,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,?omson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4 ,e42 ,f4,l4,s42 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,colburn ,,& ,,ri*>d ,,b5tley1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet4 #ahca4 ,c4 ,,:it+1 ,,beau=t ,,h\se1 ,,/r&4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page ,( ! f\ndation & progress ( sci5tific *emi/ry 9 ,great ,brita9 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ! progress ( philosophical *emi/ry 9 ,sw$5 #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,progress ( sci5tific *emi/ry 9 ,france #ge ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,progress ( analytical *emi/ry #aij ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( electro-*emi/ry #bea ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,( ! atomic !ory #bgg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,( ! pres5t /ate ( *emi/ry #cji ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,:ile ,mr4 ,cav5di% 0 ext5d+ ! b\nds ( pneumatic *emi/ry1 ) ! caution & precision ( a ,newton1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 :o _h ent]$ on ! same c>e]1 0 proce$+ ) a degree ( rapidity q unexampl$2 :ile f 8 happy tal5ts & inv5tive faculties1 he contribut$ no less ess5tially to ! progress ( ! sci5ce1 & c]ta9ly m ?an any o!r ,briti% *emi/ to its popul>ity4 ,joseph ,prie/ley 0 born 9 #agcc1 at ,fieldhead1 ab\t six miles f ,le$s 9 ,york%ire4 ,8 fa!r1 ,jonas ,prie/ley1 0 a mak] & dress] ( wooll5 clo?1 & 8 "m1 ! only *ild ( ,joseph ,swift a f>m] 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 ! elde/ *ild2 &1 8 "m hav+ *ildr5 v fa/1 he 0 soon committ$ to ! c>e ( 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r4 ,he lo/ 8 "m :5 he 0 only six ye>s ( age1 & 0 soon aft] tak5 home by 8 fa!r & s5t to s*ool 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,8 fa!r be+ b poor1 & encumb]$ ) a l>ge family1 8 si/]1 ,mrs4 ,keighley1 a woman 9 good circum/ances1 & )\t *ildr51 reliev$ him ( all c>e ( 8 elde/ son1 by tak+ him & br++ him up z h] own4 ,%e 0 a diss5t]1 & h] h\se 0 ! resort ( all ! diss5t+ cl]gy 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"y ,joseph 0 s5t to a public s*ool 9 ! neighb\rhood1 &1 at sixte51 _h made consid]able progress 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,hav+ %[n a passion = books & = le>n+ at a v e>ly age1 8 aunt conceiv$ hopes t he w\ld "o day become a diss5t+ cl]gyman1 :i* %e consid]$ z ! fir/ ( all pr(essions2 & he ent]$ eag]ly into h] views3 b 8 heal? decl9+ ab\t ?is p]iod1 & some?+ l ph?isical symptoms hav+ come on1 he 0 advis$ to turn 8 ?\ghts to trade1 & to settle z a m]*ant 9 ,lisbon4 ,?is induc$ him to apply to ! mod]n languages2 & he le>n$ ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,g]man1 )\t a ma/]4 ,recov]+ 8 heal?1 he ab&on$ 8 new s*eme & resum$ 8 =m] plan ( becom+ a cl]gyman4 ,9 #ageb he 0 s5t to ! academy ( ,dav5try1 to /udy "u ,dr4 ,a%wor?1 ! successor ( ,dr4 ,doddridge4 ,he _h already made "s progress 9 me*anical philosophy & metaphysics1 & dipp$ into ,*aldee1 ,syriac1 & ,arabic4 ,at ,dav5try he sp5t ?ree ye>s1 engag$ ke5ly 9 /udies connect$ ) div9ity1 & wrote "s ( 8 e>lie/ !ological tracts4 ,fre$om ( discussion 0 admitt$ to its full ext5t 9 ?is academy4 ,! two ma/]s esp\s$ diff]5t sides ^u mo/ controv]sial subjects1 & ! s*ol>s 7 divid$ into two p>ties1 ne>ly equally balanc$4 ,! discussions1 h[ev]1 7 conduct$ ) p]fect good hum\r on bo? sides2 & ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 z he tells u himself1 usually support$ ! het]odox op9ion2 b he nev] at any "t1 z he assures u1 advanc$ argum5ts :i* he did n believe to be good1 or support$ an op9ion :i* he did n consid] z true4 ,:5 he left ! academy1 he settl$ at ,ne$ham 9 ,suffolk1 z an assi/ant 9 a small1 obscure diss5t+ meet+-h\se1 :]e 8 income nev] exce$$ #cjl4 a-ye>4 ,8 he>]s fell (f1 9 consequ5ce ( _! dislike ( 8 !ological op9ions2 & 8 income und]w5t a correspond+ dim9ution4 ,he attempt$ a s*ool2 b 8 s*eme fail$ ( success1 ow+ to ! bad op9ion :i* 8 neighb\rs ent]ta9$ ( 8 or?odoxy4 ,8 situation w\ld h be5 desp]ate1 _h he n be5 occasionally reliev$ by sums out ( *>itable funds1 procur$ by means ( ,dr4 ,b5son1 & ,dr4 ,kippis4 ,sev]al vacancies occurr$ 9 8 vic9ity2 b he 0 treat$ ) contempt1 & ?\ght unwor?y to fill any ( !m4 ,ev5 ! diss5t+ cl]gy 9 ! neighb\rhood ?\ght x a degradation to associate ) him1 & dur/ n ask him to prea*3 n f any dislike to 8 !ological op9ions2 = sev]al ( !m ?\ght z freely z he did2 b because ! g5teel] "p ( _! audi5ce always abs5t$ !mselves :5 he appe>$ 9 ! pulpit4 ,a good _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 z he in=ms u himself1 :5 8 reputation 0 v high1 he prea*$ 9 ! same place1 & multitudes flock$ to he> ! v same s]mons1 :i* !y _h =m]ly li/5$ to ) contempt & dislike4 ,8 fri5ds be+ aw>e ( ! disagreeable nature ( 8 situation at ,ne$ham1 7 ^u ! al]t to procure him a bett]4 ,9 #ageh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]e/ ( ,mr4 ,gill1 he 0 invit$ to appe> z a c&idate = a meet+-h\se 9 ,%effield1 vacant by ! resignation ( ,mr4 ,wadswor?4 ,he appe>$ accord+ly & prea*$1 b 0 n approv$ (4 ,mr4 ,haynes1 ! o!r m9i/]1 (f]$ to procure him a meet+-h\se at ,nantwi* 9 ,*e%ire4 ,?is situation he accept$1 &1 to save exp5ses1 he w5t f ,ne$ham to ,london by sea4 ,at ,nantwi* he cont9u$ ?ree ye>s1 & sp5t 8 "t mu* m agreeably ?an he _h done at ,ne$ham4 ,8 op9ions 7 n obnoxi\s to 8 he>]s1 & controv]sial discussions 7 nev] introduc$4 ,"h he e/abli%$ a s*ool1 & f\nd ! bus9ess ( tea*+1 contr>y to 8 expectation1 an agreeable & ev5 int]e/+ employm5t4 ,he taught f sev5 9 ! morn+1 till f\r 9 ! aft]noon2 & aft] ! s*ool 0 dismiss$1 he w5t to ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,toml9son1 an em95t attorney 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :]e he taught privately till sev5 9 ! ev5+4 ,be+ ?us engag$ twelve h\rs e day 9 tea*+1 he _h little "t = private /udy4 ,x is1 inde$1 sc>cely conceivable h[1 "u su* circum/ances1 he c\ld prep>e himself = ,sunday4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 8 circum/ances began to m5d4 ,at ,ne$ham x requir$ ! utmo/ economy to keep out ( debt2 b at ,nantwi*1 he 0 able to pur*ase a few books & "s philosophical in/rum5ts1 z a small air-pump1 an electrical ma*9e1 c4 ,^! he taught 8 elde/ s*ol>s to keep 9 ord] & manage3 & by ent]ta9+ _! p>5ts & fri5ds ) exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! s*ol>s 7 g5]ally ! op]ators1 & sometimes ! lectur]s too1 he consid]ably ext5d$ ! reputation ( 8 s*ool4 ,x 0 at ,nantwi* t he wrote 8 gramm> = ! use ( 8 s*ool1 a book ( consid]able m]it1 ?\gh its circulation 0 nev] ext5sive4 ,?is latt] circum/ance 0 probably ow+ to ! sup]ior reputation ( ,dr4 ,l[?1 :o publi%$ 8 well-kn[n gramm> ab\t two ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,be+ bo>d$ 9 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,edd[es1 a v sociable & s5sible man1 & a lov] ( music1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 induc$ to play a little on ! ,engli% flute2 & ?\gh he nev] 0 a pr(ici5t1 he in=ms u t x contribut$ m or less to 8 amusem5t = _m ye>s4 ,he recomm5ds ! k & practice ( music to all /udi\s p]sons1 & ?9ks x r an advantage = !m if !y h no f9e e> or exquisite ta/e1 z !y w1 9 consequ5ce1 be m easily pleas$1 & less apt to be (f5d$ :5 ! p]=mances !y he> are b indiff]5t4 ,! academy at ,w>r+ton 0 in/itut$ :ile ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 at ,ne$ham1 & he 0 recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,cl>k1 ,dr4 ,b5son1 & ,dr4 ,taylor1 z tutor 9 ! languages2 b ,dr4 ,aik51 ^: qualifications 7 consid]$ z sup]ior1 0 pref]r$ be=e him4 ,h[ev]1 on ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,taylor1 & ! advancem5t ( ,dr4 ,aik5 to be tutor 9 div9ity1 he 0 invit$ to succe$ him3 ?is (f] he accept$1 ?\gh 8 s*ool at ,nantwi* 0 likely to be m ga9ful2 = ! employm5t at ,w>r+ton 0 m lib]al & less pa9ful4 ,9 ?is situation he cont9u$ six ye>s1 actively employ$ 9 tea*+ & 9 lit]>y pursuits4 ,"h he wrote a v>iety ( works1 p>ticul>ly 8 ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1 :i* fir/ br\ght him into notice z an exp]im5tal philosoph]1 & procur$ him celebrity4 ,aft] ! publication ( ?is "w1 ,dr4 ,p]cival ( ,man*e/]1 !n a /ud5t at ,ed9burgh1 procur$ him ! title ( doctor 9 laws1 f t univ]sity4 ,"h he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,mr4 ,isaac ,wilk9son1 an ironmong] 9 ,wales2 a woman ^: qualities he has highly extoll$1 & :o di$ aft] he w5t to ,am]ica4 ,9 ! academy he sp5t 8 "t v happily1 b x did n fl\ri%4 ,a qu>rel _h brok5 out betwe5 ,dr4 ,taylor & ! tru/ees1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* all ! fri5ds ( t g5tleman 7 ho/ile to ! in/itution4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! smallness ( 8 income1 #ajjl4 a-ye>1 & #ael4 = ea* bo>d]1 :i* preclud$ him f mak+ any provision = 8 family1 induc$ him to accept an invitation to take *>ge ( ,millhill *apel1 at ,le$s1 :]e he _h a consid]able acqua9tance1 & to :i* he remov$ 9 #agfg4 ,"h he engag$ ke5ly 9 ! /udy ( !ology1 & produc$ a great numb] ( works1 _m ( !m controv]sial4 ,"h1 too1 he comm5c$ 8 great *emical c>e]1 & publi%$ 8 fir/ tract on air4 ,he 0 l$ accid5tally to ?9k ( pneumatic *emi/ry1 by liv+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a brew]y4 ,"h1 too1 he publi%$ 8 hi/ory ( ! ,discov]ies relative to ,light & ,col\rs1 z ! fir/ "p ( a g5]al hi/ory ( exp]im5tal philosophy2 b ! exp5se ( ?is book 0 s great1 & its sale s limit$1 t he did n v5ture to prosecute ! und]tak+4 ,"h1 likewise1 he comm5c$ & publi%$ ?ree volumes ( a p]iodical "w1 entitl$ ,! ,!ological ,repository1 :i* he cont9u$ aft] he settl$ 9 ,birm+ham4 ,aft] he _h be5 six ye>s at ,le$s1 ! ,e>l ( ,%elburne 7aft]w>ds ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne71 engag$ him1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,dr4 ,price1 to live ) him z a k9d ( libr>ian & lit]>y companion1 at a sal>y ( #bejl4 a-ye>1 ) a h\se4 ,) 8 lord%ip he travell$ ?r\gh ,holl&1 ,france1 & a "p ( ,g]many1 & sp5t "s "t 9 ,p>is4 ,he 0 delight$ ) ?is excursion1 & express$ himself ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! great advantages to be d]iv$ f =eign travel4 ,! m5 ( sci5ce & politicians 9 ,p>is 7 unbeliev]s1 & ev5 pr(ess$ a!i/s1 & z ,dr4 ,prie/ley *ose to appe> be=e !m z a ,*ri/ian1 !y told him t he 0 ! fir/ p]son !y _h met )1 ( ^: und]/&+ !y _h any op9ion1 :o 0 a believ] ( ,*ri/ianity2 b1 ^u int]rogat+ !m closely1 he f\nd t none ( !m _h any k ei!r ( ! nature or pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4--,:ile ) ,"l ,%elburne1 he publi%$ ! fir/ ?ree volumes ( 8 ,exp]im5ts on ,air1 & _h collect$ mat]ials = a f\r?1 :i* he publi%$ soon aft] settl+ 9 ,birm+ham4 ,at ?is "t also he publi%$ 8 attack ^u ,drs4 ,reid1 ,beattie1 & ,oswald2 a book :i*1 he tells u1 he f9i%$ 9 a =tnight3 b ( :i* he aft]w>ds1 9 "s measure1 disapprov$4 ,inde$1 x 0 impossible = any p]son ( c&\r to approve ( ! /yle ( t "w1 & ! way 9 :i* he treat$ ,dr4 ,reid1 a philosoph] c]ta9ly mu* m deeply skill$ ?an himself 9 metaphysics4 ,aft] "s ye>s ,"l ,%elburne began to be we>y ( 8 associate1 &1 on 8 express+ a wi% to settle him 9 ,irel&1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley ( 8 own accord propos$ a sep>ation1 to :i* 8 lord%ip cons5t$1 aft] settl+ on him an annuity ( #aejl41 accord+ to a previ\s /ipulation4 ,?is annuity he cont9u$ regul>ly to pay dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! life ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,8 income be+ mu* dim9i%$ by 8 sep>ation f ,"l ,%elburne1 & 8 family increas+1 he f\nd x n[ difficult to support himself4 ,at ?is "t ,mrs4 ,rayn] made him v consid]able pres5ts1 p>ticul>ly at "o p]iod a sum ( #djjl42 & %e cont9u$ h] contributions to him almo/ annually4 ,dr4 ,fo!rgill _h propos$ a subscription1 9 ord] t he might prosecute 8 exp]im5ts to _! utmo/ ext5t1 & be enabl$ to live )\t sacrific+ 8 "t to 8 pupils4 ,?is he accept$4 ,x am\nt$ at fir/ to #djl4 p] annum1 & 0 aft]w>ds mu* increas$4 ,dr4 ,watson1 ,mr4 ,w$gewood1 ,mr4 ,galton1 & f\r or five m1 7 ! g5tlem5 :o jo9$ ) ,dr4 ,fo!rgill 9 ?is g5]\s subscription4 ,soon aft]1 he settl$ 9 a meet+-h\se 9 ,birm+ham1 & cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s engag$ 9 !ological & *emical inve/igations4 ,8 app>atus1 by ! lib]ality ( 8 fri5ds1 _h become excell5t1 & 8 income 0 s good t he c\ld prosecute 8 rese>*es to _! full ext5t4 ,"h he publi%$ ! ?ree la/ volumes ( 8 ,exp]im5ts on ,air1 & v>i\s pap]s on ! same subject 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,"h1 too1 he cont9u$ 8 ,!ological ,repository1 & publi%$ a v>iety ( tracts on 8 peculi> op9ions 9 religion1 & ^u ! hi/ory ( ! primitive *ur*4 ,he n[ unluckily engag$ 9 controv]sy ) ! e/abli%$ cl]gy ( ! place2 & express$ 8 op9ions on political subjects ) a degree ( fre$om1 :i*1 ?\gh x w\ld h be5 ( no consequ5ce at any =m] p]iod1 0 ill suit$ to ! peculi> circum/ances t 7 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ! ,fr5* revolution1 & to ! political maxims ( ,mr4 ,pitt & 8 adm9i/ration4 ,8 answ] to ,mr4 ,burke's book on ! ,fr5* revolution excit$ ! viol5t indignation ( t extraord9>y man1 :o inveigh$ aga9/ 8 "* repeat$ly1 & ) peculi> virul5ce1 9 ! h\se ( commons4 ,! cl]gy ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 too1 :o began ab\t ?is "t to be al>m$ = _! e/abli%m5t1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 ! op5 enemy1 7 p>ticul>ly active2 ! press teem$ ) _! productions aga9/ him1 & ! m9ds ( _! he>]s seem to h be5 artificially excit$2 inde$ "s ( ! anecdotes told ( ! conduct ( ! cl]gy ( ,birm+ham1 7 highly unbecom+ _! "*4 ,un=tunately1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley did n seem to be aw>e ( ! /ate ( ! nation1 & ( ! plan ( conduct laid d[n by ,mr4 ,pitt & 8 political fri5ds2 & he 0 too fond ( controv]sial discussions to yield tamely to ! attacks ( 8 antagoni/s4 ,^! circum/ances seem 9 "s measure to expla9 ! disgraceful riots :i* took place 9 ,birm+ham 9 #agia1 on ! day ( ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's meet+-h\se & 8 dwell+-h\se 7 burnt2 8 libr>y & app>atus de/roy$1 & _m manuscripts1 ! fruits ( sev]al ye>s ( indu/ry1 7 consum$ 9 ! conflagration4 ,! h\ses ( sev]al ( 8 fri5ds %>$ ! same fate1 & 8 son n>r[ly escap$ dea?1 by ! c>e ( a fri5d :o =cibly conceal$ him = sev]al days4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 oblig$ to make 8 escape to ,london1 & a seat 0 tak5 = him 9 ! mail-coa* "u a borr[$ "n4 ,su* 0 ! f]m5t aga9/ him t x 0 believ$ he w\ld n h be5 safe any :]e else2 & 8 fri5ds w\ld n all[ him1 = sev]al weeks1 to walk ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,he 0 invit$ to ,hackney1 to succe$ ,dr4 ,price 9 ! meet+-h\se ( t place4 ,he accept$ ! (fice1 b su* 0 ! dread ( 8 unpopul>ity1 t nobody w\ld let him a h\se1 f an appreh5sion t x w\ld be burnt by ! populace z soon z x 0 kn[n t he inhabit$ x4 ,he 0 oblig$ to get a fri5d to take a lease ( a h\se 9 ano!r "n2 & x 0 ) ! utmo/ difficulty t he c\ld prevail ) ! l&lord to all[ ! lease to be transf]r$ to him4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* he 0 a fell[1 decl9$ admitt+ him into _! company2 & he 0 oblig$ to )draw 8 "n f ! society4 ,:5 we look back ^u ?is treatm5t ( a man ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley's "*1 aft] an int]val ( =ty ye>s1 x _c fail to /rike u ) a/oni%m5t2 & x mu/ be own$1 ,i ?9k1 t x reflects an indelible /a9 ^u t p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,great ,brita94 ,to suppose t he 0 9 ! lea/ degree =midable to s p[]ful a body z ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 back$ z x 0 by ! ari/ocracy1 by ! m9i/ry1 & by ! op9ions ( ! p1 is p]fectly ridicul\s4 ,8 !ological s5tim5ts1 inde$1 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*2 b s 7 ^? ( ,milton1 ,locke1 & ,newton4 ,nay1 "s ( ! memb]s ( ! *ur* itself ent]ta9$ op9ions1 n inde$ s decid$ or s op5ly express$ z ^? ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 b c]ta9ly hav+ ! same t5d5cy4 ,to be satisfi$ ( ?is x is only necess>y to recollect ! book :i* ,dr4 ,cl>ke publi%$ on ! ,tr9ity4 ,nay1 "s ( ! bi%ops1 unless !y are v mu* beli$1 ent]ta9$ op9ions simil> to ^? ( ,dr4 ,cl>ke4 ,! same obs]vation applies to ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 ,dr4 ,price1 & _m o!rs ( ! diss5t]s4 ,yet1 ! *ur* ( ,engl& nev] attempt$ to p]secute ^! respectable & m]itori\s m51 nor did !y consid] _! op9ions z at all likely to endang] ! /ability ( ! *ur*4 ,besides1 ,dr4 ,horsley _h tak5 up ! p5 aga9/ ,dr4 ,prie/ley's !ological op9ions1 & _h refut$ !m s completely 9 ! op9ion ( ! memb]s ( ! *ur*1 t x 0 ?\ght "r to rew>d 8 m]itori\s s]vices by a bi%opric4 ,x c\ld h>dly1 !re=e1 be ! dread ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley's !ological op9ions t induc$ ! cl]gy ( ! *ur* ( ,engl& to be/ir !mselves aga9/ him ) su* alacrity4 ,errone\s op9ions advanc$ & refut$1 s f> f be+ injuri\s1 h a p[]ful t5d5cy to support & /r5g!n ! cause :i* !y 7 meant to ov]turn4 ,or1 if !re exi/$ any lat5t suspicion t ! refutation ( ,horsley 0 n s complete z _h be5 alleg$1 surely p]secution 0 n ! be/ means ( support+ weak argum5ts2 & inde$ x 0 r calculat$ to draw ! att5tion ( mank9d to ! !ological op9ions ( ,prie/ley2 z has 9 fact be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,nei!r c ! p]secutions :i* ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 subject$ to be acc\nt$ = by 8 political op9ions1 ev5 suppos+ x n to be true1 t 9 a free c\ntry l ,great ,brita91 any man is at lib]ty to ma9ta9 :atev] !oretic op9ions ( gov]nm5t he ?9ks prop]1 provid$ he be a peaceable subject & obey rigor\sly all ! laws ( 8 c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 an advocate = ! p]fectibility ( ! human species1 or at lea/ its cont9ually increas+ t5d5cy to improvem5t--a doctr9e extremely pleas+ 9 itself1 & w>mly support$ by ,frankl9 & ,price2 b :i* ! wild pr9ciples ( ,condorcet1 ,godw91 & ,b$does at la/ br\ght into discr$it4 ,?is doctr9e 0 taught by ,prie/ley 9 ! outset ( 8 ,treatise on ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agfh4 ,x is a speculation ( s v agreeable a nature1 s cong5ial to our w>me/ wi%es1 & s flatt]+ to ! prejudices ( humanity1 t "o feels mu* pa9 at be+ oblig$ to give x up4 ,p]haps x may be true1 & ,i am will+ to hope s1 t improvem5ts once made are nev] entirely lo/1 unless !y are sup]s$$ by some?+ mu* m advantage\s1 & t !re=e ! k ( ! human race1 ^u ! :ole1 is progressive4 ,b political e/abli%m5ts1 at lea/ if we are to judge f ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 h _! uni=m p]iods ( progress & decay4 ,nations seem incapable ( pr(it+ by exp]i5ce4 ,e nation seems de/9$ to run ! same c>e]1 & ! hi/ory may be compreh5d$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,pov]ty1 lib]ty1 indu/ry1 weal?1 p[]1 dissipation1 an>*y1 de/ruction4 ,we h no example 9 hi/ory ( a nation runn+ ?r\gh ?is c>e] & aga9 recov]+ its en]gy & importance4 ,greece ran ?r\gh x m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago3 %e has be5 9 a /ate ( slav]y ev] s9ce4 ,an opportunity is n[ at la/ giv5 h] ( recov]+ h] importance3 po/]ity w asc]ta9 :e!r %e w embrace x4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's %ort ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t 0 publi%$ 9 #agfh4 ,9 x he lays d[n z ! f\ndation ( 8 reason+1 t x mu/ be und]/ood1 :e!r x be express$ or n1 t all p live 9 society = _! mutual advantage2 s t ! good & happ9ess ( ! memb]s1 t is ! majority ( ! memb]s ( any /ate1 is ! great /&>d by :i* e ?+ relat+ to t /ate mu/ be f9ally det]m9$2 & ?\gh x may be suppos$ t a body ( p may be b\nd by a volunt>y resignation ( all _! rights to a s+le p]son or to a few1 x c nev] be suppos$ t ! resignation is obligatory on _! po/]ity1 because x is manife/ly contr>y to ! good ( ! :ole t x %\ld be s4 ,f ?is fir/ pr9ciple he d$uces all 8 political maxims4 ,k+s1 s5ators1 & nobles1 are m]ely ! s]vants ( ! public2 & :5 !y abuse _! p[]1 9 ! p lies ! "r ( depos+ & consequ5tly ( puni%+ !m4 ,he exam9es ! exp$i5cy ( h]$it>y sov]eignty1 ( h]$it>y rank & privileges1 ( ! duration ( p>liam5t1 & ( ! "r ( vot+1 ) an evid5t t5d5cy to democratical pr9ciples1 ?\gh he does n express himself v cle>ly on ! subject4 ,su* 7 8 political pr9ciples 9 #agfh1 :5 8 book 0 publi%$4 ,!y excit$ no al>m & drew b little att5tion2 ^! pr9ciples he ma9ta9$ ev] aft]1 or inde$ he may be said to h become m mod]ate in/ead ( viol5t4 ,?\gh he approv$ ( a republic 9 ! ab/ract2 yet1 consid]+ ! prejudices & habits ( ! p ( ,great ,brita91 he laid x d[n z a pr9ciple t _! pres5t =m ( gov]nm5t 0 be/ suit$ to !m4 ,he ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t !re %\ld be a re=m 9 p>liam5t2 & t p>liam5ts %\ld be tri5nial in/ead ( sept5nial4 ,he 0 an enemy to all viol5t re=ms1 & ?\ght t ! *ange ought to be br\ght ab\t gradually & peaceably4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* revolution broke out he took ! side ( ! patriots1 z he _h done dur+ ! ,am]ican w>2 & he wrote a refutation ( ,mr4 ,burke's extraord9>y p]=mance4 ,be+ a diss5t]1 x is ne$less to say t he 0 an advocate = complete religi\s fre$om4 ,he 0 ev] ho/ile to all religi\s e/abli%m5ts1 & an op5 enemy to ! *ur* ( ,engl&4 ,h[ f> ^! op9ions 7 j & "r ?is is n ! place to inquire2 b t !y 7 p]fectly h>mless1 & t _m o!r p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & ev5 at pres5t1 h adopt$ simil> op9ions )\t incurr+ any odium :atev]1 & )\t excit+ ! jeal\sy or ev5 ! att5tion ( gov]nm5t1 is well kn[n to e p]son4 ,x comes !n to be a "q ( "s curiosity at lea/1 to :at we are to ascribe ! viol5t p]secutions rais$ aga9/ ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,x seems to h be5 ow+ *iefly to ! al>m caught by ! cl]gy ( ! e/abli%$ *ur* t _! e/abli%m5t 0 9 dang]2--&1 consid]+ ! f]m5t excit$ soon aft] ! break+ out ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 & ! rage = re=m1 :i* p]vad$ all ranks1 ! almo/ g5]al al>m ( ! ari/ocracy1 at lea/1 0 n entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 admit t !re 0 occasion = ! viol5t al>m caught by ,mr4 ,pitt & 8 political fri5ds1 & = ! v despotic measures :i* !y adopt$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! disease w\ld probably h subsid$ ( itself1 or x w\ld h be5 cur$ by a mu* g5tl] treatm5t4 ,z ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 an op5 enemy to ! e/abli%m5t1 its cl]gy naturally conceiv$ a prejudice aga9/ him1 & ?is prejudice 0 viol5tly inflam$ by ! dang] to :i* !y ?\ght !mselves expos$2 _! influ5ce ) ! m9i/ry 0 v great1 & ,mr4 ,pitt & 8 fri5ds naturally caught _! prejudices & op9ions4 ,mr4 ,burke1 too1 :o _h *ang$ 8 political pr9ciples1 & :o 0 inflam$ ) ! burn+ zeal :i* di/+ui%es all conv]ts1 0 provok$ at ,dr4 ,prie/ley's answ] to 8 book on ! ,fr5* revolution1 & took e opportunity to inveigh aga9/ him 9 ! h\se ( commons4 ,! conduct ( ! ,fr5*1 likewise1 :o made ,dr4 ,prie/ley a citiz5 ( ,france1 & *ose him a memb] ( _! assembly1 ?\gh int5d$ z a complim5t1 0 injuri\s to him 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x 0 laid hold ( by 8 antagoni/s to conv9ce ! p t he 0 an enemy to 8 c\ntry2 t he _h abjur$ 8 rights z an ,engli%man2 & t he _h adopt$ ! pr9ciples ( ! h]$it>y enemies ( ,great ,brita94 ,^! causes1 & n 8 political op9ions1 appe> to me to acc\nt = ! p]secution :i* 0 rais$ aga9/ him4 ,8 sons1 disgu/$ ) ?is p]secution ( _! fa!r1 _h r5\nc$ _! native c\ntry & gone ov] to ,france2 &1 on ! break+ out ( ! w> betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ! ,fr5* republic1 !y emigrat$ to ,am]ica4 ,x 0 ?is circum/ance1 jo9$ to ! /ate ( insulation 9 :i* he liv$1 t induc$ ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 aft] mu* consid]ation1 to =m ! resolution ( foll[+ 8 sons & emigrat+ to ,am]ica4 ,he publi%$ 8 reasons 9 ! preface to a ,fa/-day ,s]mon1 pr9t$ 9 #agid1 "o ( ! grave/ & mo/ =cible pieces ( composition ,i h ev] read4 ,he left ,engl& 9 ,april1 #agie1 & rea*$ ,new ,york 9 ,june4 ,9 ,am]ica he 0 receiv$ ) mu* respect by p]sons ( all ranks2 & 0 imm$iately (f]$ ! situation ( pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,college ( ,philadelphia2 :i*1 h[ev]1 he decl9$1 z 8 circum/ances1 by ! lib]ality ( 8 fri5ds 9 ,engl&1 cont9u$ indep5d5t4 ,he settl$1 f9ally1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ab\t #acj miles f ,philadelphia1 :]e he built a h\se1 & re-e/abli%$ 8 libr>y & laboratory1 z well z circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,"h he publi%$ a consid]able numb] ( *emical pap]s1 "s ( !m "u ! =m ( pamphlets1 & ! re/ 9 ! ,am]ican ,transactions1 ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,repository1 & ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,*emi/ry4 ,"h1 also1 he cont9u$ ke5ly engag$ 9 !ological pursuits2 & publi%$1 or republi%$1 a great v>iety ( books on !ological subjects4 ,"h he lo/ 8 wife & 8 y\nge/ & fav\rite son1 :o1 he _h flatt]$ himself1 0 to succe$ him 9 8 lit]>y c>e]3--& "h he di$1 9 #ahjd1 aft] hav+ be5 conf9$ only two days to b$1 & b a few h\rs aft] hav+ arrang$ 8 lit]>y conc]ns1 inspect$ "s pro(-%eets ( 8 la/ !ological "w1 & giv5 in/ructions to 8 son h[ x %\ld be pr9t$4 ,dur+ ! latt] end ( ! presid5cy ( ,mr4 ,adams1 ! same k9d ( odium :i* _h bani%$ ,dr4 ,prie/ley f ,engl& began to prevail 9 ,am]ica4 ,he 0 ?reat5$ ) be+ s5t out ( ! c\ntry z an ali54 ,not)/&+ ?is1 he decl9$ be+ naturaliz$2 resolv+1 z he said1 to die z he _h liv$1 an ,engli%man4 ,:5 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 ^: political op9ions co9cid$ ) 8 own1 became presid5t1 ! odium aga9/ him wore (f1 & he became z mu* respect$ z ev]4 ,z to ! "* ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 x is s well m>k$ by 8 life & writ+s1 t x is difficult to conceive h[ x c\ld h be5 mi/ak5 by _m em95t m5 9 ?is k+dom4 ,indu/ry 0 8 great *>act]i/ic2 & ?is quality1 toge!r ) a facility ( composition1 acquir$1 z he tells u1 by a con/ant habit :ile "y ( draw+ out an ab/ract ( ! s]mons :i* he _h prea*$1 & writ+ a good deal 9 v]se1 enabl$ him to d s mu*3 yet1 he in=ms u t he nev] 0 an int5se /ud5t1 & t 8 ev5+s 7 usually pass$ 9 amusem5t or company4 ,he 0 an e>ly ris]1 & always light$ 8 own fire be=e any "o else 0 /irr+3 x 0 !n t he compos$ all 8 works4 ,x is obvi\s1 f m]ely glanc+ into 8 books1 t he 0 precipitate2 & inde$1 f ! way he w5t on ?9k+ z he wrote1 & writ+ only "o copy1 x 0 impossible he c\ld be o!rwise3 b1 z he 0 p]fectly s9c]e & anxi\s to obta9 ! tru?1 he freely ackn[l$g$ 8 mi/akes z soon z he became s5sible ( !m4 ,?is c&\r is v visible 9 8 philosophical speculations2 b 9 8 !ological writ+s x 0 n s mu* to be expect$4 ,he 0 g5]ally engag$ 9 controv]sy 9 !ology2 & 8 antagoni/s 7 (t5 insol5t1 & almo/ always angry4 ,we all "k ! effect ( su* opposition2 & ne$ n be surpris$ t x op]at$ ^u ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 z x w\ld d ^u any o!r man4 ,by all acc\nts 8 p[]s ( conv]sation 7 v great1 & 8 mann]s 9 e respect v agreeable4 ,t ?is mu/ h be5 ! case is obvi\s f ! great numb] ( 8 fri5ds1 & ! zeal & ard\r ) :i* !y cont9u$ to s]ve him1 not)/&+ ! obloquy "u :i* he lay1 & ev5 ! dang] t might be incurr$ by appe>+ to befri5d him4 ,z = 8 moral "*1 ev5 8 wor/ enemies h be5 oblig$ to all[ t x 0 unexceptionable4 ,_m ( my read]s w p]haps smile1 :5 ,i say t he 0 n only a s9c]e1 b a zeal\s ,*ri/ian1 & w\ld will+ly h di$ a m>tyr to ! cause4 ,yet ,i ?9k ! fact is ( easy pro(2 & 8 conduct ?r\gh life1 & especially at 8 dea?1 af=ds irrefragable pro(s ( x4 ,8 t5ets1 inde$1 did n co9cide ) ^? ( ! majority ( 8 c\ntrym52 b ?\gh he reject$ _m ( ! doctr9es1 he admitt$ ! :ole ( ! sublime morality & ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 :i* may *>itably be deem$ suffici5t to con/itute a true ,*ri/ian4 ,( vanity he seems to h possess$ r m ?an a usual %>e2 b p]haps he 0 defici5t 9 pride4 ,8 writ+s 7 exce$+ly num]\s1 & treat$ ( sci5ce1 !ology1 metaphysics1 & politics4 ,( 8 !ological1 metaphysical1 & political writ+s x is n our bus9ess 9 ?is "w to take any notice4 ,8 sci5tific works treat ( electricity1 optics1 & *emi/ry4 ,z an electrician he 0 respectable2 z an optician1 a compil]2 z a *emi/1 a discov]]4 ,he wrote also a book on p]spective :i* ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( p]us+4 ,x is to 8 *emical lab\rs t he is *iefly indebt$ = ! great reputation :i* he acquir$4 ,no man ev] ent]$ ^u any und]tak+ ) less app>5t means ( success ?an ,dr4 ,prie/ley did on ! *emical inve/igation ( airs4 ,he 0 unacqua9t$ ) *emi/ry1 except+ t he _h1 "s ye>s be=e1 att5d$ an elem5t>y c\rse deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,turn]1 ( ,liv]pool4 ,he 0 n 9 possession ( any app>atus1 nor acqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( mak+ *emical exp]im5ts2 & 8 circum/ances 7 su*1 t he c\ld nei!r lay out a great deal ( money on exp]im5ts1 nor c\ld he hope1 )\t a great deal ( exp5se1 to make any mat]ial progress 9 8 inve/igations4 ,^! circum/ances1 :i*1 at fir/ sight1 seem s adv]se1 71 ,i believe1 ( consid]able s]vice to him1 & contribut$ v mu* to 8 ultimate success4 ,! bran* ( *emi/ry :i* he select$ 0 new3 an app>atus 0 to be inv5t$ be=e any ?+ ( importance c\ld be effect$2 &1 z simplicity is ess5tial 9 e app>atus1 he 0 mo/ likely to contrive ! be/1 ^: circum/ances oblig$ him to att5d to economical consid]ations4 ,pneumatic *emi/ry _h be5 begun by ,mr4 ,cav5di% 9 8 valuable pap] on c>bonic acid & hydrog5 gases1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agff4 ,! app>atus :i* he employ$ 0 simil> to t us$ ab\t a c5tury be=e by ,dr4 ,may[ ( ,ox=d4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley contriv$ ! app>atus /ill us$ by *emi/s 9 pneumatic inve/igations2 x is greatly sup]ior to t ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 &1 inde$1 z conv5i5t z c be desir$4 ,7 we indebt$ to him = no?+ else ?an ?is app>atus1 x w\ld des]v$ly give him high consid]ation z a pneumatic *emi/4 ,8 discov]ies 9 pneumatic *emi/ry are s num]\s1 t ,i mu/ satisfy myself ) a b>e outl9e2 to enum]ate e ?+1 w\ld be to transcribe 8 ?ree volumes1 into :i* he dige/$ 8 discov]ies4 ,8 fir/ pap] 0 publi%$ 9 #aggb1 & 0 on ! me?od ( impregnat+ wat] ) c>bonic acid gas2 ! exp]im5ts conta9$ 9 x 7 ! consequ5ce ( 8 resid+ ne> a brew]y 9 ,le$s4 ,?is pamphlet 0 imm$iately translat$ into ,fr5*2 &1 at a meet+ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,london1 !y address$ ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury1 po9t+ out ! advantage t might result f wat] impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid gas 9 cases ( scurvy at sea4 ,8 next essay 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & procur$ him ! ,copleyan m$al4 ,8 diff]5t volumes on air 7 publi%$ 9 succession1 :ile he liv$ ) ,"l ,%elburne1 & :ile he 0 settl$ at ,birm+ham4 ,!y drew ! att5tion ( all ,europe1 & rais$ ! reputation ( ?is c\ntry to a great height4 ,! fir/ ( 8 discov]ies 0 nitr\s gas1 n[ call$ deutoxide ( azote1 :i* _h1 inde$1 be5 =m$ by ,dr4 ,hales2 b t philosoph] _h n attempt$ to inve/igate its prop]ties4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley asc]ta9$ its prop]ties ) mu* sagacity1 & almo/ imm$iately appli$ x to ! analysis ( air4 ,x contribut$ v mu* to all subsequ5t inve/igations 9 pneumatic *emi/ry1 & may be said to h l$ to our pres5t k ( ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! next great discov]y 0 oxyg5 gas1 :i* 0 made by him on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #aggd1 by heat+ ! r$ oxide ( m]cury1 & collect+ ! gase\s matt] giv5 out by x4 ,he almo/ imm$iately detect$ ! rem>kable prop]ty :i* ?is gas has ( support+ combu/ion bett]1 & animal life long]1 ?an ! same volume ( common air2 & likewise ! prop]ty :i* x has ( cond5s+ into r$ fumes :5 mix$ ) nitr\s gas4 ,lavoisi]1 likewise1 laid claim to ! discov]y ( oxyg5 gas2 b 8 claim is entitl$ to no att5tion :atev]2 z ,dr4 ,prie/ley in=ms u t he prep>$ ?is gas 9 ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s h\se1 9 ,p>is1 & %[$ him ! me?od ( procur+ x 9 ! ye> #aggd1 :i* is a consid]able "t be=e ! date assign$ by ,lavoisi] = 8 pret5d$ discov]y4 ,s*eele1 h[ev]1 actually obta9$ ?is gas )\t any previ\s k ( :at ,prie/ley _h done2 b ! book conta9+ ?is discov]y 0 n publi%$ till ?ree ye>s aft] ,prie/ley's process _h become kn[n to ! public4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley fir/ made kn[n sulphur\s acid1 fluosilicic acid1 muriatic acid1 & ammonia 9 ! gase\s =m2 & po9t$ out easy me?ods ( procur+ !m3 he describes ) exactness ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( ea*4 ,he likewise po9t$ out ! exi/5ce ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas2 ?\gh he made b few exp]im5ts to det]m9e its nature4 ,8 discov]y ( protoxide ( azote af=ds a beautiful example ( ! advantages result+ f 8 me?od ( inve/igation1 & ! sagacity :i* enabl$ him to foll[ out any rem>kable appe>ances :i* occurr$4 ,c>bonic oxide gas 0 discov]$ by him :ile 9 ,am]ica1 & x 0 br\ght =w>d by him z an incontrov]tible refutation ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,?\gh he 0 n /rictly ! discov]] ( hydrog5 gas1 yet 8 exp]im5ts on x 7 highly int]e/+1 & contribut$ ess5tially to ! revolution :i* *emi/ry soon aft] und]w5t4 ,no?+1 = example1 c\ld be m /rik+1 ?an ! r$uction ( oxide ( iron1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! hydrog5 :5 ! oxide is heat$ suffici5tly 9 contact ) hydrog5 gas4 ,azotic gas 0 kn[n be=e he began 8 c>e]2 b we are indebt$ to him = mo/ ( ! prop]ties ( x yet kn[n4 ,to him1 also1 we owe ! k ( ! fact1 t an acid is =m$ :5 electric sp>ks are made to pass = "s "t ?r\gh a giv5 bulk ( common air2 a fact :i* l$ aft]w>ds to ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s great discov]y ( ! composition ( nitric acid4 ,he fir/ discov]$ ! great increase ( bulk :i* takes place :5 electric sp>ks are made to pass ?r\gh ammoniacal gas--a fact :i* l$ ,b]?ollet to ! analysis ( ?is gas4 ,he m]ely repeat$ ,prie/ley's exp]im5t1 det]m9$ ! augm5tation ( bulk1 & ! nature ( ! gases evolv$ by ! action ( ! electricity4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! amelioration ( atmosph]ical air by ! vegetation ( plants1 on ! oxyg5 gas giv5 out by _! leaves1 & on ! respiration ( animals1 are n less curi\s & int]e/+4 ,su* is a %ort view ( ! mo/ mat]ial facts = :i* *emi/ry is indebt$ to ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,z a discov]] ( new sub/ances1 8 "n mu/ always /& v high 9 ! sci5ce2 b z a reason] or !ori/ 8 position w n be s fav\rable4 ,x w be obs]v$ t almo/ all 8 rese>*es & discov]ies relat$ to gase\s bodies4 ,he det]m9$ ! diff]5t processes1 by means ( :i* ! diff]5t gases c be procur$1 ! sub/ances :i* yield !m1 & ! effects :i* !y are capable ( produc+ on o!r bodies4 ,( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( *emi/ry he c\ld h>dly be said to "k any ?+4 ,z a pneumatic *emi/ he /&s high2 z an analytical *emi/ he c sc>cely claim any rank :atev]4 ,9 8 fam\s exp]im5ts on ! =mation ( wat] by detonat+ mixtures ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 a copp] globe1 ! copp] 0 f\nd act$ ^u1 & a blue liquid 0 obta9$1 ! nature ( :i* he 0 unable to asc]ta92 b ,mr4 ,keir1 ^: assi/ance he solicit$1 det]m9$ x to be a solution ( nitrate ( copp] 9 wat]4 ,?is =mation ( nitric acid induc$ him to d5y t wat] 0 a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,! same acid 0 =m$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%2 b he inve/igat$ ! circum/ances ( ! =mation1 & %[$ t x dep5d$ ^u ! pres5ce ( azotic gas 9 ! gase\s mixture4 ,:5ev] azotic gas is pres5t1 nitric acid is =m$1 & ! quantity ( ?is acid dep5ds ^u ! relative proportion ( ! azotic & hydrog5 gases 9 ! mixture4 ,:5 no hydrog5 gas is pres5t1 no?+ is =m$ b nitric acid3 :5 no azotic gas is pres5t1 no?+ is =m$ b wat]4 ,^! facts1 det]m9$ by ,cav5di%1 invalidate ! reason+ ( ,prie/ley altoge!r2 & _h he possess$ ! skill1 l ,cav5di%1 to det]m9e ) suffici5t accuracy ! proportions ( ! diff]5t gases 9 8 mixtures1 & ! relative quantities ( nitric acid =m$1 he w\ld h se5 ! inaccuracy ( 8 own conclusions4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on2 b he seems1 at lea/ ultimately1 to h adopt$ ! view ( ,s*eele1 & _m o!r em95t contempor>y *emi/s--inde$1 ! view ( ,cav5di% himself--t hydrog5 gas is phlogi/on 9 a sep>ate & pure /ate4 ,common air he consid]$ z a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & phlogi/on4 ,oxyg51 9 8 op9ion1 0 air q free f phlogi/on1 or air 9 a simple & pure /ate2 :ile azotic gas 7! o!r con/itu5t ( common air7 0 air saturat$ ) phlogi/on4 ,h5ce he call$ oxyg5 dephlogi/icat$1 & azote phlogi/icat$ air4 ,! facts t :5 common air is conv]t$ into azotic gas its bulk is dim9i%$ ab\t "o-fif? "p1 & t azotic gas is light] ?an common air or oxyg5 gas1 ?\gh n q unkn[n to him1 d n seem to h drawn mu* ( 8 att5tion4 ,he 0 n accu/om$ to use a balance 9 8 exp]im5ts1 nor to att5d mu* to ! alt]ations :i* took place 9 ! weight ( bodies4 ,_h he done s1 mo/ ( 8 !oretical op9ions w\ld h fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a body is all[$ to burn 9 a giv5 quantity ( common air1 x is kn[n t ! quality ( ! common air is det]iorat$2 x becomes1 9 8 language1 m phlogi/icat$4 ,?is1 9 8 op9ion1 0 ow+ to an aff9ity :i* exi/$ betwe5 phlogi/on & air4 ,! pres5ce ( air is necess>y to combu/ion1 9 consequ5ce ( ! aff9ity :i* x has = phlogi/on4 ,x draws phlogi/on out ( ! burn+ body1 9 ord] to comb9e ) x4 ,:5 a giv5 bulk ( air is saturat$ ) phlogi/on1 x is conv]t$ into azotic gas1 or phlogi/icat$ air1 z he call$ x2 & ?is air1 hav+ no long] any aff9ity = phlogi/on1 c no long] attract t pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly combu/ion _c g on 9 su* air4 ,all combu/ible bodies1 9 8 op9ion1 conta9 hydrog54 ,( c\rse ! metals conta9 x z a con/itu5t4 ,! calces ( metals are ^? bodies depriv$ ( phlogi/on4 ,to prove ! tru? ( ?is op9ion1 he %[$ t :5 ! oxide ( iron is heat$ 9 hydrog5 gas1 t gas is absorb$1 :ile ! calx is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,f9]y c9d]1 :i* he employ$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 is1 9 8 op9ion1 iron n q free f phlogi/on4 ,h5ce x /ill reta9s a quantity ( hydrog54 ,to prove ?is1 he mix$ toge!r f9]y c9d] & c>bonates ( lime1 b>ytes & /rontian1 & expos$ ! mixture to a /rong heat2 & by ?is process obta9$ inflammable gas 9 abundance4 ,9 8 op9ion e inflammable gas conta9s hydrog5 9 abundance4 ,h5ce ?is exp]im5t 0 adduc$ by him z a demon/ration t hydrog5 is a con/itu5t ( f9]y c9d]4 ,all ^! processes ( reason+1 :i* appe> s plausible z ,dr4 ,prie/ley /ates !m1 vani% into no?+1 :5 8 exp]im5ts are made1 & ! weights ( e ?+ det]m9$ by means ( a balance3 x is !n e/abli%$ t a burn+ body becomes heavi] dur+ its combu/ion1 & t ! surr\nd+ air loses j z mu* weight z ! burn+ body ga9s4 ,s*eele & ,lavoisi] %[$ cle>ly t ! loss ( weight su/a9$ by ! air is ow+ to a quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ f x1 & cond5s$ 9 ! burn+ body4 ,cruik%ank fir/ elucidat$ ! nature ( ! inflammable gas1 produc$ by ! heat+ a mixture ( f9]y c9d] & c>bonate ( lime1 or o!r e>?y c>bonate4 ,he f\nd t iron fil+s w\ld answ] bett] ?an f9]y c9d]4 ,! gas 0 f\nd to conta9 no hydrog51 & to be 9 fact a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & c>bon4 ,x 0 %[n to be d]iv$ f ! c>bonic acid ( ! e>?y c>bonate1 :i* 0 depriv$ ( half its oxyg5 by ! iron fil+s or f9]y c9d]4 ,?us alt]$1 x no long] pres]v$ its aff9ity = ! lime1 b made its escape 9 ! gase\s =m1 con/itut+ ! gas n[ kn[n by ! "n ( c>bonic oxide4 ,?\gh ! consequ5ce ( ! ,birm+ham riots1 :i* oblig$ ,dr4 ,prie/ley to leave ,engl& & repair to ,am]ica1 is deeply to be lam5t$1 z fix+ an indelible disgrace ^u ! c\ntry2 p]haps x 0 n 9 reality s injuri\s to ,dr4 ,prie/ley z may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,he _h c>ri$ 8 peculi> rese>*es ne>ly z f> z !y c\ld g4 ,to arrange & me?odize1 & d$uce f !m ! legitimate consequ5ces1 requir$ ! application ( a diff]5t bran* ( *emical sci5ce1 :i* he _h n cultivat$1 & :i* 8 *>act]i/ic rapidity1 & ! "t ( life to :i* he _h arriv$1 w\ld h r5d]$ x almo/ impossible = him to acquire4 ,9 all probability1 !re=e1 _h he be5 all[$ to prosecute 8 rese>*es unmole/$1 8 reputation1 in/ead ( an increase1 might h suff]$ a dim9ution1 & he might h lo/ t em95t situation z a man ( sci5ce :i* he _h s long occupi$4 ,) ,dr4 ,prie/ley closes ?is p]iod ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,*emi/ry--= ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 ?\gh he _h n lo/ 8 activity1 _h ab&on$ t bran* ( sci5ce1 & turn$ 8 att5tion to o!r pursuits4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,philosophical ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,sw$54 ,?\gh ,sw$51 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( h] scanty population1 & ! consequ5t limit$ sale ( books 9 t c\ntry1 & p>tly f ! prop5sity ( h] writ]s to imitate ! ,fr5*1 :i* has prev5t$ t orig9ality 9 h] poets & hi/orians t is requisite = acquir+ mu* em95ce--?\gh ,sw$51 = ^! reasons1 has nev] rea*$ a v high rank 9 lit]ature2 yet ! case has be5 v diff]5t 9 sci5ce4 ,%e has produc$ m5 ( ! v fir/ em95ce1 & has contribut$ m ?an h] full %>e 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 & 9 none has %e %one ) great] lu/re ?an 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,*emi/ry4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 be=e *emi/ry _h1 prop]ly speak+1 assum$ ! rank ( a sci5ce1 we f9d ,hi]ne 9 ,sw$51 ^: "n des]ves to be m5tion$ ) respect4 ,moreov]1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,br&t1 ,s*eff]1 & ,wall]ius1 _h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! writ+s4 ,cron/$t1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 may be said to h laid ! f\ndation ( sy/ematic m9]alogy ^u *emical pr9ciples1 by ! publication ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy4 ,b ,b]gman is entitl$ to ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/ p]son :o prosecut$ *emi/ry 9 ,sw$5 on truly philosophical pr9ciples1 & rais$ x to t high e/imation to :i* its importance ju/ly entitles x4 ,torb]n ,b]gman 0 born at ,ca!r9b]g1 9 ,we/ ,go?l&1 on ! #bj? ( ,m>*1 #agce4 ,8 fa!r1 ,b>?old ,b]gman1 0 receiv] ( ! rev5ues ( t di/rict1 & 8 "m1 ,s>a ,hgg1 ! daught] ( a ,go!borg m]*ant4 ,a receiv] ( ! rev5ues 0 at t "t1 9 ,sw$51 a po/ bo? disagreeable & haz>d\s4 ,! creatures ( a p>ty :i* _h _h ! asc5dancy 9 "o diet1 !y 7 expos$ to ! p]secution ( ! diet next foll[+1 9 :i* an opposite p>ty usually _h ! pr$om9ance4 ,?is circum/ance induc$ ,b]gman to advise 8 son to turn 8 att5tion to ! pr(essions ( law or div9ity1 :i* 7 at t "t ! mo/ lucrative 9 ,sw$54 ,aft] hav+ sp5t ! usual "t at s*ool1 & acquir$ ^? bran*es ( le>n+ commonly taught 9 ,sw$51 9 ! public s*ools & academies to :i* ,b]gman 0 s5t1 he w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 9 ! autumn ( #ageb1 :]e he 0 plac$ "u ! guidance ( a relation1 ^: prov9ce x 0 to sup]9t5d 8 /udies1 & direct !m to ^? pursuits t 7 likely to lead "y ,b]gman to weal? & di/9ction4 ,our "y /ud5t %[$ at once a decid$ pr$ilection = ma!matics1 & ^? bran*es ( physics :i* 7 connect$ ) ma!matics1 or dep5d$ ^u !m4 ,b ^! 7 precisely ! bran*es ( /udy :i* 8 relation 0 anxi\s to prev5t 8 indulg+ 94 ,b]gman attempt$ at once to indulge 8 own incl9ation1 & to gratify ! wi%es ( 8 relation4 ,?is oblig$ him to /udy ) a degree ( ard\r & p]sev]ance :i* has few examples4 ,8 ma!matical & physical /udies claim$ ! fir/ %>e ( 8 att5tion2 &1 aft] hav+ made su* progress 9 !m z w\ld alone h be5 suffici5t to occupy ! :ole "t ( an ord9>y /ud5t--to satisfy 8 relation1 ,jonas ,victor91 :o 0 at t "t a magi/] doc5s 9 ,upsala1 he ?\ght x requisite to /udy "s law books besides1 t he might be able to %[ t he _h n neglect$ 8 advice1 nor ab&on$ ! views :i* he _h held out4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( ris+ to 8 /udies e morn+ at f\r o'clock1 & he nev] w5t to b$ till elev5 at night4 ,! fir/ ye> ( 8 resid5ce at ,upsala1 he _h made himself ma/] ( ,wolf's ,logic1 ( ,wall]ius's ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 & ( twelve books ( ,euclid's ,elem5ts3 = he _h already /udi$ ! fir/ book ( t "w 9 ! ,gymnasium be=e he w5t to college4 ,he likewise p]us$ ,keil's ,lectures on ,a/ronomy1 :i* at t "t 7 consid]$ z ! be/ introduction to physics & a/ronomy4 ,8 relative disapprov$ ( 8 ma!matical & physical /udies altoge!r2 b1 n be+ able to put a /op to !m1 he int]dict$ ! books1 & left 8 "y *>ge m]ely ! *oice betwe5 law & div9ity4 ,b]gman got a small box made1 ) a draw]1 into :i* he put 8 ma!matical & physical books1 & ov] ?is box he pil$ ! law books :i* 8 relative _h urg$ him to /udy4 ,at ! "t ( ! daily visits ( 8 relative1 ! ma!matical & physical books 7 c>efully lock$ up 9 ! draw]1 & ! law books spread ^u ! table2 b no soon] 0 8 pres5ce remov$1 ?an ! draw] 0 op5$1 & ! ma!matical /udies resum$4 ,?is incessant /udy2 ?is necessity "u :i* he f\nd himself to consult 8 own incl9ations & ^? ( 8 relative2 ?is d\ble portion ( lab\r1 )\t "t = relaxation1 ex]cise1 or amusem5t1 prov$ at la/ injuri\s to "y ,b]gman's heal?4 ,he fell ill1 & 0 oblig$ to leave ! univ]sity & return home to 8 fa!r's h\se 9 a /ate ( bad heal?4 ,!re con/ant & mod]ate ex]cise 0 prescrib$ him1 z ! only means ( re/or+ 8 heal?4 ,t 8 "t "h might n be altoge!r lo/ to him1 he =m$ ! plan ( mak+ 8 walks subs]vi5t to ! /udy ( botany & entomology4 ,at ?is "t ,l9nu1 aft] hav+ surm\nt$ ob/acles :i* w\ld h cru%$ a man ( ord9>y en]gy1 0 9 ! height ( 8 glory2 & 0 pr(essor ( botany & natural hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,8 lectures 7 att5d$ by cr[ds ( /ud5ts f e c\ntry 9 ,europe3 he 0 en?usia/ically admir$ & ador$ by 8 /ud5ts4 ,?is influ5ce on ! m9ds ( 8 pupils 0 almo/ unb\nd$2 & at ,upsala1 e /ud5t 0 a natural hi/orian4 ,b]gman _h /udi$ botany be=e he w5t to college1 & he _h acquir$ a ta/e = entomology f ! lectures ( ,l9nu himself4 ,bo? ( ^! pursuits he cont9u$ to foll[ aft] 8 return home to ,we/ ,go?l&2 & he made a collection ( plants & ( insects4 ,grasses & mosses 7 ! plants to :i* he turn$ ! mo/ ( 8 att5tion1 & ( :i* he collect$ ! greate/ numb]4 ,b he felt a pr$ilection = ! /udy ( insects1 :i* 0 a field mu* less explor$ ?an ! /udy ( plants4 ,among ! insects :i* he collect$ 7 sev]al n to be f\nd 9 ! ,fauna ,suecica4 ,( ^! he s5t specim5s to ,l9nu at ,upsala1 :o 0 delight$ ) ! pres5t4 ,all ( !m 7 till !n unkn[n z ,sw$i% insects1 & sev]al ( !m 7 q new4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! insects at ?is "t collect$ by ,b]gman1 & s5t to ,upsala1 z !y 7 nam$ by ,l9nu3 ,phalna4 ,bombyx mona*a1 camel9a4 ,noctua ,p>!nias1 conspicill>is4 ,p]spicill>is1 flavicornis1 ,plebeia4 ,geometra p5n>ia4 ,tortrix ,b]gmanniana1 ,l$iana4 ,t9ea ,h>risella1 ,p$ella1 ,punctella4 ,t5?r$o4 ,vitell9a1 u/ulata4 ,i*neumon4 ,jaculator nig]4 ,tipula4 ,tremula4 ,:5 ,b]gman's heal? 0 re-e/abli%$1 he return$ to ,upsala ) full lib]ty to prosecute 8 /udies accord+ to 8 own wi%es1 & to devote ! :ole ( 8 "t to ma!matics1 physics1 & natural hi/ory4 ,8 relations1 f9d+ x 9 va9 to combat 8 pr$ilections = ^! /udies1 ?\ght x bett] to all[ him to indulge !m4 ,he _h made himself kn[n to ,l9nu by ! collection ( insects :i* he _h s5t him f ,ca!r9b]g2 &1 drawn along by ! glory ) :i* ,l9nu 0 surr\nd$1 & ! zeal ) :i* 8 fell[-/ud5ts prosecut$ su* /udies1 he devot$ a great deal ( 8 att5tion to natural hi/ory4 ,! fir/ pap] :i* he wrote ^u ! subject conta9$ a discov]y4 ,!re 0 a sub/ance obs]v$ 9 "s ponds n f> f ,upsala1 to :i* ! "n ( coccus aquaticus 0 giv51 b its nature 0 unkn[n4 ,l9nu _h conjectur$ t x might be ! ov>ium ( "s insect2 b he left ! po9t to be det]m9$ by future obs]vations4 ,b]gman asc]ta9$ t x 0 ! ovum ( a species ( lee*1 & t x conta9$ f t5 to twelve "y animals4 ,:5 he /at$ :at he _h asc]ta9$ to ,l9nu1 t great naturali/ refus$ to believe x2 b ,b]gman satisfi$ him ( ! tru? ( 8 discov]y by actual obs]vation4 ,l9nu1 ?us satisfi$1 wrote "u ! pap] ( ,b]gman1 ,vidi et ob/upui1 & s5t x to ! academy ( ,/ockholm ) ?is flatt]+ panegyric4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( t le>n$ body = #agef 7p4 #aii71 & 0 ! fir/ pap] ( ,b]gman's t 0 committ$ to ! press4 ,he cont9u$ to prosecute ! /udy ( natural hi/ory z an amusem5t2 ?\gh ma!matics & natural philosophy occupi$ by f> ! greate/ "p ( 8 "t4 ,v>i\s useful pap]s ( 81 connect$ ) entomology1 appe>$ f "t to "t 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy2 9 p>ticul>1 a pap] on ! hi/ory ( insects :i* attack fruit-trees1 & on ! me?ods ( gu>d+ aga9/ _! ravages3 on ! me?od ( class+ ^! insects f ! =ms ( _! l>v1 a "t :5 x w\ld be mo/ useful = ! agriculturi/ to "k1 9 ord] to de/roy ^? t are hurtful3 a great numb] ( obs]vations on ?is class ( animals1 s v>i\s 9 _! %ape & _! organization1 & s important = man to "k--"s ( :i* he has be5 able to ov]come1 :ile o!rs1 def5d$ by _! small size1 & p[]ful by _! va/ numb]s1 /ill cont9ue _! ravages2 & :i* (f] s int]e/+ a sight to ! philosoph] by _! lab\rs1 _! mann]s1 & _! =esight4--,b]gman 0 fond ( ^! pursuits1 & look$ back ^u !m 9 aft]life ) pleasure4 ,long aft]1 he us$ to m5tion ) mu* satisfaction1 t by ! use ( ! me?od po9t$ out by him1 no few] ?an sev5 millions ( de/ructive insects 7 de/roy$ 9 a s+le g>d51 & dur+ ! c\rse ( a s+le summ]4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ageg he 0 appo9t$ tutor to ! only son ( ,c\nt ,adolf ,fr$]ick ,/ackelb]g1 a situation :i* he fill$ greatly to ! satisfaction bo? ( ! fa!r & son1 z long z ! "y c\nt /ood 9 ne$ ( an in/ructor4 ,he took 8 ma/]'s degree 9 #ageh1 *oos+ = ! subject ( 8 !sis on a/ronomical int]polation4 ,soon aft]1 he 0 appo9t$ magi/] doc5s 9 natural philosophy1 a situation peculi> to ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 & con/itut+ a k9d ( assi/ant to ! pr(essor4 ,= 8 promotion to ?is situation he 0 oblig$ to ,m4 ,f]n]1 :o saw h[ well qualifi$ he 0 = x1 & h[ b5eficial 8 lab\rs w\ld be to ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,9 #agfa he 0 appo9t$ adjunct 9 ma!matics & physics1 :i*1 ,i presume1 means t he 0 rais$ to ! rank ( an associate ) ! pr(essor ( ^! bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 ?is situation x 0 8 bus9ess to tea* ^! sci5ces to ! /ud5ts ( ,upsala1 a task = :i* he 0 exce$+ly well fitt$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he publi%$ v>i\s tracts on diff]5t bran*es ( physical sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly on ! ra9b[1 ! crepuscula1 ! aurora-borealis1 ! electrical ph5om5a ( ,icel& sp>1 & ( ! t\rmal94 ,we f9d 8 "n among ! a/ronom]s :o obs]v$ ! fir/ transit ( ,v5us ov] ! sun1 9 #agfa1 ^: results des]ve ! greate/ confid5ce4#a ,8 obs]vations on ! electricity ( ! t\rmal9 are important4 ,x 0 he t fir/ e/abli%$ ! true laws t regulate ^! curi\s ph5om5a4 #a ,see ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lii4 p4 #bbg1 & vol4 lvi4 p4 #he4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod he _h be5 sil5tly /udy+ *emi/ry & m9]alogy1 ?\gh nobody suspect$ t he 0 engag$ 9 any su* pursuits4 ,b 9 #agfg ,john ,gotts*alk ,wall]ius1 :o _h long fill$ ! *air ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 ) high reputation1 resign$ 8 *air4 ,b]gman imm$iately (f]$ himself z a c&idate = ! vacant pr(essor%ip3 &1 to %[ t he 0 qualifi$ = ! (fice1 publi%$ two diss]tations on ! ,manufacture ( ,alum1 :i* probably he _h previ\sly drawn up1 & _h ly+ by him4 ,wall]ius int5d$ to resign 8 *air 9 fav\r ( a pupil or relation ( 8 own1 :om he _h de/9$ to succe$ him4 ,he imm$iately =m$ a p>ty to oppose ! pret5sions ( ,b]gman2 & 8 p>ty 0 s p[]ful & s malignant1 t few d\bt$ ( _! success3 = x 0 jo9$ by all ^? :o1 despair+ ( equall+ ! indu/ry & reputation ( ,b]gman1 set !mselves to oppose & ob/ruct 8 success4 ,su* m5 unhappily exi/ 9 all colleges1 & ! m em95t a pr(essor is1 ! m is he expos$ to _! malignant activity4 ,_m ( ^? :o _c !mselves rise to any em95ce1 d]ive pleasure f ! attempt to pull d[n ! em95t to _! own level4 ,9 ^! attempts1 h[ev]1 !y seldom succe$1 unless f "s want ( prud5ce & /ead9ess 9 ! individual :om !y assail4 ,b]gman's ,diss]tations on ,alum 7 sev]ely h&l$ by ,wall]ius & 8 p>ty3 & su* 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ex-pr(essor1 t e body ?\ght ,b]gman w\ld be cru%$ by him4 ,=tunately1 ,gu/avus ,,iii4 ( ,sw$51 at t "t cr[n pr9ce1 0 *ancellor ( ! univ]sity4 ,he took up ! cause ( ,b]gman1 influ5c$1 x is said1 by ! recomm5dation ( ,von ,swab1 :o pl$g$ himself = 8 qualifications1 & 0 s ke5 on ! subject t he plead$ 8 cause 9 p]son be=e ! s5ate4 ,wall]ius & 8 p>ty 7 ( c\rse baffl$1 & ,b]gman got ! *air4 ,= ?is situation 8 previ\s /udies _h fitt$ him 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,8 ma!matical1 physical1 & natural-hi/orical k1 s f> f be+ useless1 contribut$ to free him f prejudices1 & to emancipate him f t _s ( r\t9e "u :i* *emi/ry _h hi!rto suff]$4 ,!y gave to 8 ideas a great] degree ( precision1 & made 8 views m correct4 ,he saw t ma!matics & *emi/ry divid$ betwe5 !m ! :ole ext5t ( natural sci5ce1 & t its b\nds requir$ to be enl>g$1 to enable x to embrace all ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce ) :i* x 0 naturally connect$1 or :i* dep5d$ ^u x4 ,he saw ! necessity ( bani%+ f *emi/ry all vague hypo!ses & explanations1 & ( e/abli%+ ! sci5ce on ! firm basis ( exp]im5t4 ,he 0 equally conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( re=m+ ! nom5clature ( *emi/ry1 & ( br++ x to ! same degree ( precision t *>act]iz$ ! language ( ! o!r bran*es ( natural philosophy4 ,8 fir/ c>e1 aft] gett+ ! *air1 0 to make z complete a collection z he c\ld ( m9]al sub/ances1 & to arrange !m 9 ord] accord+ to ! nature ( _! con/itu5ts1 z f> z !y _h be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,to ano!r cab9et he assign$ ! ,sw$i% m9]als1 rang$ 9 a geographical mann] accord+ to ! diff]5t prov9ces :i* furni%$ !m4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,upsala1 9 #ahab1 ! fir/ ( ^! collections /ill rema9$1 greatly augm5t$ by 8 nephew & successor1 ,afzelius4 ,b no rema9s exi/$ ( ! geographical collection4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 a v consid]able collection ( ?is k9d 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,sw$i% s*ool ( m9es at ,/ockholm1 "u ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,hjelm1 :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( inspect+4 ,x is n improbable t ,b]gman's collection might h =m$ ! nucleus ( ?is4 ,a geographical collection ( m9]als1 to be ( mu* utility1 %\ld exhibit all ! diff]5t =mations :i* exi/ 9 ! k+dom3 & 9 a c\ntry s uni=m 9 its nature z ,sw$51 ! m9]als ( "o c\nty are v ne>ly simil> to ^? ( ! o!r c\nties2 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 peculi>ities d]iv$ f ! m9es1 or f "s =mations :i* may belong exclusively to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 z1 = example1 ! coal =mations 9 ! s\? corn] ( ,sw$51 ne> ,hels9burg1 & ! porphyry rocks1 9 ,elfsdale4 ,b]gman attempt$ also to make a collection ( models ( ! app>atus employ$ 9 ! diff]5t *emical manufactories1 to be enabl$ to expla9 ^! manufactures ) great] cle>ness to 8 /ud5ts4 ,i 0 in=m$ by ,m4 ,ekeb]g1 :o1 9 #ahab1 0 magi/] doc5s 9 *emi/ry at ,upsala1 t ^! models 7 nev] num]\s4 ,nor is x likely t !y %\ld be1 z ,sw$5 _c boa/ ( any great numb] ( *emical manufactories1 & z1 9 ,b]gman's "t1 ! processes foll[$ 9 mo/ ( ! *emical manufactories ( ,europe 7 kept z secret z possible4 ,?us x 0 ,b]gman's object to exhibit to 8 pupils specim5s ( all ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* ! e>? furni%es1 ) ! ord] 9 :i* ^! productions are arrang$ on ! globe--to %[ !m ! uses made ( all ^! diff]5t productions--h[ practice _h prec$$ !ory & _h succe$$ 9 solv+ _m *emical problems ( ! mo/ complicat$ nature4 ,8 lectures are said to h be5 p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,he drew ar\nd him a consid]able numb] ( pupils1 :o aft]w>ds figur$ z *emical discov]]s !mselves4 ,( all ^! ,assessor ,gahn1 ( ,fahlun1 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ rem>kable2 b ,hjelm1 ,gadol91 ! ,elhuy>ts1 & v>i\s o!r individuals1 likewise di/+ui%$ !mselves z *emi/s4 ,aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! *emical *air at ,upsala1 ! rema9d] ( 8 life pass$ ) v little v>iety2 8 :ole "t 0 occupi$ ) 8 fav\rite /udies1 & n a ye> pass$ t he did n publi% "s diss]tation or o!r ^u "s m or less important bran* ( *emi/ry4 ,8 reputation gradually ext5d$ itself ov] ,europe1 & he 0 enroll$ among ! numb] ( ! memb]s ( mo/ sci5tific academies4 ,among o!r hon\rable te/imonies ( ! e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held1 he 0 elect$ rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,?is univ]sity is n m]ely a lit]>y body1 b owns ext5sive e/ates1 ov] :i* x possesses great au?ority1 &1 hav+ consid]able control ov] its /ud5ts1 & enjoy+ consid]able immunities & privileges 7conf]r$ 9 =m] times z an enc\ragem5t to le>n+1 ?\gh1 9 reality1 !y s]ve only to cramp its en]gies1 & ?r[ b>ri]s 9 ! way ( its progress71 con/itutes1 !re=e1 a k9d ( republic 9 ! mid/ ( ,sw$53 ! pr(essors be+ its *iefs4 ,b :ile1 9 lit]>y e/abli%m5ts1 all ! in/itutions ought to h = an object to ma9ta9 peace1 & free _! memb]s f e occupation unconnect$ ) lett]s1 ! con/itution ( t univ]sity obliges its pr(essors to att5d to ?+s v inconsi/5t ) _! usual functions2 :ile x gives m5 ( influ5ce & ambition a desire to possess ! p[] & patronage1 ?\gh !y may n be qualifi$ to p]=m ! duties1 ( a pr(essor4 ,su* temptations are v injuri\s to ! true cause ( sci5ce2 & x 7 to be wi%$1 t no lit]>y body1 9 any "p ( ! _w1 7 possess$ ( su* p[]s & privileges4 ,:5 ,b]gman 0 rector1 ! univ]sity 0 divid$ into two great p>ties1 ! "o consi/+ ( ! !ological & law faculties1 & ! o!r ( ! sci5tific pr(essors4 ,b]gman's object 0 to pres]ve peace & agreem5t betwe5 ^! two p>ties1 & to conv9ce !m t x 0 ! int]e/ ( all to unite = ! good ( ! univ]sity & ! promotion ( lett]s4 ,! p]iod ( 8 magi/racy is rem>kable 9 ! annals ( ! univ]sity = ! small numb] ( delib]ations1 & ! little bus9ess record$ 9 ! regi/]s2 & = ! good s5se & good behavi\r ( ! /ud5ts4 ,! /ud5ts 9 ,upsala are num]\s1 & mo/ ( !m are "y m54 ,!y _h be5 accu/om$ frequ5tly to brave or elude ! sev]ity ( ! regulations2 b dur+ ,b]gman's rector%ip !y 7 re/ra9$ effectually by _! respect = 8 g5ius1 & _! admiration ( 8 "* & conduct4 ,:5 ! reputation ( ,b]gman 0 at its height1 9 ! ye> #aggf1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia =m$ ! wi% to atta* him to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b]l91 & made him (f]s ( su* a nature t our pr(essor hesitat$ = a %ort "t z to :e!r he ought n to accept !m4 ,8 heal? _h be5 injur$ by ! assiduity ) :i* he _h devot$ himself to ! d\ble duty ( tea*+ & exp]im5t+4 ,he might look = an alleviation ( 8 ailm5ts1 if n a complete recov]y1 9 ! mild] climate ( ,prussia1 & he w\ld be able to devote himself entirely to 8 academical duties2 b o!r consid]ations prev5t$ him f acc$+ to ?is proposal1 tempt+ z x 04 ,! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 _h be5 8 b5efactor1 & x 0 intimat$ to him t 8 leav+ ! k+dom w\ld afflict t mon>*4 ,?is in=mation induc$ him1 )\t fur!r hesitation1 to refuse ! proposals ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,he reque/$ ( ! k+1 8 ma/]1 n to make him lose ! m]it ( 8 sacrifice by augm5t+ 8 income2 b to ?is dem& ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 v prop]ly refus$ to acc$e4 ,9 ! ye> #agga1 ,pr(essor ,b]gman m>ri$ a wid[ lady1 ,m>g>e?a ,ca?>9a ,tra/1 daught] ( a cl]gyman 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,upsala4 ,by h] he _h two sons2 b bo? ( !m di$ :5 infants4 ,?is lady surviv$ h] husb&4 ,! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 settl$ on h] an annuity ( #bjj rix doll>s1 on condition t %e gave up ! libr>y & app>atus ( h] late husb& to ! ,royal ,society ( ,upsala4 ,b]gman's heal? _h be5 always delicate2 inde$ he seems nev] to h completely recov]$ ! effects ( 8 fir/ ye>'s too int5se /udy at ,upsala4 ,he /ruggl$ on1 h[ev]1 ) 8 ailm5ts2 &1 by way ( relaxation1 0 accu/om$ sometimes1 9 summ]1 to repair to ! wat]s ( ,m$evi--a celebrat$ m9]al spr+ 9 ,sw$51 situat$ ne> ! banks ( ! great inl& lake1 ,wett]4 ,"o ( ^! visits seems to h re/or$ him to heal? = ! "t4 ,b 8 malady return$ 9 #aghd ) r$\bl$ viol5ce4 ,he 0 afflict$ ) hemorrhoids1 & 8 daily loss ( blood am\nt$ to ab\t six ounces4 ,?is con/ant dra9 soon exhau/$ him1 & on ! #h? ( ,july1 #aghd1 he di$ at ! ba?s ( ,m$evi1 to :i* he _h repair$ 9 hopes ( aga9 b5efit+ by ^! wat]s4 ,! diff]5t tracts :i* he publi%$1 z !y h be5 enum]at$ by ,hjelm1 :o gave an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,b]gman to ! ,/ockholm ,academy 9 ! ye> #aghe1 am\nt to #ajf4 ,!y h be5 all collect$ into six octavo volumes entitl$ ,opuscula ,torb]ni ,b]gman ,physica et ,*emica--) ! exception ( 8 notes on ,s*eff]1 8 ,sciagraphia1 & 8 *apt] on ,physical ,geography1 :i* 0 translat$ into ,fr5*1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,m9es 7vol4 iii4 ,no4 #ae1 p4 #ee74 ,8 ,sciagraphia1 :i* is an attempt to arrange m9]als accord+ to _! composition1 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,dr4 ,)]+4 ,8 notes on ,s*eff] 7 int]sp]s$ 9 an edition ( ! ,*emiske ,frelsn+> ( t *emi/1 publi%$ 9 #aggd1 :i* he seems to h employ$ z a text-book 9 8 lectures3 or1 at all ev5ts1 ! "w 0 publi%$ = ! use ( ! /ud5ts ( *emi/ry at ,upsala4 ,!re 0 a new edition ( x publi%$1 aft] ,b]gman's dea?1 9 ! ye> #agif1 to :i* are app5d$ ,b]gman's ,tables ( ,aff9ities4 ,! mo/ important ( ,b]gman's *emical pap]s 7 collect$ by himself1 & con/itute ! ?ree fir/ volumes ( 8 ,opuscula4 ,! ?ree la/ volumes ( t "w 7 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,! f\r? volume 0 publi%$ at ,leipsic1 9 #aghg1 by ,heb5/reit1 & conta9s ! re/ ( 8 *emical pap]s4 ,! fif? volume 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 #aghh1 by ! same editor4 ,x conta9s ?ree *emical pap]s1 & ! re/ ( x is made up ) pap]s on natural hi/ory1 electricity1 & o!r bran*es ( physics1 :i* ,b]gman _h publi%$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life4 ,! same indefatigable editor publi%$ ! six? volume 9 #agij4 ,x conta9s ?ree a/ronomical pap]s1 two *emical1 & a long pap] on ! means ( prev5t+ any injuri\s effects f lightn+4 ,?is 0 an oration1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,/ockholm1 9 #agfd1 probably at ! "t ( 8 admission into ! academy4 ,x w\ld s]ve little purpose 9 ! pres5t /ate ( *emical k1 to give a m9ute analysis ( ,b]gman's pap]s4 ,to judge ( _! value1 x w\ld be necess>y to comp>e !m1 n ) our pres5t *emical k1 b ) ! /ate ( ! sci5ce :5 8 pap]s 7 publi%$4 ,a v %ort g5]al view ( 8 lab\rs w be suffici5t to convey an idea ( ! b5efits :i* ! sci5ce d]iv$ f !m4 #a4 ,8 fir/ pap]1 entitl$ ,on ! ,a]ial ,acid1 t is1 c>bonic acid1 0 publi%$ 9 #aggd4 ,9 x he gives ! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance 9 consid]able detail1 %[s t x possesses acid qualities1 & t x is capable ( comb9+ ) ! bases1 & =m+ salts4 ,:at is v extraord9>y1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( c>bonate ( lime & c>bonate ( magnesia1 he nev] m5tions ! "n ( ,dr4 ,black2 ?\gh x is v unlikely t a controv]sy1 :i* _h = ye>s occupi$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s1 %\ld h be5 unkn[n to him4 ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s "n nev] once appe>s 9 ! :ole pap]2 ?\gh t philosoph] _h prec$$ him by sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,he in=ms u1 t he _h made kn[n 8 op9ions respect+ ! nature ( ?is sub/ance1 to v>i\s =eign correspond5ts1 among o!rs to ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 z e>ly z ! ye> #aggj1 & t ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h m5tion$ 8 views on ! subject1 9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #aggb4 ,b]gman f\nd ! specific gravity ( c>bonic acid gas r high] ?an #ae1 t ( air be+ #a4 ,8 result is n f> f ! tru?4 ,he obta9$ 8 gas1 by mix+ calc>e\s sp> ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,he %[s t ?is gas has a s\r ta/e1 t x r$d5s ! infusion ( litmus1 & t x comb9es ) bases4 ,he gives figures ( ! app>atus :i* he us$4 ,?is app>atus dem&s att5tion4 ,?