,thomas ,hariot    by ,henry ,stevens   
,redactor's note3 ,very little is known 
of ,thomas ,hariot2 his only  published 
works are the #8,briefe and true report'
 7,,pg#dbdg7 and the  posthumous        
#8,praxis'1 a handbook of algebra4 ,he  
anticipated the law of  refraction1     
corresponded with ,kepler1 observed     
comets1 and may have  been the first to 
recognize that the straight line paths  
of comets  might be segments of         
elongated ellipses4 ,the lost           
#8ephemera' referred  to in the text    
have since been found 7since #ahgf7 and 
a conference was  held in #aigj at the  
,university of ,delaware on the current 
state of  ,hariot research1 the         
proceedings of which have been published
 by the  ,oxford ,university ,press1    
where one may find a fairly current view
 of  the historical record4 ,due to the 
large number of quotations and early    
english typography1 the casual reader   
may find the #8html' version  easier to 
follow than the text version4           

,,thomas ,,hariot  ,,the ,,mathematician
  ,,the ,,philosopher ,,and  ,,the      
,,scholar  ,,developed  ,,chiefly       
,,from  ,,dormant ,,materials  ,,with   
,,notices ,,of ,,his ,,associates       
,,including ,,biographical ,,and        
,,bibliographical ,,disquisitions       
,,upon ,,the ,,materials ,,of ,,the     
,,history ,,of #8,,ould  ,,virginia'    
,,by ,,henry ,,stevens ,,of ,,vermont   
,,premonition    ,,when ,i ,,years ,,ago
 undertook among other enterprises to   
compile a sketch  of the life of        
,,thomas ,,hariot the first historian of
 the new found land  of ,virginia2 and  
to trace the gradual geographical       
development of that  country out of the 
unlimited #8,terra ,florida' of ,juan   
,ponce de ,leon1  through the ,french   
planting and the ,spanish rooting out of
 the ,huguenot  colony down to the      
successful foothold of the ,english in  
,wingandacoa  under ,raleigh's patent1  
,i little suspected either the extent of
 the  research ,i was drifting into1 or 

the success that awaited my             
investigations4    ,the results however 
are contained in this little volume1    
which has  expanded day by day from the 
original limit of fifty to above two    
hundred pages4 ,from a concise          
bibliographical essay the work has grown
  into a biography of a philosopher and 
man of science with extraordinary       
surroundings1 wherein the patient reader
 may trace the gradual  development of  
,virginia from the earliest time to     
#aehe 2 ,i especially1'  says ,strachey1
 ,i that which hath bene published by   
that true lover of  vertue and great    
learned professor of all arts and       
knowledges1 ,mr  ,hariots1 who lyved    
there in the tyme of the first colony1  
spake the  ,indian language1 searcht the
 country1' etc 2 ,hariot's nearly forty 
years' intimate connection with ,sir    
,walter ,raleigh2 his long close        
companionship with ,henry ,percy 2 his  
correspondence with ,kepler2 his        
participation in ,raleigh's ,history of 

the ,world2' his invention of the       
telescope and his consequent            
astronomical discoveries 2 his          
scientific  disciples 2 his many        
friendships and no foeships 2 his       
blameless life 2  his beautiful epitaph 
in ,st ,christopher's church1 and his   
long slumber  in the #8garden' of the   
,bank of ,england4    ,the little book  
is now submitted with considerable      
diffidence1 for in  endeavouring to     
extricate ,hariot from the confusion of 
historical  #8facts' into which he had  
fallen1 and to place him in the position
 to  which he is entitled by his great  
merits1 it is desirable to be clear1    
explicit and logical4 ,a decision of    
mankind of two centuries' standing1  as 
expressed in many dictionaries and      
encyclopaedias1 cannot be easily        
reversed without good contemporary      
evidence4 ,this ,i have endeavoured to  
produce4    ,referring to pages #aia and
 #aib the writer still craves the       
reader's  indulgence for the apparently 

irrelevant matter introduced1 as well as
  for the inartistic grouping of the    
many detached materials1 for reasons    
there given4    ,it ought perhaps to be 
stated here that the book necessarily   
includes  notices1 more or less         
elaborate1 of very many of ,hariot's    
friends1  associates and contemporaries1
 while others1 for want of space1 are   
mentioned little more than by name4     
,the lives of ,raleigh1 and ,henry      
,percy of ,northumberland1 ,prisoners in
  the ,tower1 seem to be inseparable    
from that of their ,fidus ,achates1 but 
,i have endeavoured to eliminate that of
 ,hariot as far as possible  without    
derogation to his patrons4 ,all the new 
documents mentioned have  their special 
value1 but too much importance cannot be
 attached to the  recovery of ,hariot's 
,will1 for it at once dispels a great   
deal of the  inference and conjecture   
that have so long beclouded his memory4 
,it  throws the bright electric light of
 to-day over his eminently  scholarly1  

scientific and philosophical ,life4 ,by 
this and the other  authorities given it
 is hoped to add a new star to the joint
  constellation of the honored ,worthies
 of ,england and ,america4              
,,henry ,,stevens of ,vermont           
,vermont ,house1 xiii ,upper ,avenue    
,road1            ,london1 ,n4,w4 ,april
 #aj #ahhe      ,,thomas ,,hariot  ,,and
 ,,his  ,,associates    #8chusing always
 rather to doe some thinge worth        
nothing than nothing att all4' ,sir     
,william ,lower  to ,hariot ,july #ai   
#afaa 7see p4 #ii7        ,to           
,,francis ,,parkman      ,,the          
,,historian and ,,trustie ,,friend      
,who ,forty ,years ago  ,when we were   
young ,students of ,history together    
,gave me a hand of his over the ,sea    
,,now  ,give ,i him this right hand of  
mine  with  ,ever grateful ,tribute to  
our life-long    ,,friendship           
,,morin      ,custos juris reimprimendi 
,caveat homo trium literarum      ,the  
touching ,dedication on the opposite    

page was penned by my father a  few     
months before his death on ,february    
#ah1 #ahhf4 ,i have thought it  best to 
leave it exactly as he had planned it1  
although now1 alas6 ,mr4  ,parkman is no
 longer with us4 ,let us hope the old   
friends may have  again joined hands    
beyond the unknown sea4-,h4 ,n4 ,s4     
,,explanatory    ,,in the year #ahgg the
 late ,mr4 ,henry ,stevens of ,vermont1 
under the  pseudonym of #8,mr4          
,secretary ,outis1' projected and       
initiated a literary  ,association      
entitled ,,the ,,hercules ,,club4 ,the  
following extracts from the  original   
prospectus of that year explain this    
platform3    ,the objects of this       
,association are literary1 social1      
antiquarian1  festive and historical 2  
and its aims are thoroughly independent 
research into the materials of early    
,anglo-,american history and            
literature4 ,the ,association is known  
as ,,the ,,hercules ,,club1 whose       
,eurystheus is ,historic ,truth and     

whose appointed labours are to clear    
this field for the historian of the     
future4    8,sinking the individual in  
the ,association the ,hercules ,club    
proposes  to scour the plain and        
endeavour to rid it of some of the many 
literary1 historical1 chronological1    
geographical and other monstrous        
errors1 hydras and public nuisances that
 infest it 4 4 4 4 ,very many  books1   
maps1 manuscripts and other materials   
relating alike to ,england  and to      
,america are well known to exist in     
various public and private  repositories
 on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,some  
unique are of the  highest rarity1 are  
of great historic value1 while others   
are difficult  of access1 if not wholly 
inaccessible1 to the general student4   
,it s  one of the purposes therefore of 
the ,hercules ,club to ferret out these 
materials1 collate1 edit and reproduce  
them with extreme accuracy1 but  not in 
facsimile4 ,the printing is to be in the
 best style of the  ,chiswick ,press4   

,the paper with the ,club's monogram in 
each leaf is made  expressly for the    
purpose04    ,the following ten works   
were selected as the first field of the 
,club's  investigations1 and to form the
 first series of its publications4      
#a4 ,waymouth 7,capt4 ,george7 ,voyage  
to ,north ,virginia in #afje4 ,by ,james
  ,rosier4 ,london1 #afje1 #d    #b4    
,sil4 ,jourdan's ,description of        
,barmuda4 ,london1 #afaj1 #d    #c4     
,lochinvar4 ,encouragements for such as 
shall have intention to bee             
,vndertakers in the new plantation of   
,cape ,breton1 now ,new ,galloway4      
,edinburgh1 #afbe1 #d    #d4 ,voyage    
into ,new ,england in #afbc-bd44 ,by    
,christopher ,levett4 ,london1  #afbh1  
#d    #e4 ,capt4 ,john ,smith's ,true   
,relation of such occurrences of ,noate 
as  hath hapned in ,virginia4 ,london1  
#afjh1 #d    #f4 ,gosnold's ,voyage to  
the ,north part of ,virginia in #afjb4  
,by ,john  ,brereton4 ,london1 #afjb1 #d
    #g4 ,a ,plain ,description of the   

,barmudas1 now called ,sommer ,islands4 
,london1 #afac1 #d    #h4 ,for the      
,colony in ,virginia ,brittania1 ,lavves
 ,divine ,morall and  ,martiall1 c4     
,london1 #afab1 #d    #i4 ,capt4 ,john  
,smith's ,description of ,new,england1  
#afl#d-ae1 map4 ,london1  #afaf1 #d     
#aj4 ,hariot 7,thomas7 ,briefe and true 
report of the new foundland of          
,virginia4 ,london1 #aehh1 #d    #8,mr4 
,secretary ,outis' undertook the task of
 seeing the reprints of the  original   
texts of these ten volumes through the  
,press1 and almost the  whole of this   
work he actually accomplished4    ,the  
co-operative objects of the             
,association1 however1 appear never to  
have been fully inaugurated1 although a 
large number of literary men1           
collectors1 societies and libraries     
entered their names as ,members of  the 
,club4 ,all were willing to give their  
pecuniary support as  subscribers to the
 ,club's publications1 but few offered  
the more  valuable aid of their literary

 assistance2 hence practically the whole
  of the editing also devolved upon ,mr4
 ,henry ,stevens4    ,he first took up  
,no4 #aj on the above list1 ,hariot's   
,virginia4 ,his long  and diligent study
 for the introduction thereto1 resulted 
in the  discovery of so much new and    
important matter relative to ,hariot and
  ,raleigh1 that it became necessary to 
embody it in the present separate       
volume1 as the maximum dimensions       
contemplated for the introduction to    
each work had been exceeded tenfold or  
more4    ,owing to ,mr4 ,stevens's      
failing health1 the cares of his        
business1 and  the continual discovery  
of fresh material1 it was not till #ahhe
 that  his investigations were          
completed1 although many sheets of the  
book had  been printed off from time to 
time as he progressed4 ,the whole of the
  text was actually printed off during  
his lifetime1 but unfortunately he  did 
not live to witness the publication of  
his work1 perhaps the most  historically

 important of any of his writings4      
,publication has since  been delayed for
 reasons explained hereinafter4    ,on  
the death of my father1 on ,february    
#bh1 #ahhf1 ,i found myself  appointed  
his literary executor1 and ,i have since
 devoted much time to  the arrangement1 
completion1 and publication of his      
various unfinished  works1 seeking the  
help of competent editors where         
necessary4    ,immediately after his    
decease ,i published his                
,recollections of ,mr4 ,james ,lenox of 
,new ,york1 and the formation of his    
,library1 a little volume which was most
 favourably received and ran  through   
several impressions4    ,in the same    
year ,i published ,the ,dawn of ,british
 ,trade to the ,east  ,indies as        
recorded in the ,court ,minutes of the  
,east ,india ,company4  ,this volume    
contained an account of the formation of
 the ,company and of  ,captain          
,waymouth's voyage to ,america in search
 of the ,north-west  passage to the     

,east ,indies4 ,the work was printed for
 the first time  from the original      
manuscript preserved in the ,india      
,office1 and the  introduction was      
written by ,sir ,george ,birdwood4      
,in #ahhh ,i issued ,johann ,schner1    
,professor of ,mathematics at           
,nuremberg4 ,a reproduction of his      
,globe of #aebc long lost1 his          
dedicatory letter to ,reymer von        
,streytperck1 and the ,de ,moluccis' of 
,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 with new   
translations and notes on the ,globe  by
 ,henry ,stevens of ,vermont1 edited1   
with an introduction and  bibliography1 
by ,c4 ,h4 ,coote1 of the ,british      
,museum4 ,this ,globe of  #aebc1 now    
generally known as ,schner's ,third     
,globe1 is marked by a  line            
representing the route of ,magellan's   
expedition in the first                 
circumnavigation of the earth2 and the  
facsimile of ,maximilianus's            
interesting account of that voyage1 with
 an ,english translation1 was           

consequently added to the volume4 ,mr4  
,coote1 in his introduction1 gives  a   
graphic account of many other early     
globes1 several of which are also       
reproduced in facsimile4 ,the whole     
volume was most carefully prepared1  and
 exhibits considerable originality both 
in the printing and binding1  ,mr4      
,henry ,stevens's own ideas having been 
faithfully carried out4    ,in #ahic ,i 
issued to the subscribers that elegant  
folio volume which my  father always    
considered as his magnum opus4 ,it was  
entitled ,the ,new  ,laws of the ,indies
 for the good treatment and preservation
 of the  ,indians1 promulgated by the   
,emperor ,charles the ,fifth1           
#aedb-aedc4 ,a  facsimile reprint of the
 original ,spanish edition1 together    
with a  literal translation into the    
,english language1 to which is prefixed 
an  historical introduction4 ,of the    
long introduction of ninety-four  pages1
 the first thirty-eight are from the pen
 of ,mr4 ,henry ,stevens1  the remainder

 from that of ,mr4 ,fred4 ,w4 ,lucas1   
whose diligent  researches into         
,american history are amply exemplified 
in his former  work1 ,appendiculae      
,historicae1 or shreds of history hung  
on a horn1  and in his recent work1 ,the
 ,annals of the ,voyages of the         
,brothers  ,zeno4    ,ever since #ahhf  
,i have from time to time unsuccessfully
 endeavoured to  enlist the services of 
various editors competent to complete   
the  projected eleven volumes of the    
,hercules ,club publications1 but after 
a  lapse of nearly fourteen years ,i    
have awakened to the fact that no       
actual progress has been made1 and that 
,i have secured nothing beyond  the     
vague promise of future assistance4 ,the
 field of editors capable of  this class
 of work being necessarily very limited1
 and death having  recently robbed me in
 the most promising case of even the    
slender hope  of future help1 ,i        
determined to ascertain for myself the  
exact position  of the work already     

done1 with the hope of bringing at least
 some of  the volumes to a completion   
separately1 instead of waiting longer in
  the hope of finishing and issuing them
 all en bloc as originally  proposed and
 intended4 ,on collating the printed    
stock ,i found that the  two volumes1   
,hariot's ,virginia and the ,life of    
,hariot1 were  practically complete1 the
 text of both all printed off1 and the  
titles  and preliminary leaves and the  
,index to ,hariot's ,virginia actually  
standing in type at the ,chiswick ,press
 just as my father left them  fourteen  
years ago6 7,many thanks to ,messrs     
,charles ,whittingham and ,co4  for     
their patience47 ,the proofs of these ,i
 have corrected and passed  for press1  
and ,i have added the ,index to the     
present volume4 ,my great  regret is    
that ,i did not sooner discover the     
practical completeness of  these two    
volumes1 as owing to the nature of the  
contents of the ,life  of ,hariot it is 
not just to ,hariot's memory1 or to that

 of my father1  that such important     
truths should so long have been withheld
 from  posterity4    ,these two volumes 
being thus completed1 t remained to be  
decided in  what manner they should be  
published4 ,i did not feel myself       
competent  to pick up the fallen reins  
of the ,,hercules ,,club1 which1 as ,i  
have said  before1 appears never to have
 been fully inaugurated on the intended 
co-operative basis4    ,there being now 
no constituted association 7such having 
entirely lapsed  on the death of ,mr4   
#8,secretary ,outis'71 and many of the  
original  subscribers1 who were ipso    
facto members1 being also no longer with
 us1  it appeared impossible to put     
forth the volumes as the publications of
  the ,,hercules ,,club4 ,consequently  
,i resolved to issue them myself 7and   
any future volumes ,i may be able to    
bring to completion7 simply as          
privately printed books1 and ,i feel    
perfectly justified in so doing1 as  no 
one but ,mr4 ,henry ,stevens had any    

hand in their design or production      
either editorially or financially4 ,no  
money whatever was received from  the   
members1 whose subscriptions were only  
to become payable when the  publications
 were ready for delivery4 ,the surviving
 members have been  offered the first   
chance of subscribing to these two      
,hariot volumes and  ,i am grateful for 
the support received4 ,they and the new 
subscribers  will also be offered the   
option of taking any subsequent volumes 
of the  series which ,i may be enabled  
to complete4    ,,henry ,n4 ,,stevens1  
,literary ,executor of the late  ,henry 
,stevens of ,vermont4       #ci1 ,great 
,russell ,street1       ,london1 ,w4,c4 
#ajth ,february1 #aijj4      ,,thomas   
,,hariot      ,,and ,,his               
,,associates      ,,collectors ,,of     
,,rare ,english books always speak      
reverently and even  mysteriously of the
 #8quarto ,hariot' as they do of the    
#8first folio4' ,it  is given to but few
 of them ever to touch or to see it1 for

 not more  than seven copies are at     
present known to exist4 ,even four of   
these are  locked up in public          
libraries1 whence they are never likely 
to pass  into private hands4    ,one    
copy is in the ,grenville ,library2     
another is in the ,bodleian2 a  third   
slumbers in the ,university of ,leyden2 
a fourth is in the ,lenox  ,library2 a  
fifth in ,lord ,taunton's2 a sixth in   
the late ,henry ,huth's2  and a seventh 
produced #cjj in #ahhc in the ,drake    
sale4    ,the little quarto volume of   
,hariot's ,virginia is as important as  
it is  rare1 and as beautiful as it is  
important4 ,few ,english books of its   
time1 #aehh1 surpass it either in       
typographic execution or literary       
merit4 ,it was not probably thrown into 
the usual channels of commerce1  as it  
bears the imprint of a privately-printed
 book1 without the name  or address of a
 publisher1 and is not found entered in 
the registers of  ,stationers' ,hall4   
,it bears the arms of ,sir ,walter      

