file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #eagdh-;h4htm or #eagdh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #eagdh_/pg#eagdh-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#eagd h_/eagdh-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/torp$[>su b#jj;fultri* ,,torp$o ,,w>1 ,,& ,,subm>9e ,,explosions4 by ,,rob]t ,,fulton ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y & ,philosophical ,society4 ,! ,lib]ty ( ! ,sea w be ! ,happ9ess ( ! ,e>?4 ,new-,york3 ,pr9t$ by ,william ,elliot1 #aad ,wat]-,/reet4 #ahaj ,new ,york ,repr9t$ ,william ,abbatt #aiad ,be+ ,extra ,no4 #ce ( ,! ,magaz9e ( ,hi/ory ) ,notes & ,qu]ies ,,cont5ts ,page ,,torp$o ,,w>1 c4 #e ,,plate ,i #g ,,plate ,,ii #aj ,,plate ,,iii #ac ,,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #a #ae ,fig4 #b #ag ,,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #a #b #ag ,fig4 #c #bj ,,?\ghts -- ,on ! probable effect ( ?is inv5tion #bj ,e/imate ( ! ,=ce to ,attack s ,=midable a ,blockade ,fleet #cb ,mann] ( ,arrang+ ! ,boats ,until ,want$ #cc ,fir/ ,mode ( ,attack #ce ,second ,mode ( ,attack #cf ,,on -- ! imag9>y inhumanity ( ,torp$o w> #dj ,a ,,view -- ( ! political economy ( ?is inv5tion #dc ,,editor',s ,,preface ,9 view ( ! prom95t "p play$ 9 ! pres5t ,_w ,w> by torp$oes & subm>9es1 ! subject ( our ,extra ,no4 #ce is peculi>ly timely4 ,! orig9al ( #ahaj is v sc>ce1 only "o copy hav+ be5 sold at auction 9 _m ye>s3 nor are copies to be f\nd 9 any b a few ( our libr>ies4 ,fulton's claims = 8 inv5tion h be5 fully sub/antiat$ & "s ( 8 pr$ictions1 made m ?an a c5tury ago1 are rem>kably int]e/+1 9 view ( ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ five mon?s4 ,8 e/imate ( our population 9 #aibj has already be5 exce$$ 9 fact1 & only 8 plan ( affix+ torp$oes to _! prey by means ( h>poons seems--= x 0 made 9 ! days ( wood5 %ips--fanta/ic1 9 ^! days ( iron clads4 ,he c\ld n =esee t almo/ exactly a c5tury w\ld elapse be=e 8 inv5tion w\ld be ext5sively us$--?\gh he cauti\sly says x is impossible to =esee to :at degree torp$oes may be improv$ & r5d]$ useful4 ,9 ! ,jol9e collection ( autograph lett]s1 sold ?is mon?1 0 an extremely int]e/+ lett] ( ,fulton's1 address$ to ,g54 ,william ,duane4 ,a "p reads3 ,new ,york1 ,m>* #a1 #ahac ,i am happy to f9d y cont9ue ! firm fri5d to torp$oes2 an infant art :i* requires only support & practice to produce a *ange 9 ,m>itime affairs ( imm5ce 7sic7 importance to ?is c\ntry4 ,expect+ ! enemy "h1 ,i h n be5 idle1 ,i h prep>$ #i torp$oes ) locks t /rike fire by concussion1 & f\r ) clockwork locks4 ,! lett] is ( great int]e/ ?r\gh\t1 & tells ( 8 plans = bl[+ up ! enemy or driv+ !m f ,new ,york wat]s1 8 regret t he _h n en\gh torp$oes = ! ,*esapeake2 & conta9s a li/ ( ! co/ ( v>i\s sorts1 c4 ,we regret t we c\ld n secure p]mission to copy ! :ole ( x4 ,,torp$o ,,w>1 c4 ,to ,,james ,,madison1 ,esq4 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to ! ,memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress4 ,g5tlem51 ,9 ,janu>y la/1 at ,kalorama1 ! resid5ce ( my fri5d ,joel ,b>l[1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( exhibit+ to ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 ,mr4 ,madison1 & a p>ty ( g5tlem5 f ! s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives1 "s exp]im5ts & details on ,torp$o def5ce & attack2 ! fav\rable impression :i* ! exp]im5ts appe>$ to make on ! m9ds ( ! g5tlem5 !n pres5t2 & my conviction t ?is inv5tion1 improv$ & practis$ to ! p]fection :i* x is capable ( receiv+1 w be ( ! fir/ importance to our c\ntry1 has induc$ me to pres5t y 9 ! =m ( a pamphlet a description ( my sy/em1 ) five engrav+s1 & su* demon/rations z w give ea* ( y an opportunity to contemplate its efficacy & utility at y\r leisure2 & enable y to =m a correct judgm5t on ! propriety ( adopt+ x z a "p ( our means ( national def5ce4 ,x be+ my int5tion to publi% h]eaft] a detail$ acc\nt ( ! orig9 & progress ( ?is inv5tion1 & ! emb>rassm5ts "u :i* ,i h lab\r$ to br+ x to its pres5t /ate ( c]ta9 utility2 ,i w n[ /ate only su* exp]im5ts & facts z are mo/ important to be kn[n1 & :i*1 prov+ ! practicability ( de/roy+ %ips ( w> by ?is means1 w lead ! m9d to all ! advantages :i* we may d]ive f x4 ,i believe x is g5]ally kn[n t ,i endeav\r$ = _m ye>s to get torp$oes introduc$ into practice 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl&2 :i*1 ?\gh unsuccessful1 gave me ! opportunity ( mak+ num]\s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale2 by :i* ,i discov]$ errors 9 ! comb9ations ( ! ma*9]y & me?od ( fix+ ! torp$oes to a %ip2 :i* errors 9 ! ma*9]y h be5 correct$3 & ,i believe ,i h f\nd means ( atta*+ ! torp$oes to a vessel :i* w seldom fail ( success4 ,x is ! result ( my exp]i5ce :i* ,i n[ submit to y\r consid]ation2 & hop+ t y w feel an int]e/ 9 ! success ( my inv5tion1 ,i beg = y\r delib]ate p]usal & reflection on ! foll[+ few pages4 ,g5tlem5 :o h trac$ ! progress ( ! useful arts1 "k ! ye>s ( toil & exp]im5t1 & difficulties :i* frequ5tly pass1 be=e ! utility & c]ta9 op]ation ( new discov]ies h be5 e/abli%$2 h5ce x c\ld n be expect$1 t torp$oes %\ld be r5d]$ useful )\t enc\nt]+ _m difficulties2 & ,i am aw>e1 t 9 ! c\rse ( f>!r essays o!r difficulties w appe>2 b f my pa/ exp]i5ce ,i feel confid5t1 t any ob/acle :i* may arise c be surm\nt$ by att5tion & p]sev]ance3 ( ?is g5tlem5 w be bett] able to judge1 aft] exam9+ ! foll[+ facts & details3 ,note on vessels ( w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,f :i* a comp>ative e/imate may be made ( _! exp5ce1 & ! exp5ce ( arm$ ,torp$o boats2 also ! degree ( protection :i* a giv5 sum w\ld effect1 exp5d$ 9 ei!r way4 ,! ,%ip ,con/itution ,guns #ed ,fir/ co/1 doll>s #cjb1gah ,annual exp5ce :5 9 commission1 doll>s #ajj1jjj ,draft ( wat]1 feet #bc ,! ,wasp ,guns #ah ,fir/ co/1 doll>s #fj1jjj ,annual exp5ce 9 commission1 doll>s #ch1jjj ,draft ( wat]1 feet #ae ,a ,gun ,boat ,fir/ co/1 fitt$ = sea1 doll>s #ab1jjj ,annual exp5ce 9 commission1 doll>s #aa1jjj ,m5 #cf ,numb] ( gun boats ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #afg ,?is ,"w hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 ha/e1 ! errors ( ! press1 & ^? ( diction1 %all be correct$ 9 ! second edition4 7,= tables1 see pages #ed-ee7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,plate ,i ,is a view ( ! brig ,doro!a1 z %e 0 bl[n up on ! #ae? ( ,oct4 #ahje4 ,to conv9ce ,mr4 ,pitt & "l ,melville t a vessel c\ld be de/roy$ by ! explosion ( a ,torp$o "u h] bottom1 a /rong built ,dani% brig1 ! ,doro!a1 bur!n #bjj tons1 0 an*or$ 9 ,walm] road1 ne> ,deal1 & )9 a mile ( ,walm] ,ca/le1 ! !n resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,pitt4 ,two boats1 ea* ) eight m51 comm&$ by lieut5ant ,rob9son1 7 put "u my direction4 ,i prep>$ two empty ,torp$oes 9 su* a mann]1 t ea* 0 only f two to ?ree p\nds specifically heavi] ?an salt wat]2 & ,i s susp5d$ !m1 t !y hung fifte5 feet "u wat]4 ,!y 7 !n ti$ "o to ea* end ( a small rope eighty feet long3 ?us arrang$1 & ! brig draw+ twelve feet ( wat]1 ! #ad? day ( ,octob] 0 sp5t 9 practice4 ,ea* boat hav+ a ,torp$o 9 ! /]n1 !y />t$ f ! %ore ab\t a mile above ! brig1 & r[$ d[n t[>ds h]2 ! unit+ l9e ( ! ,torp$oes be+ /ret*$ to its full ext5t1 ! two boats 7 di/ant f ea* o!r sev5ty feet2 ?us !y approa*$ 9 su* a mann]1 t "o boat kept ! l>bo>d ! o!r ! />bo>d side ( ! brig 9 view4 ,s soon z ! connect+ l9e ( ! ,torp$oes pass$ ! buoy ( ! brig1 !y 7 ?r[n into ! wat]1 & c>ri$ on by ! tide1 until ! connect+ l9e t\*$ ! brig's cable2 ! tide !n drove !m "u h] bottom4 ,! exp]im5t be+ repeat$ sev]al times1 taught ! m5 h[ to act1 & prov$ to my satisfaction t1 :5 prop]ly plac$ on ! tide1 ! ,torp$oes w\ld inv>iably g "u ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,i !n fill$ "o ( ! ,torp$oes ) "o hundr$ & eighty p\nds ( p[d]1 & set its clockwork to eighte5 m9utes4 ,e ?+ be+ ready1 ! exp]im5t 0 ann\nc$ = ! next day1 ! #ae?1 at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,urg5t bus9ess _h call$ ,mr4 ,pitt & "l ,melville to ,london4 ,admiral ,holl[ay1 ,sir ,sidney ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,ow51 ,capta9 ,k+/on1 ,colonel ,congreve1 & ! major "p ( ! (fic]s ( ! fleet "u comm& ( ,"l ,kea? 7 pres5t2 at =ty m9utes pa/ f\r ! boats r[$ t[>ds ! brig1 & ! ,torp$oes 7 ?r[n into ! wat]2 ! tide c>ri$ !m1 z be=e describ$1 "u ! bottom ( ! brig1 :]e1 at ! expiration ( eighte5 m9utes1 ! explosion appe>$ to raise h] bodily ab\t six feet2 %e sep>at$ 9 ! middle1 & ! two ends w5t d[n2 9 tw5ty seconds1 no?+ 0 to be se5 ( h] except float+ fragm5ts2 ! pumps & =ema/ 7 bl[n out ( h]2 ! =e-topsail-y>d 0 ?r[n up to ! cross-trees2 ! =e-*a9 plates ) _! bolts1 7 torn f h] sides2 ! miz5-*a9-plates & %r\ds1 be+ /rong] ?an ^? ( ! =ema/1 or ! %ock be+ m =w>d ?an aft1 ! miz5ma/ 0 broke (f 9 two places2 ^! discov]ies 7 made by means ( ! pieces :i* 7 f\nd afloat4 ,! exp]im5t 0 ( ! mo/ satisfactory k9d1 = x prov$ a fact mu* debat$ & d5i$1 t ! explosion ( a suffici5t quantity ( p[d] "u ! bottom ( a vessel w\ld de/roy h]4,a ,!re is n[ no d\bt left on any intellig5t m9d z to ?is mo/ important ( all facts connect$ ) ! inv5tion ( ,torp$oes2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is fact alone1 m]its ! exp5diture ( millions ( doll>s & ye>s ( exp]im5t1 7 x yet necess>y1 to arrive at a sy/em ( practice :i* %all insure success to attacks1 ) su* =midable eng9es4 ,= ,am]ica1 ,i consid] x a =tunate circum/ance t ?is exp]im5t 0 made 9 ,engl&1 & witness$ by m ?an a hundr$ respectable & brave (fic]s ( ! ,royal navy2 =1 %\ld ,congress adopt ,torp$oes z a "p ( our means ( def5ce1 lords ,melville1 ,ca/l]eagh1 & ,mulgrave1 h a good k ( _! comb9ation & effect4 ,"l ,gr5ville1 ,e>ls ,gray & ,/4 ,v9c5t,b1 h on _! m9ds a /rong impression ( _! probable consequ5ces4 ,sir ,home ,popham1 ,sir ,sidney ,smi?1 & ,colonel ,congreve1 ! latt] n[ celebrat$ = 8 +5i\s inv5tion ( ,pyrotecnic arr[s or rockets1 7 my fri5ds & companions 9 ! exp]im5ts2 !y are excell5t & brave m51 & f my k ( ^? noblem5 & g5tlem51 & _! s5tim5ts on ?is subject1 ,i c pr$ict t !y w\ld feel mu* dispos$ to respect ! rights1 nor ent] ! wat]s ( a nation :o %\ld use su* eng9es ) en]gy & effect4 ,footnote ,a3 ,tw5ty m9utes be=e ! ,doro!a 0 bl[n up1 ,capt4 ,k+/on ass]t$1 t if a ,torp$o 7 plac$ "u 8 cab9 :ile he 0 at d9n]1 he %\ld feel no conc]n = ! consequ5ce4 ,occul> demon/ration is ! be/ pro( = all m54 ,footnote ,b3 ,! morn+ ( my fir/ int]view ) ,e>l ,/4 ,v9c5t he 0 v communicative4 ,i expla9$ to him a ,torp$o & ! ,doro!a exp]im5t4 ,he reflect$ = "s "t1 & !n said1 ,pitt 0 ! greate/ fool t ev] exi/$1 to enc\rage a mode ( w> :i* !y :o comm&$ ! seas did n want1 & :i*1 if successful1 w\ld deprive !m ( x4 ,?is =tunate exp]im5t left n ! lea/ d\bt on my m9d t ! "o :i* ,i made 9 ! h>b\r ( ,new-,york 9 ,augu/ #ahjg1 w\ld be equally successful4 ,! brig 0 an*or$1 ! ,torp$oes prep>$ & put into ! wat] 9 ! mann] be=e describ$2 ! tide drove !m "u ! brig ne> h] keel1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! locks turn+ d[nw>ds1 ! p[d] fell out ( ! pans & !y bo? miss$ fire4 ,?is discov]y ( an error 9 ! mann] ( fix+ ! locks to a ,torp$o1 has be5 correct$4 ,on ! second attempt1 ! ,torp$o miss$ ! brig2 ! explosion took place ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f h]1 & ?rew up a column ( wat] t5 feet diamet] sixty or sev5ty feet high4 ,on ! ?ird attempt %e 0 bl[n up3 ! effect & result mu* ! same z t ( ! ,doro!a be=e describ$4 ,ab\t two ?