\gh f> inf]ior to ! contrivances ( ,prie/ley1 x answ]$ pretty well1 enabl+ him to collect ! gas1 & exam9e its prop]ties4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] into any fur!r details respect+ ?is pap]4 ,:oev] w take ! tr\ble to comp>e x ) ,cav5di%'s pap] on ! same subject1 w f9d t he _h be5 anticipat$ by t philosoph] 9 a great _m ( 8 mo/ important facts4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i consid] z s+ul> 8 n tak+ any notice ( ,cav5di%'s previ\s lab\rs4 #b4 ,8 next pap]1 ,on ! ,analyses ( ,m9]al ,wat]s1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aggh1 be+ ! subject ( a !sis1 support$ by ,j4 ,p4 ,s*>5b]g4 ,?is diss]tation1 :i* is ( great l5g?1 is entitl$ to mu* praise4 ,he lays !re9 ! f\ndation ( ! mode ( analyz+ wat]s1 su* z is foll[$ at pres5t4 ,he po9ts out ! use ( diff]5t reag5ts1 = detect+ ! pres5ce ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts 9 m9]al wat]1 & !n %[s h[ ! quantity ( ea* is to be det]m9$4 ,x w\ld be do+ great inju/ice to ,b]gman1 to comp>e 8 analyses ) ^? ( any mod]n exp]im5t]4 ,at t "t1 ! sci5ce 0 n 9 possession ( any accurate analyses ( ! neutral salts1 :i* exi/ 9 m9]al wat]s4 ,b]gman und]took ^! necess>y analyses1 )\t :i*1 ! det]m9ation ( ! sal9e con/itu5ts ( m9]al wat]s 0 out ( ! "q4 ,8 det]m9ations 7 n inde$ accurate1 b !y 7 s mu* bett] ?an ^? t prec$$ !m1 & ,b]gman's "* z an exp]im5t] /ood s high1 t !y 7 long ref]r$ to z a /&>d by *emi/s4 ,! fir/ attempt to correct !m 0 by ,kirwan4 ,b ,b]gman's sup]ior reputation z a *emi/ enabl$ 8 results /ill to keep _! gr\nd1 till 8 "* = accuracy 0 f9ally de/roy$ by ! v accurate exp]im5ts :i* ! discov]y ( ! atomic !ory r5d]$ x necess>y to make4 ,^!1 :5 once !y became g5]ally kn[n1 7 ( c\rse pref]r$1 & ,b]gman's analyses 7 laid aside4 ,x is a curi\s & humiliat+ fact1 z x %[s h[ mu* *emical reputation dep5ds ^u situation1 or accid5tal circum/ances1 t ,w5zel _h1 9 #agff1 9 8 book on aff9ity1 publi%$ mu* m accurate analyses ( all ^! salts1 ?an ,b]gman's--analyses inde$ :i* 7 almo/ p]fectly correct1 & :i* h sc>cely be5 surpass$1 by ! mo/ c>eful ones ( ! pres5t day4 ,yet ^! admirable exp]im5ts sc>cely drew ! att5tion ( *emi/s2 :ile ! v inf]ior ones ( ,b]gman 7 held up z models ( p]fection4 #c4 ,b]gman1 n satisfi$ ) po9t+ out ! mode ( analyz+ m9]al wat]s1 attempt$ to imitate !m artificially by *emical processes1 & publi%$ two essays on ! subject2 9 ! fir/ he %[$ ! processes by :i* cold m9]al wat]s might be imitat$1 & 9 ! o!r1 ! mode ( imitat+ hot m9]al wat]s4 ,! attempt 0 valuable1 & s]v$ to ext5d greatly ! *emical k ( m9]al wat]s1 & ( ! salts :i* !y conta92 b x 0 made at too e>ly a p]iod ( ! analytical art1 to approa* p]fection4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to 8 analysis ( sea-wat]4 ,! wat] exam9$ 0 br\ght by ,sp>mann f a dep? ( eighty fa?oms1 ne> ! latitude ( ! ,can>ies3 ,b]gman f\nd 9 x only common salt1 muriate ( magnesia1 & sulphate ( lime4 ,8 n hav+ discov]$ ! pres5ce ( sulphate ( magnesia is a suffici5t pro( ( ! imp]fection ( 8 analytical me?ods2 ! o!r con/itu5ts exi/ 9 su* small quantity 9 sea-wat] t !y might easily h be5 ov]look$1 b ! quantity ( sulphate ( magnesia 9 sea-wat] is consid]able4 #d4 ,i %all pass ov] ! pap] on oxalic acid1 :i* con/itut$ ! subject ( a !sis1 support$ 9 #aggf1 by ,john ,afzelius ,arfv$son4 ,x is n[ kn[n t oxalic acid 0 discov]$ by ,s*eele1 n by ,b]gman4 ,x is impossible to say h[ _m ( ! num]\s facts /at$ 9 ?is !sis 7 asc]ta9$ by ,s*eele1 & h[ _m by ,afzelius4 ,=1 z ,afzelius 0 already a magi/] doc5s 9 *emi/ry1 !re c be little d\bt t he w\ld himself asc]ta9 ! facts :i* 7 to con/itute ! f\ndation ( 8 !sis4 ,x is inde$ n[ kn[n t ,b]gman himself intru/$ all ! details ( 8 exp]im5ts to 8 pupils4 ,he 0 ! contriv]1 :ile 8 pupils execut$ 8 plans4 ,t ,s*eele has n[h]e laid claim to a discov]y ( s mu* importance z t ( oxalic acid1 & t he all[$ ,b]gman peaceably to be> away ! :ole cr$it1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry4 ,moreov]1 :ile x reflects s mu* cr$it on ,s*eele = mode/y & =be>ance1 x seems to be> a little h>d ^u ! "* ( ,b]gman4 ,:5 he publi%$ ! essay 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,opuscula1 9 #aggi1 :y did he n 9 a note in=m ! _w t ,s*eele 0 ! true discov]] ( ?is acid8 ,:y did he all[ ! discov]y to be univ]sally assign$ to him1 )\t ev] m5tion+ ! true /ate ( ! case8 ,all ?is appe>$ s contr>y to ! "* ( ,b]gman1 t ,i 0 dispos$ to d\bt ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 t ,s*eele 0 ! discov]] ( oxalic acid4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,fahlun1 9 ! ye> #ahab1 ,i took an opportunity ( putt+ ! "q to ,assessor ,gahn1 :o _h be5 ! intimate fri5d ( ,s*eele1 & ! pupil1 & aft]w>ds ! fri5d ( ,b]gman4 ,he assur$ me t ,s*eele really 0 ! discov]] ( oxalic acid1 & ascrib$ ! omission ( ,b]gman to inadv]t5ce4 ,assessor ,gahn %[$ me a volume ( ,s*eele's lett]s to him1 :i* he _h b\nd up3 !y conta9$ ! hi/ory ( all 8 *emical lab\rs4 ,i h little d\bt t an acc\nt ( oxalic acid w\ld be f\nd 9 ^! lett]s4 ,if ! son ( ,assessor ,gahn1 9 ^: possession ^! lett]s mu/ n[ be1 w\ld take ! tr\ble to inspect ! volume 9 "q1 & to publi% any notices respect+ ?is acid :i* !y may conta91 he w\ld conf] an important fav\r on e p]son int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry4 #e4 ,! diss]tation on ! manufacture ( alum has be5 m5tion$ be=e4 ,b]gman %[s himself well acqua9t$ ) ! processes foll[$1 at lea/ 9 ,sw$51 = mak+ alum4 ,he _h no notion ( ! true con/itution ( alum2 nor 0 t to be expect$1 z ! discov]y 0 !reby ye>s lat] 9 be+ made4 ,he ?\ght t ! reason :y alum leys did n cry/allize well 01 t !y conta9$ an excess ( acid1 & t ! addition ( pota% gave !m ! prop]ty ( cry/alliz+ readily1 m]ely by saturat+ t excess ( acid4 ,alum is a d\ble salt1 compos$ ( ?ree integrant p>ticles ( sulphate ( alum9a1 & "o integrant p>ticle ( sulphate ( pota%1 or sulphate ( ammonia4 ,9 "s cases1 ! alum ore conta9s all ! requisite +r$i5ts4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ore at ,tolfa1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome4 ,x seems1 also1 to be ! case ) respect to "s ( ! alum ores 9 ,sw$52 p>ticul>ly at ,hnst] on ,k9nekulle1 9 ,we/ ,go?l&1 :i* ,i visit$ 9 #ahab4 ,if any confid5ce c be put 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! manag] ( ^? works1 no alkal9e salt :atev] is add$2 at lea/1 ,i und]/ood him to say s :5 ,i put ! "q4 #f4 ,9 8 diss]tation on t>t>-emetic1 he gives an int]e/+ hi/orical acc\nt ( ?is salt & its uses4 ,8 notions respect+ ! antimonial prep>ations be/ fitt$ to =m x1 are n accurate3 nor1 inde$1 c\ld !y be expect$ to be s1 till ! nature & prop]ties ( ! diff]5t oxides ( antimony 7 accurately kn[n4 ,antimony =ms ?ree oxides3 n[ x is ! protoxide alone t is useful 9 m$ic9e1 & t ent]s into ! composition ( t>t>-emetic2 ! o!r two oxides are in]t1 or ne>ly s4 ,b]gman 0 aw>e t t>t>-emetic is a d\ble salt1 & t its con/itu5ts are t>t>ic acid1 pota%1 & oxide ( antimony2 b x 0 n possible1 9 #aggc1 :5 8 diss]tation 0 publi%$1 to h det]m9$ ! true con/itu5ts ( ?is salt by analysis4 #g4 ,b]gman's pap] on magnesia 0 also a !sis def5d$ 9 #agge1 by ,*>les ,norell1 ( ,we/ ,go?l&1 :o 9 all probability made ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! essay4 ,9 ! introduction we h a hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( magnesia1 & he m5tions ,dr4 ,black z ! p]son :o fir/ accurately made out its peculi> *emical *>act]s1 & demon/rat$ t x diff]s f lime4 ,?is essay conta9s a pretty full & accurate acc\nt ( ! salts ( magnesia1 consid]+ ! /ate ( *emi/ry at ! "t :5 x 0 publi%$4 ,!re is no attempt to analyze any ( ! magnesian salts2 b1 9 8 treatise on ! analysis ( m9]al wat]s1 he _h /at$ ! quantity ( magnesia conta9$ 9 "o hundr$ p>ts ( sev]al ( !m4 #h4 ,8 pap] on ! %apes ( cry/als1 publi%$ 9 #aggc1 conta9s ! g]m ( ! :ole !ory ( cry/allization aft]w>ds develop$ by ,m4 ,hauy4 ,he %[s h[1 f a v simple prim>y =m ( a m9]al1 o!r %apes may proce$1 :i* seem to h no connexion )1 or resemblance to ! prim>y =m4 ,8 view ( ! subject1 s f> z x goes1 is ! v same aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,hauy3 &1 :at is v curi\s1 ,hauy & ,b]gman =m$ _! !ory f ! v same cry/all9e %ape ( calc>e\s sp>--f :i*1 by me*anical divisions1 ! same rhombic nucleus 0 extract$ by bo?4 ,no?+ prev5t$ ,b]gman f anticipat+ ,hauy b a suffici5t quantity ( cry/als to apply 8 !ory to4#b #b ,i %all m5tion aft]w>ds t ! real discov]] ( ?is fact 0 ,assessor ,gahn1 ( ,fahlun4 #i4 ,9 8 pap] on silica he gives u a hi/ory ( ! progress ( *emical k respect+ ?is sub/ance4 ,its nature 0 fir/ accurately po9t$ out by ,pott2 ?\gh ,glaub]1 & be=e him ,van ,helmont1 7 acqua9t$ ) ! liquor silicus1 or ! comb9ation ( silica & pota%1 :i* is soluble 9 wat]4 ,b]gman gives a detail$ acc\nt ( its prop]ties2 b he does n suspect x to possess acid prop]ties4 ,?is great discov]y1 :i* has ?r[n a new light ^u m9]al bodies1 & %[n !m all to be *emical comb9ations1 0 res]v$ = ,mr4 ,smi?son4 #aj4 ,b]gman's exp]im5ts on ! preci\s /ones con/itute ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! me?od ( analyz+ /ony bodies4 ,8 processes are v imp]fect1 & 8 app>atus b ill adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !re=e1 t ! results ( 8 analyses are extremely wide ( ! tru?4 ,yet1 if we /udy 8 processes1 we %all f9d 9 !m ! rudim5ts ( ! v me?ods :i* we foll[ at pres5t4 ,! sup]iority ( ! mod]n analyses ov] ^? ( ,b]gman mu/ 9 a great measure be ascrib$ to ! plat9um vessels :i* we n[ employ1 & to ! sup]ior purity ( ! sub/ances :i* we use z reag5ts 9 our analyses4 ,! me?ods1 too1 are simplifi$ & p]fect$4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ?is pap] ( ,b]gman's1 imp]fect z x is1 con/itutes ! comm5cem5t ( ! art1 & t fully z mu* g5ius & inv5tion may be requisite to contrive ! fir/ rude processes1 h[ imp]fect soev] !y may be1 z are requir$ to br+ ^! processes :5 once inv5t$ to a /ate ( comp>ative p]fection4 ,! great /ep 9 analyz+ m9]als is to r5d] !m soluble 9 acids4 ,b]gman fir/ ?\ght ( ! me?od = accompli%+ ?is :i* is /ill foll[$1 namely1 fus+ !m or heat+ !m to r$ness ) an alkali or alkal9e c>bonate4 #aa4 ,! pap] on fulm9at+ gold goes a great way to expla9 ! nature ( t curi\s comp\nd4 ,he describes ! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance1 & ! effects ( alkal9e & acid bodies on x4 ,he %[s t x _c be =m$ )\t ammonia1 & inf]s f 8 exp]im5ts t x is a comp\nd ( oxide ( gold & ammonia4 ,he expla9s ! fulm9ation by ! ela/ic fluid sudd5ly g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( ! ammonia4 #ab4 ,! pap]s on plat9um1 c>bonate ( iron1 nickel1 ars5ic1 & z9c1 d n require _m rem>ks4 ,!y add consid]ably to ! k :i* *emi/s at t "t possess$ ( ^! bodies2 ?\gh ! modes ( analysis are n su* z w\ld be approv$ ( by a mod]n *emi/2 nor 7 ! results obta9$ possess$ ( mu* precision4 #ac4 ,! ,essay on ! ,analysis ( ,metallic ,ores by ! wet way1 or by solution1 con/itutes ! fir/ attempt to e/abli% a regul> me?od ( analyz+ metallic ores4 ,! processes are all imp]fect1 z might be expect$ f ! !n exi/+ /ate ( analytical *emi/ry1 & ! imp]fect k possess$1 ( ! diff]5t metallic ores4 ,b ?is essay con/itut$ a fir/ beg9n+1 = :i* ! au?or is entitl$ to great praise4 ,! subject 0 tak5 up by ,klapro?1 & spe$ily br\ght to a great degree ( improvem5t by ! lab\rs ( mod]n *emi/s4 #ad4 ,! exp]im5ts on ! way 9 :i* m9]als behave be=e ! bl[pipe1 :i* ,b]gman publi%$1 7 made at ,b]gman's reque/ by ,assessor ,gahn1 ( ,fahlun1 :o 0 !n 8 pupil4 ,!y con/itute ! fir/ results obta9$ by t v +5i\s & amiable man4 ,he aft]w>ds cont9u$ ! inve/igation1 & add$ _m improvem5ts1 simplify+ ! reag5ts & ! mann] ( us+ !m4 ,b he 0 too indol5t a man to commit ! results ( 8 inve/igations to writ+4 ,b]zelius1 h[ev]1 _h ! good s5se to see ! importance ( ! facts :i* ,gahn _h asc]ta9$4 ,he committ$ !m to writ+1 & publi%$ !m = ! use ( m9]alogi/s4 ,!y con/itute ! book entitl$ ,b]zelius on ! ,bl[pipe1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 #ae4 ,! object ( ! ,essay on ,metallic ,precipitates is to det]m9e ! quantity ( phlogi/on :i* ea* metal conta9s1 d$uc$ f ! quantity ( "o metal necess>y to precipitate a giv5 weight ( ano!r4 ,! exp]im5ts are obvi\sly made ) little accuracy3 inde$ !y are n susceptible ( v great precision4 ,lavoisi] aft]w>ds made use ( ! same me?od to det]m9e ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! diff]5t metallic oxides2 b 8 results 7 n m successful ?an ^? ( ,b]gman4 #af4 ,b]gman's pap] on iron is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 8 :ole works1 & contribut$ v mat]ially to advance ! k ( ! cause ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 iron & /eel4 ,he employ$ 8 pupils to collect specim5s ( iron f ! diff]5t ,sw$i% =ges1 & gave !m directions h[ to select ! prop] pieces4 ,all ^! specim5s1 to ! numb] ( eighty-n9e1 he subject$ to a *emical exam9ation1 by dissolv+ !m 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,he measur$ ! volume ( hydrog5 gas1 :i* he obta9$ by dissolv+ a giv5 weight ( ea*1 & not$ ! quantity & ! nature ( ! undissolv$ residue4 ,! g5]al result ( ! :ole inve/igation 0 t pure malleable iron yield$ mo/ hydrog5 gas2 /eel less1 & ca/-iron lea/ ( all4 ,pure malleable iron left ! smalle/ quantity ( insoluble matt]1 /eel a great] quantity1 & ca/-iron ! greate/ ( all4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts he drew conclusions ) respect to ! diff]5ce betwe5 iron1 /eel1 & ca/-iron4 ,no?+ m 0 necess>y ?an to apply ! antiphlogi/ic !ory to ^! exp]im5ts1 7z 0 done soon aft] by ! ,fr5* *emi/s17 9 ord] to draw important conclusions respect+ ! nature ( ^! bodies4 ,iron is a simple body2 /eel is a comp\nd ( iron & c>bon2 & ca/-iron ( iron & a /ill great] proportion ( c>bon4 ,! defective "p ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,b]gman 9 ?is important pap] is 8 me?od ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( manganese 9 iron4 ,9 "s specim5s he makes ! manganese am\nt to consid]ably m ?an a ?ird "p ( ! weight ( ! :ole4 ,n[ we "k t a mixture ( two p>ts iron & "o "p manganese is brittle & useless4 ,we are sure1 !re=e1 t no malleable iron :atev] c conta9 any su* proportion ( manganese4 ,! fact is1 t ,b]gman's mode ( sep>at+ manganese f iron 0 defective4 ,:at he consid]$ z manganese 0 *iefly1 & might be 9 _m cases altoge!r1 oxide ( iron4 ,_m ye>s elaps$ be=e a good process = sep>at+ iron f manganese 0 discov]$4 #ag4 ,b]gman's exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! brittl5ess ( cold-%ort iron ne$ n occupy mu* ( our att5tion4 ,he extract$ f x a :ite p[d]1 by dissolv+ ! cold-%ort iron 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,?is :ite p[d] he succe$$ 9 r$uc+ to ! /ate ( a :ite brittle metal1 by fus+ x ) a flux & *>coal4 ,klapro? soon aft] asc]ta9$ t ?is metal 0 a phosphuret ( iron1 & t ! :ite p[d] 0 a phosphate ( iron3 & ,s*eele1 ) 8 usual sagacity1 hit on a me?od ( analyz+ ?is phosphate1 & ?us demon/rat+ its nature4 ,?us ,b]gman's exp]im5ts l$ to ! k ( ! fact t cold-%ort iron owes its brittl5ess to a quantity ( phosphorus :i* x conta9s4 ,x ought to be m5tion$ t ,mey]1 ( ,/ett91 asc]ta9$ ! same fact1 & made x kn[n to *emi/s at ab\t ! same "t ) ,b]gman4 #ah4 ,! diss]tation on ! products ( volcanoes1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aggg1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ! sagacity ( ,b]gman :i* we possess4 ,he takes a view ( all ! sub/ances c]ta9ly kn[n to h be5 ?r[n out ( volcanoes1 attempts to subject !m to a *emical analysis1 & comp>es !m ) ! basalt1 & gre5/one or trap-rocks1 ! orig9 ( :i* con/itut$ at t "t a ke5 matt] ( dispute among geologi/s4 ,he %[s ! id5tity betwe5 lavas & basalt & gre5/one1 & !re=e inf]s ! id5tity ( =mation4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! true mode ( proce$+1 &1 _h x be5 adopt$ at an e>li] p]iod1 _m ( ^? disputes respect+ ! nature ( trap-rocks1 :i* occupi$ geologi/s = s long a p]iod1 w\ld nev] h be5 agitat$2 or1 at lea/1 w\ld h be5 spe$ily decid$4 ,! :ole diss]tation is fill$ ) valuable matt]1 /ill well entitl$ to ! att5tion ( geologi/s4 ,8 obs]vations on zeolites1 :i* he consid]$ z unconnect$ ) volcanic products1 7 v natural at ! "t :5 he wrote3 ?\gh ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,james ,hall1 & ,mr4 ,gregory ,watt1 &1 above all1 an accurate att5tion to ! scori f diff]5t smelt+-h\ses1 h ?r[n a new light on ! subject1 & h %[n ! way 9 :i* zeolitic cry/als might easily h be5 =m$ 9 melt$ lava1 provid$ circum/ances 7 fav\rable4 ,9 fact1 we f9d abundant cavities 9 real lava f ,vesuvius1 fill$ ) zeolitic cry/als4 #ai4 ,! la/ ( ! lab\rs ( ,b]gman :i* ,i %all notice "h is 8 ,essay on ,elective ,attractions1 :i* 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #agge1 b 0 mu* augm5t$ & improv$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,opuscula1 publi%$ 9 #aghc4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ?is la/ edition ( ! ,essay 0 made by ,dr4 ,b$does1 & 0 long famili> to ! ,briti% *emical _w4 ,! object ( ?is essay 0 to elucidate & expla9 ! nature ( *emical aff9ity1 & to acc\nt = all ! app>5t anomalies t _h be5 obs]v$4 ,he laid x d[n z a fir/ pr9ciple1 t all bodies capable ( comb9+ *emically ) ea* o!r1 h an attraction = ea* o!r1 & t ?is attraction is a def9ite & fix$ =ce :i* may be repres5t$ by a numb]4 ,n[ ! bodies :i* h ! prop]ty ( unit+ toge!r are *iefly ! acids & ! alkalies1 or bases4 ,e acid has an attraction = ea* ( ! alkalies or bases2 b ! =ce ( ?is attraction diff]s 9 ea*4 ,"s bases h a /rong attraction = acids1 & o!rs a weak2 b ! attractive =ce ( ea* may be express$ by numb]s4 ,n[1 suppose t an acid a is unit$ ) a base m ) a c]ta9 =ce1 if we mix ! comp\nd a m ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ! base n1 :i* has a /rong] attraction = a ?an m has1 ! consequ5ce w be1 t a w leave m & unite ) n2--n hav+ a /rong] attraction = a ?an m has1 w dis5gage x & take its place4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty1 :i* ,b]gman consid]$ z ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ( ! sci5ce1 ! /r5g? ( aff9ity ( "o body = ano!r is det]m9$ by ^! decompositions & comb9ations4 ,if n has a /rong] aff9ity = a ?an m has1 !n if we mix toge!r a1 m1 & n 9 ! requisite proportions1 a & n w unite toge!r1 leav+ m uncomb9$3 or if we mix n ) ! comp\nd a m1 m w be dis5gag$4 ,tables1 !re=e1 may be drawn up1 exhibit+ ! /r5g? ( ^! aff9ities4 ,at ! top ( a column is put ! "n ( an acid or a base1 & bel[ x are put ! names ( all ! bases or acids 9 ! ord] ( _! aff9ity4 ,! foll[+ little table w exhibit a specim5 ( ^! columns3 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,b>ytes ,/rontian ,pota% ,soda ,lime ,magnesia4 ,"h sulphuric acid is ! sub/ance plac$ at ! head ( ! column1 & "u x are ! names ( ! bases capable ( unit+ ) x 9 ! ord] ( _! aff9ity4 ,b>ytes1 :i* is highe/ up1 has ! /ronge/ aff9ity1 & magnesia1 :i* is l[e/ d[n1 has ! weake/ aff9ity4 ,if sulphuric acid & magnesia 7 comb9$ toge!r1 all ! bases ^: names occur 9 ! table above magnesia w\ld be able to sep>ate ! sulphuric acid f x4 ,pota% w\ld be dis5gag$ f sulphuric acid by b>ytes & /rontian1 b n by soda1 lime1 & magnesia4 ,su* tables !n exhibit$ to ! eye ! /r5g? ( aff9ity ( all ! diff]5t bodies t are capable ( unit+ ) "o & ! same sub/ance1 & ! ord] 9 :i* decompositions are effect$4 ,b]gman drew up tables ( aff9ity accord+ to ^! views 9 fifty-n9e columns4 ,ea* column conta9$ ! "n ( a p>ticul> sub/ance1 & "u x 0 arrang$ all ! bodies capable ( unit+ ) x1 ea* 9 ! ord] ( its aff9ity4 ,n[ bodies may be made to unite1 ei!r by mix+ !m toge!r1 & !n expos+ !m to heat1 or by dissolv+ !m 9 wat] & mix+ ! respective solutions toge!r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ways is usually call$ ! dry way1 ! second ! moi/ way4 ,! ord] ( decompositions (t5 v>ies ) ! mode employ$4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,b]gman divid$ ea* ( 8 fifty-n9e columns into two4 ,9 ! fir/1 he exhibit$ ! ord] ( decompositions 9 ! moi/ way1 9 ! second 9 ! dry4 ,he expla9$ also ! cases ( d\ble decomposition1 by means ( ^! unv>y+ =ces act+ toge!r or oppos+ ea* o!r--& gave sixty-f\r cases ( su* d\ble decompositions4 ,^! views ( ,b]gman's 7 imm$iately acc$$ to by ! *emical _w1 & cont9u$ to regulate _! processes till ,b]?ollet publi%$ 8 ,*emical ,/atics 9 #ahjb4 ,he !re call$ 9 "q ! :ole doctr9e ( ,b]gman1 & endeav\r$ to e/abli% "o ( ! v opposite k9d4 ,i %all h occasion to return to ! subject :5 ,i come to give an acc\nt ( ! s]vices :i* ,b]?ollet conf]r$ ^u *emi/ry4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t we are "u obligations to ,b]gman1 n m]ely = ! improvem5ts :i* he himself introduc$ into *emi/ry1 b = ! pupils :om he educat$ z *emi/s1 & ! discov]ies :i* 7 made by ^? p]sons1 ^: ex]tions he /imulat$ & enc\rag$4 ,among ^? individuals1 ^: *emical discov]ies 7 *iefly made kn[n to ! _w by 8 means1 0 ,s*eele1 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y m51 & mo/ sagaci\s & indu/ri\s *emi/s t ev] exi/$4 ,*>les ,william ,s*eele 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,decemb]1 #agdb1 at ,/ralsund1 ! capital ( ,sw$i% ,pom]ania1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a tradesman4 ,he receiv$ ! fir/ "p ( 8 education at a private academy 9 ,/ralsund1 & 0 aft]w>ds remov$ to a public s*ool4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod he express$ a /rong desire to /udy ph>macy1 & obta9$ 8 fa!r's cons5t to make *oice ( ?is pr(ession4 ,he 0 accord+ly b\nd an appr5tice = six ye>s to ,mr4 ,b\*1 an apo!c>y 9 ,go!borg1 & aft] 8 "t 0 out1 he rema9$ ) him /ill1 two ye>s long]4 ,x 0 "h t he laid ! gr\ndwork ( all 8 future celebrity1 z we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,grunb]g1 :o 0 8 fell[-appr5tice1 & aft]w>ds settl$ z an apo!c>y 9 ,/ralsund4 ,he 0 at t "t v res]v$ & s]i\s1 b uncommonly dilig5t4 ,he att5d$ m9utely to all ! processes1 reflect$ ^u !m :ile alone1 & /udi$ ! writ+s ( ,neumann1 ,lem]y1 ,kunkel1 & ,/ahl1 ) indefatigable indu/ry4 ,he likewise ex]cis$ himself a good deal 9 draw+ & pa9t+1 & acquir$ "s pr(ici5cy 9 ^! accompli%m5ts )\t a ma/]4 ,kunkel's ,laboratorium 0 8 fav\rite book1 & he 0 9 ! habit ( repeat+ exp]im5ts out ( x secretly dur+ ! night-"t4 ,on "o occasion1 z he 0 employ$ 9 mak+ pyrophorus1 8 fell[-appr5tice 0 malici\s en\gh to put a quantity ( fulm9at+ p[d] into ! mixture4 ,! consequ5ce 0 a viol5t explosion1 :i*1 z x took place 9 ! night1 ?rew ! :ole family into confusion1 & br\ght a v sev]e rebuke ^u our "y *emi/4 ,b ?is did n put a /op to 8 indu/ry1 :i* he pursu$ s con/antly & judici\sly1 t1 by ! "t 8 appr5tice%ip 0 end$1 !re 7 v few *emi/s inde$ :o excell$ him 9 k & practical skill4 ,8 fell[-appr5tice1 ,mr4 ,grunb]g1 wrote to him 9 #aggd1 reque/+ to "k by :at means he _h become su* a pr(ici5t 9 *emi/ry1 & receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]3 ,i look ^u y1 my de> fri5d1 z my fir/ in/ructor1 & z ! au?or ( all ,i "k on ! subject1 9 consequ5ce ( y\r advis+ me to read ,neumann's ,*emi/ry4 ,! p]usal ( ?is book fir/ gave me a ta/e = exp]im5t+1 myself2 & ,i v well rememb]1 t ^u mix+ "s oil ( cloves & smok+ _s ( nitre toge!r1 !y took fire4 ,h[ev]1 ,i kept ?is matt] secret4 ,i h also be=e my eyes ! un=tunate exp]im5t :i* ,i made ) pyrophorus4 ,su* accid5ts only s]v$ to increase my passion = mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,9 #agfe ,s*eele w5t to ,malmo1 to ! h\se ( an apo!c>y1 call$ ,mr4 ,kal/rom4 ,aft] sp5d+ two ye>s 9 t place1 he w5t to ,/ockholm1 to sup]9t5d ! apo!c>y's %op ( ,mr4 ,s*>5b]g4 ,9 #aggc he ex*ang$ ?is situation = ano!r at ,upsala1 9 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,loock4 ,x 0 "h t he accid5tally =m$ an acqua9tance ) ,assessor ,gahn1 ( ,fahlun1 :o 0 at t "t a /ud5t at ,upsala1 & a zeal\s *emi/4 ,mr4 ,gahn happ5+ to be "o day 9 ! %op ( ,mr4 ,loock1 t g5tleman m5tion$ to him a circum/ance :i* _h lately occurr$ to him1 & ( :i* he 0 anxi\s to obta9 an explanation4 ,if a quantity ( saltpetre be put into a crucible & rais$ to su* a temp]ature z %all n m]ely melt x1 b occasion an agitation 9 x l boil+1 & if1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 ! crucible be tak5 out ( ! fire & all[$ to cool1 ! saltpetre /ill cont9ues neutral2 b its prop]ties are alt]$3 =1 if di/ill$ v9eg> be p\r$ ^u x1 r$ fumes are giv5 out1 :ile v9eg> produces no effect ^u ! saltpetre be=e x has be5 ?us heat$4 ,mr4 ,loock wi%$ f ,gahn an explanation ( ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on3 ,gahn 0 unable to expla9 x2 b promis$ to put ! "q to ,pr(essor ,b]gman4 ,he did s accord+ly1 b ,b]gman 0 z unable to f9d an explanation z himself4 ,on return+ a few days aft] to ,mr4 ,loock's %op1 ,gahn 0 in=m$ t !re 0 a "y man 9 ! %op :o _h giv5 an explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,?is "y man 0 ,s*eele1 :o _h in=m$ ,mr4 ,loock t !re 7 two species ( acids conf\nd$ "u ! "n ( _s ( nitre2 :at we at pres5t call nitric & hyponitr\s acids4 ,nitric acid has a /rong] aff9ity = pota% ?an v9eg> has2 b hyponitr\s acid has a weak]4 ,! heat ( ! fire *anges ! nitric acid ( ! saltpetre to hyponitr\s3 h5ce ! ph5om5on4 ,gahn 0 delight$ ) ! in=mation1 & imm$iately =m$ an acqua9tance ) ,s*eele1 :i* soon rip5$ into fri5d%ip4 ,:5 he in=m$ ,b]gman ( ,s*eele's explanation1 ! pr(essor 0 equally delight$1 & express$ an eag] desire to be made acqua9t$ ) ,s*eele2 b :5 ,gahn m5tion$ ! circum/ance to ,s*eele1 & (f]$ to introduce him to ,b]gman1 our "y *emi/ reject$ ! proposal ) /rong feel+s ( dislike4 ,x seems1 t :ile ,s*eele 0 9 ,/ockholm1 he _h made exp]im5ts on cream ( t>t>1 & _h succe$$ 9 sep>at+ f x t>t>ic acid1 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,he _h also det]m9$ a numb] ( ! prop]ties ( t>t>ic acid1 & exam9$ sev]al ( ! t>trates4 ,he drew up an acc\nt ( ^! results1 & s5t x to ,b]gman4 ,b]gman1 see+ a pap] subscrib$ by ! "n ( a p]son :o 0 unkn[n to him1 laid x aside )\t look+ at x1 & =got x altoge!r4 ,s*eele 0 v mu* provok$ at ?is contemptu\s & unm]it$ treatm5t4 ,he drew up ano!r acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts & gave x to ,retzius1 :o s5t x to ! ,/ockholm ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7) "s additions ( 8 own71 9 ^: ,memoirs x 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aggj4c ,x co/ ,assessor ,gahn consid]able tr\ble to satisfy ,s*eele t ,b]gman's conduct 0 m]ely ! result ( inadv]t5ce1 & t he _h no int5tion :atev] ( treat+ him ei!r ) contempt or neglect4 ,aft] mu* entreaty1 he prevail$ ^u ,s*eele to all[ him to introduce him to ! pr(essor ( *emi/ry4 ,! introduction took place accord+ly1 & ev] aft] ,b]gman & ,s*eele cont9u$ /eady fri5ds--,b]gman facilitat+ ! rese>*es ( ,s*eele by e means 9 8 p[]4 #c ,konig4 ,vet5sk4 ,acad4 ,h&l4 #aggj1 p4 #bjg4 ,s high did ! "* ( ,s*eele spe$ily rise 9 ,upsala1 t :5 ! ,duke ( ,sud]mania visit$ ! univ]sity soon aft]1 9 company ) ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,prussia1 ,s*eele 0 appo9t$ by ! univ]sity to exhibit "s *emical processes be=e him4 ,he fulfill$ 8 *>ge1 & p]=m$ 9 diff]5t furnaces sev]al curi\s & /rik+ exp]im5ts4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ask$ him v>i\s que/ions1 & express$ satisfaction at ! answ]s giv54 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly pleas$ :5 in=m$ t he 0 a native ( ,/ralsund4 ,^! two pr9ces aft]w>ds /at$ to ! pr(essors t !y w\ld take x z a fav\r if ,s*eele c\ld h free access to ! laboratory ( ! univ]sity :5ev] he wi%$ to make exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! ye> #agge1 on ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,popl]1 apo!c>y at ,kp+ 7a small place on ! nor? side ( ! lake ,ml]71 he 0 appo9t$ by ! ,m$ical ,college provisor ( ! apo!c>y's %op4 ,9 ,sw$5 all ! apo!c>ies are "u ! control ( ! ,m$ical ,college1 & no "o c op5 a %op )\t und]go+ an exam9ation & receiv+ lic5ce f t le>n$ body4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exam9ations :i* he 0 oblig$ to und]go1 ,s*eele gave great pro(s ( 8 abilities1 & obta9$ ! appo9tm5t4 ,9 #aggg ! wid[ sold him ! %op & bus9ess1 accord+ to a writt5 agreem5t made betwe5 !m2 b !y /ill cont9u$ h\sekeep+ at _! jo9t exp5se4 ,he _h already di/+ui%$ himself by 8 discov]y ( fluoric acid1 & by 8 admirable pap] on manganese4 ,x is said1 too1 t x 0 he :o made ! exp]im5ts on c>bonic acid gas1 :i* con/itute ! sub/ance ( ,b]gman's pap] on ! subject1 & :i* confirm$ & e/abli%$ ,b]gman's idea t x 0 an acid4 ,at ,kp+ he cont9u$ 8 rese>*es ) unremitt+ p]sev]ance1 & made m discov]ies ?an all ! *emi/s ( 8 "t unit$ toge!r4 ,x 0 "h t he made ! exp]im5ts on air & fire1 :i* con/itute ! mat]ials ( 8 celebrat$ "w on ^! subjects4 ,! !ory :i* he =m$ 0 inde$ errone\s2 b ! num]\s discov]ies :i* ! book conta9s mu/ always excite ! admiration ( e *emi/4 ,8 discov]y ( oxyg5 gas _h be5 anticipat$ by ,prie/ley2 b 8 analysis ( atmosph]ic air 0 new & satisfactory--0 peculi>ly 8 own4 ,! processes by means ( :i* he procur$ oxyg5 gas 7 also new1 simple1 & easy1 & are /ill foll[$ by *emi/s 9 g5]al4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,kp+ he publi%$ a great numb] ( *emical pap]s1 & e "o ( !m conta9$ a discov]y4 ,! :ole ( 8 "t 0 devot$ to *emical inve/igations4 ,e action ( 8 life _h a t5d5cy to =w>d ! advancem5t ( 8 fav\rite sci5ce2 all 8 ?\ghts 7 turn$ to ! same object2 all 8 lett]s 7 devot$ to *emical obs]vations & *emical discussions4 ,crell's ,annals 0 at t "t ! *ief p]iodical "w on *emi/ry 9 ,g]many4 ,he got ! numb]s regul>ly z !y 7 publi%$1 & 0 "o ( ,crell's mo/ con/ant & mo/ valuable correspond5ts4 ,e "o ( 8 lett]s publi%$ 9 t "w ei!r conta9s "s new *emical fact1 or exposes ! errors & mi/akes ( "s "o or o!r ( ,crell's num]\s correspond5ts4 ,s*eele's outw>d appe>ance 0 by no means prepossess+4 ,he seldom jo9$ 9 ! usual conv]sations & amusem5ts ( society1 hav+ nei!r leisure nor incl9ation = !m4 ,:at little "t he _h to sp>e f ! hurry ( 8 pr(ession 0 always employ$ 9 mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 only :5 he receiv$ visits f 8 fri5ds1 ) :om he c\ld conv]se on 8 fav\rite sci5ce1 t he indulg$ himself 9 a little relaxation4 ,= su* intimate fri5ds he _h a s9c]e affection4 ,?is reg>d 0 ext5d$ to all ! zeal\s cultivators ( *emi/ry 9 e "p ( ! _w1 :e!r p]sonally kn[n to him or n4 ,he kept up a correspond5ce ) sev]al2 ?\gh ?is correspond5ce 0 mu* limit$ by 8 ignorance ( all languages except ,g]man2 = at lea/ he c\ld n write flu5tly 9 any o!r language4 ,8 *emical pap]s 7 always writt5 9 ,g]man1 & translat$ into ,sw$i%1 be=e !y 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy1 :]e mo/ ( !m appe>$4 ,he 0 k9d & affable to all4 ,be=e he adopt$ an op9ion 9 sci5ce1 he reflect$ maturely on x2 b1 aft] he _h once embrac$ x1 8 op9ions 7 n easily %ak54 ,h[ev]1 he did n hesitate to give up an op9ion z soon z x _h be5 prov$ to be errone\s4 ,?us1 he entirely r5\nc$ ! notion :i* he once ent]ta9$ t silica is a comp\nd ( wat] & fluoric acid2 because x 0 demon/rat$1 by ,mey] & o!rs1 t ?is silica 0 d]iv$ f ! glass vessels 9 :i* ! fluoric acid 0 prep>$2 t ^! glass vessels 7 spe$ily corrod$ into holes2 & t1 if fluoric acid 0 prep>$ 9 metallic vessels1 & n all[$ to come 9 contact ) glass or any sub/ance conta9+ silica1 x might be mix$ ) wat] )\t any deposition ( silica :atev]4 ,x appe>s also by a lett] ( 81 publi%$ 9 ,crell's ,annals1 t he 0 satisfi$ ( ! accuracy ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s exp]im5ts1 %[+ t wat] 0 a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 & ( ,lavoisi]'s repetition ( !m4 ,he attempt$ to reconcile ?is fact ) 8 own notion1 t heat is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,b 8 argum5ts on t subject1 ?\gh +5i\s1 are n satisfactory2 & !re is little d\bt t if he _h liv$ some:at long]1 & _h be5 able to repeat 8 own exp]im5ts1 & comp>e !m ) ^? ( ,cav5di% & ,lavoisi]1 he w\ld h giv5 up 8 own !ory & adopt$ t ( ,lavoisi]1 or1 at any rate1 ! explanation ( ,cav5di%1 :i*1 be+ m con=mable to 8 own preconceiv$ notions1 might h be5 embrac$ by him 9 pref]5ce4 ,x is said by ,dr4 ,crell t ,s*eele 0 invit$ ov] to ,engl&1 ) an (f] ( an easy & advantage\s situation2 b t 8 love ( quiet & retirem5t1 & 8 p>tiality = ,sw$51 :]e he _h sp5t ! greate/ "p ( 8 life1 ?rew difficulties 9 ! way ( ^! ov]tures1 & t a *ange 9 ! ,engli% m9i/ry put a /op to !m = ! "t4 ,! invitation1 ,crell says1 0 r5ew$ 9 #aghf1 ) ! (f] ( a sal>y ( #cjjl4 a-ye>2 b ,s*eele's dea? put a f9al /op to x4 ,i h v great d\bts ab\t ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t2 &1 _m ye>s ago1 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 & ,mr4 ,kirwan1 ,i made inquiry ab\t ! circum/ance2 b none ( ! *emi/s 9 ,great ,brita91 :o 7 at t "t num]\s & highly respectable1 _h ev] he>d ( any su* negotiation4 ,i am utt]ly at a loss to conceive :at "o individual 9 any ( ! m9i/ries ( ,george ,,iii4 0 ei!r acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 or at all int]e/$ 9 its progress4 ,!y 7 all s int5t ^u accompli%+ _! own objects1 or ^? ( _! sov]eign1 t !y _h nei!r "t nor incl9ation to ?9k ( sci5ce1 & c]ta9ly no money to devote to any ( its vot>ies4 ,:at m9i/] 9 ,great ,brita9 ev] attempt$ to *]i% ! sci5ces1 or to rew>d ^? :o cultivate !m ) success8 ,if we except ,mr4 ,montague1 :o procur$ ! place ( ma/] ( ! ,m9t = ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,i "k ( no "o4 ,:ile 9 e o!r nation 9 ,europe sci5ce is directly promot$1 & consid]able sums are appropriat$ = its cultivation1 & = ! support ( a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals :o h %[n !mselves capable ( ext5d+ its b\nd>ies1 n a s+le f>?+ has be5 devot$ to any su* purpose 9 ,great ,brita94 ,sci5ce has be5 left entirely to itself2 & :atev] has be5 done by way ( promot+ x has be5 p]=m$ by ! unaid$ ex]tions ( private individuals4 ,george ,,iii4 himself 0 a patron ( lit]ature & an enc\rag] ( botany4 ,he might h be5 dispos$ to rew>d ! unrivall$ em95ce :i* ,s*eele _h atta9$2 b ?is he c\ld only h done by be/[+ on him a p5sion out ( 8 privy purse4 ,no situation :i* ,s*eele c\ld fill 0 at 8 disposal4 ,! univ]sities & ! *ur* 7 bo? %ut aga9/ a ,lu!ran2 & no ph>maceutical places exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry to :i* ,s*eele c\ld h be5 appo9t$4 ,if any su* project ev] exi/$1 x mu/ h be5 an idea :i* /ruck "s man ( sci5ce t su* a proposal to a man ( ,s*eele's em95ce w\ld r$\nd to ! cr$it ( ! c\ntry4 ,b t su* a project %\ld h be5 broa*$ by a ,briti% m9i/ry1 or by any man ( great political influ5ce1 is an op9ion t no p]son w\ld adopt :o has paid any att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ,great ,brita9 s9ce ! ,revolution to ! pres5t "t4 ,s*eele fell at la/ a sacrifice to 8 ard5t love = 8 sci5ce4 ,he 0 unable to ab/a9 f exp]im5t+1 & _m ( 8 exp]im5ts 7 unavoidably made 9 8 %op1 :]e he 0 expos$ dur+ w9t]1 9 ! ung5ial climate ( ,sw$51 to cold draughts ( air4 ,he caught rheumatism 9 consequ5ce1 & ! disease 0 aggravat$ by 8 ard\r & p]sev]ance 9 8 pursuits4 ,:5 he pur*as$ ! apo!c>y's %op 9 :i* 8 bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on1 he _h =m$ ! resolution ( m>ry+ ! wid[ ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & he _h only delay$ x f ! hon\rable pr9ciple ( acquir+1 9 ! fir/ place1 suffici5t prop]ty to r5d] su* an alliance desirable on h] "p4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #aghf1 he decl>$ 8 int5tion ( m>ry+ h]2 b 8 disease at ?is "t increas$ v fa/1 & 8 hopes ( recov]y daily dim9i%$4 ,he 0 s5sible ( ?is2 b nev]!less he p]=m$ 8 promise1 & m>ri$ h] on ! #ai? ( ,may1 at a "t :5 he lay on 8 dea?b$4 ,on ! #ba/1 he left h] by 8 w ! disposal ( ! :ole ( 8 prop]ty2 &1 ! same day on :i* he s t5d]ly provid$ = h]1 he di$4 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to give ! read] an idea ( ! pr9cipal *emical discov]ies = :i* we are indebt$ to ,s*eele3 8 pap]s1 ) ! exception ( 8 book on air & fire1 :i* 0 publi%$ sep>ately by ,b]gman1 are all to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 or 9 ,crell's ,j\rnal2 !y 7 collect$1 & a ,lat9 translation ( !m1 made by ,godfrey ,h5ry ,s*aef]1 publi%$ at ,leipsic1 9 #aghh1 by ,h5/reit1 ! editor ( ! ?ree la/ volumes ( ,b]gman's ,opuscula4 ,a ,fr5* translation ( !m 0 made 9 consequ5ce ( ! ex]tions ( ,m4 ,morveau2 & an ,engli% translation ( !m1 9 #aghf1 by means ( ,dr4 ,b$does1 :5 he 0 a /ud5t 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,!re are also sev]al ,g]man translations1 b ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( see+ !m4 #a4 ,s*eele's fir/ pap] 0 publi%$ by ,retzius1 9 #aggj2 x gives a me?od ( obta9+ pure t>t>ic acid3 ! process 0 to decompose cream ( t>t> by means ( *alk4 ,"o half ( ! t>t>ic acid unites to ! lime1 & falls d[n 9 ! /ate ( a :ite insoluble p[d]1 be+ t>trate ( lime4 ,! cream ( t>t>1 ?us depriv$ ( half its acid1 is conv]t$ into ! neutral salt =m]ly di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( soluble t>t>1 f its great solubility 9 wat]3 x dissolves1 & may be obta9$ 9 cry/als1 by ! usual me?od ( cry/alliz+ salts4 ,! t>trate ( lime is wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n mix$ ) a quantity ( dilute sulphuric acid1 j capable ( saturat+ ! lime conta9$ 9 ! t>trate ( lime2 ! mixture is dige/$ = "s "t2 ! sulphuric acid displaces ! t>t>ic acid1 & comb9es ) ! lime2 &1 z ! sulphate ( lime is b v little soluble 9 wat]1 ! greate/ "p ( x precipitates1 & ! cle> liquor is drawn (f3 x consi/s ( t>t>ic acid1 held 9 solution by wat]1 b n q free f sulphate ( lime4 ,by repeat$ conc5trations1 all ! sulphate ( lime falls d[n1 & at la/ ! t>t>ic acid itself is obta9$ 9 l>ge cry/als4 ,?is process is /ill foll[$ by ! manufactur]s ( ?is c\ntry2 = t>t>ic acid is us$ to a v consid]able ext5t by ! calico-pr9t]s1 9 v>i\s processes2 = example1 x is appli$1 ?ick5$ ) gum1 to diff]5t p>ts ( clo? dy$ ,turkey r$2 ! clo? is !n pass$ ?r\gh wat] conta9+ ! requisite quantity ( *loride ( lime3 ! t>t>ic acid1 unit+ ) ! lime1 sets ! *lor9e at lib]ty1 :i* imm$iately de/roys ! r$ col\r :]ev] ! t>t>ic acid has be5 appli$1 b leaves all ! o!r p>ts ( ! clo? un*ang$4 #b4 ,! pap] on fluoric acid appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy1 = #agga1 :5 ,s*eele 0 9 ,s*>5b]g's apo!c>y's %op 9 ,/ockholm1 :]e1 d\btless1 ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,?ree ye>s be=e1 ,m>graaf _h attempt$ an analysis ( fluor sp>1 b _h discov]$ no?+4 ,s*eele demon/rat$ t x is a comp\nd ( lime & a peculi> acid1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( fluoric acid4 ,?is acid he obta9$ 9 solution 9 wat]2 x 0 sep>at$ f ! fluor sp> by sulphuric1 muriatic1 nitric1 & phosphoric acids4 ,:5 ! fluoric acid came 9 contact ) wat]1 a :ite cru/ 0 =m$1 :i* prov$1 on exam9ation1 to be silica4 ,s*eele at fir/ ?\ght t ?is silica 0 a comp\nd ( fluoric acid & wat]2 b x 0 aft]w>ds prov$ by ,weigleb & by ,mey]1 t ?is notion is inaccurate1 & t ! silica 0 corrod$ f ! retort into :i* ! fluor sp> & sulphuric acid 7 put4 ,b]gman1 :o _h adopt$ ,s*eele's !ory ( ! nature ( silica1 0 s satisfi$ by ^! exp]im5ts1 t he gave x up1 z ,s*eele himself did soon aft]4 ,s*eele did n obta9 fluoric acid 9 a /ate ( purity1 put only fluosilicic acid2 nor 7 *emi/s acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( fluoric acid till ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d publi%$ _! ,re*]*es ,physico-*imiques1 9 #ahaa4 #c4 ,s*eele's exp]im5ts on manganese 7 und]tak5 at ! reque/ ( ,b]gman1 & occupi$ him ?ree ye>s2 !y 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy1 = #aggd1 & con/itute ! mo/ memorable & important ( all 8 essays1 s9ce !y conta9 ! discov]y ( two new bodies1 :i* h s9ce act$ s conspicu\s a "p1 bo? 9 promot+ ! progress ( ! sci5ce1 & 9 improv+ ! manufactures ( ,europe4 ,^! two sub/ances are *lor9e & b>ytes1 ! fir/ acc\nt ( bo? ( :i* occur 9 ?is pap]4 ,! ore ( manganese employ$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 ! black oxide1 or deutoxide1 ( manganese1 z x is n[ call$4 ,s*eele's me?od ( proce$+ 0 to try ! effect ( all ! diff]5t reag5ts on x4 ,x dissolv$ 9 sulphur\s & nitr\s acids1 & ! solution 0 col\rless4 ,dilute sulphuric acid did n act ^u x1 nor nitric acid2 b conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolv$ x by ! assi/ance ( heat4 ,! solution ( sulphate ( manganese 9 wat] 0 col\rless & cry/alliz$ 9 v oblique rhomboidal prisms1 hav+ a bitt] ta/e4 ,muriatic acid eff]vesc$ ) x1 :5 assi/$ by heat1 & ! ela/ic fluid t pass$ (f _h a yell[i% col\r1 & ! smell ( aqua regia4 ,he collect$ quantities ( ?is ela/ic fluid 7*lor9e7 9 bladd]s1 & det]m9$ "s ( its mo/ rem>kable prop]ties3 x de/roy$ col\rs1 & t+$ ! bladd] yell[1 z nitric acid does4 ,?is ela/ic fluid1 9 ,s*eele's op9ion1 0 muriatic acid depriv$ ( phlogi/on4 ,by phlogi/on ,s*eele meant1 9 ?is place1 hydrog5 gas4 ,he consid]$ muriatic acid z a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog54 ,n[ ?is is ! v !ory t 0 e/abli%$ by ,davy 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own exp]im5ts & ^? ( ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d4 ,s*eele's mode ( collect+ *lor9e gas 9 a bladd]1 did n enable him to det]m9e its *>act]s ) s mu* precision z 0 aft]w>ds done4 ,b 8 accuracy 0 s great1 t e ?+ :i* he /at$ respect+ x 0 correct s f> z x w5t4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s ( manganese ore :i* ,s*eele exam9$1 conta9$ m or less b>ytes1 z has s9ce be5 det]m9$1 9 comb9ation ) ! oxide4 ,he sep>at$ ?is b>ytes1 & det]m9$ its peculi> prop]ties4 ,x dissolv$ 9 nitric & muriatic acids1 & =m$ salts capable ( cry/alliz+1 & p]man5t 9 ! air4 ,nei!r pota%1 soda1 nor lime1 nor any base :atev]1 0 capable ( precipitat+ x f ^! acids4 ,b ! alkal9e c>bonates ?rew x d[n 9 ! /ate ( a :ite p[d]1 :i* dissolv$ ) eff]vesc5ce 9 acids4 ,sulphuric acid & all ! sulphates ?rew x d[n 9 ! /ate ( a :ite p[d]1 :i* 0 insoluble 9 wat] & 9 acids4 ,?is sulphate _c be decompos$ by any acid or base :atev]4 ,! only practicable mode ( proce$+ is to conv]t ! sulphuric acid into sulphur1 by heat+ ! salt ) *>coal p[d]1 along ) a suffici5t quantity ( pota%1 to br+ ! :ole into fusion4 ,! fus$ mass1 edulcorat$1 is soluble 9 nitric or muriatic acid1 & ?us may be fre$ f *>coal1 & ! b>ytes obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,s*eele detect$ b>ytes1 also1 9 ! pota% made f trees or o!r small] vegetables2 b at t "t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) sulphate ( b>ytes1 :i* is s common 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 especially 9 lead-m9es4 ,to po9t out all ! new facts conta9$ 9 ?is admirable essay1 x w\ld be necess>y to transcribe ! :ole ( x4 ,he %[s ! rem>kable analogy betwe5 manganese & metallic oxides4 ,b]gman1 9 an app5dix affix$ to ,s*eele's pap]1 /ates 8 reasons = be+ satisfi$ t x is really a metallic oxide4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,assessor ,gahn succe$$ 9 r$uc+ x to ! metallic /ate1 & ?us dissipat+ all rema9+ d\bts on ! subject4 #d4 ,9 #agge he gave a new me?od ( obta9+ b5zoic acid f b5zo94 ,8 me?od 01 to dige/ ! b5zo9 ) p\nd$ *alk & wat]1 till ! :ole ( ! acid _h comb9$ ) lime1 & dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,x is requisite to take c>e to prev5t ! b5zo9 f runn+ into clots4 ,! liquid ?us conta9+ b5zoate ( lime 9 solution is filt]$1 & muriatic acid add$ 9 suffici5t quantity to saturate ! lime4 ,! b5zoic acid is sep>at$ 9 :ite flocks1 :i* may be easily collect$ & wa%$4 ,?is me?od1 ?\gh suffici5tly easy1 is n foll[$ by practical *emi/s1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! acid :5 procur$ by precipitation is n s beautiful z :at is procur$ by sublimation2 nor is ! process s *eap or s rapid4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,s*eele's process has n come into g5]al use4 #e4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 #agge1 8 essay on ars5ic & its acid 0 also publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy4 ,9 ?is essay he %[s v>i\s processes1 by means ( :i* :ite ars5ic may be conv]t$ into an acid1 hav+ a v s\r ta/e1 & v soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is is ! acid to :i* ! "n ( ars5ic acid has be5 s9ce giv54 ,s*eele describes ! prop]ties ( ?is acid1 & ! salts :i* x =ms1 ) ! diff]5t bases4 ,he exam9es1 also1 ! action ( :ite ars5ic ^u diff]5t bodies1 & ?r[s light ^u ! ars5ical salt ( ,macqu]4 #f4 ,! object ( ! little pap] on silica1 clay1 & alum1 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy1 = #aggf1 is to prove t alum9a & silica are two p]fectly di/9ct bodies1 possess$ ( diff]5t prop]ties4 ,?is he does ) 8 usual felicity ( exp]im5t4 ,he %[s1 also1 t alum9a & lime are capable ( comb9+ toge!r4 #g4 ,! same ye>1 & 9 ! same volume ( ! ,/ockholm ,memoirs1 he publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts on a ur9>y calculus4 ,! calculus ^u :i* 8 exp]im5ts 7 made1 happ5$ to be compos$ ( uric acid4 ,he det]m9$ ! prop]ties ( ?is new acid1 p>ticul>ly ! *>act]i/ic "o ( dissolv+ 9 nitric acid1 & leav+ a beautiful p9k s$im5t :5 ! solution is g5tly evaporat$ to dryness4 #h4 ,9 #aggh appe>$ 8 exp]im5ts on molybd5a4 ,:at is n[ call$ molybd5a is a s(t foliat$ m9]al1 hav+ ! metallic lu/re1 & compos$ ( two atoms sulphur unit$ to "o atom ( metallic molybd5um4 ,x 0 kn[n be=e1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,que/1 t ?is sub/ance conta9s sulphur4 ,s*eele extract$ f x a :ite p[d]1 :i* he %[$ to possess acid prop]ties1 ?\gh x 0 insoluble 9 wat]4 ,he exam9$ ! *>act]s ( ?is acid1 call$ molybdic acid1 & ! nature ( ! salts :i* x is capable ( =m+ by unit+ ) bases4 #i4 ,9 ! ye> #aggg 0 publi%$ ! ,exp]im5ts ( ,s*eele on ,air & ,fire1 ) an introduction1 by way ( preface1 f ,b]gman1 :o seems to h sup]9t5d$ ! publication4 ,?is "w is und\bt$ly ! mo/ extraord9>y production t ,s*eele has left u2 & is really wond]ful1 if we consid] ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 produc$4 ,s*eele asc]ta9$ t common air is a mixture ( two di/9ct ela/ic fluids1 "o ( :i* alone is capable ( support+ combu/ion1 & :i*1 !re=e1 he calls empyreal air2 ! o!r1 be+ nei!r capable ( ma9ta9+ combu/ion1 nor ( be+ brea!d1 he call$ f\l air4 ,^! are ! oxyg5 & azote ( mod]n *emi/s4 ,oxyg5 he %[$ to be heavi] ?an common air2 bodies burnt 9 x ) mu* great] spl5d\r ?an 9 common air4 ,azote he f\nd light] ?an common air2 bodies w\ld n burn 9 x at all4 ,he %[$ t metallic calces1 or metallic oxides1 z !y are n[ call$1 conta9 oxyg5 z a con/itu5t1 & t :5 !y are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 oxyg5 gas is dis5gag$4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts on fulm9at+ gold he %[s1 t dur+ ! fulm9ation a quantity ( azotic gas is dis5gag$2 & he d$uces f a great _m curi\s facts1 :i* are /at$ at l5g?1 t ammonia is a comp\nd ( azote & hydrog54 ,8 app>atus 0 n nice en\gh to enable him to det]m9e ! proportions ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts ( ! bodies :i* he analyz$3 accord+ly t is seldom attempt$2 & :5 x is1 z 0 ! case ) common air1 ! results are v unsatisfactory4 ,he d$uces f 8 exp]im5ts1 t ! volume ( oxyg5 gas1 9 common air1 is betwe5 a ?ird & a f\r?3 we n[ "k t x is exactly a fif?4 ,9 ?is book1 also1 we h ! fir/ acc\nt ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 & ( its prop]ties4 ,he gives x ! "n ( /9k+ sulphure\s air4 ,! obs]vations & new views respect+ heat & light 9 ?is "w are s num]\s1 t ,i am oblig$ to omit !m3 nor d ,i ?9k x necess>y to adv]t to 8 !ory1 :i*1 :5 8 book 0 publi%$1 0 exce$+ly plausible1 & und\bt$ly con/itut$ a great /ep t[>ds ! improvem5ts :i* soon aft] foll[$4 ,8 own exp]im5ts1 _h he att5d$ a little m closely to ! weights1 & ! alt]ations ( !m1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to h ov]turn$ ! :ole doctr9e ( phlogi/on4 ,^u ! :ole x may be said1 ) confid5ce1 t !re is no *emical book 9 exi/5ce :i* conta9s a great] numb] ( new & important facts ?an ?is "w ( ,s*eele1 at ! "t x 0 publi%$4 ,yet mo/ ( 8 discov]ies 7 made1 also1 by o!rs4 ,prie/ley & ,lavoisi]1 f ! sup]iority ( _! situations1 & _! great] means ( mak+ _! lab\rs spe$ily kn[n to ! public1 depriv$ him ( mu* ( t reputation to :i*1 9 common circum/ances1 he w\ld h be5 entitl$4 ,prie/ley has be5 blam$ = ! rapidity ( 8 publications1 & ! crude mann] 9 :i* he u%]$ 8 discov]ies to ! _w4 ,b _h he kept !m by him till he _h br\ght !m to a suffici5t degree ( maturity1 x is obvi\s t he w\ld h be5 anticipat$ 9 ! mo/ important ( !m by ,s*eele4 #aj4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy1 = #aggi1 !re is a %ort b curi\s pap] ( ,s*eele1 giv+ an acc\nt ( "s results :i* he _h obta9$4 ,if a plate ( iron be moi/5$ by a solution ( common salt1 or ( sulphate ( soda1 & left = "s weeks 9 a moi/ cell>1 an effloresc5ce ( c>bonate ( soda cov]s ! surface ( ! plate4 ,! same decomposition ( common salt & evolution ( soda takes place :5 unslack$ quicklime is moi/5$ ) a solution ( common salt1 & left 9 a simil> situation4 ,^! exp]im5ts l$ aft]w>ds to v>i\s me?ods ( decompos+ common salt1 & obta9+ f x c>bonate ( soda4 ,! ph5om5a !mselves are /ill wrapp$ up 9 consid]able obscurity4 ,b]?ollet attempt$ an explanation aft]w>ds 9 8 ,*emical ,/atics2 b f\nd$ on pr9ciples n easily admissible4 #aa4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 8 exp]im5ts on plumbago 7 publi%$4 ,?is sub/ance _h be5 long employ$ = mak+ black-lead p5cils2 b no?+ 0 kn[n conc]n+ its nature4 ,s*eele1 ) 8 usual p]sev]ance1 tri$ ! effect ( all ! diff]5t reag5ts1 & %[$ t x consi/$ *iefly ( c>bon1 b 0 mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( iron4 ,x 0 conclud$ f ^! exp]im5ts1 t plumbago is a c>buret ( iron4 ,b ! quantity ( iron diff]s s enorm\sly 9 diff]5t specim5s1 t ?is op9ion _c be admitt$4 ,sometimes ! iron am\nts only to "o-half p] c5t41 & sometimes to ?irty p] c5t4 ,plumbago1 !n1 is c>bon mix$ ) a v>iable proportion ( iron1 or c>buret ( iron4 #ab4 ,9 #aghj ,s*eele publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts on milk1 & %[$ t s\r milk conta9s a peculi> acid1 to :i* ! "n ( lactic acid has be5 giv54 ,he f\nd t :5 sug> ( milk is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! solution all[$ to cool1 small cry/all9e gra9s 7 deposit$4 ,^! gra9s h an acid ta/e1 & comb9e ) bases3 !y h peculi> prop]ties1 & !re=e con/itute a p>ticul> acid1 to :i* ! "n ( saclactic 0 giv54 ,x is =m$1 also1 :5 gum is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid2 on ?is acc\nt x has be5 call$1 mucic acid4 #ac4 ,9 #agha 8 exp]im5ts on a heavy m9]al call$ by ! ,sw$es tung/51 7 publi%$4 ,?is sub/ance _h be5 mu* notic$ on acc\nt ( its great weight2 b no?+ 0 kn[n respect+ its nature4 ,s*eele1 ) 8 usual skill & p]sev]ance1 succe$$ 9 prov+ t x 0 a comp\nd ( lime & a peculi> acid1 to :i* ! "n ( tung/ic acid 0 giv54 ,tung/5 01 !re=e1 a tung/ate ( lime4 ,b]gman1 f its great weight1 suspect$ t tung/ic acid 0 9 reality ! oxide ( a metal1 & ?is conjecture 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ! ,elhuy>ts1 :o extract$ ! same acid f wolfram1 & succe$$ 9 r$uc+ x to ! metallic /ate4 #ad4 ,9 #aghb & #aghc appe>$ 8 exp]im5ts on ,prussian blue1 9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 exce$+ly num]\s1 & display uncommon +5uity & sagacity4 ,he succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ t prussic acid1 ! "n at t "t giv5 to ! col\r+ pr9ciple1 0 a comp\nd ( c>bon & azote4 ,he po9t$ out a process = obta9+ prussic acid 9 a sep>ate /ate1 & det]m9$ its prop]ties4 ,?is pap] ?rew at once a ray ( light on "o ( ! obscure/ p>ts ( *emi/ry4 ,if he did n succe$ 9 elucidat+ ?is difficult dep>tm5t completely1 ! fault mu/ n be ascrib$ to him1 b to ! /ate ( *emi/ry :5 8 exp]im5ts 7 made2 9 fact1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to h gone fur!r1 till ! nature ( ! diff]5t ela/ic fluids at t "t "u inve/igation _h be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,p]haps 9 #aghc !re 0 sc>cely any o!r individual :o c\ld h c>ri$ ?is v difficult inve/igation s f> z x 0 c>ri$ by ,s*eele4 #ae4 ,9 #aghc appe>$ 8 obs]vations on ! sweet pr9ciple ( oils4 ,he obs]v$1 t :5 olive oil & li?>ge are comb9$ toge!r1 a sweet sub/ance sep>ates f ! oil & floats on ! surface4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 treat$ ) nitric acid1 yields oxalic acid4 ,x 0 !re=e closely connect$ ) sug> 9 its nature4 ,he obta9$ ! same sweet matt] f l9se$ oil1 oil ( almonds1 ( rape-se$1 f hogs' l>d1 & f butt]4 ,he !re=e conclud$ t x 0 a pr9ciple conta9$ 9 all ! express$ or fix$ oils4 #af4 ,9 #aghd he po9t$ out a me?od by :i* citric acid may be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity f lemon-juice4 ,he likewise det]m9$ its *>act]s1 & %[$ t x 0 entitl$ to rank z a peculi> acid4 ,x 0 dur+ ! same ye> t he obs]v$ a :ite e>?y matt]1 :i* may be obta9$ by wa%+ rhub>b1 9 f9e p[d]1 ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,?is e>?y matt] he decompos$1 & asc]ta9$ t x 0 a neutral salt1 compos$ ( oxalic acid1 comb9$ ) lime4 ,9 a subsequ5t pap] he %[$1 t ! same oxalate ( lime exi/s 9 a great numb] ( roots ( v>i\s plants4 #ag4 ,9 #aghf he %[$ t apples conta9 a peculi> acid1 ! prop]ties ( :i* he det]m9$1 & to :i* ! "n ( malic acid has be5 giv54 ,9 ! same pap] he exam9$ all ! common acid fruits ( ?is c\ntry--gooseb]ries1 currants1 *]ries1 bilb]ries1 c41 & det]m9$ ! peculi> acids :i* !y conta94 ,"s owe _! acidity to malic acid1 "s to citric acid1 & "s to t>t>ic acid2 & n a few hold two1 or ev5 ?ree1 ( ^! acids at ! same "t4 ,! same ye> he %[$ t ! syd]um ( ,b]gman 0 phosphuret ( iron1 & ! acidum p]latum ( ,pr\/ biphosphate ( soda4 ,! only o!r publication ( ,s*eele1 dur+ #aghe1 0 a %ort notice respect+ a new mode ( prep>+ magnesia alba4 ,if sulphate ( magnesia & common salt1 bo? 9 solution1 be mix$ 9 ! requisite proportions1 a d\ble decomposition takes place1 & !re w be =m$ sulphate ( soda & muriate ( magnesia4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! =m] salt may be obta9$ out ( ! mix$ ley by cry/allization1 & !n ! magnesia alba may be ?r[n d[n1 f ! muriate ( magnesia1 by means ( an alkal9e c>bonate4 ,! advantage ( ?is new process is1 ! procur+ ( a consid]able quantity ( sulphate ( soda 9 ex*ange = common salt1 :i* is a mu* *eap] sub/ance4 #ah4 ,! la/ pap] :i* ,s*eele publi%$ appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,/ockholm ,academy1 = #aghf3 9 x he gave an acc\nt ( ! *>act]s ( gallic acid1 & ! me?od ( obta9+ t acid f nutgalls4 ,su* is an imp]fect sket* ( ! pr9cipal discov]ies ( ,s*eele4 ,i h left out ( view 8 controv]sial pap]s1 :i* h n[ lo/ _! int]e/2 & a few o!rs ( m9or importance1 t ?is notice might n be ext5d$ beyond its due l5g?4 ,x w be se5 t ,s*eele ext5d$ greatly ! numb] ( acids2 inde$1 he m ?an d\bl$ ! numb] ( ^! bodies kn[n :5 he began 8 *emical lab\rs4 ,! foll[+ acids 7 discov]$ by him2 or1 at lea/1 x 0 he t fir/ accurately po9t$ out _! *>act]s3 ,fluoric acid ,molybdic acid ,tung/ic acid ,ars5ic acid ,lactic acid ,gallic acid ,t>t>ic acid ,oxalic acid ,citric acid ,malic acid ,saclactic ,*lor9e4 ,to him1 also1 we owe ! fir/ k ( b>ytes1 & ( ! *>act]s ( manganese4 ,he det]m9$ ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts ( ammonia & prussic acid3 he fir/ det]m9$ ! comp\nd nature ( common air1 & ! prop]ties ( ! two ela/ic fluids ( :i* x is compos$4 ,:at o!r *emi/1 ei!r a contempor>y or pr$ecessor ( ,s*eele1 c be br\ght 9 competition ) him z a discov]]8 ,& all 0 p]=m$ "u ! mo/ unpropiti\s circum/ances1 & dur+ ! cont9uance ( a v %ort life1 = he di$ 9 ! #dd? ye> ( 8 age4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,france4 ,i h already giv5 an acc\nt ( ! /ate ( *emi/ry 9 ,france1 dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z x 0 cultivat$ by ! ,/ahlian s*ool4 ,b ! new aspect :i* *emi/ry put on 9 ,brita9 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]ies ( ,black1 ,cav5di%1 & ,prie/ley1 & ! conspicu\s "p :i* ! gases newly made kn[n 0 likely to take 9 ! future progress ( ! sci5ce1 drew to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 sometime aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a man :o 0 de/9$ to produce a complete revolution1 & to introduce ! same precision1 & ! same accuracy ( d$uctive reason+ :i* di/+ui%es ! o!r bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,?is man 0 ,lavoisi]4 ,anto9e ,laur5t ,lavoisi] 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 #agdc4 ,8 fa!r be+ a man ( opul5ce sp>$ no exp5se on 8 education4 ,8 ta/e = ! physical sci5ces 0 e>ly display$1 & ! progress :i* he made 9 !m 0 uncommonly rapid4 ,9 ! ye> #agfd a prize 0 (f]$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t = ! be/ & mo/ economical me?od ( light+ ! /reets ( an ext5sive city4 ,"y ,lavoisi]1 ?\gh at t "t only tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 drew up a memoir on ! subject :i* obta9$ ! gold m$al4 ,?is essay 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 = #agfh4 ,x 0 dur+ t ye>1 :5 he 0 only tw5ty-five ye>s ( age t he became a memb] ( t sci5tific body4 ,by ?is "t he 0 become fully consci\s ( 8 own /r5g?2 b he hesitat$ = "s "t to :i* ( ! sci5ces he %\ld devote 8 att5tion4 ,he tri$ pretty e>ly to det]m9e1 exp]im5tally1 "s *emical que/ions :i* at t "t drew ! att5tion ( practical *emi/s4 ,= example3 an elaborate pap] ( 8 appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 = #agfh1 on ! composition ( gypsum--a po9t at t "t n settl$2 b :i* ,lavoisi] prov$1 z ,m>graaf _h done be=e him1 to be a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid & lime4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggj1 two pap]s ( 8 appe>$1 ! object ( :i* 0 to det]m9e :e!r wat] c\ld1 z ,m>graaf _h pret5d$1 be conv]t$ into silica by long-cont9u$ dige/ion 9 glass vessels4 ,lavoisi] f\nd1 z ,m>graaf /at$1 t :5 wat] is dige/$ = a long "t 9 a glass retort1 a little silica makes its appe>ance2 b he %[$ t ?is silica 0 :olly d]iv$ f ! retort4 ,glass1 x is well kn[n1 is a comp\nd ( silica & a fix$ alkali4 ,:5 wat] is long dige/$ on x ! glass is slightly corrod$1 a little alkali is dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & a little silica sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,he turn$ a good deal ( 8 att5tion also to geology1 & made repeat$ j\rneys ) ,guett>d into almo/ e "p ( ,france4 ,! object 9 view 0 an accurate description ( ! m9]alogical /ructure ( ,france--an object accompli%$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! indefatigable ex]tions ( ,guett>d1 :o publi%$ diff]5t pap]s on ! subject 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 accompani$ ) geological maps2 :i* 7 at t "t r>e4 ,! ma!matical sci5ces also engross$ a consid]able %>e ( 8 att5tion4 ,9 %ort he display$ no great pr$ilection = "o /udy m ?an ano!r1 b seem$ to grasp at e bran* ( sci5ce ) equal avidity4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate ( susp5sion he became acqua9t$ ) ! new & unexpect$ discov]ies ( ,black1 ,cav5di%1 & ,prie/ley1 respect+ ! gases4 ,?is op5$ a new creation to 8 view1 & f9ally det]m9$ him to devote himself to sci5tific *emi/ry4 ,9 ! ye> #aggd he publi%$ a volume "u ! title ( ,essays ,physical & ,*emical4 ,x 0 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ "p conta9$ an hi/orical detail ( e ?+ t _h be5 done on ! subject ( airs1 f ! "t ( ,p>acelsus d[n to ! ye> #aggd4 ,we h ! op9ions & exp]im5ts ( ,van ,helmont1 ,boyle1 ,hales1 ,bo]haave1 ,/ahl1 ,v5el1 ,saluces1 ,black1 ,macbride1 ,cav5di%1 & ,prie/ley4 ,we h ! hi/ory ( ,mey]'s acidum p+ue1 & ! controv]sy c>ri$ on 9 ,g]many1 betwe5 ,jacqu9 on ! "o h&1 & ,crans & ,sme? on ! e!r4 ,9 ! second "p ,lavoisi] relates 8 own exp]im5ts ^u gase\s sub/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r *apt]s he %[s ! tru? ( ,dr4 ,black's !ory ( fix$ air4 ,9 ! #d? & #e? *apt]s he proves t :5 metallic calces are r$uc$1 by heat+ !m ) *>coal1 an ela/ic fluid is evolv$1 precisely ( ! same nature ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 ! #f? *apt] he %[s t :5 metals are calc9$ _! weight increases1 & t a portion ( air equal to _! increase 9 weight is absorb$ f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,he obs]v$ t 9 a giv5 bulk ( air calc9ation goes on to a c]ta9 po9t & !n /ops altoge!r1 & t air 9 :i* metals h be5 calc9$ does n support combu/ion s well z x did be=e any su* process 0 p]=m$ 9 x4 ,he also burn$ phosphorus 9 a giv5 volume ( air1 obs]v$ ! dim9ution ( volume ( ! air & ! increase ( ! weight ( ! phosphorus4 ,no?+ 9 ^! essays indicates ! smalle/ suspicion t air 0 a mixture ( two di/9ct fluids1 & t only "o ( !m 0 conc]n$ 9 combu/ion & calc9ation2 al?\gh ?is _h be5 already d$uc$ by ,s*eele f 8 own exp]im5ts1 & ?\gh ,prie/ley _h already discov]$ ! exi/5ce & peculi> prop]ties ( oxyg5 gas4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ,lavoisi] 0 on ! way to make ^! discov]ies1 & _h nei!r ,s*eele nor ,prie/ley be5 =tunate en\gh to hit ^u oxyg5 gas1 x is exce$+ly likely t he w\ld himself h be5 able to h made t discov]y4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 happ5$ to be 9 ,p>is t[>ds ! end ( #aggd1 & exhibit$ to ,lavoisi]1 9 8 own laboratory 9 ,p>is1 ! me?od ( procur+ oxyg5 gas f r$ oxide ( m]cury4 ,?is discov]y alt]$ all 8 views1 & spe$ily sugge/$ n only ! nature ( atmosph]ic air1 b also :at happ5s dur+ ! calc9ation ( metals & ! combu/ion ( burn+ bodies 9 g5]al4 ,^! op9ions :5 once =m$ he prosecut$ ) unwe>i$ indu/ry = m ?an twelve ye>s1 & aft] a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts1 conduct$ ) a degree ( precision hi!rto unattempt$ 9 *emical inve/igations1 he boldly und]took to disprove ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on altoge!r1 & to expla9 all ! ph5om5a hi!rto suppos$ to dep5d ^u t pr9ciple by ! simple comb9ation or sep>ation ( oxyg5 f bodies4 ,9 ^! op9ions he _h = "s ye>s no coadjutors or foll[]s1 till1 9 #aghe1 ,b]?ollet at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 decl>$ himself a conv]t4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,m4 ,f\rcroy1 & soon aft] ,guyton de ,morveau1 :o 0 at t "t ! editor ( ! *emical dep>tm5t ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique1 0 invit$ to ,p>is by ,lavoisi] & prevail$ ^u to jo9 ! same p>ty4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a pretty vigor\s controv]sy1 9 :i* ,lavoisi] & 8 associates ga9$ a signal victory4 ,lavoisi]1 aft] ,buffon & ,tillet1 0 treasur] to ! academy1 into ! acc\nts ( :i* he introduc$ bo? economy & ord]4 ,he 0 consult$ by ! ,national ,conv5tion on ! mo/ eligible means ( improv+ ! manufacture ( assignats1 & ( augm5t+ ! difficulty ( =g+ !m4 ,he turn$ 8 att5tion also to political economy1 & betwe5 #aggh & #aghe he allott$ #bdj arp5ts 9 ! ,v5domois to exp]im5tal agriculture1 & increas$ ! ord9>y produce by "o-half4 ,9 #agia ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly invit$ him to draw up a plan = r5d]+ m simple ! collection ( ! taxes1 :i* produc$ an excell5t report1 pr9t$ "u ! title ( ,t]ritorial ,ri*es ( ,france4 ,9 #aggf he 0 employ$ by ,turgot to inspect ! manufactory ( gunp[d]2 :i* he made to c>ry #abj toises1 in/ead ( #ij4 ,x is pretty g5]ally kn[n1 t dur+ ! w> ( ! ,am]ican revolution1 ! ,fr5* gunp[d] 0 mu* sup]ior to ! ,briti%2 b x is p]haps n s g5]ally und]/ood1 t = ?is sup]iority ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 7 indebt$ to ! abilities ( ,lavoisi]4 ,dur+ ! w> ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 ! quality ( ! p[d] ( ! two nations 0 rev]s$2 ! ,engli% be+ consid]ably sup]ior to t ( ! ,fr5*1 & capable ( c>ry+ fur!r4 ,?is 0 put to ! te/ 9 a v rem>kable way at ,cadiz4 ,dur+ ! horrors ( ! dictator%ip ( ,robespi]re1 ,lavoisi] began to suspect t he w\ld be /ripp$ ( 8 prop]ty1 & in=m$ ,lal&e t he 0 extremely will+ to "w = 8 subsi/5ce4 ,x 0 suppos$ t he meant to pursue ! pr(ession ( an apo!c>y1 z mo/ cong5ial to 8 /udies3 b he 0 accus$1 along ) ! o!r f>m]s-g5]al1 ( defraud+ ! rev5ue1 & ?r[n into prison4 ,dur+ t sangu9>y p]iod imprisonm5t & condemnation 7 synonym\s t]ms4 ,accord+ly1 on ! #h? ( ,may1 #agid1 he suff]$ on ! scaffold1 ) tw5ty-eight f>m]s-g5]al1 at ! e>ly age ( fifty-"o4 ,x has be51 alleg$ t ,f\rcroy1 :o at t "t possess$ consid]able influ5ce1 might h sav$ him _h he be5 dispos$ to h ex]t$ himself4 ,b ?is accusation has nev] be5 support$ by any evid5ce4 ,lavoisi] 0 a man ( too mu* em95ce to be ov]look$1 & no accus$ p]son at t "t c\ld be sav$ unless he 0 =gott54 ,a pap] 0 pres5t$ to ! tribunal1 drawn up by ,m4 ,hall1 giv+ a catalogue ( ! works1 & a recapitulation ( ! m]its ( ,lavoisi]2 b x 0 ?r[n aside )\t ev5 be+ read1 & ,m4 ,hall _h reason to congratulate himself t 8 useless attempts to save ,lavoisi] did n t]m9ate 9 8 own de/ruction4 ,lavoisi] 0 tall1 & possess$ a c\nt5ance full ( b5ignity1 ?r\gh :i* 8 g5ius %one =? conspicu\s4 ,he 0 mild1 humane1 sociable1 oblig+1 & he display$ an incr$ible degree ( activity4 ,8 influ5ce 0 great1 on acc\nt ( 8 =tune1 8 reputation1 & ! place :i* he held 9 ! treasury2 b all ! use :i* he made ( x 0 to d good4 ,8 wife1 :om he m>ri$ 9 #agga1 0 ,m>ie-,anna-,pi]ette-,paulze1 daught] ( a f>m]-g5]al1 :o 0 put to dea? at ! same "t ) h] husb&2 %e h]self 0 imprison$1 b sav$ by ! =tunate de/ruction ( ! dictator himself1 toge!r ) 8 abettors4 ,x w\ld appe> t %e 0 able to save a consid]able "p ( h] husb&'s =tune3 %e aft]w>ds m>ri$ ,c\nt ,rum=d1 :om %e surviv$4 ,besides 8 volume ( ,physical & ,*emical ,essays1 & 8 ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry1 publi%$ 9 #aghi1 ,lavoisi] 0 ! au?or ( no few] ?an sixty memoirs1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! volumes ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 f #aggb1 to #aghh1 or 9 o!r p]iodical works ( ! "t4 ,i %all take a %ort review ( ! mo/ important ( ^! memoirs1 divid+ !m into two p>ts3 ,i4 ,^? t are n connect$ ) 8 peculi> *emical !ory2 ,,ii4 ,^? :i* 7 int5d$ to disprove ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on1 & e/abli% ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,i4 ,i h already m5tion$ 8 pap] on gypsum1 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #agfh4 ,he proves1 by v decisive exp]im5ts1 t ?is salt is a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid1 lime1 & wat]4 ,b ?is _h be5 already done by ,m>graaf1 9 a pap] ins]t$ into ! ,memoirs ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 = #agej1 entitl$ ,an ,exam9ation ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ,/ones t become lum9\s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance att5d+ ?is pap] is1 t an int]val ( eighte5 ye>s %\ld elapse )\t ,lavoisi]'s hav+ any k ( ?is important pap] ( ,m>graaf2 yet he quotes ,pott & ,cron/$t1 :o _h writt5 on ! same subject lat] ?an ,m>graaf1 at lea/ ,cron/$t4 ,:at makes ?is /ill m s+ul> & unacc\ntable is1 t a ,fr5* translation ( ,m>graaf's ,opuscula _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #agfb4 ,t a man 9 ,lavoisi]'s circum/ances1 :o1 z appe>s f 8 pap]1 _h paid consid]able att5tion to *emi/ry1 %\ld n h p]us$ ! writ+s ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t *emi/s t _h ev] exi/$1 :5 !y 7 completely )9 8 p[]1 con/itutes1 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 #b4 ,if a want ( hi/orical k appe>s conspicu\s 9 ,lavoisi]'s fir/ *emical pap]1 ! same rem>k _c be appli$ to 8 second pap]1 ,on ! ,nature ( ,wat]1 & ! ,exp]im5ts by :i* x has be5 attempt$ to prove ! possibility ( *ang+ x into ,e>?1 :i* 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 = #aggj4 ,?is memoir is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ he gives a hi/ory ( ! progress ( op9ions on ! subject1 beg9n+ ) ,van ,helmont's celebrat$ exp]im5t on ! will[2 !n relat+ ^? ( ,boyle1 ,triewald1 ,mill]1 ,ell]1 ,gl$it*1 ,bonnet1 ,kraft1 ,al/on1 ,wall]ius1 ,hales1 ,duhamel1 ,/ahl1 ,bo]haave1 ,ge(froy1 ,m>graaf1 & ,le ,roy4 ,?is fir/ "p is int]e/+1 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view1 & gives a v complete acc\nt ( ! progress ( op9ions ^u ! subject f ! v fir/ dawn ( sci5tific *emi/ry d[n to 8 own "t4 ,!re is1 x is true1 a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! op9ions ( 8 pr$ecessors respect+ ! conv]sion ( wat] into e>?1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,m>graaf on ! composition ( sel5ite4 ,! =m] 7 inaccurate1 & 7 record$ by him t !y might be refut$2 b ! exp]im5ts ( ,m>graaf 7 accurate1 & ( ! same nature ) 8 own4 ,! second "p ( ?is memoir conta9s 8 own exp]im5ts1 made ) mu* precision1 :i* w5t to %[ t ! e>? 