,raleigh on the  reverse of the title1  
and is highly commended by ,ralfe ,lane1
 the late  ,governor of the ,colony1 who
 testifies1 #8,i dare boldly auouch ,it 
may  very well pass with the credit of  
truth even amongst the most true        
relations of this age4' ,it was         
manifestly put forth somewhat hurriedly 
to counteract1 in influential quarters1 
certain slanders and aspersions  spread 
abroad in ,england by some ignorant     
persons returned from  ,virginia1 who   
#8woulde seeme to knowe so much as no   
men more1' and who  #8had little        
vnderstanding1 lesse discretion1 and    
more tongue then was  needful or        
requisite4' ,hariot's book is dated at  
the end1 ,february  #aehh1 that is #aehi
 by present reckoning4 ,raleigh's       
assignment is dated  the #gth of ,march 
following4 ,it is probable therefore    
that the  #8influential quarters' above 
referred to meant the ,assignment of    
,raleigh's ,charter which would have    
expired by the limitation of six  years 

on the #bdth of ,march1 #aeij1 if no    
colonists had been shipped or           
plantation attempted4 ,it is possible   
also that ,theodore ,de ,bry's  presence
 in ,london1 as mentioned below1 may    
have hastened the printing  of the      
volume4    ,indeed1 the little book     
professes to be only an epitome of what 
might  be expected1 for near the end the
 author says1 #8this is all the fruits  
of our labours1 that ,i haue thought    
necessary to aduertise you of at        
present2' and1 further on1 #8,i haue    
ready in a discourse by it self in      
maner of a ,chronicle according to the  
course of times1 and when time  shall   
bee thought conuenicnt1 shall also be   
published4' ,hariot's  #8,chronicle of  
,virginia' among things long lost upon  
earth 6 ,it is to be  hoped that some   
day the historic trumpet of ,fame will  
sound loud enough  to awaken it1        
together with ,cabot's lost bundle of   
maps and journals  deposited with       
,william ,worthington 2 ,ferdinand      

,columbus' lost life of  his father in  
the original ,spanish2 and ,peter       
,martyr's book on the  first            
circumnavigation of the globe by the    
fleet of ,magalhaens1 which  he so      
fussily sent to ,pope ,adrian to be read
 and printed1 also lost6  ,hakluyt1 in  
his volume of #aehi1 dated in his       
preface the #aith of  ,november1 gives  
something of a chronicle of ,virginian  
events1  #aehd-aehi1 with a reprint of  
this book4 ,but there are reasons for   
believing that this is not the chronicle
 which ,hariot refers to4 ,as  ,white's 
original drawings have recently turned  
up after nearly three  centuries1 may we
 not still hope to see also ,hariot's   
,chronicle8    ,however1 till these lost
 jewels are found let us appreciate what
 is  still left to us4 ,hariot's #8,true
 ,report' is usually considered the     
first original authority in our language
 relating to that part of  ,english     
,north ,america now called the ,united  
,states1 and is indeed so  full and     

trustworthy that almost everything of a 
primeval character  that we know of     
#8,ould ,virginia' may be traced back to
 it as to a first  parent4 ,it is an    
integral portion of ,english history1   
for ,england  supplied the enterprise   
and the men4 ,it is equally an integral 
portion  of ,american history1 for      
,america supplied the scene and the     
material4    ,without any preliminary   
flourish or subsequent reflections1 the 
learned  author simply and truthfully   
portrays in #aehe-f the land and the    
people  of ,virginia1 the condition and 
commodities of the one1 with the habits 
and character of the other1 of that     
narrow strip of coast lying between     
,cape ,fear and the ,chesapeake1 chiefly
 in the present ,state of ,north        
,carolina4 ,this land1 called by the    
natives ,wingandacoa1 was named in      
,england in #aehd ,virginia1 in         
compliment to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,this  
name  at first covered only a small     
district1 but afterwards it possessed   

varying limits1 extending at one time   
over ,north ,virginia even to #de       
degrees north4    ,raleigh's ,virginia  
soon faded1 but her portrait to the life
 is to be  found in ,hariot's book1     
especially when taken with the pictures 
by  ,captain ,john ,white1 so often     
referred to in the text4 ,this precious 
little work is perhaps the most         
truthful1 trustworthy1 fresh1 and       
important representation of primitive   
,american human life1 animals and       
vegetables for food1 natural productions
 and commercial commodities  that has   
come down to us4 ,though the #8first    
colonie' of ,raleigh1 like  all his     
subsequent efforts in this direction1   
was a present failure1  ,hariot and     
,white have left us some1 if not ample1 
compensation in their  picturesque      
account of the savage life and lavish   
nature of  pre-,anglo-,virginia1 the    
like of which we look for in vain       
elsewhere1  either in ,spanish1 ,french1
 or ,english colonization4    ,indeed1  

nearly all we know of the uncontaminated
 ,american aborigines1  their mode of   
life and domestic economy1 is derived   
from this book1 and  therefore its      
influence and results as an original    
authority cannot  well be               
over-estimated4 ,we have many ,spanish  
and ,french books of a  kindred         
character1 but none so lively and       
lifelike as this by ,hariot1  especially
 as afterwards illustrated by ,de ,bry's
 engravings from  ,white's drawings     
described below4    ,the first breath of
 ,european enterprise in the ,new       
,world1 combined with  its commercial   
,christianity1 seems in all quarters1   
particularly the  ,spanish and ,english1
 to have at once taken off the bloom and
 freshness  of the ,indian4 ,his natural
 simplicity and grandeur of character   
immediately quailed before the          
dictatorial owner of property and       
civilization4 ,the ,christian greed for 
gold and the civilized cruelty          
practised without scruple in plundering 

the unregenerate and unbaptized  of     
their possessions of all kinds1 soon    
taught the ,indian cunning and  the     
necessity of resorting to all manner of 
savage and untutored  devices to enable 
him to cope with his relentless enemies 
for even  restrained liberty and        
self-preservation2 nay1 even for very   
existence1  and this too on his own soil
 that generously gave him bread and     
meat4  ,all these by a self-asserted    
authority the coming ,european          
civilizer1  with ,bible in hand1 taxed  
with tribute of gold1 labour1 liberty1  
life4  ,this has been the common lot of 
the western races4    ,it is therefore  
refreshing to catch this mirrored       
glimpse of ,virginia1  her inhabitants1 
and her resources of primitive nature1  
before she was  contaminated by the     
residence and monopoly of the white man4
 ,it may  have been best in the long run
 that the ,european races should        
displace  the aborigines of the ,new    
,world1 but it is a melancholy          

reflection upon  #8go ye into all the   
world and preach the gospel unto every  
creature1'  that no tribe of ,american  
,indians has yet been absorbed into the 
body  politic4 ,many a white man has let
 himself down into savage life and      
habits1 but no tribe of aborigines has  
yet come up to the requirements1  the   
honours1 and the delights of ,european  
civilization4 ,like the tall  wild grass
 before the prairie-fire1 the aboriginal
 races are gradually  but surely being  
swept away by the progress of           
civilization4 ,now that  they are gone  
or going the desire to gather real and  
visible memorials  of them is           
increasing1 but fate seems to have swept
 these also from the  grasp of the      
greedy conqueror4 ,cortes gathered the  
golden art treasures  of ,montezuma and 
sent them to ,charles the ,fifth1 but   
the spoiler was  spoiled on the high    
seas1 and not a drinking-cup or         
ringer-ring of that  western barbaric   
monarch remains to tell us of his island

 splendour4    ,a historical word upon  
the events that led up to ,raleigh's    
,virginia  patent may not be out of     
place in a bibliographical ,life of     
,hariot4 ,the  patent was no sudden     
freak of fortune but was the natural    
outgrowth of  stirring events4 ,had it  
not been allotted to ,raleigh it would  
doubtless  soon after have fallen to    
some other promoter4 ,but ,raleigh was  
the  ,devonshire war-horse that first   
snuffed the breeze from afar4 ,he       
fathered and took upon himself the      
burden of this newborn ,english         
enterprise of ,western ,planting4       
,though unsuccessful himself1 ,raleigh  
lifted his country into success  more   
than any other one man of his time4 ,to 
this day he is honoured  alike in the   
old country that gave him birth1 and in 
the new country to  which he gave new   
life4 ,his energy1 enterprise1 and fame 
are now a part  of ,england's history   
and pride1 while his disgrace and death 
belong to  his king4 ,thomas ,hariot was

 for nearly forty years his confidential
  lieutenant throughout his varied      
career4    ,from his youth ,raleigh had 
sympathized1 like many intelligent      
,englishmen1 with the ,huguenot cause in
 ,france4 ,as early as #aefi1 at the    
age of seventeen1 he had been one of a  
hundred volunteers whom  ,elizabeth sent
 over to assist and countenance         
,coligni4 ,he thus probably  became     
better acquainted with the great but    
unsuccessful scheme of  colonizing      
,florida4 ,at all events the history of 
that disastrous ,french  ,huguenot      
colonization was first published under  
his auspices1 and a  chief survivor1    
,jacques ,le ,moyne1 became attached to 
his service and  interests4 ,the story  
is in brief as follows4    ,gaspar de   
,coligni1 ,admiral of ,france1 often in 
our day called the  ,french ,raleigh1   
was a ,protestant1 and firm friend of   
,england4 ,one of  his captains1 ,jean  
,ribault1 of ,dieppe1 also a            
,protestant1 had written  an important  

paper on the policy of preserving peace 
with ,protestant  ,england4 ,that paper1
 transmitted by the ,admiral to         
,england1 is still  preserved in the    
national archives4 ,ribault became the  
leader of  ,coligni's preliminary       
expedition in #aefb into ,florida to    
seek out a  suitable place1 somewhere   
between #cj north latitude and ,cape    
,breton1  for the discomfited ,huguenots
 to retire to and found a ,protestant   
colony4 ,the previous ,brazilian project
 had already been abandoned as          
impracticable and unsuccessful4         
,hitherto the ,spanish ,roman ,catholic 
maritime doctrine had been that to  see 
or sail by any undiscovered country gave
 possession4 ,but the ,french           
,protestants1 now firmly rejecting the  
,pope's gift1 required occupation  in   
addition to discovery to secure title4  
,hence ,florida at that time1  not being
 occupied by the ,spanish1 was          
considered open to the ,french4         
,ribault sailed from ,havre the #ahth of

 ,february #aefb1 taking a course       
across the ,atlantic direct1 and1 as he 
thought1 new1 making his land  fall on  
the #cjth of ,april at #bi degrees2 but 
,verrazano had in #aebd  sailed also    
direct for ,florida1 taking a similar   
course1 with the  difference that he    
started from ,madeira4 ,thence coasting 
northward1  seeking for a harbour1      
touching at the river of ,may1 and      
proceeding up  the coast to #cb degrees1
 ,ribault found a good harbour into     
which he  entered on the #bgth of ,may1 
and named it ,port ,royal4 ,he was so   
well  pleased with the country that1    
perhaps contrary to instructions1 he    
left a colony of thirty volunteers1     
under ,capt4 ,albert de la ,pierria1    
and returned home with the news1        
arriving in ,france1 after a quick      
voyage1 on the #bjth of ,july1 #aefb4   
,ribault1 on leaving ,port ,royal1      
intended to explore up the coast to     
#dj1 that is1 to the present site of    
,new ,york1 but gives various  reasons  

for not doing so1 one of which was #8the
 declaration made vnto  vs of our pilots
 and some others that had before been at
 some of those  places where we purposed
 to sayle and have been already found by
 some  of the king's subjects4' ,this   
little colony of ,port ,royal1 after    
nearly  a year of danger and privation1 
built a ship and put to sea1 hoping to  
reach ,france4 ,after incredible        
sufferings1 they were relieved by an    
,english ship1 which1 after putting the 
feeble on shore1 carried the  rest to   
,england1 having on board a ,french     
sailor who had come home the  previous  
year with ,ribault4 ,these surviving    
colonists were all  presented to ,queen 
,elizabeth1 and attracted much attention
 and great  sympathy in ,england4 ,some 
found their way back to ,france1 while  
others  entered the ,english service4   
,thus ,england became acquainted with   
the  aim1 object1 success1 and failure  
of the first ,florida 7now ,south       
,carolina7 ,protestant ,french colony4  

,thomas ,hacket published in ,london    
the #cjth of ,may #aefc1 ,ribault's     
#8,true and last ,discouerie of         
,florida1'  purporting to be a          
translation from the ,french2 but no    
printed ,french  original is now known  
to exist4    ,the year of bigotry1      
#aefc1 in ,france having passed1 a      
second expedition  of three vessels     
under ,rn de ,laudonnire1 who had been  
an officer  under ,ribault in #aefb1    
sailed for ,florida from ,havre1 ,april 
#bb1 #aefd1  and arrived at the river of
 ,may the #beth of ,june4 ,there were   
men of  courage and consequence in this 
company of adventurers1 among whom was  
,le ,moyne1 the painter and             
mathematician4 ,the story of the        
sufferings of  this second colony has   
often been told1 and need not be        
repeated here4  ,suffice it to say that 
it was greatly relieved in ,july #aefe1 
by ,captain  ,john ,hawkins on his      
return voyage from his second famous    
slave  expedition to ,africa and the    

,west ,indies4 ,hawkins1 after          
generously  relieving the ,french with  
food1 general supplies1 and friendly    
counsel1  returned to ,devonshire1      
sailing up the coast to ,newfoundland1  
and  thence home1 bringing stores of    
gold1 silver1 pearls1 and the usual     
valuable merchandize of the ,indies1 but
 the store of information  respecting   
,florida and our ,protestant friends1   
and especially the  geography of the    
,american coast1 was worth more to      
,england than all his  vast store of    
merchandize4    ,in #aefe a third       
,french expedition was fitted out1 again
 under ,ribault1  to supply1 reinforce1 
and support ,laudonnire4 ,after many    
disappointing  and vexatious delays1    
,ribault1 late in the season1 put to    
sea1 but by  stress of weather was      
forced into ,portsmouth1 where he       
remained a  fortnight4 ,this gave       
,england still more information         
respecting the  ,french ,protestant     
projects of southern colonization1 as   

well as of  ,florida1 which at that time
 extended very far north of its present 
limits4 ,at length on the #adth of ,june
 ,ribault left the hospitable  shores of
 ,england with a fair north east wind to
 waft his seven ships1  freighted with  
above three hundred colonists including 
sailors and  soldiers1 and taking the   
new #8,french route' north of the       
,azores and  south of ,bermuda1 entered 
the river of ,may on the #bgth of       
,august1 just  one month after the      
departure of ,hawkins1 and just one day 
before the  arrival of the ,spaniards at
 the river of ,st ,john1 a few miles    
south4    ,we find no hint of any       
opposition in ,england to these ,french 
colonizing  schemes1 but on the contrary
 they were looked upon as an            
advantageous  barrier to ,spanish greed 
of territorial extension northward under
 the  vicegerent's gift4 ,there are     
still existing hints of ,english        
projects  of western voyages at this    
time1 about the year #aefe1 to the      