\s& p]sons 7 witnesses to ?is exp]im5t4 ,?us1 9 ! c\rse ( my essays1 two brigs1 ea* ( two hundr$ tons1 h be5 bl[n up4 ,! practicability ( de/roy+ vessels by ?is means1 has be5 fully prov$4 ,x is also prov$1 t ! me*anism w ignite p[d] at any requir$ dep? "u wat] )9 a giv5 "t4 ,x n[ rema9s to po9t out means by :i* ,torp$oes may be us$ to advantage ) ! lea/ possible risque to ! assailants4 ,,plate ,,ii ,repres5ts ! an*or$ ,torp$o1 s arrang$ z to bl[ up a vessel :i* %\ld run aga9/ x2 ,b is a copp] case two feet long1 twelve in*es diamet]1 capable ( conta9+ "o hundr$ p\nds ( p[d]4 ,a is a brass box1 9 :i* !re is a lock simil> to a common gun-lock1 ) a b>rel two in*es long1 to conta9 a musket *>ge ( p[d]3 ! box1 ) ! lock cock$ & b>rel *>g$1 is screw$ to ! copp] case ,b4 ,h is a lev] :i* has a communication to ! lock inside ( ! box1 & 9 its pres5t /ate holds ! lock cock$ & ready to fire4 ,c is a deal box fill$ ) cork1 & ti$ to ! case ,b4 ,! object ( ! cork is to r5d] ! ,torp$o ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty p\nds specifically light] ?an wat]1 & give x a t5d5cy to rise to ! surface4 ,x is held d[n to any giv5 dep? "u wat] by a weight ( fifty or sixty p\nds z at ,f3 !re is also a small an*or ,g1 to prev5t a /rong tide mov+ x f its position4 ,) ,torp$oes prep>$1 & kn[+ ! dep? ( wat] 9 all our bays & h>b\rs1 x is only necess>y to fix ! weight ,f at su* a di/ance f ! ,torp$o1 z :5 ?r[n into ! wat]1 ,f w hold x t51 twelve1 or fifte5 feet bel[ ! surface at l[ wat]1 x w !n be m or less bel[ ! surface at high wat]1 or at diff]5t times ( ! tide2 b x %\ld nev] be s deep z ! usual draught ( a frigate or %ip ( ! l9e4 ,:5 an*or$1 x w1 dur+ ! flood tide1 /& 9 its pres5t position2 at slack wat] x w /& p]p5dicul> to ! weight ,f1 z at ,d2 dur+ ! ebb x w be at ,e4 ,at t5 feet "u wat] ! waves1 9 boi/]\s wea!r1 w\ld h little or no t5d5cy to di/urb ! ,torp$o2 = t if ! holl[ ( a wave %\ld s9k t5 feet bel[ :at w\ld be ! calm surface1 ! wave w\ld run tw5ty feet high1 :i* ,i believe is nev] ! case 9 any ( our bays or h>b\rs4 ,all ! exp]i5ce :i* ,i h on ?is k9d ( ,torp$o is1 t 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] #ahje1 ,i _h "o ( !m an*or$ n9e feet "u wat]1 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel ne> ,dov]2 ! wea!r 0 sev]e1 ! waves ran high1 x kept its position = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 &1 :5 tak5 up1 ! p[d] 0 dry & ! lock 9 good ord]4 ,! ,torp$o ?us an*or$1 x is obvi\s1 t if a %ip 9 sail+ %\ld /rike ! lev] ,h1 ! explosion w\ld be in/antane\s1 & %e be imm$iately de/roy$2 h5ce1 to def5d our bays or h>b\rs1 let a hundr$1 or m if necess>y1 ( ^! eng9es be an*or$ 9 ! *annel1 z = example1 ! ,n>r[s1 to def5d ,new-,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,! figure to ! "r ( ! plate is an end view ( ! ,torp$o ,h4 ,h %ews its lev] =k$1 to give ! bett] *ance ( be+ /ruck4 ,hav+ describ$ ?is in/rum5t 9 a way :i* ,i hope w be und]/ood1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to put ! foll[+ "q to my read]s1 :i* is1 kn[+ t ! explosion ( "o hundr$ p\nds ( p[d]1 or m if requir$1 "u ! bottom ( a %ip ( ! l9e1 w\ld de/roy h]1 & see+1 t if a %ip 9 sail+ %\ld /rike ! lev] ( an an*or$ torp$o1 %e w\ld be bl[n up1 w\ld he h ! c\rage1 or1 %all ,i say1 tem]ity1 to sail into a *annel :]e "o or m hundr$ ( su* eng9es 7 an*or$8 ,i rely on ea* g5tleman's s5se ( prud5ce & self-pres]vation1 to answ] ?is "q to my satisfaction4 ,%\ld ! appreh5sion ( dang] become z /rong on ! m9ds ( ^? :o inve/igate ?is subject z x is on m9e1 we may reasonably conclude t ! same reg>d to self-pres]vation1 w make an enemy cauti\s 9 approa*+ wat]s :]e su* eng9es are plac$2 =1 h[ev] brave sailors may be1 !re is no dang] s di/ress+ to ! m9d ( a seaman1 or s calculat$ to de/roy 8 confid5ce1 z t :i* is invisible & in/antane\s de/ruction4 ,! consid]ation :i* w n[ pres5t itself1 is1 t ! enemy might s5d out boats to sweep = & de/roy ! ,torp$oes4 ,x is !re=e prop] to exam9e ! nature ( su* an op]ation1 & its *ance ( success4 ,suppose two hundr$ ,torp$oes to be plac$ 9 ?ree miles ( *annel1 ! enemy's boats1 9 attempt+ to sweep = !m1 w\ld be expos$ to ! fire ( our l& batt]ies1 or necessitat$ to fight our boats1 = :5ev] !y leave _! %ips & take to boats1 we c be z well arm$ & active at boat fight+ z !y2 & ?us oppos$ by batt]ies & boats1 !y w\ld h ?ree or m squ>e miles ( *annel to sweep1 :i*1 ev5 if successful1 w\ld be a "w ( "t1 & 7 !y to get up "s ( ! ,torp$oes1 !y c\ld n asc]ta9 if all 7 de/roy$1 = !y c\ld n "k :e!r five or five hundr$ _h be5 put d[n2 nor c\ld !y prev5t our boats ?r[+ 9 additional numb]s ea* day & night4 ,x !re=e am\nts to an impossibility = an enemy to cle> a *annel ( ,torp$oes1 provid$ x 7 reasonably gu>d$ by l& batt]ies & r[ boats4 ,add$ to ! opposition :i* might be made to ! enemy1 !re is a great difficulty 9 cle>+ a *annel ( ,torp$oes ) any k9d ( sweep or drag1 s z to e/abli% full confid5ce 9 sail+ ?r\gh x4 ,x is only !y :o put !m d[n & "k ! numb]1 t c\ld tell :5 all 7 tak5 up4 ,to facilitate ! tak+ ( !m up1 ,i h1 s9ce ,plate ,,ii 0 engrav$1 ?\ght ( a v useful & simple piece ( me*anism :i*1 be+ screw$ to ! box ,c1 w hold ! ,torp$o "u wat] at any giv5 dep?1 & = any numb] ( days4 ,!y may be set to /ay "u wat] a day1 week1 mon?1 or ye>1 & on ! day :i* %all be previ\sly det]m9$1 !y w rise to ! surface2 at ! same in/ant ea* w lock its lev] ,h s t x _c /rike fire1 & ! ,torp$o may be h&l$ ) p]fect safety4 ,n hav+ "t to engrave ?is improvem5t1 x %all be exhibit$ to ,congress 9 a work+ model1 by :i* x w also be bett] und]/ood4 ,i w n[ suppose ! enemy to be approa*+ a port2 a signal ann\nces !m2 our boats run out & ?r[ into ! *annel two hundr$ ,torp$oes1 set ea* to #ae days4 ,%\ld ! enemy sail among !m1 ! consequ5ce w tea* future caution2 %\ld !y cruise or an*or at a di/ance1 :at c\ld !y d8 ,!y n kn[+ ! numb] ( ,torp$oes :i* 7 put d[n1 nor ! day on :i* !y 7 to rise to ! surface1 c\ld n h _! boats out expos$ to our fire1 & wait+ f day to day = a "t unc]ta94 ,:]eas1 our (fic]s1 kn[+ ! numb] :i* 7 put d[n1 & ! day !y 7 to rise to ! surface1 w\ld h _! boats ready to take !m 91 & at ! same "t replace !m ) o!rs set = t51 fifte51 tw5ty1 or m days4 ,view+ ?is subject 9 all its be>+s1 ! impression on my m9d is1 t x w\ld be impossible = an enemy to ent] a port :]e an*or$ ,torp$oes 7 ?us us$1 )\t _! incurr+ dang] ( su* a k9d1 t c\rage c\ld n gu>d !m f its consequ5ces4 ,prud5ce & ju/ice w\ld w>rant _! ab&on+ su* an ent]prise2 & ! probability is1 t kn[+ u to be ?us prep>$1 !y nev] w\ld attempt x1 or %\ld !y1 & only "o vessel 7 to be de/roy$1 we might calculate on its good effect to protect u f future ho/ile ent]prises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,plate ,,iii ,repres5ts a clockwork ,torp$o1 z prep>$ = ! attack ( a vessel :ile at an*or or "u sail1 by h>poon+ h] 9 ! l>bo>d & />bo>d b[4 ,b is a copp] case to conta9 "o hundr$ or m p\nds ( p[d]2 ,c a cork cu%ion to give ! :ole ,torp$o su* a buoyancy1 t x w be only f two to ?ree p\nds heavi] ?an salt wat]4 ,to asc]ta9 su* weight1 :5 x is *>g$ ) p[d] & ! lock screw$ on1 x is put into a l>ge tub ( sea wat]4 ,c is to h fifte5 or tw5ty in*-holes bor$ 9 its sides & top1 to let ! wat] ru% 9 & ! air out1 o!rwise1 ! air w\ld prev5t its imm$iately s9k+4 ,a is a cyl9dric brass box1 ab\t sev5 in*es diamet] & two in*es deep1 9 :i* !re is a gun-lock ) a b>rel two in*es long1 to receive a *>ge ( p[d] & a wad1 :i* *>ge is fir$ into ! p[d] ( ! case ,b4 ,9 ! brass box ,a !re is also a piece ( clockwork mov$ by a spr+1 :i* be+ w\nd up & set1 w let ! lock /rike fire 9 any numb] ( m9utes :i* may be det]m9$ )9 "o h\r4 ,k is a small l9e fix$ to a p91 :i* p9 holds ! clockwork inactive2 ! in/ant ! p9 is )drawn ! clockwork beg9s to move1 & ! explosion w take place 9 "o1 two1 ?ree1 or any numb] ( m9utes = :i* x has be5 set2 ! :ole is s made z to be p]fectly tight & keep out ! wat]1 al?\gh "u a pressure ( tw5ty-five or ?irty p]p5dicul> feet4 ,d is a p9e box two feet long1 six or eight in*es squ>e1 fill$ ) cork2 x is t5 or fifte5 p\nds light] ?an wat]1 & floats on ! surface2 ! l9e f x to ! ,torp$o is ! susp5d+ l9e1 :i* mu/ be ( a l5g? 9 proportion to ! e/imat$ draft ( wat] ( ! vessel to be attack$2 vessels ( a c]ta9 numb] ( guns usually draw )9 a few feet ( ! same draft ( wat]2 ! susp5d+ l9e %\ld be f f\r to eight feet long] ?an ! greate/ draft ( ! vessel1 t x may b5d r\nd ! curve ( h] side1 & lay ! ,torp$o ne> h] keel4 ,f ! ,torp$o & ! float ,d1 two l9es1 ea* tw5ty feet long1 are unit$ at ,e1 f !nce "o l9e goes to ! h>poon1 ! total l5g? ( ! l9e f ! ,torp$o to ! h>poon be+ ab\t fifty feet1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! vessel to be attack$1 w1 :5 ! %ip is h>poon$ 9 ! b[1 br+ ! ,torp$o "u h] bottom ne> mid%ip4 ,see ! h>poon4 ,x is a r\nd piece ( iron1 half an in* diamet] & two feet long1 ! butt "o in* diamet]1 ! exact calibre ( ! h>poon-gun2 9 ! head ( ! h>poon !re is an eye1 ! po9t six in*es long is b>b$1 ! l9e ( ! ,torp$o is splic$ into ! eye ( ! h>poon1 a small iron or t\gh copp] l9k runs on ! %aft ( ! h>poon1 to ! l9k ! ,torp$o-l9e is also ti$1 & at su* a di/ance1 t :5 ! h>poon is 9 ! gun x w =m a loop z at ,h1 b :5 fir$1 ! l9k w slide along to ! butt ( ! h>poon1 &1 hold+ ! rope & h>poon p>allel to ea* o!r1 ! rope w act l a tail or rod to a rocket1 & guide x /raight2 )\t ?is precaution1 ! butt ( ! h>poon w\ld turn =emo/1 & make a v unc]ta9 %ot4 ,f is ! h>poon-gun1 made /rong1 & to "w on a swivel 9 a /an*ion fix$ 9 ! /]n-%eets ( a boat4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ?is k9d ( h>poon & gun1 is1 t ,i h h>poon$ a t>get ( six feet squ>e fifte5 or tw5ty times1 at ! di/ance ( f ?irty to fifty feet1 nev] miss+1 & always driv+ ! b>b$ po9t ?r\gh ?ree in* bo>ds up to ! eye1 :i* practice 0 s satisfactory1 t ,i did n consid] x necess>y to repeat x4 ,! object ( h>poon+ a vessel on ! l>bo>d & />bo>d b[1 is1 to fix "o end ( ! ,torp$o-l9e1 !n1 if ! %ip be "u sail1 h] action ?r\gh ! wat] w draw ! ,torp$o "u h]2 if %e be at an*or1 ! tide w drive x "u h]1 :]e1 at ! expiration ( ! "t = :i* ! clockwork 0 set1 ! explosion w de/roy h]4 ,?is be+ ! k9d ( ,torp$o & clockwork by :i* ! ,doro!a 9 ,walm] roads1 & ! brig 9 ,new-,york h>b\r 7 bl[n up1 & ! h>poon hav+ succe$$ to fix ! l9e to ! t>get1 ^! two exp]im5ts %all be comb9$1 & ! mode ( practice1 ) ! prospect ( success & risque to ! assailants1 exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #a ,repres5ts ! /]n ( a r[-boat2 a plat=m ab\t f\r feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 is made on h] /]n on a level ) ! gunwale1 & project+ ov] ! /]n fifte5 or eighte5 in*es1 s t ! ,torp$o1 9 fall+ into ! wat]1 may cle> ! rudd]4 ,on ! plat=m1 ! ,torp$o & its susp5d+ l9e ( cork are to be laid1 & ! h>poon-l9e c>efully coil$ z at ,f1 s t :5 ! h>poon is fir$1 ! l9e may develope ) ease3 v pliable well greas$1 or :ite l9e w\ld be be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! h>poon & gun are s well engrav$ z require no explanation4 ,b is ! copp] case to hold "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( p[d]4 ,c1 ! box ( cork to dim9i% its t5d5cy to s9k & br+ x to a specific gravity ( only two or ?ree p\nds m ?an sea-wat]4 ,its susp5d+ box ( cork expla9$ 9 ,plate ,,iii is n se5 9 ?is figure1 le/ ! draw+ %\ld be confus$2 x c be imag9$ 9 its prop] place4 ,a1 is ! brass box ) ! clockwork lock2 ,d1 ! p9 :i* prev5ts ! clockwork mov+2 ! l9e f ! p9 is ti$ to a bolt1 or o!rwise fix$ to ! boat z at ,e4 ,?us fa/5$1 :5 ! ,torp$o is pull$ into ! wat]1 ! p9 ,d w rema9 9 ! boat1 & ! clockwork w beg9 to act4 ,! man :o %all be /ation$ at ! gun1 & :o may be call$ ! h>poon]1 is to /e] ! boat & fire :5 suffici5tly ne>4 ,if he fixes 8 h>poon 9 ! b[ ( ! enemy1 x w !n only be necess>y to r[ away2 ! h>poon & l9e be+ fix$ to ! %ip1 w pull ! ,torp$o out ( ! boat1 & at ! same in/ant set ! clockwork 9 motion4 ,?is r$uces ! attack ( ea* boat to "o simple op]ation1 t only ( fir+ ) reasonable att5tion4 ,%\ld ! h>poon] miss ! %ip1 he c save 8 ,torp$o & return to ! attack4 ,:ile ,i 0 ) ! ,briti% blockad+ fleet (f ! coa/ ( ,b\logne 9 #ahjd & #ahje1 ,i acquir$ "s exp]i5ce on ! k9d ( r[-boat be/ calculat$ = active movem5ts1 & :i* ,i n[ believe well adapt$ to a h>poon+ & ,torp$o attack2 h5ce ,i propose cl9k]-built boats1 ea* tw5ty-sev5 feet long1 six feet extreme bread? ( beam1 s+le bank$1 & six long o>s2 "o blund]buss1 on a swivel1 on ! l>bo>d & "o on ! />bo>d b[2 "o ditto on ! l>bo>d & "o on ! />bo>d qu>t]1 total f\r1 = :i* c>tridges %\ld be prep>$1 ea* conta9+ twelve half-ounce balls4 ,to "w ! blund]busses1 9 case ( ne$1 two m>9]s %\ld be plac$ 9 ! b[1 two 9 ! /]n2 ea* ( ^? m5 to be provid$ ) a horse-pi/ol & cutlass1 & ea* o>sman a cutlass1 9 case ( com+ to close qu>t]s ) a boat ( ! enemy4 ,total ( boat's crew #a ,h>poon]4 #a ,b[man4 #d ,m>9es4 #f ,o>sm54 ,total #ab ,m54 ,su* boats w\ld be active well arm$1 &1 if good m51 may be said to be /rong h&$1 & well prep>$ to make good a retreat1 or act on ! def5sive1 9 case ( enc\nt]+ ! enemy's boats4 ,fig4 #b ,a1 is a bird's eye view ( a vessel at an*or2 ,b1 h] cable2 ,,ee1 two ,torp$oes2 ,,cd1 is _! c\pl+ l9e1 ab\t #abj feet long2 x is "h repres5t$ t\*+ ! cable collaps+1 & ! ,torp$oes driv+ by ! tide "u ! vessel4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,doro!a 9 ,walm] roads1 & ! brig 9 ,new-,york h>b\r1 7 bl[n up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a ,a1 %ews a ,torp$o1 ) ! h>poon-l9e fix$ to ! c5tre ( its end2 :5 ! l9e is ?us fix$1 ! tide _c drive ! ,torp$o "u a vessel1 = ! pressure ( ! curr5t be+ equal on bo? sides1 x w hang p]p5dicul> to its susp5d+ box ( cork ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & rema9 z at ,b1 :]e1 explod+1 x w\ld bl[ ! wat] p]p5dicul> to ,c1 & up ! side ( ! %ip2 ! lat]al movem5t ( ! wat] f ,b to ,e w\ld give h] a sudd5 cant to "o side1 b d h] no injury4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by ! foll[+ practice4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,octob]1 #ahje1 capta9 ,siccombe1 9 a galley ) eight m5 & 8 coxswa91 plac$ two ,torp$oes 9 ! mann] describ$1 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #b1 betwe5 ! buoy & cable ( a ,fr5* gun-brig1 9 ,b\logne roads4 ,! tide drove !m until !y bo? lay p]p5dicul> to h] sides4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* saw capta9 ,siccombe advanc+ )\t answ]+ ! c\nt]sign1 !y exclaim$ t ! inf]nal ma*9es 7 com+1 & fir$ a volley ( musketry at 8 boat1 b )\t t\*+ a man4,c ,! mom5t ! ,fr5* fir$1 fe>+ ! effect ( ! explosions1 !y all ran aft & 7 9 ! greate/ confusion4 ,! tide drove capta9 ,siccombe's boat s f> d[n1 t he 0 oblig$ to cross "u ! brig's /]n1 :]e1 see+ h] m5 collect$1 & expect+ ano!r volley1 he dis*>g$ at !m two blund]busses1 ea* conta9+ fifte5 half-ounce balls,d1 & 0 r[+ away1 :5 bo? ,torp$oes explod$1 b1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 ! brig 0 n de/roy$4 ,on ! same night1 lieut5ant ,payne1 ( capta9 ,ow5's %ip l',immortality1 plac$ two ,torp$oes across ! b[ ( ano!r ,fr5* gun-brig2 he receiv$ _! fire1 _h "o man w\nd$1 r[$ to "s di/ance1 & wait$ till he saw ! explosion ( ! ,torp$oes1 :i* did n appe> to d any injury to ! vessel4 ,:5 capta9 ,siccombe call$ on me 9 ! morn+ & report$ ^! circum/ances1 ,i 0 mu* at a loss to acc\nt = ! brig n be+ bl[n up4 ,defective 9 ! exp]i5ce :i* ?is failure gave me1 ,i _h n reflect$1 t if ! copp] case1 ) ! clockwork & p[d]1 weigh$ specifically fifte5 or tw5ty p\nds m ?an wat]1 x w\ld hang l a heavy p5dulum to its susp5d+ cork-box ,c1 & if ! c\pl+ l9e 7 fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! end1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 ! action ( ! tide be+ equal on bo? sides1 w\ld h no t5d5cy to %e] or drive x f its p]p5dicul> position4 ,aft] ab\t half an h\r's consid]ation1 ,i 0 =cibly impress$ ) ?is error 9 arrangem5t1 z ! real cause ( capta9 ,siccombe's & lieut5ant ,payne's failure4 ,footnote ,c3 ,!y _h got "s idea ( ^! ma*9es1 f an attempt :i* _h be5 made ) !m aga9/ ! ,b\logne flotilla1 9 ,oct4 #ahjd1 call$ ! ,catam>an exp$ition4 ,footnote ,d3 ,! report on ?is attack 9 ! ,fr5* pap]s1 ackn[l$g$ t ! brig _h five m5 kill$ & eight w\nd$3 ?is f two blund]busses %ews t ! p]sons 9 ! vessel attack$ h to fe> ! small arms ( ! ,torp$o boats4 ,i imm$iately _h a l>ge tub made1 !n fill+ a copp] case ) p[d]1 ,i screw$ on to x ! clockwork lock1 & ti$ to x ! p9e box ,c1 !n susp5d+ ! :ole ,torp$o by a l9e 9 ! tub ( seawat]2 ! end ( ! susp5d+ l9e 0 ti$ to "o end ( a scale-beam4 ,i !n fill$ ! p9e box ,c ) cork1 until ! :ole volume ( ! ,torp$o & box ( cork w\ld1 :5 j cov]$ ) wat]1 hold ?ree p\nds 9 equilibrio 9 ! scale on ! o!r end ( ! beam4 ,! ,torp$o be+ !n ?ree p\nds heavi] ?an wat]1 _h a suffici5t t5d5cy to s9k2 & be+ s balanc$1 w\ld1 :ile "u wat]1 be easy mov$ by a slight pressure to ei!r side4 ,!n1 in/ead ( ty+ ! c\pl+ l9e to ! end ( ! ,torp$o1 z at ,a1 ,i ti$ x to a bridle1 z at ,b1 :i* pres5t+ ! side on an angle to ! tide1 ! pressure ( ! curr5t 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 w\ld cause ! ,torp$o to %e] f ,b to ,g4 ,?is arrangem5t p]fectly succe$$ to %e] ! ,torp$o f its p]p5dicul> ,c1 & ! side ( ! vessel to ,e1 ne> ! keel1 a position1 ne> :i* x %\ld be to d execution4 ,9 ?is situation1 ! explosion be+ "u ! vessel1 w\ld h a great body ( wat] to remove lat]ally1 be=e x c\ld get out by a l9e curv+ r\nd h] side4 ,! wat]1 :5 act$ on 9 s in/antane\s a mann] z by ! explosion ( "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( p[d]1 does1 = ! in/ant1 op]ate l a solid body2 h5ce ! explosion raises ! vessel up ) a great =ce1 act+ on a small portion ( h] bottom1 :i* portion giv+ way1 is ! same 9 effect1 z ?\gh a high sea _h lift$ h] fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 & let h] d[n on ! po9t ( a rock ( ?ree or f\r feet diamet]4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 acc\nts = ! c]ta9 de/ruction :i* w foll[ all explosions t take place ne> ! keel4 ,9 all cases :5 ! explosion is "u wat]1 ! action w be p]p5dicul> to ! surface1 z f ,b to ,c1 = 9 ! p]p5dicul>1 !re are less p>ticles to remove1 & less resi/ance ?an 9 any diagonal1 z = example1 f ,b to ,d4 ,! ,fr5* pap]s1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! attack ( capta9 ,siccombe & lieut5ant ,payne1 ackn[l$g$ t ! ,torp$oes blew up along side ( ! gun-brigs1 b gave !m only a viol5t %ock & cant to "o side2 !y spoke ( ! eng9es z ?+s ( little consequ5ce & n to be fe>$4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 evid5t1 t !y ow$ ! safety ( ! two brigs to ! trifl+ circum/ance ( ! ,torp$oes n be+ prop]ly balanc$ 9 wat]1 & ! c\pl+ l9es n be+ ti$ to a bridle1 s z to make ! ,torp$oes %e] "u ! bottoms ( ! brigs4 ,fig4 #c ,is a bird's eye view ( a %ip ( ! l9e1 ei!r at an*or or "u sail1 & ! ,torp$o boats r[+ on to ! attack4 ,i am s5sible t !re are /rong prejudices aga9/ ! possibility ( r[-boats attack+ a %ip or %ips ( ! l9e1 ) any reasonable hope ( success2 ,i w1 !re=e1 comm5ce my reason+ & demon/rations by ! foll[+ que/ions4 ,:at is ! basis ( ! aggression & inju/ice ( "o nation t[>ds ano!r8 ,is x n a calculation on _! p[] to en=ce _! w8 ,:at is ! basis ( all c\rage & ob/9ate p]sev]ance 9 battle8 ,is x n a calculation on "s real or presum$ advantage8 ,a frigate ( #cj guns is n expect$ to engage a %ip ( eighty guns1 = e rational calculation is aga9/ h]1 & to /rike h] col\rs w\ld be no di%on\r4 ,if ,i n[ prove t all ! calculations are 9 fav\r ( ! ,torp$o boats1 x %all h]eaft] be no di%on\r = a %ip ( ! l9e to /rike h] col\rs1 & tamely submit to sup]ior sci5ce & tactics4 ,i w run my calculations aga9/ a ?ird rate1 an #hj gun %ip1 %e be+ ! m$ium betwe5 fir/ rates ( #aaj guns & fif? rates ( #dd guns4 ,i w suppose h] to ent] "o ( our ports or h>b\rs 9 a ho/ile mann]2 h] draft ( wat]1 :5 load$1 is tw5ty-two feet2 h] full complem5t ( m5 six hundr$4 ,7 we to oppose to ! enemy an #hj gun %ip1 %e w\ld co/ f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s2 we w\ld also h to give h] a full complem5t ( six hundr$ m54 ,if %e engag$ ! enemy1 ! *ances are equal t %e w\ld be beat52 if an ob/9ate engagem5t1 %e might h f "o to two hundr$ m5 kill$ & w\nd$1 & be s %att]$ z to require repairs to ! am\nt ( =ty or fifty ?