,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,samurai ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,z5 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,discipl9e ,,9 ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan by ,,kait5 ,,nuk>iya ,pr(essor ( ,kei-,o-,gi-,jiku ,univ]sity & ( ,s-,to-,%u ,buddhi/ ,college1 ,tokyo #aiac ,,cont5ts ,,introduction 7#a7 ,! ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn ,s*ools ( ,buddhism 7#b7 ,! ,developm5t & ,diff]5tiation ( ,buddhism 7#c7 ,! ,object ( ?is ,book is ! ,expla9+ ( ! ,mahayani/ic ,view ( ,life & ! ,_w 7#d7 ,z5 holds a ,unique ,position among ! ,e/abli%$ ,religions ( ! ,_w 7#e7 ,! ,hi/orical ,antiquity ( ,z5 7#f7 ,! ,d5ial ( ,scriptural ,au?ority by ,z5 7#g7 ,! ,practis]s ( ,z5 hold ! ,buddha z _! ,pr$ecessor1 ^: ,spiritual ,level !y ,aim to ,atta9 7#h7 ,! ,iconocla/ic ,attitude ( ,z5 7#i7 ,z5 ,activity 7#aj7 ,! ,physical & ,m5tal ,tra9+ 7#aa7 ,! ,hi/orical ,importance ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,z5 ,,9 ,,*9a #a4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,z5 9 ,india #b4 ,! ,introduction ( ,z5 into ,*9a by ,bodhidh>ma #c4 ,bodhidh>ma & ! ,emp]or ,wu #d4 ,bodhidh>ma & 8 ,successor1 ! ,second ,patri>* #e4 ,bodhidh>ma's ,disciples & ! ,transmission ( ! ,law #f4 ,! ,second & ! ,?ird ,patri>*s #g4 ,! ,f\r? ,patri>* & ! ,emp]or ,tai ,tsung #h4 ,! ,fif? & ! ,six? ,patri>*s #i4 ,! ,spiritual ,atta9m5t ( ! ,six? ,patri>* #aj4 ,! ,flight ( ! ,six? ,patri>* #aa4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,s\!rn & ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool ( ,z5 #ab4 ,! ,mission>y ,activity ( ! ,six? ,patri>* #ac4 ,! ,disciples "u ! ,six? ,patri>* #ad4 ,?ree ,important ,elem5ts ( ,z5 #ae4 ,decl9e ( ,z5 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,z5 ,,9 ,,japan #a4 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,r9 ,zai ,s*ool ( ,z5 9 ,japan #b4 ,! ,introduction ( ! ,s ,to ,s*ool ( ,z5 #c4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,d-g51 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,s ,to ,sect #d4 ,! ,social ,/ate ( ,japan :5 ,z5 0 ,e/abli%$ by ,ei-sai & ,d-g5 #e4 ,! ,resemblance ( ! ,z5 ,monk to ! ,samurai #f4 ,! ,hone/ ,pov]ty ( ! ,z5 ,monk & ! ,samurai #g4 ,! ,manl9ess ( ! ,z5 ,monk & ! ,samurai #h4 ,! ,c\rage & ,composure ( ,m9d ( ! ,z5 ,monk & ! ,samurai #i4 ,z5 & ! ,reg5t ,g5]als ( ! ,ho-jo ,p]iod #aj4 ,z5 aft] ! ,d[nfall ( ! ,ho-jo ,reg5cy #aa4 ,z5 9 ! ,d>k ,age #ab4 ,z5 "u ! ,toku-gawa ,%ogunate #ac4 ,z5 aft] ! ,re/oration ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,univ]se ,,is ,,! ,,scripture ,,( ,,z5 #a4 ,scripture is no ,m ?an ,wa/e ,pap] #b4 ,no ,ne$ ( ! ,scriptural ,au?ority = ,z5 #c4 ,! ,usual ,explanation ( ! ,canon #d4 ,sutras us$ by ! ,z5 ,ma/]s #e4 ,a ,sutra ,equal 9 ,size to ! ,:ole ,_w #fh #f4 ,great ,m5 & ,nature #g4 ,! ,absolute & ,reality are b an ,ab/raction #h4 ,! ,s]mon ( ! ,inanimate ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,buddha1 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,_s #a4 ,! ,anci5t ,buddhi/ ,pan!on #b4 ,z5 is ,iconocla/ic #c4 ,buddha is ,unnamable #d4 ,buddha1 ! ,univ]sal ,life #e4 ,life & ,*ange #f4 ,! ,pessimi/ic ,view ( ,anci5t ,h9dus #g4 ,h9ayanism & its ,doctr9e #h4 ,*ange z se5 by ,z5 #i4 ,life & ,*ange #aj4 ,life1 ,*ange1 & ,hope #aa4 ,ev]y?+ is ,liv+ accord+ to ,z5 #ab4 ,! ,creative ,=ce ( ,nature & ,humanity #ac4 ,univ]sal ,life is ,univ]sal ,_s #ad4 ,poetical ,intuition & ,z5 #ae4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness #af4 ,buddha ,dwell+ 9 ! ,individual ,m9d ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness is n an ,intellectual ,insight #ah4 ,our ,conception ( ,buddha is n ,f9al #ai4 ,h[ to ,wor%ip ,buddha ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man #a4 ,man is ,good-natur$ accord+ to ,m5cius #b4 ,man is ,bad-natur$ accord+ to ,siun ,tsz #c4 ,man is bo? ,good-natur$ & ,bad-natur$ accord+ to ,yan ,hiung #d4 ,man is nei!r ,good-natur$ nor ,bad-natur$ accord+ to ,su ,%ih #e4 ,!re is no ,mortal :o is ,purely ,moral #f4 ,!re is no ,mortal :o is ,non-moral or ,purely ,immoral #g4 ,:]e1 !n1 does ! ,error ,lie8 #h1 ,man is n ,good-natur$ nor ,bad-natur$1 b ,buddha natur$ #i4 ,! ,p>able ( ! ,robb] ,kih #aj4 ,wang ,yang ,m+ & a ,?ief #aa4 ,! ,bad are ! ,good 9 ! ,egg #ab4 ,! ,great ,p]son & ! ,small ,p]son #ac4 ,! ,!ory ( ,buddha-,nature adequately expla9s ! ,e?ical ,/ates ( ,man #ad4 ,buddha-,nature is ! ,common ,s\rce ( ,morals #ae4 ,! ,p>able ( a ,drunk>d #af4 ,%akya ,muni & ! ,prodigal ,son #ag4 ,! ,p>able ( ! ,monk & ! ,/upid ,woman #ah4 ',ea* ,smile a ,hymn1 ea* ,k9dly ,^w a ,pray]' #ai4 ,! ,_w is 9 ! ,mak+ #bj4 ,! ,progress & ,hope ( ,life #ba4 ,! ,bett]m5t ( ,life #bb4 ,! ,buddha ( ,m]cy ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,enlight5m5t #a4 ,enlight5m5t is beyond ,description & ,analysis #b4 ,enlight5m5t ,implies an ,insight into ! ,nature ( ,self #c4 ,! ,irrationality ( ! ,belief ( ,immortality #d4 ,! ,exam9ation ( ! ,notion ( ,self #e4 ,nature is ! ,"m ( ,all ,?+s #f4 ,real ,self #g4 ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,inn]mo/ ,wisdom #h4 ,z5 is n ,nihili/ic #i4 ,z5 & ,idealism #aj4 ,idealism is a ,pot5t ,m$ic9e = ,self -,creat$ ,m5tal ,disease #aa4 ,ideali/ic ,scepticism conc]n+ ,objective ,reality #ab4 ,ideali/ic ,scepticism conc]n+ ,religion & ,morality #ac4 ,an ,illusion conc]n+ ,appe>ance & ,reality #ad4 ,:]e does ! ,root ( ! ,illusion ,lie8 #ae4 ,?+-9-,itself means ,?+-,kn[]less #af4 ,! ,f\r ,alt]natives & ! ,five ,categories #ag4 ,p]sonalism ( ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne #ah4 ,all ! ,worlds 9 ,t5 ,directions are ,buddha's ,holy ,l& ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,life #a4 ,epicureanism & ,life #b4 ,! ,errors ( ,philosophical ,pessimi/s & ,religi\s ,optimi/s #c4 ,! ,law ( ,balance #d4 ,life ,consi/s 9 ,conflict #e4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,life #f4 ,nature fav\rs ,no?+ 9 ,p>ticul> #g4 ,! ,law ( ,balance 9 ,life #h4 ,! ,application ( ! ,law ( ,causation to ,morals #i4 ,! ,retribution 9 ! ,pa/1 ! ,pres5t1 & ! ,future ,life #aj4 ,! ,et]nal ,life z taught by ,pr(essor ,m8n/]b]g #aa4 ,life 9 ! ,concrete #ab4 ,difficulties are no ,mat* = an ,optimi/ #ac4 ,d ,?y ,be/ & ,leave ! ,re/ to ,provid5ce ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,m$itation #a4 ,! ,me?od ( ,in/ruction adopt$ by ,z5 ,ma/]s #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,/ep 9 ! ,m5tal ,tra9+ #c4 ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ! ,m5tal ,tra9+ #d4 ,! ,?ird ,/ep 9 ! ,m5tal ,tra9+ #e4 ,zaz51 or ! ,sitt+ 9 ,m$itation #f4 ,! ,brea?+ ,ex]cise ( ! ,yogi #g4 ,calmness ( ,m9d #h4 ,zaz5 & ! ,=gett+ ( ,self #i4 ,z5 & ,sup]natural ,p[] #aj4 ,true ,dhyana #aa4 ,let ,g ( ,y\r ,idle ,?\ghts #ab4 ',! ,five ,ranks ( ,m]it' #ac4 ',! ,t5 ,pictures ( ! ,c[h]d' #ad4 ,z5 & ,nirvana #ae4 ,nature & ,h] ,lesson #af4 ,! ,beatitude ( ,z5 ,,app5dix ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man ,,preface ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,refutation ,,( ,,delusive ,,& ,,prejudic$ 7,,doctr9e7 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,refutation ,,( ,,incomplete ,,& ,,sup]ficial 7,,doctr9e7 #a4 ,! ,doctr9e = ,m5 & ,devas #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,h9ayani/s #c4 ,! ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ,dh>malaksana #d4 ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ! ,nihili/s ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,direct ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,real ,,orig9 #e4 ,! ,ekayana ,doctr9e t ,tea*es ! ,ultimate ,reality ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,reconciliation ,,( ,,! ,,tempor>y ,,) ,,! ,,real ,,doctr9e ,,introduction ,buddhism is geographically divid$ into two s*ools,,fn#a--! ,s\!rn1 ! old] & simpl]1 & ! ,nor!rn1 ! lat] & m develop$ fai?4 ,! =m]1 bas$ ma9ly on ! ,pali texts,,fn#b is kn[n z ,h9ayana,,fn#c 7small vehicle71 or ! inf]ior doctr9e2 :ile ! latt]1 bas$ on ! v>i\s ,sanskrit texts1#d is kn[n z ,mahayana 7l>ge vehicle71 or sup]ior doctr9e4 ,! *ief t5ets ( ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool are s well kn[n to occid5tal s*ol>s t !y almo/ always mean ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool by ! ^w ,buddhism4 ,b ) reg>d to ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool v little is kn[n to ! ,we/1 ow+ to ! fact t mo/ ( its orig9al texts 7 lo/1 & t ! tea*+s bas$ on ^! texts are writt5 9 ,*9ese1 or ,tibetan1 or ,japanese languages unfamili> to non-,buddhi/ inve/igators4 ,,fn#a ,! ,s\!rn ,s*ool has its adh]5ts 9 ,ceylon1 ,burma1 ,siam1 ,anan1 etc42 :ile ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool is f\nd 9 ,nepal1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,tibet1 etc4 ,,fn#b ,!y *iefly consi/ ( ! ,f\r ,nikayas3 7#a7 ,digha ,nikaya 7,dirghagamas1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,buddhaya8z1 ,a4,d4 #dab-dac72 7#b7 ,majjhima ,nikaya 7,madhyamagamas1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,gautama ,sanghadeva1 ,a4,d4 #cig-cih72 7#c7 ,sanyutta ,nikaya 7,samyuktagamas1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,gunabhadra1 ( ! e>li] ,sung dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #dbj #dgi72 7#d7 ,angutt>a ,nikaya 7,ekott>agamas1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,dh>man&i1 ,a4,d4 #chd-che74 ,out ( ^! ,h9ayana books1 ! ,engli% translation ( tw5ty-?ree suttas by ,rhys ,davids exi/ 9 ',sacr$ ,books ( ,buddhi/1' vols4 ii4-iii41 & ( sev5 suttas by ! same au?or 9 ',sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1' vol4 xi4 ,,fn#c ,! ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s nev] call _! fai? ,h9ayana1 ! "n be+ an inv5tion ( lat] ,buddhi/s1 :o call _! doctr9e ,mahayana 9 contradi/9ction to ! e>li] =m ( ,buddhism4 ,we h to notice t ! ^w ,h9ayana frequ5tly occurs 9 ,mahayana books1 :ile x does n 9 ,h9ayana books4 ,,fn#d ,a catalogue ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon1 ,k'-yu5-luh1 gives ! titles ( #hig ,mahayana sutras1 yet ! mo/ important books (t5 quot$ by ,nor!rn ,buddhi/ tea*]s am\nt to little m ?an tw5ty4 ,!re exi/ ! ,engli% translation ( ,l>g] ,sukhavati-vyuha-sutra1 ,small] ,sukhavati-vyuha-sutra1 ,vajrac*$ika-sutra1 ,l>g] ,prajna-p>amita-hradya-sutra1 ,small] ,prajna-p>amita-hrdaya-sutra1 by ,max ,m8ll]1 & ,amitayur-dhyana-sutra1 by ,j4 ,takakusu1 9 ',sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1' vol4 xlix4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra1 by ,k]n1 is giv5 9 ',sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1' ,vol4 xxi4 ,comp>e ^! books ) ',outl9es ( ,mahayana ,buddhism1' by ,d4 ,suzuki4 ,x is h>dly ju/ifiable to cov] ! :ole sy/em ( ,buddhism ) a s+le epi!t,,fn#e 'pessimi/ic' or 'nihili/ic1' because ,buddhism1 hav+ be5 adopt$ by savage tribes z well z civiliz$ nations1 by quiet1 en]vat$ p z well z by w>like1 /urdy hordes1 dur+ "s tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s1 has develop$ itself into beliefs widely div]g5t & ev5 diametrically oppos$4 ,ev5 9 ,japan alone x has diff]5tiat$ itself into ?irte5 ma9 sects & =ty-f\r sub-sects,,fn#f & is /ill 9 full vig\r1 ?\gh 9 o!r c\ntries x has already pass$ its prime4 ,?us ,japan seems to be ! be/ repres5tative ( ! ,buddhi/ c\ntries :]e ! majority ( p abides by ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool4 ,to /udy h] religion1 !re=e1 is to p5etrate into ,mahayanism1 :i* /ill lies an unexplor$ l& = ! ,we/]n m9ds4 ,& to inve/igate h] fai? is n to dig out ! rema9s ( ,buddhi/ fai? t exi/$ tw5ty c5turies ago1 b to t\* ! he>t & s\l ( ,mahayanism t enliv5s its devotees at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,,fn#e ,h9ayanism is1 g5]ally speak+1 incl9$ to be pessimi/ic1 b ,mahayanism 9 ! ma9 holds ! optimi/ic view ( life4 ,nihilism is advocat$ 9 "s ,mahayana sutras1 b o!rs set =? idealism or realism4 ,,fn#f 7#a7 ,! ,t5 ,dai ,sect1 includ+ ?ree sub-sects2 7#b7 ,! ,%9 ,gon ,sect1 includ+ elev5 sub-sects2 7#c7 ,! ,ritsu ,sect2 7#d7 ,! ,r9 ,zai ,sect1 includ+ f\rte5 sub-sects2 7#e7 ,! ,s ,to ,sect2 7#f7 ,! ,o ,baku ,sect2 7#g7 ,! ,jo ,d ,sect1 includ+ two sub-sects2 7#h7 ,! ,%9 ,sect1 includ+ t5 sub-sects2 7#i7 ,! ,ni*i ,r5 ,sect1 includ+ n9e sub-sects2 7#aj7 ,! ,yu ,zu ,n5 ,butsu ,sect2 7#aa7 ,! ,hosso ,sect2 7#ab7 ,! ,ke ,gon ,sect2 7#ac7 ,! ,ji ,sect4 ,out ( ^! ?irte5 ,buddhi/ sects1 ,r9 ,zai1 ,s ,to1 & ,o ,baku belong to ,z54 ,= fur!r in=mation1 see ',a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,japanese ,buddhi/ ,sects1' by ,dr4 ,b4 ,nanjo4 ,! object ( ?is little book is to %[ h[ ! ,mahayani/ic view ( life & ( ! _w diff]s m>k$ly f t ( ,h9ayanism1 :i* is g5]ally tak5 z ,buddhism by occid5tals1 to expla9 h[ ! religion ( ,buddha has adapt$ itself to its environm5t 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 & also to ?r[ light on ! exi/+ /ate ( ! spiritual life ( mod]n ,japan4 ,= ?is purpose we h s+l$ out ( ?irte5 ,japanese sects ! ,z5 ,sect1 ,,fn#g n only because ( ! great influ5ce x has ex]cis$ on ! nation1 b because ( ! unique position x holds among ! e/abli%$ religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is z old z ,buddhism itself1 or ev5 old]1 = its mode ( practis+ ,m$itation has be5 h&$ d[n )\t mu* alt]ation f pre-,buddhi/ic recluses ( ,india2 & x may1 on t acc\nt1 provide ! /ud5t ( comp>ative religion ) an int]e/+ subject = 8 rese>*4 ,,fn#g ,! ^w ,z5 is ! ,s9ico-,japanese abbreviation ( ! ,sanskrit ,dhyana1 or ,m$itation4 ,x implies ! :ole body ( tea*+s & discipl9e peculi> to a ,buddhi/ sect n[ popul>ly kn[n z ! ,z5 ,sect4 ,9 ! second place1 9 spite ( its hi/orical antiquity1 ideas ent]ta9$ by its advocates are s new t !y are 9 h>mony ) ^? ( ! ,new ,buddhi/s2,,fn#h accord+ly ! /atem5t ( ^! ideas may s]ve z an explanation ( ! pres5t movem5t conduct$ by "y & able re=m]s ( ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,,fn#h ,!re exi/s a society =m$ by m5 :o h brok5 ) ! old cre$s ( ,buddhism1 & :o call !mselves ! ,new ,buddhi/s4 ,x has = its organ ',! ,new ,buddhism1' & is "o ( ! influ5tial religi\s societies 9 ,japan4 ,we mean by ! ,new ,buddhi/s1 h[ev]1 num]\s educat$ "y m5 :o /ill adh]e to ,buddhi/ sects1 & are c>ry+ out a re=mation4 ,?irdly1 ,buddhi/ d5om9ations1 l non-,buddhi/ religions1 lay /ress on scriptural au?ority2 b ,z5 d5\nces x on ! gr\nd t words or *>act]s c nev] adequately express religi\s tru?1 :i* c only be realiz$ by m9d2 consequ5tly x claims t ! religi\s tru? atta9$ by ,%akya ,muni 9 8 ,enlight5m5t has be5 h&$ d[n nei!r by ^w ( m\? nor by ! lett]s ( scriptures1 b f tea*]'s m9d to disciple's ?r\gh ! l9e ( transmission until ! pres5t day4 ,x is an isolat$ in/ance 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w's religions t holy scriptures are decl>$ to be 'no m ?an wa/e,,fn#i pap] by religioni/s1 z done by ,z5 ma/]s4 ,,fn#i ,l9 ,tsi ,luh 7,r9-zai-roku74 ,f\r?ly1 ,buddhi/ z well z non-,buddhi/ religions reg>d1 )\t exception1 _! f\nd]s z sup]human be+s1 b ! practis]s ( ,z5 hold ! ,buddha z _! pr$ecessor1 ^: spiritual level !y confid5tly aim to atta94 ,fur!rmore1 !y lik5 "o :o rema9s 9 ! exalt$ position ( ,buddha%ip to a man b\nd by a gold *a91 & pity 8 /ate ( bondage4 ,"s ( !m w5t ev5 s f> z to decl>e ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas to be _! s]vants & slaves4,,fn#aj ,su* an attitude ( religioni/s c h>dly be f\nd 9 any o!r religion4 ,,fn#aj ,%akya & ,maitreya1 says ,g ,s1 are s]vants to ! o!r p]son4 ,:o is t o!r p]son8 7,z5-r9-rui-ju1 ,vol4 i41 p4 #bh74 ,fif?ly1 al?\gh non-,buddhi/ p are us$ to call ,buddhism idolatry1 yet ,z5 c nev] be call$ s 9 ! accept$ s5se ( ! t]m1 because x1 hav+ a gr& conception ( ,deity1 is f> f be+ a =m ( idol-wor%ip2 nay1 x sometimes ev5 took an iconocla/ic attitude z is exemplifi$ by ,tan ,hia1 ,,fn#aa :o w>m$ himself on a cold morn+ by mak+ a fire ( wood5 /atues4 ,!re=e our exposition on ?is po9t w %[ ! real /ate ( exi/+ ,buddhism1 & s]ve to remove religi\s prejudices ent]ta9$ aga9/ x4 ,,fn#aa ,a ,*9ese ,z5 tea*]1 well kn[n = 8 peculi>ities1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #hbd4 ,= ! details ( ?is anecdote1 see ,z5-r9-rui-ju1 ,vol4 i41 ,p4 #ci4 ,six?ly1 !re is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,z51 :i* _c be f\nd 9 any o!r religion-t is to say1 its peculi> mode ( express+ pr(\nd religi\s insight by su* actions z ! lift+ up ( a hair-bru%1 or by ! tapp+ ( ! *air ) a /aff1 or by a l\d outcry1 & s =?4 ,?is w give ! /ud5t ( religion a /rik+ illu/ration ( diff]5tiat$ =ms ( religion 9 its scale ( evolution4 ,besides ^! *>act]i/ics1 ,z5 is not$ = its physical & m5tal tra9+4 ,t ! daily practice ( ,zaz5,,fn#ab & ! brea?+ ex]cise rem>kably improves "o's physical condition is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,& hi/ory proves t mo/ ,z5 ma/]s enjoy$ a long life 9 spite ( _! extremely simple mode ( liv+4 ,its m5tal discipl9e1 h[ev]1 is by f> m fruitful1 & keeps "o's m9d 9 equipoise1 mak+ "o nei!r passionate nor dispassionate1 nei!r s5tim5tal nor un9tellig5t1 nei!r n]v\s nor s5seless4 ,x is well kn[n z a cure to all sorts ( m5tal disease1 occasion$ by n]v\s di/urbance1 z a n\ri%m5t to ! fatigu$ bra91 & also z a /imulus to torpor & slo?4 ,x is self-control1 z x is ! subdu+ ( su* p]nici\s passions z ang]1 jeal\sy1 hatr$1 & ! l1 & ! awak5+ ( noble emotions su* z sympa?y1 m]cy1 g5]osity1 & :at n4 ,x is a mode ( ,enlight5m5t1 z x is ! dispell+ ( illusion & ( d\bt1 & at ! same "t x is ! ov]com+ ( egoism1 ! de/roy+ ( mean desires1 ! uplift+ ( ! moral ideal1 & ! disclos+ ( inborn wisdom4 ,,fn#ab ,! sitt+-9-m$itation1 = ! full explanation ( :i* see ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! hi/orical importance ( ,z5 c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,aft] its introduction into ,*9a 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,a4,d41 x grew asc5dant ?r\gh ! ,sui 7#eih-fag7 & ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijf71 & enjoy$ great] popul>ity ?an any o!r sect ( ,buddhism dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,sung 7#igf-aabf7 & ! ,s\!rn ,sung dyna/y 7#aabg-acfg74 ,9 ^! times its comm&+ influ5ce became s irresi/ible t ,confucianism1 assimilat+ ! ,buddhi/ tea*+s1 especially ^? ( ,z51 into itself & *ang+ its entire aspect1 br\ght =? ! s-call$ ,speculative philosophy4,,fn#ac ,& 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y 7#acfh-afei7 ! pr9cipal doctr9es ( ,z5 7 adopt$ by a celebrat$ ,confucian s*ol>1 ,wang ,yang ,m+1,,fn#ad :o !reby f\nd$ a s*ool1 ?r\gh :i* ,z5 ex]cis$ pr(\nd influ5ce on ,*9ese & ,japanese m5 ( lett]s1 /atesm51 & soldi]s4 ,z reg>ds ,japan1 x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! isl& z ! fai? fir/ = ! ,samurai or ! milit>y class1 & m\ld$ ! *>act]s ( _m di/+ui%$ soldi]s ^: lives adorn ! pages ( h] hi/ory4 ,aft]w>ds x gradually f\nd its way to palaces z well z to cottages ?r\gh lit]ature & art1 & at la/ p]meat$ ?r\gh e fibre ( ! national life4 ,x is ,z5 t mod]n ,japan1 especially aft] ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 has ackn[l$g$ z an ideal doctr9e = h] ris+ g5]ation4 ,,fn#ac ,see ',a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy1' by ,ryuki*i ,endo1 & ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy1' by ,gii*i ,nakau*i4 ,,fn#ad ,= ! life ( ?is di/+ui%$ s*ol> & soldi] 7#adgb-aebi71 see ',a ,detail$ ,life ( ,o ,yo ,mei' by ,takejiro ,takase1 & also ',o-yo-mei-%utsu-%9-sei-ran-roku4' ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,z5 ,,9 ,,*9a #a4 ,orig9 ( ,z5 9 ,india4 ,to-day ,z5 z a liv+ fai? c be f\nd 9 its pure =m only among ! ,japanese ,buddhi/s4 ,y _c f9d x 9 ! s-call$ ,gospel ( ,buddha anymore ?an y c f9d ,unit>ianism 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 nor c y f9d x 9 ,*9a & ,india any m ?an y c f9d life 9 fossils ( bygone ages4 ,x is beyond all d\bt t x c be trac$ back to ,%akya ,muni himself1 nay1 ev5 to pre-,buddhi/ic times1 because ,brahmanic tea*]s practis$ ,dhyana1 or ,m$itation1,,fn#ae f e>lie/ times4 ,,fn#ae ,if a wise man hold 8 body ) its ?ree p>ts 7*e/1 neck1 & head7 erect1 & turn 8 s5ses ) ! m9d t[>ds ! he>t1 he w !n 9 ! boat ( ,brahman cross all ! torr5ts :i* cause fe>4 ,compress+ 8 brea?+s let him1 :o has subdu$ all motions1 brea! =? ?r\gh ! nose ) ! g5tle brea?4 ,let ! wise man )\t fail re/ra9 8 m9d1 t *>iot yok$ ) vici\s horses4 ,let him p]=m 8 ex]cises 9 a place level1 pure1 free f pebbles1 fire1 & du/1 delightful by its s\nds1 its wat]1 & b[]s2 n pa9ful to ! eye1 & full ( %elt]s & eaves4 ,:5 ,yoga1 is be+ p]=m$1 ! =ms :i* come fir/1 produc+ app>itions 9 ,brahman1 are ^? ( mi/y smoke1 sun1 fire1 w9d1 fire-flies1 lightn+s1 & a cry/al moon4 ,:51 z e>?1 wat]1 light1 heat1 & e!r arises1 ! fivefold quality ( ,yoga takes place1 !n !re is no long] illness1 old age1 or pa9 = him :o has obta9$ a body produc$ by ! fire ( ,yoga4 ,! fir/ results ( ,yoga !y call lightness1 heal?9ess1 /ead9ess1 a good complexion1 an easy pronunciation1 a sweet od\r1 & slight excretions 7,cvet4 ,upanisad1 ii4 #h-ac74 ,:5 ! five in/rum5ts ( k /& /ill toge!r ) ! m9d1 & :5 ! intellect does n move1 t is call$ ! highe/ /ate4 ,?is1 ! firm hold+ back ( ! s5ses1 is :at is call$ ,yoga4 ,he mu/ be free f ?\ghtlessness !n1 = ,yoga comes & goes 7,ka?a ,upanisad1 ii4 #aj1 #aa74 ,?is is ! rule = a*iev+ x 7viz41 conc5tration ( ! m9d on ! object ( m$itation73 re/ra9t ( ! brea?1 re/ra9t ( ! s5ses1 m$itation1 fix$ att5tion1 inve/igation1 absorption-^! are call$ ! sixfold ,yoga4 ,:5 behold+ by ?is ,yoga1 be beholds ! gold-col\r$ mak]1 ! "l1 ! p]son1 ,brahman1 ! cause2 !n ! sage1 leav+ beh9d good & evil1 makes ev]y?+ 7brea?1 organs ( s5se1 body1 etc47 to be "o 9 ! ,highe/ ,inde/ructible 79 ! pratyagatman or ,brahman7 7,maitr4 ,upanisad1 vi4 #ah74 ,& ?us x has be5 else:]e3 ,!re is ! sup]ior fix$ att5tion 7dh>ana7 = him-viz41 if he presses ! tip ( ! tongue d[n ! palate1 & re/ra9 ! voice1 m9d1 & brea?1 he sees ,brahman by discrim9ation 7t>aka74 ,& :51 aft] ! cessation ( m9d1 he sees 8 own ,self1 small] ?an small1 & %9+ z ! ,highe/ ,self1 !n1 hav+ se5 8 ,self z ! ,self1 he becomes ,self-less1 & because he is ,self-less1 he is )\t limit1 )\t cause1 absorb$ 9 ?\ght4 ,?is is ! highe/ my/]y--viz41 f9al lib]ation 7,maitr4 ,upanisad1 vi4 #bj74 ,amrtab4 ,upanisad1 #ah1 describes ?ree modes ( sitt+-namely1 ! ,lotus-seat 7,padmasana71 ! sitt+ ) legs b5t und]nea?2 ! my/ic diagram seat 7,sva/ika72 & ! auspici\s-seat 7,bhadrasana72--:ile ,yogacikha directs ! *oice ( ! ,lotus-po/ure1 ) att5tion conc5trat$ on ! tip ( ! nose1 h&s & feet closely jo9$4 ,b ,brahmanic ,z5 0 c>efully di/+ui%$ ev5 by e>ly ,buddhi/s,,fn#af z ! het]odox ,z5 f t taught by ! ,buddha4 ,our ,z5 orig9at$ 9 ! ,enlight5m5t ( ,%akya ,muni1 :i* took place 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 :5 he 0 sitt+ absorb$ 9 pr(\nd m$itation "u ! ,bodhi ,tree4 ,,fn#af ,! anonym\s au?or ( ,lankavat>a-sutra di/+ui%es ! het]odox ,z5 f ! ,h9ayana ,z51 ! ,h9ayana ,z5 f ! ,mahayana ,z51 & calls ! la/ by ! "n ( ! ,buddha's ,holy ,z54 ,! sutra is believ$ by _m ,buddhi/s1 n )\t reason1 to be ! exposition ( t ,mahayana doctr9e :i* ,acvaghosa re/at$ 9 8 ,craddhotpada-ca/ra4 ,! sutra 0 translat$1 fir/1 into ,*9ese by ,gunabbadra1 9 ,a4,d4 #ddc2 secondly1 by ,bodhiruci 9 ,a4,d4 #eac2 &1 ?irdly1 by ,ciksanada 9 ,a4,d4 #gjj-gjd4 ,! book is fam\s = its prophecy ab\t ,nagdrajuna1 :i* 7accord+ to ,dr4 ,nanjo's translation7 is z foll[s3 ,aft] ! ,nirvana ( ! ,ta?agata1 ,!re w be a man 9 ! future1 ,li/5 to me c>efully1 ,o ,mahatma1 ,a man :o w hold my law4 ,9 ! great c\ntry ( ,s\?1 ,!re w be a v5]able ,bhiksu ,! ,bodhisattva ,nag>juna by "n1 ,:o w de/roy ! views ( ,a/ikas & ,na/ikas1 ,:o w prea* unto m5 my ,yana1 ,! highe/ ,law ( ! ,mahayana1 ,& w atta9 to ! ,pramudita-bhumi4 ,x is said t !n he awoke to ! p]fect tru? & decl>$3 ,all animat$ & inanimate be+s are ,enlight5$ at ! same "t4 ,accord+ to ! tradition,,fn#ag ( ?is sect ,%akya ,muni transmitt$ 8 my/]i\s doctr9e f m9d to m9d to 8 olde/ disciple ,mahakacyapa at ! assembly hold on ! ,m\nt ( ,holy ,vulture1 & ! latt] 0 ackn[l$g$ z ! fir/ patri>*1 :o1 9 turn1 transmitt$ ! doctr9e to ,an&a1 ! second patri>*1 & s till ,bodhidh>ma1 ! tw5ty-eigh?,,fn#ah patri>*4 ,we h little to say ab\t ! hi/orical value ( ?is tradition1 b x is wor? :ile to note t ! li/ ( ! names ( ^! tw5ty-eight patri>*s conta9s _m em95t s*ol>s ( ,mahayanism1 or ! lat] develop$ s*ool ( ,buddhism1 su* z ,acvaghosa1,,fn#ai ,nag>juna1,,fn#bj ,kanadeva1,,fn#ba & ,vasubh&hu4,,fn#bb ,,fn#ag ,! incid5t is relat$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! ,buddha 0 at ! assembly on ! ,m\nt ( ,holy ,vulture1 !re came a ,brahm>aja :o (f]$ ! ,tea*] a gold5 fl[]1 & ask$ him to prea* ! ,dh>ma4 ,! ,buddha took ! fl[] & held x al(t 9 8 h&1 gaz+ at x 9 p]fect sil5ce4 ,none 9 ! assembly c\ld und]/& :at he meant1 except ! v5]able ,mahakacyapa1 :o smil$ at ! ,tea*]4 ,!n ! ,buddha said3 ,i h ! ,eye & ,treasury ( ,good ,dh>ma1 ,nirvana1 ! ,wond]ful ,_s1 :i* ,i n[ h& ov] to ,mahakacyapa4 ,! book 9 :i* ?is incid5t is describ$ is entitl$ ',sutra on ! ,great ,brahman ,k+'s ,que/ion+ ,buddha to ,dispel a ,d\bt1' b !re exi/s no orig9al text nor any ,*9ese translation 9 ! ,tripitaka4 ,x is highly probable t "s e>ly ,*9ese ,z5 s*ol> ( ! ,sung dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #ifj-aabf7 fabricat$ ! tradition1 because ,wang ,ngan ,%ih 7,o-an-seki71 a p[]ful ,m9i/] "u ! ,emp]or ,%an ,tsung 7,%9-s1 ,a4,d4 #ajfh-ajhe71 is said to h se5 ! book 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce1 z f> z we "k1 po9t+ to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,sutra 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ,japan !re exi/s1 9 a =m ( manuscript1 two diff]5t translations ( t book1 kept 9 secret v5]ation by "s ,z5 ma/]s1 :i* h be5 prov$ to be fictiti\s by ! pres5t writ] aft] 8 close exam9ation ( ! cont5ts4 ,see ! ,app5dix to 8 ,z5-gaku-hi-han-ron4 ,,fn#ah ,! foll[+ is ! li/ ( ! names ( ! tw5ty-eight patri>*s3 #a4 ,mahakacyapa4 #b4 ,an&a4 #c4 ,canavasu4 #d4 ,upagupta4 #e4 ,dhrtaka4 #f4 ,mic*aka4 #g4 ,vasumitra4 #h4 ,buddhan&i4 #i4 ,buddhamitra4 #aj4 ,p>cva4 #aa4 ,punyayacas4 #ab4 ,acvaghosa4 #ac4 ,kapimala4 #ad4 ,nag>juna4 #ae4 ,kanadeva4 #af4 ,rahulata4 #ag4 ,samghan&i4 #ah4 ,samghayacas4 #ai4 ,kum>ata4 #bj4 ,jayata4 #ba4 ,vasub&hu4 #bb4 ,manura4 #bc4 ,haklanayacas4 #bd4 ,simha4 #be4 ,vacasuta4 #bf4 ,punyamitra4 #bg4 ,prajnyat>a4 #bh4 ,bodhidh>ma4 ,! fir/ tw5ty-?ree patri>*s are exactly ! same z ^? giv5 9 ',! ,sutra on ! ,nidana ( transmitt+ ,dh>mapitaka1' translat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #dgb4 ,k+ ,teh ,*w5 ,tang ,iuh 7,kei-toku-d5-to-roku71 a fam\s ,z5 hi/ory ( ,*9a1 gives two elaborate n>ratives ab\t ! transmission ( ,"r ,dh>ma f tea*] to disciple ?r\gh ^! tw5ty-eight patri>*s1 to be tru/$ )\t hesitation4 ,x w\ld n be difficult = any s*ol> ( s5se to f9d ^! /atem5ts 7 made f ! same motive z t ( ! anonym\s au?or :o gives a %ort life1 9 ,dirghagama-sutra1 ( ea* ( ! six ,buddhas1 ! pr$ecessors ( ,%akya ,muni1 if he c>efully comp>e ! li/ giv5 above ) ! li/s ( ! patri>*s ( ! ,s>va/ivada s*ool giv5 by ,san ,y9 7,s-yu di$ ,a4,d4 #eah7 9 8 ,*uh ,san ,tsung ,ki 7,%utsu-san zo-ki74 ,,fn#ai ,"o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,mahayana ,buddhism1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,!re exi/s a life ( 8 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #dja-dji4 ,! mo/ important ( 8 works are3 ,mahayanacraddhotpada-ca/ra1 ,mahalank>a-sutra-ca/ra1 ,buddha-c>itakavya4 ,,fn#bj ,! f\nd] ( ! ,madhyamika s*ool ( ,mahayana ,buddhism1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,a life ( 8 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #dja-dji4 ,tw5ty-f\r books are ascrib$ to him1 ( :i* ,mahaprajap>amita-ca/ra1 ,madhyamika-ca/ra1 ,prajnyadipa-ca/ra1 ,dvadacanikaya-ca/ra1 ,a/adacakaca-ca/ra1 are well kn[n4 ,,fn#ba ,sometimes call$ ,aryadeva1 a successor ( ,nag>juna4 ,a life ( 8 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #dja-dji4 ,! foll[+ are 8 important works3 ,cata-ca/ra1 ',ca/ra by ! ,bodhisattva ,deva on ! refutation ( f\r h]etical ,h9ayana s*ools m5tion$ 9 ! ,lankatvat>a-sutra'2 ',ca/ra by ! ,bodhisattva ,deva on ! explanation ( ! ,nirvana by tw5ty ,h9ayana tea*]s m5tion$ 9 ! ,lankavat>a-sutra4' ,,fn#bb ,a y\ng] bro!r ( ,asamga1 a fam\s ,mahayani/ ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,!re are ?irty-six works ascrib$ to ,vasub&hu1 ( :i* ,dacabhumika-ca/ra1 ,ap>imitayus-sutra-ca/ra1 ,mahap>i-nirvana-sutra-ca/ra1 ,mahayana-catadh>mavidyadv>a-ca/ra1 ,vidya-matrasiddhi-tridaca-ca/ra1 ,bodhicittopadana-ca/ra1 ,buddha-gotra-ca/ra1 ,vidyamatrasiddhiv9catiga?a-ca/ra1 ,madhyantavibhaga-ca/ra1 ,abhidh>ma-koca-ca/ra1 ,t>ka-ca/ra1 etc41 are well kn[n4 #b4 ,introduction ( ,z5 into ,*9a by ,bodhidh>ma4 ,an epo*-mak+ ev5t took place 9 ! ,buddhi/ hi/ory ( ,*9a by ,bodhidh>ma's com+ ov] f ,s\!rn ,india to t c\ntry 9 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ebj4;,,fn#bc ,x 0 ! introduction1 n ( ! dead scriptures1 z 0 repeat$ly done be=e him1 b ( a liv+ fai?1 n ( any !oretical doctr9e1 b ( practical ,enlight5m5t1 n ( ! relies ( ,buddha1 b ( ! ,_s ( ,%akya ,muni2 s t ,bodhidh>ma's position z a repres5tative ( ,z5 0 unique4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 n a mission>y to be fav\rably receiv$ by ! public4 ,he seems to h behav$ 9 a way q opposite to t 9 :i* a mod]n pa/or treats 8 flock4 ,we imag9e him to h be5 a religi\s tea*] entirely diff]5t 9 e po9t f a popul> ,*ri/ian mission>y ( our age4 ,! latt] w\ld smile or try to smile at e face he happ5s to see & w\ld talk sociably2 :ile ! =m] w\ld n smile at any face1 b w\ld />e at x ) ! l>ge gl>+ eyes t p5etrat$ to ! inn]mo/ s\l4 ,! latt] w\ld keep himself scrupul\sly clean1 %av+1 comb+1 bru%+1 poli%+1 oil+1 p]fum+1 :ile ! =m] w\ld be entirely indiff]5t to 8 app>el1 be+ always clad 9 a fad$ yell[ robe4 ,! latt] w\ld compose 8 s]mon ) a great c>e1 mak+ use ( rhetorical art1 & speak ) =ce & elegance2 :ile ! =m] w\ld sit z absolutely sil5t z ! be>1 & kick "o (f1 if "o %\ld approa* him ) idle que/ions4 ,,fn#bc ,buddhi/ hi/orians diff] 9 op9ion respect+ ! date ( ,bodhidh>ma's appe>ance 9 ,*9a4 ,comp>e ,*w5 ,fah ,*an ,tsung ,lun 7,d5 bo %o ju ron7 & ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-g574 #c4 ,bodhidh>ma & ! ,emp]or ,wu4 ,no soon] _h ,bodhidh>ma l&$ at ,kwang ,*eu 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a ?an he 0 invit$ by ! ,emp]or,,fn#bd ,wu1 :o 0 an en?usia/ic ,buddhi/ & good s*ol>1 to proce$ to 8 capital ( ,*9 ,liang4 ,:5 he 0 receiv$ 9 audi5ce1 ,8 ,maje/y ask$ him3 ,we h built temples1 copi$ holy scriptures1 ord]$ monks & nuns to be conv]t$4 ,is !re any m]it1 ,rev]5d ,sir1 9 our conduct8 ,! royal ho/1 9 all probability1 expect$ a smoo?1 flatt]+ answ] f ! lips ( 8 new gue/1 extoll+ 8 virtues1 & promis+ him heav5ly rew>ds1 b ! ,blue-ey$ ,brahm9 bluntly answ]$3 ,no m]it at all4 ,?is unexpect$ reply mu/ h put ! ,emp]or to %ame & d\bt 9 no small degree1 :o 0 in=m$ simply ( ! doctr9es ( ! or?odox ,buddhi/ sects4 ',:y n1' he might h ?\ght )9 himself1 ':y all ?is is futile8 ,by :at au?ority does he decl>e all ?is m]itless8 ,:at holy text c be quot$ to ju/ify 8 ass]tion8 ,:at is 8 view 9 ref]5ce to ! diff]5t doctr9es taught by ,%akya ,muni8 ,:at does he hold z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,buddhism8' ,?us ?9k+1 he inquir$3 ,:at is ! holy tru?1 or ! fir/ pr9ciple8 ,! answ] 0 no less a/oni%+3 ,t pr9ciple transc5ds all4 ,!re is no?+ holy4 ,,fn#bd ,! ,emp]or ,wu 7,bu-,tei7 ( ! ,liang dyna/y1 ^: reign 0 ,a4,d4 #ejb-edi4 ,! cr[n$ creature 0 completely at a loss to see :at ! tea*] meant4 ,p]haps he might h ?\ght3 ',:y is no?+ holy8 ,are !re n holy m51 ,holy ,tru?s1 ,holy ,pa?s /at$ 9 ! scriptures8 ,is he himself n "o ( ! holy m58' ,!n :o is t confronts u8 ask$ ! mon>* aga94 ,i "k n1 y\r maje/y1 0 ! laconic reply ( ,bodhidh>ma1 :o n[ saw t 8 new fai? 0 beyond ! und]/&+ ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! elephant c h>dly keep company ) rabbits4 ,! petty or?odoxy c by no means keep pace ) ! elephant9e /ride ( ,z54 ,no wond] t ,bodhidh>ma left n only ! palace ( ! ,emp]or ,wu1 b also ! ,/ate ( ,liang1 & w5t to ! ,/ate ( ,nor!rn ,wei4,,fn#be ,!re he sp5t n9e ye>s 9 ! ,%ao ,l9,,fn#bf ,mona/]y1 mo/ly sitt+ sil5t 9 m$itation ) 8 face to ! wall1 & e>n$ = himself ! appellation ( '! wall-gaz+ ,brahm94' ,?is "n itself sugge/s t ! significance ( 8 mission 0 n appreciat$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,b nei!r he 0 nor !y 7 to blame1 because ! lion's importance is appreciat$ only by ! lion4 ,a great p]sonage is no less great because ( 8 unpopul>ity among 8 fell[ m51 j z ! great ,pang,,fn#bg is no less great because ( 8 unpopul>ity among ! w+$ creatures4 ,bodhidh>ma 0 n popul> to ! degree t he 0 envi$ by 8 contempor>y ,buddhi/s1 :o1 z we are told by 8 biograph]s1 attempt$ to poison him ?ree times1,,fn#bh b )\t success4 ,,fn#be ,nor!rn ,gi dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #chf-ecd74 ,,fn#bf ,%o-r9-ji1 erect$ by ! ,emp]or ,hiao ,m+ ( ,nor!rn ,wei ,a4,d4 #dig4 ,,fn#bg ,*wang-tsz 9 8 fam\s p>able comp>es a great sage ) ! ,pang1 an imag9>y bird ( enorm\s size1 ) its w+s ( n9ety ?\s& miles4 ,! bird is laugh$ at by wr5s & sp>r[s because ( its excessive size4 ,,fn#bh ,?is rem9ds u ( ,nan ,yoh ,hwui ,sz 7,nan-gaku-e-%i1 di$ ,a4,d4 #egg71 :o is said to h le>n$ ,z5 "u ,bodhidh>ma4 ,he says 9 8 /atem5t ( a v[ t he 0 poison$ ?ree times by ^? :o envi$ him4 #d4 ,bodhidh>ma & 8 ,successor ! ,second ,patri>*4 ,*9a 0 n1 h[ev]1 an uncultivat$,,fn#bi l& = ! se$ ( ,z5--nay1 !re _h be5 _m practis]s ( ,z5 be=e ,bodhidh>ma4 ,,fn#bi ,! translation ( ,h9ayana ,z5 sutras fir/ pav$ ! way = our fai?4 ,f\rte5 ,z5 sutras1 includ+ su* important books z ,mahanapanadhyana-sutra1 ,dhyanac>ya-dh>masanyjnya-sutra1 ,dhyanac>ya-saptatrimcadv>ga-sutra1 7 translat$ by ,ngan ,%i ,kao 7,an-sei-ko7 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #adh-agj4 ,cullam>gabhumi-sutra 0 translat$ by ,k' ,yao 7,%i-yo7 9 ,a4,d4 #ahe2 ,dh>mat>a-dhyana-sutra by ,buddhabhadra 9 ,a4,d4 #cih-dba2 ,dhyanani/hitasamadhi-dh>ma-p>ygya-sutra by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #djb2 ',an ,abridg$ ,law on ! ,importance ( ,m$itation' by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #dje2 ,pancadv>a-dhyanasutra-mah>?adh>ma by ,dh>mamitra 9 ,a4,d4 #dbd-dda4 ,fur!rmore1 ,mahayana books closely relat$ to ! doctr9e ( ,z5 7 n unkn[n to ,*9a be=e ,bodhidh>ma4 ,pratyutpanna-buddhasammukhava/hita-sama dhi 0 translat$ by ,k' ,leu ,cia ,*an 7,%i-ru-ga-s57 9 ,a4,d4 #afd-ahf2 ,vimalakirtt9irdeca-sutra1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ,z51 by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #chd-dab2 ,lankavat>a-sutra1 :i* is said to h be5 po9t$ out by ,bodhidh>ma z ! be/ explanation ( ,z51 by ,gunabhadra 9 ,a4,d4 #dcc2 ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra1 9 its complete =m1 by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #djf2 ,avatamsaka-sutra by ,buddhabhadra 9 ,a4,d4 #dah2 ,mahap>9irvana-sutra by ,dh>m>aksa 9 ,a4,d4 #dbc4 ,if we are n mi/ak51 ,kum>ajiva1 :o came to ,*9a ,a4,d4 #chd1 made a valuable contribution t[>ds ! f\ndation ( ,z5 9 t c\ntry1 n m]ely ?r\gh 8 translation ( ,z5 sutras above m5tion$1 b by ! education ( 8 disciples1 su* z ,sang ,*ao 7,s-jo1 di$ ,a4,d4 #dad71 ,sang ,%ang 7,s-%o1 ^: writ+s und\bt$ly influ5c$ lat] ,z5 tea*]s4 ,a m important p]sonage 9 ! hi/ory ( ,z5 previ\s to ! ,blue-ey$ ,brahm9 is ,buddhabhadra1 a well-kn[n ,z5 ma/]1 :o came ov] to ,*9a ,a4,d4 #djf4 ,8 translation ( ,dh>mat>a-dhyana-sutra 7:i* is said to h be5 prea*$ by ,bodhidh>ma himself :5 he 0 9 ,india7 & t ( ,avatamsaka-sutra may be said )\t exagg]ation to h laid ! corn]-/one = ,z54 ,he gave a c\rse ( lectures on ! ,z5 sutra = ! fir/ "t 9 ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #dac1 & x 0 ?r\gh 8 in/ruction t _m native practis]s ( ,z5 7 produc$1 ( :om ,*i ,y5 7,*i-gon7 & ,hu5 ,kao 7,g5-ko7 are well kn[n4 ,9 ^! days ,z5 %\ld h be5 9 ! asc5dant 9 ,india1 because almo/ all ,indian s*ol>s-at lea/ ^? kn[n to u-7 call$ ,z5 tea*]s-= in/ance1 ,buddhabhadra1 ,buddhas5a1 ,dh>madhi1 & "s o!rs 7 all ,z5 s*ol>s4 ,*9ese ,buddhi/ s*ol>s did no less ?an ,indian tea*]s t[>d ! upris+ ( ,z54 ,! =emo/ among !m is ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-on1 di$ ,a4,d4 #dad71 :o practis$ ,z5 by ! in/ruction ( ,buddhabhadra4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,society ( ! ,:ite ,lotus1 :i* compris$ eighte5 em95t s*ol>s ( ! age among its memb]s1 = ! purpose ( practis+ ,m$itation & ( ador+ ,buddha ,amitabha4 ,we mu/ n =get t dur+ ! ,we/]n & ! ,ea/]n ,ts9 7,%97 dyna/ies 7,a4,d4 #bfe-dbj7 bo? ,taoism & ,buddhism grew prosp]\s to no small ext5t4 ,& ,*9a produc$1 on ! "o h&1 ,taoi/s ( an ecc5tric type1 su* z ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,bamboo ,=e/1 :ile %e gave bir? to _m recluse-l m5 ( lett]s1 su* z ,tao ,yu5 ,m+ 7,to-y5-mei1 di$ ,a4,d4 #dbg7 & "s o!rs on ! o!r4 ,besides !re 7 "s s*ol>s :o /udi$ ,buddhism 9 connection ) ,taoism & ,confucianism1 & l$ a seclud$ life4 ,to ! la/ class ( s*ol>s belong$ ,*w5 ,hih 7,hu dai %i71 kn[n z ,*w5 ! ,great4 ,he is said to h be5 accu/om$ to we> a ,confuciani/ hat1 a ,buddhi/ robe1 & ,taoi/ %oes4 ,x 0 9 ,a4,d4 #ecd t he pres5t$ a memorial to ! ,emp]or ,wu1 9 :i* he expla9$ ! ?ree grades ( good4 ,! ,highe/ ,good consi/s1 says he1 9 ! empt9ess ( m9d & non-atta*m5t4 ,transc5d5ce is its cause1 & ,nirvana is its result4 ,! ,middle ,good consi/s 9 morality & good adm9i/ration4 ,x results 9 a peaceful & happy life 9 ,heav5 & 9 ,e>?4 ,! ,l[e/ ,good consi/s 9 love & protection ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,?us 8 idea ( good1 z ! read] w see )\t difficulty1 is ! result ( a compromise ( ,taoism & ,buddhism4 ,s9 ,wang ,m+ 7,s9-o-mei1 ,on ! ,m9d-,k+71 "o ( 8 ma/]pieces1 toge!r ) o!r m9or poems1 are /ill us$ z a textbook ( ,z54 ,?is fact unmi/akably proves t ,taoi/ elem5t f\nd its way into ! con/itu5ts ( ,z5 f its v outset 9 ,*9a4 ,all t he _h to d 0 to wait = an e>ne/ seek] aft] ! _s ( ,%akya ,muni4 ,!re=e he wait$1 & wait$ n 9 va91 = at la/ !re came a le>n$ ,confuciani/1 ,%ang ,kwang 7,%9-ko7 by "n1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ ! f9al solution ( a problem :i* tr\bl$ him s mu* t he _h become dissatisfi$ ) ,confucianism1 z x _h no prop] diet = 8 n[ spiritual hung]4 ,?us ,%ang ,kwang 0 f> f be+ "o ( ^? half-he>t$ visitors :o knock$ ! door ( ,bodhidh>ma only = ! sake ( curiosity4 ,b ! sil5t ma/] 0 cauti\s en\gh to try ! s9c]ity ( a new visitor be=e admitt+ him to ! ,m$itation ,hall4 ,accord+ to a biography,,fn#cj ( 81 ,%ang ,kwang 0 n all[$ to ent] ! temple1 & _h to /& 9 ! c\rty>d cov]$ deep ) sn[4 ,8 firm resolution & e>ne/ desire1 h[ev]1 kept him /&+ cont9ually on "o spot = sev5 days & nights ) beads ( ! froz5 drops ( te>s on 8 brea/4 ,at la/ he cut (f 8 left arm ) a %>p knife1 & pres5t$ x be=e ! inflexible tea*] to %[ 8 resolution to foll[ ! ma/] ev5 at ! risk ( 8 life4 ,!reupon ,bodhidh>ma admitt$ him into ! ord] z a disciple fully qualifi$ to be in/ruct$ 9 ! highe/ doctr9e ( ,mahayanism4 ,,fn#cj ,k+ ,teh ,*w5 ,tang ,luh 7,kei-toku-d5-to-roku71 publi%$ by ,tao ,yu5 7,d-g57 ,a4,d4 #ajjd1 gives a detail$ n>rative conc]n+ ?is incid5t z /at$ "h1 b e>li] hi/orians tell u a diff]5t /ory ab\t ! mutilation ( ,%ang ,kwang's arm4 ,comp>e ,suh ,kas ,san ,*w5 7,zoku-ko-s-d57 & ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-g574 ,our ma/]'s me?od ( in/ruction 0 entirely diff]5t f t ( ord9>y in/ructors ( le>n+4 ,he w\ld n expla9 any problem to ! le>n]1 b simply help him to get enlight5$ by putt+ him an abrupt b tell+ "q4 ,%ang ,kwang1 = in/ance1 said to ,bodhidh>ma1 p]haps ) a sigh3 ,i h no peace ( m9d4 ,might ,i ask y1 sir1 to pacify my m9d8 ,br+ out y\r m9d 7t tr\bles y s mu*71 repli$ ! ma/]1 "h be=e me6 ,i %all pacify x4 ,x is impossible = me1 said ! disciple1 aft] a little consid]ation1 to seek out my m9d 7t tr\bles me s mu*74 ,!n1 exclaim$ ,bodhidh>ma1 ,i h pacifi$ y\r m9d4 ,h]eon ,%ang ,kwang 0 in/antly ,enlight5$4 ,?is ev5t is wor?y ( our notice1 because su* a mode ( in/ruction 0 adopt$ by all ,z5 tea*]s aft] ! fir/ patri>*1 & x became "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,z54 #e4 ,bodhidh>ma's ,disciples & ! ,transmission ( ! ,law4,,fn#ca ,,fn#ca ,= details1 see ,*w5 ,tang ,luh & ,d5 ,ka ,roku1 by ,kei ,zan4 ,z = ! life ( ,bodhidh>ma1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,matsumoto's ',a ,life ( ,bodhidh>ma' may well be recomm5d$ to ! read]4 ,bodhidh>ma's lab\r ( n9e ye>s 9 ,*9a result$ 9 ! initiation ( a numb] ( disciples1 :om "s "t be=e 8 dea? he address$ z foll[s3 ,n[ ! "t 7( my dep>ture f ?is _w7 is at h&4 ,say1 "o & all1 h[ d y und]/& ! ,law8 ,tao ,fu 7,d-fuku7 said 9 response to ?is3 ,! ,law does n lie 9 ! lett]s 7( ! ,scriptures71 accord+ to my view1 nor is x sep>at$ f !m1 b x works4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,!n y h obta9$ my sk94 ,next ,tsung ,*i 7,s-ji71 a nun1 repli$3 ,z ,an&a,,fn#cb saw ! k+dom ( ,aksobhya,,fn#cc only once b n twice1 s ,i und]/& ! ,law4 ,! ma/] said3 ,!n y h atta9$ to my fle%4 ,!n ,tao ,yuh 7,d-iku7 repli$3 ,! f\r elem5ts,,fn#cd are unreal f ! fir/1 nor are ! five aggregates,,fn#ce really exi/5t4 ,all is empt9ess accord+ to my view4 ,! ma/] said3 ,!n y h acquir$ my bone4 ,la/ly1 ,hwui ,ko 7,e-ka71 :i* 0 ! ,buddhi/ "n giv5 by ,bodhidh>ma1 to ,%ang ,kwang1 made a polite b[ to ! tea*] & /ood 9 8 place )\t a ^w4 ,y h atta9$ to my m>r[4 ,s say+1 ,bodhidh>ma h&$ ov] ! sacr$ ,ka*aya1 ,,fn#cf :i* he _h br\ght f ,india to ,hwui ,ko1 z a symbol ( ! transmission ( ! ,law1 & creat$ him ! ,second ,patri>*4 ,,fn#cb ,a fav\rite disciple ( ,%akya ,muni1 & ! ,?ird ,patri>* ( ,z54 ,,fn#cc ,!3 "n means ,i ,immovable1' & repres5ts ! firmness ( ?\ght4 ,,fn#cd ,e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air4 ,,fn#ce 7#a7 ,rupa1 or =m2 7#b7 ,v$ana1 or p]ception2 7#c7 ,samjnya1 or consci\sness2 7#d7 ,k>man 7or ,samsk>a71 or action2 7#e7 ,vijnyana1 or k4 ,,fn#cf ,! cl]ical cloak1 :i* is said to h be5 d>k gre54 ,x became an object ( great v5]ation aft] ! ,six? ,patri>*1 :o aboli%$ ! patri>*al sy/em & did n h& ! symbol ov] to successors4 #f4 ,! ,second & ! ,?ird ,patri>*s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,fir/ ,patri>*1 9 ,a4,d4 #ebh1 ,hwui ,ko did 8 be/ to propagate ! new fai? ov] sixty ye>s4 ,on "o occasion a man suff]+ f "s *ronic disease call$ on him1 & reque/$ him 9 e>ne/3 ,pray1 ,rev]5d ,sir1 be my confessor & grant me absolution1 = ,i suff] long f an incurable disease4 ,br+ out y\r s9 7if !re be su* a ?+ z s971 repli$ ! ,second ,patri>*1 "h be=e me4 ,i %all grant y absolution4 ,x is impossible1 said ! man aft] a %ort consid]ation1 to seek out my s94 ,!n1 exclaim$ ! ma/]1 ,i h absolv$ y4 ,h5ce=? live up to ,buddha1 ,dh>ma1 & ,samgha4,,fn#cg ,i "k1 y\r rev]5ce1 said ! man1 t y belong to ,samgha2 b :at are ,buddha & ,dh>ma8 ,buddha is ,m9d itself4 ,m9d itself is ,dh>ma4 ,buddha is id5tical ) ,dh>ma4 ,s is ,samgha4 ,!n ,i und]/&1 repli$ ! man1 !re is no su* ?+ z s9 )9 my body nor )\t x1 nor any:]e else4 ,m9d is beyond & above s94 ,x is no o!r ?an ,buddha & ,dh>ma4 ,!reupon ! ,second ,patri>* saw ! man 0 well qualifi$ to be taught 9 ! new fai?1 & conv]t$ him1 giv+ him ! "n ( ,sang ,tsung 7,s-san74 ,aft] two ye>s' in/ruction & discipl9e1 he,,fn#ch be/[$ on ,sang ,tsung ! ,ka*aya h&$ d[n f ,bodhidh>ma1 & au?oriz$ him z ! ,?ird ,patri>*4 ,x is by ,sang ,tsung t ! doctr9e ( ,z5 0 fir/ r$uc$ to writ+ by 8 composition ( ,s9 ,s9,,fn#ci ,m+ 7,s9 z9-mei1 ,on ,fai? & ,m9d71 a metrical exposition ( ! fai?4 ,,fn#cg ,! s-call$ ,?ree ,treasures ( ! ,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,ord]4 ,,fn#ch ,! ,second ,patri>* di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #eic--t is1 sixty-five ye>s aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,fir/ ,patri>*4 ,,fn#ci ,a good _m comm5t>ies 7 writt5 on ! book1 & x is consid]$ z "o ( ! be/ books on ,z54 #g4 ,! ,f\r? ,patri>* & ! ,emp]or ,tai ,tsung 7,tai-s74 ,! ,?ird,,fn#dj ,patri>* 0 succe$$ by ,tao ,s9 7,d-%971 :o be+ initiat$ at ! age ( f\rte51 0 creat$ ! ,f\r? ,patri>* aft] n9e ye>s' /udy & discipl9e4 ,tao ,s9 is said nev] to h gone to b$ = m ?an =ty ye>s ( 8 patri>*al c>e]4,,fn#da ,9 ,a4,d4 #fdc ! ,emp]or ,tai ,tsung 7#fbg-fdi71 kn[+ ( 8 virtues1 s5t him a special mess5g]1 reque/+ him to call on ,8 ,maje/y at ! palace4 ,b he decl9$ ! invitation by a memorial1 say+ t be 0 too ag$ & infirm to visit ! augu/ p]sonage4 ,! ,emp]or1 desir\s ( see+ ! reput$ patri>*1 s5t = him ?rice1 b 9 va94 ,!n ! enrag$ mon>* ord]$ ! mess5g] to behead ! inflexible monk1 & br+ ! head be=e ! ?rone1 9 case he %\ld disobey ! ord] = ! f\r? "t4 ,z ,tao ,s9 0 told ( ! ord] ( ! ,emp]or1 he /ret*$ out 8 neck ready to be decapitat$4 ,! ,emp]or1 le>n+ f ! mess5g] :at _h happ5$1 admir$ all ! m ! imp]turbable patri>*1 & be/[$ ri* gifts ^u him4 ,?is example ( 8 0 foll[$ by lat] ,z5 ma/]s1 :o w\ld n condesc5d to b5d _! knees be=e temporal p[]1 & x became "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,z5 monks t !y w\ld nev] approa* rul]s & /atesm5 = ! sake ( worldly fame & pr(it1 :i* !y set at naught4 ,,fn#dj ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fjf1 aft] 8 lab\r ( ?irte5 ye>s z ! tea*]4 ,,fn#da ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fea-t is1 =ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,?ird ,patri>*4 #h4 ,! ,fif? & ! ,six? ,patri>*s4 ,tao ,s9 transmitt$ ! ,law to ,hung ,jan 7,ko-n971 :o be+ educat$ f infancy1 di/+ui%$ himself z ! ,abbot ( ! ,hwang ,mei ,mona/]y at ,ki ,*eu4 ,! ,fif? ,patri>*1 accord+ to 8 biograph]1 ga!r$ ab\t him sev5 hundr$ pupils1 :o came f all qu>t]s4 ,( ^! sev5 hundr$ pupils ! v5]able ,%ang ,s9 7,j9-%u7 0 mo/ not$ = 8 le>n+ & virtues1 & he might h become ! legitimate successor ( ,hung ,jan1 _h n ! ,ka*aya ( ,bodhidh>ma be5 c>ri$ away by a poor f>m]'s son ( ,s9 ,*eu4 ,hwui ,nang1 ! ,six? ,patri>*1 seems to h be5 born a ,z5 tea*]4 ,! spiritual light ( ,buddha fir/ fla%$ 9 8 m9d :5 he happ5$ to he> a monk recit+ a sutra4 ,on que/ion+ ! monk1 be le>n$ t ! book 0 ,vajrac*$ika-prajnya-p>amita-sutra1,,fn# db & t ,hung ,jan1 ! ,abbot ( ! ,hwang ,mei ,mona/]y1 0 us$ to make 8 disciples recite ! book t x might help !m 9 _! spiritual discipl9e4 ,h]eupon he made up 8 m9d to practise ,z51 & call$ on ,hung ,jan at ! ,mona/]y4 ,:o are y1 dem&$ ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 & :5ce h y come8 ,i am a son ( ! f>m]1 repli$ ! man1 ( ,s9 ,*eu 9 ! ,s\? ( ,ta ,yu ,l+4 ,:at has br\ght y "h8 ask$ ! ma/] aga94 ,i h no o!r purpose ?an to atta9 to ,buddhahood1 answ]$ ! man4 ,o1 y1 p ( ! ,s\?1 exclaim$ ! patri>*1 y are n end[$ ) ! nature ( ,buddha4 ,!re may be "s diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,s\!rn & ! ,nor!rn p1 object$ ! man1 b h[ c\ld y di/+ui% "o f ! o!r z to ! nature ( ,buddha8 ,! tea*] recogniz$ a g5ius 9 ! man1 b he did n admit ! promis+ newcom] into ! ord]1 s ,hwui ,nang _h to /ay 9 ! ,mona/]y = eight mon?s z a p\nd] ( rice 9 ord] to qualify himself to be a ,z5 tea*]4 ,,fn#db ,! book 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,kum>ajiva 9 ,a4,d4 #chd4 #dag2 also by ,bodhiruci 9 ,a4,d4 #eji1 & by ,p>am>?a 9 ,a4,d4 #eib2 !n by ,hiu5 ,tsang 9 ,a4,d4 #fdh4 ,_m comm5t>ies h be5 writt5 on x by ! prom95t ,buddhi/ au?ors ( ,*9a & ,japan4 #i4 ,! ,spiritual ,atta9m5t ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,"s "t be=e 8 dea? 79 #fge ,a4,d47 ! ,fif? ,patri>* ann\nc$ to all disciples t ! ,_s ( ,%akya ,muni is h>d to realize1 t !y %\ld express _! own views on x1 on condition t anyone :o c\ld prove 8 "r realization %\ld be giv5 ) ! ,ka*aya & creat$ ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,!n ! v5]able ,sung ,siu1 ! head ( ! sev5 hundr$ disciples1 :o 0 consid]$ by 8 bro!rs to be ! man entitl$ to ! hon\r1 compos$ ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,! body is ! ,bodhi-tree4,,fn#dc ,! m9d is l a mirror bright on its /&4 ,du/ x & wipe x f "t to "t1 ,le/ x be dimm$ by du/ & dirt4 ,,fn#dc ,! idea express$ by ^! l9es is cle> en\gh4 ,body is lik5$ to ! ,bodhi-tree1 "u :i* ,%akya ,muni atta9$ to 8 supreme enlight5m5t2 = x is n 9 ano!r body 9 ! future exi/5ce1 b 9 ?is v body t "o _h to get enlight5$4 ,& m9d is pure & bright 9 its nature l a mirror1 b ! dirt & du/ ( passions & ( l[ desires (t5 pollute & dim x4 ,!re=e "o %\ld du/ & wipe x f "t to "t 9 ord] to keep x bright4 ,all :o read ^! l9es ?\ght t ! writ] 0 wor?y ( ! expect$ rew>d1 & ! ,fif? ,patri>* also1 appreciat+ ! significance ( ! v]ses1 said3 ,if m5 9 ! future w\ld practise ,z5 accord+ to ?is view1 !y w\ld acquire an excell5t result4 ,hwui ,nang1 ! rice-p\nd]1 he>+ ( !m1 h[ev]1 secretly rem>k$ t !y are beautiful1 b h>dly expressive ( ! ,_s ( ,%akya ,muni1 & wrote 8 own v]ses1 :i* ran z foll[s3 ,!re is no ,bodhi-tree1,,fn#dd ,nor is !re a mirror /&4 ,no?+ exi/s f ! fir/ ,:at c be dimm$ by du/ & dirt8 ,,fn#dd ,^! v]ses h (t5 be5 misund]/ood z expressive ( a nihili/ic view1 b ! real mean+ is any?+ b nihili/ic4 ,m9d is pure & bright 9 its ess5ce4 ,x is always free f passions & mean desires1 j z ! sun is always bright1 despite ( cl\d & mi/ t cov] its face4 ,!re=e "o mu/ get an insight into ?is ess5tial nature ( ,m9d1 & realize t "o has no mean desires & passions f ! fir/1 & also t !re is no tree ( ,bodhi nor ! mirror ( ,enlight5m5t )\t him1 b !y are )9 him4 ,p]haps nobody ev] dream$ su* an insignificant fell[ z ! rice-p\nd] c\ld surpass ! v5]able s*ol> 9 a religi\s insight1 b ! ,fif? ,patri>* saw at once an ,enlight5$ ,s\l express$ 9 ^? l9es2 !re=e he made up 8 m9d to give ! ,ka*aya to ! writ]1 9 :om he f\nd a great spiritual lead] ( future g5]ations4 ,b he did x secretly at midnight1 le/ "s ( ! disciples f envy d viol5ce to ,hwui ,nang4 ,he 01 moreov]1 cauti\s en\gh to advise 8 successor to leave ! ,mona/]y at once1 & g back to ! ,s\?1 t ! latt] might conceal 8 ,enlight5m5t until a "t w\ld come = 8 mission>y activities4 #aj4 ,flight ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! news ( :at _h happ5$ dur+ ! night flew f m\? to m\?1 & "s ( ! enrag$ bro!rs attempt$ to pursue ! wor?y fugitive4 ,! =emo/ among !m1 ,hwui ,m+ 7,e-myo71 ov]took ! ,six? ,patri>* at a m\nta9 pass n v f> f ! ,mona/]y4 ,!n ,hwui ,nang1 lay+ d[n ! ,ka*aya on a rock by ! road1 address$ ! pursu]3 ,?is is a m]e symbol ( ! patri>*al au?ority1 & x is n a ?+ to be obta9$ by =ce4 ,take x along ) y1 if y long = x4 ,^u ?is ,hwui ,m+1 :o began to be a%am$ ( 8 base act1 tri$ to lift ! ,ka*aya1 b 9 va91 = x 01 z he felt1 z heavy z ! rock itself4 ,at la/ he said to ! ,six? ,patri>*3 ,i h come "h1 my bro!r1 n = ! sake ( ?is robe1 b = ! sake ( ! ,law4 ,grant my he>ty desire ( gett+ ,enlight5$4 ,if y h come = ! ,law1 repli$ ,hwui ,nang1 y mu/ put an end to all y\r /ruggles & long+s4 ,?9k nei!r ( good nor ( evil 7make y\r m9d pure f all idle ?\ghts71 !n see h[ is1 ,hwui ,m+1 y\r orig9al 7m5tal7 physiognomy6 ,be+ ?us que/ion$1 ,m+ f\nd 9 an in/ant ! ,div9e ,light ( ,buddha )9 himself1 & became a disciple ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 #aa4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,s\!rn & ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool ( ,z54 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,fif? ,patri>* ! v5]able ,%ang ,siu1 ?\gh n ! legitimate successor ( 8 ma/]1 0 n inactive 9 ! propagation ( ! fai?1 & ga!r$ ab\t him a numb] ( en?usia/ic admir]s4 ,?is l$ to ! f\ndation ( ! ,nor!rn s*ool ( ,z5 9 opposition to ! ,s\!rn s*ool l$ by ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,! ,empress ,tseh ,ti5 ,wa ,heu1,,fn#de ! real rul] ( ,*9a at t "t1 0 an admir] ( ,%ang ,siu1 & patroniz$ 8 s*ool1 :i* nev]!less made no fur!r developm5t4 ,,fn#de ,! ,emp]or ,*ung ,tsung 7,*u-s1 ,a4,d4 #fhd-gjd7 0 a nom9al sov]eign1 & ! ,empress 0 ! real rul] f ,a4,d4 #fhd to #gje4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! ,six? ,patri>*1 :o _h gone to ! ,s\?1 arriv$ at ! ,fah ,s+ ,mona/]y 9 ,kwang ,*eu1 :]e ,y9 ,tsung 7,9-%u71 ! abbot1 0 giv+ lectures on ! ,mahayana sutras to a numb] ( /ud5t monks4 ,x 0 t[>ds ev5+ t he happ5$ to ov]he> two monks ( ! ,mona/]y discuss+ ab\t ! flag float+ 9 air4 ,"o ( !m said3 ,x is ! w9d t moves 9 reality1 b n ! flag4 ,no1 object$ ! o!r1 x is ! flag t moves 9 reality1 b n ! w9d4 ,?us ea* ( !m insi/$ on 8 own "o-sid$ view1 & came to no prop] conclusion4 ,!n ! ,six? ,patri>* introduc$ himself & said to !m3 ,x is nei!r ! w9d nor ! flag1 b y\r m9d t moves 9 reality4 ,y9 ,tsung1 hav+ he>d ^! words ( ! /rang]1 0 greatly a/oni%$1 & ?\ght ! latt] %\ld h be5 an extraord9>y p]sonage4 ,& :5 he f\nd ! man to be ! ,six? ,patri>* ( ,z51 he & all 8 disciples decid$ to foll[ ,z5 "u ! ma/]4 ,consequ5tly ,hwui ,nang1 /ill clad l a layman1 *ang$ 8 clo!s1 & began 8 patri>*al c>e] at t ,mona/]y4 ,?is is ! />t+-po9t ( ! great developm5t ( ,z5 9 ,*9a4 #ab4 ,mission>y ,activity ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,z we h se5 above1 ! ,six? ,patri>* 0 a great g5ius1 & may be ju/ly call$ a born ,z5 tea*]4 ,he 0 a man ( no erudition1 be+ a poor f>m]1 :o _h s]v$ "u ! ,fif? ,patri>* z a rice-p\nd] only = eight mon?s1 b he c\ld f9d a new mean+ 9 ,buddhi/ t]ms1 & %[ h[ to apply x to practical life4 ,on "o occasion1 = in/ance1 ,fah ,tah 7,ho-tatsu71 a monk :o _h read ov] ! ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra,,fn#df ?ree ?\s& times1 visit$ him to be in/ruct$ 9 ,z54 ,ev5 if y read ! sutra t5 ?\s& times1 said ! ,six? ,patri>*1 :o c\ld nev] read ! text1 x w d y no good1 if y _c grasp ! _s ( ! sutra4 ,i h simply recit$ ! book1 confess$ ! monk1 z x is writt5 9 *>act]s4 ,h[ c\ld su* a dull fell[ z ,i grasp its _s8 ,!n recite x once1 respond$ ! ma/]2 ,i %all expla9 its _s4 ,h]eupon ,fah ,tah began to recite ! sutra1 & :5 he read x until ! end ( ! second *apt] ! tea*] /opp$ him1 say+3 ,y may /op !re4 ,n[ ,i "k t ?is sutra 0 prea*$ to %[ ! s-call$ greate/ object ( ,%akya ,muni's appe>+ on e>?4 ,t greate/ object 0 to h all s5ti5t be+s ,enlight5$ j z ,he ,himself4 ,9 ?is way ! ,six? ,patri>* grasp$ ! ess5tials ( ! ,mahayana sutras1 & freely made use ( !m z ! explanation ( ! practical que/ions ab\t ,z54 ,,fn#df ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ,mahayana sutras1 translat$ by ,dh>m>aksa 7,a4,d4 #bhf7 & by ,kum>ajiva 7,a4,d4 #djf74 ,! read] has to note t ! au?or /ates ! ess5tial doctr9e 9 ! second *apt]4 ,see ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxi41 pp4 #cj-ei4 #ac4 ,! ,disciples "u ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,"s "t aft] ?is ! ,six? ,patri>* settl$ himself d[n at ! ,pao ,l9 ,mona/]y1 bett] kn[n z ,tsao ,ki ,%an 7,s-kei-zan71 9 ,%ao ,*eu1 & x gr[ into a great c5tre ( ,z5 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,"u 8 in/ruction _m em95t ,z5 ma/]s qualifi$ !mselves z ,lead]s ( ! ,?ree ,worlds4 ,he did n give ! patri>*al symbol1 ! ,ka*aya1 to 8 successors1 le/ x might cause ne$less qu>rels among ! bre?r51 z 0 exp]i5c$ by himself4 ,he only gave sanction to 8 disciples :o atta9$ to ,enlight5m5t1 & all[$ !m to tea* ,z5 9 a mann] be/ suit$ to _! own p]sonalities4 ,= in/ance1 ,hu5 ,kioh 7,g5-kaku71 a s*ol> ( ! ,ti5 ,tai doctr9e1,,fn#dg well kn[n z ! ,tea*] ( ,yung ,kia,,fn#dh 7,yo-ka71 receiv$ a sanction = 8 spiritual atta9m5t aft] ex*ang+ a few words ) ! ma/] 9 _! fir/ int]view1 & 0 at once ackn[l$g$ z a ,z5 tea*]4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! z5i? ( 8 fame1 he 0 pres5t$ ) a cry/al b[l toge!r ) ri* gifts by ! ,empress ,tseh ,ti52 & x 0 9 ,a4,d4 #gje t ! ,emp]or ,*ung ,tsung invit$ him 9 va9 to proce$ to ! palace1 s9ce ! latt] foll[$ ! example ( ! ,f\r? ,patri>*4 ,,fn#dg ,! ,tea*] ( ,ti5 ,tai 7,t5-dai1 ,a4,d4 #ech-eig71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,buddhi/ sect ( ! same "n1 0 a great s*ol> ( orig9ality4 ,8 doctr9e & criticism on ! ,tripitaka greatly influ5c$ ! :ole ( ,buddhism aft] him4 ,8 doctr9e is briefly giv5 9 ! second *apt]4 ,,fn#dh ,8 ,*+ ,tao ,ko 7,%o-d-ka71 a beautiful metrical exposition ( ,z51 is /ill read by mo/ /ud5ts ( ,z54 ,aft] ! dea?,,fn#di ( ! ,six? ,patri>* 7,a4,d4 #gac71 ! ,s\!rn ,z5 0 divid$ into two s*ools1 "o be+ repres5t$ by ,ts+ ,yu5 7,sei-g571 ! o!r by ,nan ,yoh 7,nan-gaku47 ,out ( ^! two ma9 s*ools soon develop$ ! five,,fn#ej bran*es ( ,z51 & ! fai? made a spl5did progress4 ,aft] ,ts+ ,yu5 & ,nan ,yoh1 "o ( ! junior disciples ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hwui ,*ung 7,e-*u71 held an hon\rable position = sixte5 ye>s z ! spiritual advis] to ! ,emp]or ,suh ,tsung 7,a4,d4 #gefgfb7 & to ! ,emp]or ,tai ,tsung 7,a4,d4 #gfc-ggi74 ,^! two ,emp]ors 7 en?usia/ic admir]s ( ,z51 & ord]$ sev]al times ! ,ka*aya ( ,bodhidh>ma to be br\ght into ! palace f ! ,pao ,l9 ,mona/]y t !y might d prop] homage to x4 ,)9 "s "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,z5 ga9$ s great influ5ce among high] classes t at ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,su5 ,tsung 7,a4,d4 #hdg-hei7 bo? ! ,emp]or & 8 ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,pei ,hiu1 7 not$ = ! practice ( ,z54 ,x may be said t ,z5 _h its gold5 age1 beg9n+ ) ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,suh ,tsung1 ( ! ,tang dyna/y1 until ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,hiao ,tsung 7#aafc-aahi71 :o 0 ! greate/ patron ( ,buddhism 9 ! ,s\!rn ,sung dyna/y4 ,to ?is age belong almo/ all ! greate/ ,z5 s*ol>s,,fn#ea ( ,*9a4 ,,fn#di ,!re exi/s ,luh ,tan ,fah ,pao ,tan ,k+ 7,roku-s-ho-bo-dan-kyo71 a collection ( 8 s]mons4 ,x is full ( bold /atem5ts ( ,z5 9 its pure/ =m1 & is entirely free f ambigu\s & enigmatical words t encumb] lat] ,z5 books4 ,9 consequ5ce x is widely read by non-,buddhi/ s*ol>s 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,bo? ,hwui ,*ung 7,e-*u71 a fam\s disciple ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 & ,d-g51 ! f\nd] ( ! ,soto ,sect 9 ,japan1 d5y ! au?ority ( ! book1 & decl>e x to be mislead+1 because ( errors & prejudices ( ! compil]s4 ,/ill1 we believe x to be a collection ( g5u9e sections giv5 by ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ?\gh !re are "s mi/akes 9 its hi/orical n>ratives4 ,,fn#ej 7#a7 ,! ,tsao ,tung 7,s-to7 ,sect1 f\nd$ by ,ts+ ,yu5 7di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gdj7 & 8 successors2 7#b7 ! ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-,zai7 ,sect1 f\nd$ by ,nan ,yoh 7di$ 9 #gdd7 & 8 successors2 7#c7 ! ,wei ,yan 7,yi-gyo7 ,sect1 f\nd$ by ,wei ,%an 7,yi-san1 di$ 9 #hec7 & 8 disciple ,y5 ,%an 7,kyo-zan1 di$ 9 #hij72 7#d7 ! ,yun ,man 7,un-mon7 ,sect1 f\nd$ by ,yun ,man 7di$ 9 #idi72 7#e7 ! ,pao ,y5 7,ho-g57 ,sect1 f\nd$ by ,pao ,y5 7di$ 9 #ieh74 ,,fn#ea ,dur+ ! ,tang dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #fah-ijf7 ,*9a produc$1 besides ! ,six? ,patri>* & 8 prom95t disciples1 su* great ,z5 tea*]s z ,ma ,tsu 7,ba-s1 di$ 9 #ghh71 :o is probably ! orig9ator ( ! ,z5 ,activity2 ,%ih ,teu 7,seki-to1 di$ 9 #gij71 ! reput$ au?or ( ,tsan ,tung ,ki 7,san-d-kai71 a metrical writ+ on ,z52 ,poh ,*ang 7,hyaku-jo1 di$ #had71 :o fir/ laid d[n regulations = ! ,z5 ,mona/]y2 ,wei ,%an 7,yi-san71 ,yang ,%an 7,kyo-zan71 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,wei ,yang ,sect2 ,hwang ,pah 7,o-baku1 di$ 9 #hej71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,l9 ,tsi ,sect1 & ! au?or ( ,*w5 ,s9 ,pao ,yao1 7,d5-s9-ho-yo71 "o ( ! be/ works on ,z52 ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-zai1 di$ 9 #hff71 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,l9 ,tsi ,sect2 ,tung ,%an 7,to-zan1 di$ 9 #hfi71 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,tsao ,tung ,sect2 ,tsao ,%an 7,s-zan1 di$ 9 #ija71 a fam\s disciple ( ,tung ,%an2 ,teh ,%an 7,toku-san1 di$ 9 #hfe71 :o 0 us$ to /rike e que/ion] ) 8 /aff2 ,*ang ,%a 7,*o-%a1 di$ 9 #hbc72 ,*ao ,*eu 7,jo-%u1 di$ 9 #hig72 ,nan ,tsu5 7,nan-s51 di$ 9 #hcd72 ,wu ,yeh 7,mu-g1 di$ 9 #hbc72 :o is said to h repli$1 ',away ) y\r idle ?\ghts1' to e que/ion]2 ,yun ,y5 7,un-gan1 di$ 9 #hbi72 ,yoh ,%an 7,yaku-san1 di$ 9 #hcd72 ,ta ,mei 7,tai-bai1 di$ 9 #hci71 a not$ recluse2 ,ta ,tsz 7,dai-ji1 di$ 9 #hfb72 ,kwei ,fung 7,kei-ho1 di$ 9 #hda71 ! au?or ( ',! ,orig9 ( ,man1' & o!r num]\s works2 & ,yun ,ku 7,un-g1 di$ 9 #ijb74 ,to ! p]iod ( ! ,five ,dyna/ies 7,a4,d4 #ijg-iei7 belong su* tea*]s z ,sueh ,fung 7,set-po1 di$ 94 #ijh72 ,hu5 ,%a 7,g5-%a1 di$ 9 #ijh72 ,yun ,man 7,un-mon1 di$ 9 #idi71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,yun ,man ,sect2 ,%5 ,yueh 7,z5-getsu1 di$ 9 #iab71 a r5[n$ ,z5 poet2 ,pu ,tai 7,ho-tei1 di$ 9 #iaf71 well kn[n = 8 peculi>ities2 ,*ang ,k+ 7,*o-kei1 di$ 9 #icb72 ,nan ,yu5 7,nan-91 di$ 9 #ieb72 ,pao ,y5 7,ho-g51 di$ 9 #ieh71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,pao ,y5 ,sect4 ,dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #ifj-aabf7 appe>$ su* tea*]s z ,yang ,ki 7,yo-gi1 di$ 9 #ajdi71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,yang ,ki ,s*ool ( ,z52 ,sueh ,teu 7,set-*o1 di$ 9 #ajeb71 not$ = poetical works2 ,hwang ,lung 7,o ryu1 di$ 9 #ajfi71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,hwang ,lung ,s*ool ( ,z52 ,hwang ,l9 7,ko-r91 di$ 9 #ihg72 ,tsz ,m+ 7,ji-myo1 di$ 9 #ajdj72 ,teu ,tsy 7,to-%i1 di$ 9 #ajhc72 ,fu ,yun 7,fu-yo1 di$ 9 #aaah72 ,wu ,tsu 7,g-s1 di$ 9 #aajd72 ,yung ,m+ 7,yo-myo1 di$ 9 #ige71 ! au?or ( ,tsung ,k+ ,luh 7,%u-kyo-roku72 ,ki ,sung 7,kai-su1 di$ 9 #ajga71 a great ,z5 hi/orian & au?or4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,sung dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #aabg-abgi7 fl\ri%$ su* ma/]s z ,yu5 ,wu 7,en-g1 di$ 9 #aace71 ! au?or ( ,pik ,y5 ,tsih 7,heki-gan-%u72 ,*an ,hieh 7,%9-ketsu1 fl\ri%$ 9 #aaea72 ,hung ,*i 7,wan-%i1 di$ 9 #aaeg71 fam\s = 8 poetical works2 ,ta ,hwui 7,dai-e1 di$ 9 #aafc71 a not$ disciple ( ,yu5 ,wu2 ,wan ,sung 7,ban-%o71 fl\ri%$ 9 #aaic-aaig71 ! au?or ( ,tsung ,yun ,luh 7,%o-yo-roku72 ,ju ,ts+ 7,nyo-jo71 di$ 9 #abbh71 ! tea*] to ,d-g51 or ! f\nd] ( ! ,s-to ,sect 9 ,japan4 ,to ?is age belong almo/ all ! em95t m5 ( lett]s1,,fn#eb /atesm51 w>riors1 & arti/s :o 7 kn[n z ! practis]s ( ,z54 ,to ?is age belongs ! production ( almo/ all ,z5 books1,,fn#ec doctr9al & hi/orical4 ,,fn#eb ,among ! great names ( ,z5 believ]s ! foll[+ are mo/ important3 ,pang ,yun 7,ho-on1 fl\ri%$ 9 #ghe-hjd71 ^: :ole family 0 pr(ici5t 9 ,z52 ,tsui ,kiun 7,sai-gun1 fl\ri%$ 9 #hjf-hbd72 ,luh ,kang 7,rik-ko71 a lay disciple to ,nan ,tsun2 ,poh ,loh ,ti5 7,haku-raku-t51 di$ 9 #hdg71 "o ( ! greate/ ,*9ese lit]>y m52 ,pei ,hiu 7,hai-kyu1 fl\ri%$ #hbg-hef71 ! ,prime ,m9i/] "u ! ,emp]or ,su5 ,tsung1 a lay disciple to ,hwang ,pah2 ,li ,ngao 7,ri-ko1 liv$ ab\t #hjf71 an au?or & s*ol> :o practis$ ,z5 "u ,yoh ,%an2 ,yu ,*uh 7,u-teki1 fl\ri%$ #ghe-hjd71 a local gov]nor1 a fri5d ( ,pang ,yun2 ,yang ,yih 7,yo-oku1 fl\ri%$ 9 #igf71 "o ( ! greate/ writ]s ( 8 age2 ,fan ,*ung ,ngan 7,han-*u an1 fl\ri%$ #ajjh-ajeb71 an able /atesman & s*ol>2 ,fu ,pih 7,fu %itsu1 fl\ri%$ #ajda-ajhc71 a m9i/] "u ! ,emp]or ,jan ,tsung2 ,*ang ,%ang ,y+ 7,*o-%o-yei1 #ajhf-aabb71 a ,buddhi/ s*ol> & a /atesman2 ,hwang ,t+ ,ki5 7,ko-tei-k51 #ajfd-ajid71 a great poet2 ,su ,%ih 7,s-%oku1 di$ 9 #aaja71 a great man ( lett]s1 well kn[n z ,s-to-ba2 ,su ,*eh 7,s-tetsu1 di$ 9 #aaab71 a y\ng] bro!r ( ,s-to-ba1 a s*ol> & m9i/] "u ! ,emp]or ,*eh ,tsung2 ,*ang ,kiu ,*+ 7,*o-,kyu-sei1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #aaca71 a s*ol> & lay disciple ( ,ta ,hwui2 ,yang ,kieh 7,yo-ketsu1 fl\ri%$ #ajgh-ajhf71 a s*ol> & /atesman4 ,,fn#ec ,( doctr9al ,z5 books1 besides ,s9 ,s9 ,m+ by ! ,?ird ,patri>*1 & ,fah ,pao ,tan ,k+ by ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ! foll[+ are ( great importance3 7#a7 ,*+ ,tao ,ko 7,%o-d-ka71 by ,hu5 ,kioh 7,g5-kaku74 7#b7 ,tsan ,tung ,ki 7,san-d-kai71 by ,%ih ,t5 7,seki-to74 7#c7 ,pao ,k+ ,san ,mei 7,ho-kyo-san-mai71 by ,tung ,%an 7,to-zan74 7#d7 ,*w5 ,s9 ,pao ,yao 7,d5-s9-ho-yo71 by ,hwang ,pah 7,o-baku74 7#e7 ,pih ,y5 ,tsih 7,heki-gan-%u71 by ,yu5 ,wu 7,en-g74 7#f7 ,l9 ,tsi ,luh 7,r9-zai-roku71 by ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-zai74 7#g7 ,tsung ,yun ,luh 7,%o-yo-roku71 by ,wan ,sung 7,ban-%o74 ,( hi/orical ,z5 books ! foll[+ are ( importance3 7#a7 ,k+ teh ,*w5 ,tan-,luh 7,kei-toku-d5-to-roku71 publi%$ 9 #ajjd by ,tao ,yu5 7,d-g574 7#b7 ,kwan ,tang ,luh 7,ko-to roku71 publi%$ 9 #ajcf by ,li ,tsun ,suh 7,ri-jun-kyoku74 7#c7 ,suh ,tang ,luh 7,zoku-,o-roku71 publi%$ 9 #aaja by ,wei ,poh 7,i-haku74 7#d7 ,li5 ,tang ,luh 7,r5-,o-roku71 publi%$ 9 #aahc by ,hwui ,wang 7,mai-o74 7#e7 ,*+ ,tsung ,ki 7,%o-ju-ki71 publi%$ 9 #ajeh by ,ki ,sung 7,kwai-su74 7#f7 ,pu ,tang ,luh 7,fu-,o-roku71 publi%$ 9 #abja by ,*+ ,%eu 7,%o-ju74 7#g7 ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-g571 publi%$ 9 #abeb by ,ta ,*w5 7,dai-s574 7#h7 ,s9 ,tang ,luh 7,s9-,w-roku71 publi%$ 9 #abhj-abid by ,sui 7,zui74 7#i7 ,suh ,*w5 ,tang ,luh 7,zoku-d5-to-roku71 by ,wang ,siu 7,bun-%u74 7#aj7 ,hwui ,yu5 ,suh ,lioh 7,e-g5-zoku-ryaku71 by ,ts+ ,*u 7,jo-*u74 7#aa7 ,ki ,tang ,luh 7,kei-to-roku71 by ,yung ,kioh 7,yo-kaku74 #ad4 ,?ree ,important ,elem5ts ( ,z54 ,to und]/& h[ ,z5 develop$ dur+ "s f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,six? ,patri>*1 we %\ld "k t !re are ?ree important elem5ts 9 ,z54 ,! fir/ ( ^! is te*nically call$ ! ,z5 ,numb]--! me?od ( practis+ ,m$itation by sitt+ cross-legg$1 ( :i* we %all treat lat]4,,fn#ed ,?is me?od is fully develop$ by ,indian tea*]s be=e ,bodhidh>ma's introduction ( ,z5 into ,*9a1 !re=e x und]w5t little *ange dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! second is ! ,z5 ,doctr9e1 :i* ma9ly consi/s ( ,ideali/ic & ,pan!i/ic ideas ( ,mahayana ,buddhism1 b :i* und\bt$ly embraces "s t5ets ( ,taoism4 ,!re=e1 ,z5 is n a pure ,indian fai?1 b r ( ,*9ese orig94 ,! ?ird is ! ,z5 ,activity1 or ! mode ( expression ( ,z5 9 action1 :i* is entirely abs5t 9 any o!r fai?4 ,,fn#ed ,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,x 0 = ! sake ( ?is ,z5 ,activity t ,hwang ,pah gave a slap ?ree times to ! ,emp]or ,su5 ,tsung2 t ,l9 ,tsi s (t5 bur/ out into a l\d outcry ( ,hoh 7,katsu72 t ,nan ,tsu5 kill$ a cat at a s+le /roke ( 8 knife 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples2 & t ,teh ,%an s frequ5tly /ruck que/ion]s ) 8 /aff4,,fn#ee ,! ,z5 ,activity 0 display$ by ! ,*9ese tea*]s mak+ use ( div]se ?+s su* z ! /aff1 ! bru%,,fn#ef ( long hair1 ! mirror1 ! ros>y1 ! cup1 ! pit*]1 ! flag1 ! moon1 ! sickle1 ! pl\gh1 ! b[ & arr[1 ! ball1 ! bell1 ! drum1 ! cat1 ! dog1 ! duck1 ! e>?worm--9 %ort1 any & ev]y?+ t 0 fit = ! occasion & conv5i5t = ! purpose4 ,?us ,z5 ,activity 0 ( pure ,*9ese orig91 & x 0 develop$ aft] ! ,six? ,patri>*4,,fn#eg ,= ?is reason ! p]iod previ\s to ! ,six? ,patri>* may be call$ ! ,age ( ! ,z5 ,doctr9e1 :ile t po/]ior to ! same ma/]1 ! ,age ( ! ,z5 ,activity4 ,,fn#ee ,a long (ficial /aff 7,%u-jo7 l ! crosi] c>ri$ by ! abbot ( ! mona/]y4 ,,fn#ef ,an ornam5tal bru% 7,hos-su7 (t5 c>ri$ by ,z5 tea*]s4 ,,fn#eg ,! giv+ ( a slap 0 fir/ tri$ by ! ,six? ,patri>*1 :o /ruck "o ( 8 disciples1 kn[n z ,ho ,tseh 7,ka-taku71 & x 0 v frequ5tly resort$ to by ! lat] ma/]s4 ,! lift+ up ( ! bru% 0 fir/ tri$ by ,ts+ ,yu5 9 an int]view ) 8 elde/ disciple1 ,%ih ,t51 & x became a fa%ion among o!r tea*]s4 ,! l\d outcry ( ,hoh 0 fir/ made use ( by ,ma ,tsu1 ! successor ( ,nan ,yoh4 ,9 ?is way ! orig9 ( ! ,z5 ,activity c easily be trac$ to ! ,six? ,patri>* & 8 direct disciples4 ,aft] ! ,sung dyna/y ,*9ese ,z5 ma/]s seem to h giv5 undue weight to ! ,activity1 & neglect$ ! s]i\s /udy ( ! doctr9e4 ,?is br\ght out ! deg5]ation sev]ely reproa*$ by "s ( ! ,japanese ,z5 tea*]s4 #ae4 ,decl9e ( ,z54 ,! bloom+ prosp]ity ( ,z5 0 ov] t[>ds ! end ( ! ,s\!rn ,sung dyna/y 7#aabg-abgi71 :5 x began to fade1 n be+ bitt5 by ! fro/ ( oppression f )\t1 b be+ weak5$ by rott5ness )94 ,z e>ly z ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-aabf7 ! wor%ip ( ,buddha ,amitabha,,fn#eh /eal?ily f\nd its way among ,z5 believ]s1 :o c\ld n fully realize ! ,_s ( ,%akya ,muni1 & to satisfy ^! p ! amalgamation ( ! two fai?s 0 attempt$ by "s ,z5 ma/]s4,,fn#ei ,,fn#eh ,! fai? is bas$ on ,l>g] ,sukhavati-vyuha1 ,small] ,sukhavati-vyuha1 & ,amitayus-dhyana-sutra4 ,x 0 taught 9 ,india by ,acvaghosa1 ,nag>iuna1 & ,vasub&hu4 ,9 ,*9a ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-on1 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #daf71 ,tan ,lwan 7,don-ran1 di$ 9 #edb71 ,tao ,*oh 7,d-%aku71 & ,%5 ,tao 7,z5-d7 7bo? ( :om liv$ ab\t #fjj-fej71 *iefly taught ! doctr9e4 ,x made an extraord9>y progress 9 ,japan1 & diff]5tiat$ itself into sev]al sects1 ( :i* ,jodo ,%u & ,%9 ,%u are ! /ronge/4 ,,fn#ei ,x is beyond all d\bt t ,poh ,loh ,ti5 7,haku-raku-t57 practis$ ,z51 b at ! same "t believ$ 9 ,amitabha2 s also ,su ,%ih 7,s-%oku71 a mo/ not$ ,z5 practis]1 wor%ipp$ ! same ,buddha1 ,yang ,kieh 7,yo-keteu71 :o c>ri$ a picture ( ,amitabha :]ev] he w5t & wor%ipp$ x1 seems to h ?\ght !re is no?+ incompatible betwe5 ,z5 & 8 fai?4 ,! =emo/ ( ^? ,z5 ma/]s ( ! ,sung dyna/y t attempt$ ! amalgamation is ,yung ,m+ 7,yo-myo1 di$ 9 #ige71 :o reconcil$ ,z5 ) ! wor%ip ( ,amitabha 9 8 ,wan ,%5 ,tung ,kwei ,tsih 7,man-z5-d-ki-%u7 & ,si ,ngan ,yan ,%an ,fu 7,sei-an-yo-s9-fu74 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,ts+ ,tsz 7,jo-ji7 & ,*an ,hieh 7,%9-ketsu1 liv$ ab\t #aaea71 ! =m] ( :om wrote ,kwei ,yu5 ,*ih ,*i 7,ki-g5-jiki-%i71 & ! latt] ,ts+ ,tu ,s9 ,yao 7,jo-d-s9-yo71 9 ord] to fur!r ! t5d5cy4 ,9 ! ,yu5 dyna/y ,*ung ,fung 7,*u-ho1 di$ 9 #acbc7 enc\rag$ ! adoration ( ,amitabha1 toge!r ) ! practice ( ,z51 9 8 poetical composition 7,kwan-%u-jo-g74 ,9 ! ,m+ dyna/y ,yun ,si 7,un-sei1 di$ 9 #afae71 ! au?or ( ,%5 ,kwan ,tseh ,ts9 7,z5-kwan-saku-%97 & o!r num]\s works1 writ+ a comm5t>y on ,sukhavati-vyuha-sutra1 br\ght ! amalgamation to its height4 ,ku ,%an 7,ku-zan1 di$ 9 #afeg71 a ,z5 hi/orian & au?or1 & 8 prom95t disciple ,wei ,l9 7,e-r971 axe well kn[n z ! amalgamators4 ,yun ,m+ decl>$ t ^? :o practise ,z51 b h no fai? 9 ,amitabha1 g a/ray 9 n9e cases out ( t52 t ^? :o d n practise ,z51 b believe 9 ,amitabha1 are sav$1 "o & all2 t ^? :o practise ,z51 & h ! fai? 9 ,amitabha1 are l ! tig] provid$ ) w+s2 & t = ^? :o h no fai? 9 ,amitabha1 nor practise ,z51 !re exi/ ! iron floor & ! copp] pill>s 9 ,hell4 ,ku ,%an said t "s practise ,z5 9 ord] to atta9 ,enlight5m5t1 :ile o!rs pray ,amitabha = salvation2 t if !y 7 s9c]e & dilig5t1 bo? w obta9 ! f9al beatitude4 ,wei ,l9 also obs]v$3 ,!oretically ,i embrace ,z51 & practically ,i wor%ip ,amitabha4 ,e-*u1 ! au?or ( ,z5-to-n5butsu 7',on ,z5 & ! ,wor%ip ( ,amitabha'71 po9ts out t "o ( ! direct disciples ( ! ,six? ,patri>* fav\r$ ! fai? ( ,amitabha1 b !re is no tru/wor?y evid5ce1 z f> z we "k1 t proves ! exi/5ce ( ! amalgamation 9 ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,?is t5d5cy /eadily increas+ ) "t br\ght out at l5g? ! p]iod ( amalgamation :i* cov]$ ! ,yu5 7#abhj-acfg7 & ! ,m+ dyna/ies 7#acfh-afei71 :5 ! pray] = ,amitabha 0 9 e m\? ( ,z5 monks sitt+ 9 ,m$itation4 ,! patrons ( ,z5 7 n want+ 9 ! ,yu5 dyna/y1 = su* a w>like mon>* z ! ,emp]or ,%i ,tsu 7,sei-s71 #abhj-abid7 is kn[n to h practis$ ,z5 "u ! in/ruction ( ,miao ,kao1 & 8 successor ,*+ ,tsung 7#abie-acjg7 to h tru/$ 9 ,yih ,%an1,,fn#fj a ,z5 tea*] ( reputation at t "t4 ,moreov]1 ,l9 ,p+ ,*ung 7,r9-hei-*a1 di$ 9 #abgd71 a p[]ful m9i/] "u ,%i ,tsu1 :o did mu* t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( ! adm9i/rative sy/em 9 t dyna/y1 _h be5 a ,z5 monk1 & nev] fail$ to patronize 8 fai?4 ,& 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y ! fir/ ,emp]or ,tai ,tsu 7#acfh-acih71 hav+ be5 a ,z5 monk1 protect$ ! sect ) en?usiasm1 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by ,tai ,tsung 7#adjc-adbd71 ^: spiritual z well z political advis] 0 ,tao ,y51 a ,z5 monk ( di/9ction4 ,?us ,z5 ex]cis$ an influ5ce unp>allel$ by any o!r fai? ?r\gh\t ^! ages4 ,! life & en]gy ( ,z51 h[ev]1 0 gone by ! ignoble amalgamation1 & ev5 su* great s*ol>s z ,*ung ,fung1,,fn#fa ,yung ,si1,,fn#fb ,yung ,kioh1,,fn#fc 7 n free f ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ! age4 ,,fn#fj ,! ,emp]or s5t him to ,japan 9 #abii ) "s secret ord]1 b he did no?+ political1 & /ay$ z a ,z5 tea*] until 8 dea?4 ,,fn#fa ,a mo/ r5[n$ ,z5 ma/] 9 ! ,yu5 dyna/y1 :om ! ,emp]or ,jan ,tsung invit$ to visit ! palace1 b 9 va94 ,,fn#fb ,an au?or not$ = 8 le>n+ & virtues1 :o 0 r a wor%ipp] ( ,amitabha ?an a ,z5 monk4 ,,fn#fc ,an au?or ( volum9\s books1 ( :i* ,tung ,%ang ,ku ,*eh 7,to-jo-ko-tetsu7 is well kn[n4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 do+ ju/ice to ! t5d5cy ( amalgamation 9 ^! times simply to blame x = its obnoxi\s results1 because x is beyond d\bt t x br\ght =? :olesome fruits to ! ,*9ese lit]ature & philosophy4 ,:o c d5y t ?is t5d5cy br\ght ! ,speculative,,fn#fd philosophy ( ! ,sung dyna/y to its consummation by ! amalgamation ( ,confucianism ) ,buddhism especially ) ,z51 to enable x to ex]cise long-/&+ influ5ce on society1 & t ?is t5d5cy also produc$ ,wang ,yang ,m+1,,fn#fe "o ( ! greate/ g5]als & s*ol>s t ! _w has ev] se51 ^: philosophy ( ,consci5ce,,fn#ff /ill holds a unique position 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght8 ,:o c d5y fur!rmore t ,wang's philosophy is ,z5 9 ! ,confucian t]m9ology8 ,,fn#fd ,?is well-kn[n philosophy 0 fir/ taught by ,*eu ,m5 ,%uh 7,%u-mo-%iku1 di$ 9 #ajgc7 9 its def9ite =m4 ,he is said to h be5 enlight5$ by ! in/ruction ( ,hwui ,tang1 a contempor>y ,z5 ma/]4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,*ang ,m+ ,tao 7,tei-mei-d1 di$ 9 #ajhe7 & ,*ang ,i ,*w5 7,tei-i-s51 di$ 9 #aajg71 two bro!rs1 :o develop$ ! philosophy 9 no small degree4 ,& x 0 complet$ by ,*u ,tsz 7,%u-%i1 di$ 9 #abjj71 a celebrat$ comm5tator ( ! ,confucian classics4 ,x is wor?y to note t ^! s*ol>s practis$ ,m$itation j z ,z5 monks4 ,see ',hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy' 7pp4 #bae-bfi71 by ,g4 ,nakau*i1 & ',hi/ory ( ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,?\ght1' by ,r4 ,endo4 ,,fn#fe ,he 0 born 9 #adgb1 & di$ 9 #aebi4 ,8 doctr9e ex]cis$ a mo/ fruitful influ5ce on _m ( ! great ,japanese m9ds1 & und\bt$ly has done mu* to ! progress ( ,new ,japan4 ,,fn#ff ,see ,d5-%u-roku & ,o-ya-mei-z5-%o4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,z5 ,,9 ,,japan #a4 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,r9 ,zai,,fn#fg ,s*ool ( ,z5 9 ,japan4 ,,fn#fg ,! ,l9 ,tsi s*ool 0 />t$ by ,nan ,yoh1 a prom95t disciple ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 & complet$ by ,l9 ,tsi or ,r9 ,zai4 ,! introduction ( ,z5 into ! isl& empire is dat$ z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury2,,fn#fh b x 0 9 #aaia t x 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,ei-sai1 a man ( bold1 en]getic nature4 ,he cross$ ! sea = ,*9a at ! age ( tw5ty-eight 9 #aafh1 aft] 8 pr(\nd /udy ( ! :ole ,tripitaka,,fn#fi = eight ye>s 9 ! ,hi-yei ,mona/]y,,fn#gj ! !n c5tre ( ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,,fn#fh ,z5 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,japan by ,d %a 7#fbi-gjj7 z e>ly z #fec-fef1 at ! "t :5 ! ,fif? ,patri>* j ent]$ 8 patri>*al c>e]4 ,d-%o w5t ov] to ,*9a 9 #fec1 & met ) ,hu5 ,tsang1 ! celebrat$ & great s*ol>1 :o taught him ! doctr9e ( ! ,dh>ma-laksana4 ,x 0 ,hu5 ,tsang :o advis$ ,d-%o to /udy ,z5 "u ,hwui ,man 7,e-man74 ,aft] return+ home1 he built a ,m$itation ,hall = ! purpose ( practis+ ,z5 9 ! ,gan-g mona/]y1 ,n>a4 ,?us ,z5 0 fir/ transplant$ into ,japan by ,d-%o1 b x took no root 9 ! soil at t "t4 ,next a ,*9ese ,z5 tea*]1 ,i ,kung 7,gi-ku71 came ov] to ,japan 9 ab\t #haj1 & "u 8 in/ruction ! ,empress ,danr91 a mo/ en?usia/ic ,buddhi/1 0 enlight5$4 ,%e erect$ a mona/]y nam$ ,dan-r9-ji1 & appo9t$ ,i ,kung ! abbot ( x = ! sake ( propagat+ ! fai?4 ,x be+ ( no purpose1 h[ev]1 ,i ,kung w5t back to ,*9a aft] "s ye>s4 ,?irdly1 ,kaku-a 9 #aaga w5t ov] to ,*9a1 :]e he /udi$ ,z5 "u ,fuh ,hai 7,buk-kai71 :o belong$ to ! ,yang ,ki 7,yo-gi7 s*ool1 & came home aft] ?ree ye>s4 ,be+ que/ion$ by ! ,emp]or ,taka-kura 7#aafi-aahj7 ab\t ! doctr9e ( ,z51 he utt]$ no ^w1 b took up a flute & play$ on x4 ,b 8 fir/ note 0 too high to be caught by ! ord9>y e>1 & 0 gone )\t produc+ any e*o 9 ! c\rt nor 9 society at l>ge4 ,,fn#fi ,! ?ree divisions ( ! ,buddhi/ canon1 viz43 7#a7 ,sutra-pitaka1 or a collection ( doctr9al books4 7#b7 ,v9aya-pitaka1 or a collection ( works on discipl9e4 7#c7 ,abhidh>ma-pitaka1 or a collection ( philosophical & expository works4 ,,fn#gj ,! great mona/]y erect$ 9 #ghh by ,sai-*o 7#gfg-hbb71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,t5 ,dai ,sect1 kn[n z ,d5 ,gyo ,dai ,%i4 ,aft] visit+ holy places & great mona/]ies1 he came home1 br++ ) him ov] ?irty diff]5t books on ! doctr9e ( ! ,t5-,dai ,sect4,,fn#ga ,?is1 in/ead ( qu5*+1 add$ fuel to 8 burn+ desire = adv5tur\s travel abroad4 ,s he cross$ ! sea ov] aga9 9 #aahg1 ?is "t int5d+ to make pilgrimage to ,india2 & no "o c tell :at might h be5 ! result if ! ,*9ese au?orities did n =bid him to cross ! bord]4 ,!reon he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( ,z51 & aft] five ye>s' discipl9e succe$$ 9 gett+ sanction = 8 spiritual atta9m5t by ! ,hu ,ngan 7,kio-an71 a not$ ma/] ( ! ,r9 ,zai s*ool1 ! !n abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,ti5 ,tung ,%an 7,t5-d-san74 ,8 active propag&a ( ,z5 0 comm5c$ soon aft] 8 return 9 #aaia ) spl5did success at a newly built temple,,fn#gb 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*iku-z54 ,9 #abjb ,yori-iye1 ! ,%ogun1 or ! real gov]nor ( ! ,/ate at t "t1 erect$ ! mona/]y ( ,k5-n9-ji 9 ! city ( ,kyo-to1 & invit$ him to proce$ to ! metropolis4 ,accord+ly he settl$ himself d[n 9 t temple1 & taught ,z5 ) 8 *>act]i/ic activity4 ,,fn#ga ,! sect 0 nam$ aft] its f\nd] 9 ,*9a1 ,*i ,i 7#ech-eig71 :o liv$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,ti5 ,tai ,%an 7,t5-dai-san71 & 0 call$ ! ,great ,tea*] ( ,ti5 ,tai4 ,9 #hjd ,d5-gyo w5t ov] to ,*9a by ! ,imp]ial ord]1 & receiv$ ! transmission ( ! doctr9e f ,tao ,sui 7,d-sui71 a patri>* ( ! sect4 ,aft] 8 return he erect$ a mona/]y on ,m\nt ,hi-yei1 :i* became ! c5tre ( ,buddhi/ic le>n+4 ,,fn#gb ,he erect$ ! mona/]y ( ,%o-fuku-ji 9 #aaie1 :i* is /ill prosp]+4 ,?is provok$ ! envy & wra? ( ! ,t5 ,dai & ! ,%9 ,gon,,fn#gc tea*]s1 :o pres5t$ memorials to ! ,imp]ial c\rt to prote/ aga9/ 8 propag&ism ( ! new fai?4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! prote/s1 ,ei-sai wrote a book entitl$ ,ko-z5-g-koku-ron 7',! ,protection ( ! ,/ate by ! ,propagation ( ,z5'71 & n only expla9$ 8 own position1 b expos$ ! ignorance,,fn#gd ( ! prote/ants4 ,?us at la/ 8 m]it 0 appreciat$ by ! ,emp]or ,tsu*i-mikado 7#aaii-abaj71 & he 0 promot$ to ,s ,jo1 ! highe/ rank 9 ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood1 toge!r ) ! gift ( a purple robe 9 #abjf4 ,"s "t aft] ?is he w5t to ! city ( ,kama-kura1 ! political c5tre1 be+ invit$ by ,sane-tomo1 ! ,%ogun1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! s-call$ ,kama-kura ,z51 /ill prosp]+ at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,,fn#gc ,! ,%9 ,gon or ,mantra ,sect is bas$ on ,mahavairocanabhi-sambodhi-sutra1 ,vajracekh>a-sutra1 & o!r ,mantra-sutras4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a by ,vajrabodhi & 8 disciple ,amoahavajra1 :o came f ,india 9 #gbj4 ,ku kai 7#ggd-hce71 well kn[n z ,ko ,bo ,dai ,%i1 w5t to ,*9a 9 #hjd1 & receiv$ ! transmission ( ! doctr9e f ,hwui ,kwo 7,kei-ka71 a1 disciple ( ,amoghavajra4 ,9 #hjf he came back & propagat$ ! fai? almo/ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,= ! detail see ',a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,japanese ,buddhi/ ,sects' 7*ap4 viii471 by ,dr4 ,nanjo4 ,,fn#gd ,sai-*o1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,t5 ,dai ,sect1 fir/ le>n$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool ( ,z5 "u ,gyo-hyo 7di$ 9 #gig71 & aft]w>ds he pursu$ ! /udy ( ! same fai? "u ,siao ,jan 9 ,*9a4 ,!re=e to oppose ! propagation ( ,z5 is1 = ,t5 ,dai prie/s1 z mu* z to oppose ! f\nd] ( _! own sect4 #b4 ,! ,introduction ( ! ,s-,to ,s*ool,,fn#ge ( ,z54 ,,fn#ge ,?is s*ool 0 />t$ by ,ts+-,yu5 7,sei-g571 an em95t disciple ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 & complet$ by ,ts+ ,%an 7,to-zan74 ,al?\gh ! ,r9 ,zai s*ool 01 z m5tion$ above1 e/abli%$ by ,ei-sai1 yet he himself 0 n a pure ,z5 tea*]1 be+ a ,t5 ,dai s*ol> z well z an exp]i5c$ practis] ( ,mantra4 ,! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ,z5 9 its pure/ =m 0 done by ,d-g51 n[ kn[n z ,jo ,yo ,dai ,%i4 ,l ,ei-sai1 he 0 admitt$ into ! ,hi-yei ,mona/]y at an e>ly age1 & devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ! ,canon4 ,z 8 scriptural k increas$1 he 0 tr\bl$ by inexpressible d\bts & fe>s1 z is usual ) great religi\s tea*]s4 ,consequ5tly1 "o day he consult$ 8 uncle1 ,ko-91 a di/+ui%$ ,t5 ,dai s*ol>1 ab\t 8 tr\bles4 ,! latt]1 be+ unable to satisfy him1 recomm5d$ him ,ei-sai1 ! f\nd] ( ! new fai?4 ,b z ,ei-sai di$ soon aft]w>ds1 he felt t he _h no compet5t tea*] left1 & cross$ ! sea = ,*9a1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 9 #abbc4 ,!re he 0 admitt$ into ! mona/]y ( ,ti5 ,tung ,%an 7,t5-d-san71 & assign$ ! l[e/ seat 9 ! hall1 simply because be 0 a =eign]4 ,aga9/ ?is affront he /rongly prote/$4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ community1 he said1 all 7 bro!rs1 & !re 0 no diff]5ce ( nationality4 ,! only way to rank ! bre?r5 0 by s5iority1 & he !re=e claim$ to occupy 8 prop] rank4 ,nobody1 h[ev]1 l5t an e> to ! poor new-com]'s prote/1 s he appeal$ twice to ! ,*9ese ,emp]or ,n+ ,tsung 7#aaie-abbd71 & by ! ,imp]ial ord] he ga9$ 8 object4 ,aft] f\r ye>s' /udy & discipl9e1 he 0 ,enlight5$ & ackn[l$g$ z ! successor by 8 ma/] ,ju ,ts+ 7,nyo-jo di$ 9 #abbh71 :o belong$ to ! ,tsao ,tung 7,s ,to7 s*ool4 ,he came home 9 #abbg1 br++ ) him ?ree important ,z5 books4,,fn#gf ,"s ?ree ye>s he did :at ,bodhidh>ma1 ! ,wall-gaz+ ,brahm91 _h done sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e him1 retir+ to a h]mitage at ,fuka-kusa1 n v f> f ,kyo-to4 ,j l ,bodhidh>ma1 d5\nc+ all worldly fame & ga91 8 attitude t[>d ! _w 0 diametrically oppos$ to t ( ,ei-sai4 ,z we h se5 above1 ,ei-sai nev] %unn$1 b r s\ght ! society ( ! p[]ful & ! ri*1 & made = 8 goal by e means4 ,b to ! ,sage ( ,fuka-kusa1 z ,d-g5 0 call$ at t "t1 pomp & p[] 0 ! mo/ disgu/+ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,judg+ f 8 poems1 be seems to h sp5t ^! ye>s *iefly 9 m$itation2 dwell+ n[ on ! transitor9ess ( life1 n[ on ! et]nal peace ( ,nirvana2 n[ on ! vanities & mis]ies ( ! _w2 n[ li/5+ to ! voices ( ,nature among/ ! hills2 n[ gaz+ into ! brooklet t 01 z he ?\ght1 c>ry+ away 8 image reflect$ on x into ! _w4 ,,fn#gf 7#a7 ,pao ,k+ ,san ,mei 7,ho-kyo-san-mai1 ',preci\s ,mirror ,samadhi'71 a metrical exposition ( ,z51 by ,tung ,%an 7,to-zan1 #hjf-hfi71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,s ,to s*ool4 7#b7 ,wu ,wei ,hi5 ,hueh 7,g-i-k5-ketsu4 ',explanation ( ! ,five ,categories'71 by ,tung ,%an & 8 disciple ,tsao ,%an 7,s-zan74 ,?is book %[s u h[ ,z5 0 sy/ematically taught by ! au?ors4 7#c7 ,pih ,y5 ,tsih 7,heki-gan-%u1 ',a ,collection & ,critical ,treatm5t ( ,dialogues'71 by ,yu5 ,wu4 #c4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,d-g51 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,s ,to ,sect4 ,9 ! meantime seek]s aft] a new tru? gradually began to knock at 8 door1 & 8 h]mitage 0 turn$ into a mona/]y1 n[ kn[n z ! ,temple ( ,ko-%o-ji4,,fn#gg ,x 0 at ?is "t t _m ,buddhi/ s*ol>s & m5 ( quality ga!r$ ab\t him b ! m popul> he became ! m disgu/+ ! place became to him4 ,8 he>ty desire 0 to live 9 a solitude among m\nta9s1 f> di/ant f human abodes1 :]e none b fall+ wat]s & s++ birds c\ld di/urb 8 delightful m$itation4 ,!re=e he gladly accept$ ! invitation ( a feudal "l1 & w5t to ! prov9ce ( ,e*i-z51 :]e 8 ideal mona/]y 0 built1 n[ kn[n z ,ei-hei-ji4,,fn#gh ,,fn#gg ,x 0 9 ?is mona/]y 7built 9 #abcf7 t ,z5 0 fir/ taught z an indep5d5t sect1 & t ! ,m$itation ,hall 0 fir/ op5$ 9 ,japan4 ,d-g5 liv$ 9 ! mona/]y = elev5 ye>s1 & wrote "s ( ! important books4 ,za-z5-gi 7',! ,me?od ( ,practis+ ! ,cross-legg$ ,m$itation'7 0 writt5 soon aft] 8 return f ,*9a1 & ,b5-d-wa & o!r essays foll[$1 :i* are includ$ 9 8 great "w1 entitl$ ,%o-bo-g5-zo7 7',! ,eye & ,treasury ( ! ,"r ,law'74 ,,fn#gh ,! mona/]y 0 built 9 #abdd by ,yo%i-%ige 7,hatano71 ! feudal "l :o invit$ ,d-g54 ,he liv$ 9 ,ei-hei-ji until 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #abec4 ,x is /ill fl\ri%+ z ! head temple ( ! ,s ,to ,sect4 ,9 #abdg1 be+ reque/$ by ,toki-yori1 ! ,reg5t ,g5]al 7#abdg-abfc71 he came d[n to ,kama-kura1 :]e he /ay$ half a ye> & w5t back to ,ei-hei-ji4 ,aft] "s "t ,toki-yori1 to %[ 8 gratitude = ! ma/]1 drew up a c]tificate grant+ a l>ge tract ( l& z ! prop]ty ( ,ei-hei-ji1 & h&$ x ov] to ,g5-myo1 a disciple ( ,d-g54 ,! c>ri] ( ! c]tificate 0 s pleas$ ) ! donation t he display$ x to all 8 bre?r5 & produc$ x be=e ! ma/]1 :o sev]ely reproa*$ him say+3 ,o1 %ame on !e1 wret*6 ,?\ art -defil$ by ! desire ( worldly ri*es ev5 to ?y inmo/ s\l1 j z noodle is /a9$ ) oil4 ,?\ can/ n be purifi$ f x to all et]nity4 ,i am afraid ?\ wilt br+ %ame on ! ,"r ,law4 ,on ! spot ,g5-myo 0 depriv$ ( 8 holy robe & excommunicat$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ma/] ord]$ ! 'pollut$' seat 9 ! ,m$itation ,hall1 :]e ,g5-myo 0 wont to sit1 to be remov$1 & ! 'pollut$' e>? "u ! seat to be dug out to ! dep? ( sev5 feet4 ,9 #abej ! ex-,emp]or ,g-sa-ga 7#abdc-abdf7 s5t a special mess5g] twice to ! ,ei-hei mona/]y to d hon\r to ! ma/] ) ! donation ( a purple robe1 b he decl9$ to accept x4 ,& :5 ! m>k ( di/9ction 0 (f]$ = ! ?ird "t1 he accept$ x1 express+ 8 feel+s by ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,al?\gh 9 ,ei-hei's vale ! %all[ wat]s leap1 ,yet ?rice x came1 ,imp]ial fav\r deep4 ,! ,ape may smile & laugh ! ,crane ,at ag$ ,monk 9 purple z insane4 ,he 0 nev] se5 putt+ on ! purple robe1 be+ always clad 9 black1 t 0 bett] suit$ to 8 seclud$ life4 #d4 ,! ,social ,/ate ( ,japan :5 ,z5 0 e/abli%$ by ,ei-sai & ,d-g54 ,n[ we h to obs]ve ! condition ( ! c\ntry :5 ,z5 0 introduc$ into ,japan by ,ei-sai & ,d-g54 ,nobilities t _h s long gov]n$ ! isl& 7 nobilities no m4 ,en]vat$ by _! luxuries1 effem9at$ by _! ease1 made insipi5t by _! debau*]y1 !y 7 entirely p[]less4 ,all t !y possess$ 9 reality 0 ! nom9al rank & h]$it>y bir?4 ,on ! contr>y1 despis$ z ! ignorant1 sne]$ at z ! up/>t1 put 9 contempt z ! vulg>1 ! ,samurai or milit>y class _h ev]y?+ 9 _! h&s4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ,yori-tomo,,fn#gi 7#aadh-aaii7 conqu]$ all ov] ! empire1 & e/abli%$ ! ,samurai ,gov]nm5t at ,kama-kura4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ev5 ! emp]ors 7 de?ron$ or exil$ at w by ! ,samurai4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ev5 ! ,buddhi/ monks,,fn#hj frequ5tly took up arms to =ce _! w4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ,japan's indep5d5ce 0 endang]$ by ,kublai1 ! t]ror ( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ! :ole nation 0 full ( m>tial _s4 ,x is beyond d\bt t to ^! ris+ ,samurais1 rude & simple1 ! philosophical doctr9es ( ,buddhism1 repres5t$ by ,t5 ,dai & ,%9 ,gon1 7 too complicat$ & too ali5 to _! nature4 ,b 9 ,z5 !y c\ld f9d some?+ cong5ial to _! nature1 some?+ t t\*$ _! *ord ( sympa?y1 because ,z5 0 ! doctr9e ( *ivalry 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,,fn#gi ,! ,samurai ,gov]nm5t 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,yoritomo1 ( ! ,m9amoto family1 9 #aahf1 & ,japan 0 "u ! control ( ! milit>y class until #ahfg1 :5 ! political p[] 0 f9ally re/or$ to ! ,imp]ial h\se4 ,,fn#hj ,!y 7 deg5]at$ monks 7:o 7 call$ monk-soldi]s71 belong+ to great mona/]ies su* z ,en-ryaku-ji 7,hi-yei71 ,ko-fuku-ji 7at ,n>a71 ,mi-i-d]a1 etc4 #e4 ,! ,resemblance ( ! ,z5 ,monk to ! ,samurai4 ,let u po9t out 9 brief ! simil>ities betwe5 ,z5 & ,japanese *ivalry4 ,fir/1 bo? ! ,samurai & ! ,z5 monk h to und]go a /rict discipl9e & endure privation )\t compla9t4 ,ev5 su* a prom95t tea*] z ,ei-sai1 = example1 liv$ cont5t$ly 9 su* ne$y circum/ances t on "o occasion,,fn#ha he & 8 disciples _h no?+ to eat = sev]al days4 ,=tunately1 !y 7 reque/$ by a believ] to recite ! ,scriptures1 & pres5t$ ) two rolls ( silk4 ,! hungry "y monks1 ^: m\?s wat]$ already at ! expectation ( a long-look$-= d9n]1 7 disappo9t$ :5 t silk 0 giv5 to a poor man1 :o call$ on ,ei-sai to obta9 "s help4 ,fa/ cont9u$ = a :ole week1 :5 ano!r poor foll[ came 9 & ask$ ,ei-sai to give some?+4 ,at ?is "t1 hav+ no?+ to %[ 8 sub/antial m>k ( sympa?y t[>ds ! poor1 ,ei-sai tore (f ! gilt glory ( ! image ( ,buddha ,bhecajya & gave x4 ,! "y monks1 bitt5 bo? by hung] & by ang] at ?is outrage\s act to ! object ( wor%ip1 que/ion$ ,ei-sai by way ( reproa*3 ,is x1 sir1 "r = u ,buddhi/s to demoli% ! image ( a ,buddha8 ,well1 repli$ ,ei-sai promptly1 ,buddha w\ld give ev5 8 own life = ! sake ( suff]+ p4 ,h[ c\ld he be reluctant to give 8 halo8 ,?is anecdote cle>ly %[s u self-sacrifice is ( fir/ importance 9 ! ,z5 discipl9e4 ,,fn#ha ,! incid5t is told by ,d-g5 9 8 ,zui-mon-ki4 #f4 ,! ,hone/ ,pov]ty ( ! ,z5 ,monk & ! ,samurai4 ,secondly1 ! s-call$ hone/ pov]ty is a *>act]i/ic ( bo? ! ,z5 monk & ! ,samurai4 ,to get ri* by an ignoble means is aga9/ ! rules ( ,japanese *ivalry or ,bu%ido4 ,! ,samurai w\ld r />ve ?an to live by "s exp$i5t unwor?y ( 8 dignity4 ,!re are _m in/ances1 9 ! ,japanese hi/ory1 ( ,samurais :o 7 really />v$ to dea? 9 spite ( _! hav+ a hundr$ pieces ( gold c>efully pres]v$ to meet ! exp5ses at ! "t ( an em]g5cy2 h5ce ! prov]b3 ,! falcon w\ld n fe$ on ! e> ( corn1 ev5 if he %\ld />ve4 ,simil>ly1 we "k ( no case ( ,z5 monks1 anci5t & mod]n1 :o got ri* by any ignoble means4 ,!y w\ld r face pov]ty ) gladness ( he>t4 ,fu-gai1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,z5 ma/]s j be=e ! ,re/oration1 support$ _m /ud5t monks 9 8 mona/]y4 ,!y 7 (t5 too num]\s to be support$ by 8 scant means4 ,?is tr\bl$ 8 disciple mu* ^: duty x 0 to look aft] ! food-supply1 z !re 0 no o!r means to meet ! increas$ dem& ?an to supply ) worse /uff4 ,accord+ly1 "o day ! disciple advis$ ,fu-gai n to admit new /ud5ts any m into ! mona/]y4 ,!n ! ma/]1 mak+ no reply1 loll$ out 8 tongue & said3 ,n[ look into my m\?1 & tell if !re be any tongue 9 x4 ,! p]plex$ disciple answ]$ affirmatively4 ,!n don't bo!r y\rself ab\t x4 ,if !re be any tongue1 ,i c ta/e any sort ( food4 ,hone/ pov]ty may1 )\t exagg]ation1 be call$ "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,samurais & ( ! ,z5 monks2 h5ce a prov]b3 ,! ,z5 monk has no money1 money$ ,monto,,fn#hb kn[s no?+4 ,,fn#hb ,! prie/ belong+ to ,%9 ,%u1 :o are g5]ally ri*4 #g4 ,! ,manl9ess ( ! ,z5 ,monk & ( ! ,samurai4 ,?irdly1 bo? ! ,z5 monk & ! ,samurai 7 di/+ui%$ by _! manl9ess & dignity 9 mann]1 sometimes am\nt+ to rud5ess4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! h>d discipl9e t !y und]w5t1 & p>tly to ! mode ( in/ruction4 ,! foll[+ /ory1,,fn#hc translat$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,suzuki1 a fri5d ( m9e1 may well exemplify our /atem5t3 ,,fn#hc ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,pali ,text ,society1 #aijf-aijg4 ,:5 ,r9-zai,,fn#hd 0 assidu\sly apply+ himself to ,z5 discipl9e "u ,obak 7,huang ,po 9 ,*9ese1 :o di$ #hej71 ! head monk recogniz$ 8 g5ius4 ,"o day ! monk ask$ him h[ long he _h be5 9 ! mona/]y1 to :i* ,r9-zai repli$3 ',?ree ye>s4' ,! eld] said3 ',h y ev] approa*$ ! ma/] & ask$ 8 in/ruction 9 ,buddhism8' ,r9-zai said3 ',i h nev] done ?is1 = ,i did n "k :at to ask4' ',:y1 y might g to ! ma/] & ask him :at is ! ess5ce ( ,buddhism8' ,,fn#hd ,l9 ,tsi1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,l9 ,tsi s*ool4 ,r9-zai1 accord+ to ?is advice1 approa*$ ,obak & repeat$ ! "q1 b be=e he f9i%$ ! ma/] gave him a slap4 ,:5 ,r9-zai came back1 ! eld] ask$ h[ ! int]view w5t4 ,said ,r9-zai3 ',be=e ,i c\ld f9i% my "q ! ma/] slapp$ me1 b ,i fail to grasp its mean+4' ,! eld] said3 ',y g to him aga9 & ask ! same "q4' ,:5 he did s1 he receiv$ ! same response f ! ma/]4 ,b ,r9-zai 0 urg$ aga9 to try x = ! ?ird "t1 b ! outcome did n improve4 ,at la/ he w5t to ! eld]1 & said ',9 ob$i5ce to y\r k9d sugge/ion1 ,i h repeat$ my "q ?ree times1 & be5 slapp$ ?ree times4 ,i deeply regret t1 ow+ to my /upidity1 ,i am unable to compreh5d ! hidd5 mean+ ( all ?is4 ,i %all leave ?is place & g some:]e else4' ,said ! eld]3 ',if y wi% to dep>t1 d n fail to g & see ! ma/] to say him f>ewell4' ,imm$iately aft] ?is ! eld] saw ! ma/]1 & said3 ',t "y novice1 :o ask$ ab\t ,buddhism ?ree times1 is a rem>kable fell[4 ,:5 he comes to take leave ( y1 be s graci\s z to direct him prop]ly4 ,aft] a h>d tra9+1 he w prove to be a great ma/]1 &1 l a huge tree1 he w give a refre%+ %elt] to ! _w4' ,:5 ,r9-zai came to see ! ma/]1 ! latt] advis$ him n to g any:]e else1 b to ,dai-gu 7,tai-yu7 ( ,kaoan1 = he w\ld be able to in/ruct him 9 ! fai?4 ,r9-zai w5t to ,dai-gu1 :o ask$ him :5ce he came4 ,be+ in=m$ t he 0 f ,obak1 ,dai-gu fur!r inquir$ :at in/ruction he _h "u ! ma/]4 ,r9-zai answ]$3 ',i ask$ him ?ree times ab\t ! ess5ce ( ,buddhism1 & he slapp$ me ?ree times4 ,b ,i am yet unable to see :e!r ,i _h any fault or n4' ,dai-gu said3 ',obak 0 t5d]-he>t$ ev5 z a dot>d1 & y are n w>rant$ at all to come ov] "h & ask me :e!r any?+ 0 faulty ) y4' ,be+ ?us reprim&$1 ! signification ( ! :ole affair sudd5ly dawn$ ^u ! m9d ( ,r9-zai1 & he exclaim$3 ',!re is n mu*1 aft] all1 9 ! ,buddhism ( ,obak4' ,:]eupon ,dai-gu took hold ( him1 & said3 ',?is gho/ly good-=-no?+ creature6 ,a few m9utes ago y came to me & compla9+ly ask$ :at 0 wrong ) y1 & n[ boldly decl>e t !re is n mu* 9 ! ,buddhism ( ,obak4 ,:at is ! reason ( all ?is8 ,speak out quick6 speak out quick6' ,9 response to ?is1 ,r9-zai s(tly /ruck ?ree times 8 fi/ at ! ribs ( ,dai-gu4 ,! latt] !n releas$ him1 say+3 ',y\r tea*] is ,obak1 & ,i w h no?+ to d ) y4' ,r9-zai took leave ( ,dai-gu & came back to ,obak1 :o1 on see+ him come1 exclaim$3 ',fooli% fell[6 :at does x avail y to come & g all ! "t l ?is8' ,r9-zai said3 ',x is all due to y\r dot+ k9dness4' ,:51 aft] ! usual salutation1 ,r9-zai /ood by ! side ( ,obak1 ! latt] ask$ him :5ce he _h come ?is "t4 ,r9-zai answ]$3 ,9 ob$i5ce to y\r k9d in/ruction1 ,i 0 ) ,dai-gu4 ,!nce am ,i come4' ,& he relat$1 be+ ask$ = fur!r in=mation1 all t _h happ5$ !re4 ,obak said3 ',z soon z t fell[ %[s himself up "h1 ,i %all h to give him a good ?ra%+4' ',y ne$ n wait = him to come2 h x "r ?is mom5t1' 0 ! reply2 & ) ?is ,r9-zai gave 8 ma/] a slap on ! back4 ,obak said3 ',h[ d>es ?is lunatic come into my pres5ce & play ) a tig]'s :isk]s8' ,r9-zai !n bur/ out into a ,ho1,,fn#he & ,obak said3 ',att5dant1 come & c>ry ?is lunatic away to 8 cell4' ,,fn#he ,a l\d outcry1 frequ5tly made use ( by ,z5 tea*]s1 aft] ,r9-zai4 ,its ,*9ese pronunciation is ',hoh1' & pron\nc$ ',katsu' 9 ,japanese1 b 'tsu' is n audible4 #h4 ,! ,c\rage & ! ,composure ( ,m9d ( ! ,z5 ,monk & ( ! ,samurai4 ,f\r?ly1 our ,samurai enc\nt]$ dea?1 z is well kn[n1 ) unfl9*+ c\rage4 ,he w\ld nev] turn back f1 b fight till 8 la/ ) 8 enemy4 ,to be call$ a c[>d 0 = him ! di%on\r worse ?an dea? itself4 ,an incid5t ab\t ,tsu ,yu5 7,s-g571 :o came ov] to ,japan 9 #abhj1 be+ invit$ by ,toki-mune,,fn#hf 7,ho-jo71 ! ,reg5t ,g5]al1 well illu/rates h[ mu* ,z5 monks resembl$ our ,samurais4 ,! ev5t happ5$ :5 he 0 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! invad+ army ( ,yu5 spread t]ror all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,"s ( ! b>b>ians1 :o cross$ ! bord] ( ! ,/ate ( ,wan1 broke into ! mona/]y ( ,tsu ,yu51 & ?reat5$ to behead him4 ,!n calmly sitt+ d[n1 ready to meet 8 fate1 he compos$ ! foll[+ v]ses ,! heav5 & e>? af=d me no %elt] at all2 ,i'm glad1 unreal are body & s\l4 ,welcome ?y weapon1 ,o w>rior ( ,yu56 ,?y tru/y /eel1 ,t fla%es lightn+1 cuts ! w9d ( ,spr+1 ,i feel4 ,,fn#hf ,a bold /atesman & soldi]1 :o 0 ! real rul] ( ,japan #abfd-abhc4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ,sang ,*ao,,fn#hg 7,s-jo71 :o1 on ! v]ge ( dea? by ! vagabond's sword1 express$ 8 feel+s 9 ! foll[ l9es3 ,9 body !re exi/s no s\l4 ,! m9d is n real at all4 ,n[ try on me ?y fla%+ /eel1 ,z if x cuts ! w9d ( ,spr+1 ,i feel4 ,,fn#hg ,! man 0 n a pure ,z5 ma/]1 be+ a disciple ( ,kum>ajiva1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,san ,ron ,sect4 ,?is is a mo/ rem>kable evid5ce t ,z51 especially ! ,r9 ,zan s*ool1 0 influ5c$ by ,kum>ajiva & 8 disciples4 ,= ! details ( ! anecdote1 see ,e-g54 ,! b>b>ians1 mov$ by ?is calm resolution & dignifi$ air ( ,tsu ,yu51 rightly suppos$ him to be no ord9>y p]sonage1 & left ! mona/]y1 do+ no h>m to him4 #i4 ,z5 & ! ,reg5t ,g5]als ( ! ,ho-,jo ,p]iod4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! repres5tatives ( ! ,samurai class1 ! ,reg5t ,g5]als1 especially su* able rul]s z ,toki-yori1 ,toki-mune1 & o!rs not$ = _! good adm9i/ration1 ( ! ,ho-jo p]iod 7#abje-accb7 greatly fav\r$ ,z54 ,!y n only patroniz$ ! fai?1 build+ great temples,,fn#hh & invit+ be/ ,*9ese ,z5 tea*]s,,fn#hi b also liv$ j z ,z5 monks1 hav+ ! head %av51 we>+ a holy robe1 & practis+ cross-legg$ ,m$itation4 ,,fn#hh ,to-fuku-ji1 ! head temple ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n1 0 built 9 #abdc4 ,k5-*o-ji1 ! head temple ( a subsect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n1 0 built 9 #abec4 ,en-gaku ji1 ! head temple ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n1 0 built 9 #abhb4 ,nan-z5-ji1 ! head temple ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n1 0 erect$ 9 #acbf4 ,,fn#hi ,tao ,lung 7,d-ryu71 kn[n z ,dai-kaku ,z5-ji1 invit$ by ,tokiyori1 came ov] to ,japan 9 #abdf4 ,he became ! f\nd] ( ,k5-*o-ji-ha1 a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai1 & di$ 9 #abgh4 ,( 8 disciples1 ,yaku-o 0 mo/ not$1 & ,yaku-o's disciple1 ,jaku-%itsu1 became ! f\nd] ( ,yo-g5ji-ha1 ano!r sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai4 ,tsu ,yu5 7,s-g571 kn[n z ,buk-ko-koku-%i1 invit$ by ,toki-mune1 cross$ ! sea 9 #abhj1 became ! f\nd] ( ,en-gaku-ji-ha 7a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai71 & di$ 9 #abhf4 ,ts+ ,*oh 7,sei-setsu71 invit$ by ,taka-toki1 came 9 #acbg1 & di$ 9 #acci4 ,*u ,tsun 7,s-%un7 came 9 #acca1 & di$ 9 #accf4 ,fan ,si5 7,bon-s57 came toge!r ) ,*u ,tsun1 & di$ 9 #acdh4 ,^! 7 ! prom95t ,*9ese tea*]s ( t "t4 ,toki-yori 7#abdg-abfc71 = in/ance1 :o ent]$ ! mona/ic life :ile be 0 /ill ! real gov]nor ( ! c\ntry1 l$ z simple a life1 z is %[n 9 8 v]se1 :i* ran z foll[s3 ,high] ?an its bank ! rivulet fl[s2 ,gre5] ?an moss t9y grass gr[s4 ,no "o call at my humble cottage on ! rock1 ,b ! gate by itself op5s to ! ,w9d's knock4 ,toki-yori atta9$ to ,enlight5m5t by ! in/ruction ( ,d-g5 & ,d-ryu1 & brea!d 8 la/ calmly sitt+ cross-legg$1 & express+ 8 feel+s 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,?irty-sev5 ( ye>s1 ,k>ma mirror /ood high2 ,n[ ,i break x to pieces1 ,pa? ( ,great is !n nigh4 ,8 successor1 ,toki-mune 7#abfd-abhc71 a bold /atesman & soldi]1 0 no less ( a devot$ believ] 9 ,z54 ,twice he behead$ ! envoys s5t by ! great ,*9ese conqu]or1 ,kublai1 :o dem&$ ,japan %\ld ei!r surr5d] or be trodd5 "u 8 foot4 ,& :5 ! al>m+ news ( ! ,*9ese ,armada's approa*+ ! l& rea*$ him1 be is said to h call$ on 8 tutor1 ,tsu ,yu51 to receive ! la/ in/ruction4 ,n[1 rev]5d sir1 said4 he1 an imm95t p]il ?reat5s ! l&4 ,h[ art ?\ go+ to enc\nt] x8 ask$ ! ma/]4 ,!n ,toki-mune bur/ into a ?und]+ ,ka ) all 8 might to %[ 8 undaunt$ _s 9 enc\nt]+ ! approa*+ enemy4 ,o1 ! lion's ro>6 said ,tsu ,yu54 ,?\ art a g5u9e lion4 ,g1 & nev] turn back4 ,?us enc\rag$ by ! tea*]1 ! ,reg5t ,g5]al s5t out ! def5d+ army1 & successfully rescu$ ! /ate f ! m\? ( de/ruction1 ga9+ a spl5did victory ov] ! invad]s1 almo/ all ( :om p]i%$ 9 ! we/]n seas4 #aj4 ,z5 aft] ! ,d[nfall ( ! ,ho-,jo ,reg5cy4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,ho-,jo p]iod1,,fn#ij & aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,reg5cy 9 #accc1 sangu9>y battles 7 f\ght betwe5 ! ,imp]iali/s & ! rebels4 ,! =m]1 brave & fai?ful z !y 71 be+ outnumb]$ by ! latt]1 p]i%$ 9 ! field "o aft] ano!r = ! sake ( ! ill-/>r$ ,emp]or ,g-dai-g 7#acai-acch71 ^: ev5tful life end$ 9 anxiety & despair4 ,,fn#ij ,al?\gh ,z5 0 fir/ fav\r$ by ! ,ho-jo ,reg5cy & *iefly prosp]$ at ,kama-kura1 yet x rapidly began to ex]cise its influ5ce on nobles & ,emp]ors at ,kyo-to4 ,?is is ma9ly due to ! activity ( ,en-ni1 kn[n z ,%o-,i*i-,koku-,%i 7#abjb-abhj71 :o fir/ e>n$ ,z5 "u ,gyo-yu1 a disciple ( ,ei-sai1 & aft]w>ds w5t to ,*9a1 :]e he 0 ,enlight5$ "u ! in/ruction ( ,wu ,*un1 ( ! mona/]y ( ,k+ ,%an4 ,aft] 8 return1 ,mi*i-iye 7,fuji-w>a71 a p[]ful nobleman1 erect$ = him ,to-fuku-ji 9 #abdc1 & he became ! f\nd] ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai1 nam$ aft] t mona/]y4 ,! ,emp]or ,g-saga 7#abdc-abdf71 an admir] ( 81 receiv$ ! ,moral ,precepts f him4 ,"o ( 8 disciples1 ,to-zan1 became ! spiritual advis] ( ! ,emp]or ,fu%i-mi 7#abhh-abih71 & ano!r disciple1 ,mu kwan1 0 creat$ ! abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,nan-z5-ji by ! ,emp]or ,kame-yama 7#abfj-abgd71 z ! f\nd] ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n4 ,ano!r tea*] :o ga9$ la/+ influ5ce on ! ,c\rt is ,nan-po1 kn[n z ,dai-,o-,koku-,%i 7#abce-acjh71 :o 0 appo9t$ ! abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,man-ju-ji 9 ,kyo to by ! ,emp]or ,fu%i-mi4 ,"o ( 8 disciples1 ,tsu-o1 0 ! spiritual advis] to bo? ! ,emp]or ,hana-zono 7#acjh-acah7 & ! ,emp]or ,g-dai-g4 ,& ano!r disciple1 ,myo-*o1 kn[n z ,dai-,to-,koku-,%i 7#abhb-accg71 also 0 admir$ by ! two ,emp]ors1 & creat$ ! abbot ( ,dai-toku-ji1 z ! f\nd] ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n4 ,x 0 = ,myo-*o's disciple1 ,kan-zan 7#abgg #acfj71 t ! ,emp]or ,hana-zono turn$ 8 deta*$ palace into a mona/]y1 nam$ ,myo-%9-ji1 ! head temple ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,japan gave bir? to ,masa-%ige 7,kusu-noki71 an able g5]al & tactician ( ! ,imp]iali/s1 :o = ! sake ( ! ,emp]or n only sacrific$ himself & 8 bro!r1 b by 8 w 8 son & 8 son's successor di$ = ! same cause1 boldly attack+ ! enemy ^: numb] 0 ov]:elm+ly great4 ,masa-%ige's loyalty1 wisdom1 brav]y1 & prud5ce are n m]ely unique 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japan1 b p]haps 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,! tragic tale ab\t 8 p>t+ ) 8 belov$ son1 & 8 brav]y %[n at 8 la/ battle1 nev] fail to inspire ! ,japanese ) h]oism4 ,he is ! be/ specim5 ( ! ,samurai class4 ,accord+ to an old docum5t1,,fn#ia ?is ,masa-%ige 0 ! practis] ( ,z51 & j be=e 8 la/ battle he call$ on ,*u ,tsun 7,s-%un7 to receive ! f9al in/ruction4 ,:at h ,i to d :5 dea? takes ! place ( life8 ask$ ,masa-%ige4 ,! tea*] repli$3 ,be bold1 at once cut (f bo? ties1 ,! drawn sword gleams aga9/ ! skies4 ,?us becom+1 z x 71 an indisp5sable discipl9e = ! ,samurai1 ,z5 nev] came to an end ) ! ,ho-jo p]iod1 b grew m prosp]\s ?an be=e dur+ ! reign,,fn#ib ( ! ,emp]or ,g-dai-g1 "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic patrons ( ! fai?4 ,,fn#ia ,! ev5t is detail$ at l5g? 9 a life ( ,s-%un1 b "s hi/orians suspect x to be fictiti\s4 ,?is awaits a fur!r rese>*4 ,,fn#ib ,z we h already m5tion$1 ,d-g51 ! f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,s ,to ,sect1 %unn$ ! society ( ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 & l$ a seclud$ life4 ,9 consequ5ce 8 sect did n make any rapid progress until ! ,f\r? ,patri>* ( 8 l9e1 ,kei-zan 7#abfh-acbe7 :o1 be+ ( en]getic _s1 spread 8 fai? ) rem>kable activity1 build+ _m l>ge mona/]ies1 ( :i* ,yo-ko-ji1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,no-to1 ,s-ji-ji 7ne> ,yokohama71 "o ( ! head temples ( ! sect1 are well kn[n4 ,"o ( 8 disciples1 ,mei ho 7#abgg-acej71 propagat$ ! fai? 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces2 :ile ano!r disciple1 ,ga-san 7#abge-acfe71 be+ a great] "*1 br\ght up m ?an ?irty di/+ui%$ disciples1 ( :om ,tai-g51 ,tsu-g51 ,mu-tan1 ,dai-tetsu1 & ,jip-po1 are be/ kn[n4 ,tai-g5 7di$ #acgj7 & big successors propagat$ ! fai? ov] ! middle prov9ces1 :ile ,tsu-g5 7#accb-acia7 & 8 successors spread ! sect all ov] ! nor?-ea/]n & s\?-we/]n prov9ces4 ,?us x is wor?y ( our notice t mo/ ( ! ,r9 ,zai tea*]s conf9$ _! activities )9 ,kamakura & ,kyo-to1 :ile ! ,s ,to ma/]s spread ! fai? all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! ,%oguns ( ! ,a%i-kaga p]iod 7#acch-aegc7 7 n less devot$ to ! fai? ?an ! ,emp]ors :o succe$$ ! ,emp]or ,g-dai-g4 ,& ev5 ,taka-uji 7#acch-aceg71 ! notori\s f\nd] ( ! ,%ogunate1 built a mona/]y & invit$ ,s-seki1,,fn#ic bett] kn[n z ,mu-,s-,koku-,%i1 :o 0 respect$ z ! tutor by ! ?ree successive ,emp]ors aft] ,g-dai-g4 ,taka-uji's example 0 foll[$ by all succe$+ ,%oguns1 & ,%ogun's example 0 foll[$ by ! feudal lords & _! vassals4 ,?is result$ 9 ! propagation ( ,z5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,we c easily imag9e h[ ,z5 0 prosp]\s 9 ^! days f ! spl5did mona/]ies,,fn#id built at ?is p]iod1 su* z ! ,gold5 ,hall ,temple & ! ,silv] ,hall ,temple t /ill adorn ! fair city ( ,kyo-to4 ,,fn#ic ,s-seki 7#abgf-acea7 0 p]haps ! greate/ ,z5 ma/] ( ! p]iod4 ,( num]\s mona/]ies built = him1 ,e-r9-ji1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kae1 & ,t5-ryu-ji1 ! head temple ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n1 are ( importance4 ,out ( ov] sev5ty em95t disciples ( 81 ,gi-d 7#acfe-achh71 ! au?or ( ,ku-ge-%u2 ,%un-oku 7#acca-acch71 ! f\nd] ( ! mona/]y ( ,s-koku-ji1 ! head temple ( a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai "u ! same "n2 & ,zek-kai 7#accg-adje71 au?or ( ,%o-k5-%u1 are be/ kn[n4 ,,fn#id ,myo-%9-ji 0 built 9 #accg by ! ,emp]or ,hana-zono2 ,t5-ryu-ji 0 erect$ by ,taka-uji1 ! fir/ ,%ogun ( ! p]iod1 9 #acdd2 ,s-koku-ji by ,yo%-imitsu1 ! ?ird ,%ogun1 9 #ache2 ,k9-,kaku-ji1 or ,gold5 ,hall ,temple1 by ! same ,%ogun1 9 #acig2 ,g9-kaku-ji1 or ,silv] ,hall ,temple1 by ,yo%i-masa1 ! eigh? ,%ogun1 9 #adhj4 #aa4 ,z5 9 ! ,d>k ,age4 ,! latt] half ( ! ,a%ikaga p]iod 0 ! age ( arms & blood%$4 ,e day ! sun %one on ! glitt]+ arm\r ( m>*+ soldi]s4 ,e w9d sigh$ ov] ! lifeless rema9s ( ! brave4 ,ev]y:]e ! d9 ( battle res\nd$4 ,out ( ^! fight+ feudal lords /ood two *ampions4 ,ea* ( !m di/+ui%$ himself z a vet]an soldi] & tactician4 ,ea* ( !m 0 kn[n z an exp]i5c$ practis] ( ,z54 ,"o 0 ,h>u-nobu,,fn#ie 7,take-da1 di$ 9 #aegc71 bett] kn[n by 8 ,buddhi/ "n1 ,%9-g54 ,! o!r 0 ,t]u-tora,,fn#if 7,uye-sugi1 di$ 9 #aegh71 bett] kn[n by 8 ,buddhi/ "n1 ,k5-%94 ,! "* ( ,%9-g5 c be imag9$ f ! fact t he nev] built any ca/le or citadel or =tress to gu>d himself aga9/ 8 enemy1 b reli$ on 8 fai?ful vassals & p2 :ile t ( ,k5-%91 f ! fact t he provid$ 8 enemy1 ,%9-g51 ) salt :5 ! latt] suff]$ f want ( x1 ow+ to ! c[>dly /ratagem ( a rival "l4 ,! h]oic battles wag$ by ^! two great g5]als aga9/ ea* o!r are ! fl[]s ( ! ,japanese w>-hi/ory4 ,tradition has x t :5 ,%9-g5's army 0 put to r\t by ! furi\s attacks ( ,k5-%9's troops1 & a s+le w>rior m\nt$ on a huge *>g] rode swiftly z a sweep+ w9d into ,%9-g5's head-qu>t]s1 d[n came a bl[ ( ! heavy sword aim$ at ,%9-g5's =ehead1 ) a "q express$ 9 ! te*nical t]ms ( ,z53 ,:at %alt ?\ d 9 su* a /ate at su* a mom5t8 ,hav+ no "t to draw 8 sword1 ,%9-g5 p>ri$ x ) 8 w>-fan1 answ]+ simultane\sly 9 ,z5 words3 ,a flake ( sn[ on ! r$-hot furnace6 ,_h n 8 att5dants come to ! rescue ,%9-g5's life might h gone z 'a flake ( sn[ on ! r$-hot furnace4' ,aft]w>ds ! horseman 0 kn[n to h be5 ,k5-%9 himself4 ,?is tradition %[s u h[ ,z5 0 practically liv$ by ! ,samurais ( ! ,d>k ,age4 ,,fn#ie ,%9-g5 practis$ ,z5 "u ! in/ruction ( ,kwai-s51 :o 0 burn$ to dea? by ,nobu-naga 7,o-da7 9 #aehb4 ,see ,hon-*o-ko-s-d54 ,,fn#if ,k5-%9 le>n$ ,z5 "u ,%u-k51 a ,s ,ta ma/]4 ,see ,to-jo-r5-to-roku4 ,al?\gh ! prie/s ( o!r ,buddhi/ sects _h _! %>e 9 ^! bloody affairs1 z 0 natural at su* a "t1 yet ,z5 monks /ood alo( & simply cultivat$ _! lit]ature4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 all ! p grew entirely ignorant at ! end ( ! ,d>k ,age1 ! ,z5 monks 7 ! only m5 ( lett]s4 ,none c d5y ?is m]it ( _! hav+ pres]v$ le>n+ & prep>$ = its revival 9 ! foll[+ p]iod4,,fn#ig ,,fn#ig ,aft] ! introduction ( ,z5 into ,japan _m important books 7 writt51 & ! foll[+ are *ief doctr9al works3 ,ko-z5-g-koku-ron1 by ,ei-sai2 ,%o bo-g5-zo2 ,gaku-d-yo-z9-%u2 ,fu-kwan-za-z5-gi2 ,ei-hei-ko-roku1 by ,d-g52 ,za-z5-yo-z9-ki2 & ,d5-ko-roku1 by ,kei-zan4 #ab4 ,z5 "u ! ,toku-gana ,%ogunate4 ,peace 0 at la/ re/or$ by ,iye-yasu1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,toku-gana ,%ogunate 7#afjc-ahfg74 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! ,%ogunate gave c\nt5ance to ,buddhism on "o h&1 ackn[l$g+ x z ! /ate religion1 be/[+ ri* prop]ty to l>ge mona/]ies1 mak+ prie/s take rank ov] common p1 ord]+ e h\sehold] to build a ,buddhi/ alt> 9 8 h\se2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x did ev]y?