,american  coast4 ,elizabeth1 however1  
was friendly to the ,huguenots1 and     
evinced  great sympathy with their      
,florida colonial scheme4 ,england's    
claim to  ,newfoundland and ,labrador1  
through discovery by the ,cabots1 had   
been  allowed to lapse chiefly from the 
,protestant doctrine of  non-occupation4
 ,the ,french occupation of ,canada was 
not disputed4 ,there  was some doubt1   
however1 about the intermediate country 
between the ,new  ,france of ,canada and
 the ,new ,france of ,florida1 and hence
 we find that  private plans of ,english
 occupation were hatching at this early 
period1  but they were not encouraged4  
,this delicate question between ,france 
and  ,spain was1 however1 soon settled  
by the well known course of events  with
 which ,england had nothing to do but to
 stand aside till the  contest was over1
 and then in due course of time1 like an
 independent  powerful neutral1 step in 
and reap the rewards4    ,it is well    
known that ,laudonnire's followers were 

not altogether  harmonious4 ,some       
restless spirits seceded1 and seizing   
one of the  colony's ships1 entered     
successfully in the autumn and winter of
  #aefd-fe into piracy on the rich      
commerce of ,spain in the ,west ,indies4
  ,these ,french spoliations had been a 
sore point with the owners of ,west     
,india commerce since the days of       
,verrazano1 so much so that the ,spanish
  ,government had instituted a fleet of 
coastguards among the islands to        
intercept and destroy the pirates4 ,this
 fleet for some time had been  under the
 charge of an experienced1 trusted1 and 
efficient officer  named ,pedro         
,menendez de ,avils4 ,no doubt the      
provocation was great1 and  the new     
piracy was not to be endured4 ,the home 
government of ,spain had  been kept     
informed of the ,huguenot encroachments 
in ,florida1 a country  which had long  
ago been granted to ,ponce de ,leon1    
,ayllon and others1  and had been       
coasted by ,estevan ,gomez1 but these   

encroachments had  hitherto been so long
 winked at that the ,french colonists   
began to feel  themselves to be in      
tolerable security4    ,french piracy   
and ,calvinism1 however1 coming together
 were two  provocations too much for the
 patriotism and piety of the zealous    
,roman  ,catholic ,spanish commander in 
the ,west ,indies4 ,besides1 there was a
  sorrow which roused his ,spanish      
bigotry and induced him more than ever  
to serve ,god and his king by           
exterminating heresy4 ,don ,pedro1 with 
his  new honors and high hopes1 had left
 ,cadiz on the #cast of ,may #aefd1 as  
,captain-,general of the ,west ,india1  
the ,terra ,firma1 the ,peruvian1 and   
the ,new-,spain fleets1 his son under   
him commanding the ships to ,vera       
,cruz4 ,this son on the homeward voyage 
in the autumn had been lost on  the     
rocks of ,bermuda4 ,this circumstance1  
with the ,florida pirates1 the  heretic 
,french and his ,spanish love of        
barbaric gold1 fired his zeal4    ,the  

,general rushed home to ,spain for new  
powers4 ,early in #aefe he stood  again 
before ,philip petition in hand4        
,besides his present dignities he  would
 be ,adelantado of ,florida4 ,florida in
 ,spanish eyes extended not  only to    
,st4 ,mary's or the ,bay of ,chesapeake1
 but even to ,newfoundland1  so as to   
embrace the whole northern continent    
west of the line of  demarcation4       
,philip had heard not only of           
,laudonnire and the ,french  ,huguenots 
the last year1 but was informed of      
,ribault's new reinforcing  expedition  
from ,dieppe4 ,he at once not only      
granted the ,general's  request1 but    
enlarged his powers from time to time as
 additional news  came in of the        
,french4 ,don ,pedro became indeed a    
royal favourite4 ,he  was now a veteran 
of forty-seven1 who had done ,philip and
 his father  personal service4 ,he had  
cruised against blockaders and corsairs 
in  early youth1 had convoyed           
richly-laden plate fleets from the      

,indies2  had turned the scale of       
victory at ,st,quintin in #aeeg by      
suddenly  throwing ,spanish troops into 
,flanders greatly to the advantage of   
,philip2 was the commanding general of  
the armada in which the king  returned  
in #aeei from ,flanders to ,spain2 had  
been made in #aefj  captain-general of  
the convoy or protecting fleets between 
,spain and  the ,west ,indies1 in which 
there was much active business in       
guarding  ,spanish commerce from        
corsairs4 ,in spoiling these spoilers   
the general  amassed much wealth1 and   
was acknowledged the protector of the   
islands  and their commerce4 ,in #aefa  
he had fallen into some difficulty which
  caused his arrest by the ,council of  
the ,indies1 but the king came to  his  
rescue1 restored his appointments1 and  
promoted him in #aefb and  #aefc1 and   
still more1 as we have seen1 in #aefd4  
,in #aefe ,philip gave him  almost      
unlimited power over ,florida1 with     
directions to conquer1  colonize1       

,christianize1 explore and survey1 and  
all these too at his  own expense4 ,such
 is the fascination of royal grants4 ,he
 was given  three years to perform these
 wonders1 in which so many others had   
failed4 ,he was to survey the coasts up 
to ,chesapeake ,bay1 explore  inlets and
 find out the hidden straits to ,cathay4
 ,thus armed and  instructed this       
,spanish pioneer of ,virginia history   
and geography  returned to his native   
,asturias1 raised an army1 manned and   
fitted out  a fleet with many soldiers  
and sailors1 and #ejj negro slaves4 ,he 
embarked at ,cadiz with eleven ships on 
the #bith of ,june #aefe1 a  fortnight  
after ,ribault with his seven ships had 
left ,portsmouth4 ,from  ,porto ,rico   
the ,adelantado1 in his hot haste to    
forestall the ,french1  took a new route
 north of ,st,domingo1 through the      
,lucayan islands and  the ,bahamas1 to  
the coast of ,florida at the ,river of  
,st,john1 on the  #bhth of ,august1 the 
day after the arrival of the ,french a  

few miles  north4 ,here ,menendez       
entered the inlet1 landed his five      
hundred ,african  negro slaves1 founded 
a town1 the first in what is now the    
,united  ,states1 and named it          
,st,augustine1 because he made his      
land-fall on the  saint's-day of the    
great ,african bishop4 ,thus            
,st,augustine became the  patron saint  
of this first town in the ,united       
,states4 ,here slavery  struck root1 and
 here the ,spanish ,papist and the      
,french ,huguenot1  brought out of      
civilized and ,christianized ,europe    
were set down  blindfolded on the wild  
and inhospitable shores of ,florida1    
like two  game-cocks1 to fight out their
 religious and implacable hatred4 ,it   
was  here that these #8children of the  
sun' showed the red men of the          
,american forests that they too were    
human and mortal4 ,here1 a few days     
later1 the ,spaniards began that        
merciless cut-throat religious butchery 
of ,huguenots1 to the astonishment of   

the savages of the primeval  forests of 
,america which finds a parallel on the  
pages of history only  in the lesson    
which it taught in refined ,paris just  
seven years later  on ,st ,bartholomew's
 day4    ,all the world knows how the   
swift vengeance of ,pedro ,menendez de  
,aviles  descended upon the unfortunate 
colonists of ,laudonnire and ,ribault   
and  destroyed them1 with very few      
exceptions1 in ,september #aefe4 ,on the
  other hand1 every one has heard how   
the ,spaniards1 almost all except  the  
absent leader1 expiated their murderous 
cruelty in ,april #aefh1  under the     
retributive justice of ,de ,gourgues4   
,the ,spanish settlers of  ,florida were
 thus as completely exterminated by the 
,french as the  ,french three years     
before had been exterminated by the     
,spaniards4    ,after this till #aegd1  
the ,spaniards maintained possession of 
,florida1  as far north as the          
,chesapeake ,bay1 under ,menendez1 who  
had been  appointed at first ,adelantado

 of ,florida1 and subsequently also     
,governor of ,cuba4 ,he caused an       
elaborate and official survey of the    
whole coast to be made and recorded1    
both in writing and in charts4  ,barcia 
tells the whole interesting story1 but  
the charts seem to have  been lost1     
though the description1 or parts of it1 
remains4 ,menendez  returned to ,spain  
and died in #aegd1 just as he had been  
invested with  the command of an        
#8invincible' armada of three hundred   
ships1 and  twenty thousand men to act  
against ,england and ,flanders4 ,all his
 ,north  ,american acquisitions and     
surveys seem to have at once fallen into
  neglect4 ,not a ,spanish town had been
 founded north of ,st,augustine4 ,his   
,spanish missionaries sent among the    
,indians had gained no solid foot  hold4
 ,spain however still claimed           
possession1 on paper1 of the whole      
coast up to ,newfoundland1 though she   
could not boast of a single place  of   
actual occupation4    ,england at this  

time began to see the coast clear for   
the spread of her  protestant principles
 in ,america1 and for her occupation of 
some of  those vast countries she now   
professed to have been the first to     
discover by the ,cabots4 ,no friendly   
power any longer stood in her way4  ,her
 relations with ,spain had settled into 
patriotic hatred and open  war4 ,the    
voyages of ,hawkins and ,drake into the 
,west ,indies had revealed  to          
,englishmen the enormous wealth of the  
,spanish trade thither1 as well  as the 
weakness of the ,spanish ,government in 
those plundered papal  possessions4     
,frobisher had matured his plans1       
secured his grant1 and in  #aegf made   
his first voyage to find the north west 
passage4 ,the same  year the            
half-brother of ,raleigh1 ,sir ,humphrey
 ,gilbert1 published his  #8discourse   
for a discouerieof a new passage to     
,catai1' with a map  showing the coast  
of ,north ,america1 and the passage to  
,china4 ,this was  the result of years  

of study1 and though the elaborate work 
was written  out hastily at last1 we    
know that while others were advocating  
the  north east passage1 ,sir ,humphrey 
always persisted in the north western4  
,frobisher's expedition is said to have 
been an outgrowth of ,gilbert's  efforts
 and petitions4 ,these projects were    
long in hand1 but ,gilbert1  in ,june   
#aegh1 obtained his famous patent from  
,elizabeth for two hundred  leagues of  
any ,american coast not occupied by a   
,christian prince4 ,this  grant was     
limited to six years1 to expire the     
eleventh of ,june #aehd in  case no     
settlement was made or colony founded4  
,the story of ,gilbert's  efforts1      
expenditures of himself and friends1 his
 unparalleled  misfortunes and death1   
need not be retold here4 ,part of his   
rights and  privileges fell to his      
half-brother ,walter ,raleigh who had   
participated  somewhat in the           
enterprise4 ,after ,gilbert's death and 
before the  expiration of the patent1   

,raleigh succeeded in obtaining from    
,elizabeth  another patent1 with similar
 rights1 privileges1 and limitations1   
dated  the #beth of ,march #aehd1       
leaving the whole unoccupied coast open 
to his  selection4 ,on the #bgth of     
,april1 only a month later1 he          
despatched two  barks under the command 
of ,captains ,amadas and ,barlow1 to    
reconnoitre  the coast1 as ,ribault had 
done1 for a suitable place to plant a   
colony1  somewhere between ,florida and 
,newfoundland4 ,this patent also1 like  
,gilbert's1 in case of negligence or    
non-success1 was limited to six  years4 
,but it required the confirmation of    
,parliament4 ,though there  were many   
rival interests1 some of which had      
perhaps to be conciliated1  the patent  
was confirmed4    ,it ought perhaps to  
be mentioned here that five of          
,gilbert's six years  having already    
expired without his obtaining success or
 possession1  several others1           
anticipating a forfeiture of the patent1

 began  agitation for rival patents in  
#aehc4 ,carleil1 ,walsingham1 ,sidney1  
,peckham1 ,raleigh1 and perhaps others  
were eager in the strife4 ,mostof  the  
papers are given in ,hakluyt's #aehi    
edition4 ,the #8,golden ,hinde'         
returned in ,september #aehc with the   
news of the utter failure of the        
expedition and the death of ,sir        
,humphrey4 ,raleigh succeeded in        
obtaining the royal grant1 and then all 
the rest joined him in getting  the     
patent confirmed by ,parliament4        
,raleigh was now thirty-three1 a man of 
position1 of large heart and  large     
income1 a popular courtier high in royal
 favor1 a man of foreign  travel1 great 
experience and extensive acquirements4  
,he had served  under ,coligni with his 
protestant friends in ,france2          
subsequently  served under ,william of  
,orange in ,flanders2 had served his    
,queen in  ,ireland2 under ,gilbert's   
patent1 contemplated a voyage to        
,newfoundland  in #aegh2 and in #aehc   

was ready to embark himself again1 but  
by some  happy accident did not go1     
though he fitted out and sent a large   
ship  at his own cost bearing his own   
name1 which ship however put back on    
account of the outbreak of some         
contagion4 ,fully alive to the wants1   
plans1 and desires of the ,huguenots1 he
 had not only informed himself  of their
 ,florida schemes1 but had promoted the 
publication of their  history1 and      
secured the interest and active         
co-operation of the most  important     
survivor of them all1 ,jaques ,le,moyne1
 the painter1 who having  escaped landed
 destitute in ,wales1 and subsequently  
entered the service  of ,raleigh who had
 him safely lodged in the ,blackfriars4 
,he had also1  how or when precisely is 
not known1 secured the active aid and   
facile  pen of the geographical ,richard
 ,hakluyt1 who wrote for him1 as no man 
else could write1 in #aehd1 a treatise  
on ,western ,planting1 a work  intended 
probably to prime the ministry and the  

,parliament1 to enable  ,raleigh first  
to secure the confirmation of his       
patent1 and afterwards  the co-operation
 and active interest of the nobility and
 gentry in his  enterprise4 ,this       
important hitherto unpublished volume of
 sixty-three  large folio pages in the  
hand writing of ,hakluyt1 after having  
probably  served its purpose and lain   
dormant for nearly three centuries1 was 
bought at ,earl ,mountnorris's sale at  
,arley ,castle in ,december #aheb1 by   
,mr ,henry ,stevens of ,vermont1 who1 as
 he himself informs us1 after  partly   
copying it1 and endeavouring in vain to 
place it in some public  or private     
library in ,england or the ,united      
,states1 threw it into  auction1 where  
it was sold by ,messrs ,puttick and     
,simpson in ,may #ahed1  for #dd1 as lot
 #dgd1 ,sir ,thomas ,phillipps being the
 purchaser4 ,the  manuscript still      
adorns the ,phillipps library at        
,cheltenham4 ,in #ahfh a  copy of this  
most suggestive volume was obtained by  

the late ,dr ,leonard  ,woods for the   
,maine ,historical ,society1 and has    
since been edited with  valuable notes  
by ,mr ,charles ,deane of ,cambridge and
 with an  ,introduction by ,dr ,woods4  
,it appeared in #ahgg as the second     
volume of  the second series of the     
,society's ,collections4    ,this       
,treatise of ,hakluyt under ,raleigh's  
inspiration may be regarded as  the     
harbinger of ,virginia history4 ,though 
intended for a special  purpose1 it is  
of the highest importance in developing 
the history of  ,english maritime policy
 at that time1 and defining the growth  
of the  ,english arguments1 advantages  
and reasons for western planting4 ,the  
book is full of personal hints1 and is  
immensely suggestive1 showing us  more  
than anything else the master hand of   
,master ,hakluyt in moulding  ,england's
 #8sea policie' and colonial navigation4
 ,no mere geographical  study by        
,hakluyt could alone have produced this 
remarkable volume4 ,it  is the          

combination of many materials1 and the  
result of compromising  divers          
interests4 ,hakluyt had already1 though 
still a young man under  thirty1 entered
 deeply into the study of commercial    
geography1 and had  in #aehb published  
his ,divers ,voyages dedicated to his   
friend ,sir  ,philip ,sidney1 son-in-law
 to the chief ,secretary ,walsingham4   
,in the  ,spring of #aehc the ,secretary
 sent ,hakluyt down to ,bristol with a  
letter  to the principal merchants there
 to enlist their co-operation in a      
project of discovery and planting in    
,america somewhere between the          
possessions of the ,french in ,canada   
and the ,spaniards in ,florida1 which   
his son-in-law ,master ,christopher     
,carleil was developing under the       
auspices of the ,muscovie ,company1 and 
for which they were about to ask  the   
,queen for a patent independent of ,sir 
,humphrey ,gilbert's4    ,in the summer 
of #aehc ,hakluyt thought to go to      
,newfoundland with  ,gilbert's          

expedition1 according to the letter of  
,parmenius1 but  fortunately did not go4
 ,but in the autumn of the same year    
,walsingham  sent him to ,paris         
nominally as chaplain to the ,english   
,ambassador at  the ,french court1 ,sir 
,edward ,stafford1 but really to pursue 
his  geographical investigations into   
the west and learn what the ,french and 
,spanish were doing in these remote     
regions1 and what were their  particular
 claims1 resources and trade4    ,before
 his departure for ,paris1 the #8,golden
 ,hinde' had returned to  ,falmouth with
 the heavy news of the fate of ,gilbert 
and the consequent  certain forfeiture  
of his patent1 notwithstanding it had   
still some  nine months to run4 ,though 
,sir ,humphrey had taken formal         
possession of  ,newfoundland1 as no     
colony was left there1 his rights and   
privileges  would lapse as a matter of  
course4    ,western planting now became 
the talk and fashion4 ,many projects    
were  hatching for new patents4 ,raleigh

 alone succeeded4 ,hakluyt's position   
and circumstances in ,paris seem made   
for the occasion1 and he soon  found all
 these western eggs put into his basket4
 ,the materials of the  several previous
 writers and of the rival claimants were
 all apparently  thrust upon him4 ,he   
thus became in #aehc-d1 though perhaps  
unconsciously1 the mouthpiece of a snug 
family party all playing into  the hands
 of ,raleigh4 ,there were ,walsingham1  
and ,sidney1 and ,carleil1  and         
,leicester1 all connected with each     
other and with ,raleigh4 ,then  there   
were the papers of ,sir ,george         
,peckham1 ,edward ,hayes1 ,richard      
,clarke master of the ,delight1 and     
,steven ,par-menius1 rich alike in      
hints and facts4 ,the interests of these
 distinguished persons were by  family  
ties or other influence suddenly merged 
into a single patent and  that          
,raleigh's4 ,the papers mostly passed   
through ,raleigh's hands into           
,hakluyt's1 who acknowledges himself    

