94 ,x seems probable t ! ^w ,lokyata1 def9$ by ,sanskrit s*ol>s z signify+ direct$ to ! _w ( s5se1 #aej orig9ally1 or ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 signifi$ ,nature-lore1 & t ?is pass$ z a bran* ( ,brahman le>n+4 #aea ,significantly en\gh1 :ile ! lore 0 n ext5sive1 x came to be reg>d$ z dispos+ m5 to unbelief1 ?\gh x does n seem to h sugge/$ any ?or\gh tra9+4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! eigh? c5tury ( our era1 x is f\nd appli$ z a t]m ( abuse1 9 ! s5se ( infidel1 by ,kumrila 9 controv]sy ) oppon5ts z or?odox z himself2 & ab\t ! same p]iod ,sank>a connects ) x a d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( a sep>ate & immortal s\l2 #aeb ?\gh t op9ion _h be5 debat$1 & n call$ ,lokyata1 long be=e1 :5 ! ^w 0 curr5t 9 ! broad] s5se4 #aec ,latt]ly1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 on ! /r5g? ( "s dogg]el v]ses :i* _c h belong$ to ! e>ly ,brahmanic ,lokyata1 x /&s = extreme a!ism & a mat]ialism n pr(ess$ by any kn[n s*ool speak+ = itself4 #aed ,! evid5ce1 su* z x is1 is pres]v$ only 9 ,s>va-d>sana-samgraha1 a comp5dium ( all philosophical sy/ems1 compil$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury by ! ,v$antic tea*] ,mdhav*ra4 #aee ,"o s\rce speaks ( an e>ly text-book ( mat]ialism1 ! ,sutras ( ,brihaspati2 #aef b ?is has n be5 pres]v$4 ,?us 9 ,h9du z 9 lat] ,european free?\ght = a long p]iod we h _h to rely = our k ( free?9k]s' ideas ^u ! replies made by _! oppon5ts4 ,x is reasonable to conclude t1 save ins(> z ! argum5ts ( ,brihaspati 7 common to ! ,khrvkas & ! ,buddhi/s1 #aeg su* doctr9e z 8 or t ( ! lat] ,lokyatikas _c conceivably h be5 m ?an ! revolt ( a ?\ghtful m9ority aga9/ (ficial z well z popul> religion2 & to speak ( a "t :5 ! ,aryan settl]s 9 ,india _h arriv$ at ! conviction t all _! ,devas or ,gods 7 m]e names #aeh is to sugge/ a g5]al evolution ( rational ?\ght :i* c no m h tak5 place 9 anci5t ,india ?an x has done to-day 9 ,europe4 ,! old cre$s w\ld always h def5d]s2 & e revolt 0 sure to incur a reaction4 ,9 ! ,hitopadesa or ,book ( ,good ,c\nsel 7an undat$ rec5sion ( ! e>li] ,pan*atantra1 ,! ,five ,books1 :i* 9 its fir/ =m may be plac$ ab\t ! fif? c5tury ( our era7 !re occur bo? passages disp>ag+ m]e /udy ( ! ,sacr$ ,books #aei & passages insi/+ ^u x z a virtue 9 itself #afj & o!rwise insi/+ on ritual obs]vances4 #afa ,!y seem to come f diff]5t h&s4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! s*ism repres5t$ by ! two divisions ( ! ,yazur ,v$a1 ! ,:ite & ! ,black1 is plausibly acc\nt$ = z ! outcome ( ! t5d5cies ( a new & an old s*ool1 :o select$ f _! ,brahmanas1 or treatises ( ritual & !ology1 ! portions :i* respectively suit$ !m4 ,! impli$ critical movem5t w\ld t5d to affect (ficial ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,?is s*ism is held by ,web] to h aris5 only 9 ! p]iod ( f]m5t set up by ,buddhism2 b o!r disputes seem to h tak5 place 9 abundance 9 ! ,brahmanical s*ools be=e t "t4 7,cp4 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #abc2 ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #aj1 #bg1 #bcb2 ,max ,mll]1 ,an?ropol4 ,relig41 #ahib1 pp4 #cf-cg2 & ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 p4 #cd47 ,aga91 ! ascetic & p5ance-be>+ h]mits1 :o 7 enc\rag$ by ! v5]ation paid !m to exalt !mselves above all save ! highe/ ,gods1 w\ld by _! utt]ances ( necessity affect ! c\rse ( doctr9e4 ,comp>e ! same t5d5cy z se5 9 ,buddhism & ,ja9ism 7,tiele1 pp4 #ace1 #adj74 ,b 9 ! lat] =m ( ! ,v$nta1 ! end ( ! ,v$a1 a moni/ic & pan!i/ic tea*+ holds its gr\nd 9 our own day1 aft] all ! ups & d[ns ( ,brahmanism1 alongside ( ! aborig9al cults :i* ,brahmanism adopt$ 9 its battle ) ,buddhism2 alongside1 too1 ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,v$a itself z an et]nal & miracul\s docum5t4 ,! lead+ t5ets ( ! ,v$nta are kn[n to "s ext5t 9 e village4 #afb ,yet ! ,v$nti/s1 aga91 treat ! ,upani%ads 9 turn z a miracul\s & inspir$ sy/em1 #afc & repeat 9 _! case ! process ( ! ,v$as3 s sure is ! law ( fixation 9 religi\s ?\ght1 :ile ! habit ( wor%ip subsi/s4 ,! highe/ activity ( rationali/ic speculation )9 ! ,brahmanic fold is se5 to h foll[$ intelligibly on ! mo/ p[]ful reaction aga9/ ! ,brahmans' au?ority4 ,?is took place :5 _! sph]e _h be5 ext5d$ f ! region ( ! ,punjaub1 ( :i* alone ! ,rig-,v$a %[s k1 to ! great k+doms ( ,s\!rn ,india1 po9t$ to 9 ! ,sutras1 #afd or %ort dige/s ( ritual & law design$ = g5]al (ficial use4 ,9 ! new environm5t !re 0 a well-m>k$ lay-feel+1 a widespread antagonism to ! prie/s1 a real s5se ( hum\r1 a /rong fund ( common s5se4 ,above all !re 0 ! mo/ complete & unque/ion$ fre$om ( ?\ght & expression 9 religi\s matt]s t ! _w _h yet witness$4 #afe ,! mo/ popul> basis = rejection ( a giv5 sy/em--belief 9 ano!r--made ultimately possible !re ! rise ( a practically a!i/ic sy/em capable1 :]ev] embrac$1 ( annull+ ! burd5some & exclusive sy/em ( ! ,brahmans1 :i* _h be5 obtrud$ 9 its wor/ =m1 #aff ?\gh n dom9antly1 9 ! new environm5t4 ,buddhism1 ?\gh x _c h aris5 on "o man's initiative 9 ! mann] claim$ 9 ! leg5ds1 ev5 z /ripp$ ( _! sup]naturali/ elem5t1 #afg 0 9 its orig9 ess5tially a movem5t ( free?\ght1 su* z c\ld h aris5 only 9 ! atmosph]e ( a mu* mix$ society #afh :]e ! extreme ,brahmanical claims 7 on v>i\s gr\nds discr$it$1 p]haps ev5 )9 _! own newly-adju/$ body4 ,x 0 /igmatiz$ z ! sci5ce ( reason1 a t]m equival5t to h]esy 9 ! ,*ri/ian sph]e2 #afi & its def9ite rejection ( ! ,v$as made x anti-sac]dotal ev5 :ile x reta9$ ! modes ( spee* ( poly!ism4 ,! tradition :i* makes ! ,buddha #agj a pr9ce sugge/s an upp]-class orig9 = ! reaction2 & !re are traces ( a *ronic resi/ance to ! ,brahmans' rule among _! fell[-,aryans be=e ! ,buddhi/ p]iod4 ,! royal families1 ! w>riors1 :o1 x may be suppos$1 /r5u\sly support$ ! prie/hood s long z x 0 a "q ( robb+ ! p ( _! rights1 n[ t ?is 0 effect$ turn$ aga9/ _! =m] allies1 & s\ght to ?r[ (f ! yoke t 0 likewise laid ^u !m4 ,^! ef=ts 71 h[ev]1 unavail+3 ! colossus 0 too firmly e/abli%$4 ,obscure leg5ds & isolat$ allusions are ! only records left to u 9 ! lat] writ+s ( ! sacrilegi\s h&s :i* v5tur$ to attack ! sacr$ & div9ely consecrat$ maje/y ( ! ,brahmans2 & ^! are c>eful to note at ! same "t ! t]rible puni%m5ts :i* befel ^? impi\s (f5d]s 7,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #ai74 ,! circum/ances1 h[ev]1 t ! ,buddhi/ writ+s 7 f ! fir/ 9 v]nacul> dialects1 n 9 ,sanskrit1 #aga & t ! my?ical matt] :i* accumulat$ r\nd ! /ory ( ! ,buddha is 9 ! ma9 aborig9al1 & l>gely common to ! my? ( ,kri%na1 #agb g to prove t ,buddhism spread specially 9 ! non-,aryan sph]e4 #agc ,its practical 7n !oretic7 #agd a!ism seems to h re/$ fundam5tally on ! conception ( ,k>ma1 ! transition ( ! s\l1 or r ( ! p]sonality1 ?r\gh _m /ages up to t 9 :i*1 by self-discipl9e1 x atta9s ! imp]sonal peace ( ,nirvana2 & ( ?is conception !re is no trace 9 ! ,v$as1 #age ?\gh x became a lead+ t5et ( ,brahmanism4 ,to ! dissolv5t influ5ce ( ,greek culture may possibly be due "s "p ( ! success ( ,buddhism be=e our era1 & ev5 lat]4 ,h9du a/ronomy 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod 0 b slightly develop$ 7,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej72 & x 0 ,greek influ5ce t fir/ infus$ a real life into ,indian a/ronomy 7,id4 p4 #bea2 cp4 ,letronne1 ,mlanges d'rudition1 #ahfj 7871 p4 #dj2 ,n>ri51 ,hi/or4 ,acc4 ( ,orig4 & ,prog4 ( ,a/ron41 p4 #cc1 & ,lib4 ,use4 ,kn4 ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron41 c4 ii74 ,?is implies o!r int]actions4 ,x is presumably to ,greek /imulus t we mu/ trace ! k by ,aryabhata 7,colebrooke's ,essays1 ed4 #ahgc1 ii1 #djd2 cp4 ,web]1 p4 #beg7 ( ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s diurnal revolution on its axis2 & ! fact t 9 ,india z 9 ! ,m$it]ranean _w ! tru? 0 lat] lo/ f m5's h&s may be tak5 z "o ( ! pro(s t ! two civilizations alike retrograd$ ow+ to evil political conditions4 ,9 ! progressive p]iod 7f ab\t #cbj ,b4,c4 onw>ds = p]haps "s c5turies7 ,greek ideas might well help to discr$it traditionalism2 & _! acceptance at royal c\rts w\ld be fav\rable to tol]ation ( ! new tea*+4 ,at ! same "t1 ,buddhism mu/ h be5 fav\r$ by ! native m5tal climate 9 :i* x arose4 ,! ma9 diff]5tiation ( ,buddhism f ,brahmanism1 aga91 is its e?ical _s1 :i* sets aside =malism & seeks salvation 9 an inw>d rev]ie & discipl9e2 & ?is elem5t 9 turn c h>dly be conceiv$ z aris+ save 9 an old society1 f> remov$ f ! w>like /age repres5t$ by ! ,v$as4 ,:atev] may h be5 its e>ly association ) ,brahmanism #agf !n1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z ess5tially a reaction aga9/ ,brahmanical doctr9e & ideals2 a circum/ance :i* w\ld acc\nt = its e>ly acceptance 9 ! ,punjaub1 :]e ,brahmanism _h nev] atta9$ absolute p[] & 0 jeal\sly resi/$ by ! free population4 #agg ,& ! fact t ,ja9ism1 s closely ak9 to ,buddhism1 has its sacr$ books 9 a dialect belong+ to ! region 9 :i* ,buddhism arose1 fur!r supports ! view t ! reaction grew out ( ! ?\ght ( a type ( society diff]+ widely f t 9 :i* ,brahmanism arose4 ,ja9ism1 l ,buddhism1 is sub/antially a!i/ic1 #agh & l x has an anci5t monki% organization to :i* wom5 7 e>ly admitt$4 ,! orig9al crypto-a!ism or agno/icism ( ! ,buddhi/ movem5t ?us appe>s z a product ( a relatively high1 because complex1 moral & intellectual evolution4 ,x c]ta9ly nev] impugn$ ! belief 9 ! ,gods2 on ! contr>y1 ! ,buddha is (t5 repres5t$ z speak+ ( _! exi/5ce1 #agi & at times z approv+ ( _! cu/om>y wor%ip2 #ahj b he is nev] said to c\nsel 8 own ord] to pray to !m2 he makes light ( sacrifice2 & above all he is made q negative z to a future life1 prea*+ ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma 9 a s5se :i* excludes individual immortality4 #aha ,x _c be d5i$ t if we call ! old ,gods ( ! ,v$a--,indra & ,agni & ,yama--,gods1 ,buddha 0 an a!i/4 ,he does n believe 9 ! div9ity ( ^! deities4 ,:at is notewor?y is t he does n by any means d5y _! b>e exi/5ce4444 ,! f\nd] ( ,buddhism treats ! old ,gods z sup]human be+s4 #ahb ,?us x is p]missible to say bo? t ,buddhism recognizes ,gods & t x is practically a!i/ic4 ,! fact _c be disput$ away t ! religion ( ,buddha 0 f ! beg9n+ purely a!i/ic4 ,! idea ( ! ,godhead 444 0 = a "t at lea/ expell$ f ! sanctu>y ( ! human m9d1 #ahc & ! highe/ morality t 0 ev] taught be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity 0 taught by m5 ) :om ! ,gods _h become m]e phantoms1 )\t any alt>s1 n ev5 an alt> to ! unkn[n ,god 7,max ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ed4 #ahhb1 p4 #ha4 ,cp4 ! same au?or's ,select$ ,essays1 #ahha1 ii1 #cjj47 ,he ,buddha ignores ,god 9 s complete a way t he does n ev5 seek to d5y him2 he does n suppress him1 b he does n speak ( him ei!r to expla9 ! orig9 & ant]ior exi/5ce ( man or to expla9 ! pres5t life1 or to conjecture 8 future life & def9itive deliv]ance4 ,! ,buddha kn[s ,god 9 no fa%ion :atev] 7,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,le ,b\ddha et sa ,religion1 #ahff1 p4 v74 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity are inde$ ! two opposite poles ) reg>d to ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts ( religion3 ,buddhism ignor+ all feel+ ( dep5d5ce on a high] p[]1 & !re=e d5y+ ! v exi/5ce ( a supreme deity 7,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,sc4 ( ,rel41 p4 #aga74 ,la/ly1 ! ,buddha decl>$ t he _h arriv$ at 8 conclusions1 n by /udy ( ! ,v$as1 nor f ! tea*+s ( o!rs1 b by ! light ( reason & intuition alone 7,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 p4 #dh74 ,! mo/ anci5t ,buddhism despises dreams & visions 7,id41 p4 #agg74 ,agno/ic a!ism 444 is ! *>act]i/ic ( 8 ,buddha's sy/em ( philosophy 7,id41 p4 #bjg74 ,belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 ! ,creator & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 is unque/ionably a mod]n graft ^u ! unqualifi$ a!ism ( ,skya ,muni3 x is /ill ( v limit$ recognition4 ,9 none ( ! /&>d au?orities 444 is !re ! slighte/ allusion to su* a ,fir/ ,cause1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is incompatible ) ! fundam5tal ,buddhi/ dogma ( ! et]nity ( all exi/5ce 7,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,buddha & ,buddhism1 9 ,essays & ,lectures1 ed4 by ,dr4 ,r4 ,ro/1 #ahfb1 ii1 #cfa4 ,cp4 p4 #cfc74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gradual col\r+ ( ,buddhism ) popul> my?ology1 ! rev]sion 7if1 inde$1 ?is 7 n e>ly7 to adoration & wor%ip ( ! ,buddha himself1 & ! f9al collapse ( ! sy/em 9 ,india be=e ! pressure ( ,brahmaniz$ ,h9duism1 all prove ! pot5cy ( ! sociological conditions ( success & failure = cre$s & criticisms4 ,buddhism took ! mona/ic =m = its in/itutions1 ?us incurr+ ultimate petrifaction alike morally & intellectually2 & 9 any case ! normal ,indian social conditions ( abundant population1 *eap food1 & g5]al ignorance involv$ an ov]:elm+ vitality = ! popul> cults4 ,^! ! or?odox ,brahmans naturally took "u _! protection z a means ( ma9ta9+ _! hold ov] ! multitude2 #ahd & ?\gh _! own highe/ philosophy has be5 poetically graft$ on t basis1 z 9 ! epic ( ! ,mahbhrata & 9 ! ,bhagavat ,gita1 #ahe ! ord9>y wor%ip ( ! deities ( ^! poems is p]=ce utt]ly unphilosophical1 v>y+ betwe5 a primitive s5sualism & an emotionalism closely ak9 to t ( popul> =ms ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,buddhism itself1 :]e x /ill prevails1 exhibits simil> t5d5cies4 #ahf ,x is disput$ :e!r ! ,brahman influ5ce drove ,buddhism out ( ,india by physical =ce1 or :e!r ! latt] decay$ because ( maladaptation to its environm5t4 ,its vogue = "s sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 f ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 to ab\t #djj ,a4,c41 seems to h be5 l>gely due to its protection & f9al acceptance z a ,/ate religion by ! dyna/y ( ,*&ragupta 7! ,s&racottos ( ! ,greek hi/orians71 ^: gr&son ,asoka %[$ x special fav\r4 ,8 rock-inscrib$ edicts 7= :i* see ,max ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,sci5ce ( ,rel41 pp4 #e-f1 #bc2 ,an?rop4 ,relig41 pp4 #dj-dc2 ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #bbj-bh2 ,:eel]'s ,hi/4 ( ,india1 vol4 iii1 app4 #a2 ,asiatic ,society's ,j\rnals1 vols4 viii & xii2 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahgg1 vol4 vi7 %[ a g5]al conc]n = natural e?ics1 & especially = tol]ance2 b 8 m5tion ( ,! ,t]rors ( ! ,future among ! religi\s works he specially hon\rs %[s 7if g5u9e7 t normal sup]/ition1 if ev] widely repudiat$ 7:i* is d\btful71 _h int]p5etrat$ ! sy/em4 ,! k+1 too1 call$ himself ! delight ( ! ,gods1 z did 8 contempor>y ! ,buddhi/ k+ ( ,ceylon 7,davids1 ,buddhism1 p4 #hd74 ,"u ,asoka1 h[ev]1 ,buddhism 0 p[]ful en\gh to react some:at on ! ,we/1 !n 9 contact ) ,india z a result ( ! ,alex&rian conque/ 7cp4 ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,_w "u ,roman ,sway1 *4 ii2 ,web]'s lecture on ,anci5t ,india1 ,eng4 tr41 pp4 #be-bf2 ,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #bh cit$ 9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 p4 #afe2 & ,web]'s ,hi/ ( ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #bee & p4 #cji1 note72 & ! fact t aft] 8 "t x ent]$ on a long conflict ) ,brahmanism proves t x rema9$ practically dang]\s to t sy/em4 ,9 ! fif? & six? c5turies ( our era ,buddhism 9 ,india rapidly decl9$--a circum/ance h>dly intelligible save z a result ( viol5ce4 ,tiele1 aft] expressly ass]t+ ! rapid decl9e 7,outl9es1 p4 #aci71 9 ! next brea? ass]ts t !re are no satisfactory pro(s ( su* viol5ce1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ,buddhism appe>s to h p9$ away sl[ly 7p4 #adj3 contra/ 8 ,egypt4 ,rel41 p4 xxi74 ,rhys ,davids1 9 8 ,buddhism1 p4 #bdf 7s also ,max ,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,rel41 p4 #dc71 argues = a process ( viol5t ext9ction2 b 9 8 lat] "w1 ,buddhi/ ,india1 he retracts ?is view & decides = a gradual decl9e 9 ! face ( a ,brahmanic revival4 ,! evid5ces = viol5ce & p]secution are1 h[ev]1 pretty /rong4 7,see ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,essays1 z cit$1 ii1 #cfe-fg47 ,int]nal decay c]ta9ly appe>s to h occurr$4 ,already 9 ,gautama's own life1 accord+ to ! leg5ds1 !re 7 doctr9al disputes )9 8 p>ty 7,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,rel41 p4 #ch72 & soon h]esies & c5sures ab\nd$ 7,introd4 to ,sc4 ( ,rel41 p4 #bc71 till s*isms arose & no few] ?an eighte5 sects took %ape 7,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #bac-ah74 ,?us e>ly 9 our inquiry we may ga!r1 f a fairly complete hi/orical case1 ! prim>y laws ( causation z reg>ds alike ! progress & ! decad5ce ( movem5ts ( rationali/ic ?\ght4 ,! fundam5tal economic dilemma1 se5 already 9 ! life ( ! savage1 presses at all /ages ( civilization4 ,! cr$5t multitude1 save 9 ! v l[e/ /ages ( savage de/itution1 always fe$s & h\ses ^? :o furni% x ) its appropriate m5tal food2 & s long z !re rema9s ! individual /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !re w always be tea*]s ready4 ,if ! high] m9ds 9 any prie/hood1 awak+ to ! "* ( _! traditional tea*+1 )draw f x1 l[] m9ds1 h[beit s9c]e1 w always take _! place4 ,! innovat+ tea*]1 9 turn1 is only at ! beg9n+ ( 8 tr\bles :5 he contrives1 on :atev] bases1 to set up a new organiz$ movem5t4 ,! v process ( organization1 on ! "o h&1 sets up ! call = special economic su/5ance--a con/ant motive to compromise ) popul> ignorance--&1 on ! o!r h&1 t5ds to e/abli% m]ely a new traditionalism1 devoid ( ! critical impulse 9 :i* x arose4 #ahg ,& )\t organization ! innovat+ ?\ght _c communicate itself1 _c hold its own aga9/ ! huge social pressures ( tradition4 ,9 anci5t society1 9 %ort1 !re c\ld be no cont9u\s progress 9 free?9k+3 at be/1 !re c\ld b be p]iods or l9es ( relative progress1 ! result ( special conjunctures ( social & political circum/ance4 ,s mu* w appe>1 fur!r1 f ! v>y+ in/ances ( /ill m anci5t civilizations1 ! evolution ( :i* may be ! bett] und]/ood f our survey ( t ( ,india4 #c4 ,,mesopotamia ,! nature ( ! rema9s we possess ( ! anci5t ,babylonian & ,assyrian religions is n su* z to yield a direct record ( _! developm5t2 b !y suffice to %[ t !re1 z else:]e1 a measure ( rationali/ic evolution occurr$4 ,7 !re no o!r gr\nd = ! inf]5ce1 x might n unreasonably be drawn f ! po/-exilic mono!ism ( ! ,hebrews1 :o1 draw+ s mu* ( _! cosmology & temple ritual f ,babylon1 may be presum$ to h be5 influ5c$ by ! high] ,semitic civilizations 9 o!r ways also4 #ahh ,b !re is concrete evid5ce4 ,:at appe>s to h happ5$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 ^: religi\s sy/ems 7 graft$ on t ( ! m anci5t ,sum]-,akkadian civilization1 is a gradual subord9ation ( ! num]\s local ,gods 7at lea/ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! m philosophic1 includ+ "s ( ! prie/s7 to ! conception ( "o all-p]vad+ p[]4 ,?is process w\ld be assi/$ by t ( imp]ialism2 & 9 ! rec5tly-recov]$ code ( ,hammurabi we actually f9d ref]5ces to ,ilu ,god 7z 9 ! ,european legal phrase1 ! act ( ,god7 )\t any fur!r ,god-"n4 #ahi ,on ! o!r h&1 ! unify+ t5d5cy w\ld be resi/$ by ! /r5g? ( ! traditions ( ! ,babylonian cities1 all ( :i* _h anci5t cults be=e ! lat] empires 7 built up4 #aij ,yet1 aga91 peoples :o fail$ 9 w> w\ld be 9 "s measure l$ to r5\nce _! ,god z weak2 :ile ^? :o clung to _! fai? w\ld be l$1 z 9 ,jewry1 to reca/ its e?ic4 ,! result 0 a set ( compromises 9 :i* ! prov9cial & =eign deities 7 ei!r treat$ g5ealogically or gr\p$ 9 family or o!r relations ) ! *ief ,god or ,gods ( ! "t be+4 #aia ,c]ta9 cults1 aga91 7 ei!r kept always at a high] e?ical level ?an ! popul> "o1 or 7 treat$ by ! m ref9$ & m critical wor%ipp]s 9 an elevat$ _s2 #aib & ?is t5d5cy seems to h l$ to conceptions ( purifi$ deities :o und]lay or transc5d$ ! popul> types1 ! names ( ! latt] be+ held to po9t to "o :o 0 misconceiv$ "u _! gross] aspects4 #aic ,a/ronomical k1 aga91 gave rise to cosmological !ories :i* po9t$ to a rul+ & creat+ ,god1 #aid :o z su* w\ld h a specially e?ical "*4 ,9 "s su* way 0 rea*$ a conception ( a ,creator-,god z ! unity repres5t$ by ! fifty names ( ! ,great ,gods1 :o lo/ _! p]sonality :5 _! names 7 liturgically giv5 to him #aie--;a conception :i* 9 "s /atem5ts ev5 _h a pan!i/ic aspect #aif among a gr\p ( prie/ly ?9k]s1 & 9 o!rs took ! =m ( an ideal !ocracy4 #aig ,!re is record t ! ,babylonian s*ools 7 divid$ into diff]5t sects1 #aih & _! sci5ce 0 likely to make "s ( ^! rationali/ic4 #aii ,pr(essor ,sayce ev5 goes s f> z to say t 9 ! lat] cosmogony1 "u a ?9 disguise ( !ological nom5clature1 ! ,babylonian !ory ( ! univ]se has become a philosophical mat]ialism4 #bjj ,x might be tak5 = grant$1 fur!r1 t disbelief w\ld be set up by su* a primitive fraud z ! alleg$ pret5ce ( ! prie/s ( ,bel ,m]oda* t ! ,god cohabit$ nightly ) ! concub9e set ap>t = him 7,h]odotos1 i1 #aha-hb71 z 0 simil>ly pret5d$ by ! prie/s ( ,amun at ,!bes4 ,h]odotos c\ld n believe ! /ory1 :i*1 inde$1 is probably a late ,greek fable2 b !re mu/ h be5 "s skeptics )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,semitic cult ( sacr$ pro/itution4 ,z reg>ds free?9k+ 9 g5]al1 mu* w\ld dep5d on ! developm5t ( ! ,*aldan a/ronomy4 ,t sci5ce1 gr[+ out ( primitive a/rology 7cp4 ,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 #crd ed4 i1 #ajh71 w\ld t5d to discr$it1 among its exp]ts1 mu* ( ! prevail+ religi\s ?\ght2 & !y seem to h c>ri$ x s f> z to frame a sci5tific !ory ( comets 7,s5eca1 cit+ ,apollonius ,myndius1 ,quae/4 ,nat41 vii1 #c2 cp4 ,lib4 ,use4 ,kn4 ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron41 c4 #c2 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums1 i1 #ahf2 & ,web]1 ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #bdh74 ,su* k w\ld greatly fav\r skepticism1 z well z mono!ism & pan!ism4 ,x 0 s\ght to be a/rologically appli$2 b1 z ! horoscopes v>i$1 ?is 0 aga9 a s\rce ( unbelief 7,mey]1 p4 #agi74 ,m$ic9e1 aga91 made little progress 7,h]od41 i1 #aig74 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$1 f9ally1 t 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria !re 7 ideali/s :o1 l ! ,hebrew prophets1 repudiat$ alike image-wor%ip & ! religion ( sacrifices4 ,! latt] repudiation occurs frequ5tly 9 lat] ,greece & ,rome4 ,!re1 z 9 ,j]usalem1 x c\ld make itself he>d 9 virtue ( ! re/rict$ness ( ! p[] ( ! prie/s1 :o 9 imp]ial ,babylonia & ,assyria1 on ! o!r h&1 might be tru/$ to suppress or ov]ride any su* propag&a1 z we h se5 0 done 9 ,brahmanical ,india4 ,conc]n+ image-wor%ip1 ap>t f ! prov$ fact ( pan!i/ic doctr9e1 & ! p>allels 9 ,egypt & ,india1 x is to be not$ t ,isaiah actually puts 9 ! m\? ( ! ,assyrian k+ a tirade aga9/ ! k+doms ( ! idols or false gods1 includ+ 9 ^! ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia 7,isa4 x1 #aj1 #aa74 ,! passage is dramatic1 b x po9ts to ! possibility t 9 ,assyria j z 9 ,israel a disbelief 9 idols c\ld arise f reflection on ! spectacle ( _! multitude4 ,! *equ]$ political hi/ory ( ,babylon & ,assyria1 h[ev]1 made impossible any long-cont9u$ developm5t ( critical & philosophical ?\ght4 ,_! amalgamations ( cre$s & races _h 9 a measure fav\r$ su* developm5t2 #bja & x 0 probably ! sett+ up ( a s+le rule ov] l>ge populations =m]ly at *ronic w> t r$uc$ to a m9imum1 if x did n :olly aboli%1 human sacrifice 9 ! lat] pre-,p]sian empires2 #bjb b ! inevitably subject /ate ( ! mass ( ! p1 & ! *ronic milit>y upset ( ! gov]nm5t1 7 conditions fatally fav\rable to ord9>y sup]/ition4 ,! new univ]sali/ conceptions1 in/ead ( dissolv+ ! special cults 9 pan!ism1 l$ only to a fre% competition ( cults on cosmopolitan l9es1 all mak+ ! same pret5sions1 & /ress+ _! mo/ artificial peculi>ities z all-important4 ,?us1 :5 old tribal or local religions w5t proselytiz+ 9 ! enl>g$ imp]ial field1 !y made _! mo/ wor?less /ipulations--z ,jewi% circumcision & ab/95ce f pork1 & ! self-mutilation ( ! foll[]s ( ,cybel--! v gr\nds ( salvation4 #bjc ,culture rema9$ :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/ly & (ficial class1 #bjd :o1 l ! prie/hoods ( ,egypt1 7 held to cons]vatism by _! va/ weal?4 #bje ,accord+ly we f9d ! e>ly religion ( sorc]y ma9ta9+ itself 9 ! lit]ature ( ! advanc$ empires4 #bjf ,! attitude ( ! ,semitic prie/s & scribes t[>ds ! old ,akkadic z a sacr$ language 0 9 itself1 l ! use ( sacr$ books 9 g5]al1 long a *eck ^u new ?\ght2 #bjg & ?\gh ! ,assyrian life seems to h set ?is *eck aside1 by reason ( ! lack ( a culture class 9 ,assyria1 ! lat] ,babylonian k+dom :i* rose on ! fall ( ,assyria 0 too %ort-liv$ to pr(it mu* by ! ga91 be+ 9 turn ov]?r[n 9 ! second g5]ation by ,cyrus4 ,x is significant t ! conqu]or 0 welcom$ by ! ,babylonian prie/s z aga9/ _! la/ k+1 ! inquir+ & innovat+ ,nabonidos #bjh 7,nabu-nahid71 :o _h aim$ at a mon>*ic poly!ism or quasi-mono!ism4 ,he is describ$ z hav+ turn$ away f ,m>d\k 7,m]oda*71 ! great ,babylonian ,god1 :o accord+ly accept$ ,cyrus 9 8 /ead4 ,x is ?us cle> t ,cyrus1 :o re/or$ ! old /ate ( ?+s1 0 no /rict mono!i/ ( ! lat] ,p]sian type1 b a s*em] :o reli$ ev]y:]e on popul> religi\s int]e/s1 & conciliat$ ! poly!i/s & h5o!i/s ( ,babylon z he did ! ,yahweh-wor%ipp+ ,jews4 #bji ,! ,p]sian quasi-mono!ism & anti-idolatry1 h[ev]1 already exi/$1 & x is conceivable t !y may h be5 int5sifi$ among ! m cultur$ ?r\gh ! peculi> juxtaposition ( cults set up by ! ,p]sian conque/4 ,mr4 ,sayce's dictum 7,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #cad71 t ! lat] e?ical elem5t 9 ! ,akkado-,babylonian sy/em is necess>ily due to ,semitic race elem5ts1 is se5 to be fallaci\s 9 ! light ( 8 own subsequ5t admission 7p4 #cec7 z to ! lat5ess ( ! developm5t among ! ,semites4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 e>ly ,akkadian & lat] ,babylonian 0 simply "o ( culture-/age4 ,see ,mr4 ,sayce's own rem>ks on p4 #cjj2 & comp>e ,e4 ,mey] 7,ges*4 des ,alt41 i1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahc71 :o entirely rejects ! claim made = ,semitic e?ics4 ,see1 aga91 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #gh1 & ,mr4 ,sayce's own acc\nt 7,anc4 ,em4 ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #bjb7 ( ! ,pho5ician religion z impure & cruel4 ,o!r writ]s take ! l9e ( argu+ t ! ,pho5icians 7 n ,semites1 & t !y diff]$ 9 all ?+s f ! true ,semites 7cp4 ,dr4 ,m>cus ,dods1 ,israel's ,iron ,age1 #ahgd1 p4 #aj1 & ,f>r>1 z !re cit$74 ,! explanation ( su* arbitr>y judgm5ts seems to be t ! ,semites are assum$ to h _h a primordial religi\s gift z comp>$ ) ,turanians1 & t ! ,hebrews 9 turn are assum$ to h be5 s gift$ above o!r ,semites4 ,we %all be/ gu>d aga9/ priori inju/ice to ! ,semites !mselves1 9 ! conjunctures 9 :i* !y really advanc$ civilization1 by entirely disc>d+ ! unsci5tific me?od ( expla9+ ! hi/ory ( races 9 t]ms ( h]$it>y "* 7see bel[1 #f1 end74 #d4 ,,anci5t ,,p]sia ,! ,mazdean sy/em1 or wor%ip ( ,ahura ,mazda 7,ormazd71 ( :i* we f9d 9 ,h]odotos positive hi/orical record z an anti-idolatr\s & nom9ally mono!i/ic cre$ #baj 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 is ! fir/ to :i* ^! aspects c be ascrib$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,z ! ,jews are f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! ,book ( ,j]emiah #baa 7assum$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c47 wor%ipp+ num]\s ,gods ) images3 & z poly!i/ic & idolatr\s practices are /ill describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel #bab 7assum$ to h be5 writt5 dur+ or aft] ! ,babylonian ,captivity71 x is inadmissible to accept ! unau!nticat$ writ+s ( o/5sibly e>li] prophets z prov+ ev5 a propag&a ( mono!ism on _! "p1 ! s-call$ ,mosaic law be+ kn[n to be 9 l>ge "p ( late inv5tion & ( ,babylonian d]ivation4 #bac ,9 any case1 ! mass ( ! p 7 cle>ly image-wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,p]sians1 on ! o!r h&1 c be tak5 ) c]ta9ty to h _h 9 ! six? c5tury an imageless wor%ip 7?\gh images exi/$ = o!r purposes71 ) a supreme ,god set above all o!rs4 ,! ,magian or ,mazdean cre$1 z we h se51 0 n v dev\tly held by ,cyrus2 b ,d>eios a g5]ation lat] is f\nd hold+ x ) zeal2 & x _c h gr[n 9 a g5]ation to ! =m x !n bore4 ,x mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z a developm5t ( ! religion ( "s section ( ! ,iranian race1 c5t]+ z x does r\nd "s deities common to ! ,v$ic ,aryans4 ,! ,mazdean sy/em1 z we fir/ trace x 9 hi/ory1 0 ! religion ( ! ,m$es1 a p jo9$ ) ! ,p]sians prop] "u ,cyrus2 & ! ,magi or prie/s 7 "o ( ! sev5 tribes ( ! ,m$es1 #bad z ! ,levites 7 "o ( ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,x may !n be conjectur$ t ! ,magi 7 ! prie/s ( a p :o previ\sly conqu]$ or 7 conqu]$ by ! ,m$es1 :o _h !n adopt$ _! religion1 z did ! ,p]sians aft] _! conque/ by or union ) ! ,m$es4 ,cyrus1 a semi-,p]sian1 may well h reg>d$ ! ,m$es ) "s racial di/ru/1 &1 :ile us+ !m z ! national prie/s1 w\ld naturally n be dev\t 9 8 adh]5ce at a "t :5 ! two peoples 7 /ill mutually jeal\s4 ,:51 lat]1 aft] ! assass9ation ( 8 son ,sm]dis 7,b>des or ,b>dija7 by ! eld] son1 ,k+ ,cambyses1 & ! dea? ( ! latt]1 ! ,m$ian & ,magian int]e/ set up ! false ,sm]dis1 ,p]sian conspirators ov]?rew ! pret5d] & cr[n$ ! ,p]sian ,d>eios ,hy/aspis1 m>k+ _! s5se ( ho/ility to ! ,m$ian & ,magian elem5t by a g5]al massacre ( ,magi4 #bae ,^? ,magi :o surviv$ w\ld naturally cultivate ! m _! prie/ly influ5ce1 ! political be+ ?us = ! "t de/roy$2 ?\gh !y seem to h /irr$ up a ,m$ian insurrection 9 ! next c5tury aga9/ ,d>eios ,,ii4 #baf ,h[ev] t may be1 ,d>eios ,i became a zeal\s devotee ( _! cre$1 #bag d\btless f9d+ t a useful means ( conciliat+ ! ,m$es 9 g5]al1 :o at ! outset ( 8 reign seem to h giv5 him mu* tr\ble4 #bah ,! ri*e/ "p ( 8 dom9ions #bai 0 ,ea/-,iran1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! orig9al home ( ! wor%ip ( ,ahura-,mazda4 #bbj ,su* is ! view ( ! case d]ivable f ,h]odotos1 :o rema9s ! ma9 au?ority2 b rec5t critics h rais$ "s difficulties4 ,t ! ,magians 7 orig9ally a non-,m$ian tribe seems cle>2 ,dr4 ,tiele 7,outl9es1 pp4 #afc1 #afe7 ev5 decides t !y 7 c]ta9ly non-,aryan4 ,comp>e ,ed4 ,mey] 7,ges*4 des ,alt41 i1 #ecj1 note1 #eca1 #dci1 #ddj71 :o holds t ! ,mazdean sy/em 0 9 its nature n national b ab/ract1 & c\ld !re=e take 9 any race4 ,sev]al mod]n writ]s1 h[ev] 7,canon ,rawl9son1 ed4 ( ,h]odotos1 i1 #dbf-ca2 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies1 #bnd ed4 ii1 #cde-ee1 iii1 #djb-djd2 ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #aig1 #bah-ci2 ,sayce1 ,anc4 ,emp4 ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #bdh71 repres5t ! ,magians z n only anti-,aryan 7 anti-,p]sian71 b oppos$ to ! v wor%ip ( ,ormazd1 :i* is specially associat$ ) _! "n4 ,x seems difficult to reconcile ?is view ) ! facts2 at lea/ x involves ! assumption ( two oppos$ sets ( ,magi4 ,! ma9 basis = ! !ory seems to be ! allusion 9 ! ,behi/un inscription ( ,d>eios to "s acts ( temple-de/ruction by ! usurp+ ,magian ,gomates1 bro!r & controll] ( ! pret5d] ,sm]dis4 7,see ! inscription translat$ 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i1 #aaa-ae47 ,?is ,mey] sets aside z an unsettl$ problem1 )\t inf]r+ t ! ,magians 7 anti-,mazdean 7cp4 #ddi & #eaa1 note74 ,z to ! massacre1 h[ev]1 ,mey] decides 7i1 #fac7 t ,h]odotos blund]$1 magnify+ ! kill+ ( ! ,magus into a slaught] ( ! ,magi4 ,b ?is is "o ( ! few po9ts at :i* ,h]odotos is corroborat$ by ,ktesias 7cp4 ,grote1 iii1 #ddj1 note74 ,a clue to a solution may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! facts t1 :ile ! prie/ly sy/em rema9$ oppos$ to all image-wor%ip1 ,d>eios made emblematic images ( ! ,supreme ,god 7,mey]1 i1 #bac1 #fag7 & ( ,mi?ra2 & t ,artax]xes ,mnemon lat] put an image ( ,mi?ra 9 ! royal temple ( ,susa1 besides erect+ _m images to ,anaitis4 7,rawl9son1 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies1 iii1 #cbj-ba1 #cfj-fa47 ,!re may h be5 oppos+ t5d5cies2 ! conque/ ( ,babylon be+ likely to h introduc$ new elem5ts4 ,! ,p]sian art n[ aris+ %[s ! mo/ m>k$ ,assyrian influ5ces4 ,! religion ?us impos$ on ! ,p]sians seems to h be5 imageless by reason ( ! simple defect ( art among its cultivators2 #bba & to h be5 mono!i/ic only 9 ! s5se t its *ief deity 0 supreme ov] all o!rs1 includ+ ev5 ! great ,evil ,p[]1 ,ahriman 7,angra ,ma9yu74 ,its ,god-gr\p includ$ ,mi?ra1 once ! equal ( ,ahura-,mazda1 #bbb & lat] m prom95t ?an he2 #bbc z well z a ,goddess1 ,anahita1 app>5tly ( ,akkadian orig94 ,be=e ! p]iod ( ,cyrus1 ! ea/]n "p ( ,p]sia seems to h be5 b little civiliz$2 #bbd & x 0 probably !re t its orig9al lack ( images became an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! doctr9e ( its prie/s4 ,z we f9d x 9 hi/ory1 & /ill m 9 its sacr$ book1 ! ,z5dave/a1 :i* z we h x repres5ts a late liturgical compilation1 #bbe ,mazdeism is a prie/-made religion r ?an ! "w ( "o ,z>a?u/ra or any "o re=m]2 & its rejection ( images1 h[ev] orig9at$1 is to be c\nt$ to ! cr$it ( its prie/s1 l ! pan!ism or nom9al mono!ism ( ! ,mesopotamian1 ,brahmanic1 & ,egyptian religions4 ,! orig9al popul> fai? _h cle>ly be5 a normal poly!ism4 #bbf ,= ! re/1 ! ,mazdean e?ic has ! usual prie/ly "* z reg>ds ! virtue x assigns to sacrifice2 #bbg b o!rwise comp>es fav\rably ) ,brahmanism4 ,z to ?is cult be+ prie/-made1 see ,mey]1 i1 #ebc1 #edj1 #eda4 ,tiele 7,outl9es1 pp4 #afg1 #agh7 assumes a special re=mation su* z is traditionally associat$ ) ,z>a?u/ra1 hold+ t ei!r a rem>kable man or a sect mu/ h e/abli%$ ! mono!i/ic idea4 ,mey] 7i1 #ecg7 holds ) ,m4 ,d>me/et] t ,z>a?u/ra is a purely my?ical p]sonage1 made out ( a ,/orm-,god4 ,dr4 ,m5zies 7,hi/4 ( ,relig4 p4 #chd7 holds /rongly by 8 hi/oric actuality4 ,! problem is analog\s to ^? conc]n+ ,moses & ,buddha2 b ?\gh ! hi/oric case ( ,mohamm$ b>s a confid5t decision 9 ! negative1 ! balance ( presumption is /rongly aga9/ ! traditional view4 ,see ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pp4 #bhf-hh4 ,!re is no reason to believe1 h[ev]1 t among ! ,p]sian peoples ! high] view ( ?+s f>$ any bett] ?an else:]e4 #bbh ,! prie/hood1 h[ev] enlight5$ x may h be5 9 its inn] culture1 nev] slack5$ ! practice ( sacrifice & c]emonial2 & ! wor%ip ( subord9ate spirits & ! propitiation ( demons figur$ z l>gely 9 _! beliefs z 9 any o!r4 ,9 "t ! cult ( ! ,savi\r-,god ,mi?ra came to ! front v mu* z did t ( ,jesus lat]2 & 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 despite e?ical elem5ts1 sup]/ition 0 fur!r$4 ,:51 /ill lat]1 ! recognition ( ,ahriman 0 f\nd to endang] ! mono!i/ic pr9ciple1 an attempt seems to h be5 made "u ! ,sassanian dyna/y1 9 our own era1 to save x by posit+ a deity :o 0 fa!r ( bo? ,ahura-,mazda & ,angra-ma9yu2 #bbi b ?is la/ slight ef=t ( free?9k+ speculation came to no?+4 ,social & political ob/acles det]m9$ ! fate ( ,magian z ( o!r anci5t rationalism4 ,accord+ to ,rawl9son1 ,zoroa/rianism "u ! ,p>?ian 7,arsacide7 empire 0 gradually conv]t$ into a complex sy/em ( idolatry1 involv+ a wor%ip ( ance/ors & dead k+s 7,six? ,ori5t4 ,mon4 p4 #cii2 ,sev5? ,mon4 pp4 #h-i1 #ef74 ,guts*mid1 h[ev]1 foll[+ ,ju/9 7xli1 #c1 #e-f71 pron\nces ! ,p>?ians zeal\s foll[]s ( ,zoroa/rianism1 dutifully obey+ x 9 ! treatm5t ( _! dead 7,ges*i*te ,irans von ,alex&] bis zum ,unt]gang d] ,arsakid51 #ahhh1 pp4 #eg-eh7--;a law n fully obey$ ev5 by ,d>eios & 8 dyna/y 7,he]51 ,asiatic ,nations1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #abg74 ,rawl9son1 on ! contr>y1 says ! ,p>?ians burn$ _! dead--an abom9ation to ,zoroa/rians4 ,c]ta9ly ! "n ( ! ,p>?ian ,k+ ,mi?radates implies acceptance ( ,mazdeism4 ,at ! same "t ,rawl9son admits t 9 ,p]sia itself1 "u ! ,p>?ian dyna/y1 ,zoroa/rianism rema9$ pure 7,sev5? ,mon4 pp4 #i-aj71 & t1 ev5 :5 ultimately x became mix$ up ) normal poly!ism1 ! duali/ic fai? & ! supremacy ( ,ormazd 7 ma9ta9$ 7,five ,mon>*ies1 #bnd ed4 iii1 #cfb-fc2 cp4 ,d>me/et]1 ,z5dave/a1 i1 lxvi1 #bnd ed474 #e4 ,,egypt ,! relatively ri* /ore ( memorials left by ! ,egyptian religions yields u h>dly any m direct light on ! gr[? ( religi\s rationalism ?an d ^? ( ,mesopotamia1 ?\gh x supplies mu* full] pro( t su* a gr[? took place4 ,all t is cle> is t ! comp>ison & competition ( h5o!i/ic cults !re z else:]e l$ to a measure ( relative skepticism1 :i* took doctr9al %ape 9 a loose monism or pan!ism4 ,! language is (t5 mono!i/ic1 b nev]1 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 is poly!ism exclud$2 on ! contr>y1 x is affirm$ 9 ! same brea?4 #bcj ,! alt]nate asc5dancy ( diff]5t dyna/ies1 ) diff]5t ,gods1 =c$ on ! process1 :i* includ$1 z 9 ,babylon1 a prie/ly gr\p+ ( deities 9 families & triads #bca--! latt] arrangem5t1 inde$1 be+ only a return to a primitive ,african conception4 #bcb ,x involv$ fur!r a syncretism or a comb9+ ( v>i\s ,gods into "o1 #bcc & also an esot]ic explanation ( ! ,god-my?s z symbolical ( natural processes1 or else ( my/ical ideas4 #bcd ,!re are ev5 evid5ces ( quasi-a!ism 9 ! %ape ( mat]iali/ic hymns on ,lucretian l9es4 #bce ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,k+dom 7#aejj ,b4,c47 x _h be5 fully e/abli%$ = all ! prie/hoods t ! ,sun-,god 0 ! "o real ,god1 & t x 0 he :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 all ! o!rs4 #bcf ,he 9 turn 0 conceiv$ z a p]vad+ spiritual =ce1 ( an?ropomorphic "* & /rong moral bias4 #bcg ,?is seems to h be5 by way ( a purification ( "o pre-em95t comp\nd deity1 ,am5-,ra1 to beg9 )1 ^: model 0 foll[$ 9 o!r cults4 #bch ,!ocracies ( ?is k9d c\ld n h be5 =m$ unconsci\sly4 ,m5 knew p]fectly well t !y 7 tak+ a great /ep 9 advance ( _! fa!rs4 #bci ,!re _h occurr$1 9 %ort1 among ! educat$ & prie/ly class a consid]able developm5t1 go+ on ?r\gh _m c5turies1 alike 9 philosophical & 9 e?ical ?\ght2 ! e?ics ( ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead be+ q z altrui/ic z ^? ( any portion ( ! mu* lat] ,*ri/ian ,gospels4 #bdj ,su* a developm5t c\ld arise only 9 long p]iods ( peace & law-abid+ life2 ?\gh x is f\nd to be accel]at$ aft] ! ,p]sian conque/1 :i* w\ld =ce ^u ! ,egyptian prie/hood new comp>isons & accommodations4 #bda ,& yet all ?is 0 done )\t ev] sacrific+ ! lea/ p>ticle ( ! beliefs ( ! pa/4 #bdb ,! popul> poly!ism1 re/+ on absolute ignorance1 0 inde/ructible2 & ! mo/ philosophic prie/s seem nev] to h dreamt ( unsettl+ x1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 a ma/]ful k+ did4 ,an em95t ,egyptologi/ has writt5 t1 :atev] lit]>y treasures may be br\ght to light 9 ! future z ! result ( excavations 9 ,egypt1 x is mo/ improbable t we %all ev] receive f t c\ntry any anci5t ,egyptian "w :i* c prop]ly be class$ among ! lit]ature ( a!ism or free?\ght2 ! ,egyptian might be m or less religi\s accord+ to 8 nature & temp]am5t1 b1 judg+ f ! writ+s ( 8 prie/s & tea*]s :i* are n[ 9 our h&s1 ! man :o 0 )\t religion & ,god 9 "s =m or o!r 0 mo/ r>e1 if n unkn[n4 #bdc ,x is n cle> :at significance ! writ] atta*es to ?is /atem5t4 ,unque/ionably ! mass ( ! ,egyptians 7 always naf believ]s 9 all t 0 giv5 !m z religion2 & among ! common p ev5 ! m9ds :i*1 z else:]e1 v>i$ f ! norm ( cr$ulity w\ld be too mu* c[$ by ! univ]sal p>ade ( religion to impugn x2 :ile _! ignorance & g5]al crudity ( life w\ld preclude coh]5t critical ?\ght on ! subject4 ,b to conclude t among ! prie/hood & ! upp] classes !re 0 nev] any free?9k+ 9 ! s5se ( disbelief 9 ! popul> & (ficial religion1 ev5 up to ! po9t ( pan!ism or a!ism1 is to ignore ! g5]al lesson ( culture hi/ory else:]e4 ,necess>ily !re 0 no lit]ature ( a!ism or free?\ght4 ,su* lit]ature c\ld h no public1 &1 z a m5ace to ! weal? & /atus ( ! prie/hood1 w\ld h br\ght dea? on ! writ]4 ,b 9 su* a multitud9\s prie/hood !re mu/ h be51 at "s /ages1 _m :o realiz$ ! mumm]y ( ! r\t9e religion1 & "s :o transc5d$ ! commonplaces ( !i/ic ?\ght4 ,f ! =m]1 if n f ! latt]1 w\ld come esot]ic explanations = ! b5efit ( ! m intellig5t ( ! laity ( ! (ficial class1 :o c\ld read2 & x is idle to decide t deep] unbelief 0 privately unkn[n4 ,x is cont5d$1 z aga9/ ! notion ( an esot]ic & an exot]ic doctr9e1 t ! scribes did n1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 keep _! new ideas c>efully conceal$1 s z to leave to ! multitude no?+ b co>se sup]/itions4 ,! contr>y is evid5t f a numb] ( inscriptions :i* c be read by anybody1 & f books :i* anyone c buy4 #bdd ,b ! assumption t anyone c\ld read or buy books 9 anci5t ,egypt is a s]i\s misconception4 ,ev5 9 our own civilization1 :]e anyone c presumably buy free?\ght j\rnals or works on an?ropology & ! hi/ory ( religions1 ! mass ( ! p are s plac$ t only by *ance does su* k rea* !m2 & multitudes are s little cultur$ t !y w\ld pass x by ) uncompreh5d+ indiff]5ce 7 x put be=e !m4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ! great mass ( ! p c\ld n ev5 read2 & no man ?\ght ( tea*+ !m4 ,?is fact alone goes f> to h>monize ! anci5t ,greek te/imonies z to ! exi/5ce ( an esot]ic tea*+ 9 ,egypt ) ,tiele's cont5tion to ! contr>y4 ,see ! pros & cons set =? & confus$ly pron\nc$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 ,manual ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #djj-dja4 ,we "k f ,diodorus 7i1 #ha71 :at we c\ld d$uce f our o!r k ( ,egyptian conditions1 t1 ap>t f ! prie/s & ! (ficial class1 no "o receiv$ any lit]>y culture save 9 "s degree ! high] grades ( artific]s1 :o ne$$ "s little k ( lett]s = _! "w 9 connection ) monum5ts1 sepul*res1 mummy-cases1 & s =?4 ,cp4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/4 anc4 des peuples de l'ori5t1 p4 #bhe4 ,ev5 ! images ( ! high] ,gods 7 %[n to ! p only on fe/ival-days 7,mey] ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums1 i1 #hb74 ,! ,egyptian civilization 0 ?us1 ?r\gh all its /ages1 obvi\sly condition$ by its mat]ial basis1 :i* 9 turn ultimately det]m9$ its polity1 !re be+ no high] contempor>y civilization to lead x o!rwise4 ,an abundant1 *eap1 & regul> food supply ma9ta9$ 9 p]petuity a d5se & easily-exploit$ population1 ^: lot ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s 0 toil1 ignorance1 political subjection1 & a primitive m5tal life4 #bde ,= su* a population g5]al ideas _h no light & no com=t2 = !m 0 ! simple human wor%ip ( ! local natural ,gods or ! presid+ ,gods ( ! k+dom1 alike confus$ly conceiv$ z great p[]s1 figur$ (t5 z "s animal1 :i* = ! primeval m9d signifi$ indef9ite capacity & unkn[n possibility ( p[] & k4 #bdf ,my?s & n !ories1 magic & n e?ics1 7 _! spiritual food1 albeit _! peaceful animal lives con=m$ suffici5tly to _! code4 ,& ! life-conditions ( ! mass det]m9$ ! policy ( prie/ & k+4 ,! enorm\s prie/ly rev5ue came f ! p1 & ! k+'s p[] re/$ on bo? ord]s4 ,z to ?is rev5ue see ,diodorus ,siculus1 i1 #gc2 & ,erman1 ,h&book ( ,egyptian ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijg1 p4 #ga4 ,accord+ to ,diodorus1 a ?ird ( ! :ole l& ( ! k+dom 0 allott$ to ! prie/hoods4 ,ab\t a six? ( ! :ole l& seems to h be5 giv5 to ! ,gods by ,ramessu ,,iii alone1 besides #aac1jjj slaves1 #dij1jjj cattle1 & imm5se weal? ( o!r k9ds 7,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,hi/4 ( ,egypt1 iii 7#aije71 #aed-ee74 ,! bulk ( ! possessions "h enum]at$ seems to h gone to ! temple ( ,am5 at ,!bes & t ( ! ,sun-,god at ,heliopolis 7,erman1 z cit$74 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! prie/ly ord] includ$ all ! physicians1 lawy]s1 cl]ks1 s*oolma/]s1 sculptors1 pa9t]s1 l& measur]s1 drug sell]s1 conjur]s1 div9]s1 & und]tak]s4 ,wilk9son1 ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ed4 ,bir*1 #ahgh1 i1 #aeg-eh2 ,%>pe1 ,egypt4 ,my?ol4 p4 #bf2 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #fh4 ,! sacr$ doma9s includ$ h]ds ( cattle1 birds1 fi%]m51 s]fs1 & temple s]vants 7,fl9d]s ,petrie1 z cit$1 iii1 #db74 ,:5 ! rev5ues assign$ = a temple ( ,seti ,i 7 f\nd to be misappropriat$1 & ! build+ /opp$1 8 son1 ,ramessu ,,ii1 assign$ a d\ble rev5ue = ! completion ( ! "w & ! wor%ip 7id474 ,l ! lat] prie/hood ( ,*ri/5dom1 t ( ,egypt =g$ docum5ts to e/abli% claims to rev5ue 7id4 p4 #fi74 ,captur$ cattle 9 great quantities 7 be/[$ on temples ( ,am5 7id4 p4 #adi71 ^: prie/s 7 especially grasp+ 7id4 p4 #aec74 ,?us 9 ! "o reign ( ,ramessu ,,iii !y receiv$ fifty-six t[ns ( ,egypt & n9e ( ,syria & #fb1jjj s]fs 7id4 p4 #aee74 ,?is 0 fully se5 :5 ,k+ ,akhunaton 7o!rwise ,e*naton1 or ,i*5iton1 or ,akhunaton1 or ,akhunat51 or ,*u5at51 or ,khu-en-at51 or ,kku-n-at51 or ,kh\niaton\1 or ,kh\naton67 ,am5-hetep or ,amun-hotep 7or ,am5ophis7 ,,iv1 mov$ by mono!i/ic zeal1 dep>t$ s f> f ! cu/om>y royal policy z to put "u ! ban all deities save t he _h *os5 = himself1 repudiat+ ! ,god-"n ,am5 9 8 own "n1 & mak+ "o f t ( 8 *os5 ,sun-,god1 ,at5 7! sun's disk7 or ,aton or ,aton\ #bdg or ,iton #bdh 7latt]ly held to be ! ,syrian ,adon1 ! ,"l1 symboliz$ by ! sun's disk74 ,!re is reason to ?9k t 8 0 n a m]e ,sun-wor%ip1 b ! cult ( a deity1 ,"l ( ! ,disk1 :o look$ ?r\gh ! sun's disk z ?r\gh a w9d[4 #bdi ,9 any int]pretation1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e 0 :olly inacceptable to a prie/hood ^: multitud9\s %r9es its success w\ld h empti$4 ,( all ! ho/ ( ,god-names1 by "o acc\nt only t ( ! old ,sun-,god ,ra-,h>ma*is 0 sp>$1 #bej z be+ held id5tical ) t ( ,at52 & by "o acc\nt #bea ! disaffection ( prie/s & p rose to ! po9t ( op5 rebellion4 ,at l5g? ,akhunaton1 ,glory ( ! ,disk1 z he elect$ to "n himself1 built = himself & 8 ,god a new capital city 9 ,middle ,egypt1 ,akhet-,at5 7or ,khut-,at571 ! mod]n ,tell-el-,am>na1 :]e he assembl$ ar\nd him a society aft] 8 own he>t1 & c>ri$ on 8 ,at5-wor%ip1 :ile 8 =eign empire 0 crumbl+4 ,! ,tell-el-,am>na tablets 7 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( 8 city1 :i* 0 des]t$ a g5]ation aft] 8 dea?4 ,?\gh ! k+ en=c$ 8 w :ile he liv$1 8 movem5t bore no fruit :atev]1 8 policy be+ rev]s$ aft] 8 family _h di$ out1 & 8 own monum5ts & capital city raz$ to ! gr\nd by or?odox successors4 #beb ,9 ! same way ! e>li] attempt ( ! ali5 ,hyksos to suppress ! native poly!ism & image-wor%ip _h come to no?+4 #bec ,! hi/ory ( ,akhunaton is e/abli%$ by ! lat] ,egyptology4 ,%>pe makes no m5tion ( x1 ?\gh ! po9t _h be5 discuss$ f #ahci onw>ds4 ,cp4 ,lepsius1 ,lett]s f ,egypt1 etc41 ,bohn trans4 #ahec1 p4 #bg2 & ,nott & ,gliddon's ,types ( ,mank9d1 #ahed1 p4 #adg1 & ,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?1 #aheg1 pp4 #aaf-ag1 9 bo? ( :i* places w be f\nd ! k+'s portrait4 ,see la/ ref]5ce = ! idle !ory t he _h be5 emasculat$1 z to :i* ! confutation by ,wi$emann 7,aegyptis*e ,ges*i*te1 p4 #cig1 cit$ by ,budge1 ,hi/4 ( ,egypt1 #aijb1 iv1 #abh7 is suffici5t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 he figures 9 ! monum5ts z fa!r ( ?ree or sev5 *ildr5 7,wi$emann1 ,rel4 ( ,anc4 ,eg4 p4 #cg2 ,erman1 p4 #fi2 ,budge1 iv1 #abc1 #abg74 ,dispute /ill reigns z to ! orig9 ( ! cult to :i* he devot$ himself4 ,a !ory ( its nature & d]ivation1 bas$ on t ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$ 7,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 #aijf1 p4 #cif71 is set =? 9 an article by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,p4 ,weigall on ,religion & ,empire 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,jan4 #aiji4 ,on ?is view ,at5 or ,aton is simply ,adon ! ,"l--a "n ultimately id5tifi$ ) ,adonis1 ! ,syrian ,sun-,god & ,vegetation-,god4 ,! k+'s gr&fa!r 0 app>5tly a ,syrian1 presumably ( royal l9eage2 & ,que5 ,tii or ,?iy1 ! k+'s "m1 :o ) h] foll[+ _h wr\ght a revolution aga9/ ! prie/hood ( ,am51 br\ght him up z a devotee ( h] own fai?4 ,on h] dea? he became m & m fanatical1 gett+ out ( t\* ) p & prie/hood1 s t 8 empire fell to pieces rapidly4 ,lett]s /ill exi/ 7among ! ,tell-el-,am>na tablets7 :i* 7 s5t by 8 g5]als 9 ,asia1 va9ly implor+ help4 ,he di$ at ! age ( tw5ty-eight2 & if ! body lately f\nd1 & suppos$ to be 81 is really s1 8 malady 0 wat] on ! bra94 ,mr4 ,brea/$1 f9d+ t ,akhunaton's ,god is describ$ by him 9 inscriptions z ! fa!r & ! "m ( all t he made1 ranks ! cult v high 9 ! scale ( !ism4 ,mr4 ,weigall 7art4 cit$1 p4 #fj2 s also ,budge1 ,hi/4 iv1 #abe7 comp>es a hymn ( ! k+'s ) ,ps4 civ1 #bd sq41 & praises x accord+ly4 ,! p>allel is c]ta9ly close1 b ! docum5t is n !reby c]tificat$ z philosophic4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ! fact t ,akhunaton _h dream$ t ! ,aton religion w\ld b9d ! nations toge!r1 ,mr4 ,weigall cr$its him ) h>b\r+ an illusive ideal t[>ds :i*1 ?irty-two c5turies lat]1 mank9d is /ill /ruggl+ 9 va9 7p4 #ff74 ,! ideal ( subjugat+ ! nations to "o ,god1 *]i%$ lat] by ,jews1 & /ill lat] by ,moslems1 is h>dly to be ?us id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n ideal ( int]national peace4 ,brugs*1 9 turn1 cr$its ! k+ ) hav+ will+ly receiv$ ! tea*+ ab\t ! "o ,god ( ,light1 :ile admitt+ t ,at5 simply meant ! sun's disk 7,hi/4 ( ,egypt1 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #baf74 ,masp]o1 aga91 decl>es ,tii to h be5 an ,egyptian ( old /ock1 & ! ,god ,aton\ to h be5 ! deity ( h] tribe 7,hi/4 anc41 z cit$1 p4 #bdi72 & he pron\nces ! cult probably ! mo/ anci5t v>iant ( ! religions ( ,ra 7p4 #bej74 ,messrs4 ,k+ & ,hall1 :o also d n accept ! !ory ( a ,syrian d]ivation1 co9cide ) ,messrs4 ,brea/$ & ,weigall 9 extoll+ ,akhunaton's cre$4 ,9 a some:at summ>y fa%ion !y pron\nce 7"w cit$1 p4 #chc7 t1 giv5 an ignorance ( ! true a/ronomical "* ( ! sun1 we see h[ em95tly rational a religion 0 ?is4 ,! conception ( a mov+ w9d[ 9 ! heav5s1 :i* appe>s to be ! core ( x1 seems r a d>k5+ ?an a developm5t ( ! philosophical speculations ( ! prie/s ( ! ,sun at ,heliopolis1 f :i* x is held by ,messrs4 ,k+ & ,hall to h be5 d]iv$4 ,simil>ly ill-w>rant$ is ! decision 7id4 p4 #chd7 t 9 ,akhunaton's h]esy we see 444 ! highe/ attitude 8 altitude to :i* religi\s ideas _h atta9$ be=e ! days ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,alike 9 ,india & 9 ,egypt1 pan!i/ic ideas ( a l>g] scope ?an 8 or ^? ( ! ,hebrew prophets _h be5 atta9$ be=e ,akhunaton's "t4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 on ! o!r h&1 po9ts out t ! cult ( ! ,at5 is really an anci5t "o 9 ,egypt1 & 0 c>ri$ on by ,?o?mes ,,iii1 fa!r ( ,am5-hetep ,,ii1 a c5tury be=e ,akhunaton 7,am5-hetep ,,iv71 its orig9al home be+ ,heliopolis 7,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 #aijb1 iv1 #dh1 #aai74 ,s also von ,biss+1 ,ges*4 ,aeg4 9 ,umriss1 p4 #eb 7read+ ,iton74 ,reject+ ! view t ,at5 is only a =m ( ,adon1 ,dr4 ,budge pron\nces t z f> z c be se5 n[ ! wor%ip ( ,at5 0 some?+ l a glorifi$ mat]ialism--:atev] t may be--:i* _h to be exp\nd$ by prie/s :o p]=m$ c]emonies simil> to ^? :i* belong$ to ! old ,heliopolitan sun-wor%ip1 )\t any connection :atsoev] ) ! wor%ip ( ,yahweh2 & a be+ ( ! "* ( ! ,semitic ,god ,adn _h no place 9 x any:]e4 ,fur!r1 he consid]s t x conta9$ no doctr9es on ! unity or on5ess ( ,at5 simil> to ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! hymns to ,ra1 & none ( ! beautiful ideas on ! future life ) :i* we are famili> f ! hymns & o!r compositions 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 7,ib4 pp4 #abj-ba74 ,by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie ,que5 ,tii or ,?iy is surmis$ to h be5 ( ,arm5ian orig9 7see ,budge1 iv1 #if-ih1 z to h] be+ ,mesopotamian72 & ,pr(4 ,petrie1 l ,mr4 ,brea/$1 has inf]r$ t %e br\ght ) h] ! cult ( :i* h] son became ! devotee4 7,s also ,brugs*1 p4 #bad47 ,messrs4 ,k+ & ,hall recognize t ! cult _h made "s headway be=e ,akhunaton took x up2 b d5y t !re is any reason = suppos+ ,que5 ,tii to h be5 ( =eign orig92 add+3 ,x seems und\bt$ t ! ,at5 cult 0 a developm5t ( pure ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght4 ,c]ta9ty on su* an issue seems h>dly possible2 b x may be said1 z aga9/ ! !ory ( a =eign importation1 t !re is no evid5ce :atev] ( any high !i/ic cult ( ,adonis 9 ,syria at ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,adonis 0 prim>ily a ,vegetation-,god2 & ! old] view t ,at5 simply means ! sun's disk is h>dly dispos$ (4 ,x is notewor?y t "u ,akhunaton's patronage ,egyptian sculpture enjoy$ a t]m ( fre$om f ! p>alyz+ conv5tion :i* reign$ be=e & aft] 7,k+ & ,hall1 z cit$1 pp4 #chc-hd74 ,?is seems to h be5 ! result ( ! innovat+ ta/e ( ! k+ 7,budge1 ,hi/4 iv1 #abd-bf74 ,z ! c5turies laps$ ! c\rse ( popul> religion 0 r d[nw>d ?an upw>d1 if x c be measur$ by ! multiplication ( sup]/itions4 #bed ,:5 "u ! ,ramesside dyna/y ! high-prie/s ( ,am5 became by m>riage ) ! royal family ! virtual rul]s1 sac]dotalism w5t f bad to worse4 #bee ,! prie/s1 :o held ! allegorical key to my?ology1 seem to h be5 ! ma9 multipli]s ( magic & fable1 mumm]y1 c]emonial1 & symbol2 & !y jeal\sly gu>d$ _! specialty aga9/ lay competition4 #bef ,esot]ic & exot]ic doctr9e fl\ri%$ 9 _! degrees side by side1 #beg ! in/ruct$ few app>5tly (t5 accept+ or act+ ^u bo?2 & primitive rites all ! :ile fl\ri%$ on ! level ( ! l[e/ savag]y1 #beh ?\gh ! high] e?ical tea*+ ev5 improves1 z 9 ,india4 ,conflicts1 conque/s1 & *anges ( dyna/ies seem to h made little diff]5ce 9 ! life ( ! common p4 #bei ,religion 0 ! ?read by :i* any rul] c\ld lead !m2 & aft] ! brief de/ructive outbreak ( ,cambyses1 #bfj himself at fir/ tol]ant1 ! ,p]sian conqu]ors all[$ ! old fai?s to subsi/1 c>+ only1 l _! pr$ecessors1 to prev5t /rife betwe5 ! cults :i* w\ld n tol]ate ea* o!r4 #bfa ,! ,ptolemies are f\nd adopt+ & us+ ! native cults z ! native k+s _h done ages be=e !m2 #bfb & 9 ! le>n$ ,greek-speak+ society creat$ by _! dyna/y at ,alex&ria !re c h be5 at lea/ z little concrete belief z prevail$ 9 ! prie/hood ( ! old] civilization4 ,x develop$ a pan!i/ic philosophy :i* ultimately1 9 ! h&s ( ,plot9us1 comp>es v well ) t ( ! ,upani%ads & ( lat] ,european sy/ems4 ,b ?is 0 a hot-h\se fl[]2 & 9 ! op5 _w outside1 :]e ,roman rule _h brok5 ! p[] ( ! anci5t prie/hood & ,greek immigration _h ov]laid ! native elem5t1 ,*ri/ianity f\nd an easy entrance1 & 9 a decl9+ society fl\ri%$ at its l[e/ level4 #bfc ,! anci5t f]m5t1 inde$1 produc$ _m /irr+s ( relative free?\ght 9 ! =m ( ,*ri/ian h]esies to be not$ h]eaft]2 "o ( ! mo/ notable be+ t ( ,arius1 :o1 l 8 antagoni/ ,a?anasius1 0 an ,alex&rian4 ,b ! ca/ ( m9d :i* elaborat$ ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity is z directly an outcome ( ,egyptian culture-hi/ory z t :i* s\ght to rationalize ! dogma by mak+ ! popul> deity a creat$ p]son2 #bfd & ! long & manifold int]nec9e /ruggles ( ! sects 7 ! due duplication ( ! old] /rifes betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s ( ! v>i\s sacr$ animals 9 ! sev]al cities4 #bfe ,9 ! end ! entire population 0 b s mu* clay to take ! impress ( ! ,arab conqu]ors1 ) _! new fanatic mono!ism /&+ = ! m9imum ( rational ?\ght4 ,= ! re/1 ! high] =ms ( ! anci5t religion _h be5 able to hold _! own till !y 7 absolutely suppress$1 ) ! philosophic s*ools1 by ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t1 :i* at ! same "t m>k$ ! end ( ! anci5t civilization by de/roy+ or scatt]+ ! va/ collection ( books 9 ! ,s]apeion1 annihilat+ at once ! la/ pagan cult & ! /or$ treasure ( pagan culture4 ,) t culture too1 h[ev]1 !re _h be5 associat$ to ! la/ ! b\ndless cr$ulity :i* _h s long kept x company4 ,9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 "u ! ,anton9es1 we h ,apuleius tell+ ( ,isis wor%ipp$ z ,nature1 p>5t ( ?+s1 mi/ress ( all elem5ts1 ! primordial bir? ( ! ages1 highe/ ( div9ities1 que5 ( dep>t$ spirits1 fir/ ( ! heav5ly ones1 ! s+le manife/ation ( all ,gods & ,goddesses1 :o rules all ?+s 9 e>? & heav51 & :o /&s = ! sole deity wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ! _w "u _m names2 #bff ! :ile h] wor%ipp] *]i%es all mann] ( ! wilde/ sup]/itions1 :i* ev5 ! subtle philosophy ( ! ,alex&rian ,neo-,platonic s*ool did n disc>d4 ,all alike1 ) ! ma*9]y ( exorcism1 7 pass$ on to ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian ,que5 ( ,heav51 leav+ out only ! pan!ism2 & :5 t wor%ip 9 turn 0 ov]?r[n1 ! ,"o ,god ( ,islam enroll$ 9 8 tra9 ! same ho/ ( anci5t halluc9ations4 #bfg ,! fatality ( circum/ance 0 supreme4 #f4 ,,pho5icia ,( ! inn] work+s ( ?\ght 9 ! ,pho5ician religion we "k ev5 less1 directly1 ?an c be ga!r$ z to any o!r anci5t sy/em ( simil> notoriety1 #bfh s completely did ! ,roman conque/ ( ,c>?age1 & ! ,mac$onian conque/ ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 blot out ! lit]>y rema9s ( _! peoples4 ,yet !re are "s indirect clues ( a rem>kable sort4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,punic speculation took ! same ma9 l9es z ! e>ly ?\ght ( ,egypt & ,mesopotamia1 ^: cultures1 mix+ 9 ,syria z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 _h laid ! basis ( ! lat] ,pho5ician civilization4 #bfi ,! simple fact t among ! ,syro-,pho5icians 0 elaborat$ ! alphabet adopt$ by all ! lat] civilizations ( ! ,we/ almo/ implies a special measure ( intellectual progress4 ,we c inde$ trace ! normal movem5t ( syncretism 9 ! cults1 & ! normal t5d5cy to improve _! e?ics4 ,! !ory ( an orig9al pure mono!ism #bgj is no m t5able "h ?an any:]e else2 we c see t ! g5]al designation ( ! *ief ,god ( any city1 usually recognizable z a ,sun-,god1 by a title r ?an a "n1 #bga ?\gh x po9t$ to a g5]al wor%ip ( a pre-em95t p[]1 9 no s5se exclud$ a belief 9 m9or p[]s1 rank+ ev5 z deities4 ,x did n d s 9 ! admitt$ly poly!i/ic p]iod2 & x _c !re=e be suppos$ to h done s previ\sly4 ,! *ief ,pho5ician ,gods1 x is admitt$1 7 ev]y:]e call$ by "o or sev]al ( ! titles ,baal 7,"l71 ,ram or ,rimmon 7,high71 ,mele* or ,mole* 7,k+71 ,melk>? 7,k+ ( ! ,city71 ,eliun 7,supreme71 ,adonai 7,"l71 ,bel-,sam9 7,"l ( ,heav571 etc4 7,cp4 ,rawl9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,pho5icia1 p4 #bca2 ,tiele1 ,hi/4 comp4 des anc4 relig41 etc41 ,fr4 tr4 #ahhb1 *4 iii1 pp4 #bha-hg2 ,outl9es1 p4 #hb2 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #bdf1 & art4 ,pho5icia 9 ,encyc4 ,biblica1 iii1 #cgdb-e2 ,sayce1 ,anci5t ,empires1 p4 #bjj47 ,! j inf]5ce is t ! ,sun-,god 0 g5]ally wor%ipp$1 ! sun be+ = ! ,semitic peoples ! pre-em95t ,nature-p[]4 ,he alone ( all ! ,gods is by ,philo expla9$ n z a deifi$ man1 b z ! sun1 :o _h be5 invok$ f ! e>lie/ times 7,mey]1 la/ cit474 7,all ,gods 7 n ,baals3 ! division betwe5 !m & less] p[]s correspond$ some:at1 z ,tiele notes1 to t betwe5 ,!oi & ,daimones ) ! ,greeks1 & ,ases & ,vanes ) ! old ,sc&9avians4 ,s 9 ,babylonia & ,india ! ,bels & ,asuras 7 m>k$ (f f less] deities47 ,! fact t ! ,we/]n ,semites ?us c>ri$ ) !m ! wor%ip ( _! *ief deities 9 all _! colonies w\ld seem to make an end ( ! assumption 7,gomme1 ,e?nology ( ,folklore1 p4 #fh2 ,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #bhd1 #bej7 t !re is some?+ specially ,aryan 9 ! conception ( ,gods :o c\ld & did accompany ! tribes :]esoev] !y travell$4 ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 iii1 #afi4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,baal1 h[ev]1 be+ t ( a special ,nature-p[]1 _c 9 e>ly any m ?an 9 lat] times h be5 mono!i/ic4 ,:at happ5$ 0 a prepond]ance ( ! d\ble cult ( ! ,god & ,goddess1 ,baal & ,a%tore?1 z 9 ! unque/ionably poly!i/ic p]iod 7,rawl9son1 p4 #cbc2 ,tiele1 ,hi/4 ,comp41 z cit$1 p4 #cai74 ,ap>t f ?is normal t5d5cy to id5tify ,gods call$ by ! same title 7a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 h[ev]1 9 anci5t z 9 mod]n ,ca?olic c\ntries1 t5d$ at ! same "t to set up special adoration ( a giv5 image71 !re is se5 9 ! lat] religion ( ,pho5icia a _s ( syncretism :i* op]at$ 9 a mann] ! rev]se ( t se5 9 lat] ,jewry4 ,9 ! latt] case ! national ,god 0 ultimately conceiv$1 h[ev] fanatically1 z univ]sal1 all o!rs be+ negat$3 9 comm]cial ,pho5icia1 _m =eign ,gods 7 adopt$1 #bgb ! t5d5cy be+ f9ally to conceive !m z all manife/ations ( "o ,p[]4 #bgc ,& !re is reason to suppose t 9 ! cosmopolitan _w ( ! ,pho5ician cities ! high] intellig5ce rea*$ a yet m subv]sive1 ?\gh /ill fallaci\s1 !ory ( religion4 ,! pret5d$ anci5t ,pho5ician cosmogony ( ,san*onia?on1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 #bgd :ile wor?less z a record ( ! mo/ anci5t beliefs1 #bge may be tak5 z repres5t+ views curr5t n only 9 ! "t & society ( ,philo ( ,byblos 7#ajj ,c4,e471 :o _h pret5d$ to translate x1 b 9 a p]iod consid]ably e>li]4 ,?is cosmogony is1 z ,eusebius compla9s1 delib]ately a!i/ic2 & x fur!r sy/ematically expla9s away all ,god /ories z be+ orig9ally true ( rem>kable m54 ,:]e ?is primitive =m ( a!i/ic rationalism orig9at$ we _c n[ tell4 ,b x 0 9 "s =m curr5t be=e ! "t ( ! ,greek ,evm]os1 :o sy/ematically develop$ x ab\t #cjj ,b4,c42 = 9 a mono!i/ic application x m or less cle>ly und]lies ! r$action ( mu* ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 :]e bo? patri>*al & regal names ( ! e>ly p]iod are f\nd to be old ,god-names2 & :]e ! ,sun-,god ,samson is made a judge #bgf--;hav+ orig9ally be5 ! ,judge-,god4 ,9 ! ,byblian writ]1 h[ev]1 ! purpose is n mono!i/ic1 b a!i/ic2 & ! problem is :e!r ?is or t 0 ! e>li] developm5t ( ! me?od4 ,! natural presumption seems to be t ! ,hebrew adaptors ( ! old my?ology us$ an already appli$ me?od1 z ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs lat] us$ ! "w ( ,evm]os2 & ! citation f ,?allos by ,lactantius #bgg sugge/s t ! me?od _h be5 appli$ 9 ,*aldea1 z x 0 spontane\sly appli$ by ! ,greek epic poets :o made memorable mortals out ( ! anci5t deities ,odysseus & neas1 #bgh ,hel51 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,a*illes1 & _m m4 #bgi ,x is 9 any case cr$ible en\gh t among ! mu*-travell+ ,pho5icians1 ) _! op5 pan!on1 an a!i/ic ,evm]ism 0 ?\ght out by ! skeptical types be=e ,evm]os2 & t ! latt] really drew 8 pr9ciples f ,pho5icia4 #bhj ,at any rate1 !y 7 !re receiv$1 d\btless by a select few1 z a means ( answ]+ ! cu/om>y dem& = some?+ 9 place ( ! reject$ ,gods4 ,conc]n+ ! tradition t an anci5t ,pho5ician1 ,mos*us1 _h sket*$ an atomic !ory1 we may aga9 say t1 ?\gh !re is no valid evid5ce = ! /atem5t1 x c\nts = some?+ z pro( t ! ,pho5icians _h an old repute = rationalism4 ,! ,byblian cosmogony may be conceiv$ z an a!i/ic ref9em5t on ^? ( ,babylon1 adopt$ by ! ,jews4 ,x connects ) ! !ogony ascrib$ to ,hesiod 7:i* has ,asiatic aspects71 9 t bo? beg9 ) ,*aos1 & ! ,gods ( ,hesiod are born lat]4 ,b :]eas 9 ,hesiod ,*aos br+s =? ,erebos & ,night 7,eros be+ causal =ce71 & ,night be>s !r & ,day to ,erebos1 :ile ,e>? virg9ally br+s =? ,heav5 7,uranos7 & ! ,sea1 & !n be>s ! fir/ ,gods 9 union ) ,heav51 ! ,pho5ician fragm5t proce$s f black *aos & w9d1 aft] long ages1 ?r\gh ,eros or ,desire1 to a k9d ( primeval slime1 f :i* arise fir/ animals )\t intellig5ce1 :o 9 turn produce "s ) intellig5ce4 ,! ef=t to expel ,deity mu/ h be5 consid]able1 = sun & moon & />s seem to arise uncreat$1 & ! sun's action spontane\sly produces fur!r developm5ts4 ,! fir/ man & 8 wife are creat$ by male & female pr9ciples ( w9d1 & _! (fspr+ proce$ to wor%ip ! ,sun1 call+ him ,beel ,sam94 ,! o!r ,gods are expla9$ z em95t mortals deifi$ aft] _! dea?4 ,see ! details 9 ,cory's ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 ,hodges' ed4 pp4 #a-bb4 ,z to ,mos*us1 cp4 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel de philos4 anci5ne1 #ahdd1 i1 #bch2 & ,mo%eim's ed4 ( ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ,h>rison's tr4 i1 #bj2 also ,cudwor?'s ,et]nal & ,immutable ,morality1 same ed4 iii1 #edh4 ,on ! g5]al "q ( ,pho5ician rationalism1 comp>e ,pausanias's acc\nt 7vii1 #bc7 ( 8 discussion ) a ,sidonian1 :o expla9$ t ,apollo 0 simply ! sun1 & 8 son sculapius simply ! heal+ art4 ,at ! same "t !re are signs ev5 9 ,pho5ician wor%ip ( an ef=t aft] an e?ical z well z an intellectual purification ( ! common religion4 ,to call ! ,pho5ician religion impure & cruel #bha is to obscure ! fact t 9 all civilizations c]ta9 types & cults v>y f ! norm4 ,9 ,pho5icia z 9 ,israel !re 7 humane anti-s5suali/s :o ei!r avoid$ or impugn$ ! s5sual & ! cruel cults ar\nd !m2 z well z ascetics :o /ood by human sacrifice :ile resi/+ sexual lic5ce4 ,t ! bett] types rema9$ ! m9ority is to be und]/ood 9 t]ms ( ! balance ( ! social & cultural =ces ( _! civilization1 n ( any racial bias or defect1 intellectual or moral4 ,! rem>k ( ,e4 ,mey] 7,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #baa1 #age71 t an e?ical or my/ical conception ( ! ,god 0 entirely ali5 to ! ,semite1 reproduces ! old fallacy ( def9ite race-*>act]s2 & ,mr4 ,sayce1 9 rem>k+ t ! immorality p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( religion 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,semitic race itself 7,anc4 ,emp4 p4 #bjc2 contra/ ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #hc71 aft] cr$it+ ! ,semitic race ) an e?ical faculty ali5 to ! ,akkadian 7above1 p4 #ff71 sugge/s ano!r phase ( ! same error4 ,!re is no?+ special to ! ,semites 9 ! case save degree ( developm5t1 simil> ph5om5a be+ f\nd 9 _m savage religions1 9 ,mexico1 & 9 ,india4 7,mey] 9 lat] passages & 9 8 article on ,ba'al 9 ,bos*]'s ,lexikon modifies 8 position z to ,semitic v]sus o!r religions47 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a *a/e z well z an un*a/e wor%ip ( ! ,pho5ician ,a%tore?4 ,a%tore? ,k>naim1 or ,tanit1 ! ,virg91 z oppos$ to ,at]gates & ,annit1 ! ,"m-,goddesses1 _h ! *>act]i/ics ( ,artemis4 ,cp4 ,tiele1 ,religion comp>e1 z cit$1 pp4 #cah-ai2 ,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #aei1 #afh-ga2 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i1 #ia2 ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #bib1 #deh4 ,9 ,rome1 ,v5us ,cloac9a1 sometimes ignorantly describ$ z a ,goddess ( ,vice1 0 anci5tly ! ,goddess ( *a/e & holy matrimony 7,ettore ,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijf1 p4 #aii74 ,= ! re/1 ! cruelty ( ! ,pho5ician cults1 9 ! matt] ( human sacrifice1 0 fully p>allel$ among ! e>ly ,teutons4 ,see ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #aii2 & ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 ,pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #d4 #g4 ,,anci5t ,,*9a ,( all ! anci5t ,asiatic sy/ems t ( ,*9a yields u ! fir/ cle> biographical trace ( a practical rationali/1 albeit a rationali/ /amp$ some:at by ,*9ese cons]vatism4 ,confucius 7,kung-fu-tse ,kung ! ,ma/]7 is a tangible p]son1 despite "s my?ic accretions1 :]eas ,z>a?u/ra & ,buddha are at be/ b d\btful possibilities1 & ev5 ,lao-,tsze 7said to h be5 born #fjd ,b4,c47 is some:at elusive4 ,be=e ,confucius 7#eea-dgh ,b4,c471 x is evid5t1 !re _h be5 a slack5+ 9 religi\s belief among ! gov]n+ classes4 ,x is claim$ = ! ,*9ese1 z = s _m o!r races1 t !y _h anci5tly a pure mono!ism2 #bhb b ! ascription1 z usual1 is mislead+4 ,!y saw 9 ! expanse ( heav5 ! ,supreme ,p[]1 n z a result ( reflection on ! claims ( o!r deities among o!r races1 b simply z express+ _! primordial tribal recognition ( t special ,god1 be=e contact ) ! ,god-ideas ( o!r peoples4 ,mono!i/ic 9 ! mod]n s5se !y c\ld n be4 ,conc]n+ !m z conc]n+ ! ,semites we may say t ! claim ( a prim>y mono!ism = !m is also true ( all primitive totemi/ic or clanni% communities4 ,a man is born into a community ) su* a div9e head1 & ! wor%ip ( t ,god is ! only "o possible to him4 #bhc ,beside ! belief 9 ! ,heav5-,god1 !re /ood beliefs 9 heav5ly & e>?ly spirits1 & 9 ance/ors1 :o 7 wor%ipp$ ) alt>s4 #bhd ,! rem>k ( ,pr(essor ,legge 7,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #aa71 t ! relation ( ! names ,%ang-,ti ,supreme ,rul]1 & ,t'i5 ! sky1 has kept ! mono!i/ic elem5t prom95t 9 ! religion prop] ( ,*9a d[n to ! pres5t "t1 may s]ve to av]t disputation4 ,x may be agre$ t ! ,*9ese 7 anci5tly mono!i/s 9 ! way 9 :i* !y are at pres5t1 :5 !y wor%ip spirits innum]able4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,legge fur!r says 7p4 #af7 t ! anci5t mono!ism five ?\s& ye>s ago 0 9 dang] ( be+ corrupt$ by nature wor%ip & div9ation1 he puts 9 d\bt ! mean+ ( ! o!r expression above cit$4 ,he /ates sev]al times 7pp4 #df1 #ea1 #eb7 t ! old mono!ism rema9s2 b speaks 7p4 #hd7 ( ! mass ( ! p z cut (f f ! wor%ip ( ,god = !mselves4 ,& see p4 #ia z to ance/or-wor%ip by ! ,emp]or4 ,tiele 7,outl9es1 p4 #bg7 9 comp>ison some:at ov]/resses ! poly!i/ic aspect ( ! ,*9ese religion 9 8 op5+ def9ition2 b he adds ! ess5tial facts4 ,dr4 ,legge's rem>k t ! idea ( revelation did n %ock ! anci5t ,*9ese 7p4 #ac7 is obscure4 ,he is deal+ ) ! ord9>y ,akkado-,babylonian a/rology4 ,pau?i]1 on ! contr>y 7,*9e ,mod]ne1 #ahec1 p4 #bej71 ass]ts t 9 ,*9a no doctr9e has ev] be5 put =? z reveal$4 ,z reg>ds ance/ral wor%ip1 we h record ( a display ( disreg>d = x by ! lords ( ,l 9 ,confucius's "t2 #bhe & ! g5]al attitude ( ,confucius himself1 religi\s only 9 8 adh]5ce to old c]emonies1 is incompatible ) a dev\t environm5t4 ,x has be5 disput$ :e!r he makes a skeptic d5ial ( any relation betwe5 man & a liv+ ,god2 #bhf b an au?ority :o disputes ?is compla9s t 8 avoid+ ! p]sonal "n ( ,t1 or ,god1 & only us+ ! m indef9ite t]m ,heav51 sugge/s a coldness ( temp]am5t & intellect 9 ! matt] ( religion4 #bhg ,he 01 inde$1 above all ?+s a morali/2 & conc]n+ ! spirits 9 g5]al he taught t ,to give "o's self to ! duties due to m51 &1 :ile respect+ spiritual be+s1 to keep alo( f !m1 may be call$ wisdom4 #bhh ,he w\ld nev] express an op9ion conc]n+ ! fate ( s\ls1 #bhi or enc\rage pray]2 #bij & 9 8 r$action ( ! old records he seems delib]ately to h elim9at$ my?ological expressions4 #bia ,i w\ld say1 writes ,dr4 ,legge 7:o nev] =gets to be a mission>y71 t he 0 unreligi\s r ?an irreligi\s2 yet1 by ! coldness ( 8 temp]am5t & intellect 9 ?is matt]1 8 influ5ce is unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( true religi\s feel+ among ! ,*9ese p g5]ally1 & he prep>$ ! way = ! speculations ( ! lit]ati ( m$ieval & mod]n times1 :i* h expos$ !m to ! *>ge ( a!ism4 #bib ,! view t !re 0 a v e>ly arre/ ( gr[? 9 ! ,*9ese religion 7,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #ajh71 be=e ! ord9>y developm5ts ( my?ology & doctr9e1 prie/hood1 etc41 _h "t to take place1 is unt5able z to ! my?ology4 ,! same writ] _h previ\sly spok5 7p4 #ajg7 ( ! ,*9ese sy/em be=e ,confucius z hav+ already p>t$ ) all savage & irrational elem5ts4 ,t ,confucius w\ld seek to elim9ate ^! seems likely en\gh1 ?\gh ! docum5t>y fact is disput$4 ,9 ! eld] contempor>y ( ,confucius1 ,lao-,tsze 7,old ,philosoph]71 ! f\nd] ( ,ta\ism1 may be recogniz$ ano!r & m rem>kable e>ly free?9k] ( a diff]5t /amp1 9 "s ess5tial respects mu* less cons]vative1 & 9 intellectual ca/ m>k$ly m orig9al4 ,:]e ,confucius 0 an admir] & /ud5t ( antiquity1 ,lao-,tsze expressly put su* conc]n aside1 #bic seek+ a law ( life )9 himself1 9 a mann] sugge/ive ( mu* ,indian & o!r ,ori5tal ?\ght4 ,s f> z our records g1 he is ! fir/ kn[n philosoph] :o d5i$ t m5 c\ld =m an idea ( deity1 t be+ ! inf9ite2 & he av[$ly evolv$1 by way ( make%ift1 ! idea ( a primordial & gov]n+ ,reason 7,tau71 closely analog\s to ! ,logos ( lat] ,platonism4 ,s9ce ! same idea is traceable 9 m primitive =ms alike 9 ! ,babylonian & ,brahmanic sy/ems1 #bid x is arguable t he may h d]iv$ x f "o ( ^! s\rces2 b ! problem is v obscure4 ,9 any case1 8 sy/em is "o ( rationali/ic pan!ism4 #bie ,8 p]sonal relation to ,confucius 0 t ( a self-pois$ sage1 impati5t ( ! o!r's =malism & reg>d to prescription & prec$5t4 ,:]e !y comp>e is 9 _! avoidance ( sup]naturalism1 & 9 ! sometimes s+ul> rationality ( _! views ( social sci5ce2 9 :i* latt] respect1 h[ev]1 !y 7 ! recipi5ts & transmitt]s ( an already classic tradition4 #bif ,?us bo? _h a /rong bias to cons]vatism2 & 9 ,lao-,tsze x w5t ! l5g? ( prescrib+ t ! p %\ld n be in/ruct$4 #big ,despite ?is1 x is n go+ too f> to say t no anci5t p appe>s to h produc$ sane ?9k]s & sci5tific morali/s e>li] ?an ! ,*9ese4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule1 repeat$ly =mulat$ by ,confucius1 seems to be b a cond5sation on 8 "p ( doctr9e he f\nd 9 ! old] classics2 #bih & z aga9/ ,lao-,tsze he is se5 ma9ta9+ ! practical =m ( ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity4 ,! old] man1 l "s lat] tea*]s1 prea*$ ! rule ( return+ k9dness = evil1 #bii )\t leav+ any biographical trace ( su* practice on 8 own "p4 ,confucius1 deal+ ) human nature z x actually is1 argu$ t evil %\ld be met by ju/ice1 & k9dness ) k9dness1 else ! evil 7 z mu* fo/]$ z ! good4 #cjj ,x is to be regrett$ t ,*ri/ian writ]s %\ld keep up ! =m ( condemn+ ,confucius 7s ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #add2 ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,confucius1 #d? ed4 p4 #aaa sq42 ,d\glas1 p4 #add7 = a tea*+ ! practice ( :i* is normally possible1 & is nev] transc5d$ 9 _! own ,*ur*1 :]e ! pr(ession ( return+ good = evil m]ely con/itutes "o ( ! great hypocrisies ( civilization4 ,dr4 ,legge does n scruple to resort to a bad sophism 9 ?is connection4 ,if1 he says1 we only d good to !m t d good to u1 :at rew>d h we8 ,he ?us ins9uates t ,confucius veto$ any spontane\s act ( b5evol5ce4 ,! "q is n ( su* acts1 b ( k9d acts to ^? :o seek to injure u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,*alm]s1 :o d$icates 8 translation ( ,lao-,tsze to ,dr4 ,legge1 actually taunts ,lao-,tsze 7p4 #ch7 ) absurdity 9 respect ( 8 doctr9e4 ,su* is ! s9c]ity ( or?odox polemic4 ,h[ little effect ! self-abnegat+ tea*+ ( ,lao-,tsze1 9 turn1 has _h on 8 foll[]s may be ga!r$ f _! v leg5ds conc]n+ him 7,d\glas1 p4 #ahb74 ,!re is a fallacy1 fur!r1 9 ! ,*ri/ian claim t ,confucius 7,analects1 v1 #aa2 xv1 #bc7 put ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 a l[] =m ?an t ( ! ,gospels1 9 t he gave x ! negative =m1 ,d n t :i* ye w\ld n h done unto y4 ,?is is really ! rational & valid =m ( ! ,rule4 ,! positive =m1 unless con/ru$ 9 ! re/rictive s5se1 w\ld m]ely prescribe a non-moral do+ ( fav\rs 9 ! hope ( receiv+ fav\rs 9 return4 ,x appe>s1 fur!r1 f ! passage 9 ! ,analects1 v1 #aa1 t ! doctr9e 9 ?is =m 0 famili> be=e ,confucius4 ,lao-,tsze1 on 8 "p1 _h r$uc$ religion to a m9imum4 ,!re is n a ^w 9 ! ,to ,th ,k+ by ,lao-,tsze ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 t sav\rs ei!r ( sup]/ition or religion4 #cja ,b ! quieti/ & my/ical philosophy ( ,lao-,tsze & ! practicality ( ,confucius alike fail$ to *eck ! gr[? ( sup]/ition among ! ev]-increas+ ignorant ,*9ese population4 ,says our ,*ri/ian au?ority3 ,9 ! works ( ,lieh-,tsze & ,*wang-,tsze1 foll[]s ( ,lao-,tsze1 two or ?ree c5turies lat]1 we f9d abundance ( grotesque sup]/ition1 ?\gh we are nev] sure h[ f> ^? writ]s really believ$ ! ?+s !y relate4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,lieh-,tsze is n[ commonly held by s*ol>s to be an imag9>y p]sonage1 ^: "n is giv5 to a miscellane\s collection ( tea*+s & moral tales1 mu* int]polat$ & add$ to long aft] ! date assign$ to him--circa #djj ,b4,c4 #cjb ,x conta9s a purely pan!i/ic /atem5t ( ! cosmic problem1 #cjc & among ! apologues is "o 9 :i* a boy ( twelve ye>s is made t]sely & cog5tly to rebut ! teleological view ( ?+s4 #cjd ,! writ]s ( su* sections are n likely to h held ! sup]/itions set =? 9 o!rs4 ,b t sup]/ition %\ld sup]v5e ^u light :]e ! means ( light 7 dw9dl+ 0 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x 0 b ! old fatality1 se5 9 ,brahmanism1 9 ,buddhism1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,islam1 & 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,confucius himself 0 soon wor%ipp$4 #cje ,a reaction aga9/ him set 9 aft] a c5tury or two1 doctr9es ( pessimism on ! "o h&1 & ( univ]sal love on ! o!r1 f9d+ a he>+2 #cjf b ! influ5ce ( ! great ,confucian tea*] ,m5cius 7,m5g-,tse7 c>ri$ 8 s*ool ?r\gh ! /ruggle4 ,9 8 tea*+1 ! religi\s elem5t retires /ill fur!r into ! backgr\nd #cjg ?an 9 t ( ,confucius2 & he is memorable = 8 insi/5ce on ! rem>kable pr9ciple ( ,confucius1 t ! p are born good2 t !y are ! ma9 "p ( ! ,/ate2 & t x is ! rul]'s fault if !y g a/ray4 #cjh ,"s rul]s seem to h fully ris5 to ?is view ( ?+s1 = we h an acc\nt ( a rationali/ic duke1 :o liv$ e>li] ?an #bej ,b4,c41 refus+ to p]mit ! sacrifice ( a man z a scapegoat on 8 behalf2 & 9 ! ye> #aff ,b4,c4 su* sacrifices 7 p]man5tly aboli%$ by ! ,han ,emp]or ,w54 #cji ,b ,m5cius1 :o1 z a sociologi/1 excels n only ,lao-,tsze b ,confucius1 put 8 f+] on ! c5tral =ce 9 ,*9ese hi/ory :5 he taught t x is only m5 ( education :o1 )\t a c]ta9 livelihood1 are able to ma9ta9 a fix$ he>t4 ,z to ! p1 if !y h n a c]ta9 livelihood1 x foll[s t !y w n h a fix$ he>t4 #caj ,s cle>ly 0 ! tru? se5 9 ,*9a ov] two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b :e!r "u feudalism or "u imp]ialism1 "u an>*y or "u peace--& ! tea*+s ( ,lao-,tsze & ,m5cius comb9$ to discr$it milit>ism #caa--! ,*9ese mass always pullulat$ on *eap food1 at a l[ /&>d ( com=t1 & 9 a /ate ( utt] ignorance4 ,h5ce ! cult ( ,confucius 0 ma9ta9$ among !m only by recogniz+ _! normal sup]/ition2 b on t basis x has rema9$ secure1 despite competition1 & ev5 a t]m ( e>ly p]secution4 ,"o iconocla/ic emp]or1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*'9 or ,ts'9 dyna/y 7#bba or #bab ,b4,c471 s\ght to extirpate ,confucianism z a means to a revolution 9 ! gov]nm5t2 b ! ef=t came to no?+4 #cab ,9 ! same way ,lao-,tsze came to be wor%ipp$ z a ,god #cac "u ! religion call$ ,ta\ism1 a title sometimes mi/ranslat$ z rationalism1 a "n admirably calculat$ to lead ! m9d a/ray z to :at ! religion is4 #cad ,x w\ld seem z if ! old] notion ( ! ,tau1 philosophically purifi$ by ,lao-,tsze1 rema9$ a popul> basis = 8 s*ool1 & s wr\ght its degradation4 ,! ,taoi/s or ,tao-sse d _! utmo/ to be z unreasonable z possible4 #cae ,!y soon rev]t$ f ! philosophic my/icism ( ,lao-,tsze1 aft] a /age ( indiff]5tism1 #caf to a popul> sup]naturalism1 #cag :i* ! cultivat$ ,*9ese n[ reg>d ) unmix$ contempt2 #cah ! cry/alliz$ common-s5se ( ,confucius1 on ! o!r h&1 alli$ z x is ) (ficial c]emonialism1 reta9+ its hold z an esot]ic code = ! le>n$4 ,! evolution has ?us closely resembl$ t :i* took place 9 ,india4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 is our sociological lesson m cle>ly to be read ?an 9 ,*9a4 ,c5turies be=e our era x _h a rationali/ic lit]ature1 an e?ic no less e>ne/ & f> m sane t t ( ! ,hebrews1 & a l9e ( kn[n tea*]s z rem>kable 9 _! way z ^? ( anci5t ,greece :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,b :]e ev5 ,greece1 wr\ght ^u by all ! o!r cultures ( antiquity1 ultimately retrograd$1 till "u ,*ri/ianity x /ay$ at a ,*9ese level ( unprogressiv5ess = a ?\s& ye>s1 isolat$ ,*9a1 help$ by no neighb\r+ culture adequate to ! ne$1 has /agnat$ z reg>ds ! ma9 mass ( its life1 despite "s political & o!r fluctuations1 till our own day4 ,its social problem1 l t ( ,india1 is n[ m or less dep5d5t1 un=tunately1 on ! solutions t may be rea*$ 9 ,europe1 :]e ! problem is only relatively m mature1 n fundam5tally diff]5t4 #h4 ,,mexico ,,& ,,p]u ,9 ! religions ( pre-,*ri/ian ,mexico & ,p]u we h peculi>ly int]e/+ examples ( e>ly religi\s sy/ems1 fl\ri%+ at "s su* culture-level z ! anci5t ,akkadian1 9 full play at ! "t ( ! ,european ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,mexico a p>tly high e?ical code1 z ! phrase goes1 w5t concurr5tly ) ! mo/ frightful indulg5ce 9 human sacrifice1 su/a9$ by ! cont9u\s practice ( indecisive w> = ! secur+ ( captives1 & by ! int]e/ ( a va/ prie/hood4 ,9 ?is sy/em _h be5 develop$ all ! lead+ features ( ^? ( ! ,old ,_w--! id5tification ( all ! ,gods ) ! ,sun2 ! wor%ip ( fire1 & ! annual r5ewal ( x by special means2 ! conception ( ,god-sacrifice & ( communion ) ! ,god by ! act ( eat+ 8 sla9 repres5tative2 ! belief 9 a ,virg9-,"m-,goddess2 ! connection ( humanit>ian e?ic ) ! div9e comm&2 ! op9ion t celibacy1 z a /ate ( sup]ior virtue1 is incumb5t on mo/ prie/s & on all w\ld-be sa9ts2 ! sub/itution ( a sacram5tal bread = ! body & blood ( ! ,god-,man2 ! idea ( an int]c$+ ,"m-,goddess2 ! hope ( a com+ ,savi\r2 ! regul> practice ( pray]2 exorcism1 special indulg5ces1 confession1 absolution1 fa/+1 & s on4 #cai ,9 ,p]u1 also1 _m ( ^? conceptions 7 9 =ce2 b ! limitation ( ! p[] & numb]s ( ! prie/hood by ! imp]ial sy/em ( ! ,incas1 & ! /ate ( peace normal 9 _! dom9ions1 prev5t$ ! ,mexican developm5t ( human sacrifice4 ,x seems probable t ! ,toltecs1 :o ei!r fl$ be=e or 7 = ! mo/ "p subdu$ or de/roy$ by ! b>b>ian ,*i*imecs 79 turn subdu$ by ! ,aztecs7 a few c5turies be=e ,cortes1 7 on ! :ole a less w>like & m civiliz$ p1 ) a less bloody wor%ip4 #cbj ,_! ,god1 ,quetzalcoatl1 reta9$ ?r\gh fe> by ! ,aztecs1 #cba 0 a comp>atively b5ign deity oppos$ to human sacrifice1 app>5tly r a late purification or p>tial rationalization ( an e>li] ,god-type ?an a primitively h>mless conception4 #cbb ,ins(> z !y 7 sund]$ by qu>rels betwe5 ! sect>ies ( ! ,god ,quetzalcoatl & ! ,god ,votan1 ?\gh _! religi\s w>s seem to h be5 z cruel z ^? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ,nor? ,africa1 !re appe>s to h be5 at "w among !m a movem5t t[>ds unbloody religion4 ,9 any case _! ov]?r[ seems to /& = ! milit>y inf]iority ( ! high] & m rational civilization #cbc to ! l[] & m religi\s1 :i* 9 turn1 h[ev]1 0 latt]ly be+ de/roy$ by its enorm\sly burd5some milit>y & prie/ly sy/em1 & may ev5 be held to h be5 ru9$ by its own sup]/iti\s fe>s4 #cbd ,among ! recognizable signs ( normal progress 9 ! ord9>y ,aztec religion 7 7#a7 ! g5]al recognition ( ! ,sun z ! ,god really wor%ipp$ 9 all ! temples ( ! deities ) special names2 #cbe 7#b7 ! sub/itution 9 "s cults ( bak$ bread-images = a crucifi$ human victim4 ,! "q arises :e!r ! ,aztecs1 b = _! ov]:elm+ prie/hood1 might conceivably h ris5 above _! sy/em ( human sacrifices1 z ! ,aryan ,h9dus _h done 9 an e>li] age4 ,_! mat]ial civilization1 :i* c>ri$ on t ( ! k9dr$ ,toltecs1 0 at sev]al po9ts sup]ior to t :i* ! ,spani>ds put 9 its place2 & _! prie/hood1 be+ a leisur$ & weal?y class1 might h develop$ intellectually z did ! ,brahmans1 #cbf if its economic basis _h be5 *ang$4 ,b only a conque/ or o!r great political convulsion c\ld conceivably h ov]turn$ ! va/ cultus ( human sacrifice1 :i* ov]ran all life1 & *]i%$ w> z a means ( procur+ victims4 ,9 ! k9dr$ ,/ate ( ,tezcuco1 civilization seems to h gone fur!r ?an 9 ,aztec ,anahuac2 & ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury "o ,tezcucan k+1 ! conqu]or ,netzahualcoyotl1 :o has left writ+s 9 bo? prose & v]se1 is se5 atta9+ to some?+ l a philosophic cre$1 ( a mono!i/ic /amp4 #cbg ,he is said to h reject$ all idol-wor%ip1 & erect$1 z a=esaid1 an alt> to ! ,unkn[n ,god1 #cbh =bidd+ all sacrifices ( blood 9 t wor%ip4 ,b among ! ,tezcucans ^! nev] ceas$2 ?ree hundr$ slaves 7 sacrific$ at ! obsequies ( ! conqu]or's son1 ,netzahualpilli2 & ! ,aztec influ5ce ov] ! sup]ior civilization 0 f9ally complete4 ,9 ,p]u1 aga91 we f9d civilization advanc+ 9 respect ( ! innovation ( sub/itut+ /atuettes = wives & slaves 9 ! tombs ( ! ri*2 & we h already not$ #cbi ! rem>kable records ( ! av[$ unbelief ( sev]al ,incas 9 ! div9ity ( ! nationally wor%ipp$ ,sun4 ,= ! re/1 !re 0 ! dubi\s quasi-mono!i/ic cult ( ! ,creator-,god1 ,pa*acamac1 conc]n+ :om e fre% discussion raises fre% d\bt4 #ccj ,mr4 ,lang1 z usual1 leans to ! view t ,pa*acamac /&s = a primordial & elevat$ mono!ism 7,mak+ ( ,religion1 pp4 #bfc-gj71 :ile admitt+ ! slightness ( ! evid5ce4 ,g>cilasso1 ! mo/ em95t au?ority1 :o1 h[ev]1 is contradict$ by o!rs1 repres5ts t ! conception ( ,pa*acamac z ,creator1 ne$+ no temple or sacrifice1 0 philosophically rea*$ by ! ,incas & _! wise m5 7,lang1 p4 #bfb74 ,! hi/orical fact seems to be t a race subdu$ by ! ,incas1 ! ,yuncas1 _h "o temple to ?is deity2 & t ! ,incas adopt$ ! cult4 ,g>cilasso says ! ,yuncas _h human sacrifices & idols1 :i* ! ,incas aboli%$1 sett+ up _! mono!i/ic cult 9 t "o temple4 ,?is is suffici5tly unlikely2 & x may v well h be5 ! fact t ! ,yuncas _h (f]$ no sacrifices4 ,b if !y did n1 x 0 because _! mat]ial conditions1 l ^? ( ! ,au/ralians & ,fuegians1 _h n facilitat$ ! practice2 & 9 t case _! mono!ism likewise w\ld m]ely repres5t ! ignorant simplicity ( a clan-cult4 7,comp>e ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii1 #cce sq42 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #eb47 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,incas _h set up a cult )\t sacrifices to a s-call$ ,"o ,god1 _! idea w\ld be philosophical1 z tak+ into acc\nt ! multitude ( clan-cults z well z _! own national wor%ips1 & transc5d+ ^!4 ,b ! out/&+ sociological fact 9 ,inc>ial ,p]u 0 ! absolute subjection ( ! mass ( ! p2 & ?\gh its mat]ial developm5t & political organization 7 comp>able to ^? ( anci5t ,p]sia "u ! ,akham5id1 s t ! ,spani% ,conque/ /ood "h = m]e de/ruction1 !re is no reason to ?9k t at ! be/ its intellectual life c\ld h ris5 high] ?an t ( pre-,alex&rian ,egypt1 to :i* x (f]s s _m resemblances4 ,! ,incas' s*ools 7 = ! nobility only4 #cca ,rationali/ic ,incas & high prie/s might h rul$ ov] a docile1 unlett]$ multitude1 gradually s(t5+ _! moral code1 9 connection ) _! r highly-develop$ doctr9e 7resembl+ ! ,egyptian7 ( a future /ate4 ,b ^! seem ! natural limits1 9 ! abs5ce ( contact ) ano!r civilization n too disp>ate = a fruitful union4 ,9 ,mexico1 on ! o!r h&1 an int]action ( native cultures _h already occurr$ to "s purpose2 & ! /range humanit>ianism ( ! man-slay+ prie/s1 :o made free public hospitals ( "p ( _! blood-/a9$ temples1 #ccb sugge/s a possibility ( esot]ic m5tal culture among !m4 ,!y _h c]ta9ly gone relatively f> 9 _! moral code1 z ap>t f _! atroci\s cre$ ( sacrifice1 ev5 if we disc\nt ! te/imony ( ! b5evol5t prie/ ,sahagun2 #ccc & !y _h ! beg9n+s ( a sy/em ( education = ! middle classes4 #ccd ,b unless "o ( ! ,/ates :i* habitually w>r$ = captives %\ld h conqu]$ ! o!rs--9 :i* case a /rong rul] might h put an end to ! :olesale religi\s slaught] ( 8 own subjects1 z appe>s to h be5 done anci5tly 9 ,mesopotamia--! prie/s 9 all likelihood w\ld nev] h transc5d$ _! hide\s halluc9ation ( sacrifice4 ,_! murd]$ civilization is ?us ! great p]haps ( sociology2 organiz$ religion be+ ! mo/ s9i/] factor 9 ! problem4 #i4 ,,! ,,common ,,=ces ,,( ,,deg5]ation ,x is impli$ m or less 9 all ! =ego+ summ>ies t !re is an inh]5t t5d5cy 9 all sy/ematiz$ & in/itut$ religion to deg5]ate intellectually & morally1 save = ! con/ant corrective activity ( free?\ght4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to note specifically ! =ms or phases ( ! t5d5cy4 #a4 ,dogmatic & ritual religion be+1 to beg9 )1 a m or less g5]al veto on fre% ?9k+1 x lies 9 its nature t ! religi\s p]son is z su* less intellig5tly alive to all problems ( ?\ght & conduct ?an he o!rwise might be--a fact :i* at lea/ outweighs1 9 a :ole society1 ! ga9 f impos+ a t]roriz$ con=mity on ! less well-biass$ types4 ,:]ev] conduct is a matt] ( %e] ob$i5ce to a sup]human code1 x is ipso facto uncritical & unprogressive4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( mo/ religions is a record ( decl9es & re=mations1 ea* new affirmation ( moral free?\ght ad hoc be+ 9 turn erect$ into a set ( %e] comm&s4 ,to set up ! necess>y f]m5t ( corrective ?\ght ev5 = a "t1 !re seems to be ne$$ 7a7 a provocation to ! intellig5ce1 z 9 ! spectacle ( conflict ( cults2 & 7b7 a provocation to ! moral s5se & to self-int]e/ ?r\gh a burd5some pressure ( rites or prie/ly exactions4 ,an exceptional p]sonality1 ( c\rse1 may c\nt = mu* 9 ! mak+ ( a movem5t2 ?\gh ! accid5t ( ! possession ( k+ly p[] by a re=m] seems to c\nt = mu* m ?an does g5ius4 #b4 ,! =tunes ( su* reactions are det]m9$ by socio-economic or political conditions4 ,!y are se5 to be at a m9imum1 z to en]gy & social effect1 9 ! conditions ( greate/ social inv>iability1 z 9 anci5t ,egypt1 :]e progress 9 ?\ght1 sl[ at be/1 0 conf9$ to ! prie/ly & (ficial class1 & nev] affect$ popul> culture4 #c4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( social conditions fitt$ to raise popul> levels ( life & ?\ght1 e religi\s sy/em t5ds to wors5 intellectually 9 ! s5se ( add+ to its range ( sup]/ition--t is1 ( ignorant & unreason+ belief4 ,cr$ulity has its own mom5tum4 ,ev5 ! possession ( limit>y sacr$ books _c *eck ?is t5d5cy--e4g41 ,h9duism1 ,judaism1 ,mohamm$anism1 ,mazdeism1 ,*ri/ianity up till ! age ( d\bt & sci5ce1 & ! sy/ems ( anci5t ,egypt1 ,babylon1 & po/-,confucian ,*9a4 ,?is wors5+ c take place alongside ( a !oretic purification ( belief )9 ! sph]e ( ! educat$ !ological class4 ,*ri/ian writ]s h und]tak5 to %[ t su* det]ioration w5t on cont9u\sly 9 ,india f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,v$ic p]iod1 popul> religion s9k+ f ,v>una to ,indra1 f ,indra to ! deities ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 & f ^! to ! ,puranas 7cp4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,murray ,mit*ell1 ,h9duism ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #ed74 ,! argum5t1 be+ ho/ile 9 bias f ! beg9n+1 ignores or d5ies ! elem5t ( intellectual advance 9 ! ,upani%ads & o!r lat] lit]ature2 b x holds good ( ! g5]al ph5om5a4 ,x holds good equally1 h[ev]1 ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! p]iod ( ! supremacy ( ignorant fai? & abs5ce ( d\bt & sci5ce2 & is relatively applicable to ! religion ( ! un$ucat$ mass at any "t & place4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n at all true t religi\s hi/ory is f ! beg9n+1 9 any case1 a process ( m]e deg5]ation f a pure ideal4 ,simple /atem5ts z to primitive ideas are f\nd to be mislead+ because ( _! simplicity4 ,!y c connote only ! e?ic ( ! life conditions ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,n[1 we h se5 7p4 #bh7 t small primitive peoples liv+ at peace & 9 communism1 or 9 "s respects well plac$1 may be on t acc\nt 9 c]ta9 moral respects sup]ior to ! av]age or mass ( m civiliz$ & m intellig5t peoples4 ,z to ! k9dl9ess & unselfi%ness ( "s savages1 liv+ an almo/ communal life1 & z to ! scrupul\s hone/y ( o!rs1 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce--e4g41 z to ,&aman isl&]s1 ,max ,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,relig41 cit+ ,colonel ,cadell1 p4 #agg2 z to ,malays & ,papuans1 ,dr4 ,russel ,wallace1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #eie 7b cp4 pp4 #ehe1 #ehg1 #ehi72 z to ,esquimaux1 ,keane1 ,man1 p4 #cgd2 ,reclus1 ,primitive ,folk1 pp4 #ae1 #cg1 #aae 7b cp4 pp4 #da-db74 ,9 ^! & o!r cases unselfi%ness )9 ! tribe is ! concomitant ( ! communal life1 & repres5ts no consci\s e?ical volition1 be+ concurr5t ) phases ( ! grosse/ tribal egoism1 9 "s cases ) cannibalism1 & ) ! p]petual oppression ( wom54 ,9 ! case ( ! prea*+ ( unselfi%ness to ! "y by ! old among ! ,au/ralians1 :]e ,lubbock & 8 au?orities see ! tyranny ( ! old 7,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #e? ed4 pp4 #dea-eb7 ,mr4 ,lang sees a pure primeval e?ic4 ,obvi\sly ! o!r is ! true explanation4 ,! close/ & be/ qualifi$ obs]v]s te/ify1 z reg>ds a numb] ( tribes3 ,s f> z any?+ l moral precepts are conc]n$ 9 ^! tribes 444 x appe>s to u to be mo/ probable t !y h orig9at$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 association ) ! purely selfi% ideas ( ! old] m5 to keep all ! be/ ?+s = !mselves1 & 9 no case :atev] are !y suppos$ to h ! sanction ( a sup]ior be+ 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor?4 ,tribes ( ,c5t4 ,au/ralia1 #aijd1 p4 #ejd74 ,! transition f t /ate to "o ( w> & individualism w\ld be 9 a s5se deg5]ation2 b on ! o!r h& ! entirely communi/ic societies are unprogressive4 ,broadly speak+1 x is by ! pa? ( social individuation t progress 9 civilization has be5 made1 ! e>ly city ,/ates & ! lat] l>ge milit>y ,/ates ultimately secur+ )9 !mselves "s ( ! conditions = special developm5t ( ?\ght1 arts1 & k4 ,! residual tru? is t ! simple religion ( ! h>mless tribe is pro tanto sup]ior to ! in/itut$ religion ( ! m civiliz$ nation ) great] heights & l[] dep?s ( life1 ! popul> religion 9 ! latt] case /&+ = ! worse conditions4 ,b ! simple religion did n spr+ f any high] /age ( k4 ,! old !orem reviv$ by ,mr4 ,lang 7,mak+ ( ,religion71 z to religion hav+ orig9ally be5 a pure & highly e?ical mono!ism1 f :i* x deg5]at$ into animism & non-moral poly!ism1 is at be/ a misread+ ( ! facts j /at$4 ,mr4 ,lang nev] asks :at ,supreme ,be+ & mono!ism mean = savages :o "k no?+ ( o!r m5's religions3 he virtually takes all ! connotations = grant$4 ,& z reg>ds ! mo/ closely /udi$ ( contempor>y savages our au?orities come to an emphatic conclusion t !y h no notion :atev] ( any?+ l a ,supreme ,be+ 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor?4 ,tribes ( ,c5t4 ,au/r4 pp4 #dia-ib4 ,cp4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane1 ,man1 p4 #cie1 z to ! ,great ,_s ( ! ,r$sk9s74 ,= ! re/1 ,mr4 ,lang's !ory is demon/rably wrong 9 its e?ical int]pretation ( _m an?ropological facts1 & z x /&s is q irreconcilable ) ! law ( evolution1 s9ce x assumes an ab/ract mono!ism z primordial4 ,9 g5]al x approximates sci5tifically to ! eighte5?-c5tury doctr9e ( ! sup]iority ( savag]y to civilization4 7,see x criticiz$ 9 ! au?or's ,/udies 9 ,religi\s ,fallacy1 & ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #cg-dc1 #df sq47 #d4 ,ev5 prim>y conditions ( mat]ial well-be+1 if n react$ ^u by social sci5ce or a movem5t ( free?\ght1 may 9 a comp>atively advanc$ civilization promote religi\s deg5]ation4 ,?us abundance ( food is fav\rable to multiplication ( sacrifice1 & s to prie/ly pr$om9ance4 #cce ,! possession ( dome/icat$ animals1 s important to civilization1 l5ds itself to sacrifice 9 a specially demoraliz+ degree4 ,b abundant c]eal food-supply1 mak+ abundant population1 may greatly promote human sacrifice--e4g41 ,mexico4 ,! error ( ,mr4 ,lang's me?od is se5 9 ! use he makes 7"w cit$1 pp4 #bhf-bhi1 #bib7 ( ! fact t c]ta9 l[ races--z ! ,au/ralians1 ,&amanese1 ,bu%m51 & ,fuegians--(f] no animal sacrifice4 ,he misses ! obvi\s significance ( ! facts t ^! unw>like races h z a rule no dome/icat$ animals & no agriculture1 & t _! food supply is ?us 9 g5]al prec>i\s4 ,! ,&amanese1 sometimes describ$ 7,mal?us1 ,essay on ,population1 *4 iii1 & refs42 ,g4 ,w4 ,e>l1 ,papuans1 #ahec1 pp4 #aej-ea7 z v ill-f$1 are sometimes said to be well suppli$ ) fi% & game 7,pes*el1 ,races ( ,man1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgf1 p4 #adg2 ,max ,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,rel4 cit+ ,cadell1 p4 #agg72 b 9 any case !y h _h no agriculture1 & seem to h only occasional animal food 9 ! %ape ( a wild hog 7,colebrooke 9 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 iv1 #cij74 ,! ,au/ralians & ,fuegians1 aga91 h (t5 great difficulty 9 fe$+ !mselves 7,pes*el1 pp4 #adh1 #aei1 #ccd2 ,d>w91 ,voyage1 *4 #aj74 ,x is argu$ conc]n+ ! ,au/ralian aborig9es t z a rule !y h an abundance 7,a4 ,f4 ,calv]t1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 #ahid1 p4 #bd72 b ?is abundance is made out by catalogu+ ! :ole edible fauna & flora ( ! coa/s & ! int]ior1 & ignores ! fact t = all hunt+ peoples food supply is prec>i\s4 ,= ! ,au/ralian1 ! difficulty ( captur+ game ) 8 primitive me?ods compels him to give 8 :ole "t to ! que/ ( food 7,keane1 ,man1 p4 #adh74 ,9 ! contr>y case ( ! primitive ,v$ic ,aryans1 well suppli$ ) animals1 sacrifices 7 abundant1 & t5d$ to become m s 7,mll]1 ,nat4 ,relig4 pp4 #acf1 #ahe2 ,physical ,relig4 p4 #aje2 b cp4 pp4 #ih1 #aja2 ,mit*ell1 ,h9duism1 p4 #dc2 ,lefmann1 ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,indi5s1 9 ,onck5's s]ies1 #ahij1 pp4 #di1 #dcj-ca74 ,( ^! sacrifices t ( ! horse seems to h be5 9 ,aryan use 9 a mo/ remote p]iod 7cp4 ,m4 ,mll]1 ,nat4 ,rel4 pp4 #ebd-be2 ,h4 ,bttg]1 ,sonn5cult d] ,indog]man51 ,breslau1 #ahia1 pp4 #da-dd2 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1 ed4 ,khl]1 pp4 #ajb1 #bii1 #cbc2 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 #bte ,aufg4 i1 #dfb2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii1 #cae74 ,max ,mll]'s rem>k 7,physical ,religion1 p4 #ajf71 t ! idea ( sacrifice did n exi/ at a v e>ly p]iod1 because !re is no common ,aryan t]m = x1 c\nts = no?+1 z he admits 7p4 #ajg7 t ! ,sanskrit ^w _c be trac$ back to any m g5]al root2 & he conc$es ! antiquity ( ! practice4 ,on ?is cp4 ,mit*ell1 ,h9duism1 pp4 #cg-ch2 & ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 p4 #abb4 ,! re=m 9 ,h9du sacrifice1 consummat$ by ,buddhism1 has be5 not$ above4 #e4 ,ev5 sci5tific k1 :ile enabl+ ! ?\ghtful to correct _! religi\s conceptions1 9 "s =ms l5ds itself easily to ! promotion ( popul> sup]/ition4 ,?us ! a/ronomy ( ! ,babylonians1 :ile develop+ "s skepticism1 s]v$ 9 g5]al to enc\rage div9ation & =tune-tell+2 & seems to h _h ! same effect :5 communicat$ to ! ,*9ese1 ! ,h9dus1 & ! ,hebrews1 all ( :om1 h[ev]1 practis$ div9ation previ\sly on o!r bases4 #f4 ,f9ally1 ! developm5t ( ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+1 unaccompani$ by due intellectual culture1 t5ds to keep religion at a l[ an?ropomorphic level1 & wors5s its psy*ology by invit+ image-wor%ip4 #ccf ,x is n t ! e>li] & non-arti/ic religions are n an?ropomorphic1 b t !y give m play = intellectual imag9ation ?an does a cult ( images4 ,b :]e ! arts h be5 develop$1 idolatry has always aris5 save :5 resi/$ by a special activity or revival ( free?\ght to t end2 & ev5 9 ,prote/ant ,*ri/5dom1 :]e image-wor%ip is taboo$1 religi\s pictures n[ promote popul> cr$ulity & ritualism z !y did 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 #ccg ,s manifold are ! =ces ( intellectual deg5]ation--deg5]ation1 t is1 f an atta9$ ideal or /age ( developm5t1 n f any primordial k4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,relative ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,israel ,! mod]n critical analysis ( ! ,hebrew ,sacr$ ,books has made x suffici5tly cle> t 9 ,jewi% z 9 all o!r anci5t hi/ory progress 9 religion 0 by way ( evolv+ an e?ical & sole deity out ( normal primitive poly!ism4 #cch ,:at 0 special to ! ,hebrews 0 ! set ( social conditions "u :i* ! evolution took place4 ,?r\gh ^! conditions x 0 t ! relative free?\ght :i* reject$ normal poly!ism 0 s f> fav\r$ z to lead to a pron\nc$ mono!i/ic cultus1 ?\gh n to a philosophic mono!ism4 #a ,z se5 9 _! e>lie/ hi/orical docum5ts 7especially portions ( ! ,book ( ,judges71 ! ,hebrews are a gr\p ( agricultural & pa/oral b w>like tribes ( ,semitic spee*1 ) h\sehold ,gods & local deities1 #cci liv+ among communities at ! same or a high] culture /age4 ,_! ance/ral leg5ds %[ simil> religi\s practice4 #cdj ,( ! ,hebrew tribes "s may h soj\rn$ = a "t 9 ,egypt2 b ?is is unc]ta91 ! writt5 record be+ a late & 9 l>ge "p delib]ately fictiti\s con/ruction4 #cda ,at "o "t twelve su* tribes may h conf$]at$1 9 con=mity ) a common anci5t sup]/ition1 se5 9 ,arab & ,greek hi/ory z well z 9 ! ,jewi%1 z to ! numb] twelve4 ,z !y advanc$ 9 civilization1 on a basis ( city life exi/+ among a population settl$ 9 ,canaan be=e !m1 p>ts ( :i* !y conqu]$1 "o ( _! public cults1 t ( ,yahu or ,yahweh1 f9ally fix$ at ,j]usalem1 became politically important4 ,! special wor%ipp]s ( ?is ,god 7suppos$ to h be5 at fir/ a ,?und]-,god or ,nature-,god7 #cdb 7 9 t s5se mono!i/s2 b n o!rwise ?an k9dr$ neighb\r+ communities su* z ! ,ammonites & ,moabites & ,edomites1 ea* ( :i* _h its special ,god1 l ! cities ( ,babylonia & ,egypt4 ,b t ! e>li] conceptions ( ! p _h assum$ a multiplicity ( ,gods is cle> f ! fact t ev5 9 ! lat] lit]>y ef=ts to impose ! sole cult ( ,yahweh on ! p1 ! plural "n ,elohim1 ,p[]s or ,gods 79 g5]al1 ?+s to be fe>$71 #cdc is reta9$1 ei!r alone or ) t ( ,yahweh prefix$1 ?\gh cosmology _h previ\sly be5 writt5 9 ,yahweh's "n4 ,! ,yahwi/s did n scruple to comb9e an ,elohi/ic n>rative1 v>y+ f !irs 9 cosmology & o!rwise1 ) _! own4 #cdd ,z to ! orig9al simil>ity ( ,hebraic & o!r ,canaanite religions cp4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 #cji-aa 7i1 #cgb-gf72 ,ku551 i1 #bbc2 ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 p4 #ddj2 ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*4 ,israels1 passim2 ,rville1 ,prolg4 de l'hi/4 des relig4 #ahha1 p4 #he4 ,be=e be+ mono!i/ic1 ,israel 0 simply monolatr\s1 & ev5 t only 9 its religi\s lite 7,rville74 ,_! ! ,canaanites' wor%ip 0 ! same 9 pr9ciple z t ( ,israel1 b x _h a high] organization 7,m5zies1 ,hi/4 ( ,rel4 p4 #agi2 cp4 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #he-hi74 ,on ! side ( ! traditional view1 ,mr4 ,lang1 :ile %>ply *all5g+ mo/ ( ! propositions ( ! high] critics1 affirms t we "k t ,israel _h1 9 an e>ly age1 ! conception ( ! moral ,et]nal2 we "k t1 at an e>ly age1 ! conception 0 contam9at$ & an?ropomorphiz$2 & we "k t x 0 rescu$1 9 a great degree1 f ?is corruption1 :ile always reta9+ its orig9al e?ical aspect & sanction 7,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #bie74 ,if we "k ?is1 ! discussion is at an end4 ,b ,mr4 ,lang's sole docum5t>y basis = ! ass]tion is j ! fabricat$ record1 reluctantly ab&on$ by !ological s*ol>s z su*4 ,:5 ?is is *all5g$1 ,mr4 ,lang falls back on ! position t su* l[ races z ! ,au/ralians & ,fuegians h a moral ,supreme ,be+1 & t !re=e ,israel mu/ h _h "o 7p4 #cji74 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! e?ic ( ^! races is p]fectly primitive1 on ,mr4 ,lang's own %[+1 & t 8 e/imate is a mis9t]pretation4 ,z to _! ,supreme ,be+s1 x might suffice to comp>e ,mr4 ,lang's ,mak+ ( ,religion1 *s4 ix1 xii1 ) 8 e>li] ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 i1 #afh1 #cce2 ii1 #f1 etc42 b1 z we h se5 7above1 p4 #ic71 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,au/ralians eludes ! close/ se>* 9 a numb] ( tribes2 & ! moral factor is equally intangible4 ,mr4 ,lang 9 8 lat] reason+ has m]ely add$ ! ambigu\s & mislead+ epi!t ,supreme1 /ress+ x indef9itely1 to ! ord9>y ,god-idea ( ! l[] races4 7,cp4 ,cox1 ,my?ol4 ( ,aryan ,races1 ed4 #ahhb1 p4 #aee2 & ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,sci4 ,my?ol4 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #ahd47 ,!re be+ ?us no highly imag9$ moral ,et]nal 9 ! religion ( primitive man1 ! ,hebrews 7 orig9ally 9 ! ord9>y position4 ,_! e>ly practice ( human sacrifice is impli$ 9 ! leg5d ( ,abraham & ,isaac1 & 9 ! /ory ( ,jeph?ah4 7,cp4 ,micah vi1 #g1 & ,ku55 on ! passage1 i1 #bcg47 ,9 _! reput$ e>lie/ prophetic books we f9d !m addict$ to div9ation 7,hosea iv1 #ab2 ,micah v1 #ab4 ,cp4 ! prohibition 9 ,lev4 xx1 #f2 also #b ,k+s xxiii1 #bd1 & ,isa4 iii1 #b2 z to ! use ( ! ephod1 t]aphim1 & urim & ?ummim1 see ,ku551 ,relig4 ( ,israel1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #ig-ajj7 & to poly!ism4 7,amos v1 #bf1 viii1 #ad2 ,hosea i1 #ac1 #ag1 etc4 ,cp4 ,jud4 viii1 #bg2 #a ,sam4 vii1 #c47 ,^! ?+s ,mr4 ,lang seems to admit 7p4 #cji1 note71 despite 8 previ\s claim2 b he builds 7p4 #ccb7 on ! fact t ! ,hebrews %[$ little conc]n ab\t a future /ate--t e>ly ,israel1 hav+1 s f> z we "k1 a s+ul> lack ( int]e/ 9 ! future ( ! s\l1 0 born to give himself up to develop+1 undi/urb$1 ! !i/ic conception1 ! belief 9 a righte\s ,et]nal--:]eas lat] ,greeks & ,romans1 l ,egyptians1 7 mu* conc]n$ ab\t life aft] dea?4 ,mr4 ,lang's own g5]al !ory w\ld really require t all peoples at a c]ta9 /age %\ld act l ! ,israelites2 b he susp5ds x 9 ! int]e/ ( ! or?odox view z to ! e>ly ,hebrews4 ,at ! same "t he omits to expla9 :y ! ,hebrews fail$ to adopt ! future-/ate cre$ :5 !y 7 contam9at$--a proposition h>dly reconcilable1 on any view1 ) ! s5t5ce j quot$4 ,! solution1 h[ev]1 is simple4 ,israel 0 n at all s+ul> 9 ! matt]4 ,! e>ly 7,hom]ic7 ,greeks & ,romans 7cp4 z to ,hades ! ,iliad1 passim2 ,odyssey1 bk4 xi1 passim2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #bji1 z to ! my? ( ,p]sephone2 & ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1 ed4 ,khl]1 #ahfe1 pp4 #deb-ee1 z to ! e>ly ,romans71 l ! e>ly ,v$ic ,aryans 7,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #aag2 ,mll]1 ,an?ropol4 ,relig4 p4 #bfi71 & ! e>ly ,babylonians & ,assyrians 7,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #aha-hb2 ,sayce1 ,hib4 ,lect4 p4 #cfd7 took little ?\ght ( a future /ate4 ,hom] kn[s no influ5ce ( ! ,psy*e on ! realm ( ! visible1 & also no cult imply+ x4444 ,a lat] poet1 :o made ! la/ addition to ! ,odyssey1 fir/ introduc$ ,h]mes ! 'lead] ( s\ls' p]haps tak5 f a popul> belief 9 "s "p ( ,hellas4444 ,und]nea?1 9 ! gloomy %ades1 ! s\ls wav]1 unconsci\s or at ! be/ 9 a glimm]+ half-consci\sness1 end[$ ) fa9t voices1 feeble1 indiff]5t4444 ,to speak1 z d _m old & rec5t s*ol>s1 ( ! 'immortal life' ( su* s\ls1 is errone\s4 ,!y live r z ! spectre ( ! liv+ 9 a mirror4444 ,if ! ,psy*e outlives h] visible mate 7! body71 %e is p[]less )\t him4444 ,?us is ! ,hom]ic _w free f gho/s 7= aft] ! burn+ ( ! body ! ,psy*e appe>s no m ev5 9 dream74444 ,! liv+ has peace f ! dead4444 ,no dmonic p[] is at "w ap>t f or aga9/ ! ,gods2 & ! night gives to ! disembodi$ spirits no fre$om 7,rohde1 ,psy*e1 #dte ,aufl4 #aijg1 pp4 #i-aa74 ,?is m9imization ( ! normal primitive belief 9 spirits is "o ( ! reasons = see+ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems ! outcome ( a p]iod ( loos5$ belief4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! pre-,hom]ic ,greeks1 l ! ea/]ns ) :om ! ,greeks met 9 ,ionia1 _h n ! usual gho/-lore ( savages & b>b>ians2 & x may be t = all ! e>ly civilizations "u notice ! explanation is t primitive gho/-cults 7 ab&on$ by migrat+ & conqu]+ races1 :o reject$ ! gho/-cults ( ! races :om !y conqu]$1 ?\gh !y o/5sibly accept$ _! ,gods4 ,9 any case !y made little religi\s acc\nt ( a future /ate = !mselves4 ,?is attitude has aga9 be5 errone\sly reg>d$ 7e4g41 ,dick9son1 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life1 p4 #ce7 z peculi> to ! ,greeks4 ,mr4 ,lang's assumption may1 9 fact1 be ov]?r[n by ! s+le case ( ! ,pho5icians1 :o %[$ no m conc]n ab\t a future life ?an did ! ,hebrews 7see ,canon ,rawl9son's ,hi/ory ( ,pho5icia1 #ahhi1 pp4 #cea-eb71 b :o are n pret5d$ to h giv5 !mselves up mu* to develop+1 undi/urb$1 ! belief 9 a righte\s ,et]nal4 ,! tru? seems to be t 9 all ! e>ly progressive & combative civilizations ! ma9 conc]n 0 z to ! cont9uance ( ?is life4 ,on t head ! ,hebrews 7 z solicit\s z any 7cp4 ,ku551 i1 #fe72 & !y habitually practis$ div9ation on t score4 ,fur!r1 !y atta*$ ! v highe/ importance to ! cont9uance ( ! individual 9 8 (fspr+4 ,! idea ( a future /ate is fir/ f\nd highly develop$ 9 ! long-liv$ cults ( ! long-civiliz$ b unprogressive ,egyptians2 & ! ,babylonians 7 develop+ 9 ! same direction4 ,yet ! ,hebrews took x up 7see ! evid5ce 9 ,s*r]1 ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus1 ,eng4 tr4 ,div4 ,,ii1 vol4 ii1 p4 #agi7 j :51 accord+ to ,mr4 ,lang1 _! cult 0 rescu$1 9 a great degree1 f corruption2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 x 0 9 ! /age ( maximum mono!ism t !y rea*$ ! maximum ( irrationality4 ,= ! re/1 belief 9 immortality is f\nd highly develop$ 9 a sociologically deg5]ate & unprogressive p su* z ! ,tasmanians 7,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,rel4 p4 #dcc71 :o are yet primitively pure on ,mr4 ,lang's hypo!sis2 & is normal among negroes & ,au/ralian blackfell[s4 ,?is prim>y poly!ism is se5 to ! full 9 t con/ant resort ( ,israelites to neighb\r+ cults1 aga9/ :i* s mu* ( ! ,hebrew doctr9e is direct$4 ,to und]/& _! practice ! mod]n read] has to get rid ( ! halluc9ation impos$ on ,*ri/5dom by its idea ( revelation4 ,! cult ( ,yahweh 0 no primordial ,hebrew cre$1 des]t$ by backslid+ idolat]s1 b a f9ally successful tyranny ( "o local cult ov] o!rs4 ,x is probable t x 0 orig9ally n ,pale/9ian1 b ,s9aitic1 & t ,yahweh became ! ,god ( ,caleb-,judah only "u ,david4 #cde ,!re=e1 )\t begg+ ! "q z to ! moral s9c]ity ( ! prophets & o!rs :o id5tifi$ ,yahwism ) morality1 we mu/ always rememb] t !y 7 on _! own %[+ devotees ( a special local wor%ip1 & s f> fight+ = _! own influ5ce4 ,simil> prophesy+ may conceivably h be5 c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ! same or o!r ,god-names 9 o!r localities1 & ! extant prophets freely te/ify t !y _h ,yahwi/ic oppon5ts2 b ! circum/ance t ,yahweh 0 wor%ipp$ at ,j]usalem )\t any image might be an important cause ( diff]5tiation 9 ! case ( t cult4 ,9 any case x mu/ h be5 ?r\gh simple exclusivism t !y rea*$ any =m ( mono!ism4 #cdf ,! invet]ate usage1 9 ! ,bible-mak+ p]iod1 ( =g+ & int]polat+ anci5t or pret5d$ writ+s1 makes x impossible to con/ruct any detail$ hi/ory ( ! rise ( ,yahwism4 ,we c b proce$ ^u data :i* d n appe> to l5d !mselves to ! purposes ( ! lat] adaptors4 ,9 t way we see cause to believe t at "o e>ly c5tre ! s-call$ ark ( ,yahweh conta9$ v>i\s objects held to h sup]natural virtue4 #cdg ,9 ! old] hi/oric docum5ts x has1 h[ev]1 no su* sacr$ness z accrues to x lat]1 #cdh & no great traditional pre/ige4 ,?is ark1 previ\sly mov$ f place to place z a feti%1 #cdi is said to h be5 transf]r$ to ,j]usalem by ! e>ly k+ ,david1 #cej ^: /ory1 l t ( 8 pr$ecessors ,saul & 8 son ,solomon1 is 9 "p bl5d$ ) my?4 ,z to ,david1 comp>e #a ,sam4 xvi1 #ah1 ) xvii1 #cc1 #db4 ,da\d 7 ,dodo ,dumzi ,tammuz ,adonis7 0 a ,semitic deity 7,sayce1 ,hib4 ,lec4 pp4 #eb-eg1 & art4 ,! ,names ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,k+s ( ,israel1 9 ,mod]n ,review1 ,jan4 #ahhd71 :om ,david resembles z an inv5tor ( ! lyre 7,amos1 vi1 #e2 cp4 ,hitzig1 ,die ,psalm51 #b ,!il1 #ahcf1 p4 #c74 ,b ,saul & ,solomon also 7 ,god-names 7,sayce1 z cit$71 z 0 ,samuel 7id4 pp4 #ed1 #aha2 cp4 ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #abj72 & :5 we note ^! data1 & fur!r ! pla9 fact t ,samson is a sol> my?1 be+ a p]sonage ,evem]iz$ f ,samas1 ! ,sun-,god1 we are prep>$ to f9d fur!r traces ( ,evem]i/ic r$action 9 ! ,hebrew books4 ,to say no?+ ( o!r figures 9 ! ,book ( ,judges1 we f9d t ,jacob & ,joseph 7 old ,canaaniti% deities 7,sayce1 ,lectures1 p4 #ea2 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,new ,s]ies1 v1 #dh2 ,hugo ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*i*te ,israels1 ii1 #eg-gg72 & t ,moses1 z might be expect$1 0 a "n = m ?an "o ,semitic ,god 7,sayce1 pp4 #df-dg71 & 9 p>ticul> /ood = a ,sun-,god4 ,abraham & ,isaac 9 turn appe> to be anci5t deities 7,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #cgd1 #cji2 ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*4 ,israels1 ii1 #bj-di74 ,miriam 0 probably 9 simil> case 7cp4 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #afe-ff74 ,on an analysis ( ! ,jo%ua my? z r$act$1 fur!r1 we may surmise ano!r r$uction ( an anci5t cult to ! =m ( hi/ory1 p]haps obscur+ ! true orig9al ( ! wor%ip ( ,m>y & ,jesus4 ,x seems probable1 f9ally1 t su* figures z ,elijah1 :o asc5ds to heav5 9 a fi]y *>iot1 & ,eli%a1 ! bald head & miracle-work]1 are simil> con/ructions ( p]sonages out ( ,sun-,god lore4 ,9 su* mat]ial lies "p ( ! refutation ( ! !sis ( ,r5an 7,hi/1 des langues smit4 #b;e dit4 pp4 #g1 #dhe7 t ! ,semites 7 natural mono!i/s1 devoid ( my?ology4 ,r5an is foll[$ 9 :ole or 9 "p by ,nldeke1 ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/4 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #f2 ,s\ry1 ,relig4 ( ,israel1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #b1 #aj2 ,spiegel1 ,ernis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 i1 #chi2 also ,ros*]1 ,drap]1 ,pes*el1 & ,blunts*li1 z cit$ by ,goldzih]1 ,my?ology ,among ! ,hebrews1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #d1 note4 ,on ! o!r side comp>e ,goldzih]1 *4 i2 ,/e9?al's ,prome!us & ,samson1 ,eng4 tr4 7) ,goldzih]71 pp4 #cia1 #dbh1 etc41 & 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft bei d5 ,grie*5 und d5 ,rm]n1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ae-ag2 ,ku551 ,rel4 ( ,israel1 i1 #bbe2 ,smi?1 ,rel4 ( ! ,semites1 p4 #di2 ,ewald1 ,hi/4 ( ,israel1 ,eng4 tr4 #d? ed4 i1 #ch-dj2 ,mll]1 ,*ips1 i1 #cde sq42 ,select$ ,essays1 #ahha1 ii1 #djb sq42 ,nat4 ,rel4 p4 #cad4 ,r5an's view seems to be g5]ally connect$ ) ! assumption t life 9 a des]t makes a race = ev] unimag9ative or unit>y 9 its ?\ght4 ,! ,arabian ,nights might be suppos$ a suffici5t pro( to ! contr>y4 ,! hi/oric tru? seems to be t1 /age = /age1 ! anci5t ,semites 7 z my?ological z any o!r race2 b t 7to say no?+ ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians7 ! my?ologies ( ! ,hebrews & ( ! ,arabs 7 alike suppress$ z f> z possible 9 _! mono!i/ic /age4 ,comp>e ,r5an's own admissions1 pp4 #bg1 #aaj1 #dge1 & ,hi/4 du peuple d',isral1 i1 #di-ej4 ,at o!r places1 h[ev]1 ,yahweh 0 symboliz$ & wor%ipp$ 9 ! image ( a "y bull1 #cea a usage associat$ ) ! neighb\r+ ,semitic cult ( ,mole*1 b probably indig5\s1 or at lea/ e>ly1 9 ! case ( ,yahweh also4 ,a ,god1 = su* wor%ipp]s1 ne$$ to be repres5t$ by some?+1 if he 7 to be individualiz$ z aga9/ o!rs2 & :]e !re 0 n an ark or a sacr$ /one or special temple or idol !re c\ld be no cult at all4 ,! practices ( anci5t religion require a fix$ meet+-place betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s & _! ,god4 #ceb ,! pre-,exilic hi/ory ( ,yahweh-wor%ip seems to be 9 l>ge "p t ( a /ruggle betwe5 ! devotees ( ! imageless wor%ip fix$ to ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & o!r wor%ips1 ) or )\t images1 at o!r & less influ5tial %r9es4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! docum5ts1 x 0 long be=e mono!i/ic pret5sions 7 made 9 connection ) ,yahwism4 ,!y mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance h seem$ n only tyrannical b blasphem\s to ! devotees ( ! old local %r9es1 :o 9 ! e>li] ,hebrew writ+s figure z p]fectly good ,yahwi/s2 & !y cle>ly _h no durable success be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,exile4 ,"s ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! suppos$ p]iod ( ,david1 #cec & aga9 eighty ye>s lat]1 we meet ) o/5sible traces #ced ( a movem5t = ! special aggr&izem5t ( ! ,yahweh cult & ! suppression ( ! o!rs :i* compet$ ) x1 z well z ( c]ta9 lic5ti\s & vici\s practices c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ,yahweh wor%ip4 ,conc]n+ ^!1 x c\ld be claim$ by ^? :o _h adh]$ to ! simpl] tradition ( "o ( ! e>ly wor%ips t !y 7 =eign importations4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 specialties ( a ri* anci5t society1 & 7 ei!r native to ,canaanite cities :i* ! ,hebrews _h captur$1 or copi$ by !m f su* cities4 ,b ! fact t !y 7 ?us1 on ! %[+ ( ! lat] ,yahwi/ic records1 long associat$ ) ,yahwi/ practice1 proves t !re 0 no special elevation ab\t ,yahwism orig9ally4 ,ev5 ! epi!t translat$ ,holy 7,kado%7 _h orig9ally no high moral significance4 ,x simply meant set ap>t1 n common 7cp4 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i1 #dc2 ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 9 ,prolegom5a vol4 p4 #dii72 & ! special sub/antive 7,kade% & ,k$e%ah7 0 actually ! "n = ! mo/ degrad$ m9i/rants ( bo? sexes 9 ! lic5ti\s wor%ip 7see ,deut4 xxiii1 #ag1 #ah1 & m>g4 ,rev4 ,v]s4 ,cp4 #a ,k+s xiv1 #be2 xv1 #ab2 #b ,k+s xxiii1 #g74 ,on ! "q ( e>ly ,hebrew e?ics x is some:at mislead+ to cite ,wellhaus5 7s ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #cjd7 z say+ 7,israel1 p4 #dcg7 t religion inspir$ law & morals 9 ,israel ) exceptional purity4 ,9 ! context ,wellhaus5 has said t ! />t+-po9t ( ,israel 0 normal2 & he writes 9 ! ,prolegom5a 7p4 #cjb7 t good & evil 9 ,hebrew mean prim>ily no?+ m ?an salut>y & hurtful3 ! application ( ! words to virtue & s9 is a second>y "o1 ^! be+ reg>d$ z s]viceable or hurtful 9 _! effects4 #b ,giv5 ! co-exi/5ce ( a multitude ( local cults1 & ( v>i\s local ,yahweh-wor%ips1 x is conceivable t ! ,yahwi/s ( ,j]usalem1 back$ by a prie/-ridd5 k+1 %\ld seek to limit all wor%ip to _! own temple1 ^: rev5ues w\ld !reby be mu* increas$4 ,b insoluble p]plexities are set up z to ! alleg$ movem5t by ! incongruities 9 ! docum5ts4 ,pass+ ov] = ! mom5t ! prophets ,amos & ,hosea & o!rs :o o/5sibly belong to ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 we f9d ! second prie/ly re=m1 #cee consequ5t on a f9d+ or fram+ ( ! law1 repres5t$ z occurr+ e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,josiah 7#fda-faj ,b4,c474 ,b lat] 9 ! same reign are plac$ ! writ+s ( ,j]emiah1 :o con/antly contemns ! scribes1 prophets1 & prie/s 9 mass1 & makes light ( ! ark1 #cef besides decl>+ t 9 ,judah #ceg !re are z _m ,gods z t[ns1 & 9 ,j]usalem z _m ,baal-alt>s z /reets4 ,! difficulty is r$uc$ by recogniz+ ! quasi-hi/orical n>rative z a lat] fabrication2 b o!r difficulties rema9 z to ! prophetic writ+s2 & = our pres5t purpose x is necess>y briefly to consid] ^!4 #a4 ,! high] criticism1 seek+ solid /&+-gr\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! tangible hi/oric p]iod1 ! eigh? c5tury1 s+les out #ceh ! books ( ,amos & ,hosea1 sett+ aside1 z dubi\s 9 date1 ,nahum & ,joel2 & recogniz+ 9 ,isaiah a composite ( diff]5t p]iods4 ,if ,amos1 ! h]dsman ( ,tekoa1 c\ld be ?us reg>d$ z an indubitable hi/orical p]son1 he w\ld be a rem>kable figure 9 ! hi/ory ( free?\ght1 z w\ld 8 nom9al contempor>y ,hosea4 ,amos is a mono!i/1 wor%ipp+ n a ,god ( ,israel b a ,yahweh or ,elohim ( ,ho/s1 call$ also by ! "n ,adon or ,adonai1 ! ,"l1 :o rules all ! nations & creat$ ! univ]se4 ,fur!r1 ! prophet makes ,yahweh hate & despise ! fea/s & burnt-(f]+s & solemn assemblies ( 8 wor%ipp]s2 #cei & he m$dles imp>tially ) ! affairs ( ! k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel4 ,9 ! same _s ,hosea m5aces ! solemn assemblies1 & makes ,yahweh desire m]cy & n sacrifice4 #cfj ,simil> doctr9e occurs 9 ! reput$ly g5u9e or anci5t p>ts ( ,isaiah1 #cfa & 9 ,micah4 #cfb ,isaiah1 too1 disp>ages ! ,sabba? & solemn meet+s1 /ak+ all ^u righte\sness4 #b4 ,^! utt]ances1 s subv]sive ( ! prie/ly sy/em1 are yet held to h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! ages--?r\gh ! ,assyrian conque/1 ?r\gh ! ,babylonian ,captivity1 ?r\gh ! lat] p]iod ( prie/ly recon/ruction--by ! prie/ly sy/em itself4 ,9 ! /ate ( ?+s pictur$ "u ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 only ! zeal\s adh]5ts ( ! prie/ly law c at ! outset h _h any lett]s1 any lit]ature2 x mu/ h be5 !y1 !n1 :o treasur$ ! anti-prie/ly & anti-ritual writ+s ( ! prophets--unless1 inde$1 ! latt] 7 pres]v$ by ! ,jews rema9+ at ,babylon4 #c4 ,! p]plexity ?us set up is greatly deep5$ :5 we rememb] t ! p]iod assign$ to ! e>li] prophets is ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! kn[n age ( alphabetic writ+1 #cfc & be=e ! kn[n age ( writ+ on scrolls4 ,a h]dsman ( ,judea1 ) a classic & fl[+ /yle1 is held to h writt5 out 8 hortatory addresses at a "t :5 su* writ+ is n c]ta9ly kn[n to h be5 practis$ any:]e else2 #cfd & ! pre-em95t /yle ( ,isaiah is held to belong to ! same p]iod4 ,8 ,amos's language1 ) ?ree or f\r insignificant exceptions1 is pure1 8 /yle classical & ref9$4 ,8 lit]>y p[] is %[n 9 ! regul>ity ( /ructure :i* (t5 *>act]izes 8 p]iods 444 z well z 9 ! ease ) :i* he evid5tly writes4444 ,any?+ ( ! nature ( r\ghness or ru/icity is :olly abs5t f 8 writ+s 7,driv]1 ,introd4 to ,lit4 ( ,old ,te/4 *4 vi1 #c1 p4 #big1 ed4 #ahia74 ,isaiah1 aga91 is 9 8 own n>r[ field "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & skilful writ]s ( all antiquity4 ,! difficulty is ?us ne>ly z great z t ( ! proposition t ! ,hebrew ( ! ,p5tateu* is a ?\s& ye>s old] ?an t ( ! late/ prophetical books1 ^: language is sub/antially ! same4 7,cp4 ,&rews ,norton1 ,! ,p5tateu*1 ed4 #ahfc1 pp4 #dg-dh2 ,r5an1 ,hi/4 des langues smit4 #b;e dit4 p4 #aah47 #d4 ,! speciali/ critics1 all tra9$ z cl]gym51 & mo/ly lo? to yield m ?an is absolutely necess>y to skepticism1 h surr5d]$ ! antiquity claim$ = ,joel1 recogniz+ t ! argum5ts = t are equally consi/5t ) a date aft] ! ,captivity4 #cfe ,"o ( ! conclusions "h involv$ is t ,egypt is probably m5tion$ only z ! typical in/ance ( a ,p[] ho/ile to ,judah4 ,?us1 :5 we rememb] ! lat] ,jewi% practice ( speak+ ( ,rome z ,babylon1 or ,edom1 allusions by ,amos & ,hosea to ,assyria h no evid5tial =ce4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! suppos$ anci5t portions ( ,isaiah4 #e4 ,ev5 on ! cl]ical side1 among ! less cons]vative critics1 x is already conc$$ t !re are late ins]tions 9 ,amos4 ,"s ( ^! ins]tions are among1 or analog\s to1 ! v passages reli$ on by ,ku55 to prove ! l(ty mono!ism ( ,amos4 ,if ^! passages1 h[ev]1 sugge/ a late date1 no less d ! o!rs disp>ag+ sacrifices4 ,! same critics f9d int]polations & additions 9 ,hosea4 ,b !y (f] no pro( ( ! antiquity ( :at !y reta94 ,! pr9cipal passages 9 ,amos giv5 up z ins]tions by ,dr4 ,*eyne1 ! mo/ p]spicaci\s ( ! ,engli% ,hebrai/s1 are3 iv1 #ac2 v1 #h-i2 ix1 #e-f2 & ix1 #h-ae4 ,see 8 introduction to #ahie ed4 ( ,pr(4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,prophets ( ,israel1 p4 xv2 & 8 art4 on ,amos 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,biblica4 ,comp>e ,ku551 i1 #df1 #dh4 ,dr4 ,*eyne reg>ds z ins]tions 9 ,hosea ! foll[+3 i1 #aj-;ii1 #a2 & ,david _! ,k+ 9 iii1 #e2 viii1 #ad2 & xiv1 #a-i 7z cit$1 pp4 xviii-xix74 ,obvi\sly ^! admissions entail o!rs4 #f4 ,! same s*ool ( criticism1 :ile adh]+ to ! traditional dat+ ( ,amos & ,hosea1 has surr5d]$ ! claim = ! ,psalms1 plac+ mo/ ( ^! 9 ! same age ) ! books ( ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,ecclesia/icus4 #cff ,n[1 ! s5tim5t ( opposition to burnt-(f]+s is f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,psalms 9 language id5tical ) t ( ! suppos$ e>ly prophets4 #cfg ,in/ead ( tak+ ! =m] = late e*oes ( ! latt]1 we may reasonably suspect t !y belong to ! same culture-/age4 ,! pr9ciple is 9 effect recogniz$ by ,dr4 ,*eyne :5 he writes3 ,j z we inf] f ! ref]5ce to ,cyrus 9 xliv1 #bh2 xlv1 #a1 t ! prophecy conta9+ x proce$s f ! age ( ! conqu]or1 s we may inf] f ! frat]nal feel+ t[>ds ,egypt & ,assyria 7,syria7 9 xix1 #bc-be1 t ! epilogue 0 writt5 :5 hopes ( ! union & fusion ( ,israeliti% & non-,israeliti% elem5ts fir/ became natural = ! ,jews--i4e41 9 ! e>ly ,jewi% p]iod 7,introd4 to ! ,book ( ,isaiah1 #ahie1 pp4 #aji-aj74 #g4 ,f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 f9ally1 ! elem5t ( hi/orical pr$iction 9 ! prophets is "o ( ! /ronge/ gr\nds = presum+ t !y are 9 reality late docum5ts4 ,9 reg>d to simil> pr$ictions 9 ! gospels 7,mt4 xxiv1 #ae2 ,mk4 xiii1 #b2 ,lk4 xxi1 #bj71 rational criticism decides t !y 7 writt5 aft] ! ev5t4 ,no o!r c\rse c consi/5tly be tak5 z to e>ly ,hebrew pr$ictions ( captivity & re/oration2 & ! adh]5ce ( _m ,biblical s*ol>s at ?is po9t to ! traditional view is psy*ologically on a p> ) _! =m] refusal to accept a rational e/imate ( ! ,p5tateu*al n>rative4 ,on "s po9ts1 su* z ! flagrant pseudo-pr$iction 9 ,isaiah xix1 #ah1 all reasonable critics surr5d]4 ,?us ,knig sees rightly t xix1 #ah1 c ref] only to ,jewi% colonies 9 ,egypt1 & refra9s f ! arbitr>y supposition t ,isaiah 0 sup]naturally in=m$ ( ! future e/abli%m5t ( su* colonies 7,*eyne1 ,introd4 to ,smi?'s ,prophets ( ,israel1 p4 xxxiii74 ,b 9 o!r cases ,dr4 ,*eyne's own e>li] positions appe> to involve su* an arbitr>y supposition1 z d ,ku55's2 & ,smi? explicitly posit$ x z to ! prophets 9 g5]al4 ,& ev5 z to ,isaiah xix1 #ah1 :]eas ,hitzig1 z ,havet lat]1 rightly br+s ! date d[n to ! actual hi/oric "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! temple at ,heliopolis by ,onias 7,josephus1 ,ant4 xiii1 #c1 #a2 ,w>s1 vii1 #aj1 #b71 ab\t #afj ,b4,c41 ,dr4 ,*eyne 7,introd4 to ,isaiah1 p4 #ajh7 compromises by dat+ x ab\t #bge ,b4,c4 ,! lat5ess ( ! bulk ( ! prophetical writ+s has be5 ably argu$ by ,erne/ ,havet 7,le ,*ri/ianisme et ses ,orig9es1 vol4 iv1 #ahgh1 *4 vi2 & 9 ! po/hum\s vol41 ,la ,mod]nit des ,prophtes1 #ahia71 :o supports 8 case by _m cog5t reason+s4 ,= in/ance1 besides ! argum5t z to ,isaiah xix1 #ah1 above not$3 7#a7 ,! frequ5t pr$iction ( ! ru9 ( ,tyre by ,nebu*adnezz> 7,isa4 *4 xxiii2 ,j]4 xxv1 #bb2 ,ezek4 xxvi1 #g2 *4 xxvii71 false z to him 7a fact :i* might be con/ru$ z a pro( ( ! fallibility ( ! prophets & ! c&\r ( _! transcrib]s71 is to be und]/ood 9 ! light ( o!r po/-pr$ictions z ref]r+ to ! actual capture ( ! city by ,alex&]4 7#b7 ,hosea's pr$iction ( ! fall ( ,judah z well z ( ,israel1 & ( _! be+ unit$1 places ! passage aft] ! ,exile1 & may ev5 be held to br+ x d[n to ! p]iod ( ! ,asmoneans4 ,s ) _m o!r details3 ! :ole argum5t des]ves c>eful /udy4 ,m4 ,havet's views 71 ( c\rse1 sc\t$ by ! cons]vative speciali/s1 z _! pr$ecessors sc\t$ ! entire hypo!sis ( ,graf1 n[ tak5 9 its ess5tials z ! basis ( s\nd ,biblical criticism4 ,m4 ,s*]] some:at un9tellig5tly object$ to him 7tudes sur la litt4 contemp4 vii1 #bfh7 t he 0 n a ,hebrai/4 ,!re is no "q ( philology involv$4 ,x 0 non-,hebrai/s :o fir/ po9t$ out ! practical incr$ibility ( ! c5tral ,p5tateu*al n>rative1 on ! tru? ( :i* ,ku55 himself long /ood ) o!r ,hebrai/s4 7,cp4 ,wellhaus51 ,proleg4 pp4 #ci1 #cdg2 also 8 7#d?7 ed4 ( ,bleek's ,e9leit4 9 das alte ,te/4 #ahgh1 p4 #aed2 & ,ku551 ,hexateu*1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 xv1 #dc47 ,col5so's argum5t1 9 ! gi/ ( :i* he 0 long prec$$ by lay free?9k]s1 0 "o ( simple common s5se4 ,! weak side ( ,m4 ,havet's case is 8 und]tak+ to br+ ! prophets bodily d[n to ! ,maccabean p]iod4 ,?is is claim+ too mu*4 ,b 8 negative argum5t is n affect$ by ! reply 7,d>me/et]1 ,les ,prophtes d',isral1 #ahie1 pp4 #abh-ca7 to 8 con/ructive !ory4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 two ,fr5* critics1 ,,mm4 ,duj>d9 & ,maurice ,v]nes1 h s\ght vigor\sly to recon/ruct ! hi/ory ( ! prophetic books ^u new l9es4 ,i h be5 unable to acquiesce 9 _! views at ess5tial po9ts1 b w\ld ref] ! read] to ! lucid & int]e/+ survey ( ! problem 9 ,mr4 ,t4 ,:ittak]'s ,prie/s1 ,philosoph]s1 & ,prophets 7,black1 #aiaa71 *4 vi4 ,x is true t :]e h>dly any docum5t>y datum is intr9sically sure1 x is difficult to prove a negative = "o m ?an = ano!r4 ,! hi/orical n>ratives be+ sy/ematically tamp]$ ) by "o writ] aft] ano!r1 & ev5 presumptively late writ+s be+ int]polat$ by /ill lat] scribes1 we c nev] h demon/rative pro( z to ! orig9al date ( any "o prophet4 ,?us x is arguable t fragm5ts ( utt]ance f eigh?-c5tury prophets may h surviv$ orally & be5 made ! nucleus ( lat] docum5ts4 ,?is view w\ld be reconcilable ) ! fact t ! prophets ,isaiah1 ,hosea1 ,amos1 & ,micah are all introduc$ ) "s modification ( ! =mula t !y prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah1 ,j]oboam's "n be+ add$ 9 ! cases ( ,hosea & ,amos4 ,b t detail is also reconcilable ) absolute fabrication4 ,to say no?+ ( %e] bad fai? 9 a community ^: moral code said no?+ aga9/ fraud save 9 ! =m ( judicial p]jury1 ! ,hebrew lit]ature is pr(\ndly compromis$ by ! simple fact t ! religi\s developm5t ( ! p made ! pre/ige ( antiquity m ess5tial !re = ! purposes ( propag&a ?an 9 almo/ any o!r society kn[n to u4 ,h5ce an all-p]vad+ pr9ciple ( lit]>y dissimulation2 & :at free?9k+ !re 0 _h 9 g5]al to we> ! guise ( ! v =ce ( unreason+ traditionalism to :i* x 0 inw>dly mo/ oppos$4 ,only ?us c\ld new ?\ght f9d a he>+ & secure its pres]vation at ! h&s ( ! tribe ( =mali/s4 ,ev5 ! pessimi/ ,kohele?1 we>i$ ) grop+ sci5ce1 yet believ+ no?+ ( ! doctr9e ( immortality1 mu/ ne$s foll[ prec$5t & pose z ! fabul\s ,k+ ,solomon1 son ( ! half-my?ic ,david4 #c ,we are =c$1 !n1 to reg>d ) di/ru/ all passages 9 ! e>ly prophets :i* express ei!r a disreg>d ( sacrifice & ritual1 or a univ]salism incongru\s ) all t we "k ( ! native culture ( _! p]iod4 ,! /ronge/ gr\nd = surmis+ a really high developm5t ( mono!ism 9 ,judah be=e ! ,captivity is ! /ability ( ! life !re z comp>$ ) nor!rn ,israel4 #cfh ,9 ?is respect ! conditions might inde$ be consid]$ fav\rable to prie/ly or o!r culture2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! records !mselves exhibit a pr$om9ant poly!ism4 ,! presumption1 !n1 is /rong t ! advanc$ passages 9 ! prophets conc]n+ sacrifice belong to an age :5 su* ideas _h be5 rea*$ 9 m civiliz$ nations1 ) ^: ?\ght travell$ ,jews c\ld come 9 contact4 ,x is true t "s su* ideas 7 curr5t 9 ,egypt _m c5turies be=e ! p]iod "u notice--a fact :i* alone disc\nts ! e?ical orig9ality claim$ = ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,e4g41 ! foll[+ passage f ! papyrus ( ,ani1 belong+ to ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 n lat] ?an #abhh ,b4,c43 ,t :i* is dete/able 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,god is noisy fea/s2 if ?\ implore him ) a lov+ he>t ( :i* all ! words are my/]i\s1 he w d ?y matt]s1 he he>s ?y words1 he accepts ?9e (f]+s 7,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 by ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 #ahih1 p4 #afj74 ,! ^w r5d]$ my/]i\s "h may mean magical or liturgical1 or may m]ely prescribe privacy or sil5ce2 & ?is la/ is ! con/ruction put ^u x by ,r5\f 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 #bnd ed4 p4 #ajb7 & ,erman 7,h&book ( ,eg4 ,relig4 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #hd74 ,! same doctr9e is put 9 a hymn to ,?o? 7id474 ,b 9 any case we mu/ look = lat] culture-contacts z ! s\rce ( ! lat] ,hebrew radicalism "u notice1 ?\gh ,egyptian s\rces are n to be :olly set aside4 ,see ,ku551 i1 #cie2 & ,brugs*1 z !re cit$2 b cp4 ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 p4 #ddj4 ,x is cle> t n only did !y accept a cosmogony f ! ,babylonians1 b !y 7 influ5c$ by ! lore ( ! ,zoroa/rian ,p]sians1 ) :om1 z ) ! mono!i/s or pan!i/s ( ,babylon1 !y w\ld h gr\nds ( sympa?y4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r _! special ho/ility to images does n date f ! "t ( ,p]sian contact4 #cfi ,conc]n+ ! re/oration1 x has be5 argu$ t only a few ,jewi% exiles return$ to ,j]usalem bo? "u ,cyrus & "u ,d>eios2 & t1 ?\gh ! temple 0 rebuilt "u ,d>eios ,hy/aspis1 ! build]s 7 n ! ,gola or return$ exiles1 b t "p ( ! ,judahite population :i* _h n be5 deport$ to ,babylon4 #cgj ,! problem is obscure2 #cga b1 at lea/1 ! sep>ati/ _s ( ! r$act$ n>ratives ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah 7:i* 9 any case tell ( an opposite _s7 is n to be tak5 z a decisive clue to ! "* ( ! new religion4 ,= ! re/1 ! _m ,jews :o rema9$ 9 ,babylon or spread else:]e 9 ! ,p]sian ,empire1 & :o develop$ _! cre$ on a non-local basis1 7 b\nd to be 9 "s way affect$ by ! surr\nd+ !ology4 ,& x is tol]ably c]ta9 t n only 0 ! notion ( angels d]iv$ by ! ,jews f ei!r ! ,babylonians or ! ,p]sians1 b _! rigid ,sabba? & _! weekly synagogue meet+s came f "o or bo? ( ^! s\rces4 ,t ! ,sabba? 0 an ,akkado-,babylonian & ,assyrian in/itution is n[ well e/abli%$ 7,g4 ,smi?1 ,assyrian ,eponym ,canon1 #ahge1 p4 #bj2 ,ja/r[1 ,relig4 ( ,bab4 & ,assyria1 p4 #cgg2 ,sayce1 ,hib4 ,lect4 p4 #gf1 & 9 ,v>iorum ,tea*]'s ,bible1 ed4 #ahhe1 ,aids1 p4 #ga74 ,x 0 be=e ! fact 0 asc]ta9$ t ,ku55 wrote ( ! ,sabba? 7i1 #bde7 z peculi> to ,israel4 ,! ,hebrews may h _h x be=e ! ,exile2 b x 0 cle>ly n !n a great in/itution2 & ! m5tion ( ,sabba?s 9 ,amos 7viii1 #e7 & ,isaiah 7i1 #ac7 is "o ( ! reasons = d\bt+ ! antiquity ( ^? books4 ,! cu/om ( synagogue meet+s on ! ,sabba? is po/-exilic1 & may h aris5 ei!r 9 ,babylon itself 7s ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 p4 #dib7 or 9 imitation ( ,p>see practice 7s ,tiele1 cit$ by ,ku551 iii1 #ce74 ,comp>e ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 iii 7#aija71 #aca4 ,! same alt]native arises ) reg>d to ! belief 9 angels1 usually reg>d$ z c]ta9ly ,p]sian 9 orig9 7cp4 ,ku551 iii1 #cg2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #ij2 & ,sack1 ,die altjdis*e ,religion1 #ahhi1 p4 #acc74 ,?is also c\ld h be5 ,babylonian 7,sayce1 9 ,v>4 ,bible1 z cit$1 p4 #ga72 ev5 ! demon ,asmodeus 9 ! ,book ( ,tobit1 usually tak5 z ,p]sian1 be+ ( ,babylonian d]ivation 7id474 ,cp4 ,d>me/et]'s introd4 to ,z5dave/a1 #bnd ed4 *4 v4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( ,satan1 ! ,adv]s>y1 z se5 9 #a ,*r4 xxi1 #a2 ,ze*4 iii1 #a1 #b1 seems to come f ! ,p]sian ,ahriman1 ?\gh ! ,satan ( ,job has n ,ahriman's /atus4 ,su* a modification w\ld come ( ! wi% to insi/ on ! supremacy ( ! good ,god4 ,& ?is quasi-mono!i/ic view1 aga91 we are l$ to reg>d1 9 ! case ( ! prophets1 z a possible ,babylonian d]ivation1 or at lea/ z a result ( ! contact ( ,yahwi/s ) ,babylonian culture4 ,to a =eign influ5ce1 f9ally1 mu/ be def9itely attribut$ ! lat] ,prie/ly ,code1 ov]-rul+ ,deut]onomy1 l[]+ ! ,levites1 sett+ up a high prie/1 call+ ! dues into ! sanctu>y1 re/+ on ! ,torah ! cultus :i* be=e 0 re/$ on ! patri>*s1 & provid+ cities & l& = ! ,a>onidae & ! ,levites 7,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #abc1 #abg1 #adg1 #adi1 #cdg2 ,israel1 pp4 #die1 #dig7--! latt] an arrangem5t impossible 9 m\nta9\s ,pale/9e1 z reg>ds ! l&-measurem5ts 7id4 ,proleg4 p4 #aei1 foll[+ ,gramb]g & ,graf71 & cle>ly d]iv+ f "s su* c\ntry z ,babylonia or ,p]sia4 ,z to ! high-prie/ pr9ciple 9 ,babylon & ,assyria1 see ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ei-fa2 ,ja/r[1 z cit$1 p4 #feh4 ,( ! g5]al effect ( su* contacts we h cle> traces 9 two ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,job & ,ecclesia/es1 bo? ( :i* cle>ly belong to a late p]iod 9 religi\s developm5t4 ,! majority ( ! critics /ill confid5tly describe ,job z an orig9al ,hebrew "w1 ma9ly on ! gr\nd1 app>5tly1 t x %[s no cle> m>ks ( translation1 ?\gh its names & its local col\r are all non-,jewi%4 ,9 any case x repres5ts1 = its "t1 a cosmopolitan culture1 & conta9s ! "w ( m ?an "o h&1 ! prologue & epilogue be+ probably old] ?an ! re/2 :ile mu* ( ! dialogue is obvi\sly late int]polation4 ,comp>e ,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 #ahhg1 p4 #gb2 ,bradley1 ,lectures on ,job1 p4 #aga2 ,bleek-,wellhaus51 ,e9leitung1 #bfh 7#bia71 ed4 #ahgh1 p4 #edb2 ,driv]1 ,introd4 pp4 #dje-h2 ,cornill1 ,e9leit4 9 das alte ,te/4 #bte4 ,aufl4 #ahib1 #ch1 #db2 ,%>pe1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,hebrew ,nation1 #d? ed4 p4 #bhb sq42 ,dillon1 ,skeptics ( ! ,old ,te/4 #ahie1 pp4 #cf-ci4 ,r5an's dat+ ( ! book six or sev5 c5turies be=e ,ecclesia/es 7,l',ecclsia/e1 p4 #bf2 ,job1 pp4 xv-xliii7 is oddly uncritical4 ,x mu/ cle>ly be dat$ aft] ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel 7,dillon1 z cit$72 & ,cornill ev5 ascribes x to ! f\r? or ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,*eyne notes t 9 ! skeptical passages ! "n ,yahweh is v seldom us$ 7only once or twice1 z 9 xii1 #i2 xxviii1 #bh72 & ,dr4 ,driv] admits t ! :ole book n only ab\nds 9 ,aramaic words1 b has a good _m explicable only f ! ,arabic4 ,o!r details 9 ! book sugge/ ! possible culture-influ5ce ( ! ,himy>ite ,arabs1 :o _h rea*$ a high civilization be=e #ejj ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,driv]'s rem>k t ! ?\ghts are ?or\ghly ,hebraic burkes ! entire problem z to ! manife/ innovation ! book makes 9 ,hebrew ?\ght & lit]>y me?od alike4 ,%>pe 7p4 #bhg7 is equally arbitr>y4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,job1 #ahei1 pp4 xxv1 :]e ! newness ( ! :ole treatm5t is admitt$4 ,dr4 ,dillon 7pp4 #dc-ei71 foll[+ ,bickell1 has po9t$ out m or less conv9c+ly ! _m int]polations made 9 ! book aft]1 & ev5 be=e1 ! mak+ ( ! ,septuag9t translation1 :i* orig9ally lack$ #djj l9es ( ! matt] 9 ! pres5t ,hebrew v]sion4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,saidic v]sion ( ! ,,lxx text ( ,job decides ! ma9 fact4 7,see ,pr(essor ,bickell's ,das ,bu* ,job1 #ahid47 ,x is q possible ev5 n[ to po9t out1 by ! help ( a few disjo9t$ fragm5ts /ill pres]v$1 ! position1 & to div9e ! s5se1 ( c]ta9 spiteful & defiant passages1 :i*1 9 ! int]e/ ( 'religion & morals1' 7 remorselessly suppress$2 to indicate o!rs :i* 7 split up & transpos$2 & to di/+ui% _m prolix disc\rses1 feeble or p[]ful ^w-pictures1 & trite commonplaces1 :i* 7 delib]ately ins]t$ lat] on1 = ! sole purpose ( ton+ d[n ! mo/ audaci\s piece ( rationali/ic philosophy :i* has ev] yet be5 clo!d 9 ! music ( sublime v]se 7,dillon1 pp4 #de-df74 ,besides ! f\r hundr$ v]ses :i* mu/ be exclud$ on ! gr\nd t !y are want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 & 7 !re=e add$ to ! text at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 ! long-w9d$ disc\rse ( ,elihu mu/ be /ruck out1 mo/ 8 mu* ( :i* 0 compos$ be=e ! book 0 fir/ translat$ into ,greek4444 ,9 ! prologue 9 prose 444 ,elihu is n once allud$ to2 & 9 ! epilogue1 :]e all ! o!r debat]s are nam$ & c5sur$1 he 444 is absolutely ignor$4444 ,elihu's /yle is toto coelo diff]5t f t ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! poem2 444 :ile 8 doctr9al peculi>ities1 p>ticul>ly 8 m5tion ( int]c$+ angels1 :ile !y co9cide ) ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are absolutely unkn[n to ,job & 8 fri5ds4444 ,! confusion introduc$ into ! text by ?is ins]tion is bewild]+ 9 ! extreme2 & yet ! result is b a typical specim5 ( ! 444 tangle :i* 0 produc$ by ! sy/ematic endeav\r ( lat] & pi\s editors to r$uce ! poem to ! prop] level ( or?odoxy 7id4 pp4 #ee-eg74 ,aga93 ,*4 xxiv1 #e-h1 #aj-bd1 & *4 xxx1 #c-g1 take ! place ( ,job's blasphem\s compla9t ab\t ! unju/ gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ "h t n only ! ,au?oriz$ b ! ,revis$ ,v]sion is false 9 ! text ,i "k t my r$eem] live?1 etc4 7xix1 #be-bg71 t be+ a p]v]sion dat+ f ,j]ome4 ,! probable mean+ is giv5 9 ,dr4 ,dillon's v]sion3-- ,b ,i "k t my av5g] live?2 ,?\gh x be at ! end ^u my du/1 ,my witness w av5ge ^! ?+s1 ,& a curse alight ^u m9e enemies4 ,! orig9al express$ a complete disbelief 9 a future life 7*4 xiv74 ,comp>e ,dr4 ,dillon's rhy?mic v]sion ( ! re/or$ text4 ,:at m>ks (f ! book ( ,job f all o!r ,hebrew lit]ature is its dramatic & reflective h&l+ ( ! e?ical problem ( !ism1 :i* ! prophets ei!r evade or dismiss by declamation aga9/ ,jewi% s9s4 ,n t x is solv$ 9 ,job1 :]e ! rle ( ,satan is an inconclusive resort to ! ,p]sian duali/ic solution1 & :]e ! deity is f9ally made to answ] ,job's free?9k+ by %e] lit]>y ?und]1 mu* less ratioc9ative ?\gh f> m arti/ic ?an ! !i/ic spee*es ( ! fri5ds4 ,b at lea/ ! writ] or writ]s ( ,job's spee*es consci\sly grasp$ ! issue2 & ! writ] ( ! epilogue evid5tly felt t ! lea/ ,yahweh c\ld d 0 to comp5sate a man :om he _h all[$ to be wantonly p]secut$4 ,! v>i\s ef=ts ( anci5t ?\ght to solve ! same problem w be f\nd to con/itute ! motive p[] 9 _m lat] het]odox sy/ems1 !i/ic & a!i/ic4 ,broadly speak+1 x is solv$ 9 practice 9 t]ms ( ! =tunes ( prie/s & wor%ipp]s4 ,at all /ages ( religi\s evolution extreme ill-=tune t5ds to deta* m5 f ! cults t h fail$ to br+ !m succ\r4 ,be x 9 ! case ( ,african indig5es slay+ _! unsuccessful ra9-doctor1 ,anglo-,saxon prie/s welcom+ ,*ri/ianity z a sur] s\rce ( income ?an _! old wor%ip1 pagans turn+ ,*ri/ian at ! fall ( ,julian1 or ,*ri/ians go+ ov] to ,islam at ! sight ( its triumph--! simple prim>y motive ( self-int]e/ is always pot5t on ?is z on o!r sides2 & at all /ages ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 x is evid5t1 !re 7 _m :o held by ,yahweh because !y ?\ght he prosp]$ !m1 or r5\nc$ him because he did n4 ,& ! v vicissitude ( ?+s w\ld bre$ a g5]al skepticism4 #cgb ,9 ,zephaniah 7i1 #ab7 !re is a specific allusion to ^? t say 9 _! he>t1 ,! ,"l w n d good1 nei!r w he d evil4 ,judaism is ?us hi/orically a s]ies ( socio-political selections r ?an a sequ5ce ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,! fir/ def9ite & exclusive ,yahwi/ic cult 0 an outcome ( special political conditions2 & its prie/s w\ld adh]e to x 9 adv]sity ins(> z !y _h no o!r economic resort4 ,e return ( sun%9e1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld m9i/] to fai?2 & :ile _m ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,assyro-,babylonian asc5dancy decid$ t ,yahweh c\ld n save1 ^? ,yahwi/s :o 9 ! actual ,captivity prosp]$ comm]cially 9 ! new life w\ld see 9 su* prosp]ity a fre% pro( ( ,yahweh's support1 #cgc & w\ld magnify 8 "n & end[ 8 prie/s accord+ly4 ,= simil> reasons1 ! mo/ int5se developm5t ( ,judaism occurs aft] ! ,maccabean revolt1 :5 ! milit>y triumph ( ! racial remnant ov] its oppressors inspir$ a new & endur+ en?usiasm4 ,on ! o!r h&1 =eign influ5ces w\ld *ronically t5d to promote d\bt1 especially :]e ! =eign] 0 n a m]e successful vot>y exalt+ 8 own ,god1 b a sympa!tic ?9k] que/ion+ all ! ,godisms alike4 ,?is consid]ation is a reason ! m = surmis+ a p>tly =eign s\rce = ! book ( ,job1 :]e1 z 9 ! passage cit$ f ,zephaniah1 !re is no ?\ght ( "o deity be+ less pot5t ?an ano!r1 b r an impea*m5t ( div9e rule 9 t]ms ( a conceptual mono!ism4 ,9 any case1 ! book /&s = m ?an ,jewi% rev]ie2 & :]e x is f9ally turn$ to an irrelevant & commonplace reaffirmation ( ! goodness ( deity1 a c]ta9 numb] ( s9c]] ?9k]s 9 all likelihood fell back on an agno/ic solution ( ! et]nal problem4 ,9 c]ta9 aspects ! book ( ,job speaks = a fur!r rea* ( e>ly free?9k+ ?an is se5 9 ,ecclesia/es 7,kohele?71 :i*1 h[ev]1 at its l[] level ( conviction1 tells ( an unbelief t c\ld n be ov]borne by any rhetoric4 ,x unque/ionably d]ives f late =eign influ5ces4 ,x is true t ev5 9 ! book ( ,mala*i1 :i* is commonly dat$ ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 !re is angry m5tion ( "s :o ask1 ,:]e is ! ,god ( judgm5t8 & say1 ,x is va9 to s]ve ,god2 #cgd ev5 z o!rs _h said x 9 ! days ( ,assyrian oppression2 #cge b 9 ,mala*i ^! s5tim5ts are actually associat$ ) =eign influ5ces1 & 9 ,kohele? su* influ5ces are implicit4 ,by an increas+ numb] ( /ud5ts1 ?\gh n yet by common critical cons5t1 ! book is dat$ ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 :5 ,greek influ5ce 0 /rong] 9 ,jewry ?an at any previ\s "t4 ,grtz ev5 puts x z late z ! "t ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,b comp>e ,dillon1 p4 #abi2 ,tyl]1 ,ecclesia/es1 #ahgd1 p4 #ca2 ,plumptre's ,ecclesia/es1 #ahha1 introd4 p4 #cd2 ,r5an1 ,l',ecclsia/e1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ed-ei2 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 iii1 #hb2 ,driv]1 ,introduction1 pp4 #ddf-dg2 ,bleek-,wellhaus51 ,e9leitung1 p4 #ebg4 ,dr4 ,*eyne & "s o!rs /ill put ! date be=e #ccb ,b4,c4 ,"h aga9 we are deal+ ) a confus$ & corrupt$ text4 ,! ,g]man ,pr(4 ,bickell has fram$ an +5i\s & highly plausible !ory to ! effect t ! pres5t incoh]5ce ( ! text is ma9ly due to a misplac+ ( ! leaves ( ! copy f :i* ! curr5t transcript 0 made4 ,see x set =? by ,dillon1 pp4 #ib-ig2 cp4 ,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #bgc sq4 ,!re has1 fur!r1 be5 "s tamp]+4 ,! epilogue1 9 p>ticul>1 is cle>ly ! addition ( a lat] h&--"o ( ! mo/ timid & %uffl+ apologies ev] p5n$ 7,dillon1 p4 #aah1 note74 ,b ! ?\ght ( ! book is1 z ,r5an says1 pr(\ndly fatigu$2 & ! sombre av[als ( ! abs5ce ( div9e moral gov]nm5t are ill-balanc$ by say+s1 probably int]polat$ by o!r h&s1 av]r+ an ultimate rectification ev5 on e>?4 ,:at rema9s unqualifi$ is ! delib]ate rejection ( ! belief 9 a future life1 c\*$ 9 t]ms t imply ! curr5cy ( ! doctr9e2 #cgf & ! delib]ate caution aga9/ en?usiasm 9 religion4 ,belief 9 a p[]ful b remote deity1 ) a m9imum ( wor%ip & v[s1 is ! out/&+ lesson4 #cgg ,to me1 ,kohele? is n a !i/ 9 any vital s5se 9 8 philosophic m$itations 7,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #bej74 ,kohele?'s pessimi/ic !ory1 :i* has its roots 9 secul>ism1 is utt]ly incompatible ) ! _s ( ,judaism4444 ,x is gr\nd$ ^u ! rejection ( ! ,messianic expectations1 & absolute disbelief 9 ! solemn promises ( ,jahveh himself4444 ,x w\ld be idle to d5y t he _h f> m 9 common ) ! 'impi\s' ?an ) ! or?odox 7,dillon1 pp4 #aai-bj74 ,t !re 0 a good deal ( ?is species ( tir$ or /oical semi-rationalism among ! ,jews ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod may be inf]r$ f v>i\s traces4 ,! op5+ v]ses ( ! ?irtie? *apt] ( ! book ( ,prov]bs1 attribut$ to ,agur1 son ( ,jakeh1 are admitt$ly ! expression ( a skeptic's conviction t ,god _c be kn[n1 #cgh ! c\nt]vail+ passages be+ pla9ly ! additions ( a believ]4 ,agur's utt]ances probably belong to ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"h1 z 9 ,job1 !re are signs ( ,arab influ5ce2 #cgi b at a lat] p]iod ! ma9 s\rce ( skepticism = ,israel 0 probably ! ,hell5i/ic civilization4 ,x is told 9 ! ,talmud t 9 ! ,maccabean p]iod !re came into use ! =mula1 ,curs$ be ! man t *]i%e? sw9e2 & curs$ be ! man t tea*e? 8 son ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks2 & !re is pres]v$ ! say+ ( ,rabbi ,simeon1 son ( ,gamaliel1 t 9 8 fa!r's s*ool five hundr$ le>nt ! law1 & five hundr$ ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks4 #chj ,be=e ,gamaliel1 ! ,greek influ5ce _h affect$ ,jewi% philosophic ?\ght2 & x is v probable t among ! ,sadducees :o resi/$ ! doctr9e ( resurrection !re 7 "s ?9k]s ( ! ,epicurean s*ool4 ,to t s*ool may h belong$ ! unbeliev]s :o are /ruck at 9 sev]al ,rabb9ical passages :i* acc\nt = ! s9 ( ,adam z beg9n+ 9 a d5ial ( ! omnipres5ce ( ,god1 & describe ,ca9 z hav+ said3 ,!re is no judgm5t2 !re is no _w to come1 & !re is no rew>d = ! j1 & no puni%m5t = ! wick$4 #cha ,b ( ,greek or o!r a!ism !re is no direct trace 9 ! ,hebrew lit]ature2 #chb & ! rationalism ( ! ,sadducees1 :o 7 sub/antially ! prie/ly p>ty1 #chc 0 l ! rationalism ( ! ,brahmans & ! ,egyptian prie/s--some?+ esot]ic & )held f ! multitude4 ,9 ! apocryphal ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 :i* belongs to ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,c41 ! d5ial ( immortality1 s explicit 9 ,ecclesia/es1 is treat$ z a pro( ( utt] immorality1 ?\gh ! d5i]s are n repres5t$ z a!i/s4 #chd ,!y ?us seem to h be5 /ill num]\s1 & ! imputation ( :olesale immorality to !m is ( c\rse n to be cr$it$2 #che b !re is no trace ( any con/ructive tea*+ on _! "p4 ,s f> z ! lit]ature %[s1 save = ! confus$ ,judaic-,platonism ( ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 !re is practically no rational progress 9 ,jewi% ?\ght aft] ,kohele? till ! "t ( contact ) reviv$ ,greek ?\ght 9 ,s>ac5 ,spa94 ,! mass ( ! p1 9 ! usual way1 are f\nd gravitat+ to ! fanatical & ! sup]/iti\s levels ( ! curr5t cre$4 ,! book ( ,ru?1 writt5 to resi/ ! sep>atism ( ! po/-,exilic !ocracy1 #chf nev] alt]$ ! ,jewi% practice1 ?\gh all[$ into ! canon4 ,! rem>kable ,levitical legislation provid+ = ! p]iodical re/oration ( ! l& to ! poor nev] came into op]ation1 #chg any m ?an ! v diff]5t provision giv+ l& & cities to ! *ildr5 ( ,a>on & ! ,levites4 ,none ( ! m rationali/ic writ+s 9 ! canon seems ev] to h c\nt$ = mu* 9 ! national life4 ,to conceive ( ,israel1 9 ! fa%ion /ill preval5t1 z be+ typifi$ 9 ! mono!i/ic prophets1 :atev] _! date1 is z complete a misconception z x w\ld be to see 9 ,mr4 ,rusk9 ! expression ( ! ev]yday e?ic ( comm]cial ,engl&4 ,! anti-sacrificial & univ]sali/ tea*+s 9 ! prophets & 9 ! ,psalms nev] affect$1 = ! p at l>ge1 ! sacrificial & localiz$ wor%ip at ,j]usalem2 ?\gh !y may h be5 esot]ically receiv$ by "s ( ! prie/ly or le>n$ class !re1 & ?\gh !y may h promot$ a cont9ual exodus ( ! less fanatical types1 :o turn$ to o!r civilizations4 ,despite ! resi/ance ( ! ,sadducees & ! tea*+ ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es1 ! belief 9 a resurrection rapidly ga9$ gr\nd #chh 9 ! two or ?ree c5turies be=e ! rise ( ,jesuism1 & furni%$ a basis = ! new cre$2 z did ! ,messianic hope & ! belief 9 a spe$y end+ ( ! _w1 ) bo? ( :i* ,jewi% fanaticism su/a9$ itself "u ! long fru/ration ( nationali/ic fai? be=e ! ,maccabean int]lude & aft] ! ,roman conque/4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ! great tea*] ,hillel decl>$1 ,!re is no ,messiah = ,israel2 ! re/ ( ! race p]si/$ 9 *]i%+ ! dream4 #chi ,) ! major halluc9ation ?us 9 full possession1 ! subord9ate species ( sup]/ition fl\ri%$ z 9 ,egypt & ,india2 s t at ! beg9n+ ( our era ! ,jews 7 among ! mo/ sup]/iti\s peoples 9 ! _w4 #cij ,:5 _! mono!ism 0 fully e/abli%$1 & plac$ on an ab/ract foot+ by ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 x seems to h _h no bett]+ influ5ce on ! practical e?ics ( ! ,g5tiles1 ?\gh x may h fur!r$ ! !i/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,juv5al exhibits to u ! ,jew proselyte at ,rome z refus+ to %[ an unbeliev] ! way1 or guide him to a spr+4 #cia ,sect>ian mono!ism 0 ?us 9 "p on a r l[] e?ical & intellectual #cib plane ?an ! poly!ism1 to say no?+ ( ! ,epicureanism or ! ,/oicism1 ( ! society ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x _c ev5 be said t ! le>n$ ,rabb9ical class c>ri$ on a philosophic tradition1 :ile ! indig5t multitude ?us discr$it$ _! cre$4 ,9 ! p]iod aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 ! n>r[ nationalism :i* _h always rul$ !re seems to h be5 ev5 int5sifi$4 ,9 ! ,talmud ! mo/ g5]al repres5tation ( ! ,div9e ,be+ is z ! *ief ,rabbi ( ,heav52 ! angelic ho/ be+ 8 assessors4 ,! heav5ly ,sanh$rim takes ! op9ion ( liv+ sages 9 cases ( dispute4 ,( ! twelve h\rs ( ! day ?ree are sp5t by ,god 9 /udy1 ?ree 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w 7or r 9 ! ex]cise ( m]cy71 ?ree 9 provid+ food = ! _w1 & ?ree 9 play+ ) ,levia?an4 ,b s9ce ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem all amusem5ts 7 bani%$ f ! c\rts ( heav51 & ?ree h\rs 7 employ$ 9 ! in/ruction ( ^? :o _h di$ 9 infancy4 #cic ,s little c a nom9al mono!ism avail1 on ! basis ( a complet$ ,sacr$ ,book1 to keep ?\ght sane :5 free?\ght is lack+4 ,f9ally1 ,judaism play$ 9 ! _w's ?\ght ! great reaction>y & obscuranti/ "p by erect+ into a dogma ! irrational conception t its deity made ! univ]se out ( no?+4 ,at ! "t ( ! r$action ( ! book ( ,g5esis ?is dogma _h n be5 glimps$3 ! ,hebrew conception 0 ! ,babylonian--t ( a pre-exi/5t ,*aos put into %ape4 ,b gradually1 9 ! int]e/s ( mono!ism1 ! anti-sci5tific doctr9e 0 evolv$ #cid by way ( negative to t ( ! ,g5tiles2 & :]e ! great l9e ( ,ionian ?9k]s pass$ on to ! mod]n _w ! develop$ conception ( an et]nal univ]se1 #cie ,judaism pass$ on ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity1 z well z 9 its own philosophy1 ! contr>y dogma1 to b> ! way ( lat] sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,greece ,! highe/ ( all ! anci5t civilizations1 t ( ,greece1 0 naturally ! product ( ! greate/ possible complex ( culture-=ces2 #cif & its rise to pre-em95ce beg9s aft] ! contact ( ! ,greek settl]s 9 olia & ,ionia ) ! high] civilizations ( ,asia ,m9or4 #cig ,! great ,hom]ic epos itself /&s = ! special conditions ( olic & ,ionic life 9 ^? colonies2 #cih ev5 ,greek religion1 spontane\s z 7 its e>li] gr[?s1 0 soon influ5c$ by ^? ( ! ,ea/2 #cii & ,greek philosophy & art alike draw _! fir/ inspirations f ,ea/]n contact4 #djj ,:atev] reactions we may make aga9/ ! tradition ( ,ori5tal orig9s1 #dja x is cle> t ! high] civilization ( antiquity _h ,ori5tal 7includ+ 9 t t]m ,egyptian7 roots4 #djb ,at no po9t d we f9d a pure ,greek civilization4 ,alike ! ,myc5an & ! ,m9oan civilizations1 z recov]$ = u by mod]n excavators1 %[ a composite basis1 9 :i* ! ,ea/ is implicat$4 #djc ,& 9 ! hi/oric p]iod ! connection rema9s obvi\s4 ,x matt]s n :e!r we hold ! ,phrygians & ,k>ians ( hi/ory to h be5 orig9ally an ,aryan /ock1 relat$ to ! ,hell5es1 & ?us to h act$ z int]m$i>ies betwe5 ,aryans & ,semites1 or to h be5 orig9ally ,semites1 ) :om ,greeks int]m+l$4 #djd ,on ei!r view1 ! int]m$i>ies repres5t$ ,semitic influ5ces1 :i* !y pass$ on to ! ,greek-speak+ races1 ?\gh !y 9 turn develop$ _! deities 9 l>ge "p on psy*ological l9es common to !m & ! ,semites4 #dje ,z to ! obvi\s ,asiatic influ5ces on hi/oric ,greek civilization1 comp>e ,w9wood ,reade1 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1 #ahgb1 p4 #fd2 ,von ,ih]+1 ,vorges*i*te d] ,indo-,europer1 ,eng4 tr4 7,! ,evolution ( ! ,aryan71 p4 #gc2 ,s*mann1 ,grie*4 ,alt]?m]1 #bte ,aufl4 #ahfa1 i1 #aj2 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii1 #aee2 ,a4 ,b]tr&1 tudes de my?ol4 et d'ar*ol4 grecques1 #aheh1 pp4 #dj-da2 ,bury1 introd4 p4 #c4 ,x seems cle> t ! ,egyptian influ5ce is greatly ov]/at$ by ,h]odotos 7ii4 #di-eb1 etc471 :o inde$ av[s t he is b repeat+ :at ! ,egyptians affirm4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s made _! claim 9 ! _s 9 :i* ! ,jews lat] made !irs4 ,h]odotos1 besides1 w\ld pref] an ,egyptian to an ,asiatic d]ivation1 & s w\ld 8 audi5ce4 ,b x mu/ n be ov]look$ t !re 0 an ,egyptian influ5ce 9 ! ,m9oan p]iod4 ,a ,hell5i/ic en?usiasm has l$ a s]ies ( em95t s*ol>s to c>ry s f> _! resi/ance to ! tradition ( ,ori5tal beg9n+s #djf z to take up ! position t ,greek ?