,,! ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,books ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s logo ,,! ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,books ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts1 ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures ,,at ,,! ,,slade ,,s*ool1 ,,univ]sity ,,college ,,by ,,joseph ,,p5nell ,,lectur] ,,on ,,illu/ration ,,at ,,! ,,slade ,,s*ool1 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,& ,,p5 ,,draughtsm51 ,,mod]n ,,illu/ration1 ,,etc ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co ,,london3 ,t ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,page ,,:at ,,is ,,illu/ration8 #a ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rator #ad ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,draw+ ,,= ,,reproduction ,,9 ,,l9e #cc ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,l9e ,,draw+s #fe ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,wa% ,,draw+s ,,& ,,_! ,,reproduction ,,by ,,me*anical ,,process #hj ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,reproduction ,,( ,,draw+s ,,by ,,wood ,,engrav+ #ic ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,li?ography #aab ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,et*+ #abc ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,( ,,et*+s #add ,,lecture ,x4 ,,photogravure ,,& ,,photo-,,li?ography1 ,,etc4 #aee ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,mak+ ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press #afj ,"s ( ^! ,lectures 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ,art ,j\rnal1 & !y are republi%$ by p]mission ( ! ,editor4 ,,preface4 ,^! lectures 7 deliv]$ 9 ! ,slade ,s*ool1 ,univ]sity ,college1 at ! reque/ & sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,f4 ,br[n1 &1 ,i believe1 7 ! fir/1 or among ! fir/1 s]i\s attempts 9 ?is c\ntry to po9t out all ! v>i\s me?ods ( mak+ & reproduc+ draw+s = book & newspap] illu/ration4 ,s9ce !y 7 fir/ deliv]$1 n[ "s ?ree w9t]s ago1 c\rses ( lectures on illu/ration1 & classes = in/ruction 9 draw+ & engrav+ h be5 />t$ 9 almo/ all art s*ools4 ,x seem$ to me1 !re=e1 t a small manual on ! subject might be useful4 ,!re is no attempt 9 ?is book to def9e ,art1 or ev5 to tell ! /ud5t h[ to draw2 t he le>ns 9 8 ord9>y s*ool "w4 ,/ill less is !re any endeav\r to dictate1 or ev5 sugge/1 any especial /yle1 or mann] ( h&l+1 or te*nique4 ,b illu/ration is1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 a me*anical craft1 :i* mu/ be le>n$1 & c be le>n$1 by any "o4 ,& ignorance ( ! requirem5ts & absolute necessities are evid5t all ar\nd u4 ,! book1 !re=e1 might r be describ$ z a s]ies ( tips or h9ts--to put x on z l[ a plane z possible--! result ( practical exp]i5ce1 :i* %\ld enable ! /ud5t to make 8 draw+s s t !y w produce a good effect on ! pr9t$ page2 b1 fir/ ( all1 he mu/ be able to make ! draw+ well4 ,no "o c tea* him t2 b he c be taught :at mat]ials he %\ld use1 :]e he c get !m1 & h[ he %\ld employ !m4 ,t is all ,i h tri$ to d4 ,z ,i h said 9 ?is book repeat$ly1 processes are discov]$ & p]fect$ almo/ daily4 ,s9ce ^! lectures 7 la/ giv51 ! me?od ( et*+ z9c & copp] half-tone blocks has be5 entirely revolutionis$4 ,n[1 !re is no ink+ up ( plates2 ! photograph on ! metal s]ves z a protect+ & acid-resi/+ gr\nd1 & ! bit+ is done z simply z 9 ord9>y et*+2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x is ! l9es or dots :i* are left 9 relief4 ,possibly be=e ! book is out1 ev5 great] improvem5ts & developm5ts may be made4 ,nor h ,i attempt$ to describe all ! tricks1 dodges1 & clev] s*emes employ$ 9 newspap] (fices = mak+ blocks f photographs1 or = ! rapid reproduction ( sket*es1 su* z draw+ on li?ographic transf] pap]1 mak+ photographic enl>gem5ts on fugitive pr9ts4 ,all are mo/ useful & valuable 9 _! way1 b n exactly :at "o w\ld tell a /ud5t to d4 ,if he becomes an illu/rator he w le>n ^! ?+s fa/ en\gh4 ,z ! book is pass+ ?r\gh ! press ,mr4 ,w4 ,lewis ,fras]1 ! art manag] ( ,! ,c5tury magaz9e1 writes me t he ?9ks x a good practical book1 likely to be ( mu* use to ! "y illu/rator1 & save ! art editor _m a pang & _m a sorr[4 ,i hope s1 & x is ) ?is hope t ! book is publi%$4 ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,london1 ,oct41 #ahie4 ,,! ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,books4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,illu/ration8 ,! crav+ = pictures1 t is1 = illu/rations1 is z old z ! _w4 ,! cave-dwell] felt x :5 he scrat*$ on ! walls ( 8 h\se1 or c>v$ ! h&le ( 8 battle-axe2 "o !re 0 :o /ay$ by ! t5ts ) ! wom51 & trac$ /range devices ) a burnt /ick ^u ! gr\nd4 ,o!rs pa9t$ !mselves blue1 & 7 beautiful2 & ^! 7 ! fir/ illu/rators4 ,! ,egyptians 7 ! mo/ prolific1 & _! works may be f\nd1 monum5ts m durable ?an brass1 n alone 9 _! places1 b scatt]$ to all ! corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,f ! ,egyptians & ! ,assyrians we may skip1 (f5d+ b ! ar*ologi/ & ! p$ant1 to ! illum9ators :o ?rew _! light on ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,!y *ang$ _! me?ods f c>v+ to trac+1 & _! m$iums f /one & papyrus to p>*m5t & vellum4 ,b always ^! illu/rations 7 s+le works ( art1 !y 7 n reproduc$1 & only duplicat$ by copy+ by h&4 ,beautiful z are ! manuscripts1 !y play b a small & unimportant "p 9 ! hi/ory ( illu/ration1 :5 comp>$ ) ! block books t foll[ !m2 ?\gh block pr9t+ is b a natural evolution f ! /amp on ! bricks ( ! ,egyptian1 or ! pa9t+ on ! vases ( ! ,etruscan4 ,! block books1 m (t5 loose %eets1 7 pr9t$ f designs1 picture & text1 cut on ! wood1 9 "o piece1 sometimes possibly engrav$ 9 metal4 ,^! blocks1 be+ ink$1 & hav+ %eets ( pap] plac$ on _! ink$ surfaces1 & ! pap] be+ rubb$1 gave (f an impression2 z _m blocks hav+ to be cut z !re 7 pages1 & z _m impressions hav+ to be tak5 f ea* block z !re 7 copies desir$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! illu/rat$ blocks is ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 #adbc1 ?\gh play+-c>ds1 produc$ 9 ! same way1 7 kn[n mu* e>li]4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable types1 practis$ by ! ,*9ese c5turies be=e we ev] ?\ght ( x1 t illu/ration1 9 its mod]n s5se1 may be said to h be5 creat$2 ?\gh pr9t+ ) movable type is b ! cutt+ up into sep>ate lett]s ( ! pages ( ! block books4 ,z soon z ! arti/ 0 able to make 8 design ^u a block ( wood1 h t engrav$1 & set up 9 ! press ) movable type1 & pr9t f x1 a new art 0 discov]$4 ,f ! day ( ,gut5b]g & ,s*ff]1 illu/ration has1 9 ! ma91 nev] *ang$2 new me?ods h be5 employ$1 new processes = mak+ ! blocks h be5 p]fect$1 b an illu/ration /ill cont9ues to be a design on a wood block or metal plate1 s cut1 engrav$1 or et*$ z to produce a pr9t+ surface f :i* impressions may be tak51 ei!r 9 connection ) type1 :5 we call x lett]press or relief pr9t+1 or sep>ate f ! type1 :5 x usually becomes intaglio or plate pr9t+4 ,^! me?ods h und]gone1 & /ill are und]go+1 incessant modifications1 developm5ts1 & improvem5ts2 & anyone :o wi%es to take up illu/ration z a pr(ession or a /udy1 mu/ le>n ! rudim5ts ( ! sci5ce1 z well z ma/] ! great pr9ciples ( art1 if he wi%es to succe$4 ,to-day1 ! me?ods ( mak+ ! design are _m1 b ! me?ods ( reproduc+ x are virtually endless2 /ill "o mu/ try to le>n some?+ ( ! mo/ important1 & ! m "o und]/&s ! requirem5ts ( draw+ = engrav+ & pr9t+1 ! bett] w be ! results obta9$4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury "o _h b to design ! picture on ! side ( a plank1 write 9 ! text 9 rev]se1 cut ev]y?+ else away1 wet ! block ?or\ghly1 ink ! face ( x1 lay damp pap] ov] x1 & rub or press ! back ( ! %eet ( pap] till ! ink came (f on x1 produc+ a pr9t4 ,to-day "o mu/ und]/& draw+ 9 all sorts ( m$iums1 "k some?+ ( ! effect ( photograph+ a draw+ on to ! wood block or metal plate1 take at lea/ an intellig5t int]e/ 9 engrav+ on wood & metal1 und]/& process & li?ography1 & be prep>$ to /ruggle ) t t]rible mon/]1 ! mod]n /eam-press1 & its slave1 ! mod]n pr9t]4 ,to d ?is intellig5tly requires1 n only a tra9+ 9 ,art1 b 9 ! arts & sci5ces ( engrav+1 reproduction1 pr9t+2 & x is to ^! arts & sci5ces t ,i propose to call y\r att5tion4 ,an illu/ration--us+ ! t]m 9 its arti/ic s5se--is a design int5d$ to give an arti/'s idea ( an incid5t1 episode1 or topographical site1 or x may be b a m]e diagram ref]r$ to by a writ]2 & an illu/rator is "o :o makes pictures or illu/rations :i* illu/rate or expla9 8 own text1 or t ( ano!r writ]4 ,an illu/ration really is a "w ( art1 or r x %\ld be1 :i* is explanatory2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 s too is all graphic art1 explanatory ( "s /ory1 s5tim5t1 emotion1 effect1 or fact2 & x w\ld be v difficult inde$ to po9t out :5 art is n illu/rative4 ,z ! ^w is us$ to-day1 h[ev]1 an illu/ration is a design made = ! purpose ( publication 9 book or magaz9e or pap]4 ,! fa%ion ( mak+ su* designs to accompany lett]+ or type is1 z ,i h %[n1 z old z ! art ( writ+4 ,! art ( illu/ration1 or r ! exi/5ce ( illu/ration z a sep>ate craft1 & ( illu/rators z a di/9ct body ( craftsm51 is virtually ! gr[? ( ?is c5tury1 m prop]ly ( ! la/ sixty ye>s s9ce ! inv5tion ( illu/rat$ j\rnalism4 ,until ! o!r day illu/ration _h no place among ! ,f9e ,arts1 & x has be5 said t1 to w9 r5[n1 an illu/rator mu/ a*ieve x 9 "s o!r bran* ( art4 ,a few great arti/s ( ! pa/ h made illu/rations :i* w be priz$ = ev]1 & to-day ^! m5 are spok5 ( z illu/rators2 ) ,dr] & ,holbe9 x 0 b "o ( ! _m =ms ( art 9 :i* !y excell$1 b !y 7 n altoge!r giv5 up to x4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 illu/ration is ! mo/ liv+ & vital ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 & among its foll[]s are f\nd ! mo/ able & em95t ( contempor>y arti/s4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be said t ?is prom95ce :i* has be5 s sudd5ly ?ru/ ^u illu/ration is altoge!r due to its increase 9 arti/ic excell5ce2 !re are a numb] ( o!r reasons4 ,illu/ration has inde$ rea*$ te*nically1 on ! "p ( arti/1 engrav]1 & pr9t]1 su* a po9t ( p]fection1 t x has at l5g? =c$ critics & amateurs to give x ! att5tion x has s long dem&$4 ,m important reasons are ! developm5ts 9 reproduction & pr9t+1 />t$1 & to a great ext5t c>ri$ on1 m]ely to less5 ! co/ ( production1 b capable ( giv+ bett] & tru] results 9 ! h&s ( intellig5t craftsm51 ?an any?+ previ\sly kn[n4 ,/ill1 *eapness 9 reproduction by process1 *eapness 9 ! co/ ( pr9t+1 has enabl$ numb]s ( absolutely ignorant p 7ignorant1 t is1 ( art71 b possess$ (1 !y ?9k1 f9e comm]cial in/9cts1 to />t illu/rat$ pap]s & publi% illu/rat$ books4 ,! result has be5 t an army ( out-(-works 9 o!r fields ( art1 ( immature or ev5 utt]ly untra9$ /ud5ts1 escap+ f ! h>d lab\r & drudg]y ( an art s*ool1 ignorant ev5 ( ! fact t great illu/rators h always /udi$ & work$ be=e !y h f\nd a *ance to />t1 h ru%$ into illu/ration4 ,!y are l$ bl9dly by ! advice ( ! bl9d1 !y f9d ev5 manuals on ! subject writt5 au?oritatively by p :o are ei!r n arti/s1 engrav]s1 or pr9t]s1 or1 if !y d pret5d to practise any ( ^! arts & crafts1 are unkn[n & unhe>d ( among ! arti/s ) :om !y w\ld rank !mselves2 & m wond]ful /ill1 ! pupils ( ^! bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d f9d publi%]s & pr9t]s ignorant en\gh to employ !m2 b n s ignorant z to pay m ?an ! wage ( an inf]ior s]vant = ! wor?less "w suppli$ !m4 ,!re are _m ( ^! pap]s1 magaz9es1 & books be+ publi%$ to-day--em95t au?ors ev5 contribute to _! pages2 b ! illu/rations !y conta9 are m primitive 9 _! dep? ( ignorance ?an ! "w ( ! cave-dwell]s1 & w\ld be equally valuable to future ages if x 7 n t !y 7 ma9ly made up ( an un9tellig5t cribb+1 & /eal+ f photographs & o!r m5's "w4 ,!re=e1 z a mass1 in/ead ( advanc+1 illu/ration is s9k+ l[] & l[]1 ow+ to ! action ( ^? :o pret5d to be its patrons2 at ! pres5t mom5t we f9d ourselves 9 a critical situation1 good "w cr[d$ out by m$iocrity--because m$iocrity is *eap]--real arti/s lo/ sight ( amid ! cr[d ( squirm+1 /ruggl+1 adv]tis+ hacks4 ,any sp>k ( orig9ality is /amp$ out if possible4 ,! m]e attempt to say any?+ 9 "o's own fa%ion is a crime1 & on all sides ! pray] = ! ext9ction ( ! arti/ is he>d2 aft] him w g ! process man z ! comm]cial wood engrav] has vani%$1 & !n--well1 ?+s w take a new />t1 good "w w be done1 & we may z well prep>e = ! "t com+ soon1 :5 *eapness & na/9ess1 hav+ /ruggl$ to ! bitt] end1 w kill ea* o!r = want ( some?+ bett]4 ,/ill1 to-day1 z good "w is be+ done z ev] !re 02 only *eapness has to %riek s l\d1 & adv]tise s l>ge1 to be se5 at all1 t p are deaf5$ by ! %riek+1 & at times ! be/ is b se5 ?r\gh a glass1 d>kly4 ,nev]!less1 good art w z surely live z bad w p]i%4 ,let u !n endeav\r n only to le>n :at good "w is1 b h[ to d x4 ,9 ! ne> future ?is w be absolutely necess>y4 ,:5 "o sees ! greate/ arti/s 9 ,engl& draw+ = p5ny pap]s1 "o realises t illu/ration is only app>5tly 9 a bad way1 t really we are ent]+ ^u a second r5aissance1 t ?is is b ! d>k mom5t be=e ! dawn4 ,z a prelim9>y1 & also a f9al1 ^w to y1 ,i w\ld say1 y mu/ draw1 draw1 draw fir/1 la/1 & all ! "t1 & until y c draw1 & draw well1 y _c illu/rate4 ,! /udy1 !re=e1 ( ! equipm5t ( ! illu/rator %\ld be our aim--:at he mu/ d be=e he c make good illu/rations1 !n1 h[ he is to make !m4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rator4 ,?ree special qualifications are absolutely indisp5sable to ! arti/ :o desires to become an illu/rator4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to make ! lea/ important illu/ration1 ! /ud5t mu/ h a s\nd tra9+ 9 draw+1 & if he has work$ 9 col\r s mu* ! bett]1 = 9 ! ne> future col\r "w w play a v important "p1 ev5 9 ! lea/ co/ly =m ( books & pap]s4 ,second1 ! /ud5t mu/ ?or\ghly und]/& ! use ( v>i\s m$iums1 oil 79 mono*rome at lea/71 wat] col\r1 wa% & body col\r1 p5 & ink1 *alk1 et*+1 li?ography1 & he mu/ h ability to express himself by almo/ all ^! me?ods4 ,a k1 too1 ( ! appe>ance ! draw+ w pres5t aft] x has be5 engrav$ on wood or metal1 process$1 et*$1 or li?ograph$ is necess>y1 because ! illu/rator w be held responsible = ! results on ! pr9t$ page2 ev5 ?\gh1 z is usually ! case1 ! fault is t ( ! engrav] or pr9t]1 ! public c]ta9ly w blame ! arti/ alone4 ,!re=e ! editor or publi%] w n employ him4 ,! engrav] w blame him if only to save 8 own bus9ess reputation4 ,! pr9t] w take away 9 e case _m valuable qualities :i* ! draw+ possess$2 b = ! incompet5cy or inability ( engrav] & pr9t]1 ! arti/ w be held acc\ntable1 & he mu/ !re=e und]/& engrav+ & pr9t+ well en\gh to place ! blame :]e x belongs1 if n on 8 own %\ld]s4 ,to be able1 !n1 to obta9 good pr9t$ results1 requires a k ( ! reproductive arts1 on ! "p ( ! illu/rator1 9 !ory at lea/1 almo/ equal to ! practical skill dem&$ 9 draw+4 ,?ird1 b mo/ important ( all1 ! ability to discov] ! vital or *>act]i/ic motive ( an au?or's "w1 & s set x =? t ! public may see x too4 ,& ! p[] to d ?is well is )\t d\bt ! real te/ ( an illu/rator4 ,no?