+ to extirpate ,*ri/ianity1 introduc$ 9 ! previ\s p]iod 7#aedd74 ,all ?is p>alyz$ ! mission>y _s ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & put all ! sects 9 dormant /ate4 ,z = ,z5,,fn#ih x 0 /ill fav\r$ by feudal lords & _! vassals1 & almo/ all prov9cial lords embrac$ ! fai?4 ,,fn#ih ,! ,s ,to ,sect 0 n want+ 9 compet5t tea*]s1 = x might take pride 9 its ,t5-kei 7#afdh-afii71 ^: religi\s insight 0 unsurpass$ by any o!r ma/] ( ! age2 9 its ,%i getsu1 :o 0 a comm5tator ( v>i\s ,z5 books1 & di$ #agfd2 9 its ,m5-zan 7#afhc-agfi71 ^: indefatigable works on ! exposition ( ,s ,to ,z5 are invaluable inde$2 & its ,getsu-%u 7#afah-afif7 & ,man-zan 7#afce-agad71 to ^: lab\rs ! re=mation ( ! fai? is ascrib$4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,r9 ,zai ,sect1 9 its ,gu-d 7#aegi-affa72 9 its ,is%i 7#afjh-afdf72 9 its ,taku-an 7#aegc-afde71 ! fav\rite tutor ( ! ?ird ,%ogun1 ,iye-mitsu2 9 its ,haku-9 7#affg-agea71 ! greate/ ( ! ,r9 ,zai ma/]s ( ! day1 to ^: extraord9>y p]sonality & lab\r ! revival ( ! sect is due2 & its ,to-rei 7#agba-agib71 a le>n$ disciple ( ,haku-94 ,( ! important ,z5 books writt5 by ^! ma/]s1 ,ro-ji-tan-k91 by ,t5-kei2 ,m5-zan-ko-roku1 by ,m5-zan2 ,ya-s5-kwan-wa1 ,soku-ko-roku1 ,kwai-an-koku-g1 ,kei-s-doku-zui1 by ,haku-92 ,%u-mon-mu-j9-to-ron1 by ,to-rei1 are well kn[n4 ,x 0 ab\t ! middle ( ?is p]iod t ! =ty-sev5 vassals ( ,ako display$ ! _s ( ! ,samurai by _! p]sev]ance1 self-sacrifice1 & loyalty1 tak+ v5geance on ! enemy ( _! deceas$ "l4 ,! lead] ( ^! m51 ! tragic tales ( :om c nev] be told or he>d )\t te>s1 0 ,yo%i-o 7,o-i%i di$ #agjb71 a believ] ( ,z51,,fn#ii & 8 tomb 9 ! cemet]y ( ! temple ( ,s5-gaku-ji1 ,tokyo1 is daily visit$ by hundr$s ( 8 admir]s4 ,mo/ ( ! pr(essional swordsm5 =m+ a class 9 ^! days practis$ ,z54 ,mune-nori,,fn#ajj7,ya-gyu71 = in/ance1 e/abli%$ 8 reputation by ! comb9ation ( ,z5 & ! f5c+ art4 ,,fn#ii ,see ,z5 ,%u1 ,no4 #aea4 ,,fn#ajj ,he is kn[n z ,ta-jima1 :o practis$ ,z5 "u ,taku-an4 ,! foll[+ /ory ab\t ,boku-d5 7,tsuka-h>a71 a great swordsman1 fully illu/rates ?is t5d5cy3 ,on a c]ta9 occasion ,boku-d5 took a f]ry to cross ov] ! ,yabase 9 ! prov9ce ( ,omi4 ,!re 0 among ! pass5g]s a ,samurai1 tall & squ>e-%\ld]$1 app>5tly an exp]i5c$ f5c]4 ,he behav$ rudely t[>d ! fell[-pass5g]s1 & talk$ s mu* ( 8 own dext]ity 9 ! art t ,boku-d51 provok$ by 8 brag1 broke sil5ce4 ',y seem1 my fri5d1 to practise ! art 9 ord] to conqu] ! enemy1 b ,i d x 9 ord] n to be conqu]$1' said ,boku-d54 ',o monk1' dem&$ ! man1 z ,boku-d5 0 clad l a ,z5 monk1 ':at s*ool ( swordsman%ip d y belong to8' ,well1 m9e is ! ,conqu]+-enemy-)\t-fight+-s*ool4' ',don't tell a fib1 old monk4 ,if y c\ld conqu] ! enemy )\t fight+1 :at !n is y\r sword =8' ',my sword is n to kill1 b to save1' said ,boku-d51 mak+ use ( ,z5 phrases2 'my art is transmitt$ f m9d to m9d4' ',n[ !n1 come1 monk1' *all5g$ ! man1 'let u see1 "r at ?is mom5t1 :o is ! victor1 y or ,i4' ,! gauntlet 0 pick$ up )\t hesitation4 ',b we mu/ n fight1' said ,boku-d51 '9 ! f]ry1 le/ ! pass5g]s %\ld be hurt4 ,yond] a small isl& y see4 ,!re we %all decide ! conte/4' ,to ?is proposal ! man agre$1 & ! boat 0 pull$ to t isl&4 ,no soon] _h ! boat rea*$ ! %ore ?an ! man jump$ ov] to ! l&1 & cri$3 ',come on1 monk1 quick1 quick6' ,boku-d51 h[ev]1 sl[ly ris+1 said3 ',d n ha/5 to lose y\r head4 ,x is a rule ( my s*ool to prep>e sl[ly = fight+1 keep+ ! s\l 9 ! abdom54' ,s say+ he snat*$ ! o> f ! boatman & r[$ ! boat back to "s di/ance1 leav+ ! man alone1 :o1 /amp+ ! gr\nd madly1 cri$ out3 ',o1 y fly1 monk1 y c[>d4 ,come1 old monk6' ',n[ li/51' said ,boku-d51 '?is is ! secret art ( ! ,conqu]+-enemy-)\t-fight+-s*ool4 ,bew>e t y d n =get x1 nor tell x to anybody else4' ,?us1 gett+ rid ( ! brawl+ fell[1 ,boku-d5 & 8 fell[-pass5g]s safely l&$ on ! opposite %ore4,,fn#aja ,! ,o ,baku ,s*ool ( ,z5 0 introduc$ by ,y9 ,yu5 7,9-g57 :o cross$ ! sea 9 #afed1 accompani$ by _m able disciples4,,fn#ajb ,! ,%ogunate gave him a tract ( l& at ,uji1 ne> ,kyo-to1 & 9 #afei he built !re a mona/]y not$ = its ,*9ese /yle ( ar*itecture1 n[ kn[n z ,o-baku-san4 ,! tea*]s ( ! same s*ool,,fn#ajc came "o aft] ano!r f ,*9a1 & ,z5,,fn#ajd peculi> to !m1 fl\ri%$ a %ort :ile4 ,,fn#aja ,%i-seki-%u-ran4 ,,fn#ajb ,9-g5 7#afed-afgc7 came ov] ) ,ta-,mei 7,dai-bi1 di$ #afgc71 ,hwui ,l9 7,e-r9 di$ #afha71 ,tuh ,*an 7,doku-tan1 di$ #agjf71 & o!rs4 ,= ! life ( ,9-g53 see ,zoku-ko-%u-d5 & ,kaku-%u-ko-yo4 ,,fn#ajc ,tsih ,fei 7,soku-hi di$ #afga71 ,muh ,ngan 7,moku-an di$ #afhd71 ,kao ,tsu5 7,ko-s5 di$ #afie71 ! au?or ( ,fu-s-z5-r9-s-bo-d51 ,to-koku-ko-s-d51 & ,s5-un-%u1 are be/ kn[n4 ,,fn#ajd ,?is is a sub-sect ( ! ,r9 ,zai ,s*ool1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,z5 ,,f ,,*9a ,,to ,,japan4 #a4 ,bodhidh>ma4 #b4 ,hwui ,ko 7,e-ka74 #c4 ,san ,tsang 7,s-san74 #d4 ,tao ,s9 7,d-%974 #e4 ,hung ,jan 7,ko n974 ---,,! ,,nor!rn ,,sect #f4 ,%ang ,siu 7,j9-%u74 ---,,! ,,s\!rn ,,sect #f4 ,hwui ,nang 7,e-no74 ---,,! ,,r9 ,,zai ,,s*ool4 #g4 ,nan ,yoh 7,nan-gaku74 ---#aj4 ,gi-ku4 ---#aa4 ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-zai74 ---#ba4 ,yu5 ,wu 7,en-g74 ---#bb4 ,fuh ,hai 7,bukkai74 ---#bh4 ,kaku-a4 ---,,! ,o ,,baku ,,s*ool4 #db4 ,9-g54 ---#be4 ,hti ,ngan 7,kyo-an74 ---#bf4 ,ei-sai4 ---,,! ,,s ,,to ,,s*ool4 #g4 ,ts+ ,yu5 7,sei-g574 ---#h4 ,%ih ,teu 7,seki-to74 ---#aa4 ,tung ,%an 7,to-zan74 ---#bc4 ,ju ,ts+ 7,nyo-jo74 ---#bd4 ,d-g54 ,! ,o ,baku ,s*ool is ! amalgamation ( ,z5 & ! wor%ip ( ,amitabha1 & diff]5t f ! o!r two s*ools4 ,! /ati/ics = #aiaa give ! foll[+ figures3 ,! ,numb] ( ,temples3 ,! ,s ,to ,s*ool #ad1bee ,! ,r9 ,zai ,s*ool #f1abh ,! ,o ,baku ,s*ool #edf ,! ,numb] ( ,tea*]s3 ,! ,s ,to ,s*ool #i1egf ,! ,r9 ,zai ,s*ool #d1ebc ,! ,o ,baku ,s*ool #cdi ,x 0 also 9 ?is p]iod t ,z5 ga9$ a great influ5ce on ! popul> lit]ature *>act]iz$ by ! %orte/ =m ( poetical composition4 ,?is 0 done ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,ba-%o1,,fn#aje a great lit]>y man1 recluse & travell]1 :o1 z 8 writ+s %[ u1 made no small progress 9 ! /udy ( ,z54 ,aga91 x 0 made use ( by ! tea*]s ( popul>,,fn#ajf e?ics1 :o did a great deal 9 ! education ( ! l[] classes4 ,9 ?is way ,z5 & its peculi> ta/e gradually f\nd its way into ! arts ( peace1 su* z lit]ature1 f9e art1 tea-c]emony1 cook]y1 g>d5+1 ar*itecture1 & at la/ x has p]meat$ ?r\gh e fibre ( ,japanese life4 ,,fn#aje ,he 7di$ #afid7 le>n$ ,z5 "u a contempor>y ,z5 ma/] 7,buc*o71 & is said to h be5 enlight5$ be=e 8 re=mation ( ! popul> lit]ature4 ,,fn#ajf ,! tea*+ 0 call$ ,%9-gaku1 or ! 'le>n+ ( m9d4' ,x 0 fir/ taught by ,bai-gan 7,i%i-da71 & is ! reconciliation ( ,%9toism & ,buddhism ) ,confucianism4 ,bai-gan & 8 successors practis$ ,m$itation1 & 7 enlight5$ 9 _! own way4 ,d-ni 7,naka-zawa1 di$ #ahjc7 made use ( ,z5 m ?an any o!r tea*]4 #ac4 ,z5 aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ( ! ,mei-ji 7#ahfg7 ! popul>ity ( ,z5 began to wane1 & = "s ?irty ye>s rema9$ 9 inactivity2 b s9ce ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> its revival has tak5 place4 ,& n[ x is look$ ^u z an ideal fai?1 bo? = a nation full ( hope & en]gy1 & = a p]son :o has to fight 8 own way 9 ! /rife ( life4 ,bu%ido1 or ! code ( *ivalry1 %\ld be obs]v$ n only by ! soldi] 9 ! battle-field1 b by e citiz5 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if a p]son be a p]son & n a bea/1 !n he mu/ be a ,samurai-brave1 g5]\s1 upright1 fai?ful1 & manly1 full ( self-respect & self-confid5ce1 at ! same "t full ( ! _s ( self-sacrifice4 ,we c f9d an inc>nation ( ,bu%ido 9 ! late ,g5]al ,nogi1 ! h]o ( ,port ,ar?ur1 :o1 aft] ! sacrifice ( 8 two sons = ! c\ntry 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 gave up 8 own & 8 wife's life = ! sake ( ! deceas$ ,emp]or4 ,he di$ n 9 va91 z "s might ?9k1 because 8 simplicity1 uprightness1 loyalty1 brav]y1 self-control1 & self-sacrifice1 all comb9$ 9 8 la/ act1 surely inspire ! ris+ g5]ation ) ! _s ( ! ,samurai to give bir? to hundr$s ( ,nogis4 ,n[ let u see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s :at ,z5 s closely connect$ ) ,bu%ido tea*es u4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,univ]se ,,is ,,! ,,scripture,,fn#ajg ,,( ,,z5 #a4 ,scripture is no ,m ?an ,wa/e ,pap]4 ,,fn#ajg ,z5 is n bas$ on any p>ticul> sutra1 ei!r ( ,mahayana or ( ,h9ayana4 ,!re are tw(old ,tripitakas 7or ! ?ree collections ( ! ,buddhi/ scriptures7-namely1 ! ,mahayana-tripitaka & ! ,h9ayana-tripitaka4 ,! =m] are ! basis ( ! ,mahayana1 or ! high] & re=m$ ,buddhism1 full ( pr(\nd metaphysical reason+s2 :ile ! latt] =m t ( ! ,h9ayana1 or ! l[] & e>ly ,buddhism1 :i* is simple & e?ical tea*+4 ,^! tw(old ,tripitakas are z foll[s3 ,,! ,,mahayana-,,tripitaka4 ,! ,sutra ,pitaka4-,! ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra1 ,samdhi-nirmocana-sutra1 ,avatamsaka-sutra1 ,prajnyap>amita-sutra1 ,amitayus-sutra1 ,mahap>9irvana-sutra1 etc4 ,! ,v9aya ,pitaka4--,brahmajala-sutra1 ,bodhisattva-c>yanirdeca1 etc4 ,! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka4--,mahaprajnyap>amita-sutra1 ,mahayana-craddhotpada-ca/ra1 ,madhyamaka-ca/ra1 ,yogac>ya bhumi-ca/ra1 etc4 ,,! ,,h9ayana-,,tripitaka4 ,! ,sutra ,pitaka4--,dirghagama1 ,ekott>agama1 ,madhyamagama1 ,samyuktagama1 etc4 ,! ,v9aya ,pitaka4--,dh>magupta-v9aya1 ,mahasamghika-v9aya1 ,s>va/ivada-v9aya1 etc4 ,! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka4--,dh>ma-sk&ha-pada1 ,samgiti-p>yaya-pada1 ,jnyanapra/hana-ca/ra1 ,abhidh>ma-kosa-ca/ra1 etc4 ,! t]m ',tripitaka1' h[ev]1 0 n kn[n at ! "t ( ,%akya ,muni1 & almo/ all ( ! nor!rn ,buddhi/ records agree 9 /at+ t ! ,tripitaka 0 rehe>s$ & settl$ 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ! ,muni di$4 ,mahavansa also says3 ,! book call$ ,abhidh>ma-pitaka 0 compil$1 :i* 0 prea*$ to god1 & 0 arrang$ 9 due ord] by #ejj ,budhu prie/s4 ,b we believe t ,%akya ,muni's tea*+ 0 kn[n to ! e>ly ,buddhi/s1 n z ,tripitaka1 b z ,v9aya & ,dh>ma1 & ev5 at ! "t ( ,k+ ,acoka 7:o asc5d$ ! ?rone ab\t #bfi ,b4,c47 x 0 n call$ ,tripitaka1 b ,dh>ma1 z we h x 9 8 ,edicts4 ,mahayani/s unanim\sly ass]t ! compilation ( ! ,tripitaka 9 ! fir/ c\ncil ( ,rajagrha1 b !y diff] 9 op9ion z to ! "q :o rehe>s$ ! ,abhidh>ma2 not)/&+1 !y agree z = ! o!r respects1 z y see 9 ! foll[+3 ,! ,sutra ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,an&a2 ! ,v9aya ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,upali2 ! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,an&a--accord+ to ,nag>juna 7,mahaprajnyap>amita-ca/ra74 ,! ,sutra ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,an&a2 ! ,v9aya ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,upali2 ! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,kacyapa accord+ to ,hu5 ,tsang 7,ta-tan-si-yu-ki74 ,! ,sutra ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,an&a2 ! ,v9aya ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,upali2 ! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka1 compil$ by ,purna--accord+ to ,p>am>?a 7',a ,comm5t>y on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,h9ayana ,s*ools'74 ,! above-m5tion$ discrepancy cle>ly betrays ! unc]ta9ty ( _! ass]tions1 & gives u reason to discr$it ! compilation ( ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka at ! fir/ c\ncil4 ,besides1 judg+ f ! ,dh>ma-gupta-v9aya & o!r records1 :i* /ates t ,purna took no "p 9 ! fir/ c\ncil1 & t he _h diff]5t op9ions z to ! application ( ! rules ( discipl9e f t ( ,kacyapa1 !re %\ld be "s errors 9 ,p>am>?a's ass]tion4 ,( ^! ?ree collections ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 ! fir/ two1 or ,sutra & ,v9aya1 ( ,mahayana1 z well z ( ,himayana1 are believ$ to be ! direct tea*+s ( ,%akya ,muni himself1 because all ! in/ructions are put 9 ! m\? ( ! ,ma/] or sanction$ by him4 ,! ,mahayani/s1 h[ev]1 comp>e ! ,h9ayana doctr9e ) a re/+-place on ! road = a travell]1 :ile ! ,mahayana doctr9e ) 8 de/9ation4 ,all ! d5om9ations ( ,buddhism1 ) a s+le exception ( ,z51 are bas$ on ! au?ority ( "s p>ticul> sacr$ writ+s4 ,! ,t5 ,dai ,sect1 = in/ance1 is bas$ on ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra2 ! ,jo ,d ,sect on ,l>g] ,sukhavati-vyuha1 ,small] ,sukhavati-vyuha1 & ,amitayus-dhyana-sutra2 ! ,ke ,gon ,sect on ,avatamsaka-sutra2 ! ,hosso ,sect on ,samdhi-nirmocana-sutra4 ,z5 is bas$ on ! highe/ spiritual plane atta9$ by ,%akya ,muni himself4 ,x c only be realiz$ by "o :o has atta9$ ! same plane4 ,to describe x 9 full by means ( words is beyond ! p[] ev5 ( ,gotama himself4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! au?or ( ,lankavat>a-sutra insi/s t ,%akya ,muni spoke no ^w ?r\gh 8 long c>e] ( =ty-n9e ye>s z a religi\s tea*]1 & t ( ,mahaprajnyap>amita-sutra,,fn#ajh also express ! same op9ion4 ,! ,scripture is no m nor less ?an ! f+] po9t+ to ! moon ( ,buddhahood4 ,:5 we recognize ! moon & enjoy its b5ign beauty1 ! f+] is ( no use4 ,z ! f+] has no brightness :atev]1 s ! ,scripture has no hol9ess :atev]4 ,! ,scripture is religi\s curr5cy repres5t+ spiritual weal?4 ,x does n matt] :e!r money be gold1 or sea-%ells1 or c[s4 ,x is a m]e sub/itute4 ,:at x /&s = is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,away ) y\r /one-knife6 ,d n wat* ! /ake aga9/ :i* a runn+ h>e once /ruck its head & di$4 ,d n wait = ano!r h>e4 ,ano!r may n come = ev]4 ,d n cut ! side ( ! boat out ( :i* y dropp$ y\r sword to m>k :]e x sunk4 ,! boat is ev] mov+ on4 ,! ,canon is ! w9d[ ?r\gh :i* we obs]ve ! gr& sc5]y ( spiritual nature4 ,to hold communion directly ) x we mu/ get out ( ! w9d[4 ,x is a m]e /ray fly t is always buzz+ )9 x1 /ruggl+ to get out4 ,^? :o sp5d mo/ ( _! lives 9 ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 argu+ & expla9+ ) hair-splitt+ reason+s1 & atta9 no high] plane 9 spirituality1 are religi\s flies good = no?+ b _! buzz+ ab\t ! nons5sical te*nicalities4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,r9-zai decl>$3,,fn#aji ',! twelve divisions ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon are no?+ bett] ?an wa/e pap]4' ,,fn#ajh ,mahaprajnyap>amita-sutra1 vol4 #dbe4 ,,fn#aji ,r9-zai-roku4 #b4 ,no ,ne$ ( ! ,scriptural ,au?ority = ,z54 ,"s ,occid5tal s*ol>s errone\sly id5tify ,buddhism ) ! primitive fai? ( ,h9ayanism1 & are incl9$ to call ,mahayanism1 a lat] develop$ fai?1 a deg5]at$ "o4 ,if ! primitive fai? be call$ ! g5u9e1 z ^! s*ol>s ?9k1 & ! lat] develop$ fai? be ! deg5]at$ "o1 !n ! *ild %\ld be call$ ! g5u9e man & ! gr[n-up p be ! deg5]at$ ones2 simil>ly1 ! primitive society mu/ be ! g5u9e & ! mod]n civilization be ! deg5]at$ "o4 ,s also ! e>lie/ writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld be g5u9e & ! f\r ,gospels be deg5]at$4 ,beyond all d\bt ,z5 belongs to ,mahayanism1 yet ?is does n imply t x dep5ds on ! scriptural au?ority ( t s*ool1 because x does n tr\ble itself ab\t ! ,canon :e!r x be ,h9ayana or ,mahayana1 or :e!r x 0 directly spok5 by ,%akya ,muni or writt5 by "s lat] ,buddhi/s4 ,z5 is completely free f ! fett]s ( old dogmas1 dead cre$s1 & conv5tions ( /]eotyp$ pa/1 t *eck ! developm5t ( a religi\s fai? & prev5t ! discov]y ( a new tru?4 ,z5 ne$s no ,inquisition4 ,x nev] compell$ nor w compel ! compromise ( a ,galileo or a ,desc>tes4 ,no excommunication ( a ,sp9oza or ! burn+ ( a ,bruno is possible = ,z54 ,on a c]ta9 occasion ,yoh ,%an 7,yaku-san7 did n prea* ! doctr9e = a long :ile1 & 0 reque/$ to give a s]mon by 8 assi/ant tea*]1 say+3 ,w\ld y\r rev]5ce prea* ! ,dh>ma to y\r pupils1 :o long ?ir/ aft] y\r m]ciful in/ruction8 ,!n r+ ! bell1 repli$ ,yoh ,%an4 ,! bell rang1 & all ! monks assembl$ 9 ! ,hall eag] to be> ! s]mon4 ,yoh ,%an w5t up to ! pulpit & desc5d$ imm$iately )\t say+ a ^w4 ,y1 rev]5d sir1 ask$ ! assi/ant1 promis$ to deliv] a s]mon a little :ile ago4 ,:y d y n prea*8 ,sutras are taught by ! ,sutra tea*]s1 said ! ma/]2 ,ca/ras are taught by ! ,ca/ra tea*]s4 ,no wond] t ,i say no?+4,,fn#aaj ,?is little episode w %[ y t ,z5 is no fix$ doctr9e embodi$ 9 a ,sutra or a ,ca/ra1 b a conviction or realization )9 u4 ,,fn#aaj ,z5-r9-rui-%u & ,e-g54 ,to quote ano!r example1 an (fic] (f]$ to ,tung ,%an 7,to-zan7 pl5ty ( alms1 & reque/$ him to recite ! sacr$ ,canon4 ,tung ,%an1 ris+ f 8 *air1 made a b[ respectfully to ! (fic]1 :o did ! same to ! tea*]4 ,!n ,tung ,%an w5t r\nd ! *air1 tak+ ! (fic] ) him1 & mak+ a b[ aga9 to ! (fic]1 ask$3 ,d y see :at ,i mean8 ,no1 sir1 repli$ ! o!r4 ,i h be5 recit+ ! sacr$ ,canon1 :y d y n see8,,fn#aaa ,?us ,z5 does n reg>d ,scriptures 9 black & :ite z its ,canon1 = x takes to-days & tomorr[s ( ?is actual life z its inspir$ pages4 ,,fn#aaa ,z5-r9-rui-%a & ,to-zan-roku4 #c4 ,! ,usual ,explanation ( ! ,canon4 ,an em95t ,*9ese ,buddhi/ s*ol>1 well kn[n z ,t5 ,dai ,dai ,%i 7,a4,d4 #ech-eig71 arrang$ ! :ole prea*+s ( ,%akya ,muni 9 a *ronological ord] 9 accordance ) 8 own religi\s !ory1 & obs]v$ t !re 7 ! ,five ,p]iods 9 ! c>e] ( ! ,buddha z a religi\s tea*]4 ,he tri$ to expla9 away all ! discrepancies & contradictions1 ) :i* ! ,sacr$ ,books are encumb]$1 by arrang+ ! ,sutras 9 a l9e ( developm5t4 ,8 elucidation 0 s m9ute & cle>1 & 8 metaphysical reason+s s acute & captivat+1 t 8 op9ion 0 univ]sally accept$ z an hi/orical tru?1 n m]ely by ! ,*9ese1 b also by ! ,japanese ,mahayani/s4 ,we %all briefly /ate "h ! s-call$ ,five ,p]iods4 ,%akya ,muni atta9$ to ,buddha%ip 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 & sat motionless = sev5 days "u ! ,bodhi tree1 absorb$ 9 deep m$itation1 enjoy+ ! fir/ bliss ( 8 ,enlight5m5t4 ,9 ! second week he prea*$ 8 ,dh>ma to ! innum]able multitude ( ,bodhisattvas1,,fn#aab cele/ial be+s1 & deities 9 ! n9e assemblies held at sev5 diff]5t places4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( a fam\s ,mahayana book entitl$ ,buddhavatamsaka-mahavaipulya-sutra4 ,9 ?is book ! ,buddha set =? 8 pr(\nd ,law j z x 0 discov]$ by 8 highly ,enlight5$ m9d1 )\t consid]+ ! m5tal /ates ( 8 he>]s4 ,consequ5tly ! ord9>y he>]s 7or ! ,buddha's imm$iate disciples7 c\ld n und]/& ! doctr9e1 & sat /upefi$ z if !y 7 'deaf & dumb1' :ile ! great ,bodhisattvas fully und]/ood & realiz$ ! doctr9e4 ,?is is call$ ! fir/ p]iod1 :i* la/$ only two or ?ree,,fn#aac weeks4 ,,fn#aab ,bodhisattva is an imag9>y p]sonage1 or ideal sa9t1 sup]ior to ,arhat1 or ! highe/ sa9t ( ,h9ayanism4 ,! t]m ',bodhisattva' 0 fir/ appli$ to ! ,buddha be=e 8 ,enlight5m5t1 & aft]w>ds 0 adopt$ by ,mahayani/s to mean ! adh]5t ( ,mahayanism 9 contradi/9ction ) ! ,cravaka or he>]s ( ,h9ayanism4 ,,fn#aac ,bodhiruci says to ! effect t ! prea*+s 9 ! fir/ five assemblies 7 made 9 ! fir/ week1 & ! re/ 7 deliv]$ 9 ! second week4 ,nag>juna says t ! ,buddha spoke no ^w = fifty-sev5 days aft] 8 ,enlight5m5t4 ,x is said 9 ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra t aft] ?ree weeks ! ,buddha prea*$ at ,v>anasi1 & x says no?+ respect+ ,avatamsaka-sutra4 ,?\gh !re are div]s op9ions ab\t ! ,buddha's fir/ s]mon & its date1 all traditions agree 9 ?is t he sp5t "s "t 9 m$itation1 & !n deliv]$ ! fir/ s]mon to ! five ascetics at ,v>anasi4 ,!reupon ,%akya ,muni1 hav+ discov]$ t ord9>y be>]s 7 too ignorant to believe 9 ! ,mahayana doctr9e & appreciate ! greatness ( ,buddhahood1 ?\ght x necess>y to modify 8 tea*+ s z to adju/ x to ! capacity ( ord9>y p4 ,s he w5t to ,v>anasi 7or ,b5>es7 & prea*$ 8 modifi$ doctr9e--t is1 ,h9ayanism4 ,! in/ruction giv5 at t "t has be5 h&$ d[n to u z ! f\r ,agamas1,,fn#aad or ! f\r ,nikayas4 ,?is is call$ ! second p]iod1 :i* la/$ ab\t twelve ye>s4 ,x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod t ! ,buddha conv]t$ ! five ascetics1,,fn#aae :o became 8 disciples4 ,mo/ ( ! ravakas or ! adh]5ts ( ,h9ayanism 7 conv]t$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,!y tra9$ _! he>ts 9 accordance ) ! modifi$ ,law1 le>n$ ! f\r noble tru?s1,,fn#aaf & work$ out _! own salvation4 ,,fn#aad 7#a7 ,angutt>a1 7#b7 ,majjhima1 7#c7 ,digha1 7#d7 ,samyutta4 ,,fn#aae ,kondanynya1 ,vappa1 ,baddiya1 ,mahanana1 ,assaji4 ,,fn#aaf ,! fir/ is ! sacr$ tru? ( suff]+2 ! second ! tru? ( ! orig9 ( suff]+--t is1 lu/ & desire2 ! ?ird ! sacr$ tru? ( ! ext9ction ( suff]+2 ! f\r? ! sacr$ tru? ( ! pa? t leads to ! ext9ction ( suff]+4 ,!re are eight noble pa?s t lead to ! ext9ction ( suff]+--t is1 ,"r fai?1 ,"r resolve1 ,"r spee*1 ,"r action1 ,"r liv+1 ,"r ef=t1 ,"r ?\ght1 & ,"r m$itation4 ,! ,buddha !n hav+ f\nd 8 disciples firmly adh]+ to ,h9ayanism )\t kn[+ t x 0 a modifi$ & imp]fect doctr9e1 he _h to lead !m up to a high] & p]fect doctr9e t he might lead !m up to ,buddhahood4 ,) ?is object 9 view ,%akya ,muni prea*$ ,vimalakirtti-nirdeca-sutra,,fn#aag1 ,lankavat>a-sutra1 & o!r sutras1 9 :i* he comp>$ ,h9ayanism ) ,mahayanism1 & describ$ ! latt] 9 gl[+ t]ms z a deep & p]fect ,law1 :il/ he set =? ! =m] at naught z a sup]ficial & imp]fect "o4 ,?us he %[$ 8 disciples ! inf]iority ( ,h9ayanism1 & caus$ !m to desire = ,mahayanism4 ,?is is said to be ! ?ird p]iod1 :i* la/$ "s eight ye>s4 ,,fn#aag ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ not$ ,mahayana books1 & is said to be ! be/ specim5 ( ! sutras belong+ to ?is p]iod4 ,x is 9 ?is sutra t mo/ ( ,%akya's em95t disciples1 kn[n z ! adh]5ts ( ,h9ayanism1 are a/oni%$ ) ! pr(\nd wisdom1 ! eloqu5t spee*1 & ! sup]natural p[] ( ,vimalakirtti1 a ,bodhisattva1 & confess ! inf]iority ( _! fai?4 ,! au?or frequ5tly introduces episodes 9 ord] to condemn ,h9ayanism1 mak+ use ( miracles ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,! disciples ( ! ,buddha n[ und]/ood t ,mahayanism 0 f> sup]ior to ,h9ayanism1 b !y ?\ght ! high] doctr9e 0 only = ,bodhisattvas & beyond _! und]/&+4 ,!re=e !y /ill adh]$ to ! modifi$ doctr9e1 ?\gh !y did no long] decry ,mahayanism1 :i* !y _h no m9d to practise4 ,^u ?is ,%akya ,muni prea*$ ,prajnyap>amita-sutras,,fn#aah 9 ! sixte5 assemblies held at f\r diff]5t places1 & taught !m ,mahayanism 9 detail 9 ord] to cause !m to believe x & practise x4 ,?us !y became aw>e t !re 0 no def9ite dem>cation betwe5 ,mahayanism & ,h9ayanism1 & t !y might become ,mahayani/s4 ,?is is ! f\r? p]iod1 :i* la/$ ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,n[1 ! ,buddha1 ag$ sev5ty-two1 ?\ght x 0 high "t to prea* 8 long-*]i%$ doctr9e t all s5ti5t be+s c atta9 to ,supreme ,enlight5m5t2 s he prea*$ ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra1 9 :i* he prophesi$ :5 & :]e 8 disciples %\ld become ,buddhas4 ,x 0 8 greate/ object to cause all s5ti5t be+s to be ,enlight5$ & enable !m to enjoy ! bliss ( ,nirvana4 ,x 0 = ?is t he _h endur$ great pa9 & h>d%ips ?r\gh 8 previ\s exi/5ces4 ,x 0 = ?is t he _h left 8 heav5ly abode to appe> on e>?4 ,x 0 = ?is t he _h prea*$ f "t to "t ?r\gh 8 long c>e] ( =ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,hav+ ?us realiz$ 8 great aim1 ,%akya ,muni _h n[ to prep>e = 8 f9al dep>ture1 & prea*$ ,mahap>9irvana-sutra 9 ord] to %[ t all ! animat$ & inanimate ?+s 7 end[$ ) ! same nature z 84 ,aft] ?is la/ in/ruction he pass$ to et]nity4 ,?is is call$ ! fif? p]iod1 :i* la/$ "s eight ye>s4 ,,fn#aah ,nag>juna's doctr9e dep5ds ma9ly on ^! sutras4 ,^! five p]iods above m5tion$ c sc>cely be call$ hi/orical 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 yet !y are +5i\sly inv5t$ by ,t5 ,dai ,dai ,%i to set ! ,buddhi/ ,scriptures 9 ! ord] ( doctr9al developm5t1 & place ,saddh>ma-pund>ika 9 ! highe/ rank among ! ,mahayana books4 ,8 argum5t1 h[ev] dogmatic & anti-hi/orical 9 no small degree1 w\ld be n a little valuable = our read]1 :o wants to "k ! g5]al phase ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon1 consi/+ ( ?\s&s ( fascicles4 #d4 ,sutras us$ by ,z5 ,ma/]s4 ,t5 ,dai fail$ to expla9 away ! discrepancies & contradictions ( :i* ! ,canon is full1 & (t5 contradict$ himself by ! ignor+ ( hi/orical,,fn#aai facts4 ,,fn#aai ,let u /ate our own op9ion on ! subject 9 "q4 ,! f\ndation ( ,h9ayanism consi/s 9 ! f\r ,nikayas1 or f\r ,agamas1 ! mo/ important books ( t s*ool4 ,besides ! f\r ,agamas1 !re exi/ 9 ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka num]\s books translat$ by v>i\s au?ors1 "s ( :i* are extracts f ,agamas1 & "s ! lives ( ! ,buddha1 :ile o!rs are entirely diff]5t sutras1 app>5tly ( lat] date4 ,judg+ f ^! s\rces1 x seems to u t mo/ ( ,%akya ,muni's orig9al tea*+s are embodi$ into ! f\r ,agamas4 ,b x is /ill a matt] ( unc]ta9ty t :e!r !y are /at$ 9 ,agamas n[ extant j z !y 71 = ! ,buddha's prea*+s 7 rehe>s$ imm$iately aft] ! ,buddha's dea? 9 ! fir/ c\ncil held at ,rajagrha1 yet n consign$ to writ+4 ,!y 7 h&$ d[n by memory ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,!n ! monks at ,vaisali committ$ ! s-call$ ,t5 ,indulg5ces1 infr++ ! rules ( ! ,ord]1 & ma9ta9$ t ,%akya ,muni _h n condemn$ !m 9 8 prea*+s4 ,z !re 71 h[ev]1 no writt5 sutras to disprove _! ass]tion1 ! eld]s1 su* z ,yaca1 ,revata1 & o!rs1 :o oppos$ ! ,indulg5ces1 _h to convoke ! second c\ncil ( #gjj monks1 9 :i* !y succe$$ 9 gett+ ! ,indulg5ces condemn$1 & rehe>s$ ! ,buddha's in/ruction = ! second "t4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ncil ( ,vaisali we _c f9d ! fact t ! ,ma/]'s prea*+s 7 r$uc$ to writ+4 ,! decisions ( ! #gjj eld]s 7 n accept$ by ! p>ty ( opposition1 :o held a sep>ate c\ncil1 & settl$ _! own rules & doctr9e4 ,?us ! same doctr9e ( ! ,tea*] began to be diff]5tly /at$ & believ$4 ,?is be+ ! fir/ op5 s*ism1 "o disruption aft] ano!r took place among ! ,buddhi/ic ,ord]4 ,!re 7 _m diff]5t s*ools ( ! ,buddhi/s at ! "t :5 ,k+ ,acoka asc5d$ ! ?rone 7ab\t #bfi ,b4,c471 & ! patronage ( ! ,k+ drew a great numb] ( pagan ascetics into ! ,ord]1 :o1 ?\gh !y dress$ !mselves 9 ! yell[ robes1 yet /ill pres]v$ _! religi\s views 9 _! orig9al col\r4 ,?is naturally l$ ! ,*ur* into cont9ual di/urbances & moral corruption4 ,9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ,acoka's reign ! ,k+ summon$ ! c\ncil ( #a1jjj monks at ,pataliputra 7,patna71 & settl$ ! or?odox doctr9e 9 ord] to keep ! ,dh>ma pure f h]etical beliefs4 ,we believe t ab\t ?is "t "s ( ! ,buddha's prea*+s 7 r$uc$ to writ+1 = ! mission>ies despat*$ by ! ,k+ 9 ! ye> foll[+ ! c\ncil seem to h set out ) writt5 sutras4 ,9 addition to ?is1 "s ( ! names ( ! passages ( ! ,dh>ma are giv5 9 ! ,bh>bra edict ( ! ,k+1 :i* 0 address$ to ! monks 9 ,magadha4 ,we d n suppose1 h[ev]1 t all ! sutras 7 writt5 at once 9 ^! days1 b t !y 7 copi$ d[n f memory "o aft] ano!r at diff]5t times1 because "s ( ! sutras 7 put d[n 9 ,ceylon #afj ye>s aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,patna4 ,9 ! introductory book ( ,ekott>agama 7,angutt>a ,nikaya71 n[ extant 9 ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka1 we notice ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,x is writt5 9 a /yle q diff]5t f t ( ! orig9al ,agama1 b simil> to t ( ! supplem5t>y books ( ! ,mahayana sutras2 7#b7 x /ates ,an&a's compilation ( ! ,tripitaka aft] ! dea? ( ! ,ma/]2 7#c7 x ref]s to ! pa/ ,buddhas1 ! future ,buddha ,maitreya1 & innum]able ,bodhisattvas2 7#d7 x praises ! pr(\nd doctr9e ( ,mahayanism4 ,f ?is we inf] t ! ,agama 0 put 9 ! pres5t =m aft] ! rise ( ! ,mahayana ,s*ool1 & h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! h& ( ,mahasanghika s*ol>s1 :o 7 mu* 9 sympa?y ) ,mahayanism4 ,aga91 ! fir/ book ( ,dirghagama1 7,digha ,nikaya71 t describes ! l9e ( ,buddhas :o appe>$ be=e ,%akya ,muni1 adopts ! :ole leg5d ( ,gotama's life z a common mode ( all ,buddhas appe>+ on e>?2 :ile ! second book n>rates ! dea? ( ,gotama & ! di/ribution ( 8 relies1 & ref]s to ,pataliputra1 ! new capital ( ,acoka4 ,?is %[s u t ! pres5t ,agama is n ( an e>li] date ?an ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,samyuktagama 7,samyutta ,nikaya7 also gives a detail$ acc\nt ( ,acoka's conv]sion1 & ( 8 fa!r ,b9dus>a4 ,f ^! evid5ces we may safely inf] t ! ,h9ayana sutras 7 put 9 ! pres5t %ape at diff]5t times betwe5 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 & ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,) reg>d to ! ,mahayana sutras we h little d\bt ab\t _! be+ ! writ+s ( ! lat] ,buddhi/ re=m]s1 ev5 if !y are put 9 ! m\? ( ,%akya ,muni4 ,!y are entirely diff]5t f ! sutras ( ,h9ayanism1 & _c be tak5 z ! prea*+s ( "o & ! same p]son4 ,! read] %\ld notice ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,f\r c\ncils 7 held = ! rehe>sal ( ! ,tripitaka namely1 ! fir/ at ,rajagrha1 9 ! ye> ( ,%akya ,muni's dea?2 ! second at ,vaisali1 "s #ajj ye>s aft] ! ,buddha2 ! ?ird at ! "t ( ,k+ ,acoka1 ab\t #bce ye>s aft] ! ,ma/]2 ! f\r? at ! "t ( ,k+ ,kani%ka1 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b all ^! c\ncils 7 held to compile ! ,h9ayana sutras1 & no?+ is kn[n ( ! rehe>sal ( ! ,mahayana books4 ,"s are ( op9ion t ! fir/ c\ncil 0 held )9 ! ,sattapanni cave1 ne> ,rajagrha1 :]e ! ,h9ayana ,tripitaka 0 rehe>s$ by #ejj monks1 :ile outside ! cave !re assembl$ a great] numb] ( monks1 :o 7 n admitt$ into ! cave1 & rehe>s$ ! ,mahayana ,tripitaka4 ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 is bas$ on no reliable s\rce4 7#b7 ,! ,indian or?odox ,buddhi/s ( old decl>$ t ! ,mahayana sutras 7 ! fabrication ( h]etics or ( ! ,evil ,"o1 & n ! tea*+s ( ! ,buddha4 ,9 reply to ?is1 ! ,mahayani/s _h to prove t ! ,mahayana sutras 7 compil$ by ! direct disciples ( ! ,ma/]2 b ev5 ,nag>juna c\ld n v9dicate ! compilation ( ! d\btful books1 & said 79 ,mahaprajnyap>amita-ca/ra7 t !y 7 compil$ by ,an&a & ,manjucri1 ) myriads ( ,bodhisattvas at ! outside ( ! ,iron ,m\nta9 ,range1 :i* encloses ! e>?4 ,asanga also prov$ 79 ,mahayanalank>a-sutra-ca/ra7 ) little success t ,mahayanism 0 ! ,buddha's direct tea*+s4 ,"s may quote ,bodhisattva-g>bha/ha-sutra 9 fav\r ( ! ,mahayana2 b x is ( no avail1 z ! sutra itself is ! "w ( a lat] date4 7#c7 ,al?\gh almo/ all ( ! ,mahayana sutras1 except+ ,avatamsaka-sutra1 treat ( ,h9ayanism z ! imp]fect doctr9e taught 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,ma/]'s c>e]1 yet n m]ely ! :ole life ( ,gotama1 b also ev5ts :i* occurr$ aft] 8 dea? are n>rat$ 9 ! ,h9ayana sutras4 ,?is %[s t ! ,mahayana sutras 7 compos$ aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( e>ly ,buddhism4 7#d7 ,! n>ratives giv5 9 ! ,h9ayana sutras 9 ref]5ce to ,%akya ,muni seem to be bas$ on hi/orical facts1 b ^? 9 ! ,mahayana books are full ( wond]s & extravagant miracles f> f facts4 7#e7 ,! ,h9ayana sutras reta9 ! traces ( _! hav+ be5 classifi$ & compil$ z we see 9 ,ekott>agama1 :ile ,mahayana books appe> to h be5 compos$ "o aft] ano!r by diff]5t au?ors at diff]5t times1 because ea* ( !m /rives to excel o!rs1 decl>+ itself to be ! sutra ( ! highe/ doctr9e1 z we see 9 ,saddh>ma-pund>ika1 ,samdh9irmocana1 ,suv>naprabhasottam>aja1 etc4 7#f7 ,! dialogues 9 ! ,h9ayana sutras are 9 g5]al ^? betwe5 ! ,buddha & 8 disciples1 :ile 9 ! ,mahayana books imag9>y be+s call$ ,bodhisattvas take ! place ( disciples4 ,moreov]1 9 "s books no monks are m5tion$4 7#g7 ,mo/ ( ! ,mahayana sutras decl>e t !y !mselves possess ^? my/ic p[]s t protect ! read] or ! own] f su* evils z epidemic1 fam9e1 w>1 etc42 b ! ,h9ayana sutras are pure f su* beliefs4 7#h7 ,! ,mahayana sutras extol n only ! m]its ( ! read+1 b ! copy+ ( ! sutras4 ,?is unfail+ly %[s ! fact t !y 7 n h&$ d[n by memory1 z ! ,h9ayana sutras1 b writt5 by _! respective au?ors4 7#i7 ,! ,h9ayana sutras 7 writt5 ) a pla9 /yle 9 ,pali1 :ile ! ,mahayana books1 ) brilliant phraseology1 9 ,sanskrit4 7#aj7 ,! ,buddha 9 ! ,h9ayana sutras is little m ?an a human be+1 :ile ,buddha or ,ta?agata 9 ! ,mahayana is a sup]human be+ or ,great ,deity4 7#aa7 ,! moral precepts ( ! ,h9ayana 7 laid d[n by ! ,ma/] e "t :5 8 disciples act$ indec5tly1 :ile ^? ( ! ,mahayana books 7 spok5 all at once by ,ta?agata4 7#ab7 ,"s ,mahayana sutras appe> to be ! exagg]ation or modification ( :at 0 /at$ 9 ! ,h9ayana books1 z we see 9 ,mahap>9irvana-sutra4 7#ac7 ,if we take bo? ! ,h9ayana & ! ,mahayana z spok5 by "o & ! same p]son1 we _c und]/& :y !re are s _m contradictory /atem5ts1 z we see 9 ! foll[+3 7a7 ,hi/orical ,contradictions4--,= in/ance1 ,h9ayana sutras are held to be ! fir/ s]mon ( ! ,buddha by ! au?or ( ,saddh>ma-pund>ika1 :ile ,avatamsaka decl>es itself to be ! fir/ s]mon4 ,nag>juna holds t ,prajnya sutras are ! fir/4 7b7 ,contradictions z to ! ,p]son ( ! ,ma/]4--,= in/ance1 ,agamas say ! ,buddha's body 0 m>k$ ) ?irty-two peculi>ities1 :ile ! ,mahayana books enum]ate n9ety-sev5 peculi>ities1 or ev5 innum]able m>ks4 7c7 ,doctr9al ,contradictions4--,= in/ance1 ! ,h9ayana sutras put =? ! pessimi/ic1 nihili/ic view ( life1 :ile ! ,mahayana books1 z a rule1 express ! optimi/ic1 ideali/ic view4 7#ad7 ,! ,h9ayana sutras say no?+ ( ! ,mahayana books1 :ile ! latt] always comp>e _! doctr9e ) t ( ! =m]1 & speak ( x 9 contempt4 ,x is cle> t ! "n ',h9ayana' 0 co9$ by ! ,mahayani/s1 z !re is no sutra :i* calls itself ',h9ayana4' ,x is !re=e evid5t t :5 ! ,h9ayana books took ! pres5t %ape !re appe>$ no ,mahayana sutras4 7#ae7 ,! au?ors ( ! ,mahayana sutras %\ld h expect$ ! opposition ( ! ,h9ayani/s1 because !y say n seldom t !re might be "s :o w\ld n believe 9 & oppose ,mahayanism z n be+ ! ,buddha's tea*+1 b t ( ! ,evil ,"o4 ,!y say also t "o :o w\ld v5ture to say ! ,mahayana books are fictiti\s %\ld fall into ,hell4 ,= example1 ! au?or ( ,mahap>9irvana-sutra says3 ,wick$ ,bhiksus w\ld say all ,vaipulya ,mahayana sutras are n spok5 by ! ,buddha1 b by ! ,evil ,"o4 7#af7 ,!re are evid5ces %[+ t ! ,mahayana doctr9e 0 develop$ out ( ! ,h9ayana "o4 7a7 ,! ,mahayani/s' gr& conception ( ,ta?agata is ! natural developm5t ( t ( ^? progressive ,h9ayani/s :o belong$ to ! ,mahasamghika ,s*ool1 :i* 0 =m$ "s "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,ma/]4 ,^! ,h9ayani/s ma9ta9$ t ! ,buddha _h inf9ite p[]1 endless life1 & limitlessly great body4 ,! au?or ( ,mahap>9irvana-sutra also says t ,buddha is immortal1 8 ,dh>ma-kaya is inf9ite & et]nal4 ,! au?ors ( ,mahayana-mulagata-hrdayabhumi-dhyana-su tra & ( ,suv>naprabha-sottam>aja-sutra enum]ate ! ,?ree ,bodies ( ,buddha1 :ile ! writ] ( ,lankavat>a-sutra describes ! ,f\r ,bodies1 & t ( ,avatamsaka-sutra ! ,t5 ,bodies ( ,ta?agata4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! ,h9ayana sutras1 !re are only f\r /ages ( sa9t%ip1 b ! ,mahasamghika ,s*ool increases ! numb] & gives t5 /eps4 ,"s ,mahayana sutras also enum]ate ! t5 /ages ( ,bodhisattva1 :ile o!rs give =ty-"o or fifty two /ages4 7c7 ,! ,himayana sutras "n six pa/ ,buddhas & "o future ,buddha ,maitreya1 :ile ! ,mahayana sutras "n ?irty-five1 fifty-?ree1 or ?ree ?\s& ,buddhas4 7d7 ,! ,h9ayana sutras give ! names ( six ,vijnyanas1 :ile ! ,mahayana books sev51 eight1 or n9e ,vijnyanas4 7#ag7 ,= a few c5turies aft] ! ,buddha we he> only ( ,h9ayanism1 b n ( ,mahayanism1 !re be+ no ,mahayana tea*]4 7#ah7 ,9 "s ,mahayana sutras 7,mahavairocanabhisambodhi-sutra1 = example7 ,ta?agata ,vairocana takes ! place ( ,gotama1 & no?+ is said ( ! latt]4 7#ai7 ,! cont5ts ( ! ,mahayana sutras (t5 prove t !y 71 compos$1 or rewritt51 or "s additions 7 made1 long aft] ! ,buddha4 ,= in/ance1 ,mahamaya-sutra says t ,acvaghosa w\ld refute h]etical doctr9es #fjj ye>s aft] ! ,ma/]1 & ,nag>juna w\ld advocate ! ,dh>ma #gjj ye>s aft] ,gotama1 :ile ,lankavat>a-sutra prophesies t ,nag>juna w\ld appe> 9 ,s\? ,india4 7#bj7 ,! au?or ( ,san-ron-g5-gi tells u ,mahadeva1 a lead] ( ! ,mahasamghika ,s*ool1 us$ ,mahayana sutras1 toge!r ) ! or?odox ,tripitaka #aaf aft] ! ,buddha4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful t !y exi/$ at s e>ly a date4 7#ba7 ,mahaprajnyap>amita-ca/ra1 ascrib$ to ,nag>juna1 ref]s to _m ,mahayana books1 :i* include ,saddh>ma-pund>ika1 ,vimalakirtti-nirdeca1 ,sukhavati-vyuha1 ,mahaprajnyap>amita1 ,pratyutpanna-buddhasammukhava/hita-sama dhi1 etc4 ,he quotes 9 8 ,dacabhumivibhasa-ca/ra1 ,mahap>9irvana1 ,dacabhumi1 etc4 7#bb7 ,/hiramati1 ^: date is said to be e>li] ?an ,nag>juna & lat] ?an ,acvaghosa1 tries to prove t ,mahayanism 0 directly taught by ! ,ma/] 9 8 ,mahayanavat>aka-ca/ra4 ,& ,mahayanott>atantra-ca/ra1 :i* is ascrib$ by "s s*ol>s to him1 ref]s to ,avatamsaka1 ,vajrac*$ikka-prajnyap>amita1 ,saddh>mapund>ika1 ,crimala-devi-simhan&a1 etc4 7#bc7 ,*i-leu-cia-*91 :o came to ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #adg or ,a4,d4 #afd1 translat$ "s "p ( ,mahayana books kn[n z ,mah>atnakuta-sutra & ,mahavaipulya-mahasannipata-sutra4 7#bd7 ,an-%i-kao1 :o came to ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #adh1 translat$ su* ,mahayana books z ,sukhavati-vyaha1 ,c&ra-dipa-samadhi1 etc4 7#be7 ,matanga1 :o came to ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #fg1 is said by 8 biograph] to h be5 in=m$ ( bo? ,mahayanism & ,h9ayanism to h giv5 int]pretations to a not$ ,mahayana book1 entitl$ ,suv>naprabhasa4 7#bf7 ,s&h9irmocana-sutra is suppos$ to be a "w ( ,asanga n )\t reason1 because ,asanga's doctr9e is id5tical ) t ( ! sutra1 & ! sutra itself is conta9$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ,yogac>yabhumi-ca/ra4 ,! au?or divides ! :ole prea*+s ( ! ,ma/] into ! ?ree p]iods t he might place ! ,ideali/ic doctr9e 9 ! highe/ rank ( ! ,mahayana s*ools4 7#bg7 ,we h e reason to believe t ,mahayana sutras began to appe> 7p]haps ,prajnya sutras be+ ! fir/7 e>ly 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 t mo/ ( ! important books appe>$ be=e ,nag>juna1 & t "s ( ,mantra sutras 7 compos$ s late z ! "t ( ,vajrabodhi1 :o came to ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #gai4 ,to say no?+ ( ! /rong opposition rais$ by ! ,japanese s*ol>s1,,fn#abj su* an assumption c be met ) an assumption ( entirely opposite nature1 & ! difficulties c nev] be ov]come4 ,= ,z5 ma/]s1 !re=e1 ^! assumptions & reason+s are m]e quibbles unwor?y ( _! att5tion4 ,,fn#abj ,! =emo/ ( !m 0 ,*uki ,tom9aga 7#agdd71 ( ^: life little is kn[n4 ,he is said to h be5 a nameless m]*ant at ,osaka4 ,8 ,%utsu-jo-ko-g is ! fir/ great "w ( high] criticism on ! ,buddhi/ ,scriptures4 ,to believe bl9dly 9 ! ,scriptures is "o ?+1 & to be pi\s is ano!r4 ,h[ (t5 ! *ildi% views ( ,creation & ( ,god 9 ! ,scriptures conceal$ ! light ( sci5tific tru?s2 h[ (t5 ! bl9d believ]s ( !m fett]$ ! progress ( civilization2 h[ (t5 religi\s m5 prev5t$ u f ! realiz+ ( a new tru?1 simply because x is aga9/ ! anci5t folk-lore 9 ! ,bible4 ,no?+ is m absurd ?an ! con/ant dread 9 :i* religi\s m51 decl>+ to wor%ip ,god 9 tru? & 9 _s1 are kept at ! sci5tific discov]y ( new facts incompatible ) ! folk-lore4 ,no?+ is m irreligi\s ?an to p]secute ! seek]s ( tru? 9 ord] to keep up absurdities & sup]/itions ( bygone ages4 ,no?+ is m inhuman ?an ! commission ( 'dev\t cruelty' "u ! mask ( love ( ,god & man4 ,is x n ! mis=tune1 n only ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ( :ole mank9d1 to h ! ,bible encumb]$ ) leg5d>y hi/ories1 /ories ( miracles1 & a crude cosmology1 :i* f "t to "t come 9 conflict ) sci5ce8 ,! ,buddhi/ ,scriptures are also ov]load$ ) ,indian sup]/itions & a crude cosmology1 :i* pass "u ! "n ( ,buddhism4 ,accord+ly1 ,buddhi/ s*ol>s h confus$ n seldom ! doctr9e ( ! ,buddha ) ^! absurdities1 & ?\ght x impi\s to ab&on !m4 ,kaiseki1,,fn#aba = in/ance1 0 at a loss to di/+ui% ,buddhism f ! ,indian a/ronomy1 :i* is utt]ly unt5able 9 ! face ( ! fact4 ,he tax$ 8 reason to ! utmo/ to demon/rate ! ,indian !ory & at ! same "t to refute ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,"o day he call$ on ,yeki-d,,fn#abb a contempor>y ,z5 ma/]1 & expla9$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,?ree ,worlds z describ$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 say+ t ,buddhism w\ld come to naught if ! !ory ( ! ,?ree ,worlds be ov]?r[n by ! ,cop]nican4 ,!n ,yeki-d exclaim$3 ,buddhism aims to de/roy ! ,?ree ,worlds & to e/abli% ,buddha's ,holy ,k+dom ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,:y d y wa/e y\r en]gy 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,?ree ,worlds8,,fn#abc ,,fn#aba ,a le>n$ ,japanese ,buddhi/ s*ol>1 :o di$ 9 #ahhb4 ,,fn#abb ,a fam\s ,z5 ma/]1 ! abbot ( ! ,s-ji-ji ,mona/]y1 :o di$ 9 #ahgi4 ,,fn#abc ,k9-sei-z5-r9-g5-ko-roku4 ,9 ?is way ,z5 does n tr\ble itself ab\t uness5tials ( ! ,scriptures1 on :i* x nev] dep5ds = its au?ority4 ,d-g51 ! f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,s ,to ,sect1 sev]ely condemns 79 8 ,%o-bo-g5-zo7 ! notions ( ! impurity ( wom5 inculcat$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,he op5ly attacks ^? ,*9ese monks :o swore t !y w\ld n see any woman1 & ridicules ^? :o laid d[n rules prohibit+ wom5 f gett+ access to mona/]ies4 ,a ,z5 ma/] 0 ask$ by a ,samurai :e!r !re 0 hell 9 soo? z taught 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,i mu/ ask y1 repli$ he1 be=e ,i give y an answ]4 ,= :at purpose is y\r "q8 ,:at bus9ess h y1 a ,samurai1 ) a ?+ ( t sort8 ,:y d y bo!r y\rself ab\t su* an idle "q8 ,surely y neglect y\r duty & are engag$ 9 su* a fruitless rese>*4 ,does ?is n am\nt to y\r /eal+ ! annual sal>y f y\r "l8 ,! ,samurai1 (f5d$ n a little ) ^! rebukes1 />$ at ! ma/]1 ready to draw 8 sword at ano!r insult4 ,!n ! tea*] said smil+ly3 ,n[ y are 9 ,hell4 ,don't y see8 ,does1 !n1 ,z5 use no scripture8 ,to ?is "q we answ] bo? affirmatively & negatively3 negatively1 because ,z5 reg>ds all sutras z a sort ( pictur$ food :i* has no p[] ( appeas+ spiritual hung]2 affirmatively1 because x freely makes use ( !m irrespective ( ,mahayana or ,h9ayana4 ,z5 w\ld n make a bonfire ( ! ,scriptures z ,caliph ,om> did ( ! ,alex&rian libr>y4 ,a ,z5 ma/]1 hav+ se5 a ,confuciani/ burn+ 8 books on ! ?\ght t !y 7 r a h9drance to 8 spiritual gr[?1 obs]v$3 ,y _h bett] burn y\r books 9 m9d & he>t1 b n ! books 9 black & :ite4,,fn#abd ,,fn#abd ,ukiyo-so%i4 ,z ev5 deadly poison proves to be m$ic9e 9 ! b& ( a good doctor1 s a het]odox doctr9e antagoni/ic to ,buddhism is us$ by ! ,z5 tea*]s z a f+] po9t+ to ! pr9ciple ( ,z54 ,b !y z a rule resort$ to ,lankavat>a-sutra1,,fn#abe ,vajrac*$ika-prajnya-p>amita-sutra1,,fn# abf ,vimalakirtti-nirdeca-sutra,,fn#abg ,mahavaipulya-purnabuddha-sutra,,fn#abh ,mababuddhosnisa-ta?agata-guhyahetu-saks atkrta-prasanna?a-s>vabhodhi sattvac>ya-surangama-sutra1,,fn#abi ,mahap>i-nirvana-sutra1,,fn#acj ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra1 ,avatamsaka-sutra1 & s =?4 ,,fn#abe ,?is book is ! ne>e/ approa* to ! doctr9e ( ,z51 & is said to h be5 po9t$ out by ,bodhidh>ma z ! be/ book = ! use ( 8 foll[]s4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #age1 #agfa #agg4 ,,fn#abf ,! au?or ( ! sutra insi/s on ! unreality ( all ?+s4 ,! book 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 z we h se5 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,,fn#abg ,! sutra agrees ) ,z5 9 _m respects1 especially 9 its ma9ta9+ t ! highe/ tru? c only be realiz$ 9 m9d1 & _c be express$ by ^w ( m\?4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi4 ,,fn#abh ,! sutra 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,buddhatrata 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! au?or treats at l5g? ( ,samadhi1 & sets =? a doctr9e simil> to ,z51 s t ! text 0 us$ by _m ,*9ese ,z5i/s4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #dbg & #afbi4 ,,fn#abi ,! sutra 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,p>amiti & ,mikacakya1 ( ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg74 ,! au?or conceives ,reality z ,m9d or ,_s4 ,! book belongs to ! ,mantra class1 al?\gh x is mu* us$ by ,z5i/s4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #ddf4 ,,fn#acj ,! au?or ( ! book sets =? 8 own conception ( ,nirvana & ( ,buddha1 & ma9ta9s t all be+s are end[$ ) ,buddha-nature4 ,he also gives 9 detail an incr$ible acc\nt ab\t ,gotama's dea?4 #e4 ,a ,sutra ,equal 9 ,size to ! ,:ole ,_w4 ,! holy writ t ,z5 ma/]s admire is n "o ( p>*m5t nor ( palm-leaves1 nor 9 black & :ite1 b "o writt5 9 he>t & m9d4 ,on "o occasion a ,k+ ( ,ea/]n ,india invit$ ! v5]able ,prajnyat>a1 ! tea*] ( ,bodhidh>ma1 & 8 disciples to d9n] at 8 own palace4 ,f9d+ all ! monks recit+ ! sacr$ sutras ) ! s+le exception ( ! ma/]1 ! ,k+ que/ion$ ,prajnyat>a3 ,:y d y n1 rev]5d sir1 recite ! ,scriptures z o!rs d8 ,my poor self1 y\r maje/y1 repli$ he1 does n g out to ! objects ( s5se 9 my expiration nor is x conf9$ )9 body & m9d 9 my inspiration4 ,?us ,i con/antly recite hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 & millions ( sacr$ sutras4 ,9 l mann] ! ,emp]or ,wu1 ( ! ,liang dyna/y1 once reque/$ ,*w5 ,hih 7,fu ,dai-%i7 to give a lecture on ! ,scriptures4 ,*w5 w5t ^u ! plat=m1 /ruck ! desk ) a block ( wood1 & came d[n4 ,pao ,*i 7,ho-%i71 a ,buddhi/ tutor to ! ,emp]or1 ask$ ! p]plex$ mon>*3 ,does y\r ,lord%ip und]/& him8 ,no1 answ]$ ,8 ,maje/y4 ,! lecture ( ! ,great ,tea*] is ov]4 ,z x is cle> to y f ^! examples1 ,z5 holds t ! fai? mu/ be bas$ n on ! dead ,scriptures1 b on liv+ facts1 t "o mu/ turn ov] n ! gilt pages ( ! holy writ1 b read betwe5 ! l9es 9 ! holy pages ( daily life1 t ,buddha mu/ be pray$ n by ^w ( m\?1 b by actual de$ & "w1 & t "o mu/ split op51 z ! au?or ( ,avatamsaka-sutra allegorically tells u1 ! smalle/ gra9 ( dirt to f9d !re9 a sutra equal 9 size to ! :ole _w4 ,! s-call$ sutra1 says ,d-g51 cov]s ! :ole univ]se4 ,x transc5ds "t & space4 ,x is writt5 ) ! *>act]s ( heav51 ( man1 ( bea/s1 ( ,asuras1,,fn#acl ( hundr$s ( grass1 & ( ?\s&s ( trees4 ,!re are *>act]s1 "s long1 "s %ort1 "s r\nd1 "s squ>e1 "s blue1 "s r$1 "s yell[1 & "s :ite-9 %ort1 all ! ph5om5a 9 ! univ]se are ! *>act]s ) :i* ! sutra is writt54 ,%akya ,muni read t sutra ?r\gh ! bright /> illum9at+ ! broad expanse ( ! morn+ skies1 :5 he sat 9 m$itation "u ! ,bodhi ,tree4 ,,fn#acl ,! "n ( a demon4 ,l+ ,yun 7,rei-un7 read x ?r\gh ! lovely fl[]s ( a pea*-tree 9 spr+ aft] "s tw5ty ye>s ( 8 rese>* = ,light1 & said3 ,a score ( ye>s ,i look$ = ,light3 ,!re came & w5t _m a spr+ & fall4 ,e'er s9ce ! pea* blossoms came 9 my sight1 ,i nev] d\bt any?+ at all4 ,hian ,y5 7,kyo-g57 read x ?r\gh ! noise ( bamboo1 at :i* he ?rew pebbles4 ,su ,%ih 7,s-%oku7 read x ?r\gh a wat]fall1 "o ev5+1 & said3 ,! brook speaks =? ! ,ta?agata's words div9e1 ,! hills reveal ,8 glori\s =ms t %9e4 #f4 ,great ,m5 & ,nature4 ,all great m51 :e!r !y be poets or sci5ti/s or religi\s m5 or philosoph]s1 are n m]e read]s ( books1 b ! p]us]s ( ,nature4 ,m5 ( erudition are (t5 lexicons 9 fle% & blood1 b m5 ( g5ius read betwe5 ! l9es 9 ! pages ( life4 ,kant1 a man ( no great erudition1 c\ld accompli% 9 ! !ory ( k :at ,cop]nicus did 9 a/ronomy4 ,newton f\nd ! law ( gravitation n 9 a writt5 page1 b 9 a fall+ apple4 ,unlett]$ ,jesus realiz$ tru? beyond ! compreh5sion ( _m le>n$ doctors4 ,*>les ,d>w91 ^: !ory *ang$ ! :ole curr5t ( ! _w's ?\ght1 0 n a great read] ( books1 b a c>eful obs]v] ( facts4 ,%akespe>e1 ! greate/ ( poets1 0 ! greate/ read] ( ,nature & life4 ,he c\ld he> ! music ev5 ( heav5ly bodies1 & said3 ,!re's n ! smalle/ orb :i* ?\ beholde/1 ,b 9 8 motion l an angel s+s4 ,*wang ,tsz 7,s-%i71 ! greate/ ( ,*9ese philosoph]s1 says3 ,?\ kn[e/ ! music ( m51 b n ! music ( ! e>?4 ,?\ kn[e/ ! music ( ! e>?1 b n ! music ( ! heav54,,fn#acb ,goe!1 p]ceiv+ a pr(\nd mean+ 9 ,nature1 says3 ,fl[]s are ! beautiful hi]oglyphics ( ,nature ) :i* %e indicates h[ mu* %e loves u4 ,,fn#acb ,*wang ,tsz1 vol4 i41 p4 #aj4 ,son-toku,,fn#acc 7,n9omiya71 a great economi/1 :o1 ov]com+ all difficulties & h>d%ips by :i* he 0 beset f 8 *ildhood1 educat$ himself1 says3 ,! e>? & ! heav5 utt] no ^w1 b !y ceaselessly repeat ! holy book unwritt54 ,,fn#acc ,"o ( ! greate/ self-made m5 9 ,japan1 :o liv$ #aghg-ahef4 #g4 ,! ,absolute & ,reality are b an ,ab/raction4 ,a gra9 ( s& y1 trample ^u has a deep] significance ?an a s]ies ( lectures by y\r v]bal philosoph] :om y respect4 ,x conta9s )9 itself ! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>?2 x tells y :at x has se5 s9ce ! dawn ( "t2 :ile y\r philosoph] simply plays on ab/ract t]ms & empty words4 ,:at does 8 ,absolute1 or ,"o1 or ,sub/ance mean8 ,:at does 8 ,reality or ,tru? imply8 ,d !y d5ote or connote any?+8 ,m]e "n6 m]e ab/raction6 ,"o s*ool ( philosophy aft] ano!r has be5 e/abli%$ on logical subtleties2 ?\s&s ( books h be5 writt5 on ^! gr& names & fair mirages1 :i* vani% ! mom5t t y\r h& ( exp]i5ce rea*es aft] !m4 ,duke ,hwan1 says ,*wang ,tsz1,,fn#acd seat$ above 9 8 hall1 0 7once7 read+ a book1 & a :eelwright1 ,phi51 0 mak+ a :eel bel[ x4 ,lay+ aside 8 hamm] & *isel1 ,phi5 w5t up ! /eps & said3 ',i v5ture to ask y\r ,grace :at words y are read+8' ,! duke said3 ',! words ( sages4' ',are ^! sages alive8' ,phi5 cont9u$4 ',!y are dead1' 0 ! reply4 ',!n1' said ! o!r1 ':at y1 my ,rul]1 are read+ is only ! dregs & s$im5ts ( ^? old m54' ,! duke said3 ,,fn#acd ,*wang ,tsz1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bd4 ',h[ %\ld y1 a :eelwright1 h any?+ to say ab\t ! book :i* ,i am read+8 ,if y c expla9 y\rself1 v well2 if y _c1 y %all die4' ,! :eelwright said3 ',y\r s]vant w look at ! ?+ f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own art4 ,9 mak+ a :eel1 if ,i proce$ g5tly1 t is pleasant en\gh1 b ! workman%ip is n /rong2 if ,i proce$ viol5tly1 t is toilsome & ! jo9+s d n fit4 ,if ! movem5ts ( my h& are nei!r 7too7 g5tle nor 7too7 viol5t1 ! idea 9 my m9d is realiz$4 ,b ,i _c tell 7h[ to d ?is7 by ^w ( m\?2 !re is a knack 9 x4 ,i _c tea* ! knack to my son1 nor c my son le>n x f me4 ,?us x is t ,i am 9 my sev5tie? ye>1 & am 7/ill7 mak+ :eels 9 my old age4 ,b ^! anci5ts1 & :at x 0 n possible = !m to convey1 are dead & gone4 ,s !n :at y1 my ,rul]1 are read+ is b _! dregs & s$im5ts4 ,z5 has no bus9ess ) ! dregs & s$im5ts ( sages ( yore4 #h4 ,! ,s]mon ( ! ,inanimate4 ,! ,scripture ( ,z5 is writt5 ) facts simple & famili>1 s simple & famili> ) ev]yday life t !y escape obs]vation on t v acc\nt4 ,! sun rises 9 ! ea/4 ,! moon sets 9 ! we/4 ,high is ! m\nta94 ,deep is ! sea4 ,spr+ comes ) fl[]s2 summ] ) ! cool breeze2 autumn ) ! bright moon2 w9t] ) ! fakes ( sn[4 ,^! ?+s1 p]haps too simple & too famili> = ord9>y obs]v]s to pay att5tion to1 h _h pr(\nd significance = ,z54 ,li ,ngao 7,ri-ko7 "o day ask$ ,yoh ,%an 7,yaku-san73 ,:at is ! way to tru?8 ,yoh ,%an1 po9t+ to ! sky & !n to ! pit*] beside him1 said3 ,y see8 ,no1 sir1 repli$ ,li ,ngao4 ,! cl\d is 9 ! sky1 said ,yoh ,%an1 & ! wat] 9 ! pit*]4 ,hu5 ,%a 7,g5-%a7 "o day w5t ^u ! plat=m & 0 ready to deliv] a s]mon :5 he he>d a swall[ s++4 ,li/51 said he1 t small bird prea*es ! ess5tial doctr9e & proclaims ! et]nal tru?4 ,!n he w5t back to 8 room1 giv+ no s]mon4,,fn#ace ,,fn#ace ,d5-to-roku & ,e-g54 ,! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 a1 b1 c1 etc41 h no mean+ :atev]4 ,!y are b artificial signs1 b :5 spelt !y c express any great idea t great ?9k]s may =m4 ,trees1 grass1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 />s1 moons1 suns4 ,^! are ! alphabets ) :i* ! ,z5 ,scripture is writt54 ,ev5 a1 b1 c1 etc41 :5 spelt1 c express any great idea4 ,:y n1 !n1 ^! trees1 grass1 etc41 ! alphabets ( ,nature :5 !y compose ! ,volume ( ! ,univ]se8 ,ev5 ! meane/ clod ( e>? proclaims ! sacr$ law4 ,hwui ,*ung,,fn#acf 7,e-*u7 is said fir/ to h giv5 an expression to ! ,s]mon ( ! ,inanimate4 ,d ! inanimate prea* ! ,doctr9e8 ask$ a monk ( ,hwui ,*ung on "o occasion4 ,yes1 !y prea* eloqu5tly & incessantly4 ,!re is no pause 9 _! orations1 0 ! reply4 ,:y1 !n1 d ,i n he> !m8 ask$ ! o!r aga94 ,ev5 if y d n1 !re are _m o!rs :o c he> !m4 ,:o c he> !m8 ,all ! sages he> & und]/& !m1 said ,hwui ,*ung4 ,?us ! ,s]mon ( ! ,inanimate _h be5 a fav\rite topic ( discussion #ijj ye>s be=e ,%akespe>e :o express$ ! simil> idea1 say+3 ,& ?is our life1 exempt f public haunt1 ,f9ds tongues 9 trees1 books 9 ! runn+ brooks1 ,s]mons 9 /ones1 & good 9 ev]y?+4 ,,fn#acf ,a direct disciple ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,h[ wond]ful is ! ,s]mon ( ! ,inanimate1 says ,tung ,%an 7,to-zan74 ,y _c he> x ?r\gh y\r e>s1 b y c he> x ?r\gh y\r eyes4 ,y %\ld he> x ?r\gh y\r m9d's eyes1 ?r\gh y\r he>t's eyes1 ?r\gh y\r inmo/ s\l's eyes1 n ?r\gh y\r intellect1 n ?r\gh y\r p]ception1 n ?r\gh y\r k1 n ?r\gh y\r logic1 n ?r\gh y\r metaphysics4 ,to und]/& x y h to div9e1 n to def9e2 y h to obs]ve1 n to calculate2 y h to sympa?ize1 n to analyze2 y h to see ?r\gh1 n to criticize2 y h n to expla91 b to feel2 y h n to ab/ract1 b to grasp2 y h to see all 9 ea*1 b n to "k all 9 all2 y h to get directly at ! s\l ( ?+s1 p5etrat+ _! h>d cru/ ( matt] by y\r rays ( ! inn]mo/ consci\sness4 ,! fall+ leaves z well z ! bloom+ fl[]s reveal to u ! holy law ( ,buddha1 says a ,japanese ,z5i/4 ,ye :o seek = purity & peace1 g to ,nature4 ,%e w give y m ?an ye ask4 ,ye :o long = /r5g? & p]sev]ance1 g to ,nature4 ,%e w tra9 & /r5g!n y4 ,ye :o aspire aft] an ideal1 g to ,nature4 ,%e w help y 9 its realization4 ,ye :o ye>n aft] ,enlight5m5t1 g to ,nature4 ,%e w nev] fail to grant y\r reque/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,buddha1 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,_s #a4 ,! ,anci5t ,buddhi/ ,pan!on4 ,! anci5t ,buddhi/ pan!on 0 full ( deities or ,buddhas1 #c1jjj;,,fn#acg 9 numb]1 or r c\ntless1 & also ( ,bodhisattvas no less ?an ,buddhas4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 9 e *ur* ( ,mahayanism "o ,buddha or ano!r toge!r ) "s ,bodhisattvas reigns supreme z ! sole object ( wor%ip1 :ile o!r sup]natural be+s s9k 9 oblivion4 ,^! ,enlight5$ ,be+s1 reg>dless ( _! positions 9 ! pan!on1 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z p]sons :o 9 _! pa/ lives cultivat$ virtues1 und]w5t au/]ities1 & v>i\s sorts ( p5ance1 & at l5g? atta9$ to a complete ,enlight5m5t1 by virtue ( :i* !y secur$ n only peace & et]nal bliss1 b acquir$ div]s sup]natural p[]s1 su* z clairvoyance1 clairaudi5ce1 all-k1 & :at n4 ,!re=e1 x is natural t "s ,mahayani/s,,fn#ach came to believe t1 if !y %\ld g ?r\gh ! same c\rse ( discipl9e & /udy1 !y c\ld atta9 to ! same ,enlight5m5t & ,bliss1 or ! same ,buddhahood1 :ile o!r ,mahayani/s,,fn#aci came to believe 9 ! doctr9e t ! believ] is sav$ & l$ up to ! et]nal /ate ( bliss1 )\t und]go+ ^! h>d discipl9es1 by ! p[] ( a ,buddha kn[n z hav+ b\ndless m]cy & fa?omless wisdom :om he invokes4 ,,fn#acg ,trikalpa-trisahasra-buddhanrama-sutra gives ! names ( #c1jjj ,buddhas1 & ,buddhabhisita-buddhanama-sutra enum]ates ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas #aa1jic 9 numb]4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #djd1 #dje1 #djf1 #djg4 ,,fn#ach ,^? :o believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ,holy ,pa?4 ,see ',a ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,japanese ,buddhi/ ,sects1' pp4 #aji-aaa4 ,,fn#aci ,^? :o believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,pure ,l&4 #b4 ,z5 is ,iconocla/ic4 ,= ! foll[]s ( ,bodhidh>ma1 h[ev]1 ?is conception ( ,buddha seem$ too crude to be accept$ unhesitat+ly & ! doctr9e too mu* irrelevant ) & uncong5ial to actual life4 ,s9ce ,z5 d5\nc$1 z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! scriptural au?ority1 x is q reasonable to h giv5 up ?is view ( ,buddha inculcat$ 9 ! ,mahayana sutras1 & to set at naught ^? /atues & images ( sup]natural be+s kept 9 v5]ation by ! or?odox ,buddhi/s4 ,tan ,hia 7,tan-ka71 a not$ ,*9ese ,z5 ma/]1 0 f\nd w>m+ himself on a cold morn+ by ! fire made ( a wood5 /atue ( ,buddha4 ,on ano!r occasion he 0 f\nd m\nt+ a/ride ! /atue ( a sa9t4 ,*ao ,*5 7,jo-%u7 "o day happ5$ to f9d ,wang ,yu5 7,bun-y57 wor%ipp+ ! ,buddha 9 ! temple1 & =?) /ruck him ) 8 /aff4 ,is !re n any?+ good 9 ! wor%ipp+ ( ! ,buddha8 prote/$ ,wang ,yu54 ,!n ! ma/] said3 ,no?+ is bett] ?an any?+ good4,,fn#adj ,^! examples fully illu/rate ,z5's attitude t[>ds ! objects ( ,buddhi/ wor%ip4 ,z5 is n1 nev]!less1 iconocla/ic 9 ! commonly accept$ s5se ( ! t]m1 nor is x idolatr\s1 z ,*ri/ian mission>ies are apt to suppose4 ,,fn#adj ,z5-r9-rui-%u4 ,z5 is m iconocla/ic ?an any ( ! ,*ri/ian or ! ,mohamm$an d5om9ations 9 ! s5se t x opposes ! acceptance ( ! petrifi$ idea ( ,deity1 s conv5tional & =mal t x c>ries no inn] conviction ( ! believ]s4 ,fai? dies out :5ev] "o comes to /ick to "o's fix$ & immutable idea ( ,deity1 & to deceive oneself1 tak+ bigotry = g5u9e fai?4 ,fai? mu/ be liv+ & gr[+1 & ! liv+ & gr[+ fai? %\ld assume no fix$ =m4 ,x might seem = a sup]ficial obs]v] to take a fix$ =m1 z a runn+ riv] appe>s con/ant1 ?\gh x goes ?r\gh ceaseless *anges4 ,! dead fai?1 immutable & conv5tional1 makes its embrac] appe> religi\s & respectable1 :ile x arre/s 8 spiritual gr[?4 ,x might give its own] com=t & pride1 yet x at bottom proves to be fett]s to 8 moral uplift+4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,z5 decl>es3 ,buddha is no?+ b spiritual *a9 or moral fett]s1 &1 ,if y rememb] ev5 a "n ( ,buddha1 x w\ld deprive y ( purity ( he>t4 ,! conv5tional or or?odox idea ( ,buddha or ,deity might seem smoo? & fair1 l a gold *a91 be+ poli%$ & hamm]$ ?r\gh g5]ations by religi\s goldsmi?s2 b x has too mu* fixity & frigidity to be worn by u4 ,/rike (f ?y fett]s1 bonds t b9d !e d[n ,( %9+ gold or d>k]1 bas] ore2 ,"k slave is slave c>ess$ or :ipp$1 n free2 ,= fett]s ?o' ( gold1 are n less /rong to b9d4 --,! ,song ( ! ,sannyas94 #c4 ,buddha is ,unnamable4 ,give a def9ite "n to ,deity1 ,he w\ld be no m ?an :at ! "n implies4 ,! ,deity "u ! "n ( ,brahman necess>ily diff]s f ! ,be+ "u ! appellation ( ,jehovah1 j z ! ,h9du diff]s f ! ,jew4 ,9 l mann] ! ,be+ designat$ by ,god necess>ily diff]s f ,"o nam$ ,amitabha or f ,him entitl$ ,allah4 ,to give a "n to ! ,deity is to give ,him tradition1 nationality1 limitation1 & fixity1 & x nev] br+s u ne>] to ,him4 ,z5's object ( wor%ip _c be nam$ & det]m9$ z ,god1 or ,brahman1 or ,amitabha1 or ,creator1 or ,nature1 or ,reality1 or ,sub/ance1 or ! l4 ,nei!r ,*9ese nor ,japanese ma/]s ( ,z5 tri$ to give a def9ite "n to _! object ( adoration4 ,!y n[ call$ ,him ,t ,"o1 n[ ,?is ,"o1 n[ ,m9d1 n[ ,buddha1 n[ ,ta?agata1 n[ ,c]ta9 ,?+1 n[ ! ,true1 n[ ,dh>ma-nature1 n[ ,buddha-nature1 & s =?4 ,tung ,%an,,fn#ada 7,to-zan7 on a c]ta9 occasion decl>$ x to be ,a ,c]ta9 ,?+ t pill>s heav5 above & supports ! e>? bel[2 d>k z lacqu] & undef9able2 manife/+ itself ?r\gh its activities1 yet n :olly comprisable )9 !m4 ,s-kei,,fn#adb express$ x 9 ! same wise3 ,!re exi/s a ,c]ta9 ,?+1 bright z a mirror1 spiritual z a m9d1 n subject$ to gr[? nor to decay4 ,hu5 ,%a 7,g5-%a7 comp>+ x ) a gem says3 ,!re exi/s a bright gem illum9at+ ?r\gh ! worlds 9 t5 directions by its light4,,fn#adc ,,fn#ada ,tung ,%an ,luh 7,to-zan-roku1 ',say+s & ,do+s ( ,ta-zan'7 is "o ( ! be/ ,z5 books4 ,,fn#adb ,s-kei1 a ,korean ,z5i/1 ^: "w entitl$ ,z5-ke-ki-kwan is wor?y ( our note z a repres5tation ( ,korean ,z54 ,,fn#adc ,%o-bo-g5-zo4 ,?is c]ta9 ?+ or be+ is too sublime to be nam$ aft] a traditional or a national deity1 too spiritual to be symboliz$ by human art1 too full ( life to be =mulat$ 9 t]ms ( me*anical sci5ce1 too free to be rationaliz$ by intellectual philosophy1 too univ]sal to be p]ceiv$ by bodily s5ses2 b ev]ybody c feel its irresi/ible p[]1 see its invisible pres5ce1 & t\* its he>t & s\l )9 himself4 ,?is my/]i\s ,m9d1 says ,kwei ,fung 7,kei-ho71 is high] ?an ! highe/1 deep] ?an ! deepe/1 limitless 9 all directions4 ,!re is no c5tre 9 x4 ,no di/9ction ( ea/ & we/1 & above & bel[4 ,is x empty8 ,yes1 b n empty l space4 ,has x a =m8 ,yes1 b has no =m dep5d5t on ano!r = its exi/5ce4 ,is x intellig5t8 ,yes1 b n intellig5t l y\r m9d4 ,is x non-intellig5t8 ,yes1 b n non-intellig5t l trees & /one4 ,is x consci\s8 ,yes1 b n consci\s l y :5 wak+4 ,is x bright8 ,yes1 b n bright l ! sun or ! moon4 ,to ! "q1 ,:at & :o is ,buddha8 ,yu5 ,wu 7,en-g7 repli$3 ,hold y\r tongue3 ! m\? is ! gate ( evils6 :ile ,pao ,fuh 7,ho-fuku7 answ]$ to ! same "q3 ,no skill ( art c picture ,him4 ,?us ,buddha is unnamable1 indescribable1 & indef9able1 b we provisionally call ,him ,buddha4 #d4 ,buddha1 ! ,univ]sal ,life4 ,z5 conceives ,buddha z a ,be+1 :o moves1 /irs1 inspires1 enliv5s1 & vitalizes ev]y?