\ght is auto*?on\s4 #djg ,if x 71 x c\ld n conceivably h progress$ z x did4 ,only ! t5aci\s psy*ological prejudice z to race-*>act]s & racial g5ius c\ld ?us long deta9 s _m /ud5ts at a po9t ( view s mu* m ne>ly relat$ to sup]naturalism ?an to sci5ce4 ,x is safe to say t if any p is ev] se5 to progress 9 ?\ght1 art1 & life1 ) measurable rapidity1 its progress is due to ! reactions ( =eign int]c\rse4 ,! prim>y civilizations1 or :at pass = su*1 z ^? ( ,akkad & ,egypt1 are immeasurably sl[ 9 accumulat+ culture-mat]ial2 ! relatively rapid developm5ts always involve ! /imulus ( old cultures ^u a new & vigor\s civilization1 well-plac$ = social evolution = ! "t be+4 ,!re is no po9t 9 e>ly ,greek evolution1 s f> z we h docum5t>y trace ( x1 at :i* =eign impact or /imulus is n ei!r pat5t or inf]rible4 #djh ,9 ! v dawn ( hi/ory ! ,greeks are f\nd to be a composite /ock1 #dji gr[+ /ill m composite2 & ! v beg9n+s ( its high] culture are trac$ to ! non-,grecian p ( ,?race1 #daj :o wor%ipp$ ! ,muses4 ,z se5 by ,h]odotos & ,?ucydides1 ! orig9al ,hell5es 7 a p>ticul> conqu]+ tribe ( great pre/ige1 :i* attract$ ! surr\nd+ tribes to foll[ x1 imitate x1 & call !mselves by its "n4 ,! ,sp>tans 71 to ,h]odotos1 ,hell5ic2 ! ,a!nians1 on ! o!r h&1 7 n4 ,!y 7 ,pelasgian1 b by a c]ta9 "t '*ang$ into ,hell5es & le>nt _! language4' ,9 hi/orical times we _c really f9d any tribe ( pure ,hell5es 9 exi/5ce4 #daa ,! lat] supremacy ( ! ,greek culture is ?us to be expla9$ 9 t]ms n ( an abnormal ,greek g5ius1 #dab b ( ! special evolution ( intellig5ce 9 ! ,greek-speak+ /ock1 fir/ly ?r\gh con/ant cross+ ) o!rs1 & second>ily ?r\gh its fur!rance by ! special social conditions ( ! m progressive ,greek city-/ates1 ( :i* conditions ! mo/ important 7 _! geographical divid$ness & _! own consequ5t competition & int]action4 #dac ,! :ole problem ( ,ori5tal influ5ce has be5 obscur$1 & ! solution ret>d$1 by ! old academic habit ( discuss+ que/ions ( m5tal evolution 9 vacuo4 ,ev5 ! reaction aga9/ idolatr\s ,hell5ism proce$$ )\t due reg>d to hi/orical sequ5ce2 & ! return reaction aga9/ t is /ill some:at lack+ 9 bread? ( inf]5ce4 ,!re has be5 too mu* on "o side ( assumption z to e>ly ,ori5tal a*ievem5t2 & too mu* t5d5cy on ! o!r to assume t ! posit+ ( an influ5ce on ! ,greeks is a disp>agem5t ( ! ,greek m9d4 ,! sup]iority ( t 9 its lat] evolution seems too obvi\s to ne$ affirm+4 ,b t h>dly ju/ifies s able a writ] z ,pr(essor ,burnet 9 conclud+ 7,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 #bnd ed4 introd4 pp4 #bb-bc7 t ! ,egyptians knew no m ari?metic ?an 0 le>n$ by _! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools2 or 9 say+ 7id4 p4 #bf7 t ! ,babylonians /udi$ & record$ cele/ial ph5om5a = :at we call a/rological purposes1 n f any sci5tific int]e/4 ,h[ c we h ! "r to say t no ,babylonians _h a sci5tific int]e/ 9 ! data8 ,su* int]e/ w\ld 9 ! nature ( ! case miss ! popul> reproduction giv5 to a/rological lore4 ,b x might v well subsi/4 ,pr(essor ,burnet1 albeit a really orig9al inve/igator1 has n "h _h due reg>d to ! e>ly usage ( collegiate or corporate culture1 9 :i* arcane k 0 res]v$ = ! few4 ,?us he writes 7p4 #bf7 conc]n+ ! ,greeks t x 0 n till ! "t ( ,plato t ev5 ! names ( ! planets 7 kn[n4 ,surely !y mu/ h be5 kn[n to "s adepts long be=e3 h[ else came !y to be accept$8 ,z ,pr(essor ,burnet himself notes 7p4 #cd71 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( life we f9d t ! corporation at fir/ is ev]y?+ & ! individual no?+4 ,! peoples ( ! ,ea/ h>dly got beyond ?is /age at all3 _! sci5ce1 su* z x is1 is anonym\s1 ! inh]it$ prop]ty ( a ca/e or guild1 & we /ill see cle>ly 9 "s cases t x 0 once ! same among ! ,hell5es4 ,is x n !n probable t a/ronomical k 0 s ord]$ by ,ea/]ns1 & pass$ on to ,hell5es8 ,!re /ill atta*es to ! inve/igation ( e>ly ,greek philosophy ! drawback t ! philosophical s*ol>s d n prop]ly posit ! "q3 ,:at 0 ! e>ly ,ionic ,greek society l8 ,h[ did ! ,hell5es relate to ! old] polities & cultures :i* !y f\nd !re8 ,pr(essor ,burnet makes ju/ifiable fun 7p4 #ba1 note7 ( ,dr4 ,gomp]z's !ory ( ! influ5ce ( native brides2 b he himself seems to argue t ! ,greeks c\ld le>n no?+ f ! m5 !y conqu]$1 ?\gh he admits 7p4 #bj7 _! d]ivation ( _! art & _m ( _! religi\s ideas f ! ,ea/4 ,if religion1 :y n religi\s speculation1 lead+ to philosophy & sci5ce8 ,?is w\ld be a m fruitful l9e ( inquiry ?an "o bas$ on ! assumption t ! ,babylonians w5t "o way & ! ,greeks ano!r4 ,aft] all1 only a few 9 ea* race c>ri$ on ! "w ( ?\ght & discov]y4 ,we d n say t ! ,engli% wrote ,%akespe>e4 ,:y affirm always t ! ,greeks did :atev] great ,greeks a*iev$8 ,on ! imm$iate issue ,pr(essor ,burnet incid5tally conc$es :at is requir$4 ,aft] argu+ t ! ,ea/ p]haps borr[$ m f ! ,we/ ?an did ! ,we/ f ! ,ea/1 he admits 7p4 #ba73 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be q ano!r ?+ to say t ,greek philosophy orig9at$ q indep5d5tly ( ,ori5tal influ5ce4 #a ,by ! tacit admission ( "o ( ! able/ oppon5ts ( ! !ory ( =eign influ5ce1 ,hell5ic religion z fix$ by ,hom] = ! ,hell5ic _w 0 p>tly det]m9$ by ,asiatic influ5ces4 ,ottfri$ ,mll] decid$ n only t ,hom] ! man 79 ^: p]sonality he believ$7 0 probably a ,smyrnean1 :e!r ( olic or ,ionic /ock1 #dad b t ,hom]'s religion mu/ h repres5t$ a special selection f ! manifold ,greek my?ology1 necess>ily repres5t+ 8 local bias4 #dae ,n[1 ! ,greek cults at ,smyrna1 z 9 ! o!r olic & ,ionic cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 w\ld be v likely to reflect 9 "s degree ! influ5ce ( ! ,k>ian or o!r ,asiatic cults ar\nd !m4 #daf ,! e>ly ,attic conqu]ors ( ,miletos all[$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,k>ian ,sun-,god !re to be c>ri$ on by ! old prie/s2 & ! ,attic settl]s ( ,ephesos 9 ! same way adopt$ ! neighb\r+ wor%ip ( ! ,lydian ,goddess 7:o became ! ,artemis or ,great ,diana ( ! ,ephesians71 & reta9$ ! m9i/ry ( ! att5dant prie/s & eunu*s4 #dag ,smyrna 0 app>5tly n l ^! a mix$ community1 b "o f\nd$ by ,a*aians f ! ,peloponnesos2 b ! g5]a ,ionic & olic religi\s atmosph]e1 set up by common sacrifices1 #dah mu/ h be5 repres5t$ 9 an epic br\ght =? 9 t region4 ,! ,k>ian civilization _h at "o "t spread ov] a great "p ( ! gean1 includ+ ,delos & ,cyprus4 #dai ,su* a civilization mu/ h affect$ t ( ! ,greek conqu]ors1 :o only on t basis became civiliz$ trad]s4 #dbj ,x is n necess>y to ask h[ f> exactly ! influ5ce may h gone 9 ! ,iliad3 ! ma9 po9t is t ev5 at t /age ( comp>atively simple ,hell5ism ! ,asiatic environm5t1 ,k>ian or ,pho5ician1 c\nt$ = some?+1 :e!r 9 cosmogony or 9 fur!r+ ! process ( ,god-gr\p+1 or 9 convey+ ! cult ( ,cyprian ,aphrodite1 #dba or haply 9 l5d+ "s *>act]i/ics to ,zeus & ,apollo & ,a?n1 #dbb an influ5ce none ! less real because ! g5ius ( ! poet or poets ( ! ,iliad has giv5 to ! :ole ,olympian gr\p ! arti/ic /amp ( individuality :i* !nce=? di/+ui%es ! ,gods ( ,greece f all o!rs4 ,inde$1 ! v creation ( a grad$ hi]>*y out ( ! indep5d5t local deities ( ,greece1 ! m>ry+ ( ! once isolat$ ,pelasgic ,hr to ,zeus1 ! subord9ation to him ( ! once isolat$ ,a?n & ,apollo--all ?is tells ( ! influ5ce ( a ,semitic _w 9 :i* ea* ,baal _h 8 wife1 & 9 :i* ! mon>*ic sy/em develop$ on e>? _h be5 set up 9 heav54 #dbc ,b soon ! ,asiatic influ5ce becomes /ill m cle>ly recognizable4 ,!re is reason to hold ) ,s*rad] t ! belief 9 a mildly blissful future /ate1 z se5 ev5 9 ! ,odyssey #dbd & 9 ! ,!ogony ascrib$ to ,hesiod1 #dbe is a new belief :i* is only to be und]/ood 9 view ( ori5tal tales & tea*+4 #dbf ,9 ! ,!ogony1 aga91 ! ,semitic elem5t increases1 #dbg ,kronos be+ a ,semitic figure2 #dbh :ile ,semel1 if n ,dionysos1 appe>s to be no less s4 #dbi ,b we may fur!r surmise t 9 ,hom]1 to beg9 )1 ! conception ( ,okeanos1 ! e>?-surr\nd+ ,ocean-/ream1 z ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 #dcj comes f "s ,semitic s\rce2 & t ,hesiod's m complicat$ s*eme ( orig9s f ,*aos is a fur!r borr[+ ( ori5tal ?\ght--bo? notions be+ f\nd 9 anci5t ,babylonian lore1 :5ce ! ,hebrews d]iv$ _! comb9ation ( ,*aos & ,ocean 9 ! fir/ v]ses ( ,g5esis4 #dca ,x ?us appe>s t ! e>li] ori5tal #dcb influ5ce ^u ,greek ?\ght 0 9 ! direction ( develop+ religion1 #dcc ) only ! g]m ( rationalism convey$ 9 ! idea ( an exi/5ce ( matt] be=e ! ,gods1 #dcd :i* we %all lat] f9d sci5tifically develop$4 ,b ! case is obscure4 ,ins(> z ! ,!ogony1 = in/ance1 p>tly moralizes ! m primitively savage my?s1 #dce x may be t x repres5ts ! spontane\s ne$ ( ! m highly evolv$ race to give an acceptable mean+ to div9e tales :i*1 com+ f ano!r race1 h n a q sacrosanct prescription1 ?\gh ! t5d5cy is to accept !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may h be5 a fur!r =eign influ5ce t gave ! critical impulse4 ,x is pla9 en\gh t ,hom] & ,hesiod repres5t1 bo? !ologically & socially1 ! close ( a long epo*1 & n ! y\? ( ! ,greek _w1 z "s h suppos$4 ,! real signification ( _m my?s is lo/ to !m1 & s is ! import ( mo/ ( ! names & titles ( ! eld] ,gods1 :i* are ar*aic & /range1 :ile ! subord9ate p]sonages g5]ally h purely ,greek names 7,pr(essor ,mahaffy1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,greek ,lit]ature1 #ahhj1 i1 #ag74 #b ,:atev] be ! det]m9+ conditions1 x is cle> t ! ,hom]ic epos /&s = a new gr[? ( secul> song1 di/9ct f ! e>li] poetry1 :i* by tradition 0 ei!r lyrical or oracul>4 ,! poems ascrib$ to ! pre-,hom]ic b>ds 7 all %ort1 & !y 7 all /rictly religi\s4 ,9 ^! features !y contra/$ broadly ) ! epic s*ool ( ,hom]4 ,ev5 ! hexamet] metre seems n to h be5 us$ 9 ^! old hymns1 & 0 call$ a new inv5tion ( ! ,delphic prie/s4 #dcf ,/ill fur!r1 ! majority ( ^! hymns are connect$ ) my/]ies app>5tly ignor$ by ,hom]1 or ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 :i* he h>dly knew4 #dcg ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! e>li] religi\s poetry & ! ,hom]ic epic1 !n1 0 a hexametric v]se1 us$ by ! ,delphic prie/hood2 & to ?is ord] ( poetry belongs ! ,!ogony :i* goes "u ! "n ( ,hesiod1 & :i* is a sample ( o!r & old] works1 #dch probably compos$ by prie/s4 ,& ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! ,hom]ic epos is t1 fram$ z x 0 to ent]ta9 feudal *iefs & _! c\rts1 x turn$ completely away f ! sac]dotal norm & purpose4 ,?us epic poetry1 f hav+ be5 purely religi\s1 became purely secul>4 ,aft] hav+ treat$ m5 & h]oes 9 subord9ation to ! ,gods1 x came to treat ! ,gods 9 relation to m54 ,inde$1 x may be said ( ,hom] t 9 ! image ( man creat$ he ,god4 #dci ,z to ! non-religi\sness ( ! ,hom]ic epics1 !re is a division ( critical op9ion4 ,mey] insi/s 7,ges*4 des ,alt4 ii1 #cie7 t1 z contra/$ ) ! e>li] religi\s poetry1 ! epic poetry is ?r\gh\t secul> 7pr(an72 x aims at *>m+ its he>]s1 n at propitiat+ ! ,gods2 & he fur!r sees 9 ! :ole ,ionian mood a c]ta9 cynical disillusionm5t 7id4 ii1 #gbc74 ,cp4 ,b5n1 ,philos4 ( ,greece1 p4 #dj1 cit+ ,hegel4 ,e4 ,curtius 7,g4 ,g4 i1 #abf7 goes s f> z to ascribe a c]ta9 irony to ! portraiture ( ! ,gods 7,ionian ,apollo except$7 9 ,hom]1 & to trace ?is to ,ionian levity4 ,to ! same cause he assigns ! lack ( any expression ( a s5se ( /igma atta*+ to murd]4 ,?is s5se he holds ! ,greek p _h1 ?\gh ,hom] does n h9t x4 7,cp4 ,grote1 i1 #bd1 ^: inf]5ce ,curtius implicitly impugns47 ,gir>d 7,le ,s5tim5t religieux en ,grce1 #ahfi71 on ! contr>y1 appe>s to h no suspicion ( any problem to solve1 treat+ ,hom] z unaffect$ly religi\s4 ,! same view is tak5 by ,pr(4 ,paul ,de*>me4 ,on *]*]ait va9em5t dans l',iliade et dans l',odysse les premires traces du scepticisme grec l'g>d des fables des dieux4 ,c'e/ avec une foi entire en la ralit des vnem5ts my?iques que les potes *ant5t les lg5des 4442 c'e/ en t\te simplicit d'me aussi que les auditeurs de l'pope c\t5t4444 7,la critique des traditions religieuses *ez les grecs1 #aijd1 p4 #a47 ,?us we h a k9d ( balance ( contr>y op9ions1 ,g]man aga9/ ,fr5*4 ,any v]dict on ! problem mu/ recognize on ! "o h& ! possibilities ( nave cr$ulity 9 an unlett]$ age1 & on ! o!r ! probability ( critical p]ception on ! "p ( a great poet4 ,i h se5 bo? among ,bo]s 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,on ! g5]al "q ( ! mood ( ! ,hom]ic poems comp>e ,gilb]t ,murray1 ,f\r ,/ages ( ,greek ,religion1 #aiab1 p4 #gg1 & ,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,greek ,lit4 pp4 #cd1 #ce2 & ,a4 ,b5n1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,greece 9 ,relation to ! ,"* ( its ,p1 #ahih1 pp4 #bi-cj4 ,/ill1 x _c be said t 9 ! ,iliad !re is any cle> h9t ( religi\s skepticism1 ?\gh ! ,gods are s :olly 9 ! lik5ess ( m5 t ! l[] deities fight ) h]oes & are wor/$1 :ile ,zeus & ,hr qu>rel l any e>?ly c\ple4 ,9 ! ,odyssey !re is a b>e h9t ( possible speculation 9 ! use ( ! ^w a!os2 b x is appli$ only 9 ! phrase ouk a!ei1 n )\t a ,god1 #ddj 9 ! s5se ( simil> expressions 9 o!r passages & 9 ! ,iliad4 #dda ,! idea 0 t sometimes ! ,gods directly m$dl$4 ,:5 ,odysseus accuses ! suitors ( n dread+ ! ,gods1 #ddb he has no ?\ght ( accus+ !m ( unbelief4 #ddc ,hom] has inde$ be5 suppos$ to h ex]cis$ a measure ( relative free?\ght 9 exclud+ f 8 song ! m (f5sive my?s ab\t ! ,gods1 #ddd b su* exclusion may be suffici5tly expla9$ on ! score t ! epopees 7 *ant$ 9 ari/ocratic dwell+s1 9 ! pres5ce ( wom5k9d1 )\t surmis+ any process ( d\bt on ! poet's "p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 inevitable t su* a free treatm5t ( ?+s hi!rto sacr$ %\ld n only affect ! attitude ( ! lay li/5] t[>ds ! curr5t religion1 b %\ld react on ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,god-leg5ds s fully ?ru/ on secul> att5tion 7 b\nd to be discuss$2 & 9 ! adaptations ( my? = liturgical purposes by ,/esi*oros 7fl4 circa #fjj ,b4,c47 we appe> to h ! fir/ op5 trace ( a critical revolt 9 ! ,greek _w aga9/ immoral or undignifi$ my?s4 #dde ,9 8 "w1 x is fair to say1 we see ! beg9n+ ( rationalism3 ! decisive /ep is tak53 once ! und]/&+ criticizes ! sanctifi$ tradition1 x raises itself to be ! judge !re(2 no long] ! common tradition b ! individual conviction is ! gr\nd ( religi\s belief4 #ddf ,religi\s1 inde$1 ! process /ill sub/antially is4 ,x is to pres]ve ! cr$it ( ,hel5a z a ,goddess t ,/esi*oros repudiates ! ,hom]ic acc\nt ( h]1 #ddg some:at 9 ! _s 9 :i* ! fram]s ( ! ,hesiodic !ogony manipulat$ ! my?s )\t reject+ !m1 or ! ,hebrew r$actors tamp]$ ) _! text4 ,b 9 ,/esi*oros !re is a new t5d5cy to reject ! my? altoge!r2 #ddh s t at ?is /age free?\ght is /ill "p ( a process 9 :i* religi\s feel+1 press$ by an advanc+ e?ical consci\sness1 in/9ctively cle>s its /&+ gr\nd4 ,x is 9 ,p9d>1 h[ev] 7#eah-ddb ,b4,c471 t we fir/ f9d su* a m5tal process pla9ly av[$ by a believ]4 ,9 8 fir/ ,olympic ,ode he expressly decl>es ! ne$ = br++ aft]?\ght to be> on poetic lore1 t s m5 may speak n\ght unfitt+ ( ! ,gods2 & he prote/s t he w nev] tell ! tale ( ! bless$ ones banquet+ on human fle%4 #ddi ,9 ! n9? ,ode he aga9 prote/s t 8 lips mu/ n speak blasphem\sly ( su* a ?+ z /rife among ! immortals4 #dej ,"h ! critical motive is e?ical1 ?\gh1 :ile repudiat+ "o k9d ( sc&al ab\t ! ,gods1 ,p9d> placidly accepts o!rs no less />tl+ to ! mod]n s5se4 ,8 critical revolt1 9 fact1 is f> f ?or\ghgo+1 & sugge/s r a religi\s man's p>tial response to pressure f o!rs ?an any indep5d5t process ( reflection4 #dea ,he ,p9d> 0 hone/ly atta*$ to ! national religion & to its v>ieties 9 old local cults4 ,he liv$ a some:at sac]dotal life1 lab\r+ 9 hon\r ( ! ,gods1 & seek+ to spread a rev]5ce = old traditional beliefs4 ,he1 moreov]1 %[s an acqua9tance ) ,orphic rites & ,py?agorean my/]ies1 :i* l$ him to prea* ! doctr9e ( immortality1 & ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! life h]eaft]4 ,note4--,! mo/ explicit fragm5t 7?rnoi1 #c71 is1 h[ev]1 n consid]$ g5u9e by rec5t critics4444 ,he is inde$ m affect$ by ! advance ( free?9k+ ?an he imag9es2 he borr[s f ! neologians ! habit ( rationaliz+ my?s1 & expla9+ away immoral acts & motives 9 ! ,gods2 b ^! ?+s are isolat$ attempts ) him1 & h no deep effect ^u 8 g5]al ?9k+ 7,mahaffy1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 i1 #bac-ad74 ,= su* a developm5t we are n1 ( c\rse1 =c$ to assume a =eign influ5ce3 m]e progress 9 ref9em5t & 9 m5tal activity c\ld br+ x ab\t2 yet none ! less x is probable t =eign influ5ce did quick5 ! process4 ,x is true t f ! beg9n+s ( ! lit]>y p]iod ,greek ?\ght play$ ) a c]ta9 fre$om on my?1 p>tly p]haps because ! traditions visibly came f v>i\s races1 & !re 0 no /rong prie/hood to ossify !m4 ,aft] ,hom] & ,hesiod1 m5 look$ back to ^? poets z %ap+ !ology to _! own m9ds4 #deb ,b all cu/om is cons]vative1 & ,p9d>'s m9d _h t g5]al ca/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ext]nal influ5ce 0 =?com+4 ,! p]iod ( ,p9d> & s*ylus #ebe-dee ,b4,c4 foll[s on "o 9 :i* ,greek ?\ght1 /imulat$ on all sides1 _h tak5 ! fir/ great /ride 9 its advance beyond all antiquity4 ,egypt _h be5 fully ?r[n op5 to ! ,greeks 9 ! reign ( ,psammeti*os #dec 7#fej ,b4,c472 & a great hi/orian1 :o cont5ds t ! %e] inh]5t & expansive =ce ( ! ,greek intellect1 aid$ b by no means ei!r impress$ or provok$ f )\t1 0 ! true cause1 yet conc$es t int]c\rse ) ,egypt enl>g$ ! range ( _! ?\ghts & obs]vations1 :ile x also imp>t$ to !m t ve9 ( my/icism :i* ov]grew ! primitive simplicity ( ! ,hom]ic religion1 & t f ,asia ,m9or 9 turn !y _h d]iv$ musical in/rum5ts & new laws ( rhy?m & melody1 z well z viol5t & madd5+ religi\s rites4 #ded ,& o!rs mak+ simil> priori claims = ! ,greek intellig5ce are =c$ likewise to admit t ! m5tal transition betwe5 ,hom] & ,h]odotos _c be expla9$ save 9 t]ms ( ! influ5ce ( o!r cre$s1 & ! necess>y op]ation ( alt]$ circum/ances & relations4 #dee ,9 ! ,p]sae ( s*ylus we ev5 cat* a glimpse ( direct contact ) =eign skepticism2 #def & aga9 9 ! ,agamemnon !re is a ref]5ce to "s impi\s "o :o d5i$ t ! ,gods deign$ to h c>e ( mortals4 #deg ,x seems unw>rantable to read z ridicule ( popul> poly!ism ! passage 9 ! same trag$y3 #deh ,zeus1 :osoev] he be2 if ?is "n be well-pleas+ to himself 9 invocation1 by ?is d ,i "n him4 ,x may m fitly be read #dei z an e*o ( ! say+ ( ,h]akleitos t ! ,wise ! ,logos8 is unwill+ & will+ to be call$ by ! "n ( ,zeus4 #dfj ,b 9 ! poet's ?\ght1 z reveal$ 9 ! ,prome!us1 & 9 ! ,agamemnon on ! !me ( ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia1 !re has occurr$ an e?ical judgm5t ( ! old] cre$s1 an approa* to pan!ism1 a rejection ( an?ropomorphism1 & a gr[? ( pessimism t tells ( _! f9al insuffici5cy4 ,! lean+ to pan!ism is e/abli%$ by ! discov]y t ! disput$ l9es1 ,zeus is sky1 e>?1 & heav53 ,zeus is all ?+s1 yea1 great] ?an all ?+s 7,frag4 #ddc71 belong$ to ! lo/ trag$y ( ! ,heliades 7,haigh1 ,tragic ,drama ( ! ,greeks1 #ahif1 p4 #hh74 ,= ! pessimism see ! ,prome!us1 #bdg-ea4 ,! anti-an?ropomorphism is fur!r to be made out f ! l9es ascrib$ to s*ylus by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,de ,mon>*ia1 c4 #b7 & ,clem5s ,alex&r9us 7,/romata1 v1 #ad74 ,!y are expressly pan!i/ic2 b _! g5u95ess is d\btful4 ,! /ory t s*ylus 0 ne>ly kill$ by a !atre audi5ce on ! score t he _h divulg$ "p ( ! my/]ies 9 a trag$y 7,haigh1 ,! ,attic ,!atre1 #ahhi1 p4 #caf2 ,tragic ,drama1 pp4 #di-ej7 does n seem to h sugge/$ to ,ari/otle1 :o tells x 7,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 iii1 #b71 any het]odox int5tion on ! trag$ian's "p2 b x is h>d to see an or?odox believ] 9 ! au?or ei!r ( ! ,prome!us1 :]e9 ,zeus is pos$ z brutal might crucify+ innoc5ce & b5efic5ce1 or ( ! ,agamemnon1 :]e ! fa!r1 p]plex$ 9 ! extreme1 c b fall back helplessly on =mulas ab\t ! all-suffici5cy ( ,zeus :5 call$ ^u to sacrifice 8 daught]4 ,cp4 ,haigh1 ,tragic ,drama1 p4 #hf sq4 ,"s critics1 says ,mr4 ,haigh 7p4 #hh71 h be5 l$ to imag9e t !re is 9 s*ylus a d\ble ,zeus--! ord9>y ,god ( ! poly!i/ic religion & ! "o omnipot5t deity 9 :om he really believ$4 ,!y suppose t he _h no g5u9e fai? 9 ! cr$ibility ( ! popul> leg5ds1 b m]ely us$ !m z a sett+ = 8 trag$ies2 & t 8 own convictions 7 ( a m philosophical type1 z se5 9 ! pan!i/ic l9es conc]n+ ,zeus4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,haigh replies t x is mo/ improbable t !re 0 any cle> di/9ction 9 ! m9d ( s*ylus betwe5 ! two conceptions ( ,zeus2 go+ on1 h[ev]1 to admit t mu*1 no d\bt1 he reg>d$ z unc]ta91 mu* z false4 ,ev5 ! "n ',zeus' 0 to him a m]e conv5tion4 ,mr4 ,haigh 9 ?is discussion does n attempt to deal ) ! problem ( ! ,prome!us4 ,! hesitations ( ! critics on ?is head are notewor?y4 ,k>l ,ottfri$ ,mll]1 :o is lea/ himself 9 deal+ ) fundam5tal issues ( cre$1 evades ! problem 7,lit4 ( ,anc4 ,greece1 #ahdg1 p4 #cbi7 ) ! bald sugge/ion t s*ylus1 9 8 own m9d1 mu/ h felt h[ ?is sev]ity ( ,zeus1 a necess>y accompanim5t ( ! transition f ! ,titanic p]iod to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,gods ( ,olympus1 0 to be reconcil$ ) ! mild wisdom :i* he makes an attribute ( ,zeus 9 ! subsequ5t ages ( ! _w4 ,consequ5tly1 ! deviation f "r 444 w\ld all lie on ! side ( ,prome!us4 ,?is nugatory plea--:i* is rightly reject$ by ,burckh>dt 7,grie*4 ,culturges*4 ii1 #be7--;is ineffectually back$ by ! argum5t t ! fri5dly ,oceanides recur to ! ?\ght1 ,^? only are wise :o humbly rev]5ce ,adra/eia 7,fate7--z if ! posit+ ( a supreme ,fate 7 n a fur!r belittlem5t ( ,zeus4 ,o!r critics are simil>ly evasive4 ,pat9 7,es*yle1 d4 #ahgg1 p4 #bej sq471 not+ ! vag>ies ( pa/ criticism1 ho/ile & o!r1 av[$ly leaves ! play an unsolv$ enigma1 affirm+ only ! commonly ass]t$ piety ( s*ylus4 ,gir>d 7,le s5tim5t religieux en ,grce1 pp4 #dbe-bi7 does no bett]1 :ile dogmatically ass]t+ t ! poet is ! ,greek fai?ful to ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs1 :i* he int]prets ) an intellig5t & emotional 7mue7 v5]ation4 ,mey] 7iii1 #beg-eh7 draws an elaborate p>allel betwe5 s*ylus & ,p9d>1 affirm+ 9 turn ! tiefe ,frmmigkeit ( ! =m]--& 9 turn leaves ! enigma ( ! ,prome!us unsolv$4 ,pr(essor ,de*>me1 rightly reject+ ! fanciful int]pretations ( ,qu9et & o!rs :o allegorize ,prome!us into humanity revolt+ aga9/ sup]/ition1 (f]s a v unsatisfy+ explanation ( 8 own 7p4 #ajg71 :i* practically d5ies t !re is any problem to solve4 ,pr(4 ,mahaffy1 ) 8 m vivaci\s habit ( ?\ght1 comes to ! evad$ issue4 ,h[1 he asks1 did ! ,a!nian audi5ce1 :o vehem5tly attack$ ! poet = divulg+ ! my/]ies1 tol]ate su* a drama8 ,& /ill m1 h[ did s*ylus1 a pi\s & s]i\s ?9k]1 v5ture to br+ su* a subject on ! /age ) a moral purpose8 ,! answ]s sugge/$ are3 7#a7 t 9 all old religions !re are tol]at$ anomal\s survivals2 7#b7 t a v extreme di/ortion ( _! ,gods w n (f5d _m :o w\ld feel outrag$ at any op5 d5ial ( !m2 7#c7 t all ,greeks long$ = despotic p[] = !mselves1 & t no ,a!nian1 h[ev] he sympa?iz$ ) ,prome!us1 w\ld ?9k ( blam+ ,zeus = 444 cru%+ all resi/ance to 8 w4 ,b ev5 if ^! answ]s--( :i* ! la/ is ! mo/ que/ionable--be accept$1 ! "q ( ! poet's int5tion is f> m difficult1 & w probably nev] be satisfactorily answ]$4 ,f9ally1 we h ?is summ+-up3 s*ylus 01 inde$1 ess5tially a !ologian 444 b1 :at is m hon\rable & exceptional1 he 0 s c&id & hone/ a !ologian t he did n approa* m5's difficulties = ! purpose ( refut+ !m or %[+ !m weak & gr\ndless4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?\gh an or?odox & pi\s man1 ?\gh cle>ly conv9c$ ( ! goodness ( ,provid5ce1 & ( ! pr(\nd tru? ( ! religion ( 8 fa!rs1 he 0 ev] /at+ boldly ! contradictions & anomalies 9 morals & 9 my?s1 & ?us naturally incurr+ ! odium & suspicion ( ! pr(essional advocates ( religion & _! foll[]s4 ,he felt1 p]haps in/9ctively1 t a vivid dramatic /atem5t ( ^! problems 9 8 trag$ies 0 bett] moral education ?an vapid platitudes ab\t our ignorance1 & ab\t our difficulties be+ only caus$ by ! %ortness ( our sight 7,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 i1 #bfj-fa1 #bgc-gd74 ,"h1 despite ! intellig5t h&l+1 ! enigma is m]ely transf]r$ f ! great trag$ian's "w to 8 "*3 x is n solv$4 ,no solution is (f]$ ( ! problem ( ! pan!ism ( ! fragm5t above cit$1 :i* is q irreconcilable ) any or?odox belief 9 ,greek religion1 ?\gh su* say+s are at times repeat$ by un?9k+ believ]s1 )\t recognition ( _! be>+4 ,t ! pan!ism is a philosophical elem5t import$ into ! ,greek _w f ! ,babylonian ?r\gh ! e>ly ,ionian ?9k]s seems to be ! hi/orical fact 7cp4 ,:ittak]1 z la/ cit$73 t ! importation meant ! dissolution ( ! national fai? = _m ?9k+ m5 seems to be no less true4 ,x seems f9ally p]missible1 !n1 to sugge/ t ! piety ( s*ylus 0 ei!r discont9u\s or a matt] ( arti/ic rhetoric & public _s1 & t ! ,prome!us is a "w ( pr(\nd & t]rible irony1 unburd5+ 8 m9d ( rev]ies t religion c\ld n conjure away4 ,! discussion on ! play has unduly ignor$ ! "q ( its date4 ,x is1 9 all probability1 "o ( ! late/ ( ! works ( s*ylus 7,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,lit4 ( ,anc4 ,greece1 p4 #cbg2 ,haigh1 ,tragic ,drama1 p4 #aji74 ,mll] po9ts to ! employm5t ( ! ?ird actor--a late developm5t--& ,haigh to ! ov]%ad[+ ( ! *oruses by ! dialogue2 also to ! m5tion 7ll4 #cff-gb7 ( ! eruption ( ,etna1 :i* occurr$ 9 #dge ,b4,c4 ,?is "o circum/ance goes f> to solve ! dispute4 ,writt5 ne> ! end ( ! poet's life ! play belongs to ! late/ /ages ( 8 ?9k+2 & if x dep>ts widely 9 its tone f ! e>li] plays1 ! reasonable inf]5ce is t 8 ideas _h und]gone a *ange4 ,! ,agamemnon1 ) its desolat+ problem1 seems to be also "o ( 8 lat] works4 ,rationalism1 inde$1 does n usually em]ge 9 old age1 ?\gh ,voltaire 0 deeply %ak5 9 8 !ism by ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon2 b s*ylus is unique ev5 among m5 ( g5ius2 & ! highe/ flight ( ,greek drama may well /& = an abnormal intellectual exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is prim>y entrance ( critical d\bt into drama we h "o ( ! sociological clues to ! :ole evolution ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,x has be5 truly said t ! con/ant action ( ! tragic /age1 ! dramatic putt+ ( argum5ts & rejo9d]s1 pros & cons--:i* 9 turn 0 a fruit ( ! actual daily plead+s 9 ! ,a!nian dika/]y--0 a manifold /imulus alike to e?ical feel+ & to intellectual ef=t1 su* z no o!r anci5t civilization ev] knew4 ,! appropriate subject-matt] ( trag$y is pregnant n only ) e?ical sympa?y1 b also ) e?ical debate & speculation1 to an ext5t unapproa*$ 9 ! e>li] lyric & gnomic poetry & ! lit]ature ( aphorism & precept4 ,9 place ( unexp&$ results1 or ! m]e communication ( s+le-m9d$ s5tim5t1 we h ev5 9 s*ylus1 ! e>lie/ ( ! great trag$ians1 a l>ge latitude ( diss5t & debate--a %ift+ po9t ( view--a case bett] or worse--& a div9ation ( ! future adv5t ( sov]eign & in/ruct$ reason4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( trag$y t ,grecian lit]ature pass$ into ! ,rhetoric1 ,dialectics1 & ,e?ical speculation :i* m>k$ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 #dfa ,?is developm5t 0 inde$ auto*?on\s1 save ins(> z ! g]m ( ! tragic drama may h come f ! ,ea/ 9 ! cult ( ,dionysos1 ) its v9\s di?yramb3 ! ,greek intellect assur$ly did wond]ful ?+s at ,a!ns1 be+ plac$1 = a "t1 9 civic conditions peculi>ly fitt$ = ! economic evocation ( c]ta9 =ms ( g5ius4 ,b ! above-not$ developm5ts 9 ,p9d> & 9 s*ylus _h be5 prec$$ by ! great floresc5ce ( e>ly ,ionian philosophy 9 ! six? c5tury1 a gr[? :i* con/ra9s u to look once m to ,asia ,m9or = a vital fructification ( ! ,greek inn] life1 ( a k9d t ,a!nian in/itutions c\ld n 9 !mselves evoke4 ,= :ile drama fl\ri%$ supremely at ,a!ns1 sci5ce & philosophy grew up else:]e1 c5turies be=e ,a!ns _h a philosoph] ( note2 & all ! notable beg9n+s ( ,hell5ic free?\ght occurr$ outside ( ,hellas prop]4 #c ,! ,greeks v>i$ f ! g5]al type ( culture-evolution se5 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 & ,babylon1 & approximat$ some:at to t ( anci5t ,*9a1 9 t _! high] ?9k+ 0 done n by an ord] ( prie/s pl$g$ to cults1 b by indep5d5t laym54 ,9 ,greece1 z 9 ,*9a1 ?is l9e ( developm5t is to be und]/ood z a result ( e>ly political conditions--9 ,*9a1 ^? ( a multiplicity ( indep5d5t feudal ,/ates2 9 ,greece1 ^? ( a multiplicity ( ,city ,/ates1 set up fir/ by ! geographical /ructure ( ,hellas1 & reproduc$ 9 ! colonies ( ,asia ,m9or & ,magna ,graecia by reason ( ! acquir$ ideal & ! normal /ate ( comm]cial competition4 ,to ! la/1 _m ,greek cults exhibit$ _! orig9al "* z ! sacra ( private families4 ,su* conditions prev5t$ ! gr[? ( a prie/ly ca/e or organization4 #dfb ,nei!r ,*9a nor ,pagan ,greece 0 imp]ializ$ till !re _h aris5 en\gh ( rationalism to prev5t ! rise ( a p[]ful prie/hood2 & ! lat] gr[? ( a prie/ly sy/em 9 ,greece 9 ! ,*ri/ian p]iod is to be expla9$ 9 t]ms fir/ ( a positive social deg5]ation1 accompany+ a complete transmutation ( political life1 & secondly ( ! imposition ( a new cult1 on ! popul> plane1 specially organiz$ on ! model ( ! political sy/em t adopt$ x4 ,"u imp]ialism1 h[ev]1 ! two civilizations ultimately pres5t$ a s+ul> p>allel ( unprogressiv5ess4 ,9 ! great progressive p]iod1 ! possible ga9s f ! abs5ce ( a prie/hood are se5 9 c\rse ( realization4 ,= ! ,greek-speak+ _w 9 g5]al !re 0 no dogmatic body ( tea*+1 no writt5 code ( !ology & moral law1 no ,sacr$ ,book4 #dfc ,ea* local cult _h its own anci5t ritual1 (t5 m9i/]$ by prie/esses1 ) my?s1 (t5 ( late inv5tion1 to expla9 x2 #dfd only ,hom] & ,hesiod1 ) p]haps "s ( ! n[ lo/ epics1 s]v+ z a g5]al treasury ( my?-lore4 ,! two great epopees ascrib$ to ,hom]1 inde$1 _h a c]ta9 ,biblical /atus2 & ! ,hom]ids or o!r b>ds :o recit$ !m did :at 9 !m lay to make ! old poetry ! /&>d ( !ological op9ion2 b !y too lack$ organiz$ influ5ce1 & c\ld n h9d] high] ?9k+4 #dfe ,! special prie/hood ( ,delphi1 wield+ ! oracle1 c\ld ma9ta9 _! political influ5ce only by hold+ _! function above all app>5t self-seek+ or ef=t at dom9ation4 #dff ,x only ne$$1 !n1 su* civic conditions z %\ld evolve a leisur$ class1 ) a b5t t[>ds /udy1 to make possible a gr[? ( lay philosophy4 ,^? conditions fir/ arose 9 ! ,ionian cities2 because !re fir/ did ,greek citiz5s atta9 comm]cial weal?1 #dfg z a result ( adopt+ ! old] comm]cial civilization ^: indep5d5t cities !y conqu]$1 & ( ! great] rapidity ( developm5t :i* belongs to colonies 9 g5]al4 #dfh ,!re x 0 t1 9 matt]s ( religion & philosophy1 ! comp>ison ( _! own cults ) ^? ( _! =eign neighb\rs fir/ provok$ _! critical reflection1 z ! age ( primitive w>f>e pass$ away4 ,& !re x 01 accord+ly1 t on a basis ( primitive ,babylonian sci5ce !re orig9at$ ) ,?ales ( ,miletos 7fl4 #ehf ,b4,c471 a ,pho5ician by desc5t1 #dfi ! high] sci5ce & philosophy ( ! ,greek-speak+ race4 #dgj ,x is hi/orically c]ta9 t ,lydia _h an anci5t & close hi/orical connection ) ,babylonian & ,assyrian civilization1 :e!r ?r\gh ! ,hittites or o!rwise 7,sayce1 ,anc4 ,emp4 ( ! ,ea/1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bag-ai2 ,curtius1 ,grie*4 ,ges*4 i1 #fc1 #bjg2 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 i1 #aff1 #bgg1 #bii1 #cje-aj2 ,s\ry1 ,brviaire de l'hi/4 du matrialisme1 #ahha1 pp4 #cj1 #cg sq4 ,cp4 z to ,arm5ia1 ,edw>ds1 ,! ,witness ( ,assyria1 #ahic1 p4 #add72 & 9 ! sev5? c5tury ! comm]cial connection betwe5 ,lydia & ,ionia1 long close1 0 presumably fri5dly up to ! "t ( ! fir/ attacks ( ! ,lydian ,k+s1 & ev5 aft]w>ds 7,h]odotos i1 #bj-bc71 ,alyattes hav+ made a treaty ( peace ) ,miletos1 :i* !reaft] _h peace dur+ 8 long reign4 ,?is br+s u to ! "t ( ,?ales 7#fdj-edh ,b4,c474 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,ionian settl]s ( ,miletos _h f ! fir/ a close connection ) ! ,k>ians 7,h]od4 i1 #adf1 & above pp4 #abj-ba71 ^: ne> aff9ity ) ! ,semites1 at lea/ 9 religion1 is se5 9 _! practice ( cutt+ _! =eheads at fe/ivals 7id4 ii1 #fa2 cp4 ,grote1 ed4 #ahhh1 i1 #bg1 note2 ,e4 ,curtius1 i1 #cf1 #db2 ,busolt1 i1 #cc2 & ,spiegel1 ,eranis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 i1 #bbh74 ,?ales 0 ?us 9 ! direct sph]e ( ,babylonian culture be=e ! conque/ ( ,cyrus2 & 8 ,milesian pupils or successors1 ,anaxim&ros & ,anaxim5es1 /& = ! same influ5ces4 ,h]akleitos 9 turn 0 ( ,ephesus1 an ,ionian city 9 ! same culture-sph]e2 ,anaxagoras 0 ( ,klazom5ai1 ano!r ,ionian city1 z _h be5 ,h]motimos1 ( ! same philosophic s*ool2 ! ,eleatic s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,x5ophanes & c>ri$ on by ,p>m5ides & ! eld] ,z5o1 come f ! same matrix1 ,elea hav+ be5 f\nd$ by exiles f ,ionian ,phokaia on its conque/ by ! ,p]sians2 & ,py?agoras1 9 turn1 0 ( ! ,ionian city ( ,samos1 9 ! same six? c5tury4 ,f9ally1 ,protagoras & ,demokritos 7 ( ,abd]a1 an ,ionian colony 9 ,?race2 ,leukippos1 ! tea*] ( ,demokritos1 0 ei!r an ,abd]ite1 a ,milesian1 or an ,elean2 & ,ar*elaos1 ! pupil ( ,anaxagoras & a tea*] ( ,sokrates1 is said to h be5 a ,milesian4 ,wellhaus5 7,israel1 p4 #dgc ( vol4 ( ,prolegom5a1 ,eng4 tr47 has spok5 ( ! rise ( philosophy on ! ?reat5$ & actual political annihilation ( ,ionia z correspond+ to ! rise ( ,hebrew prophecy on ! m5ace & ! consummation ( ! ,assyrian conque/4 ,z reg>ds ,ionia1 ?is may hold 9 ! s5se t ! /oppage ( political fre$om ?rew m5 back on philosophy1 z happ5$ lat] at ,a!ns4 ,b ,?ales philosophiz$ be=e ! ,p]sian conque/4 #d ,?ales1 l ,hom]1 />ts f ! ,babylonian conception ( a beg9n+ ( all ?+s 9 wat]2 b 9 ,?ales ! imm$iate motive & ! sequel are /rictly cosmological & nei!r !ological nor poetical1 ?\gh we _c tell :e!r ! wor%ip ( a ,god ( ! ,wat]s may n h be5 ! orig9 ( a wat]-!ory ( ! cosmos4 ,! phrase attribut$ to him1 t all ?+s are full ( ,gods1 #dga cle>ly meant t 9 8 op9ion ! =ces ( ?+s inh]$ 9 ! cosmos1 & n 9 p]sonal p[]s :o spasmodically int]f]$ ) x4 #dgb ,x is probable t1 z 0 surmis$ by ,plut>*1 a pan!i/ic conception ( ,zeus exi/$ = ! ,ionian ,greeks be=e ,?ales4 #dgc ,to ! lat] doxographi/s he seems to h lo/ belief 9 ! ,gods4 #dgd ,f ! m]e second-h& & (t5 un9tellig5t /atem5ts :i* are all we h 9 8 case1 x is h>d to make sure ( 8 sy/em2 b t x 0 pan!i/ic #dge & physici/ seems cle>4 ,he conceiv$ t matt] n only came f b 0 resolvable into wat]2 t all ph5om5a 7 rul$ by law or necessity2 & t ! sun & planets 7commonly reg>d$ z deities7 7 bodies analog\s to ! e>?1 :i* he held to be sph]ical b re/+ on wat]4 #dgf ,= ! re/1 he speculat$ 9 meteorology & 9 a/ronomy1 & is cr$it$ ) hav+ pr$ict$ a sol> eclipse #dgg--;a fairly good pro( ( 8 k ( ,*aldean sci5ce #dgh--;& ) hav+ introduc$ geometry into ,greece f ,egypt4 #dgi ,to him1 too1 is ascrib$ a wise c\nsel to ! ,ionians 9 ! matt] ( political f$]ation1 #dhj :i*1 _h x be5 foll[$1 might h sav$ !m f ! ,p]sian conque/2 & he is "o ( ! _m e>ly morali/s :o laid d[n ! ,gold5 ,rule z ! ess5ce ( ! moral law4 #dha ,) 8 maxim1 ,"k ?yself1 he seems to m>k a broadly new dep>ture 9 anci5t ?\ght3 ! balance ( en]gy is %ift$ f my? & !osophy1 prophecy & poesy1 to analysis ( consci\sness & ! cosmic process4 ,f ?is po9t ,greek rationalism is cont9u\s1 despite reactions1 till ! ,roman conque/1 ,miletos figur+ long z a g5]al s\rce ( skepticism4 ,anaxim&ros 7#faj-edg ,b4,c471 pupil & companion ( ,?ales1 0 l him an a/ronom]1 geograph]1 & physici/1 seek+ = a fir/ pr9ciple 7= :i* he may or may n h inv5t$ ! "n #dhb72 reject+ ! idea ( a s+le primordial elem5t su* z wat]2 affirm+ an inf9ite mat]ial cause1 )\t beg9n+ & inde/ructible1 #dhc ) an inf9ite numb] ( worlds2 &--/ill %[+ ! ,*aldean impulse--speculat+ rem>kably on ! desc5t ( man f some?+ aquatic1 z well z on ! =m & motion ( ! e>? 7figur$ by him z a cyl9d] #dhd71 ! nature & motions ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ?und] & lightn+4 #dhe ,x seems d\btful :e!r1 z affirm$ by ,eudemus1 he taught ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion2 b t ?is doctr9e 0 d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian s*ools ( a/ronomy is s probable t x may h be5 accept$ 9 ,miletos 9 8 day4 ,only by inf]r+ a prior sci5tific developm5t ( rem>kable en]gy c we expla9 ! /rik+ =ce ( ! say+s ( ,anaxim&ros :i* h come d[n to u4 ,8 doctr9e ( evolution /&s out = u to-day l ! fragm5t ( a great ru91 h9t+ obscurely ( a l9e ( active ?9k]s4 ,! !sis t man mu/ h desc5d$ f a diff]5t species because1 :ile o!r animals quickly f\nd food = !mselves1 man alone requires a long p]iod ( suckl+3 _h he be5 orig9ally su* z he is n[1 he c\ld nev] h surviv$1 is a q ma/]ly anticipation ( mod]n evolution>y sci5ce4 ,we are left ask+1 h[ came an e>ly ,ionian ,greek to ?9k ?us1 outgo+ ! assimilative p[] ( ! lat] age ( ,ari/otle8 ,only a long sci5tific evolution c readily acc\nt = x2 & only 9 ! ,mesopotamian _w c\ld su* an evolution h tak5 place4 #dhf ,anaxim5es 7fl4 #edh ,b4,c471 yet ano!r ,milesian1 pupil or at lea/ foll[] 9 turn ( ,anaxim&ros1 speculates simil>ly1 mak+ 8 inf9ite & fir/ pr9ciple ! air1 9 :i* he conceives ! e>? to be susp5d$2 !orizes on ! ra9b[1 e>?quakes1 ! nature & ! revolution ( ! heav5ly bodies 7:i*1 ) ! e>?1 he suppos$ to be broad & flat72 & affirms ! et]nity ( motion & ! p]i%abl5ess ( ! e>?4 #dhg ,! ,ionian ?\ght ( ! "t seems ?us to h be5 ?or\ghly absorb$ 9 problems ( natural orig9s1 & only 9 t connection to h be5 conc]n$ ) ! problems ( religion4 ,no dogma ( div9e creation block$ ! way3 ! tr\ble 0 levity ( hypo!sis or ass5t4 ,?ales1 foll[+ a ,semitic lead1 places ! s\rce ( all ?+s 9 wat]4 ,anaxim&ros1 p]haps foll[+ ano!r1 b seek+ a m ab/ract idea1 posit$ an inf9ite1 ! s\rce ( all ?+s2 & ,anaxim5es 9 turn r$uces t inf9ite to ! air1 z be+ ! lea/ mat]ial ( ?+s4 ,he _c h anticipat$ ! *emical conception ( ! r$uction ( all solids to gases3 ! !sis 0 fram$ ei!r priori or 9 adaptation ( prie/ly claims = ! deities ( ! elem5ts2 & o!rs 7 to foll[ ) ! guesses ( e>? & fire & heat & cold4 ,/ill1 ! speculation is t ( bold & f>-grasp+ ?9k]s1 & = ^! !re c h be5 no validity 9 ! ord9>y ,god-ideas ( poly!ism4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ^! e>ly s*ools ( ?\ght 7 really con/itut$ by m5 9 "s way b&$ toge!r1 #dhh ?us support+ ea* o!r aga9/ ! cons]vatism ( religi\s ignorance4 ,! physicians 7 s organiz$2 ! disciples ( ,py?agoras foll[$ ! same c\rse2 & 9 lat] ,greece we %all f9d ! diff]5t philosophic sects =m$ into societies or corporations4 ,! fir/ model 0 probably t ( ! prie/ly corporation2 & 9 a _w 9 :i* _m cults 7 *ronically dis5d[$ x may well h be5 t ! leisur$ old prie/hoods1 philosophiz+ z we h se5 ^? ( ,india & ,egypt & ,mesopotamia do+1 play$ a prim>y "p 9 initiat+ ! "w ( rational secul> ?\ght4 ,! rec5t "w ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d1 ,f ,philosophy to ,religion 7#aiab71 puts =? an int]e/+ & +5i\s !ory to ! effect t e>ly ,greek philosophy is a r$uction to ab/ract t]ms ( ! practice ( totemi/ic tribes4 ,on ?is view1 :5 ! ,gods are figur$ 9 ,hom] z subject to ,moira 7,de/9y71 !re has tak5 place an imp]sonation ( ,nomos1 or ,law2 & j z ! div9e cosmos or polity is a reflection ( ! e>?ly1 s ! e/abli%$ conception ( ! absolute compulsor9ess ( tribal law is translat$ into "o ( a ,fate :i* ov]rules ! ,gods 7p4 #dj sq474 ,s1 :5 ,anaxim&ros posits ! doctr9e ( f\r elem5ts he did n use ! ^w1 by ! way2 t comes lat]2 see ,burnet1 *4 i1 p4 #ef1 cit+ ,diels1 we obs]ve t ?is type ( cosmic /ructure corresponds to t ( a totemic tribe conta9+ f\r clans 7p4 #fb74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! totemi/ic /age _h long be=e be5 brok5 d[n4 ,! notion ( ! gr\p-s\l _h giv5 rise to ! notion ( ,god 7p4 #ij72 & ! primitive magical gr\p _h dissolv$ into a sy/em ( families 7p4 #ic71 ) individual s\ls4 ,on ?is prior accumulation ( religi\s mat]ial e>ly philosophy works 7p4 #ach74 ,x does n appe> :y1 ?us recogniz+ t totemism 0 at lea/ a long way beh9d 9 ,?ales's day1 ,mr4 ,corn=d %\ld trace ! ,ionian f\r elem5ts /raight back to ! problematic f\r clans ( ! totemi/ic tribe4 ,dr4 ,fraz] gives him no data :atev] = ,aryan totemism2 & ! ,ionian cities1 l ^? ( ,mesopotamia & ,egypt1 belong to ! age ( comm]ce & ( mon>*ies4 ,x w\ld seem m plausible1 on ,mr4 ,corn=d's own premises1 to trace ! rival !ories ( ! f\r elem5ts to religi\s philosophies set up by ! prie/s ( f\r ,gods ( wat]1 e>?1 air1 & fire4 ,if ! e>ly philosoph]s _h no?+ b !ology beh9d !m 7p4 #ach71 :y n inf] !ologies = ! old-e/abli%$ deities ( ,mesopotamia8 ,mr4 ,corn=d adds to ! traditional factors t ( ! temp]am5ts ( ! individual philosoph]s1 :i* made "o or o!r ( ^? s*emes ! m cong5ial to !m4 ,foll[+ ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 he pron\nces t almo/ all philosophic argum5ts are inv5t$ aft]w>ds1 to recomm5d1 or def5d f attack1 conclusions :i* ! philosoph] 0 f ! outset b5t on believ+ be=e he c\ld ?9k ( any argum5ts at all4 ,t is :y philosophical reason+s are s bad1 s artificial1 s unconv9c+4 ,^u ?is v pr9ciple x is mu* m likely t ! philosophic cults ( wat]1 e>?1 air1 & fire orig9at$ 9 ! wor%ips ( ,gods ( ^? elem5ts1 ^: prie/s w\ld t5d to magnify _! (fice4 ,x is h>d to see h[ temp]am5t c\ld det]m9e a man's bias to an air-!ory 9 pref]5ce to a wat]-!ory4 ,b if ! prie/s ( ,ea ! ,wat]-,god & ^? ( ,bel ! ,god ( ,air _h fram$ !ories ( ! k9d1 x is conceivable t family or tribal ties & traditions might set m5 ^u develop+ ! !ory quasi-philosophically :5 ! ali5 ,gods came to be recogniz$ by ?9k+ m5 z m]e names = ! elem5ts4 #dhi 7,comp>e ,flaub]t's ,salammb z to ! probable rivalry ( prie/s ( ! ,sun & ,moon47 ,a pan!i/ic view1 aga91 arose z we saw among v>i\s prie/hoods 9 ! mon>*ies :]e syncretism arose out ( political aggregations4 ,:at is cle> is t ! religi\s or !i/ic basis _h ceas$ to exi/ = _m educat$ ,greeks 9 t environm5t4 ,! old ,god-ideas h disappe>$1 & a quasi-sci5tific attitude has be5 tak5 up4 ,x is app>5tly condition$1 p]haps fatally1 by prior modes ( ?\ght2 b x op]ates 9 disreg>d ( s-call$ religi\s ne$s1 & negates ! normal religi\s conception ( e>?ly gov]nm5t or provid5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 n de/9$ to lead to ! rationalization ( popul> ?\ght2 & only 9 a small numb] ( cases did ! sci5tific ?9k]s deeply conc]n !mselves ) ! enlight5m5t ( ! mass4 ,9 ano!r ,ionian ?9k] ( t age1 inde$1 we f9d alongside ( physical & philosophical speculation on ! univ]se ! mo/ direct & explicit assault ^u popul> religion t anci5t hi/ory pres]ves4 ,x5ophanes ( ,kolophon 78 #egj-dgj71 a contempor>y ( ,anaxim&ros1 0 =c$ by a ,p]sian invasion or by "s revolution to leave 8 native city at ! age ( tw5ty-five2 & by 8 own acc\nt 8 doctr9es1 & inf]ribly 8 life1 _h gone up & d[n ,greece--9 :i* we are to include ,magna ,graecia--= sixty-sev5 ye>s at ! date ( writ+ ( "o ( 8 poems4 #dij ,?is 0 presumably compos$ at ,elea 7,hyela or ,velia71 f\nd$ ab\t #ecf ,b4,c41 on ! we/]n ,italian coa/1 s\? ( ,pae/um1 by unsubduable ,phokaians seek+ a new home aft] ! ,p]sian conque/1 & aft] !y _h be5 fur!r defeat$ 9 ! attempt to live z pirates 9 ,corsica4 #dia ,?i!r came ! ag$ ,x5ophanes1 p]haps also seek+ fre$om4 ,he seems to h liv$ hi!rto z a rhapsode1 *ant+ 8 poems at ! c\rts ( tyrants z ! ,hom]ids did ! ,iliad4 ,x is h>d inde$ to conceive t 8 recitations includ$ ! anti-religi\s passages :i* h come d[n to u2 b 8 resort 9 old age to ! new community ( ,elea is itself a pro( ( a crav+ & a ne$ = free conditions ( life4 #dib ,sett+ out on 8 travels1 d\btless1 ) ! ,ionian pr$ilection = a unit>y philosophy1 he _h some:]e & someh[ atta9$ a pan!ism :i* transc5d$ ! conc]n = a fir/ pr9ciple--if1 inde$1 x 0 ess5tially di/9ct f ! doctr9e ( ,anaxim&ros4 #dic ,look+ wi/fully ^u ! :ole heav5s1 says ,ari/otle1 #did he affirms t unity is ,god4 ,f ! scatt]$ quotations :i* are all t rema9 ( 8 lo/ poem1 ,on ,nature 7or ,natural ,?+s71 #die x is h>d to d$uce any full conception ( 8 philosophy2 b x is cle> t x 0 moni/ic2 & ?\gh mo/ ( 8 lat] int]pret]s h acclaim$ him z ! h]ald ( mono!ism1 x is only 9 t]ms ( pan!ism t 8 v>i\s utt]ances c be reconcil$4 ,x is cle>ly 9 t s5se t ,ari/otle & ,plato #dif commemorate him z ! fir/ ( ! ,eleatic moni/s4 ,repeat$ly he speaks ( ! ,gods z well z ( ,god2 & he ev5 inculcates ! respectful wor%ip ( !m4 #dig ,! solution seems to be t he ?9ks ( ! =ces & ph5om5a ( ,nature 9 ! e>ly way z ,gods or ,p[]s1 b resolves !m 9 turn into a :ole :i* includes all =ms ( p[] & intellig5ce1 b is n to be conceiv$ z ei!r physically or m5tally an?ropomorphic4 ,8 contempor>ies w\ld h be5 m likely to call ,x5ophanes an a!i/ ?an any?+ else4 #dih ,! common v]dict ( ! hi/orians ( philosophy1 :o f9d 9 ,x5ophanes an e>ly & elevat$ doctr9e ( ,mono!ism1 is closely te/$ by ,j4 ,freud5?al1 ,ueb] die ,!ologie des ,x5ophanes1 #ahhf4 ,z he %[s1 ! bulk ( !m 7cit$ by him1 pp4 #b-g7 d viol5ce to ,x5ophanes's language 9 mak+ him out ! proclaim] ( a mono!i/ic doctr9e to a poly!i/ic _w4 ,t he 0 ess5tially a pan!i/ is n[ recogniz$ by a numb] ( writ]s4 ,cp4 ,w9delb&1 z cit$1 p4 #dh2 ,de*>me1 z cit$1 p4 #df sq4 ,brton1 ,posie philos4 en ,grce1 pp4 #dg1 #fd sq41 _h ma9ta9$ ! po9t1 aga9/ ,c\s91 9 #ahhb1 be=e ,freud5?al4 ,b ,freud5?al 9 turn glosses "p ( ! problem 9 ascrib+ to ,x5ophanes an acceptance ( poly!ism 7cp4 ,burnet1 p4 #adb71 :i* kept him f mole/ation ?r\gh\t 8 life2 :]eas ,anaxagoras1 :o _h nev] attack$ popul> belief ) ! directness ( ,x5ophanes1 0 prosecut$ = a!ism4 ,anaxagoras 0 ( a lat] age1 dwell+ 9 an ,a!ns 9 :i* popul> prejudice took readily to p]secution1 & political malice resort$ readily to religi\s pret5ces4 ,x5ophanes c\ld h>dly h publi%$ ) impunity 9 ,p]iklean ,a!ns 8 /++ impea*m5ts ( curr5t ,god-ideas2 & x rema9s problematic :e!r he ev] proclaim$ !m 9 face ( ! multitude4 ,x is only f long subsequ5t /ud5ts t we get !m z quotations f 8 poetry2 !re is no record ( _! effect on 8 contempor>ies4 ,t 8 ,god-idea 0 pan!i/ic is suffici5tly e/abli%$ by 8 attacks on an?ropomorphism1 tak5 9 connection ) 8 doctr9e ( ! ,all4 ,:e!r z tea*+ meant = public curr5cy or z a philosophic message = ! few1 ! pan!ism ( ,x5ophanes express$ itself 9 an attack on an?ropomorphic religion1 no less direct & mu* m ratioc9ative ?an t ( any ,hebrew prophet ^u idolatry4 ,mortals1 he wrote1 9 a fam\s passage1 suppose t ! ,gods are born1 & we> man's clo?+1 #dii & h voice & body4 ,b if cattle or lions _h h&s1 s z to pa9t ) _! h&s & make works ( art z m5 d1 !y w\ld pa9t _! ,gods & give !m bodies l _! own--horses l horses1 cattle l cattle4 ,& aga93 ,e?iopians make _! ,gods black & snub-nos$2 ! ,?racians say !irs h r$di% hair & blue eyes2 s also !y conceive ! spirits ( ! ,gods to be l !mselves4 #ejj ,on ,hom] & ,hesiod1 ! my?-s+]s1 8 attack is no less /r+5t3 ,!y attribut$ to ! ,gods all ?+s t ) m5 are ( ill-fame & blame2 !y told ( !m c\ntless nef>i\s ?+s--!fts1 adult]ies1 & deception ( ea* o!r4 #eja ,x is record$ ( him fur!r t1 l ,epicurus1 he absolutely reject$ all div9ation4 #ejb ,& :5 ! ,eleans1 p]haps some:at %ak5 by su* criticism1 ask$ him :e!r !y %\ld sacrifice & s+ a dirge to ,leuko!a1 ! *ild-b]eft ,sea-,goddess1 he bade !m n to s+ a dirge if !y ?\ght h] div9e1 & n to sacrifice if %e 7 human4 #ejc ,beside ?is r++ radicalism1 n yet out ( date1 ! physics ( ! ,eleatic free?9k] is less noticeable4 ,8 resort to e>? z a mat]ial fir/ pr9ciple 0 b ano!r guess or disguis$ !osophy add$ to ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & has no philosophic congruity ) 8 pan!ism4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d him reason+ f fossil-m>ks t :at 0 n[ l& _h once be5 sea-cov]$1 & be5 left mud2 & t ! moon is probably inhabit$4 #ejd ,yet1 ) all ?is al]tness ( speculation1 ,x5ophanes s\nds ! note ( m]ely negative skepticism :i*1 = lack ( fruitful sci5tific rese>*1 0 to become m & m common 9 ,greek ?\ght3 #eje no man1 he av[s 9 "o v]se1 kn[s truly any?+1 & no man ev] w4 #ejf ,m fruitful 0 8 pan!ism or pankosmism4 ,! ,all 7oulos7 he decl>$1 sees1 ?9ks1 & he>s4 #ejg ,x 0 ?us f ,x5ophanes t ! doctr9e ( ,pankosmism fir/ obta9$ introduction into ,greek philosophy1 recogniz+ no?+ real except ! univ]se z an indivisible & un*angeable :ole4 #ejh ,8 negative skepticism might h gu>d$ lat] ,hell5es aga9/ baseless cosmogony-mak+ if !y _h be5 capable ( a sy/ematic intellectual developm5t4 ,8 sagacity1 too1 appe>s 9 8 prote/ #eji aga9/ t extravagant wor%ip ( ! a?lete :i* f fir/ to la/ kept popul> ,greek life-philosophy unprogressive4 ,b "h lea/ ( all 0 he li/5$ to4 ,x is aft] a g5]ation ( su* p]si/5t que/ion+ ( ,nature & cu/om by pione] ,greeks t we f9d 9 ,h]akleitos ( ,ephesus 7fl4 #ejj ,b4,c47--/ill 9 ! ,ionian culture-sph]e--a positive & unsp>+ criticism ( ! prevail+ beliefs4 ,no sage among ! ,ionians 7:o _h already produc$ a s]ies ( p[]ful ?9k]s7 left a deep] impression ?an he ( massive =ce & pi]c+ int5sity3 above all ( ! gnomic utt]ances ( 8 age1 8 h ! r+ ( "* & ! edge ( p]sonality2 & ! gossip+ ,diog5es1 aft] sett+ out by call+ him ! mo/ arrogant ( m51 conc$es t ! brevity & weight ( 8 expression are n to be mat*$4 ,x 0 due r to ?is1 probably1 ?an to 8 metaphysic--?\gh t has an arre/+ quality--t !re grew up a s*ool ( ,h]akliteans call+ !mselves by 8 "n4 ,& ?\gh d\bt atta*es to "s ( 8 say+s1 & ev5 to 8 date1 !re c be small "q t he 0 mordantly free?9k+1 ?\gh a man ( royal desc5t4 ,he has /]n say+s ab\t br++ =? untru/wor?y witnesses to confirm disput$ po9ts1 & ab\t eyes & e>s be+ bad witnesses = m51 :5 _! s\ls lack und]/&+4 #eaj ,:at c be se51 he>d1 & le>n$1 ?is ,i prize1 is "o ( 8 decl>ations2 & he is cr$it$ ) contemn+ book-le>n+ z hav+ fail$ to give wisdom to ,hesiod1 ,py?agoras1 ,x5ophanes1 & ,hekataios4 #eaa ,! belief 9 progress1 he r\ndly insi/s1 /ops progress4 #eab ,f 8 cryptic utt]ances x maybe ga!r$ t he too 0 a pan!i/2 #eac & f 8 insi/5ce on ! imman5ce ( /rife 9 all ?+s1 #ead z f o!rs ( 8 say+s1 t he 0 ( ! ,/oic mood4 ,x 0 d\btless 9 res5tm5t ( immoral religion t he said #eae ,hom] & ,ar*ilo*os des]v$ flogg+2 z he is sev]e on ! phallic wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 #eaf on ! absurdity ( pray] to images1 & on popul> pietism 9 g5]al4 #eag ,"o ( 8 say+s1 ?os an?rp daimn1 #eah "* is a man's dmon1 seems to be ! def9ite ass]tion ( rationalism 9 affairs z aga9/ ! cre$ ( special provid5ces4 ,a confusion ( tradition has aris5 betwe5 ! e>ly ,h]akleitos1 ! ,obscure1 & ! simil>ly-nam$ writ] ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 :o 0 ei!r "o ,h]akleides or "o us+ ! "n ( ,h]akleitos4 ,z ! lat] writ] c]ta9ly allegoriz$ ,hom]--r$uc+ ,apollo to ! ,sun1 ,a!n to ,?\ght1 & s on--& claim$ ?us to free him f ! *>ge ( impiety1 x seems highly probable t x is f him t ! s*olia/ on ! ,iliad1 xv1 #ah1 cites ! passage scold+ ! a!i/s :o attack$ ! ,hom]ic my?s4 ,! !me & ! tone d n belong to #ejj ,b4,c41 :5 only ! bolde/--z ,h]akleitos--w\ld be likely to attack ,hom]1 & :5 !re is no o!r lit]>y trace ( a!ism4 ,grote1 h[ev] 7i1 #cgd1 note71 cites ! passages )\t comm5t z ref]r+ to ! e>ly philosoph]1 :o is mu* m probably cr$it$1 z above1 ) d5\nc+ ,hom] himself4 ,conc]n+ ! lat] ,h]akleitos or ,h]akleides1 see ,dr4 ,hat*'s ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #ahij1 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ! confusion ) ! late ,h]akleides1 !re is difficulty 9 settl+ ! p]iod ( ! ,ephesian ?9k]4 ,diog5es ,lartius /ates t he fl\ri%$ ab\t ! #fi? ,olympiad 7#ejd-ejj ,b4,c474 ,ano!r acc\nt1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 places him 9 ! #hj? or #ha/ ,olympiad1 9 ! infancy ( ,sokrates1 & = ?is date !re are o!r gr\nds 7,ueb]weg1 i1 #dj72 b yet o!r evid5ces c>ry u back to ! e>li]4 ,z ,diog5es notes five writ]s ( ! "n--two be+ poets1 "o a hi/orian1 & "o a s]io-comic p]sonage--& !re is record ( _m o!r m5 nam$ ,h]akleitos & sev]al ,h]akleides1 !re is consid]able room = false attributions4 ,! /atem5t ( ,diog5es t ! ,ephesian 0 wont to call op9ion ! sacr$ disease 7i1 #f1 #g7 is commonly relegat$ to ! spuri\s say+s ( ,h]akleitos1 & x sugge/s ! la/ m5tion$ ( 8 namesakes4 ,b see ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,indian ,religion1 p4 #f1 = ! op9ion t x is g5u9e1 & t by op9ion 0 meant religion4 ,! say+1 says ,dr4 ,mll]1 seems to me to h ! massive1 full1 & noble r+ ( ,h]akleitos4 ,x is h>dly = rationali/s to demur4 ,mu* discussion has be5 set up by ! common attribution to ,h]akleitos 9 antiquity ( ! doctr9e ( ! ultimate conflagration ( all ?+s4 ,b = ?is !re is no gr\nd 9 any actual passage pres]v$ f 8 works2 & x appe>s to h be5 a m]e misconception ( 8 doctr9e 9 reg>d to ,fire4 ,8 moni/ic doctr9e 01 9 brief1 t all ! oppos+ & contra/$ ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 heat & cold1 day & night1 evil & good1 imply ea* o!r1 & exi/ only 9 ! relation ( contra/2 & he conceiv$ fire z some?+ 9 :i* opposites 7 solv$4 #eai ,^u ?is /roke ( my/icism 0 conc5trat$ ! discussion :i* might usefully h be5 turn$ on 8 criticism ( popul> religion2 8 negative wisdom 0 sub/antially ignor$1 & 8 obscure speculation1 treat$ z 8 ma9 contribution to ?\ght1 0 misund]/ood & p]v]t$4 ,a limit 0 d\btless soon set to free spee* ev5 9 ,elea2 & ! ,eleatic s*ool aft] ,x5ophanes1 9 ! h&s ( 8 pupil ,p>m5ides 7fl4 #ejj ,b4,c471 ,z5o 7fl4 #dfd71 ,melissos ( ,samos 7fl4 #ddd71 & _! successors1 is f\nd turn+ fir/ to deep metaphysic & !n to v]bal dialectic1 to discussion on be+ & n be+1 ! impossibility ( motion1 & ! trick-problem ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise4 ,x is conceivable t ?\ght took ^! l9es because o!rs 7 socially clos$4 ,p>m5ides1 a notably philosophic _s 7:om ,plato1 meet+ him 9 y\?1 felt to h an exceptionally wond]ful dep? ( m9d1 b reg>d$ z a man to be fe>$ z well z rev]5c$71 #ebj made %ort "w ( ! c\nt]-s5se ( n be+1 b does n seem to h dealt at close qu>t]s ) popul> cre$s4 ,melissos1 a man ( action1 :o l$ a successful sally to capture ! ,a!nian fleet1 #eba 0 app>5tly ! mo/ pron\nc$ free?9k] ( ! ?ree nam$1 #ebb 9 t he said ( ! ,gods !re 0 no ne$ to def9e !m1 s9ce !re 0 no k ( !m4 #ebc ,su* utt]ance c\ld n be c>ri$ f> 9 any ,greek community2 & !re lack$ ! _s ( pati5t rese>* :i* might h fruitfully develop$ ! notable hypo!sis ( ,p>m5ides t ! e>? is sph]ical 9 =m4 #ebd ,b he too 0 a loose guess]1 add+ categories ( fire & e>? & heat & cold to ! =mative & mat]ial pr9ciples ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & :]e he divagat$ weak] m9ds c\ld n b lose !mselves4 ,f ,melissos & ,p>m5ides !re is accord+ly a rapid desc5t 9 philosophy to pr(essional v]balism1 popul> life ! :ile proce$+ on ! old levels4 ,x 0 9 ?is epo* ( decl9+ en]gy & decl9+ fre$om t !re grew up ! nugatory doctr9e1 associat$ ) ! ,eleatic s*ool1 #ebe t ! only realities are m5tal1 #ebf a =mula :i* elud$ at once ! problems ( ,nature & ! crudities ( religion1 & s made its =tune ) ! idle educat$ class4 ,meant to support ! cause ( reason1 x 0 soon turn$1 z e slackly-held doctr9e mu/ be1 to a diff]5t acc\nt4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,plato x develop$ into ! doctr9e ( ideas1 :i* 9 ! lat] ,*ri/ian _w 0 to play s l>ge a "p1 z ,realism1 9 *eck+ sci5tific ?\ght2 & 9 ,greece x fatally fo/]$ ! indol5t evasion ( rese>* 9 physics4 #ebg ,ultimately ?is made = sup]naturalism1 :i* _h nev] be5 disc>d$ by ! ma9 body ev5 ( rationaliz+ ?9k]s4 #ebh ,?us ! geograph] & hi/orian ,hekataios ( ,miletos 7fl4 #ejj ,b4,c471 liv+ at ! great c5tre ( rationalism1 :ile reject+ ! mass ( ,greek fables z ridicul\s1 & proce$+ 9 a fa%ion long popul> to translate !m into hi/orical facts1 yet affect$1 9 ! poetic ,greek fa%ion1 to be ( div9e desc5t4 #ebi ,at ! same "t he held by su* fables z t ( ! float+ isl& 9 ! ,nile & t ( ! sup]normal ,hyp]boreans4 ,?is bl5d+ ( old & new habits ( m9d is inde$ p]haps ! /ronge/ gr\nd = affirm+ ! g5u95ess ( 8 fragm5ts1 :i* has be5 disput$4 #ecj ,b f 8 "t =w>d !re are _m signs ( a broad movem5t ( criticism1 d\bt1 inquiry1 & recon/ruction1 involv+ an ext5sive discussion ( hi/orical z well z religi\s tradition4 #eca ,!re _h begun1 9 %ort1 = ! rapidly-develop+ ,greeks1 a discov]y ( man su* z is ascrib$ 9 lat] times to ! age ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! next g5]ation came ! fa!r ( humani/s1 ,h]odotos1 :o implicitly c>ries ! process ( discrim9ation /ill fur!r ?an did ,hekataios2 :ile ,sophocles #dif-dje ,b4,c41 )\t ev] *all5g+ popul> fai?1 :e!r implicitly z did s*ylus1 or explicitly z did ,euripides1 br\ght d[n ! drama f ! skies to ! e>?2 & ! drama /ill foll[s ! c\rse :i* ,sophocles fir/ m>k$ out = x4 ,x 0 on ! ,gods1 ! /ruggles ( ! ,gods1 & on de/9y t s*ylus dwelt2 x is ) man t ,sophocles is conc]n$4 #ecb ,/ill1 !re 0 only to be a p>tial enlight5m5t ( ! race1 su* z we h se5 occurr+1 p]haps ab\t ! same p]iod1 9 ,india4 ,sophocles1 ev5 :ile dramatiz+ ! cruel consequ5ces ( ,greek religion1 nev] made any sign ( be+ deliv]$ f ! ord9>y ,greek conceptions ( deity1 or gave any help to wis] ?\ght4 ,! social diff]5ce betwe5 ,greece & ! mon>*ic civilizations 0 aft] all only "o ( degree3 !re1 z else:]e1 ! social problem 0 f9ally unsolv$2 & ! limits to ,greek progress 7 soon approa*$4 ,b ! evolution w5t f> 9 _m places1 & x is pr(\ndly int]e/+ to trace x4 #e ,comp>$ ) ! e>ly ,milesians & ) ,x5ophanes1 ! elusive ,py?agoras 7fl4 #edj-eaj ,b4,c47 is n s mu* a rationali/ic z a !osophic free?9k]2 b to free?\ght 8 "n belongs ins(> z ! sy/em connect$ ) x did rationalize1 & disc>d$ my?ology4 ,if ! biographic data be 9 any degree tru/wor?y1 x />ts l ,milesian speculation f ori5tal prec$5ts4 #ecc ,py?agoras 0 ( ,samos 9 ! gean2 & ! traditions h x t he 0 a pupil ( ,ph]ekydes ! ,syrian1 & t be=e settl+ at ,krton1 9 ,italy1 he travell$ 9 ,egypt1 & _h int]c\rse ) ! ,*aldean ,magi4 ,"s p>ts ( ! ,py?agorean code ( life1 at lea/1 po9t to an ea/]n d]ivation4 ,! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! doctr9e & practice ( ! ,py?agoreans & ^? ( ! ,jewi% ,ess5es has l$ ,zell] to argue 7,philos4 d] ,grie*51 ,?4 iii1 ,ab?4 #b7 t ! latt] 7 a bran* ( ! =m]4 ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 on ! o!r h&1 not+ t ! ,ess5es did n hold ! specially prom95t ,py?agorean doctr9es ( numb]s & ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 traces ,ess5ism to ,zoroa/rian influ5ce 7,ed4 ( ,colossians1 ,app4 on ! ,ess5es1 pp4 #aej-ea2 rep4 9 ,diss]tations on ! ,apo/olic ,age1 #ahib1 pp4 #cfi-gb74 ,?is raises ! issue :e!r bo? ,py?agoreanism & ,ess5ism 7 n ( ,p]sian d]ivation2 & ,dr4 ,s*r] 7,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus1 ,eng4 tr4 ,div4 ,,ii1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bah7 pron\nces 9 fav\r ( an ori5tal orig9 = bo?4 ,! new connection betwe5 ,p]sia & ,ionia j at or be=e ! "t ( ,py?agoras 7fl4 #ecj ,b4,c47 squ>es ) ?is view2 b x is fur!r to be not$ t ! ph5om5on ( mona/icism1 common to ,py?agoreans & ,ess5es1 arises 9 ,buddhism ab\t ! ,py?agorean p]iod2 & z x is h>dly likely t ,buddhism 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 rea*$ ,asia ,m9or1 !re rema9s ! possibility ( "s special diffusion ( ! new ideal f ! ,babylonian sph]e aft] ! conque/ by ,cyrus1 !re be+ no trace ( a ,p]sian mona/ic sy/em4 ,! resemblances to ,orphicism likewise sugge/ a ,babylonian s\rce1 z does ! doctr9e ( numb]s1 :i* is n ,zoroa/rian4 ,z to ,buddhism1 ! argum5t = a ,buddhi/ orig9 ( ,ess5ism %ortly be=e our era 7cp4 ,a4 ,lillie1 ,buddhism 9 ,*ri/5dom & ,! ,influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ,primitive ,*ri/ianity2 ,e4 ,buns51 ,! ,angel-,messiah2 or1 ,buddhi/s1 ,ess5es1 & ,*ri/ians--all ?ree to be read ) mu* caution7 does n meet ! case ( ! ,py?agorean prec$5ts = ,ess5ism4 ,pr(4 ,burnet 7,e>ly ,greek ,philos4 #bnd ed4 p4 #ajb7 notes close ,indian p>allels to ,py?agoreanism1 b ov]looks ! int]m$iate ,p]sian p>allels1 & falls back v unnecess>ily on ! bald notion t ! two sy/ems 7 indep5d5tly evolv$ f ! same primitive sy/ems4 ,z reg>ds ! my/ic doctr9e t numb]s are1 z x 71 ! mov+ pr9ciple 9 ! cosmos--ano!r !sis n unlikely to arise 9 t ,babylonian _w :5ce came ! :ole sy/em ( numb]s = ! lat] anci5ts #ecd--we c b pron\nce x a developm5t ( ?\ght 9 vacuo1 & look fur!r = ! s\rce ( ,py?agorean influ5ce 9 ! moral & social code ( ! movem5t1 9 its sci5ce1 9 its pan!ism1 #ece its contradictory dualism1 #ecf & p]haps 9 its doctr9e ( transmigration ( s\ls4 ,on ! side ( natural sci5ce1 its absurdities #ecg po9t to ! fatal lack ( obs]vation :i* s soon /opp$ progress 9 ,greek physics & biology4 #ech ,yet 9 ! fields ( a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 & ! sci5ce ( s\nd ! s*ool seems to h done good sci5tific "w2 be+ inde$ prais$ by ! critical ,ari/otle = do+ special s]vice 9 t way4 #eci ,x is record$ t ,philolaos1 ! successor ( ,py?agoras1 0 ! fir/ to tea* op5ly 7ab\t #dfj ,b4,c47 ! doctr9e ( ! motion ( ! e>? #edj--:i*1 h[ev]1 z above not$1 0 also said to h be5 previ\sly taught by ,anaxim&ros #eda 7f :om "s incl9e to d]ive ! ,py?agorean !ory ( numb]s 9 g5]al #edb7 & by ,hiketas or ,iketas 7or ,niketas7 ( ,syracuse4 #edc ,ekphantos1 ( t city1 is also cr$it$ ) ass]t+ ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis2 & he too is gr\p$ ) ! ,py?agoreans1 ?\gh he seems to h _h a pan!ism ( 8 own4 #edd ,philolaos 9 p>ticul> is said to h be5 prosecut$ = 8 tea*+1 #ede :i* = _m 0 a blasphemy2 & x may be t ?is 0 ! reason ( its be+ specially ascrib$ to him1 ?\gh curr5t 9 ! ,ea/ long be=e 8 day4 ,9 ! fragm5ts ascrib$ to him is affirm$1 9 div]g5ce f o!r ,py?agoreans1 ! et]nity ( ! e>?2 & 9 o!r ways he seems to h be5 an innovator4 #edf ,9 any case1 ! ,py?agorean conception ( ! e>?'s motion 0 a speculative "o1 wide ( ! facts1 & n id5tical ) ! mod]n doctr9e1 save ins(> z ,py?agoras--or ,philolaos--_h rightly conceiv$ ! e>? z a sph]e4 #edg ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t 9 conjectur+ t ! :ole sol> sy/em moves r\nd a c5tral fire1 ,py?agoras c>ri$ 8 ?\ght ne>ly z f> z ! mod]ns4 ,! fanciful side ( 8 sy/em is se5 9 8 hypo!sis ( a c\nt]-e>? 7,anti-*?on7 inv5t$ to br+ up ! numb] ( cele/ial bodies 9 our sy/em to t51 ! complete numb]4 7,b]ry1 z cit$47 ,n>ri5 7p4 #afc7 misses ?is simple explanation ( ! idea4 ,z to politics1 f9ally1 x seems h>d to solve ! anomaly t ,py?agoras is pron\nc$ ! fir/ tea*] ( ! pr9ciple ( community ( goods1 #edh & t 8 adh]5ts at ,krton =m$ an ari/ocratic league1 s dete/$ by ! p = its anti-democratism t its memb]s 7 f9ally massacr$ 9 _! meet+-place1 _! lead]1 accord+ to "o tradition1 be+ sla9 ) !m1 :ile accord+ to a bett] gr\nd$ acc\nt he _h )drawn & di$ at ,metapontion4 ,! solution seems to be t ! e>ly movem5t 0 9 no way mona/ic or communi/ic2 t x 01 h[ev]1 a secret society2 t x set up a k9d ( puritanism or me?odism :i* repell$ cons]vative p2 & t1 :atev] its doctr9es1 its memb]s 7 mo/ly ( ! upp] class4 #edi ,if !y held by ! g5]al rejection ( popul> religion attribut$ to ,py?agoras1 !y w\ld s mu* ! m exasp]ate ! demos2 = ?\gh at ,krton1 z 9 ! o!r ,grecian colonial cities1 !re 0 consid]able fre$om ( ?\ght & spee*1 ! populace c n[h]e h be5 free?9k+4 #eej ,9 any case1 x 0 aft] its political ov]?r[1 & /ill m 9 ! ,italian revival ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 t ! my/ic & sup]/iti\s features ( ,py?agoreanism 7 mo/ multipli$2 & d\btless ! ma/]'s tea*+s 7 (t5 mu* p]v]t$ by 8 devotees4 ,x 0 only too easy4 ,he _h laid d[n1 z s _m ano!r morali/1 t ju/ice consi/$ 9 reciprocity2 b he taught ( virtue 9 t]ms ( 8 !ory ( numb]s #eea--;a sure way ( putt+ conduct out ( t\* ) reality4 ,?us we f9d "s ( ! lat] ,py?agoreans lay+ x d[n z a canon t no /ory once fully curr5t conc]n+ ! ,gods 0 to be disbeliev$ #eeb--! complete negation ( philosophical free?\ght & a %>p contradiction ( ! o!r view :i* repres5t$ ! %ade ( ,py?agoras z say+ t he _h se5 9 ,t>t>os ! %ade ( ,hom] hang$ to a tree1 & t ( ,hesiod *a9$ to a pill> ( brass1 = ! mon/r\s ?+s !y _h ascrib$ to ! ,gods4 #eec ,x mu/ h tak5 a good deal ( decad5ce to br+ an innovat+ sect to t pass2 & ev5 ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 we f9d ! free?9k+ ,ennius at ,rome call+ himself a ,py?agorean2 #eed b ! c\rse ( ?+s 9 ,magna ,graecia 0 mo/ly d[nw>d aft] ! six? c5tury2 ! f]oci\s de/ruction ( ,syb>is by ! ,krotoniates help+ to promote ! decl9e4 #eee ,intellectual life1 9 ,magna ,graecia z 9 ,ionia1 obey$ ! g5]al t5d5cy4 ,an opposite view ( ! ,py?agorean evolution is tak5 by ,pr(essor ,burnet4 ,he is satisfi$ t ! long li/ ( ! ,py?agorean taboos1 :i* he rightly pron\nces to be ( a ?or\ghly primitive type 7p4 #aje71 & n at all ! subtle symbols :i* !y 7 latt]ly repres5t$ to be1 7 really ! lore ( ,py?agoras4 ,x is n easy ?us to conceive a ?9k] ( ! great ,ionian age z hold+ by ?or\ghly primitive sup]/itions4 ,p]haps ! solution lies 9 ,ari/otle's /atem5t t ,py?agoras 0 fir/ a ma!matician1 & only 9 lat] life a ,ph]ekydean miracle-mong] 7,burnet1 p4 #ajg1 note #c74 ,he may actually h />t$ ! symbolic view ( ! taboos :i* he impos$4 ,be=e ! decad5ce comes1 h[ev]1 ! ph5om5on ( rationalism occurs on all sides 9 ! colonial cities1 old] & y\ng] alike2 & direct criticism ( cre$ kept pace ) ! indirect4 ,ab\t #ebj ,b4,c4 ,!ag5es ( ,rhegion1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 _h begun = ! ,greeks ! process ( r$uc+ ! unacceptable ,god-/ories 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod--notably ! battle ( ! ,gods 9 ! ,iliad--to m]e allegories ( ! cosmic elem5ts #eef--;a device natural to & practis$ by lib]al cons]vatives 9 all religi\s sy/ems "u /ress ( skeptical attack1 & aft]w>ds mu* employ$ 9 ! ,hell5ic _w4 #eeg ,soon ! attack became m /r+5t4 ,at ,syracuse we f9d ! great comic dramati/ ,epi*>mos1 ab\t #dgj ,b4,c41 treat+ ! deities on ! /age 9 a _s ( su* audaci\s burlesque #eeh z mu/ be held to imply unbelief4 ,ari/ophanes1 at ,a!ns1 inde$1 %[s a measure ( ! same _s :ile pos+ z a cons]vative 9 religion2 b ,epi*>mos 0 pr(ess$ly some?+ ( a ,py?agorean & philosoph]1 #eei & 0 d\btless protect$ by ,hi]o1 at ^: c\rt he liv$1 aga9/ any religi\s res5tm5t he may h ar\s$4 ,! /ory ( ,simonides's answ] to ,hi]o's "q z to ! nature ( ! ,gods--fir/ ask+ a day to ?9k1 !n two days1 !n f\r1 !n av[+ t m$itation only made ! problem h>d] #efj--po9ts to ! preval5t tone among ! cultur$4 #f ,at la/ ! critical _s f9ds utt]ance1 9 ! great ,p]iklean p]iod1 at ,a!ns1 b fir/ by way ( importation f ,ionia1 :]e ,miletos _h fall5 9 ! ye> #did4 ,anaxagoras ( ,klazom5ai 7fl4 #dhj-dej ,b4,c42 d4 #dbh7 is ! fir/ free?9k] hi/orically kn[n to h be5 legally prosecut$ & condemn$ #efa = 8 free?\ght2 & x 0 9 ! ,a!ns ( ,p]ikles1 despite ,p]ikles's protection1 t ! attack 0 made4 ,com+ ( ! ,ionian l9e ( ?9k]s1 & himself a pupil ( ,anaxim5es ( ,miletos1 he held firmly by ! sci5tific view ( ! cosmos1 & taught t ! sun1 in/ead ( be+ animat$ & a deity z ! ,a!nians believ$1 0 a r$-hot mass _m times l>g] ?an ! ,peloponnesos #efb--;& ! moon a fi]y 7or e>?y7 solid body hav+ 9 x pla9s & m\nta9s & valleys--?is :ile ass]t+ t inf9ite m9d 0 ! s\rce & introduc] ( all ! motion 9 ! inf9ite univ]se2 #efc inf9ite 9 ext5t & inf9itely divisible4 ,?is mat]iali/ic doctr9e z to ! heav5ly bodies 0 prop\nd$1 z ,sokrates tells 9 8 def5ce1 9 books t 9 8 day anyone c\ld buy = a dra*ma2 & ,anaxagoras fur!r taught1 l ,!ag5es1 t ! my?ical p]sonages ( ! poets 7 m]e ab/ractions inve/$ ) "n & g5d]4 #efd ,)al he 0 no brawl]2 & ev5 9 pi\s ,a!ns1 :]e he taught 9 peace = _m ye>s1 he might h di$ 9 peace b = 8 intimacy ) ! mo/ r5[n$ ( 8 pupils1 ,p]ikles4 ,! "q ( ! deity ( ! sun rais$ an int]e/+ sociological "q4 ,a!nians saw no blasphemy 9 say+ t ,g 7,gaia7 or ,dmt] 0 ! e>?3 !y _h always und]/ood z mu*2 & ! e>? 0 simply = !m a ,goddess2 a va/ liv+ ?+ conta9+ ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,!y might simil>ly h tol]at$ ! description ( ! sun z a k9d ( r$-hot e>?1 provid$ t its div9ity 7 n *all5g$4 ,! tr\ble lay r 9 ! negative ?an 9 ! positive ass]tion1 ?\gh ! latt] mu/ = _m h be5 %ock+1 inasmu* z !y _h nev] be5 wont to ?9k ab\t ! sun z !y did ab\t ! e>?4 ,x is told ( ,p]ikles 7#dii-dbi ,b4,c47 by ! pi\s ,plut>*1 himself some?+ ( a believ] 9 port5ts1 t he greatly admir$ ,anaxagoras1 f :om he seems to h le>n$ to despise ^? sup]/iti\s fe>s :i* ! common ph5om5a ( ! heav5s produce 9 ^? :o1 ignorant ( _! cause1 & kn[+ no?+ ab\t !m1 ref] !m all to ! imm$iate action ( ! ,gods4 #efe ,& ev5 ! /ately eloqu5ce & imp]turbable be>+ ( ! great /atesman are said to h be5 le>n$ f ! ,ionian ma/]1 :om he foll[$ 9 adorn+ 8 oratory ) apt illu/rations f physical sci5ce4 #eff ,! old philosoph]1 h[ev]1 :om m5 call$ ,n\s or ,intellig5ce because ( ! "p ! "n play$ 9 8 tea*+1 left 8 prop]ty to g to ru9 9 8 devotion to ideas2 & x is told1 ) small probability1 t at "o "t1 old & indig5t1 he cov]$ 8 head ) 8 robe & decid$ to />ve to dea?2 till ,p]ikles1 he>+ ( x1 ha/5$ to besee* him to live to give 8 pupil c\nsel4 #efg ,at l5g? x occurr$ to ! /atesman's enemies to /rike at him ?r\gh 8 guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d4 ,!y _h already procur$ ! bani%m5t ( ano!r ( 8 tea*]s1 ,damon1 z an intrigu] & a fri5d ( despotism2 #efh & "o ( _! fanatics1 ,diopei!s1 a prie/ & a viol5t demagogue1 #efi laid ! way = an attack on ,anaxagoras by obta9+ ! enactm5t ( a law t prosecutions %\ld be laid aga9/ all :o disbeliev$ 9 religion & held !ories ( _! own ab\t ?+s on high4 #egj ,anaxagoras 0 ?us op5 to indictm5t on ! score alike ( 8 physics & ( 8 my?ology2 ?\gh1 see+ t 8 contempor>y ,diog5es ( ,apollonia 7:o be=e ,demokritos taught no?+ out ( no?+3 no?+ into no?+1 & affirm$ ! sph]icity ( ! e>?7 0 also 9 "s dang] ( 8 life at ,a!ns1 #ega x is probable t ! prosecution 0 gr\nd$ on 8 physici/ tea*+4 ,sav$ by ,p]ikles f ! dea? puni%m5t1 b by "o acc\nt f9$ five tal5ts1 #egb he ei!r 0 exil$ or *ose to leave ! intol]ant city2 & he made 8 home at ,lampsakos1 :]e1 z ! /ory runs1 he won f ! municipality ! fav\r t e ye> ! *ildr5 %\ld h a holiday 9 ! mon? 9 :i* he di$4 #egc ,x is significant ( 8 g5]al orig9ality t he 0 reput$ ! fir/ ,greek :o wrote a book 9 prose4 #egd ,philosophically1 h[ev]1 he c\nt$ = less ?an he did z an innovat+ rationali/4 ,8 doctr9e ( ,n\s am\nt$ 9 effect to a reaffirmation ( deity2 & he has be5 n unju/ly describ$ #ege z ! philosophic fa!r ( ! duali/ic deism or !ism :i*1 :e!r f )9 or f )\t ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 has be5 ! prevail+ =m ( religi\s philosophy 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! only =m ( !i/ic philosophy capable ( w9n+ any wide ass5t among religi\sly biass$ m9ds2 & x is ! m rem>kable t su* a !i/ %\ld h be5 prosecut$ because 8 notion ( deity 0 m5tal1 & exclud$ ! div9ization ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 ! memorable episode ( 8 expulsion f ,a!ns we h a f+]-po/ to ! road travell$ lat] by ,greek civilization4 ,at ,a!ns itself ! bulk ( ! free population 0 ignorant & bigot$ en\gh to all[ ( ! law be+ us$ by any fanatic or malignant p>tisan aga9/ any pr(ess$ rationali/2 & !re is no sign t ,p]ikles dreamt ( apply+ ! "o cure = ! evil--! sy/ematic be/[al ( rationali/ic in/ruction on all4 ,! fatal maxim ( anci5t skepticism1 t religion is a necess>y re/ra9t ^u ! multitude1 br\ght x ab\t t ev]y:]e1 9 ! la/ resort1 ! un5light5$ multitude became a re/ra9t ^u reason & free?\ght4 #egf ,9 ! m ari/ocratically rul$ colonial cities1 z we h se51 philosophic spee* 0 comp>atively free3 x 0 ! ignorant ,a!nian democracy t br\ght religi\s intol]ance into ,greek life1 play+ t[>ds sci5ce1 9 =m ( law1 ! "p t ! fanatics ( ,egypt & ,pale/9e _h play$ t[>ds ! wor%ipp]s ( o!r ,gods ?an _! own4 ,) a bas5ess ( :i* ! motive may be divid$ betwe5 ! in/9cts ( faction & ( fai?1 ! anti-,p]iklean p>ty c>ri$ _! attack yet fur!r2 & on _! behalf a comic playwright1 ,h]mippos1 br\ght a *>ge ( impiety aga9/ ! /atesman's unw$d$ wife1 ,aspasia4 #egg ,!re c be no d\bt t t fam\s woman cordially %>$ ! op9ions & ideals ( h] husb&1 jo9+ z %e habitually did 9 ! philosophic talk ( 8 home circle4 ,z a ,milesian %e 0 likely en\gh to be a free?9k]2 & all t 0 mo/ rational 9 ,a!ns ackn[l$g$ h] culture & h] *>m4 #egh ,p]ikles1 :o _h n tak5 ! risk ( lett+ ,anaxagoras come to trial1 himself def5d$ ,aspasia be=e ! dika/]y1 8 indignation break+ ?r\gh 8 habitual re/ra9t 9 a passion ( te>s1 :i*1 accord+ to ! jeal\s s*9es1 #egi won an acquittal4 ,plac$ z he 01 ,p]ikles c\ld b gu>d 8 own head & he>t1 leav+ ! evil in/rum5t ( a religi\s inquisition to subsi/4 ,h[ f> he held ) ,anaxagoras we c b div9e4 #ehj ,!re is probably no tru? 9 ,plut>*'s tale t :5ev] he asc5d$ ! tribune to speak he us$ fir/ to pray to ! ,gods t no?+ unfitt$ = ! occasion might fall f 8 lips4 #eha ,b z a p>ty lead] he1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 obs]v$ ! conv5tions2 & he may h reason$ t ! prosecutions ( ,anaxagoras & ,aspasia1 l t direct$ aga9/ ,pheidias1 /ood m]ely = contempor>y political malice1 & n = any la/+ dang] to m5tal fre$om4 ,h[ev] t might be1 ,a!ns cont9u$ to rema9 ! mo/ aggressively intol]ant & tradition-mong]+ ( ,hell5ic cities4 ,s m>k$ is ?is t5d5cy among ! ,a!nians t = mod]n /ud5ts ,h]odotos1 ^: hi/ory 0 publi%$ 9 #dde ,b4,c41 is relatively a rationali/ 9 8 treatm5t ( fable1 #ehb br++ z he did ! _s ( ,ionia into ?+s traditional & religi\s4 ,b ev5 ,h]odotos rema9s w$d$ to ! belief 9 oracles or prophecies1 claim+ fulfilm5t = ^? said to h be5 utt]$ by ,bakis2 #ehc & 8 small measure ( spontane\s skepticism c\ld avail little = critical ?\ght4 ,to no man1 app>5tly1 did x occur to resi/ ! religi\s _s by sy/ematic propag&a3 t1 l ! pr9ciple ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 0 to be hit ^u only 9 a lat] age4 #ehd ,n by a purely lit]>y culture1 relat+ life m]ely to poetry & my?1 tradition & sup]/ition1 7 m5 to be made fit to conduct a /able society4 ,& ! _s ( pi\s p]secution1 once g5]at$1 w5t f bad to worse1 cr[n+ itself ) crime1 till at l5g? ! ov]?r[ ( ,a!nian self-gov]nm5t wr\ght a =lorn lib]ty ( sci5tific spee* at ! co/ ( ! lib]ty ( political action :i* is ! basis ( all s\nd life4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! private vogue ( free?9k+ at ,a!ns 9 ! ,p]iklean p]iod1 x 0 always a popul> ?+ to attack x4 ,"s ye>s be=e or aft] ! dea? ( ,p]ikles !re came to ,a!ns ! ali5 ,hippo1 ! fir/ specifically nam$ a!i/ #ehe ( ,greek antiquity4 ,! dubi\s tradition runs t 8 tomb bore ! epitaph3 ,?is is ! grave ( ,hippo1 :om de/9y1 9 de/roy+ him1 has made ! equal ( ! immortal ,gods4 #ehf ,if1 z seems likely1 he 0 ! ,hippo ( ,rhegion m5tion$ by ,hippolytos1 #ehg he speculat$ z to physical orig9s 9 ! mann] ( ,?ales1 mak+ wat] g5]ate fire1 & t 9 turn produce ! _w4 #ehh ,b ?is is unc]ta94 ,^u him ! comic muse ( ,a!ns turn$ its attacks v mu* z x did ^u ,socrates4 ,! old comic poet ,krat9os1 a notori\s w9e-bibb]1 produc$ a com$y call$ ,! ,panoptai 7! all-se]s or all eyes71 9 :i* x w\ld appe> t ! *orus 7 made to repres5t ! disciples ( ,hippo1 & to we> a mask cov]$ ) eyes4 #ehi ,drunk5ness 0 a v5ial fault 9 comp>ison ) ! presumption to speculate on physics & to d\bt ! sacr$ lore ( ! populace4 ,! end ( ! rule ( ignorance 0 t a !i/ic philosoph] :o himself disc\rag$ sci5tific inquiry 0 to pay a heavi] p5alty ?an did ! a!i/ ,hippo4 #g ,:ile ,a!ns 0 ga9+ p[] & glory & beauty )\t popul> wisdom1 ! colonial city ( ,abd]a1 9 ,?race1 f\nd$ by ,ionians1 _h l o!rs c>ri$ on ! great impulse ( ,ionian philosophy1 & _h produc$ 9 ! fif? c5tury "s ( ! great ?9k]s ( ! race4 ,conc]n+ ! greate/ ( ^!1 ,demokritos1 & ! next 9 importance1 ,protagoras1 we h no sure dates2 #eij b x is probable t ! second1 :e!r old] or y\ng]1 0 influ5c$ by ! fir/1 :o inde$ has influ5c$ all sci5tific philosophy d[n to our own day4 ,h[ mu* he le>n$ f 8 ma/] ,leukippos _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 #eia ,! writ+s :i* w5t "u 8 "n appe> to h be5 ! productions ( ! :ole ,abd]ite s*ool2 #eib & ,epicurus decl>$ t ,leukippos 0 an imag9>y p]son4 #eic ,:at passes = 8 tea*+ 0 con/ructive sci5ce ( c>d9al importance2 = x is ! fir/ cle> /atem5t ( ! atomic !ory2 ! sub/itution ( a real = an ab/ract f\ndation ( ?+s4 ,:oev] 7 ! orig9ator ( ! !ory1 !re is no d\bt z to ! assimilation ( ! pr9ciple by ,demokritos1 :o ?us logically cont9u$ ! non-!i/ic l9e ( ?\ght1 & develop$ "o ( ! mo/ fruitful ( all sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,t ?is idea aga9 is a direct developm5t f ,babylonian sci5ce is n impossible2 at lea/ !re seems to be no d\bt t ,demokritos _h travell$ f> & wide1 #eid :e!r or n he _h be5 br\ght up1 z ! tradition goes1 by ,p]sian magi2 #eie & t he told h[ ! cosmic views ( ,anaxagoras1 :i* sc&aliz$ ! ,a!nians1 7 curr5t 9 ! ,ea/4 #eif ,b he /&s out z "o ( ! mo/ orig9al m9ds 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,no ,greek ?9k]1 n ,ari/otle himself1 has /ruck s deep z he into fundam5tal problems2 ?\gh ! absurd label ( ! laugh+ philosoph]1 be/[$ on him by "s peculi>ly unphilosophic m9d1 has delay$ ! lat] recognition ( 8 greatness1 cle> z x 0 to ,bacon4 #eig ,! vital maxim1 ,no?+ f no?+3 no?+ into no?+1 d]ives sub/antially f him4 #eih ,8 atomic !ory1 held 9 conjunction ) a conception ( m9d-/uff simil> to t ( ,anaxagoras1 may be t]m$ ! high-wat] m>k ( anci5t sci5tific ?\ght2 & x is notewor?y t some:at e>li] 9 ! same age ,emp$okles ( ,agrig5tum1 ano!r product ( ! fre] colonial life1 ?rew out a c]ta9 glimm] ( ! ,d>w9ian conception--p]haps m cle>ly atta9$ by ,anaxim&ros--t adaptations prevail 9 nature j because ! adaptations fit organisms to survive1 & ! non-adapt$ p]i%4 #eii ,9 8 tea*+1 too1 ! doctr9e ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt] is cle> & firm2 #fjj & ! d5ial ( an?ropomorphic deity is explicit4 #fja ,b ,emp$okles wr\ght out no solid sy/em3 half-my/ic & half-rationali/1 he made no attempt to reconcile ! two inconsi/5t sides ( 8 intellectual "*2 #fjb & 8 explicit tea*+ ( metempsy*osis #fjc & o!r ,py?agoreanisms gave foo?old = m delusion ?an he ev] dispell$4 #fjd ,on ! :ole1 he is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable p]sonalities ( antiquity1 mov+ among m5 ) a pomp & gravity :i* made !m ?9k ( him z a ,god1 d5\nc+ _! sacrifices1 & no less _! eat+ ( fle%2 & *eck+ 8 notable self-exaltation by recall+ ! g5]al littl5ess ( m54 ,b he did little to enlight5 !m2 & ,ari/otle pass$ on to ! _w a fatal misconception ( 8 ?\ght by ascrib+ to him ! notion ( automatism :]e he 0 ass]t+ a necessity 9 t]ms ( laws :i* he av[$ly c\ld n expla94 #fje ,aga9/ su* misconception he %\ld h provid$4 ,demokritos1 h[ev]1 %unn$ dialectic & discussion1 & f\nd$ no s*ool2 #fjf & al?\gh 8 atomism 0 lat] adopt$ by ,epicurus1 x 0 no m develop$ on a basis ( inve/igation & exp]im5t ?an 0 ! biology ( ,emp$okles4 ,8 e?ic1 ?\gh :olly rationali/ic1 leant r to quietism & resignation ?an to recon/ruction1 #fjg & f\nd its application only 9 ! lat] /atic message ( ,epicurus4 ,greek society fail$ to set up ! conditions ne$$ = progress beyond ! po9t ga9$ by its unguid$ =ces4 ,?us :5 ,protagoras v5tur$ to read1 at ! h\se ( ! free?9k+ ,euripides1 a treatise ( 8 own1 beg9n+ ) ! av[al t he (f]$ no op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 life be+ too %ort = ! inquiry1 #fjh ! rem>k got w9d1 & he _h to fly = 8 life1 ?\gh ,euripides & p]haps mo/ ( ! gue/s 7 v mu* ( ! same way ( ?9k+4 #fji ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 flight1 ! tradition goes1 ! philosoph] 0 dr[n$2 #faj & 8 book 0 publicly burn$1 all :o possess$ copies be+ ord]$ by public proclamation to give !m up--! e>lie/ kn[n in/ance ( c5sor%ip ( ! press4 #faa ,p>tisan malice 0 d\btless at "w 9 8 case z 9 t ( ,anaxagoras2 = ! philosophic doctr9e ( ,protagoras became common en\gh4 ,x is n impossible1 ?\gh ! date is d\btful1 t ! attack on him 0 "o ( ! results ( ! great excitem5t 9 ,a!ns 9 ! ye> #dae ,b4,c4 ov] ! sacrilegi\s mutilation ( ! figures ( ,h]mes1 ! familial or b\nd>y-,god1 9 ! /reets by night4 ,x 0 ab\t t "t t ! poet ,diagoras ( ,melos 0 proscrib$ = a!ism1 he hav+ decl>$ t ! non-puni%m5t ( a c]ta9 act ( iniquity prov$ t !re 7 no ,gods4 #fab ,x has be5 surmis$1 ) "s reason1 t ! iniquity 9 "q 0 ! slaught] ( ! ,melians by ! ,a!nians 9 #daf ,b4,c41 #fac & ! ,a!nian res5tm5t 9 t case 0 p]sonal & political r ?an religi\s4 #fad ,= "s "t aft] #dae ! ,a!nian c\rts made /r5u\s ef=ts to puni% e discov]able case ( impiety2 & p>odies ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7resembl+ ! mock ,masses ( ,ca?olic ,europe7 7 alleg$ aga9/ ,alkibiades & o!rs4 #fae ,diagoras1 :o 0 fur!r *>g$ ) divulg+ ! ,eleus9ian & o!r my/]ies1 & ) mak+ firewood ( an image ( ,h]akles1 tell+ ! ,god ?us to p]=m 8 ?irte5? lab\r by cook+ turnips1 #faf became !nce=? "o ( ! prov]bial a!i/s ( ! anci5t _w1 #fag & a rew>d ( a silv] tal5t 0 (f]$ = kill+ him1 & ( two tal5ts = 8 capture alive2 #fah despite :i* he seems to h escap$4 ,b no antidote to ! bane ( fanaticism 0 f\nd or s\ght2 & ! mo/ fam\s publici/ 9 ,a!ns 0 ! next victim4 ,! fatality ( ! ,a!nian developm5t is se5 n only 9 ! direct ho/ility ( ! p to rational ?\ght1 b 9 _! loss ( _! hold ev5 on _! public polity4 ,= lack ( political judgm5t1 mov$ always by ! passions :i* _! lit]>y culture *]i%$1 !y s mi%&l$ _! affairs 9 ! long & demoraliz+ ,peloponnesian w> t !y 7 at "o "t c[$ by _! own ari/ocracy1 on ess5tially absurd pretexts1 into ab&on+ ! democratic con/itution4 ,its re/oration 0 foll[$ at ! f9al crisis by ano!r tyranny1 also %ort-liv$1 b abnormally bloody & iniquit\s2 & ?\gh ! p at its ov]?r[ %[$ a mod]ation 9 rem>kable contra/ to ! cruelty & rapacity ( ! ari/ocrats1 ! effect ( su* extreme vicissitude 0 to increase ! total disposition t[>ds civic viol5ce & co]cion4 ,& :ile ! p m5ac$ free?9k+ 9 religion1 ! ari/ocracies oppos$ free?9k+ 9 politics4 ,?us "u ! ,?irty ,tyrants all intellectual tea*+ 0 =bidd52 & ,kritias1 himself accus$ ( hav+ help$ ,alkibiades to p>ody ! my/]ies1 %>ply int]dict$ ! political rationalism ( ,sokrates1 #fai :o accord+ to tradition _h be5 "o ( 8 own in/ructors4 ,x 0 a result ( ! g5]al movem5t ( m9d ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! ,hell5ic _w t free?9k]s ( culture 7 /ill num]\s4 ,ar*elaos ( ,miletos1 ! mo/ important disciple ( ,anaxagoras2 accord+ to a late tradition1 ! ma/] ( ,sokrates2 & ! fir/ sy/ematic tea*] ( ,ionic physical sci5ce 9 ,a!ns1 taught ! inf9ity ( ! univ]se1 grasp$ ! explanation ( ! nature ( s\nd1 & set =? on purely rationali/ic l9es ! social orig9 & basis ( morals1 ?us giv+ ,sokrates 8 practical lead4 #fbj ,ano!r disciple ( ,anaxagoras1 ,metrodoros ( ,lampsakos 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ,metrodoros ( ,*ios1 & ! o!r ,metrodoros ( ,lampsakos :o 0 ! fri5d ( ,epicurus1 bo? also free?9k]s71 c>ri$ out zeal\sly 8 ma/]'s tea*+ z to ! deities & h]oes ( ,hom]1 resolv+ !m into m]e elem5tal comb9ations & physical ag5cies1 & mak+ ,zeus /& = m9d1 & ,a!n = art4 #fba ,& 9 ! belles lettres ( ,a!ns itself1 9 ! dramas ( ,euripides #dhj-djf ,b4,c41 :o is said to h be5 ! ard5t disciple ( ,anaxagoras1 #fbb to h /udi$ ,h]akleitos1 #fbc & to h be5 ! fri5d ( ,sokrates & ,protagoras1 !re em]ge traces en\gh ( a rationalism n to be reconcil$ ) ! old belief 9 ! ,gods4 ,if ,euripides has n[h]e v5tur$ on su* a t]rific p>adox z ! ,prome!us1 he has 9 a score ( passages reveal$ a /ress ( skepticism :i*1 inasmu* z he too uses all ! =ms ( ,hell5ic fai?1 #fbd deep5s our d\bt z to ! beliefs ( s*ylus4 ,euripides ev5 gave ov]t pro( ( 8 unbelief1 beg9n+ 8 ,melanippe ) ! l9e3 ,zeus1 :oev] ,zeus be1 = ,i "k n1 save by report1 an audacity :i* evok$ a great upro>4 ,9 a lat] production ! passage 0 prud5tly alt]$2 #fbe b he nev] put mu* *eck on 8 native t5d5cy to analyse & criticize on all issues--a t5d5cy fo/]$1 z we h se51 #fbf by ! con/ant example ( real & poignant dialectic 9 ! ,a!nian dika/]y1 & ! :ole drift ( ! ,a!nian /age4 ,9 8 case ! t5d5cy ev5 ov]balances ! arti/ic process2 #fbg b x has ! advantage ( involv+ a v bold h&l+ ( vital problems4 ,n satisfi$ ) a m]ely dramatic pres5tm5t ( lawless ,gods1 ,euripides makes 8 *>act]s impea* !m z su*1 #fbh or1 aga91 decl>e t !re c be no tru? 9 ! mis]able tales ( poets :i* s repres5t !m4 #fbi ,n cont5t ) putt+ aside z idle su* a fable z t ( ! sun's sw]v+ f 8 c\rse 9 horror at ! crime ( ,atreus1 #fcj & t ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 #fca he attacks ) a /r+5t scorn ! :ole app>atus ( oracles1 div9ation1 & soo?say+4 #fcb ,& if ! ,a!nian populace cri$ out at ! h>dy op5+ ( ! ,melanippe1 he none!less gave !m aga9 & aga9 8 op9ion t no man knew any?+ ( ! ,gods4 #fcc ,( or?odox prote/s aga9/ free?9k+ inquiry he gives a pla9ly ironical h&l+4 #fcd ,z reg>ds 8 con/ructive op9ions1 we h f him _m expressions ( ! pan!ism :i* _h by 8 "t p]meat$ ! ?\ght ( p]haps mo/ ( ! educat$ ,greeks4 #fce ,"h aga91 z 9 ! case ( s*ylus1 !re arises ! problem ( contradiction2 = ,euripides1 too1 puts (t5 9 ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s emphatic expressions ( cu/om>y piety4 ,! conclusion 9 ! two cases mu/ be broadly ! same--t :]eas an unbeliev+ dramati/ may well make 8 *>act]s talk 9 ! ord9>y way ( deity & ( religion1 x is un9telligible t a believ+ "o %\ld ei!r g beyond ! arti/ic b\nds ( 8 task to make !m utt] an unbelief :i* mu/ h /ruck ! av]age li/5] z /range & noxi\s1 or con/ruct a drama ( :i* ! :ole effect is to insi/ on ! odi\sness ( ! action ( ! ,supreme ,god4 ,& ! real drift ( ,euripides is s pla9 t "o mod]n & ,*ri/ian s*ol> has d5\nc$ him z an obnoxi\s & unbeliev+ sophi/ :o abus$ 8 opportunity z a produc] ( dramas "u religi\s auspices to %ake ! gr\nd-works ( religion #fcf & at ! same "t ( morals2 #fcg :ile ano!r & a great] s*ol>1 less vehem5t 9 8 or?odoxy1 m re/ra9$ly condemns ! dramati/ = employ+ my?s 9 :i* he did n believe1 in/ead ( inv5t+ fre% plots4 #fch ,*ri/ian s*ol>s are ?us duly unready to give him cr$it = 8 _m-sid$ humanity1 nobly illu/rat$ 9 8 pleas = ! slave & 8 sympa?y ) suff]+ b>b>ians4 #fci ,latt]ly ! recognition ( ,euripides's free?9k+ has l$ to ! description ( him z ,euripides ! ,rationali/1 9 a treatise :i* repres5ts him z a sy/ematic assailant ( ! religion ( 8 day4 ,abat+ some:at ( t !sis1 :i* imputes m ( sy/em to ! ,euripidean drama ?an x possesses1 we may sum up t ! la/ ( ! great trag$ians ( ,a!ns1 & ! mo/ human & lovable ( ! ?ree1 0 assur$ly a rationali/ 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,x is notewor?y t he us$ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r anci5t dramati/ ! device ( a deus ex ma*9a to end a play4 #fdj ,x 0 probably because = him ! conception _h no s]i\s significance4 #fda ,9 ! ,alke/is its non-me*anical use is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( dramatic irony 9 all lit]ature4 ,! dead ,alke/is1 :o has di$ to save ! life ( h] husb&1 is br\ght back f ! ,%ades by ,h]akles1 :o figures z a brawl+ bully4 ,only ! ?9k]s ( ! "t c\ld realize ! ?\ght t und]lay su* a tragi-com$y4 ,dr4 ,v]rall's ,euripides ! ,rationali/1 #ahig1 is fairly summ$ up by ,mr4 ,haigh 7,tragic ,drama ( ! ,greeks1 pp4 #bfb1 #bfe1 notes73 ,he consid]s t ,euripides 0 a skeptic ( ! aggressive type1 ^: pr9cipal object 9 writ+ trag$y 0 to attack ! ,/ate religion1 b :o1 p]ceiv+ t x w\ld be dang]\s to pose z an op5 enemy1 endeav\r$ to accompli% 8 ends by cov]t ridicule4444 ,8 plays 444 conta9 9 reality two sep>ate plots--! o/5sible & sup]ficial plot1 :i* 0 int5d$ to satisfy ! or?odox1 & ! rationaliz$ modification :i* lay half conceal$ b5ea? x1 & :i* ! intellig5t skeptic w\ld easily detect4 ,= objections to ?is !sis see ,haigh1 z cit$2 ,jevons1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 p4 #bbb1 note2 & ,dr4 ,mozley's article 9 ! ,classical ,review1 ,nov4 #ahie1 pp4 #djg-ac4 ,z to ! rationalism ( ,euripides 9 g5]al see _m ( ! passages cit$ by ,bi%op ,we/cott 9 8 ,essays 9 ! ,hi/4 ( ,relig4 ,?\ght 9 ! ,we/1 #ahia1 pp4 #ajb-bg4 ,& cp4 ,dick9son1 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life1 pp4 #df-di2 ,grote1 ,hi/4 i1 #cdf-dh2 ,zell]1 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 ,eng4 tr4 #crd ed4 p4 #bca2 ,murray1 ,anc4 ,greek ,lit4 pp4 #bef1 #bfd-ff4 ,ov] ! late/ play ( ,euripides1 ! ,bac*1 z ov] "o ( ! la/ plays ( s*ylus1 ! ,prome!us1 !re has be5 special debate4 ,x 0 probably writt5 9 ,mac$onia 7cp4 ll41 #djh1 #efe71 :i!r ! poet _h gone on ! invitation ( ,k+ ,ar*elaos1 :51 accord+ to ! anci5t sket* ( 8 life1 he _h to leave ,a!ns because ( ! malici\s exultation ov] him ( ne>ly all ! city4 ,! tr\ble1 x is conjectur$1 may h be5 some?+ connect$ ) 8 prosecution = impiety1 ! *>ge on :i* ,socrates 0 put to dea? a few ye>s aft] 7,murray1 ,euripides translat$ into ,engli% ,rhym+ ,v]se1 #aijb1 introd4 essay1 p4 lii74 ,inasmu* z ! play glorifies ,dionysos1 & ! a!i/ ,p5!us 7l4 #iie7 :o resi/s him is sla9 by ! madd5$ ,bac*antes1 l$ by 8 own "m1 x is s]i\sly argu$ t ! drama may be reg>d$ z 9 "s sort an apologia & an eir5icon1 or z a confession on ! "p ( ! poet t he 0 fully consci\s t 9 "s ( ! simple leg5ds ( ! popul> fai? !re 0 an elem5t ( s\nd s5se 767 :i* ?\ghtful m5 mu/ treat ) =be>ance1 resolv$ on us+ x1 if possible1 z an in/rum5t = inculcat+ a tru] morality1 in/ead ( assail+ x ) a presumptu\s d5ial 7,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,! ,bac* ( ,euripides1 #ahhj1 introd4 pp4 lxxv-vi74 ,"h we h ! con=mi/ e?ic ( ! av]age ,engli% academic br\ght to be> on1 & ascrib$ to1 ! p]sonality ( ! ,greek dramati/4 ,an academic ( ! same ord]1 ,pr(4 ,mahaffy1 simil>ly sugge/s t among ! half-educat$ ,mac$onian y\?1 ) :om lit]ature 0 com+ into fa%ion1 ! poet may h met ) a good deal ( t insol5t second-h& skepticism :i* is s (f5sive to a deep & s]i\s ?9k]1 & he may h wi%$ to %[ !m t he 0 n1 z !y d\btless hail$ him1 ! apo/le ( ?is r&om speculative arrogance 7,euripides 9 ,class4 ,writ4 ,s]4 #ahgi1 p4 #he74 ,z aga9/ ! em95tly r&om & speculative arrogance ( ?is p>ticul> passage--a *>act]i/ic product ( ! obscuranti/ functions ( "s ,briti% univ]sity pr(essors 9 matt]s ( religion1 & "o :i* may fitly be pron\nc$ (f5sive to hone/ m5--x may be sugge/$ on ! o!r h& t1 if ,euripides got into tr\ble 9 ,a!ns by 8 skepticism1 he w\ld be likely 9 ,mac$onia to enc\nt] r a great] /ress ( bigotry ?an a free?9k+ welcome1 & t a non-critical pres5tm5t ( ! savage religi\s leg5d 0 =c$ on him by 8 environm5t4 ,mu* ( ! academic discussion on ! subject betrays a s+ul> sl[ness to accept ! dramatic /&po9t4 ,ev5 ,pr(4 ,murray1 ! f9e/ int]pret] ( ,euripides1 dogmatically pron\nces 7introd4 cit$ p4 lvii7 t !re is 9 ! ,bac* real & he>tfelt glorification ( ,dionysus1 simply because ( ! lyrical exaltation ( ! ,bac*ic *oruses4 ,b lyrical exaltation 0 9 "* "h above all o!r cases2 & x 0 ! dramati/'s bus9ess to pres5t x4 ,to say t aga9 & aga9 9 ! lyrics y feel t ! ,mnads are no long] m]ely obs]v$ & analys$3 ! poet has ent]$ into !m & !y into him1 is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,t ! words :i* fall f ! ,*orus or its ,lead] are at times n ! words ( a rav+ ,bac*ante1 b ( a g5tle & deeply mus+ philosoph]1 is /ill no?+ to ! purpose4 ,! same c\ld be said ( ,%akespe>e's h&l+ ( ,macbe?4 ,:at1 9 soo?1 w\ld ! real words ( a rav+ ,bac*ante be l8 ,if ,milton l5t dignity to ,satan 9 ,puritan ,engl&1 0 ,euripides to d less = ,dionysos 9 ,mac$onia8 ,t he %\ld make ,p5!us unsympa!tic belongs to ! plot4 ,if he _h made a noble m>tyr ( ! victim z well z an impassive de/roy] ( ! ,god1 he might h _h to leave ,mac$onia m precipitately ?an he left ,a!ns4 ,pr(4 ,murray recognizes all ! :ile t ,euripides nev] palliates ?+s4 ,he leaves ?is savage /ory z savage z he f\nd x2 t he pres5ts a triumphant & hateful ,dionysus1 :o gives a helpless fatali/ic answ]1 ab&on+ ! moral /&po9t1 :5 *all5g$ by ! /rick5 ,agav1 :om ! ,god has mov$ to dismemb] h] own son2 & t1 9 %ort1 ,euripides is1 z usual1 critical or ev5 ho/ile to ! my? t he celebrates 7z cit$1 pp4 liv-lvi74 ,to set aga9/ ^! solid facts1 z does ,mr4 ,s&ys 7z cit$1 pp4 lxxiii-iv71 "s passages 9 ! *oruses 7ll4 #cie1 #chh1 #dbg1 #ajjb71 & 9 a spee* ( ,dionysos 7#ajjb71 en\nc+ normal platitudes ab\t ! wisdom ( ?9k+ l o!r p & liv+ a quiet life1 is to /ra9 v uncritically ! ela/ic dramatic mat]ial4 ,s f> f be+ n entirely 9 keep+ ) ! likely s5tim5ts ( a *orus ( ,asiatic wom51 ! fir/-cit$ passages--tell+ t clev]ness is n wisdom1 & t true wisdom acquiesces 9 ! op9ions ( ord9>y p--are j ! k9d ( mock-mode/ ineptitudes always curr5t among ! complac5t ignorant2 & ! sage language ascrib$ to ! he>tless ,god is simply a pres5tm5t ( deity 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* all ,greeks expect$ to h x pres5t$4 ,! fact rema9s t ! /ory ( ! ,bac*1 9 :i* ! fr5zi$ "m helps to te> to pieces h] own son1 & ! ,god c b say x is all fat$1 is z revolt+ to ! rational moral s5se z ! /ory ( ! ,prome!us4 ,if ?is be an eir5icon1 x is surely ! mo/ ironical 9 lit]>y hi/ory4 ,to see 9 ! impassive del9eation ( su* a my? an acceptance by ! poet ( popul> s\nd s5se1 & a desire to put himself "r ) ! public 9 matt]s on :i* he _h be5 misund]/ood1 seems possible only to academics tra9$ to a p>ticul> h&l+ ( ! popul> cre$ ( _! own day4 ,?is view1 fir/ put =w>d by ,tyr:itt 7,conjectur 9 s*ylum1 etc4 #ahbb71 0 adopt$ by ,s*oone 7p4 #bj ( 8 ed4 cit$ by ,s&ys74 ,lobeck1 greatly d>+ :]ev] rationalism 0 conc]n$1 sugge/$ t ,euripides actually wrote aga9/ ! rationali/s ( 8 "t1 9 comm5dation ( ! ,bac*ic cult1 & to ju/ify ! popul> view 9 religi\s matt]s z aga9/ t ( ! cultur$ 7,aglaophamus--passages quot$ by ,s&ys1 p4 lxxvi74 ,musgrave1 foll[+ ,tyr:itt1 makes ! play out to be an attack on ,kritias1 ,alkibiades1 & o!r free?9k]s1 includ+ ev5 ,sokrates6 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 always ineptly conv5tional 9 su* matt]s1 f9ds ,euripides 9 ?is play conv]t$ into a positive believ]1 or1 9 o!r words1 conv9c$ t religion %\ld n be expos$ to ! subtilties ( reason+2 t ! und]/&+ ( man _c subv]t ance/ral traditions :i* are z old z "t1 & s on2 & 9 ! ,polonius-platitudes ( ,tiresias & ! worldly-wise c\nsels ( ,cadmus he f9ds great impressiv5ess 7,hi/4 ,lit4 ,anc4 ,greece1 p4 #cgi74 ,! bulk ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 9 %ort1 sugge/s sombre reflections on ! moral value ( mu* academic ?9k+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 academic suffrages on ! side ( common s5se4 ,mr4 ,haigh 7,tragic ,drama ( ! ,greeks1 pp4 #cac-ad7 g5tly dismisses ! recantation !ory2 ,h>tung po9ts out 7,euripides re/itutus1 #ahdd1 ii1 #edb1 cit$ by ,s&ys7 t ,euripides really treats ! leg5d ( ,p5!us v mu* z he treats ! my? ( ,hippolytos ?irty ye>s e>li]1 %[+ no *ange ( moral attitude4 ,e4 ,pf&] 7cit$ by ,s&ys7 took a simil> view2 z did ,mr4 ,tyrrell 9 8 edition ( ! play 7#ahga71 ?\gh ! latt] p]si/$ 9 tak+ ! commonplaces ( ! *orus ab\t true wisdom 7#cie7 = ! judgm5ts ( ! dramati/4 ,euripides c\ld h>dly h be5 call$ ! philosoph] ( ! /age 7,a!nu1 iv1 #dh7 on ! /r5g? ( s5tim5ts :i* are common to ! village wiseacres ( all ages4 ,! critical me?od :i* ascribes to ,euripides a f9al ho/ility to rationalism w\ld impute to ,%akespe>e ! religion ( ,isabella 9 ,measure = ,measure1 :5 ! talk ( ! ,duke z a fri> c\nsell+ a condemn$ man is :olly pagan or unbeliev+4 ,9 8 admirable little book1 ,euripides & 8 ,age 7#aiac71 ,pr(4 ,murray repeats 8 acc\nt ( ! ,bac* ) "s additions & modifications4 ,he adh]es to ! he>tfelt glorification ( ,dionysus1 b adds 7p4 #ahh73 ,no d\bt x is ,dionysus 9 "s private s5se ( ! poet's own 444 "s _s ( 444 inspiration & untrammell$ life4 ,! pres5tation is n consi/5t1 h[ev] magical ! poetry4 ,z to ! !ory t ! vet]an free-lance ( ?\ght 444 n[ saw ! error ( 8 ways & 0 return+ to or?odoxy1 he pron\nces t ,su* a view /rikes u n[ z almo/ *ildi% 9 its incompet5ce 7p4 #aij74 ,he also rem9ds u t ! :ole s*eme ( ! play is giv5 by ! anci5t ritual4444 ,all k9ds ( small details :i* seem$ l 444 r fanta/ic inv5tion on ! "p ( ,euripides are tak5 /raight f s*ylus or ! ritual1 or bo?4444 ,! ,bac* is n free inv5tion2 x is tradition 7pp4 #ahb-hd74 ,& 9 sum3 ,x is well to rememb] t1 = all 8 lucidity ( language1 ,euripides is n lucid ab\t religion 7p4 #aij74 ,9 conclusion we may ask1 ,h[ c\ld he be8 ,he wrote plays = ! ,greek /age1 :i* _h its v roots 9 religi\s tradition1 & 0 run = ! edification ( a crudely believ+ populace4 ,x is mu* t 9 s do+ ,euripides c\ld a hundr$ times *all5ge ! evil religi\s e?ic giv5 him = 8 subject-matt]2 & 8 la/+ vogue 9 antiquity %[$ t he _h a hold on ! high] ,greek consci5ce :i* no o!r dramati/ ev] possess$4 ,b :ile ,euripides mu/ ?us h made a special appeal to ! reflect+ m9ority ev5 9 8 own day1 x is cle> t he 0 n at fir/ popul> ) ! _m2 & 8 ef=ts1 :atev] he may h hop$ to a*ieve1 c\ld n suffice to enlight5 ! democracy4 ,! ribald blasphemies ( 8 enemy1 ! believ+ ,ari/ophanes1 #fdb c\ld avail m to keep vulg> religion 9 cr$it ?an ! trag$ian's s]i\s indictm5t c\ld effect aga9/ x2 & !y s]v$ at ! same "t to belittle ,euripides = ! multitude 9 8 own day4 ,ari/ophanes is ! typical ,tory 9 religion2 non-religi\s himself1 l ,swift1 he hates ! hone/ly anti-religi\s man2 & he has ! cr[d ) him4 ,! ,a!nian fai?1 z a ,ca?olic s*ol> rem>ks1 #fdc 0 m dispos$ to suff] ! buffoon]ies ( a com$ian ?an ! s]i\s negation ( a philosoph]4 ,! av]age ,greek seem$ to ?9k t ! grosse/ comic impiety did no h>m1 :]e s]i\s negation might cause div9e wra?4 #fdd ,& s !re came no intellectual salvation = ,a!ns f ! drama :i* 0 h] unique a*ievem5t4 ,! balance ( ignorance & culture 0 n *ang$4 ,evid5tly !re 0 mu* rationalism among ! /udi\s few4 ,plato 9 ! ,laws #fde speaks bo? ( ! man-ab\t-t[n type ( free?9k] & ( ^? :o1 :ile !y believe 9 no ,gods1 live well & wisely & are 9 good repute4 ,b ) ,plato play+ ! sup]ior m9d & enc\rag+ 8 fell[-t[nsm5 to believe 9 ! p]sonality ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 cr$ulity c\ld easily keep ! upp] h&4 #fdf ,! p rema9$ politically unwise & religi\sly sup]/iti\s1 ! social /ruggle p]petuat+ ! division betwe5 leisure & toil1 ev5 ap>t f ! life ( ! mass ( slaves2 :ile ! et]nal pre-occupation ( milit>ism left ev5 ! majority ( ! upp] class at ! intellectual level natural to milit>y life 9 all ages4 ,!re came1 h[ev]1 a g5]ation ( great intellectual spl5d\r foll[+ on t ( ! supreme developm5t ( drama j be=e ! fall ( ,greek fre$om4 ,a!ns _h at la/ come into ! h]itage ( ,greek philosophic ?\ght2 & to ! utt]ance ( t cr[n+ g5]ation ! human retrospect has turn$ ev] s9ce4 ,?is mu* ( r5[n rema9s inali5able f ! mo/ r5[n$ democracy ( ! anci5t _w4 #h ,! wide subject ( ! tea*+ ( ,sokrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle mu/ "h be notic$ briefly1 ) a view only to our special inquiry4 ,all ?ree mu/ be inscrib$ 9 any li/ ( anci5t free?9k]s2 & yet all ?ree fur!r$ free?\ght only indirectly1 ! two =m] be+ 9 diff]5t degrees sup]naturali/s1 :ile ! la/ t\*$ on religi\s que/ions only z a philosoph]1 avoid+ all "q ( practical innovation4 ,! same acc\nt holds good ( ! be/ ( ! s-call$ ,sophi/s1 z ,gorgias ! ,sicilian 78 #dhe-chj71 :o 0 a nihili/ic skeptic2 ,hippias ( ,elis1 :o1 sett+ up an emphatic di/9ction betwe5 ,nature & ,conv5tion1 impugn$ ! political laws & prejudices :i* e/rang$ m5 ( ?\ght & culture2 & ,prodikos ( ,kos 7fl4 #dce71 au?or ( ! fable ( ,h]akles at ! ,p>t+ ( ! ,ways1 :o seems to h privately criticiz$ ! curr5t ,gods z m]e deifications ( useful ?+s & =ces1 & 0 lat] misconceiv$ z tea*+ t ! ?+s & =ces 7 ,gods4 ,cp4 ,cic]o1 ,de nat4 ,deorum1 i1 #db2 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv4 ,ma!maticos1 ix1 #eb2 ,ueb]weg1 vol4 i1 p4 #gh2 ,r5\vi]1 i1 #bia-ic4 ,cic]o saw v well t if m5 came to see 9 ,dmtr m]ely a deification ( corn or bread1 9 ,dionysos w9e1 9 ,hephai/os fire1 & 9 ,poseidon only wat]1 !re 0 n mu* left 9 religion4 ,on ! score ( _! sy/ematic skepticism1 t is1 _! insi/5ce on ! subjectivity ( all op9ion1 ,pr(4 ,drews pron\nces ! ,sophi/s at once ! ,aufklr] & ! ,pragmati/s ( anci5t ,greece 7,ges*4 des ,monismus1 p4 #bji74 ,b _! ?\ght 0 sc>cely homog5e\s4 #a4 ,sokrates #dfh-cii 0 fundam5tally & practically a free?9k]1 ins(> z 9 mo/ ?+s he ?\ght = himself1 def9itely turn+ away f ! old ideal ( m]e transmitt$ au?ority 9 morals4 #fdg ,/>t+ 9 all inquiries f a position ( pr(ess$ ignorance1 he at lea/ repudiat$ all dogmatics4 #fdh ,be+1 h[ev]1 preoccupi$ ) public life & conduct1 he did n c>ry 8 critical ?9k+ f> beyond t sph]e4 ,9 reg>d to ! ext5sion ( solid sci5ce1 "o ( ! prime necessities ( ,greek intellectual life1 he 0 q reaction>y1 draw+ a l9e betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* he ?\ght intelligible & traceable & ^? :i* he ?\ght pa/ f9d+ out4 ,physics & a/ronomy1 9 8 op9ion1 belong$ to ! div9e class ( ph5om5a 9 :i* human rese>* 0 insane1 fruitless1 & impi\s4 #fdi ,yet at ! same "t he =mulat$1 app>5tly ( 8 own motion1 ! ord9>y design argum5t4 #fej ,! s\nd sci5tific view l$ up to by s _m previ\s ?9k]s 0 set =?1 ev5 9 religi\s phraseology1 by 8 great contempor>y ,hippokrates1 #fea & he oppos$ x4 ,:ile p>tially sep>at+ himself 9 practice f ! popul> wor%ips1 he held by ! belief 9 om5s1 ?\gh n 9 all ! ord9>y ones2 & 9 "o ( ! ,platonic dialogues he is made to say he holds by ! ord9>y v]sions ( all ! my?s1 on ! gr\nd t x is a hopeless task to f9d rational explanations = !m4 #feb ,he hop$1 9 %ort1 to rationalize conduct )\t seek+ to rationalize cre$--! dream ( ,plato & ( a ?\s& religioni/s s9ce4 ,he _h inde$ ! excuse t ! my?-rationaliz]s ( ! "t aft] ,hekataios1 foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ psy*ic resi/ance1 l ^? ( ,engl& & ,g]many 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 expla9$ away my?s by r$uc+ !m to hypo!tical hi/ory1 ?us ask+ cr$5ce = some?+ no bett] v]ifi$ ?an ! my? itself4 ,b ! rationaliz]s 7 on a pa? by :i* m5 might conceivably h j\rney$ to a tru] sci5ce2 & ,sokrates1 by refus+ to und]take any su* exploration1 #fec left 8 c\ntrym5 to t d>k5+ belief 9 tradition :i* made possible 8 own execution4 ,!re 0 9 8 ca/ ( m9d1 inde$--if we c at all accept ,plato's pres5tm5t ( him--some?+ unfav\rable to /eady conviction4 ,he _c h _h any real fai? 9 ! curr5t religion2 yet he nev] explicitly diss5t$4 ,9 ! ,republic he accepts ! new fe/ival to ! ,?racian ,goddess ,b5dis2 & !re he is made by ,plato to inculcate a q or?odox acceptance ( ! ,delphic oracle z ! s\rce ( all religi\s practice4 ,b x is impossible to say h[ mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates is ,sokratic4 ,& z to ,plato !re rema9s ! problem ( h[ f> 8 con=mities 7 prud5tial1 aft] ! execution ( ,sokrates = blasphemy4 ,! long-debat$ issue z to ! real p]sonality ( ,sokrates is /ill op54 ,x is en]getically & sy/ematically h&l$ by ,pr(4 ,augu/ ,dr+ 9 ,die ,lehre des ,sokrates als sociales ,re=msy/em 7#ahie71 & by ,dr4 ,hub]t ,rck 9 ,d] unv]fls*te ,sokrates 7#aijc74 ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ,dr+1 pp4 #ea-gi1 & ,rck1 pp4 #ceg-if4 ,f all attempts to arrive at a conception ( a consi/5t ,sokrates !re em]ges ! impression t ! real ,sokrates1 despite a /rong critical b5t ( m9d1 _h no cle>ly e/abli%$ body ( op9ions1 b 0 sway$ 9 diff]5t directions by ! it* = contradiction :i* 0 ! driv+ p[] ( 8 dialectic4 ,= ! s-call$ ,sokratic me?od is mu* less a me?od = atta9+ tru? ?an "o = di/urb+ prejudice4 ,& if 9 ,plato's h&s ,sokrates seldom rea*es a conclusion t 8 own me?od might n ov]?r[1 we are n entitl$ to refuse to believe t ?is 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! man4 ,conc]n+ ,sokrates we h ,x5ophon's circum/antial acc\nt #fed ( h[ he reason$ ) ,ari/odemos1 surnam$ ! ,little1 :o nei!r pray$ nor sacrific$ to ! ,gods1 nor consult$ any oracle1 & ridicul$ ^? :o did4 ,ari/odemos 0 a !i/1 believ+ 9 a ,great ,ar*itect or ,arti/1 or a numb] ( su* p[]s--on ?is he is z vague z ! anci5t !i/s 9 g5]al--b does n ?9k ! heav5ly p[]s ne$ 8 devotions4 ,sokrates1 equally vague z to ! unity or plurality ( ! div9e1 puts ! design argum5t 9 ! mann] famili> ?r\gh\t ! ages1 #fee & foll[s x up ) ! plea1 among o!rs1 t ! ,/ates mo/ r5[n$ = wisdom & antiquity h always be5 ! mo/ giv5 to pi\s practices1 & t probably ! ,gods w be k9d to ^? :o %[ !m respect4 ,! :ole philosopheme is pure empiricism1 on ! ord9>y plane ( poly!i/ic ?\ght1 & may almo/ be said to exhibit incapacity = ! h&l+ ( philosophic que/ions1 evad+ z x does ev5 ! elem5t>y *all5ge ( ,ari/odemos1 aga9/ :om ,sokrates p>ades pi\s platitudes )\t a h9t ( ,sokratic analysis4 ,unless su* a p]=mance 7 reg>d$ z make-believe1 x is difficult to conceive h[ ,a!nian pieti/s c\ld hone/ly arraign ,sokrates = irreligion :ile ,ari/odemos & o!rs ( 8 way ( ?9k+ w5t unmole/$4 ,tak5 z illu/rat+ ! /ate ( ?\ght 9 ! ,a!nian community1 ! trial & execution ( ,sokrates = blasphemy & corrupt+ ! m9ds ( ! "y g f> to prove t !re prevail$ among ! upp] class 9 ,a!ns ne>ly z mu* hypocrisy 9 religi\s matt]s z exi/s 9 ! ,engl& ( to-day4 ,d\btless he 0 liable to dea? f ! traditionally or?odox ,greek po9t ( view1 #fef hav+ practically turn$ aside f ! old civic cre$ & ideals2 b !n mo/ educat$ ,a!nians _h 9 "s degree done ! same4 #feg ,euripides1 z we h se51 is s frequ5tly critical ( ! old !ology & my?ology 9 8 plays t he too c\ld easily h be5 indict$2 & ,ari/ophanes1 :o attack$ ,euripides 9 8 com$ies z scurril\sly z he did ,sokrates1 w\ld no d\bt h be5 glad to see him prosecut$4 #feh ,! psy*ology ( ,ari/ophanes1 :o freely ridicul$ & blasphem$ ! ,gods 9 8 own com$ies :ile revil+ all m5 :o did n believe 9 !m1 is h>dly intelligible save 9 ! light ( p>ts ( ! ,engli% hi/ory ( our own "t1 :5 unbeliev+ indiff]5ti/s on ! ,cons]vative side h be5 se5 ready to jo9 9 turn+ ! law aga9/ a free?9k+ publici/ = purely p>ty ends4 ,9 ! case ( ,sokrates ! ho/ility 0 o/5sibly democratic1 =1 accord+ to s*9es1 ,sokrates 0 condemn$ because he _h once giv5 lessons to ,kritias1 #fei "o ( ! mo/ savage & unscrupul\s ( ! ,?irty ,tyrants4 ,inasmu* z ,kritias _h become entirely ali5at$ f ,sokrates1 & _h ev5 put him to sil5ce1 su* a gr\nd ( ho/ility w\ld only be a fre% illu/ration ( t collective pr$ilection ( m5 to a greg>i\s iniquity :i* is no less notewor?y 9 ! psy*ology ( gr\ps ?an _! pr(ession ( high moral /&>ds4 ,& su* proclivities are always to be reckon$ ) 9 su* episodes4 ,anytos1 ! lead+ prosecutor1 seems to h be5 a typical bigot1 bra9less1 spiteful1 & ?or\ghly self-satisfi$4 ,n only p>ty malice1 h[ev]1 b ! individual dislikes :i* ,sokrates s indu/ri\sly set up1 #ffj mu/ h c\nt$ = mu* 9 secur+ ! small majority ( ! dika/]y t pron\nc$ him guilty--#bha to #bgf2 & 8 own cle> pref]5ce = dea? ov] any sort ( compromise did ! re/4 #ffa ,he 0 old1 & little hopeful ( social bett]m5t2 & ! temp]am5tal ob/9acy :i* und]lay 8 p]petual & p]t9aci\s debat+ help$ him to *oose a dea? t he c\ld easily h avoid$4 ,b ! fact rema9s t he 0 n popul>2 t ! mass ( ! vot]s z well z ( ! upp] class dislik$ 8 con/ant cross-exam9ation ( popul> op9ion1 #ffb :i* mu/ (t5 h l$ logical li/5]s to c>ry on criticism :]e he left (f2 & t aft] all 8 ratioc9ation he left ,a!ns sub/antially irrational1 z well z incapable ( ju/ice1 on "s ess5tial issues4 ,8 dialectic me?od has done m to educate ! lat] _w ?an x did = ,greece4 ,^u ! debate z to ! legal puni%ability ( ,sokrates turns ano!r z to ! moral "* ( ! ,a!nians :o =c$ him to dr9k ! hemlock4 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy1 b5t on prov+ ! sup]iority ( ,a!nian culture & civilization to ^? ( ,*ri/5dom1 effectively contra/s ! calm sc5e 9 ! prison-*amb] ( ,sokrates ) ! hide\s atrocities ( ! dea? p5alty = treason 9 ! mod]n _w & ! gauntness & horror ( our mod]n executions 7,social ,life 9 ,greece1 #crd4 ed4 pp4 #bfb-fi72 & ,mr4 ,bleeckly 7,socrates & ! ,a!nians1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ee-fc7 simil>ly sets aga9/ ! pagan case t ( ! burn+ ( h]etics by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & 9 p>ticul> ! auto da f at ,valladolid 9 #aeei1 :5 fifte5 m5 & wom5--! =m] includ+ ! consci5ti\s prie/s :o _h propos$ to meet ! ho/ility ( ,prote/ant diss5t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s by re=ms 9 ! ,*ur*3 ! latt] includ+ delicately-nurtur$ ladies ( high family--7 burn$ to dea? be=e ! eyes ( ! ,pr9cess ,reg5t ( ,spa9 & ! ari/ocracy ( ,ca/ile4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ?is transaction has no p>allel 9 ! crim9al proce$+s ( pagan ,a!ns4 ,*ri/ian cruelty has be5 z mu* vil] ?an pagan1 culture = culture1 z ! mod]n ,*ri/ian environm5t is ugli] ?an ! ,a!nian4 ,be=e su* a te/ ! special plead]s = ! civiliz+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity c b fall back ^u alt]native !ses :i* are ! negation ( _! ma9 case4 ,fir/ we are told t ,*ri/ianity humanizes m52 next t :]e x does n d s x is because !y are too inhuman to be made ,*ri/ians4 ,b :ile ! or?odoxy ( pagan ,a!ns ?us comes v well (f z aga9/ ! frightful crime-roll ( organiz$ ,*ri/ianity1 ! dispassionate hi/orian mu/ none!less note ! dehumaniz+ p[] ( religion 9 ,a!ns z 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! pieti/s ( ,a!ns1 9 _! less bruti% way1 7 z hopelessly d5aturaliz$ z ^? ( ,*ri/ian ,europe by ! dom9ion ( a traditional cre$1 held z above reason4 ,x matt]s n :e!r or n we say ) ,bi%op ,?irlwall 7,hi/4 ( ,greece1 #bnd ed4 iv1 #eef7 t !re nev] 0 a case 9 :i* murd] 0 m cle>ly committ$ "u ! =ms ( legal proc$ure ?an 9 ! trial ( ,socrates1 or press on ! o!r side ! same writ]'s admission t 9 religi\s matt]s 9 ,a!ns !re 0 no canon1 no book by :i* a doctr9e c\ld be tri$2 no liv+ au?ority to :i* appeal c\ld be made = ! decision ( religi\s controv]sies4 ,! fact t ,*ri/5dom _h au?orities :o rul$ :i* ( two sets ( insane dogmas br\ght dea? ^u its prop\nd]1 does n make less abom9able ! slay+ ( ,bruno & ,s]vetus1 or ! immeasurable massacre ( less em95t h]etics4 ,b ! less =maliz$ homicides sanction$ by ! piety ( ,p]iklean ,a!ns rema9 "p ( ! pro( t unreason+ fai? wors5s m5 pa/ calculation4 ,if we slur ov] su* de$s by g5]alities ab\t human frailty1 we are b ass]t+ ! impossibility ( rationally respect+ human nature4 ,if1 putt+ aside all moral c5sure1 we are simply conc]n$ to trace & compreh5d causation 9 human affairs1 we h no *oice b to note h[ ^u occasion religion on "o h&1 l /rong dr9k on ano!r1 c turn commonplace m5 into murd]]s4 ,9 view ( ! limitations ( ,sokrates1 & ! m5tal measure ( ^? :o vot$ = putt+ him to dea?1 x is n surpris+ t ?r\gh all ,greek hi/ory educat$ m5 7includ+ ,ari/otle7 cont9u$ to believe firmly 9 ! deluge ( ,deukalion #ffc & ! invasion ( ! ,amazons #ffd z solid hi/orical facts4 ,su* beliefs1 ( c\rse1 are on all f\rs ) ^? curr5t 9 ! mod]n religi\s _w d[n till ! pres5t c5tury3 we %all1 9 fact1 be/ appraise ! rationality ( ,greece by mak+ su* comp>isons4 ,! residual lesson is t :]e ,greek reason end$1 mod]n social sci5ce _h bett] be reg>d$ z only beg9n+4 ,?ukydides1 ! greate/ ( all ! anci5t hi/orians1 & "o ( ! great ( all "t1 treat$ human affairs 9 a _s s /rictly rationali/ic t he might reasonably be t]m$ an a!i/ on t score ev5 if he _h n e>n$ ! "n z a pupil ( ,anaxagoras4 #ffe ,b 8 task 0 to *ronicle a w> :i* prov$ t ! ,greeks 7 to ! la/ *ildr5 ( in/9ct = ! ma9 purposes ( life1 & t ! rule ( reason :i* !y are cr$it$ ) e/abli%+ #fff 0 only an int]mitt5t pa/ime4 ,9 ! days ( ,demo/h5es we /ill f9d !m politically consult+ ! ,py?ian oracle1 despite ! consci\sness among educat$ m5 t ! oracle is a piece ( political ma*9]y4 ,we c be/ realize ! /age ( _! evolution by fir/ comp>+ _! public religi\s practice ) t ( contempor>y ,engl&4 ,no "o n[ reg>ds ! daily pray]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons z m ?an a rev]5t =mality4 ,b ,nikias at ,syracuse /ak$ ! =tunes ( w> on ! cre$ ( om5s4 ,we c p]haps f9ally conceive ) fair accuracy ! subord9ation ( ,greek culture & politics to sup]/ition by lik5+ ! ?\ght-levels ( pre-,alex&rian ,a!ns to ^? ( ,engl& "u ,cromwell4 #b4 ,! decisive measure ( ,greek accompli%m5t is f\nd 9 ! c>e] ( ,plato #dbi-cdg4 ,"o ( ! great prose writ]s ( ! _w1 he has won by 8 lit]>y g5ius--t is1 by 8 p[] ( cont9u\s pres5tation z well z by 8 /yle--no less ?an by 8 s]vice to sup]naturali/ philosophy 9 g5]al1 a repute above 8 des]ts z a ?9k]4 ,9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory he is ! typical philosoph] ( ,dualism1 #ffg 8 prevail+ conception ( ! univ]se be+ t ( an in]t ,matt] act$ on or ev5 creat$ by a craftsman-,god1 ! ,div9e ,artific]1 sometimes conceiv$ z a ,logos or div9e ,reason1 sep>ately p]sonaliz$4 ,?us he came to be p> excell5ce ! philosoph] ( !ism1 z aga9/ ,ari/otle & ^? ( ! ,py?agoreans :o affirm$ ! et]nity ( ! univ]se4 #ffh ,9 ! hi/ory ( free?\ght he figures z a man ( g5ius =m$ by ,sokrates & reflect+ 8 limitations1 develop+ ! ,sokratic dialectic on ! "o h& & f9ally emphasiz+ ! ,sokratic dogmatism to ! po9t ( utt] bigotry4 ,if ! ,a!nians are to be condemn$ = putt+ ,sokrates to dea?1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! _s1 if n ! lett]1 ( ! ,laws drawn up by ,plato 9 8 old age fully ju/ifi$ !m4 #ffi ,t code1 c\ld x ev] h be5 put 9 =ce1 w\ld h wr\ght ! dea? ( e hone/ free?9k] z well z mo/ ( ! ignorant believ]s )9 its sph]e4 ,alone among ! great s]i\s writ]s ( ,greece does he implicate ,greek ?\ght 9 ! gospel ( intol]ance pass$ on to mod]n ,europe f antiquity4 ,x is record$ ( him #fgj t he wi%$ to burn all ! writ+s ( ,demokritos t he c\ld collect1 & 0 dissuad$ only on ! score ( ! numb] ( copies4 ,:at 0 be/ 9 ,plato1 consid]$ z a free?9k]1 0 8 e>ly love ( ratioc9ation1 ( ! r5d]+ & receiv+ ( reasons4 ,ev5 9 8 e>li] dialogues1 h[ev]1 !re are signs en\gh ( an arbitr>y temp]1 z well z ( an inability to put sci5ce 9 place ( religi\s prejudice4 ,! obscuranti/ doctr9e :i* he put 9 ! m\? ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,phdrus 0 also 8 own1 z we ga!r f ! exposition 9 ! ,republic4 ,9 t brilliant p]=mance he objects1 z s _m believ]s & free?9k]s _h done be=e him1 to ! sc&al\s tales 9 ! poets conc]n+ ! ,gods & ! sons ( ,gods2 b he does n object to !m z be+ untrue4 ,8 position is t !y are un$ify+4 #fga ,= 8 own "p he proposes t 8 ideal rul]s frame new my?s :i* %all edify ! "y3 9 8 ,utopia x is "p ( ! bus9ess ( ! legislator to *oose ! "r fictions2 #fgb & ! sy/ematic imposition ( an edify+ body ( pi\s fable on ! g5]al intellig5ce is "p ( 8 s*eme = ! reg5]ation ( society4 #fgc ,hone/y is to be built up by fraud1 & reason by delusion4 ,:at ! ,hebrew ,bible-mak]s actually did1 ,plato propos$ to d4 ,! "o ?+ to be said 9 8 fav\r is t by ?us tell+ h[ ! net is to be spread 9 ! sight ( ! bird he put ! decisive ob/acle--if any 7 ne$$--9 ! way ( 8 plan4 ,x is1 inde$1 inconceivable t ! au?or ( ! ,republic & ! ,laws dreamt t ei!r polity z a :ole w\ld ev] come into exi/5ce4 ,8 plans ( suppress+ all undesirable poetry1 arrang+ community ( wom51 & enabl+ *ildr5 to see battles1 are ! fancy-sket*es ( a dilettant4 ,he _h fail$ completely z a /atesman 9 practice2 z a s*em] he does n ev5 posit ! fir/ conditions ( success4 ,z to 8 practical failure see ! /ory ( 8 & 8 pupils' attempts at ,syracuse 7,grote1 ,hi/ory1 ix1 #cg-abc74 ,! y\ng] ,dionysios1 :om !y _h va9ly attempt$ to make a model rul]1 seems to h be5 an audaci\s unbeliev] to ! ext5t ( plund]+ ! temple ( ,p]sephone at ,lokris1 "o ( ,jupit] 9 ! ,peloponnesos1 & "o ( sculapius at ,epidaurus4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,protrept4 c4 #d7 /ates t he plund]$ ! /atue ( ,jupit] 9 ,sicily4 ,cic]o 7,de nat4 ,deorum1 iii1 #cc1 #cd7 & ,val]ius ,maximus 7i1 #a7 tell ! /ory ( ! eld] ,dionysios2 b ( him x _c be true4 ,9 8 day ! plund] ( ! temples ( ,dmtr & ,p]sephone 9 ,sicily by ! ,c>?ag9ians 0 c\nt$ a deadly s94 ,see ,freeman1 ,hi/ory ( ,sicily1 iv1 #abe-dg1 & ,/ory ( ,sicily1 pp4 #agf-hj4 ,9 ,cic]o's dialogue x is not$ t aft] all 8 impieties ,dionysios ! eld]1 ( :om ! /ories are mi/ak5ly told di$ 9 8 b$4 ,a!nu1 h[ev]1 cit+ ! biograph] ,kle>*os1 tells t ! y\ng] ,dionysios1 aft] be+ r$uc$ to ! rle ( a begg+ prie/ ( ,kybel1 end$ 8 life v mis]ably 7xii1 #fj74 ,none!less1 ! prescription ( intol]ance 9 ! ,laws #fgd classes ,plato f9ally on ! side ( fanaticism1 &1 inde$1 ranks him ) ! mo/ s9i/] figures on t side1 s9ce 8 e>li] writ+ %[s t he w\ld be will+ to puni% m5 alike = repeat+ /ories :i* !y believ$1 & = reject+ :at he knew to be untru?s4 #fge ,by 8 own late doctr9e he v9dicat$ ! slay]s ( 8 own fri5d4 ,8 psy*ology is z /range z t ( ,ari/ophanes1 b /range ) a diff]5ce4 ,he seems to h practis$ ! w to believe till he grew to be a fanatic on ! plane ( ! mo/ ignorant ( or?odox ,a!nians2 & aft] all t sci5ce _h done to enlight5 m5 on t natural ord] ! misconceiv+ ( :i* _h be5 ! f\ndation ( _! cre$s1 he inveighs furi\sly 9 8 old age aga9/ ! impiety ( ^? :o d>$ to d\bt t ! sun & moon & />s 7 deities1 z e nurse taught h] *>ges4 #fgf ,& :5 all is said1 8 ,gods satisfy no ne$ ( ! intellig5ce2 = he insi/s t !y only p>tially rule ! _w1 s5d+ ! few good ?+s1 b n ! _m evil #fgg--save ins(> z evil may be a b5efic5t p5alty & discipl9e4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile advis+ ! imprisonm5t or execution ( h]etics :o did n believe 9 ! ,gods1 ,plato reg>d$ ) ev5 great] dete/ation ! man :o taught t !y c\ld be p]suad$ or propitiat$ by individual pray] & sacrifice4 #fgh ,?us he w\ld h /ruck alike at ! free?9k+ few & at ! multitude :o held by ! g5]al religi\s beliefs ( ,greece1 deal+ damnation on all save 8 own clique1 9 a way t w\ld h made ,torquemada bl5*4 #fgi ,9 ! face ( su* tea*+ z ?is1 x may well be said t ,greek philosophy made incomp>ably great] advances 9 ! e>li] polemic p]iod ( ! ,ionians ?an aft] its fri5dly return to ! poetry ( ,hom] & ,hesiod #fhj--t is1 to _! poly!i/ic basis4 ,x is to be said = ,plato1 f9ally1 t 8 embitt]m5t at ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ?+s 9 ,a!ns is a q intelligible s\rce = 8 own intellectual decad5ce3 a v simil> spectacle be+ se5 9 ! case ( our own great mod]n ,utopi/1 ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,b ,plato's own writ+ be>s witness t among ! unbeliev]s aga9/ :om he declaim$ !re 7 wise & blameless citiz5s2 #fha :ile 9 ! act ( seek+ to lay a religi\s basis = a good society he admitt$ ! fundam5tal immorality ( ! religi\s basis ( ! :ole ( pa/ ,greek life4 #c4 ,ari/otle #chd-cbb1 l ,sokrates1 albeit 9 a v diff]5t way1 r5d]$ r an indirect ?an a direct s]vice to ,free?\ght4 ,:]e ,sokrates gave ! critical or dialectic me?od or habit1 a process ( et]nal value & ( univ]sal application1 #fhb ,ari/otle suppli$ ! great inspiration ( sy/em1 p>tly correct+ ! ,sokratic dogmatism on ! possibilities ( sci5ce by endless obs]vation & speculation1 ?\gh himself fall+ into sci5tific dogmatism only too (t54 ,t he 0 an unbeliev] 9 ! popul> & ,platonic religion is cle>4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al rationali/ic t5or ( 8 works1 #fhc !re 0 a curr5t und]/&+ t ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool d5i$ ! utility ( pray] & sacrifice2 #fhd & ?\gh ! ess5tially p>tisan attempt ( ! anti-,mac$onian p>ty to impea* him = impiety may h turn$ l>gely on 8 hyp]bolic hymn to 8 dead fri5d ,h]meias 7:o 0 a eunu*1 & z su* held peculi>ly unwor?y ( be+ address$ z on a level ) semi-div9e h]oes71 #fhe x c\ld h>dly h be5 und]tak5 at all unless he _h giv5 solid] pretexts4 ,! ?reat5$ prosecution he avoid$ by leav+ ! city1 dy+ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,sid+ z he did ) ! ,mac$onian faction1 he _h put himself out ( t\* ) ! democratic in/9cts ( ! ,a!nians1 & s d\bly fail$ to affect _! ?9k+4 ,b none!less ! attack ^u him by ! democrats 0 a political /ratagem4 ,! prosecution = blasphemy _h n[ become a recogniz$ weapon 9 politics = all :o _h m piety ?an pr9ciple1 & p]haps = "s :o _h nei!r4 ,& ,ari/otle1 well aw>e ( ! temp] ( ! population ar\nd him1 _h on ! :ole be5 s gu>d$ 9 8 utt]ance t a fanta/ic pretext _h to be fa/5$ on = 8 undo+4 ,pr(4 ,ba9 7,practical ,essays1 p4 #bgc71 cit+ ,grote's rem>k on ! cauti\s prose compositions ( ,ari/otle1 comm5ts ?us3 ,t is to say1 ! execution ( ,sokrates 0 always be=e 8 eyes2 he _h to p>e 8 expressions s z n to give (f5ce to ,a!nian or?odoxy4 ,we c nev] "k ! full be>+s ( su* a di/urb+ =ce4 ,! editors ( ,ari/otle compla9 ( ! corruption ( 8 text3 a f> worse corruption lies beh9d4 ,9 ,greece ,sokrates alone _h ! c\rage ( 8 op9ions4 ,:ile 8 views z to a future life1 = example1 are pla9 & frank1 ! real op9ion ( ,ari/otle on ! "q is an insoluble problem4 7,see1 h[ev]1 ! passage 9 ! ,metaphysics cit$ bel[47 ,! op9ion ( ,grote & ,ba9 z to ,ari/otle's caution is fully co9cid$ 9 by ,lange1 :o writes 7,ges*4 des ,mat]4 i1 #fc73 ,m cons]vative ?an ,plato & ,sokrates1 ,ari/otle ev]y:]e seeks to atta* himself z closely z possible to tradition1 to popul> notions1 to ! ideas embodi$ 9 common spee*1 & 8 e?ical po/ulates div]ge z little z may be f ! cu/om>y morals & laws ( ,greek ,/ates4 ,he has !re=e be5 at all times ! fav\rite philosoph] ( cons]vative s*ools & movem5ts4 ,x is cle>1 nev]!less1 if we c be sure ( 8 writ+s1 t he 0 a mono!i/1 b a mono!i/ ) no practical religion4 ,exclud+ su* a ?+ z div9e int]f]5ce ) ,nature1 8 !ology1 ( c\rse1 excludes ! possibility ( revelation1 inspiration1 miracles1 & grace4 #fhf ,9 a passage 9 ! ,metaphysics1 aft] elaborat+ 8 moni/ic conception ( ,nature1 he dismisses 9 "o or two t]se s5t5ces ! :ole curr5t religion z a mass ( my? fram$ to p]suade ! multitude1 9 ! int]e/ ( law & ord]4 #fhg ,8 influ5ce mu/ ?us h be5 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 fav\rable to rational sci5ce1 ?\gh unhappily 8 own sci5ce is too (t5 a blund]+ reaction aga9/ ! surmises ( e>li] ?9k]s ) a great] gift ( intuition ?an he1 :o 0 r a me?odiz] ?an a discov]]4 #fhh ,:at 0 wor/ 9 8 ?9k+ 0 its t5d5cy to apriorism1 :i* made x 9 a lat] age s adaptable to ! purposes ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?us 8 doctr9es ( ! absolute levity ( fire & ( nature's abhorr5ce ( a vacuum set up a hypnotiz+ v]balism1 & 8 dictum t ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se 0 fatally helpful to ,*ri/ian obscurantism4 ,= ! re/1 :ile guiltless ( ,plato's fanaticism1 he _h no s*eme ( re=m :atev]1 & 0 z f> z any o!r ,greek f ! ?\ght ( rais+ ! mass by in/ruction4 ,8 own sci5ce1 inde$1 0 n progressive1 save z reg>ds 8 collation ( facts 9 biology2 & 8 political ideals 7 r reaction>y2 8 cle> p]ception ( ! nature ( ! population problem leav+ him 9 ! e>li] attitude ( ,mal?us1 & 8 lack ( sympa!tic en]gy mak+ him a def5d] ( slav]y :5 o!r m5 _h condemn$ x4 #fhi ,he 0 9 "s aspects ! greate/ bra9 ( ! anci5t _w2 & he left x1 at ! close ( ! great ,grecian p]iod1 )\t mu* fai? 9 man1 :ile posit+ = ! mod]n _w its vague/ conception ( ,deity4 ,plato & ,ari/otle betwe5 !m _h r$uc$ ! anci5t ,god-idea to a ?9 ab/raction4 ,plato w\ld n h x t ,god 0 ! au?or ( evil1 ?us leav+ evil unacc\nt$ = save by sorc]y4 ,ari/otle's ,god does no?+ at all1 exi/+ m]ely z a pot5tiality ( ?\ght4 ,& yet ^u ^? positions 7 to be f\nd$ ! !isms ( ! lat] _w4 ,plato _h n /riv51 & ,ari/otle _h fail$1 to create an adequate basis = ?\ght 9 real sci5ce2 & ! _w gravitat$ back to religion4 ,9 previ\s editions ,i rem>k$ t ! lack ( fre% sci5ce1 :i* 0 ! proximate cause ( ! /agnation ( ,greek ?\ght1 has be5 expla9$ l o!r ?+s z a result ( race qualities3 '! ,a!nians1' says ,mr4 ,b5n 7,! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 i1 #db71 '_h no g5ius = natural sci5ce3 none ( !m 7 ev] di/+ui%$ z savans4444 ,x 01 !y ?\ght1 a mis]able trifl+ & wa/e ( "t4444 ,p]icles1 inde$1 ?\ght diff]5tly4444' ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lange decides 7i1 #f7 t ) ! fre$om & boldness ( ! ,hell5ic _s 0 comb9$ 444 ! tal5t = sci5tific d$uction4 ,^! contr>y views1 ,i obs]v$1 seem alike arbitr>y4 ,if ,mr4 ,b5n means t o!r ,hell5es _h :at ! ,a!nians lack$1 ! answ] is t only special social conditions c\ld h set up su* a diff]5ce1 & t x c\ld n be innate1 b mu/ be a m]e matt] ( usage4 ,mr4 ,b5n has expla9$ to me t he does n diss5t f ?is view1 & t ,i _h n rightly ga!r$ 8 f ! passage ,i quot$4 ,9 8 lat] "w1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,greece consid]$ 9 relation to ! "* & hi/ory ( its p 7#ahih71 he has po9t$ out h[1 9 ! p]iod ( ,hippias & ,prodikos1 at ,a!ns 9 p>ticul> "y m5 ?rew !mselves ) ard\r into ! inve/igation ( problems ( cosmography1 a/ronomy1 meteorology1 & comp>ative anatomy 7p4 #ach74 ,! h9d]+ =ces 7 ,a!nian bigotry 7pp4 #aac-ad1 #aga7 & ! mis*iev\s influ5ce ( ,sokrates 7pp4 #afe1 #agc74 ,speak+ broadly1 we may say t ! ,*aldeans 7 =w>d 9 a/ronomy because _! climate fav\r$ x to beg9 )1 & religion & _! sup]/itions did s lat]4 ,hippokrates ( ,kos became a great physician because1 ) natural capacity1 he _h ! opportunity to comp>e _m practices4 ,! ,a!nians fail$ to c>ry on ! sci5ces1 n because ! faculty or ! ta/e 0 lack+ among !m1 b because _! political & arti/ic int]e/s1 = "o ?+1 preoccupi$ !m--e4g41 ,sokrates & ,plato2 & because1 = ano!r1 _! popul> religion1 popul>ly support$1 m5ac$ ! /ud5ts ( physics4 ,b ! ,ionians1 :o _h savans1 fail$ equally to progress aft] ! ,alex&rian p]iod2 ! explanation be+ aga9 n /oppage ( faculty1 b ! adv5t ( conditions unfav\rable to ! old intellectual life1 :i* 9 any case1 z we saw1 _h be5 fir/ set up by ,babylonian contacts4 7,comp>e1 on ! e?nological !orem ( ,c\s91 ,g4 ,brton1 ,essai sur la posie philos4 en ,grce1 p4 #aj47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lange's !ory ( gifts innate 9 ! ,hell5ic m9d 9 g5]al is ! old racial fallacy4 ,pot5tialities are innate 9 all populations1 accord+ to _! culture /age1 & x 0 _! total environm5t t specializ$ ! ,greeks z a community4 #i ,! ov]?r[ ( ! free political life ( ,a!ns 0 foll[$ by a c]ta9 increase 9 intellectual activity1 ! result ( ?r[+ back ! rema9+ /ore ( en]gy on ! life ( ! m9d4 ,by ?is "t an almo/ op5 unbelief z to ! curr5t tales conc]n+ ! ,gods w\ld seem to h become g5]al among educat$ p1 ! )drawal ( ! old risk ( impea*m5t by political factions be+ s f> fav\rable to outspok5ness4 ,x is on record t ! hi/orian ,ephoros 7( ,cum 9 olia3 fl4 #cej ,b4,c471 :o 0 a pupil ( ,isocrates1 op5ly h9t$ 9 8 "w at 8 disbelief 9 ! oracle ( ,apollo1 & 9 fabul\s traditions g5]ally4 #fij ,9 o!r directions !re 7 simil> signs ( free?\ght4 ,! new s*ools ( philosophy f\nd$ by ,z5o ! ,/oic 7fl4 #bhj3 d4 #bfc or #bei7 & ,epicurus 7#cda-bgj71 :atev] _! defects1 comp>e n ill ) ^? ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 exhibit+ great] e?ical sanity & s9c]ity if less metaphysical subtlety4 ,( metaphysics !re _h be5 en\gh = ! age3 :at x ne$$ 0 a rational philosophy ( life4 ,b ! loss ( political fre$om1 al?\gh ?us = a "t turn$ to acc\nt1 0 fatal to cont9u\s progress4 ,! fir/ great ?9k]s _h all be5 free m5 9 a politically free environm5t3 ! atmosph]e ( c[$ subjection1 especially aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,romans1 c\ld n bre$ _! l2 & orig9ative en]gy ( ! high] ord] soon disappe>$4 ,sane z 0 ! moral philosophy ( ,epicurus1 & au/]e z 0 t ( ,z5o1 !y are alike /atic or quieti/1 #fia ! codes ( a society seek+ a regulat+ & su/a9+ pr9ciple r ?an hopeful ( new a*ievem5t or new tru?4 ,& ! univ]sal skepticism ( ,pyrrho has ! same effect ( sugge/+ t :at is want$ is n progress1 b balance4 ,x is significant t he1 :o c>ri$ ! ,sokratic pr(ession ( ,nesci5ce to ! typical extreme ( doctr9al ,nihilism1 0 made high-prie/ ( 8 native t[n ( ,elis1 & _h /atues erect$ 9 8 hon\r4 #fib ,consid]$ z free?9k]s1 all ?ree m5 tell at once ( ! critical & ( ! reaction>y "w done by ! previ\s age4 ,pyrrho1 ! univ]sal d\bt]1 appe>s to h tak5 = grant$1 ) ! :ole ( 8 foll[]s1 su* propositions z t "s animals 7n insects7 are produc$ by p>!nog5esis1 t "s live 9 ! fire1 & t ! leg5d ( ! ,pho5ix is true4 #fic ,su* cr$5ces /ood = ! arre/ ( biological sci5ce 9 ! ,sokratic age1 ) ,ari/otle1 s (t5 mi/ak5ly1 at "w2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sokratic skepticism visibly motives ! play ( sy/ematic d\bt on ! dogmas m5 _h le>n$ to "q4 ,z5o1 aga91 0 sub/antially a mono!i/2 ,epicurus1 adopt+ b n greatly develop+ ! sci5ce ( ,demokritos1 #fid turn$ ! ,gods into a f>-(f b& ( glori\s spectres1 untr\bl$ by human ne$s1 dwell+ = ev] 9 immortal calm1 nei!r rul+ nor c>+ to rule ! _w ( m54 #fie ,9 com+ to ?is surpris+ compromise1 ,epicurus1 inde$1 probably did n c>ry ) him ! :ole intellig5ce ev5 ( 8 own s*ool4 ,8 fri5d1 ! second ,metrodoros ( ,lampsakos1 seems to h be5 ! mo/ /r+5t ( all ! c5sors ( ,hom]1 :olly ignor+ 8 namesake's attempts to cle> ! b>d ( impiety4 ,he ev5 advis$ m5 n to be a%am$ to confess _! utt] ignorance ( ,hom]1 to ! ext5t ( n kn[+ :e!r ,hector 0 a ,greek or a ,trojan4 #fif ,su* au/]ity t[>ds my?s c h>dly h be5 compatible ) ! acceptance ( ! residuum ( ,epicurus4 ,t1 h[ev]1 became ! /&+ cre$ ( ! sect1 & a fruitful !me ( d]ision to its oppon5ts4 ,d\btless ! com=t ( avoid+ direct conflict ) ! popul> beliefs _h a good deal to d ) ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e4 ,?is /range ret5tion ( ! !orem ( ! exi/5ce ( an?ropomorphic ,gods1 ) a flat d5ial t !y did any?+ 9 ! univ]se1 might be t]m$ ! great peculi>ity ( av]age anci5t rationalism1 7 x n t :at makes x at all intelligible = u is j ! simil> practice ( mod]n non-,*ri/ian !i/s4 ,! ,gods ( antiquity 7 non-creative1 b /riv]s & m$dl]s & answ]]s ( pray]2 & anci5t rationalism reliev$ !m ( _! /riv+ & m$dl+1 leav+ !m no active or gov]n+ function :atev]1 b = ! mo/ "p *]i%+ _! phantasms4 ,! ,god ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom _h be5 at once a creator & a gov]nor1 rul+1 m$dl+1 puni%+1 rew>d+1 & he>+ pray]2 & mod]n !ism1 unable to take ! a!i/ic or agno/ic plunge1 relieves him ( all int]f]5ce 9 ?+s human or cosmic1 b reta9s him z a creative ab/raction :o someh[ set up law1 :e!r or n he made all ?+s out ( no?+4 ,! psy*ological process 9 ! two cases seems to be ! same--an erection ( /hetic habit into a philosophic dogma1 & an accommodation ( phrase to popul> prejudice4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! logical & psy*ological crudities ( ,epicureanism1 h[ev]1 x c\nt$ = mu* z a deliv]ance ( m5 f sup]/iti\s fe>s2 & no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t philosophy ?an ! affectionate rev]5ce paid to ! f\nd]'s memory #fig on ?is score ?r\gh :ole c5turies4 ,! p[]ful ,lucretius s\nds 8 highe/ note ( praise 9 tell+ h[ ?is ,greek _h fir/ ( all m5 fre$ human life f ! cra%+ load ( religion1 d>+ to pass ! flam+ ramp>ts ( ! _w1 & by 8 victory putt+ m5 on an equality ) heav54 #fih ,! laught]-lov+ ,lucian two hundr$ ye>s lat] gr[s gravely eloqu5t on ! same !me4 #fii ,& = g5]ations ! effect ( ! ,epicurean *eck on or?odoxy is se5 9 ! :ole intellectual life ( ! ,greek _w1 already pr$ispos$ 9 t direction4 #gjj ,! new s*ools ( ! ,cynics & ! ,cyr5aics _h alike %[n ! influ5ce 9 _! p]fect fre$om f all religi\s preoccupation1 :5 !y 7 n flatly diss5t+ f ! popul> beliefs4 ,anti/h5es1 ! f\nd] ( ! =m] s*ool 7fl4 #djj ,b4,c471 ?\gh a pupil ( ,sokrates1 _h be5 explicitly anti-poly!i/ic1 & an oppon5t ( an?ropomorphism4 #gja ,ari/ippos ( ,cyr5e1 also a pupil ( ,socrates1 :o a little lat] f\nd$ ! ,h$onic or ,cyr5aic sect1 seems to h put !ology entirely aside4 ,"o ( ! lat] adh]5ts ( ! s*ool1 ,!odoros1 0 l ,diagoras labell$ ! ,a!i/ #gjb by reason ( ! directness ( 8 opposition to religion2 & 9 ! ,rome ( ,cic]o he & ,diagoras are ! notori\s a!i/s ( hi/ory4 #gjc ,to ,!odoros1 :o _h a l>ge foll[+1 is attribut$ an influ5ce ov] ! ?\ght ( ,epicurus1 #gjd :o1 h[ev]1 took ! saf] position ( a v]bal !ism4 ,! a!i/ is said to h be5 m5ac$ by ,a!nian law 9 ! "t ( ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 :o protect$ him2 & !re is ev5 a /ory t he 0 condemn$ to dr9k hemlock2 #gje b he 0 n ( ! type t meets m>tyrdom1 ?\gh he might g f> to provoke x4 #gjf ,roam+ f c\rt to c\rt1 he seems nev] to h /oop$ to flatt] any ( 8 ent]ta9]s4 ,y seem to me1 said ! /ew>d ( ,lysima*os ( ,?race to him on "o occasion1 to be ! only man :o ignores bo? ,gods & k+s4 #gjg ,9 ! same age ! same free?9k+ temp] is se5 9 ,/ilpo ( ,meg>a 7fl4 #cjg71 ( ! s*ool ( ,euclides1 :o is said to h be5 br\ght be=e ! ,areopagus = ! (f5ce ( say+ t ! ,pheidian /atue ( ,a?n 0 n a ,god1 & to h met ! *>ge ) ! je/ t %e 0 9 reality n a ,god b a ,goddess2 :]eupon he 0 exil$4 #gjh ,! /ories told ( him make x cle> t he 0 an unbeliev]1 usually c>eful n to betray himself4 ,euclides1 too1 ) 8 optimi/ic pan!ism1 0 cle>ly a h]etic2 ?\gh 8 doctr9e t evil is non-ens #gji lat] became ! cre$ ( "s ,*ri/ians4 ,yet ano!r pr(ess$ a!i/ 0 ! witty ,bion ( ,bory/h5es1 pupil ( ,!odoros1 ( :om x is told1 9 a fa%ion famili> to our own "t1 t 9 sickness he grew pi\s ?r\gh fe>4 #gaj ,among 8 positions 0 a prote/ or r satire aga9/ ! doctr9e t ! ,gods puni%$ *ildr5 = ! crimes ( _! fa!rs4 #gaa ,9 ! o!r s*ools1 ,speusippos 7fl4 #cdc71 ! nephew ( ,plato1 leant to mono!ism2 #gab ,/rato ( ,lampsakos1 ! ,p]ipatetic 7fl4 #bij71 call$ ! ,naturali/1 taught %e] pan!ism1 anticipat+ ,laplace 9 decl>+ t he _h no ne$ ( ! action ( ! ,gods to acc\nt = ! mak+ ( ! _w2 #gac ,dikai>*os 7fl4 #cbf-bhg71 ano!r disciple ( ,ari/otle1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( sep>ate s\ls1 & ! possibility ( =etell+ ! future2 #gad & ,ari/o & ,clean!s1 disciples ( ,z5o1 v>i$ likewise 9 ! direction ( pan!ism2 ! latt]'s mono!ism1 z express$ 9 8 fam\s hymn1 be+ "o ( sev]al doctr9es ascrib$ to him4 #gae ,contempor>y ) ,epicurus & ,z5o & ,pyrrho1 too1 0 ,evm]os 7,euhem]us71 ^: peculi> propag&a aga9/ ,godism seems to imply !oretic a!ism4 ,z an a!i/ he 0 vilifi$ 9 a mann] famili> to mod]n e>s1 ! ,alex&rian poet ,callima*us labell+ him an arrogant old man vomit+ impi\s books4 #gaf ,8 lo/ "w1 ( :i* only a few extracts rema91 und]took to prove t all ! ,gods _h be5 simply fam\s m51 deifi$ aft] dea?2 ! pro(1 h[ev]1 be+ by way ( a fiction ab\t old inscriptions f\nd 9 an imag9>y isl&4 #gag ,z above not$1 #gah ! idea may h be5 borr[$ f skeptical ,pho5icians1 ! pr9ciple hav+ already be5 mono!i/ically appli$ by ! ,bible-mak+ ,jews1 #gai ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x _h be5 arti/ically & to all appe>ance uncritically act$ on 9 ! ,hom]ic epopees4 ,x may or may n !n h be5 by way ( delib]ate or reason+ ,evm]ism t c]ta9 e>ly ,greek & ,roman deities 7 trans=m$1 z we h se51 into h]oes or hetairai4 #gbj ,9 any case1 ! pr9ciple seems to h _h consid]able vogue 9 ! lat] ,hell5i/ic _w2 b ) ! effect r ( pav+ ! way = new cults ?an ( sett+ up sci5tific rationalism 9 place ( ! old ones4 ,q a numb] ( writ]s l ,palaiphatos1 )\t go+ s f> z ,evm]os1 s\ght to r$uce my?s to natural possibilities & ev5ts1 by way ( m$iat+ betwe5 ! cr$ul\s & ! incr$ul\s4 #gba ,_! me?od is mo/ly ! naf "o reviv$ by ! ,abb ,bani] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ( r$uc+ m>vels to v]bal misconceptions4 ,?us = ,palaiphatos ! my? ( ,k]b]os came f ! facts t ! city ,trik>5os 0 commonly spok5 ( z a beautiful & great dog2 & t ,g]yon1 :o liv$ !re1 _h great dogs call$ ,k]b]oi2 ,acton 0 dev\r$ by 8 dogs 9 ! s5se t he neglect$ 8 affairs & wa/$ 8 "t 9 hunt+2 ! ,amazons 7 %av$ m51 clad z 7 ! wom5 9 ,?race1 & s on4 #gbb ,palaiphatos & ! ,h]akleitos :o also wrote ,de ,incr$ibilibus agree t ,pasiphae's bull 0 a man nam$ ,tauros2 & ! latt] writ] simil>ly expla9s t ,scylla 0 a beautiful hetaira ) av>ici\s hang]s-on1 & t ! h>pies 7 ladies ( ! same pr(ession4 ,if ! me?od seems *ildi%1 x is to be rememb]$ t z reg>ds ! explanation ( sup]natural ev5ts x 0 adh]$ to by ,g]man !ologians ( a c5tury ago2 & t its cr$ulity 9 incr$ulity is /ill to be se5 9 ! curr5t view t e n>rative 9 ! sacr$ books is to be tak5 z necess>ily /&+ = a fact ( "s k9d4 ,"o ( ! inf]rible effects ( ! ,evm]i/ me?od 0 to facilitate = ! "t ! adoption ( ! ,egyptian & ea/]n usage ( deify+ k+s4 ,x has be5 plausibly argu$ t ?is practice /&s n s mu* = sup]/ition z = skepticism1 its oppon5ts be+ precisely ! or?odox believ]s1 & its promot]s ^? :o _h le>n$ to d\bt ! actuality ( ! traditional ,gods4 ,evm]ism w\ld cl9* su* a t5d5cy2 & x is notewor?y t ,evm]os liv$ at ! c\rt ( ,kass&] 7#cai-bif ,b4,c47 9 a p]iod 9 :i* e rema9+ memb] ( ! family ( ! deifi$ ,alex&] _h p]i%$1 mo/ly by viol5ce2 :ile ! contempor>y ,ptolemy ,i ( ,egypt receiv$ ! title ( ,sotr1 ,savi\r1 f ! p ( ,rhodes4 #gbc ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :ile 9 ! next g5]ation ,antio*us ,i ( ,syria receiv$ ! same title1 & 8 successor ,antio*us ,,ii t ( ,!os1 ,god1 ! usage passes away2 ,ptolemy ,,iii be+ nam$ m]ely ,ev]gets1 ! ,b5efactor 7( ! prie/s71 & ev5 ,antio*us ,,iii only ! ,great4 ,sup]/ition 0 n to be ou/$ by a political exploitation ( its ma*9]y4 #gbd ,9 ,a!ns ! democracy1 re/or$ 9 a subord9ate =m by ,kass&]'s oppon5t1 ,demetrius ,poliorktes 7#cjg ,b4,c471 actually tri$ to put d[n ! philosophic s*ools1 all ( :i*1 b ! ,ari/otelian 9 p>ticul>1 7 anti-democratic1 & d\btless also comp>atively irreligi\s4 ,epicurus & "s ( 8 antagoni/s 7 exil$ )9 a ye> ( 8 op5+ 8 s*ool 7#cjf ,b4,c472 b ! law 0 repeal$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 #gbe ,!ophra/os1 ! head ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ool1 0 indict$ 9 ! old fa%ion = impiety1 :i* seems to h consi/$ 9 d5\nc+ animal sacrifice4 #gbf ,^! repressive attempts1 h[ev]1 fail$2 & no o!rs foll[$ at ,a!ns 9 t era2 ?\gh 9 ! next c5tury ! ,epicureans seem to h be5 expell$ f ,ly?os 9 ,crete & f ,mess5 9 ! ,peloponnesos1 nom9ally = _! a!ism1 9 reality probably on political gr\nds4 #gbg ,?us ,z5o 0 free to publi% a treatise 9 :i*1 besides f> out-go+ ,plato 9 s*emes = dragoon+ ! citiz5s into an ideal life1 he propos$ a ,/ate )\t temples or /atues ( ! ,gods or law c\rts or gymnasia4 #gbh ,9 ! same age !re is trace ( an int]e/+ case ( rationalism ev5 9 ! ,delphic oracle4 #gbi ,! p ( ! isl& ( ,a/ypalaia1 plagu$ by h>es or rabbits1 solemnly consult$ ! oracle1 :i* briefly advis$ !m to keep dogs & take to hunt+4 ,ab\t ! same "t we f9d ,la*>es1 tempor>ily despot at ,a!ns1 plund]+ ! %r9e ( ,pallas ( its gold4 #gcj ,ev5 9 ! g5]al public !re mu/ h be5 a /ra9 ( surviv+ rationalism2 = among ! fragm5ts ( ,m5&] 7fl4 #cjj71 :o1 9 g5]al1 seems to h leant to a well-br$ or?odoxy1 #gca !re are "s spee*es sav\r+ ( skepticism & pan!ism4 #gcb ,x 0 9 keep+ ) ?is g5]al b mo/ly placid & non-polemic latitud9>ianism t ! ,new ,academy1 ! second bir?1 or r trans=mation1 ( ! ,platonic s*ool1 9 ! h&s ( ,arkesilaos & ! great ,c>neades 7#bac-abi71 & lat] ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,clitoma*os1 %\ld be m>k$ by t species ( skepticism !nce call$ ,academic--a skepticism :i* expos$ ! d\btfulness ( curr5t religi\s beliefs )\t go+ ! ,pyrrhonian l5g? ( d5y+ t any beliefs c\ld be prov$1 or ev5 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,= ! argum5ts ( ,c>neades aga9/ ! ,/oic doctr9e ( immortality see ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 iii1 #ab1 #ag2 & = 8 argum5t aga9/ !ism see ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ix1 #agb1 #ahc4 ,mr4 ,b5n pron\nces ?is criticism ( !ology ! mo/ de/ructive t has ev] appe>$1 ! arm\ry :5ce religi\s skepticism ev] s9ce has be5 suppli$ 7,! ,philosophy ( ,greece1 etc41 p4 #beh74 ,?is seems an ov]-/atem5t4 ,b x is j to say1 z does ,mr4 ,:ittak] 7,prie/s1 ,philosoph]s1 & ,prophets1 #aiaa1 p4 #fj2 cp4 p4 #hf71 t !re has nev] be5 a m dra/ic attack ?an t ( ,c>neades1 :i* furni%$ ,cic]o ) ! mat]ials = 8 second book1 ,on ,div9ation2 &1 z does ,pr(4 ,m>?a 7tudes ,morales sur l'antiquit1 #ahhi1 p4 #gg71 t no philosophic or religi\s s*ool has be5 able to ignore ! problems :i* ,c>neades rais$4 ,z aga9/ ! ess5tially uncritical ,/oics1 ! criticism ( ,c>neades is sane & s\nd2 & he has be5 t]m$ by judici\s mod]ns ! greate/ skeptical m9d ( antiquity #gcc & ! ,bayle ( ,antiquity2 #gcd ?\gh he seems to h writt5 no?+4 #gce ,!re is su* a concurr5ce ( te/imony z to ! victori\s p[] ( 8 oratory & ! inv9cible skill ( 8 dialectic #gcf t he mu/ be reckon$ "o ( ! great intellectual & rationaliz+ =ces ( 8 day1 triumph+ z he did 9 ! two div]se ar5as ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,8 disciple & successor ,clitoma*os said ( him1 ) ,cic]o's ass5t1 t he _h a*iev$ a lab\r ( ,h]cules 9 lib]at+ our s\ls z x 7 ( a fi]ce mon/]1 cr$ulity1 conjecture1 ra% belief4 #gcg ,he 01 9 %ort1 a mighty antagoni/ ( ?\ghtless beliefs1 cle>+ ! gr\nd = a rational life2 & ! fact t he 0 *os5 ) ,diog5es ! ,p]ipatetic & ,critolaos ! ,/oic to g to ,rome to plead ! cause ( ru9$ ,a!ns1 mulct$ 9 an enorm\s f9e1 prov$ t he 0 held 9 high hon\r at home4 ,a!ns1 9 %ort1 0 n at ?is /age too sup]/iti\s4 ,unreason+ fai? 0 l>gely discr$it$ by philosophy4 ,on ?is basis1 9 a heal?y environm5t1 sci5ce & en]gy might h re>$ a con/ructive rationalism2 & = a "t a/ronomy1 9 ! h&s ( ,ari/>*os ( ,samos 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c471 ,erato/h5es ( ,cyr5e1 ! second keep] ( ! great ,alex&rian libr>y 7#bnd c5t4 ,b4,c471 & above all ( ,hipp>*os ( ,nikaia1 :o did mo/ ( 8 "w 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 0 c>ri$ to a height ( ma/]y :i* c\ld n be ma9ta9$1 & 0 re-atta9$ only 9 mod]n times4 #gch ,?us mu* c\ld be accompli%$ by end[m5t ( rese>* z practis$ by ! ,ptolemies at ,alex&ria2 & aft] sci5ce _h decl9$ ) ! decl9e ( _! polity1 & /ill fur!r "u ,roman rule1 ! new cosmopolitanism ( ! second c5tury ( ! empire rev]t$ to ! pr9ciple ( intellig5t evocation1 produc+ "u ! ,anton9es ! ,second ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria4 ,b ! social conditions rema9$ fundam5tally bad2 & ! e>li] greatness 0 nev] recov]$4 ,hi/ory records n "o a/ronom] ( note 9 ! ?ree c5turies betwe5 ,hipp>*os & ,ptolemy2 & ,ptolemy 7fl4 #adj ,c4,e47 n only retrograd$ into a/ronomical error1 b elaborat$ on ori5tal l9es a baseless fabric ( a/rology4 #gci ,o!r sci5ce mo/ly decay$ likewise4 ,! ,greek _w1 already l$ to l[] intellectual levels by ! sudd5 ease & weal? op5$ up to x ?r\gh ! conque/s ( ,alex&] & ! rule ( 8 successors1 0 ca/ /ill l[] by ! ,roman conque/4 ,pl9y1 extoll+ ,hipp>*os ) little compreh5sion ( 8 "w1 mu/ ne$s pron\nce him to h d>$ a ?+ displeas+ to ,god 9 numb]+ ! />s = po/]ity4 #gdj ,9 ! air ( imp]ialism1 /irr$ by no o!r1 orig9al ?\ght c\ld n arise2 & ! mass ( ! ,greek-speak+ populations1 ri* & poor1 gravitat$ to ! level ( ! intellectual #gda & emotional life ( m or less well-f$ slaves4 ,9 ?is society !re rapidly multipli$ private religi\s associations--?iasoi1 eranoi1 orgeones--9 :i* m5 & wom51 d5i$ political life1 f\nd new bonds ( union & gr\nds ( division 9 cultivat+ wor%ips1 mo/ly ori5tal1 :i* /imulat$ ! religi\s s5se & s5tim5t4 #gdb ,su* 0 ! soil 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity took root & fl\ri%$2 :ile philosophy1 aft] ! free?9k+ epo* foll[+ on ! fall ( ,a!nian p[]1 gradually rev]t$ to "o or o!r =m ( my/ical !ism or !osophy1 ( :i* ! mo/ successful 0 ! ,neo-,platonism ( ,alex&ria4 #gdc ,:5 ! !osophic ,julian rejoic$ t ,epicureanism _h disappe>$1 #gdd he 0 exult+ 9 a symptom ( ! intellectual decl9e t made possible ! triumph ( ! fai? he mo/ oppos$4 ,*ri/ianity fur!r$ a decad5ce ?us begun "u ! auspices ( pagan imp]ialism2 & ! fif? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era witness$ an almo/ total ext9ction ( ! sci5ces 9 ,alex&ria #gde--;an admission :i* disposes ( ! dispute z to ! guilt ( ! ,arabs 9 de/roy+ ! great libr>y4 ,"h & !re1 ?r\gh ! c5turies1 ! old intellectual flame burns :itely en\gh3 ! noble figure ( ,epictetus 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! new era1 & t ( ! brilliant ,lucian 9 ! second1 9 _! widely diff]5t ways rem9d u t ! evolv$ faculty 0 /ill !re if ! circum/ances _h be5 su* z to evoke x4 ,m5ippos 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 _h play$ a simil> "p to t ( ,lucian1 9 ^: free?9k+ dialogues he s (t5 figures2 b ) less ( subtlety & intellectuality4 ,lucian's 0 inde$ a m9d ( ! r>e/ lucidity2 & ! argum5tation ( 8 dialogue ,zeus ,tragdos cov]s e "o ( ! ma9 aspects ( ! !i/ic problem4 ,!re is no dubiety z to 8 a!i/ic conclusion1 :i* is smil+ly implicit 9 ! rem9d] he puts 9 ! m\? ( ,h]mes1 t1 ?\gh a few m5 may adopt ! a!i/ic view1 !re w always be pl5ty ( o!rs :o ?9k ! contr>y--! majority ( ! ,greeks1 ! ignorant _m1 ! populace1 & all ! b>b>ians4 ,b ! moral doctr9e ( ,epictetus is "o ( endurance & resignation2 & ! almo/ unv>y+ raill]y ( ,lucian1 mak+ m]e p]petual sport ( ! n[ moribund ,olympian ,gods1 0 h>dly bett] fitt$ ?an ! all-r\nd skepticism ( ! s*ool ( ,sextus ,empiricus to inspire positive & progressive ?9k+4 ,?is latt] s*ool1 describ$ by ,cic]o z disp]s$ & ext9ct 9 8 day1 #gdf appe>s to h be5 reviv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury by nesidemos1 :o taught at ,alex&ria4 #gdg ,x seems to h be5 ?r\gh him 9 p>ticul> t ! ,pyrrhonic sy/em took ! cle>-cut =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$ at ! close ( ! second c5tury by ! accompli%$ ,sextus ,empiricus--t is1 ! empirical 7i4e41 exp]i5tial7 physician1 #gdh :o liv$ at ,alex&ria & ,a!ns 7fl4 #age-bje ,c4,e474 ,z a :ole1 ! s*ool cont9u$ to discr$it dogmatism )\t promot+ k4 ,sextus1 x is true1 /rikes acutely & sy/ematically at ill-f\nd$ beliefs1 & s makes = reason2 #gdi b1 l ! :ole ,pyrrhonian s*ool1 he has no idea ( a me?od :i* %all rea* s\nd] conclusions4 ,z ! ,/oics _h inculcat$ ! control ( ! passions z su*1 s ! skeptics und]took to make m5 rise above ! prejudices & presuppositions :i* sway$ !m no less bl9dly ?an ev] did _! passions4 ,b ,sextus foll[s a purely skeptical me?od1 nev] ris+ f ! de/ruction ( false beliefs to ! e/abli%m5t ( true4 ,8 aim is at>axia1 a philosophic calm ( non-belief 9 any dogmatic affirmation beyond ! posit+ ( ph5om5a z su*2 & :ile su* an attitude is b5efic5tly exclusive ( all fanaticism1 x un=tunately nev] makes any impression on ! m intol]ant fanatic1 :o is %ak5 only by giv+ him a measure ( critical tru? 9 place ( 8 error4 ,& z ,sextus address$ himself to ! /ud5ts ( philosophy1 n to ! simple believ]s 9 ! ,gods1 he _h no wide influ5ce4 #gej ,av[$ly accept+ ! normal view ( moral obligations :ile reject+ dogmatic !ories ( _! basis1 ! doctr9e ( ! /rict skeptics _h ! effect1 f ,pyrrho onw>ds1 ( giv+ ! same acceptance to ! common religion1 m]ely reject+ ! philosophic pret5ce ( ju/ify+ x4 ,tak5 by !mselves1 ! argum5ts aga9/ curr5t !ism 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,hypotyposes #gea are unansw]able2 b1 :5 bracket$ ) o!r argum5ts aga9/ ! ord9>y belief 9 causation1 !y _h ! effect ( leav+ !ism on a p> ) t belief4 ,aga9/ religi\s beliefs 9 p>ticul>1 !re=e1 !y _h no wide de/ructive effect4 ,lucian1 aga91 ?\ght s\ndly & s9c]ely on life2 8 praise ( ! m5 ^: memories he respect$1 z ,epicurus & ,demonax 7if ! ,life ( ,demonax attribut$ to him be really 871 is grave & he>tfelt2 & 8 ridicule ( ! discr$it$ ,gods 0 p]fectly "r s f> z x w5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! unbeliev]s & ! skeptics alike held _! own ) ! believ]s 9 ! matt] ( "r liv+4 #geb ,9 ! p]iod ( decl9+ pagan belief1 ! maxim t sup]/ition 0 a good ?+ = ! p mu/ h wr\ght a quantity & a k9d ( corruption t no am\nt ( ridicule ( religion c\ld ev] approa*4 ,polybius 7fl4 #aej ,b4,c47 agrees ) 8 complac5t ,roman ma/]s t _! greatness is l>gely due to ! c>efully cultivat$ sup]/ition ( _! populace1 & *>ges ) ra%ness & folly ^? :o w\ld uproot ! gr[?2 #gec & ,/rabo1 writ+ "u ,tib]ius--unless x be a lat] int]polator ( 8 "w--confid5tly lays d[n ! same pr9ciple ( gov]nm5tal deceit1 #ged ?\gh 9 an app>5tly q g5u9e passage he vehem5tly prote/s ! incr$ibility ( ! traditional tales ab\t ,apollo4 #gee ,s f> _h ! doctr9e evolv$ s9ce ,plato prea*$ x4 ,b to c\nt]vail x !re ne$$ m ?an a ridicule :i* aft] all rea*$ only ! class :o _h already ca/ (f ! beliefs d]id$1 leav+ ! multitude un5light5$4 ,! lack ( ! ne$$ ma*9]y ( enlight5m5t 01 ( c\rse1 "p ( ! g5]al failure ( ! ,grco-,roman civilization2 & no "o man's ef=ts c\ld h avail$1 ev5 if any man ( ! age c\ld h grasp$ ! :ole situation4 ,r ! pr9ciple ( esot]ic enlight5m5t1 ! ideal ( secret k1 took /rong] hold z ! mass grew m & m compreh5sively sup]/iti\s4 ,ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! view t ,hom]'s deities 7 allegorical be+s 0 fre%ly prop\nd$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,h]akleides & ,cornutus 7,phornutus72 b x s]v$ only z a k9d ( my/ical ,gnosis1 on all f\rs ) ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism1 & 0 f9ally tak5 up by ,neo-,platoni/s1 :o 7 no ne>] rationalism = adopt+ x4 #gef ,s ) ! rationalism to :i* we h s _m uneasy or ho/ile allusions 9 ,plut>*4 ,we f9d him res5t+ ! sc(fs ( ,epicureans at ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 & recoil+ f ! abyss ( impiety #geg op5$ up by ^? :o say t ,aphrodite is simply desire1 & ,h]mes eloqu5ce1 & ! ,muses ! arts & sci5ces1 & ,a?n wisdom1 & ,dionysos m]ely w9e1 ,hephai/os fire1 & ,dmtr corn2 #geh & 9 8 essay ,on ,sup]/ition he regretfully recognizes ! exi/5ce ( _m rational a!i/s1 confess+ t _! /ate ( m9d is bett] ?an t ( ! sup]/iti\s :o ab\nd ar\nd him1 ) _! impure purifications & unclean cleans+s1 _! b>b>ic rites1 & _! evil ,gods4 ,b ! unbeliev]s1 ) _! ke5 contempt = popul> folly1 avail$ z little aga9/ x z ,plut>* himself1 ) 8 doctr9e ( a j mean4 ,! "o effectual cure w\ld h be5 wid5$ k2 & ( su* an evolution ! social conditions did n p]mit4 ,to return to a /ate ( admiration = ! total outcome ( ,greek ?\ght1 !n1 x is necess>y to pass f ! /&po9t ( simple analysis to t ( comp>ison4 ,x is 9 contra/ ) ! relatively slight a*ievem5t ( ! o!r anci5t civilizations t ! ,greek1 at its height1 /ill /&s out = po/]ity z a wond]ful gr[?4 ,t :i*1 tri$ by ! te/ ( ideals1 is z a :ole only "o m tragic *apt] 9 ! record ( human fru/ration1 yet conta9s )9 x light & lead+ z well z w>n+2 & = long ages x 0 z a lo/ ,p>adise to a d>k5$ _w4 ,x has be5 n untruly said t ! ,greek _s is immortal1 because x 0 free3 #gei free n z sci5ce c n[ conceive fre$om1 b 9 contra/ ) ! spiritual bondage ( ,jewry & ,egypt1 ! half-b>b>ic tradition ( imp]ial ,babylon1 & ! %ort flight ( m5tal life 9 ,rome4 ,above all1 x 0 ev] 9 virtue ( ! fre$om t ! high ?+s 7 accompli%$2 & x 0 ev] ! fall+ away f fre$om1 ! tyranny ei!r ( common ignorance or ( m9dless p[]1 t wr\ght decad5ce4 ,!re is a dang]1 too1 ( inju/ice 9 comp>+ ,a!ns ) lat] ,/ates4 ,:5 a high au?ority pron\nces t ! religi\s views ( ! ,demos 7 ( ! n>r[e/ k9d1 #gfj he is n to be ga9said2 b ! fur!r v]dict t h>dly any p has s9n$ m heavily aga9/ ! lib]ty ( sci5ce is unduly l5i5t to ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,! heavie/ s9s ( t aga9/ sci5ce1 inde$1 lie at ! door ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b to make t an exon]ation ( ! mod]n peoples z aga9/ ! anci5t w\ld be to load ! scales4 ,& ev5 ap>t f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* practically suppress$ all sci5ce = a ?\s& ye>s1 ! attitude ( ,prote/ant lead]s & ,prote/ant peoples1 f ,lu!r d[n to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has be5 "o ( hatr$ & p]secution t[>ds all sci5ce t cla%$ ) ! sacr$ books4 #gfa ,9 ! ,greek _w !re 0 m sci5tific discussion 9 ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s d[n to ,epicurus ?an took place 9 ! :ole ( ,*ri/ian ,europe 9 ?irte5 hundr$2 & ! am\nt ( actual viol5ce us$ t[>ds innovators 9 ! pagan p]iod1 ?\gh lam5table en\gh1 0 trifl+ 9 comp>ison ) t record$ 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 to say no?+ ( ! frightful annals ( wit*-burn+1 to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 civiliz$ hea!n hi/ory4 ,! critic1 too1 goes on to admit t1 :ile ,sokrates1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,ari/otle fell victims 9 diff]5t degrees to ! bigotry ( ! populace1 ( c\rse _! (f5ce 0 political r ?an religi\s4 ,!y 7 condemn$ n z h]etics1 b z innovators 9 ! /ate religion4 ,&1 z we h se51 all ?ree ( ! m5 nam$ taught 9 fre$om = _m ye>s till political faction turn$ popul> bigotry aga9/ !m4 ,! true measure ( ,a!nian n>r[ness is n to be rea*$1 !re=e1 )\t keep+ 9 view ! long s]ies ( mod]n outrages & mal$ictions aga9/ ! mak]s & introduc]s ( new ma*9]y1 & ! multitude ( su* episodes z ! treatm5t ( ,prie/ley 9 ,*ri/ian ,birm+ham1 little m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,on a full comp>ison ! ,greeks come out n ill4 ,x 01 9 fact1 impossible t ! ,greeks %\ld ei!r /ifle or p]secute sci5ce or free?