0 d]iv$ f ! retort 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,m>graaf 7 made1 & t we h no pro( :atev] t wat] may be conv]t$ into e>?4 ,b ^! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi]1 ?\gh !y completely disprov$ ! inf]5ces t ,m>graaf drew f 8 obs]vations1 by no means demon/rat$ t wat] might n be conv]t$ into diff]5t animal & vegetable sub/ances by ! processes ( dige/ion4 ,inde$ !re c be no d\bt t ?is is ! case1 & t ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( :i* x is compos$1 ent] into ! composition ( by f> ! great] numb] ( animal & vegetable bodies produc$ by ! action ( ! functions ( liv+ animals & vegetables4 ,we h no evid5ce t ! c>bon1 ano!r great con/itu5t ( vegetable bodies1 & ! c>bon & azote :i* con/itute s great a proportion ( animal sub/ances1 h _! orig9 f wat]4 ,!y are probably d]iv$ f ! food ( plants & animals1 & f ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds !m1 & :i* conta9s bo? ( ^! pr9ciples 9 abundance4 ,:e!r ! silica1 lime1 alum9a1 magnesia1 & iron1 t exi/ 9 small quantity 9 plants1 be d]iv$ f wat] & ! atmosph]e1 is a "q :i* we are /ill unable to answ]4 ,b ! exp]im5ts ( ,s*rad]1 :i* ga9$ ! prize (f]$ by ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 = ! be/ essay on ! foll[+ subject3 ,to det]m9e ! e>?y con/itu5ts ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( corn1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! e>?y p>ts are =m$ by ! processes ( vegetation1 %[ at lea/ t we _c acc\nt = _! production 9 any o!r way4 ,s*rad] analyz$ ! se$s ( :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 & oats1 & asc]ta9$ ! quantity ( e>?y matt] :i* ea* conta9$4 ,he !n plant$ ^! diff]5t se$s 9 fl[]s ( sulphur1 & 9 oxides ( antimony & z9c1 wat]+ !m regul>ly ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,!y vegetat$ v well4 ,he !n dri$ ! plants1 & analyz$ :at _h be5 ! produce ( a giv5 weight ( se$1 & he f\nd t ! e>?y matt] 9 ea* 0 great] ?an x _h be5 9 ! se$s f :i* !y sprung4 ,n[ z ! sulphur & oxides ( z9c & antimony c\ld furni% no e>?y matt]1 no o!r s\rce rema9s b ! wat] ) :i* ! plants 7 f$1 & ! atmosph]e ) :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t e>?y matt] is always float+ ab\t 9 ! atmosph]e1 & t 9 ?is way !y may h obta9$ all ! addition ( ^! pr9ciples :i* !y conta9$4 ,?is is an objection n easily obviat$1 & yet x w\ld require to be obviat$ be=e ! "q c be consid]$ z answ]$4 #c4 ,lavoisi]'s next pap]1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #agga1 0 entitl$ ,calculations & ,obs]vations on ! ,project ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,/eam-eng9e to supply ,p>is ) ,wat]4 ,?is memoir1 ?\gh long & valuable1 n be+ /rictly speak+ *emical1 ,i %all pass ov]4 ,mr4 ,watt's improvem5ts seem to h be5 unkn[n to ,lavoisi]1 inde$ z 8 pat5t 0 only tak5 out 9 #agfi1 & z sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e ! m]its ( 8 new /eam-eng9e became g5]ally kn[n1 ,lavoisi]'s acqua9tance ) x 9 #agga c\ld h>dly be expect$4 #d4 ,9 #aggb we f9d a pap]1 by ,lavoisi]1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 ,on ! ,use ( ,_s ( ,w9e 9 ! analysis ( ,m9]al ,wat]s4 ,he %[s h[ ! e>?y muriates may be sep>at$ f ! sulphates by dige/+ ! mix$ mass 9 alcohol4 ,?is process no d\bt facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! salts f ea* o!r3 b x is d\btful :e!r ! me?od does n occasion new inaccuracies t m ?an comp5sate ! facility ( su* sep>ations4 ,:5 diff]5t salts are dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 small quantities1 x may v well happ5 t !y d n decompose ea* o!r1 be+ at too great a di/ance f ea* o!r to come )9 ! sph]e ( mutual action4 ,?us x is possible t sulphate ( soda & muriate ( lime may exi/ toge!r 9 ! same wat]4 ,b if we conc5trate ?is wat] v mu*1 & /ill m1 if we evaporate to dryness1 ! two salts w gradually come into ! sph]e ( mutual action1 a d\ble decomposition w take place1 & !re w be =m$ sulphate ( lime & common salt4 ,if ^u ! dry residue we p\r z mu* di/ill$ wat] z 0 driv5 (f by ! evaporation1 we %all n be able to dissolve ! sal9e matt] deposit$2 a portion ( sulphate ( lime w rema9 9 ! /ate ( a p[d]4 ,yet be=e ! evaporation1 all ! sal9e cont5ts ( ! wat] 7 9 solution1 & !y cont9u$ 9 solution till ! wat] 0 v mu* conc5trat$4 ,?is is suffici5t to %[ t ! nature ( ! salts 0 alt]$ by ! evaporation4 ,if we dige/ ! dry residue 9 _s ( w9e1 we may dissolve a portion ( muriate ( lime1 if ! quantity ( t salt 9 ! orig9al wat] 0 great] ?an ! sulphate ( soda 0 capable ( decompos+3 b if ! quantity 0 j :at ! sulphate ( soda c\ld decompose1 ! alcohol w dissolve no?+1 if x be /rong en\gh1 or no?+ b a little common salt1 if its specific gravity 0 above #jhbj4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 dep5d ^u ! salts :i* we obta9 aft] evaporat+ a m9]al wat] to dryness1 be+ ! same z ^? :i* exi/$ 9 ! m9]al wat] itself4 ,! nature ( ! salts mu/ always be det]m9$ "s o!r way4 #e4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggb 7publi%$ 9 #aggf71 are ins]t$ two elaborate pap]s ( ,lavoisi]1 on ! combu/ion ( ! diamond4 ,! combu/ibility ( ! diamond 0 suspect$ by ,newton1 f its great refractive p[]4 ,8 suspicion 0 confirm$ 9 #afid1 by ,cosmo ,,iii41 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 :o employ$ ,av]ani & ,t>gioni to try ! effect ( p[]ful burn+-glasses ^u diamonds4 ,!y 7 completely dissipat$ by ! heat4 ,_m ye>s aft]1 ! ,emp]or ,francis ,i4 caus$ v>i\s diamonds to be expos$ to ! heat ( furnaces4 ,!y also 7 dissipat$1 )\t leav+ any trace beh9d !m4 ,m4 ,d>cet1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,royal ,college ( ,p>is1 be+ employ$ ) ,c\nt ,lauragais 9 a set ( exp]im5ts on ! manufacture ( porcela91 took ! opportunity ( try+ :at effect ! int5se heat ( ! porcela9 furnaces produc$ ^u v>i\s bodies4 ,diamonds 7 n =gott54 ,he f\nd t !y 7 completely dissipat$ by ! heat ( ! furnace1 )\t leav+ any traces beh9d !m4 ,d>cet f\nd t a viol5t heat 0 n necess>y to volatilize diamonds4 ,! heat ( an ord9>y furnace 0 q suffici5t4 ,9 #agga a diamond1 belong+ to ,m4 ,godefroi ,villetaneuse1 0 expos$ to a /rong heat by ,macqu]4 ,x 0 plac$ ^u a cupel1 & rais$ to a temp]ature high en\gh to melt copp]4 ,x 0 obs]v$ to be surr\nd$ ) a l[ r$ flame1 & to be m int5sely r$ ?an ! cupel4 ,9 %ort1 x exhibit$ unequivocal m>ks ( und]go+ real combu/ion4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 soon aft] repeat$ by ,lavoisi] be=e a l>ge company ( m5 ( rank & sci5ce4 ,! real combu/ion ( ! diamond 0 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt2 & x 0 asc]ta9$ also1 t if x be completely exclud$ f ! air1 x may be expos$ to any temp]ature t c be rais$ 9 a furnace )\t und]go+ any alt]ation4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! diamond is n a volatile sub/ance1 & t x is dissipat$ by heat1 n by be+ volatiliz$1 b by be+ burnt4 ,! object ( ,lavoisi] 9 8 exp]im5ts 0 to det]m9e ! nature ( ! sub/ance into :i* ! diamond 0 conv]t$ by burn+4 ,9 ! fir/ "p he gives z usual a hi/ory ( e ?+ :i* _h be5 done previ\s to 8 own exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( ! diamond4 ,9 ! second "p we h ! result ( 8 own exp]im5ts ^u ! same subject4 ,he plac$ diamonds on porcela9 supports 9 glass j>s /&+ inv]t$ ov] wat] & ov] m]cury2 & fill$ ) common air & ) oxyg5 gas4#d #d ,! read] w be> 9 m9d t ?\gh ! memoir 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,mem4 de l',acad41 = #aggb1 x 0 9 fact publi%$ 9 #aggf1 & ! exp]im5ts 7 made 9 #agge & #aggf4 ,! diamonds 7 consum$ by means ( burn+-glasses4 ,no wat] or smoke or soot made _! appe>ance1 & no alt]ation took place on ! bulk ( ! air :5 ! exp]im5ts 7 made ov] m]cury4 ,:5 !y 7 made ov] wat]1 ! bulk ( ! air 0 some:at dim9i%$4 ,x 0 obvi\s f ?is t diamond :5 burnt 9 air or oxyg5 gas1 is conv]t$ into a gase\s sub/ance1 :i* is absorb$ by wat]4 ,on expos+ air 9 :i* diamond _h be5 burnt1 to lime-wat]1 a portion ( x 0 absorb$1 & ! lime-wat] 0 r5d]$ milky4 ,f ?is x became evid5t1 t :5 diamond is burnt1 c>bonic acid is =m$1 & ?is 0 ! only product ( ! combu/ion t c\ld be discov]$4 ,lavoisi] made simil> exp]im5ts ) *>coal1 burn+ x 9 air & oxyg5 gas1 by means ( a burn+-glass4 ,! results 7 ! same3 c>bonic acid gas 0 =m$ 9 abundance1 & no?+ else4 ,^! exp]im5ts might h be5 employ$ to support & confirm ,lavoisi]'s peculi> !ory1 & !y 7 employ$ by him = t purpose aft]w>ds4 ,b :5 !y 7 orig9ally publi%$1 no su* int5tion appe>$ evid5t2 ?\gh d\btless he ent]ta9$ x4 #f4 ,9 ! second volume ( ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 = #aggb1 !re is a %ort pap] by ,lavoisi] on ! conv]sion ( wat] into ice4 ,m4 ,desm>ets _h giv5 ! academy an acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,black's exp]im5ts1 to det]m9e ! lat5t heat ( wat]4 ,?is induc$ ,lavoisi] to relate 8 exp]im5ts on ! same subject4 ,he does n in=m u :e!r !y 7 made 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ become acqua9t$ ) ,dr4 ,black's !ory1 ?\gh !re c be no d\bt t ?is mu/ h be5 ! case4 ,! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is %ort pap] are n ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,b ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to notice x because x au!nticates a date at :i* ,lavoisi] 0 acqua9t$ ) ,dr4 ,black's !ory ( lat5t heat4 #g4 ,9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 !re is an acc\nt ( a set ( exp]im5ts made by ,b\rdel91 ,mal\91 ,macqu]1 ,cadet1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,baum on ! :ite-lead ore ( ,pull[54 ,! report is drawn up by ,baum4 ,! nature ( ! ore is n made out by ^! exp]im5ts4 ,!y 7 mo/ly made 9 ! dry way1 & 7 *iefly int5d$ to %[ t ! ore 0 n a *loride ( lead4 ,x 0 mo/ likely a phosphate ( lead4 #h4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggd1 we h ! exp]im5ts ( ,truda9e1 de ,montigny1 ,macqu]1 ,cadet1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,brisson1 ) ! great burn+-glass ( ,m4 ,truda9e4 ,! results obta9$ _c be easily abridg$1 & are n ( suffici5t importance to be giv5 9 detail4 #i4 ,analysis ( "s wat]s br\ght f ,italy by ,m4 ,cass9i1 junior4 ,?is %ort pap] appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggg4 ,! wat]s 9 "q 7 br\ght f alum-pits1 & 7 f\nd to conta9 alum & sulphate ( iron4 #aj4 ,9 ! same volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 appe>$ 8 pap] ,on ! ,a% employ$ by ! ,saltpetre-mak]s ( ,p>is1 & on its use 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,saltpetre4 ,?is is a curi\s & valuable pap]2 b n suffici5tly important to induce me to give an ab/ract ( x "h4 #aa4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggg1 appe>$ an elaborate pap]1 by ,lavoisi]1 ,on ! ,comb9ation ( ! matt] ( ,fire1 ) ,evaporable ,fluids1 & ! ,=mation ( ,ela/ic a]i=m ,fluids4 ,9 ?is pap] he adopts precisely ! same !ory z ,dr4 ,black _h long be=e e/abli%$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! "n ( ,dr4 ,black nev] occurs 9 ! :ole pap]1 ?\gh we h se5 t ,lavoisi] _h become acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e ( lat5t heat1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! ye> #aggb1 z he m5tion$ ! circum/ance 9 a %ort pap] ins]t$ t ye> 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 & previ\sly read to ! academy4 #ab4 ,9 ! same volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 we h a pap] entitl$ ,exp]im5ts made by ,ord] ( ! ,academy1 on ! ,cold ( ! ye> #agge1 by ,messrs4 ,bez\t1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,v&]mond4 ,x is suffici5tly kn[n t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aggf 0 di/+ui%$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe by ! wea!r4 ,! object ( ?is pap]1 h[ev]1 is r to det]m9e ! accuracy ( ! diff]5t !rmomet]s at t "t us$ 9 ,france1 ?an to record ! l[e/ temp]ature :i* _h be5 obs]v$4 ,x has "s resemblance to a pap] drawn up ab\t ! same "t by ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 #ac4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggh1 appe>$ a pap] entitl$ ,analysis ( ! ,wat]s ( ! ,lake ,asphaltes1 by ,messrs4 ,macqu]1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,sage4 ,?is wat] is kn[n to be saturat$ ) salt4 ,x is ne$less to /ate ! result ( ! analysis conta9$ 9 ?is pap]1 because x is q inaccurate4 ,*emical analysis _h n at t "t made suffici5t progress to enable *emi/s to analyze m9]al wat]s ) precision4 ,! obs]vation ( ,lavoisi] & ,guett>d1 :i* appe>$ at ! same "t1 on a species ( /eatite1 :i* is conv]t$ by ! fire into a f9e biscuit ( porcela91 & on two coal-m9es1 ! "o 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 ! o!r 9 ,alsace1 d n require to be p>ticul>ly notic$4 #ad4 ,9 ! ,mem4 de l',acadmie1 = #aghj 7publi%$ 9 #aghd71 we h a pap]1 by ,lavoisi]1 ,on c]ta9 ,fluids :i* may be obta9$ 9 an a]i=m ,/ate1 at a degree ( ,heat n mu* high] ?an ! mean ,temp]ature ( ! ,e>?4 ,^! fluids are sulphuric e!r1 alcohol1 & wat]4 ,he po9ts out ! boil+ temp]ature ( ^! liquids1 & %[s t at t temp]ature ! vap\r ( ^! bodies possesses ! ela/icity ( common air1 & is p]man5t z long z ! high temp]ature cont9ues4 ,he burnt a mixture ( vap\r ( e!r & oxyg5 gas1 & %[$ t dur+ ! combu/ion c>bonic acid gas is =m$4 ,lavoisi]'s notions respect+ ^! vap\rs1 & :at h9d]$ ! liquids at ! boil+ temp]ature f be+ all conv]t$ into vap\r 7 n q correct4 ,our op9ions respect+ /eam & vap\rs 9 g5]al 7 fir/ rectifi$ by ,mr4 ,dalton4 #ae4 ,9 ! ,mem4 de l',acadmie1 = #aghj1 appe>$ also ! celebrat$ pap] on heat1 by ,lavoisi] & ,laplace4 ,! object ( ?is pap] 0 to det]m9e ! specific heat ( v>i\s bodies1 & to inve/igate ! proposals t _h be5 made by ,dr4 ,irv9e = det]m9+ ! po9t at :i* a !rmomet] w\ld /&1 if plung$ into a body de/itute ( heat4 ,?is po9t is usually call$ ! real z]o4 ,!y beg9 by describ+ an in/rum5t :i* !y _h contriv$ to measure ! quantity ( heat :i* leaves a body :ile x is cool+ a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees4 ,to ?is in/rum5t !y gave ! "n ( calorimet]4 ,x consi/$ ( a k9d ( holl[1 surr\nd$ on e side by ice4 ,! hot body 0 put into ! c5tre4 ,! heat :i* x gave out :ile cool+ 0 all exp5d$ 9 melt+ ! ice1 :i* 0 ( ! temp]ature ( #cb1 & ! quantity ( heat 0 proportional to ! quantity ( ice melt$4 ,h5ce ! quantity ( ice melt$1 :ile equal weights ( hot bodies 7 cool+ a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees1 gave ! direct ratios ( ! specific heats ( ea*4 ,9 ?is way !y obta9$ ! foll[+ specific heats3 ,specific heat4 ,wat] #a ,%eet-iron #jajiihe ,glass )\t lead 7cry/al7 #jaibi ,m]cury #jjbi ,quicklime #jbafhi ,mixture ( #i wat] ) #af lime #jdciaaf ,sulphuric acid ( #ahgjeh #jccdeig #d sulphuric acid1 #c wat] #jfjcafb #d sulphuric acid1 #e wat] #jffcajb ,nitric acid ( #abihie #jffacia #i nitric acid1 #a lime #jfahie #a saltpetre1 #h wat] #jhafg ,_! exp]im5ts 7 inconsi/5t ) ! conclusions drawn by ,dr4 ,irv9e1 respect+ ! real z]o1 f ! dim9ution ( ! specific heat1 & ! heat evolv$ :5 sulphuric acid 0 mix$ ) v>i\s proportions ( wat]1 c4 ,if ! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,laplace approa*$ ne>ly to accuracy1 or1 inde$1 unless !y 7 q inaccurate1 x is obvi\s t ! conclusions ( ,irv9e mu/ be q errone\s4 ,x is rem>kable t ?\gh ! exp]im5ts ( ,craw=d1 & likewise ^? ( ,wilcke1 & ( sev]al o!rs1 on specific heat _h be5 publi%$ be=e ?is pap] made its appe>ance1 no allusion :atev] is made to ^! publications4 ,7 we to tru/ to ! in=mation communicat$ 9 ! pap]1 ! doctr9e ( specific heat orig9at$ ) ,lavoisi] & ,laplace4 ,x is true t 9 ! f\r? "p ( ! pap]1 :i* treats ( combu/ion & respiration1 ,dr4 ,craw=d's1 !ory ( animal heat is m5tion$1 %[+ cle>ly t our au?ors 7 acqua9t$ ) 8 book on ! subject4 ,&1 z ?is !ory is f\nd$ on ! diff]5t specific heats ( bodies1 !re c\ld be no d\bt t he 0 acqua9t$ ) t doctr9e4 #af4 ,9 ! ,mem4 de l',acadmie1 = #aghj1 occur ! two foll[+ memoirs3 ,report made to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ! ,prisons4 ,by ,messrs4 ,duhamel1 ,de ,montigny1 ,le ,roy1 ,t5on1 ,tillet1 & ,lavoisi]4 ,report on ! ,process = sep>at+ ,gold & ,silv]4 ,by ,messrs4 ,macqu]1 ,cadet1 ,lavoisi]1 ,baum1 ,cornette1 & ,b]?ollet4 #ag4 ,9 ! ,mem4 de l',acadmie1 = #agha1 we f9d a memoir by ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 on ! electricity evolv$ :5 bodies are evaporat$ or sublim$4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 01 t :5 wat] 0 evaporat$ electricity 0 always evolv$4 ,!y conclud$ f ^! obs]vations1 t :5ev] a body *anges its /ate electricity is always evolv$4 ,b :5 ,saussure attempt$ to repeat ^! obs]vations1 he c\ld n succe$4 ,&1 f ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,p\illet1 x seems to foll[ t electricity is evolv$ only :5 bodies und]go *emical decomposition or comb9ation4 ,su* exp]im5ts dep5d s mu* ^u v m9ute circum/ances1 :i* are apt to escape ! att5tion ( ! obs]v]1 t implicit confid5ce _c be put 9 !m till !y h be5 (t5 repeat$1 & v>i$ 9 e possible mann]4 #ah4 ,9 ! ,memoires de l',acadmie1 = #agha1 !re is a pap] by ,lavoisi] on ! comp>ative value ( ! diff]5t sub/ances employ$ z articles ( fuel4 ,! sub/ances comp>$ to ea* o!r are pit-coal1 coke1 *>coal1 & wood4 ,x w\ld s]ve no purpose to /ate ! comp>ison "h1 z x w\ld n apply to ?is c\ntry2 nor1 inde$1 w\ld x at pres5t apply ev5 to ,france4 ,we h1 9 ! same volume1 8 pap] on ! mode ( illum9at+ !atres4 #ai4 ,9 ! ,memoires de l',acadmie1 = #aghb 7pr9t$ 9 #aghe71 we h a pap] by ,lavoisi] on a me?od ( augm5t+ consid]ably ! action ( fire & ( heat4 ,! me?od :i* he proposes is a jet ( oxyg5 gas1 /rik+ aga9/ r$-hot *>coal4 ,he gives ! result ( "s trials made 9 ?is way4 ,plat9um readily melt$4 ,pieces ( ruby or sapphire 7 s(t5$ suffici5tly to run toge!r into "o /one4 ,hyac9? lo/ its col\r1 & 0 also s(t5$4 ,topaz lo/ its col\r1 & melt$ into an opaque enamel4 ,em]alds & g>nets lo/ _! col\r1 & melt$ into opaque col\r$ glasses4 ,gold & silv] 7 volatiliz$2 all ! o!r metals1 & ev5 ! metallic oxides1 7 f\nd to burn4 ,b>ytes also burns :5 expos$ to ?is viol5t heat4 ,?is l$ ,lavoisi] to conclude1 z ,b]gman _h done be=e him1 t ,b>ytes is a metallic oxide4 ,?is op9ion has be5 fully v]ifi$ by mod]n *emi/s4 ,bo? silica & alum9a 7 melt$4 ,b he c\ld n fuse lime nor magnesia4 ,we are n[ 9 possession ( a /ill m p[]ful s\rce ( heat 9 ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 bl[pipe1 :i* is capable ( fus+ bo? lime & magnesia1 &1 inde$1 e sub/ance :i* c be rais$ to ! requisite heat )\t burn+ or be+ volatiliz$4 ,?is subject 0 prosecut$ /ill fur!r by ,lavoisi] 9 ano!r pap] ins]t$ 9 a subsequ5t volume ( ! ,memoires de l',acadmie4 ,he describes ! effect on rock-cry/al1 qu>tz1 s&/one1 s&1 phosphoresc5t qu>tz1 milk qu>tz1 agate1 *alc$ony1 cornelian1 fl9t1 prase1 nephrite1 jasp]1 felsp>1 c4 #bj4 ,9 ! same volume is ins]t$ a memoir ,on ! ,nature ( ! a]i=m ela/ic ,fluids :i* are dis5gag$ f c]ta9 animal ,sub/ances 9 a /ate ( ,f]m5tation4 ,he f\nd t a quantity ( rec5t human fces1 am\nt+ to ab\t five cubic in*es1 :5 kept at a temp]ature approa*+ to #fj emitt$1 e day = a mon?1 ab\t half a cubic in* ( gas4 ,?is gas 0 a mixture ( elev5 p>ts c>bonic acid gas1 & "o "p ( an inflammable gas1 :i* burnt ) a blue flame1 & 0 !re=e probably c>bonic oxide4 ,five cubic in*es ( old human fces f a necess>y kept 9 ! same temp]ature1 dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 days emitt$ ab\t a ?ird ( a cubic in* ( gas ea* day2 & dur+ ea* ( ! second fifte5 days1 ab\t "o f\r? ( a cubic in*4 ,?is gas 0 a mixture ( ?irty-eight volumes ( c>bonic acid gas1 & sixty-two volumes ( a combu/ible gas1 burn+ ) a blue flame1 & probably c>bonic oxide4 ,fre% fces d n eff]vesce ) dilute sulphuric acid1 b old moi/ fces d1 & emit ab\t eight times _! volume ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,quicklime1 or cau/ic pota%1 mix$ ) fces1 puts a /op to ! evolution ( gas1 d\btless by prev5t+ all f]m5tation4 ,dur+ eff]vesc5ce ( fcal matt] ! air surr\nd+ x is depriv$ ( a little ( its oxyg51 probably 9 consequ5ce ( its comb9+ ) ! nasc5t inflammable gas :i* is sl[ly dis5gag$4 ,,ii4 ,we come n[ to ! new !ory ( combu/ion ( :i* ,lavoisi] 0 ! au?or1 & ^u :i* 8 reputation ) po/]ity w ultimately dep5d4 ,^u ?is subject1 or at lea/ ^u matt]s m or less intimately connect$ ) x1 no few] ?an tw5ty-sev5 memoirs ( 81 _m ( !m ( a v elaborate nature1 & detail+ exp5sive & difficult exp]im5ts1 appe>$ 9 ! diff]5t volumes ( ! academy betwe5 #aggd & #aghh4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! combu/ion ( bodies & ! calc9ation ( metals _h be5 already obs]v$ by *emi/s1 & all admitt$ t bo? processes 7 ow+ to ! same cause2 namely1 ! emission ( phlogi/on by ! burn+ or calc9+ body4 ,! op9ion adopt$ by ,lavoisi] 01 t dur+ burn+ & calc9ation no?+ :atev] left ! bodies1 b t !y simply unit$ ) a portion ( ! air ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 he fir/ conceiv$ ?is op9ion he 0 ignorant ( ! nature ( atmosph]ic air1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( oxyg5 gas4 ,b aft] t pr9ciple _h be5 discov]$1 & %[n to be a con/itu5t ( atmosph]ical air1 he soon recognis$ t x 0 ! union ( oxyg5 ) ! burn+ & calc9+ body t occasion$ ! ph5om5a4 ,su* is ! outl9e ( ! ,lavoisi]ian !ory /at$ 9 ! simple/ & fewe/ words4 ,x w be requisite to make a few obs]vations on ! mu*-agitat$ "q :e!r ?is !ory orig9at$ ) him4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t ,john ,rey1 a physician at ,bugue1 9 ,p]igord1 publi%$ a book 9 #afcj1 9 ord] to expla9 ! cause ( ! increase ( weight :i* lead & t9 exp]i5ce dur+ _! calc9ation4 ,aft] refut+ 9 succession all ! diff]5t explanations ( ?is increase ( weight :i* _h be5 advanc$1 he adds1 ,to ?is "q1 !n1 support$ on ! gr\nds already m5tion$1 ,i answ]1 & ma9ta9 ) confid5ce1 t ! increase ( weight arises f ! air1 :i* is cond5s$1 r5d]$ heavy & adhesive by ! viol5t & long-cont9u$ heat ( ! furnace4 ,?is air mixes itself ) ! calx 7frequ5t agitation conduc+71 & atta*es itself to ! m9ute/ molecules1 9 ! same mann] z wat] r5d]s heavy s& :i* is agitat$ ) x1 & moi/5s & adh]es to ! smalle/ gra9s4 ,!re _c be ! lea/ d\bt f ?is passage t ,rey's op9ion 0 precisely ! same z ! orig9al "o ( ,lavoisi]1 & _h ,lavoisi] done no?+ m ?an m]ely /ate 9 g5]al t]ms t dur+ calc9ation air unites ) ! calc9+ bodies1 x might h be5 suspect$ t he _h borr[$ 8 notions f ^? ( ,rey4 ,b ! discov]y ( oxyg51 & ! num]\s & decisive pro(s :i* he br\ght =w>d t dur+ burn+ & calc9ation oxyg5 unites ) ! burn+ & calc9+ body1 & t ?is oxyg5 may be aga9 sep>at$ & exhibit$ 9 its orig9al ela/ic /ate oblige u to alt] our op9ion4 ,& :e!r we admit t he borr[$ 8 orig9al notion f ,rey1 or t x sugge/$ itself to 8 own m9d1 ! case w n be mat]ially alt]$4 ,= x is n ! man :o =ms ! fir/ vague notion ( a ?+ t really adds to ! /ock ( our k1 b he :o demon/rates its tru? & accurately det]m9es its nature4 ,rey's book & 8 op9ions 7 little kn[n4 ,he _h n br\ght ov] a s+le conv]t to 8 doctr9e1 a suffici5t pro( t he _h n e/abli%$ x by satisfactory evid5ce4 ,we may !re=e believe ,lavoisi]'s /atem5t1 :5 he assures u t :5 he fir/ =m$ 8 !ory he 0 ignorant ( ,rey1 & nev] _h he>d t any su* book _h be5 publi%$4 ,! !ory ( combu/ion advanc$ by ,dr4 ,hook1 9 #affe1 9 8 ,micrographia1 approa*es /ill ne>] to t ( ,lavoisi] ?an ! !ory ( ,rey1 & inde$1 s f> z he has expla9$ x1 ! co9cid5ce is exact4 ,accord+ to ,hook !re exi/s 9 common air a c]ta9 sub/ance :i* is l1 if n ! v same ) t :i* is fix$ 9 saltpetre4 ,?is sub/ance has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ all combu/ibles2 b only :5 _! temp]ature is suffici5tly rais$4 ,! solution takes place ) su* rapidity t x occasions fire1 :i* 9 8 op9ion is m]e motion4 ,! dissolv$ sub/ance may be 9 ! /ate ( air1 or coagulat$ 9 a liquid or solid =m4 ,! quantity ( ?is solv5t 9 a giv5 bulk ( air is incomp>ably less ?an 9 ! same bulk ( saltpetre4 ,h5ce ! reason :y a combu/ible cont9ues burn+ b a %ort "t 9 a giv5 bulk ( air3 ! solv5t is soon saturat$1 & !n ( c\rse ! combu/ion is at an end4 ,?is expla9s :y combu/ion requires a con/ant supply ( fre% air1 & :y x is promot$ by =c+ 9 air ) bell[s4 ,hook promis$ to develop ?is !ory at great] l5g? 9 a subsequ5t "w2 b he nev] fulfill$ 8 promise2 ?\gh 9 8 ,lampas1 publi%$ ab\t twelve ye>s aft]w>ds1 he gives a beautiful *emical explanation ( flame1 f\nd$ on ! v same !ory4 ,f ! v g5]al t]ms 9 :i* ,hook expresses himself1 we _c judge correctly ( ! ext5t ( 8 k4 ,?is !ory1 s f> z x goes1 co9cides exactly ) our pres5t notions on ! subject4 ,8 solv5t is oxyg5 gas1 :i* con/itutes "o-fif? "p ( ! volume ( ! air1 b exi/s 9 mu* great] quantity 9 saltpetre4 ,x comb9es ) ! burn+ body1 & ! comp\nd =m$ may ei!r be a gas1 a liquid1 or a solid1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! body subject$ to combu/ion4 ,lavoisi] n[h]e alludes to ?is !ory ( ,hook nor gives ! lea/ h9t t he _h ev] he>d ( x4 ,?is is ! m surpris+1 because ,hook 0 a man ( great celebrity2 & 8 ,micrographia1 z conta9+ ! orig9al figures & descriptions ( _m natural objects1 is well kn[n1 n m]ely 9 ,great ,brita91 b on ! cont95t4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be recollect$ t ,hook's !ory is support$ by no evid5ce2 t x is a m]e ass]tion1 & t nobody adopt$ x4 ,ev5 !n1 if we 7 to admit t ,lavoisi] 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is !ory1 x w\ld d]ogate v little f 8 m]it1 :i* consi/$ 9 inve/igat+ ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion & calc9ation1 & 9 %[+ t oxyg5 became a con/itu5t ( ! burnt & calc9$ bodies4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,micrographia1 ,dr4 ,may[1 ( ,ox=d1 publi%$ 8 ,essays4 ,9 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ,de ,sal-nitro et ,spiritu ,nitro-areo1 he obvi\sly adopts ,dr4 ,hook's !ory ( combu/ion1 & he applies x ) great +5uity to expla9 ! nature ( respiration4 ,dr4 ,may['s book _h be5 =gott5 :5 ! att5tion ( m5 ( sci5ce 0 attract$ to x by ,dr4 ,b$does4 ,dr4 ,yeats1 ( ,b$=d1 publi%$ a v int]e/+ "w on ! m]its ( ,may[1 9 #agih4 ,x w be admitt$ at once by e p]son :o takes ! tr\ble ( p]us+ ,may['s tract1 t he 0 n satisfi$ ) m]e !ory2 b prov$ by actual exp]im5t t air 0 absorb$ dur+ combu/ion1 & alt]$ dur+ respiration4 ,he has giv5 figures ( 8 app>atus1 & !y are v mu* ( ! same nature ) ^? aft]w>ds made use ( by ,lavoisi]4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 !re=e1 to deprive ,may[ ( ! reputation to :i* he is entitl$ = 8 +5i\sly-contriv$ & well-execut$ exp]im5ts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t he prov$ bo? ! absorption ( air dur+ combu/ion & respiration2 b ev5 ?is does n take mu* f ! fair fame ( ,lavoisi]4 ,! analysis ( air & ! discov]y ( oxyg5 gas really dim9i% ! analogy betwe5 ! !ories ( ,may[ & ,lavoisi]1 or at any rate ! full inve/igation ( ! subject & ! g5]alization ( x belong exclusively to ,lavoisi]4 ,attempts 7 made by ! o!r ,fr5* *emi/s1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! revolution1 to associate !mselves ) ,lavoisi]1 z equally entitl$ ) himself to ! m]it ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory2 b ,lavoisi] himself has disclaim$ ! p>tn]%ip4 ,"s ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 he _h =m$ ! plan ( collect+ toge!r all 8 pap]s relat+ to ! antiphlogi/ic !ory & publi%+ !m 9 "o "w2 b 8 dea? int]rupt$ ! project4 ,h[ev]1 8 wid[ aft]w>ds publi%$ ! fir/ two volumes ( ! book1 :i* 7 complete at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,9 "o ( ^! volumes ,lavoisi] claims = himself ! exclusive discov]y ( ! cause ( ! augm5tation ( weight :i* bodies und]go dur+ combu/ion & calc9ation4 ,he in=ms u t a set ( exp]im5ts1 :i* he made 9 #aggb1 ^u ! diff]5t k9ds ( air :i* are dis5gag$ 9 eff]vesc5ce1 & a great numb] ( o!r *emical op]ations discov]$ to him demon/ratively ! cause ( ! augm5tation ( weight :i* metals exp]i5ce :5 expos$ to heat4 ,i 0 "y1 says he1 ,i _h newly ent]$ ! li/s ( sci5ce1 ,i 0 desir\s ( fame1 & ,i ?\ght x necess>y to take "s /eps to secure to myself ! prop]ty ( my discov]y4 ,at t "t !re exi/$ an habitual correspond5ce betwe5 ! m5 ( sci5ce ( ,france & ^? ( ,engl&4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( rivality betwe5 ! two nations1 :i* gave importance to new exp]im5ts1 & :i* sometimes 0 ! cause t ! writ]s ( ! "o or ! o!r ( ! nations disput$ ! discov]y ) ! real au?or4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i ?\ght x prop] to deposit on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #aggb1 ! foll[+ note 9 ! h&s ( ! secret>y ( ! academy4 ,?is note 0 op5$ on ! #a/ ( ,may foll[+1 & m5tion ( ^! circum/ances m>k$ at ! top ( ! note4 ,x 0 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,ab\t eight days ago ,i discov]$ t sulphur 9 burn+1 f> f los+1 augm5ts 9 weight2 t is to say1 t f "o p\nd ( sulphur mu* m ?an "o p\nd ( vitriolic acid is obta9$1 )\t reckon+ ! humidity ( ! air4 ,phosphorus pres5ts ! same ph5om5on4 ,?is augm5tation ( weight arises f a great quantity ( air1 :i* becomes fix$ dur+ ! combu/ion1 & :i* comb9es ) ! vap\rs4 ,?is discov]y1 :i* ,i confirm$ by exp]im5ts :i* ,i reg>d z decisive1 l$ me to ?9k t :at is obs]v$ 9 ! combu/ion ( sulphur & phosphorus1 might likewise take place ) respect to all ! bodies :i* augm5t 9 weight by combu/ion & calc9ation2 & ,i 0 p]suad$ t ! augm5tation ( weight 9 ! calces ( metals proce$$ f ! same cause4 ,! exp]im5t fully confirm$ my conjectures4 ,i op]at$ ! r$uction ( li?>ge 9 close vessels ) ,hales's app>atus1 & ,i obs]v$1 t at ! mom5t ( ! passage ( ! calx into ! metallic /ate1 !re 0 a dis5gagem5t ( air 9 consid]able quantity1 & t ?is air =m$ a volume at lea/ "o ?\s& times great] ?an t ( ! li?>ge employ$4 ,z ?is discov]y appe>s to me "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ :i* has be5 made s9ce ,/ahl1 ,i ?\ght x exp$i5t to secure to myself ! prop]ty1 by deposit+ ! pres5t note 9 ! h&s ( ! secret>y ( ! academy1 to rema9 secret till ! p]iod :5 ,i %all publi% my exp]im5ts4 ,,lavoisi]4 ,p>is1 ,novemb] #aa1 #aggb4 ,?is note leaves no d\bt t ,lavoisi] _h conceiv$ 8 !ory1 & confirm$ x by exp]im5t1 at lea/ z e>ly z ,novemb]1 #aggb4 ,b at t "t ! nature ( air & ! exi/5ce ( oxyg5 7 unkn[n4 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 z he und]/ood x at t "t1 0 precisely ! same z t ( ,john ,rey4 ,x 0 n till ! end ( #aggd t 8 views became m precise1 & t he 0 aw>e t oxyg5 is ! portion ( ! air :i* unites ) bodies dur+ combu/ion1 & calc9ation4 ,no?+ c be m evid5t f ! :ole hi/ory ( ! academy1 & ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s dur+ ?is ev5tful p]iod1 = ! progress ( ! sci5ce1 t none ( !m p>ticipat$ 9 ! views ( ,lavoisi]1 or _h ! lea/ int5tion ( giv+ up ! phlogi/ic !ory4 ,x 0 n till #aghe1 aft] 8 exp]im5ts _h be5 almo/ all publi%$1 & aft] all ! difficulties _h be5 remov$ by ! two great discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 t ,b]?ollet decl>$ himself a conv]t to ! ,lavoisi]ian op9ions4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by o!rs1 & )9 a v few ye>s almo/ all ! *emi/s & m5 ( sci5ce 9 ,france enli/$ !mselves on ! same side4 ,lavoisi]'s objection1 !n1 to ! phrase ,la ,*imie ,franaise1 is n )\t reason1 ! t]m ,lavoisi]ian ,*emi/ry %\ld und\bt$ly be sub/itut$ = x4 ,?is t]m1 ,la ,*imie ,franaise 0 introduc$ by ,f\rcroy4 ,0 ,f\rcroy anxi\s to clo! himself ) ! reputation ( ,lavoisi]1 & _h ?is any connexion ) ! viol5t dea? ( t illu/ri\s man8 ,! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts :i* ,lavoisi] publi%$ on 8 peculi> views1 0 entitl$1 ,a ,memoir on ! ,calc9ation ( ,t9 9 close ,vessels2 & on ! ,cause ( ! increase ( ,weight :i* ! ,metal acquires dur+ ?is ,process4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggd4 ,9 ?is pap] he gives an acc\nt ( sev]al exp]im5ts :i* he _h made on ! calc9ation ( t9 9 glass retorts1 h]metically seal$4 ,he put a quantity ( t9 7ab\t half a p\nd7 into a glass retort1 sometimes ( a l>g] & sometimes ( a small] size1 & !n drew out ! beak into a capill>y tube4 ,! retort 0 n[ plac$ ^u ! s&-ba?1 & heat$ till ! t9 j melt$4 ,! extremity ( ! capill>y beak ( ! retort 0 n[ fus$ s z to seal x h]metically4 ,! object ( ?is heat+ 0 to prev5t ! retort f bur/+ by ! expansion ( ! air dur+ ! process4 ,! retort1 ) its cont5ts1 0 n[ c>efully weigh$1 & ! weight not$4 ,x 0 put aga9 on ! s&-ba?1 & kept melt$ till ! process ( calc9ation refus$ to advance any fur!r4 ,he obs]v$1 t if ! retort 0 small1 ! calc9ation always /opp$ soon] ?an x did if ! retort 0 l>ge4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! quantity ( t9 calc9$ 0 always proportional to ! size ( ! retort4 ,aft] ! process 0 f9i%$1 ! retort 7/ill h]metically seal$7 0 aga9 weigh$1 & 0 always f\nd to h ! same weight exactly z at fir/4 ,! beak ( ! retort 0 n[ brok5 (f1 & a quantity ( air ent]$ ) a hiss+ noise4 ,! increase ( weight 0 n[ not$3 x 0 obvi\sly ow+ to ! air t _h ru%$ 94 ,! weight ( air t _h be5 at fir/ driv5 out by ! fusion ( ! t9 _h be5 not$1 & x 0 n[ f\nd t a consid]ably great] quantity _h ent]$ ?an _h be5 driv5 out at fir/4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts1 z mu* z #ajjf gra9s1 9 o!rs #ihg gra9s1 & 9 "s less ?an ?is1 :5 ! size ( ! retort 0 small4 ,! t9 9 ! retort 0 mo/ly unalt]$1 b a portion ( x _h be5 conv]t$ into a black p[d]1 weigh+ 9 "s cases above two ounces4 ,n[ x 0 f\nd 9 all cases1 t ! weight ( ! t9 _h increas$1 & ! increase ( weight 0 always exactly equal to ! dim9ution ( weight :i* ! air 9 ! retort _h und]gone1 measur$ by ! quantity ( new air :i* ru%$ 9 :5 ! beak ( ! retort 0 brok51 m9us ! air t _h be5 driv5 out :5 ! t9 0 orig9ally melt$ be=e ! retort 0 h]metically seal$4 ,?us ,lavoisi] prov$ by ^! fir/ exp]im5ts1 t :5 t9 is calc9$ 9 close vessels a portion ( ! air ( ! vessel disappe>s1 & t ! t9 increases 9 weight j z mu* z is equival5t to ! loss ( weight :i* ! air has su/a9$4 ,he !re=e inf]r$1 t ?is portion ( air _h unit$ ) ! t91 & t calx ( t9 is a comp\nd ( t9 & air4 ,9 ?is fir/ pap] !re is no?+ said ab\t oxyg51 nor any allusion to lead to ! suspicion t air is a comp\nd ( diff]5t ela/ic fluids4 ,^!1 !re=e1 7 probably ! exp]im5ts to :i* ,lavoisi] alludes 9 ! note :i* he lodg$ ) ! secret>y ( ! academy 9 ,novemb]1 #aggb4 ,he m5tions t[>ds ! end ( ! ,memoir t he _h made simil> exp]im5ts ) lead2 b he does n communicate any ( ! num]ical results3 probably because ! results 7 n s /rik+ z ^? ) t94 ,! heat necess>y to melt lead is s high t satisfactory exp]im5ts on its calc9ation c\ld n easily be made 9 a glass retort4 ,lavoisi]'s next ,memoir appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #agge1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #aggh4 ,x is entitl$1 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,pr9ciple :i* comb9es ) ! ,metals dur+ _! ,calc9ation1 & :i* augm5ts _! ,weight4 ,he obs]ves t :5 ! metallic calces are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate x is f\nd necess>y to heat !m along ) *>coal4 ,9 su* cases a quantity ( c>bonic acid gas is driv5 (f1 :i* he assures u is ! *>coal unit$ to ! ela/ic fluid conta9$ 9 ! calx4 ,he tri$ to r$uce ! calx ( iron by means ( burn+-glasses1 :ile plac$ "u l>ge glass receiv]s /&+ ov] m]cury2 b z ! gas ?us evolv$ 0 mix$ ) a great deal ( common air :i* 0 necess>ily left 9 ! receiv]1 he 0 unable to det]m9e its nature4 ,?is induc$ him to h rec\rse to r$ oxide ( m]cury4 ,he %[$ 9 ! fir/ place t ?is sub/ance 7m]curius prcipitatus p] se7 0 a true calx1 by mix+ x ) *>coal p[d] 9 a retort & heat+ x4 ,! m]cury 0 r$uc$ & abundance ( c>bonic acid gas 0 collect$ 9 an inv]t$ glass j> /&+ 9 a wat]-ci/]n into :i* ! beak ( ! retort 0 plung$4 ,on heat+ ! r$ oxide ( m]cury by itself x 0 r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 ?\gh n s easily1 & at ! same "t a gas 0 evolv$ :i* possess$ ! foll[+ prop]ties3 #a4 ,x did n comb9e ) wat] by agitation4 #b4 ,x did n precipitate lime-wat]4 #c4 ,x did n unite ) fix$ or volatile alkalies4 #d4 ,x did n at all dim9i% _! cau/ic quality4 #e4 ,x w\ld s]ve aga9 = ! calc9ation ( metals4 #f4 ,x 0 dim9i%$ l common air by addition ( "o-?ird ( nitr\s gas4 #g4 ,x _h none ( ! prop]ties ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,f> f be+ fatal1 l t gas1 to animals1 x seem$ on ! contr>y m prop] = ! purposes ( respiration4 ,c&les & burn+ bodies 7 n only n ext+ui%$ by x1 b burn$ ) an enl>g$ flame 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,! light !y gave 0 mu* great] & cle>] ?an 9 common air4 ,he expresses 8 op9ion t ! same k9d ( air w\ld be obta9$ by heat+ nitre )\t addition1 & ?is op9ion is f\nd$ on ! fact t :5 nitre is detonat$ ) *>coal x gives out abundance ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,?us ,lavoisi] %[s 9 ?is pap] t ! k9d ( air :i* unites ) metals dur+ _! calc9ation is pur] & fitt] = combu/ion ?an common air4 ,9 %ort x is ! gas :i* ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h discov]$ 9 #aggd1 & :i* is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( oxyg5 gas4 ,?is ,memoir des]ves a few animadv]sions4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley discov]$ oxyg5 gas 9 ,augu/1 #aggd2 & he in=ms u 9 8 life1 t 9 ! autumn ( t ye> he w5t to ,p>is & exhibit$ to ,lavoisi]1 9 8 own laboratory ! mode ( obta9+ oxyg5 gas by heat+ r$ oxide ( m]cury 9 a gun-b>rel1 & ! prop]ties by :i* ?is gas is di/+ui%$--inde$ ! v prop]ties :i* ,lavoisi] himself enum]ates 9 8 pap]4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no d\bt t ,lavoisi] 0 acqua9t$ ) oxyg5 gas 9 #aggd1 & t he ow$ 8 k ( x to ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ! date ( ,lavoisi]'s pap]4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,academy1 = #agge1 x is m]ely said ab\t x1 ,read at ! resumption 7r5tre7 ( ! ,academy1 on ! #bf? ( ,april1 by ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 )\t nam+ ! ye>4 ,b x c\ld n h be5 be=e #agge1 because t is ! ye> ^u ! volume ( ! ,memoirs2 & besides1 we "k f ! ,j\rnal de ,physique 7v4 #dbi71 t #agge 0 ! ye> on :i* ! pap] ( ,lavoisi] 0 read4 ,yet 9 ! :ole ( ?is pap] ! "n ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley nev] occurs1 nor is ! lea/ h9t giv5 t he _h already obta9$ oxyg5 gas by heat+ r$ oxide ( m]cury4 ,s f> f x1 t x is obvi\sly ! int5tion ( ! au?or ( ! pap] to induce 8 read]s to inf] t he himself 0 ! discov]] ( oxyg5 gas4 ,= aft] describ+ ! process by :i* oxyg5 gas 0 obta9$ by him1 he says no?+ fur!r rema9$ b to det]m9e its nature1 & ,i discov]$ ) mu* surprise t x 0 n capable ( comb9ation ) wat] by agitation1 c4 ,n[ :y ! expression ( surprise 9 describ+ ph5om5a :i* _h be5 already %[n8 ,& :y ! omission ( all m5tion ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley's "n8 ,i confess t ?is seems to me capable ( no o!r explanation ?an a wi% to claim = himself ! discov]y ( oxyg5 gas1 ?\gh he knew well t t discov]y _h be5 previ\sly made by ano!r4 ,! next set ( exp]im5ts made by ,lavoisi] to confirm or ext5d 8 !ory1 0 ,on ! ,combu/ion ( ,phosphorus1 & ! ,nature ( ! ,acid :i* results f t ,combu/ion4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggg4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 v /rik+4 ,:5 phosphorus is burnt 9 a giv5 bulk ( air 9 suffici5t quantity1 ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! volume ( ! air disappe>s & unites itself ) ! phosphorus4 ,! residual portion ( ! air is incapable ( support+ combu/ion or ma9ta9+ animal life4 ,lavoisi] gave x ! "n ( m\ffette atmosph]ique1 & he describes sev]al ( its prop]ties4 ,! phosphorus by comb9+ ) ! portion ( air :i* has disappe>$1 is conv]t$ into phosphoric acid1 :i* is deposit$ on ! inside ( ! receiv] 9 :i* ! combu/ion is p]=m$1 9 ! /ate ( f9e :ite flakes4 ,"o gra9 by ?is process is conv]t$ into two & a half gra9s ( phosphoric acid4 ,^! obs]vations l$ to ! conclusion t atmosph]ic air is a mixture or comp\nd ( two di/9ct gases1 ! "o 7oxyg57 absorb$ by burn+ phosphorus1 ! o!r 7azote7 n act$ on by t pr9ciple1 & n capable ( unit+ ) or calc9+ metals4 ,^! conclusions _h already be5 drawn by ,s*eele f simil> exp]im5ts1 b ,lavoisi] 0 ignorant ( !m4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is pap]1 ,lavoisi] describes ! prop]ties ( phosphoric acid1 & gives an acc\nt ( ! salts :i* x =ms ) ! diff]5t bases4 ,! acc\nt ( ^! salts is exce$+ly imp]fect1 & x is rem>kable t ,lavoisi] makes no di/9ction betwe5 phosphate ( pota% & phosphate ( soda2 ?\gh ! diff]5t prop]ties ( ^! two salts are n a little /rik+4 ,b ^! 7 n ! inve/igations 9 :i* ,lavoisi] excell$4 ,! next pap] 9 :i* ! doctr9es ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory 7 /ill fur!r develop$1 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggg4 ,x is entitl$1 ,on ! ,combu/ion ( ,c&les 9 atmosph]ical ,air1 & 9 ,air em95tly ,respirable4 ,?is pap] is rem>kable1 because 9 x he fir/ notices ,dr4 ,prie/ley's discov]y ( oxyg5 gas2 b )\t any ref]5ce to ! prec$+ pap]1 or any apology = n hav+ allud$ 9 x to ! in=mation :i* he _h receiv$ f ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,he beg9s by say+ t x is necess>y to di/+ui% f\r diff]5t k9ds ( air4 #a4 ,atmosph]ical air 9 :i* we live1 & :i* we brea?4 #b4 ,pure air 7oxyg571 alone fit = brea?+1 con/itut+ ab\t ! f\r? ( ! volume ( atmosph]ical air1 & call$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley dephlogi/icat$ air4 #c4 ,azotic gas1 :i* con/itutes ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! volume ( atmosph]ical air1 & ^: prop]ties are /ill unkn[n4 #d4 ,fix$ air1 :i* he propos$ to call 7z ,bucquet _h done7 acide crayeux1 acid ( *alk4 ,9 ?is pap] ,lavoisi] gives an acc\nt ( a great _m trials t he made by burn+ c&les 9 giv5 volumes ( atmosph]ical air & oxyg5 gas enclos$ 9 glass receiv]s1 /&+ ov] m]cury4 ,! g5]al conclusion :i* he d$uces f ^! exp]im5ts are--t ! azotic gas ( ! air contributes no?+ to ! burn+ ( ! c&le2 b ! :ole dep5ds ^u ! oxyg5 gas ( ! air1 con/itut+ 9 8 op9ion "o-f\r? ( its volume2 t dur+ ! combu/ion ( a c&le 9 a giv5 volume ( air only two-fif?s ( ! oxyg5 are conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree-fif?s rema9 unalt]$2 b :5 ! combu/ion goes on 9 oxyg5 gas a mu* great] proportion 7almo/ ! :ole7 ( ?is gas is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas4 ,f9ally1 t phosphorus1 :5 burnt 9 air acts mu* m p[]fully on ! oxyg5 ( ! air ?an a light$ c&le1 absorb+ f\r-fif?s ( ! oxyg5 & conv]t+ x into phosphoric acid4 ,x is evid5t t at ! "t ?is pap] 0 writt51 ,lavoisi]'s !ory 0 ne>ly complete4 ,he consid]$ air z a mixture ( ?ree volumes ( azotic gas1 & "o volume ( oxyg5 gas4 ,! la/ alone 0 conc]n$ 9 combu/ion & calc9ation4 ,dur+ ^! processes a portion ( ! oxyg5 unit$ ) ! burn+ body1 & ! comp\nd =m$ con/itut$ ! acid or ! calx4 ,?us he 0 able to acc\nt = combu/ion & calc9ation )\t hav+ rec\rse to phlogi/on4 ,x is true t sev]al difficulties /ill lay 9 8 way1 :i* he 0 n yet able to obviate1 & :i* prev5t$ any o!r p]son f adopt+ 8 op9ions4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( ^! 0 ! fact t hydrog5 gas 0 evolv$ dur+ ! solution ( sev]al metals 9 dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid2 t by ?is solution ^! metals 7 conv]t$ into calces1 & t calces1 :5 heat$ 9 hydrog5 gas1 7 r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate :ile ! hydrog5 disappe>$4 ,! simple/ explanation ( ^! ph5om5a 0 ! "o adopt$ by *emi/s at ! "t4 ,hydrog5 0 consid]$ z phlogi/on4 ,by dissolv+ metals 9 acids1 ! phlogi/on 0 driv5 (f & ! calx rema9$3 by heat+ ! calx 9 hydrog51 ! phlogi/on 0 aga9 absorb$ & ! calx r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,?is explanation 0 s simple & appe>$ s satisfactory1 t x 0 univ]sally adopt$ by *emi/s ) ! exception ( ,lavoisi] himself4 ,!re 0 a circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* satisfi$ him t ?is explanation1 h[ev] plausible1 0 n correct4 ,! calx 0 heavi] ?an ! metal f :i* x _h be5 produc$4 ,& hydrog51 ?\gh a light body1 0 /ill possess$ ( weight4 ,x 0 obvi\sly impossible1 !n1 t ! metal c\ld be a comb9ation ( ! calx & hydrog54 ,besides1 he _h asc]ta9$ by direct exp]im5t1 t ! calces ( m]cury1 t91 & lead are comp\nds ( ! respective metals & oxyg54 ,& x 0 kn[n t :5 ! o!r calces 7 heat$ ) *>coal1 !y 7 r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 & at ! same "t c>bonic acid gas is evolv$4 ,! v same evolution takes place :5 calces ( m]cury1 t91 & lead1 are heat$ ) *>coal p[d]4 ,h5ce ! inf]5ce 0 obvi\s t c>bonic acid is a comp\nd ( *>coal & oxyg51 & !re=e t all calces are comp\nds ( _! respective metals & oxyg54 ,?us1 al?\gh ,lavoisi] 0 unable to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! evolution & absorption ( hydrog5 gas1 he _h conclusive evid5ce t ! or?odox explanation 0 n ! true "o4 ,he wisely1 !re=e1 left x to "t to ?r[ light ^u ^? p>ts ( ! !ory t 7 /ill obscure4 ,8 next pap]1 :i* 0 likewise ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggg1 _h "s t5d5cy to ?r[ light on ?is subject1 or at lea/ x elucidat$ ! con/itution ( sulphuric acid1 :i* bore directly ^u ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,x 0 entitl$1 ,on ! ,solution ( ,m]cury 9 vitriolic ,acid1 & on ! ,resolution ( t ,acid into a]i=m sulphur\s ,acid1 & into ,air em95tly ,respirable4 ,he _h already prov$ t sulphuric acid is a comp\nd ( sulphur & oxyg52 & _h ev5 %[n h[ ! oxyg5 :i* ! acid conta9$ might be aga9 sep>at$ f x1 & exhibit$ 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h by ?is "t made kn[n ! me?od ( procur+ sulphur\s acid gas1 by heat+ a mixture ( m]cury & sulphuric acid 9 a phial4 ,?is 0 ! process :i* ,lavoisi] analyz$ 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,he put into a retort a mixture ( f\r ounces m]cury & six ounces conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! beak ( ! retort 0 plung$ into a m]curial ci/]n1 to collect ! sulphur\s acid gas z x 0 evolv$2 & heat be+ appli$ to ! belly ( ! retort1 sulphur\s acid gas pass$ ov] 9 abundance1 & sulphate ( m]cury 0 =m$4 ,! process 0 cont9u$ till ! :ole liquid cont5ts ( ! retort _h disappe>$3 !n a /rong heat 0 appli$ to ! salt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a quantity ( sulphur\s acid gas pass$ ov]1 & la/ly a portion ( oxyg5 gas4 ,! quicksilv] 0 r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,?us he resolv$ sulphuric acid into sulphur\s acid & oxyg54 ,h5ce x foll[$ z a consequ5ce1 t sulphur\s acid diff]s f sulphuric m]ely by conta9+ a small] quantity ( oxyg54 ,! object ( 8 next pap]1 publi%$ at ! same "t1 0 to ?r[ light ^u ! pyrophorus ( ,homb]g1 :i* 0 made by knead+ alum into a cake1 ) fl\r1 or "s sub/ance conta9+ abundance ( c>bon1 & !n expos+ ! mixture to a /rong heat 9 close vessels1 till x ceas$ to give out smoke4 ,x 0 kn[n t a pyrophorus ?us =m$ takes fire ( its own accord1 & burns :5 x comes 9 contact ) common air4 ,x w n be necess>y to ent] into a m9ute analysis ( ?is pap]1 because1 ?\gh ! exp]im5ts 7 v c>efully made1 yet x 0 impossible1 at ! "t :5 ! pap] 0 drawn1 to elucidate ! ph5om5a ( ?is pyrophorus 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! pyrophorus owes its prop]ty ( cat*+ fire1 :5 9 contact ) air or oxyg51 to a little potassium1 :i* has be5 r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by ! action ( ! *>coal & sulphur on ! pota% 9 ! alum4 ,?is sub/ance tak+ fire1 heat en\gh is produc$ to set fire to ! c>bon & sulphur :i* ! pyrophorus conta9s4 ,lavoisi] asc]ta9$ t dur+ its combu/ion a good deal ( c>bonic acid 0 g5]at$4 ,!re appe>$ likewise ano!r pap] by ,lavoisi]1 9 ! same volume ( ! academy1 :i* may be m5tion$1 z x s]v$ /ill fur!r to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,x is entitl$1 ,on ! ,vitriolization ( ,m>tial ,pyrites4 ,iron pyrites is kn[n to be a comp\nd ( iron & sulphur4 ,sometimes ?is m9]al may be left expos$ to ! air )\t und]go+ any alt]ation1 :ile at o!r times x spe$ily splits1 effloresces1 swells1 & is conv]t$ into sulphate ( iron4 ,!re are two species ( pyrites2 ! "o compos$ ( two atoms ( sulphur & "o atom ( iron1 ! o!r ( "o atom ( sulphur & "o atom ( iron4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is call$ bisulphuret ( iron2 ! second protosulphuret1 or simply sulphuret ( iron4 ,! v>iety ( pyrites :i* und]goes spontane\s decomposition 9 ! air1 is kn[n to be a comp\nd1 or r mixture ( ! two species ( pyrites4 ,lavoisi] put a quantity ( ! decompos+ pyrites "u a glass j>1 & f\nd t ! process w5t on j z well z 9 ! op5 air4 ,he f\nd t ! air 0 depriv$ ( ! :ole ( its oxyg5 by ! process1 & t no?+ 0 left b azotic gas4 ,h5ce ! nature ( ! *ange became evid5t4 ,! sulphur1 by unit+ ) oxyg51 0 conv]t$ into sulphuric acid1 :ile ! iron became oxide ( iron1 & bo? unit+1 =m$ sulphate ( iron4 ,!re are /ill "s difficulties connect$ ) ?is *ange t require to be elucidat$4 ,we h /ill ano!r pap] by ,lavoisi]1 be>+ on ! antiphlogi/ic !ory1 publi%$ 9 ! same volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggh1 entitl$1 ,on ,combu/ion 9 g5]al4 ,he e/abli%es t ! only air capable ( support+ combu/ion is oxyg5 gas3 t dur+ ! burn+ ( bodies 9 common air1 a portion ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e disappe>s1 & unites ) ! burn+ body1 & t ! new comp\nd =m$ is ei!r an acid or a metallic calx4 ,:5 sulphur is burnt1 sulphuric acid is =m$2 :5 phosphorus1 phosphoric acid2 & :5 *>coal1 c>bonic acid4 ,! calc9ation ( metals is a process analog\s to combu/ion1 diff]+ *iefly by ! sl[ness ( ! process3 inde$ :5 x takes place rapidly1 actual combu/ion is produc$4 ,aft] e/abli%+ ^! g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* are d$uc$ f 8 prec$+ pap]s1 he proce$s to exam9e ! ,/ahlian !ory ( phlogi/on1 & %[s t no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* pr9ciple c be adduc$1 & t ! ph5om5a c all be expla9$ )\t hav+ rec\rse to x4 ,p[]ful z ^! argum5ts 71 !y produc$ no imm$iate effects4 ,nobody *ose to give up ! phlogi/ic !ory to :i* he _h be5 s long accu/om$4 ,! next two pap]s ( ,lavoisi] require m]ely to be m5tion$1 z !y d n be> imm$iately ^u ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,!y appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghj4 ,^! memoirs 71 #a4 ,second ,memoir on ! diff]5t ,comb9ations ( ,phosphoric ,acid4 #b4 ,on a p>ticul> ,process1 by means ( :i* ,phosphorus may be conv]t$ into phosphoric ,acid1 )\t ,combu/ion4 ,! process "h describ$ consi/$ 9 ?r[+ phosphorus1 by a few gra9s at a "t1 into w>m nitric acid ( ! specific gravity #abihie4 ,x falls to ! bottom l melt$ wax1 & dissolves pretty rapidly ) eff]vesc5ce3 !n ano!r portion is ?r[n 91 & ! process is cont9u$ till z mu* phosphorus has be5 employ$ z is want$2 !n ! phosphoric acid may be obta9$ pure by di/ill+ (f ! rema9+ nitric acid ) :i* x is /ill mix$4 ,hi!rto ,lavoisi] _h be5 unable to expla9 ! anomalies respect+ hydrog5 gas1 or to answ] ! objections urg$ aga9/ 8 !ory 9 consequ5ce ( ^! anomalies4 ,he _h made sev]al attempts to discov] :at peculi> sub/ance 0 =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( hydrog51 b always )\t success3 at la/1 9 #aghc1 he resolv$ to make ! exp]im5t ^u s l>ge a scale1 t :atev] ! product might be1 x %\ld n escape him2 b ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 :o _h j gone to ,p>is1 in=m$ him t ! exp]im5t = :i* he 0 prep>+ _h already be5 made by ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 :o _h asc]ta9$ t ! product ( ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 0 wat]4 ,lavoisi] saw at a glance ! va/ importance ( ?is discov]y = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory1 & ) :at ease x w\ld enable him to answ] all ! plausible objections :i* _h be5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ 8 op9ions 9 consequ5ce ( ! evolution ( hydrog51 :5 metals 7 calc9$ by solution 9 acids1 & ! absorption ( x :5 metals 7 r$uc$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ?is gas4 ,he !re=e resolv$ to repeat ! exp]im5t ( ,cav5di% ) e possible c>e1 & ^u a scale suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t ambiguity4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made on ! #bd? ( ,june1 #aghc1 by ,lavoisi] & ,laplace1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,le ,roi1 ,m4 ,v&]monde1 & ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 :o 0 at t "t secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! quantity ( wat] =m$ 0 consid]able1 & !y f\nd t wat] 0 a comp\nd ( #a volume oxyg5 #aia volume hydrog54 ,n satisfi$ ) ?is1 he soon aft] made ano!r exp]im5t along ) ,m4 ,meusni] to decompose wat]4 ,= ?is purpose a porcela9 tube1 fill$ ) iron wire1 0 heat$ r$-hot by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a furnace1 & !n ! /eam ( wat] 0 made to trav]se ! r$-hot wire4 ,to ! fur!r extremity ( ! porcela9 tube a glass tube 0 lut$1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 a wat]-tr\gh "u an inv]t$ glass receiv] plac$ to collect ! gas4 ,! /eam 0 decompos$ by ! r$-hot iron wire1 its oxyg5 unit$ to ! wire1 :ile ! hydrog5 pass$ on & 0 collect$ 9 ! wat]-ci/]n4 ,bo? ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh n made till #aghc1 & ?\gh ! latt] ( !m 0 n read to ! academy till #aghd1 7 publi%$ 9 ! volume ( ! ,memoirs = #agha4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is important discov]y enabl$ ,lavoisi] to obviate all ! objections to 8 !ory f hydrog54 ,he %[$ t x 0 evolv$ :5 z9c or iron 0 dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 because ! wat] und]w5t decomposition1 its oxyg5 unit+ to ! z9c or iron1 & conv]t+ x into an oxide1 :ile its hydrog5 made its escape 9 ! /ate ( gas4 ,oxide ( iron 0 r$uc$ :5 heat$ 9 contact ) hydrog5 gas1 because ! hydrog5 unit$ to ! oxyg5 ( ! acid & =m$ wat]1 & ( c\rse ! iron 0 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a metal4 ,i consid] x unnecess>y to ent] into a m9ute detail ( ^! exp]im5ts1 because1 9 fact1 !y add$ v little to :at _h be5 already e/abli%$ by ,cav5di%4 ,b x 0 ?is discov]y t contribut$ m ?an any ?+ else to e/abli% ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,accord+ly1 ! great object ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 & o!r advocates ( ! phlogi/ic !ory1 0 to disprove ! fact t wat] is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,s*eele admitt$ ! fact t wat] is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog52 & d\btless1 _h he liv$1 w\ld h become a conv]t to ! antiphlogi/ic !ory1 z ,dr4 ,black actually did4 ,9 %ort1 x 0 ! discov]y ( ! comp\nd nature ( wat] t gave ! ,lavoisi]ian !ory ! sup]iority ov] t ( ,/ahl4 ,till ! "t ( ?is discov]y e body oppos$ ! doctr9e ( ,lavoisi]2 b )9 a v few ye>s aft] x1 h>dly any support]s ( phlogi/on rema9$4 ,no?+ c\ld be m =tunate = ,lavoisi] ?an ?is discov]y1 or af=d him great] reason = self-congratulation4 ,we see ! effect ( ?is discov]y ^u 8 next pap]1 ,on ! ,=mation ( ,c>bonic ,acid1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #agha4 ,!re1 = ! fir/ "t1 he introduces new t]ms1 %[+1 by t1 t he consid]$ 8 op9ions z fully e/abli%$4 ,to ! dephlogi/icat$ air ( ,prie/ley1 or 8 own pure air1 he n[ gives ! "n ( oxyg54 ,! fix$ air ( ,black he designates c>bonic acid1 because he consid]$ x z a comp\nd ( c>bon 7! pure "p ( *>coal7 & oxyg54 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to det]m9e ! proportion ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,he details a great _m exp]im5ts1 & d$uces f !m all1 t c>bonic acid gas is a comp\nd ( ,c>bon #jge ,oxyg5 #aic ,n[ ?is is a tol]ably ne> approximation to ! tru?4 ,! true con/itu5ts1 z det]m9$ by mod]n *emi/s1 be+ ,c>bon #jge ,oxyg5 #bjj ,! next pap] ( ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghb 7publi%$ 9 #aghe71 %[s h[ well he appreciat$ ! importance ( ! discov]y ( ! composition ( wat]4 ,x is entitl$1 ,g5]al ,consid]ations on ! ,solution ( ! ,metals 9 ,acids4 ,he %[s t :5 metals are dissolv$ 9 acids1 !y are conv]t$ into oxides1 & t ! acid does n comb9e ) ! metal1 b only ) its oxide4 ,:5 nitric acid is ! solv5t ! oxidizem5t takes place at ! exp5se ( ! acid1 :i* is resolv$ into nitr\s gas & oxyg54 ,! nitr\s gas makes its escape1 & may be collect$2 b ! oxyg5 unites ) ! metal & r5d]s x an oxide4 ,he %[s ?is ) respect to ! solution ( m]cury 9 nitric acid4 ,he collect$ ! nitr\s gas giv5 out dur+ ! solution ( ! metal 9 ! acid3 !n evaporat$ ! solution to dryness1 & urg$ ! fire till ! m]cury 0 conv]t$ into r$ oxide4 ,! fire be+ /ill fur!r urg$1 ! r$ oxide 0 r$uc$1 & ! oxyg5 gas giv5 (f 0 collect$ & measur$4 ,he %[$ t ! nitr\s gas & ! oxyg5 gas ?us obta9$1 add$ toge!r1 =m$ j ! quantity ( nitric acid :i* _h disappe>$ dur+ ! process4 ,a simil> exp]im5t 0 made by dissolv+ iron 9 nitric acid1 & !n urg+ ! fire till ! iron 0 fre$ f e =eign body1 & obta9$ 9 ! /ate ( black oxide4 ,x is well kn[n t _m metals held 9 solution by acids may be precipitat$ 9 ! metallic /ate1 by ins]t+ into ! solution a plate ( "s o!r metal4 ,a portion ( t new metal dissolves1 & takes ! place ( ! metal orig9ally 9 solution4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we h a neutral solution ( copp] 9 sulphuric acid1 if we put into ! solution a plate ( iron1 ! copp] is ?r[n d[n 9 ! metallic /ate1 :ile a c]ta9 portion ( ! iron ent]s into ! solution1 comb9+ ) ! acid in/ead ( ! copp]4 ,b ! copp]1 :ile 9 solution1 0 9 ! /ate ( an oxide1 & x is precipitat$ 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,! iron 0 9 ! metallic /ate2 b x ent]s into ! solution 9 ! /ate ( an oxide4 ,x is cle> f ?is t ! oxyg51 dur+ ^! precipitations1 %ifts its place1 leav+ ! copp]1 & ent]+ into comb9ation ) ! iron4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 su* a case we det]m9e ! exact quantity ( copp] ?r[n d[n1 & ! exact quantity ( iron dissolv$ at ! same "t1 x is cle> t we %all h ! relative weight ( ea* comb9$ ) ! same weight ( oxyg54 ,if1 = example1 #d ( copp] be ?r[n d[n by ! solution ( #ce ( iron2 !n x is cle> t #ce ( iron requires j z mu* oxyg5 z #d ( copp]1 to turn bo? into ! oxide t exi/s 9 ! solution1 :i* is ! black oxide ( ea*4 ,b]gman _h made a set ( exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! proportional quantities ( phlogi/on conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t metals1 by ! relative quantity ( ea* necess>y to precipitate a giv5 weight ( ano!r f its acid solution4 ,x 0 ! op9ion at t "t1 t metals 7 comp\nds ( _! respective calces & phlogi/on4 ,:5 a metal dissolv$ 9 an acid1 x 0 kn[n to be 9 ! /ate ( calx1 & !re=e _h p>t$ ) its phlogi/on3 :5 ano!r metal 0 put into ?is solution x became a calx1 & ! dissolv$ metal 0 precipitat$ 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,x _h !re=e unit$ ) ! phlogi/on ( ! precipitat+ metal4 ,x is obvi\s1 t by det]m9+ ! quantities ( ! two metals precipitat$ & dissolv$1 ! relative proportion ( phlogi/on 9 ea* c\ld be det]m9$4 ,lavoisi] saw t ^! exp]im5ts ( ,b]gman w\ld s]ve equally to det]m9e ! relative quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! diff]5t oxides4 ,accord+ly1 9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghb1 he ent]s into an elaborate exam9ation ( ,b]gman's exp]im5ts1 ) a view to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,b x is unnecess>y to /ate ! d$uctions :i* he drew1 because ,b]gman's exp]im5ts 7 n suffici5tly accurate = ! object 9 view4 ,inde$1 z ! mutual precipitation ( ! metals is a galvanic ph5om5on1 & z ! precipitat$ metal is seldom q pure1 b an alloy ( ! precipitat+ & precipitat$ metal2 & z x is v difficult to dry ! m oxidizable metals1 z copp] & t91 )\t _! absorb+ oxyg5 :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( v m9ute division2 ?is mode ( exp]im5t+ is n precise en\gh = ! object :i* ,lavoisi] _h 9 view4 ,accord+ly ! table ( ! composition ( ! metallic oxides :i* ,lavoisi] has drawn up is s v defective1 t x is n wor? :ile to transcribe x4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! table ( ! aff9ities ( oxyg5 :i* ,lavoisi] drew up & ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = ! same ye>4 ,8 data 7 too imp]fect1 & 8 k too limit$1 to put x 9 8 p[] to draw up any su* table ) any approa* to accuracy4 ,i %all h occasion to resume ! subject 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,9 ! same volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 ?is indefatigable man ins]t$ a pap] 9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( oxyg5 :i* comb9es ) iron4 ,8 me?od ( proce$+ 01 to burn a giv5 weight ( iron 9 oxyg5 gas4 ,x is well kn[n t iron wire1 "u su* circum/ances1 burns ) consid]able spl5d\r1 & t ! oxide1 by ! heat1 is fus$ into a black brittle matt]1 hav+ some:at ( ! metallic lu/re4 ,he burnt #adef gra9s ( iron 9 ?is way1 & f\nd t1 aft] combu/ion1 ! weight became #aib gra9s1 & #ig ,fr5* cubic in*es ( oxyg5 gas _h be5 absorb$4 ,f ?is exp]im5t x foll[s1 t ! oxide ( iron =m$ by burn+ iron 9 oxyg5 gas is a comp\nd ( ,iron #ce ,oxyg5 #aaa ,?is =ms a tol]able approximation to ! tru?4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 t ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! oxide ( iron =m$ by ! combu/ion ( iron 9 oxyg5 gas is n q uni=m 9 its composition2 sometimes x is a comp\nd ( ,iron #c ,oxyg5 #a ,:ile at o!r times x consi/s v ne>ly ( ,iron #ce ,oxyg5 #a & probably x may exi/ 9 all ! int]m$iate proportions betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,! la/ ( ^! comp\nds con/itutes :at is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( protoxide1 or black oxide ( iron4 ,! fir/ is ! composition ( ! ore ( iron s abundant1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( magnetic iron ore4 ,lavoisi] 0 aw>e t iron comb9es ) m oxyg5 ?an exi/s 9 ! protoxide2 inde$1 8 analysis ( p]oxide ( iron =ms a tol]able approximation to ! tru?2 b !re is no reason = believ+ t he 0 aw>e t iron is capable ( =m+ only two oxides1 & t all int]m$iate degrees ( oxidation are impossible4 ,?is 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,pr\/4 ,i ?9k x unnecess>y to ent] into any details respect+ two pap]s ( ,lavoisi]1 t made _! appe>ance 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghc1 z !y add v little to :at he _h already done4 ,! fir/ ( ^! describes ! exp]im5ts :i* he made to det]m9e ! quantity ( oxyg5 :i* unites ) sulphur & phosphorus :5 !y are burnt3 x conta9s no fact :i* he _h n /at$ 9 8 =m] pap]s1 unless we are to consid] 8 rem>k1 t ! heat giv5 out dur+ ! burn+ ( ^! bodies has no s5sible weight1 z new4 ,! o!r pap] is ,on ,phlogi/on2 x is v elaborate1 b conta9s no?+ :i* _h n be5 already advanc$ 9 8 prec$+ memoirs4 ,*emi/s 7 s w$d$ to ! phlogi/ic !ory1 _! prejudices 7 s /rong1 & _! und]/&+s s =tifi$ aga9/ e ?