+4 ,accord+ly1 we may call ,him ! ,univ]sal ,life 9 ! s5se t ,he is ! s\rce ( all lives 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is ,univ]sal ,life1 accord+ to ,z51 pill>s ! heav51 supports ! e>?1 glorifies ! sun & moon1 gives voice to ?und]1 t+es cl\ds1 adorns ! pa/ure ) fl[]s1 enri*es ! field ) h>ve/1 gives animals beauty & /r5g?4 ,!re=e1 ,z5 decl>es ev5 a dead clod ( e>? to be imbu$ ) ! div9e life1 j z ,l[ell expresses a simil> idea :5 he says3 ,e clod feels a /ir ( might1 ,an in/9ct )9 x t rea*es & t[]s1 ,& grop+ bl9dly above x = light1 ,climbs to a s\l 9 grass & fl[]s4 ,"o ( our contempor>y ,z5i/s wittily obs]v$ t 'vegetables are ! *ildr5 ( e>?1 t animals :i* fe$ on vegetables are ! gr&-*ildr5 ( e>?1 & t m5 :o subsi/ on animals are ! great-gr&-*ildr5 ( e>?4' ,if !re be no life 9 e>?1 h[ c\ld life come out ( x8 ,if !re be no life1 ! same z ! animal's life 9 ! vegetables1 h[ c\ld animals su/a9 _! lives fe$+ on vegetables8 ,if !re be no life simil> to ours 9 animals1 h[ c\ld we su/a9 our life by subsi/+ on !m8 ,! poet mu/ be 9 ! "r1 n only 9 8 e/hetic1 b 9 8 sci5tific po9t ( view1 9 say+- ,i mu/ ,confess t ,i am only du/4 ,b once a rose )9 me grew2 ,its rootlets %ot1 its fl[]ets flew2 ,& all rose's sweetness roll$ ,?r\gh\t ! texture ( my m\ld2 ,& s x is t ,i imp>t ,p]fume to !m1 :oev] ?\ art4 ,z we m5 live & act1 s d our art]ies2 s does blood2 s d corpuscles4 ,z cells & protoplasm live & act1 s d elem5ts1 molecules1 & atoms4 ,z elem5ts & atoms live & act1 s d cl\ds2 s does ! e>?2 s does ! ocean1 ! ,milky ,way1 & ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,:at is ?is life :i* p]vades ! gr&e/ z well z ! m9ute/ works ( ,nature1 & :i* may fitly be said 'great] ?an ! greate/ & small] ?an ! smalle/8' ,x _c be def9$4 ,x _c be subject$ to exact analysis4 ,b x is directly exp]i5c$ & recogniz$ )9 u1 j z ! beauty ( ! rose is to be p]ceiv$ & enjoy$1 b n r$uc$ to exact analysis4 ,at any rate1 x is some?+ /irr+1 mov+1 act+ & react+ cont9ually4 ,?is some?+ :i* c be exp]i5c$ & felt & enjoy$ directly by e "o ( u4 ,?is life ( liv+ pr9ciple 9 ! microcosmos is id5tical ) t ( ! macrocosmos1 & ! ,univ]sal ,life ( ! macrocosmos is ! common s\rce ( all lives4 ,!re=e1 ! ,mahap>9irvana-sutra says3 ,ta?agata 7ano!r "n = ,buddha7 gives life to all be+s1 j z ! lake ,anavatapta gives rise to ! f\r great riv]s4 ,ta?agata1 says ! same sutra1 divides 8 own body into innum]able bodies1 & also re/ores an inf9ite numb] ( bodies to "o body4 ,n[ be becomes cities1 villages1 h\ses1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & trees2 n[ he has a l>ge body2 n[ he has a small body2 n[ he becomes m51 wom51 boys1 & girls4 #e4 ,life & ,*ange4 ,a peculi> phase ( life is *ange :i* appe>s 9 ! =m ( gr[? & decay4 ,nobody c d5y ! transitor9ess ( life4 ,"o ( our fri5ds humor\sly obs]v$3 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w may be d\btful to y1 b x c nev] be d\bt$ t y w die4 ,life is l a burn+ lamp4 ,e m9ute its flame dies out & is r5ew$4 ,life is l a runn+ /ream4 ,e mom5t x pu%es onw>d4 ,if !re be any?+ con/ant 9 ?is _w ( *ange1 x %\ld be *ange itself4 ,is x n j "o /ep f rosy *ildhood to sn[y age8 ,is x n j "o mom5t f ! nuptial song to ! fun]al-dirge8 ,:o c live ! same mom5t twice8 ,9 comp>ison ) an organism1 inorganic matt] appe>s to be con/ant & *angeless2 b1 9 fact1 x is equally subject$ to ceaseless alt]ation4 ,e morn+1 look+ into ! mirror1 y w f9d y\r visage reflect$ 9 x j z x 0 on ! prec$+ day2 s also e morn+1 look+ at ! sun & ! e>?1 y w f9d !m reflect$ 9 y\r ret9a j z !y 7 on ! previ\s morn+2 b ! sun & ! e>? are no less *angeless ?an y4 ,:y d ! sun & ! e>? seem *angeless & con/ant to y8 ,only because y y\rself und]go *ange m quickly ?an !y4 ,:5 y look at ! cl\ds sweep+ across ! face ( ! moon1 !y seem to be at re/1 & ! moon 9 rapid motion2 b1 9 fact1 ! cl\ds1 z well z ! moon1 incessantly move on4 ,sci5ce might ma9ta9 ! quantitative con/ancy ( matt]1 b ! s-call$ matt] is m]e ab/raction4 ,to say matt] is *angeless is z mu* z to say #b is always #b1 *angeless & con/ant1 because ! ari?metical numb] is n m ab/ract ?an ! physiological matt]4 ,! moon appe>s /&+ /ill :5 y look at h] only a few mom5ts4 ,9 l mann] %e seems to be free f *ange :5 y look at h] 9 y\r %ort span ( life4 ,a/ronom]s1 nev]!less1 c tell y h[ %e saw h] bett] days1 & is n[ 9 h] wr9kles & :ite hair4 #f4 ,pessimi/ic ,view ( ! ,anci5t ,h9dus4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! new !ory ( matt] has entirely ov] ?r[n ! old conception ( ! un*ang+ atoms1 & !y are n[ reg>d$ to be compos$ ( magnetic =ces1 ions1 & corpuscles 9 incessant motion4 ,!re=e we h no in]t matt] 9 ! concrete1 no un*ang+ ?+ 9 ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce1 no con/ant organism 9 ! transi5t univ]se4 ,^! consid]ations (t5 l$ _m ?9k]s1 anci5t & mod]n1 to ! pessimi/ic view ( life4 ,:at is ! use ( y\r ex]tion1 !y w\ld say1 9 accumulat+ weal?1 :i* is doom$ to melt away 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye8 ,:at is ! use ( y\r /riv+ aft] p[]1 :i* is m %ort-liv$ ?an a bubble8 ,:at is ! use ( y\r endeav\r 9 ! re=mation ( society1 :i* does n endure any long] ?an ! ca/le 9 ! air8 ,h[ d k+s diff] f begg>s 9 ! eye ( ,transi5ce8 ,h[ d ! ri* diff] f ! poor1 h[ ! beautiful f ! ugly1 b[ ! "y f ! old1 h[ ! good f ! evil1 h[ ! lucky f ! unlucky1 h[ ! wise f ! unwise1 9 ! c\rt ( ,dea?8 ,va9 is ambition4 ,va9 is fame4 ,va9 is pleasure4 ,va9 are /ruggles & ef=ts4 ,all is 9 va94 ,an anci5t ,h9du ?9k],,fn#add says3 ,o sa9t1 :at is ! use ( ! enjoym5t ( pleasures 9 ?is (f5sive1 pi?less body--a m]e mass ( bones1 sk9s1 s9ews1 m>r[1 & fle%8 ,:at is ! use ( ! enjoym5t ( pleasures 9 ?is body1 :i* is assail$ by lu/1 hatr$1 gre$1 delusion1 fe>1 angui%1 jeal\sy1 sep>ation f :at is lov$1 union ) :at is n lov$1 hung]1 old age1 dea?1 illness1 grief1 & o!r evils8 ,9 su* a _w z ?is1 :at is ! use ( ! enjoym5t ( pleasures1 if he :o has f$ on !m is to return to ?is _w aga9 & aga98 ,9 ?is _w ,i am l a frog 9 a dry well4 ,,fn#add ,maitrayana ,upanisad4 ,x is ?is consid]ation on ! transitor9ess ( life t l$ "s ,taoi/ 9 ,*9a to pref] dea? to life1 z express$ 9 ,*wang ,tsz 7,su-%i73,,fn#ade ,:5 ,kwang-zze w5t to ,khu1 he saw an empty skull1 blea*$ inde$1 b /ill reta9+ its %ape4 ,tapp+ x ) 8 horse-swit*1 he ask$ x say+3 ',did y1 sir1 9 y\r gre$ ( life1 fail 9 ! lessons ( reason & come to ?is8 ,or did y d s1 9 ! s]vice ( a p]i%+ /ate1 by ! puni%m5t ( an axe8 ,or 0 x ?r\gh y\r evil conduct1 reflect+ disgrace on y\r p>5ts & on y\r wife & *ildr58 ,or 0 x ?r\gh y\r h>d endurances ( cold & hung]8 ,or 0 x t y _h complet$ y\r t]m ( life8' ,hav+ giv5 expression to ^! que/ions1 he took up ! skull & made a pill[ ( x1 & w5t to sleep4 ,at midnight ! skull appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & said3 ',:at y said to me 0 aft] ! fa%ion ( an orator4 ,all y\r words 7 ab\t ! entanglem5ts ( m5 9 _! lifetime4 ,!re are none ( ^? ?+s aft] dea?4 ,w\ld y l to he> me1 sir1 tell y ab\t dea?8' ',i %\ld1' said ,kwang-zze1 & ! skull resum$3 ',9 dea? !re are n 7! di/9ctions (7 rul] above m9i/] bel[4 ,!re are none ( ! ph5om5a ( ! f\r seasons4 ,tranquil & at ease1 our ye>s are ^? ( heav5 & e>?4 ,no k+ 9 8 c\rt has great] enjoym5t ?an we h4' ,kwang-zze did n believe x1 & said3 ',if ,i c\ld get ! ,rul] ( our ,de/9y to re/ore y\r body to life ) its bones & fle% & sk91 & to give y back y\r fa!r & "m1 y\r wife & *ildr51 & all y\r village acqua9tances1 w\ld y wi% me to d s8' ,! skull />$ fix$ly at him1 & knitt$ its br[s & said3 ',h[ %\ld ,i ca/ away ! enjoym5t ( my royal c\rt1 & und]take aga9 ! toils ( life among mank9d8' ,,fn#ade ',*wang ,tsz1' vol4 vi41 p4 #bc4 #g4 ,h9ayanism & its ,doctr9e4 ,! doctr9e ( ,transi5ce 0 ! fir/ entrance gate ( ,h9ayanism4 ,transi5ce nev] fails to deprive u ( :at is de> & ne> to u4 ,x disappo9ts u 9 our expectation & hope4 ,x br+s out grief1 fe>1 angui%1 & lam5tation4 ,x spreads t]ror & de/ruction among families1 communities1 nations1 mank9d4 ,x ?reat5s ) p]dition ! :ole e>?1 ! :ole univ]se4 ,!re=e x foll[s t life is full ( disappo9tm5t1 suff]+s1 & mis]ies1 & t man is l 'a frog 9 a dry well4' ,?is is ! doctr9e call$ by ! ,h9ayani/s ! ,holy ,tru? ( ,suff]+4 ,aga91 :5 ,transci5ce once gets hold ( our imag9ation1 we c easily =esee ru9s & disa/]s 9 ! v mid/ ( prosp]ity & happ9ess1 & also old age & ugl9ess 9 ! prime & y\? ( beauty4 ,x gives rise q naturally to ! ?\ght t body is a bag full ( pus & blood1 a m]e heap ( rott5 fle% & brok5 pieces ( bone1 a decay+ corpse inhabit$ by innum]able maggots4 ,?is is ! doctr9e call$ by ! ,h9ayani/s ! ,holy ,tru? ( ,impurity4,,fn#adf ,,fn#adf ,mahasaptipat?ana ,suttanta1 #g1 runs z foll[s3 ,&1 moreov]1 bhikkhu1 a bro!r1 j z if he _h be5 a body ab&on$ 9 ! *>nel-field1 dead = "o1 two1 or ?ree days1 swoll51 turn+ black & blue1 & decompos$1 apply t p]ception to ?is v body 7( 8 own71 reflect+3 ',?is body1 too1 is ev5 s con/itut$1 is ( su* a nature1 has n got beyond t 7fate74' ,&1 aga91 ,transi5ce holds its tyrannical sway n only ov] ! mat]ial b ov] ! spiritual _w4 ,at its t\* ,atman1 or s\l1 is br\ght to no?+4 ,by its call ,devas1 or cele/ial be+s1 are made to succumb to dea?4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t to believe 9 ,atman1 et]nal & un*ang+1 w\ld be a :im ( ! ignorant4 ,?is is ! doctr9e call$ by ! ,h9ayani/s ! ,holy ,tru? ( ,no-atman4 ,if1 z said1 !re c\ld be no?+ free f ,transi5ce1 ,con/ancy %\ld be a gross mi/ake ( ! ignorant2 if ev5 gods h to die1 ,et]nity %\ld be no m ?an a /upid dream ( ! vulg>2 if all ph5om5a be fl[+ & *ang+1 !re c\ld be no con/ant n\m5a und]ly+ !m4 ,x !re=e foll[s t all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are empty & unreal4 ,?is is ! doctr9e call$ by ! ,h9ayani/s ! ,holy ,tru? ( ,unreality4 ,?us ,h9ayana ,buddhism1 />t+ f ! doctr9e ( ,transi5ce1 arriv$ at ! pessimi/ic view ( life 9 its extreme =m4 #h4 ,*ange z se5 by ,z54 ,z51 l ,h9ayanism1 does n d5y ! doctr9e ( ,transi5ce1 b x has come to a view diametrically opposite to t ( ! ,h9dus4 ,transi5ce = ,z5 simply means *ange4 ,x is a =m 9 :i* life manife/s itself4 ,:]e !re is life !re is *ange or ,transi5ce4 ,:]e !re is m *ange !re is m vital activity4 ,suppose an absolutely *angeless body3 x mu/ be absolutely lifeless4 ,an et]nally *angeless life is equival5t to an et]nally *angeless dea?4 ,:y d we value ! morn+ glory1 :i* fades 9 a few h\rs1 m ?an an artificial glass fl[]1 :i* endures hundr$s ( ye>s8 ,:y d we pref] an animal life1 :i* passes away 9 a few scores ( ye>s1 to a vegetable life1 :i* c exi/ ?\s&s ( ye>s8 ,:y d we prize *ang+ organism m ?an inorganic matt]1 un*ang+ & con/ant8 ,if !re be no *ange 9 ! bright hues ( a fl[]1 x is z wor?less z a /one4 ,if !re be no *ange 9 ! song ( a bird1 x is z valueless z a :i/l+ w9d4 ,if !re be no *ange 9 trees & grass1 !y are utt]ly unsuitable to be plant$ 9 a g>d54 ,n[1 !n1 :at is ! use ( our life1 if x /& /ill8 ,z ! wat] ( a runn+ /ream is always fre% & :olesome because x does n /op = a mom5t1 s life is ev] fre% & new because x does n /& /ill1 b rapidly moves on f p>5ts to *ildr51 f *ildr5 to gr&*ildr51 f gr&*ildr5 to great-gr&*ildr51 & fl[s on ?r\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 r5ew+ itself ceaselessly4 ,we c nev] d5y ! exi/5ce ( old age & dea?--nay1 dea? is ( capital importance = a cont9uation ( life1 because dea? c>ries away all ! decay+ organism 9 ! way ( life4 ,b = x life w\ld be *ok$ up ) organic rubbi%4 ,! only way ( life's pu%+ itself onw>d or its r5ew+ itself is its produc+ ( ! "y & gett+ rid ( ! old4 ,if !re be no old age nor dea?1 life is n life1 b dea?4 #i4 ,life & ,*ange4 ,trans=mation & *ange are ! ess5tial features ( life2 life is n trans=mation nor *ange itself1 z ,b]gson seems to assume4 ,x is some?+ :i* comes "u our obs]vation ?r\gh trans=mation & *ange4 ,!re are1 among ,buddhi/s z well z ,*ri/ians1 n a few :o covet con/ancy & fixity ( life1 be+ allur$ by su* smoo? names z et]nal life1 ev]la/+ joy1 p]man5t peace1 & :at n4 ,!y h =gott5 t _! s\ls c nev] re/ cont5t ) ?+s monoton\s4 ,if !re be ev]la/+ joy = _! s\ls1 x mu/ be pres5t$ to !m ?r\gh incessant *ange4 ,s also if !re be et]nal life grant$ = _! s\ls1 x mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh ceaseless alt]ation4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 et]nal life1 fix$ & con/ant1 & et]nal dea?8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ev]la/+ bliss1 *angeless & monoton\s1 & ev]la/+ suff]+8 ,if con/ancy1 in/ead ( *ange1 gov]n life1 !n hope or pleasure is absolutely impossible4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 life is n con/ant4 ,x *anges & becomes4 ,pleasure arises ?r\gh *ange itself4 ,m]e *ange ( food or clo!s is (t5 pleas+ to u1 :ile ! appe>ance ( ! same ?+ twice or ?rice1 h[ev] pleas+ x may be1 causes u little pleasure4 ,x w become disgu/+ & tire u d[n1 if x be pres5t$ repeat$ly f "t to "t4 ,an important elem5t 9 ! pleasure we d]ive f social meet+s1 f travels1 f sight-see+s1 etc41 is no?+ b *ange4 ,ev5 intellectual pleasure consi/s ma9ly ( *ange4 ,a dead1 un*ang+ ab/ract tru?1 #b & #b make #d1 excites no int]e/2 :ile a *angeable1 concrete tru?1 su* z ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( evolution1 excites a ke5 int]e/4 #aj4 ,life1 ,*ange1 & ,hope4 ,! doctr9e ( ,transci5ce nev] drives u to ! pessimi/ic view ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 x gives u an inexhau/ible s\rce ( pleasure & hope4 ,let u ask y3 ,are y satisfi$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s8 ,d y n sympa?ize ) pov]ty-/rick5 millions liv+ side by side ) millionaires saturat$ ) weal?8 ,d y n %$ te>s ov] ^? hung]-bitt5 *ildr5 :o c[] 9 ! d>k lanes ( a great city8 ,d y n wi% to put d[n ! /up5d\s oppressor--,might-is-"r8 ,d y n want to d away ) ! s-call$ arm\r$ peace among nations8 ,d y n ne$ to mitigate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce m sangu9e ?an ! w> ( weapons8 ,life *anges & is *angeable2 consequ5tly1 has its future4 ,hope is !re=e possible4 ,individual developm5t1 social bett]m5t1 int]national peace1 re=mation ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 c be hop$4 ,our ideal1 h[ev] unpractical x may seem at ! fir/ sight1 c be realiz$4 ,moreov]1 ! _w itself1 too1 is *ang+ & *angeable4 ,x reveals new phases f "t to "t1 & c be m\ld$ to subs]ve our purpose4 ,we mu/ n take life or ! _w z complet$ & doom$ z x is n[4 ,no fact v]ifies ! belief t ! _w 0 ev] creat$ by "s o!r p[] & pr$e/9$ to be z x is n[4 ,x lives1 acts1 & *anges4 ,x is trans=m+ itself cont9ually1 j z we are *ang+ & becom+4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( ,transi5ce supplies u ) an inexhau/ible s\rce ( hope & com=t1 leads u into ! liv+ univ]se1 & introduces u to ! pres5ce ( ,univ]sal ,life or ,buddha4 ,! read] may easily und]/& h[ ,z5 conceives ,buddha z ! liv+ pr9ciple f ! foll[+ dialogues3 ,is x true1 sir1 ask$ a monk ( ,teu tsz 7,to-%i71 t all ! voices ( ,nature are ^? ( ,buddha8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,teu tsz4 ,:at is1 rev]5d sir1 ask$ a man ( ,*ao ,*eu 7,jo-%u71 ! holy temple 7( ,buddha78 ,an innoc5t girl1 repli$ ! tea*]4 ,:o is ! ma/] ( ! temple8 ask$ ! o!r aga94 ,a baby 9 h] womb1 0 ! answ]4 ,:at is1 sir1 ask$ a monk to ,y5 ,kwan 7,y5-kan71 ! orig9al body ( ,buddha ,vairocana8,,fn#adg ,fet* me a pit*] ) wat]1 said ! tea*]4 ,! monk did z he 0 ord]$4 ,put x back 9 its place1 said ,y5 ,kwan aga94,,fn#adh ,,fn#adg ,lit]ally1 ,all ,illum9at+ ,buddha1 ! highe/ ( ! ,trikayas4 ,see ,eitel1 p4 #aib4 ,,fn#adh ,z5-r9-rui-%u4 #aa4 ,ev]y?+ is ,liv+ accord+ to ,z54 ,ev]y?+ alive has a /rong innate t5d5cy to pres]ve itself1 to ass]t itself1 to pu% itself =w>d1 & to act on its environm5t1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly4 ,! innate1 /rong t5d5cy ( ! liv+ is an undevelop$1 b fundam5tal1 nature ( ,_s or ,m9d4 ,x %[s itself fir/ 9 in]t matt] z imp5etrability1 or aff9ity1 or me*anical =ce4 ,rock has a p[]ful t5d5cy to pres]ve itself4 ,& x is h>d to cru% x4 ,diamond has a robu/ t5d5cy to ass]t itself4 ,& x p]mits no?+ to de/roy x4 ,salt has ! same /rong t5d5cy1 = its p>ticles act & react by !mselves1 & nev] cease till its cry/als are =m$4 ,/eam1 too1 %\ld h ! same1 because x pu%es aside ev]y?+ 9 its way & goes :]e x w4 ,9 ! eye ( simple folks ( old1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 s]p5ts1 ox51 & eagles 7 equally full ( life2 h5ce ! deification ( !m4 ,no d\bt x is irrational to believe 9 nymphs1 fairies1 elves1 & ! l1 yet /ill we may say t m\nta9s /& ( _! own accord1 riv]s run z !y w1 j z we say t trees & grass turn _! leaves t[>ds ! sun ( _! own accord4 ,nei!r is x a m]e figure ( spee* to say t ?und] speaks & hills respond1 nor to describe birds z s++ & fl[]s z smil+1 nor to n>rate w9ds z moan+ & ra9 z weep+1 nor to /ate lov]s z look+ at ! moon1 ! moon z look+ at !m1 :5 we obs]ve spiritual elem5t 9 activities ( all ?is4 ,haeckel says1 n )\t reason3 ,i _c imag9e ! simple *emical & physical =ces )\t attribut+ ! movem5t ( mat]ial p>ticles to consci\s s5sation4 ,! same au?or says aga93 ,we may ascribe ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa9 to all atoms1 & s expla9 ! electric aff9ity 9 *emi/ry4 #ab4 ,! ,creative ,=ce ( ,nature & ,humanity4 ,! innate t5d5cy ( self-pres]vation1 :i* manife/s itself z me*anical =ce or *emical aff9ity 9 ! inorganic nature1 unfolds itself z ! desire ( ! pres]vation ( species 9 ! vegetables & animals4 ,see h[ vegetables f]tilize !mselves 9 a complicat$ way1 & h[ !y spread _! se$s f> & wide 9 a mo/ my/]i\s mann]4 ,a f> m develop$ =m ( ! same desire is se5 9 ! sexual atta*m5t & p>5tal love ( animals4 ,:o does n "k t ev5 ! smalle/ birds def5d _! "y aga9/ e enemy ) self -sacrific+ c\rage1 & t !y br+ food :il/ !y !mselves (t5 />ve & gr[ lean8 ,9 human be+s we c obs]ve ! v>i\s trans=mations ( ! self-same desire4 ,= in/ance1 sorr[ or despair is exp]i5c$ :5 x is impossible2 ang]1 :5 x is h9d]$ by o!rs2 joy1 :5 x is fulfill$2 fe>1 :5 x is ?reat5$2 pleasure1 :5 x is facilitat$4 ,al?\gh x manife/s itself z ! sexual atta*m5t & p>5tal love 9 l[] animals1 yet its develop$ =ms1 su* z sympa?y1 loyalty1 b5evol5ce1 m]cy1 humanity1 are obs]v$ 9 human be+s4 ,aga91 ! creative =ce 9 inorganic nature1 9 ord] to ass]t itself & act m effectively1 creates ! g]m ( organic nature1 & gradually asc5d+ ! scale ( evolution1 develops ! s5se organs & ! n]v\s sy/em2 h5ce intellectual p[]s1 su* z s5sation1 p]ception1 imag9ation1 memory1 unfold !mselves4 ,?us ! creative =ce1 ex]t+ itself gradually1 wid5s its sph]e ( action1 & necessitates ! union ( individuals into families1 clans1 tribes1 communities1 & nations4 ,= ! sake ( ?is union & co-op]ation !y e/abli%$ cu/oms1 enact$ laws1 & in/itut$ political & educational sy/ems4 ,fur!rmore1 to re9=ce itself1 x gave bir? to languages & sci5ces2 & to enri* itself1 morality & religion4 #ac4 ,univ]sal ,life is ,univ]sal ,_s4 ,^! consid]ations naturally lead u to see t ,univ]sal ,life is n a bl9d vital =ce1 b ,creative ,_s1 or ,m9d1 or ,consci\sness1 :i* unfolds itself 9 myriads ( ways4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se1 accord+ to ,z51 lives & acts1 & at ! same "t discloses its _s4 ,to be alive is id5tically ! same z to be spiritual4 ,z ! poet has 8 song1 s does ! night+ale1 s does ! cricket1 s does ! rivulet4 ,z we are pleas$ or (f5d$1 s are horses1 s are dogs1 s are sp>r[s1 ants1 e>?worms1 & mu%rooms4 ,simpl] ! body1 simpl] its _s2 m complicat$ ! body1 m complicat$ its _s4 ',m9d slumb]s 9 ! pebble1 dreams 9 ! plant1 ga!rs en]gy 9 ! animal1 & awak5s to self-consci\s discov]y 9 ! s\l ( man4' ,x is ?is ,creative1 ,univ]sal ,_s t s5ds =? ,aurora to illum9ate ! sky1 t makes ,diana %$ h] b5ign rays & olus play on 8 h>p1 wrea!s spr+ ) fl[]s1 t clo!s autumn ) gold1 t induces plants to put =? blossoms1 t incites animals to be en]getic1 & t awak5s consci\sness 9 man4 ,! au?or ( ,mahavaipulya-purnabuddha-sutra expressly /ates our idea :5 he says3 ,m\nta9s1 riv]s1 skies1 ! e>?3 all ^! are embrac$ 9 ! ,true ,_s1 enlight5$ & my/]i\s4 ,r9-zai also says3 ,_s is =mless1 b x p5etrates ?r\gh ! _w 9 ! t5 directions4,,fn#adi ,! ,six? ,patri>* expresses ! same idea m explicitly3 ,:at creates ! ph5om5a is ,m9d2 :at transc5ds all ! ph5om5a is ,buddha4,,fn#aej ,,fn#adi ,r9-zai-roku4 ,,fn#aej ,roku-s-dan-kyo4 #ad4 ,poetical ,intuition & ,z54 ,s9ce ,univ]sal ,life or ,_s p]meates ! univ]se1 ! poetical intuition ( man nev] fails to f9d x1 & to delight 9 ev]y?+ typical ( t ,_s4 ,! leaves ( ! planta91 says a ,z5 poet1 unfold !mselves1 he>+ ! voice ( ?und]4 ,! fl[]s ( ! hollyhock turn t[>ds ! sun1 look+ at x all day long4 ,jesus c\ld see 9 ! lily ! ,unse5 ,be+ :o clo!d x s lovely4 ,wordswor? f\nd ! mo/ pr(\nd ?+ 9 all ! _w to be ! univ]sal spiritual life1 :i* manife/s itself mo/ directly 9 nature1 clo!d 9 its own prop] dignity & peace4 ,?r\gh e />1 says ,c>lyle1 ?r\gh e grass blade1 mo/ ?r\gh e s\l1 ! glory ( pres5t ,god /ill beams4 ,x is n only gr&eur & sublimity t indicate ,univ]sal ,life1 b smallness & commonplace d ! same4 ,a sage ( old awak5$ to ! fai?,,fn#aea :5 he he>d a bell r+2 ano!r1 :5 he look$ at ! pea* blossom2 ano!r1 :5 he he>d ! frogs croak+2 & ano!r1 :5 he saw 8 own =m reflect$ 9 a riv]4 ,! m9ute/ p>ticles ( du/ =m a _w4 ,! meane/ gra9 ( s& "u our foot proclaims a div9e law4 ,!re=e ,teu ,tsz ,jo-%i71 po9t+ to a /one 9 front ( 8 temple1 said3 ,all ! ,buddhas ( ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future are liv+ !re94,,fn#aeb ,,fn#aea ,bo? ! ,*9ese & ! ,japanese hi/ory ( ,z5 are full ( su* incid5ts4 ,,fn#aeb ,z5-r9-rui-%u & ,to-%i-g-roku4 #ae4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness4 ,9 addition to ^! consid]ations1 :i* ma9ly dep5d on indirect exp]i5ce1 we c h direct exp]i5ce ( life )9 u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we exp]i5ce t our life is n a b>e me*anical motion or *ange1 b is a spiritual1 purposive1 & self-direct+ =ce4 ,9 ! second place1 we directly exp]i5ce t x kn[s1 feels1 & wills4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we exp]i5ce t !re exi/s "s p[] unify+ ! intellectual1 emotional1 & volitional activities s z to make life uni=m & rational4 ,la/ly1 we exp]i5ce t !re lies deeply root$ )9 u ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 :i* nei!r psy*ologi/s treat ( nor philosoph]s believe 91 b :i* ,z5 tea*]s exp\nd ) /rong conviction4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness is1 accord+ to ,z51 ! c5tre ( spiritual life4 ,x is ! m9d ( m9ds1 & ! consci\sness ( consci\sness4 ,x is ! ,univ]sal ,_s awak5$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,x is n ! m9d t feels joy or sorr[2 nor is x ! m9d t reasons & inf]s2 nor is x ! m9d t fancies & dreams2 nor is x ! m9d t hopes & fe>s2 nor is x ! m9d t di/+ui%es good f evil4 ,x is ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness t holds communion ) ,univ]sal ,_s or ,buddha1 & realizes t individual lives are insep>ably unit$1 & ( "o & ! same nature ) ,univ]sal ,life4 ,x is always bright z a burni%$ mirror1 & _c be dimm$ by d\bt & ignorance4 ,x is ev] pure z a lotus fl[]1 & _c be pollut$ by ! mud ( evil & folly4 ,al?\gh all s5ti5t be+s are end[$ ) ?is ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 !y are n aw>e ( its exi/5ce1 except+ m5 :o c discov] x by ! practice ( ,m$itation4 ,enlight5$ consci\sness is (t5 call$ ,buddha-nature1 z x is ! real nature ( ,univ]sal ,_s4 ,z5 tea*]s comp>e x ) a preci\s /one ev] fre% & pure1 ev5 if x be buri$ 9 ! heaps ( du/4 ,its div9e light c nev] be ext+ui%$ by d\bt or fe>1 j z ! sunlight _c be de/roy$ by mi/ & cl\d4 ,let u quote a ,*9ese ,z5 poet to see h[ ,z5 treats ( x3,,fn#aec ,i h an image ( ,buddha1 ,! worldly p "k x n4 ,x is n made ( clay or clo?1 ,nor is x c>v$ out ( wood1 ,nor is x m\ld$ ( e>? nor ( a%es4 ,no arti/ c pa9t x2 ,no robb] c /eal x4 ,!re x exi/s f dawn ( "t4 ,x's clean1 al?\gh n swept & wip$4 ,al?\gh x is b "o1 ,divides itself to a hundr$ ?\s& million =ms4 ,,fn#aec ,see ,z5-gaku-ho-t54 #af4 ,buddha ,dwell+ 9 ! ,individual ,m9d4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness 9 ! individual m9d acquires = its possessor1 n a relative k ( ?+s z 8 intellect does1 b ! pr(\nde/ insight 9 ref]5ce to univ]sal bro!rhood ( all be+s1 & enables him to und]/& ! absolute hol9ess ( _! nature1 & ! highe/ goal = :i* all ( !m are mak+4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness once awak5$ )9 u s]ves z a guid+ pr9ciple1 & leads u to hope1 bliss1 & life2 consequ5tly1 x is call$ ! ,ma/],,fn#aed ( bo? m9d & body4 ,sometimes x is call$ ! ,orig9al,,fn#aee ,m9d1 z x is ! m9d ( m9ds4 ,x is ,buddha dwell+ 9 individuals4 ,y might call x ,god 9 man1 if y l4 ,! foll[+ dialogues all po9t to ?is s+le idea3 ,on "o occasion a but*]1 :o 0 us$ to kill "o ?\s& %eep a day1 came to ,gotama1 &1 ?r[+ d[n 8 but*]-knife1 said ,i am "o ( ! ?\s& ,buddhas4 ,yes1 really1 repli$ ,gotama4 ,a monk1 ,hwui ,*ao 7,e-*a7 by "n1 ask$ ,pao ,y5 7,ho-g573 ,:at is ,buddha8 ,y are ,hwui ,*ao1 repli$ ! ma/]4 ,! same "q 0 put to ,%eu ,%an 7,%u-zan71 ,*i ,man 7,*i-mon71 & ,teu ,tsz 7,to-%i71 ! fir/ ( :om answ]$3 ,a bride m\nts on a donkey & h] "m-9-law drives x2 & ! second3 ,he goes b>efoot$1 8 s&als be+ worn out2 :ile ! ?ird rose f 8 *air & /ood /ill )\t say+ a ^w4 ,*w5 ,hih 7,fu-kiu7 expla9s ?is po9t 9 unequivocal t]ms3 ,night aft] night ,i sleep ) ,buddha1 & e morn+ ,i get up ) ,him4 ,he accompanies me :]ev] ,i g4 ,:5 ,i /& or sit1 :5 ,i speak or be mute1 :5 ,i am out or 91 ,he nev] leaves me1 ev5 z a %ad[ accompanies body4 ,w\ld y "k :]e ,he is8 ,li/5 to t voice & ^w4,,fn#aef ,,fn#aed ,x is (t5 call$ ! ,"l or ,ma/] ( m9d4 ,,fn#aee ,ano!r "n = ,buddha is ! ,orig9al ,m9d 7,ke*i-myaku-ron74 ,,fn#aef ,= su* dialogues1 see ,%o-yo-roku1 ,mu-mon-kan1 ,heki-gan-%u4 ,fu-kiu's words are repeat$ly quot$ by ,z5 ma/]s4 #ag4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness is n an ,intellectual ,insight4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness is n a b>e intellectual insight1 = x is full ( beautiful emotions4 ,x loves1 c>esses1 embraces1 & at ! same "t e/eems all be+s1 be+ ev] m]ciful to !m4 ,x has no enemies to conqu]1 no evil to fight )1 b con/antly f9ds fri5ds to help1 good to promote4 ,its w>m he>t beats 9 h>mony ) ^? ( all fell[ be+s4 ,! au?or ( ,brahmajala-sutra fully expresses ?is idea z he says3 ,all wom5 are our mo!rs2 all m5 our fa!rs2 all e>? & wat] our bodies 9 ! pa/ exi/5ces2 all fire & air our ess5ce4 ,?us rely+ on our inn] exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! only direct way ( kn[+ ,buddha1 we conceive ,him z a ,be+ ) pr(\nd wisdom & b\ndless m]cy1 :o loves all be+s z ,8 *ildr51 :om ,he is fo/]+1 br++ up1 guid+1 & tea*+4 ,^! ?ree worlds are ,81 & all be+s liv+ 9 !m are ,8 *ildr54,,fn#aeg ,! ,bless$ ,"o is ! "m ( all s5ti5t be+s1 & gives !m all ! milk ( m]cy4,,fn#aeh ,"s p nam$ ,him ,absolute1 z ,he is all light1 all hope1 all m]cy1 & all wisdom2 "s1 ,heav51 z ,he is high & enlight5$2 "s1 ,god1 z ,he is sacr$ & my/]i\s2 "s1 ,tru?1 z ,he is true to ,himself2 "s1 ,buddha1 z ,he is free f illusion2 "s1 ,creator1 z ,he is ! creative =ce imman5t 9 ! univ]se2 "s1 ,pa?1 z ,he is ! ,way we mu/ foll[2 "s1 ,unkn[able1 z ,he is beyond relative k2 "s1 ,self1 z ,he is ! ,self ( individual selves4 ,all ^! names are appli$ to "o ,be+1 :om we designate by ! "n ( ,univ]sal ,life or ,_s4 ,,fn#aeg ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra4 ,,fn#aeh ,mahap>9irvana-sutra4 #ah4 ,our ,conception ( ,buddha is n ,f9al4 ,has1 !n1 ! div9e nature ( ,univ]sal ,_s be5 completely & exhau/ively reveal$ 9 our ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness8 ,to ?is "q we %\ld answ] negatively1 =1 s f> z our limit$ exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 ,univ]sal ,_s reveals itself z a ,be+ ) pr(\nd wisdom & b\ndless m]cy2 ?is1 nev]!less1 does n imply t ! conception is ! only possible & complete "o4 ,we %\ld always be> 9 m9d t ! _w is alive1 & *ang+1 & mov+4 ,x goes on to disclose a new phase1 or to add a new tru?4 ,! subtle/ logic ( old is a m]e quibble ( n[adays4 ,! miracles ( ye/]day are ! commonplaces ( to-day4 ,n[ !ories are =m$1 new discov]ies are made1 only to give _! places to new] !ories are discov]ies4 ,new ideals realiz$ or new desires satisfi$ are sure to awak5 new] & /rong] desires4 ,n an in/ant life rema9s immutable1 b x ru%es on1 amplify+ & enri*+ itself f ! dawn ( "t to ! end ( et]nity4 ,!re=e ,univ]sal ,life may 9 ! future possibly unfold its new spiritual cont5t1 yet unkn[n to u because x has ref9$1 lift$ up1 & develop$ liv+ be+s f ! amba to man1 increas+ ! intellig5ce & range ( individuals1 until highly civiliz$ man em]ge into ! plane ( consci\sness-consci\sness ( div9e light 9 him4 ,?us to believe 9 ,buddha is to be cont5t & ?ankful = ! grace ( ,81 & to hope = ! inf9ite unfoldm5t ( ,8 glories 9 man4 #ai4 ,h[ to ,wor%ip ,buddha4 ,! au?or ( ,vimalakirtti-nirdeca-sutra well expla9s our attitude t[>ds ,buddha :5 he says3 ,we ask ,buddha = no?+4 ,we ask ,dh>ma = no?+4 ,we ask ,samgha = no?+4 ,no?+ we ask ( ,buddha4 ,no worldly success1 no rew>ds 9 ! future life1 no special bless+4 ,hwang ,pah 7,o-baku7 said3 ,i simply wor%ip ,buddha4 ,i ask ,buddha = no?+4 ,i ask ,dh>ma = no?+4 ,i ask ,samgha = no?+4 ,!n a pr9ce,,fn#aei que/ion$ him3 ,y ask ,buddha = no?+4 ,y ask ,dh>ma = no?+4 ,y ask ,samgha = no?+4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! use ( y\r wor%ip8 ,! ,pr9ce e>n$ a slap z an answ] to 8 utilit>ian "q4,,fn#afj ,?is incid5t well illu/rates t wor%ip1 z und]/ood by ,z5 ma/]s1 is a pure act ( ?anksgiv+1 or ! op5+ ( ! grateful he>t2 9 o!r words1 ! disclos+ ( ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness4 ,we are liv+ ! v life ( ,buddha1 enjoy+ ,8 bless+1 & hold+ communion ) ,him ?r\gh spee*1 ?\ght1 & action4 ,! e>? is n '! vale ( te>s1' b ! glori\s creation ( ,univ]sal ,_s2 nor man '! poor mis]able s9n]' b ! liv+ alt> ( ,buddha ,himself4 ,:atev] we d1 we d ) grateful he>t & pure joy sanction$ by ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness2 eat+1 dr9k+1 talk+1 walk+1 & e o!r "w ( our daily life are ! wor%ip & devotion4 ,we agree ) ,m>g>et ,full] :5 %e says3 ,rev]5ce ! highe/2 h pati5ce ) ! l[e/2 let ?is day's p]=mance ( ! meane/ duty be ?y religion4 ,are ! />s too di/ant8 ,pick up ! pebble t lies at ?y feet1 & f x le>n all4 ,,fn#aei ,aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or ,su5 ,tsung 7,s5-s71 ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,,fn#afj ,= ! details1 see ,heki-gan-%u4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man #a4 ,man is ,good-natur$ accord+ to ,m5cius4,,fn#afa ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 especially ! ,*9ese m5 ( lett]s1 seem to h tak5 s ke5 an int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( human nature t !y propos$ all ! possible op9ions respect+ ! subject 9 "q-namely1 7#a7 man is good-natur$2 7#b7 man is bad-natur$2 7#c7 man is good-natur$ & bad-natur$ z well2 7#d7 man is nei!r good-natur$ nor bad-natur$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! op9ions 0 propos$ by a mo/ reput$ ,confuciani/ s*ol>1 ,m5cius1 & 8 foll[]s1 & is /ill adh]$ to by ! majority ( ! ,japanese & ! ,*9ese ,confuciani/s4 ,m5cius ?\ght x z natural = man to d good z x is = ! grass to be gre54 ',suppose a p]son has happ5$1' he w\ld say1 'to f9d a *ild on ! po9t ( tumbl+ d[n into a deep well4 ,he w\ld rescue x ev5 at ! risk ( 8 life1 no matt] h[ morally deg5]at$ he might be4 ,he w\ld h no "t to consid] t 8 act might br+ him "s rew>d f its p>5ts1 or a good reputation among 8 fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s4 ,he w\ld d x b>ely out ( 8 inborn good-nature4' ,aft] enum]at+ "s in/ances simil> to ?is "o1 ,m5cius concludes t goodness is ! fundam5tal nature ( man1 ev5 if he is (t5 c>ri$ away by 8 brutal disposition4 ,,fn#afa ,m5cius 7#cgb-bhb ,b4,c47 is reg>d$ z ! be/ exp\nd] ( ! doctr9e ( ,confucius4 ,!re exi/s a well-kn[n "w ( 81 entitl$ aft] 8 own "n4 ,see ',a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy1' by ,r4 ,endo1 & also ',a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy' 7pp4 #ch-ej71 by ,g4 ,nakau*i4 #b4 ,man is ,bad-natur$ accord+ to ,siun ,tsz,,fn#afb 7,jun-%i74 ,! weaknesses ( ,m5cius's !ory are fully expos$ by ano!r diametrically oppos$ !ory prop\nd$ by ,siun ,tsz 7,jun-%i7 & 8 foll[]s4 ',man is bad-natur$1' says ,siun ,tsz1 's9ce he has inborn lu/1 appetite1 & desire = weal?4 ,z he has inborn lu/ & appetite1 he is naturally giv5 to intemp]ance & wantonness4 ,z he has inborn desire = weal?1 he is naturally incl9$ to qu>rel & fight ) o!rs = ! sake ( ga94' ,leave him )\t discipl9e or culture1 he w\ld n be a :it bett] ?an ! bea/4 ,8 virtu\s acts1 su* z *>ity1 hone/y1 propriety1 *a/ity1 tru?fulness1 are conduct =c$ by ! tea*+s ( anci5t sages aga9/ 8 natural incl9ation4 ,!re=e vices are cong5ial & true to 8 nature1 :ile virtues ali5 & untrue to 8 fundam5tal nature4 ,,fn#afb ,siun ,tsz's date is lat] by "s fifty ye>s ?an ,m5cius4 ,siun ,tsz gives ! reason :y man seeks aft] morality1 say+ t man seeks :at he has n1 & t he seeks aft] morality simply because he has n morality1 j z ! poor seek ri*es4 ,see ',a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy' 7pp4 #ea-fj71 by ,g4 ,nakau*i1 & ',a ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,?\ght1' by ,r4 ,endo4 ,^! two !ories are n only f> f ?r[+ light on ! moral /ate ( man1 b wrap x 9 deep] gloom4 ,let u raise a few que/ions by way ( refutation4 ,if man's fundam5tal nature be good1 z ,m5cius ma9ta9s1 :y is x easy = him to be vici\s )\t in/ruction1 :ile he f9ds x h>d to be virtu\s ev5 ) in/ruction4 ,if y cont5d t good is man's prim>y nature & evil ! second>y "o1 :y is be s (t5 ov]p[]$ by ! second>y nature8 ,if y answ] say+ t man is good-natur$ orig9ally1 b he acquires ! second>y nature ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & x gradually ga9s p[] ov] ! prim>y nature by means ( ! same cause1 !n ! primitive tribes %\ld be m virtu\s ?an ! highly civiliz$ nations1 & *ildr5 ?an gr[nup p4 ,is ?is n contr>y to fact8 ,if1 aga91 man's nature is ess5tially bad1 z ,siun ,tsz holds1 h[ c he cultivate virtue8 ,if y cont5d t anci5t sages inv5t$ s-call$ c>d9al virtues & inculcat$ !m aga9/ 8 natural incl9ation1 :y does he n give !m up8 ,if vices be cong5ial & true to man's nature1 b virtues be ali5 & untrue to him1 :y are virtues hon\r$ by him8 ,if vices be g5u9e & virtue a deception1 z y ?9k1 :y d y call ! inv5tors ( t deceiv+ art sages8 ,h[ 0 x possible = man to d good be=e ^! sages' appe>ance on e>?8 #c4 ,man is bo? ,good-natur$ & ,bad-natur$ accord+ to ,yan ,hiung,,fn#afc 7,yo-yu74 ,accord+ to ,yang ,hiung & 8 foll[]s1 good is no less real ?an evil1 & evil is no m unreal ?an good4 ,!re=e man mu/ be d\ble-natur$-t is1 p>tly good & p>tly bad4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! hi/ory ( man is full ( fi5di% crimes1 &1 at ! same "t1 x ab\nds ) godly de$s4 ,?is is ! reason :y mank9d comprises1 on ! "o h&1 a ,socrates1 a ,confucius1 a ,jesus1 &1 on ! o!r1 a ,n]o & a ,kieh4 ,?is is ! reason :y we f9d to-day a hone/ fell[ 9 him :om we f9d a betray] to-morr[4 ,,fn#afc ,yan ,hiung 7di$ ,a4,d4 #ah7 is ! reput$ au?or ( ,tai ,hu5 7,tai-g57 & ,fah ,y5 7,ho-g574 ,8 op9ion 9 ref]5ce to human nature is f\nd 9 ,fah ,y54 ,?is view ( man's nature might expla9 our pres5t moral /ate1 yet x calls =? _m que/ions b>d to answ]4 ,if ?is ass]tion be true1 is x n a useless task to educate man ) ! purpose ( mak+ him bett] & nobl]8 ,h[ c\ld "o extirpate man's bad nature implant$ )9 him at 8 orig98 ,if man be d\ble-natur$1 h[ did he come to set good ov] evil8 ,h[ did he come to consid] t he ought to be good & ought n to be bad8 ,h[ c\ld y e/abli% ! au?ority ( morality8 #d4 ,man is nei!r ,good-natur$ nor ,bad-natur$ accord+ to ,su ,%ih 7,s-%oku74,,fn#afd ,! difficulty may be avoid$ by a !ory giv5 by ,su ,%ih & o!r s*ol>s influ5c$ by ,buddhism1 :i* ma9ta9s t man is nei!r good-natur$ nor bad-natur$4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion man is n moral nor immoral by nature1 b unmoral4 ,he is morally a blank4 ,he is at a crossroad1 s to speak1 ( morality :5 he is fir/ born4 ,z he is blank1 he c be dy$ black or r$4 ,z he is at ! cross-road1 he c turn to ! "r or to ! left4 ,he is l fre% wat]1 :i* has no flav\r1 & c be made sweet or bitt] by circum/ances4 ,if we are n mi/ak51 ?is !ory1 too1 has to enc\nt] insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,h[ c\ld x be possible to make ! unmoral be+ moral or immoral8 ,we might z well try to get honey out ( s& z to get good or evil out ( ! blank nature4 ,!re c be no fruit ( good or evil :]e !re is no se$ ( good or bad nature4 ,?us we f9d no satisfactory solution ( ! problem at issue 9 ^! f\r !ories propos$ by ! ,*9ese s*ol>s--! fir/ !ory be+ incompet5t to expla9 ! problem ( human depravity2 ! second break+ d[n at ! orig9 ( morality2 ! ?ird fail+ to expla9 ! possibility ( moral culture2 ! f\r? be+ logically self-contradictory4 ,,fn#afd ,su ,%ih 7#ajdb-aaja71 a great man ( lett]s1 practis] ( ,z51 not$ = 8 poetical works4 #e4 ,!re is no ,mortal :o is ,purely ,moral4 ,by nature man %\ld be ei!r good or bad2 or he %\ld be good z well z bad2 or he %\ld be nei!r good nor bad4 ,!re c be no alt]native possible besides ^! f\r propositions1 none ( :i* c be accept$ z true4 ,!n !re mu/ be "s misconception 9 ! t]ms ( :i* !y consi/4 ,x w\ld seem to "s t ! error c be avoid$ by limit+ ! s5se ( ! t]m 'man1' say+ "s p]sons are good-natur$1 "s p]sons are bad-natur$1 "s p]sons are good-natur$ & bad-natur$ z well1 & "s p]sons are nei!r good-natur$ nor bad-natur$4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 ^! modifi$ propositions1 b /ill !y fail to expla9 ! e?ical /ate ( man4 ,suppos+ !m all to be true1 let u assume t !re are ! f\r classes ( p3 7#a7 ,^? :o are purely moral & h no immoral disposition2 7#b7 ^? :o are half moral & half immoral2 7#c7 ^? :o are nei!r moral nor immoral2 7#d7 ^? :o are purely immoral & h no moral disposition4 ,or?odox ,*ri/ians1 believ+ 9 ! s9lessness ( ,jesus1 w\ld say he belongs to ! fir/ class1 :ile ,mohamm$ans & ,buddhi/s1 :o deify ! f\nd] ( _! respective fai?1 w\ld 9 su* case reg>d _! f\nd] z ! purely moral p]sonage4 ,b are y\r beliefs1 we %\ld ask1 bas$ on hi/orical fact8 ,c y say t su* traditional & self-contradictory records z ! f\r gospels are hi/ory 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m8 ,c y ass]t t ^? traditions :i* deify ,mohamm$ & ,%akya are ! /atem5ts ( b>e facts8 ,is n ,jesus an ab/raction & an ideal1 entirely diff]5t f a concrete c>p5t]'s son1 :o f$ on ! same k9d ( food1 %elt]$ himself 9 ! same k9d ( build+1 suff]$ f ! same k9d ( pa91 0 fir$ by ! same k9d ( ang]1 /ung by ! same k9d ( lu/ z our own8 ,c y say ! p]son :o f\ght _m a sangu9>y battle1 :o got ?r\gh _m cunn+ negotiations ) enemies & fri5ds1 :o p]sonally exp]i5c$ ! tr\bles ( polygamy1 0 a p]son s9less & div9e8 ,we might all[ t ^! anci5t sages are sup]human & div9e1 !n our classification has no bus9ess ) !m1 because !y d n prop]ly belong to mank9d4 ,n[1 !n1 :o c po9t out any s9less p]son 9 ! pres5t _w8 ,is x n a fact t ! m virtu\s "o gr[s ! m s9ful he feels himself8 ,if !re be any mortal1 9 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 :o decl>es himself to be pure & s9less1 8 v decl>ation proves t he is n highly moral4 ,!re=e ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/ class ( p is op5 to "q4 #f4 ,!re is no ,mortal :o is ,non-,moral or ,purely ,immoral4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ?ird & ! f\r? class ( p :o are assum$ z non-moral or purely immoral4 ,!re is no p]son1 h[ev] morally degrad$ he may be1 b reveals "s good nature 9 8 :ole c\rse ( life4 ,x is our daily exp]i5ce t we f9d a fai?ful fri5d 9 ! p]son ev5 ( a pickpocket1 a lov+ fa!r ev5 9 a burgl>1 & a k9d neighb\r ev5 9 a murd]]4 ,fai?1 sympa?y1 fri5d%ip1 love1 loyalty1 & g5]osity dwell n m]ely 9 palaces & *ur*es1 b also 9 bro!ls & gaols4 ,on ! o!r h&1 abhorr5t vices & bloody crimes (t5 f9d %elt] "u ! silk hat1 or ! robe1 or ! coronet1 or ! cr[n4 ,life may fitly be comp>$ ) a rope made ( :ite & black /raw1 & to sep>ate "o f ! o!r is to de/roy ! rope itself2 s also life entirely indep5d5t ( ! duality ( good & bad is no actual life4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 !re=e1 t ! ?ird & ! f\r? propositions are inconsi/5t ) our daily exp]i5ce ( life1 & t only ! second proposition rema9s1 :i*1 z se5 above1 breaks d[n at ! orig9 ( morality4 #g4 ,:]e1 !n1 does ! ,error ,lie8 ,:]e1 !n1 does ! error lie 9 ! f\r possible propositions respect+ man's nature8 ,x lies n 9 _! subject1 b 9 ! pr$icate-t is to say1 9 ! use ( ! t]ms 'good' & 'bad4' ,n[ let u exam9e h[ does good diff] f bad4 ,a good action ev] promotes int]e/s 9 a sph]e f> wid] ?an a bad action4 ,bo? are ! same 9 _! conduc+ to human int]e/s1 b diff] 9 ! ext5t 9 :i* !y a*ieve _! end4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? good & bad actions are p]=m$ = "o end & ! same purpose ( promot+ human int]e/s1 b !y diff] f ea* o!r z to ! ext5t ( int]e/s4 ,= in/ance1 burgl>y is evid5tly bad action1 & is condemn$ ev]y:]e2 b ! captur+ ( an enemy's prop]ty = ! sake ( "o's own tribe or clan or nation is prais$ z a m]itori\s conduct4 ,bo? acts are exactly ! same 9 _! promot+ int]e/s2 b ! =m] relates to ! int]e/s ( a s+le individual or ( a s+le family1 :ile ! latt] to ^? ( a tribe or a nation4 ,if ! =m] be bad on acc\nt ( its ignor+ o!rs' int]e/s1 ! latt] mu/ be also bad on acc\nt ( its ignor+ ! enemy's int]e/s4 ,murd] is consid]$ bad ev]y:]e2 b ! kill+ ( ?\s&s ( m5 9 a battle-field is prais$ & hon\r$1 because ! =m] is p]petrat$ to promote ! private int]e/s1 :ile ! latt] ^? ( ! public4 ,if ! =m] be bad1 because ( its cruelty1 ! latt] mu/ also be bad1 because ( its inhumanity4 ,! idea ( good & bad1 g5]ally accept$ by common s5se1 may be /at$ z foll[s3 ',an action is good :5 x promotes ! int]e/s ( an individual or a family2 bett] :5 x promotes ^? ( a di/rict or a c\ntry2 be/ :5 x promotes ^? ( ! :ole _w4 ,an action is bad :5 x inflicts injury on ano!r individual or ano!r family2 worse :5 x is prejudicial to a di/rict or a c\ntry2 wor/ :5 x br+s h>m on ! :ole _w4 ,/rictly speak+1 an action is good :5 x promotes int]e/s1 mat]ial or spiritual1 z int5d$ by ! actor 9 8 motive2 & x is bad :5 x injures int]e/s1 mat]ial or spiritual1 z int5d$ by ! actor 9 8 motive4' ,accord+ to ?is idea1 g5]ally accept$ by common s5se1 human actions may be classifi$ "u f\r diff]5t heads3 7#a7 ,purely good actions2 7#b7 p>tly good & p>tly bad actions2 7#c7 nei!r good nor bad actions2 7#d7 purely bad actions4 ,fir/1 purely good actions are ^? actions :i* subs]ve & nev] h9d] human int]e/s ei!r mat]ial or spiritual1 su* z humanity & love ( all be+s4 ,secondly1 p>tly good & p>tly bad actions are ^? actions :i* are bo? = & aga9/ human int]e/s1 su* z n>r[ patriotism & prejudic$ love4 ,?irdly1 nei!r good nor bad actions are su* actions z are nei!r = nor aga9/ human int]e/s--= example1 an unconsci\s act ( a dream]4 ,la/ly1 purely bad actions1 :i* are absolutely aga9/ human int]e/s1 _c be possible = man except suicide1 because e action promotes m or less ! int]e/s1 mat]ial or spiritual1 ( ! individual ag5t or ( someone else4 ,ev5 su* horrible crimes z homicide & p>ricide are int5d$ to promote "s int]e/s1 & c>ry out 9 "s measure _! aim :5 p]=m$4 ,x foll[s t man _c be said to be good or bad 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]ms z above def9$1 = !re is no human be+ :o does ! fir/ class ( actions & no?+ else1 nor is !re any mortal :o does ! f\r? class ( actions & no?+ else4 ,man may be call$ good & bad1 & at ! same "t be nei!r good nor bad1 9 t he always p]=ms ! second & ! ?ird class ( actions4 ,all ?is1 nev]!less1 is a m play ( words4 ,?us we are driv5 to conclude t ! common-s5se view ( human nature fails to grasp ! real /ate ( actual life4 #h4 ,man is n ,good-natur$ nor ,bad-natur$1 b ,buddha-natur$4 ,we h _h already occasion to obs]ve t ,z5 tea*es ,buddha-nature1 :i* all s5ti5t be+s are end[$ )4 ,! t]m ',buddha-nature1',,fn#afe z accept$ g5]ally by ,buddhi/s1 means a lat5t & undevelop$ nature1 :i* enables its own] to become ,enlight5$ :5 x is develop$ & br\ght to actuality4,,fn#aff ,!re=e man1 accord+ to ,z51 is n good-natur$ nor bad-natur$ 9 ! relative s5se1 z accept$ g5]ally by common s5se1 ( ^! t]ms1 b ,buddha-natur$ 9 ! s5se ( non-duality4 ,a good p]son 7( common s5se7 diff]s f a bad p]son 7( common s5se71 n 9 8 inborn ,buddha-nature1 b 9 ! ext5t ( 8 express+ x 9 de$s4 ,ev5 if m5 are equally end[$ ) t nature1 yet _! diff]5t /ates ( developm5t d n all[ !m to express x to an equal ext5t 9 conduct4 ,buddha-nature may be comp>$ ) ! sun1 & individual m9d ) ! sky4 ,!n an ,enlight5$ m9d is l ! sky 9 fair wea!r1 :5 no?+ prev5ts ! beams ( ! sun2 :ile an ignorant m9d is l ! sky 9 cl\dy wea!r1 :5 ! sun %$s fa9t light2 & an evil m9d is l ! sky 9 /ormy wea!r1 :5 ! sun seems to be out ( exi/5ce4 ,x comes "u our daily obs]vation t ev5 a robb] or a murd]] may prove to be a good fa!r & a lov+ husb& to 8 wife & *ildr54 ,he is an hone/ fell[ :5 he rema9s at home4 ,! sun ( ,buddha-nature gives light )9 ! wall ( 8 h\se1 b )\t ! h\se ! d>kness ( f\l crimes %r\ds him4 ,,fn#afe ,= a detail$ explanation ( ,buddha-nature1 see ! *apt] entitl$ ,buddha-nature 9 ,%o-bo-g5-zo4 ,,fn#aff ,mahap>9irvana-sutra may be said to h be5 writt5 = ! purpose ( /at+ ?is idea4 #i4 ,! ,p>able ( ! ,robb] ,kih4,,fn#afg ,*wang ,tsz 7,s-%i7 rem>ks 9 a humor\s way to ! foll[+ effect3 ,! foll[]s ( ! great robb] & murd]] ,kih ask$ him say+3 ',has ! robb] also any moral pr9ciples 9 8 proce$+s8' ,he repli$3 ',:at pr(ession is !re :i* has n its pr9ciples8 ,t ! robb] comes to ! conclusion )\t mi/ake t !re are valuable deposits 9 an ap>tm5t %[s 8 wisdom2 t he is ! fir/ to ent] x %[s 8 brav]y2 t he makes an equal division ( ! plund] %[s 8 ju/ice2 t he nev] betrays ! fell[-robb]s %[s 8 fai?fulness2 & t he is g5]\s to ! foll[]s %[s 8 b5evol5ce4 ,)\t all ^! five qualities no "o 9 ! _w has ev] atta9$ to become a great robb]4' ,! p>able cle>ly %[s u ,buddha-nature ( ! robb] & murd]] expresses itself z wisdom1 brav]y1 ju/ice1 fai?fulness1 & b5evol5ce 9 8 society1 & t if he did ! same outside x1 he w\ld n be a great robb] b a great sage4 ,,fn#afg ,! p>able is told = ! purpose ( und]valu+ ,confucian doctr9e1 b ! au?or !reby accid5tally t\*es human nature4 ,we d n quote x "h ) ! same purpose z ! au?or's4 #aj4 ,wang ,yang ,m+ 7,o-yo-mei7 & a ,?ief4 ,"o ev5+ :5 ,wang 0 giv+ a lecture to a numb] ( /ud5ts on 8 fam\s doctr9e t all human be+s are end[$ ) ,consci5ce1,,fn#afh a ?ief broke into ! h\se & hid himself 9 ! d>ke/ corn]4 ,!n ,wang decl>$ al\d t e human be+ is born ) ,consci5ce1 & t ev5 ! ?ief :o _h got into ! h\se _h ,consci5ce j z ! sages ( old4 ,! burgl>1 ov]he>+ ^! rem>ks1 came out to ask ! =giv5ess ( ! ma/]2 s9ce !re 0 no way ( escape = him1 & he 0 half-nak$1 he cr\*$ beh9d ! /ud5ts4 ,wang's will+ =giv5ess & cordial treatm5t enc\rag$ ! man to ask ! "q h[ ! tea*] c\ld "k su* a poor wret* z he 0 end[$ ) ,consci5ce z ! sages ( old4 ,wang repli$3 ,x is y\r ,consci5ce t makes y a%am$ ( y\r nak$ness4 ,y y\rself are a sage1 if y ab/a9 f ev]y?+ t w put %ame on y4 ,we firmly believe t ,wang is p]fectly "r 9 tell+ ! ?ief t he 0 n diff]5t 9 nature f ! sages ( old4 ,x is no exagg]ation4 ,x is a sav+ tru?4 ,x is also a mo/ effective way ( sav+ m5 out ( d>kness ( s94 ,any ?ief ceases to be a ?ief ! mom5t he believes 9 8 own ,consci5ce1 or ,buddha-nature4 ,y c nev] correct crim9als by y\r sev]e reproa* or puni%m5t4 ,y c save !m only ?r\gh y\r sympa?y & love1 by :i* y call =? _! inborn ,buddha-nature4 ,no?+ c produce m p]nici\s effects on crim9als ?an to treat !m z if !y 7 a diff]5t sort ( p & confirm !m 9 _! conviction t !y are bad-natur$4 ,we greatly regret t ev5 9 a civiliz$ society au?orities neglect+ ?is sav+ tru? are driv+ to p]dition ^? crim9als "u _! c>e1 :om x is _! duty to save4 ,,fn#afh ,x is n consci5ce 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x is 'moral' pr9ciple1 accord+ to ,wang1 p]vad+ ?r\gh ! ,univ]se4 ',x expresses itself z ,provid5ce 9 ,heav51 z moral nature 9 man1 & z me*anical laws 9 ?+s4' ,! read] w notice t ,wang's ,consci5ce is ! ne>e/ approa* to ,buddha-nature4 #aa4 ,! ,bad are ! ,good 9 ! ,egg4 ,?is is n only ! case ) a robb] or a murd]]1 b also ) ord9>y p4 ,!re are _m :o are hone/ & good 9 _! home/eads1 b turn out to be base & di%one/ folk outside !m4 ,simil>ly1 !re are ^? :o1 hav+ an en?usia/ic love ( _! local di/rict1 act unlawfully aga9/ ! int]e/s ( o!r di/ricts4 ,!y are upright & hon\rable g5tlem5 )9 ! b\nd>y ( _! own di/rict1 b a gang ( rascals )\t x4 ,s also !re are _m :o are ,wa%+tons & ,william ,tells 9 _! own1 b at ! same "t pirates & cannibals 9 ! o!r c\ntries4 ,aga91 !re are n a few p]sons :o1 hav+ racial prejudices1 w\ld n all[ ! rays ( _! ,buddha-nature to pass ?r\gh a col\r$ sk94 ,!re are civiliz$ p]sons :o are humane en\gh to love & e/eem any human be+ z _! bro!r1 b s unfeel+ t !y ?9k l[] creatures z _! prop] food4 ,! highly enlight5$ p]son1 h[ev]1 _c b sympa?ize ) human be+s & l[] creatures z well1 z ,%akya ,muni felt all s5ti5t be+s to be 8 *ildr54 ,^! p are exactly ! same 9 _! ,buddha-nature1 b a wide diff]5ce obta9s among !m 9 ! ext5t ( _! express+ t nature 9 de$s4 ,if ?ieves & murd]]s be call$ bad-natur$1 re=m]s & revolutioni/s %\ld be call$ s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 patriotism & loyalty be said to be good1 treason & insurrection %\ld likewise be s4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t a s-call$ good p]son is none b "o :o acts to promote wid] int]e/s ( life1 & a s-call$ bad p]son is none b "o :o acts to advance n>r[] ones4 ,9 o!r words1 ! bad are ! good 9 ! egg1 s to speak1 & ! good are ! bad on ! w+4 ,z ! bird 9 ! egg is "o & ! same z ! bird on ! w+1 s ! good 9 ! egg is entirely ( ! same nature z ! bad on ! w+4 ,to %[ t human nature transc5ds ! duality ( good & evil1 ! au?or ( ,avatamsaka-sutra decl>es t 'all be+s are end[$ ) ! wisdom & virtue ( ,ta?agata4' ,kwei ,fung 7,kei-ho7 also says3 ,all s5ti5t be+s h ! ,real ,_s ( ,orig9al ,enlight5m5t 7)9 !mselves74 ,x is un*ang+ & pure4 ,x is et]nally bright & cle>1 & consci\s4 ,x is also nam$ ,buddha-nature1 or ,ta?agata-g>bha4 #ab4 ,! ,great ,p]son & ,small ,p]son4 ,= ^! reasons ,z5 proposes to call man ,buddha-natur$ or ,good-natur$ 9 a s5se transc5d5tal to ! duality ( good & bad4 ,x conveys no s5se to call "s individuals good 9 case !re is no bad individual4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 h[ev]1 ,z5 calls man good1 z is exemplifi$ by ,%akya ,muni1 :o 0 wont to address 8 he>]s z 'good m5 & wom51' & by ! ,six? ,patri>* 9 ,*9a1 :o call$ ev]ybody 'a good & wise "o4' ,?is does n imply 9 ! lea/ t all human be+s are virtu\s1 s9less1 & sa9tly-nay1 ! _w is full ( vices & crimes4 ,x is an und5iable fact t life is ! w>f>e ( good aga9/ evil1 & _m a valiant h]o has fall5 9 ! =emo/ ranks4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 to notice t ! *ampions on ! bo? sides are fight+ = ! same cause4 ,!re c be no s+le individual 9 ! _w :o is fight+ aga9/ 8 own cause or int]e/1 & ! only possible diff]5ce betwe5 "o p>ty & ! o!r consi/s 9 ! ext5t ( int]e/s :i* !y fight =4 ,s-call$ bad p]sons1 :o are prop]ly designat$ z 'small p]sons' by ,*9ese & ,japanese s*ol>s1 express _! ,buddha-nature to a small ext5t mo/ly )9 _! own doors1 :ile s-call$ good p]sons1 or 'great p]sons' z ! ,ori5tal s*ol>s call !m1 actualize _! ,buddha-nature to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! :ole sph]e ( a c\ntry1 or ( ! :ole e>?4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 or ,buddha-nature1 z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 is ! m9d ( m9d & ! consci\sness ( consci\sness1 ,univ]sal ,_s awak5$ 9 individual m9ds1 :i* realizes ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( all be+s & ! unity ( individual lives4 ,x is ! real self1 ! guid+ pr9ciple1 ! ,orig9al ,physiognomy,,fn#afi 7nature71 z x is call$ by ,z51 ( man4 ,?is real self lies dormant "u ! ?re%old ( consci\sness 9 ! m9ds ( ! confus$2 consequ5tly1 ea* ( !m is incl9$ to reg>d petty individual z 8 self1 & to ex]t himself to fur!r ! int]e/s ( ! individual self ev5 at ! co/ ( ^? ( ! o!rs4 ,he is '! smalle/ p]son' 9 ! _w1 = 8 self is r$uc$ to ! smalle/ ext5t possible4 ,"s ( ! less confus$ id5tify _! selves ) _! families1 & feel happy or unhappy 9 proportion z _! families are happy or unhappy1 = ! sake ( :i* !y sacrifice ! int]e/s ( o!r families4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! m enlight5$ unite _! selves ?r\gh love & compassion ) _! :ole tribe or c\ntrym51 & consid] ! rise or fall ( ! tribe or ( ! c\ntry z _! own1 & will+ly sacrifice _! own lives1 if ne$ be1 = ! cause ( ! tribe or ! c\ntry4 ,:5 !y are fully enlight5$1 !y c realize ! unity ( all s5ti5t lives1 & be ev] m]ciful & helpful t[>ds all creatures4 ,!y are '! greate/ p]sons' on e>?1 because _! selves are enl>g$ to ! greate/ ext5t possible4 ,,fn#afi ,! expression fir/ occurs 9 ,ho-bo-dan-kyo ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 & is frequ5tly us$ by lat] ,z5i/s4 #ac4 ,! ,!ory ( ,buddha-,nature adequately expla9s ! ,e?ical ,/ates ( ,man4 ,?is !ory ( ,buddha-nature enables u to get an insight into ! orig9 ( morality4 ,! fir/ awak5+ ( ,buddha-nature )9 man is ! v beg9n+ ( morality1 & man's e?ical progress is ! gradually wid5+ expression ( t nature 9 conduct4 ,b = x morality is impossible = man4 ,b = x n only moral culture or discipl9e1 b education & social improvem5t mu/ be futile4 ,aga91 ! !ory adequately expla9s ! e?ical facts t ! /&>d ( morality und]goes *ange 9 diff]5t times & places1 t good & bad are s insep>ably knit toge!r1 & t ! bad at times become good all on a sudd51 & ! good gr[ bad q unexpect$ly4 ,fir/1 x goes )\t say+ t ! /&>d ( morality is rais$ j 9 proportion z ,buddha-nature or real self ext5ds & amplifies itself 9 diff]5t times & places4 ,secondly1 s9ce good is ,buddha-nature actualiz$ to a l>ge ext5t1 & bad is also ,buddha-nature actualiz$ to a small ext5t1 ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] presupposes t ( ! latt]1 & ! mess ( duality c nev] be got rid (4 ,?irdly1 ! fact t ! bad become good "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & ! good also become bad (t5 unexpect$ly1 c h>dly be expla9$ by ! duali/ic !ory1 because if good nature be s arbitr>ily turn$ into bad & bad nature into good1 ! di/9ction ( good & bad nature has no mean+ :atev]4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,buddha-nature1 ! fact t ! good become bad or ! bad become good1 does n imply 9 ! lea/ a *ange ( nature1 b ! wid5+ or ! n>r[+ ( its actualization4 ,s t no matt] h[ morally deg5]at$ "o may be1 he c uplift himself to a high e?ical plane by ! wid5+ ( 8 self1 & at ! same "t no matt] h[ morally exalt$ "o may be1 he c desc5d to ! level ( ! brute by ! n>r[+ ( 8 self4 ,to be an angel or to be a devil re/s ) "o's degrees ( enlight5m5t & free *oice4 ,?is is :y su* inf9ite v>ieties exi/ bo? among ! good & ! bad4 ,?is is :y ! high] ! peak ( enlight5m5t ! p climb1 ! m widely ! vi/a ( moral possibilities op5 be=e !m4 #ad4 ,buddha-,nature is ! ,common ,s\rce ( ,morals4 ,fur!rmore1 ,buddha-nature or real self1 be+ ! seat ( love & ! nucleus ( s9c]ity1 =ms ! w>p & wo( ( all moral actions4 ,he is an ob$i5t son :o s]ves 8 p>5ts ) s9c]ity & love4 ,he is a loyal subject :o s]ves 8 ma/] ) s9c]ity & love4 ,a virtu\s wife is %e :o loves h] husb& ) h] s9c]e he>t4 ,a tru/wor?y fri5d is he :o keeps company ) o!rs ) s9c]ity & love4 ,a man ( righte\sness is he :o leads a life ( s9c]ity & love4 ,g5]\s & humane is he :o sympa?izes ) 8 fell[-m5 ) 8 s9c]e he>t4 ,v]acity1 *a/ity1 filial piety1 loyalty1 righte\sness1 g5]osity1 humanity1 & :at n-all-?is is no o!r ?an ,buddha-nature appli$ to v>i\s relation%ips ( human bro!rhood4 ,?is is ! common s\rce1 ev] fre% & inexhau/ible1 ( morality t fo/]s & fur!rs ! int]e/s ( all4 ,to-ju,,fn#agj expresses ! simil> idea z foll[s3 ,!re exi/s ! ,inexhau/ible ,s\rce 7( morality7 )9 me4 ,x is an invaluable treasure4 ,x is call$ ,bright ,nature ( man4 ,x is pe]less & surpasses all jewels4 ,! aim ( le>n+ is to br+ out ?is ,bright ,nature4 ,?is is ! be/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,real happ9ess c only be secur$ by x4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 moral conduct1 :i* is no?