+ is m difficult4 ,! arti/ mu/ please ! au?or1 !re=e he %\ld if possible "k ! writ] p]sonally2 at lea/ he mu/ be 9 sympa?y )1 & int]e/$ 9 8 "w1 else a diff]5ce arises at once2 jeal\sy betwe5 au?or & arti/1 ne>ly always ! fault ( ! au?or1 :o usually res5ts ! pres5ce ( ! arti/ at all1 is ! cause ( half ! failures 9 illu/ration4 ,no arti/ w\ld ?9k ( dictat+ to an au?or ! fa%ion 9 :i* ! latt] %\ld write 8 /ory1 b e au?or1 & n a few editors1 try to tell _! own arti/ h[ x %all be illu/rat$4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is is "r1 & x w\ld be altoge!r "r1 if only ! au?or & editor knew any?+ ( art2 b n infrequ5tly !y d n1 & ! less !y "k ! m !y dictate4 ,x may be safely said t n once 9 a hundr$ times is ! au?or satisfi$ ) 8 illu/rations1 especially if !y are made to decorate a /ory4 ,& ev5 ! designs int5d$ to illu/rate a descriptive article seldom please ! writ]1 simply because ! au?or has no compreh5sion ( ! limitations ( graphic art4 ,/ill1 ) descriptive articles1 ! case is some:at diff]5t4 ,if ! illu/rator kn[s ! au?or1 he may und]take ! j\rney1 if to a =eign l&1 = example1 ) him1 & a mo/ delightful piece ( collaboration may be ! result4 ,or ! au?or hav+ visit$ ! spot--sometimes he writes ab\t x )\t hav+ done s--may make out a li/ ( subjects1 & ! arti/ may pick & *oose f !m1 go+ to ! place describ$ to d s1 ) m or less satisfactory results4 ,x is 9 ?is way t mo/ ( ! bett] kn[n magaz9es obta9 _! illu/rat$ descriptive articles1 b ev5 by ?is me?od ! arti/ & au?or usually disagree z to :at %\ld be drawn1 ! matt] be+ look$ at f two entirely diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,or ! arti/ may be ask$ to "w up into draw+s1 f photographs1 views ( a place1 or portraits ( p nev] se5 by him2 "s illu/rators are v successful at ?is1 "w :i* 9 mo/ m5's h&s w\ld be b ! v]ie/ drudg]y & hack "w1 becom+ int]e/+1 attractive1 & truly arti/ic4 ,b 9 mo/ cases su* draw+s1 ev5 by ! mo/ skilful m51 lack ! g & life obta9$ :5 ! "w is done direct f nature1 or at lea/ )\t ! photograph2 & e true arti/ pref]s nature to any photograph4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! _w m difficult to "w f4 ,"o is confus$ by endless unimportant1 unselect$ details2 ! po9t ( view is nev] t :i* "o w\ld h select$1 & ! result1 save 9 ! r>e/ in/ances1 is dubb$ photographic ev5 by ! artless4 ,! mo/ awful mis=tune t may occur to an illu/rator is to be compell$ to use ! photographs or sket*es made by an au?or2 "h almo/ c]ta9 disa/] awaits ! arti/4 ,! au?or :o _c draw b w sket* is t]rible2 ! au?or :o c photograph is impossible4 ,bo?1 !y are sure1 c\ld make ! illu/rations if !y b _h ! "t2 & ! arti/ :o is compell$ to illu/rate !m c\ld write ! /ory or d ! description1 he kn[s1 if he b took ! tr\ble4 ,at lea/1 t is ! view !y take ( ea* o!r4 ,! result is almo/ c]ta9 failure4 ,su* p %\ld contribute solely to ! j\rnals ( actuality1 :]e nei!r art nor lit]ature f9d an abid+ place1 & ! photograph1 ! amateur1 & ! p]sonal p>agraph are supreme4 ,despite all ^! ?+s1 & _m m1 p /ruggle to become illu/rators4 ,ano!r qualification = ! illu/rator is education2 no ignorant p]son may become a dec5t illu/rator4 ,he ne$ n possess an univ]sity degree2 few d4 ,b he mu/ be able to und]/& a vital or dramatic or pictorial po9t1 & to arrive at ?is und]/&+ may necessitate mu* /udy ( lit]ature at home & ! visit+ ( _m l&s4 ,h[ c "o illu/rate a hi/ory ( ,napoleon1 = example1 )\t read+ ev]y?+ possible ab\t 8 life t ! au?or read1 & )\t visit+ ! v>i\s c\ntries 9 :i* 8 life 0 pass$2 9 %ort1 ! consci5ti\s illu/rator goes ?r\gh exactly ! same process z ! au?or1 :5 collect+ 8 mat]ials4 ,) ?is diff]5ce2 ! au?or is1 9 mo/ cases1 ! f9al judge ( 8 own "w1 & ( 8 arti/'s ef=ts too4 ,x is amaz+ t1 consid]+ t an illu/rator has to submit to hav+ 8 "w judg$ by editors1 reject$ by au?ors1 spoil$ by engrav+1 injur$ by process1 & ru9$ by pr9t+--& all ?is may happ5 to good z well z bad "w--armies ( "y p are ru%+ into an ov]-cr[d$ pr(ession1 & e art s*ool1 by tea*+ illu/ration1 is enc\rag+ !m to d s4 ,see+1 !n1 t su* is ! case1 my object is to endeav\r to give y a />t 9 ! "r way if possible1 at lea/ 9 ! way t1 up to ! pres5t1 ! be/ "w has be5 done4 ,t is1 briefly1 by draw+ well1 by work+ c>efully1 by express+ ideas pla9ly1 & ^! desir$ results c only be obta9$ by ^? :o reg>d illu/ration q z s]i\sly z any o!r bran* ( ! ,f9e ,arts2 :o "k ! good "w t has be5 done 9 ! pa/1 & work+ on ! "r traditions1 adapt _! me?ods to ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t4 ,!re are _m m po9ts to be not$1 n lea/ ( :i* is t an illu/rator mu/ le>n to keep 8 temp]2 f ! fir/ draw+ he submits1 until he takes to pa9t+ 9 despair1 8 "w w almo/ surely be misund]/ood1 8 motives disbeliev$4 ,if he works 9 ! /yle affect$ by 8 pap]1 t is1 ! /yle :i* ! editor consid]s appeals to 8 subscrib]s--= pap]s are publi%$ = ga91 n love--he w be ask$ by ! critic :y he does s4 ,if he d>es to be orig9al1 to foll[ 8 own incl9ations1 he w be told to efface himself & "w l ! re/4 ,if he sket*es he w be accus$ ( %irk+ 8 "w4 ,if he elaborates he w be told he is ru9+ ! proprietor4 ,8 only consolation is t he1 p]sonally1 seldom sees ! editor1 he prep>es himself = ! ordeal1 & z ! editor has to enc\nt] a con/ant succession ( irate1 contrite1 emphatic1 & ev5 furi\s arti/s1 8 life _c be an altoge!r happy "o4 ,/ill he fl\ri%es1 & s does ! illu/rator4 ,b !re are comp5sations4 ,"o may be ask$ to illu/rate ! works ( a deceas$ au?or1 "o may treat ! volume almo/ z "o likes1 & discuss ! result ) ! editor4 ,9 ?is case ! arti/ w almo/ c]ta9ly d 8 be/4 ,if he has ! true illu/rative _s1 he w /udy ! p]iod1 ! c\ntry1 ! mann]s1 ! co/ume2 &1 if let alone1 to produce ! "w 9 8 own way & at 8 leisure1 he may create a ma/]piece4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds entirely on ! arti/4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! great illu/rat$ works ( ! c5tury h come into exi/5ce1 )\t hurry1 )\t worry1 &1 aft] all1 ! pleasure ( "w has be5 almo/ ! only rew>d ! arti/ has ga9$--& t seems to be en\gh to attract cr[ds--b ,i d\bt if ! bus9ess side ( illu/ration means mu* to ! /ud5t4 ,bett] /ill1 ! arti/ may make a s]ies ( draw+s1 & !n get a writ]--an arti/ 9 words--"o ( ^? p :o talk ( impressionism 9 prose1 or impa/o 9 poetry1 to turn out s _m y>ds ( copy4 ,) :at a grace he does s1 & ) :at glee ! arti/ p\nces on 8 l9es6 ,if x 7 n = ! ev]-pres5t editor ! au?or's lot w\ld be almo/ z bad z ! illu/rator's4 ,be/ condition ( all "u :i* "w may be produc$ is :5 ! illu/rator is 8 own au?or1 :5 he writes 8 own /ory or does 8 own description2 ?is requires t "o %all be d\bly gift$4 ,mu* may be le>n$ by practice1 b to be really great 9 ?is has z yet sc>ce be5 grant$4 ,b a few v tal5t$ arti/-au?ors exi/4 ,equally good are ^? magaz9es t publi% illu/rations :i* are indep5d5t works ( art1 ( equal importance ) ! text4 ,equally pleasant1 too1 is work+ = ! weekly illu/rat$ press--h[ long ?is =m ( publication w la/ is d\btful--mak+ draw+s :i* w be pr9t$ ( a l>ge size & %[ really ! ability ( ! arti/4 ,x is pleasant1 too1 :5 ! editor is an arti/ or man ( sympa!tic intellig5ce4 ,ano!r v important matt] is ! recognis+ ( ! fact t illu/ration at its be/ is equal 9 arti/ic rank ) any o!r =m ( arti/ic expression2 & t 9 e c\ntry save ,engl& illu/rators rank ) any o!r arti/s4 ,"h "o is =c$ to take to pa9t to ga9 admittance to ! ,royal ,academy1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! di/+ui%$ memb]s ( t body won _! reputations1 & live on !m1 n by col\r1 b by ! despis$ trade ( illu/rat+4 ,critics--ev5 ! be/ ( !m--w tell y t an illu/rator is j a little l[] ?an a pa9t]4 ,x is false if ! art ( ! "o is z good 9 quality z t ( ! o!r2 else ,rembr&t's et*+s are inf]ior to 8 pa9t+s1 :i* is absurd4 ,b to-day _m illu/rators1 9 fact ! mass1 d n take !mselves s]i\sly4 ,!y squabble & haggle1 !y hurry & pu%1 !y are z mu* %opkeep]s z y\r out-(-"w pa9t]4 ,o!rs mu/ h _! /uff 9 e pap]4 ,o!rs' portraits & ev5tless b\rgeois lives appe> 9 e magaz9e1 especially if ! portrait is done = no?+ & a few draw+s are ?r[n 94 ,o!rs crib ! sup]ficial qualities ( ! popul> "o ( ! mom5t1 :e!r 8 game is ecc5tricity1 my/icism1 or primitiv5ess1 ?ree excell5t dodges = hid+ incapacity or want ( tra9+4 ,n t !re are no good m5 :o d f9d _! means ( expression among ! primitives or :o are really my/ic1 or truly grotesque1 b = e "o ( ^! !re is an army ( frauds4 ,b all ! :ile good "w is be+ done4 ,y may n see ! real arti/'s "n 9 lett]s a foot long on e ho>d+1 or 8 productions 9 e book t comes out4 ,b once 9 a :ile he does an article1 or ev5 a draw+ & !n ! my/ics1 ! hacks1 ! primitives1 & ev5 "s few ( ! public1 buy x & treasure x up4 ,!re=e be s]i\s1 be e>ne/2 & if y _c be--if y ?9k illu/ration b a /epp+-/one to some?+ bett]--leave x alone & tackle ! some?+ bett]4 ,y may nev] succe$ 9 t2 y w c]ta9ly fail 9 illu/ration4 ,!re is /ill ano!r po9t1 ! f9ancial "o4 ,"h illu/ration approa*es ar*itecture4 ,rusk9 said some:]e1 probably by accid5t1 = x is s true1 ,nev] give y\r draw+s away2 te> !m up or keep !m till "s "o wants to buy !m4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! pr(ession is s cr[d$ at ! bottom t "s %opkeep+ editors h pr(it$ by ?is to r$uce _! prices almo/ to no?+--lit]ally1 by ?reat5+ & sweat+1 obta9+ ! "w ( m]e /ud5ts & p :o are )\t money or bra9s1 ?\gh !y may be possess$ ( arti/ic ability1 = next to no?+4 ,9 ! case ( pa9t]s !y h said1 ,s5d u a photo or sket* ( y\r picture1 & we w put x 92 & ?9k ( ! adv]tisem5t4 ,:at y :o want to be illu/rators mu/ ?9k ( is t ! pa9t]s :o give _! "w to ^! p are fools4 ,w\ld a writ] give 8 /ory = no?+1 or a poet 8 sonnet8 ,& :5 ^! editors say !y c get su* an "o's draw+ = s mu* less1 tell !m to get x1 !y w come aft] y on _! knees lat] if y h any?+ 9 y1 or _! pap]s d n come to grief 9 ! meantime4 ,( c\rse !re c be no h>d-&-fa/ rule ab\t remun]ation1 b ! lab\r] is wor?y ( :at he c get4 ,& x has only be5 )9 ! la/ few ye>s t ! clev] dodge ( sw9dl+ ! public by bad photos & worse art1 ( sweat+ arti/s by employ+ hacks & /ud5ts has be5 practis$1 = ! b5efit ( two p1 grasp+ proprietors & /ill m grasp+ editors4 ,9 connection ) ?is matt]1 let me read y an extract f a lett] rec5tly receiv$ by me f ! greate/ liv+ illu/rator 7x is !re=e unnecess>y to m5tion 8 "n71 & read at "o ( ! meet+s ( ! ,society ( ,illu/rators3-- ,x has = too long be5 ! case t ! unsuccessful practition] ( o!r arts has turn$ to illu/ration ( ! bas] sort z a la/ *ance ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,i d>e say he has a "r to a liv+1 b 9 ^! days ( *eap & na/y illu/rat$ j\rnals1 ! l[ /&>d ( "w he br+s1 z a rule1 to a bran* ( ! arti/ic call+ always consid]$ by me a dignifi$ & important bran*1 ,i d n believe 9 recognis+ or enc\rag+2 & x c]ta9ly seems to me t a c]ta9 di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 m5 :o take n ! slighte/ arti/ic int]e/ 9 _! "w & ^? :o consci5ti\sly endeav\r to d x well & hone/ly4 ,i h se5 ! abnormal gr[? & prosp]ity ( *eap & na/y illu/ration1 to my great regret4 ,i suppose t s long z !re is a l>ge m>ket = x1 m5 w be f\nd to supply x1 & evid5tly ?is is ! sort ( ?+ f9d+ fav\r to-day4 ,! /&>d set up by ! ',cornhill' & ',once a ,week1' & by ,m5zel & ,meissoni] abroad1 seems to be out ( key ) ! pres5t ta/e4 ,x mu/ be t ignorance ( good "w is responsible--ignorance1 ,i may add1 on ! "p ( ! arti/ & editor--9 _! case int5tional or deplorable2 9 ! case ( ! public x is b ! bl9d lead+ ! bl9d4 ,!re=e1 f9ally1 try to d good "w1 & :5 y h done x dem& to be well paid = x4 ,if y h n ! moral or f9ancial backbone = ?is1 g & *op wood--or pa9t4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,draw+ ,,= ,,reproduction ,,9 ,,l9e4 ,!re is no d\bt t to-day ! mo/ popul> me?od ( design+ ! decoration ( a book 7,i use ! ^w book1 b ,i w\ld ref] to magaz9es & pap]s z well7 is by means ( l9e "w4 ,by ! use ( :at mat]ials ^! l9es are to be made2 h[ !y are to be plac$ ^u pap] or metal t !y may reproduce & pr9t be/2 & ! way 9 :i* t reproduction & pr9t+ is done1 w be ! subject ( ?is & subsequ5t lectures4 ,! l9e has always be5 employ$1 n only by arti/s1 b by ! artless1 to express =m2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! arti/ uses a vital l9e full ( mean+1 ! artless a mean+less l9e )\t vitality4 ,b (t5 ! "w ( ! two approa*es s closely t at times x c sc>cely be di/+ui%$2 h[ev]1 t is a critical1 & n a te*nical1 matt]4 ,i d n propose to give y a hi/ory ( ! me?ods employ$ to obta9 l9es1 9 fact1 a hi/ory ( draw+4 ,!re are _m su* books1 & z = draw+ y /udy t e day1 9 ! life & antique1 & ,i hope outside z well4 ,b x is to l9e "w & its reproduction 9 ! pres5t1 t ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion4 ,! mo/ g5]ally adopt$ me?od ( mak+ a l9e draw+ = illu/ration to-day is ) a p5 & ink1 ^u :ite pap]4 ,!re are b f\r tools1 & a surface to "w on requir$4 ,! tools are simple & *eap en\gh1 ! ability to use !m rightly & well is r>e en\gh1 ev5 ?\gh e book is decorat$ & all newspap]s are to be illu/rat$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,fir/1 z to ! p5s3 !re is1 z y "k1 an endless v>iety ( !m1 all ! be/4 ,"s are made specially = ! arti/1 & ( ^! ! mo/ g5]ally us$ is ,gillott's #fei 7all col\rm5 keep !m71 a b>rel p51 :i* fits a special h&le2 :5 "o has ma/]$ ?is p51 unsympa!tic1 h>d & scrat*y at fir/1 & ea* p51 by ! way1 has to be brok5 91 "o f9ds t ! mo/ amaz+ v>iety ( l9e c be obta9$ ) x1 f ! mo/ delicate to ! bolde/4 ,! beg9n] ?9ks because x is a small tool t only small "w c be done ) x2 exp]i5ce & practice w prove to him t x is a mo/ s5sitive implem5t1 & he w le>n to take c>e ( 8 p5s1 keep+ !m on ! hold] 9 a box :i* !y j fit1 = ^! p5s improve ) age1 gett+ bett] & bett] until !y are almo/ l liv+ ?+s1 & !n !y break4 ,f ?is mo/ delicate & s5sitive ( p5s ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion to ! h>de/ & mo/ unsympa!tic1 ! glass p51 or /ylus2 ?is is a useful tool1 b :ile ! ,gillott is to be us$ 9 "w dem&+ fre$om ( t\* & consequ5t v>iety ( l9e1 ! glass p5 is only to be us$--unless y l x--:5 l9es ( uni=m ?ickness are want$4 ,x c>ries a l>ge quantity ( ink1 &1 z l9es c be made 9 any direction ) x1 x is m l an et*+ ne$le ?an any?