\s& doll>s2 %e might be tak5 & lo/ to ! nation1 & add to ! /r5g? ( ! enemy4 ,x is n[ to be se5 if six hundr$ m5 & a capital ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 ! value ( an eighty gun %ip1 _c be us$ to bett] advantage 9 a ,torp$o attack or def5ce4 #fjj m5 at #ab to a boat1 w\ld man #ej boats1 #ej boats at "o hundr$ doll>s ea* #e1jjj #ej ,torp$oes complete1 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s ea*1 p[d] includ$ #g1ejj #ej h>poon-guns1 ?irty doll>s ea* #a1ejj #bjj blund]busses1 tw5ty doll>s ea* #d1jjj #ajj pair ( pi/ols1 fifte5 doll>s a pair #a1ejj #fjj cutlasses1 ?ree doll>s ea* #a1hjj ,cont+5cies #c1jjj ------ ,total #bd1cjj ,! pay & provisions = six hundr$ m51 :e!r 9 an #hj gun %ip or 9 ,torp$o boats1 may be e/imat$1 = ! pres5t1 to am\nt to ! same sum annually4 ,"h is an e/abli%m5t ( fifty boats ) _! ,torp$oes1 & arm$ complete1 = #bd1cjj doll>s2 ! economy #cge1gjj doll>s4,e ,x is evid5t ! %ip c\ld n put out fifty boats to cont5d ) our fifty2 %e c\ld n1 9 fact1 put out tw5ty2 !re=e1 z to boat fight+1 ! enemy c\ld h no *ance ( success1 & w\ld h to dep5d = protection on h] guns & small arms4 ,unless 9 a case ( great em]g5cy1 ! attack %\ld be 9 ! night1 = if an enemy came into "o ( our h>b\rs to d execution1 ! *ances w\ld be mu* aga9/ h] gett+ out & to any great di/ance be=e night4 ,9 a night usually d>k1 r[boats1 if pa9t$ :ite1 & ! m5 dress$ 9 :ite1 _c be se5 at ! di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ y>ds2 & !re are nights s d>k1 t !y _c be se5 if close "u ! b[4 ,i might "h draw into my calculations on *ances t an enemy1 :o und]/ood ! trem5d\s consequ5ces ( a successful attack ) ,torp$oes1 w\ld n l to run ! risk ( ! night be+ d>k4 ,b 9 any night1 ! fifty boats clos+ on ! vessel 9 all direction1 w\ld spread or divide h] fire1 & prev5t x becom+ conc5t]$ on any "o or m boats4 ,boats :i* r[ five miles an h\r1 & :i* all good boats c d = a %ort "t1 run at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & =ty y>ds a m9ute4 ,at ! di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ y>ds f ! %ip1 !y take ! risque ( cannon %ot1 :i* mu/1 f necessity1 be r&om & )\t aim1 on s small a body z a boat1 runn+ ) a velocity ( "o hundr$ & =ty y>ds a m9ute4 ,at two hundr$ y>ds f ! %ip1 ! boats mu/ take ! *ance ( r&om dis*>ges ( grape & canni/] %ot2 & at "o hundr$ y>ds f ! %ip1 !y mu/ run ! risque ( r&om musket2 ea* boat w1 !re=e1 be two m9utes )9 ! l9e ( ! enemy's fire be=e %e h>poons1 & two m9utes aft] %e has h>poon$ be=e %e gets out ( ! l9e ( fire1 total1 f\r m9utes 9 dang],f3 ! dang]1 h[ev]1 is n ( a v s]i\s k9d1 =1 z be=e obs]v$1 no aim c be tak5 9 ! night at su* quick mov+ bodies z r[-boats2 yet "s m5 might be kill$1 & "s boats crippl$,g2 9 su* an ev5t1 ! great numb] ( boats :i* we %\ld h 9 motion1 c\ld always help ! un=tunate4 ,b :at w\ld be ! situation ( ! enemy1 :o _h _! six hundr$ m5 9 "o vessel8 ,! ,torp$o boats clos+ ^u h]1 tw5ty-five on ! l>bo>d & tw5ty-five on ! />bo>d b[1 "s ( !m w\ld c]ta9ly succe$ to h>poon h] betwe5 ! /em & ma9 *a9s1 & if s1 ! explosion ( only "o ,torp$o "u h] w\ld s9k h]1 kill+ ! greate/ "p ( ! p :o 7 betwe5 decks1 & leave ^? :o might escape to ! m]cy ( our boats to save !m4 ,footnote ,e3 ,z ea* boat ) a ,torp$o1 & arm$ complete1 co/s f\r hundr$ & eighty-six doll>s1 ?is economy w\ld pay = sev5 hundr$ & eighty-n9e boats2 h5ce1 eight hundr$ & ?irty-n9e ,torp$o boats1 ) ,torp$oes & arms1 c\ld be fitt$ out = ! sum :i* "o #hj gun %ip w\ld co/4 ,footnote ,f3 ,a d$uction may be made f ?is "t2 aft] h>poon+1 if ! %ip 7 an*or$ 9 a curr5t :i* ran "o mile & a half an h\r1 t w\ld be two feet ?ree l9es a second2 h5ce1 if ! di/ance f ! h>poon to ! ,torp$o 7 sixty feet1 ?irty seconds w\ld be suffici5t = ! tide to pu% x "u ! keel2 its clockwork might be set to explode 9 "o m9ute f ! "t ! ,torp$o fell out ( ! boat4 ,if a vessel 7 "u sail1 runn+ m ?an two miles an h\r1 "o m9ute w\ld be suffici5t "t = ! clockwork to act be=e explosion4 ,aft] explosion !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be no resi/ance1 & ! probability is1 t all h&s w\ld be too mu* occupi$ 9 attempt+ to save !mselves1 to keep !m "u any discipl9e4 ,?us ea* ,torp$o boat w\ld n be m ?an ?ree m9utes )9 ! l9e ( ! enemy's fire4 ,footnote ,g3 ,x is v easy to make ! boats s t !y _c be sunk4 ,i n[ beg ( my read] to m$itate on ?is k9d ( attack1 & make up 8 m9d on :i* are 9 ! greate/ dang]1 ! six hundr$ m5 9 ! %ip or ! six hundr$ m5 9 ! boats8 ,are n ! *ances fifty to "o aga9/ ! %ip1 t %e w\ld be bl[n up be=e %e c\ld kill two hundr$ m5 9 ! boats8 ,%\ld ?is appe> evid5t1 or be prov$ by future practice1 no comm&] w\ld be ra% en\gh to expose 8 %ip to su* an attack4 ,to give a fair comp>ative view ( ! two modes ( fight+1 ,i h1 9 ^! calculations1 made ! numb] ( m5 on ea* side equal2 by ! same rule1 if tw5ty %ips ( #hj guns 7 to come into "o ( our ports1 we %\ld be necessitat$ to h "o ?\s& boats & twelve ?\s& m52 b su* a prep>ation w\ld n be necess>y4 ,x c nev] be necess>y = u to h m boats ?an are suffici5t to meet ! boats :i* ! enemy c\ld put out to oppose u2 an #hj gun %ip1 :i* is to "w h] guns1 _c be encumb]$ ) _m boats2 !y usually h3 #a laun*1 :i* is a bad r[+ boat1 #a long-boat1 :i* may r[ well1 #a ! capta9's b>ge1 a good r[-boat1 #a yawl or galley1 a good r[-boat4 ,!y may1 9 "s cases1 h two m boats1 total numb]1 six2 !re=e1 twelve boats on our "p w\ld be suffici5t to attack an #hj gun %ip,h2 p>ticul>ly z all our boats w\ld be built expressly = runn+1 & our bus9ess is to run to h>poon & n to fight2 = ?is purpose our six o>sm51 9 ea* boat1 nev] quit _! o>s1 :ile our f\r m>9es keep up a runn+ fire4 ,! six or eight boats1 if ! enemy c\ld put out s _m1 c\ld n prev5t our twelve boats clos+ on ! %ip4 ,if our boats came into contact ) ! boats ( ! enemy1 ! conte/ w\ld be r$uc$ to boat fight+2 ! %ip c\ld n use h] cannon or small arms aga9/ u )\t fir+ on h] own boats4 ,if we succe$$ to drive ! boats "u ! guns ( ! %ip1 we %\ld foll[ s close1 t h] guns & small arms c\ld n be us$1 = 9 ! night & amid/ a numb] ( boats 9 confusion1 !y c\ld n discrim9ate betwe5 fri5ds & enemies4 ,on ?is !ory1 if tw5ty %ips ( #hj guns1 or a =ce to t am\nt1 7 to ent] "o ( our ports1 two hundr$ & =ty boats1 ) two ?\s&1 eight hundr$ & eighty m5 w\ld be suffici5t1 & p]haps m ?an suffici5t1 = ! attack2 & ! foll[+ view ( *ances exhibits a /rong probability1 t su* a =ce ( ,torp$o boats & m5 w\ld de/roy ! tw5ty %ips ( ! l9e )9 "o h\r4 ,footnote ,h3 ,:ile organiz+ a sy/em ( ,torp$o attack aga9/ ! ,b\logne flotilla1 dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,mr4 ,pitt1 x 0 det]m9$ t m5 %\ld be tak5 f ,"l ,kea?'s blockad+ fleet to man ! boats2 b a difficulty occurr$ h[ to c>ry a suffici5t numb] ( good active boats4 ,f9d+ t ! %ips ( w> c\ld n take on bo>d m ?an _! usual numb]1 )\t be+ encumb]$1 f\r ordnance vessels 7 to be prep>$1 ) l>ge hat*ways1 to receive a numb] ( boats 9 ! hole1 & to c>ry ,torp$oes4 ,"l ,melville 0 impea*$1 ,mr4 ,pitt di$1 & my sy/em 0 oppos$ by ,lords ,gr5ville & ,h[ic1 & ! new adm9i/ration4 ,i m5tion ?is1 my exp]i5ce1 to %ew t %ips ( w> _c c>ry a suffici5t numb] ( boats to cont5d ) ! boats :i* we c\ld br+ into action2 !y may1 inde$1 br+ ) !m ordnance %ips to c>ry boats2 b1 if !y unman ! %ips to man ! boats1 ! %ip w be less =midable 9 h] fire2 & ,i believe x is self-evid5t1 t !y :o h to cross ?ree ?\s& miles ( sea1 _c be s well furni%$ ) boats z we :o comm& ! l&4 ,let ! attack be 9 ! night4 ,! enemy mu/ be at an*or2 tw5ty vessels c\ld n keep "u way 9 n>r[ wat]s :i* c\ld n be well kn[n to _! pilots4 ,if !y put out _! boats1 !y c\ld n br+ into action m ?an six good boats f ea* %ip1 total1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty boats4 ,ea* %ip w\ld be a po9t f :i* _! boats c\ld dep>t1 or to :i* !y c\ld retreat1 total1 tw5ty positions2 9 ^! tw5ty positions1 twelve ?\s& m5 w\ld be expos$ to ,torp$o explosion1 :i* is ! same1 9 effect1 z a m9e "u a =tification4 ,we1 ) two hundr$ & =ty boats1 expos+ only two ?\s&1 eight hundr$ & eighty m51 w\ld h ! :ole ( our %ores to dep>t f or retreat to2 be+ ! assailants1 & hav+ x 9 our p[] to approa* 9 e direction1 ! enemy c\ld n "k a fe9t f a real attack1 nor c\ld !y tell :i* %ip we w\ld attack fir/2 !y1 consequ5tly1 c\ld n conc5trate _! boats2 ea* vessel w\ld be necessitat$ to keep h] own boats on ! look-out1 & to aid 9 protect+ h]2 :ile we %\ld h ! p[] to divide our =ce1 or conc5tre "o hundr$ boats on "o vessel1 z circum/ances might require2 h5ce1 e ?+ is 9 fav\r ( ! success ( ! ,torp$o attack1 :ile ! greate/ dang] is to be appreh5d$ = ! %ips4 ,hav+ giv5 my exp]i5ce & !ory on an*or$ & h>poon ,torp$oes3 a sy/em1 :i* ,i hope w1 by e fri5d to ,am]ica & humanity1 be consid]$ ( "s int]e/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i am aw>e ( ! d\bts :i* may arise1 z to ! success ( h>poon+1 9 ! m9ds ( m5 9 g5]al1 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? :o h no exp]i5ce1 :o are s impress$ ) ! imag9>y trem5d\s fire ( an #hj gun %ip1 or a %ip ( w>1 t ! "q has (t5 be5 put to me1 :]e w y f9d m5 :o h c\rage to approa* 9 boats )9 tw5ty feet ( an #hj gun %ip1 to h>poon h]8 ,i answ]1 t ! m5 9 ! boats1 :o are n m ?an ?ree m9utes )9 ! l9e ( ! enemy's fire1 are n s mu* 9 dang]1 nor does x require s mu* c\rage1 z to lie y>d-arm & y>d-arm1 z is usual 9 naval engagem5ts1 & receive broadsides1 toge!r ) grape-%ot & volleys ( small arms1 = =ty or sixty m9utes4 ,x is n s great a risque1 nor does x require s mu* c\rage1 z to approa* a vessel 9 boats1 climb h] sides1 & take h] by bo>d+1 yet ?is has frequ5tly be5 done4 ,?is risque is n s great1 nor does x require s mu* c\rage1 z to ent] a brea* :i* is def5d$ by int]ior works & close ranges ( cannon1 flank$ by h[itz]s or c>ronades load$ ) canni/] or grape-%ot1 & ! p>apet cr[d$ ) infantry2 yet su* brea*es h be5 =c$1 & cities tak5 by assault1 ) num]\s examples ( ?is k9d4 ,i hope !re c be no d\bt ( suffici5t c\rage to make a ,torp$o attack4 ,9 ! in/ances ( capta9 ,siccombe & lieut5ant ,payne1 be=e m5tion$1 !y consid]$ ! risque ( s little importance1 t !y w5t to ! attack )\t any app>5t conc]n2 & ! sailors1 :o 7 (f]$ a few gu9eas = ea* gun ( a vessel :i* !y %\ld de/roy1 us$ all _! influ5ce ) ! (fic]s to be p]mitt$ to be ( ! p>ty4 ,b ,i w n propose a project s novel1 & look to o!rs to execute x4 ,if ,torp$oes be adopt$ z a "p ( our means ( def5ce1 ) a reasonable numb] ( m5 organiz$ & practis$ to ! use ( !m1 if x be ?\ght prop] to put su* m5 "u my comm&1 & an enemy %\ld !n ent] our ports1 ,i w be responsible to my fell[-citiz5s = ! c\rage :i* %\ld secure success4 ,:ile ,i propose ?is1 ,i wi% x to be und]/ood1 t ,i d n desire any comm& or public employm5t4 ,my private pursuits are ! gu>antee ( an indep5d5ce & fre$om ( action1 :i* is always grateful to my feel+s2 !y are useful & hon\rable amusem5ts1 & ! mo/ rational s\rce ( my happ9ess4 ,e/imate = an an*or$ ,torp$o ,?irty-two p\nds ( copp]1 at sev5ty-five c5ts a p\nd #bd4jj ,a lock 9 a brass box1 wat]-tight #bj4jj ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( p[d]1 tw5ty c5ts a p\nd #bj4jj ,ma*9]y to let x rise to ! surface 9 a giv5 "t1 rope1 cork-box1 an*or1 & weights #bj4jj ------ ,total #hd4jj ,9 page #bb1 ,i h giv5 an e/imate = a clockwork & h>poon+ ,torp$o4 ,! ,torp$o w co/ #aej4jj ,ea* boat1 arm$ complete #ccf4jj ,e/imate = an ,e/abli%m5t 9 our mo/ important & vuln]able ,ports4 ,an*or$ ,clockwork ,boats ,torp$oes ,torp$oes ---------------------------- ,bo/on1 #aej #cjj #cjj ,new-,york1 #aej #cjj #cjj ,9 ! ,delaw>e1 #ej #bjj #ajj ,*esapeake1 #ajj #bjj #bjj ,*>le/on1 #ajj #bjj #bjj ,new-,orleans1 #ajj #bjj #bjj ---------------------------- ,total1 #fej #adjj #acjj #fej boats1 at ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-six doll>s ea* #bah1djj dolls4 #adjj an*or+ ,torp$oes1 eighty-f\r doll>s ea* #aag1fjj #acjj clockwork ,torp$oes1 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s ea* #aie1jjj -------------- ,total #eca1jjj dolls4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! ports 9 :i* x is mo/ probable ! enemy w\ld attempt to make an impression1 calculations c be made = a l mode ( def5d+ o!r situations--a m9utiae1 :i* ,i am n prep>$ to ent] into1 nor is x necess>y 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?is disquisition4 ,i h %ewn a /rong p[]1 9 boats & ,torp$oes1 to def5d six ( our pr9cipal ports4 ,g5tlem5 w please to look to ! numb]s allott$ to ea* port1 & reflect1 :e!r an enemy w\ld n be incl9$ to respect a =ce s active & trem5d\s 9 its consequ5ces2 a =ce1 :i* "u ! cov] ( ! night1 c\ld foll[ !m into e position )9 our wat]s1 & pursue !m = "s leagues f our %ores into ! op5 sea2 yet ^? e/abli%m5ts w\ld n require an exp5diture ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s2 = ! cutlasses & fire-arms to arm ! boats1 & ! p[d] = ! ,torp$oes1 are already 9 our ars5als & magaz9es4 ,& :at is f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s 9 a national po9t ( view8 ,a sum1 :i* w\ld little m ?an build & fit out = sea two %ips ( #cj guns4 ,aft] reflect+ on ^! exp]im5ts & demon/rations1 ,i hope no "o w1 = a mom5t1 hesitate 9 decid+1 t ! two ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$ ,torp$oes & six hundr$ & fifty boats1 be=e e/imat$1 w be a bett] protection = six ( our sea-ports1 ?an two %ips ( ?irty or any o!r numb] ( guns4 ,to man ! boats 9 ! diff]5t ports1 no?