\ght z x 0 ei!r /ifl$ or p]secut$ by anci5t ,jews 7:o _h almo/ no sci5ce by reason ( _! !ology7 or by mod]n ,*ri/ians1 simply because ! ,greeks _h no anti-sci5tific hi]atic lit]ature4 ,x rema9s pr(\ndly significant = sci5ce t ! anci5t civilization :i* on ! smalle/ area evolv$ ! mo/ admirable life1 :i* mo/ completely transc5d$ all ! s\rces f :i* x orig9ally drew1 & left a record by :i* m5 are /ill *>m$ & taught1 0 a civilization z ne>ly z might be )\t ,sacr$ ,books1 )\t an organiz$ prie/hood1 & ) ! l>ge/ measure ( democratic fre$om t ! anci5t _w ev] saw4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,rome #a ,! ,romans1 s mu* lat] ?an ! ,greeks 9 _! intellectual developm5t1 7 9 "s respects peculi>ly apt--9 ! case ( _! upp] class--to accept free?9k+ ideas :5 ,greek rationalism at l5g? rea*$ !m4 ,aft] receiv+ f _! ,greek neighb\rs 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 ! pre-hi/oric p]iod1 ! g]ms ( high] culture1 9 p>ticul> ! alphabet1 !y r retrograd$ ?an progress$ = c5turies1 ! v alphabet deg5]at+ = lack ( lit]>y activity #gfb 9 ! abs5ce ( any culture class1 & "u ! "o-idea'd rule ( ! l&[n+ ari/ocracy1 ^: b5t to milit>y aggression 0 correlative to ! smallness ( ! ,roman facilities = comm]ce4 ,9 ! e>li] ages ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( writt5 lore 0 a specialty ( a few prie/s1 & 0 limit$ to _! purposes1 :i* includ$ "s keep+ ( annals4 #gfc ,! use ( writ+ = purposes ( family records seems to h be5 ! fir/ lit]>y developm5t among ! patrician laity4 #gfd ,9 ! e>ly republican p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! same conditions ( relative pov]ty1 milit>ism1 & ari/ocratic emulation prev5t$ any developm5t ev5 ( ! prie/hood beyond ! rudim5t>y /age ( a primitive civic function2 & ! :ole ( ^! conditions 9 comb9ation kept ! ,roman ,pan!on peculi>ly %ad[y1 & ! ,roman my?ology abnormally undevelop$4 ,! "* ( ! religion ( ! ,romans has be5 usually expla9$ 9 ! old mann]1 9 t]ms ( _! p>ticul> g5ius & lack ( g5ius4 ,on ?is view ! ,romans primordially t5d$ to d :atev] !y did--to be slightly religi\s 9 "o p]iod1 & highly s 9 ano!r4 ,teuffel q unconsci\sly r$uces ! !orem to absurdity 9 two phrases3 ,z long z ! peculi> "* ( ! ,roman nation rema9$ unalt]$ 444 7,hi/4 ( ,roman ,lit4 ed4 ,s*wabe1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijj1 i1 #b73 ! peculi> ,roman "* _h n[ come to an end1 & = ev] 7id4 p4 #abc74 ,by no writ] has ! subject be5 m unphilosophically treat$ ?an by ,momms51 ^: *apt] on ,roman religion 7vol4 i1 *4 xii7 is an insoluble s]ies ( contradictions4 7,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 pp4 #aae-ag47 ,m4 ,boissi] contradicts himself h>dly less /rangely1 alt]nately pron\nc+ ! ,lat9 religion timid & confid5t1 pro/rate & dignifi$ 7,la religion roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9s1 #d;e dit4 i1 #g1 #h1 #bf1 #bh74 ,bo? writ]s ascribe e *>act]i/ic ( ,roman religion to ! "* ( ! ,romans 9 ! lump--a me?od :i* excludes any ord]ly conception4 ,x mu/ be ab&on$ if !re is to be any true compreh5sion ( ! subject4 ,o!r v]dicts ( ?is k9d by ,ihne1 ,jevons1 & o!rs1 w no bett] be> exam9ation4 7,see ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 pt4 i1 *4 iii1 #c47 ,dr4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ! late/ ,engli% speciali/ to h&le ! "q1 confid5tly supports ! /range !sis 7dat+ f ,s*w>tz7 t ! multitude ( deities & daimons ( ! e>ly ,lat9s 7 nev] ?\ght ( z p]sonal1 or z possess+ sex1 until ,greek my?ology & sculpture set ! fa%ion ( su* conceptions1 :]eupon ?is lat] & =eign notion ( div9ity s completely took possession ( ! m9ds ( ! ,romans ( ! cosmopolitan city t ,v>ro is ! only writ] :o has pres]v$ ! tradition ( ! old] way ( ?9k+ 7,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 #aiaa1 p4 #adg74 ,t is to say1 ! conception ( ! ,gods 9 ! imageless p]iod 0 an old] way ( ?9k+1 9 :i* deities call$ by male & female names1 & (t5 address$ z ,pat] & ,mat]1 7 n really ?\ght ( z an?ropomorphic at all6 ,h[ ! e>ly ,romans conceiv$ _! non-imag$ deities ,dr4 ,f[l] naturally does n attempt to sugge/4 ,we get m]ely ! unreason$ & unexpla9$ negative =mula t we may take x z c]ta9 t ev5 ! great] deities ( ! cal5d>1 ,janus1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,quir9us1 & ,ve/a1 7 n ?\ght ( z exi/+ 9 any s5se 9 human =m1 nor z p]sonal be+s hav+ any human *>act]i/ics4 ,! e>ly ,romans 7 de/itute ( my?ological fancy4444 ,ei!r1 !n1 ! e>ly ,romans 7 psy*ologically ali5 to e o!r primitive or b>b>ic p1 z kn[n to mod]n an?ropology1 or1 by p>ity ( reason+1 all an?ropomorphism is ! spontane\s creation ( sculptors1 :o _h no gr\nd :atev] 9 previ\s psy*osis = mak+ images ( ,gods4 ,! ,greeks1 on ?is view1 _h no an?ropomorphic notion ( _! deities until sudd5ly sculptors began to make images ( !m1 :]eupon ev]ybody promptly & ob$i5tly an?ropomorphiz$6 ,! way out ( ?is hopeless !orem is indicat$ = ,dr4 ,f[l] by 8 own repeat$ obs]vation t ! ,roman jus div9um1 9 :i* he f9ds s little sign ( normal my?ological fancy1 repres5t$ ! delib]ately re/rictive action ( an (ficial prie/hood = :om all religio 0 a k9d ( ,/ate magic or m$ic9e4 ,he expressly insi/s 7p4 #bd7 on ! wond]ful "w done by ! e>ly au?orities f ! ,/ate 9 elim9at+ f _! rule ( wor%ip 7jus div9um7 almo/ all t 0 magical1 b>b>\s1 or1 z lat] ,romans w\ld h call$ x1 sup]/iti\s 7,lect4 ii1 p4 #bd2 cp4 ,lect4 iii474 ,he ev5 incl9es to ! view t ! patrician religion 0 really ! religion ( an invad+ race1 l t ( ! ,a*ans 9 ,greece1 engraft$ on ! religion ( a primitive & less civiliz$ population 7pp4 viii1 #bc74 ,?is !sis is n necess>y to ! rebuttal ( 8 previ\s negation2 b x obvi\sly resi/s x1 unless we are to make ! ^w ,roman apply only to patricians4 ,an invad+ tribe might1 9 ! case ( ,rome z 9 t ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 ab&on ord9>y & localiz$ primitive beliefs :i* x _h held 9 its previ\s home1 & !reaft] be (ficially reluctant to recognize ! local sup]/itions ( its conqu]$ plebs4 ,b ! ,roman case c be und]/ood )\t assum+ any cont9uity ( racial div]g5ce4 ,livy %[s u t ! ,lat9 peasantry 71 if possible1 m giv5 to sup]/iti\s fe>s & panics ?an any o!r1 con/antly report+ port5ts & prodigia :i* call$ = ,/ate ritual1 & emb>rass+ milit>y policy by _! appreh5sions4 ,a patrician prie/hood1 conc]n$ above all ?+s = public polity1 w\ld 9 su* circum/ances naturally seek to m9imize ! p]sonal side ( ! popul> my?ology1 treat+ all ord]s ( div9ity z m]e classes ( p[]s to be appeas$4 ,! fact 7id4 p4 #bi7 t among ! e>ly ,romans1 z among o!r primitives1 wom5 7 rigidly exclud$ f c]ta9 sacra po9ts to a fur!r gr\nd = keep+ out ( (ficial sight ! sex life ( ! ,gods4 ,b ! v ritual =mula ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 ,sive deus sive dea 7p4 #adi71 proves t ! deities 7 habitually ?\ght ( z p]sonal1 & male or female4 ,dr4 ,f[l] alt]nately & inconsi/5tly argues t ! vulg> m9d 0 ready to ?9k ( ,god-c\ples 7p4 #aeb71 & t ! conjunctions ( mascul9e & fem99e names 9 ! ,roman ,pan!on d n repres5t popul> ideas ( ! deities1 b rituali/ic =ms ( invocation 7p4 #aec74 ,! answ] is t ! popul> m9d is ! matrix ( my?ology1 & t if a ,/ate ritual giv5 to m9imiz+ my?ology recogniz$ a giv5 habit ( my?-mak+ x 0 presumably abundant outside4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole academic process ( r$uc+ e>ly ,roman religion to some?+ unp>allel$ 9 an?ropology is z ill-f\nd$ 9 ! data z x is repugnant to sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ,greek & ,roman religion is to be expla9$ by ! culture-hi/ory ( ! two peoples2 & t1 9 turn1 0 det]m9$ by _! geographical situation & _! special contacts4 ,roman life 0 made sy/ematically agricultural & milit>i/ by its initial circum/ances1 :]e ,greek life 9 civiliz$ ,asia ,m9or became indu/rial1 arti/ic1 & lit]>y4 ,! special g5ius ( ,hom]1 or ( v>i\s memb]s ( an ord] ( b>ds develop$ by e>ly colonial-feudal ,grecian conditions1 w\ld inde$ c\nt = mu* by giv+ p]man5t arti/ic def9it5ess ( =m to ! ,greek ,gods1 :]e ! e>ly ,romans1 leav+ all ! vocal arts ma9ly to ! cons]vative c>e ( _! wom5 & *ildr5 z some?+ b5ea? adult male notice1 miss$ ! utilization ( poetic g5ius among !m till !y 7 long pa/ ! p]iod ( romantic simplicity 7cp4 ,momms51 bk4 i1 *4 #ae2 ,eng4 tr4 #ahid1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bhe-cjj74 ,h5ce ! comp>ative ab/ractness ( _! unsung ,gods 7cp4 ,s*wegl]1 ,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 i1 #bbe-bh1 & refs42 ,boissi]1 ,la religion roma9e1 z cit$1 i1 #h71 & ! abs5ce ( su* a lit]>y my?ology z 0 evolv$ & pres]v$ 9 ,greece by local patriotisms "u ! /imulus ( ! great epopees & trag$ies4 ,! doctr9e t ! ,italian is defici5t 9 ! passion ( ! he>t1 & t !re=e ,italian lit]ature has nev] produc$ a true epos or a g5u9e drama 7,momms51 *4 #ae1 vol4 i1 p4 #bhd71 is "o ( a ?\s& samples ( ! fallacy ( expla9+ a ph5om5on 9 t]ms ( itself4 ,teuffel ) equal futility affirms ! contr>y3 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( poetry1 dramatic poetry seems aft] all to be mo/ 9 con=mity ) ! "* ( ! ,roman p 7z cit$1 p4 #c2 cp4 p4 #bh z to ! epos74 ,on ! same v]bali/ me?od1 ,momms5 decides z to ! ,etruscan religion t ! my/icism & b>b>ism ( _! wor%ip _h _! f\ndation 9 ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,etruscan p 7*4 #ab1 p4 #bcb74 ,s*wegl] gives a m objective view ( ! facts1 b1 l o!r ,g]man writ]s :om he cites1 errs 9 speak+ ( e>ly deities l ,picus z only aspects ( ,m>s1 n realiz+ t ,m>s is m]ely ! surviv+ or develop$ deity ( t type4 ,he also commits ! conv5tional error ( suppos+ t ! e>ly ,roman religion is fundam5tally mono!i/ic or pan!i/ic1 because ! multitud9\s ab/ract deities are only aspects ( ! g5]al =ce ( ,nature4 ,! notion t ! ,romans did n an?ropomorphize _! deities l all o!r peoples is a surpris+ fallacy4 ,?us :5 ,rome1 advanc+ 9 ! c>e] ( conque/1 _h develop$ a l>ge ari/ocratic class1 liv+ a city life1 ) leisure = intellectual int]e/s1 & _h come 9 cont9u\s contact ) ! conqu]$ ,grecian cities ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 its educat$ m5 und]w5t a lit]>y & a rationali/ic influ5ce at ! same "t1 & 7 ! m ready to give up all practical belief 9 _! own slightly-def9$ ,gods :5 !y f\nd ,greeks expla9+ away !irs4 ,"h we see once m ! prim>y hi/oric process by :i* m5 are l$ to realize ! ill-f\nd$ "* ( _! h]$it>y cre$s3 ! p]ception is indirectly set up by ! reflective recognition ( ! cre$s ( o!rs1 & all ! m readily :5 ! o!rs give a critical lead4 ,inde$1 ,greek rationalism 0 already old :5 ! ,romans began to develop a writt5 & arti/ic lit]ature3 x _h ev5 tak5 on ! popul> =m giv5 to x by ,evm]os a c5tury be=e ! ,romans took x up4 ,d\btless !re 0 skepticism among ! latt] be=e ,ennius3 su* a piece ( religi\s proc$ure z ! inv5tion ( a ,god ( ,silv] 7,arg5t9us71 son ( ! ,god ( ,copp] 7sculanus71 on ! introduction ( a silv] curr5cy1 #bfi ,b4,c41 mu/ h be5 smil$ at by ! m intellig5t4 #gfe ,momms5 /ates 7ii1 #gj7 t at ?is epo* ! ,romans kept equally alo( f sup]/ition & unbelief1 b ?is is inaccurate on bo? sides4 ,! n>rative ( ,livy exhibits among ! p a b\ndless & habitual sup]/ition4 ,! records ( absurd prodigies ( e sort s ?rong 8 pages t he himself repeat$ly v5tures to make light ( !m4 ,talk+ ox51 skies on fire1 %[]s ( fle%1 cr[s & mice eat+ gold1 riv]s fl[+ blood1 %[]s ( milk--su* 7 ! reports *ronically made to ! ,roman gov]nm5t by its pi\s subjects1 & foll[$ by anxi\s religi\s c]emonies at ,rome 7cp4 ,livy1 iii1 #e1 #aj2 x1 #bg2 xi1 #bh-ce2 xxiv1 #dd2 xxvii1 #d1 #aa1 #bc1 etc41 etc4 ,9 ! index to ,drak5bor*'s ,livy !re are ov] five columns ( ref]5ces to prodigia74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh sup]/ition 0 c]ta9ly ! rule1 !re are traces ( rationalism4 ,on ! next page aft] t cit$1 ,momms5 himself admits t ! fai? ( ! p _h already be5 %ak5 by ! int]f]5ce all[$ to ! prie/ly colleges 9 political matt]s2 & 9 ano!r *apt] 7bk4 ii1 *4 #ac2 vol4 ii1 #aab7 he recalls t a consul ( ! ,claudian g5s _h je/$ op5ly at ! auspices 9 ! fir/ ,punic w>1 #bdi ,b4,c4 ,! /ory is told by ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 ii1 #c1 & ,suetonius1 ,tib]ius1 c4 #b4 ,! sacr$ p\ltry1 on be+ let out ( _! coop on bo>d %ip1 w\ld n fe$1 s t ! auspices c\ld n be tak52 :]eupon ! consul caus$ !m to be ?r[n into ! wat]1 etiam p] jocum ,deos inrid5s1 say+ !y might dr9k if !y w\ld n eat4 ,8 colleague ,junius 9 ! same w> also disreg>d$ ! auspices2 & 9 bo? cases1 accord+ to ,balbus ! ,/oic 9 ,cic]o's treatise1 ! ,roman fleets 7 duly defeat$2 :]eupon ,claudius 0 condemn$ by ! p1 & ,junius committ$ suicide4 ,cp4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 l4 i1 c4 iv1 #c4 ,su* /ories w\ld =tify ! age-long sup]/ition z to auspices & om5s1 :i* 0 9 full =ce among ,greek comm&]s z late z ,x5ophon1 :5 _m cultur$ ,greeks 7 rationali/s4 ,b x 0 ma9ly a matt] ( r\t9e1 9 a sph]e :]e free?\ght is sl[ to p5etrate4 ,!re 0 probably no ?\ght ( je/+ :51 9 ! ye> #aic ,b4,c41 aft] m5 _h gr[n we>y alike ( e>?quakes & ( ! religi\s s]vices prescrib$ on acc\nt ( !m2 & aft] ! consuls _h be5 worn out by sacrifices & expiations1 x 0 decre$ t if on any day a s]vice _h be5 arrang$ = a report$ e>?quake1 no "o %\ld report ano!r on t day 7,livy1 xxxiv1 #ee74 ,cato1 :o w\ld nev] h dreamt ( dep>t+ f a ,roman cu/om1 0 ! au?or ( ! say+ 7,cic]o1 ,de ,div4 ii1 #bd7 t h>uspices might well laugh 9 ea* o!r's faces4 ,he _h 9 view ! ,etruscan practice1 be+ able to see ! folly ( t1 ?\gh n ( 8 own4 ,cp4 ,momms51 iii1 #aaf4 ,z to ! ,etruscan orig9 ( ! h>uspices1 9 di/9ction f ! augurs1 see ,s*wegl]1 i1 #bgf1 #bgg2 ,ihne1 ,eng4 ed4 i1 #hb-hc1 note2 & ,o4 ,mll] z !re cit$4 ,b x is ) ! translation ( ! ,sacr$ ,hi/ory ( ,evm]os by ,ennius1 ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 t ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ,roman free?\ght beg9s4 ,9 view ( ! position ( ,ennius z a tea*] ( ,greek & belles lettres 7he be+ ( ,greek desc5t1 & born 9 ,calabria71 x _c be suppos$ t he w\ld op5ly translate an anti-religi\s treatise )\t ! g5]al acquiesc5ce ( 8 ari/ocratic patrons4 ,cic]o says ( him t he foll[$ z well z translat$ ,evm]os2 #gff & 8 fav\rite ,greek dramati/s 7 ! free?9k+ ,euripides & ,epi*>mos1 f bo? ( :om he translat$4 #gfg ,! popul> sup]/itions1 9 p>ticul> ^? ( soo?say+ & div9ation1 he %>ply attack$4 #gfh ,if 8 patrons all ! :ile /ood ob/9ately to ! traditional usages ( (ficial augury & ritual1 x 0 9 ! _s ( political cons]vatism t belong$ to _! class & _! civic ideal1 & on ! pr9ciple t religion 0 necess>y = ! control ( ! multitude4 ,9 ,etruria1 :]e ! old culture _h run l>gely to my/icism & soo?say+ on quasi-ori5tal l9es1 ! ,roman gov]nm5t took c>e to enc\rage x1 by secur+ ! !ological monopoly ( ! upp]-class families1 #gfi & ?us set up a /&+ hot-b$ ( sup]/ition4 ,9 ! same _s !y adopt$ f "t to "t popul> cults f ,greece1 t ( ! ,phrygian ,"m ( ! ,gods be+ introduc$ 9 ! ye> #bjd ,b4,c4 ,! attempt 7#ahf ,b4,c47 to suppress ! ,bac*ic my/]ies1 ( :i* a di/ort$ & extravagant acc\nt #ggj is giv5 by ,livy1 0 made on gr\nds ( policy & n ( religion2 & ev5 if ! majority ( ! s5ate _h n be5 dispos$ to enc\rage ! popul> appetite = emotional =eign wor%ips1 ! multitude ( _! own accord w\ld h introduc$ ! latt]1 9 res5tm5t ( ! exclusiv5ess ( ! patricians 9 keep+ ! old dome/ic & national cults 9 _! own h&s4 #gga ,z n[ ea/]n conque/s multipli$ ! numb] ( =eign slaves & resid5ts 9 ,rome1 ! =eign wor%ips multipli$ ) !m2 & ) ! wor%ips came su* =ms ( free?\ght z !n exi/$ 9 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,egypt4 ,9 resi/ance to ^!1 z to ! orgia/ic wor%ips1 political & religi\s cons]vatism = a "t comb9$4 ,9 #agc ,b4,c4 ! ,greek ,epicurean philosoph]s ,alkaios & ,philiskos 7 bani%$ f ! city1 #ggb a /ep :i* 0 sure to increase ! int]e/ 9 ,epicureanism4 ,twelve ye>s lat] ! ,catonic p>ty c>ri$ a curt decree 9 ! ,s5ate aga9/ ! ,greek rhetors1 #ggc uti ,romae ne ess5t2 & 9 #aee ! int]e/ ar\s$ by ,c>neades & ! o!r ,a!nian ambassadors l$ to _! be+ sudd5ly s5t home1 on ,cato's urg+4 #ggd ,x seems c]ta9 t ,c>neades made conv]ts to skepticism1 among !m be+ ! illu/ri\s ,scipio milianus4 #gge ,9 ! sequel ! ,greeks multipli$1 especially aft] ! fall ( ,mac$onia1 #ggf & 9 ! ye> #ib we f9d ! c5sors veto+ ! practices ( ! ,lat9 rhetors z an unpleas+ novelty1 #ggg ?us leav+ ! ,greeks 9 possession ( ! field4 #ggh ,b1 ! g5]al social t5d5cy be+ d[nw>ds1 x 0 only a "q ( "t :5 ! rationalism %\ld be ov]gr[n by ! sup]/ition4 ,9 #acg !re _h be5 ano!r va9 edict aga9/ ! =eign soo?say]s & ! wor%ipp]s ( ,sabazius2 #ggi b x 0 su* cults t 7 to p]si/1 :ile ! old ,roman religion pass$ away1 #ghj save ins(> z x _h a non-lit]>y survival among ! peasantry4 #b ,:ile self-gov]nm5t la/$1 rationalism among ! cultur$ classes 0 fairly common4 ,! great poem ( ,lucretius1 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s1 ) its en?usia/ic exposition ( ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus1 rema9s to %[ to :at a height ( s9c]ity & ard\r a ,roman free?9k] c\ld rise4 ,no ,greek utt]ance t has come d[n to u makes s direct & =ceful an attack z 8 on religion z a social in/itution4 ,he is practically ! fir/ sy/ematic free?9k+ propag&i/2 s full is he ( 8 purpose t aft] 8 /ately prologue to alma ,v5us1 :o is = him b a p]sonification ( ! g5etic =ces ( ,nature1 he plunges /raight into 8 impea*m5t ( religion z a f\l tyranny f :i* ?9k+ m5 7 fir/ fre$ by ,epicurus4 ,! sonor\s v]se vibrates ) an indignation su* z ,%elley's 9 ,que5 ,mab3 religion is figur$ z horribili sup] aspectu mortalibus in/ans2 a little fur!r on its de$s are d5\nc$ z scel]osa atque impia1 wick$ & impi\s1 ! religi\s t]m be+ ?us turn$ aga9/ itself2 & a mov+ picture ( ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia ju/ifies ! :ole4 ,to s mu* ( evil c\ld religion p]suade4 ,x is ) a bitt] consci\sness ( ! fatal hold ( ! hat$ ?+ on mo/ m5's ignorant imag9ation t he goes on to speak ( ! fe>s #gha s assidu\sly wr\ght ^u by ! vates1 & to set up ) /r5u\s spe$ ! vividly-imag9$ sy/em ( ,epicurean sci5ce by :i* he seeks to =tify 8 fri5d aga9/ !m4 ,t no ?+ comes f no?+1 or lapses into no?+2 t matt] is et]nal2 t all ?+s proce$ )\t ! ,gods by un*ang+ law1 are 8 insi/5t !mes2 & = nigh two ?\s& ye>s a religi\s _w has li/5$ ) a reluctant respect4 ,8 influ5ce is admitt$ to h be5 high] & nobl] ?an t ( ! religion he assail$4 ,lucretius 0 ! fir/ n only to reveal a new p[]1 beauty1 & my/]y 9 ! _w1 b also to communicate to poetry a speculative impulse1 op5+ up1 ) a m impassion$ appeal ?an philosophy c d1 ! great que/ions und]ly+ human life--su* z ! tru? ( all religi\s tradition1 ! position ( man 9 ! univ]se1 & ! attitude ( m9d & c\rse ( conduct dem&$ by t position4 7,sell>1 ,roman ,poets ( ! ,republic3 ,virgil1 #ahgg1 p4 #aii47 ,9 ! eyes ( ,lucretius all wor%ip seem$ prompt$ by fe> & bas$ on ignorance ( natural law4444 ,b x is nev]!less true t ,lucretius 0 a great religi\s poet4 ,he 0 a prophet1 9 deadly e>ne/1 call+ m5 to r5\nce _! errors bo? ( ?\ght & conduct4444 ,we may be c]ta9 t he 0 absolutely conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( all t he wrote4 7,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 #aiji1 pp4 #cbg-bh47 ,& yet ?r\gh\t ! :ole p[]ful poem we h te/imony to ! pupill>y "* ( ,roman ?\ght 9 relation to ,grecian4 ,h[ev] mu* ! e>ne/ /ud5t may outgo 8 ma/]s 9 emphasis & zeal ( utt]ance1 he nev] transc5ds ! orig9al irrationality ( ass]t+ t ! ,gods exi/2 albeit x is _! glory to d no?+4 ,x is 9 pictur+ _! ineffable peace t he rea*es "s ( 8 f9e/ /ra9s ( song1 #ghb ?\gh 9 ! next brea? he repudiates e idea ( _! control ( ?+s cosmic or human4 ,he swe>s by _! sacr$ brea/s1 proh sancta deum pectora1 & _! life ( tranquil joy1 :5 he w\ld express mo/ vehem5tly 8 scorn ( ! ?\ght t x c be !y :o hurl ! lightn+s :i* haply de/roy _! own temples & /rike d[n alike ! j & ! unju/4 ,x is a survival ( a q primitive conception ( deity1 #ghc alongside ( an advanc$ anti-religi\s criticism4 ,! explanation ( ! anomaly seems to be tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,roman ?\ght _h n liv$ long en\gh--x nev] did live long en\gh--to /& confid5tly on its own feet & criticize its ,greek tea*]s4 ,9 ,cic]o's treatise ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,gods1 ! ,epicurean & ! ,/oic 9 turn retail _! doctr9e z !y _h x f _! s*ool1 ! ,epicurean affirm+ ! exi/5ce & ! inaction ( ! ,gods ) equal confid5ce1 & repeat+ )\t a misgiv+ ! =mula ab\t ! ,gods hav+ n bodies b quasi-bodies1 ) n blood b quasi-blood2 ! ,/oic1 :o /&s by mo/ ( ! old sup]/itions1 pr(ess+ to h 8 philosophical reasons = !m4 ,ea* sect>ian d]ides ! beliefs ( ! o!r2 nei!r c criticize 8 own cre$4 ,x w\ld seem z if 9 ! habitually milit>i/ society1 ev5 :5 x turns to philosophy1 !re mu/ prevail a milit>i/ e?ic & psy*osis 9 ! intellectual life1 ea* man *oos+ a flag or a lead] & fight+ ?r\gh ?ick & ?9 on t side h5ce=?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5tation ( ! high-prie/ ,cotta 9 ! dialogue turns to simil> purpose ! k9dr$ pr9ciple ( civic tradition4 ,he argues 9 turn aga9/ ! ,epicurean's sci5ce & ! ,/oic's sup]/ition1 conte/+ alike ! claim t ! ,gods are indiff]5t & ! claim t !y gov]n2 & 9 ! end he braz5ly affirms t1 :ile he sees no s\nd philosophic argum5t = religi\s beliefs & practices1 he ?9ks x is ju/ifiable to ma9ta9 !m on ! score ( prescription or ance/ral example4 ,"h we h ! s5atorial or cons]vative pr9ciple1 #ghd avail+ itself ( ! skeptical dialectic ( ,c>neades4 ,9 t]ms ( t ideal1 :i* prevail$ alike ) believ]s & indiff]5ti/s1 #ghe & m$iat$ betwe5 su* rival s*ools z ! ,epicurean & ,/oic1 we may p>tly expla9 ! ,epicurean !orem itself4 ,= ! re/1 x is to be und]/ood z an outcome p>tly ( surviv+ s5tim5t & p>tly ( =c$ compromise 9 ! case ( its ,greek fram]s1 & ( ! habit ( p>tizan loyalty 9 ! case ( its ,roman adh]5ts4 ,9 ! argum5ts ( ,cotta1 ! unbeliev+ high-prie/1 we presumably h ! doctr9e ( ,cic]o himself1 #ghf :o 9 ! ,academica av[s 8 admiration ( ,c>neades's reason+1 & 9 ! ,de ,div9atione foll[s x1 b 0 an*or$ by (ficialism to ,/ate usage4 ,) 8 vacillat+ "*1 8 =5sic habit1 & 8 g5ius = m]e spee*1 he c\ld n b betray 8 own lack ( intellectual conviction2 & su* weakness z 8 f\nd its natural support 9 ! pr9ciple ( use & wont1 ! practice & tradition ( ! commonweal?4 ,on t foot+ he _h x 9 him to boa/ l any p$igre$ patrician ( ! hi/oric religi\sness ( ,rome1 he himself ! :ile be+ devoid ( all confid5t religi\s belief4 ,8 rhetoric on ! subject c h>dly be o!rwise e/imat$ ?an z %e] hu/+s hypocrisy4 ,d\btless he gave philosophic col\r to 8 practice by not+ ! hopeless conflict ( ! cre$s ( ! positive sects1 v mu* z 9 our own day cons]vative dialectic f9ds a gr\nd = religi\s con=mity 9 ! misc>riages ( ! m5 ( sci5ce4 #ghg ,b ,cic]o does n seem ev5 to h _h a religi\s s5tim5t to cov] ! nak$ness ( 8 political opportunism4 ,n only does he 9 ! ,tusculan ,disputations put aside 9 ! ,platonic fa%ion all ! ,hom]ic tales :i* an?ropomorphize & discr$it ! ,gods2 #ghh b 9 8 treatise ,on ,div9ation he %[s an absolute disbelief 9 all ! recogniz$ practices1 includ+ ! augury :i* he himself (ficially practis$2 & 8 sole excuse is t !y are to be reta9$ on acc\nt ( popul> op9ion & ( _! great public utility4 #ghi ,z to prodigies1 he puts 9 g]m ! argum5t lat] made fam\s by ,hume3 ei!r ! ?+ c\ld happ5 79 ! c\rse ( nature7 or x c\ld n2 if x c\ld n1 ! /ory is false2 if x c\ld1 non esse mir&um--!re is no miracle4 #gij ,9 8 c\ntless private lett]s1 aga91 he %[s n a trace ( religi\s feel+1 #gia or ev5 ( int]e/ 9 ! que/ions :i* 9 8 treatises he decl>es to be ( ! fir/ importance4 #gib ,ev5 ! doctr9e ( immortality1 to :i* he repeat$ly returns1 seems to h be5 = him1 z = s _m ,*ri/ians s9ce1 only a =5sic !me1 nev] a s\rce ( ! private consolation he ascrib$ to x4 #gic ,9 ,cic]o's case1 9 f9e1 we rea* ! conclusion t ei!r ! not$ incon/ancy ( 8 "* p]vad$ all 8 ?9k+1 or t 8 gift = m]e utt]ance1 & 8 demoraliz+ c>e] z an advocate1 ov]bore 9 him all s9c]e reflection4 ,b1 inde$1 ! practical subv]sion ( all rational e?ic 9 ! public life ( late republican ,rome1 :]e9 m5 claim$ to be free & self-gov]n+1 yet liv$ by oppress+ ! re/ ( ! _w1 0 on all h&s fatal to ! moral rectitude :i* inspires a critical philosophy4 ,mod]n s*ol>%ip /ill cl+s to ! long-e/abli%$ view t ,cic]o 0 practically "r1 & t ,lucretius 0 practically wrong4 ,augu/us1 says ,dr4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 0 =tunate 9 f9d+ 9 ,virgil "o :o 0 9 "s s5se a prophet z well z a poet1 :o c\ld urge ! ,roman by an imag9ative example to return to a liv+ pietas--n m]ely to ! old religi\s =ms1 b to ! intellig5t s5se ( duty to ,god & man :i* _h built up 8 "* & 8 empire4 ,9 ,cic]o's day !re 0 also a great poet1 he too 9 "s s5se a prophet2 b ,lucretius c\ld only appeal to ! ,roman to %ake (f ! sl\gh ( 8 old religion1 & su* an appeal 0 at ! "t bo? futile & dang]\s4 ,look+ at ! matt] hi/orically1 & n !ologically1 we ought to sympa?ize ) ! attitude ( ,cic]o & ,scaevola t[>ds ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 bas$ on a /atesmanlike in/9ct2 & _h x be5 possible = t in/9ct to express itself practically 9 a positive policy l t ( ,augu/us1 x is q possible t mu* mis*ief might h be5 av]t$ 7,social ,life at ,rome1 pp4 #cbe-bf74 ,x is necess>y to po9t out 7#a7 t ! e>ly ,roman's s5se ( duty to ,god & man 0 nev] ( a k9d t c\ld fitly be t]m$ intellig5t2 & 7#b7 t x 0 8 "* t made 8 cre$1 & n 8 cre$ 8 "*1 ?\gh cre$ once =m$ reacts on conduct4 ,fur!r1 x may be p]mitt$ to sugge/ t we might consid] hi/orical problems morally1 & to deprecate ! academic view t /atesman%ip is some?+ necess>ily divorc$ f v]acity4 ,! imp]fect appeal ( ,lucretius to ! _s ( tru? 9 an ignorant & piratical community1 liv+ an increas+ly p>asitic life1 0 c]ta9ly futile2 b x is a /range sociology t sees 9 x some?+ dang]\s1 :ile reg>d+ ! life ( p]petual conque/ & plund] z a matt] ( c\rse1 & ! practice ( sy/ematic deceit z :olesome4 ,! summ>y ( ! situation is t ,cic]o's policy ( religi\s make-believe c\ld no m h sav$ ,rome ?an ,plato's c\ld h sav$ ,a!ns1 or ?an t ( ,augu/us did save ! empire4 ,x w5t d[nhill ab\t z /eadily aft] z be=e him2 & x cont9u$ to d s "u ,*ri/ianity z "u paganism4 ,! decl9e 0 absolutely involv$ 9 ! policy ( univ]sal conque/2 & nei!r cre$s nor criticism ( cre$s c\ld h av]t$ ! result :ile ! cause subsi/$4 ,b !re is some?+ gratuit\sly anti-rational 9 ! !sis t su* a decay might h be5 prev5t$ by a politic manipulation ( beliefs kn[n to be false1 & t "s reg5]ation 0 really work$ 9 ,rome by ! tale ( pi\s neas4 ,9 8 ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p 7#aiaa7 ,dr4 ,f[l] is m circumspect4 ,9 ! upp]-class ,rome ( ,cic]o's day 8 type seems to h be5 pr$om9ant1 #gid ! wom5 alone be+ 9 ! mass or?odox1 #gie & 9 _! case ! t5d5cy 0 to add new sup]/itions to ! old4 ,among public m5 !re subsi/$ a cle> und]/&+ t public religion %\ld cont9ue = reasons ( ,/ate4 ,:5 we f9d an em95t politician l ! eld] ,m4 milius ,scaurus prosecut$ 9 ! ye> #ajc ,b4,c4 on a *>ge ( neglect+ c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies connect$ ) 8 (fices1 we "k t !re _h be5 nei!r consci5ti\s ab/5tion on 8 "p nor s9c]e religi\s res5tm5t on ! o!r side1 b m]ely a resort by political enemies1 aft] ,greek prec$5t1 to a popul> means ( black5+ an antagoni/2 = ! same ,scaurus1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! college ( augurs1 _h actually rebuilt or re/or$ ! temple ( ,fides1 said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,numa1 & t ( ,m5s 7,prud5ce71 :i* _h be5 set up aft] ! great defeat ( ! ,romans at ! ,trasim5e lake2 #gif ! e>ly & ! late proc$ure alike illu/rat+ ! political & pragmatic "* ( ! ,/ate religion4 #gig ,9 ! supreme figure ( ,julius ,cs> we see ! ,roman bra9 at its /ronge/2 & nei!r 8 av[$ unbelief 9 ! already popul> doctr9e ( immortality1 #gih nor 8 repeat$ly express$ contempt = ! auspices1 #gii )held him f hold+ & fulfill+ ! function ( high pontiff4 ,! process ( skepticism _h be5 rapid among ! m5 ( action4 ,! illit]ate ,m>ius c>ri$ ab\t ) him a ,syrian prophetess2 ( ,sulla1 :o unhesitat+ly plund]$ ! temple ( ,delphi1 x 0 said t he c>ri$ a small figure ( ,apollo z an amulet2 #hjj ( ,cs>1 unless ins(> z x may be true t 9 8 la/ ye>s1 l ,napoleon1 he grew to believe 9 om5s z 8 p[]s fail$1 "u ! /ress ( p]petual conflict1 #hja x _c be pret5d$ t he 0 aught b a conv9c$ free?9k]4 #hjb ,! greate/ & mo/ intellectual man ( action 9 ! anci5t _w _h no "p 9 ! fai? :i* 0 suppos$ to h det]m9$ ! success ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! anci5t nations4 ,dean ,m]ivale1 not+ t ,cs> pr(ess$ )\t res]ve ! pr9ciples ( ! unbeliev]s1 obs]ves t1 free?9k] z he 01 he c\ld n escape f ! univ]sal ?raldom ( sup]/ition 9 :i* 8 contempor>ies 7 held 7,hi/4 ( ! ,romans "u ! ,empire1 ed4 #ahfe1 ii1 #dbd74 ,! reproa*1 f a prie/1 is piquant1 b mislead+4 ,all ! /ories on :i* x is f\nd$ apply to ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s ( ,cs>'s life2 & suppos+ !m to be all true1 :i* is v d\btful1 !y w\ld b prove :at has be5 sugge/$ above--t ! ov]/ra9$ soldi]1 ris+ to ! dizzy height ( a trem5d\s c>e]1 p>tly lo/ 8 m5tal balance1 l s _m ano!r4 7,cp4 ,mackail1 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 #ahie1 p4 #hj47 ,su* is ! be>+ ( ! d\btful /ory 7,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxviii1 #b7 t aft] ! break+ d[n ( a *>iot 7presumably ! casualty :i* took place 9 8 f\rfold triumph2 see ,dio ,cassius1 xlviii1 #ba7 he nev] m\nt$ ano!r )\t mutt]+ a *>m4 ,m4 ,boissi] 7i1 #gj7 makes ! /atem5t ( ,pl9y apply to ,cs>'s :ole life2 b al?\gh ,pl9y gives no p>ticul>s1 ev5 ,dean ,m]ivale 7p4 #cgb7 connects x ) ! accid5t 9 ! triumph4 ,to ! same "t belongs ! less *all5geable record 7,dio ,cassius1 lx1 #bc7 ( 8 climb+ on 8 knees up ! /eps ( ! ,capitol to propitiate ,nemesis4 ,! v que/ionable leg5d1 appli$ s (t5 to o!r capta9s1 ( 8 say+1 ,i h !e1 ,africa1 :5 he /umbl$ on l&+ 7,sueton4 ,jul4 #ei71 is a pro( n ( sup]/ition b ( pres5ce ( m9d 9 *eck+ ! sup]/iti\s fe>s ( ! troops1 & 0 s und]/ood by ,suetonius2 z 0 ! r flimsy /ory ( 8 tak+ ) him 9 ,africa a man nicknam$ ,salutio 7,sueton4 ibid47 to neutralize ! luck ( ! oppos+ ,cornelii4 ,! :ole turn giv5 to ! details by ! cl]ical hi/orian is arbitr>y & unjudicial4 ,nor is he accurate 9 say+ t ,cs> d5i$ ! ,gods 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,he actually swore by !m1 p] ,deos immortales1 9 ! next s5t5ce to t 9 :i* he d5i$ a future /ate4 ,! ass]tion ( ! hi/orian 7p4 #dbc71 t 9 d5y+ ! immortality ( ! s\l ,cs> d5i$ ! recogniz$ f\ndation ( all religion1 is a no less surpris+ error4 ,! doctr9e nev] _h be5 s recogniz$ 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,a ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ic might h be5 expect$ to rememb] t ! ,jewi% religion1 believ$ by him to be div9e1 0 devoid ( ! recogniz$ f\ndation 9 "q1 & t ! canonical book ( ,ecclesia/es expressly disc>ds x4 ,( c\rse ,cs> (f]$ sacrifices to ,gods 9 :om he did n believe4 ,t 0 ! habitual proc$ure ( 8 age4 #c ,x is significant t ! decay ( rationalism 9 ,rome beg9s & proce$s ) ! ,empire4 ,augu/us1 ^: *os5 "n 0 sac]dotal 9 its "*1 #hjc made x "p ( 8 policy to re/ore z f> z possible ! anci5t cults1 _m ( :i* _h fall5 into extreme neglect1 betwe5 ! indiff]5ce ( ! ari/ocratic class #hjd & ! devotion ( ! populace1 itself s l>gely ali51 to ! m attractive wor%ips introduc$ f ,egypt & ! ,ea/4 ,t he 0 himself a habitually sup]/iti\s man seems c]ta92 #hje b ev5 _h he n be51 8 policy w\ld h be5 natural f ! ,roman po9t ( view4 ,a hi/orian ( two c5turies lat] puts 9 ! m\? ( ,mc5as an imag9$ c\nsel to ! "y emp]or to v5]ate & en=ce ! national religion1 to exclude & p]secute =eign cults1 to put d[n alike a!ism & magic1 to control div9ation (ficially1 & to keep an eye on ! philosoph]s4 #hjf ,:at ! empire s\ght above all ?+s 0 /ability2 & a regim5 ( religion1 "u imp]ial control1 seem$ "o ( ! likelie/ ways to keep ! p docile4 ,julius himself _h seem$ to plan su* a policy1 #hjg ?\gh he also plann$ to e/abli% public libr>ies1 #hjh :i* w\ld h>dly h promot$ fai? among ! educat$4 ,augu/us1 h[ev]1 aim$ at enc\rag+ public religion ( e description1 repair+ or rebuild+ eighty-two temples at ,rome alone1 giv+ !m ri* gifts1 re/or+ old fe/ivals & c]emonies1 re9/itut+ prie/ly colleges1 enc\rag+ special =eign wor%ips1 & sett+ up new civic cults2 himself play+ high pontiff & jo9+ ea* new prie/hood1 to ! end ( mak+ 8 p[] & pre/ige s f> id5tical ) !irs2 #hji 9 brief1 anticipat+ ! lat] rul+ pr9ciple ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! natural up%ot ( ! :ole process 0 ! imp]ial apo!osis1 or rais+ ( ea* emp]or to ,godhead at dea?4 ,! usage ( deify+ liv+ rul]s 0 long be=e common 9 ,egypt & ! ea/1 #haj & _h be5 adopt$ by ! conqu]+ ,sp>tan ,lys&] 9 ,asia ,m9or z readily z by ! conqu]+ ,alex&]4 ,julius ,cs> seems to h put x aside z a nause\s flatt]y2 #haa b ,augu/us wr\ght x into 8 policy4 ,x 0 ! consummation at once ( ! old political conception ( religion & ( ! new autocracy4 ,9 a society s manag$1 all hope ( return to self-gov]nm5t hav+ ceas$1 ! level ( ?\ght sank accord+ly4 ,!re 0 practically no m active free?\ght4 ,livy1 inde$1 speaks s (t5 ( ! contempt %[n 9 8 own day = tales ( prodigies1 & ( :at he calls contempt = ! ,gods1 #hab t !re c be no "q ( ! lack ( religion among ! upp] classes at ! beg9n+ ( ! empire4 ,b ev5 9 ,livy's day unbelief _h ceas$ to g beyond a %rugg+ ( ! %\ld]s4 ,horace1 ) 8 cr$at ,judu ,apella1 & 8 frank rejection ( ! fe> ( ! ,deos tri/es1 #hac 0 no believ]1 b he 0 n "o to cross ! emp]or1 #had & he 0 ready to l5d himself to ! (ficial policy ( religion4 #hae ,ovid c\ld satirize #haf ! di%one/ m]*ant :o pray$ to ! ,gods to absolve 8 frauds2 b he hail$ ,augu/us z ! sacr$ f\nd] & re/or] ( temples1 #hag pray$ = him z su*1 busi$ himself ) ! ar*ology ( ! cults1 & made x1 n q )\t irony1 a maxim to sp>e an accept$ belief4 #hah ,virgil1 at he>t a pan!i/ ) rationali/ic lean+s1 #hai b sadly divid$ betwe5 ,lucretius & ,augu/us1 8 poetical & 8 political ma/]s1 #hbj tells all ! transition f ! w\ld-be sci5tific to ! newly-cr$ul\s age 9 ! two wi/ful l9es3-- ,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas 444 ,=tunatus et ille1 ,deos qui novit agre/es #hba --happy he :o has be5 able to le>n ! causes ( ?+s2 =tunate also he :o has kn[n ! rural ,gods4 ,! ,gods1 rural & o!r1 ent]$ on _! due h]itage 9 a _w ( decad5ce2 ,virgil's epic is a religi\s celebration ( antiquity2 & ,livy's hi/ory is writt5 9 ! cr$ul\s _s1 or at lea/ 9 ! tone1 ( an old] "t1 ) a few concessions to rec5t common s5se4 #hbb ,9 ! next g5]ation ,s5eca's mono!i/ic av]sion to ! popul> sup]/itions is ! high-wat] m>k ( ! p]iod1 & repres5ts ! elevat+ p[] ( ! high] ,greek ,/oicism4 ,on ?is score he belongs to ! free?9k+ age1 :ile 8 !i/ic apriorism belongs to ! next4 #hbc ,all ! :ile 8 pr9ciple ( con=mity to all legal obs]vances #hbd leaves him p[]less to modify ! environm5t4 ,z ! empire proce$s1 ! e*oes ( ! old free?\ght become few] & few]4 ,x is an entire misconception to suppose t ,*ri/ianity came into ! ,roman _w z a sav+ c\nt]-=ce to lic5ti\s unbelief4 ,unbelief _h 9 l>ge "p disappe>$ be=e ,*ri/ianity made any headway2 & t cre$ came z "o ( _m popul> cults1 succe$+ 9 t]ms ( its v>i\s adaptations to ! special conditions1 moral & economic4 ,x 0 easy = ! populace ( ! empire to deify a rul]3 z easy z = ^? ( ! ,ea/ to deify ,jesus2 or = ! e>ly ,romans to deify ,romulus2 at ,rome x 0 ! p1 n[ s l>gely ( ali5 /ock1 :o _h mo/ insi/$ on deify+ ,cs>4 #hbe ,b ! upp] class soon kept pace ) !m 9 ! ze/ = religion4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury1 ! eld] ,pl9y recalls ! _s ( ,lucretius by ! indignant eloqu5ce ) :i* he prote/s aga9/ ! burd5some belief 9 immortality2 #hbf & ! emphasis ) :i* he sc\ts alike ! poly!ism ( ! multitude1 ! univ]sal wor%ip ( ,=tune1 & ! idea t man c "k ! inf9ite div9ity :i* is ! univ]se2 #hbg b1 ?\gh ,s5eca & o!rs reject ! fe> ( future torm5t1 ,pl9y is ! la/ writ] to repudiate ) en]gy ! idea ( a future /ate4 #hbh ,a numb] ( epitaphs /ill *ime ) 8 view2 b already ! majority are on ! o!r side2 #hbi & ! fe> ( hell 0 normally z active z ! hope ( heav52 :ile ! belief 9 an approa*+ end ( ! _w 0 proportionally z common z x 0 lat] "u ,*ri/ianity4 #hcj ,& ?\gh ,pl9y1 discuss+ ! bases ( magic1 ( :i* he recogniz$ ! fraudul5ce1 ranks among !m ! influ5ces ( religion1 z to :i* he decl>$ mank9d to be /ill 9 extreme d>kness1 #hca we h se5 h[ he 9 turn1 on !i/ic gr\nds1 fr[n$ ^u ,hipp>*os = d>+ to numb] ! />s4 #hcb ,?us1 :atev] may be ! tru? z to ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! empire1 ! motive 0 9 all cases c]ta9ly political or moral1 z 9 ! e>li] case ( ! ,bac*ic my/]ies1 n rationali/ic ho/ility to its doctr9es z ap>t f ,*ri/ian attacks on ! e/abli%$ wor%ips4 ,"s unbeliev]s !re d\btless 7 aft] ,petronius1 ^: p]durable maxim t ,fe> fir/ made ,gods 9 ! _w1 #hcc adopt$ 9 ! next g5]ation by ,/atius1 #hcd 0 too pregnant ) tru? to miss all acceptance among ?9k+ m54 ,! fact t ,/atius 9 8 v]se rank$ ,domitian ) ! ,gods made its tru? none ! less po9t$4 ,! ,alex&rian rationali/ ,*a]emon1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ "o ( ! tutors ( ,n]o1 _h expla9$ ! ,egyptian religion z a m]e allegoriz+ ( ! physical ord] ( ! univ]se4 #hce ,x has be5 rem>k$ too t 9 ! next c5tury ! appo9tm5t ( ! free?9k+ ,greek ,lucian by ,m>cus ,aurelius to a po/ ( high au?ority 9 ,egypt %[$ t 8 writ+s gave no great (f5ce at c\rt1 #hcf :]e1 inde$1 save "u ! two great ,anton9es1 religi\s s]i\sness 0 r>e4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 ! exceptions3 ! :ole ca/ ( m9d develop$ "u ! autocracy1 :e!r 9 ! good or 9 ! bad1 made = belief & acquiesc5ce or sup]/ition r ?an = se>*+ d\bt & su/a9$ reason+4 ,! /atem5t ( ,mo%eim or ( 8 comm5tators 7,eccles4 ,hi/4 #a ,c5t4 ,pt4 ,i1 *4 i1 #ba1 note2 ,murdock's trans4 ,reid's ed47 t ,juv5al 7,sat4 xiii1 #hf7 compla9s ( ! _m a!i/s at ,rome is a p]v]sion ( ! passage cit$4 ,juv5al's allusion to ^? :o put all ?+s d[n to =tune & d5y a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w beg9s ) ! phrase sunt qui1 !re are 7^?7 :o2 he makes f> m acc\nt ( ! _m sup]/iti\s1 & nev] sugge/s t ! a!i/s are num]\s 9 8 day4 ,nei!r does he compla92 on ! contr>y1 8 allusion to ! a!i/s z su* is non-condemnatory z comp>$ ) 8 attacks on pi\s rogues1 & is ?us "p ( ! gr\nd = hold+ t he 0 himself some?+ ( a free?9k]--"o ( ! la/ among ! lit]>y m54 ,9 ! t5? ,satire 7#cdf sqq47 he puts ! slightly !i/ic doctr9e1 sometimes highly prais$ 7ed4 ,rup]ti1 #ahag1 9 loc471 t m5 %\ld n pray = any?+1 b leave ! decision to ! ,gods1 to :om man is de>] ?an to himself4 ,!re too occurs ! fam\s doctr9e 7#cef7 t if any?+ is to be pray$ = x %\ld be ! m5s sana 9 corpore sano1 & ! /rong s\l void ( ! fe> ( dea?4 ,! accompany+ phrase ab\t (f]+ ! inte/9es & ! sacr$ sausages ( a :iti% pig is flatly contemptu\s ( religi\s c]emonial2 & ! clos+ l9es1 plac+ ! s\rce ( virtue & happ9ess )91 are /rictly naturali/ic4 ,9 ! two la/3-- ,nullum num5 habes1 si sit prud5tia2 nos or s$ te ,nos facimus1 ,=tuna1 ,deam1 coeloque locamus1 ! frequ5t read+ abe/ = habes seems to make ! bett] s5se3 ,no div9ity is want+1 if !re be prud5ce2 b x is we1 ,o =tune1 :o make !e a ,goddess1 & ?rone !e 9 heav54 ,9 any case1 ! insi/5ce is on man's lord%ip ( himself4 7,! phrase occurs aga9 9 ,sat4 xiv1 #cae47 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,=tune--:i* ,pl9y decl>es to be ! prevail+ fai? ( 8 day 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,ii1 v 7vii71 #g7--0 itself a cult l ano!r1 ) temples & ritual2 & ! a/rology :i*1 he adds1 is beg9n+ to sup]s$e ,=tune-wor%ip among ! le>n$ & ! ignorant alike1 0 b a rev]sion to an old] ,ea/]n religion4 ,8 own pref]5ce is = sun-wor%ip1 if any2 b he falls back on ! conviction t ! p[] ( ,god is limit$1 & t ,god is ?us se5 to be simply ,nature 7id4 #h74 ,! errone\s notion t ! ,roman ari/ocracy ran ma9ly to a!ism 0 widely propagat$ by ,voltaire1 :o made x "p ( 8 argum5t aga9/ ! a!ism ( 8 own day 7,j5ni2 art4 ,a?isme1 9 ! ,dict4 ,philos41 etc474 ,x w n be> exam9ation4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al tone ( ,roman lit]ature f ! fir/ c5tury onw>ds1 ! summ+-up ( ,r5an is sub/antially j3 ,! free?9k]s 444 dim9i% little by little1 & disappe>4444 ,juv5al alone cont9ues 9 ,roman society1 d[n to ! "t ( ,hadrian1 ! expression ( a frank incr$ulity4444 ,sci5ce dies out f day to day4 ,f ! dea? ( ,s5eca1 x may be said t !re is no long] a ?or\ghly rationali/ic s*ol>4 ,pl9y ! ,eld] is inquisitive1 b uncritical4 ,tacitus1 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,suetonius1 avoid comm5t+ on ! inanity ( ! mo/ ridicul\s inv5tions4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] 7,ep4 vii1 #bg7 believes 9 pu]ile /ories ( gho/s2 ,epictetus 7xxxi1 #e7 w\ld h all practise ! e/abli%$ wor%ip4 ,ev5 a writ] s frivol\s z ,apuleius feels himself b\nd to take ! tone ( a rigid cons]vative ab\t ! ,gods 7,florida1 i1 #a2 ,de ,magia1 #da1 #ee1 #ef1 #fc74 ,a s+le man1 ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 seems entirely exempt f sup]natural beliefs2 t is ,lucian4 ,! sci5tific _s1 :i* is ! negation ( ! sup]natural1 exi/s only 9 a few2 sup]/ition invades all1 enfeebl+ all reason 7,les vangiles1 ed4 #ahgg1 pp4 #djf-djg74 ,t ! m5tal p>alysis connects causally ) ! political conditions w p]haps n n[ be d5i$4 ,a c5sor%ip ( ! writt5 ^w belongs cong5itally to autocracy2 & only ! p]sonal magnanimity ( ,cs> & ! prud5ce ( ,augu/us delay$ its developm5t 9 ,rome4 ,soon x became an irresi/ible t]rorism4 ,ev5 ,cs>1 inde$1 s f> =got "o ( ! great rules ( 8 life z to impea* be=e ! ,s5ate ! tribunes :o _h q ju/ifiably prosecut$ "s ( ! p :o _h hail$ him z k+2 #hcg & ! fact t ! ,s5ate 0 already slavi% en\gh to eject !m gives ! =eca/ ( ! future4 ,augu/us long %[$ a notable =be>ance to all mann] ( v]bal opposition1 & ev5 disp>agem5t2 b at l5g? he also began to prosecute = private asp]sions1 #hch & ev5 to suppress hi/ories ( a too critical /amp4 ,tib]ius began 8 reign ) ! high-pit*$ s5tim5t t 9 a free ,/ate tongue & m9d %\ld be free2 #hci & = a "t he bore himself ) an exempl>y re/ra9t2 b he too1 9 turn1 took ! col\r ( 8 place1 & became murd]\sly res5tful ( any semblance ( asp]sion on himself4 #hdj ,! fam\s s5tim5t ascrib$ to him 9 ! ,annals ( ,tacitus1 ,deorum injuriae diis curae #hda--! ,gods' wrongs are ! ,gods' bus9ess--is n not$ by ,suetonius1 & has an un-,roman s\nd4 ,:at ,suetonius tells is #hdb t he 0 v neglig5t conc]n+ ! ,gods & religions1 yet addict$ to ! a/rolog]s1 & a believ] 9 fate4 ,! fact rema9s t :ile1 z a=esaid1 !re mu/ h be5 /ill a numb] ( unbeliev]s1 !re is no sign aft] ,lucretius ( any ,roman propag&a aga9/ religion2 & ! presumption is t ! ,augu/an policy ( promot+ ! old cults 0 ext5d$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! ord9>y ,roman view t disrespect to ! ,gods 0 a dang] to ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! reign ( ,n]o we f9d trace ( a treatise ,de religionis erroribus by ,fabricius ,vej5to1 #hdc :]e9 0 ridicul$ ! zeal ( ! prie/s to proclaim my/]ies :i* !y did n und]/&2 b1 :e!r or n its au?or 0 exil$ & ! book burnt on _! prote/1 su* lit]ature 0 n fur!r produc$4 #hdd ,!re 01 9 fact1 no _s left = a ,lucretian polemic aga9/ false beliefs4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( a se>*+ criticism ( life 0 m5ac$ by ! autocracy2 ,n]o decree+ t no man %\ld philosophize at ,rome1 #hde aft] slay+ or bani%+ a s]ies ( philosoph]s2 #hdf ,domitian crucify+ ! v scribes :o copi$ ! "w ( ,h]mog5es ( ,t>sus1 9 :i* he 0 obliquely criticiz$4 #hdg ,:5 m5 9 ! mass cr\*$ be=e su* tyranny1 helplessly behold+ emp]or aft] emp]or ov]tak5 by ! madness t accrues to absolute p[]1 !y 7 disabl$ = any dis9t]e/$ w>f>e on behalf ( tru?4 ,all s]i\s impea*m5t ( religion proce$s ^u an e?ical motive2 & 9 imp]ial ,rome !re 0 no room = any nobility ( e?ic save su* z upbore ! ,/oics 9 _! au/]e pursuit ( self-control1 9 a _w too full ( evil to be delight$ 94 ,?us x came ab\t t ! ,cs>s1 :o w\ld d\btless h protect$ _! co-op]at+ prie/hoods f any s]i\s attack on ! (ficial religion1 #hdh _h practically no occasion to d s4 ,lucian's je/s 7 ca/ at ! ,gods ( ,greece1 n at ^? ( ! ,roman (ficial cults2 h5ce 8 immunity4 ,:at ! ,cs>s 7 conc]n$ to d 0 r to m5ace any ali5 religion t seem$ to und]m9e ! solid>ity ( ! ,/ate2 & ( su* religions1 fir/ ! ,jewi%1 & lat] ! ,*ri/ian1 7 obvi\s examples4 ,?us we h x t ,tib]ius put d[n =eign religions 7ext]nas c]emonias71 9 p>ticul> ! ,egyptian & ,judaic rites2 pull+ d[n ! temple ( ,isis1 crucify+ h] prie/s1 expell+ f ,rome all ,jews & proselytes1 & =c+ ! ,jewi% y\? to und]go milit>y s]vice 9 unheal?y climates4 #hdi ,ev5 ! a/rolog]s1 9 ^: lore he believ$1 he expell$ until !y promis$ to r5\nce _! art--a prec$5t p>tly set up by ,augu/us1 #hej & foll[$ ) v>y+ sev]ity by all ! emp]ors1 pagan & ,*ri/ian alike4 ,& /ill ! old ,italian religion wan$1 z x mu/4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,italic population 0 almo/ :olly replac$ or dilut$ by ali5 /ocks1 slave or free1 ) ali5 cults & cu/oms2 on ! o!r1 ! utt] ins9c]ity ( ! (ficial cults1 punctili\sly cons]v$ by well-paid1 unbeliev+ prie/s1 invit$ indiff]5ce4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s1 an un*ang+ cre$ is moribund2 life means adaptation to *ange2 & x 0 only ! ali5 cults t 9 ,rome adapt$ !mselves to ! psy*ic mutation4 ,among ! educat$1 :o _h read _! ,lucretius1 ! spectacle ( ! innum]able cults ( ! empire conduc$ ei!r to entire b tacit unbelief1 or to a species ( vaguely rationali/ic #hea yet s5tim5tal mono!ism1 9 :i* ,reason sometimes figur$ z univ]sal ,deity4 #heb ,among ! un$ucat$ ! progression 0 con/ant t[>ds "o or o!r ( ! emotional & rituali/ic ori5tal fai?s1 s mu* bett] adapt$ to _! d[n-trodd5 life4 #d ,"o elem5t ( bett]m5t !re 0 9 ! life ( decl9+ ,rome1 until ! ,roman ideals 7 sup]s$$ by ori5tal4 ,ev5 ! ,augu/an poets1 ,horace & ,ovid1 _h prote/$ l ! ,hebrew prophets1 & l ,plato & l ,cic]o1 aga9/ ! idea t ri* sacrifices avail$ ) ! ,gods above a pure he>t2 & su* doctr9e1 :ile paganism la/$1 prevail$ m & m4 #hec ,at ! same "t1 ,horace rejects ! ,judo-,/oic doctr9e1 adopt$ 9 ! gospels1 t all s9s are equal1 & lays d[n ! rational moral te/ ( utility--,utilitas ju/i prop mat] et aequi4 #hed ,! bett] & m ?\ghtful m5 :o grew up "u ! autocracy1 ?\gh inevitably feebl] & m cr$ul\s 9 _! ?9k+ ?an ^? ( ! lat] commonweal?1 develop$ at l5g? a conc]n = conduct1 public & private1 :i* l5ds dignity to ! lat] philosophic lit]ature1 & lu/re to ! imp]ial rule ( ! ,anton9es4 ,?is conc]n x 0 t1 l9k+ ,greek !ory to ,roman practice1 produc$ a code ( rational law :i* c\ld s]ve ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is conc]n too x 01 jo9$ ) ! relatively high moral quality ( _! !ism1 t ennobl$ ! writ+ ( ,s5eca #hee & ,epictetus & ,maximus ( ,tyre2 & irradiates ! words z well z ! rule ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,9 !m 0 anticipat$ all t 0 good #hef 9 ! lat] ,*ri/ian e?ic1 ev5 z ! popul> fai?s anticipat$ ! ,*ri/ian dogmas2 & !y *]i%$ a temp] ( s]5ity t ! ,fa!rs fell f> %ort (4 ,to comp>e _! pages ) ^? ( ! subsequ5t ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs--,s5eca ) ,lactantius1 ! ,*ri/ian ,cic]o2 ,maximus ) ,arnobius2 ,epictetus ) ,t]tullian2 ! admirable ,m>cus1 & 8 ideal ( ! de> city ( ,zeus1 ) ! %rill polemic ( ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god & ! hy/]ia ( ! ,confessions--is to prove a rapid desc5t 9 magnanimity1 sanity1 self-comm&1 sweetness ( _s1 & tol]ance4 ,:at figures z religi\s intol]ance 9 ! ,cs>s 01 z we h se51 always a political1 nev] a religi\s1 animosity4 ,any prosecution ( ,*ri/ians "u ! ,anton9es 0 c]ta9ly on ! score ( brea* ( law1 turbul5ce1 or real or suppos$ malpractices1 n on t ( h]esy--a crime creat$ only by ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 9 _! own conflicts4 ,! sci5tific acc\nt ( ! repell5t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,fa!rs1 ( c\rse1 is n t _! fai? made !m :at !y 71 b t ! ev]-wors5+ social & intellectual conditions assort$ su* types into _! ecclesia/ical places1 & secur$ = !m _! influ5ce ov] ! types n[ prevail+ among ! p4 ,!y too /& = ! intellectual dissolution wr\ght by imp]ialism4 ,:5 all ! high] =ms ( intellectual effici5cy 7 at an end1 x 0 impossible t on any religi\s impulse :atev] !re %\ld be g5]at$ ei!r a high] code ( life or a san] body ( ?\ght ?an ^? ( ! high] paganism ( ! pa/4 ,_! v argum5ts aga9/ paganism are l>gely drawn f old pagan s\rces4 ,^? :o /ill speak ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! anci5t _w z a process ( reg5]ation are m]ely turn+ hi/orical sci5ce out ( doors4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs _h all ! opportunity t a life ( quasi-intellectual specialism c\ld supply2 & _! lib]ty ( criticism z reg>d$ ! moribund pagan cre$s 0 a fur!r gymna/ic2 b no?+ c\ld c\nt]vail ! insanity ( _! intellectual presuppositions1 :i* !y c\ld n transc5d4 ,inh]it+ ! ,judaic hypnotism ( ! ,sacr$ ,book1 !y c\ld reason only z d rail]s2 & ! moral readju/m5t :i* put !m 9 revolt aga9/ ! erotic elem5t 9 pagan my?ology 0 a m]e sub/itution ( an ascetic neurosis = ! old disease ( imag9ation4 ,/rictly speak+1 _! asceticism1 be+ nev] rationaliz$1 nev] rose to ! level ( e?ic z di/+ui%$ f m]e taboo or sacrosanct cu/om4 ,z we %all see1 !y c\ld n :olly escape ! insurg5ce ( ! _s ( reason2 b !y collectively sc\t$ x ) a success atta9$ by no o!r o/5sibly educat$ prie/hood ( antiquity4 ,!y intellectually repres5t1 9 fact1 ! consummation ( ! g5]al ,m$it]ranean decad5ce4 ,= ! re/1 ! triumph ( ! new fai? 0 simply ! survival ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 &1 above all1 ( ! =m ( religi\s community1 be/ fitt$ to ! political & intellectual environm5t4 ,! new ,*ur* organization 0 above all ?+s a great economic end[m5t = a class ( prea*]s1 polemi/s1 & propag&i/s2 & betwe5 ! clos+ ( ! old sph]es ( public life & ! op5+ ( ! new1 #heg ! new fai? 0 e/abli%$ z mu* by political & economic conditions z by its intellectual adaptation to an age ( m5tal twilight4 ,( ! religion ( ! educat$ pagans 9 its la/ =ms1 !n1 x is f9ally to be said t x 0 m>k$ly rationali/ic z comp>$ ) ! ,*ri/ianity :i* foll[$1 & has be5 on t gr\nd /igmatiz$ by ,*ri/ian or?odoxy d[n till our own day4 ,! religion ( ,m>cus ,aurelius is self-rev]5ce1 self-/udy1 self-rule1 plus fai? 9 ,deity2 & x is n to be ga9said t1 next to 8 adoptive fa!r ,anton9us ,pius1 he rema9s ! noble/ mon>* 9 anci5t hi/ory2 ! ne>e/ p>allel be+ ! m sup]/iti\s b /ill noble ,julian1 ! la/ ( ! great pagan rul]s4 ,9 su* rul]s ! antique philosophy 0 9 a measure ju/ifi$ ( its *ildr52 & if x nev] taught !m to grapple ) ! va/ sociological problem set up by ! ,empire1 & s fail$ to pres]ve ! antique civilization1 x at lea/ did z mu* = !m 9 t reg>d z ! new fai? did = its foll[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,anci5t ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,its ,,oppon5ts #a ,! ,*ri/ian gospels1 broadly consid]$1 /& = a c]ta9 measure ( free?9k+ reaction aga9/ ! ,jewi% religion1 & are accord+ly to be reckon$ ) 9 ! pres5t inquiry2 albeit _! practical outcome 0 only an addition to ! _w's sup]naturalism & traditional dogma4 ,to e/imate aright _! %>e ( free?\ght1 we h b to consid] ! k9d & degree ( dem& !y made on ! reason ( ! anci5t li/5]1 z ap>t1 t is1 f ! dem& made on _! basis = ! recognition ( a new ,deity4 ,:5 ?is is done x w be f\nd t !y express 9 p>ts a process ( reflection :i* outw5t ev5 critical common s5se 9 a k9d ( ec/atic ,/oicism1 an ori5tal repudiation ( ! tyranny ( passions & appetites2 9 o!r p>ts a my/icism t proce$s z f> beyond ! cr$ulity ( ord9>y fai?4 ,socially consid]$1 !y embody a simil> opposition betwe5 an an>*i/ic & a p>tly or?odox or regulative ideal4 ,! pla9 inf]5ce is t !y /& = _m indep5d5t movem5ts ( ?\ght 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w4 ,x is actually on record t ! r$uction ( ! :ole law to love ( "o's neighb\r #heh 0 taught be=e ! ,*ri/ian era by ! fam\s ,rabbi ,hillel2 #hei & ! gospel itself #hfj %[s t ?is view 0 curr5t4 ,9 ano!r passage #hfa ! r$uction ( ! t5 comm&m5ts to five aga9 indicates a n uncommon disreg>d = ! ecclesia/ical side ( ! law4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two passages po9ts ( itself to v>i\s =ces ( relative free?\ght4 ,any att5tive /udy ( ! gospels discloses n m]ely mu* gloss+ & piec+ & int]polat+ ( docum5ts1 b a pla9 m$ley ( doctr9es1 ( ideals1 ( pr9ciples2 & to accept ! mass ( disconnect$ utt]ances ascrib$ to ! ,"l1 _m ( !m associat$ ) miracles1 z ! oral tea*+ ( any "o man1 is a proce$+ s uncritical t 9 no o!r /udy c\ld x n[ be foll[$4 ,! simple fact t ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 7by :omsoev] writt57 %[ no k ( any ,jesu9e miracles or tea*+s :atev]1 except z reg>ds ! ,la/ ,supp] 7#a ,cor4 xi1 #bd-be--;a passage obvi\sly int]polat$71 admits ( only ?ree possible int]pretations3 7#a7 ! ,jesus !n believ$ 9 _h n figur$ z a tea*] at all2 or 7#b7 ! writ] or writ]s gave no cr$it or atta*$ no importance to reports ( 8 tea*+s4 ,ei!r ( ^! views 7( :i* ! fir/ is pla9ly ! m plausible7 admits ( 7#c7 ! fur!r conclusion t ! ,paul9e ,jesus 0 n ! ,gospel ,jesus1 b an e>li] "o--a fair en\gh hypo!sis2 b on t view ! mass ( ,dom9ical utt]ances 9 ! gospels is only s mu* ! less c]tificat$4 ,:51 !n1 x is admitt$ by all op5-m9d$ /ud5ts t ! ev5ts 9 ! n>rative are 9 _m cases fictiti\s1 ev5 :5 !y are n miracul\s1 x is :olly inadmissible t ! say+s %\ld be tru/wor?y1 z "o man's tea*+s4 ,analys+ !m 9 collation1 we f9d ev5 9 ! ,synoptics1 & )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 su* wide discrepancies z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! doctr9e3 ! ,k+dom ( ,god is among y 7,lk4 xvii1 #ba71 side by side ) promises ( ! spe$y arrival ( ! ,son ( ,man1 ^: com+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god 7cp4 ,mt4 iii1 #b1 #c2 iv1 #ag2 ,mk4 i1 #ae74 #b4 ,! frequ5t pr(ession to sup]s$e ! ,law 7,mt4 v1 #ba1 #cc1 #ch1 #dc1 etc472 & ! express decl>ation t n "o jot or tittle !re( is to be sup]s$$ 7,mt4 v1 #ag-bj74 #c4 ,proclamation ( a gospel = ! poor & ! enslav$ 7,lk4 iv1 #ah72 ) ! tacit acceptance ( slav]y 7,lk4 xvii1 #g1 #i1 #aj2 :]e ! ^w translat$ s]vant 9 ! ,a4,v41 & let pass by ,mc,clellan1 ,blackad]1 & o!r re=m+ ,engli% critics1 c]ta9ly means slave74 #d4 ,/ipulation = ! simple fulfilm5t ( ! ,law z a passport to et]nal life1 ) or )\t fur!r self-d5ial 7,mt4 xix1 #af-ba2 ,lk4 x1 #bh2 xviii1 #bb72 on ! o!r h& a /ipulation = simple b5evol5ce1 z 9 ! ,egyptian ritual 7,mt4 xxv2 cp4 ,lk4 ix1 #dh72 & yet aga9 /ipulations = bl9d fai? 7,mt4 x1 #ae7 & = blood r$emption 7,mt4 xxvi1 #bh74 #e4 ,alt]nate promise 7,mt4 vi1 #cc2 xix1 #bi7 & d5ial 7,mt4 x1 #cd-ci7 ( temporal bless+s4 #f4 ,alt]nate comm&s to secrecy 7,mt4 xii1 #af2 viii1 #d2 ix1 #cj2 ,mk4 iii1 #ab2 v1 #dc2 vii1 #cf7 & to publicity 7,mt4 vii1 #g-h2 ,mk4 v1 #ai7 conc]n+ miracles1 ) a frequ5t record ( _! public p]=mance4 #g4 ,specific re/riction ( salvation to ,israelites 7,mt4 x1 #e1 #f2 xv1 #bd2 xix1 #bh72 equally specific decl>ation t ! ,k+dom ( ,god %all be to ano!r nation 7,mt4 xxii1 #dc72 no less specific assurance t ! ,son ( ,man 7n ! ,twelve z 9 ,mt4 xix1 #bh7 %all judge all nations1 n m]ely ,israel 7,mt4 xxv1 #cb2 cp4 viii1 #aa74 #h4 ,pr(ession to tea* all1 especially ! simple & ! *ildlike 7,mt4 xviii1 #c2 xi1 #be1 #bh-cj2 ,mk4 x1 #ae72 on ! contr>y1 a flat decl>ation 7,mt4 xiii1 #aj-af2 ,mk4 iv1 #aa2 ,lk4 viii1 #aj2 cp4 ,mk4 iv1 #cd7 t ! sav+ tea*+ is only = ! special disciples2 yet aga9 7,mt4 xv1 #af2 ,mk4 vi1 #eb2 viii1 #ag1 #ah7 imputations ( lack ( und]/&+ to !m4 #i4 ,companion%ip ( ! ,tea*] ) publicans & s9n]s 7,mt4 ix1 #aj72 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a ref]5ce to ! publicans z fall+ f> %ort ( ! ne$$ measure ( lov+-k9dness 7,mt4 v1 #df74 #aj4 ,explicit contr>ieties ( phrase1 n 9 context 7,mt4 xii1 #cj2 ,lk4 xi1 #ej74 #aa4 ,flat contradictions ( n>rative z to ! ,tea*]'s local success 7,mt4 xiii1 #ed-eh2 ,lk4 iv1 #bc74 #ab4 ,insi/5ce t ! ,messiah is ( ! ,davidic l9e 7,mt4 i2 xxi1 #ae2 ,lk4 i1 #bg2 ii1 #d71 & t he is n 7,mt4 xxii1 #dc-de2 ,mk4 xii1 #ce-cg2 ,lk4 xx74 #ac4 ,contradictory precepts z to limitation & non-limitation ( =giv5ess 7,mt4 xviii1 #ag1 #bb74 ,su* v>i\sly s]i\s discrepancies c\nt = m ?an ev5 ! *ronological & o!r div]g5ces ( ! records conc]n+ ! ,bir?1 ! ,supp]1 ! ,crucifixion1 & ! ,resurrection1 z pro(s ( div]sity ( s\rce2 & !y may be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,! only c\rse = criticism is to admit t !y /& = ! ideas ( a v>iety ( sects or movem5ts1 or else = an unlimit$ manipulation ( ! docum5ts by individual h&s4 ,_m ( !m may v well h come f v>i\s s-call$ ,lords & ,messiahs2 b !y _c be f a s+le tea*]4 ,!re rema9s op5 ! fasc9at+ problem z to :e!r "s if n all ( ! m notable tea*+s may n be ! utt]ances ( "o tea*] ( comm&+ orig9ality1 ^: sect>ies 7 ei!r unable to appreciate or unable to keep sep>ate 8 doctr9e4 #hfb ,und\bt$ly "s ( ! bett] tea*+s came fir/ f m5 ( sup]ior capacity & relatively deep e?ical exp]i5ce4 ,! veto on rev5ge1 & ! inculcation ( love to enemies1 c\ld n come f commonplace m9ds2 & ! say+ pres]v$ f ! ,gospel ,accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ,unless ye cease f sacrific+ ! wra? %all n cease f y1 has a rem>kable r+4 #hfc ,b :5 we comp>e ! precept ( =giv5ess ) simil> tea*+s 9 ! ,hebrew books & ! ,talmud1 #hfd we realize t ! capacity = su* ?\ght _h be5 %[n by a numb] ( ,jewi% tea*]s1 & t x 0 a specific result ( ! long sequ5ce ( wrong & oppression und]gone by ! ,jewi% p at ! h&s ( _! conqu]ors4 ,! unbe>able1 consum+ pa9 ( an impot5t hate1 & ! spectacle ( x 9 o!rs--?is exp]i5ce among ?\ghtful m51 & n an uncondition$ g5ius = e?ic 9 "o1 is ! s\rce ( a tea*+ :i*1 categorically put z x is 9 ! gospels1 misses its mean+ ) mo/ :o pr(ess to admire x2 ! pro( be+ ! entire failure ( mo/ ,*ri/ians 9 all ages to act on x4 ,to say no?+ ( simil> tea*+ 9 ,old ,te/am5t books & 9 ! ,talmud1 we h x 9 ! mo/ emphatic =m 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,slavonic ,eno*4 #hfe ,a sup]ior e?ic1 !n1 /&s n = "o man's sup]normal insight1 b = ! acquir$ wisdom ( a numb] ( wise m54 ,& x is n[ utt]ly impossible to "n ! individual fram]s ( ! gospel tea*+s1 good or bad4 ,! c5tral biography dissolves at e po9t be=e critical te/s2 x is a my?ical con/ruction4 #hff ,( ! ideas 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 _m are anci5t2 ( ! p>abolic & o!r tea*+s1 "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ occur only 9 ! ?ird gospel1 & are unque/ionably late4 ,& :5 we are ask$ to recognize a unique p]sonality beh9d any "o doctr9e1 su* z ! condemnation ( sacrifice 9 ! uncanonical ,hebrew ,gospel1 we c b answ] 7#a7 t on ! face ( ! case ?is doctr9e appe>s to come f a sep>ate circle2 7#b7 t ! r5unciation ( sacrifice 0 made by _m ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 #hfg & by e>li] tea*]s among ! ,hebrews2 #hfh & 7#c7 t 9 ! ,talmud1 & 9 su* a pre-,*ri/ian docum5t z ! ,slavonic ,eno*1 !re are tea*+s :i*1 _h !y occurr$ 9 ! gospels1 w\ld h be5 confid5tly cit$ z unp>allel$ 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,! ,talmudic tea*+s1 s vitally necess>y 9 ,jewry1 t x is bett] to be p]secut$ ?an p]secutor1 & t1 7 ! p]secutor a j man & ! p]secut$ an impi\s1 ,god w\ld /ill be on ! side ( ! p]secut$1 #hfi are n equall$ = practical purposes by any 9 ! ,*ri/ian sacr$ books2 & ! ,eno*ic beatitude1 ,bless$ is he :o looks to raise 8 own h& = lab\r1 #hgj is no less rem>kable4 ,b x is impossible to associate ^! tea*+s ) any out/&+ p]sonality1 or any specific movem5ts2 & to posit a movem5t-mak+ p]sonality 9 ! sole case ( c]ta9 scatt]$ say+s 9 ! gospels is critically inadmissible4 ,!re is positively no gr\nd = suppos+ t any select$ set ( tea*+s con/itut$ ! basis or ! orig9al propag&a ( any s+le ,*ri/ian sect1 prim>y or second>y2 & ! :ole kn[n hi/ory ( ! cult tells aga9/ ! hypo!sis t x ev] c5tr$ r\nd ^? tea*+s :i* to-day specially appeal to ! e?ical rationali/4 ,su* tea*+s are m likely to be adv5titi\s ?an fundam5tal1 9 a cult ( sacrificial salvation4 ,:5 an ess5tially rationali/ic note is /ruck 9 ! gospels1 z 9 ! insi/5ce #hga t a notable public cata/rophe is n to be reg>d$ 9 ! old ,jewi% mann] z a puni%m5t = s91 x is cancell$ 9 ! next s5t5ce by an int]polation :i* un9tellig5tly reaffirms ! v doctr9e d5i$4 #hgb ,s ) ! tea*+ #hgc t ! com+ wor%ip is to be nei!r ,judaic nor ,sam>itan3 ! next s5t5ce reaffirms ,jewi% p>ticul>ism 9 ! crude/ way4 ,! ma9 movem5t1 !n1 0 cle>ly sup]/iti\s4 ,x rema9s to note ! s-f> rationali/ic "* ( su* tea*+s z ! prote/s aga9/ c]emonialism & sabbat>ianism1 ! fav\r+ ( ! poor & ! outca/1 ! ext5sion ( ! future life to non-,israelites1 & ! express limitation ( pray] 7,mt4 vi1 #i2 ,lk4 xi1 #b7 to a simple expression ( religi\s feel+--a prescription :i* has be5 absolutely ignor$ ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 despite ! con/ant use ( ! "o pray] prescrib$--itself a compilation ( curr5t ,jewi% phrases4 ,! expression 9 ! ,dom9ical pray] translat$ ,give u ?is day or day by day our daily bread 7,mt4 vi1 #aa2 ,lk4 xi1 #c7 is po9tless & tautological z x /&s 9 ! ,engli% & o!r ,prote/ant v]sions4 ,9 v]se #h is ! assurance t ! ,fa!r kn[s be=eh& :at is ne$$2 ! pray] is1 !re=e1 to be a simple process ( communion or advocation1 free ( all v]biage2 !n1 to make x specially ask = ! necess>y subsi/5ce1 )\t :i* life w\ld cease1 & fur!r to make ! dem& ea* day1 :5 9 ! majority ( cases !re w\ld be no ne$ to (f] su* a reque/1 is to /ultify ! :ole4 ,if ! mo/ obvi\s necessity is to be urg$1 :y n all ! less obvi\s8 ,! ,vulgate translation1 ,give u to-day our sup]-sub/antial bread1 ?\gh x has ! air ( provid+ = ! ,mass1 is presumptively ! orig9al s5se2 & is virtually support$ by ,mc,clellan 7,n4 ,t4 #ahge1 ii1 #fde-dg71 :o notes t ! repeat$ use ( ! article1 ton arton hmn ton epi\sion1 implies a special mean+1 & rem>ks t ( all ! sugge/$ translations daily is ! v "o :i* is mo/ly manife/ly & utt]ly condemn$4 ,comp>e ! be>+ ( ! v]ses ,mt4 vi1 #be-bf1 #ca-cd1 :i* expressly exclude ! idea ( pray] = bread1 & ,lk4 xi1 #ac4 ,! idea ( a sup]-sub/antial bread seems already e/abli%$ 9 ,philo1 ,de ,legum ,allegor4 iii1 #ee-eg1 #ei-fa4 ,naturally ! av]age !ologian 7e4g41 ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 cit$ by ,mc,clellan7 cl+s to ! conception ( a daily appeal to ! ,god = physical su/5ance2 b 9 s do+ he is utt]ly obscur+ ! orig9al doctr9e4 ,prop]ly int]pret$1 ! pray] =ms a curi\s p>allel to ! close ( ! t5? satire ( ,juv5al1 above cit$1 :]e all pray+ = concrete boons is condemn$1 on ! gr\nd t ! ,gods "k be/1 & t man is de>] to !m ?an to himself2 b :]e !re is p]mitt$ 7( c\rse1 illogically7 an appeal = s\ndness ( m9d & spiritual s]5ity4 ,! docum5ts w\ld be ne>ly contempor>y1 &1 ?\gh indep5d5t1 w\ld repres5t k9dr$ processes ( e?ical & rational improvem5t on curr5t religi\s practice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pray]1 lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f evil--:i* aga9 r+s ali5 to ! context--w\ld h be5 sc\t$ by ,juv5al z repres5t+ a bad survival ( ! religion ( fe>4 ,sev]al e>ly citations & e>ly ,,mss41 x %\ld be not$1 give a brief] v]sion ( ! pray]1 beg9n+1 ,fa!r1 hall[$ be ?y "n1 & dropp+ ! ,?y w be done clause1 z well z ! deliv] u f evil1 ?\gh includ+ ! lead u n into temptation4 ,x may or may n h be5 t ?is rationalization ( religion 0 orig9ally prea*$ by ! same sect or s*ool z gave ! exalt$ c\nsel to resi/ n evil & to love enemies--a l9e ( ?\ght f\nd alike 9 ,india & 9 ,*9a1 &1 9 ! mod]ate =m ( a veto on retaliation1 9 ,greece & ,rome4 #hgd ,b x is inconceivable t ! same sect orig9ally laid d[n ! doctr9es ( ! blood sacrifice & ! f9al damnation ( ^? :o did n accept ! ,messiah 7,mt4 x74 ,! latt] dogmas1 ) ! my?s1 naturally became ! practical cre$ ( ! lat] ,*ur*1 = :i* ! c\nsel ( non-solicit\s pray] & ! love ( enemies 7 unimag9able ideals4 #hge ,equally incapable ( realization by a ,/ate ,*ur* 0 ! anti-,ph>isaical & ,bohemian attitude ascrib$ to ! f\nd]1 & ! _s ( indep5d5ce t[>ds ! reign+ p[]s4 ,= ! re/1 ! occult doctr9e t a little fai? might suffice to move m\nta9s--a developm5t f ! my/icisms ( ! ,hebrew prophets--c\ld c\nt = no?+ save z an incitem5t to pray] 9 g5]al4 ,! free?9k+ elem5ts 9 ! gospels1 9 %ort1 7 precisely ^? :i* hi/oric ,*ri/ianity inevitably ca/ aside4 #b ,already 9 ! ,epi/les ! incompatibility ( ! orig9al critical _s ) sect>ian policy has become cle>4 ,paul--if ! fir/ epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians be 8--exhorts 8 conv]ts to prove all ?+s1 hold fa/ :at is good2 #hgf & by way ( mak+ out ! ,*ri/i/ case aga9/ unpliable ,jews he argues copi\sly 9 8 own way2 b z soon z !re is a "q ( ano!r ,jesus #hgg be+ set up1 he is ! sect>ian fanatic pure & simple1 & he no m ?9ks ( apply+ ! c\nsel ( criticism to 8 dogma #hgh ?an ( act+ on 8 prescription ( love 9 controv]sy4 ,reason+s 7logism\s7 are specially /igmatiz$3 !y mu/ be ca/ d[n4 #hgi ,! attitude t[>ds slav]y n[ becomes a positive fiat 9 its support2 #hhj & all political free?9k+ is sup]s$$ by a c\nsel ( con=mity4 #hha ,! slight t\* ( rationalism 9 ! ,judaic epi/le ( ,james1 :]e ! pr9ciple ( works is oppos$ to t ( fai?1 is itself qua%$ by an anti-rational conception ( works4 #hhb ,f a sect s taught1 free?9k+ w\ld t5d to disappe>4 ,x c]ta9ly obtrud$ itself e>ly1 = we h ! ,paul9e compla9t #hhc t "s among y say !re is no ris+ f ! dead2 b m5 ( t way ( ?9k+ _h no cle> gr\nd = belong+ to ! community1 & w\ld soon be prea*$ out ( x1 leav+ only s mu* ( ! _s ( criticism z produc$ h]esies )9 ! sph]e ( sup]naturalism4 #c ,:5 ! new cre$1 spread+ ?r\gh ! ,empire1 comes actively 9 contact ) paganism1 ! rationali/ic pr9ciple ( anti-idolatry1 /ill pres]v$ by ! ,jewi% impulse1 comes into prom95ce2 & ins(> z !y criticiz$ pagan my?s & pagan image-wor%ip1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians may be said to h rationaliz$4 #hhd ,poly!i/s appli$ ! t]m a!i/ical alike to !m #hhe & ! ,jews4 #hhf ,z soon z ! cult 0 jo9$ by lett]$ m51 ! primitive rationalism ( ,evm]os 0 turn$ by !m to acc\nt2 & a s]ies ( ,fa!rs1 includ+ ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,arnobius1 ,lactantius1 & ,augu/9e1 press$ ! case aga9/ ! pagan cre$s ) an unflagg+ malice :i*1 if exhibit$ by lat] rationali/s t[>ds _! own cre$1 ,*ri/ians w\ld *>act]ize 9 /rong t]ms4 ,b ! practice ( criticism t[>ds o!r cre$s 01 ) ! religi\s z ) ! philosophical sects1 no help to self-criticism4 ,! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian mass t[>ds pagan idols & ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or 0 r "o ( fr5zy #hhg ?an ( intellectual sup]iority2 #hhh & ! ,fa!rs nev] seem to h f\nd a rationali/ic discipl9e 9 _! polemic aga9/ pagan beliefs4 ,:]e ! unbeliev+ ,lucian brightly bant]s1 !y taunt & asp]se1 9 ! temp] ( b>b>ians d]id+ ! ,gods ( ! enemy4 ,none ( !m seems to realize ! be>+ aga9/ 8 own cre$ ( ! pagan argum5t t to die & to suff] is to give pro( ( non-deity4 #hhi ,9 ! end1 ! v image-wor%ip :i* _h be5 ! ma9 gr\nd ( _! rational attack on paganism became ! univ]sal usage ( _! own ,*ur*2 & its wor%ip ( sa9ts & angels1 ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,virg9 ,"m1 made x m truly a poly!ism ?an ! cre$ ( ! lat] pagans _h be54 #hij ,x is !re=e r to ! h]esies )9 ! ,*ur* ?an to its attacks on ! old poly!ism t we are to look = e>ly ,*ri/ian survivals ( anci5t rationalism2 & = ! mo/ "p1 aft] ! practically rationali/ic refusal ( ! e>ly ,ebionites to accept ! doctr9e ( ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 #hia ^! h]esies 7 b comb9ations ( o!r !osophies ) ! ,*ri/ian4 ,already 9 ! spuri\s ,epi/les to ,timo?y we h allusion to ! anti!ses ( ! gnosis #hib or pret5d$ occult k2 & to e>ly ,gno/ic influ5ces may be attribut$ ^? passages 9 ! gospel1 above cit$1 :i* affirm t ! ,messiah's tea*+ is n = ! multitude b = ! adepts4 #hic ,all along1 ,gno/icism #hid /ood = ! influ5ce ( old] sy/ems on ! new fai?2 an influ5ce :i* among ,g5tiles1 untra9$ to ! cult ( sacr$ books1 mu/ h seem$ absolutely natural4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,ammonios ,saccas1 ( ,alex&ria1 said to h be5 born ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts1 set up a s*ool :i* s\ght to bl5d ! ,*ri/ian & ! pagan sy/ems ( religion & philosophy into a pan!i/ic :ole1 9 :i* ! old ,gods figur$ z subord9ate dmons or z allegorical figures1 & ,*ri/ z a re=m]4 #hie ,! special lean+ ( ! s*ool to ,plato1 ^: sy/em1 already 9 vogue among ! s*ol>s ( ,alex&ria1 _h m aff9ity ?an any ( its rivals #hif to ,*ri/ianity1 secur$ = x adh]5ts ( _m religi\s %ades1 #hig & enabl$ x to develop an influ5ce :i* p]man5tly affect$ ,*ri/ian !ology2 ?is be+ ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity ent]$4 ,accord+ to ,mo%eim1 almo/ no o!r philosophy 0 taught at ,alex&ria d[n to ! six? c5tury4 #hih ,only :5 ! regulative zeal ( ! ,*ur* _h begun to draw ! l9es ( cre$ def9itely #hii on anti-philosophic l9es did ! syncretic s*ool1 z repres5t$ by ,plot9us1 ,porphyry1 & ,hi]ocles1 #ijj decl>e itself aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,among ! ,*ur* sects1 z di/+ui%$ f ! philosophic1 ! syncretic t5d5cy 0 h>dly less ! vogue4 ,"s ( ! lead+ ,fa!rs ( ! second c5tury1 9 p>ticul> ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig51 %[ ! ,platonic influ5ce /rongly1 #ija & are giv51 ! latt] 9 p>ticul>1 to a rem>kably free treatm5t ( ! sacr$ books1 see+ allegory :]ev] cr$5ce _h be5 made difficult by previ\s sci5ce1 #ijb or inconv5i5t by accept$ dogma4 ,b 9 ! multiplicity ( ,gno/ic sects is to be se5 ! ma9 pro( ( ! ef=t ( ,*ri/ians1 be=e ! complete collapse ( ! anci5t civilization1 to ?9k ) "s fre$om on _! religi\s problems4 #ijc ,9 ! t]ms ( ! case--ap>t f ! ,judaiz+ ( ! ,elcesaites & ,clem5s ,romanus--! ?\ght is an adaptation ( pagan speculation1 *iefly ori5tal & ,egyptian2 & ! commone/ *>act]i/ics are3 7#a7 9 !ology1 an explanation ( ! moral confusion ( ! _w by assum+ two oppos$ ,p[]s1 #ijd or by sett+ a v>iety ( good & bad subord9ate p[]s betwe5 ! _w & ! ,supreme ,be+2 & 7#b7 9 e?ics1 an insi/5ce ei!r on ! inh]5t corruptness ( matt] or on ! incompatibility ( hol9ess ) physical pleasure4 #ije ,! sects influ5c$ *iefly f ,asia tea*1 z a rule1 a doctr9e ( two great oppos+ ,p[]s2 ^? influ5c$ f ,egypt seek r ! solution ( gradation ( p[] "u "o *ief ,god4 ,all alike %[$ "s ho/ility to ! pret5sions ( ! ,jews4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,saturn9us ( ,antio* 7second c5tury7 taught ( a ,good & an ,evil ,p[]1 & t ! _w & man 7 made by ! sev5 planet>y spirits1 )\t ! k or cons5t ( ei!r ,p[]2 bo? ( :om1 h[ev]1 s\ght to take control1 ! ,good ,god giv+ m5 rational s\ls1 & subject+ !m to sev5 ,creators1 "o ( :om 0 ! ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,*ri/ 0 a _s s5t to br+ m5 back to ! ,good ,god2 b only _! asceticism c\ld avail to consummate ! s*eme4 7,ir5u1 ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 i1 #bd2 ,epiphanius1 ,hreses1 xxiii47 #b4 ,simil>ly1 ,m>cion 7son ( a bi%op ( ,pontus7 plac$ betwe5 ! good & bad ,p[]s ! ,creator ( ! l[] _w1 :o 0 ! ,god & ,lawgiv] ( ! ,jews1 a mix$ nature1 b j3 ! o!r nations be+ subjects ( ! ,evil ,p[]4 ,jesus1 a div9e _s s5t by ! ,supreme ,god to save m51 0 oppos$ by bo? ! ,god ( ! ,jews & ! ,evil ,p[]2 & asceticism is ! way to c>ry out 8 sav+ purpose4 ,( ! same ca/ 7 ! sects ( ,b>desanes & ,tatian4 7,ir5u1 ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 i1 #bg1 #bh2 ,epiphanius1 ,hreses1 c4 #ef2 ,eusebius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 iv1 #cj4 ,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #g-i4 ,z to ,m>cion1 see ,h>nack1 ,outl9es1 *4 v2 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 pt4 iii1 #g1 #ab1 #ac2 ,ir5u1 iv1 #bi1 #cj2 ,t]tullian1 ,aga9/ ,m>cion47 #c4 ,! ,mani*ean cre$ 7attribut$ to ! ,p]sian ,mani or ,mani*u1 ?ird c5tury7 proce$$ on ! same duali/ic l9es4 ,9 ?is ! human race _h be5 creat$ by ! ,p[] ( ,evil or ,d>kness1 :o is ! ,god ( ! ,jews1 & h5ce ! body & its appetites are primordially evil1 ! good elem5t be+ ! rational s\l1 :i* is "p ( ! ,p[] ( ,light4 ,by way ( comb9+ ,*ri/ism & ,mi?raism1 ,*ri/ is virtually id5tifi$ ) ,mi?ra1 & ,mani*u claims to be ! promis$ ,p>aclete4 ,ultimately ! ,evil ,p[] is to be ov]come1 & kept 9 et]nal d>kness1 ) ! few lo/ human s\ls4 ,"h aga9 ! e?ic is extremely ascetic1 & !re is a doctr9e ( purgatory4 7,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 iii1 *4 i2 ,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #c ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #b-aa2 ,beausobre1 ,hi/4 ,critique de ,mani*e et du ,mani*isme1 #agcd2 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 ( ! ,gospels1 pt4 ii1 *4 lxiii47 #d4 ,among ! ,egyptian ,gno/ics1 aga91 ,basilides taught t ! "o ,supreme ,god produc$ sev5 p]fect second>y ,p[]s1 call$ ons 7,ages71 two ( :om1 ,dynamis & ,sophia 7,p[] & ,wisdom71 procreat$ sup]ior angels1 :o built a heav51 & 9 turn produc$ l[] grades ( angels1 :i* produc$ o!rs1 till !re 7 #cfe grades1 all rul$ by a ,pr9ce nam$ ,abraxas 7^: "n yields ! numb] #cfe74 ,! l[e/ grades ( angels1 be+ close to et]nal matt] 7:i* 0 evil by nature71 made !re( ! _w & m54 ,! ,supreme ,god !n int]v5$1 l ! ,good ,p[] 9 ! ori5tal sy/em1 to give m5 rational s\ls1 b left !m to be rul$ by ! l[] angels1 ( :om ! ,pr9ce became ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,all det]iorat$1 ! ,god ( ! ,jews becom+ ! wor/4 ,!n ! ,supreme ,god s5t ! ,pr9ce ( ! ons1 ,*ri/1 to save m5's s\ls4 ,tak+ ! =m ( ! man ,jesus1 he 0 sla9 by ! ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,despite *>ges to ! contr>y1 ?is sy/em too 0 ascetic1 ?\gh l5i5t to paganism4 ,simil> t5ets 7 held by ! sects ( ,c>pocrates & ,val5t9us1 all ris+ 9 ! second c5tury2 ,val5t9us sett+ up ,?irty ons1 male & female1 9 pairs1 ) f\r unm>ri$ males1 gu>dians ( ! ,pl]oma or ,heav5--namely1 ,horus1 ,*ri/1 ! ,holy ,_s1 & ,jesus4 ,! y\nge/ on1 ,sophia1 br\ght =? a daught]1 ,a*amo? 7,sci5tia71 :o made ! _w out ( rude matt]1 & produc$ ,demi\rgos1 ! ,artific]1 :o fur!r manipulat$ matt]4 7,ir5u1 bk4 i1 *s4 #bd1 #be2 bk4 ii47 ,^! sects 9 turn split into o!rs1 ) endless peculi>ities4 ,su* 0 ! relative free?\ght ( cr$ul\s !osophic fantasy1 #ijf turn+ fictiti\s data to fre% purpose by way ( solv+ ! riddle ( ! pa9ful e>?4 ,! problem 0 to acc\nt = evil consi/5tly ) a ,good ,god2 & ! ori5tals1 inh]it+ a duali/ic religion1 adapt$ t2 :ile ! ,egyptians1 inh]it+ a syncretic mono!ism1 set up grades ( ,p[]s betwe5 ! ,all-,rul] & m51 on ! model ( ! grades betwe5 ! ,autocrat1 anci5t or mod]n1 & 8 subjects4 ,! ,mani*ans1 ! mo/ ?or\ghly organiz$ ( all ! outside sects1 appe> to h absorb$ _m ( ! adh]5ts ( ! great ,mi?raic religion1 & held toge!r = c5turies1 despite fi]ce p]secution & ho/ile propag&a1 _! influ5ce subsi/+ till ! ,middle ,ages4 #ijg ,! o!r ,gno/icisms f>$ mu* worse4 ,lack+ sacr$ books1 (t5 sett+ up a sev]e e?ic z aga9/ ! frequ5tly loose practice ( ! *ur*es1 #ijh & (f]+ a cre$ unsuit$ to ! g5]al populace1 all alike pass$ away be=e ! competition ( ! organiz$ ,*ur*1 :i* f\nd$ on ! ,canon #iji & ! concrete dogmas1 ) _m pagan rites & beliefs #iaj & a few great pagan abracadabras add$4 #d ,m p]si/5tly dang]\s to ! anci5t ,*ur* 7 ! successive ef=ts ( ! /ruggl+ _s ( reason )9 to rectify 9 "s small measure its mo/ arbitr>y dogmas4 ,( ^! ef=ts ! mo/ prom95t 7 ! quasi-,unit>ian doctr9e ( ,arius 7f\r? c5tury71 & ! opposition by ,pelagius & 8 pupil ,cle/ius 7e>ly 9 fif? c5tury7 to ! doctr9e ( h]$it>y s9 & pr$e/9ate salvation or damnation--a ,judaic conception dat+ 9 ! ,*ur* f ,t]tullian1 & unkn[n to ! ,greeks4 #iaa ,! =m] 0 ! c5tral & "o ( ! mo/ intelligible conflicts 9 ! va/ m$ley ( e>ly discussion ov] ! nature ( ! ,p]son ( ! ,f\nd]--a !me susceptible ( any conceivable =mula1 :5 once ! pr9ciple ( deification 0 adopt$4 ,betwe5 ! ,gno/icism ( ,a!nagoras1 :i* made ! ,logos ! direct manife/ation ( ,deity1 & ! ,judaic view t ,jesus 0 a m]e man1 = /at+ :i* ! ,byzant9e curri] ,!odotos 0 excommunicat$ at ,rome by ,bi%op ,victor #iab 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 !re 7 a hundr$ possible fantasies ( discrim9ation2 #iac & ! record ( !m is a /&+ revelation ( ! intellectual delirium 9 ! anci5t ,*ur*4 ,!odotos ! curri] is said to h made disciples #iad :o induc$ "o ,natalius to become a bi%op ( ?is h]esy2 & 8 doctr9e 0 repeat$ly reviv$1 notably by ,artemon4 ,accord+ to a tr9it>ian oppon5t1 !y 7 mu* giv5 to sci5ce1 9 p>ticul> to geometry & m$ic9e4 #iae ,b su* an approa* to rationalism c\ld n prosp] 9 ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity arose4 ,arianism itself1 :5 put on its def5ce1 pron\nc$ ,jesus to be ,god1 aft] beg9n+ by decl>+ him to be m]ely ! noble/ ( creat$ be+s1 & ?us became m]ely a modifi$ my/icism1 fight+ = ! conception homoi\sios 7( simil> nature7 z aga9/ t ( homo\sios 7( ! same nature74 #iaf ,ev5 at t1 ! sect split up1 its *ief diss5t]s rank+ z semi-,arians1 & _m ( ! latt] at l5g? drift+ back to ,nic5e or?odoxy4 #iag ,at fir/ /rong 9 ! ea/1 :]e x p]secut$ :5 x c\ld1 x 0 f9ally suppress$1 aft] endless /rifes1 by ,!odosius at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury2 only to reappe> 9 ! we/ z ! cre$ ( ! invad+ ,go?s & ,lomb>ds4 ,9 ! ea/ x _h /ood = anci5t mono!ism2 9 ! we/ x prosp]$ by e>ly mission>y & milit>y *ance till ! ,papal organization triumph$4 #iah ,its suppression meant ! f9al repudiation ( rationalism2 ?\gh x _h = ! mo/ "p subsi/$ z a fanaticism1 no less ?an did ! ,nic5e cre$4 ,m philosophical1 & !re=e less widespread1 0 ! doctr9e associat$ 9 ! second c5tury ) ! "n ( ,praxeas1 9 ! ?ird ) ^? ( ,sabellius & ,paul ( ,samosata1 & 9 ! f\r? ) t ( ,phot9us4 ,( ?is ! ess5ce 0 ! conception ( ! triune deity z be+ n ?ree p]sons b ?ree modes or aspects ( "o p]son--a !orem welcom$ 9 ! lat] _w by su* diff]5t types ( believ] z ,s]vetus1 ,hegel1 & ,col]idge4 ,f> too reasonable = ! av]age believ]1 & f> too unpropiti\s to ritual & sacram5ts = ! av]age prie/1 x 0 always condemn$ by ! majority1 ?\gh x _h _m adh]5ts 9 ! ea/1 until ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* made ,*ri/ian p]secution a f> m effective process ?an pagan p]secution _h ev] be54 ,pelagianism1 :i* unlike ,arianism 0 n an ecclesia/ical b a purely !ological division1 #iai f>$ bett]1 ! problem at issue involv+ ! p]man5t crux ( religi\s e?ics4 ,augu/9e1 ^: supreme tal5t 0 = ! gett+ up ( a play ( dialectic aga9/ e tr\blesome movem5t 9 turn1 )\t reg>d to 8 previ\s positions1 #ibj und]took to confute ,pelagius & ,cle/ius z he did e o!r innovator2 & 8 influ5ce 0 su* t1 aft] !y _h be5 acquitt$ ( h]esy by a *ur* c\ncil 9 ,pale/9e & by ! ,roman pontiff1 ! latt] 0 induc$ to *ange 8 gr\nd & condemn !m1 :]eupon _m c\ncils foll[$ suit1 eighte5 ,pelagian bi%ops be+ depos$ 9 ,italy4 ,at t p]iod ,*ri/5dom1 fac$ by ! port5t ( ! b>b>ian conque/ ( ! ,empire1 0 well adju/$ to a fatali/ic !ology1 & too uncritical 9 its mood to realize ! be>+ ( su* doctr9e ei!r on conduct or on sac]dotal pret5sions4 ,b ?\gh ! movem5t 9 its fir/ =m 0 ?us cru%$1 & ?\gh 9 lat] =ms x fell consid]ably %ort ( ! measure ( e?ical rationalism se5 9 ! fir/1 x soon took fre% %ape 9 ! =m ( s-call$ semi-,pelagianism1 & s held its gr\nd :ile any culture subsi/$2 #iba :ile ,pelagianism on ! !me ( ! ne$lessness ( prev5i5t grace1 & ! p[] ( man to secure salvation ( 8 own w1 has be5 *ronic 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,= a concise view ( ! ,pelagian t5ets see ,murdock's note on ,mo%eim1 foll[+ ,wal* & ,s*legel 7,reid's edition1 pp4 #bjh-bji74 ,!y includ$ 7#a7 d5ial t ,adam's s9 0 inh]it$2 7#b7 ass]tion t dea? is /rictly natural1 & n a m]e puni%m5t = ,adam's s92 7#c7 d5ial t *ildr5 & virtu\s adults dy+ unbaptiz$ are damn$1 a middle /ate be+ provid$ = !m2 7#d7 ass]tion t good acts come ( a good w1 & t ! w is free2 grace be+ an enlight5m5t ( ! und]/&+1 & n indisp5sable to all m54 ,! relative rationalism ( ^! views is presumptively to be trac$ to ! facts t ,pelagius 0 a ,briton & ,cle/ius an ,iri%man1 & t bo? 7 ,greek s*ol>s4 7,:5 tri$ 9 ,pale/9e !y spoke ,greek1 l ! c\ncil1 b ! accus] c\ld speak only ,lat947 ,!y 7 ?us br$ 9 an atmosph]e n yet lad5 ) ,lat9 dogma4 ,9 confut+ !m ,augu/9e develop$ ! doctr9e 7intelligible z t ( an eld]ly polemi/ 9 a decad5t society7 t all m5 are pr$e/9$ to salvation or damnation by ,god's m]e good pleasure--a demoraliz+ =mula :i* he at times h$g$ ) illogical qualifications4 7,cp4 ,murdock's note on ,mo%eim1 z cit$1 p4 #baj2 ,giesel]1 #hg47 ,b an or?odox *ampion ( ,augu/9e describes him z putt+ ! doctr9e )\t limitations 7,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,cl>ke1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 ,! ,fa!rs = ,engli% ,read]s s]ies1 p4 #acb74 ,x 0 nev] adopt$ 9 ! ea/ 7,giesel]1 p4 #chg71 b became "p ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 especially "u ,prote/antism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t erect$ sev]al ,pelagian doctr9es into articles ( fai?2 & ! ,prote/ant *ur*es h 9 "p s9ce foll[$4 ,see ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,discussions on ,philosophy & ,lit]ature1 #aheb1 pp4 #dic-id1 note2 & ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 i1 #adb1 #adi4 ,! ,lat9 ,*ur* ?us f9ally ma9ta9$ 9 religion ! tradition ( sworn adh]5ce to sect>ian =mulas :i* has be5 already not$ 9 ! ,roman philosophic sects1 & 9 s do+ r$uc$ to a m9imum ! ex]cise ( ! reason1 alike 9 e?ics & 9 philosophy4 ,its dogmatic code 0 %ap$ "u ! influ5ce ( 7#a7 ,ir5u & ,t]tullian1 :o set scripture above reason &1 :5 press$ by h]etics1 tradition above ev5 scripture1 #ibb & 7#b7 ,augu/9e1 :o _h ! same t5d5cies1 & ^: incessant en]gy secur$ him a l>ge influ5ce4 ,t influ5ce 0 us$ n only to dogmatize e possible item ( ! fai?1 b to en=ce 9 religion ano!r ,roman tradition1 =m]ly conf9$ to politics--t ( sy/ematic co]cion ( h]etics4 ,be=e & ar\nd ,augu/9e !re _h inde$ be5 abundant mutual p]secution ( ! bitt]e/ k9d betwe5 ! p>ties ( ! ,*ur* z well z aga9/ pagans2 ! ,donati/s1 9 p>ticul>1 ) _! organization ( arm$ fanatics1 ! ,circumcelliones1 _h inflict$ & suff]$ at int]vals all ! wor/ horrors ( civil w> 9 ,africa dur+ a hundr$ ye>s2 ,arians & ,a?anasians came aga9 & aga9 to mutual blood%$2 & ! slay+ ( ! pagan girl-philosoph]1 ,hypatia1 #ibc by ! ,*ri/ian monks ( ,alex&ria is "o ( ! vile/ episodes 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( religion4 ,on ! :ole1 x is pa/ "q t ! am\nt ( homicide wr\ght by all ! pagan p]secution ( ! e>li] ,*ri/ians 0 n a ti! ( t wr\ght by _! successors 9 _! own qu>rels4 ,b ! _s :i* _h s op]at$1 & :i* _h be5 repudiat$ ev5 by ! bitt] ,t]tullian1 0 rais$ by ,augu/9e to ! /atus ( a ,*ri/ian dogma1 #ibd :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h suffici5t support 9 ! sacr$ books1 ,judaic & ,jesui/1 & :i* h5ce=? inspir$ su* an am\nt ( murd]\s p]secution 9 ,*ri/5dom z ! anci5t _w _h nev] se54 ,:51 ! temple rev5ues hav+ be5 already confiscat$1 ! pagan wor%ips 7 f9ally ov]?r[n & ! temples appropriat$ by ! edict ( ,honorius 9 ! ye> #djh1 ,augu/9e1 ?\gh n entirely consi/5t1 disapprov$ ( ! =cible demolition ( ! temples4 #ibe ,b he _h no?+ to say aga9/ ! =cible suppression ( _! wor%ip1 & ( ! fe/ivals4 ,ambrose w5t z f>2 #ibf & su* m5 z ,firmicus ,mat]nus w\ld h _h ! emp]ors g mu* fur!r4 #ibg ,economic int]e/ _h n[ visibly become at lea/ z pot5t 9 ! %ap+ ( ! ,*ri/ian c\rse z x _h ev] be5 9 build+ up a pagan cult4 ,= ! humble conditions 9 :i* ! e>li] prie/s & prea*]s _h ga9$ a livelihood by m9i/]+ to scatt]$ gr\ps ( poor proselytes1 !re _h be5 sub/itut$ ^? ( a ,/ate ,*ur*1 adopt$ z su* because its acquir$ range ( organization _h made x a =ce fit = ! autocrat's purposes :5 o!rs _h fail$4 ,! sequ5t situation 0 m & m unfav\rable to bo? s9c]ity ( ?\ght & fre$om ( spee*4 ,n only did ?\s&s ( weal?-seek]s promptly ent] ! prie/hood to pr(it by ! new end[m5ts allott$ by ,con/ant9e to ! great metropolitan *ur*es4 ,almo/ z promptly ! ideal ( tol]ation 0 r5\nc$2 & ! ,*ri/ians began aga9/ ! pagans a species ( p]secution t proce$$ on no high] motive ?an gre$ ( ga94 ,n only 7 ! rev5ues ( ! temples confiscat$ z we h se51 b a numb] ( ,*ri/ians took to ! bus9ess ( plund]+ pagans 9 ! "n ( ! laws ( ,con/antius =bidd+ sacrifice1 & confiscat+ ! prop]ty ( ! temples4 ,libanius1 9 8 ,oration = ! ,temples #ibh 7#cij71 address$ to ,!odosius1 circum/antially av]s t ! b&s ( monks & o!rs :o w5t ab\t demoli%+ & plund]+ temples 7 also wont to rob ! peasants1 add+3-- ,!y also seize ! l&s ( "s1 say+ x is sacr$2 & _m are depriv$ ( _! pat]nal inh]itance ^u a false pret5ce4 ,?us ^? m5 ?rive ^u o!r p's ru9 :o say !y wor%ip ,god ) fa/+4 ,& if !y :o are wrong$ come to ! pa/or 9 ! city 444 he comm5ds 7! robb]s7 & rejects ! o!rs4444 ,moreov]1 if !y he> ( any l& :i* has any?+ t c be plund]$1 !y cry pres5tly1 ,su* an "o sacrifice?1 & does abom9able ?+s1 & a troop ought to be s5t aga9/ him4 ,& pres5tly ! self-/yl$ re=m]s 7sphroni/ai7 are !re4444 ,"s ( ^! 444 d5y _! proce$+s4444 ,o!rs glory & boa/ & tell _! exploits4444 ,b !y say1 ,we h only puni%$ ^? :o sacrifice & !reby transgress ! law :i* =bids sacrifice4 ,o emp]or1 :5 !y say ?is1 !y lie4444 ,c x be ?\ght t !y :o are n able to be> ! sight ( a collector's cloak %\ld despise ! p[] ( y\r gov]nm5t8444 ,i appeal to ! gu>dians ( ! law to confirm ! d5ial4 #ibi ,! :ole te/imony is explicit & weighty1 #icj &1 be+ corroborat$ by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 is accept$ by cl]ical hi/orians4 #ica ,ammianus decl>es t "s ( ! c\rti]s ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors be=e ,julian 7 glutt$ ) ! spoils ( ! temples4 #icb ,! (ficial cre$1 ) its pr9ciple ( rigid uni=mity & compulsion1 is n[ recognizable z ! only exp$i5t by :i* ! ,*ur* c\ld be held toge!r = its economic ends4 ,"u ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 accord+ly1 :5 once a balance ( cre$ 0 atta9$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! same co]cive ideal 0 en=c$1 ) :atev] diff]5ces 9 ! cre$ insi/$ on4 ,:i*ev] phase ( dogma 0 9 p[]1 p]secution ( oppon5ts w5t on z a matt] ( c\rse4 #icc ,a?anasians & ,arians1 ,ne/orians & ,monophysites1 us$ ! same weapons to ! utmo/ ( _! scope2 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria l$ 8 fanatics to ! pillage & expulsion ( ! ,jews1 z 8 und]l+ ,pet] l$ !m to ! murd] ( ,hypatia2 o!r bi%ops wr\ght ! de/ruction ( temples ?r\gh\t ,egypt2 #icd ,!odosius1 ,m>cian1 ,/4 ,leo1 ,z5o1 ,ju/9ian1 all us$ co]cion aga9/ e h]esy )\t a scruple1 affirm+ e v]bal fantasy ( dogma at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,x 0 due to no survival ( ! love ( reason t "s ( ! m /ubborn h]esies1 driv5 into communion ) ! new civilization ( ! ,arabs1 7 ! means ( c>ry+ "s ( ! se$s ( anci5t ?\ght d[n ! ages1 to fructify ultimately 9 ! m5tal soil ( mod]n ,europe4 #e ,aga9/ ! or?odox cre$1 ap>t f social & (ficial ho/ility1 !re _h e>ly aris5 critics :o reason$ 9 t]ms ( ,jewi% & pagan beliefs1 & 9 t]ms ( su* rationalism z surviv$4 ,( ! two =m] sorts "s rema9s h be5 pres]v$1 despite ! t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur* to de/roy _! works4 ,( ! latt]1 ap>t f ,lucian1 we h traces 9 ! ,fa!rs & 9 ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,?us ,t]tullian & ,lactantius tell ( ! _m :o believe 9 a non-active & passionless ,god1 #ice & disda9 ^? :o turn ,*ri/ian out ( fe> ( a h]eaft]2 & aga9 #icf ( ,/oics :o d]ide ! belief 9 demons4 ,a ?ird-c5tury au?or quot$ by ,eusebius #icg speaks ( api/oi :o d5y ! div9e au?or%ip ( ! holy scriptures1 9 su* a fa%ion z to imply t ?is 0 done by "s :o 7 n m]ely pagan non-,*ri/ians b d5i]s ( inspiration4 ,jambli*os1 too1 #ich speaks ( oppon5ts ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods 9 8 day 7e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury74 #ici ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 aga91 ,augu/9e compla9s bitt]ly ( ^? impi\s & reckless p]sons :o d>e to say t ! evangeli/s diff] among !mselves4 #idj ,he argues no less bitt]ly aga9/ ! incr$uli & infideles :o w\ld n believe 9 immortality & ! possibility ( et]nal torm5t2 #ida & he meets !m 9 a fa%ion :i* con/antly recurs 9 ,*ri/ian apologetics1 po9t+ to natural anomalies1 real or alleg$1 & conclud+ t s9ce we _c und]/& all we see we %\ld believe all we he>--f ! ,*ur*4 ,^? :o d]id$ ! /ory ( ,jonah & ! :ale he meets by accus+ !m ( believ+ ! /ory ( ,arion & ! dolph94 #idb ,9 ! same way he meets #idc _! prote/ aga9/ ! iniquity ( et]nal puni%m5t by a juggle ov] ! o/5sible anomaly ( long puni%m5ts by human law = %ort misde$s4 ,:atev] may h be5 8 indirect value ( 8 habit ( dialectic1 he aga9 & aga9 decl>es = prone fai? & aga9/ ! resort to reason2 & to ?is effect may be cit$ a long s]ies ( ,fa!rs & ecclesia/ics1 all eag] to %[ t only 9 a bl9d fai? c\ld !re be any moral m]it4 #idd ,su* argum5ts 7 d\btless pot5t to /upefy :at rema9$ ( critical faculty 9 ! ,roman _w4 ,9 ! same p]iod ,salvian makes a polemic aga9/ ^? :o 9 ,*ri/ian ,gaul d5i$ t ,god ex]cis$ any gov]nm5t on e>?4 #ide ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 normal ,*ri/ians1 driv5 to ?is view by ! b>b>ian invasions4 ,fronto1 ! tutor ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 aga91 seems to h attack$ ! ,*ri/ians p>tly z rationali/1 p>tly z cons]vative4 #idf ,9 g5]al1 ! or?odox polemic is int]e/+ only ins(> z x pres]ves t ( ! opposition4 ,! ,dialogue ) ,trypho by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7ab\t #aej7 is a m]e docum5tal discussion betwe5 a ,*ri/ian & a ,jew1 ea* f\nd+ on ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 & ! ,*ri/ian do+ ne>ly all ( ! argum5t4 ,!re is n a sc9tilla ( indep5d5t rationalism 9 ! :ole t$i\s "w4 #idg ,ju/9 0 a type ( ! w\ld-be philosoph] :o confess$ly w\ld take no tr\ble to /udy sci5ce or philosophize1 b :o f\nd 8 sph]e 9 an endless manipulation ( ! texts ( sacr$ books4 ,b ! "w ( ! le>n$ ,orig5 ,aga9/ ,celsus pres]ves = u a l>ge "p ( ! ,true ,disc\rse ( ,celsus1 a critical & extremely well-in=m$ argum5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity by a pagan ( ! ,platonic #idh s*ool 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #idi on gr\nds to a consid]able ext5t rationali/ic4 #iej ,! l9e ( rejo9d] foll[$ by ,orig51 "o ( ! mo/ cultur$ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 is = ! mo/ "p o!rwise4 ,:5 ,celsus argues t x makes no diff]5ce by :at "n ! ,deity is call$1 ,orig5 answ]s #iea t on ! contr>y c]ta9 ,god-names h a miracul\s or magical virtue = ! ca/+ out ( evil spirits2 t ?is my/]y is kn[n & practis$ by ! ,egyptians & ,p]sians2 & t ! m]e "n ( ,jesus has be5 prov$ pot5t to ca/ out _m su* demons4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ,celsus makes a ,jew argue aga9/ ! ,*ri/i/ cre$ on ! basis ( ! ,jewi% /ory t ! f\nd]'s bir? 0 illegitimate1 #ieb ! ,fa!r's answ] beg9s 9 %e] amiable ineptitude1 #iec :i* soon passes into %ock$ outcry4 #ied ,9 o!r passages he is m successful1 z :5 he convicts ,celsus's ,jew ( argu+ alt]nately t ! disciples 7 deceiv$1 & t !y 7 deceiv]s4 #iee ,?is "p ( ! discussion is int]e/+ *iefly z %[+ h[ educat$ ,jews combat$ ! gospels 9 detail1 at a level ( criticism n always above t ( ! believ]s4 ,sometimes ! ,jew's case is %rewdly put1 z :5 he asks1 #ief ,did ,jesus come into ! _w = ?is purpose1 t we %\ld n believe him8--a *all5ge n to be met by ,orig5's !ology4 ,"o ( ! acute/ ( ,celsus's ?ru/s is ! rem>k t ,jesus himself decl>$ t miracles w\ld be wr\ght aft] him by foll[]s ( ,satan1 & t ! argum5t f miracles is ?us wor?less4 #ieg ,to ?is ! rejo9d] ( ,orig5 is suicidal2 b at times ! assailant1 himself a believ] 9 all mann] ( miracles1 gives away 8 advantage completely en\gh4 ,( a deep] int]e/ are ! sections 9 :i* ,celsus 7himself a believ] 9 a ,supreme ,deity & a future /ate1 & 9 a multitude ( l[] ,p[]s1 op5 to invocation7 re/s 8 case on gr\nds ( g5]al reason1 argu+ t ! true ,son ( ,god mu/ ne$s h br\ght home 8 mission to all mank9d2 #ieh & sweeps aside z fooli% ! :ole dispute betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 #iei ( :i* he _h giv5 a sample4 ,mo/ int]e/+ ( all are ! *apt]s #ifj 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian cites ! pagan's argum5t aga9/ ! homo-c5tric !ory ( ?+s4 ,celsus insi/s on ! l>ge imp>tiality ( ,nature1 & repudiates ! fantasy t ! :ole s*eme is adju/$ to ! well-be+ & ! salvation ( man4 ,"h ! ,*ri/ian1 /&+ = 8 fai?1 may be said to c>ry on1 ?\gh 9 ! _s ( a new fanaticism1 ! anti-sci5tific humanism fir/ set up by ,sokrates2 :ile ! pagan1 ?\gh t\*$ by religi\s apriorism1 & prone to lapse f logic to my/icism 9 8 turn1 approa*es ! sci5tific /&po9t ( ! eld] ?9k]s :o _h set religion aside4 #ifa ,n = ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s 0 8 /&po9t to be rega9$ among m54 ,8 prote/ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian cultivation ( bl9d fai?1 #ifb :i* ,orig5 tries to meet on rationali/ic l9es1 w\ld 9 a lat] age be reg>d$ z convey+ no imputation4 ,ev5 ! simple def5sive subtleties ( ,orig5 are too rationali/ic = ! succe$+ g5]ations ( ! or?odox4 ,! lea/ embitt]$ ( ! ,fa!rs1 he is 9 8 way ! mo/ reasonable2 & 9 8 unhesitat+ resort to ! pr9ciple ( allegory1 :]ev] 8 docum5ts are too h>d = belief1 we see ! la/ traces ( ! _s ( reason z x _h be5 9 ,plato1 n yet p>alys$ by fai?4 ,h5ce=?1 till a new intellectual life is set up f )\t1 ,*ri/ian ?\ght is m & m a m]e disputation ov] ! un9telligible1 9 t]ms ( docum5ts op5 always to oppos+ con/ructions4 ,aga9/ su* m9ds ! /ricte/ reason w\ld be p[]less2 & x 0 fitt+ en\gh t ,lucian1 ! la/ ( ! great free?9k]s ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w1 %\ld m]ely turn on popul> ,*ri/ianity "s ( 8 s]5e satire #ifc--m1 p]haps1 ?an has come d[n to u2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 8 au?or%ip ( ! ,de ,morte ,p]egr9i1 :i* speaks ( ! crucifi$ sophi/1 has be5 call$ 9 "q4 #ifd ,! =cible-feeble dialogue ,philopatris1 falsely attribut$ to ,lucian1 & cle>ly belong+ to ! reign ( ,julian1 is ! la/ expression ( g5]al skepticism 9 ! anci5t lit]ature4 ,! writ]1 a bad imitator ( ,lucian1 av[s disbelief alike 9 ! old ,gods & 9 ! new1 & pr(esses to respect1 if any1 ! ,unkn[n ,god ( ! ,a!nians2 b he makes no great impression ( intellectual s9c]ity4 ,ap>t f ?is1 & ! lo/ anti-,*ri/ian "w #ife ( ,hi]ocles1 ,gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia "u ,diocletian1 ! la/ direct lit]>y oppon5ts ( anci5t ,*ri/ianity 7 ,porphyry & ,julian4 ,z bo? 7 believ]s 9 _m ,gods1 & oppos$ ,*ri/ianity because x oppos$ ^!1 nei!r c well rank on t score z a free?9k]1 ev5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! speculative ,gno/ics 7 s4 ,! bias ( bo?1 l t ( ,plut>*1 seems to h be5 to ! utmo/ latitude ( religi\s belief2 &1 ap>t f p]sonal provocations & ! ord9>y temp] ( religi\s cons]vatism1 x 0 ! exiguity ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ t repell$ !m4 ,porphyry's treatise1 inde$1 0 answ]$ by f\r ,fa!rs1 #iff all ( ^: replies h disappe>$1 d\btless 9 fulfilm5t ( ! imp]ial edict = ! de/ruction ( ,porphyry's book--a dramatic te/imony to ! /ate ( m5tal fre$om "u ,!odosius ,,ii4 #ifg ,:at is kn[n ( 8 argum5t is pres]v$ 9 ! incid5tal replies ( ,j]ome1 ,augu/9e1 ,eusebius1 & o!rs4 #ifh ,! answ] ( ,cyril to ,julian has surviv$1 probably 9 virtue ( ,julian's /atus4 ,8 argum5tations aga9/ ! unwor?y elem5ts1 ! exclusiv5ess1 & ! absurdities ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian fai? are (t5 reasonable en\gh1 z d\btless 7 ^? ( ,porphyry2 #ifi b 8 own !osophic positions are h>dly less vuln]able2 & ,porphyry's 7 probably no bett]1 to judge f 8 pres]v$ works4 ,yet x is to be said t ! habitual tone & temp] ( ! two m5 comp>es fav\rably ) t ( ! polemi/s on ! o!r side4 ,!y _h inh]it$ some?+ ( ! eld] philosophic _s1 :i* is s f> to seek 9 patri/ic lit]ature1 outside ( ,orig54 ,! late/ expressions ( rationalism among *ur*m5 7 to ! full z angrily met by ! *ampions ( or?odoxy z ! attacks ( enemies2 &1 inde$1 !re 0 naturally some?+ ( bitt]ness 9 ! resi/ance ( ! la/ few critical spirits 9 ! ,*ur* to ! fa/-multiply+ insanities ( fai?4 ,?us1 at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! ,italian monk ,jov9ian f\ght aga9/ ! cre$ ( celibacy & asceticism1 & 0 duly d5\nc$1 vitup]at$1 ecclesia/ically condemn$1 & bani%$1 p5al laws be+ at ! same "t pass$ aga9/ ^? :o adh]$ to him4 #igj ,contempor>y ) him 0 ! ,ea/]n ,a]ius1 :o advocat$ prie/ly equality z aga9/ episcopacy1 & object$ to pray]s = ! dead1 to fa/s1 & to ! too significant practice ( slay+ a lamb at ! ,ea/] fe/ival4 #iga ,9 ?is case matt]s w5t ! l5g? ( s*ism4 ,) less ( practical effect1 9 ! next c5tury1 ,vigilantius ( ,aquita9e made a m g5]al resi/ance to a m manifold sup]/ition1 condemn+ & ridicul+ ! v5]ation ( tombs & bones ( m>tyrs1 pilgrimages to %r9es1 ! miracle /ories !re) connect$1 & ! practices ( fa/+1 celibacy1 & ! mona/ic life4 ,he too 0 promptly put d[n1 l>gely by ! ef=ts ( 8 =m] fri5d ,j]ome1 ! mo/ voluble & ! mo/ scurril\s pieti/ ( 8 age1 :o _h also d5\nc$ ! doctr9e ( ,jov9ian4 #igb ,= c5turies no su* appeal 0 he>d 9 ! we/]n ,*ur*4 ,! _s ( reason1 h[ev]1 is well m>k$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury 9 a pagan writ] :o belongs m truly to ! hi/ory ( free?\ght ?an ei!r ,julian or ,porphyry4 ,macrobius1 a ,roman patrician ( ! days ( ,honorius1 works out 9 8 ,saturnalia1 ) an am\nt ( k & intellig5ce :i* = ! "t is rem>kable1 ! pr9ciple t all ! ,gods are b p]sonifications ( aspects or functions ( ! ,sun4 ,b su* doctr9e mu/ h be5 conf9$1 among pagans1 to ! cultur$ few2 & ! mono!ism ( ! same writ]'s treatise ,on ! ,dream ( ,scipio 0 probably n g5]al ev5 among ! rema9+ pagans ( ! upp] class4 #igc ,aft] ,julian1 op5 rationalism be+ already ext9ct1 anti-,*ri/ian ?\ght 0 simply taboo$2 & ?\gh ! lead+ hi/orians = c5turies 7 pagans1 !y only incid5tally v5ture to betray ! fact4 ,x is told1 inde$1 t 9 ! days ( ,val5s & ,val5t9ian an em95t physician nam$ ,posidonius1 son ( a great physician & bro!r ( ano!r1 0 wont to say1 t m5 d n gr[ fanatic by ! ag5cy ( evil spirits1 b m]ely by ! sup]fluity ( c]ta9 evil hum\rs2 & t !re is no p[] 9 evil spirits to assail ! human race2 #igd b ?\gh t op9ion may be presum$ to h be5 held by "s o!r physicians1 ! special ascription ( x to ,posidonius is a pro( t x 0 r>ely av[$4 ,) public lectur+ =bidd51 ) ! philosophic s*ools at ,a!ns clos$ & plund]$ by imp]ial =ce1 #ige ) h]esy o/raciz$1 ) pagan wor%ip1 includ+ ! /rong rival cult ( ,mi?raism1 outw>dly suppress$ by ! same p[]1 #igf unbelief 0 naturally little he>d ( aft] ! fif? c5tury4 ,ab\t its beg9n+ we f9d ,*ryso/om boa/+ #igg t ! works ( ! anti-,*ri/ian writ]s _h p]suad$ nobody1 & _h almo/ disappe>$4 ,z reg>d$ op5 tea*+1 x 0 only too true1 ?\gh ! /atem5t cla%es ) ,*ryso/om's own compla9t t ,porphyry _h l$ _m away f ! fai?4 #igh ,proclus 0 /ill to come 7#daj-dhe71 ) 8 eighte5 ,argum5ts aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple1 /ill *]i%$ f ! old sci5ce1 t ! _w 0 et]nal4 ,b su* tea*+ c\ld n rea* ev5 ! majority ( ! m educat$2 & ! ,jewi% dogma ( creation ex nihilo became sacrosanct tru? = ! d>k5+ _w4 ,9 ! ea/ ,eusebius1 #igi & 9 ! we/ ,lactantius1 #ihj express$ = ! :ole ,*ur* a b\ndless contempt ( ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( sci5tific rese>* or discussion2 & x 0 9 fact at an end = ! ,*ri/ian _w = well-nigh a ?\s& ye>s4 ,= ,lactantius1 ! doctr9e ( a r\nd e>? & an antipodes 0 m]e nons5se2 he discusses ! !sis ) ! horse-laught] ( a self-satisfi$ savage4 #iha ,"u ! feet ( arrogant & blatant ignorance we see trampl$ ! fir/ =m ( ! doctr9e ( gravitation1 n to be recov]$ = an on4 ,proclus himself *]i%$ "s ( ! grosse/ pagan sup]/itions2 & ! few ,*ri/ians :o _h 9 !m some?+ ( ! _s ( reason1 z ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 ! ,indian navigator1 :o belongs to ! six? c5tury1 7 turn$ away f :at light !y _h by _! sacr$ books4 ,cosmas 0 a ,ne/orian1 d5y+ ! div9ity ( ,m>y1 & a rational critic z reg>ds ! or?odox fa%ion ( apply+ ,old ,te/am5t prophecies to ,jesus4 #ihb ,b :]eas pagan sci5ce _h inf]r$ t ! e>? is a sph]e1 8 ,bible taught him t x is an oblong pla92 & ! great aim ( 8 ,topographia ,*ri/iana1 sive ,*ri/ianorum op9io de mundo1 0 to prove ?is aga9/ ^? :o /ill cultivat$ sci5ce4 ,su* plead+s 7 n necess>y = ! g5]al ,*ri/ian public1 :o knew no?+ save :at _! prie/s taught !m4 ,9 ,*ryso/om's day ?is 0 already ! case4 ,!re rema9$ b a few rational h]esies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable 0 t ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 ! head ( ! s*ool ( ,antio* & ! tea*] ( ,ne/orius1 :o taught t _m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies commonly appli$ to ,jesus _h ref]5ce to pre-,*ri/ian ev5ts1 & discrim9at$ critically among ! sacr$ books4 ,t ( ,job he pron\nc$ to be m]ely a poem d]iv$ f a pagan s\rce1 & ! ,song ( ,songs he held to be a m]e epi?alamium ( no religi\s significance4 ,9 8 op9ion ,solomon _h ! logos gnses ! love ( k1 b n ! logos sophias ! love ( wisdom4 #ihc ,no less rem>kable 0 ! h]esy ( ,phot9us1 :o taught t ! ,tr9ity 0 a matt] n ( p]sons1 b ( modes ( deity4 #ihd ,su* ?9k+ mu/ be pron\nc$ ! high-wat] m>k ( rational criticism 9 ! anci5t ,*ur*2 & its occurr5ce 9 an age ( rapid decay is memorable en\gh4 ,b 9 ! nature ( ?+s x c\ld meet ) only ! scantie/ support2 & ! only critical h]esy :i* bulk$ at all l>gely 0 t ( ! ,unit>ian ,anomoeans or ,eunomians1 #ihe :o condemn$ ! wor%ip ( relics1 #ihf & made light ( scriptural inspiration :5 texts1 especially f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 quot$ aga9/ !m4 #ihg ,naturally ,*ryso/om himself d5\nc$ !m z unbeliev]s4 ,save = ^! manife/ations1 ! _s ( sane criticism _h gone f ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ) sci5ce1 ) art1 ) philosophy1 ) culture4 ,b ! v]dict ( "t is giv5 9 ! p]si/5t recoil ( ! mod]n _s f ! lit]ature ( ! age ( fai? to t ( ! eld] age ( nasc5t reason2 & ! hi/orical outcome ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ,*ryso/om rejoic$ 0 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( univ]sal idolatry & practical poly!ism 9 ! "n ( ! cre$ he _h prea*$4 ,e species ( sup]/ition kn[n to paganism subsi/$1 slightly trans=m$4 ,:ile ! emp]ors savagely puni%$ ! pagan soo?say]s1 ! ,*ri/ians held by ! same fundam5tal delusion2 & aga9/ ! devices ( pagan magic1 9 ! reality ( :i* !y unque/ion+ly believ$1 !y pr(ess$ triumphantly to practise _! own sorc]ies ( holy wat]1 relics1 pray]1 & exorcism1 no man d>+ to impugn ! insanities ( fai?4 #ihh ,on ! face ( religi\s life1 critical reason 0 ext9ct4 #f ,x might safely h be5 inf]r$1 b x is a matt] ( prov$ fact1 t :ile ! high] intellectual life 0 ?us be+ p>alys$1 ! prim>y intellectual virtues 7 atta9$4 ,z =m]ly 9 ,jewry1 s n[ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ! practice ( pi\s fraud became normal3 all e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 & mo/ ( ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( _m succe$+ c5turies1 is pr(\ndly compromis$ by ! habitual resort to fiction1 =g]y1 & int]polation4 ,! my/ical poetry ( ! pagans1 ! ,jewi% hi/ory ( ,josephus1 ! gospels1 ! ,epi/les1 all 7 int]polat$ 9 ! same _s z _h inspir$ ! production ( new ,gospels1 new ,epi/les1 new books ( ,acts1 new ,sibyll9e v]ses4 ,& ev5 :]e to ?is t5d5cy !re 0 oppos$ ! gr[+ dem& ( ! organiz$ ,*ur* = a fai?ful text1 :5 ! docum5ts _h become comp>atively anci5t1 ! disposition to inv5t & suppress1 to reason crook$ly1 to delude & mislead1 0 normal among *ur*m54 ,?is is ! v]dict ( or?odox ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 a doz5 times repeat$4 #ihi ,x ( c\rse c>ries no surprise = ^? :o h not$ ! religi\s doctr9e ( ,plato1 ( ,polybius1 ( ,cic]o1 ( ,v>ro1 ( ,/rabo1 ( ,dio ,cassius4 ,:ile intellig5ce ?us retrograd$ "u ! reign ( fai?1 x is impossible to ma9ta91 9 ! "n ( hi/orical sci5ce1 ! conv5tional claim t ! fai? wr\ght a c\nt]vail+ good4 ,:at moral bett]m5t !re 0 9 ! decay+ ,roman _w 0 a matt] ( ! trans=m$ social conditions1 & belongs at lea/ z mu* to paganism z to ,*ri/ianity3 ev5 ! asceticism ( ! latt]1 :i* 9 reality _h no re=mative virtue = society at l>ge1 0 a pre-,*ri/ian z well z an anti-,*ri/ian ph5om5on4 ,x is inde$ probable t 9 ! times ( p]secution ! ,*ri/ian community w\ld be limit$ to ! m s]i\s & devot$ types #iij--t is to say1 to ^? :o w\ld t5d to live wor?ily "u any cre$4 ,b t ! normal ,*ri/ian community 0 sup]ior 9 po9t ( morals is a poetic halluc9ation1 set up by ! leg5ds conc]n+ ! m>tyrs & by ! vaunt+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 :i* are demon/rably untru/wor?y4 ,! ass]tion1 /ill at times made by pr(ess$ ,positivi/s1 t ! discr$it ( ! m>riage tie 9 ,roman life necessitat$ a new religion1 & t ! new religion 0 reg5]ative1 is only a quasi-sci5tific v>iation ( ! leg5d4 ,! evid5ce z to ! failure ( ! fai? to re=m its adh]5ts is cont9u\s f ! fir/ g5]ation onw>ds4 ,paul compla9s bitt]ly ( ! sexual lic5ce among 8 fir/ ,cor9?ian conv]ts 7#a ,cor4 v1 #a1 #b71 & seeks to *eck x by vehem5t comm&s1 "s my/ical 7id4 v4 #e71 "s prescrib+ o/racism 7vv4 #i-ac7--;a pla9 confession ( failure1 & a complete rev]sal ( ! prescription 9 ! gospel 7,mt4 xviii1 #bb74 ,if t c\ld be set aside1 ! comm& z to divorce c\ld be likewise4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,dial4 ) ,trypho1 *4 #ada7 describes ! or?odox ,jews ( 8 day z ( all m5 ! mo/ giv5 to polygamy & arbitr>y divorce4 7,cp4 ,deut4 xxiv1 #a2 ,ed]%eim1 ,hi/ory1 p4 #bid47 ,!n ! ,*ri/ian assumption z to ,roman deg5]ation & ,ea/]n virtue _c be su/a9$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury we h ! decisive evid5ce ( ,t]tullian t _m ( ! *>ges ( immorality made by s]i\s pagans aga9/ ,*ri/ians 7 9 l>ge "p true4 ,fir/ he affirms 7,ad ,nationes1 l4 i1 c4 #e7 t ! pagan *>ges are n true ( all1 n ev5 ( ! greate/ "p ( u4 ,9 reg>d to ! *>ge ( ince/ 7c4 #af71 in/ead ( d5y+ x z ! e>li] apologi/ ,m9ucius ,felix _h done 9 ! age ( p]secution1 he m]ely argues t ! same (f5ce occurs ?r\gh ignorance among ! pagans4 ,! *apt] concludes by virtually admitt+ ! *>ge ) reg>d to misconduct 9 ! my/]ies4 ,/ill lat]1 :5 he has turn$ ,montani/1 ,t]tullian explicitly *>ges 8 =m] associates ) sexual lic5ce 7,de ,jejuniis1 cc4 #a1 #ag3 ,de ,virg9ibus ,vel&is1 c4 #ad71 po9t+ n[ to ! hea!n z %[+ m reg>d = monogamy ?an d ! ,*ri/ians 7,de ,exhort4 ,ca/itatis1 c4 #ac74 ,f ! f\r? c5tury onw>d ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* reveals at e /ep a con=mity on ! "p ( its memb]s to av]age pagan practice4 ,! ?ird canon ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil =bids cl]ics ( all ranks f keep+ z companions or h\sekeep]s wom5 :o are n _! close blood relations4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,salvian d5\nces ! ,*ri/ians alike ( ,gaul & ,africa z be+ b\ndlessly lic5ti\s 9 comp>ison ) ! ,arian b>b>ians 7,de ,gub]natione ,dei1 lib4 #e1 #f1 #g74 ,!y d n ev51 he decl>es1 d5y ! *>ge1 cont5t+ !mselves ) claim+ sup]ior or?odoxy4 7,cp4 ,bury1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,lat] ,roman ,empire1 i1 #aih-ii1 & ,f9lay1 ii1 #bai1 = ano!r po9t ( view47 ,on all h&s h]esy 0 reckon$ ! "o deadly s9 7,giesel]1 #gd1 p4 #bie1 & refs471 & all real misde$s came to seem v5ial by comp>ison4 ,z to sexual vice & crime among ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,g]mans1 see ,giesel]1 #abe1 vol4 ii1 #aeh-fj4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! conditions 7 ! same4 ,! /ory ( ! indec5t p]=mances ( ,!odora on ! /age 7,gibbon1 *4 xl71 probably untrue ( h]1 implies t su* practices op5ly occurr$4 ,milman 7,hi/4 ( ,*r4 bk4 iv1 *4 ii4 ed4 cit$1 ii1 #cbg7 recognizes g5]al indec5cy1 & notes t ,zosimus *>g$ x on ,*ri/ian rule4 ,salvian speaks ( unlimit$ obsc5ity 9 ! !atres ( ,*ri/ian ,gaul 7,de ,gub4 ,dei1 l4 #f74 ,cp4 ,gibbon z to ! "* ( ! dev\t ,ju/9ian's m9i/] ,trebonian2 :o1 h[ev]1 0 call$ an a!i/4 7,suidas1 s4v47 ,on ! collapse ( ! iconocla/ic movem5t1 lic5ce became g5]al 7,f9lay1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ed4 ,toz]1 ii1 #afb74 ,b ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,*ryso/om's writ+s te/ify to ! normality ( all ! vices1 z well z ! sup]/itions1 t ,*ri/ianity is suppos$ to h bani%$2 ! *ur*es figur+1 l ! anci5t temples1 z places ( assignation4 7,cp4 ! extracts ( ,lavolle1 ,les ,moeurs ,byzant9es1 9 ,essais de littrature et d'hi/oire1 #ahia1 pp4 #dh-fb1 #hi2 ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4's ,/4 ,*ryso/om's ,picture ( 8 ,age1 #ahge1 pp4 #f1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb-ajd1 #ajh1 #aid2 ,*ryso/om's ,homilies1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahci1 ,hom4 xii on #a/ ,cor4 pp4 #aei-fd2 ,j]ome1 ,adv4 ,vigilantium1 cit$ by ,giesel]1 ii1 #ff1 note #ai1 & 9 ,gilly's ,vigilantius & 8 ,times1 #ahdd1 pp4 #djf-djg47 ,! cl]gy 7 among ! mo/ lic5ti\s ( all1 & ,*ryso/om _h repeat$ly to prea* aga9/ !m 7,lavolle1 *4 iv2 ,mo%eim1 z la/ cit$2 ,gibbon1 *4 xlvii1 ,bohn ed4 iv1 #bcb74 ,! position ( wom5 0 practically :at x _h be5 9 po/-,alex&rian ,greece & ,asia-,m9or 7,lavolle1 *4 v2 cp4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om's ,picture ( 8 ,age1 pp4 #ahj-hb72 & ! practice correspond$4 ,9 %ort1 ! supposition t ! population ( ,con/ant9ople z we see x "u ,ju/9ian1 or t ( ,alex&ria 9 ! same age1 c\ld h be5 morally au/]e1 is fanta/ic4 ,x w\ld inde$ be un9telligible t intellectual decl9e )\t *ange ( social sy/em %\ld put morals on a s\nd foot+4 ,! v asceticism :i* seeks to mortify ! body is an av[al ( ! vice f :i* x recoils1 & ins(> z ?is has prevail$ "u ,*ri/ianity x has specifically h9d]$ g5]al temp]ance1 #iia inasmu* z ! types capable ( self-rule ?us leave no (fspr+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! case ( ! gladiatorial combats 7:i* _h be5 d5\nc$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury by ! pagan ,s5eca1 #iib & 9 ! f\r? by ! pagan ,libanius1 b la/$ 9 ,rome long aft] ,*ri/ianity _h become ! ,/ate religion2 #iic :ile ! no less cruel combats ( m5 ) wild bea/s 7 suppress$ only :5 ! f9ances ( ! fall+ ,empire c\ld no long] ma9ta9 !m71 #iid ! vice ( cruelty seems to h be5 9 no s]i\s degree ca/ out4 #iie ,cruelty to slaves 0 c]ta9ly n less ?an 9 ! ,rome ( ! ,anton9es2 & ,*ryso/om #iif d5\nces j su* atrocities by cruel mi/resses z _h be5 describ$ by ,horace & ,juv5al4 ,! /ory ( ! slay+ ( ,hypatia1 inde$1 is decisive z to ,*ri/ian f]ocity4 #iig ,9 f9e1 ! entire hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,egypt1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 progressively decad5t till _! easy conque/ by ! ,s>ac5s1 & ! entire hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,byzant9e empire1 at be/ /agnant 9 m5tal & mat]ial life dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 s]ve conclusively to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t 9 ! abs5ce ( free?\ght no civilization c progress4 ,m completely ?an any ( ! anci5t civilizations to :i* !y succe$$1 !y ca/ out or 7 d5ud$ ( ! _s ( free reason4 ,! result 0 /rictly congru\s4 ,! process1 ( c\rse1 0 "o ( socio-political causation ?r\gh\t2 & ! rule ( dogma 0 a symptom or effect ( ! process1 n ! extrane\s cause4 ,b t is only ! cl9*+ ( ! sociological lesson4 ,( a deep significance1 9 view ( ! total hi/orical movem5t1 is ! philosophical tea*+ ( ! la/ memb] ( ! anci5t ,roman _w :o exhibit$ philosophical capacity--! long fam\s ,boe?ius1 m9i/] ( ! conqu]or ,!odoric1 :o put him to dea? 9 ! ye> #ebe4 ,o/5sibly f ! same h& we h ! ,de ,consolatione ,philosophiae1 :i* is sub/antially non-,*ri/ian1 & a numb] ( treatises exp\nd+ or?odox ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,9 ! =m] we f9d him 9 /r5u\s opposition 444 to ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( creation2 & 8 ,dualism is at lea/ z app>5t z ,plato's4 ,we f9d him coquett+ ) ! anti-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! _w1 & assum+ a position ) reg>d to s9 :i* is ultra-,pelagian & utt]ly unt5able by a ,*ri/ian !ologian4 ,we f9d him1 ) dea? be=e 8 eyes1 d]iv+ consolation n f any hopes ( a resurrection 444 b f ! pres5t contempt ( all e>?ly pa9 & ill :i* 8 div9e mi/ress1 '! p]fect solace ( we>i$ s\ls1' has taught him4 #iih ,see+ t ,!odoric1 ?\gh a pr(ess$ admir] ( ! anci5t life1 _h absolutely put d[n1 on pa9 ( dea?1 #iii e rema9+ religi\s practice ( paganism1 x is c]ta9 t ,boe?ius mu/ h (ficially pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity2 b 8 book seems to make x c]ta9 t he 0 n a believ]4 ,! only !ory on :i* ! exp\nd] ( su* an ess5tially pagan philosophy c be conceiv$ z really ! au?or ( ! ,*ri/ian tractates ascrib$ to ,boe?ius is t1 "u ! /roke ( undes]v$ ru9 & unju/ doom1 ! ?9k] turn$ away f ! cre$ ( 8 (ficial life & s\ght heal+ 9 ! wisdom ( ! old] _w4 #ajjj ,:e!r we accept ?is solution or1 9 despite ( ! specific te/imony1 reject ! !ological tractates z falsely ascrib$--ei!r by _! writ] or by o!rs--to ,boe?ius1 #ajja ! significant fact rema9s t x 0 n ! ,*ri/ian tracts b ! pagan ,consolation t pass$ d[n to ! we/]n nations ( ! ,middle ,ages z ! la/ great intellectual legacy f ! anci5t _w4 ,x _h its virtue = an age ( m5tal bondage1 because x pres]v$ "s pulse ( ! _s ( free ?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,free?\ght ,,"u ,,islam #ajjb #a ,! free?9k+ ( ,mohamm$ may be ju/ly said to beg9 & end ) 8 rejection ( popul> poly!ism & 8 acceptance ( ! idea ( a s+le ,god4 ,t idea he o/5sibly held z a k9d ( revelation1 n z a result ( any traceable process ( reason+2 & he affirm$ x f fir/ to la/ z a fanatic4 ,"o ( ! noble/ ( fanatics he may be1 b h>dly m4 ,d5\nc+ all idolatry1 he an*or$ 8 cre$ to ! ,ka'aba1 ! sacr$ black /one ( ! remote pa/1 :i* is to ?is day its mo/ rev]$ object4 ,t ! mono!i/ic idea1 9 its mo/ vivid =m1 rea*$ him 9 middle age by way ( a vision is "p ( ! cre$ ( 8 foll[]s2 & t x d]iv$ 9 "s way f ,jews1 or ,p]sians1 or ,*ri/ians1 z ! e>ly unbeliev]s decl>$1 #ajjc is probable en\gh4 ,b !re is evid5ce t among 8 fell[-,arabs ! idea _h tak5 "s slight root be=e 8 "t1 ev5 9 a rationali/ic =m1 & x is cle> t !re 7 be=e 8 day _m believ]s1 ?\gh also _m unbeliev]s1 9 a future /ate4 #ajjd ,!re is no good gr\nd = ! (t-repeat$ =mula ab\t ! special mono!i/ic & o!r religi\s proclivities ( ! ,semite2 #ajje ,semites be+ subject to religi\s influ5ces l o!r peoples1 9 t]ms ( culture & environm5t4 ,! ,moslems !mselves pres]v$ a tradition t "o ,zaid1 :o di$ five ye>s be=e ! ,prophet receiv$ 8 fir/ inspiration1 _h ( 8 own accord r5\nc$ idolatry )\t becom+ ei!r ,jew or ,*ri/ian2 b on be+ told by a ,jew to become a ,hanyf1 #ajjf t is to say1 ( ! religion ( ,abraham1 :o wor%ipp$ no?+ b ,god1 he at once agre$4 #ajjg ,9 ! olde/ extant biography ( ,mohamm$ an address ( ,zaid's has be5 pres]v$1 ( :i* six passages are reproduc$ 9 ! ,koran2 #ajjh & !re are o!r pro(s #ajji t ! way _h be5 p>tly made = ,mohamm$anism be=e ,mohamm$1 especially at ,m$9a1 to :i* he )drew 7! ,hej'ra7 ) 8 e>ly foll[]s :5 8 fell[-tribesm5 w\ld n accept 8 message4 ,he uses ! t]m ,hanyf repeat$ly z /&+ = 8 own doctr9e4 #ajaj ,9 "s ( ! ,arab poetry ( ! g5]ation be=e ,mohamm$1 aga91 !re is a deep conviction ( ! unity ( ,god1 & ( 8 elevation ov] all o!r be+s1 z well z a cle>ly develop$ s5se ( moral responsibility4 #ajaa ,! doctr9e ( a ,supreme ,god 0 inde$ g5]al2 #ajab & ,mohamm$'s insi/5ce on ! rejection ( ! less] deities or companions ( ,god 0 b a prea*+ ( unit>ianism to half-pr(ess$ mono!i/s :o yet practis$ poly!ism & idolatry4 ,! ,arabs at 8 "t1 9 %ort1 7 on ! same religi\s plane z ! ,*ri/ians1 b ) a good deal ( unbelief2 ,z5dekism or rationali/ic deism 7or a!ism7 be+ *>g$ 9 p>ticul> on ,mohamm$'s tribe1 ! ,korei%2 #ajac & ! ,prophet us$ traditional ideas to br+ !m to 8 unit>y cre$4 ,9 "o case he ev5 tempor>ily accept$ _! poly!ism4 #ajad ,! sev]al tribes 7 fur!r to "s ext5t monolatr\s1 #ajae some:at z 7 ! ,semitic tribes ( ,pale/9e2 & be=e ,mohamm$'s "t a special wor%ipp] ( ! /> ,sirius s\ght to p]suade ! ,korei% to give up _! idols & adore t /> alone4 ,?us betwe5 _! p>tially develop$ mono!ism1 _! p>tial famili>ity ) ,hanyf mono!ism1 & _! common int]c\rse ) ! nom9ally mono!i/ic ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 _m ,arabs 7 9 a measure prep>$ = ! ,prophet's doctr9e2 :i*1 = ! re/1 embodi$ _m ( _! own traditions & sup]/itions z well z _m orally receiv$ f ,*ri/ians & ,jews4 ,! ,koran itself1 says ,palm]1 is1 inde$1 less ! inv5tion or conception ( ,mohamm$ ?an a collection ( leg5ds & moral axioms borr[$ f des]t lore & c\*$ 9 ! language & rhy?m ( des]t eloqu5ce1 b adorn$ ) ! additional *>m ( en?usiasm4 ,_h x be5 m]ely ,mohamm$'s own inv5t$ disc\rses1 be>+ only ! impress ( 8 p]sonal /yle1 ! ,koran c\ld nev] h appeal$ ) s mu* success to e ,arab-speak+ race z a miracle ( eloqu5ce4 #ajaf ,ku55 *all5ges ,spr5g]'s conclusions & sums up3 ,we ne$ n d5y t ,mohamm$ _h pr$ecessors2 b we mu/ d5y t tradition gives u a fai?ful repres5tation ( !m1 or is correct 9 call+ !m hanyfs4 #ajag ,on ! o!r h&1 he conc$es t ,mohamm$ made ,islam out ( elem5ts :i* 7 suppli$ to him v l>gely f outside1 & :i* _h a :ole hi/ory beh9d !m already1 s t he c\ld take !m up z !y 7 )\t fur!r elaboration4 #ajah ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ,islam ! =g+ ( ,traditions became a recogniz$ political & religi\s weapon1 ( :i* all p>ties avail$ !mselves4 ,ev5 m5 ( ! /ricte/ piety practis$ ?is species ( fraud1 & ma9ta9$ t ! end ju/ifi$ ! means4 #ajai ,! f9al triumph ( ! religion1 h[ev]1 0 due nei!r to ! elem5ts ( its ,sacr$ ,book nor to ! moral or magnetic p[] ( ! ,prophet4 ,?is p[] x 0 t won 8 fir/ adh]5ts1 :o 7 mo/ly 8 fri5ds & relatives1 or slaves to :om 8 religion 0 a species ( enfran*isem5t4 #ajbj ,f t po9t =w>d 8 success 0 milit>y--?anks1 t is1 to ! val\r ( 8 foll[]s--8 fell[ citiz5s nev] hav+ be5 won 9 mass to 8 tea*+4 #ajba ,su* success z 8 might conceivably be ga9$ by a m]e milit>y *ief4 ,nor c\ld ! spread ( ,islam aft] 8 dea? h tak5 place save 9 virtue ( ! special opportunities = conque/ ly+ be=e its adh]5ts--opportunities already se5 by ,mohamm$1 ei!r ) ! eye ( /atesman%ip or ) t ( 8 great g5]al1 ,om>4 #ajbb ,x is an error to assume1 z is /ill commonly done1 t x 0 ! unify+ & inspir+ p[] ( ! religion t wr\ght ! ,s>ac5 conque/s4 ,w>like nor!rn b>b>ians _h ov]run ! ,we/]n ,empire )\t any su* /imulus2 ! prospect ( booty & racial k9%ip suffic$ !m = ! conque/ ( a decad5t community2 & ! same conditions exi/$ = ! equally w>like ,s>ac5s1 #ajbc :o also1 be=e ,mohamm$1 _h le>n$ some?+ ( ! milit>y art f ! ,grco-,romans4 #ajbd ,_! religi\s ard\r w\ld h avail$ !m little aga9/ ! pagan legions ( ! unbeliev+ ,cs>2 & z a matt] ( fact !y c\ld nev] conqu]1 ?\gh !y curtail$1 ! comp>atively weak ,byzant9e ,empire2 its mod]ate economic res\rces & traditional organization suffic+ to su/a9 x1 despite intellectual decad5ce1 till ! age ( ,s>ac5 greatness 0 ov]4 ,nor did _! fai? ev] unify !m save o/5sibly = purposes ( common w>f>e aga9/ ! racial foe--a k9d ( union atta9$ 9 all ages & ) all v>ieties ( religion4 ,fi]ce dome/ic /rifes broke out z soon z ! ,prophet 0 dead4 ,x w\ld be z true to say t ! common racial & milit>y int]e/ aga9/ ! ,grco-,roman & ,p]sian ,/ates unifi$ ! ,moslem p>ties1 z t ,islam unifi$ ! ,arab tribes & factions4 ,ap>t f ! inn] circle ( conv]ts1 inde$1 ! fir/ conqu]ors 7 9 mass n at all deeply dev\t1 & _m ( !m ma9ta9$ to ! end ( _! g5]ation1 & aft] 8 dea?1 ! unbelief :i* f ! fir/ met ! ,prophet at ,mecca4 #ajbe ,aga9/ ! cre$ ( ,mohamm$ ! cons]vative & mat]ial in/9cts ( ! p ( ! des]t rose 9 revolt2 & al?\gh !y became ,moslems en masse1 ! majority ( !m nei!r believ$ 9 ,islam nor knew :at x meant4 ,(t5 _! motives 7 frankly utilit>ian3 !y expect$ t ,islam w\ld br+ !m luck4444 ,if ?+s w5t ill1 !y blam$ ,islam & turn$ _! backs on x4 #ajbf ,x is told ( a ,moslem *ief ( ! e>ly days t he said3 ,if !re 7 a ,god1 ,i w\ld swe> by 8 "n t ,i did n believe 9 him4 #ajbg ,a g5]al fanaticism grew up lat]4 ,b _h !re be5 no ,islam1 ent]pris+ ,arabs w\ld probably h ov]run ,syria & ,p]sia & ,africa & ,spa9 all ! same4 #ajbh ,attila w5t fur!r1 & he is n kn[n to h be5 a mono!i/ or a believ] 9 ,p>adise4 ,nor 7 ,j5ghiz ,khan & ,tam]lane indebt$ to religi\s fai? = _! conque/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a ,khalifate 0 any:]e e/abli%$ by milit>y =ce1 ! fai? w\ld inde$ s]ve z a nucleus ( adm9i/ration1 & fur!r z a means ( resi/+ ! insidi\s propag&a ( ! rival fai?1 :i* might h be5 a s\rce ( political dang]4 ,x 0 _! ,sacr$ ,book & ,prophet t sav$ ! ,arabs f accept+ ! religion ( ! /ates !y conqu]$ z did ! ,go?s & ,franks4 ,! fai? ?us s f> pres]v$ _! milit>y polity :5 t 0 once set up2 b x 0 n ! fai? t made ! polity possible1 or gave ! p[] ( conque/1 z is conv5tionally held4 ,at mo/1 x p>tly facilitat$ _! conque/s by deta*+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( purely sup]/iti\s support f ! o!r side4 ,& x nev] avail$ to unify ! race1 or ! ,islamic peoples4 ,on ! fall ( ,o?man ! ensu+ civil w>s r5t ! unity ( ,islam f top to bottom1 & ! w\nd has nev] heal$4 #ajbi ,! feud betwe5 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,arabs rapidly develop$ & ext5d$ into a p]man5t racial enmity4 #ajcj ,& :51 aft] ! ,ommayade dyna/y _h totally fail$ to unify ,semite & ,aryan 9 ,p]sia1 ! task 0 p>tially accompli%$ by ! ,abassides1 x 0 n ?r\gh any great] /ress ( piety1 b by way ( accept+ ! inevitable1 aft] g5]ations ( division & revolt4 #ajca #b ,x may p]haps be m truly claim$ = ! ,koran t x 0 ! basis ( ,arab s*ol>%ip2 s9ce x 0 9 ord] to elucidate its text t ! fir/ ,arab gramm>s & diction>ies & lit]>y collections 7 made4 #ajcb ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ! reflection arises t "s su* developm5t w\ld h occurr$ 9 any case1 on ! basis ( ! abundant pre-,islamic poetry1 giv5 b ! mat]ial conque/s4 ,! fir/ conqu]ors 7 illit]ate1 & _h to resort to ! s]vices & ! organization ( ! conqu]$ #ajcc = all purposes ( adm9i/rative writ+s1 us+ = a "t ev5 ! ,greek & ,p]sian languages4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! ,koran itself to enc\rage lit]ature2 & ! fir/ conqu]ors ei!r despis$ or fe>$ t ( ! conqu]$4 #ajcd ,:5 ! facts are inductively consid]$1 x appe>s t ! ,koran 0 f ! fir/ r a =ce ( intellectual fixation ?an "o ( /imulus4 ,z we h se51 !re 0 a measure ( rationalism z well z ( mono!ism among ! ,arabs be=e ,mohamm$2 & ! ,prophet set 8 face viol5tly aga9/ all unbelief4 ,! ^w unbeliev] or infidel 9 ! ,koran normally signifies m]ely rejector ( ,mohamm$2 b a numb] ( passages #ajce %[ t !re 7 specific unbeliev]s 9 ! doctr9e ( a future /ate z well z 9 miracles2 & 8 oppon5ts put to him *all5ges :i* %[$ t !y rationally disbeliev$ 8 claim to inspiration4 #ajcf ,h5ce1 cle>ly1 ! sc>city ( miracles 9 8 e>ly leg5d1 on ! ,arab side4 ,on a p ?us p>tly ref9$1 skeptical1 incr$ul\s1 #ajcg mu* ( ^: poetry %[$ no trace ( religion1 #ajch ! triumph ( ,islam gradually impos$ a tyrann\s dogma1 entail+ abundance ( primitive sup]/ition "u ! gis ( mono!i/ic doctr9e4 ,"s moral s]vice x did compass1 & = ?is ! cr$it seems to be sub/antially due to ,mohamm$2 ?\gh "h aga9 he 0 n an innovator4 ,l previ\s re=m]s1 #ajci he vehem5tly d5\nc$ ! horrible practice ( bury+ alive girl *ildr52 & :5 ! ,koran became law 8 comm& took effect4 ,8 limitation ( polygamy too may h c\nt$ = some?+1 despite ! unlimit$ practice ( 8 latt] ye>s4 ,= ! re/1 he prescribes1 9 ! traditional ea/]n fa%ion1 lib]al almsgiv+2 ?is1 ) normal integrity & pati5ce1 & belief 9 ,god & ! ,la/ ,day1 & ! ,angels1 & ! ,scriptures1 & ! ,prophets1 #ajdj is ! gi/ ( 8 e?ical & religi\s code1 ) mu* /ress on hell-fire & ! joys ( ,p>adise1 & at ! same "t on pr$e/9ation1 & ) no reason+ on any issue4 #c ,! hi/ory ( ,s>ac5 culture is ! hi/ory ( ! atta9m5t ( san] ideas & a high] plane ( ?\ght4 ,)9 a c5tury ( ! ,hej'ra #ajda !re _h aris5 "s rational skepticism 9 ! ,moslem s*ools1 z ap>t f ! *ronic s*isms & /rifes ( ! fai?ful4 ,a s*ool ( !ology _h be5 f\nd$ by ,hasan-al-,basri at ,bassorah2 & "o ( 8 disciples1 ,wasil ibn ,att1 foll[+ "s previ\s h]etics--,mabad al ,jhoni1 ,ghailan ( ,damascus1 & ,jonas al ,asw>i #ajdb--reject$ ! pr$e/9ation doctr9e ( ! ,koran z inconsi/5t ) ! future judgm5t2 argu+ = freewill & at ! same "t = ! humane provision ( a purgatory4 ,f ?is beg9n+ dates ! ,motazileh or class ( ,motazilites 7or ,mutazilites71 #ajdc ! philosophic re=m]s & mod]ate free?9k]s ( ,islam4 ,o!r sects ( a semi-political "* _h aris5 ev5 dur+ ! la/ illness ( ! ,prophet1 & o!rs soon aft] 8 dea?4 #ajdd ,"o p>ty s\ght to impose on ! fai?ful ! ,sunna or traditions1 :i* really repres5t$ ! old ,arabian ideas ( law1 b 7 pret5d$ to be unwritt5 say+s ( ,mohamm$4 #ajde ,to ?is ! p>ty ( ,ali 7! ,prophet's c\s97 object$2 :5ce began ! long dispute betwe5 ! ,%iah or ,%ites 7! anti-traditioni/s71 & ! ,sunnites2 ! conqu]$ & oppress$ ,p]sians t5d+ to /& ) ! =m]1 & g5]ally1 9 virtue ( _! own ?\ght1 to supply ! het]odox elem5t "u ! lat] ,khalifates4 #ajdf ,?us ,%ites 7 apt to be ,motazilites4 #ajdg ,on ,ali's side1 aga91 !re broke away a great body ( ,kh>ejites or ,sep>ati/s1 :o claim$ t ! ,imaum or head ( ! ,fai? %\ld be *os5 by election1 :ile ! ,%ites /ood = succession by div9e "r4 #ajdh ,all ?is _h occurr$ be=e any s*ools ( !ology exi/$4 ,! ,motazilites1 once />t$1 divid$ gradually into a score ( sects1 #ajdi all m or less giv5 to rationaliz+ )9 ! limits ( mono!ism4 #ajej ,! fir/ /ock 7 nam$ ,kad>ites1 because insi/+ on man's p[] 7kad>7 ov] 8 acts4 #ajea ,aga9/ !m 7 promptly rang$ ! ,jab>ites1 :o affirm$ t man's w 0 :olly "u div9e con/ra9t 7jab>74 #ajeb ,yet ano!r sect1 ! ,sifatites1 oppos$ bo? ( ! o!rs1 "s ( !m #ajec /&+ = a lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,koran1 :i* is 9 "p pr$e/9ationi/1 & 9 p>ts assumes freewill2 :ile ! ma9 body ( or?odox1 foll[+ ! text1 pr(ess$ to respect z insoluble my/]y ! contradictions !y f\nd 9 x4 #ajed ,! hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ?is matt] is /rik+ly analog\s to t ( ,*ri/ianity f ! rise ( ! ,pelagian h]esy4 ,x is to be not$ t1 :ile ! h]etics 9 "t came "u ,greek & o!r =eign influ5ces1 _! criticism ( ! ,koran 0 at ! outset _! own4 #ajee ,! ,%ites1 becom+ broadly ! p>ty ( ! ,p]sians1 admitt$ 9 "t ,p]sian1 ,jewi%1 ,gno/ic1 ,mani*an1 & o!r duali/ic doctr9es1 & g5]ally t5d$ to int]pret ! ,koran allegorically4 #ajef ,a p>ticul> s*ool ( allegori/s1 ! ,ba!nians1 ev5 t5d$ to purify ! idea ( deity 9 an agno/ic direction4 #ajeg ,all ( ^! w\ld appe> to h rank$ g5etically z ,motazilites2 & ! manifold play ( h]etical ?\ght gradually =c$ a c]ta9 habit ( reason+ on ! or?odox1 #ajeh :o z usual f\nd _! advantage 9 ! dissid5ces ( ! diss5t]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,motazilites f\nd new res\rces 9 ! /udy & translation ( ,greek works1 sci5tific & philosophical4 #ajei ,!y 7 ?us ! prime factors1 on ! ,arab side1 9 ! culture-evolution :i* w5t on "u ! e>li] ( ! ,abasside ,khalifs 7#gej-abeh74 ,greek lit]ature rea*$ !m ma9ly ?r\gh ! ,syrian ,*ri/ians1 9 ^: h&s x _h be5 put by ! ,ne/orians1 driv5 out ( _! sci5tific s*ool at ,edessa & exil$ by ,leo ! ,isaurian 7#gaf-gda72 #ajfj possibly also 9 "p ?r\gh ! philosoph]s :o1 on be+ exil$ f ,a!ns by ,ju/9ian1 settl$ = a "t 9 ,p]sia4 #ajfa ,! total result 0 t already 9 ! n9? c5tury1 )9 two hundr$ ye>s ( ! beg9n+ ( ,mohamm$'s prea*+1 ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,p]sia _h rea*$ n only a rem>kable height ( mat]ial civilization1 _! weal? exce$+ t ( ,byzantium1 b a consid]able ?\gh quasi-secret measure ( sci5tific k & rational ?\ght1 #ajfb includ+ ev5 "s measure ( pure a!ism4 ,all =ms ( rationalism alike 7 call$ z5dekism by ! or?odox1 ! "n hav+ ! epi!tic =ce ( ! ,*ri/ian t]ms infidelity & a!ism4 #ajfc ,secrecy 0 long impos$ on ! ,motazilites by ! or?odoxy ( ! ,khalifs1 #ajfd :o z a rule aton$ = _m crimes & abundant brea*es ( ! law ( ! ,koran by a dev\t pr(ession ( fai?4 ,free?9k+1 h[ev]1 _h its p]iods ( political prosp]ity4 ,ev5 "u ! ,ommayade dyna/y1 ! ,khalif ,al ,walid ,ibn ,yazid 7! elev5? ( ! race7 0 reput$ to be ( no religion1 b seems to h be5 r a ruffian ?an a rationali/4 #ajfe ,"u ! ,abassides culture made mu* m progress4 ,! ,khalif ,al ,mans\r1 ?\gh he play$ a v or?odox "p1 #ajff fav\r$ ! ,motazilites 7#ged-gge71 be+ g5]ally a patron ( ! sci5ces2 & "u him 7 made ! fir/ translations f ! ,greek4 #ajfg ,despite 8 or?odoxy he enc\rag$ sci5ce2 & x 0 z insurg5ts & n z unbeliev]s t he de/roy$ ! sect ( ,rew&ites 7a bran* ( ! anti-,moslem ,ismailites71 :o are said to h believ$ 9 metempsy*osis4 #ajfh ,p>tly on political b p>tly also on religi\s gr\nds 8 successor ,al ,mahdi made w> on ! ,ismailites1 :om he reg>d$ z a!i/s1 & :o appe> to h be5 connect$ ) ! ,motazilite ,bre?r5 ( ,purity1 #ajfi de/roy+ _! books & caus+ o!rs to be writt5 aga9/ !m4 #ajgj ,!y 7 anti-,koranites2 h>dly a!i/s2 b a k9d ( in=mal rationalism approa*+ to a!ism1 & involv+ unbelief 9 ! ,koran & ! ,prophet1 seems to h spread consid]ably1 despite ! slaught] ( _m unbeliev]s by ,al ,mahdi4 ,its s\rce seems to h be5 ,p]sian av]sion to ! ali5 cre$4 #ajga ,! great philosophic influ5ce1 aga91 0 t ( ,ari/otle2 & ?\gh 8 ab/ract ,god-idea 0 nom9ally adh]$ to1 ! sci5tific movem5t promot$ above all ?+s ! conception ( a reign ( law4 #ajgb ,al ,hadi1 ! successor ( ,al ,mahdi1 p]secut$ mu* & kill$ _m h]etics2 & ,h>\n ,al ,ras*id 7,a>on ! ,or?odox7 m5ac$ ) dea? ^? :o held ! mod]ately rational t5et t ! ,koran 0 creat$1 #ajgc z aga9/ ! or?odox dogma 7on all f\rs ) ! ,brahmanic doctr9e conc]n+ ! ,v$a7 t x 0 et]nal 9 ! heav5s & uncreat$4 ,"o ( ! rationali/s1 ,al ,mozd>1 accus$ ! or?odox p>ty ( infidelity1 z ass]t+ two et]nal ?+s2 & !re 0 curr5t among ! ,motazilites ( 8 day ! say+ t1 _h ,god left m5 to _! natural lib]ty1 ! ,arabians c\ld h compos$ some?+ n only equal b sup]ior to ! ,koran 9 eloqu5ce1 me?od1 & purity ( language4 #ajgd ,h>\n's crimes1 h[ev]1 consi/$ little 9 acts ( p]secution4 ,! ,p]sian ,b>mekides 7! family ( 8 fir/ ,vizi]1 surnam$ ,b>mek7 7 reg>d$ z protectors ( ,motazilites2 #ajge & "o ( ! sons1 ,jaaf]1 0 ev5 suspect$ ( a!ism1 all ?ree inde$ be+ *>g$ ) x4 #ajgf ,_! de/ruction1 on o!r gr\nds1 does n seem to h alt]$ ! conditions = ! ?9k]s2 b ,h>\n's incompet5t son ,em9 0 a devotee & p]secutor4 ,8 abl] bro!r & conqu]or ,al ,mam\n 7#hac-hcc71 on ! o!r h&1 directly fav\r$ ! ,motazilites1 p>tly on political gr\nds1 to /r5g!n himself ) ! ,p]sian p>ty1 b also on ! gr\nd ( conviction4 #ajgg ,he ev5 imprison$ "s ( ! or?odox !ologians :o ma9ta9$ t ! ,koran 0 n a creat$ ?+1 ?\gh1 l c]ta9 p]secutors ( o!r fai?s1 he _h expressly decl>$ himself 9 fav\r ( p]suasion z aga9/ co]cion4 #ajgh ,9 "o case1 foll[+ usage1 he inflict$ a cruel torture4 ,8 fatal error1 says a rec5t s*ol>1 0 t he invok$ ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate 9 matt]s ( ! intellectual & religi\s life4 #ajgi ,comp>$ ) o!rs1 c]ta9ly1 he did n c>ry 8 co]cion f>1 ?\gh1 on be+ once publicly address$ z ,ame] ( ! ,unbeliev]s1 he caus$ ! fanatic :o said x to be put to dea?4 #ajhj ,9 private he 0 wont to conduct meet+s = discussion1 att5d$ by believ]s & unbeliev]s ( e %ade1 at :i* ! only re/riction 0 t ! appeal mu/ be to reason1 & nev] to ! ,koran4 #ajha ,conc]n+ 8 p]sonal bias1 x is relat$ t he _h receiv$ f ,kabul a book 9 old ,p]sian1 ,! ,et]nal ,reason1 :i* taught t reason is ! only basis = religion1 & t revelation _c s]ve z a /&+ gr\nd4 #ajhb ,! /ory is int]e/+1 b enigmatic1 ! orig9 ( ! book be+ untraceable4 ,:atev] 7 8 views1 8 co]cive policy aga9/ ! or?odox extremi/s _h ! usual effect ( /imulat+ reaction on t side1 & prep>+ ! ultimate triumph ( or?odoxy4 #ajhc ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t ,mam\n 0 ( all ! ,khalifs ! greate/ promot] ( sci5ce #ajhd & culture2 ! *ief enc\rag] ( ! /udy & translation ( ,greek lit]ature2 #ajhe &1 despite 8 co]cion ( ! !ologians on ! dogma ( ! et]nity ( ! ,koran1 tol]ant en\gh to put a ,*ri/ian at ! head ( a college at ,damascus1 decl>+ t he *ose him n = 8 religion b = 8 sci5ce4 ,9 ! same _s he p]mitt$ ! free circulation ( ! apologetic treatise ( ! ,arm5ian ,*ri/ian ,al ,k9dy1 9 :i* ,islam & ! ,koran are freely criticiz$4 ,z a rul]1 too1 he ranks among ! be/ ( 8 race = clem5cy1 ju/ice1 & dec5cy ( life1 al?\gh or?odox imputations 7 ca/ on 8 subord9ates4 ,8 successors ,motasim & ,wa!k 7 ( ! same ca/ ( op9ion1 ! latt] be+1 h[ev]1 fanatical on behalf ( 8 rationali/ic view ( ! ,koran z a creat$ ?+4 #ajhf ,a viol5t or?odox reaction set 9 "u ! wor?less & ,turk-rul$ ,khalif ,motawakkel #ajhg 7#hdg-hfa71 by ^: "t ! ,khalifate 0 9 a /ate ( political decad5ce1 p>tly f ! economic exhau/ion foll[+ on its tyrann\s & extortionate rule2 p>tly f ! divisive t5d5cies ( its het]og5e\s sections2 p>tly f ! corrupt+ t5d5cy ( all despotic p[]4 #ajhh ,despite ! (ficial re/oration ( or?odoxy1 ! private cultivation ( sci5ce & philosophy proce$$ = a "t2 ! /udy & translation ( ,greek books cont9u$2 #ajhi & rationalism ( a k9d seems to h subsi/$ m or less secretly to ! end4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury x is said to h rea*$ ev5 ! unle>n$2 & ?\gh ! ,motazilites gradually drift$ into a s*ola/ic or?odoxy1 d[nright unbelief came up alongside1 #ajij albeit secretly4 ,fai? 9 ,mohamm$'s mission & law began aga9 to %ake2 & ! le>n$ disreg>d$ its prescriptions4 ,my/ics pr(ess$ to f9d ! way to ,god )\t ! ,koran4 ,_m decid$ t religion 0 useful = regulat+ ! p1 b 0 n = ! wise4 ,on ! o!r side1 h[ev]1 ! or?odox condemn$ all sci5ce z lead+ to unbelief1 #ajia & develop$ an elaborate & quasi-sy/ematic !ology4 ,x 0 :ile ! sci5tific encyclop$i/s ( ,bassorah 7 amass+ ! k :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,moors1 r5ew$ ?\ght 9 ! ,we/1 t ,al ,a%>i built up ! ,kalm or s*ola/ic !ology :i* !nce=? reign$ 9 ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/2 #ajib & ! philosoph] ,al ,gazzali 7or ,gazel71 on 8 "p1 employ$ ! anci5t & mod]n device ( turn+ a pr(ession ( philosophical scepticism to ! acc\nt ( or?odoxy4 #ajic ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 9 a politically decad5t ,/ate1 ! latt] inevitably secur$ ! adm9i/rative p[]4 #ajid ,"u ! ,khalifs ,motamid 7d4 #hib7 & ,motadh$ 7d4 #ijb7 all sci5ce & philosophy 7 proscrib$1 & booksell]s 7 put ^u _! oa? n to sell any b or?odox books4 #ajie ,?us1 ?\gh philosophy & sci5ce _h secretly surviv$1 :5 ! political end came ! popul> fai? 0 9 mu* ! same /ate z x _h be5 "u ,h>\n ,al ,ras*id4 ,"u ,islam z "u all ! fai?s ( ! _w1 9 ! ea/ z 9 ! we/1 ! mass ( ! p rema9$ ignorant z well z poor2 & ! le>n+ & skill ( ! s*ol>s s]v$ only to pass on ! sav$ treasure ( ,greek ?\ght & sci5ce to ! new civilization ( ,europe4 ,! fact t ! age ( milit>y & political decad5ce 0 t ( ! wide/ diffusion ( rationalism is naturally fa/5$ on z giv+ ! explanation ( ! decl9e2 b ! inf]5ce is pure fallacy4 ,! ,bagdad ,khalifate decl9$ z ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,roman ,empire decl9$1 f political & ext]nal causes2 & ! ,turks :o ov]?rew x proce$$ to ov]?r[ ,*ri/ian ,byzantium1 :]e rationalism nev] re>$ its head4 ,! conv5tional view is ?us set =? 9 a popul> "w 7,! ,s>ac5s1 by ,ar?ur ,gilman1 #ahhg1 p4 #che73 ,unconsci\sly ,mamun began a process by :i* t implicit fai? :i* _h be5 at once ! f\ndation & ! inspiration ( ,islam1 :i* _h n]v$ its w>riors 9 _! t]rible w>f>e1 & _h br\ght ! nation out ( its =m] obscurity to ! =emo/ position among ! peoples ( ! _w1 0 to be tak5 f !m4 ,we h se5 t ?is view is entirely errone\s z reg>ds ! rise ( ! ,s>ac5 p[]2 & x is no less s z reg>ds ! decl9e4 ,at ! outset !re _h be5 no implicit fai? among ! conqu]ors4 ,! ,ea/]n ,s>ac5s1 fur!r1 _h be5 decisively defeat$ by ! ,byzant9es 9 ! v fir/ flu% ( _! fanaticism & success2 & ! ,we/]n _h be5 r\t$ by ,*>les ,m>tel long be=e !y _h any philosophy4 ,!re 0 no ov]?r[ ( fai? among ! w>riors ( ! ,khalifate4 ,! enli/m5t ( ,turki% m]c5>ies by ,mam\n & ,motasim1 by way ( be+ indep5d5t ( ! ,p]sian & ,arab factions 9 ! army & ! ,/ate1 introduc$ an elem5t :i*1 at fir/ purely b>b>ic1 became z or?odox z ! m5 ( ,h>\n's day _h be54 ,yet ! decad5ce1 in/ead ( be+ *eck$1 0 fur!r$4 ,nor 7 ! /rifes set up by ! rationali/ic view ( ! ,koran ne>ly s de/ructive z ! m]e faction-fights & sect>ian insurrections :i* began ) ,motawakkel4 ,! fall+-away ( cities & prov9ces "u ! feeble ,moktad] 7#ijh-icb7 _h no?+ :atev] to d ) op9ions1 b 0 /rictly analog\s to ! dissolution ( ! k+dom ( ,*>lemagne "u 8 successors1 ?r\gh ! rise ( new prov9cial en]gies2 & ! tyranny ( ! ,turki% m]c5>ies 0 on all f\rs ) t ( ! ,pretorians ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ) t ( ! ,janiss>ies 9 lat] ,turkey4 ,! writ] "u notice has actually record$ 7p4 #djh7 t ! w>like sect ( ,ismailitic ,k>ma?ians1 :o did m ?an any o!r enemy to dismemb] ! ,khalifate1 7 unbeliev]s 9 ! ,koran1 d5i]s ( revelation1 & disreg>d]s ( pray]4 ,! lat] ,khalifs1 puppets 9 ! h&s ( ! ,turks1 7 "o & all dev\t believ]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fre% ,moslem & non-,moslem dyna/ies arose alt]nately z ! conditions & opportunities det]m9$4 ,j5ghiz ,khan1 :o ov]ran ,asia1 0 no ,moslem2 nei!r 0 ,tam]lane2 b new ,moslem conqu]ors did ov]run ,india1 z pagan ,alex&] _h done 9 8 day4 ,!ological ideas c\nt$ = z little 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,sultan ,mahm\d ( ,ghazni 7#iig-ajcj71 :o re>$ a new empire on ! basis ( ! prov9ce ( ,khorassan & ! k+dom ( ,bokh>a1 & :o twelve times successfully invad$ ,india1 happ5$ to be ( ,turki% /ock2 b he is also record$ to h be5 9 8 y\? a d\bt] ( a future /ate1 z well z ( 8 p]sonal legitimacy4 ,8 lat] p>ade ( piety 7z to :i* see ,b>on ,de ,slane's tr4 ( ,ibn ,khallikan's ,biog4 ,dict4 iii1 #ccd7 is ?us a trifle suspect 7,briti% ,india1 9 ,ed94 ,cab4 ,lib4 #crd ed4 i1 #ahi1 foll[+ ,f]i%ta72 & 8 av>ice seems to h animat$ him to ! full z mu* z 8 fai?1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n m dev\t ?an t ( ! ,brahmans ( ,somnau?1 ^: hold he captur$4 7,cp4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 ii 7#aijf71 #aai47 ,dur+ 8 reign1 besides1 unbelief 0 rife 9 8 despite 7,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif51 iii1 #gb71 ?\gh he burn$ ! books ( ! ,motazilites1 besides crucify+ _m ,ismalian h]etics 7,br[ne1 p4 #afj74 ,! conv5tional !orem z to ! political importance ( fai?1 9 %ort1 w n be> inve/igation4 ,ev5 ,freeman "h sets x aside 7,hi/4 & ,conq4 ( ! ,s>ac5s1 p4 #abd74 #d ,x is 9 ! lat] & nom9ally decad5t ages ( ! ,bagdad ,khalifate1 :5 sci5ce & culture & ev5 indu/ry relatively prosp]$ by reason ( ! p]sonal impot5ce ( ! ,khalifs1 t we meet ) ! mo/ pron\nc$ & ! mo/ p]spicaci\s ( ! ,free?9k]s ( ,islam4 ,9 ! ye>s #igc-ajeg !re dwelt 9 ! little ,syrian t[n ( ,m>ratun-,numan ! bl9d poet ,abu'l-ala-al-,ma'arri1 :o wrote a p>ody ( ! ,koran1 #ajif & 9 8 v]se d]id$ all religions z alike absurd1 & yet 0 = "s reason nev] p]secut$4 ,he has be5 pron\nc$ incomp>ably great] ?an ,om> ,khayym bo? z a poet & z an agno/ic4 #ajig ,"o ( 8 say+s 0 t ,! _w holds two classes ( m5--intellig5t m5 )\t religion1 & religi\s m5 )\t intellig5ce4 #ajih ,he may h escap$ on ! /r5g? ( a "* = g5]al ecc5tricity1 = he 0 an ard5t veget>ian & an oppon5t ( all p>5tage1 decl>+ t to br+ a *ild into ! _w 0 to add to ! sum ( suff]+4 #ajii ,! fact t he 0 latt]ly a man ( weal?1 yet 9 p]son an ascetic & a g5]\s giv]1 may be ! true explanation4 ,:atev] be ! explanation ( 8 immunity1 ! frankness ( 8 het]odoxy is memorable4 ,n\ri%$ p]haps by a temp] ( prote/ set up 9 him by ! bl9dness :i* fell ^u him 9 *ildhood aft] smallpox1 ! _s ( reason seems to h be5 effectually develop$ 9 him by a /ay ( a ye> & a-half at ,bagdad1 :]e1 9 ! days ( ,al ,mans\r1 ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 ,buddhi/s & ,zoroa/rians1 ,sabians & ,sufis1 mat]iali/s & rationali/s1 met & commun$4 #aajj ,be=e 8 visit1 8 poems are sub/antially or?odox2 lat]1 _! burd5 *anges4 ,he d5ies a resurrection1 & is :olly incr$ul\s ( any div9e revelation4 ,religion1 z he conceives x1 is a product ( ! human m9d1 9 :i* m5 believe ?r\gh =ce ( habit & education1 nev] /opp+ to consid] :e!r x is true4 ,8 belief 9 ,god am\nt$1 z x w\ld seem1 to little beyond a conviction t all ?+s are gov]n$ by inexorable ,fate4 ,conc]n+ cre$s he s+s 9 "o /ave3-- ,n[ ?is religion happ5s to prevail ,until by t "o x is ov]?r[n2 ,because m5 w n live ) m5 alone1 ,b always ) ano!r fairy-tale #aaja-- a summ+-up n to be improv$ ^u "h4 ,a c5tury lat] /ill1 & 9 ano!r region1 we come ^u ! 7n[7 mo/ fam\s ( all ,ea/]n free?9k]s1 ,om> ,khayym4 ,he belong$ to ,nai%pr 9 ,khorassan1 a prov9ce :i* _h long be5 kn[n = its rationalism1 #aajb & :i* _h be5 "p ( ! nucleus ( ! great ,asiatic k+dom creat$ by ,sultan ,mahm\d ( ,ghazni at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 soon aft] ! rise ( ! ,fatimite dyna/y 9 ,egypt4 ,"u t ,sultan fl\ri%$ ,f]dusi 7,firdausi71 "o ( ! *ief glories ( ,p]sian v]se4 ,aft] ,mahm\d's dea?1 8 realm & p>ts ( ! ,khalifate 9 turn 7 ov]run by ! ,seljuk ,turks "u ,togrul ,beg2 "u ^: gr&son ,malik x 0 t ,om> ,khayym1 a/ronom] & poet1 /udi$ & sang 9 ,khorassan4 ,! ,turk-desc5d$ ,%ah fav\r$ sci5ce z /rongly z any ( ! ,abassides2 & :5 he decid$ to re=m ! cal5d>1 ,om> 0 "o ( ! eight exp]ts he employ$ to d x4 ,?us 0 set up = ! ,ea/ ! ,jalli cal5d>1 :i*1 z ,gibbon has not$1 #aajc surpasses ! ,julian & approa*es ! accuracy ( ! ,gregorian /yle4 ,om> 01 9 fact1 "o ( ! able/ ma!maticians ( 8 age4 #aajd ,8 "n1 ,om> ibn ,ibrahim al-,khayymi1 seems to po9t to ,arab desc5t4 ,al-,khayymmi means ! t5t-mak]2 b 9 no biographic acc\nt ( him is !re ! slighte/ pro( t he or 8 fa!r ev] belong$ to t or any o!r h&icraft4 #aaje ,always he figures z a s*ol> & a man ( sci5ce4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! patronymic al-,khayymi is fairly common n[ among ,arabs1 & also among ! /ill nomadic tribes ( ,khuzi/an & ,luri/an1 ! reasonable presumption is t x 0 9 8 case a patronymic also4 #aajf ,8 fa!r be+ a man ( "s sub/ance1 he _h a good s*ool+1 & is ev5 describ$ 9 lit]>y tradition z hav+ become an exp]t ,koran s*ol>1 by ! admission ( ! or?odox ,al ,gazzali1 :o1 h[ev]1 is repres5t$ 9 ano!r record z look+ ) av]sion on ,om>'s sci5tific lore4 #aajg ,! poet may h _h 8 lead to free?\ght dur+ 8 travels aft] graduat+ at ,nai%apur1 :5 he visit$ ,sam>kh&1 ,bokh>a1 ,ispahan1 & ,balk4 #aajh ,he seems to h practis$ a/rology = a liv+1 ev5 z did ,kepl] 9 ,europe five hundr$ ye>s lat]2 & he p]haps dabbl$ some:at 9 m$ic9e4 #aaji ,a ho/ile or?odox acc\nt ( him1 writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 repres5ts him z v]s$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks1 & z wont to insi/ on ! necessity ( /udy+ sci5ce on ,greek l9es4 #aaaj ,( 8 prose works1 two1 :i* 7 ( /&>d au?ority1 dealt respectively ) preci\s /ones & climatology4 #aaaa ,beyond "q ! poet-a/ronom] 0 undev\t2 & 8 a/ronomy d\btless help$ to make him s4 ,"o contempor>y writes3 ,i did n obs]ve t he _h any great belief 9 a/rological pr$ictions2 nor h ,i se5 or he>d ( any ( ! great 7sci5ti/s7 :o _h su* belief4 #aaab ,! biographical sket* by ,ibn al ,kifti1 be=e cit$1 decl>es t he p]=m$ pilgrimages n f piety b f fe>1 hav+ reason to dread ! ho/ility ( contempor>ies :o knew or div9$ 8 unbelief2 & !re is a /ory ( a trea*]\s pupil :o s\ght to br+ him into public odium4 #aaac ,9 po9t ( fact he 0 n1 any m ?an ,abu' l-,ala1 a conv9c$ a!i/1 b he _h no sympa?y ) popul> religion4 ,he gave 8 adh]5ce to no religi\s sect4 ,agno/icism1 n fai?1 is ! keynote ( 8 works4 #aaad ,among ! sects he saw ev]y:]e /rife & hatr$ 9 :i* he c\ld h no "p4 ,8 e>li] ,engli% translators1 reflect+ ! tone ( ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 h ?\ght fit to moralize c5sori\sly ov] 8 attitude to life2 & ! fir/1 ,pr(4 ,c[ell1 has au/]ely decid$ t ,om>'s gaiety is b a risus s>donicus ( despair4 #aaae ,ev5 ! subtl] ,fitzg]ald1 :o has s admirably r5d]$ "s ( ! audacities :i* ,c[ell ?\ght bett] left 9 ! orig9al ,p]sian1 has ! air ( apologiz+ = !m :5 he p>tly concurs 9 ! same e/imate4 ,b despair is n ! "n = ! humor\s melan*oly :i* ,om>1 l ,abu' l-,ala1 weaves ar\nd 8 ?\ghts on ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,l ,abu' l-,ala1 aga91 he talks at times ( ,god1 b ) small signs ( fai?4 ,9 epigrams :i* h seldom be5 surpass$ = _! e*o+ dep?1 he disposes ( ! !i/ic solution & ! lure ( immortality2 :]eaft]1 in/ead ( (f]+ ano!r %ibbole?1 he s+s ( w9e & roses1 ( ! joys ( life & ( _! spe$y passage2 n =gett+ to add a /ipulation = b5efic5ce4 #aaaf ,x 0 8 way ( turn+ into music ! und]tone ( all mortality2 & t x is n[ pref]able1 = any ref9$ intellig5ce1 to ! affectation ( ze/ = a h]eaft] on :i* no "o wants to ent]1 w\ld seem to be prov$ by ! rem>kable vogue he has secur$ 9 mod]n ,engl&1 *iefly ?r\gh ! incomp>able v]sion ( ,fitzg]ald4 ,mu* ( ! attraction1 c]ta9ly1 is due to ! canor\s cad5ce & felicit\s phras+ ( ^? s+ul>ly =tunate /anzas2 & a simil> h&l+ might h won z high a repute among u = ,abu' l-,ala1 :om1 z we h se51 "s ( our ,ori5tali/s set high]1 & ^: v]se z rec5tly r5d]$ into ,engli% has an indubitable *>m4 ,fitzg]ald1 on ! o!r h&1 has add$ mu* to ,om>4 ,b ! ?\ghts ( ,om> rema9 ! k]nels ( ,fitzg]ald's v]ses2 & :]eas ! c\nsel1 ,ga!r ye roses :ile ye may1 is common en\gh1 x mu/ be ! weighti] be>+ ( 8 deep] & m d>+ ideas t gives ! quatra9s _! ma9 hold to-day4 ,9 ! m exact r5d]+ ( ^? translators :o closely reproduce ! orig9al he rema9s beyond "q a free?9k]1 #aaag plac+ e?ic above cre$1 ?\gh mu* giv5 to ! praise ( w9e4 ,nev] popul> 9 ! ,moslem _w1 #aaah he has _h 9 ours an unp>allel$ welcome2 & x mu/ be because f 8 sci5tific vantage gr\nd 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 he _h atta9$ 9 "s degree ! vision & *im$ ) ! mood ( a lat] & l>g] age4 ,t ,om> 9 8 day & place 0 n alone 9 8 mood lies on ! face ( 8 v]se4 ,_m quatra9s ascrib$ to him1 inde$1 are admitt$ly assignable to o!r ,p]sian poets2 & "o ( 8 ,engli% editors notes t ! poetry ( rebellion & revolt f or?odox op9ion1 :i* is suppos$ to be peculi> to him1 may be trac$ 9 ! works ( 8 pr$ecessor ,avic5na1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,afdal-i-,k%1 & o!rs ( 8 successors4 #aaai ,! allusions to ! tav]n1 a ?+ suspect & illicit = ,islam1 %[ t he 0 9 a society m ,p]sian ?an ,arab1 "o 9 :i* 0 to be f\nd ne>ly all ( ! free intellectual life possible 9 ! ,moslem ,ea/2 #aabj & d\btless ,p]sian ?\ght1 always lean+ to h]esy1 & *>g$ ) g]ms ( sci5tific speculation f immemorial antiquity1 prep>$ 8 rationalism2 ?\gh 8 monism excludes alike dualism & !ism4 ,"o = two ,i nev] did misread is 8 summ+ up ( 8 philosophy4 #aaba ,b ! same =mula might s]ve = ! philosophy ( ! sect ( ,sufis1 #aabb :o 9 all ages seem to h includ$ unbeliev]s z well z dev\tly my/ical pan!i/s4 ,f\nd$1 x is said1 by a woman1 ,rabia1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hej'ra1 #aabc ! sect really c>ries on a pre-,mohamm$an my/icism1 & may z well d]ive f ,greece #aabd z f ,asia4 ,its orig9al doctr9e ( div9e love1 z a reaction aga9/ ,moslem au/]ity1 gave x a fix$ hold 9 ,p]sia1 & became ! />t+ po9t ( innum]able het]odox doctr9es4 #aabe ,"u ! ,khalif ,moktad]1 a ,p]sian ,sufi is record$ to h be5 tortur$ & execut$ = tea*+ t e man is ,god4 #aabf ,9 lat] ages1 ,sufiism became loosely associat$ ) e species ( indep5d5t ?9k+2 & !re is reason to suspect t ! lat] poets ,sadi 7fl4 ?irte5? c5tury7 & ,hafiz #aabg 7fl4 f\rte5? c5tury71 z well z hundr$s ( less] /atus1 held "u ! "n ( ,sufiism views ( life n f> remov$ f ^? ( ,om> ,khayym2 :o1 h[ev]1 _h bant]$ ! ,sufis s unm]cifully t !y are said to h dread$ & hat$ him4 #aabh ,9 any case1 ,sufiism has includ$ su* div]g5t types z ,al ,gazzali1 #aabi ! skeptical def5d] ( ! fai?2 dev\t pan!i/ic poets su* z ,jmi2 #aacj & s+]s ( love & w9e su* z ,hafiz1 ^: extremely concrete imag]y is c]ta9ly n z (t5 allegorical z s]i\s ,sufis ass]t1 ?\gh no d\bt x is sometimes s4 #aaca ,x ev5 became nom9ally associat$ ) ! de/ructive ,ismalitism ( ! sect ( ! ,assass9s1 ^: f\nd]1 ,hassan1 _h be5 ! s*oolfell[ ( ,om> ,khayym4 #aacb ,( ,sufiism z a :ole x may be said t :e!r z inculcat+ quietism1 or z wid5+ ! n>r[ !ism ( ,islam into pan!ism1 or z %elt]+ an unaggressive rationalism1 x has made = fre$om & humanity 9 ! ,mohamm$an _w1 less5+ ! evils ( ignorance :]e x c\ld n inspire progress4 #aacc ,x long anticipat$ ! semi-rationalism ( ^? ,*ri/ians :o decl>e heav5 & hell to be names = bodily or m5tal /ates 9 ?is life4 #aacd ,on its m philosophic side too x connects ) ! long movem5t ( speculation :i*1 pass+ into ,european life ?r\gh ! ,we/]n ,s>ac5s1 reviv$ ,greek philosophic ?\ght 9 ,*ri/5dom aft] ! night ( ! ,middle ,ages1 at ! same "t t ,s>ac5 sci5ce pass$ on ! m preci\s se$s ( real k to ! new civilization4 #e ,!re is ! less ne$ to deal at any l5g? 9 ^! pages ) ! pr(ess$ philosophy ( ! ea/]n ,arabs1 see+ t x 0 f fir/ to la/ b little associat$ ) any direct or practical repudiation ( dogma & sup]/ition4 #aace ,:at free?\ght !re 0 _h only an unwritt5 curr5cy1 & is to be trac$1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 lat] ,european hi/ory1 ?r\gh ! prote/s ( or?odox apologi/s4 ,?us ! ,p]sian ,al ,gazzali1 9 ! preface to 8 "w1 ,! ,de/ruction ( ! ,philosoph]s1 decl>es ( ! subjects ( 8 attack t ! s\rce ( all _! errors is ! tru/ !y h 9 ! names ( ,sokrates1 ,hippokrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle2 ! admiration !y pr(ess = _! g5ius & subtlety2 & ! belief1 f9ally1 t ^? great ma/]s h be5 l$ by ! pr(undity ( _! faculty to reject all religion1 & to reg>d its precepts z ! product ( artifice & impo/ure4 #aacf ,?is implies an abundant rationalism1 #aacg b1 z always1 ! unwritt5 unbelief lo/ gr\nd1 its non-publication be+ ! pro( t or?odoxy prevail$ aga9/ x4 ,movem5ts :i* 7 orig9ally lib]al1 su* z t ( ! ,motecallemn1 ran at l5g? to m]e dialectic def5ce ( ! fai? aga9/ ! philosoph]s4 ,fight+ ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( matt]1 !y s\ght to f\nd a new !i/ic creationism on ! atoms ( ,demokritos1 mak+ ,god ! creator ( ! atoms1 & negat+ ! idea ( natural law4 #aach ,ea/]n ,moslem philosophy 9 g5]al foll[$ "s su* l9e ( reaction & petrifaction4 ,! rationali/ic ,al ,k9di 7fl4 #hej7 seems to h be5 l$ to philosophize by ! ,motazilite problems2 b 8 successors mo/ly set !m aside1 develop+ an ab/ract logic & philosophy on ,greek bases1 or /udy+ sci5ce = its own sake1 ?\gh z a rule pr(ess+ a dev\t acceptance ( ! ,koran4 #aaci ,su* 0 ,avic5na 7,ibn ,s9a3 d4 #ajcg71 :o taught t m5 %\ld rev]e ! fai? 9 :i* !y 7 educat$2 ?