indebted to him for his chiefest  light4
    ,raleigh1 besides being the         
half-brother and representative of ,sir 
,humphrey ,gilbert1 held also a large   
share in that venture4 ,gilbert's  real 
aim1 policy and plan1 in this last      
yearof his patent1 to prospect  for a   
suitable place in which to take         
possession and found a colony1  was to  
begin at the south and work northward as
 the ,french had done1  but his previous
 failures since #aegh1 the inevitable   
impediments and  delays1 the advanced   
season of this his last year #aehc1 and 
the  necessity of making a final strike 
for success1 in behalf of himself  and  
his assignees1 compelled him at the last
 hour to go direct to  ,newfoundland1   
take possession1 and then1 if thought   
best1 work  southward4 ,he was however  
unquestionably influenced or professed  
to be  by rumours of metals or gold     
mines in ,newfoundland4 ,this northern  
passage was his fatal mistake4 ,had he  
taken a middle or southern course  say  

between #cg and #db he might perhaps    
have succeeded4    ,under these         
circumstances ,hakluyt's ,discourse of  
,western ,planting was  written1 and may
 be considered as a digest of many plans
 without much  originality and a        
consolidation of many interests4        
,hakluyt and ,raleigh  were at ,oxford  
together1 but we find no particular     
evidence of their  intimacy before the  
,spring of #aehd1 when ,hakluyt had     
returned to ,london  from ,paris with   
his ,discourse1 or perhaps it was partly
 written in  ,england4 ,it is pretty    
certain that it was not shown to the    
,queen before  the date of the ,patent1 
the #beth of ,march1 as ,hakluyt speaks 
of her  seeing it in the summer4 ,it was
 probably intended principally for the  
promotion of the interests of the       
,patent in ,parliament4    ,at all      
events with his investigations in       
,france ,hakluyt's ,discourse  became   
thoroughly ,english in its tone and     
tenor1 and from this time he  labored   

zealously in the interests of ,raleigh4 
,a main point of inquiry  in ,paris was 
to avail himself of the many            
opportunities at the ,spanish  and      
,portuguese embassies1 and with the     
,french merchants and sailors of        
,paris1 ,rouen1 ,havre and ,dieppe1 to  
pick up the particulars of the ,west    
,india trade of the ,spaniards1 and the 
nature of the ,french dealings in  ,cape
 ,breton and ,canada4 ,this led him to  
set forth the advantages of  direct     
,english western trade independent of   
,france and ,spain1 and of  ,french and 
,spanish routes4    ,the fisheries of   
,newfoundland and the ,banks were       
extensive1 and by  repeated treaties    
neutral1 but gave no exclusive rights on
 the  adjoining territory to any one of 
the fishing nations2 though in all      
cases the ,english by common consent    
exercised leadership in the             
,newfoundland harbors among the fishing 
ships1 of which there were now  some six
 or eight hundred a year1               

notwithstanding the ,english still      
fished also at ,iceland4    ,it was     
necessary however in the interests of   
,england for ,hakluyt in  this          
,discourse to revive and substantiate   
the ,english rights in ,america  by     
putting forward the prior discovery by  
the ,cabots in #adig-adih4  ,though he  
presents this direct claim modestly1 yet
 like ,sir ,humphrey  ,gilbert he founds
 it upon insufficient evidence4 ,in a   
loose manner he  speaks of ,cabot and   
not the ,cabots1 and attributes to      
,sebastian the son  what properly       
belongs to ,john the father4 ,he reposes
 full confidence in  the loose and      
gossiping statements of ,peter ,martyr  
that ,sebastian  ,cabot1 a quarter of a 
century after the discovery1 told him   
that at the  time1 #adig or #ih1;he had 
explored the coast to the latitude of   
,gibraltar1 that is to ,chesapeake ,bay 
and the longitude of ,cuba or the  city 
of ,cincinnati1 a thing not probable1 in
 as much as the active old  pilot mayor 

was never able to declare1 down to the  
time of ,gomez1 that  he had been on    
that coast before4 ,it would have been  
foolish in him to  fit out in #aebd     
,gomez to #8discover' what the pilot    
mayor had already  explored in #adig4   
,hakluyt's arguments and historical     
statements in this ,discourse of #aehd  
to the present time have always been    
presented by ,english diplomatists  with
 confidence1 especially against the     
,french4 ,yet the ,french  continued to 
maintain their occupation of ,cape      
,breton1 the ,gulf of ,st  ,lawrence and
 ,canada1 which together they called    
,new ,france4 ,it is now  however made  
apparent from contemporary historical   
documents that have  recently been      
brought to light from the archives of   
,spain and ,venice  that ,john ,cabot1  
accompanied by his son ,sebastian1 then 
a youth of some  nineteen or twenty     
years1 in #adig took possession of ,cape
 ,breton in the  names of ,venice and   
,england conjointly1 and raised the     

flags of ,st ,mark  and ,st ,george4    
,there is not yet any trustworthy       
evidence that they went  south of ,cape 
,breton either in that or the voyage of 
#adih4    ,hakluyt in his ,divers       
,voyages in #aehb did not venture to    
make this  ,cabot claim so strong as in 
this ,discourse4 ,in his dedication to  
,sir  ,philip ,sidney he quaintly says  
that he #8put downe the title which we  
haue to this part of ,america which is  
from ,florida to #fg degrees  northwarde
 by the letters patentes graunted to    
,john ,cabote and his  three sonnes1'   
simply meaning that he had printed the  
first patent of  #eth ,may #adif4 ,in   
his title page he speaks of the         
,discoverie of  ,america1' made first of
 all by our ,englishmen and afterwards  
by the  ,frenchmen and ,bretons4' ,he   
does not question the rights and        
privileges  of ,frenchmen to the ,gulf  
of ,st ,lawrence and ,canada1 because   
they were  in the occupation of a       
,christian prince4    ,this ,discourse  

of ,western ,planting therefore1 and the
 voyage of ,amadas  and ,barlow1 in     
#aehd1 at the instigation and expense of
 ,raleigh1 based  on a thorough         
knowledge of the ,huguenot and ,spanish 
expeditions to  ,florida in #aefb-aefh1 
are all parts of ,virginia history1 and 
therefore  are preliminary to ,hariot's 
,report4 ,it should be borne in mind    
that  these terms ,florida and ,virginia
 as used by the ,spaniards1 ,french1 and
  ,english1 included the whole country  
from the point of ,florida through  the 
,carolinas and ,virginia to the         
,chesapeake ,bay1 or perhaps even to    
,bacalaos4    ,raleigh's patent1 in     
which all interests were thus           
consolidated1 came  before ,parliament  
in the ,autumn of #aehd well fortified  
in its  historical and geographical     
bearings by ,hakluyt's learned          
,discourse4 ,in  the ,house of ,commons 
the matter was adroitly referred to a   
,commitee of  which ,walsingham and ,sir
 ,philip ,sidney1 ,sir ,christopher     

,hatton and ,sir  ,francis ,drake were  
members4 ,the bill having passed the    
,house was sent  up to the ,lords1 and  
there read the first time on ,sunday the
 #aith of  ,december #aehd1 as appears  
by the following entry in the ,lords'   
,journal1  volume ii1 page #gf4 #8,hodie
 allatae sicut a ,dome ,communi #d      
,billae2  ,prima1 ,for the ,confirmation
 of the ,queen's ,majesty's ,letters    
,patents1  granted to ,walter           
,raughlieghe1 ,esquire1 touching the    
,discovery and  ,inhabiting of certain  
,foreign ,lands and ,countries1 quae ia 
vice lecta  est4' ,it does not appear   
precisely at what date the ,bill        
received the  ,queen's signature1 but   
probably as early as ,christmas or ,new 
,year4    ,having now early in #aehe    
secured the ,confirmation of this much  
coveted  patent which liberally         
permitted him in the name and under the 
aegis of  ,england to plant a #8colonie'
 and found an ,english empire in the    
,new  ,world at his own expense of      

money1 men1 and enterprise2 having      
pocketed  the geographical results and  
valuable experience of the ,french in   
,florida and ,canada2 having vainly     
attempted a visit to ,newfoundland in   
#aegh1 and having succeeded to the      
rights and privileges of his noble      
half-brother ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert2   
having received by the return in        
,september of his two reconnoitring     
barks favorable reports as to the       
properest place to begin his ,western   
,planting in ,wingandacoa 2 and  being  
thoroughly supported by the good wishes 
and hearty co-operation  of the ,queen  
and many of her prominent and           
influential subjects1  ,raleigh rose    
superior to all jealousies and          
opposition4    ,this lasted as usual    
just so long as he was successful and no
 longer4  ,but he was blessed in his    
household1 or at his table1 or in his   
confidence1 with four sterling adherents
 who stuck to him through thick  and    
thin1 through prosperity and adversity4 

,these were ,richard ,hakluyt1  ,jaques 
,le ,moyne1 ,john ,white and ,thomas    
,hariot4 ,when ,wingandacoa makes  up   
her jewels she will not forget these    
,four1 whom it is just to call          
,raleigh's ,magi4    ,with marvellous   
energy1 enterprise1 and skill ,raleigh  
collected and  fitted out in an         
incredibly short time a fleet of seven  
ships well  stocked and well manned to  
transport his #8first colonie' into the 
wilds  of ,america4 ,it was under the   
command of his valiant cousin1 ,admiral 
,sir  ,richard ,grenville1 and sailed   
from ,plymouth on the #aith of ,may     
#aehe4  ,never before did a finer fleet 
leave the shores of ,england1 and never 
since was one more honestly or hopefully
 dispatched4 ,there were the  #8,tyger' 
and the #8,roe ,buck' of #adj tons each1
 the #8,lyon' of #ajj tons1  the        
#8,elizabeth' of #ej tons1 the          
#8,dorothea'1 a small bark1 and two     
pinnaces1 hardly big enough to bear     
distinct names1 yet small enough to     

cross dangerous bars and enter unknown  
bays and rivers4 ,in this  splendid     
outfit were nearly two hundred souls1   
among whom were ,master  ,ralfe ,lane as
 governor of the colony4 ,thomas        
,candish or ,cavendish  afterwards the  
circumnavigator1 ,captain ,philip       
,amadas of the ,council1  ,john ,white  
the painter as delineator and           
draughtsman1 ,master ,thomas  ,hariot   
the mathematician as historiographer1   
surveyor and scientific  discoverer or  
explorer1 and many others whose names   
are preserved in  ,hakluyt4    ,the     
fleet had a prosperous voyage by the    
then usual route of the ,west  ,indies  
and fell in with the main of ,florida on
 the #bjth of ,june1 made  and named    
,cape ,fear on the #bc;d1 and a first   
landing the next day1 and  on the #bfth 
came to ,wococa where ,amadas and       
,barlow had been the year  before4 ,they
 disembarked and at first mistook the   
country for ,paradise4  ,july was spent 
in surveying and exploring the country1 

making the  acquaintance of the natives1
 chiefly by means of two ,indians that  
had  been taken to ,england and brought 
back able to speak ,english4 ,on the    
#eth of ,august ,master ,john ,arundel1 
captain of one of the vessels1 was  sent
 back to ,england1 and on the #beth of  
,august ,admiral ,grenville1  after a   
sojourn of two months in ,virginia1 took
 his leave and returned1  arriving at   
,plymouth on the #ahth of ,october4     
,there were left in  ,virginia as       
,raleigh's #8,first ,colonie1' one      
hundred and nine men4 ,they  remained   
there one whole year and then1          
discontented1 returned to  ,england in  
,july #aehf in ,sir ,francis ,drake's   
fleet coming home  victorious from the  
,west ,indies4    ,one of these #aji men
 was ,thomas ,hariot the ,author of the 
,report of  ,virginia4 ,another was     
,john ,white the painter4 ,to these two 
earnest and  true men we owe1 as has    
been said1 nearly all we know of #8,ould
  ,virginia4' ,their story is briefly   

told by ,hakluyt4    ,sir ,francis      
,drake in the true spirit of friendship 
went out of his way  to make this call  
on the ,colony of his friend ,raleigh4  
,he found them  anything but contented  
and prosperous4 ,they had long been     
expecting  supplies and reinforcements  
from home1 which not arriving1 on the   
departure of ,drake's fleet becoming    
dejected and homesick1 they  petitioned 
the ,governor for permission to return4 
,immediately after  their departure a   
ship arrived from ,raleigh1 and fourteen
 days later  ,sir ,richard ,grenville   
himself returned with his fleet of three
 ships1  new planters and stores of     
supplies1 only to find the ,colony      
deserted  and no tidings to be had4     
,leaving twenty men to hold possession  
the  ,admiral made his way back to      
,england4    ,it has already been stated
 how and under what circumstances the   
epitome  of the labours and surveys of  
,hariot came to be printed1 but it may  
be  well to show how it came to be      

united with ,john ,white's drawings and 
republished a year or two later as the  
first part of ,de ,bry's  celebrated    
collections of voyages4 ,hakluyt        
returned to ,paris at the end  of #aehd4
 and remained there1 perhaps with an    
occasional visit to  ,london1 till      
#aehh1 always working in the interests  
of ,raleigh4 ,in ,april  #aehe1 a month 
before the departure of the ,virginia   
fleet1 he wrote to  ,walsingham that he 
#8was careful to advertise ,sir ,walter 
,raleigh from  tyme to tyme and send him
 discourses both in print and in written
 hand  concerning his voyage4' ,rene    
,goulaine de ,laudonnire's ,journal had 
fallen into ,hakluyt's hand1 and he     
induced his friend ,basanier the        
mathematician to edit and publish it4   
,this was done and the work was         
dedicated to ,raleigh and probably paid 
for by him4 ,le ,moyne the painter  and 
mathematician who had accompanied the   
expedition1 one of the few  who escaped 
into the woods and swamps with          

,laudonnire the dreadful  morning of the
 massacre1 was named by ,basanier4 ,he  
also mentions a lad  named ,de ,bry who 
was lucky enough to find his way out of 
the clutches  of the ,spanish butchers  
into the hands of the more merciful     
,american  ,savages4 ,this young man was
 found  by ,de ,gourgues nearly three   
years later among the ,indians that     
joined  him in his mission of           
retribution against the ,spaniards1 and 
was  restored to his friends well       
instructed in the ways1 manners and     
customs of the ,florida ,aborigines4    
,this journal of ,laudonnire carefully  
edited by ,basanier was completed  in   
time to be published in ,paris in #aehf1
 in ,french1 in octavo4 ,it was         
dedicated to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4     
,hakluyt translated it into ,english1   
and printed it in small quarto in       
,london the next year and it  reappeared
 again in his folio voyages of #aehi4   
,the ,french edition fell  under the eye
 of ,theodore ,de ,bry the afterwards   

celebrated engraver of  ,frankfort1     
formerly of ,liege4 ,whether or not this
 engraver was a  relative of young ,de  
,bry of ,florida is not known1 but we   
are told that  he soon sought out ,le   
,moyne whom he found in ,raleigh's      
service living  in the ,blackfriars in  
,london1 acting as painter1 engraver on 
wood1 a  teacher and art publisher or   
bookseller4    ,de ,bry first came to   
,london in #aehg to see ,le ,moyne and  
arrange with  him about illustrating    
,laudonnire's ,journal with the artist's
 maps and  paintings1 and remained here 
some time1 but did not succeed in       
obtaining what he wanted1 probably      
because ,le ,moyne was meditating a     
similar work of his own1 and being still
 attached to the household of  ,raleigh 
was not free to negotiate for that      
peculiar local and special  information 
which he had already placed at          
,raleigh's disposal for his  colony     
planted a little north of the ,french   
settlement in ,florida1 then  supposed  

to be in successful operation1 but of   
which nothing had yet  been published to
 give either the world at large or the  
,spaniards in  the peninsula a premature
 clue to his enterprise4    ,there is   
still preserved a good memorial of ,de  
,bry's visit to ,london in  the         
celebrated funeral pageant at the       
obsequies of ,sir ,philip ,sidney in    
the month of ,february #aehg1 drawn and 
invented by ,t4 ,lant and engraved  on  
copper by ,theodore de ,bry in the city 
of ,london1 #aehg4 ,a complete  copy is 
in the ,british ,museum1 and another is 
said to be at the old  family seat of   
the ,sidneys at ,penshurst in ,kent1 now
 ,lord de ,l'lsle's2  while a third copy
 not quite perfect adorns the famous    
,london  collectionof ,mr ,gardner of   
,st ,john's ,wood ,park4    ,le,moyne   
died in #aehh1 and ,de ,bry soon after  
came to ,london a second  time and      
succeeded in purchasing of the widow of 
,le ,moyne a portion of  the artist's   
drawings or paintings together with his 

version of the  ,french ,florida        
,expeditions4 ,while here this time ,de 
,bry fell in with  ,richard ,hakluyt1   
who had returned from ,paris in         
,november #aehh1  escorting ,lady       
,sheffield4    ,hakluyt at the end of   
this year1 or the beginning of #aehi1   
was engaged  in seeing through the press
 his first folio collection of the      
voyages  of the ,english1 finished1     
according to the date in the preface1   
the  #agth of ,november1 though entered 
at ,stationers' ,hall on the strength of
  a note from ,walsingham the first of  
,september previous4 ,hakluyt with  his 
mind full of voyages and travels was    
abundantly competent to  appreciate ,de 
,bry's project of publishing a luxurious
 edition of  ,laudonnire's ,florida     
illustrated with the exquisite drawings 
of ,le  ,moyne4 ,ever ready to make a   
good thing better1 ,hakluyt suggested   
the  addition of ,le ,moyne's and other 
,florida papers2 and introduced ,de ,bry
  to ,john ,white1 ,governor of         