+ b ! expression ( ,buddha-nature 9 action1 implies ! ass]tion ( self & ! fur!rance ( "o's int]e/s4 ,on ?is po9t is bas$ ! half-tru? ( ! ,egoi/ic !ory4 ,secondly1 x is inv>iably accompani$ by a feel+ ( pleasure or satisfaction :5 x fulfils its end4 ,?is accid5tal concomitance is mi/ak5 = its ess5ce by sup]ficial obs]v]s :o adh]e to ! ,h$oni/ic !ory4 ,?irdly1 x conduces to ! fur!rance ( ! mat]ial & spiritual int]e/s ( man1 & x l$ ! ,utilit>ians to ! confusion ( ! result ) ! cause ( morality4 ,f\r?ly1 x involves ! control or sacrifice ( ! l[] & ignoble self ( an individual 9 ord] to realize 8 high] & nobl] self4 ,?is gave rise to ! half-tru? ( ! ,ascetic !ory ( morality4 ,,fn#agj ,to-ju ,naka-e 7di$ ,a4,d4 #afdi71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,japanese ,wang ,s*ool ( ,confucianism1 kn[n z ! ,sage ( ,omi4 #ae4 ,! ,p>able ( a ,drunk>d4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 ,if all human be+s are end[$ ) ,buddha-nature1 :y h !y n come naturally to be ,enlight5$8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 ! ,indian ,mahayani/s,,fn#aga told ! p>able ( a drunk>d :o =gets ! preci\s gems put 9 8 own pocket by "o ( 8 fri5ds4 ,! man is drunk ) ! poison\s liquor ( selfi%ness1 l$ a/ray by ! allur+ sight ( ! s5sual objects1 & goes mad ) ang]1 lu/1 & folly4 ,?us he is 9 a /ate ( moral pov]ty1 entirely =gett+ ! preci\s gem ( ,buddha-nature )9 him4 ,to be 9 an hon\rable position 9 society z ! own] ( t valuable prop]ty1 he mu/ fir/ get rid himself ( ! influ5ce ( ! liquor ( self1 & deta* himself f s5sual objects1 ga9 control ov] 8 passion1 re/ore peace & s9c]ity to 8 m9d1 & illum9e 8 :ole exi/5ce by 8 inborn div9e light4 ,o!rwise he has to rema9 9 ! same plight to all et]nity4 ,,fn#aga ,mahap>9irvana-sutra4 ,lot u avail ourselves ( ano!r figure to expla9 m cle>ly ! po9t at issue4 ,univ]sal ,_s may fitly be lik5$ to ! univ]sal wat]1 or wat] circulat+ ?r\gh ! :ole e>?4 ,?is univ]sal wat] exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,x exi/s 9 ! tree4 ,x exi/s 9 ! grass4 ,x exi/s 9 ! m\nta94 ,x exi/s 9 ! riv]4 ,x exi/s 9 ! sea4 ,x exi/s 9 ! air4 ,x exi/s 9 ! cl\d4 ,?us man is n only surr\nd$ by wat] on all sides1 b x p5etrates 8 v body4 ,b be c nev] appease 8 ?ir/ )\t dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 l mann] ,univ]sal ,_s exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,x exi/s 9 ! tree4 ,x exi/s 9 ! grass4 ,x exi/s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x exi/s 9 ! m\nta94 ,x exi/s 9 ! riv]4 ,x exi/s 9 ! sea4 ,x exi/s 9 ! bird4 ,x exi/s 9 ! bea/4 ,?us man is n m]ely surr\nd$ by ,_s on all sides1 b x p]meates ?r\gh 8 :ole exi/5ce4 ,b he c nev] be ,enlight5$ unless he awak5s x )9 him by means ( ,m$itation4 ,to dr9k wat] is to dr9k ! univ]sal wat]2 to awak5 ,buddha-nature is to be consci\s ( ,univ]sal ,_s4 ,!re=e1 to get ,enlight5$ we h to believe t all be+s are ,buddha-natur$--t is1 absolutely good-natur$ 9 ! s5se t transc5ds ! duality ( good & bad4 ,"o day1 to cite an example1 ,pan ,%an 7,ban-zan7 happ5$ to pass by a meat-%op4 ,he he>d a cu/om] say+3 ',give me a p\nd ( fre% meat4' ,to :i* ! %opkeep]1 putt+ d[n 8 knife1 repli$3 ,c]ta9ly1 sir4 ,c\ld !re be any meat t is n fre% 9 my %op8' ,pan ,%an1 he>+ ^! rem>ks1 0 ,enlight5$ at once4 #af4 ,%akya ,muni & ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,a great tr\ble ) u is t we d n believe 9 half ! good t we are born )4 ,we are j l ! only son ( a well-to-d1 z ! au?or ( ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra,,fn#agb tells u1 :o1 be+ =getful ( 8 ri* inh]itance1 leaves 8 home & leads a life ( h&-to-m\? z a coolie4 ,h[ mis]able x is to see "o1 hav+ no fai? 9 8 noble end[m5t1 bury+ ! preci\s gem ( ,buddha-nature into ! f\l rubbi% ( vices & crimes1 wa/+ 8 excell5t g5ius 9 ! ex]tion t is sure to disgrace 8 "n1 fall+ a prey to bitt] remorse & d\bt1 & ca/+ himself away into ! jaw ( p]dition4 ,%akya ,muni1 full ( fa!rly love t[>ds all be+s1 look$ ) compassion on u1 8 prodigal son1 & us$ e means to re/ore ! half-/>v$ man to 8 home4 ,x 0 = ?is t he left ! palace & ! belov$ wife & son1 practis$ 8 self-mortification & prolong$ ,m$itation1 atta9$ to ,enlight5m5t1 & prea*$ ,dh>ma = =ty-n9e ye>s2 9 o!r words1 all 8 /r5g? & ef=t 7 focuss$ on t s+le aim1 :i* 0 to br+ ! prodigal son to 8 ri* mansion ( ,buddha-nature4 ,he taught n only by words1 b by 8 own actual example1 t man has ,buddha-nature1 by ! unfoldm5t ( :i* he c save himself f ! mis]ies ( life & dea?1 & br+ himself to a high] realm ?an gods4 ,:5 we are ,enlight5$1 or :5 ,univ]sal ,_s awak5s )9 u1 we op5 ! inexhau/ible /ore ( virtues & excell5cies1 & c freely make use ( !m at our w4 ,,fn#agb ,see ',sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1' vol4 xxi41 *ap4 iv41 pp4 #ih-aah4 #ag4 ,! ,p>able ( ! ,monk & ! ,/upid ,woman4 ,! confus$ or un5light5$ may be comp>$ ) a monk & a /upid woman 9 a ,japanese p>able :i* runs z foll[s3 ,"o ev5+ a monk 7:o 0 us$ to h 8 head %av$ clean71 gett+ drunk aga9/ ! moral precepts1 visit$ a woman1 kn[n z a blockhead1 at h] h\se4 ,no soon] _h he got into h] room ?an ! female fell asleep s s\ndly t ! monk c\ld n wake h] nap4 ,!reupon he made up 8 m9d to use e possible means to ar\se h]1 & se>*$ & se>*$ all ov] ! room = "s in/rum5t t w\ld help him 9 8 task ( ar\s+ h] f dea?-l slumb]4 ,=tunately1 he f\nd a razor 9 "o ( ! draw]s ( h] mirror /&4 ,) x he gave a /roke to h] hair1 b %e did n /ir a :it4 ,!n came ano!r /roke1 & %e snor$ l ?und]4 ,! ?ird & f\r? /rokes came1 b ) no bett] result4 ,& at la/ h] head 0 %av5 clean1 yet /ill %e slept on4 ,! next morn+ :5 %e awoke1 %e c\ld n f9d h] visitor1 ! monk1 z he _h left ! h\se 9 ! previ\s night4 ',:]e is my visitor1 :]e my de> monk8' %e call$ al\d1 & wak+ 9 a /ate ( somnambulation look$ = him 9 va91 repeat+ ! outcry4 ,:5 at l5g? h] h& accid5tally t\*$ h] %av5 head1 %e mi/ook x = t ( h] visitor1 & exclaim$3 ',"h y are1 my de>1 :]e am ,i myself gone !n8 ,a great tr\ble ) ! confus$ is _! =gett+ ( real self or ,buddha-nature1 & n kn[+ ':]e x is gone4' ,duke ,ngai1 ( ! ,/ate ( ,lu1 once said to ,confucius3 ,"o ( my subjects1 ,sir1 is s mu* =getful t he =got to take 8 wife :5 be *ang$ 8 resid5ce4 ,t is n mu*1 my "l1 said ! sage1 ! ,emp]ors ,kieh,,fn#agc & ,*eu,,fn#agd =got _! own selves4,,fn#age ,,fn#agc ,! la/ ,emp]or ( ! ,ha dyna/y1 notori\s = 8 vices4 ,8 reign 0 #ahah-agfg ,b4,c4 ,,fn#agd ,! la/ ,emp]or ( ! ,y9 dyna/y1 "o ( ! wor/ despots4 ,8 reign 0 #aaed-aabb ,b4,c4 ,,fn#age ,ko-%i-ke-g4 #ah4 ',ea* ,smile a ,hymn1 ea* ,k9dly ,^w a ,pray]4' ,! glori\s sun ( ,buddha-nature %9es 9 ! z5i? ( ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 b m5 /ill dream a dream ( illusion4 ,bells & clocks ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur* proclaim ! dawn ( ,bodhi1 yet m51 drunk ) ! liquors ( ! ,?ree ,poisons,,fn#agf ,/ill slumb] 9 ! d>kness ( s94 ,let u pray to ,buddha1 9 ^: bosom we live1 = ! sake ( our own salvation4 ,let u invoke ,buddha1 ^: b\ndless m]cy ev] besets u1 = ! ,sake ( joy & peace ( all our fell[-be+s4 ,let u adore ,him ?r\gh our sympa?y t[>ds ! poor1 ?r\gh our k9dness %[n to ! suff]+1 ?r\gh our ?\ght ( ! sublime & ! good4 ,o bro!r man1 fold to ?y he>t ?y bro!r2 ,:]e pity dwells1 ! peace ( ,god is !re2 ,to wor%ip rightly is to love ea* o!r1 ,ea* smile a hymn1 ea* k9dly ^w a pray]4 --,:itti]4 ,let1 !n1 y\r he>t be s pure t y may n be unwor?y ( ! sun%9e beam+ ^u y ! light ( ,univ]sal ,_s4 ,let y\r ?\ght be s noble t y may des]ve fair fl[]s bloom+ be=e y1 rem9d+ y ( m]ciful ,buddha4 ,let y\r life be s good t y may n be a%am$ ( y\rself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,bless$ ,"o4 ,?is is ! piety ( ,mahayani/s1 especially ( ,z5i/s4 ,,fn#agf ,lu/1 ang]1 & folly4 #ai4 ,! ,_w is 9 ! ,mak+4 ,our ass]tion is f> f assum+ t life is n[ complete1 & is 9 its be/ /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is full ( defects & %ortcom+s4 ,we mu/ n be puff$ up ) mod]n civilization1 h[ev] great victory x has scor$ = its side4 ,beyond all d\bt man is /ill 9 8 cradle4 ,he (t5 /ret*es =? 8 h&s to get at 8 high] ideal1 yet is /ill satisfi$ ) wor?less play?+s4 ,x is too gl>+ a fact to be ov]look$ by u t fai? 9 religion is dy+ out 9 ! educat$ circles ( society1 t ins9c]ity1 c[>dice1 & d\ble-tongue are f\nd hold+ high positions 9 almo/ ev] community1 t ,lucrese & ,ezzel+ are look+ d[n ^u ! />v+ multitude f _! luxuri\s palace1 t ,mammon & ,bac*us are sometimes prey+ on _! liv+ victims1 t ev5 religion (t5 sides ) ,cont5tion & piety takes "p 9 ,cruelty1 t ,an>*y is ev] ready to spr+ on ! cr[n$ be+s1 t philosophy is dispos$ to turn ! deaf e> to ! petition ( peace1 :ile sci5ce provides fuel = ! fire ( /rife4 ,0 ! gold5 age ( man1 !n1 ov] 9 ! remote pa/8 ,is ! doomsday com+ in/ead8 ,d y be> ! trumpet call8 ,d y feel ! e>? tremble8 ,no1 absolutely no1 ! gold5 age is n pass$4 ,x is yet to come4 ,!re are n a few :o ?9k t ! _w is 9 completion1 & ! ,creator has f9i%$ ,8 "w4 ,we witness1 h[ev]1 t ,he is /ill work+ & work+1 = actually we he> ,8 hamm]-/rokes res\nd+ ?r\gh heav5 above & e>? b5ea?4 ,does ,he n %[ u new mat]ials = ,8 build+8 ,does ,he n give new =ms to ,8 design8 ,does ,he n surprise u ) novelties1 extraord9>ies1 & my/]ies8 ,9 a ^w1 ! _w is 9 progress1 n 9 retrogression4 ,a /ream does n run 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x n[ turns to ! "r1 n[ to ! left1 n[ leaps d[n a precipice1 n[ wat]s ri* fields1 n[ runs back t[>ds its s\rce2 b x is de/9$ to f9d its outlet 9 ! ocean4 ,s x is ) ! /ream ( life4 ,x n[ leaps d[n ! precipice ( revolution4 ,n[ x enri*es ! f]tile field ( civilization4 ,n[ x exp&s itself into a glassy lake ( peace4 ,n[ x =ms ! dang]\s :irlpool ( /rife4 ,b its c\rse is always t[>d ! ocean ( ,enlight5m5t1 9 :i* ! gems ( equality & fre$om1 jewels ( tru? & beauty1 & treasures ( wisdom & bliss c be _h4 #bj4 ,! ,progress & ,hope ( ,life4 ,h[ _m myriads ( ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! g]ms ( life fir/ made appe>ance on e>? none c tell2 h[ _m ?\s&s ( summ]s & w9t]s x has tak5 to develop itself into high] animals1 no sci5ti/ c calculate exactly4 ,sl[ly b /eadily x has tak5 its sw]v+ c\rse1 & asc5d+ /op by /ep ! s]ies ( evolution1 has rea*$ at l5g? ! plane ( ! rational animal4 ,we _c tell h[ _m billions ( ye>s x takes to develop ourselves & become be+s high] ?an man himself1 yet we firmly believe t x is possible = u to take ! same un]r+ c\rse z ! organic g]ms took 9 ! pa/4 ,exi/+ humanity is n ! same z primitive "o4 ,x is q ano!r race4 ,our desires & hopes are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( primitive man4 ,:at 0 gold = !m is n[ iron = u4 ,our ?\ghts & beliefs are :at !y nev] dream$ (4 ,( our k !y _h almo/ none4 ,t :i* !y kept 9 v5]ation we trample "u our feet4 ,?+s !y wor%ipp$ z deities n[ s]ve u z our slaves4 ,?+s t tr\bl$ & tortur$ !m we n[ turn into utilities4 ,to say no?+ ( ! cu/oms & mann]s & mode ( liv+ :i* und]w5t extraord9>y *ange1 we are ( a race 9 body & m9d o!r ?an ! primitive =efa!rs ( good old days4 ,9 addition to ?is we h e reason to believe 9 ! bett]m5t ( life4 ,let u ca/ a glance to ! exi/+ /ate ( ! _w4 ,:ile ! ,turco-,italian w> 0 rais+ its f]oci\s outcry1 ! ,*9ese revolution lift$ its head be=e ! trembl+ ?rone4 ,:o c tell :e!r ano!r sangu9>y affair w n break out be=e ! ,bulg>ian blood%$ comes to an end8 ,/ill we believe t1 z fire drives out fire1 to borr[ ,%akespe>e's phrase1 s w> is driv+ out w>4 ,z an ocean1 :i* sep>at$ two nations 9 ! pa/1 s]ves to unite !m n[1 s a w>1 :i* sep>at$ two p 9 ! pa/1 br+s !m to unity n[4 ,x goes )\t say+1 t e nation groans "u ! burd5 ( cannons & w>%ips1 & he>tily desires peace4 ,no nation c will+ly wage w> aga9/ any o!r nation4 ,x is aga9/ ! national consci5ce4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say ! _w is :olly ! e> to he> ! news f ! goddess ( peace4 ,a "t w surely come1 if our purpose be /eady & our resolution firm1 :5 univ]sal peace w be re/or$1 & ,%akya ,muni's precept1 'n to kill1' w be realiz$ by all mank9d4 #ba4 ,! ,bett]m5t ( ,life4 ,aga91 p n[adays seem to feel ke5ly ! w\nd ( ! economical results ( w>1 b !y are unfeel+ to its moral injuries4 ,z elem5ts h _! aff9ities1 z bodies h _! attractions1 z creatures h _! in/9ct to live toge!r1 s m5 h _! inborn mutual love4 ',god divid$ man into m5 t !y might help ea* o!r4' ,_! /r5g? lies 9 _! mutual help1 _! pleasure is 9 _! mutual love1 & _! p]fection is 9 _! giv+ & receiv+ ( alt]nate good4 ,!re=e ,%akya ,muni says3 ,be m]ciful to all liv+ be+s4 ,to take up arms aga9/ any o!r p]son is unlawful = any individual4 ,x is ! violation ( ! univ]sal law ( life4 ,we d n d5y t !re are n a few :o are s wret*$ t !y rejoice 9 _! crimes1 nor t !re is any p]son b has m or less /a9 on 8 "*1 nor t ! means ( committ+ crimes are multipli$ 9 proportion z mod]n civilization advances2 yet /ill we believe t our social life is ev] break+ d[n our wolfi% disposition t we inh]it$ f our brute ance/ors1 & education is ev] we>+ out our cannibali/ic nature :i* we h 9 common ) wild animals4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! signs ( social morals are manife/ 9 e direction1 su* z asylums = orphans1 poorh\ses1 h\ses ( correction1 lodg+s = ! p5niless1 asylums = ! poor1 free hospitals1 hospitals = dome/ic animals1 societies = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to animals1 s*ools = ! bl9d & ! dumb1 asylums = ! insane1 & s =?2 on ! o!r h&1 v>i\s discov]ies & inv5tions h be5 made t may contribute to ! social improvem5t1 su* z ! discov]y ( ! ,x rays & ( radium1 ! inv5tion ( ! wireless telegraph & t ( ! a]oplane & :at n4 ,fur!rmore1 spiritual wond]s su* z clairvoyance1 clairaudi5ce1 telepa?y1 etc41 rem9d u ( ! possibilities ( fur!r spiritual unfoldm5t 9 man :i* he nev] dream$ (4 ,?us life is gr[+ ri*] & nobl] /ep by /ep1 & becom+ m & m hopeful z we advance 9 ! ,way ( ,buddha4 #bb4 ,! ,buddha ( ,m]cy4 ,milton says3 ,virtue may be assail$1 b nev] hurt2 ,surpris$ by unju/ =ce1 b n en?rall$4 ,b evil on itself %all back recoil1 ,& mix no m ) goodness4 ,if ?is fail1 ,! pill>$ firmam5t is rott5ness1 ,& e>?'s base built on /ubble4 ,! _w is built on ! f\ndation ( morality1 :i* is ano!r "n = ,univ]sal ,_s1 & moral ord] su/a9s x4 ,we human be+s1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 71 are1 & w be at "w to br+ ! _w into p]fection4 ,?is idea is allegorically express$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ sutra1,,fn#agg :i* details ! adv5t ( a m]ciful ,buddha nam$ ,maitreya 9 ! remote future4 ,at t "t1 x says1 !re w be no /eep hills1 no fil?y places1 no epidemic1 no fam9e1 no e>?quake1 no /orm1 no w>1 no revolution1 no blood%$1 no cruelty1 & no suff]+2 ! roads w be pav$ smoo?ly1 grass & trees always bloom+1 birds ev] s++1 m5 cont5t$ & happy2 all s5ti5t be+s w wor%ip ! ,buddha ( ,m]cy1 accept ,8 doctr9e1 & atta9 to ,enlight5m5t4 ,?is prophecy w be fulfill$1 accord+ to ! sutra1 #e1fgj1jjj1jjj ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,%akya ,muni4 ,?is evid5tly %[s u t ! ,mahayani/'s aim ( life is to br+ out man's inborn light ( ,buddha-nature to illum9e ! _w1 to realize ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( all s5ti5t be+s1 to atta9 to ,enlight5m5t1 & to enjoy peace & joy to :i* ,univ]sal ,_s leads u4 ,,fn#agg ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #bjd-bji4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,enlight5m5t #a4 ,enlight5m5t is beyond ,description & ,analysis4 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s we h _h sev]al occasions to ref] to ! c5tral problem ( ,z5 or ,enlight5m5t1 ^: cont5t x is futile to attempt to expla9 or analyze4 ,we mu/ n expla9 or analyze x1 because by do+ s we _c b mislead ! read]4 ,we c z well repres5t ,enlight5m5t by means ( explanation or analysis z we d p]sonality by snap%ots or by anatomical op]ations4 ,z our inn] life1 directly exp]i5c$ )9 u1 is any?+ b ! %ape ( ! head1 or ! features ( ! face1 or ! po/ure ( ! body1 s ,enlight5m5t exp]i5c$ by ,z5i/s at ! mom5t ( _! highe/ ,samadhi,,fn#agh is any?+ b ! psy*ological analysis ( m5tal process1 or ! epi/emological explanation ( cognition1 or ! philosophical g5]alization ( concepts4 ,enlight5m5t c be realiz$ only by ! ,enlight5$1 & baffles e attempt to describe x1 ev5 by ! ,enlight5$ !mselves4 ,! ef=t ( ! confus$ to guess at ,enlight5m5t is (t5 lik5$ by ! ,z5i/s to ! ef=t ( ! bl9d :o feel an elephant to "k :at x looks l4 ,"s ( !m :o happ5 to feel ! trunk w\ld decl>e x is l a rope1 b ^? :o happ5 to feel ! belly w\ld decl>e x is l a huge drum2 :ile ^? :o happ5 to feel ! feet w\ld decl>e x is l ! trunk ( a tree4 ,b none ( ^! conjectures c approa* ! liv+ elephant4 ,,fn#agh ,ab/ract ,contemplation1 :i* ! ,z5i/s di/+ui% f ,samadhi1 practis$ by ! ,brahm9s4 ,! au?or ( ',an ,outl9e ( ,buddhi/ ,sects' po9ts out ! di/9ction1 say+3 ,contemplation ( outside religioni/s is practis$ ) ! het]odox view t ! l[] worlds 7! worlds = m51 bea/s1 etc47 are disgu/+1 b ! upp] worlds 7! worlds = ,devas7 are desirable2 ,contemplation ( common p 7ord9>y lay believ]s ( ,buddhism7 is practis$ ) ! belief 9 ! law ( ,k>ma1 & also ) disgu/ 7= ! l[] worlds7 & desire 7= ! upp] worlds72 ,contemplation ( ,h9ayana is practis$ ) an insight into ! tru? ( ,anatman 7non-s\l72 ,contemplation ( ,mahayana is practis$ ) an insight ( ,unreality ( ,atman 7s\l7 z well z ( ,dh>ma 7?+72 ,contemplation ( ! highe/ p]fection is practis$ ) ! view t ,m9d is pure 9 its nature1 x is end[$ ) unpollut$ wisdom1 free f passion1 & x is no o!r ?an ,buddha himself4 #b4 ,enlight5m5t implies an ,insight into ! ,nature ( ,self4 ,we _c pass ov]1 h[ev]1 ?is weighty problem )\t say+ a ^w4 ,we %all try 9 ?is *apt] to pres5t ,enlight5m5t be=e ! read] 9 a r\ndab\t way1 j z ! pa9t] gives ! fragm5t>y sket*es ( a beautiful city1 be+ unable to give ev5 a bird's-eye view ( x4 ,enlight5m5t1 fir/ ( all1 implies an insight into ! nature ( ,self4 ,x is an emancipation ( m9d f illusion conc]n+ ,self4 ,all k9ds ( s9 take root deep 9 ! misconception ( ,self1 & putt+ =? ! bran*es ( lu/1 ang]1 & folly1 ?r[ d>k %ad[s on life4 ,to extirpate ?is misconception ,buddhism,,fn#agi /rongly d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l z conceiv$ by common s5se-t is1 t un*ang+ spiritual entity provid$ ) sight1 he>+1 t\*1 smell1 feel+1 ?\ght1 imag9ation1 aspiration1 etc41 :i* survives ! body4 ,x tea*es u t !re is no su* ?+ z s\l1 & t ! notion ( s\l is a gross illusion4 ,x treats ( body z a temporal mat]ial =m ( life doom$ to be de/roy$ by dea? & r$uc$ to its elem5ts aga94 ,x ma9ta9s t m9d is also a temporal spiritual =m ( life1 beh9d :i* !re is no immutable s\l4 ,,fn#agi ,bo? ,mahayana & ,h9ayana ,buddhism tea* ! doctr9e ( ,anatman1 or ,non-self4 ,x is ! d5ial ( s\l z conceiv$ by common s5se1 & ( ,atman z conceiv$ by ,indian het]odox ?9k]s4 ,"s ,mahayani/s believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( real ,self in/ead ( individual self1 z we see 9 ,mahap>9irvana-sutra1 ^: au?or says3 ,!re is real self 9 non-self4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! ,h9ayani/s set =? ,purity1 ,pleasure1 ,atman1 & ,et]nity1 z ! f\r great misconceptions ab\t life1 :ile ! same au?or reg>ds !m z ! f\r great attributes ( ,nirvana itself4 ,an illusory m9d t5ds ei!r to reg>d body z ,self & to ye>n aft] its mat]ial int]e/s1 or to believe m9d dep5d5t on s\l z ,ego4 ,^? :o are giv5 to s5sual pleasures1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 bold body to be ! ,self1 & rema9 ! life-long slave to ! objects ( s5se4 ,^? :o reg>d m9d z dep5d5t on s\l z ! ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 und]value body z a m]e tool ) :i* ! s\l works1 & are incl9$ to d5\nce life z if unwor?y ( liv+4 ,we mu/ n und]value body1 nor mu/ we ov]e/imate m9d4 ,!re is no m9d isolat$ f body1 nor is !re any body sep>at$ f m9d4 ,e activity ( m9d produces *emical & physiological *anges 9 ! n]ve-c5tres1 9 ! organs1 & ev5tually 9 ! :ole body2 :ile e activity ( body is sure to br+ out ! correspond+ *ange 9 ! m5tal function1 & ev5tually 9 ! :ole p]sonality4 ,we h ! inw>d exp]i5ce ( sorr[ :5 we h simultane\sly ! outw>d appe>ance ( te>s & ( pallor2 :5 we h ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! fi]y eyes & %ort brea?1 we h simultane\sly ! inw>d feel+ ( ang]4 ,?us body is m9d obs]v$ outw>dly 9 its relation to ! s5ses2 m9d is body inw>dly exp]i5c$ 9 its relation to introspection4 ,:o c draw a /rict l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 m9d & body8 ,we %\ld admit1 s f> z our pres5t k is conc]n$1 t m9d1 ! intangible1 has be5 =m$ to don a g>m5t ( matt] 9 ord] to become an intelligible exi/5ce at all2 matt]1 ! solid1 has fad$ "u exam9ation into =mlessness1 z t ( m9d4 ,z5 believes 9 ! id5tification ( m9d & body1 z ,d-g5,,fn#ahj says3 ,body is id5tical ) m9d2 appe>ance & reality are "o & ! same ?+4 ,b]gson d5ies ! id5tification ( m9d & body1 say+3,,fn#aha ,x 7exp]i5ce7 %[s u ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! m5tal & ! physical1 ! necessity ( a c]ta9 c]ebral sub/ratum = ! psy*ical /ate-no?+ m4 ,f ! fact t two ?+s are mutually dep5d5t1 x does n foll[ t !y are equival5t4 ,because a c]ta9 screw is necess>y = a c]ta9 ma*9e1 because ! ma*9e works :5 ! screw is !re & /ops :5 ! screw is tak5 away1 we d n say t ! screw is equival5t ( ! ma*9e4 ,b]gson's simile ( a screw & a ma*9e is q inadequate to %[ ! int]dep5d5ce ( m9d & body1 because ! screw does cause ! ma*9e to "w1 b ! ma*9e does n cause ! screw to "w2 s t _! relation is n int]dep5d5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 body causes m9d to "w1 & at ! same "t m9d causes body to "w2 s t _! relation is p]fectly int]dep5d5t1 & ! relation is n t ( an addition ( m9d to body1 or ( body to m9d1 z ! screw is add$ to ! ma*9e4 ,b]gson mu/ h comp>$ ! work+ ( ! ma*9e ) m9d1 & ! ma*9e itself ) body1 if be want$ to %[ ! real fact4 ,moreov]1 he is n "r 9 ass]t+ t f ! fact t two ?+s are mutually dep5d5t1 x does n foll[ t !y are equival5t1 because !re are sev]al k9ds ( int]dep5d5ce1 9 "s ( :i* two ?+s c be equival5t4 ,= in/ance1 bricks1 mutually dep5d5t 9 _! =m+ an ar*1 _c be equival5t "o ) ano!r2 b wat] & waves1 be+ mutually dep5d5t1 c be id5tifi$4 ,9 l mann] fire & heat1 air & w9d1 a ma*9e & its work+1 m9d & body4,,fn#ahb ,,fn#ahj ,! ma/] /rongly condemns ! immortality ( ! s\l z ! het]odox doctr9e 9 8 ,%o-bo-g5-zo4 ,! same argum5t is f\nd 9 ,mu-*u-mon-d1 by ,mu-s ,koku-%i4 ,,fn#aha ',creative ,evolution1' pp4 #ced1 #cee4 ,,fn#ahb ,b]gson1 argu+ aga9/ ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d on bra91 says3 ,t !re is a close connection betwe5 a /ate ( consci\sness & ! bra9 we d n dispute4 ,b !re is also a close connection betwe5 a coat & ! nail on :i* x hangs1 = if ! nail is pull$ out1 ! coat w fall to ! gr\nd4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t ! %ape ( ! nail gave ! %ape ( ! coat1 or 9 any way corresponds to x8 ,no m are we entitl$ to conclude1 because ! psy*ical fact is hung on to a c]ebral /ate1 t !re is any p>allelism betwe5 ! two s]ies1 psy*ical & physiological4 ,we h to ask1 9 :at respects does ! int]relation betwe5 m9d & body resemble ! relation betwe5 a coat & a nail8 #c4 ,! ,irrationality ( ! ,belief ( ,immortality4 ,occid5tal m9ds believe 9 a my/]i\s entity "u ! "n ( s\l1 j z ,indian ?9k]s believe 9 ! s-call$ subtle body entirely di/9ct f ! gross body ( fle% & blood4 ,s\l1 accord+ to ?is belief1 is an active pr9ciple t unites body & m9d s z to =m an h>moni\s :ole ( m5tal z well z bodily activities4 ,& x acts ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! m9d & body 9 ! pres5t life1 & enjoys an et]nal life beyond ! grave4 ,x is on ?is s\l t individual immortality is bas$4 ,x is immortal ,self4 ,n[1 to say no?+ ( ! orig9 ( s\l1 ?is long-ent]ta9$ belief is h>dly good = any?+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x ?r[s no light ^u ! relation ( m9d & body1 because s\l is an empty "n = ! unity ( m9d & body1 & s]ves to expla9 no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x adds ano!r my/]y to ! already my/]i\s relation%ips betwe5 matt] & _s4 ,secondly1 s\l %\ld be conceiv$ z a psy*ical individual1 subject to spacial det]m9ations--b s9ce x has to be depriv$ by dea? ( its body :i* individualizes x1 x w cease to be individuality aft] dea?1 to ! disappo9tm5t ( ! believ]4 ,h[ c\ld y ?9k any?+ purely spiritual & =mless exi/+ )\t bl5d+ toge!r ) o!r ?+s8 ,?irdly1 x fails to gratify ! desire1 *]i%$ by ! believ]1 ( enjoy+ et]nal life1 because s\l has to lose its body1 ! sole important m$ium ?r\gh :i* x may enjoy life4 ,f\r?ly1 s\l is tak5 z a subject matt] to receive 9 ! future life ! rew>d or ! puni%m5t f ,god = our actions 9 ?is life2 b ! v idea ( et]nal puni%m5t is inconsi/5t ) ! b\ndless love ( ,god4 ,fif?ly1 x is beyond all d\bt t s\l is conceiv$ z an entity1 :i* unifies v>i\s m5tal faculties & exi/s z ! f\ndation ( individual p]sonality4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( su* s\l is q incompatible ) ! well-kn[n pa?ological fact t x is possible = ! individual to h d\ble or treble or multiple p]sonalities4 ,?us ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( s\l conceiv$ by ! common s5se turns out n only to be irrational1 b a useless encumbrance on ! religi\s m9d4 ,!re=e ,z5 decl>es t !re is no su* ?+ z s\l1 & t m9d & body are "o4 ,hwui ,*ung 7,ye-*u71 a fam\s disciple ( ! ,six? ,patri>* 9 ,*9a1 to quote an example1 "o day ask$ a monk3 ,:]e did y come f8 ,i came1 sir1 f ! ,s\?1 repli$ ! man4 ,:at doctr9e d ! ma/]s ( ! ,s\? tea*8 ask$ ,hwui ,*ung aga94 ,!y tea*1 sir1 t body is mortal1 b m9d is immortal1 0 ! answ]4 ,t1 said ! ma/]1 is ! het]odox doctr9e ( ! ,atman6 ,h[ d y1 sir1 que/ion$ ! monk1 tea* ab\t t8 ,i tea* t ! body & m9d are "o1 0 ! reply4,,fn#ahc ,,fn#ahc ,= fur!r explanation1 see ,%o-bo-g5-zo & ,mu-*u-mon-d4 ,fiske1 ,,fn#ahd 9 8 argum5t aga9/ mat]ialism1 blames ! d5ial ( immortality1 say+3 ,! mat]iali/ic assumption t !re is no su* /ate ( ?+s1 & t ! life ( ! s\l ends accord+ly ) ! life ( ! body1 is p]haps ! mo/ colossal in/ance ( baseless assumption t is kn[n to ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,b we c say ) equal =ce t ! common-s5se assumption t ! life ( s\l cont9ues beyond ! grave is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ colossal in/ance ( baseless assumption t is kn[n to ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 because1 !re be+ no sci5tific evid5ces t give c\nt5ance to ! assumption1 ev5 ! spirituali/s !mselves hesitate to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a gho/ or s\l4 ,aga9 he,,fn#ahe says3 ,) ?is illegitimate hypo!sis ( annihilation ! mat]iali/ transgresses ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce q z widely z ! poet :o s+s ( ! ,new ,j]usalem ) its riv] ( life & its /reet ( gold4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce = ei!r view4 ,?is is z mu* z to say !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce1 sci5tifically speak+1 = ! common-s5se view ( s\l1 because ! poet's description ( ! ,new ,j]usalem is no?+ b ! result ( ! common-s5se belief ( immortality4 ,,fn#ahd ',! ,de/9y ( ,man1' p4 #aaj4 ,,fn#ahe ',! ,de/9y ( ,man1' pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #d4 ,! ,exam9ation ( ! ,notion ( ,self4 ,! belief 9 immortality is bas$ on ! /rong in/9ct ( self-pres]vation t calls =? an insatiable long+ = longevity4 ,x is ano!r =m ( egoism1 "o ( ! relics ( our brute =efa!rs4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ?is illusion ( ! individual ,self is ! f\ndation on :i* e =m ( immorality has its be+4 ,i *all5ge my read]s to f9d 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d any crime n bas$ on egoism4 ,evil-do]s h be5 z a rule pleasure-hunt]s1 money-seek]s1 seek]s aft] self-int]e/s1 *>act]iz$ by lu/1 folly1 & cruelty4 ,has !re be5 anyone :o committ$ !ft t he might fur!r ! int]e/s ( 8 villag]s8 ,has !re be5 any p>am\r :o disgrac$ himself t lie might help 8 neighb\rs8 ,has !re be5 any traitor :o p]=m$ ! ignoble conduct to promote ! welf>e ( 8 own c\ntry or society at l>ge8 ,to get ,enlight5$1 !re=e1 we h to correct1 fir/ ( all1 our notions conc]n+ ,self4 ,individual body & m9d are n ! only important con/itu5ts ( ,self4 ,!re are _m o!r indisp5sable elem5ts 9 ! notion ( ,self4 ,= in/ance1 ,i h come into exi/5ce z ano!r =m ( my p>5ts4 ,i am !irs1 & may ju/ly be call$ ! re9c>nation ( !m4 ,& aga91 my fa!r is ano!r =m ( 8 p>5ts2 my "m ( h]s2 8 & h] p>5ts ( !irs2 & ad inf9itum4 ,9 brief1 all my =efa!rs live & h _! be+ 9 me4 ,i _c help1 !re=e1 ?9k+ t my physical /ate is ! result ( ! sum total ( my good & bad actions 9 ! pa/ lives ,i l$ 9 ! p]sons ( my =efa!rs1 & ( ! influ5ce ,i receiv$ !re92,,fn#ahf & t my psy*ical /ate is ! result ( t :i* ,i receiv$1 felt1 imag9$1 conceiv$1 exp]i5c$1 & ?\ght 9 my pa/ exi/5ces 9 ! p]sons ( my ance/ors4 ,,fn#ahf ,?is is ! law ( ,k>ma4 ,besides ?is1 my bro!rs1 my si/]s1 my neighb\rs--nay1 all my foll[-m5 & fell[-wom5 are no o!r ?an ! re9c>nation ( _! p>5ts & =efa!rs1 :o are also m9e4 ,! same blood invigorat$ ! k+ z well z ! begg>2 ! same n]ve en]giz$ ! :ite z well z ! black m52 ! same consci\sness vitaliz$ ! wise z well z ! unwise4 ,impossible x is to conceive myself indep5d5t ( my fell[-m5 & fell[-wom51 = !y are m9e & ,i am !irs--t is1 ,i live & move 9 !m1 & !y live & move 9 me4 ,x is b>e nons5se to say t ,i g to s*ool1 n to be educat$ z a memb] ( society1 b simply to gratify my individual desire = k2 or t ,i make a =tune1 n to lead ! life ( a well-to-d 9 society1 b to satisfy my individual money-lov+ in/9ct2 or t ,i seek aft] tru?1 nei!r to d good to my contempor>ies nor to ! future g5]ations1 b only = my individual curiosity or t ,i live nei!r to live ) my family nor ) my fri5ds nor ) anyone else1 b to live my individual life4 ,x is z gross absurdity to say t ,i am an individual absolutely indep5d5t ( society z to say ,i am a husb& ) no wife1 or ,i am a son to no p>5ts4 ,:atev] ,i d directly or indirectly ,i contribute to ! common =tune ( man2 :atev] anyone else does directly or indirectly det]m9es my fate4 ,!re=e we mu/ realize t our ,selves necess>ily include o!r memb]s ( ! community1 :ile o!r memb]s' ,selves necess>ily compreh5d u4 #e4 ,nature is ! ,"m ( ,all ,?+s4 ,fur!rmore1 man has come into exi/5ce out ( ,nature4 ,he is h] *ild4 ,%e provid$ him food1 raim5t1 & %elt]4 ,%e n\ri%es him1 /r5g!ns him1 & vitalizes him4 ,at ! same "t %e discipl9es1 puni%es1 & in/ructs him4 ,8 body is ( h] own =mation1 8 k is ( h] own laws1 & 8 activities are ! responses to h] own addresses to him4 ,mod]n civilization is said by "s to be ! conque/ ( man ov] ,nature2 b1 9 fact1 x is 8 fai?ful ob$i5ce to h]4 ,bacon truly said1 says ,euck51,,fn#ahg t to rule nature man mu/ fir/ s]ve h]4 ,he =got to add t1 z h] rul]1 he is /ill de/9$ to g on s]v+ h]4 ,%e c nev] be attack$ by any be+ unless he acts 9 /rict con=mity to h] laws4 ,to accompli% any?+ aga9/ h] law is z impossible z to cat* fi%es 9 a =e/1 or to make bread ( rock4 ,h[ _m species ( animals h p]i%$ ow+ to _! inability to foll[ h] /eps6 ,h[ imm5se =tunes h be5 lo/ 9 va9 f man's ignorance ( h] ord]6 ,h[ _m human be+s disappe>$ on e>? f _! disob$i5ce to h] unb5d+ w6 ,%e is1 nev]!less1 true to ^? :o obey h] rules4 ,has n sci5ce prov$ t %e is tru?ful8 ,has n art f\nd t %e is beautiful8 ,,fn#ahg ,euck5's ',philosophy ( ,life1' by ,w4 ,r4 ,royce ,gibbon1 p4 #ea4 ,has n philosophy ann\nc$ t %e is spiritual8 ,has n religion proclaim$ t %e is good8 ,at all ev5ts1 %e is ! "m ( all be+s4 ,%e lives 9 all ?+s & !y live 9 h]4 ,all t %e possesses is !irs1 & all t !y want %e supplies4 ,h] life is ! same vitality t /irs all s5ti5t be+s4 ,*wang ,tsz,,fn#ahh 7,s-%i7 is "r :5 he says3 ,heav51 ,e>?1 & ,i 7 produc$ toge!r1 & all ?+s & ,i are "o4 ,& aga93 ,if all ?+s be reg>d$ ) love1 ,heav5 & ,e>? are "o ) me4 ,sang ,*ao 7,s-jo7 also says3 ,heav5 & ,e>? are ( ! same root z we4 ,all ?+s 9 ! _w are ( "o sub/ance ) ,me4,,fn#ahi ,,fn#ahh ,*wang ,tsz1 vol4 i41 p4 #bj4 ,,fn#ahi ,?is is a fav\rite subject ( discussion by ,z5i/s4 #f4 ,real ,self4 ,if !re be no individual s\l ei!r 9 m9d or body1 :]e does p]sonality lie8 ,:at is ,real ,self8 ,h[ does x diff] f s\l8 ,self is liv+ entity1 n immutable l s\l1 b mutable & ev]-*ang+ life1 :i* is body :5 obs]v$ by s5ses1 & :i* is m9d :5 exp]i5c$ by introspection4 ,x is n an entity ly+ beh9d m9d & body1 b life exi/5t z ! union ( body & m9d4 ,x exi/$ 9 our =efa!rs 9 ! pa/1 is exi/+ 9 ! pres5t1 & w exi/ 9 ! future g5]ations4 ,x also discloses itself to "s measure 9 vegetables & animals1 & %ad[s itself =? 9 inorganic nature4 ,x is ,cosmic life & ,cosmic _s1 & at ! same "t individual life & individual _s4 ,x is "o & ! same life :i* embraces m5 & nature4 ,x is ! self-exi/5t1 creative1 univ]sal pr9ciple t moves on f et]nity to et]nity4 ,z su* x is call$ ,m9d or ,self by ,z5i/s4 ,pan ,%an 7,ban-zan7 says3 ,! moon ( m9d compreh5ds all ! univ]se 9 its light4 ,a man ask$ ,*ang ,%a 7,*o-%a73 ,h[ c y turn ! ph5om5al univ]se into ,self 8 ,h[ c y turn ,self into ! ph5om5al univ]se8 return$ ! ma/]4 ,:5 we get ! insight into ?is ,self1 we are able to h ! op5 sesame to ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 because to "k ! nature ( a drop ( wat] is to "k ! nature ( ! riv]1 ! lake1 & ! ocean--nay1 ev5 ( vap\r1 mi/1 & cl\d2 9 o!r words1 to get an insight into individual life is ! key to ! secret ( ,univ]sal ,life4 ,we mu/ n conf9e ,self )9 ! poor little p]son call$ body4 ,t is ! root ( ! poore/ & mo/ mis]able egoism4 ,we %\ld exp& t egoism into family-egoism1 !n into nation-egoism1 !n into race-egoism1 !n into human-egoism1 !n into liv+-be+-egoism1 & la/ly into univ]se-egoism1 :i* is n egoism at all4 ,?us we d5y ! immortality ( s\l z conceiv$ by common s5se1 b assume immortality ( ! ,great ,s\l1 :i* animates1 vitalizes1 & spiritualizes all s5ti5t be+s4 ,x is ,h9ayana ,buddhism t fir/ d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( atman or ,self s emphatically inculcat$ 9 ! ,upanisads1 & pav$ ! way = ! g5]al conception ( ,univ]sal ,self1 ) ! eulogies ( :i* almo/ e page ( ,mahayana books is fill$4 #g4 ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,inn]mo/ ,wisdom4 ,hav+ set ourselves free f ! misconception ( ,self1 next we mu/ awak5 our inn]mo/ wisdom1 pure & div9e1 call$ ! ,m9d ( ,buddha1,,fn#aij or ,bodhi1,,fn#aia or ,prajnya,,fn#aib by ,z5 ma/]s4 ,x is ! div9e light1 ! inn] heav51 ! key to all moral treasures1 ! c5tre ( ?\ght & consci\sness1 ! s\rce ( all influ5ce & p[]1 ! seat ( k9dness1 ju/ice1 sympa?y1 imp>tial love1 humanity1 & m]cy1 ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,:5 ?is inn]mo/ wisdom is fully awak5$1 we are able to realize t ea* & ev]yone ( u is id5tical 9 _s1 9 ess5ce1 9 nature ) ! univ]sal life or ,buddha1 t ea* ev] lives face to face ) ,buddha1 t ea* is beset by ! abundant grace ( ! ,bless$ ,"o1 t ,he ar\ses 8 moral nature1 t ,he op5s 8 spiritual eyes1 t ,he unfolds 8 new capacity1 t ,he appo9ts 8 mission1 & t life is n an ocean ( bir?1 disease1 old age1 & dea?1 nor ! vale ( te>s1 b ! holy temple ( ,buddha1 ! ,pure ,l&1,,fn#aic :]e be c enjoy ! bliss ( ,nirvana4 ,,fn#aij ,z5 is (t5 call$ ! ,sect ( ,buddha-m9d1 z x lays /ress on ! awak5+ ( ! ,m9d ( ,buddha4 ,! words '! ,m9d ( ,buddha' 7 tak5 f a passage 9 ,lankavat>a-sutra4 ,,fn#aia ,t k by :i* "o becomes enlight5$4 ,,fn#aib ,supreme wisdom4 ,,fn#aic ,sukhavati1 or ! l& ( bliss4 ,!n our m9ds g ?r\gh an entire revolution4 ,we are no m tr\bl$ by ang] & hatr$1 no m bitt5 by envy & ambition1 no m /ung by sorr[ & *agr91 no m ov]:elm$ by melan*oly & despair4 ,n t we become passionless or simply intellectual1 b t we h purifi$ passions1 :i*1 in/ead ( tr\bl+ u1 inspire u ) noble aspirations1 su* z ang] & hatr$ aga9/ inju/ice1 cruelty1 & di%one/y1 sorr[ & lam5tation = human frailty1 mir? & joy = ! welf>e ( foll[-be+s1 pity & sympa?y = suff]+ creatures4 ,! same *ange purifies our intellect4 ,scepticism & sophi/ry give way to firm conviction2 criticism & hypo!sis to "r judgm5t2 & inf]5ce & argum5t to realization4 ,:at we m]ely obs]v$ be=e we n[ t\* ) he>t z well4 ,:at we knew 9 relation ( diff]5ce be=e we n[ und]/& 9 relation ( unity z well4 ,h[ ?+s happ5 0 our *ief conc]n be=e1 b n[ we consid] z well b[ mu* value !y h4 ,:at 0 outside u be=e n[ comes )9 u4 ,:at 0 dead & indiff]5t be=e gr[s n[ alive & lovable to u4 ,:at 0 insignificant & empty be=e becomes n[ important1 & has pr(\nd mean+4 ,:]ev] we g we f9d beauty2 :omev] we meet we f9d good2 :atev] we get we receive ) gratitude4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! ,z5i/s n only reg>d$ all _! fell[-be+s z _! b5efactors1 b felt gratitude ev5 t[>ds fuel & wat]4 ,! pres5t writ] kn[s a contempor>y ,z5i/ :o w\ld n dr9k ev5 a cup ( wat] )\t fir/ mak+ a salutation to x4 ,su* an attitude ( ,z5 t[>d ?+s may well be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3 ,sueh ,fung 7,sep-po7 & ,k9 ,%an 7,k9-zan71 once travell+ ?r\gh a m\nta9\s di/rict1 saw a leaf ( ! rape float+ d[n ! /ream4 ,!reon ,k9 ,%an said3 ,let u g up1 de> bro!r1 along ! /ream t we may f9d a sage liv+ up on ! m\nta94 ,i hope we %all f9d a good tea*] 9 him4 ,no1 repli$ ,sueh ,fung1 = he _c be a sage :o wa/es ev5 a leaf ( ! rape4 ,he w be no good tea*] = u4 #h4 ,z5 is n ,nihili/ic4 ,z5 judg$ f anci5t ,z5 ma/]s' aphorisms may seem1 at ! fir/ sight1 to be ideali/ic 9 an extreme =m1 z !y say3 ,m9d is ,buddha or1 ,buddha is ,m9d1 or1 ,!re is no?+ outside m9d1 or1 ,?ree worlds are ( b "o m9d4 ,& x may also appe> to be nihili/ic1 z !y say3 ,!re has be5 no?+ s9ce all et]nity1 ,by illusion y see ! ca/le ( ! ,?ree ,worlds2 by ,enlight5m5t y see b empt9ess 9 t5 directions4,,fn#aid ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ,z5,,fn#aie is nei!r ideali/ic nor nihili/ic4 ,z5 makes use ( ! nihili/ic idea ( ,h9ayana ,buddhism1 & calls its /ud5ts' att5tion to ! *ange & evanesc5ce ( life & ( ! _w1 fir/ to de/roy ! error ( immutation1 next to dispel ! atta*m5t to ! s5sual objects4 ,,fn#aid ,^! words 7 repeat$ly utt]$ by ,*9ese & ,japanese ,z5i/s ( all ages4 ,*w5 ,hih 7,fu-dai-%i7 express$ ?is v idea 9 8 ,s9 ,wang ,m+ 7,%9-o-mei7 at ! "t ( ,bodhidh>ma4 ,,fn#aie ,! ,r9-zai tea*]s mo/ly make use ( ! doctr9e ( unreality ( all ?+s1 z taught 9 ,prajnya-p>amita-sutras4 ,we h to note t !re are "s diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mahayana doctr9e ( unreality & ! ,h9ayana doctr9e ( unreality4 ,x is a mislead+ t5d5cy ( our intellect to conceive ?+s z if !y 7 immutable & con/ant4 ,x (t5 leaves *ang+ & concrete individual objects out ( consid]ation1 & lays /ress on ! g5]al1 ab/ract1 un*ang+ aspect ( ?+s4 ,x is incl9$ to be giv5 to g5]alization & ab/raction4 ,x (t5 looks n at ?is ?+ or at t ?+1 b at ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,x loves to ?9k n ( a good ?+ nor ( a bad ?+1 b ( bad & good 9 ! ab/ract4 ,?is intellectual t5d5cy h>d5s & petrifies ! liv+ & gr[+ _w1 & leads u to take ! univ]se z a ?+ dead1 in]t1 & /&+ /ill4 ,?is error ( immutation c be correct$ by ! doctr9e ( ,transci5ce taught by ,h9ayana ,buddhism4 ,b z m$ic9e tak5 9 an undue quantity turns into poison1 s ! doctr9e ( ,transci5ce drove ! ,h9ayani/s to ! suicidal conclusion ( nihilism4 ,a well-kn[n s*ol> & believ] ( ,z51 ,kwei ,fung 7,kei-ha7 says 9 8 refutation ( nihilism3,,fn#aif ,if m9d z well z ext]nal objects be unreal1 :o is x t kn[s !y are s8 ,aga91 if !re be no?+ real 9 ! univ]se1 :at is x t causes unreal objects to appe>8 ,we /& witness to ! fact t !re is no "o ( ! unreal ?+s on e>? t is n made to appe> by some?+ real4 ,if !re be no wat] ( un*ang+ fluidity1 h[ c !re be ! unreal & tempor>y =ms ( waves8 ,if !re be no un*ang+ mirror1 bright & clean1 b[ c !re be ! v>i\s images1 unreal & tempor>y1 reflect$ 9 x8 ,if m9d z well z ext]nal objects be no?+ at all1 no "o c tell :at x is t causes ^! unreal appe>ances4 ,!re=e ?is doctr9e 7( ! unreality ( all ?+s7 c nev] cle>ly disclose spiritual ,reality4 ,s t ,mahabh]i-h>akap>iv>ta-sutra says3 ,all ! sutras t tea* ! unreality ( ?+s belong to ! imp]fect doctr9e 7( ! ,%akya ,muni74 ,mahaprajnya-p>amita-sutra says ,! doctr9e ( unreality is ! entrance-gate ( ,mahayana4 ,,fn#aif ,see ! app5dix1 *ap4 ii41 ',! ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ,nihilism4' #i4 ,z5 & ,idealism4 ,next ,z5 makes use ( ,idealism z expla9$ by ! ,dh>malaksana ,s*ool ( ,mahayana ,buddhism4,,fn#aig ,= in/ance1 ! ,f\r? ,patri>* says3 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( laws orig9ate ) m9d4 ,innum]able my/]i\s virtues proce$ f ! m5tal s\rce4 ,niu ,teu 7,g-zu7 also says3 ,:5 m9d arises1 v>i\s ?+s arise2 :5 m9d ceases to exi/1 v>i\s ?+s cease to exi/4 ,tsao ,%an 7,s-zan7 c>ri$ ! po9t s f> t he cri$ out1 on he>+ ! bell3 ,x hurts1 x pa9s4 ,!n an att5dant ( 8 ask$ ,:at is ! matt]8 ,x is my m9d1 said he1 t is /ruck4,,fn#aih ,,fn#aig ,app5dix1 *ap4 ii41 ',! ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ,dh>malaksana4' ,,fn#aih ,z5-r9-rui-%u4 ,we ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,!re exi/s no col\r1 nor s\nd1 nor od\r 9 ! objective _w1 b !re are ! vibrations ( e!r1 or ! undulations ( ! air1 or ! /imuli ( ! s5sory n]ves ( smell4 ,col\r is no?+ b ! translation ( ! /imuli into s5sation by ! optical n]ves1 s also s\nds by ! auditory1 & od\rs by ! smell+4 ,!re=e no?+ exi/s objectively exactly z x is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 b all are subjective4 ,take electricity1 = example1 x appe>s z light :5 p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! eye2 x appe>s z s\nd :5 p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! e>2 x appe>s z ta/e :5 p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! tongue2 b electricity 9 reality is n light1 nor s\nd1 nor ta/e4 ,simil>ly1 ! m\nta9 is n high nor l[2 ! riv] is n deep nor %all[2 ! h\se is n l>ge nor small2 ! day is n long nor %ort2 b !y seem s ?r\gh comp>ison4 ,x is n objective reality t displays ! ph5om5al univ]se be=e u1 b x is our m9d t plays an important "p4 ,suppose t we h b "o s5se organ1 ! eye1 !n ! :ole univ]se %\ld consi/ ( col\rs & ( col\rs only4 ,if we suppose we 7 end[$ ) ! six? s5se1 :i* entirely contradicts our five s5ses1 !n ! :ole _w w\ld be o!rwise4 ,besides1 x is our reason t f9ds ! law ( cause & effect 9 ! objective _w1 t discov]$ ! law ( uni=mity 9 ,nature1 & t discloses sci5tific laws 9 ! univ]se s z to =m a cosmos4 ,"s s*ol>s ma9ta9 t we _c ?9k ( non-exi/5ce ( space1 ev5 if we c leave out all objects 9 x2 nor c we d\bt ! exi/5ce ( "t1 = ! exi/5ce ( m9d itself presupposes "t4 ,_! v argum5t1 h[ev]1 proves ! subjectivity ( "t & space1 because1 if !y 7 objective1 we %\ld be able to ?9k !m non-exi/5t1 z we d ) o!r ext]nal objects4 ,ev5 space & "t1 !re=e are no m ?an subjective4 #aj4 ,idealism is a ,pot5t ,m$ic9e = ,self-creat$ ,m5tal ,disease4 ,9 s f> z ,buddhi/ idealism ref]s to ! _w ( s5se1 9 s f> z x does n assume t to to be kn[n is id5tical ) to be1 9 s f> z x does n ass]t t ! ph5om5al univ]se is a dream & a vision1 we may admit x z true4 ,on ! "o h&1 x s]ves u z a purifi] ( our he>ts pollut$ ) mat]iali/ic desires1 & uplifts u above ! pla9 ( s5sualism2 on ! o!r h&1 x de/roys sup]/itions :i* z a rule arise f ignorance & want ( ! ideali/ic conception ( ?+s4 ,x is a lam5table fact t e c\ntry is full ( su* sup]/itions p z describ$ by "o ( ! ,new ,?\ght writ]s3 ',t5s ( ?\s&s ( wom5 9 ?is c\ntry believe t if two p look 9 a mirror at ! same "t1 or if "o ?anks ! o!r = a p91 or if "o gives a knife or a %>p in/rum5t to a fri5d1 x w break up fri5d%ip4 ,if a "y lady is pres5t$ ) a ?imble1 %e w be an old maid4 ,"s p ?9k t aft] leav+ a h\se x is unlucky to g back aft] any article :i* has be5 =gott51 &1 if "o is oblig$ to d s1 "o %\ld sit d[n 9 a *air be=e go+ out aga92 t if a broom t\*es a p]son :ile someone is sweep+1 bad luck w foll[2 & t x is unlucky to *ange "o's place at a table4 ,a man took an opal to a ,new ,york jewell] & ask$ him to buy x4 ,he said t x _h br\ght him no?+ b bad luck1 t s9ce x _h come into 8 possession he _h fail$ 9 bus9ess1 t !re bad be5 mu* sickness 9 8 family1 & all sorts ( mis=tune _h befall5 him4 ,he refus$ to keep ! curs$ ?+ any long]4 ,! jewell] exam9$ ! /one1 & f\nd t x 0 n an opal aft] all1 b an imitation4' ,idealism is a mo/ pot5t m$ic9e = ^! self-creat$ m5tal diseases4 ,x w successfully drive away devils & spirits t frequ5t ignorant m9ds1 j z ,jesus did 9 ! old days4 ,z5 makes use ( moral idealism to extirpate1 root & bran*1 all su* idle dreams & phantasmagoria ( illusion & op5s ! way to ,enlight5m5t4 #aa4 ,ideali/ic ,scepticism conc]n+ ,objective ,reality4 ,b extreme ,idealism id5tifies 'to be' ) 'to be kn[n1' & assumes all ph5om5a to be ideas z illu/rat$ 9 ,mahayana-vidyamatra-siddhi-tridaca-ca/r a,,fn#aii & ,vidyamatra-v9cati-ca/ra1,,fn#bjj by ,vasub&hu4 ,!n x necess>ily p>ts company ) ,z51 :i* believes 9 ,univ]sal ,life exi/+ 9 ev]y?+ in/ead ( beh9d x4 ,idealism %[s u its d>k side 9 ?ree sceptic views3 7#a7 scepticism respect+ objective reality2 7#b7 scepticism respect+ religion2 7#c7 scepticism respect+ morality4 ,,fn#aii ,a philosophical "w on ,buddhi/ idealism by ,vasub&hu1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,hiu5 ,tsang 9 ,a4,d4 #fdh4 ,!re exi/s a fam\s comm5t>y on x1 compil$ by ,dh>mapala1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,hiu5 ,tsang 9 ,a4,d4 #fei4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #aaig & #aabe4 ,,fn#bjj ,a simpl] "w on ,idealism1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,hiu5 ,tsang 9 ,a4,d4 #ffa4 ,see ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,nos4 #abch1 #abci1 & #abdj4 ,fir/ x assumes t ?+s exi/ 9 s f> z !y are kn[n by u4 ,x is z a matt] ( c\rse t if a tree exi/s at all1 x is kn[n z hav+ a trunk long or %ort1 bran*es l>ge or small1 leaves gre5 or yell[1 fl[]s yell[ or purple1 etc41 all ( :i* are ideas4 ,b x does n imply 9 ! lea/ t 'to be kn[n' is equival5t to 'to be exi/5t4' ,r we %\ld say t to be kn[n presupposes to be exi/5t1 = we _c "k any?+ non-exi/5t1 ev5 if we admit t ! axioms ( logic subsi/4 ,aga91 a tree may /& z ideas to a kn[]1 b x c /& at ! same "t z a %elt] 9 relation to "s birds1 z food 9 relation to "s insects1 z a _w 9 relation to "s m9ute worms1 z a k9dr$ organism to o!r vegetables4 ,h[ c\ld y say t its relation to a kn[] is ! only & fundam5tal relation = ! exi/5ce ( ! tree8 ,! disappe>ance ( its kn[] no m affects ! tree ?an ( its fe$]2 nor ! appe>ance ( its kn[] affects ! tree any m ?an t ( k9dr$ vegetables4 ,extreme idealism errone\sly concludes t :at is really exi/5t1 or :at is directly prov$ to be exi/5t1 is only our s5sations1 ideas1 ?\ghts2 t ! ext]nal _w is no?+ b ! images reflect$ on ! mirror ( ! m9d1 & t !re=e objective reality ( ?+s is d\btful-nay1 m1 !y are unreal1 illusory1 & dreams4 ,if s1 we c no long] di/+ui% ! real f ! vision>y2 ! wak+ f ! dream+2 ! sane f ! insane2 ! true f ! untrue4 ,:e!r life is real or an empty dream1 we are at a loss to und]/&4 #ab4 ,ideali/ic ,scepticism conc]n+ ,religion & ,morality4 ,simil>ly1 x is ! case ) religion & morality4 ,if we admit extreme idealism z true1 !re c be no?+ objectively real4 ,god is little m ?an a m5tal image4 ,he mu/ be a creature ( m9d in/ead ( a ,creator4 ,he has no objective reality4 ,he is :5 we ?9k ,he is4 ,he is n :5 we ?9k ,he is n4 ,he is at ! m]cy ( our ?\ght4 ,h[ mu* m unreal ! _w mu/ be1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 creat$ by an unreal ,god6 ,provid5ce1 salvation1 & div9e grace--:at are !y8 ,a b>e dream dream$ 9 a dream6 ,:at is morality1 !n8 ,x is subjective4 ,x has no objective validity4 ,a moral conduct highly valu$ by our fa!rs is n[ held to be immoral by u4 ,immoral acts n[ /rongly d5\nc$ by u may be reg>d$ z moral by our po/]ity4 ,good de$s ( ! savage are n necess>ily good 9 ! eyes ( ! civiliz$1 nor evil acts ( ! ,ori5tals are necess>ily evil be=e ! face ( ! ,occid5tals4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t !re is no def9ite /&>d ( morality 9 any place at any "t4 ,if morality be m]ely subjective1 & !re be no objective /&>d1 h[ c y di/+ui% evil f good8 ,h[ c y s+le out angels f among devils8 ,0 n ,socrates a crim9al8 ,0 n ,jesus also a crim9al8 ,h[ c\ld y "k ,him to be a ,div9e man diff]5t f o!r crim9als :o 7 crucifi$ ) ,him8 ,:at y hon\r may ,i n d5\nce z disgrace8 ,:at y hold z duty may ,i n condemn z s98 ,e =m ( idealism is doom$1 aft] all1 to end 9 su* confusion & scepticism4 ,we _c embrace radical idealism1 :i* holds ^! ?reefold sceptical views 9 h] womb4 #ac4 ,an ,illusion conc]n+ ,appe>ance & ,reality4 ,to get ,enlight5$ we mu/ next dispel an illusion respect+ appe>ance & reality4 ,accord+4 to c]ta9 religioni/s1 all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are to succumb to *ange4 ,worldly ?+s "o & all are evanesc5t4 ,!y are n\ght 9 ! long run4 ,sn[capp$ m\nta9s may s9k into ! bottom ( ! deep1 :ile ! s&s 9 ! fa?omless ocean may so> into ! azure sky at "s "t or o!r4 ,bloom+ fl[]s are de/9$ to fade & to bloom aga9 9 ! next ye>4 ,s de/9$ are gr[+ trees1 ris+ g5]ations1 prosp]+ nations1 gl[+ suns1 moons1 & />s4 ,?is1 !y w\ld say1 is only ! case ) ph5om5a or appe>ances1 b n ) reality4 ,gr[? & decay1 bir? & dea?1 rise & fall1 all ^! are ! ebb & fl[ ( appe>ances 9 ! ocean ( reality1 :i* is always ! same4 ,fl[]s may fade & be r$uc$ to du/1 yet out ( t du/ come fl[]s4 ,trees may die out1 yet !y are reproduc$ some:]e else4 ,! "t may come :5 ! e>? w become a dead sph]e q unsuitable = human habitation1 & ! :ole ( mank9d w p]i%2 yet :o kn[s t :e!r ano!r e>? may n be produc$ z man's home8 ,! sun might h its beg9n+ & end1 />s1 moons1 !irs z well2 yet an inf9ite univ]se w\ld h no beg9n+ nor end4 ,aga91 !y say1 mutation is ( ! _w ( s5se or ph5om5al appe>ances1 b n ( reality4 ,! =m] are ! phases ( ! latt] %[n to our s5ses4 ,accord+ly !y are always limit$ & modifi$ by our s5ses1 j z images are always limit$ & modifi$ by ! mirror 9 :i* !y are reflect$4 ,on ?is acc\nt appe>ances are subject to limitations1 :ile reality is limitless4 ,& x foll[s t ! =m] are imp]fect1 :ile ! latt] is p]fect2 t ! =m] is transi5t1 :ile ! latt] is et]nal2 t ! =m] is relative1 :ile ! latt] is absolute2 t ! =m] is worldly1 :ile ! latt] is holy2 t ! =m] is kn[able1 :ile ! latt] is unkn[able4 ,^! consid]ations naturally lead u to an ass]tion t ! _w ( appe>ances is valueless1 z x is limit$1 %ort-liv$1 imp]fect1 pa9ful1 s9ful1 hopeless1 & mis]able2 :ile ! realm ( reality is to be aspir$ =1 z x is et]nal1 p]fect1 com=table1 full ( hope1 joy1 & peace-h5ce ! et]nal divorce ( appe>ance & reality4 ,su* a view ( life t5ds to make "o m9imize ! value ( man1 to neglect ! pres5t exi/5ce1 & to ye>n aft] ! future4 ,"s religioni/s tell u t we m5 are helpless1 s9ful1 hopeless1 & mis]able creatures4 ,worldly ri*es1 temporal hon\rs1 & social positions-nay1 ev5 sublimities & beauties ( ! pres5t exi/5ce1 are to be ignor$ & despis$4 ,we h no ne$ ( c>+ = ^? ?+s t pass away 9 a tw9kl+ mom5t4 ,we mu/ prep>e = ! future life :i* is et]nal4 ,we mu/ accumulate weal? = t exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to hold rank 9 x4 ,we mu/ aspire = ! sublimity & beauty & glory ( t realm4 #ad4 ,:]e does ! ,root ( ! ,illusion ,lie8 ,n[ let u exam9e :]e illusion lies hidd5 f ! view ( ^! religioni/s4 ,x lies deeply root$ 9 ! miscon/ruction ( reality1 gr[s up into ! illusive ideas ( appe>ances1 & ?r[s its d>k %ad[ on life4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal error lies 9 _! con/ru+ reality z some?+ unkn[able exi/+ beh9d appe>ances4 ,accord+ to _! op9ion1 all t we "k1 or p]ceive1 or feel1 or imag9e ab\t ! _w1 is appe>ances or ph5om5a1 b n reality itself4 ,appe>ances are '?+s kn[n z1' b n '?+s z !y are4' ,?+-9-itself1 or reality1 lies beh9d appe>ances p]man5tly beyond our k54 ,?is is probably ! mo/ pr(\nd metaphysical pit into :i* philosophical m9ds h ev] fall5 9 _! way ( speculation4 ,?+s appe>1 !y w\ld say1 z we see !m ?r\gh our limit$ s5ses2 b !y mu/ pres5t entirely diff]5t aspects to ^? t diff] f ours1 j z ! vibration ( e!r appe>s to u z col\rs1 yet x pres5ts q diff]5t aspects to ! col\r-bl9d or to ! purbl9d4 ,! ph5om5al univ]se is :at appe>s to ! human m9d1 & 9 case our m5tal con/itution und]goes *ange1 x w\ld be completely o!rwise4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is f> f prov+ t ! reality is unkn[able1 or t x lies hidd5 beh9d appe>ances or pres5tations4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a reality :i* appe>s z a ray ( ! sun4 ,:5 x goes ?r\gh a pane ( glass x appe>s to be col\rless1 b x exhibits a beautiful spectrum :5 x passes ?r\gh a prism4 ,!re=e y assume t a reality appe>+ z ! rays ( ! sun is nei!r col\rless nor col\r$ 9 itself1 s9ce ^! appe>ances are :olly due to ! diff]5ce t obta9s betwe5 ! pane ( glass & ! prism4 ,we cont5d1 h[ev]1 t ! fact does n prove ! exi/5ce ( ! reality nam$ ! sun's ray beyond or beh9d ! :ite light1 nor its exi/5ce beyond or beh9d ! spectrum4 ,x is evid5t t ! reality exi/s 9 :ite light1 & t x is kn[n z ! :ite light :5 x goes ?r\gh a pane ( glass2 & t ! same reality exi/s 9 ! spectrum1 & is kn[n z ! spectrum :5 x goes ?r\gh ! prism4 ,! reality is kn[n z ! :ite light on ! "o h&1 & z ! spectrum on ! o!r4 ,x is n unkn[able1 b kn[able4 ,suppose t "o & ! same reality exhibits "o aspect :5 x /&s 9 relation to ano!r object2 two aspects :5 x /&s 9 relation 9 two diff]5t objects2 ?ree aspects :5 x /&s 9 relation to ?ree diff]5t objects4 ,! reality ( "o aspect nev] proves ! unreality ( ano!r aspect1 = all ^! ?ree aspects c be equally real4 ,a tree appe>s to u z a vegetable2 x appe>s to "s birds z a %elt]2 & x appe>s to "s worms z a food4 ,! reality ( its aspect z a vegetable nev] proves ! unreality ( its aspect z food1 nor ! reality ( its aspect z food disproves ! reality ( its aspect z %elt]4 ,! real tree does n exi/ beyond or beh9d ! vegetable4 ,we c rely ^u its reality1 & make use ( x to a fruitful result4 ,at ! same "t1 ! birds c rely on its reality z a %elt]1 & build _! ne/s 9 x2 ! worms1 too1 c rely on its reality z food1 & eat x-to _! satisfaction4 ,a reality :i* appe>s to me z my wife mu/ appe> to my son z 8 "m1 & nev] z 8 wife4 ,b ! same real woman is 9 ! wife & 9 ! "m2 nei!r is unreal4 #ae4 ,?+-9-,itself means ,?+-,kn[]less4 ,h[1 !n1 did philosoph]s come to consid] reality to be unkn[able & hidd5 beh9d or beyond appe>ances8 ,!y inve/igat$ all ! possible pres5tations 9 diff]5t relation%ips1 & put !m all aside z appe>ances1 & brood$ on ! ?+-9-itself1 %ut out f all possible relation%ip1 & decl>$ x unkn[able4 ,?+-9-itself means ?+ cut (f f all possible relation%ips4 ,to1 put x 9 ano!r way3 ?+-9-itself means ?+ depriv$ ( its relation to its kn[]--t is to say1 ?+-kn[]-less4 ,s t to decl>e ?+-9-itself unkn[able is z mu* z to decl>e ?+-unkn[able unkn[able2 !re is no d\bt ab\t x1 b :at does x prove8 ,deprive y\rself ( all ! possible relation%ips1 & see :at y are4 ,suppose y are n a son to y\r p>5ts1 nor ! husb& to y\r wife1 nor ! fa!r to y\r *ildr51 nor a relative to y\r k9dr$1 nor a fri5d to y\r acqua9tances1 nor a tea*] to y\r /ud5ts1 nor a citiz5 to y\r c\ntry1 nor an individual memb] to y\r society1 nor a creature to y\r ,god1 !n y get y-9-y\rself4 ,n[ ask y\rself :at is y-9-y\rself8 ,y c nev] answ] ! "q4 ,x is unkn[able1 j because x is cut (f f all kn[able relations4 ,c y ?us prove t y-9-y\rself exi/ beyond or beh9d y8 ,9 l mann] our univ]se appe>s to u human be+s z ! ph5om5al _w or pres5tation4 ,x might appe> to o!r creatures ( a diff]5t m5tal con/itution z some?