+ m w be necess>y ?an a m>9e militia2 !y c be z num]\s z any possible necessity c\ld require2 & %\ld be ex]cis$ to r[ & use ! ,torp$oes until ! practice became famili>2 aft] :i* practice1 once a mon? w\ld be suffici5t4 ,corps ?us =m$1 w\ld be no exp5ce to ! national gov]nm5t2 ,torp$oes w\ld require no repairs1 & ! boats1 c>efully laid up 9 h\ses built = ! purpose1 w\ld la/ _m ye>s4 ,to comp>e ,torp$oes ) ! usual m>9e e/abli%m5ts1 & ! sup]ior protection :i* !y give1 = any specific sum exp5d$1 ,i h /at$ ?is prospect ( economy2 b ,i d n consid] economy1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( su* a sy/em1 z an object ( prim>y importance4 ,let our fell[-citiz5s be conv9c$4 ,conv9ce ! p ( ,europe ( ! p[] & simple practice ( ^! eng9es1 & x w op5 to u a sublime view ( imm5se economy 9 blood & treasure4 ,z we are n 9 actual ho/ility1 & h no opportunity to try exp]im5ts on an enemy1 my op9ion is1 t we %\ld imm$iately prep>e = su* an ev5t2 & to satisfy ! public1 we %\ld1 )\t loss ( "t1 make ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,pur*ase a /rong %ip2 make six ,torp$oes2 build two good r[-boats1 & prep>e !m z = action1 ) twelve m5 ea*4 ,let ! %ip be an*or$1 & ! m5 practis$ 9 h>poon+1 ?r[+ ! ,torp$oes1 & obs]v+ ! action ( ! tide 9 driv+ !m "u h] bottom4 ,aft] practis+ on h] :ile at an*or1 ! %ip to be got "u way 9 mod]ate & /iff breezes1 & :ile "u way1 ! m5 to r[ at & h>poon h]1 lett+ ! ,torp$oes fall into ! wat]1 & obs]v+ ! action ( ! curr5t 9 driv+ !m "u h] bottom4 ,:5 ! m5 h be5 s ex]cis$ z to be c]ta9 ( h>poon+ ! %ip1 ! ,torp$oes to be *>g$1 a committee appo9t$1 or ! :ole ( congress witness ! effect1 ! %ip to be put "u way1 ! helm la%$1 h] m5 take to ! boat1 ! ,torp$o boats advance1 h>poon h]1 & bl[ h] up4 ,! success ( su* an exp]im5t w %ew ! value ( ! sy/em2 to :i* c\rage mu/ be add$ 9 case ( an actual engagem5t4 ,probable exp5ce ( su* an exp]im5t ,a /rong ?\gh old %ip2 #ajjj dolls4 ,six ,torp$oes1 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s ea* #ijj ,two boats1 "o hundr$ doll>s ea* #bjj ,two h>poon-guns #fj ---- ,total1 #bafj dolls4 ,tw5ty-f\r m5 c be *os5 f ! sailors 9 gov]nm5t employ4 ,,?\ghts ,on ! probable effect ( ?is inv5tion ,at ! "t a new discov]y is made 9 physics or ma!matical sci5ce1 ! :ole ( its consequ5ces _c be =ese54 ,9 ! ye> #accj1 ,b>?olomew ,s*w>tz is said to h inv5t$ gun-p[d]2 tw5ty-five ye>s aft]1 a v imp]fect k9d ( cannon 0 con/ruct$ ( weld$ b>s ( iron1 o!rs ( %eet-iron1 roll$ 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d] & hoop$ ) iron r+s2 9 "s cases1 !y 7 made ( lea!r1 /r5g!n$ ) plates ( iron or copp]2 balls ( /one 7 us$2 & x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 t is1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( p[d]1 t iron balls 7 introduc$ into practice4 ,muskets 7 n us$ until ! ye> #aeba1 or "o hundr$ & n9ety-"o ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d]4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 ! fir/ :o arm$ _! foot-soldi]s 9 ?is mann]--!y _h mat*locks2 b firelocks1 t is1 locks ) fl9ts1 7 n us$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 "o hundr$ & eighty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( muskets1 & ?ree hundr$ & eighty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( p[d]4 ,:5 firelocks 7 fir/ inv5t$1 ,m>%al ,sax _h s little confid5ce 9 a fl9t1 t he ord]$ a mat* to be add$ to ! lock ) a fl9t1 le/ ! fl9t %\ld miss fire,i3 su* is ! =ce ( habit & want ( fai? 9 new inv5tions4 ,footnote ,i3 ,i h se5 "o ( ^! firelocks 9 ! collection ( anci5t arms1 ,rue de ,bacq4 ,p>is4 ,al?\gh cannon1 fire-arms1 & ! :ole detail ( ammunition1 n[ appe> extremely simple1 yet we "h see ! v sl[ advances to _! pres5t /ate ( p]fection2 & !y are /ill improv+3 h5ce ,i conclude1 t x is n[ impossible to =esee to :at degree ,torp$oes may be improv$ & r5d]$ useful4 ,:5 ,s*w>tz inv5t$ p[d]1 x may be presum$ t 8 m9d did n embrace all its consequ5ces1 or p]ceive t 8 discov]y w\ld sup]c$e ! use ( catapultas1 arm\r1 b[s & arr[s1 & totally *ange ! :ole art ( w>4 ,he c]ta9ly c\ld h no conception ( su* a comb9ation ( art z we n[ see 9 %ips ( ! l9e2 ^? movable =tifications1 arm$ ) ?irty-two p\nd]s1 & furni%$ ) w+s1 to spread oppression ov] e "p ( ! ocean1 & c>ry de/ruction to e h>b\r ( ! e>?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d]1 %ips ( w> h be5 contriv$1 & increas$ to _! pres5t enorm\s size & numb],j2 !n may n sci5ce1 9 h] progress1 po9t out a means by :i* ! application ( ! viol5t explosive =ce ( gun-p[d] %all de/roy %ips ( w>1 & give to ! seas ! lib]ty :i* %all secure p]petual peace betwe5 nations t are sep>at$ by ! ocean8 ,my conviction is1 t ! means are "h develop$1 & require only to be organiz$ & practis$1 to produce t lib]ty s de> to e rational & reflect+ man2 & !re is a gr&eur 9 p]sev]+ to success 9 s imm5se an ent]prise--s well calculat$ to excite ! mo/ vigor\s ex]tions ( ! highe/ ord] ( intellect1 t ,i hope to int]e/ ! patriotic feel+s ( e fri5d to ,am]ica1 to ju/ice1 & to humanity1 9 s good a cause4 ,footnote ,j3 ,comp>$ ) exi/+ milit>y m>9es1 ,i consid] all galleys & vessels ( w>1 :i* 7 9 use previ\s to ! inv5tion ( p[d]1 z v insignificant4 ,x is probable t f\r #gd gun %ips 9 op5 sea w\ld de/roy all t ev] exi/$ at any "o "t4 ,i h %ewn t a %ip ( #hj guns & six hundr$ m51 c\ld h little *ance ( resi/+ fifty ,torp$o boats ( twelve m5 ea*1 equal six hundr$ m54 ,if x c be admitt$ possible t an #hj gun %ip w be necessitat$ to retreat be=e fifty boats1 %e mu/ run s f> t ! boats _c foll[ h]1 t is1 m ?an eight or t5 leagues2 !re=e1 boats c\ld foll[ a %ip ov] ! n>r[ p>ts ( ! ,baltic or ,briti% *annel2 b ,i w conf9e my rem>ks to ! ,briti% *annel1 betwe5 ,b\logne & ,romney1 f ,calais to ,dov]1 & f ,o/5d to ! m\? ( ! ,?ames4 ,if ,i c %ew t 9 ^? wat]s ! ,briti% fleets w\ld be compell$ to retreat be=e ,torp$o boats or p]i%1 x foll[s1 t !y mu/ yield to a l sy/em ( attack 9 e o!r sea2 & ! l comb9ation ( p[] :i* c =ce !m to yield1 w act on all %ips ( w> to _! total annihilation4 ,let ! coa/ ( ,b\logne be ! sc5e = action2 suppose ! ,briti% to h "o hundr$ %ips ( #hj guns1 or a =ce to t am\nt1 equal eight ?\s& guns & sixty ?\s& m52 ?is is a great] p[] ?an ev] has be5 engag$ 9 "o action4 ,i h m5tion$ l>ge %ips1 because ! /r5g? ( a fleet dep5ds m on ! size ( ! %ips & weight ( metal1 ?an on _! numb]2 9 su* case1 ! l9e w n be s mu* ext5d$ z if ! vessels 7 small] & m num]\s2 ! signals c be se5 & answ]$ f ! extremities ( ! l9e ) m c]ta9ty1 & ! ord] ( battle c be bett] kept4 ,! l5g? ( a %ip1 f ! po9t ( ! b[sprit to ! /]n1 may be e/imat$ at =ty fa?oms1 & ! di/ance betwe5 two %ips "o hundr$ fa?oms1 consequ5tly1 ! "o hundr$ %ips w\ld =m "o l9e ( f\rte5 ?\s& fa?oms1 or tw5ty-eight ?\s& y>ds1 equal to ne> sixte5 miles4 ,su* a l9e c\ld n see & answ] signals f ! van & re> to ! c5tre4 ,x c\ld1 h[ev]1 be =m$ into f\r divisions ( tw5ty-five %ips ea*1 & !y aga9 c\ld be subdivid$2 b ! tactics :i* mu/ be adh]$ to :5 two fleets ( ne> equal =ce engage1 w be ( little utility :5 ! attack is made by a suffici5t numb] ( ,torp$o boats4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,=ce ,,to ,,attack ,,s ,,=midable ,a ,,blockad+ ,,fleet ,m51 sixty ?\s&1 a numb] equal to ! ,briti%2 !y _c all be sailors1 nor is x necess>y !y %\ld1 b m51 :o ) six weeks ex]cise c le>n to r[ well1 = to r[ ) tol]able dext]ity1 is all ! nautical k requir$4 ,to divide ! sixty ?\s& m51 twelve 9 a boat1 w require five ?\s& boats1 ea* ( :i* w be s light1 t its twelve m5 c draw x on ! bea* above high wat] m>k1 or on ! s&s or plane1 9 a few m9utes1 or laun* x into ! wat] ) equal facility4 ,,mann] ,,( ,,arrang+ ,,! ,,boats ,,until ,,want$ ,a boat be+ six feet wide & tw5ty-sev5 feet long1 if a space ( twelve feet wide & ?irty-n9e feet long be all[$ = ea* boat1 f\r hundr$ & =ty ( !m w\ld range side by side 9 ! di/ance ( "o mile1 !n leav+ twelve feet f ! /ems ( ! fir/ r[ to ! /]ns ( ! second1 & a l space betwe5 ea* l9e1 ! five ?\s& boats c\ld be laid up on a bea* or plane "o mile long1 "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds wide1 & give suffici5t room = ! m5 to get at ! boats )\t confusion2 ?is plan w\ld n require ! exp5ce ( =m+ a bason or h>b\r4 ,?us arrang$1 ea* boat ) its ,torp$o1 h>poon-guns1 arms1 & o>s1 9 _! places1 & ! twelve m5 9 _! /ations1 six on ea* side ( ! boat1 ! :ole c\ld be run into ! wat] & mann$ 9 an h\r1 :i* facility ( emb>k+ is ( ! fir/ importance = rapid movem5ts1 & to take advantage ( ! wea!r4,k ,footnote ,k3 ,:5 ! ,briti% fleet is becalm$ be=e ,b\logne1 ! ,fr5* flotilla is becalm$ also1 & _c make any advantage\s movem5ts4 ,! calms :i* lay ! ,briti% fleet "u great disadvantage1 w give e possible advantage to ! ,torp$o boats1 & w be ! mo/ fav\rable "t = ! attack4 ,,e/imate ,,= ,,! ,,prep>ations #ejjj boats1 "o hundr$ doll>s ea* #ejj1jjj dolls4 #ejjj ,torp$oes1 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s ea* #gej1jjj #ejjj h>poon-guns1 ?irty doll>s ea* #aej1jjj --------- ,total #a1djj1jjj dolls4 ,?is is equal to #cae1jjjl4 /]l+ or ab\t ! value ( ?ree %ips ( #hj guns2 x is equal to #g1efj1jjj livres1 a sum ( little importance to ,france1 x be+ n equal to ! exp5ces ( h] gov]nm5t = "o day2 ! m5 %e has1 & ?ree times ! numb] if requir$2 ! p[d] = ! ,torp$oes & arms = ! m51 are 9 h] magaz9es4 ,suppose ! boats & ,torp$oes prep>$1 ! h>poon]s ex]cis$1 & ! m5 practis$ to ! o>s4 ,! intrepidity ( ! ,fr5*1 9 an assault1 has be5 s (t5 prov$1 t !re c be no "q z to _! c\rage to ru% on to ! attack 9 any case :]e !re is a reasonable hope ( success4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! ,briti% %ips c\ld n put out a suffici5t numb] ( boats to oppose five ?