,virginia1 then in ,london4    ,white1  
an ,english painter of eminence and     
merit1 was as an artist to  ,virginia   
what ,le ,moyne his master had been to  
,florida4 ,le ,moyne had  twenty years  
before mapped and pictured everything in
 ,florida from the  ,river of ,may to   
,cape ,fear1 and ,white had done the    
same for ,raleigh's  ,colony in         
,virginia 7now ,north ,carolina7 from   
,cape ,fear to the  ,chesapeake ,bay4   
,le ,moyne had spent a year with        
,laudonnire at ,fort  ,caroline in      
#aefd-fe1 and ,white had been a whole   
year in and about  ,roanoke and the     
wilderness of ,virginia in #aehe-hf as  
the right hand man  of ,hariot4         
,together ,hariot and ,white surveyed1  
mapped1 pictured and described the      
country1 the ,indians1 men and women2   
the animals1 birds1 fishes1 trees1      
plants1 fruits and vegetables4 ,hariot's
 ,report or epitome of his  ,chronicle1 
reproduced by the ,hercules ,club1 was  
privately printed in  ,february #aehi4  

,a volume containing seventy-six of     
,white's original  drawings in water    
colours is now preserved in the         
,grenville library in  the ,british     
,museum1 purchased by the ,trustees in  
,march #ahff of ,mr ,henry  ,stevens at 
the instigation of ,mr ,panizzi1 and    
placed there as an  appropriate pendant 
to the world-renowned ,grenville ,de    
,bry4 ,this is the  very volume that    
,white painted for ,raleigh1 and which  
served ,de ,bry for  his ,virginia4     
,only #bc out of the #gf drawings were  
engraved1 the rest  never yet having    
been published4 ,thus ,hariot's text and
 map with  ,white's drawings are        
necessary complements to each other and 
should be  mentioned together4          
,knowing all these men and taking an    
active part in all these important      
events1 ,hakluyt acted wisely in        
inducing ,de ,bry to modify his plan of 
a  separate publication and make a      
,collection of illustrated ,voyages4 ,he
  suggested first that the separate work

 of ,florida should be suspended1  and  
enlarged with ,le ,moyne's papers1      
outside of ,laudonnire4 ,then  reprint1 
as a basis of the ,collection1 ,hariot's
 privately printed  ,report on ,virginia
 just coming out in ,february #aehi1 and
 illustrate it  with the map and        
,white's drawings4 ,hakluyt engaged to  
write  descriptions of the plates1 and  
his geographical touches are easily     
recognizable in the maps of both        
,virginia and ,florida4    ,in this way 
,de ,bry was induced to make ,hariot's  
,virginia the ,first ,part  of his      
celebrated ,,peregrinations1 with a     
dedication to ,sir ,walter  ,raleigh4   
,florida then became the ,second ,part4 
,the first was illustrated  from the    
portfolio of ,john ,white1 and the      
second from that of ,jaques ,le  ,moyne4
 ,both parts are therefore perfectly    
authentic and trustworthy4  ,thus the   
famous ,collections of ,de ,bry may be  
said to be of ,english  origin1 for to  
,raleigh and his magi ,de ,bry owed     

everything in the start  of his great   
work4 ,being thus supplied and          
instructed1 ,de ,bry returned  to       
,frankfort1 and with incredible energy  
and enterprise1 engraved1  printed1 and 
issued his ,,virginia in four languages1
 ,english1 ,french1  ,latin and ,german1
 in #aeij1 and his ,florida in ,latin   
and ,german1 in  #aeia4 ,the            
bibliographical history of these books1 
the intimacy and  dependence of the     
several persons engaged2 and the        
geographical  development of            
,florida-,virginia are all so           
intertwined and blended1  that the whole
 seems to lead up to ,thomas ,hariot1   
the clearing up of  whose biography thus
 becomes an appropriate labor of the    
,hercules ,club4    ,little more remains
 to be said of ,raleigh's ,magi who have
 been thus  shown to be hand and glove  
in working out these interesting        
episodes of  ,french and ,english       
colonial history4 ,to ,hakluyt1 ,le     
,moyne1 ,white1 ,de  ,bry and ,hariot1  

,raleigh owes an undivided and          
indivisible debt of  gratitude for the  
prominent niche which he achieved in the
 world's  history1 especially in that of
 ,england and ,america 2 while to       
,raleigh's  liberal heart and boundless 
enterprise must be ascribed a generous  
share of the reputation achieved by his 
,magi in both hemispheres4    ,of       
,hakluyt and ,de ,bry little more need  
be said here4 ,they both hewed  out     
their own fortunes and recorded them on 
the pages of history1 the  one with his 
pen1 the other with his graver4 ,if at  
times ill informed  bibliographers who  
have got beyond their depth fail to     
discern its  merits1 and endeavour to   
deny or depreciate ,de ,bry's           
,collection1  charging it with a want of
 authenticity and historic truth1 it is 
hoped  that enough has been said here to
 vindicate at least the first two       
parts1 ,virginia and ,florida4 ,the     
remaining parts1 it is believed1 can  be
 shown to be of equal authority4        

,whoever compares the original drawings 
of ,le ,moyne and ,white with the       
engravings of ,de ,bry1 as one may now  
do in the ,british ,museum1 must be     
convinced that1 beautiful as ,de ,bry's 
work is1 it seems tame in the  presence 
of the original water-colour drawings4  
,there is no  exaggeration in the       
engravings4    ,le ,moyne's name has not
 found its way into modern dictionaries 
of art  or biography1 but he was        
manifestly an artist of great merit and 
a man  of good position4 ,in addition to
 what is given above it may be added    
that a considerable number of his works 
is still in existence1 and it  is hoped 
will hereafter be duly appreciated4 ,in 
the print-room of the  ,british ,museum 
are two of his drawings1 highly finished
 in  water-colours1 being unquestionably
 the originals of plates eight and      
forty-one of ,de ,bry's ,florida4 ,they 
are about double the size of the        
engravings4 ,they came in with the      
,sloane ,collection4 ,there is also in  

the ,manuscript ,department of the      
,british ,museum a volume of original   
drawings relating chiefly to ,florida   
and ,virginia 7,sloane ,n #ebgj7        
manifestly a mixture of ,le ,moyne's and
 ,white's sketches4 ,they are very      
valuable4 ,there is also in the ,museum 
library a printed and manuscript  book  
by ,le ,moyne1 which speaks for itself  
and tells its own interesting  story4   
,it is in small oblong quarto and is    
entitled #8,la_/ ,clef des  ,champs1_/  
pour trouuer plusieurs ,ani-_/maux1 tant
 ,bestes qu',oyseaux1  auec_/ plusieurs 
,fleurs  ,fruitz4 4 4 _/ ,anno4         
,i#ehf4_/  ,imprim aux  ,blackfriers1   
pour ,jaques_/ le ,moyne1 dit de        
,morgues ,paintre_/'4 ,the book         
consists of fifty leaves1 of which two  
are preliminary containing the  title   
and on the reverse and third page a neat
 dedication in ,french #8,a  ,ma-dame   
,madame_/ ,de ,sidney4'_/ ,signed'      
,voftre tres-affectionne1_/ ,,jaqves    
,,le ,,moine dit    de_/ ,,morgves      

,paintre4'_/ ,this dedication is dated  
#8,londres_/ ce xxvi4 de  ,mars4'_/ ,on 
the reverse of the second leaf1 also in 
,french1 is #8 ,a ,elle  ,mesme1_/      
,sonet' with the initials ,i4,l4,m4     
,then follow forty-eight leaves with two
 woodcuts coloured by hand on  the recto
 of each leaf1 reverse blank4 ,these    
ninety-six cuts sum up  twenty-four each
 of beasts1 birds1 fruits and flowers1  
with names  printed under each in       
,english1 ,french1 ,german and ,latin4  
,although the  book is dated the #bfth  
of ,march #aehf1 it was not entered at  
,stationers'  ,hall until the #cast of  
,july #aehg4 ,it there stands under the 
name of  ,james ,le ,moyne alias        
,morgan4 ,madame ,sidney is given as    
,mary ,sidney4 ,she  was sister of ,sir 
,philip1 countess of ,pembroke1         
#8,sidney's sister1  ,pembroke's        
mother4' ,there is no allusion to ,sir  
,philip in the  dedication1 and         
therefore we may infer that it was      
penned before the  battle of ,zut-phen4 

,both the dedication and the sonnet show
 the  artist's intimacy and friendship  
with that distinguished family4         
,there are two copies of this           
exceedingly rare book in the ,british   
,museum1 both slightly imperfect1 but   
will together make a complete one1  but 
the more interesting copy is that in    
#gbg c_/#b #ca1 in the ,sloane          
,collection4 ,it has bound up with it   
thirty-seven leaves on which are        
beautifully drawn and painted flowers1  
fruits1 birds c4 ,there can be  little  
doubt that these are ,le ,moyne's own   
paintings4 ,it is curious to  find that 
all these scattered works in the        
different departments came  in with the 
,sloane ,collection which formed the    
nucleus of the ,british  ,museum4 ,it is
 to be hoped that other samples of ,le  
,moyne's art may be  found or           
identified1 and that all of them may be 
brought together or be  described as the
 #8,le ,moyne ,collection4' ,how ,sir   
,hans ,sloane became  possessed of them 

does not yet appear4    ,capt4 ,john    
,white's name in the annals of ,english 
art is destined to  rank high1 though it
 has hitherto failed to be recorded in  
the art  histories and dictionaries4    
,yet his seventy-six original paintings 
in  water-colours done probably in      
,virginia in #aehe-aehf while he was    
there  with ,hariot as the official     
draughtsman or painter of ,raleigh's    
#8,first  ,colonie' entitle him to      
prominence among ,english artists in    
,elizabeth's  reign4 ,there are some    
other works of his in the ,manuscript   
department  mingled with those of his   
friend and master ,le ,moyne4    ,as    
,raleigh's friend and agent ,white's    
name deserves honorable mention  in the 
history of #8,ould ,virginia4' ,he was  
an original adventurer in the  #8,first 
,colonie' and was one of the hundred and
 nine who spent a whole  year at and    
about ,roanoke and returned with ,drake 
in #aehf4 ,he went  again to ,virginia  
in ,april #aehg as ,governor of         

,raleigh's' ,second  ,colonie1'         
consisting of one hundred and fifty     
persons in three ships1  being the      
fourth expedition4 ,raleigh appointed to
 him twelve assistants  #8to whome he   
gave a ,charter1 and incorporated them  
by the name of  ,governour and          
,assistants of the ,citie of ,raleigh in
 ,virginia1' intended  to be founded on 
the ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,it never became  
more than a #8paper  city4'    ,this    
,second ,colony landed at ,roanoke the  
#bjth of ,july1 but finding  themselves 
disappointed and defeated in all points1
 the colonists  joined in urging the    
,governor to return to ,england for     
supplies and  instructions4 ,he         
reluctantly departed the #bgth of       
,august from ,roanoke1  leaving there   
his daughter1 who was the mother of the 
first child of  ,english parents born in
 ,english ,north ,america1 ,virginia    
,dare4 ,he  intended immediately to     
return to ,virginia with relief1 but the
  embarrassments of ,raleigh1 the       

stirring times1 and the #8,spanish      
,armada' defeated ,sir ,walter and      
frustrated all his plans4    ,on the    
#bjth of ,november #aehg ,governor      
,white having reached home  apprised    
,raleigh of the circumstances and       
requirements of the ,colony4  ,sir      
,walter at once #8appointed a pinnesse  
to be sent thither with all  such       
necessaries as he vnderstood they stood 
in neede of1' and also  #8wrote his     
letters vnto them1 wherein among other  
matters he comforted  them with promise1
 that with all conuenient speede he     
would prepare a  good supply of shipping
 and men with sufficience of all thinges
  needefull1 which he intended1 ,god    
willing1 should be with them the        
,sommer following4' ,this promised fleet
 was got ready in the harbor of         
,bideford under the personal care and   
supervision of ,sir ,richard            
,grenville1 and waited only for a fair  
wind to put to sea4 ,then came  news of 
the proposed invasion of ,england by    

,philip ,king of ,spain with  his       
#8invincible armada1' so wide spread and
 alarming that it was deemed  prudent by
 the ,government to stay all ships fit  
for war in any ports of  ,england to be 
in readiness for service at home 2 and  
even ,sir ,richard  ,grenville was      
commanded not to leave ,cornwall4       
,governor ,white however having left    
about one hundred and twenty men1  women
 and children in ,virginia1 among whom  
were his own daughter and               
granddaughter1 left no stone unturned   
for their relief4 ,he labored so        
earnestly and successfully that he      
obtained two small #8pinneses' named    
the #8,brave' and the #8,roe1' one of   
thirty and the other of twenty-five     
tons1 #8wherein fifteen planters and all
 their provision1 with certain  reliefe 
for those that wintered in the ,countrie
 was to be transported4'    ,the'       
,brave' and the #8,roe' with this       
slender equipment passed the bar of     
,bideford the #bbnd of ,april1 just six 

months after the return of the          
,governor1 a small fleet with small     
hope4 ,had it been larger its going     
forth would not have been permitted4    
,the ,governor remained behind1         
thinking he could serve the ,colony     
better in ,england4 ,but the sailors  of
 the little #8,brave' and #8,roe' had   
caught the fighting mania before  they  
sailed1 and instead of going with all   
speed to the relief of  ,virginia1      
scoured the seas for rich prizes1 and   
like two little  fighting cocks let     
loose attacked every sail they caught   
sight of1  friend or foe4 ,the natural  
consequence was that before they reached
  ,madeira 7they took the southern      
course for the sake of plunder7 they    
had been several times thoroughly       
whipped1 and #8all thinges spilled' in  
their fights4 #8,by this occasion1 ,god 
iustly punishing the theeuerie of  our  
euil disposed mariners1 we were of force
 constrained to break of  our voyage    
intended for the reliefe of our ,colony 

left the yere before  in ,virginia1 and 
the same night to set our course for    
,england4' ,in a  month from their      
departure they recrossed the bar of     
,bideford1 their  voyage having been a  
disgraceful failure1 yet the doings of  
these two  miniature corsairs are       
recorded in ,hakluyt manifestly only as 
specimens  of ,english pluck1 a ,british
 quality always admired1 however much   
misdirected4 ,meanwhile no tidings of   
the #8,second colonie' and worse  still1
 no tidings or help had the ,second     
,colony received all this long  time    
from ,england4 ,and even to this day the
 echo is #8no tidings' and no  help from
 home4 ,this then may be called the     
first and great human  sacrifice that   
savage ,america required of civilized   
,england before  yielding to her        
inevitable destiny4    ,and so it was   
that ,virginia and the ,armada ,year    
shook the fortunes of  ,raleigh and     
compelled him to assign a portion of his
 ,patent and  privileges under it to    

divers gentlemen and merchants of       
,london4 ,this  document1 in which are  
included and protected the charter      
rights of  ,white and others in the     
#8,city of ,raleigh1' bears date the    
#gth of ,march  #aehi4 ,matters being   
thus settled1 with more capital and new 
life a  #8,fifth ,expedition' was fitted
 out in #aeij in which ,governor ,white 
went  out to carry aid1 and to reinforce
 his long neglected colony of #aehg4    
,not one survivor was found1 and ,white 
returned the same year in every  way    
unsuccessful4 ,he soon after retired to 
,raleigh's estates in  ,ireland1 and the
 last heard of him is a long letter to  
his friend  ,hakluyt #8from my house at 
,newtowne in ,kylmore the #dth of       
,february  #aeic4'    ,raleigh's        
,patent1 like that of ,gilbert1 would   
have expired by the  limitation of six  
years on the #bdth of ,march #aeij if he
 had not  succeeded in leading out a    
colony and taking possession4 ,his first
  colony of #aehe was voluntarily       

abandoned1 but not his discoveries4 ,his
  second colony of #aehg was surrounded 
with so much obscurity that though  in  
fact he maintained no real and permanent
 settlement1 yet it was  never denied   
that he lawfully took possession and    
inhabited ,virginia  within the six     
years and also for a time in the seventh
 year1 and  therefore was entitled to   
privileges extending two hundred leagues
 from  ,roanoke4 ,as long as ,elizabeth 
lived no one disputed ,raleigh's        
privileges under his patent1 though     
partly assigned1 but none of the        
,assignees cared to adventure further4  
,the patent had become practically  a   
dead letter4 ,as late however as #afjc  
the compliment was paid ,raleigh  of    
asking his permission to make a voyage  
to ,north ,virginia4 ,as no  ,english   
plantation between the ,spanish and the 
,french possessions in  ,north ,america 
at the time of the accession of ,james  
was maintained the  patent was allowed  
nominally to remain in force4 ,but no   

one claimed any  rights under it4 ,it   
has been stated by several recent       
historians that  the attainder of       
,raleigh took away his patent           
privileges1 but evidence  of this is not
 forthcoming4 ,it is manifest that      
,james the ,first1 who  had little      
regard for his own or others' royal     
grants or chartered  rights in ,america1
 considered the coast clear and as open 
to his own  royal bounty as it had been 
long before to ,pope ,alexander the     
,sixth4 ,it  was easier and safer to    
obtain new charters than to revive any  
questionable old ones4    ,but to all   
intents and purposes the interesting    
history of ,virginia  begins with       
,raleigh4 ,whence he drew his           
inspiration1 how he profited by  the    
experience of others1 how he patronized 
his ,magi and bound them to  himself    
with cords of friendship and liberality2
 how by his very  blunders and          
misfortunes he transmitted to posterity 
some of the most  precious historical   

memorials found on the pages of ,english
 or ,american  history1 we have1 perhaps
 at unnecessary length1 endeavoured to  
show in  this long essay on the brief   
and true ,report of ,thomas ,hariot1 his
  surveyor and topographer in ,virginia1
 which must ever serve as the           
corner-stone of ,english ,american      
,history1 by a man who1 though long     
neglected and half forgotten1 must      
eventually shine as the morning star  of
 the mathematical sciences in ,england1 
as well as that of the history  of her  
,empire in the ,west4    ,it remains now
 to give some personal account of       
,thomas ,hariot1 whose  first book as   
the first of the labors of the hercules 
club has been  reproduced4 ,every       
incident in the life of a man of eminent
 genius and  originality in any country 
is a lesson to the world's posterity    
deserving careful record4 ,hitherto dear
 quaint old positive  antiquarianly     
slippery ,anthony  ,wood in his ,athenes
 ,oxoniensis  embodies nearly all of our

 accepted notions of this great ,english
  mathematician and philosopher4        
,anthony was indefatigable in his       
researches into the biography of ,hariot
 who was both an ,oxford man and  an    
,oxford scholar4 ,he happily succeeded  
in mousing out a goodly number  of      
recondite and particular occurrences of 
,hariot's life4 ,he managed1  however1  
to state very many of them erroneously 2
 and he drew hence  some important      
inferences1 the reverse1 as it now      
appears1 of  historical truth4 ,this    
naturally leads one to inquire into his 
authorities4 ,wood's account of ,hariot 
appeared in his first edition of  #afia1
 and has not been improved in the two   
subsequent editions4 ,for  most of his  
facts he appears to have been indebted  
to ,dr ,john ,wallis's  ,algebra1 first 
published in #afhe1 though ready for the
 printer in #afgf  2 and for his        
fictions to poor old gossiping ,aubrey2 
while his  inferences1 in respect to    
,hariot's deism and disbelief in the    