+ else4 ,we _c asc]ta9 h[ x might seem to ,devas1 to ,asuras1 to angels1 & to ! ,almighty1 if !re be su* be+s4 ,h[ev] diff]5t x might seem to ^! be+s1 x does n imply t ! ph5om5al _w is unreal1 nor t ! realm ( reality is unkn[able4 ',wat]1' ! ,indian tradition has x1 'seems to man z a dr9k1 z em]ald to ,devas1 z bloody pus to ,pretas1 z h\ses to fi%es4' ,wat] is n a :it less real because ( its seem+ z h\ses to fi%es1 & fi%es' h\ses are n less real because ( its seem+ z em]ald to ,devas4 ,!re is no?+ t proves ! unreality ( x4 ,x is a gross illusion to conceive reality z transc5d5tal to appe>ances4 ,reality exi/s z appe>ances1 & appe>ances are reality kn[n to human be+s4 ,y _c sep>ate appe>ances f reality1 & hold out ! latt] z ! object ( aspiration at ! co/ ( ! =m]4 ,y mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! s-call$ realm ( reality :i* y aspire aft]1 & :i* y seek = outside or beh9d ! ph5om5al univ]se1 exi/s "h on e>?4 ,let ,z5 tea*]s tell y t ! _w ( bir? & dea? is ! realm ( ,nirvana2 ! e>? is ! pure l& ( ,buddha4 #af4 ,! ,f\r ,alt]natives & ! ,five ,categories4 ,!re are1 accord+ to ,z51 ! f\r classes ( religi\s & philosophical views1 te*nically call$ ! ,f\r ,alt]natives1,,fn#bja ( life & ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ is '! deprivation ( subject & ! non-deprivation ( object' t is to say1 ! d5ial ( subject1 or m9d1 or ,atman1 or s\l1 & ! non-d5ial ( object1 or matt]1 or ?+s--a view :i* d5ies ! reality ( m9d & ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,su* a view 0 held by a c]ta9 s*ool ( ,h9ayanism1 call$ ,s>va/ivada1 & /ill is held by "s philosoph]s call$ mat]iali/s or naturali/s4 ,! second is ! 'deprivation ( object & ! non-deprivation ( subject'--t is to say1 ! d5ial ( object1 or matt]1 or ?+s1 & ! non-d5ial ( subject1 or m9d1 or _s-a view :i* d5ies ! reality ( mat]ial object1 & ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( _s or ideas4 ,su* a view 0 held by ! ,dh>malaksana ,s*ool ( ,mahayanism1 & is /ill held by "s philosoph]s call$ ideali/s4 ,! ?ird is '! deprivation ( bo? subject & object'--t is to say1 ! d5ial ( bo? subject or _s1 & ( object or matt]-a view :i* d5ies ! reality ( bo? physical & m5tal ph5om5a1 & ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( reality t transc5ds ! ph5om5al univ]se4 ,su* a view 0 held by ! ,madhyamika ,s*ool ( ,mahayanism1 & is /ill held by "s religioni/s & philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! f\r? is '! non-deprivation ( bo? subject & object'--t is to say1 ! non-d5ial ( subject & object--a view :i* holds m9d & body z "o & ! same reality4 ,m9d1 accord+ to ?is view1 is reality exp]i5c$ inw>dly by introspection1 & body is ! selfsame reality obs]v$ outw>dly by s5ses4 ,!y are "o reality & "o life4 ,!re also exi/ o!r p]sons & o!r be+s belong+ to ! same life & reality2 consequ5tly all ?+s %>e 9 "o reality1 & life 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,?is reality or life is n transc5d5tal to m9d & body1 or to _s & matt]1 b is ! unity ( !m4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is ph5om5al _w ( ours is ! realm ( reality4 ,?is view 0 held by ! ,avatamsaka ,s*ool ( ,mahayanism1 & is /ill held by ,z5i/s4 ,?us ,z5 is n mat]iali/ic1 nor ideali/ic1 nor nihili/ic1 b reali/ic & moni/ic 9 its view ( ! _w4 ,,fn#bja ,%i-rya-k5 9 ,japanese1 ! classification mo/ly made use ( by ma/]s ( ! ,r9 ,zai ,s*ool ( ,z54 ,= ! details1 see ,ki-gai-kwan1 by ,k4 ,watanabe4 ,!re are "s s*ol>s t errone\sly ma9ta9 t ,z5 is bas$ on ! doctr9e ( unreality ( all ?+s exp\nd$ by ,kum>ajiva & 8 foll[]s4 ,ko-b51,,fn#bjb kn[n z ,myo-ye ,%o-n91 said #fjj ye>s ago3 ,yang ,%an 7,kyo-zan7 ask$ ,wei ,%an 7,i-san73 ',:at %all we d :5 hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 & millions ( ?+s beset u all at once8' ',! blue are n ! yell[1' repli$ ,wei ,%an1 '! long are n ! %ort4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 its own place4 ,x has no bus9ess ) y4' ,wei ,%an 0 a great ,z5 ma/]4 ,he did n tea* ! unreality ( all ?+s4 ,:o c say t ,z5 is nihili/ic8 ,,fn#bjb ,a well-kn[n s*ol> 7#aagc-abcb7 ( ! ,anatamsaka ,s*ool ( ,mahayanism4 ,besides ! ,f\r ,alt]natives1 ,z5 uses ! ,five ,categories,,fn#bjc 9 ord] to expla9 ! relation betwe5 reality & ph5om5a4 ,! fir/ is ',relativity 9 ,absolute1' :i* means t ! univ]se appe>s to be consi/+ 9 relativities1 ow+ to our relative k2 b ^! relativities are bas$ on absolute reality4 ,! second is ',absolute 9 ,relativity1' :i* means ,absolute ,reality does n rema9 inactive1 b manife/s itself z relative ph5om5a4 ,! ?ird is ',relativity out ( ,absolute1' :i* means ,absolute ,reality is all 9 all1 & relative ph5om5a come out ( x z its second>y & subord9ate =ms4 ,! f\r? is ',absolute up to ,relativity1' :i* means relative ph5om5a always play an important "p on ! /age ( ! _w2 x is ?r\gh ^! ph5om5a t ,absolute ,reality comes to be und]/ood4 ,! fif? is ! ',union ( bo? ,absolute & ,relativity1' :i* means ,absolute ,reality is n fundam5tal or ess5tial to relative ph5om5a1 nor relative ph5om5a subord9ate or second>y to ,absolute ,reality--t is to say1 !y are "o & ! same cosmic life1 ,absolute ,reality be+ t life exp]i5c$ inw>dly by intuition1 :ile relative ph5om5a are ! same life outw>dly obs]v$ by s5ses4 ,! fir/ f\r ,categories are taught to prep>e ! /ud5t's m9d = ! acceptance ( ! la/ "o1 :i* reveals ! mo/ pr(\nd tru?4 ,,fn#bjc ,g-i 9 ,japanese1 mo/ly us$ by ! ,s-,to ,s*ool ( ,z54 ,! detail$ explanation is giv5 9 ,g-i-k5-ketsu4 #ag4 ,p]sonalism ( ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne4 ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne,,fn#bjd says3 ,!y 7ph5om5a7 are n phantoms or illusions1 nor are !y masks ( a back-ly+ reality :i* is try+ to pe] ?r\gh !m4 ,! anti!sis1 he cont9ues1,,fn#bje ( ph5om5a & n\m5a re/s on ! fancy t !re is some?+ t re/s beh9d ph5om5a :i* we ought to p]ceive b _c1 because ! mask+ ph5om5a ?ru/s itself betwe5 ! reality & u4 ,j s f> we agree ) ,b[ne1 b we ?9k he is mi/ak5 9 %>ply di/+ui%+ betwe5 body & self1 say+3,,fn#bjf ,we ourselves are invisible4 ,! physical organism is only an in/rum5t = express+ & manife/+ ! inn] life1 b ! liv+ self is nev] se54 ,human =m1 he argues1,,fn#bjg z an object 9 space ap>t f our exp]i5ce ( x z ! in/rum5t & expression ( p]sonal life1 w\ld h little beauty or attraction2 & :5 x is describ$ 9 anatomical t]ms1 !re is no?+ 9 x t we %\ld desire x4 ,! secret ( its beauty & its value lies 9 ! invisible realm4 ,! same is true1 he says aga91 ( lit]ature4 ,x does n exi/ 9 space1 or 9 "t1 or 9 books1 or 9 libr>ies 4 4 4 all t c\ld be f\nd !re w\ld be black m>ks on a :ite pap]1 & collections ( ^! b\nd toge!r 9 v>i\s =ms1 :i* w\ld be all ! eyes c\ld see4 ,b ?is w\ld n be lit]ature1 = lit]ature has its exi/5ce only 9 m9d & = m9d z an expression ( m9d1 & x is simply impossible & mean+less 9 ab/raction f m9d4 ,our human hi/ory--he gives ano!r illu/ration,,fn#bjh--nev] exi/$ 9 space1 & nev] c\ld s exi/4 ,if "s visitor f ,m>s %\ld come to ! e>? & look at all t goes on 9 space 9 connection ) human be+s1 he w\ld nev] get any h9t ( its real significance4 ,he w\ld be conf9$ to integrations & dissipations ( matt] & motion4 ,he c\ld describe ! masses & gr\p+ ( mat]ial ?+s1 b 9 all ?is be w\ld get no sugge/ion ( ! inn] life :i* gives significance to x all4 ,z conceivably a bird might sit on a telegraph in/rum5t & become fully aw>e ( ! clicks ( ! ma*9e )\t any suspicion ( ! exi/5ce or mean+ ( ! message1 or a dog c\ld see all t eye c see 9 a book yet )\t any h9t ( its mean+1 or a savage c\ld gaze at ! pr9t$ score ( an op]a )\t ev] suspect+ its musical import1 s ?is suppos$ visitor w\ld be absolutely cut (f by an impassable gulf f ! real seat & significance ( human hi/ory4 ,! great drama ( life1 ) its likes & dislikes1 its loves & hates1 its ambitions & /riv+s1 & manifold ideas1 inspirations1 aspirations1 is absolutely =eign to space1 & c\ld nev] 9 any way be discov]$ 9 space4 ,s human hi/ory has its seat 9 ! invisible4 ,,fn#bjd ',p]sonalism1' p4 #id4 ,,fn#bje ,ibid41 p4 #ie4 ,,fn#bjf ,ibid41 p4 #bfh4 ,,fn#bjg ,ibid41 p4 #bga4 ,,fn#bjh ',p]sonalism1' pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,b[ne's conception ( ! physical organism z b an in/rum5t = ! expression ( ! inn]1 p]sonal life1 j z ! telegraphic app>atus is ! in/rum5t = ! expression ( messages1 is errone\s1 because body is n a m]e in/rum5t ( inn] p]sonal life1 b an ess5tial con/itu5t ( x4 ,:o c d5y t "o's physical conditions det]m9e "o's "* or p]sonality8 ,:o c ov]look ! fact t "o's bodily conditions positively act ^u "o's p]sonal life8 ,!re is no physical organism :i* rema9s z a m]e passive me*anical in/rum5t ( inn] life )9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,moreov]1 individuality1 or p]sonality1 or self1 or inn] life1 :atev] y may call x1 conceiv$ z absolutely indep5d5t ( physical condition1 is %e] ab/raction4 ,!re is no su* concrete p]sonality or individuality )9 our exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 he conceives ! physical organism simply z a m>k or symbol1 & inn] p]sonal life z ! ?+ m>k$ or symboliz$2 s he comp>es physical =ms ) pap]1 types1 books1 & libr>ies1 & inn] life1 ) lit]ature4 ,9 s do+ he ov]looks ! ess5tial & insep>able connection betwe5 ! physical organism & inn] life1 because !re is no ess5tial insep>able connection betwe5 a m>k or symbol & ! ?+ m>k$ or symboliz$4 ,! ?+ may adopt any o!r m>k or symbol4 ,! black m>ks on ! :ite pap]1 to use 8 figure1 are n ess5tial to lit]ature4 ,lit]ature may be express$ by s++1 or by spee*1 or by a s]ies ( pictures4 ,b is !re inn] life express$1 or possible to be express$1 9 any o!r =m save physical organism8 ,we mu/ !re=e ackn[l$ge t inn] life is id5tical ) physical organism1 & t reality is "o & ! same z appe>ance4 #ah4 ,all ! ,worlds 9 ,t5 ,directions are ,buddha's ,holy ,l&4 ,we are to resume ?is problem 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,suffice x to say = ! pres5t x is ! law ( ,univ]sal ,life t manifoldness is 9 unity1 & unity is 9 manifoldness2 diff]5ce is 9 agreem5t1 & agreem5t 9 diff]5ce2 confliction is 9 h>mony1 & h>mony 9 confliction2 p>ts are 9 ! :ole1 & ! :ole is 9 p>ts2 con/ancy is 9 *ange1 & *ange 9 con/ancy2 good is 9 bad1 & bad 9 good2 integration is 9 dis9tegration1 & dis9tegration is 9 integration2 peace is 9 di/urbance1 & di/urbance 9 peace4 ,we c f9d some?+ cele/ial among ! e>?ly4 ,we c notice some?+ glori\s 9 ! mid/ ( ! base & deg5]at$4 ',!re are nettles ev]y:]e1 b are n smoo?1 gre5 grasses m common /ill8' ,c y recognize some?+ awe-inspir+ 9 ! rise & fall ( nations8 ,c y n recognize some?+ undi/urb$ & peaceful among di/urbance & tr\ble8 ,has n ev5 grass "s mean+8 ,does n ev5 a /one tell ! my/]y ( ,life8 ,does n ! immutable law ( good sway ov] human affairs aft] all1 z ,t5nyson says- ,i c b tru/ t good %all fall ,at la/-f> (f-at la/1 to all4 ,has n ea* ( u a light )9 him1 :atev] degrees ( lu/re !re may be8 ,0 ,wa%+ton 9 ! wrong :5 he said3 ,lab\r to keep alive 9 y\r he>t t little sp>k ( cele/ial fire call$ consci5ce4 ,we are sure t we c realize ! cele/ial bliss 9 ?is v _w1 if we keep alive ! ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 ( :i* ,bodhidh>ma & 8 foll[]s %[$ ! example4 ',all ! worlds 9 t5 directions are ,buddha's ,holy ,l&s6' ,t ,l& ( ,bliss & ,glory exi/s above u1 "u u1 ar\nd u1 )9 u1 )\t u1 if we op5 our eyes to see4 ',nirvana is 9 life itself1' if we enjoy x ) admiration & love4 ,life & dea? are ! life ( ,buddha1 says ,d-g54 ,ev]y:]e ! ,elysian gates /& op51 if we d n %ut !m up by ourselves4 ,%all we />ve ourselves refus+ to accept ! ri* b\nty :i* ! ,bless$ ,life (f]s to u8 ,%all we p]i% 9 ! d>kness ( scepticism1 %utt+ our eyes to ! light ( ,ta?agata8 ,%all we suff] f innum]able pa9s 9 ! self-creat$ hell :]e remorse1 jeal\sy1 & hatr$ fe$ ! fire ( ang]8 ,let u pray to ,buddha1 n 9 ^w only1 b 9 ! de$ ( g5]osity & tol]ance1 9 ! "* noble & lov+1 & 9 ! p]sonality sublime & good4 ,let u pray to ,buddha to save u f ! hell ( gre$ & folly1 to deliv] u f ! ?raldom ( temptation4 ,let u 'ent] ! ,holy ( ,holies 9 admiration & wond]4' ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,life #a4 ,epicureanism & ,life4 ,!re are a good _m p always buoyant 9 _s & mir?ful 9 appe>ance z if born optimi/s4 ,!re are also no few] p]sons con/antly cre/fall5 & gloomy z if born pessimi/s4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 may lose _! buoyancy & s9k deep 9 despair if !y are 9 adv]se circum/ances4 ,! latt]1 too1 may rega9 _! brightness & gr[ exultant if !y are "u prosp]\s conditions4 ,z !re is no evil h[ev] small b may cause him to groan "u x1 :o has 8 he>t undiscipl9$1 s !re is no calamity h[ev] great b may cause him to despair1 :o has 8 feel+s 9 control4 ,a laugh+ *ild w\ld cry1 a cry+ *ild w\ld laugh1 )\t a suffici5t cause4 ',x c be teas$ or tickl$ into any?+4' ,a gr[n-up *ild is he :o _c hold sway ov] 8 passions4 ,he %\ld die a slave to 8 he>t1 :i* is wayw>d & bl9d1 if he be indulg5t to x4 ,x is ( capital importance = u to discipl9e ! he>t1,,fn#bji o!rwise x w discipl9e u4 ,passions are l legs4 ,!y %\ld be guid$ by ! eye ( reason4 ,no wise s]p5t is l$ by its tail1 s no wise man is l$ by 8 passion4 ,passions t come fir/ are (t5 trea*]\s & lead u a/ray4 ,we mu/ gu>d ourselves aga9/ !m4 ,9 ord] to gratify !m !re arise mean desires-! desires to please sight1 he>+1 smell1 ta/e1 & t\*4 ,^! five desires are ev] pursu+ or1 r1 driv+ u4 ,we mu/ n sp5d our :ole lives 9 pursuit ( ^? mirage-l objects :i* gratify our s5sual desires4 ,:5 we gratify "o desire1 we are silly en\gh to fancy t we h realiz$ true happ9ess4 ,b "o desire gratifi$ begets ano!r /rong] & m insatiable4 ,?ir/ allay$ ) salt wat] becomes m int5se ?an ev]4 ,,fn#bji ,comp>e ,gaku-d-yo-j9-%u1 *ap4 i41 & ,z5-kwan-saku %94 ,%akya ,muni comp>$ an ,epicurean ) a dog *ew+ a dry bone1 mi/ak+ ! blood out ( a w\nd 9 8 m\? = t ( ! bone4 ,! au?or ( ,mahap>9irvana-sutra,,fn#baj has a p>able to ! foll[+ effect3 ',once ^u a "t a hunt] skill$ 9 cat*+ monkeys alive w5t into ! wood4 ,he put some?+ v /icky on ! gr\nd1 & hid himself among ! bu%es4 ,by-&-by a monkey came out to see :at x 01 & suppos+ x to be some?+ eatable1 tri$ to fe$ on x4 ,x /uck to ! poor creature's sn\t s firmly t he c\ld n %ake x (f4 ,!n he attempt$ to te> x (f ) bo? 8 paws1 :i* also /uck to x4 ,!reupon he /rove to kick x (f ) bo? 8 h9d-legs1 :i* 7 caught too4 ,!n ! hunt] came out1 & ?ru/+ 8 /ick ?r\gh betwe5 ! paws & h9d-legs ( ! victim1 & ?us c>ry+ x on 8 %\ld]1 w5t home4' ,9 l mann] an ,epicurean 7! monkey71 allur$ by ! objects ( s5se 7some?+ /icky71 /icks to ! five desires 7! sn\t & ! f\r limbs71 & be+ caught by ,temptation 7! hunt]71 loses 8 life ( ,wisdom4 ,,fn#baj ,! sutra translat$ by ,hwui ,y5 & ,hwui ,kwan1 ,a4,d4 #dbd-dec4 ,we are no m ?an a species ( monkeys1 z evolutioni/s hold4 ,n a few te/ify to ?is tru? by _! be+ caught by means ( 'some?+ eatable4' ,we aboli%$ slav]y & call ourselves civiliz$ nations4 ,h we n1 nev]!less1 hundr$s ( life-long slaves to cig>s among u8 ,h we n ?\s&s ( life-long slaves to spirits among u8 ,h we n hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( life-long slaves to gold among u8 ,h we n myriads ( lifelong slaves to vanity among u8 ,^! slaves are incr$ibly loyal to1 & incessantly "w =1 _! ma/]s1 :o 9 turn be/[ on !m incurable diseases1 pov]ty1 *agr91 & disappo9tm5t4 ,a poor puppy ) an empty c ti$ to 8 tail1 ,?omas ,c>lyle wittily obs]ves1 ran & ran on1 fright5$ by ! noise ( ! c4 ,! m rapidly he ran1 ! m l\dly x rang1 & at la/ he fell exhau/$ ( runn+4 ,0 x n typical ( a s-call$ great man ( ! _w8 ,vanity ti$ an empty c ( fame to 8 tail1 ! holl[ noise ( :i* drives him ?r\gh life until he falls to rise no m4 ,mis]able6 ,nei!r ^! m5 ( ! _w nor ,buddhi/ ascetics c be optimi/s4 ,! latt] rigor\sly d5y !mselves s5sual gratifications1 & keep !mselves alo( f all objects ( pleasure4 ,= !m to be pleas$ is equival5t to s91 & to laugh1 to be curs$4 ,!y w\ld r t\* an add]'s head ?an a piece ( money4,,fn#baa ,!y w\ld r ?r[ !mselves into a fi]y furnace ?an to come 9 contact ) ! o!r sex4 ,body = !m is a bag full ( blood & pus2,,fn#bab life1 an idle1 or r evil1 dream4 ,veget>ianism & celibacy are _! holy privileges4 ,life is unwor?y ( hav+2 to put an end to x is _! deliv]ance4,,fn#bac ,su* a view ( life is h>dly wor? our refutation4 ,,fn#baa ,su* is ! precept taught 9 ! ,v9aya ( ,h9ayani/s4 ,,fn#bab ,see ,mahasatipt?ana ,suttanta1 #b-ac4 ,,fn#bac ,?is is ! logical conclusion ( ,h9ayanism4 #b4 ,! ,errors ( ,philosophical ,pessimi/s & ,religi\s ,optimi/s4 ,philosophical pessimi/s,,fn#bad ma9ta9 t !re are on e>? _m m causes ( pa9 ?an ( pleasure2 & t pa9 exi/s positively1 b pleasure is a m]e abs5ce ( pa9 because we are consci\s ( sickness b n ( heal?2 ( loss1 b n ( possession4 ,on ! contr>y1 religi\s optimi/s insi/ t !re mu/ n be any evil 9 ,god's univ]se1 t evil has no indep5d5t nature1 b simply d5otes a privation ( good--t is1 evil is null1 is n\ght1 is sil5ce imply+ s\nd4' ,,fn#bad ,s*op5hau]1 ',! ,_w z ,w & ,idea' 7,r4 ,b4 ,haldane & ,j4 ,kemp's translation1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #chd-chf72 ,h>tman1 ',philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\sness' 7,w4 ,c4 ,c\pl&'s translation1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ab-aai74 ,no matt] :at ^! "o-sid$ obs]v]s' op9ion may be1 we are c]ta9 t we exp]i5ce good z well z evil1 & feel pa9 & pleasure z well4 ,nei!r c we alleviate ! real suff]+s ( ! sick by tell+ !m t sickness is no o!r ?an ! abs5ce ( heal?1 nor c we make ! poor a :it ri*] by tell+ !m t pov]ty is a m]e abs5ce ( ri*es4 ,h[ c\ld we save ! dy+ by p]suad+ !m t dea? is a b>e privation ( life8 ,is x possible to dispirit ! happy by tell+ !m t happ9ess is unreal1 or make ! =tunate mis]able by tell+ !m t =tune has no objective reality1 or to make "o welcome evil by tell+ "o t x is only ! abs5ce ( good8 ,y mu/ admit !re are no def9ite ext]nal causes ( pa9 nor ^? ( pleasure1 = "o & ! same ?+ causes pa9 at "o "t & pleasure at ano!r4 ,a cause ( delight to "o p]son turns out to be t ( av]sion to ano!r4 ,a dy+ mis] might revive at ! sight ( gold1 yet a ,diog5es w\ld pass )\t notic+ x4 ,cig>s & w9e are bless$ gifts ( heav5 to ! intemp]ate1,,fn#bae b accurs$ poison to ! temp]ate4 ,"s might enjoy a long life1 b o!rs w\ld he>tily desire to curtail x4 ,"s might groan "u a slight indisposition1 :ile o!rs w\ld :i/le away a life ( s]i\s disease4 ,an ,epicure might be tak5 prison] by pov]ty1 yet an ,epictetus w\ld fe>lessly face & vanqui% him4 ,h[1 !n1 d y di/+ui% ! real cause ( pa9 f t ( pleasure8 ,h[ d y "k ! causes ( "o are m num]\s ?an ! causes ( ! o!r8 ,,fn#bae ,! au?or ( ,han ,%u 7,kan ,%o7 calls spirits ! gift ( ,heav54 ,expose !rmomet]s ( sev]al k9ds to "o & ! same temp]ature4 ,"o w indicate1 say1 #fj1 ano!r z high z #ajj1 ano!r z l[ z #ae4 ,expose ! !rmomet]s ( human s5sibilities1 :i* are ( myriads ( diff]5t k9ds1 to "o & ! same temp]ature ( environm5t4 ,none ( !m w indicate ! same degrees4 ,9 "o & ! same climate1 :i* we ?9k mod]ate1 ! ,eskimo w\ld be wa%$ ) p]spiration1 :ile ! ,h9du w\ld %udd] ) cold4 ,simil>ly1 "u "o & ! same circum/ance "s might be extremely mis]able & ?9k x unbe>able1 yet o!rs w\ld be cont5t$ & happy4 ,!re=e we may safely conclude t !re are no def9ite ext]nal causes ( pa9 & pleasure1 & t !re mu/ be int]nal causes :i* modify ! ext]nal4 #c4 ,! ,law ( ,balance4 ,nature gov]ns ! _w ) h] law ( balance4 ,%e puts ?+s ev] 9 pairs1,,fn#baf & leaves no?+ 9 isolation4 ,positives /& 9 opposition to negatives1 actives to passives1 males to females1 & s on4 ,?us we get ! ebb 9 opposition to ! flood tide2 ! c5trifugal =ce to ! c5tripetal2 attraction to repulsion2 gr[? to decay2 tox9 to antitox92 light to %ade2 action to reaction2 unity to v>iety2 day to night2 ! animate to ! inanimate4 ,look at our own bodies3 ! "r eye is plac$ side by side ) ! left2 ! left %\ld] ) ! "r2 ! "r lung ) ! left2 ! left hemisph]e ( ! bra9 ) t ( ! "r2 & s =?4 ,,fn#baf ,z5i/s call !m 'pairs ( opposites4' ,x holds good also 9 human affairs3 advantage is always accompani$ by disadvantage2 loss by ga92 conv5i5ce by inconv5i5ce2 good by evil2 rise by fall2 prosp]ity by adv]sity2 virtue by vice2 beauty by de=mity2 pa9 by pleasure2 y\? by old age2 life by dea?4 ',a h&some "y lady ( quality1' a p>able 9 ,mahap>9irvana-sutra tells u1 ':o c>ries ) h] an imm5se treasure is ev] accompani$ by h] si/]1 an ugly woman 9 rags1 :o de/roys ev]y?+ )9 h] rea*4 ,if we w9 ! =m]1 we mu/ also get ! latt]4' ,z pessimi/s %[ int5se dislike t[>ds ! latt] & =get ! =m]1 s optimi/s admire ! =m] s mu* t !y are indiff]5t to ! latt]4 #d4 ,life ,consi/s 9 ,conflict4 ,life consi/s 9 conflict4 ,s long z man rema9s a social animal he _c live 9 isolation4 ,all individual hopes & aspirations dep5d on society4 ,society is reflect$ 9 ! individual1 & ! individual 9 society4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 8 inborn free w & love ( lib]ty seek to break away f social ties4 ,he is also a moral animal1 & end[$ ) love & sympa?y4 ,he loves 8 fell[-be+s1 & w\ld fa9 promote _! welf>e2 b he mu/ be engag$ 9 con/ant /ruggle aga9/ !m = exi/5ce4 ,he sympa?izes ev5 ) animals inf]ior to him1 & he>tily wi%es to protect !m2 yet he is doom$ to de/roy _! lives day & night4 ,he has _m a noble aspiration1 & (t5 so>s al(t by ! w+s ( imag9ation into ! realm ( ! ideal2 /ill 8 mat]ial desires drag him d[n to ! e>?4 ,he lives on day by day to cont9ue 8 life1 b he is unfail+ly approa*+ dea? at e mom5t4 ,! m he secures new pleasure1 spiritual or mat]ial1 ! m he incurs pa9 n yet exp]i5c$4 ,"o evil remov$ only gives place to ano!r2 "o advantage ga9$ soon proves itself a disadvantage4 ,8 v reason is ! cause ( 8 d\bt & suspicion2 8 intellect1 ) :i* he wants to "k ev]y?+1 decl>es itself to be incapable ( kn[+ any?+ 9 its real /ate2 8 f9] s5sibility1 :i* is ! sole s\rce ( f9] pleasure1 has to exp]i5ce f9] suff]+4 ,! m he ass]ts himself1 ! m he has to sacrifice himself4 ,^! conflictions probably l$ ,kant to call life a trial "t1 :]e9 mo/ succumb1 & 9 :i* ev5 ! be/ does n rejoice 9 8 life4 ,m5 betake !mselves1 says ,fi*te1 to ! *ase aft] felicity4 4 4 4 ,b z soon z !y )draw into !mselves & ask !mselves1 ',am ,i n[ happy8' ! reply comes di/9ctly f ! dep? ( _! s\l1 ',oh no2 ?\ art /ill j z empty & de/itute z be=e6' 4 4 4 ,!y w 9 ! future life j z va9ly seek bless$ness z !y h s\ght x 9 ! pres5t life4 ,x is n )\t reason t ! pessimi/ic m9ds came to conclude t '! unre/ ( unceas+ will+ & desir+ by :i* e creature is goad$ is 9 itself unbless$ness1' & t 'ea* creature is 9 con/ant dang]1 con/ant agitation1 & ! :ole1 ) its re/less1 mean+less motion1 is a trag$y ( ! mo/ pite\s k9d4' ',a creature l ! c>nivor\s animal1 :o _c exi/ at all )\t cont9ually de/roy+ & te>+ o!rs1 may n feel its brutality1 b man1 :o has to prey on o!r s5ti5t be+s l ! c>nivor\s1 is intellig5t en\gh1 z h>d fate w\ld h x1 to "k & feel 8 own brutal liv+4' ,he mu/ be ! mo/ mis]able ( all creatures1 = he is mo/ consci\s ( 8 own mis]y4 ,fur!rmore1 'he exp]i5ces n only ! mis=tunes :i* actually befall him1 b 9 imag9ation he goes ?r\gh e possibility ( evil4' ,!re=e none1 f great k+s & emp]ors d[n to nameless begg>s1 c be free f c>es & anxieties1 :i* 'ev] flit ar\nd !m l gho/s4' #e4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,life4 ,?us f> we h po9t$ out ! inevitable conflictions 9 life 9 ord] to prep>e ourselves = an insight into ! dep? ( life4 ,we are f> f be+ pessimi/ic1 = we believe t life consi/s 9 confliction1 b t confliction does n end 9 confliction1 b 9 a new =m ( h>mony4 ,hope comes to conflict ) fe>1 & is (t5 ?reat5$ ) los+ its hold on m9d2 !n x r5ews its life & takes root /ill deep] ?an be=e4 ,peace is (t5 di/urb$ ) w>s1 b !n x ga9s a /ill firm] gr\nd ?an ev]4 ,happ9ess is driv5 out ( m9d by melan*oly1 !n x is re-en=c$ by fav\rable conditions & returns ) d\ble /r5g?4 ,_s is dragg$ d[n by matt] f its ideal heav51 !n1 incit$ by %ame1 x tries a high] flight4 ,good is oppos$ by evil1 !n x ga!rs m /r5g? & vanqui%es its foe4 ,tru? is cl\d$ by falsehood1 !n x issues =? ) its great] light4 ,lib]ty is endang]$ by tyranny1 !n x ov]?r[s x ) a spl5did success4 ,manifoldness /&s out boldly aga9/ unity2 diff]5ce aga9/ agreem5t2 p>ticul>ity aga9/ g5]ality2 individuality aga9/ society4 ,manifoldness1 nev]!less1 in/ead ( annihilat+1 enri*es unity2 diff]5ce1 in/ead ( de/roy+ agreem5t1 gives x v>iety2 p>ticul>ities1 in/ead ( putt+ an end to g5]ality1 increase its cont5t2 individuals1 in/ead ( break+ ! h>mony ( society1 /r5g!n ! p[] ( x4 ,?us ',univ]sal ,life does n swall[ up manifoldness nor ext+ui% diff]5ces1 b x is ! only means ( br++ to its full developm5t ! detail$ cont5t ( reality2 9 p>ticul>1 x does n aboli% ! great oppositions ( life & _w1 b takes !m up into itself & br+s !m into fruitful relations ) ea* o!r4' ,!re=e 'our life is a my/]i\s bl5d+ ( fre$om & necessity1 p[] & limitation1 caprice & law2 yet ^! opposites are con/antly seek+ & f9d+ a mutual adju/m5t4' #f4 ,nature ,fav\rs ,no?+ 9 ,p>ticul>4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( view ( life1 :i* gave ! pres5t writ] no small cont5tm5t1 & :i* he believes w\ld cure "o ( pessimi/ic compla9t4 ,buddha1 or ,univ]sal ,life conceiv$ by ,z51 is n l a caprici\s despot1 :o acts n seldom aga9/ 8 own laws4 ,8 manife/ation z %[n 9 ! ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness is lawful1 imp>tial1 & rational4 ,buddhi/s believe t ev5 ,%akya ,muni himself 0 n free f ! law ( retribution1 :i* includes1 9 our op9ion1 ! law ( balance & t ( causation4 ,n[ let u briefly exam9e h[ ! law ( balance holds its sway ov] life & ! _w4 ,:5 ! ,cakrav>t91 accord+ to an ,indian leg5d1 ! univ]sal mon>*1 w\ld come to gov]n ! e>?1 a :eel w\ld also appe> z "o ( 8 treasures1 & g on roll+ all ov] ! _w1 mak+ ev]y?+ level & smoo?4 ,buddha is ! spiritual ,cakrav>t91 ^: :eel is ! :eel ( ! law ( balance1 ) :i* he gov]ns all ?+s equally & imp>tially4 ,fir/ let u obs]ve ! simple/ cases :]e ! law ( balance holds good4 ,f\r m5 c f9i% 9 ?ree days ! same am\nt ( "w z is done by ?ree m5 9 f\r days4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( m5 causes ! decrease 9 t ( days1 ! decrease 9 ! numb] ( m5 causes ! increase 9 t ( days1 ! result be+ always ! same4 ,simil>ly ! increase 9 ! %>pness ( a knife is always accompani$ by a decrease 9 its durability1 & ! increase ( durability by a decrease ( %>pness4 ,! m beautiful fl[]s gr[1 ! ugli] _! fruits become2 ! pretti] ! fruits gr[1 ! simpl] become _! fl[]s4 ',a /rong soldi] is ready to die2 a /rong tree is easy to be brok52 h>d lea!r is easy to be torn4 ,b ! s(t tongue survives ! h>d tee?4' ,horn$ creatures are de/itute ( tusks1 ! %>p-tusk$ creatures lack horns4 ,w+$ animals are n end[$ ) paws1 & h&$ animals are provid$ ) no w+s4 ,birds ( beautiful plumage h no sweet voice1 & sweet-voic$ song/]s no fea!rs ( bright col\rs4 ,! f9] 9 quality1 ! small] 9 quantity1 & bulki] 9 size1 ! co>s] 9 nature4 ,nature fav\rs no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,s ev]y?+ has its advantage & disadvantage z well4 ,:at "o ga9s on ! "o h& "o loses on ! o!r4 ,! ox is compet5t 9 draw+ a heavy c>t1 b he is absolutely incompet5t 9 cat*+ mice4 ,a %ovel is fit = digg+1 b n = e>-pick+4 ,a]oplanes are good = aviation1 b n = navigation4 ,silkworms fe$ on mulb]ry leaves & make silk f x1 b !y c d no?+ ) o!r leaves4 ,?us ev]y?+ has its own use or a mission appo9t$ by ,nature2 & if we take advantage ( x1 no?+ is useless1 b if n1 all are useless4 ',! neck ( ! crane may seem too long to "s idle on-look]s1 b !re is no surplus 9 x4 ,! limbs ( ! tortoise may appe> too %ort1 b !re is no %ortcom+ 9 !m4' ,! c5tip$e1 hav+ a hundr$ limbs1 c f9d no useless feet2 ! s]p5t1 hav+ no foot1 feels no want4 #g4 ,! ,law ( ,balance 9 ,life4 ,x is also ! case ) human affairs4 ,social positions high or l[1 occupations spiritual or temporal1 "w r\gh or g5tle1 education p]fect or imp]fect1 circum/ances ne$y or opul5t1 ea* has its own advantage z well z disadvantage4 ,! high] ! position ! grav] ! responsibilities1 ! l[] ! rank ! light] ! obligation4 ,! director ( a l>ge bank c nev] be s c>eless z 8 err&-boy :o may /op on ! /reet to ?r[ a /one at a sp>r[2 nor c ! manag] ( a l>ge plantation h z good a "t on a ra9y day z 8 day-lab\r]s :o sp5d x 9 gambl+4 ,! accumulation ( weal? is always accompani$ by its evils2 no ,ro?s*ild nor ,rockefell] c be happi] ?an a poor p$l>4 ,a "m ( _m *ildr5 may be tr\bl$ by h] noisy little ones & envy h] /]ile fri5d1 :o 9 turn may compla9 ( h] lonel9ess2 b if !y balance :at !y ga9 ) :at !y lose1 !y w f9d ! bo? sides are equal4 ,! law ( balance /rictly =bids "o's monopoly ( happ9ess4 ,x applies its scorpion :ip to anyone :o is giv5 to pleasures4 ,joy 9 extremity lives next door to exce$+ sorr[4 ,:]e !re is mu* light1 says ,goe!1 %ad[ is deep4 ,age1 )]$ & disconsolate1 lurks "u ! skirts ( bloom+ y\?4 ,! celebration ( bir?day is foll[$ by ! commemoration ( dea?4 ,m>riage might be suppos$ to be ! luckie/ ev5t 9 "o's life1 b ! wid['s te>s & ! orphan's suff]+s also might be its outcome4 ,b = ! =m] ! latt] c nev] be4 ,! dea? ( p>5ts is inde$ ! unluckie/ ev5t 9 ! son's life1 b x may result 9 ! latt]'s inh]itance ( an e/ate1 :i* is by no means unlucky4 ,! disease ( a *ild may cause its p>5ts grief1 b x is a matt] ( c\rse t x less5s ! burd5 ( _! livelihood4 ,life has its pleasures1 b also its pa9s4 ,dea? has no pleasure ( life1 b also none ( its pa94 ,s t if we balance _! smiles & te>s1 life & dea? are equal4 ,x is n wise = u1 !re=e1 to commit suicide :ile ! t]ms ( our life /ill rema91 nor to fe> dea? :5 !re is no way ( avoid+ x4 ,aga91 ! law ( balance does n all[ anyone to take ! lion's %>e ( nature's gifts4 ,beauty 9 face is accompani$ by de=mity 9 "*4 ,intellig5ce is (t5 uncomb9$ ) virtue4 ,fair girls are de/9$ to be un=tunate1 says a ,japanese prov]b1 & m5 ( ability to be sickly4 ,he makes no fri5d :o nev] makes a foe4 ,hone/y is next to idiocy4 ,m5 ( g5ius1 says ,longfell[1 are (t5 dull & in]t 9 society2 z ! blaz+ meteor :5 x desc5ds to e>? is only a /one4 ,hon\r & %ame g h& 9 h&4 ,k & virtue live 9 pov]ty1 :ile ill heal? & disease are inmates ( luxury4 ,e mis=tune begets "s sort ( =tune1 :ile e good luck gives bir? to "s sort ( bad luck4 ,e prosp]ity nev] fails to s[ se$s ( adv]sity1 :ile e fall nev] fails to br+ ab\t "s k9d ( rise4 ,we mu/ n1 !n1 despair 9 days ( fro/ & sn[1 rem9d+ ourselves ( sun%9e & fl[]s t foll[ !m2 nor mu/ we be ?\ghtless 9 days ( y\? & heal?1 keep+ 9 m9d old age & ill heal? t are 9 ! re> ( !m4 ,9 brief1 all1 f cr[ns & coronets d[n to rags & begg+ b[ls1 h _! own happ9ess & %>e heav5ly grace alike4 #h4 ,! ,application ( ! ,law ( ,causation to ,morals4 ,al?\gh x may be ne$less to /ate "h ! law ( causation at any l5g?1 yet x is n equally ne$less to say a few words ab\t its application to morals z ! law ( retribution1 :i* is a matt] ( dispute ev5 among ,buddhi/ s*ol>s4 ,! k]nel ( ! idea is v simple-l se$1 l fruit2 l cause1 l effect2 l action1 l influ5ce--no?+ m4 ,z fre% air /r5g!ns & impure air *okes u1 s good conduct br+s ab\t good consequ5ce1 & bad conduct does o!rwise4,,fn#bag ,,fn#bag ,z5 lays mu* /ress on ?is law4 ,see ,%u-%o-gi & ,ei-hei-ka-kun1 by ,d-g54 ,ov] aga9/ ^! g5]alizations we raise no objection1 b !re are _m cases1 9 practical life1 ( d\btful nature4 ,an act ( *>ity1 = example1 might d o!rs "s sort ( damage1 z is (t5 ! case ) ! giv+ ( alms to ! poor1 :i* may produce ! undesirable consequ5ce ( enc\rag+ begg>y4 ,an act ( love might produce an injuri\s effect1 z ! "m's love (t5 spoils h] *ildr54 ,"s,,fn#bah may ?9k ^! are cases ( good cause & bad effect4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to analyze ^! causes & effects 9 ord] to f9d 9 :at relation !y /&4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! good action ( almsgiv+ produces ! good effect ( less5+ ! suff]+s ( ! poor1 :o %\ld be ?ankful = _! b5efactor4 ,! giv] is rew>d$ 9 8 turn by ! peace & satisfaction ( 8 consci5ce4 ,! poor1 h[ev]1 :5 us$ to be+ giv5 alms are incl9$ to gr[ lazy & live by means ( begg+4 ,!re=e ! real cause ( ! bad effect is ! ?\ghtlessness ( bo? ! giv] & ! giv51 b n *>ity itself4 ,9 ! second case ! "m's love & k9dness produce a good effect on h] & h] *ildr51 mak+ !m all happy1 & enabl+ !m to enjoy ! pleasure ( ! sweet home2 yet c>elessness & folly on ! "p ( ! "m & +ratitude on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 may br+ ab\t ! bad effect4 ,,fn#bah ,dr4 ,h4 ,kato seems to h ?\ght t good cause may br+ out bad effect :5 he attack$ ,buddhism on ?is po9t4 ,hi/ory is full ( num]\s cases 9 :i* good p]sons 7 s un=tunate z to die a mis]able dea? or to live 9 extreme pov]ty1 side by side ) ^? cases 9 :i* bad p liv$ 9 heal? & prosp]ity1 enjoy+ a long life4 ,hav+ ^! cases 9 view1 "s are ( ! op9ion t !re is no law ( retribution z believ$ by ! ,buddhi/s4 ,& ev5 among ! ,buddhi/ s*ol>s !mselves !re are "s :o ?9k ( ! law ( retribution z an ideal1 & n z a law gov]n+ life4 ,?is is probably due to _! misund]/&+ ( ! hi/orical facts4 ,!re is no reason because he is good & hon\rable t he %\ld be weal?y or heal?y2 nor is !re any reason because he is bad t he %\ld be poor or sickly4 ,to be good is "o ?+1 & to be heal?y or ri* is ano!r4 ,s also to be bad is "o ?+1 ,& to be poor & sick is ano!r4 ,! good are n necess>ily ! ri* or ! heal?y1 nor are ! bad necess>ily ! sick or ! poor4 ,heal? mu/ be secur$ by ! /rict obs]vance ( hygi5ic rules1 & n by ! keep+ ( e?ical precepts2 nor c weal? ev] be accumulat$ by b>e morality1 b by economical & indu/rial activity4 ,! moral conduct ( a good p]son has no responsibility = 8 ill heal? or pov]ty2 s also ! immoral action ( a bad p]son has no conc]n ) 8 weal? or heal?4 ,y %\ld n confuse ! moral ) ! physical law1 s9ce ! =m] belongs only to human life1 :ile ! latt] to ! physical _w4 ,! good are rew>d$ morally1 n physically2 _! own virtues1 hon\rs1 m5tal peace1 & satisfaction are ample comp5sation = _! goodness4 ,confucius1 = example1 0 nev] ri* nor high 9 rank2 he 01 nev]!less1 morally rew>d$ ) 8 virtues1 hon\rs1 & ! peace ( m9d4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( him1,,fn#bai ?\gh n /rictly hi/orical1 well expla9s 8 /ate ( m9d 9 ! days ( mis=tune3 ,:5 ,confucius 0 r$uc$ to extreme di/ress betwe5 ,khan & ,zhai1 = sev5 days he _h no cook$ meat to eat1 b only "s s\p ( co>se vegetables )\t any rice 9 x4 ,8 c\nt5ance wore ! appe>ance ( great exhau/ion1 & yet be kept play+ on 8 lute & s++ inside ! h\se4 ,y5 ,hui 70 outside7 select+ ! vegetables1 :ile ,zze ,lu & ,zze ,kung 7 talk+ toge!r1 & said to him3 ',! ma/] has twice be5 driv5 f ,lu2 he _h to flee f ,wei2 ! tree b5ea? :i* he re/$ 0 cut d[n 9 ,sung2 he 0 r$uc$ to extreme di/ress 9 ,%ang & ,kau2 he is held 9 a /ate ( siege "h betwe5 ,khan & ,zhai2 anyone :o kills him w be held guiltless2 !re is no prohibition aga9/ mak+ him a prison]4 ,& yet he keeps play+ & s++1 ?rumm+ 8 lute )\t ceas+4 ,c a sup]ior man be )\t ! feel+ ( %ame to su* an ext5t z ?is8' ,y5 ,hui gave !m no reply1 b w5t 9 & told 7_! words7 to ,confucius1 :o pu%$ aside 8 lute & said3 ',yu & ,zhze are small m54 ,call !m "h1 & ,i w expla9 ! ?+ to !m4' ,,fn#bai ,! acc\nt is giv5 by ,*wang ,tsz 9 8 book1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #ag4 ,:5 !y came 91 ,zze ,lu said3 ',y\r pres5t condition may be call$ "o ( extreme di/ress6' ,confucius repli$3 ',:at words are ^!8 ,:5 ! sup]ior man has free c\rse ) 8 pr9ciples1 t is :at we call 8 success2 :5 su* c\rse is d5i$1 t is :at we call 8 failure4 ,n[ ,i hold 9 my embrace ! pr9ciples ( righte\sness & b5evol5ce1 & ) !m meet ! evils ( a disord]$ age2 :]e is ! pro( ( my be+ 9 extreme di/ress8 ,!re=e1 look+ inw>ds & exam9+ myself1 ,i h no difficulties ab\t my pr9ciples2 ?\gh ,i enc\nt] su* difficulties 7z ! pres5t71 ,i d n lose my virtue4 ,x is :5 w9t]'s cold is come1 & ! ho>-fro/ & sn[ are fall+1 t we "k ! vegetative p[] ( ! p9e & cypress4 ,?is di/ress betwe5 ,khan & ,zhai is =tunate = me4' ,he !n took back 8 lute s t x emitt$ a twang+ s\nd1 & began to play & s+4 7,at ! same "t7 ,zze ,lu hurri$ly seiz$ a %ield & began to dance1 :ile ,zze ,kung said3 ',i did n "k 7be=e7 ! height ( heav5 nor ! dep? ( e>?6' ,?us ! good are unfail+ly rew>d$ ) _! own virtue1 & ! :olesome consequ5ces ( _! actions on society at l>ge4 ,& ! bad are inevitably recomp5s$ ) _! own vices1 & ! injuri\s effects ( _! actions on _! fell[-be+s4 ,?is is ! un%ak5 conviction ( humanity1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,x is ! pi? & m>r[ ( our moral ideal4 ,x is ! cry/allization ( e?ical tru?s1 di/ill$ ?r\gh long exp]i5ces f "t immemorial to ?is day4 ,we c safely approve ,edw9 ,arnold1 z he says3 ,lo ,i z hid se$ %oots aft] ra9less ye>s1 ,s good & evil1 pa9s & pleasures1 hates ,& loves1 & all dead de$s come =? aga91 ,be>+ bright leaves1 or d>k1 sweet fruit or s\r4 ,longfell[ also says3 ,no action1 :e!r f\l or fair1 ,is ev] done1 b x leaves some:]e ,a record-z a bless+ or a curse4 #i4 ,retribution,,fn#bbj 9 ! ,pa/1 ! ,pres5t1 & ! ,future ,life4 ,!n a "q sugge/s itself3 ,if !re be no s\l t survives body 7z %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]71 :o w receive ! retributions ( our actions 9 ! pres5t life8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we h to re/ate our conviction t life is "o & ! same2 9 o!r words1 ! human be+s =m "o life or "o self--t is to say1 our ance/ors 9 ! pa/ =m$ man's pa/ life4 ,we ourselves n[ =m man's pres5t life1 & our po/]ity w =m ! future life4 ,beyond all d\bt1 all actions ( man 9 ! pa/ h br\ght _! fruits on ! pres5t conditions ( man1 & all actions ( ! pres5t man are sure to influ5ce ! conditions ( ! future man4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 we n[ reap ! fruits ( :at we s[$ 9 our pa/ life 7or :5 we liv$ z our fa!rs71 & aga9 %all reap ! fruits ( :at we n[ s[ 9 our future life 7or :5 we %all live z our po/]ity74 ,!re is no exception to ?is rigor\s law ( retribution1 & we take x z ! w ( ,buddha to leave no action )\t be+ retribut$4 ,?us x is ,buddha himself :o k9dles our inw>d fire to save ourselves f s9 & crimes4 ,we mu/ purge out all ! /a9s 9 our he>ts1 obey+ ,buddha's comm& audible 9 ! inn]mo/ self ( ours4 ,x is ! great m]cy ( ,8 t1 h[ev] s9ful1 sup]/iti\s1 wayw>d1 & ?\ghtless1 we h /ill a light )9 u :i* is div9e 9 its nature4 ,:5 t light %9es =?1 all sorts ( s9 are de/roy$ at once4 ,:at is our s91 aft] all8 ,x is no?+ b illusion or error orig9at+ 9 ignorance & folly4 ,h[ true x is1 z an ,indian ,mahayani/ decl>es1 t 'all fro/ & ! dewdrops ( s9 disappe> 9 ! sun%9e ( wisdom6',,fn#bba ,ev5 if we might be imprison$ 9 ! bottomless bell1 yet let once ! ,light ( ,buddha %9e ^u u1 x w\ld be *ang$ into heav54 ,!re=e ! au?or ( ,mahak>unika-sutra,,fn#bbb says3 ,:5 ,i climb ! m\nta9 plant$ ) swords1 !y w\ld break "u my tread4 ,:5 ,i sail on ! sea ( blood1 x w be dri$ up4 ,:5 ,i arrive at ,hades1 !y w be ru9$ at once4 ,,fn#bbj ,! retribution _c be expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( ! s\l1 = x is incompatible ) ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( non-s\l4 ,see ,abhidh>mamahavibhasa-ca/ra1 vol4 cxiv4 ,,fn#bba ,samantabhadra-dhyana-sutra4 ,,fn#bbb ,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #aag4 #aj4 ,! ,et]nal ,life z taught by ,pr(essor ,mun/]b]g4 ,"s philosophical pessimi/s und]value life simply because x is subject to limitation4 ,!y ascribe all evils to t condition1 =gett+ t )\t limitation life is a m]e blank4 ,suppose our sight c\ld see all ?+s at once1 !n sight has no value nor use = u1 because x is life's purpose to *oose to see "o ?+ or ano!r out ( _m2 & if all ?+s be pres5t at once be=e u ?r\gh sight1 x is ( no purpose4 ,! same is true ( intellect1 be>+1 smell1 t\*1 feel+1 & w4 ,if !y be limitless1 !y cease to be useful = u4 ,individuality necess>ily implies limitation1 h5ce if !re be no limitation 9 ! _w1 !n !re is no room = individuality4 ,life )\t dea? is no life at all4 ,pr(essor ,hugo ,mun/]b]g f9ds no value1 s x seems to me1 9 'su* life z beg9n+ ) bir? & end+ ) dea?4' ,he says3,,fn#bbc ,my life z a causal sy/em ( physical & psy*ological processes1 :i* lies spread out 9 "t betwe5 ! dates ( my bir? & ( my dea?1 w come to an end ) my la/ brea?2 to cont9ue x1 to make x g on till ! e>? falls into ! sun1 or a billion times long]1 w\ld be )\t any value1 z t k9d ( life :i* is no?+ b ! me*anical occurr5ce ( physiological & psy*ological ph5om5a _h z su* no ultimate value = me or = y1 or = anyone1 at any "t4 ,b my real life1 z a sy/em ( int]relat$-w-attitudes1 has no?+ be=e or aft] because x is beyond "t4 ,x is indep5d5t ( bir? & dea? because x _c be relat$ to biological ev5ts2 x is n born1 & w n die2 x is immortal2 all possible ?9kable "t is enclos$ 9 x2 x is et]nal4 ,,fn#bbc ',! ,et]nal ,life1' p4 #bf4 ,pr(essor ,mun/]b]g tries to di/+ui% %>ply life z ! causal sy/em ( physiological & psy*ological processes1 & life z a sy/em ( int]relat$-w-attitudes1 & d5\nces ! =m] z fleet+ & valueless1 9 ord] to prize ! latt] z et]nal & ( absolute value4 ,h[ c\ld he1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 8 task unless he has two or ?ree lives1 z "s animals are believ$ to h8 ,is x n "o & ! same life t is treat$ on ! "o h& by sci5ce z a sy/em ( physiological & psy*ological processes1 & is conceiv$ on ! o!r by ! ,pr(essor himself z a sy/em ( int]relat$-w-attitudes8 ,x is true t sci5ce treats ( life z x is obs]v$ 9 "t1 space1 & causality1 & x e/imates x ( no value1 s9ce to e/imate ! value ( ?+s is no bus9ess ( sci5ce4 ,! same life obs]v$ z a sy/em ( int]relat$-w-attitudes is indep5d5t ( "t1 space1 & causality z he affirms4 ,"o & ! same life includes bo? phases1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! po9ts ( view ( ! obs]v]s4 ,life z obs]v$ only f ! sci5tific po9t ( view is b>e ab/raction2 x is n concrete life2 nor is life z obs]v$ only 9 ! int]relat$-w-attitude po9t ( view ! :ole ( life4 ,bo? are ab/ractions4 ,concrete life includes bo? phases4 ,moreov]1 ,pr(essor ,mun/]b]g sees life 9 ! relation%ip entirely indep5d5t-( "t1 space1 & causality1 say+3 ,if y agree or disagree ) ! late/ act ( ! ,russian ,cz>1 ! only significant relation :i* exi/s betwe5 him & y has no?+ to d ) ! naturali/ic fact t geographically 'an ocean lies betwe5 y2 & if y are really a /ud5t ( ,plato1 y\r only important relation to ! ,greek philosoph] has no?+ to d ) ! o!r naturali/ic fact t biologically two ?\s& ye>s lie betwe5 y2 & decl>es life 7se5 f t po9t ( view7 to be immortal & et]nal4 ,?is is z mu* z to say t life1 :5 se5 9 ! relation%ip indep5d5t ( "t & space1 is indep5d5t ( "t & space-t is1 immortal & et]nal4 ,is x n m]e tautology8 ,he is 9 ! "r 9 insi/+ t life c be se5 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view z a sy/em ( physiological & psy*ological processes1 & at ! same "t z a sy/em ( int]relat$-w-attitudes indep5d5t ( "t & space4 ,b he _c by t means prove ! exi/5ce ( concrete individual life :i* is et]nal & immortal1 because t :i* is indep5d5t ( "t & space is ! relation%ip 9 :i* he obs]ves life1 b n life itself4 ,!re=e we h to notice t life held by ,pr(essor ,mun/]b]g to be et]nal & immortal is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! et]nal life or immortality ( s\l believ$ by common s5se4 #aa4 ,life 9 ! ,concrete4 ,life 9 ! concrete1 :i* we are liv+1 greatly diff]s f life 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* exi/s only 9 ! class-room4 ,x is n et]nal2 x is fleet+2 x is full ( anxieties1 pa9s1 /ruggles1 brutalities1 disappo9tm5ts1 & calamities4 ,we love life1 h[ev]1 -n only = its smoo?ness1 b = its r\ghness2 n only = its pleasure1 b = its pa92 n only = its hope1 b = its fe>2 n only = its fl[]s1 b = its fro/ & sn[4 ,z ,issai,,fn#bbd 7,sato7 has aptly put x3 ,prosp]ity is l spr+1 9 :i* we h gre5 leaves & fl[]s :]ev] we g2 :ile adv]sity is l w9t]1 9 :i* we h sn[ & ice4 ,spr+1 ( c\rse1 pleases u2 w9t]1 too1 displeases u n4 ,adv]sity is salt to our lives1 z x keeps !m f corruption1 no matt] h[ bitt] to ta/e x way be4 ,x is ! be/ /imulus to body & m9d1 s9ce x br+s =? lat5t en]gy t may rema9 dormant b = x4 ,mo/ p hunt aft] pleasure1 look = good luck1 hung] aft] success1 & compla9 ( pa91 ill-luck1 & failure4 ,x does n occur to !m t '!y :o make good luck a god are all unlucky m51' z ,george ,eliot has wisely obs]v$4 ,pleasure ceases to be pleasure :5 we atta9 to x2 ano!r sort ( pleasure displays itself to tempt u4 ,x is a mirage1 x beckons to u to lead u a/ray4 ,:5 an ov]:elm+ mis=tune looks u 9 ! face1 our lat5t p[] is sure to be ar\s$ to grapple ) x4 ,ev5 delicate girls ex]t ! p[] ( giants at ! "t ( em]g5cy2 ev5 robb]s or murd]]s are f\nd to be k9d & g5]\s :5 we are ?r[n into a common disa/]4 ,tr\bles & difficulties call =? our div9e =ce1 :i* lies deep] ?an ! ord9>y faculties1 & :i* we nev] be=e dream$ we possess$4 ,,fn#bbd ,a not$ s*ol> 7#aggb-ahei7 & au?or1 :o belong$ to ! ,wang ,s*ool ( ,confucianism4 ,see ,g5-%i-roku4 #ab4 ,difficulties are no ,mat* = ! ,optimi/4 ,h[ c we suppose t we1 ! *ildr5 ( ,buddha1 are put at ! m]cy ( petty tr\bles1 or int5d$ to be cru%$ by ob/acles8 ,are we n end[$ ) inn] =ce to fight successfully aga9/ ob/acles & difficulties1 & to wre/ trophies ( glory f h>d%ips8 ,are we to be slaves to ! vicissitudes ( =tune8 ,are we doom$ to be victims = ! jaws ( ! environm5t8 ,x is n ext]nal ob/acles !mselves1 b our inn] fe> & d\bt t prove to be ! /umbl+-blocks 9 ! pa? to success2 n mat]ial loss1 b timidity & hesitation t ru9 u = ev]4 ,difficulties are no mat* = ! optimi/1 :o does n fly f !m1 b welcomes !m4 ,he has a m5tal prism :i* c sep>ate ! insipid :ite light ( exi/5ce into bright hues4 ,he has a m5tal al*emy by :i* he c produce gold5 in/ruction out ( ! dross ( failure4 ,he has a spiritual magic :i* makes ! nect> ( joy out ( ! te>s ( sorr[4 ,he has a clairvoyant eye t c p]ceive ! exi/5ce ( hope ?r\gh ! iron walls ( despair4 ,prosp]ity t5ds to make "o =get ! grace ( ,buddha1 b adv]sity br+s =? "o's religi\s conviction4 ,*ri/ on ! cross 0 m ,*ri/ ?an ,jesus at ! table4 ,lu!r at w> ) ! ,pope 0 m ,lu!r ?an he at peace4 ,ni*i-r5,,fn#bbe laid ! f\ndation ( 8 *ur* :5 sword & sceptre ?reat5$ him ) dea?4 ,%9-ran,,fn#bbf & ,h5-en,,fn#bbg e/abli%$ _! respective fai?s :5 !y 7 exil$4 ,:5 !y 7 exil$1 !y compla9$ n1 res5t$ n1 regrett$ n1 rep5t$ n1 lam5t$ n1 b cont5t$ly & joy\sly !y met ) _! inevitable calamity & conqu]$ x4 ,ho-n5 is said to h be5 /ill m joy\s & cont5t$ :5 be bad suff]$ f a s]i\s disease1 because he _h ! conviction t 8 desir$ end 0 at h&4 ,,fn#bbe ,! f\nd] 7#abbb-abhb7 ( ! ,ni*i ,r5 ,sect1 :o 0 exil$ 9 #abga to ! ,isl& ( ,sado4 ,= ! hi/ory & doctr9e ( ! ,sect1 see ,i ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,japanese ,buddhi/ ,sects1' by ,b4 ,nanjo1 pp4 #acb-adg4 ,,fn#bbf ,! f\nd] 7#aagc-abfb7 ( ! ,%9 ,sect1 :o 0 bani%$ to ! prov9ce ( ,ee*igo 9 #abjg4 ,see ,nanjo's ',hi/ory1' pp4 #abb-aca4 ,,fn#bbg ,! f\nd] 7#aaca #abab7 ( ! ,jo ,d ,sect1 :o 0 exil$ to ! ,isl& ( ,tosa 9 #abjg4 ,see ,nanjo's ',hi/ory1' pp4 #ajd-aac4 ,a ,*9ese monk1 ,e ,kwai by "n1 "o day seat$ himself 9 a quiet place among hills & practis$ ,dhyana4 ,none 0 !re to di/urb ! calm enjoym5t ( 8 m$itation4 ,! g5ius ( ! hill 0 s mu* /ung by 8 envy t he made up 8 m9d to break by surprise ! m5tal s]5ity ( ! monk4 ,hav+ suppos$ no?+ ord9>y w\ld be effective1 he appe>$ all on a sudd5 be=e ! man1 assum+ ! frightful =m ( a headless mon/]4 ,e ,kwai be+ di/urb$ n a :it1 calmly ey$ ! mon/]1 & obs]v$ ) a smile3 ,?\ ha/ no head1 mon/]6 ,h[ happy ?\ %\ld/ be1 = ?\ art 9 no dang] ( los+ ?y head1 nor ( suff]+ f heada*e6 ,7 we born headless1 %\ld we n be happy1 z we h to suff] f no heada*e8 ,7 we born eyeless1 %\ld we n be happy1 z we are 9 no dang] ( suff]+ f eye disease8 ,ho ,ki ,i*i1,,fn#bbh a great bl9d s*ol>1 0 "o ev5+ giv+ a lecture1 )\t kn[+ t ! light _h be5 put out by ! w9d4 ,:5 8 pupils reque/$ him to /op = a mom5t1 he rem>k$ ) a smile3 ,:y1 h[ inconv5i5t are y\r eyes6 ,:]e !re is cont5tm5t1 !re is ,p>adise4 ,,fn#bbh ,hanawa 7#agdf-ahba71 :o publi%$ ,gun-%o-rui-zu 9 #aghb4 #ac4 ,d ,?y ,be/ & ,leave ! ,re/ to ,provid5ce4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( view :i* enables u to enjoy life4 ,x is simply ?is1 t ev]y?+ is plac$ 9 ! condition be/ = itself1 z x is ! sum total ( ! consequ5ces ( its actions & reactions s9ce ! dawn ( "t4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! m9ute/ gra9s ( dirt t are reg>d$ by u ! wor/1 lifeless1 valueless1 m9dless1 in]t matt]4 ,!y are plac$ 9 _! be/ condition1 no matt] h[ poor & wor?less !y may seem4 ,!y c nev] become a ?+ high] nor l[] ?an !y4 ,to be ! gra9s ( dirt is be/ = !m4 ,b = ^! m9ute microcosms1 :i*1 fly+ 9 ! air1 reflect ! sunbeams1 we c\ld h no azure sky4 ,x is !y t scatt] ! sun's rays 9 mid-air & s5d !m into our rooms4 ,x is also ^! gra9s ( dirt t =m ! nuclei ( ra9drops & br+ seasonable ra94 ,?us !y are n ?+s wor?less & good = no?+1 b h a hidd5 import & purpose 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,_h !y m9d to ?9k1 he>t to feel1 !y %\ld be cont5t$ & happy ) _! pres5t condition4 ,take1 = ano!r example1 ! fl[]s ( ! morn+ glory4 ,!y bloom & smile e morn+1 fade & die 9 a few h\rs4 ,h[ fleet+ & ephem]al _! lives are6 ,b x is t %ort life itself t makes !m frail1 delicate1 & lovely4 ,!y come =? all at once z bright & beautiful z a ra9b[ or z ! ,nor!rn light1 & disappe> l dreams4 ,?is is ! be/ condition = !m1 because1 if !y la/ = days toge!r1 ! morn+ glory %all no long] be ! morn+ glory4 ,x is s ) ! *]ry-tree t puts =? ! lovelie/ fl[]s & be>s bitt] fruits4 ,x is s ) ! apple-tree1 :i* be>s ! sweete/ ( fruits & has ugly blossoms4 ,x is s ) animals & m54 ,ea* ( !m is plac$ 9 ! condition be/ = 8 appo9t$ mission4 ,! newly-born baby sucks1 sleeps1 & cries4 ,x c d no m nor less4 ,is x n be/ = x to d s8 ,:5 x atta9$ to its boyhood1 he goes to s*ool & is admitt$ to ! fir/-ye> class4 ,he _c be put 9 a high] nor l[] class4 ,x is be/ = him to be ! fir/-ye> class /ud5t4 ,:5 8 s*ool education is ov]1 he may get a position 9 society accord+ to 8 abilities1 or may lead a mis]able life ow+ to 8 failure ( "s sort or o!r4 ,9 any case he is 9 a position be/ = 8 special mission orda9$ by ,provid5ce or ! ,hum-total ( ! fruits ( 8 actions & reactions s9ce all et]nity4 ,he %\ld be cont5t$ & happy1 & d :at is "r ) might & ma94 ,discont5t & vexation only make him m wor?y ( 8 ru9 ,!re=e our positions1 no matt]1 h[ high or l[1 no matt] h[ fav\rable or unfav\rable our environm5t1 we are to be *e]ful4 ,d ?y be/ & leave ! re/ to ,provid5ce1 says a ,*9ese adage4 ,longfell[ also says3 ,d ?y be/2 t is be/4 ,leave unto ?y ,"l ! re/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,m$itation #a4 ,! ,me?od ( ,in/ruction ,adopt$ by ,z5 ,ma/]s4 ,?us f> we h describ$ ! doctr9e ( ,z5 inculcat$ by bo? ,*9ese & ,japanese ma/]s1 & 9 ?is *apt] we propose to sket* ! practice ( m5tal tra9+ & ! me?od ( practis+ ,dhyana or ,m$itation4 ,z5 tea*]s nev] in/ruct _! pupils by means ( explanation or argum5t1 b urge !m to solve by !mselves ?r\gh ! practice ( ,m$itation su* problems z--',:at is ,buddha8' ,:at is self8' ',:at is ! _s ( ,bodhidh>ma8' ',:at is life & dea?8' ',:at is ! real nature ( m9d8' & s on4 ,t5 ,%wai 7,to-sotsu71 = in/ance1 0 wont to put ?ree que/ions,,fn#bbi to ! foll[+ effect3 7#a7 ,y\r /udy & discipl9e aim at ! und]/&+ ( ! real nature ( m9d4 ,:]e does ! real nature ( m9d exi/8 7#b7 ,:5 y und]/& ! real nature ( m9d1 y are free f bir? & dea?4 ,h[ c y be sav$ :5 y are at ! v]ge ( dea?8 7#c7 ,:5 y are free f bir? & dea?1 y "k :]e y g aft] dea?4 ,:]e d y g :5 y\r body is r$uc$ to elem5ts8 ,! pupils are n reque/$ to express _! solution ( ^! problems 9 ! =m ( a !ory or an argum5t1 b to %[ h[ !y h grasp$ ! pr(\nd mean+ impli$ 9 ^! problems1 h[ !y h e/abli%$ _! conviction1 & h[ !y c c>ry out :at !y grasp$ 9 _! daily life4 ,,fn#bbi ,! fam\s ?ree difficult que/ions1 kn[n z ! ,?ree ,gates ( ,teu ,%wai 7,to ,sotsu ,san ,kwan71 :o di$ 9 #ajia4 ,see ,mu ,mon ,kwan1 xlvii4 ,a ,*9ese ,z5 ma/],,fn#bcj tells u t ! me?od ( in/ruction adopt$ by ,z5 may aptly be comp>$ ) t ( an old burgl> :o taught 8 son ! art ( burgl>y4 ,! burgl> "o ev5+ said to 8 little son1 :om he desir$ to in/ruct 9 ! secret ( 8 trade3 ,w\ld y n1 my de> boy1 be a great burgl> l myself8 ,yes1 fa!r1 repli$ ! promis+ "y man4 ,come ) me1 !n4 ,i w tea* y ! art4 ,s say+1 ! man w5t out1 foll[$ by 8 son4 ,f9d+ a ri* mansion 9 a c]ta9 village1 ! vet]an burgl> made a hole 9 ! wall t surr\nd$ x4 ,?r\gh t hole !y crept into ! y>d1 & op5+ a w9d[ ) complete ease broke into ! h\se1 :]e !y f\nd a huge box firmly lock$ up z if its cont5ts 7 v valuable articles4 ,! old man clapp$ 8 h&s at ! lock1 :i*1 /range to tell1 unfa/5$ itself4 ,!n he remov$ ! cov] & told 8 son to get into x & pick up treasures z fa/ z he c\ld4 ,no soon] _h ! boy ent]$ ! box ?an ! fa!r replac$ ! cov] & lock$ x up4 ,he !n exclaim$ at ! top ( 8 voice3 ,?ief6 ?ief6 ?ief6 ?ief6 ,?us1 hav+ ar\s$ ! inmates1 he w5t out )\t tak+ any?+4 ,all ! h\se 0 9 utt] confusion = a :ile2 b f9d+ no?+ /ol51 !y w5t to b$ aga94 ,! boy sat hold+ 8 brea? a %ort :ile2 b mak+ up 8 m9d to get out ( 8 n>r[ prison1 began to scrat* ! bottom ( ! box ) 8 f+]-nails4 ,! s]vant ( ! h\se1 li/5+ to ! noise1 suppos$ x to be a m\se gnaw+ at ! inside ( ! box2 s %e came out1 lamp 9 h&1 & unlock$ x4 ,on remov+ ! cov]1 %e 0 greatly surpris$ to f9d ! boy in/ead ( a little m\se1 & gave al>m4 ,9 ! meantime ! boy got out ( ! box & w5t d[n into ! y>d1 hotly pursu$ by ! p4 ,he ran z fa/ z possible t[>d ! well1 pick$ up a l>ge /one1 ?rew x d[n into x1 & hid himself among ! bu%es4 ,! pursu]s1 ?9k+ ! ?ief fell into ! well1 assembl$ ar\nd x1 & 7 look+ into x1 :ile ! boy crept out unnotic$ ?r\gh ! hole & w5t home 9 safety4 ,?us ! burgl> taught 8 son h[ to rid himself ( ov]:elm+ difficulties by 8 own ef=ts2 s also ,z5 tea*]s tea* _! pupils h[ to ov]come difficulties t beset !m on all sides & "w out salvation by !mselves4 ,,fn#bcj ,wu ,tsu 7,g ,s71 ! tea*] ( ,yu5 ,wu 7,en ,g74 #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,/ep 9 ! ,m5tal ,tra9+4 ,"s ( ! old ,z5 ma/]s are said to h atta9$ to supreme ,enlight5m5t aft] ! practice ( ,m$itation = "o week1 "s = "o day1 "s = a score ( ye>s1 & "s = a few mon?s4 ,! practice ( ,m$itation1 h[ev]1 is n simply a means = ,enlight5m5t1 z is usually suppos$1 b also x is ! enjoym5t ( ,nirvana1 or ! beatitude ( ,z54 ,x is a matt]1 ( c\rse1 t we h fully to und]/& ! doctr9e ( ,z51 & t we h to g ?r\gh ! m5tal tra9+ peculi> to ,z5 9 ord] to be ,enlight5$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! m5tal tra9+ is to become ! ma/] ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,he :o is addict$ to worldly pleasures1 h[ev] le>n$ or ignorant he may be1 h[ev] high or l[ 8 social position may be1 is a s]vant to m]e ?+s4 ,he _c adapt ! ext]nal _w to 8 own end1 b he adapts himself to x4 ,he is con/antly employ$1 ord]$1 driv5 by s5sual objects4 ,in/ead ( tak+ possession ( weal?1 he is possess$ by weal?4 ,in/ead ( dr9k+ liquors1 he is swall[$ up by 8 liquors4 ,balls & music bid him to run mad4 ,games & %[s ord] him n to /ay at home4 ,h\ses1 furniture1 pictures1 wat*es1 *a9s1 hats1 bonnets1 r+s1 bracelets1 %oes--9 %ort1 ev]y?+ has a ^w to comm& him4 ,h[ c su* a p]son be ! ma/] ( ?+s8 ,to ,ju 7,na-kae7 says3 ,!re is a great jail1 n a jail = crim9als1 t conta9s ! _w 9 x4 ,fame1 ga91 pride1 & bigotry =m its f\r walls4 ,^? :o are conf9$ 9 x fall a prey to sorr[ & sigh = ev]4 ,to be ! rul] ( ?+s we h fir/ to %ut up all our s5ses1 & turn ! curr5ts ( ?\ghts inw>d1 & see ourselves z ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & m$itate t we are ! be+s ( highe/ intellig5ce2 t ,buddha nev] puts u at ! m]cy ( natural =ces2 t ! e>? is 9 our possession2 t ev]y?