\gh 9 comp>ison ) 8 pr$ecessor ,al ,f>abi1 :o leant to ,platonic my/icism1 he is a rationali/ic ,ari/otelian1 #aadj ) a /rong lean+ to pan!ism4 ,( him an ,arabic hi/orian writes t 9 8 old age he atta*$ himself to ! c\rt ( ! h]etical ,ala-ud-,dawla at ,ispahan1 9 ord] t he might freely write 8 own h]etical works4 #aada ,aft] ,al ,gazzali 7d4 #aaaa71 :o attack$ bo? ,avic5na #aadb & ,al ,f>abi some:at 9 ! _s ( ,cic]o's skeptical ,cotta attack+ ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans1 #aadc !re seems to h be5 a fur!r developm5t ( skepticism1 ! skeptical def5ce ( ! fai? hav+ ! same unsettl+ t5d5cy 9 8 z 9 lat] h&s4 ,ibn ,khaldun seems to d5\nce 9 ! "n ( fai? 8 mixture ( pietism & philosophy2 & ,makrisi speaks ( 8 doctr9es z work+ great h>m to religion #aadd among ! ,moslems4 ,b ! socio-political conditions 7 too unpropiti\s to p]mit ( any cont9u\s advance on rational l9es4 ,ere long an uncritical or?odoxy prevail$ 9 ! ,ea/]n s*ools1 & x is 9 ,moori% ,spa9 t we are to look = ! la/ ef=ts ( ,arab philosophy4 ,! c\rse ( culture-evolution !re broadly corresponds ) t ( ! ,s>ac5 civilization 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,spa9 ! ,moors came into contact ) ! ,roman imp]ial polity1 & at ! same "t ) ! diff]5t culture elem5ts ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,to bo? ( ^! fai?s !y gave complete tol]ation1 ?us /r5g!n+ _! own 9 a way t no o!r policy c\ld h avail$ to d4 ,:atev] 0 left ( ,grco-,roman art1 h&icraft1 & sci5ce1 sav+ ! arts ( portraiture1 !y enc\rag$2 & :atev] ( agricultural sci5ce rema9$ f ,c>?ag9ian times !y zeal\sly adopt$ & improv$4 ,l _! fell[-,moslems 9 ! ,ea/1 !y fur!r le>n$ all ! sci5ce t ! pres]v$ lit]ature ( ,greece c\ld give !m4 ,! result 0 t "u en]getic & enlight5$ khalifs ! ,moori% civilization became ! c5tre ( light & k z well z ( mat]ial prosp]ity = m$ieval ,europe4 ,:atev] ( sci5ce ! _w possess$ 0 to be f\nd 9 _! s*ools2 & ?i!r 9 ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies flock$ /ud5ts f ! ,*ri/ian ,/ates ( we/]n & nor!rn ,europe4 ,x 0 9 :ole or 9 "p f ,s>ac5 h&s t ! mod]n _w receiv$ a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 ma!matics1 m$ic9e1 botany1 jurisprud5ce1 & philosophy4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 ! reviv]s ( civilization aft] ! age ( b>b>ian ,*ri/ianity4 #aade ,& :ile ! pres]vation ( ,greek sci5ce1 lo/ f ! h&s ( ,*ri/5dom1 w\ld h be5 a notable s]vice en\gh1 ! ,arabs did mu* m4 ,alhaz5 7d4 #ajch7 is said to h done ! mo/ orig9al "w 9 optics be=e ,newton1 #aadf & 9 ! same c5tury ,arab m$ic9e & *emi/ry made orig9al advances4 #aadg ,:ile ! progressive p]iod la/$1 !re 0 ( c\rse an abundance ( practical free?\ght4 ,b aft] a m>vell\sly rapid rise1 ! ,moori% civilization 0 arre/$ & p>alys$ by ! int]nal & ! ext]nal =ces ( anti-civilization--religi\s fanaticism )9 & ,*ri/ian ho/ility )\t4 ,ev]y:]e we h se5 culture-progress dep5d+ m or less cle>ly on ! failure to f9d solutions = political problems4 ,! mo/ fatal defect ( all ,arab civilization--a defect involv$ 9 its fir/ dep>ture by way ( conque/1 & 9 its fix$ly ho/ile relation to ! ,*ri/ian ,/ates1 :i* kept x con/antly on a milit>y basis--0 ! total failure to sub/itute any measure ( con/itutional rule = despotism4 ,x 0 ?us politically unprogressive1 ev5 :ile advanc+ 9 o!r respects4 ,b 9 o!r respects also x soon rea*$ ! limits set by ! conditions4 ,:]eas 9 ,p]sia ! ,arabs ov]ran an anci5t civilization1 conta9+ _m elem5ts ( rationalism :i* act$ ^u _! own cre$1 ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 f\nd a population only slightly civiliz$1 & pr$ispos$ by its rec5t culture1 z well z by its natural conditions1 #aadh to fanatical piety4 ,?us :51 "u _! tol]ant rule1 ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 l>ge numb]s embrac$ ,islam1 ! new conv]ts became ! mo/ fanatical ( all4 #aadi ,all rationalism exi/$ 9 _! despite1 &1 ab\nd+ z !y did1 !y t5d$ to ga9 p[] :5ev] ! ,khalif 0 weak1 & to rebel furi\sly :5 he 0 ho/ile4 ,:51 accord+ly1 ! gr[+ pressure ( ! feudal ,*ri/ian p[] 9 ,nor!rn ,spa9 at l5g? became a m5ac+ dang] to ! ,moori% ,/ates1 weak5$ by endless inte/9e /rife1 ! "o res\rce 0 to call 9 a new =ce ( ,moslem fanaticism 9 ! %ape ( ! ,almoravide #aaej ,b]b]s1 :o1 to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]1 put d[n ev]y?+ sci5tific & rationali/ic1 & e/abli%$ a rigid ,koranolatry4 ,aft] a "t !y 9 turn1 gr[+ deg5]ate :ile rema9+ or?odox1 7 ov]run by a new influx ( conqu]+ fanatics f ,africa1 ! ,almohades1 :o1 fail+ to add political sci5ce to _! fai?1 w5t d[n 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,spa91 9 a great battle 9 :i* _! pr9ce sat 9 _! sight ) ! ,koran 9 8 h&4 #aaea ,"h !re c\ld be no pret5ce t unbelief wr\ght ! d[nfall4 ,! ,jonah ( free?\ght1 s to speak1 _h be5 ?r[n ov]bo>d2 & ! %ip w5t d[n ) ! flag ( fai? fly+ at e ma/head4 #aaeb ,x 0 9 ! la/ c5turies ( ,moori% rule t !re liv$ ! philosoph]s ^: names connect x ) ! hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght1 reta9+ ?us a some:at factiti\s di/9ction z comp>$ ) ! m5 ( sci5ce1 _m ( !m nameless1 :o develop$ & transmitt$ ! sci5ces4 ,! pan!i/ic ,avempace 7,ibn ,badja3 d4 #aach71 :o def5d$ ! reason aga9/ ! !i/ic skepticism ( ,al ,gazzali1 #aaec 0 physician1 a/ronom]1 & ma!matician1 z well z metaphysician2 z 0 ,abubac] 7,abu ,bekr1 also kn[n z ,ibn ,tophail3 d4 #aahe71 :o reg>d$ religi\s sy/ems z only a necess>y means ( discipl9e = ! multitude1 #aaed & z be+ m]ely symbols ( ! high] tru? rea*$ by ! philosoph]4 ,bo? m51 h[ev]1 t5d$ r to my/icism ?an to exact ?\ght2 & ,abubac]'s treatise1 ,! ,self-taught ,philosoph]1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,lat9 7by ,pococke 9 #afga71 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,g]man1 has _h ! s+ul> =tune ( be+ adopt$ by ! ,quak]s z a "w ( edification4 #aaee ,v diff]5t 0 ! "p play$ by ,av]ros 7,ibn ,ro%d71 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,moslem ?9k]s1 because ! mo/ f>-rea*+ 9 8 influ5ce on ,european ?\ght4 ,= ! ,middle ,ages he 0 pre-em95tly ! exp\nd] ( ,ari/otle1 & x is z sett+ =?1 9 t capacity1 ! pan!i/ic doctr9e :i* affirms ! et]nity ( ! mat]ial univ]se & makes ! individual s\l emanate f & return to ! s\l ( all1 t he becomes important alike 9 ,moslem & ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,div]g+ f ! asceticism & my/icism ( ,avempace & ,abubac]1 & /r5u\sly oppos+ ! anti-rationalism ( ,al ,gazzali1 aga9/ ^: *ief treatise he p5n$ 8 own ,de/ruction ( ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,philosoph]s1 ,av]ros is ! lea/ my/ical & ! mo/ rational ( ! ,arab ?9k]s4 #aaef ,at ne>ly all vital po9ts he oppugns ! religi\s view ( ?+s1 d5y+ bodily resurrection1 :i* he treats 7"h foll[+ all 8 pr$ecessors 9 h]etical ,arab philosophy7 z a vulg> fable2 #aaeg & mak+ "s approa* to a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! problem ( ,freewill z aga9/1 on ! "o h&1 ! e?ic-de/roy+ doctr9e ( ! ,motecallemn1 :o made ,god's w ! sole /&>d ( "r1 & affirm$ pr$e/9ation 7,jab>ism72 & aga9/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! anti-det]m9ism ( ! ,kad>ites4 #aaeh ,ev5 9 8 politics he 0 orig9al2 & 9 8 p>aphrase ( ,plato's ,republic he has said a notable ^w = wom51 po9t+ out h[ small an op5+ is (f]$ = _! faculties 9 ,moslem society4 #aaei ,( all tyrannies1 he boldly decl>$1 ! wor/ is t ( prie/s4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 a consci\sness ( ! vital ho/ility ( 8 doctr9e to curr5t cre$s1 & ( ! dang] he consequ5tly ran1 made him1 l s _m ( 8 lat] disciples1 anxi\s to pres]ve prie/ly fav\r4 ,z reg>ds religion he 0 m complaisant ?an ,abubac]1 pron\nc+ ,mohamm$anism ! mo/ p]fect ( all popul> sy/ems1 #aafj & prea*+ a patriotic con=mity on t score to philosophic /ud5ts4 ,f him d]ives ! =mula ( a two-fold tru?--"o tru? = sci5ce or philosophy1 & ano!r = religion--:i* play$ s l>ge a "p 9 ! academic life ( ,*ri/5dom = c5turies4 #aafa ,9 two ( 8 treatises1 ,on ! h>mony ( religion ) philosophy & ,on ! demon/ration ( religi\s dogmas1 he ev5 takes up a cons]vative attitude1 proclaim+ t ! wise man nev] utt]s a ^w aga9/ ! e/abli%$ cre$1 & go+ s f> z to say t ! free?9k] :o attacks x1 inasmu* z he und]m9es popul> virtue1 des]ves dea?4 #aafb ,ev5 9 rebutt+1 z entirely absurd1 ! doctr9e ( ! creation ( ! _w1 & ascrib+ its curr5cy to ! /upefy+ p[] ( habit1 he takes occasion to rem>k pi\sly t ^? ^: religion has no bett] basis ?an fai? are frequ5tly se51 on tak+ up sci5tific /udies1 to become utt] z5deks4 #aafc ,b he liv$ 9 an age ( decl9+ culture & reviv+ fanaticism2 & all 8 con=mities c\ld n save him f proscription1 at ! h&s ( a ,khalif :o _h long fav\r$ him1 = ! (f5ce ( cultivat+ ,greek antiquity to ! prejudice ( ,islam4 ,all /udy ( ,greek philosophy 0 proscrib$ at ! same "t1 & all books f\nd on ! subject 7 de/roy$4 #aafd ,disgrac$ & bani%$ f c\rt1 ,av]ros di$ at ,morocco 9 #aaih2 o!r philosoph]s 7 simil>ly p]secut$2 #aafe & soon aft]w>ds ! ,moori% rule 9 ,spa9 came to an end 9 ! od\r ( sanctity4 #aaff ,s complete 0 n[ ! defeat ( ! intellectual life 9 ,we/]n ,islam t ! able/ writ] produc$ by ! ,arab race 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,ibn ,khaldun ( ,tunis 7#accb-adjf71 writes z a bigot$ believ] 9 revelation1 ?\gh 8 writ+s on ! sci5ce ( hi/ory 7 ! mo/ philosophic s9ce ! classic p]iod1 be+ out ( all comp>ison sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian *ronicl]s ( 8 age4 #aafg ,s rationali/ic1 inde$1 is 8 me?od1 relatively to 8 "t1 t x is p]missible to suspect him ( seek+ to propitiate ! bigots4 #aafh ,b nei!r !y nor 8 race 9 g5]al c\ld le>n ! sociological lessons he _h x 9 him to tea*4 ,_! developm5t 0 arre/$ = t p]iod4 #f ,( lat] free?\ght "u ,islam !re is little to record z reg>ds lit]>y output1 b ! ph5om5on has nev] disappe>$4 ,buckle1 9 8 ha/e1 decl>$ t he c\ld write ! hi/ory ( ,turki% civilization on ! back ( 8 h&2 #aafi b ev5 9 ,turkey1 at a "t ( m9imum fri5dly contact ) o!r ,european life1 !re h be5 traces ( a _s ( free?9k+ ne>ly z active z t a/ir 9 ,*ri/5dom at ! same p]iod4 ,?us at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we h circum/antial te/imony to ! vogue ( a doctr9e ( a!i/ic ,naturalism at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! hold]s ( ?is doctr9e 7 call$ ,mus]91 a t]m said to mean ,! true secret is ) u4 ,!y affirm$ a creative & all-su/a9+ ,nature1 9 :i* ,man has 8 place l ! plants & l ! planets2 & !y 7 said to =m a v l>ge numb]1 includ+ ,cadis & o!r le>n$ z well z "s r5egade p]sons4 #aagj ,b ,turki% culture-conditions 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 n su* z to p]mit ( intellectual progress on native l9es2 & to ?is day rationalism 9 t z 9 o!r ,moslem c\ntries is ma9ly a matt] ( reflex action set up by ! impact ( ,european sci5tific k1 or social contact4 ,!re is no mod]n rationali/ic lit]ature4 ,motazilism1 s-call$1 is /ill he>d ( 9 ,arabia itself4 #aaga ,9 ! ,ottoman ,empire1 inde$1 x is little 9 evid5ce1 /&+ n[ z x does = a species ( broad-*ur* lib]alism1 analog\s to ,*ri/ian ,unit>ianism2 #aagb b 9 ,p]sia ! anci5t lean+ to rationalism is /ill common4 ,! old-_w pan!ism :i* we h se5 cons]v$ 9 ,om> ,khayym gave rise 9 lat] c5turies to simil> developm5ts among ! ,p>sees bo? 9 ,p]sia & 9 ,india2 & f ! sixte5? c5tury onw>ds !re are cle> traces among !m ( a numb] ( rationaliz+ h]esies1 v>y+ f pan!ism & simple deism to a!ism & mat]ialism4 #aagc ,9 ,p]sia to-day !re are _m ?9k]s ( ^! ca/s ( ?\ght4 #aagd ,ab\t #ahcj a ,briti% travell] e/imat$ t1 assum+ !re 7 betwe5 #bjj1jjj & #cjj1jjj ,sufis 9 ! c\ntry1 ^? figures probably fell greatly %ort ( ! numb] secretly incl9$ to infidelity4 #aage ,:atev] be ! value ( ! figures1 ! /atem5t is sub/antially confirm$ by lat] obs]v]s2 #aagf mission>ies report+ indep5d5tly t 9 ,p]sia mo/ ( ! high] class1 ( ! nobility1 & ( ! le>n$ pr(essions 444 are at he>t infidels or sceptics4 #aagg ,p]sian free?\ght is ( c\rse1 9 l>ge "p1 ! free?\ght ( ignorance1 & seems to co-exi/ ) a/rological sup]/ition2 #aagh b !re is obvi\sly ne$$ only sci5ce1 culture1 & mat]ial developm5t to produce1 on su* a basis1 a r5asc5ce z rem>kable z t ( mod]n ,japan4 ,! v]dict ( ,vambry is notewor?y3 ,9 all ,asia1 ) ! exception ( ,*9a1 !re is no l& & no p :]e9 !re is s little ( religi\s en?usiasm z 9 ,p]sia2 :]e free?9k]s are s little p]secut$1 & c express _! op9ions ) s little di/urbance2 & :]e1 f9ally1 z a natural consequ5ce1 ! old religi\s /ructure c be s easily %att]$ by ! outbreak ( new en?usia/s4 ,:oev] has read ,khayym's blasphemies aga9/ ,god & ! prophet1 8 je/+ v]ses aga9/ ! holie/ c]emonies & comm&m5ts ( ,islam2 & :oev] kn[s ! vogue ( ?is book & o!r works direct$ aga9/ ! curr5t religion1 w n wond] t ,bb ) ! weapon ( ! ,^w won s _m he>ts 9 s %ort a "t4 #aagi ,! view t ,bbism affiliates to rationalism is to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t ! atmosph]e ( ! latt] made possible ! gr[? ( ! =m]1 its adh]5ts be+ app>5tly drawn r f ! =m] or?odox4 #aahj ,! "y f\nd] ( ! sect1 ,mirza-,ali-,mohamm$1 decl>$ himself ,! ,bb1 i4e4 ! ,gate 7to ! k ( ,god71 z aga9/ ! or?odox ,moslem tea*]s :o taught t s9ce ! twelve ,imms1 ! ,gate ( ,k is clos$4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ! sect4 ,mirza-,ali1 :o %[$ a /rong t5d5cy to intol]ance1 quickly creat$ an aggressive movem5t1 :i* 0 = a "t put d[n by ! kill+ ( himself & _m ( 8 foll[]s4 ,s9ce 8 execution ! sect has greatly multipli$ & its doctr9es h mu* wid5$4 ,= a "t ! f\nd]'s intol]ant tea*+s 7 upheld by ,ezl1 ! f\nd] ( "o ( ! two divisions into :i* ! p>ty spe$ily fell2 :ile 8 rival ,bha1 :o gave himself out z ! true ,prophet1 ( :om ! ,bb 0 m]ely ! precursor1 develop$ a notably cosmopolitan & equalit>ian doctr9e1 includ+ a vague belief 9 immortality1 )\t heav51 hell1 or purgatory4 ,ezl ev5tually ab&on$ 8 claims1 & 8 foll[]s n[ numb] less ?an two ?\s&2 :ile ! ,bhates numb] ne>ly ?ree millions out ( ! sev5 millions ( ! ,p]sian population1 & "s two millions 9 ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,! son ( ,bha1 ,abbas ,eff5di1 :o be>s ! title ( ,! ,great ,bran*1 n[ rules ! cult1 :i* promises to be ! future religion ( ,p]sia4 #aaha ,"o ( ! mo/ notable ph5om5a ( ! e>li] movem5t 0 ! entrance ( a "y woman1 daught] ( a lead+ ulema1 :o = ! fir/ "t 9 ,moslem hi/ory ?rew (f ! regulation veil & prea*$ ! equality ( ! sexes4 #aahb ,%e 0 "o ( ^? fir/ execut$4 ,p]secution1 h[ev]1 has long ceas$1 & z a result ( h] lead ! position ( woman 9 ! cult is exceptionally good4 ,?us ! la/ c5tury has witness$ )9 ! sph]e ( ,islam1 s commonly suppos$ to be imp]vi\s to *ange1 "o ( ! mo/ rapid & radical religi\s *anges record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,!re is !re=e no gr\nd = hold+ t 9 o!r ,moslem c\ntries progress is at an end4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds1 broadly speak+1 on ! possibilities ( culture-contact4 ,! *anges 9 ,p]sia are traceable to ! elem5t ( h]etical habit :i* has p]si/$ f pre-,moslem times2 future & m sci5tific developm5t w dep5d ^u ! assimilation ( ,european k4 ,9 ,egypt1 be=e ! p]iod ( ,european int]v5tion1 free?9k+ 0 at a m9imum2 & ?\gh tol]ation 0 well develop$ z reg>d$ ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 free?9k+ ,moslems d>$ n av[ !mselves4 #aahc ,latt]ly rationalism t5ds to spread 9 ,egypt z 9 o!r ,moslem c\ntries2 ev5 "u ,mohamm$ ,ali ! rul+ ,turks _h begun to exhibit a rem>kable indiff]5ce to religion1 & _h begun to und]m9e ! f\ndations ( ,el-,islam2 & s %rewd & dispassionate an obs]v] z ,lane expect$ t ! common p w\ld soon assi/ 9 ! "w1 & t ! ov]?r[ ( ! :ole fabric may reasonably be expect$ to ensue at a p]iod n v remote4 #aahd ,to evolve su* a *ange !re w be requir$ a diffusion ( culture :i* is n at all likely to be rapid "u any ,gov]nm5t2 b 9 any case ! gr\nd t is be+ lo/ by ,islam 9 ,egypt is n be+ retak5 by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! o!r ,briti% dom9ions1 ,mohamm$ans1 ?\gh less ready ?an educat$ ,h9dus to accept new ideas1 _c escape ! rationaliz+ influ5ce ( ,european culture4 ,nor 0 x left to ! ,briti% to introduce ! rationali/ic _s 9 ,moslem ,india4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! eclectic ,emp]or ,akb>1 #aahe himself a dev\t wor%ipp] ( ! ,sun1 #aahf is f\nd tol]antly comp>+ all religions1 #aahg depreciat+ ,islam1 #aahh & arriv+ at su* g5]al views on ! equival5ce ( all cre$s1 & on ! improbability ( et]nal puni%m5t1 #aahi z pass = lib]al among ,*ri/ians 9 our own day4 ,if su* views c\ld be g5]at$ by a comp>ison ( ! cre$s ( pre-,briti% ,india !y mu/ ne$s be enc\rag$ n[4 ,! ,mohamm$an mass is ( c\rse /ill deeply fanatical1 & habitually sup]/iti\s2 b n any m immovably s ?an ! e>ly ,s>ac5s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury arose ! fanatical ,wahabi sect1 :i* aims at a puritanic re/oration ( primeval ,islam1 fre$ f ! accretions ( lat] belief1 su* z sa9t-wor%ip2 b ! movem5t1 ?\gh v>i\sly e/imat$1 has _h small success1 & seems de/9$ to ext9ction4 #aaij ,( ! traditional sev5ty-?ree sects 9 ,islam only f\r to-day c\nt z or?odox4 #aaia ,x may be wor? :ile1 9 conclusion1 to note t ! comp>ative prosp]ity or progressiv5ess ( ,islam z a proselytiz+ & civiliz+ =ce 9 ,africa--a ph5om5on reg>d$ ev5 by "s ,*ri/ians ) satisfaction1 & by "s ) al>m #aaib--;is n /rictly or purely a religi\s ph5om5on4 ,moslem civilization suits ) negro life 9 ,africa 9 virtue n ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,koran1 b ( ! comp>ative ne>ness ( ! ,arab to ! b>b>ic life4 ,he int]bre$s ) ! natives1 frat]nizes ) !m 7:5 n engag$ 9 kidnapp+ !m71 & s /imulates _! civilization2 :]e ! ,european coloni/1 look+ d[n on !m z an inf]ior species1 isolates1 depresses1 & degrades !m4 ,x is ?us conceivable t !re is a future = ,islam at ! level ( a l[ culture-/age2 b ! ,arab & ,turki% races out ( ,africa are r ! m likely to concur 9 ! rationali/ic movem5t ( ! high] civilization4 ,ev5 9 ,africa1 h[ev]1 a sy/ematic obs]v] notes1 & pr$icts ! ext5sion (1 a /rong t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! ,mohamm$ans t[>ds an easy-go+ rationalism1 su* z is fa/ mak+ way 9 ,alg]ia1 :]e ! t[nspeople & ! cultivators 9 ! m settl$ di/ricts1 con/antly com+ 9 contact ) ,europeans1 are becom+ indiff]5t to ! m inconv5i5t among _! ,mohamm$an obs]vances1 & are cont5t to live ) little m religion ?an an obs]vance ( ! laws1 & a desire to get on well ) _! neighb\rs4 #aaic ,?us at e culture-level we see ! p]si/5ce ( t =ce ( intellectual v>iation :i* is ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*ri/5dom ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,x w\ld be an error1 9 view ( ! biological g5]alization proce$$ on & ! facts not$ 9 ?is inquiry1 to suppose t ev5 9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 s call$1 #aaid ! _s ( critical reason 0 :olly abs5t f ! life ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x _h simply gr[n v r>e1 & 0 ! m disc\nt5anc$ :]e x /rove to speak4 ,b ! mo/ sy/ematic suppression ( h]esies c\ld n secure t no private h]esy %\ld rema94 ,z ,voltaire has rem>k$1 !re 0 ne>ly always a small flock sep>at$ f ! great4 #aaie ,ap>t too f su* quasi-rationalism z 0 involv$ 9 semi-,pelagianism1 #aaif critical h]esy *ronically arose ev5 9 ! ,byzant9e prov9ces1 :i* by ! curtailm5t ( ! ,empire _h be5 left ! mo/ homog5e\s & !re=e ! mo/ manageable ( ! ,*ri/ian ,/ates4 ,x is necess>y to note ^? survivals ( p>tial free?9k+1 :5 we w\ld trace ! rise ( mod]n ?\ght4 #a4 ,,h]esy ,,9 ,,byzantium ,x 0 probably f "s indirect influ5ce ( ! new anti-idolatr\s religion ( ,islam t 9 ! eigh? c5tury ! soldi]-emp]or1 ,leo ! ,isaurian1 kn[n z ! ,iconocla/1 d]iv$ 8 av]sion to ! image-wor%ip #aaig :i* _h long be5 z g5]al 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w z ev] "u poly!ism4 ,s gross _h ! sup]/ition become t p>ticul> images 7 frequ5tly select$ z god-p>5ts2 ( o!rs ! pa9t 0 p>tly scrat*$ (f to be mix$ ) ! sacram5tal w9e2 & ! bread 0 solemnly put 9 contact ) !m4 #aaih ,leo began 7#gbf7 by an edict simply caus+ ! images to be plac$ s high t !y c\ld n be kiss$1 b on be+ met ) resi/ance & rebellion he ord]$ _! total removal 7#gcj74 ,"o view is t he saw image-wor%ip to be ! ma9 h9drance to ! spread ( ! fai? among ,jews & ,moslems1 & took 8 measures accord+ly4 #aaii ,save on ?is "o po9t he 0 an or?odox ,*ri/ian & ,tr9it>ian1 & 8 long ef=t to put d[n images & pictures 0 9 itself r fanatical #abjj ?an rationali/ic1 ?\gh a measure ( free?9k+ 0 develop$ among ! religi\s p>ty he creat$4 #abja ,( ?is _s1 z well z ( ! av]sion to image-wor%ip1 #abjb some?+ mu/ h surviv$ ! (ficial re/oration ( idolatry2 b ! traces are few4 ,! mo/ zeal\s iconocla/s seem nev] to h ris5 above ! flat inconsi/5cy ( treat+ ! cross & ! writt5 gospels ) exactly ! same adoration t _! oppon5ts paid to images2 #abjc & _! appeal to ! scriptures--:i* 0 _! fir/ & la/ argum5t--0 accord+ly met by ! retort t !y !mselves accept$ ! au?ority ( tradition1 z did ! image-wor%ipp]s4 ,! rem>kable ho/ility ( ! army to ! latt] is to be expla9$1 app>5tly1 by ! local bias ( ! ea/]n regions f :i* ! soldi]s 7 ma9ly recruit$4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 ,s>ac5 rivalry _h /ung ! ,byzant9es into "s p>tial revival ( culture & sci5ce1 #abjd ! all-le>n$ ,patri>* ,photius 7c4 #hbj-hia71 :o reluctantly accept$ ecclesia/ical (fice1 e>n$ a dang]\s repute = free?9k+ by decl>+ f ! pulpit t e>?quakes 7 produc$ by e>?ly causes & n by div9e wra?4 #abje ,b ?is 0 an almo/ solit>y gleam ( reason 9 a g5]ation :olly giv5 up to furi\s /rife ov] ! wor%ip ( images1 & ,photius 0 "o ( ! image-wor%ipp]s4 ,! battle swung f extreme to extreme4 ,! emp]or ,mi*ael ,,ii1 ! ,/amm]] 7#hbj-hbh71 held a m$ium position1 & accord+ly acquir$ ! repute ( a free?9k]4 ,a g5]al "u ,leo ,v1 ! ,arm5ian1 he _h conspir$ aga9/ him1 & :5 on ! v]ge ( execution _h be5 rais$ to ! ?rone 9 place ( ,leo1 :o 0 assass9at$ at ! alt>4 ,! new emp]or aim$ above all ?+s at peace & quietness2 b 8 me?ods 7 ?or\ghly ,byzant9e1 & includ$ ! ca/ration ( ! f\r sons ( ,leo4 ,mi*ael himself is said to h d\bt$ ! future resurrection ( m51 to h ma9ta9$ t ,judas 0 sav$1 & to h d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( ,satan because he is n nam$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* #abjf--;a species ( free?9k+ n f> remov$ f t ( ! ,iconocla/s1 ^: gr\nds 7 m]ely ,biblical4 ,a g5]ation lat] came ,mi*ael ,,iv1 ! ,sot1 br$ a wa/rel "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 "m1 ,!odora 7:o 9 #hdb re/or$ image-wor%ip & p]secut$ ! ,paulicians71 & h] bro!r ,b>das1 :o ultimately put h] 9 a conv5t4 ,mi*ael1 repeat$ly defeat$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 long held 8 own at home4 ,tak+ into fav\r ,basil1 :o m>ri$ 8 7,mi*ael's7 mi/ress1 he murd]$ ,b>das1 & a ye> lat] 7#hfg7 0 ab\t to murd] ,basil 9 turn1 :5 ! latt] anticipat$ him1 murd]$ ! emp]or1 & assum$ ! purple4 ,x 0 "u ,basil1 :o put d[n ! ,iconocla/s1 t ,photius1 aft] =mally depos+ & be+ depos$ by ! ,pope ( ,rome 7#hfd-ff7 0 really depos$ & bani%$ 7#hfh71 to be re/or$ to fav\r & (fice t5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 #hhf1 on ! dea? ( ,basil1 he 0 aga9 depos$1 dy+ ab\t #hia4 ,9 t kaleidoscope ( plot & faction1 fanaticism & crime1 !re is small trace ( sane ?9k+4 ,mi*ael ,,iv1 9 8 disreputable way1 0 some?+ ( a free?9k]1 & c\ld ev5 ) impunity burlesque ! religi\s processions ( ! cl]gy1 #abjg ! or?odox populace jo9+ 9 ! laugh2 b !re 0 no su* culture at ,con/ant9ople z c\ld develop a sob] rationalism1 or su/a9 x aga9/ ! cl]gy if x %[$ its head4 ,intellig5ce 9 g5]al c\ld n rise above ! plane ( ! wrangle ov] images4 ,:ile ! /ruggle la/$1 x 0 m>k$ by all ! f]ocity t belong$ f ! outset to ,*ri/ian /rifes2 & 9 ! end1 z usual1 ! m irrational bias triumph$4 ,x 0 9 a sect ^: doctr9e at "o po9t co9cid$ ) iconoclasm t !re 7 pres]v$ su* rude se$s ( ori5tal rationalism z c\ld survive ! rule ( ! ,byzant9e emp]ors1 & c>ry ! /imulus ( h]esy to ! we/4 ,! rise ( ! ,paulicians 9 ,arm5ia dates f ! sev5? c5tury1 & 0 nom9ally by way ( sett+ up a cre$ on ! l9es ( ,paul z aga9/ ! paganiz$ sy/em ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ris+ z !y did on ! bord]s ( ,p]sia1 !y 7 probably affect$ f ! fir/ by ,mazdean influ5ces1 z ! duali/ic pr9ciple 0 always affirm$ by _! virtual f\nd]1 ,con/ant9e1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,sylvanus4 #abjh ,_! orig9al t5ets seem to h be5 anti-,mani*ean1 anti-,gno/ic 7?\gh p>tly ,m>cionite71 oppos$ to ! wor%ip ( images & relics1 to sacram5ts1 to ! adoration ( ! ,virg91 ( sa9ts1 & ( angels1 & to ! acceptance ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & 9 an age 9 :i* ! read+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,books _h already come to be reg>d$ z a privilege ( monks & prie/s1 !y insi/$ on read+ ! ,new ,te/am5t = !mselves4 #abji ,9 ?is !y 7 virtually f\nd+ on ! old pagan conception ( religion1 "u :i* all heads ( families c\ld (f] wor%ip & sacrifice )\t ! int]v5tion ( a prie/1 z aga9/ ! ,judo-,*ri/ian sac]dotalism1 :i* veto$ any?+ l a private cultus4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( ,sylvanus1 fur!r1 !re 7 di/9ct ,mani*ean & ,gno/ic *>act]i/ics--notably1 ho/ility to ,judaism2 ! d5ial t ,*ri/ _h a real human body1 capable ( suff]+2 & ! doctr9e t baptism & ! communion 7 prop]ly spiritual & n physical rites4 #abaj ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 !y _h become a p[]ful & militant sect1 (t5 at w> ) ! empire1 !y 7 /ill m>k$ by _! refusal to make any diff]5ce betwe5 prie/s & laym54 ,anti-ecclesia/icism 0 ?us a ma9 feature ( ! :ole movem5t2 & ! ,byzant9e ,gov]nm5t1 recogniz+ 9 its doctr9e a p>ticul>ly dang]\s h]esy1 _h at once bloodily attack$ x1 caus+ ,sylvanus to be /on$ to dea?4 #abaa ,/ill x grew1 ev5 to ! l5g? ( exhibit+ ! usual ph5om5a ( s*ism )9 itself4 ,"o section obta9$ ! protection ( ! fir/ iconocla/ic emp]or1 :o agre$ ) !m on ! subject ( images2 & a lat] lead]1 ,s]gius or ,ty*icus1 won simil> fav\r f ,nicephorus ,i2 b ,leo ! ,arm5ian 7suc4 #hac71 fe>+ ! /igma ( _! o!r h]esies1 & hav+ already tr\ble en\gh f 8 iconoclasm1 set up aga9/ !m1 z aga9/ ! image-wor%ipp]s1 a new & cruel p]secution4 #abab ,!y 7 ?us driv5 ov] to ! ,s>ac5s1 ^: advance-gu>d !y became z aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,/ate2 b ! iconocla/ ,con/ant9e ,copronymus sympa!tically #abac transplant$ _m ( !m to ,con/ant9ople & ,?race1 ?us introduc+ _! doctr9e into ,europe4 ,! ,empress ,!odora 7#hda-hee71 :o re/or$ image-wor%ip1 #abad s\ght to ext]m9ate ^? left 9 ,arm5ia1 slay+1 x is said1 a hundr$ ?\s&4 #abae ,_m ( ! remnant 7 ?us =c$ into ! arms ( ! ,s>ac5s2 & ! sect did ! empire desp]ate mis*ief dur+ _m g5]ations4 #abaf ,meantime ^? plant$ 9 ,?race1 9 conc]t ) ! ma9 body1 c>ri$ propag&a into ,bulg>ia1 & ^! aga9 7 fur!r re9=c$ by refugees f ,arm5ia 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & 9 ! t5? by a fre% colony transplant$ f ,arm5ia by ! emp]or ,john ,zimisces1 :o valu$ !m z a bulw>k aga9/ ! b>b>\s ,slavs4 #abag ,fre% p]secution "u ,alexius ,i at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury fail$ to suppress !m2 & imp]ial extortion con/antly drove to _! side numb]s ( fre% adh]5ts1 #abah :ile ! ,bulg>ians = simil> reasons t5d$ 9 mass to adopt _! cre$ z aga9/ t ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,s greatly did ! cult fl\ri% t at its height x _h a regul> hi]>*y1 notably recall+ t ( ! e>ly ,mani*eans--) a pope1 twelve magi/ri1 & sev5ty-two bi%ops1 ea* ( :om _h a filius major & filius m9or z 8 assi/ants4 ,)al ! democratic elem5t rema9$ /rong1 ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( communicants on ! heads ( newcom]s be+ "p ( ! rite ( reception into full memb]%ip4 ,?us x came ab\t t f ,bulg>ia !re pass$ into we/]n ,europe1 #abai p>tly ?r\gh ! ,slavonic sect call$ ,bogomiles or ,bogomilians #abbj 7 ,!ophiloi1 lov]s ( ,god71 :o 7 ak9 to ! ,paulicians1 p>tly by m g5]al influ5ces1 #abba a contagion ( democratic & anti-ecclesia/ical h]esy2 s t ! v "n ,bulg> became ! ,fr5* b\gre h]etic--& worse4 #abbb ,x specifi$ ! mo/ obvi\s s\rce ( ! new anti-,romani/ h]esies ( ! ,albig5ses1 if n ( ! ,vaudois 7,wald5ses74 #b4 ,,critical ,,h]esy ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,9 ! we/1 mean:ile1 :]e ! v>iety ( social elem5ts 0 fav\rable to new life1 h]esy ( a rationali/ic k9d 0 n :olly lack+4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury we f9d "o ,fe>gal or ,v]gilius1 an ,iri% prie/ 9 ,bav>ia1 accus$ by ,/4 ,boniface1 8 enemy1 ( affirm+1 9 defiance ( ,god & 8 own s\l1 ! doctr9e ( ! antipodes1 #abbc :i* mu/ h rea*$ him ?r\gh ! anci5t ,greek lore c>ri$ to ,irel& 9 ! prim>y p]iod ( ,*ri/ianization ( t prov9ce4 ,( t influ5ce we h already se5 a trace 9 ,pelagius & ,coele/ius2 & we %all see m lat] 9 ,john ! ,scot4 ,aft] be+ depos$ by ! ,pope1 ,v]gilius 0 re9/at$2 0 made ,bi%op ( ,salzburg1 & held ! po/ till 8 dea?2 & 0 ev5 sa9t$ aft]w>ds2 b ! doctr9e disappe>$ = c5turies f ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,o!r h]esies1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ !mselves4 ,?\gh image-wor%ip f9ally triumph$ !re z 9 ! ea/1 x _h /rong oppon5ts1 notably ,claudius1 bi%op ( ,tur9 7fl4 #hcj7 "u ! emp]or ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 son ( ,*>lemagne1 & 8 contempor>y ,agob>d1 bi%op ( ,lyons4 #abbd ,x is a significant fact t bo? m5 7 born 9 ,spa92 & ei!r to ,s>ac5 or to ,jewi% influ5ce--! latt] be+ !n /rong 9 ! ,moori% & ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian #abbe _w--may fairly be 9 "p attribut$ _! m>k$ bias aga9/ image-wor%ip4 ,claudius 0 slightly & ,agob>d well educat$ 9 ,lat9 lett]s1 s t an e>ly impression #abbf w\ld seem to h be5 at "w 9 bo? cases4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !y /ood out z s+ul>ly rationali/ic !ologians 9 an age ( g5]al ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,claudius vehem5tly resi/$ alike image-wor%ip1 sa9t-wor%ip1 & ! ,papal claims1 & is record$ to h t]m$ a c\ncil ( bi%ops :i* condemn$ him an assembly ( asses4 #abbg ,agob>d1 9 turn1 is q extraord9>y 9 ! ?or\ghness ( 8 rejection ( popul> sup]/ition1 be+ n only an iconocla/ b an enemy to pray] = *ange 9 ! wea!r1 to belief 9 incantations & ! p[] ( evil spirits1 to ! ordeal by fire1 to ! wag] ( battle1 #abbh & to ! belief 9 ! v]bal inspiration ( ! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,9 an age ( enorm\s sup]/ition & deep ignorance1 he ma9ta9$ )9 ! ,*ur* t ,reason 0 ! noble gift ( ,god4 #abbi ,he 0 a rationali/ born out ( due "t4 #abcj ,a gra9 ( rationalism1 z ap>t f pr(essional self-int]e/1 may also h ent]$ into ! outcry made at ?is p]iod by ! cl]gy aga9/ ! rigidly pr$e/9>ian doctr9e ( ! monk ,gotts*alk4 #abca ,8 enemy1 ,rabanus or ,hrabanus 7call$ ! ,moor71 seems aga9 to repres5t "s ,s>ac5 influ5ce1 inasmu* z he reproduc$ ! sci5tific lore ( ,isidore ( ,seville4 #abcb ,b ! philosophic semi-rationalism ( ,john ,scotus 7d4 #hge71 lat] kn[n z ,erig5a 7,john ! ,scot ( ,irel&--! orig9al ,scots be+ ,iri%71 seems to be traceable to ! ,greek /udies :i* _h be5 *]i%$ 9 ,*ri/ianiz$ ,irel& :ile ! re/ ( we/]n ,europe lo/ !m1 & repres5ts at once ! imp]fect beg9n+ ( ! relatively rationali/ic philosophy ( ,nom9alism #abcc & ! fir/ we/]n revival ( ! philosophy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 h[beit by way ( accommodation to ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 #abcd ,t ,john ! ,scot 0 an ,iri%man rema9s practically c]ta91 ev5 if we give up ! t]m ,erig5a1 :i*1 z has be5 %[n by ,floss1 ! mo/ c>eful editor ( 8 works1 is n f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,,mss4 ,! read+ !re is ,i]ug5a1 :i* lat] %ades into ,erug5a & ,eriug5a4 7,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cei2 ,poole1 pp4 #ee-ef1 note2 ,dr4 ,?4 ,*ri/lieb1 ,leb5 und ,lehre des ,johannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 #ahfj1 p4 #ad sq42 & ,hub]1 ,johannes ,scotus ,erig5a3 e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie und ,!ologie im ,mittelalt]1 #ahfa1 pp4 #ch-dj47 ,f ?is elusive cognom5 no c]ta9 inf]5ce c be drawn1 too _m be+ op52 ?\gh ! fact t ,john _h himself co9$ ! t]m ,graiug5a = a late ,greek writ] makes x likely t he call$ himself ,i]ug5a 9 ! s5se ( born 9 ! holy 7isl&7 ,irel&4 ,b ! "n ,scotus1 occurr+ )\t ! ,i]ug5a1 is common 9 old ,,mss42 & x is almo/ impossible t any save a ,scot ( ,irel& %\ld h possess$ ! s*ol>%ip ( ,john 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 ! we/1 ,greek s*ol>%ip & philosophy _h be5 special to ,irel& f ! "t ( ,pelagius2 & x is f ,greek s\rces t ,john draws 8 inspiration & ca/ ( ?\ght4 ,m4 ,taill&i] n unju/ly calls ! ,irel& ( t era l'le des sa9ts1 mais aussi l'le des libres p5seurs4 7,scot rigne et la philosophie scola/ique1 #ahdc1 p4 #fd47 ,to ! same effect ,hub]1 pp4 #dj-da4 ,9 writ+ t ,johannes 0 ( ,scotti% nationality1 b 0 probably born & br\ght up 9 ,irel&1 ,ueb]weg 7i1 #ceh7 obscures ! fact t ! p ( ,irel& 7 ! ,scoti ( t p]iod4 ,all ! te/imony goes to %[ t ,irel& 0 call$ ,scotia1 & its rul+ p ,scoti1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! names d[n to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,b t ! pres5t ,scotl& 0 call$ ,scotia1 or its p ,scoti1 be=e ! elev5? c5tury1 n s mu* z "o s+le au?ority c be produc$ 7,p9k]ton1 ,enquiry into ! ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 #aghi1 ii1 #bcg74 ,iri% ,scots gave _! "n to ,scotl&1 & x 0 adopt$ by ! ,teutonic settl]s4 ,:ile ! l& ( ,john ! ,scot's bir? is ?us fairly c]ta91 ! place ( 8 dea? rema9s a my/]y4 ,out ( a /atem5t by ,ass] t ,k+ ,alfr$ made "o ,john1 a prie/1 ,abbot ( ,a!lney1 & t ! said ,abbot 0 murd]$ at ! alt> by hir$ assass9s1 !re grew a lat] /ory t ,alfr$ made ,john ! ,scot ,abbot ( ,malmesbury1 & t he 0 sla9 ) ! /yli ( two ( 8 pupils4 ,x is cle> t ! ,john ( ,ass] 0 an ,old ,saxon1 & n ! philosoph]2 & x is difficult to d\bt t ! second /ory1 :i* arises 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 is a he>say di/ortion ( ! fir/4 ,cp4 ,*ri/lieb1 :o argues 7p4 #db sq47 = two ,johns1 "o ( !m ,scotus1 & bo? assass9at$1 ) ,hub]1 :o sets =? 7p4 #ajh sq47 ! view "h foll[$4 ,!re is really no adequate gr\nd = believ+ t ,john ! ,scot 0 ev] a prie/4 ,we "k n :]e or :5 he di$2 b ! presumption is t x 0 9 ,france1 & n long aft] ! dea? ( 8 patron ,*>les--#hgg4 7,hub]1 p4 #aba47 ,call$ 9 by ,ar*bi%op ,h9cm> ( ,rheims1 himself a normally sup]/iti\s believ]1 #abce to answ] ,gotts*alk1 ,john ,scotus 9 turn 0 accus$ ( h]esy1 z he well might be on _m po9ts ( 8 treatise1 ,de ,pra$e/9atione #abcf 7#hea74 ,he fi]cely & n v fairly condemn$ ,gotts*alk z a h]etic1 *>g+ him ) d5y+ bo? div9e grace & freewill1 b )\t dispos+ ( ,gotts*alk's positive gr\nds2 & argu+ t ,god c\ld n be ! cause ( s91 z if ,gotts*alk _h n said ! same ?+4 ,8 sup]ior speculative p[] comes out 9 8 und]tak+ to %[ t = ! ,div9e ,be+ s9 is non-ens2 & t !re=e t ,be+ _c prop]ly be said ei!r to =ekn[ or to pr$e/9ate1 or to puni%4 ,b ! argum5t becomes inconsi/5t inasmu* z x fur!r affirms ,deity to h s con/itut$ ! ord] ( ?+s t s9 puni%es itself4 #abcg ,x is evid5t t 9 assimilat+ 8 pan!i/ic conceptions he _h fail$ to ?9k out _! incompatibility ) any !i/ic dogma :atev]2 8 reason+1 on ! :ole1 be+ no m coh]5t ?an ,gotts*alk's4 ,he _h 9 fact set out f an arbitr>y !i/ic position t 0 at once ,judaic1 ,*ri/ian1 & ,platonic1 & w5t back on "o l9e to ! ,gno/ics2 :ile on ano!r 8 argum5t t s9 has no real exi/5ce is a v>iant f an old !sis--made curr5t1 z we saw1 by ,euclides ( ,meg>a--) :i* or?odoxy _h met ! ,mani*eans4 #abch ,b to ! ab/ract doctr9e he gave a new practical po9t by decl>+ t ! doctr9e ( hell-fire 0 a m]e allegory2 t heav5 & hell alike 7 /ates ( consci\sness1 n places4 #abci ,& if su* concrete free?9k+ 7 n en\gh to infuriate ! or?odox1 !y _h f him ! mo/ explicit decl>ations t au?ority is d]ivable solely f reason4 #abdj ,9 philosophy prop] he mu/ be cr$it$1 despite 8 inconsi/5cy1 ) deep & orig9al ?\ght4 #abda ,l e !ologian ( philosophic capacity be=e & s9ce1 he passes into pan!ism z soon z he grapples closely ) ! difficulties ( !ism1 & ! expressions :i* he uses are id5tical ) ^? :i* 7 aft]w>ds employ$ by ,sp9oza4444 ,x 0 a tradition ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury transf]r$ to ! n9?1 an e*o f ,alex&ria4 #abdb ,condemn$ by ,pope ,ni*olas ,i & by two ,*ur* ,c\ncils1 #abdc 8 writ+s none ! less avail$ to keep t e*o audible to lat] c5turies4 ,! range & vig\r ( 8 practical rationalism may be ga!r$ f 8 attitude 9 ! controv]sy begun by ! abbot ,pas*asius ,radb]t 7#hca7 on ! nature ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,pas*asius taught t !re 0 a real trans=mation ( ! bread & w9e into ! div9e body & blood2 & ! doctr9e1 ?us nak$ly put1 />tl$ ! fre] s*ol>s ( ! "t1 :o 7 n yet habituat$ to ,lat9 or?odoxy4 ,ano!r le>n$ monk1 ,ratramnus1 :o _h writt5 a treatise on pr$e/9ation at ! reque/ ( ! rationaliz+ emp]or1 ,*>les ! ,bald 7discuss+ ! problem 9 ,gotts*alk's s5se #abdd )\t nam+ him71 produc$ on ! same mon>*'s invitation a treatise 9 :i* transub/antiation 0 d5i$1 & ! real pres5ce 0 decl>$ to be spiritual #abde--;a view already kn[n to ,pas*asius z be+ held by "s4 #abdf ,john ,scotus1 also ask$ by ! emp]or to write on ! subject1 w5t s f> z to argue t ! bread & w9e 7 m]ely symbols & memorials4 #abdg ,z usual1 ! irrational doctr9e became t ( ! ,*ur*2 #abdh b ! o!r mu/ h wr\ght = reason 9 secret4 ,= ! re/1 he set =? ! old modal view ( ! ,tr9ity1 resolv+ x into ! diff]5t conceptual aspects ( ! univ]se1 & ?us prop\nd+ "o m vital h]esy4 #abdi ,no?+ b a succession ( rationaliz+ emp]ors c\ld h secur$ cont9uance = su* tea*+ z t ( ,ratramnus & ,john ! ,scot4 ,= a "t1 ! cruelty met$ out to ,gotts*alk kept up feel+ 9 fav\r ( 8 views2 ,bi%op ,remigius ( ,lyons condemn$ ,h9cm>'s treatm5t ( him2 & o!rs s\ght to ma9ta9 8 positions1 ) modifications1 ?\gh ,h9cm> c>ri$ resolutions condemn+ !m at ! second ,synod ( ,*i]sy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ar*bi%op ,w5ilo ( ,s5s1 ,bi%op ,prud5tius ( ,troyes1 & ,florus1 a deacon ( ,lyons1 all wrote aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ,john ! ,scot2 & ! second ,synod ( ,val5ce 7#hee71 :ile oppos+ ,h9cm> & affirm+ duplex pr$e/9ation1 d5\nc$ ) fury ! reason+s ( ,john ! ,scot1 ascrib+ !m to 8 nation z a :ole4 #abej ,! pope tak+ ! same l9e1 ! =tunes ( ! rationali/ic view ( ! eu*>i/ & ( hell-fire 7 soon det]m9$ = ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh 9 ! ye> #iej we f9d ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury confront$ by ,engli% ecclesia/ics :o ass]t$ t !re 0 no transub/antiation1 ! elem5ts be+ m]ely a figure ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/4 #abea ,! economic explanation cle>ly holds alike z reg>ds ! attack on ,john & ! condemnation ( ,gotts*alk = a doctr9e :i* _h actually be5 e/abli%$ = c5turies1 on ! au?ority ( ,augu/9e1 z /rict or?odoxy4 ,9 ,augu/9e's "t1 ! det]m9+ pressures 7 n economic3 a bankrupt _w 0 seek+ to expla9 its fate2 & ,augu/9e _h m]ely c>ri$ a majority ) him aga9/ ,pelagius1 p>tly by 8 p]sonal influ5ce1 p>tly by =ce ( ! fatali/ mood ( ! "t4 ,b 9 ! r5asc5t _w ( ,gotts*alk's day ! economic exploitation ( fe> _h be5 c>ri$ sev]al /ages =w>d by ! ,*ur*2 & ! "q ( pr$e/9ation _h a v direct f9ancial be>+4 ,! nor!rn peoples1 accu/om$ to comp\nd = crimes by money paym5ts1 _h s readily play$ into ! h&s ( ! prie/hood by _! eag]ness to buy surcease ( purgatorial pa9 t masses = ! dead & p5it5tial c]tificates 7 ma9 s\rces ( ecclesia/ical rev5ue4 ,!re=e ! condemnations ( su* abuses pass$ by ! ,c\ncils1 on ! urg+ ( ! m ?\ghtful cl]gy1 7 con/antly fru/rat$ by ! pla9 pecuni>y int]e/ ( ! prie/s4 #abeb ,x ev5 appe>s t ! eu*>i/ 0 popul>ly reg>d$ n z a process ( religi\s communion1 b z a magical rite objectively efficaci\s = bodily pres]vation 9 ?is life & ! next4 ,?us x came ab\t t (t5 prie/s pres5t$ ! (f]+ ( ! mass alone & by !mselves1 )\t any p>ticipation ( ! congregation4 #abec ,if !n x 7 to be s]i\sly und]/ood t ! future lot ( all 0 =eorda9$1 all exp5diture on masses = ! dead1 or to secure 9 advance a light5+ ( purgatorial p5ance1 or ev5 to buy (f p5ance on e>?1 0 s mu* wa/e2 & ! ,teutons 7 /ill z ready z o!r b>b>ians to make _! transactions ) ,*ur*1 ,god1 & ! sa9ts a matt] ( explicit b>ga94 #abed ,gotts*alk1 accord+ly1 _h to be put d[n1 9 ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x c\ld n tru?fully be pret5d$ t he deviat$ f ,augu/9e1 = he actually held by ! semi-,pelagian inconsi/5cy t ,god pr$e/9ates good1 b m]ely =ekn[s evil4 #abee ,!re 0 9 fact no cle> opposition betwe5 8 affirmations & ^? ( ,rabanus ,maurus1 :o also pr(ess$ to be an ,augu/9ian2 b ! latt] laid =5sic /ress on ! desire ( ,god t all m5 %\ld be sav$1 & on ! =mula t ,*ri/ di$ = all2 :ile ,gotts*alk1 m hone/ly1 insi/$ t pr$e/9ation is pr$e/9ation1 & appli$ ! pr9ciple n m]ely1 z _h be5 cu/om>y1 to ! future /ate ( ! good1 b to t ( ! bad1 #abef insi/+ on a prde/9atio duplex4 ,8 own fate 0 ?us economically pr$e/9ate2 & he 0 actually tortur$ by ! sc\rge till he ca/ into ! fire 8 writt5 def5ce1 a docum5t :i* conta9$ no?+ b a compilation ( te/imonies f ,scripture1 & f ! old] *ur*-tea*]s4 #abeg ,gotts*alk lat] *all5g$ a f\rfold ordeal ( boil+ wat]1 oil1 & pit*4 ,8 prim>y doctr9e _h be5 ! immutability ( ! div9e w2 b he br\ght himself to ! belief t ,god w\ld "w a miracle 9 8 fav\r4 ,8 conception ( =eord9ation 0 ?us fram$ solely ) reg>d to ! conception ( a future /ate4 ,! ordeal 0 n grant$1 ! or?odox p>ty fe>+ to try conclusions1 & he di$ )\t ! sacram5ts1 r ?an recant4 ,!n began ! second reaction ( feel+ aga9/ 8 *ief p]secutor1 ,h9cm>4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #aij4 ,a rec5t writ]1 :o h&les v intellig5tly & temp]ately ! problem ( p]secution1 urges t 9 t connection "o ought n to lay great /ress on ! old argum5t ( ! ,hallam & ,macaulay s*ool z to ! /r5g? ( ve/$ int]e/s1 ?\gh x has a c]ta9 hi/orical importance1 because ! prie/ mu/ subsi/ someh[ 7,religi\s ,p]secution3 a ,/udy 9 ,psy*ology1 by ,e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,haynes1 #aijd1 p4 #d74 ,if ! c]ta9 importance be 9 ! ratio ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! la/ adduc$ fact1 ! legitimate /ress on ! argum5t 9 "q w\ld seem suffici5t = mo/ purposes4 ,! writ] adds ! note3 ,x is n unfair1 h[ev]1 to quote ! case ( ,dr4 ,middleton1 :o1 writ+ to ,"l ,radnor 9 #agej 9 respect ( 8 fam\s "w on ,miracles1 admits frankly en\gh t he w\ld nev] h giv5 ! cl]gy any tr\ble1 _h he receiv$ "s good appo9tm5t 9 ! *ur*4 ,if ! essayi/ has met ) no o!r hi/oric fact illu/rative ( ! play ( ve/$ int]e/s 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 x is extremely c&id ( him to m5tion t "o4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 he commits himself to ! proposition t ! hi/ory ( m$ieval p]secution leads "o to inf] t ! cl]gy z a :ole 7 r\s$ to mu* great] activity by m5aces to _! mat]ial com=ts 9 ?is _w ?an by an altrui/ic anxiety = ! fate ( lay s\ls 9 ! next 7id4 p4 #fj4 ,cp4 p4 #fc74 ,?is am\nt ( /ress on ve/$ int]e/s w probably satisfy mo/ memb]s ( ! ,hallam & ,macaulay s*ool2 & is ample = ! purposes ( ! pres5t cont5tion4 ,f ?is po9t onw>d1 ! sl[ movem5t ( new ideas may = a "t be conv5i5tly trac$ on two g5]al l9es--"o t ( ! philosophic discussion 9 ! s*ools1 re9=c$ by ,s>ac5 influ5ces1 ! o!r t ( p>tially rationali/ic & democratic h]esy among ! common p1 by way fir/ ( contagion f ! ,ea/4 ,! latt] 0 on ! :ole z influ5tial = sane ?\ght z ! =m]1 ap>t f su* ecclesia/ical free?9k+ z t ( ,b]5g> ( ,t\rs & ,roscel9 7,r\ssel971 ,canon ( ,compigne4 ,b]5g> 7c4 #ajej7 0 l$ by moral reflection #abeh to d\bt ! prie/ly miracle ( ! ,eu*>i/1 & !nce=? he ent]$ into a /ormy controv]sy on ! subject1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he twice recant$ "u bodily fe>1 b passionately return$ to 8 orig9al positions4 ,fundam5tally s9c]e1 & indignantly res5tful ( ! gross sup]/ition prevail+ 9 ! ,*ur*1 he /ruck fi]cely 9 8 writ+s at ,popes ,leo ,,ix & ,ni*olas ,,ii & ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 #abei all ( :om _h oppos$ him4 ,at l5g?1 aft] mu* /rife1 he ?rew up ! conte/1 sp5d+ ! latt] "p ( 8 long life 9 seclusion2 ,pope ,gregory ,,vii1 :o 0 p]sonally fri5dly to him1 hav+ f9ally %ield$ him f p]secution4 ,x seems cle> t1 ?\gh accus$1 ) o!rs ( 8 s*ool1 ( reject+ c]ta9 ( ! gospel miracles1 #abfj he nev] became a disbeliev]2 8 v polemic te/ify+ to ! w>m? ( 8 belief on 8 own l9es4 ,8 tea*+1 h[ev]1 :i* w5t f> by reason ( ! vividness ( 8 /yle1 d\btless _h ! effect ( promot+ n only ! rationali/ic-,*ri/ian view ( ! ,eu*>i/1 #abfa b a criticism :i* w5t fur!r1 inasmu* z 8 oppon5ts =c$ on ! by/&]s ! "q z to :at reality !re 0 9 ! ,*ri/ian cre$ if 8 view 7 true4 #abfb ,all su* influ5ces1 h[ev]1 7 b slight 9 total mass comp>$ ) ! ov]:elm+ weight ( ! economic int]e/ ( ! prie/hood2 & n till ! ,re=mation 0 ,b]5g>'s doctr9e accept$ by a s+le organiz$ sect4 ,! or?odox doctr9e1 9 fact1 0 all-ess5tial to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,giv5 ! daily miracle ( ! real pres5ce1 ! ,*ur* _h a vital hold on ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & ! prie/ 0 above all lay rivalry4 ,see+ z mu*1 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an 7#ajei7 met ! new criticism by e/abli%+ ! te*nical doctr9e ( ! real pres5ce = ! fir/ "t z an article ( fai?2 & z su* x w d\btless /& :ile !re is a ,ca?olic prie/hood4 ,b]5g>'s orig9al view mu/ h be5 %>$ by ?\s&s2 b no ,ca?olic c>ri$ on 8 propag&a4 ,! "q _h become "o ( life & dea?4 ,b]5g>'s =c$ prev>ications1 :i* are unsympa!tically set =? by ,mo%eim 7#aa ,c5t41 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #ac-ah71 are made mu* m intelligible 9 ! sympa!tic survey ( ,ne&] 7vi1 #bbe-fj74 ,see also ! c>eful inquiry ( ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #ia sq4 ,z to ,b]5g>'s writ+s1 see fur!r ,murdock's note to ,mo%eim1 la/ cit41 #ah4 ,! =mal compromise =c$ on him by ,pope ,hildebr&1 :o 0 p]sonally fri5dly to him1 consi/$ 9 add+ to 8 d5ial ( ! *ange ( ! bread & w9e into body & blood ! doctr9e t ! body & blood 7 sup]add$ to ! bread & w9e 9 & by _! consecration4 ,?is =mula1 ( c\rse1 did n repres5t ! _s ( ,b]5g>'s polemic4 ,z to ! disputes on ! subject1 :i* ran to ! mo/ unseemly l5g? ( physiological detail1 see ,voltaire1 ,essai sur les ,moeurs1 *4 xlv4 ,x is notewor?y t ,augu/9e _h v expressly set =? a metaphorical int]pretation ( ! ,eu*>i/--,de doctr9a *ri/iana1 l4 iii1 c4 #af4 ,b j z ! ,*ur* lat] set aside ! v]dict ( ,?omas ,aqu9as t ! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 born 9 s91 s did x rev]se ,augu/9e's judgm5t on ! ,eu*>i/4 ,always ! m irrational view c>ri$ ! day1 z be+ m propiti\s to sac]dotal claims4 ,s f> z ! ,*ur* by h] ke5ly self-reg>d+ organization c\ld atta9 x1 all op9ion 0 kept )9 ! /rict b\nds ( h] (ficial dogma1 9 :i* life 9 ! ,middle ,ages s long /agnat$4 ,= c5turies1 despite ! turmoil ( _m w>s--:i*1 inde$1 help$ to arre/ ?\ght--! life ( ! m9d pres5t$ a uni=mity h>dly n[ conceivable4 ,! common expectation ( ! end+ ( ! _w1 9 ! ye> #ajjj1 9 p>ticul> _h an imm5se prepot5cy ( p>alys+ m5's spirits2 & ! grooves ( habit ?us fix$ 7 h>d to alt]4 ,= mo/ m51 ! notion ( possible innovation 9 ?\ght did n exi/3 ! usual 0 ! sacr$3 ! v ideal ( an improvem5t or re=mation1 :5 x arose1 0 "o ( rea*+ back to a f>-away p]fection ( ! pa/1 nev] ( rem\ld+ ?+s on l9es laid d[n by reason4 ,yet ev5 into ?is half-/ifl$ _w !re ent]$1 by ea/]n ways1 & fir/ 9 ! guise ( rude demotic dep>tures f prie/ly prescription1 ! inde/ructible _s ( *ange4 #c4 ,,popul> ,,anti-,,cl]ical ,,h]esy ,! fir/ ,we/]n traces ( ! import$ ,paulician h]esy are ab\t ! ye> #ajjj1 #abfc :5 a ru/ic ( ,*lons is he>d ( z de/roy+ a cross & a religi\s picture1 & ass]t+ t ! prophets are n :olly to be believ$4 #abfd ,f ?is "t =w>d1 ! _w hav+ begun to brea! aga9 aft] ! pass+ ( ! ye> #ajjj )\t any sign ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 h]esy beg9s to multiply1 ! *ief mov]s be+ di/+ui%$ by a t5d5cy to rationalism4 #abfe ,9 #ajaj !re is a trace ( x 9 ,aquita9e4 #abff ,9 ! ye> #ajbb 7or1 z ! date is sometimes put1 9 #ajag7 we he> ( ! unveil+ ( a secret society ( rationaliz+ my/ics at ,orleans1 t5 canons ( "o *ur* be+ memb]s4 #abfg ,an ,italian woman 0 said to be ! f\nd]1 & ?irte5 7 burn$ alive on _! refusal to recant4 ,accord+ to ! records1 !y d5i$ all miracles1 includ+ ! ,virg9 ,bir? & ! ,resurrection2 reject$ baptism & ! miracle ( ! ,eu*>i/2 took ! old ,docetic view ( ,jesus1 d5y+ 8 actual humanity2 & affirm$ ! et]nity ( matt] & ! non-creation ( ! _w4 ,!y 7 also accus$1 l ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 ( promiscu\s nocturnal orgies & ( eat+ sacrific$ infants2 b unless su* *>ges are to be held valid 9 ! o!r case1 !y _c be "h4 #abfh ,! /ories told ( ! ,mani*ean community :o liv$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,mon=te1 ne> ,a/i 9 ,lomb>dy1 9 ! ye>s #ajbe-ajdj1 & :o at l5g? 7 likewise burn$ alive1 are simil>ly mix$ ) fable4 #abfi ,on ?is case x is record$ t1 :ile ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan inve/igat$ ! h]esy1 ! burn+ ( ! victims 0 ! "w ( ! fanatical populace ( ,milan1 & 0 done aga9/ 8 w4 ,a less savage treatm5t may h made possible ! alleg$ success ( ,g]h>d1 bi%op ( ,cambray & ,arras1 9 reconcil+ to ! ,*ur* at ,arras1 9 #ajbe or #ajcj1 a numb] ( laym5--also said to h be5 taught by an ,italian--:o z a body reject$ all ext]nal wor%ip1 sett+ aside prie/ly baptism & ! sacram5ts1 p5ance & images1 fun]al rites1 holy oil1 *ur* bells1 cross-wor%ip1 alt>s1 & ev5 *ur*es1 & d5i$ ! necessity ( an ord] ( prie/s4 #abgj ,few ( ! ,prote/ants ( a lat] age 7 s ?or\gh-go+2 b ! fact t _m ( ! sect /ood to ! old ,m>cionite veto on m>riage & ! sexual in/9ct gives to _! propag&a its own ca/ ( fanaticism4 ,?is la/ t5et x seem+ly 0 t gave ! ,paulicians _! common ,greek "n ( ca?>i1 #abga ! pure1 corrupt$ or assimilat$ 9 ,italian to gazz>i1 :5ce presumably ! ,g]man ^w = h]etic1 ,ketz]4 #abgb ,su* a doctr9e _h ! d\ble mis=tune t if act$ on x left ! sect )\t ! normal recruitm5t ( memb]s' *ildr51 :ile if dep>t$ f x br\ght on !m ! /igma ( wanton hypocrisy2 & z a matt] ( fact e movem5t ( ! k9d1 anci5t & mod]n1 seems to h conta9$ )9 x ! two extremes ( asceticism & lic5ce1 ! =m] g5]at+ ! latt]4 ,x c\ld h>dly1 h[ev]1 h be5 ! ascetic doctr9e t won = ! new h]esy its vogue 9 m$ieval ,europe2 nor is x likely t ! majority ( ! h]etics ev5 pr(ess$ x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ask h[ x 0 t 9 an age ( d5se sup]/ition s _m un$ucat$ p 7 f\nd to reject s promptly ! mo/ sacrosanct doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 x seems h>dly less difficult to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on on ! b>e gr\nd ( _! common s5se4 ,critical common s5se !re mu/ h be51 to all[ ( x at all2 b x is reasonable to suppose t !n1 z cle>ly happ5$ lat] at ! ,re=mation1 common s5se _h a p[]ful /imulus 9 pecuni>y int]e/4 ,) ! evid5ce z to ,*ri/ian practice 9 ! f\r? c5tury on ! "o h&1 & ! lat] evid5ce z to cl]ical life on ! o!r1 we are c]ta9 ( a common play ( f9ancial motive ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& :]eas x is intelligible t su* rapacity z we h se5 describ$ by ,libanius %\ld evoke a h]esy :i* reject$ alike religi\s c]emonial & ! claims ( ! prie/1 x is fur!r reasonable to surmise t res5tm5t ( prie/ly rapacity & luxury help$ m5 to simil> h]esy 9 ,we/]n ,europe :5 ! doctr9e rea*$ !m4 ,if any c5turies are to be s+l$ out z ^? ( maximum pr(ligacy & extortion among ! cl]gy1 !y are ! n9? & ! ?ree foll[+4 #abgc ,x _h be5 "p ( ! policy ( ,*>lemagne ev]y:]e to /r5g!n ! h&s ( ! cl]gy by way ( *eck+ ! p[] ( ! nobles2 #abgd & 9 ! disord] aft] 8 dea? ! conflict+ =ces 7 9 semi-an>*ic competition4 ,! feudal habit ( appo9t+ y\ng] sons & und]l+s to liv+s :]ev] possible2 ! disord]s & /rifes ( ! papacy2 & ! frequ5t practice ( dispossess+ prie/s to rew>d reta9]s1 !reby driv+ ! dispossess$ to plund] on _! own acc\nt1 mu/ toge!r h creat$ a /ate ( ?+s almo/ pa/ exagg]ation4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c\rse t ! cl]gy on _! "p %\ld make ! utmo/ possible use ( _! influ5ce ov] m5's sup]/iti\s fe>s 9 ord] to acquire beque/s ( l&s2 #abge & su* beque/s 9 turn exasp]at$ ! heirs ?us dis9h]it$4 ,?us or?odoxy & het]odoxy alike _h /rong economic motives2 & 9 ^! may be plac$ a ma9 "p ( ! explanation ( ! gross savag]y ( p]secution n[ normal 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,su* a h]esy z t ( ,gotts*alk1 we saw1 by d5y+ to ! prie/ all p[] ( affect+ ! pr$e/9$ c\rse ( ?+s "h or h]eaft]1 logically imp]ill$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! :ole hi]>*y1 & 0 by _m res5t$ accord+ly4 ,! same pr9ciple ent]$ into ! controv]sies ov] ! ,eu*>i/4 ,/ill m w\ld ! cl]gy res5t ! new ,mani*ean h]esy1 ( :i* e elem5t1 f ! ,eu*ite t5et ( ! necessity ( p]sonal pray] & mortification1 z aga9/ ! innate demon1 to ! rejection ( all ! rites ( normal wor%ip & all ! pret5sions ( prie/s1 0 radically ho/ile to ! entire organization ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! h]etics 9 due c\rse develop$ a prie/ly sy/em ( _! own1 #abgf ! ho/ility 0 only ! m embitt]$4 ,! crisis 0 ! m acute1 f9ally1 because 9 ! latt] "p ( ! t5? c5tury ! common expectation t ! _w w\ld end ) ! ye> #ajjj _h inspir$ enorm\s donations to ! ,*ur*1 #abgg ) a proportionally oppressive effect on ! g5]al population1 mov+ !m to economic self-def5ce4 ,x is 9 fact cle> t an anti-cl]ical elem5t ent]$ l>gely into ! beg9n+s ( ! communal movem5t 9 ,france 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 #ajbd we f9d ! citiz5s ( ,cambrai =m+ a league to drive out ! canons2 #abgh & ?\gh t beg9n+ ( revolt 0 cru%$ out by massacre1 ! same _s express$ itself 9 h]esy4 ,! result 0 t religi\s p]secution ere long eclips$ political4 ,bi%op ,wazon ( ,ltti* 7d4 #ajdh7 9 va9 prote/$ aga9/ ! univ]sal practice ( putt+ ! h]etics to dea?4 #abgi ,mani*eans :o 7 detect$ 9 #ajeb at ,gosl>1 9 ,g]many1 7 hang$1 #abhj a prec$5t be+ ?us e/abli%$ 9 ! day ( small ?+s4 ,all ?is w5t on :ile ! c\rse ( ! papacy 0 s sc&al\s to ! lea/ exact+ moral s5se t only ! ignorance ( ! era c\ld su/a9 any measure ( rev]5ce = ! ,*ur* z an in/itution4 ,9 ! ye> #ifc ! able/ ( ! emp]ors ( t age1 ,otto ! ,great1 _h ! cons5t ( ! p ( ,rome to 8 deposition ( ,pope ,john ,,xii1 a disord]ly y\? ( tw5ty-five1 ! mo/ pr(ligate if n ! mo/ guilty ( all :o h worn ! ti>a1 #abha & to 8 appo9t+ ! ,pope 9 future2 b ,teutonic adm9i/ration soon drove ! populace to repeat$ revolt1 qu5*$ by massacre1 till at l5g? ,john return$1 spe$ily to be sla9 by a wrong$ husb&4 ,economic int]e/ ent]$ l>gely into ! subsequ5t attempts ( ! ,romans to *oose _! own ,pope & rule _! own city1 & into ! contr>y claim ( ! emp]ors to d bo?2 & 9 ! nature ( ?+s ! usually abs5t emp]ors c\ld only spasmodically c>ry _! po9t4 ,! result 0 an epo* ( riot\s disord] 9 ! papacy4 ,betwe5 ,john & ,leo ,,ix 7#iee-ajdh7 six popes 7 depos$1 two murd]$1 & "o mutilat$2 #abhb & ! ,*ur* 0 a m]e battle-gr\nd ( ! factions ( ! ,roman & ,italian nobility4 #abhc ,at la/1 9 #ajdg1 a disgraceful conte/ betwe5 ?ree claimants ( ! papal *air %ock$ ev5 ! reckless apa?y ( ,italy2 #abhd & ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,iii depos$ !m all & appo9t$ a pope ( 8 own *oos+1 ! cl]gy aga9 cons5t+4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 z be=e1 ! local claim 0 reviv$2 & 9 ! papacy ( ! p[]ful ,gregory ,,vii1 kn[n z ,hildebr&1 ! head ( ! ,*ur* det]m9$ly ass]t$ its autonomy & 8 own autocracy4 ,!n came ! long w> ( ! inve/itures betwe5 ! popes & ! emp]ors1 9 :i* ! =m] 7 sub/antially ! ga9]s4 ,! result 01 9 addition to ! endless mis]ies set up by w>1 a sy/ematic developm5t ( t f9ancial corruption :i* already _h be5 sc&al\s en\gh4 ,! ca!dral *apt]s & ! nobles trad$ 9 bi%oprics2 ! popes sold _! ratifications = great sums2 ! money 0 normally borr[$ by ! bi%ops f ! papal usur]s2 & !re 0 witness$ ?r\gh\t ,europe ! spectacle ( ! ,*ur* d5\nc+ all usury z s91 :ile its own usur]s 7 scrupul\sly protect$1 ! bi%ops pay+ to !m _! int]e/ f ! rev5ues !y 7 able to extort4 #abhe ,satirical comm5t naturally ab\nd$ :]ev] m5 _h any k ( ! facts2 & :at curr5t lit]ature !re 0 reflect$ ! feel+ on all sides4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! fir/ & second crusades1 ! "w respectively ( ,pet] ! ,h]mit & ,/4 ,b]n>d1 creat$ a p]iod ( new fanaticism1 some:at unfav\rable to h]esy2 b ev5 9 t p]iod ! new sects 7 at "w1 #abhf & 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 crusad+ _h become a m]e feudal conspiracy ( conque/ & plund]1 #abhg h]esy reappe>$1 to be duly met by slaught]4 ,a p]fect f]m5t ( anti-cl]ical h]esy _h aris5 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,fl&]s4 #abhh ,at ,orvieto1 9 ,italy1 ! h]etics = a "t actually _h ! ma/]y1 & 7 put d[n only aft] a bloody /ruggle4 #abhi ,9 ,france1 = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s f #aajf1 ,pet] de ,brueys oppos$ infant baptism1 ! use ( *ur*es1 holy crosses1 pray]s = ! dead 7! great s\rce ( cl]ical income71 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,real ,pres5ce 9 ! eu*>i/ 7! ma9 s\rce ( _! p[]71 & s set up ! highly h]etical sect ( ,petrobrussians4 #abij ,driv5 f 8 native di/rict ( ,vallonise1 he long ma9ta9$ himself 9 ,gascony1 till at l5g? he 0 seiz$ & burn$ 7#aabf or #aacj74 ,! monk ,h5ry 7di$ 9 prison #aadh7 took a simil> l9e1 directly d5\nc+ ! cl]gy 9 ,switz]l& & ,france2 z did ,tanquel9 9 ,fl&]s 7kill$ by a prie/1 #aabe72 ?\gh 9 8 case !re seems to h be5 z mu* ( religi\s halluc9ation z ( ! contr>y4 #abia ,a peasant1 ,eudo ( ,/ella 7:o di$ 9 prison71 is said to h half-revolutioniz$ ,brittany ) 8 anti-ecclesia/ical prea*+4 #abib ,! m fam\s monk ,arnold ( ,brescia 7/rangl$ & burn$ 9 #aaee71 a pupil ( ,abail>d1 b or?odox 9 8 !ology & au/]e 9 8 life1 simplifi$ 8 plan ( re=m 7ab\t #aaci7 into a proposal t ! :ole weal? ( ! cl]gy1 f ! pope to ! monks1 %\ld be transf]r$ to ! civil p[]1 leav+ *ur*m5 to lead a spiritual life on volunt>y (f]+s4 #abic ,= fifte5 ye>s ! /ir ( 8 movem5t la/$ 9 ,lomb>dy1 till at l5g? 8 =mation ( a republic at ,rome =c$ ! papacy to comb9e ) ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 :o gave ,arnold up to dea?4 ,b ?\gh 8 movem5t p]i%$1 anti-cl]icalism did n2 & h]etical sects ( "s k9d p]si/$ "h & !re1 9 despite ( ! ,*ur*1 till ! age ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ,italy1 dur+ ! age ( ! ,r5aissance1 all alike 7 commonly call$ pat]9i or pat>9i--a nickname :i* seems to come f pat>ia1 a ,milanese ^w mean+ popul> faction or r[dies4 #abid ,?us 9 ! :ole movem5t ( fre% popul> ?\ght !re is a manife/ connection ) ! democratic movem5t 9 politics1 ?\gh 9 ! s*ools ! _s ( discussion & dialectic _h no simil> relation%ip4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury its w>f>e ) ! emp]ors1 & ! frequ5t appo9tm5t ( anti-popes1 prev5t$ any sy/ematic policy on ! "p ( ! ,holy ,see1 #abie repression be+ mo/ly left to ! local ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,x 0 9 #aaci t ,innoc5t ,,ii issu$ ! fir/ papal decree aga9/ ,ca?>i1 expell+ !m f ! ,*ur* & call+ on ! temporal p[] to give full effect to _! excommunication4 #abif ,9 #aafc ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii1 be+ exil$ f ,rome by ,fr$]ick ,i & ! anti-pope ,victor1 call$ a great c\ncil at ,t\rs1 :]e aga9 a policy ( excommunication 0 decid$ on1 ! secul> au?orities be+ comm&$ to imprison ! excommunicat$ & confiscate _! prop]ty1 b n to slay !m4 ,9 ! same ye> "s ,ca?>i arre/$ at ,cologne _h be5 s5t5c$ to be burn$2 b ! ,c\ncil did n g s f>4 ,z a result ! decree _h little or no effect4 #abig ,s p[]less 0 ! ,*ur* at ?is /age t 9 #aafg ! ,ca?>i held a c\ncil ( _! own ne> ,t\l\se2 a bi%op ( _! ord]1 ,nicetas1 com+ f ,con/ant9ople to preside2 & a :ole sy/em ( ,fr5* sees 0 set on foot4 #abih ,s num]\s _h ! ,ca?>i n[ become t _! highe/ grade1 ! p]fecti1 alone 0 reckon$ to numb] #d1jjj2 #abii & f ?is "t x is ( ,ca?>i t we read 9 ! rolls ( p]secution4 ,ab\t #aagj f\r m ( !m1 f ,fl&]s1 7 burn$ at ,cologne2 & o!rs1 ( ! high] grade call$ bos homes 7 boni hom9es1 good m571 at ,t\l\se4 ,9 #aagi1 ! h]esy /ill ga9+ gr\nd1 an oecum5ical c\ncil 7! ,?ird ,lat]an7 0 held at ,rome "u ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii1 decree+ afre% _! excommunication1 & sett+ up a new ma*9]y ( extirpation by proclaim+ a crusade at once aga9/ ! ord]ly h]etics ( s\!rn ,france & ! companies ( op5ly irreligi\s freeboot]s :o _h aris5 z a result ( _m w>s & mu* misgov]nm5t4 ,to all :o jo9$ 9 ! crusade 0 (f]$ an indulg5ce ( two ye>s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,h5ry ( ,clairvaux1 ,c>d9al ( ,albano1 took ! matt] 9 h& z papal pl5ipot5ti>y2 & 9 #aaha he rais$ a =ce ( horse & foot & fell ^u ! ill-def5d$ t]ritory ( ! ,visc\nt ( ,bezi]s1 :]e _m h]etics1 includ+ ! daught] ( ,raymond ( ,t\l\se1 _h tak5 refuge4 ,! *ief /ronghold 0 captur$1 ) two ,ca?>i/ bi%ops1 :o r5\nc$ _! h]esy1 & 7 promptly giv5 preb5ds 9 ,t\l\se4 ,_m o!rs submitt$2 b z soon z ! t]ms = :i* ! crusad]s _h enli/$ 7 ov] & ! army disb&$1 !y return$ to _! h]etical practices4 #acjj ,two ye>s lat] an army collect$ 9 c5tral ,france made a campaign aga9/ ! freeboot]s1 slay+ ?\s&s 9 "o battle1 hang+ fifte5 hundr$ aft] ano!r1 & bl9d+ eighty m4 ,b freeboot+ also cont9u$4 #acja ,! fir/ crusade aga9/ h]esy hav+ fail$1 x 0 left by ! papacy = a numb] ( ye>s to itself2 ?\gh anti-pope ,lucius ,,iii 9 #aahd s\ght to set up an ,inquisition2 & 9 #aaie a papal legate held a c\ncil at ,montpelli]1 seek+ to create ano!r crusade4 ,! zeal ( ! fai?ful 0 ma9ly absorb$ 9 ,pale/9e2 :ile ! nobles at home 7 g5]ally at w> ) ea* o!r4 ,h]esy accord+ly cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 ?\gh !re 0 nev] any susp5sion ( local p]secution outside ( ,prov5ce1 :]e ! h]etics 7 n[ 9 a majority1 hav+ m !ological s*ools & s*ol>s ?an ! ,*ur*4 #acjb ,9 ,france 9 p>ticul>1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! reign ( ,philip ,augu/us 7suc4 #aahj71 _m pat]9i 7 put to dea? by burn+2 #acjc & ! cl]gy at l5g? p]suad$ ! k+ to expel ! ,jews1 ! "w be+ done almo/ z cruelly z x 0 two c5turies lat] 9 ,spa94 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e !re 0 ?us f> little h]esy1 x 0 repress$ by ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,"s ?irty ru/ics came f ,fl&]s 9 #aaff1 flee+ p]secution1 & va9ly s\ght to propagate _! cre$4 ,zeal\s to prove 8 or?odoxy 9 ! p]iod ( 8 qu>rel ) ,becket1 ,h5ry presid$ ov] a c\ncil ( bi%ops call$ by him at ,ox=d to discuss ! case2 & ! h]etics 7 condemn$ to be sc\rg$1 br&$ 9 ! face1 & driv5 =?--to p]i% 9 ! w9t] wilds4 ,engl& 0 n hospitable to h]esy2 & practically h] or?odoxy 0 unsulli$ until ! rise ( ,wiclif4 #acjd ,9 s\!rn ,europe & nor!rn ,italy 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury a =emo/ place began to be tak5 by ! sect ( ! ,wald5ses1 or ,vaudois 7o!rwise ! ,poor ,m5 ( ,lyons71 :i*--:e!r d]iv+ f anci5t diss5t surviv+ 9 ! ,vaux or ,valleys ( ,pi$mont1 #acje or tak+ its "n & "* f ! tea*+ ( ! ,lyons m]*ant1 ,pet] ,waldus1 or an e>li] ,pet] ( ,vaux or ,valdis #acjf--;con=ms sub/antially to ! g5]al h]etical t5d5cies ( t age1 9 t x reject$ ! papal au?ority1 cont5d$ = ! read+ ( ! ,bible by ! laity1 condemn$ ti!s1 disp>ag$ fa/+1 /ipulat$ = pov]ty on ! "p ( prie/s & d5i$ _! special /atus1 oppos$ pray]s = ! dead1 & prea*$ peace & non-resi/ance4 ,9 #aaii1 at ,metz1 !y 7 f\nd 9 possession ( a ,fr5* translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,psalms1 & ! book ( ,job--a new & />tl+ invasion ( ! prie/ly p[] 9 ! we/4 ,above all1 _! m5 & wom5 alike w5t ab\t prea*+ 9 ! t[ns1 9 ! h\ses1 & 9 ! *ur*es1 & adm9i/]$ ! eu*>i/ )\t prie/s4 #acjg ,?us ,ca?>i1 ,pat]9i1 ,mani*eans1 & non-,mani*ean ,albig5ses & ,wald5ses 7 on all f\rs = ! ,*ur*1 z oppon5ts ( its economic claims2 & :5 at l5g?1 "u ,cele/9e ,,iii & ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ! ,holy ,see began to be consolidat$ aft] a long p]iod ( incessant *ange1 #acjh desp]ate measures began to be contemplat$4 ,organiz$ h]esy 0 se5 to be inde/ructible save by g5]al extirpation2 & on economic gr\nds x 0 n to be tol]at$4 ,at ,orvieto ! h]esy /amp$ out ) blood 9 #aabe 0 f\nd alive aga9 9 #aaej2 0 aga9 put d[n 9 #aafc by burn+1 hang+1 & expulsion2 & yet 0 aga9 f\nd active at ! close ( ! c5tury4 #acji ,9 #aaih ,innoc5t ,,iii is f\nd beg9n+ a new ,inquisition among ! ,albig5ses2 & 9 #aaii1 :ile ?reat5+ !m ) exile & confiscation1 #acaj he made a la/ diplomatic attempt to =ce ! ob/9ately h]etical p ( ,orvieto to take an oa? ( fidelity 9 ! ye> #aaii4 ,x end$ 9 ! kill+ ( 8 repres5tative by ! p4 #acaa ,! papacy accord+ly laid plans to de/roy ! enemy at its c5tre ( propagation4 #d4 ,,h]esy ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,france ,9 ,prov5ce & ,langu$oc1 ! sc5e ( ! fir/ great papal crusade aga9/ anti-cl]ical h]esy1 !re 7 repres5t$ all ! !n exi/+ =ces ( popul> free?\ght2 & ! motives ( ! crusade 7 equally typical ( ! cause ( au?ority4 #a4 ,9 addition to ! ,paulician & o!r movem5ts ( religi\s rationalism above not$1 ! ,langu$oc region 0 a c5tre ( semi-popul> lit]>y culture1 :i* 0 to no small ext5t anti-cl]ical1 & by consequ5ce some:at anti-religi\s4 ,! ,lat9-speak+ jongleurs or m9/rels1 kn[n z ,goli>ds1 #acab possess+ z !y did a cl]ical culture1 7 by _! way ( life committ$ to a joy\s r ?an an ascetic philosophy2 & ?\gh giv5 to bl5d+ ! language ( devotion ) t ( ! dr9k+-table1 v mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ,hafiz1 !y 7 capable ( burlesqu+ ! mass1 ! cre$1 hymns to ! ,virg91 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 confessions1 & p>ts ( ! gospels1 z well z ( ke5ly satiriz+ ! endless abuses ( ! ,*ur*4 #acac ,"o is a/oni%$ to meet1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 9 a "t always repres5t$ z cru%$ "u ! yoke ( au?ority1 su* incr$ible audacities on ! papacy1 ! episcopacy1 *ivalry1 on ! mo/ rev]$ dogmas ( religion1 su* z p>adise1 hell1 etc4 #acad ,! rhym]s escap$ simply because !re 0 no police t c\ld cat* !m4 ,d5\nc$ by "s ( ! /rict] cl]gy1 !y 7 protect$ by o!rs4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 ! m9/rels ( ! free-liv+ *ur*m54 #acae ,( ?is type is ,guiot ( ,prov5ce1 a ,black ,fri>1 ! au?or ( ,la ,bible ,guiot1 writt5 betwe5 #aahg & #abjf4 ,he is a lov] ( good liv+1 a *ampion ( ari/ocrats1 a foe ( popul> movem5ts1 #acaf & )al a little ( a buffoon4 ,b x is to be c\nt$ to him = righte\sness t he ?\ght ! weal? dev\r$ by ! cl]gy might be m usefully sp5t on roads1 bridges1 & hospitals4 #acag ,he has also a good ^w = ! old pagans :o liv$ accord+ to reason2 & z to 8 own "t1 he is %>ply c5sori\s alike ( pr9ces1 pope1 & prelates4 ,! pr9ces are rascals :o d n believe 9 ,god1 & depress _! nobility2 & ! bre$ ( ! latt] has sadly deg5]at$4 ,! pope is to be pray$ =2 b he is ill c\nsell$ by 8 c>d9als1 :o con=m to ! anci5t t5d5cy ( ,rome to ev]y?+ evil2 _m ( ! ar*bi%ops & bi%ops are no bett]2 & ! cl]gy 9 g5]al are eat5 up by gre$ & simony4 #acah ,?is is 9 fact ! common note4 #acai ,a k9dr$ _s is se5 9 mu* ( ! v]se alike ( ! nor!rn ,tr\vres & ! s\!rn ,tr\bad\rs4 ,a mod]n ,ca?olic hi/orian ( m$ieval lit]ature compla9s t _! compositions ab\nd ) ! sev]e/ ridicule ( su* p]sons & ( su* ?+s z1 9 ! temp] ( ! age1 7 highly e/imat$ & mo/ g5]ally rev]$1 & notes t 9 consequ5ce !y 7 rank$ by ! dev\t z lewd & impi\s lib]t9es4 #acbj ,9 p>ticul> !y satiriz$ ! practice ( excommunication & ! use made by ! ,*ur* ( hell & purgatory z s\rces ( rev5ue4 #acba ,_! anti-cl]ical poetry hav+ be5 z f> z possible de/roy$ by ! ,inquisition1 its "* has to be p>tly inf]r$ f ! rema9s ( ! nor!rn tr\vres--e4g41 ,ruteboeuf & ,ra\l de ,h\dan1 ( :om ! =m] wrote a ,voya de ,p>adis1 9 :i* ,slo? is a canon & ,pride a bi%op1 bo? on _! way to heav52 :ile ,ra\l has a ,songe d'enf] 9 :i* hell is treat$ 9 a _s ( ! mo/ audaci\s burlesque4 #acbb ,9 a /rik+ passage ( ! old tale ,aucass9 et ,nicolette !re is navely reveal$ ! spontane\s revolt aga9/ pietism :i* und]lay all ^! fl+s ( irrev]5ce4 ,into p>adise1 cries ,aucass91 g none b 444 ^? ag$ prie/s1 & ^? old cripples1 & ! maim$1 :o all day long & all night c\gh be=e ! alt>s1 & 9 ! crypts b5ea? ! *ur*es2 ^? 444 :o are nak$ & b>efoot & full ( sores4444 ,su* z ^! ent] 9 p>adise1 & ) !m h ,i n\ght to d4 ,b 9 hell w ,i g4 ,= to hell g ! fair cl]ks & ! fair knights :o are sla9 9 ! t\rney & ! great w>s1 & ! /\t ar*] & ! loyal man4 ,) !m w ,i g4 ,& !re g ! fair & c\rte\s ladies ( _m loves2 & !re pass ! gold & ! silv]1 ! erm9e & all ri* furs1 h>p]s & m9/rels1 & ! happy ( ! _w4 ,) ^! w ,i g4444 #acbc ,x 0 su* a temp]1 r ?an reason$ unbelief1 t inspir$ ! blasphem\s p>odies 9 ,reyn>d ! ,fox & o!r popul> works ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,prov5al lit]ature1 fur!r1 0 f ! fir/ influ5c$ by ! culture ( ! ,s>ac5s1 #acbd :o held ,sicily & ,calabria 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 & _h held "p ( ,langu$oc itself = a few ye>s 9 ! eigh?4 ,on ! pass+ ( ! du*y ( ,prov5ce to ,raymond ,b]5g]1 ,c\nt ( ,b>celona1 at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 n only 7 ! half-,s>ac5iz$ ,catalans mix$ ) ! ,prov5als1 b ,raymond & 8 successors freely introduc$ ! arts & sci5ce ( ! ,s>ac5s into _! dom9ion4 #acbe ,9 ! ,norman k+dom ( ,sicily too ! ,s>ac5 influ5ce 0 great ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii2 & !nce x rea*$ afre% ?r\gh ,italy to ,prov5ce1 #acbf c>ry+ ) x ev]y:]e1 by way ( poetry1 an elem5t ( anti-cl]ical & ev5 ( anti-,*ri/ian rationalism4 #acbg ,?\gh ?is _s 0 n t ( ! ,ca?>i & ,wald5ses1 yet ! fact t ! latt] /rongly condemn$ ! ,crusades #acbh 0 a po9t 9 common betwe5 !m & ! sympa?iz]s ) ,s>ac5 culture4 ,& z ! tol]ant ,s>ac5 s*ools ( ,spa9 or ! ,*ri/ian s*ools ( ! same region1 :i* copi$ _! curriculum1 #acbi 7 9 t age resort$ to by y\? f ea* ( ! c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe = sci5tific tea*+ #accj--;all ! late/ m$ical & mo/ o!r sci5tific k be+ 9 _! h&s--! influ5ce ( su* culture mu/ h be5 peculi>ly /rong 9 ,prov5ce4 #acca ,! m$ieval my/]y-plays & moralities1 already common 9 ,prov5ce1 mix$ at times ) ! normal irrev]5ce ( illit]ate fai? #accb a ve9 ( surpris+ly pron\nc$ skeptical criticism1 #accc :i* at ! lea/ 0 a /imulus to critical ?\ght among ! auditors1 ev5 if !y 7 suppos$ to take x z m]ely dramatic4 ,inasmu* z ! drama 0 h]$it>ily pagan1 & _h be5 cont9ually d5\nc$ & o/raciz$ by ,fa!rs & ,c\ncils1 #accd x w\ld be natural t its practition]s1 ev5 :5 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 %\ld be unbeliev]s4 ,! philosophy & sci5ce ( bo? ! ,arabs & ! ,spani% ,jews 7 specially cultivat$ 9 ! ,prov5ce t]ritory4 ,! college ( ,montpelli] practis$ on ,arab l9es m$ic9e1 botany1 & ma!matics2 & ! ,jews1 :o _h be5 driv5 f ,spa9 by ! ,almohades1 _h fl\ri%+ s*ools at ,n>bonne1 ,bezi]s1 ,nmes1 & ,c>cassonne1 z well z ,montpelli]1 & spread alike ! philosophy ( ,av]ros & ! semi-rational !ology ( ! ,jewi% ?9k] ,maimonides1 #acce ^: s*ool held broadly by ,av]rosm4 ,= ! re/1 e "o ( ! new lit]>y influ5ces t 7 assail+ ! ,*ur* w\ld t5d to fl\ri% 9 su* a civilization z t ( ,langu$oc1 :i* _h be5 peaceful & prosp]\s = ov] two hundr$ ye>s4 ,unable to lay hold ( ! popul> poets & m9/rels :o propagat$ anti-cl]icalism1 ! papacy c\ld hope to put d[n by brute =ce ! social sy/em 9 :i* !y fl\ri%$1 cru%+ ! pi\s & m hat$ h]etic ) ! sc(f]4 ,& ,langu$oc 0 a peculi>ly tempt+ field = su* op]ations4 ,its relative lack ( milit>y /r5g?1 z well z its pre-em95ce 9 h]esy1 l$ ,innoc5t ,,iii1 a peculi>ly zeal\s ass]tor ( ! papal p[]1 #accf to attack x 9 pref]5ce to o!r & remot] c5tres ( enmity4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 pontificate1 #aaih1 he comm5c$ a new & zeal\s ,inquisition #accg 9 ! doom$ region2 & 9 ! ye> #abjg1 :5 z mu* p]secution _h be5 accompli%$ z ! lax fai? ( ! nobility & _m ( ! bi%ops w\ld cons5t to--an appeal to ! ,k+ ( ,france to int]f]e be+ disreg>d$--! s*eme ( a crusade aga9/ ! dom9ions ( ,raymond ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se 0 conceiv$ & gradually matur$4 ,! alt]nate weakness & ob/9acy ( ,raymond1 & ! fre% provocation giv5 by ! murd]1 9 #abjh1 ( ! arrogant papal legate1 ,pi]re de ,ca/elnau1 #acch p]mitt$ ! success ( ! s*eme 9 su* h&s4 ,! crusade 0 plann$ exactly on ! conditions ( ^? aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s--! h]etics at home be+ decl>$ f> worse ?an !y4 #acci ,! crusad]s 7 fre$ f paym5t ( int]e/ on _! debts1 exempt$ f ! jurisdiction ( all law c\rts1 & absolv$ f all _! s9s pa/ or future4 #acdj ,to e>n ?is rew>d !y 7 to give only =ty days' s]vice #acda--;a trifle 9 comp>ison ) ! h>d%ips ( ! crusades to ,pale/9e4 ,nev] !re=e _h ! cross be5 tak5 up ) a m unanim\s cons5t4 #acdb ,bi%ops & nobles 9 ,burgundy & ,france1 ! ,engli% ,simon de ,mont=t1 ! ,abbot ( ,citeaux1 & ! ,b]n>d9e monks ?r\gh\t ,europe1 comb9$ 9 ! cause2 & recruits came f ,au/ria & ,saxony1 f ,brem51 ev5 f ,slavonia1 z well z f nor!rn ,france4 #acdc ,! result 0 su* a campaign ( crime & massacre z ,european hi/ory _c mat*4 #acdd ,despite ! abject submission ( ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 :o 0 publicly /ripp$ & sc\rg$1 & despite ! ef=ts ( 8 nephew ! ,c\nt ( ,albi to make t]ms1 village aft] village 0 fir$1 all h]etics caught 7 burn$1 & on ! capture ( ! city & ca/le ( ,bezi]s 7#abji71 e man1 woman1 & *ild )9 ! walls 0 slaught]$1 _m ( !m 9 ! *ur*es1 :i!r !y _h run = refuge4 ,! legate1 ,arnold abbot ( ,citeaux1 be+ ask$ at an e>ly /age h[ ! h]etics 7 to be di/+ui%$ f ! fai?ful1 gave ! nev]-to-be-=gott5 answ]1 ,kill all2 ,god w "k 8 own4 #acde ,sev5 ?\s& dead bodies 7 c\nt$ 9 ! great *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,! legate 9 writ+ e/imat$ ! total qu>ry at #ae1jjj2 o!rs put ! numb] at sixty ?\s&4 #acdf ,:5 all 9 ! place 7 sla91 & all ! plund] remov$1 ! t[n 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd1 n "o h\se be+ left /&+4 ,w>n$ by ! fate ( ,bezi]s1 ! p ( ,c>cassonne1 aft] def5d+ !mselves = _m days1 secretly evacuat$ _! t[n2 b ! legate contriv$ to capture a numb] ( ! fugitives1 ( :om he burn$ alive f\r hundr$1 & hang$ fifty4 #acdg ,sy/ematic trea*]y1 au?oriz$ & prescrib$ by ! ,pope1 #acdh complet$ ! success ( ! und]tak+4 ,! ,*ur* _h succe$$1 9 ! "n ( religion1 9 br++ half ( ,europe to ! atta9m5t ( ! ideal height ( wick$ness1 9 t x _h le>n$ to make evil its good2 & ! papacy _h on ! :ole come ne>] to de/roy+ ! moral s5se ( all ,*ri/5dom #acdi ?an any conceivable comb9ation ( o!r causes c\ld ev] h done 9 any age4 ,accord+ to a long curr5t fiction1 x 0 ! ,pope :o fir/ falt]$ :5 ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom dem&$ ! r5ewal ( ^? sc5es ( massacre 7,sismondi1 ,crusades1 p4 #ie72 b ?is is disprov$ by ! discov]y ( two lett]s 9 :i*1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 he excit$ly takes on himself ! responsibility = all ! blood%$ 7,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 vii1 introd4 note to iv74 ,mi*elet _h previ\sly accept$ ! leg5d :i* he "h rejects4 ,! bi%ops assembl$ 9 c\ncil at ,lavaur1 9 #abac1 dem&$ ! ext]m9ation ( ! entire population ( ,t\l\se4 ,f9ally1 ! papal policy is expressly decre$ 9 ! ?ird canon ( ! ,f\r? ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 #abae4 ,on t canon see ,! ,/atutes ( ! ,f\r? ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 by ! ,rev4 ,john ,evans1 #ahdc4 ,on ! crusade 9 g5]al1 cp4 ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 bk4 i1 *4 iv2 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 iii1 #hi4 ,! fir/ crusade 0 foll[$ by o!rs1 9 :i* ,simon de ,mont=t rea*$ ! maximum ( massacre1 v>y+ 8 proc$ure by te>+ out eyes & cutt+ (f noses :5 he 0 n hang+ victims by doz5s or burn+ !m by scores or putt+ !m to ! sword by hundr$s #acej 7all be+ done ) ! utmo/ joy7 #acea2 ?\gh ! ,:ite ,company organiz$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,t\l\se #aceb ma9ta9$ a close rivalry4 ,! ,*ur*'s great difficulty 0 t z soon z an army _h b\ght its pl5>y indulg5ce = all possible s9 by =ty days' s]vice1 x disb&$4 ,nev]!less1 ! great] "p ( ! population ( ! c\ntries :]e h]esy _h prevail$ 0 ext]m9at$4 #acec ,organiz$ ,*ri/ianity _h contriv$ to murd] ! civilization ( ,prov5ce & ,langu$oc #aced :ile ! fanatics ( ,islam 9 _! comp>atively bloodless mann] 7 do+ z mu* = t ( ,moori% ,spa94 ,h]esy inde$ 0 n root$ out3 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,inquisition met ) resi/ance 9 ,langu$oc #acee2 b ! prepond]ance ( numb]s :i* alone c\ld su/a9 free?9k+ _h be5 de/roy$1 & 9 c\rse ( "t x 0 elim9at$ by ! sleepless eng9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ow+ to no lack ( ! pr9ciple ( evil 9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 b simply to ! mu* great] & m uncontrollable div]sity ( ! political elem5ts ( ,*ri/5dom1 t ! :ole culture & intellig5ce ( ,europe did n und]go ! same fate4 ,! diss5sions & mutual injuries ( ! crusad]s ultimately defeat$ _! ideal #acef2 aft] ,simon de ,mont=t _h di$ 9 ! od\r ( sanctity #aceg ! crusade ( ,l\is ,,viii ( ,france 9 #abbf seems to h be5 ess5tially "o ( conque/1 !re be+ practically no h]etics left2 & ! disa/]s ( ! exp$ition1 cr[n$ by ! k+'s dea?1 took away ! old pre/ige ( ! movem5t4 ,mean:ile1 ! h]esy ( ! ,albig5ses1 & k9dr$ ideas1 _h be5 effectually driv5 into o!r p>ts ( ,europe #aceh2 & ab\t #abca we f9d ,gregory ,,ix burn+ a multitude ( !m at ! gates ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore 9 ,rome #acei & compass+ _! slaught] 9 ,france & ,g]many4 #acfj ,9 ,italy ! murd]\s p]t9acity ( ! ,dom9icans gradually de/roy$ organiz$ h]esy despite frequ5t & desp]ate resi/ance4 ,ab\t #abcj we he> ( "o eloqu5t zealot1 *os5 pode/ by ! p ( ,v]ona1 us+ 8 p[] to burn 9 "o day sixty h]etics1 male & female4 #acfa ,! political het]og5eity ( ,europe1 happily1 made v>iation inevitable2 ?\gh ! papacy1 by mak+ ! detection & p]secution ( h]esy a means ( ga9 to a :ole ord] ( its s]vants1 _h set on foot a ma*9]y = ! de/ruction ( rational ?\ght su* z _h nev] be=e exi/$4 ,x is /ill common to speak ( ! p]sonnel ( ! ,inquisition z dis9t]e/$1 & to class its crimes z consci5ti\s4 ,buckle set up su* a !sis1 )\t due circumspection1 z a support to "o ( 8 g5]alizations4 7,see ! pres5t writ]'s ed4 ( 8 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 pp4 #aje-ajh1 notes1 & ! passages 9 ,mc,crie & ,llor5te !re cit$47 ,dr4 ,lea1 ^: ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition is ! greate/ /oreh\se ( le>n+ on ! subject1 takes up a simil> position1 argu+ 7i1 #bci73 ,t ! m5 :o conduct$ ! ,inquisition1 & :o toil$ s$ul\sly 9 its ardu\s1 repulsive1 & (t5 dang]\s lab\r1 7 ?or\ghly conv9c$ t !y 7 fur!r+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 is %[n by ! habitual practice ( enc\rag+ !m ) ! remission ( s9s1 simil> to t (f]$ = a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&--a some:at surpris+ !orem4 ,p>allel reason+ w\ld prove t soldi]s nev] plund] & are always ,godly2 t ! crusad]s 7 all consci5ti\s m52 & t policem5 nev] take bribes or commit p]jury4 ,! int]pretation ( hi/ory calls = a less simple-m9d$ psy*ology4 ,t !re 7 devot$ fanatics 9 ! ,inquisition z 9 ! ,*ur* is n to be disput$2 t bo? organizations _h economic bases is c]ta92 & t ! majority ( (fice-be>]s 9 bo?1 9 ! ages ( fai?1 _h reg>d to ga91 is demon/rat$ by all ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,dr4 ,lea's own ,hi/ory %[s cle>ly en\gh 7i1 #dga-ecc7 t ! ,inquisition1 f ! fir/ g5]ation ( its exi/5ce1 liv$ ^u its f9es & confiscations4 ,p]secution1 z a /eady & cont9u\s policy1 re/$1 aft] all1 ^u confiscation4444 ,:5 x 0 lack+1 ! bus9ess ( def5d+ ! fai? lagg$ lam5tably 7i1 #ebi74 ,b = ! ga9s to be made out ( f9es & confiscations its ! ,inquisition's "w w\ld h be5 mu* less ?or\gh1 & x w\ld h sunk into comp>ative insignificance z soon z ! fir/ frantic zeal ( bigotry _h exhau/$ itself 7pp4 #ecb-cc74 ,:y1 9 ! face ( ^! av[als1 x w\ld be unju/ to say t gre$ & ?ir/ = plund] 7 ! impell+ motives ( ! ,inquisition 7p4 #ecb7 is n v cle>4 ,see bel[1 *4 x1 #c1 z to ! causation 9 ,spa94 ,cp4 ,mocatta1 ,! ,jews & ! ,inquisition1 pp4 #cg1 #dd1 #eb4 ,on ! ,inquisition 9 ,portugal1 9 turn1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,coll9s sums up t x 0 f\nd$ = reasons o/5sibly religi\s b actually fiscal 79 ! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii1 ,! ,re=mation1 *4 xii1 p4 #dae74 ,e *>ge ( economic motive t ,ca?olicism c br+ aga9/ ,prote/antism is ?us balanc$ by ! equival5t *>ge aga9/ its own ,inquisition4 #e4 ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools ,! inde/ructibility ( free?\ght1 mean:ile1 0 be+ prov$ ev5 9 ! philosophic s*ools1 "u all _! con=mities to fai?4 ,already 9 ! n9? c5tury we h se5 ,scotus ,erig5a putt+ ! fai? 9 jeop>dy by 8 philosophic def5ce ( x4 ,ano!r ?9k]1 ,roscel9 7or ,r\ssell93 fl4 #ajij71 is int]e/+ z hav+ made a critical approa* to free?\ght 9 religion by way ( ab/ract philosophy4 ,) him def9itely beg9s ! long academic debate betwe5 ! ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s s call$4 ,9 an undef9$ way1 x _h exi/$ z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 #acfb ! gr\nd be+ ! ,*ri/ian adoption ( ,plato's doctr9e ( ideas--t individual objects are in/ances or images ( an ideal univ]sal1 :i* is a real exi/5ce1 & prior to ! individual ?+3 univ]salia ante rem4 ,to t proposition ,ari/otle _h oppos$ ! doctr9e t ! univ]sal is imman5t 9 ! ?+--univ]salia 9 re--! latt] alone be+ matt] ( k2 #acfc & 9 ! ,middle ,ages ^? :o call$ ,ari/otle ma/] c>ri$ 8 negation ( ,plato to ! ext5t ( insi/+ t ! univ]sal or ab/ract1 or ! =m or species1 is a m]e subjective creation1 a "n1 hav+ no real exi/5ce4 ,?is1 ! ,nom9ali/ position--mi/ak5ly ascrib$ to ,ari/otle #acfd--0 ultimately express$ 9 ! =mula1 univ]salia po/ rem4 ,su* reason+s obvi\sly t5d to implicate !ology2 & ,roscel9 0 ei!r l$ or help$ by 8 ,nom9ali/ tra9+ to d5y ei!r explicitly or implicitly ! unity ( ! ,tr9ity1 argu+ 9 effect t1 z only individuals are real exi/5ces1 ! actuality ( ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity involves _! disunity4 #acfe ,! !sis1 ( c\rse1 evok$ a /orm1 ! ,engli% ,ar*bi%op ,anselm & o!rs produc+ indignant answ]s4 ,( ,roscel9's writ+ only "o lett] is extant2 & ev5 ,anselm1 9 criticiz+ 8 alleg$ doctr9e1 admits hav+ ga!r$ x only f 8 oppon5ts1 ^: language sugge/s p]v]sion4 #acff ,b if ! te/imony ( 8 pupil ,abail>d be tru?ful1 #acfg he 0 at be/ a confus$ reason]2 & 9 8 !ology he got no fur!r ?an tri!ism1 !n call$ di!ism4 #acfh ,?us1 ?\gh ,nom9alism1 by d5y+ any objective reality to g5]al notions1 l$ ! way directly to ! te/imony ( ! s5ses & ! conclusions ( exp]i5ce1 #acfi x did s on l9es fatally subord9ate to ! !ology x s\ght to correct4 ,roscel9's !sis logically l$ to ! d5ial n only ( tr9ity-9-unity b ( ! ,inc>nation & transub/antiation2 yet nei!r he nor 8 oppon5ts seem to h ?\ght ev5 ( ! la/ consequ5ce1 he hav+ 9 fact no consci\sly h]etical int5tion4 ,comm&$ to recant by ! ,c\ncil ( ,soissons 9 #ajib1 he did s1 & resum$ 8 tea*+ z be=e2 :]eaft] he 0 ord]$ to leave ,france4 ,com+ to ,engl&1 he %[$ himself s little ( a rebel to ! papacy z to cont5d /rongly = prie/ly celibacy1 argu+ t all sons ( prie/s & all born out ( w$lock %\ld alike be exclud$ f cl]ical (fice4 ,expell$ f ,engl& 9 turn = ^! views1 by a cl]gy /ill anti-celibate1 he return$ to ,p>is1 to revive ! old philosophic issue1 until g5]al ho/ility drove him to ,aquita9e1 :]e he sp5t 8 clos+ ye>s 9 peace4 #acgj ,su* h&l+ ( ! cause ( ,nom9alism gave an obvi\s advantage to ,realism4 ,t has be5 ju/ly describ$ by "o cl]ical s*ol> z ,philosophy held 9 subord9ation to ,*ur*-,au?ority2 #acga & ano!r has av[$ t ! _s ( ,realism 0 ess5tially ! _s ( dogmatism1 ! disposition to pron\nce t tru? 0 already kn[n1 :ile ,nom9alism 0 ess5tially ! _s ( progress1 ( inquiry1 ( criticism4 #acgb ,b ev5 a critical philosophy may be made to capitulate to au?ority1 z ev5 priori metaphysic may be to a c]ta9 ext5t turn$ aga9/ x4 ,realism _h be5 m>k$ly h]etical 9 ! h&s ( ,john ,scotus2 & 9 a lat] age ! ,reali/ ,john ,huss 0 condemn$ to dea?--p]haps on political gr\nds1 b n )\t signs ( sect>ian hate--by a majority ( ,nom9ali/s at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance4 ,ev]y?+ dep5d$ on ! =ce ( ! individual ?9k] & ! degree ( re/ra9t put ^u him by ! au?orit>ian environm5t4 #acgc ,! _w has ev5 se5 ! spectacle ( a pr(ess$ indiff]5ti/ ju/ify+ ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 & ! ,platoni/ ,m>silio ,fic9o vilifi$ ,savon>ola1 basely en\gh1 aft] 8 execution1 adju/+ a pan!i/ic ,*ri/ianity to ! ne$s ( ! political situation 9 ,m$icean ,flor5ce4 ,valid free?9k+ is a matt] ( ?or\ghness & rectitude1 n ( m]e !oretic ass5ts4 ,tri$ by t te/1 ! ,nom9alism ( ! m$ieval s*ools 0 no v pot5t emancipator ( ! human _s1 no v cle> h]ald ( fre$om or new concrete tru?4 ,a doctr9e :i* 0 s f> adju/$ to au?ority z to affirm ! unque/ionable exi/5ce ( ?ree deities1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,_s1 & m]ely disput$ ! n m supra-rational !orem ( _! unity1 yield$ to ! rival philosophy a sup]iority 9 ! k9d ( cr$it x s\ght = itself4 ,nom9alism 0 ?us driv5 to ! %ade ( ! s*ools1 :]e x 0 reg>d$ entirely 9 a logical po9t ( view1 & by no means 9 its actual philosophic importance z a speculation conc]n+ ! gr\nds ( human k4 #acgd ,= ,roscel9 himself ! "q 0 "o ( dialectics1 n ( fai?1 & he made no practical rationali/s4 ,! popul> h]esies bit r deep] into life4 #acge ,x is d\btless true ( ! ,paulicians t !re 0 no pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 _! cre$3 x reflect$ no g5u9e fre$om ( ?\ght 7,poole1 ,illu/rations1 p4 #ie72 b ! same ?+1 z we h se51 is cle>ly true ( s*ola/icism itself4 ,x may inde$ be urg$ t ! conte/ betwe5 ,ratramn & ,pas*ase on ! doctr9e ( ! ,eu*>i/2 ( ,lanfranc ) ,b]5g> on ! same subject2 ( ,anselm ) ,roscel9 on ! nature ( ,univ]sals2 ! compla9ts ( ,b]n>d aga9/ ! dialectical !ology ( ,abel>d2 are all illu/rations ( ! collision betwe5 ,reason & ,au?ority 444 v>i$ =ms ( rationalism--! pure ex]tions ( ! m9d )9 itself 444 aga9/ ! con/r+5t =ce ( ! ,spiritual gov]nm5t 7,hampd51 ,bampton ,lectures on ,! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 #crd ed4 p4 #cg2 cp4 ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 p4 #bjc72 b none ( ! s*ola/ics ev] pr(ess$ to set ,au?ority aside4 ,none d>$4 ,john ,scotus inde$ affirm$ ! id5tity ( true religion ) true philosophy1 )\t pr(ess+ to subord9ate ! latt]2 b ! mo/ em95t ( ! lat] s*ola/ics affirm$ su* a subord9ation4 ,! vassalage ( philosophy consi/$ 9 ! fact t an impassable limit 0 fix$ = ! fre$om ( philosophiz+ 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur* 7,ueb]weg1 i1 #ceg72 & "s ( ! *ief dogmas 7 n all[$ to be philosophically discuss$2 ?\gh1 ) its t]ritory ?us limit$1 philosophy 0 inde$ all[$ by !ology a fre$om :i* 0 r>ely & only by exception infr+$ ^u 7ib4 ,cp4 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 #d? ed4 ix1 #aea74 ,! suspicion ( orig9ality 0 fatal to ! reputation ( ! s*ola/ic div9e 7,hampd51 pp4 #df-dg74 ,! popul> h]esy1 inde$1 lack$ ! intellectual /imulus t came to ! s*ools f ! philosophy ( ,av]ros2 b x 0 ! h>di] movem5t ( ! two4 ,already 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! simple fact ( ! production ( a new argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god by ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 is a pro( t1 ap>t f ! publi%$ disputes1 a measure ( d\bt on ! fundam5tal issue _h aris5 9 ! s*ools4 ,x is urg$ #acgf t1 ?\gh ! argum5tation ( ,anselm seems ali5 to ! ?\ght ( 8 "t1 !re is no pro( t ! idea ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god 0 9 any way press$ on him f ! outside4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 inconceivable t su* an argum5t %\ld be fram$ if no "o _h rais$ a d\bt4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ! "q 0 discuss$ 9 ! s*ools1 ,anselm's treatise be+ a reproduction ( 8 tea*+4 ,! monks ( ,bec1 :]e he taught1 urg$ him to write a treatise :]e9 no?+ %\ld be prov$ by m]e au?ority1 b all by necessity ( reason or evid5ce ( tru?1 & ) an eye to objections ( all sorts4 #acgg ,9 ! preface to 8 ,cur ,deus ,homo1 aga91 he says t 8 fir/ book is an answ] to ! objections ( infidels :o reject ,*ri/ianity z irrational4 #acgh ,fur!r1 ! nature ( "p ( ,anselm's !i/ic argum5t & ! v able b fri5dly reply ( ,gaunilo 7a ,c\nt ( ,montigni1 :o ent]$ a conv5t ne> ,t\rs1 #ajdd-ajhc7 %[ t ! subject 0 )9 ! range ( private discussion4 ,anselm sub/antially foll[s ,/4 ,augu/9e2 #acgi & m5 _c h read ! anci5t books :i* s (t5 spoke ( a!ism )\t confront+ ! a!i/ic idea4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,gaunilo 0 an unbeliev]2 b 8 argum5tation is t ( a man :o _h pond]$ ! problem4 #achj ,despite ! o/5sibly rationali/ic nature ( 8 argum5t1 h[ev]1 ,anselm /ipulat$ = absolute submission ( ! intellect to ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur*2 #acha s t ! orig9al subtitle ( 8 ,proslogium1 ,fides qua]5s intellectum1 9 no way admits rational te/s4 ,9 ! next c5tury we meet ) new evid5ce ( sporadic unbelief1 & new attempts to deal ) x on ! philosophic side4 ,john ( ,salisbury 7#aabj-aahj7 tells ( hav+ he>d _m disc\rse on physics o!rwise ?an fai? may hold2 #achb & ! same vivaci\s s*ol> put 9 8 li/ ( ?+s ab\t :i* a wise man may d\bt1 s 444 t ! d\bt ext5d n to ! multitude1 "s ?+s :i* are rev]5tly to be inquir$ ab\t ,god himself4 #achc ,giraldus ,cambr5sis 7#aadg-abbc71 ^: abundant & cr$ul\s gossip ?r[s s mu* light on ! inn] life ( ! ,*ur* & ! laity 9 8 age1 tells t ! le>n$ ,simon ( ,t\rnay ?\ght n s\ndly on ! articles ( ! fai?1 say+ privately1 to 8 intimates1 ?+s t he d>$ n utt] publicly1 till "o day1 9 a passion1 he cri$ out1 ,almighty ,god6 h[ long %all ?is sup]/iti\s sect ( ,*ri/ians & ?is up/>t inv5tion endure82 :]eupon dur+ ! night he lo/ ! p[] ( spee*1 & rema9$ helpless till 8 dea?4 #achd ,o!r ecclesia/ical *ronicl]s repres5t ,simon z d]id+ alike ,jesus1 ,moses1 & ,mahomet--an ascription to him ( ! ?ree impo/ors =mula4 #ache ,aga91 ,giraldus tells h[ an unnam$ prie/1 reprov$ by ano!r = c>eless celebration ( ! mass1 angrily ask$ :e!r 8 rebuk] really believ$ 9 transub/antiation1 9 ! inc>nation1 9 ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 & 9 resurrection2 add+ t x 0 all c>ri$ on by hypocrites1 & assur$ly inv5t$ by cunn+ anci5ts to hold m5 9 t]ror & re/ra9t4 ,& ,giraldus comm5ts t int] nos !re are _m :o s ?9k 9 secret4 #achf ,z 8 own picture ( ! ,*ur* exhibits a gross & almo/ univ]sal rapacity p]vad+ x f ! highe/ cl]gy to ! l[e/1 ! /atem5t is entirely cr$ible4 #achg ,yet aga91 9 ! ,romance ( ! ,holy ,grail1 m5tion is twice made ( cl]ical d\bt]s on ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity2 #achh & on t side1 9 ! crusad+ p]iod1 bo? ! mono!i/ic doctr9e ( ,islam & ! ,arab philosophy ( ,av]ros 7 likely to set up a c]ta9 am\nt ( skepticism4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 accord+ly1 we h ,nicolas ( ,ami5s produc+ 8 tractate ,de articulis 7or arte7 ca?olic fidei 9 ! hope ( conv9c+ by 8 argum5ts m5 :o disda9 to believe ! prophecies & ! gospel4 #achi ,to meet su* skepticism too 0 "o ( ! und]tak+s ( ! r5[n$ ,abail>d 7#ajgi-aadb71 himself p]secut$ z a h]etic = ! argum5ts ) :i* he s\ght to gu>d aga9/ unbelief4 ,( ! details ( 8 e>ly life x conc]ns u "h to note only t he /udi$ "u ,roscel91 & sw]v$ some:at 9 philosophy f 8 ma/]'s !oretic ,nom9alism1 :i* he p>tly modifi$ on ,ari/otelian l9es1 ?\gh kn[+ little ( ,ari/otle4 #acij ,aft] 8 retirem5t f ! _w to ! cloi/]1 he 0 induc$ to resume philosophic tea*+2 & 8 pupils1 l ^? ( ,anselm1 begg$ _! ma/] to give !m rational argum5ts on ! ma9 po9ts ( ! fai?4 #acia ,he accord+ly ra%ly prep>$ a treatise1 ,de ,unitate et ,tr9itate div9a1 9 :i* he proce$$ by analogies ( human reason1 av[+ t ! difficulties 7 great4 #acib ,!reupon envi\s rivals1 ( :om he _h made _m by 8 arrogance z well z by 8 fame1 set up aga9/ him a h]esy hunt2 & = ! re/ ( 8 life he figur$ z a dang]\s p]son4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 he took up ! relatively advanc$ position t reason mu/ prep>e ! way = fai?1 s9ce o!rwise fai? has no c]titude1 #acic he 0 9 ! ma9 dep5d5t on ! au?ority ei!r ( second-h& ,ari/otle #acid or ( ! ,scriptures1 ?\gh he p>tly set aside t ( ! ,fa!rs4 #acie ,:5 ,/4 ,b]n>d accus$ him ( ,arianism & ( hea!nism he 0 express+ p]sonal ill-w r ?an criticiz+4 ,abail>d himself compla9$ t _m h]esies 7 curr5t 9 8 "t #acif2 & z a matt] ( fact m intrepid views ?an 8 7 promulgat$ )\t risk by a multitude ( less conspicu\s ma/]s4 #acig ,= in/ance1 ,b]n>d ,sylve/] 7( ,*>tres71 9 8 cosmology1 treat$ !ological consid]ations ) op5 disrespect #acih2 & ,william ( ,con*es1 :o held a simil> tone on physics1 #acii taught1 until ?reat5$ ) puni%m5t1 t ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! ,univ]sal ,s\l 7 conv]tible t]ms4 #adjj ,?is rem>kably rational !ologian fur!r reject$ ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! creation ( ,eve2 9 sci5ce he adopt$ ! ,demokritean doctr9e ( atoms2 & 9 ,new ,te/am5t matt]s he reviv$ ! old rationali/ic h]esy t ! ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity are simply ?ree aspects ( ! div9e p]sonality--p[]1 wisdom1 & w--:i* doctr9e he 0 duly =c$ to retract4 ,x is cle> f 8 works t he liv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( controv]sy1 & _h to fight all along ) ! pi\s irrationali/s :o1 because !y "k n ! =ces ( nature1 9 ord] t !y may h all m5 comrades 9 _! ignorance1 suff] n t o!rs %\ld se>* out any?+1 & w\ld h u believe l ru/ics & ask no reason4 ,if !y p]ceive any man to be mak+ se>*1 !y at once cry out t he is a h]etic4 ,! hi/ory ( a ?\s& ye>s ( /ruggle betwe5 reason & religion is told 9 ^? s5t5ces4 ,z to ,william's doctr9es & writ+s see ,poole1 pp4 #abd-cj1 #cdf-ei4 ,8 au?or%ip ( "o treatise is only latt]ly cle>$ up4 ,9 ! "w :i* "u ! title ( ,elem5ta ,philosophiae is falsely ascrib$ to ,b$e1 & "u ! title ,de ,philosophia ,mundi to ,honorius ( ,autun 7see ,poole1 pp4 #cdj-db1 #cdg sq471 b :i* is really ! production ( ,william ( ,con*es1 !re occurs ! passage3 ,:at is m pitiable ?an to say t a ?+ is1 because ,god is able to d x1 & n to %[ any reason :y x is s2 j z if ,god did ev]y?+ t he is able to d6 ,y talk l "o :o says t ,god is able to make a calf out ( a log4 ,b did he ev] d x8 ,ei!r1 !n1 %[ a reason :y a ?+ is s1 or a purpose :]e=e x is s1 or else cease to decl>e x s4 ,migne1 ,patrolog4 ,lat94 xc1 #aaci4 ,x is ?us an exagg]ation to say ( ,abail>d1 z does ,c\s91 t il mit de ct la vieille cole d',anselme de ,laon1 qui exposait sans expliqu]1 et fonda ce qu'on appelle auj\rd'hui le rationalisme 7,ouvr4 9dits d',abl>d1 #ahcf1 intr4 p4 ii74 ,abail>d 0 n m explicit on concrete issues ?an ?is contempor>y--:o surviv$ him1 & /udi$ 8 writ+s4 ,if1 inde$1 z is said1 he wrote t a doctr9e is believ$ n because ,god has said x1 b because we are conv9c$ by reason t x is s1 #adja he w5t z f> on "o l9e z any !ologian ( 8 "t2 b 8 ma9 s]vice to free?\ght seems to h la9 9 ! great /imulus he gave to ! practice ( reason+ on all topics4 #adjb ,8 enemy1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 on ! contr>y1 gave an imm5se impulse to ! gr[? ( a g5u9ely sup]/iti\s _s among ! ,lat9 cl]gy4 #adjc ,dr4 ,ra%dall pron\nces ,abail>d incomp>ably ! greate/ intellect ( ! ,middle ,ages2 "o ( ! great m9ds :i* m>k a p]iod 9 ! _w's intellectual hi/ory2 & adds t ,abail>d 7a ,*ri/ian ?9k] to ! v he>t's core1 h[ev] irr$eemable 7sic7 ! selfi%ness & ov]we5+ vanity ( 8 y\?7 0 at ! same "t ! repres5tative ( ! pr9ciple ( free ?\gh rev]5t inquiry 9 matt]s ( religion & individual loyalty to tru?4 7,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahie1 i1 #ef-eg47 ,if ! praise giv5 be int5d$ to exalt ,abail>d above ,john ,scotus1 x seems excessive4 ,on a survey ( ,abail>d's !ological tea*+s1 a mod]n read] is apt to see ! _s ( moral reason mo/ cle>ly 9 "o set =? 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 to ! effect t ,jesus 0 n inc>nate to r$eem m5 f damnation1 b solely to in/ruct !m by precept & example1 & t he suff]$ & di$ only to %[ 8 *>ity t[>ds m54 ,! !sis 0 implicit if n explicit 9 ! tea*+ ( ,pelagius2 & = bo? m5 x meant ! ef=t to purify _! cre$ f ! b>b>ic ta9t ( ! pr9ciple ( sacrifice4 ,9 our own day1 reviv$ by su* !ologians z ! ,engli% ,maurice1 x seems likely to ga9 gr\nd1 z an accommodation to ! emb>rass$ moral s5se ( educat$ believ]s4 ,b x is h]esy if h]esy ev] 01 besides be+ a bl[ at ! he>t ( ,ca?olic sac]dotalism2 & ,abail>d on condemnation retract$ x z he did 8 o!r ,pelagian errors4 ,retractation1 h[ev]1 is publication2 & to h be5 s5t5c$ to retract su* tea*+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury is to leave on po/]ity an impression ( moral orig9ality p]haps z important z ! fame ( a metaphysician4 ,9 any case1 x is a c>eful judge :o ?us f9ally e/imates him3 ,:5 he is (t5 designat$ z ! rationali/ among ! s*oolm51 he des]ves ! title n only on acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* approa*es ,sabellianism 9 spite ( all 8 polemics aga9/ x1 & n only on acc\nt ( 8 critical attempts1 b also on acc\nt ( 8 e?ics1 9 :i* he actually completely agrees 9 ! pr9cipal po9t ) _m mod]n rationali/s4 #adjd ,& x is latt]ly 8 s+ul> fate to be valu$ at once by _m sympa!tic ,ca?olics1 :o hold him f9ally v9dicat$ alike 9 life & doctr9e1 & by _m free?9k]s4 ,h[ f> ! /ir set up 9 ,europe by 8 p]sonal magnetism & 8 p]sonal record may h made = rational culture1 x is impossible to e/imate2 b "s consequ5ce !re mu/ h be54 ,john ( ,salisbury 0 "o ( ,abail>d's disciples & admir]s2 &1 z we saw1 he n only not$ skepticism 9 o!rs b indicat$ an infusion ( x 9 8 own m9d--en\gh to e>n = him f a mod]n hi/orian ! praise ( be+ a s9c]e skeptic1 z aga9/ ^? false skeptics :o put =w>d univ]sal d\bt z a /alk+ horse = _! my/icism4 #adje ,b he 0 c]ta9ly n a univ]sal skeptic #adjf2 & 8 d5unciation ( d\bt z to ! goodness & p[] ( ,god #adjg s\nds or?odox en\gh4 ,:at he ga9$ f ,abail>d 0 a conc]n = e>ne/ dialectic4 ,! wor/ side ( s*ola/icism at all times 0 t x 0 m (t5 ?an n a m]e logical expatiation 9 vacuo2 ?is p>tly = %e] lack ( real k4 ,john ( ,salisbury probably did n d inju/ice to ! habit ( v]biage x develop$ #adjh2 & ! pupils ( ,abail>d seem to h express$ !mselves /rongly to him conc]n+ ! wordy empt9ess ( mo/ ( :at pass$ curr5t z philosophic disc\rse2 speak+ ( ! tea*]s z bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d4 #adji ,"o v]sion ( ! leg5d aga9/ ,simon ( ,t\rnay is to ! effect t1 aft] demon/rat+ by ! mo/ skilful argum5ts ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 he w5t on to say1 :5 enraptur$ li/5]s bes\ght him to dictate 8 address s t x might be pres]v$1 t if he _h be5 evilly m9d$ he c\ld refute ! doctr9e by yet bett] argum5ts4 #adaj ,h]esy ap>t1 ?is species ( dialectical ins9c]ity infect$ ! :ole life ( ! s*ools1 ev5 ! high] spirits go+ ab\t _! "w ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( m]e logical c]emony4 #f4 ,,s>ac5 ,,& ,,jewi% ,,influ5ces ,ev5 9 ! s*ools1 h[ev]1 ov] & above ! influ5ce ( ! m orig9al tea*]s1 !re rises at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? "s measure ( a new life1 introduc$ into philosophy ?r\gh ! communication ( ,ari/otle to ! we/]n _w by ! ,s>ac5s1 l>gely by ! m$iation ( ! ,jews4 #adaa ,! latt]1 9 _! free life "u ! e>li] ,moori% tol]ation1 _h develop$ some?+ 9 ! nature ( a s*ool ( philosophy1 9 :i* ! ,judaic ,platonism set up by ,philo ( ,alex&ria 9 ! fir/ c5tury 0 bl5d$ ) ! ,ari/otelianism ( ! ,arabs4 ,z e>ly z ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 anti-,talmudic 7! ,k>ates7 & pro-,talmudic p>ties pr(ess$ alike to appeal to reason #adab2 & 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! m]e production ( ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ by ! celebrat$ ,moses ,maimonides 7#aacj-abje7 #adac tells ( a good deal ( practical rationalism 7( ! k9d t r$uc$ miracle /ories to allegories71 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is little direct lit]>y result save ( a !osophic k9d4 #adad ,levi b5 ,g]%om 7#abhf-acdd71 commonly reg>d$ z ! greate/ successor ( ,maimonides1 is l him gu>d$ly rationali/ic 9 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,scriptures4 #adae ,b ! doctr9e :i* makes ,ari/otle a practical support to rationalism1 & :i* 0 adopt$ n only by ,av]ros b by ! ,motazilites ( ,islam--! et]nity ( matt]--0 reject$ by ,maimonides 7z by ne>ly all o!r ,jewi% tea*]s1 ) ! p>tial exception ( ,levi b5 ,g]%om71 #adaf on ,biblical gr\nds2 ?\gh 8 attempts to rationalize ,biblical doctr9e & m9imize miracles made him odi\s to ! or?odox ,jews1 "s ( :om1 9 ,france1 did n scruple to call 9 ! aid ( ! ,*ri/ian inquisition aga9/ 8 p>tisans4 #adag ,! long /ruggle betwe5 ! ,maimoni/s & ! or?odox is describ$ z end+ 9 ! triumph ( p]ipatetism or ,av]rosm 9 ! synagogue #adah2 b ,av]rosm z modifi$ by ,maimonides is only a p>tial accommodation ( scripture to common s5se4 ,x w\ld appe>1 9 fact1 t ,jewi% ?\ght 9 ! ,s>ac5 _w retrograd$ z did t ( ! ,s>ac5s !mselves2 = we f9d ,maimonides exclaim+ ov] ! app>5t disbelief 9 creatio ex nihilo 9 ! ,*apt]s ( ,rabbi ,eliez] ! ,great1 believ$ by him to be anci5t1 b n[ kn[n to be a product ( ! eigh? c5tury4 #adai ,! pan!i/ic tea*+ ( ,solomon b5 ,gebirol or ,ibn ,gebirol1 bett] kn[n z ,avicebron1 #adbj :o 9 po9t ( "t prec$$ ! ,arab ,avempace1 & :o lat] acquir$ mu* ,*ri/ian au?ority1 0 or?odox on ! side ( ! creation dogma ev5 :5 _m ,jews 7 on t head rationali/ic4 #adba ,! high-wat] m>k1 among ! ,jews1 ( ! critical rationalism ( ! "t1 is ! p]ception by ,ab5 or ,ibn ,ezra 7#aaai-aagd7 t ! ,p5tateu* 0 n writt5 by ,moses--a discov]y :i* gave ,sp9oza 8 cue five hundr$ ye>s lat]2 b ,ibn ,ezra1 lib]ioris +5ii vir1 z ,sp9oza pron\nc$ him1 _h to express himself d>kly4 #adbb ,?us ! ,jewi% influ5ce on ,*ri/ian ?\ght 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 *iefly metaphysical1 c>ry+ on ,greek & ,arab impulses2 & to call ! ,jewi% p1 z does ,r5an1 ! pr9cipal repres5tative ( rationalism dur+ ! second half ( ! ,middle ,age is to make too mu* ( ! academic aspects ( free?9k+4 ,on ! side ( popul> !ology x is difficult to believe t !y _h mu* ,unit>ian influ5ce2 ?\gh ,jo9ville 9 8 ,life ( ,sa9t ,l\is tells h[1 9 a debate betwe5 ,*ur*m5 & ,jews at ! mona/]y ( ,cluny1 a c]ta9 knight saw fit to break ! head ( "o ( ! ,jews ) 8 /aff = d5y+ ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 giv+ z 8 reason t _m good ,*ri/ians1 li/5+ to ! ,jewi% argum5ts1 7 9 a fair way to g home unbeliev]s4 ,x 0 9 ?is case t ! sa9t$ k+ laid d[n ! pr9ciple t :5 a layman he>d anyone blaspheme ! ,*ri/ian cre$ 8 prop] c\rse 0 n to argue1 b to run ! blasphem] ?r\gh ) 8 sword4 #adbc ,su* admitt$ inability on ! "p ( ! laity to reason on _! fai?1 h[ev]1 0 m likely to accompany a d\ble degree ( or?odoxy ?an to make = d\bt2 & ! cl]ical debat+ at ! ,abbey ( ,cluny1 despite ! hon\rable attitude ( ! ,abbot1 :o condemn$ ! knight's outrage1 0 probably a mu/] ( =egone conclusions4 ,= a "t1 inde$1 9 ! en]getic intellectual life ( nor!rn ,france ! _s ( free?\ght w5t f> & deep4 ,aft] ! great /imulus giv5 9 ,abail>d's day to all discussion1 we f9d ano!r ,breton tea*]1 ,amaury or ,amalri* ( ,bne or ,b5a 7end ( twelf? c5tury7 & 8 pupil ,david ( ,d9ant1 p>tly "u ! e>li] ,arab influ5ce1 #adbd p>tly "u t ( ,john ! ,scot1 #adbe tea*+ a pron\nc$ pan!ism1 ak9 to t not$ z fl\ri%+ lat] among ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s #adbf & "s ( ! ,franciscan ,fraticelli4 ,su* a movem5t1 involv+ disreg>d = ! sacram5ts & c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 0 soon recogniz$ z a dang]\s h]esy1 & dealt ) accord+ly4 ,! ,*ur* caus$ ,amaury to abjure 8 tea*+s2 & aft] 8 dea?1 f9d+ 8 p>ty /ill gr[+1 dug up & burn$ 8 bones4 ,at ! same "t 7#abji7 a numb] ( 8 foll[]s 7 burn$ alive2 ,david ( ,d9ant _h to fly = 8 life2 #adbg & inasmu* z ! new h]esy _h begun to make mu* ( ,ari/otle1 presumably z int]pret$ by ,av]ros1 a ,c\ncil held at ,p>is veto$ = ! univ]sity ! /udy alike ( ! pagan ma/] & 8 comm5tators1 int]dict+ fir/ ! ,physics & soon aft] ! ,metaphysics4 #adbh ,?is veto held until #abcg1 :5 ! s*ool :i* adapt$ ! lore ( ,ari/otle to ,*ri/ian purposes began to c>ry ! day4 ,! h]etical ,ari/otelianism & ! or?odox sy/em :i* 0 to ov]p[] x 7 alike radiat$ f ! s\?1 :]e ! ,arab influ5ce spread e>ly & widely4 ,!re1 z we %all see1 ! long duel betwe5 ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii & ! papacy made a special opportunity = speculative free?\ght2 & ?\gh ?is 0 f> f mean+ at all times practical enmity to ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 #adbi t 0 n abs5t4 ,x is cle> t be=e ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbe-abgd7 a ,naturali/ & ,av]ro/ view ( ! univ]se _h be5 mu* discuss$1 s9ce he makes ! rem>k t ,god is by "s call$ ,natura naturans #adcj--,nature at "w--an idea fundam5tal alike to pan!ism & to sci5tific naturalism4 ,& ?r\gh\t 8 great "w--a m>vel ( m5tal gymna/ic :i* bett] ?an almo/ any o!r writ+ r$eems m$ieval or?odoxy f ! *>ge ( m]e ineptitude--,?omas indicates 8 acqua9tance ) unor?odox ?\ght4 ,9 p>ticul> he seems to owe ! =m ( 8 "w z well z ! subject-matt] ( mu* ( 8 argum5t to ,av]ros4 #adca ,born )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,s>ac5-,sicilian influ5ce1 & ( high rank1 he mu/ h met ) :at rationalism !re 01 & he always presupposes x4 #adcb ,he is ne>ly z consummate a skeptic1 almo/ a!i/1 z he is a div9e & !ologian1 says "o mod]n ecclesia/ical dignit>y2 #adcc & an or?odox apologi/ #adcd m sev]ely compla9s t ,aqu9as pres5t$ 444 s _m d\bts on ! deepe/ po9ts 444 s _m plausible reasons = unbelief 444 t 8 works h probably sugge/$ mo/ ( ! skeptical op9ions :i* 7 adopt$ by o!rs :o 7 tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( !m4444 ,he has done m ?an mo/ m5 to put ! fai? ( 8 fell[-,*ri/ians 9 p]il4 ,( c\rse he rejects ,av]rosm4 ,yet he1 l 8 antagoni/ ,duns ,scotus1 inevitably gravitates to pan!ism :5 he w\ld rigor\sly philosophize4 #adce ,:at he did = 8 *ur* 0 to comb9e s +5i\sly ! semblance ( ,ari/otelian me?od ) con/ant recurr5ce to ! sacr$ books z to impose _! au?ority on ! life ( ! s*ools no less completely ?an x dom9at$ ! m9ds ( ! unle>n$4 ,meet+ me?od ) me?od1 & %[+ himself well aw>e ( ! lore he circumv5t$1 he built up a sy/em q z well fitt$ to be a m]e gymna/ic ( ! m9d2 & he !reby effect$ ! arre/ = "s ?ree c5turies ( ! me?od ( exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* ,ari/otle _h inculcat$4 ,he came j 9 "t4 ,rog] ,bacon1 tra9$ at ,p>is1 0 eag]ly prea*+ ! sci5tific gospel2 & :ile he 0 suff]+ imprisonm5t at ! h&s ( 8 ,franciscan sup]iors = 8 em95tly secul> devotion to sci5ce1 ! fre] s*ol>s ( ! univ]sity 7 develop+ a h]esy t outw5t 84 ,n[1 h[ev]1 began to be se5 once = all ! impossibility ( rational fre$om 9 or "u a *ur* :i* dep5d$ = its rev5ue on ! dogmatic exploitation ( popul> cr$ulity4 ,= a "t ! ,ari/otelian influ5ce1 z _h be5 se5 by ! *ur*m5 :o _h fir/ s\ght to de/roy x1 #adcf t5d$ to be ,av]ro/ & rationali/4 #adcg ,9 #abfi1 h[ev]1 !re beg9s a det]m9$ campaign1 l$ by ! bi%op ( ,p>is1 aga9/ ! curr5t ,av]ro/ doctr9es1 notably ! propositions t ! _w is et]nal2 t !re nev] 0 a fir/ man2 t ! intellect ( man is "o2 t ! m9d1 :i* is ! =m ( man1 con/itut+ him su*1 p]i%es ) ! body2 t ! acts ( m5 are n gov]n$ by div9e provid5ce2 t ,god _c give immortality or incorruptibility to a corruptible or mortal ?+4 #adch ,on su* doctr9es ! bi%op & 8 coadjutors naturally pass$ an ana!ma 7#abgj72 & at ?is p]iod x 0 t ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,?omas ,aqu9as wrote _! treatises aga9/ ,av]rosm4 #adci ,/ill ! free?9k]s held out1 & ?\gh 9 #abga (ficial comm&s 7 giv5 t ! discussion ( su* matt]s 9 ! univ]sity %\ld cease1 ano!r process ( condemnation 0 c>ri$ out 9 #abgg4 ,?is "t ! li/ ( propositions d5\nc$ includes ! foll[+3 t ! natural philosoph] z su* mu/ d5y ! creation ( ! _w1 because he proce$s ^u natural causes & reasons2 :ile ! believ] 7fidelis7 may d5y ! et]nity ( ! _w1 because he argues f sup]natural causes2 t creation is n possible1 al?\gh ! contr>y is to be held accord+ to fai?2 t a future resurrection is n to be believ$ by ! philosoph]1 because x _c be inve/igat$ by reason2 t ! tea*+s ( ! !ologians are f\nd$ on fables2 t !re are fables & falsities 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion z 9 o!rs2 t no?+ m c be kn[n1 on acc\nt ( !ology2 t ! ,*ri/ian law prev5ts f le>n+2 #addj t ,god is n triune & "o1 = tr9ity is incompatible ) p]fect simplicity2 t ec/atic /ates & visions take place naturally1 & only s4 ,su* vital unbelief c\ld h only "o fate2 x 0 r$uc$ to sil5ce by a papal ,bull1 #adda adm9i/]$ by ! or?odox majority2 & ! memory ( ! massacres ( ! ye> #abji1 & ( ! awful crusade aga9/ ! ,albig5ses1 s]v$ to c[ ! ?9k]s ( ! s*ools into an outw>d con=mity4 ,h5ce=w>d or?odox ,ari/otelianism1 plac$ on a canonical foot+ 9 ! !ological sy/em ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 rul$ ! univ]sities2 & s*ola/icism c\nts = little 9 ! lib]ation ( ,european life f ei!r dogma or sup]/ition4 #addb ,! practically progressive =ces are to be look$ = outside4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ,engl& we f9d ! ,franciscan fri>s 9 ! s*ool ( ,rob]t ,gros/te at ,ox=d discuss+ ! "q ,:e!r !re be a ,god8 #addc b su* a dispute 0 an academic ex]cise l ano!r2 & 9 any case ! au?orities c\ld be tru/$ to see t x came to no?+4 ,! "w ( ,?omas himself s]ves to %[ h[ a really great p[] ( compreh5sive & ord]ly ?\ght c be turn$ to ! subv]sion ( judgm5t by accept+ ! prior dom9ion ( a fix$ body ( dogma & an arbitr>y rule ov] op9ion4 ,& yet1 s /rong is ! pr9ciple ( ratioc9ation 9 8 l>ge p]=mance1 & s mu* does x embody ( ! critical =ces ( antiquity & ( its own day1 t :ile x s]v$ ! ,*ur* z a code ( or?odoxy its influ5ce c be se5 9 ! skeptical philosophy ( ,europe z late z ,sp9oza & ,kant4 ,x appe>s to h be5 z a result ( 8 argum5tation t !re became e/abli%$ 9 ! lat] proc$ure ( ! ,*ur* ! doctr9e t1 :ile h]etics :o h once receiv$ ! fai? & laps$ are to be co]c$ & puni%$1 o!r unbeliev]s 7z ,moslems & ,jews7 are n4 ,?is pr9ciple also1 x w\ld appe>1 he d]iv$ f ! ,moslems1 z he did _! rule t ^? ( ! true fai? mu/ avoid intimacy ) ! unbeliev]s1 ?\gh believ]s firm 9 ! fai? may dispute ) !m :5 !re is great] expectation ( ! conv]sion ( ! infidels ?an ( ! subv]sion ( ! fidels4 ,& to ! rule ( non-inquisition into ! fai? ( ,jews & ,moslems ! ,*ur* pr(ess$ to adh]e :ile ! ,inquisition la/$1 aft] hav+ trampl$ x "u foot 9 _s by caus+ ! expulsion ( ! ,jews & ! ,moriscoes f ,spa94 #addd ,we %all p]haps be/ und]/& ! inn] life ( ! s*ools 9 ! ,middle ,ages by lik5+ x to t ( ! univ]sities ( our own "t1 :]e !re is unque/ionably mu* unbelief among tea*]s & taught1 b :]e ! economic & o!r pressures ( ! in/itution suffice to pres]ve an outw>d acquiesc5ce4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 immeasurably less possible ?an 9 our day = ! unbeliev] to /rike out a free c\rse ( life & doctr9e = himself4 ,if1 !n1 to-day ! s*ol>ly class is 9 l>ge measure ti$ to in/itutions & con=mities1 mu* m s 0 x !n4 ,! cloi/] 0 almo/ ! sole hav5 ( refuge = /udi\s spirits1 & to atta9 ! hav5 !y _h to accept ! discipl9e & ! pr(ession ( fai?4 ,we may conclude1 accord+ly1 t su* works z ,abail>d's ,sic et ,non1 sett+ =? oppos$ views ( s _m doctr9es & problems1 /ood = & made = a great deal ( quiet skepticism2 #adde t ! rem>kable reque/ ( ! monks ( ,bec = a ratioc9ative tea*+ :i* %\ld meet ev5 extravagant objections1 cov]$ a good deal ( resign$ unfai?2 & t 9 ! ,franciscan s*ools at ,ox=d ! disputants 7 n all at he>t believ]s4 ,inde$1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! doctr9e ( a tw(old tru?--"o tru? = religion & ano!r = philosophy--0 f ! outset a witness = unbelief4 ,b ! unwritt5 ^w di$1 ! lit]a scripta be+ solely ^? ( fai?1 & lib]ation _h to come1 ages lat]1 f )\t4 ,ev5 :5 a bold say+ won g5]al curr5cy--z t latt]ly ascrib$1 no d\bt falsely1 to ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,wise ( ,ca/ile1 t if he _h be5 ( ,god's c\ncil :5 he made ! _w he c\ld h advis$ him bett]--x did b cry/allize skepticism 9 a je/1 & supply ! enemy ) a text aga9/ impiety4 ,all ! :ile1 ! ,*ur* 0 =g+ new & m murd]\s weapons aga9/ reason4 ,x is "o ( h] infamies to h reviv$ ! use 9 ,*ri/5dom ( ! anci5t practice ( judicial torture1 & ?is expressly = ! suppression ( h]esy4 ,! lat] ,european practice dates f ! ,bull ( ,innoc5t ,,iv1 ,ad extirp&a1 dat$ #abeb4 ,at fir/ a veto 0 put on its adm9i/ration by cl]ical h&s2 b 9 #abef ,alex&] ,,iv au?oriz$ ! inquisitors & _! associates to absolve "o ano!r = su* acts4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury torture 0 9 use n only 9 ! tribunals ( ! ,inquisition b 9 ! ord9>y ecclesia/ical c\rts1 :5ce x gradually ent]$ into ! c\rts ( lay ju/ice4 #addf ,x is impossible to e/imate ! injury ?us wr\ght at once to culture & to civilization1 at ! h&s ( ! p[] :i* claim$ specially to promote bo?4 #addg #g4 ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,italy ,ap>t f ! s*ools1 !re 0 a notable am\nt ( h>dy free?9k+ among ! imp]iali/ nobles ( nor!rn ,italy1 9 ! "t ( ! emp]ors ,h5ry ,,iv & ,v1 ! attitude ( enmity to ! ,holy ,see hav+ ! effect ( enc\rag+ a rude rationalism4 ,9 #aaae1 :ile ,h5ry ,v 0 vigor\sly c>ry+ on ! w> ( inve/itures begun by 8 fa!r1 & =m]ly condemn$ by himself1 ! ,c\ntess ,matilda ( ,tuscany bequea!d h] ext5sive fiefs to ! papacy2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,h5ry took =cible possession ( !m4 ,at ?is p]iod ! /rife betwe5 ! papal & ! imp]ial factions 9 ! ,tuscan cities 0 at its fi]ce/2 & ! ,flor5t9e *ronicl] ,giovanni ,villani alleges t among _m o!r h]etics 9 #aaae & #aaag 7 "s ( ! sect ( ! ,epicureans1 :o ) arm$ h& def5d$ ! said h]esy aga9/ ! or?odox4 #addh ,b x is d\btful :e!r ! h]esy involv$ 0 any?+ m ?an imp]iali/ anti-papalism4 ,ano!r *ronicl] speaks ( ! h]etics z ,pat]9i2 & ev5 ?is is dubi\s4 ,! title ( ,epicurean 9 ! "t ( ,villani & ,dante /ood = an unbeliev] 9 a future /ate2 #addi b !re 0 an av[$ t5d5cy to call all ,ghibell9es ,pat]9i2 & o!r h]etical asp]sions 7 likely to be appli$ 9 ! same way4 #adej ,z ! ,av]ro/ philosophy _h n yet ris51 & rationali/ic op9ions 7 n yet curr5t among ! we/]n ,s>ac5s1 any bold h]esy among ! anti-papali/s ( ,flor5ce mu/ be assign$ ei!r to a spontane\s gr[? ( unbelief or to ! obscure influ5ce ( ! great poem ( ,lucretius1 nev] :olly lo/ f ,italian h&s4 ,b ! ,lucretian view ( ?+s among m5 ( ! _w naturally rema9$ a matt] ( private discussion1 n ( propag&a2 & x 0 on ! less rationali/ic b m organiz$ anti-cl]icalism t !re came ! doom ( m>tyrdom4 ,s ) ! simple deism ( :i* we f9d traces 9 ! polemic ( ,guib]t de ,nog5t 7d4 #aabd71 :o av[$ly wrote 8 tract ,de ,inc>natione adv]sus ,judos r z an apology aga9/ unbeliev]s among ! ,*ri/ians2 #adea & aga9 among ! pilgrim community f\nd$ lat] 9 ,france 9 commemoration ( ,?omas ,becket4 #adeb ,su* d\bt]s said little1 leav+ x to m zeal\s re=m]s to *all5ge cre$ ) cre$4 ,free?\ght 9 s\?-we/]n ,europe1 h[ev]1 _h a measure ( c\nt5ance 9 v high places4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii _h ! repute ( be+ an infidel 9 ! d\ble s5se ( be+ semi-,moslem #adec & semi-a!i/4 ,by ,pope ,gregory ,,ix he 0 op5ly *>g$1 9 a furi\s aft]?\ght1 #aded ) say+ t ! _w _h be5 deceiv$ by ?ree impo/ors 7b>atores7--,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$2 also ) putt+ ,jesus mu* bel[ ! o!r two1 & ) delight+ to call himself ! =]unn] ( ,anti*ri/4 ,! ,pope's lett]1 dat$ ,july #a1 #abci1 is giv5 by ,mat!w ,p>is 7extracts 9 ,giesel]1 vol4 iii1 #ee71 & 9 ,labbe's ,concilia1 t4 xiii1 col4 #aaeg4 ,cp4 ! o!r ref]5ces giv5 by ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 #c;e dit4 pp4 #bif-ig4 ,z ,voltaire rem>ks 7,essai sur les ,moeurs1 *4 lii71 ! ,pope's /atem5t is ! basis = ! old belief t ,fr$]ick _h writt5 a treatise deal+ ) ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$ z ,! ,?ree ,impo/ors4 ,! /ory is c]ta9ly a my?2 & probably no su* book exi/$ 9 8 c5tury4 ,cp4 ,macla9e's note to ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 i1 end2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #bhj-ha1 #bie4 ,! au?or%ip ( su* a book has nev]!less be5 ascrib$ by ,ca?olic writ]s successively to ,av]ros1 ,simon ( ,t\rnay1 ,fr$]ick1 8 ,m9i/]1 ,pi]re des ,vignes1 ,arnaldo de ,villanueva1 ,boccaccio1 ,poggio1 ,pietro ,aret9o1 ,ma*iavelli1 ,symphori51 ,*ampi]1 ,pomponazzi1 ,c>dan1 ,erasmus1 ,rabelais1 ,o*9us1 ,s]vetus1 ,po/el1 ,campanella1 ,muret1 ,ge(froi ,valle1 ,giordano ,bruno1 ,dolet1 ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,van9i 7cp4 ,s5tim5s sur le trait des trois impo/eurs 9 ! ,fr5* ed4 ( #agic2 & ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquis4 iii1 #efj72 & ! sev5te5?-c5tury apologi/ ,m]s5ne pr(ess$ to h se5 x 9 ,arabic 7,lea1 iii1 #big74 ,^! ref]5ces may be dismiss$ z wor?less4 ,9 #afed ! ,fr5* physician & ma!matician ,mor9 wrote an ,epi/ola de tribus impo/oribus "u ! "n ( ,panurge1 b ?is attack$ ! ?ree contempor>y writ]s ,gass5di1 ,neure1 & ,b]ni]2 & 9 #afhj ,kor?olt ( ,kiel publi%$ "u ! title ,de tribus impo/oribus magnis an attack on ,h]b]t1 ,hobbes1 & ,sp9oza4 ,! ,?ree ,impo/ors curr5t lat]1 deal+ ) ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$1 may h be5 writt5 ab\t ! same "t1 b1 z we %all see lat]1 is id5tical ) ,l',esprit de ,sp9oza1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agai4 ,a ,lat9 treatise purport+ to be writt5 de tribus famosissimis deceptoribus1 & address$ to an ,o?o illu/rissimus 7conceivably ,o?o ,duke ( ,bav>ia1 #ac? c471 came to light 9 ,,ms4 9 #agjf1 & 0 describ$ 9 #agaf1 b 0 n pr9t$4 ,! treatise curr5t lat] 9 ,fr5* _c h be5 ! same4 ,on ! :ole subject see ! note ( ,r4 ,c4 ,*ri/ie 7repr9t$ f ,notes & ,qu]ies7 9 8 ,select$ ,essays & ,pap]s1 #aijb1 pp4 #cji1 #cae2 & ! full discussion 9 ,reut]'s ,ges*i*te d] religis5 ,aufklrung1 ii1 #bea-if4 ,! book ,de tribus impo/oribus1 be>+ ! date #aeih1 ( :i* sev]al copies exi/1 seems to h be5 really publi%$1 ) its false date1 at ,vi5na 9 #agec4 ,fr$]ick 0 9 reality sup]/iti\s en\gh2 he wor%ipp$ relics2 & he 0 ne>ly z m]ciless z ! popes to rebelli\s h]etics & ,mani*eans2 #adee 8 cruelty proce$+1 seem+ly1 on ! belief t insubord9ation to ! emp]or 0 sure to foll[ intellectual z di/+ui%$ f political revolt aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,he 0 absolutely tol]ant to ,jews & ,moslems1 #adef & _h tru/$ ,moslem c\nsellors1 !reby specially evok+ ! wra? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,greatly conc]n$ to acquire ! lore ( ! ,arabs1 #adeg he gave 8 fav\r & protection to ,mi*ael ,scotus1 ! fir/ translator ( portions ( ,av]ros into ,lat91 #adeh & presumptively himself a h]etic ( ! ,av]ro/ /amp2 :5ce ! leg5d ( 8 wiz>dry1 adopt$ by ,dante4 #adei ,?us ! d\bt+ & p]secut+ emp]or assi/$ at ! bir? ( ! philosophic movem5t :i* = c5turies 0 mo/ closely associat$ ) unbelief 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,= ! re/1 he is record$ to h ridicul$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 ! viaticum1 & o!r dogmas1 z be+ repugnant to reason & to nature2 #adfj & 8 g5]al ho/ility to ! ,pope w\ld t5d to make him a bad ,*ur*man4 ,inde$ ! te/imonies1 bo? ,*ri/ian & ,moslem1 z to 8 free?9k+ are too cle> to be set aside4 #adfa ,c]ta9ly no mon>* ( t or any age 0 m eag]ly int]e/$ 9 e =m ( culture1 or did m1 on tyrann\s l9es1 to promote x2 #adfb & to him r ?an to ,simon de ,mont=t ,europe owes ! admission ( repres5tatives ( cities to ,p>liam5ts4 #adfc ,( 8 son ,manfr$ x is record$ t he 0 a ?or\gh ,epicurean1 believ+ nei!r 9 ,god nor 9 ! sa9ts4 #adfd ,b positive unbelief 9 a future /ate1 mock]y ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ev5 d5ial ( deity--usually 9 private1 & nev] 9 writ+--are frequ5tly compla9$ ( by ! cl]ical writ]s ( ! "t 9 ,france & ,italy2 #adfe :ile 9 ,spa9 ,alfonso ! ,wise1 ab\t #abfj1 speaks ( a common unbelief 9 immortality1 alike z to heav5 & hell2 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,t>ragona 9 #abia decrees puni%m5ts aga9/ su* unbeliev]s4 #adff ,9 ,italy1 n unnaturally1 !y 7 mo/ commonly f\nd among ! ,ghibell9e or imp]ial p>ty1 ! oppon5ts ( ! papacy1 despite imp]ial or?odoxy4 ,incr$ulity1 affect$ or real1 0 = ! oppress$ ,ghibell9es a way among o!rs ( di/+ui%+ !mselves f ! ,guelph oppressors4 #adfg ,! commone/ =m ( rationali/ic h]esy seems to h be5 unbelief 9 immortality4 ,?us ,dante 9 ! ,inf]no e/imates t among ! h]etics !re are m ?an a ?\s& foll[]s ( ,epicurus1 :o make ! s\l die ) ! body1 #adfh specify+ among !m ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 a c>d9al1 #adfi ! ,ghibell9e noble ,f>9ata degli ,ub]ti1 & ! ,guelph ,cavalcante ,cavalcanti4 #adgj ,he 0 ?9k+1 z usual1 ( ! m5 ( 8 own age2 b1 z we h se51 ?is p>ticul> h]esy _h exi/$ 9 previ\s c5turies1 hav+ inde$ probably nev] disappe>$ f ,italy4 ,o!r passages 9 ,dante's works #adga %[1 9 any case1 t x 0 mu* discuss$ 9 8 "t2 #adgb & x is notewor?y t1 s f> z op5 av[al w5t1 ,italian free?\ght _h got no fur!r two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,9 ! p]iod be=e ! papacy _h ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ! ,inquisition1 & diplomacy sup]v5$ on ! tempe/u\s /rifes ( ! great factions1 !re 0 a c]ta9 h>dihood ( spee* on all subjects1 :i* t5d$ to disappe> alongside ( ev5 a m se>*+ unbelief4 ,le #af;e sicle n'a eu aucune mauvaise p5se que le #ac;e n'ait eue avant lui 7,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bca74 ,r5an1 h[ev]1 seems a/ray 9 /at+ t ,le ,pome de la ,desc5te de ,sa9t ,paul aux enf]s p>le avec t]reur d'une socit secrte qui avait jur la de/ruction de ,*ri/ianisme 7id4 p4 #bhd74 ,! poem simply describes ! v>i\s tortures ( s9n]s 9 hell1 & m5tions 9 _! turn ^? :o en t]re1 sa9te ,iglise fir5t gu]re1 & 9 dea? ,v]be ,deu refus\5t2 also ^? ,ki ne croi5t que ,deu fu/ nez 7n71 ne que ,sa9te ,m>ie l'eu/ portez1 ne que por le peuple v\si/ 7v\lait7 m\rir1 ne que pe9e deigna/ s(frir4 ,see ! text z giv5 by ,ozanam1 ,dante1 ed4 #f;ime1 ,ptie4 iv--! v]sion cit$ by ,r5an4 ,s1 ) reg>d to ! belief 9 magic1 !re 0 no g5]al advance 9 ! lat] ,r5aissance on ! skepticism ( ,pietro ( ,abano1 a fam\s ,paduan physician & ,av]ro/1 :o di$1 at ! age ( #hj1 9 #acje4 ,he appe>s to h d5i$ alike magic & miracles1 ?\gh he held fa/ by a/rology1 & ascrib$ ! rise & progress ( all religions to ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 ,himself accus$ ( magic1 he escap$ viol5t dea? by dy+ naturally be=e 8 trial 0 end$2 & ! ,inquisition burn$ ei!r 8 body or 8 image4 #adgc ,aft] him1 sup]/ition seems to h gone /ep = /ep ) skepticism4 ,dante's own poetic g5ius1 inde$1 did mu* to arre/ intellectual evolution 9 ,italy4 ,be=e 8 "t1 z we h se51 ! tr\vres ( nor!rn ,france & ! ,goli>ds ( ! s\? _h h&l$ hell 9 a _s ( burlesque2 & 8 own tea*]1 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 _h fram$ a poetic allegory1 ,il ,tesoretto1 9 :i* ,nature figures z ! univ]sal p[]1 beh9d :i* ! ,god-idea disappe>$4 #adgd ,b ,dante's trem5d\s vision ultimately effac$ all o!rs ( ! k9d2 & 8 intellectual pr$om9ance 9 virtue ( m]e imag9ative art is at once ! great *>act]i/ic & ! great anomaly ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,happily ! insep>able malignity ( 8 pietism 0 9 l>ge "p sup]s$$ by a sunni] _s2 #adge b 8 p]sonality & 8 poetry help$ to hold ! balance ( au?ority on ! side ( fai?4 #adgf ,)9 a few ye>s ( 8 dea? !re 0 burn$ at ,flor5ce 7#acbg7 "o ( ! mo/ d>+ h]etics ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 ,cecco ,/abili d',ascoli1 a pr(essor ( philosophy & a/rology at ,bologna1 :o is record$ to h _h "s intimacy ) ,dante1 & to h be5 "o ( 8 detractors4 #adgg ,cecco has be5 describ$ z repres5t+ natural sci5ce1 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian sci5ce ( ,dante2 #adgh & ?\gh 8 sci5ce 0 primitive1 ! summ+-up is n unw>rant$4 ,comb9+ /rong anti-,*ri/ian feel+ ) ! univ]sal belief 9 a/rology1 he _h decl>$ t ,jesus liv$ z a slugg>d 7come un poltrone7 ) 8 disciples1 & di$ on ! cross1 "u ! compulsion ( 8 />4 #adgi ,9 view ( ! blasphem]'s fate1 su* audacity 0 n (t5 repeat$4 ,z aga9/ ,dante1 ! great lit]>y influ5ce = tol]ance & lib]alism if n rationalism ( ?\ght 0 ,boccaccio 7#acac-acge71 ^: ,decam]on #adhj anticipates e light] aspect ( ! ,r5aissance--its levity1 its lic5ce1 its hum\r1 its anti-cl]icalism1 its incipi5t tol]ance1 its irrev]5ce1 its p>tial free?9k+1 z well z its exub]ance 9 ! joy ( liv+4 ,on ! side ( anti-cl]icalism1 ! key-note is /ruck s /rongly & s defiantly 9 "s ( ! op5+ tales t ! tol]ation ( ! book by ! papal au?orities c be acc\nt$ = only by _! appreciation ( ! hum\r ( ! /ories !re9 told aga9/ !m1 z t #adha ( ! ,jew :o1 aft] see+ ! utt] corruption ( ! cl]gy at ,rome1 turn$ ,*ri/ian on ! score t only by div9e support c\ld su* a sy/em survive4 ,no ,prote/ant ev] pass$ a m sca?+ asp]sion on ! :ole body ( ! curia ?an is ?us set 9 ! =efront ( ! ,decam]on4 ,/ill m deeply significant ( innovat+ ?\ght1 h[ev]1 is ! fam\s /ory ( ,! ,?ree ,r+s1 #adhb embodi$ lat] by ,less+ 9 8 ,na?an ! ,wise z an apologue ( tol]ance4 ,su* a /ory1 introduc$ ) :atev] p>ade ( or?odox fai?1 c\ld n b make = rational skepticism1 summ>iz+ z x does ! :ole effect ( ! inevitable comp>ison ( ! rival cre$s made by ! m5 ( ,italy & ^? ( ! ea/ 9 _! int]c\rse4 ,! /ory itself1 c5tr+ on ,salad91 is ( ea/]n orig91 #adhc & s tells ( ev5 m free?9k+ ?an meets ! eye 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam4 #adhd ,x is notewor?y t ! ,rabbi ,simeon ,duran 7#acfj-addd71 :o foll[s on ?is p]iod1 appe>s to be ! fir/ ,jewi% tea*] to plead = mutual tol]ation among ! conflict+ s*ools ( 8 race4 #adhe ,curr5t 9 ,italy be=e ,boccaccio1 ! tale _h be5 improv$ f "o ,italian h& to ano!r2 #adhf & ! ma9 cr$it = its full developm5t is ,boccaccio's4 #adhg ,?\gh ! ,*ur* nev] (ficially attempt$ to suppress ! book--leav+ x to ,savon>ola to de/roy z f> z possible ! fir/ edition--! m s]i\s cl]gy naturally res5t$ its ho/ility1 fir/ d5\nc+ x1 !n seek+ to expurgate all ! anti-cl]ical passages2 #adhh & ! p]sonal pressure br\ght to be> ^u ,boccaccio _h ! effect ( dispirit+ & puritaniz+ him2 s t ! ,decam]on f9ally wr\ght its effect 9 its au?or's despite4 #adhi ,s f> z we c div9e ! deep] influ5ce ( su* a "w on m$ieval ?\ght1 x may reasonably be suppos$ to h t5d$1 l t ( ,av]rosm1 t[>ds ,unit>ianism or deism1 inasmu* z a simple belief 9 deity is all t is normally impli$ 9 its language on religi\s matt]s4 ,on t view x bore its full intellectual fruit only 9 ! two succe$+ c5turies1 :5 deism & ,unit>ianism alike grew up 9 ,italy1 app>5tly f non-s*ola/ic roots4 ,x is an int]e/+ problem h[ f> ! va/ calamity ( ! ,black ,dea? 7#acdh-di7 told ei!r = skepticism or = sup]/ition 9 ?is age4 ,9 ,boccaccio's immortal book we see a few ref9$ ,flor5t9es :o flee ! pe/ giv+ !mselves up to lit]>y amusem5t2 b !re is also m5tion ( _m :o _h tak5 to wild debau*]y1 & !re are _m evid5ces z to wild outbreaks ( desp]ate lic5ce all ov] ,europe4 #adij ,on ! o!r h&1 _m 7 driv5 by fe> to religi\s practices2 #adia & 9 ! imm5se de/ruction ( life ! ,*ur* acquir$ mu* new weal?4 ,at ! same "t ! multitudes ( prie/s :o di$ #adib _h z a rule to be replac$ by ill-tra9$ p]sons1 :]e ! problem 0 n solv$ by creat+ pluralities1 ! result be+ a g5]al fall+-(f 9 ! culture & ! au?ority ( ! cl]gy4 #adic ,b !re seems to h be5 little or no gr[? ( su* que/ion+ z came lat] f ! previ\sly optimi/ic ,voltaire aft] ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon2 & ! total effect ( ! imm5se r$uction ( population all ov] ,europe seems to h be5 a l[]+ ( ! :ole ( ! activities ( life4 ,c]ta9ly ! /ud5ts ( ,p>is 9 #acgf 7 surpris+ly free?9k+ on scriptural po9ts2 #adid b !re is no?+ to %[ t ! great pe/il5ce _h set up any new movem5t ( e?ical ?\ght4 ,9 "s ways x griev\sly deep5$ bigotry1 z 9 reg>d to ! ,jews1 :o 7 9 _m regions madly impea*$ z hav+ caus$ ! plague by poison+ ! wells1 & 7 !n massacr$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,side by side ) ,boccaccio1 8 fri5d ,petr>* 7#acjd-acgd71 :o ) him completes ! great lit]>y trio ( ! late ,middle ,ages1 belongs to free?\ght 9 t he too1 ) less aggressiv5ess b also )\t recoil1 /ood = indep5d5t culture & a rational habit ( m9d z aga9/ ! dogmatics & tyrannies ( ! ,*ur*4 #adie ,he 0 9 ! ma9 a practical humani/1 n 9 accord ) ! v]baliz+ s*ola/ic philosophy ( 8 "t1 & dispos$ to f9d 8 intellectual guide 9 ! skeptical yet cons]vative ,cic]o4 ,! s*ola/ics _h become z fanatical = ,ari/otle or ,av]ros z ! *ur*m5 7 = _! dogmas2 #adif & ,petr>* made = m5tal fre$om by resi/+ all dogmatisms alike4 #adig ,! g5]al lib]ality ( 8 attitude has e>n$ him ! titles ( ! fir/ mod]n man #adih & ! f\nd] ( mod]n criticism #adii--;bo? some:at high-pit*$4 #aejj ,he repres5t$ 9 reality ! sob]+ & cl>ify+ influ5ce ( ! reviv$ classic culture on ! fanaticisms develop$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & :5 he argu$ = ! rule ( reason 9 all ?+s #aeja x 0 n t he 0 a deeply se>*+ rationali/1 b t he 0 spontane\sly av]se to all ! extremes ( ?\ght ar\nd him1 & 0 conc]n$ to discr$it !m4 ,= himself1 hav+ little speculative p[]1 he 0 dispos$ to fall back on a simple & tol]ant ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us he is q unsympa!tic 9 8 ref]5ces to ^? s*ol>s ( 8 day :o privately indicat$ _! unbelief4 ,kn[+ no?+ ( ! tea*+ ( ,av]ros1 he speaks ( him1 on ! /r5g? ( ,*ri/ian fictions1 z t mad dog :o1 mov$ by an execrable rage1 b>ks aga9/ 8 ,"l ,*ri/ & ! ,ca?olic fai?4 #aejb ,ap>t f su* conv5tional odium !ologicum1 8 judgm5t1 l 8 lit]>y art1 0 cle> & re/ra9$2 op5+ no new vi/as1 b br++ a /eady & placid light to be> on its *os5 sph]e4 ,betwe5 su* humani/ic influ5ces & t ( m sy/ematic & s*ola/ic ?\ght1 ,italy 9 t age 0 ! *ief s\rce ( practical criticism ( ,*ri/ian dogmas2 & ! ext5t to :i* a unit>ian !ism 0 n[ connect$ ) ! acceptance ( ! philosophy ( ,av]ros br\ght x ab\t1 despite ! respectful attitude ( ,dante1 :o gave him a tranquil place 9 hell1 #aejc t he came to figure z ,anti*ri/ = ! fai?ful4 #aejd ,petr>* 9 8 lett]s speaks ( mu* d[nright ho/ility to ! ,*ri/ian sy/em on ! "p ( ,av]ro/s2 #aeje & ! association ( ,av]rosm ) ! great m$ical s*ool ( ,padua #aejf mu/ h promot$ practical skepticism among physicians4 ,be+ =mally re/rict$ to ! s*ools1 h[ev]1 x t5d$ !re to und]go ! usual s*ola/ic petrifaction2 & ! common-s5se deism x enc\rag$ outside _h to subsi/ )\t lit]>y discipl9e4 ,9 ?is =m x probably rea*$ _m l&s1 )\t op5ly affect+ culture or life2 s9ce ,av]rosm itself 0 pr(ess$ g5]ally 9 ! ,c>melite ord]1 :o claim$ = x or?odoxy4 #aejg ,alongside1 h[ev]1 ( intellectual solv5ts1 !re 7 at "w o!rs ( a m widely effective k9d1 set up by ! long & s9i/] hi/oric episode ( ! ,great ,papal ,s*ism4 ,! ,*ur*1 already pr(\ndly discr$it$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury by ! gross disord]s ( ! papacy1 cont9u$ frequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! twelf? to exhibit ! old spectacle ( rival popes2 & late 9 ! f\rte5? 7#acgh7 !re broke out ! greate/ s*ism ( all4 ,o/5sibly beg9n+ 9 a riot\s co]cion ( ! elect+ c>d9als by ! ,roman populace1 x 0 ma9ta9$ on ! "o side by ! /&+ int]e/ ( ! cl]gy 9 ,italy1 :i* call$ = an ,italian head ( ! ,*ur*1 & on ! o!r h& by ! ,fr5* int]e/1 :i* _h already en=c$ ! resid5ce ( ! popes at ,avignon f #acje to #acgf4 ,x 0 natural t1 j aft] ! papal *air _h be5 replac$ 9 ,italy by ,gregory ,,ix1 ! ,romans %\ld ?reat5 viol5ce to ! c>d9als if !y *ose any b an ,italian2 & no less natural t ! ,fr5* c\rt %\ld det]m9e to re/ore a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* x controll$ ! papacy 9 all save its corruption4 ,dur+ ! sev5ty ye>s ( ! ,captivity1 ,rome _h sunk to ! condition ( a poor c\ntry t[n2 & to ! ,italian cl]gy ! /ruggle = a re/oration 0 a matt] ( economic life & dea?4 ,= ?irty-n9e ye>s did ! s*ism la/1 be+ end$ only by ! prolong$ action ( ! great ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 9 depos+ ! rivals ( ! mom5t & appo9t+ ,m>t9 ,v 7#adag72 & ?is 0 a*iev$ only aft] !re _h slipp$ into ! *air ( ,pet] ! mo/ wor?less & infam\s man to be f\nd4 #aejh ,dur+ ! s*ism e species ( sc&al _h fl\ri%$4 ,indulg5ces _h be5 sold & di/ribut$ at r&om2 #aeji simony & v5ality ab\nd$ m ?an ev]2 #aeaj ! c\rts ( ,rome & ,avignon 7 m]e rivals 9 av>ice1 indecorum1 & reciprocal execration2 & 9 addition to ! moral occasion = skepticism !re 0 ! intellectual1 s9ce no "o c\ld %[ conclusively t ! adm9i/ration ( sacram5ts 0 valid "u ei!r pope4 #aeaa #h4 ,,sects ,,& ,,ord]s ,despite1 !re=e1 ! premium put by ! ,*ur* on devotion to its cause & doctr9e1 & despite its success 9 /rangl+ specific =ms ( h]esy1 ho/ility to its own pret5sions g]m9at$ ev]y:]e1 #aeab especially 9 ! c\ntries mo/ ali5 to ,italy 9 language & civilization4 ,an accompli%$ ,ca?olic s*ol> #aeac sums up t f ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury ! :ole secul> & religi\s lit]ature ( ,europe grew m & m ho/ile to ! papacy & ! curia4 ,! ,*ur*'s own economic conditions1 con/antly turn+ its prie/hood1 despite all precautions1 into a money-mak+ & %amelessly av>ici\s class1 ensur$ x a p]petuity ( ill-w & d5unciation4 ,! popul> lit]ature :i* n[ began to gr[ ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom ) ! spread ( political ord] 0 ev]y:]e turn$ to ! acc\nt ( anti-cl]ical satire2 #aead & only ! defect ( real k secur$ by ! ,*ur*'s own policy prev5t$ su* ho/ility f develop+ into rational unbelief4 ,z x 01 a t5d5cy to criticize at once ! socio-economic code & practice & ! details ( cre$ & wor%ip is se5 9 a s]ies ( movem5ts f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>ds2 & "s ( ! mo/ popul> lit]ature ( t age is deeply t+$ ) ! new _s4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! well-organiz$ anti-cl]icalism ( ! ,ca?>i & o!r h]etics 9 ,langu$oc1 h[ev]1 no movem5t equally sy/ematic & equally h]etical fl\ri%$ on any l>ge scale2 & z ev5 ^? h]esies on _! popul> side 7 ess5tially sup]naturali/1 & t5d$ to set up "o hi]>*y 9 place ( ano!r1 x w\ld be va9 to look = any?+ l a consi/5t or se>*+ rationalism among ! p 9 ! p]iod broadly t]m$ m$ieval1 includ+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,x w\ld be a bad misconception to inf] f ! abundant signs ( popul> disrespect = ! cl]gy t ! mass ( ! laity ev5 9 ,italy1 = in/ance1 7 unbeliev]s4 #aeae ,!y nev] 7 any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,at all times !y 7 deeply sup]/iti\s1 easily sway$ by religi\s emotion1 cr$ul\s z to relics1 miracles1 visions1 prophecies1 responsive to pulpit eloqu5ce1 readily pass+ f d]ision ( worldly prie/s to wor%ip ( au/]e ones4 #aeaf ,:5 ,ma*iavelli said t religion 0 gone f ,italy1 he 0 ?9k+ ( ! upp] classes1 among :om !ism 0 normal1 #aeag & ! upp] cl]gy1 :o 7 (t5 at once sup]/iti\s & corrupt4 ,z = ! common p1 x 0 impossible t !y %\ld be gr\nd$ rationali/s z reg>d$ ! great problems ( life4 ,!y 7 m]ely ! raw mat]ial on :i* k might "w if x c\ld rea* !m1 :i* x nev] did4 ,& ! common p ev]y:]e else /ood at or bel[ ! culture level ( ^? ( ,italy4 ,= lack ( o!r culture ?an ,biblical1 !n1 ev5 ! popul> h]esy t5d$ to run into my/icisms :i* 7 only s f> m rational ?an ! dogmas & rites ( ! ,*ur* t !y /ood = "s actual reflection4 ,a p>tial exception1 inde$1 may be made 9 ! case ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 a sect set up 9 ,g]many 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 by "o ,ortlieb1 on ! basis ( ! pan!i/ic tea*+s ( ,amaury ( ,bne & ,david ( ,d9ant4 #aeah ,_! doctr9es 7 set =? 9 a special treatise or sacr$ book1 call$ ,! ,n9e ,rocks4 ,! ,fratres lib]i spiritus seem to h be5 id5tical ) ! sect ( ! ,holy ,_s2 #aeai b _! t5ets 7 h]etical 9 a high degree1 includ+ z !y did a d5ial ( p]sonal immortality1 & consequ5tly ( ! notions ( heav51 hell1 & purgatory4 ,ev5 ! sect's doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,_s 0 h]etical 9 ano!r way1 inasmu* z x ran1 if its oppon5ts c be believ$1 to ! old ant9omian ass]tion t anyone fill$ ) ! ,_s 0 s9less1 :atev] de$s he might d4 #aebj ,z always1 su* ant9omianism /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! cl]gy aga9/ ! h]esy1 ?\gh ! ,bre?r5 seem to h be5 orig9ally v ascetic2 & inasmu* z _! pan!ism involv$ ! idea t ,satan also _h 9 him ! div9e ess5ce1 !y 7 duly accus$ ( devil-wor%ip4 #aeba ,on g5]al pr9ciples !y 7 furi\sly p]secut$2 b all ?r\gh ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 & ev5 9 ! fifte5?1 !y are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( c5tral & we/]n ,europe1 #aebb (t5 9 close alliance ) ! orig9ally or?odox communities kn[n 9 ,france & ,holl& by ! names ( ,turlup9s & ,begu9s or ,begu9es1 & 9 ,g]many & ,belgium z ,begutt or ,begh>ds1 #aebc ak9 to ! ,loll>ds4 ,^! 9 turn are to be und]/ood 9 connection ) developm5ts :i* took place 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury )9 ! ,*ur*--notably ! rise ( ! great ord]s ( ,m5dicant ,fri>s1 ( :i* ! two *ief 7 f\nd$ ab\t #abaf by ,francis ( ,assisi & ! ,spani% ,dom9ic1 ! latt] a fi]ce p]secutor 9 ! ,albig5sian crusade4 ,no?+ avail$ m to pres]ve or re/ore = a "t ! ,*ur*'s pre/ige4 ,! old criticism ( prie/ly & mona/ic av>ice & worldl9ess 0 dis>m$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance & rapid spread ( a prie/hood & bro!rhood ( pov]ty2 & ! obvi\s devotion ( ?\s&s ( ! e>li] adh]5ts w5t to ! g5]al cr$it ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet ! desc5t ( ! new ord]s to ! moral & economic levels ( ! old 0 only a "q ( "t2 & no process c\ld m cle>ly illu/rate ! futility ( all s*emes ( reg5]at+ ! _w on non-rational pr9ciples4 ,ap>t f ! va/ enc\ragem5t giv5 to %e] m5dicancy among ! poor1 ! ord]s !mselves sub/antially apo/atiz$ f _! own rules )9 a g5]ation4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,franciscans 9 p>ticul> is l t ( ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al--"o ( rapid lapse into furi\s s*ism1 ) a g5]al rev]sion to gross self-seek+ on ! "p ( ! majority1 orig9ally v[$ to utt] pov]ty4 ,elias1 ! fir/ successor ( ,francis1 appo9t$ by ! ,sa9t himself1 prov$ an intol]able tyrant2 & 9 8 day began ! f]oci\s /rife betwe5 ! ,spirituals1 :o insi/$ on ! f\nd]'s ideal ( pov]ty1 & ! majority1 :o insi/$ on accept+ ! weal? :i* ! _w ei!r be/[$ or c\ld be cajol$ into be/[+ on ! ord]4 ,! majority1 ( c\rse1 ultimately ov]bore ! ,spirituals1 ! papacy support+ !m4 #aebd ,!y foll[$ ! practically univ]sal law ( mona/ic life4 ,! ,humiliati1 f\nd$ be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury1 _h to be suppress$ by ! ,pope 9 ! sixte5?1 = %e] corruption ( morals2 & ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans1 :o spe$ily became bitt]ly ho/ile to ea* o!r1 7 9 l>ge measure little bett]4 ,ev5 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !y 7 attack$ by ! ,sorbonne doctor1 ,william ( ,/4 ,am\r1 9 a book on ,! ,p]ils ( ! ,latt] ,times2 #aebe & 9 ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury we f9d ,wiclif assail+ ! begg+ fri>s z ! e>li] satiri/s _h assail$ ! abbots & monks4 ,t all ?is reciprocal invective 0 n m]e p>tizan calumny1 b broadly true z aga9/ bo? sides1 is ! conclusion =c$ ^u a read] ( ! ,philobiblon ascrib$ to ,ri*>d de ,bury1 ,bi%op ( ,durham & ,treasur] & ,*ancellor "u ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,9 t book1 writt5 ei!r by ! bi%op or by "o ( 8 *apla9s1 ,rob]t ,holkot1 #aebf ! dem]its ( all ord]s ( ! cl]gy f ! po9ts ( view ( lett]s & morals are set =? ) imp>tial emphasis2 #aebg & ! "* ( ! bi%op 9 turn is no less effectively dispos$ ( aft] 8 dea? by ,adam ,murimu?1 a di/+ui%$ lawy] & canon ( ,/4 ,paul's4 #aebh ,! wor/ ( ! tr\ble = ! ,*ur* 0 t ! m5dicants 7 dete/$ by bi%ops & ! b5efic$ prie/s1 ^: cr$it !y und]m9$1 & ^: rev5ues !y int]cept$4 ,t ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans rema9$ socially p[]ful till ! ,re=mation 0 due to ! en]gy develop$ by _! corporate organization & ! measure ( education !y soon secur$ on _! own behalf2 n to any g5]al sup]iority on _! "p to ! secul> cl]gy s-call$4 #aebi ,inde$ x 0 to ! latt]1 )9 ! ,*ur*1 t mo/ pre-,re=mation re=m]s look$ = sympa?y4 ,at ! outset1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t ( ! ,m5dicant ,fri>s gave a great impulsion to ! lay communities ( ! type ( ! ,begu9es & ,begh>ds :o _h orig9at$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & :o practis$ at once m5dicancy & *>ity v mu* on ! e>ly ,franciscan l9es2 #aecj & ! _s ( innovation l$ 9 bo? cases to =ms ( h]esy4 ,t ( ! ,begu9es & ,begh>ds arose ma9ly ?r\gh _! association ) ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s2 & !y suff]$ p]secution z did ! latt]2 :ile among ! ,spiritual ,franciscans1 :o 7 despis]s ( le>n+1 !re arose a species ( new religion4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 ,abbot ,joa*im1 ( ,flora or ,flores 9 ,calabria 7d4 #abjb71 :o may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( mod]n my/icism1 #aeca _h e>n$ a great reputation by dev\t au/]ities1 & a great] by 8 vatic9ations1 #aecb :i* he decl>$ to be div9e4 ,"o ( 8 writ+s 0 condemn$ z h]etical1 ?irte5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an2 b 8 apocalyptic writ+s1 & o!rs put out 9 8 "n1 _h a great vogue among ! rebelli\s ,franciscans4 ,at l5g?1 9 #abed1 !re 0 produc$ 9 ,p>is a book call$ ,! ,ev]la/+ ,gospel1 consi/+ ( ?ree ( 8 g5u9e works1 ) a long & audaci\s ,introduction by an anonym\s h&1 :i* express$ a _s ( innovation & revolt1 my/ical r ?an rational1 t seem$ to promise ! utt] disruption ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x decl>$ t1 z ! disp5sation ( ! ,son _h foll[$ on t ( ! ,fa!r1 s ,*ri/'s evangel 9 turn 0 to be sup]s$$ by t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 #aecc ,adopt$ by ! ,spiritual section ( ! ,franciscans1 x br\ght h]esy )9 ! organization itself1 ! ,introduction be+ by _m ascrib$--probably 9 error--to ! head ( ! ord]1 ,john ( ,p>ma1 a devotee ( ,joa*im4 ,on o!r gr\nds1 he 0 ultimately depos$2 #aecd b ! f]m5t ( h]esy 0 great4 ,& :ile ! ,franciscans are commonly reput$ to h be5 l$ by small-m9d$ g5]als1 #aece _! ord]1 z ,r5an notes1 #aecf n only nev] lo/ ! /amp ( its popul> & irregul> orig91 b 0 always less or?odox 9 g5]al ?an ! ,dom9ican4 ,b its deviations 7 r ultra-religi\s ?an rational2 & "s ( its h]esies h become or?odoxy4 ,?us x 0 ! ,franciscans1 notably ,duns ,scotus1 :o c>ri$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ! ,virg9 aga9/ ! ,dom9icans1 :o held by ! tea*+ ( ,?omas ,aqu9as t %e 0 conceiv$ 9 s94 #aecg ,m>y 0 ?us deifi$ on a popul> impulse1 dat+ f paganism1 at ! exp5se ( ,*ri/ism2 &1 consid]+ t bo? ,?omas & ,/4 ,b]n>d _h flatly reject$ ! ,immaculate ,conception1 its ultimate adoption z dogma is highly significant4 #aech ,9 ! ye> #abfj1 :51 accord+ to ! ,et]nal ,gospel1 ! new disp5sation ( ! ,holy ,_s 0 to beg91 !re 0 an imm5se excitem5t 9 nor!rn ,italy1 m>k$ by ! outbreak ( ! ord] ( ,flagellants1 self-sc\rg]s1 ^: hy/]ia spread to o!r l&s4 ,gh]>do ,seg>elli1 a y\? ( ,p>ma1 came =w>d z a new ,*ri/1 _h himself circumcis$1 swaddl$1 cradl$1 & suckl$2 #aeci & proce$$ to f\nd a new ord] ( ,apo/olicals1 aft] ! mann] ( a sect ( ! previ\s c5tury1 kn[n by ! same "n1 :o pr(ess$ to return to primitive simplicity & to *a/ity1 & reproduc$ :at !y suppos$ to be ! morals ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 includ+ ! pr(ession ( ascetic cohabitation4 #aedj ,"s ( _! mission>ies got z f> z ,g]many2 b ,seg>elli 0 caught1 imprison$1 r$uc$ to ! /atus ( a bi%op's je/]1 & at l5g?1 aft] sav+ 8 life = a "t by abjuration1 burn$ at ,p>ma1 9 ! ye> #acjj4 ,despite mu* p]secution ( ! ord]1 "o ( its adh]5ts1 ,fra ,dolc9o1 imm$iately began to exploit ,seg>elli's m>tyrdom1 & r5ew$ ! movem5t by an adaptation ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel1 ann\nc+ t ,seg>elli _h begun a new era1 to la/ till ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,pr$ict+ ! =mation ( native /ates1 z well z ! =cible purification ( ! papacy1 he ultimately set up an arm$ movem5t1 :i* held out 9 ! s\!rn ,alps = two ye>s1 till ! ,apo/olicals 7 r$uc$ to cannibalism4 ,at l5g? 7#acjg7 !y 7 ov]p[]$ & massacr$1 & ,dolc9o 0 captur$1 ) 8 beautiful & devot$ companion1 ,m>gh]ita di ,trank4 ,%e 0 sl[ly burn$ to dea? be=e 8 eyes1 refus+ to abjure2 & he 9 turn 0 gradually tortur$ to dea?1 utt]+ no cry4 #aeda ,! ord] subsi/$ = a "t 9 secret1 numb]s *]i%+ ,dolc9o's memory1 & practis+ a prie/less & riteless religion1 prohibit+ oa?s1 & :olly repudiat+ e claim ( ! ,*ur*4 #aedb ,yet ano!r sect1 call$ by ! "n ( ,! ,_s ( ,lib]ty--probably ! orig9 ( ! "n lib]t9i1 lat] appli$ to free?9k]s 9 ,france--0 l9k$ on ! "o h& to ! ,apo/olicals & on ! o!r to ! ,g]man ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 z well z to ! ,franciscan ,fraticelli4 ,?is sect is he>d ( z late z #acdd1 :5 "o ( its memb]s 0 burn$4 #aedc ,& !re 7 yet o!rs2 till x seem$ z if ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 7 to be resolv$ into an endless s]ies ( s*isms4 ,b organization1 z ( old1 prevail$2 ! cohesive & aggressive =ce ( ! c5tral sy/em1 ) ! natural /rifes ( ! new movem5ts1 :e!r )9 or )\t #aedd ! ,*ur*1 suffic$ to br+ ab\t _! absorption or _! de/ruction4 ,x ne$$ a special concurr5ce ( economic1 political1 & culture =ces to disrupt ! fabric ( ! papacy4 #i4 ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,spa9 ,( all ! *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 ! mo/ tragical is ! record ( its "w 9 ,spa91 = !re a :ole nation's faculty ( free?\ght 0 by its m9i/ry /rangl$ = a :ole era4 ,!re is a preval5t notion t 9 ,spa9 fanaticism _h ma/]$ ! national life f ! p]iod ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,arianism "u ! lat] ,visigo?ic k+s2 & t !re ! extirpation ( h]esy 0 ! spontane\s & cong5ial "w ( ! bulk ( ! nation1 giv+ v5t to ! _s ( intol]ance +ra9$ 9 x 9 ! long w> ) ! ,moors4 ,spa91 says ,mi*elet1 has always felt h]self m ,ca?olic ?an ,rome4 #aede ,b ?is is a s]i\s misconception4 ,w>s associat$ ) a religi\s cause are usually foll[$ r by indiff]5ce ?an by increas$ fai?2 & ! long w>s ( ! ,moors & ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,spa9 _h "s su* sequel1 #aedf z _h ! ,crusades1 & ! lat] w>s ( religion 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,x is true t = a c5tury aft] ! 7political7 conv]sion ( ! ,visigo?ic k+ ,rec>$ 7#ehg7 f ,arianism to ,ca?olicism--an age ( complete decad5ce--! policy ( ! ,spani% ,*ur* 0 extremely intol]ant1 z might h be5 expect$4 ,! ,jews1 9 p>ticul>1 7 repeat$ly & murd]\sly p]secut$2 #aedg b aft] ! fall ( ! ,visigo?s be=e ! invad+ ,moors1 ! treatm5t ( all =ms ( h]esy 9 ! ,*ri/ian p>ts ( ! ,p59sula1 d[n to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! second or ,new ,inquisition "u ,torquemada1 0 9 g5]al r less sev]e ?an else:]e4 #aedh ,an exception is to be not$ 9 ! case ( ! edicts ( #aaid & #aaig1 by ,alfonso ,,ii & ,p$ro ,,ii 7! ,ca?olic7 ( ,aragon1 aga9/ ! ,wald5ses4 #aedi ,! policy 9 ! fir/ case 0 t ( :olesale expulsion ( ! h]etics ana!matiz$ by ! ,*ur*2 &1 z ?is laid ! victims op5 to plund] all r\nd1 !re is a presumption t cupidity 0 a ma9 "p ( ! motive4 ,pet] ! ,ca?olic1 9 turn1 :o decre$ ! /ake = ! h]etics t rema9$1 made a signally complete capitulation to ! ,holy ,see2 b ! nation did n support him2 & ! tribute he promis$ to pay to ! ,pope 0 nev] paid4 #aeej ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,moors _h be5 driv5 out ( ,ca/ile1 rationali/ic h]esy seems to h be5 z common 9 ,spa9 z 9 ,italy4 ,already ,arab culture _h spread1 ,ar*bi%op ,raymond ( ,tol$o 7#aacj-ej7 hav+ caus$ _m books to be translat$ f ,arabic into ,lat92 #aeea & inasmu* z racial w>f>e _h always involv$ "s int]c\rse betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,moors1 #aeeb ! ,av]ro/ influ5ce :i* s spe$ily rea*$ ,sicily f ,tol$o ?r\gh ,mi*ael ,scot mu/ h c\nt$ = some?+ 9 ,spa94 ,ab\t #abfj ,alfonso ,x1 ! ,wise k+ ( ,ca/ile1 describes ! h]esies ( 8 k+dom "u two ma9 divisions1 ( :i* ! worse is ! d5ial ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 #aeec ,?is h]esy1 fur!r1 is proce$$ aga9/ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,t>ragona 9 #abia4 ,& ?\gh ,alfonso 0 or?odox1 & 9 8 legislation a p]secutor1 #aeed 8 own a/ronomic & ma!matical sci5ce1 s fam\s 9 ! aft] times1 came to him f ! ,arabs & ! ,jews :om he actually call$ 9 to assi/ him 9 prep>+ 8 a/ronomic tables4 #aeee ,su* sci5ce 0 itself a species ( h]esy 9 t age2 & to x ! or?odox k+ owes 8 ,ca?olic reputation z a blasphem]1 z ,anti*ri/1 #aeef & z "o ( ! c\ntless au?ors ( ! fabul\s treatise on ! ,?ree ,impo/ors4 ,he w\ld fur!r rank z a bad ,*ur*man1 inasmu* z 8 v laws aga9/ h]esy took no acc\nt ( ! ,roman ,inquisition 7?\gh x 0 nom9ally e/abli%$ by a papal rescript 9 #abce71 #aeeg b provid$ indep5d5tly = ! treatm5t ( (f5d]s4 ,ne$less to say1 !y _h due reg>d to f9ance1 non-believ]s :o li/5$ to h]esy be+ f9$ t5 p\nds weight ( gold1 ) ! alt]native ( fifty la%es 9 public2 :ile ! prop]ty ( lay h]etics )\t k9 w5t to ! fisc4 #aeeh ,! law condemn+ to ! /ake ^? ,*ri/ians :o apo/atiz$ to ,islam or ,judaism #aeei _h also a f9ancial motive4 ,su* laws1 h[ev]1 left to unsy/ematic application1 7 b slightly op]ative2 & ! p fi]cely resi/$ :at attempts 7 made to en=ce !m4 #aefj ,at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! h]esies ( ! ,fr5* ,begu9es & ! ,franciscan ,spirituals spread 9 ,aragon1 bo? by way ( books & ( prea*+1 & ev5 ent]$ ,portugal4 ,aga9/ ^!1 9 ! ye>s #acad-acce1 ! ,inquisitors ma9ta9$ a p]secution4 #aefa ,b x has be5 put on record by ! fam\s ,arnaldo ( ,villanueva--a/ronom]1 s*ol>1 al*emi/1 re=m]1 & occulti/ #aefb 7d4 #acad7--^: books 7 at t p]iod condemn$ by a c\ncil ( fri>s because ( 8 *ampion%ip ( ! ,spirituals1 t ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,,ii ( ,aragon _h confess$ to him 8 d\bts z to ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion--d\bts set up by ! misconduct ( prie/s1 abbots1 & bi%ops2 ! malignities ( ! heads ( ! fri> ord]s2 & ! worldl9ess & political intrigues ( ! ,holy ,see4 #aefc ,su* a k+ 0 n likely to be a zeal\s inquisitor2 & ! fam\s ,joa*ite ,franciscan ,juan de ,p]a-,tallada 7,jean de la ,ro*etaillade71 imprison$ at ,avignon = 8 apocalyptic tea*+s ab\t #acdi1 seems to h di$ 9 peace 9 ,spa9 long aft]w>ds4 #aefd ,x _c ev5 be said t ! ord9>y motive ( rapacity work$ /rongly aga9/ h]esy 9 ,spa9 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 s9ce !re ! ,templ>s1 condemn$ & plund]$ ev]y:]e else1 7 acquitt$2 & _! f9al spoliation 0 ! "w ( ! papacy1 ! ,spani% au?orities resi/+4 #aefe ,we %all f9d1 fur!r1 ! or?odox ,spani% k+ ( ,naples 9 ! fifte5? c5tury protect+ anti-papal s*ol>%ip4 ,& ?\gh ,dom9ic1 ! prim>y type ( ! ,inquisitor1 _h be5 a ,ca/ilian1 no ,spani>d 0 ,pope f ! f\r? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & v few 7 c>d9als4 #aeff ,z late z ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 )9 a g5]ation ( ! sett+-up ( ! murd]\s ,new ,inquisition1 ,spa9 seems to h be5 on ! :ole z mu* giv5 to free?9k+ z ,france1 & mu* m s ?an ,engl&4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,av]rosm t+$ some:at ! intellectual life ?r\gh ! ,moori% environm5t1 s t 9 #adfd we f9d revolt$ nobles compla9+ t ,k+ ,enrique ,,iv is suspect$ ( be+ uns\nd 9 ! fai? because he has ab\t him bo? enemies ( ,ca?olicism & nom9al ,*ri/ians :o av[ _! disbelief 9 a future /ate4 #aefg ,on ! o!r h&1 x _h be5 not$ t _m 7 beg9n+ to d5y ! ne$ or efficacy ( prie/ly confession2 & ab\t #adgh a ,pr(essor at ,salamanca1 ,p$ro de ,osma1 actually pr9t$ an argum5t to t effect1 fur!r *all5g+ ! p[] ( ! ,pope4 ,s slight 0 !n ! ma*9]y ( inquisition t he _h to be publicly tri$ by a c\ncil1 :i* m]ely ord]$ him to recant 9 public2 & he di$ peacefully 9 #adhj4 #aefh ,x 0 imm$iately aft] ?is1 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 t ! ,inquisition 0 newly & effectively e/abli%$ 9 ,spa92 & ! det]m9+ motive 0 ! av>ice ( ! k+ & que51 n ! ,ca?olic zeal ( ! p4 ,! ,inquisitor-,g5]al ( ,mess9a came to ,madrid 9 #adgg 9 ord] to obta9 confirmation ( a =g$ privilege1 pret5d$ to h be5 grant$ to ! ,dom9icans 9 ,sicily by ,fr$]ick ,,ii 9 #abcc--t ( receiv+ "o-?ird ( ! prop]ty ( e h]etic !y condemn$4 ,to su* a rul] z ,f]d9&1 su* a sy/em readily appeal$2 & z soon z possible a new ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,spa91 ,isabella cons5t+4 #aefi ,f ! fir/ x 0 a sy/em ( plund]4 ,m5 long dead1 if !y 7 repres5t$ by ri* desc5dants1 7 cit$ be=e ! tribunal1 judg$1 & condemn$2 & ! l&s & goods t _h desc5d$ to _! heirs pass$ into ! c(f]s ( ! ,ca?olic k+s4 #aegj ,! solemn ass]tion by ,que5 ,isabella1 t %e _h nev] appli$ su* money to ! purposes ( ! cr[n1 has be5 prov$ f ,/ate pap]s to be a mo/ delib]ate & d>+ falsehood4 #aega ,! rev5ue ?us iniquit\sly obta9$ 0 enorm\s2 & x is inf]rible t ! pecuni>y motive und]lay ! lat] expulsion ( ! ,jews & ! ,moriscoes z well z ! av]age practice ( ! ,inquisition4 ,! error z to ! orig9al or anci5tly +ra9$ fanaticism ( ! ,spani% p1 fir/ made curr5t by ,ticknor 7,hi/4 ,spani% ,lit41 #f? ed4 i1 #eje71 has be5 to "s ext5t diffus$ by ,buckle1 :o at ?is po9t ( 8 inquiry reason$ priori in/ead ( inductively z 8 own pr9ciples prescrib$4 ,see ! notes to ! pres5t writ]'s edition ( 8 ,introduction 7,r\tl$ge1 #aijd71 pp4 #ajg1 #ecd-ej4 ,! special atrocity ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa9 0 n ev5 due directly to ! papacy 7cp4 ,burke1 ii1 #gh73 x 0 ! result fir/ ( ! rapacity ( ,f]d9&1 utiliz+ a papal in/itution2 & lat] ( ! political fanaticisms ( ,*>les ,v & ,philip ,,ii1 bo? ( ,teutonic z well z ,spani% desc5t4 ,philip alleg$ t ! ,inquisition 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 0 m sev]e ?an 9 ,spa9 7ed4 ( ,buckle cit$1 p4 #ajg1 note74 ,9 ! words ( ,bi%op ,/ubbs3 ,to a ,g]man race ( sov]eigns ,spa9 f9ally ow$ ! subv]sion ( h] national sy/em & anci5t fre$om 7id4 p4 #eej1 note74 ,su* a process1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h be5 possible 9 any c\ntry1 at any /age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 )\t ! initiative & ! support ( "s su* sacrosanct organization z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 wield+ a spell ov] ! m9ds ev5 ( ^? :o1 9 t]ror & despair1 f\ght aga9/ x4 ,z 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 s at ! end ( ! fifte5?1 #aegb ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa9 0 spasmodically resi/$ 9 ,aragon & ,ca/ile1 9 ,catalonia1 & 9 ,val5cia2 ! fir/ ,inquisitor-,g5]al 9 ,aragon be+ actually sla9 9 ! ca!dral ( ,s>agossa 9 #adhg1 despite 8 precaution ( we>+ a /eel cap & coat ( mail4 #aegc ,vigor\s prote/s f ! ,corts ev5 =c$ "s re/ra9t ^u ! entire ma*9e2 b su* occasional resi/ance c\ld n long c\nt]vail ! /eady pressure ( regal & (ficial av>ice & ! sy/ematic fanaticism ( ! ,dom9ican ord]4 ,x 0 ?us ! fate ( ,spa9 to illu/rate once = all ! p[] ( a dogmatic religi\s sy/em to extirpate ! _s ( reason f an entire nation = a :ole era4 ,!re & !re only1 save = a "t 9 ,italy1 did ! ,inquisition become all-p[]ful2 & x wr\ght = ! evisc]ation ( ! intellectual & mat]ial life ( ,spa9 ) a dem5t$ zeal to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 lat] hi/ory4 ,9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 aft] sev]al r&om massacres & mu* p]secution ( ! ,new ,*ri/ians or d\btful conv]ts f ,judaism1 #aegd ! unconv]t$ ,jews ( ,spa9 7 9 #adhi p5n$ into ,ghettos1 & 7 9 #adib expell$ bodily f ! c\ntry1 ) e circum/ance ( cruelty1 s f> z ,*ur* & ,/ate c\ld compass _! plans4 ,by ?is measure at lea/ #afj1jjj subjects #aege ( m ?an av]age value 7 lo/ to ! ,/ate4 ,portugal & o!r ,*ri/ian c\ntries took ! same cruel /ep a few ye>s lat]2 b ,spa9 c>ri$ ! policy mu* fur!r4 ,f ! ye> ( its e/abli%m5t1 ! ,inquisition 0 hotly at "w de/roy+ h]esy ( e k9d2 & ! r5[n$ ,torquemada1 ! confessor ( ,isabella1 is cr$it$ ) hav+ burn$ ov] t5 ?\s& p]sons 9 8 eighte5 ye>s ( (fice z ,gr& ,inquisitor1 besides tortur+ _m ?\s&s4 ,close ^u a hundr$ ?\s& m 7 t]rifi$ into submission2 & a fur!r six ?\s& burn$ 9 effigy 9 _! abs5ce or aft] dea?4 #aegf ,! de/ruction ( books 0 proportionally ?or\gh2 #aegg & :5 ,lu!ran ,prote/antism arose x 0 p]si/5tly kill$ out2 ?\s&s leav+ ! c\ntry 9 view ( ! hopelessness ( ! cause4 #aegh ,at ?is rate1 e ve/ige ( indep5d5t ?\ght mu/ soon h disappe>$ f any nation 9 ! _w4 ,if %e is to be judg$ by ! numb] ( h] sla9 & exil$ h]etics1 ,spa9 mu/ once h be5 ne>ly z fecund 9 re=mative & innovat+ ?\ght z any ,/ate 9 nor!rn ,europe2 b ! fatal conjunction ( ! royal & ! cl]ical au?ority suffic$ = a :ole era to d5ude h] ( e v>iety ( ! free?9k+ species4 #aegi #aj4 ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,engl& ,ly+ on ! outskirts ( ! _w ( culture1 ,engl& 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages & ! p]iod ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance liv$ intellectually1 ev5 :]e m9i/]$ to by ! g5ius ( ,*auc]1 = ! mo/ "p 9 dep5d5ce on ,cont95tal impulses2 yet n )\t notable outcrops ( native en]gy4 ,!re is inde$ no m rem>kable figure 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?an ,rog] ,bacon 78 #abad-abid71 ! ,engli% ,franciscan fri>1 s*ool$ at ,p>is4 ,8 c>e] rema9s /ill 9 p>ts obscure4 ,born at or ne> ,il*e/]1 9 ,som]set%ire1 he /udi$ at ,ox=d "u ,edmund ,ri*1 ,ri*>d ,fitzacre1 ,rob]t ,gros/te1 & ,adam de ,m>isco2 & lat]1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 at ,p>is1 :]e he is suppos$ to h held a *air4 ,on 8 return he 0 lioniz$2 b a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #abeg1 we f9d him aga9 9 ,p>is1 bani%$ ?i!r by 8 ,ord]4 #aehj ,he 0 n absolutely imprison$1 b ord]$ to live "u (ficial surveillance 9 a dwell+ :]e he 0 =bidd5 to write1 to speak to novices1 or obs]ve ! />s--rules :i*1 x is pretty cle>1 he broke1 "o & all4 #aeha ,aft] "s eight ye>s ( ?is durance1 ,c>d9al ,guido ,falcodi 7o!rwise ,guy ,f\caud or ,de ,f\lques71 :o :ile act+ z papal legate 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( ! ris+ ( ,simon de ,mont=t may h kn[n or he>d ( ,bacon1 became int]e/$ 9 him ?r\gh 8 *apla91 ,raymond ( ,laon1 :o spoke 79 error7 ( ! imprison$ fri> z hav+ writt5 mu* on sci5ce4 ,! c>d9al accord+ly wrote ask+ to see ! writ+s 9 "q4 ,bacon s5t by a fri5d an explanation to ! effect t he _h writt5 little1 & t he c\ld n devote himself to composition )\t a writt5 m&ate & a papal disp5sation4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,c>d9al 0 elevat$ to ! papacy z ,clem5t ,,iv2 & 9 t capacity1 a ye> lat] 7#abff71 he wrote to ,bacon au?oriz+ him to disobey 8 sup]ior1 b exhort+ him to d x secretly4 ,bacon1 by 8 own acc\nt1 _h already sp5t 9 =ty ye>s ( /udy #b1jjj libri #aehb 9 addition to pur*ases ( books & in/rum5ts & tea*]'s fees2 & x is n kn[n :e!r ! ,pope furni%$ ! supplies he decl>$ he ne$$4 #aehc ,to "w1 h[ev]1 he w5t ) an a/oni%+ indu/ry1 & 9 ! c\rse ( less ?an eighte5 mon?s #aehd he _h produc$ 8 *ief treatise1 ! ,opus ,majus2 ! ,opus ,m9us1 design$ z a summ>y or sample ( ! =m]2 & ! lat] ,opus ,t]tium1 plann$ to s]ve z a preamble to ! two o!rs4 #aehe ,?r\gh all ?ree docum5ts !re runs ! same inspiration1 ! ,opus ,t]tium & ! ,majus con/itut+ a complete treatise1 :i* gives at once ! mo/ vivid idea ( ! /ate ( culture at ! "t1 & ! mo/ intimate pres5tm5t ( a /ud5t's m9d1 t survive f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 no?+ less ?an a dem&1 su* z 0 made by ,francis ,bacon ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 & by ,augu/e ,comte 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = a recon/ruction ( all /udies & all tuition4 ,nei!r pope nor emp]or c\ld h met x2 b ,clem5t gave ,rog] 8 fre$om1 & he return$ to ,ox=d1 papally protect$1 at ! end ( #abfg4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,clem5t di$1 & 0 succe$$ by ,gregory ,x1 a ,franciscan4 ,at ?is /age ( 8 life ,bacon reveal$ t1 :atev] 7 8 wrongs1 he 0 incl9$ to g halfway to meet !m4 ,9 a new writ+ ( simil> purport ) ! o!rs1 ! ,comp5dium ,philosophi1 writt5 9 #abga1 #aehf he n only attack$ 9 detail ! ecclesia/ical sy/em1 #aehg b argu$ t ! ,*ri/ians 7 incomp>ably inf]ior to pagans 9 morals1 & !re=e 9 sci5ce2 #aehh t !re 0 m tru? 9 ,ari/otle's few *apt]s on laws ?an 9 ! :ole corpus juris2 #aehi t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 z commonly taught1 0 n free ( errors2 & t philosophy truly taught1 & n z 9 ! s*ools1 0 p]haps ! sur] way to atta9 bo? tru? & salvation4 #aeij ,aga9 he 0 prosecut$2 & ?is "t1 aft] mu* delay1 x 0 decid$ t ! entire ,ord] %\ld deal ) ! case4 ,n till #abgg did ! trial come (f1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! *ief ( ! ,ord]1 ,j]ome ( ,ascoli4 ,bacon 0 bracket$ ) ano!r insubord9ate bro!r1 ,jean d',olive2 & bo? 7 condemn$4 ,9 ,bacon's case 8 doctr9e 0 specifi$ z cont95tem aliquas novitates suspectas1 propt] quas fuit idem ,rog]ius c>c]i condempnatus4 #aeia ,?is "t ,bacon seems to h und]gone a real imprisonm5t1 :i* la/$ f\rte5 ye>s4 ,dur+ t "t f\r m popes held (fice1 ! la/ ( !m be+ ! said ,j]ome1 elevat$ to ! papal *air z ,ni*olas ,,iv4 ,n till 8 dea? 9 #abib 0 ,bacon releas$--to die two ye>s lat]4 ,he 0 9 fact1 ) all 8 dogmatic or?odoxy1 too ess5tially 9 advance ( 8 age to be o!rwise ?an suspect to ! typical ecclesia/ics ( any "t4 ,! m>vel is t ) 8 radical skepticism z to all =ms ( human k2 8 int5se p]ception ( ! fatality ( alt]nate cr$ulity & indiff]5ce :i* kept mo/ m5 9 a /ate ( positive or negative error on e !me2 8 insatiable ?ir/ = k2 8 inv9cible repugnance to all ackn[l$gm5t ( au?ority1 #aeib & 8 insi/5ce on an e?ical end1 he %\ld h be5 able to re/ z he did 9 ! assumption ( a div9e infallibility ve/$ 9 :at he knew to be a corruptible text4 ,x 0 d\btless defect ( /rictly philosophic ?\ght1 z di/+ui%$ f practical critical faculty1 t enabl$ him to rema9 or?odox 9 !ology :ile anti-au?orit>ian 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,z x 01 8 recalcitrance to au?ority 9 su* an age suffic$ to make 8 life a w>f>e ^u e>?4 ,& x is n surpris+ t1 ev5 z 8 ,franciscan pr$ecessor ,rob]t ,gros/te1 bi%op ( ,l9coln1 came to be reput$ a sorc]] on ! /r5g? ( hav+ writt5 _m treatises on sci5tific que/ions--z well z on wit*craft--,rog] ,bacon became a wiz>d 9 popul> leg5d1 & a sc&al 9 ! eyes ( 8 imm$iate sup]iors1 = a ze/ ( secul> curiosity no less uncommon & unprie/like4 #aeic ,x is sometimes impossible to avoid smil+1 says "o philosophic hi/orian ( him1 :5 "o sees h[ artfully ?is p]sonifi$ ?ir/ = k seeks to p]suade himself1 or 8 read]s1 t k int]e/s him only = ecclesia/ical ends4 ,no "o has believ$ x3 nei!r po/]ity 444 nor 8 contempor>ies1 :o di/ru/$ him z worldly-m9d$4 #aeid ,worldly-m9d$ he 0 9 a noble s5se1 z seek+ to "k ! _w ( ,nature2 & p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable pro( ( 8 orig9ality on ?is side is 8 acceptance ( ! !ory ( ! e>?'s sph]icity4 ,pet] de ,alliaco1 ^: ,imago ,mundi 0 compil$ 9 #adaj1 transcrib$ f ,rog] ,bacon's ,opus ,majus almo/ lit]ally1 b )\t ackn[l$gm5t1 a passage conta9+ quotations f ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 & ,s5eca1 all argu+ = ! possibility ( rea*+ ,india by sail+ we/w>d4 ,columbus1 x is kn[n1 0 famili> ) ! ,imago ,mundi2 & ?is passage seems greatly to h inspir$ him 9 8 task4 #aeie ,?is alone 0 suffici5t practical h]esy to put ,bacon 9 dang]2 & yet 8 real or?odoxy c h>dly be d\bt$4 #aeif ,he always prote/$ aga9/ ! s*ola/ic doctr9e ( a tw(old tru?1 insi/+ t revelation & philosophy 7 at "o1 b t ! latt] also 0 div9e4 #aeig ,x probably matt]$ little to 8 sup]iors1 h[ev]1 :at view he took ( ! ab/ract "q3 x 0 8 zeal = concrete k t !y dete/$4 ,8 works rema9 to %[ ! sci5tific rea* ( :i* 8 age 0 capable1 :5 help$ by ! lore ( ! ,arabs2 = he seems to h drawn f ,av]ros "s ( 8 inspiration to rese>*2 #aeih b 9 ! ,engl& ( t day 8 ideals ( rese>* 7 z unatta9able z 8 wra? aga9/ cl]ical ob/ruction 0 p[]less2 #aeii & ,av]rosm 9 ,engl& made little = innovation4 #afjj ,! ,engli% ,r5aissance prop]ly sets-9 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! glory ( t ( ,italy is pass+ away4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 inde$1 a rem>kable new life is se5 aris+ 9 ,engl& 9 ! poetry & prose ( ,*auc]1 f contact ) ! lit]ature ( ,italy & ,france2 b :ile ,*auc] reflects ! spontane\s m$ieval ho/ility to ! self-seek+ & fraudul5t cl]gy1 & writes ( deity ) q m$ieval irrev]5ce1 #afja he tells little ( ! ,r5aissance _s ( critical unbelief1 save :5 he notes ! prov]bial irreligion ( ! physicians1 #afjb or smiles significantly ov] ! problem ( ! pot5cy ( cl]ical curs+ & absolution1 #afjc or %rugs 8 %\ld]s ov] ! "q ( a future /ate4 #afjd ,9 su* matt]s he is noticeably undev\t2 & ?\gh x is impossible to f\nd on su* passages a confid5t ass]tion t ,*auc] _h no belief 9 immortality1 x is equally impossible 9 view ( !m to claim t he 0 a w>m believ]4 ,pr(4 ,l\nsbury1 :o has gone closely & critically into ! :ole "q ( ,*auc]'s religi\s op9ions1 asks conc]n+ ! l9es 9 ! ,knight's ,tale on ! pass+ ( ,arcite3 ,c mod]n agno/icism po9t to a d5ial m emphatic ?an t made 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ( ! belief t !re exi/s = u any assurance ( ! life t is liv$ beyond ! grave8 7,/udies 9 ,*auc]1 #ahib1 ii1 #ead-ae74 ,pr(4 ,skeat1 aga91 affirms 7,notes to ! ,tales1 ,cl>4 ,press ,compl4 ,*auc]1 v1 #ib7 t ! real reason :y ,*auc] c\ld n "h describe ! passage ( ,arcite's s\l to heav5 is because he _h already copi$ ,boccaccio's description1 & _h us$ x ) respect to ! dea? ( ,troilus 7see ,troil4 v1 #ahjg-bg2 /anzas #g1 #h1 #i f ! end74 ,?is evades ! "q z to ! poet's fai?4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! passage 9 ,troilus & ,criseyde is purely pagan1 & tells ( no ,*ri/ian belief1 ?\gh t poem1 writt5 be=e ! ,tales1 seems to p>ade a ,*ri/ian contempt = pagan lore4 7,cp4 ,l\nsbury1 z cit$1 p4 #eab47 ,! ascription ( unbelief seems a /ra9+ ( ! evid5ce2 b x w\ld be difficult to ga9say ! critic's summ+-up3 ,! g5]al view ( all 8 ,*auc]'s production leaves ^u ! m9d ! impression t 8 p]sonal religi\s hi/ory 0 m>k$ by ! dw9dl+ dev\tness :i* makes up ! exp]i5ce ( s _m lives--! fall+s f u1 ! vani%+s1 we "k n h[ or :51 ( beliefs 9 :i* we h be5 br$4 ,"o *>act]i/ic :i* n unusually accompanies ! decl9e ( fai? 9 ! individual is 9 him v conspicu\s4 ,?is is ! prom95ce giv5 to ! falsity & fraud ( ^? :o h pr(ess$ly devot$ !mselves to ! advancem5t ( ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity4444 ,mu* ( ,*auc]'s late "w1 s f> z we "k x to be late1 is di/9ctly ho/ile to ! ,*ur*4444 ,x is1 moreov]1 ho/ile 9 a way t implies an utt] disbelief 9 c]ta9 ( its t5ets1 & ev5 a disposition to reg>d !m z full ( m5ace to ! future ( civilization 7,l\nsbury1 vol4 cit$1 pp4 #eai-bj74 ,aga9/ ?is g5]al view is to be set t :i* proce$s on an unque/ion+ acceptance ( ! ,retractation or confession at ! close ( ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 z to ! vex$ "q ( ! g5u95ess ( :i* see ! same critic1 "w cit$1 i1 #dab-ae2 iii1 #dj4 ,! fact t ! docum5t is app5d$ to ! conclud+ ,p>son's ,tale 7also *all5g$ z to au!nticity71 :i* is n a tale at all1 & to :i* ! confession ref]s z ?is little treatise or r$e1 sugge/s /rongly a cl]ical influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u ! ag+ poet4 ,to inf] real devotion on 8 "p f 8 sympa!tic acc\nt ( ! good p>son1 or f ! dubi\s ,retractation app5d$ to ! ,tales1 is z unw>rantable z is ! notion1 dat+ f ! ,re=mation p]iod1 t he 0 a ,wicliffite4 #afje ,ev5 if ! ,retractation be ( 8 writ+1 "u pressure 9 old age1 x po9ts to a previ\s indiff]5tism2 & f ! great mass ( 8 "w !re c be drawn only ! inf]5ce t he is ess5tially non-religi\s 9 temp] & habit ( m9d4 ,b he is no disputant1 no propag&i/1 :e!r on ecclesia/ical or on intellectual gr\nds2 & aft] 8 day !re is social retrogression & lit]>y relapse 9 ,engl& = two c5turies4 ,t !re 0 "s practical rationalism 9 8 day1 h[ev]1 we ga!r f ! ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman1 by ! contempor>y poet ,langl& 7fl4 #acfj-ij71 :]e !re is a vivid acc\nt ( ! habit among anti-cl]ical laym5 ( argu+ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 & ! entailm5t ( ,adam's (f5ce on ! :ole human race4 #afjf ,to ?is way ( ?9k+ ,*auc] probably gave a /imulus by 8 translation ( ! ,de ,consolatione ,philosophiae ( ,boe?ius1 :]e is cit$ ! n unskilful dilemma3 ,if ,god is1 :5ce come wick$ ?+s8 ,& if ,god is n1 :5ce come good ?+s8 #afjg ,! /ress ( ! problem is h>d ^u !ism2 & to pond] x 0 to res5t ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ guilt4 ,! ,*ur* _h1 9 fact1 visibly turn$ ?is dogma to its own ends1 insi/+ on ! univ]sal ne$ ( gho/ly help ev5 z x repell$ ! doctr9e ( unalt]able pr$e/9ation4 ,9 bo? cases1 ( c\rse1 ! matt] 0 settl$ by ,scripture & au?ority2 & ,langl&'s reply to ! h]etics is m]e angry dogmatism4 ,!re fl\ri%$1 fur!r1 a rem>kable am\nt ( h]esy ( ! species se5 9 ,prov5ce & ,nor!rn ,italy 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 su* sect>ies be+ kn[n 9 ,engl& "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,loll>ds1 d]iv$ f ! ,flemi%1 9 :i* x seems to h signifi$ s+]s ( hymns4 #afjh ,loll>ds or ,begh>ds1 />t+ f ! s\!rn po9t ( propagation1 spread all ov] civiliz$ ,nor!rn ,europe1 meet+ ev]y:]e p]secution alike f ! p>i% prie/s & ! m5dicant monks2 & 9 ,engl& z else:]e _! anti-cl]icalism & _! h]esy 7 correlative4 ,9 ! =mal ,loll>d petition to ,p>liam5t 9 #acie1 h[ev]1 !re is evid5t an am\nt ( innovat+ op9ion :i* implies m ?an ! m]e /imulus ( f9ancial pressure4 ,n only ! papal au?ority1 mona/]ies1 cl]ical celibacy1 nuns' v[s1 transub/antiation1 exorcisms1 b\ght bless+s1 pilgrimages1 pray]s = ! dead1 (f]+s to images1 confessions & absolutions1 b w> & capital puni%m5t & unnecess>y trades1 su* z ^? ( goldsmi?s & arm\r]s1 are condemn$ by ^? e>ly ,utopi/s4 #afji ,9 :at proportion !y really ?\ght out ! issues !y dealt ) we c h>dly asc]ta92 b a *ronicl] ( ,wiclif's "t1 liv+ at ,leice/]1 te/ifies t y c\ld n meet two m5 9 ! /reet b "o 0 a ,loll>d4 #afaj ,! movem5t sub/antially came to no?+1 suff]+ murd]\s p]secution 9 ! p]son ( ,oldca/le 7,"l ,cobham7 & o!rs1 & disappe>+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ! demoralization ( conque/ & ! ru9 ( ! civil w>s2 b ap>t f ,*auc]'s poetry x is m significant ( =eign influ5ces 9 ,engl& ?an almo/ any o!r ph5om5on d[n to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,x is /ill d\btful1 inde$1 :5ce ! p[]ful ,wiclif d]iv$ 8 m>k$ ,prote/antism z to "s ,ca?olic dogmas2 b x w\ld seem t he too may h be5 rea*$ by ! old] ,paulician or o!r s\!rn h]esy4 #afaa ,z e>ly z #abhf a =m ( h]esy approa*+ ! ,albig5sian & ! ,wald5sian is f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury1 c]ta9 p]sons !re ma9ta9+ t ,*ri/ians 7 n b\nd by ! au?ority ( ! ,pope & ! ,fa!rs1 b solely by t ( ! ,bible & necess>y reason4 #afab ,x is true t ,wiclif nev] ref]s to ! ,wald5ses or ,albig5ses1 or any ( ! cont95tal re=m]s ( 8 day1 ?\gh he (t5 cites 8 ,engli% pr$ecessor1 ,bi%op ,gros/te2 #afac b ?is may h be5 on gr\nds ( policy4 ,to cite h]etics c\ld d no good2 to cite a bi%op 0 helpful4 ,! ma9 reason = d\bt+ a =eign influ5ce 9 8 case is t to ! la/ he held by purgatory & absolute pr$e/9ation4 #afad ,9 any case1 ,wiclif's practical & moral res5tm5t ( ecclesia/ical abuses 0 ! ma9spr+ ( 8 doctr9e2 & 8 h]esies z to transub/antiation & o!r articles ( fai? c be se5 to connect ) 8 anti-prie/ly attitude4 ,he1 h[ev]1 0 morally dis9t]e/$ z comp>$ ) ! w\ld-be plund]]s :o =m$ ! bulk ( ! anti-,*ur* p>ty ( ,john ( ,gaunt2 & 8 failure to effect any re=mation 0 due to ! fact t on "o h& !re 0 n intellig5ce en\gh 9 ! nation to respond to 8 doctr9al common s5se1 :ile on ! o!r he c\ld n s sep>ate ecclesia/ical f feudal tyranny & extortion z to set up a political movem5t :i* %\ld /rike at cl]ical evils )\t incit+ "s to impea* ! nobility :o held ! balance ( political p[]4 ,*>g$ ) sett+ vassals aga9/ tyrant lords1 he 0 =c$ to plead t he taught ! rev]se1 ?\gh he ju/ifi$ ! )hold+ ( ti!s f bad curates4 #afae ,! revolt l$ by ,john ,ball 9 #acha1 :i* 0 9 no way promot$ by ,wiclif1 #afaf %[$ t ! c\ntry p suff]$ z mu* f lay z f cl]ical oppression4 ,! "t1 9 %ort1 0 "o ( common f]m5t1 & n only 7 !re o!r re=m]s :o w5t mu* f>!r ?an ,wiclif 9 ! matt] ( social recon/ruction1 #afag b we "k f 8 writ+s t !re 7 h]etics :o c>ri$ _! criticism z f> z to *all5ge ! au?ority & cr$ibility ( ! ,scriptures4 ,aga9/ ^! accusatores & inimici ,scripturae he repeat$ly speaks 9 8 treatise ,de v]itate ,scripturae ,sacrae1 #afah :i* is ?us "o ( ! v e>lie/ works 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ mod]n criticism4 #afai ,8 position1 h[ev]1 is almo/ :olly m$ieval4 ,"o qualification %\ld p]haps be made1 9 respect ( 8 occasional resort to reason :]e x 0 lea/ to be expect$1 z on ! "q ( re/rictions on m>riage4 #afbj ,b on su* po9ts he wav]$2 & o!rwise he is m]ely scripturali/4 ,! inf9ite sup]iority ( ,*ri/ to all o!r m51 & ,*ri/'s virtual au?or%ip ( ! entire ,scriptures1 are 8 premisses--a way ( begg+ ! "q s simple-m9d$ t x is cle> ! o!r side 0 n he>d 9 reply1 ?\gh ^! argum5ts _h =m$ "p ( 8 !ological lectures1 #afba & s pre-suppos$ a real opposition4 ,wiclif 0 9 %ort a typical ,prote/ant 9 8 unque/ion+ acceptance ( ! ,bible z a sup]natural au?ority2 & :5 8 dem& = ! publication ( ! ,bible 9 ,engli% 0 met by worldly cl]ks ) ! cry t x w\ld set ,*ri/ians 9 debate1 & subjects to rebel aga9/ _! sov]eigns1 he c\ld only prote/ t !y op5ly sl&] ,god1 ! au?or ( peace1 & 8 holy law4 ,lat] ,engli% hi/ory prov$ t ! worldly cl]ks 7 p]fectly "r1 & ,wiclif ! err+ optimi/ ( fai?4 ,= ! re/1 8 ess5tially dogmatic view ( religion did no?+ to c\nt]act ! _s ( p]secution2 & ! pass+ ( ! ,/atute = ! ,burn+ ( ,h]etics 9 #adja1 ) ! ready cons5t ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 con/itut$ ! due dogmatic answ] to dogmatic criticism4 ,yet )9 a few ye>s ! ,commons 7 propos+ to confiscate ! rev5ues ( ! high] cl]gy3 #afbb s f> 0 anti-cl]icalism f imply+ het]odoxy4 #aa4 ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,france ,z reg>ds ,france1 ! record ( intellectual hi/ory betwe5 ! ?irte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies is h>dly less scanty ?an z reg>ds ,engl&4 ,9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ! intellectual life ( ! ,fr5* philosophic s*ools1 z we saw1 0 m vigor\s & expansive ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry2 s t1 look+ fur!r to ! ,prov5al lit]ature & to ! ,fr5* beg9n+s ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ,france might ev5 be said to prep>e ! ,r5aissance4 #afbc ,outside ( ! s*ools1 too1 !re 0 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies a notable dissem9ation ( p>tially philosophical ?\ght among ! middle-class laity4 ,at t p]iod ! anti-cl]ical t5d5cy 0 /ronge/ 9 ,france1 :]e 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury lay s*ol>%ip /ood highe/4 ,9 ! reign ( ,philippe le ,bel 7end ( ?irte5? c5tury7 0 compos$ ! poem ,fauvel1 by ,franois de ,rues1 :i* is a direct attack on pope & cl]gy2 #afbd & 9 ! fam\s ,roman de la ,rose1 z develop$ by ,jean le ,clop9el 7 ! ,limp]7 ( ,meung-sur-,loire1 !re ent]s1 )\t any criticism ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 an elem5t ( all-r\nd ,naturalism :i* indirectly mu/ h made = reason4 ,begun by ,guillaume de ,lorris 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,l\is 9 a key ( s5tim5t & lyricism1 ! poem is c>ri$ on by ,jean de ,meung "u ,philippe le ,bel 9 a _s ( criticism1 cynicism1 sci5ce1 & satire1 :i* tells ( _m developm5ts 9 =ty ye>s4 ,! cont9uation c h>dly h be5 writt51 z "s lit]>y hi/orians assume1 ab\t its au?or's tw5ty-fif? ye>2 b x may be dat$ ) "s c]ta9ty betwe5 #abgj & #abhe4 ,to ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessor1 am\nt+ to less ?an #e1jjj l9es1 he add$ #ah1jjj1 p\r+ =? a m$ley ( s*ol>%ip1 p$antry1 philosophic reflection1 speculation on ! process ( nature & ! /ructure & ills ( society1 on prop]ty1 morals1 m>riage1 wit*craft1 ! *>act]s ( wom51 monks1 fri>s1 ari/ocrats--! :ole pageant ( m$ieval k & fancy4 ,! lit]>y p[] ( ! :ole is great1 & may be recomm5d$ to ! g5]al read] z comp>+ (t5 ) t %[n 9 ! satirical & social-didactic poems ( ,burns1 ?\gh )\t mu* ( ! brea? ( poetry4 ,p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 9 ! hi/oric retrospect1 is ! assimilization ( ! anci5t ,/oic philosophy ( liv+ accord+ to ,nature1 set =? 9 ! "n ( a ,reason :o is notably free f !ological prepossessions4 ,x is f ?is /&po9t t ,jean de ,meung assails ! m5dicant fri>s & ! monks 9 g5]al3 he w\ld h m5 recognize ! natural laws ( life2 & he c>ries ! pr9ciple to ! l5g? ( insi/+ on ! artificial nature ( ari/ocracy & mon>*y1 :i* are ju/ifiable only z f> z !y subs]ve ! common good4 ,?us he rises above ! m$ieval lit]>y prejudice aga9/ ! common p1 ^: m]it he recognizes z ,montaigne did lat]4 ,on ! side ( sci5ce1 he expressly d5ies #afbe t comets c>ry any su* message z 0 commonly ascrib$ to !m alike by popul> sup]/ition & by !ology--a /ret* ( free?9k+ p]haps traceable to ,s5eca1 b none!less c5turies 9 advance ( ! ,*ri/5dom ( ! "t4 #afbf ,on ! side ( religion1 aga91 he is "o ( ! fir/ to v9dicate ! lay conception ( ,*ri/ian excell5ce z aga9/ ! ecclesia/ical4 ,8 ,naturalism1 s f>1 work$ consi/5tly 9 mak+ him at once anti-ascetic & anti-sup]naturali/4 ,x is n to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t ,jean de ,meung _h le>n$ to d\bt ! validity ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,8 long poem1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> books 9 ,europe = two hundr$ ye>s1 c\ld nev] h _h its vogue if its read]s c\ld h suspect$ x to be ev5 indirectly anti-,*ri/ian4 ,he c h>dly h held1 z "s hi/orians believe1 #afbg ! /atus ( a prea*+ fri>2 b he claims t he nei!r blames nor defames religion1 #afbh respect+ x 9 all =ms1 provid$ x be humble & loyal4 ,he 0 9 fact a man ( "s weal?1 mu* culture1 & ord]ly 9 life1 ?us /&+ out f ! e>li] ,goli>d type4 ,:51 !n1 he pron\nces ,nature ! m9i/] ( ?is e>?ly /ate1 vic> & con/able ( ! et]nal emp]or1 he has no ?\ght ( de?ron+ ,deity1 or ev5 ( sett+ aside ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 8 rhym$ ,te/am5t he expresses himself q pi\sly1 & lectures monks & wom5 9 an edify+ fa%ion4 ,to say !re=e t ,jean de ,meung's "p ( ! ,roman de la ,rose is a popul> satire on ! beliefs ( ,romanism 7,ow51 ,skeptics ( ,ital4 ,r5ais4 p4 #dd7 is to mis/ate ! case4 ,8 doctr9e is r an intellectual expression ( ! lit]>y reaction aga9/ asceticism 7cp4 ,b>toli1 ,/oria della lett]atura italiana1 i1 #cai1 quot+ ,l5i5t7 :i* _h be5 spontane\sly begun by ! ,goli>ds & ,tr\bad\rs4 ,at ! same "t ! poem does /& = ! new secul> _s alike 9 its +ra9$ religion & its nasc5t free?\ght 7,sa9tsbury1 p4 #hg72 & ) ! ,reyn>d epic x may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! beg9n+ ( a :ole revolution1 ! resurg5ce & affirmation ( ! laity1 ! new =ce :i* is to trans=m ! _w1 aga9/ ! ,*ur* 7,b>toli1 ,/oria1 i1 #cjh2 cp4 ,demogeot1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 fr4 #e;e d4 pp4 #acj-ca1 #aeg2 ,lanson1 pp4 #acb-cf74 ,! frequ5t fl+s at ! cl]gy 7cp4 ! p>tly ,*auc]ian ,engli% v]sion1 ,skeat's ed4 ( ,*auc]'s ,works1 i1 #bcd2 ,bell's ed4 iv1 #bcj7 7 suffici5t to draw ^u ?is z ^u o!r m$ieval poems ( mu* secul> vogue ! ang] ( ! ,*ur* 7,sismondi1 ,lit4 ( ,s\?4 ,europe1 i1 #baf72 b !y 7 none ! less reli%$ by believ+ read]s4 ,! ,*ur* 0 9 fact n an entity ( "o m9d2 & "s ( its sections enjoy$ satire direct$ aga9/ ! o!rs4 ,:51 !n1 we speak ( ! anti-cl]ical "* ( mu* m$ieval poetry1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ exagg]at$ implications4 ,x is some:at ( a /ra9+ ( ! facts1 = in/ance1 to say ( ! humor\s tale ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 s widely popul> 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t x is ess5tially anti-cl]ical to ! ext5t t ,reyn>d is laic3 ,is5grim ! wolf is cl]ical 7,b>toli1 ,/oria della lett]atura italiana1 i1 #cjg2 cp4 ,ow51 ,skeptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 p4 #dd74 ,! ,reyn>d epic1 9 orig9 a simple humor\s animal-/ory1 _h v>i\s lat] =ms4 ,"s ( ^!1 z ! ,lat9 poem1 & especially ! v]sion attribut$ to ,pet] ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 7 m>k$ly anti-cl]ical1 ! latt] exhibit+ a _s ( all-r\nd pr(anity h>dly compatible ) belief 7cp4 ,g]v9us1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,di*tung1 #ete ,ausg4 i1 #bbg-bh2 ,gebh>t1 ,les ,orig9es de la ,r5ais4 en ,italie1 #ahgd1 p4 #ci72 b ! v]sion curr5t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* 0 lat] r5d]$ into ,engli% prose by ,caxton1 is ( a v diff]5t "* 7,g]v9us1 p4 #bbi sq474 ,9 ,caxton's v]sion x is impossible to reg>d ,reyn>d z laic & ,is5grim z cl]ical2 ?\gh 9 ! ,lat9 & o!r v]sions ! wolf figures z monk or abbot4 7,see also ! v>i\s %ort] satires publi%$ by ,grimm 9 8 ,re9h>t ,fu*s1 #ahcd47 ,(t5 ! au?or%ip is itself cl]ical1 "o p>ty or ord] satiriz+ ano!r2 sometimes ! _s is religi\s1 sometimes m>k$ly irrev]5t4 7,g]v9us1 pp4 #bad-ba74 ,la plup>t de ces satires sont l'oeuvre des mo9es et des abbs 7,l5i5t1 ,la ,satire en ,france au moy5 ge1 #ahei1 prf4 p4 #d72 & to say t ^! m5 7 (t5 irreligi\s is n to say t !y 7 rationali/s4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t nasc5t ,prote/antism 9 ,engl& "u ,h5ry ,,viii resort$ to ! weapons ( obsc5e p>ody 7,blunt1 ,ref4 ( ,*4 ( ,engl&1 ed4 #ahib1 i1 #bgc1 note74 ,9 f9e1 we may say ) a judici\s ,fr5* hi/orian1 "o _c get out ( 8 "t1 & ! "t 0 n come to be non-,*ri/ian4 ,jean de ,meung did n p]ceive t 8 ?\ght put him outside ! ,*ur*1 & upset h] f\ndations4 ,he is believ+ & pi\s1 l ,rutebeuf4444 ,! ,gospel is 8 rule3 he holds x2 he def5ds x2 he disputes ) ^? :o seem to him to dep>t f x2 he makes himself ! *ampion ( ! old fai? aga9/ ! novelties ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel4444 ,8 situation is t ( ! fir/ re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o believ$ !mselves to s]ve ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 us+ _! reason1 & :o v s9c]ely1 v pi\sly1 hop$ = ! re=m ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ! progress ( philosophy4 #afbi ,nev]!less1 adds ! same hi/orian1 "o _c exagg]ate ! real weight ( ! "w4 ,by 8 philosophy1 :i* consi/s ess5tially 9 ! id5tity1 ! sov]eignty1 ( ,nature & ,reason1 he is ! fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 :i* connects ,rabelais1 ,montaigne1 ,molire2 to :i* ,voltaire also l9ks himself1 & ev5 9 c]ta9 reg>ds ,boileau4 #afcj ,m5 c\ld n !n see :i!r ! pr9ciple ( ,nature & ,reason 0 to lead1 yet ev5 9 ! age ( ,jean de ,meung ! philosophic heads w5t f>1 & he c h>dly h miss$ kn[+ z mu*1 if1 z is suppos$1 he /udi$ at ,p>is1 z he c]ta9ly liv$ & di$ !re4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 z be=e not$1 rationalism at ! ,p>is univ]sity 0 frequ5tly c>ri$ 9 private to a rejection ( all ! dogmas peculi> to ,*ri/ianity4 ,at t great s*ool ,rog] ,bacon seems to h acquir$ 8 encyclopdic le>n+ & 8 critical habit2 & !re x 0 t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,william ( ,occam n\ri%$ 8 rem>kable philosophic faculty4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re is a relative arre/ ( ,fr5* progress = "s two c5turies4 #afca ,?ree ma9 conditions s]v$ to *eck intellectual advance3 ! civil w>s :i* involv$ ! loss ( ! communal lib]ties :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,france betwe5 ! elev5? & ?irte5? c5turies2 #afcb ! exhau/ion ( ! nation by ! ,engli% invasion "u ,edw>d ,,iii2 ! repressive p[] ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! g5]al devotion ( ! national en]gies to w>4 ,aft] ! p>tial recov]y f ! ru9\s ,engli% invasion "u ,edw>d ,,iii1 civil /rifes & feudal tyranny wr\ght new impov]i%m5t1 mak+ possible ! /ill m de/ructive invasion "u ,h5ry ,v2 s t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,france 0 h>dly m civiliz$ ?an ,engl&4 #afcc ,x is f ! ,fr5* invasion ( ,italy "u ,*>les ,,viii t ! endur+ r5asc5ce 9 ,france broadly dates4 ,e>li] impulses _h likewise come f ,italy3 ,lanfranc1 ,anselm1 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & o!rs ( less] note1 #afcd _h gone f ,italy to tea* 9 ,france or ,engl&2 b x ne$$ ! full contact ( ,italian civilization to raise mon>*ic ,france to ! /age ( g5]al & indep5d5t intellectual life4 ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 "q1 !re _h be5 e/abli%$ ! foll[+ univ]sities3 ,p>is1 #abjj2 ,t\l\se1 #abbj2 ,montpelli]1 #abhi2 ,avignon1 #acjc2 ,orlans1 #acab2 ,cahors1 #accb2 ,ang]s1 #accg2 ,orange1 #acfg2 ,dle1 #adbb2 ,poiti]s1 #adca2 ,ca51 #adcf2 ,val5ce1 #aded2 ,nantes1 #adfj2 ,b\rges1 #adfc2 ,bordeaux1 #adgb 7,desmaze1 ,l',univ]sit de ,p>is1 #ahgf1 p4 #b4 ,o!r dates = "s ( ^! are giv5 on p4 #ca74 ,b ! milit>i/ conditions prev5t$ any suffici5t developm5t ( su* opportunities4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 says ,littr 7tudes sur les b>b>es1 p4 #dai71 ! univ]sity ( ,p>is 444 0 m p[]ful ?an at any o!r epo*4444 ,nev] did %e ex]cise su* a p[] ov] m5's m9ds4 ,b he also decides t 9 t epo* ! fir/ floresc5ce ( ,fr5* lit]ature )]$ away 7p4 #chg74 ,! long location ( ! anti-papacy at ,avignon 7#acje-acgf7 d\btless c\nt$ = some?+ 9 ,fr5* culture 7,v4 ,le ,cl]c1 ,hi/4 ,litt4 de la ,france au ,x,i,ve sicle1 i1 #cg2 ,gebh>t1 pp4 #bba-bf72 b ! deva/ation wr\ght by ! ,engli% invasion 0 suffici5t to c\nt]vail t & m4 ,see ! acc\nt ( x by ,petr>* 7lett] ( ! ye> #acfj7 cit$ by ,littr1 tudes1 pp4 #daf-ag2 & by ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 i1 #ei1 note4 ,cp4 ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 vi1 *4 iii2 ,dunton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 #ahhh1 pp4 #gi-hd4 ,z to ! consequ5ces ( ! ,engli% invasion ( ! fifte5? c5tury see ,m>t91 ,hi/4 de ,france1 #d;e dit4 vi1 #acb-cc2 ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 des ,franais1 #ahca1 xii1 #ehb2 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 i1 #hc-hg4 ,9 nor!rn ,france ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z 9 ,prov5ce & ,italy & ,engl&1 !re 0 a manifold /ir ( innovation & h]esy3 !re z else:]e ! insubord9ate ,franciscans1 ) _! ,et]nal ,gospel1 ! ,pat]9i1 ! ,begh>ds1 f\ght _! way aga9/ ! ,dom9ican ,inquisition4 ,b ! ,inquisitors burn$ books z well z m52 & mu* anti-ecclesia/ical poetry1 "s dat+ ev5 f ! ,c>lov+ian era1 %>$ ! fate ( _m copies ( ! ,talmud1 translations ( ! ,bible1 &1 =tiori1 e species ( h]etical writ+4 ,9 effect1 ! ,inquisition = ! "t ext+ui%$ free?\ght #afce 9 ,france4 ,z 9 ,engl&1 ! f]m5t ( h]esy 0 mix$ ) "o ( democracy2 & 9 ! ,fr5* popul> poetry ( ! "t !re are direct p>allels to ! contempor>y ,engli% c\plet1 ,:5 ,adam delv$ & ,eve span1 ,:]e 0 !n ! g5tleman8 #afcf ,su* a _s c\ld no m prosp] 9 feudal ,france ?an 9 feudal ,engl&2 & :5 ,france em]g$ f h] mortal /ruggle ) ! ,engli%1 to be effectively solidifi$ by ,l\is ,,xi1 !re 0 left 9 h] life little ( ! _s ( free inquiry4 ,x has be5 not$ t :]eas ! *ronicl] ,jo9ville1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 is full ( religi\s feel+1 ,froiss>t1 9 ! f\rte5?1 prie/ z he is1 exhibits h>dly any2 & aga9 ,com9es1 9 ! fifte5?1 rev]ts to ! or?odoxy ( ! twelf? & ?irte5?4 #afcg ,! middle p]iod 0 "o ( indiff]5ce1 foll[+ on ! kill+ out ( h]esy3 #afch ! fifte5? c5tury is a resumption ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,com9es has ! m$ieval ca/ ( m9d1 #afci al?\gh ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,!re seems to be no community ( ?\ght betwe5 him & 8 y\ng] ,italian contempor>ies1 ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i2 ?\gh1 ev5 :ile ,com9es 0 writ+1 !re 7 unequivocal symptoms ( a great & decisive *ange4 #afdj ,! special developm5t 9 ,france ( ! _s ( *ivalry _h jo9$ ! normal unciviliz+ influ5ce ( milit>ism ) t ( cl]icalism2 ! v>i\s knightly ord]s1 z well z knigh?ood pure & simple1 be+ all "u ecclesia/ical sanctions1 & m or less /rictly v[$ to def5d ! *ur*1 #afda :ile supremely incompet5t to =m an intellig5t op9ion4 ,x is ! m rem>kable t 9 ! case ( "o ( ! crusad+ ord]s h]esy ( ! mo/ blasphem\s k9d 0 f9ally *>g$ aga9/ ! entire organization1 & t x 0 on t gr\nd annihilat$ 7#acaa74 ,x rema9s incr$ible1 h[ev]1 t ! ord] ( ! ,templ>s c h sy/ematically practis$ ! extravagances or held ! t5ets laid to _! *>ge4 ,!y _h ( c\rse abus$ _! p[] & dep>t$ f _! pr9ciples l e o!r religi\s ord] enabl$ to amass weal?2 & ! ho/ility !irs ar\s$ is p]fectly intelligible f :at is kn[n ( ! arrogance ( its memb]s & ! g5]al ruffianism ( ! ,crusad]s4 ,_! weal? alone goes f> to expla9 ! success ( _! enemies aga9/ !m2 =1 ?\gh ! numb]s ( ! ord] 7 mu* small] ?an tradition gives out1 its possessions 7 consid]able4 ,^! 7 ! true gr\nd ( ! ,fr5* k+'s attack4 #afdb ,b t its memb]s 7 z a rule ei!r ,ca?>i or anti-,*ri/ians1 ei!r disguis$ ,moslems or dei/s1 or t !y practis$ obsc5ity by rule1 !re is no reason to believe4 ,:at seems to h happ5$ 0 a resort by "s unbeliev+ memb]s to m or less gross burlesque ( ! my/]ies ( initiation--a ph5om5on p>allel$ 9 anci5t ,greece & 9 ! mod]n ,ca?olic _w1 & imply+ r h>dy irreligion ?an any reason$ h]esy :atev]4 ,! long-cont9u$ dispute z to ! guilt ( ! ,knights ,templ>s is /ill *ronically re-op5$4 ,hallam1 aft] long hesitation1 came f9ally to believe !m guilty1 p>tly on ! /r5g? ( ! admissions made by ,mi*elet 9 def5d+ !m 7,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #aa? ed4 i1 #ach-db--note ( #ahdh74 ,he atta*es1 h[ev]1 a surpris+ weight to ! obvi\sly weak ar*itectural evid5ce cit$ by ,hamm]-,purg/all4 ,he]5 7,essai sur l'influ5ce des croisades1 #ahjh1 pp4 #bba-bb7 takes a m judicial view4 ,! excell5t summ+-up ( ,lea 7,hi/4 ( ! ,inquis4 bk4 iii1 *4 v1 pp4 #bfc-gf7 p]haps gives too little weight to ! mass ( curi\s confirmatory evid5ce cit$ by writ]s on ! o!r side 7e4g41 ,f4 ,nicolai1 ,v]su* b] die ,bes*uldigung5 wel*e dem ,tempelh]r5ord5 gema*t word51 #aghb72 b 8 conclusion z to ! falsity ( ! *>ges aga9/ ! ord] z a :ole seems irresi/ible4 ,! solution t (f5sive practices occurr$ irregul>ly 7,lea1 pp4 #bgf-gg7 is po9t$ to ev5 by ! e>li] ho/ile writ]s 7,nicolai1 p4 #ag74 ,x seems to be c]ta9 t ! initiatory rites includ$ ! act ( spitt+ on ! crucifix--presumptively a symbolic display ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! ord]s ( ^? 9 comm& 7,jolly1 ,philippe le ,bel1 pp4 #bfd-fh74 ,t !re 0 no ,ca?>ism 9 ! ord] seems c]ta9 7,lea1 p4 #bdi74 ,! sugge/ion t ! (f5sive & burlesque practices 7 due to ! l[] grade ( s]v+ bre?r51 :o 7 contemn$ by ! high]1 seems1 h[ev]1 )\t firm f\ndation4 ,! c\rage = su* freaks1 & ! disposition to commit !m1 7 r m likely to arise among ! crusad]s ( ! upp] class1 :o c\ld come 9 contact ) ,moslem-,*ri/ian unbelief ?r\gh ^? ( ,sicily4 ,= ! fur!r !ory t ! ,freemasons 7at t p]iod really cosmopolitan guilds ( masons7 7 already giv5 to free?9k+1 !re is aga9 no evid5ce4 ,t !y at times delib]ately introduc$ obsc5e symbols into *ur* ar*itecture is no pro( t !y 7 collectively unbeliev]s 9 ! ,*ur*'s doctr9es2 ?\gh x is likely en\gh t "s ( !m 74 ,obsc5ity is ! expression n ( an intellectual b ( a physical & unreason+ bias1 & c p]fectly well concur ) religi\s feel+4 ,! fact t ! m$ieval masons did n conf9e obsc5e symbols to ! *ur*es !y built = ! ,templ>s 7,hallam1 z cit$1 pp4 #adj-da7 %\ld s]ve to discr$it alike ! !ory t ! ,templ>s 7 sy/ematically anti-,*ri/ian1 & ! !ory t ! ,freemasons 7 s4 ,t = c5turies ! build]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ?r\gh\t ,europe =m$ an anti-,*ri/ian organization is a grotesque hypo!sis4 ,at mo/ !y indulg$ 9 freaks ( arti/ic satire on ! l9es ( contempor>y satirical lit]ature1 express+ an anti-cl]ical bias1 ) p]haps occasional elem5ts ( blasphemy4 7,see ,m5zel1 ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*51 ,cap4 #beb1 note47 ,x c\ld well be t !re surviv$ among ! ,freemasons v>i\s ,gno/ic ideas2 s9ce ! ar*itectural art itself came 9 a direct l9e f antiquity4 ,su* h]esy1 too1 might conceivably be w9k$ at by ! ,*ur*1 :i* dep5d$ s mu* on ! h]etics' s]vices4 ,b _! obsc5ities 7 ! m]e expression ( ! animal imag9ation & normal salacity ( all ages4 ,only 9 mod]n times1 & t only 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 has ! d]ivative organization ( ,freemasonry be5 id5tifi$ ) free?\ght propag&a4 ,9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,freemasonic clubs--no long] connect$ ) any trade--7 ?or\ghly royali/ & or?odox 7,nicolai1 pp4 #aif-ih71 z !y h always rema9$4 ,"s rem>kable intellectual ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 d connect ) ! ,fr5* univ]sity life ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,william ( ,occam 7d4 #acdg71 ! ,engli% ,franciscan1 :o taught at ,p>is1 is on ! :ole ! mo/ rationali/ic ( m$ieval philosoph]s4 ,?\gh a pupil ( ! ,reali/ ,duns ,scotus1 he became ! r5ew] ( ,nom9alism1 :i* is ! specifically rationali/ic z oppos$ to ! religi\s mode ( metaphysic2 & 8 anti-cl]ical bias 0 su* t he _h to fly f ,france to ,bav>ia = protection f ! prie/hood4 ,8 ,disputatio sup] pote/ate ecclesia/ica1 & 8 ,def5sorium direct$ aga9/ ,pope ,john ,,xxii 7or ,,xxi71 7 s uncompromis+ t 9 #acbc ! ,pope gave directions = 8 prosecution4 ,:at came ( ! /ep is n kn[n2 b 9 #acbh we f9d him actually imprison$ ) two ,italian comrades 9 ! papal palace at ,avignon4 ,!nce !y made _! escape to ,bav>ia4 #afdc ,to ! same refuge fl$ ,m>siglio ( ,padua1 au?or 7) ,john ( ,j&un7 ( ! ,def5sor ,pacis 7#acbd71 ! greate/ & mo/ orig9al political treatise ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #afdd 9 :i* x is taught t1 ?\gh mon>*y may be exp$i5t1 ! sov]eignty ( ! ,/ate re/s ) ! p1 & ! h]$it>y pr9ciple is flatly reject$2 :ile x is insi/$ t ! ,*ur* prop]ly consi/s ( all ,*ri/ians1 & t ! cl]gy's au?ority is re/rict$ to spiritual affairs & moral suasion4 #afde ,( all m$ieval writ]s on politics be=e ,ma*iavelli he is ! mo/ mod]n4 ,only less orig9al is ,occam1 :o at ,p>is came mu* "u ,m>siglio's influ5ce4 ,8 philosophic doctr9es app>5tly d]ive f ,pi]re ,aureol 7,petrus ,aureolus1 d4 #acba71 :o ) rem>kable cle>ness & emphasis reject$ bo? ,realism & ! doctr9e t :at ! m9d p]ceives are n realities1 b =m specul>es4 ,pi]re x 0 :o fir/ en\nc$ ! ,law ( ,p>simony 9 philosophy & sci5ce--t causes are n to be multipli$ beyond m5tal necessity--:i* is specially associat$ ) ! "n ( ,occam4 #afdf ,bo? anticipat$ mod]n criticism #afdg alike ( ! ,platonic & ! ,ari/otelian philosophy2 & ,occam 9 p>ticul> drew s decid$ a l9e betwe5 ! prov9ce ( reason & t ( fai? t !re c be little d\bt on :i* side 8 allegiance lay4 #afdh ,8 dialectic is = its "t z rem>kable z is t ( ,hume1 f\r c5turies lat]4 ,! mo/ em95t or?odox ?9k] ( ! prec$+ c5tury _h be5 ! ,franciscan ,john ,duns ,scotus 7#abfe or #abgd-acjh71 :o1 aft] tea*+ great cr[ds ( /ud5ts at ,ox=d1 0 transf]r$ 9 #acjd to ,p>is1 & 9 #acjh to ,cologne1 :]e he di$4 ,a ,reali/ 9 8 philosophy1 ,duns ,scotus oppos$ ! ,ari/otelian s*ola/icism1 & 9 p>ticul> criticiz$ ,?omas ,aqu9as z hav+ unduly subord9at$ fai? & practice to speculation & !ory4 ,! numb] ( matt]s ( fai? :i* ,?omas _h held to be demon/rable by reason1 accord+ly1 0 by ,duns ,scotus mu* r$uc$2 &1 apply+ 8 anti-rationalism to curr5t belief1 he f\ght zeal\sly = ! dogma t ,m>y1 l ,jesus1 0 immaculately conceiv$4 #afdi ,b ,occam1 turn+ 8 pr$ecessor's tactic to a contr>y purpose1 d5i$ t any matt] ( fai? 0 demon/rable by reason at all4 ,he grant$ t on rational gr\nds ! exi/5ce ( a ,god 0 probable1 b d5i$ t x 0 /rictly demon/rable1 & reject$ ! ontological argum5t ( ,anselm4 ,z to matt]s ( fai?1 he significantly obs]v$ t ! w to believe ! indemon/rable is m]itori\s4 #afej ,x is difficult n[ to recov] a liv+ s5se ( ! issues at /ake 9 ! battle betwe5 ,nom9alism & ,realism1 & ( ! social atmosph]e 9 :i* ! battle 0 c>ri$ on4 ,broadly speak+1 ! ,nom9ali/s 7 ! m enlight5$ s*ool1 ! ,reali/s /&+ = tradition & au?ority2 & x has be5 alleg$ t ! books ( ! ,nom9ali/s1 ?\gh ! art ( pr9t+ t5d$ /rongly to pres]ve !m1 7 suppress$ & de/roy$ to su* a degree t x is n[ exce$+ly difficult to collect !m1 & n easy to obta9 copies ev5 ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 #afea ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile we h se5 ,occam a fugitive be=e cl]ical enmity1 we %all see ,nom9ali/s agree+ to p]secute a ,reali/ to ! dea? 9 ! p]son ( ,huss 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,s little 0 !re to *oose betwe5 ! camps 9 ! matt] ( s\nd civics2 & s easily c\ld ! hi]>*y we> ! col\rs ( any philosophical sy/em4 ,contempor>y ) ,occam 0 ,dur& de ,/4 ,p\ra91 :o became a bi%op 7d4 #accb71 &1 aft] rank+ z ( ! s*ool ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 reject$ & oppos$ its doctr9e4 ,) all ?is h]esy 9 ! air1 ! pr9ciple ( d\ble tru?1 orig9ally put 9 curr5cy by ,av]rosm1 came to be held 9 ,france z 9 ,italy1 9 a s5se :i* impli$ ! consci\sness t !ological tru? is n tru? at all4 #afeb ,occam's pupil1 ,buridan1 rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7fl4 #acdj71 sub/antially avoid$ !ology1 & dealt ) moral & intellectual problems on _! own m]its4 #afec ,x is record$ by ,alb]t ( ,saxony1 :o /udi$ at ,p>is 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 t "o ( 8 tea*]s held by ! !ory ( ! motion ( ! e>?4 #afed ,ev5 a def5d] ( ,*ur* doctr9es1 ,pi]re d',ailly1 accept$ ,occam's view ( !ism1 #afee & x appe>s to be broadly true t ,occam _h at ,p>is an unbrok5 l9e ( successors d[n to ! ,re=mation4 #afef ,9 a _w 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( a two-fold tru? provid$ a safety-valve = h]esy1 su* a philosophical doctr9e z 8 c\ld n greatly affect lay ?\ght2 b at ,p>is ,univ]sity 9 ! ye> #acgf !re 0 a />tl+ display ( free?9k+ by ! philosophical /ud5ts1 n a little sugge/ive ( a p>ody ( ! ,av]ro/ propositions d5\nc$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is exactly a c5tury be=e4 ,"u cov] ( ! doctr9e ( two-fold tru? !y prop\nd$ a li/ ( #bai !ses1 9 :i* !y 7#a7 d5i$ ! ,tr9ity1 ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 ! resurrection1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l2 7#b7 affirm$ ! et]nity ( matt] & ! uselessness ( pray]1 b also posit$ ! pr9ciples ( a/rology2 7#c7 argu$ t ! high] p[]s ( ! s\l are incapable ( s91 & t volunt>y sexual int]c\rse betwe5 ! unm>ri$ is n s9ful2 & 7#d7 sugge/$ t !re are fables & falsehoods 9 ! gospels z 9 o!r books4 #afeg ,! elem5t ( y\?ful gasconnade 9 ! p]=mance is obvi\s1 & ! ,ar*bi%op %>ply scold$ ! /ud5ts2 b !re mu/ h be5 mu* free discussion be=e su* a manife/o c\ld h be5 produc$4 ,nev]!less1 unt[>d political conditions prev5t$ any dissem9ation ( ! free?9k+ _s 9 ,france2 & n = "s two c5turies 0 !re su* ano!r gr[? ( x4 ,! rem>kable case ( ,nicolaus ( ,autricuria1 :o 9 #acdh 0 =c$ to recant 8 tea*+ ( ! atomi/ic doctr9e1 #afeh illu/rates at once ! p]si/5ce ( ! _s ( reason 9 times ( d>kness1 & ! impossibility ( its triumph+ 9 ! wrong conditions4 #ab4 ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,teutonic ,,c\ntries ,! life ( ! re/ ( ,europe 9 ! lat] m$ieval p]iod has little special significance 9 ! hi/ory ( free?\ght4 ,france & ,italy1 by ,g]man admission1 7 ! l&s ( ! m$ieval ,aufklrung4 #afei ,! poetry ( ! ,g]man ,m9nes+]s1 a gr[? f t ( ! ,tr\bad\rs1 pres5t$ ! same anti-cl]ical features2 #affj & ! /ory ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox 0 turn$ to anti-ecclesia/ical purpose 9 ,g]many z 9 ,france4 ,! relative free?9k+ set up by ! crusad]s' contact ) ! ,s>ac5s seems to be ! s\rce ( d\bt ( ! ,m9nes+] ,freidank conc]n+ ! doom ( hell-fire on h]etics & hea!ns1 ! op9ion ( ,walt] d] ,vogelweide t ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 & ,moslems all s]ve ! same ,god1 #affa & /ill m mordant h]esy4 ,b su* bold free?9k+ did n spread4 ,mat]ial prosp]ity r ?an culture 0 ! ma9 feature ( ,g]man progress 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ar*itecture be+ ! only art greatly develop$4 ,h]esy ( ! anti-ecclesia/ical ord] inde$ ab\nd$1 & 0 duly p]secut$2 b ! high] free?9k+ developm5ts 7 9 ! !osophic r ?an ! rationali/ic direction4 ,alb]t ! ,great 7fl4 #abfj71 ! univ]sal ,doctor1 ! *ief ,g]man tea*] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ( unimpea*$ or?odoxy4 #affb ,! pr9cipal ,g]man figure ( ! p]iod is ,ma/] ,eckh>t 7d4 #acbi71 :o1 f9d+ religi\s beliefs exclud$ f ! sph]e ( reason by ! fre] philosophy ( 8 day1 und]took to %[ t !y 7 all matt]s ( reason4 ,he 01 9 fact1 a my/ically reason+ prea*]1 & he taught 9 ! int]e/s ( popul> religion4 ,naturally1 z he philosophiz$ on old bases1 he did n really subject 8 beliefs to any skeptical scrut9y1 b took !m = grant$ & proce$$ speculatively ^u !m4 ,?is suffic$ to br+ him be=e ! ,inquisition at ,cologne1 :]e he recant$ conditionally on an appeal to ! ,pope4 ,dy+ soon aft]1 he escap$ ! papal bull condemn+ tw5ty-eight ( 8 doctr9es4 ,8 s*ool lat] divid$ into a h]etical & a ,*ur* p>ty1 ( :i* ! =m]1 call$ ! false free spirits1 seems to h ei!r jo9$ or resembl$ ! ant9omian ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 !n num]\s 9 ,g]many4 ,! o!r section became kn[n z ! ,fri5ds ( ,god1 a species ( my/ics :o 7 fai?ful to ! :ole m$ieval imag9ative cre$1 ,transub/antiation1 wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 & ,sa9ts1 ,purgatory4 #affc ,?r\gh ,taul] & o!rs1 ,eckh>t's pieti/ic doctr9e gave a lead to lat] ,prote/ant evangelicalism2 b ! sy/em z a :ole c nev] h be5 held by any popul> body4 #affd ,dr4 ,lasson pron\nces 7,ueb]weg1 i1 #dhc7 t ! type ( ,eckh>t's "* & tea*+ 0 d]iv$ f ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ! ,g]man national "*4 ,at ! same "t he admits t all ! (f%oots ( ! s*ool dep>t$ m or less widely f ,eckh>t's type--t is1 f ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( _! own national "*4 ,x w\ld be z plausible to say t ! lat] my/icism ( ,fnelon d]iv$ f ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ! ,fr5* "*4 ,! ,imitatio ,*ri/i has be5 simil>ly describ$ z express+ ! ,g]man "*1 on ! assumption t x 0 writt5 by ,?omas ,kempis4 ,_m h held t ! au?or 0 ! ,fr5*man ,g]son 7,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ed4 #ahgb1 i1 #aci-dj74 ,x 0 9 all probability1 z 0 held by ,su>ez1 ! "w ( sev]al h&s1 "o a monk ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ano!r a monk ( ! ?irte5?1 & ! ?ird a !ologian ( ! fifte5?2 nei!r ,g]son nor ,?omas ,kempis be+ conc]n$ 7,le ,cl]c1 ,hi/4 ,litt4 du ,x,i,ve ,sicle1 #b;e dit4 pp4 #chd-he2 cp4 ,neale's ,hi/4 ( ! s-call$ ,jans5i/ ,*ur* ( ,holl&1 #aheh1 pp4 #ig-ih74 ,! ,imitatio ,*ri/i 7#adga71 ! mo/ popul> ,*ri/ian "w ( devotion ev] publi%$1 #affe tells all ! :ile ( ! obscure p]si/5ce ( ! se>* = k & = rational satisfactions4 ,:atev] be ! tru? z to its au?or%ip1 x belongs to all ,*ri/5dom 9 respect ( its qu]ul\s /ra9 ( prote/ aga9/ all mann] ( intellectual curiosity4 ,aft] ! fir/ note ( _w-r5unciation1 ! call to absorption 9 ! inn] religi\s life1 !re comes ! %>p prote/ aga9/ ! desire to "k4 ,surely an humble husb&man t s]ve? ,god is bett] ?an a pr\d philosoph] :o1 neglect+ himself1 lab\re? to und]/& ! c\rse ( ! heav5s4444 ,cease f an inord9ate desire ( kn[+4 #afff ,no soon] is ! read] w>n$ to consid] himself ! fraile/ ( all m5 ?an he is enc\rag$ to look d[n on all reason]s4 ,:at availe? x to cavil & dispute mu* ab\t d>k & hidd5 ?+s1 :5 = be+ ignorant ( !m we %all n be s mu* z reprov$ at ! day ( judgm5t8 ,x is a great folly to neglect ! ?+s t are pr(itable & necess>y1 & give our m9ds to t :i* is curi\s & hurtful4444 ,& :at h we to d ) g5us & species1 ! dry notions ( logicians8 #affg ,! homily sw+s to & fro betwe5 occasional admissions t le>n+ is n to be blam$1 p]haps int]polat$ by "o :o fe>$ to h religion figure z oppos$ to k1 & recurr5t fl+s--p]haps also int]polat$--at all :o seek book-lore or physical sci5ce2 b ! note ( di/ru/ ( reason prevails4 ,:]e are all ^? ,doctors & ,ma/]s :om ?\ did/ well "k :il/ !y liv$ & fl\ri%$ 9 le>n+8 ,n[ o!rs h _! liv+s1 & p]*ance sc>ce ev] ?9k ( !m4 ,:ile !y liv$ !y seem$ some?+1 b n[ !y are n spok5 (4 #affh ,x belongs to ! :ole conception ( retreat & alo(ness t ! dev\t man %\ld m$dle n ) curiosities1 b read su* ?+s z may r yield compunction to 8 he>t ?an occupation to 8 head2 & ! la/ *apt] ( ! la/ book closes on ! note ( ! abnegation ( reason4 ,human reason is feeble & may be deceiv$1 b true fai? _c be deceiv$4 ,all reason & natural se>* ought to foll[ fai?1 n to g be=e x1 nor to break 9 ^u x4444 ,if ! works ( ,god 7 su* t !y might be easily compreh5d$ by human reason1 !y c\ld n be ju/ly call$ m>vell\s or unspeakable4 ,?us ! v inculcation ( humility1 by its con/ant direction aga9/ all intellectual ex]cise1 becomes an incitem5t to a spiritual arrogance2 & all mann] ( sci5ce f9ds 9 ! curr5t ideal ( piety its pre-orda9$ antagoni/4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance #a4 ,,! ,,italian ,,evolution ,:at is call$ ! ,r5aissance 01 broadly speak+1 an evolution ( ! culture =ces se5 at "w 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 newly f]tiliz$ by ! recov]y ( classic lit]ature2 & we %all h to rev]t at sev]al po9ts ( our survey to :at we h be5 consid]+ z m$ieval 9 ord] to p]ceive ! new bir?4 ,! t]m is inconv5i5tly vague1 & is made to cov] diff]5t p]iods1 sometimes ext5d+ f ! ?irte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 sometimes signify+ only ! fifte5?4 ,x seems reasonable to apply x1 z reg>ds ,italy1 to ! p]iod 9 :i* s\!rn culture began to outgo t ( ,france1 & kept its lead--t is1 f ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury #affi to ! "t ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,t is a comp>atively di/9ct sociological era4 ,r5asc5t ,italy is1 aft] anci5t ,greece1 ! great hi/orical illu/ration ( ! sociological law t ! high] civilizations arise ?r\gh ! pass+-on ( se$s ( culture f old] to new] societies1 "u conditions t specially fo/] !m & give !m fre] gr[?4 ,! /rait5$ & ar*aic pictorial art ( ,byzantium1 unprogressive 9 ! hideb\nd life ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 develop$ 9 ! free & /riv+ ,italian communities till x p>allel$ ! sculpture ( anci5t ,greece2 & x is to be said = ! ,*ur* t1 h[ev] %e might /ifle rational ?\ght1 %e economically elicit$ ! arts ( pa9t+ & ar*itecture 7/atu>y be+ taboo$ z too mu* associat$ ) pagan wor%ips71 ev5 z ,greek religion _h promot$ ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,by =ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! t5d5cy ( ! arts to keep religion an?ropomorphic :]e deep] culture is lack+1 popul> belief 9 ,r5aissance ,italy 0 sub/antially on a p> ) t ( poly!i/ic ,greece4 ,be=e ! g5]al recov]y ( anci5t lit]ature1 ! ma9 motives to rationalism1 ap>t f ! t5d5cy ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy to set up d\bts ab\t creation & ,provid5ce & a future /ate1 7 7#a7 ! spectacle ( ! compet+ cre$ ( ,islam1 #afgj made kn[n to ! ,italians fir/ by int]c\rse ) ! ,moors1 lat] by ! ,crusades2 & fur!r & m fully by ! ,s>ac5iz$ culture ( ,sicily & comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! ea/2 7#b7 ! spectacle ( ! /rife ( cre$s )9 ,*ri/5dom2 #afga & 7#c7 ! spectacle ( ! worldl9ess & moral ins9c]ity ( ! bulk ( ! cl]gy4 ,x is 9 t atmosph]e t ! ,r5aissance beg9s2 & x may be said t free?\ght /ood veil$ beside its cradle4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e1 ev5 on ! ecclesia/ical side1 dem& = re=ms naturally made headway2 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 7#adad-adah7 0 conv5$ to enact _m besides ! end+ ( ! s*ism4 #afgb ,b ! ,c\ncil itself 0 foll[$ by sev5 hundr$ pro/itutes2 #afgc & its relation to ! intellectual life 0 def9$ by its br++ ab\t1 on a *>ge ( h]esy1 ! burn+ ( ,john ,huss1 :o _h come "u a lett] ( safe-conduct f ! emp]or4 ,! bas5ess ( ! act 0 an endur+ blot on ! ,*ur*2 & a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 a ,g]many ) small goodwill to ,bohemia1 ,lu!r made x "o ( 8 =emo/ indictm5ts ( ! hi]>*y4 ,b 9 ! int]im ! _s ( re=m _h come to no?+4 ,cut (f f mu* ( ! =ce t 0 ne$$ to effect any great moral revolution 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! re=m+ movem5t soon fell away1 #afgd & ! ,*ur* 0 left to rip5 = lat] & m dra/ic treatm5t4 ,h[ f>1 nev]!less1 anti-cl]icalism c\ld g among ! s*ol>ly class ev5 9 ,italy is se5 9 ! c>e] ( "o ( ! lead+ humani/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,lor5zo ,valla 7#adjf-adeg74 ,9 ! "w ( 8 y\?1 ,de ,voluptate et ,v]o ,bono1 a h>dy v9dication ( aggressive ,epicureanism--at a "t :5 ! title ( ,epicurean /ood = free?9k] #afge--;he pla9ly sets up a rationali/ /&>d1 affirm+ t sci5ce is f\nd$ on reason & ,nature1 & t ,nature is ,god4 ,n cont5t ) a !oretic defiance ( ! fai?1 he viol5tly attack$ ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 probably to ! protection ( ,alfonso ( ,aragon1 k+ ( ,naples1 :o ?\gh pi\s 0 n pro-cl]ical1 #afgf t ,valla 0 able to d :at he did1 above all to write 8 fam\s treatise1 ,de falso cr$ita et em5tita ,con/ant9i donatione1 :]e9 he def9itely prov$ once = all t ! donation 9 "q 0 a fiction4 #afgg ,su* an op9ion _h be5 e>li] ma9ta9$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,basle by neas ,sylvius1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 & be=e him by ! rem>kable ,nicolaus ( ,cusa2 #afgh b :5 ! exi/5ce ( ,valla's "w 0 kn[n he _h to fly f ,rome afre% 7#addc7 to ,naples1 :]e he _h previ\sly be5 protect$ = sev5 ye>s4 ,apply+ ! same critical _s to m sacrosanct lit]ature1 he impugn$ ! au!nticity ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 & ( ! lett] ( ,abg>us to ,jesus ,*ri/1 giv5 by ,eusebius2 proce$+ fur!r to *all5ge _m ( ! mi/ranslations 9 ! ,vulgate4 #afgi ,= 8 untir+ propag&a he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition at ,naples1 b z usual 0 protect$ by ! k+1 :om he satisfi$ by pr(ess+ fai? 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 z di/+ui%$ f ecclesia/ical hi/ory & philology4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! life ( ,italy1 hopelessly committ$ on economic gr\nds to ! ,*ur*1 t ,valla f9ally s\ght & f\nd reconciliation ) ! papacy4 ,he knew t 8 safety at ,naples dep5d$ on ! cont9u$ anti-papalism ( ! ?rone2 he ye>n$ = ! society ( ,rome2 & 8 he>t 0 all ! :ile ) ! cause ( ,lat9 s*ol>%ip r ?an ) t ( a vision>y re=mation4 ,9 8 z 9 s _m cases1 accord+ly1 intellectual rectitude gave way to l[] int]e/s2 & he made unblu%+ (f]s ( retractation to c>d9als & pope4 ,9 view ( ! extreme viol5ce ( 8 =m] attacks1 #afhj x is n surpris+ t ! reign+ ,pope1 ,eug5ius ,,iv1 refus$ to be appeas$2 b on ! election ( ,ni*olas ,v 7#addg7 he 0 s5t =2 & he di$ secret>y to ! ,curia & ,canon ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an4 #afha ,:]e s mu* ( anti-cl]icalism c\ld f9d h>b\rage )9 ! ,*ur*1 !re 0 naturally no lack ( x )\t2 & f ! p]iod ( ,boccaccio till ! ,ca?olic reaction aft] ! ,re=mation a l>ge measure ( anti-cl]ical feel+ is a con/ant feature 9 ,italian life4 ,x 0 s +ra9$ t ! ,*ur* _h on ! :ole to leave x alone4 ,f pope to monk ! mass ( ! cl]gy _h =feit$ respect2 & gibes at _! exp5se 7 h\sehold words1 #afhb & ! basis ( popul> songs4 ,tommaso ,gu>dati ( ,sal]no1 bett] kn[n z ,masuccio1 attacks all ord]s ( cl]gy 9 8 collection ( tales ) su* fury t only ! protection ( ! c\rt ( ,naples c\ld well h sav$ him2 & yet he 0 a good ,ca?olic4 #afhc ,! popul> poetic lit]ature1 ) c]ta9 precautions1 c>ri$ ! anti-cl]ical _s z f> z to p>ade a humor\s non-lit]>y skepticism1 putt+ 9 ! m\?s ( ! que/ionable *>act]s 9 its romances all mann] ( anti-religi\s op9ions :i* x w\ld be unsafe to pr9t z "o's own1 b :i* 9 ?is way rea*$ appreciative read]s :o 7 m or less 9 sympa?y ) ! au?or's s5tim5ts & /ratagems4 ,! ,morgante ,maggiore ( ,pulci 7#adhh7 is ! great type ( su* e>ly ,voltairean hum\r3 #afhd x revives ! _s ( ! ,goli>ds1 & passes unsca!d 9 ! new ,r5aissance _w1 :]e ! e>li] ,prov5al impiety _h gone ! way ( ! ,inquisition bonfire1 books & m5 alike4 ,b5ea? its mock]y !re is a con/ant play ( rational ?\ght1 & e phase ( contempor>y culture is glanc$ at 9 ! _s ( always unembitt]$ hum\r :i* makes ,pulci ! mo/ lovable among ! great poets ( ! ,r5aissance4 #afhe ,x is notewor?y t ,pulci is f\nd affirm+ ! doctr9e ( an ,antipodes ) absolute op5ness1 & ) impunity1 ov] a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,galileo4 ,?is survival ( anci5t pagan sci5ce seems to h be5 obscurely pres]v$ all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 z we h se51 ! prie/ ,fe>gal or ,v]gilius1 ( ,bav>ia1 0 depos$ f 8 (fice by ! ,pope1 on ! urg+ ( ,/4 ,boniface1 = ma9ta9+ x2 b he 0 re9/at$1 di$ a bi%op1 & became a sa9t2 & n only t doctr9e1 b t ( ! two-fold motion ( ! e>?1 0 affirm$ ) impunity be=e ,pulci by ,nicolaus ( ,cusa #afhf 7d4 #adfd72 ?\gh 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,nicolaus ( ,autricuria _h to recant 8 tea*+ ( ! atomi/ic !ory4 #afhg ,z ,pulci _h specially satiriz$ ! cl]gy & ecclesia/ical miracles1 8 body 0 refus$ burial 9 consecrat$ gr\nd2 b ! g5]al temp] 0 su* z to save him f cl]ical enmity up to t po9t4 ,! ,inquisition too 0 n[ greatly enfeebl$ ?r\gh\t c5tral & nor!rn z well z s\!rn ,italy4 ,9 #addj ! mat]iali/1 ma!matician1 & a/rolog] ,amadeo de' ,l&i1 ( ,milan1 0 accus$ ( h]esy by ! or?odox ,franciscans4 ,n only 0 he acquitt$1 b 8 *ief accus] 0 condemn$ 9 turn to make public retractation1 :i* he h[ev] decl9$ to d4 #afhh ,fifty ye>s lat] ! ,inquisition 0 /ill ne>ly p[]less4 ,9 #adig we f9d a free?9k+ physician at ,bologna1 ,gabriele de ,sal1 protect$ by 8 patrons aga9/ its wra?1 al?\gh he 0 9 ! habit ( ma9ta9+ t ,*ri/ 0 n ,god1 b ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y 4442 t by 8 cunn+ he _h deceiv$ ! _w2 t he may h di$ on ! cross on acc\nt ( crimes :i* he _h committ$1 #afhi & s =?4 ,n9ete5 ye>s be=e1 ,galeotto ,m>cio _h come ne> be+ burn$ = writ+ t any man :o liv$ uprightly accord+ to 8 own consci5ce w\ld g to heav51 :atev] 8 fai?2 & x ne$$ ! ,pope1 ,sixtus ,,iv1 8 =m] pupil1 to save him f ! ,inquisition4 #afij ,o!rs1 :o w5t fur!r1 ran simil> risks2 & 9 #aejj ,giorgio da ,nov>a 0 burn$ at ,bologna1 presumptively = d5y+ ! div9ity ( ,jesus4 #afia ,a bi%op ( ,ar&a1 h[ev]1 is said to h done ! same ) impunity1 9 ! same ye>1 #afib besides reject+ hell & purgatory1 & d5\nc+ indulg5ces z a device ( ! popes to fill _! pockets4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod too ! philosophy ( ,av]ros1 z set =? 9 8 ,great ,comm5t>y on ,ari/otle1 0 taught 9 ,nor? ,italy ) an outspok5ness n be=e kn[n4 ,gaetano ( ,si5a began to lecture on ! ,comm5t>y at ,padua 9 #adcf2 x 0 9 "p pr9t$ !re 9 #adgb2 & f #adga to #adii ,nicoletto ,v]nias seems to h taught1 9 ! ,paduan *air ( philosophy1 ! ,av]ro/ doctr9e ( ! _w-s\l1 ?us virtually d5y+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( immortality4 ,viol5t opposition 0 rais$ :5 8 pupil ,niphus 7,nifo7 pr9t$ simil> doctr9e 9 a treatise ,de ,intellectu et ,dmonibus 7#adib72 b ! pr(essors :5 necess>y disclaim$ ! m dang]\s t5ets ( ,av]rosm4 #afic ,nifo x 0 :o put into pr9t ! maxim ( 8 tribe3 ,loqu5dum e/ ut plures1 s5t5ti5dum ut pauci--?9k ) ! few2 speak ) ! majority4 #afid ,z 9 anci5t ,greece1 humor\s blasphemy seems to h f>$ bett] ?an s]i\s unbelief4 #afie ,z is rem>k$ by ,hallam1 ! numb] ( v9dications ( ,*ri/ianity produc$ 9 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury proves ! exi/5ce ( mu* unbelief2 #afif & x is cle> t1 ap>t f academic d\bt1 !re 0 abundant free?9k+ among m5 ( ! _w4 #afig ,erasmus 0 a/oni%$ at ! unbelief he f\nd 9 high qu>t]s 9 ,rome4 ,"o ecclesia/ic und]took to prove to him f ,pl9y t !re is no future /ate2 o!rs op5ly d]id$ ,*ri/ & ! apo/les2 & _m av[$ to him t !y _h he>d em95t papal function>ies blasphem+ ! ,mass4 #afih ,! biograph] ( ,pope ,paul ,,ii has record$ h[ t pontiff f\nd 9 8 own c\rt1 among c]ta9 "y m51 ! op9ion t fai? re/$ r on trick]ies ( ! sa9ts 7sanctorum a/utiis7 ?an on evid5ce2 :i* op9ion ! ,pope eradicat$4 #afii ,b 9 ! c>e] ( ,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebd71 :o f be+ a s9c]ely religi\s pa9t] became a skeptic 9 8 wra? aga9/ ! ,*ur* :i* slew ,savon>ola1 #agjj we h evid5ce ( a movem5t ( ?+s :i* no papal fiat c\ld arre/4 ,z to ! beliefs ( ! great arti/s 9 g5]al we h little in=mation4 ,employ$ z !y s (t5 7 9 pa9t+ religi\s subjects = ! *ur*es1 !y mu/ z a rule h con=m$ outw>dly2 & ! arti/ic temp] is m commonly cr$5t ?an skeptical4 ,b 9 ! case ( "o ( ! greate/1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 we h evid5ce ( a cont9ual play ( critical scrut9y on ! _w1 & a cont9ual revolt aga9/ m]e au?ority1 :i* seem incompatible ) any acceptance ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,9 8 _m notes1 unpubli%$ till mod]n times1 8 univ]sal g5ius plays s freely ^u s _m problems t he _c be suppos$ to h ignor$ ^? ( religion4 ,8 /]n appraisem5t ( ! mass ( m5 #agja c>ries ) x no evangelical qualifications2 8 passion = k is n ,*ri/ian2 #agjb & 8 reit]at$ rejection ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 9 sci5ce #agjc & 9 lit]ature #agjd tells ( a _s :i*1 h[soev] x might practise retic5ce1 _c h be5 inw>dly docile to ei!r prie/hood or tradition4 ,9 all 8 reflections ^u philosophic & sci5tific !mes he is1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 mat]iali/ic--t is1 inductive1 /udi\s ( exp]im5t1 insi/5t ^u tangible data4 #agje ,wisdom is daught] ( exp]i5ce2 #agjf tru? is ! daught] ( "t2 #agjg !re is no effect 9 ,nature )\t a reason2 #agjh all our k orig9ates 9 s5sations #agji--su* are ! dicta he accumulates 9 an age ( sup]/ition height5$ by ! mutability ( life1 ( ecclesia/ical tyranny temp]$ only by indiff]5tism1 ( fai? 9 a/rology & amulets1 ( b5umb+ tradition 9 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,on ! problem ( ! ph5om5a ( fossil %ells he pron\nces ) a se>*+ sagacity ( inf]5ce #agaj t seems to reveal at once ! ext5t to :i* ! advance ( sci5ce has be5 block$ by pi\s obscurantism4 #agaa ,9 all directions we see ! great arti/1 a c5tury be=e ,bacon1 anticipat+ ,bacon's prote/s & que/ion+s1 & ?is ) no su* prim>y bias to religion z ,bacon _h acquir$ at 8 "m's knee4 ,:5 he turns to ! problems ( body & _s he is z dispassionate1 z ke5ly speculative1 z ov] ^? ( ext]nal nature4 #agab ,( magic he is entirely contemptu\s1 n 9 ! lea/ on religi\s gr\nds1 ?\gh he glances at ^!1 b simply = ! folly ( x4 #agac ,all t tells ( religi\s feel+ 9 him is summ$ up 9 a few utt]ances expressive ( a vague !ism2 #agad :ile he has /raight ?ru/s at religi\s fraud & absurdity4 #agae ,x is inde$ improbable t a m9d s necessitat$ to disc\rse ( its ?\ght1 h[ev] gift$ = prud5t sil5ce1 c h subsi/$ )\t private sympa?y f k9dr$ s\ls4 ,skepticism 0 admitt$ly abundant2 & ,leon>do ( all m5 c lea/ h fail$ to reckon ) its motives4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fa%ionable =m ( quasi-free?9k+ 9 ! ,italy ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 t :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,platonic ,academy ( ,flor5ce 9 ! p]iod1 ?\gh ! *ief f\nd] ( ! ,academy1 ,m>silio ,fic9o1 wrote a def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 mo/ fam\s adh]5t1 ,giovanni ,pico della ,mir&ola1 plann$ ano!r4 ,r5aissance ,platonism began ) ! ,greek ,georgios ,gemi/os1 surnam$ ,ple?on because ( 8 devotion to ,plato1 :i* 0 su* z to sc&alize common ,*ri/ians & exasp]ate ,ari/otelians4 ,! =m] _h ! real grievance t 8 sy/em o/5sibly embodi$ poly!ism & logically involv$ pan!ism2 #agaf & "o ( 8 antagoni/s1 ,g5nadios ,georgios ,scol>ios1 :o became patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 caus$ 8 book ,on ,laws to be burn$2 #agag b ! allegation ( 8 ,ari/otelian enemy & c\ntryman1 ,georgios ,trapezuntios1 t he pray$ to ! sun z creator ( ! _w1 #agah is only "o ( ! polemical am5ities ( ! p]iod4 ,o/5sibly he 0 a believ+ ,*ri/ian1 /ret*+ ,*ri/ian love to accommodate ! beliefs ( ,plato2 b x 0 n zeal = or?odoxy t mov$ ,cosimo dei ,m$ici1 at ,flor5ce1 to embrace ! new ,platonism1 & tra9 up ,m>silio ,fic9o to be its prophet4 ,! furor allegoricus :i* inspir$ ! :ole s*ool #agai 0 mu* m ak9 to anci5t ,gno/icism ?an to or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 & con/antly po9ts to pan!ism #agbj z ! "o philosophic solution ( its o/5sible poly!ism4 ,:51 too1 ,fic9o und]takes to v9dicate ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! unbeliev]s 9 8 ,della ,religione ,cri/iana1 ! mo/ solid argum5ts t he c f9d 9 its fav\r are ! answ]s ( ! ,sibyls1 & ! prophecies ( ! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to be f\nd 9 ,virgil1 ,plato1 ,plot9us1 & ,porphyry4 #agba ,h[ f> su* a _s ( expatiation & speculation1 h[ev] vision>y & confus$1 t5d$ to fo/] h]esy is se5 9 ! brief c>e] ( ! once fam\s "y ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ,fic9o's weal?y pupil4 ,p>ad+ a port5t\s k ( tongues #agbb & topics at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 he und]took 7#adhf7 to ma9ta9 a li/ ( n9e hundr$ ,conclusiones or propositions at ,rome aga9/ all com]s1 & to pay _! exp5ses4 ,?\gh he _h obta9$ ! p]mission ( ! ,pope1 ,innoc5t ,,viii1 ! *all5ge spe$ily elicit$ angry *>ges ( h]esy aga9/ c]ta9 ( ! !ses1 & ! ,pope _h to /op ! proce$+s & issue an ecclesia/ical commission ( inquiry4 ,"s ( ! propositions 7 c]ta9ly ill adju/$ to ,ca?olic ideas1 9 p>ticul> ! say+s t nei!r ! cross ( ,*ri/ nor any image is to be ador$ adoratione latri--) wor%ip2 t no "o believes :at he believes m]ely because he wi%es to2 & t ,jesus did n physically desc5d into hell4 #agbc ,pico1 retir+ to ,flor5ce1 def5d$ himself 9 an ,apologia1 :i* provok$ fre% outcry2 :]eupon he 0 summon$ to proce$ to ,rome2 & ?\gh ! p[]ful fri5d%ip ( ,lor5zo dei ,m$ici procur$ a c\nt]m& ( ! ord]1 x 0 n till #adif t he receiv$1 f ,alex&] ,,vi1 a full papal remission4 ,among ! una*iev$ projects ( 8 lat] life1 :i* end$ at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 0 t ( a treatise ,adv]sus ,ho/es ,ecclesi1 to be divid$ into sev5 sections1 ! fir/ deal+ ) ,! av[$ & op5 enemies ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! second ) ,a!i/s & ^? :o reject e religi\s sy/em ^u _! own reason+2 & ! o!rs ) ,jews1 ,moslems1 idolat]s1 h]etics1 & unrighte\s believ]s4 #agbd ,! vogue ( unbelief ?us signifi$ 0 probably increas$ by ! :ole speculative habit ( ,pico's own s*ool1 #agbe :i* t5d$ only less ?an ,av]rosm to a pan!ism subv]sive ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,x is notewor?y t1 :ile ,fic9o believ$ dev\tly 9 a/rology1 #agbf ,pico reject$ x1 & left among 8 confus$ pap]s a treatise aga9/ x :i* 8 nephew contriv$ to transcribe & publi%2 #agbg b x does n appe> t ?is s]v$ ei!r ! cause ( religion or t ( sci5ce4 ,! educat$ ,italian _w1 :ile political indep5d5ce la/$1 rema9$ 9 v>i\s degrees free?9k+1 pan!i/ic1 & giv5 to a/rology1 no s*ool or tea*] comb9+ rationalism 9 philosophy ) s\nd sci5tific me?ods4 ,"o ( ! great lit]>y figures ( ! lat] ,r5aissance1 ,niccol ,ma*iavelli 7#adfi-aebg71 is ! /&+ pro( ( ! divorce ( ! high] intellig5ce ( ,italy f ! fai? z well z ! cause ( ! ,*ur* be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,) ?is divorce he expressly *>ges ! ,*ur* itself1 giv+ z ! fir/ pro( ( its malfeasance t ! peoples ne>e/ ,rome 7 ! lea/ religi\s4 #agbh ,to him ! ,*ur* 0 ! supreme evil 9 ,italian politics1 #agbi ! /one 9 ! w\nd4 ,9 a fam\s passage he gives 8 op9ion t our religion1 hav+ %[n u ! tru? & ! true way1 makes u e/eem less political hon\r 7l'onore del mondo72 & t :]eas ! pagan religion canoniz$ only m5 cr[n$ ) public hon\r1 z g5]als & /atesm51 our religion has glorifi$ r ! humble & contemplative m5 ?an ! active1 plac+ ! highe/ good 9 humility & abjection1 tea*+ r to suff] ?an to d1 & s mak+ ! _w debile & ready to be a prey to sc\ndrels4 #agcj ,! passage :i* foll[s1 putt+ ! blame on m5 = ?us misread+ _! religion1 is a fair sample ( ! grave mock]y ) :i* ! m5 ( t age veil$ _! unfai?4 #agca ,ma*iavelli 0 reput$ 9 8 own _w an a!i/2 #agcb & he c]ta9ly 0 no religioni/4 ,he inde$ nev] av[s a!ism1 b nei!r did any o!r writ] ( ! epo*2 #agcc & ! :ole t5\r ( 8 writ+s is t ( a man :o _h at lea/ put aside ! belief 9 a pray]-answ]+ deity2 #agcd ?\gh1 ) ! intellectual arbitr>9ess :i* /ill affect$ all ! ?\ght ( 8 age1 he av[s a belief t all great political *anges are h]ald$ by prodigies1 cele/ial signs1 prophecies1 or revelations #agce--;"h con=m+ to ! ord9>y sup]/ition ( 8 tr\bl\s "t4 ,x belongs1 fur!r1 to ! manifold self-contradiction ( ! ,r5aissance t1 hold+ none ( ! or?odox religi\s beliefs1 he argues insi/5tly & at l5g? = ! value & importance ( religion1 h[ev] untrue1 z a means to political /r5g?4 ,?r\gh five successive *apt]s ( 8 ,disc\rses on ,livy he presses & illu/rates 8 !sis1 prais+ ,numa z a sagaci\s fram] ( useful fictions1 & z sett+ up new & false beliefs :i* made = ! unification & control ( ! ,roman p4 ,! argum5t evolv$ ) su* /range c&\r is1 ( c\rse1 ( ! nature ( s mu* ,r5aissance sci5ce1 an priori error3 !re 0 no lack ( religi\s fai? & fe> 9 primitive ,rome be=e ! age ( ,numa2 & ! leg5d conc]n+ him is a product ( ! v primordial my?opoiesis :i* ,ma*iavelli supposes him to h set on foot4 ,x is 9 ! _s ( t fallaci\s !ory ( a special sup]9duc$ religiosity 9 ,romans #agcf t ! great ,flor5t9e proce$s to *>ge ! ,*ur* ) hav+ made ! ,italians religionless & vici\s 7s5za religione e cattivi74 ,_h he liv$ a c5tury or two lat] he might h se5 9 ! case ( zeal\sly believ+ ,spa9 a complet] political & social pro/ration ?an _h fall5 9 8 day on ,italy1 & ?is alongside ( reg5]ation 9 an unbeliev+ ,france4 ,b inde$ x 0 ! bitt]ness ( _s ( a suff]+ patriot look+ back ye>n+ly to an idealiz$ ,rome1 r ?an ! insight ( ! au?or ( ,! ,pr9ce1 #agcg t inspir$ 8 reason+ on ! political uses ( religion2 = at ! height ( 8 exposition he notes1 ) 8 ke5 eye = fact1 h[ ! mo/ /r5u\s use ( religi\s motive _h fail$ to support ! ,samnites aga9/ ! cool c\rage ( ,romans l$ by a rationaliz+ g5]al2 #agch & he notes1 too1 ) a s>donic t\* ( hopefulness1 h[ ,savon>ola _h contriv$ to p]suade ! p ( contempor>y ,flor5ce t he _h int]c\rse ) deity4 #agci ,italy !n _h fai? en\gh & to sp>e4 ,su* argum5t1 9 any case1 ev5 if unt\*$ by ! irony :i* t+es ,ma*iavelli's1 c\ld nev] avail to re/ore fai?2 m5 _c become believ]s on ! motive ( m]e belief 9 ! value ( belief2 & ! total effect ( ,ma*iavelli's manifold reason+ on human affairs1 ) its />tl+ lucidity1 its con/ant insi/5ce on causation1 its tacit negation ( e notion ( ,provid5ce1 mu/ h be51 9 ,italy z else:]e1 r to prep>e ! way = inductive sci5ce ?an to rehabilitate sup]naturalism1 ev5 among ^? :o ass5t$ to 8 !ory ( ,roman developm5t4 ,9 8 h&s ! me?od ( sci5ce beg9s to em]ge1 turn$ to ! mo/ difficult ( its tasks1 be=e ,cop]nicus _h appli$ x to ! simpl] problem ( ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,aft] c5turies 9 :i* ! "n ( ,ari/otle _h be5 con/antly invok$ to small sci5tific purpose1 ?is man ( ! _w1 :o knew little or no?+ ( ,ari/otle's ,politics1 #agdj exhibits ! _s ( ! true ,ari/otle = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom2 & x is 9 8 l& aft] two c5turies ( 8 influ5ce t mod]n sociology beg9s its next great /ride 9 ! "w ( ,vico4 ,he is to be und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 z ! product ( ! moral & intellectual exp]i5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* prep>$ 8 audi5ce = him4 ,guicci>d9i1 8 contempor>y1 :o 9 comp>ison 0 unblam$ = irreligion1 ?\gh an ev5 w>m] hat] ( ! papacy1 has left 9 writ+ ! mo/ explicit av[als ( incr$ulity z to ! curr5t conceptions ( ! sup]natural1 & decl>es conc]n+ miracles t z !y occur 9 e religion !y prove none4 #agda ,at ! same "t he pr(esses firm fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity2 #agdb & o!rs :o w\ld n h jo9$ him !re 7 (t5 z inconsi/5t 9 ! ready belief !y gave to magic & a/rology4 ,! "t 01 aft] all1 "o ( arti/ic spl5d\r & sci5tific & critical ignorance2 #agdc & its free?\ght _h ! inevitable defects t ignorance entails4 ,?us ! belief 9 ! reality ( wit*craft1 sometimes disc>d$ by *ur*m51 #agdd is sometimes ma9ta9$ by h]etics4 ,reject$ by ,john ( ,salisbury 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & by ! free?9k+ ,pietro ( ,abano 9 #acjc1 x 0 affirm$ & e/abli%$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ass]t$ by ,gregory ,,ix1 & made a motive = unc\nt$ slaught]s by ! ,inquisition4 ,9 #adfj a !ologian _h be5 =c$ to retract1 & /ill puni%$1 = express+ d\bt on ! subject2 & 9 #adga ,pope ,sixtus ,,vi res]v$ to ! papacy ! privilege ( mak+ & sell+ ! wax5 models ( limbs us$ z pres]vatives aga9/ en*antm5ts4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury a :ole s]ies ( books direct$ aga9/ ! belief 7 put on ! ,index1 & a ,jesuit h&book codifi$ ! cre$4 ,yet a ,m9orite fri>1 ,alfonso ,sp9a1 pron\nc$ x a h]etical delusion1 & taught t ^? burn$ suff]$ n = wit*craft b = h]esy1 #agde & on ! o!r h& "s m5 ( a free?9k+ turn held x4 ,?us ! progress ( rational ?\ght 0 utt]ly prec>i\s4 ,( ! lit]>y free?9k+ ( ! lat] ,r5aissance ! mo/ fam\s repres5tative is ,pomponazzi1 or ,pomponatius 7#adfb-aebe71 = :om x has be5 claim$ t he really initiat$ ! philosophy ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 #agdf ,! ,italian ,r5aissance1 h[ev]1 0 9 reality ne> its turn+-po9t :5 ,pomponazzi's treatise on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l appe>$ 7#aeaf72 & t topic 0 ! commone/ 9 ! s*ools & controv]sies ( t day4 #agdg ,he has be5 at times spok5 ( z an ,av]ro/1 on ! gr\nd t he d5i$ immortality2 b he did s 9 reality z a disciple ( ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 a rival comm5tator to ,av]ros4 ,:at is rem>kable 9 8 case is n ! d5ial ( immortality1 :i* we h se5 to be frequ5t 9 ,dante's "t1 & m or less implicit 9 ,av]rosm1 b 8 cont5tion t e?ics c\ld d v well )\t ! belief #agdh--;a ?+ t x /ill took "s c\rage to affirm1 ?\gh ! spectacle ( ! life ( ! fai?ful might h be5 suppos$ suffici5t to w9 x a ready he>+4 ,presumably 8 rationalism1 :i* made him *all5ge ! !n canonical au?ority ( ! s*ola/iciz$ ,ari/otle1 w5t fur!r ?an 8 av[$ d\bts z to a future /ate2 s9ce 8 pr(ession ( ob$i5ce to ! ,*ur*'s tea*+1 & 8 reit]ation ( ! old academic doctr9e ( two-fold tru?--"o tru? = sci5ce & philosophy1 & ano!r = !ology #agdi--;are z dubi\s z any 9 philosophic hi/ory4 #agej ,( him1 or ( ,lor5zo ,valla1 m ju/ly ?an ( ,petr>*1 might x be said t he is ! fa!r ( mod]n criticism1 s9ce ,valla sets on foot at once hi/orical & textual analysis1 :ile ,pomponazzi anticipates ! treatm5t giv5 to ,biblical miracles by ! rationaliz+ ,g]man !ologians ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #agea ,he too 0 a fix$ enemy ( ! cl]gy2 & x 0 n = lack ( w t !y fail$ to de/roy him4 ,he happ5$ to be a p]sonal fav\rite ( ,leo ,x1 :o saw to x t ! /orm ( opposition to ,pomponazzi--a /orm z mu* ( ang] on behalf ( ,ari/otle1 :o _h be5 %[n by him to d\bt ! immortality ( ! s\l1 z on behalf ( ,*ri/ianity--%\ld end 9 an (ficial f>ce ( reconciliation4 #ageb ,he 0 h[ev] n free to publi% 8 treatises1 ,de ,incantationibus & ,de ,fato1 ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 et ,prde/9atione4 ,^!1 complet$ 9 #aebj1 7 n pr9t$ till aft] 8 dea?1 9 #aeef & #aeeg2 #agec & by reason ( _! great] simplicity1 z well z ( _! less dang]\s =m ( h]esy1 7 mu* m widely read ?an ! e>li] treatise1 ?us contribut+ mu* to ! spread ( sane ?\ght on ! subjects ( wit*craft1 miracles1 & special provid5ces4 ,:e!r 8 metaphysic on ! subject ( ! immortality ( ! s\l _h mu* effect on popul> ?\ght may be d\bt$4 ,:at ! ,r5aissance mo/ ne$$ 9 bo? its philosophic & its practical ?\ght 0 a sci5tific f\ndation2 & sci5ce1 f fir/ to la/1 0 m h9d]$ ?an help$ by ! environm5t4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 *>ges ( necromancy aga9/ physicians & exp]im5t]s 7 frequ5tly jo9$ ) imputations ( h]esy1 & on su* *>ges n a few 7 burn$4 #aged ,! economic conditions too 7 all unfav\rable to solid rese>*4 ,:5 ,galileo 9 #aehi 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,pisa1 8 sal>y 0 only #fj scudi 7 doll>s71 :ile ! ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e got #b1jjj4 7,k>l von ,gebl]1 ,galileo ,galilei1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgi1 p4 #i47 ,at ,padua1 lat]1 ,galileo _h #ebj flor9s1 ) a prospect ( ris+ to z _m scudi4 7,lett] giv5 9 ,! ,private ,life ( ,galileo1 ,bo/on1 #ahgj1 p4 #fa47 ,! ,gr& ,duke f9ally gave him a p5sion ( #a1jjj scudi at ,flor5ce4 7,id4 p4 #fd47 ,?is squ>es ) ,bacon's compla9t 7,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 bk4 ii2 ,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 ii1 *4 i--,works1 ,r\tl$ge ed4 pp4 #gf1 #dbb-bc7 t1 especially 9 ,engl&1 ! sal>ies ( lectur]s 9 arts & pr(essions 7 injuri\sly small1 & t1 fur!r1 among s _m noble f\ndations ( colleges 9 ,europe 444 !y are all d$icat$ to pr(essions1 & none left free to ! /udy ( arts & sci5ces at l>ge4 ,9 ,italy1 h[ev]1 philosophy 0 fairly well end[$4 ,pomponazzi receiv$ a sal>y ( #ijj ,bolognese lire :5 he obta9$ ! *air ( ,philosophy at ,bologna 9 #aeji4 7,*ri/ie1 essay cit$1 p4 #ach47 ,m$ic9e 0 ne>ly z dogmatic z !ology4 ,ev5 philosophy 0 9 l>ge "p %\ld]$ aside by ! f9ancial motives :i* l$ m5 to /udy law 9 pref]5ce2 #agee & :5 ! revival ( anci5t lit]ature ga9$ gr\nd x absorb$ en]gy to ! detrim5t ( sci5tific /udy1 #agef ! weal?y amateurs be+ ready to pay high prices = manuscripts ( classics1 & = classical tea*+2 b n = pati5t inve/igation ( natural fact4 ,! humani/s1 s-call$1 7 (t5 =ces ( enlight5m5t & re=m2 witness su* a type z ! high-m9d$ ,pomponio ,leto 7,pomponius ,laetus71 pupil & successor ( ,lor5zo ,valla1 & "o ( ! _m pagan s*ol>s ( ! lat] ,r5aissance2 #ageg b ! discipl9e ( m]e classical culture 0 insuffici5t to make !m1 z a body1 qualifi$ lead]s ei!r ( ?\ght or action1 #ageh 9 su* a society z t ( decay+ ,italy4 ,only aft] ! fall ( ,italian lib]ties1 ! decay ( ! ,*ur*'s weal? & p[]1 ! loss ( comm]ce1 & ! consequ5t decl9e ( ! arts1 did m5 turn to truly sci5tific pursuits4 ,f ,italy1 inde$1 long aft] ! ,re=mation1 came a new /imulus to free?\ght :i* affect$ all ! high] civilization ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,b ! failure to solve ! political problem1 a failure :i* l$ to ! ,spani% tyranny1 meant ! e/abli%m5t ( bad conditions = ! intellectual z = ! social life2 & an arre/ ( free?\ght 9 ,italy 0 a necess>y accompanim5t ( ! arre/ ( ! high] lit]ature4 ,:at rema9$ 0 ! aft]gl[ ( a great & en]getic p]iod r ?an a _s ( inquiry2 & we f9d ! old ,av]ro/ s*ola/icism1 9 its mo/ p$antic =m1 la/+ at ! univ]sity ( ,padua till f> into ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a philosophy1 rem>ks 9 ?is connection an e/eem$ hi/orian1 a mode ( ?\ght1 a habit ( m9d1 may live on 9 ! lecture-rooms ( ,pr(essors = a c5tury aft] x has be5 ab&on$ by ! ?9k]s1 ! m5 ( lett]s1 & ! m5 ( ! _w4 #agei ,! av[al has its be>+s ne>] home ?an ,padua4 ,:ile x la/$1 ! light ( ,italy _h %one ^u all ! ?\ght ( ,europe4 ,n only ! o!r nations b ! s*ol>s ( ! ,jewi% race reflect$ x2 = to ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury belongs ! ,jew ,m5ahem ,as>iah de ,rossi1 ^: "w1 ,meor ,enayim1 ,light ( ! ,eyes1 is ! fir/ attempt by a ,jew to submit ! /atem5ts ( ! ,talmud to a critical exam9ation1 & to "q ! value ( tradition 9 its hi/orical records4 ,& he did n /& alone among ! ,jews ( ,italy2 =1 :ile ,elijah ,delm$igo1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 9 a didactic ,maimoni/ fa%ion d\btful ( lit]>y tradition1 8 gr&son1 ,joseph ,solomon ,delm$igo1 fl\ri%+ e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 wrote v>i\s pamphlets ( a deeply skeptical "*4 #agfj ,t ?is movem5t ( ,jewi% rationalism %\ld be ma9ly limit$ to ! s\? 0 inevitable1 s9ce !re only 7 ,jewi% s*ol>s 9 an intellectual environm5t4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] te/imony to ! high] influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 #b4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,evolution ,9 ! o!r c\ntries influ5c$ by ,italian culture 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! rationali/ _s _h v>i\s =tune4 ,france1 z we saw1 _h sub/antially retrograd$ at ! "t ( ! ,italian new-bir?1 h] reviv$ milit>ism no less ?an h] depression by ! ,engli% conque/s hav+ deeply impair$ h] intellectual life 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,?us ! true r5asc5ce ( lett]s 9 ,france began late1 & w5t on dur+ ! ,re=mation p]iod2 & all along x %[$ a t9cture ( free?\ght4 ,f ! mid/ ( ! gr\p :o laid ! f\ndations ( ,fr5* ,prote/antism by translations ( ! ,bible !re comes =? ! mo/ articulate free?9k] ( t age1 ,bonav5ture ,desp]i]s1 au?or ( ! ,cymbalum ,mundi 7#aecg74 ,e>ly associat$ ) ,calv9 & ,olivetan 9 revis+ ! translation ( ! ,bible by ,lefvre d',etaples 7rev4 #aece71 ,desp]i]s turn$ away f ! ,prote/ant movem5t1 z did ,rabelais & ti5ne ,dolet1 c>+ z little = ! new presbyt] z = ! old prie/2 & all ?ree 7 duly accus$ by ! ,prote/ants ( a!ism & lib]t9age4 #agfa ,9 ! same ye> ,desp]i]s aid$ ,dolet1 s*ol> & pr9t]1 to produce 8 mu*-prais$ ,comm5t>ii l+u lat92 & )9 two ye>s he _h pr9t$ 8 own satire1 ,cymbalum ,mundi1 #agfb :]e91 by way ( pagan dialogues1 are allegorically ridicul$ ! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 its miracles1 ,bible contradictions1 & ! _s ( p]secution1 !n 9 full fire 9 ,france aga9/ ! ,prote/ants4 ,9 ! fir/ dialogue ,m]cury is s5t to ,a!ns by ,zeus ! ,fa!r to h ! ,book ( ! ,de/9ies reb\nd--an adaptation ( an anci5t s>casm aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians by ,celsus4 #agfc ,he1 robb+ o!rs1 is robb$ ( ! book1 & ano!r 7 ! ,new ,te/am5t7 is put 9 its place4 ,9 ! second dialogue figure ,rhetulus 7 ,lu!rus7 & ,cub]cus 7 ,buc]us871 :o suppose !y h f\nd ! ma9 pieces ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 :i* ,m]cury _h brok5 & scatt]$ 9 ! s& ( ! !atre ar5a4 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics are ?us alike ridicul$4 ,! allegory is n always cle> to mod]n eyes2 b !re 0 no "q !n ab\t its g5]al be>+2 & ,desp]i]s1 ?\gh groom ( ! *amb] 7aft] ,clem5t ,m>ot7 to ,m>gu]ite ( ,france 7lat] ( ,nav>re71 _h to fly = 8 life1 z ,m>ot did be=e him4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 book1 secretly pr9t$ at ,p>is1 0 seiz$ & de/roy$2 & ! second 7#aech71 pr9t$ = him at ,lyons1 :i!r he _h tak5 8 flight1 seems to h _h a simil> fate4 ,f t "t he disappe>s1 probably dy+1 :e!r or n by suicide is d\btful1 #agfd be=e #aedd1 :5 8 miscellane\s works 7 publi%$4 ,!y include 8 ,o,euvres ,div]ses--_m ( !m graceful poems address$ to 8 royal mi/ress1 ,m>gu]ite--:i*1 ) 8 v]se translation ( ! ,&ria ( ,t]5ce & 8 ,disc\rs non plus ,melancoliques que ,div]s1 make up 8 small body ( "w4 ,9 ! ,disc\rs may be se5 appli$ to matt]s ( hi/ory & s*ol>%ip ! same critical _s t utt]s itself 9 ! ,cymbalum1 & ! same lit]>y gift2 b = or?odoxy 8 "n became a hiss+ & a byword1 & x is only 9 mod]n times t ,fr5* s*ol>%ip has recogniz$ 9 ,desp]i]s ! true lit]>y comrade & pot5tial equal ( ,rabelais & ,m>ot4 #agfe ,! age ( ,francis 0 too inclem5t = su* lit]ature z 8 ,cymbalum2 & x 0 mu* t x sp>$ ,gr+oire 7d4 #aedd71 :o1 )\t t\*+ doctr9e1 satiriz$ 9 8 v]se bo? prie/s & ,prote/ants4 ,x is some?+ ( a m>vel1 fur!r1 t x sp>$ ,rabelais 78 #adic-aeec71 ^: enorm\s raill]y s ne>ly fills up ! lit]>y vi/a ( ! age = mod]n retrospect4 ,x has be5 said by a c>eful /ud5t t ! free & univ]sal inquiry1 ! philosophic d\bt1 :i* 7 lat] to "w ! glory ( ,desc>tes1 proce$ f ,rabelais2 #agff & x is inde$ an impression ( b\ndless intellectual curiosity & :olly unfett]$ ?9k+ t is set up by 8 entire c>e]4 ,s5t fir/ to ! conv5t s*ool ( ,la ,baumette1 ne> ,ang]s1 he _h !re z a s*oolfell[ ,ge(froy d',e/issac1 aft]w>ds 8 patron z ,bi%op ( ,maillezais4 ,s5t lat] to ! conv5t s*ool ( ,font5ay-le-,comte1 he _h ! luck to h = s*oolfell[s !re ! f\r fam\s bro!rs ,du ,bellay1 s well able to protect him 9 lat] life2 &1 =c$ to sp5d fifte5 ye>s ( 8 "y life 7#aeji-bd7 at ,font5ay z a ,franciscan monk1 he turn$ ! "t to acc\nt by acquir+ an imm5se erudition1 includ+ a k ( ,greek1 !n r>e4 #agfg ,naturally ! book-lov] 0 n popul> among 8 fell[-monks2 & 8 ,greek books 7 actually confiscat$ by ! *apt]1 :o f\nd 9 8 cell c]ta9 writ+s ( ,erasmus1 #agfh to :om z a s*ol> he aft]w>ds express$ ! deepe/ intellectual obligations4 ,!reaft]1 by ! help ( 8 fri5d d',e/issac1 n[ bi%op ( ! diocese1 ,rabelais receiv$ papal p]mission to jo9 ! ord] ( ! ,b5$ict9es & to ent] ! ,abbey ( ,maillezais z a canon regul> 7#aebd72 b soon aft]1 ?\gh he 0 ?us a fully-orda9$ prie/1 we f9d him brok5 loose1 & liv+ = "s six ye>s a life ( w&]+ fre$om z a secul> prie/1 sometimes ) 8 fri5d ! bi%op1 w9n+ fri5ds 9 high places by 8 le>n+ & 8 gaiety1 ev]y:]e /udy+ & obs]v+4 ,at ! bi%op's priory ( ,ligug he seems to h /udi$ h>d & widely4 ,9 #aecj he is f\nd at ,montpelli]1 ext5d+ 8 /udies 9 m$ic9e1 9 :i* he spe$ily won di/9ction1 becom+ ,b4,m4 on ,decemb] #a1 & a lectur] 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,he 0 lat] e/eem$ "o ( ! *ief anatomi/s ( 8 day1 be+ "o ( ! fir/ to dissect ! human body & to insi/ on ! ne$ ( su* tra9+ = physicians2 #agfi & 9 #aecb #aggj we f9d him *>act]iz$ z ! true great univ]sal _s ( ?is "t4 #agga ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ at ,lyons1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ physician to ! *ief hospital1 an edition ( ! ,lat9 lett]s ( ! ,f]r>ese physician ,man>di2 & 8 own comm5t>ies on ,gal5 & ,hippocrates1 :i* _h a v poor sale4 #aggb ,at ,lyons he made ! acqua9tance ( ,dolet1 ,m>ot1 & ,desp]i]s2 & 8 lett] 7( ! same ye>7 to ,erasmus 7pr9t$ z address$ to ,b]n>d de ,salignac #aggc7 %[$ afre% h[ 8 intellectual sympa?ies w5t4 ,ab\t #aecb he produc$ 8 ,g>gantua & ,pantagruel1 ! fir/ two books ( 8 great humori/ic romance2 & 9 #aecc began 8 s]ies ( almanacks1 cont9u$ till #aeej1 presumably z pr9t]'s hack-"w4 ,f ! fragm5ts :i* h be5 pres]v$1 !y appe> to h be5 entirely s]i\s 9 tone1 "o conta9+ a grave !i/ic prote/ aga9/ all a/rological pr$iction4 ,along ) ! almanack ( #aecc1 h[ev]1 he produc$ a ,pantagruelian ,progno/ication2 & ?is1 :i* alone has be5 pres]v$ entire1 #aggd passes h>dy ridicule on a/rology1 #agge "o ( ! mo/ popul> sup]/itions ( ! day1 among high & l[ alike4 ,almo/ imm$iately ! ,sorbonne 0 on 8 track1 condemn+ 8 ,pantagruel 9 #aecc4 #aggf ,a j\rney soon aft]w>ds to ,rome1 9 ! company ( 8 fri5d ,bi%op ,jean du ,bellay1 ! ,fr5* ambassador1 may h sav$ him "s p]sonal exp]i5ce ( p]secution4 ,two ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,bi%op w5t to ,rome to be made c>d9al1 ,rabelais aga9 accompani$ him2 & he appe>s to h be5 a fav\rite alike ) ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii & ,paul ,,iii4 ,at ! end ( #aece we f9d him1 9 a lett] to 8 patron1 ! bi%op ( ,maillezais1 sc(f+ at ! a/rological lean+s ( ! new ,pope1 ,paul ,,iii4 #aggg ,none!less1 ^u a =mal ,supplicatio pro apo/asia1 he obta9$ f ! ,pope 9 #aecf an absolution = 8 brea* ( 8 mona/ic v[s1 ) p]mission to practise m$ic9e 9 a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,%ortly be=e1 8 little son ,?odule _h di$2 #aggh & x may h be5 grief t inspir$ su* a desire3 9 any case1 ! papal p]mission to turn monk aga9 0 nev] us$1 #aggi ?\gh ! p>don 0 d\btless s]viceable4 ,tak+ 8 degree z doctor at ,montpelli] 9 ,may1 #aecg1 he !re lectur$ = ab\t a ye> on anatomy2 & 9 ! middle ( #aech he recomm5c$ a w&]+ life1 #aghj practis+ 9 turn at ,n>bonne1 ,ca/res1 & ,lyons4 ,!n1 aft] becom+ a ,b5$ict9e canon ( ,/4 ,maur 9 #aedj1 we f9d him 9 ,pi$mont f #aedj to #aedc1 "u ! protection ( ! vic]oy1 ,guillaume de ,bellay4 #agha ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! frequ5t repr9ts ( ! fir/ two books ( 8 ma9 "w1 ?\gh nev] be>+ 8 "n1 br\ght ^u him ! d5unciations alike ( prie/s & ,prote/ants4 ,ramus1 p]haps 9 rev5ge = be+ c>icatur$ z ,ram9agrobis1 pron\nc$ him an a!i/4 #aghb ,calv91 :o _h once be5 8 fri5d1 _h 9 8 book ,de ,sc&alis angrily accus$ him ( lib]t9age1 pr(anity1 & a!ism2 & h5ce=?1 l ,desp]i]s1 he 0 ab\t z little 9 sympa?y ) ,prote/antism z ) ! zealots ( ,rome4 ,?us assail$1 ,rabelais _h se5 cause1 9 an edition ( #aedb1 to modify a numb] ( ! h>di] utt]ances 9 ! orig9al issues ( ! fir/ two books ( 8 ,pantagruel1 notably 8 _m epi!ts aim$ at ! ,sorbonne4 #aghc ,9 ! repr9ts !re are sub/itut$ = ,biblical names "s drawn f hea!n my?ology2 expressions too /rongly sav\r+ ( ,calv9ism are )drawn2 & disrespectful allusions to ! k+s ( ,france are elid$4 ,9 8 conc]n to keep himself safe ) ! ,sorbonne he ev5 made a r unwor?y attack #aghd 7#aedb7 on 8 =m] fri5d ti5ne ,dolet = ! m]e ov]sight ( repr9t+ "o ( 8 books )\t delet+ passages :i* ,rabelais _h expung$2 #aghe b no expurgation c\ld make 8 vangile1 z he call$ x1 #aghf a ,*ri/ian treatise1 or keep = him an or?odox reputation2 & x 0 ) mu* elation t he obta9$ 9 #aede f ,k+ ,francis--^: private read] 0 8 fri5d ,du*tel1 ,bi%op ( ,tulle--a privilege to pr9t ! ?ird book ( ,pantagruel1 :i* he issu$ 9 #aedf1 sign$ = ! fir/ "t ) 8 "n1 & prefac$ by a cry ( jovial defiance to ! petticoat$ devils ( ! ,sorbonne4 ,!y at once s\ght to convict him ( fre% blasphemies2 b ev5 ! ?rice-repeat$ sub/itution ( an n = an m 9 me1 mak+ ass out ( s\l1 0 c>ri$ (f1 by help ( ,bi%op ,du*tel1 z a pr9t]'s error2 & ! k+1 hav+ laugh$ l o!r read]s1 ma9ta9$ ! imprimatur4 ,b al?\gh x gave ,rabelais =mal leave to repr9t ! fir/ & second books1 he 0 c>eful = ! "t n to d s1 leav+ ! increas+ risk to be run by :oso w\ld4 ,x 0 on ! dea? ( ,francis 9 #aedg t ,rabelais ran 8 greate/ dang]1 hav+ to fly to ,metz1 :]e = a "t he act$ z sal>i$ physician ( ! city4 ,ab\t ?is "t he seems to h writt5 ! f\r? & fif? books ( ,pantagruel2 & to ! treatm5t he _h suff]$ at ,ca?olic h&s has be5 ascrib$ ! rev]sion to ,calv9i/ic ideas not$ 9 ! fif? book4 #aghg ,9 #aedi1 h[ev]1 on ! bir? ( a son to ,h5ri ,,ii1 8 fri5d ,c>d9al ,bellay return$ to p[]1 & ,rabelais to c\rt fav\r ) him4 ,! d]id] ( a/rology did n scruple to ca/ a prosp]\s horoscope = ! infant pr9ce--ju/ify+ by /rictly false pr$ictions 8 own e/imate ( ! art1 s9ce ! *ild di$ 9 ! cradle4 ,!re 0 n[ effect$ ! dramatic sc&al ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,rabelais 9 #aeej to two p>i% cures1 "o ( :i*1 ,meudon1 has giv5 him 8 mo/ famili> sobriquet4 ,he seems to h left bo? to be s]v$ by vic>s2 #aghh b ! wra? ( ! ,*ur* 0 s great t e>ly 9 #aeeb he resign$ !m2 #aghi proce$+ imm$iately aft]w>ds to publi% ! f\r? book ( ,pantagruel1 = :i* he _h duly obta9$ (ficial privilege4 ,z usual1 ! ,sorbonne ru%$ to ! pursuit2 & ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is =bade ! sale ( ! book despite ! royal p]mission4 ,t p]mission1 h[ev]1 0 reaffirm$2 & ?is1 ! mo/ audaci\s ( all ! writ+s ( ,rabelais1 w5t =? freely ?r\gh\t ,france1 c>ry+ ! w> into ! enemies' camp1 & assail+ alike ,prote/ants & *ur*m54 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 8 "w done1 he di$4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! intellectual effect ( 8 p]=mance1 :i* 0 probably mu* great] at ! end ( ! c5tury ?an dur+ 8 life4 ,pat]icke1 ! ,engli% translator ( ,g5tillet's fam\s ,disc\rs aga9/ ,ma*iavelli 7#aegf71 po9ts to ,rabelais among ! ,fr5* & ,agrippa 7an odd p>allel7 among ! ,g]mans z ! /&>d-be>]s ( ! :ole tra9 ( a!i/s & sc(f]s4 ,little by little1 t :i* 0 tak5 9 ! beg9n+ = je/s turn$ to e>ne/1 & words into de$s4 #agij ,rabelais's va/ innu5does by way ( je/s ab\t ! p ( ,rua* 7! ,_s7 :o liv$ solely on w9d2 #agia 8 quips ab\t ! rev]5d fa!rs 9 devil1 ( ! diabological faculty2 #agib 8 n>ratives ab\t ! ,papefigues & ,papimanes2 #agic & 8 gibes at ! ,decretals1 #agid 7 d\btless enjoy$ by _m good ,ca?olics o!rwise placat$ by 8 attacks on ! demoniacal ,calv9s1 impo/ors ( ,g5eva2 #agie & s c>eful 0 he on matt]s ( dogma t x rema9s impossible to say ) confid5ce :e!r or n he f9ally believ$ 9 a future /ate4 #agif ,t he 0 a dei/ or ,unit>ian seems ! reasonable inf]5ce z to 8 g5]al cre$2 #agig b !re also he ?r[s out no negations--ev5 indicates a g5ial contempt = ! philosophe ephectique et pyrrhoni5 #agih :o opposes a halt+ d\bt to two contr>y doctr9es4 ,9 any case1 he 0 ana!ma to ! h]esy-hunt]s ( ! ,sorbonne1 & only p[]ful protection c\ld h sav$ him4 ,dolet 7#aejh-aedf7 0 c]ta9ly mu* less ( an unbeliev] #agii ?an ,rabelais2 #ahjj b :]e ,rabelais c\ld ) ultimate impunity ridicule ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahja ,dolet1 aft] sev]al iniquit\s prosecutions1 9 :i* 8 jeal\s rivals 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess took "p1 0 f9ally done to dea? 9 prie/ly rev5ge #ahjb = 8 y\?ful attack on ! religion ( inquisitorial ,t\l\se1 :]e gross pagan sup]/ition & gross or?odoxy w5t h& 9 h&4 #ahjc ,he c]ta9ly liv$ a life ( /urt & /rife4 ,born at ,orlans1 he /udi$ 9 8 boyhood at ,p>is2 lat] at ,padua1 "u ,simon ,villanovanus1 :om he he>d conv]se ) ,sir ,?omas ,m2 !n1 at #ba1 = a ye> at ,v5ice1 :]e he 0 secret>y to ,langeac1 ! ,fr5* ,bi%op ( ,limoges4 ,x 0 at ,t\l\se1 :]e he w5t 9 #aecb to /udy law1 t he began 8 qu>rels & 8 tr\bles4 ,9 t ye>1 & 9 t t[n1 ! "y ,jean de ,caturce1 a lectur] 9 ! s*ool ( law1 0 burn$ alive on a trivial *>ge ( h]esy2 & ,dolet witness$ ! trag$y4 #ahjd ,previ\sly !re _h be5 a :olesale arre/ ( suspect$ ,lu!rans--advocates1 procureurs1 ecclesia/ics ( all sorts1 monks1 fri>s1 & curs4 #ahje ,?irty-two sav$ !mselves by flight2 b among ^? arre/$ 0 ,jean de ,boysonne1 ! mo/ le>n$ & ! able/ pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity1 mu* admir$ by ,rabelais1 #ahjf & aft]w>ds ! mo/ intimate fri5d ( ,dolet4 ,x 0 8 %e] love ( lett]s t br\ght ^u him ! *>ge ( h]esy2 #ahjg b he 0 =c$ publicly to abjure t5 ,lu!ran h]esies *>g$ ^u him4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! "t 7 divid$ 9 ! old fa%ion into nations1 & =m$ societies z su*2 & ,dolet1 *os5 9 #aecd z orator ( ! ,fr5* gr\p1 z di/9ct f ! ,gascons & ! ,tolosans1 9 ! c\rse ( a qu>rel ( ! societies deliv]$ two ,lat9 orations1 9 "o ( :i* he vilip5d$ alike ! cruelty & ! sup]/itions ( ,t\l\se4 ,a numb] ( ! lead+ bigots ( ! place 7 attack$2 & ,dolet 0 aft] an int]val ( "s mon?s ?r[n into prison1 *>g$ ) excit+ a riot & ) contempt ( ! ,p>lem5t ( ,t\l\se4 ,8 inc>c]ation did n la/ long2 b nev] !reaft] 0 he safe2 & 9 ! rema9+ ?irte5 ye>s ( 8 life he 0 five m times 9 prison1 = ne>ly five ye>s 9 all4 #ahjh ,aft] he _h settl$ at ,lyons1 & produc$ 8 ,comm5t>ies1 he _h ! bad =tune to kill an enemy :o drew sword ^u him2 & ! p>don he obta9$ f ! k+ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re rema9$ te*nically unratifi$ = six ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he 0 only provisionally at lib]ty1 be+ actually 9 prison = a %ort "t 9 #aecg4 ,ap>t f ?is episode he %[$ himself bo? qu>relsome & va+lori\s1 ali5at+ fri5ds :o _h done mu* = him2 b 8 enemies 7 worse spirits ?an he4 ,! p[] ( ! man drove him to p]petual production no less ?an to /rife2 & 8 m]e activity z a pr9t] w5t f> to de/roy him4 ,no call+ 0 m hateful to ! fri5ds ( bigotry & sup]/ition ?an t ( a pr9t] 7,*ri/ie1 z cit$1 p4 #chg74 ,ne>ly all ! lead+ pr9t]s ( ,france & ,g]many 7 ei!r av[$ly 9 sympa?y ) ,prote/ant h]esy or suspect$ ( be+ s 7id4 p4 #chh72 & ! issue ( an edict by ,k+ ,francis 9 #aece = ! suppression ( pr9t+ 0 at ! in/ance ( ! ,sorbonne4 ,we %all see t 9 ,g]many ! support ( ! pr9t]s1 & _! ho/ility to ! prie/s & monks1 contribut$ greatly to ! success ( ,lu!ranism4 ,9 #aedb he 0 indict$ z a h]etic1 b really = publi%+ ,prote/ant books ( devotion & ,fr5* translations ( ! ,bible4 ,among ! =mal (f5ces *>g$ 73 7#a7 8 hav+ 9 8 ,cato ,*ri/ianus cit$ z ! second comm&m5t ! condemnation ( all images2 7#b7 8 use ( ! t]m fate 9 ! s5se ( pr$e/9ation2 7#c7 8 sub/itution ( habeo fidem = cr$o2 7#d7 ! eat+ ( fle% 9 ,l5t2 & 7#e7 ! act ( tak+ a walk dur+ ! p]=mance ( mass4 #ahji ,on ?is indictm5t ! two inquisitors ,orry & ,faye deliv]$ him ov] to ! secul> arm = execution4 ,aga9 he secur$ ! ,k+'s p>don 7#aedc71 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,pi]re ,du*tel1 ! good ,bi%op ( ,tulle2 b ! ecclesia/ical resi/ance 0 su* t1 despite ,dolet's =mal recantation1 x requir$ a m pl5>y p>don1 ! express ord]s ( ! ,k+1 & ?ree (ficial lett]s to secure 8 release aft] a ye>'s det5tion4 #ahaj ,t 01 h[ev]1 swiftly foll[$ by a f9al & successful prosecution4 ,by a base device two p>cels 7 made ( prohibit$ books pr9t$ by ,dolet & ( ,prote/ant books issu$ at ,g5eva2 & ^!1 be>+ 8 "n 9 l>ge1 7 =w>d$ to ,p>is4 ,! p>cels 7 seiz$1 & he 0 aga9 arre/$1 e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aedd4 ,he contriv$ to escape to ,pi$mont2 b1 return+ secretly aft] six mon?s to pr9t docum5ts ( def5ce1 he 0 discov]$ & s5t to prison 9 ,p>is4 ,! la/ p>don hav+ cov]$ all previ\s writ+s1 ! prosecutors s\ght 9 8 translation ( ! pseudo-,platonic dialogues ,axio*us & ,hipp>*us1 pr9t$ ) 8 la/ v9dication2 &1 f9d+ a slight ov]-emphasis ( ,sokrates's phrase describ+ ! dea? ( ! body 7?\ %alt no long] be1 r5d]$ by ?\ %alt no long] be any?+ at all71 pron\nc$ ?is a wilful prop\nd+ ( a h]esy1 ?\gh 9 fact !re _h be5 no d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( immortality4 #ahaa ,?is "t ! prey 0 held4 ,aft] ,dolet _h be5 9 prison = tw5ty mon?s ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is ratifi$ ! s5t5ce ( dea?2 & he 0 burn$ alive on ,augu/ #c1 #aedf4 ,! utt] wick$ness ( ! :ole process #ahab at lea/ s]ves to relieve by neighb\rhood ! d>kness ( ! /a9s ca/ on ,prote/antism by ! crimes ( ,calv94 ,! :ole ( ! cl]ical opposition to ! new le>n+ at ?is p]iod is n unju/ly to be *>act]iz$ z a malignant cabal ( ignorance aga9/ k4 ,9 ,g]many z 9 ,france real le>n+ 0 sub/antially on ! side ( ! p]secut$ writ]s4 ,:51 9 ,m>* ( #aecg1 ,dolet 0 ent]ta9$ at a banquet to celebrate ! p>don grant$ to him by ! k+ = 8 homicide at ,lyons on ! la/ day ( ! previ\s ye>1 !re came to x1 by ,dolet's own acc\nt1 ! *ief lights ( le>n+ 9 ,france--,bud1 ! *ief ,greek s*ol> ( 8 "t2 ,b]auld1 8 ne>e/ compe]2 ,dans & ,t\ssa91 bo? pupils ( ,bud & ! fir/ royal pr(essors ( ,greek at ,p>is2 ,m>ot1 ! ,fr5* ,m>o2 ,rabelais1 !n reg>d$ z a great new light 9 m$ic9e2 ,v\lt1 #ahac & o!rs4 ,! m5 ( enlight5m5t at fir/ in/9ctively drew toge!r1 recogniz+ t on all h&s !y 7 surr\nd$ by rabid enemies1 :o 7 ! enemies ( k4 ,b soon ! /resses ( ! "t drove !m asund]4 ,v\lt1 :o 9 ?is ye> 0 prais+ ,rabelais 9 ,lat9 epigrams1 0 attack+ him 9 ! next z an impi\s disciple ( ,lucian2 #ahad &1 aft] hav+ w>mly befri5d$ ,dolet1 0 impea*+ him1 n )\t cause1 z an +rate4 ,x 0 an age ( passion & viol5ce2 & ,v\lt 0 himself assass9at$ 9 #aedb by a man :o _h be5 unsuccessful 9 a law-suit aga9/ him4 #ahae ,infam\s z 0 ! cruelty ) :i* ,dolet 0 p]secut$ to ! dea?1 8 execution 0 b a drop 9 ! sea ( blood !n be+ %$ 9 ,france by ! ,*ur*4 ,! k+1 s9k+ "u 8 maladies1 _h become ! creature ( ! prie/s1 :o 9 defiance ( ! ,*ancellor obta9$ 8 signature 7#aede7 to a decree = a r5ew$ p]secution ( ! h]etics ( ! ,vaudois2 & an army1 foll[$ by a ,ca?olic mob & accompani$ by ! papal vice-legate ( ,avignon1 bur/ ^u ! doom$ t]ritory & comm5c$ to burn & slay4 ,wom5 captur$ 7 violat$ & !n ?r[n ov] precipices2 & twice ov]1 :5 a multitude ( fugitives 9 a =tifi$ place surr5d]$ on ! assurance t _! lives & prop]ty w\ld be sp>$1 ! comm&] ord]$ t all %\ld be put to dea?4 ,:5 old soldi]s refus$ to enact su* an infamy1 o!rs joyfully obey$1 ! mob aid+2 & among ! wom5 7 committ$1 z usual1 all ! crimes ( :i* hell c\ld dream4 ,?ree t[ns 7 de/roy$1 #c1jjj p]sons massacr$1 #bef execut$1 six or sev5 hundr$ m s5t to ! galleys1 & _m *ildr5 sold z slaves4 #ahaf ,?us 0 ! fai? v9dicat$ & safegu>d$4 ,( ! free?\ght ( su* an age !re c\ld be no adequate record4 ,its tempe/u\s en]gy1 h[ev]1 implies n a little ( private unbelief2 & at a "t :5 9 ,engl&1 two g5]ations beh9d ,france 9 po9t ( lit]>y evolution1 !re 01 z we %all see1 a measure ( rationalism among religioni/s1 !re mu/ h be5 at lea/ z mu* 9 ! l& ( ,rabelais & ,desp]i]s4 ,! "w ( ,guillaume ,po/ell1 ,de causis seu pr9cipiis et orig9ibus ,natur contra ,a!os1 publi%$ 9 #aeeb1 te/ifies to k9ds ( unbelief t outw5t ! d\bt ( ,rabelais2 ?\gh ,po/ell's g5]al extravagance disc\nts all ( 8 utt]ances4 ,x is said ( ,guillaume ,pellici] 7#aebg-aefh71 ,bi%op ( ,montpelli]1 :o fir/ turn$ ,prote/ant & aft]w>ds1 accord+ to ,gui ,pat91 a!i/1 t he w\ld h be5 burn$ b = ! fact ( 8 consecration4 #ahag ,& ! ,engli% *ronicl]s pres]ve a sc&al conc]n+ an anonym\s a!i/1 word$ z foll[s3 #aeci4 ,?is ye>e1 9 ,octob]1 di$ 9 ! ,univ]sitie ( ,p>ris1 9 ,france1 a great doctor1 :i* said _! 0 no ,god1 & _h b5e ( t op9ion synce he 0 tw5tie ye>es old1 & 0 above f\]score ye>es olde :5 he di$4 ,& all t tyme _h kept 8 error secrett1 & 0 e/eam$ = "o ( ! greate/ cl>kes 9 all ! ,univ]sitie ( ,p>ris1 & 8 s5t5ce 0 tak5 & hold5 among ! said /ud5tes z firme z scripture1 :i* %ew$1 :5 he 0 ask$ :y he _h n %ew$ 8 op9ion till 8 dea?1 he answ]$ t = fe>e ( dea? he dur/ n1 b :5 he knew t he %\ld die he said _! 0 no lief to come aft] ?is lief1 & s di$ mis]ably to 8 great damnation4 #ahah ,among ! em95t ones !n surmis$ to lean some:at to unbelief 0 ! si/] ( ,k+ ,francis1 ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re1 :om we h not$ z a protectress ( ! pan!i/ic ,lib]t9i1 d5\nc$ by ,calv94 ,%e is held to h be5 sub/antially skeptical until h] =ty-fif? ye>2 #ahai ?\gh h] f9al religi\sness seems also beyond d\bt4 #ahbj ,9 h] y\? %e bravely protect$ ! ,prote/ants f ! fir/ p]secution ( #aebc onw>ds2 & ! /rongly ,prote/ant drift ( h] ,miroir de l'me p*]esse exasp]at$ ! ,ca?olic !ologians2 b aft] ! ,prote/ant viol5ces ( #aedf %e seems to h sid$ ) h] bro!r aga9/ ! ,re=m4 #ahba ,! /range ta/e ( ! ,heptamron1 ( :i* aga9 h] "p-au?or%ip seems c]ta91 #ahbb con/itutes a moral p>adox n to be solv$ save by recogniz+ 9 h] a woman ( g5ius1 ^: alt]nate my/icism & bohemianism express$ a v anci5t duality 9 human nature4 ,a simil> mixture w expla9 ! intellectual life ( ! poet ,rons>d4 ,a p]secutor ( ! ,hugu5ots1 #ahbc he 0 d5\nc$ z an a!i/ by two ( _! m9i/]s2 #ahbd & ! pagan fa%ion 9 :i* he h&l$ ,*ri/ian ?+s sc&aliz$ 8 own side1 albeit he 0 ho/ile to ,rabelais4 ,b ?\gh ! _s ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 s eag]ly express$ 9 ! ,df5se et ,illu/ration de la langue franoise ( ,joa*im du ,bellay 7#aedi71 is at its outset z emancipat$ z t ( ! ,italian1 we f9d ,rons>d 9 8 latt] ye>s edify+ ! pi\s4 #ahbe ,any ripe & consi/5t rationalism1 inde$1 0 !n impossible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful m9ds ( ! age 0 ,bod9 7#aecj-aeif71 ^: ,rpublique is "o ( ! mo/ sci5tific treatises on gov]nm5t betwe5 ,ari/otle & our own age1 & ^: ,colloquium ,heptaplom]es #ahbf is no less orig9al an outl9e ( a naturali/ #ahbg philosophy4 ,x consi/s ( six dialogues1 9 :i* sev5 m5 take "p1 sett+ =? ! diff]5t religi\s /&po9ts ( ,jew1 ,*ri/ian1 pagan1 ,lu!ran1 ,calv9i/1 & ,ca?olic1 ! :ole lead+ up to a doctr9e ( tol]ance & univ]salism4 ,bod9 0 repeat$ly & emphatically accus$ ( unbelief by fri5ds & foes2 #ahbh & 8 rationalism on "s heads is beyond d\bt2 yet he n only held by ! belief 9 wit*craft1 b wrote a furi\s treatise 9 support ( x2 #ahbi & he dismiss$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus z too absurd = discussion4 #ahcj ,he also =mally vetoes all discussion on fai?1 decl>+ x to be dang]\s to religion2 #ahca & by ^! con=mities he probably sav$ himself f ecclesia/ical attack4 #ahcb ,none!less1 he ess5tially /ood = religi\s tol]ation3 ! new pr9ciple t 0 to *ange ! face ( intellectual life4 ,a few lib]al ,ca?olics %>$ x ) him to "s ext5t #ahcc long be=e ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day2 em95t among !m be+ ,l',hopital1 #ahcd ^: humanity1 tol]ance1 & conc]n = practical morality & ! re=m ( ! ,*ur* br\ght ^u him ! *>ge ( a!ism4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a believ+ ,ca?olic4 #ahce ,depriv$ ( p[]1 8 edict ( tol]ance repeal$1 he saw ! long & f]oci\s /ruggle ( ,ca?olics & ,hugu5ots r5ew$1 & cr[n$ by ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day 7#aegb74 ,brok5-he>t$1 & haunt$ by t mon/r\s memory1 he di$ )9 six mon?s4 ,two ye>s lat] !re 0 put to dea? at ,p>is1 by hang+ & burn+1 on ! *>ge ( a!ism1 ,ge(froi ,valle1 a man ( good family 9 ,orlans4 ,long be=e1 at ! age ( sixte51 he _h writt5 a free?9k+ treatise entitl$ ,la ,batitude des ,*rti5s1 ou le flau de la foy--a discussion betwe5 a ,hugu5ot1 a ,ca?olic1 a lib]t91 an ,anabapti/ & an a!i/4 ,he _h be5 ! associate ( ,rons>d1 :o r5\nc$ him1 & help$1 x is said1 to br+ him to execution4 #ahcf ,x is n unlikely t a simil> fate w\ld h ov]tak5 ! fam\s ,prote/ant s*ol> & lexicograph]1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne 7#aecb-aeih71 _h he n di$ unexpect$ly4 ,8 false repute ( be+ ! pr9ce ( a!i/s #ahcg & ! ,pantagruel ( ,g5eva 0 probably due 9 l>ge "p to 8 suffici5tly audaci\s ,apologie p\r ,hrodote #ahch 7#aeff7 & to 8 hav+ translat$ into ,lat9 7#aefb7 ! ,hypotyposes ( ,sextus ,empiricus1 a "w :i* mu/ h made = free?9k+4 ,b he 0 r a ,prote/ant ?an a rationali/4 ,9 ! =m] book he _h spok51 ei!r s9c]ely or ironically1 ( ! dete/able book ( ,bonav5ture ,desp]i]s1 call+ him a mock] ( ,god2 & impea*$ ,rabelais z a mod]n ,lucian1 believ+ nei!r 9 ,god nor immortality2 #ahci yet 8 own p]=mance 0 fully z well fitt$ z !irs to cause sc&al4 ,x is 9 fact "o ( ! ri*e/ rep]tories ev] =m$ ( sc&al\s /ories aga9/ prie/s1 monks1 nuns1 & popes4 #ahdj ,"o lit]>y movem5t t[>ds bett] ?+s _h begun be=e ! cr[n+ infamy ( ! ,massacre appall$ m5 into que/ion+ ! cre$ ( intol]ance4 ,ca/alio1 :om we %all see driv5 f ,g5eva by ,calv9 9 #aedd = repugn+ to ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 publi%$ pseudonym\sly1 9 #aeed1 9 reply to ,calv9's v9dication ( ! slay+ ( ,s]vetus1 a tract1 ,de ,ha]eticis quomodo cum iis ag5dum sit v>iorum ,s5t5ti1 9 :i* he contriv$ to collect "s passage f ! ,fa!rs & f mod]n writ]s 9 fav\r ( tol]ation4 ,to ^! he prefac$1 by way ( a lett] to ! ,duke ( ,wirtemb]g1 an argum5t ( 8 own1 ! />t+-po9t ( mu* subsequ5t propag&a4 #ahda ,aconzio1 ano!r ,italian1 foll[$ 9 8 /eps2 & lat] came ,m9o ,celso ( ,si5a1 ) 8 long & elaborate argum5t aga9/ p]secution1 ,de ,ha]eticis capitali supplicio non affici5dis 7#aehd74 #ahdb ,)al1 ,ca/alio di$ 9 begg>y1 o/raciz$ alike by ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics1 & befri5d$ only by ! ,sozz9i1 ^: sect 0 ! fir/ to e>n collectively ! praise ( condemn+ p]secution4 #ahdc ,b 9 ! next g5]ation !re came to re9=ce ! cause ( humanity a m puissant p5 ?an any ( ^!2 :ile at ! same "t ! recoil f religi\s cruelty 0 sett+ _m m5 secretly at utt] v>iance ) fai?4 ,9 ,france 9 p>ticul> a g5]ation ( insane civil w> = religion's sake mu/ h gone f> to build up unbelief4 ,ev5 among _m :o did n r5\nce ! fai?1 !re w5t on an op5 evolution ( /oicism1 g5]at$ ?r\gh resort to ! tea*+ ( ,epictetus4 ,! atrocities ( ,*ri/ian civil w> & ,*ri/ian savag]y 7 su* t ,*ri/ian fai? c\ld give small su/5ance to ! m ?\ghtful & s5sitive m5 :o _h to face !m & c>ry on ! tasks ( public life ! :ile4 ,! ne$$ /r5g? 0 giv5 by ! mascul9e discipl9e :i* pagan ?\ght _h provid$ = an age ( oppression & decad5ce1 & :i* _h c>ri$ s mu* ( heal+ ev5 = ! ,*ri/ians :o saw decad5ce c>ri$ yet fur!r1 t 9 ! fif? c5tury ! ,en*iridion ( ,epictetus _h be5 turn$ by ,/4 ,nilus into a mona/ic manual1 ev5 z ,ambrose manipulat$ ! borr[$ ,/oicism ( ,cic]o4 #ahdd ,) its dev\t !ism1 ! book _h appeal$ to ^? nor!rn s*ol>s :o _h ma/]$ ,greek 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! refugees ( ,con/ant9ople _h set up ,platonic /udies 9 ,italy4 ,aft] #aebj1 ,italian ,hell5ism rapidly decay$2 #ahde b 9 ! nor? x nev] pass$ away2 & f ! /rong] m5 ( ! new le>n+ 9 ,g]many ! ta/e = ,epictetus pass$ into ,france4 ,9 #aeeh ! semi-,prote/ant legi/ ,coras--lat] sla9 9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew--publi%$ at ,t\l\se a translation ( ! apocryphal dialogue ( ,epictetus & ,hadrian2 9 #aeff ! ,prote/ant poet ,rivaudeau translat$ ! ,en*iridion1 :i* !nce=? became a culture =ce 9 ,france4 #ahdf ,! influ5ce appe>s 9 ,montaigne1 9 ^: essays x is p]vasive2 b m directly & =mally 9 ! book ( ,ju/us ,lipsius1 ,de ,con/antia 7#aehd71 & ! same s*ol>'s po/hum\s dialogues entitl$ ,m&ucatio ad philosophiam /ocam & ,physiologia /ocorum 7#afjd71 :i* influ5c$ all s*ol>ly ,europe4 ,?us f> ! ,/oic e?ic _h be5 h&l$ ) ,*ri/ian bias & application2 & ,guillaume ,du ,vair1 :o embodi$ x 9 8 "w ,la ,sa9te ,philosophie 7#aehh71 0 n kn[n z a h]etic2 b 9 8 h&s x receives no ,*ri/ian col\r+1 & might pass = ! "w ( a dei/4 #ahdg ,& its popul>ity is to be inf]r$ f 8 fur!r production ( a fre% translation ( ! ,en*iridion & a ,trait de la philosophie morale des /oques4 ,"u ,h5ri ,,iv he rose to high p[]2 & 8 public cr$it recomm5d$ 8 doctr9e4 ,su* 7 ! m visible fruits ( ! late spread ( ! ,r5aissance f]m5t 9 ,france :ile1 torn by ! frantic passions ( h] pi\s ,ca?olics1 %e pass$ f ! plane ( ! ,r5aissance to t ( ! new ,europe1 9 :i* ! intellectual c5tre ( gravity 0 to be %ift$ f ! s\? to ! nor?1 albeit ,italy 0 /ill to lead ! way1 9 ,galileo1 = ! sci5ce ( ! mod]n _w4 #c4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,evolution ,9 ,engl& z 9 ,france ! intellectual life und]goes visible retrogression 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :ile 9 ,italy1 ) ! political problem rapidly develop+ t[>ds cata/rophe1 x fl\ri%$ almo/ riot\sly4 ,f ! age ( ,*auc]1 consid]$ on its intellectual side & z repres5t$ ma9ly by him1 !re is a /eep fall to almo/ ! "t ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ar\nd :om we see z x 7 ! sudd5 inru% ( ! ,r5aissance ^u ,engl&4 ,! conque/ ( ,france by ,h5ry ,v & ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 betwe5 !m1 br\ght ,engl& to ! nadir ( m5tal & moral life4 ,b 9 ! long & ru9\s /orm ! ,middle ,ages1 ( :i* ,wiclif is ! la/ p[]ful repres5tative1 7 left beh9d1 & a new age beg9s to be prep>$4 ,( a v diff]5t type f ,wiclif is ! rem>kable p]sonality ( ! ,wel%man ,reg9ald 7or ,reynold7 ,pecock 7#acie8-adfj871 :o seems divid$ f ,wiclif by a :ole era ( intellectual developm5t1 ?\gh born )9 ab\t t5 ye>s ( 8 dea?4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t "o ( ! mo/ rationali/ic m9ds among ! s]i\s writ]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury %\ld be an ,engli% bi%op1 #ahdh & an ,ultramontane at t4 ,pecock 0 an oppon5t at once ( popul> ,bibliolatry & ( prie/ly p]secution1 decl>+ t ! cl]gy w\ld be condemn$ at ! la/ day if !y did n draw m5 into cons5t to ! true fai? o!rwise ?an by fire & sword & hang+4 #ahdi ,x 0 z ! rational & temp]ate def5d] ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,loll>ds 9 g5]al t he =mulat$ ! pr9ciple ( natural reason z aga9/ scripturalism4 ,?is attitude x is t makes 8 treatise1 ! ,repressor ( ,ov]mu* ,blam+ ( ! ,cl]gy1 ! mo/ mod]n ( !oretic books be=e ,m & ,hook] & ,bacon4 ,t he 0 l$ to ?is measure ( rationalism r by ! exig5cies ( 8 papalism ?an by a spontane\s skepticism is sugge/$ by ! fact t he /&s = ! acceptance ( miracul\s images1 %r9es1 & relics1 :5 ! ,loll>ds are attack+ !m4 #ahej ,on ! o!r h&1 x is h>d to be c]ta9 t 8 belief 9 ! %r9es 0 g5u9e1 s ill does x consi/ ) 8 attitude to ,bibliolatry4 ,9 a s]ies ( s]5ely argu$ po9ts he urges 8 !sis t ! ,bible is n ! basis ( ! moral law1 b m]ely an illu/ration !re(1 & t ! natural reason is obvi\sly presuppos$ 9 ! bulk ( its tea*+4 ,he />ts f ! =mulas ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 b rea*es a high] gr\nd4 ,x is ! position ( ,hook]1 anticipat$ by a hundr$ ye>s2 & ?is 9 an age ( su* intellectual backw>dness & lit]>y decad5ce t ! e>li] man mu/ be pron\nc$ by f> ! m rem>kable figure4 ,9 su* a case ! full influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance seems to be at "w2 ?\gh 9 ! obscurity ( ! records we c d no m ?an conjecture t ! new contacts ) ,fr5* culture betwe5 ! invasion ( ,france by ,h5ry ,v 9 #adae & ! expulsion ( ! ,engli% 9 #adea may h introduc$ =ces ( ?\ght unkn[n or little kn[n be=e4 ,if inde$ !re 7 ,engli% oppon5ts ( scripture 9 ,wiclif's day1 ! idea mu/ h rip5$ some:at 9 ,pecock's4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ! victories ( ,jeanne ,d',arc made "s unbeliev]s z well z _m da/>ds among ! ,engli% is a problem t does n seem to h be5 inve/igat$4 ,pecock's reply to ! ,loll>ds creates ! curi\s situation ( a *ur*man rebutt+ h]etics by be+ m pr(\ndly h]etical ?an !y4 ,9 8 sy/em1 ! ,scriptures reveal only sup]natural tru?s n o!rwise atta9able1 a way ( safegu>d+ dogma n likely to reassure believ]s4 ,!re is reason1 inde$1 to suspect t ,pecock held no dogma ) mu* zeal2 & :5 9 8 well-nam$ treatise 7n[ lo/71 ,! ,provok]1 he d5i$ ! au!nticity ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 he ali5at$ e section ( !ological op9ion 9 ,engl&4 ,see ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,cooke's art4 ,reg9ald ,pecock 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 ,?is valuable notice is ! be/ %ort acc\nt ( ,pecock2 ?\gh ! nature ( 8 case is mo/ fully made out by ,hook1 z cit$ bel[4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! re/rict$ fa%ion 9 :i* hi/ory is /ill treat$ t nei!r 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,pr(essor ,g>d9] nor 9 ! ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,gre5 is ,pecock m5tion$4 ,e>li] ideas conc]n+ him 7 f> a/ray4 ,! notion ( ,foxe1 ! m>tyrologi/1 t ,pecock 0 an e>ly ,prote/ant1 is a gross error4 ,he held n a s+le ,prote/ant t5et1 be+ a rationaliz+ papi/4 ,a ,g]man ecclesia/ical hi/orian ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7,w]n]1 ,kir*5ges*i*te des #aht5 ,jahrhund]ts1 #agef1 cit$ by ,le*l]7 calls ,pecock ! fir/ ,engli% dei/4 ,see a g5]al view ( 8 op9ions 9 ,lewis's ,life ( ,dr4 ,reynold ,pecock 7rep4 #ahbj71 *4 v4 ,! h]esies *>g$ on him are giv5 on p4 #afj2 also 9 ! ,r4 ,t4 ,s4 ,writ+s & ,exam9ations1 #ahca1 pp4 #bjj-bja4 ,:ile reject+ ,bibliolatry1 he yet argu$ t ,popes & ,c\ncils c\ld make no *ange 9 ! curr5t cre$2 & he ?us (f5d$ ! ,high ,*ur*m54 ,cp4 ,mass+b]d1 ,! ,engli% ,re=mation1 #d? ed4 pp4 #bjf-bji4 ,! ma9 causes ( ! ho/ility he met f ! ,engli% hi]>*y & ,gov]nm5t appe> to h be51 on ! "o h&1 8 *ange ( political p>ty1 :i* put him 9 opposition to ,ar*bi%op ,b\r*i]1 & on ! o!r 8 zeal\s *ampion%ip ( ! au?ority ( ! papacy z aga9/ t ( ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 expressly on ! score ( 8 d5unciation ( ! ,c\ncils t he 0 tri$ & condemn$4 #ahea ,?us ! rew>d ( 8 ef=t to reason d[n ! m5ac+ ,loll>ds & rebut ,wiclif #aheb 0 8 =mal disgrace & virtual imprisonm5t4 ,_h he n recant$1 he w\ld h be5 burn$3 z x 01 8 books 72 & x is on record t !y consi/$ ( elev5 qu>tos & ?ree folios ( manuscript4 ,ei!r because ( 8 papalism or z a result ( (ficial intrigue1 ,*ur* & lords & commons 7 ( "o m9d aga9/ him2 & ! mob w\ld fa9 h burn$ him ) 8 books4 #ahec ,9 t age ( brutal /rife1 :5 nei!r ! ,*ur* nor ! oppon5ts ( ! ,*ur* _h any long] a sway ov] m5's he>ts1 #ahed he figures beside ! m9dless prelates & _! lay pe]s some:at z does ,m lat] beside ,h5ry ,,viii1 z ,reason v]sus ! ,bea/2 & x 0 illu/rative ( 8 entire lack ( fanaticism t he made ! dem&$ retractations--av[+ 8 s9 9 tru/+ to natural reason r ?an to ,scripture & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*--& w5t 8 way 9 sil5ce to solitude & dea?4 ,! rul+ p[]s dispos$ ( ,loll>dism 9 _! own way2 & 9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses e species ( h]etical ?\ght seems to disappe>4 ,! bribe held out to ! nation by ! invasion ( ,france _h be5 fatally effectual to corrupt ! _s ( moral criticism :i* inspir$ ! ,loll>d movem5t at its be/2 & ! subsequ5t p]iod ( rap9e & /rife r$uc$ ?\ght & culture to ! levels ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a h9t ( :at 0 possible 9 ! direction ( free?\ght 9 ! ,engl& ( ,h5ry ,v & ,h5ry ,,vi em]ges 9 "s ( ! records conc]n+ ,duke ,humphrey ( ,gl\ce/]1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,gift$ b ill-balanc$1 ,humphrey 0 ! *ief patron ( le>n+ 9 ,engl& 9 8 day2 & he drank deeply ( ! _s ( ,r5aissance s*ol>%ip4 #ahee ,sir ,?omas ,m pres]ves ! /ory--reproduc$ also 9 ! old play1 ,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,cont5tion ( ! two ,fam\s ,h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/]--( h[ he expos$ ! fraud ( a begg+ impo/or :o pret5d$ to h recov]$ 8 sight ?r\gh ! virtue ( a sa9t's relics2 & a mod]n pieti/ic hi/orian decides t ! ,duke _h long ceas$ to believe 9 miracles & relics4 #ahef ,b if ?is be true1 x is ! :ole tru? z to ,humphrey's free?9k+4 ,x 0 ! highe/ flight ( rationalism p]missible 9 8 day & sph]e4 ,on ! view t ,humphrey 0 a free?9k]1 ! pi\s ,pauli1 :o says 7z cit$1 p4 #ccg7 ( ! ,r5aissance ( lett]s1 ,! weak & evil side ( ?is reviv$ =m ( lit]ature is t its disciples %\ld h elevat$ ! morality1 or r ! immorality1 ( classical antiquity above ,*ri/ian discipl9e & virtue1 sees fit fur!r to pron\nce t ! bad acc\nt ( ,gl\ce/]'s condition ( body drawn up elev5 ye>s be=e 8 dea? by ! physician ,kym] is a pro( ( ! wild unbridl$ passions by :i* ! duke 0 sway$1 & ?r[s a lurid light ^u ! t5d5cies & disposition ( 8 m9d4 ,humphrey liv$ till #ee1 & di$ sudd5ly1 "u circum/ances highly sugge/ive ( poison+ by 8 enemies4 ,8 bro!rs ,h5ry & ,john di$ mu* y\ng] ?an he2 b 9 _! case ! religi\s hi/orian sees no gr\nd = imputation4 ,b ! hi/orian's inf]5ce is ov]/ra9$4 ,9 reality ,humphrey nev] indicat$ any lack ( !ological fai?4 ,! poet ,lydgate1 no unbeliev]1 describ$ him z ,*ose ( ,god to be 8 owne knyghte1 & s rigor\s t h]etike d> n com5 9 8 sihte 7v]ses transcrib$ 9 ,furnivall's ,e>ly ,engli% ,meals & ,mann]s1 #ahfh1 pp4 lxxxv-vi74 ,8 mo/ compreh5sive biograph] decides t he 0 ess5tially or?odox1 despite 8 uncanonical m>riage ) 8 second wife & 8 g5]al reputation = sexual laxity4 ,he 0 punctili\s 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 religi\s duties & a /]n oppon5t ( ! ,loll>ds2 he c\nt5anc$ ! ext9ction ( h]esy by be+ pres5t at ! burn+ at ,smi?field ( an old prie/ :o d5i$ ! validity ( ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*2 & an ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan pron\nc$ him to be kn[n ev]y:]e z ! *iefe/ fri5d & pres]v] ( ,holy ,*ur* 7,k4 ,h4 ,vick]s1 ,humphrey1 ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]3 ,a ,biography1 #aijg1 pp4 #bbc1 #cba-bc74 ,( su* a p]sonage no exegesis c make a rationali/4 ,( o!r traces ( critical ?9k+ 9 ,engl& 9 t age !re is little to be said1 s little lit]ature is !re to convey !m4 ,b !re are signs ( ! influ5ce ( ! pagan ?\ght ( ! ,r5aissance 9 religi\s books4 ,! old ,revelation ( ! ,monk ( ,eve%am1 o/5sibly dat+ f #aaif1 0 fir/ pr9t$ ab\t #adhb1 #aheg ) a prologe expla9+ t x 0 n %ew$ to hym only = hym butte also = ! con=t & pr(etyng ( all cri/yn pepulle t none man %uld d[te or my/ru/e ( ano?ir life & _w2 & z = ! tr[! ( ?is reuelacyon no man no!r woman ought to d[te 9 any wise1 see+ x is ?us miracul\sly provid$ t alle resons & mocyons ( infydelite ! :i* risi? (t5 tymes ( man's s5sualite %all utw>dly be exclud$ & qu5*$4 ,evid5tly ! old problem ( immortality _h be5 agitat$4 #d4 ,,! ,,rema9+ ,,european ,,c\ntries ,n till late 9 ! fifte5? c5tury is ! intellectual side ( ! ,r5aissance influ5ce to be se5 be>+ fruit 9 ,g]many1 ( :i* ! turbul5t & semi-b>b>ic life 9 ! m$ieval p]iod 0 little fav\rable to m5tal progress4 ,( political ho/ility to ! ,*ur* !re 0 inde$ an abundance1 long be=e ,lu!r2 #aheh b amid ! _m traces ( irreligion !re is practically none ( rational free?9k+4 ,:at reason$ ?\ght !re 01 z we h se51 turn$ to ,*ri/ian my/icism ( a pan!i/ic ca/1 z 9 ! tea*+ ( ,taul] & ,eckh>t4 #ahei ,ano!r & a deep] curr5t ( ?\ght is se5 9 ! rem>kable philosophic "w ( ,bi%op ,nicolaus ( ,kues or ,cusa 7#adja-adfd71 :o1 pr(ess$ly by an indep5d5t movem5t ( reflection1 b really z a result ( /udy ( ,greek philosophy1 rea*$ a l>g] pan!ism ?an _h be5 =mulat$ by any ,*ur*man s9ce ! "t ( ,john ! ,scot4 #ahfj ,!re is little or no trace1 h[ev]1 ( any influ5ce atta9$ by 8 tea*+1 :i* inde$ c\ld appeal only to a v few m9ds ( t day4 ,less rem>kable ?an ! metaphysic ( ,nicolaus1 ?\gh also notewor?y 9 its way1 is 8 ,dialogue ,on ,peace1 or ,concordance ( ,fai?1 9 :i*1 some:at 9 ! _s ( ,boccaccio's tale ( ! ,?ree ,k+s1 he aims at a reconciliation ( all religions1 albeit by way ( prov+ ! ,*ri/ian cre$ to be ! true "o4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s & o!r p>ts ( we/]n ,europe ! popul> anti-ecclesia/ical h]esy ( ! ?irte5? c5tury spread 9 v>i\s degrees2 b !re is only exceptional trace ( lit]ate or prop]ly rationali/ic free?9k+4 ,among ! mo/ notable developm5ts 0 ! movem5t 9 ,holl& e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :i* comp>es closely ) t ( ! high] ,paulicians & my/ics ( ! two previ\s c5turies1 its *ief traits be+ a g5]al pan!ism1 a d5ial ( ! efficacy ( ! sacram5t ( ! alt>1 an insi/5ce t all m5 are sons ( ,god1 & a g5]al decl>ation = natural light4 #ahfa ,b ?is did n progressively develop4 ,lack ( leisur$ culture 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ! t]rorism ( ! ,inquisition1 w\ld suffici5tly acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( av[$ unbelief1 ?\gh ev]y:]e1 probably1 "s 0 set up by ! contact ( travell]s ) ! culture ( ,italy4 ,x is fairly to be inf]r$ t 9 a numb] ( cases ! murd]\s crusade aga9/ wit*craft :i* 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! fifte5? c5tury s]v$ z a means ( suppress+ h]esy1 rationali/ic or o!r4 ,at ,arras1 = in/ance1 9 #adfj1 ! execution ( a numb] ( lead+ citiz5s on a *>ge ( sorc]y seems to h be5 a bl[ at free discussion 9 ! *amb]s ( rhetoric4 #ahfb ,& t rationalism1 despite su* frightful cata/rophes1 obscurely p]si/$1 is to be ga!r$ f ! long vogue ( ! "w ( ! ,spani% physician ,raymund ( ,sebonde1 #ahfc :o1 hav+ taught philosophy at ,t\l\se1 und]took 7ab\t #adce7 to e/abli% ,*ri/ianity on a rational f\ndation #ahfd 9 8 ,!ologia ,naturalis1 made fam\s lat] by ,montaigne4 ,to :at l5g? ! suppress$ rationalism ( ! age c\ld on occasion g is dramatically reveal$ 9 ! case ( ,h]mann van ,ryswyck1 a ,dut* prie/1 burn$ = h]esy at ! ,hague 9 #aeab4 ,he 0 n only a prie/ 9 holy ord]s1 b "o ( ! ord] ( ,inquisitors2 & he put =? ! mo/ impassion$ d5ial & defiance ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ ( :i* !re is any record d[n to mod]n times4 ,tri$ be=e ! inquisitors 9 #aejb1 he decl>$ ) 8 own m\? & ) sane m9d t ! _w is et]nal1 & 0 n creat$ z 0 alleg$ by ! fool ,moses t !re is no hell1 & no future life2 t ,*ri/1 ^: :ole c>e] 0 flatly contr>y to human welf>e & reason1 0 n ! son ( ,omnipot5t ,god1 b a fool1 a dream]1 & a s$uc] ( ignorant m51 ( :om untold numb]s _h be5 sla9 on acc\nt ( him & 8 absurd evangel2 t ,moses _h n physically receiv$ ! law f ,god2 & t our fai? 0 %[n to be fabul\s by its fatu\s ,scripture1 fictiti\s ,bible1 & crazy ,gospel4 ,& to ?is exasp]at$ te/imony he add$3 ,i 0 born a ,*ri/ian1 b am no long] "o3 !y are ! *ief fools4 ,s5t5c$ 9 #aejb to p]petual imprisonm5t1 he 0 aga9 br\ght =w>d t5 ye>s lat]1 &1 be+ f\nd unbrok5 by t long durance1 0 z an unrep5tant h]etic s5t5c$ to be burn$ on ,decemb] #ad1 #aeab1 ! doom be+ c>ri$ out on ! same day4 ,! s\rce ( 8 conviction c be ga!r$ f 8 decl>ation t ! mo/ le>n$ ,ari/otle & 8 comm5tator ,av]ros 7 ne>e/ ! tru?2 b 8 wild s9c]ity & unyield+ c\rage 7 all 8 own4 ,nimis infelix quidam is ! e/imate ( an inquisitor ( t day4 #ahfe ,n s1 unless !y are mo/ unhappy :o die 9 battle1 fight+ = ! tru? !y prize4 ,b x has always be5 ! ,*ri/ian way to contemn all save ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ,!re is a tol]ably full acc\nt ( ,ryswyck's case 9 a ne>ly contempor>y docum5t1 :i* evid5tly copies ! (ficial record4 ,ryswyck is describ$ z sacre !ologie pr(essorem ord9is pr$icatorum et inquisitorum2 & 8 decl>ation runs3 ,quod mundum fuit ab et]na et non incipit p] creationem fabricatum a /ulto ,mose1 ut dicit ,biblia indi/9cta4444 ,nec e/ inf]nus1 ut no/ri e/imant4 ,item po/ hanc vitam nulla erit vita p>ticul>is4444 ,item doctissimus ,ari/oteles et ejus comm5tator ,au]rois fu]unt v]itati prop9quissimi4 ,item ,*ri/um fuit /ultus et simplex fanta/icus et s$uctor simplicium hom9um4444 ,quot enim hom9es int]fecti sunt propt] ipsum et suum ,euangelium fatuum6 ,item quod omnia que ,*ri/us gessit1 humano g5]i et rationi recte sunt contr>ia4 ,item ,*ri/um filium ,dei omnipot5tem ap]te nego4 ,et ,mos5 legem a ,deo visibilit] et facialit] suscepisse recuso4 ,item fides no/ra fabulosa e/1 ut probat no/ra fatua ,scriptura et ficta ,biblia et ,euangelium delirum4444 ,omnes i/os articulos et consimilos confessus e/ proprio ore et sana m5te coram inquisitore et not>io et te/ibus1 add5s3 ,ego ,*ri/ianus natus1 s$ iam non sum ,*ri/ianus1 quoniam illi /ultissimi sunt4 ,paul ,frdricq1 ,corpus docum5torum ,inquisitionis ha]eticae pravitatis ,ne]l&icae1 ,g5t1 #ahhi1 i1 #did1 #eja-ejb4 ,?us ! ,r5aissance pass$ on to ! age ( ! ,re=mation ! se$s ( a rationalism :i* /ruck f> deep] ?an ! doctr9e ( ,lu!r1 b at ! same "t left a social soil 9 :i* su* se$s c\ld ill gr[4 ,its own defeat1 social & intellectual1 may be be/ realiz$ 9 t]ms ( its failure to rea* ei!r political or physical sci5ce4 ,lack ( ! =m] meant political retrogression & bondage2 & lack ( ! latt] a r5ew$ dom9ion ( sup]/ition & ,bibliolatry--two sets ( conditions ( :i* ea* facilitat$ ! o!r4 ,no?+ is m significant ( ! intellectual climate ( ! ,r5aissance ?an ! p]si/5ce at all its /ages ( ! belief 9 a/rology1 ( :i* we f9d "s dregs ev5 9 ,bacon4 ,t pseudo-sci5ce inde$ /&s1 aft] all1 = ! _s ( sci5ce1 & is n to be diagnos$ z m]e sup]/ition2 be+ really an priori fallacy fall5 into 9 ! delib]ate se>* = "s pr9ciple ( cord9ation 9 human affairs4 ,?\gh adh]$ to by _m prom95t ,ca?olics1 includ+ ,*>les ,v1 & by _m ,prote/ants1 includ+ ,melan*?on1 x is logically anti-,*ri/ian1 inasmu* z x presupposes 9 ! moral _w a reign ( natural law1 indep5d5t ( ! w or caprice ( any p]sonal p[]4 ,h]e9 x diff]s deeply f magic2 #ahff ?\gh 9 ! ,r5aissance ! return to ! lore ( antiquity (t5 involv$ an indiscrim9ate acceptance & bl5d+ ( bo? sorts ( occult pagan lore4 #ahfg ,magic subord9ates ,nature to ,w3 a/rology1 z ap>t f angelology1 subord9ates ,w to ,cosmic ,law4 ,= _m p]plex$ & ?\ghtful m51 accord+ly1 x 0 a sub/itute1 m or less satisfy+1 = ! !ory1 gr[n to !m unt5able1 ( a moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,x 0 9 fact a prim>y =m ( sociology prop]1 z x _h be5 ! prim>y =m ( a/ronomy2 to :i* latt] sci5ce1 ev5 9 ! ,r5aissance1 x 0 /ill = _m ! introduction4 ,x fl\ri%$1 above all ?+s1 on ! insecurity insep>able f ! turbul5t ,italian life ( ! ,r5aissance1 ev5 z x _h fl\ri%$ on ! appall+ vicissitude ( ! drama ( imp]ial ,rome2 & x is conceivable t ! incl9ation to true sci5ce :i* is se5 9 su* m5 z ,galileo1 aft] ! p]iod ( ,italian indep5d5ce1 0 n\ri%$ by ! great] /ability atta9$ = a "t "u absoluti/ rule4 ,& ?\gh ,prote/antism1 on ! o!r h&1 adh]$ 9 ! ma9 unreason+ly to ! !ory ( a moral control1 t dogma at lea/ s]v$ to c\nt]vail ! dom9ion ( a/rology1 :i* 0 only a dogmatism ) a diff]5ce1 & z su* inevitably h9d]$ true sci5ce4 #ahfh ,on ! :ole1 ,prote/antism t5d$ to make m effectual t veto on pagan occultism :i* _h be5 ineffectually pass$ f "t to "t by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 albeit ! motive 0 /ress ( ,*ri/ian sup]/ition1 & ! veto 0 aim$ almo/ z readily at inductive & true sci5ce z at ! d$uctive & false4 ,we %all f9d ! craze ( wit*craft1 9 turn1 dom9at+ ,prote/ant c\ntries at a "t :5 free?9k]s & lib]al ,ca?olics else:]e 7 sett+ x at naught4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 broadly speak+1 ! new int]e/ 9 ,scripture /udy & ecclesia/ical hi/ory told aga9/ ! free play ( ?\ght on sci5tific & s*ol>ly problems2 we %all f9d ,bacon realiz+ ! fact a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,lu!r's />t2 & ! influ5ce has op]at$ d[n to our own day4 ,9 ?is resi/ance ,ca?olics play$ _! "p4 ,! fam\s ,cornelius ,agrippa #ahfi 7#adhf-aece7 nev] ceas$ to pr(ess himself a ,ca?olic1 & _h small sympa?y ) ! ,re=m]s1 ?\gh always at odds ) ! monks2 & 8 long popul> treatise ,de inc]titud9e et vanitate sci5ti>um et artium1 atque excell5tia v]bi ,dei declamatio 7#aeca7 is a m]e polemic = scripturalism aga9/ alike false sci5ce & true1 monki% sup]/ition & reason4 ,vilifi$ z a magician by ! monks1 & z an a!i/ & a sc(f] by angry humani/s1 #ahgj he did b set error aga9/ error1 be+ himself a believ] 9 wit*craft1 a hat] ( anatomy1 & z confid5t 9 8 contempt ( a/ronomy z ( a/rology4 ,& 8 0 a common frame ( m9d = c5turies4 ,/ill1 ! new ord] conta9$ c]ta9 elem5ts ( help = a new life1 z aga9/ its own inclem5t pr9ciples ( au?ority & dogma2 & ! political het]og5eity ( ,europe1 second$ by economic pressures & by new geographic discov]y1 suffic$ fur!r to prev5t any f>-rea*+ organization ( tyranny4 ,"u ^! conditions1 new k c\ld incubate new criticism4 ,b x w\ld be an error-bre$+ ov]sight to =get t 9 ! _m-col\r$ _w be=e ! ,re=mation !re 0 n only a c]ta9 arti/ic & imag9ative sunlight :i* ! ,re=mation long d>k5$1 b ev51 a?w>t ! mortal rig\rs ( papal rule1 a c]ta9 fitful play ( intellectual insight to :i* ! peoples ( ! ,re=mation became = a "t e/rang$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,re=mation1 ,,politically ,,consid]$ #a4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,conditions ,9 a vague & g5]al s5se ! ecclesia/ical revolution kn[n z ! ,re=mation 0 a ph5om5on ( free?\ght4 ,to be s und]/ood1 inde$1 x mu/ be reg>d$ 9 contra/ to ! dom9ion ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 n to ! movem5t :i* we call ! ,r5aissance4 ,t movem5t x 0 t made ! ,re=mation possible2 & if we h reg>d to ! reign ( ,bibliolatry :i* ,prote/antism set up1 we seem to be contemplat+ r a sup]impos+ ( ,semitic d>kness ^u ,hell5ic light ?an an intellectual emancipation4 ,emancipation ( ano!r k9d ! ,re=mation d\btless br\ght ab\t4 ,9 p>ticul> x involv$1 to an ext5t n g5]ally realiz$1 a secul>ization ( life1 ?r\gh ! %e] curtailm5t1 9 mo/ ,prote/ant c\ntries1 ( ! p]sonnel & app>atus ( cl]icalism1 & ! new disrepute into :i*1 = a "t1 ^! fell4 ,alike 9 ,g]many & 9 ,engl& !re 0 a break+-up ( habits ( rev]5ce & ( self-pro/ration be=e cre$ & dogma & ritual4 ,b ?is lib]ation 0 r social ?an intellectual1 & ! product 0 r lic5ce & irrev]5ce ?an ord]$ free?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! fir/ unsettlem5t 0 ov]1 ! new gr[? ( ,bibliolatry t5d$ r to deep5 ! religi\s way ( feel+ & make m def9ite ! religi\s attitude4 ,tol]ance did n em]ge until aft] a :ole era ( embitt]$ /rife4 ,! ,re=mation1 9 fact1 0 mu* m ak9 to a revolt aga9/ a h]$it>y k+ ?an to ! process ( self-exam9ation & logical scrut9y by :i* m5 pass f belief to disbelief 9 a !ory ( ?+s1 a dogma1 or a docum5t4 ,! beg9n+ ( su* a process _h inde$ tak5 place 9 ,g]many be=e ,lu!r1 ins(> z ! ,new ,le>n+ repres5t$ by su* humani/s z ,erasmus1 su* s*ol>s z ,reu*l91 #ahga & su* satiri/s z ,ulri* von ,hutt51 set up a curr5t ( educat$ ho/ility to ! ignorance & ! gross] sup]/itions ( ! *ur*m54 ,= ,g]many1 z = ,engl&1 ?is movem5t 0 a contagion f ! new s*ol>%ip & ,platonism ( ,italy2 #ahgb & ! bett] m9ds 9 ! f\r univ]sities f\nd$ 9 ! pre-,lu!ran g5]ation 7,tb+51 #adgg2 ,may5ce1 #adhb2 ,frank=t-on-!-,od]1 #aejf2 ,wittemb]g1 #aejb7 necess>ily ow$ mu* to ,italian impulses1 :i* !y c>ri$ on1 ?\gh ! univ]sities z a :ole 7 bitt]ly ho/ile to ! new le>n+4 #ahgc ,! ,dut* free?9k] ,ryswyck1 z we saw1 0 fundam5tally an ,av]ro/2 & ,italy 0 ! /ronghold ( ,av]rosm1 ( :i* ! moni/ic bias probably fo/]$ ! ,unit>ianism ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b x 0 n ?is lit]>y & s*ol>ly movem5t t effect$ ! ,re=mation s-call$1 :i* 0 r an economic & political ?an a m5tal revolution4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ,prote/ant writ]s 9 discuss+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation )\t a glance at ! economic causation is "o ( ! great h9drances to hi/oric sci5ce4 ,f su* popul> works z ^? ( ,d',aubign & ,huss] x is practically impossible to le>n :at socially took place 9 ,g]many2 & ! g5]al ,prote/ant read] c le>n x only--& imp]fectly--f ! works on ! ,ca?olic side1 z ,aud9's ,hi/oire de la vie de ,lu!r 7,eng4 tr4 #ahec7 & ,dll+]'s ,die ,re=mation1 & ! m sci5tific ,prote/ant /udies1 su* z ^? ( ,ranke & ,bezold 7ev5 !re n at any great l5g?71 to nei!r ( :i* classes ( hi/ory w he resort4 ,9 ,engl& ! facts are p>tially realiz$1 9 ! light ( an ecclesia/ical pr$ilection1 ?r\gh ,high ,*ur* hi/ories su* z t ( ,blunt1 :i* proce$ ^u a ,ca?olic lean+4 ,cobbett's intemp]ate exposure ( ! economic causation has f\nd an audi5ce *iefly among ,ca?olics4 ,bezold admits t ) p]fect ju/ice h rec5t hi/orians comm5t$ on ! =m] und]rat+ ( an economic =ce :i* c]ta9ly play$ its "p 9 ! spread & e/abli%m5t ( ! ,re=mation 7,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,re=mation1 #ahij1 p4 #efc74 ,! broad fact is t 9 n a s+le c\ntry c\ld ! ,re=mation h be5 accompli%$ )\t enli/+ ! p[]ful classes or corporations1 or alt]natively ! de facto gov]nm5ts1 by pr(f]+ ! plund] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,only 9 a few ,swiss cantons1 & 9 ,holl&1 does ! confiscation seem to h be5 made to ! common good 7cp4 ! pres5t writ]'s ,evolution ( ,/ates1 pp4 #caa1 #cdc74 ,b ev5 9 ,holl& ne$y nobles _h f9ally turn$ ,prote/ant 9 ! hope ( gett+ ,*ur* l&s4 7,see ,motley1 ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic1 ed4 #ahfc1 p4 #aca47 ,else:]e appropriation ( ,*ur* l&s by pr9ces & nobles 0 ! g5]al rule4 ,ev5 z to ,g]many1 x is impossible to accept ,mi*elet's indulg5t /atem5t t mo/ ( ! confiscat$ ,*ur* prop]ty return$ to its true de/9ation1 to ! s*ools1 ! hospitals1 ! communes2 to its true proprietors1 ! ag$1 ! *ild1 ! toil+ family 7,hi/4 de ,france1 x1 #ccc2 see ! same ass]tion 9 ,h5d]son1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,g]many1 #aijb1 i1 #cdd74 ,plans to t effect 7 drawn up2 b1 z ! pr9ces 7 left to c>ry out ! arrangem5t1 !y took ! lion's %>e4 ,ranke 7,hi/4 ( ! ,ref4 bk4 iv1 *4 v2 ,eng4 tr4 #a-vol4 ed4 #aije1 pp4 #dff-fg7 admits mu* grabb+ ( ,*ur* l&s z e>ly z #aebf2 m]ely cont5d+1 ) ,lu!r1 t papi/ nobles _h begun ! spoliation4 7,cp4 ,bezold1 pp4 #efd-fe2 ,m5zel1 ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*51 cap4 #cic47 ,9 ,saxony1 :5 monks broke away f _! mona/]ies1 ! nobles at once appropriat$ ! l&s & build+s 7,ranke1 p4 #dfg74 ,lu!r made a w>m appeal to ! ,elector aga9/ ! nobles 9 g5]al 7,ranke1 p4 #dfg2 ,lu!r's lett]1 ,nov4 #bb1 #aebf1 9 ,w]ke1 ed4 ,de ,wette1 iii1 #acg2 lett] to ,spalat91 ,jan4 #a1 #aebg1 id4 p4 #adg2 also p4 #aec74 ,see too 8 indignant prote/s aga9/ ! rap9e ( ! pr9ces & nobles & ! />vation ( ! m9i/]s 9 ! ,table ,talk1 *s4 #bb1 #fj4 ,ev5 ,philip ( ,hesse did n adh]e to 8 e>ly & dis9t]e/$ plans ( appropriation 7,ranke1 pp4 #dfh-fi1 #gaa-ab74 ,all t ,ranke c claim is t "s great in/itutions 7 really f\nd$--to wit1 two homes = "y ladies ( noble bir?1 f\r hospitals1 & ! !ological s*ool ( ,m>burg4 ,& ?is 0 9 ! mo/ hopeful region4 ,!re is positive evid5ce1 fur!r1 t n only ecclesia/ical b purely *>itable f\ndations 7 plund]$ by ! ,prote/ants 7,witzel1 cit$ by ,dll+]1 ,die ,re=mation1 ihre inn]e ,entwickelung und ihre ,wirkung51 #ahdf1 i1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #fb72 &1 z s*ool f\ndations 7 confiscat$ equally ) ecclesia/ical 9 ,engl&1 !re is no reason to d\bt ! /atem5t4 ,practically ! same process took place 9 ,scotl&1 :]e ! %>e ( ,*ur* prop]ty propos$ to be allott$ to ! ,prote/ant m9i/]s 0 nev] giv51 & _! prote/s 7 treat$ ) contempt 7,burton1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 iv1 #cg-da74 ,knox's comm5ts 7 simil> to ,lu!r's 7,works1 ,la+'s ed4 ii1 #caj-ab74 ,dr4 ,g>d9]1 a fairly imp>tial hi/orian1 sums up t1 aft] ! ,g]man settlem5t ( #aeeb1 ,! pr9ces claim$ ! "r ( cont9u+ to secul>ize ,*ur* l&s )9 _! t]ritories z insep>able f _! g5]al "r ( provid+ = ! religion ( _! subjects4444 ,ab\t a hundr$ mona/]ies are said to h fall5 victims 9 ! ,palat9ate alone2 & an almo/ equal numb]1 ! glean+s ( a ri*] h>ve/ :i* _h be5 reap$ be=e ! ,conv5tion ( ,passau1 7 tak5 possession ( 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many 7,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 #h? ed4 p4 #aa74 ,! cr$it ( br++ ! v>i\s =ces to a head1 d\btless1 rema9s ) ,lu!r1 ?\gh gr\nd 0 fur!r prep>$ by lit]>y pr$ecessors su* z ,john ( ,wesel & ,john ,wessel1 ,erasmus1 ,reu*l91 & ,ulri* von ,hutt54 ,b ev5 ! signal c\rage ( ,lu!r c\ld n h avail$ to fire an effectual tra9 ( action unless a c]ta9 numb] ( nobles _h be5 ready to support him = economic reasons4 ,ev5 ! %ameless sale ( indulg5ces by ,tetzel 0 res5t$ mo/ ke5ly on ! score t x 0 dra9+ ,g]many ( money2 #ahgd & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ,lu!r began 8 battle n z a h]etic b z an or?odox ,ca?olic ,re=m]1 desir+ to propitiate & n to defy ! papacy4 ,economic =ces 7 ! det]m9ants4 ,?is becomes ! m cle> :5 we note t ! ,re=mation 0 only ! culm9ation or explosion ( c]ta9 intellectual1 social1 & political =ces se5 at "w ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom = c5turies be=e4 ,9 po9t ( m]e doctr9e1 ! ,prote/ants ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h be5 prec$$ & ev5 di/anc$ by h]etics ( ! elev5?1 & by tea*]s ( ! n9?4 ,! absurdity ( relic-wor%ip1 ! folly ( pilgrimages & fa/+s1 ! falsehood ( ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation1 ! h]esy ( pray]s to ! sa9ts1 ! unscripturalness ( ! hi]>*y--^! & a doz5 o!r po9ts ( prote/ _h be5 rais$ by ,paulicians1 by ,pat]9i1 by ,begh>ds1 by ,apo/olicals1 by ,loll>ds1 long be=e ! "t ( ,lu!r4 ,z reg>ds 8 ne>] pr$ecessors1 inde$1 ?is is n[ a matt] ( accept$ ,prote/ant hi/ory4 #ahge ,:at is n prop]ly realiz$ is t ! conditions :i* wr\ght political success :]e be=e !re _h be5 political failure 7 special political conditions2 & t to ^!1 & n to suppos$ diff]5ces 9 national "*1 is due ! geographical c\rse ( ! ,re=mation4 #b4 ,,! ,,problem ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,spa91 ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,we h se5 t ! _s ( re=m 0 /rong 9 ,italy ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,lu!r2 & t "s ( ! /ronge/ movem5ts )9 ! ,*ur* 7 /rictly re=matory1 & orig9ally dis9t]e/$ 9 a high degree4 ,9 less religi\s =ms ! same _s ab\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance2 & at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,savon>ola 0 prea*+ re=m religi\sly en\gh at ,flor5ce4 ,8 dea?1 h[ev]1 0 sub/antially due to ! p]ception t ecclesia/ical re=m1 z conduct$ by him1 0 a socio-political process1 #ahgf :5ce ! re=m] 0 a socio-political di/urb]4 ,intellectually he 0 no innovator2 on ! contr>y1 he 0 a hat] ( lit]>y enlight5m5t1 & he 0 z ready to burn a/rolog]s z 7 8 enemies to burn him4 #ahgg ,8 claim1 9 8 ,triumph ( ! ,cross1 to combat unbeliev]s by means ( %e] natural reason1 indicates only 8 inability to realize any rationali/ position--a failure to be expect$ 9 8 age1 :5 rationalism 0 d5i$ argum5tative utt]ance1 & :5 ! problems ( ,*ri/ian evid5ces 7 only be+ broa*$4 ,! v =m ( ! book is declamatory r ?an ratioc9ative1 & e "q rais$ is begg$4 #ahgh ,t he fail$ 9 8 crusade ( ,*ur* re=m1 & t ,lu!r succe$$ 9 81 0 due to no diff]5ce betwe5 ,italian & ,g]man "*1 b to ! va/ diff]5ce 9 ! political pot5tialities ( ! two cases4 ,! fall ( public lib]ty 9 ,flor5ce1 :i* mu/ h be5 prec$$ z x 0 accompani$ by a relative decl9e 9 popul> culture1 #ahgi & :i* l$ to ! failure ( ,savon>ola1 may be 9 a s5se attribut$ to ,italian "*2 b t "* 0 itself ! product ( peculi> social & political conditions1 & 0 n inf]ior to t ( any nor!rn population4 #ahhj ,! ,savon>olan movem5t _h all ! ma9 features ( ! ,puritanism ( ! nor!rn ,re=m4 ,savon>ola s5t organiz$ bodies ( boys1 latt]ly accompani$ by bodies ( adults1 to =ce _! way into private h\ses & confiscate ?+s ?\ght suitable = ! re=matory bonfire4 ,burckh>dt1 p4 #dgg2 ,p]r5s1 ,jrome ,savon>ole1 #b;e dit4 pp4 #adj-da4 ,! ?+s burn$ includ$ pictures & bu/s ( ine/imable arti/ic value1 & manuscripts ( exquisite beauty4 ,p]r5s1 p4 #bbi4 ,comp>e ,vill>i1 z cit$2 ,george ,eliot's ,romola1 bk4 iii1 *4 xlix2 & ,m]ejk[ski's ,! ,=]unn] 7,eng4 tr471 bk4 vii4 ,previ\s re=m]s _h set up bonfires ( false hair & books aga9/ ! fai? 7,arm/rong1 z cit$1 p4 #afg72 & ,savon>ola's b&s ( ur*9s 7 developm5ts f previ\s organizations1 b5t *iefly on blackmail4 7,id47 ,b he c>ri$ ! tyranny fur!/1 & actually propos$ to put ob/9ate gambl]s to ! torture4 ,p]r5s1 p4 #acb4 ,vill>i 9 8 s5tim5tal commemoration lecture on ,savon>ola 7,/udies ,hi/orical & ,critical1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijg7 ignores ^! facts4 ,:51 a g5]ation lat]1 ! propag&a ( ! ,lu!ran movem5t rea*$ ,italy1 x 0 m eag]ly welcom$ ?an 9 any ( ! ,teutonic c\ntries outside ( ! fir/ ,lu!ran circle1 ?\gh a vigilant sy/em 0 at once set on foot = ! de/ruction ( ! import$ books4 #ahha ,x _h made mu* headway at ,milan & ,flor5ce 9 #aebe2 #ahhb & we h ! te/imony ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii himself t be=e #aecj ! ,lu!ran h]esy 0 widely spread n only among ! laity b among prie/s & fri>s1 bo? m5dicant & non-m5dicant1 _m ( :om propagat$ x by _! s]mons4 #ahhc ,! ruffianism & buffoon]y ( ! ,g]man ,lu!ran soldi]s 9 ! army ( ,*>les ,v at ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebi 0 h>dly likely to w9 adh]5ts to _! sect2 #ahhd yet ! numb] increas$ all ov] ,italy4 ,9 #aeda-de !y 7 num]\s & audaci\s at ,bologna1 #ahhe :]e 9 #aecg a commission ( c>d9als & prelates1 appo9t$ by ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 _h report$ /rongly on ! ne$ = re=mation 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 #aedb !y 7 s /rong at ,v5ice z to contemplate hold+ public assemblies2 9 ! neighb\r+ t[ns ( ,vic5t9o1 ,vic5za1 & ,trevisano !y seem to h be5 /ill m num]\s2 #ahhf & ,c>d9al ,c>affa report$ to ! ,pope t all ,italy 0 infect$ ) ! h]esy4 #ahhg ,n[ began ! *eck4 ,among ! ,prote/ants !mselves !re _h gone on ! inevitable /rifes ov] ! que/ions ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,eu*>i/2 ! m rational views ( ,zw+li & ,s]vetus 7 9 notable fav\r2 #ahhh & ! ,ca?olic reaction1 fann$ by ,c>affa1 0 ! m facile4 ,measures 7 fir/ tak5 aga9/ h]etical prie/s & monks2 ,o*9o & ,pet] ,m>tyr _h to fly2 & _m monks 9 ! mona/]y ( ! latt] 7 imprison$4 ,at ,rome 0 f\nd$1 9 #aedc1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 a new ,inquisition1 on ! deadly model ( t ( ,spa92 & !nce=? ! hi/ory ( ,prote/antism 9 ,italy is b "o ( suppression4 ,! ho/ile =ce 0 all-p]vad+1 organiz$1 & usually arm$ ) ! :ole secul> p[]2 & ?\gh 9 ,naples ! old dete/ation ( ! ,inquisition broke out anew s /rongly t ev5 ! ,spani% tyranny c\ld n e/abli% x1 #ahhi ! papacy else:]e c>ri$ its po9t by expla9+ h[ mu* m l5i5t 0 ! ,italian ?an ! ,spani% ,inquisition4 ,su* a pressure1 kept up by ! /ronge/ economic int]e/ 9 ,italy1 no movem5t c\ld resi/2 & x w\ld h suppress$ ! ,re=mation 9 any c\ntry or any race1 z a simil> pressure did 9 ,spa94 ,pr(4 ,gebh>t 7,orig4 de la ,r5ais4 en ,italie1 p4 #fh7 writes t ,italy has kn[n no great national h]esies3 "o sees !re no upris+ ( m9ds :i* resembles ! pr(\nd popul> movem5ts provok$ by ,waldo1 ,wiclif1 ,john ,huss1 or ,lu!r4 ,! decisive answ] to ?is is soon giv5 by ! au?or himself 7p4 #gd73 ,if ! ,ord] ( ,franciscans has _h 9 ! p59sula an a/oni%+ popul>ity2 if x has1 s to speak1 =m$ a ,*ur* )9 ! ,*ur*1 x is t x respond$ to ! pr(\nd aspirations ( an entire p4 7,cp4 p4 #gg47 ,yet aga91 aft] tell+ h[ ! ,franciscan h]esy ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel s long prevail$1 ,m4 ,gebh>t speaks 7p4 #gh7 ( ! ,italians z a p :om =mal h]esy has nev] s$uc$4 ,^! inconsi/5cies d]ive f ! old fallacy ( attribut+ ! c\rse ( ! ,re=mation to national "*4 7,see x discuss$ 9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,evolution ( ,/ates1 pp4 #bcg-ch1 #cjb-cjg1 #cda-dd47 ,burckh>dt1 :ile recogniz+--z aga9/ ! !ory ( some?+ lack+ 9 ! ,italian m9d--t ! ,italian movem5ts ( ,*ur* re=mation fail$ to a*ieve success only because circum/ances 7 aga9/ !m1 goes on to object t ! c\rse ( mighty ev5ts l ! ,re=mation 444 eludes ! d$uctions ( ! philosoph]s1 & falls back on my/]y4 7,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #deg47 ,!re is really mu* less my/]y ab\t su* movem5ts ?an ab\t small ones2 & ! causes ( ! ,re=mation are 9 l>ge "p obvi\s & simple4 ,baur1 ev5 9 ! act ( claim+ special cr$it = ! p]sonality ( ,lu!r z ! great factor 9 ! ,re=mation1 admits t only 9 ! peculi> political conditions 9 :i* he f\nd himself c\ld he h succe$$4 7,kir*5ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,zeit1 #ahfc1 p4 #bc47 ,! broad explanation ( ! ,italian failure is t 9 ,italy re=m c\ld n = a mom5t be dreamt ( save z )9 ! ,*ur*1 :]e !re 0 no economic lev]age su* z effect$ ! ,re=mation f ! outside else:]e4 ,x 0 a relatively easy matt] 9 ,g]many & ,engl& to r5\nce ! ,pope's control & make ! ,*ur*es national or autonom\s4 ,to attempt t 9 ,italy w\ld h meant creat+ a /ate ( univ]sal & insoluble /rife4 7,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 vol4 i1 ed4 #ahig1 p4 #cfi4 ,symonds1 h[ev]1 omits to note ! f9ancial dep5d5ce ( ,italian society on ! papal sy/em2 & 8 v]dict t ,lu!r & ! nations ( ! nor? saw cle>ly :at ! ,italians c\ld n see is simply ! racial fallacy ov] aga947 ,ap>t f t1 ! ,italians1 z we h se51 7 z mu* b5t on re=mation z any o!r p 9 mass2 & ! e>li] ,franciscan movem5t 0 obvi\sly m dis9t]e/$ ?an ei!r ! lat] ,g]man or ! ,engli%1 9 bo? ( :i* plund] 0 ! inducem5t to ! lead+ adh]5ts1 z x 0 also 9 ,switz]l&4 ,!re ! :olesale be/[al ( ,*ur* liv+s on ,italians 0 ! /ronge/ motive to ecclesia/ical revolution2 & 9 ,zri*1 ! fir/ canton :i* adopt$ ! ,re=mation1 ! process 0 made easy by ! ,/ate gu>antee+ po/s & p5sions = life to ! :ole tw5ty-f\r canons ( ! *apt]4 7,vieusseux1 ,hi/ory ( ,switz]l&1 #ahdj1 pp4 #abj1 #abh2 cp4 ,zs*okke1 ,s*weiz]l&'s ,ges*i*te1 #ite ,ausg4 *4 #cb1 & ,jackson1 ,huldrei* ,zw+li1 #aija1 pp4 #bbb-be1 #bie-if47 ,! ,prote/ants _h fur!r ! support ( ! unbeliev+ soldi]y1 made anti-religi\s 9 ! ,italian w>s1 :o rejoic$ 9 ! process ( prie/-bait+ & plund] 7,vieusseux1 p4 #acj74 ,! process ( suppression 9 ,italy 0 prolong$ ?r\gh sixty ye>s4 ,9 #aedc numb]s ( ,prote/ants began to fly2 hundr$s m 7 ca/ into prison2 &1 save 9 a few places1 public pr(ession ( ! h]esy 0 suppress$4 ,9 #aedf ! papacy p]suad$ ! ,v5etian s5ate to put d[n ! ,prote/ant communities 9 _! dom9ions1 & 9 #aedh !re began 9 ,v5ice a p]secution 9 :i* _m 7 s5t to ! galleys4 ,to rea* secret ,prote/antism1 ! papacy disp]s$ spies ?r\gh\t ,italy1 ,f]r>a be+ p>ticul>ly att5d$ to1 z a kn[n hotb$4 #ahij ,aft] ! dea? ( ! comp>atively m]ciful ,paul ,,iii 7#aeej71 ,julius ,,iii au?oriz$ new sev]ities4 ,a ,f]r>ese prea*] 0 put to dea?2 & ! ,du*ess ,r5e1 ! daught] ( ,l\is ,,xii1 :o _h notori\sly fav\r$ ! h]etics1 0 made virtually a prison] 9 h] own palace1 seclud$ f h] *ildr54 ,at ,fa5za1 a nobleman di$ "u torture at ! h&s ( ! inquisitors1 & a mob 9 turn kill$ "s ( ^!2 #ahia b ! ma9 process w5t on ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,an old ,wald5sian community 9 ,calabria hav+ rev]t$ to its =m] op9ions "u ! new /imulus1 x 0 w>r$ ^u by ! inquisitors1 :o employ$ = ! purpose outlaws2 & multitudes ( victims1 includ+ sixty wom51 7 put to ! torture4 #ahib ,at ,montalto1 9 #aefj1 ano!r ,wald5sian community 7 tak5 captive2 eighty-eight m5 7 slaught]$1 _! ?roats be+ cut "o by "o2 _m m 7 tortur$2 ! majority ( ! m5 7 s5t to ! ,spani% galleys2 & ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 sold into slav]y4 #ahic ,9 ,v5ice _m 7 put to dea? by dr[n+4 #ahid ,( individual executions !re 7 _m4 ,9 a docum5t$ li/ ( sev5ty-eight p]sons burn$ alive or hang$ & burn$ at ,rome f #aeec to #afjj1 #ahie only a m9ority are kn[n to h be5 ,lu!rans1 ! (ficial records be+ kept on su* v>y+ pr9ciples t x is impossible to tell h[ _m ( ! victims 7 ,ca?olic crim9als2 #ahif :ile "s h]etics are repres5t$--x w\ld seem falsely--z hav+ di$ 9 ! communion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b probably m ?an half 7 ,lu!rans or ,calv9i/s4 ,! fir/ 9 ! li/ 7#aeec7 are ,giovanni ,mollio1 #ahig a ,m9orite fri> ( ,montalc9o1 :o _h be5 a pr(essor at ,brescia & ,bologna1 & ,giovanni ,teodori #ahih ( ,p]ugia2 & ! =m] is /at$ 9 ! (ficial record to h recomm5d$ 8 s\l to ,god1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,/4 ,francis1 & ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua1 ?