,scriptures1 are probably his own1 as we
 find no sufficient trace of  them prior
 to the appearance of his ,athen1 unless
 it be in ,chief  ,justice ,popham's    
unjust charge at ,winchester in #afjc1  
when he is said  to have twitted        
,raleigh from the bench with having been
 #8bedeviled' by  ,hariot4 ,dr ,wallis  
appears to have obtained part of his    
facts from ,john  ,collins1 who had been
 in his usual indefatigable manner      
looking up  ,hariot and his papers as   
early as #afdi1 and wrote to the doctor 
of his  success several letters between 
#affg and #afgc1 which maybe seen in    
,professor ,rigaud's ,correspondence of 
,scientific ,men of the ,seventeenth    
,century1 #b vols1 ,oxford1 #ahda1 #h4  
,since #aghd1 from time to time1 several
 other writers have partly  repeated    
,wood's estimate and added several new  
facts1 as will be shown  further on4    
,but it has been reserved for the       
,hercules ,club1 now just  three hundred
 years after ,hariot left the           

,university1 to bring to light  new and 
important contemporary evidence1        
sufficient1 it is believed1 to          
considerably modify our general estimate
 of ,hariot's life and  character1 and  
to raise him from the second rank of    
mathematicians to  which ,montucla      
coolly relegated him nearly a century   
ago to the  pre-eminence of being one of
 the foremost scholars of his age1 not  
alone of ,england but of the world4 ,had
 he been walled around by church        
bigotry like his friend and contemporary
 ,galileo he would  unquestionably by   
the originality and brilliancy of his   
observations  and discoveries have      
rivalled1 or perhaps have shared that   
philosopher's victories in science4 ,at 
all events it is believed that  the new 
matter is sufficient to reopen the      
courts of criticism and  revision in    
which some of the decisions respecting  
the use of  perspective glasses1 the    
invention of the telescope1 the         
discoveries of  the spots on the sun1   

the satellites of ,jupiter and the horns
 of ,venus  may be reconsidered and     
perhaps reversed4 ,it is believed that  
in  logical analysis1 in philosophy1 and
 in many other departments of  science  
few in his day were his equals1 while in
 pure mathematics none  was his         
superior4    ,thomas ,hariot was born at
 ,oxford1 or as ,anthony  ,wood with    
more than  his usual quaint-ness        
expresses it1 #8tumbled out of his      
mother's womb  into the lap of the      
,oxonian muses in #aefj4' ,he was a     
#8bateler or  commoner of ,st ,mary's   
hall4' ,he #8took the degree of bachelor
 of arts in  #aegi1 and in the latter   
end of that year did compleat it by     
determination in ,schoolstreet4'        
,nothing of his boyhood1 or of his      
family1 except a few hints in his will1 
has come to light4    ,it is not known  
precisely at what time ,hariot joined   
,walter ,raleigh1  who was only eight   
years his senior4 ,from what their      
friend ,hakluyt  says of them both1     

their intimate friendship and mutually  
serviceable  connection were already an 
old story as early as #aehg4 ,on the    
eighth  calends of ,march #aehg1 that is
 on the #bb;d of ,february #aehh1       
present  reckoning1 ,hakluyt wrote from 
,paris to ,raleigh in ,london1    #8,to 
you therefore ,i have freely desired to 
give and dedicate these my  labors4 ,for
 to whom could ,i present these ,decades
 of the ,new ,world of  ,peter ,martyr  
more appropriately than to yourself1    
who1 at the expense  of nearly one      
hundred thousand ducats1 with new       
fleets1 are showing to  us of modern    
times new regions1 leading forth a third
 colony to  ,virginia1 giving us news of
 the unknown1 and opening up for us     
pathways through the inaccessible 2 and 
whose every care1 and thought1  and     
effort tend towards this end1 hinge upon
 and adhere to it 8 ,to whom  have been 
present and still are present the same  
ideas1 desires1   incentives as with    
that most illustrious ,charles ,howard1 

the ,second  ,neptune of the ,ocean1 and
 ,edward ,stafford our most prudent     
,ambassador  at the ,court of ,france1  
in order to accomplish great deeds by   
sea and  land4 ,but since by your skill 
in the art of navigation you clearly saw
  that the chief glory of an insular    
kingdom would obtain its greatest       
splendor among us by the firm support of
 the mathematical sciences1 you  have   
trained up and supported now a long     
time1 with a most liberal  salary1      
,thomas ,hariot1 a young man well versed
 in those studies1 in  order that you   
might acquire in your spare hours by his
 instruction a  knowledge of these noble
 sciences 2 and your own numerous ,sea  
,captains  might unite profitably theory
 with practice4 ,what is to be the      
result  shortly of this your wise and   
learned school1 they who possess even   
moderate judgment can have no difficulty
 in guessing4 ,this one thing ,i  know1 
the one and only consideration to place 
before you1 that first  the ,portuguese 

and afterwards the ,spaniards formerly  
made great  endeavours with no small    
loss1 but at length succeeded through   
determination of mind4 ,hasten on then  
to adorn the ,sparta,vir-ginia  you have
 discovered2 hasten on that ship more   
than ,argonautic1 of  nearly a thousand 
tons burthen which you have at last     
built and  finished with truly regal    
expenditure1 to join with the rest of   
the  fleet you have fitted out4'        
,from this extract one might perhaps    
reasonably infer that ,hariot went      
directly from the ,university in #aehj  
at the age of twenty into  ,raleigh's   
service1 or at latest in #aehb when     
,raleigh returned from  ,flanders4 ,as  
our translation of this important       
passage is rather a free  one the old   
geographer's words are here added1 in   
his own peculiar  ,latin4 ,hakluyt in   
his edition of ,peter ,martyr's ,eight  
,decades1 printed  at ,paris in #aehg1  
#h1 writes of his young friend ,hariot  
in his  dedication to his older friend  

,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 as follows 3--   
,tibi igitur has meas vigilias          
condonatas  confecratas efle volui4 ,cui
  enim potius1 qum tibi has noui ,orbis 
,decades offerem1 qui centum fer        
millium ducatoru impenfa1 nouis tuis    
clafsibus regiones nouas1 nouam  iam    
terti ducendo coloniam1 notas ex        
ignotis1 ex inaccefsis peruias1         
nouifsimis hifce teporibus nobis exhibes
 8 ,cuius omnes curse1  cogitationes1   
conatus1 hue fpeflant1 haec verfant1 in 
his inhaerent4  ,cui cum ,illuftrifsimo 
illo here1 ,carolo ,hovvardo1 altcro    
,oceani maris  ,neptuno1 ,edoardi       
,staffbrdij1 noftri apud regem          
,chriftianifsimum  oratoris             
prudentifsimi fororio1 eadem ftudia1    
eaedem voluntates1 iidem  ad res magnas 
terra marque aggrediendas funt  fuerunt 
ani-morum  ftimuli4 ,cm vero artis      
nauigatori peritia1 prcipuum regni      
infularis  ornamentum1 ,mathematicarii  
fcientiaru adminiculis adhibitis1 fuu   
apud  nos fplendore poffe cofequi facile

 per-fpiceres1 ,thomas ,hariotum1       
iuuenem in illis difciplinis excellente1
 honeftifsimo falario iamdiu  donatum   
apud te aluifti1 cuius fubndio horis    
fuccefsiuis nobililsimas  fcientias     
illas addifcercs1 tuique familiarcs     
duces maritimi1 quos  habes non paucos1 
cum praii theoria non fine fructu       
incredibili  coiungeret4 ,ex quo        
pulcherrimo  fapientifsimo inftitutotuo1
 quid breui  euentutum fit1 qui vel     
mediocri iudicio volent1 facil          
proculdubio  diuinare poterunt4 ,vnum   
hoc fcio1 vnam  vnicam rationem te      
inire1 qua  prim ,lufitani1 deinde      
,caftellani1 quod antea toties cum no   
exigua  iactura funt conati1 tandem ex  
animoru votis perficerut4 ,perge ergo   
,spartam quam nactus es ornare1 perge   
nauem illam plufquam ,argonauticam1     
mille cuparum fere capace1 quam         
fumptibus plane regiis fabricatam iam   
tadem foelicitcr abfoluifti1 reliquae   
tuae clafsi1 quam babes egregi          
inftructam1 adiungere4    ,from this    

early time for nearly forty years1 till 
the morning of the  #bith of ,october   
#afah1 when ,raleigh was beheaded1 these
 two friends are  found inseparable4    
,whether in prosperity or in adversity1 
in the ,tower  or on the scaffold1 ,sir 
,walter always had his ,fidus ,achates  
to look  after him and watch his        
interests4 ,with a sharp wit1 close     
mouth1 and  ready pen ,hariot was of    
inestimable service to his liberal      
patron4 ,with  rare attainments in the  
,greek and ,latin ,classics1 and all    
branches of  the abstract sciences1 he  
combined that perfect fidelity and      
honesty of  character which placed him  
always above suspicion even of the      
enemies  of ,sir ,walter4 ,he was       
neither a politician nor statesman1 and 
therefore  could be even in those times 
a faithful guide1 philosopher1 and      
friend  to ,raleigh4    ,in the year    
#aehe1 as has already been stated above1
 ,hariot1 at the age  of twenty-five1   
went out to ,virginia in ,raleigh's     

first ,colonie' as  surveyor and        
historiographer with ,sir ,richard      
,grenville1 and remained  there one year
 under ,governor ,ralph ,lane1 returning
 in ,july #aehf1 in  ,sir ,francis      
,drake's home-bound fleet from the ,west
 ,indies4 ,during the  absence of this  
expedition ,raleigh had received triple 
favors from  ,fortune4 ,he had entered  
,parliament1 been knighted1 and had been
  presented by the ,queen with twelve   
thousand broad acres in ,ireland4       
,these ,irish acres were partly the     
,queen's perquisite from the ,babington 
#8conspiracy4' ,other royal windfalls   
had considerably increased ,sir         
,walter's expectations1 and aroused his 
ambition4 ,hariot is known to  have     
spent some time in ,ireland on          
,raleigh's estates there during the     
reign of ,elizabeth1 but it is uncertain
 when4 ,it may have been between  the   
autumn of #aehf and the autumn of #aehh4
 ,he was in ,london in the  winter of   
#aehh-hi in time to get out hurriedly   

his report in ,february  #aehi4 ,it is  
possible1 however1 that he went to      
,ireland after his book  was out4 ,he   
was probably the manager of one of the  
estates there as  ,governor ,john ,white
 was of another in #aeia-ic4    ,the    
next early author whom we find speaking 
of ,hariot is his lifelong  friend and  
companion ,robert ,hues or ,hughes in   
his #8,tractatus de _/  ,globis et eo-  
_/ rvm vsv1 _/ ,accommo-datus iis qui   
,lon-_/dini editi funt ,anno ,i#eic1_/  
_/ fumptibus  ,gulielmi ,sanderfoni _/  
,ciuis ,londinienfis_/,confcriptus a    
,ro-_/berto,hues4_/  ,londini_/ ,in     
ardibus ,thomae ,dawfon4 _/ #aeid4' _/  
#h    ,in his dedication to ,sir ,walter
 ,raleigh the author says 3             
,borealiora ,europae noftrates          
diligentimme luftrarunt4 ,primo ,hugo   
,willoughby eques ,anglus  ,richardus   
,chanceler has oras apperuerunt4        
,succedit eis ,stephanus ,borough1      
vlterius pro-grefsi funt ,artunis ,pet  
,carol4 ,iackman4 ,sufcept funt hae     

nauigationes1 inftigante ,sebaftiano    
,caboto1 vt1 fiqu pofset fieri traiectum
 in regiones ,synanum  ,cathayac        
breuimmum confequeremur1 at irreto haec 
omnia conatu1 nifi quod his  medijs     
firmatum eft commercium cum             
,mofchouitis4 ,hc cum non fuccederet1   
inftitutx funt nauigationes ad          
,borealiora ,americ21 quas primo        
fuscepit  ,martinus ,frobifher1 fecutus 
eft poftca ,ioannes ,dauis4 ,ex his     
omnibus  nauigationibus multi           
antiquiorum errores1magna eorum         
ignorantia  detectacft4 ,atque his      
conatibus minus fuccedentibus1 gens     
noftra  nauibus abundans otij impatiens1
 in alias paries fuas nauigationes      
inftituerunt4 ,humphredus ,gilbert      
,eques1 ,americ oras ,hifpanis          
incognitas1 magno animo  viribus1       
fucceffu non aequali noftris aperire    
conatus eft4 ,id quod tuis poftea       
aufpicijs 7vir honoratifsime7 felicius  
fufceptum eft quibus ,virginia nobis    
patefacta eft1 prefecto clafsis         

,richardo ,grinuil nobili equite1 quam  
diligentifsime luftrauit   defcripfit   
,thom ,hariotus4    ,in the ,english    
edition of ,robert ,hues' work1 ,london1
 #afch1 this very  interesting but      
somewhat irrelevant passage appears as  
follows3    ,among whom1 the first that 
adventured on the discovery of these    
parts1  were1 ,sir ,hugh ,willoughby1   
and ,richard ,chanceler3 after them1    
,stephen  ,borough4 ,and farther yet    
then either of these1 did ,arthur ,pet1 
and  ,charles ,lackman discover these   
parts4 ,and these voyages were all      
undertaken by the instigation of        
,sebastian ,cabot3 that so1 if it were  
possible1 there might bee found out a   
nearer pafsage to ,cathay and  ,china 3 
yet all in vane 2 fave only that by this
 meanes a course of  trafficke was      
confirmed betwixt us and the ,mofcovite4
    ,when their attempts fucceeded not  
this way 2 their next designe was  then 
to try1 what might bee done in the      
,northern ,coasts of ,america 3  and the

 first undertaker of these voyages was  
,mr4 ,martin ,frobisher3 who  was       
afterward feconded by ,mr4 ,iohn ,davis4
 ,by meanes of all which  ,navigations1 
many errours of the ,ancients1 and their
 great ignorance  was discovered4       
,but now that all these their endeavours
 fucceeded not1 our ,kingdome at  that  
time being well furnished in fhips1 and 
impatient of idlenefse 3  they resolved 
at length to adventure upon other parts4
 ,and first ,sir  ,humphrey ,gilbert    
with great courage and ,forces attempted
 to make a  discovery of those parts of 
,america1 which were yet unknowne to the
  ,spaniard 3 but the successe was not  
answerable4 ,which attempt of his1  was 
afterward more prosperously prosecuted  
by that honourable ,gentleman  ,sir     
,walter ,rawleigh3 to whose meanes      
,virginia was first discovered unto  us1
 the ,generall of his ,forces being ,sir
 ,richard ,greenville 3 which  ,countrey
 was afterwards very exactly furveighed 
and described by ,mr4  ,thomas ,harriot4