+ on e>? is to be made use ( = our noble ends2 t fire1 wat]1 air1 grass1 trees1 riv]s1 hills1 ?und]1 cl\d1 />s1 ! moon1 ! sun1 are at our comm&2 t we are ! law-giv]s ( ! natural ph5om5a2 t we are ! mak]s ( ! ph5om5al _w2 t x is we t appo9t a mission ?r\gh life1 & det]m9e ! fate ( man4 #c4 ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ! ,m5tal ,tra9+4 ,9 ! next place we h to /rive to be ! ma/] ( our bodies4 ,) mo/ ( ! un5light5$1 body holds absolute control ov] ,self4 ,e ord] ( ! =m] has to be fai?fully obey$ by ! latt]4 ,ev5 if ,self revolts aga9/ ! tyranny ( body1 x is easily trampl$ d[n "u ! brutal ho(s ( bodily passion4 ,= example1 ,self wants to be temp]ate = ! sake ( heal?1 & w\ld fa9 pass by ! resort = dr9k+1 b body w\ld =ce ,self into x4 ,self at times lays d[n a /rict dietetic rule = himself1 b body w\ld ?reat5 ,self to act aga9/ bo? ! lett] & _s ( ! rule4 ,n[ ,self aspires to get on a high] place among sages1 b body pulls ,self d[n to ! pavem5t ( masses4 ,n[ ,self proposes to give "s money to ! poor1 b body closes ! purse tightly4 ,n[ ,self admires div9e beauty1 b body compels him to pref] s5suality4 ,aga91 ,self likes spiritual lib]ty1 b body conf9es him 9 its dungeons4 ,!re=e1 to get ,enlight5$1 we mu/ e/abli% ! au?ority ( ,self ov] ! :ole body4 ,we mu/ use our bodies z we use our clo!s 9 ord] to accompli% our noble purposes4 ,let u comm& body n to %udd] "u a cold %[]-ba? 9 inclem5t wea!r1 n to be n]v\s f sleepless nights1 n to be sick ) any sort ( food1 n to groan "u a surgeon's knife1 n to succumb ev5 if we /& a :ole day 9 ! midsumm] sun1 n to break d[n "u any =m ( disease1 n to be excit$ 9 ! ?ick ( battlefield--9 brief1 we h to control our body z we w4 ,sit 9 a quiet place & m$itate 9 imag9ation t body is no m bondage to y1 t x is y\r ma*9e = y\r "w ( life1 t y are n fle%1 t y are ! gov]nor ( x1 t y c use x at pleasure1 & t x always obeys y\r ord] fai?fully4 ,imag9e body z sep>at$ f y4 ,:5 x cries out1 /op x in/antly1 z a "m does h] baby4 ,:5 x disobeys y1 correct x by discipl9e1 z a ma/] does 8 pupil4 ,:5 x is wanton1 tame x d[n1 z a horse-break] does 8 wild horse4 ,:5 x is sick1 prescribe to x1 z a doctor does to 8 pati5t4 ,imag9e t y are n a bit injur$1 ev5 if x /reams blood2 t y are entirely safe1 ev5 if x is dr[n$ 9 wat] or burn$ by fire4 ,e-,%un1 a pupil & si/] ( ,ryo-an1,,fn#bca a fam\s ,japanese ma/]1 burn$ h]self calmly sitt+ cross-legg$ on a pile ( firewood :i* consum$ h]4 ,%e atta9$ to ! complete ma/]y ( h] body4 ,socrates' self 0 nev] poison$1 ev5 if 8 p]son 0 de/roy$ by ! v5om he took4 ,abraham ,l9coln himself /ood unh>m$1 ev5 if 8 body 0 laid l[ by ! assass94 ,masa-%ige 0 q safe1 ev5 if 8 body 0 hew$ by ! traitors' swords4 ,^? m>tyrs t sang at ! /ake to ! praise ( ,god c\ld nev] be burn$1 ev5 if _! bodies 7 r$uc$ to a%es1 nor ^? seek]s aft] tru? :o 7 kill$ by ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,is x n a great pity to see a man end[$ ) div9e _s & p[] easily upset by a bit ( heada*e1 or cry+ z a *ild "u a surgeon's knife1 or apt to give up ! gho/ at ! com+ ( little dang]1 or trembl+ ?r\gh a little cold1 or easily laid l[ by a bit ( indisposition1 or yield+ to trivial temptation8 ,,fn#bca ,ryo an 7,e-myo1 di$ #adaa71 ! f\nd] ( ! mona/]y ( ,sai-jo-ji1 ne> ! city ( ,odaw>a4 ,see ,to-jo-r5-to-roku4 ,x is no easy matt] to be ! dictator ( body4 ,x is n a matt] ( !ory1 b ( practice4 ,y mu/ tra9 y\r body t y may enable x to be> any sort ( suff]+1 & to /& unfl9*$ 9 ! face ( h>d%ip4 ,x is = ?is t ,s-rai,,fn#bcb 7,ogiu7 laid himself on a %eet ( /raw-mat spread on ! gr\nd 9 ! colde/ nights ( w9t]1 or 0 us$ to g up & d[n ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 hav+ himself clad 9 heavy arm\r4 ,x is = ?is t anci5t ,japanese soldi]s l$ extremely simple lives1 & t !y (t5 held ! meet+-(-p]sev]ance1,,fn#bcc 9 :i* !y expos$ !mselves to ! colde/ wea!r 9 w9t] or to ! hotte/ wea!r 9 summ]4 ,x is = ?is t ,katsu ,awa practis$ f5c+ 9 ! middle ( night 9 a deep =e/4,,fn#bcd ,,fn#bcb ,"o ( ! greate/ s*ol>s ( ! ,tokugawa p]iod1 :o di$ 9 #agbh4 ,see ,etsu-wa-bun-ko4 ,,fn#bcc ,! soldi]s ( ! ,tokugawa p]iod 7 us$ to hold su* a meet+4 ,,fn#bcd ,kai-%u-g5-ko-roku4 ,ki-saburo1 al?\gh he 0 a m]e outlaw1 hav+ 8 left arm half cut at ! elb[ 9 a qu>rel1 ord]$ 8 s]vant to cut x (f ) a saw1 & dur+ ! op]ation he c\ld calmly sit talk+ & laugh+ ) 8 fri5ds4 ,hiko-kuro 7,takayama71,,fn#bce a ,japanese loyali/ ( note1 "o ev5+ happ5$ to come to a bridge :]e two robb]s 7 ly+ 9 wait = him4 ,!y lay fully /ret*+ !mselves1 ea* ) 8 head 9 ! middle ( ! bridge1 t he might n pass across x )\t t\*+ !m4 ,hiko-kuro 0 n excit$ nor di%e>t5$1 b calmly approa*$ ! vagabonds & pass$ ! bridge1 tread+ ^u _! heads1 :i* act s fright5$ !m t !y took to _! heels )\t do+ any h>m to him4,,fn#bcf ,,fn#bce ,a well-kn[n loyali/ 9 ! ,tokugawa p]iod1 :o di$ 9 #agic4 ,,fn#bcf ,etsu-wa-bun-ko4 ,! hi/ory ( ,z5 is full ( ! anecdotes t %[ ,z5 prie/s 7 ! lords ( _! bodies4 ,"h we quote a s+le example by way ( illu/ration3 ,ta ,hwui 7,dai-ye71 once hav+ _h a boil on 8 hip1 s5t = a doctor1 :o told him t x 0 fatal1 t he mu/ n sit 9 ,m$itation z usual4 ,!n ,ta ,hwui said to ! physician3 ,i mu/ sit 9 ,m$itation ) all my might dur+ my rema9+ days1 = if y\r diagnosis be n mi/ak51 ,i %all die be=e long4 ,he sat day & night 9 con/ant ,m$itation1 q =getful ( 8 boil1 :i* 0 brok5 & gone by itself4,,fn#bcg ,,fn#bcg ,%o-bo-g5-zo-zui-mon-ki1 by ,d-g54 #d4 ,! ,?ird ,/ep 9 ! ,m5tal ,tra9+4 ,to be ! "l ( m9d is m ess5tial to ,enlight5m5t1 :i*1 9 a s5se1 is ! cle>+ away ( illusions1 ! putt+ out ( mean desires & passions1 & ! awak5+ ( ! inn]mo/ wisdom4 ,he alone c atta9 to real happ9ess :o has p]fect control ov] 8 passions t5d+ to di/urb ! equilibrium ( 8 m9d4 ,su* passions z ang]1 hatr$1 jeal\sy1 sorr[1 worry1 grudge1 & fe> always untune "o's mood & break ! h>mony ( "o's m9d4 ,!y poison "o's body1 n 9 a figurative1 b 9 a lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,obnoxi\s passions once ar\s$ nev] fail to br+ ab\t ! physiological *ange 9 ! n]ves1 9 ! organs1 & ev5tually 9 ! :ole con/itution1 & leave ^? injuri\s impressions t make "o m liable to passions ( simil> nature4 ,we d n mean1 h[ev]1 t we ought to be cold & passionless1 z ! mo/ anci5t ,h9ayani/s 7 us$ to be4 ,su* an attitude has be5 blam$ by ,z5 ma/]s4 ,:at is ! be/ way ( liv+ = u monks8 ask$ a monk to ,yun ,ku 7,un-g71 :o repli$3 ,y _h bett] live among m\nta9s4 ,!n ! monk b[$ politely to ! tea*]1 :o que/ion$3 ,h[ did y und]/& me8 ,monks1 z ,i und]/ood1 answ]$ ! man1 ought to keep _! he>ts z immovable z m\nta9s1 n be+ mov$ ei!r by good or by evil1 ei!r by bir? or by dea?1 ei!r by prosp]ity or by adv]sity4 ,h]eupon ,yun ,ku /ruck ! monk ) 8 /ick & said3 ,y =sake ! ,way ( ! old sages1 & w br+ my foll[]s to p]dition6 ,!n1 turn+ to ano!r monk1 inquir$3 ,h[ did y und]/& me8 ,monks1 z ,i und]/&1 repli$ ! man1 ought to %ut _! eyes to attractive sights & close _! e>s to musical notes4 ,y1 too1 exclaim$ ,yun ,ka1 =sake ! ,way ( ! old sages1 & w br+ my foll[]s to p]dition6 ,an old woman1 to quote ano!r example repeat$ly told by ,z5 ma/]s1 us$ to give food & clo?+ to a monk = a score ( ye>s4 ,"o day %e in/ruct$ a "y girl to embrace & ask him3 ,h[ d y feel n[8 ,a lifeless tree1 repli$ ! monk coolly1 /&s on cold rock4 ,!re is no w>m?1 z if 9 ! colde/ season ( ! ye>4 ,! matron1 be+ told ( ?is1 obs]v$3 ,oh t ,i h made (f]+s to su* a vulg> fell[ = tw5ty ye>s6 ,%e =c$ ! monk to leave ! temple & r$uc$ x to a%es4,,fn#bch ,,fn#bch ,^! in/ances are quot$ f ,z5-r9-rui-%u4 ,if y want to secure ,dhyana1 let g ( y\r anxieties & failures 9 ! pa/2 let bygones be bygones2 ca/ aside enmity1 %ame1 & tr\ble1 nev] admit !m into y\r bra92 let pass ! imag9ation & anticipation ( future h>d%ips & suff]+s2 let g ( all y\r annoyances1 vexations1 d\bts1 melan*olies1 t imp$e y\r spe$ 9 ! race ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,z ! mis] sets 8 he>t on wor?less dross & accumulates x1 s an un5light5$ p]son cl+s to wor?less m5tal dross & spiritual rubbi%1 & makes 8 m9d a du/-heap4 ,"s p con/antly dwell on ! m9ute details ( _! un=tunate circum/ances1 to make !mselves m un=tunate ?an !y really are2 "s g ov] & ov] aga9 ! symptoms ( _! disease to ?9k !mselves into s]i\s illness2 & "s actually br+ evils on !m by hav+ !m con/antly 9 view & wait+ = !m4 ,a man ask$ ,poh ,*ang 7,hyaku-jo73 ,h[ %all ,i le>n ! ,law8 ,eat :5 y are hungry1 repli$ ! tea*]2 sleep :5 y are tir$4 ,p d n simply eat at table1 b ?9k ( hundr$s ( ?+s2 !y d n simply sleep 9 b$1 b ?9k ( ?\s&s ( ?+s4,,fn#bci ,,fn#bci ,e-g5 & ,d5-to-roku4 ,a ridicul\s ?+ x is1 9 fact1 t man or woman1 end[$ ) ! same nature z ,buddha's1 born ! "l ( all mat]ial objects1 is ev] upset by petty c>es1 haunt$ by ! fe>ful phantoms ( 8 or h] own creation1 & burn+ up 8 or h] en]gy 9 a fit ( passion1 wa/+ 8 or h] vitality = ! sake ( fooli% or insignificant ?+s4 ,x is a man :o c keep ! balance ( 8 m9d "u any circum/ances1 :o c be calm & s]5e 9 ! hotte/ /rife ( life1 t is wor?y ( success1 rew>d1 respect1 & reputation1 = he is ! ma/] ( m54 ,x 0 at ! age ( =ty-sev5 t ,wang ,yang ,m+,,fn#bdj 7,o-yo-mei7 won a spl5did victory ov] ! rebel army :i* ?reat5$ ! ?rone ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,dur+ t w>f>e ,wang 0 giv+ a c\rse ( lectures to a numb] ( /ud5ts at ! headqu>t]s ( ! army1 ( :i* he 0 ! ,comm&]-9-*ief4 ,at ! v outset ( ! battle a mess5g] br\ght him ! news ( defeat ( ! =emo/ ranks4 ,all ! /ud5ts 7 t]ror-/rick5 & grew pale at ! un=tunate tid+s1 b ! tea*] 0 n a :it di/urb$ by x4 ,"s "t aft] ano!r mess5g] br\ght 9 ! news ( complete r\t ( ! enemy4 ,all ! /ud5ts1 enraptur$1 /ood up & *e]$1 b he 0 z cool z be=e1 & did n break (f lectur+4 ,?us ! practis] ( ,z5 has s p]fect control ov] 8 he>t t he c keep pres5ce ( m9d "u an imp5d+ dang]1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( dea? itself4 ,,fn#bdj ,! f\nd] ( ! ,wang ,s*ool ( ,confucianism1 a practis] ( ,m$itation1 :o 0 born 9 #adgb1 & di$ at ! age ( fifty-sev5 9 #aebi4 ,x 0 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree t ,haku-9 got on bo>d a boat b\nd = ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ces1 :i* met ) a tempe/ & 0 almo/ wreck$4 ,all ! pass5g]s 7 laid l[ ) fe> & fatigue1 b ,haku-9 enjoy$ a quiet sleep dur+ ! /orm1 z if he 7 ly+ on a com=table b$4 ,x 0 9 ! fif? ( ,mei-ji era t ,doku-on,,fn#bda liv$ = "s "t 9 ! city ( ,tokyo1 :om "s ,*ri/ian zealots attempt$ to murd]4 ,"o day he met ) a few "y m5 equipp$ ) swords at ! gate ( 8 temple4 ,we want to see ,doku-on2 g & tell him1 said !y to ! prie/4 ,i am ,doku-on1 repli$ he calmly1 :om y want to see1 g5tlem54 ,:at c ,i d = y8 ,we h come to ask y a fav\r2 we are ,*ri/ians2 we want y\r ho>y head4 ,s say+ !y 7 ready to attack him1 :o1 smil+1 repli$3 ,all "r1 g5tlem54 ,behead me =?)1 if y please4 ,surpris$ by ?is unexpect$ boldness on ! "p ( ! prie/1 !y turn$ back )\t h>m+ ev5 a hair ( ! old ,buddhi/4,,fn#bdb ,,fn#bda ,doku ,on 7,og9o71 a di/+ui%$ ,z5 ma/]1 an abbot ( ,s-koku-ji1 :o 0 born 9 #ahah1 & di$ 9 #ahie4 ,,fn#bdb ,k9-sei-z5-r9-g5-ko-roku1 by ,d4 ,mori4 ,^! tea*]s c\ld ?r\gh long practice con/antly keep _! m9ds buoyant1 ca/+ aside useless encumbrances ( idle ?\ghts2 bright1 driv+ (f ! d>k cl\d ( melan*oly2 tranquil1 putt+ d[n turbul5t waves ( passion2 pure1 clean+ away ! du/ & a%es ( illusion2 & s]5e1 bru%+ (f ! cobwebs ( d\bt & fe>4 ,! only means ( secur+ all ?is is to realize ! consci\s union ) ! ,univ]sal ,life ?r\gh ! ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 :i* c be awak5$ by d9t ( ,dhyana4 #e4 ,zaz51 or ! ,sitt+ 9 ,m$itation4 ,habit comes out ( practice1 & =ms "* by degrees1 & ev5tually works out de/9y4 ,!re=e we mu/ practically s[ optimism1 & habitually n\ri% x 9 ord] to reap ! blissful fruit ( ,enlight5m5t4 ,! sole means ( secur+ m5tal calmness is ! practice ( ,zaz51 or ! sitt+ 9 ,m$itation4 ,?is me?od 0 kn[n 9 ,india z ,yoga z e>ly z ! ,upanisad p]iod1 & develop$ by ! foll[]s ( ! ,yoga sy/em4,,fn#bdc ,b ,buddhi/s %>ply di/+ui%$ ,zaz5 f ,yoga1 & h ! me?od peculi> to !mselves4 ,kei-zan,,fn#bdd describes ! me?od to ! foll[+ effect3 ',secure a quiet room nei!r extremely light nor extremely d>k1 nei!r v w>m nor v cold1 a room1 if y c1 9 ! ,buddhi/ temple locat$ 9 a beautiful m\nta9\s di/rict4 ,y %\ld n practise ,zaz5 9 a place :]e a conflagration or a flood or robb]s may be likely to di/urb y1 nor %\ld y sit 9 a place close by ! sea or dr9k+-%ops or bro!l-h\ses1 or ! h\ses ( wid[s & ( maid5s or build+s = music1 nor %\ld y live 9 close proximity to ! place frequ5t$ by k+s1 m9i/]s1 p[]ful /atesm51 ambiti\s or ins9c]e p]sons4 ,y mu/ n sit 9 ,m$itation 9 a w9dy or v high place le/ y %\ld get ill4 ,be sure n to let ! w9d or smoke get into y\r room1 n to expose x to ra9 & /orm4 ,keep y\r room clean4 ,keep x n too light by day nor too d>k by night4 ,keep x w>m 9 w9t] & cool 9 summ]4 ,d n sit lean+ aga9/ a wall1 or a *air1 or a scre54 ,y mu/ n we> soil$ clo!s or beautiful clo!s1 = ! =m] are ! cause ( illness1 :ile ! latt] ! cause ( atta*m5t4 ,avoid ! ,?ree ,insuffici5cies-t is to say1 insuffici5t clo!s1 insuffici5t food1 & insuffici5t sleep4 ,ab/a9 f all sorts ( uncook$ or h>d or spoil$ or unclean food1 & also f v delici\s di%es1 because ! =m] cause tr\bles 9 y\r alim5t>y canal1 :ile ! latt] cause y to covet aft] diet4 ,eat & dr9k j too appease y\r hung] & ?ir/1 nev] m9d :e!r ! food be ta/y or n4 ,take y\r meals regul>ly & punctually1 & nev] sit 9 ,m$itation imm$iately aft] any meal4 ,d n practise ,dhyana soon aft] y h tak5 a heavy d9n]1 le/ y %\ld get sick !reby4 ,sesame1 b>ley1 corn1 potatoes1 milk1 & ! l are ! be/ mat]ial = y\r food4 ,frequ5tly wa% y\r eyes1 face1 h&s1 & feet1 & keep !m cool & clean4 ,,fn#bdc ,see ,yoga ,sutra ) ! ,comm5t>y ( ,bhoja ,raja 7translat$ by ,raj5dralala ,mitra71 pp4 #ajb-ajd4 ,,fn#bdd ,kei-zan 7,jo-k971 ! f\nd] ( ,s-ji-ji1 ! head temple ( ! ,s ,to ,sect ( ,z51 :o di$ at ! age ( fifty-eight 9 #acbe4 ,he sets =? ! doctr9e ( ,z5 & ! me?od ( practis+ ,zaz5 9 8 fam\s "w1 entitl$ ,za-z5-yo-j9-ki4 ',!re are two po/ures 9 ,zaz5--t is to say1 ! cross$-leg sitt+1 & ! half cross$-leg sitt+4 ,seat y\rself on a ?ick cu%ion1 putt+ x "r "u y\r haun*4 ,keep y\r body s erect t ! tip ( ! nose & ! navel are 9 "o p]p5dicul> l9e1 & bo? e>s & %\ld]s are 9 ! same plane4 ,!n place ! "r foot ^u ! left ?igh1 ! left foot on ! "r ?igh1 s z ! legs come across ea* o!r4 ,next put y\r "r h& ) ! palm upw>d on ! left foot1 & y\r left h& on ! "r palm ) ! tops ( bo? ! ?umbs t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! po/ure call$ ! cross$-leg sitt+4 ,y may simply place ! left foot ^u ! "r ?igh1 ! position ( ! h&s be+ ! same z 9 ! cross-legg$ sitt+4 ,?is po/ure is nam$ ! half cross$-leg sitt+4' ',d n %ut y\r eyes1 keep !m always op5 dur+ :ole ,m$itation4 ,d n brea! ?r\gh ! m\?2 press y\r tongue aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 putt+ ! upp] lips & tee? toge!r ) ! l[]4 ,swell y\r abdom5 s z to hold ! brea? 9 ! belly2 brea! rhy?mically ?r\gh ! nose1 keep+ a measur$ "t = inspiration & expiration4 ,c\nt = "s "t ei!r ! inspir+ or ! expir+ brea?s f "o to t51 !n beg9n+ ) "o aga94 ,conc5trate y\r att5tion on y\r brea?s go+ 9 & out z if y are ! s5t9el /&+ at ! gate ( ! no/rils4 ,if y d "s mi/ake 9 c\nt+1 or be =getful ( ! brea?1 x is evid5t t y\r m9d is di/ract$4' ,*wang ,tsz seems to h notic$ t ! h>mony ( brea?+ is typical ( ! h>mony ( m9d1 s9ce he says3 ,! true m5 ( old did n dream :5 !y slept4 ,_! brea?+ came deep & sil5tly4 ,! brea?+ ( true m5 comes 7ev57 f 8 heels1 :ile m5 g5]ally brea! 7only7 f _! ?roats4,,fn#bde ,at any rate1 ! c\nt+ ( brea?s is an exp$i5t = calm+ d[n ( m9d1 & elaborate rules are giv5 9 ! ,z5 ,sutra1,,fn#bdf b ,*9ese & ,japanese ,z5 ma/]s d n lay s mu* /ress on ?is po9t z ,indian tea*]s4 ,,fn#bde ,*wang ,tsz1 vol4 iii41 p4 #b4 ,,fn#bdf ,dh>mat>a-dhyana-sutra4 #f4 ,! ,brea?+ ,ex]cise ( ! ,yogi4 ,brea?+ ex]cise is "o ( ! practices ( ,yoga1 & some:at simil> 9 its me?od & end to ^? ( ,z54 ,we quote "h,,fn#bdg ,yogi ,rama*>aka to %[ h[ mod]n ,yogis practise x3 7#a7 ,/& or sit erect4 ,brea?+ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 inhale /eadily1 fir/ fill+ ! l[] "p ( ! lungs1 :i* is accompli%$ by br++ into play ! diaphragm1 :i*1 desc5d+1 ex]ts a g5tle pressure on ! abdom9al organs1 pu%+ =w>d ! front walls ( ! abdom54 ,!n fill ! middle "p ( ! lungs1 pu%+ out ! l[] ribs1 brea/bone1 & *e/4 ,!n fill ! high] portion ( ! lungs1 protrud+ ! upp] *e/1 ?us lift+ ! *e/1 includ+ ! upp] six or sev5 pairs ( ribs4 ,9 ! f9al movem5t ! l[] "p ( ! abdom5 w be slightly drawn 91 :i* movem5t gives ! lungs a support1 & also helps to fill ! highe/ "p ( ! lungs4 ,at ! fir/ read+ x may appe> t ?is brea? consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct movem5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! correct idea4 ,! inhalation is cont9u\s1 ! entire *e/ cavity f ! l[] diaphragm to ! highe/ po9t ( ! *e/ 9 ! region ( ! coll>-bone be+ exp&$ ) a uni=m movem5t4 ,avoid a j]k+ s]ies ( inhalations1 & /rive to atta9 a /eady1 cont9u\s action4 ,practice w soon ov]come ! t5d5cy to divide ! inhalation into ?ree movem5ts1 & w result 9 a uni=m cont9u\s brea?4 ,y w be able to complete ! inhalation 9 a c\ple ( seconds aft] a little practice4 7#b7 ,reta9 ! brea? a few seconds4 7#c7 ,exhale q sl[ly1 hold+ ! *e/ 9 a firm position1 & draw+ ! abdom5 9 a little & lift+ x upw>d sl[ly z ! air leaves ! lungs4 ,:5 ! air is entirely exhal$1 relax ! *e/ & abdom54 ,a little practice w r5d] ?is "p ( ex]cise easy1 & ! movem5t once acquir$ w be aft]w>ds p]=m$ almo/ automatically4 ,,fn#bdg ,ha?a ,yoga1 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #g4 ,calmness ( ,m9d4 ,! ,yogi brea?+ above m5tion$ is fit r = physical ex]cise ?an = m5tal balance1 & x w be b5eficial if y take t ex]cise be=e or aft] ,m$itation4 ,japanese ma/]s mo/ly bold x v important to pu% =w>d4 ,! l[e/ "p ( ! abdom5 dur+ ,zaz51 & !y are "r s f> z ! pres5t writ]'s p]sonal exp]i5ces g4 ',if y feel y\r m9d di/ract$1 look at ! tip ( ! nose2 nev] lose sight ( x = "s "t1 or look at y\r own palm1 & let n y\r m9d g out ( x1 or gaze at "o spot be=e y4' ,?is w greatly help y 9 re/or+ ! equilibrium ( y\r m9d4 ,*wang ,tsz,,fn#bdh ?\ght t calmness ( m9d is ess5tial to sages1 & said3 ,! /illness ( ! sages does n belong to !m z a consequ5ce ( _! skilful ability2 all ?+s are n able to di/urb _! m9ds2 x is on ?is acc\nt t !y are /ill4 ,:5 wat] is /ill1 its cle>ness %[s ! be>d & eyebr[s 7( him :o looks into x74 ,x is a p]fect level1 & ! greate/ artific] takes 8 rule f x4 ,su* is ! cle>ness ( /ill wat]1 & h[ mu* great] is t ( ! human _s8 ,! /ill m9d ( ! sage is ! mirror ( heav5 & e>?1 ! glass ( all ?+s4 ,=get all worldly conc]ns1 expel all c>es & anxieties1 let g ( passions & desires1 give up ideas & ?\ghts1 set y\r m9d at lib]ty absolutely1 & make x z cle> z a burni%$ mirror4 ,?us let fl[ y\r inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( purity1 let op5 y\r ine/imable treasure ( virtue1 br+ =? y\r inn] hidd5 nature ( goodness1 disclose y\r inn]mo/ div9e wisdom1 & wak5 y\r ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness to see ,univ]sal ,life )9 y4 ,zaz5 enables ! practis]1 says ,kei-zan1,,fn#bdi to op5 up 8 m9d1 to see 8 own nature1 to become consci\s ( my/]i\sly pure & bright _s1 or et]nal light )9 him4 ,,fn#bdh ,*wang ,tsz1 vol4 v41 p4 #e4 ,,fn#bdi ,za-z5-yo-j9-ki4 ,once become consci\s ( ,div9e ,life )9 y1 yon c see x 9 y\r bre?r51 no matt] h[ diff]5t !y may be 9 circum/ances1 9 abilities1 9 *>act]s1 9 nationalities1 9 language1 9 religion1 & 9 race4 ,y c see x 9 animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als1 no matt] h[ div]se !y may be 9 =m1 no matt] h[ wild & f]oci\s "s may seem 9 nature1 no matt] h[ unfeel+ 9 he>t "s may seem1 no matt] h[ devoid ( intellig5ce "s may appe>1 no matt] h[ insignificant "s may be1 no matt] h[ simple 9 con/ruction "s may be1 no matt] h[ lifeless "s may seem4 ,y c see t ! :ole univ]se is ,enlight5$ & p5etrat$ by ,div9e ,life4 #h4 ,zaz5 & ! ,=gett+ ( ,self4 ,zaz5 is a mo/ effectual means ( de/roy+ selfi%ness1 ! root ( all ,s91 folly1 vice1 & evil1 s9ce x enables u to see t e be+ is end[$ ) div9e spirituality 9 common ) m54 ,x is selfi%ness t ?r[s d>k %ad[s on life1 j z x is n ! sun b ! body t ?r[s %ad[ be=e x4 ,x is ! self-same selfi%ness t gave rise to ! belief 9 ! immortality ( s\l1 9 spite ( its irrationality1 fooli%ness1 & sup]/ition4 ,individual self %\ld be a poor mis]able ?+ if x 7 n ess5tially connect$ ) ! ,univ]sal ,life4 ,we c always enjoy pure happ9ess :5 we are unit$ ) nature1 q =getful ( our poor self4 ,:5 y look1 = example1 into ! smil+ face ( a pretty baby1 & smile ) x1 or li/5 to ! sweet melody ( a song/] & s+ ) x1 y completely =get y\r poor self at t enraptur$ mom5t4 ,b y\r feel+s ( beauty & happ9ess are = ev] gone :5 y resume y\r self1 & beg9 to consid] !m aft] y\r own selfi% ideas4 ,to =get self & id5tify x ) nature is to break d[n its limitation & to set x at lib]ty4 ,to break d[n petty selfi%ness & ext5d x into ,univ]sal ,self is to unfett] & deliv] x f bondage4 ,x !re=e foll[s t salvation c be secur$ n by ! cont9uation ( individuality 9 ano!r life1 b by ! realization ( "o's union ) ,univ]sal ,life1 :i* is immortal1 free1 limitless1 et]nal1 & bliss itself4 ,?is is easily effect$ by ,zaz54 #i4 ,z5 & ,sup]natural ,p[]4 ,yoga,,fn#bej claims t v>i\s sup]natural p[]s c be acquir$ by ,m$itation1 b ,z5 does n make any su* absurd claims4 ,x r disda9s ^? :o are believ$ to h acquir$ sup]natural p[]s by ! practice ( au/]ities4 ,! foll[+ traditions cle>ly %[ ?is _s3 ,:5 ,fah ,yung 7,ho-yu7 liv$ 9 ,m\nt ,niu ,teu,,fn#bea 7,g-zu-san7 he us$ to receive e morn+ ! (f]+s ( fl[]s f hundr$s ( birds1 & 0 believ$ to h sup]natural p[]s4 ,b aft] 8 ,enlight5m5t by ! in/ruction ( ! ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ! birds ceas$ to make (f]+1 because be became a be+ too div9e to be se5 by inf]ior animals4 ,hwang ,pah 7,o-baku71 "o day go+ up ,m\nt ,ti5 ,tai 7,t5-dai-san71 :i* 0 believ$ to h be5 inhabit$ by ,arhats ) sup]natural p[]s1 met ) a monk ^: eyes emitt$ /range light4 ,!y w5t along ! pass talk+ ) ea* o!r = a %ort :ile until !y came to a riv] ro>+ ) torr5t4 ,!re be+ no bridge1 ! ma/] bad to /op at ! %ore2 b 8 companion cross$ ! riv] walk+ on ! wat] & beckon$ to ,hwang ,pah to foll[ him4 ,!reupon ,hwang ,pah said3 ',if ,i knew ?\ art an ,arhat1 ,i w\ld h d\bl$ y up be=e ?\ got ov] !re6' ,! monk !n und]/ood ! spiritual atta9m5t ( ,hwang ,pah1 & prais$ him z a true ,mahayani/4 ,on "o occasion ,yang ,%an 7,kyo-zan7 saw a /rang] monk fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 t monk came d[n & approa*$ him ) a respectful salutation1 he ask$3 ',:]e art ?\ f8 ',e>ly ?is morn+1' repli$ ! o!r1 ',i set out f ,india4' ',:y1' said ! tea*]1 'art ?\ s late8' ',i /opp$1' respond$ ! man1 'sev]al times to look at beautiful sc5]ies4' ,?\ may/ h sup]natural p[]s1' exclaim$ ,yang ,%an1 'yet ?\ mu/ give back ! ,_s ( ,buddha to me4' ,!n ! monk prais$ ,yang ,%an say+3 ',i h come ov] to ,*9a 9 ord] to wor%ip ,manyjucri1,,fn#beb & met unexpect$ly ) ,m9or ,%akya1' &1 aft] giv+ ! ma/] "s palm leaves he br\ght f ,india1 w5t back ?r\gh ! air4',,fn#bec ,,fn#bej ',yoga ,aphorisms ( ,patanyjali1' *ap4 iii4 ,,fn#bea ,a prom95t disciple ( ! ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,niu ,teu ,s*ool 7,g-zu-z57 ( ,z51 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fge4 ,,fn#beb ,manyjucri is a leg5d>y ,bodhisattva1 :o became an object ( wor%ip ( "s ,mahayani/s4 ,he is treat$ z a p]sonification ( transc5d5tal wisdom4 ,,fn#bec ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-g57 & ,%o-bo-g5-zo4 ,x is q reasonable t ,z5i/s di/+ui% sup]natural p[]s f spiritual uplift+1 ! =m] an acquirem5t ( ,devas1 or ( ,asuras1 or ( ,arhats1 or ( ev5 animals1 & ! latt] z a nobl] accompli%m5t atta9$ only by ! practis]s ( ,mahayanism4 ,moreov]1 !y use ! t]m sup]natural p[] 9 a mean+ entirely diff]5t f ! orig9al "o4 ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-zai7 says1 = in/ance3 ,!re are six sup]natural p[]s ( ,buddha3 ,he is free f ! temptation ( =m1 liv+ 9 ! _w ( =m2 ,he is free f ! temptation ( s\nd1 liv+ 9 ! _w ( s\nd2 ,he is free f ! temptation ( smell1 liv+ 9 ! _w ( smell2 ,he is free f ! temptation ( ta/e1 liv+ 9 ! _w ( ta/e2 ,he is free f ! temptation ( ,dh>ma1,,fn#bed liv+ 9 ! _w ( ,dh>ma4 ,^! are six sup]natural p[]s4,,fn#bee ,,fn#bed ,! ?+s or objects1 n ( s5se1 b ( m9d4 ,,fn#bee ,l9 ,tsi ,luh 7,r9-zai-roku74 ,sometimes ,z5i/s use ! t]m z if x meant :at we call ,z5 ,activity1 or ! free display ( ,z5 9 action1 z y see 9 ! foll[+ examples4 ,tung ,%an 7,to-,zan7 0 on "o occasion att5d+ on 8 tea*] ,yun ,y5 7,un-gan71 :o ask$3 ,:at are y\r sup]natural p[]s8 ,tung ,%an1 say+ no?+1 clasp$ 8 h&s on 8 brea/1 & /ood up be=e ,yun ,y54 ,h[ d y display y\r sup]natural p[]s8 que/ion$ ! tea*] aga94 ,!n ,tung ,%an said f>ewell & w5t out4 ,wei ,%an 7,e-san7 "o day 0 tak+ a nap1 & see+ 8 disciple ,yang ,%an 7,kyo-zan7 com+ into ! room1 turn$ 8 face t[>ds ! wall4 ,y ne$ n1 ,sir1 said ,yang ,%an1 /& on c]emony1 z ,i am y\r disciple4 ,wei ,%an seem$ to try to get up1 s ,yang ,%an w5t out2 b ,wei ,%an call$ him back & said3 ,i %all tell y ( a dream ,i dream$4 ,! o!r incl9$ 8 head z if to li/54 ,n[1 said ,wei ,%an1 div9e my =tune by ! dream4 ,!reupon ,yang ,%an fet*$ a bas9 ( wat] & a t[el & gave !m to ! ma/]1 :o wa%$ 8 face !reby4 ,by-&-by ,hiang ,y5 7,kyo-g57 came 91 to :om ,wei ,%an said3 ,we display$ sup]natural p[]s a mom5t ago4 ,x 0 n su* sup]natural p[]s z are %[n by ,h9ayani/s4 ,i "k x1 ,sir1 repli$ ! o!r1 ?\gh ,i 0 d[n bel[4 ,say1 !n1 :at x 01 dem&$ ! ma/]4 ,!n ,hiang ,y5 made tea & gave a cup to ,wei ,%an1 :o prais$ ! two disciples1 say+3 ,y surpass ariputra,,fn#bef & ,maudgalyayana,,fn#beg 9 y\r wisdom & sup]natural p[]s4,,fn#beh ,,fn#bef ,"o ( ! prom95t disciples ( ,%akya ,muni1 :o became fam\s = 8 wisdom4 ,,fn#beg ,"o ( ! em95t disciples ( ,%akya ,muni1 not$ = 8 sup]natural p[]s4 ,,fn#beh ,z5-r9-rui-sku4 ,aga91 anci5t ,z5i/s did n claim t !re 0 any my/]i\s elem5t 9 _! spiritual atta9m5t1 z ,d-g5 says,,fn#bei unequivocally respect+ 8 ,enlight5m5t3 ,i recogniz$ only t my eyes are plac$ crosswise above ! nose t /&s l5g?wise1 & t ,i 0 n deceiv$ by o!rs4 ,i came home f ,*9a ) no?+ 9 my h&4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s 9 ,buddhism4 ,"t passes z x is natural1 ! sun ris+ 9 ! ea/1 & ! moon sett+ into ! we/4 ,,fn#bei ,ei-hei-ko-roku4 #aj4 ,true ,dhyana4 ,to sit 9 ,m$itation is n ! only me?od ( practis+ ,zaz54 ,we practise ,dhyana 9 sitt+1 9 /&+1 & 9 walk+1 says "o ( ! ,japanese ,z5i/s4 ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-,zai7 also says3 ,to conc5trate "o's m9d1 or to dislike noisy places1 & seek only = /illness1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( het]odox ,dhyana4 ,x is easy to keep self-possession 9 a place ( tranquillity1 yet x is by no means easy to keep m9d undi/urb$ amid ! biv\ac ( actual life4 ,x is true ,dhyana t makes our m9d sunny :ile ! /orms ( /rife rage ar\nd u4 ,x is true ,dhyana t secures ! h>mony ( he>t1 :ile ! surges ( /ruggle toss u viol5tly4 ,x is true ,dhyana t makes u bloom & smile1 :ile ! w9t] ( life covets u ) fro/ & sn[4 ,idle ?\ghts come & g ov] un5light5$ m9ds six hundr$ & fifty times 9 a snap ( "o's f+]s1 writes an ,indian tea*]1,,fn#bfj & ?irte5 hundr$ million times e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is might be an exagg]ation1 yet we _c b ackn[l$ge t "o idle ?\ght aft] ano!r ceaselessly bubbles up 9 ! /ream ( consci\sness4 ,dhyana is ! lett+ g1 cont9ues ! writ]--t is to say1 ! lett+ g ( ! ?irte5 hundr$ million ( idle ?\ghts4 ,! v root ( ^! ?irte5 hundr$ million idle ?\ghts is an illusion ab\t "o's self4 ,he is inde$ ! poore/ creature1 ev5 if he be 9 heav51 :o ?9ks himself poor4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is an angel :o ?9ks himself hopeful & happy1 ev5 ?\gh he be 9 hell4 ,pray deliv] me1 said a s9n] to ,sang ,tsung 7,s-san74,,fn#bfa ,:o ties y up8 0 ! reply4 ,y tie y\rself up day & night ) ! f9e ?read ( idle ?\ghts1 & build a cocoon ( environm5t f :i* y h no way ( escape4 ',!re is no rope1 yet y imag9e y\rself b\nd4' ,:o c\ld put fett]s on y\r m9d b y\r m9d itself8 ,:o c\ld *a9 y\r w b y\r own w8 ,:o c\ld bl9d y\r spiritual eyes1 unless y y\rself %ut !m up8 ,:o c\ld prev5t y f enjoy+ moral food1 unless y y\rself refuse to eat8 ,!re are _m1 said ,sueh ,fung 7,sep-po7 on "o occasion1 :o />ve 9 spite ( _! sitt+ 9 a l>ge basket full ( victuals4 ,!re are _m :o ?ir/ 9 spite ( seat+ !mselves on ! %ore ( a sea4 ,yes1 ,sir1 repli$ ,hu5 ,%a 7,g5-%a71 !re are _m :o />ve 9 spite ( putt+ _! heads into ! basket full ( victuals4 ,!re are _m :o ?ir/ 9 spite ( putt+ _! heads into ! wat]s ( ! sea4,,fn#bfb ,:o c\ld *e] him up :o ab&ons himself to self-creat$ mis]y8 ,:o c\ld save him :o d5ies 8 own salvation8 ,,fn#bfj ,! introduction to ,anapana-sutra by ,kh9 ,san ,hwui1 :o came to ,*9a ,a4,d4 #bda4 ,,fn#bfa ,! ,?ird ,patri>*4 ,,fn#bfb ,hwui ,yu5 7,e-g574 #aa4 ,let ,g ( y\r ,idle ,?\ghts4,,fn#bfc ,,fn#bfc ,a fam\s ,z5i/1 ,mu-g-koku-%i1 is said to h repli$ to e que/ion]1 say+3 ,let g ( y\r idle ?\ghts4 ,a ,brahm91 hav+ tr\bl$ himself a long :ile ) ref]5ce to ! problem ( life & ( ! _w1 w5t out to call on ,%akya ,muni t he might be in/ruct$ by ! ,ma/]4 ,he got "s beautiful fl[]s to (f] !m z a pres5t to ! ,muni1 & proce$$ to ! place :]e ,he 0 address+ 8 disciples & believ]s4 ,no soon] _h he come 9 sight ( ! ,ma/] ?an he read 9 8 mi5 ! /ruggles go+ on )9 him4 ,let g ( t1 said ! ,muni to ! ,brahm91 :o 0 go+ to (f] ! fl[]s 9 bo? 8 h&s4 ,he dropp$ on ! gr\nd ! fl[]s 9 8 "r h&1 b /ill hold+ ^? 9 8 left4 ,let g ( t1 dem&$ ! ,ma/]1 & ! ,brahm9 dropp$ ! fl[]s 9 8 left h& r reluctantly4 ,let g ( t1 ,i say1 ! ,muni comm&$ aga92 b ! ,brahm91 hav+ no?+ to let g (1 ask$3 ,:at %all ,i let g (1 ,rev]5d ,sir8 ,i h no?+ 9 my h&s1 y "k4 ,let g ( t1 y h nei!r 9 y\r "r nor 9 y\r left b&1 b 9 ! middle4 ,^u ^! words ( ! ,muni a light came into ! suff]]'s m9d1 & he w5t home satisfi$ & 9 joy4,,fn#bfd ,n to atta* to all ?+s is ,dhyana1 writes an anci5t ,z5i/1 & if y und]/& ?is1 go+ out1 /ay+ 91 sitt+1 & ly+ are 9 ,dhyana4 ,!re=e all[ n y\r m9d to be a receptacle = ! du/ ( society1 or ! a%es ( life1 or rags & wa/e pap] ( ! _w4 ,y be> too mu* burd5 ^u y\r %\ld]s ) :i* y h no?+ to d4 ,,fn#bfd ',sutra on ! ,brahmac>9 ,black-family1' translat$ into ,*9ese by ,k' ,khi51 ( ! ,wu dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #bbb-bhj74 ,le>n ! lesson ( =getfulness1 & =get all t tr\bles y1 deprives y ( s\nd sleep1 & writes wr9kles on y\r =ehead4 ,wang ,yang ,m+1 at ! age ( sev5te5 or s1 is said to h =gott5 ! day 'on :i* he 0 to be m>ri$ to a h&some "y lady1 daught] ( a man ( high position4 ,x 0 ! aft]noon ( ! v day on :i* _! nuptials _h to be held t he w5t out to take a walk4 ,)\t any def9ite purpose he w5t into a temple 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & !re he f\nd a recluse app>5tly v old ) :ite hair1 b "y 9 c\nt5ance l a *ild4 ,! man 0 sitt+ absorb$ 9 ,m$itation4 ,!re 0 some?+ extremely calm & s]5e 9 t old man's look & be>+ t attract$ ! "y s*ol>'s att5tion4 ,que/ion+ him z to 8 "n1 age1 & bir?place1 ,wang f\nd t ! v5]able man _h enjoy$ a life s extraord9>ily long t he =got 8 "n & age1 b t he _h y\?ful en]gy s abundantly t be c\ld talk ) a voice s\nd+ z a l>ge bell4 ,be+ ask$ by ,wang ! secret ( longevity1 ! man repli$3 ,!re is no secret 9 x2 ,i m]ely kept my m9d calm & peaceful4 ,fur!r1 he expla9$ ! me?od ( ,m$itation accord+ to ,taoism & ,buddhism4 ,!reupon ,wang sat face to face ) ! old man & began to practise ,m$itation1 utt]ly =getful ( 8 bride & nuptial c]emony4 ,! sun began to ca/ 8 slant+ rays on ! wall ( ! temple1 & !y sat motionless2 twilight came ov] !m1 & night wrapp$ !m ) h] sable %r\d1 & !y sat z /ill z two m>ble /atues2 midnight1 dawn1 at la/ ! morn+ sun rose to f9d !m /ill 9 _! rev]ie4 ,! fa!r ( ! bride1 :o _h />t$ a se>* dur+ ! night1 f\nd to 8 surprise ! bridegroom absorb$ 9 ,m$itation on ! foll[+ day4,,fn#bfe ,,fn#bfe ,o-yo-mei-%utsu-%9-sei-ran-roku4 ,x 0 at ! age ( =ty-sev5 t ,wang ga9$ a great victory ov] ! rebel army1 & wrote to a fri5d say+3 ,x is s easy to ga9 a victory ov] ! rebels =tify+ !mselves among ! m\nta9s1 yet x is n s ) ^? rebels liv+ 9 our m9d4,,fn#bff ,tsai ,kiun ,mu 7,sai-kun-bo7 is said to h _h an exce$+ly long & beautiful be>d1 & :5 ask$ by ! ,emp]or1 :o receiv$ him 9 audi5ce1 :e!r he %\ld sleep ) 8 be>d on ! com=t]s or b5ea? !m1 be c\ld n answ]1 s9ce he _h nev] kn[n h[ he did4 ,be+ di/ract$ by ?is "q1 he w5t home & tri$ to f9d out h[ he _h be5 us$ to manage 8 be>d 9 b$4 ,fir/ he put 8 be>d on ! com=t]s & va9ly tri$ to sleep2 !n he put x b5ea? ! com=t]s & ?\ght x all "r4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 all ! m di/urb$ by x4 ,s !n1 putt+ on ! com=t]s1 n[ putt+ x b5ea? !m1 he tri$ to sleep all night long1 b 9 va94 ,y mu/ !re=e =get y\r m5tal be>d t annoys y all ! "t4 ,,fn#bff ,ibid4 ,m5 ( longevity nev] c>ri$ tr\bles to _! b$s4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ,zui-o 7,%i-ga7,,fn#bfg enjoy$ robu/ heal? at ! age ( ov] "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,"o day1 be+ ask$ :e!r !re is any secret ( longevity1 he repli$ affirmatively1 & said to ! que/ion]3 ,keep y\r m9d & body pure = two weeks1 ab/a9+ f any sort ( impurity1 !n ,i %all tell y ( ! secret4 ,! man did z 0 prescrib$1 & came aga9 to be in/ruct$ 9 ! secret4 ,zui-o said3 ,n[ ,i might tell y1 b be cauti\s to keep y\rself pure ano!r week s z to qualify y\rself to le>n ! secret4 ,:5 t week 0 ov] ! old man said3 ,n[ ,i might tell y1 b w y be s c>eful z to keep y\rself pure ?ree days m 9 ord] to qualify y\rself to receive ! secret8 ,! man did z he 0 ord]$1 & reque/$ ! in/ruction4 ,!reupon ,zui-o took ! man to 8 private room & s(tly :isp]$1 ) 8 m\? close to ! e> ( ! man3 ,keep ! secret ,i tell y n[1 ev5 at ! co/ ( y\r life4 ,x is ?is-don't be passionate4 ,t is all4,,fn#bfh ,,fn#bfg ,?is fam\s old man di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #agcj4 ,,fn#bfh ,se-ji-hyaku-dan4 #ab4 ',! ,five ,ranks ( ,m]it4' ,?us f> we h /at$ h[ to tra9 our body & m9d accord+ to ! g5]al rules & cu/oms e/abli%$ by ,z5i/s4 ,& "h we %all describe ! diff]5t /ages ( m5tal uplift+ ?r\gh :i* ! /ud5t ( ,z5 has to g4 ,!y are te*nically call$ ',! ,five ,ranks ( ,m]it4',,fn#bfi ,! fir/ /age is call$ ! ,rank ( ,turn+1,,fn#bgj 9 :i* ! /ud5t 'turns' 8 m9d f ! ext]nal objects ( s5se t[>ds ! inn] ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness4 ,he gives up all mean desires & aspires to spiritual elevation4 ,he becomes aw>e t he is n doom$ to be ! slave ( mat]ial ?+s1 & /rives to conqu] ov] !m4 ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness is lik5$ to ! ,k+1 & x is call$ ! ,m9d-,k+1 :ile ! /ud5t :o n[ turns t[>ds ! ,k+ is lik5$ to common p4 ,!re=e 9 ?is fir/ /age ! /ud5t is 9 ! rank ( common p4 ,,fn#bfi ,ko-kun-g-i4 ,= fur!r details1 see ,s-to-ni-%i-roku4 ,,fn#bfh ,ko 9 ,japanese4 ,! second /age is call$ ! ,rank ( ,s]vice1,,fn#bga 9 :i* ! /ud5t di/+ui%es himself by 8 loyalty to ! ,m9d-,k+1 & becomes a c\rti] to 's]ve' him4 ,he is 9 con/ant 's]vice' to ! ,k+1 att5d+ him ) ob$i5ce & love1 & always fe>+ to (f5d him4 ,?us ! /ud5t 9 ?is /age is ev] c>eful n to neglect rules & precepts laid d[n by ! sages1 & endeav\rs to uplift himself 9 spirituality by 8 fidelity4 ,! ?ird /age is call$ ! ,rank ( ,m]it1,,fn#bgb 9 :i* ! /ud5t di/+ui%es himself by 8 'm]itori\s' acts ( conqu]+ ov] ! rebel army ( passion :i* rises aga9/ ! ,m9d-,k+4 ,n[1 8 rank is n ! rank ( a c\rti]1 b ! rank ( a g5]al4 ,9 o!r words1 8 duty is n only to keep rules & in/ructions ( ! sages1 b to subjugate 8 own passion & e/abli% moral ord] 9 ! m5tal k+dom4 ,,fn#bga ,bu 9 ,japanese4 ,,fn#bgb ,ko 9 ,japanese4 ,! f\r? /age is call$ ! ,rank ( ,co-op]ative ,m]it1,,fn#bgc 9 :i* ! /ud5t 'co-op]ates' ) o!r p]sons 9 ord] to complete 8 m]it4 ,n[1 he is n comp>$ ) a g5]al :o conqu]s 8 foe1 b ) ! prime-m9i/] :o co-op]ates ) o!r (ficials to ! b5efit ( ! p4 ,?us ! /ud5t 9 ?is /age is n satisfi$ ) 8 own conque/ ( passion1 b seeks aft] spiritual uplift+ by means ( ext5d+ 8 k9dness & sympa?y to 8 fell[-m54 ,,fn#bgc ,gu-ko 9 ,japanese4 ,! fif? /age is call$ ! ,rank ( ,m]it-ov]-,m]it1,,fn#bgd :i* means ! rank ( m]itless-m]it4 ,?is is ! rank ( ! ,k+ himself4 ,! ,k+ does no?+ m]itori\s1 because all ! gov]nm5tal works are done by 8 m9i/]s & subjects4 ,all t he has to d is to keep 8 inborn dignity & sit high on 8 ?rone4 ,!re=e 8 conduct is m]itless1 b all ! m]itori\s acts ( 8 subjects are done ?r\gh 8 au?ority4 ,do+ no?+1 he does ev]y?+4 ,)\t any m]it1 he gets all m]its4 ,?us ! /ud5t 9 ?is /age no m /rives to keep precepts1 b 8 do+s are naturally 9 accord ) !m4 ,no m he aspires = spiritual elevation1 b 81 he>t is naturally pure f mat]ial desires4 ,no m he makes an ef=t to vanqui% 8 passion1 b no passion di/urbs him4 ,no m he feels x 8 duty to d good to o!rs1 b he is naturally good & m]ciful4 ,no m he sits 9 ,dhyana1 b he naturally lives 9 ,dhyana at all times4 ,x is 9 ?is fif? /age t ! /ud5t is enabl$ to id5tify 8 ,self ) ! ,m9d-,k+ or ,enlight5$ ,consci\sness1 & to abide 9 p]fect bliss4 ,,fn#bgd ,ko-ko 9 ,japanese4 #ac4 ',! ,t5 ,pictures ( ! ,c[h]d4',,fn#bge ,,fn#bge ,! pictures 7 drawn by ,kwoh ,ngan 7,kaku-an71 a ,*9ese ,z5i/4 ,= ! details1 see ,z5-gaku-ho-t54 ,besides ^! ,five ,ranks ( ,m]it1 ,z5i/s make use ( ! ,t5 ,pictures ( ! ,c[h]d1 9 ord] to %[ ! diff]5t /ages ( m5tal tra9+ ?r\gh :i* ! /ud5t ( ,z5 has to g4 ,"s poems 7 writt5 by ,*9ese & ,japanese tea*]s on ea* ( ^! pictures by way ( explanation1 b !y are too ambigu\s to be translat$ into ,engli%1 & we re/ cont5t ) ! translation ( a s+le ,japanese poem on ea* ( ! t5 pictures1 :i* are z foll[s3 ,! fir/ picture1 call$ '! ,se>*+ ( ! ,c[1' repres5ts ! c[h]d w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness ) a vague hope ( f9d+ 8 lo/ c[ t is runn+ wild out ( 8 sight4 ,! read] w notice t ! c[ is lik5$ to ! m9d ( ! /ud5t & ! c[h]d to ! /ud5t himself4 ,i d n see my c[1 ,b trees & grass1 ,& he> ! empty cries ,( cicadas4 ,! second picture1 call$ '! ,f9d+ ( ! ,c['s ,tracks1' repres5ts ! c[h]d trac+ ! c[ ) ! sure hope ( re/or+ h]1 hav+ f\nd h] tracks on ! gr\nd4 ,! grove is deep1 & s ,is my desire4 ,h[ glad ,i am1 ,o lo6 ,i see h] tracks4 ,! ?ird picture1 call$ '! ,f9d+ out ( ! ,c[1' repres5ts ! c[h]d sl[ly approa*+ ! c[ f a di/ance4 ,h] l\d & wild moo+ ,has l$ me "h2 ,i see h] =m af>1 ,l a d>k %ad[4 ,! f\r? 'picture1 call$ '! ,cat*+ ( ! ,c[1' repres5ts ! c[h]d cat*+ hold ( ! c[1 :o /ruggles to break loose f him4 ,alas6 x's h>d to keep ,! c[ ,i caught4 ,%e tries to run & leap ,& snap ! cord4 ,! fif? picture1 call$ '! ,tam+ ( ! ,c[1' repres5ts ! c[h]d pacify+ ! c[1 giv+ h] grass & wat]4 ,i'm glad ! c[ s wild ,is tam$ & mild4 ,%e foll[s me1 z if ,%e 7 my %ad[4 ,! six? picture1 call$ '! ,go+ ,home ,rid+ on ! ,c[1' repres5ts ! c[h]d play+ on a flute1 rid+ on ! c[4 ,sl[ly ! cl\ds return ,to _! own hill1 ,float+ along ! skies ,s calm & /ill4 ,! sev5? picture1 call$ '! ,=gett+ ( ! ,c[ & ! ,rememb]+ ( ! ,man1' repres5ts ! c[h]d look+ at ! beautiful sc5]y surr\nd+ 8 cottage4 ,! c[ goes out by day ,& comes by night4 ,i c>e = h] 9 no way1 ,b all is "r4 ,! eigh? picture1 call$ '! ,=gett+ ( ! ,c[ & ( ! ,man1' repres5ts a l>ge empty circle4 ,!re's no c[h]d nor c[ ,)9 ! p52 ,no moon ( tru? nor cl\ds ,( d\bt 9 m54 ,! n9? picture1 call$ '! ,return+ to ! ,root & ,s\rce1' repres5ts a beautiful l&scape full ( lovely trees 9 full blossom4 ,!re is no dy] ( hills1 ,yet !y are gre52 ,s fl[]s smile1 & titt] rills ,at _! own wills4 ,! t5? picture1 call$ '! ,go+ into ! ,city ) ,op5 ,h&s1' repres5ts a smil+ monk1 g\rd 9 h&1 talk+ ) a man :o looks l a p$l>4 ,! c>es = body make ,t body p9e2 ,let g ( c>es & ?\ghts1 ,o *ild ( m9e6 ,^! ,t5 ,pictures ( ! ,c[h]d correspond 9 mean+ to ! ,five ,ranks ( ,m]it above /at$1 ev5 if !re is a slight diff]5ce1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,! ,,five ,,ranks4---,,! ,,t5 ,,pictures4 #a4 ,! ,rank ( ,turn+---#a4 ,! ,se>*+ ( ! ,c[4 #b4 ,! ,f9d+ ( ! ,c['s ,tracks4 #b4 ,! ,rank ( ,s]vice---#c4 ,! ,f9d+ ( ! ,c[4 #d4 ,! ,cat*+ ( ! ,c[4 #c4 ,! ,rank ( ,m]it---#e4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,c[4 #f4 ,! ,go+ ,home1 ,rid+ on ! ,c[4 #d4 ,! ,rank ( ,co-op]ative ,m]it---#i4 ,! ,return+ to ! ,root & ,s\rce4 #aj4 ,! ,go+ into ! ,city ) ,op5 ,h&s4 #e4 ,! ,rank ( ,m]it-ov]-,m]it---#g4 ,! ,=gett+ ( ! ,c[ & ! ,rememb]+ ( ! ,man4 #h4 ,! ,=gett+ ( ! ,c[ & ( ! ,man4 #ad4 ,z5 & ,nirvana4 ,! beatitude ( ,z5 is ,nirvana1 n 9 ! ,h9ayani/ic s5se ( ! t]m1 b 9 ! s5se peculi> to ! fai?4 ,nirvana lit]ally means ext9ction or annihilation2 h5ce ! ext9ction ( life or ! annihilation ( individuality4 ,to ,z51 h[ev]1 x means ! /ate ( ext9ction ( pa9 & ! annihilation ( s94 ,z5 nev] looks = ! realization ( its beatitude 9 a place l heav51 nor believes 9 ! realm ( ,reality transc5d5tal ( ! ph5om5al univ]se1 nor gives c\nt5ance to ! sup]/ition ( ,immortality1 nor does x hold ! _w is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 nor conceives life simply z bless+4 ,x is 9 ?is life1 full ( %ortcom+s1 mis]y1 & suff]+s1 t ,z5 hopes to realize its beatitude4 ,x is 9 ?is _w1 imp]fect1 *ang+1 & mov+1 t ,z5 f9ds ! ,div9e ,light x wor%ips4 ,x is 9 ?is ph5om5al univ]se ( limitation & relativity t ,z5 aims to atta9 to highe/ ,nirvana4 ,we speak1 says ! au?or ( ,vimalakirtti-nirdeca-sutra1 ( ! transitor9ess ( body1 b n ( ! desire ( ! ,nirvana or de/ruction ( x4 ,p>anirvana1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ,lankavat>asutra1 is nei!r dea? nor de/ruction1 b bliss1 fre$om1 & purity4 ,nirvana1 says ,kiai ,hwan1,,fn#bgf means ! ext9ction ( pa9 or ! cross+ ov] ( ! sea ( life & dea?4 ,x d5otes ! real p]man5t /ate ( spiritual atta9m5t4 ,x does n signify de/ruction or annihilation4 ,x d5otes ! belief 9 ! great root ( life & _s4 ,x is ,nirvana ( ,z5 to enjoy bliss = all suff]+s ( life4 ,x is ,nirvana ( ,z5 to be s]5e 9 m9d = all di/urbances ( actual exi/5ce4 ,x is ,nirvana ( ,z5 to be 9 ! consci\s union ) ,univ]sal ,life or ,buddha ?r\gh ,enlight5m5t4 ,,fn#bgf ,a comm5tator ( ,saddh>ma-pund>ika-sutra4 #ae4 ,nature & h] ,lesson4 ,nature (f]s u nect> & ambrosia e day1 & ev]y:]e we g ! rose & lily await u4 ,spr+ visits u m51 says ,gu-d1,,fn#bgg h] m]cy is great4 ,e blossom holds out ! image ( ,ta?agata4 ,:at is ! spiritual body ( ,buddha :o is immortal & div9e8 ask$ a man to ,ta ,lun 7,dai-ryu71 :o in/antly repli$3 ,! fl[]s cov] ! m\nta9 ) gold5 brocade4 ,! wat]s t+e ! rivulets ) heav5ly blue4 ,univ]se is ! :ole body ( ,ta?agata2 obs]v$ ,d-g54 ,! worlds 9 t5 directions1 ! e>?1 grass1 trees1 walls1 f5ces1 tiles1 pebbles-9 a ^w1 all ! animat$ & inanimate objects p>take ( ! ,buddha-nature4 ,!reby1 ^? :o p>take 9 ! b5efit ( ! ,w9d & ,wat] t rise out ( !m are1 all ( !m1 help$ by ! my/]i\s influ5ce ( ,buddha1 & %[ =? ,enlight5m5t4,,fn#bgh ,,fn#bgg ,"o ( ! di/+ui%$ ,z5i/s 9 ! ,tokugawa p]iod1 :o di$ 9 #affa4 ,,fn#bgh ,%o-bo g5-zo4 ,?us y c atta9 to highe/ bliss ?r\gh y\r consci\s union ) ,buddha4 ,no?+ c di/urb y\r peace1 :5 y c enjoy peace 9 ! mid/ ( di/urbances2 no?+ c cause y to suff]1 :5 y welcome mis=tunes & h>d%ips 9 ord] to tra9 & /r5g!n y\r "*2 no?+ c tempt y to commit s91 :5 y are con/antly ready to li/5 to ! s]mon giv5 by ev]y?+ ar\nd y2 no?+ c di/ress y1 :5 y make ! _w ! holy temple ( ,buddha4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ,nirvana :i* ev]yone believ+ 9 ,buddha may secure4 #af4 ,! ,beatitude ( ,z54 ,we are f> f d5y+1 z already %[n 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 ! exi/5ce ( tr\bles1 pa9s1 diseases1 sorr[s1 dea?s 9 life4 ,our bliss consi/s 9 see+ ! fragrant rose ( ,div9e m]cy among ! ?orns ( worldly tr\ble1 9 f9d+ ! fair oasis ( ,buddha's wisdom 9 ! des]t ( mis=tunes1 9 gett+ ! :olesome balm ( ,8 love 9 ! seem+ poison ( pa91 9 ga!r+ ! sweet honey ( ,8 _s ev5 9 ! /+ ( horrible dea?4 ,hi/ory te/ifies to ! tru? t x is mis]y t tea*es m5 m ?an happ9ess1 t x is pov]ty t /r5g!ns !m m ?an weal?1 t x is adv]sity t m\lds "* m ?an prosp]ity1 t x is disease & dea? t call =? ! inn] life m ?an heal? & long life4 ,at lea/1 no "o c be bl9d to ! fact t good & evil h an equal %>e 9 =m+ ! "* & work+ out ! de/9y ( man4 ,ev5 su* a great pessimi/ z ,s*op5hau] says3 ,z our bodily frame w\ld bur/ asund] if ! pressure ( atmosph]e 7 remov$1 s if ! lives ( m5 7 reliev$ ( all ne$1 h>d%ip1 & adv]sity1 if ev]y?+ !y took 9 h& 7 successful1 !y w\ld be s swoll5 ) arrogance 4 4 4 t !y w\ld pres5t ! spectacle ( unbridl$ folly4 ,a %ip )\t balla/ is un/able1 & w n g /raight4 ,!re=e let u make our %ip ( life g /raight ) its balla/ ( mis]ies & h>d%ips1 ov] :i* we ga9 control4 ,! believ] 9 ,buddha is ?ankful to him1 n only = ! sun%9e ( life1 b also = its w9d1 ra91 sn[1 ?und]1 & lightn+1 because ,he gives u no?+ 9 va94 ,hisa-nobu 7,ko-yama7 01 p]haps1 "o ( ! happie/ p]sons t ,japan ev] produc$1 simply because he 0 ev] ?ankful to ! ,m]ciful ,"o4 ,"o day he w5t out )\t an umbrella & met ) a %[]4 ,hurry+ up to g home1 he /umbl$ & fell1 w\nd+ bo? 8 legs4 ,z he rose up1 he 0 ov]he>d to say3 ,?ank heav54 ,& be+ ask$ :y he 0 s ?ankful1 repli$3 ,i got bo? my legs hurt1 b1 ?ank heav51 !y 7 n brok54 ,on ano!r occasion he lo/ consci\sness1 hav+ be5 kick$ viol5tly by a wild horse4 ,:5 he came to himself1 he exclaim$3 ,?ank heav51 9 he>ty joy4 ,be+ ask$ ! reason :y he 0 s joyful1 he answ]$3 ,i h really giv5 up my gho/1 b1 ?ank heav51 ,i h escap$ dea? aft] all4,,fn#bgi ,a p]son 9 su* a /ate ( m9d c d any?+ ) he>t & might4 ,:atev] he does is an act ( ?anks = ! grace ( ,buddha1 & he does x1 n z 8 duty1 b z ! ov]fl[+ ( 8 gratitude :i* lie himself _c *eck4 ,"h exi/s ! =mation ( "*4 ,"h exi/ real happ9ess & joy4 ,"h exi/s ! realization ( ,nirvana4 ,,fn#bgi ,ki-j9-d54 ,mo/ p reg>d dea? z ! greate/ ( evils1 only because !y fe> dea?4 ,!y fe> dea? only because !y h ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,h]eupon pessimi/ic philosophy & religion propose to atta9 to ,nirvana by ! ext9ction ( ,w-to-live1 or by ! total annihilation ( life4 ,b ?is is z mu* z to propose dea? z ! f9al cure to a pati5t4 ,elie ,met*nik(f proposes1 9 8 ',nature ( ,man1' ano!r cure1 say+3 ',if man c\ld only contrive to live long en\gh--say1 = "o hundr$ & =ty ye>s--a natural desire = ext9ction w\ld take ! place ( ! in/9ct = self-pres]vation1 & ! call ( dea? w\ld !n h>moni\sly satisfy 8 legitimate crav+ ( a ripe old age4' ,:y1 we mu/ ask1 d y tr\ble y\rself s mu* ab\t dea?8 ,is !re any in/ance ( an individual :o escap$ x 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d8 ,if !re be no way ( escape1 :y d y tr\ble y\rself ab\t x8 ,c y cause ?+s to fall (f ! e>? aga9/ ! law ( gravitation8 ,is !re any example ( an individual object t escap$ ! gov]nm5t ( t law 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w8 ,:y1 !n1 d y tr\ble y\rself ab\t x8 ,x is no less silly to tr\ble y\rself ab\t dea? ?an y d ab\t gravitation4 ,c y realize t dea?1 :i* y h yet no imm$iate exp]i5ce (1 is ! greate/ ( evil8 ,we d>e to decl>e dea? to be "o ( ! bless+s :i* we h to be ?ankful =4 ,dea? is ! scav5g] ( ! _w2 x sweeps away all uselessness1 /al5ess1 & corruption f ! _w1 & keeps life clean & ev] n[4 ,:5 y are ( no use = ! _w x comes ^u y1 removes y to oblivion 9 ord] to relieve life ( useless encumbrance4 ,! /ream ( exi/5ce %\ld be kept runn+1 o!rwise x w\ld become putrid4 ,if old lives 7 to /op ! runn+ /ream x w\ld /& /ill1 & consequ5tly become fil?y1 poison$1 & wor?less4 ,suppose !re 7 only bir?s & no dea?s4 ,! e>? has to be pack$ ) m5 & wom51 :o are doom$ to live to all et]nity1 jo/l+1 collid+1 bump+1 trampl+ ea* o!r1 & va9ly /ruggl+ to get out ( ! ,black ,hole ( ! e>?4 ,?anks to dea? we are n 9 ! ,black ,hole6 ,only bir? & no dea? is f> worse ?an only dea? & no bir?4 ,! dead1 says ,*wang ,tsz1 h no tyrannical k+ ab\t1 no slavi% subject to meet2 no *ange ( seasons ov]takes !m4 ,! heav5 & ! e>? take ! places ( ,spr+ & ,autumn4 ,! k+ or emp]or ( a great nation _c be happi] ?an !y4 ,h[ w\ld y be if dea? %\ld nev] ov]take y :5 ugly decrepitude makes y bl9d & deaf1 bodily & m5tally1 & deprives y ( all possible pleasures8 ,h[ w\ld y be if y %\ld n die :5 y\r body is brok5 to pieces or t]ribly burn$ by an accid5t--say1 by a viol5t e>?quake foll[$ by a great conflagration8 ,j imag9e ,satan1 immortal ,satan1 ?r[n d[n by ! ire ( ,god into ,hell's fi]y gulf1 roll+ himself 9 dreadful torture to ! end ( "t4 ,y _c b conclude t x is only dea? :i* relieves y ( extreme suff]+s1 incurable diseases1 & x is "o ( ! bless+s y ought to be ?ankful =4 ,! believ] ( ,buddha is ?ankful ev5 = dea? itself1 ! :i* is ! sole means ( conqu]+ dea?4 ,if he be ?ankful ev5 = dea?1 h[ mu* m = ! re/ ( ?+s6 ,he c f9d a mean+ 9 e =m ( life4 ,he c p]ceive a bless+ 9 e *ange ( =tune4 ,he c ackn[l$ge a mission = e individual4 ,he c live 9 cont5tm5t & joy "u any conditions4 ,!re=e ,l9 ,tsi 7,r9-zai7 says3 ,all ! ,buddhas might appe> be=e me & ,i w\ld n be glad4 ,all ! ,?ree ,regions,,fn#bhj & ,hells might sudd5ly pres5t !mselves be=e me1 & ,i w\ld n fe>4 4 4 4 ,he 7an ,enlight5$ p]son7 might get into ! fire1 & x w\ld n burn him4 ,he might get into wat]1 & x w\ld n dr[n him4 ,he might be born 9 ,hell1 & he w\ld be happy z if he 7 9 a fair g>d54 ,he might be born among ,pretas & bea/s1 & he w\ld n suff] f pa94 ,h[ c he be s8 ,because he c enjoy ev]y?+4',,fn#bha ,,fn#bhj 7#a7 ,n>aka1 or ,hell2 7#b7 ,pretas1 or hungry demons2 7#c7 bea/s4 ,,fn#bha ,l9 ,tsi ,luk 7,r9-zai-roku74 ,,app5dix ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man 7,,g5-,,n9-,,ron7 ,,by ,,kwei ,,fung ,,tsung ,,mih ,,! ,,sev5? ,,patri>* ,,( ,,! ,,kegon ,,sect ,,translat$ ,,by ,,kait5 ,,nuk>iya ,,preface ,tsung ,mih 7,%u-,mitsu1 ,a4,d4 #ggd-hda71 ! au?or ( ,yu5 ,jan ,lun 7',orig9 ( ,man'71 "o ( ! greate/ s*ol>s t ,*9a ev] produc$1 0 born 9 a ,confuciani/ family ( ! ,/ate ( ,kwo ,*eu4 ,hav+ be5 conv]t$ by ,tao ,yu5 7,d-y571 a not$ prie/ ( ! ,z5 ,sect1 he 0 kn[n at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e z a prom95t memb] ( t sect1 & became ! ,elev5? ,patri>* aft] ,bodhidh>ma1 ! ,fir/ ,patri>* ( ! sect1 :o _h come ov] to ,*9a f ,india ab\t ,a4,d4 #ebj4 ,"s ye>s aft] he /udi$ "u ,*9o1 ,kwan 7,*o-kwan7 ! philosophical doctr9e ( ! ,avatamsaka ,s*ool1 n[ kn[n 9 ,japan z ! ,kegon ,sect1 & di/+ui%$ himself z ! ,sev5? ,patri>* ( t s*ool4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #hce he 0 receiv$ 9 audi5ce by ! ,emp]or ,wan ,tsung1 :o que/ion$ him 9 a g5]al way ab\t ! ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 & be/[$ ^u him ! hon\rable title ( ,great ,virtu\s ,tea*]1 toge!r ) abundant gifts4 ,! au?or produc$ ov] n9ety volumes ( books1 :i* include a comm5t>y on ,avatamsaka-sutra1 "o on ,purnabuddha-sutra-prasann>?a-sutra1 & _m o!rs4 ,yu5 ,jan ,lun is "o ( ! %orte/ ( 8 essays1 b x conta9s all ! ess5tial doctr9es1 respect+ ! orig9 ( life & ( ! univ]se1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,taoism1 ,confucianism1 ,h9ayanism1 & ,mahayanism4 ,h[ important a position x holds among ! ,buddhi/ books c be well imag9$ f ! fact t ov] tw5ty comm5t>ies 7 writt5 on x bo? by ! ,*9ese & ! ,japanese ,buddhi/ s*ol>s4 ,x is said t a %ort essay "u ! same title by a not$ contempor>y ,confuciani/ s*ol>1 ,han ,tui ,*i 7,kan-tai-%i1 :o fl\ri%$ #hjc-hbc71 sugge/$ to him to write a book 9 ord] to make cle> to ! public ! ,buddhi/ view on ! same subject4 ,?us be entitl$ ! book ',orig9 ( ,man1' 9 spite ( 8 treat+ ( ! orig9 ( life & ( ! univ]se4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole book occur c\pl$ s5t5ces1 consi/+ mo/ly ( ! same numb] ( ,*9ese *>act]s1 & consequ5tly :ile "o s5t5ce is too laconic1 ! o!r is ov]lad5 ) sup]flu\s words1 put 9 to make ! "r numb] 9 ! balanc$ gr\p ( *>act]s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! text is full ( too concise phrases1 & (t5 ( ambigu\s ones1 z x is int5d$ to /ate z briefly z possible all ! important doctr9es ( ! ,buddhi/ z well z ( ! outside s*ools4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! au?or himself wrote a few notes on ! passages t lie ?\ght x necess>y to expla94 ,! read] w f9d ^! notes beg9n+ ) ',a' put by ! translator to di/+ui% !m f 8 own4 ,k4 ,n4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man,,fn#bhb ,,introduction ,all animat$ be+s t live 7"u ! sun7 h an orig91 :ile ea* ( inanimate ?+s1 c\ntless 9 numb]1 owes its exi/5ce to "s s\rce4,,fn#bhc ,!re c nev] be 7any be+ nor7 any ?+ t has 7no orig91 z !re c be no7 bran* :i* has no root4 ,h[ c\ld man1 ! mo/ spiritual ( ! ,?ree ,p[]s,,fn#bhd exi/ )\t an orig98 ,,fn#bhb ,! au?or treats ! orig9 ( life & ( ! univ]se1 b ! book 0 entitl$ z we h se5 9 ! preface4 ,,fn#bhc ,! same idea & expression are f\nd 9 ,tao ,teh ,k+ 7,d-toku-kyo71 by ,lao ,tsz 7,ro-%i1 #fjd-ebb ,b4,c474 ,,fn#bhd ,! ,?ree ,p[]s are-7#a7 ,heav51 t has ! p[] ( revolution2 7#b7 ,e>?1 t has ! p[] ( production2 & 7#c7 ,man1 t has ! p[] ( ?\ght4 7,x is said71,,fn#bhe moreov]1 t t :i* kn[s o!rs is intellect1 & t t :i* kn[s itself is wisdom4 ,n[ if ,i1 be+ born among m51 "k n :5ce ,i came 7into ?is life71 h[ c\ld ,i "k :i!r ,i am go+ 9 ! aft]-life8 ,h[ c\ld ,i und]/& all human affairs1 anci5t & mod]n1 9 ! _w8 ,s1 = "s scores ( ye>s ,i le>n$ "u _m diff]5t tutors1 & read ext5sively 7n only7 ! ,buddhi/ 7b also7 outside books4 ,by t means ,i tri$ to trace my ,self1 & nev] /opp$ my rese>* till ,i atta9$1 z ,i _h expect$1 to its orig94 ,,fn#bhe ,! s5t5ce is a direct quotation ( ,tao ,teh ,k+4 ,confuciani/s & ,taoi/s ( our age1 nev]!less1 m]ely "k t our ne>e/ orig9 is ! fa!r or ! gr&fa!r1 z we are desc5d$ f !m1 & !y f _! fa!rs 9 succession4 7,!y say7 t ! remote/ 7orig97 is ! undef9able 7primordial7 ,gas,,fn#bhf 9 ! /ate ( *aos2 t x split itself into ! two 7diff]5t7 pr9ciples ( ! ,positive & ! ,negative2 t ! two br\ght =? ! ,?ree ,p[]s ( ,heav51 ,e>?1 & ,man1 :i* 79 _! turn7 produc$ all o!r ?+s2 t man z well z o!r ?+s orig9at$ 9 ! ,gas4 ,,fn#bhf ,su* a /atem5t conc]n+ ! creation ( ! univ]se z ! "o "h giv5 is f\nd 9 ,i ,k+ 7,eeki-kyo74 ,! primordial sub/ance is n exactly 'gas1' b we may conceive x z be+ some?+ l a nebula4 7,"s7,,fn#bhg ,buddhi/s1 7h[ev]71 ma9ta9 simply t ! ne>e/ 7orig97 is ,k>ma1,,fn#bhh z we 7 born among m5 z ! results ( ! ,k>ma t we _h produc$ 9 ! pa/ exi/5ces2 & t ! remote/ 7orig97 is ! ,alaya-vijnyana1,,fn#bhi 7because7 our ,k>ma is br\ght =? by illusion1 & 7illusion by atta*m5t71 & s =?1 9 "o ^w1 ! ,alaya is ! orig9 ( life4 ,al?\gh all ( 7^! s*ol>s7 claim t !y h already grasp$ ! ultimate tru?1 yet n 9 fact4 ,,fn#bhg ,n all ,buddhi/s1 b "s ( !m1 are meant "h-t is1 ,h9ayani/s & ,dh>ma-laksani/s4 ,,fn#bhh ,accord+ to ,h9ayani/s1 ,k>ma 7action7 is t moral g]m :i* survives dea? & cont9ues 9 transmigration4 ,x may be conceiv$ z some?+ l an en]gy1 by ! influ5ce ( :i* be+s und]go metempsy*osis4 ,,fn#bhi ,accord+ to ! ,dh>ma-laksana ,sect1 ,alaya-vijnyana 7receptacle-k7 is ! spiritual ,sub/ance :i* holds ! 'se$s' or pot5tialities ( all ?+s4 ,confucius1 ,lao ,tsz1 & ,%akya1 h[ev]1 7 all ! wise/ ( sages4 ,ea* ( !m gave 8 tea*+s 9 a way diff]5t f ! o!r two1 t !y might meet ! spiritual ne$s ( 8 "t & fit to ! capacities ( m54 7,s t7 ! ,buddhi/ & ! outside doctr9es1 ea* supplem5t+ ! o!r1 h done good to ! multitude4 ,!y 7 all 7int5d$7 to enc\rage ?\s&s ( virtu\s acts by expla9+ ! :ole *a9 ( causality4 ,!y 7 7also int5d$7 to inve/igate ?\s&s ( ?+s1 & ?r[ light on ! beg9n+ & on ! end ( _! evolution4 ,al?\gh all ^! doctr9es 7might7 answ] ! purpose ( ! sages1 yet !re mu/ be "s tea*+s t w\ld be tempor>y1,,fn#bij :ile o!rs w\ld be et]nal4 ,! fir/ two fai?s are m]ely tempor>y1 :ile ,buddhism includes bo? ! tempor>y & ! et]nal4 ,we may act accord+ to ! precepts ( ^! ?ree fai?s1 :i* aim at ! peace & welf>e 7( man71 9 s f> z !y enc\rage ?\s&s ( virtu\s acts by giv+ w>n+ aga9/ evil & recomm5d+ good4 7,b7 ,buddhism 7alone7 is altoge!r p]fect & be/ ( all1 9 inve/igat+ ?\s&s ( ?+s & 9 trac+ !m back to _! fir/ cause1 9 ord] to acquire ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! natures ( ?+s & to atta9 to ! ultimate tru?4 ,,fn#bij ,! tempor>y doctr9e means ! tea*+ prea*$ by ,%akya ,muni to meet ! tempor>y ne$s ( ! he>]s4 ,! t]m is always us$ 9 contra/ ) ! real or et]nal doctr9e4 ,ea* ( our contempor>y s*ol>s1 nev]!less1 adh]es to "o s*ool ( ! 7above m5tion$7 tea*+s4 ,& !re are "s 7ev57 among ! ,buddhi/s :o mi/ake ! tempor>y = ! et]nal doctr9e4 ,9 consequ5ce !y are nev] successful 9 trac+ ,heav51 ,e>?1 ,man1 & o!r ?