\gh he _h be5 condemn$ z an ob/9ate ,lu!ran4 ,! next victims 7#aeef7 are ! ,milanese fri> ,ambrogio de ,cavoli1 :o dies firm 9 8 false op9ion1 & ,pomponio ,ang]io or ,algi]i ( ,nola1 a /ud5t ag$ tw5ty-f\r1 :o1 z be+ ob/9ate1 0 burn$ alive4 #ahii ,^! 7 ! fir/ victims ( ,c>affa aft] 8 elevation to ! papal *air z ,paul ,,iv4 ,"u ,pius ,,iv ?ree 7 burn$ 9 #aefj2 "u ,pius ,v two 9 #aeff1 six 9 #aefg1 six 9 #aefh1 & s on4 ,francesco ,cell>io1 an ex-,franciscan fri>1 liv+ z a refugee & ,prote/ant prea*] 9 ! ,grisons1 0 kidnapp$1 tak5 to ,rome1 & burn$ #aijj 7#aefi74 ,a ,neapolitan nobleman1 ,pompeo de ,monti1 caught 9 ,rome1 0 (ficially decl>$ to h r5\nc$ head by head all ! errors he _h held1 & accord+ly 0 b5ignantly behead$4 #aija ,q a numb]1 includ+ ! le>n$ protonot>y ,c>nesec*i 7#aefg71 are alleg$ to h di$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*4 #aijb ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! inquisitors !mselves came "u ! *>ge ( h]esy1 two c>d9als & a bi%op be+ actually prosecut$ #aijc--:e!r = ,lu!ranism or = o!r =ms ( private judgm5t does n appe>4 ,simple ,lu!ranism1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 ! usual limit ( h]esy among ^? burn$4 ,aonio ,pale>io 7orig9ally ,antonio della ,paglia or de' ,pagli>icci7 ( ,v]oli #aijd--poet & pr(essor ( rhetoric at ,milan1 hang$ 9 #aegj 79 8 sev5tie? ye>7 ei!r = d5\nc+ ! ,inquisition or = ,lu!ranism--0 an extreme h]etic f ! ,ca?olic po9t ( view4 ,8 ,actio 9 ,romanos ,pontificos et eorum asseclas is /ill d5\nc$ by ! ,*ur*4 #aije ,if1 h[ev]1 he 0 ! au?or ( ! ,trattato utilissimo del b5eficio di ,giesu ,crocifisso v]so ,i ,*ri/iani1 he 0 simply an evangelical ( ! s*ool ( ,lu!r1 exalt+ fai? & mak+ light ( works2 & its rem$ies aga9/ ! temptation ( d\bt deal solely ) !ological difficulties1 n ) critical unbelief4 #aijf ,?is treatise1 imm5sely popul> 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 s zeal\sly de/roy$ by ! ,*ur* t :5 ,ranke wrote no copy 0 kn[n to exi/4 #aijg ,! ,trattato 0 plac$ on ! fir/ papal ,index ,expurgatorius 9 #aedi2 & ! ne>ly complete ext9ction ( ! book is an important illu/ration ( ! ,*ur*'s faculty ( suppress+ lit]ature4 ,! ,index1 anticipat$ by ,*>les ,v 9 ! ,ne!rl&s sev]al ye>s e>li]1 0 e/abli%$ especially to resi/ ! ,re=mation2 & its ?ird class conta9$ a prohibition ( all anonym\s books publi%$ s9ce #aeai4 ,! de/ruction ( books 9 ,italy 9 ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! "w ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index 0 enorm\s1 ne>ly e libr>y be+ decimat$1 & _m annihilat$4 ,all editions ( ! classics1 & ev5 ( ! ,fa!rs1 annotat$ by ,prote/ants1 or by ,erasmus1 7 de/roy$2 ! libr>y ( ! ,m$icean ,college at ,flor5ce1 despite ! appeals ( ,duke ,cosmo1 0 d5ud$ ( _m works ( pa/ g5]ations1 n[ pron\nc$ h]etical2 & _m dead writ]s :o _h pass$ = good ,ca?olics 7 put on ! ,index4 ,booksell]s1 plund]$ ( _! /ocks1 7 fa9 to seek ano!r call+2 & pr9t]s1 see+ t any "o ( !m :o pr9t$ a condemn$ "w _h e book pr9t$ by him put on ! ,index1 7 driv5 to refuse all save works (ficially accr$it$4 ,x 0 consid]$ a m]ciful relaxation ( ! proc$ure :51 aft] ! dea? ( ,paul ,,iv 7#aeee71 c]ta9 books1 su* z ,erasmus's editions ( ! ,fa!rs1 7 all[$ to be m]ely mutilat$4 #aijh ,! effect ( ! :ole ma*9]y 9 mak+ ,italy 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury relatively unle>n$ & illit]ate _c easily be ov]/at$4 ,9 f9e1 ! ,re=mation fail$ 9 ,italy because ( ! economic & political conditions1 z x fail$ 9 ,spa92 z x fail$ 9 a l>ge "p ( ,g]many2 z x w\ld h fail$ 9 ,holl& _h ,philip ,,ii made 8 capital !re 79 :i* case ,spa9 might v well h become ,prote/ant72 & z x w\ld h fail$ 9 ,engl& _h ,elizabe? be5 a ,ca?olic1 l h] si/]4 ,dur+ ! sixty ye>s f #aebj to #aehj1 ?\s&s ( ,italian ,prote/ants left ,italy1 z ?\s&s ( ,spani% ,prote/ants fl$ f ,spa91 & ?\s&s ( ,engli% ,prote/ants f ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,m>y4 #aiji ,to make ! outcome 9 ,italy & ,spa9 a basis = a !ory ( racial t5d5cy 9 religion1 or racial defect ( public _s1 is to expla9 hi/ory 9 a fa%ion :i*1 9 physical sci5ce1 has long be5 discr$it$ z an argum5t 9 a circle4 ,mc,crie1 at ! old /&po9t1 says ( ! ,inquisition t ?is iniquit\s & bloody tribunal c\ld nev] obta9 a foot+ ei!r 9 ,france or 9 ,g]many2 t ! attempt to introduce x 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 0 resi/$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! old z well z ! disciples ( ! new religion2 & x k9dl$ a civil w> :i* 444 issu$ 9 e/abli%+ civil & religi\s lib]ty2 & t ! ease ) :i* x 0 introduc$ into ,italy %[$ t1 :atev] illum9ation !re 0 among ! ,italians 444 !y 7 de/itute ( t public _s & en]gy ( pr9ciple :i* 7 requisite to %ake (f ! degrad+ yoke by :i* !y 7 oppress$4 ,! e?ical attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/orian is notewor?y2 b we are "h conc]n$ ) 8 hi/oriography4 ,a little reflection w make x cle> t ! non-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,france & ,g]many 0 due precisely to ! fact t ! papacy 0 n 9 ^! c\ntries z x 0 9 ,italy1 & t ! native ,gov]nm5ts res5t$ ext]nal influ5ce4 ,z to ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! /atem5t is mislead+ 9 ! extreme4 ,! ,inquisition set up by ,*>les ,v 0 long & fully e/abli%$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries2 & ,motley recognizes t x 0 !re m sev]e ev5 ?an 9 ,spa94 ,x 0 ,*>les ,v :o1 9 #aedf1 gave ord]s = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,naples1 :5 ! p s effectually resi/$4 ,! view1 f9ally1 t ! attempt to suppress h]esy caus$ ! ,dut* revolt is m]ely "p ( ! my?ology ( ! ,re=mation4 ,*>les ,v1 at ! outset ( 8 reign1 /ood to ,spa9 9 ! relation ( a =eign k+ :o1 ) 8 ,flemi% c\rti]s1 exploit$ ,spani% rev5ues4 ,only by mak+ ,madrid 8 capital & turn+ semi-,spani% did he at all rev]se t relation betwe5 ! two p>ts ( 8 dom9ions4 ,s late z #aeej he set up an exceptionally m]ciless =m ( ! ,inquisition 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ?is )\t los+ any ( ! loyalty ( ! middle & upp] classes1 ,prote/antism hav+ made its conv]ts only among ! poor4 ,9 #aedf too he _h set up an ,index ,expurgatorius ) ! assi/ance ( ! !ological faculty at ,l\va92 & !re 0 actually a ,flemi% ,index 9 pr9t be=e ! papal "o 7,mc,crie1 ,ref4 9 ,italy1 p4 #ahd2 ,ticknor1 ,hi/4 ( ,spani% ,lit4 #f? ed4 i1 #dic74 ,:at set up ! brea* betwe5 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,spa9 0 ! failure ( ,philip ,,ii to adju/ himself to ,dut* int]e/s z 8 fa!r _h adju/$ himself to ,spani%4 ,! sund]ance 0 on l9es ( economic int]e/ & racial jeal\sy2 & ,dut* ,prote/antism 0 n ! cause b ! effect4 ,9 ! w>1 inde$1 multitudes ( ,dut* ,ca?olics held p]si/5tly ) _! ,prote/ant fell[-c\ntrym5 aga9/ ,spa91 z _m ,engli% ,ca?olics f\ght aga9/ ! ,armada4 ,z late z #afjj ! majority ( ! p ( ,gron+5 7 /ill ,ca?olics1 z ! great majority are n[ 9 ,nor? ,brabant & ,limburg2 & 9 #aijj ! ,ca?olics 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 7 ne>ly a ?ird ( ! :ole4 ,f fir/ to la/ too ! ,dut* ,prote/ant cre$ & polity 7 ^? set up by ,calv91 a ,fr5*man4 ,to ^? accu/om$ to ! conv5tional view1 ! case may become cle>] on a survey ( ! c\rse ( anti-papalism 9 o!r c\ntries ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,! political det]m9ation ( ! process 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 inde$1 _c be prop]ly realiz$ save 9 ! light ( k9dr$ movem5ts ( e>li] date1 :5 ! ,teutonic consci5ce made1 n = re=m1 b = fixation4 #c4 ,,! ,,hussite ,,failure ,,9 ,,bohemia ,t ! causal =ces 9 ! ,re=mation 7 nei!r racial religi\s bias nor special gift on ! "p ( any religi\s tea*]s is made tol]ably cle> by ! pre-,lu!ran episode ( ! ,hussites 9 ,bohemia a c5tury be=e ! ,g]man movem5t4 ,9 ,bohemia z else:]e cl]ical av>ice1 worldl9ess1 & misconduct _h long kept up anti-cl]ical feel+2 & ! adoption ( ,wiclif's tea*+ by ,huss #aiaj at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 ! result1 & n ! cause1 ( ,bohemian anti-papalism4 #aiaa ,! ,wald5sians1 ^: doctr9es 7 closely ak9 to ^? ( ,huss1 7 repres5t$ 9 ,bohemia z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury2 & s late z #accj _! community 0 a tea*+ c5tre1 able to s5d money help to ! ,wald5sians ( ,italy4 ,s app>5t 0 ! h]$ity t neas ,sylvius1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 ma9ta9$ t ! ,hussites 7 a bran* ( ! ,wald5ses4 #aiab ,be=e ,huss too a :ole s]ies ( native re=m]s1 beg9n+ ) ! ,moravian ,militz1 ,ar*deacon ( ,prague1 _h set up a p>tly anti-cl]ical propag&a4 ,militz1 :o gave up 8 emolum5ts 7#acfc7 to become a w&]+ prea*]1 actually wrote a ,libellus de ,anti-*ri/o1 affirm+ t ! ,*ur* 0 already 9 ,anti-*ri/'s p[]1 or ne>ly s4 #aiac ,x 0 writt5 :ile he 0 imprison$ by ! ,inquisition at ,rome at ! in/ance ( ! m5dicant ord]s1 :om he c5sur$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! lat] ho/ility he incurr$1 up to 8 dea?1 0 on ! score ( 8 influ5ce ) ! p1 ! treatise _c well h be5 curr5t 9 8 lifetime4 ,a contempor>y1 ,conrad ( ,waldhaus51 hold+ simil> views1 jo9$ ,militz 9 oppos+ ! m5dicant fri>s z ,wiclif 0 do+ at ! same p]iod2 & ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia 7! emp]or ,*>les ,,iv7 gave zeal\s c\nt5ance to bo?4 ,a foll[] ( ,militz1 ,mat?ias ( ,jan[1 a preb5d>y ( ,prague1 hold+ ! same views z to ,anti-*ri/1 wrote a book on ,! ,abom9ation ( ,desolation ( ,prie/s & ,monks1 & yet ano!r to simil> effect4 ,!re 0 ?us a consid]able movem5t 9 ! direction ( ,*ur* re=m be=e ei!r ,huss or ,wiclif 0 he>d 9 ,bohemia2 & a ,bohemian k+ _h %[n a re=m+ zeal1 app>5tly n on f9ancial motives1 be=e any o!r ,european pot5tate4 ,& :]eas racial jeal\sy ( ! dom9ant ,italians 0 a ma9 factor 9 ! movem5t ( ,lu!r1 ! mu* m /rongly motiv$ jeal\sy ( ! ,cze*s aga9/ ! ,g]mans :o exploit$ ,bohemia 0 a ma9 elem5t 9 ! sali5t movem5t ( ! ,hussites4 #aiad ,call$ 9 to "w ! silv] m9es1 & l$ fur!r by ! increas+ field = comm]ce & indu/ry1 #aiae ! m civiliz$ ,g]mans secur$ control ( ! ,cze* *ur* & mona/]ies1 appropriat+ mo/ ( ! be/ liv+s4 ,z !y greatly pr$om9at$ also at ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague1 ,huss1 ^: inspiration 0 l>gely racial patriotism1 wr\ght ) 8 colleague ,j]ome to h ! univ]sity made /rictly national4 #aiaf ,:51 accord+ly1 ! ,g]man heads ( ! univ]sity /ill 7#adjc & #adjh7 condemn$ ! doctr9es ( ,wiclif z prea*$ by ,huss1 ! motives ( ! c5sors 7 z mu* racial & economic z !ological2 t is to say1 ! ,teutonic consci5ce op]at$ 9 its own int]e/ to ! exaltation ( papal rule aga9/ ! ,cze* consci5ce4 ,! fir/ crisis 9 ! racial /ruggle end$ 9 ,huss's obta9+ a royal decree 7#adji7 giv+ ?ree votes 9 univ]sity affairs 7:]e91 accord+ to m$ieval cu/om1 ! vot+ 0 by nations7 to ! ,bohemians1 & only "o to ! ,g]mans1 ?\gh ! latt] 7 ! majority4 ,!reupon a multitude ( ! ,g]man /ud5ts m>*$ back to ,g]many1 :]e !re 0 f\nd$ = !m ! univ]sity ( ,leipzig2 #aiag & ! racial qu>rel 0 m env5om$ ?an ev]4 ,at ! same "t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 closely alli$ ) ! ,g]man int]e/1 took up ! cause ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ h]esy2 & ,ar*bi%op ,sb9ko ( ,prague1 hav+ procur$ a papal bull1 caus$ a numb] ( ,wiclifian & o!r manuscripts to be burn$ #aiah 7#adaj71 soon aft] excommunicat+ ,huss4 ,! n[ nationali/ univ]sity prote/$1 & ! k+ seque/rat$ ! e/ates ( ! ar*bi%op on 8 refusal to indemnify ! own]s ( ! manuscripts4 ,9 #adaa1 fur!r1 ,huss d5\nc$ ! propos$ papal crusade aga9/ ,naples1 & 9 #adab ! sale ( indulg5ces by p]mission ( ,pope ,john ,,xxiii1 exactly z ,lu!r d5\nc$ ^? ( ,leo ,x a c5tury lat]1 call+ ! ,pope ,anti*ri/ 9 ! ,lu!ran mann]1 :ile 8 p>tizans burn$ ! papal bulls4 #aiai ,= ! re/1 he prea*$ aga9/ image-wor%ip1 auricul> confession1 c]emonialism1 & cl]ical end[m5ts4 #aibj ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 7#adae71 accord+ly1 !re 0 array$ aga9/ him a solid mass ( ,g]man *ur*m51 includ+ ! ex-rector ( ,prague ,univ]sity1 n[ bi%op ( ,misnia4 ,fur!r1 ! ,g]mans 7 s*ola/ically1 z a rule1 ,nom9ali/s1 & ,huss a ,reali/2 & z ,g]son1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,fr5* prelates1 0 zeal\s = ! =m] s*ool1 he ?rew 8 influ5ce on ! ,g]man side1 #aiba z did ! ,bi%op ( ,london on ! "p ( ,engl&4 #aibb ,! =ty-five ,wiclifian h]esies1 !re=e1 7 re-condemn$2 ,huss 0 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t1 ?\gh he _h gone to ! ,c\ncil "u a lett] ( safe-conduct f ! emp]or2 #aibc & on 8 refusal to retract he 0 burn$ alive 7,july #f1 #adae74 ,j]ome1 tak+ flight1 0 caught1 &1 be+ imprison$1 recant$2 b lat] revok$ ! recantation & 0 burn$ likewise 7,may #cj1 #adaf74 ,! subsequ5t =tunes ( ! ,hussite p>ty 7 det]m9$ z usual by ! political & economic =ces4 ,! ,k+ ( ,bohemia _h joyfully accept$ ,huss's doctr9e t ! ti!s 7 n ! prop]ty ( ! *ur*m52 & _h locally protect$ him z 8 f[l ) ! gold5 eggs1 proce$+ to plund] ! ,*ur* z did ! ,g]man pr9ces 9 ! next age4 #aibd ,:51 lat]1 ! revolution>y ,hussites began plund]+ *ur*es & mona/]ies1 ! ,bohemian nobles 9 _! turn pr(it$1 #aibe & became good ,hussites accord+ly2 :ile yet ano!r ari/ocracy 0 =m$ 9 ,prague by ! citiz5s :o manag$ ! confiscations !re4 #aibf ,z happ5$ e>li] 9 ,hung>y & lat] 9 ,g]many1 aga91 !re foll[$ a revolt ( ! peasants aga9/ _! extortionate ma/]s2 #aibg & !re result$ a p]iod ( f]oci\s civil w> & exac]bat$ fanaticism4 ,ziska1 ! ,hussite lead]1 _h be5 a /rong anti-,g]man2 #aibh & :5 ! emp]or ent]$ into ! /ruggle ! racial hatr$ grew m int5se ?an ev]4 ,on ! ,hussite side ! claim = ! cup 7t is1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! eu*>i/ ) w9e z well z bread1 9 ! orig9al mann]1 dep>t$ f by ! ,*ur* 9 ! elev5? c5tury7 indicat$ ! nature ( ! religi\s feel+ involv$4 ,m memorable 0 ! communi/ic zeal ( ! advanc$ section ( ! ,taborites 7s call$ f ! t[n ( ,tabor1 _! headqu>t]s71 :o anticipat$ ! ,g]man movem5t ( ! ,anabapti/s1 #aibi a small m9ority ( !m seek+ to set up community ( wom54 ,= ! re/1 all ! o!r ma9 features ( lat] ,prote/antism came up at ! same "t--! zeal\s e/abli%m5t ( s*ools = ! "y2 #aicj ! insi/5ce on ! ,bible z ! sole /&>d ( k & practice2 inflexible c\rage 9 w>f>e & good milit>y organization1 ) det]m9$ d5ial ( sac]dotal claims4 #aica ,! ideal collaps$ z simil> ideals did be=e & aft]w>ds4 ,fir/ ! ma9 body ( ! ,hussites1 l$ by ,ziska1 ?\gh at w> ) ! ,ca?olics 9 g5]al & ! ,g]mans 9 p>ticul>1 w>r$ murd]\sly also on ! extrem] communi/s1 call$ ! ,adamites1 & de/roy$ !m 7#adba74 ,!n1 z ! c\ntry became m & m exhau/$ by ! civil w>1 ! common p gradually fell away f ! ,taborites1 :o 7 ! prime fanatics ( ! p]iod4 ,! zeal ( ! communi/ section1 too1 itself fell away2 & at l5g?1 9 #adcd1 ! ,taborites1 betray$ by "o ( _! g5]als1 7 defeat$ ) great slaught] by ! nobles 9 ! battle ( ,lipan4 ,mean:ile1 ! upp] ari/ocracy _h reap$ ! economic fruits ( ! revolution at ! exp5se ( t[nsm51 small proprietors1 & peasants2 #aicb &1 j z ! lot ( ! ,g]man peasants 9 ,lu!r's day 0 worse aft] _! va9 revolt ?an be=e1 s ! ,bohemian peasantry at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h sunk back to ! condition ( s]fdom f :i* !y _h almo/ completely em]g$ at ! beg9n+4 ,x is d\btful1 inde$1 :e!r ! mat]ial lot ( ! poor 0 bett]$ 9 any degree at any /age ( ! ,prote/ant revolution1 9 any c\ntry4 ,s little efficacy = social bett]m5t has a movem5t guid$ by a light set above reason4 ,t !re 0 9 ! p]iod "s ,*ri/ian free?9k+ ( a f9] sort ?an ! g5]al ,taborite doctr9e is prov$ by ! recov]y ( ! unpr9t$ "w ( ! ,cze* ,pet] ,hel*itsky 7,*elcicky71 ,! ,net ( ,fai?1 :i* impea*$ ! curr5t or?odoxy & ! ecclesia/ico-political sy/em on ! l9es ( ! m exalt$ ( ! ,paulicians & ! ,loll>ds1 v mu* to ! same effect z ! mod]n gospel ( ,tol/oy4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a p>ty ( w>like fanatics ,hel*itsky d5\nc$ w> z m]e :olesale murd]1 taught ! s9fulness ( weal?1 declaim$ aga9/ cities z ! great corrupt]s ( life1 & prea*$ a peaceful & non-resi/ant an>*ism1 ignor+ ! ,/ate4 ,b 8 p>ty 9 turn develop$ into t ( ! ,bohemian ,bre?r51 an int5sely ,puritan sect1 oppos$ to le>n+1 & a%am$ ( ! memory ( ! communism 9 :i* _! ord] began4 #aicc ,( p]man5t ga9 to culture !re is h>dly a trace 9 ! entire evolution4 #d4 ,,anti-,,papalism ,,9 ,,hung>y ,z 9 ,bohemia1 s 9 ,hung>y1 !re 0 a ready popul> incl9ation to religi\s indep5d5ce ( ,rome be=e ! ,lu!ran p]iod4 ,! limit$ sway ( ! ,hung>ian mon>*y left ! nobles abnormally p[]ful1 & _! normal jeal\sy ( ! weal? ( ! ,*ur* made !m 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury fav\rable to ! ,wald5ses & recalcitrant to ! ,inquisition4 #aicd ,9 ! p]iod ( ! ,hussite w>s a simil> protection 0 long giv5 to ! ?\s&s ( refugees l$ by ,ziska f ,bohemia into ,hung>y 9 #adbd4 #aice ,! fam\s k+ ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 :o put sev]e *ecks on cl]ical rev5ue1 _h z 8 fav\rite c\rt poet ! anti-papal bi%op ( ,w>de91 ,john1 surnam$ ,pannonicus1 :o op5ly d]id$ ! ,papal ,jubilee z a f9ancial contrivance4 #aicf ,"u ,mat?ias's successor1 ! ill-fat$ ,uladislaus ,,ii1 began a p]secution1 pu%$ on by 8 prie/-rul$ que5 7#addj71 :i* drove _m ,hussites into ,walla*ia2 & at ! date ( ,lu!r's movem5t ! sup]ior cl]gy ( ,hung>y 7 a p[]ful body ( feudal nobles1 liv+ ma9ly z su*1 wield+ secul> p[]1 & impov]i%+ ! ,/ate4 #aicg ,z ! crusade got up by ! papacy aga9/ ! ,turks 7#aead7 drew away _m s]fs1 & end$ 9 a peasant w> aga9/ ! nobility1 put d[n ) imm5se slaught]1 & foll[$ by oppression bo? ( peasants & small l&hold]s1 !re 0 a ready he>+ = ! ,lu!ran doctr9es 9 ,hung>y4 ,n[h]e1 probably1 did s _m jo9 ! ,re=mation movem5t 9 s %ort a "t4 #aich ,z else:]e1 a numb] ( ! cl]gy came =w>d2 & ! resi/ance ( ! re/ 0 proportionally sev]e1 ?\gh ,que5 ,m>y1 ! wife ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,ii1 0 pro-,lu!ran4 #aici ,books 7 burn$ by c>tloads2 & ! diet 0 induc$ to pass a g5]al decree = ! burn+ ( all ,lu!rans4 #aidj ,! great ,turki% invasion "u ,soliman 7#aebf7 c\ld n draw ! prie/s f _! h]esy-hunt2 b ! subsequ5t division ( sov]eignty betwe5 ,john ,zapoyla & ,f]d9& ,i1 & above all ! disda9ful tol]ance ( ! ,turki% ,sultan 9 ! p>ts "u 8 au?ority1 #aida p]mitt$ ( a cont9u\s spread ( ! anti-papal doctr9e4 ,ab\t #aedf f\r bi%ops jo9$ ! ,lu!ran side1 "o gett+ m>ri$2 & 9 ,transylvania 9 p>ticul> ! :ole ,*ur* prop]ty 0 ere long confiscat$ to ! ,/ate2 s t 9 #aeef1 :5 only two mona/]ies rema9$1 ! ,bi%op )drew4 ,( ! ti!s1 x is said1 ! ,prote/ant cl]gy held ?ree-f\r?s1 & reta9$ !m till #ahdh4 #aidb ,9 #aeei1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 only ?ree families ( magnates /ill adh]$ to ! pope2 ! less] nobility 7 ne>ly all ,prote/ant2 & ! ,lu!rans among ! common p 7 z ?irty to "o4 #aidc ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ,*ur* prop]ty _h be5 confiscat$ on all h&s by ! nobles1 ,f]d9& hav+ be5 unable to h9d] !m4 ,soon aft] ! battle ( ,mohcs 7#aebf7 ! nobles 9 diet decid$ n to fill up ! places ( deceas$ prelates1 b to make ov] ! emolum5ts ( ! bi%oprics to su* m5 z des]v$ well ( _! c\ntry4 ,)9 a %ort "t sev5 great t]ritories 7 s accord$ to z _m magnates & g5]als1 ne>ly all ( :om sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & became /eady support]s ( ! ,re=mation4 #aidd ,! ,hung>ian ,re=mation 0 ?us rem>kably complete4 ,its subsequ5t decad5ce is "o ( ! pro(s t1 ev5 z ! ,re=mation movem5t _h succe$$ by secul> =ce1 s x 0 only to be ma9ta9$ on ! same foot+ by exclud+ ,ca?olic propag&a4 ,9 ,hung>y1 z else:]e1 /rife spe$ily arose among ,re=m]s on ! two issues on :i* reason c\ld play )9 ! limits ( ,scripturalism--! doctr9e ( ! eu*>i/ & ! div9ity ( ,jesus4 ,on ! =m] "q ! majority took ! semi-rationali/ view ( ,zw+li1 mak+ ! eu*>i/ a simple commemoration2 & a /rong m9ority 9 ,transylvania became ,soc9ian4 ,! ,italian ,unit>ian ,giorgio ,bi&rata 7or ,bl&rata #aide71 driv5 to ,pol& f ,switz]l& = 8 anti-tr9it>ianism1 & call$ f ,pol& to be ! physician ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,transylvania1 organiz$ a t5 days' debate betwe5 ,tr9it>ians & ,unit>ians at ,weiss5b]g 9 #aefh2 & at ! close ! latt] obta9$ f ! nobles pres5t all ! privileges enjoy$ by ! ,lu!rans1 ev5 secur+ control ( ! ca!dral & s*ools ( ,claus5burg4 #aidf ,x is rem>kable t ?is1 ! mo/ advanc$ movem5t ( ,prote/antism1 has practically held its gr\nd 9 ,transylvania to mod]n times4 #aidg ,! advance1 h[ev]1 meant desp]ate s*ism1 & disa/] to ! ma9 ,prote/ant cause4 ,! pr(essors ( ,wittemb]g appeal$ to ! or?odox au?orities to suppress ! h]esy1 ) no bett] result ?an a public repudiation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity at ! ,synod ( ,w>de91 #aidh & an organization ( ! ,unit>ian ,*ur*es4 ,9 due c\rse ^! 9 turn divid$4 ,9 #aegh ,bi&rata's colleague1 ,f]5cz ,davides1 cont5d$ = a cessation ( pray]s to ,*ri/1 :]eupon ,bi&rata invit$ ,fau/o ,sozz9i f ,basel to confute him2 & ! confutation f9ally took ! %ape ( a s5t5ce ( p]petual imprisonm5t on ,davides 9 #aegi by ! ,pr9ce ( ,transylvania1 to :om ,bi&rata & ,sozz9i ref]r$ ! dispute4 ,! victim di$ 9 a few days--by "o acc\nt1 9 a /ate ( fr5zy4 #aidi ,betwe5 ! ,helvetic & ,augsburg confessionali/s1 mean:ile1 ! /rife 0 equally bitt]2 & x ne$$ only free scope = ! new organization ( ! ,jesuits to secure ! reconque/ ( ! great] "p ( ,hung>y = ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts _h %[n t ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple ( private judgm5t l$ ^? :o w\ld loyally act on x fur!r & fur!r f ! hi/oric fai?2 & !re 0 no su* g5]al _s ( free?\ght 9 exi/5ce z c\ld support su* an advance4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ev]-divid+ & mutually ana!matiz+ p>ties ( ! diss5t]s1 ! o/5sible solidity ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h an attraction :i* obscur$ all =m] p]ception ( h] corruptions2 & ! fixity ( h] dogma reassur$ ^? :o recoil$ 9 horror f ,zw+lianism & ,soc9ianism1 z ! adh]5ts ( ^! sy/ems recoil$ 9 turn f t ( ,davides4 ,only ! absolute suppression ( ! ,jesuits1 z 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&1 c\ld h sav$ ! situation2 & ! political circum/ances :i* _h facilitat$ ! spread ( ,prote/antism 7 equally fav\rable to ! adv5t ( ! reaction4 ,z ! ,hugu5ot nobles 9 ,france gradually )drew f _! sect 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 s ! ,prote/ant nobles 9 ,hung>y began to )draw f !irs t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5?4 ,:at ! ,jesuits c\ld n a*ieve by propag&a 0 compass$ by imp]ial dragonnades2 & 9 #afja only a few ,prote/ant congregations rema9$ 9 all ,/yria & ,c>9?ia4 #aiej ,admitt$ly1 h[ev]1 ! ,jesuits wr\ght mu* by %e] polemic1 ! pung5t writ+s ( _! ,c>d9al ,pazmny hav+ ! effect ( conv]t+ a numb] ( nobles2 #aiea :ile ! ,prote/ants1 in/ead ( answ]+ ! mo/ effective ( ,pazmny's attacks1 ,! ,guide to ,tru?1 sp5t _! en]gies 9 fight+ ea* o!r4 #aieb ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies !re ensu$ en\gh ( p]secution by ! ,ca?olic rul]s to h r\s$ a new gr[? ( ,prote/antism1 if t c\ld long] avail2 b ! balance ( =ces rema9$ broadly un*ang$4 ,or?odox ,prote/antism & or?odox ,unit>ianism1 hav+ no new pr9ciple ( criticism z aga9/ ^? turn$ ^u !mselves by ! ,jesuits1 & no new means ( obta9+ an economic lev]age1 h made latt]ly no headway aga9/ ,ca?olicism1 :i* is to-day pr(ess$ by m ?an half ! p ( ,hung>y1 :ile among ! rema9d] ! ,greek ,ca?olics & ,greek ,ori5tals respectively outnumb] ! ,helvetic & ,lu!ran ,*ur*es4 ,! future is to "s m se>*+ pr9ciple ( ?\ght4 #e4 ,,prote/antism ,,9 ,,pol& ,! *ief triumph ( ! ,jesuit reaction 0 won 9 ,pol&2 & !re1 p]haps1 is to be f\nd ! be/ illu/ration ( ! failure ( m]e ,prote/antism1 on ! "o h&1 to develop a self-ma9ta9+ intellectual pr9ciple1 & ! worse failure1 on ! o!r h&1 ( an organiz$ & unresi/$ ,ca?olicism to secure ei!r political or intellectual vitality4 ,opposition to ! papacy on nationali/ z well z on g5]al gr\nds is ne>ly z well m>k$ 9 ,poli% hi/ory z 9 ,bohemian1 f ! pagan p]iod onw>ds1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian prie/hood be+ *iefly =eign1 #aiec :ile1 z 9 ,bohemia1 ! p clung to v]nacul> wor%ip4 ,9 #ajgh we f9d ,k+ ,boleslav ! ,dauntless 7o!rwise ! ,cruel7 execut+ ! ,bi%op ( ,crac[1 tax+ ! l&s ( ! ,*ur*1 & veto+ ! be/[al ( po/s on =eign]s4 #aied ,he 9 turn 0 driv5 into exile by a comb9ation ( cl]gy & nobles4 ,a c5tury lat] a ,poli% diet vetoes ! confiscation ( ! prop]ty ( deceas$ bi%ops by ! sov]eign pr9ces ( ! v>i\s prov9ces2 & a g5]ation lat] /ill ! veto is se5 to be disreg>d$4 #aiee ,9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re are fur!r viol5t qu>rels betwe5 dukes & cl]gy ov] ti!s1 ! =m] successfully ord]+ & ! latt] va9ly resi/+ a money commutation2 till 9 #abgi ,duke ,boleslav ( ,crac[ is induc$ to grant ! bi%ops almo/ unlimit$ immunities & p[]s4 #aief ,"u ,casimir ! ,great 7#accc-acgj7 fur!r /rifes occur on simil> gr\nds betwe5 ! eque/rian ord] & ! cl]gy1 ! k+ sometimes support+ ! latt] aga9/ ! =m]1 z 9 ! free+ ( s]fs1 & sometimes en=c+ taxation ( ,*ur* l&s ) viol5ce4 #aieg ,9 ! next reign ! immunities grant$ by ,boleslav 9 #abgi are cancell$ by ! eque/rian ord]1 act+ 9 conc]t4 ,& :ile ^! /rifes _h all be5 on economic gr\nds1 we meet 9 #acda ) a h]etical movem5t1 set up by ,john ,pirn5sis1 :o d5\nc$ ! pope z ,anti*ri/ 9 ! fa%ion ( ! ,bohemian re=m]s ( ! next g5]ation4 ,! p ( ,breslau seem to h gone ov] bodily to ! h]esy2 & :5 ! ,inquisition ( ,crac[ attempt$ =cible repression ! ,*ief ,inquisitor 0 murd]$ 9 a riot4 #aieh ,x 0 ?us natural t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,hussite movem5t %\ld spread greatly 9 ,pol&1 & ! papacy be defi$ 9 matt]s ( nom9ation by ! k+4 #aiei ,! ,poles _h long frequ5t$ ! univ]sity ( ,prague2 & ,huss's colleague ,j]ome 0 call$ 9 to organize ! univ]sity ( ,crac[ 9 #adac4 ,aga9/ ! ,hussite doctr9es ! ,ca?olic cl]gy _h to resort l>gely to writt5 polemic1 #aifj _! p[] be+ small2 ?\gh ! k+ confirm$ _! synodical decree mak+ h]esy high treason4 ,9 #adej ,pol& obta9$ its law ( ,habeas ,corpus1 #aifa ov] two c5turies be=e ,engl&2 & "u t safegu>d numb]s ( ! nobility decl>$ !mselves ,hussites4 ,9 #adce "s ( ! *ief ( ^! =m$ a conf$]ation aga9/ ,*ur* & cr[n2 & 9 #adci !y proclaim$ an abolition ( ti!s1 & dem&$1 on ! l9es ( ! e>li] ,engli% ,loll>ds1 t ! enorm\s e/ates ( ! cl]gy %\ld be appropriat$ to public purposes4 ,9 ! diet ( #adei1 aga91 a le>n$ noble1 ,john ,o/rorog1 :o _h /udi$ at ,padua1 deliv]$ an address1 aft]w>ds exp&$ into a ,lat9 book1 d5\nc+ ! rev5ue exactions ( ! papacy1 & propos+ to confiscate ! annates1 or fir/ fruits ( ecclesia/ical (fices s exact$2 proce$+ fur!r to br+ aga9/ ! ,poli% cl]gy 9 g5]al all ! usual *>ges ( simony1 av>ice1 & fraud1 & indict+ ! m5dicant ord]s z hav+ demoraliz$ ! common p4 #aifb ,! ,poles hav+ no su* nationali/ motive 9 _! ,hussitism z _h ! ,bohemians1 :o 7 fight+ ,g]man dom9ation1 !re took place 9 ,pol& no su* convulsions z foll[$ ! ,bohemian movem5t2 b1 :5 ! ,lu!ran impulse came 9 ! next c5tury1 ! ,g]man elem5t :i* _h be5 add$ to ,pol& by ! incorporation ( ! ord] & t]ritory ( ! ,teutonic knights 9 #adff made an easy way = ! ,g]man h]esy4 ,9 ,dantzic ! ,lu!ran inhabitants 9 #aebd took ! *ur*es f ! ,ca?olics1 &1 t]roriz+ ! t[n c\ncil1 %ut up & secul>iz$ ! mona/]ies & conv5ts4 #aifc ,9 #aebf1 ) due blood%$1 ! k+ effect$ a c\nt]-revolution 9 ! ,ca?olic int]e/2 b /ill ! h]esy spread1 ! law ( ,habeas ,corpus ?w>t+ all cl]ical attempts at p]secution1 & ! k+ be+ at he>t some?+ ( an indiff]5ti/ 9 religion4 #aifd ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,great ,pol& 0 =m$ 7#aecj-dj7 a ,lu!ran *ur*1 protect$ by a p[]ful family2 & 9 ,crac[ a gr\p ( s*ol>s =m$ a non-sect>ian organization to evangelize ! c\ntry4 ,among !m1 ab\t #aedf1 occurr$ ! fir/ expression ( ,poli% ,unit>ianism1 ! innovator be+ ,adam ,pa/oris1 a ,dut* or ,belgian prie/1 :o seems to h us$ at times ! "n ( ,spiritus4 #aife ,on l9es ( simple ,prote/antism ! movem5t 0 rapid1 _m ari/ocrats & cl]gy decl>+ = x2 #aiff & 9 ! ,diets ( #aeej & #aeeb 0 %[n an increas+ly /rong anti-,ca?olic feel+1 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 virtually p[]less to puni%4 ,9 #aedi a p>i% prie/ publicly m>ri$ a wife1 & ! bi%op ( ,crac[ ab&on$ ! attempt to displace him4 ,! next bi%op1 ,zebrzyd[ski1 a fav\rite pupil ( ,erasmus1 0 said by a ,soc9ian writ] ( ! p]iod to h op5ly express$ disbelief 9 immortality & o!r dogmas2 #aifg b :5 9 #aeeb a noble refus$ to pay ti!s1 he ecclesia/ically condemn$ him to dea?1 & decl>$ 8 prop]ty confiscat$4 ,! s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be put 9 =ce2 & :5 ! o!r heads ( ! ,*ur*1 see+ _! rev5ues m5ac$ & _! cl]gy 9 l>ge "p t5d+ to h]esy1 #aifh attempt$ a g5]al & sev]e prosecution ( backslid+ prie/s1 ! resi/ance ( ! magi/racy br\ght ! ef=t to no?+4 #aifi ,! ,diet ( #aeeb practically abrogat$ ! ecclesia/ical jurisdiction2 & despite mu* intrigue ! economic int]e/ ( ! l&[n]s cont9u$ to ma9ta9 ! ,prote/ant movem5t1 :i* 0 rapidly organiz$ on ,g]man & ,swiss models4 ,x 0 by ! play ( its own elem5ts ( /rife t its asc5dancy 0 und]m9$4 ,on ! "o h&1 an influ5tial cl]ic1 ,orze*[ski1 :o _h m>ri$ & turn$ ,prote/ant1 reconcil$ himself to ,rome on ! dea? ( 8 wife1 hav+ already begun a fi]ce polemic aga9/ ! ,unit>ian t5d5cies appe>+ on ! ,prote/ant side 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,italian ,/anc>i 7#aeej72 on ! o!r h&1 ^? t5d5cies ga9$ head till !y ruptur$ ! p>ty1 ( :i* ! ,tr9it>ian majority fur!r qu>rell$ viol5tly among !mselves till1 z 9 ,hung>y1 _m 7 driv5 back to ! arms ( ,ca?olicism4 ,9 a ,synod held 9 #aeef1 "o ,pet] ,goniondzki #aigj 7,gonesius7--:o z a ,ca?olic _h viol5tly oppos$ ,/anc>i 9 #aeej1 b 9 ! int]im _h /udi$ 9 ,switz]l& & turn$ ,prote/ant--took up a m anti-,tr9it>ian position ?an ,/anc>i's1 affirm+ ?ree ,gods1 ( :om ! ,son & ! ,_s 7 subord9ate to ! ,fa!r4 ,a few ye>s lat] he decl>$ aga9/ infant baptism--"h giv+ =? op9ions he _h met ) 9 ,moravia2 & he rapidly drew to him a consid]able foll[+ alike ( m9i/]s & ( weal?y laym54 #aiga ,x 0 ?us n ! prim>y influ5ce ( ,lelio ,sozz9i1 :o _h visit$ ,pol& 9 #aeea & did n return till #aeeh1 t set up ! rem>kable gr[? ( ,unit>ianism 9 t c\ntry4 ,x w\ld seem r t 9 ! c\ntry ( ,cop]nicus ! relative weakness ( ! ,*ur* _h admitt$ ( a m common approa* to fre$om ( ?\ght ?an 0 se5 else:]e2 #aigb & ! impunity ( ! new movem5ts br\ght _m het]odox fugitives 7z x did ,jews7 f o!r l&s4 ,"o ( ! newcom]s1 ! le>n$ ,italian1 ,george ,bi&rata1 ^: ,unit>ianism _h be5 cauti\sly veil$1 0 made "o ( ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! ,helvetic ,*ur* ( ,little ,pol&1 & aim$ at avoidance ( dogmatic /rifes2 b aft] 8 )drawal to ,transylvania ,gregorius ,pauli1 a m9i/] ( ,crac[1 ( ,italian desc5t1 w5t fur!r ?an ,gonesius _h done1 & decl>$ ,jesus to be a m]e man4 #aigc ,he fur!r prea*$ community ( goods1 promis$ a spe$y mill5nium1 & condemn$ ! be>+ ( arms4 #aigd ,aft] v>i\s attempts at suppression & compromise by ! or?odox majority1 a gr\p ( ,unit>ian m9i/]s & nobles =mally r5\nc$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity at ! ,conf]5ce ( ,petrikov 9 #aefb2 &1 on a =mal condemnation be+ pass$ by an or?odox majority at ,crac[ 9 #aefc1 !re 0 =m$ a ,unit>ian ,*ur*1 ) =ty-two subscrib+ m9i/]s1 ,zw+lian z to ! eu*>i/1 & oppos$ to infant baptism4 #aige ,e?ically1 its doctr9e 0 humane & pacificatory1 its memb]s be+ =bidd5 to g to law or to take oa?s2 & = a "t ! community made great progress1 ! national ,diet be+1 by "o acc\nt1 fill$ ) ,arians = a "t4 #aigf ,meantime ! ,calv9i/1 ,zw+lian1 & ,lu!ran ,prote/ant ,*ur*es qu>rell$ z fi]cely 9 ,pol& z else:]e1 e compromise break+ d[n1 till ! abundant relapses ( nobles & common p to ,ca?olicism began to rebuild ! p[] ( ! old ,*ur*1 :i* f\nd 9 ! ,great ,c>d9al1 ,hosius1 a /atesman & controv]siali/ unequall$ on ! ,prote/ant side4 ,back$ by ! ,jesuits1 he ga9$ by e ,prote/ant dispute1 ! ,jesuit ord] build+ itself up ) its usual skill4 ,& ! c\rse ( politics told conclusively 9 ! same direction4 ,k+ ,/eph5 ,battory fav\r$ ! ,jesuits2 & ,k+ ,sigismund ,,iii1 :o _h be5 educat$ z a ,ca?olic by 8 "m1 sy/ematically gave effect to 8 p]sonal lean+s by ! use ( 8 peculi> feudal p[]s4 ,"u ! anci5t con/itution ! k+ _h ! be/[al ( a numb] ( life-t5ures ( great e/ates1 call$ />o/ies2 & ! grant+ ( ^! ,sigismund made conditional on ! acceptance ( ,ca?olicism4 #aigg ,?us ! ,prote/antism ( ! nobles1 :i* _h be5 9 l>ge "p orig9ally det]m9$ by economic int]e/s1 0 dissolv$ by a rev]sal ( ! same =ce1 v mu* 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* x 0 dis9tegrat$ 9 ,france by ! policy ( ,ri*elieu at ! same p]iod4 ,at ! close ( ,sigismund's reign ,prote/antism 0 def9itively brok5 up2 & ! ,jesuit asc5dancy p]mitt$ ev5 ( frequ5t p]secutions ( h]esy4 ,f ^! ,unit>ians c\ld n escape2 & at l5g?1 9 #afeh1 !y 7 expell$ f ! c\ntry1 n[ completely subject to ,jesuitism4 ,9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ,prote/antism & ,unit>ianism 9 turn _h spread mo/ rapidly "u fav\r+ political & social conditions1 ! rise ( contr>y conditions _h mo/ rapidly & decisively ov]?r[n !m4 ,! record ( ! h]esy ( ,pol&1 ,bohemia1 & ,hung>y1 9 f9e1 is v mu* a r$uplication ( t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,m5 pres5t$ ) an obscure & self-contradictory revelation set !mselves zeal\sly to extract f x a body ( c]ta9 tru?1 & 9 t hopeless und]tak+ did b multiply /rife1 till ! majority1 we>i$ ) ! fruitless que/1 resign$ !mselves l _! anci5t prototypes to a rule ( dogma "u :i* ! reason+ faculty became in]t4 ,sane rationalism _h to f9d ano!r pa?1 9 a m enlight5$ day4 #f4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,9 ,,france ,! political & economic condition+ ( ! ,re=mation may p]haps be/ be und]/ood by foll[+ ! =tunes ( ,prote/antism 9 ,france4 ,:5 ,lu!r began 8 s*ism1 ,france might reasonably h be5 held a mu* m likely field = its ext5sion ?an ,engl&4 ,:ile ,k+ ,h5ry 0 /ill to e>n f ! papacy ! title ( ,def5d] ( ! ,fai? z aga9/ ,lu!r1 ,k+ ,francis _h exact$ f ! ,pope 7#aeaf7 a ,concordat by :i* ! appo9tm5t ( all abbots & bi%ops 9 ,france 0 ve/$ 9 ! cr[n1 ! papacy receiv+ only ! annates1 or fir/ ye>'s rev5ue4 ,= c5turies too ! ,fr5* ?rone & ! papacy _h be5 *ronically at /rife2 = sev5ty ye>s a ,fr5* pope1 subs]vi5t to ! k+1 _h sat at ,avignon2 & be=e ! ,concordat ! ,pragmatic ,sanction1 fir/ enact$ 9 #abfh by ! dev\t ,/4 ,l\is1 _h s9ce ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii1 :o re9=c$ x 7#adch71 kept ! ,gallican ,*ur* on a semi-indep5d5t foot+ t[>ds ,rome4 ,by ! acc\nt ( ! *ancellor ,du ,prat 9 #aeag1 ! ,pragmatic1 !n sup]s$$ by ! ,concordat1 _h isolat$ ,france among ! ,ca?olic peoples1 caus+ h] to be reg>d$ z incl9$ to h]esy4 #aigh ,9 #aeab ! ,c\ncil ( ,pisa1 convok$ by ,l\is ,,xii1 _h d5\nc$ ,pope ,julius ,,ii z a dang]\s s*ismatic1 & he _h retaliat$ by plac+ ,france "u int]dict4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> ! ,fr5* k+ _h giv5 8 protection to a fam\s f>ce by ,pi]re ,gr+oire1 9 :i*1 on ,%rove ,tuesday1 ! ,pope 0 op5ly ridicul$4 #aigi ,n[h]e1 9 %ort1 0 ! papacy z su* less respect$4 ,! :ole /rife1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! ,fr5* k+s & ! popes _h be5 = rev5ue1 n on any "q ( doctr9e4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s 7#adfa-fd7 dur+ :i* ,l\is ,,xi _h = 8 own purposes susp5d$ ! ,pragmatic ,sanction1 x 0 f\nd t #b1ejj1jjj cr[ns _h gone f ,france to ,rome = expetatives & disp5sations1 besides #cdj1jjj cr[ns = bulls = ar*bi%oprics1 bi%oprics1 abbeys1 priories1 & dean]ies4 #aihj ,?is dra9 0 naturally resi/$ by ,*ur* & ,cr[n alike4 ,l\is ,,xi re/or$ ! ,pragmatic ,sanction4 ,l\is ,,xii re-enact$ x 9 #adii ) new sev]ity2 & ! effect ( ! ,concordat ( ,francis ,i 0 m]ely to w9 ov] ! ,pope by divid+ betwe5 ! k+ & him ! p[] ( plund] by ! sale ( ecclesia/ical (fices4 #aiha ,x 0 accord+ly mu* res5t$ by ! ,p>lem5t1 ! ,univ]sity1 ! cl]gy1 & ! p ( ,p>is2 b ! k+ ov]bore all opposition4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 he _h at times "s disposition to make a re=m on ! ,lu!ran l9es1 he _h no su* motive !reto z _h ! k+s & nobles ( ! o!r nor!rn c\ntries2 & he _h fur!r no su* p]sonal motive z _h ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&4 ,"u ! exi/+ arrangem5t he 0 z well provid$ = z might be1 s9ce ! patronage ( "s six hundr$ bi%oprics & abbeys furni%$ him ) a conv5i5t & inexp5sive me?od ( provid+ = 8 diplomatic s]vice1 & ( rew>d+ lit]>y m]it4 #aihb ,! tr\bles 9 ,g]many1 besides1 7 a w>n+ aga9/ lett+ loose a movem5t ( popul> fanaticism4 #aihc ,:51 !re=e1 ,prote/antism & ,lu!ranism began to %[ head 9 ,france1 !y _h no fri5ds at once p[]ful & zeal\s4 ,be=e ,lu!r1 9 #aeab1 ,jacques ,lefvre d'taples laid d[n 9 ! comm5t>y on 8 ,lat9 translation ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ! ,lu!ran doctr9e ( grace1 & 9 effect d5i$ ! receiv$ doctr9e ( transub/antiation4 #aihd ,9 #aebj 8 =m] pupil1 ,guillaume ,brionnet1 ,bi%op ( ,meaux1 invit$ him & "s y\ng] re=m]s1 among !m ,guillaume ,f>el1 to jo9 him 9 tea*+ 9 8 diocese2 & 9 #aebc appe>$ ,lefvre's translation ( & comm5t>y on ! gospels1 :i* effectually began ! ,prote/ant movem5t 9 ,france4 #aihe ,p]secution soon began4 ,! k+'s ador+ si/]1 ,m>g>et1 ,du*ess ( ,al5on 7aft]w>ds ,que5 ( ,nav>re71 0 ! fri5d ( ,brionnet1 b 0 p[]less to help at home ev5 h] own intimates4 #aihf ,at fir/ ! k+ & 8 "m enc\rag$ ! movem5t at ,meaux :ile s5d+ out a doz5 prea*]s ?r\gh ,france to combat ! ,lu!ran tea*+2 #aihg b 9 #aebd1 sett+ out on 8 ,italian campaign1 ! k+ saw fit to conciliate 8 cl]gy1 & 8 cl]ical *ancellor ,du ,prat began measures ( repression1 ! que5-"m ass5t+1 & ,brionnet's own bro!r assi/+4 ,already1 9 #aeba1 ! ,sorbonne _h condemn$ ,lu!r's writ+s1 & ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is _h ord]$ ! surr5d] ( all copies4 ,9 #aebc ! works ( ,l\is de ,b]qu91 ! anti-cl]ical fri5d ( ,erasmus1 7 condemn$1 & himself imprison$2 & ,brionnet cons5t$ to issue synodal decrees aga9/ ,lu!r's books & aga9/ c]ta9 ,lu!ran doctr9es prea*$ 9 8 own diocese4 ,only by ! k+'s int]v5tion 0 ,b]qu9 at ?is "t releas$4 ,! fir/ man sla9 0 ,jean ,*a/ella91 a %oemak] ( ,t\rnay1 burn$ at ,vic 9 ,lorra9e on ,janu>y #ab1 #aebe4 ,! next 0 a wool-c>d] ( ,meaux1 #aihh :o 0 fir/ :ipp$ & br&$ = a fanatical outrage1 !n burn$ to dea?1 ) sl[ tortures1 = a fur!r outrage aga9/ an image ( ! ,virg9 at ,metz 7,july1 #aebe74 ,lat]1 an ecclesia/ic ( ! ,meaux gr\p1 ,jacques ,banvan ( ,pic>dy1 0 prosecut$ at ,p>is = anti-,lu!ran h]esy1 & publicly recant$2 b rep5t$1 retract$ 8 abjuration1 & 0 burn$ on ! ,place de ,grve1 9 ,augu/1 #aebf2 a nameless h]mit ( ,livry suff]+ ! same dea? ab\t ! same "t beside ! ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame4 #aihi ,meantime ,lefvre _h tak5 refuge 9 ,/rasburg1 &1 despite a lett] ( veto f ! k+1 n[ 9 captivity at ,madrid1 8 works 7 condemn$ by ! ,sorbonne4 ,:5 releas$1 ! k+ n only recall$ him b made him tutor to 8 *ildr54 ,ecclesia/ical pressures1 h[ev]1 =c$ him f9ally to take refuge "u ! ,que5 ( ,nav>re at ,nrac1 9 ,gascony1 :]e he m\rn$ 8 avoidance ( m>tyrdom4 #aiij ,s det]m9$ _h be5 ! p]secution t 9 #aebf ,b]qu9 0 a second "t imprison$1 & ) difficulty sav$ f dea? by ! writt5 comm& ( ! captive k+1 s5t on 8 si/]'s appeal4 #aiia ,& :5 ! releas$ k+1 to secure ! deliv]ance ( 8 ho/age sons1 felt b\nd to conciliate ! ,pope1 & to secure funds _h to conciliate ! cl]gy1 ,m>gu]ite1 compell$ to m>ry ! k+ ( ,nav>re1 c\ld d no?+ m = ,prote/antism1 #aiib be+ h]self op5ly & furi\sly d5\nc$ by ! ,ca?olic cl]gy4 #aiic ,b\ght by a cl]ical subsidy1 ! k+1 on ! occasion ( a new outrage on a /atue ( ! ,virg9 7#aebh71 #aiid associat$ himself ) ! popul> indignation2 & :5 ! audaci\s ,b]qu91 despite ! dissuasions ( ,erasmus1 resum$ 8 anti-,ca?olic polemic1 & 9 p>ticul> und]took to prove t ,bda1 ! *ief ( ! ,sorbonne1 0 n a ,*ri/ian1 #aiie he 0 re-arre/$1 tri$1 & condemn$ to be publicly br&$ & imprison$ = life4 ,on 8 ann\nc+ an appeal to ! abs5t k+1 & to ! pope1 a fre% s5t5ce1 ?is "t ( dea?1 0 hurri$ly pass$2 & he 0 /rangl$ & burn$ 7#aebi7 )9 two h\rs ( ! s5t5ce1 #aiif to ! int5se joy ( ! ecclesia/ical multitude4 ,aft] v>i\s vacillations1 ! k+ 9 #aecd _h ! fre% pretext ( ,prote/ant outrage--! affix+ ( an anti-,ca?olic plac>d 9 all ( ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es ( ,p>is1 & to ! door ( ! k+'s own room #aiig--;= p]mitt+ a fre% p]secution aft] he _h refus$ ! ,pope's reque/ t he %\ld jo9 9 a g5]al ext]m9ation ( h]esy1 #aiih & !re began at ,p>is a s]ies ( human sacrifices4 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ t ,prote/ant outrages _h provok$ previ\s executions2 & !re is "s gr\nd = ! view t1 b = ! new & exasp]at+ outrage ( #aecd1 ! ef=ts :i* 7 be+ (ficially made = a modus viv5di might h met ) success4 #aiii ,?is hope 0 n[ fru/rat$4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aecd1 sev5 m5 7 condemn$ to be burn$ alive1 "o ( !m = pr9t+ ,lu!ran books4 ,9 ,decemb] o!rs foll[$2 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aece1 on ! occasion ( a royal procession to appease ! wra? ( ,god1 six ,lu!rans 7by "o acc\nt1 ?ree by ano!r7 7 burn$ alive by sl[ fires1 "o ( ! victims be+ a s*ool-mi/ress4 #bjjj ,x 0 on ?is occasion t ! k+1 9 a public spee*1 decl>$3 ,7 "o ( my arms infect$ ) ?is poison1 ,i w\ld cut x (f4 ,7 my own *ildr5 ta9t$1 ,i %\ld immolate !m4 #bjja ,"u su* circum/ances religi\s zeal naturally w5t f>4 ,9 six mon?s !re 7 pass$ #ajb s5t5ces ( dea?1 ( :i* tw5ty-sev5 7 execut$1 ! majority ( ! condemn$ hav+ escap$ by flight4 ,!reaft] ! individual burn+s are pa/ c\nt+4 ,on an old dem& ( ! ,sorbonne1 ! k+ actually s5t to ! ,p>lem5t an edict aboli%+ ! art ( pr9t+2 #bjjb :i* he duly recall$ :5 ! ,p>lem5t decl9$ to regi/] x4 ,b ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 0 n[ committ$ to p]secution4 ,! ,sorbonne's decl>ation aga9/ ,lu!r 9 #aeba _h proclaim$ z to ! h]etics t _! impi\s & %ameless arrogance mu/ be re/ra9$ by *a9s1 by c5sures--nay1 by fire & flame1 r ?an confut$ by argum5t2 #bjjc & 9 t _s ! rul+ cl]gy proce$$1 ! k+ abett+ !m4 ,9 #aedc he orda9$ t h]esy %\ld be puni%$ z s$ition2 #bjjd & 9 #aede occurr$ ! massacres ( ! ,vaudois1 be=e describ$4 ,! result ( ?is & fur!r savag]ies 0 simply ! wid] diffusion ( h]esy1 & a :ole era ( civil w>1 deva/ation1 & demoralization4 ,meantime ,calv9 _h be5 driv5 abroad1 to f\nd a ,prote/ant polity at ,g5eva & give a lead to ^? ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,! balance ( political =ces prev5t$ a ,prote/ant polity 9 ,france2 b n[h]e else 9 ! sixte5? c5tury did ,prote/antism fight s long & h>d a battle4 ,t ! ,re=mation 0 a product ( ,teutonic consci5ce is an invet]ate fallacy4 #bjje ,! c\ntry 9 :i* ,prote/antism 0 intellectually mo/ dis9t]e/$ & morally mo/ active 0 ,france4 ,! ma9 battle ( erudition & doctr9e aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ju/ly cont5ds ,guizot1 0 su/a9$ by ! ,fr5* re=m]s2 x 0 9 ,france & ,holl&1 & always 9 ,fr5*1 t mo/ ( ! philosophic1 hi/orical1 & polemic works on t side 7 writt52 nei!r ,g]many nor ,engl&1 c]ta9ly1 employ$ 9 ! cause at t epo* m intellig5ce & sci5ce4 #bjjf ,nor 0 !re 9 ,france--ap>t f ! provocative insults to ,ca?olics above m5tion$--any su* lic5ce on ! ,prote/ant side z arose 9 ,g]many1 ?\gh ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants 7 z viol5tly intol]ant z any4 ,_! ultimate decl9e1 aft] long & desp]ate w>s end+ 9 a political compromise1 0 due to ! play ( socio-economic causes "u ! wise & tol]ant adm9i/ration ( ,ri*elieu1 :o op5$ ! royal s]vices to ! ,prote/ant nobles4 #bjjg ,! ,fr5* "* _h prov$ z unsubduable 9 ,prote/antism z any o!r2 & ! g5]ation :i* 9 l>ge "p gradually rev]t$ to ,ca?olicism did b %[ t x _h le>n$ ! lesson ( ! /rifes :i* _h foll[$ on ! ,re=mation--t ,prote/antism 0 no solution ( ei!r ! moral or ! intellectual problems ( religion & politics4 #g4 ,,! ,,political ,,process ,,9 ,,brita9 ,x 0 ?us by no pr$ilection or faculty ( race t ! ,re=mation s-call$ came to be associat$ hi/orically ) ! nor!rn or ,teutonic nations4 ,!y simply succe$$ 9 mak+ p]man5t1 by reason ( m propiti\s political circum/ances1 a species ( ecclesia/ical revolution 9 :i* o!r races l$ ! way4 ,z ,hussitism fail$ 9 ,bohemia1 ,loll>dism came to no?+ 9 ,engl& 9 ! same age1 aft] a p]iod ( great vogue & activity4 #bjjh ,! designs ( ,p>liam5t on ! rev5ues ( ! ,*ur* at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury #bjji _h fail$ by reason ( ! alliance knit betwe5 ,*ur* & ,cr[n 9 ! times :5 ! latt] ne$$ back+2 & at ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,viii ,engl& 0 m or?odox ?an any ( ! o!r lead+ ,/ates ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 #bjaj ,h5ry 0 himself passionately or?odox1 & 0 mu* less ( a re=m] 9 8 m5tal attitude ?an 0 ,wolsey1 :o _h f>-rea*+ s*emes = de-,romaniz+ ! ,*ur* alike 9 ,engl& & ,france1 & :o actually gave ! k+ a h&le aga9/ him by 8 plans = turn+ ,*ur* end[m5ts to educational purposes4 #bjaa ,! p]sonal ne$ ( ! despotic k+ = a divorce :i* ! pope d>$ n give him 0 ! fir/ adequate lead to ! rejection ( ! papal au?ority4 ,on ?is ! plund] ( ! mona/]ies foll[$1 z a =c$ measure ( royal f9ance1 #bjab ( precaution aga9/ papal influ5ce1 & = ! creation ( a body ( new int]e/s vitally ho/ile to a papal re/oration4 ,! k+ & ! mass ( ! p 7 alike ,ca?olics 9 doctr9e2 ! ,prote/ant nobles :o rul$ "u ,edw>d ,,vi 7 = ! mo/ "p m]e cynical plund]]s1 appropriat+ alike ,*ur* goods1 l&s1 & s*ool end[m5ts m %amelessly ?an ev5 did ! pot5tates ( ,g]many2 & on ! accession ( ,que5 ,m>y ! nation gladly rev]t$ to ,romi% usages1 ?\gh ! spoil-hold]s w\ld n surr5d] a y>d ( ,*ur* l&s4 #bjac ,_h !re be5 a succession ( ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 ,ca?olicism w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 re/or$4 ,prote/antism 0 only sl[ly built up by ! new cl]ical & h]etical propag&a1 & by ! /ate ( ho/ility set up betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,ca?olic ,p[]s4 ,x 0 ! episode ( ! ,spani% ,armada t1 by id5tify+ ,ca?olicism ) ! cause ( ! great national enemy1 made ! p gr[ def9itely anti-,ca?olic4 ,ev5 9 ,%akespe>e's dramas ! old /ate ( ?+s is se5 n yet vitally *ang$4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ?\gh !re ! prie/hood _h few] fri5ds ?an almo/ any:]e else1 ! act ( ,re=mation 0 ma9ly "o ( pure & simple plund] ( ,*ur* prop]ty by ! ne$y nobility1 9 consci\s imitation ( ! policy ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 at a "t :5 ! ?rone 0 vacant2 & !re too ,prote/ant doctr9e 0 only gradually e/abli%$ by ! new race ( prea*]s1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,calv94 ,9 ,irel&1 on ! o!r h&1 ,prote/antism became id5tifi$ ) ! cause ( ! oppressor1 j z = ,engl& ,romanism 0 ! cause ( ! enemy-9-*ief4 ,race & national "*1 :atev] !y may be und]/ood to mean1 _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & doctr9al enlight5m5t _h j z little4 #bjad ,9 ! words ( a di/+ui%$ cl]ical hi/orian3 ,no tru? is m c]ta9 ?an ?is1 t ! real motives ( religi\s action d n "w on m5 9 masses2 & t ! en?usiasm :i* creates ,crusad]s1 ,inquisitors1 ,hussites1 ,puritans1 is n ! result ( conviction1 b ( passion provok$ by oppression or resi/ance1 ma9ta9$ by self-w1 or /imulat$ by ! m]e desire ( victory4 #bjae ,to ?is x ne$ only be add$ t ! desire ( ga9 is also a factor1 & t accord+ly ! anti-papal movem5t succe$$ :]e ! balance ( political =ces c\ld be turn$ aga9/ ! cl]ical int]e/1 & fail$ :]e ! latt] pr$om9at$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,free?\ght #a4 ,,g]many ,,& ,,switz]l& ,9 ! circum/ances set =? 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! ,re=mation c\ld /& = only ! m9imum ( free?\ght ne$$ to secure political action4 ,"s decid$ unbelief !re 0 )9 its orig9al sph]e2 #bjaf ! be/ kn[n in/ance be+ ! private latitud9>ianism ( su* humani/ tea*]s z ,mutianus 7,mudt7 & ,crotus 7,jg]71 ( ! ,erfurt ,univ]sity1 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,tra9$ 9 ,italy1 ,mutianus1 aft] 8 )drawal to private life at ,go?a1 9 8 private correspond5ce #bjag av[$ ! op9ion t ! sacr$ books conta9$ _m design$ fables2 t ! books ( ,job & ,jonah 7 su*2 & t !re 0 a secret wisdom 9 ! ,moslem op9ion t ,*ri/ himself 0 n crucifi$1 8 place be+ tak5 by someone resembl+ him4 ,to 8 "y fri5d ,spalat9 he prop\nd$ ! "q3 ,if ,*ri/ alone be ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life1 h[ w5t x ) ! m5 :o liv$ s _m c5turies be=e 8 bir?8 ,_h !y _h no "p 9 tru? & salvation8 ,& he h9ts ! answ] t ! religion ( ,*ri/ did n beg9 ) 8 inc>nation1 b is z old z ! _w1 z 8 bir? f ! ,fa!r4 ,= :at is ! real ,*ri/1 ! only ,son ( ,god1 save1 z ,paul says1 ! ,wisdom ( ,god1 ) :i* he end[$ n only ! ,jews 9 _! n>r[ ,syrian l&1 b also ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,g]mans1 h[ev] diff]5t might be _! religi\s usages4 ,?\gh "s su* doctr9e c\ld be f\nd 9 ,eusebius1 #bjah x 0 rem>kable en\gh 9 ! ,g]many ( f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b ,mutianus w5t /ill fur!r4 ,to 8 fri5d ,he9ri* ,urban he wrote t !re is b "o ,god & "o ,goddess "u ! _m =ms & names ( ,jupit]1 ,sol1 ,apollo1 ,moses1 ,*ri/1 ,luna1 ,c]es1 ,pros]p9a1 ,tellus1 ,m>ia4 ,b1 he prud5tly add$1 he$ t y d n spread x abroad4 ,"o mu/ hide x 9 sil5ce1 l ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,9 religi\s matt]s we mu/ avail ourselves ( ! cloak ( fable & enigma4 ,?\1 ) ! grace ( ,jupit]--t is1 ! be/ & greate/ ,god--%\ld/ sil5tly despise ! little ,gods4 ,:5 ,i say ,jupit]1 ,i mean ,*ri/ & ! true ,god4 ,b en\gh ( ^! all too high ?+s4 ,su* language h9ts ( mu* curr5t rationalism t c n[ only be guess$ at1 s9ce x 0 unsafe ev5 to write to fri5ds z ,mutianus did4 ,on concrete matt]s ( religion he is ev5 m pron\nc$1 laugh+ at ! wor%ip ( ! coat & be>d & =esk9 ( ,jesus1 call+ ,l5t5 food fool's food1 contemn+ ! begg+ monks1 reject+ confession & masses = ! dead1 & pron\nc+ ! h\rs sp5t 9 alt>-s]vice lo/ "t4 ,9 8 h\se at ,go?a1 beh9d ! ,ca!dral1 8 fri5d ,crotus burlesqu$ ! ,mass1 call$ ! relics ( sa9ts bones f ! gall[s1 & o!rwise blasphem$ ) 8 ho/4 #bjai ,b su* esot]ic doctr9e & indoors unbelief c h _h no "p 9 ! ma9 movem5t2 & ?\gh at ! same p]iod we see among ! common p ! satiri/ ,he9ri* ,bebel1 a ,swabian peasant's son1 je/+ = !m ov] ! doctr9es ( tr9ity 9 unity1 ! resurrection1 doomsday1 & ! sacram5ts1 #bjbj x is c]ta9 t t influ5ce c\nt$ = little 9 ! way ( s]i\s ?9k+4 ,x 0 only z sep>ate & s]i\s h]esies t su* doctr9es c\ld long propagate !mselves2 & ,lu!r 9 8 lett] to ! p ( ,antw]p #bjba speaks ( "o sect or gr\p z reject+ baptism1 ano!r ! eu*>i/1 ano!r ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 & yet ano!r affirm+ a middle /ate betwe5 ! pres5t life & ! day ( judgm5t4 ,"o tea*] 9 ,antw]p he describes z say+ t e man has ! ,holy ,gho/1 t be+ simply reason & und]/&+1 t !re is no hell1 & t do+ z we w\ld be done by is fai?2 b ?is h]etic does n seem to h f\nd$ a sect4 ,! mo/ ext5sive wave ( really innovat+ ?\ght 0 t set up by ! social & anti-sac]dotal revolt ( ! ,anabapti/s1 among :om occurr$ also ! fir/ popul> av[als ( ,unit>ianism4 ,9 ! way ( lit]ature1 ,unit>ian doctr9e came f ,john ,campanus1 ( ,jli*2 ,ludwig ,hetz]1 a prie/ ( ,zri*2 & 79 a m9or degree7 ,johann ,d5k1 s*ool-rector 9 ,nremb]g 9 #aebd1 #bjbb & aft]w>ds "o ( ! e>li] lead]s ( ! ,anabapti/ movem5t4 ,all ?ree 7 m5 ( academic tra9+2 & ,hetz]1 :o wrote explicitly aga9/ ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 _h previ\sly made ) ! aid ( ,d5k a ,g]man translation1 :i* 0 us$ by ,lu!r1 ( ! ,hebrew prophets 7#aebg74 ,he 0 behead$ at ,con/ance 9 #aebi1 nom9ally on ! *>ge ( practis+ free-love4 #bjbc ,campanus1 :o publi%$ a book attack+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity & ! tea*+ ( ,lu!r1 _h to leave ,wittemb]g 9 consequ5ce1 & f9ally di$ aft] a long imprisonm5t 9 ,cleve4 ,d5k--an amiable & e/imable man #bjbd--;is said1 on v scant gr\nds1 to h recant$ be=e he di$4 ,n only f su* ?or\ghgo+ h]esy1 b f ! :ole ,anabapti/ secession1 & no less f ! ris+ ( ! peasants1 ! ma9 ,lu!ran movem5t kept itself utt]ly alo(2 &1 ?\gh ! ,ca?olics naturally id5tifi$ ! extrem] p>ties ) ! ,re=mation1 its (ficial or ,c5tre polity made little = intellectual or political z di/9ct f ecclesia/ical innovation4 ,t[>ds ! ,peasants' ,revolt1 :i* at fir/ he fav\r$1 inasmu* z ! peasants1 :om he _h c\rt$1 came to him = c\nsel1 ,lu!r's f9al attitude 0 s brutal t x has to-day almo/ no apologi/2 & 9 ?is z 9 "s ( 8 o!r evil dep>tures ! mild ,melan*?on w5t ) him4 #bjbe ,_! doctr9e 0 ! v negation ( all democracy1 & mu/ be int]pret$ z an absolute capitulation to ! nobles1 )\t ^: back+ !y knew !mselves to be ecclesia/ically helpless4 ,9 ! massacres to :i* ,lu!r gave 8 eag] approval a hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 de/roy$4 #bjbf ,f ?is "t onw>ds1 pron\nces ,baur1 ,lu!r ceases to be ! repres5tative ( ! _s ( 8 "t2 he repres5ts only "o side ( x4444 ,!nce=? 8 writ+s h no m ! univ]sal be>+ !y once _h1 b only a p>ticul>4444 ,9 ! political connection we mu/ date f ,lu!r's attitude to ! ,peasants' ,w> ! ,lu!ran !ory ( unconditional ob$i5ce4 ,*ri/ianity1 z ,lu!r prea*$ x1 has giv5 to pr9ces unlimit$ p[] ( despotism & tyranny2 :ile ! poor man1 :o1 )\t "r ( prote/1 mu/ submit to ev]y?+1 w be comp5sat$ = 8 e>?ly suff]+s 9 heav54 #bjbg ,naturally ! pr9ces h5ce=? grew m & m ,lu!ran4 ,z naturally ! cru%$ peasantry turn$ away f ! ,re=mation 9 despair4 ,lu!r _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance approa*$ !m1 n !y him4 ,be=e ! revolt ! re=m]s _h made ! peasant a k9d ( h]o 9 _! propag&a2 #bjbh & :5 9 ! fir/ & mod]ate /age ( ! ris+ its motives 7 set =? 9 sixty-two articles1 ^! 7 purely agr>ian4 ,!re is no trace ( a religi\s elem5t 9 !m1 no indication t _! au?ors _h ev] he>d ( ,lu!r or ( ! ,gospel4 #bjbi ,!n x 0 t ,lu!r comm5d$ !m2 & !reaft] a religi\s elem5t began to obtrude4 #bjcj ,:5 ! ov]?r[ began1 d\btless s9c]ely reprobat+ ! viol5ces ( ! insurg5ts1 he h\nd$ on ! pr9ces 9 _! "w ( massacre1 ,melan*?on *im+ 94 ,!reaft]1 z ,melan*?on admitt$1 ! p %[$ a dete/ation ( ! ,lu!ran cl]gy2 #bjca & among _m !re 0 ev5 develop$ a k9d ( mat]iali/ic a!ism4 #bjcb ,! political outcome1 z a=esaid1 0 a ?or\ghly undemocratic organization ( ,prote/antism 9 ,g]many2 &1 ?\gh ! ecclesia/ical tyranny :i* result$ f ! m democratic sy/em ( ,calv9 0 n m fav\rable to progress or happ9ess1 ! f9al ,g]man sy/em ( cujus regio1 ejus religio--e di/rict tak+ ! religion ( its rul]--mu/ be summ$ up z a m]e negation ( ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,save = ! attempt ( a ,fr5*man1 ,franois ,lamb]t ( ,avignon1 to organize a self-gov]n+ *ur*1 ,g]man ,prote/antism %[$ almo/ no democratic feel+4 #bjcc ,! "o poor excuse = ,lu!r 0 t ! peasants _h nev] recogniz$ ! ne$ or duty ( ma9ta9+ _! cl]gy4 #bjcd ,& see+ h[ ! weal? ( ! ,*ur* w5t to ! nobles & ! well-to-d1 & h[ d[ntrodd5 7 ! peasants all along1 x w\ld be surpris+ inde$ if !y _h4 ,!y 7 n ! work]s ( ! ecclesia/ical ,re=mation1 & x wr\ght little or no?+ = !m4 ,! side on :i* ! :ole movem5t made = new light 0 its promotion ( common s*ools1 :i* enabl$ _m ( ! p = ! fir/ "t to read4 #bjce ,?is t5d5cy _h be5 se5 among ! ,wald5ses1 ! ,loll>ds1 & ! ,hussites1 & = ! same reasons4 ,su* movem5ts dep5d$ = _! exi/5ce on ! read+ ( ! sacr$ books by ! p = !mselves2 & to make read]s 0 _! fir/ conc]n4 ,9 ?is connection1 ( c\rse1 note mu/ be tak5 ( ! high] educational revival be=e ! ,re=mation1 #bjcf )\t :i* ! ecclesia/ical revolution c\ld n h tak5 place ev5 9 ,g]many4 ,z we saw1 a lit]>y expansion prec$$ ! ,hussite movem5t 9 ,bohemia2 & ! /ir ( conc]n = writt5 k1 delight$ly acclaim$ by ,ulri* von ,hutt51 is recogniz$ by all ?\ghtful hi/orians 9 ,g]many be=e ! rise ( ,lu!r4 ,su* enlight5m5t z t ( ,mutianus 0 f> 9 advance ( ,lu!r's own2 & enlight5m5t ( a l[] degree _c h be5 lack+4 ,! ability to read1 inde$1 mu/ h be5 fairly g5]al 9 ! middle class 9 ,g]many1 = x appe>s t ! p>tisan fav\r %[n ev]y:]e to ,lu!r's writ+s by ! pr9t]s & booksell]s gave him an imm5se propag&i/ advantage ov] 8 ,ca?olic oppon5ts1 :o c\ld secure = _! replies only c>eless or bad workman%ip1 & 7 ?us made to seem actually illit]ate 9 ! eyes ( ! read+ public4 #bjcg ,z reg>ds ,switz]l&1 aga91 x is ! admitt$ fact t ! educational movem5t began be=e ! religi\s revival1 & 0 a cause ( ! ,re=mation r ?an a result4 #bjch ,s 9 ,holl&1 ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,lot 7,fratres ,vit ,communis71 a p>tially communi/ic b or?odox ord] ( le>n$ & unle>n$ laym5 :i* la/$ f ! f\rte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 did mu* = ! s*ool+ ( ! common p1 & pass$ on _! impulse to ,g]many4 #bjci ,simil>ly 9 ,scotl& ! s*ools seem to h be5 fairly num]\s ev5 9 ! lat] ,ca?olic p]iod4 #bjdj ,!re1 & 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 x 0 ! ma9 m]it ( ! ,re=mation to c>ry on zeal\sly ! "w s begun1 sett+ up common s*ools 9 e p>i%4 ,9 ,lu!ran ,g]many ?is "w 0 = a long p]iod mu* m poorly done1 z reg>d$ ! peasantry4 ,^! _h be5 trodd5 d[n aft] _! revolt into a /ate ( virtual slav]y4 ,! broad midl&s & ! entire ea/]n "p ( ,g]many 7 fill$ ) slaves1 :o _h nei!r /atus nor prop]ty nor education2 #bjda & x 0 long be=e any l>ge numb] ( ! p 7 taught to read & write1 #bjdb ! s*ool+ giv5 at ! be/ be+ a scanty !ological drill4 #bjdc ,b inde$ = two-?irds ( its adh]5ts ev]y:]e ! ,re=mation meant no o!r read+ ?an t ( ! ,bible & cate*isms & !ological treatises4 ,com+ z x did )9 "o or two g5]ations ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 x /ood n = new ideas1 b = ! spread ( old4 ,t inv5tion _h = a "t positively *eck$ ! production ( new books1 ! multiplication ( ! old hav+ 9 a measure turn$ att5tion to ! pa/2 #bjdd & ! diffusion ( ! ,bible 9 p>ticul> det]m9$ ! m5tal attitude ( ! movem5t 9 mass4 ,! ?9k+ ( its m dis9t]e/$ promot]s began & end$ 9 ,bibliolatry3 ,lu!r & ,calv9 alike did b set up an infallible book & a local tyranny aga9/ an infallible pope & a tyranny c5tr+ at ,rome4 ,nei!r dreamt ( tol]ation2 & ,calv91 ! m compet5t m9d ( ! two1 did b weld ! deta*$ irrationalities ( ! curr5t !ology into a sy/em :i* cru%$ reason & /ultifi$ ! morality 9 ! "n ( :i* he rul$ ,g5eva ) a rod ( iron4 #bjde ,x is rem>kable t bo? m5 rev]t$ to ! n>r[e/ or?odoxies ( ! e>li] ,*ur*1 9 defiance ( :atev] _s ( reasonable inquiry _h be5 on ! side ( _! movem5t4 ,x is a quality ( fai?1 wrote ,lu!r1 t x wr+s ! neck ( reason & /rangles ! bea/2 #bjdf & he repeat$ly av[$ t x 0 only by submitt+ 8 m9d absolutely to ! ,scriptures t he c\ld reta9 8 fai?4 #bjdg ,he despis$ reason z he>tily z any papal dogmati/ c\ld despise x4 ,he hat$ ! v ?\ght ( tol]ation or compreh5sion4 #bjdh ,& :5 ,calv9 0 combat$ by ! ,ca?olic ,pighius on ! "q ( pr$e/9ation & freewill1 8 def5ce 0 t he foll[$ ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 :ile 8 oppon5ts resort$ to human ?\ghts & reason+s4 #bjdi ,on ! same pr9ciple he dealt ) ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,aft] once break+ away f ,rome bo? lead]s became typical anti-free?9k]s1 nev] ev5 mak+ ,savon>ola's pret5ce to resort to rationali/ me?ods1 ?\gh ( c\rse n m anti-rationali/ ?an he4 ,! m reasonable ,zw+li1 :o tri$ to put an intelligible aspect on "o or two ( ! my/]ies ( ! fai?1 0 sc\t$ by bo?1 z !y sc\t$ ea* o!r4 ,x is notewor?y t ,zw+li1 ! mo/ op5-m9d$ ( ! ,re=m]s1 ow$ 8 relative enlight5m5t to 8 g5]al humani/ culture1 #bjej & 9 p>ticul> to ! influ5ce ( ,pico della ,mir&ola & ( ,erasmus4 ,x has ev5 be5 argu$ t 8 :ole !ological sy/em is d]iv$ f ,pico1 #bjea b x appe>s to h be5 f ,erasmus t he drew 8 semi-rationali/ic view ( ! eu*>i/1 #bjeb a developm5t ( t ( ,b]5g>1 repres5t+ x z a simple commemoration4 ,su* ?9k+ 0 f> f ! _s ( ! ,re=mation2 & ,lu!r1 aft] ! ,colloquy ( ,m>burg 7#aebi71 9 :i* he & ,melan*?on debat$ aga9/ ,zw+li & ,oecolampadius1 spoke ( ^? ,sacram5t>ians z n only li>s1 b ! v inc>nation ( ly+1 deceit1 & hypocrisy4 #bjec ,zw+li's language is less f]oci\s2 b x is confess$ ( him t he too practis$ co]cion aga9/ m9orities 9 ! case alike ( ! ,anabapti/s & ( ! mona/]ies & nunn]ies1 & ev5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 re=m$ eu*>i/4 #bjed ,! expulsion ( ! nuns ( ,/4 ,ka!r95?al 9 p>ticul> 0 an act ( %e] tyranny2 & ! outcome ( ! me?ods en=c$ by him at ,zri* 0 ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! five ,=e/ ,cantons1 :i* rema9$ ,ca?olic4 ,9 w> ) !m he lo/ 8 life2 & aft] 8 dea? 7#aeca7 8 sacram5tal doctr9e rapidly disappe>$ f ,swiss & ,cont95tal ,prote/antism1 #bjee ev5 z x fail$ to make headway 9 ,engl&4 #bjef ,at 8 fall ! words ( triumph & curs+ us$ by ,lu!rans & o!rs 7 %ameful & almo/ inhuman4 #bjeg ,9 ! sequel1 = %e] lack ( a rational f\ndation1 ! o!r ,prote/ant sects 9 turn fell to furi\s diss5sion & p]secution1 "s app>5tly f9d+ _! sole bond ( union 9 hatr$ ( ! re/4 ,see ,m5zel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*51 #cte ,aufl4 ,cap4 #dca1 = a sample ( ,lu!ran pop]y2 & z to ! /rifes cp4 ,c4 ,be>d1 ,! ,re=mation1 z cit$1 pp4 #ahb-hc2 ,dunham1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]manic ,empire1 #ahce1 iii1 #aae-bj1 #aec1 #afi2 ,/rype1 ,memorials ( ,cranm]1 ed4 #ahdh1 iii1 #aee-fb2 ,a4 ,f4 ,poll>d1 9 ,! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii1 ,! ,re=mation1 *4 viii1 pp4 #bgg-gi4 ,9 ! la/-cit$ compilation1 h[ev]1 ! /rifes ( ! ,prote/ant sects are b>ely indicat$4 ,z to ,lu!r's attitude t[>ds new sci5ce1 see 8 d]ision ( ,cop]nicus1 on scriptural gr\nds1 9 ! ,table ,talk1 *4 lxix1 ,( ,a/ronomy & ,a/rology4 7,! passage is omitt$ f ! ,engli% translation 9 ! ,bohn ,libr>y1 p4 #cda2 & ! :ole *apt] is dropp$ f ! ,g]man abridgm5t publi%$ by ,reclam47 ,melan*?on 0 equally untea*able1 & actually propos$ to suppress ! new tea*+s by punitive me?ods4 7,initia ,doctr9 ,physic1 cit$ by ,:ite1 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce & ,!ology1 #ahif1 i1 #abg47 ,x has be5 loosely claim$ = ,lu!r t he 0 an enemy to religi\s p]secution 7,lieb]1 ,manual ( ,political ,e?ics1 #ahci1 pt4 i1 p4 #cbi71 :5 ! only evid5ce (f]$ is 7id4 p4 #bje7 t he decl>$ aga9/ kill+ = h]esy1 because innoc5t m5 7 likely to be sla9--,qu>e nullo modo possum admitt]e1 falsos doctores occidi4 ,z e>ly z #aebd1 r5\nc+ 8 previ\s doctr9e ( non-co]cion1 he invok$ ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate to puni% blasphemy1 decl>+ t ! p[] ( ! sword 0 giv5 by ,god = su* ends 7,bezold1 p4 #efc74 ,melan*?on too decl>$ t ,our comm&s are m]e ,platonic laws :5 ! civil p[] does n give its support 7id4 p4 #efe74 ,a c]ta9 intellectual illusion is set up ev5 by ,bezold :5 he writes t 9 ,lu!r's resort to physical =ce ! hi]>*ical pr9ciple _h triumph$ ov] "o ( ! noble/ pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,re=mation _h no specific pr9ciples4 ,among its promot]s 7 pr(ess$ all mann] ( pr9ciples4 ,! ,re=mation 0 ! outcome ( all _! activities1 & to make ( x an entity or ev5 a di/9ct set ( !ories is to obscure ! ph5om5a4 ,su* flaws ( =mulation1 h[ev]1 are trifl+ 9 comp>ison ) ! mis-/atem5t ( ! hi/oric fact :i* is /ill normal 9 academic z 9 popul> acc\nts ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 = in/ance1 to give s]i\sly a m mislead+ acc\nt ( ! ,lu!ran re=mation ?an ! proposition ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,caird t1 9 ?ru/+ aside ! claim ( ! ,*ur* to place itself betwe5 ! individual & ,god1 ,lu!r _h proclaim$ ! emancipation ( m5 n only f ! lead+ /r+s ( ! ,*ur*1 b1 9 effect1 f all ext]nal au?ority :atev]1 & ev51 9 a s5se1 f all m]ely ext]nal tea*+ or revelation ( ! tru? 7,hegel1 #ahhc1 p4 #ah74 ,lu!r ?ru/ 8 own ,*ur* precisely :]e ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h be52 bitt]ly d5\nc$ new h]esies2 & put ! ,bible det]m9$ly betwe5 ! individual & ,god4 ,9 ,lu!r's own day ,seba/ian ,franck unansw]ably accus$ him ( sett+ up a pap] pope 9 place ( ! human pope he _h reject$4 ,lu!r's decl>ation 0 t ! ungodly papi/s pref] ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* f> above ,god's ,^w1 a blasphemy abom9able & n to be endur$1 :]e) 444 !y spit 9 ,god's face4 ,truly ,god's pati5ce is exce$+ great1 9 t !y be n de/roy$ 7,table ,talk1 *4 i74 ,ano!r misconception is set up by ,pattison1 :o seems to h be5 mu* conc]n$ to %ield ,calv9 f ! criticism ( ! civiliz$ consci5ce 7see bel[1 p4 #deb74 ,he pron\nces t ,calv9's great m]it lies 9 8 comp>ative neglect ( dogma4 ,he seiz$ ! idea ( re=mation z a real r5ovation ( human "* 7,essays1 ii1 #bc74 ,if s1 ! re=m] c h _h little satisfaction1 = he nev] admitt$ hav+ reg5]at$ ,g5eva4 ,b ! claim t he comp>atively neglect$ dogma is true only 9 ! s5se t he 0 m inquisitorially zeal\s ab\t c]ta9 =ms ( private conduct ?an 0 ,lu!r4 ,gruet1 inde$1 he help$ to slay ^u political *>ges1 tak+ a savage v5geance ^u a p]sonal oppon5t4 ,b ev5 9 ,gruet's case he s\ght lat] to add a religi\s ju/ification to 8 crime4 ,& x 0 9 ! "n ( dogma t he put ,s]vetus to dea?1 exil$ ,ca/alio1 imprison$ ,bolsec1 broke ) old fri5ds1 & imp]ill$ ! entire ,g5evan polity4 ,pattison's praise w\ld be mu* m appropriate to ,zw+li4 ,lu!r1 ?\gh he w\ld probably h be5 ready en\gh to puni% ,cop]nicus z a h]etic1 0 sav$ ! evil *ance :i* befel ,calv9 ( be+ put 9 a place ( au?ority :]e he c\ld 9 ,god's "n commit judicial murd]4 ,x is by acts s describable t ! "n ( ,calv9 is mo/ directly connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( free?\ght4 ,9 n[ise entitl$ to rank ) its fur!r]s1 he is to be enroll$ 9 ! evil catalogue ( its p]secutors4 ,9 ! case ( ,jacques ,gruet on a mixture ( political & religi\s *>ges1 9 t ( ,mi*ael ,s]vetus on gr\nds ( dogma pure & simple1 he ca/ ^u ! record ( ,g5evan ,prote/antism & ^u 8 own memory an ineffaceable /a9 ( blood4 ,gruet1 an adh]5t ( ! ,p]r9i/ faction ( ,g5eva1 a p>ty oppos$ to ,calv91 on be+ arre/$ = issu+ a plac>d aga9/ ! cl]ical junto 9 p[]1 0 f\nd1 by ! acc\nts ( ! ,calv9i/ hi/orians1 to h among 8 pap]s "s reveal+ 8 disbelief 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 #bjeh ,?is1 h[ev]1 proves to be a p>tisan acc\nt ( ! matt]1 & is h>dly ev5 9 int5tion tru?ful4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 admitt$ by ,calv9 t ! plac>d1 affix$ by night to ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,g5eva1 0 n 9 ,gruet's h&writ+2 yet he 0 arre/$1 imprison$1 & put to ! torture ) ! av[$ object ( mak+ him confess t he _h act$ at ! in/igation ( ,franois ,favre1 ( ! wife ( ,p]r91 & ( o!r accomplices ( ! same p>ty :om he mu/ h _h4 ,p]r9 0 ! =m] ,capta9-,g5]al ( ,g5eva1 a popul> p]sonage1 oppos$ to ,calv9 & dete/$ by him4 ,no mat* = ! vigilant ,re=m]1 ,p]r9 _h be5 ?r\gh ,calv9's intrigues depriv$ ( 8 po/2 & !re 0 a /&+ feud betwe5 8 fri5ds & ! ,calv9i/ic p>ty 9 p[]4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,gruet 0 political2 & ! mo/ circum/antial 0 bas$ ^u a draft1 f\nd among 8 pap]s1 ( a spee* :i* he _h o/5sibly propos$ to make 9 ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil call+ = re=m ( abuses4 ,! spee* conta9$ no?+ s$iti\s1 b ! int5tion to deliv] x )\t (ficial p]mission 0 describ$ z lse-maje/--a t]m n[ newly introduc$ into ,g5evan proc$ure4 ,! o!r docum5t>y pro(s 7 trivial4 ,9 "o fragm5t ( a lett] !re 0 an ironical m5tion ( notre galant ,calv92 & 9 a note on a m>g9 ( ,calv9's book aga9/ ! ,anabapti/s he _h writt5 9 ,lat9 ,all trifles4 ,= ! re/1 he 0 accus$ ( writ+ two pages 9 ,lat9 9 :i* are compris$ sev]al errors1 & ( be+ incl9$ 7plutt encl97 to say1 recite & write false op9ions & errors z to ! true words ( ,our ,savi\r4 #bjei ,conc]n+ 8 errors ! only docum5t>y pro( pres]v$ is f an alleg$ scrap ( 8 writ+ 9 corrupt ,lat91 cit$ by ,calv9 z a sample ( 8 inability to write ,lat9 correctly3 ,omnes tam humane quam div9e que dicantur leges factae sunt ad placitum hom9um1 :i* may be r5d]$1 ,all s-call$ laws1 div9e z well z human1 are made at ! w ( m54 ,9 ! act ( s5t5ce1 he is decl>$ fur!r to h writt5 obsc5e v]ses ju/ify+ free love2 to h /riv5 to ru9 ! au?ority ( ! consi/ory1 m5ac$ ! m9i/]s1 & abus$ ,calv92 & to h conspir$ ) ! k+ ( ,france aga9/ ! safety ( ,calv9 & ! ,/ate4 ,to make out ^! *>ges1 = ! la/ ( :i* !re seems to be no evid5ce :atev]1 ,gruet 0 put to ! torture _m times dur+ _m days accord+ to ! mann] ( ! "t1 says "o ( ,calv9's biograph]s4 #bjfj ,9 reality su* unmeasur$ use ( torture 0 9 ,g5eva a ,calv9i/ic innovation4 ,gruet1 refus+ "u ! wor/ /ress ( torture to incrim9ate anyone else1 at l5g?1 9 ord] to end x1 plead$ guilty to ! *>ges aga9/ him1 pray+ 9 8 la/ extremity = a spe$y dea?4 ,on ,july #bf1 #aedg1 8 half-dead body 0 behead$ on ! scaffold1 ! torso be+ ti$ & ! feet nail$ !reto4 ,su* 7 ! judicial me?ods & m]cies ( a re=m$ ,*ri/ianity1 guid$ by a *ief re=m]4 ,! biograph] ,h5ry _c repress a sigh ov] ! ?irty days ( d\ble torture ( ,gruet 7ii1 #ff71 b goes on to make a mo/ dis+5u\s def5ce ( ,calv91 fir/ ass]t+ t he 0 n responsible1 & !n argu+ t x w\ld be z unju/ to try ,calv9 by mod]n /&>ds z to blame him = n we>+ a p]ruque la ,l\is ,,xiv1 or proce$+ by ! ,code ,napolon6 ,! same morali/ decl>es 7p4 #fh7 t x is really inspirit+ to he> h[ ,calv9 /orm$ 9 8 s]mons aga9/ ! opposite p>ty3 & is pr(\ndly impress$ by ! deep religi\s e>ne/ness ) :i* ,calv9 9 #aeej claim$ t ,! c\ncil ought aga9 to decl>e al\d t ?is blasphem] has be5 ju/ly condemn$1 t ! wra? ( ,god may be av]t$ f ! city4 ,f9ally 7p4 #fi71 record+ h[ ,gruet's book 0 burn$ 9 #aeej1 ! biograph] pron\nces t ,! ,gospel ?us ga9$ a victory ov] its enemies2 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,g]many fre$om triumph$ :5 ,lu!r burnt ! pope's bull4 ,z to ! alleg$ anti-religi\s writ+s ( ,gruet1 !y 7 n produc$ or ev5 specifi$ till #aeej1 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 execution1 :5 !y 7 said to h be5 f\nd p>tly 9 ! ro( ( :at _h be5 8 h\se 7n[ occupi$ by ! secret>y ( ! consi/ory71 p>tly beh9d a *imney1 & p>tly 9 a du/b94 ,put toge!r1 !y am\nt$ to ?irte5 leaves1 9 a h&writ+ :i* 0 decl>$ by ,calv9 to be juridically1 by good exam9ation ( tru/wor?y m51 recogniz$ to be t ( ,gruet4 ,! "t & ! s+ul> mann] ( _! discov]y raises ! "q :e!r ! pap]s _h n be5 plac$ by ! f9d]s4 ,! execution ( ,gruet1 ! fir/ blood%$ "u ,calv9's rgime1 _h r\s$ new hatr$ aga9/ him2 ! sla9 man figur$ z a m>tyr 9 ! eyes ( ! p>ty to :i* he belong$2 & x _h become necess>y to discr$it him & !m if ! asc5dancy ( ,calv9 0 to be secure4 ,x is solely ^u ,calv9's acc\nt t we h to dep5d = our k ( ,gruet's alleg$ anti-,*ri/ian doctr9e2 = ! docum5t1 aft] be+ describ$ & condemn$1 0 duly burn$ by ! common hangman4 ,if g5u9e1 x 0 a rem>kable p]=mance4 ,accord+ to ! act ( condemnation1 :i* is 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,calv91 x d]id$ all religions alike1 blasphem$ ,god1 ,jesus1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,moses1 ! ,patri>*s1 ! ,prophets1 ! ,apo/les1 ! disciples1 ! gospels1 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ! gospel miracles1 & ! resurrection4 #bjfa ,n a s+le phrase is quot$2 we h m]e g5]al description1 execration1 & s5t5ce4 ,:e!r ! docum5t 0 a plann$ =g]y1 or "p ( a copy by ,gruet ( an anti-,*ri/ian treatise !ret(ore secretly circulat$1 w nev] be kn[n4 ,! /ory ( ,gruet soon swell$ into a leg5d4 ,accord+ to "o n>rative1 he _h copi$ ) 8 own h& & circulat$ 9 ,g5eva ! my/]i\s treatise1 ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 at t p]iod1 is v d\btful4 #bjfb ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is & o!r cases #bjfc ! ,lib]t9es h be5 sometimes suppos$ to be g5]ally unbeliev]s2 b !re is no m evid5ce = ?is ?an = ! g5]al ascription to !m ( lic5ti\s conduct4 ,x appe>s c]ta9 inde$ t at t "t ! "n ,lib]t9e 0 n recogniz$ z a label = all ( ,calv9's political oppon5ts1 b 0 prop]ly res]v$ = ! sect s-call$2 #bjfd b ev5 a v9dicator ( ,calv9 admits t x is und5iable t ! ,lib]t9es i4e4 ! political oppon5ts ( ,calv91 s-call$ by mod]n writ]s ( #aeee 7 ! true political repres5tatives ( ! patriots ( #aecj4 #bjfe ,! presumption is t ! political opposition includ$ ! m hone/ & c\rage\s m5 ( lib]al & tol]ant t5d5cies1 z ,calv9's own foll[+ includ$ m5 ( free life4 #bjff ,! really ant9omian ,lib]t9i ( ! p]iod 7 to be f\nd among ! pan!i/ic-,*ri/ian sect or s*ool s-call$1 o!rwise kn[n z ,spirituals1 :o seem to h be5 a bran* ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 or frat]nity ( ! ,_s ( ,lib]ty4 ,^! ,calv9 d5\nc$ 9 8 mann]2 b 9 #aedd he _h also =c$ into exile 8 =m] fri5d1 ,seba/ian ,ca/alio 7or ,ca/alion2 prop]ly ,*atillon71 ma/] ( ! public s*ool at ,g5eva1 = simply reject+ 8 doctr9e ( absolute pr$e/9ation1 /riv+ to h him driv5 9 turn f ,basel2 & 9 #aeea he _h caus$ to be imprison$ & bani%$ a physician & ex-,c>melite1 ,j]ome ,bolsec1 = publicly d5y+ ! same dogma4 ,bolsec1 be+ prev5t$ by ,calv9's means f settl+ 9 any neighb\r+ ,prote/ant community1 return$ to ,ca?olicism1 #bjfg z did _m o!rs4 ,aft] ,calv9's dea? ,bolsec took 8 rev5ge 9 an attack on ! re=m] 9 8 public & private "*1 #bjfh :i* has be5 treat$ z untru/wor?y by ! m mod]ate ,ca?olic s*ol>s :o deal ) ! p]iod2 #bjfi & :i*1 z reg>ds its acc\nt ( 8 private morals1 is probably on all f\rs ) ,calv9's own unscrupul\s *>ges aga9/ ! ,lib]t9es & o!rs :o oppos$ him4 ,! t5ets ( ! ,lib]t9i are some:at my/ify+1 z h&l$ by ,calv9 & 8 biograph] ,h5ry1 bo? alike animat$ by ! odium !ologicum 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,by ,calv9's own acc\nt !y 7 my/ical ,*ri/ians1 speak+ ( ,*ri/ z ! _s :i* is 9 ! _w & 9 u all1 & ( ! devil & 8 angels z hav+ no prop] exi/5ce1 be+ id5tical ) ! _w & s94 ,fur!r1 !y d5i$ ! et]nity ( ! human s\l & ! fre$om ( ! w2 & ,calv9 *>ges !m ) subv]t+ alike belief 9 ,god & morality 7,h5ry1 ,life ( ,calv91 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #de-df74 ,! la/ *>ge c\ld j z validly be br\ght aga9/ 8 own pr$e/9>ianism2 & z reg>ds e?ics we f9d ,calv9 alt]nately d5\nc+ ! ,lib]t9es = treat+ all s9 z unp>donable1 & = /at+ t 9 ,*ri/ none c\ld s94 ,app>5tly he gives 8 inf]5ces z _! doctr9es2 & ! ant9omianism :i*1 9 ! case ( ! trial ( ,madame ,ameaux1 ,h5ry id5tifies ) pan!ism1 0 by 8 own %[+ ( a ,*ri/ian ca/4 ,little cr$it1 accord+ly1 c be giv5 to 8 summ+ up t among ! ,lib]t9es ( ,g5eva !re exhibit$ itself a p]fectly-=m$ anti-,*ri/ianity1 :i* he calls a true (fspr+ ( hell 7ii1 #di74 ,! residuum ( tru? appe>s to be t 9 ! pan!ism ( ?is sect1 z ,ne&] says conc]n+ ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s among ! ,begh>ds1 !re 7 ! =etok5s ( a ?or\ghly anti-,*ri/ian t5d5cy1 ho/ile to ev]y?+ sup]natural1 e s5tim5t ( a ,god above ! _w2 a t5d5cy :i* conta9$ 444 ! g]m ( absolute rationalism 7,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,torrey's tr4 ix1 #ecf74 ,pan!ism1 logically ext5d$1 obvi\sly r$uces ! sup]natural & ! natural to unity1 & is ?us a!i/ic4 ,b t ! pan!i/s ( ,g5eva 9 ,calv9's day rea*$ logical consi/5cy is incr$ible4 ,! ,lib]t9e sect1 9 all likelihood1 0 only p>tially ant9omian1 & only 9 v small "p consci\sly anti-,*ri/ian4 ,at ?is p]iod 7#aeeb71 on ! same issue ( pr$e/9ation1 ,calv9 broke utt]ly ) "o ( 8 close/ fri5ds1 ,jacques de ,b\rgogne1 ,sieur de ,falais4 #bjgj ,x seem$ z if ! ,prote/ant polity 7 disrupt+ 9 a cont9u\s convulsion ( dogmatic /rife2 & ,melan*?on wrote to ,buc] 9 despair ov] ! madness & mis]y ( a "t 9 :i* ,g5eva 0 return+ to ! fatalism ( ! ,/oics1 & imprison+ :osoev] w\ld n agree ) ,z5o4 #bjga ,by ?is "t x mu/ h be5 cle> to "s t beh9d ! /rifes ( rag+ !ologians !re lay a philosophic problem :i* !y c\ld n s\nd4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ to le>n t already ,basel ,univ]sity1 z fifty ye>s be=e at ,erfurt1 !re 0 a latitud9>ian gr\p ( pr(essors :o aim$ at a univ]sal religion1 & came ne> naturalism 9 ! attempt2 #bjgb :ile else:]e 9 ,switz]l&1 z we %all see lat]1 !re grew up ! /ill fre] way ( ?\ght :i* came to be kn[n z ,deism4 ,a great impulse to t developm5t1 z well z to simple ,unit>ianism1 mu/ h be5 giv5 by ! execution ( ,mi*ael ,s]vetus4 #bjgc ,t ill-/>r$ h]etic1 born ( ,spani% /ock 9 ,france1 br\ght to ! propag&a ( ,unit>ianism1 ( :i* he may be reckon$ ! inaugurator1 a det]m9ation z /rong z ,calv9's own4 ,s5t by 8 fa!r to /udy civil law at ,t\l\se1 he began !re to /udy ! ,bible1 d\btless "u ! /imulus ( ! e>ly ,prote/ant discussions ( ! "t4 ,! result 0 a prompt advance beyond ! ,prote/ant /&po9t4 ,leav+ ,t\l\se aft] two or ?ree ye>s' resid5ce1 he visit$ ,bologna & ,augsburg 9 ! tra9 ( ! confessor ( ,*>les ,v4 ,!reaft] he visit$ ,lyons & ,g5eva1 & _h "s int]c\rse ) ,oecolampadius at ,basel1 :]e he put 9 ! h&s ( a booksell] ! sign$ manuscript ( 8 fir/ book1 ,de ,tr9itatis erroribus libri septem4 ,! booksell] s5t x on to ,hag5au1 9 ,alsace1 :i* z an imp]ial city seems to h _h special fre$om 9 ! matt] ( book-publi%+2 & ?i!r1 aft] visit+ ,buc] & ,capito at ,/rasburg1 ,s]vetus w5t to h x pr9t$ 9 #aeca4 #bjgd ,9 ?is treatise1 produc$ 9 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 he def9itely rejects ,tr9it>ianism1 :ile putt+ some:at obscurely 8 own idea ( ! nature ( ,jesus ,*ri/--:om1 x %\ld be not$1 he held 9 high rev]5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he produc$ at ! same place ano!r small treatise1 ,dialogorum de ,tr9itate libri duo1 :]e9 he reca/s 8 fir/ "w1 retract+ x & apologiz+ = its crudity1 b /&+ sub/antially to its positions4 ,x 0 n till #aeec t he pr9t$ at ,vi5ne 9 ,dauph91 )\t 8 "n1 8 ,*ri/ianismi ,re/itutio4 #bjge ,9 ! int]val he _h be5 do+ sci5tific "w z an editor ( ,ptolemy 7#aece1 ,lyons71 & z a /ud5t ( & lectur] on anatomy & m$ic9e at ,p>is1 :]e 7#aecf7 he met ,calv9 on 8 la/ visit to ,france4 ,9 #aech he is f\nd /udy+ at ,l\va92 &1 aft] practis+ m$ic9e at ,avignon & ,*>lieu1 he aga9 /udies m$ic9e at ,montpelli]4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 :o _h he>d him lecture at ,p>is1 e/abli%$ him at ,vi5ne z 8 confid5tial physician 7#aeda-ec71 & !re x 0 t he produc$ ! book = :i* he di$4 ,ab\t #aede-df he _h ra%ly writt5 to ,calv91 s5d+ him ! ,,ms4 ( ! mu*-exp&$ reca/ ( 8 books :i* lat] appe>$ z ! ,re/itutio4 ,calv9 s5t a ho/ile reply1 & on ! same day wrote to ,f>el3 ,if he come1 & my influ5ce c avail1 ,i %all n suff] him to dep>t alive4 ,s]vetus _h d5\nc$ ! papacy z fi]cely z any ,prote/ant c\ld wi%1 yet 8 h]esy on ! "q ( ! ,tr9ity #bjgf 0 en\gh to doom him to in/ant dea? at ,calv9's h&s4 ,s]vetus c\ld n get back 8 ,,ms41 & wrote to a fri5d ab\t #aedg t he felt sure ! affair w\ld br+ him to 8 dea?4 #bjgg ,:5 9 #aeeb-ec he _h ! book privately pr9t$ at ,vi5ne1 & ! bulk ( ! edition 0 s5t to ,lyons & ,frank=t1 ! toils clos$ ar\nd him1 ! ecclesia/ical au?orities at ,lyons be+ appris$ ( ! facts by de ,trie1 a ,g5evan ,prote/ant1 =m]ly ( ,lyons4 ,! :ole ,prote/ant _w1 9 fact1 0 ( "o op9ion 9 desir+ to suppress ,s]vetus's anti-,tr9it>ian books1 & ! wond] is t he _h s long escap$ bo? ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic fury4 ,lu!r _h call$ 8 fir/ book horribly wick$2 & ,melan*?on1 :o 9 #aecc =esaw f ! second mu* dang]\s debate1 wrote 9 #aeci to ! ,v5etian ,s5ate to w>n !m aga9/ lett+ ei!r be sold4 #bjgh ,x is significant ( ! r&om "* ( ,prote/ant z ( ,ca?olic ?\ght t ,s]vetus1 l ,melan*?on1 0 a conv9c$ believ] 9 a/rology1 #bjgi :ile ,lu!r on ,biblical gr\nds reject$ a/rology & ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy alike1 & held dev\tly by ! belief 9 wit*craft4 ,! sup]iority ( ,s]vetus consi/s 9 8 real sci5tific "w--he hav+ 9 "p giv5 out ! true doctr9e ( ! circulation ( ! blood #bjhj--;& 8 objection to all p]secution ( h]esy4 #bjha ,philosophically1 he 0 m ?an a m]e ,scripturi/4 ,?\gh pan!ism 0 n *>g$ ^u him1 we h ,calv9's te/imony t he prop\nd$ x 9 ! /ronge/ =m4 #bjhb ,calv9's guilt 9 ! matt] beg9s ) 8 devices to h ,s]vetus seiz$ by ! ,ca?olic au?orities ( ,lyons #bjhc--to set misbeliev]s1 z he reg>d$ !m1 to slay ! misbeliev]--& 8 use ( ,s]vetus's confid5tial lett]s aga9/ him4 #bjhd ,he 0 n repell+ a h]esy f 8 own city1 b h]etic-hunt+ f> away 9 %e] malignity4 ,! ,ca?olics 7 ! less cruel gaol]s1 & let _! prison] escape1 condemn+ him to dea? at ,vi5ne 9 abs5ce4 ,aft] "s mon?s ( w&]+ he _h ! tem]ity to seek to pass into ,italy by way ( ,g5eva1 & 0 !re at l5g? recogniz$1 & arre/$4 ,aft] a long trial he 0 s5t5c$ to be burn$ alive 7,oct4 #bg1 #aeec74 ,! trial at ,g5eva is a classic docum5t 9 ! records ( ! cruelties committ$ 9 hon\r ( *im]as2 & ,calv9's "p is ! suffici5t pro( t ! ,prote/ant c\ld hold 8 own ) ! ,ca?olic ,inquisitor 9 ! _s ( hate4 #bjhe ,x has be5 urg$1 9 8 excuse1 t ! doctr9es ( ,s]vetus 7 blasphem\sly put2 b 9 po9t ( fact ,calv9 pass$ "s ( 8 bitt]e/ d5unciation on ! /atem5t1 cit$ 7f ,lor5z ,friese7 9 a note 9 ,s]vetus's edition ( ,ptolemy's ,geography1 t ,judea is actually a b>r5 & meagre c\ntry1 & n fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,despite ! citation ( ample pro(1 & ! plea t ! passage 0 drawn f a previ\s edition1 x 0 by ,calv9 adjudg$ blasphem\s 9 t x necess>ily inculpat$ ,moses & griev\sly outrag$ ! ,holy ,_s4 #bjhf ,! language ( ,calv9 aga9/ ,s]vetus at ?is po9t is utt]ly furi\s4 ,_h ,s]vetus *anc$ to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 adjudg$ a blasphem] on t score also2 = 9 ! ,argum5t to 8 ,comm5t>y on ,g5esis 7#aefc7 ,calv9 dogg$ly ma9ta9s ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,8 language tells ( mu* private free?9k+ ar\nd him on ! ,mosaic doctr9e1 & 8 tone leaves no d\bt z to h[ he w\ld treat publi%$ h]esy on t !me4 ,! audacity ( ,s]vetus 9 sugge/+ t ! #ecrd *apt] ( ,isaiah _h hi/orical ref]5ce to ,cyrus is = him ana!ma4 #bjhg ,ev5 be=e ?is hide\s episode1 ,calv9's passion ( malevol5ce aga9/ 8 !ological oppon5ts 9 8 own sect is su* z to %ock "s ( 8 ador+ biograph]s4 #bjhh ,all ! ,prote/ant lead]s1 broadly speak+1 grew m intol]ant z !y grew 9 ye>s--a fair te/ z betwe5 ! _s ( dogma & ! _s ( free?\ght4 ,calv9 _h begun by plead+ = tol]ance & clem5cy2 ,lu!r1 beg9n+ z a humanit>ian1 soon came to be capable ( h\nd+ on ! ,g]man nobility aga9/ ! unhappy peasants2 ,melan*?on1 tol]ant 9 8 e>li] days1 applaud$ ! burn+ ( ,s]vetus2 #bjhi ,beza labori\sly def5d$ ! act4 ,erasmus /ood = tol]ance2 & ,lu!r accord+ly call$ him godless1 an enemy ( true religion1 a sl&]] ( ,*ri/1 a ,lucian1 an ,epicurean1 & 7by implication7 ! greate/ knave alive4 #bjij ,! burn+ ( ,s]vetus 9 #aeec1 h[ev]1 m>k$ a turn+ po9t 9 ,prote/ant !ological practice on ! ,cont95t4 ,!re 7 /ill to come ! desp]ate religi\s w>s 9 ,france1 9 :i* m ?an #cjj1jjj h\ses 7 de/roy$1 abom9able savag]ies 7 committ$1 & all civilization 0 ?r[n back1 bo? mat]ially & morally2 & !re 0 yet to come ! /ill m appall+ calamity ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many--a result ( ! un/able political conditions set up at ! ,re=mation2 b !ological human sacrifices 7 rapidly discr$it$4 ,s]vetus 0 n ! fir/ victim1 b he 0 ne>ly ! la/4 ,! juri/ ,mat?ieu ,gripaldi 7or ,gribaldo7 lectur$ on law at ,t\l\se1 ,cahors1 ,val5ce1 & ,padua successively1 &1 f9d+ 8 anti-,tr9it>ian lean+s ev]y:]e a s\rce ( dang] to him1 _h s\ght a retreat at ,f>gias ne> ,g5eva1 !n 9 ! jurisdiction ( ,b]ne4 ,v5tur+ to remon/rate ) ,calv9 aga9/ ! s5t5ce on ,s]vetus1 he br\ght ^u himself ! angry scrut9y ( ! h]etic-hunt]1 & 0 bani%$ f ! neighb\rhood4 ,= a "t he f\nd refuge 9 a new pr(essor%ip at ,tb+52 b !re too ! al>m 0 rais$1 & he 0 expell$4 ,com+ back to ,f>gias1 he gave refuge to ! h]etic ,val5t9us ,g5tilis on 8 escape f ,g5eva2 & aga9 ,calv9 attack$ him1 deliv]+ him to ! au?orities ( ,b]ne4 ,an abjuration sav$ him = ! "t2 b he w\ld probably h met ! m>tyr's fate 9 "t _h n 8 dea? by ! plague1 9 #aefd1 gu>ante$ him1 z ,bayle rem>ks1 aga9/ any fur!r trial = h]esy4 #bjia ,! effect ( !ological bias on moral judgm5t is int]e/+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! comm5t ( ,mo%eim on ! case ( ,s]vetus4 ,unable to ref] to ! beliefs ( dei/s or a!i/s )\t vitup]ation1 ,mo%eim f9ds x necess>y to add to 8 acc\nt ( ,s]vetus z a highly-gift$ & v le>n$ man ! qualification3 ,yet he lab\r$ "u no small moral defects1 = he 0 beyond all measure arrogant1 & at ! same "t ill-temp]$1 cont5ti\s1 unyield+1 & a semi-fanatic4 ,e "o ( ^! *>act]izations is applicable 9 ! highe/ degree to ,calv91 & 9 a l>ge degree to ,lu!r2 yet = !m ! hi/orian has n a ^w ( blame4 ,ev5 among rationali/s x has n be5 uncommon to make light ( ,calv9's crimes on ! score t 8 en]gy ma9ta9$ a polity :i* alone su/a9$ ,prote/antism aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,reaction4 ,?is is ! v]dict ( ,mi*elet3 ,! ,r5aissance1 betray$ by ! accid5t ( ! mobilities ( ,france1 turn+ to ! w9d ( light volitions1 w\ld assur$ly h p]i%$1 & ! _w w\ld h fall5 into ! great net ( ! fi%]s ( m51 b = t supreme conc5tration ( ! ,re=mation on ! rock ( ,g5eva by ! bitt] g5ius ( ,calv94 ,& aga93 ,aga9/ ! imm5se & d>ksome net into :i* ,europe fell by ! ab&onm5t ( ,france no?+ less ?an ?is h]oic sem9>y c\ld avail 7,hi/4 de ,france1 vol4 x1 ,la ,r=me3 end ( pref4 & end ( vol474 ,?\gh ?is v]dict has be5 accept$ by su* critical ?9k]s z ,pattison 7,essays1 ii1 #cj-cb7 & ,"l ,morley 7,romanes ,lecture on ,ma*iavelli1 #ahgg1 p4 #dg71 x is difficult to f9d = x any ju/ification 9 hi/ory4 ,! nature ( ! proposition is inde$ f> f cle>4 ,mi*elet appe>s to mean t ,g5eva sav$ ,europe z con/itut+ a political rally+-po9t1 a nucleus = ,prote/antism4 ,pattison1 pron\nc+ t ,calv9ism sav$ ,europe 7,essays1 ii1 #cb71 expla9s t x 0 by a positive education ( ! individual s\l2 & t ?is1 & ?is alone1 enabl$ ! ,re=mation to make head aga9/ ! t]rible repressive =ces br\ght to be> by ,spa9--! ,inquisition & ! ,jesuits 7p4 #cb74 ,! !sis ?us vani%es 9 rhetoric1 = x is q impossible to give su* a =mula any significance 9 ! light ( ! hi/ory ( ,prote/antism 9 ,brita91 ,sc&9avia1 ,g]many1 & ,holl&4 ,x implies t :]e ,prote/antism f9ally fail$--z 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,bohemia1 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 ,belgium1 p>ts ( ,g]many1 & p>ts ( ,switz]l&--x 0 because ! individual _s _h n be5 educat$ en\gh1 :i* is a m]e omission to note ! real economic & political causation4 ,nei!r ,mi*elet nor ,pattison _h any sci5tific notion ( ! nature ( ! process4 ,if we rev]t to ,mi*elet's claim1 we get no m satisfaction4 ,! v fact t ,calv9's polity c\ld subsi/ )\t any special milit>y protection is ! pro( t x c\ld h subsi/$ )\t ! gross cruelty & sy/ematic p]secution :i* m>k$ x out f ! re/ ( ! _w1 mak+ ,g5eva a k9d ( froz5 hell ( au/]ity & retribution & secret s94 ,to say o!rwise is to say t fre$om & tol]ation are less attractive to m5 ?an f]ocity1 tyranny1 & gloom4 ,calv9 drove _m m5 back to ,ca?olicism1 & _h 8 full %>e 9 ! mortal s*ism :i* set ,calv9i/s & ,lu!rans at dagg]s drawn = a c5tury1 :ile ,ca?olicism re-conqu]$ ,pol& & ,bohemia & ,hung>y1 held ,france1 & ne>ly re-conqu]$ ,lu!ran ,g]many4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! ,re=mation w\ld h gone o!rwise 9 ,brita91 ,sc&9avia1 & ,holl& _h ,g5eva gone z f> 9 tol]ance z x actually did 9 intol]ance4 ,to call x1 z ,mi*elet does1 an asylum1 9 view ( ,calv9's expulsion or execution ( e man :o d>$ to diff] f him1 is c\rage\s4 ,at ! close ( 8 argum5t 7p4 #da7 ,pattison sums up t1 ,greatly z ! ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*es h s]v$ ! cause ( political lib]ty1 !y h contribut$ no?+ to ! cause ( k4 ,! admission is 9 ! ma9 valid2 b ! claim w n /&1 unless political lib]ty is to be newly def9$4 ,! ,calv9i/ic rule at ,g5eva 0 f ! fir/ a class tyranny1 :i* became m & m n>r[ 9 its social basis4 ,! ,calv9i/ cl]gy & populace ( ,holl& turn$ _! backs on republican in/itutions1 & became viol5t mon>*i/s4 ,! ,calv9i/s ( ,engl& & ,scotl& 7 z det]m9$ p]secutors z ev] liv$4 ,&1 inde$1 h[ %\ld lib]ty any:]e fl\ri% :5 k is trodd5 "u foot8 ,! treatm5t ( ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o1 :o _h turn$ ,prote/ant aft] be+ vic>-g5]al ( ! ,capu*9 ord]1 %[s ! slack5+ ( f]ocity aft] ! end ( ,s]vetus4 ,o*9o 9 a late writ+ v5tur$ gu>d$ly to sugge/ c]ta9 relaxations ( ! law ( monogamy--a po9t on :i* "s ,lu!rans w5t mu* fur!r ?an he--& 0 besides mildly h]etical ab\t ! ,tr9ity4 #bjib ,he 0 9 consequ5ce expell$ ) 8 family f ! canton ( ,zri* 7#aefc71 at ! age ( sev5ty-six4 ,f9d+ ,switz]l& :olly inhospitable1 & be+ driv5 by ! ,ca?olics f ,pol&1 :]e he _h s\ght to jo9 ! ,soc9ians1 he w5t to die 9 ,moravia4 #bjic ,?is 0 no worse treatm5t ?an ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s normally met$ out to ea* o!r2 #bjid & sev]al ( ! ,italian ,prote/ants settl$ at ,g5eva :o leant to ,unit>ian views--among !m ,gribaldo1 ,bi&rata1 & ,alciati--f\nd x prud5t to leave t =tress ( or?odoxy1 :]e !y 7 op5 to (ficial *all5ge4 #bjie ,f9ally1 :5 ! ,italian ,val5t9us ,g5tilis1 or ,g5tile1 ! anti-,tr9it>ian1 v>i\sly describ$ z ,tri!i/1 ,dei/1 & ,arian1 utt]$ 8 h]esies at ,g5eva1 he contriv$1 aft] an imprisonm5t1 a =c$ recantation1 & a public degradation 7#aeeh71 to escape !nce ) 8 life1 b 0 duly behead$ at ,b]ne 9 #aeff1 refus+ ?is "t to recant4 #bjif ,?is ends ! ma9 ,swiss era ( !ological murd]2 b a c5tury 0 to pass be=e sect>ian hatr$s subsid$1 or ! _s ( p]secution 0 br\ght "u control ( civilization4 ,9 #afcb1 inde$1 a ,prote/ant m9i/]1 ,ni*olas ,an?o9e1 0 burn$ at ,g5eva on ! *>ge ( apo/asy to ,judaism4 ,z he _h be5 admitt$ly insane = a "t1 & _h repeat$ly %[n mu* m5tal excitem5t1 #bjig 8 execution tells ( a _s ( cruelty wor?y ( ! g5]ation ( ,calv94 ,! ,prote/ant ,bibliolatry1 9 %ort1 0 z truly ! practical negation ( free?\ght & tol]ance z 0 ,ca?olicism itself2 & x 0 only _! g5]al remot5ess f ea* o!r t kept ! diff]5t re=m$ communities f absolute w> :]e !y 7 n1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 held 9 *eck by ! dang]s ar\nd !m4 #bjih ,z x 01 !y _h _! full %>e 9 ! responsibility = ! furi\s civil w>s :i* s long convuls$ ,france1 & = ^? :i* ultimately r$uc$ ,g]many to ! v]ge ( de/ruction1 arre/+ h] civilization = ov] a hundr$ ye>s4 ,to sum up4 ,9 ,g]many ,prote/antism fail$ alike z a moral & z an intellectual re=m4 ,! lack ( any g5]al moral motive 9 ! ecclesia/ical revolution is suffici5tly prov$ by ! g5]al dissolution ( conduct :i*1 on ! express admission ( ,lu!r1 foll[$ ^u x4 #bjii ,?is 0 q ap>t f ! special disord]s ( ! ,anabapti/ movem5t1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9$ elem5ts ( moral & religi\s rationalism1 z aga9/ ,bibliolatry1 t h be5 little recogniz$4 #bajj ,( t movem5t ! summ+-up is t1 l ! ,lu!ran1 x turn$ to evil because ( %e] lack ( rationalism4 ,among its e>li] lead]s 7 m5 su* z ,d5k1 morally & temp]am5tally on a high] plane ?an any ( ! ,lu!rans4 ,b ,anabaptism too 0 fundam5tally scriptural & revelationi/1 n rational2 & x misc>ri$ 9 its own way ev5 m hopelessly ?an ! !ological re=m4 ,lu!ranism1 r5\nc+ ! rational & e?ical hope ( social bett]m5t1 ran to insane diss5sion ov] irrational dogma2 ,anabaptism1 ignorantly atta*+ ! hope ( social bett]m5t to religi\s delusion1 ran to irrational social s*emes1 end+ 9 an>*y1 massacre1 & ext9ction4 ,b ! ,lu!ran failure 0 intellectually & morally no less complete4 ,lu!r 0 ) good reason ill at ease ab\t 8 cause :5 he di$ 9 #aedf2 & ,melan*?on1 dy+ 9 #aefj1 decl>$ himself glad to be set free f ! rabies !ologorum4 #baja ,! te/ ( ! new regim5 lay1 if any:]e1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wittemb]g2 & !re matt]s 7 no bett] ?an any:]e else4 #bajb ,g]man univ]sity life 9 g5]al w5t f bad to worse till a new culture began sl[ly to g]m9ate aft] ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 #bajc & ! g]ms came ma9ly f ! neighb\r+ nations4 ,g]man ,switz]l& exhibit$ simil> symptoms1 ! ,re=mation be+ foll[$ by no free intellectual life1 b by a tyranny id5tical 9 _s & me?od ) t ( ,rome4 #bajd ,x re/s1 f9ally1 on ! express te/imony ( lead+ ,re=m]s t ! ma9 effect ( ! ,re=mation 9 ! intellectual life ( ,g]many 0 to discr$it all dis9t]e/$ le>n+ & lit]ature4 ,melan*?on 9 p>ticul>1 writ+ at dates z f> ap>t z #aebb & #aeeg1 repeat$ly & emphatically te/ifies to ! utt] disreg>d ( erudition & sci5ce 9 ! int]e/s ( pietism1 corroborat+ ev]y?+ said to ! same effect by ,erasmus4 #baje ,on ! social & political side ! rule ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ces 0 n only z tyrann\s b z indecor\s z t ( _! ,ca?olic days1 ea* play+ pope 9 8 own dom9ions2 #bajf & _! cl]gy 7 n 9 a position to correct !m4 ,m5zel notes t ! normal drunk5ness ( ! ,prote/ant ari/ocracy at ?is p]iod made curr5t 9 ,europe ! expression a ,g]man sw9e4 ,& :]eas ,g]many be=e ! ,re=mation 0 at v>i\s po9ts a culture =ce = ,europe--:5ce ! read9ess 9 o!r nations at fir/ to foll[ ! ,lu!ran lead--x progressively became m & m ( an object-lesson ( ! evils ( h]esy1 ?us fatally weak5+ ! cause ( ,prote/antism 9 ,france1 :]e its =tunes hung 9 ! balance4 ,ev5 9 ! matt] ( !ology1 ,prote/antism did n hold its own aga9/ ,ca?olic criticism4 ,bo? began by discrim9at+ 9 ! scriptural canon1 reject+ "s books & depreciat+ o!rs1 all ! :ile pr(ess+ to make ! ,^w ( ,god _! sole or f9al /&>d4 ,:5 ! ,ca?olics press$ ! dem& z to h[ !y c\ld settle :at 0 ! true ,^w ( ,god1 _! foll[]s & successors c\ld make no answ]1 & _h to fall back on an indiscrim9ate acceptance ( ! ,canon4 ,aga91 ,lu!r & ,calv9 alike ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ,assurance1 & ?is 0 "o ( ! po9ts 9 ,calv9ism accept$ by ,arm9ius4 ,! ,ca?olics1 naturally mak+ ! mo/ ( ! admitt$ increase ( sexual & o!r lic5ce 9 ,g]many & else:]e "u ,lu!ranism1 dwelt ^u ,lu!r's pr$e/9>ianism 9 g5]al1 & ! doctr9e ( ,assurance 9 p>ticul>1 z ! s\rce ( ! demoralization2 & at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t x 0 expressly condemn$4 ,!reaft]1 ?\gh x 0 "p & p>cel ( ! ,confessions ( all ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,re=mation d[n to ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly1 x 0 9 ! la/-nam$ conclave 7#afdc7 decl>$ n to be ( ! ess5ce ( fai?2 & ! ,scotti% ,g5]al ,assembly subsequ5tly depos$ & condemn$ hold]s ( ?is1 ! orig9al ,prote/ant doctr9e4 ,simil> modifications took place else:]e4 ,?us ! ,prote/ant _w drift$ back to a ,ca?olic position1 affirm$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t aga9/ ,prote/antism2 #bajg & 9 ,holl& we %all see1 9 ! rise ( ,arm9ianism1 a simil> surr5d] on ! ,prote/ant side to ! g5]al pressure ( ,ca?olicism ^u ! e?ical weaknesses ( ,pr$e/9>ianism4 ,on t po9t1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al ,ca?olic doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation 0 reviv$ by ! ,spani% ,jesuit ,luis ,mol9a 7#aece-afjj2 n to be confus$ ) ! lat] ,quieti/1 ,miguel de ,mol9os71 :o 9 8 treatise ,lib]i ,arbitrii concordia cum grati donis 7#aehh7 set x =? z consequ5t ^u ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( man's free use ( 8 w4 ,z a result ( ! dispute betwe5 ! ,?omi/s & ,mol9a's foll[]s1 kn[n z ! ,mol9i/s1 ! ,pope 9 #afjg pron\nc$ t ! views ( bo? sides 7 p]missible--a c\rse :i* _h already be5 tak5 tw5ty ye>s be=e ) ! controv]sy on pr$e/9ation ar\s$ by ! doctr9es ( ,mi*ael ,baius at ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 #bajh ,?us ! diss5sions ( ,ca?olics 9 a mann] kept 9 c\nt5ance ! divid$ ,prote/ants2 b ! old confid5ce ( affirmation & =mulation 0 inevitably sapp$ by ! con/ant play ( controv]sy2 & f ?is ,prote/antism necess>ily suff]$ mo/4 ,intellectually1 !re 0 visible retrogression 9 ! ,prote/ant _w4 ,x is significant t ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury mo/ ( ! great sci5tific ?9k]s & ! free?9k]s ) ! /ronge/ b5t to new sci5ce liv$ 9 ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,rabelais & ,bruno 7 prie/s2 ,cop]nicus a lay canon2 ,galileo _h nev] )drawn f ! ,*ur* :i* humiliat$ him2 ev5 ,kepl] return$ to ! ,ca?olic environm5t aft] pr(ess+ ,prote/antism4 ,he 0 9 fact excommunicat$ by ! ,tb+5 ,prote/ant au?orities 9 #afab #baji = condemn+ ! ,lu!ran doctr9e t ! body ( ,*ri/ c\ld be 9 sev]al places at once4 ,! immunity ( su* orig9al spirits z ,gilb]t & ,h>riott f active mole/ation is to be expla9$ only by ! fact t !y liv$ 9 ! z yet un-,puritaniz$ atmosph]e ( ,elizabe?an ,engl&1 be=e ! age ( ,bibliolatry4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! _s ( ,scripturalism1 invad+ ! v c5tres ( ?\ght1 7 m fatal to orig9al intellectual life ?an ! m ext]nal int]f]5ces ( ,ca?olic sac]dotalism4 #baaj ,9 ! phrase ( ,arnold1 ,prote/antism turn$ ! key on ! _s1 :]e ,ca?olicism 0 normally cont5t ) an outw>d submission to its c]emonies1 & only 9 ! mo/ backw>d c\ntries1 z ,spa91 de/roy$ entirely ! atmosph]e ( free m5tal int]c\rse4 ,x 0 aft] a long reaction t ,bruno & ,galileo 7 arraign$ at ,rome4 ,! cl]ical resi/ance to new sci5ce1 broadly speak+1 0 m bitt] 9 ! ,prote/ant _w ?an 9 ! ,ca?olic2 & x 0 m]ely ! relative lack ( re/ra9+ p[] 9 ! =m] t made possible ! lat] sci5tific progress4 ,! hi/ory ( ,lu!ranism ^u ?is side is an intellectual infamy4 ,at ,wittemb]g1 dur+ ,lu!r's life1 ,re9hold did n d>e to tea* ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy2 ,rheticus _h to leave ! place 9 ord] to be free to speak2 & 9 #aega ! subject 0 put 9 ! h&s ( ,peuc]1 :o taught t ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 absurd4 ,f9ally1 ! rector ( ! univ]sity1 ,h5sel1 wrote a text-book = s*ools1 entitl$ ,! ,re/or$ ,mosaic ,sy/em ( ! ,_w1 %[+ ) entire success t ! new doctr9e 0 unscriptural4 #baaa ,a little lat] ! ,lu!ran sup]9t5d5t1 ,pfeiff]1 ( ,lbeck1 publi%$ 8 ,pansophia ,mosaica1 insi/+ on ! lit]al tru? ( ! entire ,g5esaic my?4 #baab ,9 ! next c5tury ,calovius 7#afab-afhf71 :o taught successively at ,knigsb]g1 ,dantzic1 & ,wittemb]g1 ma9ta9$ ! same position1 cont5d+ t ! /ory ( ,jo%ua's /ay+ ! sun & moon refut$ ,cop]nicus4 #baac ,:5 ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii1 foll[+ an impulse abnormal 9 8 _w1 took ! bold /ep ( rectify+ ! ,cal5d> 7#aehd71 ! ,prote/ants 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l& vehem5tly resi/$ ! re=m1 & 9 "s cities w\ld n tol]ate x1 #baad ?us refus+1 on !ological gr\nds1 ! "o species ( co-op]ation ) ,ca?olicism t lay op5 to !m4 ,& ! anti-sci5tific attitude p]si/$ = ov] a c5tury 9 ,switz]l& z 9 ,scotl&4 ,at ,g5eva1 ,j4-,a4 ,turret9 7#afga-agcg71 writ+ aft] ,kepl] & ,newton _h done _! "w1 labori\sly repeat$ ! demon/ration ( ,calovius1 & reaffirm$ ! positions ( ,calv94 ,s f> z its m9i/]s c\ld avail1 ! ,sacr$ ,book 0 work+ ! old effect4 #b4 ,,engl& ,free?\ght ga9$ p]man5tly z little 9 ,engl& z else:]e 9 ! process ( sub/itut+ local tyranny = t ( ,rome4 ,! secul>iz+ effect ( ! ,re=mation1 inde$1 0 ev5 m m>k$ !re ?an else:]e4 ,:at ,wolsey _h aim$ at do+ ) mod]ation & )\t revolution 0 done aft] him ) viol5ce on motives ( %e] plund]1 & a multitude n only ( mona/]ies b ( *ur*es 7 dis5d[$ & de/roy$4 ,! mona/ic *ur*es 7 (t5 magnific5t1 & :5 ! mona/]ies 7 dissolv$1 div9e s]vice altoge!r ceas$ 9 n9ety out ( e hundr$ ( ^! great *ur*es1 & ! rema9+ t5 7 left 444 )\t any provision :atev] = public wor%ip4 #baae ,all ?is mu/ h _h a secul>iz+ effect1 :i* 0 acc5tuat$ by ! *anges 9 ritual2 & by ! middle ( ! c5tury x 0 common to treat bo? *ur*es & cl]gy ) utt] irrev]5ce1 :i* inde$ ! latt] (t5 e>n$ by _! mode ( life4 #baaf ,riots 9 *ur*es1 especially 9 ,london1 7 common2 !re 0 9 fact a habit ( driv+ mules & horses ?r\gh !m2 #baag & buy+ & sell+ & ev5 gam+ 7 (t5 c>ri$ on4 ,b ) all ?is !re 0 no intellectual enlight5m5t1 & 9 high places !re 0 no tol]ation4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,viii anti-,romani/ h]etics 7 put to dea? on ! old ,romani/ pr9ciples4 ,9 #aecb1 aga91 0 burn$ ,james ,ba9ham1 :o n only reject$ ! specially ,ca?olic dogmas1 b affirm$ ! possible salvation ( unbeliev]s4 ,"u ! ,protectorate :i* foll[$ !re 0 inde$ mu* religi\s semi-rationalism1 evid5tly ( cont95tal d]ivation1 :i* is discuss$ 9 ! !ological lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,rog] ,hut*9son1 writ+ ab\t #aeej1 repeat$ly speaks ( contempor>y ,sadducees & ,lib]t9es :o say 7#a7 t all spirits & angels are no sub/ances1 b inspirations1 affections1 & qualities2 7#b7 t ! devil is no?+ b nolitum1 or a fil?y affection com+ ( ! fle%2 7#c7 t !re is nei!r place ( re/ nor pa9 aft] ?is life2 t hell is no?+ else b a torm5t+ & desp]ate consci5ce2 & t a joyful1 quiet1 & m]ry consci5ce is heav54 ,see ,! ,image ( ,god1 or ,layman's ,book1 #aeej1 *4 xxiv3 ,p>k] ,society's rep4 #ahdb1 pp4 #acd1 #ach1 #adj4 ,cp4 p4 #gi & ,s]mon ,,ii1 on ,! ,"l's ,supp] 7id4 p4 #bdg71 z to ,julianites :o d ?9k mortal corpo1 mortal anima4 ,to ! p]iod #aeej-fj is also assign$ ! undat$ "w ( ,john ,v]on1 ,a ,frutefull ,treatise ( ,pr$e/9ation & ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce ( ,god1 ) an ,apology ( ! same aga9/ ! swyni%e grunt+e ( ! ,epicures & ,a!y/es ( oure "t4 ,!re 0 evid5tly a good deal ( new rationalism1 :i* has be5 g5]ally ignor$ 9 ,engli% hi/oriography4 ,its =eign s\rce is sugge/$ by ! use ( ! t]m ,lib]t9es1 :i* d]ives f ,france & ,g5eva4 ,see bel[1 p4 #dgc4 ,! above-cit$ t5ets are1 9 fact1 p>tly id5tical ) ^? ( ! lib]t9s d5\nc$ at ,g5eva by ,calv94 ,su* doctr9e1 :i* we %all f9d 9 vogue fifty ye>s lat]1 _c h be5 pr9t$1 & probably c h be5 utt]$ only by m5 ( good /atus1 z well z culture2 & ev5 by !m only because ( ! weakness ( ! ,/ate ,*ur* 9 its transition /age4 ,yet h]esy w5t /ill fur!r among "s ( ! sects set up by ! ,anabapti/ movem5t1 :i* 9 ,engl& z 9 ,g]many involv$ "s measure ( ,unit>ianism4 ,a lett] ( ,hoop] to ,bull+] 9 #aedi tells ( lib]t9es & wret*es :o are d>+ en\gh 9 _! conv5ticles n only to d5y t ,*ri/ is ! ,messiah & ,savi\r ( ! _w1 b also to call t bless$ ,se$ a mis*iev\s fell[ & deceiv] ( ! _w4 #baah ,?is mu/ h be5 said ) lock$ doors1 = mu* mild] h]esy 0 heavily puni%$1 ! wor/ p5alties fall+ ^u t :i* /ood equally ) or?odoxy on ,biblical gr\nds4 ,9 #aeda1 "u ,h5ry ,,viii1 7 burn$ ?ree p]sons because !y d5i$ transub/antiation1 & _h n receiv$ ! sacram5t at ,ea/]4 ,see ! lett] ( ,hilles to ,bull+]1 ,orig9al ,lett]s1 z cit$1 i1 #bjj4 ,! case ( ,jean ,b\*i] or ,bo*]1 burn$ 9 #aeej1 is well kn[n4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! common *>ge aga9/ ,cranm]1 ( p]suad+ ! "y k+ to sign h] dea? w>rant1 is false1 be+ "o ( ! my?s ( ,foxe4 ,! w>rant 0 pass$ by ! :ole ,privy ,c\ncil1 ,cranm] n be+ ev5 pres5t4 ,see ! ,p>k] ,society's repr9t ( ,rog] ,hut*9son1 #ahab1 introd4 pp4 ii-#e4 ,hut*9son app>5tly approv$2 & x is significant ( ! cl]ical attitude ( ! "t t he calls 7,image ( ,god1 *4 xxx1 p4 #bja7 = ! puni%m5t ( ,anabapti/s by dea? if necess>y1 b does n sugge/ x = ,sadducees & ,lib]t9es4 ,! ,elizabe?an ar*bi%ops & ! ,puritans 7 equally intol]ant2 & ! idea ( free inquiry 0 undreamt (4 ,t !re _h be5 mu* private discussion 9 cl]ical circles1 h[ev]1 is pla9 f ! #ac? & #ah? ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles 7#aefb71 :i* repudiate natural morality & hold accurs$ ^? :o say t m5 c be sav$ "u any cre$4 #baai ,?is fulm9ation w\ld n h occurr$ _h ! h]esy n be5 press+2 b ! curse w\ld !nce=? set ! key ( cl]ical & public utt]ance4 ,! ,re=mation1 9 fact1 spe$ily ov]-cl\d$ ) fanaticism :at new light ( free?\ght _h be5 glimm]+ be=e2 turn+ into ,bibliolat]s ^? :o _h rationally d\bt$ "s ( ! ,ca?olic my/]ies1 & =c+ back1 ei!r into sil5ce or1 by reaction1 into ,ca?olic bigotry1 ^? m ref9$ spirits :o1 l ,sir ,?omas ,m1 _h be=e be5 really 9 advance ( _! age intellectually & morally1 & desir$ a transmutation ( ! old sy/em r ?an its ov]?r[4 ,no?+ s ne>ly rational z ! ,utopia 7#aeae-af7 appe>$ aga9 9 ,engli% lit]ature = a c5tury2 x is inde$1 9 "s respects1 a lead to social sci5ce 9 our own day4 ,m1 ) all 8 spontane\s turn = pietism1 _h evid5tly drunk 9 8 y\? or prime #babj at "s free?9k+ s\rce1 = 8 book recognizes ! exi/5ce ( unbeliev]s 9 deity & immortality2 & ?\gh he pron\nces !m unfit = political p[]1 z did ,milton1 ,locke1 & ,voltaire long aft] him1 he /ipulates t !y be tol]at$4 #baba ,broadly speak+1 ! book is simply dei/ic4 ,f a _w1 says a popul> hi/orian1 cl]ically tra9$--f a _w :]e fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ _h produc$ social inju/ice1 religi\s intol]ance1 & political tyranny1 ! humori/ philosoph] turns to a ',n[h]e' 9 :i* ! ef=ts ( m]e natural human virtue realiz$ ^? ends ( security1 equality1 bro!rhood1 & fre$om1 = :i* ! v in/itution ( society seems to h be5 fram$4 #babb ,9 8 own case1 h[ev]1 we see ! ,nemesis ( ! sway ( feel+ ov] judgm5t1 =1 beg9n+ by keep+ 8 prejudice above ! reason ( ^: tea*+ he is consci\s1 he ends by becom+ a bl9d religi\s polemi/ & a bitt] p]secutor4 ,cp4 ,isaac ,disraeli's essay1 ,! ,psy*ological ,"* ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 9 ! ,am5ities ( ,lit]ature1 & ! pres5t writ]'s essay1 ,culture & ,reaction1 9 ,essays 9 ,sociology1 vol4 i4 ,"l ,acton1 v9dicat+ ,m z aga9/ ,wolsey1 pleads 7,hi/or4 ,essays & ,/udies1 #aijg1 p4 #fd7 t ,m be=e 8 dea? prote/$ t no ,prote/ant p]i%$ by 8 act4 ,?is seems to be true 9 ! b>e s5se t he did n exce$ 8 o/5sible legal duties1 & sev]al times re/ra9$ ! execution ( ! law 7,ar*deacon ,hutton1 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 #ahie1 pp4 #bae-bb74 ,b ! fact rema9s t ,m expressly ju/ifi$ & advocat$ ! burn+ ( h]etics z lawful1 necess>y1 & well done4 ,title ( *4 xiii ( ,dialogue1 ,! ,supp] ( ! ,"l4 ,cp4 title ( *4 xv4 ,x is 9 ! wake1 !n1 ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! second g5]ation t a f>-rea*+ free?\ght beg9s to be he>d ( 9 ,engl&2 & ?is cle>ly comes by way ( new cont95tal & lit]>y contact1 :i* w\ld h occurr$ 9 at lea/ z great a degree "u ,ca?olicism1 save ins(> z unbelief 0 facilitat$ by ! irrev]5ce develop$ by ! ecclesia/ical revolution1 or by ! /ate ( indiff]5ce :i* among ! upp] classes 0 ! natural sequel ( ! %ameless policy ( plund] & ! oscillation betwe5 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic =ms4 ,& x 0 f9ally 9 su* negative ways only t ,prote/antism fur!r$ free?\ght any:]e4 #c4 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,h>dly m =tunate 0 ! e>li] c\rse ( ?+s intellectual aft] ! ,re=mation 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e by ! fifte5? c5tury rem>kable progress _h be5 made alike 9 sci5ce & ! arts1 & :]e ,erasmus acquir$ 8 culture & did 8 s]vice to culture's cause4 ,! fact t ,prote/antism _h to fight = its life aga9/ ,philip 0 ( c\rse n ! fault ( ! ,prote/ants2 & to t ru9\s /ruggle is to be attribut$ ! arre/ ( ! civilization ( ,fl&]s4 ,b x lay 9 ! nature ( ! ,prote/ant impulse t1 ap>t f ! classical culture :i* 9 ,holl& 0 virtually a successful indu/ry1 provid+ editions = all ,europe1 x %\ld turn all intellectual life = g5]ations into va9 controv]sy4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 re=m & pop]y 0 foll[$ by ! /ruggle betwe5 ,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism2 & ! second 0 no less bitt] if less bloody ?an ! fir/1 #babc ! religi\s /rife pass+ into civil feud4 ,! secret ( ! special bitt]ness ( ,calv9i/ res5tm5t t[>ds ! s*ool ( ,arm9ius lay 9 ! fact t ! latt] endors$ "s ( ! mo/ gall+ ( ! ,ca?olic criticisms ( ,calv9ism4 ,arm9ius ,lat9iz$ "n ( ,jacob ,h>m5s5 or van ,h>m91 #aefj-afji1 pr(essor ( !ology at ,leyd5 0 p]sonally a man ( great amiability1 av]se to controv]sy1 b unable to reconcile ! ,calv9i/ view ( pr$e/9ation ) 8 own quasi-rational e?ic1 & conc]n$ to secure t ! dogma %\ld n be fa/5$ ^u all ,dut* ,prote/ants4 ,9 8 op9ion1 no effective answ] c\ld be made on ,calv9i/ l9es to ! argum5t ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9 #babd t f mu* ,calv9i/ doctr9e !re fl[$ ! consequ5ces3 ,god is ! au?or ( s92 ,god really s9s2 ,god is ! only s9n]2 s9 is no s9 at all4 #babe ,?is 0 sub/antially true2 & ,arm9ius1 l ,bell>m91 unable to see t ! ,calv9i/ position 0 simply a logical r$uction to moral absurdity ( all !i/ic e?ic1 s\ght safety 9 fre% dogmatic modifications4 ,( ^! ! ,calv9i/s1 9 turn1 c\ld easily demon/rate ! logical incoh]5ce2 & 9 a r+ ( dilemmas f :i* !re 0 no logical exit save into ,naturalism !re arose an exac]bat$ /rife1 z ( m5 jo/l+ ea* o!r 9 a prison :]e "s saw _! nom9al fri5ds 9 p>tial sympa?y ) _! deadly enemies1 :o je]$ at _! divisions4 ,! wond] is t ! *aos ( dispute & dogmatic t9k]+ :i* foll[$ did n m rapidly dis9tegrate fai?4 ,calv9i/s s\ght modifications "u /ress ( dialectic1 l _! pr$ecessors2 & ! high ,supralaps>ian doctr9e--! !ory ( ! c]ta9 reg5]ation or p]sev]ance ( ! sa9ts--%ad$ into ! ,creabilit>ian op9ion #babf & yet ano!r2 :ile ! ,sublaps>ian view claim$ also to safegu>d pr$e/9ation4 ,s long z m5 rema9$ 9 ! prim>y ,prote/ant temp]1 conv9c$ t !y possess$ 9 _! ,bibles an infallible revelation1 su* /rife c\ld b g5]ate new passion1 ev5 z x _h done on ! o!r irrational problem ( ! eu*>i/4 ,= m5 ( sane & peaceful disposition1 ! only modes ( peace 7 resignation & d\bt2 & 9 ! case ( ! d\bt]s ! fir/ intellectual movem5ts w\ld be ei!r back t[>ds ,rome #babg or fur!r on t[>ds deism4 ,! =m] c\rse w\ld be tak5 by "s :o _h w9c$ "u ! je]s ( ! ,ca?olics2 ! latt] by ! h>di] spirits :o judg$ ,ca?olicism = !mselves4 ,z mo/ ( ! fight+ _h be5 prim$ by & transact$ ov] texts1 ! surr5d] ( ! belief 9 an inspir$ scripture greatly r$uc$ ! friction2 & 9 ,holl& z else:]e deism w\ld be ?us spontane\sly g5]at$ 9 ! ,prote/ant atmosph]e4 ,a few w5t ev5 fur!r4 ,i h no d\bt t _m p]sons h secretly revolt$ f ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* to ! ,papi/s1 wrote ,uit5boga]t to ,vor/ius 9 #afac4 ,i firmly believe1 he add$1 t ,a!ism is creep+ by degrees into ! m9ds ( "s4 #babh ,:]e m]e ,arm9ianism c\ld br+ ,b>neveldt to ! block1 ev5 deism c\ld n be av[$2 & g5]ations _h to pass be=e x c\ld h ! semblance ( a p>ty2 b ! pro( ( ! new vogue ( unbelief lies 9 ! lab\r sp5t by ,grotius 7,hugo or ,huig van ,groot1 #aehc-afde7 on 8 treatise ,de ,v]itate ,religionis ,*ri/ian 7#afbg7--;a le>n$ & /r5u\s def5ce ( ! fai? :i* _h s lac]at$ 8 fa!rl&1 fir/ ?r\gh ! long /ruggle ) ,spa91 & aga9 9 ! feud ( ,arm9ians & ,calv9i/s4 ,:5 ,b>neveldt 0 put to dea?1 ,grotius _h be5 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t = life2 & x 0 only aft] ?ree ye>s ( ! dungeon t1 by ! fam\s /ratagem ( 8 wife1 he escap$ 9 #afba4 ,! fact t he devot$ 8 fre$om 9 ,france fir/ to 8 great treatise ,on ! ,law ( ,w> & ,peace 7#afbe71 seek+ to humanize ! civil life ( ! _w1 & next to 8 def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 is ! pro( ( 8 magnanimity2 b ! spectacle ( 8 life mu/ h done z mu* to set ?9k]s aga9/ ! :ole cre$ z 8 apologetic did to reconcile !m to x4 ,he1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,dut* s*ol> & ! *ief apologi/ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 8 day1 _h to seek refuge1 on 8 escape f prison1 9 ,ca?olic ,france1 ^: k+ grant$ him a p5sion4 ,! circum/ance :i* 9 ,holl& *iefly fav\r$ free?\ght1 ! fre$om ( ! press1 01 l ! great floresc5ce ( ! arts 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a result ( ! :ole social & political conditions1 n ( any ,prote/ant belief 9 free discussion4 ,t !re 7 free?9k]s 9 ,holl& 9 & be=e ,grotius's "t is impli$ 9 ! pa9s he took to def5d ,*ri/ianity2 b t !y exi/$ 9 despite & n by grace ( ! rul+ ,prote/antism is prov$ by ! fact t !y did n v5ture to publi% _! op9ions4 ,9 ,france1 d\btless1 he f\nd z mu* unbelief z he _h left beh9d4 ,9 ! end1 ,grotius & ,casaubon alike recoil$ f ! n>r[ ,prote/antism ar\nd !m1 :i* _h s sadly fail$ to realize _! hopes4 #babi ,9 #afdb ,grotius _h become :olly av]se to ! ,re=mation4 ,he ?\ght x _h done m h>m ?an good2 & _h he liv$ a few ye>s long] he w\ld probably h become a ,ca?olic4 #bacj #d4 ,,conclusion ,?us conc]n+ ! ,re=mation g5]ally we are oblig$ to confess t1 especially 9 ,g]many1 x soon p>t$ company ) free le>n+2 t x turn$ its back ^u culture2 t x lo/ itself 9 a maze ( arid !ological controv]sy2 t x held out no h& ( welcome to awak5+ sci5ce4 ,pres5tly we %all see t ! impulse to an enlight5$ /udy & criticism ( ! ,scriptures came *iefly f h]etical qu>t]s2 t ! unbeliev+ ,sp9oza & ! ,arm9ian ,le ,cl]c po9t$ ! way to inve/igations :i* ! great ,prote/ant sy/ematiz]s ?\ght nei!r necess>y nor useful4 ,ev5 at a lat] "t x has be5 ! div9es :o h mo/ l\dly decl>$ _! allegiance to ! !ology ( ! ,re=mation :o h also look$ mo/ askance at sci5ce1 & claim$ = _! /atem5ts an entire indep5d5ce ( mod]n k4 #baca ,9 f9e1 to look at ! ,re=mation by itself1 to judge x only by its !ological & ecclesia/ical developm5t1 is to pron\nce x a failure2 & ! claim t to consid] x z "p ( a g5]al movem5t ( ,european ?\ght 444 is at once to v9dicate its pa/ & to promise x ! future--?is am\nts m]ely to av[+ ! same ?+4 ,only z an eddy 9 ! movem5t ( free?\ght is ! ,re=mation intellectually significant4 ,politically x is a great illu/ration ( ! pot5cy ( economic =ces4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! ,re=mation 9 itself ?us did little = ! _s ( free?\ght1 sub/itut+ z x did ! arbitr>y /&>d ( revelation = ! n m arbitr>y /&>d ( papal au?ority1 x set up outside its own sph]e "s new movem5ts ( rational d\bt :i* mu/ h c\nt$ = mu* 9 ! succe$+ p]iod4 ,x 0 n m]ely t1 z we %all see1 ! bloody /rifes ( ! two ,*ur*es1 & ! qu>rels ( ! ,prote/ant sects among !mselves1 sick5$ _m ?\ghtful m5 ( ! :ole subject ( !ology2 b t ! disputes betwe5 ,romani/s & anti-,romani/s rais$ difficult que/ions z to ! bases ( all k9ds ( belief4 ,z always happ5s :5 e/abli%$ beliefs are long attack$1 ! subtl] spirits 9 ! cons]vative int]e/ aft] a "t beg9 putt+ 9 d\bt beliefs ( e species2 a me?od (t5 successful ) ^? :o _c c>ry an argum5t to its logical conclusions1 & :o are ?us l$ to seek h>b\r 9 :atev] cr$5ce is on ! :ole mo/ conv5i5t2 b "o :i* puts /rong] spirits on ! reconsid]ation ( all _! op9ions4 ,?us we %all f9d1 n only 9 ! skepticism ( ,montaigne1 :i* is hi/orically a product ( ! w>s ( religion 9 ,france1 b 9 ! m sy/ematic & m cauti\s argum5tation ( ! abl] ,prote/ants ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a measure ( g5]al rationalism mu* m fav\rable alike to natural sci5ce & to ,biblical & e?ical criticism ?an _h be5 ! old] environm5t ( au?ority & tradition1 brutal sac]dotalism1 & idolatr\s fai?4 ,m5 cont9u$ to hate ea* o!r religi\sly = trifles1 to qu>rel ov] ge/ures & ve/ures1 & to wrangle endlessly ov] worn-out dogmas2 b )al new & vital h]esies 7 set on foot2 new sci5ce g5]at$ new d\bt2 & "u ! %ad[ ( ! ag+ tree ( !ology !re began to appe> ! gr[?s ( a new era4 ,z ,prote/antism _h come outside ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 re>+ its own tab]nacles1 s free?\ght came outside bo?1 scann+ ) a deep5$ int5tness ! univ]se ( ?+s4 ,& ?us began a m vital innovation ?an t divid+ ! ,re=mation f ! ,r5aissance1 or ev5 t divid+ ! ,r5aissance f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,mod]n ,,free?\ght #a4 ,,! ,,italian ,,influ5ce ,! negative be>+ ( ! ,re=mation on free?\ght is made cle> by ! hi/oric fact t ! new curr5ts ( ?\ght :i* broadly m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n _s arose 9 its despite1 & d]ive orig9ally f outside its sph]e4 ,x is to ,italy1 :]e ! political & social conditions ?us f> t5d$ to fru/rate ! ,inquisition1 t we trace ! rise alike ( mod]n deism1 mod]n ,unit>ianism1 mod]n pan!ism1 mod]n physics1 & ! t5d5cy to rational a!ism4 ,! dei/ic way ( ?9k+1 ( c\rse1 prevail$ long be=e x got t "n2 & besides ! vogue ( ,av]rosm we h not$ ! virtual deism ( ,m's ,utopia 7#aeaf74 ,! fir/ explicit m5tion ( deism not$ by ,bayle1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! epi/le d$icatory to ! second & exp&$ edition ( ! ,in/ruction ,*rti5ne ( ! ,swiss ,prote/ant ,viret 7#aefc71 :]e pr(ess$ dei/s are spok5 ( z a new species be>+ a new "n4 ,on ! admission ( ,viret1 :o 0 ! fri5d & bitt] disciple ( ,calv91 !y reject$ all reveal$ religion1 b call$ !mselves dei/s by way ( repudiat+ a!ism2 "s keep+ a belief 9 immortality1 "s reject+ x4 ,9 ! !ological mann] he goes on to call !m all execrable a!i/s1 & to say t he has add$ to 8 treatise on _! acc\nt an exposition ( natural religion gr\nd$ on ! ,book ( ,nature2 /ultify+ himself by go+ on to say t he has also dealt ) ! pr(ess$ a!i/s4 #bacb ,( ! dei/s he admits t among !m 7 m5 ( ! highe/ repute = sci5ce & le>n+4 ,?us )9 t5 ye>s ( ! burn+ ( ,s]vetus we f9d privately av[$ deism & a!ism 9 ! area ( ,fr5*-speak+ ,prote/antism4 ,d\btless ! spectacle ( ,prote/ant feuds & me?ods w\ld g f> to fo/] su* unbelief2 b ?\gh1 z we h se51 !re 7 aggressive ,unit>ians 9 ,g]many be=e #aecj1 :o1 be+ s*ol>s1 may or may n h drawn on ,italian ?\ght1 !reaft] !re is reason to look to ,italy z ! s\rce ( ! propag&a4 ,!nce came ! two ,sozz9i1 ! f\nd]s ( ,soc9ianism1 ( :om ,lelio1 ! uncle ( ,fau/o1 travell$ mu* 9 nor!rn ,europe 7includ+ ,engl&7 betwe5 #aedf & #aeeb4 #bacc ,z ! e>li] doctr9e ( ,s]vetus %[s cle> aff9ities to t ( ! ,sozz9i1 & 8 e>li] books 7 mu* read 9 ,italy betwe5 #aecb & #aedj1 he may well h giv5 !m _! impulse4 #bacd ,x is evid5tly to ,s]vetus t ,zan*i ref]r$ :5 he wrote to ,bull+] 9 #aefe t ,spa9 bore ! h5s1 ,italy hat*$ ! eggs1 & we n[ he> ! *ick5s pip+4 #bace ,be=e ,soc9ianism _h tak5 =m x 0 l$ up to1 z we h se51 9 ! lat] writ+s ( ! ex-monk ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o 7#adhg-aefd71 :o1 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( a mu* *equ]$ c>e]1 comb9$ my/ical & ,unit>ian t5d5cies ) a lean+ to polygamy & fre$om ( divorce4 #bacf ,8 influ5ce 0 consid]able among ! ,swiss ,prote/ants1 ?\gh !y f9ally expell$ him = 8 h]esies4 ,f ,g5eva or f ,france1 9 turn1 app>5tly came "s ( ! ,engli% free?\ght ( ! middle p]iod ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 #bacg = 9 #aefb ,speak] ,williams 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 a li/ ( misbeliev]s1 speaks ( ,pelagians1 ,lib]t9es1 ,papi/s1 & su* o!rs1 leav+ ,god's comm&m5ts to foll[ _! own traditions1 affections1 & m9ds #bach--us+ !ologically ! =eign t]m1 :i* nev] became naturaliz$ 9 ,engli% 9 its =eign s5se4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #aefc1 aga91 t ,rog] ,as*am wrote 8 ,s*olema/]1 :]e9 are angrily describ$1 z a species new 9 ,engl&1 m5 :o1 :]e !y d>e1 scorn bo? ,prote/ant & ,papi/1 reject+ scripture1 & c\nt+ ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies z fables4 #baci ,he describes !m z a!oi 9 doctr9e2 add+1 ?is la/ ^w is no m unkn[ne n[ to plane ,engli%e m5 ?an ! ,p]son 0 unkn[n somtyme 9 ,engl&1 untill "s ,engli%e man took pe9es to fet* t develi% op9ion out ( ,italie4 #badj ,! :ole t5d5cy he connects 9 a g5]al way ) ! issue ( _m new translations f ! ,italian1 m5tion+ 9 p>ticul> ,petr>* & ,boccaccio4 ,among good ,prote/ants 8 view 0 g5]al2 & s ,"l ,burghley 9 8 ,advice to 8 ,son writes3 ,suff] n ?y sons to pass ! ,alps1 = !y %all le>n no?+ !re b pride1 blasphemy1 & a!ism4 ,z x happ5$1 8 gr&son ! second ,e>l ( ,exet]1 & 8 great-gr&son ,"l ,roos1 w5t to ,rome1 & became n a!i/s b ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,su* episodes %\ld rem9d u t 9 t age ( ignorance & sup]/ition ! ,*ur* _h always an imm5se advantage4 ,^? :o1 l ,g5tillet 9 8 rag+ ,disc\rs1 commonly kn[n z ! ,contre-,ma*iavel 7#aegf71 ascrib$ to a!ism & ! tea*+ ( ,ma*iavelli all ! crimes & oppressions wr\ght by ,ca?olics1 #bada 7 ludicr\sly p]v]t+ ! facts4 ,massacres 9 *ur*es1 :i* are cit$ by ,g5tillet z impossible to believ+ ,ca?olics1 7 wr\ght1 z we h se51 on ! l>ge/ scale by ! ,*ur* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,s1 :5 ,scalig] calls ! ,italians ( 8 day a set ( a!i/s1 we are to und]/& x r ( ! hypocrisy ?an ( ! pr(ess$ skepticism ( ! "t4 #badb ,b rationalism & semi-rationalism did prevail 9 ,italy m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 #badc ,l ! old ,av]rosm1 ! new pieti/ic ,unit>ianism p]si/$ 9 ,italy & radiat$ !nce afre% :5 x _h flagg$ 9 o!r l&s4 ,! explod$ ,unit>ian tradition #badd runs t ! doctr9e arose 9 ! ye> #aedf among a gr\p ( m ?an =ty le>n$ m5 :o 7 wont to assemble 9 secret at ,vic5za1 ne> ,v5ice4 ,claudius ( ,savoy1 h[ev]1 emphatically gave out 8 anti-,tr9it>ian doctr9e at ,b]ne 9 #aecd1 aft] hav+ be5 imprison$ at ,/rasburg & bani%$ !nce2 #bade & ,o*9o & ,lelio ,sozz9i left ,italy 9 #aedc4 ,b !re seems to h be5 a cont9u\s evolution ( ,unit>ian h]esy 9 ! s\? aft] ! ,g]man movem5t _h ceas$4 ,giorgio ,bi&rata1 :om we h se5 fly+ to ,pol& f ,g5eva1 _h be5 seiz$ by ! ,inquisition at ,pavia = su* op9ion4 ,/ill x p]si/$4 ,9 #aefb ,giulio ,guirl&o ( ,treviso1 & 9 #aeff ,francesco ,saga ( ,rovigo1 7 burn$ at ,v5ice = anti-,tr9it>ianism4 ,giacomo ,aconzio too1 :o d$icat$ 8 ,/ratagems ( ,satan 7,basel1 #aefe7 to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & :o plead$ notably = ! tol]ation ( h]esy1 #badf 0 a decid$ latitud9>ian4 #badg ,x is rem>kable t ! :ole f]m5t occurs 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 & ! subjection ( ,italy1 :5 ! papacy 0 mak+ its great ef=t to recov] its gr\nd4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! compulsory peace :i* _h n[ fall5 on ,italian life m5's ?\ghts turn$ m ?an ev] to m5tal problems1 z _h happ5$ 9 ,greece aft] ! rise ( ,alex&]'s empire4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 outw>dly supreme2 ! ,jesuits _h already begun to d great ?+s = education2 #badh ! reviv$ ,inquisition 0 ev]y:]e 9 ,italy2 its prisons1 z we h se51 7 cr[d$ ) victims ( all grades dur+ a :ole g5]ation2 ,pius ,v & ! hi]>*y ev]y:]e s\ght to en=ce decorum 9 life2 ! pagan academies =m$ on ! ,flor5t9e model 7 dissolv$2 & classic culture rapidly decay$ ) ! arts1 :ile cl]ical le>n+ fl\ri%$1 #badi & a new religi\s music began ) ,pale/r9a4 ,yet on ! dea? ( ,paul ,,iv ! ,roman populace burn$ ! ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition to ! gr\nd & ca/ ! pope's /atue into ! ,tib]2 #baej & 9 t age 7#aedh7 0 born ,giordano ,bruno1 "o ( ! types ( mod]n free?\ght4 ,! great s]vice ( ,italy to mod]n free?\ght1 h[ev]1 0 to come lat]1 9 respect ( ! impulse giv5 to ! sci5tific _s by ,bruno1 ,van9i1 & ,galileo4 ,on ! philosophical or critical side1 ! ,italy ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury left no endur+ m>k on ,european ?\ght1 ?\gh h] s]i\s writ]s 7 num]\s4 ,aconzio _h publi%$1 be=e 8 ,de ,/ratagematibus ,satan1 a treatise ,de ,me?odo1 sive recta inve/ig&>um trad5d>umque sci5ti>um ratione 7,basel1 #aeeh71 :]e9 he pleads /r5u\sly = a true logical me?od z ! "o way to real k ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is he anticipates ,bacon1 z did1 /ill e>li]1 ,m>io ,nizolio 9 8 ,antib>b>us sive de v]is pr9cipiis et v]a ratione philosoph&i contra pseudo-philosophos 7,p>ma1 #aeec74 ,nizolio's ma9 ef=t is t[>ds ! discr$it+ ( ,ari/otle1 :om1 l s _m 9 ! g5]ation foll[+1 he reg>d$ z ! great bulw>k ( s*ola/ic obscurantism4 ,he insi/s t all k mu/ proce$ f s5sation1 :i* alone has imm$iate c]ta9ty2 & ?us /&s = direct sci5tific obs]vation z aga9/ tradition & v]balism4 ,b ,ludovicus ,vives _h be=e him 79 8 ,de causis corrupt>um artium1 ,antw]p1 #aeca7 claim$ t ! true ,ari/otelian w5t direct to nature1 z ,ari/otle himself _h done2 & ,nizolio did no?+ 9 practical sci5ce to sub/antiate 8 polemic aga9/ ! logic-*opp]s4 ,he & ,aconzio 9 effect cancel ea* o!r4 ,ea* _h glimps$ a tru?1 "o see+ ! ne$ = a "r me?od 9 inf]5ce1 ! o!r prote/+ aga9/ ! idea t ab/ract reason+ c\ld lead to k2 b nei!r made good 8 argum5t by any treasure trove ( fact4 ,ano!r writ] ( ! same decade1 ,gomez ,p]eira1 jo9$ 9 ! revolt aga9/ ,ari/otelianism1 publi%+ 9 #aeed 8 ,m>g>ita ,antoniana1 :]e91 9 advance ( ,desc>tes1 he ma9ta9$ ! abs5ce ( s5sation 9 brutes4 #baea ,= ! re/1 he *ampion$ fre$om 9 speculation1 d5y+ t au?ority %\ld avail save 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,b he too fail$ to br+ =? fruits meet = fre$om4 ,nei!r by ab/ract exposition ( "r me?ods ( reason+1 nor by ab/ract attacks on wrong me?ods1 c\ld any vital impulse yet be giv5 to ?\ght4 ,:at 0 lack+ 0 ! use ( reason ^u actual problems1 :e!r ( human or ( natural sci5ce4 ,all ! :ile ,europe 0 an*or$ to anci5t delusion1 hi/orical & sci5tific4 ,ev5 z ! horrors ( age-long religi\s w> c\ld alone drive m5 to some?+ l tol]ation 9 ! religi\s life1 !re 0 ne$$ ! impact ( actual discov]y to w9 !m to sci5ce z aga9/ s*ola/icism4 ,& rational ?9k+ on ! religion :i* resi/$ all new sci5ce 0 to be /ill lat] ( atta9m5t1 save = ! nameless m5 :o ?r\gh\t ! ages ( fai? reject$ ! cre$s )\t publi%+ _! unbelief4 ,( ^! ,italy _h always a l>ge spr9kl+4 #b4 ,,spa9 ,! fact t sixte5?-c5tury ,spa9 c\ld be *>g$1 on ! score ( ,s]vetus1 ) produc+ ! h5 ( ,soc9ianism1 is an important rem9d] ( ! p]petuity ( v>iation & ( ! fatality ( environm5t4 ,! ,portuguese ,san*ez1 :om we %all f9d lay+ new pot5tial f\ndations ( skepticism 9 ,france alongside ( ,montaigne1 c\ld nei!r h acquir$ nor prop\nd$ 8 philosophy 9 8 native l&4 ,b x is to be not$ t an eld] contempor>y ( ,san*ez1 liv+ & dy+ 9 ,spa91 0 able1 9 ! g5]ation aft] ,s]vetus1 to make a real contribution to ! revival ( free?\ght1 albeit "u %elt] ( a firm pr(ession ( or?odoxy4 ,no book ( ! k9d1 p]haps1 _h a wid] ,european popul>ity ?an ! ,exam5 de ,+5ios p>a las ci5cias ( ,hu>te de ,san ,juan1 o!rwise ,juan ,hu>te y ,nav>ro 7c4 #aecj-aeib74 ,l ,s]vetus & ,san*ez & _m ano!r1 ,hu>te _h 8 bias to reason fo/]$ by a m$ical tra9+2 & x is z a natural philosoph] t he /&s = a rational /udy ( causation4 ,z a pione] ( exact sci5ce1 inde$1 he c\nts = next to no?+4 ,tak+ z 8 special !me ! div]g5ces ( human faculty1 he does b f\nd himself on ! priori sy/em ( hum\rs & temp]atures pass$ on by ,ari/otle to ,gal5 & ,hippocrates1 inconsi/5tly affirm+ on ! "o h& t ! *>act]s n only ( :ole nations b ( ! inhabitants ( prov9ces are det]m9$ by _! special climates & alim5ts1 & on ! o!r h& t individual faculty is det]m9$ by ! proportions ( hot & cold1 moi/ & dry temp]atures 9 ! p>5ts4 ,ap>t f 8 insi/5ce on ! functions ( ! bra91 & f broadly rational deliv]ances z to ! k9ds ( faculty :i* det]m9e success 9 !ology & law1 arms & arts1 8 sci5ce is naught4 ,deal+ ) an obscure problem1 he br\ght to x none ( ! exact inductiv5ess :i* alone _h yield$ true k 9 ! simpl] field ( a/ronomy4 ,9 virtue1 h[ev]1 ei!r ( 8 confid5ce 9 affirmation or ( 8 /& = rational inquiry1 or ( bo?1 ,hu>te's book1 publi%$ 9 #aege1 w5t ! r\nd ( ,europe4 ,translat$ into ,italian 9 #aehb 7or e>li]2 new r5d]+ #afjj71 x 0 !nce r5d]$ into ,engli% by ,ri*>d ,c>ew 9 #aeid4 #baeb ,a ,fr5* v]sion appe>$ 9 #aeih1 & two o!rs 9 #affa & #afga4 ,a lat] ,engli% translation1 f ! orig9al1 0 produc$ 9 #afih2 & ,less+ ?\ght ! book wor? putt+ into ,g]man 9 #aghe4 ,! rationali/ic importance ( ,hu>te lies 9 8 insi/5ce on ! /udy ( second causes & 8 prote/ aga9/ ! burk+ ( all inquiry by a ref]5ce to deity4 ,on ?is head he anticipates mu* ( ! polemic ( ,bacon4 ,! explanation ( all processes & ph5om5a by ! w ( ,god1 he obs]ves1 is s anci5t a mann] ( talk1 & ! natural philosoph]s h s (t5 refut$ x1 t ! seek+ to take ! same away 7 sup]flu\s1 nei!r is x conv5i5t4444 ,b ,i h (t5 gone ab\t to consid] ! reason & ! cause :5ce x may gr[ t ! vulg> sort is s great fri5d to impute all ?+s to ,god1 & to reave !m f ,nature1 & d s abhor ! natural means4 #baec ,8 solution is ! impati5ce ( m5 ov] ! complexity ( ,nature1 _! spiritual arrogance1 _! indol5ce1 & _! piety4 ,= himself1 he pron\nces1 z ,middleton did 9 ,engl& ne>ly two c5turies lat]1 t ,god do? no long] ^? unwont$ ?+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & ! reason is1 = t on 8 behalf he ha? p]=m$ all necess>y dilig5ce t m5 might n pret5d ignorance4 ,& to ?9k t he w beg9 anew to d ! l miracles 444 is an error v great4444 ,god speaks once 7sai? ,job7 & turns n to a second replial4 #baed ,only ?us c\ld ! pr9ciple ( natural causation be affirm$ 9 ! ,spa9 ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,hu>te is c>eful to affirm miracles :ile d5y+ _! recurr5ce2 & ?r\gh\t he writes z a good ,scripturi/ & ,ca?olic4 ,b he /icks to 8 naturali/ !sis t ,nature makes able1 & av[s t natural philosoph]s laugh at su* z say1 ,?is is ,god's do+1 )\t assign+ ! ord] & disc\rse ( ! p>ticul> causes :5ce !y may spr+4 #baee ,! fact t ! book 0 d$icat$ to ,philip tells ( royal protection1 )\t :i* ! au?or c\ld h>dly h escap$ ! ,inquisition4 ,ye>s aft]1 we %all f9d ,lilly 9 ,engl& prote/+ on ! /age aga9/ ! conception ( ,natura naturans2 & ,bacon p[]fully reaffirm+ ,hu>te's doctr9e1 ) ! same res]vations4 ,! ,spani>d mu/ h c\nt$ = some?+ z a plead] = elem5t>y reason1 if ,bacon did4 ,b ?is is practically ! only important contribution f ,spa9 to ! intellectual r5asc5ce !n go+ on 9 ,europe4 ,z we h se51 x 0 n t ,spani>ds _h any primordial bias to dogmatism & p]secution3 x 0 simply t _! :ole socio-political evolution1 l>gely det]m9$ by ,spani% discov]y & dom9ion 9 ! ,new ,_w1 set up in/itutions & =ces :i* became specially p[]ful to /amp out free?\ght4 ,! "w ( progress 0 done 9 l&s :]e lack ( ext]nal dom9ion left on ! "o h& a great] fund ( v>iant en]gy1 & on ! o!r made = a less] p[] ( repression on ! "p ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 #c4 ,,france ,:ile ,italy cont9ues to be reput$ ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury a hotb$ ( free?9k+1 /yl$ a!ism1 x appe>s to h be5 9 ,france1 alongside ( ! w>s ( religion1 t positive unbelief1 z di/9ct f scripturali/ ,unit>ianism1 made mo/ new headway among laym54 ,x 0 9 ,france t ! =ces ( *ange _h greate/ play4 ,! m]e contact ) ,italy :i* began ) ! invasion ( ,*>les ,,vii 9 #adid meant a manifold moral & m5tal influ5ce1 affect+ ,fr5* lit]ature & life alike2 & ! age ( /rife & de/ruction :i* set 9 ) ! fir/ ,hugu5ot w>s c\ld n b be "o ( disillusionm5t = multitudes ( s]i\s m54 ,we h se5 z mu* 9 ! "w ( ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s & ,rabelais2 b ! spread ( radical unbelief is to be trac$1 z is usual 9 ! ages ( fai?1 by ! books writt5 aga9/ x4 ,already 9 #aeeb we h se5 ,guillaume ,po/ell publi%+ 8 book1 ,contra ,a!os4 #baef ,unbelief increas+1 !re is publi%$ 9 #aefd an ,a!oma*ie by "o ,de ,b\rgeville2 b ! ,massacre mu/ h gone f> to fru/rate him4 ,9 #aeha appe>s ano!r ,a!oma*ie1 ou rfutation des erreurs et impits des ,a?i/es1 ,lib]t9s1 etc41 issu$ at ,g5eva1 b be>+ mu* on ,fr5* life2 & 9 ! same ye> is issu$ ! long-"t popul> "w ( ! ,hugu5ot ,philippe de ,mornay1 ,de la vrit de la religion ,*re/i5ne1 ,contre les ,a?es1 ,epicuri5s1 ,pay5s1 ,juifs1 ,mahum$i/es1 et autres ,infidles4 #baeg ,9 bo? ! ,epi/le ,d$icatory 7to ,h5ry ( ,nav>re7 & ! ,preface ! au?or speaks ( ! great multiplication ( unbelief1 ! refutation ( :i* he decl>es to be m ne$ful among ,*ri/ians ?an x ev] _h be5 among ! hea!n4 ,b1 l mo/ ( ! writ]s aga9/ a!ism 9 t age1 he decl>es #baeh t !re are no a!i/s save a few "y fools & utt]ly bad m51 :o turn to ,god z soon z !y fall sick4 ,! reput$ a!i/s ( antiquity are v9dicat$ z hav+ d5i$ n ! pr9ciple ( deity b ! false ,gods ( _! age--?is aft] ! univ]sality ( a belief 9 ,gods 9 all ages _h be5 cit$ z "o ( ! prim>y pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is fa%ion is compil$ a book ( n9e hundr$ pages1 o/5sibly = ! confutation ( a few fools & knaves1 describ$ z unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,evid5tly ! unbelief ( de ,mornay's day 0 a m vigor\s gr[? ?an he affect$ to ?9k2 & 8 volum9\s p]=mance 0 foll[$ by o!rs4 ,9 #aehf1 ,*ri/ophe ,*effonta9es publi%$ 8 ,epitome nov illu/rationis ,*ri/ianae ,fidei adv]sus ,impios1 ,lib]t9os et ,a!os2 & /ill skepticism ga9$ gr\nd1 hav+ f\nd new abettors4 ,fir/ came ! ,portuguese ,francisco ,san*ez 7#aeeb-afbc871 born 9 ,portugal1 b br\ght z a *ild to ,bordeaux1 :i* seems to h be5 a place ( refuge = _m fugitive h]etics f bo? sides ( ! ,p59sula4 ,san*ez has record$ t 9 8 e>ly y\? he _h no bias to incr$ulity ( any k9d2 b at "s /age ( 8 adolesc5ce he travell$ 9 ,italy & sp5t "s "t at ,rome4 ,! result 0 n t special disbelief 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 prov]bially apt to foll[1 b a developm5t on 8 "p ( philosophic skepticism prop]ly s-call$1 :i* f\nd expression 9 a ,lat9 treatise entitl$ ,quod ,nihil ,scitur--,t ,no?+ is ,kn[n4 ,compos$ z e>ly z #aegf1 9 ! au?or's tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 ! book 0 n publi%$ till #aeha1 a ye> aft] ! fir/ issue ( ! ,essais ( ,montaigne4 ,x is natural to surmise t :ile ,san*ez 0 at ,bordeaux he may h kn[n some?+ ( 8 fam\s contempor>y2 b ?\gh ,montaigne is likely to h read ! ,quod ,nihil ,scitur 9 due c\rse1 he n[h]e speaks ( x2 & 9 #aegf ,san*ez 0 a ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,montpelli]1 !n a t[n ( ,hugu5ot lean+s4 ,soon he left x = ,t\l\se1 ! hotb$ ( ,ca?olic fanaticism1 :]e he contriv$ to live out 8 long life 9 peace1 despite 8 production ( a ,pyrrhoni/ treatise & ( a rem>kable ,lat9 poem 7#aegh7 on ! comet ( #aegg4 ,! ,quod ,nihil ,scitur is a skeptical flank attack on curr5t sci5ce1 9 no way animadv]t+ on religion1 z to :i* he pr(ess$ or?odoxy3 ! poem is a frontal attack on ! :ole cre$ ( a/rology1 !n commonly held by ,av]ro/s & ,ari/otelians1 z well z by or?odox ,ca?olics4 ,yet he seems nev] to h be5 mole/$4 ,x w\ld seem z if a skepticism :i* o/5sibly disall[$ all claims to natural k1 :ile av[$ly recogniz+ spiritual1 0 !n z lat] ?\ght to make r = fai? ?an aga9/ x4 ,t su* virtual ,pyrrhonism z t ( ,san*ez c ev] h m9i/]$ to religi\s zeal is n inde$ to be suppos$3 x is r z a weapon aga9/ ! confid5ce ( ! ,naturali/ t ! skeptical me?od has always recomm5d$ itself to ! calculat+ prie/4 ,& inasmu* z a/rology c\ld be1 & 01 held by a non-religi\s !ory1 ?\gh _m ,*ri/ians add$ x to _! cre$1 a polemic aga9/ t 0 ! lea/ dang]\s =m ( rationaliz+ !n possible4 ,at all times !re _h be5 prie/s :o s reason$1 ?\gh1 z we h se5 9 deal+ ) ! m5 ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 ! belief 9 a/ral influ5ces is too closely ak9 to ! ma9 l9e ( religi\s tradition to be capable ( ejection on religi\s gr\nds4 ,) 8 ho/ility to cr$ul\s hopes & fe>s 9 ! sph]e ( ,nature1 ,san*ez is naturally reg>d$ z a =]unn] & help] ( free?\ght4 ,b !re is no?+ to %[ t 8 "w _h any effect 9 und]m9+ ! mo/ =midable ( all ! false beliefs ( ,*ri/5dom4 #baei ,l s _m o!rs ( 8 age1 he fl\t$ ,ari/otelean s*ola/icism1 b 0 p]=ce sil5t z to ! v]balisms & sophi/ries ( simple !ology4 ,x may fairly be inf]r$ t 8 poem on ! comet ( #aegg help$ to create t curr5t ( reason$ disbelief #bafj :i* we f9d ?r[+ up almo/ id5tical expressions 9 ,montaigne1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,molire1 #bafa conc]n+ ! folly ( connect+ ! />s ) human affairs4 ,b a skepticism :i* left unt\*$ ! ma9 matt] ( ! cre$s c\ld n affect conduct 9 g5]al2 & :ile ,san*ez pass$ un*eck$ ! wat*dogs ( ! ,inquisition1 ! fi]y ,bruno & ,van9i 7 9 8 day to meet _! fi]y dea? at its h&s--! latt] 9 ,t\l\se1 p]haps "u ! eyes ( ,san*ez4 ,hav+ resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip ( m$ic9e1 he seems to h liv$ to a ripe age1 dy+ 9 #afbc4 ,probably ^? v dea?s avail$ m = ! r\s+ ( critical ?\ght ?an did ! dialectic ( ! ,pyrrhoni/4 ,to ! life ( ! reason may ) p]fect accuracy be appli$ ! claim s (t5 made = t ( religion--t x fe$s on feel+ & is root$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,revolt f ! cruelties & follies ( fai? plays a great "p 9 ! hi/ory ( free?\ght4 ,9 ! greate/ ,fr5* writ] ( t age1 a pr(ess$ ,ca?olic1 b 9 mature life av]se alike to ,ca?olic & to ,prote/ant bigotry1 ! %ock ( ! ,massacre ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew c be se5 dis9tegrat+ once = all ! _s ( fai?4 ,montaigne typifies ! k9d ( skepticism produc$ 9 an unsci5tific age by ! practical demon/ration t religion c avail immeasurably m = evil ?an = good4 #bafb ,a few ye>s be=e ! ,massacre he _h translat$ = 8 dy+ fa!r #bafc ! old ,!ologia ,naturalis ( ,raymond ( ,sebonde2 & we "k f ! lat] ,apology 9 ! ,essays t free?9k+ contempor>ies decl>$ ! argum5t ( ,raymond to be :olly insuffici5t4 #bafd ,x is cle> f ! same essay t ,montaigne felt z mu*2 ?\gh ! gi/ ( 8 polemic is a vehem5t attack ^u all =ms ( confid5t op9ion1 religi\s & anti-religi\s alike4 ,9 reply+ to argum5ts ( s opposite a t5\r1 ,montaigne leaves ,*ri/ianity1 z well z ,raimond ,sebonde1 )\t a leg to /& ^u4 ,he demoli%es ! argum5ts ( ,sebonde ) ! re/ ( human presumption1 & all[s ,*ri/ianity1 nei!r held by fai? nor provable by reason1 to fall betwe5 ! two /ools4 #bafe ,! tru? is t ,montaigne's skepticism 0 ! product ( a m5tal evolution spread ov] at lea/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 8 y\? 8 vivid temp]am5t kept him bo? cr$ul\s & fanatical1 s mu* s t 9 #aefb he took ! reckless oa? prescrib$ by ! ,ca?olic ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is4 ,z he av[s ) 8 incomp>able c&\r1 he _h be5 9 _m ?+s peculi>ly susceptible to outside influ5ces1 be+ always ready to respond to ! late/ pressure2 #baff & ! k ( 8 susceptibility made him self-di/ru/ful4 ,b gradually he f\nd himself4 ,beg9n+ to recoil f ! f]ocities & iniquities ( ! ,league1 he yet rema9$ = a "t hotly anti-,prote/ant2 & x seems to h be5 8 dislike ( ,prote/ant criticism t l$ him to run amuck aga9/ reason1 at ! co/ ( ov]?r[+ ! treatise he _h set out to def5d4 ,! common end ( su* petulant skepticism is a plunge into uneasy yet unreason+ fai?2 b1 ?\gh ,montaigne pr(ess$ ,ca?olicism to ! end1 ! %e] wick$ness ( ! ,ca?olic policy made x impossible = him to hold s9c]ely to ! cre$ any m ?an to ! cause4 #bafg ,above all ?+s he hat$ cruelty4 #bafh ,x 0 ! ,massacre t f9ally made ,montaigne r5\nce public life2 #bafi x mu/ h affect$ likewise 8 work+ philosophy4 ,t philosophy 0 n1 inde$1 an orig9al con/ruction3 he f\nd x to 8 h& p>tly 9 ! deism ( 8 fav\rite ,s5eca2 p>tly 9 ! /oical e?ic ( ,epictetus1 !n s mu* appreciat$ 9 ,france2 & p>tly 9 ! ,hypotyposes ( ,sextus ,empiricus1 ( :i* ! ,lat9 translation is kn[n to h be5 among 8 books2 f :i* he took sev]al ( ! mottoes inscrib$ on 8 libr>y ceil+1 #bagj & f :i* he frequ5tly quotes t[>ds ! end ( 8 ,apology4 ,! body ( ideas compact$ on ^! bases _c be call$ a sy/em3 x 0 n 9 ,montaigne's nature to frame a logical s*eme ( ?\ght2 & he 0 f> f be+ ! philosophic skeptic he set out to be #baga by way ( conf\nd+ at once ! bigots & ! a!i/s4 ,he 0 ess5tially ondoyant et div]s1 z he freely admitt$4 ,z he put x 9 a passage add$ to ! lat] editions ( ! ,essais1 #bagb he 0 a k9d ( mtis1 belong+ nei!r to ! camp ( ignorant fai? nor to t ( philosophic conviction1 :e!r believ+ or unbeliev+4 ,he e>ly av[s t1 _h he writt5 :at he ?\ght & knew ( ! affairs ( 8 times1 he w\ld h publi%$ judgm5ts mon gr mesme et selon raison1 9 8 op9ion true & reasonable1 b illgitimes et punissables4 #bagc ,aga91 :atsoev] is beyond ! compass ( cu/om1 we deem likewise to be beyond ! compass ( reason1 ,god kn[s h[ unreasonably1 = ! mo/ "p4 #bagd ,yet 9 ! next brea? he w exclaim at ^? :o dem& *anges4 ,(t5 he comm5ts ke5ly on ! incr$ible read9ess ( m5 to g to w> ov] trifles2 b 9 ano!r mood he accuses ! nobility ( 8 day ( unwill+ness to take up arms except ^u "s urg5t & extreme necessity4 #bage ,9 ! same page he w tell u t he is easily c>ri$ away by ! ?rong1 & t he is yet n v easy to *ange1 =somu* z ,i p]ceive a l weakness 9 contr>y op9ions4 #bagf ,i am v easily to be direct$ by ! _w's public ord]1 #bagg is ! up%ot ( 8 easy m$itations4 ,& a con=mi/ he rema9$ 9 practice to ! la/1 always be>+ himself dutifully t[>ds ,"m ,*ur*1 & g5]ally obs]v+ ! proprieties1 ?\gh he confesses t he made x a consci5ce to eat fle% ^u a fi% day4 #bagh ,8 con=mities1 v]bal & practical1 h set c]ta9 ,ca?olics ^u prov+ 8 or?odoxy1 ?\gh 8 ,essays are actually prohibit$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,a ,b5$ict9e1 ,dom ,devi5ne1 publi%$ 9 #aggc a ,diss]tation sur la ,religion de ,montaigne1 ( :i* ! ma9 pleas are t ! ,essais (t5 affirm ! div9ity ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 t ! essayi/ receiv$ ! fre$om ( ! city ( ,rome "u ! eyes ( ! pope2 & t 8 epitaph decl>$ 8 or?odoxy6 ,a g5]ation lat]1 "o ,lab\d]ie und]took to set =? ,le ,*ri/ianisme de ,montaigne 9 a volume ( #fjj pages 7#ahai74 ,?is apologi/ has ! c\rage to face ! prote/ ( ,pascal3 ,montaigne puts ev]y?+ 9 a d\bt s univ]sal & s g5]al t1 d\bt+ ev5 :e!r he d\bts1 8 unc]ta9ty turns ^u itself 9 a p]petual & unre/+ circle4444 ,x is 9 ?is d\bt :i* d\bts ( itself1 & 9 ?is ignorance :i* is ignorant ( itself1 t ! ess5ce ( 8 op9ion consi/s4444 ,9 a ^w1 he is a pure ,pyrrhoni/ 7,p5ses1 supp4 to ,pt4 i1 art4 #aa74 ,! reply ( ! apologi/ is t ,montaigne nev] ext5ds 8 skepticism to revelation1 b on ! contr>y decl>es t revelation alone gives man c]ta9ties 7"w cit$1 p4 #abg74 ,t is ( c\rse m]ely ! device ( a hundr$ skeptics ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ! old %ibbole? ( a tw(old tru? modifi$ by a special disp>agem5t ( reason1 ) no attempt to meet ! rejo9d] t1 if reason has no c]ta9ties1 !re c be no c]ta9ty t revelation is :at x claims to be4 ,:5 ! apologi/ concludes t ,montaigne's aim en froissant la raison huma9e is to oblige m5 to recognize ! ne$ ( a revelation to fix 8 inc]titudes1 x suffices to answ] t ,montaigne 9 s _m words decl>es at ! outset ( ! ,apologie de ,raimond ,sebonde t he kn[s no?+ ( !ology1 :i* is equival5t to say+ t he is n a /ud5t ( ! ,bible4 ,z a matt] ( fact he nev] quotes x6 ,9 ! la/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic essay ( all1 disc\rs+ at l>ge ,( ,exp]i5ce1 he makes ! mo/ d>+ attack on laws 9 g5]al1 z be+ always arbitr>y & (t5 irrational1 & n seldom m crim9al ?an ! (f5ces !y puni%4 ,aft] a planless disc\rse ( diseases & diets1 follies ( habit & follies ( caprice1 ! wisdom ( self-rule & ! wisdom ( irregul>ity1 he contrives to conclude at once t we %\ld make ! be/ ( ev]y?+ & t only au?ority is ( =ce ) m5 ( common rea* & und]/&+1 & is ( m weight 9 a /range language--a plea = ,ca?olic ritual4 ,yet 9 ! same page he pron\nces t ,sup]cele/ial op9ions & "u-t]re/rial mann]s are ?+s t among/ u ,i h ev] se5 to be ( s+ul> accord4 ,!re is no f9al recognition "h ( religion z ev5 a useful factor 9 life4 ,9 po9t ( fact ,montaigne's :ole habit ( m9d is p]fectly fatal to or?odox religion2 & x is cle> t1 despite 8 pr(essions ( con=mity1 he did n hold ! ,*ri/ian beliefs4 #bagi ,he 0 simply a dei/4 ,aga9 & aga9 he po9ts to ,sokrates z ! noble/ & wise/ ( m52 !re is no ref]5ce to ,jesus or any ( ! sa9ts4 ,:atev] he might say 9 ! ,apology1 9 ! o!r essays he repeat$ly reveals a radical unbelief4 ,! essay on ,cu/om /rikes at ! root ( all or?odoxy1 ) its ?ru/s at ! gross impo/ure ( religions1 :]e) s _m wor?y & suffici5t m5 h be5 besott$ & drunk51 & its t]se av[al t miracles are accord+ to ! ignorance :]e9 we are by nature1 & n accord+ to nature's ess5ce4 #bahj ,above all1 he reject$ ! great sup]/ition ( ! age1 ! belief 9 wit*craft2 &1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,wi]1 #baha sugge/$ a m$ical view ( ! cases ( ^? :o pr(ess$ wiz>dry4 #bahb ,?is is ! m rem>kable because 8 rubb]-ball fa%ion ( foll[+ impulsions & reb\nd+ f c]ta9ty made him (t5 disp>age o!r m5's c]ta9ties ( disbelief j because !y 7 c]ta9ties4 ,decl>+ t he pref]s above all ?+s qualifi$ & d\btful propositions1 #bahc he makes z _m confid5t ass]tions ( 8 own z any man ev] did4 ,b ! effect ( ! :ole is a p]petual /imulus to que/ion+4 ,8 function 9 lit]ature 0 ?us to set up a c]ta9 m5tal atmosph]e1 #bahd & ?is ! extraord9>y vitality ( 8 utt]ance enabl$ him to d to an incalculable ext5t4 ,he _h ! gift to dis>m or at lea/ to baffle ho/ility1 to *>m k+s1 #bahe to /& free betwe5 w>r+ factions4 ,no book ev] writt5 conveys m fully ! s5sation ( a liv+ voice2 & aft] ?ree hundr$ ye>s he has z fri5dly an audi5ce z ev]4 ,ow5 notes 7,fr5* ,skeptics1 p4 #ddf2 cp4 ,*ampion1 pp4 #afh-fi7 t1 ?\gh ! papal curia reque/$ ,montaigne to alt] c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,essays1 x _c be %[n t he eras$ or modifi$ a s+le "o ( ! po9ts4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 inde$1 has not$ _m safegu>d+ clauses add$ to ! lat] v]sions ( ! essay on ,pray]s 7i1 #ef73 b !y really c>ry fur!r ! process ( d\bt4 ,m4 ,*ampion has well %[n h[ ! pr(ession ( p]sonal indecision & m]e self-portraiture s]v$ z a passport = utt]ances :i* w\ld h br\ght in/ant puni%m5t on an au?or :o %[$ any cle> purpose4 ,z x 01 ne>ly a c5tury pass$ be=e ! ,essais 7 plac$ ^u ! ,roman ,index ,librorum ,prohibitorum 7#afgf74 ,to ! or?odox ( 8 own day ,montaigne seems to h giv5 entire satisfaction4 ,?us ,florimond de ,boemond1 9 8 ,anti*ri/ 7#b;e d4 #aeii1 p4 #d71 beg9s 8 apologetic ) a skeptical argum5t1 :i* he w9ds up by ref]r+ ! read] ) eulogy to ! ,apologie ( ,montaigne4 ,! mod]n resort to ! skeptical me?od 9 def5ce ( traditional fai? seems to date f ?is "t4 ,see ,pr(4 ,=tunat ,/r[ski1 ,hi/oire du s5tim5t religieux en ,france au xviie sicle2 #aijg1 i1 #ee1 note4 7,de ,montaigne ,pascal47 ,! mom5tum ( su* an influ5ce is se5 9 ! "w ( ,*>ron 7#aeda-afjc71 ,montaigne's fri5d & disciple4 ,! ,essais _h fir/ appe>$ 9 #aehj2 ! exp&$ & revis$ issue 9 #aehh2 & 9 #afja !re appe>$ ,*>ron's ,de la ,sagesse1 :i* gives me?odic =m & z f> z 0 p]missible a direct application to ,montaigne's naturali/ic pr9ciples4 ,*>ron's is a curi\s case ( m5tal evolution4 ,fir/ a lawy]1 !n a prie/1 he became a highly successful popul> prea*] & *ampion ( ! ,ca?olic ,league2 & z su* 0 fav\r$ by ! notori\s ,m>gu]ite 7! ,second #bahf7 ( ,nav>re4 ,on ! assass9ation ( ! ,duke ( ,guise by ord] ( ,h5ri ,,iii he deliv]$ an indignant prote/ f ! pulpit1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he rapidly rep5t$4 #bahg ,becom+ ! fri5d ( ,montaigne 9 #aehf1 he %[s already 9 #aeic1 9 8 ,?ree ,tru?s1 ! influ5ce ( ! essayi/'s skepticism1 #bahh ?\gh ,*>ron's book 0 expressly fram$ to refute1 fir/1 ! a!i/s2 second1 ! pagans1 ,jews1 ,mohamm$ans2 &1 ?ird1 ! ,*ri/ian h]etics & s*ismatics4 ,! ,wisdom1 publi%$ only eight ye>s lat]1 is a "w ( a v diff]5t ca/1 prov+ a m5tal *ange4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ "w ! gr[+ tee? ( ! skeptic are disc]nible b5ea? ! well-worn /umps ( ! believ]2 #bahi b ! second almo/ te/ifies to a new bir?4 ,pr(ess$ly or?odox1 x 0 yet recogniz$ at once by ! dev\t z a sem9>y ( impiety1 #baij & br\ght on its au?or a p]secution t la/$ till 8 sudd5 dea? f apoplexy1 :i* 8 critics pron\nc$ to be a div9e disp5sation4 ,9 ! second & re>rang$ edition1 publi%$ a ye> aft] 8 dea?1 !re are "s modifications2 b !y are s f> f ess5tial #baia t ,buckle f\nd ! book z x /&s a k9d ( pione] manual ( rationalism4 #baib ,its way ( putt+ all religions on "o level1 z be+ alike gr\nd$ on bad evid5ce & held on prejudice1 is only ! =mal /atem5t ( an old idea1 f\nd1 l s _m o!rs ( ,*>ron's1 9 ,montaigne2 b ! didactic purpose & me?od turn ! skeptic's %rug into a resolute propag&a4 ,s ) ! =mal & e>ne/ insi/5ce t true morality _c be built on religi\s hopes & fe>s--a pr9ciple :i* ,*>ron 0 ! fir/ to br+ directly home to ! mod]n intellig5ce1 #baic z he did ! pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 religi\s sy/ems4 #baid ,attempt+ z x does to con/ruct a sy/ematic practical philosophy ( life1 ! book puts aside s positively ! claims ( ! !ologians1 #baie & s emphatically subord9ates religion to ! rule ( natural reason1 #baif t x con/itutes a virtual revolution 9 public doctr9e = ,*ri/5dom4 ,z ,montaigne is ! effective beg9n] ( mod]n lit]ature1 s is ,*>ron ! beg9n] ( mod]n secul> tea*+4 ,he is a ,naturali/1 pr(ess+ !ism2 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t = a "t 8 book 0 ev5 m m>k$ly ?an ,montaigne's ! ,fr5* free?9k]'s brevi>y4 ,/r[ski1 z cit$1 pp4 #afd-fe1 #ahc sq41 f\nd+ on ,g>asse & ,m]s5ne4 ,/r[ski at fir/ pron\nces ,*>ron 9 reality only a collector ( commonplaces 7p4 #aff72 b aft]w>ds oblivi\sly confesses 7p4 #aia7 t 8 audacities are a/oni%+1 & expla9s t he =mulates1 p]haps )\t kn[+ x1 a :ole doctr9e ( irreligion :i* outgoes ! man & ! "t--a ?\ght /rong] ?an ! ?9k]6 ,& aga9 he =getfully speaks ( cette critique h>die et m?odique1 j'allais crire sci5tifique 7p4 #bdj74 ,all ?is w\ld be a new =m ( commonplace4 ,x 0 only p[]ful protection t c\ld save su* a book f proscription2 b ,*>ron & 8 book _h ! support at once ( ,h5ri ,,iv & ! ,presid5t ,jeann9--! =m] a prov$ indiff]5ti/ to religi\s =ms2 ! latt] ! au?or ( ! rem>k t a peace ) two religions 0 bett] ?an a w> :i* _h none4 ,su* a temp] _h become pr$om9ant ev5 among pr(ess$ ,ca?olics1 z may be ga!r$ f ! imm5se popul>ity ( ! ,satyre ,m5ippe 7#aeid74 ,ridicul+ z x did ! ins5sate fanaticism ( ! ,ca?olic ,league1 t composition 0 naturally describ$ z ! "w ( a!i/s2 b !re seems to h be5 no su* elem5t 9 ! case1 ! au?ors be+ all ,ca?olics ( good /&+1 & "s ( !m ev5 hav+ a record = zeal4 #baig ,! ,satyre 0 9 fact ! triumphant revolt ( ! humor\s common s5se ( ,france aga9/ ! tyranny ( fanaticism1 :i* x may be said to h ov]?r[n at "o /roke1 #baih inasmu* z x made possible ! entry ( ,h5ri into ,p>is4 ,by a sudd5 appeal to secul> sanity & ! s5se ( hum\r x made ! bulk ( ! ,ca?olic mass a%am$ ( its pa/ c\rse4 #baii ,on ! o!r h&1 x is expressly te/ifi$ by ! ,ca?olic hi/orian ,de ,?\ t all ! ri* & ! ari/ocracy held ! ,league 9 abom9ation4 #bbjj ,9 su* an atmosph]e rationalism mu/ ne$s g]m9ate1 especially :5 ! k+'s acceptance ( ,ca?olicism dramatiz$ ! unreality ( ! gr\nds ( /rife4 ,aft] ! assass9ation ( ! k+ 9 #afaj1 ! la/ ( ! bloody de$s :i* _h kept ,france on ! rack ( unc]ta9ty 9 religion's "n = ?ree g5]ations1 ! _s ( rationalism naturally did n wane4 ,9 ! ,p>is ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 d\btless1 ! new emancipation came to be associat$1 z lib]t9ism1 ) lic5ce z well z ) free?9k+4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case !re c\ld be no s]i\s & free lit]>y discussion ( ! new problems ei!r ( life or belief1 save ins(> z !y _h be5 h&l$ by ,montaigne & ,*>ron2 &1 inasmu* z ! acc\nts pres]v$ ( ! free?\ght ( ! age are almo/ inv>iably ^? ( its wor/ enemies1 x is *iefly _! side ( ! case t has be5 pres5t$4 ,?us 9 #afbc ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,franois ,g>asse publi%$ a ?ick qu>to ( ov] a ?\s& pages1 entitl$ ,la ,doctr9e ,curieuse des ,beaux ,esprits de ce temps1 ou prt5dus tels1 9 :i* he assails ! lib]t9s ( ! day ) an infuriat$ indu/ry4 ,! eight books into :i* he divides 8 treatise proce$ ^u eight alleg$ maxims ( ! free?9k]s1 :i* run z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,!re are v few good wits bons ,esprits 9 ! _w2 & ! fools1 t is to say1 ! common run ( m51 are n capable ( our doctr9e2 !re=e x w n d to speak freely1 b 9 secret1 & among tru/+ & cabali/ic s\ls4 ,,ii4 ,good wits beaux ,esprits believe 9 ,god only by way ( =m1 & z a matt] ( public policy 7p> ,maxime d',etat74 ,,iii4 ,a bel ,esprit is free 9 8 belief1 & is n readily to be tak5 9 by ! quantity ( nons5se t is prop\nd$ to ! simple populace4 ,,iv4 ,all ?+s are conduct$ & gov]n$ by ,de/9y1 :i* is irrevocable1 infallible1 immovable1 necess>y1 et]nal1 & inevitable to all m5 :omsoev]4 ,v4 ,x is true t ! book call$ ! ,bible1 or ! ,holy ,scripture1 is a good book 7un g5til livre71 & conta9s a lot ( good ?