    ,this ,william ,sanderson1 the      
patron of ,mollineux1 ,hood1 and ,hues1 
was a  rich and liberal ,london         
merchant1 who had married a niece of    
,raleigh4  ,he contributed largely to   
,sir ,walter's first reconnoitring      
expedition  in #aehd under ,amidas and  
,barlow1 and was afterwards a liberal   
adventurer and supporter of ,raleigh in 
all his colonial schemes4 ,he was  fond 
of the science of geography1 and        
contributed largely to the  preparation 
and publication of the globes of        
,mollineux1 and the  ,descriptions of   
them by ,hood and ,hues in #aeib and    
#aeid4 ,he was also a  good friend of   
all ,raleigh's friends1 and acted as    
,sir ,walter's fiscal  agent in regard  
to the ,wine monopoly4 ,on being called 
upon for a  settlement of the large     
amount due1 as ,raleigh supposed1 after 
his  imprisonment in the ,tower1        
,sanderson denied his indebtedness1 was 
sued1  cast into the debtors' jail1 and 
died in poverty4 ,his son published     

severe comments against ,raleigh4       
,robert ,hues1 who was an intimate      
friend and associate of ,hariot1 was    
born at ,hertford in #aeed4 ,he became a
 poor scholar at ,brazen nose1 and  was 
afterwards at ,st ,mary's ,hall with    
,hariot4 ,he took his degree of         
,a4,b4in #aegi4 ,he is said to have been
 a good ,greek scholar1 and after       
leaving the ,university travelled and   
became an eminent geographer and        
mathematician4 ,he attracted the        
attention1 probably through ,raleigh1 of
  that noble patron of learning ,henry  
,percy1 #ith ,earl of ,northumberland1  
who took him into his service1 made him 
one of his scientific  companions while 
in the ,tower1 supported him partly at  
,sion1 intrusted  him to instruct his   
children1 and finally sent him to       
,oxford as tutor  at ,christ ,church of 
his eldest surviving son1 ,algernon     
,percy1 who on  the death of his father 
on gunpowder treason day #afcb1 became  
the #ajth  ,earl of ,northumberland4    

,hues died at ,oxford the #bdth of ,may1
 #afcb1 and  was buried in the cathedral
 of ,christ ,church1 according to the   
inscription on his monument4 ,he is     
mentioned by ,chapman in his            
translation of ,homer's ,works  #afaf   
as #8another right learned1  honest1 and
 entirely loved friend of mine4' ,see   
infra1 p4 #ahc4    ,in #aeie ,hariot was
 mentioned as a distinguished man of    
science in his  ,seaman's ,secrets by   
,captain ,john ,davis the navigator1 a  
friend and  partner of ,raleigh4    ,on 
the eleventh of ,july #aeif ,hariot     
under peculiar circumstances wrote  a   
long and confidential letter to ,sir    
,robert ,cecil1 ,chief ,secretary of    
,state1 in the interests of ,raleigh's  
,guiana projects4 ,the letter is  here  
given in full1 as it shows better than  
anything else the close and             
confidential relations existing between 
,sir ,walter and ,hariot at that  time4 
,raleigh had returned from ,guiana1 his 
first ,el ,dorado expedition1  in       

,august #aeie1 and had in the mean time 
employed such energy and  enterprise    
that within about five months he had    
fitted out and  dispatched his second   
,el ,dorado fleet under his friend      
,captain ,keymis4  ,this second         
expedition returned to ,plymouth in     
,june #aeif1 a few days  after ,raleigh 
had gone with ,essex and ,howard of     
,effingham on that  world-renowned      
expedition against ,cadiz4 ,sir ,walter 
appears to have  left his affairs in the
 hands of his ever faithful ,hariot1 and
 hence  this sensible and timely letter 
in the absence of his patron4 ,there    
appears to have been no complaint       
against ,keymis2 but the master of his  
ship1 ,samuel ,mace1 seems to have been 
less discreet4 ,the letter tells  its   
own story1 and gives a vivid picture of 
the intelligent earnestness  of ,sir    
,walter respecting ,guiana1 and at the  
same time the earnest  intelligence of  
,hariot during ,raleigh's absence in    
,spain4    ,it has been denied that     

,raleigh really expected to find the ,el
 ,dorado  in either his first expedition
 of #aeie or last in #afag1 but this    
letter  goes to show that both he and   
,hariot had firm faith in the scheme4   
,indeed in a ,german book of travels    
just published1 entitled #8,aus den     
,llanos4 ,schildenung einer             
naturwisscn-schaftlichen ,reise nach    
,venezuela1 ,von ,carl ,sachs1 ,leipzig1
 #ahgi1' the writer states that the     
export of gold from ,spanish ,guiana in 
#ahge was #gi1dif ounces4 ,he says  that
 the richest mine1 that of ,callao1 has 
of late years returned as  much as #ejj 
per centum4 ,after briefly narrating the
 expeditions of  ,raleigh1 which had    
been preceded by various ,spanish       
expeditions1 he  adds3 #8,now at this   
day1 after nearly three centuries1 the  
riches sought  for have been actually   
found ,in the very country where these  
unfortunate efforts were made4'         
,hariot's letter is as follows3         
,,letter ,,of ,,thomas ,,hariot ,,to    

,,mr4 ,,secretary      ,,sir ,,robert   
,,cecil4      ,from the original        
holograph in the ,cecil ,papers at      
,hatfield1 vol4  xliii1  ,at first      
printed in ,edward ,edward's ,life of   
,raleigh1 vol4 ii1 page #dbj4           
,right ,honourable ,sir1    ,these are  
to let you understand that whereas1     
according to your ,honor's  direction1  
,i have been framing of a ,charte out of
 some such of ,sir  ,walter's notes and 
writings1 which he hath left behind     
him1--his  principal ,charte being      
carried with him1 --if it may please    
you1 ,i do  thinke most fit that the    
discovery of ,captain ,kemish be added1 
in his  due place1 before ,i finish it4 
,it is of importance1 and all ,chartes  
which had that coast before be very     
imperfecte1 as in many thinges  elce4   
,and that of ,sir ,walter's1 although it
 were better in that parte  then any    
other1 yet it was don but by            
intelligence from the ,indians1  and    
this voyadge was specially for the      

discovery of the same2 which is1  as ,i 
find1 well and sufficiently performed4  
,and because the secrecy of  these      
matters doth much importe her ,majesty  
and this ,state1 ,i pray let  me be so  
bould as to crave that the dispatch of  
the plotting and  describing be don only
 by me for you1 according to the order  
of trust  that ,sir ,walter left with   
me1 before his departure1 in that       
behalf1 and  as he hath usually don     
heretofore4 ,if your ,honor have any    
notes from  ,sir ,thomas ,baskerville1  
if it may please you to make me         
acquaynted with  them1 that which they  
will manifest of other particularytyes  
then that  before ,sir ,walter hath     
described shall also be set downe4      
,although ,captain ,kemish be not come  
home rich1 yet he hath don the  speciall
 thing which he was injoined to do1 as  
the discovery of the  coast betwixt the 
river of ,amasones and ,orinico1 where  
are many goodly  harbors for the        
greatest ships her ,majesty hath and any

 nomber2 wher  there are great rivers1  
and more then probability of great good 
to be  don by them for ,guiana1 as by   
any other way or to other rich contryes 
borderinge upon it4 ,as also1 the       
discovery of the mouth of ,orinico it   
self1--a good harbor and free passage   
for ingresse and egresse of most  of the
 ordinary ships of ,england1 above #c   
hundred miles into the  contry4         
,insomuch that ,berreo wondred much of  
our mens comming up so  far2 so that it 
seemeth they know not of that passage4  
,nether could  they1 or can possibly1   
find it from ,trinidado2 from whence    
usually they  have made their           
discoveryes4 ,but if it be don by them  
the shortest way1  it must be done out  
of ,spayne4 ,now1 if it shall please her
 ,majesty to  undertake the enterprise1 
or permitte it in her subjectes1 by her 
order1 countenance1 and authority1 for  
the supplanting of those that  are now  
gotten thither1 ,i thinke it of great   
importance to keepe that  which is don  

as secretly as we may1 lest the         
,spaniardes learne to know  those       
harbors and entrances1 and worke to     
prevent us4    ,and because ,i          
understand that the master of the ship  
with ,captain  ,kemish is somewhat      
carelesse of this1 by geving and selling
 copyes of  his travelles and plottes of
 discoveryes1 ,i thought it my dutye to 
remember it unto your wisdome1 that some
 order might be taken for the           
prevention of such inconveniences as may
 thereby follow 3 by geving  authority  
to some ,justice1 or the ,mayor1 to call
 him before them1 and  to take all his  
writinges and chartes or papers that    
concerne this  discovery1 or any elce1  
in other mens handes1 that he hath sold 
or  conveyed them into 2 and to send    
them sealed to your ,honor1 as also to  
take bond for his further secrecy on    
that behalf4 ,and the like order to  be 
taken by those others1 as we shall      
further informe your ,honor of1  that   
have any such plots1 which yet1 for myne

 owne parte1 ,i know not  of2 or any    
other order1 by sending for him up or   
otherwise1 as to your  wisdome shall    
seeme best4    ,concerning the ,eldorado
 which hath been shewed your ,honor out 
of the  ,spanish booke of ,acosta1 which
 you had from ,wright1 and ,i have      
scene1  when ,i shall have that favour  
as but to speake with you ,i shall shew 
you that it is not ours--that we        
meane--there being three4 ,nether doth  
he  say1 or meane1 that ,amazones river 
and ,orinoco is all one1--as some1 ,i   
feare1 do averre to your ,honor 2 as by 
good profe out of that booke  alone ,i  
can make manifest2 and by other meanes  
besides then this  discovery1 ,i can put
 it out of all dout4    ,to be breef1 ,i
 am at your ,honor's comandement in love
 and duty farther  than ,i can sodeynly 
expresse for haste4 ,i will wayte upon  
you at ,court1  or here at ,london1     
about any of these matters or any       
others1 at any  time1 if ,i might have  
but that favour as to heare so much4 ,i 

dare not  presume of my selfe1 for some 
former respectes4 ,my fidelity hath     
never  been impeached1 and ,i take that 
order that it never shall4 ,i make no   
application4 ,and ,i beseech your ,honor
 to pardon my boldness1 because of      
haste4 ,my meaning is allwayes good4    
,and so ,i most humbly take my leave4   
,this ,sunday1 #aath of ,july #aeif4    
,your ,honor's most ready at            
commandement in all services ,i may1    
,,tho4 ,,harriote4        addressed3    
,to the right honorable ,sir ,,robert   
,,cicill1 ,knight    ,principall        
,secretary to ,her ,majesty1 these4     
,endorsed3 #aa ,july1 #aeif4 ,mr        
,harriott to my ,master4    ,the        
vigilant ,secretary lost no time in     
acting upon ,hariot's  suggestions4 ,on 
the #cast of ,july ,sir ,george         
,trenchard and ,sir ,ralph  ,horsey     
wrote to ,cecil from ,dorchester in     
reply to his instructions1  that they   
had seized the charts and books of the  
#8,india ,voyage' to  ,guiana from one  

,samuel ,mace and ,william ,downe1 which
 they would send  up to the ,secretary  
if desired4 ,they were desired1 and     
accordingly sent  them by post on the   
#ajth of ,august4 ,a few days later     
,raleigh returned  to ,plymouth with the
 first glorious news of the success of  
the ,english  fleet at ,cadiz 2 which   
news completely turned the heads of the 
people  of ,england one way1 and those  
of the ,queen and the hungry politicians
  the other4 ,poor ,mace1 to whom       
,raleigh was much attached1 was restored
  to his confidence4 ,to ,raleigh more  
than to any one man this triumph  over  
,spain was justly due1 but in the       
pitiful squabbles that followed  in the 
apportionment of the honors and the     
spoils ,sir ,walter used to  aver that  
his sole gain in this great national    
enterprise from  beginning to end was   
but a lame leg4 ,he might have added    
that the  business had gained for him   
the envy1 malice and all                
uncharitableness  of those in high      

places4 ,in worldly wealth he was now   
comparatively  poor1 and his fortunes   
were broken1 though the ,queen at times1
 only at  times1 smiled on him4    ,at  
what precise time ,hariot1 who never    
deserted ,raleigh1 became  acquainted   
with ,henry ,percy1 ,earl of            
,northumberland1 with whose honored     
name1 next to that of ,sir ,walter's1   
his must ever be associated1 does  not  
as yet appear4 ,it is known1 however1   
that there was an intimacy  between     
,raleigh and ,percy as early as #aehf1  
when ,sir ,walter presented  ,percy with
 a coat of mail on his going over to    
,flanders1 and soon after  a bedstead   
made of cedar from ,virginia 2 while the
 ,earl about the same  time gave to ,sir
 ,walter a #8stroe coloured velvet      
saddle4' ,from this  time to the day of 
,raleigh's triumph on the scaffold there
 exists  plenty of evidence of their    
continued intimacy4    ,when therefore  
the ,earl and ,raleigh were finally     
caged together in the  ,tower for life  

in #afjf their friendship was of more   
than twenty years'  standing4 ,from this
 we infer that ,hariot also knew ,percy 
almost from  the time of his joining    
,raleigh2 but the earliest mention of   
his name  in connection with that of the
 ,earl which we have met with is this of
  #aeif1 in the ,earl's pay-rolls1 still
 preserved at ,sion1 and described  in  
the ,sixth ,report of the ,royal        
,commission of ,historical ,manuscripts1
  page #bbg1 #8,to ,mr4 ,herytt for a   
book of the ,turk's pictures1 #gs4' ,it 
appears from the same rolls that from   
,michaelmas #aeig to #afaj1 if not      
earlier and later1 an annual pension of 
#hj 7not  #abj1 or  #aej1 #cjj1  as     
variously stated7 was paid to ,hariot by
 the ,earl4 ,this pension was  probably 
continued as long as ,hariot lived2 and 
besides there are not  wanting many     
marks of the ,earl's liberality1        
friendship1 and love for  his companion 
and pensioner1 who was long known as    
#8,hariot of ,sion on  ,thames1' as     

expressed on his monument4 ,in the      
,earl's accounts for #afjh  there is    
this entry1 #8,payment for repairing and
 finishing ,mr ,heriotts  house at      
,sion4'    ,at what time exactly ,hariot
 took up his residence at ,sion the     
,earl's  new seat 7purchased of ,james  
in #afjd7 is not known1 but probably    
soon  after the ,earl was sent to the   
,tower in #afjf4 ,there is preserved a  
,letter from ,sir ,william ,lower       
addressed to ,hariot at ,sion dated the 
#c,oth of ,september #afjg1 and other   
letters or papers exist showing his     
continued residence there until near the
 time of his death in #afba4  ,wood and 
many subsequent writers to the present  
time have confused ,sion  near          
,isleworth with ,sion ,college in       
,london4 ,they are totally distinct4    
,hariot had nothing to do with ,sion    
,college1 which was not founded until   
#afcj1 nine years after his death4 ,the 
error arose out of the  coincidence of  
,torporley's taking chambers at ,sion   

,college on retiring  from his clerical 
profession1 and dying there in ,april   
#afcb1 leaving  his mathematical books  
and manuscripts to the ,college         
,library4 ,he had  been appointed by    
,hariot to look over1 arrange1 and #8pen
 out the  doctrine' of his mathematical 
writings4 ,torporley's abstracts of     
,hariot's papers are still preserved in 
,sion ,college ,library4    ,what the   
,earl of ,northumberland did for ,hariot
 is1 as the world goes1  ascribed to    
patronage 2 what ,hariot did for the    
,earl cannot be measured  by money or   
houses1 but may be summed up in four    
words1 alike honorable  to both1 #8they 
were long friends4' ,to this day the    
debt of gratitude  from the philosopher 
to the nobleman is fairly balanced by   
the similar  debt of the nobleman to the
 philosopher4 ,hariot's ,will1 given on 
pages  #aic-bjc1 tells the rest of the  
story of this noble friendship4    ,it  
is manifest1 however1 from many         
considerations that the noble ,earl     

took a lively and almost officious      
interest in the public honor and        
character of his friend1 for ,hariot    
appears to have been as careless of  his
 own scientific reputation as his       
contemporary ,shakspeare is said to     
have been of his literary eminence4     
,on the other hand1 ,hariot's interest  
in the ,earl's affairs and family  at   
,sion redound greatly to his credit4 ,he
 was both an eminent scholar  and a     
remarkable teacher4 ,earnest students   
flocked to him for higher  education    
from all parts of the country4 ,besides 
the private scientific  and professional
 instruction that from the first he gave
 to ,raleigh1  his captains and sea     
officers1 he seems to have had under his
  scientific tuition and mathematical   
guidance many young men who  afterwards 
became celebrated2 among whom may be    
mentioned ,robert  ,sidney1 the brother 
of ,sir ,philip1 afterwards ,lord ,lisle
 of ,penshurst2  ,thomas ,aylesburyof   
,windsor1 afterwards ,sir ,thomas1 the  

great-grandfather of two queens of      
,england2 the late ,lord ,harrington2   
,sir ,william ,protheroe and ,sir       
,william ,lower of ,south ,wales2       
,nathaniel  ,torporley of ,shropshire2  
,sir ,ferdinando ,gorges of ,devonshire2
 ,captain  ,keymis2 ,captain ,whiddon1  
and many others4 ,cordial and           
affectionate  letters of most of these  
men to their venerated master are still 
preserved4    ,at ,sion were the groves 
of ,hariot's academy4    ,yet he with   
,warner and ,hues was constantly passing
 by the ,thames  between ,sion and the  
,tower1 some three or four hours by oar 
and tide4  ,they were all three         
pensioners1 or in the pay1 of the ,earl1
 though the  last two were on a very    
different footing from that of ,hariot  
as to  emoluments and responsible       
position4 ,they were1 however1          
companions of  both the ,earl and ,sir  
,walter1 and1 if tradition is to be     
believed1 they  were sometimes joined by
 ,ben ,jonson1 ,dr ,burrill1 ,rev4      