+ t 0 likely to *ange _! op9ions1 t ,lavoisi] f\nd x necess>y to lay ! same facts be=e !m aga9 & aga91 & to place !m 9 e po9t ( view4 ,9 ?is pap] he gives a /atem5t ( 8 own !ory ( combu/ion1 :i* he _h previ\sly done 9 sev]al prec$+ pap]s4 ,he exam9es ! phlogi/ic !ory ( ,/ahl at great l5g?1 & refutes x4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghd1 ,lavoisi] publi%$ a v elaborate set ( exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( alcohol1 oil1 & diff]5t combu/ible bodies1 :i* gave a beg9n+ to ! analysis ( vegetable sub/ances1 & s]v$ z a f\ndation ^u :i* ?is mo/ difficult "p ( *emi/ry might be re>$4 ,he %[$ t dur+ ! combu/ion ( alcohol ! oxyg5 ( ! air unit$ to ! vap\r ( ! alcohol1 :i* und]w5t decomposition1 & 0 conv]t$ into wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts he d$uc$ z a consequ5ce1 t ! con/itu5ts ( alcohol are c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & no?+ else2 & he endeav\r$ f 8 exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! relative proportions ( ^! diff]5t con/itu5ts4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts he conclud$1 t ! alcohol :i* he us$ 9 8 exp]im5ts 0 a comp\nd ( ,c>bon #bfbie "p4 ,hydrog5 #gbee ,wat] #ehfa ,x w\ld s]ve no purpose to attempt to draw any consequ5ces f ^! exp]im5ts2 z ,lavoisi] does n m5tion ! specific gravity ( ! alcohol1 ( c\rse we _c say h[ mu* ( ! wat] f\nd 0 m]ely unit$ ) ! alcohol1 & h[ mu* ent]$ into its composition4 ,! proportion betwe5 ! c>bon & hydrog51 con/itutes an approximation to ! tru?1 ?\gh n a v ne> "o4 ,olive oil he %[$ to be a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 & bees' wax to be a comp\nd ( ! same con/itu5ts1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t proportion4 ,?is subject 0 cont9u$1 & 8 views fur!r ext5d$1 9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghf1 entitl$1 ,reflections on ! ,decomposition ( ,wat] by ,vegetable & ,animal ,sub/ances4 ,he beg9s by /at+ t :5 *>coal is expos$ to a /rong heat1 x gives out a little c>bonic acid gas & a little inflammable air1 & aft] ?is no?+ m c be driv5 (f1 h[ev] high ! temp]ature be to :i* x is expos$2 b if ! *>coal be left = "s "t 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e x w aga9 give out a little c>bonic acid gas & inflammable gas :5 heat$1 & ?is process may be repeat$ till ! :ole *>coal disappe>s4 ,?is is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a little moi/ure :i* ! *>coal imbibes f ! air4 ,! wat] is decompos$ :5 ! *>coal is heat$ & conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & inflammable gas4 ,:5 vegetable sub/ances are heat$ 9 a retort1 ! wat] :i* !y conta9 und]goes a simil> decomposition1 ! c>bon :i* =ms "o ( _! con/itu5ts comb9es ) ! oxyg5 & produces c>bonic acid1 :ile ! hydrog51 ! o!r con/itu5t ( ! wat]1 flies (f 9 ! /ate ( gas comb9$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bon4 ,h5ce ! sub/ances obta9$ :5 vegetable or animal sub/ances are di/ill$ did n exi/ ready =m$ 9 ! body op]at$ on2 b proce$$ f ! d\ble decompositions :i* took place by ! mutual action ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! wat]1 sug>1 mucus1 c41 :i* ! vegetable body conta9s4 ,! oil1 ! acid1 c41 extract$ by di/ill+ vegetable bodies did n exi/ 9 !m1 b are =m$ dur+ ! mutual action ( ! con/itu5ts ^u ea* o!r1 promot$ z _! action is by ! heat4 ,^! views 7 q new & p]fectly j1 & ?rew a new light on ! nature ( vegetable sub/ances & on ! products obta9$ by di/ill+ !m4 ,x %[$ ! futility ( all ! pret5d$ analyses ( vegetable sub/ances1 :i* *emi/s _h p]=m$ by simply subject+ !m to di/illation1 & ! error ( draw+ any conclusions respect+ ! con/itu5ts ( vegetable sub/ances f ! results ( _! di/illation1 except inde$ ) respect to _! elem5t>y con/itu5ts4 ,?us :5 by di/ill+ a vegetable sub/ance we obta9 wat]1 oil1 acetic acid1 c>bonic acid1 & c>burett$ hydrog51 we mu/ n conclude t ^! pr9ciples exi/$ 9 ! sub/ance1 b m]ely t x conta9$ c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 9 su* proportions z to yield all ^! pr9ciples by decompositions4 ,z nitric acid acts ^u metals 9 a v diff]5t way f sulphuric & muriatic acids1 & z x is a mu* bett] solv5t ( metals 9 g5]al ?an any o!r1 x 0 an object ( great importance t[>ds complet+ ! antiphlogi/ic !ory to obta9 an accurate k ( its con/itu5ts4 ,?\gh ,lavoisi] did n succe$ 9 ?is1 yet he made at lea/ a c]ta9 progress1 :i* enabl$ him to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 at t "t kn[n1 ) consid]able cle>ness1 & to answ] all ! objections to ! antiphlogi/ic !ory f ! action ( nitric acid on metals4 ,8 fir/ pap] on ! subject 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggf4 ,he put a quantity ( nitric acid & m]cury into a retort ) a long beak1 :i* he plung$ into ! wat]-tr\gh4 ,an eff]vesc5ce took place & gas pass$ ov] 9 abundance1 & 0 collect$ 9 a glass j>2 ! m]cury be+ dissolv$ ! retort 0 /ill fur!r heat$1 till e ?+ liquid pass$ ov] into ! receiv]1 & a dry yell[ salt rema9$4 ,! beak ( ! retort 0 n[ aga9 plung$ into ! wat]-tr\gh1 & ! salt heat$ till all ! nitric acid :i* x conta9$ 0 decompos$1 & no?+ rema9$ 9 ! retort b r$ oxide ( m]cury4 ,dur+ ?is la/ process mu* m gas 0 collect$4 ,all ! gas obta9$ dur+ ! solution ( ! m]cury & ! decomposition ( ! salt 0 nitr\s gas4 ,! r$ oxide ( m]cury 0 n[ heat$ to r$ness1 oxyg5 gas 0 emitt$ 9 abundance1 & ! m]cury 0 r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate3 its weight 0 f\nd ! v same z at fir/4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! nitr\s gas & ! oxyg5 gas 7 d]iv$1 n f ! m]cury b f ! nitric acid1 & t ! nitric acid _h be5 decompos$ into nitr\s gas & oxyg53 ! nitr\s gas _h made its escape 9 ! =m ( gas1 & ! oxyg5 _h rema9$ unit$ to ! metal4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x foll[s cle>ly1 t nitric acid is a comp\nd ( nitr\s gas & oxyg54 ,! nature ( nitr\s gas itself ,lavoisi] did n succe$ 9 asc]ta9+4 ,x pass$ ) him = a simple sub/ance2 b :at he did asc]ta9 enabl$ him to expla9 ! action ( nitric acid on metals4 ,:5 nitric acid is p\r$ ^u a metal :i* x is capable ( dissolv+1 copp] = example1 or m]cury1 ! oxyg5 ( ! acid unites to ! metal1 & conv]ts into an oxide1 :ile ! nitr\s gas1 ! o!r con/itu5t ( ! acid1 makes its escape 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,! oxide comb9es ) & is dissolv$ by ano!r portion ( ! acid :i* escapes decomposition4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 t :5 nitr\s gas & oxyg5 gas are mix$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 proportions1 !y in/antly unite1 & are conv]t$ into nitr\s acid4 ,if ?is mixture be made ov] wat]1 ! volume ( ! gases is in/antly dim9i%$1 because ! nitr\s acid =m$ loses its ela/icity1 & is absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,:5 nitr\s gas is mix$ ) air conta9+ oxyg5 gas1 ! dim9ution ( volume aft] mixture is great] ! m oxyg5 gas is pres5t 9 ! air4 ,?is induc$ ,dr4 ,prie/ley to employ nitr\s gas z a te/ ( ! purity ( common air4 ,he mix$ toge!r equal volumes ( ! nitr\s gas & air to be exam9$1 & he judg$ ( ! purity ( ! air by ! degree ( cond5sation3 ! great] ! dim9ution ( bulk1 ! great] did he consid] ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! air "u exam9ation to be4 ,?is me?od ( proce$+ 0 imm$iately adopt$ by *emi/s & physicians2 b !re 0 a want ( uni=mity 9 ! mode ( proce$+1 & a consid]able div]sity 9 ! results4 ,m4 ,lavoisi] endeav\r$ to improve ! process1 9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aghb2 b 8 me?od did n answ] ! purpose int5d$3 x 0 ,mr4 ,cav5di% t fir/ po9t$ out an accurate mode ( te/+ air by means ( nitr\s gas1 & :o %[$ t ! proportions ( oxyg5 & azotic gas 9 common air are inv>iable4 ,lavoisi]1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations1 _h prov$ t c>bonic acid is a comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg52 sulphuric acid1 ( sulphur & oxyg52 phosphoric acid1 ( phosphorus & oxyg52 & nitric acid1 ( nitr\s gas & oxyg54 ,nei!r ! c>bon1 ! sulphur1 ! phosphorus1 nor ! nitr\s gas1 possess$ any acid prop]ties :5 uncomb9$2 b !y acquir$ ^! prop]ties :5 !y 7 unit$ to oxyg54 ,he obs]v$ fur!r1 t all ! acids kn[n 9 8 "t :i* _h be5 decompos$ 7 f\nd to conta9 oxyg51 & :5 !y 7 depriv$ ( oxyg51 !y lo/ _! acid prop]ties4 ,^! facts l$ him to conclude1 t oxyg5 is an ess5tial con/itu5t 9 all acids1 & t x is ! pr9ciple :i* be/[s acidity or ! true acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y he di/+ui%$ x by ! "n ( oxyg54#e ,^! views 7 fully develop$ by ,lavoisi]1 9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggh1 entitl$1 ,g5]al ,consid]ations on ! ,nature ( ,acids1 & on ! ,pr9ciples ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,:5 ?is pap] 0 publi%$1 ,lavoisi]'s views 7 exce$+ly plausible4 ,!y 7 gradually adopt$ by *emi/s 9 g5]al1 & = a numb] ( ye>s may be consid]$ to h con/itut$ a "p ( ! g5]ally-receiv$ doctr9es4 ,b ! discov]y ( ! nature ( *lor9e1 & ! subsequ5t facts br\ght to light respect+ iod9e1 brom9e1 & cyanog51 h demon/rat$ t x is inaccurate2 t _m p[]ful acids exi/ :i* conta9 no oxyg51 & t !re is no "o sub/ance to :i* ! "n ( acidify+ pr9ciple c ) ju/ice be giv54 ,to ?is subject we %all aga9 rev]t1 :5 we come to treat ( ! m mod]n discov]ies4 #e ,f 1 s\r1 & 1 :i* he def9$ ! produc] ( acids1 ! acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,long z ! acc\nt is :i* we h giv5 ( ! lab\rs ( ,lavoisi]1 ! subject is n yet exhau/$4 ,two o!r pap]s ( 8 rema9 to be notic$1 :i* ?r[ consid]able light on "s important functions ( ! liv+ body3 we allude to 8 exp]im5ts on respiration & p]spiration4 ,x 0 kn[n1 t if an animal 0 conf9$ beyond a c]ta9 limit$ "t 9 a giv5 volume ( atmosph]ical air1 x di$ ( suffocation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! air becom+ unfit = brea?+2 & t if ano!r animal 0 put into ?is air1 ?us r5d]$ noxi\s by brea?+1 its life 0 de/roy$ almo/ 9 an in/ant4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h ?r[n "s light ^u ?is subject by %[+ t air1 9 :i* an animal _h brea!d = "s "t1 possess$ ! prop]ty ( r5d]+ lime-wat] turbid1 & !re=e conta9$ c>bonic acid gas4 ,he consid]$ ! process ( brea?+ z exactly analog\s to ! calc9ation ( metals1 or ! combu/ion ( burn+ bodies4 ,bo?1 9 8 op9ion act$ by giv+ out phlogi/on2 :i*1 unit+ ) ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 conv]t$ x into phlogi/icat$ air4 ,prie/ley f\nd1 t if plants 7 made to vegetate = "s "t 9 air t _h be5 r5d]$ unfit = support+ animal life by respiration1 x lo/ ! prop]ty ( ext+ui%+ a c&le1 & animals c\ld brea! x aga9 )\t injury4 ,he conclud$ f ?is t animals1 by brea?+1 phlogi/icat$ air1 b t plants1 by vegetat+1 dephlogi/icat$ air3 ! =m] communicat$ phlogi/on to x1 ! latt] took phlogi/on f x4 ,aft] ,lavoisi] _h satisfi$ himself t air is a mixture ( oxyg5 & azote1 & t oxyg5 alone is conc]n$ 9 ! processes ( calc9ation & combu/ion1 be+ absorb$ & comb9$ ) ! sub/ances und]go+ calc9ation & combu/ion1 x 0 impossible = him to avoid draw+ simil> conclusions ) respect to ! brea?+ ( animals4 ,accord+ly1 he made exp]im5ts on ! subject1 & ! result 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 = #aggg4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts he drew ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a4 ,! only portion ( atmosph]ical air :i* is useful 9 brea?+ is ! oxyg54 ,! azote is drawn into ! lungs along ) ! oxyg51 b x is ?r[n out aga9 unalt]$4 #b4 ,! oxyg5 gas1 on ! contr>y1 is gradually1 by brea?+1 conv]t$ into c>bonic acid2 & air becomes unfit = respiration :5 a c]ta9 portion ( its oxyg5 is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas4 #c4 ,respiration is !re=e exactly analog\s to calc9ation4 ,:5 air is r5d]$ unfit = support+ life by respiration1 if ! c>bonic acid gas =m$ be )drawn by means ( lime-wat]1 or cau/ic alkali1 ! azote rema9+ is precisely ! same1 9 its nature1 z :at rema9s aft] air is exhau/$ ( its oxyg5 by be+ employ$ = calc9+ metals4 ,9 ?is fir/ pap] ,lavoisi] w5t no fur!r ?an e/abli%+ ^! g5]al pr9ciples2 b he aft]w>ds made exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! exact am\nt ( ! *anges :i* 7 produc$ 9 air by brea?+1 & endeav\r$ to e/abli% an accurate !ory ( respiration4 ,to ?is subject we %all h occasion to rev]t aga91 :5 we give an acc\nt ( ! attempts made to det]m9e ! ph5om5a ( respiration by m mod]n exp]im5t]s4 ,lavoisi]'s exp]im5ts on p]spiration 7 made dur+ ! fr5zy ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 :5 ,robespi]re _h usurp$ ! supreme p[]1 & :5 x 0 ! object ( ^? at ! head ( affairs to de/roy all ! m>ks ( civilization & sci5ce :i* rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 sc>cely complet$ :5 he 0 ?r[n into prison1 & ?\gh he reque/$ a prolongation ( 8 life = a %ort "t1 till he c\ld h ! means ( draw+ up a /atem5t ( _! results1 ! reque/ 0 b>b>\sly refus$4 ,he has !re=e left no acc\nt ( !m :atev] beh9d him4 ,b ,segu91 :o 0 associat$ ) him 9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 0 =tunately ov]look$1 & escap$ ! dreadful times ( ! reign ( t]ror3 he aft]w>ds drew up an acc\nt ( ! results1 :i* has prev5t$ !m f be+ :olly lo/ to *emi/s & physiologi/s4 ,segu9 0 usually ! p]son exp]im5t$ on4 ,a v>ni%$ silk bag1 p]fectly air-tight1 0 procur$1 )9 :i* he 0 enclos$1 except a slit ov] aga9/ ! m\?1 :i* 0 left op5 = brea?+2 & ! edges ( ! bag 7 accurately cem5t$ r\nd ! m\?1 by means ( a mixture ( turp5t9e & pit*4 ,?us e ?+ emitt$ by ! body 0 reta9$ 9 ! bag1 except :at made its escape f ! lungs by respiration4 ,by weigh+ himself 9 a delicate balance at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 & aga9 aft] he _h cont9u$ = "s "t 9 ! bag1 ! quantity ( matt] c>ri$ (f by respiration 0 det]m9$4 ,by weigh+ himself )\t ?is v>ni%$ cov]+1 & repeat+ ! op]ation aft] ! same int]val ( "t _h elaps$1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 he det]m9$ ! loss ( weight occasion$ by p]spiration & respiration toge!r4 ,! loss ( weight indicat$ by ! fir/ exp]im5t be+ subtract$ f t giv5 by ! second1 ! quantity ( matt] lo/ by p]spiration ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk9 0 det]m9$4 ,! foll[+ facts 7 asc]ta9$ by ^! exp]im5ts3 #a4 ,! maximum ( matt] p]spir$ 9 a m9ute am\nt$ to #bfbe gra9s troy2 ! m9imum to n9e gra9s2 :i* gives #agfc gra9s1 at a m$ium1 9 ! m9ute1 or #ebhi ounces 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #b4 ,! am\nt ( p]spiration is increas$ by dr9k1 b n by solid food4 #c4 ,p]spiration is at its m9imum imm$iately aft] a repa/2 x rea*es its maximum dur+ dige/ion4 ,su* is an epitome ( ! *emical lab\rs ( ,m4 ,lavoisi]4 ,:5 we consid] t ?is prodigi\s numb] ( exp]im5ts & memoirs 7 all p]=m$ & drawn up )9 ! %ort p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 we %all be able to =m "s idea ( ! almo/ incr$ible activity ( ?is extraord9>y man3 ! /ead9ess ) :i* he kept 8 own peculi> op9ions 9 view1 & ! good temp] :i* he knew h[ to ma9ta9 9 all 8 publications1 ?\gh 8 op9ions 7 n only n support$1 b actually oppos$ by ! :ole body ( *emi/s 9 exi/5ce1 does him inf9ite cr$it1 & 0 und\bt$ly ! wise/ l9e ( conduct :i* he c\ld possibly h adopt$4 ,! difficulties connect$ ) ! evolution & absorption ( hydrog51 con/itut$ ! /ronghold ( ! phlogi/ians4 ,b ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s discov]y1 t wat] is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 0 a dea?-bl[ to ! doctr9e ( ,/ahl4 ,soon aft] ?is discov]y 0 fully e/abli%$1 or dur+ ! ye> #aghe1 ,m4 ,b]?ollet1 a memb] ( ! academy1 & fa/ ris+ to ! em95ce :i* he aft]w>ds acquir$1 decl>$ himself a conv]t to ! ,lavoisi]ian !ory4 ,8 example 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ,m4 ,f\rcroy1 also a memb] ( ! academy1 :o _h succe$$ ,macqu] z pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,roi4 ,m4 ,f\rcroy1 :o 0 p]fectly aw>e ( ! /rong feel+ ( patriotism :i*1 at t "t1 actuat$ almo/ e man ( sci5ce 9 ,france1 hit ^u a mo/ infallible way ( giv+ curr5cy to ! new op9ions4 ,to ! !ory ( ,lavoisi] he gave ! "n ( ,la ,*imie ,franaise 7,fr5* ,*emi/ry74 ,?is "n 0 n mu* reli%$ by ,lavoisi]1 z1 9 8 op9ion1 x depriv$ him ( ! cr$it :i* 0 8 due2 b x c]ta9ly contribut$1 m ?an any ?+ else1 to give ! new op9ions curr5cy1 at lea/1 9 ,france2 !y became at once a national conc]n1 & ^? :o /ill adh]$ to ! old op9ions1 7 hoot$ & /igmatiz$ z enemies to ! glory ( _! c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^? :o /ill adh]$ to ! phlogi/ic !ory 0 ,m4 ,guyton de ,morveau1 a nobleman ( ,burgundy1 :o _h be5 educat$ z a lawy]1 & :o fill$ a conspicu\s situation 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,dijon3 he _h cultivat$ *emi/ry ) great zeal1 & 0 at t "t ! editor ( ! *emical "p ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique4 ,9 ! fir/ half-volume ( ! *emical "p ( ?is diction>y1 :i* _h j appe>$1 ,morveau _h support$ ! doctr9e ( phlogi/on1 & oppos$ ! op9ions ( ,lavoisi] ) mu* zeal & consid]able skill3 on ?is acc\nt1 x became an object ( consid]able consequ5ce to satisfy ,morveau t 8 op9ions 7 inaccurate1 & to make him a conv]t to ! antiphlogi/ic !ory2 = ! :ole matt] 0 manag$ z if x _h be5 a political intrigue1 r ?an a philosophical inquiry4 ,morveau 0 accord+ly invit$ to ,p>is1 & ,lavoisi] succe$$ )\t difficulty 9 br++ him ov] to 8 own op9ions4 ,we are ignorant ( ! means :i* he took2 no d\bt fri5dly discussion & ! repetition ( ! requisite exp]im5ts1 w\ld be suffici5t to satisfy a man s well acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 & ^: mode ( ?9k+ 0 s lib]al z ,morveau4 ,into ! middle ( ! second half-volume ( ! *emical "p ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique he introduc$ a long adv]tisem5t1 ann\nc+ ?is *ange 9 8 op9ions1 & assign+ 8 reasons = x4 ,! *emical nom5clature at t "t 9 use _h orig9at$ ) ! m$ical *emi/s1 & conta9$ a multiplicity ( unwieldy & unmean+1 & ev5 absurd t]ms4 ,x _h answ]$ ! purposes ( *emi/s tol]ably well :ile ! sci5ce 0 9 its infancy2 b ! numb] ( new sub/ances br\ght into view _h ( late ye>s become s great1 t ! old names c\ld n be appli$ to !m )\t ! utmo/ /ra9+3 & ! *emical t]ms 9 use 7 s little sy/ematic t x requir$ a consid]able /ret* ( memory to reta9 !m4 ,^! evils 7 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ & lam5t$1 & v>i\s attempts _h be5 made to correct !m4 ,b]gman1 = in/ance1 _h contriv$ a new nom5clature1 conf9$ *iefly to ! salts & adapt$ to ! ,lat9 language4 ,dr4 ,black _h done ! same ?+3 8 nom5clature possess$ bo? elegance & neatness1 & 01 9 sev]al respects1 sup]ior to ! t]ms ultimately adopt$2 b ) 8 usual indol5ce & disreg>d ( reputation1 he satisfi$ himself m]ely ) draw+ x up 9 ! =m ( a table & exhibit+ x to 8 class4 ,morveau contriv$ a new nom5clature ( ! salts1 & publi%$ x 9 #aghc2 & x appe>s to h be5 se5 & approv$ ( by ,b]gman4 ,! old *emical phraseology z f> z x _h any mean+ 0 entirely con=mable to ! phlogi/ic !ory4 ,?is 0 s mu* ! case t x 0 ) difficulty t ,lavoisi] 0 able to r5d] 8 op9ions intelligible by means ( x4 ,inde$ x w\ld h be5 out ( 8 p[] to h convey$ 8 mean+ to 8 read]s1 _h he n inv5t$ & employ$ a c]ta9 numb] ( new t]ms4 ,lavoisi]1 aw>e ( ! defects ( ! *emical nom5clature1 & s5sible ( ! advantage :i* 8 own doctr9e w\ld acquire :5 dress$ up 9 a language exactly suit$ to 8 views1 0 easily prevail$ ^u by ,morveau to jo9 ) him 9 =m+ a new nom5clature to be h5ce=? employ$ exclusively by ! antiphlogi/ians1 z !y call$ !mselves4 ,= ?is purpose !y associat$ ) !mselves ,b]?ollet1 & ,f\rcroy4 ,we d n "k :at "p ea* took 9 ?is important und]tak+2 b1 if we are to judge f appe>ances1 ! new nom5clature 0 almo/ exclusively ! "w ( ,lavoisi] & ,morveau4 ,lavoisi] und\bt$ly contriv$ ! g5]al phrases1 & ! names appli$ to ! simple sub/ances1 s f> z !y 7 new1 because he _h employ$ ! great] numb] ( !m 9 8 writ+s be=e ! new nom5clature 0 concoct$4 ,t ! mode ( nam+ ! salts orig9at$ ) ,morveau is obvi\s2 = x diff]s b little f ! nom5clature ( ! salts publi%$ by him f\r ye>s be=e4 ,! new nom5clature 0 publi%$ by ,lavoisi] & 8 associates 9 #aghg1 & x 0 ev] aft] employ$ by !m 9 all _! writ+s4 ,aw>e ( ! importance ( hav+ a p]iodical "w 9 :i* !y c\ld regi/] & make kn[n _! op9ions1 !y e/abli%$ ! ,annales de ,*imie1 z a sort ( c\nt]poise to ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ! editor ( :i*1 ,m4 ,delame!rie1 cont9u$ a zeal\s vot>y ( phlogi/on to ! end ( 8 life4 ,?is new nom5clature v soon made its way into e "p ( ,europe1 & became ! common language ( *emi/s1 9 spite ( ! prejudices ent]ta9$ aga9/ x1 & ! opposition :i* x e :]e met )4 ,9 ! ye> #agif1 or n9e ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! new nom5clature1 :5 ,i att5d$ ! *emi/ry-class 9 ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh1 x 0 n only 9 common use among ! /ud5ts1 b 0 employ$ by ,dr4 ,black1 ! pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 himself2 & ,i h no d\bt t he _h introduc$ x into 8 lectures sev]al ye>s be=e4 ,?is extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* ! new *emical language came into use1 0 d\btless ow+ to two circum/ances4 ,fir/1 ! v defective1 vague1 & b>b>\s /ate ( ! old *emical nom5clature3 = al?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! prodigi\s progress :i* ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry has made s9ce ! "t ( ,lavoisi]1 8 nom5clature is n[ ne>ly z inadequate to express our ideas z t ( ,/ahl 0 to express 82 yet1 at ! "t ( its appe>ance1 its sup]iority ov] ! old nom5clature 0 s great1 t x 0 imm$iately felt & ackn[l$g$ by all ^? :o 7 acquir+ ! sci5ce1 :o are ! mo/ likely to be free f prejudices1 & :o1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 mu/ con/itute ! great body ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce4 #b4 ,! second circum/ance1 to :i* ! rapid triumph ( ! new nom5clature 0 ow+1 is ! sup]iority ( ,lavoisi]'s !ory ov] t ( ,/ahl4 ,! subsequ5t progress ( ! sci5ce has betray$ _m weak po9ts 9 ,lavoisi]'s op9ions2 yet its sup]iority ov] t ( ,/ahl 0 s obvi\s1 & ! mode ( int]rogat+ nature introduc$ by him 0 s good1 & s well calculat$ to advance ! sci5ce1 t no unprejudic$ p]son1 :o 0 at suffici5t pa9s to exam9e bo?1 c\ld hesitate ab\t pref]r+ t ( ,lavoisi]4 ,x 0 !re=e g5]ally embrac$ by all ! "y *emi/s 9 e c\ntry2 & !y became1 at ! same "t1 p>tial to ! new nom5clature1 by :i* only t !ory c\ld be expla9$ 9 an intelligible mann]4 ,:5 ! new nom5clature 0 publi%$1 !re 7 only ?ree nations 9 ,europe :o c\ld be consid]$ z hold+ a di/+ui%$ place z cultivators ( *emi/ry3 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,great ,brita94 ,= ,sw$5 _h j lo/ h] two great *emi/s1 ,b]gman & ,s*eele1 & _h be5 oblig$1 9 consequ5ce1 to desc5d f ! high *emical rank :i* %e _h =m]ly occupi$4 ,9 ,france ! fa%ion1 & ( c\rse almo/ ! :ole nation1 7 on ! side ( ! new *emi/ry4 ,macqu]1 :o _h be5 a /an* phlogi/ian to ! la/1 0 j dead4 ,monnet 0 clos+ 8 labori\s c>e]4 ,baum cont9u$ to adh]e to ! old op9ions2 b he 0 old1 & 8 *emical skill1 :i* _h nev] be5 accurate1 0 totally eclips$ by ! m elaborate rese>*es ( ,lavoisi] & 8 fri5ds4 ,delame!rie 0 a ke5 phlogi/ian1 a man ( "s abilities1 ( rem>kable hone/y & integrity1 & editor ( ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 at t "t a popul> & widely-circulat+ sci5tific j\rnal4 ,b 8 habits1 disposition1 & conduct1 7 by no means suit$ to ! ta/e ( 8 c\ntrym51 or con=mable to ! practice ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t he 0 %ut out ( all ! sci5tific cot]ies ( ,p>is2 & t 8 op9ions1 h[ev] /rongly1 or r viol5tly express$1 fail$ to produce ! int5d$ effect4 ,inde$1 z 8 views 7 g5]ally inaccurate1 & express$ )\t any reg>d to ! rules ( good mann]s1 !y 9 all probability r s]v$ to promote ?an to injure ! cause ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,lavoisi] & 8 fri5ds appe> to h consid]$ ! subject 9 ?is light3 !y nev] answ]$ any ( 8 attacks1 or inde$ took any notice ( !m4 ,france1 !n1 f ! date ( ! publication ( ! new nom5clature1 might be consid]$ z enli/$ on ! side ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,! case 0 v diff]5t 9 ,g]many4 ,! national prejudices ( ! ,g]mans 7 naturally enli/$ on ! side ( ,/ahl1 :o 0 _! c\ntryman1 & ^: reputation w\ld be mat]ially injur$ by ! refutation ( 8 !ory4 ,! cause ( phlogi/on1 accord+ly1 0 tak5 up by sev]al ,g]man *emi/s1 & support$ ) a good deal ( vig\r2 & a controv]sy 0 c>ri$ on = "s ye>s 9 ,g]many betwe5 ! old *emi/s :o adh]$ to ! doctr9e ( ,/ahl1 & ! "y *emi/s :o _h embrac$ ! !ory ( ,lavoisi]4 ,gr51 :o 0 at t "t ! editor ( a *emical j\rnal1 des]v$ly held 9 high e/imation1 & ^: reputation z a *emi/ /ood r high 9 ,g]many1 f9d+ x impossible to def5d ! ,/ahlian !ory z x _h be5 orig9ally laid d[n1 introduc$ a new modification ( phlogi/on1 & attempt$ to ma9ta9 x aga9/ ! antiphlogi/ians4 ,! dea? ( ,gr5 & ( ,wiegleb1 :o 7 ! great *ampions ( phlogi/on1 left ! field op5 to ! antiphlogi/ians1 :o soon took possession ( all ! univ]sities & sci5tific j\rnals 9 ,g]many4 ,! mo/ em95t *emi/ 9 ,g]many1 or p]haps 9 ,europe at t "t1 0 ,m>t9 ,h5ry ,klapro?1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,b]l91 to :om analytical *emi/ry lies "u ! greate/ obligations4 ,9 ! ye> #agib he propos$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b]l91 ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 to repeat all ! requisite exp]im5ts be=e !m1 t ! memb]s ( ! academy might be able to det]m9e = !mselves :i* ( ! two !ories des]v$ ! pref]5ce4 ,?is proposal 0 acc$$ to4 ,all ! fundam5tal exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ by ,klapro? ) ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion to accuracy3 ! result 0 a full conviction1 on ! "p ( ,klapro? & ! academy1 t ! ,lavoisi]ian !ory 0 ! true "o4 ,?us ! ,b]l9 ,academy became antiphlogi/ians 9 #agib3 & z ,b]l9 has always be5 ! focus ( *emi/ry 9 ,g]many1 ! det]m9ation ( su* a le>n$ body mu/ h _h a p[]ful effect 9 accel]at+ ! propagation ( ! new !ory ?r\gh t va/ c\ntry4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! inve/igation ( gase\s bodies1 to :i* ! new doctr9es 7 ow+1 _h orig9at$4 ,dr4 ,black _h begun ! inquiry--,mr4 ,cav5di% _h prosecut$ x ) unp>allel$ accuracy--& ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h made kn[n a great numb] ( new gase\s bodies1 :i* _h hi!rto escap$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s4 ,z ! ,briti% *emi/s _h contribut$ m ?an ^? ( any o!r nation to ! production ( ! new facts on :i* ,lavoisi]'s !ory 0 f\nd$1 x 0 natural to expect t !y w\ld h embrac$ t !ory m readily ?an ! *emi/s ( any o!r nation3 b ! matt] ( fact 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,dr4 ,black1 inde$1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic c&\r1 spe$ily embrac$ ! op9ions1 & ev5 adopt$ ! new nom5clature3 b ,mr4 ,cav5di% new modell$ ! phlogi/ic !ory1 & publi%$ a def5ce ( phlogi/on1 :i* x 0 impossible at t "t to refute4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/s _h ! good s5se n to attempt to ov]turn x4 ,mr4 ,cav5di% aft] ?is laid aside ! cultivation ( *emi/ry altoge!r1 & nev] ackn[l$g$ himself a conv]t to ! new doctr9es4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley cont9u$ a zeal\s advocate = phlogi/on till ! v la/1 & publi%$ :at he call$ a refutation ( ! antiphlogi/ic !ory ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury3 b ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 not)/&+ 8 m]it z a discov]] & a man ( g5ius1 0 nev]1 /rictly speak+1 entitl$ to ! "n ( *emi/2 z he 0 nev] able to make a *emical analysis4 ,9 8 fam\s exp]im5ts1 = example1 on ! composition ( wat]1 he 0 oblig$ to procure ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,keir to det]m9e ! nature ( ! blue-col\r$ liquid :i* he _h obta9$1 & :i* ,mr4 ,keir %[$ to be nitrate ( copp]4 ,besides1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 ?\gh p]fectly hone/ & c&id1 0 s ha/y 9 8 decisions1 & s apt to =m 8 op9ions )\t duly consid]+ ! subject1 t 8 *emical !ories are almo/ all errone\s & sometimes q absurd4 ,mr4 ,kirwan1 :o _h acquir$ a high reputation1 p>tly by 8 m9]alogy1 & p>tly by 8 exp]im5ts on ! composition ( ! salts1 und]took ! task ( refut+ ! antiphlogi/ic !ory1 & ) t view publi%$ a "w to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,an ,essay on ,phlogi/on & ! ,composition ( ,acids4 ,9 t book he ma9ta9$ an op9ion :i* seems to h be5 pretty g5]ally adopt$ by ! mo/ em95t *emi/s ( ! "t2 namely1 t phlogi/on is ! same ?+ ) :at is at pres5t call$ hydrog51 & :i*1 :5 ,kirwan wrote1 0 call$ light inflammable air4 ,( c\rse ,mr4 ,kirwan und]took to prove t e combu/ible sub/ance & e metal conta9s hydrog5 z a con/itu5t1 & t hydrog5 escapes 9 e case ( combu/ion & calc9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 calces are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate hydrog5 is absorb$4 ,! book 0 divid$ into ?irte5 sections4 ,9 ! fir/ ! specific gravity ( ! gases 0 /at$ accord+ to ! be/ data !n exi/+4 ,! second section treats ( ! composition ( acids1 & ! composition & decomposition ( wat]4 ,! ?ird section treats ( sulphuric acid2 ! f\r?1 ( nitric acid2 ! fif?1 ( muriatic acid2 ! six?1 ( aqua regia2 ! sev5?1 ( phosphoric acid2 ! eigh?1 ( oxalic acid2 ! n9?1 ( ! calc9ation & r$uction ( metals & ! =mation ( fix$ air2 ! t5?1 ( ! dissolution ( metals2 ! elev5?1 ( ! precipitation ( metals by ea* o!r2 ! twelf?1 ( ! prop]ties ( iron & /eel2 :ile ! ?irte5? sums up ! :ole argum5t by way ( conclusion4 ,9 ?is "w ,mr4 ,kirwan admitt$ ! tru? ( ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s !ory1 t dur+ combu/ion & calc9ation1 oxyg5 unit$ ) ! burn+ & calc9+ body4 ,he admitt$ also t wat] is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,n[ ^! admissions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x 0 sc>cely possible = a man ( c&\r to refuse1 r5d]$ ! :ole ( 8 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! id5tity ( hydrog5 & phlogi/on1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( hydrog5 9 all combu/ible bodies1 exce$+ly inconclusive4 ,kirwan's book 0 laid hold ( by ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 z af=d+ !m an excell5t opportunity ( %[+ ! sup]iority ( ! new op9ions ov] ! old4 ,kirwan's view ( ! subject 0 t :i* _h be5 tak5 by ,b]gman & ,s*eele1 & inde$ by e *emi/ ( em95ce :o /ill adh]$ to ! phlogi/ic sy/em4 ,a satisfactory refutation ( x1 !re=e1 w\ld be a dea?-bl[ to phlogi/on & w\ld place ! antiphlogi/ic !ory ^u a basis s secure t x w\ld be h5ce=? impossible to %ake x4 ,kirwan's "w on phlogi/on 0 accord+ly translat$ into ,fr5*1 & publi%$ 9 ,p>is4 ,at ! end ( ea* section 0 plac$ an exam9ation & refutation ( ! argum5t conta9$ 9 x by "s "o ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 :o _h n[ associat$ !mselves 9 ord] to support ! antiphlogi/ic !ory4 ,! introduction1 toge!r ) ! second1 ?ird1 & elev5? sections 7 exam9$ & refut$ by ,m4 ,lavoisi]2 ! f\r?1 ! fif?1 & six? sections fell to ! %>e ( ,m4 ,b]?ollet2 ! sev5? & ?irte5? sections 7 und]tak5 by ,m4 de ,morveau2 ! eigh?1 n9?1 & t5?1 by ,m4 ,de ,f\rcroy2 :ile ! twelf? section1 on iron & /eel 0 animadv]t$ on by ,m4 ,monge4 ,^! refutations 7 conduct$ ) s mu* urbanity ( mann]1 & 7 at ! same "t s complete1 t !y produc$ all ! effects expect$ f !m4 ,mr4 ,kirwan1 ) a degree ( c&\r & lib]ality ( :i*1 un=tunately1 v few examples c be produc$1 r5\nc$ 8 old op9ions1 ab&on$ phlogi/on1 & adopt$ ! antiphlogi/ic doctr9es ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,b 8 advanc$ age1 & a diff]5t mode ( exp]im5t+ f :at he _h be5 accu/om$ to1 induc$ him to )draw himself entirely f exp]im5tal sci5ce & to devote ! ev5+ ( 8 life to metaphysical & logical & moral inve/igations4 ,?us1 soon aft] ! ye> #agij1 a k9d ( int]regnum took place 9 ,briti% *emi/ry4 ,almo/ all ! old ,briti% *emi/s _h rel9qui%$ ! sci5ce1 or be5 driv5 out ( ! field by ! sup]ior pr[ess ( _! antagoni/s4 ,dr4 ,au/9 & ,dr4 ,pe>son w1 p]haps1 be po9t$ out z exceptions4 ,!y und\bt$ly contribut$ some:at to ! progress ( ! sci5ce4 ,b !y 7 arrang$ on ! side ( ! antiphlogi/ians4 ,dr4 ,craw=d1 :o _h done s mu* = ! !ory ( heat1 0 ab\t ?is "t ru9$ 9 8 circum/ances by ! bankruptcy ( a h\se to :i* he _h intru/$ 8 prop]ty4 ,?is circum/ance prey$ ^u a m9d :i* _h a natural t5d5cy to morbid s5sibility1 & induc$ ?is amiable & excell5t man to put an end to 8 exi/5ce4 ,dr4 ,higg9s _h acquir$ "s celebrity z an exp]im5t] & tea*]2 b 8 disputes ) ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 & 8 lay+ claim to discov]ies :i* c]ta9ly did n belong to him1 _h injur$ 8 reputation1 & l$ him to des]t ! field ( sci5ce4 ,dr4 ,black 0 an invalid1 ,mr4 ,cav5di% _h r5\nc$ ! cultivation ( *emi/ry1 & ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h be5 oblig$ to escape f ! iron h& ( !ological & political bigotry1 by leav+ ! c\ntry4 ,he did little z an exp]im5t] aft] he w5t to ,am]ica2 &1 p]haps1 _h he rema9$ 9 ,engl&1 8 reputation w\ld r h dim9i%$ ?an increas$4 ,he 0 an admirable pione]1 & z su*1 contribut$ m ?an any "o to ! revolution :i* *emi/ry und]w5t2 ?\gh he 0 himself utt]ly unable to re> a p]man5t /ructure capable1 l ! ,newtonian !ory1 ( )/&+ all mann] ( attacks1 & becom+ only ! firm] & /rong] ! m x is exam9$4 ,mr4 ,keir1 ( ,birm+ham1 0 a man ( great eloqu5ce1 & possess$ ( all ! *emical k :i* *>act]iz$ ! vot>ies ( phlogi/on4 ,9 ! ye> #aghi he attempt$ to /em ! curr5t ( ! new op9ions by publi%+ a diction>y ( *emi/ry1 9 :i* all ! controv]sial po9ts 7 to be fully discuss$1 & ! antiphlogi/ic !ory exam9$ & refut$4 ,( ?is diction>y only "o "p appe>$1 con/itut+ a v ?9 volume ( two hundr$ & eight qu>to pages1 & treat+ almo/ entirely ( acids4 ,f9d+ t ! sale ( ?is "w did n answ] 8 expectations1 & probably feel+1 z he proce$$1 t ! task ( refut+ ! antiphlogi/ic op9ions 0 mu* m difficult1 & mu* m hopeless ?an he expect$1 he r5\nc$ ! und]tak+1 & ab&on$ altoge!r ! pursuit ( *emi/ry4 ,x w be prop] 9 ?is place to introduce "s acc\nt ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^? ,fr5* *emi/s :o embrac$ ! !ory ( ,lavoisi]1 & assi/$ him 9 e/abli%+ 8 op9ions4 ,claude-,l\is ,b]?ollet 0 born at ,talloire1 ne> ,annecy1 9 ,savoy1 on ! #i? ( ,decemb]1 #agdh4 ,he f9i%$ 8 s*ool education at ,*ambry1 & aft]w>ds /udi$ at ! ,college ( ,tur91 a celebrat$ e/abli%m5t1 :]e _m m5 ( great sci5tific celebrity h be5 educat$4 ,"h he atta*$ himself to m$ic9e1 & aft] obta9+ a degree he repair$ to ,p>is1 :i* 0 de/9$ to be ! future !atre ( 8 speculations & pursuits4 ,9 ,p>is he _h n a s+le acqua9tance1 nor did he br+ ) him a s+le introductory lett]2 b und]/&+ t ,m4 ,tron*91 at t "t a di/+ui%$ m$ical practition] 9 ,p>is1 0 a native ( ,g5eva1 he ?\ght he might consid] him z 9 "s measure a c\ntryman4 ,on ?is sl5d] gr\nd he wait$ on ,m4 ,tron*91 & :at is r surpris+1 & reflects great cr$it on bo?1 ?is acqua9tance1 begun 9 s uncommon a way1 soon rip5$ into fri5d%ip4 ,tron*9 int]e/$ himself = 8 "y protge1 & soon got him into ! situation ( physician 9 ord9>y to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 fa!r ( him :o cut s conspicu\s a figure 9 ! ,fr5* revolution1 "u ! "n ( ,m4 ,egalit4 ,9 ?is situation he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 & soon made himself kn[n by 8 publications on ! subject4 ,9 #agha he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is3 "o ( 8 competitors 0 ,m4 ,f\rcroy4 ,no d\bt ,b]?ollet ow$ 8 election to ! influ5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans4 ,9 ! ye> #aghd he 0 aga9 a competitor ) ,m4 de ,f\rcroy = ! *emical *air at ! ,j>d9 du ,roi1 left vacant by ! dea? ( ,macqu]4 ,! *air 0 9 ! gift ( ,m4 ,buffon1 ^: vanity is said to h be5 piqu$ because ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 :o support$ ,b]?ollet's int]e/1 did n pay him suffici5t c\rt4 ,?is induc$ him to give ! *air to ,f\rcroy2 & ! *oice 0 a =tunate "o1 z 8 uncommon vivacity & rapid elocution p>ticul>ly fitt$ him = address+ a ,p>isian audi5ce4 ,! *emi/ry-class at ! ,j>d9 du ,roi imm$iately became celebrat$1 & attract$ imm5se cr[ds ( admir+ auditors4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans 0 suffici5t to procure = ,b]?ollet ano!r situation :i* ,macqu] _h held4 ,?is 0 gov]nm5t commiss>y & sup]9t5d5t ( ! dye+ processes4 ,x 0 ?is situation :i* naturally turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ph5om5a ( dye+1 & occasion$ aft]w>ds 8 book on dye+2 :i* at ! "t ( its publication 0 excell5t1 & exhibit$ a mu* bett] !ory ( dye+1 & a bett] acc\nt ( ! practical "p ( ! art ?an any "w :i* _h previ\sly appe>$4 ,! arts ( dye+ & calico-pr9t+ h be5 v mu* improv$ s9ce ! "t t ,b]?ollet's book 0 writt52 yet if we except ,bancr(t's "w on ! p]man5t col\rs1 no?+ v important has be5 publi%$ on ! subject s9ce t p]iod4 ,we are at pres5t almo/ z mu* 9 want ( a good "w on dye+ z we 7 :5 ,b]?ollet's book appe>$4 ,9 ! ye> #aghe ,b]?ollet1 at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 in=m$ t le>n$ body t he _h become a conv]t to ! antiphlogi/ic doctr9es ( ,lavoisi]4 ,!re 0 "o po9t1 h[ev]1 ^u :i* he ent]ta9$ a diff]5t op9ion f ,lavoisi]1 & ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion cont9u$ to ! la/4 ,b]?ollet did n consid] oxyg5 z ! acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 ( op9ion t acids exi/$ :i* conta9$ no oxyg5 :atev]4 ,z an example1 he m5tion$ sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* possess$ ! prop]ties ( an acid1 r$d5+ vegetable blues1 & comb9+ ) & neutraliz+ bases1 & yet x 0 a comp\nd ( sulphur & hydrog51 & conta9$ no oxyg5 :atev]4 ,x is n[ admitt$ t ,b]?ollet 0 accurate 9 8 op9ion1 & t oxyg5 is n ( itself an acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,b]?ollet cont9u$ 9 ! un9t]rupt$ prosecution ( 8 /udies1 & _h rais$ himself a v high reputation :5 ! ,fr5* revolution bur/ ^u ! _w 9 all its magnific5ce4 ,x is n our bus9ess "h to ent] into any hi/orical details1 b m]ely to rem9d ! read] t all ! great p[]s ( ,europe comb9$ to attack ,france1 assi/$ by a =midable army ( ,fr5* emigrants assembl$ at ,cobl5tz4 ,! ,au/rian & ,prussian armies hemm$ h] 9 by l&1 :ile ! ,briti% fleets surr\nd$ h] by sea1 & ?us %ut h] out f all communication ) o!r nations4 ,?us ,france 0 ?r[n at once ^u h] own res\rces4 ,%e _h be5 9 ! habit ( import+ h] saltpetre1 & h] iron1 & _m o!r necess>y implem5ts ( w>3 ^! supplies 7 sudd5ly )drawn2 & x 0 expect$ t ,france1 ?us depriv$ ( all h] res\rces1 w\ld be oblig$ to submit to any t]ms impos$ ^u h] by h] adv]s>ies4 ,at ?is "t %e summon$ h] m5 ( sci5ce to h] assi/ance1 & ! call 0 spe$ily answ]$4 ,b]?ollet & ,monge 7 p>ticul>ly active1 & sav$ ! ,fr5* nation f de/ruction by _! activity1 intellig5ce1 & zeal4 ,b]?ollet trav]s$ ,france f "o extremity to ! o!r2 po9t$ out ! mode ( extract+ saltpetre f ! soil1 & ( purify+ x4 ,saltpetre-works 7 in/antly e/abli%$ 9 e "p ( ,france1 & gunp[d] made ( x 9 prodigi\s quantity1 & ) incr$ible activity4 ,b]?ollet ev5 attempt$ to manufacture a new species ( gunp[d] /ill m p[]ful ?an ! old1 by sub/itut+ *lorate ( pota% = saltpetre3 b x 0 f\nd too =midable a sub/ance to be made ) safety4 ,! dem& = cannon1 muskets1 sabres1 c41 0 equally urg5t & equally difficult to be suppli$4 ,a committee ( m5 ( sci5ce1 ( :i* ,b]?ollet & ,monge 7 ! lead+ memb]s1 0 e/abli%$1 & by !m ! mode ( smelt+ iron1 & ( conv]t+ x into /eel1 0 in/antly communicat$1 & num]\s manufactories ( ^! indisp5sable articles rose l magic 9 e "p ( ,france4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ important p]iod ( ! life ( ,b]?ollet4 ,x 0 9 all probability 8 zeal1 activity1 sagacity1 & hone/y1 :i* sav$ ,france f be+ ov]run by =eign troops4 ,b p]haps ! moral conduct ( ,b]?ollet 0 n less conspicu\s ?an 8 o!r qualities4 ,dur+ ! reign ( t]ror1 a %ort "t be=e ! #i? ,!rmidor1 :5 x 0 ! sy/em to raise up pret5d$ plots1 to give pretexts = putt+ to dea? ^? t 7 obnoxi\s to ,robespi]re & 8 fri5ds1 a ha/y notice 0 giv5 at a sitt+ ( ! ,committee ( ,public ,safety1 t a conspiracy _h j be5 discov]$ to de/roy ! soldi]s1 by poison+ ! br&y :i* 0 j go+ to be s]v$ out to !m previ\s to an engagem5t4 ,x 0 said t ! sick 9 ! hospitals :o _h ta/$ ?is br&y1 all p]i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,imm$iate ord]s 7 issu$ to arre/ ^? previ\sly m>k$ = execution4 ,a quantity ( ! br&y 0 s5t to ,b]?ollet to be exam9$4 ,he 0 in=m$1 at ! same "t1 t ,robespi]re want$ a conspiracy to be e/abli%$1 & all knew t opposition to 8 w 0 c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,hav+ f9i%$ 8 analysis1 ,b]?ollet drew up 8 results 9 a ,report1 :i* he accompani$ ) a writt5 explanation ( 8 views2 & he !re /at$1 9 ! pla9e/ language1 t no?+ poison\s 0 mix$ ) ! br&y1 b t x _h be5 dilut$ ) wat] hold+ small p>ticles ( slate 9 susp5sion1 an +r$i5t :i* filtration w\ld remove4 ,?is report d]ang$ ! plans ( ! ,committee ( ,public ,safety4 ,!y s5t = ! au?or1 to conv9ce him ( ! inaccuracy ( 8 analysis1 & to p]suade him to alt] its results4 ,f9d+ t he rema9$ un%ak5 9 8 op9ion1 ,robespi]re exclaim$1 ,:at1 ,sir6 d>e/ ?\ affirm t ! muddy br&y is free f poison8 ,b]?ollet imm$iately filt]$ a glass ( x 9 8 pres5ce1 & drank x (f4 ,?\ art d>+1 ,sir1 to dr9k t liquor1 exclaim$ ! f]oci\s presid5t ( ! committee4 ,i d>$ mu* m1 repli$ ,b]?ollet1 :5 ,i sign$ my "n to t ,report4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he w\ld h paid ! p5alty ( ?is undaunt$ hone/y ) 8 life1 b t =tunately ! ,committee ( ,public ,safety c\ld n at t "t disp5se ) 8 s]vices4 ,9 ! ye> #agib ,b]?ollet 0 nam$ "o ( ! commission]s ( ! ,m9t1 into ! processes ( :i* he introduc$ consid]able improvem5ts4 ,9 #agid he 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! ,commission ( ,agriculture & ! ,arts3 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! same ye> he 0 *os5 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool & also 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool4 ,b 8 turn ( m9d did n fit him = a public tea*]4 ,he expect$ too mu* in=mation to be possess$ by 8 he>]s1 & did n1 !re=e1 dwell suffici5tly ^u ! elem5t>y details4 ,8 pupils 7 n able to foll[ 8 metaphysical disquisitions on subjects totally new to !m2 h5ce1 in/ead ( inspir+ !m ) a love = *emi/ry1 he fill$ !m ) lang\r & disgu/4 ,9 #agie1 at ! organization ( ! ,in/itute1 :i* 0 int5d$ to include all m5 ( tal5t or celebrity 9 ,france1 we f9d ,b]?ollet tak+ a mo/ active lead2 & ! records ( ! ,in/itute af=d abundant evid5ce ( ! p]sev]ance & assiduity ) :i* he lab\r$ = its int]e/s4 ,( ! committees to :i* all orig9al memoirs are 9 ! fir/ place ref]r$1 we f9d ,b]?ollet1 (t5] ?an any o!r p]son1 a memb]1 & 8 signature to ! report ( ea* "w /&s g5]ally fir/4 ,9 ! ye> #agif1 aft] ! subjugation ( ,italy by ,bonap>te1 ,b]?ollet & ,monge 7 select$ by ! ,directory to proce$ to t c\ntry1 9 ord] to select ^? works ( sci5ce & art ) :i* ! ,l\vre 0 to be fill$ & adorn$4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ! prosecution ( t duty1 !y became acqua9t$ ) ! victori\s g5]al4 ,he easily saw ! importance ( _! fri5d%ip1 & !re=e cultivat$ x ) c>e2 & 0 happy aft]w>ds to possess !m1 along ) ne>ly a hundr$ o!r philosoph]s1 z 8 companions 9 8 celebrat$ exp$ition to ,egypt1 expect+ no d\bt an eclat f su* a halo ( surr\nd+ sci5ce1 z might fav\r ! developm5t ( 8 s*emes ( future greatness4 ,on ?is exp$ition1 :i* promis$ s fav\rably = ! ,fr5* nation1 & :i* 0 int5d$ to inflict a mortal /ab ^u ! comm]cial greatness ( ,great ,brita91 ,bonap>te set out 9 ! ye> #agih1 accompani$ by a cr[d ( ! mo/ em95t m5 ( sci5ce t ,france c\ld boa/ (4 ,t !y might co-op]ate m effectually 9 ! cause ( k1 ^! g5tlem5 =m$ !mselves into a society1 nam$ ,! ,in/itute ( ,egypt1 :i* 0 con/itut$ on ! same plan z ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,_! fir/ meet+ 0 on ! #f? ,fructidor 7#bd? ( ,augu/71 #agih2 & aft] t !y cont9u$ to assemble1 at /at$ int]vals4 ,at ^! meet+s pap]s 7 read1 by ! respective memb]s1 on ! climate1 ! inhabitants1 & ! natural & artificial productions ( ! c\ntry to :i* !y _h gone4 ,^! memoirs 7 publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 9 ,p>is1 9 a s+le volume entitl$1 ,memoirs ( ! ,in/itute ( ,egypt4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,in/itute ( ,egypt1 z relat$ by ,cuvi]1 is n a little s+ul>1 & des]ves to be /at$4 ,bonap>te1 dur+ 8 occasional int]c\rse ) ,b]?ollet 9 ,italy1 0 delight$ ) ! simplicity ( 8 mann]s1 jo9$ to a =ce & dep? ( ?9k+ :i* he soon p]ceiv$ to *>act]ize our *emi/4 ,:5 he return$ to ,p>is1 :]e he enjoy$ "s mon?s ( comp>ative leisure1 he resolv$ to employ 8 sp>e "t 9 /udy+ *emi/ry "u ,b]?ollet4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t 8 illu/ri\s pupil imp>t$ to our philosoph] 8 int5d$ exp$ition to ,egypt1 ( :i* no :isp] 0 to be spread abroad till ! bl[ 0 ready to fall2 & he begg$ ( him n m]ely to accompany ! army himself1 b to *oose su* m5 ( tal5t & exp]i5ce z he conceiv$ fitt$ to f9d !re an employm5t wor?y ( ! c\ntry :i* !y visit$1 & ( t :i* s5t !m =?4 ,to invite m5 to a haz>d\s exp$ition1 ! nature & de/9ation ( :i* he 0 n p]mitt$ to disclose1 0 r a delicate task2 yet ,b]?ollet und]took x4 ,he c\ld simply in=m !m t he w\ld himself accompany !m2 yet su* 0 ! univ]sal e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held1 su* 0 ! confid5ce univ]sally plac$ 9 8 hone/y & integrity1 t all ! m5 ( sci5ce agre$ at once1 & )\t hesitation1 to emb>k on an unkn[n exp$ition1 ! dang]s ( :i* he 0 to %>e along ) !m4 ,_h x n be5 = ! l9k :i* ,b]?ollet suppli$ betwe5 ! comm&]-9-*ief & ! m5 ( sci5ce1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to h unit$1 z 0 done on ?is occasion1 ! advancem5t ( k ) ! progress ( ! ,fr5* arms4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is exp$ition1 ,b]?ollet & ,monge di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! firm fri5d%ip1 & by _! mutually brav+ e dang] to :i* any ( ! common soldi]s c\ld be expos$4 ,inde$1 s intimate 0 _! association t _m ( ! army conceiv$ ,b]?ollet & ,monge to be "o individual2 & x is no small pro( ( ! intimacy ( ^! philosoph]s ) ,bonap>te1 t ! soldi]s _h a dislike at ?is d\ble p]sonage1 f a p]suasion t x _h be5 at 8 sugge/ion t !y 7 l$ into a c\ntry :i* !y dete/$4 ,x happ5$ on "o occasion t a boat1 9 :i* ,b]?ollet & "s o!rs 7 convey$ up ! ,nile1 0 assail$ by a troop ( ,mamelukes1 :o p\r$ _! small %ot into x f ! banks4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is p]il\s voyage1 ,m4 ,b]?ollet began v coolly to pick up /ones & /uff 8 pockets ) !m4 ,:5 8 motive = ?is conduct 0 ask$1 ,i am desir\s1 said he1 t 9 case ( my be+ %ot1 my body may s9k at once to ! bottom ( ?is riv]1 & may escape ! insults ( ^! b>b>ians4 ,9 a conjuncture :]e a c\rage ( a r>] k9d 0 requir$1 ,b]?ollet 0 n f\nd want+4 ,! plague broke out 9 ! ,fr5* army1 & ?is1 add$ to ! _m fatigues !y _h previ\sly endur$1 ! diseases "u :i* !y 7 already lab\r+1 w\ld1 x 0 fe>$1 lead to insurrection on ! "o h&1 or totally s9k ! spirits ( ! m5 on ! o!r4 ,acre _h be5 besieg$ = _m weeks 9 va94 ,bonap>te & 8 army _h be5 able to accompli% no?+ aga9/ x3 he 0 anxi\s to conceal f 8 army ?is disa/r\s intellig5ce4 ,:5 ! op9ion ( ,b]?ollet 0 ask$ 9 c\ncil1 he spoke at once ! pla91 ?\gh unwelcome tru?4 ,he 0 in/antly assail$ by ! mo/ viol5t reproa*es4 ,9 a week1 said he1 my op9ion w be un=tunately b too well v9dicat$4 ,x 0 z he =etold3 & :5 no?+ b a ha/y retreat c\ld save ! wret*$ rema9s ( ! army ( ,egypt1 ! c>riage ( ,b]?ollet 0 seiz$ = ! conv5i5ce ( "s w\nd$ (fic]s4 ,on ?is1 he travell$ on foot1 & )\t ! smalle/ discomposure1 across tw5ty leagues ( ! des]t4 ,:5 ,napoleon ab&on$ ! army ( ,egypt1 & trav]s$ half ! ,m$it]ranean 9 a s+le vessel1 ,b]?ollet 0 8 companion4 ,aft] he _h put himself at ! head ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 & _h acquir$ an ext5t ( p[]1 :i* no mod]n ,european pot5tate _h ev] be=e realiz$1 he nev] =got 8 associate4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( plac+ all *emical discov]ies to 8 acc\nt1 to ! frequ5t annoyance ( our *emi/2 & :5 an unsatisfactory answ] 0 giv5 him ^u any sci5tific subject1 he 0 9 ! habit ( say+1 ,well2 ,i %all ask ?is ( ,b]?ollet4 ,b he did n limit 8 affection to ^! pro(s ( reg>d4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ t ,b]?ollet's e>ne/ pursuits ( sci5ce _h l$ him into exp5ses :i* _h consid]ably d]ang$ 8 =tune1 he s5t = him1 & said1 9 a tone ( affectionate reproa*1 ,m4 ,b]?ollet1 ,i h always "o hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns at ! s]vice ( my fri5ds4 ,&1 9 fact1 ?is sum 0 imm$iately pres5t$ to him4 ,^u 8 return f ,egypt1 ,b]?ollet 0 nom9at$ a s5ator by ! fir/ consul2 & aft]w>ds receiv$ ! di/9ction ( gr& (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r2 gr& cross ( ! ,ord] ( ,reunion2 titul>y ( ! ,s5atory ( ,montpelli]2 &1 "u ! emp]or1 he 0 creat$ a pe] ( ,france1 receiv+ ! title ( ,c\nt4 ,! advancem5t to ^! (fices produc$ no *ange 9 ! mann]s ( ,b]?ollet4 ,( ?is he gave a /rik+ pro(1 by adopt+1 z 8 armorial be>+ 7at ! "t t o!rs eag]ly blazon$ "s exploit71 ! pla9 unadorn$ figure ( 8 fai?ful & affectionate dog4 ,he 0 no c\rti] be=e he receiv$ ^! hon\rs1 & he rema9$ equally simple & unassum+1 & n less devot$ to sci5ce aft] !y 7 conf]r$4 ,z we advance t[>ds ! latt] p]iod ( 8 life1 we f9d ! same ard5t zeal 9 ! cause ( sci5ce :i* _h gl[$ 9 8 e>ly y\?1 accompani$ by ! same g5]\s w>m? ( he>t t he ev] possess$1 & :i* display$ itself 9 8 _m intimate fri5d%ips /ill subsi/+1 ?\gh mell[$ by ! h& ( "t4 ,at ?is p]iod ,la ,place liv$ at ,arcueil1 a small village ab\t ?ree miles f ,p>is4 ,betwe5 him & ,b]?ollet !re _h long subsi/$ a w>m affection1 f\nd$ on mutual e/eem4 ,to be ne> ?is illu/ri\s man ,b]?ollet pur*as$ a c\ntry-seat 9 ! village3 !re he e/abli%$ a v complete laboratory1 fit = conduct+ all k9ds ( exp]im5ts 9 e bran* ( natural philosophy4 ,"h he collect$ r\nd him a numb] ( di/+ui%$ "y m51 :o knew t 9 8 h\se _! ard\r w\ld at once receive fre% impulse & direction f ! example ( ,b]?ollet4 ,^! y\?ful philosoph]s 7 organiz$ by him into a society1 to :i* ! "n ( ,socit d',arcueil 0 giv54 ,m4 ,b]?ollet 0 himself ! presid5t1 & ! o!r memb]s 7 ,la ,place1 ,biot1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,!n>d1 ,collet-,descotils1 ,dec&olle1 ,humboldt1 & ,a4 ,b4 ,b]?ollet4 ,?is society publi%$ ?ree volumes ( v valuable memoirs4 ,! en]gy ( ?is society 0 un=tunately p>alyz$ by an unt[>d ev5t1 :i* imbitt]$ ! latt] days ( ?is amiable man4 ,8 only son1 ,m4 ,a4 ,b4 ,b]?ollet1 9 :om 8 happ9ess 0 wrapp$ up1 0 un=tunately afflict$ ) a l[ness ( spirits :i* r5d]$ 8 life :olly insupportable to him4 ,retir+ to a small room1 he lock$ ! door1 clos$ up e *9k & crevice :i* might admit ! air1 c>ri$ writ+ mat]ials to a table1 on :i* he plac$ a second-wat*1 & !n seat$ himself be=e x4 ,he n[ m>k$ precisely ! h\r1 & light$ a brasi] ( *>coal beside him4 ,he cont9u$ to note d[n ! s]ies ( s5sations he !n exp]i5c$ 9 succession1 detail+ ! approa* & rapid progress ( delirium2 until1 z "t w5t on1 ! writ+ became confus$ & illegible1 & ! "y victim dropp$ dead ^u ! floor4 ,aft] ?is ev5t ! spirits ( ! old man nev] aga9 rose4 ,occasionally "s discov]y1 ext5d+ ! limits ( 8 fav\rite sci5ce1 engross$ 8 int]e/ & att5tion = a %ort "t3 b su* int]vals 7 r>e1 & %ortliv$4 ,! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons1 & ! d[nfall ( 8 fri5d & patron ,napoleon1 add$ to 8 suff]+s by dim9i%+ 8 income1 & r$uc+ him f a /ate ( afflu5ce to comp>ative emb>rassm5t4 ,b he 0 n[ old1 & ! end ( 8 life 0 approa*+4 ,9 #ahbb he 0 attack$ by a slight fev]1 :i* left beh9d x a numb] ( boils3 ^! 7 soon foll[$ by a gangr5\s ulc] ( uncommon size4 ,"u ?is he suff]$ = sev]al mon?s ) surpris+ =titude4 ,he himself1 z a physician1 knew ! ext5t ( 8 dang]1 felt ! inevitable progress ( ! malady1 & calmly reg>d$ ! sl[ approa* ( dea?4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a t$i\s p]iod ( suff]+1 9 :i* 8 equanimity _h nev] once be5 %ak51 he di$ on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 :5 he _h ne>ly complet$ ! sev5ty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 pap]s are exce$+ly num]\s1 & ( a v miscellane\s nature1 am\nt+ to m ?an eighty4 ,! e>li] 7 *iefly ins]t$ into ! v>i\s volumes ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy4 ,he furni%$ _m pap]s to ! ,annales de ,*imie & ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 & 0 also a frequ5t contributor to ! ,society ( ,arcueil1 9 ! diff]5t volumes ( ^: transactions sev]al memoirs ( 8 are to be f\nd4 ,he 0 ! au?or likewise ( two sep>ate works1 compris+ ea* two octavo volumes4 ,^! 7 8 ,elem5ts ( ! ,art ( ,dye+1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agia1 9 a s+le volume3 b ! new & enl>g$ edition ( #ahad 0 9 two volumes2 & 8 ,essay on ,*emical ,/atics1 publi%$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,i %all notice 8 mo/ important pap]s4 ,8 e>li] memoirs on sulphur\s acid1 on volatile alkali1 & on ! decomposition ( nitre1 7 encumb]$ by ! phlogi/ic !ory1 :i* at t "t he def5d$ ) great zeal1 ?\gh he aft]w>ds retract$ ^! 8 fir/ op9ions ^u all ^! subjects4 ,except 8 pap] on soaps1 9 :i* he %[s t !y are *emical comp\nds ( an oil 7act+ ! "p ( an acid7 & an alkal9e base1 & 8 pro( t phosphoric acid exi/s ready =m$ 9 ! body 7a fact long be=e demon/rat$ by ,gahn & ,s*eele71 8 pap]s publi%$ be=e he became an antiphlogi/ian are ( inf]ior m]it4 ,9 #aghe he demon/rat$ ! nature & proportion ( ! con/itu5ts ( ammonia1 or volatile alkali4 ,?is sub/ance _h be5 collect$ 9 ! gase\s =m by ! indefatigable ,prie/ley1 :o _h %[n also t :5 electric sp>ks are made to pass = "s "t ?r\gh a giv5 volume ( ?is gas1 its bulk is ne>ly d\bl$4 ,b]?ollet m]ely repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ( ,prie/ley1 & analyz$ ! new gases evolv$ by ! action ( electricity4 ,?is gas he f\nd a mixture ( ?ree volumes hydrog5 & "o volume azotic gas3 h5ce x 0 evid5t t ammoniacal gas is a comp\nd ( ?ree volumes ( hydrog5 & "o volume ( azotic gas unit$ toge!r1 & cond5s$ into two volumes4 ,! same discov]y 0 made ab\t ! same "t by ,dr4 ,au/91 & publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,bo? sets ( exp]im5ts 7 made )\t any k ( :at 0 done by ! o!r3 b x is admitt$1 on all h&s1 t ,b]?ollet _h ! priority 9 po9t ( "t4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 likewise1 t he publi%$ 8 fir/ pap] on *lor9e4 ,he obs]v$1 t :5 wat]1 impregnat$ ) *lor9e1 is expos$ to ! light ( ! sun1 ! wat] loses its col\r1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 a quantity ( oxyg5 gas is giv5 out4 ,if we n[ exam9e ! wat]1 we f9d t x conta9s no *lor9e1 b m]ely a little muriatic acid4 ,?is fact1 :i* is und\bt$1 l$ him to conclude t *lor9e is decompos$ by ! action ( sol> light1 & t its two elem5ts are muriatic acid & oxyg54 ,?is l$ to ! notion t ! basis ( muriatic acid is capable ( comb9+ ) v>i\s doses ( oxyg51 & ( =m+ v>i\s acids1 "o ( :i* is *lor9e3 on t acc\nt x 0 call$ oxyg5iz$ muriatic acid by ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 :i* unwieldy appellation 0 aft]w>ds %ort5$ by ,kirwan into oxymuriatic acid4 ,b]?ollet obs]v$ t :5 a curr5t ( *lor9e gas is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( c>bonate ( pota% an eff]vesc5ce takes place ow+ to ! dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,by-&-by cry/als are deposit$ 9 f9e silky scales1 :i* possess ! prop]ty ( detonat+ ) combu/ible bodies /ill m viol5tly ?an saltpetre4 ,b]?ollet exam9$ ^! cry/als & %[$ t !y 7 comp\nds ( pota% ) an acid conta9+ mu* m oxyg5 ?an oxymuriatic acid4 ,he consid]$ its basis z muriatic acid1 & di/+ui%$ x by ! "n ( hyp]-oxymuriatic acid4 ,x 0 n till ! ye> #ahaj1 t ! inaccuracy ( ^! op9ions 0 e/abli%$4 ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d attempt$ 9 va9 to extract oxyg5 f *lor9e4 ,!y %[$ t n a trace ( t pr9ciple c\ld be detect$4 ,next ye> ,davy took up ! subject & conclud$ f 8 exp]im5ts t *lor9e is a simple sub/ance1 t muriatic acid is a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog51 & hyp]-oxymuriatic acid ( *lor9e & oxyg54 ,gay-,lussac obta9$ ?is acid 9 a sep>ate /ate1 & gave x ! "n ( *loric acid1 by :i* x is n[ kn[n4 ,s*eele1 9 8 orig9al exp]im5ts on *lor9e1 _h notic$ ! prop]ty :i* x has ( de/roy+ vegetable col\rs4 ,b]?ollet exam9$ ?is prop]ty ) c>e1 & f\nd x s rem>kable t he propos$ x z a sub/itute = exposure to ! sun 9 blea*+4 ,?is sugge/ion alone w\ld h immortaliz$ ,b]?ollet _h he done no?+ else2 s9ce its effect ^u "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! manufactures ( ,great ,brita9 has be5 sc>cely inf]ior to t ( ! /eam-eng9e itself4 ,mr4 ,watt happ5$ to be 9 ,p>is :5 ! idea sugge/$ itself to ,b]?ollet4 ,he n only communicat$ x to ,mr4 ,watt1 b %[$ him ! process 9 all its simplicity4 ,x consi/$ 9 no?+ else ?an 9 /eep+ ! clo? to be blea*$ 9 wat] impregnat$ ) *lor9e gas4 ,mr4 ,watt1 on 8 return to ,great ,brita91 prep>$ a quantity ( ?is liquor1 & s5t x to 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,macgregor1 :o 0 a blea*] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,glasg[4 ,he employ$ x successfully1 & ?us 0 ! fir/ individual :o tri$ ! new process ( blea*+ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! blea*]s 9 ,lanca%ire & ! neighb\rhood ( ,glasg[ 7 occupi$ 9 br++ ! process to p]fection4 ,! disagreeable smell ( ! *lor9e 0 a great annoyance4 ,?is 0 attempt$ to be got rid ( by dissolv+ pota% 9 ! wat] to be impregnat$ ) *lor9e2 b x 0 f\nd to injure consid]ably ! blea*+ p[]s ( ! gas4 ,! next me?od tri$ 0 to mix ! wat] ) quicklime1 & !n to pass a curr5t ( *lor9e ?r\gh x4 ,! quicklime 0 dissolv$1 & ! liquor ?us con/itut$ 0 f\nd to answ] v well4 ,! la/ improvem5t 0 to comb9e ! *lor9e ) dry lime4 ,at fir/ two atoms ( lime 7 unit$ to "o atom ( *lor9e2 b ( late ye>s x is a comp\nd ( "o atom ( lime1 & "o ( *lor9e4 ,?is *loride is simply dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! clo? to be blea*$ is /eep$ 9 x4 ,= all ^! improvem5ts1 :i* h br\ght ! me?od ( blea*+ by means ( *lor9e to great simplicity & p]fection1 ! blea*]s are indebt$ to ,knox1 ,t5nant1 & ,mack9to%1 ( ,glasg[2 by ^: indefatigable ex]tions ! mode ( manufactur+ *loride ( lime has be5 br\ght to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,b]?ollet's exp]im5ts on prussic acid & ! prussiates des]ve also to be m5tion$1 z hav+ a t5d5cy to rectify "s ( ! ideas at t "t ent]ta9$ by *emi/s1 & to advance _! k ( "o ( ! mo/ difficult dep>tm5ts ( *emical inve/igation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 exp]im5ts on ! nature & con/itu5ts ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 he _h already conclud$ t x 0 an acid1 & t x 0 de/itute ( oxyg53 ?is _h induc$ him to refuse 8 ass5t to ! hypo!sis ( ,lavoisi]1 t oxyg5 is ! acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,s*eele1 9 8 celebrat$ exp]im5ts on prussic acid1 _h succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ t its con/itu5ts 7 c>bon & azote2 b he _h n be5 able to make a rigid analysis ( t acid1 & consequ5tly to demon/rate t oxyg5 did n ent] into x z a con/itu5t4 ,b]?ollet took up ! subject1 & ?\gh 8 analysis 0 also incomplete1 he satisfi$ himself1 & r5d]$ x exce$+ly probable1 t ! only con/itu5ts ( ?is acid 71 c>bon1 azote1 & hydrog51 & t oxyg5 did n ent] into x z a con/itu5t4 ,?is 0 ano!r reason = reject+ ! notion ( oxyg5 z an acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,"h 7 two acids capable ( neutraliz+ bases1 namely1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 & prussic acid1 & yet nei!r ( !m conta9$ oxyg54 ,he f\nd t :5 prussic acid 0 treat$ ) *lor9e1 its prop]ties 7 alt]$2 x acquir$ a diff]5t smell & ta/e1 & no long] precipitat$ iron blue1 b gre54 ,f 8 op9ion respect+ ! nature ( *lor9e1 t x 0 a comp\nd ( muriatic acid & oxyg51 he naturally conclud$ t by ?is process he _h =m$ a new prussic acid by add+ oxyg5 to ! old con/itu5ts4 ,he !re=e call$ ?is new sub/ance oxyprussic acid4 ,x has be5 prov$ by ! m rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,gay-,lussac1 t ! new acid ( ,b]?ollet is a comp\nd ( cyanog5 7! prussic acid depriv$ ( hydrog57 & *lor9e3 x is n[ call$ *loro-cyanic acid1 & is kn[n to possess ! *>act]s assign$ x by ,b]?ollet3 x con/itutes1 !re=e1 a new example ( an acid de/itute ( oxyg54 ,b]?ollet 0 ! fir/ p]son :o obta9$ prussiate ( pota% 9 regul> cry/als2 ! salt 0 kn[n long be=e1 b _h be5 always us$ 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,b]?ollet's discov]y ( fulm9at+ silv]1 & 8 me?od ( obta9+ pure hydrat$ pota% & soda1 by means ( alcohol1 des]ve to be m5tion$4 ,?is la/ process 0 ( consid]able importance to analytical *emi/ry4 ,be=e he publi%$ 8 process1 ^! sub/ances 9 a /ate ( purity 7 n kn[n4 ,i ?9k x unnecess>y to ent] into any details respect+ 8 exp]im5ts on sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! hydrosulphurets & sulphurets4 ,!y contribut$ ess5tially to elucidate t obscure "p ( *emi/ry4 ,b 8 success 0 n p]fect2 nor did we und]/& completely ! nature ( ^! comp\nds1 till ! nature ( ! alkal9e bases _h be5 expla9$ by ! discov]ies ( ,davy4 ,! only o!r "w ( ,b]?ollet1 :i* ,i ?9k x necess>y to notice "h1 is 8 book entitl$ ,*emical ,/atics1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahjc4 ,he _h previ\sly drawn up "s int]e/+ pap]s on ! subject1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,in/itute4 ,?\gh *emical aff9ity con/itutes confess$ly ! basis ( ! sci5ce1 x _h be5 almo/ completely ov]look$ by ,lavoisi]1 :o _h done no?+ m on ! subject ?an drawn up "s tables ( aff9ity1 f\nd$ on v imp]fect data4 ,morveau _h attempt$ a m pr(\nd inve/igation ( ! subject 9 ! article ,aff9it1 ins]t$ 9 ! *emical "p ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique4 ,8 object 01 9 imitation ( ,buffon1 :o _h prec$$ him 9 ! same inve/igation1 to prove t *emical aff9ity is m]ely a case ( ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,b x is beyond our rea*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( attraction :i* ! atoms ( bodies ex]t ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 se5 by ,newton1 & also by ,b]gman1 :o satisfi$ !mselves ) consid]+ x z an attraction1 )\t attempt+ to det]m9e its am\nt2 ?\gh ,newton1 ) 8 usual sagacity1 0 incl9$1 f ! ph5om5a ( light1 to consid] ! attraction ( aff9ity z mu* /rong] ?an t ( gravitation1 or at lea/ z increas+ mu* m rapidly1 z ! di/ances betwe5 ! attract+ p>ticles dim9i%$4 ,b]gman1 :o _h paid great att5tion to ! subject1 consid]$ aff9ity z a c]ta9 det]m9ate attraction1 :i* ! atoms ( diff]5t bodies ex]t$ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is attraction v>ies 9 int5sity betwe5 e two bodies1 ?