+s2 b t a bon esprit %\ld be oblig$ to believe "u pa9 ( damnation all t is !re91 d[n to ! tail ( ,tobit's dog1 does n foll[4 ,,vi4 ,!re is no o!r div9ity or sov]eign p[] 9 ! _w b ,nature1 :i* mu/ be satisfi$ 9 all ?+s1 )\t refus+ any?+ to our body or s5ses t !y desire ( u 9 ! ex]cise ( _! natural p[]s & faculties4 ,,vii4 ,suppos+ !re be a ,god1 z x is decor\s to admit1 s z n to be always at odds ) ! sup]/iti\s1 x does n foll[ t !re are creatures :i* are purely intellectual & sep>at$ f matt]4 ,all t is 9 ,nature is composite1 & !re=e !re are nei!r angels nor devils 9 ! _w1 & x is n c]ta9 t ! s\l ( man is immortal4 ,,viii4 ,x is true t to live happily x is necess>y to ext+ui% & dr[n all scruples2 b all ! same x does n d to appe> impi\s & ab&on$1 = fe> ( (f5d+ ! simple or los+ ! support ( ! sup]/iti\s4 ,?is is obvi\sly nei!r c&id #bbja nor compet5t writ+2 & z x happ5s !re rema9s pro(1 9 ! case ( ! life ( ,la ,mo! le ,vay]1 t e>ne/ free?\ght 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury af=d$ a po9t d'appui = s]i\s-m9d$ m51 :i* nei!r ! corrupt ,romanism nor ! n>r[ ,prote/antism ( ! p]iod c\ld furni%4 #bbjb ,g>asse's own doctr9e 0 t ! true lib]ty ( ! m9d consi/s 9 a simple & docile 7sage7 belief 9 all t ! ,*ur* prop\nds1 indiff]5tly & )\t di/9ction4 #bbjc ,! lat] social hi/ory ( ,ca?olic ,france is ! suffici5t comm5t on ! efficacy ( su* tea*+ to regulate life4 ,9 any case ! new ideas /eadily ga9$ gr\nd2 & on ! heels ( ! treatise ( ,g>asse appe>$ t ( ,m>9 ,m]s5ne1 ,l'impiet des ,di/es1 ,a?es et ,lib]t9s de ce temps combattue1 avec la refutation des op9ions de ,*>ron1 de ,c>dan1 de ,jordan ,brun1 et des quatra9es du ,di/e 7#afbd74 ,9 a previ\s treatise1 ,qu/iones celeb]rim 9 ,g5esim 444 9 quo volum9e ,a!i et ,dei/i impugnantur et expugnantur 7#afbc71 ,m]s5ne set ago+ ! (t5-quot$ ass]tion t1 :ile a!i/s ab\nd$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 !y 7 s specially abundant 9 ,france t 9 ,p>is alone !re 7 "s fifty ?\s&4 ,ev5 tak+ ! t]m a!i/ 9 ! loose/ s5se 9 :i* su* writ]s us$ x1 ! /atem5t 0 nev] cr$it$ by any contempor>y1 or by its au?or2 b nei!r did anyone d\bt t !re 0 an unprec$5t$ am\nt ( unbelief4 ,! ,quatra9es du ,di/e1 o!rwise ,l',antibigot1 0 a poem ( "o hundr$ & six /anzas1 nev] pr9t$1 b widely circulat$ 9 manuscript 9 its day4 ,x is poor poetry en\gh1 b its doctr9e ( a ,lucretian ,god :o left ! _w to itself suffic$ to create a s5sation1 & inspir$ ,m]s5ne to write a poem 9 reply4 #bbjd ,su* 7 ! signs ( ! times :5 ,pascal 0 9 8 cradle4 ,m]s5ne's /ati/ical ass]tion 0 made 9 two %eets ( ! ,qu/iones ,celeb]rim1 qui ont t supprim dans la plup>t des exemplaires1 cause1 sans d\te1 de leur exagration 7,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>tsi5ne1 #ahed1 i1 #bh1 :]e ! passage is cit$74 ,! suppress$ %eets includ$ a li/ ( ! a!i/s ( ! "t1 occupy+ five folio columns4 7,julian ,hibb]t1 ,plut>*us & ,!ophra/us on ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #ahbh2 ,app4 ,catal4 ( ,works writt5 aga9/ ,a!ism1 p4 #c2 ,prosp] ,m>*&1 ,lettre sur le ,cymbalum ,mundi1 9 d4 ,bibliophile ,jacob1 #ahda1 p4 #ag1 note2 ,pr(4 ,/r[ski1 ,de ,montaigne ,pascal1 #aijg1 p4 #ach sq47 ,m]s5ne himself1 9 ! preface to 8 book1 /ultifies 8 suppress$ ass]tion by decl>+ t ! impi\s 9 ,p>is boa/ falsely ( _! numb]1 :i* is really small1 unless h]etics be reckon$ z a!i/s4 ,g>asse1 writ+ aga9/ !m1 all ! :ile pr(ess$ to "k only five a!i/s1 ?ree ( !m ,italians 7,/r[ski1 z cit$74 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,notes #a ,cp4 ,le*l]1 ,ges*i*te des englis*5 ,deismus1 #ahda1 p4 #deh2 ,a4 ,s4 ,f>r>1 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,free?\ght1 #ahfb1 p4 #ehh2 ,l>\sse's ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,libre ,p5se2 ,say\s1 ,les di/es anglais et le ,*ri/ianisme1 #ahhb1 p4 #bjc4 #b ,jesus is made to apply x ei!r to 8 disciples or to will+ foll[]s 9 ,matt4 xvii1 #ag1 :]e ! implication seems to be t lack ( fai? alone prev5ts miracul\s cures4 ,s ) api/ia 9 ,matt4 xiii1 #eh4 ,9 ! ,epi/les1 a pagan z su* is api/os--e4g41 #a ,cor4 vi1 #f4 ,"h ! ,vulgate has infideles3 9 ,matt4 xiii1 #eh1 ! ^w is incr$ulitatem4 #c ,cp4 ,luke xii1 #df2 ,tit4 i1 #ae2 ,rev4 xxi1 #h4 #d ,9 ! prologue to ! fir/ pr9t ( ! old 7#aaif7 ,revelation ( ! ,monk ( ,eve%am1 #adhb4 #e ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,viret1 ,note ,d4 #f ,essais1 liv4 iii4 *4 #ab4 dit4 ,firm9-,didot1 #ahhb1 ii1 #eah4 #g ,see ,f4 ,t4 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s en ,france au xviie ,sicle1 #ahif1 ,introd4 #aa1 = a good g5]al view ( ! be>+s ( ! ^w4 ,x /ood at times = simple indep5d5ce ( _s1 ap>t f religi\s free?9k+4 ,?us ,madame de ,sevign 7,lettre ,mme4 de ,grignan1 #bh ju91 #afga7 writes3 ,je suis lib]t9e1 plus que v\s4 #h ,/hel91 ,johannes ,calv91 #ahfc1 i1 #chc sq42 ,p]r5s z cit$1 pp4 #e-f2 ,mo%eim1 ,eccles4 ,hi/41 #ac ,c5t41 "p ii1 *4 v1 #i-ab1 & notes2 #ad ,c5t41 "p ii1 *4 v1 #c-e2 #af ,c5t41 #c1 "p ii1 *4 ii4 #ch-db4 #i ,a4 ,boss]t1 ,calv91 #aijf4 p4 #aea4 #aj ,burckh>dt1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr4 ed4 #ahib1 p4 #edb1 note4 #aa ,answ] to ,sir ,t4 ,m1 ,p>k] ,soc4 rep4 #ahej1 pp4 #ec-ed4 #ab ,controv]sy ) ,h>d+1 ,p>k] ,soc4 rep4 ( ,works1 #ahde1 i1 #cje4 #ac ,p>adise ,lo/1 i1 #ehb2 ,samson ,agoni/es1 #bba4 #ad ,! ,new ,inn1 #afbh-i1 ,act iii4 ,sc4 #b4 #ae ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y gives in/ances 9 #aebf & #aeeb4 #af ,if ,mr4 ,fr\de's transcript ( a manuscript c "h be reli$ on4 ,hi/ory1 ed4 #ahgj1 x1 #ede4 7,ed4 #ahgb1 xi1 #aii47 #ag ,f\r ,que/ions ,prop\nd$ 7pref4 to ,acts & ,monum5ts74 #ah ,answ] to ! ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 ,p>k] ,soc4 rep41 p4 #abi4 #ai ,works1 ed4 #ahej1 ii1 #geb4 #bj ,b4 ,v1 *4 i1 #c4 ,works1 i1 #dbi4 #ba ,de civitate ,dei1 xx1 #cj1 end2 xxi1 #e1 beg9n41 etc4 #bb ,religio ,m$ici1 #afdb1 pt4 i4 #ai1 #bj4 #bc ,essay ,,ii1 ,( ,scepticism & ,c]ta9ty 7rep4 ( reply to ,?omas ,:ite1 app4 to ,scepsis ,sci5tifica 9 #affe7 9 ,glanvill's collect$ ,essays on ,sev]al ,important ,subjects 9 ,philosophy & ,religion1 #afgf1 pp4 #ch1 #dd4 #bd ,plus ,ultra3 or1 ,! ,progress & ,advancem5t ( ,k s9ce ! ,days ( ,ari/otle1 #affh1 p4 #adf4 #be ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 #affg1 p4 #gc4 ,describ+ ! beg9n+s ( ! ,society1 ,sprat rem>ks t ,ox=d _h at t "t _m memb]s :o _h begun a free way ( reason+ 7p4 #ec74 #bf ,buckle1 ,introd4 to ,hi/4 ( ,civ4 9 ,eng41 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #baa4 #bg ,sprat1 p4 #cge 7pr9t$ z #cfg74 #bh ,id41 p4 #hc4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy _h ! same rule4 #bi ,"s ( ,sprat's uses ( ! t]m h a v g5]al s5se1 z :5 he writes 7p4 #hg7 t ,am/]dam is a place ( ,trade )\t ! mixture ( m5 ( fre] ?\ghts4 ,! latt] is an old application1 z 9 ! free sci5ces or ! lib]al arts4 #cj ,cit$ by ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 ,! ,/udy ( ,words1 #ai? ed41 p4 #bcj1 f ! ,cl>5don ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,app4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dj4 #ca ,art4 ,rationalismus & ,sup]naturalismus 9 ,h]zog & ,plitt's ,real-,encyk4 fr prot4 ,!ol4 und ,kir*e1 #ahhc4 xii1 #eji4 #cb ,philosophical ,works ( ,bacon1 ed4 ,ellis & ,sp$d+1 iii1 #ehc4 ,see ! same say+ quot$ among ! ,apoph!gms giv5 9 ,t5ison's ,baconiana 7,r\tl$ge's ed4 ( ,works1 p4 #hie74 #cc ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r 7#aeih71 ,act iii1 sc4 #c4 #cd ,"s ,famili> ,lett]s betwe5 ,mr4 ,locke & ,sev]al ( 8 ,fri5ds1 #agjh1 p4 #aij4 #ce ,id4 p4 #acc4 #cf ,ed4 ,rott]dam1 #afhf4 p4 #aie4 #cg ,b4 ,,ii1 pt4 ii1 #a4 #ch ,*4 on ,logic1 cit$ by ,pr(essor ,f[l] 9 8 ed4 ( ! ,novum ,organum1 #ahgh1 introd4 p4 #aah4 #ci #c & #d4 #dj ,lett]s1 #agdf1 p4 #e4 #da ,orig4 ed4 iii1 #cje1 #cjf1 #caa2 ed4 ,j4 ,m4 ,r41 #aijj1 ii1 #cdi1 #cec4 #db ,nos4 #ab1 #aaa1 #ace4 #dc ,cp4 ,johnson on ,a4 ,philips 9 ,lives ( ! ,poets4 ,swift1 too1 issu$ 8 ,free ,?\ghts ^u ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,affairs 9 #agad4 #dd ,?us ,b5tley1 writ+ z ,phileleu!rus ,lipsi5sis aga9/ ,coll9s1 claims to h be5 tra9'd up & ex]cis'd 9 ,free ,?\ght f my y\?4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke some:]e makes a simil> /atem5t2 & ! po9t is rais$ by ,b]keley 9 8 ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 ,dial4 i1 #aj4 ,"o ( ! fir/ replies to ,coll9s1 ,a ,lett] to ! ,free-?9k]s1 ,by a ,layman1 dat$ ,febru>y #bd1 #agab-ac1 likewise insi/s on ! "r ( believ]s to ! title1 decl>+ t a free-?9k] may be ! be/ or wor/ ( m54 ,%aftesbury on ! o!r side prote/s t ! passion ( or?odoxy holds up ! int5d$ *a9s & fett]s & decl>es its resolution to enslave 7,*>act]i/ics1 iii4 #cje2 ed4 #aijj1 ii1 #cde74 ,lat]1 ! claim ( ,b5tley & ,cl>ke became common2 & "o tract on ,*ri/ian evid5ces1 ,a ,layman's ,fai?1 #agcb1 ^: au?or %[s n a gra9 ( ! critical _s1 pr(esses to be writt5 by a ,free?9k] & a ,*ri/ian4 #de ,writt5 9 #ahih4 #df ,cp4 ,haurau1 ,hi/oire de la philosophie scola/ique1 ed4 #ahgj-ahgb1 i1 #edc-df4 #dg ,second ed4 ) enl>g$ ,app5dix 7( au?orities & ref]5ces71 #ahjh1 #b vols4 #dh ,f>r>1 pref41 p4 x2 ,riddle1 p4 #ii2 ,van ,mild]t1 i1 #aje1 etc4 #di ,van ,mild]t ev5 reca/ 8 fir/ manuscript4 ,see ! ,memoir ( ,jo%ua ,watson1 #ahfc1 p4 #ce4 #ej ,cp4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s*midt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,d5k- und ,glaub5sfreiheit im er/5 ,jahrhund]t d] ,kais]h]rs*aft und des ,*ri/5?ums1 #ahdg1 pp4 #ab-ac4 #ea ,its legitimacy on t side is expressly cont5d$ = by ,pr(essor ,william ,james 9 8 volume ,! ,w to ,believe 7#ahig71 ! positions ( :i* 7 criticiz$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! ,univ]sity ,magaz9e1 ,april & ,june1 #ahig4 #eb ,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 #h? ed41 p4 #ace4 #ec ,a religi\s basis = sexual lic5ce is ( c\rse a common feature 9 non-,*ri/ian religions also4 ,classic in/ances are well kn[n4 ,z to sexual promiscuity 9 an int5sely religi\s savage community1 see ,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago1 #ahhd1 p4 #bij4 #ed ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 #ahha1 p4 #dci4 ,cp4 ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my?1 ed4 #ahic1 p4 #gb2 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 #aije1 pp4 #he-hg4 #ee ,!al1 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,s\? ,african ,hi/ory1 #aijb1 p4 #eg4 ,see also ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 #ahij1 p4 #aib4 #ef ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 #e? ed4 #ahga1 i1 #bhj1 note4 #eg ,life ( ,mr4 ,yuki*i ,fukuzawa1 ,tokyo1 #aijb1 pp4 #dh-ec1 #ef-fi4 #eh ,see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 #crd ed4 i1 #ga1 z to savage cons]vatism 9 h&icraft2 b comp>e 8 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #ahfe1 p4 #afj1 z to c\nt]vail+ =ces4 #ei ,e4g41 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,sa9t-,simon's ,mmoires1 ! acc\nt ( ! ,fr5* soldi]s :o at ! siege ( ,namur burn$ & broke ! images ( ,sa9t ,md>d = s5d+ s mu* ra94 ,cp4 ,irv9e1 ,lett]s on ,sicily1 #ahac1 p4 #gb2 & ,ramage1 ,w&]+s ?r\gh ,italy1 ed4 #ahfh1 p4 #aac4 ,con/ant1 ,de la religion1 #ahbd1 vol4 i1 ptie4 ii1 p4 #cd1 gives a numb] ( ,*ri/ian in/ances4 #fj ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/air1 ,old ,samoa1 #ahig1 pp4 #aha-hb4 #fa ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv4 ,ma!maticos1 ix1 #ad1 #bi2 ,pseudo-,plut>*1 ,de placitis philosophorum1 i1 #g2 ,lactantius1 ,de ira ,dei1 x1 #dg2 ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #db2 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 iv1 #cb4 ,x is notewor?y t ! skeptic ,sextus rejects ! op9ion z absurd1 ev5 z does ! high-prie/ ,cotta 9 ,cic]o4 #fb ,vico 0 "o ( ! fir/1 aft] ,sextus ,empiricus & 8 mod]n comm5tator ,fabricius1 to insi/ 7foll[+ ! say+ ( ,petronius1 ,primus 9 orbe deos fecit timor7 t ,false religions 7 f\nd$ n by ! impo/ure ( "s1 b by ! cr$ulity ( all 7,sci5za ,nuova #agbe1 lib4 i1 prop4 #dj74 ,yet :5 d5y+ 7id41 ,de' ,pr9cipii1 ed4 #aheb1 p4 #aad7 ! ass]tions ( travell]s z to tribes )\t religion1 he insi/$ t !y 7 m]e fictions plann$ to sell ! au?ors' books--"h imput+ fraud z lightly z o!rs _h done 9 ! case ( ! suppos$ f\nd]s ( religions4 #fc ,e4g41 ! ,elizabe?an play ,selimus 7,hu? ,lib4 ed4 ( ,gre5e1 vol4 xiv1 ed4 ,gros>t71 dat$ #aeid1 vv4 #beh-bfb4 7,9 ,temple ,dramati/s ed41 vv4 #ccj-ccd47 ,see also bel[1 vol4 ii1 *4 xiii4 #fd ,on ! pr9ciple ( self-expression 9 religion1 cp4 ,feu]ba*1 ,das ,wes5 d] ,religion1 9 ,w]ke1 ed4 #ahdf-ahdi1 i1 #dac1 #dde1 #dih1 etc4 #fe ,bi%op ,?irlwall1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ed4 #ahci1 i1 #ahf1 #bjd4 ,cp4 ,curtius1 ,grie*is*e ,ges*i*te1 #aheh1 i1 #chi4 #ff ,tiele1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/4 ( ,religions1 ,eng4 tr41 p4 #if4 ,cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 #bnd ed41 p4 #ada1 note4 #fg ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #aijd1 pp4 #beh1 #cdg1 #cff1 #cgc1 #dib4 #fh ,see ! article by ,e4 ,j4 ,glave1 ( ,/anley's =ce1 on ,feti%ism 9 ,congol&1 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #ahia1 p4 #hcf4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,s*ultze1 ,d] ,fetis*ismus1 #ahga1 pp4 #acg1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 etc42 ,!al1 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,s\? ,african ,hi/ory1 #aijb1 pp4 #di1 #eb2 ,kranz1 ,natur- und ,kulturleb5 d] ,zulus1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aaj1 #aac-ad2 ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs1 #ce? ?\s41 pp4 #fi1 #ha-hd2 ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-,speak+ ,peoples1 #ahhg1 pp4 #abe-bi1 #acg-ci1 #adb2 ,sir ,g4 ,s4 ,rob]tson1 ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 ed4 #ahii1 pp4 #dje1 #dag2 ,e4 ,rae1 ,! ,:ite ,sea ,p59sula1 #ahha1 p4 #adi2 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 #ahhd1 p4 #bgb4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! wiz>ds ( contempor>y savage races are frequ5tly kill$ z impo/ors by _! own p4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ce4 #fi ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #djf2 ,primitive ,culture1 #crd ed41 i1 #ch4 #gj ,! fact t ?is ph5om5on occurs ev]y:]e among primitives1 f ! ,s\? ,seas to ,lapl&1 %\ld be not$ 9 connection ) ! latt]ly reviv$ claims ( s-call$ ,my/icism4 #ga ,cp4 ,e4 ,rae1 ,! ,:ite ,sea ,p59sula1 #ahha1 pp4 #adi1 #bfc4 #gb ,glave1 article cit$1 pp4 #hce-cf4 #gc ,cp4 ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 #ahhi1 p4 #acc2 ,an?ropological ,religion1 #ahib1 p4 #aej2 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 #bnd ed4 ii1 #ceh sq4 #gd ,comp>e ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,*>ge to ! ,cl]gy ( ,durham1 & ,bi%op ,wordswor? ,on ,religi\s ,re/oration 9 ,engl&1 #ahed1 p4 #ge1 etc4 #ge ,p4 von ,bradke1 ,dyu ,asura1 ,ahura ,mazda1 und die ,asuras1 ,halle4 #ahhe1 p4 #aae4 #gf ,rig-,v$a1 x1 #aba 7z translat$ by ,muir1 ,mll]1 ,dutt1 & von ,bradke72 & x1 #hb 7,dutt's r5d]+74 ,x is to be not$ t ! refra9 ,:o is ! ,god :om we %\ld wor%ip8 is entirely diff]5t 9 ,ludwig's r5d]+ ( x1 #aba4 ,b]?olet's ,religionsges*i*tli*es ,lesebu* 7#aijh7 compil$ on ! pr9ciple t ! be/ translations are good en\gh = u1 foll[s ! r5d]+ ( ,muir1 ,mll]1 ,dutt1 & von ,bradke 7p4 #afe74 ,cp4 ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cjb1 & ,natural ,religion1 pp4 #bbg-bbi1 cit+ ,r4 ,v41 viii1 #ajj1 #c1 etc41 = an app>5tly undisput$ case ( skepticism4 ,see aga9 ,langlois's v]sion ( vi1 #g1 iii1 #c 7p4 #dei74 ,he _c div]ge mu* m f ! ,g]man & ,engli% translators ?an !y d f ea* o!r4 #gg ,junod1 z above cit$1 pp4 #cda1 #cdc1 #cej1 #chh4 ,cp4 ,dalton1 z cit$1 p4 #aae4 #gh ,e4 ,rae1 ,! ,:ite ,sea ,p59sula1 #ahha1 pp4 #adf-g4 #gi ,on ! o!r h&1 !re might be g5u9e defect ( k ( ! religion ( o!rs ( ! tribe4 ,?is is said to occur 9 ?\s&s ( cases 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries3 :y n also among savages8 ,see ! express te/imony ( ,sir ,g4 ,s4 ,rob]tson1 ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 ed4 #ahii1 pp4 #cgg1 #dji4 #hj ,e4g41 ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs1 end ( *4 xvi & beg9n+ ( *4 xix4 #ha ,see ,dr4 ,gasquet1 ,! ,great ,pe/il5ce1 #ahic4 #hb ,mission>y ,lab\rs1 *4 xix3 /]eo4 ed4 pp4 #ha1 #hb4 ,x is notewor?y t ! wom5 7 ! fir/ to av[ unbelief 9 an unsuccessful ra9mak] 7,id4 p4 #hd74 #hc ,mission>y ,lab\rs1 z cit$1 p4 #he4 #hd ,cp4 ,s*ultze1 ,d] ,fetis*ismus1 #ahga1 pp4 #aee-ef2 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane1 ,man1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #aijj1 p4 #di2 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india1 #aiji1 i1 #hf4 #he ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjc-ahjf1 #ahae1 ii1 #fa4 ,cp4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 #ahij1 p4 #aib1 z to ! compulsion on m5 ( sup]ior intellig5ce to play ! wiz>d1 by reason ( ! common connection ( wiz>dry ) any display ( m5tal p[]4 ,!re is no m tragical aspect 9 ! life-conditions ( primitive peoples4 #hf ,! ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 #ahfj1 ii1 #cea4 #hg ,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago1 #ahhd1 pp4 #cjd-cje4 ,cp4 ,h]odotos1 iv1 #fh1 z to ! slay+ ( false prophets among ! ,scy?ians2 & i1 #abh1 z to ! impal+ ( ! ,magi by ,a/yages4 #hh ,paul ,kollmann1 ,! ,victoria ,nyanza1 #ahii1 p4 #afh4 #hi ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-,speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 #ahhg1 p4 #abg4 #ij ,e4g41 an ag$ female relative ( ! writ]1 q or?odox 9 all h] habits1 & dev\t to ! ext5t ( call+ ! ,book ( ,e/h] ,godless because ! ^w ,god does n occur 9 x1 yet at a p9* decl>$ t %e _h nev] he>d ( ,provid5ce putt+ a boll ( meal inside anybody's door4 ,h] daught]-9-law1 also ( q religi\s habits1 quot$ ! say+ ) a c]ta9 s5se ( its audacity1 b endors$ x1 z %e _h cause to d4 ,yet bo? regul>ly practis$ pray] & ass]t$ div9e b5efic5ce4 #ia ,see ,b4 ,seeman1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 9 ,galton's ,vacation ,t\ri/s1 #ahfb1 pp4 #bge-gf1 z to ! t]rorism resort$ to by ,fijian prie/s aga9/ unbeliev]s4 ,puni%m5t 0 sure to ov]take ! skeptic1 let 8 /ation 9 life be :at x might--i4e41 sup]natural puni%m5t 0 ?reat5$1 & ! prie/s 7 n likely to let x fail4 ,cp4 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,decay ( ,cu/om1 #aiji1 introd41 p4 xi3 ,! re=m]s ( primitive races nev] liv$ long3 if !y 7 l[-born !y 7 clubb$1 & t 0 ! end ( !m & _! re=ms2 if !y 7 *iefs1 & some?+ happ5$ to !m1 ei!r by disease or accid5t1 m5 saw !re9 ! figure ( an (f5d$ deity2 & ob$i5ce to ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s became /rong] ?an be=e4 ,cp4 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #fj-fb1 z to k+s :o wi%$ to put d[n human sacrifices4 #ib ,see ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #a-b4 #ic ,e4 ,j4 ,glave1 art4 cit$1 p4 #hbe4 ,cp4 ,lubbock1 ,prehi/oric ,times1 pp4 #ehb1 #eid4 #id ,cp4 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 #ahij1 pp4 #bbb-bc1 z to ! univ]sal suspicion :i* falls ^u tribesm5 ( rationali/ic & anti-sup]/iti\s t5d5cies1 mak+ !m almo/ d\bt _! own sanity4 #ie ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on1 ,! ,riv] ,congo1 ed4 #ahje1 p4 #bhi4 ,cp4 ,m(fat1 z cit$ above4 #if ,col5so1 ,! ,p5tateu*1 vol4 i1 pref4 p4 vii2 introd4 p4 #i4 #ig ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 iii1 #ehc4 #ih ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 #ahca1 iv1 #cj-ca1 #abf-bh4 #ii ,acc\nt ( ! ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 compil$ f ! communications ( ,w4 ,m>9]1 by ,john ,m>t91 ,m4,d41 #crd ed4 #ahbg1 i1 #bhi-cjj1 #cjf-cjg1 #cch-ci2 ii1 #bg-bh1 #hc-hf1 #acd4 ,m>9]1 :o saw mu* ( ! prie/s1 f\nd no reason to suspect !m ( any sy/ematic deception4 ,see ii1 #abi4 ,b 8 n>rative leaves small room = d\bt z to ! proc$ure ( ! prie/ ( ,toobo ,totai4 #ajj ,dr4 ,a4 ,kropf1 ,das ,volk d] ,xosa-,kaff]n 9 /li*5 ,sdafrika1 ,b]l91 #ahii1 pp4 #bjc-bjd4 ,dr4 ,kropf1 a mission>y ( =ty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 /ates t _m ( ! ,kaffirs latt]ly disbelieve 9 _! sorc]]s2 b ?is may be p>tly a result ( mission>y tea*+--n s mu* ! religi\s z ! sci5tific4 ,see ! te/imony ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,life 9 ,africa1 #ahij1 pp4 #dg-dh4 #aja ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,life 9 ,africa1 pp4 #bbe-bf4 #ajb ,x is cle> t 9 ! ,*ri/ianization ( ,europe mu* use 0 made ( ! argum5t t ! be/ l&s _h fall5 to ! ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,see ! epi/le ( ,bi%op ,daniel ( ,w9*e/] to ,/4 ,boniface 7,ep4 lxvii7 cit$ 9 ,s*legel's note to ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 ( ,murdock's translation1 p4 #bfb4 #ajc ,b$e1 ,eccles4 ,hi/41 ii1 #ac4 #ajd ,cp4 ,a4 ,h4 ,mann 9 ,social ,engl&1 illu/r4 ed41 i1 #bag4 #aje ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ,eng4 trans4 #ahhb1 i1 #g4 #ajf ,cri*ton & ,:eaton1 ,sc&9avia1 #ahcg1 i1 #aih1 note4 ,comp>e ,dr4 ,ph4 ,s*weitz]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,sk&9avis*5 ,litt]atur1 i1 #be3 ,9 ! high] circles 9 ! pagan p]iod f an e>ly date 7s*on lange7 unbelief & ev5 contempt ( religion fl\ri%$ 444 probably nev] rea*+ ! l[] grades ( ! p4 ,see also ,c4 ,f4 ,all51 ,hi/oire de ,danem>k1 ,fr5* trans41 ,cop5hag51 #ahgh1 i1 #ee4 #ajg neid1 vii1 #fdh2 x1 #ggc1 #hhj4 ,mez5tius does n d5y t ,gods exi/3 see x1 #gdc4 #ajh ,sir ,g4 ,s4 ,rob]tson1 ,! ,kfirs ( ! ,h9du-,ku%1 ed4 #ahii1 p4 #cgi4 #aji ,pr(essor ,t4 ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,h>veian ,oration on ,sci5ce & ,m$ieval ,?\ght1 #aija1 p4 #hb4 #aaj ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson1 9 ! able introduction to 8 excell5t "w on ,! ,fijians1 speaks ( primitive re=m]s 7p4 xi7 z r>e s\ls born be=e _! "t4 ,b !re is no special "t = re=m]s1 :o1 z su*1 mu/ be 9 advance ( _! av]age contempor>ies4 #aaa ,g>cilasso1 #a4 viii1 c4 #h2 #a4 ix1 c4 #aj2 ,h]r]a1 ,dec4 v1 #a4 iv1 c4 #d4 ,see ! passages 9 ,rville's ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #afb-fe4 #aab ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 ,kirk's ed41 pp4 #ha sq41 #ia-ic1 #ig2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 v1 #dbg-bi2 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 ,eng4 tr4 ed4 #ahjg1 ,b4 iv1 #d1 #ae2 vii4 #db4 #aac ,see ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #fj-fb1 #cfa4 ,cp4 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,japan1 #aijd1 pp4 #cac-ad4 #aad ,cp4 ,t4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ed4 #ahgj1 i1 #bca2 ,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago1 #ahhd1 p4 #bjb4 #aae ,a long "t elapses betwe5 ea* /ep t _! mission>ies' /ations advance3 & :5 !y d x inv>iably is "u ! influ5ce ( "s *ief t !y are ev5 !n l$ on4 ,dalton1 ,n>rative ( an ,explor] 9 ,tropical ,s\? ,africa1 ed4 #ahia1 p4 #ajb4 #aaf ,see ,pr(essor ,sully's ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 #ahie4 #aag ,rev4 ,s4 ,smi?1 ,*ur* ,"w among ! ,deaf & ,dumb1 #ahge1 cit$ by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 iii1 #ehc4 ,cp4 ! te/imony cit$ !re f ,dr4 ,kitto1 ,lo/ ,s5ses1 p4 #bjj4 #aah ,die grie*is*5 ,culte und ,my!n1 #ahhg1 pp4 #bfc1 #bgf1 #bgg1 etc4 ,:at is true z reg>ds ! !sis is t "s ( ! c5tral insanities ( religion1 su* z ! cult ( human sacrifice1 seem to h be5 propagat$ 9 all directions f an ,asiatic c5tre4 ,see ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #bgc1 #bib1 #cdc1 #ced1 #cfb1 etc4 ,cp4 ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,macdonald's ,asiatic ,orig9 ( ! ,oceanic ,languages1 ,luzac ,co41 #ahid2 ! ,nubis*e ,grammatik ( ,lepsius1 #ahhj2 & ,t]ri5 de ,lac\p]ie1 ,we/]n ,orig9 ( ! ,e>ly ,*9ese ,civilization1 #ahid1 pp4 #acd1 #cfb-fc4 #aai ,dr4 ,&rew ,:ite1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom1 #ahif1 i1 #bc4 #abj ,dr4 ,b4 ,seeman1 ,viti1 #ahfb1 pp4 #agi-hb4 #aba ,cp4 ,lang 7,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 i1 #ia7 z to ! contemptu\s disbelief ( savages 9 ,*ri/ian my?s4 ,mr4 ,lang obs]ves t ?is %[s savages & civiliz$ m5 to h diff]5t /&>ds ( cr$ulity4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be ! true inf]5ce4 ,ea* ord] ( believ] accepts ! my?s ( 8 own cre$1 & d]ides o!rs4 #abb ,cp4 ,de*>me1 ,la ,critique des trad4 relig4 *ez les ,grecs1 #aijd1 p4 #aba4 #abc ,! same process w be record$ lat] 9 ! case ( ! int]c\rse ( ,crusad]s & ,s>ac5s2 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x is not$ by ,la ,bruyre 7,c>actres1 *4 xvi1 ,des esprits =ts1 p>4 #c7 z occurr+ 9 8 day4 ,! anonym\s ,engli% au?or ( an essay on ,! ,agreem5t ( ! ,cu/oms ( ! ,ea/ ,indians ) ^? ( ! ,jews 7#agje1 pp4 #aeb-ec7 navely endorses ,la ,bruyre4 ,macaulay's rem>k to ! ,ed9burgh electors1 on ! view tak5 ( sect>ian /rifes by a man :o 9 ,india _h se5 ! wor%ip ( ! c[1 is well kn[n4 #abd ,cp4 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #if1 #aba-bb2 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #gd2 ,tiele1 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #cf2 & ,outl9es1 p4 #eb4 #abe ,cp4 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #aji-aaj1 & ,fis*]1 ,heid5?um und ,(f5b>ung1 p4 #ei4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s insi/5ce t ! l9es ( ,v$ic religion c\ld n h be5 cross$ by tra9s ( ?\ght :i* />t$ f ,*9a1 f ,babylon1 or f ,egypt 7,physical ,religion1 p4 #bea71 does n affect ! hypo!sis put above4 ,! ,pr(essor admits 7p4 #bej7 ! exact lik5ess ( ! ,babylonian fire-cult to t ( ,agni4 #abf ,b cp4 ,mll]1 ,an?ropolog4 ,relig41 p4 #afd1 z to possible lat] developm5ts2 & see above1 pp4 #de-dg1 z to ! _m cases 9 :i* conqu]+ races h actually adopt$ ! ,gods ( ! conqu]$4 #abg ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 ii 7#bnd ed471 #cgb1 #cgi1 #chd4 #abh ,id4 p4 #cie4 #abi ,max ,mll]1 ,select$ ,essays1 #ahha1 ii1 #bjg-bjh4 #acj ,cp4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 #ahid1 pp4 #id1 #ih-ii2 ,gho%a1 ,hi/4 ( ,h9du ,civ4 z illu/4 9 ! ,v$as1 ,calcutta1 #ahhi1 pp4 #aij-ia2 ,max ,mll]1 ,phys4 ,relig41 #ahia1 pp4 #aig-ih4 #aca ,max ,mll]1 ,select$ ,essays1 ii1 #bcg4 #acb ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v1 #bfh4 #acc ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cjb1 cit+ ,r4 ,v41 viii1 #ajj1 #c2 & ii1 #ab1 #e4 ,! fir/ passage runs3 ,if y wi% = /r5g?1 (f] to ,indra a hymn ( praise3 a true hymn1 if ,indra truly exi/2 = "s "o says1 ,indra does n exi/6 ,:o has se5 him8 ,:om %all we praise8 ,! hymn ( c\rse assev]ates 8 exi/5ce4 #acd ,cp4 ,rig-,v$a1 i1 #afd1 #df2 x1 #ij 7cit$ by ,ghosa1 pp4 #aia1 #aih72 viii1 #aj 7cit$ by ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 pp4 #bbg-bi72 & x1 #hb1 #aba1 #abi 7cit$ by ,rome% ,*und] ,dutt1 ,hi/4 ( ,civ4 9 ,anc4 ,india1 ed4 #ahic1 i1 #ie-ig72 ,muir1 ,sanskrit ,texts1 v1 #cec sq42 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #abe2 ,web]1 ,hi/4 ( ,ind4 ,lit41 ,eng4 trans41 p4 #e2 ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ed4 #ahhj1 pp4 #bih-cjd1 #caj1 #cae2 ,phys4 ,relig41 p4 #ahg2 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 ,eng4 trans41 p4 #h2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii1 #ced4 #ace ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 pp4 #bf1 #ca1 cit+ ,rig-,v$a1 v1 #c1 #a2 i1 #afd1 #df2 viii1 #fh1 #b4 ,! phrase z to ,agni is common 9 ! ,brhmanas1 b is n yet s 9 ! ,v$as4 ,! second text cit$ is r5d]$ by ,mll]3 ,t :i* is "o ! sages speak ( 9 _m ways--!y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mt>isvan 7,select$ ,essays1 #ahha1 ii1 #bdj74 #acf ,colebrooke's ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ed4 #ahgc1 i1 #cge-gf4 ,web] 7,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #bg1 #acg1 #bcf1 #bhd-he7 has advanc$ ! view t ! adh]5ts ( ?is doctr9e1 :o gradually became /igmatiz$ z h]etics1 7 ! f\nd]s or beg9n]s ( ,buddhism4 ,b ! view t ! univ]se is a self-exi/5t totality appe>s to ent] into ! ,brahmans' ,sankhya tea*+1 :i* is midway betwe5 ! popul> ,nyaya sy/em & ! esot]ic ,v$nta 7,ballantyne1 ,*ri/ianity ,contra/$ ) ,h9du ,philosophy1 #ahei1 pp4 xviii1 #ei1 #fa74 ,z to ! connection betwe5 ! ,sankhya sy/em & ,buddhism1 see ,old5b]g1 ,d] ,buddha1 se9 ,leb51 se9e ,lehre1 se9e ,geme9de1 #cte ,aufl41 ,excurs1 pp4 #ddc4 #acg ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,works1 #ahfb-ga1 ii1 #cdf4 #ach ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #bcf4 #aci ,ballantyne1 pp4 #eh1 #fa2 ,major ,jacob1 ,manual ( ,h9du ,pan!ism1 #ahha1 p4 #ac4 #adj ,cp4 ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 ed4 #ahhj1 i1 #bbh-bcb1 & ,ban]jea's ,dialogues on ! ,h9du ,philosophy1 p4 #gc1 cit$ by ,major ,jacob1 ,h9du ,pan!ism1 p4 #ac4 #ada ,jacob1 z cit$1 p4 #c4 #adb ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #cdj-da4 ,cp4 ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ha4 #adc ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aci4 #add ,cp4 ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #bh4 #ade ,id4 pp4 #bh1 #bbj-bb4 #adf ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aci1 note1 cit+ ,pan9i1 iv1 #d1 #fj4 #adg ,app>5tly belong+ to ! lat] or middle ,buddhi/ p]iod4 ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ada4 #adh ,on ^! cp4 ,mll]1 p4 #aci1 note2 ,g>be1 ,philos4 ( ,anc4 ,india1 ,eng4 tr4 #bnd ed4 ,*icago1 #ahii1 p4 #be2 & ,web]1 ,ind4 ,lit4 p4 #bdf1 note1 ) ! v full rese>* ( ,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids1 ,dialogues ( ! ,buddha1 #ahii1 pp4 #aff-gb4 #adi ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #adj-da4 ,cp4 ,g>be4 p4 #bh4 #aej ,g>be1 z cit$4 #aea ,rhys ,davids1 ,dialogues ( ! ,buddha1 p4 #aga4 #aeb ,id4 pp4 #afi-ga4 #aec ,id4 p4 #agb4 #aed ,id4 ib4 #aee ,trans4 9 ,engli% by ,c[ell & ,g\gh1 #ahhb4 #aef ,g>be1 z cit$1 p4 #be4 #aeg ,see ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ada-db1 cit+ ,burn\f4 #aeh ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #caj4 #aei ,bk4 ,i1 ,/ories ii1 #g1 #h1 #af2 vii4 #ahj4 #afj ,bk4 ,i1 #aa1 #dj2 ,/4 ii1 #cb4 #afa ,/4 vi4 #afb4 #afb ,major ,jacob1 z cit$1 preface4 #afc ,mll]1 ,psy*ol4 ,relig41 pp4 #ie1 #ig1 #abf2 ,lect4 on ! ,v$nta ,philos41 #ahid1 p4 #cb4 #afd ,*und] ,dutt1 ,hi/4 ( ,civ4 9 ,anc4 ,india1 z cit$1 i1 #aab-ac4 #afe ,rhys ,davids1 trans4 ( ,dialogues ( ! ,buddha1 p4 #aff4 ,cp4 8 ,buddhism1 p4 #adc1 z to ,buddhi/ c5sures ( an extravagant skepticism :i* d5i$ e religi\s !ory4 ,9 "o ( ! ,dialogues 7ii1 #be1 p4 #gd7 a contempor>y sophi/ is cit$ z flatly d5y+ a future /ate4 ,mr4 ,lillie1 h[ev] 7,buddhism 9 ,*ri/5dom1 #ahhg1 p4 #ahg71 cont5ds z aga9/ ,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids t ! ,upani%ads 7 only :isp]$ to pupils :o _h gone ?r\gh a sev]e probation4 #aff ,pr(4 ,web] 7,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #d7 says ! peoples ( ! ,punjaub nev] at all submitt$ to ! ,brahmanical rule & ca/e sy/em4 ,b ! subject natives !re mu/ at ! outset h be5 treat$ z an inf]ior ord]4 ,cp4 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #abj & refs42 & ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 p4 #bc4 #afg ,cp4 ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #bcf1 #bhd-he2 ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips1 i1 #bbh-cb2 ,ku551 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #beh-fd2 & ! g5]al discussion ( ! problem 9 ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #bci-fc4 #afh ,brahmanism _h itself be5 by ?is "t influ5c$ by aborig9al elem5ts1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( affect+ its language4 ,web]1 z cit$1 p4 #agg4 ,cp4 ,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,relig41 p4 #afd4 #afi ,major ,jacob1 z cit$1 p4 #ab4 #agj ,i4e41 ! enlight5$1 a title giv5 to sages 9 g5]al4 ,web]1 p4 #bhd4 #aga ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #agi1 #bii2 ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 p4 #bii4 #agb ,see ,s5>t1 ,essai sur la lg5de de ,buddha1 #b;e dit41 p4 #big ff4 #agc ,cp4 ,web]1 pp4 #bhf-hg1 #cjc4 #agd ,see ,web]1 pp4 #cja1 #cjg2 also ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #dc1 #hc1 etc4 #age ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #aag4 #agf ,cp4 ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #bg1 #bhd-hg2 ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 p4 #eee2 ,jacobi1 z !re cit$2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #ace-cf2 ,rhys ,davids1 ,am]ican ,lectures on ,buddhism1 pp4 #aae-af2 ,buddhism1 p4 #hd2 & ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #h-ac4 #agg ,web]1 ,hi/4 ,ind4 ,lit41 pp4 #d1 #ci4 #agh ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #adf4 #agi ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #ce1 #gi1 #ii4 #ahj ,cp4 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pp4 #bdh-ej4 #aha ,rhys ,davids1 trans4 ( ,dialogues1 pp4 #ahh-hi2 ,am]4 ,lec4 on ,buddhism1 #ahif1 pp4 #abg-cd2 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahha1 p4 #aji2 ,buddhism1 pp4 #ie1 #ih-ii4 #ahb ,max ,mll]1 ,select$ ,essays1 #ahha1 ii1 #bie4 #ahc ,z ! context 9 ,pr(essor ,mll]'s "w %[s1 ^! phrases are inaccurate4 #ahd ,cp4 ,web]1 ,ind4 ,lit41 p4 #bhi1 note2 & ,ban]jea1 ,dialogues on ! ,h9du ,philosophy1 p4 #ebj1 cit$ by ,major ,jacob1 pp4 #bi-cj4 #ahe ,see ,muir1 ,sanskrit ,texts1 iv1 #ej 7cit$ by ,jacob1 pp4 #cj-ca71 z to ! ,brahman view ( ! lic5ce ascrib$ to ,kri%na4 ,& see iii1 #cb 7cit$ by ,jacob1 p4 #ad71 z to a rem>kable disp>agem5t ( ,v$ism 9 ! ,bhagavat ,gita4 #ahf ,mll]1 ,select$ ,essays1 ii1 #cfc3 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 z la/ cit$1 ii1 #cfh sq4 #ahg ,see ?is br\ght out 9 a /rik+ly dramatic way 9 ,mr4 ,d5nis ,hird's novel1 ,! ,believ+ ,bi%op4 #ahh ,cp4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,mono!i/is*e ,/rmung5 inn]halb d] ,babylonis*5 ,religion1 #aijd1 p4 #dd--;a v c&id rese>*4 #ahi ,! ,hammurabi ,code1 by ,*ilp]ic ,edw>ds1 #aijd1 pp4 #fg1 #fh1 #gj 7 #bdj1 #bdi1 #bff74 ,! invocations ( nam$ ,gods by ,hammurabi at ! close ( ! code1 h[ev]1 sugge/ t ! =ce ( ! ^w 0 a ,god4 ,cp4 p4 #gf ) :at foll[s2 & see note on p4 #ic4 ,on ?is "q comp>e ,j]emias1 z cit$1 pp4 #ci1 #dc4 #aij ,masp]o1 ,hi/4 anc4 des peup4 de l'ori5t1 #d;e d4 p4 #aci2 ,sayce1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #aba1 #bac1 #bae2 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt41 i 7#ahhd71 #afa 7 #acc72 iii 7#aija71 #afg sq4 7 #ajc74 #aia ,sayce1 pp4 #bai1 #cdd2 ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 ,eng4 ed4 p4 #abg4 #aib ,ja/r[1 ,religions ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ahih1 p4 #cah4 #aic ,ja/r[1 p4 #ahg2 ,sayce1 pp4 #abh1 #bfg-fh4 ,cp4 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 ,eng4 tr41 i1 #ia2 ,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 #ahie1 p4 #aga2 ,gunkel1 ,israel und ,babyloni51 #aijc1 p4 #cj2 ,j]emias1 z cit$1 pp4 #e-f4 #aid ,mey]1 iii1 #afh2 ,ja/r[1 p4 #gi2 ,sayce1 p4 #cca sq41 #cfg sq42 ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 p4 #aab2 ,j]emias1 pp4 #g-bc4 #aie ,sayce1 p4 #cje4 ,cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #deb4 #aif ,ja/r[1 p4 #aij1 note1 p4 #cai2 ,sayce1 pp4 #aia-ib1 #cfg2 ,l5ormant1 pp4 #aab1 #aac1 #aai1 #acc2 ,j]emias1 p4 #bf4 #aig ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #gh2 ,sayce1 ,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/1 pp4 #aeb-ec2 ,rawl9son1 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies1 #bnd ed4 iii1 #ac2 ,masp]o1 p4 #aci4 #aih ,/rabo1 xvi1 c4 #a1 #f4 #aii ,cp4 ,rawl9son1 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies1 i1 #aaj2 iii1 #ab-ac4 #bjj ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #che4 #bja ,mey]1 iii1 #ajc2 ,sayce1 pp4 #aib1 #cde4 #bjb ,cp4 ,ja/r[1 p4 #ffb2 ,sayce1 p4 #gh2 & ,tiele1 ,hi/4 ,comp>e1 p4 #bji4 ,x seems probable t human sacrifice 0 latt]ly re/rict$ to ! case ( crim9als4 #bjc ,cp4 ,mey]1 iii1 #agc4 #bjd ,mey]1 i1 #ahg1 & note4 #bje ,cp4 ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/4 ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 #aijb1 pp4 #afa-fc4 #bjf ,ja/r[1 pp4 #ahg1 #bef2 ,sayce1 pp4 #caf1 #cbj1 #cbb1 #cbg2 ,mey]1 i1 #ahc2 ,l5ormant1 p4 #aaj2 ,j]emias1 p4 #e4 #bjg ,sayce1 pp4 #cbf1 #cda2 cp4 ,ja/r[1 p4 #cag4 #bjh ,mey]1 i1 #eii2 ,sayce1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #he-ia2 ,anc4 ,emp4 ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #bde4 #bji ,mey]1 iii1 #eg4 #baj ,h]od4 i1 #aca4 #baa ,j]4 xi1 #ac1 etc4 #bab ,ezek4 *s4 vi1 viii4 #bac ,cp4 ! rec5t lit]ature on ! recov]$ ,code ( ,hammurabi4 #bad ,h]od4 i1 #aja4 #bae ,id4 iii1 #gi4 #baf ,cp4 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 pt4 ii1 *4 #cc 7ed4 #ahhh1 iii1 #ddb71 note4 #bag ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt41 i1 #eje 7 #dag71 #edb 7 #dea71 #fag 7 #eae72 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #afd4 #bah ,h]od4 i1 #acj4 #bai ,cp4 ,h]od4 iii1 #id1 #ih2 ,grote1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ddh4 #bbj ,mey]1 z cit$1 i1 #eje1 #ecj 7 #dci72 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #afc1 #afe4 #bba ,mey]1 i1 #ebh 7 #dch74 #bbb ,d>me/et]1 ,! ,z5dave/a 7,s4 ,b4 ,e4 s]471 vol4 i1 introd41 p4 lx 7#a/ ed474 #bbc ,rawl9son1 ,religions ( ! ,anc4 ,_w1 p4 #aje2 ,mey]1 #dag1 #dej-ea4 #bbd ,mey]1 i1 #ejg 7 #dah74 #bbe ,cp4 ,mey]1 i1 #ejf-ejh2 ,r5an1 z cit$ by him1 p4 #ejh2 ,d>me/et]1 z cit$1 cc4 iv-ix1 #bnd ed42 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #afe4 #bbf ,mey]1 i1 #ebj 7 #dbh74 #bbg ,mey]1 i1 #ebd 7 #dcc72 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #agh2 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman1 #ahgg1 pp4 #g-ah4 #bbh ,mey]1 i1 #dej 7p4 #eda74 #bbi ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #afg4 ,cp4 ,l5ormant 7,*aldean ,magic1 p4 #bbi71 :o attributes ! h]esy to immoral ,m$ian ,magi2 & ,spiegel 7,ave/a1 #aheb1 i1 #bga71 :o consid]s x a d]ivation f ,babylon4 #bcj ,le ,page ,r5\f1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,relig4 ( ,anc4 ,egypt1 #bnd ed4 p4 #ib2 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahig1 p4 #aji4 ,cp4 p4 #bfj4 ,r5\f 7pp4 #ic-ajc7 supplies an int]e/+ analysis4 #bca ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #hc2 ,wi$emann1 z cit$1 p4 #ajc sq4 #bcb ,cp4 ,major ,glyn ,leon>d1 ,! ,l[] ,nig] & its ,tribes1 #aijf1 pp4 #ced1 #dag1 #dcc4 #bcc ,wi$emann1 z cit$1 p4 #acf4 #bcd ,mey]1 p4 #ha 7 #ff72 ,tiele1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,egypt4 ,relig4 ,eng4 tr41 pp4 #aai1 #aed4 #bce ,le ,page ,r5\f1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #bnd ed4 p4 #bdj4 #bcf ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt5 ,egypt5s1 9 ,onck5's s]ies1 #ahgg1 ,b4 iii1 ,kap4 #c1 p4 #bdi2 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i4 #aji2 ,tiele1 ,egypt4 ,relig4 pp4 #adi1 #aea1 #aeg2 ,masp]o1 ,hi/4 anc4 des peuples de l'ori5t1 #d ed41 pp4 #bgh-hj2 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 z cit$1 pp4 #bae-cj2 ,wi$emann1 pp4 #ab1 #ac1 #cja2 ,erman1 ,h&book ( ,egyptian ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijg1 p4 #eg4 #bcg ,erman1 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #bch ,tiele1 ,egypt4 ,rel4 pp4 #aec1 #aee1 #aef4 #bci ,tiele1 p4 #aeg4 #bdj ,brugs*1 ,religion und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,aegypt]1 #ahhd2 #a ,hlfte1 pp4 #ij-ia2 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 ,eng4 trans4 i1 #cie-ig2 ,tiele1 pp4 #bbf-cj2 ,erman1 pp4 #ga1 #ajc-aje4 #bda ,cp4 ,wi$emann1 p4 #cjb4 #bdb ,tiele1 pp4 #aad1 #aah1 #aed4 ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i1 #aja-ajb 7 #he74 ,wi$emann1 p4 #bfj4 #bdc ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 #ahii1 end4 #bdd ,tiele1 p4 #aeg4 ,cp4 p4 #bag4 #bde ,cp4 ,masp]o1 z cit$1 pp4 #bgd-gf4 #bdf ,mey]1 i1 #gb4 #bdg ,masp]o's spell+4 #bdh ,von ,biss+'s spell+4 #bdi ,de ,g>is ,davies1 ,! ,tombs ( ,am>na4 #bej ,masp]o 7,hi/4 anc4 des peuples de l'ori5t1 ed4 #aije1 p4 #bea7 says he respect$ also ,osiris & ,horus4 #bea ,brugs*1 ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs1 ed4 #ahia1 p4 #baf4 ,masp]o 7z cit$1 p4 #bej7 recognizes no su* revolt4 #beb ,masp]o1 ,hi/4 anc4 de l'ori5t1 #g;e d4 pp4 #bdh-ed2 ,brugs*1 ,hi/4 ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs1 ,eng4 trans4 ed4 #ahia1 *4 x2 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,aegypt5s1 ,b4 iii1 ,kap4 #d1 #e2 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums1 i1 #bga-gd2 ,tiele1 pp4 #afa-fe2 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 iii 7#aije71 #aj2 ,wi$emann1 pp4 #ce-ci2 ,erman1 pp4 #fa-gj2 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+ & ,h4 ,h4 ,hall1 ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,discov]ies1 #aijg1 pp4 #chc-hg2 ,f4 ,w4 von ,biss+1 ,ges*i*te ,aegypt5s 9 ,umriss1 #aijd1 pp4 #eb-ec4 #bec ,tiele1 p4 #add2 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #ace4 #bed ,we d n f9d magic pr$om9ant 9 ! tales until ! ,ptolemaic age4 ,at t "t ! physical magic ( ! e>ly times reappe>s 9 full =ce 7,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 #ahih1 p4 #bi4 ,cp4 ,masp]o1 p4 #bhf2 ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 pp4 #fd1 #bcc74 #bee ,petrie1 ,hi/4 iii1 #agd-ge1 #ahj4 #bef ,tiele1 pp4 #ahj-hb2 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #adj-dc4 #beg ,tiele1 pp4 #ahd-he1 #aif1 #bag4 #beh ,h]odotos1 ii1 #dh1 #fj-fd1 etc4 ,cp4 ,masp]o1 p4 #bhf4 #bei ,! ,osiride & ,cosmic ,gods rose 9 importance z "t w5t on1 :ile ! ,ab/ract ,gods cont9ually sank on ! :ole4 ,?is agrees ) ! g5]al idea t ! import$ ,gods h to yield _! position gradually to ! old] & m deeply-root$ fai?s 7,petrie1 z la/ cit$1 p4 #ie74 #bfj ,! famili> n>rative ( ,h]odotos is put 9 d\bt by ! monum5ts4 ,sayce1 ,anci5t ,empires1 p4 #bdf4 ,b cp4 ,mey]1 i1 #faa 7 #ejh74 #bfa ,tiele1 p4 #aeh4 #bfb ,see figures #bji1 #bab1 #bba1 #bce1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bej1 9 ,%>pe's ,hi/4 ( ,egypt1 #g? ed4 #bfc ,cp4 ,%>pe1 ii1 #bhg-ie2 ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 p4 #fd4 #bfd ,comp>e ! or?odox view ( ,bi%op ,we/cott1 ,essays 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ! ,we/1 #ahia1 pp4 #aig-bjj4 #bfe ,^! fights _h n ceas$ ev5 9 ! "t ( ,julian 7,%>pe1 ii1 #bhj74 ,cp4 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 xv1 #cc sq4 #bff ,metamorphoses1 ,b41 xi4 #bfg ,cp4 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 passim4 #bfh ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #bcb-cc4 #bfi ,mey]1 i1 #bcg4 #bgj ,put by ,canon ,rawl9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,pho5icia1 #ahhi1 p4 #cba4 #bga ,z to ! univ]sality ( ?is t5d5cy1 see ,mey]1 ii1 #ig4 #bgb ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i1 #bea1 #bji2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #hd2 ,hi/oire comp>e des anci5nes religions1 ,fr4 tr4 pp4 #cbj-ba4 #bgc ,rawl9son1 ,pho5icia1 p4 #cdj2 ,sayce1 ,anc4 ,emp4 p4 #bjd2 ,m5zies1 ,hi/4 ( ,relig4 p4 #afh4 #bgd ,prp>atio ,evangelica1 ,b4 i1 c4 #i-aj4 #bge ,mey]1 i1 #bdi4 #bgf ,cp4 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aei1 z to ,p]sian me?ods ( ! same k9d4 #bgg ,div4 ,in/4 i1 #bc4 #bgh ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 ii1 #ajd1 #aje4 #bgi ,z to ,greek in/ances1 cp4 ,bury1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ed4 #aijf1 pp4 #ec1 #ee1 #fe1 #ib1 #ajd2 & z to ,roman1 see ,ettore ,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 trans4 #aijf1 *4 x1 :]e x is %[n t ,virg9ia & ,lucretia are prim>ily anci5t ,lat9 div9ities2 & 7*4 vii7 t bo? ,numa & ,s]vius ,tullius are probably 9 ! same case1 ,s]vius ,rex be+ 9 all likelihood ! s]vus rex ,nemor5sis ( ! ,arician grove1 r\nd :om turns ! rese>* ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh2 :ile tullius is an old ,lat9 ^w = a spr+4 ,see also *4 iv z to ,acca ,l>5tia1 ano!r ,goddess r$uc$ by ! hi/orians to ! /atus ( a hetaira1 z 0 ,flora4 ,horatius ,cocles 7id4 p4 #aeg7 is also a ,god r$uc$ to a h]o4 #bhj ,s ,sayce1 ,anci5t ,empires1 p4 #bjd4 #bha ,sayce1 ,anci5t ,empires1 p4 #bjb4 #bhb ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 #ahhj1 pp4 #aa1 #af2 ,d\glas1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ab1 #hb4 #bhc ,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #aeh4 #bhd ,legge1 pp4 #ab1 #ai1 #bc1 #be1 #bf2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #bg2 ,d\glas1 p4 #gi4 #bhe ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #adb4 #bhf ,see ! citations made by ,legge1 p4 #e4 #bhg ,id4 p4 #aci2 cp4 ,m5zies1 p4 #aji4 #bhh ,legge1 p4 #adj2 cp4 p4 #aag2 ,d\glas1 p4 #ha4 #bhi ,legge1 ,religions1 p4 #aag2 ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,confucius1 #d? ed4 p4 #aja2 ,d\glas1 p4 #fh2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #bi4 #bij ,tiele1 p4 #ca2 ,legge1 ,religions1 p4 #adc4 #bia ,tiele1 pp4 #ca-cb2 ,d\glas1 pp4 #fh1 #hd4 ,b cp4 ,legge1 ,religions1 pp4 #abc1 #abg4 #bib ,legge1 ,life & ,tea*+s1 pp4 #ajj-aja4 #bic ,d\glas1 pp4 #agi1 #ahd4 #bid ,see ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pp4 #bad-bb4 #bie ,pau?i]1 ,*9e ,mod]ne1 p4 #cea4 ,!re is a tradition t ,lao-,tsze took 8 doctr9e f an anci5t sage :o fl\ri%$ be=e #aabj ,b4,c42 & he himself 7,tau ,teh ,k+1 trans4 by ,*alm]s1 ,! ,speculations ( ,lao-,tsze1 #ahfh1 *4 #da7 cites doctr9e z to ,tau f ^? :o h spok5 7be=e me74 ,cp4 cc4 #bb1 #da1 #fb1 #fe1 #gj4 #bif ,cp4 ,e4 ,j4 ,simcox1 ,primitive ,civilizations1 #ahid1 ii1 #ah4 #big ,pau?i]1 p4 #ceh2 ,*alm]s1 pp4 #ad1 #cg4 #bih ,legge1 ,religions1 p4 #acg4 #bii ,tau ,teh ,k+1 z cit$1 pp4 #ch4 #di1 *4 #di1 #fc2 ,pau?i]1 p4 #ceh2 ,legge1 p4 #bbc4 #cjj ,analects1 xxv1 #cf2 ,legge1 ,religions1 p4 #adc2 ,life & ,tea*+s1 p4 #aac2 ,d\glas1 p4 #add4 #cja ,legge1 ,religions1 p4 #afd4 ,we d f9d1 h[ev]1 an occasional allusion to deity1 z 9 ! phrase ! ,great ,ar*itect 7,*alm]s' trans4 #ahfh4 *4 lxxiv1 p4 #eg71 & ,heav5 is spok5 ( 9 a some:at p]sonaliz$ s5se4 ,/ill1 ,mr4 ,*alm]s compla9s 7p4 xv7 t ,lao-,tsze did n recognize a p]sonal ,god1 b put an indef9ite1 imp]sonal1 & unconsci\s ,tau above all ?+s 7*4 iv74 #cjb ,f4 ,h4 ,balf\r1 ,art4 ,a ,philosoph] :o ,nev] ,liv$1 9 ,leaves f my ,*9ese ,scrap-book1 #ahhg1 p4 #hc sq4 #cjc ,id4 pp4 #hf-ij4 #cjd ,id4 p4 #acd4 #cje ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #adg2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #cc4 #cjf ,legge1 ,life & ,works ( ,m5cius1 #ahge1 pp4 #bi1 #ej1 #gg1 etc4 #cjg ,tiele1 p4 #cc4 #cjh ,legge1 ,life & ,works ( ,m5cius1 pp4 #dd1 #dg1 #ef1 #eg1 etc4 #cji ,miss ,simcox1 ,primitive ,civilizations1 ii1 #cf-cg1 foll[+ ,*avannes4 #caj ,legge's ,m5cius1 p4 #di2 cp4 p4 #dh4 #caa ,cp4 ,legge's ,m5cius1 pp4 #dg1 #aca2 ,*alm]s' ,lao-,tsze1 pp4 #bc1 #bh1 #ec1 #eh 7*s4 xxx1 xxxi1 xxxvi1 lxvii1 lxxiv72 ,d\glas1 ,ta\ism1 *s4 ii1 iii4 #cab ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #adg4 ,! rul] 9 "q seems to h be5 ( non-,*9ese desc5t4 ,e4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 ,*9a1 #aija1 p4 #ah4 #cac ,legge1 ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #aei4 #cad ,id4 p4 #fj4 #cae ,tiele1 p4 #cg4 #caf ,d\glas1 p4 #bbb4 #cag ,id4 p4 #bci4 #cah ,tiele1 p4 #ce2 ,d\glas1 p4 #bhg4 ,ta\ism1 h[ev]1 has a r notewor?y e?ical code4 ,see ,d\glas1 *4 vi4 ,x has to be not$ t ! translations ( ! ,to ,th ,k+ h v>i$ to a disquiet+ degree4 ,cp4 ,drews1 ,ges*4 des ,monismus1 p4 #aba4 #cai ,details are giv5 9 ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pt4 iv4 #cbj ,nadaillac 7,l',amrique prhi/orique1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bgc-hd7 gives !m little ( ?is cr$it1 pron\nc+ !m at once cruel & deg5]ate4 ,he cr$its !m1 h[ev]1 ) be+ ! fir/ mak]s ( roads & aqu$ucts 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & cites ! record ( _! free public hospitals1 ma9ta9$ by ! sac]dotal k+s4 ,prescott1 on ! o!r h&1 ov]/at$ ! bloodlessness ( _! religion 7,conque/ ( ,mexico1 ,kirk's ed4 #ahij1 p4 #da & ed4 note74 #cba ,rville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,on ! ,native ,religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fb-fg4 #cbb ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 ed4 #ahfg1 pp4 #egg-ij2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 iii1 #bgi4 7,passage cit$ 9 au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pp4 #djb-djc2 :]e is also not$ ,dr4 ,tylor's e>ly view1 disc>d$ lat]1 t ,quetzalcoatl 0 a real p]sonage47 #cbc ,cp4 ,prescott1 z cit$4 #cbd ,rville1 p4 #ff4 #cbe ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 z cit$1 pp4 #dgc-gd2 ,rville1 p4 #df4 ,dr4 ,rville speaks ( ! wor%ip ( ! unify+ deity z pretty mu* effac$ by t ( ! l[] ,gods4 ,x seems r to h be5 a prie/ly ef=t to syncretize ^!4 ,/ill1 su* an effacem5t did take place1 z we h se51 9 ,c5tral ,asia 9 anci5t times1 aft] a syncretic idea _h be5 rea*$ 7above1 p4 #de74 ,z to ! alleg$ mono!ism ( ,k+ ,netzahuatl 7or ,netzahualcoyotl71 ( ,tezcuco1 m5tion$ above1 p4 #ci1 see ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #bgj1 note1 & p4 #bhb2 ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 z cit$1 p4 #ib2 & ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 z cit$1 pp4 #dgc-gd1 #dhj4 #cbf ,z to ! capabilities ( ! ,aztec language1 see ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 ii1 #gbg-bh 7quot$ 9 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 p4 #daf1 note74 #cbg ,refs4 above1 p4 #da4 ,cp4 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #bgj1 note1 & p4 #bhb2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 z cit$1 pp4 #dgc-gd2 & ,nadaillac1 z cit$1 p4 #bhi4 #cbh ,! ,*ri/ianiz$ desc5dant ( ! ,tezcucan k+s1 ,ixtilxo*itl1 :o wrote _! hi/ory1 adds ! words1 ,cause ( ,causes--a v unlikely =mula 9 ! place & circum/ances4 #cbi ,above1 p4 #da4 ,cp4 ,lang1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #bfc1 #bhb4 #ccj ,cp4 ,kirk's ed4 ( ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 #ahhi1 p4 #dd2 ,rville1 p4 #ahi-ij2 ,lang1 z cit$ bel[4 #cca ,rville1 p4 #aeb1 cit+ ,g>cilasso4 ,see same page = a /ory ( resi/ance to ! inv5tion ( an alphabet4 #ccb ,rville1 p4 #ej4 cit+ ,torquemada1 #a4 viii1 c4 #bj4 end4 #ccc ,hi/ory ( ! ,affairs ( ,new ,spa91 ,fr5* trans4 #ahhj1 #a4 vi1 *4 #g1 pp4 #cdb-dc4 ,cp4 ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 ,kirk's ed4 pp4 #ca1 #cc4 #ccd ,prescott1 p4 #cd4 #cce ,! prie/ says1 '! _s is hungry4' ! fact be+ t he himself is hungry4 ,he advises ! kill+ ( an animal 7,max ,mll]1 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #cjg74 #ccf ,on ! g5]al t5d5cy cp4 ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 ,manual ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 pp4 #gg-hd4 #ccg ,9 ! w9d[s ( ! %op ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,k41 9 ,london1 may be (t5 se5 l>ge displays ( reproduc$ ,madonna-pictures1 by ,ca?olic arti/s1 at popul> prices4 #cch ,comp>e ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pp4 #ff-ie4 #cci ,jud4 xvii1 xviii4 #cdj ,g54 xxxi1 #ai1 #cd1 #ce4 #cda ,comp>e ,hugo ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*i*te ,israels1 i1 #ef-eh4 #cdb ,comp>e ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #hg2 ,hi/4 comp4 des anc4 relig4 p4 #cdb sq42 ,ku551 ,relig4 ( ,israel1 iii1 #ce1 #dd1 #cih4 ,w9ckl] 7,ges*4 ,israels1 i1 #cd-ch7 pron\nces ! orig9al ,semitic ,yahu1 & ! ,yahweh evolv$ f him1 to h be5 ea* a ,wett]-,gott4 #cdc ,! ^w is appli$ to ! app>ition ( ,samuel 9 ! /ory ( ! ,wit* ( ,endor 7#a ,sam4 xxviii1 #ac74 #cdd ,! unle>n$ read] may "h be rem9d$ t 9 ,g54 i ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ ,god is ,elohim & t ! phrase 9 ,g54 ii r5d]$ ! ,"l ,god 9 our v]sions is 9 ! orig9al ,yah-weh-,elohim4 ,! fir/ *apt]1 ) its plural deity1 is1 h[ev]1 probably ! lat] z well z ! m dignifi$ n>rative1 & repres5ts ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian quasi-sci5ce4 ,see1 = a good g5]al acc\nt ( ! case1 ,! ,witness ( ,assyria1 by ,c4 ,edw>ds1 #ahic1 *4 ii4 ,cp4 ,wellhaus51 ,proleg4 to ,hi/4 ( ,israel1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #aif-cjh2 ,e4 ,j4 ,fripp1 ,composition ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 #ahib1 passim2 ,driv]1 ,introd4 to ! ,lit4 ( ! ,old ,te/4 #ahia1 pp4 #ah-ai4 #cde ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*4 ,isr4 i1 #bi-cj4 #cdf ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 i1 #cih4 #cdg ,see ! my? ( ! (f]+s put 9 x by ! ,phili/9es 7#a ,sam4 vi74 #cdh #a ,sam4 iii1 #c4 ,cp4 *4 ii1 #ab-bb4 ,contra/ ,lev4 xvi1 #b1 ff4 #cdi #a ,sam4 iv1 #c-aa4 ,cp4 v4 vii1 #b4 #cej #b ,sam4 vi4 #cea #a ,k+s xii1 #bh2 ,hosea viii1 #d-f4 ,cp4 ,jud4 viii4 #bg2 ,hosea viii1 #e4 #ceb ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #aif4 ,b see above1 p4 #gi4 #cec #aa? c5t4 ,b4,c4 #ced #b ,k+s xviii1 #d1 #bb2 xxiii1 #dh4 #cee #b ,k+s xxiii4 #cef ,j]4 i1 #ah2 iii1 #af2 vi1 #ac2 vii1 #d-bb2 viii1 #h2 xviii1 #ah2 xx1 #a1 #b2 xxiii1 #aa4 #ceg ,j]4 ii1 #bh2 xi1 #ac4 #ceh ,s ,ku551 vol4 i4 ,app4 i to ,*4 #a4 #cei ,amos v1 #ba1 #bb4 #cfj ,hosea ii1 #aa2 vi1 #f4 #cfa ,isa4 i1 #aa-ad4 #cfb ,mic4 vi1 #f-h4 #cfc ,cp4 ,m4 ,mll]1 ,nat4 ,rel4 pp4 #efj-fa2 ,psy*ol4 ,rel4 pp4 #cj-cb2 ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 p4 #dfe4 ,if ! ,moabite ,/one be g5u9e--& x is accept$ by ,/ade 7,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 9 ,onck5's ,s]ies1 #ahha1 i1 #hf7 & by mo/ contempor>y s*ol>s--! ,hebrew alphabetic writ+ is c>ri$ back to ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,/one is giv5 9 ,! ,witness ( ,assyria1 by ,c4 ,edw>ds1 *4 xi4 ,see aga9 ,momms51 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 bk4 i1 *4 #ad1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahid1 i1 #bhj1 = a !ory ( ! extreme antiquity ( ! alphabet4 #cfd ,dr4 ,*eyne 7,art4 ,amos 9 ,encyc4 ,biblica7 gives "s good reasons = atta*+ little weight to su* objections1 b f9ally jo9s 9 call+ ,amos a surpris+ ph5om5on4 #cfe ,driv]1 ,introd4 to ,lit4 ( ,old ,te/4 *4 vi1 #b 7p4 #bij1 ed4 #ahia74 ,cp4 ,ku551 ,relig4 ( ,israel1 i1 #hf2 & ,rob]tson ,smi?1 art4 ,joel1 9 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #cff ,cp4 ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 p4 #eja2 ,driv]1 *4 vii 7#a/ ed4 pp4 #ceb sq41 esp4 pp4 #cee1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfe72 ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 i1 #he4 #cfg ,e4g4 ,ps4 l1 #h-ae2 li1 #af-ag1 :]e v4 #ai is obvi\sly a prie/ly addition1 meant to c\nt]vail vv4 #af1 #ag4 #cfh ,cp4 ,ku551 i1 #aef2 ,wellhaus51 ,prolegom5a1 p4 #aci2 ,israel1 p4 #dgh4 #cfi ,z to a possible prehi/oric connection ( ,hebrews & ,p]so-,aryans1 see ,ku551 i1 #bed1 discuss+ ,tiele & ,spiegel1 & iii1 #ce1 #dd1 treat+ ( ,tiele's view1 set =? 9 8 ,godsdi5/ van ,z>a?u/ra1 t fire-wor%ip 0 ! orig9al basis ( ,yahwism4 ,cp4 ,l&'s views1 discuss$ by ,ku551 p4 #cih2 & ,r5an1 ,hi/4 des langues smit4 p4 #dgc4 #cgj ,*eyne1 ,introd4 to ,isaiah1 ,prol4 pp4 xxx1 xxxviii1 foll[+ ,ko/]s4 #cga ,!re is a cognate dispute z to ! condition ( ! ,sam>itans at ! "t ( ! ,return4 ,/ade 7,ges*4 d5 ,volkes ,israel1 i1 #fjb7 holds t !y 7 num]\s & well-plac$4 ,w9ckl] 7,altte/am5tli*e ,unt]su*ung51 #ahib1 p4 #ajg7 argues t1 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 poor & unorganiz$1 & look$ to ! ,jews = help4 ,s also ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 iii 7#aija71 #bad4 #cgb ,cp4 ,r[l& ,williams1 ,! ,hebrew ,prophets1 ii 7#ahga71 #ch4 ,?is translator's r5d]+ ( ! phrase cit$ by ,zephaniah runs3 ,nei!r good does ! et]nal nor evil4 #cgc ,cp4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 iii1 #baf4 #cgd ,mal4 ii1 #ag2 iii1 #ac4 ,cp4 ii1 #h1 #aa4 #cge ,cp4 ,j]4 xxxiii1 #bd2 xxxviii1 #ai4 #cgf ,eccles4 iii1 #ai-ba4 #cgg ,*4 v4 ,r5an's translation l5ds lucidity4 #cgh ,driv]1 ,introduction1 p4 #cgh4 ,pr(4 ,dillon 7,skeptics ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #aee7 goes s f> z to pron\nce ,agur a ,hebrew ,voltaire1 :i* is some:at ( a /ra9+ ( ! few words he has left4 ,cp4 ,dr4 ,moncure ,conway1 ,solomon & ,solomonic ,lit]ature1 #ahii1 p4 #ee4 ,9 any case1 ,agur belongs to an age ( advanc$ religi\s reflection 7,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #aeb74 #cgi ,driv]1 ,introduction1 p4 #cgh4 #chj ,biscoe1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ed4 #ahbi1 p4 #hj1 foll[+ ,seld5 & ,lightfoot4 #cha ,s4 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 #ahif1 p4 #ahi1 cit+ ,sanh$r91 #chf1 & ,pseudo-,jona?an to ,g54 iv1 #h4 ,cp4 pp4 #aia-ib1 cit+ a m5tion ( ,epicurus 9 ! ,mi%na4 #chb ,! famili> phrase 9 ! ,psalms 7xiv1 i2 liii1 #a71 ,! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 !re is no ,god1 suppos+ x to be evid5ce = any?+1 cle>ly does n ref] to any reason$ unbelief4 ,a!ism c\ld n well be q s g5]al z ! phrase1 tak5 lit]ally1 w\ld imply4 #chc ,cp4 ,w4 ,r4 ,sorley1 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians & ,judaism1 #ahha1 p4 #i2 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,old ,te/4 9 ! ,jewi% ,*4 ed4 #ahib1 pp4 #dh-di4 ,^! writ]s some:at exagg]ate ! novelty ( ! view !y accept4 ,cp4 ,biscoe1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,acts1 ed4 #ahbi1 p4 #aja4 #chd ,wisdom1 c4 #b4 #che ,cp4 ! implications 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 vi1 #d-f2 xvi1 #aa-ab1 z to ! e?ics ( _m believ]s4 #chf ,ku551 ii1 #bdb-dc4 #chg ,kalis*1 ,comm4 on ,leviticus1 xxv1 #h1 pt4 ii1 p4 #edh4 #chh ,9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 iii1 #ac2 iv1 #a1 ! old desire = (fspr+ is se5 to be 9 "p sup]s$$ by ! new] belief 9 p]sonal immortality4 #chi ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 #ahif1 p4 #baf4 ,comp>e pp4 #aic-id4 #cij ,see ,sup]natural ,religion1 #f? ed4 i1 #ig-ajj1 #ajc-ba2 ,mo%eim1 ,comm4 on ,*ri/4 ,affairs be=e ,con/ant9e1 ,vidal's tr4 i1 #gj2 ,s*r]1 ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus1 ,eng4 tr4 ,div4 ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aeb4 #cia ,sat4 xiv1 #if-ajf4 #cib ,cp4 ,horace1 #a ,sat4 v1 #ajj4 #cic ,rev4 ,a4 ,ed]%eim1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,nation aft] ! ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 #ahef1 p4 #dfb1 cit+ ! ,avoda ,s>a1 a treatise direct$ aga9/ idolatry6 ,o!r ,rabb9ical views cit$ by ,dr4 ,ed]%eim z be+ 9 comp>ison sublime are no great improvem5t on ! above--e4g41 ! conception ( deity z ! prototype ( ! high prie/1 & ! k+ ( k+s1--:o creat$ ev]y?+ = 8 own glory4 ,) all ?is 9 view1 ,dr4 ,ed]%eim ?\ght x %[$ spiritual decad5ce 9 ,philo ,judu to speak ( ,p]sian magi & ,indian gymnosophi/s 9 ! same laudatory tone z he us$ ( ! ,ess5es1 & to att5d hea!ni% !atrical repres5tations 7p4 #cgb74 #cid ,see ,ps4 xc1 #b2 ,prov4 viii1 #bb1 #bf4 #cie ,?is is se5 p]si/+ 9 ! lore ( ! ,neo-,platoni/ writ] ,sallu/ius ,philosophus 7#d? c471 ,de ,diis et ,mundo1 c4 #g1 ?\gh q unsci5tifically held4 #cif ,cp4 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #bje1 #bjg1 #bab4 #cig ,cp4 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 ii1 #ecc4 #cih ,cp4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece1 ed4 #ahdg1 p4 #gg4 #cii ,dunck]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 #b ,aufl4 iii1 #bji-aj1 #beb-ed1 #cai sq42 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii1 #aha1 #cfe1 #cfi1 #cgg1 #chj1 #ece 7see also ii1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aae note1 etc472 ,w4 ,*ri/1 ,ges*4 d] grie*4 ,lit4 #cte ,aufl4 p4 #ab2 ,gruppe1 ,die grie*4 ,culte und ,my!n1 #ahhg1 p4 #afe sq4 #djj ,e4 ,curtius1 ,grie*4 ,ges*4 i1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #dj1 #da1 #aja1 #bjc1 etc42 ,mey]1 ii1 #cfi4 #dja ,see ! able & le>n$ essay ( ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,le ,mirage ,ori5tate1 repr9t$ f ,l',an?ropologie1 #ahic4 ,i d n f9d t its argum5ts affect any ( ! positions "h tak5 up4 ,see pp4 #dj-da4 #djb ,mey]1 ii4 #cfi2 ,b5n1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,greece1 #ahih1 p4 #db4 #djc ,cp4 ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ed4 #aijf1 pp4 vi1 #aj1 #bg1 #cb-cd1 #dj1 etc42 ,burr[s1 ,! ,discov]ies 9 ,crete1 #aijg1 *4 ix2 ,mais*1 ,manual ( ,greek ,antiquities1 ,eng4 tr4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #fj2 ,h4 ,r4 ,hall1 ,! ,olde/ ,civilization ( ,greece1 #aija1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 #djd ,cp4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,doric ,race1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahcj1 i1 #h-aj2 ,busolt1 ,grie*4 ,ges*4 #ahhe1 i1 #cc2 ,grote1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 #aj-vol4 ed4 #ahhh1 iii1 #c-e1 #ce-dd2 ,dunck]1 iii1 #acf1 n42 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums1 i1 #bii-caj 7 #bej-eh72 ,e4 ,curtius1 i1 #bi2 ,s*mann1 ,grie*4 ,alt]?m]1 z cit$1 i1 #b-c1 #hi2 ,burr[s1 *4 ix4 #dje ,cp4 ,mey]1 ii1 #ig2 & 8 art4 ,baal 9 ,ros*]'s ,ausfhrl4 ,lex4 ,my?ol4 i1 #bhfg4 #djf ,! fallacy ( ?is tradition1 z commonly put1 0 well %[n by ,r5\vi] long ago--,manuel de philosophie anci5ne1 #ahdd1 i1 #c-ac4 ,cp4 ,ritt]1 z cit$ bel[4 #djg ,cp4 on "o side1 ,ritt]1 ,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #aea2 ,r5an1 tudes d'hi/4 religieuse1 pp4 #dg-dh2 ,zell]1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahha1 i1 #dc-di2 & on ! o!r1 ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #ca1 & ! weighty criticism ( ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #abf-bg 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #i1 note #e74 #djh ,cp4 ,curtius1 i1 #abe2 ,bury1 introd4 & *4 i4 #dji ,cp4 ,bury1 z cit$4 #daj ,z to ! prim>y mixture ( ,pelasgians & ,hell5es1 cp4 ,busolt1 i1 #bg-cb2 ,curtius1 i1 #bg2 ,s*mann1 i1 #c-d2 ,?irlwall1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ed4 #ahci1 i1 #ea-eb1 #aaf4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] 7,doric ,race1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #aj7 & ,?irlwall1 :o foll[s him 7i1 #de-dg71 decide t ! ,?racians _c h be5 v diff]5t f ! ,hell5es 9 dialect1 else !y c\ld n h influ5c$ ! latt] z !y did4 ,?is position is cle>ly unt5able1 :atev] may h be5 ! e?nological facts4 ,x w\ld entirely negate ! possibility ( reaction betwe5 ,greeks1 ,kelts1 ,egyptians1 ,semites1 ,romans1 ,p]sians1 & ,h9dus4 #daa ,murray1 ,f\r ,/ages ( ,greek ,religion1 #aiab1 p4 #ei4 #dab ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 ii1 #ehc4 #dac ,! "q is discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! au?or's ,evolution ( ,/ates1 #aiab4 #dad ,lit4 ( ,anc4 ,greece1 pp4 #da-dg4 ,! discussion ( ! ,hom]ic problem is1 ( c\rse1 ali5 to ! pres5t inquiry4 #dae ,introd4 to ,sci5tif4 ,my?ol4 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #ahj1 #aha1 #bia4 ,cp4 ,curtius1 i1 #abf4 #daf ,cp4 ,curtius1 i1 #ajg1 z to ! abs5ce 9 ,hom] ( any di/9ction betwe5 ,greeks & b>b>ians2 & ,grote1 #aj-vol4 ed4 #ahhh1 iii1 #cg-ch1 z to ! same feature 9 ,ar*ilo*os4 #dag ,dunck]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt41 z cit$1 iii4 #bji-aj2 pp4 #beg1 #cai sq4 ,cp4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #aha1 #aic2 ,curtius1 i1 #dc-di1 #ec1 #ed1 #ajg1 #cfe1 #cgc1 #cgg1 etc42 ,grote1 iii1 #ci-da2 & ,mey]1 ii1 #ajd4 #dah ,dunck]1 iii1 #bad2 ,curtius1 i1 #aee1 #aba2 ,grote1 iii1 #bgi-hj4 #dai ,busolt1 ,grie*4 ,ges*4 #ahhe1 i1 #aga-gb4 ,cp4 pp4 #cb-cd2 & ,curtius1 i1 #db4 #dbj ,on ! g5]al "q cp4 ,gruppe1 ,die grie*is*5 ,culte und ,my!n1 pp4 #aea ff41 #aeg1 #aeh ff41 #fef ff41 #fgb ff4 #dba ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?ol4 #b ,aufl4 i1 #bfj2 ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #baa2 ,r4 ,br[n1 ,jr41 ,semit4 ,influ4 9 ,hell5ic ,my?ol4 #ahih1 p4 #acj2 ,murray1 ,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,greek ,lit4 p4 #ce2 ,h4 ,r4 ,hall1 ,olde/ ,civilization ( ,greece1 #aija1 p4 #bij4 #dbb ,see ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 pp4 #baj1 #bab4 ,cp41 aga91 ,curtius1 ,grie*4 ,ges*4 i1 #ie1 z to ! probability t ! twelve ,gods 7 adju/$ to ! conf$]ations ( twelve cities2 & aga9 p4 #abf4 #dbc ,ev5 ! title 'k+' 7,anax7 seems to h be5 borr[$ by ! ,greek f ,phrygian4444 ,x is expressly record$ t tyrannos is a ,lydian ^w4 ,basileus 7'k+'7 resi/s all attempts to expla9 x z a purely ,greek =mation1 & ! t]m9ation assimilates x to c]ta9 ,phrygian words4 7,pr(4 ,ramsay1 9 ,encyc4 ,brit4 art4 ,phrygia74 ,9 ?is connection note ! numb] ( names conta9+ ,anax 7,anaxim5es1 ,anaxim&ros1 ,anaxagoras1 etc47 among ! ,ionian ,greeks4 #dbd iv1 #efa sq4 #dbe ,x is n[ agre$ t ?is is m]ely a guess4 ,! docum5t1 fur!r1 has be5 r$act$ & int]polat$4 #dbf ,prehi/4 ,antiq4 ( ! ,aryan ,peoples1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #dbc4 ,wilam[itz holds t ! v]ses ,od4 xi1 #eff-fca1 are int]polations made lat] ?an #fjj ,b4,c4 #dbg ,tiele1 ,outl9es1 p4 #bji2 ,prell]1 p4 #bfc4 #dbh ,mey] says on ! contr>y 7,ges*4 des ,alt4 ii1 #ajc1 ,anm47 t ,kronos is c]ta9ly a ,greek figure2 b he _c be suppos$ to dispute t ! ,greek ,kronos cult is graft$ on a ,semitic "o4 #dbi ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ed1 #aha4 ,cp4 ,cox1 ,my?ol4 ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 p4 #bfj1 note4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 not$ 9 ! discussions on ,semel t ,semlje is ! ,slavic "n = ! ,e>? z ,goddess4 ,ranke1 ,hi/ory ( ,s]via1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #dc4 #dcj ,iliad1 xiv1 #bja1 #cjb4 #dca ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cfg sq42 ,anci5t ,empires1 p4 #aeh4 ,note p4 #chg 9 ! ,lectures z to ! ,assyrian influ5ce1 & p4 #cia z to ! ,hom]ic notion 9 p>ticul>4 ,cp4 ,w4 ,*ri/1 ,ges*4 d] grie*4 ,lit]atur1 #fh4 #dcb ,x is unnecess>y to exam9e "h ! view ( ,h]odotos t _m ( ! ,greek cults 7 borr[$ f ,egypt4 ,h]odotos reason$ f analogies1 ) no exact hi/orical k4 ,b cp4 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel1 i1 #fg1 z to probable ,egyptian influ5ce4 #dcc ,cp4 ,mey]1 ii1 #dec-fj1 z to ! ea/]n initiative ( ,orphic !ology4 #dcd ,x is notewor?y t ! traditional doctr9e associat$ ) ! "n ( ,orpheus includ$ a simil> mat]iali/ic !ory ( ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,a!nagoras1 ,apol4 c4 #ai4 ,cp4 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel de philos4 anc4 i1 #fi-gb2 & ,mey]1 ii1 #gdc4 #dce ,cp4 ,mey]1 ii1 #gbf4 ,z to ! ori5tal elem5ts 9 ,hesiod see fur!r ,gruppe1 ,die grie*is*5 ,culte und ,my!n1 #ahhg1 pp4 #egg1 #ehg1 #ehi1 #eic4 #dcf ,cp4 h[ev]1 ,bury 7,hi/4 ( ,greece1 pp4 #f1 #fe71 :o assumes t ! ,greeks br\ght ! hexamet] ) !m to ,hellas4 ,contra/ ,murray1 ,f\r ,/ages1 p4 #fa4 #dcg ,mahaffy1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,greek ,lit]ature1 #ahhj1 i1 #ae4 #dch ,id4 p4 #af4 ,cp4 ,w4 ,*ri/1 z cit$1 p4 #gi4 #dci ,mahaffy1 pp4 #af-ag4 #ddj ,od4 xviii1 #ceb4 #dda ,od4 vi1 #bdj2 ,il4 v1 #ahe4 #ddb ,od4 xxii1 #ci4 #ddc ,9 ,od4 xiv1 #ah1 anti!oi means n oppos$ to ! ,gods1 b ,god-l1 9 ! ord9>y ,hom]ic s5se ( noble-look+ or ri*ly attir$1 z m5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,cp4 vi1 #bda4 ,yet a ,s*olia/ on a =m] passage took x 9 ! s5se ( ,god-oppos+4 ,cl>ke's ed4 9 loc4 ,liddell & ,scott give no use ( a!os1 9 ! s5se ( d5y+ ! ,gods1 be=e ,plato 7,apol4 #bf ,c4 etc471 or 9 ! s5se ( ungodly be=e ,p9d> 7,p4 iv1 #bhh7 & s*ylus 7,eum54 #aea74 ,= ,sophocles x has ! =ce ( ,god-=sak5--,o$ip4 ,tyr4 #bed 7#bde71 #ffa 7#fdj71 #acfj 7#acbf74 ,cp4 ,electra1 #aaha 7#aafb74 ,b already be=e ,plato we f9d ! t]ms api/os & a!os1 fai?less or infidel & a!i/1 us$ z t]ms ( moral asp]sion1 q 9 ! ,*ri/ian mann] 7,euripides1 ,hel5a1 #aadg71 :]e !re is no "q ( incr$ulity4 #ddd ,cp4 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 #bnd ed4 i1 #ad-ae4 & cit4 !re f ,pr(essor ,jebb4 #dde ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums1 ii1 #gbd-bg2 ,grote1 z cit$1 i1 #bgi-ha4 #ddf ,mey]1 ii1 #gbd1 #gbg4 #ddg ,! tradition is confus$4 ,/esi*oros is said fir/ to h asp]s$ ,hel51 :]eupon %e1 z ,goddess1 /ruck him ) bl9dness3 !reaft] he publi%$ a retractation1 9 :i* he decl>$ t %e _h nev] be5 at ,troy1 an eidolon or phantasm tak+ h] "n2 & on ?is 8 sight 0 re/or$4 ,we c b div9e ?r\gh ! leg5d ! probable reality1 ! docum5ts be+ lo/4 ,see ,grote1 z cit$1 = ! details4 ,= ! eulogies ( ,/esi*oros by anci5t writ]s1 see ,gir>d1 ,s5tim5t religieux en ,grce1 #ahfi1 pp4 #age-gi4 #ddh ,cp4 ,mey] 7#aija71 iii4 #bdd4 #ddi ,ol4 i1 #db-eg1 #hj-he4 #dej ,ol4 ix1 #ed-fa4 #dea ,he d$icat$ /atues to ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,h]mes4 ,pausanias1 ix1 #af1 #ag4 #deb ,h]odot4 ii4 #ec4 #dec ,a rul] ( ,libyan /ock1 & s l$ by old ,libyan connections to make fri5ds ) ,greeks4 ,he reign$ ov] fifty ye>s1 & ! ,greek connection grew v close4 ,curtius1 i1 #cdd-de4 ,cp4 ,grote1 i1 #add-ee4 #ded ,grote1 #aj-vol4 ed4 #ahhh1 i1 #cjg1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #dac4 ,cp4 i1 #bg-cj2 ii1 #eb2 iii1 #ci-da1 etc4 #dee ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,my?ology1 p4 #aib4 #def ,!n "o ( ! ,p]sians :o be=e _h 9 n[ise believ$ 9 or1 recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gods1 (f]$ pray] & supplication1 do+ obeisance to ,e>? & ,heav5 7,p]sae1 #dig-ii74 #deg ,agamemnon1 #cgj-cgb4 ,?is is commonly suppos$ to be a ref]5ce to ,diagoras ! ,melian 7bel[1 p4 #aei74 #deh ,agam4 #agj-gb 7#afj-fb74 #dei ,s ,:ittak]1 ,prie/s1 ,philosoph]s1 & ,prophets1 #aiaa1 pp4 #db-dc4 #dfj ,s ,buckley1 9 ,bohn trans4 ( s*ylus1 p4 #ajj4 ,he *>act]izes z a skeptical =mula ! phrase ,zeus1 :oev] he may be2 b goes on to %[ t su* =mulas 7 gr\nd$ on ! ,semitic notion t ! true "n ( ,god 0 conceal$ f man4 #dfa ,grote1 ed4 #ahhh1 vii1 #h-ba4 ,see ! :ole exposition ( ! exceptionally int]e/+ #fg? *apt]4 #dfb ,cp4 ,mey]1 ii1 #dca2 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,my?ol4 pp4 #ahi-ib2 ,dunck]1 p4 #cdj2 ,curtius1 i1 #chd2 ,?irlwall1 i1 #bjj-bjc2 ,burckh>dt1 ,grie*4 ,culturges*4 #ahih1 ii4 #ai4 ,z to ! anci5t beg9n+s ( a prie/ly organization1 see ,curtius1 i1 #ib-id1 #ig4 ,z to ! effects ( its abs5ce1 see ,he]51 ,polit4 ,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,greece1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahbi1 pp4 #ei-fc2 ,burckh>dt1 z cit$1 ii1 #ca-cb2 ,mey]1 z la/ cit$2 ,zell]1 ,philos4 d] ,grie*51 #cte ,aufl4 i1 #dd sq4 ,lange's criticism ( ,zell]'s /atem5t 7,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 #cte ,aufl4 i1 #abd-bf1 note #b7 practically conc$es ! proposition4 ,! influ5ce ( a few p[]ful prie/ly families is n d5i$4 ,! po9t is t !y rema9$ isolat$4 #dfc ,cp4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,my?ol4 p4 #aie2 ,curtius1 i1 #chg1 #chi1 #cib2 ,dunck]1 iii1 #eai-ba1 #efc2 ,?irlwall1 i1 #bjd2 ,b>?lemy ,/4 ,hilaire1 prf4 to tr4 ( ,metaphys4 ( ,ari/otle1 p4 #ad4 ,pr(essor ,gilb]t ,murray1 not+ t ,hom] & ,hesiod treat$ ! ,gods z elem5ts ( romance1 or z facts to be catalogu$1 asks3 ,:]e is ! lit]ature ( religion3 ! lit]ature :i* treat$ ! ,gods z ,gods8 ,x mu/1 he adds1 h exi/$2 & he holds t we c see t ! religi\s writ+s 7 bo? e>ly & multitud9\s 7,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,greek ,lit4 p4 #fb2 cp4 ,mey] & ,mahaffy z cit$ above1 pp4 #abe-bf4 ,writ+s is n "h to be tak5 lit]ally2 ! e>ly hymns 7 unwritt574 ,! prie/ly hymns & oracles & my/]y-rituals 9 "q 7 nev] collect$2 b p]haps we may =m "s idea ( _! nature f ! ,hom]idian & ,orphic hymns to ! ,gods1 & ^? ( ! ,alex&rian antiqu>y ,callima*us4 ,x is fur!r to be inf]r$ t !y ent] into ! ,hesiodic ,!ogony4 7,de*>me1 p4 #c1 cit+ ,b]gk47 #dfd ,mey]1 ii1 #dbf2 ,curtius1 i1 #cij-ia1 #dag2 ,?irlwall1 i1 #bjd2 ,grote1 i1 #dh-di4 #dfe ,mey]1 ii1 #daj-ad4 #dff ,cp4 ,curtius1 i1 #cib-djj1 #daf2 ,dunck]1 iii1 #ebi4 #dfg ,curtius1 i1 #aab2 ,mey]1 ii1 #cff4 #dfh ,curtius1 i1 #bja1 #bjd1 #bje1 #cha2 ,grote1 iii1 #e2 ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 #cte ,aufl4 i1 #bc 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bc74 #dfi ,h]odotos1 i1 #agj2 ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,?ales1 *4 i4 #dgj ,on ! ess5tially anti-religi\s rationalism ( ! :ole ,ionian movem5t1 cp4 ,mey]1 ii1 #gec-eg4 #dga ,! ,fir/ ,philosoph]s ( ,greece1 by ,a4 ,fairbanks1 #ahih1 pp4 #b1 #c1 #f4 ,?is compilation usefully supplies a revis$ text ( ! anci5t philosophic fragm5ts1 ) a translation ( ^! & ( ! passages on ! e>ly ?9k]s by ! lat]1 & by ! epitomi/s4 ,a good conspectus ( ! rema9s ( ! e>ly ,greek ?9k]s is suppli$ also 9 ,grote's ,plato & ! o!r ,companions ( ,sokrates1 *4 i2 & a valuable critical analysis ( ! s\rces 9 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,burnet's ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 #dgb ,cp4 ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat4 i1 #abf 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #h1 n474 ,mr4 ,b5n 7,! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 i1 #h7 & ,pr(4 ,de*>me 7p4 #ci7 seem to read ?is z a pr(ession ( belief 9 deities 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,b cp4 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay1 ,! ,progress ( ! ,intellect1 #ahej1 i1 #cch4 ,burnet 7*4 i1 #aa7 d\bts ! au!nticity ( ?is say+1 b ?9ks x extremely probable t ,?ales did say t ! magnet & amb] _h s\ls4 #dgc ,mackay1 z cit$1 p4 #cca4 #dgd ,fairbanks1 p4 #d4 #dge ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,?ales1 *4 #i4 #dgf ,fairbanks1 pp4 #c1 #g4 #dgg ,h]odotos1 i1 #gd4 #dgh ,cp4 ,burnet1 ,e>ly ,greek ,philos4 #bnd4 ed4 introd4 #c4 ,to ,?ales is ascrib$ by ! ,greeks ! discov]y ( ! con/ellation ,ursus ,major4 ,diog4 *4 #b4 ,z x 0 call$ ,pho5ike by ! ,greeks1 8 k w\ld be ( ,pho5ician d]ivation4 ,cp4 ,humboldt1 ,kosmos1 ,bohn tr4 iii1 #afj4 #dgi ,diog4 ,lart4 *4 #c4 ,on ?is cp4 ,burnet1 introd4 #f4 #dhj ,h]od4 i1 #agj4 ,cp4 ,diog4 ,lart4 *4 #c4 #dha ,diog4 ,lart4 *4 #i4 #dhb ,cp4 ,burnet1 p4 #eg4 #dhc ,fairbanks1 pp4 #i-aj4 ,mr4 ,b5n 7,greek ,philosoph]s1 i1 #i7 decides t ! e>ly philosoph]s1 :ile realiz+ t ex nihilo nihil fit1 _h n grasp$ ! complem5t>y tru? t no?+ c be annihilat$4 ,b ev5 if ! tea*+ ascrib$ to ,anaxim&ros be set aside z contradictory 7s9ce he spoke ( g5]ation & de/ruction )9 ! inf9ite71 we h ! /atem5t ( ,diog5es ,lartius 7bk4 ix1 *4 #i1 #eg7 t ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 pupil ( ,anaxim5es1 gave ! full ,lucretian =mula4 #dhd ,diog5es ,lartius1 h[ev] 7ii1 #b71 makes him agree ) ,?ales4 #dhe ,fairbanks1 pp4 #i-af4 ,diog5es makes him ! inv5tor ( ! gnomon & ( ! fir/ map & globe1 z well z a mak] ( clocks4 ,cp4 ,grote1 i1 #ccj1 note4 #dhf ,see bel[1 p4 #aeh1 z to ,demokritos' /atem5t conc]n+ ! ,ea/]n curr5cy ( sci5tific views :i*1 :5 put by ,anaxagoras1 sc&aliz$ ! ,greeks4 #dhg ,fairbanks1 pp4 #ag-bb4 #dhh ,see ,w9delb&1 ,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 #aijj1 p4 #be1 cit+ ,diels & ,wilam[itz-,mll5dorf4 ,cp4 ,burnet1 introd4 #ad4 #dhi ,x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,corn=d's book1 ?\gh some:at loosely speculative is v fre%ly sugge/ive4 ,x is well wor? /udy1 alongside ( ! "w ( ,pr(4 ,burnet1 by ^? int]e/$ 9 ! sci5tific pres5tation ( ! evolution ( ?\ght4 #dij ,diog4 ,lart4 ix1 #ai2 ,fairbanks1 p4 #gf4 #dia ,h]odotos1 i1 #afc-fg2 ,grote1 iii1 #dba2 ,mey]1 ii1 #dch4 #dib ,cp4 ,guillaume ,brton1 ,essai sur la posie philosophique en ,grce1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bc-be4 ,! life p]iod ( ,x5ophanes is /ill unc]ta94 ,mey] 7ii1 #dff7 & ,w9delb& 7,hi/4 ( ,anc4 ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #dg7 /ill adh]e to ! *ronology :i* puts him 9 ! c5tury #egj-dgj1 mak+ him a "y man at ! f\ndation ( ,elea4 #dic ,c\s91 develop$ by ,g4 ,brton1 "w cit$1 p4 #ca sq41 traces ,x5ophanes's doctr9e ( ! unity ( ?+s to ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras4 ,x cle>ly _h antec$5ts4 ,b ,x5ophanes is record$ to h argu$ aga9/ ,py?agoras z well z ,?ales & ,epim5ides 7,diog4 ,lart4 ix1 #b1 #ah1 #bj74 #did ,metaphysics1 i1 #e2 cp4 ,fairbanks1 pp4 #gi-hj4 #die ,"o ( sev]al s entitl$ 9 t age4 ,cp4 ,burnet1 introd4 #g4 #dif ,metaph41 z cit$2 ,plato1 ,soph4 #bdb ,d4 #dig ,long fragm5t 9 ,a!nu1 xi1 #g2 ,burnet1 p4 #acj4 #dih ,burnet1 p4 #ada4 #dii ,cp4 ,burnet1 p4 #aca4 #ejj ,fairbanks1 p4 #fg1 ,fr4 #e1 #f2 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/romata1 bk4 v1 ,wilson's tr4 ii1 #bhe-hf4 ,cp4 bk4 vii1 c4 #d4 #eja ,fairbanks1 ,fr4 #g4 #ejb ,cic]o1 ,de div9atione1 i1 #c1 #e2 ,aetius1 ,de placitis reliqui1 9 ,fairbanks1 p4 #he4 #ejc ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 ii1 #bc1 #bg4 ,a simil> say+ is attribut$ to ,h]akleitos1 on slight au?ority 7,fairbanks1 p4 #ed74 #ejd ,cic]o1 ,academica1 ii1 #ci2 ,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 iii1 #bc4 ,anaxagoras & ,demokritos held ! same view4 ,diog4 ,lart1 bk4 ii1 *4 iii1 iv 7 #h72 ,pseudo-,plut>*1 ,de placitis philosoph4 ii1 #be4 #eje ,cp4 ,mackay1 ,progress ( ! ,intellect1 i1 #cdj4 #ejf ,diog4 ,lart4 9 life ( ,pyrrho1 bk4 ix1 *4 xi1 #h 7 #gb74 ,! passage1 h[ev]1 is unc]ta94 ,see ,fairbanks1 p4 #gj4 #ejg ,fairbanks4 ,fr4 #a4 ,fairbanks translates ) ,zell]3 ,! :ole ( ,god4 ,grote3 ,! :ole ,kosmos1 or ! :ole ,god4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! orig9al 9 ,sextus ,empiricus 7,adv4 ,ma?4 ix1 #add7 is giv5 )\t ! "n ( ,x5ophanes1 & ! ascription is mod]n4 #ejh ,grote1 z la/ cit$1 p4 #ah4 #eji ,fairbanks1 ,fr4 #ai4 ,9 ,a!nu1 x1 #dac4 #eaj ,polybius1 iv1 #dj2 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv]sus ,ma!maticos1 viii1 #abf2 ,fairbanks1 pp4 #be1 #bg2 ,frag4 #d1 #ad4 ,cp4 #ib1 #aaa1 #aac4 #eaa ,diog4 ,lart4 ix1 i1 #b4 #eab ,fairbanks1 ,fr4 #acd4 #eac ,id4 ,frag4 #cf1 #fg4 #ead ,id4 ,frag4 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #fb4 #eae ,diog4 ,lart4 la/ cit$4 ,?is say+ is by "s ascrib$ to ! lat] ,h]akleides 7see ,fairbanks1 ,fr4 #aai & note72 b x does n seem to be 9 8 ve91 :i* is :olly pro-,hom]ic4 #eaf ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 *4 #b1 ,wilson's tr4 p4 #da4 ,! passage is obscure1 b ,mr4 ,fairbanks's translation 7,fr4 #abg7 is excessively s4 #eag ,clem5s1 z cit$1 p4#cb2 ,fairbanks1 ,fr4 #abd1 #abe1 #acj4 ,cp4 ,burnet1 p4 #aci4 #eah ,fairbanks1 ,fr4 #ba4 #eai ,cp4 ,burnet1 pp4 #age-ij4 #ebj ,!aetetus1 #ahj ,d4 ,see good e/imates ( ,p>m5ides 9 ,b5n's ,greek ,philosoph]s1 i1 #ag-ai1 & ,philosophy ( ,greece 9 ,relation to ! ,"* ( its ,p1 pp4 #hc-ie2 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds's ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets1 #crd ed4 #ahic1 vol4 i1 *4 #f2 & 9 ,zell]1 i1 #ehj sq4 #eba ,plut>*1 ,p]ikles1 *4 #bf4 #ebb ,mr4 ,b5n f9ally gives v high praise to ,melissos 7,philos4 ( ,greece1 pp4 #ia-ib72 z does ,pr(4 ,burnet 7,e>ly ,gr4 ,philos4 p4 #cgh74 ,he held /rongly by ! ,ionian conception ( ! et]nity ( matt]4 ,fairbanks1 p4 #abe4 #ebc ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 *4 iv1 #c 7 #bd74 #ebd ,diog4 ,lart4 ix1 #c 7 #ba74 #ebe ,z to ?is see ,w9delb&1 ,hi/4 ,anc4 ,philos4 pp4 #ia-ib4 #ebf ,cp4 ,mackay1 ,progress ( ! ,intellect1 i4 #cdj4 #ebg ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ionians & ,eleat 0 ?is3 ! =m] endeav\r$ to trace an idea among ph5om5a by aid ( obs]vation2 ! latt] evad$ ! difficulty by dogmatically ass]t+ ! objective exi/5ce ( an idea 7,mackay1 z la/ cit$74 #ebh ,cp4 ,mackay1 i1 #ceb-ec1 z to ! survival ( v5]ation ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 ! v>i\s s*ools4 #ebi ,grote1 i1 #cej4 #ecj ,mey]1 ii1 #i1 #gei 7 #e1 #dfe74 #eca ,id4 #f1 #dff4 #ecb ,jevons1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 #ahhf1 p4 #baj4 #ecc ,comp>e ,mey]1 ii1 #ejb1 z to ! close resemblances betwe5 ,py?agoreanism & ,orphicism4 #ecd ,mey]1 i1 #ahf2 ii1 #fce4 #ece ,fairbanks1 pp4 #ade1 #aea1 #aee1 etc4 #ecf ,id4 p4 #adc4 #ecg ,id4 p4 #aed4 #ech ,pr(4 ,burnet insi/s 7introd4 p4 #cj7 t ! ,greeks mu/ be reckon$ good obs]v]s because _! lat] sculptors 7 s4 ,z well say t arti/s make ! be/ m5 ( sci5ce4 #eci ,metaph4 i1 #e2 ,fairbanks1 p4 #acf4 ,x is q safe to attribute ! sub/ance ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,euclid to ,py?agoras4 ,burnet1 ,e>ly ,greek ,philos4 #bnd ed4 p4 #aag4 #edj ,diog4 ,lart4 ,philolaos 7bk4 viii1 *4 #g74 #eda ,l4 ,u4 ,k4 ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron4 p4 #bj2 ,a4 ,b]ry's ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron4 #ahih1 p4 #be2 ,n>ri5's ,hi/or4 ,acc4 ( ! ,orig4 & ,prog4 ( ,a/ron4 #ahej1 p4 #afc4 #edb ,see ,b5n1 ,greek ,philosoph]s1 i1 #aa4 #edc ,diog4 ,lart4 9 life ( ,philolaos2 ,cic]o1 ,academica1 ii1 #ci4 ,cic]o1 foll[+ ,!ophra/us1 is explicit z to ! tea*+ ( ,hiketas4 #edd ,hippolytos1 ,ref4 ( all ,h]esies1 i1 #ac4 ,cp4 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel de la philos4 anc4 i1 #bja1 #bje1 #bch-ci4 #ede ,pseudo-,plut>*1 ,de ,placitis ,philosoph4 iii1 #ac1 #ad4 #edf ,ueb]weg1 i1 #di4 ,cp4 ,t]tullian 7,apol4 *4 #aa71 :o says ,py?agoras taught t ! _w 0 uncreat$2 & ! contr>y /atem5t ( ,aetius 79 ,fairbanks1 pp4 #adf-dg74 #edg ,b]ry1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron4 pp4 #bb1 #be4 ,! "q is ably h&l$ by ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel1 i1 #aii-bje4 #edh ,diog4 ,lart41 viii1 i1 #h4 #edi ,! :ole "q is c>efully sift$ by ,grote1 iv1 #gf-id4 ,pr(4 ,burnet 7,e>ly ,greek ,philos4 #bnd ed4 pp4 #if-ih7 sums up t ! ,py?agorean ,ord] 0 an attempt to ov]rule or sup]s$e ! ,/ate4 #eej ,cp4 ,burnet1 p4 #ig1 note #c4 ,pr(4 ,burnet speaks ( ! ,py?agorean ,ord] z a new religion appeal+ to ! p r ?an ! ari/ocrats1 :o 7 apt to be free?9k+4 ,b on ! next page he pictures ! pla9 man z res5t+ precisely ! religi\s neology ( ! movem5t4 ,! evid5ce = ! adhesion ( ari/ocrats seems pretty /rong4 #eea ,fairbanks1 p4 #adc4 #eeb ,grote1 ,plato & ! ,o!r ,companions ( ,socrates1 ed4 #ahhe1 iv1 #afc4 #eec ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 viii1 *4 i1 #ai 7 #ba74 #eed ,ennius1 ,fragm5ta1 ed4 ,hesselius1 #agjg1 pp4 #a1 #d-g2 ,horace1 ,epi/4 ii1 #a1 #eb2 ,p]sius1 ,sat4 vi4 #eee ,grote1 ,hi/ory1 iv1 #ig4 #eef ,s*olia/ on ,iliad1 xx1 #fg2 ,tatian1 ,adv4 ,grcos1 c4 #dh 7#ca72 ,w4 ,*ri/1 ,ges*4 d] grie*4 ,lit]atur1 #cte ,aufl4 p4 #fc2 ,grote1 *4 xvi 7i1 #cgd74 #eeg ,see above1 p4 #ade4 #eeh ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,dorians1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #cfe-fh2 ,momms51 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 ,eng4 tr4 ed4 #ahid1 iii1 #aac4 #eei ,grote4 i1 #cch1 note4 #efj ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #bb4 #efa ,philolaos1 z we saw1 is said to h be5 prosecut$1 b is n said to h be5 condemn$4 #efb ,fairbanks1 pp4 #bde1 #bee1 #bfa2 ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ii1 *4 iii1 #d 7 #h74 #efc ,fairbanks1 pp4 #bcj-de4 ,cp4 ,grote1 ,plato1 i1 #ed1 & ,ueb]weg1 i1 #ff1 z to nature ( ! ,n\s ( ,anaxagoras4 #efd ,grote1 i1 #cgd2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 ,agamemnona2 cp4 ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ii1 *4 iii1 #g 7 #aa72 ,tatian1 ,adv4 ,grcos1 c4 #cg 7#ba74 #efe ,plut>*1 ,p]ikles1 *4 #f4 #eff ,id4 *s4 #e1 #h4 #efg ,id4 c4 #af4 ,! old man is said to h utt]$ ! reproa*3 ,p]ikles1 ^? :o want to use a lamp supply x ) oil4 #efh ,plut>*1 ,p]ikles1 *4 #d4 #efi ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 iv1 #bgg4 #egj ,plut>*1 ,p]ikles1 *4 #cb4 #ega ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 *4 ix 7 #eg71 cit+ ! ,def5ce ( ,sokrates by ,demetrius ,phal]eus4 #egb ,id4 bk4 ii1 *4 iii1 #i 7 #ab71 cit+ ,sotion4 ,ano!r writ] ( philosoph]s' lives1 ,h]mippus 7same cit471 said he _h be5 ?r[n into prison2 & yet a ?ird1 ,hi]onymus1 said he 0 releas$ out ( pity because ( 8 emaciat$ appe>ance :5 produc$ 9 c\rt by ,p]ikles4 #egc ,diog4 ,lart4 la/ cit4 #aj 7 #ad74 #egd ,id4 #h 7 #aa74 #ege ,drews1 ,ges*4 des ,monismus im ,alt]tum1 p4 #bje4 #egf ,ev5 9 ! e>ly progressive p]iod ! same "t :i* set up rationalism develop$ a deep religi\s influ5ce 9 ! masses4 7,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 ii1 #gbh4 ,cp4 iii1 #dbe2 also ,grote1 vii1 #cj2 & ,b5n1 ,philosophy ( ,greece1 #ahih1 pp4 #fi-gj47 #egg ,plut>*1 ,p]ikles1 *4 #cb4 #egh ,cp4 ,grote1 v1 #bd2 ,curtius1 ii1 #bjh-bji4 #egi ,plut>*1 z cit$4 ,plut>* also /ates1 h[ev]1 t ! only occasion on :i* ,p]ikles gave way to emotion 9 public 0 t ( ! dea? ( 8 fav\rite son4 #ehj ,holm 7,grie*is*e ,ges*i*te1 ii1 #cce7 decides t ,p]ikles s\ght to ,ionise 8 fell[ ,a!nians2 & ,dr4 ,burnet1 co9cid+ 7,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 #ahib1 p4 #bgg71 sugge/s t he & ,aspasia br\ght ,anaxagoras to ,a!ns ) t aim4 #eha ,p]ikles1 *4 #h4 #ehb ,d] ,kle9asiatis*e ,rationali/ ,h]odot is ! exagg]at$ e/imate ( ,a4 ,bau]1 9 ,ilb]g's ,neue ,jahrb*] fr das klassis*e ,alt]tum1 ix 7#aijb71 #bce1 foll[+ ,edu>d ,mey] 7iv1 #ddh71 :o1 h[ev] 7 #ddg71 po9ts to ! lack ( sci5tific ?\ght or tra9+ 9 ,h]odotos z 9 ,?ukydides4 ,ignorance ( ,nature rema9$ a ,greek *>act]i/ic4 #ehc ,bk4 viii1 *4 #gg4 ,cp4 viii1 #bj1 #if2 ix1 #dc4 #ehd ,cp4 ,mey]1 iv1 #ddf1 z to ! inadequacy ( ,a!nian culture1 & ! un*ang+ ignorance ( ! populace on matt]s ( physical sci5ce4 #ehe ,plut>*1 ,aga9/ ! ,/oics1 *4 #ca2 ,simplicius1 ,physica1 i1 #f4 #ehf ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 c4 #d4 #ehg ,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 i1 #ad4 #ehh ,cp4 ,ari/otle1 ,metaphysics1 i1 #c2 ,de anima1 i1 #b4 #ehi ,de*>me1 ,critique des trad4 relig4 p4 #acg1 cit+ s*olia/ on ,ari/oph41 ,cl\ds1 #if4 #eij ,see ! po9t discuss$ by ,lange1 ,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1 #cte ,aufl4 i1 #abh-bi1 #aca-cb1 notes #aj & #ca 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #ae1 #ci74 ,ritt] & ,prell] say ,protagoras floret circa a4 #dej-dcj2 ,democritus natus circa a4 #dfj floret a4 #dcj-daj1 obit4 circa a4 #ceg4 #eia ,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #fh-fi2 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel de la philos4 anc4 i1 #bch4 #eib ,burnet1 p4 #cha4 #eic ,diog4 ,lart4 x1 #ac4 #eid ,lange1 i1 #aj-aa 7tr4 p4 #ag72 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/romata1 i1 #ae2 ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 #ce4 #eie ,on ?is also see ,lange1 i1 #abh 7tr4 p4 #ae1 note74 #eif ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 *4 vii1 #b 7 #cd74 ,cp4 ,r5\vi]1 i1 #bci-da4 #eig ,see 9 p>ticul> ! ,de pr9cipiis atque orig9ibus 7,works1 ,r\tl$ge's #a-vol4 ed4 #aije1 pp4 #fdi-ej74 #eih ,mey]1 :o dwells on 8 sci5tific %ortcom+s 7,ges*4 des ,alt4 v4 #iaj71 makes no acc\nt ( ?is1 8 vital doctr9e4 #eii ,fairbanks1 pp4 #ahi-ia4 ,! idea is n put by ,emp$okles ) any su* def9it5ess z is sugge/$ by ,lange1 i1 #bc-be 7tr4 pp4 #cc-ce71 & ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #fb1 n4 ,b ,ueb]weg's exposition is illum9at+4 #fjj ,fairbanks1 pp4 #acf1 #afi4 #fja ,id4 p4 #bja4 #fjb ,b5n1 i1 #bh4 #fjc ,fairbanks1 p4 #bje4 #fjd ,see a good /udy ( ,emp$okles 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds' ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets1 #crd ed4 #ahic1 vol4 i1 *4 #g2 & ano!r 9 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel1 i1 #afc-hb4 #fje ,cp4 ,grote1 ,plato1 i1 #gc1 & note4 #fjf ,cp4 ,r5\vi]1 i1 #bci-fb2 ,lange1 p4 #aa 7tr4 p4 #ag74 #fjg ,cp4 ,mey]1 #iaa4 #fjh ,diog5es ,lartius1 bk4 ix1 *4 viii1 #c 7#ea72 cp4 ,grote1 vii1 #di1 note4 #fji ,= a def5ce ( ,protagoras aga9/ ,plato1 see ,grote1 vii1 #dc-ed4 #faj ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv]sus ,ma!maticos1 ix1 #ef4 #faa ,beckmann1 ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdf1 ii1 #eac4 #fab ,diod4 ,sic4 xiii1 #f2 ,hesy*ius1 cit4 9 ,cudwor?1 ed4 ,h>rison1 i1 #aca4 #fac ,ueb]weg1 i1 #hj2 ,?ukydides1 v1 #aaf4 ,! bias ( ,sextus ,empiricus is fur!r %[n 9 8 acc\nt ( ,diagoras z mov$ 9 8 d5unciation by an injury to himself4 #fad ,x is told by ,sextus ,empiricus 7,adv4 ,ma?4 ix1 #ec7 t ,diagoras is said to h inv5t$ ! di?yramb 79 praise ( ,iac*os71 & to h begun a poem ) ! words1 ,all ?+s come by ! daimon & =tune4 ,b ,sextus writes ) a fix$ skeptical bias4 #fae ,grote1 vi1 #ac1 #cb1 #cc1 #db-de4 #faf ,a!nagoras1 ,apol41 *4 #d2 ,clem4 ,alex41 ,protrept4 *4 #b4 ,see ! docum5t>y details 9 ,mey]1 iv1 #aje4 #fag ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #a1 #bc1 #db2 iii1 #cg 7! la/ ref]5ce gives pro( ( 8 g5]al rationalism72 ,lactantius1 ,de ir ,dei1 c4 #i4 ,9 call+ ,sokrates ! ,melian1 ,ari/ophanes 7,cl\ds1 #hcj7 0 held to h virtually call$ him ! a!i/4 #fah ,diod4 xiii1 #f2 ,suidas1 s4v4 ,diagoras2 ,ari/ophanes1 ,birds1 #ajgc4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 _! fury aga9/ ,diagoras ! ,a!nians put him on a level ( common odium ) ! tyrants ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,cp4 ,burckh>dt1 ,grie*is*e ,culturges*i*te1 i1 #cee4 #fai ,grote1 vi1 #dgf-gg4 ,z to ! free?9k+ ( ,kritias1 see ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ix1 #ed4 ,accord+ to ,x5ophon 7,memorabilia1 i1 #b71 ,kritias made 8 decree 9 rev5ge = ,sokrates's condemnation ( "o ( 8 illicit passions4 ,pr(4 ,de*>me 7pp4 #abb-bd7 gives a good acc\nt ( him4 #fbj ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ii1 *4 iv2 ,hippolytos1 ,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 i1 #h2 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel1 i1 #bcc-cg4 #fba ,cp4 ,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ed4 ,h>rison1 i1 #cb2 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel1 i1 #bcc1 #bhi2 ii1 #bfh1 #bib2 ,tatian1 ,adv4 ,grcos1 c4 #dh 7#ca72 ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ii1 *4 iii1 #g 7 #aa72 ,grote1 i1 #cgd1 #cie1 note2 ,hat*1 ,infl4 ( ,greek ,ideas1 p4 #fj4 #fbb ,haigh1 ,tragic ,drama ( ! ,greeks1 p4 #bjf4 ,cp4 ,burnett1 p4 #bgh4 #fbc ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ii 7 #bb74 #fbd ,he nev] s utt]ly ab&on$ ! religion ( 8 c\ntry z to f9d x impossible to acquiesce 9 at lea/ "s "p ( traditional religion4 ,jevons1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 #ahhf4 p4 #bbb4 #fbe ,haigh1 ,! ,attic ,!atre1 #ahhi1 p4 #caf4 #fbf ,above1 p4 #acc4 #fbg ,he _h also acquir$ 9 no small degree t love ( dext]\s argum5tation & v]bal sophi/ry :i* 0 becom+ fa%ionable 9 ! ,a!ns ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,n unfrequ5tly he exhibits ?is dext]ity :5 x is cle>ly out ( place4 ,haigh1 ,tragic ,drama ( ! ,greeks1 p4 #bce4 ,cp4 ,jevons1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 p4 #bbc4 ,s*legel is mu* m c5sori\s4 #fbh ,ion41 #dcf-ea1 #hhe-ibb2 ,&roma*e1 #aafa-fe2 ,electra1 #abde-df2 ,h]cules ,fur5s1 #cci-dg2 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 #ce1 #gaa-ae4 #fbi ,h]cules ,fur5s1 #cdd1 #acda-df2 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 #chj-ia4 #fcj ,electra1 #gcg-de4 #fca ,troades1 #ifi-ij4 #fcb ,ion1 #cgd-gh1 #fhe2 ,hel5a1 #gdd-eg2 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 #egj-ge2 ,electra1 #djj2 ,pho5iss1 #ggb2 ,fragm4 #gic2 ,bac*1 #bee-eg2 ,hippolytus1 #ajei4 ,x is notewor?y t ev5 ,sophocles 7,o,ed4 ,tyr41 #chg7 makes a "* taunt ,tiresias ! soo?say] ) v5ality4 #fcc ,philoctetes1 fr4 #gic2 ,hel5a1 #aacg-dc2 ,bell]ophon1 fr4 #bhh4 #fcd ,bac*1 #bjj-bjc4 #fce ,hel5a1 #ajac2 ,fragm4 #hij1 #ije1 #ice2 ,troades1 #hdh-hh4 #fcf ,a4 ,s*legel1 ,lectures on ,dramatic ,lit]ature1 ,bohn tr4 p4 #aag4 #fcg ,?is *>ge is on a p> ) t ( ,hygia9on1 :o accus$ ,euripides ( impiety on ! score t "o ( 8 *>act]s makes light ( oa?s4 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 iii1 #ae4 #fch ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,lit4 ( ,anc4 ,greece1 #ahdg1 p4 #cei4 ,! compla9t is some:at surpris+ f su* a s\rce4 ,! only play ) an entirely inv5t$ plot m5tion$ by ,ari/otle is ,aga?on's ,fl[] 7,ari/otle1 ,poetic1 ix72 & su* plays w\ld n h be5 eligible = repres5tation at ! great fe/ivals4 #fci ,cp4 ,jevons1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,lit4 pp4 #bbc-bd4 #fdj ,haigh4 ,! ,attic ,!atre1 p4 #aia4 ,cp4 ,mll]1 pp4 #cfb-fd4 #fda ,see1 h[ev]1 ! /hetic !orem ( ,pr(4 ,murray1 ,euripides & 8 ,age1 pp4 #bba-bg4 #fdb ,x seems arguable t ! av]sion ( ,ari/ophanes to ,euripides 0 prim>ily arti/ic1 aris+ 9 dislike ( "s ( ! features ( 8 /yle4 ,on ?is head 8 mu/ be reckon$ an exp]t judgm5t4 ,! old criticism f\nd 9 ,euripides lit]>y vices2 ! new seems to ignore ! issue4 ,b a cl]ical s*ol> pron\nces t ,ari/ophanes 0 ! mo/ unreason+ laudator temporis acti4 ,g5ius & poet z he 01 he 0 ! sworn foe to intellectual progress4 ,h5ce 8 hatr$ ( ,euripides & 8 *ampion%ip ( s*ylus4 7,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,m]ry1 introd4 to ,cl>4 ,press ed4 ( ,! ,frogs1 #ahib47 #fdc ,gir>d1 ,essai sur ,?ucydide1 #ahhd1 pp4 #beh-ei4 #fdd ,cp4 ,haigh1 ,! ,attic ,!atre1 p4 #cae4 ,9 ! same way ,ktesilo*os1 ! pupil ( ,apelles1 c\ld ) impunity make ,zeus ridicul\s by exhibit+ him pictorially 9 *ild-b$1 br++ =? ,dionysos 7,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxv1 #dj4 #ae74 #fde ,bk4 x1 ad init4 #fdf ,cp4 ,b5n1 ,philos4 ( ,greece1 p4 #aga4 #fdg ,zell]1 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 ,eng4 tr4 #crd ed4 p4 #bbg3 ,hegel1 z !re cit$ ,grote1 ,plato1 ed4 #ahhe1 i1 #dbc4 #fdh ,cp4 ,ow51 ,ev5+s ) ! ,skeptics1 i1 #aha sq41 #bia1 #bic1 #bii1 etc4 #fdi ,grote1 ,hi/ory1 i1 #ccd2 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia1 i1 #a1 #f-i4 #fej ,cp4 ,b5n4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 #ahih1 p4 #afj4 #fea ,grote1 i1 #ccd-ce2 ,hippocrates1 ,de ,a]ibus1 ,aquis1 ,locis1 c4 #bb 7#di74 #feb ,plato1 ,phdrus1 ,j[ett's tr4 #crd ed4 i4 #dcd2 ,grote1 ,hi/ory1 i1 #cic4 #fec ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! claim made = him1 z promot+ objectivity1 by ,pr(4 ,drews1 ,ges*4 des ,monismus im ,alt]tum1 #aiac4 ,p4 #bac4 #fed ,memorabilia1 i1 #d4 #fee ,! pr$om9at+ly !i/ic "* ( philosophy ev] s9ce has be5 /amp$ on x by ,socrates1 z x 0 /amp$ on ,socrates by ,a!ns 7,b5n1 ,philos4 ( ,greece1 p4 #afh74 #fef ,zell]1 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 z cit$1 p4 #bca4 ,! case aga9/ ,sokrates is bitt]ly urg$ by ,=*hamm]1 ,die ,a!n5 und ,sokrates1 #ahcg2 see 9 p>ticul> pp4 #h-aa4 ,cp4 ,grote1 ,hi/4 vii1 #ha4 #feg ,_h n all ! cultivat$ m5 ( ! "t pass$ ?r\gh a s*ool ( rationalism :i* _h entirely pull$ to pieces ! beliefs & ! morals ( _! ance/ors8 ,zell]1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #bca-cc4 ,cp4 ,haigh1 ,tragic ,drama1 p4 #bfa4 #feh ,see ,ari/ophanes's ,frogs1 #hhh-id4 #fei s*9es1 ,tim>*os1 cit$ by ,?irlwall1 iv1 #bgg4 ,cp4 ,x5ophon1 ,mem4 i1 #b4 #ffj ,no?+ c\ld well be m unpopul> & obnoxi\s ?an ! task :i* he und]took ( cross-exam9+ & convict+ ( ignorance e di/+ui%$ man :om he c\ld approa*4 ,grote1 vii4 #ie4 ,cp4 pp4 #ada-dd4 ,cp4 also ,trevelyan's ,life ( ,macaulay1 ed4 #ahha1 p4 #caf3 & ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel de la philos4 anc4 #a1 iv1 iii4 ,see also1 h[ev]1 ,b5n1 ,phil4 ( ,greece1 pp4 #afb-fc4 ,= a view ( ,sokrates's relations to 8 *ief accus]1 :i* p>tially v9dicates or :itewa%es ! latt]1 see ,pr(4 ,g4 ,murray's ,anc4 ,greek ,lit4 pp4 #agf-gg4 ,!re is a good monograph by ,h4 ,bleeckly1 ,socrates & ! ,a!nians3 ,an ,apology1 #ahhd1 :i* holds ! balances fairly4 #ffa ,on ! desire ( ,sokrates to die see ,grote1 vii1 #aeb-fd4 #ffb ,! ass]tion ( ,plut>* t aft] 8 dea? ! prosecutors ( ,sokrates 7 socially excommunicat$1 & s driv5 to hang !mselves 7,moralia3 ,( ,envy & ,hatr$71 is an int]e/+ in/ance ( moral my?-mak+4 ,x has no hi/oric basis2 ?\gh ,diog5es 7ii1 #bc #dc7 & ,diodorus ,siculus 7xiv1 #cg71 late au?orities bo?1 allege an ,a!nian reaction 9 ,sokrates' fav\r4 ,probably ! /ory ( ! suicide ( ,judas 0 fram$ 9 imitation ( ,plut>*'s4 #ffc ,grote1 ,hi/ory1 i1 #id4 #ffd ,id4 i1 #aid4 ,n till ,/rabo d we f9d ?is my? disbeliev$2 & ,/rabo 0 surpris$ to f9d mo/ m5 hold+ by ! old /ory :ile admitt+ t ! race ( ,amazons _h di$ out4 ,id4 p4 #aig4 #ffe ,life ( ,?ukydides1 by ,m>cell9us1 *4 #bb1 cit+ ,antyllas4 ,cp4 ,gir>d1 ,essai sur ,?ucydide1 p4 #bci2 & ! prefaces ( ,hobbes & ,smi? to _! translations4 #fff ,gir>d1 p4 #c4 #ffg ,8 writ+s1 rem>ks ,dr4 ,hat*1 conta9 ! se$s ( ne>ly all t aft]w>ds grew up on ,*ri/ian soil 7,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #ahij1 p4 #ahb74 #ffh ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/romata1 v1 #ad2 ,fairbanks1 pp4 #adf-dg2 ,grote1 ,plato1 *4 #ch4 #ffi ,cp4 ,grote1 ,plato1 iv1 #afb1 #cha4 ,pr(essor ,ba91 h[ev] 7,practical ,essays1 #ahhd1 p4 #bgc71 raises an int]e/+ "q by 8 rem>k1 z to ! dea? ( ,sokrates3 ,! fir/ p]son to feel ! %ock 0 ,plato4 ,t he 0 affect$ by x to ! ext5t ( suppress+ 8 views on ! high] que/ions we c inf] ) ! greate/ probability4 ,ari/otle 0 equally c[$4 #fgj ,diog4 ,lar4 bk4 ix1 *4 vii1 #h 7#dj74 #fga ,republic1 bk4 ii1 #cgg1 to iii1 #cic2 ,j[ett's tr4 #crd ed4 iii1 #fj sq41 #fh sq4 ,9 bk4 x1 x is true1 he does speak ( ! poets z unqualifi$ by k & tra9+ to tea* tru? 7,j[ett's tr4 iii1 #caa sq472 b ,plato's tru? is n objective1 b ideali/ic1 or r fictiti\s-didactic4 #fgb ,id4 ,j[ett4 pp4 #ei1 #fi1 etc4 #fgc ,id4 bk4 iii2 ,j[ett1 pp4 #ajc-aje4 #fgd ,laws1 x2 ,j[ett1 v1 #bie-ih4 #fge ,receiv$ my?s are =bidd52 & ! pref]r$ fictions are to be city law4 ,cp4 ! ,laws1 ii1 iii2 ,j[ett1 v1 #db1 #gi4 #fgf ,laws1 ,j[ett's tr4 #crd ed4 v1 #bga-gb4 ,cp4 ! comm5t ( ,b5n1 i1 #bga-gb4 #fgg ,republic1 bk4 ii1 #cgi2 ,j[ett1 iii1 #fb4 #fgh ,laws1 x1 #ijf-ijg1 #iaj2 ,j[ett1 v1 #bic-id1 #big-ih4 #fgi ,on ! inconsi/5cy ( ! :ole doctr9e see see ,grote's ,plato1 iv1 #cgi-ig4 #fhj ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #be4 ,cp4 ,lange1 ,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #ch-ci 7tr4 i1 #eb-ed71 & ! rem>kable v]dict ( ,bacon 7,de ,augm5tis1 bk4 iii1 *4 #d2 ,works1 #a-vol4 ed4 #aije1 p4 #dga2 cp4 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 bk4 ii1 p4 #if7 z to ! sup]iority ( ! natural philosophy ( ,demokritos ov] ^? ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,bacon imm$iately qualifies 8 v]dict2 b he repeats x1 z reg>ds bo? ,ari/otle & ,plato1 9 ! ,novum ,organum1 bk4 i1 aph4 #if4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,b5n's f9al eulogy ( ,plato z a ?9k]1 i1 #bgc1 & ,murray's ,anc4 ,greek ,lit4 pp4 #caa-ac4 #fha ,laws1 x1 #ijh2 ,j[ett1 v1 #bie4 #fhb ,grote1 ,hi/ory1 vii1 #afh4 #fhc ,cp4 ,grote1 ,ari/otle1 #bnd ed4 p4 #aj4 #fhd ,orig51 ,aga9/ ,celsus1 ii1 #ac2 cp4 i1 #fe2 iii1 #ge2 vii1 #c4 #fhe ,grote1 ,ari/otle1 p4 #ac4 #fhf ,b5n1 ,greek ,philosoph]s1 i1 #ceb4 ,mr4 ,b5n refutes ,sir ,a4 ,grant's view t ,ari/otle's cre$ 0 a vague pan!ism2 b t phrase loosely conveys ! idea ( its non-religi\sness4 ,x might be call$ a ,lucretian mono!ism4 ,cp4 ,b5n1 i1 #bid2 & ,drews1 ,ges*4 des ,monismus1 p4 #beg4 #fhg ,metaphysics1 xi 7xii71 #h1 #ac 7p4 #ajgd1 b74 ,! passage is s /r+5t z to raise ! "q h[ he came to run ! risk 9 ?is "o case4 ,x 0 probably a late writ+1 & he may h tak5 x = grant$ t ! ,metaphysics w\ld nev] be read by ! or?odox4 #fhh ,cp4 ! sev]e criticisms ( ,b5n1 vol4 i1 *4 vi2 ,b]ry1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron4 p4 #cc2 & ,lange1 ,ges4 des ,mat]4 i1 #fa-fh1 & notes1 cit+ ,euck5 & ,cuvi]4 ,ari/otle's sci5ce is v mu* on a p> ) t ( ,bacon1 :o saw 8 imp]fections1 b fell into ! same k9ds ( error4 ,bo? insi/$ on an inductive me?od2 & bo? transgress$ f x4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,lange's summ>y1 p4 #fi1 also p4 #g1 z to ! unfairness ( ,:ewell2 & *4 v ( ,s\ry's ,brviaire de l'hi/oire du ,matrialisme1 #ahha1 especially end4 #fhi ,politics1 i1 #b4 #fij ,/rabo1 bk4 ix1 *4 iii1 #aa4 ,/rabo reproa*es ,ephoros ) repeat+ ! curr5t leg5ds all ! same2 b x seems cle> t he anticipat$ ! critical tactic ( ,gibbon4 #fia ,z to ! ,/oics1 cp4 ,zell]1 #cd1 #d2 ,b5n1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,greece1 pp4 #bee-ef4 ,z to ,epicurus1 cp4 ,b5n1 p4 #bfa4 #fib ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 *4 xi1 #e1 #fd4 ,! l5g?y notice giv5 by ,diog5es %[s ! impression ,pyrrho's tea*+ made4 ,see a full acc\nt ( x1 s f> z kn[n1 9 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5's ,ev5+s ) ! ,skeptics1 #ahha1 i1 #bhg sq41 & ! monograph ( ,zimm]man1 !re cit$4 #fic ,^! propositions occur 9 ! fir/ ( ! t5 ,pyrrhonian tropoi or modes 7,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 *4 xi1 #i71 ( :i* ! au?or%ip is commonly assign$ to nesidemos 7fl4 #hj-ej74 ,cp4 ,ow51 ,ev5+s ) ! ,skeptics1 i1 #bij1 #cbb-bc4 ,b z giv5 by ,diog5es !y seem to d]ive f ! e>ly ,pyrrhonian s*ool4 #fid ,?us1 :]e ,democritos pron\nc$ ! sun to be ( va/ size1 ,epicurus held x to be no l>g] ?an x seem$ 7,cic]o1 ,de ,f9ibus1 i1 #f7--;a view also loosely ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos 7,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ix1 *4 i1 #f1 #g74 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,wallace's ,epicureanism 7,anci5t ,philosophies s]ies71 #ahhi1 pp4 #agf sq41 #ahf sq41 #bff1 z to ! sci5tific m]its ( ! sy/em4 #fie ,! ,epicurean doctr9e on ?is & o!r heads is *iefly to be ga!r$ f ! great poem ( ,lucretius4 ,pr(4 ,wallace's excell5t treatise gives all ! clues4 ,see p4 #bjb z to ! ,epicurean ,god-idea4 #fif ,grote1 ,hi/ory1 i1 #cie1 note2 ,plut>*1 ,non posse suavit] vivi sec4 ,epicur4 #fig ,comp>e ,wallace1 ,epicureanism1 pp4 #fd-ga1 & *4 xi2 & ,mack9to%1 ,on ! ,progress ( ,e?ical ,philosophy1 #d? ed4 p4 #bi4 #fih ,de r]um natura1 i1 #fb-gi4 #fii ,alex&] seu ,pseudomantis1 cc4 #be1 #ch1 #dg1 #fa1 cit$ by ,wallace1 pp4 #bdi-ej4 #gjj ,! repute ( ! ,epicureans = irreligion appe>s 9 ! fact t :5 ,romaniz$ ,a!ns _h cons5t$ to admit =eign]s to ! once /rictly ,a!nian my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 ! ,epicureans 7 exclud$4 #gja ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #ac2 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 ,/romata1 v1 #ad2 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,adv4 ,ma!maticos1 ix1 #ea1 #ee4 #gjb ,diog4 ,lart4 bk ii1 *4 viii1 #g1 #aa-ad 7#hf1 #ig-ajj74 ,he 0 also nicknam$ ! ,god4 ,id4 & *4 xii1 #e 7 #aaf74 #gjc ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #a1 #bc1 #db4 #gjd ,diog5es1 z la/ cit$1 #ab 7#ig74 #gje ,id4 #ae1 #af 7#aja-ajb74 #gjf ,pr(essor ,wallace's acc\nt ( ! c\rt ( ,lysima*os ( ,?race z a fav\rite resort ( emancipat$ free?9k]s 7,epicureanism1 p4 #db7 is h>dly borne out by 8 au?ority1 ,diog5es ,lartius1 :o repres5ts ,lysima*os z unfri5dly t[>ds ,!odoros4 ,hipp>*ia ! ,cynic1 too1 oppos$ r ?an agre$ ) ! a!i/4 #gjg ,diog41 la/ cit4 ,cp4 ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 ii1 #dc4 ,philo ,judu 7,quod ,omnis ,probus ,lib]1 c4 #ah2 cp4 ,plut>*1 ,de ,exilio1 c4 #af7 has a /ory ( 8 repell+ taunts ab\t 8 bani%m5t by comp>+ himself to ,h]cules1 :o 0 put a%ore by ! al>m$ ,argonauts because ( 8 weight4 ,b he is fur!r made to boa/ extravagantly1 & 9 do+ s to speak z a believ] 9 my?s & deities4 ,! te/imony has ?us little value4 #gjh ,diog4 bk4 ii1 *4 xii1 #e 7#aaf74 #gji ,id4 *4 x1 #b 7#ajf74 #gaj ,id4 *4 xii1 #e 7#aag7 & bk4 iv1 *4 vii1 #d1 #i1 #aj 7#eb1 #ed1 #ee74 #gaa ,plut>*1 ,de defectu orac4 *4 #ai4 ,bion seems to h made an impression on ,plut>*1 :o (t5 quotes him1 ?\gh x be b to contradict him4 #gab ,cic]o1 ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #ac4 #gac ,id4 ib42 ,academics1 iv1 #ch4 #gad ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i1 #aj1 #ca2 ,academics1 ii1 #ci2 & refs4 9 ed4 ,davis4 #gae ,sir ,a4 ,grant's tr4 ( ! hymn is giv5 9 ,capes's ,/oicism 7,*ief ,anci5t ,philosophies s]ies71 #ahhj1 p4 #da2 & ! ,greek text by ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 p4 #bfb4 ,cp4 ,cic]o1 ,de nat4 ,deor4 i1 #ad4 #gaf ,pseudo-,plut>*1 ,de placitis philosoph4 i1 #g4 #gag ,eusebius1 ,prp4 ,evang4 bk4 ii1 *4 #b2 ,plut>*1 ,isis & ,osiris1 *4 #bc4 #gah ,p4 #hj4 #gai ,x may be not$ t ,diog5es ( ,babylon1 a foll[] ( ,*rysippos1 appli$ ! pr9ciple to ,greek my?ology4 ,cic]o1 ,de nat4 ,deor4 i1 #ae4 #gbj ,above1 p4 #hj1 note #d4 #gba ,see ,grote1 i1 #cga-gd & notes4 #gbb ,palaiphatos1 ,de ,incr$ibilibus3 ,de ,act"o1 ,de ,g]yone1 ,de ,c]b]o1 ,de ,amazonibus1 etc4 #gbc ,e4 ,r4 ,bevan 7art4 ,! ,deification ( ,k+s 9 ! ,greek ,cities 9 ,eng4 ,hi/or4 ,rev4 ,oct4 #aija1 p4 #fca7 argues t ! practice 0 n prim>ily ea/]n1 b ,greek4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,h]odotos1 vii1 #acf2 ,arrian1 ,anabas4 ,alex&4 iv1 #aa2 ,q4 ,curtius1 viii1 #e-h2 & ,plut>*1 ,artax]xes1 *4 #bb1 z to ! normal attitude ( ! ,greeks1 ev5 z late z ,alex&]4 #gbd ,see ,plut>*1 ,isis & ,osiris1 *s4 #bb1 #bc1 = ! lat] ,hell5i/ic tone on ! subject ( apo!osis ap>t f ! (ficial practice ( ! empire4 #gbe ,gibbon1 *4 xl4 ,bohn ed4 iv1 #cec1 & note4 #gbf ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,life1 pp4 #acc-ce2 ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 ii1 *4 v1 #e 7 #ch74 #gbg ,wallace1 ,epicureanism 7pp4 #bde-df71 cit+ ,suidas1 s4v4 ,epicurus4 #gbh ,diog5es ,lartius1 bk4 vii1 *4 i1 #bh 7 #cc72 cp4 ,orig51 ,aga9/ ,celsus1 bk4 i1 *4 #e2 ,clem5s ,alex1 ,/romata1 bk4 v1 *4 ii4 #gbi ,mahaffy1 z cit$1 p4 #ace1 n42 ,a!nu1 ix1 #fc 7p4 #djj74 #gcj 7#big ,b4,c47 ,burckh>dt1 ,grie*is*e ,culturges*i*te1 i1 #bac2 ,pausanias1 i1 #bi4 #gca ,cp4 ,g4 ,guizot1 ,mn&re1 #ahee1 pp4 #cbd-bg1 & ,app4 #gcb ,cp4 ,guizot1 pp4 #cbg-ca1 & ! fragm5ts cit$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,de ,mon>*ia1 *4 #e4 #gcc ,:ittak]1 z cit$1 p4 #he4 #gcd ,m>?a1 z cit$1 p4 #gh4 #gce ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 iv1 *4 ix1 #h 7 #fe74 #gcf ,diog4 ,lart4 bk4 iv1 *4 ix1 #d1 #e 7 #fc72 ,n\m5ios 9 ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evang4 xiv1 #h2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,oratore1 ii1 #ch2 ,lucilius1 cit$ by ,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 #gcg ,cic]o1 ,academics1 ii1 #cd4 #gch ,b]ry1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron4 pp4 #cd-fb2 ,n>ri51 ,hi/or4 ,acc\nt1 z cit$1 *4 xi2 ,l4 ,u4 ,k4 ,hi/4 ( ,a/ron4 *4 vi4 ,x is notewor?y t ,hipp>*os1 l s _m ( 8 pr$ecessors1 _h "s ( 8 ideas f ,babylonia4 ,/rabo1 prooem41 #i4 #gci ,ptolemy normally lumps unbelief 9 religion ) all ! vices ( "*4 ,cp4 ! ,tetrabiblos1 iii1 #ah 7p>aphrase ( ,proclus74 #gdj ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii1 #bf4 #gda ,lucian's dialogue ,philopseudes gives a view ( ! sup]/itions ( av]age ,greeks 9 ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,cp4 ,mr4 ,williams's note to ! fir/ ,dialogue ( ! ,dead1 9 8 tr4 p4 #hg4 #gdb ,see ,m4 ,f\c>t's treatise1 ,des assoc4 relig4 *ez les ,grecs1 #ahgc1 #b;e ptie4 #gdc ,on ! e>ly t5d5cy to or?odox con=mity among ! unbeliev+ ,alex&rian s*ol>s1 see ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 pp4 #bfj-fa4 #gdd ,frag4 cit$ by ,wallace1 p4 #beh4 #gde ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,hi/4 ( ,nat4 ,philos4 #ahcd1 p4 #gi4 #gdf ,de ,oratore1 iii1 #ag2 ,de ,f9ibus1 ii1 #ab1 #ac4 #gdg ,see ,saisset1 ,le ,scepticisme1 #ahfe1 pp4 #bb-bg1 = a c>eful discussion ( dates4 #gdh ,8 own claim 0 to be ( ! me?odical s*ool4 ,hypotyp4 i1 #cd4 #gdi ,see 8 doctr9e exp\nd$ by ,ow51 ,ev5+s ) ! ,skeptics1 i1 #ccb sq4 #gej ,cp4 ,ow51 p4 #cdi4 #gea ,^! seem to be d]iv$ f ,c>neades4 ,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #bag4 #geb ,! g5]al "* ( ! ,greek ,skeptics f ,sokrates to ,sextos is q unexceptionable 7,ow51 ,ev5+s1 i1 #ceb74 #gec ,polybius1 bk4 vi1 *4 lvi4 ,cp4 bk4 xvi1 ,frag4 #e 7#ab71 :]e he speaks impati5tly ( ! miracle-/ories told ( c]ta9 cults1 &1 repeat+ 8 op9ion t "s su* /ories are useful = pres]v+ piety among ! p1 prote/s t !y %\ld be kept )9 b\nds4 #ged ,bk4 i1 *4 ii1 #h4 ,plut>* 7,isis & ,osiris1 *4 #h7 puts ! m dec5t pr9ciple t all ! app>5t absurdities h good occult reasons4 #gee ,bk4 ix1 *4 iii1 #ab4 ,cp4 bk4 x1 *4 iii1 #bc4 ,! h& ( an int]polator frequ5tly appe>s 9 ,/rabo 7e4g41 bk4 ix1 *4 ii1 #dj2 *4 iii1 #e72 & ! passage cit$ 9 bk4 i is m 9 ! /yle ( ! =m] ?an ( ! latt]4 #gef ,see ,dr4 ,hat*1 ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #ahij1 pp4 #fj-fd1 notes2 also above1 pp4 #adc & #afa1 note4 #geg ,de defect4 orac4 c4 #ai2 ,isis & ,osiris1 *4 #fg4 #geh ,de ,amore1 c4 #ac2 ,isis & ,osiris1 *s4 #ff1 #fg2 & ,de defect4 orac4 c4 #ac4 #gei ,s*midt1 ,ges*4 d] ,d5k- und ,glaub5sfreiheit im er/4 ,jahr41 #ahdg1 p4 #bb4 #gfj ,burnet1 ,e>ly ,greek ,philos4 #ahib1 p4 #bgf4 ,cp4 #bnd ed4 p4 #bid4 #gfa ,x is to be presum$ t ,dr4 ,burnet1 :5 p5n+ 8 e/imate1 _h n 9 memory su* a record z ,dr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,:ite's ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,!ology4 #gfb ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 bk4 i1 *4 #ad 7,eng4 tr4 #ahid1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bhb-hc74 ,momms5's view ( ! antiquity ( writ+ among ! ,lat9s 7p4 #bhj7 is highly speculative4 ,he places its introduction ab\t or be=e #ajjj ,b4,c42 yet he admits t !y got _! alphabet f ! ,greeks1 & he c %[ no ,greek contacts = t p]iod4 ,cp4 pp4 #afg-fh 7*4 x74 ,s*wegl] 7,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 #ahec1 i1 #cf7 m reasonably places ! p]iod aft] t ( ! ,etruscan dom9ation1 :ile recogniz+ ! ,greek orig9 ( ! script4 ,cp4 ,ettore ,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijf1 pp4 #bf-bh2 ,pelham1 ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 #ahic1 p4 #cb4 #gfc ,s*wegl]1 i1 *4 i1 #ab2 ,teuffel1 ,hi/4 ( ,roman ,lit4 ed4 ,s*wabe1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijj1 i1 #ajj-aja1 #ajd-aj4 #gfd ,teuffel1 i1 #aaj-aa4 #gfe ,momms51 bk4 ii1 *4 #h4 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #gj4 ,su* creation ( deities by m]e ab/raction ( ?+s & functions _h be5 ! rule 9 ! popul> z di/+ui%$ f ! civic religion4 ,cp4 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 iv1 #af1 #bc2 vi1 #i1 etc4 ,x 0 ! concomitant ( ! t5d5cy not$ by ,livy3 adeo m9imis etiam rebus prava religio ins]it deos 7xxvii1 #bc74 ,b ! practice 0 n peculi> to ! ,romans1 = among ! ,greeks 7 ,gods or ,goddesses ( ,weal?1 ,peace1 ,m]cy1 ,%ame1 ,=tune1 ,rum\r1 ,en]gy1 ,action1 ,p]suasion1 ,consolation1 ,desire1 ,ye>n+1 ,necessity1 ,=ce1 etc4 ,see ,pausanias passim4 ,! inf]5ce is t ! m specific deities 9 all religions1 ) p]sonal names1 are ! product ( sac]dotal in/itutions or ( poetic or o!r art4 ,m4 ,boissi] 7i1 #e71 l ,ihne1 takes x = grant$ t ! multitude ( deifi$ ab/ractions _h no leg5ds2 b ?is is unw>rant$4 ,!y may h _h _m2 b !re 7 no poets to s+1 or prie/s to pres]ve & ritualize !m4 #gff ,de natura ,deorum1 i1 #db4 #gfg ,mr4 ,s*uckburgh 7,hi/ory ( ,rome1 #ahid1 p4 #dja1 note7 cites a translat$ passage 9 8 fragm5ts 7,cic]o1 ,de ,div4 ii1 #ej2 ,de nat4 ,deorum1 iii1 #cb71 putt+ ! ,epicurean view t ! ,gods cle>ly did n gov]n human affairs1 :i* he probably w\ld h s(t5$ if he _h n agre$ ) x4 ,cp4 ,momms51 iii1 #aac 7bk4 ii1 *4 #ac74 #gfh ,fragm5ta1 ed4 ,hesselius1 p4 #bbf2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 i1 #eh4 #gfi ,momms51 i1 #cja2 ii1 #ga2 iii1 #aag 7bk4 i1 *4 #ae2 bk4 ii1 *4 #h2 bk4 iii1 *4 #ac74 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div4 i1 #da4 #ggj ,livy1 xxix1 #ah4 ,dr4 ,w>de ,f[l] 7,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 p4 #cdf7 c5sures ,mr4 ,heitl& = call+ ,livy's /ory an int]e/+ romance 7,hi/4 ( ,rom4 ,rep4 ii1 #bbi note72 rem>k+ t x is ! fa%ion n[ to reject z false :atev] is surpris+1 & add+ 7p4 #cdg73 ,x is c]ta91 f ! /eps tak5 by ! gov]nm5t 444 t x is 9 ! ma9 a true acc\nt4 ,x may suffice to ask :e!r ,dr4 ,f[l] believes 9 all or any ( ! prodigia m5tion$ by ,livy because ! gov]nm5t took /eps ab\t !m4 #gga ,cp4 ,boissi]1 ,la religion roma9e1 i1 #ci1 #cdf4 #ggb ,teuffel1 i1 #abb4 #ggc ,aulus ,gellius 7xv1 #aa7 says ! edict 0 de philosophis et de rhetoribus ,lat9is1 b ! s5atus-consultum1 z giv5 by him1 does n conta9 ! adjective2 & he goes on to tell t aliquot de9de annis po/--really sixty-n9e ye>s lat]--! c5sors fulm9at$ aga9/ hom9es qui ,,novum g5us discipl9 in/itu]unt 444 eos sibi nom5 imposuisse ,lat9as rhetoras4 ,! =m] victims1 !n1 7 presumably ,greek4 ,cp4 ,%uckburgh1 p4 #ebj2 & ,long1 ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,republic1 #ahff1 ii1 #adf4 ,pr(essor ,pelham 7,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 #ahic1 p4 #agi1 note7 mi/ak5ly cites ! s5atus-consultum z conta9+ ! ^w ,lat9i4 ,! read+ ,lat9is 9 ,gellius's own phrase has long be5 suspect$4 ,see ed4 ,fr$]ic & ,gronov1 #agjf4 #ggd ,plut>*1 ,cato1 c4 #bb4 #gge ,cic]o1 ,de4 ,repub41 passim1 ed4 ,halm4 #ggf ,polybius1 xxxii1 #aj4 #ggg ,suetonius1 ,de cl>is rhetoribus4 #ggh ,see 9 ,cic]o1 ,de ,oratore1 iii1 #bd1 ! acc\nt by ! c5sor ,crassus ( 8 reasons = pref]r+ ! ,greek rhetors4 #ggi ,val]ius ,maximus1 i1 #c1 #a4 #ghj ,! culture hi/ory ( ! republican p]iod1 z p>tially recov]$ by rec5t ar*ology1 %[s a process ( dissolution & replacem5t f a remote p]iod4 ,cp4 ,ettore ,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijf1 *4 ii1 notably p4 #ah4 #gha ,de r]um natura1 i1 #ej-ace2 cp4 v1 #aaff4 #ghb ii1 #fdf-ej 7! passage cit$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 "o ( ! ,bradlaugh debates1 ) a confession ( its noble beauty72 & aga9 ii1 #ajij-aaje1 & iii1 #ah-bb4 #ghc ,see ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 pp4 #eb-eg4 #ghd ,see ! acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( ! high-prie/ ,scaevola1 pres]v$ by ,augu/9e1 ,de civ4 ,dei1 iv1 #bg4 ,he & ,v>ro 7id4 iv1 #ca2 vi1 #e-g7 agre$ 9 reject+ ! curr5t my?s1 b insi/$ on ! cont9u$ civic acceptance ( !m4 ,on ! :ole "q comp>e ,boissi]1 ,la religion roma9e1 i1 #dg-fc4 #ghe ,?us ! satiri/ ,lucilius1 :o ridicul$ ! popul> beliefs1 0 capable1 9 8 capacity ( patriot1 ( cry+ out aga9/ ! lack ( respect %[n to religion & ! ,gods 7,boissi]1 pp4 #ea-eb74 ,! purposive ins9c]ity set up 9 _! ?9k+ by su* m5 mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 injuri\s to "*4 #ghf ,cp4 ! ,de ,div9atione1 i1 #b4 #ghg ,e4g41 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r's ,f\ndations ( ,belief4 #ghh ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #bf4 #ghi ,de ,div9atione1 ii1 #cc1 #cd1 cp4 ii1 #ab2 & ,de nat4 ,deorum1 i1 #bb4 ,x is n surpris+ t 9 a lat] age1 :5 ! rema9+ pagans _h no dialectic faculty left1 ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 by us+ ,cic]o z a weapon aga9/ ! cults1 c\ld provoke !m into call+ him impi\s 7,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 iii1 #f1 #g74 #gij ,de ,div9atione1 ii1 #bb4 #gia ,boissi]1 i1 #eh4 #gib ,de nat4 ,deorum1 ii1 #a4 #gic ,boissi]1 p4 #ei4 #gid ,x seems to me t1 on ! :ole1 among ! educat$ & ! ri*1 ! indiff]5t mu/ h be5 9 ! majority 7,boissi]1 p4 #fa74 #gie ,id4 p4 #ei4 #gif ,cp4 ,long1 ,decl9e ( ,roman ,republic1 i1 #dch2 ii1 #ch-dj4 ,long rem>ks t ,domitius1 ! accus] ( ,scaurus 7:o _h prev5t$ 8 election to ! college ( augurs71 us$ ! "n ( religion = ! purpose ( damag+ a political enemy2 & ! trick has be5 repeat$1 & is repeat$1 up to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,romans mu/ h kept records ( _m ( ^! trials4 ,!y 7 ! great ev5ts ( ! times 4442 & s we le>n t ?ree tribes vot$ aga9/ ,scaurus1 & ?irty-two vot$ = him2 b 9 ea* ( ^! ?irty-two tribes !re 0 only a small majority ( votes 7pauca puncta7 9 fav\r ( ,scaurus4 #gig ,see ,long1 i1 #ef1 = a cynical e/imate ( ! mode ( manipulation ( ! ,sibyll9e & o!r sacr$ books4 #gih ,sallu/1 ,bellum ,catil94 c4 #ea4 #gii ,suetonius1 ,julius1 cc4 #ei1 #gg2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 ii1 #bd4 ,cp4 ,m]ivale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans "u ! ,empire1 ed4 #ahfe1 ii1 #dbd4 #hjj ,plut>*1 ,sulla1 c4 #bi2 ,m>ius1 c4 #af4 ,long 7,decl9e ( ,roman ,republic1 ii1 #cfi7 says ( ,sulla t1 ?\gh he c\ld rob a temple :5 he want$ money1 he believ$ 9 ! religion ( 8 "t4 ,we %\ld call him sup]/iti\s2 & a man :o is sup]/iti\s is capable ( any crime1 = he believes t ! ,gods c be conciliat$ by pray]s & pres5ts4 #hja ,comp>e ! fe>s :i* grew ^u ,cromwell 9 8 la/ days4 #hjb ,pompeius1 on ! o!r h&1 _h _m se]s 9 8 camp2 b aft] 8 ov]?r[ express$ natural d\bts ab\t ,provid5ce4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div4 ii1 #bd1 #dg2 ,plut>*1 ,pompeius1 c4 #ge4 #hjc ,boissi]1 i1 #gc4 #hjd ,see ,augu/9e's citation f ,v>ro1 ,de civ4 ,dei1 vi1 #b4 ,cp4 ,sueton4 ,aug4 #bi4 #hje ,! only record to ! contr>y is ! wor?less sc&al z to 8 supp]s ( ! ,twelve ,gods 7,sueton4 ,aug4 #gj74 ,! /atem5t ( ,w4 ,a4 ,s*midt t none ( ! ,julians 0 or?odox 7,ges*i*te d] ,d5k- und ,glaub5sfreiheit im er/5 ,jahrhund]t1 #ahdg1 p4 #age7 is some:at ov]/ra9$4 #hjf ,dio ,cassius1 lii1 #cf4 #hjg ,e4g41 8 enc\ragem5t ( a new college ( prie/s f\nd$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,dio1 xliv1 #f4 #hjh ,sueton4 ,julius1 #dd1 #ef4 ,! fir/ public libr>y actually op5$ 9 ,rome 0 f\nd$ by ,as9ius ,pollio "u ,augu/us1 & 0 plac$ 9 ! =ec\rt ( ! temple ( ,lib]ty3 ,augu/us f\nd$ two o!rs2 ,tib]ius a f\r?1 9 8 palace2 ,vespasian a fif?1 9 ! temple ( ,peace2 ,domitian a six?1 on ! ,capitol4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s*midt1 ,ges*4 d] ,d5k- und ,glaub5sfreiheit1 pp4 #aea-eb1 & refs4 #hji ,boissi]1 pp4 #fg-ajh2 ,suetonius1 ,aug4 xxix-xxxi4 #haj ,l',abb ,beurli]1 ,le ,culte ,imprial1 #ahia1 introd4 & *4 #a2 ,boissi]1 *4 #b4 ,cp4 p4 #ahe1 note1 above4 #haa ,x w\ld seem t ! occasion on :i* he enrag$ ! ,s5ate by n ris+ to receive !m 7,sueton4 ,jul4 #gh7 0 t on :i* !y came to ann\nce t !y _h made him a ,god1 ,jupit] ,julius1 ) a special temple & a special prie/4 ,see ,long1 ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,republic1 v1 #dah4 ,he might v well h int5d$ to rebuke _! bas5ess4 ,b cp4 ,boissi]1 i1 #abb1 cit+ ,dio1 xlvi1 #f4 #hab iii1 #df2 x1 #dj2 xliii1 #ac4 #hac #a ,sat4 v1 #ih-ajc4 #had ,z to ! conflict betwe5 ,horace's bias & 8 policy1 cp4 ,boissi]1 i4 #aic-bja4 #hae ,e4g41 ,c>m4 iii1 #f4 #haf ,fa/i1 v1 #fgc-ib4 #hag ,fa/i1 ii1 #fa-ff4 #hah ,fa/i1 iv1 #bjd4 ,! prec$+ phrase1 pro magno te/e vetu/as cr$itur1 c]ta9ly has an ironic r+4 #hai neid1 vi1 #gbd-bg4 #hbj ,cp4 ,boissi]1 i1 #bbh-bi4 #hba ,georgics1 ii1 #dij1 #dic4 ,did]ot orig9at$ ! idea t ! fir/ ( ^! l9es & ! two :i* foll[ x 9 ,virgil _h ref]5ce to ,lucretius4 ,grimm1 ,correspondance ,littraire1 ed4 #ahbi-cj1 vi1 #ba-be4 ,x is acquiesc$ 9 by ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 #aiji1 p4 #cbg4 ,sell> 7,roman ,poets ( ! ,augu/an ,age3 ,virgil1 #ahgg4 p4 #bja7 is d\btful on ! po9t4 #hbb ,cp4 ,boissi]1 i1 #aic4 #hbc ,boissi]1 ii1 #hd-ib4 #hbd ,ep4 xcv4 #hbe ,suetonius1 ,jul4 #hh4 #hbf ,! same note occurs 9 ,virgil1 neid1 vi1 #gai-ba4 #hbg ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii1 #a1 #e 7#g74 ,pl9y id5tifies nature & deity3 ,p] qu decl>atur haud dubie natur pot5tia1 idque esse quod ,deum vocamus 7la/ cit41 end74 #hbh ,hi/4 nat4 vii1 #ee 7#ef74 ,cp4 ,boissi]1 i1 #cjj4 #hbi ,id4 pp4 #cja-cjc4 #hcj ,see ! praisewor?y treatise ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,f>r]1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 #ahia1 *s4 #e1 #f1 & #g4 #hca 444 vires religionis1 ad quas maxime etiamnum caligat humanum g5us4 ,hi/4 nat4 xxx1 #a4 #hcb ,above1 p4 #ahh4 #hcc ,primus 9 orbe deos fecit timor4 ,frag4 #bb1 ed4 ,burmanni4 ,! :ole passage is notewor?y4 ,see also 8 ,satyricon1 c4 #acg1 z to 8 e/imate ( sac]dotal s9c]ity4 #hcd ,!baid1 iii1 #ffa4 #hce ,porphyry1 ,epi/le to ,anebo 7) ,jambli*us74 ,*a]emon1 h[ev]1 is said to h reg>d$ comets z div9e port5ts4 ,orig51 ,ag4 ,celsus1 bk4 i1 *4 #ei4 #hcf ,pr(4 ,c4 ,m>?a1 ,les morali/es s\s l'empire roma91 ed4 #ahha1 p4 #cda4 #hcg ,w4 ,a4 ,s*midt1 :o cites ?is act 7,ges*i*te d] ,d5k- und ,glaub5sfreiheit1 pp4 #ca-cc7 z ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( free spee* 9 ,rome1 does n m5tion ! detail giv5 by ,dio 7xliv1 #aj71 t ,cs> suspect$ ! tribunes ( hav+ set on "s ( ! p to hail him z k+4 ,b ! unprov$ suspicion does n ju/ify 8 c\rse1 :i* 0 a bad lapse ( judgm5t1 ev5 if ! suspicion 7 j4 ,f ?is po9t a conspiracy aga9/ 8 life 0 natural4 ,cp4 ,long1 ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,republic1 v1 #dcb-cc4 z to ! facts4 #hch ,see ,w4 ,a4 ,s*midt1 pp4 #cd-ajh1 = a c>eful analysis ( ! evolution4 ,z to ! book-c5sure1 see pp4 #aja-ajd4 #hci ,suetonius1 ,tib]ius1 c4 #bh4 #hdj ,id4 c4 #fa4 #hda ,annals1 i1 #gc4 ,t su* a phrase %\ld h be5 writt5 by an emp]or 9 an (ficial lett]1 & yet pass unnotic$ ?r\gh antiquity save 9 "o hi/orical "w1 recov]$ only 9 ! ,r5aissance1 is "o ( ! m9or improbabilities t give col\r to ! d5ial ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,annals4 #hdb ,tib]ius1 c4 #fi4 #hdc ,petronius1 ,satyricon1 ad init4 #hdd ,9 ! ,annals 7xiv1 #ej7 x is /at$ t ! book attack$ s5ators & pontiffs2 t x 0 condemn$ to be burn$1 & ,vej5to to be exil$2 & t ! book 0 mu* s\ght & read :ile =bidd52 b t x fell into oblivion :5 all 7 free to read x4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is no o!r anci5t te/imony4 ,vej5to is he>d (1 h[ev]1 9 ,juv5al1 iv1 #aac1 #abc-bi4 #hde ,philo/ratus1 ,life ( ,apollonius1 iv4 #dg4 #hdf ,cp4 ,s*midt1 pp4 #cdf-dg4 #hdg ,suetonius1 ,domitian1 c4 #aj4 #hdh ,cp4 ,s*midt1 p4 #aeg4 #hdi ,suetonius1 ,tib]ius1 c4 #cf2 ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 xviii1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,josephus specifies isolat$ pretexts1 :i* ,suetonius does n m5tion4 ,!y are n v probable4 #hej ,:o de/roy$ #b1jjj copies ( prophetical books4 ,suetonius1 ,aug4 c4 #ca4 #hea ,see1 9 ! next *apt]1 z to ! rationali/ic my?ology ( ,macrobius4 #heb ,cp4 ,prop]tius1 ii1 #ad1 #bg sqq42 iii1 #bc1 #ai-bj2 iv1 #c1 #ch2 ,tibullus1 iv1 #a1 #ah-bc2 ,juv5al1 z be=e cit$1 & xv1 #acc1 #adb-df4 #hec ,plato1 #b ,alcib42 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,clu5tio1 c4 #fh2 ,horace1 ,c>m4 iii1 #bc1 #ag2 ,ovid1 ,h]oides1 ,acont4 ,cydipp4 #aia-ib2 ,p]sius1 ,sat4 ii1 #fi2 ,s5eca1 ,de ,b5eficiis1 i1 #f4 ,cp4 ,diod4 ,sic4 xii1 #bj2 ,v>ro1 9 ,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 vii1 #a4 #hed #a ,sat4 iii1 #if-ih4 ,cp4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,f9ibus1 iv1 #ai1 #bg1 #bh2 ,matt4 v4 #ai-bh2 ,james1 ii1 #aj4 ,lactantius1 aga9 7,div4 ,in/4 iii1 #bc74 d5\nces ! doctr9e ( ! equality ( (f5ces z laid d[n by ,z5o1 giv+ no sign ( kn[+ t x is also set =? 9 8 own sacr$ books4 #hee ,on ,s5eca's moral tea*+1 cp4 ,m>?a1 ,les ,morali/es s\s l'empire roma91 pp4 #eg-ff2 ,boissi]1 ,la religion roma9e1 ii1 #hj-hb4 ,m4 ,boissi] fur!r exam9es fully ! explod$ !ory t ,s5eca receiv$ ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,on ?is comp>e ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 ,diss]tations on ! ,apo/olic ,age1 pp4 #bcg-ib4 #hef ,s5eca 0 s advanc$ 9 8 !oretic e?ic z to consid] all w> on a level ) homicide4 ,epi/4 xcv1 #cj4 #heg ,x is to be not$ t prea*+ _h begun among ! morali/s ( ,rome 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & 0 c>ri$ on by ! prie/s ( ,isis 9 ! second2 & t 9 ,egypt mona/icism _h long be5 e/abli%$4 ,m>?a1 z cit$1 p4 #fg2 ,boissi]1 i1 #cef-ei4 ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 c4 iii1 #ac1 #ad1 z to mona/icism4 #heh ,mt4 xxii1 #ci2 ,mk4 xii1 #ca4 #hei ,talmud1 tract4 ,sabba?1 #cjf4 #hfj ,mk4 xii1 #cb4 #hfa ,lk4 xviii1 #bj4 #hfb ,see ! impressive argum5t ( ,dr4 ,moncure ,conway 9 8 ,solomon & ,solomonic ,lit]ature1 #ahii1 *4 xviii4 #hfc ,see ,dr4 ,ni*olson's ,! ,gospel ,accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #ahgi1 p4 #gg4 ,cp4 ,conway1 p4 #bbb4 ,dr4 ,ni*olson insi/s t at lea/ ! ^w sacrific+ mu/ be spuri\s1 because x is surely impossible t ,jesus ev] utt]$ ?is ?reat6 #hfd ,cp4 ! au?or's ,*ri/ianity & ,my?ology1 pt4 iii4 div4 ii1 #f4 #hfe ,! ,book ( ! ,secrets ( ,eno*1 kn[n z ! ,slavonic ,eno*1 *4 xliv1 #a 7,eng4 tr4 #ahif1 pp4 #fj1 #fg74 #hff ,see ! au?or's ,pagan ,*ri/s1 pt4 ii4 #hfg ,above1 p4 #bae4 #hfh ,hosea1 vi1 #f2 ,psalms1 xl1 #f1 #g2 ,ecclesia/es1 v1 #a4 #hfi ,talmud1 ,yoma-,d]e* ,eretz2 ,midra%1 ,vayikra-,rabba1 xxvii1 #aa & #ab4 #hgj ,*4 lii 7p4 #fi74 #hga ,luke xiii1 #d4 #hgb ,cp4 ,conway1 ,solomon & ,solomonic ,lit]ature1 #ahii1 pp4 #eg1 #bja1 #bai4 #hgc ,john iv1 #ba4 #hgd ,e4g41 ,plato1 ,crito1 ,j[ett's tr4 #crd ed4 ii1 #aej2 ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 ii1 #cb4 ,val]ius ,maximus 7iv1 #b1 #d7 ev5 urges ! return+ ( b5efits = injuries4 #hge ,x is impossible to f9d 9 ! :ole patri/ic lit]ature a s+le display ( ! love 9 "q4 ,9 all e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory !re is no?+ to repres5t x save ! attitude ( m>tyrs t[>ds _! execution]s--an attitude se5 (t5 9 pagan lit]ature4 7,e4g41 lian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 xii1 #di47 #hgf #a ,!ss4 v1 #ba4 #hgg #b ,cor4 xi1 #d2 ,gal4 i1 #f4 #hgh ,cp4 ,rom4 ix1 #ad-ba4 #hgi #b ,cor4 x1 #e4 ,ne$less to say1 su* an expression sav\rs /rongly ( late inv5tion2 b 9 any case x tells ( ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s ( ! second c5tury4 #hhj #a ,cor4 vii1 #bj-bd 7:]e ! phrase translat$ 9 ,engli% use x r unque/ionably means r cont9ue rema9 a slave4 ,cp4 ,eph4 vi1 #e1 & ,v>iorum ,tea*]'s ,bible 9 loc474 #hha ,rom4 xiii1 #a4 ,cp4 #a ,pet] ii1 #ac-ad2 ,tit4 iii1 #a4 ,! anti-,roman _s 9 ! ,apocalypse is ,judaic1 n ,g5tile-,*ri/ian2 ! book be+ ( ,jewi% orig94 #hhb ,james ii1 #ba4 #hhc #a ,cor4 xv1 #ab4 #hhd ,! ,apology ( ,a!nagoras 7#bnd c47 is r a def5ce ( mono!ism ?an a ,*ri/ian docum5t2 h5ce1 no d\bt1 its spe$y neglect by ! ,*ur*4 #hhe ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #a ,apol4 c4 #e2 ,m94 ,felix1 ,octavius1 c4 #aj4 #hhf ,! inhabitants ( ,coelesyria1 ,idumea1 & ,judea are pr9cipally influ5c$ by ,aries & ,ares1 & are g5]ally audaci\s1 a!i/ical1 & trea*]\s 7,ptolemy1 ,tetrabiblos1 ii1 #c--,p>aphrase ( ,proclus74 #hhg ,cp4 ,t]tullian1 ,de ,idolatria1 passim1 & ,ad ,scapulam1 c4 #e4 #hhh ,= ! refusal to wor%ip m5 z ,gods !y _h1 ( c\rse1 abundant pagan prec$5t4 ,see above1 p4 #ahf1 note4 #hhi ,e4g41 ,t]tullian1 ,de ,te/imonio ,anim1 c4 #a2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,g5tes1 i1 #da1 etc42 ,lactantius1 ,div9e ,in/itutes1 c4 xv2 ,epit4 c4 vii4 #hij ,cp4 ,j4 ,a4 ,f>r]1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 *4 vii4 #hia ,ir5u1 ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 i1 #bf4 ,cp4 ,hag5ba*1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #cte ,aufl4 #bc1 #d 7p4 #cg71 z to ,c]9?us4 #hib #a ,tim4 vi1 #bj4 ,! ^w p]si/5tly translat$ oppositions is a specific t]m 9 ,gno/ic lore4 ,cp4 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahed1 p4 #aae1 note4 #hic ,cp4 ,h>nack1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ,mit*ell's trans4 p4 #gg 7*4 vi71 p4 #adi 7bk4 ii1 *4 vi72 ,giesel]1 ,comp4 ( ,eccles4 ,hi/4 i1 #fc1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #bcd1 z to ! attitude ( ,orig54 #hid ,! t]m ,gno/ic1 (t5 treat$ z if applicable only to h]etical sects1 0 adopt$ by ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria z an hon\rable title4 ,cp4 ,giesel]1 p4 #bda1 z cit$4 #hie ,mo%eim1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #d-ab4 ,cp41 h[ev]1 ,abb ,cognat1 ,clm5t d',alex&rie1 #ahei1 pp4 #dba-bc1 & ,ueb]weg1 i1 #bci1 z to ! obscurity re/+ on ! orig9al tea*+ ( ,ammonios4 #hif ,cp4 ,giesel]1 ,comp5dium1 i1 #eb 7tr4 vol4 i1 p4 #afb74 #hig ,id4 #ed1 #ee1 pp4 #ahf-ij4 #hih ,e4 ,h4 #c ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #b-d4 #hii ,z to ! e>li] latitud9>ianism1 cp4 ,giesel]1 z cit$1 p4 #aff4 #ijj ,giesel]1 #ee4 #ija ,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #c ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #a-g2 ,giesel]1 z cit$1 #ec1 pp4 #afb-fe2 ,eusebius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 vi1 #ai2 ,b4 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,de l'cole d',alex&rie1 #ahde1 p4 #g2 ,baur1 ,*4 ,hi/4 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #c-h4 ,b cp4 ,cognat1 ,clm5t d',alex&rie1 l4 v1 *4 v4 #ijb ,cp4 ,mo%eim on ,orig51 ,comm4 de rebus ,*ri/4 ante ,con/4 #bg1 #bh1 summ>iz$ 9 ,s*legel's note to ,ec4 ,hi/4 ,reid's ed4 pp4 #ajj-aja2 ,giesel]1 #fc2 ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 pp4 #aad1 #adj4 ,dr4 ,hat* 7,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas on ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 pp4 #hb-hc7 notes t ! allegorical me?od1 :i* began 9 a t5d5cy t[>ds rationalism1 came lat] to be typically or?odox4 #ijc ,gnosis 0 an attempt to conv]t ,*ri/ianity into philosophy2 to place x 9 its wide/ relation to ! univ]se1 & to incorporate ) x ! ideas & feel+s approv$ by ! be/ intellig5ce ( ! times4 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aji4 ,b cp4 ! p] contra on p4 #aaj3 x 0 b a philosophy 9 fett]s1 an ef=t ( ! m9d to =m = itself a m sy/ematic belief 9 its own prejudices4 ,aga9 7p4 #aae73 a reaction t[>ds free?\ght 0 ! ess5ce ( ,gnosis4 ,s also ,rob9s1 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,fai?1 #ahfb1 pt4 i1 pp4 #d-e1 #aec4 #ijd ,?is view c\ld be support$ by ! ,platoni/s f ,plato1 ,laws1 bk4 x4 ,cp4 ,*aignet1 ,la vie et les crits de ,platon1 #ahga1 p4 #dbb2 & ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 ii1 *4 v1 ed4 ,p>is1 #ahdj1 i1 #bhh4 ,x is explicitly set =? by ,plut>*1 ,i4 & ,o41 cc4 #de-di4 #ije ,on ! subject 9 g5]al cp4 ,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v2 also 8 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,affairs ( ! ,*ri/ians be=e ,con/ant9e1 ,eng4 tr4 vol4 ii2 ,h>nack1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/4 ( ,dogma1 *4 iv2 ,k+1 ,! ,gno/ics & _! ,rema9s2 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 pt4 iii1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab2 ,r5an1 ,l'glise ,*rti5ne1 *s4 ix1 x2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 ii1 *4 v2 ,l>dn]1 ,hi/4 ( ,h]etics1 9 ,works1 ed4 #ahce1 vol4 viii2 ,baur1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 pt4 iii2 ,j]emie1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur* 9 #bnd & #crd ,c5t41 *4 v 79 ,encyc4 ,metropolitana74 #ijf ,my/icism itself is b an insane rationalism 7,hampd51 ,bampton ,lect4 on ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 #crd ed4 intr4 p4 liii74 ,x may be describ$ z free?\ght )\t reg>d to evid5ce--t lawless ?\ght :i* ,*ri/ian polemi/s are wont to ascribe to rationali/s4 #ijg ,giesel]1 #fa1 #hf 7pp4 #bbh1 #cfh1 #cgj74 #ijh ,9 ! f\r? c5tury & lat]1 h[ev]1 ! gospel ( asceticism won great or?odox vogue ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ! s-call$ ,dionysius ! ,areopagite4 ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 c4 iii1 #ab2 ,we/cott1 ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ! ,we/1 #ahia1 pp4 #aij-ia4 #iji ,comp>e ! process by :i* ! ,talmudic sy/em unifi$ ,judaism4 ,wellhaus51 ,israel1 z cit$1 pp4 #eda-db2 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 ii1 *4 #d1 ed4 ,p>is1 #ahdj1 i1 #bgf4 #iaj ,!re is good reason to suppose t ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops multipli$ sacr$ rites = ! sake ( r5d]+ ! ,jews & ! pagans m fri5dly to !m 7,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iv4 ,cp4 *4 iii1 #ag2 *4 iv1 #c-g2 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #a-c2 *4 iv1 #a-b2 #e ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #b74 ,?is g5]alization is borne out by ne>ly e o!r ,*ur* hi/orian4 ,cp4 ,h>nack1 ,outl9es1 pt4 ii1 bk4 i1 *4 i2 ,milman1 bk4 iv1 *4 #e1 pp4 #cfg-gd2 ,giesel]4 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajd2 ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 #c;e edit4 p4 #fcj4 ,baur1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #bhe-hi4 #iaa ,giesel]1 #hg1 p4 #cgc2 ,hag5ba*1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #cte ,aufl4 #ajh4 #iab ,eusebius1 v1 #bh2 ,giesel]1 #fj1 p4 #bah4 #iac ,cp4 ,giesel]1 #hj-hc1 pp4 #cbh-ec2 ,h>nack1 ,outl9es1 pt4 ii1 bk4 i1 esp4 pp4 #bja-bjb4 #iad ,"o be+ ano!r ,!odotos1 a money-*ang]4 #iae ,eusebius1 z la/ cit$4 ,! sect 0 accus$ ( alt]+ ! gospels to suit its purposes4 ,! *>ge c\ld probably be made ) tru? aga9/ e sect 9 turn1 z aga9/ ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al4 #iaf ,9 ! end ! doctr9e decl>$ or?odox 0 ! opposite ( :at _h be5 decl>$ or?odox 9 ! ,sabellian & o!r controv]sies 7,mo%eim1 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #i72 & all ! :ile ! ,arians & ! or?odox embrac$ ! same !ology 9 sub/ance 7,murdock1 note on ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #afa74 ,an em95t mod]n ,ca?olic1 h[ev]1 has describ$ ,arianism z a dei/ic doctr9e :i* _h n ! c\rage to bury itself 9 ! fecund obscurities ( dogma 7,ozanam1 ,la ,civilisation *rti5ne *ez les ,francs1 #ahdi1 p4 #ce74 #iag ,giesel]1 #hc4 p4 #cde4 #iah ,cp4 ! au?or's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #agf-ha4 #iai ,pelagianism is ,*ri/ian rationalism 7,h>nack1 ,outl9es1 pt4 ii1 bk4 ii1 *4 iv1 #c1 p4#cfd74 #ibj ,he 0 fir/ a ,mani*ean2 lat] an anti-,mani*ean1 d5y+ pr$e/9ation2 lat]1 z an oppon5t ( ! ,pelagians1 an ass]tor ( pr$e/9ation4 ,cp4 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 pt4 v1 #ae4 ,z to 8 f9al ,mani*eanism1 see ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 #crd ed4 i1 #aeb4 #iba ,cp4 ,h>nack1 ,outl9es1 pt4 ii1 bk4 ii1 *4 v1 #a 7p4 #chf74 #ibb ,cp4 ,hampd51 ,bampton ,lectures on ,! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 #ahdh1 pp4 xxxv-xxxvi1 & refs4 #ibc ,sokrates1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 bk4 vii1 *4 #ae4 #ibd ,epi/4 #ic4 ,cp4 ,s*legel's notes on ,mo%eim1 9 ,reid's ed4 pp4 #aei1 #aih2 ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,cl>ke1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 pp4 #hf-hg 7a def5ce72 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 ii1 *4 ii1 #crd4 ed4 i1 #afc2 ,boissi]1 ,la f9 du paganisme1 #b;e dit4 i1 #fi-gi4 ,h>nack's confus$ & contradictory e/imate ( ,augu/9e 7,outl9es1 pt4 ii1 bk ii1 *s4 iii1 iv7 ignores ?is issue4 ,he notes1 h[ev] 7pp4 #cfb-fc71 "s ( ,augu/9e's c\ntless self-contradictions4 #ibe ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 iii1 *4 viii2 ed4 cit$1 ii1 #ahb1 #ahh1 & note4 ,= ! views ( ,ambrose see p4 #ahd4 ,9 ,gaul1 ,/4 ,m>t9 put d[n ! old %r9es by brute =ce4 ,id4 p4 #agi4 #ibf ,cp4 ,beugnot1 ,hi/oire de la de/ruction du paganisme en ,occid5t1 #ahce1 i1 #dcj4 #ibg ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 end4 #ibh ,see x translat$ 9 full by ,l>dn] 9 8 ,te/imonies ( ,anci5t ,hea!ns1 *4 xlix4 ,works1 ed4 #ahce1 vol4 viii4 #ibi ,l>dn]1 z cit$1 pp4 #be-bg4 #icj ,z to ! high "* ( ,libanius1 :o us$ 8 influ5ce to succ\r 8 ,*ri/ian fri5ds 9 ! reign ( ,julian1 see ,l>dn]1 pp4 #ae-ag4 #ica ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 iii1 *4 vi2 vol4 ii1 p4 #aca4 ,see ! passage !re cit$ f ! ,fun]al ,oration ( ,libanius ,on ,julian1 z to ,*ri/ians build+ h\ses ) temple /ones2 also ! fur!r passages1 pp4 #abi1 #afa1 #bab1 ( ,mr4 ,k+'s tr4 ( ! ,oration 9 8 ,julian ! ,emp]or 7,bohn ,lib474 #icb ,ammianus1 xxii1 #d4 #icc ,gibbon1 *4 xlvii4 ,bohn ed4 v1 #baa-eb1 #bfd1 #bfh1 #bgb4 ,mo%eim1 passim4 #icd ,milman1 z cit$1 p4 #agh4 #ice ,de ,te/imonio ,anim1 c4 #b2 ,de ,ira ,dei4 #icf ,t]tullian1 z cit$1 c4 #c4 #icg ,b4 vi1 *4 #bh4 #ich ,on ! ,my/]ies1 bk4 x1 *4 #b4 #ici ,cp4 ,m9ucius ,felix 7#bnd c471 ,octavius1 c4 #e4 #idj ,de cons5su evangeli/>um1 i1 #aj4 #ida ,de civ4 ,dei1 xxi1 #b1 #e-g4 #idb ,id4 i1 #ad4 #idc ,id4 xxi1 #aa4 #idd ,see ! citations 9 ,abail>d's ,sic et non1 #a4 ,quod fides humanis rationibus sit ad/ru5da1 et contra4 #ide ,de ,gub]natione ,dei1 l4 #d4 #idf ,see ,r5an1 ,l'glise ,*rti5ne1 p4 #dic4 ,z to ,cresc5s1 ! enemy ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7#b ,apol4 c4 #c71 see id4 p4 #dib4 ,cp4 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,g5tes1 passim1 z to pagan objections4 ,:at rema9s ( ,porphyry w be f\nd 9 ,l>dn]'s ,te/imonies ( ! ,hea!n1 *4 xxxvii4 ,cp4 ,baur1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #agi-hg4 #idg ,! ,controv]sy betwe5 ,jason & ,papiscus reg>d+ ,*ri/1 m5tion$ by ,orig5 7,ag4 ,celsus1 bk4 iv1 *4 #d71 seems to h be5 ( ! same nature4 #idh ,orig5 repeat$ly calls him an ,epicurean2 b ?is is obvi\sly false4 ,! ,platoniz+ ,*ri/ian w\ld n admit t a ,platoni/ 0 anti-,*ri/ian4 #idi ,orig5 places him 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian2 b ! int]nal evid5ce is all aga9/ t op9ion4 ,ka9 dates ! treatise #agg-gh4 #iej ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 #c;e dit4 pp4 #cdf-ga4 #iea ,b4 i1 cc4 #bd1 #be4 #ieb ,b4 i1 cc4 #bh1 #cb4 #iec c4 #cb4 #ied cc4 #cg1 #ci4 #iee ,b4 ii1 c4 #bf4 #ief ,b4 ii1 c4 #gh4 #ieg ,b4 ii1 c4 #di4 #ieh ,b4 ii1 c4 #cj4 #iei ,b4 iii1 c4 #a4 #ifj ,b4 iv1 cc4 #bc-cj1 #ed-fj1 #gd4 #ifa ,cp4 ,a4 ,k9d1 ,teleologie und ,naturalismus 9 d] alt*ri/li*5 ,zeit1 #ahge2 ,s\ry1 ,brviaire de l'hi/oire du ,matrialisme1 pp4 #cca-dj4 #ifb ,b4 i1 *s4 #i-aa2 iii1 #dd4 #ifc ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle1 pp4 #cgc-gg4 #ifd ,*ri/ian excisions h be5 suspect$ 9 ! ,p]egr9us1 #aa 7,b]nays1 ,lucian und die ,kynik]1 #ahgi1 p4 #ajg74 ,b see ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cott]ill's ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahgi1 = a !ory ( ! spuri\sness ( ! treatise1 :i* is surmis$ to be a fabrication ( ,h5ri ,eti5ne4 #ife ,logoi ,philale!is1 kn[n only f ! reply ( ,eusebius1 ,contra ,hiroclem4 ,hi]ocles made mu* ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 z hav+ greatly outdone ,jesus 9 miracles1 :ile rank+ simply z a ,god-belov$ man4 #iff ,me?odius1 ,eusebius1 ,apoll9>is1 & ,philo/orgius4 #ifg ,cod4 ,ju/94 ,de ,summa ,tr9itate4 l4 ,i1 tit4 i1 c4 #c4 #ifh ,citations are giv5 by ,baur1 ,*4 ,hi/4 ii1 #ahj sq4 #ifi ,cp4 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #afj4 ,*ryso/om 7,de ,mundi ,creatione1 vi1 #c7 te/ifies t ,porphyry l$ _m away f ! fai?4 ,he ably anticipat$ ! high] criticism ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,see ,baur1 z cit$4 ,porphyry1 l ,celsus1 p[]fully retort$ on ! ,old ,te/am5t ! attacks made by ,*ri/ians on ! immorality ( pagan my?s1 & contemn$ ! allegorical explanations ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s z m]e evasions4 ,! pagan explanations ( pagan my?s1 h[ev]1 7 ( ! same ord]4 #igj ,giesel]1 #ajf1 ii1 #ge4 ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #bb4 #iga ,giesel]1 #ajf1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gd2 ,mo%eim1 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #b2 & ,s*legel's note 9 ,reid's ed4 p4 #aeb4 #igb ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*r4 bk4 iii1 *4 xi 7ii1 #bfh-gj72 ,mo%eim1 #e ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #ad2 ,gilly1 ,vigilantius & 8 ,times1 #ahdd1 pp4 #h1 #chi sq41 #dgj sq4 ,z to ,j]ome's p]secut+ f]ocity see also ,giesel]1 ii1 #fe note4 ,= a ,ca?olic polemic on ,j]ome's side see ,am$e ,?i]ry1 ,sa9t ,jrome1 #b;e dit4 pp4 #ada1 #cfc-ff4 #igc ,see a good acc\nt ( ! works ( ,macrobius 9 ,pr(4 ,dill's ,roman ,society 9 ! la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 bk4 i1 *4 iv4 #igd ,philo/orgius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 ,epit4 bk4 viii1 *4 x4 #ige ,by ,ju/9ian 9 #ebi4 ,! bani%$ ?9k]s 7 protect$ by ,*osroes 9 ,p]sia1 :o secur$ !m p]mission to return 7,gibbon1 ,bohn ed4 iv4 #cee-ef2 ,f9lay1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ed4 ,toz]1 i1 #bgg1 #bhg74 ,!odosius ,,ii _h already =bidd5 all public lectures by indep5d5t tea*]s 7id4 pp4 #bhb-hc74 #igf ,!odosius ,i1 ,arcadius1 & ,!odosius ,,ii 7#cgi-dej7 successively pass$ laws =bidd+ & p]secut+ paganism 7,f9lay4 i1 #bhf2 ,beugnot4 ,hi/4 de la de/r4 du paganisme en occid5t1 i1 #cej sq474 ,mi?raism 0 suppress$ 9 ! same p]iod 7,j]ome1 ,epi/4 cvii1 ad ,laetam1 ,sokrates1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 bk4 v1 *4 xvi74 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,con/ans & ,con/antius1 ! sons ( ,con/ant9e1 _h comm5c$1 at lea/ on pap]1 to p]secute paganism z soon z _! fa!r's new cre$ 0 suffici5tly e/abli%$ 7,cod4 ,!od4 xvi1 #aj1 #b1 #d71 & ?is ) ! entire approval ( ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,x 0 n _! fault t x subsi/$ till ! "t ( ,!odosius ,,ii 7cp4 ,giesel]1 #ge1 pp4 #cjf-cjh2 & ,beugnot1 i1 #ach-dh74 ,on ! edict ( ,!odosius ,i see ,milman1 bk4 iii1 *4 viii2 ed4 cit$1 p4 #ahf4 #igg ,9 ,s4 ,babylam1 contra ,julianum1 c4 ii4 ,cp4 8 ,hom4 iv on #a/ ,cor4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahci1 p4 #db4 #igh ,!re is also a sugge/ion 9 "o passage ( ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 9 #a ,cor4 vi1 #b1 #c7 t "s ,*ri/ians t5d$ to d\bt ! actuality ( apo/olic miracles1 see+ t no miracles took place 9 _! own day4 #igi ,prp>atio ,evangelica1 xv1 #fa4 #ihj ,div4 ,in/4 iii1 #c4 #iha ,id4 iii1 #bd4 #ihb ,topographia1 lib4 v1 cit$ by ,murdock 9 note on ,mo%eim4 #e ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #e1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #aib4 ,cp4 same ed4 p4 #bai1 note2 & ,gibbon1 ,bohn ed4 iv1 #bei2 v1 #cai4 #ihc 1 ii1 #fe1 #ga4 #ihd ,see ,s*legel's note on ,mo%eim4 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #ai4 #ihe ,! fir/ "n came f ,anomoios1 unlike-natur$ 7to ! ,fa!r71 t be+ _! prim>y doctr9al h]esy conc]n+ ,jesus4 ,! second seems to h be5 a euphemism ( _! own mak+1 ) ! s5se ( hold+ ! good law4 #ihf ,j]ome1 ,adv4 ,vigilantium1 cc4 #i1 #aa4 #ihg ,epiphanius1 ,adv4 ,hres4 lxx1 #f4 #ihh ,cp4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 viii1 #ae-ai2 xxi1 #f2 ,de ,tr9itate1 iii1 #ab1 #ac 7#g1 #h72 ,epi/4 cxxxviii1 #ah-bj2 ,s]mo cc1 9 ,epiph4 ,dom4 ii2 ,j]ome1 ,vita ,s4 ,hil>ion1 cc4 #f1 #cg4 #ihi ,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #h1 #ae2 #c ,c5t4 pt4 i1 *4 i1 #e2 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #aj1 #aa2 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #c1 #af2 ,giesel]1 #fc1 p4 #bce2 ,wadd+ton1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahcc1 pp4 #ch-ci2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*r4 bk4 iv1 *4 iii1 ed4 cit$1 ii1 #ccg4 ,cp4 ,mackay1 ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #aa-ab4 #iij ,cp4 ! explicit admissions ( ,mo%eim1 ,e4 ,h4 #b ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #af2 #c ,cont4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #d1 #f2 #d ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #h2 *4 iii1 #ag2 ,giesel]1 #ajc1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ef4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ! m>tyrs 7 at times bad *>act]s :o s\ght 9 m>tyrdom remission = _! s9s 7,giesel]1 #gd1 p4 #bjf2 ,de ,wette1 z !re cit$74 #iia ,cp4 ,giesel]1 ii1 #fg-fh4 #iib ,epi/4 vii1 #e2 xcv1 #cc4 ,cp4 ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 ii1 #ag4 #iic ,cp4 ! ,bohn ed4 ( ,gibbon1 note by cl]ical editor1 iii1 #cei4 #iid ,! express decl>ation ( ,salvian1 ,de ,gub]natione ,dei1 l4 #f4 ,on ! g5]al "q comp>e ,mr4 ,f>r]'s ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 *4 x2 ,milman1 z la/ cit$1 p4 #cca2 & ,giesel]1 ii1 #ga1 note #f4 ,! traditional view t ! games 7 suppress$ by ,honorius1 ?\gh accept$ by ,gibbon & by ,pr(essor ,dill 7,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 #bnd ed4 p4 #ef71 appe>s to be an error4 ,cp4 ,beugnot1 ,de/r4 du ,paganisme1 ii1 #be2 ,f9lay1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 i1 #bcf4 #iie ,z to ! specially cruel use ( judicial torture by ! lat] ,inquisition1 see ,h4 ,c4 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 #crd ed4 p4 #deb4 #iif ,lavolle1 z cit$1 p4 #ib4 ,cp4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om's ,picture ( 8 ,age1 p4 #aab1 & ! admissions ( ,milman1 bk4 iv1 *4 i4 #iig ,z to ! _s ( hatr$ r\s$ by controv]sy among believ]s1 see ,giesel]1 #ajd1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #fd-fg2 & ,ullmann's ,gregory ( ,nazianzum1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahea1 pp4 #agg-hj4 #iih ,h4 ,fras] ,/ew>t1 ,boe?ius3 ,an ,essay1 #ahia1 pp4 #ajj-aja4 #iii ,cp4 ,beugnot1 ,de/ruction du ,paganisme1 ii1 #bhb-hc4 #ajjj ,id4 p4 #aei4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t 9 ano!r passage 7p4 #ajf7 argues t ,! ,consolation is int5sely artificial--?is by way ( expla9+ t x 0 a delib]ate ex]cise1 n repres5t+ ! real or normal /ate ( its au?or's m9d4 ,yet he has f9ally to av[ 7p4 #ajg7 t x rema9s a v noble book--a "* surely incompatible ) int5se artificiality4 #ajja ,?is is ! view ( ,maurice 7,m$ieval ,philosophy1 #bnd ed4 #ahei1 pp4 #ad-af71 :o decides t ,boe?ius 0 nei!r a ,*ri/ian nor a pagan--i4e41 a believ] 9 ! pagan ,gods4 ,?is is simply to say t he 0 a rationali/--a pagan philosoph]1 l ,ari/otle4 ,b1 z is not$ by ,pr(4 ,bury 7ed4 ( ,gibbon1 iv4 #aii71 ,boe?ius's au?or%ip ( a book1 ,de sancta tr9itate1 et capita qudam dogmatica1 et librum contra ,ne/orium1 is positively ass]t$ 9 ! ,anecdoton ,hold]i 7ed4 by ,us5]1 ,leipzig1 #ahgg1 p4 #d71 a fragm5t f\nd 9 a #aj? c5tury ,,ms4 #ajjb ,! /rict mean+ ( ?is t]m1 giv5 by ,mohamm$ 7! true religion ) ,god is ,islam2 ,sura1 iii1 #ag71 is submission--su* be+ ! attitude dem&$ by ! ,prophet4 ,moslem or ,muslim means "o :o accepts ,islam4 ,koran means /rictly1 n book1 b read+ or recitation4 #ajjc ,rodwell's tr4 ( ! ,koran1 ed4 #ahfa1 pref4 p4 xv4 #ajjd ,sale1 ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse to tr4 ( ! ,koran1 ed4 #ahcc1 i1 #db2 ,muir's ,life ( ,mohammad1 ed4 ,weir1 #aiab1 p4 #gh4 ,cp4 ,freeman1 ,hi/ory & ,conque/s ( ! ,s>ac5s1 #ahef1 p4 #ce4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,palm]1 9 introd4 to 8 tr4 ( ! ,koran 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ s]ies71 i1 p4 xv1 says t ,by f> ! great] numb] _h ceas$ to believe 9 any?+ at all2 b ?is is an extravagance1 confut$ by himself 9 o!r passages--e4g4 p4 xi4 #ajje ,^! g5]alizations are always mat*$1 & cancell$1 by o!rs f ! same s\rces4 ,?us ,pr(4 ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald writes ( ! always flighty & skeptical ,arabs1 &1 a few pages lat]1 ( ! ,god-fe>+ fatalism ( all ,muslim ?\ght1 ! fai? to :i* ! ,semite ev] returns 9 ! end4 ,developm5t ( ,muslim ,!ology1 etc4 79 ,semitic ,s]ies71 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 pp4 #abb1 #abf4 #ajjf ,! ^w means ei!r conv]t or p]v]t2 9 ,heb4 & ,syr4 h]etic2 9 ,arabic1 or?odox4 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,hanyfite1 ! "n ( an or?odox sect1 f\nd$ by "o ,hanyfa4 #ajjg ,see ,rodwell's tr4 ( ! ,koran1 ed4 #ahfa1 pref4 pp4 xvi1 xvii2 & ,sura1 xvi 7lxxiii 9 ,rodwell's *ron4 arrangem5t71 v4 #aba1 p4 #beb1 note #b4 #ajjh ,spr5g]1 ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohammad1 #ahfa-fe1 i1 #hc sq4 ,cp4 p4 #fj sq4 #ajji ,rodwell1 p4 #dig1 note to ,sura iii 7xcvii7 #ai2 & pref4 p4 xvi2 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire des ,arabes avant l',islamisme1 #ahdg1 i1 #cba-bf2 ,ni*olson1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,arabs1 pp4 #fi1 #adi4 ,to ! great mass ( ! citiz5s ( ,mecca ! new doctr9e 0 simply ! ,hanyfism to :i* !y _h become accu/om$2 & !y did n at fir/ tr\ble !mselves at all ab\t ! matt]4 ,palm]1 introd4 to tr4 ( ,koran1 i1 p4 xxiv4 ,cp4 ,spr5g]1 z cit$1 i1 #df-fj1 #fe4 #ajaj ,! ^w ,hanyf or ,hanif recurs 9 ,sura ii1 #abi2 iii1 #fj1 #hi2 iv1 #abd2 vi1 #gi1 #afb2 x1 #aje1 xvi1 #aba2 xxii1 #cb2 xxx1 #bi4 ,cp4 ,h4 ,d]5b\rg1 ,la sci5ce des religions et l',islamisme1 #ahhf1 pp4 #db-dc4 ,palm]'s translation1 m>r$ z x un=tunately is by slang9ess1 is on su* po9ts specially tru/wor?y4 ,rodwell's does n always indicate ! use ( ! ^w ,hanyf2 b ! ,g]man v]sion ( ,ullmann1 ! ,fr5* ( ,kanimirski1 & ,sale's1 d n indicate x at all4 ,spr5g] 7p4 #dc7 d]ives ! ,hanyfs f ,ess5es :o _h almo/ lo/ all k ( ! ,bible4 ,cp4 p4 #fg4 ,pr(4 ,macdonald writes t ! ^w is ( v d\btful d]ivation4 ,b we h evid5ce f hea!n ,arab poetry t ^! ,hanifs 7 reg>d$ z mu* ! same z ,*ri/ian monks1 & t ! t]m hanif 0 us$ z a synonym = rahib1 monk4 ,"w cit$1 p4 #abe4 #ajaa ,spr5g]1 z cit$1 p4 #ac4 #ajab ,cp4 ,sale's ,prelim4 ,disc\rse1 z cit$1 i1 #ch2 & ,palm]1 introd4 p4 xv2 & ,ni*olson1 pp4 #aci-dj4 #ajac ,al ,mo/>af1 cit$ by ,pococke1 ,specim5 ,hi/or4 ,arab4 p4 #acf2 ,sale1 ,prelim4 ,disc4 z cit$1 p4 #de4 #ajad ,cp4 ,ni*olson1 pp4 #aee-ef & refs4 #ajae ,sale1 z cit$1 pp4 #ci-da4 #ajaf ,palm]1 introd4 to 8 ,h>\n ,alras*id1 #ahhb1 p4 #ad4 ,cp4 ,d]5b\rg1 ,la sci5ce des religions et l',islamisme1 p4 #dd1 controv]t+ ,ku554 #ajag ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,on ,national & ,univ]sal ,religions1 ed4 #aija1 p4 #ba & ,note ,,ii4 #ajah ,id4 p4 #ca4 #ajai ,ni*olson1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,arabs1 p4 #ade4 #ajbj ,rodwell1 note to ,sura xcvi 7,r4 i71 #aj4 #ajba ,spr5g] e/imates t at 8 dea? ! numb] really conv]t$ to 8 doctr9e did n exce$ a ?\s&4 ,cp4 ,ni*olson1 pp4 #aec-eh4 #ajbb ,r5an ascribes ! idea :olly to ,om>4 tudes d'hi/oire et de critique1 ed4 #ahfb1 p4 #bej4 ,! fai?ful h pres]v$ a sly say+ t ,om> 0 _m a "t ( a c]ta9 op9ion1 & ! ,koran 0 !n reveal$ accord+ly4 ,nldeko1 ,enc4 ,brit4 art4 on ,koran1 9 ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory1 #ahib1 p4 #bh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s$illot decides 7,hi/oire des ,arabes1 #ahed4 p4 #fj7 t 9 ,mohamm$ x is ! political idea t dom9ates4 ,s ,ni*olson 7p4 #afi73 ,at ,m$9a ! days ( pure religi\s en?usiasm h pass$ away = ev]1 & ! prophet is ov]%ad[$ by ! /atesman4 ,cp4 pp4 #agc1 #age4 #ajbc ,on ! measure ( racial unity set up by ,abyss9ian attacks z well z by ! pret5sions ( ! ,byzant9e & ,p]sian empires1 see ,s$illot1 pp4 #cj1 #ch4 ,cp4 ,van ,vlot51 ,re*]*es sur la dom9ation arabe1 ,am/]dam1 #ahid4 pp4 #a-d4 #g4 #ajbd ,pr(essor ,/anilas ,guy>d1 ,la ,civilisation ,musulmane1 #ahhd1 p4 #bb4 #ajbe ,cp4 ,r5an1 tudes1 pp4 #beg-ff2 ,hauri1 ,d] ,islam 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,leb5 se9] ,bek5n]1 #ahhb1 pp4 #fd-fe2 ,ni*olson1 p4 #bce4 ,x 0 at ,m$9a t a /rict ,mohamm$anism fir/ arose4 #ajbf ,ni*olson1 pp4 #agh-gi1 & ref4 #ajbg ,hauri1 ,d] ,islam1 p4 #fd4 #ajbh ,cp4 ,montesquieu1 ,gr&eur et dcad5ce des ,roma9s1 *4 #bb4 #ajbi ,ni*olson1 p #aij4 #ajcj ,id4 p4 #aii4 #ajca ,van ,vlot51 p4 #gj & passim4 #ajcb ,pr(4 ,guy>d1 z cit$1 pp4 #af1 #ea2 ,c4 ,e4 ,oelsn]1 ,des effets de la religion de ,mohamm$1 etc41 #ahaj1 p4 #acj4 #ajcc ,guy>d1 p4 #ba2 ,palm]1 ,h>\n ,alras*id1 introd4 p4 #ai4 #ajcd ,! alleg$ de/ruction ( ! libr>y ( ,alex&ria by ,om> is probably a my?1 aris+ out ( a /ory ( ,om>'s caus+ "s ,p]sian books to be ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,see ,pr(4 ,bury's notes 9 8 ed4 ( ,gibbon1 v1 #deb-ed4 ,cp4 ,oelsn]1 z cit$1 pp4 #adb-dc4 #ajce ,sura1 vi1 #be1 #bi2 xix1 #fg2 xxvii1 #fh-gj2 liv1 #b2 lxxxiii1 #aj-ac4 ,accord+ to lviii1 #bh1 h[ev]1 "s poly!i/s d5i$ ! future /ate4 #ajcf ,cp4 ,r5an1 tudes d'hi/oire et de critique1 pp4 #bcb-cd4 #ajcg ,r5an1 z cit$1 p4 #bcb4 #ajch ,id4 p4 #bce4 ,r5an & ,spr5g] conflict on ?is po9t1 ! =m] hav+ reg>d1 app>5tly1 to ! bulk ( ! poetry1 ! latt] to p>ts ( x4 #ajci ,s$illot1 p4 #ci4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,zaid4 ,ni*olson1 p4 #adi4 #ajdj ,see ! passage 7,sura ii7 cit$ ) praise by ! sympa!tic ,mr4 ,boswor? ,smi? 9 8 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 #bnd ed4 p4 #aha2 :]e also delight$ praise is giv5 to ! description ( ,infidelity 9 ,sura xxiv1 #ci-dj4 ,! infidels 9 "q 7 simply non-,moslems4 #ajda ,! ,flight 7( ! ,prophet to ,m$9a f ,mecca1 9 #fbb71 f :i* beg9s ! ,mohamm$an era4 #ajdb ,sale1 z cit$1 p4 #afj4 #ajdc ,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif51 ii1 #bfa-fd2 ,dugat1 ,hi/oire des philosophes et des ?ologi5s ,mussulmans1 #ahgh1 pp4 #dh-ee2 ,h4 ,/e9]1 ,die ,mutazilit51 od] die ,freid5k] im ,islam1 #ahfe1 pp4 #di-ej2 ,guy>d1 p4 #cf2 ,sale1 p4 #afa 7sec4 viii72 ,ni*olson1 p4 #bbb sq4 ,! t]m ,motazila broadly means diss5t]1 or belong+ to a sect4 #ajdd ,/e9]1 p4 #a4 #ajde ,palm]1 ,introd4 to ,h>\n ,alras*id1 p4 #ad4 #ajdf ,z to ! ,p]sian influ5ce on ,arab ?