+ else ,i "k (2 & if ^! p5s 7 really well made 9 metal & n ( glass1 & ( diff]5t sizes & w\ld give l9es really v>y+ 9 wid?1 !y w\ld be mu* us$2 z x is !y are v unreliable1 easily brok51 & exp5sive4 ,i f9d t !y are liable to te> up ! pap]1 or refuse to "w 9 an annoy+ fa%ion4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t !y are mo/ useful = trac+1 & also t if !y clog up !y may be easily clean$ by dipp+ 9 wat] & wip+ (f ) a dry rag4 ,i may say t !y %\ld be ?or\ghly wip$1 & 9 fact all p5s %\ld1 aft] !y are clean$1 or ! ink is *ang$1 z y may n only spoil y\r p51 b y\r ink z well1 by dipp+ y\r p5 )\t clean+1 ei!r 9 wat] or ano!r sort ( ink1 z "o ink may conta9 "s *emical matt] :i* absolutely ru9s ano!r4 ,"s rubb] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( y\r ink/&1 = if ! glass p5 drops heavily x w be brok52 b n pap]1 unless y wi% to sp5d all y\r "t wip+ pulp (f y\r p54 ,! be/ ( ^! p5s ,i h f\nd are ^? sold by ,rob]son1 #ii1 ,long ,acre4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes1 ( flexibility 9 ! ,gillott1 & firmness 9 ! /ylus1 are to be f\nd all sorts & conditions ( p5s4 ,& ,i may say t y may nev] l1 & y ne$ nev] use1 any special k9d1 b in/ead y\r fav\rite writ+ p52 if y l t be/1 x is ! tool = y1 use x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s o!r sorts ( p5s to :i* ,i may call y\r att5tion4 ,if only "s f\nta9-p5 mak] _h ! s5se to inv5t a p5 = arti/s1 he w\ld make 8 =tune4 ,b f\nta9-p5s at pres5t are unreliable 9 action & unsuitable = use ) draw+ inks1 s !y are out ( ! "q altoge!r = u4 ,a v good tool is ! quill p54 ,mu* v>iety c be obta9$ ) x1 especially 9 broad dragg$ "w4 ,i use te*nical t]ms because y und]/& !m1 ,i hope1 & x is only ! te*nical side ( illu/ration ,i propose to t\*4 ,) ! back ( ?is p5 y c get ri* & brok5 effects1 especially :5 x is half dry4 ,! quill1 ! /ylus1 & ! re$1 7 ! tools = p5-draw+ us$ by ! old m54 ,y c buy quill p5s any:]e4 ,re$ p5s y _h bett] make = y\rselves2 g to a re$ b$ 9 ! e>ly summ]1 cut (f ! top ( ! /alk1 /rip (f ! out] cov]+1 & cut ! inn] canes into sections betwe5 ! jo9ts1 cut y\r p5 & f9i% x at once1 or r a lot ( !m1 = :5 ! re$ is dry x is liable to split & is n half s flexible4 ,p5 "w ) re$ p5s really %\ld only be done :5 !y are fre%2 b at all times !y glide easily ov] ! pap]1 ?\gh any p5 w d ?is aft] y h ma/]$ x4 ,re$ p5s also make a broad fat l9e & hold lots ( col\r4 ,ano!r p5 :i* is useful sometimes is ,p]ry's ,auto-,/ylo1 or m>k+ p51 f ,p]ry's1 ,holborn ,viaduct2 l9es half an in* broad or z f9e z a hair c be made ) x1 & ,i h at times us$ x z a bru%2 x is a mo/ amus+ in/rum5t4 ,br&au]'s r\nd po9t$ p5s are us$ by "s4 ,b ! p5 y %\ld use is ! p5 y c use2 t is1 ! p5 ) :i* y c get ! mo/ v>iety ( l9e4 ,or y may use half a doz51 f ! f9e/ ,gillott to ! bigge/ re$4 ,x is n ! p51 b ! p]son :o uses x4 ,sometimes x is n a bad ?+ to rememb] ?is4 ,_m arti/s are n[ tak+ up ! use ( ! bru%2 mo/ probably x 0 us$ by ! old m51 c]ta9ly ! m5 ( ! la/ g5]ation employ$ x1 z x 0 mu* easi] to "w on ! wood block ) a bru% ?an a p54 ,& we "k t ! ,japanese p5 is a bru%4 ,! advantages are flexibility ( l9e1 am\nt ( col\r x w hold1 fre$om f scrat*9ess1 & absolute fre$om ( movem5t 9 e direction--! greate/ advantage ( all--! l9e itself is full] & fatt]1 m pleas+4 ,! drawbacks1 well1 !re sc>cely are any1 save t to use ei!r bru% or p5 well is ab\t z difficult z to play ! viol92 t is all4 ,! commone/ bru% = l9e "w is t us$ by li?ograph]s1 a sable rigg] :i* !y cut to a f9e po9t1 remov+ ! outside hairs2 b almo/ any good po9t$ bru% w d4 ,v good inde$ are ! g5u9e ,japanese bru%es1 ! small ?9 ones are ! be/--9 black h&les--y c pick ^! up sometimes at ! ,japanese deal]s1 b ,i imag9e any arti/'s col\rman w\ld s5d to ,japan = !m if !re 0 a suffici5t dem&2 ,i h got !m 9 quantities = a p5ny ea*4 ,!re are v>i\s me*anical t9t tools l air bru%es 9 use2 !y are ( little importance to ! arti/1 & if y want a dott$ t9t y c get x by dipp+ a too?bru% 9 ink & rubb+ ! ink$ hairs ) a mat* /ick1 :5 ! ink w be splatt]$ 9 dots & blots all ov] ! pap]4 ,y may lay a piece ( pap] on ! p>ts y wi% to keep :ite1 & pa9t or scrat* out spots t are too d>k1 or y may impress y\r ink$ ?umb or pieces ( ink$ silk on ! pap]1 or indulge 9 any trick ( ?is sort t amuses y & gives ! desir$ result4 ,ink is probably ! mo/ important mat]ial employ$ 9 p5-draw+4 ,x mu/ be good1 t is1 x mu/ be black--x %\ld n %9e--x mu/ nev] settle1 x mu/ fl[ easily1 dry quickly1 & nev] clog ! p54 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( good ink1 b ! only ink ,i "k ( to-day1 :i* gives me exactly :at ,i want & is obta9able ( ! same quality all ov] ! _w1 all ov] ,europe at any rate--& ?is is an enorm\s advantage--is ,b\rgeois' ,encre de ,*9e ,liquide4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s x has nev] v>i$1 & t is m ?an ,i c say ( any o!r4 ,x is indelible1 a desirable quality 9 ord9>y use4 ,! only bad ?+ ab\t x is ! vile1 ill-balanc$ bottle & ! rott5 cork1 :i* always breaks & (t5 gets y into a mess4 ,! be/ bottle ,i h ev] se5 is t 9 :i* ,higg9s' ,am]ican draw+ ink comes4 ,?is is n a talk on inks1 b a h9t z to :at ,i h f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory & reliable--if y d n l ?is "o1 e col\rman makes an ink or sells "s "o else's2 try x4 ,among ! be/ are ,higg9s'1 ,w9sor & ,newton's1 ,newman's1 ,r[ney's1 ,reeves'1 ,/ev5s' ebony /a94 ,fre%ly-gr\nd ,indian ink is ! be/ ( all1 b to gr9d up y\r ink is too mu* tr\ble1 too t$i\s & too unreliable to be wor? ! bo!r x entails4 ,indian ink1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 %9es & glitt]s1 & ?is is n pleasant1 & h9d]s photography4 ,lamp black & ivory black are q dead & free f %9e1 b !y are n fix$ col\rs4 ,!y may be easily fix$ ) gall or gum4 ,writ+ inks usually1 if n always1 h blue 9 !m2 !re=e !y w n photograph1 !y run ab\t1 blot1 & g5]ally misbehave4 ,sometimes "o gets good black writ+-ink2 :5 y d get x1 use x4 ,b ,indian or ,*9ese ink is be/1 & z ,i "k ( no bett] prep>ation at pres5t1 ,i comm5d ,b\rgeois' ,encre de ,*9e ,liquide2 x comes 9 ! tall bottle ) ! diagonal black & yell[ dragon on ! label4 ,col\r$ inks1 save blue1 may be us$1 b unless ! illu/ration is to be pr9t$ 9 t col\r ! result is almo/ always disappo9t+2 delicate wa%es ( br[n1 = in/ance1 becom+ />+ solid blacks4 ,9 sket*+ out ( doors ) ink1 a me?od ,i mo/ /rongly recomm5d1 p\r y\r ink1 or r en\gh ( x1 into an exciseman's ink-bottle1 "o ( ^? unspillable affairs :i* y c cork up--?\gh1 save to keep ! du/ out ( !m1 !re is no occasion to d s--& atta* x by a sort ( wat*-gu>d to y\r buttonhole1 putt+ ! bottle 9 y\r pocket4 ,messrs4 ,newman1 #bd1 ,soho ,squ>e1 h fix$ up "s ( ^! bottles = me1 & !y w1 ,i h no d\bt1 supply !m4 ,! g5]al way ) arti/s is to put _! uncork$ ink-bottle 9 _! wai/coat pocket2 if !y %\ld happ5 to lean ov]1 on /raight5+ up ! ink is f\nd ^u _! tr\s]s or frocks1 or sket*-block--9 ! male a result mo/ conducive to /rong language1 especially if ! tr\s]s are spoil$2 ! draw+ doesn't s mu* matt]4 ,also provide y\rself ) a h>di% lead p5cil ,h41 or1 bett]1 a blue "o1 z ! blue doesn't photograph1 b x's h>d to get (f ! pap]1 & don't look well2 also "s li?ographic crayon or ,wolff's c>bon p5cils2 a good rubb]1 pure rubb] or bread = ! p5cil1 an ink rubb] or eras] = ! ink2 "s ,*9ese :ite & gum = pat*+ up ?+s2 & = use 9 ! h\se1 an old razor to scrat* out1 & out ( doors a fold+ eras]1 su* z ,mr4 ,p]cy ,"y1 ( ,g[] ,/reet1 supplies3 get ! fold+ ones1 z ! o!rs are n only less conv5i5t b r dang]\s to c>ry4 ,la/ly1 ! pap]3 ! photo-engrav] w tell y ,bri/ol bo>d4 ,c]ta9ly1 a simple op5 l9e draw+ 9 pure black ^u pure :ite smoo? pap]1 v little r$uc$1 %\ld give a tru] result ?an any?+ else4 ,b :at x does really is to give engrav] & pr9t] less tr\ble1 & t is :at mo/ ( !m want2 9 ! majority ( cases x is be/ to aid !m1 o!rwise y\r "w is spoil$4 ,!re=e1 if y l ,bri/ol bo>d1 use x1 & use x :e!r y l x or no1 if y are do+ "w = ord9>y pr9t+4 ,b if y\r illu/ration is to be well engrav$ & well pr9t$1 use :at pap] y l4 ,b to get satisfactory results f r\gh pap] requires mu* exp]i5ce1 & y _h bett] arrive at t exp]i5ce by do+ simple ?+s1 9 a fa%ion :i* w engrave well2 g to pr9t+ (fices & engrav]s' %ops1 f9d out :at is necess>y1 try to "w 9 h>mony ) ! engrav] & pr9t]1 & !y w d _! be/ = y3 mo/ ( !m c>e ab\t _! "w1 & are g5u9ely sorry if !y _c make y\rs look well1 s "w ) !m1 & !y w "w ) y4 ,z to ! ,bri/ol bo>d1 get ! be/2 if ! draw+ is l>ge & has to be roll$ up1 ! ?91 if n ! ?ick] quality2 x is kn[n z s _m %eets1 two1 f\r1 six %eets ! heavie/4 ,y mu/ get ! be/ quality1 o!rwise !re is a risk ( bad spongy places 9 x1 :i* may almo/ ru9 ! draw+1 at any rate its appe>ance1 & necessitate pat*+ up :i* is delay+ & annoy+4 ,bri/ol bo>ds1 too1 may always be made up into books or blocks4 ,"s bo>ds are n[ m\nt$ s t !y c be /ripp$ (f ! m\nt :5 ! draw+ is f9i%$1 among !m are ,turnbull's ,art ,tablets2 :ile ! be/ surface ( all1 :i* is l m>ble or ivory to "w on1 a surface :i* may be rubb$ or scrat*$ )\t h>m1 is ! old m\nt$ ?9 ,:atman or ,bank ,note pap] prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,rob]son & ,newman4 ,^! ?9 pap]s are m\nt$ on heavy bo>ds & kept "u hydraulic pressure = weeks1 until ! :ole becomes a solid mass4 ,?is m\nt$ ,:atman1 :5 well made1 is ! be/ pap] 9 ! _w2 x is also ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,?9 =eign correspond5ce pap] may also be us$1 putt+ x ov] ! sket* l trac+ pap]1 & :5 ! draw+ is f9i%$ m\nt+ x on c>d bo>d2 trac+ pap] may also be m\nt$4 ,"o s*eme n mu* 9 vogue yet is to draw ^u black pap] ) ,*9ese :ite1 mak+ ! draw+ 9 :ite l9es in/ead ( black4 ,any sort ( writ+ pap]1 or all v>ieties ( r\gh or smoo? ,:atman are useful4 ,( c\rse 9 draw+ on r\gh pap] y are b\nd to get a r\gh brok5 result 9 pr9t+2 h[ev]1 if y "k :at y are aft]1 no "o w object b ! engrav]4 ,9 fact any sort ( :ite pap] may be us$ = p5 & ink "w2 only1 ! smoo? gives ! mo/ c]ta9 results4 ,!re are also _m gra9$ pap]s :i* give a t9t2 t is1 a me*anical t9t is pr9t$ on ! pap]1 lights are scrat*$ 9 x1 blacks are put 9 ) a p5 or bru%1 ano!r t9t 9 p5cil or *alk is add$1 & _m tricks may be play$1 "o usually only a little less satisfactory ?an ! o!r4 ,^! pap]s are made by ,gillott1 ( ,p>is1 & ,ang] & ,goes*l1 ( ,vi5na1 & g5]ally suppli$ by col\rm52 !y are call$ ,gillott or scrat* pap]s4 ,!re are also v>i\s clay or *alk surfac$ pap]s :i*1 aft] be+ drawn ^u1 may be scrat*$ to get light 9 ! design4 ,! results are1 h[ev]1 r>ely satisfactory4 ,9 fact1 x is be/ to use a good h&made :ite pap]2 y w be sur] ( y\r result1 & t is :at y are work+ =4 ,hav+ giv5 y a li/ ( ! necess>y mat]ials1 ,i w try to tell y h[ y %\ld use !m4 ,i %all n try to compel y to make %ort l9es or long l9es1 black blots or :ite l9es3 "w 9 y\r own fa%ion1 only t mu/ be good1 & capable ( be+ engrav$ & pr9t$4 ,i %all n tell y h[ to draw1 b h[ to draw s t y\r "w may reproduce & pr9t be/4 ,y may comm5ce y\r draw+ 9 ei!r "o ( two ways1 by mak+ a p5cil sket* on y\r %eet ( pap] :i* is to be s5t to ! engrav]1 pref]ably 9 blue p5cil :i* does n photograph1 & 9 z few l9es z possible2 or by comm5c+ /raight away at y\r f9al "w1 9 ink2 if x is a draw+ f nature1 ,i d n see :y y %\ld n d ?is1 = x w tea* y c>e 9 select+ y\r l9es & putt+ !m d[n4 ,& z y h an ink eras] 9 metal & rubb] y %\ld be able to remove ^? :i* are wrong4 ,b if y\r design is m 9 ! nature ( a composition ) elaborate figures1 or figures 9 action1 x w be almo/ impossible to d ?is4 ,true1 mo/ int]e/+ sket*es may be made1 & %\ld be made & mu/ be made direct f nature4 ,b y\r f9al design w 9 ne>ly e case h to be built up f ^!4 ,!re=e1 unless y c see ! :ole ?+ 9 y\r head be=e y put x on pap]1 s cle>ly t y only want a model to keep y "r1 ,i ?9k y _h bett] make sket* aft] sket*1 & !n transf] ! be/ to ! %eet on :i* x is to be complet$ by putt+ transf] pap] "u ! sket* & trac+ pap] ov] x4 ,probably y w p5cil on ! f9al draw+1 b d z little z y c1 = ! cam]a1 :5 ! draw+ comes to be photograph$1 pays j z mu* att5tion to smudges1 f+] m>ks1 p5cil l9es1 & mean+less accid5ts z x does to ^? portions :i* are brim full ( mean+4 ,by neglect+ ^! matt]s all arti/s give engrav]s mu* tr\ble1 & unless ! engrav] is an arti/ too he n infrequ5tly be/[s great pa9s on ! reproduction ( an accid5tal l9e1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ord] to d s he ru9s ! entire draw+4 ,& aga91 9 all *eap "w y\r draw+ is plac$ ) a numb] ( o!rs & no special att5tion is paid to x1 & x reproduces someh[1 or don't1 :i* is mu* ! same ?+4 ,b 9 case ( failure y w be blam$ by ! public4 ,! fir/ ?+ to rememb] 9 putt+ y\r draw+ on ! pap] is ! space x is to fill2 if x is to be a full page1 x mu/ be made ! size ( t page or twice z l>ge2 at any rate x mu/ h "s def9ite relation to x4 ,9 ! case ( half a page1 x is only necess>y t ! top or bottom ( ! draw+ %\ld fit across ! pr9t$ matt]2 /ill1 ! draw+ %\ld n be made s high t x w n fit 91 or s n>r[ z to be ineffective1 b if y w look at any book or magaz9e y w see :at ,i mean4 ,aga91 = *eap rapid "w z little cross-hat*+ z possible %\ld be indulg$ 91 = all cross-hat*$ loz5ges become small] loz5ges 9 r$uction1 & ! small] !y are ! easi] x is = !m to fill up & clog ) ink4 ,draw y\r %ad[s ) p>allel l9es :5ev] y c )\t be+ me*anical2 !y engrave & pr9t well4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce ,i am q unable to say h[ mu* or h[ little a draw+ %\ld be r$uc$1 = !re is no reason :y x %\ld be drawn ! same size x is to be engrav$1 save t ! ne>] x is ! same size1 ! ne>] ! result %\ld be to ! orig9al2 if ! r$uction is to be great1 x is easi] to make ! design l>g] & h x me*anically r$uc$4 ,! excessive r$uction ( a draw+ t5ds to make ! l9es run toge!r into a black mass sometimes1 & ! enl>gem5t ( a draw+--?is1 too1 may be done--makes ! l9es at times look crude & clumsy4 ,b x is impossible to =etell results 9 any two cases4 ,only !re is "o matt]3 a good draw+ 9 l9e w1 ) good engrav+ & pr9t+1 look well1 :e!r ! arti/ knew any?+ ( process or n4 ,b !re are "s ?+s to be obs]v$1 if c]ta9 results are wi%$ =4 ,9 simple *eap "w ! ink %\ld be uni=mly black1 = ! engrav$ block w be put ) type1 & ink$ ) ! same am\nt & /r5g? ( col\r all ov]2 !re=e1 9 ord] to get v>iety1 di/ance1 effect1 y mu/ use l9es ( diff]5t wid?s1 plac$ at v>y+ di/ances ap>t1 n ( diff]5t degrees ( col\r4 ,9 !ory at lea/1 !n1 ! =egr\nd %\ld be drawn ) a firm bold l9e1 ! middle di/ance ) a m$ium-siz$ l9e1 ! l9es !mselves clos] toge!r1 & ! extreme di/ance ) a ?9 l9e4 ,b !re is no rule1 only get v>iety 9 y\r l9e & ?is w produce v>iety & int]e/ 9 ! engrav$ result4 ,if y make y\r draw+s mu* l>g] ?an !y are to be reproduc$1 y w (t5 be greatly surpris$ at ! *ange 9 _! appe>ance4 ,greys w1 by fill+ up1 become d>k]1 & lights light] ow+ to ! conc5tration ar\nd !m ( masses ( col\r2 t is1 blacks become black]1 & :ites :it] 9 reproduction4 ,b d rememb] t ?\gh ! draw+s by ,boyd ,h\ghton1 ,millais1 ,f4 ,walk] & ,p9well 7 made ! size y see !m1 on ! wood1 9 ! books ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! draw+s made to-day by ,abbey1 = example1 are f\r or five times z l>ge z ! publi%$ engrav+s1 & are n1 9 ! orig9als1 fill$ ) t microscopic "w :i* appe>s 9 ! reproductions4 ,b d n make crude l9es "u ! impression t !y w ev] be any?+ b crude4 ,try to make a beautiful draw+1 a beautiful l9e--unless y c d ?is y w nev] get a beautiful reproduction2 & once y h le>n$ to draw1 /udy ! be/ books & ! be/ magaz9es1 always rememb]+ t draw+s to-day are made mu* l>g]1 z a rule1 ?an y see !m on ! pr9t$ page4 ,aga91 9 reproduction y w (t5 f9d t "s p>ts ( ! same draw+ *ange m ?an o!rs2 "s places1 = example1 become too weak1 o!rs too /rong4 ,i _c expla9 ?is1 b y w f9d t x does happ54 ,at times x may be because ! photograph is bad1 or ! et*+ is rott51 b ev5 ) good photography & et*+ ! f9al result is (t5 disappo9t+4 ,9 p5 "w y may run ! gamut f solid blacks to ! mo/ delicate grey l9e4 ,d n try to always1 b select a col\r s*eme :i* is re/ra9$ & appropriate to e draw+4 ,solid black w reproduce be/ because x is a solid mass1 except+ 9 *eap rapid pr9t+1 :5 solid blacks ei!r get too mu* or too little ink4 ,a numb] ( black l9es close toge!r w reproduce almo/ equally well1 because 9 engrav+ & pr9t+ ^! l9es support ! pap] & d n take up too mu* ink4 ,a s+le ?9 l9e1 on ! contr>y1 always ?ick5s 9 ! engrav+1 & (t5 pr9ts badly because 9 ! pr9t+ press ! ink & pap] be> d[n too heavily ^u x & x receives too mu* ink & ?ick5s up4 ,i h recomm5d$ y to use only black ink & :ite pap]2 be=e y h work$ mu* y w try exp]im5ts1 ,i am sure1 9 grey+ ink1 putt+ wat] ) x1 & leav+ p5cil m>ks1 or add+ l9es ) li?ographic *alk1 or crayon2 b y w f9d out ! mom5t ! draw+ is pr9t$ t ev]y?