\gh x is con/ant betwe5 ea* pair4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ^! int5sities may be d5ot$ by numb]s4 ,?us1 suppose a body m1 & ! atoms ( six o!r bodies1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 to h an aff9ity = m1 ! =ces by :i* !y are attract$ t[>ds ea* o!r may be repres5t$ by ! numb]s x1 x#a1 x#b1 x#c1 x#d1 x#e4 ,& ! attractions may be repres5t$ ?us3 ,attraction betwe5 m a x m b x#a m c x#b m d x#c m e x#d m f x#e ,suppose we h ! comp\nd m a1 if we pres5t b1 x w unite ) m & displace a1 because ! attraction betwe5 m & a is only x1 :ile t betwe5 m b is x#a3 c w displace b2 d w displace c1 & s on1 = ! same reason4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,b]gman consid]$ aff9ity z an elective attraction1 & 9 8 op9ion ! int5sity may always be e/imat$ by decomposition4 ,t sub/ance :i* displaces ano!r f a ?ird1 has a great] aff9ity ?an ! body :i* is displac$4 ,if b displace a f ! comp\nd a m1 !n b has a great] aff9ity = m ?an a has4 ,! object ( ,b]?ollet 9 8 ,*emical ,/atics1 0 to combat ?is op9ion ( ,b]gman1 :i* _h be5 embrac$ )\t exam9ation by *emi/s 9 g5]al4 ,if aff9ity be an attraction1 ,b]?ollet consid]$ x z evid5t t x nev] c\ld occasion decomposition4 ,suppose a to h an aff9ity = m1 & b to h an aff9ity = ! same sub/ances4 ,let ! aff9ity betwe5 b & m be great] ?an t betwe5 a m4 ,let b be mix$ ) a solution ( ! comp\nd a m1 !n 9 t case b w\ld unite ) a m1 & =m ! triple comp\nd a m b4 ,bo? a & b w\ld at once unite ) m4 ,no reason c be assign$ :y a %\ld sep>ate f m1 & b take its place4 ,b]?ollet admitt$ t 9 fact su* decompositions (t5 happ5$2 b he acc\nt$ = !m f o!r causes1 & n f ! sup]ior aff9ity ( "o body ov] ano!r4 ,suppose we h a solution ( sulphate ( soda 9 wat]4 ,?is salt is a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid & soda2 two sub/ances betwe5 :i* a /rong aff9ity subsi/s1 & :i* !re=e always unites :5ev] !y come 9 contact4 ,suppose we h dissolv$ 9 ano!r portion ( wat]1 a quantity ( b>ytes1 j suffici5t to saturate ! sulphuric acid 9 ! sulphate ( soda4 ,if we mix ^! two solutions toge!r4 ,! b>ytes w comb9e ) ! sulphuric acid & ! comp\nd 7sulphate ( b>ytes7 w fall to ! bottom1 leav+ a pure solution ( soda 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ?is case ! b>ytes has seiz$ all ! sulphuric acid1 & displac$ ! soda4 ,! reason ( ?is1 accord+ to ,b]?ollet1 is n t b>ytes has a /rong] aff9ity = sulphuric acid ?an soda has2 b because sulphate ( b>ytes is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x !re=e falls d[n1 & ( c\rse ! sulphuric acid is )drawn f ! soda4 ,b if we add to a solution ( sulphate ( soda z mu* pota% z w saturate all ! sulphuric acid1 no su* decomposition w take place2 at lea/1 we h no evid5ce t x does4 ,bo? ! alkalies1 9 ?is case1 w unite to ! acid & =m a triple comp\nd1 consi/+ ( pota%1 sulphuric acid1 & soda4 ,let u n[ conc5trate ! solution by evaporation1 & cry/als ( sulphate ( pota% w fall d[n4 ,! reason is1 t sulphate ( pota% is n ne>ly s soluble 9 wat] z sulphate ( soda4 ,h5ce x sep>ates2 n because sulphuric acid has a great] aff9ity = pota% ?an = soda1 b because sulphate ( pota% is a mu* less soluble salt ?an sulphate ( soda4 ,?is mode ( reason+ ( ,b]?ollet is plausible1 b n conv9c+3 x is m]ely an argum5tum ad ignorantiam4 ,we c only prove ! decomposition by sep>at+ ! salts f ea* o!r1 & ?is c only be done by _! diff]5ce ( solubility4 ,b cases occur 9 :i* we c judge t decomposition has tak5 place f "s o!r ph5om5a ?an precipitation4 ,= example1 nitrate ( copp] is a blue salt1 :ile muriate ( copp] is gre54 ,if into a solution ( nitrate ( copp] we p\r muriatic acid1 no precipitation appe>s1 b ! col\r *anges f blue to gre54 ,is n ?is an evid5ce t ! muriatic acid has displac$ ! nitric1 & t ! salt held 9 solution is n nitrate ( copp]1 z x 0 at fir/1 b muriate ( copp]8 ,b]?ollet acc\nts = all decompositions :i* take place :5 a ?ird body is add$1 ei!r by insolubility or by ela/icity3 z1 = example1 :5 sulphuric acid is p\r$ into a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 ! c>bonic acid all flies (f1 9 consequ5ce ( its ela/icity1 & ! sulphuric acid comb9es ) ! ammonia 9 its place4 ,i confess t ?is explanation1 ( ! reason :y ! c>bonic acid flies (f1 appe>s to me v defective4 ,! ammonia & c>bonic acid are unit$ by a =ce q suffici5t to ov]come ! ela/icity ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,accord+ly1 x exhibits no t5d5cy to escape4 ,n[1 :y %\ld ! ela/icity ( ! acid cause x to escape :5 sulphuric acid is add$8 ,x c]ta9ly c\ld n d s1 unless x has weak5$ ! aff9ity by :i* x is kept unit$ to ! ammonia4 ,n[ ?is is ! v po9t = :i* ,b]gman cont5ds4 ,! subject w claim our att5tion aft]w>ds1 :5 we come to ! electro-*emical discov]ies1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,ano!r op9ion support$ by ,b]?ollet 9 8 ,*emical ,/atics is1 t quantity may be made to ov]come =ce2 or1 9 o!r words1 t x we mix a great quantity ( a sub/ance :i* has a weak] aff9ity ) a small quantity ( a sub/ance :i* has a /rong] aff9ity1 ! body hav+ ! weak] aff9ity w be able to ov]come ! o!r1 & comb9e ) a ?ird body 9 place ( x4 ,he gave a numb] ( in/ances ( ?is2 p>ticul>ly1 he %[$ t a l>ge quantity ( pota%1 :5 mix$ ) a small quantity ( sulphate ( b>ytes1 is able to deprive ! b>ytes ( a portion ( its sulphuric acid4 ,9 ?is way he acc\nt$ = ! decomposition ( ! common salt1 by c>bonate ( lime 9 ! soda lakes 9 ,egypt2 & ! decomposition ( ! same salt by iron1 z notic$ by ,s*eele4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge myself n q satisfi$ ) ,b]?ollet's reason+ on ?is subject4 ,no d\bt if two atoms ( a body hav+ a weak] aff9ity1 & "o atom ( a body hav+ a /rong] aff9ity1 7 plac$ at equal di/ances f an atom ( a ?ird body1 ! =ce ( ! two atoms might ov]come t ( ! "o atom4 ,& x is possible t su* cases may occasionally occur3 b su* a balance ( di/ances mu/ be r>e & accid5tal4 ,i _c b ?9k t all ! cases adduc$ by ,b]?ollet are ( a complicat$ nature1 & admit ( an explanation indep5d5t ( ! efficacy ( mass4 ,& at any rate1 abundance ( in/ances might be /at$1 9 :i* mass appe>s to h no prepond]at+ effect :atev]4 ,*emical decomposition is a ph5om5on ( s complicat$ a nature1 t x is m ?an d\btful :e!r we are yet 9 possession ( data suffici5t to enable u to analyze ! process ) accuracy4 ,ano!r op9ion br\ght =w>d by ,b]?ollet 9 8 "w 0 ( a />tl+ nature1 & occasion$ a controv]sy betwe5 him & ,pr\/ :i* 0 c>ri$ on = "s ye>s ) great _s1 b ) p]fect decorum & good mann]s on bo? sides4 ,b]?ollet affirm$ t bodies 7 capable ( unit+ ) ea* o!r 9 all possible proportions1 & t !re is no su* ?+ z a def9ite comp\nd1 unless x has be5 produc$ by "s accid5tal circum/ances1 z insolubility1 volatility1 c4 ,?us e metal is capable ( unit+ ) all possible doses ( oxyg54 ,s t in/ead ( "o or two oxides ( e metal1 an inf9ite numb] ( oxides ( ea* metal exi/4 ,pr\/ affirm$ t all comp\nds are def9ite4 ,iron1 says he1 unites ) oxyg5 only 9 two proportions2 we h ei!r a comp\nd ( #ce iron & #a oxyg51 or ( #ce iron & #ae oxyg54 ,! fir/ con/itutes ! black1 & ! second ! r$ oxide ( iron2 & beside ^! !re is no o!r4 ,e "o is n[ satisfi$ t ,pr\/'s view ( ! subject 0 correct1 & ,b]?ollet's errone\s4 ,b a bett] opportunity w occur h]eaft] to expla9 ?is subject1 or at lea/ to give ! in=mation respect+ x :i* we at pres5t possess4 ,b]?ollet 9 ?is book po9ts out ! quantity ( ea* base necess>y to neutralize a giv5 weight ( acid1 & he consid]s ! /r5g? ( aff9ity z inv]sely t quantity4 ,n[ ( all ! bases kn[n :5 ,b]?ollet wrote1 ammonia is capable ( saturat+ ! greate/ quantity ( acid4 ,h5ce he consid]$ its aff9ity = acids z /rong] ?an t ( any o!r base4 ,b>ytes1 on ! contr>y1 saturates ! smalle/ quantity ( acid2 !re=e its aff9ity = acids is smalle/4 ,n[ ammonia is sep>at$ f acids by all ! o!r bases2 :ile !re is n "o capable ( sep>at+ b>ytes4 ,x is surpris+ t ! notoriety ( ?is fact did n induce him to hesitate1 be=e he came to s problematical a conclusion4 ,mr4 ,kirwan _h already consid]$ ! =ce ( aff9ity z directly proportional to ! quantity ( base necess>y to saturate a giv5 weight ( acid4 ,:5 we consid] ! subject metaphysically1 ,b]?ollet's op9ion is mo/ plausible2 = x is surely natural to consid] t body z ! /ronge/ :i* produces ! greate/ effect4 ,n[ :5 we deprive an acid ( its prop]ties1 or neutralize x by add+ a base1 "o w\ld be dispos$ to consid] t base z act+ ) mo/ en]gy1 :i* ) ! smalle/ quantity ( matt] is capable ( produc+ a giv5 effect4 ,?is 0 ! way t ,b]?ollet reason$4 ,b if we att5d to ! p[] :i* "o base has ( displac+ ano!r1 we %all f9d x v ne>ly proportional to ! weight ( x necess>y to saturate a giv5 weight ( acid2 or1 at lea/ ^? bases act mo/ p[]fully 9 displac+ o!rs ( :i* ! greate/ quantity is necess>y to saturate a giv5 weight ( acid4 ,kirwan's op9ion1 !re=e1 0 m con=mable to ! ord] ( decomposition4 ,^! two opposite views ( ! subject %[ cle>ly t nei!r ,kirwan nor ,b]?ollet _h ! smalle/ conception ( ! atomic !ory2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! allegation ( ,mr4 ,higg5s1 t he _h expla9$ ! atomic !ory 9 8 book on phlogi/on1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aghi1 0 n well f\nd$4 ,:e!r ,b]?ollet _h read t book ,i d n "k1 b !re c be no d\bt t x 0 p]us$ by ,kirwan2 :o1 h[ev]1 did n receive f x ! smalle/ notions respect+ ! atomic !ory4 ,_h he imbib$ any su* notions1 he nev] w\ld h consid]$ *emical aff9ity z capable ( be+ measur$ by ! weight ( base capable ( neutraliz+ a giv5 weight ( acid4 ,b]?ollet 0 n only a man ( great en]gy ( "*1 b ( ! mo/ lib]al feel+s & b5evol5ce4 ,! only exception to ?is is 8 treatm5t ( ,m4 ,clem5t4 ,?is g5tleman1 9 company ) ,m4 ,desormes1 _h exam9$ ! c>bonic oxide ( ,prie/ley1 & _h %[n z ,cruik%anks _h done be=e !m1 t x is a comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg51 & t x conta9s no hydrog5 :atev]4 ,b]?ollet exam9$ ! same gas1 & he publi%$ a pap] to prove t x 0 a triple comp\nd ( oxyg51 c>bon1 & hydrog54 ,?is occasion$ a controv]sy1 :i* *emi/s h f9ally det]m9$ 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion ( ,clem5t & ,desormes4 ,b]?ollet1 dur+ ?is discussion1 did n on e occasion treat 8 oppon5ts ) 8 accu/om$ temp] & lib]ality2 & ev] aft] he oppos$ all attempts on ! "p ( ,clem5t to be admitt$ a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,:e!r !re 0 any o!r reason = ?is conduct on ! "p ( ,b]?ollet1 besides diff]5ce ( op9ion respect+ ! composition ( c>bonic oxide1 ,i d n "k3 nor w\ld x be "r to condemn him )\t a m exact k ( all ! circum/ances ?an ,i c pret5d to4 ,anto9e ,franois de ,f\rcroy1 0 born at ,p>is on ! #ae? ( ,june1 #agee4 ,8 family _h long resid$ 9 ! capital1 & sev]al ( 8 ance/ors _h di/+ui%$ !mselves at ! b>4 ,b ! bran* f :i* he sprung _h gradually sunk into pov]ty4 ,8 fa!r ex]cis$ 9 ,p>is ! trade ( an apo!c>y1 9 consequ5ce ( a *>ge :i* he held 9 ! h\se ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans4 ,! corporation ( apo!c>ies hav+ obta9$ ! g5]al suppression ( all su* *>ges1 ,m4 de ,f\rcroy1 ! fa!r1 0 oblig$ to r5\nce 8 mode ( livelihood2 & 8 son grew up 9 ! mid/ ( ! pov]ty produc$ by ! monopoly ( ! privileg$ bodies 9 ,p>is4 ,he felt ?is situation ! m ke5ly1 because he possess$ f nature an extreme s5sibility ( temp]4 ,:5 he lo/ 8 "m1 at ! age ( sev5 ye>s1 he attempt$ to ?r[ himself into h] grave4 ,! c>e ( an eld] si/] pres]v$ him ) difficulty till he rea*$ ! age at :i* x 0 usual to be s5t to college4 ,!re he 0 unlucky en\gh to meet ) a brutal ma/]1 :o conceiv$ an av]sion = him & treat$ him ) cruelty3 ! consequ5ce1 01 a dislike to /udy2 & he quitt$ ! college at ! age ( f\rte51 some:at less in=m$ ?an :5 he w5t to x4 ,8 pov]ty n[ 0 su* t he 0 oblig$ to endeav\r to support himself by becom+ writ+-ma/]4 ,he _h ev5 "s ?\ghts ( go+ on ! /age2 b 0 prev5t$ by ! hisses be/[$ on a fri5d ( 8 :o _h unadvis$ly ent]$ ^u t p]il\s c>e]1 & 0 treat$ 9 consequ5ce )\t m]cy by ! audi5ce4 ,:ile unc]ta9 :at plan to foll[1 ! advice ( ,viq4 d',azyr induc$ him to comm5ce ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,?is great anatomi/ 0 an acqua9tance ( ,m4 de ,f\rcroy1 ! fa!r4 ,/ruck ) ! appe>ance ( 8 son1 & ! c\rage ) :i* he /ruggl$ ) 8 bad =tune1 he conceiv$ an affection = him1 & promis$ to direct 8 /udies1 & ev5 to assi/ him dur+ _! progress4 ,! /udy ( m$ic9e to a man 9 8 situation 0 by no means an easy task4 ,he 0 oblig$ to lodge 9 a g>ret1 s l[ 9 ! ro( t he c\ld only /& upright 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,beside him lodg$ a wat]-c>ri] ) twelve *ildr54 ,f\rcroy act$ z physician to ?is num]\s family1 & 9 recomp5ce 0 always suppli$ ) abundance ( wat]4 ,he contriv$ to support himself by giv+ lessons to o!r /ud5ts1 by facilitat+ ! rese>*es ( ri*] writ]s1 & by "s translations :i* he sold to a booksell]4 ,= ^! he 0 only half paid2 b ! consci5ti\s booksell] (f]$ ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds to make up ! defici5cy1 :5 8 cr$itor 0 become director-g5]al ( public in/ruction4 ,f\rcroy /udi$ ) s mu* zeal & ard\r t he soon became well acqua9t$ ) ! subject ( m$ic9e4 ,b ?is 0 n suffici5t4 ,x 0 necess>y to get a doctor's degree1 & all ! exp5ses at t "t am\nt$ to #bejl4 ,an old physician1 ,dr4 ,die/1 _h left funds to ! faculty to give a gratuit\s degree & lic5ce1 once e two ye>s1 to ! poor /ud5t :o %\ld be/ des]ve !m4 ,f\rcroy 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s /ud5t at t "t 9 ,p>is4 ,he w\ld !re=e h reap$ ! b5efit ( ?is b5evol5t in/itution _h x n be5 = ! unlucky situation 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,!re happ5$ to exi/ a qu>rel betwe5 ! faculty *>g$ ) ! education ( m$ical m5 & ! grant+ ( degrees1 & a society rec5tly =m$ by gov]nm5t = ! improvem5t ( ! m$ical art4 ,?is dispute _h be5 c>ri$ to a great l5g?1 & _h attract$ ! att5tion ( all ! frivol\s & idle inhabitants ( ,p>is4 ,viq4 d',azyr 0 secret>y to ! society1 & ( c\rse "o ( its mo/ active *ampions2 & 01 9 consequ5ce1 p>ticul>ly obnoxi\s to ! faculty ( m$ic9e at ,p>is4 ,f\rcroy 0 unluckily ! ackn[l$g$ protge ( ?is em95t anatomi/4 ,?is 0 suffici5t to induce ! faculty ( m$ic9e to refuse him a gratuit\s degree4 ,he w\ld h be5 exclud$ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is f ent]+ on ! c>e] ( a practition]1 _h n ! society1 enrag$ at ?is treatm5t1 & influ5c$ by a viol5t p>ty _s1 =m$ a subscription1 & contribut$ ! necess>y exp5ses4 ,x 0 no long] possible to refuse ,m4 de ,f\rcroy ! degree ( doctor1 :5 he 0 ?us enabl$ to pay = x4 ,b above ! simple degree ( doctor !re 0 ano!r1 entitl$ docteur reg5t1 :i* dep5d$ entirely on ! votes ( ! faculty4 ,x 0 unanim\sly refus$ to ,m4 de ,f\rcroy4 ,?is refusal put x out ( 8 p[] aft]w>ds to comm5ce tea*] 9 ! m$ical s*ool1 & gave ! m$ical faculty ! melan*oly satisfaction ( n be+ able to enroll among _! numb] ! mo/ celebrat$ pr(essor 9 ,p>is4 ,?is viol5t & unju/ conduct ( ! faculty ( m$ic9e made a deep impression on ! m9d ( ,f\rcroy1 & contribut$ n a little to ! subsequ5t d[nfall ( t p[]ful body4 ,f\rcroy be+ ?us entitl$ to practise 9 ,p>is1 8 success dep5d$ entirely on ! reputation :i* he c\ld contrive to e/abli%4 ,= ?is purpose he devot$ himself to ! sci5ces connect$ ) m$ic9e1 z ! %orte/ & mo/ c]ta9 road by :i* he c\ld rea* 8 object4 ,8 fir/ writ+s %[$ no pr$ilection = any p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce4 ,he wrote ^u *emi/ry1 anatomy1 & natural hi/ory4 ,he publi%$ an ,abridgm5t ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,insects1 & a ,description ( ! ,burs ,mucos ( ! ,t5dons4 ,?is la/ piece seems to h giv5 him ! greate/ celebrity2 = 9 #aghe he 0 admitt$1 9 consequ5ce ( x1 into ! academy z an anatomi/4 ,b ! reputation ( ,bucquet1 at t "t v high1 gradually drew 8 p>ticul> att5tion to *emi/ry1 & he reta9$ ?is pr$ilection dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,bucquet 0 at t "t pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,p>is1 & 0 greatly celebrat$ & foll[$ on acc\nt ( 8 eloqu5ce1 & ! elegance ( 8 language4 ,f\rcroy became 9 ! fir/ place 8 pupil1 & aft]w>ds 8 p>ticul> fri5d4 ,"o day1 :5 a sudd5 attack ( disease prev5t$ him f lectur+ z usual1 he entreat$ ,f\rcroy to supply 8 place4 ,our "y *emi/ at fir/ decl9$1 & alleg$ 8 ignorance ( ! me?od ( address+ a public audi5ce4 ,b1 ov]come by ! p]suasions ( ,bucquet1 he at la/ cons5t$3 & 9 ?is1 8 fir/ essay1 he spoke two h\rs )\t disord] or hesitation1 & acquitt$ himself to ! satisfaction ( 8 :ole audi5ce4 ,bucquet soon aft] sub/itut$ him 9 8 place1 & x 0 9 8 laboratory & 9 8 class-room t he fir/ made himself acqua9t$ ) *emi/ry4 ,he 0 enabl$ at ! dea? ( ,bucquet1 9 consequ5ce ( an advantage\s m>riage t he _h made1 to pur*ase ! app>atus & cab9et ( 8 ma/]2 & al?\gh ! faculty ( m$ic9e w\ld n all[ him to succe$ to ! *air ( ,bucquet1 !y c\ld n prev5t him f succe$+ to 8 reputation4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( college :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,roi1 :i* at t "t 0 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,buffon1 & ,macqu] 0 ! pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ?is in/itution4 ,on ! dea? ( ?is *emi/1 9 #aghd1 bo? ,b]?ollet & ,f\rcroy (f]$ !mselves z c&idates = ! vacant *air4 ,! voice ( ! public 0 s l\d 9 fav\r ( ,f\rcroy1 t he 0 appo9t$ to ! situation 9 spite ( ! high "* ( 8 antagoni/ & ! political influ5ce :i* 0 ex]t$ 9 8 fav\r4 ,he fill$ ?is *air = tw5ty-five ye>s1 ) a reputation = eloqu5ce cont9ually on ! increase4 ,su* 7 ! cr[ds1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 :o flock$ to he> him1 t x 0 twice necess>y to enl>ge ! size ( ! lecture room4 ,aft] ! revolution _h made "s progress1 he 0 nam$ a memb] ( ! ,national ,conv5tion 9 ! autumn ( ! memorable ye> #agic4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( t]ror1 :5 ! ,conv5tion itself1 & ) x all ,france1 0 "u ! absolute dom9ion ( "o ( ! mo/ sangu9>y mon/]s t ev] exi/$3 x 0 almo/ equally dang]\s = ! memb]s ( ! ,conv5tion to rema9 sil5t1 or to take an active "p 9 ! bus9ess ( t assembly4 ,f\rcroy nev] op5$ 8 m\? 9 ! ,conv5tion till aft] ! dea? ( ,robespi]re2 at ?is p]iod he _h influ5ce en\gh to save ! lives ( "s m5 ( m]it3 among o!rs1 ( ,d>cet1 :o did n "k ! obligation "u :i* he lay to him till long aft]2 at la/ 8 own life 0 ?reat5$1 & 8 influ5ce1 ( c\rse1 completely annihilat$4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is un=tunate & disgraceful p]iod1 t _m em95t m5 lo/ _! lives2 among o!rs1 ,lavoisi]2 & ,f\rcroy is accus$ ( hav+ contribut$ to ! dea? ( ?is illu/ri\s *emi/3 b ,cuvi] entirely acquits him ( ?is atroci\s *>ge1 & assures u t x 0 urg$ aga9/ him m]ely out ( envy at 8 subsequ5t elevation4 ,if 9 ! rigor\s rese>*es :i* we h made1 says ,cuvi] 9 8 ,eloge ( ,f\rcroy1 we _h f\nd ! smalle/ pro( ( an atrocity s horrible1 no human p[] c\ld h induc$ u to sully our m\?s ) 8 ,eloge1 or to h pron\nc$ x )9 ! walls ( ?is temple1 :i* ought to be no less sacr$ to hon\r ?an to g5ius4 ,f\rcroy began to acquire influ5ce only aft] ! #i? ,!rmidor1 :5 ! nation 0 we>i$ ) de/ruction1 & :5 ef=ts 7 mak+ to re/ore ^? monum5ts ( sci5ce1 & ^? public in/itutions = education1 :i* dur+ ! wantonness & folly ( ! revolution _h be5 ov]turn$ & de/roy$4 ,f\rcroy 0 p>ticul>ly active 9 ?is r5ovation1 & x 0 to him1 *iefly1 t ! s*ools e/abli%$ 9 ,france = ! education ( y\? are to be ascrib$4 ,! ,conv5tion _h de/roy$ all ! colleges1 univ]sities1 & academies ?r\gh\t ,france4 ,! effects ( ?is absurd abolition soon became visible2 ! army /ood 9 ne$ ( surgeons & physicians1 & !re 7 none educat$ to supply ! vacant places3 ?ree new s*ools 7 f\nd$ = educat+ m$ical m52 !y 7 nobly end[$4 ,! t]m s*ools ( m$ic9e 0 proscrib$ z too ari/ocratical2 !y 7 di/+ui%$ by ! ridicul\s appellation ( s*ools ( heal?4 ,! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool 0 next in/itut$1 z a k9d ( prep>ation = ! ex]cise ( ! milit>y pr(ession1 :]e "y m5 c\ld be in/ruct$ 9 ma!matics & natural philosophy1 to make !m fit = ent]+ ! s*ools ( ! artill]y1 ( eng9e]s1 & ( ! m>9e4 ,! ,c5tral ,s*ools 0 ano!r in/itution = :i* ,france 0 indebt$ to ! ef=ts ( ,f\rcroy4 ,! idea 0 good1 ?\gh x 0 v imp]fectly execut$4 ,x 0 to e/abli% a k9d ( univ]sity 9 e dep>tm5t1 = :i* ! "y m5 7 to be prep>$ by a suffici5t numb] ( inf]ior s*ools scatt]$ ?r\gh ! dep>tm5t4 ,b un=tunately ^! inf]ior s*ools 7 nev] prop]ly e/abli%$ or end[$2 & ev5 ! c5tral s*ools !mselves 7 nev] suppli$ ) prop] ma/]s4 ,inde$1 x 0 f\nd impossible to furni% su* a numb] ( ma/]s at once4 ,on t acc\nt1 an in/itution 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is1 call$ ! ,normal ,s*ool1 = ! express purpose ( educat+ a suffici5t numb] ( ma/]s to supply ! diff]5t c5tral s*ools4 ,f\rcroy1 ei!r z a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion or ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,anci5ts1 took an active "p 9 all ^! in/itutions1 z f> z reg>d$ ! plan & ! e/abli%m5t4 ,he 0 equally conc]n$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,in/itute & ( ! ,muse d',hi/oire ,naturelle4 ,?is la/ 0 end[$ ) ! utmo/ lib]ality1 & ,f\rcroy 0 "o ( ! fir/ pr(essors2 z he 0 also 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e & ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,he 0 equally conc]n$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! univ]sity1 :i* con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ useful p>ts ( ,bonap>te's reign4 ,! viol5t ex]tions :i* he made 9 ! num]\s situations :i* he fill$1 & ! prodigi\s activity :i* he display$1 gradually und]m9$ 8 con/itution4 ,he himself 0 s5sible ( 8 approa*+ dea?1 & ann\nc$ x to 8 fri5ds z an ev5t :i* w\ld spe$ily take place4 ,on ! #af? ( ,decemb]1 #ahji1 aft] sign+ "s despat*es1 he sudd5ly cri$ out1 ,je suis mort 7,i am dead71 & dropp$ lifeless on ! gr\nd4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$3 fir/ to ,mademoiselle ,bett+]1 by :om he _h two *ildr51 a son & a daught]1 :o surviv$ him4 ,he 0 m>ri$ = ! second "t to ,madame ,belleville1 ! wid[ ( ,vailly1 by :om he _h no family4 ,he left b little =tune beh9d him2 & two maid5 si/]s1 :o liv$ ) him1 dep5d$ aft]w>ds = _! support on 8 fri5d ,m4 ,vauquel94 ,not)/&+ ! va/ quantity ( pap]s :i* he publi%$1 x w be admitt$1 )\t dispute1 t ! prodigi\s reputation :i* he enjoy$ dur+ 8 lifetime 0 m ow+ to 8 eloqu5ce ?an to 8 em95ce z a *emi/--?\gh ev5 z a *emi/ he 0 f> above m$iocrity4 ,he mu/ h possess$ an uncommon facility ( writ+4 ,five successive editions ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry appe>$1 ea* ( !m gradually increas+ 9 size & value3 ! fir/ be+ 9 two volumes & ! la/ 9 t54 ,?is la/ edition he wrote 9 sixte5 mon?s3 x conta9s mu* valuable in=mation1 & d\btless contribut$ consid]ably to ! g5]al diffusion ( *emical k4 ,its /yle is p]haps too diffuse1 & ! _s ( g5]aliz+ f p>ticul>1 & (t5 ill-au!nticat$ facts1 is c>ri$ to a vici\s l5g?4 ,p]haps ! be/ ( all 8 productions is 8 ,philosophy ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x is rem>kable = its concis5ess1 its p]spicuity1 & ! neatness ( its arrangem5t4 ,besides ^! works1 & ! p]iodical publication entitl$ ,le ,mdec9 clair1 ( :i* he 0 ! editor1 !re are above "o hundr$ & sixty pap]s on *emical subjects1 ) 8 "n atta*$ to !m1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy & ( ! ,in/itute2 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1 or ! ,annales de ,muse d',hi/oire ,naturelle2 ( :i* la/ "w he 0 ! orig9al projector4 ,_m ( ^! pap]s conta9$ analyses bo? animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al1 ( v consid]able value4 ,9 mo/ ( !m1 ! "n ( ,vauquel9 is associat$ ) 8 own z ! au?or2 & ! g5]al op9ion is1 t ! exp]im5ts 7 all made by ,vauquel92 b t ! pap]s !mselves 7 drawn up by ,f\rcroy4 ,x w\ld s]ve little purpose to g ov] ?is long li/ ( pap]s2 because1 ?\gh !y contribut$ ess5tially to ! progress ( *emi/ry1 yet !y exhibit b few ( ^? /rik+ discov]ies1 :i* at once alt] ! face ( ! sci5ce1 by ?r[+ a flood ( light on e ?+ ar\nd !m4 ,i %all m]ely notice a few ( :at ,i consid] z 8 be/ pap]s4 #a4 ,he asc]ta9$ t ! mo/ common bili>y calculi are compos$ ( a sub/ance simil> to sp]maceti4 ,?is sub/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( a subsequ5t discov]y :i* he made dur+ ! removal ( ! dead bodies f ! burial-gr\nd ( ! ,innoc5ts at ,p>is2 namely1 t ^! bodies are conv]t$ into a fatty matt]1 he call$ adipocire4 ,x has s9ce be5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( *ole/9e2 & has be5 %[n to possess prop]ties diff]5t f ^? ( adipocire & sp]maceti4 #b4 ,x is to him t we are indebt$ = ! fir/ k ( ! fact1 t ! salts ( magnesia & ammonia h ! prop]ty ( unit+ toge!r1 & =m+ d\ble salts4 #c4 ,8 diss]tation on ! sulphate ( m]cury conta9s "s good obs]vations4 ,! same rem>k applies to 8 pap] on ! action ( ammonia on ! sulphate1 nitrate1 & muriate ( m]cury4 ,he fir/ describ$ ! d\ble salts :i* are =m$4 #d4 ,! analysis ( ur9e w\ld h be5 valuable _h n almo/ all ! facts conta9$ 9 x be5 anticipat$ by a pap] ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,x is to him t we are indebt$ = almo/ all ! additions to our k ( calculi s9ce ! publication ( ,s*eele's orig9al pap] on ! subject4 #e4 ,i may m5tion ! process ( ,f\rcroy & ,vauquel9 = obta9+ pure b>ytes1 by expos+ nitrate ( b>ytes to a r$ heat1 z a good "o4 ,!y discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( phosphate ( magnesia 9 bones1 ( phosphorus 9 ! bra9 & 9 ! milts ( fi%es1 & ( a consid]able quantity ( sac*>9e matt] 9 ! bulb ( ! common onion2 :i*1 by und]go+ a k9d ( spontane\s f]m5tation 0 conv]t$ into manna4 ,9 ^!1 & _m o!r simil> discov]ies1 :i* ,i ?9k x unnecess>y to notice1 we d n "k :at fell to ! %>e ( ,f\rcroy & :at to ,vauquel92 b !re is "o m]it at lea/ to :i* ,f\rcroy is c]ta9ly entitl$1 & x is no small "o3 he =m$ & br\ght =w>d ,vauquel91 & prov$ to him1 ev] aft]1 a mo/ /eady & indefatigable fri5d4 ,?is is be/[+ no small panegyric on 8 "*2 = x w\ld h be5 impossible to h reta9$ su* a fri5d ?r\gh all ! horrors ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 if 8 own qualities _h n be5 su* z to m]it s /eady an atta*m5t4 ,l\is ,b]n>d ,guyton de ,morveau 0 born at ,dijon on ! #d? ( ,janu>y1 #agcg4 ,8 fa!r1 ,an?ony ,guyton1 0 pr(essor ( civil law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dijon1 & desc5d$ f an anci5t & respectable family4 ,at ! age ( sev5 he %[$ an uncommon me*anical turn3 be+ ) 8 fa!r at a small village ne> ,dijon1 he !re happ5$ to meet a public (fic] return+ f a sale1 :5ce he _h br\ght back a clock t _h rema9$ unsold on acc\nt ( its v bad condition4 ,morveau supplicat$ 8 fa!r to buy x4 ,! pur*ase 0 made = six francs4 ,"y ,morveau took x to pieces & clean$ x1 suppli$ "s p>ts t 7 want+1 & put x up aga9 )\t any assi/ance4 ,9 #agii ?is v clock 0 resold at a high] price1 toge!r ) ! e/ate & h\se 9 :i* x _h be5 orig9ally plac$2 hav+ dur+ ! :ole ( t "t cont9u$ to g 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,:5 only eight ye>s ( age1 he took 8 "m's wat* to pieces1 clean$ x1 & put x up aga9 to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties4 ,aft] f9i%+ 8 prelim9>y /udies 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 he w5t to college1 & t]m9at$ 8 att5dance on x at ! age ( sixte54 ,ab\t ?is "t he 0 in/ruct$ 9 botany by ,m4 ,mi*ault1 a fri5d ( 8 fa!r1 & a naturali/ ( "s em95ce4 ,he n[ comm5c$ law /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dijon2 &1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( int5se application1 he w5t to ,p>is to acquire a k ( ! practice ( ! law4 ,:ile 9 ,p>is1 he n only att5d$ to law1 b cultivat$ at ! same "t sev]al bran*es ( polite lit]ature4 ,9 #agef he paid a visit to ,voltaire1 at ,f]ney4 ,?is seems to h inspir$ him ) a love ( poetry1 p>ticul>ly ( ! descriptive & satiric k9d4 ,ab\t a ye> aft]w>ds1 :5 only tw5ty1 he publi%$ a poem call$ ,le ,rat ,iconocla/e1 ou le ,jesuite croque4 ,x 0 int5d$ to ?r[ ridicule on a well-kn[n anecdote ( ! day1 & to assi/ 9 bl[+ ! fire t already ?reat5$ de/ruction to ! obnoxi\s ord] ( ,jesuits4 ,! adv5ture allud$ to 0 ?is3 ,"s nuns1 :o felt a /rong pr$ilection = a ,jesuit1 _! spiritual director1 7 engag$ 9 _! accu/om$ ,*ri/mas occupation ( modell+ a repres5tation ( a religi\s my/]y1 decorat$ ) sev]al small /atues repres5t+ ! holy p]sonages connect$ ) ! subject1 & among !m t ( ! gho/ly fa!r2 b1 to m>k _! fav\rite1 8 /atue 0 made ( loaf sug>4 ,! foll[+ day 0 de/9$ = ! triumph ( ! ,jesuit3 b1 mean:ile1 a rat _h dev\r$ ! valuable puppet4 ,! poem is writt5 aft] ! agreeable mann] ( ! celebrat$ poem1 ,v]v]t4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r he _h already plead$ sev]al important causes at ! b>1 :5 ! (fice ( advocate-g5]al1 at ! p>liam5t ( ,dijon1 0 adv]tis$ = sale4 ,at t "t all public situations1 h[ev] important1 7 sold to ! be/ bidd]4 ,8 fa!r hav+ asc]ta9$ t ?is place w\ld be acceptable to 8 son1 pur*as$ x = =ty ?\s& francs4 ,! reputation ( ! "y advocate1 & 8 engag+ mann]s1 facilitat$ ! b>ga94 ,9 #agfd he 0 admitt$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,arts1 & ,belles ,lettres1 ( ,dijon4 ,two mon?s aft]1 he pres5t$ to ! assembl$ *amb] ( ! p>liam5t ( ,burgundy1 a memoir on public in/ruction1 ) a plan = a college1 on ! pr9ciples detail$ 9 8 "w4 ,! encomiums :i* e public j\rnal ( ! "t pass$ on ?is production1 & ! flatt]+ lett]s :i* he receiv$1 7 unequivocal pro(s ( its value4 ,9 ?is memoir he endeav\r$ to prove t man is bad or good1 accord+ to ! education :i* he has receiv$4 ,?is doctr9e 0 contr>y to ! cre$ ( ,did]ot1 :o affirm$1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,life ( ,s5eca1 t nature makes wick$ p]sons1 & t ! be/ in/itutions _c r5d] !m good4 ,b ?is mis*iev\s op9ion 0 successfully refut$ by ,morveau1 9 a lett] to an anonym\s fri5d4 ,! exact sci5ces 7 s ill taught1 & lamely cultivat$ at ,dijon1 dur+ ! "t ( 8 univ]sity education1 t aft] 8 admission into ! academy 8 notions on me*anics & natural philosophy 7 scanty & inaccurate4 ,dr4 ,*>d5on 0 9 ! habit ( read+ memoirs on *emical subjects2 & on "o occasion ,morveau ?\ght x necess>y to haz>d "s rem>ks :i* 7 ill receiv$ by ! doctor1 :o sne]+ly told him t hav+ obta9$ su* success 9 lit]ature1 he _h bett] re/ satisfi$ ) ! reputation s ju/ly acquir$1 & leave *emi/ry to ^? :o knew m ( ! matt]4 ,provok$ at ?is viol5t rem>k1 he resolv$ ^u tak+ an hon\rable rev5ge4 ,he !re=e appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ,macqu]'s ,!oretical & ,practical ,*emi/ry1 & ( ! ,manual ( ,*emi/ry :i* ,beaum _h j publi%$4 ,to ! la/ *emi/ he also s5t an ext5sive ord] = *emical prep>ations & ut5sils1 ) a view ( =m+ a small laboratory ne> 8 (fice4 ,he began by repeat+ _m ( ,beaum's exp]im5ts1 & !n try+ 8 inexp]i5c$ h& at orig9al rese>*es4 ,he soon f\nd himself /rong en\gh to attack ! doctor4 ,! latt] _h j be5 read+ a memoir on ! analysis ( diff]5t k9ds ( oil2 & ,morveau combat$ "s ( 8 op9ions ) s mu* skill & sagacity1 z a/oni%$ e "o pres5t4 ,aft] ! meet+1 ,dr4 ,*>d5on address$ him ?us3 ,y are born to be an hon\r to *emi/ry4 ,s mu* k c\ld only h be5 ga9$ by g5ius unit$ ) p]sev]ance4 ,foll[ y\r new pursuit1 & conf] ) me 9 y\r difficulties4 ,b ?is new pursuit did n prev5t ,morveau f cont9u+ to cultivate lit]ature ) success4 ,he wrote an ,eloge ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france1 surnam$ ! ,wise1 :i* _h be5 giv5 out z ! subject ( a prize1 by ! academy4 ,a few mon?s aft]w>ds1 at ! op5+ ( ! session ( p>liam5t1 he deliv]$ a disc\rse on ! actual /ate ( jurisprud5ce2 on :i* subject1 ?ree ye>s aft]1 he compos$ a m ext5sive & complete "w4 ,no code ( laws dem&$ re=m m urg5tly ?an ^? ( ,france1 & none saw m cle>ly ! necessity ( su* a re=mation4 ,ab\t ?is "t a "y g5tleman ( ,dijon _h tak5 into 8 h\se an adept1 :o (f]$1 ^u be+ furni%$ ) ! requisite mat]ials1 to produce gold 9 abundance2 b1 aft] six mon?s ( exp5sive & t$i\s op]ations 7dur+ :i* p]iod ! rogui% pret5d] _h secretly di/ill$ _m oils1 c41 :i* he dispos$ ( = 8 own pr(it71 ! g5tleman beg9n+ to d\bt ! s9c]ity ( 8 in/ruct]1 dismiss$ him f 8 s]vice & sold ! :ole ( 8 app>atus & mat]ials to ,morveau = a trifl+ sum4 ,soon aft] he repair$ to ,p>is1 to visit ! sci5tific e/abli%m5ts ( t metropolis1 & to pur*ase prep>ations & app>atus :i* he /ill want$ to enable him to pursue ) effect 8 fav\rite /udy4 ,= ?is purpose he appli$ to ,beaum1 !n "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s4 ,pleas$ ) 8 ard\r1 ,beaum inquir$ :at c\rses ( *emi/ry he _h att5d$4 ,none1 0 ! answ]4--,h[ !n c\ld y h le>n$ to make exp]im5ts1 & above all1 h[ c\ld y h acquir$ ! requisite dext]ity8--,practice1 repli$ ! "y *emi/1 has be5 my ma/]2 melt$ crucibles & brok5 retorts my tutors4--,9 t case1 said ,beaum1 y h n le>n$1 y h inv5t$4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,dr4 ,*>d5on read a pap] be=e ! ,dijon ,academy on ! causes ( ! augm5tation ( weight :i* metals exp]i5ce :5 calc9$4 ,he combat$ ! diff]5t explanations :i* _h be5 already advanc$1 & !n proce$$ to %[ t x might be acc\nt$ = 9 a satisfactory mann] by ! ab/raction ( phlogi/on4 ,?is drew ! att5tion ( ,morveau to ! subject3 he made a set ( exp]im5ts a few mon?s aft]w>ds1 & read a pap] on ! ph5om5a ( ! air dur+ combu/ion4 ,x 0 soon aft] t he made a set ( exp]im5ts on ! "t tak5 by diff]5t sub/ances to absorb or emit a giv5 quantity ( heat4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 if prop]ly foll[$ out1 w\ld h l$ to ! discov]y ( specific heat2 b 9 8 h&s !y seem to h be5 unproductive4 ,9 ! ye> #aggb he publi%$ a collection ( sci5tific essays "u ! title ( ,digressions ,acadmiques4 ,! memoirs on phlogi/on1 cry/allization1 & solution1 f\nd 9 ?is book des]ve p>ticul> att5tion1 & %[ ! sup]iority ( ,morveau ov] mo/ ( ! *emi/s ( ! "t4 ,ab\t ?is "t an ev5t happ5$ :i* des]ves to be /at$4 ,x _h be5 cu/om>y 9 "o ( ! *ur*es ( ,dijon to bury consid]able numb]s ( dead bodies4 ,f ^! an infecti\s exhalation _h proce$$1 :i* _h br\ght on a malignant disord]1 & ?reat5$ ! inhabitants ( ,dijon ) some?+ l ! plague4 ,all attempts to put an end to ?is infecti\s matt] _h fail$1 :5 ,morveau tri$ ! foll[+ me?od ) complete success3 ,a mixture ( common salt & sulphuric acid 9 a wide-m\!d vessel 0 put ^u *af+-di%es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! *ur*4 ,! doors & w9d[s 7 clos$ & left 9 ?is /ate = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!y 7 !n ?r[n op51 & ! *af+-di%es ) ! mixtures remov$4 ,e rema9s ( ! bad smell 0 gone1 & ! *ur* 0 r5d]$ q clean & free f infection4 ,! same process 0 tri$ soon aft] 9 ! prisons ( ,dijon1 & ) ! same success4 ,aft]w>ds *lor9e gas 0 sub/itut$ = muriatic acid gas1 & f\nd /ill m efficaci\s4 ,! pres5t practice is to employ *loride ( lime1 or *loride ( soda1 = ! purpose ( fumigat+ infect$ ap>tm5ts1 & ! process is f\nd /ill m effectual ?an ! muriatic acid gas1 z orig9ally employ$ by ,morveau4 ,! nitric acid fumes1 propos$ by ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael ,smi?1 are also efficaci\s1 b ! application ( !m is mu* m tr\blesome & m exp5sive ?an ( *loride ( lime1 :i* co/s v little4 ,9 ! ye> #aggd x occurr$ to ,morveau1 t a c\rse ( lectures on *emi/ry1 deliv]$ 9 8 native city1 might be useful4 ,application be+ made to ! prop] au?orities1 ! p]mission 0 obta9$1 & ! necess>y funds = supply+ a laboratory grant$4 ,^! lectures 7 begun on ! #bi? ( ,april1 #aggf1 & seem to h be5 ( ! v be/ k9d4 ,e ?+ 0 /at$ ) great cle>ness1 & illu/rat$ by a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,8 fame n[ began to ext5d1 & 8 "n to be kn[n to m5 ( sci5ce 9 e "p ( ,europe2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 he began to exp]i5ce ! fate ( almo/ all em95t m5--to be expos$ to ! attacks ( ! malignant & ! envi\s4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* he exhibit$ to det]m9e ! prop]ties ( c>bonic acid gas drew ^u him ! animadv]sions ( sev]al m$ical m51 :o affirm$ t ?is gas 0 no?+ else ?an a peculi> /ate ( sulphuric acid4 ,morveau answ]$ ^! animadv]sions 9 two pamphlets1 & completely refut$ !m4 ,ab\t ?is "t he got metallic conductors erect$ on ! h\se ( ! ,academy at ,dijon4 ,on ?is acc\nt he 0 attack$ viol5tly = 8 presumption 9 dis>m+ ! h& ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,a multitude ( fanatics assembl$ to pull d[n ! conductors1 & !y w\ld probably h done mu* mis*ief1 _h x n be5 = ! address ( ,m4 ,m>et1 ! secret>y1 :o assur$ !m t ! a/oni%+ virtue ( ! app>atus resid$ 9 ! gild$ po9t1 :i* _h purposely be5 s5t f ,rome by ! holy fa!r6 ,w x excite any surprise1 t )9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ?is ! mass ( ! ,fr5* p n only r5\nc$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ! spiritual dom9ion ( ! pope1 b decl>$ !mselves a!i/s6 ,9 #aggg ,morveau publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( a c\rse ( *emi/ry1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds foll[$ by ?ree o!r volumes1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ,elm5s de ,*imie de l',acadmie de ,dijon4 ,?is book 0 receiv$ ) univ]sal approbation1 & mu/ h contribut$ v mu* to increase ! value ( 8 lectures4 ,inde$1 a text-book is ess5tial t[>ds a successful c\rse ( lectures3 x puts x 9 ! p[] ( ! /ud5ts to und]/& ! lecture if !y be at ! requisite pa9s2 & gives !m a means ( cle>+ up _! difficulties1 :5 any su* occur4 ,i d n hesitate to say1 t a c\rse ( *emical lectures is twice z valuable :5 ! /ud5ts are furni%$ ) a good text-book1 z :5 !y are left to int]pret ! lectures by _! own unassi/$ ex]tions4 ,soon aft] he und]took ! e/abli%m5t ( a manufacture ( saltpetre ^u a l>ge scale4 ,= ?is he receiv$ ! ?anks ( ,m4 ,neck]1 :o 0 at t "t m9i/] ( f9ance1 9 ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,?is manufactory he aft]w>ds gave up to ,m4 ,c\rtois1 ^: son /ill c>ries x on1 & is advantage\sly kn[n to ! public z ! discov]] ( iod9e4 ,8 next object 0 to make a collection ( m9]als1 & to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( m9]alogy4 ,all ?is 0 soon accompli%$4 ,9 #aggg he 0 *>g$ to exam9e ! slate-qu>ries & ! coal-m9es ( ,burgundy1 = :i* purpose he p]=m$ a m9]alogical t\r ?r\gh ! prov9ce4 ,9 #aggi he discov]$ a lead-m9e 9 t c\ntry1 & a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! att5tion ( *emi/s _h be5 drawn to sulphate ( b>ytes & its base1 by ! ,sw$i% *emi/s1 he s\ght = x 9 ,burgundy1 & f\nd x 9 consid]able quantity at ,?te4 ,?is enabl$ him to draw up a description ( ! m9]al1 & to det]m9e ! *>act]s ( ! base1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( b>ote2 aft]w>ds alt]$ to t ( b>ytes4 ,?is pap] 0 publi%$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,dijon ,academy4 ,9 ?is pap] he describes 8 me?od ( decompos+ sulphate ( b>ytes1 by heat+ x ) *>coal--a me?od n[ v frequ5tly foll[$4 ,9 ! ye> #aggi he 0 appli$ to by ,pank\ke1 :o m$itat$ ! great project ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique1 to und]take ! *emical articles 9 t imm5se diction>y1 & ! dem& 0 support$ by a lett] f ,buffon1 ^: reque/ he did n ?9k t he c\ld ) propriety refuse4 ,! engagem5t 0 sign$ betwe5 !m 9 ,septemb]1 #aghj4 ,! fir/ half-volume ( ! *emical "p ( ?is ,encyclopdie did n appe> till #aghf1 & ,morveau mu/ h be5 employ$ dur+ ! int]val 9 ! necess>y /udy & rese>*es4 ,inde$1 x is obvi\s1 f _m ( ! articles1 t he _h sp5t a good deal ( "t 9 exp]im5ts ( rese>*4 ,! /ate ( ! *emical nom5clature 0 at t p]iod peculi>ly b>b>\s & defective4 ,he f\nd himself /opp$ at e corn] = want ( words to express 8 mean+4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s he resolv$ to correct1 & accord+ly 9 #aghb publi%$ 8 fir/ essay on a new *emical nom5clature4 ,no soon] did ?is essay appe> ?an x 0 attack$ by almo/ all ! *emi/s ( ,p>is1 & by none m zeal\sly ?an by ! *emical memb]s ( ! academy4 ,undismay$ by ! viol5ce ( 8 antagoni/s1 & satisfi$ ) ! rectitude ( 8 views1 & ! necessity ( ! re=m1 he w5t directly to ,p>is to answ] ! objections 9 p]son4 ,he n only succe$$ 9 conv9c+ 8 antagoni/s ( ! necessity ( re=m2 b a few ye>s aft]w>ds prevail$ ^u ! mo/ em95t *emical memb]s ( ! academy1 ,lavoisi]1 ,b]?ollet1 & ,f\rcroy1 to unite ) him 9 r5d]+ ! re=m /ill m complete & successful4 ,he drew up a memoir1 exhibit+ a plan ( a me?odical *emical nom5clature1 :i* 0 read at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 #aghg4 ,morveau1 !n1 0 9 reality ! au?or ( ! new *emical nom5clature1 if we except a few t]ms1 :i* _h be5 already employ$ by ,lavoisi]4 ,_h he done no?+ m = ! sci5ce ?an ?is1 x w\ld des]v$ly h immortaliz$ 8 "n4 ,= e "o mu/ be s5sible h[ mu* ! new nom5clature contribut$ to ! subsequ5t rapid ext5sion ( *emical sci5ce4 ,x 0 dur+ ! repeat$ conf]5ces held ) ,lavoisi] & ! o!r two associates t ,morveau became satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ,lavoisi]'s new doctr9e1 & t he 0 induc$ to ab&on ! phlogi/ic !ory4 ,we d n "k ! me?ods employ$ to conv]t him4 ,d\btless bo? reason+ & exp]im5t 7 made use ( = ! purpose4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ,morveau publi%$ a ,fr5* translation ( ! ,opuscula ( ,b]gman4 ,a society ( fri5ds1 "u 8 enc\ragem5t1 translat$ ! *emical memoirs ( ,s*eele & _m o!r =eign books ( importance1 :i* by _! means 7 made kn[n to ! m5 ( sci5ce 9 ,france4 ,9 #aghc1 9 consequ5ce ( a fav\rable report by ,macqu]1 ,morveau obta9$ p]mission to e/abli% a manufactory ( c>bonate ( soda1 ! fir/ ( ! k9d ev] attempt$ 9 ,france4 ,x 0 dur+ ! same ye> t he publi%$ 8 collection ( plead+s at ! b>1 among :i* we f9d 8 ,disc\rs sur la ,bonhomie1 deliv]$ at ! op5+ ( ! sessions at ,dijon1 ) :i* he took leave ( 8 fell[-magi/rates1 surr5d]+ ! insignia ( (fice1 z he _h det]m9$ to quit ! pr(ession ( ! law4 ,on ! #be? ( ,april1 #aghd1 ,morveau1 accompani$ by ,presid5t ,virly1 asc5d$ f ,dijon 9 a balloon1 :i* he _h himself con/ruct$1 & repeat$ ! asc5t on ! #ab? ( ,june foll[+1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! possibility ( direct+ ^! a]o/atic ma*9es1 by an app>atus ( 8 own contrivance4 ,! capacity ( ! balloon 0 #aj1dih1jgd ,fr5* cubic feet4 ,! effect produc$ by ?is bold und]tak+ by two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *>act]s 9 ! t[n 0 beyond description4 ,su* asc5ts 7 !n q new1 & look$ ^u ) a k9d ( rev]5tial awe4 ,?\gh ,morveau fail$ 9 8 attempts to direct ^! a]ial vessels1 yet 8 me?od 0 +5i\s & exce$+ly plausible4 ,9 #aghf ,dr4 ,m>et1 secret>y to ! ,dijon ,academy1 hav+ fall5 a victim to an epidemic disease1 :i* he _h 9 va9 attempt$ to arre/1 ,morveau 0 appo9t$ p]petual secret>y & *ancellor ( ! in/itution4 ,soon aft] ?is ! fir/ half-volume ( ! *emical "p ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique made its appe>ance1 & drew ! att5tion ( e p]son int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,no *emical treatise _h hi!rto appe>$ wor?y ( be+ comp>$ to x4 ,! article ,acid1 :i* occupies a consid]able "p1 is truely admirable2 & :e!r we consid] ! hi/orical details1 ! complet5ess ( ! acc\nts1 ! accuracy ( ! description ( ! exp]im5ts1 or ! elegance ( ! /yle1 con/itutes a complete model ( :at su* a "w %\ld be4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be p>tial1 z x 0 f ?is book t ,i imbib$ my own fir/ notions 9 *emi/ry1 b ,i nev] p]us$ any book ) m delight1 & :5 ,i comp>$ x ) ! be/ *emical books ( ! "t1 :e!r ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 or ,engli%1 its sup]iority became /ill m /rik+4 ,9 ! article ,aci]1 ,morveau _h come to ! v same conclusions1 ) respect to ! nature ( /eel1 z _h be5 come to by ,b]?ollet1 ,monge1 & ,v&]monde1 9 _! celebrat$ pap] on ! subject1 j publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy4 ,8 own article _h be5 pr9t$1 ?\gh n publi%$1 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,memoir ( ! ,academicians4 ,?is induc$ him to s5d an explanation to ,b]?ollet1 :i* 0 spe$ily publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aghg1 he receiv$ a visit f ,lavoisi]1 ,b]?ollet1 ,f\rcroy1 ,monge1 & ,v&]monde4 ,dr4 ,b$does1 :o 0 travell+ ?r\gh ,france at ! "t1 & happ5$ to be 9 ,dijon1 jo9$ ! p>ty4 ,! object ( ! meet+ 0 to discuss sev]al exp]im5ts explanatory ( ! new doctr9e4 ,9 #aghi an attempt 0 made to get him admitt$ z a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 b x fail$1 not)/&+ ! /r5u\s ex]tions ( ,b]?ollet & 8 o!r *emical fri5ds4 ,! ,fr5* revolution _h n[ brok5 out1 occasion$ by ! wants ( ! /ate on ! "o h&1 & ! resolute det]m9ation ( ! cl]gy & ! nobility on ! o!r1 n to submit to be> any %>e 9 ! public burd5s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is revolution ,morveau took no "p :atev] 9 politics4 ,9 #agij1 :5 ,france 0 divid$ into dep>tm5ts1 he 0 nam$ "o ( a commission by ! ,national ,assembly = ! =mation ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,cte d',or4 ,on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #agia1 he receiv$ f ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ! annual prize ( #bjjj francs1 = ! mo/ useful "w publi%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,?is 0 decre$ him = 8 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 9 ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique4 ,aw>e ( ! press+ necessities ( ! /ate1 ,morveau seiz$ ! opportunity ( %[+ 8 desire ( contribut+ t[>ds its relief1 by mak+ a patriotic (f]+ ( ! :ole am\nt ( 8 prize4 ,:5 ! election ( ! second ,con/itutional ,assembly took place1 he 0 nom9at$ a memb] by ! electoral college ( 8 dep>tm5t4 ,a few mon?s be=e1 8 "n _h appe>$ among ! li/ ( memb]s propos$ by ! assembly1 = ! election ( a gov]nor to ! heir-app>5t4 ,all ?is1 toge!r ) ! dignity ( solicitor-g5]al ( ! dep>tm5t to :i* he _h rec5tly be5 rais$1 n p]mitt+ him to cont9ue 8 *emical lectures at ,dijon1 ( :i* he _h already deliv]$ fifte5 gratuit\s c\rses1 he resign$ 8 *air 9 fav\r ( ,dr4 ,*aussi]1 aft]w>ds a di/+ui%$ pr(essor at ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is2 &1 bidd+ adieu to 8 native city1 proce$$ to ,p>is4 ,on ! ev] memorable #af? ( ,janu>y1 #agic1 he vot$ ) ! majority ( deputies4 ,he 0 !re=e1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is vote1 a regicide4 ,dur+ ! same ye> he resign$1 9 fav\r ( ! republic1 8 p5sion ( two ?\s& francs1 toge!r ) ! arre>s ( t p5sion4 ,9 #agid he receiv$ f gov]nm5t diff]5t commissions to act ) ! ,fr5* armies 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,*>g$ ) ! direction ( a great a]o/atic ma*9e = w>like purposes1 he sup]9t5d$ t "o 9 :i* ! *ief ( ! /aff ( ,g5]al ,j\rdan & himself asc5d$ dur+ ! battle ( ,fleurus1 & :i* s mat]ially contribut$ to ! success ( ! ,fr5* arms on t day4 ,on 8 return f 8 v>i\s missions1 he receiv$ f ! ?ree committees ( ! executive gov]nm5t an invitation to co-op]ate ) sev]al le>n$ m5 9 ! in/ruction ( ! c5tral s*ools1 & 0 nam$ pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,ecole ,c5trale des ,travaux publiques1 s9ce bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,9 #agie he 0 re-elect$ memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$1 by ! electoral assemblies ( ,s>! & ,ile et ,vila9e4 ,! executive gov]nm5t1 at ?is "t1 decre$ ! =mation ( ! ,national ,in/itute1 & nam$ him "o ( ! =ty-eight memb]s *os5 by gov]nm5t to =m ! nucleus ( t sci5tific body4 ,9 #agig he resign$ all 8 public situations1 & once m atta*$ himself exclusively to sci5ce & to ! e/abli%m5ts = public in/ruction4 ,9 #agih he 0 appo9t$ a provisional director ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 to supply ! place ( ,monge1 :o 0 !n 9 ,egypt4 ,he cont9u$ to ex]cise its duties dur+ eighte5 mon?s1 to ! complete satisfaction ( e p]son connect$ ) t e/abli%m5t4 ,) mu* delicacy & dis9t]e/$ness1 he decl9$ accept+ ! sal>y ( #bjjj francs atta*$ to ?is situation1 :i* he ?\ght belong$ to ! prop] director1 ?\gh abs5t f 8 duties4 ,9 #agii ,bonap>te appo9t$ him "o ( ! adm9i/rators-g5]al ( ! ,m9t2 & ! ye> foll[+ he 0 made director ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,9 #ahjc he receiv$ ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 !n rec5tly in/itut$2 & 9 #ahje 0 made an (fic] ( ! same ord]4 ,^! hon\rs 7 int5d$ z a rew>d = ! advantage :i* _h accru$ f ! m9]al acid fumigations :i* he _h fir/ sugge/$4 ,9 #ahaa he 0 creat$ a b>on ( ! ,fr5* empire4 ,aft] hav+ taught 9 ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique = sixte5 ye>s1 he obta9$ leave1 on apply+ to ! prop] au?orities1 to )draw into ! retir$ /ation ( private life1 cr[n$ ) ye>s & reputation1 & foll[$ ) ! bless+s ( ! num]\s pupils :om he _h br\ght up 9 ! c>e] ( sci5ce4 ,9 ?is situation he cont9u$ ab\t ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* he witness$ ! d[nfall ( ,bonap>te1 & ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahae1 he 0 seiz$ ) a total exhau/ion ( /r5g?2 &1 aft] an illness ( ?ree days only1 expir$ 9 ! arms ( 8 disconsolate wife1 & a few tru/y fri5ds1 hav+ ne>ly complet$ ! eightie? ye> ( 8 age4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,janu>y1 #ahaf1 8 rema9s 7 foll[$ to ! grave by ! memb]s ( ! ,in/itute1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ m53 & ,b]?ollet1 "o ( 8 colleagues1 pron\nc$ a %ort b impressive fun]al oration on 8 dep>t$ fri5d4 ,morveau _h m>ri$ ,madame ,pic>det1 ! wid[ ( a ,dijon academician1 :o _h di/+ui%$ himself by num]\s sci5tific translations f ! ,sw$i%1 ,g]man1 & ,engli% languages4 ,! m>riage took place aft] !y 7 bo? advanc$ 9 life1 & he left no *ildr5 beh9d him4 ,8 publications on *emical subjects 7 exce$+ly num]\s1 & he contribut$ z mu* z any ( 8 contempor>ies to ! ext5sion ( ! sci5ce2 b z he 0 n ! au?or ( any /rik+ *emical discov]ies1 x w\ld be t$i\s to give a catalogue ( 8 num]\s productions :i* 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,dijon ,memoirs1 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 & ! ,annales de ,*imie4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,progress ,,( ,,analytical ,,*emi/ry4 ,analysis1 or ! art ( det]m9+ ! con/itu5ts ( :i* e comp\nd is compos$1 con/itutes ! ess5ce ( *emi/ry3 x 0 !re=e attempt$ z soon z ! sci5ce put on any ?+ l a sy/ematic =m4 ,at fir/1 ) v little success2 b z k became m & m g5]al1 *emi/s became m exp]t1 & some?+ l regul> analysis began to appe>4 ,?us1 ,br&t %[$ t :ite vitriol is a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid & oxide ( z9c2 & ,m>graaf1 t sel5ite or gypsum is a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid & lime4 ,dr4 ,black made analyses ( sev]al ( ! salts ( magnesia1 s f> at lea/ z to det]m9e ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,= h>dly any attempt 0 made 9 t e>ly p]iod ( ! art to det]m9e ! weight ( ! respective con/itu5ts4 ,! fir/ p]son :o attempt$ to lay d[n rules = ! regul> analysis ( m9]als1 & to r$uce ^! rules to practice1 0 ,b]gman4 ,?is he did 9 8 pap]s ,de ,docimasia ,m9]>um ,humida1 ,de ,t]ra ,gemm>um1 & ,de ,t]ra ,t\rmal9i1 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aggg & #aghj4 ,to analyze a m9]al1 or to sep>ate x into its con/itu5t p>ts1 x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place1 to be able to dissolve x 9 an acid4 ,b]gman %[$ t mo/ m9]als become soluble 9 muriatic acid if !y be r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 & !n heat$ to r$ness1 or fus$ ) an alkal9e c>bonate4 ,aft] obta9+ a solution 9 ?is way he po9t$ out me?ods by :i* ! diff]5t con/itu5ts may be sep>at$ "o aft] ano!r1 & _! relative quantities det]m9$4 ,! fusion ) an alkal9e c>bonate requir$ a /rong r$ heat4 ,an e>!nw>e crucible c\ld n be employ$1 because at a fus+ temp]ature x w\ld be corrod$ by ! alkal9e c>bonate1 & ?us ! m9]al "u analysis w\ld be contam9at$ by ! addition ( a quantity ( =eign matt]4 ,b]gman employ$ an iron crucible4 ,?is effectually prev5t$ ! addition ( any e>?y matt]4 ,b at a r$ heat ! iron crucible itself is apt to be corrod$ by ! action ( ! alkali1 & ?us ! m9]al "u analysis becomes contam9at$ ) a quantity ( t metal4 ,?is iron might easily be sep>at$ aga9 by kn[n me?ods1 & w\ld !re=e be ( comp>atively small consequ5ce1 provid$ we 7 sure t ! m9]al "u exam9ation conta9$ no iron2 b :5 t happ5s 7& x is a v frequ5t occurr5ce71 an error is occasion$ :i* we _c obviate4 ,klapro? made a va/ improvem5t 9 ! art ( analysis1 by sub/itut+ crucibles ( f9e silv] = ! iron crucibles ( ,b]gman4 ,! only difficulty att5d+ _! use 01 t !y 7 apt to melt unless great caution 0 us$ 9 heat+ !m4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on introduc$ crucibles ( plat9um ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is f t p]iod t we may date ! comm5cem5t ( accurate analyz+4 ,b]gman's processes1 z might h be5 expect$1 7 rude & imp]fect4 ,x 0 ,klapro? :o fir/ sy/ematiz$ *emical analysis & br\ght ! art to su* a /ate1 t ! processes foll[$ c\ld be imitat$ by o!rs ) ne>ly ! same results1 ?us (f]+ a gu>antee = ! accuracy ( ! process4 ,m>t9 ,h5ry ,klapro?1 to :om *emi/ry lies "u s _m & su* deep obligations1 0 born at ,w]nig]ode1 on ! #a/ ( ,decemb]1 #agdc4 ,8 fa!r _h ! mis=tune to lose 8 :ole goods by a great fire1 on ! #cj? ( ,june1 #agea1 s t he 0 able to d little or no?+ = ! education ( 8 *ildr54 ,m>t9 0 ! second ( ?ree bro!rs1 ! elde/ ( :om became a cl]gyman1 & ! y\nge/ private secret>y at w>1 & keep] ( ! ar*ives ( ! cab9et ( ,b]l94 ,m>t9 surviv$ bo? 8 bro!rs4 ,he procur$ su* meagre in/ruction 9 ! ,lat9 language z ! s*ool ( ,w]nig]ode af=d$1 & he 0 oblig$ to procure 8 small s*ool-fees by s++ z "o ( ! *ur* *oir4 ,x 0 at fir/ 8 int5tion to /udy !ology2 b ! unm]it$ h>d treatm5t :i* he met ) at s*ool s dis9cl9$ him to /udy1 t he det]m9$1 9 8 sixte5? ye>1 to le>n ! trade ( an apo!c>y4 ,five ye>s :i* he 0 =c$ to sp5d z an appr5tice1 & two z an assi/ant 9 ! public laboratory 9 ,qu$l9burg1 furni%$ him ) b little sci5tific in=mation1 & gave him little else ?an a c]ta9 me*anical adroitness 9 ! mo/ common ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,he always reg>d$ z ! epo* ( 8 sci5tific in/ruction1 ! two ye>s :i* he sp5t 9 ! public laboratory at ,hanov]1 f ,ea/] #agff1 till ! same "t 9 #agfh4 ,x 0 !re t he fir/ met ) "s *emical books ( m]it1 especially ^? ( ,spielman1 & ,c>!us]1 9 :i* a high] sci5tific _s already brea!d4 ,he 0 n[ anxi\s to g to ,b]l91 ( :i* he _h =m$ a high idea f ! works ( ,pott1 ,h5kel1 ,rose1 & ,m>graaf4 ,an opportunity pres5t+ itself ab\t ,ea/]1 #agfh1 he 0 plac$ z assi/ant 9 ! laboratory ( ,w5dl&1 at ! sign ( ! ,gold5 ,angel1 9 ! ,/reet ( ! ,moors4 ,"h he employ$ all ! "t :i* a consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( ! duties ( 8 /ation left him1 9 complet+ 8 own sci5tific education4 ,& z he consid]$ a pr(\nd] acqua9tance ) ! anci5t languages1 ?an he _h be5 able to pick up at ! s*ool ( ,w]nig]ode1 indisp5sable = a complete sci5tific education1 he appli$ himself ) great zeal to ! /udy ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 & 0 assi/$ 9 8 /udies by ,mr4 ,poppelb\rn1 at t "t a prea*]4 ,ab\t ,mi*aelmas1 #aggj1 he w5t to ,dantzig1 z assi/ant 9 ! public laboratory3 b 9 ,m>* ( ! foll[+ ye> he return$ to ,b]l91 z assi/ant 9 ! (fice ( ! eld] ,val5t9e ,rose1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *emi/s ( 8 day4 ,b ?is connexion did n cont9ue long2 = ,rose di$ 9 #agga4 ,on 8 dea?b$ he reque/$ ,klapro? to und]take ! sup]9t5d5ce ( 8 (fice4 ,klapro? n only sup]9t5d$ ?is (fice = n9e ye>s ) ! mo/ exempl>y fidelity & consci5ti\sness1 b und]took ! education ( ! two sons ( ,rose1 z if he _h be5 _! fa!r4 ,! y\ng] di$ be=e rea*+ ! age ( manhood3 ! eld] became 8 intimate fri5d1 & ! associate ( all 8 sci5tific rese>*es4 ,= sev]al ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,rose 7:i* happ5$ 9 #ahjh7 !y wr\ght toge!r1 & ,klapro? 0 seldom satisfi$ ) ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts till !y _h be5 repeat$ by ,rose4 ,9 ! ye> #aghj ,klapro? w5t ?r\gh 8 trials = ! (fice ( apo!c>y ) di/+ui%$ applause4 ,8 !sis1 ,on ,phosphorus & di/ill$ ,wat]s1 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,miscellanies = #aghb4 ,soon aft] ?is1 ,klapro? b\ght :at _h =m]ly be5 ! ,flemm+ laboratory 9 ,sp&au-/reet3 & he m>ri$ ,sophia ,*ri/iana ,lekman1 ) :om he liv$ till #ahjc 7:5 %e di$7 9 a happy /ate4 ,!y _h ?ree daught]s & a son1 :o surviv$ _! p>5ts4 ,he cont9u$ 9 possession ( ?is laboratory1 9 :i* he _h arrang$ a small "w-room ( 8 own1 till ! ye> #ahjj1 :5 he pur*as$ ! room ( ! ,academical ,*emi/s1 9 :i* he 0 enabl$1 at ! exp5se ( ! academy1 to furni% a bett] & m spaci\s ap>tm5t = 8 lab\rs1 = 8 m9]alogical & *emical collection1 & = 8 lectures4 ,z soon z he _h br\ght ! fir/ arrangem5ts ( 8 (fice to p]fection--an (fice :i*1 "u 8 inspection & managem5t1 became ! model ( a laboratory1 conduct$ ^u ! mo/ excell5t pr9ciples1 & gov]n$ ) ! mo/ consci5ti\s integrity1 he publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s p]iodical works ( ,g]many1 su* z ,crell's ,*emical ,annals1 ! ,writ+s ( ! ,society = ! promotion ( ,natural ,k1 ,selle's ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,nature & ( ,m$ic9e1 ,khl]'s ,j\rnal1 c42 a multitude ( pap]s :i* soon drew ! att5tion ( *emi/s2 = example1 8 ,essay on ,copal--on ! ,ela/ic ,/one--on ,pr\/'s ,sel p]le--on ! ,gre5 ,lead ,sp> ( ,ts*oppau--on ! be/ ,me?od ( prep>+ ,ammonia--on ! ,c>bonate ( ,b>ytes--on ! ,wolfram ( ,cornwall--on ,wood ,t9--on ! ,violet ,s*orl--on ! celebrat$ ,a]ial ,gold--on ,apatite1 c4 ,all ^! pap]s1 :i* secur$ him a high reputation z a *emi/1 appe>$ be=e #aghh1 :5 he 0 *os5 an ord9>y memb] ( ! physical class ( ! ,royal ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts _h elect$ him a memb] a ye> e>li]4 ,f ?is "t1 e volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 & _m o!r p]iodical works besides1 conta9$ num]\s pap]s by ?is accompli%$ *emi/2 & !re is n "o ( !m :i* does n furni% u ) a m exact k ( "s "o ( ! productions ( nature or art4 ,he has ei!r correct$ false repres5tations1 or ext5d$ views t 7 be=e p>tially kn[n1 or has reveal$ ! composition & mixture ( ! p>ts ( bodies1 & has made u acqua9t$ ) a v>iety ( new elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,amid/ all ^! lab\rs1 x is difficult to say :e!r we %\ld mo/ admire ! =tunate g5ius1 :i*1 9 all cases1 readily & easily div9$ ! po9t :]e any ?+ ( importance lay conceal$2 or ! acut5ess :i* enabl$ him to f9d ! be/ means ( accompli%+ 8 object2 or ! unceas+ lab\r & incomp>able exactness ) :i* he develop$ x2 or ! pure sci5tific feel+ "u :i* he act$1 & :i* 0 remov$ at ! utmo/ possible di/ance f e selfi%1 e av>ici\s1 & e cont5ti\s purpose4 ,9 ! ye> #agie he began to collect 8 *emical works :i* lay scatt]$ among s _m p]iodical publications1 & gave !m to ! _w "u ! title ( ,beitrage zur ,*emis*5 ,k5ntniss d] ,m9]alkrp] 7,contributions to ! ,*emical ,k ( ,m9]al ,bodies74 ,( ?is "w1 :i* consi/s ( six volumes1 ! la/ 0 publi%$ 9 #ahae1 ab\t a ye> be=e ! au?or's dea?4 ,x conta9s no few] ?an two hundr$ & sev5 treatises1 ! mo/ valuable "p ( all t ,klapro? _h done = *emi/ry & m9]alogy4 ,x is a pity t ! sale ( ?is "w did n p]mit ! publication ( a sev5? volume1 :i* w\ld h includ$ ! re/ ( 8 pap]s1 :i* he _h n collect$1 & giv5 u a good index to ! :ole "w1 :i* w\ld h be5 ( great importance to ! practical *emi/4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an index to ! fir/ five volumes2 b x is meagre & defective1 conta9+ little else ?an ! names ( ! sub/ances on :i* 8 exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,besides 8 own works1 ! int]e/ :i* he took 9 ! lab\rs ( o!rs des]ves to be notic$4 ,he sup]9t5d$ a new edition ( ,gr5's ,manual ( ,*emi/ry1 rem>kable n s mu* = :at he add$ z = :at he took away & correct$4 ,! "p :i* he took 9 ,wolff's ,*emical ,diction>y 0 ( great importance4 ,! composition ( e p>ticul> treatise 0 by ,pr(essor ,wolff2 b ,klapro? read ov] e important article be=e x 0 pr9t$1 & assi/$ ! editor on all occasions ) ! treasures ( 8 exp]i5ce & k4 ,nor 0 he less useful to ,fis*] 9 8 translation ( ,b]?ollet on ,aff9ity & on ,*emical ,/atics4 ,^! m]itori\s s]vices1 & ! lu/re :i* 8 "* & discov]ies conf]r$ on 8 c\ntry 7 duly appreciat$ by 8 sov]eign4 ,9 #aghb he _h be5 made assessor 9 ! ,supreme ,college ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,heal?1 :i* !n exi/$4 ,at a m rec5t p]iod he enjoy$ ! same rank 9 ! ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,heal?2 & :5 ?is college 0 subv]t$1 9 #ahaj1 he became a memb] ( ! m$ical deputation atta*$ to ! m9i/ry ( ! int]ior4 ,he 0 also a memb] ( ! p]petual c\rt commission = m$ic9es4 ,8 lectures1 too1 procur$ = him sev]al municipal situations4 ,z soon z ! public became acqua9t$ ) 8 great *emical acquirem5ts he 0 p]mitt$ to give ye>ly two private c\rses ( lectures on *emi/ry2 "o = ! (fic]s ( ! royal artill]y corps1 ! o!r = (fic]s n connect$ ) ! army1 :o wi%$ to accompli% !mselves = "s practical employm5t4 ,bo? ( ^! lectures assum$ aft]w>ds a municipal "*4 ,! =m] l$ to 8 appo9tm5t z pr(essor ( ! ,artill]y ,academy in/itut$ at ,tempelh(f2 &1 aft] its dissolution1 to 8 situation z pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,w> ,s*ool4 ,! o!r lecture procur$ = him ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,royal ,m9+ ,in/itute4 ,on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! univ]sity1 ,klapro?'s lectures became ^? ( ! univ]sity1 & he himself 0 appo9t$ ord9>y pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 & memb] ( ! academical s5ate4 ,f #agig to #ahaj he 0 an active memb] ( a small sci5tific society1 :i* met ye>ly dur+ a few weeks = ! purpose ( discuss+ ! m recondite my/]ies ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #ahaa1 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia add$ to all 8 o!r hon\rs ! ord] ( ! ,r$ ,eagle ( ! ?ird class4 ,klapro? sp5t ! :ole ( a long life 9 ! mo/ active & consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( all ! duties ( 8 /ation1 & 9 an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( exp]im5tal inve/igations4 ,he di$ at ,b]l9 on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahag1 9 ! #gj? ye> ( 8 age4 ,among ! rem>kable traits 9 8 "* 0 8 incorruptible reg>d = e ?+ t he believ$ to be true1 hon\rable1 & good2 8 pure love ( sci5ce1 ) no ref]5ce :atev] to any selfi%1 ambiti\s1 & av>ici\s feel+2 8 r>e mode/y1 undebas$ by ! slighte/ va+lory or boa/+4 ,he 0 b5evol5tly dispos$ t[>ds all m51 & nev] did a slight+ or contemptu\s ^w respect+ any p]son fall f him4 ,:5 =c$ to blame1 he did x briefly1 & )\t bitt]ness1 = 8 blame always appli$ to actions1 n to p]sons4 ,8 fri5d%ip 0 nev] ! result ( selfi% calculation1 b 0 f\nd$ on 8 op9ion ( ! p]sonal wor? ( ! individual4 ,amid/ all ! unpleasant accid5ts ( 8 life1 :i* 7 f> f few1 he ev9c$ ! greate/ firmness ( m9d4 ,9 8 common behavi\r he 0 pleasant & compos$1 & 0 inde$ r incl9$ to a joke4 ,to all ?is may be add$ a true religi\s feel+1 s uncommon among m5 ( sci5ce ( 8 day4 ,8 religion consi/$ n 9 words & =ms1 n 9 positive doctr9es1 nor 9 ecclesia/ical obs]vances1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he believ$ to be necess>y & hon\rable2 b 9 a zeal\s & consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( all 8 duties1 n only ( ^? :i* are impos$ by ! laws ( m51 b ( ^? holy duties ( love & *>ity1 :i* no human law1 b only t ( ,god c comm&1 & )\t :i* ! mo/ enlight5$ ( m5 is b z s\nd+ brass1 or a t9kl+ cymbal4 ,he e>ly %[$ ?is religi\s feel+ by ! hon\rable c>e :i* he be/[$ on ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ,val5t9e ,rose4 ,nor did he %[ less c>e at an aft]-p]iod t[>ds 8 assi/ants & appr5tices1 to :om he refus$ no in/ruction1 & 9 ^: success he took ! mo/ active conc]n4 ,he took a pleasure 9 e ?+ t 0 good & excell5t1 & felt a lively int]e/ 9 e und]tak+ :i* he believ$ to be ( g5]al utility4 ,he 0 equally remov$ f ! sup]/ition & infidelity ( 8 age1 & c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( religion1 n on 8 lips1 b 9 ! inmo/ feel+s ( 8 he>t1 f :5ce !y emanat$ 9 actions :i* p]vad$ & ennobl$ 8 :ole be+ & conduct4 ,:5 we take a view ( ! b5efits :i* ,klapro? conf]r$ ^u *emi/ry1 we mu/ n look s mu* at ! new elem5t>y sub/ances :i* he discov]$1 ?\gh !y mu/ n be =gott51 z at ! new analytical me?ods :i* he introduc$1 ! precision1 & neatness1 & ord]1 & regul>ity ) :i* 8 analyses 7 conduct$1 & ! scrupul\s fidelity ) :i* e ?+ 0 fai?fully /at$ z he f\nd x4 #a4 ,:5 a m9]al is subject$ to analysis1 :atev] c>e we take to collect all ! con/itu5ts1 & to weigh !m )\t los+ any portion :atev]1 x is g5]ally f\nd t ! sum ( ! con/itu5ts obta9$ fall a little %ort ( ! weight ( ! m9]al employ$ 9 ! analysis4 ,?us1 if we take #ajj gra9s ( any m9]al1 & analyze x1 ! weights ( all ! con/itu5ts obta9$ add$ toge!r w r>ely make up #ajj gra9s1 b g5]ally some:at less2 p]haps only #ii1 or ev5 #ih gra9s4 ,b "s cases occur1 :5 ! analysis ( #ajj gra9s ( a m9]al gives u con/itu5ts t weigh1 :5 add$ toge!r1 m ?an #ajj gra9s2 p]haps #aje1 or1 9 "s r>e cases1 z mu* z #aaj4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ) ,b]gman1 & o!r analy/s ( 8 "t1 to consid] ?is defici5cy or surplus z ow+ to errors 9 ! analysis1 & !re=e to slur x ov] 9 ! /atem5t ( ! analysis1 by br++ ! weight ( ! con/itu5ts1 by calculation1 to am\nt exactly to #ajj gra9s4 ,klapro? introduc$ ! me?od ( /at+ ! results exactly z he got !m4 ,he gives ! weight ( m9]al employ$ 9 all 8 analyses1 & ! weight ( ea* con/itu5t extract$4 ,^! weights1 add$ toge!r1 g5]ally %[ a loss1 v>y+ f two p] c5t4 to a half p] c5t4 ,?is improvem5t may appe> at fir/ sight trifl+2 yet ,i am p]suad$ t to x we are indebt$ = mo/ ( ! subsequ5t improvem5ts introduc$ into analytical *emi/ry4 ,if ! loss su/a9$ 0 too great1 x 0 obvi\s ei!r t ! analysis _h be5 badly p]=m$1 or t ! m9]al conta9s "s con/itu5t :i* _h be5 ov]look$1 & n obta9$4 ,?is laid him "u ! necessity ( repeat+ ! analysis2 & if ! loss cont9u$1 he naturally look$ out = "s con/itu5t :i* 8 analysis _h n enabl$ him to obta94 ,x 0 9 ?is way t he discov]$ ! pres5ce ( pota% 9 m9]als2 & ,dr4 ,k5n$y aft]w>ds1 by foll[+ out 8 processes1 discov]$ soda z a con/itu5t4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t wat]1 phosphoric acid1 ars5ic acid1 fluoric acid1 boracic acid1 c41 7 also f\nd to exi/ z con/itu5ts 9 v>i\s m9]al bodies1 :i*1 b = ! accurate mode ( notation introduc$ by ,klapro?1 w\ld h be5 ov]look$ & neglect$4 #b4 ,:5 ,klapro? fir/ began to analyze m9]al bodies1 he f\nd x extremely difficult to br+ !m into a /ate capable ( be+ dissolv$ 9 acids1 )\t :i* an accurate analysis 0 impossible4 ,accord+ly corundum1 adamant9e sp>1 & ! zircon1 or hyac9?1 baffl$ 8 attempts = a consid]able "t1 & induc$ him to consid] ! e>? ( corundum z ( a peculi> nature4 ,he obviat$ ?is difficulty by r$uc+ ! m9]al to an extremely f9e p[d]1 &1 aft] dige/+ x 9 cau/ic pota% ley till all ! wat] 0 dissipat$1 rais+ ! temp]ature1 & br++ ! :ole into a /ate ( fusion4 ,?is fusion mu/ be p]=m$ 9 a silv] crucible4 ,corundum1 & e o!r m9]al :i* _h rema9$ insoluble aft] fusion ) an alkal9e c>bonate1 0 f\nd to yield to ?is new process4 ,?is 0 an improvem5t ( consid]able importance4 ,all ^? /ony m9]als :i* conta9 a notable proportion ( silica1 9 g5]al become soluble aft] hav+ be5 kept = "s "t 9 a /ate ( ignition ) twice _! weight ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,at t temp]ature ! silica ( ! m9]al unites ) ! soda1 & ! c>bonic acid is expell$4 ,b :5 ! quantity ( silica is small1 or :5 x is totally abs5t1 heat+ ) c>bonate ( soda does n answ] s well4 ,) su* m9]als1 cau/ic pota% or soda may be sub/itut$ ) advantage2 & !re are "s ( !m t _c be analyz$ )\t hav+ rec\rse to t ag5t4 ,i h succe$$ 9 analyz+ corundum & *rysob]yl1 nei!r ( :i*1 :5 pure1 conta9 any silica1 by simply heat+ !m 9 c>bonate ( soda2 b ! process does n succe$ unless ! m9]als be r$uc$ to an exce$+ly m9ute p[d]4 #c4 ,:5 ,klapro? discov]$ pota% 9 ! idocrase1 & 9 "s o!r m9]als1 x became obvi\s t ! old mode ( r5d]+ m9]als soluble 9 acids by heat+ !m ) cau/ic pota%1 or an alkal9e c>bonate1 c\ld answ] only = det]m9+ ! quantity ( silica1 & ( e>?s or oxides1 :i* ! m9]al conta9$2 b t x c\ld n be us$ :5 ! object 0 to det]m9e its pota%4 ,?is l$ him to sub/itute c>bonate ( b>ytes in/ead ( pota% or soda1 or _! c>bonates4 ,aft] hav+ asc]ta9$ ! quantity ( silica1 & ( e>?s1 & metallic oxides1 :i* ! m9]al conta9$1 8 la/ process to det]m9e ! pota% 9 x 0 conduct$ 9 ?is way3 ,a portion ( ! m9]al r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] 0 mix$ ) f\r or five times its weight ( c>bonate ( b>ytes1 & kept = "s "t 79 a plat9um crucible7 9 a r$ heat4 ,by ?is process1 ! :ole becomes soluble 9 muriatic acid4 ,! muriatic acid solution is fre$ f silica1 & aft]w>ds f b>ytes1 & all ! e>?s & oxides :i* x conta9s1 by means ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,! liquid1 ?us fre$ f e ?