\s& ,torp$o boats2 consequ5tly1 !y h n o!r means ( resi/ance ?an to manoeuvre & def5d !mselves f _! ports & decks1 9 ! be/ mann] !y c devise4 ,x is n[ necess>y1 9 calculat+ ! *ances ( success1 to exam9e v>i\s modes ( attack & def5ce2 ,i !re=e beg ( ! read]1 nev] to lose sight ( ! facility ) :i* ! :ole ( ! ,fr5* boats c be run into ! wat]1 mann$1 & ready = action1 or aga9 drawn up on ! %ore1 & ) h[ mu* ease e advantage may be tak5 ( calms & fav\rable circum/ances2 he mu/ also sep>ate f 8 m9d ! idea ( boats attempt+ to fight %ips2 su* an attempt w\ld be absurd2 x is ,torp$oes1 ^? in/rum5ts ( in/antane\s de/ruction1 :i* are to decide ! conte/2 ! boats are b ! means ( h>poon+ & atta*+ ! ,torp$oes to ! %ips3 ?is is ! :ole object ( ! attack4 ,9 def5ce1 x is to be consid]$ by :at means a %ip or %ips c\ld prev5t ! boats approa*+ s ne> z to h>poon !m 9 ! l>bo>d & />bo>d b[1 & make good _! retreat8 ,i w "n ! calm mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 z mo/ fav\rable = ! ent]prise4 ,let x be recollect$1 t 9 all attacks ( ?is k9d1 ! boats r[ at ! rate ( five miles an h\r1 or "o hundr$ & =ty-six y>ds a m9ute2 at ! di/ance ( f\r hundr$ & ?irty-eight y>ds or ?ree m9utes f ! %ip1 !y w risk r&om r\nd %ot,l2 at two hundr$ & n9ete5 y>ds or "o & a half m9utes f ! %ip1 !y risk "o dis*>ge ( grape2 at "o hundr$ y>ds or =ty seconds f ! %ip1 !y risk "o volley ( small arms1 be=e !y h>poon4 ,aft] h>poon+1 x is probable ! %ip's crew w\ld be m occupi$ ab\t _! own safety1 ?an 9 /&+ delib]ately to fire at ! boats4 ,& ?us1 ea* boat w n be m ?an f\r m9utes )9 ! l9e ( ! %ip's r&om %ot3 su* rapidity & decision 9 attack1 gives incalculable advantages to ! boats4 ,footnote ,l3 ,all %ot f cannon1 c>ronades1 or h[itz]s1 aga9/ boats1 mu/ be r&om3 a boat is too small & moves too quick to admit ( tak+ aim2 & 9 ! night1 musket %ot w be r&om also4 ,,fir/ ,,mode ,,( ,,attack ,9 a calm & usually d>k night1 ! %ips at an*or1 ei!r 9 "o l9e or p>allel l9es1 or promiscu\sly4 ,! ,torp$o boats to be =m$ into divisions1 ea* division to consi/ ( fifty boats1 & to attack "o %ip4 ,suppose ! %ips fir/ attack$ to be ^? ne>e/ ! l&2 9 a calm !y c\ld n get "u way1 nor c\ld !y *ange _! positions2 a %ip1 by hav+ a spr+ on h] cable1 might possibly br+ h] broadside to be> on ! boats2 b z ! fire ( ! broadside c\ld d little injury until ! boats 7 )9 f\r hundr$ & ?irty-eight y>ds1 or ?ree m9utes1 ( h] b[1 &1 z ?ree m9utes aft] com+ )9 ! l9e ( fire is to decide ! conte/1 ,i conceive t h] broadside c\ld n protect h]2 if ! boats1 at six hundr$ y>ds di/ance1 run = h] b[1 x w\ld be impossible = h] to *ange h] position s quick by a spr+ on h] cable1 z ! boats c\ld *ange _! direction to keep "u h] b[4 ,if ! %ips 7 9 "o l9e1 & ! headmo/ fir/ attack$1 %e c\ld receive no assi/ance f ! vessel a/]n1 = %e w\ld lie betwe5 ! /]n %ip & ! boats1 & receive ! fire :i* might be direct$ = !m4 ,if ! %ips lay 9 sev]al p>allel l9es1 or promiscu\sly1 & ! next l9e 7 on h] l>bo>d1 ! l>bo>d %ip w\ld be di/ant at lea/ "o hundr$ fa?oms1 & :ile ! boats 7 be>+ d[n1 might fire broadsides on !m :5 !y 7 at ! di/ance ( two hundr$ y>ds2 b ! mom5t !y clos$ 9 ) ! %ip %e mu/ cease h] fire1 o!rwise %e w\ld d m injury to ! %ip ?an to ! boats2 ! l>bo>d %ip w\ld1 !re=e1 only h an opportunity to fire two m9utes at ! boats1 9 :i* "t1 %e might possibly dis*>ge two broadsides2 b z ! boats c\ld keep 9 a l9e ) ! b[ ( ! vessel attack$1 & !re is m dang] f ! l>bo>d or />bo>d %ip ?an ! "o attack$1 a bett] mode w\ld be to attack ! headmo/ %ip ( ea* l9e at ! same "t2 9 su* case1 ea* %ip w\ld be necessitat$ to res]ve h] :ole fire = h] own def5ce2 %e c\ld n assi/ ! next %ip1 & ?us ea* vessel w\ld be z mu* expos$ & left to h] own res\rces1 z ?\gh !re 7 n ano!r %ip )9 ?ree leagues ( h]4 ,! succe$+ %ips ( ! l9e1 or l9es1 c\ld be attack$ 9 l mann]3 h5ce1 ?is mode ( attack+ any numb] ( vessels ) an equal numb] ( divisions ( boats1 am\nts to no?+ m ?an a repetition ( an attack ) fifty boats on "o %ip1 & x does n appe> to me possible1 t h] fire c\ld repel fifty boats1 or prev5t !m lodg+ t51 fifte51 or tw5ty h>poons1 if necess>y1 9 h] l>bo>d & />bo>d b[4 ,i leave to nautical m5 & exp]i5c$ comm&]s1 to %ew to ! public h[ a %ip or %ips ( w>1 an*or$ 9 a calm z be=e /at$1 c\ld resi/ su* an attack1 & _! total de/ruction 9 a few h\rs4 ,b comm&]s1 see+ ! dang] ( be+ becalm$ :ile at an*or1 may keep ! fleet "u way4 ,,second ,,mode ,,( ,,attack ,9 ! night1 ! %ips "u way1 calm1 or light breezes ( n m ?an f\r knots an h\r4 ,%ips ( ! l9e1 t are "u way1 seldom approa* ne>] ea* o!r ?an a cable's l5g?2 ?is precaution1 is to prev5t _! runn+ f\l & caus+ confusion2 :5 expect+ an enemy ( equal =ce1 ! cu/om is to =m "o l9e2 admitt+1 t to oppose ! ,torp$o boats1 !y pres]v$ ?is usual ord] ( battle1 close haul$ & "u easy sail1 to let ! boats come up1 "h1 z 9 ! case ( be+ at an*or1 ea* %ip mu/ apply h] :ole fire aga9/ ! division ( boats :i* attack h]2 %e _c aid ! %ip next to h]4 ,z ! boats1 advanc+ "u cov] ( ! night1 ea* division w1 9 ?ree m9utes f ! "t !y arrive )9 dang] ( cannon %ot1 be 9 ) ! b[ ( ! de/9$ %ip1 & fire _! h>poons into h]4 ,!re=e x appe>s1 t h] *ance :ile "u way is v little bett] ?an :5 at an*or4 ,if1 z ! boats advance1 a %ip turns h] b[ to meet !m1 %e facilitates _! h>poon+ h]4 ,w any o!r ord] ( battle ?an "o "r l9e1 give m security8 ,w\ld two1 ?ree1 or f\r p>allel l9es1 give bett] protection8 ,9 su* case1 ! l9e ne>e/ ! boats w\ld be attack$ fir/1 & ! o!r l9es tak5 9 succession4 ,7 ! %ips to =m a cresc5t1 ! headmo/ vessels w\ld be fir/ attack$1 9 ?is =m1 !y might surr\nd a numb] ( boats & get !m betwe5 two fires2 b :atev] situation ! boats may be 91 aft] !y arrive )9 ! range ( grape-%ot !y c1 9 a few m9utes1 be "u ! b[ ( ! %ip1 :]e !y w be safe f all fire except small arms2 b to arrive "u h] b[1 am\nts to a moral c]ta9ty ( effect+ h] de/ruction4 ,!re=e1 ) ! imm5se advantage :i* ,torp$oes give to an attack ) boats1 x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r x be made 9 ! night or day1 9 a calm or a breeze ( f f\r to six knots4 ,if ! %ips engage ) ! boats1 _! case w be desp]ate4 ,9 all my reflections on ?is k9d ( w>1 ,i see no *ance = _! escape o!r ?an by retreat2 & ! mom5t ,engli% %ips ( w> retreat be=e ,torp$o boats1 t mom5t ! p[] ( ! ,briti% m>9e is = ev] lo/1 & ) x ! political influ5ce ( ! nation4 ,9 ?is view ( *ances1 ,i h calculat$ ! numb] ( m5 9 ! boats equal to ! numb] 9 ! %ips1 & e/imat$ five ?\s& boats to be br\ght into action2 b 9 all cases :5 !re are suffici5t ,torp$o boats to drive 9 ! boats ( ! %ips1 !re w be suffici5t to attack ! fleet2 ! "o hundr$ %ips c\ld n put six hundr$ good boats 9 motion1 !re=e1 "o ?\s& ,torp$o boats w\ld suffice = ! attack2 !y c\ld be =m$ into fifty divisions ( tw5ty boats ea*2 !y w\ld h e advantage1 9 a calm1 ( direct+ fifty or "o hundr$ boats aga9/ "o vessel1 :ile ! %ips w\ld n h ! p[] to conc5trate _! fire on ! boats2 ! %ips c\ld n be def5d$1 unless !re 7 transports or ord9ance vessels expressly = c>ry+ good r[-boats1 ! numb] ( :i* %\ld be suffici5t to repel ! ,torp$o boats2 b if %ips c only be protect$ by boats1 x foll[s1 t !y w cease to be ( use1 & ! conte/ = ! comm& ( ! *annel mu/ be decid$ by boat fight+4 ,9 su* case1 ! nation :i* c\ld put 9 action ! greate/ numb] ( boats1 & 0 lea/ dep5d5t on comm]ce1 w\ld h a decid$ advantage4 ,engl& is m dep5d5t on comm]ce ?an ,france2 h] m]*ant vessels c\ld be attack$1 de/roy$1 & h] trade ru9$2 yet ! comm]ce ( ,france c\ld n be m1 nor s mu*1 injur$ z x is at pres5t4 ,9 su* an ev5t1 ,engl&1 :o has usurp$ ! dom9ion ( ! ocean & laid all nations "u contribution1 w\ld be ! mo/ humble supplicant = ! lib]ty ( ! seas4 ,& !n ! ,emp]or ( ,france w\ld h a noble opportunity to display a magnanimity ( s\l1 a goodness ( he>t1 :i* w\ld add lu/re to 8 great actions1 & secure to him ! admiration ( ! civiliz$ _w1 by grant+ to s +5i\s1 indu/ri\s1 ent]pris+1 & e/imable a p1 a p]fect lib]ty ( comm]ce4,m ,footnote ,m3 ,a gov]nm5t1 & p>ticul>ly a mon>*y or ari/ocracy1 may be 9 ! habitual practice ( vice1 :ile ! p are 9 ! habitual practice ( virtue4 ,9 an ari/ocracy1 :]e ! army1 navy1 places1 & p5sions1 are 9 ! p[] ( ! few1 ! voice ( ! p has little or no influ5ce4 ,! g5ius1 indu/ry1 & ent]prise ( ! ,engli%1 h conv]t$ a b>r5 isl& into ! mo/ fruitful & beautiful spot on e>?2 _! improvem5ts 9 ! useful arts1 h made !m ! greate/ & mo/ useful manufactur+ p t ev] exi/$4 ,9 proportion z ! p1 by _! indu/ry1 increas$ ! ri*es ( ! nation1 ! gov]nm5t f\nd a facility 9 rais+ rev5ue1 & h load$ ! virtu\s p ) taxes to ! am\nt ( tw5ty-five or m millions a ye>1 to pay = ru9\s w>s1 ! conque/ ( ,am]ica1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,b\rbons1 & ! balance ( ,europe4 ,i h n[ run ?is subject to a conclusion1 9 :i* ,i d n hesitate to say1 t two ?\s& ,torp$o boats & tw5ty-f\r ?\s& m51 w\ld take ! comm& ( ! ,briti% *annel f ,b\logne to ,romney1 f ,calais1 ,gravel9es1 ,dunkirk & ,o/5d1 to ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 & t ! comm& ( ! comm]ce ( ^? n>r[ seas1 w\ld comm& ! ,briti% nation2 b !re ! p[] ( ,torp$o boats mu/ cease--a nation _c s5d su* boats to sea to depr$ate on comm]ce1 nor to =eign c\ntries on exp$itions ( conque/1 & !re=e ! seas mu/ be free4 ,,on ! imag9>y inhumanity ( ,torp$o w> ,9 num]\s discussions :i* ,i h _h on ?is subject & its consequ5ces1 x has be5 /at$1 t in/ead ( giv+ lib]ty to ! seas1 its t5d5cy w\ld be to enc\rage piracy & buccane]+1 by enabl+ a few m5 9 a boat to intimidate & plund] m]*ant vessels1 !reby produc+ great] evil ?an ! exi/+ milit>y m>9es4 ,?is idea1 is simil> to "o :i* might h aris5 on ! inv5tion ( muskets1 :i*1 giv+ to an individual ! p[] ( c]ta9 dea? at ! di/ance ( fifty or a hundr$ y>ds1 robb]s might infe/ ! highways1 & f an ambu%1 %oot ! travell] & take 8 prop]ty2 yet !re is n s mu* robb]y n[ z be=e ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d]2 society is m civiliz$2 x is n s mu* divid$ into feuds1 or clans1 to secrete & protect villa9y2 & all civiliz$ society w1 9 _! own def5ce1 comb9e aga9/ ! robb]1 :o has little *ance to escape4 ,9 l mann]1 z an individual1 in/igat$ by rev5ge1 might ) an air-gun %oot 8 neighb\r1 or by means ( gun-p[d] bl[ up 8 b>n or build+s2 b society comb9e aga9/ su* atroci\s acts1 & he :o w\ld commit !m1 c\ld h little o!r prospect be=e him ?an ! gibbet4 ,9 ! case ( pirates or buccane]s1 !y c\ld n make a ,torp$o )\t "s intellig5t workm51 :o w\ld be a means ( discov]y4 ,7 !y to take a prize1 !y mu/ h "s port to c>ry x to1 or x c\ld be ( no use to !m2 7 !y to plund] a %ip1 !y c\ld n c>ry mu* 9 a ,torp$o boat1 & ! boat mu/ h a port to g to1 :]e neighb\rs or spectators1 obs]v+ h] suspici\s "*1 w\ld lead to inve/igation2 add$ to :i*1 pirates are seldom con/ant 9 _! atta*m5t to ea* o!r1 & ea* w\ld suspect ! o!r turn+ in=m]4 ,x w\ld be difficult = a ,torp$o boat to dep>t f any port ( ,am]ica1 & return )\t be+ detect$4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* m easy & secure = an individual to g on ! highway & rob1 yet h[ seldom is t done4 ,:5 nations comb9e aga9/ pirates1 !re is no reason to fe> t individuals c make a bad use ( ?is inv5tion4 ,b m51 )\t reflect+1 or f atta*m5t to e/abli%$ & famili> tyranny1 exclaim1 t x is b>b>\s to bl[ up a %ip ) all h] crew4 ,?is ,i admit1 & lam5t t x %\ld be necess>y2 b all w>s are b>b>\s1 & p>ticul>ly w>s ( (f5ce4 ,x is b>b>\s = a %ip ( w> to fire into a peaceable m]*ant vessel1 kill "p ( h] p1 take h] & ! prop]ty1 & r$uce ! proprietor ) 8 family f afflu5ce to p5ury4 ,x 0 b>b>\s to bomb>d ,cop5hag51 set fire to ! city1 & de/roy innoc5t wom5 & *ildr54 ,x w\ld be b>b>\s = %ips ( w> to ent] ! h>b\r ( ,new-,york1 fire on ! city1 de/roy prop]ty1 & murd] _m ( ! peaceable inhabitants2 yet we h great reason to expect su* a sc5e ( b>b>ism & di/ress1 unless means are tak5 to prev5t x2 !re=e1 if ,torp$oes %\ld prev5t su* acts ( viol5ce1 ! inv5tion mu/ be humane4 ,:5 a =tress is besieg$1 & a m9e driv5 "u ! citadel1 ! p[d] laid1 & ! tra9 ready to light1 x is ! cu/om = ! besieg]s to s5d to ! comm&] ( ! besieg$1 to in=m him ( ! prep>ations1 & leave x to 8 judgm5t to surr5d] or risque ! explosion2 if he w n surr5d] aft] su* w>n+1 & he1 ) 8 m51 %\ld be bl[n up1 he is to be *>g$ ) ! inhumanity1 & n ! besieg]s4 ,%\ld gov]nm5t adopt ,torp$oes z a "p ( our means ( def5ce1 ! ,europeans w be in=m$ ( x1 aft] :i*1 %\ld !y s5d ho/ile %ips into our ports among an*or$ ,torp$oes or ,torp$o boats1 & su* %ips %\ld be bl[n up1 ! inhumanity mu/ be *>g$ to !m1 & n to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t or to ?is inv5tion4 ,hav+1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 giv5 details = a sy/em ( ,fr5* ,torp$o boats1 :i* c\ld comm& ! n>r[ p>ts ( ! ,briti% *annel1 ,i may be accus$ ( enmity to ,engl& & p>tiality to ,france2 yet ,i h nei!r hatr$ nor p>ticul> atta*m5t to any =eign c\ntry4 ,i admire ! +5uity1 indu/ry1 & good fai? ( ! ,engli% p2 ,i respect ! arts1 sci5ces1 & amiable mann]s ( ! p ( ,france4 ,!re is mu* 9 ea* ( ^? c\ntries :i* we may copy to great advantage4 ,b my feel+s are :olly atta*$ to my c\ntry1 & :ile ,i lab\r = h] int]e/ 9 ?is ent]prise1 ,i am happy t ! lib]ty ( ! seas1 :i* ,i believe c be effect$1 w n only b5efit ,am]ica2 x w be an imm5se advantage to ,engl&1 to ,france1 & to e o!r nation4 ,conv9c$ ( ?is1 ,i h view$ milit>y m>9es z rema9s ( anci5t w>like habits1 & an exi/+ political disease1 = :i* !re has hi!rto be5 no specific rem$y4 ,satisfi$ 9 my own m9d1 t ! ,torp$oes n[ discov]$1 w be an effectual cure = s great an evil4 ,to introduce !m into practice1 & prove _! utility1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t bl[+ up ,engli% %ips ( w>1 or ,fr5*1 or ,am]ican1 7 !re no o!r1 & ! m5 on %ore1 w\ld be humane exp]im5ts ( ! fir/ importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to mank9d4 ,a ,,view ( ! political economy ( ?is inv5tion ,at ! dea? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 9 #afjb1 ! royal navy consi/$ ( ! foll[+ vessels4 #d %ips ( #dj guns4 #d ( #cb #aj ( #cj #b ( #bj #c ( #af #b ( #ab #e ( #aj #c ( #h #a ( #f #d ( #d #d ( #b -- --- ,total #db #ahj guns1 ) #c hoys4 ,:5 equipp$ = sea1 x c>ri$ #hcgf m54 ,at ! dea? ( ,k+ ,james ,i4 9 #affe1 ! royal navy am\nt$ to sixty-two sail2 ! money exp5d$ p] annum 0 fifty ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 equal to #bbb1bbb doll>s1 #bj c5ts4 ,at ! dea? ( ,k+ ,william1 9 #agja-b1 ! navy consi/$ ( ,%ips ( ! l9e1 includ+ f\r? rates2 #abc ,frigates #df ,fire ,%ips #hg --- ,total #bef ,! :ole navy m\nt+ ab\t #icjj guns1 & to completely man ! %ips1 x w\ld take #eb1jjj m52 ! sum all[$ p] annum = ! navy1 0 #a1jdf1cig p\nds /]l+1 equal to #d1fej1fec doll>s1 #cj c5ts4 ,?us 9 "o c5tury1 x increas$ 9 vessels & m5 six fold1 & 9 exp5ce tw5ty fold4 ,9 #ahja1 ! royal navy consi/$ ( #aib %ips ( ! l9e #bh %ips ( #ej guns #bbg frigates #aha sloops ,pr9cipal =ce = combat1 #gfj #if gun vessels #aa gun b>ges #ae bombs #aj fire %ips #aa /ore %ips #h ya*ts #i t5d]s #b advice boats #e arm$ transports #ac ,dut* hoys #f riv] b>ges #a convalesc5t %ip #acj hir$ %ips & cutt]s4 --- ,total #ide ,annual exp5ce1 #ac1fed1jac p\nds /]l+1 equal #fj1fhd1ejb doll>s1 #dj c5ts2 at pres5t1 ,i h n "t to asc]ta9 ! exact numb] ( m51 :i* h[ev] am\nt to m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,f #agja to #ahja1 ! numb] ( vessels h be5 increas$ f\r fold1 & ! exp5ce twelve fold2 ! exp5ce is n[ two hundr$ & sev5ty times great] ?an at ! dea? ( ,k+ ,james ,i1 "o hundr$ & eighty-five ye>s ago4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,m>itime ,,p[] ,,( ,,nations ,,ab\t ,,! ,,ye> #agij ,tak5 f ,arnauld ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,%ips ( ,total ,total ,total ,nations ! ,l9e ,frigates ,sloops ,vessels,cannon ,seam5 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- %ips guns guns f to f to ,spa9 #gb #aab - #eh #da #aji #bbb #aj1jjj #ej1jjj ,portugal #aj #hj - #eh #ad #dd - #cj #bi #ec #a1ejj #a1jjj ,naples #aj #gd - #ej #aj #ab #cb #a1jjj #e1jjj ,v5ice #bj #hh - #af #aj #eh #hh #a1jjj #ad1jjj ,ottoman ,empire #cj #gd - #ej #ej #ej - #ajajj galliots #ahj #c1jjj #ej1jjj ,holl& #dd #gd - #ef #dc #dj - #bdajj #ahg #b1cjj #ae1jjj ,d5m>k #ch #ij - #ej #bj #db - #bj #fj *ebecks #aah #c1jjj #ab1jjj ,sw$5 #bg #gd - #ej #ab #ch - #bj #dj gallies #gi #c1jjj #ac1jjj ,russia #fg #aaj - #ff #cf #dd - #bhgjj v>i\s #hjc #i1jjj #ba1jjj ,france #ha #aah - #fd #fi #dj - #cjada v>i\s #bia #ad1jjj #gh1jjj ,engl& #aie #ajj - #ejbaj #bef #ffa #ab1jjjajj1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #bgad #ei1hjj #cei1jjj ,tak+ ! :ole ( ^! fleets1 & e/imat+ _! exp5ce by t ( ! ,briti% m>9e1 x mu/ am\nt to ab\t tw5ty-six millions ( p\nds /]l+ p] annum1 equal to #aae1eee1eee doll>s1 #ej c5ts4 ,c we reflect on ?is table & n feel1 9 ! mo/ s5sible mann]1 ! folly ( ! elev5 ,european nations1 :o support su* e/abli%m5ts = _! mutual oppression8 ,is !re an ,am]ican :o1 aft] view+ ^! horrid consequ5ces ( divid$ ,europe & h] b>b>\s policy1 t c = a mom5t h>b\r a wi%1 t ^! happy ,/ates %\ld be divid$1 & ea* petty gov]nm5t1 9 proportion to its res\rces1 augm5t its fleets & armies ei!r = def5ce or to gratify a mad ambition1 by depr$at+ on its neighb\rs8 ,if !re be su* m51 !y are 9 a /ate ( political insanity1 & ! wor/ enemies to ! ,am]ican p4 ,! humane & excell5t ,dean ,tuck]1 9 8 "w on political economy1 publi%$ dur+ ! ,am]ican revolution1 has obs]v$1 ,t ! w>s ( ,europe1 = ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 h1 by ! confession ( all p>ties1 really end$ 9 ! advantage ( none1 b to ! manife/ detrim5t ( all4 ,suffice x to rem>k1 t _h ea* ( ! cont5d+ p[]s employ$ _! subjects 9 cultivat+ & improv+ su* l&s z 7 cle> ( all disput$ titles1 in/ead ( aim+ at m ext5d$ possessions1 !y _h consult$ bo? _! own & _! p's greatness mu* m efficaci\sly1 ?an all ! victories ( a ,ces> or an ,alex&]4 ,?is important tru? %\ld be deeply impress$ on ! m9d ( e ,am]ican4 ,b ,i w return to ! fleets ( ,europe1 & endeav\r to po9t out ! pr9cipal causes ( ! great increase ( ^? eng9es ( oppression1 & f :5ce ! weal? has aris5 to support su* exp5ces4 ,i w also %ew ! increas+ res\rces :i* w1 if sci5ce does n *eck x1 enable ,engl& h]eaft] to support a m>9e ( fifte5 hundr$ arm$ %ips1 ) z mu* ease z %e n[ does sev5 hundr$ & sixty4 ,9 #afjb1 ! ,briti% nation c\ld n possibly h paid = ! exp5ce ( su* a navy z x possess$ 9 #agja1 & 9 #agja1 ! res\rces ( ! nation 7 n equal to ! exp5ce ( ! navy ( #ahja4 ,! reason is1 t s9ce #afjb1 ! sci5ces h develop$ imm5se res\rces4 ,*emi/ry & me*anics h multipli$ ! produce ( productive lab\r1 & increas$ ! ri*es ( e nation 9 ,europe2 ! comm]ce ( ,*9a & ! ,ea/-,indies has be5 op5$2 ,russia & ,sw$5 h become civiliz$ & comm]cial2 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 h1 f a few hundr$ p]sons1 gr[n to a population ( at lea/ tw5ty-five millions2 :o h creat$ a va/ & productive comm]ce1 ( :i* !re 0 no conception two c5turies ago4 ,agriculture has e :]e be5 improv$2 ! e>? produces m = a giv5 lab\r2 manufactures are c>ri$ on1 9 v>i\s degrees ( p]fection1 9 e c\ntry & di/rict ( c\ntry1 :i*1 creat+ surplus weal? to pay = luxuries1 returns millions ( ri*es on s ent]pris+ & comm]cial a p z ! ,engli%1 :i*1 add$ to _! own improvem5ts 9 me*anism1 manufactures1 & agriculture1 enables ! gov]nm5t1 at ?is day1 to exp5d ?irte5 millions ( p\nds /]l+1 annually1 on _! m>9e4 ,yet ! p 9 g5]al live bett]1 h m enjoym5ts1 & because !y h m enjoym5ts1 !y are 9 reality n m oppress$ ?an ! p ( #afbe1 :o paid only fifty ?\s& p\nds to ! m>9e4 ,su* is ! natural consequ5ce ( a g5]al cultivation ( ! useful arts2 b a j gov]nm5t & a wise p1 %\ld take c>e t ! weal? :i* ! useful arts give to !m1 %\ld n be uselessly exp5d$4 ,z imports & exports are ! consequ5ce ( increas$ population & indu/ry1 ! foll[+ w %ew h[ ! exp5ces ( ! ,briti% m>9e h n only kept pace1 b ga9$ on h] s\rces ( weal?4 ,table ( ,briti% ,imports1 ,exports1 & ,exp5ce ( ! ,m>9e1 9 p\nds /]l+4 ,9 #agja ,imports #e1hfi1fjil4 ,exports #g1fba1jecl4 -------------- ,total #ac1dij1ffbl4 ,exp5ce ( ! ,m>9e #a1jdf1cigl4 or "o ?irte5? ( ! :ole imports & exports4 ,9 #agih ,imports #df1ifc1jjjl4 ,export ( ,briti% manufactures #cc1fjb1jjjl4 ,export ( =eign goods #ad1chg1jjjl4 -------------- ,total #id1ieb1jjjl4 ,exp5ce ( ! ,navy #ac1fed1jacl4 or ab\t "o sev5? ( ! total imports & exports4 ,9 #ahjj1 ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 e/imat$ at #e1bad1hja2 ) ?is population1 we import f ,engl& to ! am\nt ( sev5 millions /]l+ p] annum1 = :i* we pay1 9 direct & circuit\s trade1 equal sev5 millions1 mak+ our imports f ,engl&1 & exports to pay = !m f\rte5 millions1 or equal to "o sev5? ( ! imports & exports ( ,engl&4 ,!re=e1 z x is ! pr(its ( trade :i* support ! ,briti% m>9e1 we pay "o sev5? ( its :ole exp5ce1 or ab\t two millions /]l+1 &1 9 fact1 support "o sev5? ( sev5 hundr$ & sixty arm$ %ips1 equal #ajh4 ,?us we *]i% an evil ( :i* we compla91 & unless we c de/roy x1 we mu/ cont9ue to n\ri% x4 ,9 #agjj1 ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales am\nt$ to #e1dge1edd2 9 #ahjj1 to #i1cdc1egh2 x did n d\ble 9 ! la/ c5tury not)/&+ ! great increase ( trade4 ,z h] population is n[ equal to "o p]son = e six acres1 !re is a p[]ful *eck on its increase1 & ! rational calculation is1 t x w n d\ble1 or rise to eighte5 millions 9 ! next two c5turies4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates is d\bl+ its population 9 ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s1 or1 = probable correctness1 say 9 ?irty ye>s2 consequ5tly1 9 #ahcj we %all h2 #aj1dbi1fjb #ahfj #bj1hei1bjd #ahij #dj1gah1djh #aibj #ha1dcf1haf ,ev5 !n1 ! acres ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be m ?an t5 to an individual4 ,z our habits & cu/oms are ,engli%1 x is a reasonable calculation1 t ,9 #cj ye>s1 we %all take f !m to ! am\nt ( #ad1jjj1jjj #fj #bh1jjj1jjj #ij #ef1jjj1jjj ,?is is m ?an !y n[ s5d to all ! _w1 :i* weal? result+ f ,am]ican lab\r1 be+ turn$ into ,engl&1 w increase h] res\rces equal to ! ma9t5ance ( h] pres5t m>9e3 =1 z ,i be=e /at$1 if ( sev5 millions :i* we n[ import1 we furni% funds = ! sev5? "p ( h] naval exp5ces1 or say two millions4 ,sev5 is into fifty-six1 ! imports ( n9ety ye>s h5ce1 eight times2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w1 !re=e1 furni% sixte5 millions /]l+ p] annum1 to support ! ,briti% m>9e1 & enable ,engl& to d\ble h] pres5t naval e/abli%m5t4 ,?us we are cont9ually aid+ & support+1 ! only tyranny :i* c oppress u1 or di/urb our tranquility4 ,i am aw>e t1 oppos$ to ?is /atem5t1 x w be said t we %all become manufactur]s1 & h]eaft] import1 9 proportion to our population1 less f ,engl&2 b1 9 a va/ c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e l&s are *eap1 & m5 c easy be provid$ = 9 agricultural pursuits2 x w be difficult = ! manufactures to keep pace ) ! population4 ,we are n[ mu* great] manufactur]s ?an we 7 tw5ty-five ye>s ago2 yet our imports increase2 ! manufactures ( ,engl& h augm5t$ t5 fold 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,al?