+ comes q black1 & if y h made y\r di/ance 9 broad grey l9es x w possibly ru9 y\r :ole s*eme4 ,greys may be obta9$ by engrav+ ! blocks by h&1 r\lett+1 or a numb] ( o!r ways :i* ,i %all expla94 ,l9e draw+s may also be made altoge!r 9 p5cil1 on r\gh pap]1 9 *alk or crayon1 re9=c$1 if necess>y1 ) a blot ( ink1 or a wa%1 or a l9e ) a p5 "h & !re2 b = l9e "w ) ^! mat]ials y mu/ employ a gra9$ pap] 9 ord] to get a prop] me*anical direct reproduction ( ! "w4 ,bri/ol bo>ds mu/ n be us$4 ,sometimes ^! comb9ations ( p5 & p5cil "w are excell5t2 b !y mu/ h>monise1 o!rwise ! result is unpleasant4 ,"s idea ( ! effect y\r draw+ w pres5t :5 engrav$ may be obta9$ by ! use ( a dim9i%+ glass2 &1 vice v]s1 y might /udy "s ( ! engrav+s 9 ! books & magaz9es ar\nd y ) a magnify+ glass4 ,corrections 9 l9e draw+s ) p5 %\ld be made ei!r ) an ink eras]1 a razor1 ! razor knife1 or by pa9t+ ov] ! place ) ,*9ese :ite1 or1 if x be l>ge1 by pa/+ d[n a bit ( pap] on x4 ,?is is ! mo/ usual way2 if ! pap] is ?9 & ! edges well jo9$1 x is ! be/4 ,or y may cut a hole f ! back & let 9 a bit ( pap]1 p>+ d[n ! edges1 or scrap+ !m d[n2 b be c>eful ab\t ! edges1 because !y make a na/y l9e :5 ! draw+ is photograph$4 ,9 p5cil1 crayon1 or *>coal "w1 remove imp]fections 9 ! ord9>y way ) a bit ( rubb]4 ,y w n1 ( c\rse1 lose y\r head & elaborate a p5 draw+1 any m ?an y w\ld a *alk or *>coal draw+ or et*+4 ,y w select y\r l9es ) ! utmo/ c>e1 put !m d[n ) ! greate/ intellig5ce1 & ! m c>e & intellig5ce y ex]cise ! bett] w be y\r illu/rations2 h[ev]1 ?is is :at y are try+ to d e "t y make a draw+ 9 l9e f life or ! antique1 & ,i w n bore y by repeat+ :at y he> e day 9 y\r ord9>y s*ool "w1 nor w ,i d m ?an rem9d y h[ c>eful y mu/ be 9 y\r composition1 9 y\r arrangem5t ( l9es1 9 y\r plac+ ( blacks1 9 mak+ up y\r picture2 only ex]cise ! judgm5t necess>y to compose any o!r "w ( art4 ,y\r draw+s %\ld be works ( art2 be pr\d ( !m2 b also reg>d !m z a means to an end1 &1 z ,i h said1 = *eap & rapid pr9t+ draw on smoo? :ite pap] ) good black ink1 & d n use big solid blacks1 or s+le ?9 l9es4 ,keep y\r "w z op5 z possible & d n h x r$uc$4 ,t is1 draw z ne> ! size x is to appe> 7if y c f9d t out7 z possible4 ,= ! be/ engrav+ & pr9t+1 draw z y l4 ,any?+ to-day c be photograph$ & engrav$2 ! great difficulty is 9 ! pr9t+4 ,rememb] t if y d n put di/9ction & "* into y\r "w1 ! engrav] & pr9t] _c4 ,!y w take mu* away 9 any case4 ,z y are work+ = an editor1 y w h to please him4 ,d s if y c )\t hurt+ y\r "w & y\r own /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,b always "w 9 y\r own way1 if t is at all possible = reproduction & pr9t+1 if n1 y w h to *ange y\r me?ods4 ,= y are work+ = a def9ite purpose1 illu/ration2 !re=e y\r "w mu/ engrave4 ,if y wi% to succe$ y mu/ see all ! illu/ration y c1 y mu/ talk to editors & illu/rators1 & y mu/ g d[n into ! pr9t+ (fice & ! engrav]'s %op4 ,y mu/ le>n y\r trade1 = if y h n pass$ ?r\gh ! drudg]y ( ! appr5tice1 y w nev] become a ma/] ( y\r craft4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,l9e ,,draw+s4 ,z illu/rators1 or w\ld-be illu/rators1 y\r "w is n at an end ) ! completion ( y\r draw+s2 y mu/ look aft] !m :ile !y are be+ engrav$1 & y %\ld see !m ?r\gh ! press4 ,f ! "t y are giv5 a commission to illu/rate a subject until ! pr9t$ result is 9 ! h&s ( ! public1 ! "w 9 all its /ages %\ld be ! object ( y\r untir+ att5tion4 ,x is true t at pres5t ! fact t y take an int]e/ 9 y\r pr(ession w be c\nt$ aga9/ y 9 "s qu>t]s1 = %\ld y happ5--z is n unlikely--to "k m ( draw+1 engrav+1 & pr9t+ ?an ! art editor1 ! engrav]1 or ! pr9t]1 y\r sugge/ions w n be receiv$ ) en?usiasm1 nor y\r criticisms ) delight4 ,sugge/ions mean *anges1 & criticism means objections to ! r\t9e way ( do+ ?+s4 ,!n y may n feel a great int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific side ( y\r "w1 yet *emi/ry plays an important "p 9 illu/ration4 ,! me*anical reproduction ( draw+s is bas$ entirely on *emical action1 & y mu/ "k some?+ ( ?is matt] if y w\ld get good results4 ,b let u consid] ! :ole subject4 ,draw+s 9 l9e 7 orig9ally1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 reproduc$ by wood cutt+2#a t is to say1 ! draw+ 0 made 9 l9e ) p51 po9t1 or bru% on ! side ( a plank1 & all ^? portions ( ! block :i* 7 n drawn ^u 7 cut away ) knives & *isels1 ! design only rema9+ 9 relief2 ?is relief 0 dabb$ ov] ) ink or pa9t1 & a piece ( damp pap] 0 laid on x4 ,! back ( ?is pap] 0 rubb$1 burni%$1 or press$ on to ! ink$ surface ( ! block & took up ! ink f x2 on remov+ ! pap] an impression 9 rev]se ( ! ink$ block 0 f\nd on ! "u side ( x4 ,& ?is 0 ! me?od1 ) improvem5ts1 employ$ 9 pr9t+ f type1 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 #a ,( c\rse ,i %all ref] to metal engrav+ 9 ano!r lecture4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ! design began to be drawn ^u ! end ( a block ( box-wood--a cross section ( x--& ! p>ts left blank 7 cut away ) grav]s1 tools us$ by engrav]s 9 metal1 or else l9es 7 engrav$ on ! surface ( ! block1 :i* pr9t$ z :ites 9 ! blacks2 ! gra9 ( ! cross section ( box-wood 0 firm] & f9]1 & ) ! grav]s m delicate l9es c\ld be engrav$ & m true results obta9$2 & at ! same "t cont9ual improvem5ts 7 be+ made 9 ! presses1 /eam be+ sub/itut$ = h& p[]1 & ! manufacture ( pap] & ink totally revolutionis$4 ,^! me?ods 7 employ$ until ab\t #ahfe1 :51 in/ead ( ! draw+s be+ made by ! arti/s on ! block ( wood1 !y began to be drawn on pap] 9 l9e1 & !n photograph$ on to ! wood4 ,?is 0 a great improvem5t1 because ! arti/ c\ld n[ make 8 designs ( any size he wi%$ & h !m photograph$ d[n to ! requir$ dim5sions & rev]s$ = him3 ! m]e rev]s+ 9 _m cases 0 bo? t$i\s & un9t]e/+4#b #b ,if ! draw+ is a portrait ( a place1 x mu/ be rev]s$ on ! wood or metal 9 ord] t ! pr9t may appe> z ! orig9al does 9 nature4 ,! f9al /ep :i* br+s u to ! pres5t1 ?\gh n by any means1 ,i am sure1 to ! end ( ! *apt]1 is ! sup]s$+ ( ! woodcutt] or wood engrav] 9 l9e1 by ! me*anical engrav] 9 metal or gelat9e4 ,n[ y may d y\r draw+s1 if y wi%1 9 l9e ) a p5cil or bru% ^u ! prep>$ piece ( box-wood1 & ! engrav] may cut away all ^? portions ( ! wood-block :i* y h n t\*$1 rememb]+ always t ?\gh y draw freely he mu/ engrave labori\sly1 & ! m free y\r draw+ becomes1 ! m complicat$ mu/ 8 engrav+ be4 ,s :5 y make a sket*y draw+ on wood1 none b ! mo/ accompli%$ engrav] c reta9 t look ( fre$om & sket*9ess2 if ! l9es ( ! draw+ become really complicat$1 9 cross hat*+1 = example1 he _c foll[ !m1 he mu/ sugge/ !m4 ,h5ce1 unless ! engrav] really loves ?is sort ( "w1 x is b drudg]y1 & ! bett] ! reproduction ! m skill$ lab\r wa/$4 ,n[ photography has *ang$ all ?is4 ,a photograph ( ! draw+1 ( ! requir$ size x is to appe> on ! pr9t$ page1 is tak54 ,! draw+ may be enl>g$ or r$uc$ to ?is size1 & ! negative ?us obta9$ is plac$ 9 rev]se 9 a photographic pr9t+ frame1 9 contact ) a s5sitis$ z9c plate1 coat$ ) a ?9 film ei!r ( album5 or bitum51 or x may be t a gelat9e film is ! mat]ial us$ = pr9t+ on4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od ! album5 coat$ piece ( z9c is remov$ f ! pr9t+ frame z soon z ! photographic pr9t has be5 made2 x is !n coat$ ) ink & plac$ 9 wat]1 ! album5 & ink ^u x adh]e to ^? p>ts ( ! z9c :i* h be5 expos$ to light1 & may be wa%$ (f ! o!r p>ts1 ?us leav+ ! picture on ! z9c 9 ink4 ,by ! bitum5 process ! picture is pr9t$ 9 ! same way3 ! plate is plac$ 9 a ba? ( turp5t9e1 ! picture appe>s on ! z9c1 & ! bitum5 dissolves (f ! o!r p>ts4 ,if ^! two pr9ts are n[ cov]$ ) p[d]$ ros91 gum1 & ink1 !y may be plac$ 9 a ba? ( nitric acid & wat]1 & ! expos$ p>ts bitt5 or et*$ away4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ & delicate process1 & success dep5ds 9 good "w m ^u ! skill & arti/ic intellig5ce ( ! et*] ?an ! *emicals us$4 ,! object is to remove all ! :ites z 9 wood engrav+1 half remove ! greys1 & leave ! blacks4 ,aft] ! z9c has be5 bitt5 a %ort "t x is tak5 out ( ! ba? aga91 cov]$ ) gum1 res9 & ink to protect x f ! acid1 heat$1 :5 ! protect+ mass melts & runs d[n ! sides ( ! bitt5 l9es & protects !m also2 ?is process is cont9u$ until ! block is suffici5tly et*$4 ,:5 ! expos$ p>ts are all eat5 away ! picture appe>s 9 relief4 ,?is occupies a few h\rs1 maybe b an h\r or less4 ,:5 complet$1 ! z9c picture is m\nt$ ^u a piece ( wood1 to make x ! same height z ! type1 plac$ 9 a pr9t+ press & copies are made ( x1 or f electrotypes or /]eotypes1 at ! rate ( f tw5ty to #bj1jjj an h\r4 ,?is is1 ,i hope1 an intelligible outl9e ( ! photo-engrav+ process2 e me*anical engrav] has "s v>iation :i* is 8 c>efully gu>d$ secret4 ,! blocks may be ( z9c or copp] or o!r metal1 & all sorts ( *emicals are us$4 ,b ,i _c too /rongly impress ^u y t good "w 9 me*anical engrav+ is only to be obta9$ by arti/ic workm52 /ill1 rem>kable results are to be se5 all ab\t1 ev5 9 ! *eape/ pr9ts4 ,b ! v be/ process engrav+s are produc$ only by m5 :o are arti/s & c>e = ea* block4 ,9 ! case ( ! be/ engrav]s !y w "k bett] ?an y :i* process to use1 & !re is no m necessity = y to try to tell a me*anical engrav] h[ ! "w is to be done1 ?an = y to tell a wood engrav] :at tools he %all "w )4 ,bad draw+s may look bett] by "o process ?an ano!r1 & good illu/rations may be spoil$ m by "o me?od ?an ano!r4 ,b e intellig5t engrav] w try aga9 & aga9 until he gets ! be/ result he c4 ,! gelat9e process consi/s 9 pr9t+ ! picture on a s5sitis$ film ( gelat9e4 ,n[ if ?is gelat9e is soak$ 9 wat] ! p>ts repres5t+ ! :ites swell1 & ! d>ks1 really ! picture1 rema9 z !y 71 z ! light has r5d]$ !m ins5sible to wat]2 f ?is swell$ gelat9e m\ld a ca/ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is c be tak51 f ?is a wax m\ld is made1 & f9ally an electrotype4 ,! process is only us$1 ,i believe1 by "o firm2 ! results are good1 b no bett] ?an ! o!rs4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t :at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( me*anical reproduction4 ,! fir/ advantage is rapidity ( production--a facsimile wood engrav+ may take weeks to produce1 a me*anical engrav+ takes a day or s2 ?is is n an arti/ic b a comm]cial ga94 ,! wood engrav+ loses1 ! m intricate & complicat$ & close ! details become2 ! me*anical or process engrav+ n infrequ5tly ga9s4 ,! wood engrav] may make mi/akes 9 cutt+ ! l9es 9 ! wood block1 b if ! l9es are prop]ly put d[n1 ! cam]a & ! process engrav] %\ld n2 & if !y d1 mu* less "t is lo/ & lab\r wa/$ ?an ) wood engrav+s4 ,me*anical engrav+ is a mu* less co/ly me?od4 ,^! are n any ( !m v arti/ic reasons1 b !y c\nt ) publi%]s1 & !y c\nt ) y4 ,b ! great arti/ic advantage is t ! arti/ may make 8 draw+ ( any size he wi%es2 x is n cut to pieces b pres]v$1 & if x is prop]ly drawn1 z ,i h expla9$ to y1 x %\ld produce 9 complicat$ "w a m fai?ful result4 ,9 simple l9e "w x is almo/ impossible to tell a wood engrav+ f a process block4 ,! drawbacks are t ! l9e is sometimes too fai?fully copi$--t ! engrav+ is %all[1 & t ! wood yields a ri*]1 fatt] effect ?an any metal1 me*anical block4 ,^! are arti/ic drawbacks1 b !y may all be ov]come by ! arti/4 ,! l9e1 if good1 _c be too fai?fully copi$2 ! engrav+1 if %all[1 c be made deep]1 engrav$ anew by ! wood engrav]4 ,! fat l9e s mu* priz$ 0 made ) a bru%1 &1 z ,i h said1 bru% "w reproduces p]fectly4 ,& 9 ! majority ( cases ! orig9al wood or process blocks are nev] pr9t$ f1 b ca/s ( !m call$ /]eotypes or electrotypes are us$2 !re=e ! fat l9e ( ! wood is m or less ! product ( ! imag9ation4 ,i d n mean to say ! orig9al wood or metal block w n give a ri*] impression ?an any ca/ f x1 b ,i d say x is only 9 ! case ( pro(s t ! orig9al is us$4 ,if a p5cil or o!r draw+ 9 l9e is to be reproduc$1 9 :i* ! v>y+ col\r ( ! p5cil m>k is to be reta9$1 its greyness = example1 or if ! p5 l9e is v delicate1 or !re are _m s+le unsupport$ l9es 9 ! draw+1 ano!r me?od mu/ be employ$4 ,a microscopically rul$ glass scre51 rul$ ) f9e l9es made ) a diamond & fill$ 9 ) ink1 is plac$ 9 ! cam]a 9 front ( ! glass plate on :i* ! picture is to be photograph$4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* ?is is done1 ) ! object ( break+ up into l9e ! tones :i* w\ld o!rwise pr9t p]fectly black1 or1 ( support+ ^? weak l9es :i* w\ld pr9t too heavily4 ,?is negative ?us obta9$ is pr9t$ on to ! z9c or copp] plate1 is !n et*$ mu* z 9 ! case ( ! simple l9e block4 ,?is process1 usually call$ half-tone1 0 inv5t$ = reproduc+ wa%1 b is mu* us$ n[ = l9e1 especially :5 ! dots or l9e ( ! scre5 are cut away by ! wood engrav] 9 ! :ites4 ,! photo engrav] is n[ endeav\r+ s to %ift or adju/ 8 scre5 t ! dots w come only :]e !y are want$ to break up ! solid black1 & "s mo/ int]e/+ results h be5 obta9$4 ,:5 ,i am describ+ ! reproduction ( wa% draw+s1 ,i %all return to ?is subject4 ,spaces ( t9t on l9e draw+s c be & almo/ always are obta9$ by ! use ( :at is kn[n z %ad+ m$iums2 t is1 pieces ( gelat9e or copp] ) l9es or dots engrav$ 9 !m are fill$ ) pr9t]'s ink1 & ^! l9es or dots are transf]r$ by ! engrav] to ! p>ts ( ! picture on ! z9c plate :]e !y are want$ be=e ! plate is et*$4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! arti/ c get ! same effect by ink+ bits ( silk & press+ !m on ! draw+1 by ink+ 8 ?umb1 or by draw+ ) a p5cil or *alk or ev5 p5 ov] a r\gh book-cov]1 ! only object is to get a bit ( tone 9 a l9e draw+3 9 *eap "w x is (t5 v effective1 9 ! be/ "w x is usually out ( place4 ,all ! arti/ ne$ d is indicate ! spot1 or ! outl9es ( ! p>ts :]e ! t9t is want$1 by a blue p5cil4 ,if ! engrav] kn[s h[ ! block is to be pr9t$ he w use ! t9t t w pr9t be/4 ,!y are all useful1 b n v sympa!tic4 ,photo-,li?ography & k9dr$ me?ods are ei!r ( little importance or w be ref]r$ to "u ,li?ography4 ,f9ally1 if ! l9es are too black or too /rong !y c be cut away or ?9n$1 or d>ks op5$ up by ! engrav]1 j z on a wood block2 or a little :eel 9 a h&le call$ a r\lette may be run ov] p>ts ( ! engrav+ :i* are too heavy--! tee? ( ! :eel break ! l9es into dots & light5 !m4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,wa% ,,draw+s ,,& ,,_! ,,reproduction ,,by ,,me*anical ,,process4 ,:5 ,i speak ( wa% draw+s1 ,i w\ld really ref] to all pa9t+ or draw+1 9 col\r or mono*rome1 9 tone1 z di/+ui%$ f "w 9 l9e1 :i* 0 ! subject ( my la/ lecture4 ,_m p]sons d n l l9e "w1 nev] ma/] x1 & are ins5sible to its beauty :5 !y see x4 ,= ^! !re is ano!r me?od ( expression1 al?\gh1 ,i _c repeat too (t51 an illu/rator %\ld be able to "w 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,"o may make "o's illu/ration 9 col\r 9 oil1 9 g\a*e1 9 body col\r1 9 wa%2 9 fact pa9t a picture 9 ! usual way1 ?