+s back to _! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,b ,i am n[ 7go+ to %[ h[7 to inf] an ,ultimate ,cause = ?\s&s ( ?+s1 n only f ! ,buddhi/1 b f outsid]s' tea*+s4 ,fir/ ,i %all treat ( ! sup]ficial doctr9es1 & !n ( ! pr(\nd1 79 ord] to7 free ! foll[]s ( ! tempor>y fai?s f ^? 7prejudices t prove to be7 ob/ructions 9 _! way to ! tru?1 & enable !m to atta9 to ! ,ultimate ,reality4 ,aft]w>ds ,i %all po9t out1 accord+ to ! p]fect doctr9e1 h[ ?+s evolv$ !mselves ?r\gh "o /age aft] ano!r out ( ! ,fir/ ,cause 79 ord] to7 make ! incomplete doctr9es fuse into ! complete "o1 & to enable ! foll[]s to expla9 ! ph5om5al univ]se4,,fn#bia ,,fn#bia ,a4 ',t is1 ,heav51 ,e>?1 ,man1 & o!r ?+s4' ,?is essay is entitl$ ',orig9 ( ,man1' & x consi/s ( ! 7foll[+7 f\r *apt]s3 7#a7 ,refutation ( ,delusive & ,prejudic$ 7,doctr9e72 7#b7 ,refutation ( ,incomplete & ,sup]ficial 7,doctr9e72 7#c7 ,direct ,explanation ( ! ,real ,orig92 7#d7 ,reconciliation ( ! ,tempor>y ) ! ,et]nal ,doctr9e4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,refutation ,,( ,,delusive ,,& ,,prejudic$ 7,,doctr9e7,,fn#bib ,accord+ to ,confucianism,,fn#bic & ,taoism all sorts ( be+s1 su* z m5 & bea/s1 7 born out ( & br\ght up by ! 7s-call$7 ,great ,pa? ( ,empt9ess4,,fn#bid ,t is to say1 ! ,pa? by ! op]ation ( its own law gave rise naturally to ! primordial ,gas1 & t ,gas produc$ ,heav5 & ,e>?1 :i* 79 _! turn7 br\ght =? ?\s&s ( ?+s4 ,accord+ly ! wise & ! unwise1 ! high & ! l[1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! happy & ! mis]able1 are pr$e/9$ to be s by ! heav5ly flat1 & are at ! m]cy ( ,"t & ,provid5ce4 ,!re=e !y 7mu/7 come back aft] dea? to ,heav5 & ,e>?1 f :i* 79 turn7 !y return to ! 7,pa?7 ( ,empt9ess4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ^!,,fn#bie 7two7 outside tea*+s is simply to e/abli% morals ) reg>d to bodily actions1 b n to trace life to its ,fir/ ,cause4 ,!y tell ( no?+ beyond ! ph5om5al univ]se 9 _! explanation ( ?\s&s ( ?+s4 ,?\gh !y po9t out ! ,great ,pa? z ! orig91 yet !y nev] expla9 9 detail 7:at is7 ! direct1 & 7:at7 ! indirect cause ( ! ph5om5al univ]se1 or h[ x 0 creat$1 or h[ x w be de/roy$1 h[ life came =?1 :i!r x w g1 7:at is7 good1 7:at7 evil4 ,!re=e ! foll[]s ( ^! doctr9es adh]e to !m z ! p]fect tea*+s )\t kn[+ t !y are m]ely tempor>y4 ,,fn#bib ,a4 ',^? ( ,confuciani/s & ,taoi/s4' ,,fn#bic ,confuciani/s are n ( exactly ! same op9ion z ,taoi/s respect+ ! creation4 ,! ,great ,pa? "h m5tion$ ref]s exclusively to ,taoism4 ,,fn#bid ,! ,great ,pa? ( ,empt9ess1 ,hu ,wu ,ta ,tao1 is ! te*nical "n = ! ,taoi/ conception ( ! ,absolute4 ,x is some?+ exi/5t 9 an undevelop$ /ate be=e ! creation ( ! ph5om5al univ]se4 ,accord+ to ,tao ,teh ,k+1 x is 'self-exi/5t1 un*angeable1 all-p]vad+1 & ! "m ( all ?+s4 ,x is unnamable1 b x is sometimes call$ ! ,pa? or ! ,great4' ,x is also call$ ! ,empt9ess1 z x is entirely devoid ( relative activities4 ,,fn#bie ,confucianism ma9ly treats ( e?ical problems1 b ,taoism is not$ = its metaphysical speculation4 ,n[ ,i 7%all7 raise1 9 brief1 a few que/ions to po9t out _! weaknesses4 ,if ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se1 z !y say1 came out ( ! ,great ,pa? ( ,empt9ess1 t ,great ,pa? itself %\ld be ! cause ( 7n only7 ( wisdom1 7b7 ( folly1 7n only7 ( life1 7b7 ( dea?4 ,x ought to be ! s\rce ( prosp]ity 7z well z7 ( adv]sity1 ( =tune 7z well z7 ( mis=tune4 ,if ?is orig9 exi/ 7z x is suppos$7 to all et]nity1 x mu/ be possible nei!r to remove follies1 villa9ies1 calamities1 & w>s1 nor to promote wisdom1 good1 happ9ess1 & welf>e4 ,( :at use 7!n7 are ! tea*+s ( ,lao ,tsz & ,*wang ,tsz8,,fn#bif ,! ,pa?1 besides1 %\ld h re>$ ! tig] & ! wolf1 giv5 bir? to ,kieh,,fn#big & ,*eu1,,fn#bih caus$ ! premature dea?s ( ,y5,,fn#bii & ,jan1,,fn#cjj & plac$ ,i,,fn#cja & ,tsi,,fn#cjb 9 _! mo/ lam5table condition4 ,h[ c\ld x be call$ a noble 7pa?78 ,,fn#bif ,"o ( ! greate/ ,taoi/ philosoph]s1 & ! au?or ( ! book entitl$ aft] 8 "n4 ,he fl\ri%$ #cci-cbg ,b4,c4 ,,fn#big ,! la/ ,emp]or ( ! ,hia dyna/y1 notori\s = 8 vices4 ,8 reign 0 #ahah-agfg ,b4,c4 ,,fn#bih ,! la/ ,emp]or ( ! ,y9 dyna/y1 "o ( ! wor/ despots4 ,8 reign 0 #aaed-aabb ,b4,c4 ,,fn#bii ,y5 ,hwui 7,gan-kai1 #eda-dhc ,b4,c471 a mo/ belov$ disciple ( ,confucius1 kn[n z a wise & virtu\s s*ol>4 ,,fn#cjj ,jan ,poh ,niu 7,z5-pak-giu1 #eba- 4 4 4 ,b4,c471 a prom95t disciple1 ( ,confucius1 di/+ui%$ = 8 virtues4 ,,fn#cja ,poh ,i 7,haku-i71 ! eld] bro!r ( ,tsi1 :o di/+ui%$ himself by 8 fai? & wisdom at ! d[nfall ( ! ,y9 dyna/y4 ,,fn#cjb ,%uh ,tsi 7,%iku ,sei71 ! bro!r ( ,i1 ) :om he %>$ ! same fate4 ,aga91 if1 z !y say1 ?\s&s ( ?+s c\ld come naturally into exi/5ce )\t direct or indirect causes1 !y %\ld come =? 9 all places :]e !re are nei!r direct nor indirect causes4 ,= in/ance1 a /one w\ld br+ =? grass1 :ile grass w\ld give bir? to man1 & man w\ld beget bea/s1 etc4 ,9 addition to ?is !y w\ld come out all at ! same "t1 no?+ be+ produc$ be=e or aft] ! o!rs4 ,!y w\ld come into exi/5ce all at ! same mom5t1 no?+ be+ produc$ soon] or lat] ?an ! o!rs4 ,peace & welf>e might be secur$ )\t ! help ( ! wise & ! good4 ,humanity & righte\sness might be acquir$ )\t in/ruction & /udy4 ,"o might ev5 become an immortal g5ius,,fn#cjc )\t tak+ ! miracul\s m$ic9e4 ,:y did ,lao ,tsz1 ,*wang ,tsz1 ,*eu ,kung,,fn#cjd & ,confucius d su* a useless task z to f\nd _! doctr9es & lay d[n ! precepts = m58 ,,fn#cjc ,deg5]at$ ,taoi/s ma9ta9$ t !y c\ld prep>e a c]ta9 miracul\s draught1 by ! tak+ ( :i* "o c\ld become immortal4 ,,fn#cjd ,*eu ,kung 7,%u-ko71 a mo/ not$ /atesman & s*ol>1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ! ,emp]or ,wu 7#aabb-aaaf ,b4,c471 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*5 dyna/y4 ,aga91 if all ?+s1 z !y say1 7 made ( ! primordial ,gas 7:i* has no feel+ nor w71 h[ c\ld an infant1 j born ( ! ,gas1 :o _h nev] le>n$ to ?9k1 or love1 or hate1 or to be naughty1 or wilful 7ev5 beg9 to ?9k or feel78 ,if1 z !y may answ]1 ! infant z soon z x 0 born c\ld q naturally love or hate1 etc41 z x wi%$1 x c\ld 7z well7 ga9 ! ,five ,virtues,,fn#cje & ! ,six ,acquirem5ts1,,fn#cjf z x wi%$4 ,:y does x wait = "s direct or indirect causes 7to ga9 its k71 & to acquire !m ?r\gh /udy & in/ruction8 ,,fn#cje 7#a7 ,humanity1 7#b7 ,uprightness1 7#c7 ,propriety1 7#d7 ,wisdom1 7#e7 ,s9c]ity4 ,,fn#cjf 7#a7 ,read+1 7#b7 ,ari?metic1 7#c7 ,etiquette1 7#d7 ,ar*]y1 7#e7 ,horseman%ip1 7#f7 ,music4 ,aga91 !y might say life sudd5ly came into exi/5ce1 x be+ =m$ ( ! ,gas1 & sudd5ly goes to naught 7at dea?71 ! ,gas be+ disp]s$4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! spirits ( ! dead 7:i* !y believe 978 ,besides1 !re are 9 hi/ory "s in/ances ( p]sons,,fn#cjg :o c\ld see ?r\gh previ\s exi/5ces1 or ( p]sons,,fn#cjh :o recollect$ ! ev5ts 9 _! pa/ lives4 ,!re=e we "k t ! pres5t is ! cont9uation ( ! pa/ life1 & t x did n come into exi/5ce on a sudd5 by ! =mation ( a ,gas4 ,aga91 !re are "s hi/orical facts,,fn#cji prov+ t ! sup]natural p[]s ( spirits w n be lo/4 ,?us we "k t life is n to be sudd5ly r$uc$ to naught aft] dea? by ! disp]sion ( ! ,gas4 ,!re=e 7matt]s conc]n+7 sacrifices1 s]vices1 & supplications 7to ! spirits7 are m5tion$ 9 ! sacr$ books4,,fn#caj ,ev5 m ?an t6 ,are !re n "s in/ances1 anci5t & mod]n1 ( p]sons :o reviv$ aft] dea? to tell ! matt]s conc]n+ ! unse5 _w1 or :o,,fn#caa appe>$ to move ! he>ts ( _! wives & *ildr5 a :ile aft] dea?1 or :o,,fn#cab took v5geance 7on ! enemy71 or :o,,fn#cac return$ fav\rs 7to _! fri5ds78 ,,fn#cjg ,accord+ to ,ts9 ,%u1 a man1 ,pao ,ts+ by "n1 told 8 p>5ts1 :5 he 0 five ye>s1 t he _h be5 9 ! previ\s life a son to ,li1 an inhabitant ( ,kuh ,yang1 & t he _h fall5 into ! well & di$4 ,!reupon ! p>5ts call$ on ,li1 & f\nd1 to _! a/oni%m5t1 t ! boy's /atem5t 0 actually co9cid5t ) ! fact4 ,,fn#cjh ,yan ,hu1 a native ( ,ts9 ,*51 recollect$1 at ! age ( five1 t he _h be5 a son to ! next-door neighb\r1 & t he _h left 8 r+ "u a mulb]ry-tree close by ! f5ce ( ! h\se4 ,!reupon he w5t ) 8 nurse & successfully re/or$ x1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! :ole family4 ,,fn#cji ,all ! anci5t sages ( ,*9a believ$ 9 spirits1 & propitiat$ !m by sacrifices4 ,,fn#caj ,! sacr$ books ( ,confucianism1 ,%u ,k+ & ,li ,ki4 ,,fn#caa ,pang ,%ang1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,tsi1 is said to h appe>$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,,fn#cab ,poh ,yiu1 ( ,*+1 is said to h become an epidemic _s to take v5geance on 8 enemies4 ,,fn#cac ,accord+ to ,tso ,*w5 7,sa-d571 :5 ,wei ,wu1 a ,g5]al ( ,ts91 f\ght ) ,tu ,hwui1 ! dead fa!r ( 8 concub9e appe>$1 & prev5t$ ! m>* ( ! enemy 9 ord] to return fav\rs done to him4 ,! outside s*ol>s might ask1 by way ( objection1 if "o live z a _s aft] dea?1 ! spirits ( ! pa/ w\ld fill up /reets & roads1 & be se5 by m52 & :y are !re no eye-witnesses8 ,i say 9 reply t 7z7 !re are ! ,six ,worlds,,fn#cad = ! dead1 !y d n necess>ily live 9 ! _w ( spirits4 7,ev5 z spirits7 !y mu/ die & be born aga9 among m5 or o!r be+s4 ,h[ c ! spirits ( ! pa/ always live 9 a cr[d8 ,moreov]1 if 7z y say7 man 0 born ( 7primordial7 ,gas :i* gave rise to ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & :i* 0 unconsci\s f ! v beg9n+1 h[ c\ld he be consci\s all on a sudd5 aft] 8 bir?8 ,:y are trees & grass :i* 7 also =m$ ( ! same ,gas unconsci\s8 ,aga91 if1 7z y say71 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! high & ! l[1 ! wise & ! unwise1 ! good & ! bad1 ! happy & ! unhappy1 ! lucky & ! unlucky1 are pr$e/9at$ alike by heav5ly decree1 :y are s _m de/9$ by heav5 to be poor & s few to be ri*8 ,:y s _m to be l[ & s few to be high8 ,9 %ort1 :y are s _m de/9$ to be unlucky & s few to be lucky8 ,,fn#cad 7#a7 ,! heav51 or ! _w = ,devas2 7#b7 ! e>?1 or ! _w = m52 7#c7 ! _w = ,asuras2 7#d7 ! _w = ,petras2 7#e7 ! _w = bea/s2 7#f7 hell4 ,if x be ! w ( ,heav5 to bless s limit$ a numb] ( p]sons at all1 & to curse s _m1 :y is ,heav5 s p>tial8 ,ev5 m ?an t6 ,are !re n _m :o hold a high position )\t any m]itori\s conduct1 :ile "s are plac$ 9 a l[ "o 9 spite ( _! keep+ to 7! rules (7 conduct8 ,are !re n _m :o are ri* )\t any virtues1 :ile "s are poor 9 spite ( _! virtues8 ,are !re n ! unju/ :o are =tunate1 :ile ! j are un=tunate8 ,are !re n ! humane1 :o die "y1 :ile ! inhuman enjoy long lives8 ,9 %ort1 ! righte\s 7are doom$7 to p]i%1 :ile ! unrighte\s prosp]6 ,?us 7we mu/ inf]7 t all ?is dep5ds on ! heav5ly w1 :i* causes ! unrighte\s to prosp] & ! righte\s to p]i%4 ,h[ c !re be rew>d = ! good 7z x is taught 9 y\r sacr$ books71,,fn#cae t ,heav5 blesses ! good & %[s grace to ! humble8 ,h[ c !re be puni%m5t = ! bad 7z x is taught 9 y\r holy books71,,fn#caf t ,heav5 curses ! evil & inflicts puni%m5t on ! pr\d8 ,,fn#cae ,%u ,k+ & ,i ,k+4 ,,fn#caf ,ibid4 ,aga91 if ev5 all su* evils z w>s1 trea*]ies1 & rebellions dep5d on ! heav5ly w1 ^? ,sages w\ld be 9 ! wrong :o1 9 ! /atem5t ( _! tea*+1 c5sure or *a/ise m51 b n ,heav5 or ! heav5ly w4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if ,%i,,fn#cag is full ( repro(s aga9/ maladm9i/ration1 :ile ,%u,,fn#cah ( eulogies = ! reigns ( ! wise/ mon>*s-ev5 if ,propriety,,fn#cai is recomm5d$ z a mo/ effectual means ( creat+ peace betwe5 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$1 :ile ,music,,fn#cbj 7is recomm5d$ z a means (7 ameliorat+ ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! p--/ill1 !y c h>dly be said to realize ! ,w on ,high or to con=m to ! wi%es ( ! ,creator4 ,h5ce y mu/ ackn[l$ge t ^? :o devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ^! doctr9es are n able to trace man to 8 orig94 ,,fn#cag ,%u ,k+1 a fam\s book ( odes4 ,,fn#cah ,%u ,k+1 ! records ( ! adm9i/rations ( ! wise/ mon>*s ( old4 ,,fn#cai ,li ,ki1 ! book on proprieties & etiquette4 ,,fn#cbj ,x is said 9 ,hiao ,k+ t music is ! be/ means to improve cu/oms & mann]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,refutation ,,( ,,incomplete ,,& ,,sup]ficial 7,,doctr9e7,,fn#cba ,!re are 9 ! ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 to /ate briefly1 ! five grades 7( developm5t71 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ sup]ficial1 & end+ ) ! mo/ pr(\nd tea*+s4 7,!y are z foll[s37 7#a7 ,! ,doctr9e = ,m5 & ,devas2 7#b7 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,h9ayani/s2 7#c7 ! ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ,dh>ma-laksana2 7#d7 ! ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ! ,nihili/s,,fn#cbb2 7#e7 ! ,ekaydna ,doctr9e t tea*es ! ,ultimate ,reality4,,fn#cbc ,,fn#cba ,a4 ',! imp]fect doctr9es taught by ! ,buddha4' ,,fn#cbb ,a4 ',^! fir/ f\r doctr9es are treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt]4' ,,fn#cbc ,a4 ',?is is m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]4' #a4 ,! ,doctr9e = ,m5 & ,devas4 ,! ,buddha1 to meet tempor>ily ! spiritual ne$s ( ! un9itiat$1 prea*$ a doctr9e conc]n+ good or bad ,k>ma z ! cause1 & its retribution z ! effect1 9 ! ?ree exi/5ces 7( ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future74 ,t is1 "o :o commits ! t5fold s9,,fn#cbd mu/ be reborn aft] dea? 9 hell1 :5 ^! s9s are ( ! highe/ grade2,,fn#cbe among ,pretas1,,fn#cbf :5 ( ! middle grade2 & among animals1 :5 ( ! l[e/ grade4 ,,fn#cbd 7#a7 ,tak+ life1 7#b7 !ft1 7#c7 adult]y1 7#d7 ly+1 7#e7 exagg]ation1 7#f7 abuse1 7#g7 ambigu\s talk1 7#h7 covet+1 7#i7 malice1 7#aj7 unbelief4 ,,fn#cbe ,!re are ?ree grades 9 ea* ( ! t5fold s94 ,= in/ance1 ! tak+ ( ! life ( a ,buddha1 or ( a sage1 or ( a p>5t1 etc41 is ( ! highe/ grade2 :ile to kill fell[-m5 is ( ! middle2 & to kill bea/s & birds1 etc41 is ( ! l[e/4 ,aga91 to kill any be+ ) pleasure is ( ! highe/ grade2 :ile to rep5t aft] kill+ is ( ! middle2 & kill+ by mi/ake is ( ! l[e/4 ,,fn#cbf ,hungry spirits4 ,!re=e ! ,buddha = a tempor>y purpose made ^! 7un9itiat$7 obs]ve ! ,five ,precepts simil> to ! ,five ,virtues,,fn#cbg ( ! outside doctr9e1 9 ord] to enable !m to escape ! ?ree 7wor/7 ,/ates,,fn#cbh ( ,exi/5ce1 & to be reborn among m54 7,he also taught t7 ^? :o cultivate,,fn#cbi ! t5fold virtue,,fn#ccj ( ! highe/ grade1 & :o give alms1 & keep ! precepts1 & s =?1 are to be born 9 ! ,six ,cele/ial ,realms ( ,kama,,fn#cca :ile ^? :o practise ! ,f\r,,fn#ccb ,dhyanas1 ! ,eight ,samadhis1,,fn#ccc are to be reborn 9 ! heav5ly worlds ( ,rupa,,fn#ccd & ,arupa4 ,= ?is reason ?is doctr9e is call$ ! doctr9e = m5 & ,devas4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e ,k>ma is ! orig9 ( life4,,fn#cce ,,fn#cbg ,! five c>d9al virtues ( ,confucianism are q simil> to ! five precepts ( ,buddhism1 z we see by ?is table3 ,,virtues4---,,precepts4 #a4 ,humanity4---#a4 ,n to take life4 #b4 ,uprightness4---#b4 ,n to /eal4 #c4 ,propriety4---#c4 ,n to be adult]\s4 #d4 ,wisdom4---#d4 ,n to get drunk4 #e4 ,s9c]ity4---#e4 ,n to lie4 ,,fn#cbh 7#a7 ,hell1 7#b7 ,pretas1 7#c7 ,bea/s4 ,,fn#cbi ,a4 ',! ,buddhi/ precepts are diff]5t f ! ,confucian tea*+s 9 ! =m ( expression1 b !y agree 9 _! w>n+ aga9/ ! evil & 9 enc\rag+ ! good4 ,! moral conduct ( ! ,buddhi/ c be secur$ by ! cultivation ( ! five virtues ( humanity1 uprightness1 etc41 z ?\gh p 9 ?is c\ntry hold up _! h&s jo9$ 9 ! respectable salutation1 :ile ! same object is atta9$ by ^? ( ,! ,fan1 :o /& ) _! b&s hang+ d[n4 ,n to kill is humanity4 ,n to /eal is uprightness4 ,n to be adult]\s is propriety4 ,n to lie is s9c]ity4 ,n to dr9k spirits nor eat meat is to increase wisdom1 keep+ m9d pure4' ,,fn#ccj 7#a7 ,n to take life1 7#b7 n to /eal1 7#c7 n to be adult]\s1 7#d7 n to lie1 7#e7 n to exagg]ate1 7#f7 n to abuse1 7#g7 n to talk ambigu\sly1 7#h7 n to covet1 7#i7 n to be malici\s1 7#aj7 n to unbelieve4 ,,fn#cca ,kama-loka1 ! _w ( desire1 is ! fir/ ( ! ,?ree ,worlds4 ,x consi/s ( ! e>? & ! six heav5ly worlds1 all ! inhabitants ( :i* are subject to s5sual desires4 ,,fn#ccb ,! ,buddhi/s taught ! f\r ,dhyanas1 or ! f\r diff]5t degrees ( ab/ract contemplation1 by :i* ! m9d c\ld free itself f all subjective & objective trammels1 until x rea*$ a /ate ( absolute abs5ce ( unconc5trat$ ?\ght4 ,! practis] ( ! f\r ,dhyanas w\ld be born 9 ! f\r regions ( ! ,rupa-lokas 9 accordance ) 8 spiritual /ate4 ,,fn#ccc ,namely1 ! above-m5tion$ f\r degrees ( contemplation1 & o!r f\r deep] ec/atic m$itations4 ,! practis] ( ! latt] w\ld be born 9 ! f\r spiritual regions ( ,arupa-loka 9 accordance ) 8 /ate ( ab/raction4 ,,fn#ccd ,rupa-loka1 ! _w ( =m1 is ! second ( ! ,?ree ,worlds4 ,x consi/s ( eighte5 heav5s1 :i* 7 divid$ into f\r regions4 ,! fir/ ,dhyana region compris$ ! fir/ ?ree ( ! eighte5 heav5s1 ! second ,dhyana region ! next ?ree1 ! ?ird ,dhyana region ! foll[+ ?ree1 & ! f\r? ,dhyana region ! rema9+ n9e4 ,arupa-loka1 ! _w ( =mlessness1 is ! ?ird ( ! ,?ree ,worlds4 ,x consi/s ( f\r heav5s4 ,! fir/ is call$ '! heav5 ( unlimit$ space1' ! second '! heav5 ( unlimit$ k1' ! ?ird '! heav5 ( absolute non-exi/5ce1' ! f\r? '! heav5 ( nei!r consci\sness nor unconsci\sness4' ,a4 ',none ( heav5s1 or ( hells1 or ( ! worlds ( spirits1 is m5tion$ 9 ! title ( ?is book1 because ^! worlds are entirely diff]5t f ours1 & absolutely beyond ! sight & he>+4 ,ord9>y p "k n ev5 ! ph5om5a actually occurr+ be=e !m2 h[ c\ld !y und]/& ! unse58 ,s ,i entitl$ x simply1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,man 9 agreem5t ) ! worldly tea*+s4 ,n[ t ,i treat1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e1 x is reasonable to enum]ate ^! worlds 9 full4' ,,fn#cce ,a4 ',b !re are ?ree sorts ( ,k>mas3 7#a7 ,! bad1 7#b7 ! good1 7#c7 ! immovable4 ,!re are ! ?ree p]iods = retribution3 7#a7 ,9 ?is life1 7#b7 9 ! next life1 7#c7 9 "s remote future life4' ,n[ let me raise "s que/ions by way ( objection4 ,grant+ t "o has to be born 9 ! ,five ,/ates ( ,exi/5ces,,fn#ccf by virtue ( ,k>ma produc$ 79 previ\s lives71 is x n d\btful :o is ! au?or ( ,k>ma1 & :o ! recipi5t ( its consequ5ces8 ,if x might be said t ! eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 & feet produce ,k>ma1 !n ! eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 & feet ( a newly-dead p]son are /ill z !y 74 ,s :y d !y n see & he> & ?us produce ,k>ma8 ,,fn#ccf ,! /ates (--7#a7 heav5ly be+s1 7#b7 m51 7#c7 be+s 9 hell1 7#d7 hungry spirits1 7#e7 bea/s4 ,if x be said t x is ! m9d t produces ,k>ma 7,i ask71 :at is ! m9d8 ,if y mean ! he>t1 ! he>t is a mat]ial ?+1 & is locat$ )9 ! body4 ,h[ c x1 by com+ quickly into ! eyes & e>s1 di/+ui% ! pleas+ f ! disgu/+ 9 ext]nal objects8 ,if !re be no di/9ction betwe5 ! pleas+ & ! disgu/+1 :y does x accept ! "o or reject ! o!r8 ,besides1 ! he>t is z mu* mat]ial & imp5etrable z ! eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 & feet4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! he>t )9 freely pass to ! organs ( s5se )\t8 ,h[ c ?is "o put ! o!rs 9 motion1 or communicate ) !m1 9 ord] to co-op]ate 9 produc+ ,k>ma8 ,if x be said t only su* passions z joy1 ang]1 love1 & hatr$ act ?r\gh ! body & ! m\? & enable !m to produce ,k>ma1 7,i %\ld say7 ^? passions--joy1 ang]1 & ! re/--are too transitory1 & come & g 9 a mom5t4 ,!y h no ,sub/ance 7beh9d _! appe>ances74 ,:at1 !n1 is ! *ief ag5t t produces ,k>ma8 ,x might be said t we %\ld n seek aft] 7! au?or ( ,k>ma7 by tak+ m9d & body sep>ately 7z we h j done71 because body & m9d1 z a :ole1 conjo9tly produce ,k>ma4 ,:o1 !n1 aft] ! de/ruction ( body by dea?1 w\ld receive ! retribution 79 ! =m7 ( pa9 or ( pleasure8 ,if x be assum$ t ano!r body is to come into exi/5ce aft] dea?1 !n ! body & m9d ( ! pres5t life1 committ+ s9s or cultivat+ virtues1 w\ld cause ano!r body & m9d 9 ! future :i* w\ld suff] f ! pa9s or enjoy ! pleasures4 ,accord+ly1 ^? :o cultivate virtues w\ld be extremely unlucky1 :ile ^? :o commit s9s v lucky4 ,h[ c ! div9e law ( causality be s unreasonable8 ,!re=e we 7mu/7 ackn[l$ge t ^? :o m]ely foll[ ?is doctr9e are f> f a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! orig9 ( life1 ?\gh !y believe 9 ! !ory ( ,k>ma4 #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,h9ayani/s4 ,?is doctr9e tells u t 7bo?7 ! body1 t is =m$ ( matt]1 & ! m9d1 t ?9ks & reflects1 cont9ually exi/ f et]nity to et]nity1 be+ de/roy$ & recreat$ by means ( direct or indirect causes1 j z ! wat] ( a riv] glides cont9ually1 or ! flame ( a lamp keeps burn+ con/antly4 ,m9d & body unite !mselves tempor>ily1 & seem to be "o & *angeless4 ,! common p1 ignorant ( all ?is1 are atta*$ to 7! two comb9$7 z be+ ,atman4,,fn#ccg ,,fn#ccg ,atman means ego1 or self1 on :i* individuality is bas$4 ,= ! sake ( ?is ,atman1 :i* !y hold to be ! mo/ preci\s ?+ 79 ! _w71 !y are subject to ! ,?ree ,poisons ,( lu/1,,fn#cch ang]1,,fn#cci & folly1,,fn#cdj :i* 79 _! turn7 give impulse to ! w & br+ =? ,k>ma ( all k9ds ?r\gh spee* & action4 ,k>ma be+ ?us produc$1 no "o c evade its effects4 ,consequ5tly all mu/ be born,,fn#cda 9 ! ,five ,/ates ( ,exi/5ce ei!r to suff] pa9 or to enjoy pleasure2 "s are born 9 ! high] places1 :ile o!rs 9 ! l[] ( ! ,?ree ,worlds4,,fn#cdb ,,fn#cch ,a4 ',! passion t covets fame & ga9 to keep oneself 9 prosp]ity4' ,,fn#cci ,a4 ',! passion aga9/ disagreeable ?+s1 = fe> ( _! inflict+ injuries on oneself4' ,,fn#cdj ,a4 ',wrong ?\ghts & inf]5ces4' ,,fn#cda ,a4 ',diff]5t sorts ( be+s are born by virtue ( ! individualiz+ ,k>ma4' ,,fn#cdb ,a4 ',worlds are produc$ by virtue ( ! ,k>ma common to all be+s t live 9 !m4' ,:5 born 79 ! future lives7 !y are atta*$ aga9 to ! body 7& m9d7 z ,atman1 & become subject to lu/ & ! o!r two passions4 ,k>ma is aga9 produc$ by !m1 & !y h to receive its inevitable results4 7,?us7 body und]goes bir?1 old age1 disease1 dea?1 & is reborn aft] dea?2 :ile ! _w passes ?r\gh ! /ages ( =mation1 exi/5ce1 de/ruction1 & empt9ess1 & is re-=m$ aga9 aft] empt9ess4 ,kalpa aft] ,kalpa,,fn#cdc 7passes by71 life aft] life 7comes on71 & ! circle ( cont9u\s rebir?s kn[s no beg9n+ nor end1 & resembles ! pulley = draw+ wat] f ! well4,,fn#cdd ,,fn#cdc ,kalpa1 a mundane cycle1 is n reckon$ by mon?s & ye>s4 lt is a p]iod dur+ :i* a physical univ]se is =m$ to ! mom5t :5 ano!r is put into its place4 ,a4 ,! foll[+ v]ses describe h[ ! _w 0 fir/ creat$ 9 ! p]iod ( empt9ess3 ,a /rong w9d began to bl[ ?r\gh empty space4 ,its l5g? & bread? 7 inf9ite4 ,x 0 #af lakhs ?ick1 & s /rong t x c\ld n be cut ev5 ) a diamond4 ,its "n 0 ! _w-support+-w9d4 ,! gold5 cl\ds ( ,abhasv>a heav5 7! six? ( eighte5 heav5s ( ! ,rupa-loka7 cov]$ all ! skies ( ! ,?ree ,?\s& ,worlds4 ,d[n came ! heavy ra91 ea* drop be+ z l>ge z ! axle ( a waggon4 ,! wat] /ood on ! w9d t *eck$ its runn+ d[n4 ,x 0 #aa lakhs deep4 ,! fir/ lay] 0 made ( adamant 7by ! congeal+ wat]74 ,gradually ! cl\d p\r$ d[n ! ra9 & fill$ x4 ,fir/ ! ,brahma-raja worlds1 next ! ,yama-heav5 7! ?ird ( six heav5s ( ! ,kama loka71 7 made4 ,! pure wat] rose up1 driv5 by ! w9d1 & ,sum]u1 7! c5tral m\nta91 or axis ( ! univ]se7 & ! sev5 conc5tric circles ( m\nta9s1 & s on1 7 =m$4 ,out ( dirty s$im5ts ! m\nta9s1 ! f\r cont95ts1 ! hells1 oceans1 & out] r+ ( m\nta9s1 7 made4 ,?is is call$ ! =mation ( ! univ]se4 ,! "t ( "o ,increase & "o ,decrease 7human life is increas$ f #aj to #hd1jjj ye>s1 increas+ by "o ye> at e "o hundr$ ye>s2 !n x is decreas$ f #hd1jjj to #aj ye>s1 decreas+ by "o ye> at e "o hundr$ ye>s7 elaps$4 ,9 %ort1 ^? be+s 9 ! second region ( ,rupa-loka1 ^: good ,k>ma _h sp5t its =ce1 came d[n on ! e>?4 ,at fir/ !re 7 ! 'e>? bread' & ! wild v9e = !m4 ,aft]w>ds !y c\ld n completely dige/ rice1 & began to excrete & to ur9ate4 ,?us m5 7 diff]5tiat$ f wom54 ,!y divid$ ! cultivat$ l& among !m4 ,*iefs 7 elect$2 assi/ants & subjects 7 s\ght out2 h5ce diff]5t classes ( p4 ,a p]iod ( n9ete5 ,increases & ,decreases elaps$4 ,add$ to ! above-m5tion$ p]iod1 x am\nt$ to tw5ty ,increases & ,decreases4 ,?is is call$ ! ,kalpa ( ! =mation ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ let u discuss ?is po9t4 ,! ,kalpa ( ,empt9ess is :at ! ,taoi/ calls ! ,pa? ( ,empt9ess4 ,! ,pa? or ! ,reality1 h[ev]1 is n empty1 b bright1 transc5d5tal1 spiritual1 & omnipres5t4 ,lao ,tsz1 l$ by 8 mi/ak5 idea1 call$ ! ,kalpa ( ,empt9ess ! ,pa?2 o!rwise he did s = ! tempor>y purpose ( d5\nc+ worldly desires4 ,! w9d 9 ! empty space is :at ! ,taoi/ calls ! undef9able ,gas 9 ! /ate ( ,*aos4 ,!re=e ,lao ,tsz said1 ',! ,pa? br+s =? "o4' ,! gold5 cl\ds1 ! fir/ ( all physical objects1 is 7:at ! ,confuciani/ calls7 ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,! ra9-wat] /&+ 7on ! w9d7 is ! production ( ! ,negative ,pr9ciple4 ,! ,positive1 unit$ ) ! ,negative1 br\ght =? ! ph5om5al univ]se4 ,! ,brahma-raja-loka1 ! ,sum]u1 & o!rs1 are :at !y call ! ,heav54 ,! dirty wat]s & s$im5t are ! ,e>?4 ,s ,lao ,tsz said1 ',"o produces two4' ,^? 9 ! second region ( ! ,rupra-loka1 ^: good ,k>ma _h sp5t its =ce1 came d[n ^u ! e>? & became human be+s4 ,!re=e ,lao ,tsz said1 ',! two produce ?ree4' ,?us ! ,?ree ,p[]s 7 complet$4 ,! e>?-bread & diff]5t classes ( p1 & s on1 are ! s-call$ 'production ( ?\s&s ( ?+s by ! ,?ree4' ,?is 0 ! "t :5 p liv$ 9 eaves or w&]$ 9 ! wild]ness1 & knew n ! use ( fire4 ,z x belongs to ! remote pa/ ( ! prehi/oric age1 previ\s to ! reigns ( ! fir/ ?ree ,emp]ors1 ! traditions h&$ d[n to u are nei!r cle> nor c]ta94 ,_m errors crept into !m "o g5]ation aft] ano!r1 & consequ5tly no "o ( ! /atem5ts giv5 9 ! v>i\s works ( s*ol>s agrees ) ano!r4 ,besides1 :5 ! ,buddhi/ books expla9 ! =mation ( ! ,?ree ,?\s& ,worlds1 !y d n conf9e !mselves m]ely )9 ! limits ( ?is c\ntry4 ,h5ce _! records are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! outsid]s 7:i* are conf9$ to ,*9a74 ',exi/5ce' means ! ,kalpa ( ,exi/5ce t la/s tw5ty ,increases & ,decreases4 ',de/ruction' means ! ,kalpa ( ,de/ruction t la/s also tw5ty ,increases & ,decreases4 ,dur+ ! fir/ n9ete5 ,increases & ,decreases liv+ be+s are de/roy$2 :ile 9 ! la/ worlds are demoli%$ ?r\gh ! ?ree p]iods ( di/ress 7#a7 ! p]iod ( wat]1 7#b7 ! p]iod ( fire1 7#c7 ! p]iod ( w9d4 ',empt9ess' means ! ,kalpa ( ,empt9ess1 dur+ :i* no be+s nor worlds exi/4 ,?is ,kalpa also la/s tw5ty ,increases & ,decreases4 ,,fn#cdd ,a4 ',taoi/s m]ely "k t !re 0 "o ,kalpa ( ,empt9ess be=e ! =mation ( ?is pres5t univ]se1 & po9t out ! ,empt9ess1 ! ,*aos1 ! primordial ,gas1 & ! re/1 nam+ !m z ! fir/ or ! beg9n+less4 ,b !y d n "k t ! univ]se _h already gone ?r\gh myriads ( cycles ( ,kalpas ( =mation1 exi/5ce1 de/ruction1 & empt9ess4 ,?us ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial ( ! ,h9ayana doctr9es f> excels ! mo/ pr(\nd ( ! outside doctr9es4' ,all ?is is due to ,ignorance :i* does n und]/& t no bodily exi/5ce1 by its v nature1 c be ,atman4 ,! reason :y x is n ,atman is ?is1 t its =mation is1 aft] all1 due to ! union ( matt] & m9d4 ,n[ 7let u7 exam9e & analyze 7m9d & body74 ,matt] consi/s ( ! f\r elem5ts ( e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & w9d1 :ile m9d consi/s ( ! f\r aggregates ( p]ception1,,fn#cde consci\sness1,,fn#cdf conception1,,fn#cdg & k4,,fn#cdh ,,fn#cde ,a4 ',x receives bo? ! agreeable & ! disagreeable impressions f )\t4' ,x is ,y$ana1 ! second ( ! five ,sk&has1 or aggregates4 ,,fn#cdf ,a4 ',x p]ceives ! =ms ( ext]nal objects4' ,x is ,samjnya1 "n1 ! ?ird ( ! five aggregates4 ,,fn#cdg ,a4 ',x acts1 "o idea *ang+ aft] ano!r4' ,x is ,samsk>a1 ! f\r? ( ! five aggregates4 ,,fn#cdh ,a4 ',x recognizes4' ,x is ,vijnyana1 ! la/ ( ! five aggregates4 ,if all 7^! elem5ts7 be tak5 z ,atman1 !re mu/ be eight ,atmans 7= ea* p]son74 ,m ?an t6 ,!re are _m diff]5t ?+s1 ev5 9 ! elem5t ( e>?4 ,n[1 !re are ?ree hundr$ & sixty bones1 ea* "o di/9ct f ! o!r4 ,no "o is ! same z any o!r1 ei!r ( ! sk91 hair1 muscles1 ! liv]1 ! he>t1 ! sple51 & ! kidneys4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are a great _m m5tal qualities ea* diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,sight is diff]5t f he>+4 ,joy is n ! same z ang]4 ,if we enum]ate !m1 9 %ort1 "o aft] ano!r1 !re are eighty ?\s& passions4,,fn#cdi ,,fn#cdi ,eighty ?\s& simply means a great _m4 ,z ?+s are ?us s innum]able1 none c tell :i* ( ^! 7)\t mi/ake7 is to be tak5 z ! ,atman4 ,9 case all be tak5 z ! ,atman1 !re mu/ be hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ,atmans1 among :i* !re w\ld be z _m conflicts & di/urbances z !re are ma/]s liv+ 9 ! "o 7h\se (7 body4 ,z !re exi/s no body nor m9d sep>at$ f ^! ?+s1 "o c nev] f9d ! ,atman1 ev5 if he seeks = x ov] & ov] aga94 ,h]eupon anyone und]/&s t ?is life 7( ours7 is no m ?an ! tempor>y union ( num]\s elem5ts 7m5tal & physical74 ,orig9ally !re is no ,atman to di/+ui% "o be+ f ano!r4 ,= ^: sake1 !n1 %\ld he be lu/ful or angry8 ,= ^: sake %\ld he take life1,,fn#cej or commit !ft1 or give alms1 or keep precepts8 7,?us ?9k+7 at l5g? he sets 8 m9d free f ! virtues & vices subject$ to ! passions,,fn#cea ( ! ,?ree ,worlds1 & abides 9 ! discrim9ative insight into 7! nature (7 ! ,anatman,,fn#ceb only4 ,by means ( t discrim9ative insight he makes himself pure f lu/1 & ! o!r 7two passions7 puts an end to v>i\s sorts ( ,k>ma1 & realizes ! ,bhutata?ata,,fn#cec ( ,anatman4 ,9 brief1 he atta9s to ! ,/ate ( ,arhat1,,fn#ced has 8 body r$uc$ to a%es1 8 intellig5ce annihilat$1 & entirely gets rid ( suff]+s4 ,,fn#cej ,a4 ',he und]/&s ! tru? ( mis]y4' ,! tru? ( ,duhkha1 or mis]y1 is ! fir/ ( ! f\r ,noble ,satyas1 or ,tru?s1 t ought to be realiz$ by ! ,h9ayani/s4 ,accord+ to ! ,h9ayana doctr9e1 mis]y is a necess>y concomitant ( s5ti5t life4' ,,fn#cea ,a4 ',he de/roys ,samudaya4' ,! tru? ( ,samudaya1 or accumulation1 ! second ( ! f\r ,satyas1 means t mis]y is accumulat$ or produc$ by passions4 ,?is tru? %\ld be realiz$ by ! removal ( passions4 ,,fn#ceb ,a4 ',?is is ! tru? ( ,m>ga4' ,! tru? ( ,m>ga1 or ,pa?1 is ! f\r? ( ! f\r ,satyas4 ,!re are ! eight "r ,pa?s t lead to ! ext9ction ( passions2 7#a7 ,"r view 7to disc]n tru?71 7#b7 "r ?\ght 7or purity ( w & ?\ght71 7#c7 "r spee* 7free f nons5se & errors71 7#d7 "r action1 7#e7 "r dilig5ce1 7#f7 "r m$itation1 7#g7 "r memory1 7#h7 "r livelihood4 ,,fn#cec ,a4 ',?is is ! tru? ( ,nirodha4' ,nirodha1 or de/ruction1 ! ?ird ( ! f\r ,satyas1 means ! ext9ction ( passions4 ,bhutata?ati ( ,anatman means ! tru? ( ! non exi/5ce ( ,atma or s\l1 & is ! aim & end ( ! ,h9ayani/ philosophy4 ,,fn#ced ,arhat1 ! ,kill] ( ?ieves 7i4e41 passions71 means "o :o conqu]$ 8 passions4 ,x means1 secondly1 "o :o is exempt$ f bir?1 or "o :o is free f transmigration4 ,?irdly1 x means "o des]v+ wor%ip4 ,s ! ,arhat is ! highe/ sage :o has atta9$ to ,nirvana by ! de/ruction ( all passions4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ?is s*ool ! two aggregates1 mat]ial & spiritual1 toge!r ) lu/1 ang]1 & folly1 are ! orig9 ( ourselves & ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,!re exi/s no?+ else1 ei!r 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! future1 t c be reg>d$ z ! orig94 ,n[ let u say 7a few words7 by way ( refutation4 ,t :i* 7always7 /&s z ! orig9 ( life1 bir? aft] bir?1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 %\ld exi/ by itself )\t cessation4 ,yet ! ,five ,vijnyanas,,fn#cee cease to p]=m _! functions :5 !y lack prop] conditions1 7:ile7 ! ,mano-vijnyana,,fn#cef is lo/ at times 79 unconsci\sness74 ,!re are none ( ^? f\r 7mat]ial7 elem5ts 9 ! heav5ly worlds ( ,arupa4 ,h[1 !n1 is life su/a9$ !re & kept up 9 cont9u\s bir? aft] bir?8 ,!re=e we "k t ^? :o devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ?is doctr9e also _c trace life to its orig94 ,,fn#cee ,a4 ',! conditions are ! ,indriyas & ! ,visayas1 etc4' ,indriyas are organs ( s5se1 & ,visayas are objects on :i* ! s5se acts4 ,five ,vijnyanas are--7#a7 ,! s5se ( sight1 7#b7 ! s5se ( he>+1 7#c7 ! s5se ( smell1 7#d7 ! s5se ( ta/e1 7#e7 ! s5se ( t\*4 ,,fn#cef ,mano-vijnyana is ! m9d itself1 & ! la/ ( ! six ,vijnyanas ( ! ,h9ayana doctr9e4 ,a4 '7,= in/ance71 9 a /ate ( trance1 9 deep slumb]1 9 ,nirodha-samapatti 7:]e no ?\ght exi/s71 9 ,asamjnyi-samapatti 79 :i* no consci\sness exi/s71 & 9 ,avrhaloka 7! ?irte5? ( ,brahmalokas74 #c4 ,! ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ,dh>malaksana4,,fn#ceg ,?is doctr9e tells u t f "t immemorial all s5ti5t be+s naturally h eight diff]5t ,vijnyanas,,fn#ceh & ! eigh?1 ,alaya-vijnyana1,,fn#cei is ! orig9 ( !m4 7,t is71 ! ,alaya sudd5ly br+s =? ! 'se$s',,fn#cfj ( liv+ be+s & ( ! _w 9 :i* !y live1 & ?r\gh trans=mation gives rise to ! sev5 ,vijnyanas4 ,ea* ( !m causes ext]nal objects on :i* x acts to take =m & appe>4 ,9 reality !re is no?+ ext]nally exi/5t4 ,h[1 !n1 does ,alaya give rise to !m ?r\gh trans=mation8 ,because1 z ?is doctr9e tells u1 we habitually =m ! errone\s idea t ,atman & ext]nal objects exi/ 9 reality1 & x acts ^u ,alaya & leaves its impressions,,fn#cfa !re4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,vijnyanas are awak5$1 ^! impressions 7or ! se$-ideas7 trans=m & pres5t !mselves 7be=e ! m9d's eye7 ,atman & ext]nal objects4 ,,fn#ceg ,?is s*ool /udies 9 ! ma9 ! nature ( ?+s 7,dh>ma71 & 0 s nam$4 ,! doctr9e is bas$ on ,avatamsaka-sutra & ,samdhi-nirmocana-sutra1 & 0 sy/ematiz$ by ,asamga & ,vasu-b&hu4 ,! latt]'s book1 ,vidyamatra-siddhi-ca/ra-k>ika1 is held to be ! be/ au?oritative "w ( ! s*ool4 ,,fn#ceh 7#a7 ,! s5se ( sight2 7#b7 ! s5se ( he>+2 7#c7 ! s5se ( smell2 7#d7 ! s5se ( ta/e2 7#e7 ! s5se ( t\*2 7#f7 ,mano-vijnyana 7lit41 m9d-k71 or ! p]ceptive faculty2 7#g7 ,kli/a-mano-vijnyana 7lit41 soil$-m9d-k71 or an introspective faculty2 7#h7 ,alaya-vijnyana 7lit41 receptacle-k71 or ultimate-m9d-sub/ance4 ,,fn#cei ,! fir/ sev5 ,vijnyanas dep5d on ! ,alaya1 :i* is said to hold all ! 'se$s' ( physical & m5tal objects4 ,,fn#cfj ,?is s*ool is an extreme =m ( ,idealism1 & ma9ta9s t no?+ sep>at$ f ! ,alaya c exi/ ext]nally4 ,! m9d-sub/ance1 f ! fir/1 holds ! se$ ideas ( ev]y?+1 & !y seem to ! non-enlight5$ m9d to be ! ext]nal univ]se1 b are no o!r ?an ! trans=mation ( ! se$-ideas4 ,! five s5ses1 & ! ,mano-vijnyana act+ on !m1 take !m = ext]nal objects really exi/5t1 :ile ! sev5? ,vijnyana mi/akes ! eigh? = ,atman4 ,,fn#cfa ,! non-enlight5$ m9d1 habitually ?9k+ t ,atman & ext]nal objects exi/1 leaves ! impression ( ! se$-ideas on its own ,alaya4 ,!n ! six? & ! sev5?,,fn#cfb ,vijnyana veil$ ) ,avidya1 dwell+ on !m1 mi/ake !m = real ,atman & ! real ext]nal objects4 ,?is 7error7 may be comp>$ ) "o diseas$,,fn#cfc 9 ! eye1 :o imag9es t he sees v>i\s ?+s 7float+ 9 ! air7 on acc\nt ( 8 illness2 or ) a dream],,fn#cfd ^: fanciful ?\ghts assume v>i\s =ms ( ext]nal objects1 & pres5t !mselves be=e him4 ,:ile 9 ! dream he fancies t !re exi/ ext]nal objects 9 reality1 b on awak5+ he f9ds t !y are no?+ o!r ?an ! trans=mation ( 8 dream+ ?\ghts4 ,,fn#cfb ,avidya1 or ignorance1 :i* mi/akes ! illusory ph5om5a = realities4 ,,fn#cfc ,a4 ',a p]son ) a s]i\s disease sees ! vision ( /range col\rs1 m51 & ?+s 9 8 trance4' ,,fn#cfd ,a4 ',t a dream] fancies he sees ?+s is well kn[n to ev]ybody4' ,s are our lives4 ,!y are no o!r ?an ! trans=mation ( ! ,vijnyanas2 b 9 consequ5ce ( illusion1 we take !m = ! ,atman & ext]nal objects exi/+ 9 reality4 ,f ^! errone\s ideas arise delusive ?\ghts t lead to ! production ( ,k>ma2 h5ce ! r\nd-( rebir? to "t )\t end4,,fn#cfe ,:5 we und]/& ^! reasons1 we c realize ! fact t our lives are no?+ b trans=mations ( ! ,vijnyanas1 & t ! 7eigh?7 ,vijnyana is ! orig94,,fn#cff ,,fn#cfe ,a4 ',z x 0 detail$ above4' ,,fn#cff ,a4 ',an imp]fect doctr9e1 :i* is refut$ lat]4' #d4 ,mahayana ,doctr9e ( ! ,nihili/s4 ,?is doctr9e disproves 7bo?7 ! ,mahayana & ! ,h9ayana doctr9es above m5tion$ t adh]e to ,dh>ma-laksana1 & sugge/ively discloses ! tru? ( ,transc5d5tal ,reality :i* is to be treat$ lat]4,,fn#cfg ,let me /ate1 fir/ ( all1 :at x w\ld say 9 ! refutation ( ,dh>ma-laksana4 ,,fn#cfg ,a4 ,! nihili/ic doctr9e is /at$ n only 9 ! v>i\s ,prajnya-sutras 7! books hav+ ,prajnya-p>amita 9 _! titles71 b also 9 almo/ all ,mahayana sutras4 ,! above-m5tion$ ?ree doctr9es 7 prea*$ 7by ! ,buddha7 9 ! ?ree successive p]iods4 ,b ?is doctr9e 0 n prea*$ at any p>ticul> p]iod2 x 0 int5d$ to de/roy at any "t ! atta*m5t to ! ph5om5al objects4 ,!re=e ,nag>juna tells u t !re are two sorts ( ,prajnyas1 ! ,common & ! ,special4 ,! ravakas 7lit41 he>]s7 & ! ,pratyekabuddhas 7lit41 s+ly enlight5$ ones71 or ! ,h9ayani/s1 c\ld he> & believe 91 ) ! ,bodhisattvas or ! ,mahayani/s1 ! ,common ,prajnya1 z x 0 int5d$ to de/roy _! atta*m5t to ! ext]nal objects4 ,bodhisattvas alone c\ld und]/& ! ,special ,prajnya1 z x secretly reveal$ ! ,buddha nature1 or ! ,absolute4 ,ea* ( ! two great ,indian tea*]s1 ilabhadra & ,jnyanaprabha1 divid$ ! :ole tea*+s ( ! ,buddha into ?ree p]iods4 7,accord+ to ilabhadra1 ,a4,d4 #fbe1 tea*] ( ,hiu5 ,tsang1 ! ,buddha fir/ prea*$ ! doctr9e ( 'exi/5ce' to ! effect t e liv+ be+ is unreal1 b ?+s are real4 ,all ! ,h9ayana sutras belong to ?is p]iod4 ,next ! ,buddha prea*$ ! doctr9e ( ! middle pa?1 9 ,samdhi-nirmocana-sutra & o!rs1 to ! effect t all ! ph5om5al univ]se is unreal1 b t ! m5tal sub/ance is real4 ,accord+ to ,jnyanaprabha1 ! ,buddha fir/ prea*$ ! doctr9e ( exi/5ce1 next t ( ! exi/5ce ( m5tal sub/ance1 & la/ly t ( unreality47 ,"o says ! doctr9e ( unreality 0 prea*$ be=e t ( ,dh>ma-laksana1 :ile ! o!rs say x 0 prea*$ aft]4 ,"h ,i adopt ! latt]s' op9ion4 ,if ! ext]nal objects :i* are trans=m$ are unreal1 h[ c ! ,vijnyana1 ! trans=m]1 be real8 ,if y say ! latt] is really exi/5t1 b n ! =m]1,,fn#cfh !n 7y assume t7 ! dream+ m9d 7:i* is comp>$ ) ,alaya-vijnyana7 is entirely diff]5t f ! objects se5 9 ! dream 7:i* are comp>$ ) ext]nal objects74 ,if !y are entirely diff]5t1 y ought n to id5tify ! dream ) ! ?+s dream$1 nor to id5tify ! ?+s dream$ ) ! dream itself4 ,9 o!r words1 !y ought to h sep>ate exi/5ces4 7,&7 :5 y awake y\r dream may disappe>1 b ! ?+s dream$ w\ld rema94 ,,fn#cfh ,a4 ',9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ,i refute x1 mak+ use ( ! simile ( ! dream4' ,aga91 if 7y say7 t ! ?+s dream$ are n id5tical ) ! dream1 !n !y w\ld be really exi/5t ?+s4 ,if ! dream is n ! same z ! ?+s dream$1 9 :at o!r =m does x appe> to y8 ,!re=e y mu/ ackn[l$ge t !re is e reason to believe t bo? ! dream+ m9d & ! ?+s dream$ are equally unreal1 & t no?+ exi/s 9 reality1 ?\gh x seems to y z if !re 7 a se]1 & a se51 9 a dream4 ,?us ^? ,vijnyanas also w\ld be unreal1 because all ( !m are n self-exi/5t realities1 _! exi/5ce be+ tempor>y1 & dep5d5t ^u v>i\s conditions4 ,!re is no?+1 7! au?or (7 ,madhyamika-ca/ra,,fn#cfi says1 t ev] came into exi/5ce )\t direct & indirect causes4 ,!re=e !re is any?+ t is n unreal 9 ! _w4 ,he says aga93 ,?+s produc$ ?r\gh direct & indirect causes ,i decl>e to be ! v ?+s :i* are unreal4 7,! au?or (7 ,craddhotdada-ca/ra,,fn#cgj says3 ,all ?+s 9 ! univ]se pres5t !mselves 9 diff]5t =ms only on acc\nt ( false ideas4 ,if sep>at$ f ! 7false7 ideas & ?\ghts1 no =ms ( ^? ext]nal objects exi/4 ,all ! physical =ms 7ascrib$ to ,buddha71 says 7! au?or (7 a sutra1,,fn#cga are false & unreal4 ,! be+s t transc5d all =ms are call$ ,buddhas4,,fn#cgb ,consequ5tly y mu/ ackn[l$ge t m9d z well z ext]nal objects are unreal4 ,?is is ! et]nal tru? ( ! ,mahayana doctr9e4 ,we are driv5 to ! conclusion t unreality is ! orig9 ( life1 if we trace x back accord+ to ?is doctr9e4 ,,fn#cfi ,! pr9cipal textbook ( ! ,madhyamika ,s*ool1 by ,nag>juna & ,nilanetra1 translat$ into ,*9ese 7,a4,d4 #dji7 by ,kum>ajiva4 ,,fn#cgj ,a well-kn[n ,mahayana book ascrib$ to ,acvaghosa1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,p>am>?a4 ,!re exi/s an ,engli% translation by ,d4 ,suzuki4 ,,fn#cga ,vajrac*$ha-prajnya-p>amita-sutra1 ( :i* !re exi/ ?ree ,*9ese translations4 ,,fn#cgb ,a4 ',simil> passages are f\nd 9 e book ( ! ,mahayana ,tripitaka4' ,n[ let u say 7a few words7 to refute ?is doctr9e also4 ,if m9d z well z ext]nal objects be unreal1 :o is x t kn[s !y are s8 ,aga91 if !re be no?+ real 9 ! univ]se1 :at is x t causes unreal objects to appe>8 ,we /& witness to ! fact !re is no "o ( ! unreal ?+s on e>? t is n made to appe> by some?+ real4 ,if !re be no wat] ( un*ang+ fluidity1,,fn#cgc h[ c !re be ! unreal & tempor>y =ms ( waves8 ,if !re be no un*ang+ mirror1 bright & clean1 h[ c !re be v>i\s images1 unreal & tempor>y1 reflect$ 9 x8 ,x is true 9 soo? t ! dream+ m9d z well z ! ?+s dream$1 z said above1 are equally unreal1 b does n t unreal dream necess>ily presuppose ! exi/5ce ( "s 7real7 sleep]s8 ,,fn#cgc ,! ,absolute is comp>$ ) ! ocean1 & ! ph5om5al univ]se ) ! waves4 ,n[1 if bo? m9d & ext]nal objects1 z decl>$ above1 be no?+ at all1 no- "o c tell :at x is t causes ^! unreal appe>ances4 ,!re=e ?is doctr9e1 we "k1 simply s]ves to refute ! errone\s !ory held by ^? :o are passionately atta*$ to ,dh>ma-laksana1 b nev] cle>ly discloses spiritual ,reality4 ,s t ,mahabh]i-h>akap>iv>ta-sutra,,fn#cgd says z foll[s3 ,all ! sutras t tea* ! unreality ( ?+s belong to an imp]fect doctr9e 7( ! ,buddha74 ,mahaprajnya-p>amita-sutra,,fn#cge says3 ,! doctr9e ( unreality is ! fir/ entrance-gate to ,mahayanism4 ,,fn#cgd ,! book 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,gunabhadra1 ,a4,d4 #dbj-dgi4 ,,fn#cge ,?is is n ! direct quotation f ! sutra translat$ by ,hiu5 ,tsang4 ,! words are f\nd 9 ,mahaprajnya-p>amita-sutra1 ! comm5t>y on ! sutra by ,nag>juna4 ,:5 ! above-m5tion$ f\r doctr9es are comp>$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! ord] ( succession1 ea* is m pr(\nd ?an ! prec$+4 ,!y are call$ ! sup]ficial1 provid$ t ! foll[]1 le>n+ !m a %ort :ile1 kn[s !m by himself to be imp]fect2 7b7 if he adh]es to !m z p]fect1 ^! same 7doctr9es7 are call$ incomplete4 ,!y are 7?us7 said to be sup]ficial & incomplete ) reg>d to ! foll[]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,direct ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,real ,,orig9,,fn#cgf #e4 ,! ,ekayana ,doctr9e t ,tea*es ! ,ultimate ,reality4 ,?is doctr9e tea*es u t all s5ti5t be+s h ! ,real ,_s,,fn#cgg ( ,orig9al ,enlight5m5t 7)9 !mselves74 ,f "t immemorial x is un*ang+ & pure4 ,x is et]nally bright1 & cle>1 & consci\s4 ,x is also nam$ ! ,buddha-nature1 or ,ta?agata-g>bha4,,fn#cgh ,z x is1 h[ev]1 veil$ by illusion f "t )\t beg9n+1 7s5ti5t be+s7 are n consci\s ( its exi/5ce1 & ?9k t ! nature )9 !mselves are deg5]at$4 ,consequ5tly !y are giv5 to bodily pleasures1 & produc+ ,k>ma1 suff] f bir? & dea?4 ,! great ,enlight5$ ,"o1 hav+ compassion on !m1 taught t ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se is unreal4 ,he po9t$ out t ! ,real ,_s ( ,my/]i\s ,enlight5m5t 7)9 !m7 is pure & exactly ! same z t ( ,buddha4 ,!re=e he says 9 ,avatamsaka-sutra,,fn#cgi3 ,!re are no s5ti5t be+s1 ! *ildr5 ( ,buddha1 :o are n end[$ ) wisdom ( ,ta?agata2,,fn#chj b !y _c atta9 to ,enlight5m5t simply because ( illusion & atta*m5t4 ,:5 !y are free f illusion1 ! ,univ]sal ,intellig5ce1,,fn#cha ! ,natural ,intellig5ce1,,fn#chb ! ,unimp$$ ,intellig5ce1,,fn#chc w be disclos$ 79 _! m9ds74 ,,fn#cgf ,a4 ',! p]fect doctr9e1 9 :i* et]nal tru? is taught by ! ,buddha4' ,,fn#cgg ,! ultimate reality is conceiv$ by ! ,mahayani/ z an entity self-exi/5t1 omnipres5t1 spiritual1 imp]sonal1 free f all illusions4 ,x may be reg>d$ z some?+ l ! univ]sal & enlight5$ s\l4 ,,fn#cgh ,ta?agata's womb1 ,ta?agata be+ ano!r "n = ,buddha4 ,,fn#cgi ,! book 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,buddhabhadra1 ,a4,d4 #dah-dbj4 ,,fn#chj ,! highe/ epi!t ( ! ,buddha1 mean+ "o :o comes into ! _w l ! com+ ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,,fn#cha ,! all-kn[+ wisdom t is acquir$ by ,enlight5m5t4 ,,fn#chb ,! inborn wisdom ( ! ,orig9al ,enlight5m5t4 ,,fn#chc ,! wisdom t is acquir$ by ! union ( ,enlight5m5t ) ! ,orig9al ,enlight5m5t4 ,!n he tells a p>able ( a s+le gra9 ( m9ute du/,,fn#chd conta9+ l>ge volumes ( ,sutra1 equal 9 dim5sion ( ! ,great ,*iliocosmos4,,fn#che ,! gra9 is comp>$ ) a s5ti5t be+1 & ! ,sutra ) ! wisdom ( ,buddha4 ,aga9 he says lat]3,,fn#chf ,once ,ta?agata1 hav+ obs]v$ e sort ( s5ti5t be+s all ov] ! univ]se1 said z foll[s3 ',wond]ful1 h[ wond]ful6 ,t ^! v>i\s s5ti5t be+s1 end[$ ) ! wisdom ( ,ta?agata1 are n consci\s ( x because ( _! errors & illusions6 ,i %all tea* !m ! sacr$ tru? & make !m free f illusion = ev]4 ,i %all 7?us7 enable !m to f9d by !mselves ! ,great ,wisdom ( ,ta?aga?a )9 !m & make !m equal to ,buddha4' ,,fn#chd ,"o ( ! fam\s p>ables 9 ! sutra4 ,,fn#che ,accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 "o univ]se comprises "o sun1 "o moon1 "o c5tral m\nta9 or ,sum]u1 f\r cont95ts1 etc4 ,"o ?\s& ( ^! univ]ses =m ! ,small ,?\s& ,worlds2 "o ?\s& ( ! ,small ,?\s& ,worlds =m ! ,middle ,?\s& ,worlds2 & ! ,great ,?\s& ,worlds1 or ,great ,*iliocosmos1 comprises "o ?\s& ( ! ,middle ,?\s& ,worlds4 ,,fn#chf ,?is is n an exact quotation ( ! sutra4 ,let me say 7a few words7 ab\t ?is doctr9e by way ( criticism4 ,s _m ,kalpas we sp5t nev] meet+ ) ?is true doctr9e1 & knew n h[ to trace our life back to its orig94 ,hav+ be5 atta*$ to no?+ b ! unreal outw>d =ms1 we will+ly ackn[l$g$ ourselves to be a common h]d ( l[ly be+s4 ,"s reg>d$ !mselves z bea/s1 7:ile7 o!rs z m54 ,b n[1 trac+ life to its orig9 accord+ to ! highe/ doctr9e1 we h fully und]/ood t we ourselves 7 orig9ally ,buddhas4 ,!re=e we %\ld act 9 con=mity to ,buddha's 7action71 & keep our m9d 9 h>mony ) 84 ,lot u betake ourselves once m to ! s\rce ( ,enlight5$ ,_s1 re/or+ ourselves to ! orig9al ,buddhahood4 ,let u cut (f ! bond ( atta*m5t1 & remove ! illusion t common p are habitually giv5 to4 ,illusion be+ de/roy$1,,fn#chg ! w to de/roy x is also remov$1 & at la/ !re rema9s no?+ to be done 7except complete peace & joy74 ,?is naturally results 9 ,enlight5m5t1 ^: practical uses are z innum]able z ! gra9s ( s& 9 ! ,ganges4 ,?is /ate is call$ ,buddhahood4 ,we %\ld "k t ! illusory z well z ! ,enlight5$ are orig9ally ( "o & ! same ,real ,_s4 ,h[ great1 h[ excell5t1 is ! doctr9e t traces man to su* an orig96,,fn#chh ,,fn#chg ,! passage occurs 9 ,tao ,teh ,k+4 ,,fn#chh ,a4 ',al?\gh all ( ! above-m5tion$ five doctr9es 7 prea*$ by ! ,buddha ,himself1 yet !re are "s t belong to ! ,sudd51 :ile o!rs to ! ,gradual1 ,tea*+s4 ,if !re 7 p]sons ( ! middle or ! l[e/ grade ( und]/&+1 ,he fir/ taught ! mo/ sup]ficial doctr9e1 !n ! less sup]ficial1 & ,gradually l$ !m up to ! pr(\nd4 ,at ! outset ( ,8 c>e] z a tea*] ,he prea*$ ! fir/ doctr9e to enable !m to give up evil & abide by good2 next ,he prea*$ ! second & ! ?ird doctr9e t !y might remove ! ,pollution & atta9 to ! ,purity2 &1 la/ly1 ,he prea*$ ! f\r? & ! fif? doctr9e to de/roy _! atta*m5t to unreal =ms1 & to %[ ! ,ultimate ,reality4 7,?us7 ,he r$uc$ 7all7 ! tempor>y doctr9es into ! et]nal "o1 & taught !m h[ to practise ! ,law accord+ to ! et]nal & atta9 to ,buddhahood4 ',if !re is a p]son ( ! highe/ grade ( und]/&+1 he may fir/ ( all le>n ! mo/ pr(\nd1 next ! less pr(\nd1 &1 la/ly1 ! mo/ sup]ficial doctr9e-t is1 he may at ! outset come ,sudd5ly to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,"o ,reality ( ,true ,_s1 z x is taught 9 ! fif? doctr9e4 ,:5 ! ,spiritual ,reality is disclos$ be=e 8 m9d's eye1 he may naturally see t x orig9ally transc5ds all appe>ances :i* are unreal1 & t unrealities appe> on acc\nt ( illusion1 _! exi/5ce dep5d+ on ,reality4 ,!n he mu/ give up evil1 practise good1 put away unrealities by ! wisdom ( ,enlight5m5t1 & r$uce !m to ,reality4 ,:5 unrealities are all gone1 & ,reality alone rema9s complete1 he is call$ ! ,dh>ma-kaya-,buddha4' ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,reconciliation ,,( ,,! ,,tempor>y ,,) ,,! ,,real ,,doctr9e,,fn#chi ,,ev5 if ,reality is ! orig9 ( life1 !re mu/ be 9 all probability "s causes = its com+ into exi/5ce1 z x _c sudd5ly assume ! =m ( body by accid5t4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h refut$ ! fir/ f\r doctr9es1 m]ely because !y are imp]fect1 & 9 ?is *apt] ,i %all reconcile ! tempor>y ) ! et]nal doctr9e4 ,9 %ort1 ,i %all %[ t ev5 ,confucianism is 9 ! "r4,,fn#cij ,t is to say1 f ! beg9n+ !re exi/s ,reality 7)9 all be+s71 :i* is "o & spiritual4 ,x c nev] be creat$ nor de/roy$4 ,x does n increase nor decrease itself4 ,x is subject to nei!r *ange nor decay4 ,s5ti5t be+s1 slumb]+ 9 7! night (7 illusion f "t immemorial1 are n consci\s ( its exi/5ce4 ,z x is hidd5 & veil$1 x is nam$ ,ta?agata-g>bha4,,fn#cia ,on ?is ,ta?agata-g>bha ! m5tal ph5om5a t are subject to gr[? & decay dep5d4 ,real ,_s1 z is /at$ 79 ! ,acvaghosa's a/ra71 t transc5ds creation & de/ruction1 is unit$ ) illusion1 :i* is subject to creation & de/ruction2 & ! "o is n absolutely ! same z nor diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,?is union 7) illusion7 has ! two sides ( enlight5m5t & non -enlight5m5t1' & is call$ ,alaya-vijnyana4 ,because ( non-enlight5m5t1,,fn#cib x fir/ ar\ses itself1 & =ms "s ideas4 ,?is activity ( ! ,vijnyana is nam$ '! /ate ( ,k>ma4,,fn#cic ,fur!rmore1 s9ce "o does n und]/& t ^! ideas are unreal f ! beg9n+1 !y trans=m !mselves into ! subject 7)97 & ! object 7)\t71 into ! se] & ! se54 ,"o is at a loss h[ to und]/& t ^! ext]nal objects are no m ?an ! creation ( 8 own delusive m9d1 & believes !m to be really exi/5t4 ,?is is call$ ! errone\s belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects4,,fn#cid ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! errone\s beliefs1 he di/+ui%es ,self & non-self1 & at la/ =ms ! errone\s belief ( ,atman4 ,s9ce he is atta*$ to ! =m ( ! ,self1 he ye>ns aft] v>i\s objects agreeable to ! s5se = ! sake ( ! good ( 8 ,self4 ,he is (f5d$1 7h[ev]71 ) v>i\s disagreeable objects1 & is afraid ( ! injuries & tr\bles :i* !y br+ on him4 7,?us7 8 fooli% passions,,fn#cie are /r5g!n$ /ep by /ep4 ,,fn#chi ,a4 ',! doctr9es refut$ above are reconcil$ ) ! real doctr9e 9 ?is *apt]4 ,!y are all 9 ! "r 9 _! po9t+ to ! true orig94' ,,fn#cij ,a4 ',! fir/ section /ates ! fif? doctr9e t reveals ! ,reality1 & ! /atem5ts 9 ! foll[+ sections are ! same z ! o!r doctr9es1 z %[n 9 ! notes4' ,,fn#cia ,a4 ',! foll[+ /atem5t is simil> to ! f\r? doctr9e expla9$ above 9 ! refutation ( ! ph5om5al exi/5ce subject to gr[? & decay4' ,comp>e raddhotpada-ca/ra4 ,,fn#cib ,a4 ',! foll[+ /atem5t is simil> to ! doctr9e ( ,dh>ma-laksana4' ,,fn#cic ,"h ,k>ma simply means an active /ate2 x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ,k>ma1 produc$ by actions4 ,,fn#cid ,a4 ',! foll[+ /atem5t is simil> to ! second doctr9e1 or ,h9ayanism4' ,,fn#cie ,a4 ',! foll[+ /atem5t is simil> to ! fir/ doctr9e = m5 & ,devas4' ,?us 7on "o h&7 ! s\ls ( ^? :o committ$ ! crimes ( kill+1 /eal+1 & s on1 are born1 by ! influ5ce ( ! bad ,k>ma1 9 hell1 or among ,pretas1 or among bea/s1 or else:]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\ls ( ^? :o1 be+ afraid ( su* suff]+s1 or be+ good-natur$1 gave alms1 kept precepts1 & s on1 und]go ,ant>abhava,,fn#cif by ! influ5ce ( ! good ,kh>ma1 ent] into ! womb ( _! mo!rs4,,fn#cig ,,fn#cif ,! spiritual exi/5ce betwe5 ?is & ano!r life4 ,,fn#cig ,a4 ',! foll[+ /atem5t is simil> to ,confucianism & ,taoism4' ,!re !y are end[$ ) ! 7s-call$7 ,gas1 or mat]ial 7= body74,,fn#cih ,! ,gas fir/ consi/s ( f\r elem5ts,,fn#cii & x gradually =ms v>i\s s5se-organs4 ,! m9d fir/ consi/s ( ! f\r aggregates1,,fn#djj & x gradually =ms v>i\s ,vijnyanas4 ,aft] ! :ole c\rse ( t5 mon?s !y are born & call$ m54 ,^! are our pres5t bodies & m9ds4 ,!re=e we mu/ "k t body & m9d has ea* its own orig91 & t ! two1 be+ unit$1 =m "o human be+4 ,!y are born among ,devas & ,asuras1 & s on 9 a mann] almo/ simil> to ?is4 ,,fn#cih ,a4 ',?is h>monizes ) ! outside op9ion t ,gas is ! orig94' ,,fn#cii 7#a7 ,e>?1 7#b7 wat]1 7#c7 fire1 7#d7 air4 ,,fn#djj 7#a7 ,p]ception1 7#b7 consci\sness1 7#c7 conception1 7#d7 k4 ,?\gh we are born among m5 by virtue ( '! g5]aliz+ ,k>ma1',,fn#dja yet1 by ! influ5ce ( '! p>ticul>iz+ ,k>ma1',,fn#djb "s are plac$ 9 a high rank1 :ile o!rs 9 a l[2 "s are poor1 :ile o!rs ri*2 "s enjoy a long life1 :ile o!rs die 9 y\?2 "s are sickly1 :ile o!rs heal?y2 "s are ris+1 :ile o!rs are fall+2 "s suff] f pa9s1 :ile o!rs enjoy pleasures4 ,= in/ance1 rev]5ce or indol5ce 9 ! previ\s exi/5ce1 work+ z ! cause1 br+s =? high bir? or l[ 9 ! pres5t z ! effect4 ,s also b5evol5ce 9 ! pa/ results 9 long life 9 ! pres5t2 ! tak+ ( life1 a %ort life2 ! giv+ ( alms1 ri*ness1 mis]l9ess1 ,pov]ty4 ,!re are s _m p>ticul> cases ( retribution t _c be m5tion$ 9 detail4 ,h5ce !re are "s :o happ5 to be un=tunate1 do+ no evil1 :ile o!rs =tunate1 do+ no good 9 ! pres5t life4 ,s also "s enjoy a long life1 9 spite ( _! inhuman conduct2 :ile o!rs die "y1 9 spite ( _! tak+ no life1 & s =?4 ,z all ?is is pr$e/9at$ by '! p>ticul>iz+ ,k>ma' produc$ 9 ! pa/1 x w\ld seem to occur naturally1 q indep5d5t ( "o's actions 9 ! pres5t life4 ,outside s*ol>s ignorant ( ! previ\s exi/5ces1 rely+ simply on _! obs]vations1 believe x to be no?+ m ?an natural4,,fn#djc ,,fn#dja ,! ,k>ma t det]m9es diff]5t classes ( be+s1 su* z m51 bea/s1 ,pretas1 etc4 ,,fn#djb ,! ,k>ma t det]m9es ! p>ticul> /ate ( an individual 9 ! _w4 ,,fn#djc ,a4 ',?is h>monizes ) ! outside op9ion t ev]y?+ occurs naturally4' ,besides1 !re are "s :o cultivat$ virtues 9 ! e>li]1 & committ$ crimes 9 ! lat]1 /ages ( _! pa/ exi/5ces2 :ile o!rs 7 vici\s 9 y\?1 & virtu\s 9 old age4 ,9 consequ5ce1 "s are happy 9 y\?1 be+ ri* & noble1 b unhappy 9 old age1 be+ poor & l[ 9 ! pres5t life2 :ile o!rs lead poor & mis]able lives :5 "y1 b gr[ ri* & noble :5 old1 & s on4 ,h5ce outside s*ol>s come to believe t "o's prosp]ity or adv]sity m]ely dep5ds on a heav5ly decree4,,fn#djd ,,fn#djd ,a4 ',?is h>monizes ) ! outside op9ion t ev]y?+ dep5ds on provid5ce4' ,! body ) :i* man is end[$1 :5 trac$ /ep by /ep to its orig91 proves to be no?+ b "o primordial ,gas 9 its undevelop$ /ate4 ,& ! m9d ) :i* man ?9ks1 :5 trac$ /ep by /ep to its s\rce1 proves to be no?+ b ! ,"o ,real ,_s4 ,to tell ! tru?1 !re exi/s no?+ outside ( ,_s1 & ev5 ! ,primordial ,gas is also a mode ( x1 = x is "o ( ! ext]nal objects project$ by ! above-/at$ ,vijnyanas1 & is "o ( ! m5tal images ( ,alaya1 out ( ^: idea1 :5 x is 9 ! /ate ( ,k>ma1 come bo? ! subject & ! object4 ,z ! subject develop$ itself1 ! feebl] ideas gr[ /rong] /ep by /ep1 & =m errone\s beliefs t end 9 ! production ( ,k>ma4,,fn#dje ,simil>ly1 ! object increases 9 size1 ! f9] objects gr[ gradually gross]1 & gives rise to unreal ?+s t end 9 ! =mation,,fn#djf ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,:5 ,k>ma is ripe en\gh1 "o is end[$ by fa!r & "m ) sp]m & ovum1 :i*1 unit$ ) 8 consci\sness "u ! influ5ce ( ,k>ma1 completes a human =m4 ,,fn#dje ,a4 ',z above /at$4' ,,fn#djf ,a4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 accord+ to ! outside s*ool1 !re 0 '! great *angeabl5ess1' :i* und]w5t fivefold evolutions1 & br\ght out ! ,five ,pr9ciples4 ,out ( t ,pr9ciple1 :i* !y call ! ,great ,pa? ( ,nature1 came ! two subord9ate pr9ciples ( ! ,positive & ! ,negative4 ,!y seem to expla9 ! ,ultimate ,reality1 b ! ,pa?1 9 fact1 no m ?an ! 'p]ceiv+ division' ( ! ,alaya4 ,! s-call$ primordial ,gas seems to be ! fir/ idea 9 ! awak5+ ,alaya1 b x is a m]e ext]nal object4 ,accord+ to ?is view 7( ,dh>malaksana71 ?+s br\ght =? ?r\gh ! trans=mations ( ,alaya & ! o!r ,vijnyanas are divid$ into two p>ts2 "o "p 7rema9+71 unit$ ) ,alaya & ! o!r ,vijnyanas1 becomes man1 :ile ! o!r1 becom+ sep>at$ f !m1 becomes ,heav51 ,e>?1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 c\ntries1 & t[ns4 7,?us7 man is ! outcome ( ! union ( ! two2 ?is is ! reason :y he alone ( ! ,?ree ,p[]s is spiritual4 ,?is 0 taught by ! ,buddha,,fn#djg himself :5 he /at$ t !re exi/$ two diff]5t k9ds ( ! f\r elem5ts--! int]nal & ! ext]nal4 ,,fn#djg ,ratnakuta-sutra 7871 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,jnyanagupta4 ,alas6 ,o ye half-educat$ s*ol>s :o adh]e to imp]fect doctr9es1 ea* ( :i* conflicts ) ano!r6 ,ye t seek aft] tru?1 if ye w\ld atta9 to ,buddhahood1 cle>ly und]/& :i* is ! subtl] & :i* is ! gross] 7=m ( illusive ideas71 :i* is ! orig9ator & :i* is ! orig9at$4 7,!n7 give ye up ! orig9at$ & return ye to ! orig9ator1 & to reflect on ! ,_s1 ! ,s\rce 7( all74 ,:5 ! gross] is ext]m9at$ & ! subtl] remov$1 ! wond]ful wisdom ( _s is disclos$1 & no?+ is beyond its und]/&+4 ,?is is call$ ! ,dh>ma-sambhoga-kaya4 ,x c ( itself trans=m itself & appe> among m5 9 numb]less ways4 ,?is is call$ ! ,nirmana-kaya ( ,buddha4,,fn#djh ,,fn#djh ,e ,buddha has ?ree bodies3 7#a7 ,dh>ma-kaya1 or spiritual body2 7#b7 ,sambhoga-kaya1 or ! body ( comp5sation2 7#c7 ,nirmana-kaya1 or ! body capable ( trans=mation4 ,,! ,,end4