\gh h] population has n d\bl$1 yet h] exports & imports h kept ne> ev5 pace ) ea* o!r4 ,! consequ5ce ( manufactures1 is to create abundance & give ! means ( pur*as+ luxuries2 !re=e1 m p]sons enjoy ! luxuries ( f9e articles4 ,engl& has h] manufactures e/abli%$ & h] p taught2 %e has ! />t ( all ! _w1 :i* %e w keep = v _m ye>s2 nor c su* sup]iority be an injury to ,am]ica1 or to ,france1 or any o!r nation1 provid$ ! pr(its are n exp5d$ on a milit>y m>9e to oppress !m4,n ,!n :at is to be done to arre/ ?is enorm\s evil1 ?is organiz+ sy/em ( oppression8 ,"o ( ?ree ?+s mu/ be done3 we mu/ h a m>9e ( a =ce to be respect$1 or we mu/ suff] our comm]ce to be z limit$ z ! ,briti% gov]nm5t may ?9k prop]1 & be laid "u contribution2 or1 milit>y m>9es mu/ be de/roy$1 & lib]ty giv5 to ! seas4 ,footnote ,n3 ,_m appe> to be ( op9ion1 t if ,bonap>te c\ld get ! comm& ( ! seas1 or _h x 9 8 p[]1 he w\ld r$uce ,london to a%es1 & de/roy ! arts & manufactures ( ,engl&4 ,c>?age is always cit$ z an example ( a conqu]or's v5geance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 my op9ion1 because x is n ju/ifi$ by any act ( 8 life4 ,9 all ! c\ntries he has conqu]$1 he has ev] respect$ ! sci5ces & useful arts2 he has n burn$ ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 or ,madrid4 ,_h he no o!r motive1 8 own fame1 9 a great measure1 dep5ds on ! protection :i* he may give to ! sci5ces4 ,b1 indep5d5t ( ?is1 ,i believe he well und]/&s ! b5efit :i* ,europe receives f ,engli% arts & indu/ry2 & 8 w> is n aga9/ !m1 b aga9/ ! mann] 9 :i* _! pr(its are appli$2 t is1 aga9/ ! m>9e1 & int]f]5ce ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 all ! conc]ns ( ! cont95t4 ,:at k9d ( a m>9e w\ld obta9 = u t consid]ation & respect :i* w\ld give to our m]*ant %ips unmole/$ admittance into ! ports ( ,europe8 ,fifty %ips ( #hj guns ea*1 & ?irty ?\s& m51 c]ta9ly c\ld n gu>antee to u su* respect4 ,russia has a great] naval =ce1 & d>e n %[ a %ip out ( ! ,baltic4 ,yet fifty su* %ips w\ld co/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates tw5ty-five millions ( doll>s1 & sev5 millions ( doll>s a ye>2 :i*1 add$ to repairs1 dock-y>ds1 ars5als1 navy-bo>ds1 & ag5ts1 may be e/imat$ at t5 millions a ye>4 ,b ev5 c\ld su* a m>9e secure to u a reasonable lib]ty ( comm]ce1 ,am]ica c\ld n n[ be> su* an exp5diture2 & :]e is ! additional comm]ce to pay = t5 millions a ye>1 exp5d$ to protect x8 ,%\ld our res\rces1 9 tw5ty ye>s1 enable u to support su* a m>9e1 ,i h %ewn1 t ! ,briti% c augm5t _! fleets also1 & sp>e a =ce to meet u at sea4 ,b 7 ,am]ica to try h] f9ances to ! utmo/1 & e/abli% a m>9e equal to fifty %ips ( #hj guns1 x w\ld be to u ! greate/ ( mis=tunes2 = s _m p]sons w\ld become int]e/$ 9 obta9+ a support f x1 t1 l ,engl&1 we %\ld cont9ue add+1 until our successors w\ld f9d x a p[] sup]ior to _! lib]ty--"o :i* w\ld load !m ) taxes1 press _! *ildr5 into s5seless w>s1 nor leave !m p]mission to compla94 ,%\ld we ev] be necessitat$ to h a m>9e ( a =ce to be respect$1 su* are ! accumulat$ evils "u :i* our po/]ity mu/ suff]4 ,b if sci5ce & en]gy %\ld sweep milit>y m>9es f ! ocean1 ,am]ica w be ! g>d5 ( ! _w--an example = ,europe to imitate4 ,:5 we contemplate ! imm5se sums :i* are exp5d$ 9 ,european m>9e e/abli%m5ts1 & calculate ! inf9ite good :i* might h be5 done ) ! capital1 we h to lam5t t man1 in/ead ( gratify+ 8 ambition 9 w>s & deva/ation1 has n s\ght a m noble & la/+ fame 9 promot+ ! arts1 ! sci5ces1 & civilization4 ,! annual exp5ce ( ! navy ( ,great ,brita9 am\nts to upw>ds ( ?irte5 millions a ye>2 z long z w> cont9ues1 ! exp5ce w n be dim9i%$2 b tak+ ! *ance ( w> & peace = ! succe$+ tw5ty-five ye>s1 & e/imate t ! m>9e w co/ t5 millions a ye>1 ! exp5diture 9 tw5ty-five ye>s w be two hundr$ & fifty millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,if driv5 to h a m>9e1 su* might be ! exp5diture ( our successors2 if we c avoid x1 ! capital might be exp5d$ 9 useful "w4 ,i w n[ give a %ort sket* ( ! improvem5ts :i* might be made 9 ,am]ica = su* a sum3 ,fir/1 twelve canals1 runn+ f ! ea/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! s\?1 ea* fifte5 hundr$ miles long1 & fifty miles di/ant f ea* o!r1 equal to eighte5 ?\s& miles2 ?irty canals1 runn+ f ! sea coa/ to ! int]ior1 ea* six hundr$ miles long & fifty miles ap>t1 or eighte5 ?\s& miles--total1 ?irty-six ?\s& miles1 at ?ree ?\s& p\nds /]l+ a mile1 am\nt+ to "o hundr$ & eight millions4 ,canals to ?is ext5t1 w\ld int]sect a c\ntry fifte5 hundr$ miles long six hundr$ miles wide1 equal n9e hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles1 or sev5 hundr$ & fifty-six millions ( acres1 n an acre ( :i* w\ld be m ?an tw5ty-five miles f canal c>riage2 & :i* acres1 all[+ six to an individual :i* is equal to ! d5sity ( ,engli% population1 or say sev51 all[+ = riv]s1 roads1 & canals1 w\ld be ample space 9 a c\ntry :i*1 by its improvem5ts1 mu/ be f]tile = "o hundr$ & eight millions ( inhabitants4 #b;d1 ,two ?\s& bridges1 at ?irty ?\s& p\nds /]l+ ea*1 equal2 #fj1jjj1jjj ,two ?\s& & fifty public e/abli%m5ts = education1 at =ty ?\s& p\nds /]l+ ea* #hb1jjj1jjj ,! canals2 #ajh1jjj1jjj ----------- ,total #bej1jjj1jjj ,! two hundr$ & fifty millions1 rais$ by loan & fund$ at five p] c5t4 w\ld1 if exp5d$ on a m>9e1 lay a tax on ! p ( #ab1ejj1jjjl4 /]l+ a ye>1 equal to #ee1eee1eee doll>s a ye>1 ) a horde ( excise-m5 & tax-ga!r]s1 to torm5t hone/ indu/ry4 ,b if exp5d$ on canals1 ! pr(its to transport w\ld pay ! int]e/1 & give inconceivable advantages to ! p4 ,su* communications w\ld facilitate e species ( indu/ry4 ,canals b5d+ r\nd ! hills1 w\ld irrigate ! gr\nds b5ea?1 & conv]t !m into luxuriant pa/urage4 ,!y w\ld b9d a hundr$ millions ( p 9 "o insep>able compact--alike 9 habits1 9 language1 & 9 int]e/2 "o homog5e\s bro!rhood1 ! mo/ invuln]able1 p[]ful1 & respectable on e>?4 ,say1 legislators1 y :o direct ! de/9ies ( ?is great nation1 %all ,am]icans1 l s]vile creatures ( e/abli%$ habits1 imitate ,european vices1 or copy !m because !y are famili>8 ,%all !y n\ri% a useless m>9e1 lay ! basis = its increase1 & s5d x d[n ! curr5t ( "t to futurity ) all its complicat$ evils8 ,%all su* a sy/em consume our res\rces1 deprive ! e>? ( improvem5ts1 draw into its vortex ambiti\s m51 div]t ! be/ tal5ts ( our c\ntry f useful works1 & int]e/ !m 9 its support--creat+ non-productive lab\r]s1 :o mu/ be ! consum]s ( ! produce ( ! productive class1 & dim9i% _! enjoym5ts8 ,or w y se>* into ! mo/ hidd5 recesses ( sci5ce1 to f9d a means = prev5t+ su* incalculable evils8 ,& direct ! g5ius & res\rces ( our c\ntry to useful improvem5ts1 to ! sci5ces1 ! arts1 education1 ! am5dm5t ( ! public m9d & morals4 ,9 su* pursuits1 lie real hon\r & ! nation's glory2 su* are ! lab\rs ( enlight5$ republicans--^? :o lab\r = ! public good4 ,e ord] ( ?+s1 :i* has a t5d5cy to remove oppression & meliorate ! condition ( man1 by direct+ 8 ambition to useful indu/ry is1 9 effect1 republican4 ,e sy/em1 :i* n\ri%es w> & its consequ5t ?\s&s ( idl]s & oppressors1 is ari/ocratic 9 its effects1 :atev] may be its "n4 ,^! s5tim5ts exhibit my political cre$1 ! object ( all my ex]tions2 & ^! pr9ciples1 practis$ by ,am]icans1 w create = !m a real gr&eur ( "*1 :i* w secure to !m ! respect & admiration ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,,f9is ,numb] & ,nature ( ,ordnance = ea* ( ! ,%ips 9 ! ,briti% ,navy ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ( guns ( ea* nature ,c>ronades ,rates ( ---------------------------------------- ----- guns #db #cb #bd #ah #ab #i #f #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a/ -- #ajj #bh - #bh - #cj - #ah #b #f - - #b;d -- #ih - #bh - #cj #dj - - #b - #f - #hj - #bf - #bf - #bd #a - #gd - #bh - #bh - #ah - #b - #f - #c;d #gj - #bh - #bh - #ad - - #fd - - #bf #bf - #ab - - #b #f - #d? #fj - - #bd - #bf - #aj - - - - #ej - - #bb - #bb - #f - #f - #f #dd - - - #bj #bb - #f - - #h - #e? #cf - - - #bf #b #h - #h - - - #cb - - - - #bf - #f - #f - - #bh - - #h - - #bd #d - #f - - #f? #bd - - - - - #bb #b - #b #f - #bj - - - - - #bj - - - - #h ,sloops #ah - - - - - - #ah - - - #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,= ,notes on ,vessels ( ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates see pages #f & #g4 ,dim5sions ( ,%ips1 ,numb] ( ,m51 & ,draught ( ,wat] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,numb] ,l5g? on ,extreme ,complim5t ( ,dep? ( wat] ( ,guns! ,gun-deck ,bread? ,sailors ,m>9es requir$ = ea* ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,ft4 ,94 ,ft4 ,94 ,num4 ,(fic]s ,feet #aaj #aij #j #ec #j #hge #a ,cap4 #c ,subs4 #bd #ajj #ahf #j #eb #j #hge ,d4 #bd #ih #ahj #j #ej #j #gej ,d4 #bc #ij #agg #f #di #j #gej ,d4 #bc #hj #ahb #j #di #f #fej ,d4 #ah #gd #ahb #j #dh #g #fej ,d4 #ah #gd #afi #j #df #aa #fej ,d4 #ah #fd #afj #j #dd #f #fej #a ,cap4 #b ,subs4 #ah #ej #adf #j #dj #f #dbj #b ,lieut5ants4 #af #dd #adj #i #ch #h #cjj #a ,subalt]n4 #af #ch #add #j #ci #j #cjj ,d4 #af #cf #adb #j #ch #j #cjj ,d4 #af #cb #abf #j #ce #d #cjj ,d4 #ae #bh #abj #j #cc #f #bjj ,d4 #ae #bd #aad #g #cb #c #bjj ,d4 #ae #bj #ajh #j #cj #j #bjj ,d4 #ae #ah #aaj #j #bi #f #abe ,s]geant4 #ac #af #ajf #j #bh #j #abe ,d4 #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,n4 ,b4 ,! usual ,complem5t ( ,m>9es is "o = e gun 9 ! %ip ,= ,notes on ,vessels ( ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates see pages #f & #g4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,plates 7 mov$ to ! />t ( ! section describ+ !m4 ,hyph5ation 0 /&>diz$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 add$ by ! transcrib]4