\gh1 ev5 ) ! be/ & mo/ c>eful me?ods ( reproduction1 x w be almo/ inv>iably f\nd t 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( photograph+1 et*+ & pr9t+1 v mu*1 if n all1 ! *>m has disappe>$1 ev5 ?\gh ! result be pr9t$ 9 col\r1 = up to ! pres5t no col\r c be p]fectly reproduc$1 or r5d]$ into black & :ite1 ev5 by ! be/ engrav] 9 ! _w4 ,& no col\r c be reproduc$ except by ! arti/ himself4 ,a few m5 l ,detaille1 ,de ,neuville1 & ,lyn* h1 ,i believe1 inv5t$ a special col\r s*eme = ! requirem5ts ( col\r reproduction1 & "s ( ! engrav+s made f _! pictures by ,messrs4 ,b\ssod1 ,valladon ,co4 are v wond]ful2 b 9 ! be/ examples ,i imag9e !re is an enorm\s am\nt ( c>eful t\*+ up & go+ ov] by h&1 :i* places ^! reproductions 9 ! category ( pro(s r ?an ( pr9ts4 ,c]ta9ly !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! col\r "w usually se5 9 ! same firm's comm]cial publications1 good z !y are1 & !re is a yawn+ gulf betwe5 ^! & ! col\r pr9t we h ) u always4 ,!re=e1 if y wi% to "w 9 oil ,i w\ld sugge/ t y "w 9 mono*rome1 & fur!r ,i w\ld advise y to make y\r designs 9 simple black & :ite--t is if ! reproduction is to be pr9t$ ) black ink2 = ! ne>] y\r orig9al is to ! col\r 9 :i* x is to be pr9t$1 ! ne>] w ! engrav] & pr9t] be able to approa* x4 ,i w\ld also sugge/ t p]fectly dead col\rs %\ld be us$1 because v>ni% or any sort ( glaze1 %9e or glitt]1 w tell 9 ! photograph1 & ev5 ! mo/ c>eful engrav]s are r giv5 to reproduc+ ! photographic copy ?an ! orig9al1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] be at _! side4 ,"o me?od1 t has be5 successful lately1 is mix+ oil col\r ) turp5t9e until x fl[s l wat]1 & !n work+ on pap]2 ?is reproduces mo/ excell5tly1 ! only drawback be+ t ! col\r rubs (f easily4 ,body col\r & g\a*e are mu* us$2 ! only ?+ to be rememb]$ is t y %\ld keep to ! same col\rs & ! same me?od ( "w all ! way ?r\gh ea* draw+4 ,x is v int]e/+ to comb9e body col\r ) wa%2 (t5 9 ! orig9al design ! comb9ation is mo/ pleas+1 b ! cam]a does n approve ( x1 & frequ5tly plays ! mo/ unexpect$ tricks ) ^! comb9ations4 ,!re=e1 ei!r /ick to body col\r1 lamp black1 ivory black & :ite1#c or pure wa%2 9 ! latt] case !re is no?+ :i* photographs s well z *>coal grey1 made by ,newman ,co4 ,! mo/ delicate wa%es reproduce beautifully4 ,x is r h>d to manage1 b once y c manage x1 x is almo/ p]fect4 ,x is be/ = "w 9 a v light key1 9 ! extreme d>ks x is liable to get heavy & sombre & gritty2 & if y want a positive black x is well to put x 9 ) ink or "s /rong] black1 ev5 at ! risk ( knock+ ?+s r out ( tone4 ,! only objection to *>coal grey is t x is r difficult to "w ov] x4 ,/ill1 9 illu/ration 9 wa% y w always get a clean]1 %>p] effect by do+ y\r draw+ at once1 gett+ y\r effect "r ) ! fir/ wa%1 ?an by any am\nt ( t9k]+ at x4 #c ,w9sor ,newton & ,reeves h lately be5 exp]im5t+ 9 ?is way1 & _! ,alban9e & ,process black are well spok5 ( by photo engrav]s4 ,9 ?is pure wa% "w y %\ld be c>eful1 v c>eful1 n to let any mean+less p5cil l9es %[ ?r\gh1 z !y always photograph1 _c be tak5 out1 & at times spoil ! :ole effect2 9 fact1 imp]fections 9 wa% draw+s always reproduce m p]fectly ?an ! p]fections !mselves1 & x is well to keep y\r pap] reasonably clean1 to avoid smudg+1 blots & l9es1 or o!rwise y w be disappo9t$ 9 ! result4 ,x is (t5 v effective 9 an orig9al draw+ to put 9 a lot ( col\r1 b x ne>ly always comes out wrongly 9 ! reproduction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh body col\r (t5 comes badly ) wa%1 if y "w ov] or into ei!r y\r wa% or body col\r ) p51 *alk1 or p5cil ( ! same sub/ance z ! wa%1 ! result is h>moni\s (t5 & excell5t4 ,i mean1 if y make a draw+ 9 wa% ) ,indian ink & "w on x ) liquid ,indian ink 9 a p51 ! result w be "r4 ,if y t\* up *>coal grey ) *>coal1 ! wa% & l9e unite--^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 y w soon le>n by exp]i5ce1 ev5 ?\gh t exp]i5ce is ga9$ 9 a r pa9ful mann]4 ,/ill1 at pres5t ! bett] magaz9es & pap]s are n a practis+ gr\nd = /ud5ts1 z !y 7 "s "t ago1 & y mu/ be able to d good "w be=e y c expect any intellig5t editor to pr9t x4 ,draw+s or pa9t+s--9 fact all "w 9 tone is reproduc$ me*anically by :at is kn[n z ! half-tone process1 :i* ,i ref]r$ to briefly 9 my la/ lecture4 ,! draw+ is photograph$1 b 9 front ( ! s5sitis$ glass1 a microscopically rul$ scre5 is plac$ to break up ?is tone into dots or l9es1 really to get ! same effect z ! wood engrav] obta9s ) 8 dots & l9es4 ,o!rwise1 ! tones be+ flat1 or ev5 if !y are gradat$1 w\ld pr9t z a black mass2 b ^! scre5s break up ! masses into little squ>es1 :i* receive ! pr9t+ ink on _! faces1 & ! col\r or orig9al effect ( ! picture is ?us pres]v$4 ,x is r difficult to expla9 ?is1 b ! scre5 produces :ite l9es 9 ! d>ks & d>k l9es 9 ! :ites2 y c see !m by look+ at any block4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! process is exactly ! same z = l9e draw+s4 ,?is reproduction ( wa% "w is v unc]ta92 good effects are obta9$1 ab\t z (t5 z failures4 ,! delicate tones are n infrequ5tly altoge!r lo/4 ,!re are no positive blacks or :ites1 b a uni=m grey t9t cov]s ! entire block1 9 :i* all delicacy is (t5 hidd54 ,!re=e1 to get a good effect1 :5 pr9t$1 ! draw+ %\ld be simply made1 t is if x is = *eap engrav+ & rapid pr9t+2 b if = ! be/ books & magaz9es1 wood engrav]s may be employ$ to rem$y ! imp]fections ( ! photograph & ! mi/akes ( ! et*]4 ,t is1 :ites may be cut1 blacks ton$ d[n1 l9es ?9n$1 or l>ge spaces on ! block may be left = ! engrav] to "w ^u3 mo/ rem>kable results may be se5 9 ! bett] ,am]ican magaz9es4 ,!re are _m qualities 9 a draw+ :i* t s5seless ma*9e1 ! cam]a1 w nev] reproduce4 ,!re are also a few po9ts :i* x is v difficult 79 tone "w7 = an engrav] to r5d]1 b !y may bo? comb9e & obta9 mo/ int]e/+ effects4 ,= in/ance1 x is v difficult to give 9 a wood engrav+ ! look ( pa9t on canvas1 )\t los+ mu* ( ! picture itself1 = if ! wood engrav] beg9s to try to imitate texture he n infrequ5tly loses ! subject4 ,! me*anical process seems to d ?is v easily1 especially if ! bru% m>ks on ! canvas are at all prom95t4 ,b ! delicacy is frequ5tly lo/2 s1 too1 are ! /rong blacks1 ?\gh a good wood engrav] c rem$y ^! defects by treat+ ! metal block j z ?\gh x 0 wood1 engrav+ on x1 cutt+ out1 save :]e x is "r1 all ! me*anical look4 ,b two factors are necess>y1 fir/ a good engrav]1 &1 second1 a publi%] :o is will+ to pay = ?is engrav+1 :i* is exp5sive4 ,! majority ( publi%]s w n d s1 ?\gh !y w pay = ! "w ( a good or notori\s au?or4 ,!y w employ a feeble arti/1 a poor engrav]1 & a *eap pr9t]1 & talk ( h[ mu* bett] ! "w 0 done ?irty ye>s ago4 ,( c\rse x 02 x 0 dec5tly drawn & mo/ly badly engrav$1 vilely pr9t$1 b well paid =2 n[ ! photograph is ! /&>d & ! results are all ab\t u2 !re=e y mu/ ?9k ( ! results4 ,s make broad simple masses1 keep y\r "w z flat z y c1 rememb]+ t all blacks w h ! little :ite dots ( ! scre5 m or less %[+ ?r\gh !m--^! c be kept out by ! engrav]1 b !y c]ta9ly w appe> 9 ! *eape/ "w2 rememb]+ t all delicate grey tones w be eat5 up by ! scre51 !re=e don't put !m 9 if y c help x2 &1 f9ally1 t unless :ites are cut out !y w nev] appe>1 in/ead y w h a dott$ grey effect4 ,9 ! v ne> future _m ( ^! imp]fections w disappe>1 = y mu/ rememb] t x is sc>cely t5 ye>s s9ce half tone began to be us$ at all4 ,b look1 :5ev] y see !m--& !y are ev]y:]e--at ! reproductions ( half-tone "w2 try & /udy out h[ ! arti/ got 8 effect2 g to ! art editor :o publi%$ ! draw+ & ask to see ! orig9al4 ,talk ) arti/s :o d good "w 9 black & :ite2 !y are mo/ly human1 intellig5t1 & will+ to help & advise y4 ,g to ! engrav]s' %ops & f9d out :at ! engrav] w tell y1 & to pr9t+ (fices & see y\r "w on ! press4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! reproductions ( l9e draw+s by ! half-tone process4 ,"o is sometimes tempt$ to wi% t all l9e "w c\ld be reproduc$ by half tone & tone "w c\ld be reproduc$ by l9e1 because if ! l9e is delicate or ! draw+ is ?91 ! scre5 ov] x gives a t9t :i* is pleas+1 at times makes x look l an et*+ some:at1 especially if ! t9t be judici\sly cut out4 ,y might look at "s ( ,c4 ,d4 ,gibson's "w1 :]e v great delicacy has be5 obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,engrav]s are n[ endeav\r+ to get ! t9t j :]e x is want$1 & ,i h no d\bt !y w succe$4 ,:5 !y d1 photo-engrav+ by ! half-tone process w be greatly improv$4 ,f9ally1 /udy ! requirem5ts ( ! process n only z arti/s1 b f ! po9t ( view ( ! engrav]2 g d[n to 8 %op & f9d out h[ ! "w is done2 make him %[ & tell y2 insi/ on see+ pro(s ( y\r draw+s--good pro(s1 too2 make corrections on !m1 fir/ le>n+ :at corrections c be made4 ,y _c h blacks put 9 y\r engrav+s if !y did n exi/ 9 ! draw+s1 &1 r\ghly speak+1 y c only tone d[n1 n /r5g!n any engrav+2 b y w f9d1 save 9 cases ( blacks1 x is only ton+ d[n t ! engrav+ wants1 ?9n+ & grey+ ( l9es4 ,all ?is1 ,i h no d\bt1 is v dry & un9t]e/+ & t$i\s1 b unless y get ^! ?+s into y\r heads 9 ! beg9n+1 y\r draw+s w n photograph well1 engrave well1 or pr9t well2 & if !y don't1 y w n get any illu/ration to d1 & y may h y\rselves to blame = x4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,reproduction ,,( ,,draw+s ,,by ,,wood ,,engrav+4 ,wood engrav+1 z a f9e art1 has be5 virtually inv5t$1 develop$1 br\ght to app>5t p]fection1 & yet ceas$ to exi/1 tempor>ily1 almo/1 z a trade1 9 ?is c5tury4 ,a wood engrav+ is an engrav+ made ) a grav]1 ^u a cross section ( box-wood1 t is ^u ! end1 & n ! side1 ( a plank1 9 relief4 ,z 9 ! case ( me*anical engrav+1 all ! wood1 except+ t und]nea? ! design ^u ! block1 is cut away1 & ! picture rema9s alone 9 relief1 rais$ ^u ! surface ( ! block ( ! same height z ! type2 ?us ! block may be plac$ on ! press & pr9t$ ) ! type4 ,! fir/ great wood engrav] 0 ,?os4 ,bewick1 & he1 unlike _m ( 8 foll[]s to-day1 0 an arti/1 & mo/ly made 8 own draw+s on ! block & cut !m z he wi%$4 ,he saw t wood engrav+ 0 a sub/itute = ! sl[]1 m t$i\s1 & m exp5sive me?od ( /eel engrav+2 t1 mo/ important1 _m ( ! qualities ( /eel c\ld be imitat$ 9 wood1 z ! same tools 7 us$2 t x c\ld be pr9t$ ) type2 &1 save t ! ri*ness ( col\r c\ld n be reta9$1 t x _h mo/ ( ! advantages ( metal & few ( its disadvantages1 & 0 va/ly *eap]4 ,f ! fir/1 ! imitation ( /eel 0 consid]$ ! prop] aim1 & ?\gh e>ly 9 ?is c5tury ,/o?>d drew ) a p5 ^u ! block1 & 8 designs 7 facsimil$ 9 ! wood by ,cl5nell1 ! prevail+ fa%ion 0 ! imitation ( /eel engrav+1 ev5 by ,bewick himself4 ,_m ( 8 l9es are exactly ^? us$ by ! /eel engrav]s4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury /eel engrav+ virtually disappe>$1 its practition]s be+ unable to compete ) wood engrav]s4 ,!re h be5 b few orig9al engrav]s 9 ?is =m ( art1 & ?\gh ! "w ( "s ( ! /eel engrav]s :o reproduc$ ,turn] & ,rob]ts1 ,wilkie & ,l&se]1 is m>vell\s1 ! art is almo/ dead at pres5t4 ,*eapness has kill$ x4 ,wood engrav+ also kill$ li?ography--a li?ograph _c be pr9t$ ) type--& consequ5tly ! wood engrav] became a mo/ important p]son4 ,he ran a %op ) _m assi/ants2 he commission$ arti/s to make draw+s = 8 assi/ants to engrave1 he dictat$ ! way 9 :i* ^! draw+s 7 to be done1 ! way 9 :i* ! l9es 7 to be drawn & wa%es made1 s t !y c\ld be cut mo/ easily4 ,he commission$ writ]s to "w up or d[n to ! arti/s2 he pr9t$ ! books & sold !m to ! publi%]s1 :o 7 cont5t to put _! names on ! title pages4 ,& by ?is me?od mu* good & m bad "w 0 accompli%$1 b ! engrav] f9ally became supreme1 autocratic1 dictatorial1 insuff]able2 & !n he vani%$1 z a %op4 ,process /epp$ 91 9 its turn1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness2 & to-day1 unless ! engrav] is an arti/1 he is b ! slave ( ! process man1 a h>d fate--b 8 own4 ,be=e ! introduction ( photography1 arti/s _h to make _! designs = ! wood engrav] ! size !y 7 want$ ^u ! block ( wood1 if portraits ( places1 rev]se !m1 9 p51 bru%1 p5cil1 or wa%2 ! engrav] cut ar\nd & ?r\gh ^! designs1 mak+ a translation ( !m 9 relief on ! block :i* c\ld be pr9t$ f4 ,b ! draw+ _h disappe>$1 & ! arti/ _h no?+ b ! engrav+ to %[ = x1 h5ce endless difficulties arose2 good arti/s hat$ to h _! draw+s cut to pieces2 good engrav]s hat$ to h _! "w criticis$ unfav\rably2 also1 draw+ ( a small size1 & 9 rev]se on ! block 0 difficult to le>n1 & only a me*anical craft ( no arti/ic advantage :5 le>n$4 ,!re=e1 z soon z x 0 possible to escape f ! drudg]y1 to draw ( any size on pap] & h t draw+ photograph$ on to a s5sitis$ wood block1 ( ! size x 0 want$1 9 rev]se1 all arti/s took to x4 ,& a new s*ool ( engrav]s arose1 m5 :o tri$ to inv5t new me?ods ( engrav+ s t !y c\ld express ! m$ium1 z well z ! subject1 9 :i* a picture 0 produc$4 ,true f ,/o?>d onw>d1 ?r\gh ,meissoni] & ,m5zel1 engrav]s _h tri$ to r5d] p5 & p5cil draw+s 9 l9e on wood2 n[ ev]y?+ began to be attempt$1 *>coal1 et*+s1 /eel1 wat] col\rs1 li?ographs1 oils4 ,all ! imp]fections1 accid5ts1 & blemi%es 7 pres]v$1 ev5 if ! picture disappe>$4 ,b a numb] ( mo/ di/+ui%$ arti/ wood engrav]s appe>$1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh few ( !m le>n$ _! trade 9 t c\ntry4 ,b !y receiv$ m enc\ragem5t1 bett] pay1 bett] pr9t+1 & bett] arti/s work$ = !m4 ,& s ! s*ool ( ,am]ican wood engrav]s1 _m ( :om are n ,am]icans1 0 born4 ,n[ h[ is ! mod]n "w done8 ,! arti/'s picture 9 any m$ium1 ( any size1 is giv5 to ! photograph]1 :o copies & rev]ses x1 pr9ts x on ! block ( wood :i* has be5 s5sitis$ = t purpose4 ,! pr9t is usually n v good1 t is1 x is d>k]1 ) _m ( ! qualities ( ! draw+ lo/2 b x s]ves only z a guide or a trac+ = ! engrav]1 :o takes 8 tools1 & ) ! draw+ beh9d him1 reflect$ 9 a mirror to rev]se x1 proce$s to cut ! photograph ( ! draw+ into relief1 at ! same "t try+ to pres]ve ! look ( ! canvas1 pap]1 or metal on :i* x 0 made1 & ! feel+ ( ! col\r1 wa%1 or pa9t ) :i* x 0 execut$4 ,all ?is is mo/ difficult1 b a mo/ arti/ic result may be obta9$1 & "o has b to ref] to ! magaz9es ( ,am]ica & "s ( ! weekly pap]s ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,spa91 = a pro( ( x4 ,"h1 ?\gh mu* good wood engrav+ has be5 pr9t$1 outside ! (fices ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan1 ,cassell & ,co41 & ! ,graphic1 x has ( late ye>s be5 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( copies1 electrotypes1 cli*s f =eign blocks :i* are suppli$ by _! mak]s1 all ov] ! _w1 at a v l[ price1 because !y are n res]v$ = any "o pap] or book4 ,& :5 y beg9 to see a man's pa9t+1 or draw+1 or engrav+ 9 e pap]1 y beg9 to tire ( him & 8 "w4 ,! editors ( pap]s :i* publi% cli*s seem to be ! only p :o l ! multiplication & *eap5+ ( art1 b !n !re is no acc\nt+ = _! ta/es4 ,! tools & appliances = mak+ wood engrav+s are simple en\gh1 b to engrave any?+ b facsimile "w1 or y\r own designs1 w necessitate y\r go+ ?r\gh consid]able practical tra9+2 probably "s ye>s ( appr5tice%ip4 ,to cut l9e draw+s on ! wood1 or to cut designs 9 l>ge simple masses1 y d n require s mu* practice4 ,all ! tools y ne$ are diff]5t siz$ grav]s & g\ges1 a small *isel to cut l>ge spaces1 an engrav]'s re/ = ! block1 s t x c be turn$ freely & easily ab\t1 & a :et/one to %>p5 y\r tools4 ,lamps & globes = wat]1 %ades = y\r eyes1 y w sc>cely ne$1 b a magnify+ glass1 some?