+ b ! alkali1 :i* is held 9 solution by ! muriatic acid1 & ! ammonia1 us$ z a precipitant1 is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! dry mass1 cauti\sly heat$ 9 a plat9um crucible till ! ammoniacal salts are driv5 (f4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b ! pota%1 or soda1 9 comb9ation ) muriatic acid4 ,! addition ( muriate ( plat9um enables u to det]m9e :e!r ! alkali be pota% or soda3 if x be pota%1 x occasions a yell[ precipitate2 b no?+ falls if ! alkali be soda4 ,?is me?od ( analyz+ m9]als conta9+ pota% or soda is commonly ascrib$ to ,rose4 ,fes*]1 9 8 ,eloge ( ,klapro?1 in=ms u t ,klapro? said to him1 m ?an once1 t he 0 n q sure :e!r he himself1 or ,rose1 _h ! greate/ %>e 9 br++ ?is me?od to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,f ?is1 ,i ?9k x n unlikely t ! orig9al sugge/ion might h be5 ow+ to ,rose1 b t x 0 ,klapro? :o fir/ put x to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,! objection to ?is mode ( analyz+ is ! high price ( ! c>bonate ( b>ytes4 ,?is is p>tly obviat$ by recov]+ ! b>ytes 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate2 & ?is1 9 g5]al1 may be done1 )\t mu* loss4 ,b]?i] has propos$ to sub/itute oxide ( lead = c>bonate ( b>ytes4 ,x answ]s v well1 is suffici5tly *eap1 & does n injure ! crucible1 provid$ ! oxide ( lead be mix$ previ\sly ) a little nitrate ( lead1 to oxidize any fragm5ts ( metallic lead :i* x may happ5 to conta94 ,b]?i]'s mode1 !re=e1 9 po9t ( *eapness1 is pref]able to t ( ,klapro?4 ,x is equally efficaci\s & equally accurate4 ,!re are "s o!r processes :i* ,i myself pref] to ei!r ( ^!1 because ,i f9d !m equally easy1 & /ill less exp5sive ?an ei!r c>bonate ( b>ytes or oxide ( lead4 ,davy's me?od ) boracic acid is exceptionable1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! boracic acid completely aga94 #d4 ,! mode ( sep>at+ iron & manganese f ea* o!r employ$ by ,b]gman 0 s defective1 t no confid5ce :atev] c be plac$ 9 8 results4 ,ev5 ! me?ods sugge/$ by ,vauquel91 ?\gh bett]1 are /ill defective4 ,b ! process foll[$ by ,klapro? is susceptible ( v great precision4 ,he has 7we %all suppose7 ! mixture ( iron & manganese to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 9 solution1 9 muriatic acid4 ,! fir/ /ep ( ! process is to conv]t ! protoxide ( iron 7%\ld x be 9 t /ate7 into p]oxide4 ,= ?is purpose1 a little nitric acid is add$ to ! solution1 & ! :ole heat$ = "s "t4 ,! liquid is n[ to be r5d]$ z neutral z possible2 fir/1 by driv+ (f z mu* ( ! excess ( acid z possible1 by conc5trat+ ! liquid2 & !n by complet+ ! neutralization1 by add+ v dilute ammonia1 till no m c be add$ )\t occasion+ a p]man5t precipitation4 ,into ! liquid ?us neutraliz$1 succ9ate or b5zoate ( ammonia is dropp$1 z long z any precipitate appe>s4 ,by ?is means1 ! :ole p]oxide ( iron is ?r[n d[n 9 comb9ation ) succ9ic1 or b5zoic acid1 :ile ! :ole manganese rema9s 9 solution4 ,! liquid be+ filt]$1 to sep>ate ! b5zoate ( iron1 ! manganese may n[ 7if no?+ else be 9 ! liquid7 be ?r[n d[n by an alkal9e c>bonate2 or1 if ! liquid conta9 magnesia1 or any o!r e>?y matt]1 by hydrosulphuret ( ammonia1 or *loride ( lime4 ,?is process 0 ! contrivance ( ,gehl52 b x 0 made kn[n to ! public by ,klapro?1 :o ev] aft] employ$ x 9 8 analyses4 ,gehl5 employ$ succ9ate ( ammonia2 b ,his+] aft]w>ds %[$ t b5zoate ( ammonia might be sub/itut$ )\t any dim9ution ( ! accuracy ( ! sep>ation4 ,?is la/ salt1 be+ mu* *eap] ?an succ9ate ( ammonia1 answ]s bett] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! succ9ic acid is ! *eap] ( ! two1 & !re=e ! be/4 #e4 ,b x 0 n by new processes alone t ,klapro? improv$ ! mode ( analysis1 ?\gh !y 7 num]\s & important2 ! improvem5ts 9 ! app>atus contribut$ n less ess5tially to ! success ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,:5 he _h to d ) v h>d m9]als1 he employ$ a mort> ( fl9t1 or r ( agate4 ,?is mort> he1 9 ! fir/ place1 analyz$1 to det]m9e exactly ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,he !n weigh$ x4 ,:5 a v h>d body is p\nd$ 9 su* a mort>1 a portion ( ! mort> is rubb$ (f1 & mix$ ) ! p\nd$ m9]al4 ,:at ! quantity ?us abrad$ 01 he det]m9$ by weigh+ ! mort> at ! end ( ! process4 ,! loss ( weight gave ! portion ( ! mort> abrad$2 & ?is portion mu/ be mix$ ) ! p\nd$ m9]al4 ,:5 a h>d /one is p\nd$ 9 an agate mort> x is sc>cely possible to avoid los+ a little ( x4 ,! be/ me?od ( proce$+ is to mix ! matt] to be p\nd$ 7previ\sly r$uc$ to a co>se p[d] 9 a diamond mort>7 ) a little wat]4 ,?is bo? facilitates ! trituration1 & prev5ts any ( ! du/ f fly+ away2 & n m ?an a c\ple ( gra9s ( ! m9]al %\ld be p\nd$ at once4 ,/ill1 ow+ to v obvi\s causes1 a little ( ! m9]al is sure to be lo/ dur+ ! p\nd+4 ,:5 ! process is f9i%$1 ! :ole p[d] is to be expos$ to a r$ heat 9 a plat9um crucible1 & weigh$4 ,suppos+ no loss1 ! weight %\ld be equal to ! quantity ( ! m9]al p\nd$ toge!r ) ! portion abrad$ f ! mort>4 ,b almo/ always ! weight w be f\nd less ?an ?is4 ,suppose ! orig9al weight ( ! m9]al be=e p\nd+ 0 a1 & ! quantity abrad$ f ! mort> #a2 !n1 if no?+ 7 lo/1 ! weight %\ld be a #a2 b we actually f9d x only b1 a quantity less ?an a #a4 ,to det]m9e ! weight ( matt] abrad$ f ! mort> conta9$ 9 ?is p[d]1 we say a #a3 b33 #a3 x1 ! quantity f ! mort> 9 our p[d]1 & x b_/a #a4 ,9 p]=m+ ! analysis1 ,klapro? att5d$ to ?is quantity1 :i* 0 silica1 & subtract$ x4 ,su* m9ute att5tion may appe>1 at fir/ sight sup]flu\s2 b x is n s4 ,9 analyz+ sapphire1 *rysob]yl1 & "s o!r v h>d m9]als1 ! quantity ( silica abrad$ f ! mort> sometimes am\nts to five p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! m9]al2 & if we 7 n to att5d to ! way 9 :i* ?is silica has be5 introduc$ into ! p[d]1 we %\ld give an errone\s view ( ! con/itution ( ! m9]al "u analysis4 ,all ! analyses ( *rysob]yl hi!rto publi%$1 give a consid]able quantity ( silica z a con/itu5t ( x4 ,?is silica1 if really f\nd by ! analy/s1 mu/ h be5 introduc$ f ! mort>1 = pure *rysob]yl conta9s no silica :atev]1 b is a def9ite comp\nd ( gluc9a1 alum9a1 & oxide ( iron4 ,:5 ,klapro? op]at$ ) fire1 he always select$ 8 vessels1 :e!r ( e>!nw>e1 glass1 plumbago1 iron1 silv]1 or plat9um1 ^u fix$ pr9ciples2 & %[$ m di/9ctly ?an *emi/s _h previ\sly be5 aw>e (1 :at an effect ! vessel frequ5tly has ^u ! result4 ,he also prep>$ 8 reag5ts ) great c>e1 to ensure _! purity2 = obta9+ sev]al ( :i* 9 _! mo/ p]fect /ate1 he inv5t$ sev]al effici5t me?ods4 ,x is to ! extreme c>e ) :i* he select$ 8 m9]als = analysis1 & to ! purity ( 8 reag5ts1 & ! fitness ( 8 vessels = ! objects 9 view1 t ! great accuracy ( 8 analyses is to be1 9 a great measure1 ascrib$4 ,he mu/ also h possess$ consid]able dext]ity 9 op]at+1 = :5 he _h 9 view to det]m9e any p>ticul> po9t ) accuracy1 8 results came1 9 g5]al1 exce$+ly ne> ! tru?4 ,i may notice1 z an example ( ?is1 8 analysis ( sulphate ( b>ytes1 :i* 0 )9 ab\t "o-&-a-half p] c5t4 ( absolute correctness4 ,:5 we consid] ! loos5ess ( ! data :i* *emi/s 7 !n oblig$ to use1 we _c b be surpris$ at ! smallness ( ! error4 ,b]zelius1 9 possession ( bett] data1 & possess$ ( mu* dext]ity1 & a good app>atus1 :5 he analyz$ ?is salt _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 committ$ an error ( a half p] c5t4 ,klapro?1 dur+ a v labori\s life1 :olly devot$ to analytical *emi/ry1 entirely alt]$ ! face ( m9]alogy4 ,:5 he began 8 lab\rs1 *emi/s 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! true composition ( a s+le m9]al4 ,he analyz$ above #bjj species1 & ! great] numb] ( !m ) s mu* accuracy1 t 8 successors h1 9 mo/ cases1 confirm$ ! results :i* he obta9$4 ,! analyses lea/ to be dep5d$ on1 are ( ^? m9]als :i* conta9 bo? lime & magnesia2 = 8 process = sep>at+ lime & magnesia f ea* o!r 0 n a good "o2 nor am ,i sure t he always succe$$ completely 9 sep>at+ silica & magnesia f ea* o!r4 ,?is bran* ( analysis 0 fir/ prop]ly elucidat$ by ,mr4 ,*5evix4 #f4 ,analytical *emi/ry 01 9 fact1 sy/ematiz$ by ,klapro?2 & x is by /udy+ 8 num]\s & v>i$ analyses1 t mod]n *emi/s h le>n$ ?is v ess5tial1 b some:at difficult art2 & h be5 able1 by means ( /ill m accurate data ?an he possess$1 to br+ x to a /ill great] degree ( p]fection4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott51 t ,klapro? 0 9 reality ! creator ( ?is art1 & t on t acc\nt ! greate/ "p ( ! cr$it due to ! progress t has be5 made 9 x belongs to him4 ,x w\ld be invidi\s to po9t out ! p>ticul> analyses :i* are lea/ exact2 p]haps !y ought r to be ascrib$ to an un=tunate selection ( specim5s1 ?an to any want ( c>e or skill 9 ! op]ator4 ,b1 dur+ 8 analytical processes1 he discov]$ a v>iety ( new elem5t>y sub/ances :i* x may be prop] to enum]ate4 ,9 #aghi he exam9$ a m9]al call$ pe*bl5de1 & f\nd 9 x ! oxide ( a new metal1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( uranium4 ,he det]m9$ its *>act]s1 r$uc$ x to ! metallic /ate1 & describ$ its prop]ties4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds exam9$ by ,ri*t]1 ,bu*olz1 ,arfv$son1 & ,b]zelius4 ,x 0 9 ! same ye>1 #aghi1 t he publi%$ 8 analysis ( ! zircon2 he %[$ x to be a comp\nd ( silica & a new e>?1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( zirconia4 ,he det]m9$ ! prop]ties ( ?is new e>?1 & %[$ h[ x might be sep>at$ f o!r bodies & obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,x has be5 s9ce asc]ta9$1 t x is a metallic oxide1 & ! metallic basis ( x is n[ di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( zirconium4 ,9 #agie he %[$ t ! hyac9? is compos$ ( ! same +r$i5ts z ! zircon2 & t bo?1 9 fact1 con/itute only "o species4 ,?is la/ analysis 0 repeat$ by ,morveau1 & has be5 (t5 confirm$ by mod]n analytical *emi/s4 ,x 0 9 #agie t he analyz$ :at 0 at t "t call$ r$ s*orl1 & n[ titanite4 ,he %[$ t x 0 ! oxide ( a new metallic body1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( titanium4 ,he describ$ ! prop]ties ( ?is new body1 & po9t$ out its di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,x mu/ n be omitt$1 h[ev]1 t he did n succe$ 9 obta9+ oxide ( titanium1 or titanic acid1 z x is n[ call$1 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,he 0 n able to sep>ate a quantity ( oxide ( iron1 ) :i* x 0 unit$1 & :i* gave x a r$di% col\r4 ,x 0 fir/ obta9$ pure by ,h4 ,rose1 ! son ( 8 fri5d & pupil1 :o took s consid]able a "p 9 8 sci5tific inve/igations4 ,titanium1 9 ! metallic /ate1 0 "s ye>s ago discov]$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 9 ! slag at ! bottom ( ! iron furnace1 at ,m]?yr ,tydvil1 9 ,wales4 ,x is a yell[-col\r$1 brittle1 b v h>d metal1 possess$ ( consid]able beauty2 b n yet appli$ to any useful purpose4 ,9 #agig he exam9$ ! m5a*anite1 a black s& f ,cornwall1 :i* _h be5 subject$ to a *emical analysis by ,gregor1 9 #agia1 :o _h extract$ f x a new metallic sub/ance1 :i* ,kirwan di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( m5a*9e4 ,klapro? asc]ta9$ t ! new metal ( ,gregor 0 ! v same z 8 own titanium1 & t m5a*anite is a comp\nd ( titanic acid & oxide ( iron4 ,?us ,mr4 ,gregor _h anticipat$ him 9 ! discov]y ( titanium1 ?\gh he 0 n aw>e ( ! circum/ance till two ye>s aft] 8 own exp]im5ts _h be5 publi%$4 ,9 ! ye> #agic he publi%$ a comp>ative set ( exp]im5ts on ! nature ( c>bonates ( b>ytes & /rontian2 %[+ t _! bases are two diff]5t e>?s1 & n ! same1 z _h be5 hi!rto suppos$ 9 ,g]many4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ publication on /rontian :i* appe>$ on ! cont95t2 & ,klapro? seems to h be5 ignorant ( :at _h be5 already done on x 9 ,great ,brita92 at lea/1 he takes no notice ( x 9 8 pap]1 & x 0 n 8 "* to slur ov] ! lab\rs ( o!r *emi/s1 :5 !y 7 kn[n to him4 ,/rontian 0 fir/ m5tion$ z a peculi> e>? by ,dr4 ,craw=d1 9 8 pap] on ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! muriate ( b>ytes1 publi%$ 9 #agij4 ,! exp]im5ts on :i* he f\nd$ 8 op9ions 7 made1 he in=ms u1 by ,mr4 ,cruik%anks4 ,a pap] on ! same subject1 by ,dr4 ,hope1 0 read to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #agic2 b !y _h be5 begun 9 #agia4 ,9 ?is pap] ,dr4 ,hope e/abli%es ! peculi> *>act]s ( /rontian1 & describes its salts ) mu* precision4 ,klapro? _h be5 aga9 anticipat$ 9 8 exp]im5ts on /rontian2 b he c\ld n h become aw>e ( ?is till aft]w>ds4 ,= 8 own exp]im5ts 7 giv5 to ! public be=e ^? ( ,dr4 ,hope4 ,on ! #be? ( ,janu>y1 #agih1 8 pap] on ! gold ores ( ,transylvania 0 read at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l94 ,dur+ 8 analysis ( ^! ores1 he detect$ a new :ite metal1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( tellurium4 ,( ?is metal he describes ! prop]ties1 & po9ts out its di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,^! ores _h be5 exam9$ by ,mull]1 ( ,rei*5/e91 9 ! ye> #aghb2 & he _h extract$ f !m a metal :i* he consid]$ z diff]+ f e o!r4 ,n putt+ full confid5ce 9 8 own skill1 he s5t a specim5 ( 8 new metal to ,b]gman1 reque/+ him to exam9e x & give 8 op9ion respect+ its nature4 ,all t ,b]gman did 0 to %[ t ! metallic body :i* he _h got 0 n antimony1 to :i* alone1 ( all kn[n metals1 x bore any resemblance4 ,x might be inf]r$ f ?is1 t ,mull]'s metal 0 new4 ,b ! subject 0 lo/ sight (1 till ! publication ( ,klapro?'s exp]im5ts1 9 #ahjb1 recall$ x to ! recollection ( *emi/s4 ,inde$1 ,klapro? relates all t ,mull] _h done1 ) ! mo/ p]fect fairness4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjd he publi%$ ! analysis ( a r$-col\r$ m9]al1 f ,ba/ns 9 ,sw$51 :i* _h be5 at "o "t conf\nd$ ) tung/52 b :i* ! ,elhuy>ts _h %[n to conta9 none ( t metal4 ,klapro? %[$ t x conta9$ a new sub/ance1 z "o ( its con/itu5ts1 :i* he consid]$ z a new e>?1 & :i* he call$ o*roita1 because x =ms col\r$ salts ) acids4 ,two ye>s aft]1 ano!r analysis ( ! same m9]al 0 publi%$ by ,b]zelius & ,his+]4 ,!y consid]$ ! new sub/ance :i* ! m9]al conta9$ z a metallic oxide1 & to ! unkn[n metallic base !y gave ! "n ( c]ium1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by *emi/s 9 pref]5ce to ,klapro?'s "n4 ,! *>act]s ( oxide ( c]ium giv5 by ,b]zelius & ,his+]1 agree ) ^? giv5 by ,klapro? to o*roita1 9 all ! ess5tial circum/ances4 ,( c\rse ,klapro? mu/ be consid]$ z ! discov]] ( ?is new body4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 e>? & metallic oxide is n[ kn[n to be an imag9>y "o4 ,all ! sub/ances =m]ly call$ e>?s are1 9 fact1 metallic oxides4 ,besides ^! new sub/ances1 :i* he detect$ by 8 own lab\rs1 he repeat$ ! analyses ( o!rs1 & confirm$ & ext5d$ ! discov]ies !y _h made4 ,?us1 :5 ,vauquel9 discov]$ ! new e>? gluc9a1 9 ! em]ald & b]yl1 he repeat$ ! analysis ( ^! m9]als1 confirm$ ! discov]y ( ,vauquel91 & gave a detail$ acc\nt ( ! *>act]s & prop]ties ( gluc9a4 ,gadol9 _h discov]$ ano!r new e>? 9 ! m9]al call$ gadol9ite4 ,?is discov]y 0 confirm$ by ! analysis ( ,ekeb]g1 :o di/+ui%$ ! new e>? by ! "n ( yttria4 ,klapro? imm$iately repeat$ ! analysis ( ! gadol9ite1 confirm$ ! results ( ,ekeb]g's analysis1 & exam9$ & describ$ ! prop]ties ( yttria4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,k5n$y discov]$ soda 9 basalt1 ,klapro? repeat$ ! analysis ( ?is m9]al1 & confirm$ ! results obta9$ by ! ,ed9burgh analy/4 ,b x w\ld occupy too mu* room1 if ,i 7 to enum]ate e example ( su* conduct4 ,:oev] w take ! tr\ble to exam9e ! diff]5t volumes ( ! ,beitrage1 w f9d sev]al o!rs n less /rik+ or less useful4 ,! s]vice :i* ,klapro? p]=m$ = m9]alogy1 9 ,g]many1 0 p]=m$ equally 9 ,france by ! important lab\rs ( ,m4 ,vauquel94 ,x 0 9 ,france1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ex]tions ( ,rom de ,lisle1 & ! ma!matical inve/igations ( ! ,abb ,hauy1 respect+ ! /ructure ( cry/als1 :i* 7 gradually ext5d$ ov] ! :ole m9]al k+dom1 t ! re=m 9 m9]alogy1 :i* has n[ become 9 "s measure g5]al1 orig9at$4 ,hauy laid x d[n z a fir/ pr9ciple1 t e m9]al species is compos$ ( ! same con/itu5ts unit$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,he !re=e consid]$ x z an object ( great importance1 to procure an exact *emical analysis ( e m9]al species4 ,hi!rto no exact analysis ( m9]als _h be5 p]=m$ by ,fr5* *emi/s2 = ,sage1 :o 0 ! *emical m9]alogi/ connect$ ) ! academy1 satisfi$ himself ) asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts ( m9]als1 )\t det]m9+ _! proportions4 ,b ,vauquel9 soon display$ a k ( ! mode ( analysis1 & a dext]ity 9 ! use ( ! app>atus :i* he employ$1 little less rem>kable ?an t ( ,klapro? himself4 ,( ,vauquel9's hi/ory ,i c give b a v imp]fect acc\nt1 z ,i h n yet _h an opportunity ( see+ any p>ticul>s ( 8 life4 ,he 0 a peasant-boy ( ,norm&y1 ) :om ,f\rcroy accid5tally met4 ,he 0 pleas$ ) 8 quickness & p>ts1 & delight$ ) ! hone/y & integrity ( 8 "*4 ,he took him ) him to ,p>is1 & gave him ! sup]9t5d5ce ( 8 laboratory4 ,8 *emical k spe$ily became great1 & 8 practice 9 exp]im5t+ gave him skill & dext]ity3 he seems to h p]=m$ all ! analytical exp]im5ts :i* ,f\rcroy 0 9 ! habit ( publi%+4 ,he spe$ily became kn[n by 8 publications & discov]ies4 ,:5 ! sci5tific in/itutions 7 re/or$ or e/abli%$1 aft] ! dea? ( ,robespi]re1 ,vauquel9 became a memb] ( ! ,in/itute & *emi/ to ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,he 0 made also assay-ma/] ( ! ,m9t4 ,he 0 a pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ,p>is1 & deliv]$1 likewise1 private lectures1 & took 9 practical pupils into 8 laboratory4 ,8 laboratory 0 ( consid]able size1 & he 0 9 ! habit ( prep>+ bo? m$ic9es & *emical reag5ts = sale4 ,x 0 he *iefly t suppli$ ! ,fr5* *emi/s ) phosphorus1 c41 :i* _c be conv5i5tly prep>$ 9 a laboratory fitt$ up solely = sci5tific purposes4 ,vauquel9 0 by f> ! mo/ indu/ri\s ( all ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 & has publi%$ m pap]s1 consi/+ ( m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal analyses1 ?an any o!r *emi/ )\t exception4 ,:5 he _h ! *>ge ( ! laboratory ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,hauy 0 9 ! habit ( giv+ him specim5s ( all ! diff]5t m9]als :i* he wi%$ analyz$4 ,! analyses 7 conduct$ ) consummate skill1 & we owe to him a great numb] ( improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods ( analysis4 ,he is n entitl$ to ! same cr$it z ,klapro?1 because he _h ! advantage ( _m analyses ( ,klapro? to s]ve him z a guide4 ,b he _h no model be=e him 9 ,france2 & bo? ! app>atus us$ by him1 & ! reag5ts :i* he employ$1 7 ( 8 own contrivance & prep>ation4 ,i h sometimes suspect$ t 8 reag5ts 7 n always v pure2 b ,i believe ! true reason ( ! unsatisfactory nature ( _m ( 8 analyses1 is ! bad *oice made ( ! specim5s select$ = analysis4 ,x is obvi\s f 8 pap]s1 t ,vauquel9 0 n a m9]alogi/2 = he nev] attempts a description ( ! m9]al :i* he subjects to analysis1 satisfy+ himself ) ! specim5 put into 8 h&s by ,hauy4 ,:]e t specim5 0 pure1 z 0 ! case ) em]ald & b]yl1 8 analysis is v good2 b :5 ! specim5 0 impure or ill-*os51 !n ! result obta9$ c\ld n convey a j notion ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! m9]al4 ,t ,hauy w\ld n be v difficult to please 9 8 selection ( specim5s1 ,i ?9k myself entitl$ to inf] f ! specim5s ( m9]als conta9$ 9 8 own cab9et1 _m ( :i* 7 by no means well select$4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! num]\s analyses publi%$ by ,vauquel91 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts assign$ by him are n ^?1 or1 at lea/1 n 9 ! same proportions1 z h be5 f\nd by succe$+ analy/s1 are to be ascrib$1 n to errors 9 ! analysis1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 he always p]=m$ c>efully1 & ) ! requisite att5tion to precision1 b to ! bad selection ( specim5s put into 8 h& by ,hauy1 or ^? o!r individuals :o furni%$ him ) ! specim5s :i* he employ$ 9 8 analyses4 ,?is circum/ance is v mu* to be deplor$2 because x puts x out ( our p[] to confide 9 an analysis ( ,vauquel91 till x has be5 repeat$ & confirm$ by somebody else4 ,vauquel9 n only improv$ ! analytical me?ods1 & r$uc$ ! art to a great] degree ( simplicity & precision1 b he discov]$1 likewise1 new elem5t>y bodies4 ,! r$ lead ore ( ,sib]ia _h e>ly drawn ! att5tion ( *emi/s1 on acc\nt ( its beauty2 & v>i\s attempts _h be5 made to analyze x4 ,among o!rs1 ,vauquel9 tri$ 8 skill ^u x1 9 #aghi1 9 conc]t ) ,m4 ,macqu>t1 :o _h br\ght specim5s ( x f ,sib]ia2 b at t "t he did n succe$ 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! acid ) :i* ! oxide ( lead 0 comb9$ 9 x4 ,he exam9$ x aga9 9 #agig1 & n[ succe$$ 9 sep>at+ an acid to :i*1 f ! beautiful col\r$ salts :i* x =ms1 he gave ! "n ( *romic4 ,he det]m9$ ! prop]ties ( ?is acid1 & %[$ t its basis 0 a new metal to :i* he gave ! "n ( *romium4 ,he succe$$ 9 obta9+ ?is metal 9 a sep>ate /ate1 & %[$ t its protoxide is an exce$+ly beautiful gre5 p[d]4 ,?is discov]y has be5 ( v great importance to diff]5t bran*es ( manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! gre5 oxide is us$ pretty ext5sively 9 pa9t+ gre5 on porcela94 ,x con/itutes an exce$+ly beautiful gre5 pigm5t1 v p]man5t1 & easily appli$4 ,! *romic acid1 :5 comb9$ ) oxide ( lead1 =ms ei!r a yell[ or an orange col\r ^u cotton clo?1 bo? v fix$ & exce$+ly beautiful col\rs4 ,9 t way x is ext5sively us$ by ! calico-pr9t]s2 & ! bi*romate ( pota% is prep>$1 9 a cry/all9e =m1 to a v consid]able am\nt1 bo? 9 ,glasg[ & ,lanca%ire1 & d\btless 9 o!r places4 ,vauquel9 0 reque/$ by ,hauy to analyze ! b]yl1 a beautiful light-gre5 m9]al1 cry/alliz$ 9 six-sid$ prisms1 :i* occurs n unfrequ5tly 9 granite rocks1 especially 9 ,sib]ia4 ,he f\nd x to consi/ *iefly ( silica1 unit$ to alum9a1 & to ano!r e>?y body1 v l alum9a 9 _m ( its prop]ties1 b diff]+ 9 o!rs4 ,to ?is new e>? he gave ! "n ( gluc9a1 on acc\nt ( ! sweet ta/e ( its salts2 a "n n v appropriate1 z alum9a1 yttria1 lead1 protoxide ( *romium1 & ev5 protoxide ( iron1 =m salts :i* are di/+ui%$ by a sweet ta/e likewise4 ,?is discov]y ( gluc9a conf]s hon\r on ,vauquel91 z x %[s ! c>e ) :i* 8 analyses mu/ h be5 conduct$4 ,a c>eless exp]im5t] might easily h conf\nd$ gluc9a ) alum9a4 ,vauquel9's mode ( di/+ui%+ !m 01 to add sulphate ( pota% to _! solution 9 sulphuric acid4 ,if ! e>? 9 solution 0 alum9a1 cry/als ( alum w\ld =m 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t2 b if ! e>? 0 gluc9a1 no su* cry/als w\ld make _! appe>ance1 alum9a be+ ! basis ( alum1 & n gluc9a4 ,he %[$1 too1 t gluc9a is easily dissolv$ 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 :ile alum9a is n s5sibly tak5 up by t solution4 ,vauquel9 di$ 9 #ahbi1 aft] hav+ rea*$ a good old age4 ,8 "* 0 ( ! v be/ k9d1 & 8 conduct _h always be5 mo/ exempl>y4 ,he nev] int]f]$ ) politics1 & /e]$ 8 way ?r\gh ! bloody p]iod ( ! revolution1 uncontam9at$ by ! vices or viol5ce ( any p>ty1 & respect$ & e/eem$ by e p]son4 ,mr4 ,*5evix des]ves also to be m5tion$ z an improv] ( analytical *emi/ry4 ,he 0 an ,iri% g5tleman1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ,p>is dur+ ! reign ( t]ror1 & 0 ?r[n into prison & put into ! same ap>tm5t ) sev]al ,fr5* *emi/s1 ^: :ole conv]sation turn$ ^u *emical subjects4 ,he caught ! infection1 &1 aft] gett+ out ( prison1 began to /udy ! subject ) mu* en]gy & success1 & soon di/+ui%$ himself z an analytical *emi/4 ,8 analysis ( corundum & sapphire1 & 8 obs]vations on ! aff9ity betwe5 magnesia & silica1 are valuable1 & l$ to consid]able improvem5ts 9 ! me?od ( analysis4 ,8 analyses ( ! ars5iates ( copp]1 ?\gh he demon/rat$ t sev]al diff]5t species exi/1 are n s mu* to be dep5d$ on2 because 8 me?od ( sep>at+ & e/imat+ ! quantity ( ars5ic acid is n good4 ,?is difficult bran* ( analysis 0 n fully und]/ood till aft]w>ds4 ,*5evix 0 = sev]al ye>s a mo/ labori\s & m]itori\s *emical exp]im5t]4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t he %\ld h be5 induc$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mi/ake into :i* he fell respect+ palladium1 to ab&on *emi/ry altoge!r4 ,palladium 0 orig9ally made kn[n to ! public by an anonym\s h&bill :i* 0 circulat$ 9 ,london1 ann\nc+ t palladium1 or new silv]1 0 on sale at ,mrs4 ,=/]'s1 & describ+ its prop]ties4 ,*5evix1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unusual way 9 :i* ! discov]y 0 ann\nc$1 naturally consid]$ x z an imposition on ! public4 ,he w5t to ,mrs4 ,=/]'s1 & pur*as$ ! :ole palladium 9 h] possession1 & set ab\t exam9+ x1 prepossess$ ) ! idea t x 0 an alloy ( "s two kn[n metals4 ,aft] a labori\s set ( exp]im5ts1 he consid]$ t he _h asc]ta9$ x to be a comp\nd ( plat9um & m]cury1 or an amalgam ( plat9um made 9 a peculi> way1 :i* he describes4 ,?is pap] 0 read at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society by ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :o 0 secret>y1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 _! ,transactions4 ,soon aft] ?is publication1 ano!r anonym\s h&bill 0 circulat$1 (f]+ a consid]able price = e gra9 ( palladium made by ,mr4 ,*5evix's process1 or by any o!r process :atev]4 ,no p]son appe>+ to claim ! money ?us (f]$1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 ab\t a ye> aft]1 9 a pap] read to ! ,royal ,society1 ackn[l$g$ himself to h be5 ! discov]] ( palladium1 & relat$ ! process by :i* he _h obta9$ x f ! solution ( crude plat9a 9 aqua regia4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt aft] ?is1 t palladium 0 a peculi> metal1 & t ,*5evix1 9 8 exp]im5ts1 _h fall5 into "s mi/ake1 probably by inadv]t5tly employ+ a solution ( palladium1 in/ead ( a solution ( 8 amalgam ( plat9um2 & ?us giv+ ! prop]ties ( ! "o solution to ! o!r4 ,x is v mu* to be regrett$1 t ,dr4 ,wolla/on all[$ ,mr4 ,*5evix's pap] to be pr9t$1 )\t in=m+ him1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! true hi/ory ( palladium3 & ,i ?9k t if he _h be5 aw>e ( ! bad consequ5ces t 7 to foll[1 & t x w\ld ultimately occasion ! loss ( ,mr4 ,*5evix to ! sci5ce1 he w\ld h act$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,i h m ?an once conv]s$ ) ,dr4 ,wolla/on on ! subject1 & he assur$ me t he did e ?+ t he c\ld d1 %ort ( betray+ 8 secret1 to prev5t ,mr4 ,*5evix f publi%+ 8 pap]2 t he _h call$ ^u1 & assur$ him1 t he himself _h attempt$ 8 process )\t be+ able to succe$1 & t he 0 satisfi$ t he _h fall5 into "s mi/ake4 ,z ,mr4 ,*5evix /ill p]si/$ 9 8 conviction ( ! accuracy ( 8 own exp]im5ts aft] repeat$ w>n+s1 p]haps x is n v surpris+ t ,dr4 ,wolla/on all[$ him to publi% 8 pap]1 ?\gh2 _h he be5 aw>e ( ! consequ5ces to _! full ext5t1 ,i am p]suad$ t he w\ld n h done s4 ,x comes to be a "q :e!r1 _h ,dr4 ,wolla/on in=m$ him ( ! :ole secret1 ,mr4 ,*5evix w\ld h be5 conv9c$4 ,ano!r *emi/1 to :om ! art ( analyz+ m9]als lies "u great obligations1 is ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,/romey]1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry & ph>macy1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gott+54 ,he 0 orig9ally a botani/1 & only turn$ 8 att5tion to *emi/ry :5 he _h ! (f] ( ! *emical *air at ,gott+54 ,he !n w5t to ,p>is1 & /udi$ practical *emi/ry = "s ye>s 9 ,vauquel9's laboratory4 ,he has devot$ mo/ ( 8 att5tion to ! analysis ( m9]als2 & 9 ! ye> #ahba publi%$ a volume ( analyses "u ! title ( ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,mis*ung d] ,m9]alkrp] und &]] damit v]w&t5 ,sub/anz54 ,x conta9s ?irty analyses1 :i* con/itute p]fect models ( analytical sagacity & accuracy4 ,aft] ,klapro?'s ,beitrage1 no book c be nam$ m highly des]v+ ! /udy ( ! analytical *emi/ ?an ,/romey]'s ,unt]su*ung54 ,! fir/ pap] 9 ?is "w conta9s ! analysis ( arragonite4 ,*emi/s _h n be5 able to discov] any diff]5ce 9 ! *emical con/itution ( arragonite & calc>e\s sp>1 bo? be+ comp\nds ( ,lime #ce ,c>bonic acid #bge ,yet ! m9]als diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! h>dness1 specific gravity1 & 9 ! %ape ( _! cry/als4 ,_m attempts _h be5 made to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce 9 *>act]s betwe5 ^! two m9]als1 b 9 va94 ,mr4 ,holme %[$ t arragonite conta9$ ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* is want+ 9 calc>e\s sp>2 & t :5 arragonite is heat$1 x crumbles into p[d]1 :i* is n ! case ) calc>e\s sp>4 ,b x is n easy to conceive h[ ! addition ( "o p] c5t4 ( wat] %\ld increase ! specific gravity & ! h>dness1 & q alt] ! %ape ( ! cry/als ( calc>e\s sp>4 ,/romey] made a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts ^u arragonite1 ) v great c>e1 & ! result 01 t ! arragonite f ,ba/5es1 ne> ,dax1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,l&es1 & likewise t f ,mol9a1 9 ,arragon1 0 a comp\nd ( #if c>bonate ( lime #d c>bonate ( /rontian4 ,?is am\nts to ab\t ?irty-five atoms ( c>bonate ( lime1 & "o atom ( c>bonate ( /rontian4 ,n[ z ! h>dness & specific gravity ( c>bonate ( /rontian is great] ?an t ( c>bonate ( lime1 we c see a reason :y arragonite %\ld be heavi] & h>d] ?an calc>e\s sp>4 ,m late rese>*es ^u diff]5t v>ieties ( arragonite enabl$ him to asc]ta9 t ?is m9]al exi/s ) diff]5t proportions ( c>bonate ( /rontian4 ,"s v>ieties conta9 only #b p] c5t41 "s only #a p] c5t41 & "s only #jge1 or ev5 #je p] c5t42 b he f\nd no specim5 among ! great numb] :i* he analyz$ totally de/itute ( c>bonate ( /rontian4 ,x is true t ,vauquel9 aft]w>ds exam9$ sev]al v>ieties 9 :i* he c\ld detect no /rontian :atev]2 b z ,vauquel9's m9]alogical k 0 v defici5t1 x comes to be a "q1 :e!r ! m9]als analyz$ by him 7 really arragonites1 or only v>ieties ( calc>e\s sp>4 ,to ,pr(essor ,/romey] we are likewise indebt$ = ! discov]y ( ! new metal call$ cadmium2 & ! discov]y does great cr$it to 8 sagacity & analytical skill4 ,he is inspector-g5]al ( ! apo!c>ies = ! k+dom ( ,hanov]4 ,:ile dis*>g+ ! duties ( 8 (fice at ,hilde%eim1 9 ! ye> #ahag1 he f\nd t ! c>bonate ( z9c _h be5 sub/itut$ = ! oxide ( z9c1 ord]$ 9 ! ,hanov]ian ,ph>macopia4 ,?is c>bonate ( z9c 0 manufactur$ at ,salzgitt]4 ,on inquiry he le>n$ f ,mr4 ,jo/1 :o manag$ t manufactory1 t !y _h be5 oblig$ to sub/itute ! c>bonate = ! oxide ( z9c1 because ! oxide _h a yell[ col\r :i* r5d]$ x unsaleable4 ,on exam9+ ?is oxide1 ,/romey] f\nd t x ow$ its yell[ col\r to ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( ! oxide ( a new metal1 :i* he sep>at$1 r$uc$1 & exam9$1 & to :i* he gave ! "n ( cadmium1 because x occurs usually associat$ ) z9c4 ,! quantity ( cadmium :i* he 0 able to obta9 f ?is oxide ( z9c 0 b small4 ,a =tunate circum/ance1 h[ev]1 suppli$ him ) an additional quantity1 & enabl$ him to c>ry 8 exam9ation ( cadmium to a /ill great] l5g?4 ,dur+ ! apo!c>ies' visitation 9 ! /ate ( ,magdeburg1 !re 0 f\nd1 9 ! possession ( sev]al apo!c>ies1 a prep>ation ( z9c f ,silesia1 made 9 ,h]mann's laboratory at ,s*nebeck1 :i* 0 confiscat$ on ! supposition t x conta9$ ars5ic1 because its solution gave a yell[ precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* 0 consid]$ z orpim5t4 ,?is /atem5t c\ld n be indiff]5t to ,mr4 ,h]mann1 z x affect$ ! cr$it ( 8 manufactory2 especially z ! m$ic9al c\nsellor1 ,rol(f1 :o _h assi/$ at ! visitation1 _h drawn up a /atem5t ( ! circum/ances :i* occasion$ ! confiscation1 & caus$ x to be publi%$ 9 ,h(el&'s ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,he subject$ ! suspect$ oxide to a c>eful exam9ation2 b he c\ld n succe$ 9 detect+ any ars5ic 9 x4 ,he !n reque/$ ,rol(f to repeat 8 exp]im5ts4 ,?is he did2 & n[ p]ceiv$ t ! precipitate1 :i* he _h tak5 = orpim5t1 0 n s 9 reality1 b ow$ its exi/5ce to ! pres5ce ( ano!r metallic oxide1 diff]5t f ars5ic & probably new4 ,specim5s ( ?is oxide ( z9c1 & ( ! yell[ precipitate1 7 s5t to ,/romey] = exam9ation1 :o readily recognis$ ! pres5ce ( cadmium1 & 0 able to extract f x a consid]able quantity ( t metal4 ,x is n[ n9e ye>s s9ce ! fir/ volume ( ! ,unt]su*ung5 0 publi%$4 ,all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 analytical *emi/ry are anxi\s = ! cont9uance ( t admirable "w4 ,by ?is "t he mu/ h collect$ ample mat]ials = an additional volume2 & x c\ld n b add consid]ably to a reputation already des]v$ly high4 ,!re is no liv+ *emi/1 to :om analytical *emi/ry lies "u great] obligations ?an to ,b]zelius1 :e!r we consid] ! numb] or ! exactness ( ! analyses :i* he has made4 ,jacob ,b]zelius 0 educat$ at ,upsala1 :5 ,pr(essor ,afzelius1 a nephew ( ,b]gman1 fill$ ! *emical *air1 & ,ekeb]g 0 magi/] doc5s 9 *emi/ry4 ,afzelius began 8 *emical c>e] ) consid]able clat1 8 pap] on sulphate ( b>ytes be+ possess$ ( v consid]able m]it4 ,b he is said to h soon lo/ 8 heal?1 & to h sunk1 9 consequ5ce1 into li/less inactivity4 ,&rew ,gu/avus ,ekeb]g 0 born 9 ,/ockholm1 on ! #af? ( ,janu>y1 #agfg4 ,8 fa!r 0 a capta9 9 ! ,sw$i% navy4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,calm>2 & 9 #aghd w5t to ,upsala1 :]e he devot$ himself *iefly to ! /udy ( ma!matics4 ,he took 8 degree 9 #aghh1 :5 he wrote a !sis ,de ,oleis ,sem9um expressis4 ,9 #aghi he w5t to ,b]l92 & on 8 return1 9 #agij1 he gave a specim5 ( 8 poetical tal5ts1 by publi%+ a poem entitl$ ,tal fv] ,fr$5 emellan ,sv]ige o* ,ryssl& 7,disc\rse ab\t ! ,peace betwe5 ,sw$5 & ,russia74 ,aft] ?is he turn$ 8 att5tion to *emi/ry2 & 9 #agid 0 made *emi doc5s4 ,9 ?is situation he cont9u$ till #ahac1 :5 he di$ on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y4 ,he _h be5 9 su* bad heal? = "s "t be=e 8 dea?1 z to be q unable to dis*>ge ! duties ( 8 situation4 ,he publi%$ b little1 & t little consi/$ almo/ entirely ( *emical analyses4 ,8 fir/ attempt 0 on phosphate ( lime2 !n he wrote a pap] on ! analysis ( ! topaz1 ! object ( :i* 0 to expla9 ,klapro?'s me?od ( dissolv+ h>d /ony bodies4 ,he made an analysis ( gadol9ite1 & det]m9$ ! *emical prop]ties ( yttria4 ,dur+ ^! exp]im5ts he discov]$ ! new metal to :i* he gave ! "n ( tantalum1 & :i* ,dr4 ,wolla/on aft]w>ds %[$ to be ! same ) ! columbium ( ,mr4 ,hat*ett4 ,he also publi%$ an analysis ( ! automalite1 ( an ore ( titanium1 & ( ! m9]al wat] ( ,m$evi4 ,9 ?is la/ analysis he 0 assi/$ by ,b]zelius1 :o 0 !n q unkn[n to ! *emical _w4 ,b]zelius has be5 mu* m indu/ri\s ?an 8 *emical contempor>ies at ,upsala4 ,8 fir/ publication 0 a "w 9 two volumes on animal *emi/ry1 *iefly a compilation1 ) ! exception ( 8 exp]im5ts on ! analysis ( blood1 :i* con/itute an introduction to ! second volume4 ,?is book 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjf & #ahjh4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf he & ,his+] began a p]iodical "w1 entitl$ ,afh&l+> i ,fysik1 ,kemi o* ,m9]alogi1 ( :i* six volumes 9 all 7 publi%$1 ! la/ 9 #ahah4 ,9 ?is "w !re occur =ty-sev5 pap]s by ,b]zelius1 "s ( !m ( great l5g? & importance1 :i* w be notic$ aft]w>ds2 b by f> ! greate/ "p ( !m consi/ ( m9]al analyses4 ,we h ! analysis ( c]ium by ,his+] & ,b]zelius1 toge!r ) an acc\nt ( ! *emical *>act]s ( ! two oxides ( c]ium4 ,9 ! f\r? volume he gives u a new *emical arrangem5t ( m9]als1 f\nd$ on ! supposition t !y are all *emical comp\nds 9 def9ite proportions4 ,mr4 ,smi?son _h ?r[n out ! op9ion t silica is an acid3 :i* op9ion 0 tak5 up by ,b]zelius1 :o %[$1 by decisive exp]im5ts1 t x ent]s into def9ite comb9ations ) mo/ ( ! bases4 ,?is happy idea enabl$ him to %[1 t mo/ ( ! /ony m9]als are def9ite comp\nds ( silica1 ) c]ta9 e>?s or metallic oxides4 ,?is sy/em has und]gone sev]al modifications s9ce he fir/ gave x to ! _w2 & ,i ?9k x m ?an d\btful :e!r 8 la/ co b he has tak5 c>e to h translations ( !m ins]t$ into ,pogg5sdorf's ,annal51 & ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique4 ,9 ! ,/ockholm ,memoirs1 = #ahai1 we h 8 analysis ( wavellite1 %[+ t ?is m9]al is a hydr\s phosphate ( alum9a4 ,! same analysis & discov]y _h be5 made by ,fu*s1 :o publi%$ 8 results 9 #ahah2 b probably ,b]zelius _h n se5 ! pap]2 at lea/ he takes no notice ( x4 ,we h also 9 ! same volume 8 analysis ( euclase1 ( silicate ( z9c1 & 8 pap] on ! prussiates4 ,9 ! ,memoirs = #ahbj we h1 besides ?ree o!rs1 8 pap] on ! mode ( analyz+ ! ores ( nickel4 ,9 ! ,memoirs = #ahba we h 8 pap] on ! alkal9e sulphurets1 & 8 analysis ( a*mite4 ,! specim5 select$ = ?is analysis 0 probably impure2 = two successive analyses ( x1 made 9 my laboratory by ,capta9 ,lehunt1 gave a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! proportion ( ! con/itu5ts1 & a diff]5t =mula = ! composition ?an t result+ f ! con/itu5ts f\nd by ,b]zelius4 ,9 ! ,memoirs = #ahbb we h 8 analysis ( ! m9]al wat]s ( ,c>lsbad4 ,9 #ahbc he publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts on uranium1 :i* 7 meant z a confirmation & ext5sion ( ! exam9ation ( ?is sub/ance previ\sly made by ,arfv$son4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ 8 exp]im5ts on fluoric acid & its comb9ations1 con/itut+ "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & important ( all ! num]\s additions :i* he has made to analytical *emi/ry4 ,9 #ahbd we h 8 analysis ( phosphate ( yttria1 a m9]al f\nd 9 ,norway2 ( polymignite1 a m9]al f ! neighb\rhood ( ,*ri/iania1 :]e x occurs 9 ! zircon si5ite1 & rem>kable = ! great numb] ( bases :i* x conta9s unit$ to titanic acid2 namely1 zirconia1 oxide ( iron1 lime1 oxide ( manganese1 oxide ( c]ium1 & yttria4 ,we h also 8 analysis ( ars5iate ( iron1 f ,brazil & f ,cornwall2 & ( *abasite f ,f]ro4 ,9 ?is la/ analysis he m5tions *abasites f ,scotl&1 conta9+ soda in/ead ( lime4 ,! only *abasites 9 ,scotl&1 t ,i "k (1 occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,glasg[2 & 9 none ( ^! h ,i f\nd any soda4 ,b ,i h f\nd soda in/ead ( lime 9 *abasites f ! nor? ( ,irel&1 always cry/alliz$ 9 ! =m to :i* ,hauy has giv5 ! "n ( trirhomboidale4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! *abasites analyz$ by ,arfv$son1 to :i* ,b]zelius ref]s1 mu/ h be5 f ,irel&1 & n f ,scotl&2 & ,i ?9k x may be a "q :e!r ?is =m ( cry/al1 if x %\ld always be f\nd to conta9 soda in/ead ( lime1 ought n to con/itute a peculi> species4 ,9 #ahbf we h 8 v elaborate & valuable pap] on sulphur salts4 ,9 ?is pap] he %[s t sulphur is capable ( comb9+ ) bodies1 9 ! same way z oxyg51 & ( conv]t+ ! acidifiable bases into acids1 & ! alkalifiable bases into alkalies4 ,^! sulphur acids & alkalies unite ) ea* o!r1 & =m a new class ( sal9e bodies1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( sulphur salts4 ,?is subject has be5 s9ce c>ri$ a good deal fur!r by ,m4 ,h4 ,rose1 :o has by means ( x ?r[n mu* light on "s m9]al species hi!rto q inexplicable4 ,?us1 :at is call$ nickel glance1 is a sulphur salt ( nickel4 ,! acid is a comp\nd ( sulphur & ars5ic1 ! base a comp\nd ( sulphur & nickel4 ,its composition may be repres5t$ ?us3 #a atom disulphide ( ars5ic #a atom disulphide ( nickel4 ,9 l mann] glance cobalt is #a atom disulphide ( ars5ic #a atom disulphide ( nickel4 ,z9k5ite is compos$ ( #c atoms sulphide ( antimony #a atom sulphide ( lead2 & jamesonite ( #b atoms sulphide ( antimony #a atom sulphide ( lead4 ,fea!r ore ( antimony1 hi!rto conf\nd$ ) sulphuret ( antimony1 is a comp\nd ( #e atoms sulphide ( antimony #c atoms sulphide ( lead4 ,gray copp] ore1 :i* has hi!rto appe>$ s difficult to be r$uc$ to any ?+ l regul>ity1 is compos$ ( #a atom sulphide ( antimony or ars5ic #b atoms sulphide ( copp] or silv]4 ,d>k r$ silv] ore is compos$ ( #a atom sulphide ( antimony #a atom sulphide ( silv]2 & light r$ silv] ore ( #b atoms sesquisulphide ( ars5ic #c atoms sulphide ( silv]4 ,^! specim5s %[ h[ mu* light ! doctr9e ( sulphur salts has ?r[n on ! m9]al k+dom4 ,9 #ahbh he publi%$ 8 exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! *>act]s & comp\nds ( palladium1 rhodium1 osmium1 & iridium2 & ^u ! mode ( analyz+ ! diff]5t ores ( plat9um4 ,"o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts :i* ,b]zelius has introduc$ into analytical *emi/ry1 is 8 mode ( sep>at+ ^? bodies :i* become acid :5 unit$ to oxyg51 z sulphur1 sel5ium1 ars5ic1 c41 f ^? t become alkal9e1 z copp]1 lead1 silv]1 c4 ,8 me?od is to put ! alloy or ore to be analyz$ into a glass tube1 & to pass ov] x a curr5t ( dry *lor9e gas1 :ile ! p[d] 9 ! tube is heat$ by a lamp4 ,! acidifiable bodies are volatile1 & pass ov] along ! tube into a vessel ( wat] plac$ to receive !m1 :ile ! alkalifiable bodies rema9 fix$ 9 ! tube4 ,?is mode ( analysis has be5 consid]ably improv$ by ,rose1 :o avail$ himself ( x 9 8 analysis ( gray copp] ore1 & o!r simil> comp\nds4 ,analytical *emi/ry lies "u obligations to ,b]zelius1 n m]ely = :at he has done himself1 b = :at has be5 done by ^? pupils :o 7 educat$ 9 8 laboratory4 ,bonsdorf1 ,nord5skild1 ,c4 ,g4 ,gmel91 ,rose1 ,whl]1 ,arfv$son1 h giv5 u "s ( ! f9e/ examples ( analytical inve/igations ) :i* ! sci5ce is furni%$4 ,p4 ,a4 ,von ,bonsdorf 0 a pr(essor ( ,abo1 & aft] t univ]sity 0 burnt d[n1 he mov$ to ! new locality 9 :i* x 0 plant$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,8 analysis ( ! m9]als :i* cry/allize 9 ! =m ( ! amphibole1 con/itutes a model = ! "y analy/s to /udy1 :e!r we consid] ! precision ( ! analyses1 or ! me?ods by :i* ! diff]5t con/itu5ts 7 sep>at$ & e/imat$4 ,8 analysis ( r$ silv] ore fir/ demon/rat$ t ! metals 9 x 7 n 9 ! /ate ( oxides4 ,! nature ( ! comb9ation 0 fir/ completely expla9$ by ,rose1 aft] ,b]zelius's pap] on ! sulphur salts _h made its appe>ance4 ,8 pap] on ! acid prop]ties ( sev]al ( ! *lorides1 has s]v$ consid]ably to ext5d & to rectify ! views fir/ propos$ by ,b]zelius respect+ ! diff]5t classes ( salts4 ,nils ,nord5skild is sup]9t5d5t ( ! m9es 9 ,f9l&3 8 ,bidrag till nrm>e knn$om af ,f9l&'s ,m9]ali] o* ,geognosie 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbj4 ,x conta9s a description & analysis ( f\rte5 species ( ,lapl& m9]als1 sev]al ( !m new1 & all ( !m int]e/+4 ,! analyses 7 conduct$ 9 ,b]zelius's laboratory1 & are excell5t4 ,9 #ahbg he publi%$ a tabul> view ( ! m9]al species1 arrang$ *emically1 9 :i* he gives ! cry/all9e =m1 h>dness1 & specific gravity1 toge!r ) ! *emical =mulas = ! composition4 ,c4 ,g4 ,gmel9 is pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,tub+52 he has devot$ ! :ole ( 8 att5tion to *emical analysis1 & has publi%$ a great numb] ( excell5t ones1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,s*weigg]'s ,j\rnal4 ,8 analysis ( helv9e1 & ( ! t\rmal91 may be specifi$ z p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,9 ?is la/ m9]al1 he demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( boracic acid4 ,leopold ,gmel91 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,heidelb]g1 has also di/+ui%$ himself z an analytical *emi/4 ,8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 :i* is at pres5t publi%+1 promises to be ! be/ & mo/ p]fect :i* ,g]many has produc$4 ,h5ry ,rose1 ( ,b]l91 is ! son ( t ,m4 ,rose :o 0 educat$ by ,klapro?1 & aft]w>ds became ! intimate fri5d & fell[-lab\r] ( t illu/ri\s *emi/4 ,he has devot$ himself to analytical *emi/ry ) indefatigable zeal1 & has fav\r$ u ) a prodigi\s numb] ( new & admirably-conduct$ analyses4 ,8 analyses ( pyrox5es1 ( ! ores ( titanium1 ( gray copp] ore1 ( silv] glance1 ( r$ silv] ore1 mi>gyrite1 polybasite1 c41 may be m5tion$ z examples4 ,9 #ahbi he publi%$ a volume on analytical *emi/ry1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ complete & valuable "w ( ! k9d t has hi!rto appe>$2 & ought to be c>efully /udi$ by all ^? :o wi% to make !mselves ma/]s ( ! difficult1 b necess>y art ( analyz+ comp\nd bodies4#f #f ,an excell5t ,engli% translation ( ?is book ) sev]al important additions by ! au?or1 has j be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,griff94 ,whl] is pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ( ,b]l92 he does n appe> to h turn$ 8 att5tion to analytical *emi/ry1 b r t[>ds ext5d+ our k ( ! comp\nds :i* ! diff]5t simple bodies are capable ( =m+ ) ea* o!r4 ,8 discov]y ( cyanic acid may be m5tion$ z a specim54 ,he is active & "y2 mu*1 !re=e1 may be expect$ f him4 ,augu/us ,arfv$son has di/+ui%$ himself by ! discov]y ( ! new fix$ alkali1 li?ia1 9 petalite & spodum5e4 ,x has be5 lately asc]ta9$ at ,mosc[1 by ,m4 ,r4 ,h]mann1 & ! exp]im5ts h be5 repeat$ & confirm$ by ,b]zelius1 t li?ia is a mu* light] sub/ance ?an x 0 f\nd to be by ,arfv$son1 its atomic weight be+ only #age4 ,we h f ,arfv$son an important set ( exp]im5ts on uranium & its oxides1 & on ! action ( hydrog5 on ! metallic sulphurets4 ,he has likewise analyz$ a consid]able numb] ( m9]als ) great c>e2 b ( late ye>s he seems to h lo/ 8 activity4 ,8 analysis ( *rysob]yl does n possess ! accuracy ( ! re/3 by "s inadv]t5ce1 he has tak5 a comp\nd ( gluc9a & alum9a = silica4 ,i ought to h includ$ ,walm/$t & ,troll-,wa*mei/] among ! ,sw$i% *emi/s :o h contribut$ important pap]s t[>ds ! progress ( analytical *emi/ry1 ! memoir ( ! =m] on *rysolite1 & ( ! latt] on ! g>nets1 be+ peculi>ly valuable4 ,b x w\ld ext5d ?is "w to an almo/ int]m9able l5g?1 if ,i 7 to p>ticul>ize e m]itori\s exp]im5t]4 ,?is mu/ plead my excuse = hav+ omitt$ ! names ( ,bu*olz1 ,gehl51 ,fu*s1 ,dumesnil1 ,dob]e9]1 ,kupf]1 & v>i\s o!r m]itori\s *emi/s :o h contribut$ s mu* to ! p]fect+ ( ! *emical analysis ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,b x w\ld be unp>donable to leave out ! "n ( ,m4 ,mit*]li*1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ,b]l91 & successor ( ,klapro?1 :o 0 also a pupil ( ,b]zelius4 ,he has op5$ a new bran* ( *emi/ry to our consid]ation4 ,8 pap]s on isomorph\s bodies1 on ! cry/all9e =ms ( v>i\s sets ( salts1 on ! artificial =mation ( v>i\s m9]als1 d him immortal hon\r1 & w h& him d[n to po/]ity z a fit successor ( 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessors 9 ! *emical *air ( ,b]l9--a city 9 :i* an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( fir/-rate *emi/s h foll[$ ea* o!r = m ?an a c5tury2 & :]e1 ?anks to ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! ,prussian gov]nm5t1 ! numb] 0 nev] great] ?an at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! mo/ em95t analytical *emi/s at pres5t 9 ,france are1 ,laugi]1 a nephew & successor ( ,f\rcroy1 z pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,roi1 & ,b]?i]1 :o has long _h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! laboratory ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,laugi] has n publi%$ _m analyses to ! _w1 b ^? ) :i* he has fav\r$ u appe> to h be5 made ) great c>e1 & are 9 g5]al v accurate4 ,b]?i] is a mu* m active man2 & has n m]ely giv5 u _m analyses1 b has made v>i\s important improvem5ts 9 ! analytical processes4 ,8 mode ( sep>at+ ars5ic acid1 & det]m9+ its weight1 is n[ g5]ally foll[$2 & ,i c /ate f exp]i5ce t 8 me?od ( fus+ m9]als ) oxide ( lead1 :5 ! object is to detect an alkali1 is bo? accurate & easy4 ,b]?i] is "y1 & active1 & zeal\s2 we may !re=e expect a great deal f him h]eaft]4 ,! *emi/s 9 great ,brita9 h nev] hi!rto di/+ui%$ !mselves mu* 9 analytical *emi/ry4 ,?is ,i conceive is ow+ to ! mode ( education :i* has be5 hi!rto unhappily foll[$4 ,till )9 ^! v few ye>s1 practical *emi/ry has be5 n[h]e taught4 ,! consequ5ce has be51 t e *emi/ mu/ discov] processes = himself2 & a long "t elapses be=e he acquires ! requisite dext]ity & skill4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,dr4 ,k5n$y1 ( ,ed9burgh1 0 an en?usia/ic & dext]\s analy/2 b un=tunately he 0 lo/ to ! sci5ce by a premature dea?1 aft] giv+ a v few1 b ^! ma/]ly1 analyses to ! public4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,*>les ,hat*ett1 ,esq41 0 an active *emi/1 & publi%$ n a few v excell5t analyses2 b un=tunately ?is mo/ amiable & accompli%$ man has be5 lo/ to sci5ce = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury2 ! baneful effects ( weal?1 & ! c>es ( a lucrative & ext5sive bus9ess1 hav+ completely wean$ him f sci5tific pursuits4 ,mr4 ,gregor1 ( ,cornwall1 0 an accurate man1 & att5d$ only to analytical *emi/ry3 8 analyses 7 n num]\s1 b !y 7 9 g5]al excell5t4 ,un=tunately ! sci5ce 0 depriv$ ( 8 s]vices by a premature dea?4 ,! same obs]vation applies equally to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h[>d1 ^: analyses ( meteoric /ones =m an era 9 ?is bran* ( *emi/ry4 ,he 0 n only a skilful *emi/1 b 0 possess$ ( a p]sev]+ indu/ry :i* peculi>ly fitt$ him = mak+ a figure z a practical *emi/4 ,( mod]n ,briti% analytical *emi/s1 und\bt$ly ! fir/ is ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,philips2 to :om we are indebt$ = n a few analyses1 conduct$ ) great *emical skill1 & p]=m$ ) great accuracy4 ,un=tunately1 ( late ye>s he has done little1 hav+ be5 )drawn f sci5ce by ! necessity ( provid+ = a l>ge family1 :i* c h>dly be done1 9 ?is c\ntry1 except by turn+ "o's att5tion to trade or manufactures4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,dr4 ,h5ry1 :o has contribut$ s mu* to our k ( gase\s bodies1 & ^: analytical skill1 _h x be5 :olly devot$ to sci5tific inve/igations1 w\ld h rais$ 8 reputation1 z a discov]]1 mu* high] ?an x has atta9$2 al?\gh ! celebrity ( ,dr4 ,h5ry1 ev5 "u ! disadvantages ( be+ a manufactur+ *emi/1 is des]v$ly v high4 ,( ! "y *emi/s :o h b rec5tly />t$ 9 ! pa? ( analytical inve/igation1 we expect ! mo/ f ,dr4 ,turn]1 ( ! ,london ,univ]sity4 ,8 analyses ( ! ores ( manganese are admirable specim5s ( skill & accuracy1 & h completely elucidat$ a bran* ( m9]alogy :i*1 be=e 8 exp]im5ts1 & ! descriptions ( ,haid+] appe>$1 0 buri$ 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,no man t ,great ,brita9 has produc$ 0 bett] fitt$ to h figur$ z an analytical *emi/1 bo? by 8 uncommon *emical skill1 & ! p[]s ( 8 m9d1 :i* 7 ( ! highe/ ord]1 ?an ,mr4 ,smi?son ,t5nant1 _h he n be5 9 "s measure prev5t$ by a delicate frame ( body1 :i* produc$ 9 him a /ate ( indol5ce some:at simil> to t ( ,dr4 ,black4 ,8 discov]y ( osmium & iridium1 & 8 analysis ( em]y & magnesian lime/one1 may be m5tion$ z pro(s ( :at he c\ld h accompli%$ _h 8 heal? all[$ him a great] degree ( ex]tion4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! diamond fir/ demon/rat$ t x 0 compos$ ( pure c>bon2 :ile 8 discov]y ( phosphuret ( lime has furni%$ lectur]s on *emi/ry ) "o ( ! mo/ brilliant & beautiful ( ^? exhibitions :i* !y are 9 ! habit ( mak+ to attract ! att5tion ( _! /ud5ts4 ,smi?son ,t5nant 0 ! only *ild ( ! ,rev4 ,calv]t ,t5nant1 y\nge/ son ( a respectable family 9 ,w5sleydale1 ne> ,ri*mond1 9 ,york%ire1 & vic> ( ,selby 9 t c\nty4 ,he 0 born on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #agfa3 he _h ! mis=tune to lose 8 fa!r :5 he 0 only n9e ye>s ( age2 & be=e he atta9$ ! age ( manhood he 0 depriv$ likewise ( 8 "m1 by a v un=tunate accid5t3 %e 0 ?r[n f h] horse :ile rid+ ) h] son1 & kill$ on ! spot4 ,8 education1 aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 0 irregul>1 & app>5tly neglect$2 he 0 s5t successively to diff]5t s*ools 9 ,york%ire1 at ,scorton1 ,tadca/]1 & ,bev]ley4 ,he gave _m pro(s :ile "y ( a p>ticul> turn = *emi/ry & natural philosophy1 bo? by read+ all books ( t description :i* fell 9 8 way1 & by mak+ v>i\s little exp]im5ts :i* ! p]usal ( ^! books sugge/$4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5t 0 made at n9e ye>s ( age1 :5 he prep>$ a quantity ( gunp[d] = fireworks1 accord+ to directions conta9$ 9 "s sci5tific book to :i* he _h access4 ,9 ! *oice ( a pr(ession1 8 att5tion 0 naturally direct$ t[>ds m$ic9e1 z be+ m ne>ly alli$ to 8 philosophical pursuits4 ,he w5t accord+ly to ,ed9burgh1 ab\t ! ye> #agha1 :]e he laid ! f\ndation ( 8 *emical k "u ,dr4 ,black4 ,9 #aghb he 0 ent]$ a memb] ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he began1 f t "t1 to reside4 ,he 0 fir/ ent]$ z a p5sion]2 b dislik+ ! ord9>y discipl9e & r\t9e ( an academical life1 he obta9$ an exemption f ^? re/ra9ts1 by becom+ a fell[ common]4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,cambridge 8 *ief att5tion 0 be/[$ on *emi/ry & botany2 ?\gh he made himself also acqua9t$ ) ! elem5t>y p>ts ( ma!matics1 & _h ma/]$ ! mo/ important p>ts ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,9 #aghd he travell$ into ,d5m>k & ,sw$51 *iefly ) ! view ( becom+ p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,s*eele1 = :om he _h imbib$ a high admiration4 ,he 0 mu* gratifi$ by :at he saw ( ?is extraord9>y man1 & 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! simplicity ( ! app>atus ) :i* 8 great exp]im5ts _h be5 p]=m$4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& he took great pleasure 9 %[+ 8 fri5ds at ,cambridge v>i\s m9]alogical specim5s1 :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to him by ,s*eele1 & 9 exhibit+ sev]al int]e/+ exp]im5ts :i* he _h le>n$ f t great *emi/4 ,a ye> or two aft]w>ds he w5t to ,france1 to become p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s4 ,!nce he w5t to ,holl& & ! ,ne!rl&s1 at t "t 9 a /ate ( insurrection aga9/ ,joseph ,,ii4 ,9 #aghf he left ,*ri/'s ,college along ) ,pr(essor ,h]mann1 & remov$ ) him to ,emmanuel ,college4 ,9 #aghh he took 8 fir/ degree z ba*elor ( physic1 & soon aft] quitt$ ,cambridge & came to reside 9 ,london4 ,9 #agia he made 8 celebrat$ analysis ( c>bonic acid1 :i* fully confirm$ ! op9ions previ\sly /at$ by ,lavoisi] respect+ ! con/itu5ts ( ?is sub/ance4 ,8 mode 0 to pass phosphorus ?r\gh r$-hot c>bonate ( lime4 ,! phosphorus 0 acidifi$1 & *>coal deposit$4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! exp]im5ts t he discov]$ phosphuret ( lime4 ,9 #agib he aga9 visit$ ,p>is2 b1 f circum/ances1 be+ afraid ( a convulsion1 he 0 =tunate en\gh to leave t city ! day be=e ! memorable #aj? ( ,augu/4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ,italy1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh "p ( ,g]many4 ,on 8 return to ,p>is1 9 ! beg9n+ ( #agic1 he 0 deeply impress$ ) ! gloom & desolation aris+ f ! sy/em ( t]ror !n beg9n+ to prevail 9 t capital4 ,on call+ at ! h\se ( ,m4 ,delame!rie1 ( ^: simplicity & mod]ation he _h a high op9ion1 he f\nd ! doors & w9d[s clos$1 z if ! own] 7 abs5t4 ,be+ at l5g? admitt$1 he f\nd 8 fri5d sitt+ 9 a back room1 by c&le-light1 ) ! %utt]s clos$ 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,on 8 dep>ture1 aft] a hurri$ & anxi\s conv]sation1 8 fri5d conjur$ him n to come aga91 z ! k ( 8 be+ !re might be att5d$ ) s]i\s consequ5ces to !m bo?4 ,to ! hon\r ( ,delame!rie1 x des]ves to be /at$1 t ?r\gh all ! inquisitions ( ! revolution1 he pres]v$ = 8 fri5d prop]ty ( consid]able value1 :i* ,mr4 ,t5nant _h intru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,on 8 return f ! cont95t1 he took lodg+s 9 ! ,temple1 :]e he cont9u$ to reside dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he /ill cont9u$ ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & att5d$ ! hospitals1 b became m indiff]5t ab\t ent]+ into practice4 ,he took1 h[ev]1 a doctor's degree at ,cambridge 9 #agif2 b resolv$1 z 8 =tune 0 indep5d5t1 to rel9qui% all idea ( practice1 z n likely to contribute to 8 happ9ess4 ,exquisite s5sibility 0 a /rik+ feature 9 8 "*1 & x w\ld1 z he v prop]ly conceiv$1 h made him peculi>ly unfit = ! ex]cise ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,x may be wor? :ile to relate an example ( 8 practical b5evol5ce :i* happ5$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,he _h a /ew>d 9 ! c\ntry1 9 :om he _h long plac$ implicit confid5ce1 & :o 0 consid]ably indebt$ to him4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is man's becom+ emb>rass$ 9 8 circum/ances1 ,mr4 ,t5nant w5t into ! c\ntry to exam9e 8 acc\nts4 ,a "t & place 7 appo9t$ = him to produce 8 books1 & %[ ! ext5t ( ! defici5cy2 b ! un=tunate /ew>d felt himself unequal to ! task ( su* an explanation1 & 9 a fit ( despair put an end to 8 exi/5ce4 ,t\*$ by ?is melan*oly ev5t1 ,mr4 ,t5nant us$ 8 utmo/ ex]tions = ! relief & protection ( ! family :om he _h left1 & n only =gave !m ! debt1 b af=d$ !m pecuni>y assi/ance1 & cont9u$ ev] aft]w>ds to be _! fri5d & b5efactor4 ,dur+ ! ye> #agif he made 8 exp]im5ts to prove t ! diamond is pure c>bon4 ,8 me?od 0 to heat x 9 a gold tube1 ) saltpetre4 ,! diamond 0 conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas1 :i* comb9$ ) ! pota% f ! saltpetre1 & by ! evolution ( :i* ! quantity ( c>bon1 9 a giv5 weight ( diamond1 might be e/imat$4 ,a *>act]i/ic trait ( ,mr4 ,t5nant occurr$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is exp]im5t1 :i* ,i relate on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :o 0 pres5t z an assi/ant1 & :o relat$ ! fact to me4 ,mr4 ,t5nant 0 9 ! habit ( tak+ a ride on horseback e day at a c]ta9 h\r4 ,! tube conta9+ ! diamond & saltpetre 7 actually heat+1 & ! exp]im5t consid]ably advanc$1 :51 sudd5ly recollect+ t 8 h\r = rid+ 0 come1 he left ! completion ( ! process to ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 & w5t out z usual to take 8 ride4 ,9 ! ye> #agig1 9 consequ5ce ( a visit to a fri5d 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :]e he witness$ ! activity ) :i* improvem5ts 9 f>m+ op]ations 7 at t "t go+ on1 he 0 induc$ to pur*ase "s l& 9 t c\ntry1 9 ord] to comm5ce f>m+ op]ations4 ,9 #agii he b\ght a consid]able tract ( wa/e l& 9 ,som]set%ire1 ne> ! village ( ,*$d>1 :]e he built a small h\se1 9 :i*1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 he 0 9 ! habit ( sp5d+ "s mon?s e summ]1 besides occasional visits at o!r times ( ! ye>4 ,^! f>m+ speculations1 z might h be5 anticipat$ f ! indol5t & c>eless habits ( ,mr4 ,t5nant1 7 n v successful4 ,yet x appe>s f ! pap]s :i* he left beh9d him1 t he paid consid]able att5tion to agriculture1 t he _h read ! be/ books on ! subject1 & collect$ _m facts on x dur+ 8 diff]5t j\rneys ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! inquiries he _h discov]$ t !re 7 two k9ds ( lime/one kn[n 9 ! midl& c\nties ( ,engl&1 "o ( :i* yield$ a lime injuri\s to vegetation4 ,he %[$1 9 #agii1 t ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( magnesia is ! cause ( ! bad qualities ( ?is latt] k9d ( lime/one4 ,he f\nd t ! magnesian lime/one =ms an ext5sive /ratum 9 ! midl& c\nties1 & t x occurs also 9 primitive di/ricts "u ! "n ( dolomite4 ,he inf]s f ! sl[ solubility ( ?is lime/one 9 acids1 t x is a d\ble salt compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime & c>bonate ( magnesia 9 *emical comb9ation4 ,he f\nd t gra9 w\ld sc>cely g]m9ate1 & t x soon p]i%$ 9 moi/5$ c>bonate ( magnesia3 h5ce he conclud$ t magnesia is really injuri\s to vegetation4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple he acc\nt$ = ! injuri\s effects ( ! magnesian lime/one :5 employ$ z a manure4 ,9 #ahjb he %[$ t em]y is m]ely a v>iety ( corundum1 or ( ! preci\s /one kn[n by ! "n ( sapphire4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 :ile endeav\r+ to make an alloy ( lead ) ! p[d] :i* rema9s aft] treat+ crude plat9um ) aqua regia1 he obs]v$ rem>kable prop]ties 9 ?is p[d]1 & f\nd t x conta9$ a new metal4 ,:ile he 0 engag$ 9 ! inve/igation1 ,descotils _h turn$ 8 att5tion to ! same p[d]1 & _h discov]$ t x conta9$ a metal :i* gives a r$ col\r to ! ammoniacal precipitate ( plat9um4 ,soon aft]1 ,vauquel91 hav+ treat$ ! p[d] ) alkali1 obta9$ a volatile metallic oxide1 :i* he consid]$ z ! same metal t _h be5 obs]v$ by ,descotils4 ,9 #ahjd ,mr4 ,t5nant %[$ t ?is p[d] conta9s two new metals1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( osmium & iridium4 ,mr4 ,t5nant's heal?1 by ?is "t1 _h become delicate1 & he seldom w5t to b$ )\t a c]ta9 quantity ( fev]1 :i* (t5 oblig$ him to get up dur+ ! night & expose himself to ! cold air4 ,to keep himself 9 any degree 9 heal?1 he f\nd x necess>y to take a great deal ( ex]cise on horseback4 ,he 0 always an awkw>d & a bad horseman1 s t ^? rides 7 sometimes a little haz>d\s2 & ,i h m ?an once he>d him say1 t a fall f 8 horse w\ld "s day prove fatal to him4 ,9 #ahji he 0 ?r[n f 8 horse ne> ,brighton1 & _h 8 coll>-bone brok54 ,9 ! ye> #ahab he 0 prevail$ ^u to deliv] a few lectures on ! pr9ciples ( m9]alogy1 to a numb] ( 8 fri5ds1 among :om 7 _m ladies1 & a consid]able numb] ( m5 ( sci5ce & in=mation4 ,^! lectures 7 completely successful1 & rais$ 8 reputation v mu* among 8 fri5ds z a lectur]4 ,he p>ticul>ly excell$ 9 ! inve/igation ( m9]als by ! bl[pipe2 & ,i h he>d him repeat$ly say1 t he 0 indebt$ = ! fir/ k ( ! mode ( us+ t valuable in/rum5t to ,assessor ,gahn ,fahlun4 ,9 #ahac1 a vacancy occurr+ 9 ! *emical pr(essor%ip at ,cambridge1 he 0 solicit$ to become a c&idate4 ,8 fri5ds ex]t$ !mselves 9 8 fav\r ) unexampl$ en]gy2 & all opposition be+ )drawn1 he 0 elect$ pr(essor 9 ,may1 #ahac4 ,aft] ! g5]al pacification 9 #ahad he w5t to ,france1 & repair$ to ! s\!rn prov9ces ( t k+dom4 ,he visit$ ,lyons1 ,nismes1 ,avignon1 ,m>seilles1 & ,montpelli]4 ,he return$ to ,p>is 9 ,novemb]1 mu* gratifi$ by 8 s\!rn t\r4 ,he 0 to h return$ to ,engl& ab\t ! latt] end ( ! ye>2 b he cont9u$ to l+] on till ! ,febru>y foll[+4 ,on ! #ae? ( t mon? he w5t to ,calais2 b ! w9d blew directly into ,calais h>b\r1 & cont9u$ unfav\rable = sev]al days4 ,aft] wait+ till ! #bj? he w5t to ,b\logne1 9 ord] to take ! *ance ( a bett] passage f t port4 ,he emb>k$ on bo>d a vessel on ! #bb;d1 b ! w9d 0 /ill adv]se1 & blew s viol5tly t ! vessel 0 oblig$ to put back4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,t5nant came a%ore1 he said t x 0 9 va9 to /ruggle ) ! elem5ts1 & t he 0 n yet tir$ ( life4 ,x 0 det]m9$1 9 case ! w9d %\ld abate1 to make ano!r trial 9 ! ev5+4 ,dur+ ! int]val ,mr4 ,t5nant propos$ to 8 fell[-travell]1 ,b>on ,bul[1 t !y %\ld hire horses & take a ride4 ,!y rode at fir/ along ! sea-side2 b1 on ,mr4 ,t5nant's sugge/ion1 !y w5t aft]w>ds to ,bonap>te's pill>1 :i* /&s on an em95ce ab\t a league f ! sea-%ore1 & :i*1 hav+ be5 to see x ! day be=e1 he 0 desir\s ( %[+ to ,b>on ,bul[4 ,on _! return f !nce !y deviat$ a little f ! road1 9 ord] to look at a small =t ne> ! pill>1 ! entrance to :i* 0 ov] a fosse tw5ty feet deep4 ,on ! side t[>ds !m1 !re 0 a /&+ bridge = "s way1 till x jo9$ a drawbridge1 :i* turn$ on a pivot4 ,! end next ! =t re/$ on ! gr\nd4 ,on ! side next to !m x 0 usually fa/5$ by a bolt2 b ! bolt _h be5 /ol5 ab\t a =tnight be=e1 & 0 n replac$4 ,z ! bridge 0 too n>r[ = !m to g abrea/1 ! b>on said he w\ld g fir/1 & attempt$ to ride ov] x2 b p]ceiv+ t x 0 beg9n+ to s9k1 he made an ef=t to pass ! c5tre1 & call$ out to w>n 8 companion ( 8 dang]2 b x 0 too late3 !y 7 bo? precipitat$ into ! tr5*4 ,! b>on1 ?\gh mu* /unn$1 =tunately escap$ )\t any s]i\s hurt2 b on recov]+ 8 s5ses1 & look+ r\nd = ,mr4 ,t5nant1 he f\nd him ly+ "u 8 horse ne>ly lifeless4 ,he 0 tak51 h[ev]1 to ! ,civil ,hospital1 z ! ne>e/ place ready to receive him4 ,aft] a %ort int]val1 he seem$ 9 "s slight degree to recov] 8 s5ses1 & made an ef=t to speak1 b )\t effect1 & di$ )9 ! h\r4 ,8 rema9s 7 int]r$ a few days aft] 9 ! public cemet]y at ,b\logne1 be+ att5d$ to ! grave by mo/ ( ! ,engli% resid5ts4 ,!re is ano!r bran* ( inve/igation intimately connect$ ) analytical *emi/ry1 ! improvem5ts 9 :i* h be5 att5d$ ) great advantage1 bo? to m9]alogi/s & *emi/s4 ,i mean ! use ( ! bl[pipe1 to make a k9d ( m9iature analysis ( m9]als 9 ! dry way2 s f>1 at lea/1 z to det]m9e ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! m9]al "u exam9ation4 ,?is is att5d$ ) _m advantages1 z a prelim9>y to a rigid analysis by solution4 ,by in=m+ u ( ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts1 x enables u to =m a plan ( ! analysis be=eh&1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 saves ! tr\ble & ! t$i\sness ( two sep>ate analytical inve/igations2 = :5 we set ab\t analyz+ a m9]al1 ( ! nature ( :i* we are entirely ignorant1 two sep>ate sets ( exp]im5ts are 9 mo/ cases indisp5sable4 ,we mu/ exam9e ! m9]al1 9 ! fir/ place1 to det]m9e ! nature ( its con/itu5ts4 ,^! be+ kn[n1 we c =m a plan ( an analysis1 by means ( :i* we c sep>ate & e/imate 9 succession ! am\nt ( ea* con/itu5t ( ! m9]al4 ,n[ a judici\s use ( ! bl[pipe (t5 enables u to det]m9e ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts 9 a few m9utes1 & ?us saves ! tr\ble ( ! prelim9>y analysis4 ,! bl[pipe is a tube employ$ by goldsmi?s 9 sold]+4 ,by means ( x1 !y =ce ! flame ( a c&le or lamp aga9/ any p>ticul> po9t :i* !y wi% to heat4 ,?is enables !m to sold] tr9kets ( v>i\s k9ds1 )\t affect+ any o!r "p except ! portion :i* is requir$ to be heat$4 ,cron/$t & ,enge/roem fir/ ?\ght ( apply+ ?is little in/rum5t to ! exam9ation ( m9]als4 ,a small fragm5t ( ! m9]al to be exam9$1 n ne>ly s l>ge z ! head ( a small p91 0 put ^u a piece ( *>coal1 & ! flame ( a c&le 0 made to play ^u x by means ( a bl[pipe1 s z to raise x to a :ite heat4 ,!y obs]v$ :e!r x decrepitat$1 or 0 dissipat$1 or melt$2 & :atev] ! effect produc$ 01 !y 7 enabl$ f x to draw consequ5ces respect+ ! nature ( ! m9]al "u exam9ation4 ,! importance ( ?is in/rum5t /ruck ,b]gman1 & induc$ him to wi% = a complete exam9ation ( ! action ( ! heat ( ! bl[pipe ^u all diff]5t m9]als1 ei!r tri$ p] se ^u *>coal1 or mix$ ) v>i\s fluxes2 = ?ree diff]5t sub/ances _h be5 *os5 z fluxes1 namely1 c>bonate ( soda1 borax1 & biphosphate ( soda2 or1 at lea/1 :at 0 9 fact an equival5t = ?is la/ sub/ance1 ammonio-phosphate ( soda1 or microcosmic salt1 at t "t extract$ f ur9e4 ,?is salt is a comp\nd ( "o integrant p>ticle ( phosphate ( soda1 & "o integrant p>ticle ( phosphate ( ammonia4 ,:5 heat$ be=e ! bl[pipe x fuses1 & ! wat] ( cry/allization1 toge!r ) ! ammonia1 are gradually dissipat$1 s t at la/ no?