\ght1 cp4 ,a4 ,mll]1 ,d] ,islam1 i1 #dfi2 ,palm]1 z la/ cit$2 ,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif51 ii1 #aad ff42 ,ni*olson1 p4 #bbj2 ,van ,vlot51 ,re*]*es sur la dom9ation arabe1 p4 #dc4 ,van ,vlot5's treatise is a lucid sket* ( ! socio-political conditions set up 9 ,p]sia by ! ,arab conque/4 #ajdg ,weil1 ii1 #bfa4 #ajdh ,g4 ,dugat1 ,hi/oire des philosophes et des ?ologi5s ,mussulmans1 p4 #dd2 ,sale1 pp4 #afa1 #agd-gh4 #ajdi ,dugat1 p4 #ee2 ,/e9]1 p4 #d2 ,sale1 p4 #afb4 #ajej ,motazilism repres5ts 9 ,islam a ,prote/antism ( ! %ade ( ,s*lei]ma*] 7,r5an1 ,av]ros et l',av]rosme1 #c;e ed4 p4 #ajd74 ,cp4 ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali1 ,crit4 ,exam4 ( ,life ( ,mohamm$1 pp4 #cjj-cjh2 ,sale1 p4 #afa4 #ajea ,dugat1 pp4 #bh1 #dd2 ,guy>d1 p4 #cf2 ,/e9]1 pp4 #bd-be2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #aja4 ,! ,kad>ites1 z ,sale notes 7pp4 #afd-fe71 are really an old] gr\p ?an ! ,motazilites1 s-call$1 _! f\nd] hav+ reject$ pr$e/9ation be=e ,wasil did4 ,ku55 7,hibb]t ,lect4 p4 #dg7 writes z if all ! ,motazilites 7 ma9ta9$ ( freewill1 b !y v>i$4 ,see ,pr(4 ,macdonald1 z cit$1 p4 #ace sq4 #ajeb ,sale1 pp4 #afe1 #agb-gc4 #ajec ,= a view ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( ,sifatites see ,sale1 pp4 #aff-gd4 #ajed ,guy>d1 pp4 #cg-ch2 ,g4 ,d4 ,osborn1 ,! ,khalifs ( ,baghdad1 #ahgh1 p4 #acd4 #ajee ,/e9]1 p4 #af4 ,major ,osborn 7"w cit$1 p4 #acf7 attributes _! rise to ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity1 b gives no pro(4 #ajef ,guy>d1 p4 #dj4 ,cp4 ,sale1 p4 #agf2 ,van ,vlot51 p4 #dc4 #ajeg ,dugat1 p4 #cd4 ,?us ! or?odox sect ( ,hanyfites 7 call$ by "o writ] foll[]s ( reason1 s9ce !y reli$ r on _! judgm5t ?an on tradition4 #ajeh ,/e9]1 p4 #e2 ,ni*olson1 p4 #cgj4 #ajei ,/e9]1 pp4 #e1 #i1 #hh-hi2 ,sale1 p4 #afa2 ,macdonald1 p4 #adj4 #ajfj ,s$illot1 ,hi/4 des ,arabes1 p4 #cce2 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,mll]1 ,d] ,islam 79 ,onck5's s]ies71 i1 #dgj2 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #djb4 #ajfa ,ueb]weg1 p4 #djc2 ,weil1 ,ges*4 d] ,*alif51 ii1 #bha4 #ajfb ,= an or?odox acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s ( free?9k+ 7call$ z5dekism7 see ,weil1 ii1 #bad4 ,cp4 p4 #bfa2 also ,tab>i's ,*ronicle1 pt4 v1 *4 xcvii2 & ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #ajc4 ,already1 among ! ,ommayade ,khalifs1 ,yezid ,,iii held ! ,motazilite t5et ( freewill4 ,weil1 p4 #bfj4 #ajfc ,ni*olson1 pp4 #cgb1 #cge4 ,! "n z5dek 7o!rwise spelt z9diq7 seems to h orig9ally meant a ,mani*an4 ,br[ne1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 ii 7#aijf71 #bie2 ,ni*olson1 p4 #cge & ref4 ,macdonald1 p4 #acd1 ?9ks x lit]ally meant initiate4 #ajfd ,/e9]1 p4 #h4 ,an association call$ ,bre?r5 ( ,purity or ,s9c]e ,bre?r5 seem to h c>ri$ ,motazilism f>1 ?\gh !y aim$ at reconcil+ philosophy ) or?odoxy4 ,!y 7 9 effect ! encyclop$i/s ( ,arab sci5ce4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #daa2 ,ni*olson1 p4 #cgj sq4 ,see ,dr4 ,f4 ,diet]ici1 ,die ,naturans*auung und ,naturphilosophie d] ,arab] im #ajt5 ,jahrhund]t1 aus d5 s*rift5 d] laut]n ,brd]1 #ahfa1 ,vorr$e1 p4 viii1 & ,flgel1 z !re cit$4 ,flgel dates ! writ+s ( ! ,bre?r5 ab\t #igj2 b ! association presumably exi/$ e>li]4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #ajd2 & ,s4 ,lane-,poole's ,/udies 9 a ,mosque1 #ahic1 *4 vi1 z to _! p]=mance4 ,pr(4 ,macdonald is dispos$ to reg>d !m z "p ( ! great ,fatimid propag&a :i* honeycomb$ ! gr\nd ev]y:]e "u ! ,sunnite ,abassids1 b admits t ! ,fatimid movem5t is ! great my/]y ( ,muslim hi/ory 7pp4 #afe-gj74 #ajfe ,sale1 pp4 #hb-hc1 note4 #ajff ,he made five pilgrimages to ,mecca1 & di$ on ! la/1 ?us atta9+ to sa9?ood4 #ajfg ,weil1 ,ges*4 d] ,*alif51 ii1 #ha2 ,dugat1 pp4 #ei-fa2 ,a4 ,mll]1 ,d] ,islam1 i4 #dgj2 ,macdonald1 p4 #acd4 ,9 ,mans\r's reign 0 born ,al ,allaf1 ,%eikh ( ! ,motazilites4 #ajfh ,dugat1 p4 #fb4 ,! ,hyetians1 :o _h ,unit>ian ,*ri/ian lean+s1 also held by metempsy*osis4 ,sale1 p4 #afc4 #ajfi ,ni*olson1 p4 #cga & refs4 #ajgj ,dugat1 p4 #ga4 ,he p]secut$ ,z5deks 9 g5]al4 ,ni*olson1 pp4 #cgc-gd4 #ajga ,id4 p4 #gb2 ,sale1 pp4 #ahd-he2 ,tab>i's ,*ronicle1 pt4 v1 *4 xcvii1 ,zot5b]g's tr4 #ahgd1 iv1 #ddg-ec4 ,tab>i notes 7p4 #ddh7 t all ! ,moslem !ologians agree 9 ?9k+ z5dekism mu* worse ?an any ( ! false religions1 s9ce x rejects all & d5ies ,god z well z ! ,prophet4 #ajgb ,cp4 ,/e9]1 pp4 #ee sq41 #ff sq42 ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos41 i1 #dje4 #ajgc ,dugat1 p4 #gf4 ,see ,sale1 pp4 #hb-hc1 #afb-fc1 z to ! *ampions ( ?is pr9ciple4 #ajgd ,sale1 p4 #hc2 ,macdonald1 p4 #aej4 #ajge ,dugat1 p4 #gi2 ,osborn1 ,! ,khalifs ( ,baghdad1 p4 #aie4 #ajgf ,palm]1 ,h>\n ,alras*id1 p4 #hb4 ,!y 7 really !i/s4 #ajgg ,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif51 ii1 #bae1 #bfa1 #bhj2 ,a4 ,mll]1 ,d] ,islam1 pp4 #ead-ae4 ,x 0 believ$ t he 0 at he>t a z9diq4 ,ni*olson1 p4 #cfh4 #ajgh ,dugat1 pp4 #he-if4 #ajgi ,pr(4 ,macdonald1 z cit$1 p4 #aed4 #ajhj ,dugat1 p4 #hc4 #ajha ,see extract by ,major ,osborn1 ,khalifs1 p4 #bej4 #ajhb ,osborn1 ,khalifs1 p4 #bdi4 #ajhc ,macdonald1 pp4 #aed-eh1 #afg4 #ajhd ,ni*olson1 pp4 #ceh-ei4 ,he x 0 :o fir/ caus$ to be measur$ a degree ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! attempt 0 duly d5\nc$ z a!i/ic by a lead+ !ologian1 ,takyudd94 ,montucla1 ,hi/4 des ,ma?matiques1 d4 ,lal&e1 i1 #cee sq42 ,drap]1 ,conflict ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #aji4 #ajhe ,a4 ,mll]1 ,d] ,islam1 i1 #eji sq42 ,weil1 ,ges*4 d] ,*alif51 ii1 #bhj ff4 #ajhf ,dugat1 pp4 #aje-aa2 ,sale1 p4 #hb4 ,ap>t f ?is "o issue1 g5]al tol]ance seems to h prevail$4 ,osborn1 ,khalifs1 p4 #bfe4 #ajhg ,dugat1 p4 #aab2 ,/e9]1 p4 #gi4 ,accord+ to ,abulf>agius1 ,motawakkel _h ! m]it ( leav+ m5 free to believe :at !y w\ld z to ! creation ( ! ,koran4 ,sale1 p4 #hb4 #ajhh ,a good analysis is giv5 by ,dugat1 pp4 #ccg-dh4 #ajhi ,! :ole ( ,ari/otle1 except1 app>5tly1 ! ,politics1 _h be5 translat$ 9 ! "t ( ! philosoph] ,avic5na 7fl4 #ajjj74 #ajij ,macdonald1 pp4 #bjj1 #bje-bjf4 #ajia ,/e9]1 ,die ,mu'tazilit51 pp4 #aj-aa1 foll[+ ,gazzali 7,al ,gazel72 ,weil1 ,ges*4 d] ,*alif51 iii1 #gb4 #ajib ,guy>d1 pp4 #da-db2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #ajd-e2 ,macdonald1 p4 #ahf sq4 ,! cultivators ( ,kalm 7 call$ ,motecallemn4 #ajic ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dje1 #dad2 ,/e9]1 p4 #aa2 ,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #crd ed4 i1 #aic-id4 ,comp>e ! laudatory acc\nt ( ,al ,gazzali by ,pr(4 ,macdonald 7pt4 iii1 *4 iv71 :o pron\nces him c]ta9ly ! mo/ sympa!tic figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam 7p4 #bae74 #ajid ,h5ce1 among o!r ?+s1 a *eck on ! practice ( anatomy1 religi\s feel+ be+ oppos$ to x "u ,islam z "u ,*ri/ianity4 ,dugat1 pp4 #fb-fc4 #ajie ,dugat1 pp4 #abc-bh4 #ajif ,br[ne1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 ii 7#aijf71 #bij1 #bic2 ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs1 #aijg1 p4 #cah4 #ajig ,br[ne1 z cit$1 p4 #bib4 ,cp4 ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 #ahge-gg1 ii1 #chf-ie2 ,macdonald1 p4 #aii4 #ajih ,dugat1 p4 #afg2 ,weil1 iii1 #gb4 #ajii ,dugat1 pp4 #afd-fh4 #aajj ,ni*olson1 pp4 #cad-ae4 #aaja ,! ,diwan ( ,abu'l-,ala1 by ,h5ry ,ba]le91 #aijh1 /4 #cf4 ,cp4 #a1 #cg1 #da1 #db1 #ec1 #ha1 #hf1 #id1 & ! extracts giv5 by ,ni*olson1 pp4 #caf-bc4 #aajb ,weil1 ii1 #bae4 #aajc ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 lvii4 ,bohn ed4 vi1 #chb1 & note4 ,cp4 ,e4 ,h4 ,:9field1 ,! ,quatra9s ( ,om> ,khayym1 #ahhb1 p4 #d4 #aajd ,see ! preface to ,fitzg]ald's translation ( ! ,rubiyt4 #aaje ,9 "o quatra91 ( d\btful au!nticity1 is ! l9e ,khayym1 :o longtime /it*$ ! t5ts ( le>n+ 7,:9field1 xxxviii71 :i* excludes ! idea ( lit]al h&icraft4 #aajf ,j4 ,k4 ,m4 ,%irazi1 ,life ( ,om> ,al-,khayymi1 ed4 #ahie1 pp4 #cj-da4 #aajg ,id4 pp4 #ea1 #eh4 #aajh ,id4 p4 #ed4 #aaji ,id4 p4 #ef4 #aaaj ,id4 p4 #ei4 #aaaa ,id4 pp4 #fb-fc4 #aaab ,id4 p4 #ic4 #aaac ,id4 pp4 #ei-fa4 #aaad ,id4 pp4 #fi-gf1 #hf-hh4 #aaae ,cit$ 9 introd4 to ,dole's v>iorum ed4 ( ! ,rubiyt1 #ahif1 i1 p4 xix4 ,cp4 ,macdonald1 p4 #aii4 #aaaf ,do/ ?\ desire to ta/e et]nal bliss8 ,vex ?9e own he>t1 b nev] vex ano!r4 7,:9field1 vi47 ,seek n ! ,kaaba1 r seek a he>t4 7,id4 vii47 ,?is note is (t5 repeat$4 ,e4g4 xxxii1 li4 #aaag ,see 9 ! v compet5t translation ( ,mrs4 ,h4 ,m4 ,cadell 7:o rem>k$ t ,fitzg]ald has r writt5 a poem ^u ,om> ?an translat$ him71 quatra9s #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #bh1 #bi1 #db1 #de1 #dh1 #ea;d1 #he1 #hh;b1 #acc1 #ada1 #adc4 etc42 9 ! arti/ically turn$ v]sion ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,talbot1 :i* foll[s v fai?fully ! lit]al prose translation ( ,mr4 ,h]on-,all51 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #cc1 #da1 #de1 #ei1 #gb1 #ia1 #aae1 #abc1 #adh2 & 9 ,:9field's v]sion1 ,nos4 #aj1 #be1 #cb1 #da1 #de1 #df1 #fb1 #fh1 #gg1 #hd1 #hg1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aah1 #adb1 #add1 #adh1 #aea1 #aeg1 #afa1 #agi1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc1 #baf4 #aaah ,%irazi1 pp4 #ajb-ajh4 ,e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury he 0 d5\nc$ by a ,sufi my/ic z an unhappy philosoph]1 a!i/1 & mat]iali/4 ,br[ne1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ,p]sia1 ii1 #bej4 ,abu'l-,ala1 ( c\rse1 0 simil>ly d5\nc$4 #aaai ,:9field1 cit$ by ,br[ne1 pp4 #aji-aaj4 #aabj ,cp4 ,mrs4 ,cadell1 ,! ,rub'yat ( ,om> ,khayam1 #ahii4 ,g>nett's introd4 pp4 xvii1 xviii-xxi1 xxiv1 & ,%irazi1 z cit$1 pp4 #gi-hj4 #aaba ,fitzg]ald's pref4 #d? ed4 p4 xiii2 ,:9field1 ,no4 #adg4 ,cp4 quatra9s cit$ 9 art4 ,sufiism1 9 ,relig4 ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #cbe-bf4 #aabb ,cp4 ,:9field1 p4 #hf1 note on ,no4 #adg4 #aabc ,guy>d1 z cit$1 p4 #db4 ,b cp4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #daa2 ,ni*olson1 pp4 #bcc-cd4 #aabd ,x is n impossible1 ,max ,mll] not)/&+1 t ! "n may h come orig9ally f ! ,greek sophoi1 ! wise1 ?\gh x is usually connect$ ) sufi ! wooll5 robe worn by ! ,sufite4 ,!re are o!r etymologies4 ,cp4 ,fras]1 ,hi/or4 & ,descrip4 ,acc\nt ( ,p]sia1 #ahcd1 p4 #cbc1 note2 ,dugat1 p4 #cbf2 & art4 ,sufiism 9 ,relig4 ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 #bnd ed4 p4 #cae4 ,on ! ,sufi sy/em 9 g5]al see also ,max ,mll]1 ,psy*ol4 ,relig4 ,lect4 vi4 #aabe ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bic1 z to ,sufi latitud9>ianism4 #aabf ,guy>d1 p4 #dd2 ,relig4 ,sy/ems1 p4 #cai4 #aabg ,hafiz 9 8 own day 0 reckon$ impi\s by _m4 ,cp4 ,malcolm1 ,sket*es ( ,p]sia1 #ahbg1 ii1 #ajj4 #aabh ,fitzg]ald's pref4 p4 x4 #aabi ,yet he 0 dispos$ to put to dea? ^? :o claim$ my/ic int]c\rse ) ,deity4 ,sale1 pp4 #agg-gh4 #aacj ,^: ,salaman & ,absal1 tr4 by ,fitzg]ald1 is s little notic$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,rubiyt ( ,om>4 #aaca ,e4 ,c4 ,br[ne1 9 ,religi\s ,sy/ems1 z cit$1 p4 #cba2 ,dugat1 p4 #cca4 #aacb ,%irazi1 pp4 #bb-bh2 ,fitzg]ald's pref4 foll[+ ,mirkhond2 ,fras]1 ,p]sia1 p4 #cbi4 #aacc ,cp4 ,dugat1 p4 #ccf2 ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali1 pp4 #caa-ae2 ,gob9eau1 ,les religions et les philosophies dans l',asie c5trale1 #b;e dit4 p4 #fh4 #aacd ,sale1 p4 #agf4 ,! same doctr9e is fairly anci5t 9 ,india4 7,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v1 #cac1 note47 ,a belief t hell-fire w n be et]nal 0 held among ! ,motazilite sect ( ,jh$hians4 ,sale1 p4 #afd4 ,! ,?amamians1 aga91 held t at ! resurrection all infidels1 idolat]s1 a!i/s1 ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 ,magians1 & h]etics1 %all be r$uc$ to du/4 ,id4 ib4 #aace ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #aja4 ,cp4 p4 #agb4 #aacf ,r5an's tr4 9 ,av]ros1 p4 #aff4 ,! word+ ( ! la/ phrase sugge/s a miscon/ruction4 #aacg ,cp4 p4 #agb4 #aach ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #ajd-ajg4 #aaci ,/e9]1 ,die ,mu'tazilit51 p4 #f4 #aadj ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dab2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #dd1 #if4 #aada ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ,p]sia1 ii1 #ajg4 #aadb ,:om he pron\nc$ a pagan & an infidel4 ,haurau1 ,,ii1 i1 #bi4 #aadc ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #eg1 #if-ih2 ,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #crd4 ed4 ,i1 #aic4 ,r5an1 foll[+ ,deg5]&o 7cp4 ,:ewell1 z cit$71 cr$its ,gazzali ) anticipat+ ,hume's criticism ( ! idea ( causation2 b ,gazzali's position is t ( dogmatic !ism1 n ( naturalism4 ,see ,lewes1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos41 #d? ed4 ii1 #eg4 #aadd ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 ,ptie ,,ii1 i1 #ce4 #aade ,cp4 ,seignobos1 ,hi/4 de la ,civ4 ii1 #eh2 ,/anley ,lane-,poole1 ,! ,moors 9 ,spa91 pref42 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 #d? ed4 ix4 #ajh-ah2 ,u4 ,r4 ,burke1 ,hi/ory ( ,spa91 i1 *4 #af2 ,bad5 ,p[ell1 z cit$1 pp4 #id-ajd2 ,gebh>t1 ,orig9es de la ,r5aissance en ,italie1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ahe-hi2 & po/1 *4 x4 #aadf ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,hi/4 ( ,nat4 ,philos4 #ahcd1 p4 #ig2 ,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 #crd ed4 ii4 #bgc-gd4 #aadg ,dr4 ,l4 ,lecl]c1 ,hi/4 de la ,mdec9e ,arabe1 #ahgf1 i1 #dfb2 ,dr4 ,e4 von ,mey]1 ,hi/4 ( ,*emi/ry1 ,eng4 tr4 #bnd ed4 p4 #bh4 #aadh ,cp4 ,buckle1 ,introd4 to ,hi/4 ( ,civ4 9 ,engl&1 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #gj4 #aadi ,lane-,poole1 ,! ,moors 9 ,spa91 p4 #gc4 #aaej ,prop]ly ,morabe?9--m5 ( ,god or ( religion2 o!rwise kn[n z ,m>ab\ts4 #aaea ,s$illot1 p4 #bih4 #aaeb ,cp4 ,dozy1 ,hi/4 des ,musulmans d',espagne1 iii1 #bdh-hf2 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dae4 #aaec ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #ih-ii4 #aaed ,ueb]weg4 i4 #dae2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #cb1 #ii4 #aaee ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #ii4 #aaef ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #ade4 #aaeg ,id4 pp4 #aef-eh4 #aaeh ,id4 pp4 #aei-fj4 #aaei ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #afj-fb4 #aafj ,ueb]weg1 i1 #daf2 ,/e9]1 p4 #f2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #afb sq4 #aafa ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dfj2 ,r5an1 pp4 #beh1 #bge4 #aafb ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #afi1 & ref]5ces4 #aafc ,id4 pp4 #afe-ff4 #aafd ,id4 p4 #e4 ,cp4 ! ,av]tissem5t1 p4 iii4 #aafe ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #ca-cf4 ,r5an surmises t ! popul> ho/ility to ! philosoph]s1 :i* 0 v m>k$1 0 l>gely due to ! elem5t ( ! conqu]$ ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 not$ = _! neglect ( a/ronomy & natural sci5ce4 #aaff ,cp4 ,ueb]weg4 i4 #dae-ag4 #aafg ,cp4 ,fl9t1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 ed4 #ahic1 vol4 i1 p4 #afi4 #aafh ,cp4 ,fl9t1 p4 #abi1 z to _! ho/ility to him4 #aafi ,hu?1 ,life & ,writ+s ( ,buckle1 ii1 #aga4 #aagj ,ricaut1 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,ottoman ,empire1 #afhf1 p4 #bde4 #aaga ,dugat1 p4 #ei4 ,! ,ame] ,ali ,sy$1 ,m\lvi1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b41 ^: ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,mohamm$ appe>$ 9 #ahgc1 writes z a ,motazilite ( a mod]ate type4 #aagb ,macdonald1 pp4 #abj1 #aif1 #bhf4 #aagc ,a4 ,franck1 tudes ,ori5tales1 #ahfa1 pp4 #bda-dh1 cit+ ! ,dabi/an4 #aagd ,gob9eau1 ,les religions et les philosophies dans l',asie c5trale1 #b;e dit4 *4 v2 ,j4 ,k4 ,m4 ,%irazi1 ,life ( ,om> ,khayymi1 ed4 #aije1 p4 #ajb4 ,! latt] writ] notes1 h[ev]1 t ! cultur$ classes1 :o ought to "k bett]1 are at no pa9s to dissipate ! exi/+ religi\s prejudice aga9/ "o ,om> ( ^: reputation e ,p]sian may well feel pr\d4 ,at ! pres5t "t 444 ! "n ( ,om> is no less execrat$ by ! ,%i-ite mob 9 ,p]sia ?an x 0 9 8 own day4 ,id4 p4 #ajh4 #aage ,fras]1 ,p]sia1 p4 #ccj4 ,?is writ] 7p4 #bci7 describes ,sufiism z ! sup]/ition ( ! free?9k]1 & z (t5 assum$ z a cloak to cov] entire infidelity4 #aagf ,e4g41 ,dr4 ,wills1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,lion & ! ,sun1 ed4 #ahia1 p4 #cci4 #aagg ,smi? & ,dwight1 ,mission>y ,rese>*es 9 ,arm5ia1 #ahcd1 p4 #cdj4 ,cp4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,s\?gate1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,arm5ia1 etc4 #ahdj1 ii1 #aec2 & ,mori]'s ,hadji ,baba ( ,ispahan 7#ahbd71 *4 xlvii1 ne> end4 #aagh ,fras]1 ,p]sia1 p4 #cca2 ,malcolm1 ,sket*es ( ,p]sia1 ii1 #ajh2 ,gob9eau1 z cit$1 *4 v4 #aagi ,h4 ,vambry1 ,d] ,islam im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 #ahge1 pp4 #cb-cc4 ,vambry fur!r rem>ks3 ,! half-fanatical1 half-free?9k+ tone ( ,p]sians has (t5 surpris$ me 9 my controv]sies ) ! mo/ zeal\s ,s*iites4 #aahj ,z to ! rise ( ?is sect see ,gob9eau1 z cit$1 pp4 #ada-ceh2 ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne's ,! ,episode ( ! ,bb2 & 8 lecture on ,bbism 9 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,les ,aptres1 pp4 #cgh-ha4 #aaha ,h4 ,araklian1 ,mmoire sur ,le ,bbisme en ,p]se1 9 ! ,actes du ,premi] ,congrs ,int]national d',hi/oire des ,religions1 ,p>is1 #aijb1 #b ,ptie4 ,fasc4 i4 #aahb ,gob9eau1 pp4 #afg sq42 #ahj sq42 ,araklian1 p4 #id4 #aahc ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 #e? ed4 #ahga1 i1 #cdi1 #cef4 ,!re are1 ,i believe1 says ,lane 7writ+ orig9ally 9 #ahcf71 v few pr(ess$ ,muslims :o are really unbeliev]s2 & ^! d>e n op5ly av[ _! unbelief ?r\gh fe> ( los+ _! heads = _! apo/acy4 ,i h he>d ( two or ?ree su* :o h be5 r5d]$ s by long & intimate int]c\rse ) ,europeans2 & h met ) "o mat]iali/1 :o has (t5 _h long discussions ) me4 #aahd ,id4 ii1 #cji4 7,suppl4 ,,iii1 ,( ,late ,innovations 9 ,egypt47 #aahe ,see ! docum5ts reproduc$ by ,max ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ed4 #ahhb1 ,app4 #a4 #aahf ,id4 pp4 #bad1 #baf4 #aahg ,id4 pp4 #baj1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bbe4 #aahh ,id4 pp4 #bbd1 #bbf4 #aahi ,id4 pp4 #bbf1 #bbi4 #aaij ,guy>d1 p4 #de2 ,/e9]1 p4 #e1 note2 ,lane1 ,! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 ed4 #ahga1 i4 #acg-ch4 ,cp4 ,sp5c]1 ,/udy ( ,sociology1 *4 xii1 p4 #bib2 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #cae-ai4 #aaia ,d]5b\rg1 p4 #gb2 ,/e9]1 p4 #a2 ,lane1 i1 #gi4 #aaib ,cp4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 ,lectures ,i & ,,iv2 ,canon ,isaac ,taylor1 address to ,*ur* ,congress at ,wolv]hampton1 #ahhg1 & lett]s to ,times1 ,oct4 & ,nov4 #ahhg4 ,on ! o!r or anti-,mohamm$an side see ,canon ,rob9son1 ,hausal&1 #crd ed4 #aijj1 p4 #ahf sq4--a some:at obvi\sly prejudic$ argum5t4 ,see pp4 #aij-ia4 #aaic ,sir ,h>ry ,h4 ,john/on1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,colonization ( ,africa by ,ali5 ,races1 #ahii1 p4 #bhc4 #aaid ,?is label has be5 appli$ by s*ol>s to ! sev5?1 eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? c5turies4 ,"o writ]1 :o supposes x to cov] ! p]iod f #ejj to #adjj1 & prote/s1 is attack+ only a misconception4 7,m4 ,a4 ,lane1 ,! ,level ( ,social ,motion1 ,new ,york1 #aijb41 p4 #bcb47 ,! ,r5aissance is commonly reckon$ to beg9 ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7cp4 ,symonds1 ,age ( ! ,despots1 *4 i74 ,b ! :ole p]iod f ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire to ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 or to ! ,re=mation1 is broadly includ$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #aaie ,essai sur les ,moeurs1 *4 xlv4 #aaif ,accord+ to :i* ,god pr$e/9at$ good1 b m]ely =eknew evil4 #aaig ,= ,leo's contacts ) ! ,s>ac5s see ,f9lay1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ed4 ,toz]1 ii1 #ad-bj1 #bd1 #ca-cb1 #cd-ce1 #cg1 etc41 & comp>e p4 #bah4 ,see also ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 #ahcc1 p4 #gh1 note #b2 & ,wadd+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahcc1 p4 #ahg1 note4 #aaih ,kurtz1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #beb4 #aaii ,kurtz1 p4 #bec4 #abjj ,z to 8 ho/ility to lett]s see ,gibbon1 *4 liii--,bohn ed4 vi1 #bbh4 ,( c\rse ! o!r side 7 n any m lib]al4 ,cp4 ,f9lay1 ii1 #bbb4 #abja ,giesel]1 ii1 #bjb4 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 ,i1 pt4 i1 #a4 ,9 ! next c5tury ?is 0 said to h gone 9 "s *ur*es to ! po9t ( rejection ( ,*ri/4 ,id4 p4 #bjg1 note #bh4 #abjb ,id4 pp4 #bje1 #bjg2 ,f9lay1 ii1 #aie4 #abjc ,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,bohn tr4 v1 #bhi2 vi1 #bff4 #abjd ,on _! connection at ?is "t ) ! culture-movem5t ( ! ,khalifate ( ,mam\n1 see ,f9lay1 ii1 #bbd-be2 ,gibbon1 *4 liii--,bohn ed4 vi1 #bbh-bi4 #abje ,f9lay1 ii1 #aha1 note4 ,! enemies ( ,photius accus$ him ( l5d+ himself to ! emp]or's buffoon]ies4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #cjc-cjd4 ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 #i ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #g2 & ,gibbon1 *4 xxxiii--ed4 cit$1 vi1 #bbi4 ,f9lay decl>es 7p4 #bbb7 t no ,greek ( ! intellectual calibre ( ,photius1 ,john ! ,gramm>ian1 & ,leo ! ,ma!matician1 has s9ce appe>$4 #abjf ,ne&]1 vi1 #bhj4 #abjg ,f9lay1 ii1 #agd-ge1 #ahj4 #abjh ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 #ahec1 p4 #he4 ,x is notewor?y t ! hea!n ,magy>s held ! ,mazdean duali/ic pr9ciple1 & t _! evil p[] 0 nam$ ,armanyos 7 ,ahrimanes74 ,mail?1 ,ges*i*te d] ,magy>51 #ahbh1 i1 #be-bf4 #abji ,gibbon1 *4 liv2 ,mo%eim1 #i ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 #e2 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 ,i1 pt4 i1 #c2 ,g4 ,s4 ,fab]1 ,! ,anci5t ,vall5ses & ,wald5ses1 #ahch1 pp4 #cb-fj4 ,"s fre% light is ?r[n on ! ,paulician doctr9es by ! discov]y ( ! old ,arm5ian book1 ,! ,key ( ,tru?1 edit$ & translat$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 ,ox=d1 #ahih4 ,x belong$ to ! ,arm5ian sect ( ,?onraki1 or ,?onrakians1 or ,?ondrakians--p ( ! village ( ,?ondrac 7,ne&]1 vi1 #cdg7--;f\nd$ by "o ,sembat1 orig9ally a ,paulician1 9 ! n9? c5tury 7,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 p4 #bja2 ,ne&]1 la/ cit474 ,= a criticism ( ,mr4 ,conybe>e's !ories see ! ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,jan4 #ahii1 ,art4 ,v4 #abaj ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 #de1 #df1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dhi1 #dib2 ,h>dwick1 p4 #hf4 ,! sect ( ,eu*ites1 also anti-prie/ly1 seem to h jo9$ !m4 ,fab] d5ies any ,mani*ean elem5t4 #abaa ,gibbon1 z cit$1 vi1 #bda4 #abab ,gibbon1 vi1 #bdb2 ,h>dwick1 pp4 #hh-ij4 #abac ,gibbon1 vi1 #bde1 & note2 ,f9lay1 ii1 #fj4 #abad ,despite ! express decision1 ! use ( /atues prop] 7agalmata7 gradually disappe>$ f ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ! disuse f9ally creat+ a /rong antipa?y1 :ile pictures & ikons rema9$ 9 rev]5ce 7,toz]'s note to ,f9lay1 ii1 #afe2 cp4 ,wadd+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahcc1 p4 #aij1 note74 ,x is probable t ! %e] loss ( arti/ic skill c\nt$ = mu* 9 ! *ange4 ,cp4 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 xiv1 *4 ix2 #d? ed4 ix1 #cjh-ab4 ,x is notewor?y t1 :]eas 9 ! /ruggle ov] images _! use 0 = two long p]iods legally aboli%$1 x 0 9 bo? cases re/or$ by empresses ,ir5e & ,!odora4 #abae ,h>dwick1 p4 #hj1 note2 ,ne&]1 vi1 #cdj4 #abaf ,cp4 ,kurtz1 ,84 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #bga4 #abag ,gibbon1 vi1 #bdf2 ,f9lay1 iii1 #fd2 ,mo%eim1 #aj ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v4 #abah ,f9lay1 iii1 #ff4 #abai ,gibbon1 z cit$2 ,r4 ,lane ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval ,?\ght1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ia-if2 ,mo%eim1 #aa ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v4 #abbj ,f9lay1 iii1 #fg-fh2 ,mo%eim1 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #b4 ,h>dwick1 pp4 #cjb-cje2 ,kurtz1 i1 #bgj-gc4 #abba ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 ,,ii1 pt4 iii1 #df4 #abbb ,gibbon1 vi1 #bdi1 note2 ,poole1 p4 #ia1 note2 ,de ,pott]1 ,l',esprit de ,l'glise1 #ahba1 vi1 #af1 note4 #abbc ,boniface1 ,ep4 lxvi1 cit$ by ,poole1 p4 #bc2 ,reid's ,mo%eim1 p4 #bfc1 note #c2 ,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,bohn tr4 v1 #hf-fg2 ,h>dwick1 p4 #bc4 #abbd ,= excell5t acc\nts ( bo? see ,mr4 ,poole's ,illu/rations1 pp4 #bh-ej4 ,z to ,claudius cp4 ,mona/i]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,vaudois ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdh1 pp4 #ac-db1 & ,fab]1 ,! ,anci5t ,vall5ses1 bk4 iii1 *4 iv4 #abbe ,see ,mr4 ,poole's ,illu/rations1 pp4 #df-dh1 = an acc\nt ( ! privileges !n accord$ to ,jews4 #abbf ,?is is n incompatible ) _! hav+ oppos$ bo? ,s>ac5s 7,claudius 9 actual w>7 & ,jews1 z ,*ri/ian bi%ops4 #abbg ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 p4 #cg4 #abbh ,?is :5 ! ,*ur* f\nd its acc\nt 9 adopt+ all su* usages4 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce1 pp4 #bdb1 #bhj1 etc4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t "o ,c\ncil1 t ( ,val5ce1 #hee1 p]haps "u ! influ5ce ( ,agob>d's tea*+1 publi%$ a canon prohibit+ all duels1 & pray+ ! emp]or to aboli% !m4 ,cit$ by ,wadd+ton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahcc1 p4 #bdb1 note1 f ,fleury4 #abbi ,de ,gr&9e et tonitruis1 c4 #c2 & ,de imag9ibus1 c4 #ac1 cit$ by ,reut]4 #abcj ,he _h ! cle>e/ head 9 ! :ole n9? c5tury2 & z an influ5ce 7,mann d] ,t5d5z7 is above comp>ison 7,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #bd74 ,z to 8 acute h&l+ ( ! ?orny "q ( reason & au?ority see ,reut]1 i1 #dj-da4 #abca ,poole1 pp4 #ej-eb4 #abcb ,noack1 ,philosophie-,ges*i*tli*es ,lexikon1 s4 v4 ,rabanus4 ,z to ! d\btful works 9 :i* ,rabanus co9cides ) ,scotus ,erig5a1 cp4 ,poole1 p4 #ccf2 ,noack1 z cit$2 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cfg-fh4 #abcc ,ueb]weg1 pp4 #cff1 #cga2 ,poole1 pp4 #ii1 #aja1 #ccf4 #abcd ,ueb]weg1 pp4 #cef-fe4 ,t !re 01 h[ev]1 an ,iri% s*ola/icism z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury is %[n by ,mo%eim1 #h ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #f1 note #c4 ,cp4 ,hub]1 ,johannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 #ahfa1 p4 #dbh sq42 ,taill&i]1 ,scot ,erigne et la philosophie scola/ique1 #ahdc1 p4 #aih4 #abce ,lea1 z cit$1 p4 #bhj4 #abcf ,! le>n$ & free?9k+ gue/ ( ,*>les le ,*auve1 ,h>dwick calls him1 p4 #agf4 ,x ne$$ ! protection ( ,*>les to save him f ! or?odox1 ,h9cm> includ$4 ,see ,ampre1 ,hi/oire littraire de la ,france1 #ahdj1 iii1 #id-ie1 z to ! ang] aga9/ him4 #abcg ,see ! :ole argum5t summ>iz$ by ,hub]1 p4 #ei sq4 #abch ,cp4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 pp4 #fa1 #fc1 #fe2 ,ne&]1 ,bohn tr4 vi1 #aih sq42 & ! pres5t writ]'s introd4 to ,%aftesbury's ,*>act]i/ics1 ed4 #aijj1 p4 xxxiv4 ,& see above1 p4 #ahd4 #abci ,de divisione ,natur1 l4 v2 ,de ,prde/9atione1 c4 #ag2 ,poole1 pp4 #ga-gb2 ,ne&]1 vi1 #aih-ii2 ,hub]1 z cit$1 p4 #dje4 #abdj ,9 ! treatise ,on ! ,division ( ,nature4 ,see ! extracts giv5 9 ! ,cab9et ,cyclopdia survey ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ii1 #bff-fh4 ,!y prove1 says ! au?or ( ! survey1 t ,john ,erig5a _h none ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 #abda ,poole1 pp4 #fd1 #gf4 #abdb ,s4 ,rob9s1 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,fai?1 #ahfb1 pp4 #be-bf4 #abdc ,hub]1 pp4 #dce-dj4 #abdd ,cp4 ,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 ,bohn tr4 vi1 #aib4 #abde ,de ,corpore et ,sangu9e ,dom9i1 rep4 ,ox=d1 #ahch1 cc4 #h-af1 #bi1 #ef1 #gb-gf1 etc4 #abdf ,c4 #ai3 ,non sicut quidam volunt1 anima sola hoc my/]io pascitur4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #baj4 #abdg ,h>dwick1 pp4 #agh1 #aha2 ,ne&]1 vi1 #bag4 #abdh ,cp4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #bai4 #abdi ,poole1 p4 #fi4 #abej ,c4 #f3 ,ineptas qu/iunculas et aniles pne fabulas ,scotorumque pultes4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #bjg4 #abea ,ne&]1 vi1 #bai1 cit+ ,mabillon1 ,analecta1 i1 #bjg4 #abeb ,comp>e ! ,gemma ,ecclesia/ica ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis = an inside view ( ! av>ice ( ! cl]gy 9 8 day4 #abec ,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,*ur*1 v1 #ahg4 ,see ! :ole section = a good acc\nt ( ! g5]al economic & moral evolution4 ,ne&] repeat$ly 7pp4 #ahf-hg7 insi/s on ! magical elem5t 9 ! doctr9e ( ! mass1 z e/abli%$ by ,gregory ! ,great4 #abed ,see ,ne&]1 z cit$1 v1 #ahc4 ,! po9t 0 well put "s c5turies lat] by ! ,italian /ory-tell] ,masuccio1 an or?odox ,ca?olic b a vehem5t anti-cl]icali/1 9 a g5]alization conc]n+ ! monks3 ,! be/ puni%m5t = !m w\ld be = ,god to aboli% ,purgatory2 !y w\ld !n receive no m alms1 & w\ld be =c$ to g back to _! spades4 ,cit$ by ,burckh>dt1 ,! ,civilization ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahib1 p4 #dfa4 #abee ,ne&]1 vi1 #ahb4 ,rabanus ,maurus di/9ctly beli$ him on ?is score4 7,id4 p4 #ahc47 #abef ,=m]ly1 only ! sav$ _h be5 spok5 ( z prde/9ati1 ! reprobate be+ call$ prsciti4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #aha4 #abeg ,ne&]1 vi1 #ahg4 ,cp4 ,hampd51 ,bampton ,lectures on ,! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 #crd ed4 p4 #dah2 & ,ampre1 ,hi/oire littraire de ,france1 #ahdj1 iii1 #ib4 #abeh ,poole1 p4 #ajc4 ,cp4 ,ne&]1 vi1 #bbe4 #abei ,ne&]1 vi1 #bcg-ch4 #abfj ,id4 pp4 #bee-ef4 #abfa ,id4 p4 #beg4 #abfb ,id4 p4 #beh4 ,z to ! wide ext5t ( ! discussion see ,reut]1 ,ges*i*te d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #aab4 #abfc ,9 #ide1 h[ev]1 ,atto1 ,bi%op ( ,v]ceil1 is f\nd compla9+ t "s p f ! ,italian bord] _h introduc$ h]esies4 #abfd ,mo%eim1 #aj ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #c2 ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 p4 #ia4 #abfe ,h>dwick1 p4 #bjc4 #abff ,kurtz1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahfh1 i1 #dce4 #abfg ,hnault1 ,abrg *ronologique1 ann4 #ajbb2 ,ne&]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,*r4 ,relig4 & ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 ,bohn ed4 vi1 #cdi sq42 ,mo%eim1 #aj ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #c2 ,de ,pott]1 ,l',esprit de l'glise1 vi1 #ah-ai2 ,poole1 pp4 #if-ih2 ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #ajd1 #ajh-aji1 #bah2 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 ii1 #df4 ,! contempor>y acc\nts say no?+ z to ! h]etics be+ ,mani*eans4 ,ne&]1 p4 #cej1 note4 #abfh ,cp4 ,murdock's note on ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #chf2 ,mona/i]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,vaudois ,*ur*1 p4 #cc2 ,wadd+ton1 p4 #cef2 ,h>dwick1 p4 #bjc1 note1 & p4 #bjg4 #abfi ,de ,pott]1 pp4 #bj-ba2 ,giesel]1 z cit$1 p4 #dig2 ,lea1 i1 #ajd1 #aji4 #abgj ,mo%eim1 z la/ cit$1 #d2 ,giesel]1 ii1 #dif 7 #df72 ,h>dwick1 pp4 #bjc1 #bjd4 #abga ,mo%eim4 #aa ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #b1 & ,murdock's notes2 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #d1 #e4 #abgb ,h>dwick1 p4 #cjf2 ,kurtz1 i1 #dcc4 ,! d]ivation ?r\gh ! ,italian is h[ev] disput$4 ,cp4 ,murdock's note to ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #che1 & ,giesel]1 ii1 #dhf4 ,! ,*az>i1 a ,turki% 7,crimean7 p1 p>tly ,*ri/ian & p>tly ,moslem 9 ! n9? c5tury 7,giesel]1 z cit$71 may h giv5 ! "n ( ,gazz>i1 z ,bulg> gave ,b\gre2 & ! ,g]man ,ketz] may h come directly f ,*az>4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*az>s1 influ5c$ by neighb\rhood ) ,islam1 seems to h be5 a v free syncretism4 #abgc ,cp4 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 #bd1 #cd2 ,abb ,queant1 ,g]b]t1 ou ,sylve/re ,,ii1 #ahfh1 pp4 #c-e1 cit+ ,*ev1 ,hi/oire des papes1 t4 ii1 & ,b>onius1 ,annales1 ad ann4 #ijj1 n4 #a2 ,mo%eim1 #i ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #a-d2 ) 8 & ,murdock's refs42 #aj ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #a1 #b2 #aa ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #a2 *4 iii1 #a-c2 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #a2 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #a-g4 ,! au?orities are (t5 em95t ,*ur*m51 z ,agob>d1 ,ra!rius1 ,b]n>d1 & ,gregory ,,viii4 #abgd ,see ,mo%eim1 #h ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #e1 note z4 ,cp4 ,duruy1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 ii1 #agj4 #abge ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,abdy1 ,lectures on ,feudalism1 #ahij1 p4 #gb4 #abgf ,mo%eim1 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #f4 #abgg ,cp4 ,mor91 ,orig9es de la dmocratie1 #c;e d4 pp4 #afd-fe2 ,mo%eim1 #aj ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #c4 #abgh ,mor91 p4 #afh4 ,comp>e1 on ! :ole communal movem5t1 ,duruy1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 *4 xxi1 & ,mi*elet4 #abgi ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 #df1 end2 ,lea1 i1 #aji1 #bah4 #abhj ,mona/i]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,vaudois ,*41 p4 #cb2 ,lea1 i1 #aaj4 #abha ,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 #h? ed4 p4 #acd4 ,see p4 #ace = a li/ ( ,john's (f5ces2 & cp4 p4 #he z to o!r papal records4 ,= a contempor>y acc\nt ( ,pope ,honorius ,,ii 7d4 #aacj7 see ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 iii1 #ddh-di4 #abhb ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 #aa? ed4 ii1 #agd4 #abhc ,cp4 ,mll]1 ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te1 ,b4 xiv1 ,cap4 #ag4 #abhd ,bryce1 p4 #aeb4 #abhe ,janus1 ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncils1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #agh-gi4 #abhf ,cp4 ,he]51 ,essai sur l'influ5ce des ,croisades1 #ahjh1 p4 #agb4 #abhg ,sir ,g4 ,cox1 ,! ,crusades1 p4 #aaa4 #abhh ,cp4 ,lea1 i1 #aaa4 #abhi ,id4 p4 #aae4 #abij ,h>dwick1 p4 #caj2 ,lea1 i1 #fh2 ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #adh-di2 ,mo%eim1 z la/ cit$1 #g4 #abia ,cp4 ,motley1 ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic1 ed4 #ahfc1 p4 #cf4 #abib ,mo%eim1 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #g-i1 & v>ior4 notes2 ,mona/i]1 pp4 #ch-da1 #dc-dg2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 v1 #chd-ij4 #abic ,h>dwick1 p4 #bfg2 ,mo%eim1 z la/ cit$1 #aj2 ,mona/i]1 p4 #di4 #abid ,h>dwick1 p4 #bjd1 note2 ,kurtz1 i1 #dcc4 ,cp4 ! ,transactions ( ! ,new ,%akespe>e ,society1 #ahge-gf1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cac2 ,mo%eim1 #aa ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #ac1 & note2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 v1 #dja4 ,on ! sects 9 g5]al see ,de ,pott]1 vi1 #bag-caj2 & ,cant1 ,gli ,eretici d',italia1 #ahfe1 i1 #adi-ec4 #abie ,lea1 i1 #aae4 #abif ,id4 pp4 #aag-ah4 #abig ,id4 p4 #aai4 #abih ,kurtz1 i1 #dce2 ,lea1 i1 #aai4 #abii ,h>dwick1 p4 #cjh1 note2 ,murdock's note to ,mo%eim1 p4 #dbf2 ,mona/i]1 pp4 #ajf-ajg4 #acjj ,lea1 i1 #abd4 #acja ,id4 p4 #abf4 #acjb ,id4 pp4 #abg-bh4 #acjc ,kit*91 ,hi/ory ( ,france1 #d? ed4 #ahhi1 i1 #bhf2 cit+ ,*ron4 de ,/4 ,d5is1 p4 #cej4 ,! ,annales ,victoriani at ,philip's dea? 7#abbc7 pron\nce him ecclesi>um et religion>um p]son>um amator et fautor 7,hnault's ,abrg ,*ronologique74 ,among ! _m ,ca?>i put to dea? 9 8 reign 0 ,ni*olas1 ! mo/ fam\s pa9t] 9 ,france--burn$ at ,bra9e 9 #abjd4 ,lea1 i1 #aca4 #acjd ,lea1 i1 #aac-ad4 ,cp4 ,ranke1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,popes1 ,eng4 tr4 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #ac4 #acje ,cp4 ,h>dwick1 p4 #cab2 ,mo%eim1 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #aa1 & notes 9 ,reid's ed42 ,mona/i]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,vaudois ,*ur*1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdh1 pp4 #ab-bi2 ,fab]1 ,! ,anci5t ,vall5ses & ,albig5ses1 pp4 #bh1 #bhd1 etc4 ,z ,vigilantius took refuge 9 ! ,cottian ,alps1 8 doctr9e may h surviv$ !re1 z argu$ by ,mona/i] 7p4 #aj7 & ,fab] 7p4 #bij74 ,! influ5ce ( ,claudius ( ,tur91 z !y fur!r cont5d1 might also come into play4 ,on ! :ole subject see ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 iii1 #hh4 #acjf ,cp4 ,mo%eim ) ,fab]1 bk4 iii1 *s4 iii1 viii2 ,h>dwick1 z cit$2 & ,mona/i]1 pp4 #ec-hb4 ,wadd+ton1 p4 #cec1 holds ,mo%eim to be 9 error2 & !re are "s gr\nds = dat+ ! ,wald5sian h]esy be=e ,waldus1 :o fl\ri%$ #aagj-aahj 7id4 p4 #ced74 ,waldus _h to flee f ,france1 & f9ally di$ 9 ,bohemia1 #aaig 7,kurtz1 i1 #dci74 #acjg ,cp4 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #gc-hh4 ,wald5sian !ology v>i$ f "t to "t4 #acjh ,betwe5 #aaec & #aaia !re 7 t5 popes1 ?ree ( !m anti-popes4 ,cele/9e ,,iii held ! *air f #aaia to #aaih2 & ,innoc5t ,,iii f ! latt] ye> to #abaf4 #acji ,de ,pott]1 vi1 #bf2 ,lea1 i1 #aae4 #acaj ,lea1 i1 #bij4 #acaa ,de ,pott]1 vi1 #bh4 #acab ,see ,b>toli1 ,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana1 #ahgh1 i1 #bfb1 note1 also 8 ,i ,precursori del ,r5ascim5to1 #ahgg1 p4 #cg4 ,9 ?is section & 9 ! next *apt] ,i am indebt$ = v>i\s clues to ! ,rev4 ,john ,ow5's ,skeptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,z to ! ,goli>ds g5]ally1 see t "w1 pp4 #ch-de2 ,b>toli1 ,/oria1 cap4 viii2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 bk4 xiv1 *4 iv2 & ,gebh>t1 ,les ,orig9es de la ,r5aissance en ,italie1 #ahgi1 pp4 #abe-bf4 ,! "n ,goli>d came f ! type-"n ,golias1 us$ by _m satiri/s4 #acac ,b>toli1 ,/oria1 i1 #bga-gi4 ,cp4 ,s*legel's note to ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #ccb1 foll[+ ,ra!rius2 & ,gebh>t1 z cit$4 ,milman 7#d? ed4 ix1 #ahi7 cr$its ! ,goli>ds ) a pr(\nd respect = sacr$ ?+s1 & fre$om ( invective aga9/ sacr$ p]sons4 ,?is %[s an imp]fect k ( mu* ( _! "w4 #acad ,c4 ,l5i5t1 ,la ,satire en ,france au moy5 ge1 #ahei1 pp4 #ch-ci4 #acae ,ow51 z cit$1 pp4 #dc1 #de2 ,b>toli1 ,/oria1 i1 #bic4 #acaf ,disp>agem5t ( ! s]f is a commonplace ( m$ieval lit]ature4 ,langlois1 ,la ,vie en ,france au moy5 ge1 #aijh1 p4 #afi1 & note2 ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 franaise1 p4 #if4 ,at ?is po9t ! semi-ari/ocratic jongleurs & ! writ]s ( b\rgeois bias1 su* z "s ( ! contributors to ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 co9cid$4 ,! ,r5>t /ories are at once anti-ari/ocratic1 anti-cl]ical1 & anti-demotic4 #acag ,c4 ,l5i5t1 ,la ,satire en ,france1 p4 #aae4 ,l5i5t cites f ,erasmus's lett]s 7,sept4 #a1 #aebh7 a /ory ( a ,g]man burn$ alive 9 8 "t = v5t+ ! same idea4 #acah ,langlois1 z cit$1 pp4 #cj-fh4 #acai ,cp4 ,langlois1 pp4 #ajg1 #abi1 #bfc1 etc4 ,c4 ,l5i5t1 z cit$1 p4 #aae4 #acbj ,rev4 ,joseph ,b]+ton1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ed4 #ahdf1 p4 #bbi4 ,cp4 ,ow51 p4 #dc4 #acba ,ow51 p4 #dc2 ,b>toli1 ,/oria1 i1 #bie1 z to ! ,fr5* fabliaux4 #acbb ,labitte1 ,la div9e comdie avant ,dante1 9 ,*>p5ti] ed4 ( ,dante1 pp4 #acc-cd4 #acbc ,aucass9 & ,nicolette1 tr4 by ,eug5e ,mason1 p4 #f4 #acbd ,sismondi1 ,lit]ature ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,eng4 tr4 i1 #gd-ie4 #acbe ,id4 p4 #gf4 #acbf ,zell]1 ,hi/oire d',italie1 #ahec1 p4 #aeb2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #ahd4 #acbg ,! ,tr\bad\rs 9 tru? 7 free?9k]s 7,ow51 ,italian ,skeptics1 p4 #dh74 ,cp4 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 ii1 #b2 & ,h>dwick1 p4 #bgd1 note #d1 z to ! common animus aga9/ ! papacy4 #acbh ,he]51 ,essai sur l'influ5ce des ,croisades1 ,fr5* tr4 #ahjh1 p4 #agd1 note2 ,ow51 ,italian ,skeptics1 p4 #dd1 note4 #acbi ,abb ,queant1 ,g]b]t1 ou ,sylve/re ,,ii1 #ahfh1 pp4 #cj-ca4 #accj ,sismondi1 z cit$1 p4 #hb2 ,ow51 pp4 #ff1 #fh2 ,mo%eim1 #aa ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #d2 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 i1 #i1 & ,reid's note to #h2 ,hampd51 ,bampton ,lectures1 p4 #ddf4 ,! famili> record t ,g]b]t1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii1 /udi$ 9 ,spa9 among ! ,arabs 7,ueb]weg1 i1 #cfi7 has ( late ye>s be5 discr$it$ 7,oll]is1 ,vie de ,g]b]t1 #ahfg1 *s4 ii & xxv2 ,ueb]weg1 p4 #dcj2 ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 p4 #hh72 b its v curr5cy dep5d$ on ! commonness ( "s su* proce$+ 9 8 age4 ,9 any case1 ! tea*+ he w\ld receive at ! ,spani% mona/]y ( ,borel w\ld owe all its value to ,s>ac5 culture4 ,cp4 ,abb ,queant1 ,g]b]t1 pp4 #bf-cb4 ,! greatness ( ! s]vice he r5d]$ to nor!rn ,europe 9 introduc+ ! ,arabic num]als is express$ 9 ! leg5d ( 8 magical p[]s4 ,comp>e ! leg5ds z to ,rog] ,bacon4 #acca ,sismondi1 p4 #hc4 #accb ,cp4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 ,! ,spani% ,drama1 #ahdf1 pp4 #aa-ad2 ,littr1 tudes sur les b>b>es et le moy5 ge1 #c;e dit4 p4 #cef4 #accc ,see ! passages cit$ by ,ow51 p4 #eh4 #accd ,cp4 ,b>toli1 ,/oria1 pp4 #bjj-bjb4 #acce ,gebh>t1 ,les ,orig9es de la ,r5aissance1 pp4 #d1 #ag2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros et l',av]rosme1 pp4 #ade1 #ahc1 #ahe2 ,libri1 ,hi/4 des sci5ces ma?matiques en ,italie1 i1 #aec2 ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 t4 vii1 ,r5aissance1 introd4 note du vii2 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i1 #chb4 ,cp4 ,franck1 tudes ,ori5tales1 #ahfa1 p4 #ceg4 #accf ,z to ! ,pope's "* comp>e ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,crusades aga9/ ! ,albig5ses 7,eng4 tr4 f vols4 vi & vii ( 8 ,hi/oire des ,franais71 p4 #aj2 ,hallam1 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #aa? ed4 ii1 #aih2 ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #f-h4 #accg ,z to previ\s acts ( inquisition & p]secution by ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii 7not$ above7 see ,llor5te1 ,hi/4 ,crit4 de l',inquisition en ,espagne1 ,fr5* tr4 #b;e dit4 i1 #bg-cj1 & ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #aah4 ,cp4 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 iii1 #hi 7,am]4 ed4 ii1 #efd74 #acch ,h>dwick1 p4 #cji2 ,lea1 i1 #ade4 #acci ,sismondi1 ,crusades aga9/ ! ,albig5ses1 p4 #ba4 #acdj ,on ! previ\s hi/ory ( indulg5ces see ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #da-dg2 ,de ,pott]1 ,esprit de l'glise1 vii1 #bb-ci4 ,= ! lat] developm5ts cp4 ,lea's ,/udies 9 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 #ahfi1 p4 #dej2 ,vieusseux1 ,hi/ory ( ,switz]l&1 #ahdj1 pp4 #aba1 #abe4 #acda ,sismondi1 ,crusades1 pp4 #bh-bi4 #acdb ,id4 p4 #bc4 #acdc ,lea1 i1 #adi4 #acdd ,= a mod]n ,ca?olic def5ce ( ! :ole proce$+s see ! ,comte de ,montalemb]t's ,hi/oire de ,sa9te ,elisabe? de ,hongrie1 #ac;e dit4 intr4 pp4 #ce-dj4 #acde ,sismondi1 ,crusades1 p4 #ce1 & refs42 ,lea1 i1 #aed4 #acdf ,sismondi1 pp4 #cf-cg1 & refs4 #acdg ,id4 pp4 #cg-dc4 #acdh ,id4 pp4 #ba1 #da4 ,cp4 p4 #he z to lat] trea*]y t[>ds ,s>ac5s2 & p4 #abc z to ! de$s ( ! ,bi%op ( ,t\l\se4 ,see aga9 pp4 #adj-db z to ! massacre ( ,m>m&e4 #acdi ,z to ! int]national "* ( ! crusade see ,sismondi1 ,crusades1 p4 #ec4 #acej ,sismondi1 p4 #fb sq4 #acea ,pp4 #gg1 #gh4 #aceb ,pp4 #gd1 #ge4 #acec ,p4 #hg4 ,! wor%ip ( ! re=m$ ,albig5ses _h ev]y:]e ceas$ 7p4 #aae74 ,cp4 p4 #aaf z to ! complet5ess ( ! f9al massacres4 ,x is e/imat$ 7,mona/i]1 p4 #aae1 foll[+ ,de la ,mo!-,langon7 t a million ,albig5ses 7 sla9 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! figures are ( c\rse speculative4 #aced ,cp4 ,lea1 ii1 #aei2 ,l5i5t1 ,la ,satire en ,france an moy5 ge1 #ahei1 p4 #dc4 #acee ,lea1 vol4 ii1 *4 i4 #acef ,sismondi1 pp4 #aae1 #aag4 #aceg ,id4 p4 #acc4 #aceh ,id4 pp4 #bce-ci2 ,lea1 ii1 #bdg1 #bei1 #cai1 #cdg1 #dbi1 etc4 #acei ,sismondi1 p4 #bcf2 ,llor5te1 z cit$1 i1 #fj-fd2 ,lea1 ii1 #bjj4 #acfj ,mat!w ,p>is records t 9 #abdi f\r hundr$ & =ty-?ree h]etics 7 burn$ 9 ,saxony & ,pom]ania4 ,previ\sly multitudes _h be5 burn$ by ! ,inquisitor ,conrad1 :o 0 himself f9ally murd]$ 9 rev5ge4 ,he 0 ! confessor ( ,sa9t ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 & he taught h] among o!r ?+s1 ,be m]ciful to y\r neighb\r1 & ,d to o!rs :atsoev] y w\ld t !y %\ld d to y4 ,see 8 praises record$ by ,montalemb]t1 z cit$1 vol4 i1 *4 x4 ,cp4 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii1 ,div4 iii1 #hi 7ii1 #efg74 #acfa ,lea1 ii1 #bjd4 ,?is 0 ! peace-mak] describ$ by ,dr4 ,lea z--9 t capacity--s wor?y a disciple ( ! ,great ,tea*] ( div9e love 7i1 #bdj74 #acfb ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cff2 ,poole1 pp4 #ii1 #ajj4 #acfc ,z to ! v]bal confusion ( ,ari/otle's !ory see ,ueb]weg4 #acfd ,id4 i1 #afj4 #acfe ,id4 i1 #cge4 #acff ,cp4 ,mo%eim's note1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #chh4 #acfg ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cgd4 #acfh ,poole1 p4 #ajd1 note2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 #d? ed4 i1 #ed4 #acfi ,hampd51 ,bampton ,lectures1 ,on ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 #ahdh1 p4 #ga4 #acgj ,mo%eim1 z cit$1 & refs4 #acga ,hampd51 p4 #gj4 #acgb ,a4 ,s4 ,f>r>1 ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 #ahfb1 p4 #aaa4 ,f>r> adds3 ',neque enim qua]o intellig]e ut cr$am1 set cr$o ut intelligam' are ! words ( ! ,reali/ ,anselm 7,prolog4 i1 #dc1 ed4 ,g]b]on73 ',dubit&o ad inquisitionem v5imus2 inquir5do v]itatem p]cipimus' are ^? ( ! ,nom9ali/ ,abail>d 7,sic et ,non1 p4 #af1 ed4 ,c\s974 #acgc ,cp4 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i1 *4 #ai1 z to or?odoxy among bo? ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s4 #acgd ,hampd51 pp4 #gj1 #ddi4 #acge ,cp4 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 iii1 #eej4 #acgf ,poole1 ,illu/r4 ( ! ,hi/4 ( ,m$ieval ,?\ght1 pp4 #ajd-aje4 #acgg ,prfatio 9 ,monologium4 #acgh ,z to ! v>i\s classes ( d\bt]s kn[n to ,anselm see ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #abi-ca1 & refs4 ,anselm writes3 ,fides enim no/ra contra impios ratione def5da e/4 ,epi/4 ii1 #da4 #acgi ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cha4 #achj ,see x 9 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #chd-he2 cp4 ,*4 de ,rmusat1 ,sa9t ,anselme1 #ahec1 pp4 #fa-fb2 ,dean ,*ur*1 ,sa9t ,anselm1 ed4 #ahhh1 pp4 #hf-hg4 ,z to previ\s in/ances ( ,anselm's argum5t cp4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 p4 #cch sq4 #acha ,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cgi-hj4 #achb ,cit$ by ,hampd51 ,bampton ,lect4 p4 #ddc4 #achc ,metalogicus1 vii1 #b2 ,poole1 p4 #bbc4 #achd ,gemma ,ecclesia/ica1 ,di/9ctio i1 c4 #ea2 ,works1 ed4 ,brew]1 ,rolls ,s]ies1 ii1 #adh-di2 pref4 p4 xxxv4 #ache ,cp4 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 ,ptie4 ,,ii 7#ahhj71 i1 #fa4 ,haurau po9ts out t ,simon's writ+s are /rictly or?odox1 :atev] 8 utt]ances may h be54 #achf ,di/9ctio1 ii1 c4 #bd2 pp4 liv1 #bhe4 #achg ,cp4 ,pe>son1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages1 ii1 #ejd4 #achh ,! ,saynt ,graal1 ed4 ,furnivall1 #ahfa1 pp4 #g1 #hd2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,grail1 ed4 ,furnivall1 #ahgd1 pp4 #e-g2 ,pe>son1 z cit$1 i1 #fjf-fjg4 #achi ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i1 #ahgj1 p4 #ejb4 #acij ,poole1 pp4 #ada-db4 #acia ,humanas ac philosophicas rationes requirebant2 et plus qu intelligi quam qu dici poss5t efflagitabant 7,hi/oria calamitatum me>um1 ed4 ,grard1 p4 #cf74 #acib ,id4 ib4 #acic ,ueb]weg1 i1 #chg4 #acid ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cia4 ,cp4 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #aaa4 #acie ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cid-ie4 #acif ,hampd51 ,bampton ,lect4 pp4 #dbj-ba4 #acig ,poole1 p4 #age4 ,x is n impossible t1 z ,sismondi sugge/s 7,hi/oire des ,franais1 ed4 #ahbc1 v1 #bid-if71 ,abail>d 0 p]secut$ ma9ly because ( ! dang]\s anti-papal movem5t ma9ta9$ 9 ,italy = fifte5 ye>s 7#aaci-aaee7 by 8 doctr9ally or?odox pupil1 ,arnold ( ,brescia4 ,b ,hampd5 7p4 #dj71 agree+ ) ,guizot 7,hi/4 de ,civ4 en ,europe2 ,hi/4 mod4 ,leon #f71 pron\nces t !re 0 no sympa?y betwe5 ! ef=ts ( ! ,italian ,republics to obta9 social lib]ty1 & ^? )9 ! ,*ur* to recov] p]sonal fre$om ( ?\ght4 #acih ,poole1 pp4 #aag-bc1 #afi4 #acii ,ueb]weg1 i1 #cih4 #adjj ,poole1 p4 #agc4 #adja ,cp4 ,poole1 p4 #aec4 ,x is difficult to d\bt t ! s]ies ( patri/ic deliv]ances aga9/ reason 9 ! fir/ section ( ,sic et ,non 0 compil$ by ,abail>d 9 a _s ( diss5t4 #adjb ,cp4 ,h>dwick1 p4 #bgi2 & see p4 #bge1 note1 = ,b]n>d's dislike ( 8 dem& = cle>ness3 ,nihil videt p] speculum et 9 a5igmate1 s$ facie ad faciem omnia intuetur4 #adjc ,poole1 p4 #afa4 ,cp4 ,dr4 ,ha/+s ,ra%dall on ! pi\s scurrility ( ,b]n>d4 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahie1 i1 #eg1 note4 ,contra/ ! s+ul>ly laudatory acc\nt ( ,/4 ,b]n>d giv5 by two contempor>y ,positivi/s1 ,mr4 ,cott] ,morison 9 8 ,life & ,times ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,h>rison 9 8 essay on t "w 9 8 ,*oice ( ,books4 ,! subject is discuss$ 9 ! pres5t writ]'s pap] on ,! ,e?ics ( ,propag&a 9 ,essays 9 ,e?ics4 #adjd ,erdmann1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,eng4 tr4 #crd ed4 i1 #cbe4 #adje ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i 7#ahgb71 #ecd-df4 #adjf ,id4 cit+ ! ,polycraticus1 l4 vii1 c4 #b4 #adjg ,polycraticus1 l4 vii1 c4 #g4 #adjh ,cp4 ,poole1 pp4 #bbj-bb2 ! extracts ( ,hampd51 pp4 #dch-dc2 & ! summ+-up ( ,haurau4 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i 7#ahgj71 #ceg4 #adji ,hi/oria calamitatum1 z cit$4 ,cp4 p4 #aj = ,abail>d's own op9ion ( ,anselm ( ,laon1 :om he comp>es to a leafy b fruitless tree4 #adaj ,mat!w ,p>is1 sub4 ann4 #abja4 ,!re is a some:at circum/antial air ab\t ?is /ory1 ,simon's reply be+ made to beg9 humor\sly ) a ,jesule4 ,jesule6 ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 tells on ?is item ! /ory ( ,simon's miracul\s puni%m5t :i* ,giraldus tells on a q diff]5t text4 ,mat!w is indignant ) ! s*ola/ic arrogance :i* has l$ _m to suppress ! miracle4 #adaa ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dai1 #dcj2 ,hampd51 p4 #ddc sq4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #agc sq4 #adab ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dah4 ,! ,k>ates may be describ$ z ,jewi% ,prote/ants or ,puritans4 ,cp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 #ahif1 pp4 #beb-ed4 #adac ,s*e*t] 7z cit$1 pp4 #aig1 #dag7 gives two sets ( dates1 ! second be+ #aace-abjd4 #adad ,= a good survey ( ! m$ieval ,hebrew ?\ght 9 g5]al see ,joel1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*4 d] ,philos4 #ahgf2 & z to ,maimonides see ,a4 ,franck's tudes ,ori5tales1 #ahfa2 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 ,ptie ,,ii1 i1 #da-df2 & ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #agg-hb4 #adae ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 pp4 #dbb-bc4 #adaf ,id4 p4 #bjh4 #adag ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dbh2 ,s*e*t]1 p4 #dbd4 #adah ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #ahc4 #adai ,s*e*t]1 pp4 #hc-he4 #adbj ,haurau pron\nces 7,,ii1 i1 #bi-cd7 t ,avicebron %\ld be rank$ among ! mo/ s9c]e & resolute ( pan!i/s4 ,8 *ief "w 0 ! ,fons vit4 #adba ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #ajj1 #age4 #adbb ,sp9oza1 ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1 c4 #h1 ad init4 #adbc ,mmoires de ,jo9ville1 ed4 #ahga1 ii1 #af4 #adbd ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #bbb-bd4 #adbe ,hub]1 ,johannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 p4 #dce2 ,*ri/lieb1 ,leb5 und ,lehre des ,johannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 #ahfj1 p4 #dch4 ,copies ( ,john's writ+s 7 f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! sect>ies ( ,amalri* & ,david2 & 9 #abbf ! writ+s 9 "q 7 condemn$ & burnt accord+ly4 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i1 #age4 #adbf ,ueb]weg1 i1 #chh1 #dca2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #aab-ad2 ,r5an1 p4 #bbc2 ,hahn1 ,ges*i*te d] ,ketz] im ,mittelalt]1 #ahde-ej1 iii1 #agf-ib4 #adbg ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #ab4 #adbh ,poole1 p4 #bbe2 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dca4 #adbi ,lecky's description 7,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ed4 #ahhg1 i1 #dh7 ( ,av]rosm z a /]n & uncompromis+ infidelity is hopelessly a/ray4 #adcj ,summa ,!ologica1 ,prima ,secundae1 ,qu/4 ,,lxxxv1 ,art4 #f4 ,comp>e ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 i1 #ahi1 = a trace ( ! idea ( natura naturans 9 ,john ,scotus & ,heiric1 9 ! n9? c5tury4 #adca ,r5an1 p4 #bcf sq4 #adcb ,cp4 ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 ii1 #acj4 #adcc ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 #d? ed4 ix1 #acc4 #adcd ,rob9s4 ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,fai?1 #ahfb1 pt4 i1 pp4 #ch-ci4 ,comp>e ,ra%dall1 ,univ]sities 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 i1 #bfd2 & ,maurice1 ,m$ieval ,philosophy1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #ahh-ij4 ,x is notewor?y t ! ,summa ( ,?omas 0 a fav\rite /udy ( ,desc>tes1 :o read h>dly any o!r !ologian4 #adce ,cp4 ,milman1 ix1 #adc4 #adcf ,see ! comm5ts ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis 9 ! proem to 8 ,speculum ,ecclesi ,brew]'s ed4 9 ,rolls ,s]ies1 i4 #i2 & pref4 pp4 xii-xiii4 #adcg ,cp4 ,r5an4 ,av]ros1 p4 #bfg1 z to ! polemic ( ,william ( ,auv]gne4 #adch ,r5an1 pp4 #efg-fh4 #adci ,id4 pp4 #bfi-ga1 & refs4 #addj ,r5an1 pp4 #bgc-ge1 & refs42 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dfj1 & refs42 ,maywald1 ,die ,lehre von d] zweifa*5 ,wahrheit1 #ahga1 p4 #aa2 ,lange1 i1 #ahb 7tr4 i1 #bah74 #adda ,( ,john ,,xxi1 :o _h 9 #abgf condemn$ ! doctr9e ( a tw(old tru?4 #addb ,cp4 ,gebh>t1 ,orig9es de la ,r5aissance1 pp4 #bi-dd4 ,& see above1 p4 #cjh4 #addc ,b]+ton1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bde4 ,see above1 p4 #caj4 #addd ,see ! ,summa ( ! ,inquisitor ,b>?olomu ,fumus1 ,v5et4 #aeed1 s4v4 ,infidelitas1 fol4 #bfa1 #e2 & ! ,summa ( ,?omas1 ,secunda ,secund1 ,qu/4 ,x1 ,art4 #b4 #adde ,x is sometimes describ$ z a =midable product ( d\bt2 & aga9 by ,m4 de ,rmusat z consecrat$ to controv]sy r ?an to skepticism4 ,cp4 ,pe>son1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl& 9 ! ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages1 #ahfg1 i4 #fji4 ,! view 9 ! text seems ! j mean4 ,cp4 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 i4 #eg4 ,9 itself ! book is = a mod]n read] a m]e collection ( ! edify+ contradictions ( !ologians2 b su* a collection mu/ 9 any age h be5 a p]plexity to fai?2 & x is n surpris+ t x rema9$ unpubli%$ until edit$ by ,c\s9 7see ! ,ouvrages 9dits1 intr4 pp4 clxxxv-ix74 ,t writ] ju/ly sums up t su* ant9omies condamn5t l'esprit un d\te salutaire4 ,! ,rev4 ,a4 ,s4 ,f>r> pron\nces t ! critical indep5d5ce ( ,nom9alism1 9 a m9d l t ( ,abail>d1 repres5ts ! de/ructive action ( free?\ght1 p>tly z e>ly ,prote/antism1 p>tly z skepticism 7,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,free?\ght1 p4 #ab74 #addf ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #dba-bb1 #eef-eh1 #ege2 ,u4 ,burke1 ,hi/4 ( ,spa91 ,hume's ed4 #aijj1 ii1 #cea-eb4 ,= a detail$ description ( ! me?ods ( ecclesia/ical torture1 ,burke ref]s to ! treatise1 ,de ,ca?olicis ,in/itutionibus1 by ,simancas1 ,bi%op ( ,beja1 ,rome1 #aege1 tit4 lxv1 ,de ,torm5tis1 p4 #dia sq4 #addg ,torture 0 inflict$ on witnesses 9 ,engl& 9 #acaa1 by special inquisitors1 "u ! m&ate ( ,clem5t ,v1 9 defiance ( ,engli% law2 & "u ,edw>d ,,ii x 0 us$ 9 ,engl& z else:]e aga9/ ! ,templ>s4 #addh ,i/orie fior5t9e1 iv1 #bi4 #addi ,see bel[1 p4 #cbe4 #adej ,vill>i1 ,two ,fir/ ,c5turies ( ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 #aija1 pp4 #aaj-ab4 #adea ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #afg4 #adeb ,id4 i1 #afd-ff4 #adec ,! ,moslems 7 incl9$ to reg>d him z ( _! cre$ because educat$ 9 ,sicily4 ,cant1 ,gli ,eretici d',italia1 #ahfe1 i1 #ff4 #aded ,see ,giesel]1 z cit$ bel[2 & ,reid's ,mo%eim1 p4 #dcg1 note4 #adee ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vi1 #aej2 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #bba4 #adef ,milman1 vi1 #aej1 #aeh4 #adeg ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bhi4 #adeh ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #bje-aj4 ,mi*ael ,scotus may h be51 l ,john ,scotus1 an ,iri%man1 b 8 refusal to accept ! ar*bi%opric ( ,ca%el1 on ! gr\nd t he did n "k ! native language1 makes ?is d\btful4 ,! id5tification ( him ) a ,scotti% knight1 ,sir ,mi*ael ,scott1 /ill p]si/$ 9 by "s s*ol>s on ! /r5g? ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ha/y note to ,! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1 is de/itute ( probability4 ,see ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,wood ,br[n's ,inquiry into ! ,life & ,leg5d ( ,mi*ael ,scot1 #ahig1 pp4 #afj-fa1 #age-gf4 #adei ,inf]no1 xx1 #eae-ag4 #adfj ,cant1 ,gli ,eretici d',italia1 i1 #fe-ff2 ! ,pope's lett]1 z cit$2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #bhg-ia1 #bif4 #adfa ,see ! v]dict ( ,giesel]1 ,eng4 tr4 iii 7#ahec71 p4 #ajc1 note4 #adfb ,milman1 vi1 #aeh-ei4 #adfc ,id4 p4 #aed4 ,cp4 ! au?or's ,evolution ( ,/ates1 #aiab1 p4 #chb4 #adfd ,g4 ,villani1 ,i/orie fior5t9e1 vi1 #df4 #adfe ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 i1 *4 ii1 #b1 cit+ 9 p>ticul> ,moneta's ,summa contra ,ca?>os et ,vald5ses1 lib4 ,v1 cc4 #d1 #aa1 #ae2 ,tempi] 7bi%op ( ,p>is71 ,indiculum ,errorum 7#abgb7 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,patrum ,maxima1 t4 xxv2 ,bulu1 ,hi/4 ,acad4 ,p>is1 iii1 #dcc--;z to ! ,av]ro/s at ,p>is1 describ$ above1 p4 #cai4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #bcj-ca1 cit+ ,william ( ,auv]gne1 & pp4 #bhc1 #bhe2 ,ozanam1 ,dante1 #f;e dit4 pp4 #hf1 #aja1 #aaa-ab2 ,gebh>t1 ,orig9es de la ,r5ais1 pp4 #gi-ha2 ,lange1 i1 #ahb 7tr4 i1 #bah72 ,%>on ,turn]1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #bnd ed4 v1 #acf-ch4 #adff ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 iii1 #efj-fa4 #adfg ,p]r5s1 ,la civilisation flor5t9e du #ac;e au #af;e sicle1 #ahib1 p4 #aja4 ,above1 p4 #cbb4 #adfh ,inf]no1 ,canto x1 #ad-ae1 #aah4 #adfi ,ottavio ,ubald9i1 d4 #abgc1 ( :om ! comm5tators tell t he said t if !re 7 su* a ?+ z a s\l he _h lo/ 8 = ! cause ( ! ,ghibell9es4 #adgj ,z to :om see ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bhe1 note2 ,gebh>t1 ,r5aissance1 p4 #ha4 ,8 son ,guido1 ! fir/ fri5d & ! companion ( all ! y\? ( ,dante1 0 reput$ an a!i/ 7,decam]on1 vi1 #i74 ,cp4 ,ces>e ,balbo1 ,vita di ,dante1 ed4 #ahec1 pp4 #dh-di4 ,b see ,ow51 ,skeptics ( ! ,ital4 ,r5ais41 p4 #ach1 note4 #adga ,9 ! ,convito1 ii1 #i1 he writes t1 among all ! be/ialities1 t is ! mo/ fooli%1 ! mo/ vile1 ! mo/ damnable1 :i* believes no o!r life to be aft] ?is life4 ,ano!r passage 7iv1 #e7 heaps curses on ! mo/ fooli% & vile bea/s 444 :o presume to speak aga9/ our ,fai?4 #adgb ,cp4 ,ozanam1 ,dante1 #f;e dit4 pp4 #aaa-ab1 z to anti-,*ri/ian movem5ts4 #adgc ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i1 #hc1 note2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #cbf-bg2 ,cant1 ,gli ,eretici d',italia1 i1 #agg4 & note #ac on p4 #aif4 #adgd ,cp4 ,labitte1 ,la ,div9e ,comdie avant ,dante1 z cit$1 p4 #aci4 #adge ,mi*elet argues t ,italy 0 anti-,dantesque 9 ! ,r5aissance 7,hi/4 de ,france1 vii1 ,intr4 #i & ,app471 b he exagg]ates ! common disreg>d ( ! ,comm$ia4 #adgf ,z to an elem5t ( d\bt1 ev5 9 ,dante1 conc]n+ ,div9e gov]nm5t1 see ,burckh>dt1 p4 #dig4 ,b ! attempt made by "s critics to %[ t ! s9s to :i* ,dante confess$ _h be5 intellectual--i4e41 h]esies--falls to ! gr\nd4 ,see ,dll+]1 ,/udies 9 ,european ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahij1 pp4 #hg-ij2 & cp4 ,cant1 ,gli ,eretici d',italia1 i1 #add sq4 on ! :ole "q4 #adgg ,ces>e ,balbo1 ,vita di ,dante1 ed4 #ahec1 pp4 #daf-ag1 #dcc4 #adgh ,cant4 ,eretici d' ,italia1 i1 #aec4 ,cant gives an acc\nt ( ! trial process4 #adgi ,g4 ,villani1 x1 #ci4 ,x is to be not$ t ! horoscope ( ,jesus 0 ca/ by sev]al pr(ess$ believ]s1 z ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,pi]re d',ailli1 ,c>d9al & ,bi%op ( ,cambrai1 z well z by ,c>dan4 ,see ,bayle1 art4 ,c>dan1 note ,q2 & cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #cbf4 #adhj ,cp4 ,ow51 pp4 #abh1 #ace-db2 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ,hi/41 i1 #ada-db2 ,milman1 bk4 xiv1 *4 v1 end4 #adha ,decam41 ,gior4 i1 nov4 #b4 #adhb ,gior4 i1 nov4 #c4 #adhc ,dr4 ,m>cus ,l&au1 ,die ,quell5 des ,dekam]on1 #bte ,aufl4 #ahhd1 p4 #ahb4 #adhd ,! /ory is record$ to h be5 curr5t among ! ,motecallemn--a p>ty k9dr$ to ! ,motazilites--9 ,bagdad4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bic1 cit+ ,dozy4 ,r5an ?9ks x may h be5 ( ,jewi% orig94 ,id4 p4 #bid1 note4 #adhe ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 #ahif1 pp4 #bjg-bjh4 #adhf ,x is f\nd "s "t be=e ,boccaccio 9 ! ,c5to ,novelle anti*e 7,no4 #gb or #gc7 9 a simpl] =m2 b ,l&au 7p4 #ahc7 ?9ks ,boccaccio's imm$iate s\rce 0 ! v]sion ( ,busone da ,gubbio 7b4 #abhj71 :o _h improv$ on ! v]sion 9 ! ,c5to ,novelle1 :ile ,boccaccio 9 turn improv$ on him by treat+ ! ,jew m tol]antly4 ,b>toli 7,i ,precursori del ,boccaccio1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bf-bh7 disputes any imm$iate debt to ,busone2 z does ,ow51 ,skeptics ( ! ,ital4 ,r5ais41 p4 #bi1 note4 #adhg ,burckh>dt 7,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 p4 #dic1 note7 po9ts out t ,boccaccio is ! fir/ to "n ! ,*ri/ian religion1 8 ,italian pr$ecessors avoid+ ! idea2 & t 9 "o ea/]n v]sion ! /ory is us$ polemically aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 #adhh ,ow51 p4 #adb1 & refs4 #adhi ,id4 pp4 #adc-de4 ,he 0 ev5 s f> t]roriz$ by ! m5aces ( a monk 7:o appe>$ to him to h occult k ( "s ( 8 secrets7 z to propose to give up 8 classical /udies2 & w\ld h done s b = ,petr>*'s dissuasion4 ,petr>*'s lett] 7,epi/4 ,s5il41 i1 #e7 is translat$ 7,lett4 xii7 by ,m4 ,develay1 ,lettres de ,pttr>que ,boccace4 #adij ,gasquet1 ,! ,great ,pe/il5ce1 #ahic1 pp4 #bh1 #cb1 #cg1 & refs4 #adia ,id4 pp4 #aa1 #da4 #adib ,probably #be1jjj 9 ,engl& alone1 includ+ monks4 ,id4 p4 #bjd4 #adic ,id4 pp4 #bje-bjh1 #bac1 #baf4 #adid ,bel[1 #aa4 #adie ,z to 8 anti-cl]icalism1 cp4 ,gebh>t1 ,orig4 de la ,r5ais41 p4 #ga1 & ref42 ,ow51 p4 #aac4 #adif ,cp4 ,ra%dall1 ,univ]sities 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 i1 #bfd4 #adig ,see ! exposition ( ,ow51 pp4 #aji-bh4 & refs4 on p4 #aac4 #adih ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #cbh4 #adii ,mzires1 ,ptr>que1 #ahfh1 p4 #cfb4 #aejj ,x is to be not$ t 9 8 opposition to ! s*ola/ics he _h pr$ecessors4 ,cp4 ,gebh>t1 ,orig4 de la ,r5ais41 p4 #fe4 #aeja ,ow51 p4 #aac4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,dante also 7,convito1 ii1 #h1 #i2 iii1 #ad2 iv1 #g7 exalts ,reason2 b he uses ! ^w 9 ! old s5se ( m]e m5tality--! ?9k+ z di/+ui%$ f ! s5su\s elem5t 9 man2 & he 0 fi]ce aga9/ all resort to reason z aga9/ fai?4 ,petr>* 0 ( c\rse m ( a rationali/4 ,z to 8 philosophic skepticism1 see ,ow51 p4 #abj4 ,he drew ! l9e only at d\bt+ ^? ?+s 9 :i* d\bt is sacrilege4 ,nev]!less he gr\nd$ 8 belief 9 immortality n on ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 b on ! argum5ts ( ! pagans 7,burckh>dt1 p4 #edf74 #aejb ,epi/4 s9e titulo1 cit$ by ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bii4 ,= ! phrases put 9 ,av]ros' m\? by ,*ri/ians1 see pp4 #bid-ih4 #aejc ,inf]no1 iv1 #add4 #aejd ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #cja-ae4 #aeje ,id4 pp4 #ccc-cg2 ,cant1 ,gli ,eretici d'ltalia1 i1 #agf & refs4 #aejf ,r5an1 pp4 #cbf-bg4 #aejg ,id4 pp4 #cah-bj4 #aejh ,ju/+]1 cit$ 9 ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #bih4 #aeji ,h>dwick1 p4 #ceg1 note4 #aeaj ,cp4 ,bonne*ose1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdd1 i1 #dj-dc4 #aeaa ,janus 7i4e4 ,dll+]71 ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 ,eng4 tr4 #bnd ed4 #ahfi1 pp4 #bib-ie4 ,?is weighty "w1 sometimes mi/ak5ly ascrib$ to ,hub]1 :o collaborat$ 9 x1 0 reca/ by commission & po/hum\sly publi%$ z ,das ,pap/?um1 by ,j4 ,fri$ri*1 ,mn*51 #ahib4 #aeab ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 #aa? ed4 ii1 #bah2 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquis41 i1 #e-cd2 ,giesel]1 #ij 7ii1 #egb72 ,freytag1 ,bild] aus d] deuts*5 ,v]gang5heit1 #dte aufl4 ii1 #cah-ai4 #aeac ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 p4 #bbj4 ,= pro(s see same "w1 pp4 #bbj-cd4 #aead ,la satire e/ la plus complte manife/ation de la p5se libre au moy5 ge4 ,dans ce monde ou le dogmatisme impitoyable au se9 de l'glise et de l'cole frappe comme hrtique t\t dissid5t1 l'esprit critique n'a pas tr\v de voie plus sre1 plus rapide et plus populaire1 que la p>odie 7,l5i5t1 ,la ,satire en ,france au moy5 ge1 #ahei1 p4 #ad74 #aeae ,cp4 ,l5i5t1 z cit$1 p4 #ba4 #aeaf ,see 9 ,symonds's ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 vol4 i 7,age ( ! ,despots71 ed4 #ahig1 pp4 #cfa-fi1 & ,app5dix ,,iv1 on ,religi\s ,revivals 9 ,m$ieval ,italy4 ,^? revivals occurr$ f "t to "t aft] ,savon>ola4 #aeag ,cp4 ,vill>i1 ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #ach4 #aeah ,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii4 ,div4 iii1 #ij2 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ,inquis41 ii1 #cai-bj4 #aeai ,kurtz1 i1 #dce-cf4 #aebj ,lea1 i1 #cbj-ba4 ,cp4 ,ullmann1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #ae-bb2 & ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #aa1 & notes4 ,! doctr9e ( ! treatise ,de ,novem ,rupibus is t ( an educat$ ?9k]1 & is 9 p>ts /rongly ant9omian1 b always on pan!i/ic gr\nds4 #aeba ,lea1 i1 #cbc-bd4 #aebb ,cp4 ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung1 ii1 #bdj-di4 #aebc ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #dj-dc1 & notes2 *4 v1 #i4 ,! names ,begu9 & ,begh>d seem to h be5 d]iv$ f ! old ,g]man v]b beggan1 to beg4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,begu9e 0 a "n = wom52 & ,begh>d = m54 #aebd ,see ! record 9 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 bk4 iii1 *s4 i-iii4 #aebe ,prais$ 9 ! ,roman de la ,rose1 ,eng4 v]s4 9 ,skeat's ,*auc]1 i1 #bdd2 ,bell's ed4 iv1 #bbh4 ,william 0 answ]$ by ! ,dom9ican ,?omas ,aqu9as4 #aebf ,see ,biog4 ,introd4 to ed4 ( ! ,philobiblon by ,e4 ,c4 ,?omas1 #ahhh1 pp4 xliii-xlvii4 #aebg ,c4 #d1 ,qu]imonia librorum contra cl]icos jam promotos2 ,c4 #e1 444 contra religiosos possessionatos2 ,c4 #f1 444 contra religiosos m5dicantes4 #aebh ,ed4 ,?omas1 z cit$1 pp4 xlvi-vii4 #aebi ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #ah-dj2 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 *4 vii1 pt4 #b2 ,gebh>t1 ,orig9es de la ,r5ais41 p4 #db2 ,b]+ton1 ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bdd2 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ,inq41 bk4 iii1 *4 i4 ,! special "w ( ! ,dom9icans 0 ! e/abli%m5t ev]y:]e ( ! ,inquisition4 ,mo%eim1 z la/ cit$1 *4 v1 #c-f1 & notes2 ,lea1 ii1 #bjj-bja2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #aee-ef2 ,llor5te1 ,hi/4 ,crit4 de l',inquis4 en ,espagne1 z cit$1 i1 #di-ee1 #fh1 etc4 #aecj ,z to ! developm5t ( ! ,begu9es f an orig9al basis ( *>itable co-op]ation see ,ullmann1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation1 ii1 #ac2 ,lea1 ii1 #cea4 #aeca ,lea1 iii1 #aj4 #aecb ,see ! ?irte5?-c5tury memoirs ( ,fra ,salimb5e1 ,eng4 tr4 9 ,t4 ,k4 ,l4 ,oliphant's ,! ,duke & ! ,s*ol>1 #ahge1 pp4 #ih1 #ajc-ajd1 #ajh-aj1 #aaf1 #acj4 #aecc ,! ,introduction to ! book1 probably writt5 by ! ,franciscan ,g]h>d1 made ,/4 ,francis ! angel ( ,rev4 xiv1 #f2 & ! m9i/]s ( ! new ord] 7 to be 8 fri>s4 ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #cc-cf1 & notes4 ,cp4 ,lea1 z cit$2 & ,hahn1 ,ges*4 d] ,ketz] im ,mittelalt]1 #ahde-ej1 iii1 #gb-age--;a v full acc\nt ( ,joa*im's tea*+4 #aecd ,lea1 iii1 #bj-be4 #aece ,le ,cl]c1 ,hi/4 ,litt4 de la ,france1 xx1 #bcj2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #aee4 #aecf ,av]ros1 pp4 #bei-fj4 #aecg ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 #ad ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #e2 & ,burnet's ,lett]s1 ed4 ,rott]dam1 #afhf1 p4 #ca4 #aech ,cp4 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #ge-gf4 #aeci ,lea1 iii1 #ajd4 #aedj ,h>dwick1 p4 #caf2 ,lea1 iii1 #aji2 ,mo%eim1 #ab ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #ad-af4 ,a sect ( ,apo/olici _h exi/$ 9 ,asia ,m9or 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,kurtz1 i1 #bdb4 ,cp4 ,lea1 i1 #aji1 note4 ,^? ( ! twelf? c5tury 7 vehem5tly oppos$ by ,/4 ,b]n>d4 #aeda ,lea1 iii1 #aji-ai4 #aedb ,lea1 p4 #aba2 ,kurtz1 i1 #dcg2 ,h>dwick1 p4 #cae1 note2 ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #ad1 & note4 ,see ,dante1 ,inf]no1 xxviii1 #ee-fj1 z to ,dolc9o4 #aedc ,lea1 p4 #abe4 #aedd ,z to ! ext]nal movem5ts connect$ ) ,joa*im's ,gospel see ,mo%eim1 #ac ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 v1 #ac-ae4 ,!y 7 put d[n by %e] blood%$4 ,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dca2 ,lea1 pp4 #be-bf1 #hf4 #aede ,hi/4 de ,france1 vol4 x2 ,la ,r=me1 ed4 #ahhd1 p4 #ccc4 #aedf ,see ! au?or's notes to 8 ed4 ( ,buckle 7,r\tl$ge71 #aijd1 pp4 #eci1 #edg4 #aedg ,u4 ,r4 ,burke1 ,hi/ory ( ,spa91 ,hume's ed4 i1 #aji-aj4 #aedh ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,spa91 ed4 #ahef1 p4 #da2 ,burke1 z cit$1 ii1 #ee-ef4 #aedi ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #ha4 #aeej ,burke1 i1 #bah4 #aeea ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 ii1 #ed-ee4 #aeeb ,id4 ii1 #eh4 #aeec ,lea1 iii1 #efj4 #aeed ,p]sonally he disc\rag$ h]esy-hunt+4 ,burke1 ii1 #ff4 #aeee ,burke1 i1 #bfh-gc2 ,dunham1 ,hi/4 ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 #ahcb1 iv1 #bfj4 #aeef ,lea1 iii1 #bd4 #aeeg ,burke1 ii1 #fe4 #aeeh ,lea1 ii1 #ahc4 #aeei ,id4 i1 #bba4 #aefj ,burke1 ii1 #ff-fg4 #aefa ,lea1 iii1 #he-hf4 #aefb ,id4 pp4 #eb-ec2 ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,spa91 p4 #bj4 #aefc ,bonet-,maury1 ,les ,prcurseurs de la ,r=me1 #aijd1 pp4 #aad-ai4 #aefd ,lea1 iii1 #hf4 #aefe ,burke1 ii1 #eg4 #aeff ,id4 ii1 #fb-fc4 #aefg ,lea1 iii1 #efd4 #aefh ,id4 ii1 #ahg-hh4 #aefi ,lea1 ii1 #bhg2 ,burke1 ii1 #fg-fi4 #aegj ,burke1 ii1 #gg1 cit+ ,lafu5te1 ix1 #bcc4 #aega ,id4 cit+ ,b]g5ro?1 ,cal5d>1 etc4 i1 #cg4 #aegb ,ev5 z late z #aeia1 9 ,aragon1 :5 9 a riot aga9/ ! ,inquisition ! ,inquisitors b>ely escap$ ) _! lives4 ,burke1 ii1 #hj1 note4 #aegc ,id4 pp4 #ha-hb4 #aegd ,!re _h previ\sly be5 %>p social p]secution by ! ,corts1 9 #adhj1 on anti-,semitic gr\nds1 ! ,jews be+ !n deb>r$ f all ! pr(essions1 & ev5 f comm]ce4 ,!y 7 ?us driv5 to usury by ,*ri/ians1 :o latt]ly d5\nce ! race = usuri\sness4 ,cp4 ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 x1 ed4 #ahhd1 p4 #ae1 note4 #aege ,! numb] has be5 put z high z #hjj1jjj4 ,cp4 ,f4 ,d4 ,mocatta1 ,! ,jews & ! ,inquisition1 #ahgg1 p4 #ed2 ,e4 ,la ,rigaudire1 ,hi/4 des ,p]sc4 ,relig4 en ,espagne1 #ahfj1 pp4 #aab-ad2 ,prescott1 ,hi/4 ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,kirk's ed4 #ahhi1 p4 #cbc2 & refs4 9 ed4 ( ,buckle cit$1 p4 #eda4 #aegf ,llor5te1 ,hi/4 ,crit4 de l',inquis4 en ,espagne1 ed4 #ahah1 i1 #bhj4 ,z to ,llor5te's o!r e/imates1 :i* are ( d\btful value1 cp4 ,prescott's note1 ed4 cit$1 p4 #gdf4 ,b z to ,llor5te's g5]al cr$it1 see ! v9dication ( ,u4 ,r4 ,burke1 ii1 #he-hg4 #aegg ,llor5te1 i1 #bha4 #aegh ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,spa91 *4 viii4 #aegi ,cp4 ,la ,rigaudire1 pp4 #cji-ad2 ,buckle1 z cit$1 pp4 #ead1 #egj2 ,u4 ,r4 ,burke1 i1 #ei1 #he4 #aehj ,cp4 mile ,*>les1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,p>is1 #ahfa1 p4 #bc4 #aeha ,cp4 ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 ,ptie4 ii1 #ahhj1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gi4 #aehb ,?is sum ( libri has be5 tak5 by ,engli% writ]s to /& = ,engli% p\nds4 ,x may h[ev] h repres5t$ ,p>isian livres4 #aehc ,pr(4 ,brew]1 ,introd4 to ,op]a ,in$ita ( ,rog] ,bacon1 #ahei1 pp4 xiv-xxiii4 #aehd ,id4 p4 xlvi4 #aehe ,id4 p4 xxx1 sq4 #aehf ,id4 pp4 liv-lv4 #aehg ,comp5dium ,philosophi1 cap4 i1 9 ,op4 ,in$41 pp4 #cih-dja4 #aehh ,id4 p4 #dja4 ,cp4 p4 #dab z to ! multitude ( !ologians at ,p>is bani%$ = sodomy4 #aehi ,id4 p4 #dbb4 #aeij ,id4 cc4 ii-v1 pp4 #djd-cb4 #aeia ,brew]1 p4 xciii1 note1 cites ?is 9 an extract f ! ,*ronicle ( ,anton9us1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce1 a late writ] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :o gives no au?ority = 8 /atem5t4 ,dr4 ,bridges1 h[ev]1 0 enabl$ by ,m4 ,sabati] to trace ! passage back to ! ,,ms4 ,*ronica xxiv ,g5]alium ,ord9is ,m9orum1 :i* belongs to ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & ! passage1 z ,m4 ,sabati] rem>ks1 has all ! appe>ance ( be+ an extract f ! (ficial j\rnal ( ?is ,ord]4 7,bridges1 ,! ,opus ,majus ( ,rog] ,bacon1 ,suppl4 vol4 #aijj1 p4 #aeh47 #aeib ,il etait n rebelle4 ,le mpris sy/matique de l'autorit1 voil vraim5t ce qu'il pr(esse4 7,haurau1 ,ptie4 ,,ii1 ii1 #gf1 #he47 #aeic ,see ! sympa!tic acc\nts ( ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,hi/4 ( ,nat4 ,philos4 #ahcd1 pp4 #ajj-ab2 ,:ite1 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 i1 #cgi-ia4 #aeid ,erdmann1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,eng4 tr4 #crd ed4 i1 #dgf4 #aeie ,humboldt1 ,exam5 ,crit4 de l'hi/4 de la ,gographie1 #ahcf-ci1 i1 #fd-gj1 gives ! passages 9 ! ,opus ,majus & ! ,imago ,mundi1 & p>aphrase ( ! latt] 9 ,columbus's lett] to ,f]d9& & ,isabella f ,jamaica 7giv5 also 9 ,p4 ,l4 ,=d's ,writ+s ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 #ahib1 p4 #aii sq474 ,cp4 ,ellis's note to ,francis ,bacon's ,temporis ,p>tus ,masculus1 9 ,ellis & ,sp$d+'s ed4 ( ,bacon's ,works1 iii1 #ecd4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t ,columbus f\nd believ]s1 9 ! e>ly /age ( 8 und]tak+1 only 9 two fri>s1 "o a ,franciscan & "o a ,dom9ican4 ,see ,=d's ed4 ( ! ,writ+s1 p4 #ajg4 #aeif ,cp4 ,haurau1 ,ptie4 ,,ii1 ii1 #ie4 #aeig ,opus ,majus1 ,p>s ii1 cap4 #e4 #aeih ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 p4 #bfc4 ,bacon m5tions ,av]ros 9 ! ,opus ,majus1 ,p4 i1 cc4 #f1 #ae2 ,p4 ii1 c4 #ac2 ed4 ,bridges1 iii 7#aijj71 #ad1 #cc1 #fg4 ,9 ! passage la/ cit$ he calls him homo solidae sapi5tiae1 corrig5s multa priorum et add5s multa1 quamvis corrig5dus sit 9 aliquibus1 et 9 multis compl5dus4 #aeii ,see ! c>eful notice by ,pr(4 ,adamson 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 ,cp4 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #aeb-fj2 ,lewes1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 ii1 #gg-hg4 #afjj ,two ,engli%m51 ! ,c>melite ,john ( ,bacon?orpe 7d4 #acdf7 & ,walt] ,burleigh1 7 among ! or?odox ,av]ro/s2 ! latt] figur+ z a ,reali/ aga9/ ,william ( ,occam4 #afja ,leg5d ( ,good ,wom51 ll4 #ajci-dc2 ,p>liam5t ( ,f[ls1 ll4 #aii-bjj4 #afjb ,prologue to ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 #dch 7#ddj74 #afjc ,id4 #fec-fa 7#fee-fc74 ,cp4 ,tale ( ! ,wife ( ,ba?2 #a-be4 #afjd ,leg5d ( ,good ,wom51 prol4 ll4 #a-i2 ,knight's ,tale1 ll4 #aiea-ef 7#bhji-ad ( ,,ms4 gr\p ,a74 #afje ,! notion connects ) ! spuri\s ,pl\ghman's ,tale & ,pilgrim's ,tale1 z to :i* see ,l\nsbury1 z cit$1 i1 #dfj-gc2 ii1 #dfj-fi4 #afjf ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman1 ll4 #ehji sq4 ,wright's ed4 i1 #agi-hj4 #afjg ,*auc]'s ,boece1 ,b4 ,i4 ,prose iv4 ll4 #bbc-bf1 9 ,skeat's ,/ud5t's ,*auc]4 #afjh ,mo%eim1 #ad ,c5t4 ,pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #cf1 & note4 ,cp4 ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 *4 v1 #c1 ed4 #ahha1 p4 #bce4 #afji ,cp4 ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/4 *4 v1 #e2 ,mass+b]d1 ,! ,engli% ,re=mation1 p4 #aga4 #afaj ,cit$ by ,le*l]1 ,wycliffe & 8 ,engli% ,precursors1 ,eng4 tr4 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #ddj4 #afaa ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,montagu ,burr[s1 ,wiclif's ,place 9 ,hi/ory1 #ahhd1 p4 #di4 ,maitl& 7,eight ,essays1 #aheb7 sugge/$ d]ivation f ! movem5t ( ,abbot ,joa*im & o!rs ( t p]iod4 #afab ,wilk9s' ,concilia1 ii1 #abd4 #afac ,cp4 ,vaughan1 z cit$ by ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 p4 #djb4 #afad ,h>dwick1 pp4 #dag1 #dah4 ,! doctr9e ( purgatory 01 h[ev]1 soon r5\nc$ by ! ,loll>ds 7id4 p4 #dbj74 #afae ,see ! passages cit$ 9 ,lewis's ,life ( ,wiclif1 ed4 #ahbj1 pp4 #bbd-be4 ,cp4 ,burr[s1 z cit$1 p4 #ai2 ,le ,bas1 ,life ( ,wiclif1 #ahcb1 pp4 #ceg-ei4 #afaf ,le*l]1 ,wycliffe & 8 ,eng4 ,precursors1 pp4 #cga-gf2 ,h>dwick1 p4 #dab4 #afag ,cp4 ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/ory1 *4 v1 #d4 #afah ,le*l]1 p4 #bcf4 ,x =ms bk4 vi ( ,wiclif's !ological ,summa4 #afai ,baxt]1 9 8 address ,to ! d\bt+ & unbeliev+ read]s prefix$ to 8 ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #affg1 names ,savon>ola1 ,campanella1 ,fic9us1 ,vives1 ,mornay1 ,grotius1 ,cam]on1 & ,micraelius z def5d]s ( ! fai?1 b no writ] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #afbj ,cp4 ,le ,bas1 pp4 #cdb-dc2 & ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/43 ,middle ,age1 p4 #dae4 #afba ,le*l]1 p4 #bcf4 #afbb ,blunt1 ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 #ahib1 i1 #bhd1 & refs4 #afbc ,x is notewor?y t ,fr5* culture affect$ ! v vocabul>y ( ,dante1 z x did t ( 8 tea*]1 ,brunetto ,lat9i4 ,cp4 ,littr1 ,etudes sur les b>b>es et le moy5 ge1 #c;e dit4 pp4 #cii-djj4 ,! influ5ce ( ,fr5* lit]ature is fur!r se5 9 ,boccaccio1 & 9 ,italian lit]ature 9 g5]al f ! ?irte5? to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,gebh>t1 pp4 #bji-ba4 #afbd ,sa9tsbury1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,fr5* ,lit4 #ahhb1 p4 #eg4 #afbe ,passage n translat$ 9 ! old ,eng4 v]sion4 #afbf ,cp4 ,l5i5t1 pp4 #aei-fj4 #afbg ,l5i5t1 p4 #afi4 #afbh ,?is decl>ation1 z x happ5s1 is put 9 ! m\? ( ,false-,seem+1 b app>5tly ) no ironical int5tion4 #afbi ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la litt4 franaise1 p4 #acb4 #afcj ,id4 p4 #ace4 #afca ,duruy1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 ed4 #ahhj1 i1 #ddj-da2 ,gebh>t1 ,orig4 de la ,r5ais4 pp4 #b1 #ai1 #bd-bi1 #cb-ce1 #da-ej2 ,le ,cl]c & ,r5an1 ,hi/4 ,litt4 de la ,france au ,x,i,ve ,sicle1 i1 #d2 ii1 #abc2 ,littr1 tudes1 z cit$1 pp4 #dbd-bi4 #afcb ,duruy1 i1 #dji sq41 #ddi2 ,gebh>t1 pp4 #ce-da2 ,mor91 ,orig9es de la ,dmocratie3 ,la ,france au moy5 ge1 #c;e dit4 #ahfe1 p4 #cjd sq4 #afcc ,cp4 ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 vii1 ,r5aissance1 ,introd4 ii4 ,betwe5 ! ?irte5? & ! fifte5? c5turies1 he insi/s1 le j\r baisse horriblem5t4 #afcd ,ozanam1 ,dante1 #f;e dit4 pp4 #dg1 #gh1 #ajh-aj4 #afce ,littr1 tudes1 z cit$1 pp4 #daa-ac4 #afcf ,le ,cl]c1 z cit$1 p4 #bei2 ,gebh>t1 pp4 #dh-di4 #afcg ,sir ,james ,f4 ,/eph51 ,hor ,sabbatic1 #ahib1 i1 #db4 #afch ,! ,italians said ( ! ,fr5* ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi 7#acdb-eb7 t he _h small religion4 ,m4 ,villani1 ,cronica1 iii1 #dc 7ed4 #aeed74 #afci ,cp4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,arnold1 ,lect4 on ,mod4 ,hi/4 #d? ed4 pp4 #aaa-ah2 ,buckle1 #c vol4 ed4 i1 #cbf-bg 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #ahe72 ,/eph51 z cit$1 i1 #aba4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ,com9es's :ole m9d 0 haunt$ at all times & at e po9t by a belief 9 an invisible & imm5sely p[]ful & artful man :om he call$ ,god 7la/ cit$74 #afdj ,buckle1 i1 #cbi 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #ahf74 #afda ,buckle1 ii1 #acc 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #cfa72 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 iii1 #cie-if4 ,religi\s c]emonies 7 atta*$ to ! initiation ( knights 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,seignobos1 ,hi/4 de la ,civilisation1 ii1 #ae4 #afdb ,duruy1 i1 #cfh1 #cgc-gd4 ,cp4 ,j4 ,jolly1 ,philippe le ,bel1 #ahfi1 l4 iii1 *4 iv1 p4 #bdi4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,philippe _h = ye>s be5 sorely press$ = money to retrieve 8 milit>y disa/]s4 ,see ,h4 ,h]vieu1 ,re*]*es sur les premi]s tats gnraux1 #ahgi1 pp4 #hi sq41 #ii sq4 ,he us$ 8 ill-gott5 ga9s to re/ore ! curr5cy1 :i* he _h debas$4 ,id4 pp4 #aja-ajb4 #afdc ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 scola/ique1 ,ptie ,,ii1 vol4 ii1 #cei-fj4 #afdd ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 p4 #bfe4 ,cp4 ,vill>i1 ,life & ,times ( ,ma*iavelli1 ii1 #fd-fg2 ,tullo ,mass>ani1 ,/udii di politica e di /oria1 #b;a ed4 #ahii1 pp4 #aab-ac2 ,ne&]1 ,*4 ,hi/4 ,eng4 tr4 #ahee1 ix1 #cc4 #afde ,poole1 pp4 #bff-gf4 ,cp4 ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,middle ,age1 #ahec1 pp4 #cdf-dg4 #afdf ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dfa-fb4 #afdg ,8 7,occam's7 philosophy is t ( c5turies lat]4 7,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #adh4 ,cp4 pp4 #aej-ea47 #afdh ,cp4 ,h>dwick1 p4 #cgg1 & ,rettb]g1 z !re cit$4 #afdi ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #ge-gf2 ,mo%eim1 #ad ,c4 pt4 ii1 *4 iii1 #e4 ,z to 8 religi\s bigotry1 see ,milman1 p4 #adb1 notes4 #afej ,ueb]weg1 i1 #dfj-fd2 cp4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations1 pp4 #bge-ha4 #afea ,james ,mill1 ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ed4 #ahfi1 i1 #bej-ea4 #afeb ,cp4 ,ueb]weg1 p4 #dfd4 ,mr4 ,poole's judgm5t 7p4 #bhj7 t ,occam />ts f ! po9t ( view ( a !ologian h>dly does ju/ice to 8 attitude t[>ds !ology4 ,occam _h inde$ to pr(ess acceptance ( !ology2 b he c\ld n well h made less acc\nt ( its claims4 #afec ,ueb]weg1 pp4 #dfe-ff4 #afed ,id4 p4 #dff4 #afee ,id4 ib4 #afef ,poole1 p4 #bha4 #afeg ,ullmann1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation1 i1 #cg1 cit+ ,john ( ,go*1 ,de lib]tate ,*ri/iana1 lib4 i1 cc4 #ag1 #ah4 ,comp>e ! ,av]ro/ propositions ( #abfi-abgg1 giv5 above1 pp4 #cai-bj4 #afeh ,lange1 ,ges*4 des ,mat]ialismus1 i1 #ahg-hh 7,eng4 tr4 i1 #bbe-bf74 #afei ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #afd4 #affj ,g]v9us1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,di*tung1 #ete ,ausg4 i1 #dhi-ii4 ,ev5 9 ! p]iod be=e ! ,m9nes+]s ! cl]ical poetry _h its anti-cl]ical side4 ,id4 p4 #aid4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury ,nigellus ,wirek] satiriz$ ! monks 9 8 ,brunellus1 seu speculum /ultorum4 ,m5zel1 ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*51 ,cap4 #beb4 ,see ,m5zel's note1 be=e cit$1 = a rem>kable outbreak ( anti-cl]ical if n anti-,*ri/ian satire1 9 ! =m ( sculpture 9 an anci5t c>v+ 9 ! ,/rasburg ,ca!dral4 #affa ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] relig4 ,aufklrung1 ii1 #fb-fc2 ,g]v9us1 i1 #ebc2 ii1 #fi2 ,kurtz1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,litt]atur1 #ahec1 i1 #dbh1 col4 #b4 #affb ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*r41 ix1 #abe4 ,alb]t 0 an ,ari/otelian--a circum/ance :i* makes sad havoc ( ,m5zel's proposition 7,ges*i*te1 ,cap4 #bea7 t ! ,g]man _s did n take naturally to ,ari/otle4 ,m5zel puts ! fact & ! !ory on opposite pages4 #affc ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ix1 #beh4 ,cp4 p4 #bfa4 #affd ,= a full acc\nt ( ,eckh>t's tea*+ see ,dr4 ,a4 ,lasson's monograph 7 #ajf7 9 ,ueb]weg's ,hi/4 ( ,philos41 i1 #dfg-hd2 also ,ullmann1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ,ref41 ii1 #bc-ca4 ,cp4 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ,inquis41 ii1 #ced-ei1 #cfb-fi1 z to ! sects4 ,z to ,taul]1 see ,milman1 ix1 #bee-ef4 ,he oppos$ ! m advanc$ pan!ism ( ! ,begh>ds4 ,id4 p4 #bfb4 #affe ,9 ! #djj ye>s foll[+ its publication !re 7 publi%$ ov] #f1jjj sep>ate editions4 #afff ,bk4 i1 *4 ii1 #a1 #b4 #affg ,bk4 i1 *4 iii4 #a1 #b4 #affh ,id4 #e4 #affi ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds writes t 9 ! age ( ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio :at we call ! ,r5aissance _h n yet arriv$ 7,r5aissance 9 ,italy3 ,age ( ! ,despots1 ed4 #ahig1 p4 #i74 #afgj ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 #c;e dit4 pp4 #bhj-hb1 #bie2 ,lewes1 ,hi/4 ( ,philos41 #d? ed4 ii1 #fg2 ,reut]1 ,ges*4 d] relig4 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt]1 i1 #aci-da4 ,x is notewor?y t ! tr\bad\r1 ,au/ore d',orlac1 9 curs+ ! crusades & ! cl]gy :o promot$ !m1 sugge/s t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld turn ,moslems1 see+ t ,god is on ! side ( ! unbeliev]s 7,giesel]1 ,p]4 ,,iii4 ,div4 ,,iii1 #eh1 note #a74 #afga ,cp4 ,burckh>dt1 ,civ4 ( ! ,r5ais4 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr4 ed4 #ahib1 pp4 #dij1 #dib4 #afgb ,id4 p4 #ccc4 #afgc ,h>dwick1 p4 #ced1 note4 #afgd ,cp4 ,h>dwick1 p4 #cfa2 ,janus1 ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 p4 #cjh4 #afge ,burckh>dt1 p4 #dig1 note4 #afgf ,vill>i1 ,life & ,times ( ,ma*iavelli1 ,eng4 tr4 #crd ed4 vol4 i1 introd4 p4 #aae4 ,cp4 ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #ce1 #bbf4 #afgg ,z to its hi/ory see ,janus1 ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 p4 #aca sq4 #afgh ,vill>i1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #ih1 #ajh4 #afgi ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t he did n detect1 or at lea/ did n decl>e1 ! spuri\sness ( ! text ( ! ?ree witnesses 7,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 iii1 #eh1 note74 ,"h ! piety ( ,alfonso1 :o knew 8 ,bible by he>t1 may h re/ra9$ him4 #afhj ,see ! passages transcrib$ by ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 i1 #adh4 #afha ,vill>i1 z la/ cit$1 pp4 #ih-aja4 #afhb ,cp4 ,gebh>t1 ,r5aissance en ,italie1 pp4 #gb-gc2 ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #deh-fe2 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 i1 #e-d4 ,! au?ors ( ! mo/ sc&al\s satires 7 !mselves mo/ly monks or b5fic$ prie/s4 7,burckh>dt1 p4 #dfe47 #afhc ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #dea-fa2 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy3 ,! ,age ( ! ,despots1 ed4 #ahig1 p4 #cei2 ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #aec4 #afhd ,see x well analys$ by ,ow51 pp4 #adg-fj4 ,cp4 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 i1 #aii4 ,m4 ,p]r5s describes ,pulci z emancipat$ f all belief2 b holds t he bant]$ ! fai? )\t ! lea/ design ( attack+ religion 7,la ,civilisation flor5t9e1 p4 #aea74 ,b cp4 ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #aei-fj4 #afhe ,ow51 p4 #afj4 ,s also ,hunt1 & ! editor ( ! ,p>naso ,italiano1 !re cit$4 #afhf ,bel[1 #d4 #afhg ,above1 p4 #cfa4 #afhh ,lea1 ii1 #bga-gb4 ,cp4 pp4 #bhb-hd4 #afhi ,burckh>dt1 p4 #ejb4 #afij ,id4 p4 #ejj4 #afia ,id4 p4 #ejb4 #afib ,id4 p4 #ejc1 note4 #afic ,cp4 ,r4 ,c4 ,*ri/ie's essay1 ,pomponatius--a ,skeptic1 9 8 ,select$ ,essays & ,pap]s1 #aijb1 pp4 #aca-cb2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #cde-ceb4 #afid ,comm4 9 ,ari/ot4 de ,g54 et ,corr41 lib4 i1 fol4 #bi ,g4 cit$ by ,ellis 9 note on ,bacon1 :o quotes a v]sion ( ! phrase 9 ! ,de ,augm5tis1 ,b4 v1 end4 ,z to ,nifo see ,n\rrisson1 ,ma*iavel1 #ahge1 *4 xii4 #afie ,z to ribald blasphemies by ! ,roman cl]gy see ,erasmus1 ,epi/4 xxvi1 #cd 7ed4 le ,cl]c71 cit$ by ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,middle ,age1 p4 #cgh1 note4 #afif ,lit4 ,hi/4 ( ,europe1 i1 #adb4 ,foll[+ ,ei*horn1 ,hallam notes v9dications by ,m>silio ,fic9o1 ,alfonso de ,sp9a 7a conv]t$ ,jew71 neas ,sylvius1 & ,pico di ,mir&ola2 obs]v+ t ! "w ( ! fir/-nam$ diff]s little f mod]n apologies ( ! same class4 #afig ,cp4 ,ranke1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 ,bohn tr4 ed4 #aijh1 i1 #eh4 #afih ,epi/4 above cit$2 ,burigni1 ,vie d',erasme1 #ageg1 i1 #adh-di4 #afii ,paul ,can5sius1 cit$ by ,ranke4 #agjj ,?is view seems to solve ! my/]y z to ,p]ug9o's cre$4 ,vas>i 7ed4 ,milanesi1 iii1 #ehi7 calls him p]sona di assai poca religione4 ,mezzanotte 7,della vita di ,p4 ,vanucci1 etc4 #ahcf1 p4 #agb sq47 indignantly rejects ! /atem5t1 b notes t 9 ,ciatti's ,,ms4 annals ( ,p]ugia1 ad ann4 #aebd1 ! m9d ( ! pa9t] is said to h be5 come una tavola rasa 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,mezzanotte holds t ,pietro has be5 !re conf\nd$ ) a lat] ,p]ugian pa9t]4 #agja ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,framm5ti lett]>i e filos(ici1 trascelti p> ,dr4 ,edmondo ,solmi4 ,fir5ze1 #aijj4 ,p5si]i sulla sci5za1 #ai1 #bj4 #agjb ,ib4 #ad1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #ib4 #agjc ,ib4 #cf-ch1 #da4 #agjd ,"s ( ! humani/s call$ him unlett]$ 7omo s5za lett]e71 & he calls !m g5te /olta1 a fooli% tribe4 #agje ,ib4 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #eh1 #fj1 #fc1 etc4 #agjf ,ib4 #de4 #agjg ,ib4 #cj4 #agjh ,ib4 #eg4 #agji ,ib4 #ff4 ,cp4 #fg-fi4 #agaj ,id4 ,p5si]i sulla natura4 #hj-hf4 #agaa ,%ortly aft] ,leon>do we f9d ,girolamo ,fraca/orio 7#adhc-aeec7 develop+ ! criticism fur!r1 & 9 p>ticul> dispos+ ( ! futile =mula1 resort$ to by ! sci5tific apriori/s ( ! "t1 t ! pla/ic =ce ( nature creat$ fossils l o!r ?+s4 #agab ,id4 ,p5si]i sulla morale1 passim4 #agac ,ib4 #g4 #agad ,ib4 #dd1 #de4 #agae ,ib4 #df1 #dg4 #agaf ,cp4 ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #ebd1 #eda1 notes2 ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #abd4 ,x 0 easy to see by 8 words t he hop$ = ! re/oration ( ! pagan religion 7,id4 ,life ( ,savon>ola1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #ea74 #agag ,only a few fragm5ts ( x survive4 ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,savon>ola1 p4 #ea4 #agah ,c>ri]e1 ,philos4 ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit1 #ahdg1 p4 #ac4 #agai ,cp4 ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #abh-cd4 #agbj ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 ,hi/4 de ,flor5ce 7#adcd-aeca71 i1 #beh4 #agba ,id4 p4 #beg4 ,cp4 ,vill>i1 ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #acb2 ,savon>ola1 p4 #fj4 #agbb ,( ! majority ( ! tw5ty-two languages he 0 suppos$ to h /udi$1 he knew little m ?an ! alphabet & ! elem5ts ( gramm> 7,vill>i1 ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #ace74 ,z to ,pico's "*1 :i* 0 n sa9tly1 see ,p]r5s1 ,hi/oire1 z cit$1 i1 #efa-fb4 #agbc ,cp4 ,greswell1 ,memoirs ( ,politianus1 ,picus1 etc4 #bnd ed4 #ahje1 #bce2 ,mc,crie1 ,! ,re=mation 9 ,italy1 ed4 #ahef1 p4 #cc1 note4 #agbd ,greswell1 pp4 #ccj-ca4 #agbe ,cp4 ,k4 ,m4 ,sau]1 ,ges*4 d] itali54 ,litt]atur1 #ahhc1 p4 #aji2 ,vill>i1 ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #ach4 #agbf ,vill>i1 ,ma*iavelli1 i1 #acc4 #agbg ,greswell1 pp4 #cca-cb4 #agbh ,discorsi sopra ,tito ,livio1 i1 #ab4 #agbi ,i/orie fior5t9e1 liv4 i2 ,discorsi1 i1 #ab4 #agcj ,discorsi1 ii1 #b4 #agca ,= ano!r po9t ( view see ,ow51 z cit$1 p4 #afg4 #agcb ,9 ! ,italian translation ( ,bacon's essays1 made = ,bacon 9 #afah by an ,engli% h&1 ,ma*iavelli is br&$ 9 "o passage z an impio1 & 9 ano!r 8 "n is dropp$4 ,see ,r\tl$ge ed4 ( ,bacon's ,works1 pp4 #gdi1 #gea4 ,! admir+ ,paolo ,giovio call$ him irrisor et a!os2 & ,c>d9al ,pole said ! ,pr9ce 0 s full ( e k9d ( irreligion t x might h be5 writt5 by ! h& ( ,satan 7,n\rrisson1 ,ma*iavel1 #ahge1 p4 #d74 #agcc ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #dii-ejj4 ,cp4 ,ow51 pp4 #afe-fh4 ,x is ?us impossible to be sure ( ! tru? ( ! /atem5t ( ,gregorovius 7,lucrezia ,borgia1 ,eng4 tr4 #aijd1 p4 #be7 t ,!re 7 no wom5 skeptics or free?9k]s2 !y w\ld h be5 impossible 9 ! society ( t day4 ,:]e dissimulation ( unbelief 0 necess>ily habitual1 !re may h be5 "s wom5 unbeliev]s z well z _m m54 #agcd ,ow5's *>act]ization ( ,ma*iavelli's ,as9o d'oro z a satire on ! free?\ght ( 8 age 7p4 #agg7 w n /& inve/igation4 ,see 8 own note1 p4 #agh4 #agce ,discorsi1 i1 #ef4 #agcf ,z we saw1 ,polybius 9 8 day took a simil> view1 com+ z he did f ,greece1 :]e milit>y failure _h foll[$ on a c]ta9 gr[? ( unbelief4 ,ma*iavelli 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,polybius4 ,vill>i1 ii1 #i4 #agcg ,cp4 ,tullo ,mass>ani1 ,/udii di lett]atura e d'arte1 #ahji1 p4 #if4 #agch ,discorsi1 i1 #ae4 #agci ,id4 i1 #aa1 end4 #agdj ,vill>i1 ii1 #ic-id4 #agda ,burckh>dt1 p4 #dfd2 ,ow51 p4 #ahj1 & refs4 #agdb ,ow51 p4 #aha4 ,see ! :ole acc\nt ( ,guicci>d9i's r confus$ op9ions4 #agdc ,?\gh ,italy _h mo/ ( :at sci5tific k exi/$4 ,burckh>dt1 p4 #bib4 #agdd ,a man might at ! same "t be condemn$ z a h]etic 9 ,spa9 = affirm+1 & 9 ,italy = d5y+1 ! reality ( ! wit*es' nightly rides 7,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 p4 #beh74 #agde ,! ,pope & ! ,c\ncil1 pp4 #bdi-fa4 ,x 0 ano!r ,sp9a :o wrote on ! o!r side4 #agdf ,f4 ,fior5t9o1 ,pietro ,pomponazzi1 #ahfh1 p4 #cj4 #agdg ,ow51 pp4 #aig-ih2 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 pp4 #cec-fb2 ,*ri/ie1 z cit$1 p4 #acc4 #agdh ,cp4 ,ow51 pp4 #bja1 #bah2 ,lange1 i1 #ahc-hg 7tr4 i1 #bbj-be74 ,he1 h[ev]1 grant$ t ! mass ( mank9d1 bruti% & mat]ializ$1 ne$$ ! belief 9 heav5 & hell to moralize !m 7,*ri/ie1 pp4 #adj-da74 #agdi ,?is pr9ciple1 ?\gh d]iv+ f ,av]rosm1 & condemn$1 z we h se51 by ,pope ,john ,,xxi1 _h be5 affirm$ by s high an or?odox au?ority z ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,cp4 ,ow51 pp4 #baa-ab1 note4 ,:ile ?us (ficially recogniz$1 x 0 ( c\rse d5\nc$ by ! dev\t :5 !y saw h[ x avail$ to save h]etics f h>m4 ,mr4 ,ow5 has well po9t$ out 7p4 #bch7 ! inconsi/5cy ( ! believ]s :o ma9ta9 t fai? is indep5d5t ( reason1 & yet d5\nce z blasphem\s ! pr(ession to believe by fai? :at is n intelligible by philosophy4 #agej ,ow51 pp4 #bji1 note4 ,son cole e/ une cole de laques4 de mdec9s1 d'esprits =ts1 de libres p5seurs 7,b\illi]1 ,hi/4 de la philos4 c>tsi5ne1 #ahed1 i1 #c74 #agea ,ow54 p4 #baj2 ,*ri/ie1 p4 #aea4 #ageb ,*ri/ie1 pp4 #ada-dg4 #agec ,id4 p4 #adi4 #aged ,burckh>dt1 p4 #bia4 #agee ,gebh>t1 pp4 #ei-fc2 ,burckh>dt1 p4 #baa4 #agef ,cp4 ,burckh>dt1 p4 #bia4 #ageg ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #bgi-hj2 ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,ma*iavelli1 pp4 #ajf-ajg4 #ageh ,burckh>dt1 pt4 iii1 *4 xi4 #agei ,dr4 ,ra%dall1 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahie1 i1 #bfe4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 ,av]t4 #agfj ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 pp4 #bac1 #dbj-ba4 #agfa ,notice ( ,bonav5ture ,desp]i]s1 by ,bibliophile ,jacob i4e4 ,lacroix1 9 #ahda ed4 ( ,cymbalum ,mundi1 etc4 #agfb ,= a solution ( ! enigma ( ! title see ! ,clef ( ,eloi ,johanneau 9 ed4 cit$1 p4 #hc4 ,cymbalum mundi 0 a nickname giv5 9 antiquity to 7among o!rs7 an ,alex&rian gramm>ian call$ ,didymus--! "n ( d\bt+ ,?omas 9 ! gospel4 ,! book is d$icat$ by ,?omas ,du ,clevi] son ami ,pi]re ,tyrocan1 :i* is f\nd to be1 ) "o lett] alt]$ 7p]haps by a pr9t]'s error71 an anagram = ,?omas ,incrdule son ami ,pi]re ,croyant1 ,unbeliev+ ,?omas to 8 fri5d ,believ+ ,pet]4 ,clef cit$1 pp4 #hj-he4 #agfc ,orig51 ,aga9/ ,celsus1 vi1 #gh4 #agfd ,! read9ess ( piety 9 all ages to inv5t frightful dea?s = unbeliev]s mu/ be rememb]$ 9 connection ) ?is & o!r records4 ,cp4 ,notice cit$1 p4 xx1 & note4 ,! au?ority = ?is is ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 ,apologie p\r ,hrodote1 liv4 i1 *s4 #ah1 end1 & #bf4 #agfe ,s ,*>les ,nodi]1 cit$ 9 ! ,notice by ,bibliophile ,jacob1 pp4 xxiii-xxiv4 ,! ,engli% translator ( #agbc pr(ess$ to see no unbelief 9 ! book4 #agff ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s en ,france au ,x,v,i,ie sicle1 #ahif1 p4 #da4 #agfg ,notice hi/orique 9 ,bibliophile ,jacob's ed4 ( ,rabelais1 #ahda2 ,/apf]1 ,rabelais1 pp4 #f1 #aj2 ,w4 ,f4 ,smi?1 biog4 n4 to 8 trans4 ( ,rabelais1 #ahic1 i1 p4 xxii4 #agfh ,ra!ry1 notice biog4 to ed4 ( ,burgaud des ,m>ets1 i1 #ab4 ,jacob's acc\nt ( 8 relations ) 8 fri5ds ,bud & ,amy at ?is /age is errone\s4 ,see ,ra!ry1 p4 #ad4 #agfi ,le ,d\ble1 ,rabelais anatomi/e et physiologi/e1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ab1 #dbe2 & pref4 by ,pr(essor ,duval1 p4 xiii2 ,/apf]1 p4 #db2 ,a4 ,tilley1 ,franois ,rabelais1 #aijg1 pp4 #gd-gf4 #aggj ,9 ! same ye> he 0 induc$ to publi% :at turn$ out to be two spuri\s docum5ts purport+ to be anci5t ,roman rema9s4 ,see ,heulh>d1 ,rabelais lgi/e1 & ,jacob1 ,notice1 p4 xviii4 #agga ,ra!ry1 p4 #bc4 #aggb ,jacob1 p4 xix4 #aggc ,z to ?is see ,tilley1 p4 #ec4 #aggd ,see x at ! end ( ! ed4 ( ,bibliophile ,jacob4 #agge ,cp4 ,/apf]1 pp4 #bd-be2 ,ra!ry1 p4 #bf4 #aggf ,ra!ry1 p4 #cj4 #aggg ,cp4 ,jacob1 ,notice1 p4 xxxviii2 ,smi?1 ii1 #ebd4 #aggh ,ra!ry1 p4 #ga2 ,/apf]1 pp4 #db-dc4 #aggi ,/apf]1 p4 #ec4 #aghj ,jacob1 p4 xxxix4 #agha ,ra!ry1 pp4 #dd-di4 ,! notion ( ,lacroix1 t ,rabelais visit$ ,engl&1 has no evid5ce to support x4 ,cp4 ,ra!ry1 p4 #di1 & ,smi?1 p4 xxiii4 #aghb ,cp4 ,jacob1 p4 lx4 ,ramus himself1 = 8 attacks on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 0 call$ an a!i/4 ,cp4 ,wadd+ton1 ,ramus1 sa vie1 etc41 #ahee1 p4 #abf4 #aghc ,see ! li/ 9 ! av]tissem5t ( ,m4 ,burgaud des ,m>ets to d4 ,firm9 ,didot4 ,cp4 ,/apf]1 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 ,= example1 ! !ologian :o makes ! ludicr\s spee* 9 ,liv4 i1 *4 xix1 becomes 7*s4 #ah & #bj7 a sophi/2 & ! sorboni/es1 sorbonicoles1 & sorbonagres ( *s4 #bj & #ba become m]e mai/res1 magi/res1 & sophi/es likewise4 #aghd ,x is d\btful :e!r ,rabelais wrote ! :ole ( ! notice prefix$ to ! next edition1 9 :i* ?is attack 0 made2 b x seems cle> t he _h a h& 9 x 7,tilley1 ,franois ,rabelais1 p4 #hg74 #aghe ,r4 ,*ri/ie1 ti5ne ,dolet1 pp4 #cfi-gb4 ,*ri/ie1 9 8 vacillat+ way1 sev]ely blames ,dolet1 & !n admits t ! book may h be5 pr9t$ :ile ,dolet 0 9 prison1 & t 9 any case !re 0 no malice 9 ! matt]4 ,?is po9t1 & ! p]si/5t ,ca?olic calumnies aga9/ ,dolet1 are exam9$ by ! au?or 9 art4 ,! ,tru? ab\t ti5ne ,dolet1 9 ,national ,re=m]1 ,june #b & #i1 #ahhi4 #aghf ,epi/re1 pref4 to ,liv4 iv4 ,ed4 ,jacob1 p4 #cah4 #aghg ,cp4 ,w4 ,f4 ,smi?'s trans4 ( ,rabelais1 #ahic1 ii1 p4 x4 ,9 ?is book1 h[ev]1 o!r h&s h c]ta9ly be5 at "w4 ,rabelais left x unf9i%$4 #aghh ,jacob1 ,notice1 p4 lxiii2 ,/apf]1 p4 #gf4 #aghi ,s ,ra!ry1 p4 #fj2 & ,/apf]1 p4 #gh4 ,jacob1 p4 lxii1 says he resign$ only "o4 ,ra!ry makes ! po9t cle> by giv+ a copy ( ! act ( resignation z to ,meudon4 #agij ,a ,disc\rse 444 aga9/ ,ni*olas ,ma*iavel1 ,eng4 tr4 7#aegg71 ed4 #afjh1 ,epi/4 d$4 p4 #b4 #agia ,liv4 iv1 *4 xliii4 #agib ,liv4 iii1 *4 xxiii4 #agic ,liv4 iv1 *4 xlv-xlviii4 #agid ,liv4 iv1 *4 xlix sq4 #agie ,liv4 iv1 *4 xxxii4 #agif ,pr(4 ,/apf]1 ,rabelais1 sa p]sonne1 son gnie1 son oeuvre1 #ahhi1 pp4 #cfe-fh4 ,cp4 ! ,notice ( ,bibliophile ,jacob1 ed4 #ahda ( ,rabelais1 pp4 lvii-lviii2 & ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #ci4 ,9 8 y\? he affirm$ ! doctr9e4 ,/apf]1 p4 #bc4 #agig ,cp4 ,r5 ,millet1 ,rabelais1 #ahib1 pp4 #agb-hj4 #agih ,liv4 iii1 *4 xxxvi4 #agii ,! description ( him by "o ,fr5* biograph]1 ,m4 ,b\lmi] 7,e/i5ne ,dolet1 #aheg71 z le ,*ri/ de la p5se libre is a gross extravagance4 ,dolet 0 sub/antially or?odox1 & ev5 anti-,prote/ant1 ?\gh he d5\nc$ ! cruel usage ( ,prote/ants4 #ahjj ,wallace 7,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 #ahej1 ii4 #b7 ass]ts t ,dolet n only became a conv]t to ! op9ions ( ,s]vetus1 b a zeal\s propagator ( !m4 ,= ?is !re is n a %ad[ ( evid5ce4 #ahja ,cp4 ,voltaire1 ,lettres sur ,rabelais1 etc4 i4 #ahjb ,cp4 au?or's art4 above cit$2 ,r4 ,c4 ,*ri/ie1 ti5ne ,dolet1 #bnd ed4 #ahij1 p4 #ajj2 ,octave ,galti]1 ti5ne ,dolet 7,n4,d471 pp4 #ff1 #id1 etc4 #ahjc ,*ri/ie1 z cit$1 pp4 #ej-eh1 #aje-ajf2 ,galti]1 p4 #bf sq4 #ahjd ,x is to ?is t ,rabelais alludes 7ii1 #e7 :5 he tells h[ at ,t\l\se !y /uck n to burn _! reg5ts alive l r$ h]r+s4 #ahje ,*ri/ie1 p4 #hj4 #ahjf ,liv4 iii1 *4 xxix4 #ahjg ,*ri/ie1 p4 #hf4 #ahjh ,"o ( 8 enemies wrote ( him t prison 0 8 c\ntry--patria ,doleti4 #ahji ,procs d',e/i5ne ,dolet1 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 p4 #aa2 ,galti]1 pp4 #fe-gj2 ,*ri/ie1 pp4 #chi-ij4 #ahaj ,procs1 p4 viii42 ,galti]1 p4 #gh4 #ahaa ,galti]1 p4 #aja sq42 ,*ri/ie1 p4 #dfa4 #ahab ,a mod]n ,fr5* judge1 ! ,presid5t ,baudri]1 0 f\nd to affirm t ! laws1 ?\gh unduly sev]e1 7 nei!r unduly nor unfairly press$ aga9/ ,dolet6 ,*ri/ie1 p4 #dga4 #ahac ,conc]n+ :om see ,*ri/ie1 z cit$1 pp4 #bi #ja4 #ahad ,tilley1 z la/ cit$1 p4 #fi4 #ahae ,*ri/ie1 p4 #cag4 #ahaf ,*ri/ie1 z cit$1 pp4 #dfe-fg2 ,lutt]o?1 ,la ,re=mation en ,france p5dant sa premire priode1 #ahej1 pp4 #ci-dj2 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,m4 ,baird1 ,rise ( ! ,hugu5ots1 #ahhj1 i1 #bdj sq4 #ahag ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #dc2 ,pat91 ,lettres1 ed4 ,reveill-,p>ise1 #ahdf1 i1 #baj4 #ahah ,wrio!sley's ,*ronicle 7,camd5 ,society1 #ahge71 pp4 #ajg-ajh4 #ahai ,nodi]1 quot$ by ,bibliophile ,jacob 9 ed4 ( ,cymbalum ,mundi1 z cit$1 p4 xviii4 #ahbj ,cp4 ,brantome1 ,des dames illu/res1 ,o,euvres1 ed4 #ahch1 ii1 #ahf4 #ahba ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,m>gu]ite de ,nav>re 7! ,fir/71 notes ,f & ,g4 #ahbb ,bayle1 note ,n4 ,cp4 ,nodi]1 z cit$1 p4 xix1 z to ! collaboration ( ,desp]i]s & o!rs4 #ahbc ,bayle1 art4 ,rons>d1 note ,d4 #ahbd ,g>asse1 ,la ,doctr9e ,curieuse des ,beaux ,esprits de ce ,temps1 #afbc1 pp4 #abf-bg4 ,rons>d repli$ to ! *>ge 9 8 poem1 ,des misres du temps4 #ahbe ,bayle1 art4 ,rons>d1 note ,o4 ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #dc4 #ahbf ,,ms4 #aehh4 ,fir/ pr9t$ 9 #ahda by ,guhrau]1 aga9 9 #aheg by ,l4 ,noack4 #ahbg ,z be=e not$1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to use ! ^w4 ,cp4 ,le*l]1 ,ges*i*te des englis*5 ,deismus1 pp4 #ca1 #dee1 notes4 #ahbh ,bayle1 art4 ,bod91 note ,o4 ,cp4 ,r5an1 ,av]ros1 #c;e dit4 p4 #dbd2 & ! ,lettres de ,gui ,pat91 iii1 #fgi 7lett] ( #bg juillet1 #affh71 cit$ by ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #dc4 ,leibnitz1 9 an e>ly lett] to ,jac4 ,?omasius1 speaks ( ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,colloquium1 !n 9 circulation1 z prov+ its writ] to be ! pr(ess$ enemy ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 add+3 ,van9i's dialogues are a trifle 9 comp>ison4 7,philosophis*e ,s*rift51 ed4 ,g]h>dt1 i1 #bf2 ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,sp9oza1 p4 #gg47 ,c>ri]e1 h[ev]1 notes 7,weltans*auung1 p4 #cag7 t 9 lat] ye>s ,leibnitz le>n$ to prize ,bod9's treatise highly4 #ahbi ,cp4 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 i1 #ff1 #hg-ia4 ,9 ! ,rpublique too he has a *apt] on a/rology1 to :i* he leans some:at4 #ahcj ,rpublique1 ,liv4 iv1 *4 ii4 #ahca ,id4 ,liv4 iv1 *4 vii4 ,bod9 9 ?is sophi/ry 0 und\bt$ly ins9c]e 7,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #aei74 #ahcb ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s4 p4 #dc4 #ahcc ,cp4 ,villema91 ,vie de ,l',hopital1 9 tudes de l'hi/4 mod]ne1 #ahdf4 pp4 #cfc-fh1 #dbh4 #ahcd ,buckle 7#c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #aj2 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #bia7 errs 9 repres5t+ ,l',hopital z ! only /atesman ( ! "t :o dreamt ( tol]ation4 ,x is to be not$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,hugu5ots !mselves prote/$ aga9/ any tol]ation ( a!i/s or ,anabapti/s2 & ev5 ! reput$ free?9k] ,gabriel ,naud1 writ+ 8 ,sci5ce des ,pr9ces1 ou ,considrations politiques sur les ,c\ps d'tat1 9 #afci1 def5d$ ! massacre on political gr\nds 7,ow51 ,skeptics ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 p4 #dgj1 note74 ,bod9 implicitly execrat$ x4 ,cp4 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #afb4 #ahce ,villema91 p4 #dbi4 #ahcf ,g>asse1 ,doctr9e ,curieuse1 pp4 #abebf2 ,mmoires de ,g>asse1 ed4 ,*4 ,nis>d1 #ahfj1 pp4 #gg-gh2 ,p]r5s1 p4 #dc4 #ahcg ,bibliophile ,jacob1 ,introd4 to ,b]oalde de ,v]ville4 #ahch ,e/i5ne's full title is3 ,l',introduction au trait de la con=mit des m]veilles1 anci5nes avec les mod]nes3 ou1 ,trait prp>atif l',apologie p\r ,hrodote4 #ahci ,apologie p\r ,hrodote1 ed4 #afjg1 pp4 #ig1 #bdi 7liv4 i1 *s4 xiv1 xviii47 ,cymbalum ,mundi1 ed4 ,bibliophile ,jacob1 pp4 xx1 #ac4 #ahdj ,! index 0 specially fram$ to call att5tion to ^! items4 ,! entry1 ,fables des dieux des pay5s c\s9es g]ma9es des leg5des des sa9ts1 is typical4 #ahda ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,ca/alion2 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #ha2 ,lecky1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ii1 #df-di4 ,hallam f9ds ,ca/alio's lett] to ! ,duke ( ,wirtemb]g cauti\s2 b ,lecky quotes "s /rong expressions f :at he describes z ! preface ( ,m>t9 ,bellius 7,ca/alio's pseudonym7 to ,clut5's ,de ,ha]eticis p]sequ5dis1 ed4 #afaj4 ,ca/alio di$ 9 #aefc4 ,z to 8 translations f ! ,bible1 see ,bayle's note4 #ahdb ,hallam1 ii1 #hc2 ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,italy1 ed4 #ahef1 p4 #bca4 #ahdc ,ev5 ,/hel9 7,johannes ,calv91 ii1 #cjc7 condemns ,calv9's action & tone t[>ds ,ca/alio1 ?\gh he makes ! significant rem>k t ! latt] treat$ ! ,bible pretty mu* z any o!r book4 #ahdd ,hat*1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #afi4 #ahde ,burckh>dt1 p4 #aie4 #ahdf ,pr(4 ,=tunat ,/r[ski1 ,hi/oire du s5tim5t religieux en ,france au #ag;e sicle1 ,ptie i1 ,de ,montaigne ,pascal1 #aijg1 pp4 #ai-bc4 #ahdg ,du ,vair ne songe pas au ,mdiateur2 s'il y a dans son trait des allusions ,notre ,seigneur1 le nom de ,jsus-,*ri/ ne s'y tr\ve1 je crois bi51 pas une fois4 ,il songe encore mo9s aux pieux adjuvants qui excit5t l'imag9ation2 pas un mot de l'invocation des sa9ts1 pas un mot des sacrem5ts 7,/r[ski1 z cit$1 p4 #gh74 #ahdh ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #hc4 #ahdi ,9 #achg ! ,loll>ds 7 d5\nc$ "u t "n by ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/] z et]nally damn$ sons ( ,anti*ri/4 #ahej ,see ! ,repressor1 ,bab+ton's ed4 9 ! ,rolls ,s]ies1 #ahfj1 ,"p ii4 #ahea ,hook1 ,lives ( ! ,ar*bi%ops 7,life ( ,b\r*i]71 #ahfg1 v1 #bid-cjf4 #aheb ,he repels1 e4g41 ,wiclif's argum5t t a prie/'s misconduct suffic$ to de/roy 8 "r to 8 end[m5ts4 ,repressor1 ,bab+ton's ed4 z cit$1 ii1 #dac4 #ahec ,hook1 z cit$1 v1 #cji4 #ahed ,g>d9]1 ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory1 p4 #ccj4 ,cp4 ,gre51 *4 vi1 i1 #b1 pp4 #bfg1 #bge2 ,/ubbs ,con/4 ,hi/41 iii1 #fca-cc4 #ahee ,cp4 ,pauli1 ,pictures ( ,old ,engl&1 ,eng4 tr4 ,r\tl$ge's rep4 pp4 #ccb-cf4 #ahef ,pauli1 p4 #ccb4 #aheg ,see ,arb]'s repr9t4 #aheh ,cp4 ,s\*ay1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,mon>*ie1 #ahfa-fb1 iii1 #bcj-ca4 #ahei ,on ?is cp4 ,s\*ay1 pp4 #bcd-ci4 #ahfj ,see a good synopsis 9 ,pnj]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,philosophy ( ,religion1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #fh-hi2 & ano!r 9 ,moritz ,c>ri]e's ,die philosophis*e ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit1 #ahdg1 pp4 #af-be1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is op5 to ,pnj]'s criticism t x is col\r$ by mod]n ,hegelianism4 #ahfa ,dr4 ,paul ,frdricq1 ,ges*i$5is d] ,inquisitie 9 de ,n$]l&51 #ajbe-aebj1 ,g5t1 #ahib-ahig1 ii1 #d-i4 #ahfb ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 vii--d4 #aheg1 pp4 #abe1 #agb4 #ahfc ,?is "n has _m =ms2 & x is cont5d$ t ,sabieude is ! correct "o4 ,see ,ow51 ,ev5+s ) ! ,skeptics1 #ahha1 ii1 #dbc4 #ahfd ,cp4 ,hallam1 ,introd4 to ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ed4 #ahgb1 i1 #adb-dd1 & ! analysis 9 ,pr(4 ,d[d5's ,montaigne1 #aije1 p4 #abg sq4 #ahfe ,van ,hoog/rat51 9 ,frdricq1 z cit$ bel[4 #ahff ,dr4 ,fraz]'s assumption 7,gold5 ,b\gh1 #crd ed4 pt4 i1 i1 #bbd7 t magic assumes an inv>iable ord] ( nature1 is unsub/antiat$ ev5 by 8 va/ an?ropological erudition4 ,magic v>ies arbitr>ily1 & ! idea ( a fix$ ord] does n belong to ! magician's plane ( ?\ght4 #ahfg ,maury1 ,la ,magie et l',a/rologie1 #d;e d4 pp4 #bad-af4 #ahfh ,judicial a/rology 444 :i* supplant$ & degrad$ ! art ( m$ic9e 7,pr(4 ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,h>veian ,oration on ,sci5ce & ,m$ieval ,?\ght1 #aija1 ,app4 p4 #aac74 ,!re is a />tl+ survival ( x 9 ! physiology ( ,h>vey4 ,id4 p4 #de4 #ahfi ,he9ri* ,cornelius ,agrippa von ,nette%eim4 #ahgj ,above1 p4 #che4 #ahga ,:o1 h[ev]1 0 no rationali/1 b an ori5taliz+ my/ic4 ,cp4 ,c>ri]e1 ,die philos4 ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit1 #ahdf1 pp4 #cf-ch4 #ahgb ,cp4 ,ranke1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,ref4 9 ,g]many1 bk4 ii1 *4 i 7,eng4 tr4 ,r\tl$ge's #a-vol4 ed4 #aije1 p4 #abi74 ,! po9t is fairly put by ,aud9 9 ! introduction to 8 ,hi/oire de ,lu!r4 ,comp>e ,gre53 ,! awak5+ ( a rational ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r 9 ,engl& or 9 ! ,teutonic _w at l>ge1 beg9s ) ! ,flor5t9e /udies ( ,sir ,john ,colet 7,%ort ,hi/4 *4 vi1 iv74 ,colet1 h[ev]1 0 /rictly or?odox4 ,ulri* von ,hutt5 sp5t five ( ! =mative ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,italy4 #ahgc ,hamilton1 ,discussions on ,philosophy & ,lit]ature1 #aheb1 p4 #bje4 #ahgd ,z to ! g5]al res5tm5t ( ! money dra9 cp4 ,/rauss1 ,gespr*e von ,ulri* von ,hutt51 #ahfj1 ,vorr$e1 p4 xiv1 & ! dialogues1 pp4 #aei4 #cfc4 ,cp4 ,ranke1 bk4 ii1 *4 i 7,eng4 tr4 z cit$1 pp4 #abc-bf74 #ahge ,see ,ullmann1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation1 passim4 ,ev5 ! ,peasants' ,ris+ 0 adumbrat$ 9 ! movem5t ( ,hans ,bheim ( ,nikle%aus5 7fl4 #adgf71 ^: doctr9e 0 bo? democratic & anti-cl]ical4 7,"w cit$1 ii1 #chj-ha2 cp4 ,bezold1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,re=m4 #ahij1 *4 vii47 #ahgf ,see ,guicci>d9i's analysis ( ! p>ties1 cit$ by ,e4 ,arm/rong 9 ! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 vol4 i1 ,! ,r5aissance1 p4 #agj4 #ahgg ,burckh>dt1 ,civilization ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #dgf-gg4 #ahgh ,see ! sympa!tic analysis ( ! book by ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,savon>ola1 ,eng4 tr4 pp4 #ehb-id1 :]e x is mu* ov]rat$4 #ahgi ,z to ! education ( ! ,flor5t9e common p 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury cp4 ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #bjc-bjd2 ,symonds1 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #bjb4 #ahhj ,cp4 ,arm/rong1 z cit$1 pp4 #aej-ea4 #ahha ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,italy1 ed4 #ahef1 pp4 #bh-cj1 #da4 #ahhb ,id4 pp4 #ed1 #fh4 #ahhc ,id4 p4 #de1 cit+ ,reynald's ,annales1 ad4 ann4 #aecj2 ,tre*sel1 ,lelio ,sozz9i und die ,anti-tr9it>i] se9] ,zeit1 #ahdd1 pp4 #ai-ce4 #ahhd ,mc,crie reasons o!rwise1 f ! fact t ! sack ( ,rome 0 by _m ,ca?olics reg>d$ z a div9e judgm5t on ! papacy2 b he omits to m5tion ! pe/il5ce :i* foll[$ & de/roy$ ! bulk ( ! conqu]+ army 7,m5zel1 ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*51 ,cap4 #cij74 #ahhe ,mc,crie1 pp4 #ei-fj4 #ahhf ,id4 p4 #ff4 #ahhg ,id4 pp4 #aab1 #aae4 #ahhh ,id4 pp4 #hi1 #ih1 #bae4 ,mc,crie ?9ks x useful to sugge/ 7p4 #ie7 t anti-tr9it>ianism seems to h begun at ,si5a1 ^: inhabitants 7 prov]bial among _! c\ntrym5 = levity & incon/ancy ( m9d--cit+ ,dante1 ,inf]no1 canto xxix1 #aba-bc4 ,?us does !ology illum9e sociology4 ,9 a note on ! same page ! hi/orian cites ! te/imony ( ,melan*?on 7,epi/4 coll4 #heb1 #ida7 z to ! commonness ( ,platonic & skeptical !ories among 8 ,italian correspond5ts 9 g5]al2 & quotes fur!r ! words ( ,calv91 :o = once rises above invective to expla9 z to h]esy 7,op]a1 viii1 #eaj7 t ,9 ,italis1 propt] r>um acum51 magis em9et4 ,! hi/orian omits1 fur!r1 to trace ,g]man ,unit>ianism to ! levity ( a p>ticul> community 9 ,g]many4 #ahhi ,a4 von ,reumont1 ,! ,c>afas ( ,maddaloni1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahed1 pp4 #cc-cg2 ,mc,crie1 p4 #abb4 ,x 0 n ,prote/antism t made ! revolt4 ,! contempor>y hi/orian ,porzios /ates t ! ,lu!rans 7 s few t !y c\ld easily be c\nt$4 ,von ,reumont1 z cit$1 p4 #cc4 ,x 0 n h]esy t mov$ ! ,neapolitans1 b ! k t p]jur]s c\ld be f\nd 9 ,naples to swe> to any?+1 & t ! ma*9e w\ld ?us be made "o ( pecuni>y extortion4 #ahij ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,italy1 p4 #aca4 #ahia ,mc,crie1 pp4 #adc-dd4 #ahib ,id4 pp4 #aeh-fa4 #ahic ,id4 pp4 #afa-fc4 ,?is seems to h be5 "o ( ! late/ in/ances ( enslavem5t 9 ,italy4 ,z to ! sell+ ( _m ,capuan wom5 9 ,rome aft] ! capture ( ,capua 9 #aeja1 see ,burckh>dt1 p4 #bgi1 note4 #ahid ,mc,crie1 pp4 #adj-dc4 #ahie ,dom5ico ,orano1 ,lib]i ,p5satori bruciati 9 ,roma dal ,,xvi al ,,xviii ,secolo1 ,roma1 #aijd4 ,giordano ,bruno is #gg? 9 ! li/2 & !re are only eight m4 ,! #he? case 0 9 #afdb2 & ! la/--! burn+ ( a dead body--9 #agfa4 #ahif ,orano1 p4 #ac4 #ahig ,signor ,orano gives ! "n z ,buzio1 cit+ ! #ahce ,italian translation ( ,mc,crie1 & pron\nc+ ,cant 7ii1 #cch7 wrong 9 mak+ x ,mollio4 ,b 9 ! #ahef ed4 ( ,mc,crie's "w ! "n is giv5 7pp4 #eg-eh1 #afh-fi7 z ,john ,mollio4 ,cant !n appe>s to h be5 "r2 b ! date he gives1 #aecc1 seems to be a blund]4 #ahih ,mc,crie gives ?is "n z ,tiss]ano4 #ahii ,orano1 p4 #f2 ,mc,crie1 pp4 #afi-gj4 #aijj ,mc,crie1 p4 #bab2 ,orano1 p4 #cc4 #aija ,orano1 pp4 #ae-af4 ,mc,crie1 p4 #afe1 says he 0 /rangl$2 b ! (ficial record is fu mozza la te/a4 #aijb ,orano1 p4 #bb4 ,z to ,c>nesec*i's c>e] see ,mc,crie1 pp4 #agc-gi2 & ,bab+ton's ed4 ( ,pale>io1 #ahee1 ,introd4 pp4 lxv-lxvi4 #aijc ,mc,crie1 p4 #afd4 ,see ,tre*sel1 ,lelio ,sozz9i1 p4 #ce1 z to ,baldo ,lupet9o4 #aijd ,z to :om see ,mc,crie1 pp4 #ha-hd1 #agi-hb1 & ! copi\s ,life & ,times ( ,aonio ,pale>io1 by ,m4 ,"y4 #b vols4 #ahfj4 #aije ,m>9i1 ,galileo e l',inquisizione1 ,roma1 #ahej1 p4 #cg1 note4 #aijf ,bab+ton's ed4 p4 #df sq4 #aijg ,x 0 aft]w>ds une>!d1 h[ev]2 & ,bab+ton's ed4 7#ahee7 is an almo/ facsimile repr9t1 ) old ,fr5* & ,engli% v]sions4 #aijh ,cp4 ,mc,crie1 pp4 #aad-ag4 #aiji ,cp4 ,mc,crie1 ,ref4 9 ,italy1 *4 v2 ,ref4 9 ,spa91 *4 viii2 ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/4 pp4 #ceh1 #cfb4 #aiaj ,huss1 9 8 y\?1 at fir/ turn$ f ,wiclif's writ+s ) horror4 ,bonne*ose1 ,! ,re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdd1 i1 #gb4 #aiaa ,cp4 ,kras9ski1 ,hi/or4 ,sket* ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,pol&1 #ahch1 i1 #eh4 #aiab ,kras9ski1 ,sket* ( ,relig4 ,hi/4 ( ,slav4 ,nations1 ed4 #ahea1 pp4 #bf-bg4 #aiac ,ne&]1 ix1 #bdb sq42 ,h>dwick1 pp4 #dbf-bg4 ,militz effect$ a rem>kable re=mation ( life 9 ,prague4 ,ne&]1 p4 #bda4 #aiad ,see ! v intellig5t survey ( ! situation 9 ,kautsky's ,communism 9 ,c5tral ,europe 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahig1 p4 #ce sq4 #aiae ,kautsky1 p4 #db4 #aiaf ,k4 ,raum]1 ,contrib4 to ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,g]man ,univ]sities1 ,new ,york1 #ahei1 p4 #ai2 ,dr4 ,ra%dall1 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii1 pt4 i1 #bbc-bf2 ,bonne*ose1 i1 #gh2 ,mo%eim1 #ae ,c5t4 pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #f2 ,giesel]1 ,p]4 iii1 ,div4 v1 #aej2 ,kras9ski1 z cit$1 pp4 #ca-cc4 #aiag ,kras9ski1 ,sket*1 p4 #cc2 ,kautsky1 p4 #dc2 ,macla9e's note to ,mo%eim1 z la/ cit$2 ,ra%dall1 pp4 #bbe-bf1 #bed4 ,! exodus has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,only #fjb 7 enroll$ at ,leipzig4 #aiah ,_m ( ^! 7 ( great beauty & value1 & mu/ h be5 own$ by ri* m54 ,kras9ski1 ,sket*1 p4 #cd4 #aiai ,h>dwick4 p4 #dcc4 ,j]ome caus$ ! bull to be fa/5$ to an immode/ woman1 & s p>ad$ ?r\gh ! t[n be=e be+ burnt4 ,giesel]1 iv1 #aad1 note #ae4 #aibj ,bonne*ose1 ii1 #abb2 ,giesel]1 z cit$4 #aiba ,see ,mo%eim's v int]e/+ note2 & ,giesel]1 iv1 #ajd-aje4 #aibb ,kras9ski1 p4 #ea4 #aibc ,= an acc\nt ( ! devices ( ,ca?olic hi/orians to expla9 away ! ,c\ncil's trea*]y see ,bonne*ose1 note ,e4 to vol4 i1 p4 #bgj4 ,! ,c\ncil itself simply decl>$ t fai? 0 n to be kept ) a h]etic4 ,id4 p4 #bga2 ,giesel]1 p4 #aba4 #aibd ,bonne*ose1 ii1 #aah-bj4 ,cp4 ,kras9ski1 p4 #cg4 #aibe ,kautsky1 pp4 #dh-di4 #aibf ,id4 p4 #ea4 #aibg ,id4 p4 #eb4 #aibh ,kras9ski1 p4 #fe4 #aibi ,see _! pr9ciples /at$ 9 ,kautsky1 p4 #ei4 #aicj neas ,sylvius1 :o dete/$ ! ,taborites1 decl>$ !m to h only "o good quality1 ! love ( lett]s4 ,lett] to ,c>vajal1 cit$ by ,kras9ski1 p4 #ic1 note4 #aica ,kautsky1 pp4 #ei-fg4 #aicb ,id4 p4 #gf4 #aicc ,kautsky1 pp4 #gh-hb4 ,see fur!r ! acc\nt ( ,hel*itsky's book 9 ,tol/oy's ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is ,)9 ,y1 *4 i4 #aicd ,hi/4 ( ! ,prot4 ,*ur* 9 ,hung>y 7anon471 ,eng4 tr4 #ahed1 p4 #ag4 #aice ,id4 p4 #ai4 #aicf ,id4 pp4 #bc1 #bh4 #aicg ,id4 pp4 #bd1 #cb1 cit+ ! *ronicl] ,?urns*wamm4 #aich ,id4 pp4 #bi-ca4 #aici ,hi/4 ( ! ,prot4 ,*ur* 9 ,hung>y1 p4 #cd4 #aidj ,id4 p4 #cg4 #aida ,id4 p4 #eh4 #aidb ,id4 pp4 #fi-gj4 #aidc ,id4 pp4 #de1 #gc4 #aidd ,id4 p4 #de4 #aide ,call$ ,bl&vat] 9 ! ,hi/ory above cit$1 :i* is copi$ 9 ?is error by ,h>dwick4 #aidf ,s*legel's note to ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #gjh4 #aidg ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 la/ cit4 #aidh ,hi/4 ( ! ,prot4 ,*ur* 9 ,hung>y1 p4 #hf4 #aidi ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biog4 ii1 #beg-fj4 ,s*legel1 z cit$4 ,bi&rata lat] gave up 8 ,unit>ianism1 turn+ ei!r ,jesuit or ,prote/ant4 ,he 0 murd]$ by 8 nephew = 8 money4 ,wallace1 ii1 #add4 #aiej ,hi/ory cit$1 p4 #aji4 ,z to ! p]secutions see pp4 #ajh-ae4 #aiea ,id4 pp4 #abh-bi1 #acb4 #aieb ,id4 p4 #acd4 #aiec ,kras9ski1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,pol&1 #ahch1 i1 #bi-cj4 #aied ,id4 pp4 #cj-cd4 #aiee ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,pol&1 p4 #ch4 #aief ,id4 i4 #dj-db4 #aieg ,id4 p4 #de4 #aieh ,id4 pp4 #ee-ef4 #aiei ,id4 pp4 #dg-ej4 #aifj ,id4 pp4 #fe-ff4 #aifa ,id4 p4 #fg4 #aifb ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,pol&1 i1 #ia-ih4 #aifc ,id4 pp4 #aaa-af4 #aifd ,id4 p4 #acd4 #aife ,id4 pp4 #aci1 #cde1 foll[+ ,w5gi]ski2 ,wallace1 ,antitr94 ,biog4 ii1 ,art4 #da4 #aiff ,kras9ski1 pp4 #adc1 #cdd1 note4 #aifg ,id4 i1 #afc4 #aifh ,id4 p4 #agc1 note4 #aifi ,id4 pp4 #agf-gg4 #aigj ,i4e41 ,pet] ( ,goniond1 a small t[n 9 ,podla*ia4 #aiga ,kras9ski1 i1 #cdf-dh2 ,mo%eim4 #af ,c5t4 sect4 ,,iii1 pt4 ii1 *4 iv1 #g2 & ,s*legel's & ,reid's notes4 #aigb ,cp4 ,mo%eim1 *apt] la/ cit$1 #ae sq4 #aigc ,kras9ski1 i1 #ceg4 #aigd ,wallace1 ,antitr94 ,biog4 ii1 #aha-hb4 #aige ,kras9ski1 pp4 #ceg-fj4 #aigf ,id4 p4 #cfc4 #aigg ,kras9ski1 ,ref4 9 ,pol&1 ii1 #ic-id2 ,rel4 ,hi/4 ( ,slav4 ,nations1 p4 #ahh4 #aigh ,lutt]o?1 ,la ,re=mation en ,france p5dant sa premire priode1 p4 #b4 #aigi ,a4 ,a4 ,tilley1 9 vol4 ii ( ,camb4 ,mod4 ,hi/4 ,! ,re=mation1 *4 ix4 p4 #bha4 #aihj ,pr(4 ,h4 ,m4 ,baird1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,rise ( ! ,hugu5ots1 #ahhj1 i1 #cc4 #aiha ,id4 i1 #ce4 #aihb ,tilley1 z cit$1 p4 #bha4 #aihc ,lutt]o?1 pp4 #ad-af4 #aihd ,tilley1 p4 #bhb4 ,! translation 0 notable z a revision ( ! ,vulgate v]sion1 :i* 0 pr9t$ side by side ) x4 #aihe ,lutt]o?1 pp4 #c-d2 ,baird1 i1 #gi4 #aihf ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 tom4 x1 ,la ,r=me1 *4 viii4 #aihg ,lutt]o?1 p4 #i4 #aihh ,mi*elet4 d4 #ahhd1 x1 #cjh2 ,baird1 i1 #hj1 note4 #aihi ,see ,baird1 i1 #ia1 note1 z to ! dates1 :i* are usually put a ye> too e>ly4 #aiij ,baird1 i1 #ie-if1 & note4 #aiia ,id4 p4 #acb4 #aiib ,mi*elet1 x1 #cad2 ,baird1 i1 #acc-cg4 #aiic ,lutt]o?1 p4 #ae2 ,mi*elet4 x1 #ccg4 #aiid ,o!r su* outrages foll[$1 & did mu* to int5sify p]secution4 #aiie ,erasmus _h said t "o pamphlet ( ,bda's conta9$ eighty lies1 ?ree hundr$ calumnies1 & =ty-sev5 blasphemies 7,mi*elet1 x1 #cbj74 #aiif ,baird1 i1 #adc-dd2 ,mi*elet1 x1 #cba-bf4 #aiig ,mi*elet1 x1 #cch-ci4 #aiih ,baird1 i1 #adi4 #aiii ,cp4 ,tilley1 p4 #bhe4 #bjjj ,lutt]o?1 p4 #ag2 ,mi*elet1 x1 #cdj 7giv+ ! text ( a contempor>y record72 ,baird1 i1 #agc-gh--;a v full acc\nt4 #bjja ,see ,baird1 i1 #agf1 note1 z to ! au!nticity ( ! utt]ance1 :i* 0 d\bt$ by ,voltaire4 #bjjb ,mi*elet1 x1 #cdb2 ,baird1 i1 #afi4 #bjjc ,cit4 by ,baird1 i1 #bd1 note4 #bjjd ,baird1 i1 #bba-bb4 #bjje ,x is endors$ by ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 #bnd ed4 p4 #cce4 #bjjf ,hi/4 de la ,civ4 en ,france1 #ac;e dit4 i1 #ah4 #bjjg ,see ! case well made out by ,buckle1 *4 viii--#a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #caa-ac4 #bjjh ,see above1 p4 #cdh4 #bjji ,/ubbs1 ,con/4 ,hi/41 #crd ed4 ii1 #dfi1 #dga1 #eaj4 #bjaj ,cp4 ,fr\de1 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 ed4 #ahgb1 i1 #agc2 ,burnet1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=mation1 ,n>es' ed4 i1 #ag-ah4 ,h5ry1 says ,burnet1 *]i%$ ,*ur*m5 m ?an any k+ 9 ,engl& _h ev] done4 ,comp>e fur!r ,%aftesbury1 ,miscellane\s ,reflections1 9 ! ,*>act]i/ics1 ,misc4 iii1 *4 i1 ed4 #agcc1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aea2 ,lea1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,inquisition1 z cit$ above1 p4 #caf4 #bjaa ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,blunt1 ,! ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ed4 #ahib1 i1 #gb-ajj4 ,wolsey 0 m pati5t ) ,prote/ant h]esy ?an ,h5ry ev] 01 ?\gh on 8 dea?-b$ he c\nsell$ ! k+ to put d[n ! ,lu!rans4 #bjab ,cp4 ,burnet1 z cit$1 pref4 p4 xl1 & p4 #c2 ,heylyn1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,ref4 pref42 ,blunt1 i1 #bic-id4 ,9 #aecj ! k+ _h actually repudiat$ 8 debts1 cancell+ borr[+s made "u ! ,privy ,seal1 & ?us sett+ an example to ! ,ca?olic ,k+ ,philip ,,ii 9 a lat] g5]ation4 #bjac ,heylyn1 z cit$1 & i1 #abc-bg1 ed4 #ahdi2 ,a4 ,f4 ,lea*1 ,engli% ,s*ools at ! ,re=mation1 #ahif1 pp4 #e-f2 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 ,de ,montmor5cy1 ,/ate ,int]v5tion 9 ,engli% ,education1 #aijb1 pp4 #fb-fe4 #bjad ,! subject is treat$ at "s l5g? 9 ,! ,dynamics ( ,religion1 by ,m4 ,w4 ,wiseman 7,j4 ,m4 ,r471 #ahig1 pp4 #c-df2 & 9 ,! ,saxon & ! ,celt1 pp4 #ib-ig4 #bjae ,bi%op ,/ubbs1 ,con/4 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 #crd ed4 iii1 #fch4 ,cp4 ,bi%op ,creighton1 ,! ,age ( ,elizabe?1 p4 #f2 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 i1 #cff4 #bjaf ,ranke1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 ,bohn tr4 #aijh1 p4 #fj2 ,h>dwick1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,re=mation1 ed4 #ahhf1 p4 #bej4 #bjag ,mu* ( ?is has nev] be5 publi%$4 ,mo/ ( x is 9 a ,,ms4 ,codex ( ! ,city ,libr>y at ,frankfurt4 ,extracts 9 ,t5tzel's ,supplem5tum ,hi/ori ,go?an1 #agja1 9 ! ,n>ratio de ,eobano ,hesso ( ,j4 ,cam]>ius1 #aeec1 etc4 ,see ,/rauss's ,ulri* von ,hutt51 #bte ,aufl4 #ahga1 p4 #cb1 n4 7ed4 #aheh1 i1 #dd7 et seq4 #bjah ,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 i1 *4 iv4 #bjai ,/rauss1 ,ulri* von ,hutt51 z cit$1 pp4 #cc-ce2 ,bezold1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,re=mation1 #ahij1 p4 #bbf4 ,bezold describes ,mutianus z d] freigei/ige ,kanonikus zu ,go?a1 & po9ts out1 conc]n+ 8 univ]salism1 t ! hi/oric ,*ri/ ?us slips ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 #bjbj ,bezold1 z la/ cit$4 ,"h is ! skepticism kept 9 ! backgr\nd by ,mutianus & ,celtis1 popul>iz$ 9 ! rude/ way4 #bjba ,briefe1 ed4 ,de ,wette1 iii1 #fj4 #bjbb ,k>l ,hag51 ,deuts*l&s lit4 u4 relig4 ,v]hltnisse im ,re=mations-zeitalt]1 #ahfh1 ii1 #aaj2 lett] ( ,capito to ,zw+li1 ,ep4 ,zw+lii i1 #dg2 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 iv1 #dej2 ,tre*sel1 ,die prote/antis*5 ,antitr9it>i] vor ,fau/us ,soc9us1 #ahci-dd1 i1 #ac-af1 #cc2 ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 #ahej1 i1 art4 #c1 #d1 #e4 #bjbc ,s*legel's note to ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 p4 #fhi2 ,baur1 iv1 #dej2 ,tre*sel1 i1 #ac-af4 #bjbd ,see a good acc\nt ( him by ,be>d1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,! ,re=mation1 p4 #bjd sq4 #bjbe ,= an imp>tial criticism ( _! language see ,h5d]son's ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,g]many1 i1 #cba-bc4 ,cp4 ,baur1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 iv1 #gc-gf2 ,a4 ,f4 ,poll>d 9 ,camb4 ,mod4 ,hi/4 ii1 #aib-ie2 ,be>d1 ,hibb]t ,lect4 on ,! ,re=mation1 p4 #bjj2 & ,kautsky1 ,communism 9 ,c5tral ,europe 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,re=mation1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahig1 pp4 #aag-bh4 #bjbf ,kohlraus*1 ,hi/4 ( ,g]many1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #cig4 #bjbg ,to ! same effect ,m5zel1 ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*51 ,capp4 #cia1 #dib4 #bjbh ,poll>d1 z cit$1 p4 #age4 #bjbi ,id4 p4 #agh4 #bjcj ,id4 pp4 #agi1 #aic4 #bjca ,id4 p4 #aic4 #bjcb ,id4 p4 #aib4 #bjcc ,ranke1 z cit$1 pp4 #dei-fd4 #bjcd ,id4 p4 #dfa4 #bjce ,cp4 ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 x1 ,la ,r=me1 ed4 #ahhb1 pp4 #ajd1 #ccb4 #bjcf ,cp4 ,burckh>d1 ,de ,ulri*i ,hutt5i ,vita ,comm5t>ius1 #agag1 i1 #fe4 ,= a g5]al view see ,ranke1 pp4 #abf-ci4 #bjcg ,jakob ,m>x1 ,die ,ursa*5 d] s*nell5 ,v]breitung d] ,re=mation1 #ahdg1 #ab4 #bjch ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,v9c5t1 9 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,m4 ,jackson's ,huldrei* ,zw+li1 #aija1 p4 #cg4 #bjci ,cp4 ,ullmann1 ,re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation1 i1 #ai2 ii1 passim2 ,mo%eim1 #ae ,c5t4 ,pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #bb2 & ,bonet-,maury's !sis1 ,de ,op]a ,s*ola/ica ,fratrum ,vit ,communis1 #ahhi4 #bjdj ,burton1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 iii1 #cii-dja4 ,b ! end 9 view 0 probably1 z ,burton half admits1 ! recruit+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,cp4 ,cosmo ,innes1 ,sket*es ( ,e>ly ,scot* ,hi/ory1 p4 #acd sq41 & ,scotti% ,legal ,antiquities1 pp4 #abi-cj4 #bjda ,m5zel1 ,cap4 #dib4 #bjdb ,m5zel1 ,cap4 #dib 7ed4 #ahcg1 p4 #gfb74 #bjdc ,ranke 7p4 #dff7 becomes positively lyrical ov] ! happy lot ( ! peasant :o receiv$ ,lu!r's ,cate*ism 7#aebi74 ,x conta9s endur+ com=t 9 e affliction1 &1 "u a slight husk1 ! k]nel ( tru?s able to satisfy ! wise/ ( ! wise4 ,su* declamation holds ! place t ought to h be5 fill$ by an acc\nt ( economic conditions4 #bjdd ,bi%op ,/ubbs1 ,con/4 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 iii4 #fbg4 ,! bi%op1 h[ev]1 holds t 9 ! "t ( ,loll>d prosp]ity ! ability to read 0 widely diffus$ 9 ,engl& 7p4 #fbh72 & x seems c]ta9 t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury pr9t+ multipli$ enorm\sly4 ,cp4 ,mi*elet4 ,hi/4 de ,france1 x1 ed4 #ahhd4 p4 #ajc sq4 #bjde ,cp4 ,willis1 ,s]vetus & ,calv91 #ahgg1 bk4 ii4 *4 i2 ,aud91 ,hi/oire de ,calv91 d4 abrg4 *4 xxiv-xxvii2 & essay on ,ma*iavelli & ,calv9 9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,essays 9 ,sociology1 #aijc4 vol4 i4 #bjdf ,w]ke41 ed4 ,wal*4 viii4 #bjdc 7,on ,ep4 to ,galat471 cit$ by ,be>d4 #bjdg ,id4 viii1 #aaha 7,on #a ,cor4 xv74 ,cp4 o!r citations 9 ,be>d1 pp4 #afa-fe4 #bjdh ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/ory1 *4 vi1 v1 p4 #cae4 #bjdi ,cp4 ,/bel91 ,johannes ,calv91 #ahfc4 ii1 #bhb-hc4 #bjej ,he 0 educat$ at ,basel & ,b]ne & at ,vi5na ,univ]sity1 & ( all ! lead+ re=m]s he seems to h _h mo/ k ( classical lit]ature4 ,hess1 ,life ( ,zw+le1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahab1 pp4 #b-g1 foll[+ ,myconius & ,hott+]4 #bjea ,*r4 ,sigw>t1 ,ulri* ,zw+li1 d] ,*>akt] se9] ,!ologie1 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf ,pico von ,mir&ula1 #ahee1 pp4 #ad-bf4 ,pr(4 ,jackson1 ,huldrei* ,zw+li1 p4 #he1 note1 /ates t ,sigw>t lat] modifi$ 8 views4 #bjeb ,s /ates ,melan*?on1 cit$ by ,jackson1 p4 #he1 note4 ,cp4 pp4 #bja1 #cij-ib4 #bjec ,cit$ by ,jackson1 p4 #caf4 #bjed ,id4 p4 #bie4 #bjee ,id4 p4 #cfa4 #bjef ,id4 p4 #cfa1 note4 #bjeg ,id4 ,accord+ to ,heylyn1 ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick c\nt5anc$ ! ,zw+lians 9 8 intrigues aga9/ ! ,protector ,som]set2 & _! views 7 fur!r welcom$ by o!r nobles z mak+ = ! plund]+ ( ri* alt>s4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,re=m4 ( ! ,*4 ( ,eng41 ed4 #ahdi4 pref4 p4 vii4 ,b ,heylyn appe>s to id5tify ! ,zw+lians at ?is /age ) ! ,calv9i/s4 ,cp4 p4 x4 #bjeh ,h5ry1 ,das ,leb5 ,calv9s1 ii1 ,kap4 #ac1 & ,beilage #af 7,app5dix n giv5 9 ! ,engli% translation72 ,/hel91 ,johannes ,calv91 #ahfc1 i1 #cii-djj4 #bjei ,cp4 ,calv9's lett] to ,viret1 ,july #b1 #aedg 7,lett]s ( ,calv91 ed4 ,bonnet1 ,eng4 tr4 #aheg1 ii1 #aji71 :]e x is alleg$ t 9 ! two pages ! :ole ( ,scripture is laugh$ at1 ,*ri/ asp]s$1 ! immortality ( ! s\l call$ a dream & a fable1 & f9ally ! :ole ( religion torn 9 pieces4 ,i d n ?9k he is ! au?or ( x1 adds ,calv92 b z x is 9 8 h&writ+ he w be compell$ to appe> 9 8 def5ce4 #bjfj ,/hel91 i1 #djj4 ,h5ry av[s t ,gruet 0 subject$ to ! torture morn+ & ev5+ dur+ a :ole mon? 7,eng4 tr4 ii4 #ff74 ,o!r biograph]s di%one/ly exclude ! fact f _! n>ratives4 #bjfa ,cp4 ,calv9's lett] to ! ,seigneury ( ,g5eva1 9 ,lett]s1 ii4 #bed-ef4 #bjfb ,h5ry1 ,life ( ,calv91 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #dg-dh4 ,gruet's fragm5t c h>dly h be5 ! ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus1 inasmu* z ,calv9 makes no m5tion ( any ref]5ce to ,mohamm$ 9 8 fragm5t1 :]eas ! title ( ! o!r book proce$$ on ! specification ( ,mohamm$ z well z ,jesus & ,moses4 ,! exi/+ treatise ( t "n1 9 any case1 is ( lat] date4 ,( ! fam\s treatise 9 "q1 :i* 0 n publi%$ till long aft]w>ds1 ,h5ry admits t x pr(esses to %[ tranquilly1 & ) regret1 b )\t abuse1 ! fraudul5t "* ( ! ?ree reveal$ religions4 ,conc]n+ ,gruet's essay he asks3 ,:at are all ! anti-,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution comp>$ ) ! helli% laught] :i* seem$ to peal f its pages8 ,= ?is description he has n a l9e to cite4 #bjfc ,= in/ance1 "o man 0 accus$ ( hav+ blasphem$ aga9/ a /orm :i* t]rifi$ ! pi\s4 #bjfd ,dndlik]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*weiz1 #ahhd-hg1 ii1 #eei2 above1 p4 #b4 #bjfe ,m>k ,pattison1 ,essays1 #ahhi1 ii1 #cg4 #bjff ,dndlik]1 z cit$1 endors+ ,roget4 ,cp4 ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 i1 #cjf1 & ,hamilton1 ,discus4 on ,philos4 & ,lit41 #bnd ed4 p4 #dig1 z to ! dissolution ( morals 9 ! ,lu!ran _w4 #bjfg ,mo%eim1 #ad ,c5t4 sec4 iii1 ,pt4 ii1 *4 ii1 #ch-da2 ,aud91 ,hi/oire de ,calv91 *s4 xxix1 xxx4 #bjfh ,hi/oire de la vie1 moeurs1 actes1 doctr9e1 con/ance et mort de ,iean ,calv91 jadis m9i/re de ,g5eue1 receuilly p> ,m4 ,hi]osme ,h]mes ,bolsec1 docteur mdec9 ,lyon4 ,lyon1 #aegg4 #bjfi ,! repr9t ( ,bolsec's book prep>$ by ,m4 ,l4 ,f4 ,*a/el 7,lyon1 #ahge7 appe>s to be fai?ful2 b ! ,ca?olic animus %[n deprives ! annotations ( critical value4 #bjgj ,/hel91 ii1 #bic-cja4 #bjga ,/hel91 ii1 #bic4 ,arm9ius po9t$ to ?is lett] z a pro( t ,melan*?on _h ab&on$ 8 e>ly pr$e/9>ianism 7,decl>atio ( #afjh1 xx4 #b2 ,works ( ,arm9ius1 ed4 ,ni*ols1 i4 #egh74 ,b ( c\rse ,melan*?on _h previ\sly gu>d$ himself 9 8 ,loci ,communes 7#aede7 & else:]e4 7,id4 pp4 #eig-ih47 #bjgb ,/hel91 ii4 #cjd4 #bjgc ,lat9iz$ "n ( ,miguel ,s]v$o1 alias ,reves1 born at ,tudela 9 ,nav>re 9 #aeaa1 son ( ,h]n&o ,villanueva1 a not>y ( an ,aragonese family1 ( :i* ,villanueva _h be5 ! seat4 ,! /atem5t ( ,de la ,ro*e t ,s]vetus 0 born 9 ,aragon1 ?\gh long curr5t1 is n[ explod$4 #bjgd ,de la ,ro*e1 ,mmoires de ,littrature1 cit$ 9 ,an ,imp>tial ,hi/ory ( ,s]vetus1 #agbd1 p4 #bg4 #bjge ,*ri/ianismi ,re/itutio1 h4e4 ,totius ecclesi apo/olic ad sua lim9a vocatio 9 integrum1 re/ituta cognitione ,dei1 fidei *ri/ian1 ju/ificationis no/r1 reg5]ationis1 baptismi1 ,co5 ,dom9i m&ucationis4 ,re/ituto d5ique nobis regno coele/i1 ,babylonis impia captivitate solut1 et anti*ri/o cum suis p5itus de/ructo1 #aeec4 ,( ?is book ,de la ,ro*e 7#agaa7 knew ( no pr9t$ copy1 hav+ read x solely 9 ,,ms4 ,p]fect copies1 h[ev]1 are pres]v$ 9 ,vi5na & ,p>is2 & an imp]fect "o 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,libr>y has be5 complet$ f ! orig9al draft1 :i* has matt] n 9 ! pr9t$ copy4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! book is n absolutely anonym\s1 inasmu* z x has at ! end ! initials ,m4 ,s4 ,v4--! ,v4 /&+ = ! "n ,villanova or ,villanovanus1 :i* he bore z a /ud5t at ,l\va9 & put on ! title-pages ( 8 sci5tific works2 & ,s]vetus is actually introduc$ z an int]locutor 9 "o ( ! dialogues4 #bjgf ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t he pron\nc$ all ,tr9it>ians to be v]os ,a!os4 ,hi/ory ( ,s]vetus1 p4 #aca4 #bjgg ,mihi ob eam rem mori5dum esse c]to scio4 #bjgh ,melan*?on1 ,epi/41 lib4 i1 ep4 #c2 ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,italy1 p4 #if2 ,tre*sel1 ,lelio ,soz9i1 #ahdd1 pp4 #ch-da4 #bjgi ,willis1 ,s]vetus & ,calv91 #ahgg1 p4 #aag4 #bjhj ,see ! c>eful acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ( ,n[ ,york1 9 8 pamphlet1 ,rabelais z a ,physiologi/1 rep4 f ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal ( ,june #bi1 #aija4 #bjha ,willis1 p4 #ec4 #bjhb ,lett] to ,f>el1 ,aug4 #bj4 #aeec 7,lett]s1 ,eng4 tr4 ii1 #cii74 ,cp4 ,h5ry1 ii1 #aie-if4 #bjhc ,id4 *4 xix4 ,see ! lett] ( ,trie1 giv5 9 ,h5ry's ,life ( ,calv9 7,eng4 tr4 ii1 #aha-he71 ) ! admission t ,trie 0 9 ,calv9's c\nsels4 ,h5ry va9ly endeav\rs to make light 7pp4 #aha-hb7 ( ,calv9's writt5 words to ,f>el conc]n+ ,s]vetus3 ,si v5]it1 modo valeat mea autoritas1 vivum exire nunquam pati>4 ,/ill1 x mu/ 9 fairness be rememb]$ t ,trie1 by 8 own acc\nt1 p]suad$ ,calv91 :o 0 reluctant1 to 8 act ( complicity ) ! inquisitors ( ,lyons4 ,cp4 ,boss]t1 ,calv91 pp4 #afj-fd4 #bjhd ,willis1 *4 xx4 ,cp4 pp4 #deg1 #ejc4 ,! def5ce ( ,calv9 9 ,mack5zie's ,life 7#ahji1 p4 #gi7 on ! score t he 0 n likely to communicate ) ,ca?olic (ficials does n meet ! case z to ,trie4 ,& cp4 p4 #hc4 #bjhe ,t5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,s]vetus1 ,calv9 calls him a dog & wick$ sc\ndrel 7,willis1 p4 #ecj2 cp4 ,hi/4 ( ,s]vetus1 p4 #bad1 cit+ ,calv9's ,comm4 on ,acts xx72 & 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,g5esis 7i1 #c1 ed4 #ahch1 p4 #i7 he says ( him3 ,latrat hic obsco5us canis4 ,& ,s]vetus _h ask$ 8 p>don at ! end4 #bjhf ,:ite1 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 #ahif1 i1 #aac2 ,hi/ory ( ,s]vetus1 #agbd1 p4 #ic sq43 ,willis1 ,s]vetus & ,calv91 p4 #cbe4 #bjhg ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 i1 #dcj4 #bjhh ,see ,/hel91 ,johannes ,calv91 ii1 #cjj-cjh4 #bjhi ,f4 ,a4 ,cox4 ,life ( ,melan*?on1 #ahae1 pp4 #ebc-bd2 ,willis1 pp4 #dg1 #eaa4 #bjij ,table ,talk1 *4 #dc4 ,cp4 ,mi*elet's ,life ( ,lu!r1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahdf1 pp4 #aie-if2 & ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 i1 #cfj-fe4 ,mi*elet's lat] en?usiasm = ,lu!r 7,hi/4 de ,france1 x1 *4 v1 ed4 #ahhd1 pp4 #if-ig7 is oblivi\s ( _m ( ! facts not$ 9 8 e>li] /udies4 #bjia ,bayle1 ,art4 ,gribaud2 ,*ri/ie1 ti5ne ,dolet1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #cjc-cje4 ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 ii1 ,art4 #ah4 #bjib ,b5ra?1 ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o ( ,si5a1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgf4 pp4 #bfh-gb1 #bhg-ib4 #bjic ,mc,crie1 p4 #bcj2 ,aud91 *4 xxxv2 ,b5ra?1 ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o1 p4 #big4 #bjid ,cp4 ,pusey1 ,hi/or4 ,enquiry into ,g]4 ,rationalism1 #ahbh1 p4 #ad sq42 ,be>d1 p4 #ahc4 #bjie ,/hel91 ii4 #ccg4 ,bi&rata w5t to ,hung>y1 :]e1 z we saw 7p4 #dba71 he turn$ p]secutor1 & !n ,prote/ant4 #bjif ,mo%eim1 #af ,c5t4 sec4 iii1 pt4 ii1 *4 iv1 #f2 ,aud91 pp4 #cid-ii2 ,aretius1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ( ,val5t9us ,g5tilis1 ,eng4 tr4 #afif2 ,/hel91 ii1 #cch-de2 ,wallace1 ,antitr9it>ian ,biography1 ii1 ,art4 #bj4 #bjig ,see ! ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( 8 life & trial 9 ! ,h>leian ,miscellany1 iv1 #afh sq4 #bjih ,see ,/hel91 ii1 #bic1 #cjd1 etc4 #bjii ,cp4 ,m5zel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*51 #cte ,aufl4 ,cap4 #dag2 ,a4 ,f4 ,poll>d1 9 ,cam4 ,mod4 ,hi/41 vol4 ii1 *4 vii1 p4 #bbc2 ,! ,dynamics ( ,religion1 pp4 #f-h4 #bajj ,see ,be>d1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ahi-ij1 #aif4 ,! same av[al 0 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ,mo%eim 7#af ,c5t4 sec4 iii1 pt4 ii1 #e74 #baja ,f4 ,a4 ,cox1 ,life ( ,melan*?on1 #ahae1 p4 #edd1 cit+ ,adam1 ,vit philosophorum 7p4 #icd74 ,cp4 pp4 #ebh-bi4 #bajb ,k4 von ,raum]1 z cit$1 pp4 #cb-cg4 #bajc ,id4 pp4 #db-eb2 ,pusey1 z cit$1 p4 #aab4 #bajd ,dndlik]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*weiz1 ii1 #eef-ei1 #fbb sq41 #gbh-bi4 #baje ,see ! extracts 9 ,be>d's ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #cdj-da4 #bajf ,m5zel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*51 ,cap4 #dag4 #bajg ,cp4 ,hamilton1 ,discussions 9 ,philosophy & ,lit]ature1 #aheb1 pp4 #dic-id1 note4 #bajh ,mo%eim1 ,reid's ed4 pp4 #fbe-bf4 ,su* solutions 7 common 9 papal polity4 ,id4 p4 #gfg4 #baji ,bi%op ,s*u/]1 ,johann ,kepl] und die gross5 kir*li*5 ,/reitfrag5 se9] ,zeit1 #ahhh1 p4 #agh sq4 ,x is notewor?y t ,kepl]'s "m 0 s5t5c$ = wit*craft1 & sav$ by ! influ5ce ( h] son4 ,johann ,keppl]'s ,leb5 und ,w]k5 na* neu]li* aufgefund55 ,,mss41 von ,g4 ,l4 ,c4 ,freih]rn von ,breits*w]t1 #ahca1 p4 #ig sq4 #baaj ,!re is mu* reason to believe t ! fett]s ^u sci5tific ?\ght 7 clos] "u ! /rict int]pretation ( ,scripture by ! e>ly ,prote/ants ?an !y _h be5 "u ! old] *ur* 7,:ite1 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 i1 #bab74 ,conc]n+ ! ,prote/ant ho/ility to ! ,cop]nican sy/em & to ,kepl]1 see ,s*u/]1 z cit$1 pp4 #hg sq41 #aia sq4 #baaa ,:ite1 z cit$1 i1 #abi4 #baab ,id4 i1 #bac4 #baac ,id4 p4 #adg4 #baad ,m5zel1 ,cap4 #dca2 ,dndlik]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*weiz1 #ahhd1 ii1 #gdc4 ,! cantons ( ,gl>us1 ,out] ,app5zell1 ,/4 ,gall1 & ! ,grisons =mally reject$ ! ,gregorian ,cal5d>4 ,id4 ib4 ,zs*okke 7,des ,s*weiz]l&s ,ges*i*te1 #ite ,ausg4 #ahec1 p4 #agi7 implies t ! ,prote/ants 9 g5]al ignor$ x4 ,ranke 7,hi/4 ( ! ,popes1 ,bohn tr4 #aijh1 i1 #ccg7 m5tions t all ,ca?olic nations took "p 9 ?is re=m4 #baae ,blunt1 ,ref4 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ed4 #ahib1 ii1 #gf4 ,( ! tw5ty-six ca!drals 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ?irte5 _h be5 mona/ic *ur*es1 & ^! 7 raz$ to ! smalle/ possible dim5sions z to numb] & end[m5ts4 ,id4 p4 #gg4 #baaf ,/rype's ,memorials ( ,cranm]1 ed4 #ahdh1 ii1 #hi4 #baag ,blunt1 i1 #afj-fa4 #baah ,orig9al ,lett]s relative to ! ,engli% ,re=mation1 ,p>k] ,society1 #ahaf1 i1 #ff4 #baai ,bi%op ,burnet 7,exposition ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 ,art4 #ah7 has giv5 curr5cy to ! pret5ce t ! words sav$ by ! law are meant to exclude ! s5se sav$ 9 ! law1 ! latt] salvation be+ all[$ z possible4 ,t !re 0 no su* ?\ght on ! "p ( ! fram]s ( ! ,article is %[n by ! ,lat9 v]sion1 :]e ! expression is precisely 9 lege4 ,burnet pr9ts ! ,lat91 yet utt]ly ignores its significance4 #babj ,book ,,ii ( ! ,utopia 0 writt5 at ,antw]p1 dur+ 8 six mon?s' /ay !re on an embassy4 #baba ,bk4 ii1 sec4 ,( ! ,religions 7,arb]'s ed4 pp4 #adc-dg2 ,morley's ed4 pp4 #aea-ec74 #babb ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/ory1 *4 vi1 #d2 #ahha ed4 p4 #caa4 ,comp>e ,gre5's :ole e/imate4 ,mi*elet's ho/ile criticism 7x1 #cef7 is surpris+ly inept4 ,= ! elem5ts ( naturalism 9 ! ,utopia see bk4 ii1 sections ,( _! ,j\rney+ & ,( ! ,religions4 #babc ,cp4 ,t4 ,c4 ,grattan1 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 #ahcj1 pp4 #bca-dc4 #babd ,:o1 z x happ5$1 av[$ t religion 0 almo/ ext9ct 9 ,europe at ! "t ( ! rise ( ! ,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ic h]esies4 ,concio xxviii4 ,op]a1 vi1 #bif1 ed4 #afag1 cit$ by ,blunt1 ,ref4 ( ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ed4 #ahib1 i1 #d1 note4 #babe ,cp4 ,! ,works ( ,arm9ius1 ed4 by ,james ,ni*ols1 #ahbe1 i1 #ehj1 note4 #babf ,id4 p4 #eha note4 #babg ,cp4 ,s*u/]1 z cit$1 pp4 #aia sq41 #bjb sq4 #babh ,ni*ols's ,arm9ius1 i1 p4 #bcc4 #babi ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #djf-daf2 ,pattison1 ,isaac ,casaubon1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #ddg-dh4 ,z to ,casaubon's own intol]ance1 h[ev]1 see p4 #ddf4 #bacj ,hallam1 ii1 #daa1 #daf4 #baca ,be>d1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bih4 #bacb ,bayle1 ,dictionnaire1 art4 ,viret1 note ,d4 #bacc ,calv91 sc5t+ 8 h]esy1 w>n$ him 9 #aeeb 7,bayle1 art4 ,m>ianus ,soc91 ! fir/1 note ,b72 b !y rema9$ on surpris+ly good t]ms till ,lelio's dea? 9 #aefb4 ,cp4 ,/hel91 ,johannes ,calv91 ii4 #cba-bh4 #bacd ,cp4 ! ,engli% ,hi/ory ( ,s]vetus1 #agbd1 p4 #ci1 & ,tre*sel1 ,lelio ,sozz9i und die ,antitr9it>i] se9] ,zeit 7,bd4 ii4 ( ,die prote/antis*5 ,antitr9it>i]71 #ahdd1 pp4 #ch-da4 #bace ,cit$ by ,tre*sel1 p4 #db1 note4 #bacf ,cp4 ,bayle1 art4 ,o*92 ,miss ,l[ndes1 ,mi*el de ,montaigne1 p4 #bff2 ,ow51 ,fr5* ,skeptics1 p4 #ehh2 ,b5ra?1 ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o ( ,si5a1 ,eng4 tr4 #ahgf1 pp4 #bfh-gb4 ,mc,crie m5tions 7,ref4 9 ,italy1 p4 #bbh1 note7 t ,o*9o's dialogue on polygamy has be5 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,engl& by ! fri5ds ( t practice4 7,9 #afeg4 ,rep4 #agcb47 #bacg ,above1 pp4 #deh-ei1 ,s]mons 7or?odox7 by ,o*9o 7 publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 #aedh1 & (t5 repr9t$4 #bach ,d',ewes1 ,j\rnals ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! ,reign ( ,elizabe?1 #afhb1 p4 #fe4 #baci ,see above1 p4 #dei4 #badj ,! ,s*olema/]1 ,arb]'s rep4 p4 #hb4 #bada ,e4g41 "w cit$1 pt4 ii1 ,max4 #a1 & ,max4 #f1 end4 ,eng4 tr4 #afjh1 pp4 #ic1 #abh4 #badb ,m>k ,pattison1 ,essay on ,joseph ,scalig]1 9 ,essays1 ,r\tl$ge's ed4 i1 #aad4 #badc ,:5 ,pattison decl>es t ,italian curiosity _h br$ n secret unbelief b call\s acquiesc5ce he sets up a spuri\s anti!sis2 & :5 he g5]alizes t 9 ,italy m5 did n disbelieve ! tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 he und]/ates ! case4 ,he errs equally 9 ! opposite direction :5 he alleges 7ib4 p4 #ada7 t 9 ! ,france ( ,montaigne a philosophical skepticism _h become ! cre$ ( all ?9k+ m54 ,su* a diff]5ce betwe5 ,france & ,italy 0 impossible4 #badd ,see ,mc,crie1 ,re=mation 9 ,italy1 ed4 #ahef1 pp4 #if-ii4 #bade ,tre*sel1 ,die prote/antis*5 ,antitr9it>i] vor ,fau/us ,soc9us1 i 7#ahci71 #ef2 ,mo%eim1 #af ,c5t4 #crd sec4 pt4 ii1 *4 iv1 #c4 #badf ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #hb4 #badg ,art4 ,acontius1 9 ,dict4 ( ,national ,biog4 ,cp4 ,j4 ,j4 ,tayl]4 ,retrospect ( ! ,religi\s ,life ( ,engl&1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #bje-bjf4 ,z to ! attack on latitud9>ianism 9 ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 see above1 p4 #dfj4 #badh ,bacon1 ,adv4 ( ,le>n+1 bk4 i2 ,filum ,labyr9?i1 #g 7,r\tl$ge ed4 pp4 #ej1 #fc1 #bjj74 #badi ,cp4 ,zell]1 ,hi/4 de l',italie1 pp4 #djj-ab2 ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/4 *4 viii1 #b4 #baej ,mc,crie1 p4 #afd4 ,x 0 said by ,scalig] t 9 ! "t ( ,pius ,,iv betwe5 ,paul ,,iv & ,pius ,v p talk$ v freely 9 ,rome4 ,id4 ib4 note4 ,x 0 ev5 consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( good society 9 ,rome to call ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity 9 "q4 ',"o passes1' says ,p4 ,ant4 ,b&9o1 'no long] = a man ( cultivation unless "o put =? het]odox op9ions conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4' ,ranke1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,popes1 ,bohn1 tr4 ed4 #aijh1 i1 #eh1 cit+ ,c>acciolo's ,,ms4 ,life ( ,paul ,,iv4 #baea ,hallam1 ii1 #aaf4 #baeb ,"u ! alt]native titles ( ,! ,exam9ation ( ,m5's ,wits & ,a ,trial ( ,wits4 ,rep4 #aeif1 #afjd1 #afaf4 #baec ,c>ew's tr4 ed4 #aeif1 p4 #ae4 #baed ,id4 p4 #ag4 #baee ,id4 p4 #ai4 #baef ,accord+ to ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 ,po/ell himself v5d$ /range h]esies1 "o be+ to ! effect t to make a good religion !re 7 ne$$ ?ree--! ,*ri/ian1 ! ,jewi%1 & ! ,turki%4 ,apologie p\r ,hrodote1 liv4 i1 ed4 #afjg1 pp4 #ih-ajj4 #baeg ,publi%$ at ,antw]p4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 #aehb1 #aehc1 & #aeij2 translat$ into ,lat9 9 #aehc1 & frequ5tly repr9t$ 9 t =m2 translat$ into ,engli% 7begun by ,sir ,philip ,sidney & complet$ by ,ar?ur ,gold+7 9 #aehg1 & 9 t =m at lea/ ?rice repr9t$ 9 blacklett]4 #baeh ,ed4 #aehb1 p4 #ah4 ,eng4 tr4 #afja1 p4 #aj4 #baei ,or ev5 9 modify+ philosophic doctr9e1 save p]haps z reg>ds ,desc>tes1 lat]4 ,cp4 ,b>?olmess1 ,hi/4 crit4 des doctr4 relig4 de la philos4 mod]ne1 #ahee1 i1 #ba-bb4 #bafj ,see ,ow51 ,skeptics ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 pp4 #fca-cf--;a fair] & m c>eful e/imate1 ?an t ( ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 ii1 #aaa-ac4 #bafa ,essais1 bk4 ii1 *4 xiii1 ed4 ,firm9-,didot1 vol4 ii1 #b-c2 ,k+ ,le>1 i1 #b1 ne> end2 ,les ,amants ,magnifiques1 i1 #b2 iii1 #a4 ,montaigne e*oes ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ii1 #h71 z ,molire does ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 ii1 #dc4 #bafb ,our religion1 he writes1 is made to extirpate vices2 x protects1 n\ri%es1 & incites !m 7,essais1 liv4 ii1 *4 xii2 d4 ,firm9-,didot1 ii1 #dfd74 ,!re is no enmity s extreme z ! ,*ri/ian4 7,i quote 9 g5]al ,florio's translation = ! flav\r's sake2 b x %\ld be not$ t he makes _m small slips47 #bafc ,ow5 0 mi/ak5 7,skeptics ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 p4 #dad7 9 suppos+ t ,montaigne sp5t sev]al ye>s ov] ?is translation4 ,by ,montaigne's own acc\nt at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,apologie1 x 0 done 9 a few days4 ,cp4 ,miss ,l[ndes's excell5t monograph1 ,mi*el de ,montaigne1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajf4 #bafd d4 ,firm9-,didot1 ii1 #dfi4 #bafe ,miss ,l[ndes1 p4 #ade4 ,cp4 ,*ampion1 ,introd4 aux ,essais de ,montaigne1 #aijj4 #baff ,essais1 liv4 ii1 *4 xii2 liv4 iii1 *4 v4 ,ed4 cit$1 i1 #fe2 ii1 #cji4 #bafg ,= a view ( ,montaigne's developm5t see ,m4 ,*ampion's excell5t ,introduction--a "w indisp5sable to a full und]/&+ ( ! ,essais4 #bafh ,liv4 ii1 *4 xi4 #bafi ,cp4 ! ,essais1 liv4 iii1 *4 i 7ed4 cit$1 ii1 #bjh74 ,ow5 gives a some:at mislead+ idea ( ! passage 7,fr5* ,skeptics1 p4 #dhf74 #bagj ,miss ,l[ndes1 ,mi*el de ,montaigne1 p4 #aca4 ,cp4 ,ow51 p4 #dad4 #baga ,he 0 consi/5t en\gh to d\bt ! new cosmology ( ,cop]nicus 7,essais1 z cit$1 i1 #fae72 & he ev5 made a r *ildi% attack on ! re=m ( ! ,cal5d> 7liv4 iii1 *s4 x1 xi72 b he 0 a ke5 & conv9c$ critic ( ! prevail+ abuses 9 law & education4 ,ow5's discussion ( 8 op9ions is illum9at+2 b t ( ,*ampion makes a /ill m se>*+ analysis z reg>ds ! conflict+ t5d5cies 9 ,montaigne4 #bagb ,liv4 i1 *4 liv4 #bagc ,liv4 i1 *4 xx1 end4 #bagd ,liv4 i1 *4 xxii4 #bage ,liv4 ii1 *4 ix4 #bagf ,liv4 ii1 *4 xvii4 ,ed4 cit$1 ii1 #eh4 #bagg ,id4 p4 #ei4 #bagh ,liv4 iii1 *4 xiii4 ,ed4 cit$1 ii1 #egb4 #bagi ,cp4 ! cl]ical prote/s ( ,/]l+ 7,lond4 & ,we/m4 ,rev4 ,july1 #ahch1 p4 #cdf7 & ,dean ,*ur* 7,ox=d ,essays1 p4 #bgi7 ) ! judgm5t ( ,*ampion1 pp4 #aei-gc4 ,/]l+ pi\sly decl>es t ,all t we f9d 9 him ,montaigne ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be suitable to apes & dogs4444 #bahj ,liv4 i1 *4 xxii4 ,cp4 liv4 iii1 *4 xi4 #baha ,bel[1 #e4 #bahb ,liv4 iii1 *4 xi4 #bahc ,liv4 iii1 *4 xi4 #bahd ,cp4 citations 9 ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #ah1 note #db 7#a-vol4 ed4 p4 #bif72 ,locky4 ,rationalism1 i1 #ib-ie2 & ,p]r5s1 ,les ,lib]t9s1 p4 #dd4 #bahe ,z to ,h5ri ,,iv see ,p]r5s1 p4 #ec4 #bahf ,n1 z ,ow5 /ates 7,fr5* ,skeptics1 p4 #efi71 ! si/] ( ,francis ,i1 :o di$ :5 ,*>ron 0 eight ye>s old1 b ! daught] ( ,h5ri ,,ii1 & fir/ wife ( ,h5ri ( ,nav>re1 aft]w>ds ,h5ri ,,iv4 #bahg ,cp4 ,pr(4 ,/r[ski1 ,de ,montaigne ,pascal1 z cit$1 p4 #agj sq41 & ! ,disc\rs ,*rti5 ( ,*>ron--an extract f a lett] ( #aehi--publi%$ ) ! #afji ed4 ( ! ,sagesse4 #bahh ,cp4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 z cit$ by ,ow51 p4 #ega1 note1 & ,ow5's own words1 p4 #egb4 #bahi ,ow51 p4 #ega4 ,cp4 pp4 #egc1 #egd4 #baij ,bayle1 art4 ,*>ron4 ,a brutal a!ism is ! acc\nt ( ,*>ron's doctr9e giv5 by ! ,jesuit ,g>asse4 ,cp4 ,p]r5s1 p4 #eg4 #baia ,ow5 7p4 #egj7 comes to ?is conclusion aft] c>efully collat+ ! editions4 ,cp4 p4 #ehg1 note4 ,! :ole ( ! alt]ations1 includ+ ^? propos$ by ,presid5t ,jeann91 w be f\nd set =? 9 ! edition ( #afjg1 & ! repr9ts ( t4 ,"o ( ! modifi$ passages 7fir/ ed4 p4 #beg2 ed4 #afji1 p4 #ghe7 is ! ,montaignesque comm5t 7not$ by ,pr(4 ,/r[ski1 p4 #aie7 on ! fa%ion 9 :i* m5's religion is det]m9$ by _! place ( bir?4 ,c'e/ du ,montaigne aggrav1 compla9s ,m4 ,/r[ski4 ,& x is left un*ang$ 9 sub/ance4 #baib ,! fir/ 444 attempt made 9 a mod]n language to con/ruct a sy/em ( morals )\t ! aid ( !ology 7#c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #ai2 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #bif74 #baic ,cp4 ,ow51 pp4 #ehj-he4 #baid ,buckle1 #c-vol4 ed4 ii1 #ba2 #a-vol4 ed4 p4 #big4 #baie ,e4g41 ! preface to ! fir/ edition1 ad init4 #baif ,e4g41 liv4 ii1 *4 xxviii ( revis$ ed4 7ed4 #afji1 p4 #cii74 #baig ,see ! biog4 pref4 ( ,labitte to ! ,*>p5ti] edition1 p4 xxv4 ,! ,satyre 9 its own turn freely *>ges a!ism & ince/ on ,leagu]s2 e4g41 ! ,h>angue de ,m4 de ,lyon1 ed4 cit$1 pp4 #gi1 #hf4 ,?is 0 by ,rap91 :om ,g>asse p>ticul>ly accuses ( lib]t9age4 ,see ! ,doctr9e ,curieuse1 z cit$1 p4 #abd4 #baih ,x _h to be f\r times repr9t$ 9 a few weeks2 & ! subsequ5t editions are innum]able4 ,ev] s9ce its issue x has be5 an anti-fanatical =ce 9 ,france4 #baii ,cp4 ,*4 ,read's introd4 to ed4 #ahhf ( ! ,satyre1 p4 iii4 7,an exact repr9t47 ,! ,satyre anticipates 7ed4 ,read1 p4 #bha2 ed4 ,labitte1 p4 #bbg7 ! mod]n say+ t ! wor/ peace is bett] ?an ! be/ w>4 #bbjj ,de ,?\1 ,t4 v1 liv4 #ih1 p4 #fc1 cit$ 9 ed4 #afii ( ! ,satyre1 p4 #dhi4 ,de ,?\ 0 "o ( ! ,ca?olics :o loa!d ! savag]y ( ! ,*ur*2 & 0 accord+ly br&$ by ! pope z a h]etic4 ,buckle1 #a-vol4 ed4 pp4 #bia1 #cjj1 notes4 #bbja ,m4 ,labitte1 himself a ,ca?olic1 speaks ( ,g>asse's =fant]ie habituelle & ton d'insol5ce s9cre qui dguise tant de m5songes 7,pref4 cit$1 p4 xxxi474 ,pr(4 ,/r[ski 7p4 #acj7 admits too t ,il ne faut pas trop s'atta*] aux rvlations s5sationelles du pre ,g>asse3 les maximes qu'il prte aux beaux esprits1 il les leur prte en effet1 elles ne leur app>ti5t pas t\tes4 ,la socit secrte1 la ,confrrie des ,b\teilles1 ou il les dit engags1 e/ un inv5tion de sa v]ve b\ffonne4 ,b ! ,pr(essor1 ) a ,n'importe61 =gives him1 & trades on 8 matt]4 #bbjb ,ow51 ,fr5* ,skeptics1 p4 #fei4 ,cp4 ,lecky1 ,rationalism1 i1 #ig1 cit+ ,maury1 z to ! resi/ance ( lib]t9s to ! sup]/ition ab\t wit*craft4 #bbjc ,doctr9e ,curieuse des ,beaux ,esprits1 z cit$1 p4 #bjh4 ,?is is "o ( ! passages :i* fully expla9 ! op9ion ( ! or?odox ( t age t ,g>asse help$ r ?an h9d]$ a!ism 7,reimmann1 ,hi/4 ,a!ismi1 #agbe1 p4 #djh74 #bbjd ,m]s5ne ascrib$ ! quatra9s to a skill$ controv]siali/4 ,qu/iones1 pref4