+ l t :i* wat*mak]s use1 may be useful4 ,) ^! simple tools & "s box-wood--!y c all be b\ght 9 ,ea/ ,h>d+ ,/reet or at any col\r mak]'s--y h ! necess>y appliances4 ,if y draw on ! block1 a slight wa% ( ,*9ese :ite w help to make x "w easily4 ,draw ) a bru% or p5cil2 or if 9 wa%1 )\t body col\r1 z t w *ip (f4 ,y h only to rememb] t ! block1 ei!r pla9 or ) ! draw+ on x1 w\ld pr9t p]fectly black1 & t e l9e y make ) ! grav] 9 ! surface ( x1 w pr9t :ite4 ,!re=e1 z ,i h said1 to get an outl9e engrav+1 y simply cut away ev]y?+ b ! draw+1 :i* is left 9 relief on ! surface ( ! block1 & :i* alone pr9ts1 ! re/ ( x be+ cut away4 ,x is n necess>y to engrave ! surface v deeply1 only s mu* t nei!r ! ink nor ! pap] w t\* 9 ! holl[s betwe5 ! l9es or masses4 ,mi/akes are n easy to rem$y1 except by mak+ a hole 9 ! block & ins]t+ a plug ( wood1 & !n engrav+ t afre%4 ,! art ( engrav+ 9 facsimile1 t is1 ( engrav+ ar\nd l9es made ) p51 or bru%1 or p5cil1 is comp>atively easy1 x only requires mu* tra9+ & a /eady h&4 ,b ! ability to translate a "w 9 col\r into black & :ite1 on a wood block1 s t x %all give a good idea ( ! orig9al1 is f> m difficult4 ,to d x well1 ! engrav] mu/ n only h ! k ( ! te*nical requirem5ts ( 8 craft at 8 f+] ends1 only to be ga9$ aft] ye>s ( appr5tice%ip1 b he mu/ be a tra9$ arti/ z well4 ,if he wi%es to get ! be/ results1 he mu/ h ! orig9al be=e him1 he mu/ und]/& x & appreciate x4 ,& f9ally1 he mu/ h ! te*nical skill to engrave x4 ,ev5 !n1 mo/ likely1 ! arti/ w n l ! block4 ,x is a difficult art1 a ?ankless art1 save 9 ! r>e/ cases3 "o :i* requires ye>s ( special tra9+1 & at pres5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 no matt] h[ great an arti/ "o is1 !re is v little *ance to practise x4 ,"w ( ?is sort y _c expect to be able to d )\t ye>s ( tra9+2 if y c>e = x y mu/ appr5tice y\rself to a wood engrav]4 ,/ill !re are =ms ( wood engrav+ :i* y may take up1 f ! mo/ primitive to ! mo/ complicat$1 & y may c>ry out ! "w f ! design+ ( x to ! pr9t+ ( x y\rselves1 or1 y may draw on ! block & cut away1 z 9 engrav+s by ! late ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son 7or 7 !y done by ,lloyd ,osb\rne or "s o!r gho/871 & possibly y w h an exp]i5ce l ?is3-- ,a blemi% 9 ! cut appe>s1 ,alas1 x co/ bo? blood & te>s4 ,! glanc+ grav] sw]v$ aside1 ,fa/ fl[$ ! arti/'s vital tide1 ,& n[ ! apologetic b>d ,dem&s indulg5ce = 8 p>d4 ,or ,i imag9e )\t mu* tr\ble y might inv5t some?+ 9 ! /yle ( ,valloton1 a ,fr5*man1 :o is resurrect+ wood cutt+ 9 a mann] ( 8 own1 :ile c>ry+ on ! traditions ( ! old m54 ,i hope y may be able to get z mu* life & g 9 x z he has4 ,make y\r draw+ on ! wood1 or on pap]1 h x photograph$ on ! wood 9 ! latt] case1 & cut ar\nd ! l9es1 leav+ only ! draw+4 ,! greate/ difficulty is ) f9e l9es1 & y see h[ clev]ly ,valloton has avoid$ mak+ !m4 ,or1 l ,lepre1 ano!r ,fr5* arti/--he w\ld be a man to /udy )--d big1 bold1 effective ?+s2 or aga9 y might attempt1 z he does1 col\r "w on wood1 l t done by ! ,japanese1 draw+ x1 engrav+ x1 & pr9t+ x all y\rselves4 ,or1 take up draw+ & engrav+ 9 ! mann] ( ,caldecott1 ,crane1 or ,kate ,gre5away1 :5 !y 7 reproduc$ & pr9t$ by ,edmund ,evans4 ,process is fight+ = col\r too1 b wood1 at lea/ 9 pro(s1 & t is all y w\ld c>e =1 gives "s qualities f> beyond process4 ,9 col\r pr9t+ f wood blocks z _m blocks mu/ be made z !re are col\rs1 & !re mu/ be z _m sep>ate pr9t+s made f ^! blocks z !re are col\rs 9 ! pr9t$ picture4 ,!re mu/ also be an outl9e block call$ ! key block4 ,usually 9 ,european col\r pr9t+1 :e!r f wood blocks1 or by li?ography1 or ev5 process1 ! col\rs are pr9t$ on top ( ea* o!r2 = example1 a blue is pr9t$ ov] a yell[ to get gre51 & at times sev]al col\rs are sup]impos$1 ) ! result t col\r is lo/ & mud obta9$4 ,! ,japanese h %[n u h[ to make col\r pr9ts1 h[ev]1 & _! me?od is n[ adopt$ by all intellig5t col\r pr9t]s4 ,x consi/s 9 mak+ ! "r col\r be=e x is put on ! block1 & 9 plac+ ! col\rs side by side l a mosaic4 ,! "w is done some:at 9 ?is way2 ! arti/ makes 8 draw+1 sev]al trac+s 7z _m z !re are col\rs7 are made f x1 & "o extra trac+ mu/ be made ( ! outl9e only4 ,or r ! outl9e alone is cut on ! block1 o!r blocks are !n made = ea* col\r1 or ! p>ts cut out ( ! same block2 "o w conta9 all ! r$1 ano!r all ! blue1 a ?ird ! yell[1 & s on4 ,!y mu/ be v accurately cut1 s z to fit toge!r & pr9t truly1 & y c see f ,japanese pr9ts h[ wond]fully well ! "w is done4 ,( c\rse ! editions f su* blocks are v limit$1 & on ?is acc\nt1 l et*+s1 (t5 v>y1 ! pr9t]s hav+ tri$ exp]im5ts 9 col\r4 ,! gra9 ( ! wood is tak5 advantage ( 9 pr9t+1 z x (t5 gives a lovely patt]n2 a good pr9t] w wa% 9 gradat$ skies ) ! backgr\nds1 & no matt] h[ wond]fully !y are work$1 if ( ! same col\r1 are pr9t$ usually f ! same block4 ,! ,japanese1 ,i believe1 use wat]-col\rs2 c]ta9ly ! ,fr5* & ,engli%1 :o h tri$ to imitate !m1 d1 putt+ ! col\r1 mix$ ) a little size or gum1 on ! face ( ! block ) a sponge2 9 fact !y are pr9t$ wat]-col\rs4 ,sev]al ,fr5*m5 h obta9$ 9 ?is way mo/ notable results4 ,v simil> 0 ! fa%ion ( col\r pr9t+ call$ *i>oscuro1 us$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is 0 t ! oil ) :i* ! inks 7 mix$1 ei!r ran1 or spoil$ ! pages1 or did n dry well4 ,draw+s on grey pap] 9 *alk c be wond]fully imitat$ 9 ?is way1 & !re are me?ods ( us+ /eel & copp] plates1 bitt5 into relief to get outl9es or t9ts1 :i* 7 also employ$4 ,to-day 9 ! pr9t+ ( wood engrav+s & process blocks by /eam1 at _m ?\s&s an h\r1 ! same sy/em ( col\r pr9t+1 by plac+ ! col\rs side by side1 is be+ attempt$1 = x is impossible to obta9 f9e tone or ri* effect by plac+ "o col\r on top ( ano!r1 ev5 9 sl[ pr9t+ by h&1 :ile x is absurd to attempt x rapidly by /eam4 ,9 ! mo/ successful attempts yet made1 ^? ( ! ,le ,quotidi5 ,illu/r & ,le ,rire1 ,p>is pap]s1 col\r pr9t+ f process blocks has be5 mo/ successfully done1 & ,i d n d\bt t 9 a v few ye>s col\r pr9t+ 9 magaz9es & newspap]s w be v g5]al4 ,z ,i h said1 all intellig5t pr9t]s h n[ come to ! conclusion t simple flat col\rs1 put on side by side1 w alone give good arti/ic results2 !y h only le>n$ ?is1 h[ev]1 aft] go+ q to ! o!r extreme3 aft] try+ to get pure col\r & ri* effects by us+ ! ?ree prim>y col\rs on top ( ea* o!r1 !y obta9$ b crud5ess1 vulg>ity1 & mud4 ,photography & *emi/ry are useful 9 art1 b art _c be creat$ by ^! means4 ,x may be t "s "o1 "s day1 w be able to photograph a picture 9 col\r1 b !re is z yet no evid5ce ( x4 ,wood engrav+s may also be made by scrap+ or l[]+ ! fronts or backs ( blocks1 & ri*1 s(t1 fat effects c be produc$4 ,v little has be5 done1 ,i ?9k1 ) ^! l[]$ blocks1 "s rem>kable examples ( :i* c be se5 9 ,*atto & ,jackson's ,hi/ory ( ,wood ,engrav+4 ,photography has aid$ ! arti/ v mu* 9 wood engrav+ 7?\gh mo/ engrav]s say x has n71 & especially 9 col\r pr9t+ x c be made great use (2 z1 in/ead ( trac+ a design on to sev]al blocks1 x c be photograph$1 ?us ensur+ accuracy--?\gh ! ,japanese obta9$ ?is )\t any photographic aids--& sav+ mu* "t4 ,/ill1 t is ab\t z f> z x goes at pres5t1 & photography w nev] sup]s$e art1 ?\gh x is engag$ 9 a fam\s /ruggle ) artlessness4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,li?ography4 ,li?ography1 = "s "t ! rival ( metal engrav+ & ev5 = a "t ( wood1 0 inv5t$ at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 &1 z its "n implies1 is ! art ( draw+ or writ+ ^u /one4 ,briefly1 a peculi> gra9$ /one1 f\nd 9 ,g]many1 may be drawn ^u ) greasy *alk or ink2 aft]w>d x is slightly et*$1 only wa%$ really1 ) weak nitric acid & wat] to fix ! draw+ & some:at r$uce ! surface ( ! /one2 if ! /one be n[ cov]$ ) gum1 all[$ to dry1 & !n ink$1 ! ink adh]es only to ! draw+2 & if a %eet ( pap] is plac$ on x1 & ! :ole pass$ ?r\gh a press1 a pr9t1 or r ! draw+ 9 ink1 w come (f on ! pap]4 ,?is is r\ghly ! art ( li?ography4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation = y1 h[ev]1 is ! mak+ ( ! draw+4 ,?is may be done 9 "o ( two ways3 ei!r ^u ! /one itself1 or ^u transf] pap] specially coat$1 s t ! entire draw+ is transf]r$ f ! pap] on :i* x is drawn1 by me*anical means1 to ! /one1 & n m]ely a pr9t f ! orig9al draw+4 ,= _m reasons x w\ld probably be be/ to draw ^u ! /one itself always2 because1 fir/ & above all1 ! less int]v5tion--ev5 me*anical int]v5tion--!re is betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 "w1 ! bett]2 & 9 _m cases x is n possible to get good results unless ! arti/ works on ! /one4 ,b if "o has to make a l>ge draw+ out ( doors1 x is obvi\sly impossible to c>ry ab\t a big & heavy /one ) "o2 !re=e li?ographic transf] pap] mu/ be us$ if ! "w is to be done f nature4 ,be=e ?is pap] 0 p]fect$ 7x is v good n[1 & c be obta9$ f ,hughes ,kimb] ( ,we/ ,h>d+ ,/reet1 ?\gh ,belfont's ( ,p>is is ! be/71 ! arti/ ei!r copi$ 8 sket*es1 /udies1 or pictures himself1 on ! /one1 if he und]/ood li?ography2 or else 8 draw+s 7 copi$ = him by "s o!r arti/s :o 7 tra9$ li?ograph]s4 ,"o mo/ notable example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ,j4 ,f4 ,lewis's ,alhambra4 ,! orig9als by ,lewis 7 r$rawn on ! /one by ,j4 ,d4 ,h>d+1 ,j4 ,lane1 & ,w4 ,ganci1 z well z by ,lewis himself2 inevitably "s ( ^! m5's individuality 0 app>5t1 & ev5 9 ! case ( ,lewis1 mu* mu/ h be5 lo/ by copy+ 8 own designs2 & if orig9al "w is giv5 to pr(essional li?ograph]s1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( "o hundr$ all ! real "* is tak5 out ( x4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 "o may draw ^u transf] pap]1 be+ c>eful only n to t\* x ) "o's f+]s1 ei!r 9 li?ographic *alk or li?ographic ink1 :i* is only ! *alk rubb$ d[n & put on ) a p5 or bru%1 on ?is pap]1 :i* %\ld be fa/5$ d[n l an oil sket*1 9 a box hav+ a cov]1 by draw+ p9s4 ,take ! draw+ to ! pr9t]2 he w put x on ! /one & pr9t x = y f> bett] ?an y c d x y\rself2 /ill ?is is r exp5sive1 z ! transf]r+ ( ! draw+ to ! /one & pull+ a few pro(s w co/ y ab\t a gu9ea4 ,b if y\r design c be drawn 9 y\r own /udio1 or at ! li?ograph]'s1 on ! /one1 x is n only mu* simpl]1 b ! result may be bett]1 & y c employ m v>i$ me?ods ( "w4 ,= example1 y may draw ) ! li?ographic crayon--,lem]ci]'s are ! be/2 get !m at ,le*]ti] ,b>be's--j z y w\ld ) ord9>y *alk or crayon4 ,= if ! /one is gra9$ l pap]1 ! design1 if well pr9t$1 %\ld look almo/ exactly l a draw+ on pap]4 ,on a smoo? or ungra9$ /one y may draw or write ) p5 or bru% & li?ographic ink1 :i* is only ! crayon rubb$ d[n ) gum arabic1 or ammonia & wat]1 z y w\ld rub d[n ,indian ink1 only y mu/ heat ! sauc] 9 :i* y are rubb+ x1 a little4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 use ,gillott's li?ographic p5s1 putt+ ! ink on ! p5 ) a bru%1 or use a trimm$ sable bru% br\ght to a f9e po9t2 y mu/ make y\r l9es c>efully1 & get y\r ink ( ! "r consi/5cy1 o!rwise x t5ds to blot & spread or sme>4 ,aga91 y may mix m ( ! m$ium ) ! rubb$-d[n crayon4 ,i %\ld say x rubs1 :5 w>m1 )\t wat]2 ?is m$ium may be obta9$ ready mix$ f ,way ,sons1 ,well+ton ,/reet1 ,/r&2 pa9t ) x z y w\ld 9 wat] col\rs1 add+ m ( ! m$ium or m ink z y wi% little or mu* col\r4 ,i h tri$ only a c\ple ( exp]im5ts 9 ?is way1 & !y 7 bo? complete failures4 ,! tr\ble ,i f\nd 0 ?is3 9 mak+ light tones1 ! mom5t ! bru% *>g$ ) col\r t\*es ! /one1 ! /one itself turns mu* d>k] ?an ! col\r y are putt+ on x2 & z x dries out v sl[ly1 ! mak+ ( a wa% draw+ is a mo/ t$i\s process1 unless "o has _h en\gh exp]i5ce ( ! "w to "k j ! effect ( ! f9i%$ draw+1 or r j ! effect ( ! wa% appli$1 :i* _c be se5 9 its prop] tone1 :ile work+ on ! /one1 s9ce ! appe>ance ! /one pres5ts s long z x is wet is absolutely diff]5t to :at x w look l :5 dry1 & x is almo/ impossible to "w ov] wa%es1 because ! col\r floats (f if !y are gone ov] aga91 or at lea/ smudges & sme>s2 /ill1 corrections & additions c be made ) ! crayon po9t1 & ! :ole design br\ght pretty well toge!r4 ,! be/ "w 9 wa% has be5 done by ,lunois1 a ,fr5*man4 ,corrections are at all times difficult to make 9 li?ographs1 ! error hav+ to be scrat*$ out & ! /one repair$ 9 t spot1 be=e ! new "w c be put 9 aga94 ,/ump draw+s may be made by gett+ ! crayon 9 p[d] & sme>+ x on ! /one 9 masses ) a rag4 ,effects c be obta9$ by remov+ too mu* col\r ) ord9>y scrap]s & putt+ 9 modell+ ) /umps & ! po9t ( ! crayon2 or all ?ree ( ! me?ods ,i h m5tion$ may be comb9$1 z !y (t5 are1 on ! same /one1 notably 9 ! "w ( ,h]vi]4 ,t9ts may be obta9$ by /ippl+ & splatt] "w1 z 9 p5 draw+s4 ,!re is a ma*9e call$ an air bru%1 us$ by li?ograph]s = ?is purpose1 b ! introduction ( me*anical dodges has done mu* to h>m li?ography4 ,z9c may be gra9$ & drawn ^u 9 ! same way2 :y ?is metal is n m g5]ally us$1 ,i d n "k1 = x is mu* light]1 m portable1 & c be easily m\nt$ on a pla9 /one to pr9t f4 ,until lately x 0 ma9ta9$ t only :at 0 drawn on /one c\ld be got (f x 9 a pr9t4 ,b ,mr4 ,g\ld+1 ! et*+ pr9t]1 :o has be5 mak+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 says he c get almo/ z mu* v>iety ( effect1 by wip+ ! surface ( ! /one c>efully1 9 a small numb] ( pr9ts1 z he c f a copp] plate 7see ,lecture on ! pr9t+ ( ,et*+s74 ,/ill1 = y1 ! process ord9>ily w end ) ! draw+4 ,ev5 ! transf]r+ is only to be successfully done by skill$ workm51 & until y c pr9t an et*+ dec5tly1 x w\ld be sc>cely wor? :ile to try a li?ograph4 ,consid]+ t ! process is p]fectly autographic1 t ! mat]ials are few & *eap1 x is /range t x is s little employ$ at pres5t4 ,b a v s]i\s attempt is be+ made to revive x1 & z an arti/ l ,mr4 ,:i/l] is ! lead] & initiator1 ,i believe x w be successful4 ,col\r pr9t+ by li?ography1 ?