+ rema9s b biphosphate ( soda4 ,^! fluxes h be5 f\nd to act ) consid]able en]gy on mo/ m9]als4 ,! c>bonate ( soda readily fuses ) ^? t conta9 mu* silica1 :ile ! borax & biphosphate ( soda act mo/ p[]fully on ! bases1 n s5sibly affect+ ! silica1 :i* rema9s unalt]$ 9 ! fus$ bead4 ,a mixture ( borax & c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal 9 g5]al enables u to r$uce ! metallic oxides to ! /ate ( metals1 provid$ we und]/& ! way ( apply+ ! flame prop]ly4 ,b]gman employ$ ,gahn1 :o 0 at t "t 8 pupil1 & ^: skill he 0 well acqua9t$ )1 to make ! requisite exp]im5ts4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 drawn up into a pap]1 :i* ,b]gman s5t to ,b>on ,born 9 #aggg1 & !y 7 publi%$ by him at ,vi5na 9 #aggi4 ,?is valuable publication ?rew a new light ^u ! application ( ! bl[pipe to ! assay+ ( m9]als2 & = e ?+ new :i* x conta9$ ,b]gman 0 indebt$ to ,gahn1 :o _h made ! exp]im5ts4 ,john ,gottlieb ,gahn1 ! intimate fri5d ( ,b]gman & ( ,s*eele1 0 "o ( ! be/-in=m$ m51 & "o ^: mann]s 7 ! mo/ simple1 unaffect$1 & pleas+1 ( all ! m5 ( sci5ce ) :om ,i ev] came 9 contact4 ,i sp5t a few days ) him at ,fahlun1 9 #ahab1 & !y 7 "s ( ! mo/ delightful days t ,i ev] pass$ 9 my life4 ,8 fund ( in=mation 0 inexhau/ible1 & 0 only excell$ by ! *>m+ simplicity ( 8 mann]s1 & by ! b5evol5ce & goodness ( he>t :i* beam$ 9 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he 0 born on ! #ag? ( ,augu/1 #agde1 at ! ,woxna iron-works1 9 ,s\? ,hels+l&1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,hans ,jacob ,gahn1 0 treasur] to ! gov]nm5t ( ,/ora ,kopp]b]g4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 or great-gr&fa!r1 he told me1 _h emigrat$ f ,scotl&2 & he m5tion$ sev]al families 9 ,scotl& to :i* he 0 relat$4 ,aft] complet+ 8 s*ool education at ,we/]s1 he w5t1 9 ! ye> #agfj1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,he _h already %[n a decid$ bias t[>ds ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 & natural philosophy2 &1 l mo/ m5 ( sci5ce 9 ,sw$51 :]e philosophical in/rum5t-mak]s are sc>cely to be f\nd1 he _h accu/om$ himself to h&le ! diff]5t tools1 & to supply himself 9 t mann] ) all ! diff]5t pieces ( app>atus :i* he requir$ = 8 inve/igations4 ,he seems to h sp5t ne>ly t5 ye>s at ,upsala1 dur+ :i* "t he acquir$ a v pr(\nd k 9 *emi/ry1 & made v>i\s important discov]ies1 :i* 8 mode/y or 8 indiff]5ce to fame made him all[ o!rs to pass z _! own4 ,! discov]y ( ! rhomboidal nucleus ( c>bonate ( lime 9 a six-sid$ prism ( t m9]al1 :i* he let fall1 & :i* 0 accid5tally brok51 con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ,hauy's sy/em ( cry/allization4 ,he communicat$ ! fact to ,b]gman1 :o publi%$ x z 8 own 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,opuscula1 )\t any m5tion ( ,gahn's "n4 ,! e>? ( bones _h be5 consid]$ z a peculi> simple e>?2 b ,gahn asc]ta9$1 by analysis1 t x 0 a comp\nd ( phosphoric acid & lime2 & ?is discov]y he communicat$ to ,s*eele1 :o1 9 8 pap] on fluor sp>1 publi%$ 9 #agga1 obs]v$1 9 ! sev5te5? section1 9 :i* he is describ+ ! effect ( phosphoric acid on fluor sp>1 ,x has lately be5 discov]$ t ! e>? ( bones1 or ( horns1 is calc>e\s e>? comb9$ ) phosphoric acid4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is rem>k1 9 :i* ! "n ( ,gahn does n appe>1 x 0 long suppos$ t ,s*eele1 & n ,gahn1 0 ! au?or ( ?is important discov]y4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t he demon/rat$ ! metallic nature ( manganese1 & exam9$ ! prop]ties ( ! metal4 ,?is discov]y 0 ann\nc$ z 81 at ! "t1 by ,b]gman1 & 0 almo/ ! only "o ( ! imm5se numb] ( new facts :i* he _h asc]ta9$ t 0 publicly kn[n to be 84 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r he 0 left 9 r n>r[ circum/ances1 :i* oblig$ him to turn 8 imm$iate att5tion to m9+ & metallurgy4 ,to acquire a practical k ( m9+ he associat$ ) ! common m9]s1 & cont9u$ to "w l !m till he _h acquir$ all ! practical dext]ity & k :i* actual lab\r c\ld give4 ,9 #aggj he 0 commission$ by ! ,college ( ,m9es to in/itute a c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 ) a view to improve ! me?od ( smelt+ copp]1 at ,fahlun4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is inve/igation 0 a complete reg5]ation ( ! :ole sy/em1 s z to save a great deal bo? ( "t & fuel4 ,sometime aft]1 he became a p>tn] 9 "s ext5sive works at ,/ora ,kopp]b]g1 :]e he settl$ z a sup]9t5d5t4 ,f #aggj1 :5 he fir/ settl$ at ,fahlun1 d[n to #aghe1 he took a deep int]e/ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! *emical works 9 t place & neighb\rhood4 ,he e/abli%$ manufactories ( sulphur1 sulphuric acid1 & r$ o*re4 ,9 #aghj ! ,royal ,college ( ,m9es1 z a te/imony ( _! s5se ( ! value ( ,gahn's improvem5ts1 pres5t$ him ) a gold m$al ( m]it4 ,9 #aghb he receiv$ a royal pat5t z m9+ ma/]4 ,9 #aghd he 0 appo9t$ assessor 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,m9es1 9 :i* capacity he (ficiat$ z (t5 z 8 o!r vocations p]mitt$ him to reside 9 ,/ockholm4 ,! same ye> he m>ri$ ,anna ,m>ia ,b]g/rom1 ) :om he enjoy$ = ?irty-"o ye>s a life ( un9t]rupt$ happ9ess4 ,by 8 wife he _h a son & two daught]s4 ,9 ! ye> #aggc he _h be5 elect$ *emical /ip5di>y to ! ,royal ,college ( ,m9es1 & he cont9u$ to hold ?is appo9tm5t till ! ye> #ahad4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ! solution ( almo/ e difficult problem remitt$ to ! college devolv$ ^u him4 ,9 #agie he 0 *os5 a memb] ( ! committee = direct+ ! g5]al affairs ( ! k+dom4 ,9 #ahaj he 0 made "o ( ! committee = ! g5]al ma9t5ance ( ! poor4 ,9 #ahab he 0 elect$ an active associate ( ! ,royal ,academy = ,agriculture2 & 9 #ahaf he became a memb] ( ! committee = organiz+ ! plan ( a ,m9+ ,in/itute4 ,9 #ahah he 0 *os5 a memb] ( ! committee ( ! ,m9t2 b f ?is situation he 0 %ortly aft]1 at 8 own reque/1 p]mitt$ to )draw4 ,8 wife di$ 9 #ahae1 & f t p]iod 8 heal?1 :i* _h nev] be5 robu/1 visibly decl9$4 ,nature occasionally made an ef=t to %ake (f ! disease2 b x con/antly return$ ) increas+ /r5g?1 until1 9 ! autumn ( #ahah1 ! decay became m rapid 9 its progress1 & m decid$ 9 its "*4 ,he became gradually weak]1 & on ! #h? ( ,decemb]1 #ahah1 di$ )\t a /ruggle1 & seem+ly )\t pa94 ,ev] aft] ! exp]im5ts on ! bl[pipe :i* ,gahn p]=m$ at ! reque/ ( ,b]gman1 8 att5tion _h be5 turn$ to t piece ( app>atus2 & dur+ ! c\rse ( a long life he _h introduc$ s _m improvem5ts1 t he 0 enabl$1 by means ( ! bl[pipe1 to det]m9e 9 a few m9utes ! con/itu5ts ( almo/ any m9]al4 ,he _h gone ov] almo/ all ! m9]al k+dom1 & det]m9$ ! behavi\r ( almo/ e m9]al be=e ! bl[pipe1 bo? by itself & :5 mix$ ) ! diff]5t fluxes & reag5ts :i* he _h inv5t$ = ! purpose ( detect+ ! diff]5t con/itu5ts2 b1 f 8 *>act]i/ic unwill+ness to commit 8 obs]vations & exp]im5ts to writ+1 or to draw !m up into a regul> memoir1 _h n ,b]zelius (f]$ himself z an assi/ant1 !y w\ld probably h be5 lo/4 ,by 8 means a %ort treatise on ! bl[pipe1 ) m9ute directions h[ to use ! diff]5t contrivances :i* he _h inv5t$1 0 drawn up & ins]t$ 9 ! second volume ( ,b]zelius's ,*emi/ry4 ,b]zelius & he aft]w>ds exam9$ all ! m9]als kn[n1 or at lea/ :i* !y c\ld procure1 be=e ! bl[pipe2 & ! result ( ! :ole con/itut$ ! mat]ials ( ,b]zelius's treatise on ! bl[pipe1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%4 ,x may be consid]$ z conta9+ ! sum ( all ! improvem5ts :i* ,gahn _h made on ! use ( ! bl[pipe1 toge!r ) all ! facts t he _h collect$ respect+ ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by m9]als be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,x con/itutes an exce$+ly useful & valuable book1 & ought to make a "p ( ! libr>y ( e analytical *emi/4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on _h paid z mu* att5tion to ! bl[pipe z ,gahn1 & _h introduc$ s _m improvem5ts into its use1 t he 0 able1 by means ( x1 to det]m9e ! nature ( ! con/itu5ts ( any m9]al 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes4 ,he 0 fond ( su* analytical exp]im5ts1 & 0 g5]ally appli$ to by e p]son :o ?\ght himself possess$ ( a new m9]al1 9 ord] to be enabl$ to /ate :at its con/itu5ts 74 ,! ,london m9]alogi/s if ! race be n ext9ct1 mu/ sorely feel ! want ( ! man to :om !y 7 9 ! habit ( apply+ on all occasions1 & to :om !y nev] appli$ 9 va94 ,dr4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on1 0 ! son ( ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 a cl]gyman ( "s rank 9 ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 & possess$ ( a compet5t =tune4 ,he 0 a man ( abilities1 & r em95t z an a/ronom]4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ! ,religion ( ,nature del9eat$4 ,dr4 ,william ,hyde ,wolla/on 0 born ab\t ! ye> #agfg1 & 0 "o ( fifte5 *ildr51 :o all rea*$ ! age ( manhood4 ,8 con/itution 0 naturally feeble2 b by lead+ a life ( ! /ricte/ sobriety & ab/emi\sness he kept himself 9 a /ate fit = m5tal ex]tion4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,cambridge1 :]e he 0 at "o "t a fell[4 ,aft] /udy+ m$ic9e by att5d+ ! hospitals & lectures 9 ,london1 & tak+ 8 degree ( doctor at ,cambridge1 he settl$ at ,bury ,/4 ,edmund's1 :]e he practis$ z a physician = "s ye>s4 ,he !n w5t to ,london1 became a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 & comm5c$ practition] 9 ! metropolis4 ,a vacancy occurr+ 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital1 he (f]$ himself = ! place ( physician to t in/itution2 b ano!r individual1 :om he consid]$ 8 inf]ior 9 k & sci5ce1 hav+ be5 pref]r$ be=e him1 he ?rew up ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e altoge!r1 & devot$ ! re/ ( 8 life to sci5tific pursuits4 ,8 income1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge family ( 8 fa!r1 0 ( necessity small4 ,9 ord] to improve x he turn$ 8 ?\ghts to ! manufacture ( plat9um1 9 :i* he succe$$ s well1 t he mu/ h1 by means ( x1 realiz$ consid]able sums4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ succe$$ 9 r$uc+ x into +ots 9 a /ate ( purity & fit = e k9d ( use3 x 0 employ$1 9 consequ5ce1 = mak+ vessels = *emical purposes2 & x is to its introduction t we are to ascribe ! pres5t accuracy ( *emical inve/igations4 ,x has be5 gradually introduc$ into ! sulphuric acid manufactories1 z a sub/itute = glass retorts4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on _h a p>ticul> turn = contriv+ pieces ( app>atus = sci5tific purposes4 ,8 reflect+ goniomet] 0 a mo/ valuable pres5t to m9]alogi/s1 & x is by its means t cry/allography has acquir$ ! great degree ( p]fection :i* x has rec5tly exhibit$4 ,he contriv$ a v simple app>atus = asc]ta9+ ! p[] ( v>i\s bodies to refract light4 ,8 cam]a lucida furni%$ ^? :o 7 ignorant ( draw+ ) a conv5i5t me?od ( del9eat+ natural objects4 ,8 p]iscopic glasses mu/ h be5 f\nd useful1 = !y sold r ext5sively3 & 8 slid+ rule = *emical equival5ts furni%$ a ready me?od = calculat+ ! proportions ( "o sub/ance necess>y to decompose a giv5 weight ( ano!r4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on's k 0 m v>i$1 & 8 ta/e less exclusive ?an any o!r philosoph] ( 8 "t1 except ,mr4 ,cav5di%3 b optics & *emi/ry are ! two sci5ces :i* lie "u ! greate/ obligations to him4 ,8 fir/ *emical pap] on ur9>y calculi at once add$ a va/ deal to :at _h be5 previ\sly kn[n4 ,he fir/ po9t$ out ! con/itu5ts ( ! mulb]ry calculi1 %[+ !m to be compos$ ( oxalate ( lime & animal matt]4 ,he fir/ di/+ui%$ ! nature ( ! triple phosphates4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ asc]ta9$ ! nature ( ! cy/ic oxides1 & ( ! *alk-/ones1 :i* appe> occasionally 9 ! jo9ts ( g\ty pati5ts4 ,to him we owe ! fir/ demon/ration ( ! id5tity ( galvanism & common electricity2 & ! fir/ explanation ( ! cause ( ! diff]5t ph5om5a exhibit$ by galvanic & common electricity4 ,to him we are indebt$ = ! discov]y ( palladium & rhodium1 & ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! prop]ties & *>act]s ( ^! two metals4 ,he fir/ %[$ t oxalic acid & pota% unite 9 ?ree diff]5t proportions1 con/itut+ oxalate1 b9oxalate1 & quadroxalate ( pota%4 ,_m o!r *emical facts1 fir/ asc]ta9$ by him1 are to be f\nd 9 ! num]\s pap]s ( 8 scatt]$ ov] ! la/ =ty volumes ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions3 & p]haps n ! lea/ valuable ( !m is 8 description ( ! mode ( r$uc+ plat9um f ! raw /ate1 & br++ x into ! /ate ( an +ot4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on di$ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #ahbi1 9 consequ5ce ( a tum\r =m$ 9 ! bra91 ne>1 if ,i rememb] "r1 ! ?alami n]vorum opticorum4 ,!re is reason to suspect t ?is tum\r _h be5 "s "t 9 =m+4 ,he _h1 )\t exception1 ! %>pe/ eye t ,i h ev] se53 he c\ld write ) a diamond ^u glass 9 a "* s small1 t no?+ c\ld be di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye b a ragg$ l9e2 yet :5 ! lett]s 7 view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 !y 7 beautifully regul> & q legible4 ,he reta9$ 8 s5ses to almo/ ! la/ mom5t ( 8 life3 :5 he lay app>5tly s5seless1 & 8 fri5ds 7 anxi\sly solicit\s :e!r he /ill reta9$ 8 und]/&+1 he in=m$ !m1 by writ+1 t 8 s5ses 7 /ill p]fectly entire4 ,few individuals ev] enjoy$ a great] %>e ( g5]al respect & confid5ce1 or _h few] enemies1 ?an ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,he 0 at fir/ %y & di/ant1 & rem>kably circumspect1 b he grew ins5sibly m & m agreeable z y got bett] acqua9t$ ) him1 till at la/ y =m$ = him ! mo/ s9c]e fri5d%ip1 & y\r acqua9tance end$ 9 ! w>me/ & close/ atta*m5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,electro-,,*emi/ry4 ,electricity1 l *emi/ry1 is a mod]n sci5ce2 = x c sc>cely claim an old] orig9 ?an ! t]m9ation ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! prec$+ c5tury2 & dur+ ! la/ half ( t c5tury1 & a small portion ( ! pres5t1 x p>ticipat$ ) *emi/ry 9 ! zeal & activity ) :i* x 0 cultivat$ by ! philosoph]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 n suspect$ t any connexion exi/$ betwe5 *emi/ry & electricity2 ?\gh "s ( ! meteorological ph5om5a1 especially ! production ( cl\ds & ! =mation ( ra91 :i* are obvi\sly connect$ ) *emi/ry1 seem likewise to claim "s connexion ) ! ag5cy ( electricity4 ,! discov]y ( ! intimate relation betwe5 *emi/ry & electricity 0 "o ( ! consequ5ces ( a controv]sy c>ri$ on ab\t ! ye> #agij betwe5 ,galvani & ,volta1 two ,italian philosoph]s1 ^: discov]ies w r5d] _! names immortal4 ,galvani1 :o 0 a pr(essor ( anatomy1 0 engag$ 9 speculations respect+ muscul> motion4 ,he 0 ( op9ion t a peculi> fluid 0 secret$ 9 ! bra91 :i* 0 s5t along ! n]ves to all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,?is n]v\s fluid possess$ _m *>act]s analog\s to ^? ( electricity3 ! muscles 7 capable ( be+ *>g$ ) x some:at l a ,leyd5 phial2 & x 0 by ! dis*>ge ( ?is accumulation1 by ! volunt>y p[] ( ! n]ves1 t muscul> motion 0 produc$4 ,he accid5tly discov]$1 t if ! crural n]ve go+ into ! muscles ( a frog1 & ! crural muscles1 be laid b>e imm$iately aft] dea?1 & a piece ( z9c be plac$ 9 contact ) ! n]ve1 & a piece ( silv] or copp] ) ! muscle2 :5 ^! two pieces ( metal are made to t\* ea* o!r1 viol5t convulsions are produc$ 9 ! muscle1 :i* cause ! limb to move4 ,he conceiv$ t ^! convulsions 7 produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! n]v\s en]gy f ! muscles1 9 consequ5ce ( ! conduct+ p[] ( ! metals4 ,volta1 :o repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts1 expla9$ !m 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,accord+ to him1 ! convulsions 7 produc$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ( common electricity ?r\gh ! limb ( ! frog1 :i* 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( convulsion m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( its irritability4 ,?is irritability vani%es aft] ! dea? ( ! muscle2 accord+ly x is only :ile ! pr9ciple ( life rema9s t ! convulsions c be produc$4 ,e metallic conductor1 accord+ to him1 possesses a c]ta9 electricity :i* is peculi> to x1 ei!r positive or negative1 ?\gh ! quantity is s small1 z to be imp]ceptible1 9 ! common /ate ( ! metal4 ,b if a metal1 naturally positive1 be plac$ 9 contact1 :ile insulat$1 ) a metal naturally negative1 ! *>ge ( electricity 9 bo? is increas$ by induction1 & becomes p]ceptible :5 ! two metals are sep>at$ & pres5t$ to a suffici5tly delicate electromet]4 ,?us z9c is naturally positive1 & copp] & silv] naturally negative4 ,if we take two discs ( copp] & z9c1 to ! c5tre ( ea* ( :i* a v>ni%$ glass h&le is cem5t$1 & aft] keep+ !m = a %ort "t 9 contact1 sep>ate !m by ! h&les1 & apply ea* to a suffici5tly delicate electromet]1 we %all f9d t ! z9c is positive1 & ! silv] or copp] disc negative4 ,:5 ! silv] & copp] are plac$ 9 contact :ile ly+ on ! n]ve & muscles ( ! leg ( a frog1 ! z9c becomes positive1 & ! silv] negative1 by induction2 b1 z ! animal sub/ance is a conductor1 ?is /ate _c cont9ue3 ! two electricities pass ?r\gh ! conduct+ muscles & n]ve1 & neutralize "o ano!r4 ,& x is ?is curr5t :i* occasions ! convulsions4 ,su* 0 ,volta's simple explanation ( ! convulsions produc$ 9 galvanic exp]im5ts 9 ! limb ( a frog4 ,galvani 0 f> f all[+ ! accuracy ( x2 &1 9 ord] to obviate ! objection to 8 reason+ advanc$ by ,volta f ! necessity ( employ+ two metals1 he %[$ t ! convulsions might1 9 c]ta9 cases1 be produc$ by "o metal4 ,volta %[$ t a v small quantity ( "o metal1 ei!r alloy$ )1 or m]ely 9 contact ) ano!r1 7 capable ( induc+ ! two electricities4 ,b 9 ord] to prove 9 ! mo/ unansw]able mann] t ! two electricities 7 induc$ :5 two diff]5t metals 7 plac$ 9 contact1 he contriv$ ! foll[+ piece ( app>atus3 ,he procur$ a numb] 7say #ej7 ( pieces ( z9c1 ab\t ! size ( a cr[n-piece1 & z _m pieces ( copp]1 & ?irdly1 ! same numb] ( pieces ( c>d ( ! same size4 ,! c>ds 7 /eep$ 9 a solution ( salt1 s z to be moi/4 ,he lays ^u ! table a piece ( z9c1 places ov] x a piece ( copp]1 & !n a piece ( moi/ c>d4 ,ov] ! c>d is plac$ a second piece ( z9c1 !n a piece ( copp]1 !n a piece ( wet c>d4 ,9 ?is way all ! pieces are pil$ ^u ea* o!r 9 exactly ! same ord]1 namely1 z9c1 copp]1 c>d2 z9c1 copp]1 c>d2 z9c1 copp]1 c>d4 ,s t ! l[e/ plate is z9c & ! upp]mo/ is copp] 7= ! la/ wet c>d may be omitt$74 ,9 ?is way !re are fifty pairs ( z9c & copp] plates 9 contact1 ea* sep>at$ by a piece ( wet c>d1 :i* is a conductor ( electricity4 ,if y n[ moi/5 a f+] ( ea* h& ) wat]1 & apply "o wet f+] to ! l[e/ z9c plate1 & ! o!r to ! highe/ copp] plate1 ! mom5t ! f+]s come 9 contact ) ! plates an electric %ock is felt1 ! int5sity ( :i* increases ) ! numb] ( pairs ( plates 9 ! pile4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! ,galvanic1 or r ! ,voltaic pile4 ,x 0 made kn[n to ! public 9 a pap] by ,volta1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahjj4 ,?is pile 0 gradually improv$1 by sub/itut+ tr\ghs1 fir/ ( bak$ wood1 & aft]w>ds ( porcela91 divid$ into z _m cells z !re 7 pairs ( plates4 ,! size ( ! plates 0 increas$2 !y 7 made squ>e1 & in/ead ( all be+ 9 contact1 x 0 f\nd suffici5t if !y 7 sold]$ toge!r by means ( metallic slips ris+ f "o side ( ea* squ>e4 ,! two plates ?us sold]$ 7 slipp$ ov] ! diaphragm sep>at+ ! contigu\s cells1 s t ! z9c plate 0 9 "o cell & ! copp] 9 ! o!r4 ,c>e 0 tak5 t ! pairs 7 introduc$ all look+ "o way1 s t a copp] plate _h always a z9c plate imm$iately opposite to x4 ,! cells 7 fill$ ) conduct+ liquid3 br9e1 or a solution ( salt 9 v9eg>1 or dilute muriatic1 sulphuric1 or nitric acid1 might be employ$2 b dilute nitric acid 0 f\nd to answ] be/1 & ! en]gy ( ! batt]y is directly proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! nitric acid employ$4 ,messrs4 ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle 7 ! fir/ p]sons :o repeat$ ,volta's exp]im5ts ) ?is app>atus1 :i* spe$ily drew ! att5tion ( all ,europe4 ,!y asc]ta9$ t ! z9c end ( ! pile 0 positive & ! copp] end negative4 ,happ5+ to put a drop ( wat] on ! upp]mo/ plate1 & to put into x ! extremity ( a gold wire connect$ ) ! und]mo/ plate1 !y obs]v$ an extrication ( air-bubbles f ! wire4 ,?is l$ !m to suspect t ! wat] 0 decompos$4 ,to det]m9e ! po9t1 !y collect$ a little ( ! gas extricat$ & f\nd x hydrog54 ,!y !n atta*$ a gold wire to ! z9c end ( ! pile1 & ano!r gold wire to ! copp] end1 & plung$ ! two wires into a glass ( wat]1 tak+ c>e n to all[ !m to t\* ea* o!r4 ,gas 0 extricat$ f bo? wires4 ,on collect+ t f ! wire atta*$ to ! z9c end1 x 0 f\nd to be oxyg5 gas1 :ile t f ! copp] end 0 hydrog5 gas4 ,! volume ( hydrog5 gas extricat$ 0 j d\ble t ( ! oxyg5 gas2 & ! two gases be+ mix$1 & an electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh !m1 !y burnt ) an explosion1 & 7 completely conv]t$ into wat]4 ,?us x 0 demon/rat$ t wat] 0 decompos$ by ! action ( ! pile1 & t ! oxyg5 0 extricat$ f ! positive pile & ! hydrog5 f ! negative4 ,?is held :5 ! communicat+ wires 7 gold or plat9um2 b if !y 7 ( copp]1 silv]1 iron1 lead1 t91 or z9c1 !n only hydrog5 gas 0 extricat$ f ! negative wire4 ,! positive wire extricat$ little or no gas2 b x 0 rapidly oxidiz$4 ,?us ! connexion betwe5 *emical decompositions & electrical curr5ts 0 fir/ e/abli%$4 ,x 0 soon aft] obs]v$ by ,h5ry1 ,haldane1 ,davy1 & o!r exp]im5t]s1 t o!r *emical comp\nds 7 decompos$ by ! electrical curr5ts z well z wat]4 ,ammonia1 = example1 nitric acid1 & v>i\s salts1 7 decompos$ by x4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjc an important set ( exp]im5ts 0 publi%$ by ,b]zelius & ,his+]4 ,!y decompos$ elev5 diff]5t salts1 by expos+ !m to ! action ( a curr5t ( electricity4 ,! salts 7 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & iron or silv] wires f ! two poles ( ! pile 7 plung$ into ! solution4 ,9 e "o ( ^! decompositions1 ! acid 0 deposit$ r\nd ! positive wire1 & ! base ( ! salt r\nd ! negative wire4 ,:5 ammonia 0 decompos$ by ! action ( galvanic electricity1 ! azotic gas sep>at$ f ! positive wire1 & ! hydrog5 gas f ! negative4 ,b x 0 ,davy t fir/ completely elucidat$ ! *emical decompositions produc$ by galvanic electricity1 :o fir/ expla9$ ! laws by :i* ^! decompositions 7 regulat$1 & :o employ$ galvanism z an in/rum5t = decompos+ v>i\s comp\nds1 :i* _h hi!rto resi/$ all ! ef=ts ( *emi/s to r$uce !m to _! elem5ts4 ,^! discov]ies ?rew a blaze ( light ^u ! obscure/ p>ts ( *emi/ry1 & secur$ = ! au?or ( !m an immortal reputation4 ,humphry ,davy1 to :om ^! spl5did discov]ies 7 ow+1 0 born at ,p5zance1 9 ,cornwall1 9 ! ye> #aggh4 ,he display$ f 8 v infancy a _s ( rese>*1 & a brilliancy ( fancy1 :i* augur$1 ev5 at t e>ly p]iod1 :at he 0 "o day to be4 ,:5 v "y1 he 0 b\nd appr5tice to an apo!c>y 9 8 native t[n4 ,ev5 at t "t1 8 sci5tific acquirem5ts 7 s great1 t !y drew ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,davis ,gilb]t1 ! late di/+ui%$ presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,x 0 by 8 advice t he resolv$ to devote himself to *emi/ry1 z ! pursuit be/ calculat$ to procure him celebrity4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,mr4 ,gregory ,watt1 y\nge/ son ( ! celebrat$ improv] ( ! /eam-eng9e1 happ5+ to be at ,p5zance1 met ) "y ,davy1 & 0 delight$ ) ! uncommon k :i* he display$1 at ! brilliancy ( 8 fancy1 & ! great dext]ity & ard\r ) :i*1 "u circum/ances ! mo/ unfav\rable1 he 0 prosecut+ 8 sci5tific inve/igations4 ,^! circum/ances made an indelible impression on 8 m9d1 & l$ him to recomm5d ,davy z ! be/ p]son to sup]9t5d ! ,bri/ol ,in/itution = try+ ! m$ic9al effects ( ! gases4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t gases1 & ! inve/igation ( _! prop]ties by ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 x occurr$ to v>i\s individuals1 ne>ly ab\t ! same "t1 t ! employm5t ( c]ta9 gases1 or at lea/ ( mixtures ( c]ta9 gases1 ) common air 9 respiration1 in/ead ( common air1 might be p[]ful means ( cur+ diseases4 ,dr4 ,b$does1 at t "t pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,ox=d1 0 "o ( ! ke5e/ support]s ( ^! op9ions4 ,mr4 ,watt1 ( ,birm+ham1 & ,mr4 ,w$gewood1 ent]ta9$ simil> s5tim5ts4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a sum ( money 0 rais$ by subscription1 to put ^! op9ions to ! te/ ( exp]im5t2 &1 z ,dr4 ,b$does _h settl$ z a physician 9 ,bri/ol1 x 0 agre$ ^u t ! exp]im5tal inve/igation %\ld take place at ,bri/ol4 ,b ,dr4 ,b$does 0 n qualifi$ to sup]9t5d an in/itution ( ! k9d3 x 0 necess>y to procure a "y man ( zeal & g5ius1 :o w\ld take su* an int]e/ 9 ! inve/igation z w\ld comp5sate = ! badness ( ! app>atus & ! defects ( ! arrangem5ts4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! money _h be5 subscrib$ by ,mr4 ,w$gewood & ,mr4 ,watt3 _! influ5ce ( c\rse w\ld be greate/ 9 recomm5d+ a prop] sup]9t5d5t4 ,gregory ,watt ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,davy1 :om he _h lately be5 s highly pleas$ )1 & recomm5d$ him ) mu* zeal to sup]9t5d ! und]tak+4 ,?is recomm5dation be+ second$ by t ( ,mr4 ,davis ,gilb]t1 :o 0 s well acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific acquirem5ts & g5ius ( ,davy1 prov$ successful1 & ,davy accord+ly got ! appo9tm5t4 ,at ,bri/ol he 0 employ$ ab\t a ye> 9 inve/igat+ ! effects ( ! gases :5 employ$ 9 respiration4 ,b he did n by any means conf9e himself to ?is1 :i* 0 ! prim>y object ( ! in/itution2 b inve/igat$ ! prop]ties & det]m9$ ! composition ( nitric acid1 ammonia1 protoxide ( azote & deutoxide ( azote4 ,! fruit ( 8 inve/igations 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 9 a volume entitl$1 ,rese>*es1 ,*emical & ,philosophical2 *iefly conc]n+ ,nitr\s ,oxide1 or ,dephlogi/icat$ ,nitr\s ,air1 & its ,respiration4 ,?is "w gave him at once a high reputation z a *emi/1 & 0 really a wond]ful p]=mance1 :5 ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 produc$ are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,he _h discov]$ ! intoxicat+ effects :i* protoxide ( azote 7nitr\s oxide7 produces :5 brea!d1 & _h tri$ _! effects ^u a great numb] ( individuals4 ,?is =tunate discov]y p]haps contribut$ m to 8 celebrity1 & to 8 subsequ5t success1 ?an all ! /]l+ m]it ( ! re/ ( 8 rese>*es--s great is ! effect ( display ^u ! great] "p ( mank9d4 ,a few ye>s be=e1 a philosophical in/itution _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,london1 "u ! auspices ( ,c\nt ,rum=d1 :i* _h receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,lectures on *emi/ry & natural philosophy 7 deliv]$ 9 ?is in/itution2 a laboratory 0 provid$1 & a libr>y e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ pr(essor appo9t$ to ?is in/itution1 ,dr4 ,g>net1 _h be5 induc$1 9 consequ5ce ( "s disagreem5t betwe5 him & ,c\nt ,rum=d1 to ?r[ up 8 situation4 ,_m c&idates />t$ = x2 b ,davy1 9 consequ5ce ( ! celebrity :i* he _h acquir$ by 8 rese>*es1 or p]haps by ! intoxicat+ effects ( protoxide ( azote1 :i* he _h discov]$1 01 =tunately = ! in/itution & = ! reputation ( ,engl&1 pref]r$ to !m all4 ,he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 & ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y pr(essor ( natural philosophy1 9 ! ye> #ahja4 ,davy1 ei!r f ! m popul> nature ( 8 subject1 or f 8 great] oratorical p[]s1 became at once a popul> lectur]1 & always lectur$ to a cr[d$ room2 :ile ,dr4 ,"y1 ?\gh bo? a pr(\nd & cle> lectur]1 c\ld sc>cely comm& an audi5ce ( a doz54 ,x 0 "h t ,davy lab\r$ ) unwe>i$ indu/ry dur+ elev5 ye>s1 & acquir$1 by 8 discov]ies ! highe/ reputation ( any *emi/ 9 ,europe4 ,9 #ahaa he 0 knight$1 & soon aft] m>ri$ ,mrs4 ,apreece1 a wid[ lady1 daught] ( ,mr4 ,k]1 :o _h be5 secret>y to ,"l ,rodney1 & _h made a =tune 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,he 0 soon aft] creat$ a b>onet4 ,ab\t ?is "t he resign$ 8 situation z pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & w5t to ! cont95t4 ,he rema9$ = "s ye>s 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,9 ! ye> #ahba1 :5 ,sir ,joseph ,banks di$1 a v consid]able numb] ( ! fell[s (f]$ _! votes to ,dr4 ,wolla/on2 b he decl9$ /&+ z a c&idate = ! presid5t's *air4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 on ! o!r h&1 0 anxi\s to obta9 t hon\rable situation1 & 0 accord+ly elect$ presid5t by a v great majority ( votes on ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #ahba4 ,?is hon\rable situation he fill$ ab\t sev5 ye>s2 b 8 heal? decl9+1 he 0 induc$ to resign 9 #ahbh1 & to g to ,italy4 ,"h he cont9u$ till #ahbi1 :5 feel+ himself gett+ worse1 & wi%+ to draw 8 la/ brea? 9 8 own c\ntry1 he began to turn 8 way homew>ds2 b at ,g5eva he felt himself s ill1 t he 0 unable to proce$ fur!r3 "h he took to 8 b$1 & "h he di$ on ! #bi? ( ,may1 #ahbi4 ,x 0 8 celebrat$ pap] ,on "s *emical ,ag5cies ( ,electricity1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahjg1 t laid ! f\ndation ( ! high reputation :i* he s des]v$ly acquir$4 ,i consid] ?is pap] n m]ely z ! be/ ( all 8 own productions1 b z ! f9e/ & complete/ specim5 ( inductive reason+ :i* appe>$ dur+ ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,x _h be5 already obs]v$1 t :5 two plat9um wires f ! two poles ( a galvanic pile are plung$ ea* into a vessel ( wat]1 & ! two vessels unit$ by means ( wet asbe/os1 or any o!r conduct+ sub/ance1 an acid appe>$ r\nd ! positive wire & an alkali r\nd ! negative wire4 ,! alkali 0 said by "s to be soda1 by o!rs to be ammonia4 ,! acid 0 v>i\sly /at$ to be nitric acid1 muriatic acid1 or ev5 *lor9e4 ,davy demon/rat$1 by decisive exp]im5ts1 t 9 all cases ! acid & alkali are d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( "s salt conta9$ ei!r 9 ! wat] or 9 ! vessel conta9+ ! wat]4 ,mo/ commonly ! salt decompos$ is common salt1 because x exi/s 9 wat] & 9 agate1 basalt1 & v>i\s o!r /ony bodies1 :i* he employ$ z vessels4 ,:5 ! same agate cup 0 us$ 9 successive exp]im5ts1 ! quantity ( acid & alkali evolv$ dim9i%$ ea* "t1 & at la/ no appreciable quantity c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,:5 glass vessels 7 us$1 soda 0 dis5gag$ at ! exp5se ( ! glass1 :i* 0 s5sibly corrod$4 ,:5 ! wat] into :i* ! wires 7 dipp$ 0 p]fectly pure1 & :5 ! vessel conta9+ x 0 free f e trace ( sal9e matt]1 no acid or alkali made its appe>ance1 & no?+ 0 evolv$ except ! con/itu5ts ( wat]1 namely1 oxyg5 & hydrog52 ! oxyg5 appe>+ r\nd ! positive wire1 & ! hydrog5 r\nd ! negative wire4 ,:5 a salt 0 put into ! vessel 9 :i* ! positive wire dipp$1 ! vessel into :i* ! negative wire dipp$ be+ fill$ ) pure wat]1 & ! two vessels be+ unit$ by means ( a slip ( moi/5$ asbe/os1 ! acid ( ! salt made its appe>ance r\nd ! positive wire1 & ! alkali r\nd ! negative wire1 be=e x c\ld be detect$ 9 ! int]m$iate space2 b if an int]m$iate vessel1 conta9+ a sub/ance = :i* ! alkali has a /rong aff9ity1 be plac$ betwe5 ^! two vessels1 ! :ole be+ unit$ by means ( slips ( asbe/os1 !n great "p1 or ev5 ! :ole ( ! alkali1 0 /opp$ 9 ?is int]m$iate vessel4 ,?us1 if ! salt 0 nitrate ( b>ytes1 & sulphuric acid 0 plac$ 9 ! int]m$iate vessel1 mu* sulphate ( b>ytes 0 deposit$ 9 ! int]m$iate vessel1 & v little or ev5 no b>ytes made its appe>ance r\nd ! negative wire4 ,^u ?is subject a mo/ m9ute1 ext5sive1 & satisfactory s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made by ,davy1 leav+ no d\bt :atev] ( ! accuracy ( ! fact4 ,! conclusions :i* he drew f ^! exp]im5ts are1 t all sub/ances :i* h a *emical aff9ity = ea* o!r1 are 9 diff]5t /ates ( electricity1 & t ! degree ( aff9ity is proportional to ! int5sity ( ^! opposite /ates4 ,:5 su* a comp\nd body is plac$ 9 contact ) ! poles ( a galvanic batt]y1 ! positive pole attracts ! con/itu5t1 :i* is negative1 & repels ! positive4 ,! negative acts 9 ! opposite way1 attract+ ! positive con/itu5t & repell+ ! negative4 ,! m p[]ful ! batt]y1 ! great] is ! =ce ( ^! attractions & repulsions4 ,we may1 !re=e1 by increas+ ! en]gy ( a batt]y suffici5tly1 enable x to decompose any comp\nd :atev]1 ! negative con/itu5t be+ attract$ by ! positive pole1 & ! positive con/itu5t by ! negative pole4 ,oxyg51 *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 cyanog51 & acids1 are negative bodies2 = !y always appe> r\nd ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 & are !re=e attract$ to x3 :ile hydrog51 azote1 c>bon1 sel5ium1 metals1 alkalies1 e>?s1 & oxide bases1 are deposit$ r\nd ! negative pole1 & consequ5tly are positive4 ,accord+ to ?is view ( ! subject1 *emical aff9ity is m]ely a case ( ! attractions ex]t$ by bodies 9 diff]5t /ates ( electricity4 ,volta fir/ broa*$ ! idea1 t e body possesses naturally a c]ta9 /ate ( electricity4 ,davy w5t a /ep fur!r1 & conclud$1 t ! attractions :i* exi/ betwe5 ! atoms ( diff]5t bodies are m]ely ! consequ5ce ( ^! diff]5t /ates ( electricity4 ,! pro( ( ?is op9ion is f\nd$ on ! fact1 t if we pres5t to a comp\nd1 suffici5tly /rong electrical poles1 x w be sep>at$ into its con/itu5ts1 & "o ( ^! con/itu5ts w inv>iably make its way to ! positive & ! o!r to ! negative pole4 ,n[ bodies 9 a /ate ( electrical excitem5t always attract ^? t are 9 ! opposite /ate4 ,if electricity be consid]$ z consi/+ ( two di/9ct fluids1 :i* attract ea* o!r ) a =ce inv]sely1 z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :ile ! p>ticles ( ea* fluid repel ea* o!r ) a =ce v>y+ accord+ to ! same law1 !n we mu/ conclude t ! atoms ( ea* body are cov]$ ext]nally ) a coat+ ( "s "o electric fluid to a great] or small] ext5t4 ,oxyg5 & ! o!r support]s ( combu/ion are cov]$ ) a coat+ ( negative electricity2 :ile hydrog51 c>bon1 & ! metals1 are cov]$ ) a coat+ ( positive electricity4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! adh]5ce ( ! electricity to ^! atoms we _c expla94 ,x is n ow+ to an attraction simil> to gravitation2 = electricity nev] p5etrates into ! int]ior ( bodies1 b spreads itself only on ! surface1 & ! quantity ( x :i* c accumulate is n proportional to ! quantity ( matt] b to ! ext5t ( surface4 ,b :atev] be ! cause1 ! adhesion is /rong1 & seem+ly _c be ov]come4 ,if we 7 to suppose an atom ( any body1 ( oxyg5 = example1 to rema9 uncomb9$ ) any o!r body1 b surr\nd$ by electricity1 x is obvi\s t ! coat+ ( negative electricity on its surface w\ld be gradually neutraliz$ by its attract+ & comb9+ ) positive electricity4 ,b let u suppose an atom ( oxyg5 & an atom ( hydrog5 to be unit$ toge!r1 x is obvi\s t ! positive electricity ( ! "o atom w\ld p[]fully attract ! negative electricity ( ! o!r1 & vice v]s4 ,& if ^! respective electricities _c leave ! atoms1 ! two atoms w rema9 firmly unit$1 & ! opposite electrical int5sities w 9 "s measure neutralize ea* o!r1 & ?us prev5t !m f be+ neutraliz$ by electricity f any o!r qu>t]4 ,b a curr5t ( ! opposite electricities pass+ ?r\gh su* a comp\nd1 might neutralize ! electricity 9 ea*1 & ?us putt+ an end to _! attractions1 occasion decomposition4 ,su* is a v imp]fect outl9e ( ! electrical !ory ( aff9ity fir/ propos$ by ,davy to acc\nt = ! decompositions produc$ by electricity4 ,x has be5 univ]sally adopt$ by *emi/s2 & "s progress has be5 made 9 expla9+ & acc\nt+ = ! diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,x w\ld be improp]1 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 to ent] fur!r into ! subject4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 su* discussions w f9d a good deal ( in=mation 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,b]zelius's ,treatise on ,*emi/ry1 9 ! introduction to ! ,trait de ,*imie appliqu aux ,arts1 by ,dumas1 or 9 ! introduction to my ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 at pres5t 9 ! press4 ,davy hav+ ?us got possession ( an eng9e1 by means ( :i* ! comp\nds1 ^: con/itu5ts adh]$ to ea* o!r might be sep>at$1 imm$iately appli$ x to ! decomposition ( pota% & soda2 bodies :i* 7 admitt$ to be comp\nds1 ?\gh all attempts to analyze !m _h hi!rto fail$4 ,8 attempt 0 successful4 ,:5 a plat9um wire f ! negative pole ( a /rong batt]y 9 full action 0 appli$ to a lump ( pota%1 slightly moi/5$1 & ly+ on a plat9um tray atta*$ to ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 small globules ( a :ite metal soon appe>$ at its extremity4 ,?is :ite metal he spe$ily prov$ to be ! basis ( pota%4 ,he gave x ! "n ( potassium1 & v soon prov$1 t pota% is a comp\nd ( five p>ts by weight ( ?is metal & "o "p ( oxyg54 ,pota%1 !n1 is a metallic oxide4 ,he prov$ soon aft] t soda is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & ano!r :ite metal1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( sodium4 ,lime is a comp\nd ( calcium & oxyg51 magnesia ( magnesium & oxyg51 b>ytes ( b>ium & oxyg51 & /rontian ( /rontium & oxyg54 ,9 %ort1 ! fix$ alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 are metallic oxides4 ,:5 li?ia 0 aft]w>ds discov]$ by ,arfv$son1 ,davy succe$$ 9 decompos+ x also by ! galvanic batt]y1 & resolv+ x into oxyg5 & a :ite metal1 to :i* ! "n ( li?ium 0 giv54 ,davy did n succe$ s well 9 decompos+ alum9a1 gluc9a1 yttria1 & zirconia1 by ! galvanic batt]y3 !y 7 n suffici5tly good conductors ( electricity2 b nobody ent]ta9$ any d\bt t !y also 7 metallic oxides4 ,!y h be5 all at l5g? decompos$1 & _! bases obta9$ by ! jo9t action ( *lor9e & potassium1 & x has be5 demon/rat$1 t !y also are metallic oxides4 ,?us x has be5 asc]ta9$1 9 consequ5ce ( ,davy's orig9al discov]y ( ! p[]s ( ! galvanic batt]y1 t all ! bases =m]ly di/+ui%$ into ! f\r classes ( alkalies1 alkal9e e>?s1 e>?s prop]1 & metallic oxides1 belong 9 fact only to "o class1 & are all metallic oxides4 ,important z ^! discov]ies are1 & suffici5t z !y w\ld h be5 to immortalize ! au?or ( !m1 !y are n ! only ones = :i* we are indebt$ to ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,8 exp]im5ts on *lor9e are n less int]e/+ or less important 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,i h already m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 t ,b]?ollet made a set ( exp]im5ts on *lor9e1 f :i* he _h drawn z a conclusion1 t x is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & muriatic acid1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x got ! "n ( oxymuriatic acid4 ,?is op9ion ( ,b]?ollet _h be5 univ]sally adopt$ by *emi/s1 & admitt$ by !m z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 till ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d endeav\r$1 unsuccessfully1 to decompose ?is gas1 or to resolve x into muriatic acid & *lor9e4 ,!y %[$1 9 ! cle>e/ mann]1 t su* a resolution 0 impossible1 & t no direct evid5ce c\ld be adduc$ to prove t oxyg5 0 "o ( its con/itu5ts4 ,! conclusion to :i* !y came 01 t muriatic acid gas conta9$ wat] z an ess5tial con/itu5t2 & !y succe$$ by ?is hypo!sis 9 acc\nt+ = all ! diff]5t ph5om5a :i* !y _h obs]v$4 ,!y ev5 made an exp]im5t to det]m9e ! quantity ( wat] ?us comb9$4 ,!y pass$ muriatic acid ?r\gh hot li?>ge 7protoxide ( lead72 muriate ( lead 0 =m$1 & abundance ( wat] made its appe>ance & 0 collect$4 ,!y did n attempt to det]m9e ! proportions2 b we c n[ easily calculate ! quantity ( wat] :i* w\ld be deposit$ :5 a giv5 weight ( muriatic acid gas is absorb$ by a giv5 weight ( li?>ge4 ,suppose we h f\rte5 p>ts ( oxide ( lead3 to conv]t x into muriate ( lead1 #dfbe p>ts 7by weight7 ( muriatic acid w\ld be necess>y1 & dur+ ! =mation ( ! muriate ( lead !re w\ld be deposit$ #aabe p>ts ( wat]4 ,s t f ?is exp]im5t x might be conclud$1 t ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( muriatic acid gas is wat]4 ,! v curi\s & important facts respect+ *lor9e & muriatic acid gas :i* !y _h asc]ta9$1 7 made kn[n by ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d to ! ,in/itute1 on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 #ahji1 & an ab/ract ( !m 0 publi%$ 9 ! second volume ( ! ,mmoires d',arcueil4 ,!re c be little d\bt t x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ^! curi\s & important exp]im5ts ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s t ,davy's att5tion 0 aga9 turn$ to muriatic acid gas4 ,he _h already1 9 #ahjh1 %[n t :5 potassium is heat$ 9 muriatic acid gas1 muriate ( pota% is =m$1 & a quantity ( hydrog5 gas evolv$1 am\nt+ to m ?an "o-?ird ( ! muriatic acid gas employ$1 & he _h %[n1 t 9 no case c muriatic acid be obta9$ f *lor9e1 unless wat] or its elem5ts be pres5t4 ,?is la/ conclusion _h be5 amply confirm$ by ! new inve/igations ( ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d4 ,9 #ahaj ,davy aga9 resum$ ! exam9ation ( ! subject1 & 9 ,july ( t ye> read a pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 to prove t *lor9e is a simple sub/ance1 & t muriatic acid is a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog54 ,?is 0 introduc+ an alt]ation 9 *emical !ory ( ! same k9d1 & ne>ly z important1 z 0 introduc$ by ,lavoisi]1 ) respect to ! action ( oxyg5 9 ! processes ( combu/ion & calc9ation4 ,x _h be5 previ\sly suppos$ t sulphur1 phosphorus1 *>coal1 & metals1 7 comp\nds2 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( :i* 0 phlogi/on1 & ! o!r ! acids or oxides :i* rema9$ aft] ! combu/ion or calc9ation _h tak5 place4 ,lavoisi] %[$ t ! sulphur1 phosphorus1 *>coal1 & metals1 7 simple sub/ances2 & t ! acids or calces =m$ 7 comp\nds ( ^! simple bodies & oxyg54 ,9 l mann]1 ,davy %[$ t *lor9e1 in/ead ( be+ a comp\nd ( muriatic acid & oxyg51 01 9 fact1 a simple sub/ance1 & muriatic acid a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog54 ,?is new doctr9e imm$iately ov]turn$ ! ,lavoisi]ian hypo!sis respect+ oxyg5 z ! acidify+ pr9ciple1 & alt]$ all ! previ\sly receiv$ notions respect+ ! muriates4 ,:at _h be5 call$ muriates 71 9 fact1 comb9ations ( *lor9e ) ! combu/ible or metal1 & 7 analog\s to oxides4 ,?us1 :5 muriatic acid gas 0 made to act ^u hot li?>ge1 a d\ble decomposition took place1 ! *lor9e unit$ to ! lead1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! muriatic acid unit$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! li?>ge1 & =m$ wat]4 ,h5ce ! reason ( ! appe>ance ( wat] 9 ?is case2 & h5ce x 0 obvi\s t :at _h be5 call$ muriate ( lead1 01 9 reality1 a comp\nd ( *lor9e & metallic lead4 ,x ought1 !re=e1 to be call$1 n muriate ( lead1 b *loride ( lead4 ,x 0 n likely t ?is new op9ion ( ,davy %\ld be adopt$ by *emi/s 9 g5]al1 )\t a /ruggle to support ! old op9ions4 ,b ! feebl5ess ( ! controv]sy :i* ensu$1 af=ds a /rik+ pro( h[ mu* *emi/ry _h advanc$ s9ce ! days ( ,lavoisi]1 & h[ free f prejudices *emi/s _h become4 ,"o w\ld h expect$ t ! ,fr5* *emi/s w\ld h made ! greate/ resi/ance to ! admission ( ^! new op9ions2 because !y _h a direct t5d5cy to dim9i% ! reputation ( two ( _! mo/ em95t *emi/s1 ,lavoisi] & ,b]?ollet4 ,b ! fact 0 n s3 ! ,fr5* *emi/s %[$ a degree ( c&\r & lib]ality :i* r$\nds highly to _! cr$it4 ,b]?ollet did n ent] at all into ! controv]sy4 ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d1 9 _! ,re*]*es ,physico-*imiques1 publi%$ 9 #ahaa1 /ate _! reasons = pref]r+ ! old hypo!sis to ! new1 b ) great mode/y & fairness2 &1 )9 less ?an a ye> aft]1 !y bo? adopt$ ! op9ion ( ,davy1 t *lor9e is a simple sub/ance1 & muriatic acid a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & *lor9e4 ,! only oppon5ts to ! new doctr9e :o appe>$ aga9/ x1 7 ,dr4 ,john ,murray1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,pr(essor ,b]zelius1 ( ,/ockholm4 ,dr4 ,murray 0 a man ( excell5t abilities1 & a v zeal\s cultivator ( *emi/ry2 b 8 heal? _h be5 always v delicate1 :i* _h prev5t$ him f d$icat+ s mu* ( 8 "t to exp]im5t+ z he o!rwise w\ld h be5 incl9$ to d4 ,! only exp]im5tal inve/igations into :i* he ent]$ 0 ! analysis ( "s m9]al wat]s4 ,8 p[]s ( elocution 7 great4 ,he 01 9 consequ5ce1 a popul> & v useful lectur]4 ,he publi%$ animadv]sions ^u ! new doctr9e respect+ *lor9e1 9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal2 & 8 obs]vations 7 answ]$ by ,dr4 ,john ,davy4 ,dr4 ,john ,davy 0 ! bro!r ( ,sir ,humphry1 & _h %[n1 by 8 pap] on fluoric acid & on ! *lorides1 t he possess$ ! same dext]ity & ! same p[]s ( inductive reason+1 :i* _h giv5 s mu* celebrity to 8 bro!r4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 him & ,dr4 ,murray 0 c>ri$ on = "s "t ) mu* _s & +5uity on bo? sides1 & 0 productive ( "s advantage to ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 by ! discov]y ( phosg5e gas or *loroc>bonic acid1 :i* 0 made by ,dr4 ,davy4 ,x is ne$less to say to :at side ! victory fell4 ,! :ole *emical _w has = sev]al ye>s unanim\sly adopt$ ! !ory ( ,davy2 %[+ suffici5tly ! op9ion ent]ta9$ respect+ ! argum5ts advanc$ by ei!r p>ty4 ,b]zelius support$ ! old op9ion respect+ ! comp\nd nature ( *lor9e1 9 a pap] :i* he publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy4 ,no p]son ?\ght x wor? :ile to answ] 8 argum5ts1 ?\gh ,sir ,humphry ,davy made a few animadv]sions ^u "o or two ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! discov]y ( iod9e1 :i* took place almo/ imm$iately aft]1 af=d$ s close an analogy ) *lor9e1 & ! nature ( ! comp\nds :i* x =ms 0 s obvi\s & s well made out1 t *emi/s 7 imm$iately satisfi$2 & !y furni%$ s satisfactory an answ] to all ! objections ( ,b]zelius1 t ,i am n aw>e ( any p]son1 ei!r 9 ,great ,brita9 or 9 ,france1 :o adopt$ 8 op9ions4 ,i h n ! same means ( kn[+ ! impression :i* 8 pap] made ^u ! *emi/s ( ,g]many & ,sw$54 ,b]zelius cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s a v zeal\s oppon5t to ! new doctr9e1 t *lor9e is a simple sub/ance4 ,b he became at la/ satisfi$ ( ! futility ( 8 own objections1 & ! inaccuracy ( 8 reason+4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbj he embrac$ ! op9ion ( ,davy1 & is n[ "o ( its mo/ zeal\s def5d]s4 ,dr4 ,murray has be5 dead = _m ye>s1 & ,b]zelius has r5\nc$ 8 notion1 t muriatic acid is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & an unkn[n combu/ible basis4 ,we may say !n1 ,i believe ) ju/ice1 t at pres5t all ! *emical _w adopts ! notion t *lor9e is a simple sub/ance1 & muriatic acid a comp\nd ( *lor9e & hydrog54 ,! rec5t discov]y ( brom9e1 by ,bal>d1 has add$ ano!r /rong analogy 9 fav\r ( ,davy's !ory2 z has likewise ! discov]y by ,gay-,lussac respect+ prussic acid4 ,at pres5t1 !n1 7n reckon+ sulphurett$ & tellurett$ hydrog5 gas71 we are acqua9t$ ) f\r acids :i* conta9 no oxyg51 b are comp\nds ( hydrog5 ) ano!r negative body4 ,^! are ,muriatic acid1 compos$ ( *lor9e & hydrog5 ,hydriodic acid iod9e & hydrog5 ,hydrobromic acid brom9e & hydrog5 ,prussic acid cyanog5 & hydrog54 ,s t ev5 if we 7 to leave out ( view ! *lor9e acids1 ! sulphur acids1 c41 no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ t _m acids exi/ :i* conta9 no oxyg54 ,acids are comp\nds ( electro-negative bodies & a base1 & 9 !m all ! electro-negative electricity cont9ues to pr$om9ate4 ,next to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ! two *emi/s :o h mo/ advanc$ electro-*emi/ry are ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahjh1 :5 ! att5tion ( m5 ( sci5ce 0 p>ticul>ly drawn t[>ds ! galvanic batt]y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! spl5did discov]ies ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,bonap>te1 :o 0 at t "t ,emp]or ( ,france1 consign$ a suffici5t sum ( money to ,c\nt ,cessac1 gov]nor ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 to con/ruct a p[]ful galvanic batt]y2 & ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d 7 appo9t$ to make ! requisite exp]im5ts ) ?is batt]y4 ,x 0 impossible t a bett] *oice c\ld h be5 made4 ,^! g5tlem5 und]took a mo/ elaborate & ext5sive set ( exp]im5ts1 ! result ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaa1 9 two octavo volumes1 "u ! title ( ,re*]*es ,physico-*imiques1 faites sur la ,pile2 sur la ,prep>ation *imique et les ,proprits du ,potassium et du ,sodium2 sur la ,dcomposition de l',acide boracique2 sur les ,acides fluorique1 muriatique1 et muriatique oxyg52 sur l',action *imique de la ,lumire2 sur l',analyse vegetale et animale1 c4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n any *emical book t conta9s a great] numb] ( new facts1 or :i* conta9s s great a collection ( important in=mation1 or :i* has contribut$ m to ! advancem5t ( *emical sci5ce4 ,! fir/ "p conta9s a v m9ute & int]e/+ exam9ation ( ! galvanic batt]y1 & ^u :at circum/ances its en]gy dep5ds4 ,!y tri$ ! effect ( v>i\s liquid conductors1 v>i$ ! /r5g? ( ! acids & ( ! sal9e solutions4 ,?is division ( _! lab\rs conta9s mu* valuable in=mation = ! practical electro-*emi/1 ?\gh x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! plan ( ?is "w to ent] into details4 ,! next division ( ! "w relates to potassium4 ,davy _h hi!rto produc$ t metal only 9 m9ute quantities by ! action ( ! galvanic batt]y ^u pota%4 ,b ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d contriv$ a process by :i* x c be prep>$ on a l>ge scale by *emical decomposition4 ,_! me?od 01 to put into a b5t gun-b>rel1 well coat$ ext]nally ) clay1 & pass$ ?r\gh a furnace1 a quantity ( clean iron-fil+s4 ,to "o extremity ( ?is b>rel 0 fitt$ a tube conta9+ a quantity ( cau/ic pota%4 ,?is tube 0 ei!r %ut at "o end by a /opp]1 or by a glass tube lut$ to x1 & plung$ "u ! surface ( m]cury4 ,to ! o!r extremity ( ! gun-b>rel 0 also lut$ a tube1 :i* plung$ into a vessel conta9+ m]cury4 ,heat 0 appli$ to ! gun-b>rel till x 0 heat$ to :it5ess2 !n1 by means ( a *(f]1 ! cau/ic pota% 0 melt$ & made to trickle sl[ly into ! :ite-hot iron-fil+s4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! pota% und]goes decomposition1 ! iron unit+ ) its oxyg54 ,! potassium is dis5gag$1 & be+ volatile is deposit$ at a di/ance f ! hot "p ( ! tube1 :]e x is collect$ aft] ! process is f9i%$4 ,be+ ?us 9 possession1 bo? ( potassium & sodium 9 consid]able quantities1 !y 7 enabl$ to exam9e its prop]ties m 9 detail ?an ,davy _h done3 b su* 0 ! c>e & indu/ry ) :i* ,davy's exp]im5ts _h be5 made t v little rema9$ to be done4 ,! specific gravity ( ! two metals 0 det]m9$ ) m precision ?an x 0 possible = ,davy to d4 ,!y det]m9$ ! action ( ^! metals on wat]1 & measur$ ! quantity ( hydrog5 gas giv5 out ) m precision ?an ,davy c\ld4 ,!y discov]$ also1 by heat+ ^! metals 9 oxyg5 gas1 t !y 7 capable ( unit+ ) an additional dose ( oxyg51 & ( =m+ p]oxides ( potassium & sodium4 ,^! oxides h a yell[ col\r1 & give out ! surplus oxyg51 & are br\ght back to ! /ate ( pota% & soda :5 !y are plung$ into wat]4 ,!y expos$ a great v>iety ( sub/ances to ! action ( potassium1 & br\ght to light a va/ numb] ( curi\s & important facts1 t5d+ to ?r[ new light on ! prop]ties & *>act]s ( t curi\s metallic sub/ance4 ,by heat+ toge!r anhydr\s boracic acid & potassium 9 a copp] tube1 !y succe$$ 9 decompos+ ! acid1 & 9 %[+ x to be a comp\nd ( oxyg51 & a black matt] l *>coal1 to :i* ! "n ( boron has be5 giv54 ,!y exam9$ ! prop]ties ( boron 9 detail1 b did n succe$ 9 det]m9+ ) exactness ! proportions ( ! con/itu5ts ( boracic acid4 ,! subsequ5t exp]im5ts ( ,davy1 ?\gh n exact1 come a good deal ne>] ! tru?4 ,_! exp]im5ts on fluoric acid are exce$+ly valuable4 ,!y fir/ obta9$ t acid 9 a /ate ( purity1 & asc]ta9$ its prop]ties4 ,_! attempts to decompose x z well z ^? ( ,davy1 end$ 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,b ,amp]e conceiv$ ! idea t ?is acid1 l muriatic acid1 is a comp\nd ( hydrog5 ) an unkn[n support] ( combu/ion1 to :i* ! "n fluor9e 0 giv54 ,?is op9ion 0 adopt$ by ,davy1 & 8 exp]im5ts1 ?\gh !y d n absolutely prove ! tru? ( ! op9ion1 give x at lea/ consid]able probability1 & h dispos$ *emi/s 9 g5]al to adopt x4 ,! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,b]zelius1 :ile !y h add$ a great deal to our =m] k respect+ fluoric acid & its comp\nds1 h all t5d$ to confirm & e/abli% ! doctr9e t x is a hydracid1 & simil> 9 its nature to ! o!r hydracids4 ,b su* is ! t5d5cy ( fluor9e to comb9e ) e sub/ance1 t hi!rto x has be5 impossible to obta9 x 9 an insulat$ /ate4 ,we want !re=e1 /ill1 a decisive pro( ( ! accuracy ( ! op9ion4 ,to ! exp]im5ts ( ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d on *lor9e & muriatic acid1 ,i h already allud$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,x 0 dur+ _! inve/igations connect$ ) ?is subject1 t !y discov]$ fluoboric acid gas1 :i* c]ta9ly adds consid]ably to ! probability ( ! !ory ( ,amp]e respect+ ! nature ( fluoric acid4 ,i pass ov] a va/ numb] ( o!r new & important facts & obs]vations conta9$ 9 ?is admirable "w1 :i* ought to be /udi$ ) m9ute att5tion by e p]son :o aspires at becom+ a *emi/4 ,besides ! num]\s discov]ies conta9$ 9 ! ,re*]*es ,physico-*imique1 ,gay-,lussac is ! au?or ( two ( s mu* importance t x w\ld be wrong to omit !m4 ,he %[$ t cyanog5 is "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( prussic acid2 succe$$ 9 det]m9+ ! composition ( cyanog51 & %[+ x to be a comp\nd ( two atoms ( c>bon & "o atom ( azote4 ,prussic acid is a comp\nd ( "o atom ( hydrog5 & "o atom ( cyanog54 ,sulpho-cyanic acid1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,porrett1 is a comp\nd ( "o atom sulphuric1 & "o atom cyanog52 *loro-cyanic acid1 discov]$ by ,b]?ollet1 is a comp\nd ( "o atom *lor9e & "o atom cyanog52 :ile cyanic acid1 discov]$ by ,whl]1 is a comp\nd ( "o atom oxyg5 & "o atom cyanog54 ,i take no notice ( ! fulm9ic acid2 because1 al?\gh ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5ts are exce$+ly +5i\s1 & 8 reason+ v plausible1 x is n q conv9c+2 especially z ! results obta9$ by ,mr4 ,edmund ,davy1 & detail$ by him 9 8 late int]e/+ memoir on ?is subject1 are some:at diff]5t4 ,! o!r discov]y ( ,gay-,lussac is 8 demon/ration ( ! peculi> nature ( iod9e1 8 acc\nt ( iodic & hydriodic acids1 & ( _m o!r comp\nds into :i* t curi\s sub/ance ent]s z a con/itu5t4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy 0 occupi$ ) iod9e at ! same "t ) ,gay-,lussac2 & 8 sagacity & inv5tive p[]s 7 too great to all[ him to "w ^u su* a sub/ance )\t discov]+ _m new & int]e/+ facts4 ,to ,m4 ,!n>d we are indebt$ = ! discov]y ( ! important fact1 t hydrog5 is capable ( comb9+ ) twice z mu* oxyg5 z exi/s 9 wat]1 & det]m9+ ! prop]ties ( ?is curi\s liquid :i* has be5 call$ deutoxide ( hydrog54 ,x possesses blea*+ prop]ties 9 p]fection1 & ,i ?9k x likely t *lor9e owes its blea*+ p[]s to ! =mation ( a little deutoxide ( hydrog5 9 consequ5ce ( its action on wat]4 ,! mantle ( ,davy seems 9 "s measure to h desc5d$ on ,mr4 ,f>aday1 :o occupies 8 old place at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he has %[n equal indu/ry1 mu* sagacity1 & great p[]s ( inv5tion4 ,! mo/ important discov]y connect$ ) electro-magnetism1 next to ! great fact1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor r/$t ( ,cop5hag51 is due to ,mr4 ,f>aday2 ,i mean ! rotation ( ! electric wires r\nd ! magnet4 ,to him we owe ! k ( ! fact1 t sev]al ( ! gases c be cond5s$ into liquids by ! unit$ action ( pressure & cold1 :i* has remov$ ! b>ri] t sep>at$ gase\s bodies f vap\rs1 & %[n u t all owe _! ela/icity to ! same cause4 ,to him also we owe ! k ( ! important fact1 t *lor9e is capable ( comb9+ ) c>bon4 ,?is has consid]ably improv$ ! hi/ory ( *lor9e & s]v$ /ill fur!r to ?r[ new light on ! analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 all ! support]s ( combu/ion4 ,!y are d\btless all ( !m capable ( comb9+ ) e "o ( ! o!r simple bodies1 & ( =m+ comp\nds ) !m4 ,= !y are all negative bodies2 :ile ! o!r simple sub/ances )\t exception1 :5 comp>$ to !m1 possess positive prop]ties4 ,we mu/ !re=e view ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry z incomplete1 till we h become acqua9t$ ) ! comp\nds ( e support] ) e simple base4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory4 ,i come n[ to ! la/ improvem5t :i* *emi/ry has receiv$--an improvem5t :i* has giv5 a degree ( accuracy to *emical exp]im5t+ almo/ approa*+ to ma!matical precision1 :i* has simplifi$ prodigi\sly our views respect+ *emical comb9ations2 :i* has enabl$ manufactur]s to introduce !oretical improvem5ts into _! processes1 & to regulate ) almo/ p]fect precision ! relative quantities ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts necess>y to produce ! int5d$ effects4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t no?+ is wa/$1 no?+ is ?r[n away4 ,*emical products h become n only bett] 9 quality1 b m abundant & mu* *eap]4 ,i allude to ! atomic !ory /ill only 9 its infancy1 b already productive ( ! mo/ important b5efits4 ,x is de/9$ "o day to produce /ill m wond]ful effects1 & to r5d] *emi/ry n only ! mo/ delightful1 b ! mo/ useful & indisp5sable1 ( all ! sci5ces4 ,l all o!r great improvem5ts 9 sci5ce1 ! atomic !ory develop$ itself by degrees1 & sev]al ( ! old] *emi/s asc]ta9$ facts :i* might1 _h !y be5 aw>e ( _! importance1 h l$ !m to conclusions simil> to ^? ( ! mod]ns4 ,! v attempt to analyze ! salts 0 an ackn[l$gm5t t bodies unit$ ) ea* o!r 9 def9ite proportions3 & ^! def9ite proportions1 _h !y be5 foll[$ out1 w\ld h l$ ultimately to ! doctr9e ( atoms4 ,= h[ c\ld x be1 t six p>ts ( pota% 7 always saturat$ by five p>ts ( sulphuric acid & #fge p>ts ( nitric acid8 ,h[ came x t five ( sulphuric acid always w5t z f> 9 saturat+ pota% z #fge ( nitric acid8 ,x 0 kn[n1 t 9 *emical comb9ations x 0 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] t comb9$4 ,! simple explanation1 !re=e1 w\ld h be5--t ! weight ( an ultimate p>ticle ( sulphuric acid 0 only five1 :ile t ( an ultimate p>ticle ( nitric acid 0 #fge4 ,_h su* an inf]5ce be5 drawn1 x w\ld h l$ directly to ! atomic !ory4 ,! atomic !ory 9 *emi/ry has _m po9ts ( resemblance to ! fluxion>y calculus 9 ma!matics4 ,bo? give u ! ratios ( quantities2 bo? r$uce inve/igations t w\ld be o!rwise extremely difficult1 or almo/ impossible1 to ! utmo/ simplicity2 & :at is /ill m curi\s1 bo? h be5 subject$ to ! same k9d ( ridicule by ^? :o h n put !mselves to ! tr\ble ( /udy+ !m ) su* att5tion z to und]/& !m completely4 ,! m9ute philosoph] ( ,b]keley1 mutatis mut&is1 might be appli$ to ! atomic !ory ) z mu* ju/ice z to ! fluxion>y calculus2 & ,i h he>d m ?an "o individual attempt to ?r[ ridicule ^u ! atomic !ory by ne>ly ! same k9d ( argum5ts4 ,! fir/ *emi/s1 !n1 :o attempt$ to analyze ! salts may be consid]$ z contribut+ t[>ds lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! atomic !ory1 ?\gh !y 7 n !mselves aw>e ( ! importance ( ! /ructure :i* might h be5 rais$ ^u _! exp]im5ts1 _h !y be5 made ) ! requisite precision4 ,b]gman 0 ! fir/ *emi/ :o attempt$ regul> analyses ( salts4 ,x 0 he t fir/ tri$ to e/abli% regul> =mulas = ! analyses ( m9]al wat]s1 /ones1 & ores1 by ! means ( solution & precipitation4 ,h5ce a k ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! salts 0 necess>y1 be=e 8 =mulas c\ld be appli$ to practice4 ,x 0 to supply ?is requisite in=mation t he set ab\t analyz+ ! salts1 & 8 results 7 long consid]$ by *emi/s z exact1 & employ$ by !m to det]m9e ! results ( _! analyses4 ,we n[ "k t ^! analytical results ( ,b]gman are f> f accurate2 !y h accord+ly be5 laid aside z useless3 b ?is k has be5 d]iv$ f ! progress ( ! atomic !ory4 ,! fir/ accurate set ( exp]im5ts to analyze ! salts 0 made by ,w5zel1 & publi%$ by him 9 #aggg1 9 a small volume entitl$ ,lehre von d] ,v]w&s*aft d] ,krp]1 or1 ,!ory ( ! ,aff9ities ( ,bodies4 ,^! analyses ( ,w5zel are inf9itely m accurate ?an ^? ( ,b]gman1 & inde$ 9 _m cases are equally precise ) ! be/ :i* we h ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,yet ! book fell almo/ dead-born f ! press2 ,w5zel's results nev] obta9$ ! confid5ce ( *emi/s1 nor is 8 "n ev] quot$ z an au?ority4 ,w5zel 0 /ruck ) a ph5om5on1 :i* _h inde$ be5 notic$ by prec$+ *emi/s2 b !y _h n drawn ! advantages f x :i* x 0 capable ( af=d+4 ,!re are sev]al sal9e solutions :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ea* o!r1 completely decompose ea* o!r1 s t two new salts are produc$4 ,?us1 if we mix toge!r solutions ( nitrate ( lead & sulphate ( soda 9 ! requisite proportions1 ! sulphuric acid ( ! latt] salt w comb9e ) ! oxide ( lead ( ! =m]1 & w =m ) x sulphate ( lead1 :i* w precipitate to ! bottom 9 ! /ate ( an insoluble p[d]1 :ile ! nitric acid =m]ly unit$ to ! oxide ( lead1 w comb9e ) ! soda =m]ly 9 union ) ! sulphuric acid1 & =m nitrate ( soda1 :i* be+ soluble1 w rema9 9 solution 9 ! liquid4 ,?us1 in/ead ( ! two old salts1 ,sulphate ( soda ,nitrate ( lead1 we obta9 ! two new salts1 ,sulphate ( lead ,nitrate ( soda4 ,if we mix ! two salts 9 ! requisite proportions1 ! decomposition w be complete2 b if !re be an excess ( "o ( ! salts1 t excess w /ill rema9 9 solution )\t affect+ ! result4 ,if we suppose ! two salts anhydr\s1 !n ! proportions necess>y = complete decomposition are1 ,sulphate ( soda #i ,nitrate ( lead #bjge ------ #bige & ! quantities ( ! new salts =m$ w be ,sulphate ( lead #ai ,nitrate ( soda #ajge ----- #bige ,we see t ! absolute weights ( ! two sets ( salts are ! same3 all t has happ5$ is1 t bo? ! acids & bo? ! bases h ex*ang$ situations4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( mix+ ^! two salts toge!r 9 ! prec$+ proportions1 we employ ,sulphate ( soda #i ,nitrate ( lead #bege ,t is to say1 if we employ #e p>ts ( nitrate ( lead m ?an is suffici5t = ! purpose2 we %all h exactly ! same decompositions z be=e2 b ! #e ( excess ( nitrate ( lead w rema9 9 solution1 mix$ ) ! nitrate ( soda4 ,!re w be precipitat$ z be=e1 ,sulphate ( lead #ai & !re w rema9 9 solution a mixture ( ,nitrate ( soda #ajge ,nitrate ( lead #e ,! ph5om5a are precisely ! same z be=e2 ! additional #e ( nitrate ( lead h occasion$ no alt]ation2 ! decomposition has gone on j z if !y _h n be5 pres5t4 ,n[ ! ph5om5a :i* drew ! p>ticul> att5tion ( ,w5zel is1 t if ! salts 7 neutral be=e be+ mix$1 ! neutrality 0 n affect$ by ! decomposition :i* took place on _! mixture4#g ,a salt is said to be neutral :5 x nei!r possesses ! *>act]s ( an acid or an alkali4 ,acids r$d5 vegetable blues1 :ile alkalies r5d] !m gre54 ,a neutral salt produces no effect :atev] ^u vegetable blues4 ,?is obs]vation ( ,w5zel is v important3 x is obvi\s t ! salts1 aft] _! decomposition1 c\ld n h rema9$ neutral unless ! elem5ts ( ! two salts _h be5 su* t ! bases 9 ea* j saturat$ ! acids 9 ei!r ( ! salts4 #g ,?is obs]vation is n )\t exception4 ,x does n hold :5 "o ( ! salts is a phosphate or an ars5iate1 & ?is is ! cause ( ! difficulty att5d+ ! analysis ( ^! g5]a ( salts4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ! two salts are z foll[s3 #e sulphuric acid #i sulphate ( soda #d soda1 #fge nitric acid #bjge nitrate ( lead #ad oxide ( lead4 ,n[ x is cle>1 t unless #e sulphuric acid 7 j saturat$ by #d soda & by #ad oxide ( lead2 & #fge ( nitric acid by ! same #d soda & #ad oxide ( lead1 ! salts1 aft] _! decomposition1 c\ld n h pres]v$ _! neutrality4 ,_h #d soda requir$ only #ege ( nitric acid1 or _h #ad oxide ( lead requir$ only #d sulphuric acid1 to saturate !m1 ! liquid1 aft] decomposition1 w\ld h conta9$ an excess ( acid4 ,z no su* excess exi/s1 x is cle> t 9 saturat+ an acid1 #d soda goes exactly z f> z #ad oxide ( lead2 & t1 9 saturat+ a base1 #e sulphuric acid goes j z f> z #fge nitric acid4 ,no?+ c exhibit 9 a m /rik+ po9t ( view1 ! almo/ despotic p[] ( fa%ion & au?ority ov] ! m9ds ev5 ( m5 ( sci5ce1 & ! small numb] ( !m t v5ture to ?9k = !mselves1 ?an ! fact1 t ?is mo/ important & lum9\s explanation ( ,w5zel1 confirm$ by mu* m accurate exp]im5ts ?an any :i* *emi/ry _h yet se51 is sc>cely notic$ by any ( 8 contempor>ies1 & seems n to h attract$ ! smalle/ att5tion4 ,9 sci5ce1 x is z un=tunate = a man to get be=e ! age 9 :i* he lives1 z to cont9ue beh9d x4 ,! admirable explanation ( combu/ion by ,hooke1 & ! important exp]im5ts on combu/ion & respiration by ,may[1 7 lo/ ^u _! contempor>ies1 & procur$ !m little or no reputation :atev]2 :ile ! same !ory1 & ! same exp]im5ts1 advanc$ by ,lavoisi] & ,prie/ley1 a c5tury lat]1 :5 ! m9ds ( m5 ( sci5ce 7 prep>$ to receive !m1 rais$ !m to ! v fir/ rank among philosoph]s1 & produc$ a revolution 9 *emi/ry4 ,s mu* conc]n has =tune1 n m]ely 9 ! success ( k+s & conqu]ors1 b 9 ! reputation acquir$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #agib ano!r lab\r]1 9 ! same dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry1 appe>$3 ?is 0 ,j]emiah ,b5jam9 ,ri*t]1 a ,prussian *emi/1 ( ^: hi/ory ,i "k no?