\gh v complicat$1 might be tri$ by y2 z _m /ones mu/ be prep>$ = transf]r+ ! design1 made ei!r on pap] or /one1 f ! pap] to /one1 or f "o /one to ano!r1 z !re are col\rs1 & only t "p ( ! design :i* is ( "o col\r mu/ appe> on "o /one2 if y try to get col\r pr9ts 9 ! usual fa%ion by pr9t+ "o col\r ov] ! o!r1 y w obta9 ! usual comm]cial muddl+ li?ographic appe>ance4 ,b if y mix y\r own col\rs = ! li?ograph]1 & h ! col\rs plac$ side by side1 9 flat masses l ! ,japanese block pr9ts 7see ,wood ,engrav+ ,lecture71 y %\ld get good results4 ,!re are endless o!r processes & me?ods ( "w1 b !y are all m or less complicat$1 & require special tra9+ & special tools1 & ev5 ma*9]y1 & "o :o wi%es to pursue ! subject fur!r mu/ g to a li?ograph] & le>n ! trade4 ,b 9 ord] to get arti/ic effects only1 "o has b to draw or pa9t on pap] or /one z "o w\ld ord9>ily4 ,! means are mo/ simple1 & ! results %\ld be mo/ int]e/+4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,et*+4 ,9 all ! v>i\s me?ods ( mak+ illu/rations to :i* ,i h s f> call$ y\r att5tion1 x 0 necess>y t "s "p ( ! "w %\ld be done by a specially tra9$ craftsman1 at lea/ if any practical & comm]cial result 0 desir$4 ,n[ 9 et*+1 ! m y y\rselves d & ! less any "o else does1 ! bett] %\ld be ! result4 ,an et*+ is1 9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 a pr9t f a metal plate into :i* a design has be5 bitt5 or eat5 by acid2 aga91 9 mo/ ( ! o!r me?ods1 ! pr9t+ 0 f relief blocks l type1 & !re=e ^? illu/rations c\ld be pr9t$ ) type4 ,n[ we h to consid] ano!r sort ( "w1 namely1 intaglio1 or incis$1 or sunk5 "w n pr9t$ f ! surface1 b f l9es cut bel[ x1 & !re=e unavailable = lett]press pr9t+4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be easy to make a relief block 9 metal1 or an incis$ block ( wood1 to rev]se ! treatm5t 9 pr9t+1 b x w\ld n be natural or "r4 ,! :ole diff]5ce is ?is3 if a wood block has a l9e cut 9 ! surface & ! :ole face is ink$ ) a roll]1 ! l9e w pr9t :ite & ! re/ ( ! block black4 ,if ! et*+ plate is ink$ & clean$ (f1 z is always done1 x w pr9t :ite2 if a l9e is cut 9 x1 ! ink w rema9 9 t & produce a black l9e4 ,( c\rse !y mu/ be pr9t$ 9 appropriate presses4 ,9 its broade/ s5se an et*+ may be produc$ 9 any "o ( a numb] ( ways1 by ! arti/1 on a metal plate :i* may be pr9t$ f4 ,x is nev] a process or me*anical engrav+1 & nev] 0 & nev] w be1 & ! attempt to palm (f me*anical blocks or plates is a sw9dle & a humbug4 ,et*+s are produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]2 at lea/ ?is is ! be/ & simple/ me?od4 ,a plate ( highly poli%$ copp]1 z9c1 or ev5 /eel1 iron1 or alum9ium is obta9$ f ! mak]s1 ,william ,longman1 ( ,johnson's ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet1 or f ,messrs4 ,hughes ,kimb]1 ,we/ ,h>d+ ,/reet1 ,fett] ,lane1 or ,messrs4 ,rob]son1 #ii1 ,long ,acre4 ,copp]1 h[ev]1 is ! be/ & almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,?is %\ld be c>efully clean$ ) a s(t rag & :it+2 !n x %\ld be gripp$ by a vice ) a wood5 h&le1 9 "o corn]1 c>e be+ tak5 to put a piece ( s(t pap] betwe5 ! vice & ! plate to keep ! tee? ( ! =m] f scrat*+ x2 heat$1 ei!r ^u an iron frame ) a _s or ,buns5 lamp "u x1 or ov] ! gas1 until1 if y take a ball ( et*+ gr\nd & t\* ! plate ) x1 ! gr\nd melts4 ,?is gr\nd is made ( res91 wax1 & gum2 ! be/ is made by ,sell]s 9 ,engl& & ,cad>t 9 ,france4 ,all ^! mat]ials c be b\ght ( ,rob]son or ,hughes ,kimb]4 ,t\* ! hot plate 9 sev]al places ) ! gr\nd4 ,x %\ld melt at once2 !n take an ,am]ican et*+ roll] 7:i* ,i ?9k y c only obta9 at ,rob]son's7 & g ov] ! plate rapidly ) x 9 e direction1 until ! little masses ( melt$ gr\nd h be5 spread ev5ly & ?9ly 9 a film all ov] x4 ,) a little practice y %\ld be able to d ?is 9 a c\ple ( m9utes1 & y c lay 9 ?is way 7:i* is unkn[n virtually 9 ,engl&7 a ?9n]1 h>d]1 m ev5 & v mu* bett] gr\nd1 ) less tr\ble1 ?an 9 any o!r4 ,heat ! plate aga9 a little m1 & take a bundle ( wax tap]s twi/$ toge!r by heat+ !m1 light !m & pass !m "u ! face ( ! plate held1 v>ni%$ side d[nw>ds1 by ! vice2 d n t\* ! plate ) ! tap]1 or ! v>ni%1 be+ /ill melt$1 w come (f1 b g rapidly back & =w>d1 all[+ ! flame only to t\* ! surface4 ,9 a few m9utes ! v>ni% w h be5 completely black5$ by ! smoke4 ,next1 take a bottle ( /opp+-out v>ni% 7:i* y may z well buy2 don't bo!r to make x7 & cov] ! back & edges ( ! plate4 ,if ?is is done :ile ! plate is hot1 x dries v fa/1 & z soon z ! plate is cool x is ready to "w on4 ,?is is ! fir/ /age4 ,! waxy gr\nd is put on to protect ! plate f ! acid ) :i* x is to be bitt51 & x mu/ be s well made & well put on1 t "o c draw ?r\gh x1 )\t te>+ x up & )\t any resi/ance2 also x mu/ adh]e firmly to ! plate1 :]e x is n drawn ?r\gh1 & mu/ resi/ ! acid p]fectly 9 ! unt\*$ p>ts4 ,! smok+ is done to enable y to see y\r l9es 9 ! copp]1 light on d>k2 ?is is r curi\s at fir/1 b y w get us$ to x4 ,! /opp+-out v>ni% is also to protect ! plate1 & is only a *eap] sort ( gr\nd dissolv$ 9 oil ( lav5d] or e!r4 ,:5 ! plate is cool1 x %\ld be ( a brilliant uni=m black1 & if !re are any dull1 smoky-look+ places on x1 ! gr\nd is burnt4 ,"h ! gr\nd may be rubb$ (f1 or w %[ cracks1 if y t\* x1 9 ^! places1 & ! v>ni% %\ld be clean$ (f ! face ) turp5t9e1 ! plate c>efully dri$ & regr\nd$4 ,o!rwise ! v>ni% w ei!r crack :ile y are draw+ on x1 or come (f 9 ! ba? ( acid1 & y\r "w w be spoil$4 ,y draw ^u ! v>ni%$ plate ) ne$les or po9ts2 any /eel po9ts w d1 f a knitt+-ne$le to ! be/ big po9t y c get4 ,! small ne$les inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,:i/l] ,i f9d ! be/2 b ?is is a p]sonal lik+4 ,!y are ( all %apes & sizes4 ,y may comm5ce & draw 9 y\r entire subject1 only rememb]+ t y mu/ leave y\r =egr\nd l9es fur!r ap>t ?an ^? 9 ! di/ance4 ,y may make y\r draw+ ei!r ) ! same ne$le1 all ov]1 or ) ne$les ( diff]5t sizes2 = ?\gh "o half ( ! art is 9 ! draw+1 ! o!r half1 & ! really *>act]i/ic half1 is 9 ! bit+4 ,!re is v little to be said ab\t ! draw+1 save t y mu/ draw j z well z ev] y c2 y w f9d out almo/ imm$iately t y h ! mo/ responsive tool 9 y\r f+]s1 & t y c "w ) x 9 any direction4 ,d n bo!r1 if y use ! same ne$le1 because ! draw+ looks flat1 & ! l9es are ( ! same wid?2 ! bit+ w fix all t4 ,draw away2 if y are afraid to tackle ! copp] /raight away ) a po9t1 pa9t y\r design on x1 ) a little ,*9ese :ite1 or1 if y h a p5cil draw+ ( ! subject1 y may make a trac+ f x1 & g ov] t1 transf]r+ x to ! plate2 or y may turn ! draw+ face d[n & run x ?r\gh a copp] plate press2 ! draw+ w come (f on ! v>ni%$ surface 9 rev]se1 & if y are do+ a portrait ( a place y mu/ o!rwise rev]se x y\rself4 ,if y wi% to sket* f nature 9 rev]se1 put up a mirror on an easel1 & turn y\r back to ! subject1 draw+ f ! picture 9 ! mirror1 =1 y mu/ rememb]1 t any subject drawn1 z y see x1 on a copp] plate1 or ev5 a wood-block1 pr9ts 9 rev]se4 ,next1 to bite or et* ! draw+ into ! copp] plate1 take equal p>ts ( nitric acid & wat] & mix !m 9 a glass-/opp]$ bottle1 "s h\rs be=e y wi% to use ! mixture1 = !re is en\gh heat produc$ by ! *emical action to melt ! gr\nd if x is us$ at once4 ,or h a quantity ( :at is kn[n z ,dut* mordant made2 ?is is compos$ (-- ,two p>ts ,*lorate ( ,pota%1 ,t5 p>ts ,hydro*loric ,acid1 ,eighty-eight p>ts wat]4 ,next1 get an ord9>y photograph]'s porcela9 or rubb] ba? or tray2 lay ! plate 9 x1 p\r ! acid ov] x2 9 a few seconds bubbles w arise1 9 all ! l9es2 bru% !m away ) a fea!r2 leave ! plate1 if !re is any f9e "w on x1 9 ! ba? = only two or ?ree m9utes1 say = a light sky2 take x out ) rubb] f+]-tips or a /ick1 = ! acid w burn y\r f+]s & a drop w rot y\r clo!s1 /a9+ !m light yell[2 wa% ! plate ?or\ghly 9 clean wat]1 dry x c>efully ) blott+-pap]4 ,take "s ( y\r /opp+-out v>ni%1 ?9 x ) a little 7a v little7 turp5t9e1 pa9t ov] ! v lighte/ p>ts ( ! draw+ ) a camel's-hair bru% dipp$ 9 ! dilut$ v>ni%1 & ?us /op !m out--t is1 /op !m f bit+ any m by pa9t+ !m ) ! v>ni%4 ,wait till ! places :]e y h pa9t$ ! v>ni% are ?or\ghly dry2 !n put ! plate 9 ! ba? aga9 & bite ! next /rong]1 ne>] set ( l9es2 ( c\rse1 save :]e ! l9es are cov]$ by ! /opp+-out v>ni%1 !y w keep on bit+4 ,cont9ue bit+ & /opp+ out till y get to ! =egr\nd1 :]e ! l9es %\ld n[ be q broad & deep2 take (f ! gr\nd front & back by wa%+ x ) a rag dipp$ 9 turp5t9e1 dry x1 & ! plate is ready to pr9t f4 ,ano!r me?od is to comm5ce by draw+ 9 ! d>ks1 bit+ !m1 !n draw+ 9 ! middle di/ance1 ! d>ks go+ on bit+ all ! :ile1 & f9ally ! extreme di/ance1 :5 ! :ole plate w be bit+ toge!r2 by ?is me?od no /opp+ out is necess>y1 b 9 work+ out ( doors x is awkw>d to c>ry ba?s & acid ar\nd ) "o1 o!rwise "o mu/ run back to ! /udio1 to bite betwe5 ea* /age4 ,b ^! two me?ods c be mix$ up1 & frequ5tly are1 & y may also "w 9 ! ba?1 draw+ l9es ?r\gh or ov] o!rs1 ?us gett+ ri*ness :ile ! bit+ is go+ on4 ,! bad fumes :i* are giv5 (f dur+ ! bit+ are n dang]\s4 ,9 work+ ) ! ,dut* mordant1 :i* bites sl[] ?an nitric acid & makes no bubbles1 b bites /raight d[n1 :ile nitric acid enl>ges ! l9es lat]ally1 y w inhale mu* ( ! fumes1 b !y won't hurt y4 ,al?\gh y d n see any action ) ! ,dut* mordant1 bru% ! l9es ) a fea!r1 else a deposit is =m$ & !y w bite unev5ly4 ,x is v difficult to tell :5 a plate is well bitt51 ! bit+ is v difficult1 b on tak+ x out ( ! ba? & hold+ x on a level ) y\r eye1 y c see ! bitt5 l9es2 y c also feel ! bit+ ) a ne$le1 & y may take (f a bit ( ! v>ni% ) y\r ?umb-nail or turp5t9e & look at ! l9es1 re-cov]+ !m aga9 ) ! /opp+-out v>ni%2 b aft] ?is1 ( c\rse1 !y w n bite 9 t place4 ,aga91 ! l9es d n bite ev5ly2 :]e !y are close toge!r !y bite fa/]1 &1 aft] ! plate has be5 9 ! acid "s "t1 x may *ange its spe$ ( bit+2 diff]5ces ( atmosph]e & temp]ature affect x ev5 ) ! same acid on ! same day2 if ! nitric acid is too weak add m acid2 if too /rong p\r 9 wat]1 & quick1 else ! gr\nd w come (f3 x is too /rong :5 x boils & bubbles all ov]2 x is too weak :5 !re are no bubbles4 ,dut* mordant eats always sl[ly1 & nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 de/roys ! gr\nd4 ,at ! la/1 = v /rong d>ks1 y may sometimes use a little pure nitric acid1 b x w mo/ likely te> up ! gr\nd1 & if y leave x long en\gh w spoil all y\r l9es1 giv+ y only a great black hole4 ,^! are ! sy/ems employ$ by all et*]s2 ! l5g?y diss]tations ab\t :ite gr\nd1 silv] gr\nd1 positive & negative processes1 ne$ n conc]n y1 !y are nev] practis$1 & mo/ly unkn[n to ! be/ m54 ,^! simple directions %\ld enable y to produce arti/ic plates1 if y h ! necess>y ability4 ,/ill1 :5 y h _h a pro( ( y\r plate pull$--,i w talk ( pr9t+ 9 ! next lecture--y w f9d t !re are all sorts ( imp]fections 9 x1 possibly holes1 places :]e x is n bitt5 en\gh or too mu* bitt51 or t x is too d>k or too light all ov]2 x is b seldom t a plate is "r :5 ! fir/ pro( is pull$4 ,if y f9d a hole bitt5 9 x1 take a burni%+ tool1 flatt5 ! hole d[n z mu* z possible1 f9d ! place on ! back ) a pair ( calip]s1 hamm] x up f ! back1 plac+ x on an anvil1 burni% x aga9 & poli% ! surface ) *>coal1 oil1 & rags2 rev>ni% ! place1 r$raw1 & rebite x4 ,if x is only a small place y may take up "s nitric acid on a fea!r1 & pa9t ! little spot to be rebitt5 ) t4 ,a few drops ( ! acid h ne>ly z mu* p[] z a great deal4 ,9 fact y may pa9t ! face ( y\r plate ) acid & d y\r bit+ 9 t way1 )\t ev] imm]s+ x 9 ! ba? at all4 ,if x is too mu* bitt5 x mu/ be rubb$ d[n ) *>coal & oil1 a t$i\s process4 ,if x is too light x mu/ be rebitt5 all ov]2 !n take a rebit+ roll]1 putt+ "s liquid et*+ gr\nd on a sep>ate plate1 take ! gr\nd up on ! roll] & roll ! face ( ! plate v c>efully2 ! gr\nd %\ld cov] ! face )\t go+ into any ( ! l9es2 heat x v slightly to dry ! gr\nd1 leave x = a day or s & !n bite z be=e4 ,if !re are places :]e l9es want jo9+ or little t\*es ( d>k w\ld be effective1 put !m 9 ) a grav] or a po9t4 ,y may use a grav] altoge!r1 & produce a l9e engrav+2 or a po9t1 ei!r /eel or diamond1 & make :at is kn[n z a dry-po9t et*+1 t is1 m]ely a scrat*$ draw+ on ! copp]2 ! po9t ?r[s up1 z y draw ) x1 a furr[1 :i* is great] or less z y incl9e ! po9t1 & ?is holds ! ink1 & is call$ burr1 & gives = a few pro(s great ri*ness2 a /eel face c1 h[ev]1 be put on ! copp] plate1 & any numb] ( pulls may be tak54 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cutt+ ( l9es ) a grav] & ! draw+ ( !m ) a po9t is ?is3 ! grav]1 bo? 9 metal & wood1 is pu%$ f "o2 ! po9t 9 et*+1 & ev5 ! knives 9 wood cutt+1 are drawn t[>d "o4 ,messrs4 ,rob]son h inv5t$ a plate ( celluloid :i*1 = dry po9t "w1 seems to be fairly good1 & z ?is plate is :ite or cream-col\r$1 z "o draws on x ! l9es may be fill$ up ) pa9t1 & "o may ?us see ! draw+ z "o works4 ,( c\rse1 ! same ?+ may be done ) dry po9t on copp]4 ,! great advantage ( ! celluloid is its lightness4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be heat$ 9 pr9t+1 o!rwise x w be ru9$4 ,_m et*]s are n[ mak+ exp]im5ts ) alum9ium1 b no c]ta9 results h z yet be5 obta9$4 ,!re are _m o!r =ms ( engrav+ includ$ "u ! title ( ,et*+1 al?\gh1 prop]ly speak+1 !y h no?+ to d ) x4 ,aquat9t3 a gr\nd1 made by deposit+ p[d]$ res9 9 solution ) spirits ( w9e1 is p\r$ on ! plate1 slightly heat$1 & z x dries ! res9 adh]es to ! plate & cracks up irregul>ly2 a draw+ may be made on ?is1 & /opp$ out 9 ! usual way4 ,or p[d]$ res9 may be spr9kl$ on ! plate1 heat$1 :5 x w adh]e1 or ! plate may be plac$ 9 a box conta9+ res9 9 v f9e p[d]1 heat$1 & ! box %ak52 ! res9 w settle on x & produce ! gr\nd4 ,a v simil> gr\nd may be made by pass+ ! ord9>ily-gr\nd$ plate ?r\gh a copp]-plate pr9t+-press1 ) a piece ( s&pap] ov] x1 ?ree or f\r times1 !n ! design may be pa9t$ on x 9 /opp+-out v>ni%1 & at times a v good result may be obta9$4 ,l9es may be put 91 et*$ be=e ! gr\nd is laid2 b p]sonally ,i don't l ! l9es at all2 )\t !m ! result is r l a bitt5 pa9t+4 ,silk & canvas c also be plac$ on ! gr\nd$ plate1 :i* is !n run ?r\gh ! press1 to get t9ts 9 ! gr\nd4 ,t9ts may be obta9$ aft] ! plate is bitt5 by pa9t+ x ) olive oil & spr9kl+ fl[]s ( sulphur on x1 :i* gives a v *>m+ t9t1 b x does n la/ long2 ,i believe t if acid is p\r$ ov] x1 x may la/ bett]4 ,mr4 ,frank ,%ort says s1 b ,i h nev] tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,s(t gr\nd et*+s are made by mix+ et*+ gr\nd & tall[ toge!r 9 equal proportions1 cov]+ ! plate ) ?is composition by means ( ! roll]3 t is1 put "s ( ! composition on a clean plate1 pass ! roll] ov] x till x is cov]$ ) ! s(t gr\nd1 & !n roll x on to ! plate on :i* y propose to "w1 smoke x & !n /ret* a piece ( r\gh-gra9$ or l9$ draw+ pap] ov] ! face1 z pap] is /ret*$ = mak+ wat]-col\rs1 draw ^u ?is ) a lead p5cil & !n c>efully take ! pap] (f2 y mu/ n re/ on or t\* ! plate ) y\r f+]s2 ! gr\nd comes away ) ! pap] :]e ! p5cil has pass$1 & ! design is se5 on ! copp]1 & is !n to be bitt5 9 z 9 ord9>y et*+4 ,mezzot9t is also includ$1 = "s unkn[n reason1 ) et*+4 ,! face ( ! plate is r\gh5$ 9 e direction by go+ ov] x ) a too!d in/rum5t call$ a rock]1 until x w pr9t p]fectly black2 ! design is !n trac$ on x2 ! draw+ is made by scrap+ d[n ! lights1 & f9ally by burni%+ ! :ites q smoo?4 ,t9t effects c also be obta9$ by a smoo?-too!d :eel1 ! r\lette1 ! same z t us$ by process engrav]s2 only "h x produces blacks1 :ile !y use x to get lights4 ,monotypes1 t is pa9t+s made 9 col\r or black & :ite on a b>e copp] plate 9 ! usual way1 ?\gh !y mu/ be h&l$ ?9ly1 may be pass$ ?r\gh ! press1 & !y w yield "o exquisitely s(t & delicate impression4 ,! electrotyp+ & duplicat+ ( !m *anges _! "* & value entirely3 x is a ridicul\s & in>ti/ic proce$+4 ,b aft] go+ ?r\gh all ?is li/1--,i h b>ely ref]r$ to /eel engrav+ 9 l9e1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is only work+ ) an ord9>y grav] 9 /eel1 & is sl[ & t$i\s1 unsatisfactory drudg]y2 or to /ipple engrav+1 dott+ & bit+ 9 dots1 in/ead ( l9es1 z practis$ by ,b>tolozzi1--"o comes back to ! simple me?od ,i describ$ at fir/1 ! me?od ) "s improvem5ts ( ,rembr&t1 ! me?od ( ,:i/l]1 or 9 dry po9t ! me?od ( ,helleu2 & :at is good en\gh = ^? ma/]s %\ld be good en\gh = y4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,( ,,et*+s4 ,:i* is ! m int]e/+ & amus+--! draw+1 bit+1 or pr9t+ ( an et*+ has nev] be5 decid$4 ,b no arti/ is will+1 if he c help x1 to all[ any "o else1 once he has ma/]$ ! me?od ( "w1 to p]=m any "p ( ! op]ation = him4 ,! pr9t+ ( an et*+ is1 9 !ory1 v simple2 9 practice1 x is mo/ difficult1 b mo/ delightful4 ,! plate be+ bitt51 z ,i h describ$ 9 a previ\s lecture1 mu/ n[ be pr9t$1 = ! pr9ts f x1 & n ! plate itself1 are ! end ( et*+--really ( all illu/ration4 ,y w h to sp5d sev]al p\nds on an et*+ outfit1 s y _h bett] get a good "o4 ,! small ones1 includ+ press1 ink1 *emicals1 q complete1 sold by ,rob]son1 ( #ii1 ,long ,acre1 are mo/ excell5t z f> z !y g1 = small plates1 & tak+ r\nd ! c\ntry ) "o on a sket*+ t\r2 b = s]i\s "w1 a m practical set ( tools is necess>y4 ,!re=e ,i w\ld advise y fir/ to take lessons ( a good et*]1 :o w all[ y to "w ) him1 or to g to a pr9t] & get him to %[ y h[ ! "w is done4 ,?is is ! me?od3 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to obta9 "s good h&made pap]1 almo/ all old pap] is excell5t2 x %\ld be unrul$1 ( c\rse2 (t5 ! tone ( x is lovely1 & x may conta9 mo/ beautiful wat]-m>ks4 ,i am ref]r+ to ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 or ,g]man pap]s ( at lea/ a c5tury old4 ,at times y may be able to pick up old l$g]s1 acc\nt-books1 or packages ( unpr9t$ pap]2 treasure !m up2 if y don't pr9t et*+s on !m1 !re is no?+ m delightful to draw ^u4 ,!re are also ,japanese & ,india pap]s1 :i* give mo/ beautiful delicate transluc5t effect to pr9ts4 ,vellum1 p>*m5t1 & ev5 silk or sat9 may be pr9t$ on4 ,b z a g5]al rule ! old h&made ,dut* pap] is ! mo/ satisfactory1 if y c get x4 ,= ord9>y "w & exp]im5ts1 mod]n pap] is q good en\gh1 & v good h&made pap] c be obta9$ f ,rob]son's4 ,let u suppose y are go+ to pr9t2 tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e1 take sev]al %eets ( pap]1 r m ?an y want1 9 case ( failure or = any o!r reason2 cut ! %eets ! size y desire !m1 a little l>g] ?an ! plate1 s z to leave a dec5t m>g94 ,cut ! pap] fir/2 ,japanese pap]1 = example1 _c easily be cut :5 x is wet4 ,get a %eet ( w9d[ glass1 lay x flat on a table1 take ! fir/ %eet ( pap] & damp x on "o side by pass+ a wet sponge ov] x1 lay x on ! glass2 on top ( ?is %eet lay ano!r dry "o2 damp ! top ( t ) ! sponge2 & cont9ue lay+ d[n %eets & damp+ _! upp] faces till y h en\gh2 put ano!r %eet ( w9d[ glass on ! top1 & a heavy weight ^u x2 9 a day ! :ole mass %\ld be completely damp5$ all ?r\gh4 ,i believe ! same ?+ c be done by a copy+ press & book1 & ,i h he>d x is s done by li?ograph]s1 b ! way ,i h describ$ is ! usual "o t is foll[$ by plate pr9t]s4 ,! next ?+ is ! press4 ,a good secondh& "o may be b\ght at ,hughes ,kimb]'s1 ,we/ ,h>d+ ,/reet1 ,fett] ,lane1 = ab\t five p\nds4 ,mu* dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! size & f9i%4 ,y %\ld h x br\ght to y\r /udio1 set up & adju/$ = y by skill$ workm54 ,!n y mu/ buy a heat] & a jigg] = y\r plates1 ink1 oil1 canvas1 & a numb] ( o!r ?+s1 dabb]s1 a mull]1 an ink-slab1 & a big palette knife2 all ^! w run up a bill ( t5 p\nds or s4 ,b hav+ y\r press & o!r ?+s1 let u g to "w3 light ! gas-burn]s "u ! heat] :i* y h b\ght2 if too mu* flame comes out & makes ! iron top too hot1 plug up "s ( ! jets4 ,put y\r plate on ! top ( ! heat]4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 see t y\r press is adju/$1 s t ! plate w fit 94 ,to d ?is1 put a piece ( pap] on ! top ( ! plate & run x 9 ! press to try x1 & see if x goes "u ! roll] )\t te>+ ! pap]4 ,take "s ( ! ink out ( ! c1 or bett]1 get x 9 p[d]1 put x on ! ink-slab & mix x ) oil ) ! palette knife2 !n take ! mull] & gr9d ! ink until x is ?or\ghly gr\nd & mix$ & ( ab\t ! ?ickness ( pa9t z x comes out ( ! tube4 ,b ea* plate w require m or less oil or col\r1 & "s br[n1 r$1 or possibly blue mix$ ) x to take (f ! crude raw look :i* pure black (t5 has 9 ! pr9t4 ,! plate be+ n[ w>m1 n s hot z to boil or burn ! ink1 dab ) a dabb] ! ink f ! slab all ov] ! face ( ! plate 7x is w>m$ to wipe ! ink (f easily71 slide x f ! heat] to ! wood5 box call$ a jigg]1 :i* mu/ be plac$ alongside ! =m]4 ,y %\ld get a pr9t] to arrange y\r ?+s = y4 ,take a piece ( ! rag or canvas = wip+1 d\ble x c>efully & loosely 9 y\r h&--?is requires mu* practice--& remove all ! ink :i* is on ! surface ( ! plate4 ,ev5 aft] y h wip$ x "s "t1 an oily film w rema91 :i*1 unless y poli% ! plate ) :it+ rubb$ on y\r h&1 y _c remove1 & y d n want to1 because ! oil gives a delici\s tone to ! pr9t4 ,"s ink may be left 9 places on ! surface to increase & /r5g!n ! "w1 b :at y mu/ le>n to d is n to wipe any ( ! ink out ( ! bitt5 l9es4 ,?is is v difficult1 & if y d wipe x out1 y mu/ comm5ce all ov] aga91 only ! *ances are t y w "k no?+ ab\t ?is until ! plate is pr9t$4 ,! col\r may also be increas$ by go+ ov] ! surface ( ! plate1 hav+ aga9 w>m$ x1 if x has become cool1 ) a bit ( s(t taffatas silk ) a trembl+ muscul> motion ( ! arm & f+]s4 ,?is action1 call$ retr\ssage1 :i* mu/ be se5 to be und]/ood1 drags ! ink slightly ov] ! surface ( ! plate )\t tak+ mu* out ( ! l9es4 ,n[ take (f ! weights f y\r pap]1 take up a %eet1 :i* %\ld be ?or\ghly damp$1 fir/ bru%+ x ) a s(t bru% to remove any drops ( wat] or dirt or du/4 ,! pap] %\ld be plac$ ne> ! press4 ,put ! plate face upw>ds on ! press1 on :i* ! blankets h be5 prop]ly arrang$--y mu/ see ?is done = y\rselves--! plate und]nea? ( c\rse2 lay ! %eet ( damp pap] on ! face ( ! plate & run x ?r\gh ! press once2 x is well to put a %eet ( ord9>y ?ick pap] on ! top ( ! damp %eet1 o!rwise ! latt] w /ick to ! blankets2 raise ! blankets & take up ! fir/ %eet ( pap]1 ! pr9t w mo/ likely adh]e to t1 if x does n1 take x up c>efully by "o edge1 x w come away f ! copp]1 & y w f9d ! pr9t on ! "u side ( x4 ,japanese & ,india pr9ts require v c>eful h&l+1 especially ! latt]4 ,!y are usually pr9t$ on to a %eet ( plate pap] by du/+ x1 or ! back ( ! ,india pap]1 ) fl\r2 ?is1 on pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 is made into pa/e by ! dampness ( ! ,india pap]1 & !y are ?us m\ld$ toge!r4 ,z soon z ! pr9ts are tak5 (f ! press1 put !m betwe5 %eets ( blott+ pap] & all[ !m to dry = "s "t1 !y w come out flat2 if y neglect ?is1 !y w cr9kle up v badly1 & are difficult to get smoo? aga94 ,?is is ! way a copp] plate is pr9t$1 b y mu/ see x done & practise = a long "t be=e y c d x dec5tly4 ,col\r pr9ts f copp] plates may be made 9 "o or m ways4 ,! v>i\s col\rs may be put on by apply+ !m :]e !y are want$ ) /umps1 or ! plate may be pa9t$ by apply+ ! col\rs ) bru%es4 ,sev]al plates may be us$1 j z 9 li?ography or col\r$ block pr9t+1 & ^! col\r$ plates wip$ z ,i h be5 describ+4 ,_m pr9ts1 h[ev]1 are col\r$ by h& aft] !y are pr9t$4 ,mezzot9ts1 acquat9ts1 /eel engrav+s1 c41 are pr9t$ 9 ! same way z copp]-plates4 ,! rubb+ ) ! canvas & ! h&1 & ! trem5d\s pressure to :i* ! plates are subject$1 quickly spoil ! cle>ness & %>pness ( ! l9es2 !re=e if any l>ge numb] ( pr9ts are want$1 a coat+ ( /eel is put on ! face ( ! copp]-plate by /eel-plat+ x2 ?is protects ! copp]1 & z soon z ! /eel fac+ %[s signs ( we> x may be remov$1 & a new film ( /eel appli$2 h5ce an unlimit$ edition c be pr9t$ 9 "t f a copp] plate4 ,if x is necess>y t ! pr9t+ %\ld be done m rapidly1 electrotypes c be made f ! orig9al copp]-plate 7see electrotype & /]eotype ,lecture71 & sev]al pr9t]s c !n "w on ^! electrotypes at ! same "t4 ,! electrotypes are r>ely equal to ! orig9als4 ,su* is a brief outl9e ( ! me?od ( pr9t+ copp] plates2 b ,i _c too /rongly impress ^u y ! fact t x is a h&icraft :i*1 ?\gh mo/ int]e/+1 requires long appr5tice%ip1 ) a ma/] pr9t]1 & 9 "o's /udio1 be=e good results c be obta9$4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,photogravure ,,& ,,photo-,,li?ography1 ,,etc4 ,^! processes or me?ods ( reproduction are ! outcome ( ! endeav\r to sup]s$e ! arti/ & engrav]4 ,!y are q me*anical1 or %\ld be2 9 fact ! less evid5ce !re is ( any int]v5tion on ! "p ( ! op]ator or mak] ( a photographic plate1 ! bett] x w be = ! "w :i* is be+ reproduc$2 /ill1 if an arti/ turns 8 att5tion to ^! processes1 ! f9e/ results are obta9$1 ev5 ?\gh he mu/ completely efface himself 9 ! "w4 ,m4 ,am& ,dur& made ! be/ photogravures ev] produc$ because he 0 an arti/4 ,no m]e photographic or me*anical engrav] ev] approa*$ him4 ,! !ory ( photogravure & photo-li?ography1 9 ! be/ "w1 is ! same z t ( photo-engrav+1 :i* is describ$ 9 a previ\s ,lecture4 ,9 photogravure a photograph ( a draw+ is usually made on a s5sitis$ copp] plate2 ?is is coat$ ) "s acid-resi/+ v>ni%1 b :5 ! v>ni%$ plate is wa%$ ) wat] or "s acid1 ! v>ni% cov]+ ! picture on ! plate comes away1 leav+ ! picture on ! b>e copp]4 ,?is is !n bitt5 9 exactly ! same way z an et*+1 ! success ( ! plate dep5d+ entirely on ! arti/ic intellig5ce ( ! p]son :o does ! bit+4 ,or else ! photographic pr9t is made on ! v>ni% itself j exactly 9 ! same way z = a z9c block2 only 9 ?is case ! picture is wa%$ away & n ! surr\nd+ portions2 ! bit+ is !n proce$$ )4 ,!re are also _m o!r processes ( photogravure1 :ile heliotype1 autotype1 ,woodbury-type1 collotype1 are closely alli$ to x4 ,! ^w type is probably us$ simply because by none ( ^! me?ods c ! plates be us$ ) lett]press4 ,all ^! processes1 h[ev]1 are v complicat$1 require exp5sive ma*9]y1 are q outside ! field ( art1 mo/ secret1 &1 except !oretically1 ( little importance to y4 ,a good photogravure1 = example1 by ,am& ,dur& or ,*4 ,duj>d9 is (t5 a mo/ excell5t reproduction ( a l9e-draw+ or an et*+--s good1 9 fact1 z to be almo/ indi/+ui%able f an et*+4 ,b to endeav\r to palm (f p5 draw+s z et*+s1 :5 !y h be5 reproduc$ 9 "s su* way1 is to act ! "p ( a common sw9dl]4 ,photo-li?ography is exactly ! same z photo-z9cography--process block-mak+4 ,! draw+ is photograph$ on to transf] pap]1 cov]$ ) li?ographic ink & transf]r$ to ! /one l any o!r li?ograph4 ,?is is a me*anical process2 !re are a numb] ( ways ( gett+ ! draw+ on to ! /one1 & ! results are describ$ "u _m names4 ,collotypes & o!r v>ieties ( photographic pr9ts are made f gelat9e or o!r films2 !y require exp5sive ma*9es to produce1 !y are all me*anical processes :i* y c\ld n readily use unless y w5t into ! bus9ess1 & are q outside y\r art4 ,"o is be+ cont9ually %[n processes :i* are go+ to revolutionise engrav+ & incid5tally d away ) ! arti/2 ?is has n yet be5 accompli%$4 ,b j z "o sees to-day ! mom5t>y triumph ( ! photograph]--or r ( ! p]son :o is exploit+ ! poor photograph]--"o may rememb] t *romos h n annihilat$ pa9t+1 nor c ! photograph ev] be any?+ m ?an a useful aid to illu/ration4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,mak+ ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,hav+ made y\r draw+1 _h x reproduc$ by "o ( ! me?ods ,i describ$1 y mu/ n[ h x pr9t$4 ,except+ 9 ! case ( v limit$ f9e editions ( n m ?an "o hundr$ copies1 ! orig9al plates or blocks on :i* ! designs h be5 engrav$ are v seldom us$1 because if any?+ %\ld happ5 to ! blocks or plates !y w\ld h to be done ov] aga94 ,s copies ( !m1 call$ electrotypes & sometimes /]eotypes1 are made4 ,! electrotype ( a wood or metal block or plate is produc$ 9 ! same way z an electrotype ( any o!r object1 by usually tak+ a wax ca/ ( x1 putt+ ! ca/ 9 an electrotyp+ ba?1 :5 a %ell ( copp] is deposit$ ^u x4 ,z _m ( ^! wax ca/s may be made z are want$1 & z _m %ells are deposit$ z desir$4 ,^! copp] %ells are !n back$ up ) wood or metal & are ready to pr9t f4 ,!y are wond]fully *eaply & quickly turn$ out1 & 9 ! case ( magaz9es & books1 = :i* a l>ge circulation is expect$1 are always us$2 & x is almo/1 ) good "w1 impossible to tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! electrotype1 & ! orig9al2 f a process block or wood engrav+1 :ile ! orig9al block is pres]v$ = mak+ additional electrotypes = future editions4 ,9 ! case ( *eap books1 or newspap]s ) illu/rations1 ! ,daily ,graphic1 = example--! ,*ronicle 0 pr9t$ almo/ altoge!r f ! orig9al blocks1 or electrotypes--! page ( type is set up ) ! orig9al blocks 9 x1 & ?is is /]eotyp$ to pr9t f2 t is1 a papi] ma* m\ld is made ( ! entire page ( type & illu/rations1 ei!r by p\nd+ d[n on to x1 ) a heavy bru%1 a ?ick %eet ( papi] ma* till ! entire page is m\ld$ into ! pulpy papi] ma*1 or by cov]+ x ) successive %eets ( ?9 damp pap] until a solid m\ld or matrix ( pap] is made on ! type2 ?is matrix is h>d5$ & plac$ 9 a curv$ /eel case1 & type metal p\r$ into ! case ^u ! pap] m\ld2 z soon z ! type metal has cool$ x is tak5 out1 & a p]fect ca/ ( ! page is se5 9 metal1 curv$ s t x w fit on ! cyl9d] ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,if !re are no illu/rations1 x may be pr9t$ "r (f1 )\t fur!r prep>ation2 b if ! page conta9s illu/rations1 9 ord] to get ! prop] am\nt ( col\r on ! blacks1 & ! delicacy ( ! greys1 little pieces ( pap] mu/ be put ov] & "u ! illu/rations1 on ! pr9t+ press1 to br+ out _! col\r1 by increas+ or less5+ ! pressure4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* x is done3 a man1 call$ ! ov]lay cutt]1 has sev]al pro(s ( ! illu/ration giv5 him1 & he cuts !m out s z to produce a s]ies ( skeleton designs1 "o conta9+ only ! blacks1 ano!r ! blacks & d>k greys1 ! ?ird ! blacks1 d>k & light greys1 & s on2 ^! he pa/es on ! top ( ea* o!r1 =m+ ! picture 9 relief1 & ?is relief picture is ei!r plac$ "u ! block to be pr9t$ f1 or else on ! opposite cyl9d] "u ! pap] on :i* ! picture is to be pr9t$--x mu/ be put on v accurately & firmly1 = if x slips x w ru9 ! :ole page4 ,all ?is "w connect$ ) pr9t+ is mo/ int]e/+1 mo/ complicat$1 & mo/ wond]fully p]=m$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& x ?or\ghly1 y mu/ g & "w 9 a pr9t+ (fice2 all illu/rators %\ld le>n at lea/ h[ ov]lays are made1 h[ to correct !m1 & h[ to "w on blocks or electros1 ?\gh ?is is really ! duty ( ! engrav]2 :5 !y are on ! pr9t+ press1 little ?+s may happ5 :i* may make or m> a :ole book1 :i* only ! arti/ c detect1 & :i* he %\ld be able to set "r4 ,!re=e if y are mak+ a beautiful book1 y %\ld n only see all ! engrav]'s pro(s ( y\r draw+s1 b ! pr9t]'s pro(s z well2 all ?is requires mu* "w & m k1 b unless y c>e en\gh ab\t y\r "w to acquire ?is k1 ,i d\bt if y w ev] be a great success z an illu/rator--t is1 arti/ically4 ,v mu* has be5 said lately ab\t ! arti/ consid]+ ! limitations ( ! pr9t+ press1 ! pap]1 & ink4 ,really to-day ) ! be/ engrav]s1 ! be/ pr9t]s & pap]-mak]s1 !re are no limits to ! possibilities ( reproduc+ & pr9t+ draw+s4 ,! limits are ! dep? ( ! publi%]'s pocket4 ,almo/ any draw+ :atev] c be reproduc$ v well1 by "s means1 provid$ ! editor or publi%] w pay ! price *>g$ = hav+ x reproduc$1 & ! engrav]s & pr9t]s h ! k ( _! craft to reproduce x4 ,& if ! book or magaz9e w /& ! exp5se1 x v likely w pay ! publi%]4 ,b if y are work+ = a magaz9e1 x is n likely t ! proprietors c af=d photogravures1 !re=e y\r "w mu/ be made s t x w reproduce well by wood engrav+ or process4 ,& ! necessity = att5tion to ! me*anical requirem5ts ( draw+1 engrav+1 & pr9t+ increase1 z ! price ( ! book or pap] decreases1 until :5 "o comes d[n1 f9ancially1 to ! halfp5ny pap]s1 only ^? draw+s c be us$ :i* w pr9t at ! utmo/ spe$1 & ) ! lea/ c>e be/[$ ^u !m1 9 poor ink & *eap pap]4 ,/ill1 !re is no reason :y ! arti/ic quality also %\ld deg5]ate2 !re are m5 at "w to-day ^: draw+s w\ld look j z well 9 ! halfp5ny ev5+ pap]s z 9 a ?ree-gu9ea book1 & ^! m5 are to be congratulat$ on _! p]fect ma/]y ( ! *eap] me?ods ( reproduction4 ,!re=e try to d good "w 9 y\r own way1 & d n bo!r ab\t any?+ b :e!r x w look well on ! pr9t$ page4 ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,*ilwor?4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,ar*aic & v>iant spell+ is pres]v$ z pr9t$4 ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 repair$4 ,hyph5ation has be5 made consi/5t4