+ m ?an t 8 publications 7 pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ,breslau1 f :i* ,i inf] t he 0 a native (1 or at lea/ resid$ 91 ,silesia4 ,he calls himself ,assessor ( ! ,royal ,prussian ,m9es & ,smelt+h\ses1 & ,arcani/ ( ! ,commission ( ,b]l9 ,porcela9 ,manufacture4 ,he di$ 9 ! prime ( life1 on ! #d? ( ,may1 #ahjg4 ,9 ! ye> #agib he publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,anfansgrnde d] ,/o*yometrie2 od]1 ,messkun/ ,*ymis*] ,elem5te 7,elem5ts ( ,/o*iometry2 or1 ! ,ma!matics ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts74 ,a second & ?ird volume ( ?is "w appe>$ 9 #agic1 & a f\r? volume 9 #agid4 ,! object ( ?is book 0 a rigid analysis ( ! diff]5t salts1 f\nd$ on ! fact j m5tion$1 t :5 two salts decompose ea* o!r1 ! salts newly =m$ are neutral z well z ^? :i* h be5 decompos$4 ,he took up ! subject ne>ly 9 ! same way z ,w5zel _h done1 b c>ri$ ! subject mu* fur!r2 & endeav\r$ to det]m9e ! capacity ( saturation ( ea* acid & base1 & to atta* numb]s to ea*1 indicat+ ! weights :i* mutually saturate ea* o!r4 ,he gave ! :ole subject a ma!matical dress1 & endeav\r$ to %[ t ! same relation exi/$1 betwe5 ! numb]s repres5t+ ! capacity ( saturation ( ^! bodies1 z does betwe5 c]ta9 classes ( figurate numb]s4 ,:5 we /rip ! subject ( ! my/ical =m "u :i* he pres5t$ x1 ! lab\rs ( ,ri*t] may be exhibit$ "u ! two foll[+ tables1 :i* repres5t ! capacity ( saturation ( ! acids & bases1 accord+ to 8 exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,,acids4 ,fluoric acid #dbg ,c>bonic #egg ,sebacic #gjf ,muriatic #gab ,oxalic #gee ,phosphoric #igi ,=mic #ihh ,sulphuric #ajjj ,succ9ic #abji ,nitric #adje ,acetic #adhj ,citric #afhc ,t>t>ic #afid #b4 ,,bases4 ,alum9a #ebe ,magnesia #fae ,ammonia #fgb ,lime #gic ,soda #hei ,/rontian #acbi ,pota% #afje ,b>ytes #bbbb ,to und]/& ?is table1 x is only necess>y to obs]ve1 t if we take ! quantity ( any ( ! acids plac$ aft] x 9 ! table1 t quantity w be exactly saturat$ by ! weight ( ea* base put aft] x 9 ! second column3 ?us1 #ajjj ( sulphuric acid w be j saturat$ by #ebe alum9a1 #fae magnesia1 #fgb ammonia1 #gic lime1 & s on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! quantity ( any base plac$ aft] its "n 9 ! second column1 w be j saturat$ by ! weight ( ea* acid plac$ aft] its "n 9 ! fir/ column3 ?us1 #gic p>ts ( lime w be j saturat$ by #dbg ( fluoric acid1 #egg ( c>bonic acid1 #gjf ( sebacic acid1 & s on4 ,?is "w ( ,ri*t] 0 foll[$ by a p]iodical "w entitl$ ,ueb] die neu]n ,geg5/&e d] ,*ymie 7,on ! ,new ,objects ( ,*emi/ry74 ,?is "w 0 begun 9 ! ye> #agib1 & cont9u$ 9 twelve diff]5t numb]s1 or volumes1 to ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahjg4h #h ,i h only se5 elev5 p>ts ( ?is "w1 ! la/ ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahjb2 b ,i believe t a twelf? "p 0 publi%$ aft]w>ds4 ,ri*t]'s lab\rs 9 ?is important field produc$ z little att5tion z ^? ( ,w5zel4 ,gehl5 wrote a %ort panegyric ^u him at 8 dea?1 prais+ 8 views & po9t+ out _! importance2 b ,i am n aw>e ( any individual1 ei!r 9 ,g]many or else:]e1 :o adopt$ ,ri*t]'s op9ions dur+ 8 lifetime1 or ev5 seem$ aw>e ( _! importance1 unless we are to except ,b]?ollet1 :o m5tions !m ) approbation 9 8 ,*emical ,/atics4 ,?is inatt5tion 0 p>tly ow+ to ! great want ( accuracy :i* x is impossible n be s5sible ( 9 ,ri*t]'s exp]im5ts4 ,he op]at$ ^u too l>ge quantities ( matt]1 :i* inde$ 0 ! common defect ( ! times1 & 0 fir/ *eck$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,! dispute betwe5 ! phlogi/ians & ! antiphlogi/ians1 :i* 0 n fully settl$ 9 ,ri*t]'s "t1 drew ! att5tion ( *emi/s to ano!r bran* ( ! subject4 ,ri*t] 9 "s measure w5t be=e ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & _h 8 lab\rs n be5 recall$ to our recollection by ! introduction ( atomic !ory1 he w\ld probably h be5 =gott51 l ,hooke & ,may[1 & only br\ght aga9 "u review aft] ! new discov]ies 9 ! sci5ce _h put x 9 ! p[] ( *emi/s 9 g5]al to appreciate ! value ( 8 lab\rs4 ,x is to ,mr4 ,dalton t we are indebt$ = ! happy & simple idea f :i* ! atomic !ory orig9at$4 ,john ,dalton1 to ^: lot x has fall5 to produce su* an alt]ation & improvem5t 9 *emi/ry1 0 born 9 ,we/morl&1 & belongs to t small & virtu\s sect kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry by ! "n ( ,quak]s4 ,:5 v "y he liv$ ) ,mr4 ,g\gh ( ,k5dal1 a bl9d philosoph]1 to :om he read1 & :om he assi/$ 9 8 philosophical inve/igations4 ,x 0 "h1 probably1 t he acquir$ a consid]able "p ( 8 education1 p>ticul>ly 8 ta/e = ma!matics4 ,= ,mr4 ,g\gh 0 rem>kably fond ( ma!matical inve/igations1 & has publi%$ sev]al ma!matical pap]s t d him cr$it4 ,f ,k5dal ,mr4 ,dalton w5t to ,man*e/]1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & comm5c$ tea*+ elem5t>y ma!matics to su* "y m5 z felt incl9$ to acquire "s k ( t important subject4 ,9 ?is way1 toge!r ) a few c\rses ( lectures on *emi/ry1 :i* he has occasionally giv5 at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london1 at ! ,in/itution 9 ,birm+ham1 9 ,man*e/]1 & once 9 ,ed9burgh & 9 ,glasg[1 he has contriv$ to support himself = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 if n 9 afflu5ce1 at lea/ 9 p]fect indep5d5ce4 ,& z 8 desires h always be5 ( ! mo/ mod]ate k9d1 8 income has always be5 equal to 8 wants4 ,9 a c\ntry l ?is1 :]e s mu* weal? ab\nds1 & :]e s h&some a ye>ly income 0 subscrib$ to enable ,dr4 ,prie/ley to prosecute 8 inve/igations undi/urb$ & undi/ract$ by ! necessity ( provid+ = ! daily wants ( 8 family1 !re is little d\bt t ,mr4 ,dalton1 _h he s *os5 x1 might1 9 po9t ( pecuni>y circum/ances1 h exhibit$ a mu* m brilliant figure4 ,b he has display$ a mu* nobl] m9d by ! c>e] :i* he has *os5--equally reg>dless ( ri*es z ! mo/ celebrat$ sages ( antiquity1 & z mu* respect$ & belov$ by 8 fri5ds1 ev5 9 ! ri* comm]cial t[n ( ,man*e/]1 z if he 7 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 a lit]>y & sci5tific society _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,man*e/]1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,?omas ,h5ry1 ! translator ( ,lavoisi]'s ,essays1 & :o di/+ui%$ himself s mu* 9 promot+ ! introduction ( ! new mode ( blea*+ into ,lanca%ire1 0 long presid5t4 ,mr4 ,dalton1 :o _h already di/+ui%$ himself by 8 meteorological obs]vations1 & p>ticul>ly by 8 acc\nt ( ! ,aurora ,borealis1 soon became a memb] ( ! society2 & 9 ! fif? volume ( _! ,memoirs1 "p ,,ii41 publi%$ 9 #ahjb1 six pap]s ( 8 7 ins]t$1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( 8 future celebrity4 ,^! pap]s 7 *iefly connect$ ) meteorological subjects2 b by f> ! mo/ important ( !m all 0 ! "o entitl$ ,exp]im5tal ,essays on ! ,con/itution ( mix$ ,gases2 on ! ,=ce ( ,/eam or ,vap\r f wat] & o!r liquids 9 diff]5t temp]atures1 bo? 9 a torricellian vacuum & 9 air2 on ,evaporation2 & on ! ,expansion ( ,gases by ,heat4 ,f a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! circum/ances1 he consid]$ himself z entitl$ to inf]1 t :5 two ela/ic fluids or gases1 ,a & ,b1 are mix$ toge!r1 !re is no mutual repulsion among _! p>ticles2 t is1 ! p>ticles ( ,a d n repel ^? ( ,b1 z !y d "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pressure or :ole weight ^u any "o p>ticle arises solely f ^? ( its own k9d4 ,?is doctr9e is ( s />tl+ a nature & s contr>y to ! op9ions previ\sly receiv$1 t *emi/s h n be5 mu* dispos$ to admit x4 ,b at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$1 t no "o has hi!rto be5 able completely to refute x4 ,! consequ5ces ( admitt+ x are obvi\s3 we %\ld be able to acc\nt = a fact :i* has be5 long kn[n1 ?\gh no v satisfactory reason = x _h be5 assign$2 namely1 t if two gases be plac$ 9 two sep>ate vessels1 communicat+ by a n>r[ orifice1 & left at p]fect re/ 9 a place :]e ! temp]ature nev] v>ies1 if we exam9e !m aft] a c]ta9 int]val ( "t we %all f9d bo? equally diffus$ ?r\gh bo? vessels4 ,if we fill a glass phial ) hydrog5 gas & ano!r phial ) common air or c>bonic acid gas & unite ! two phials by a n>r[ glass tube two feet long1 fill$ ) common air1 & place ! phial conta9+ ! hydrog5 gas upp]mo/1 & ! o!r p]p5dicul>ly bel[ x1 ! hydrog51 ?\gh lighte/1 w n rema9 9 ! upp] phial1 nor ! c>bonic acid1 ?\gh heavie/1 9 ! und]mo/ phial2 b we %all f9d bo? gases equally diffus$ ?r\gh bo? phials4 ,b ! second ( ^! essays is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,9 x he e/abli%es1 by ! mo/ unexceptionable evid5ce1 t wat]1 :5 x evaporates1 is always conv]t$ into an ela/ic fluid1 simil> 9 its prop]ties to air4 ,b t ! di/ance betwe5 ! p>ticles is great] ! l[] ! temp]ature is at :i* ! wat] evaporates4 ,! ela/icity ( ?is vap\r increases z ! temp]ature increases4 ,at #cb x is capable ( balanc+ a column ( m]cury ab\t half an in* 9 height1 & at #bab x balances a column ?irty in*es high1 or x is !n equal to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he det]m9$ ! ela/icity ( vap\r at all temp]atures f #cb to #bab1 po9t$ out ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( vap\r t at any "t exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! effect :i* x has ^u ! volume ( air1 & ! mode ( det]m9+ its quantity4 ,f9ally1 he det]m9$1 exp]im5tally1 ! rate ( evaporation f ! surface ( wat] at all temp]atures f #cb to #bab4 ,^! inve/igations h be5 ( inf9ite use to *emi/s 9 all _! inve/igations respect+ ! specific gravity ( gases1 & h enabl$ !m to resolve v>i\s int]e/+ problems1 bo? respect+ specific gravity1 evaporation1 ra9 & respiration1 :i*1 _h x n be5 = ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ?is essay1 w\ld h elud$ _! grasp4 ,9 ! la/ essay conta9$ 9 ?is pap] he has %[n t all ela/ic fluids exp& ! same quantity by ! same addition ( heat1 & ?is expansion is v ne>ly #a-dhj? "p = e degree ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,9 ?is la/ bran* ( ! subject ,mr4 ,dalton 0 foll[$ by ,gay-,lussac1 :o1 ab\t half a ye> aft] ! appe>ance ( 8 ,essays1 publi%$ a pap] 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1 %[+ t ! expansion ( all ela/ic fluids1 :5 equally heat$1 is ! same4 ,mr4 ,dalton conclud$ t ! expansion ( all ela/ic fluids by heat is equable4 ,& ?is op9ion has be5 s9ce confirm$ by ! important exp]im5ts ( ,dulong & ,petit1 :i* h ?r[n mu* additional light on ! subject4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjd1 on ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 ,i sp5t a day or two at ,man*e/]1 & 0 mu* ) ,mr4 ,dalton4 ,at t "t he expla9$ to me 8 notions respect+ ! composition ( bodies4 ,i wrote d[n at ! "t ! op9ions :i* he (f]$1 & ! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 lit]ally f my j\rnal ( t date3 ,! ultimate p>ticles ( all simple bodies are atoms incapable ( fur!r division4 ,^! atoms 7at lea/ view$ along ) _! atmosph]es ( heat7 are all sph]es1 & are ea* ( !m possess$ ( p>ticul> weights1 :i* may be d5ot$ by numb]s4 ,= ! great] cle>ness he repres5t$ ! atoms ( ! simple bodies by symbols4 ,! foll[+ are 8 symbols = f\r simple bodies1 toge!r ) ! numb]s atta*$ to !m by him 9 #ahjd3 ,relative weights4 oxyg5 ,oxyg5 #fe hydrog5 ,hydrog5 #a c>bon ,c>bon #e azote ,azote #e ,! foll[+ symbols repres5t ! way 9 :i* he ?\ght ^! atoms 7 comb9$ to =m c]ta9 b9>y comp\nds1 ) ! weight ( an integrant p>ticle ( ea* comp\nd3 ,weights4 oxyg5hydrog5 ,wat] #ge oxyg5azote ,nitr\s gas #aae c>bonhydrog5 ,olefiant gas #f azotehydrog5 ,ammonia #f oxyg5c>bon ,c>bonic oxide #aae ,! foll[+ 7 ! symbols by :i* he repres5t$ ! composition ( c]ta9 t]ti>y comp\nds3 ,weights4 oxyg5c>bonoxyg5 ,c>bonic acid #ah oxyg5azoteoxyg5 ,nitr\s oxide #afe c>bonhydrog5c>bon ,e!r #aa hydrog5c>bonhydrog5 ,c>burett$ hydrog5 #g oxyg5azoteoxyg5 ,nitric acid #ah ,a quat]n>y comp\nd3 oxyg5azoteoxyg5 ,oxynitric acid #bde oxyg5 ,a qu9qu5>y comp\nd3 oxyg5 azote azoteoxyg5 ,nitr\s acid #bie oxyg5 ,a sext5>y comp\nd3 c>bonoxyg5c>bon ,alcohol #bce hydrog5c>bonhydrog5 ,^! symbols are suffici5t to give ! read] an idea ( ! notions ent]ta9$ by ,dalton respect+ ! nature ( comp\nds4 ,wat] is a comp\nd ( "o atom oxyg5 & "o atom hydrog5 z is obvi\s f ! symbol oxyg5hydrog54 ,its weight #ge is t ( an atom ( oxyg5 & an atom ( hydrog5 unit$ toge!r4 ,9 ! same way c>bonic oxide is a comp\nd ( "o atom oxyg5 & "o atom c>bon4 ,its symbol is oxyg5c>bon1 & its weight #aae is equal to an atom ( oxyg5 & an atom ( c>bon add$ toge!r4 ,c>bonic acid is a t]ti>y comp\nd1 or x consi/s ( ?ree atoms unit$ toge!r2 namely1 two atoms ( oxyg5 & "o atom ( c>bon4 ,its symbol is oxyg5c>bonoxyg51 & its weight #ah4 ,a b>e inspection ( ! symbols & weights w make ,mr4 ,dalton's notions respect+ ! con/itution ( e body 9 ! table evid5t to e read]4 ,x 0 ?is happy idea ( repres5t+ ! atoms & con/itution ( bodies by symbols t gave ,mr4 ,dalton's op9ions s mu* cle>ness4 ,i 0 delight$ ) ! new light :i* imm$iately /ruck my m9d1 & saw at a glance ! imm5se importance ( su* a !ory1 :5 fully develop$4 ,mr4 ,dalton in=m$ me t ! atomic !ory fir/ occurr$ to him dur+ 8 inve/igations ( olefiant gas & c>burett$ hydrog5 gases1 at t "t imp]fectly und]/ood1 & ! con/itution ( :i* 0 fir/ fully develop$ by ,mr4 ,dalton himself4 ,x 0 obvi\s f ! exp]im5ts :i* he made ^u !m1 t ! con/itu5ts ( bo? 7 c>bon & hydrog51 & no?+ else4 ,he f\nd fur!r1 t if we reckon ! c>bon 9 ea* ! same1 !n c>burett$ hydrog5 gas conta9s exactly twice z mu* hydrog5 z olefiant gas does4 ,?is det]m9$ him to /ate ! ratios ( ^! con/itu5ts 9 numb]s1 & to consid] ! olefiant gas z a comp\nd ( "o atom ( c>bon & "o atom ( hydrog52 & c>burett$ hydrog5 ( "o atom ( c>bon & two atoms ( hydrog54 ,! idea ?us conceiv$ 0 appli$ to c>bonic oxide1 wat] ammonia1 c42 & numb]s repres5t+ ! atomic weights ( oxyg51 azote1 c41 d$uc$ f ! be/ analytical exp]im5ts :i* *emi/ry !n possess$4 ,let n ! read] suppose t ?is 0 an easy task4 ,*emi/ry at t "t did n possess a s+le analysis :i* c\ld be consid]$ z ev5 approa*+ to accuracy4 ,a va/ numb] ( facts _h be5 asc]ta9$1 & a f9e f\ndation laid = future inve/igation2 b no?+1 z f> z weight & measure 7 conc]n$1 des]v+ ! lea/ confid5ce1 exi/$4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !n1 t ,mr4 ,dalton's fir/ numb]s 7 n exact4 ,x requir$ inf9ite sagacity1 & n a little lab\r1 to come s ne> ! tru? z he did4 ,h[ c\ld accurate analyses ( gases be made :5 !re 0 n a s+le gas ^: specific gravity 0 kn[n1 ) ev5 an approa* to accuracy2 ! prec$+ inve/igations ( ,dalton himself pav$ ! way = accuracy 9 ?is indisp5sable dep>tm5t2 b /ill accurate results _h n yet be5 obta9$4 ,9 ! ?ird edition ( my ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 publi%$ 9 #ahjg1 ,i introduc$ a %ort sket* ( ,mr4 ,dalton's !ory1 & ?us made x kn[n to ! *emical _w4 ,! same ye> a pap] ( m9e on oxalic acid 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 9 :i* ,i %[$ t oxalic acid unites 9 two proportions ) /rontian1 =m+ an oxalate & b9oxalate2 & t1 suppos+ ! /rontian 9 bo? salts to be ! same1 ! oxalic acid 9 ! latt] is exactly twice z mu* z 9 ! =m]4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on %[$ t bic>bonate ( pota% conta9s j twice ! quantity ( c>bonic acid t exi/s 9 c>bonate ( pota%2 & t !re are ?ree oxalates ( pota%2 viz41 oxalate1 b9oxalate1 & quadroxalate2 ! weight ( acids 9 ea* ( :i* are z ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #d4 ,^! facts gradually drew ! att5tion ( *emi/s to ,mr4 ,dalton's views4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s ( our mo/ em95t *emi/s :o 7 v ho/ile to ! atomic !ory4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! 0 ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahjg ,i _h a long conv]sation ) him at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 b c\ld n conv9ce him t !re 0 any tru? 9 ! hypo!sis4 ,a few days aft] ,i d9$ ) him at ! ,royal ,society ,club1 at ! ,cr[n & ,an*or1 9 ! ,/r&4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 pres5t at ! d9n]4 ,aft] d9n] e memb] ( ! club left ! tav]n1 except ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 ,mr4 ,davy1 & myself1 :o /aid beh9d & _h tea4 ,we sat ab\t an h\r & a half toge!r1 & our :ole conv]sation 0 ab\t ! atomic !ory4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 a conv]t z well z myself2 & we tri$ to conv9ce ,davy ( ! inaccuracy ( 8 op9ions2 b1 s f> f be+ conv9c$1 he w5t away1 if possible1 m prejudic$ aga9/ x ?an ev]4 ,soon aft]1 ,davy met ,mr4 ,davis ,gilb]t1 ! late di/+ui%$ presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society2 & he amus$ him ) a c>icature description ( ! atomic !ory1 :i* he exhibit$ 9 s ridicul\s a light1 t ,mr4 ,gilb]t 0 a/oni%$ h[ any man ( s5se or sci5ce c\ld be tak5 9 ) su* a tissue ( absurdities4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t call$ on ,dr4 ,wolla/on 7probably to discov] :at c\ld h induc$ a man ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on's sagacity & caution to adopt su* op9ions71 & 0 n sp>+ 9 lay+ ! absurdities ( ! !ory1 su* z !y _h be5 repres5t$ to him by ,davy1 9 ! broade/ po9t ( view4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on begg$ ,mr4 ,gilb]t to sit d[n1 & li/5 to a few facts :i* he w\ld /ate to him4 ,he !n w5t ov] all ! pr9cipal facts at t "t kn[n respect+ ! salts2 m5tion$ ! alkal9e c>bonates & bic>bonates1 ! oxalate1 b9oxalate1 & quadroxalate ( pota%1 c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid1 olefiant gas1 & c>burett$ hydrog52 & d\btless _m o!r simil> comp\nds1 9 :i* ! proportion ( "o ( ! con/itu5ts increases 9 a regul> ratio4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t w5t away a conv]t to ! tru? ( ! atomic !ory2 & he _h ! m]it ( conv9c+ ,davy t 8 =m] op9ions on ! subject 7 wrong4 ,:at argum5ts he employ$ ,i d n "k2 b !y mu/ h be5 conv9c+ ones1 = ,davy ev] aft] became a /r5u\s support] ( ! atomic !ory4 ,! only alt]ation :i* he made 0 to sub/itute proportion = ,dalton's ^w1 atom4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on sub/itut$ = x ! t]m equival5t4 ,! object ( ^! sub/itutions 0 to avoid all !oretical annunciations4 ,b1 9 fact1 ^! t]ms1 proportion1 equival5t1 are nei!r ( !m s conv5i5t z ! t]m atom3 &1 unless we adopt ! hypo!sis ) :i* ,dalton set out1 namely1 t ! ultimate p>ticles ( bodies are atoms incapable ( fur!r division1 & t *emical comb9ation consi/s 9 ! union ( ^! atoms ) ea* o!r1 we lose all ! new light :i* ! atomic !ory ?r[s ^u *emi/ry1 & br+ our notions back to ! obscurity ( ! days ( ,b]gman & ( ,b]?ollet4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjh ,mr4 ,dalton publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy4 ,?is volume consi/s *iefly ( two *apt]s3 ! fir/1 on heat1 occupies #adj pages4 ,9 x he treats ( all ! effects ( heat1 & %[s ! same sagacity & orig9ality :i* *>act]ize all 8 writ+s4 ,ev5 :5 8 op9ions on a subject are n correct1 8 reason+ is s +5i\s & orig9al1 & ! new facts :i* he contrives to br+ =w>d s important1 t we are always pleas$ & always in/ruct$4 ,! second *apt]1 on ! con/itution ( bodies1 occupies #gj pages4 ,! *ief object ( x is to combat ! peculi> notions respect+ ela/ic fluids1 :i* _h be5 advanc$ by ,b]?ollet1 & support$ by ,dr4 ,murray1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 on *emical syn!sis1 :i* occupies only a few pages1 he gives u ! outl9es ( ! atomic !ory1 su* z he _h conceiv$ x4 ,9 a plate at ! end ( ! volume he exhibits ! symbols & atomic weights ( ?irty-sev5 bodies1 tw5ty ( :i* 7 !n consid]$ z simple1 & ! o!r sev5te5 z comp\nd4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! atomic weight ( ! simple bodies1 z he at t "t _h det]m9$ !m f ! be/ analytical exp]im5ts t _h be5 made3 ,weight ( atom4 ,hydrog5 #a ,azote #e ,c>bon #e ,oxyg5 #g ,phosphorus #i ,sulphur #ac ,magnesia #bj ,lime #bc ,soda #bh ,pota% #db ,/rontian #df ,b>ytes #fh ,iron #ch ,z9c #ef ,copp] #ef ,lead #ie ,silv] #ajj ,plat9um #ajj ,gold #adj ,m]cury #afg ,he _h made *oice ( hydrog5 = unity1 because x is ! lighte/ ( all bodies4 ,he 0 ( op9ion t ! atomic weights ( all o!r bodies are multiples ( hydrog52 &1 accord+ly1 !y are all express$ 9 :ole numb]s4 ,he _h rais$ ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 f #fe to #g1 f a m c>eful exam9ation ( ! exp]im5ts on ! compon5t p>ts ( wat]4 ,davy1 f a m accurate set ( exp]im5ts1 soon aft] rais$ ! numb] = oxyg5 to #ge3 & ,dr4 ,pr\t1 f a /ill m c>eful inve/igation ( ! relative specific gravities ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 %[$ t if ! atom ( hydrog5 be #a1 t ( oxyg5 mu/ be #h4 ,e ?+ conspires to prove t ?is is ! true ratio betwe5 ! atomic weights ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,9 #ahaj appe>$ ! second volume ( ,mr4 ,dalton's ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy4 ,9 x he exam9es ! elem5t>y pr9ciples1 or simple bodies1 namely1 oxyg51 hydrog51 azote1 c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & ! metals2 & ! comp\nds consi/+ ( two elem5ts1 namely1 ! comp\nds ( oxyg5 ) hydrog51 azote1 c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus2 ( hydrog5 ) azote1 c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus4 ,f9ally he treats ( ! fix$ alkalies & e>?s4 ,all ^! comb9ations are treat$ ( ) inf9ite sagacity2 & he endeav\rs to det]m9e ! atomic weights ( ! diff]5t elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! +5uity ( 8 reason+4 ,b un=tunately at t "t v few accurate *emical analyses exi/$2 & 9 *emi/ry no reason+1 h[ev] +5i\s1 c comp5sate = ?is indisp5sable datum4 ,accord+ly 8 table ( atomic weights at ! end ?is second volume1 ?\gh mu* m complete ?an t at ! end ( ! fir/ volume1 is /ill exce$+ly defective2 inde$ no "o numb] c be consid]$ z p]fectly correct4 ,! ?ird volume ( ! ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy 0 only publi%$ 9 #ahbg2 b ! greate/ "p ( x _h be5 pr9t$ ne>ly t5 ye>s be=e4 ,x treats ( ! metallic oxides1 ! sulphurets1 phosphurets1 c>burets1 & alloys4 ,d\btless _m ( ! facts conta9$ 9 x 7 new :5 ! %eets 7 put to ! press2 b dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! pr9t+ & publication1 almo/ ! :ole ( !m _h n m]ely be5 anticipat$1 b ! subject c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,by f> ! mo/ important "p ( ! volume is ! ,app5dix1 consi/+ ( ab\t n9ety pages1 9 :i* he discusses1 ) 8 usual sagacity1 v>i\s important po9ts connect$ ) heat & vap\r4 ,9 page #ceb he gives a new table ( ! atomic weights ( bodies1 mu* m copi\s ?an ^? conta9$ 9 ! two prec$+ volumes2 & into :i* he has introduc$ ! corrections necess>y f ! num]\s correct analyses :i* _h be5 made 9 ! int]val4 ,he /ill adh]es to ! ratio #a3g z ! correct diff]5ce betwe5 ! weights ( ! atoms ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,?is %[s v cle>ly t he has n att5d$ to ! new facts :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d on ! subject4 ,no p]son :o has att5d$ to ! exp]im5ts made on ! specific gravity ( ^! two gases dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s1 c\ld admit t ^! specific gravities are to ea* o!r z #a to #ad4 ,if #a to #af be n ! exact ratio1 x w surely be admitt$ on all h&s t x is inf9itely ne> x4 ,mr4 ,dalton repres5t$ ! weight ( an atom ( hydrog5 by #a1 because x is ! lighte/ ( bodies4 ,9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by ! *emi/s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 by ,mr4 ,philips1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 & ,dr4 ,turn]1 & p]haps "s o!rs ^: names ,i d n at pres5t recollect4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 9 8 pap] on ,*emical ,equival5ts1 repres5t$ ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 by #a1 because x ent]s into a great] numb] ( comb9ations ?an any o!r sub/ance2 & ?is plan has be5 adopt$ by ,b]zelius1 by myself1 & by ! great] numb]1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! *emi/s on ! cont95t4 ,p]haps ! advantage :i* ,dr4 ,wolla/on assign$ = mak+ ! atom ( oxyg5 unity w ultimately disappe>3 = !re is no reason = believ+ t ! o!r support]s ( combu/ion are n capable ( ent]+ into z _m comp\nds z oxyg54 ,b1 f ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 x is obvi\s t ! comp\nds into :i* oxyg5 ent]s w always be ( m importance to u ?an any o!rs2 & 9 ?is po9t ( view x may be att5d$ ) consid]able conv5i5ce to h oxyg5 repres5t$ by #a4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! atomic !ory !re is ano!r reason = mak+ ! atom ( oxyg5 unity1 :i* ,i ?9k ( consid]able importance4 ,*emi/s are n yet agre$ ab\t ! atom ( hydrog54 ,"s consid] wat] a comp\nd ( #a atom ( oxyg5 & #b atoms ( hydrog52 o!rs1 ( #a atom ( oxyg5 & #a atom ( hydrog54 ,accord+ to ! fir/ view1 ! atom ( hydrog5 is only #a-af? ( ! weight ( an atom ( oxyg52 accord+ to ! second1 x is #a-h?4 ,if1 !re=e1 we 7 to repres5t ! atom ( hydrog5 by #a1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be1 t two tables ( atomic weights w\ld be requisite--all ! atoms 9 "o be+ d\ble ! weight ( ! atoms 9 ! o!r3 :]eas1 if we make ! atom ( oxyg5 unity1 x w be ! atom ( hydrog5 only t w diff] 9 ! two tables4 ,9 ! "o table x w be #jabe1 9 ! o!r x w be #jjfbe3 or1 reckon+ ) ,b]zelius ! atom ( oxyg5 #ajj1 we h t ( hydrog5 #abe or #fbe1 accord+ z we view wat] to be a comp\nd ( #a atom ( oxyg5 ) #a or #b atoms ( hydrog54 ,9 ! ye> #ahji ,gay-,lussac publi%$ 9 ! second volume ( ! ,mmoires d',arcueil a pap] on ! union ( ! gase\s sub/ances ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is pap] he %[s t ! proportions 9 :i* ! gases unite ) ea* o!r are ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,"o volume ( "o gas ei!r comb9+ ) "o volume ( ano!r1 or ) two volumes1 or ) half a volume4 ,! atomic !ory ( ,dalton _h be5 oppos$ ) consid]able ke5ness by ,b]?ollet 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,fr5* translation ( my ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry4 ,nor 0 ?is opposition to be wond]$ at2 because its admission w\ld ( c\rse ov]turn all ! op9ions :i* ,b]?ollet _h lab\r$ to e/abli% 9 8 ,*emical ,/atics4 ,! object ( ,gay-,lussac's pap] 0 to confirm & e/abli% ! new atomic !ory1 by exhibit+ x 9 a new po9t ( view4 ,no?+ c be m +5i\s ?an 8 mode ( treat+ ! subject1 or m complete ?an ! pro(s :i* he br+s =w>d 9 support ( x4 ,x _h be5 already e/abli%$ t wat] is =m$ by ! union ( "o volume ( oxyg5 & two volumes ( hydrog5 gas4 ,gay-,lussac f\nd by exp]im5t1 t "o volume ( muriatic acid gas is j saturat$ by "o volume ( ammoniacal gas3 ! product is sal ammoniac4 ,fluoboric acid gas unites 9 two proportions ) ammoniacal gas3 ! fir/ comp\nd consi/s ( "o volume ( fluoboric gas1 & "o volume ( ammoniacal2 ! second1 ( "o volume ( ! acid gas1 & two volumes ( ! alkal9e4 ,! fir/ =ms a neutral salt1 ! second an alkal9e salt4 ,he %[$ likewise1 t c>bonic acid & ammoniacal gas c\ld comb9e also 9 two proportions2 namely1 "o volume ( ! acid gas ) "o or two volumes ( ! alkal9e gas4 ,m4 ,amde ,b]?ollet _h prov$ t ammonia is a comp\nd ( "o volume ( azotic1 & ?ree volumes ( hydrog5 gas4 ,gay-,lussac himself _h %[n t sulphuric acid is compos$ ( "o volume sulphur\s acid gas1 & a half-volume ( oxyg5 gas4 ,he %[$ fur!r1 t ! comp\nds ( azote & oxyg5 7 compos$ z foll[s3 ,azote4 ,oxyg54 ,protoxide ( azote #a volume volume ,deutoxide ( azote #a #a ,nitr\s acid #a #b ,he %[$ also1 t :5 ! two gases aft] comb9+ rema9$ 9 ! gase\s /ate1 ! dim9ution ( volume 0 ei!r #j1 or 1 or 4 ,! con/ancy ( ^! proportions left no d\bt t ! comb9ations ( all gase\s bodies 7 def9ite4 ,! !ory ( ,dalton appli$ to !m ) great facility4 ,we h only to consid] a volume ( gas to repres5t an atom1 & !n we see t 9 gases "o atom ( "o gas comb9es ei!r ) "o1 two1 or ?ree atoms ( ano!r gas1 & nev] ) m4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a difficulty occasion$ by ! way 9 :i* we view ! composition ( wat]4 ,if wat] be compos$ ( "o atom ( oxyg5 & "o atom ( hydrog51 !n x foll[s t a volume ( oxyg5 conta9s twice z _m atoms z a volume ( hydrog54 ,consequ5tly1 if a volume ( hydrog5 gas repres5t an atom1 half a volume ( oxyg5 gas mu/ repres5t an atom4 ,dr4 ,pr\t soon aft] %[$ t !re is an intimate connexion betwe5 ! atomic weight ( a gas & its specific gravity4 ,?is inde$ is obvi\s at once4 ,i aft]w>ds %[$ t ! specific gravity ( a gas is ei!r equal to its atomic weight multipli$ by #aaaa4a 7! specific gravity ( oxyg5 gas71 or by #jeee4e 7half ! specific gravity ( oxyg5 gas71 or by ,o#bgg4g 7#a-d? ( ! specific gravity ( oxyg5 gas71 ^! diff]5ces dep5d+ ^u ! relative cond5sation :i* ! gases und]go :5 _! elem5ts unite4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! atoms & specific gravity ( ^! ?ree sets ( gases3 ,i4 ,sp4 ,gr4 ,atomic ,weight #aaaaa ,atomic ,sp4 weight4 gravity4 ,oxyg5 gas #a #aaaaa ,fluosilicic acid #cbe #cfaaa ,,ii4 ,sp4 ,gr4 ,atomic ,weight #jeee4e4 ,atomic weight4 ,sp4 gravity4 ,hydrog5 #jabe #jjfi4d ,azotic #age #jjgb4b ,*lor9e #de #be ,c>bon vap\r #jge #jdaf4f ,phosphorus vap\r #b #aaaa4a ,sulphur vap\r #b #aaaa4a ,tellurium vap\r #d #bbbb4b ,ars5ic vap\r #dge #bfch4h ,sel5ium vap\r #e #bggg4g ,brom9e vap\r #aj #eeee4e ,iod9e vap\r #aege #hge ,/eam #aabe #jfbe ,c>bonic oxide gas #age #jigb4b ,c>bonic acid #bge #aebg4g ,protoxide ( azote #bge #aebg4g ,nitric acid vap\r #fge #cge ,sulphur\s acid #d #b4bbb4b ,sulphuric acid vap\r #e #bggg4g ,cyanog5 #cbe #ahje4e ,fluoboric acid #dbe #bcfa4a ,bisulphuret ( c>bon #dge #bfch4h ,*loro-c>bonic acid #fbe #cdgb4b ,,iii4 ,sp4 ,gr4 ,atomic ,weight #jbgg4g4 ,atomic weight4 ,sp4 gravity4 ,ammoniacal gas #babe #jeijb4g ,hydrocyanic acid #ccge #jicge ,deutoxide ( azote #cge #ajda4f ,muriatic acid #dfbe #abhdg4b ,hydrobromic acid #ajabe #bhabe ,hydriodic acid #aehge #ddjigc ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! numb]s )9 ?us 4#b repres5t numb]s ) a dot above !m 9 ! orig9al4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,b]zelius1 ( ,/ockholm1 ?\ght ( writ+ 8 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,*emi/ry1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahjh1 he prep>$ himself = ! task by read+ sev]al *emical works :i* d n commonly fall "u ! eye ( ^? :o compose elem5t>y treatises4 ,among o!r books he read ! ,/o*iometry ( ,ri*t]1 & 0 mu* /ruck ) ! explanations !re giv5 ( ! composition ( salts1 & ! precipitation ( metals by ea* o!r4 ,x foll[$ f ! rese>*es ( ,ri*t]1 t if we 7 9 possession ( good analyses ( c]ta9 salts1 we might by means ( !m calculate ) accuracy ! composition ( all ! re/4 ,b]zelius =m$ imm$iately ! project ( analyz+ a s]ies ( salts ) ! mo/ m9ute att5tion to accuracy4 ,:ile employ$ 9 putt+ ?is project 9 execution1 ,davy discov]$ ! con/itu5ts ( ! alkalies & e>?s1 ,mr4 ,dalton gave to ! _w 8 notions respect+ ! atomic !ory1 & ,gay-,lussac made kn[n 8 !ory ( volumes4 ,?is greatly enl>g$ 8 views z he proce$$1 & induc$ him to embrace a mu* wid] field ?an he _h orig9ally contemplat$4 ,8 fir/ analyses 7 unsatisfactory2 b by repeat+ !m & v>y+ ! me?ods1 he detect$ errors1 improv$ 8 processes1 & f9ally obta9$ results1 :i* agre$ exce$+ly well ) ! !oretical calculations4 ,^! labori\s inve/igations occupi$ him sev]al ye>s4 ,! fir/ outl9e ( 8 exp]im5ts appe>$ 9 ! #gg? volume ( ! ,annales de ,*imie1 9 #ahaa1 9 a lett] address$ by ,b]zelius to ,b]?ollet4 ,9 ?is lett] he gives an acc\nt ( 8 me?ods ( analyses toge!r ) ! composition ( =ty-sev5 comp\nd bodies4 ,he %[s t :5 a metallic protosulphuret is conv]t$ into a sulphate1 ! sulphate is neutral2 t an atom ( sulphur is twice z heavy z an atom ( oxyg52 & t :5 sulphite ( b>ytes is conv]t$ into sulphate1 ! sulphate is neutral1 !re be+ no excess ei!r ( acid or base4 ,f ^! & _m o!r important facts he f9ally draws ?is conclusion3 ,9 a comp\nd =m$ by ! union ( two oxides1 ! "o :i* 7:5 decompos$ by ! galvanic batt]y7 atta*es itself to ! positive pole 7! acid = example7 conta9s two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 c41 times z mu* oxyg51 z ! "o :i* atta*es itself to ! negative pole 7! alkali1 e>?1 or metallic oxide74 ,b]zelius's essay itself appe>$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,afh&l+>1 9 #ahaj4 ,x 0 almo/ imm$iately translat$ into ,g]man1 & publi%$ by ,gilb]t 9 8 ,annal5 d] ,physik4 ,b no ,engli% translation has ev] appe>$1 ! editors ( our p]iodical works be+ 9 g5]al unacqua9t$ ) ! ,g]man & o!r nor!rn languages4 ,9 #ahae ,b]zelius appli$ ! atomic !ory to ! m9]al k+dom1 & %[$ ) inf9ite +5uity t m9]als are *emical comp\nds 9 def9ite or atomic proportions1 & by f> ! great] numb] ( !m comb9ations ( acids & bases4 ,he appli$ ! !ory also to ! vegetable k+dom by analyz+ sev]al ( ! vegetable acids1 & %[+ _! atomic con/itution4 ,b "h a difficulty occurs1 :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 we are unable to surm\nt4 ,!re are two acids1 ! acetic & succ9ic1 t are compos$ ( exactly ! same numb]1 & same k9d ( atoms1 & ^: atomic weight is #fbe4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ^! two acids are ,atomic weight4 #b atoms hydrog5 #jbe #d c>bon #c #c oxyg5 #c ---- #fbe ,s t !y consi/ ( n9e atoms4 ,n[ z ^! two acids are compos$ ( ! same numb] & ! same k9d ( atoms1 "o w\ld expect t _! prop]ties %\ld be ! same2 b ?is is n ! case3 acetic acid has a /rong & aromatic smell1 succ9ic acid has no smell :atev]4 ,acetic acid is s soluble 9 wat] t x is difficult to obta9 x 9 cry/als1 & x _c be procur$ 9 a sep>ate /ate free f wat]2 = ! cry/als ( acetic acid are compos$ ( "o atom ( acid & "o atom ( wat] unit$ toge!r2 b succ9ic acid is n only easily obta9$ free f wat]1 b x is n ev5 v soluble 9 t liquid4 ,! nature ( ! salts =m$ by ^! two acids is q diff]5t2 ! action ( heat ^u ea* is q diff]5t2 ! specific gravity ( ea* diff]s4 ,9 %ort all _! prop]ties exhibit a /rik+ contra/4 ,n[ h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is8 ,und\bt$ly by ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! atoms are arrang$ 9 ea*4 ,if ! electro-*emical !ory ( comb9ation be correct1 we c only view atoms z comb9+ two by two4 ,a sub/ance !n1 conta9+ n9e atoms1 su* z acetic acid1 mu/ be ( a v complex nature4 ,& x is obvi\s en\gh t ^! n9e atoms might arrange !mselves 9 a great v>iety ( b9>y comp\nds1 & ! way 9 :i* ^! b9>y comp\nds unite may1 & d\btless does1 produce a consid]able effect ^u ! nature ( ! comp\nd =m$4 ,?us1 if we make use ( ,mr4 ,dalton's symbols to repres5t ! atoms ( hydrog51 c>bon & oxyg51 we may suppose ! n9e atoms con/itut+ acetic & succ9ic acid to be arrang$ ?us3 hydrog5c>bonhydrog5 oxyg5oxyg5oxyg5 c>bonc>bonc>bon ,or ?us3 c>bonhydrog5c>bon oxyg5oxyg5oxyg5 c>bonhydrog5c>bon ,n[1 und\bt$ly ^! two arrangem5ts w\ld produce a great *ange 9 ! nature ( ! comp\nd4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! vegetable acids q diff]5t f ! acids ( ! inorganic k+dom1 & :i* w\ld lead to ! suspicion t ! electro-*emical !ory w n apply to !m z x does to ! o!rs4 ,9 ! acids ( c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 sel5ium1 c41 we f9d "o atom ( a positive sub/ance unit$ to "o1 two1 or ?ree ( a negative sub/ance3 we are n surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d ! acid =m$ negative also4 ,b 9 acetic & succ9ic acids we f9d e atom ( oxyg5 unit$ ) two electro-positive atoms3 ! wond] !n is1 t ! acid %\ld n only reta9 its electro-negative prop]ties1 b t x %\ld possess consid]able p[] z an acid4 ,9 b5zoic acid1 = e atom ( oxyg51 !re are pres5t no few] ?an sev5 electro-positive atoms4 ,b]zelius has return$ to ^! analytical exp]im5ts repeat$ly1 s t at la/ he has br\ght 8 results v ne> ! tru? inde$4 ,x is to 8 lab\rs *iefly t ! great progress :i* ! atomic !ory has made is ow+4 ,9 ! ye> #ahad !re appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions a description ( a ,synoptical ,scale ( ,*emical ,equival5ts1 by ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,9 ?is pap] we h ! equival5ts or atomic weights ( sev5ty-?ree diff]5t bodies1 d$uc$ *iefly f a sagaci\s comp>ison ( ! previ\s analytical exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 & almo/ all ( !m v ne> ! tru?4 ,^! numb]s are laid d[n ^u a slid+ rule1 by means ( a table ( log>i?ms1 & ov] aga9/ !m ! names ( ! sub/ances4 ,by means ( ?is rule a great _m important que/ions respect+ ! sub/ances conta9$ on ! scale may be solv$4 ,h5ce ! scale is ( great advantage to ! practical *emi/4 ,x gives1 by b>e inspection1 ! con/itu5ts ( all ! salts conta9$ on x1 ! quantity ( any o!r +r$i5t necess>y to decompose any salt1 & ! weights ( ! new con/itu5ts t w be =m$4 ,! contrivance ( ?is scale1 !re=e1 may be consid]$ z an important addition to ! atomic !ory4 ,x r5d]$ t !ory e :]e famili> to all ^? :o employ$ x4 ,to x *iefly we owe1 ,i believe1 ! curr5cy ( t !ory 9 ,great ,brita92 & ! preval5ce ( ! mode :i* ,dr4 ,wolla/on introduc$1 namely1 ( repres5t+ ! atom ( oxyg5 by unity1 or at lea/ by t51 :i* comes ne>ly to ! same ?+4 ,p]haps ! read] w excuse me if to ! prec$+ hi/orical details ,i add a few words to make him acqua9t$ ) my own attempts to r5d] ! atomic !ory m accurate by new & c>eful analyses4 ,i %all n say any ?+ respect+ ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i und]took to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( ! gases2 ?\gh !y 7 p]=m$ ) mu* c>e1 & at a consid]able exp5se1 & ?\gh ,i believe ! results obta9$ approa*$ accuracy z ne>ly z ! pres5t /ate ( *emical app>atus enables u to g4 ,9 ! ye> #ahai ,i began a set ( exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! exact composition ( ! salts conta9+ ! diff]5t elem5t>y bodies by means ( d\ble decomposition1 z 0 done by ,w5zel1 conceiv+ t 9 t way ! results w\ld be v ne> ! tru?1 :ile ! exp]im5ts w\ld be m easily made4 ,my mode 0 to dissolve1 = example1 a c]ta9 weight ( muriate ( b>ytes 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & !n to asc]ta9 by repeat$ trials :at weight ( sulphate ( soda mu/ be add$ to precipitate ! :ole ( ! b>ytes )\t leav+ any surplus ( sulphuric acid 9 ! liquid4 ,to det]m9e ?is ,i put into a wat*-glass a few drops ( ! filt]$ liquor consi/+ ( ! mixture ( solutions ( ! two salts3 to ?is ,i add$ a drop ( solution ( sulphate ( soda4 ,if ! liquid rema9$ cle> x 0 a pro( t x conta9$ no s5sible quantity ( b>ytes4 ,to ano!r portion ( ! liquid1 also 9 a wat*-glass1 ,i add$ a drop ( muriate ( b>ytes4 ,if !re 0 no precipitate x 0 a pro( t ! liquid conta9$ no s5sible quantity ( sulphuric acid4 ,if !re 0 a precipitate1 on ! addition ( ei!r ( ^! solutions1 x %[$ t !re 0 an excess ( "o or o!r ( ! salts4 ,i !n mix$ ! two salts 9 ano!r proportion1 & proce$$ 9 ?is way till ,i _h f\nd two quantities :i* :5 mix$ exhibit$ no evid5ce ( ! residual liquid conta9+ any sulphuric acid or b>ytes4 ,i consid]$ ^! two weights ( ! salts z ! equival5t weights ( ! salt1 or z weights proportional to an integrant p>ticle ( ea* salt4 ,i made no attempt to collect ! two new =m$ salts & to weigh !m sep>ately4 ,i publi%$ ! result ( my num]\s exp]im5ts 9 #ahbe1 9 a "w entitl$ ,an ,attempt to e/abli% ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry by ,exp]im5t4 ,! mo/ valuable "p ( ?is book is ! acc\nt ( ! salts2 ab\t ?ree hundr$ ( :i* ,i subject$ to actual analysis4 ,( ^! ! wor/ execut$ are ! phosphates2 = ) respect to !m ,i 0 sometimes misl$ by my me?od ( d\ble decomposition4 ,i 0 n aw>e at fir/1 t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! proportion ( acid 9 ^! salts v>ies1 & ! phosphate ( soda :i* ,i employ$ gave me a wrong numb] = ! atomic weight ( phosphoric acid4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,to f9i% ?is hi/ory x w be n[ prop] to lay be=e ! read] a k9d ( map ( ! pres5t /ate ( *emi/ry1 t he may be able to judge h[ mu* ( ! sci5ce has be5 already explor$1 & h[ mu* /ill rema9s untrodd5 gr\nd4 ,leav+ out ( view light1 heat1 & electricity1 respect+ ! nature ( :i* only conjectures c be =m$1 we are at pres5t acqua9t$ ) fifty-?ree simple bodies1 :i* naturally divide !mselves into ?ree classes2 namely1 support]s1 acidifiable bases1 & alkalifiable bases4 ,! support]s are oxyg51 *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 & fluor9e4 ,!y are all 9 a /ate ( negative electricity3 = :5 comp\nds conta9+ !m are decompos$ by ! voltaic batt]y !y all atta* !mselves to ! positive pole4 ,!y h ! prop]ty ( unit+ ) e individual belong+ to ! o!r two classes4 ,:5 !y comb9e ) ! acidifiable bases 9 c]ta9 proportions !y con/itute acids2 :5 ) ! alkalifiable bases1 alkalies4 ,9 c]ta9 proportions !y con/itute neutral bodies1 :i* possess nei!r ! prop]ties ( acids nor alkalies4 ,! acidifiable bases are sev5te5 9 numb]2 namely1 hydrog51 azote1 c>bon1 boron1 silicon1 sulphur1 sel5ium1 tellurium1 phosphorus1 ars5ic1 antimony1 *romium1 uranium1 molybd5um1 tung/51 titanium1 columbium4 ,^! bodies d n =m acids ) e support]1 or 9 e proportion2 b !y con/itute ! bases ( all ! kn[n acids1 :i* =m a num]\s set ( bodies1 _m ( :i* are /ill v imp]fectly inve/igat$4 ,& inde$ !re are a good _m ( !m t may be consid]$ z unkn[n4 ,^! acidifiable bases are all electro-positive2 b !y diff]1 9 ?is respect1 consid]ably f ea* o!r2 hydrog5 & c>bon be+ two ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 :ile titanium & columbium h ! lea/ en]gy4 ,sulphur & sel5ium1 & probably "s o!r bodies belong+ to ?is class are occasional electro-negative bodies1 z well z ! support]s4 ,h5ce1 :5 unit$ to o!r acidifiable bases1 !y produce a new class ( acids1 analog\s to ^? =m$ by ! support]s4 ,^! h got ! "n ( sulphur acids1 sel5ium acids1 c4 ,sulphur =ms acids ) ars5ic1 antimony1 molybd5um1 & tung/51 & d\btless ) sev]al o!r bases4 ,to di/+ui% su* acids f alkal9e bases1 ,i h ( late made an alt]ation 9 ! t]m9ation ( ! old ^w sulphuret1 employ$ to d5ote ! comb9ation ( sulphur ) a base4 ,?us sulphide ( ars5ic means an acid =m$ by ! union ( sulphur & ars5ic2 sulphuret ( copp] means an alkal9e body =m$ by ! union ( sulphur & copp]4 ,! t]m sulphide implies an acid1 ! t]m sulphuret a base4 ,?is mode ( nam+ has become necess>y1 z )\t x _m ( ^! new salts c\ld n be describ$ 9 an intelligible mann]4 ,! same mode w apply to ! acid & alkal9e comp\nds ( sel5ium4 ,?us a sel5ide is an acid comp\nd1 & a sel5iet an alkal9e comp\nd 9 :i* sel5ium acts ! "p ( a support] or electro-negative body4 ,! same mode ( nam+ might & d\btless w be ext5d$ to all ! o!r simil> comp\nds1 z soon z x becomes necess>y4 ,9 ord] to =m a sy/ematic nom5clature x w spe$ily be requisite to new-model all ! old names :i* d5ote acids & bases2 because unless ?is is done ! names w become too num]\s to be rememb]$4 ,at pres5t we d5ote ! alkal9e bodies =m$ by ! union ( manganese & oxyg5 by ! "n ( oxides ( manganese1 & ! acid comp\nd ( oxyg5 & ! same metal by ! "n ( manganesic acid4 ,! ^w oxide applies to e comp\nd ( a base & oxyg51 :e!r neutral or alkal9e2 b :5 ! comp\nd has acid qualities ?is is d5ot$ by add+ ! syllable ic to ! "n ( ! base4 ,?is mode ( nam+ answ]$ tol]ably well z long z ! acids & alkalies 7 all comb9ations ( oxyg5 ) a base2 b n[ t we "k ! exi/5ce ( eight or t5 classes ( acids & alkalies1 consi/+ ( z _m support]s1 or acidifiable bases unit$ to bases1 x is ne$less to rem>k h[ v defective x has become4 ,b ?is is n ! place to dwell long] ^u su* a subject4 ,! alkalifiable bases are ?irty-"o 9 numb]2 namely1 potassium1 sodium1 li?ium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 calcium1 magnesium1 alum9um1 gluc9um1 yttrium1 c]ium1 zirconium1 ?orium1 iron1 manganese1 nickel1 cobalt1 z9c1 cadmium1 lead1 t91 bismu?1 copp]1 m]cury1 silv]1 gold1 plat9um1 palladium1 rhodium1 iridium1 osmium4 ,! comp\nds :i* ^! bodies =m ) oxyg51 & ! o!r support]s1 con/itute all ! alkal9e bases or ! sub/ances capable ( neutraliz+ ! acids4 ,"s ( ! acidifiable bases1 :5 unit$ to a c]ta9 portion ( oxyg51 con/itute1 n acids1 b bases or alkalies4 ,?us ! gre5 oxides ( *romium & uranium are alkalies2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & manganese :i* possesses acid prop]ties4 ,9 su* cases x is always ! comp\nd conta9+ ! lea/ oxyg5 :i* is an alkali1 & t conta9+ ! mo/ oxyg5 t is an acid4 ,! op9ion at pres5t univ]sally adopt$ by *emi/s is1 t ! ultimate p>ticles ( bodies consi/ ( atoms1 incapable ( fur!r division2 & ^! atoms are ( a size almo/ inf9itely small4 ,x c be demon/rat$ t ! size ( an atom ( lead does n am\nt to s mu* z #a_/hhh1dib1jjj1jjj1jjj ( a cubic in*4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is extreme m9ut5ess1 ea* ( ^! atoms possesses a peculi> weight & a peculi> bulk1 :i* di/+ui% x f ! atoms ( e o!r body4 ,we _c det]m9e ! absolute weight ( any ( !m1 b m]ely ! relative weights2 & ?is is done by asc]ta9+ ! relative proportions 9 :i* !y unite4 ,:5 two bodies unite 9 only "o proportion1 x is reasonable to conclude t ! comp\nd consi/s ( #a atom ( ! "o body1 unit$ to #a atom ( ! o!r4 ,?us oxide ( bismu? is a comp\nd ( #a oxyg5 & #i bismu?2 &1 z ! bodies unite 9 no o!r proportion1 we conclude t an atom ( bismu? is n9e times z heavy z an atom ( oxyg54 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! atomic weights ( ! simple bodies h be5 attempt$ to be det]m9$4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ^! weights ref]r$ to oxyg5 z unity1 & d$uc$ f ! be/ data at pres5t 9 our possession3 ,atomic weight4 ,oxyg5 #a ,fluor9e #bbe ,*lor9e #de ,brom9e #aj ,calcium #be ,magnesium #ae ,alum9um #abe ,gluc9um #bbe ,iod9e #aege ,hydrog5 #jabe ,azote #age ,c>bon #jge ,boron #a ,silicon #a ,phosphorus #b ,sulphur #b ,sel5ium #e ,tellurium #d ,ars5ic #dge ,antimony #h ,*romium #d ,uranium #bf ,molybd5um #f ,tung/5 #abe ,titanium #cbe ,columbium #bbge ,potassium #e ,sodium #c ,li?ium #jge ,b>ium #he ,/rontium #ee ,yttrium #dbe ,zirconium #e ,?or9um #ge ,iron #ce ,manganese #ce ,nickel #cbe ,cobalt #cbe ,c]ium #fbe ,z9c #dbe ,cadmium #g ,lead #ac ,t9 #gbe ,bismu? #i ,copp] #d ,m]cury #abe ,silv] #acge ,gold #abe ,plat9um #ab ,palladium #fge ,rhodium #fge ,iridium #abbe ,osmium #abe ,! atomic weights ( ^! bodies1 divid$ by _! specific gravity1 ought to give u ! comp>ative size ( ! atoms4 ,! foll[+ table1 con/ruct$ 9 ?is way1 exhibits ! relative bulks ( ^! atoms :i* belong to bodies ^: specific gravity is kn[n3 ,volume4 ,c>bon #a ,nickel #age ,cobalt ,manganese ,copp] #b ,iron ,plat9um #bf ,palladium ,z9c #bge ,rhodium ,tellurium #c ,*romium ,molybd5um #cbe ,silica #ce ,titanium ,cadmium #cge ,ars5ic ,phosphorus #d ,antimony ,tung/5 ,bismu? #dbe ,m]cury ,t9 #dff ,sulphur ,sel5ium #ed ,lead ,gold ,silv] #f ,osmium ,oxyg5 ,hydrog5 #icc ,azote ,*lor9e ,uranium #ace ,columbium #ad ,sodium ,brom9e #aege ,iod9e #bd ,potassium #bg ,we h no data to enable u to det]m9e ! %ape ( ^! atoms4 ,! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion is1 t !y are sph]es or sph]oids2 ?\gh !re are difficulties 9 ! way ( admitt+ su* an op9ion1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ne>ly insurm\ntable4 ,! probability is1 t all ! support]s h ! prop]ty ( unit+ ) all ! bases1 9 at lea/ ?ree proportions4 ,b by f> ! great] numb] ( ^! comp\nds /ill rema9 unkn[n4 ,! greate/ progress has be5 made 9 our k ( ! comp\nds ( oxyg52 b ev5 !re mu* rema9s to be inve/igat$2 ow+1 9 a great measure1 to ! sc>city ( sev]al ( ! bases :i* prev5t *emi/s f subject+ !m to ! requisite numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,! comp\nds ( *lor9e h also be5 a good deal inve/igat$2 b brom9e & iod9e h be5 kn[n = s %ort a "t1 t *emi/s h n yet _h leisure to contrive ! requisite processes = caus+ !m to unite ) bases4 ,! acids at pres5t kn[n am\nt to a v great numb]4 ,! oxyg5 acids h be5 mo/ inve/igat$4 ,!y consi/ ( two sets3 ^? consi/+ ( oxyg5 unit$ to a s+le base1 & ^? 9 :i* x is unit$ to two or m bases4 ,! la/ set are d]iv$ f ! animal & vegetable k+doms3 x does n seem likely t ! electro-*emical !ory ( ,davy applies to !m4 ,!y mu/ d]ive _! acid qualities f "s electric pr9ciple n yet adv]t$ to2 =1 f ,davy's exp]im5ts1 !re c be little d\bt t !y are electro-negative1 z well z ! o!r acids4 ,! acid comp\nds ( oxyg5 & a s+le base are ab\t ?irty-two 9 numb]4 ,_! names are ,hyponitr\s acid ,nitr\s acid8 ,nitric acid ,c>bonic acid ,oxalic acid ,boracic acid ,silicic acid ,hypophosphor\s acid ,phosphor\s acid ,phosphoric acid ,hyposulphur\s acid ,subsulphur\s acid ,sulphur\s acid ,sulphuric acid ,hyposulphuric acid ,sel5i\s acid ,sel5ic acid ,ars5i\s acid ,ars5ic acid ,antimoni\s acid ,antimonic acid ,oxide ( tellurium ,*romic acid ,uranic acid ,molybdic acid ,tung/ic acid ,titanic acid ,columbic acid ,manganesic acid ,*loric acid ,bromic acid ,iodic acid4 ,! acids f ! vegetable & animal k+doms 7n reckon+ a consid]able numb] :i* consi/ ( comb9ations ( sulphuric acid ) a vegetable or animal body71 am\nt to ab\t =ty-?ree3 s t at pres5t we are acqua9t$ ) v ne>ly eighty acids :i* conta9 oxyg5 z an ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,! o!r classes ( acids h be5 b imp]fectly inve/igat$4 ,hydrog5 ent]s into comb9ation & =ms p[]ful acids ) all ! support]s except oxyg54 ,^! h be5 call$ hydracids4 ,!y are ,muriatic acid1 or hydro*loric acid ,hydrobromic acid ,hydriodic acid ,hydr(luoric acid1 or fluoric acid ,hydrosulphuric acid ,hydrosel5ic acid ,hydrotelluric acid ,^! con/itute 7su* ( !m z c be procur$7 "s ( ! mo/ useful & mo/ p[]ful *emical reag5ts 9 use4 ,!re is also ano!r comp\nd body1 cyanog51 simil> 9 its *>act]s to a support]3 x also =ms v>i\s acids1 by unit+ to hydrog51 *lor9e1 oxyg51 sulphur1 c4 ,?us we h ,hydrocyanic acid ,*lorocyanic acid ,cyanic acid ,sulpho-cyanic acid1 c4 ,we "k1 also1 fluosilicic acid & fluoboric acids4 ,if to ^! we add fulm9ic acid1 & ! v>i\s sulphur acids already inve/igat$1 we may /ate1 )\t risk ( any excess1 t ! numb] ( acids at pres5t kn[n to *emi/s1 & capable ( unit+ to bases1 exce$s a hundr$4 ,! numb] ( alkal9e bases is n1 p]haps1 s great2 b x mu/ ev5 at pres5t exce$ sev5ty2 & x w c]ta9ly be mu* augm5t$ :5 *emi/s turn _! att5tion to ! subject4 ,n[ e base is capable ( unit+ ) almo/ e acid1#i 9 all probability 9 at lea/ ?ree diff]5t proportions3 s t ! numb] ( salts :i* !y are capable ( =m+ _c be few] ?an #ba1jjj4 ,n[ sc>cely #ajjj ( ^! are at pres5t kn[n1 or h be5 inve/igat$ ) tol]able precision4 ,:at a prodigi\s field ( inve/igation rema9s to be trav]s$ mu/ be obvi\s to ! mo/ c>eless read]4 ,9 su* a numb] ( salts1 h[ _m rema9 unkn[n t might be appli$ to useful purposes1 ei!r 9 m$ic9e1 or z mordants1 or dyes1 c4 ,h[ mu*1 9 all probability1 w be add$ to ! res\rces ( mank9d by su* inve/igations ne$ n be obs]v$4 #i ,acids & bases ( ! same class all unite4 ,?us sulphur acids unite ) sulphur bases2 oxyg5 acids ) oxyg5 bases1 c4 ,! animal & vegetable k+doms pres5t a /ill m tempt+ field ( inve/igation4 ,animal & vegetable sub/ances may be arrang$ "u ?ree classes1 acids1 alkalies1 & neutrals4 ,! class ( acids pres5ts _m sub/ances ( great utility1 ei!r 9 ! arts1 or = season+ food4 ,! alkalies conta9 almo/ all ! p[]ful m$ic9es t are drawn f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! neutral bodies are important z articles ( food1 & are appli$1 too1 to _m o!r purposes ( fir/-rate utility4 ,all ^! bodies are compos$ 7*iefly1 at lea/7 ( hydrog51 c>bon1 oxyg51 & azote2 sub/ances easily procur$ abundantly at a *eap rate4 ,%\ld *emi/s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! k acquir$ by future inve/igations1 ev] arrive at ! k ( ! mode ( =m+ ^! pr9ciples f _! elem5ts at a *eap rate1 ! prodigi\s *ange :i* su* a discov]y w\ld make ^u ! /ate ( society mu/ be at once evid5t4 ,mank9d w\ld be1 9 "s measure1 indep5d5t ( climate & situation2 e ?+ c\ld be produc$ at pleasure 9 e "p ( ! e>?2 & ! inhabitants ( ! w>m] regions w\ld no long] be ! exclusive possessors ( com=ts & conv5i5ces to :i* ^? 9 less fav\r$ regions ( ! e>? are /rang]s4 ,let ! sci5ce advance = ano!r c5tury ) ! same rapidity t x has done dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & x w produce effects ^u society ( :i* ! pres5t race c =m no adequate idea4 ,ev5 already "s ( ^! effects are beg9n+ to develop !mselves2--our /reets are n[ illum9at$ ) gas drawn f ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & ! failure ( ! ,gre5l& fi%]y dur+ an un=tunate season l ! la/1 no long] fills u ) dismay4 ,:at a *ange has be5 produc$ 9 ! c\ntry by ! introduction ( /eam-boats6 & :at a /ill great] improvem5t is at pres5t 9 progress1 :5 /eam-c>riages & railroads are gradually tak+ ! place ( horses & common roads4 ,di/ances w soon be r$uc$ to "o-half ( :at !y are at pres5t2 :ile ! dim9i%$ =ce & increas$ rate ( conveyance w contribute ess5tially to l[] ! re/ ( our manufactures1 & enable u to ent] into a successful competition ) o!r nations4 ,i mu/ say a few words ^u ! application ( *emi/ry to physiology be=e conclud+ ?is imp]fect sket* ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! sci5ce4 ,! only functions ( ! liv+ body ^u :i* *emi/ry is calculat$ to ?r[ light1 are ! processes ( dige/ion1 assimilation1 & secretion4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is regulat$ by laws seem+ly q unconnect$ ) *emi/ry & me*anics1 &1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 p]fectly inscrutable4 ,ev5 9 ! processes ( dige/ion1 assimilation1 & secretion1 ! n]v\s influ5ce is important & ess5tial4 ,h5ce ev5 ( ^! functions our notions are necess>ily v imp]fect2 b ! application ( *emi/ry supplies u ) "s data at lea/1 :i* are too important to be altoge!r neglect$4 ,! food ( man consi/s ( solids & liquids1 & ! quantity ( ea* tak5 by diff]5t individuals is s v>i\s1 t no g5]al av]age c be /ruck4 ,i ?9k t ! dr9k w1 9 mo/ cases1 exce$ ! solid food 9 ne>ly ! proportion ( #d to #c2 b ! solid food itself conta9s n less ?an #g-aj?s ( its weight ( wat]4 ,9 reality1 !n1 ! quantity ( liquid tak5 into ! /oma* is to t ( solid matt] z #aj to #a4 ,! food is introduc$ into ! m\?1 comm9ut$ by ! tee?1 & mix$ up ) ! saliva into a k9d ( pulp4 ,! saliva is a liquid expressly secret$ = ?is purpose1 & ! quantity c]ta9ly does n fall %ort ( t5 ounces 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 inde$ ,i believe x exce$s t am\nt3 x is a liquid almo/ z col\rless z wat]1 slightly viscid1 & )\t ta/e or smell3 x conta9s ab\t #c_/ajjj ( its weight ( a peculi> matt]1 :i* is transp>5t & soluble 9 wat]3 x has susp5d$ 9 x ab\t #ad_/ajjj ( its weight ( mucus2 & 9 solution1 ab\t #bh_/ajjj ( common salt & soda3 ! re/ is wat]4 ,f ! m\? ! food passes into ! /oma*1 :]e x is *ang$ to a k9d ( pap call$ *yme4 ,! nature ( ! food c readily be di/+ui%$ aft] ma/ication2 b :5 conv]t$ into *yme1 x loses its *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,?is conv]sion is produc$ by ! action ( ! eigh? pair ( n]ves1 :i* are p>tly di/ribut$ on ! /oma*2 = :5 !y are cut1 ! process is /opp$3 b if a curr5t ( electricity1 by means ( a small voltaic batt]y1 be made to pass ?r\gh ! /oma*1 ! process goes on z usual4 ,h5ce ! process is obvi\sly connect$ ) ! action ( electricity4 ,a curr5t ( electricity1 by means ( ! n]ves1 seems to pass ?r\gh ! food 9 ! /oma*1 & to decompose ! common salt :i* is always mix$ ) ! food4 ,! muriatic acid is set at lib]ty1 & dissolves ! food2 = *yme seems to be simply a solution ( ! food 9 muriatic acid4 ,! *yme passes ?r\gh ! pyloric orifice ( ! /oma* into ! duod5um1 ! fir/ ( ! small inte/9es1 :]e x is mix$ ) two liquids1 ! bile1 secret$ by ! liv]1 & ! pancreatic juice1 secret$ by ! pancreas1 & bo? dis*>g$ into ! duod5um to assi/ 9 ! fur!r dige/ion ( ! food4 ,! *yme is always acid2 b aft] x has be5 mix$ ) ! bile1 ! acidity disappe>s4 ,! *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( ! bile is a bitt]-ta/$ sub/ance call$ picromel1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( comb9+ ) muriatic acid1 & =m+ ) x an insoluble comp\nd4 ,! pancreatic juice also conta9s a peculi> matt]1 to :i* *lor9e communicates a r$ col\r4 ,! use ( ! pancreatic juice is n und]/ood4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! *yme ?r\gh ! small inte/9es x is gradually sep>at$ into two sub/ances2 ! *yle1 :i* is absorb$ by ! lacteals1 & ! excrem5titi\s matt]1 :i* is gradually protrud$ along ! great inte/9es1 & at la/ evacuat$4 ,! *yle1 9 animals t live on vegetable food1 is semitransp>5t1 col\rless1 & )\t smell2 b 9 ^? t use animal food x is :ite1 slightly simil> to milk1 ) a t9t ( p9k4 ,:5 left expos$ to ! air x coagulates z blood does4 ,! coagulum is fibr94 ,! liquid portion conta9s album51 & ! usual salts t exi/ 9 ! blood4 ,?us ! *yle conta9s two ( ! con/itu5ts ( blood2 namely1 album51 :i* p]haps may be =m$ 9 ! /oma*1 & fibr91 :i* is =m$ 9 ! small inte/9es4 ,x /ill wants ! ?ird con/itu5t ( blood1 namely1 ! r$ globules4 ,f ! lacteals ! *yle passes into ! ?oracic duct2 !nce into ! left subclavian ve91 by :i* x is convey$ to ! he>t4 ,f ! he>t x passes into ! lungs1 dur+ its circulation ?r\gh :i* ! r$ globules are suppos$ to be =m$1 ?\gh ( ?is we h no direct evid5ce4 ,! lungs are ! organs ( brea?+1 a function s necess>y to hot-blood$ animals1 t x _c be susp5d$1 ev5 = a few m9utes1 )\t occasion+ dea?4 ,9 g5]al1 ab\t tw5ty inspirations1 & z _m expirations1 are made 9 a m9ute4 ,! quantity ( air :i* ! lungs ( an ord9>y siz$ man c conta91 :5 fully di/5d$1 is ab\t #cjj cubic in*es4 ,b ! quantity actually drawn 9 & ?r[n out1 dur+ ord9>y inspirations & expirations1 am\nts to ab\t sixte5 cubic in*es ea* "t4 ,9 ord9>y cases ! volume ( air is n s5sibly alt]$ by respiration2 b x und]goes two rem>kable *anges4 ,a portion ( its oxyg5 is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas1 & ! air expir$ is saturat$ ) humidity at ! temp]ature ( #ih4 ,! moi/ure ?us giv5 out am\nts to ab\t sev5 ounces troy1 or v little %ort ( half an avoirdupois p\nd4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid =m$ v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t individuals1 & also at diff]5t times 9 ! day2 be+ a maximum at twelve o'clock at noon1 & a m9imum at midnight4 ,p]haps f\r ( c>bonic acid1 9 e #ajj cubic in*es ( air brea!d1 may be a tol]able approa* to ! tru?2 t is to say1 t e six respirations produce f\r cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid4 ,?is w\ld am\nt to #ai1bjj cubic in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,n[ ! weight ( #ai1bjj cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid gas is #ahih troy ounces1 :i* conta9 r m ?an five troy ounces ( c>bon4 ,^! alt]ations 9 ! air are d\btless connect$ ) correspond+ alt]ations 9 ! blood1 ?\gh ) respect to ! specific nature ( ^! alt]ations we are ignorant4 ,b !re are two purposes :i* respiration answ]s1 ! nature ( :i* we c und]/&1 & :i* seem to af=d a reason :y x _c be int]rupt$ )\t dea?4 ,x s]ves to develop ! animal heat1 :i* is s ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( life2 & x gives ! blood ! prop]ty ( /imulat+ ! he>t2 )\t :i* x w\ld cease to contract1 & put an end to ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,?is /imulat+ prop]ty is connect$ ) ! sc>let col\r :i* ! blood acquires dur+ respiration2 = :5 ! sc>let col\r disappe>s ! blood ceases to /imulate ! he>t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! human body 9 a /ate ( heal? is ab\t #ih 9 ?is c\ntry2 b 9 ! torrid zone x is a little high]4 ,n[ z we are almo/ always surr\nd$ by a m$ium cold] ?an #ih1 x is obvi\s t ! human body is con/antly giv+ out heat2 s t if x did n possess ! p[] ( g5]at+ heat1 x is cle> t its temp]ature w\ld soon s9k z l[ z t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood t common combu/ion is no?+ else ?an ! union ( oxyg5 gas ) ! burn+ body4 ,! sub/ances commonly employ$ z combu/ibles are compos$ *iefly ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,! heat evolv$ is proportional to ! oxyg5 gas :i* unites ) ^! bodies4 ,& x has be5 asc]ta9$ t e #c cubic in*es ( oxyg5 :i* comb9e ) c>bon or hydrog5 occasion ! evolution ( #a ( heat4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t n only c>bon b also hydrog5 unite ) oxyg5 9 ! lungs1 & t !re=e bo? c>bonic acid & wat] are =m$ 9 t organ4 ,& f ! late exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,dupretz x is cle> t ! heat evolv$ 9 a giv5 "t1 by a hot-blood$ animal1 is v little %ort ( ! heat t w\ld be evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( ! same weight ( c>bon & hydrog5 consum$ dur+ t "t 9 ! lungs4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! heat evolv$ 9 ! lungs is ! consequ5ce ( ! union ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! blood1 & t ! process is p]fectly analog\s to combu/ion4 ,! specific heat ( art]ial blood is some:at great] ?an t ( v5\s blood4 ,h5ce ! reason :y ! temp]ature ( ! lungs does n become high] by brea?+1 & :y ! temp]ature ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! body are kept up by ! circulation4 ,! blood seems to be complet$ 9 ! kidneys4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( album51 fibr91 & ! r$ globules1 ) a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 hold+ 9 solution c]ta9 salts :i* are f\nd equally 9 all ! animal fluids4 ,x is employ$ dur+ ! circulation 9 supply+ ! wa/e ( ! sy/em1 & 9 be+ manufactur$ into all ! diff]5t secretions necess>y = ! v>i\s functions ( ! liv+ body4 ,by ^! diff]5t applications ( x we _c d\bt t its nature und]goes v great *anges1 & t x w\ld soon become unfit = ! purposes ( ! liv+ body 7 !re n an organ expressly de/9$ to )draw ! r$undant & useless portions ( t liquid1 & to re/ore x to ! same /ate t x 0 9 :5 x left ! lungs4 ,^! organs are ! kidneys2 ?r\gh :i* all ! blood passes1 & dur+ its circulation ?r\gh :i* ! ur9e is sep>at$ f x & )drawn altoge!r f ! body4 ,^! organs are z necess>y = ! cont9uance ( life z ! lungs !mselves2 accord+ly1 :5 !y are diseas$ or de/roy$1 dea? v spe$ily ensues4 ,! quantity ( ur9e void$ daily is v v>i\s2 ?\gh1 d\btless1 x be>s a close relation to t ( ! dr9k4 ,x is ne>ly b n q equal to ! am\nt ( ! dr9k2 & is seldom1 9 p]sons :o enjoy heal?1 less ?an #b lbs4 avoirdupois 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ur9e is "o ( ! mo/ complex sub/ances 9 ! animal k+dom1 conta9+ a mu* great] numb] ( +r$i5ts ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! blood f :i* x is secret$4 ,! wat] 9 ur9e void$ daily am\nts to ab\t #ahfflbs4 ,! blood conta9s no acid except a little muriatic4 ,b 9 ur9e we f9d sulphuric1 phosphoric1 & uric acids1 & sometimes oxalic & nitric acids1 & p]haps also "s o!rs4 ,! quantity ( sulphuric acid may be ab\t =ty-eight gra9s daily1 conta9+ n9ete5 gra9s ( sulphur4 ,! phosphoric acid ab\t ?irty-?ree gra9s1 conta9+ ab\t f\rte5 gra9s ( phosphorus4 ,! uric acid may am\nt to f\rte5 gra9s4 ,^! acids are 9 comb9ation ) pota%1 or soda1 or ammonia1 & also ) a v little lime & magnesia4 ,! common salt evacuat$ daily 9 ! ur9e am\nts to ab\t sixty-two gra9s4 ,! urea1 a peculi> sub/ance f\nd only 9 ! ur9e1 am\nts p]haps to z mu* z #dbj gra9s4 ,x w\ld appe> f ^! facts t ! kidneys possess ! prop]ty ( conv]t+ ! sulphur & phosphorus1 :i* are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! blood1 into acids1 & likewise ( =m+ o!r acids & urea4 ,! quantity ( wat] ?r[n out ( ! sy/em by ! ur9e & lungs is sc>cely equal to ! am\nt ( liquid daily consum$ along ) ! food4 ,b !re is ano!r organ :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ to ?r[ out likewise a consid]able quantity ( moi/ure1 ?is organ is ! sk92 & ! process is call$ p]spiration4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,segu9 x appe>s t ! quantity ( moi/ure giv5 out daily by ! sk9 am\nts to #edhi ounces3 ?is add$ to ! quantity evolv$ f ! lungs & ! ur9e consid]ably exce$s ! weight ( liquid tak5 ) ! food1 & leaves no d\bt t wat] z well z c>bonic acid mu/ be =m$ 9 ! lungs dur+ respiration4 ,su* is an imp]fect sket* ( ! pres5t /ate ( t dep>tm5t ( physiology :i* is mo/ intimately connect$ ) ,*emi/ry4 ,x is amply suffici5t1 %ort z x is1 to satisfy ! mo/ c>eless obs]v] h[ little progress has hi!rto be5 made 9 ^! inve/igations2 & :at an ext5sive field rema9s yet to be trav]s$ by future obs]v]s4 ,,! ,,end4 ,c4 ,,:it+1 ,,beau=t ,,h\se1 ,,/r&4 ,,popul> ,,novels1 ,,j ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,colburn ,,& ,,ri*>d ,,b5tley1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet4 ,i4 ,,philip ,,augu/us4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,de ,l',orme1 ,d>nley1 c4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,,ii4 ,,jacquel9e ,,( ,,holl&4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,! ,heiress ( ,bruges1 ,highways & ,byways1 c4 ,9 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,,iii4 ,,companion ,,to ,,lawrie ,,todd4 ,,bogle ,,corbet2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,emigrants4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,lawrie ,todd1 c4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,"y ,,duke4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,vivian ,grey4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,v4 ,,mo!rs ,,& ,,daught]s4 ,a ,,tale ,,( ,,! ,,ye> #ahcj4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,! be/ novel ( ! season--a fai?ful1 exact1 & spirit$ picture ( ! ,ari/ocracy ( ?is c\ntry4--,,spectator4 ,,vi4 ,,w$d$ ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,upp] ,,ranks4 #b vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,premi]666 ,9 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,all ! lead+ ,/atesm5 ( ! day1 & all ! mo/ influ5tial political *>act]s1 are n only describ$ 9 ?is novel1 b br\ght =w>d z actors1 speak+ 9 _! own prop] p]sons1 & assign+ _! own reasons = _! conduct ) a />tl+ fidelity4--,,c\ri]4 ,,viii4 ,,mr4 ,,!odore ,,hook',s ,,new ,,"w4 ,,maxwell4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,say+s & ,do+s4 ,9 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,! v be/ ( ,mr4 ,hook's productions4--,,exam9]4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,wit*2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,skimm] ,,( ,,! ,,seas4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,! ,r$ ,rov]1 ,! ,bord]]s1 c4 ,9 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,coop]1 ! ,am]ican ,noveli/1 has no liv+ sup]ior4--,,scotsman4 ,x4 ,,paul ,,clif=d4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,pelham4 ,second ,edition4 ,9 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,! mo/ orig9al ( all ,mr4 ,bulw]'s works4--,,lit4 ,,gazette4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,heiress ,,( ,,bruges4 ,a ,tale4 ,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,grattan1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( ,highways & ,byways1 c4 ,second & *eap] edition1 9 #c vols4 po/ #hvo4 ,a love /ory1 ( ! mo/ romantic int]e/4--,,lit4 ,,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 un*ang$4 ,sev]al elem5ts are repres5t$ by symbols 9 ! orig9al4 ,!y h be5 replac$ by ! "n ( ! elem5t )9 ?us - hydrog54 ,9 *apt] ,,vi ! f9al num]al 9 sev]al ( ! decimal numb]s is surm\nt$ by a po9t4 ,^! are %[n ?us #aaaa4a4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4