,gilbert  ,hawthorne1 ,hugh ,broughton1 
the poet ,hoskins and perhaps others4   
,the ,earl had a large family to be     
educated1 and there is reason to        
believe that in his absence from ,sion  
,hariot was intrusted for many  years   
with the confidential supervision of    
some of the ,earl's personal  affairs at
 ,sion1 including the education of his  
children4 ,how he  identified himself   
with the noble family of his patron may 
be inferred  from these extracts from a 
letter to ,hariot1 dated ,july #ai1     
#afaa1 of  ,william ,lower1 one of his  
loving disciples4 ,cecil had been       
fishing out  some new evidence of       
,percy's treason from a discharged      
servant1 and was  pressing cruelly upon 
the prisoner4 ,lower writes 3      ,i   
have here in ,south ,wales much otium   
and therefore ,i may cast awaye  some of
 it in vaine pursuites1 chusing always  
rather to doe some thinge  worth nothing
 then nothing att all4 ,how farre ,i had
 proceeded in this1  ,i ment now to have

 given you an account1 but that the     
reporte of the  unfortunate ,erles      
relapse into calamitie makes me beleeve 
that you are  enough troubled both with 
his misfortunes and my ladys troubles2  
and so  a discourse of this nature would
 be unseasonable4 ,and concludes the    
letter with ,but at this time this much 
is to much4 ,i am sorrie to  heare of   
the new troubles ther1 and pray for a   
good issue of them  especiallie for my  
ladys sake and her five litle ones4 ,the
 ,countess of  ,northumberland here     
referred to was the mother of ,sir      
,william ,lower's  wife1 who was        
,penelope ,perrot1 daughter of ,sir     
,john ,perrot1 who married  ,lady       
,dorothy ,devereux1 sister of ,essex1   
and for her second husband  ,henry      
,percy the gth ,earl of ,northumberland4
 ,lower died in #afae4      ,this       
responsible trust gave ,hariot a good   
house and home of his own at  ,sion1    
with independence and an observatory4   
,he had a library in his own  house1 and

 seems to have been the ,earl's         
librarian and book selector or          
purchaser for the library of ,sion      
,house1 as well as for the use of the   
,earl in the ,tower4 ,the ,earl was a   
great book-collector1 as appears by  his
 payrolls4 ,books were carried from     
,sion to the ,tower and back again1     
probably not only for the ,earl's own   
use1 but for ,raleigh's in his  ,history
 of the ,world4 ,many of these books1 it
 is understood1 are still  preserved at 
,petworth1 then and subsequently one of 
the ,earl's seats1  but now occupied by 
the ,earl of ,leconsfield4    ,to look  
back a little4 ,before either ,raleigh  
or ,henry ,percy was shut up  in the    
,tower1 we find one of ,hariot's        
earliest and ablest mathematical        
disciples1 ,nathaniel ,torporley1 a     
learned clergyman1 writing in high      
praise of him in his now rare           
mathematical book in ,latin1 entitled1' 
,diclides ,coelometricx1' or ,universal 
,gates of ,astronomy1 containing all    

the materials for calculation of the    
whole art in the moderate space of  two 
tables1 on a new general and very easy  
system4 ,by ,nathaniel  ,torporley1 of  
,shropshire1 in his philosophical       
retreat1 printed in  #afjb4 ,the exact  
title is as follows3    ,diclides       
,coelometric _/ ,seu _/ ,valv           
,astronomic _/ vniversales _/ ,omnia    
artis totius numera ,psephophoretica in 
sat modicis _/ finibus duarum           
,tabularum ,methodo noua1 generali1_/   
facilima continentes4_/ ,authore        
,nathale ,torporlaeo ,salopiensi _/ in  
secessu ,philotheoro4 _/ ,londini _/    
,excudebat ,felix ,kingston4 #afjb4 _/  
#d4    ,in the long preface ,torporley1 
who had entered ,st ,mary's ,hall the   
year  ,hariot graduated1 and who during 
his travels abroad had served two  years
 as private secretary or amanuensis to  
,francis ,vieta1 the great  ,french     
,mathematician1 but who had since become
 a disciple of the  greater ,english    
,mathematician1 thus admiringly speaks  

of his new  master1 ,thomas ,hariot3    
,neque enim1 per ,authorum cunctationem 
affectatam ob-scuritatem1 fieri  potuit1
 vt in prima huius ,artis promulgatione1
 eidem alicui   inventionis laudem1 te  
erudiendi mercedem deferremus2 sed      
dimicamibus  illis1 neque de minoribus  
prmijs quam de imperio ,mathematico     
certantibus2 mussantibus vero alijs1    
arrectis animis expectantibus1          
,quis pecori imperitet1 quern tot       
armenta sequantur2 non defuit ,angl     
suus ,agonista 7ornatifimum dico1 et in 
omni eruditionis varietate              
principemvirum ,thomam ,hariotum1 homine
 natu ad ,artes illustrandas1 1  quod   
illi palmariu erit prstantissimu1 ad    
nubes philofophicas1 in  quibus multa   
iam secula caligauit mundus1 indubitata2
 veritatis  splendore difcutiendas7 qui 
vetaret1 tarn folidz laudis spolia ad   
exteros ,integra deuolui4 ,ille enim    
7etiamdum in pharetra conclufa1 qu      
pupilla viuacis auicular terebraret1    
sagitta7 ipsam totius ,artiseius  metam 

egregia methodo collimauit2 expedita    
vero facilitate patefactam1  inter alios
 amicorum1  mihi quoque tradidit2       
multisq vitro citroq1  iaftatis         
,qustionibus1 ingenia nostra in abysso  
huius ,artis exercendi  causam prbuit4  
,of ,mr ,torporley we shall have more to
 say further on1 as he is  particularly 
mentioned in ,hariot's will4 ,meanwhile 
here is an attempt  at a translation of 
his peculiar ,latin in the above        
extract3      ,for indeed by the delays 
and affected obscurity of authors1 it   
was  impossible1 that in the first      
promulgation of the art1 we should give 
the praise of invention and the credit  
of teaching1 to the same  individual 2  
but while they were quarrelling         
contending for no less a  prize than the
 empire of ,mathematics1 whilst others  
were muttering1 and  waiting with       
excited minds to see          ,who      
should rule the flock1 whom so many     
herds should follow1      our own       
champion has not been wanting to        

,england4 ,i mean ,thomas ,hariot1  a   
most distinguished man1 and one         
excelling in all branches of learning  3
 a man born to illustrate ,science1 and1
 what was his principal  distinction1 to
 clear away by the splendour of         
undoubted truth those  philosophical    
clouds in which the world had been      
involved for so many  centuries 3 who   
did not allow the trophies of           
substantial praise to be  wholly carried
 abroad toother nations4 ,for he 7while 
the arrow1 which  was to hit the        
bull's-eye1 was yet in the quiver7      
defined by an  admirable method the     
limits of all that science 2 and showed 
it to me1  amongst others of his        
friends1 explained in an expeditious and
 simple  manner 2 and by proposing      
various problems to us1 enabled us to   
exercise our ingenuity in the           
profundities of this science4      ,but 
time and space beckon4 ,on the #bdth of 
,march #afjc1 set #8that bright         
occidental ,star1' and #8that mock ,sun'

 fr the north took by succession  its   
place4 ,to ,raleigh the change was the  
setting of a great hope1 for  to ,queen 
,elizabeth he owed his fortunes1 and was
 proud of the debt4 ,to  ,raleigh more  
than to any other one man1              
notwithstanding his many  faults1 the   
,queen owed the brilliancy of her       
,court1 the efficacy and  terror of her 
navy1 the enterprise and intelligent    
energy of her  people1 to say nothing of
 the adventurous spirit of colonization 
which  he awoke in his efforts in       
,western ,planting4 ,the glory of his   
achievements today is the glory alike of
 ,england and ,english ,america4  ,king 
,james let no man down so far as he did 
,raleigh4 ,perhaps it was  because there
 was no one left of ,elizabeth's ,court 
who could fall so  far4    ,on three    
trumped up charges which never were1 and
 never could be  sustained with due form
 of law1 ,raleigh was with small delay  
thrown  into the ,tower4 ,several other 
noblemen and less eminent persons were  

sent there also4 ,the ,asiatic plague   
was raging in the ,city4 ,a moral       
pestilence of equal virulence at the    
same time infested the ,court4 ,the     
,state prisoners must be tried openly1  
though already secretly  condemned4 ,the
 ,judges of his #8dread ,majesty' dared 
not venture to the  ,tower as usual for 
the trials1 forgetting apparently that  
its precincts  were just as unhealthy   
for the great prisoners of ,state as for
 them1  who were liable any day on the  
miffs of majesty to change places4      
,so it was determined that the'         
traitors' should be carted down to      
,winchester for trial4 ,a cold wet      
,november seven-days' journey through   
mud and slush was the miserable dodge to
 carry out this scheme of  darkness     
which neither ,coke nor ,popham would   
have dared to perpetrate  in the broad  
light of ,london4 ,it was1 as all the   
world knows1 a mock  trial4 ,the        
prisoners ,raleigh1 ,cobham1 ,gray1 and 
,markham were condemned  and sentenced  

to death as traitors1 and ,raleigh1 for 
the grim sport of  the royal ,nimrod1   
was made to witness a mock execution of 
his  fellow-convicts1 but being in due  
course all respited by a warrant  which 
the ,governorof ,winchester ,castle had 
carried three days in his  pocket1 were 
carted back to the ,tower1 where1 not   
pardoned1 their  sentences not commuted1
 but simply deferred1 they were tortured
 with a  living death hanging over them1
 like the sword of ,damocles depending  
on  royal caprice4    ,here ,raleigh    
dragged out his long imprisonment1 and  
7as tersely  truly  expressed by his    
son7 was1 after thirteen years1 beheaded
 for opposing  the very thing he was    
condemned and sentenced for favouring4  
,the whole  story is a bundle of        
inconsistencies1 like that of ,henry    
,percy1 the #ith  ,earl of              
,northumberland1 committed to the ,tower
 in #afjf1 and his fifteen  years'      
imprisonment4 ,the stories of these two 
celebrated men are  inseparably         

connected with that of ,hariot4 ,but it 
is not our purpose to  trace either     
,raleigh's or ,percy's progress through 
these long and  dreary years any further
 than is necessary to illustrate the    
life of  ,hariot1 who was the light of  
the outer world to them both4           
,incarcerated  and watched as they were1
 ,hariot was the ears1 the eyes1 and the
 hands  of these two noble captives4    
,the depth and variety of ,hariot's     
intellectual and scientific  resources1 
his honesty of purpose1 his fidelity of 
character1 his  eminent scholarship1 his
 unswerving integrity1 and his command  
of  tongue1 rendered him alike          
invulnerable to politicians and to royal
  minions4 ,he was with ,raleigh at     
,winchester and in the ,tower1 off and  
on1 as required1 from #afjd to #afah1   
except during the last voyage to        
,guiana4 ,he was at the same time a     
pensioner1 a companion1 and             
confidential factotum of his old friend 
the ,earl of ,northumberland both  in   

the ,tower and at ,sion for fifteen     
years4 ,watched as these two  prisoners 
were1 ensnared1 entrapped1 and entangled
 for new evidence  against them1 it was 
necessary for ,hariot to pursue a       
delicate and  cautious course1 to eschew
 politics1 statecraft and treason1 and  
to  devote himself to pure science      
7almost the only pure commodity that was
  then a safeguard7 metaphysics1 natural
 philosophy1 mathematics1  history1 and 
literature4 ,he was their jackal1 their 
book of reference1  their guide1 their  
teacher1 and their friend4    ,raleigh  
found himself in ,december #afjc1 lodged
 in the ,tower1 innocent1  as is now    
generally admitted1 of the charges      
against him1 but legally  attainted of  
high treason4 ,all his worldly effects  
therefore escheated  to the ,crown4 ,the
 ,king out of pure cowardice 7for he    
dared not carry  out the sentence of the
 ,court7 waived the horrid parts of the 
sentence--too horrid even to be quoted  
here--and commuted it to execution  by  

the block4 ,he also waived the immediate
 forfeitureof property  acquired under  
,elizabeth's reign1 and even allowed    
,raleigh to complete  the entail of     
certain estates to his wife and son4    
,the ,governor of the ,tower and his    
,lieutenant were at first officially    
kind and friendly1 extending many       
privileges to win his confidence4 ,if   
there had been any treason in ,sir      
,walter they would most certainly have  
wormed it out of him1 for his eyes at   
first were not fully open4 ,he  still   
believed in the honour and fidelity of  
his mock friends at ,court4    ,when no 
more satisfactory evidence of his guilt 
could be smuggled out  of him1 or his   
companions1 in support of the unjust    
verdict1 they  began1 in #afje1 to      
abridge his privileges and darken his   
lights4 ,at  first his friends and      
visitors were cut down to a fixed       
number4 ,there  is a list among the     
,burleigh papers in the ,british ,museum
 by which it  appears that ,lady        

,raleigh1 her maid1 and her son might   
visit ,sir  ,walter4 ,for this they took
 a house on ,tower ,hill near the old   
fortress1 where they lived six years1 or
 as long as this privilege  lasted4     
,then ,sir ,walter was to be allowed two
 men servants and a boy1 who were  to   
remain within the ,tower4 ,besides these
 he was permitted to see on  occasion1  
,mr ,hawthorne1 a clergyman 2 ,dr       
,turner1 his physician  ,mr  ,johns1 his
 surgeon 2 ,mr ,sherbery1 his solicitor 
2 his bailiff at  ,sherburne 2 and his  
old friend1 ,thomas ,hariot1 with no    
official  designation4    ,it needs no  
ears under the walls of the ,tower to   
tell us what were the  duties of this   
learned and trusted friend1 who had been
 ,sir ,walter's  confidential factor for
 a quarter of a century in all his most 
important enterprises4 ,hariot1 it will 
be perceived1 was the only one  named1  
in this house-list1 without an assigned 
profession4 ,fortunately  there is still
 preserved a #8hoggeshead of papers' in 

,hariot's  handwriting1 ill-assorted and
 hitherto unsifted1 which partially     
reveal  the secrets of this             
prison-house1 and show ,hariot here1    
there1 and  everywhere1 mixed up with   
all the studies1 toils1 experiments1    
books1  and literary ventures of our    
honored traitor4    ,so passed1 with    
tantalizing uncertainty1 the year #afje1
 with many fears  for the future and    
some hopes2 but #afjf brought into the  
,tower ,sir  ,walter's old friend ,henry
 ,percy1 another #8traitor4' ,with him1 
at first1  there was considerable       
liberality on the part of the officials 
7all  paid for71 and both ,raleigh and  
,percy had each a garden to cultivate   
and walk in1 and a still-room or        
laboratory in which to study and        
perform their #8magic4' ,hariot was the 
master of both in these occult          
sciences4 ,the #8furnace' and the       
#8still' were at first ,raleigh's chief 
amusement and study4 ,assaying and      
transfusing metals1 distilling  simples 

and compounds1 concocting medicines1 and
 testing antidotes1  with exercises in  
chemistry and alchemy1 were the studies 
of both  ,raleigh and the ,earl4 ,but   
soon the policy of the ,court changed4  
,the  prisoners had less liberty and saw
 less of each other1 and so the  stills 
were pulled down1 and the gardens given 
up4 ,raleigh was more  closely watched1 
and entrapped4 ,then there was fencing  
and defencing1  for nothing could stand 
against the ,king's persistent rancor1  
and  ,cecil's dissimulation4 ,from time 
to time ,sir ,walter's titles1 his      
offices1 his ,elizabethan monopolies and
 his appointments were all taken  from  
him4 ,all his emoluments were wanted for
 hungry favourites 2 and  finally the   
,sherburne estate which he had been     
permitted to entail on  his son went by 
no higher law than the king's1 #8,i mon 
hae it for ,carr4'    ,during all these 
anxious months ,hariot was ,sir         
,walter's close-mouthed  and trusted    
,mercury1 a silent messenger who floated

 frequently by the  tide on the ,thames 
between the ,tower and his residence at 
,sion1 a  pensioner of1 and one of      
,percy's staff of wise men1 but really  
,raleigh's strong right hand4 ,he       
adroitly and faithfully served two      
masters1 preserving his own independence
 and self reliance1 and not  losing the 
confidence of either4    ,from the trial
 at ,winchester to the final transfer of
 ,sherburne1 a  period of some five     
years1 every step against ,raleigh was  
taken through  the high ,courts of      
,justice4 ,that the cannie monarch was  
capable of all  this moral wrong and    
legal crookedness need not surprise any 
one who  has investigated his           
antecedents and proclivities1 but that  
he on  coming to ,england should have   
developed that masterly power of warping
  great minds and bending the ,english  
,courts of ,justice to his purposes1    
and even crunching its strong old oaken 
,bench and ,bar into his own  royal     
privy pocket1 does surprise one4 ,the   

secret of this unenglish  strength1     
however1 has been attributed partly to  
his ,bur-leigh help4    ,when ,raleigh  
found the cords thus tightening round   
him1 he offered  sundry concessions and 
services for life and liberty4 ,he would
 carry  out his schemes for enriching   
the king and the kingdom by conquering  
and exploring ,guiana2 he would accept  
exile in ,holland2 or emigrate to       
,virginia1 and help to build up a new   
,english empire in the ,west2 but  all  
in vain4 ,it was feared that his        
unexpired and dormant patent might      
interfere with the ,king's own ,virginia
 charter4 ,so ,raleigh and ,hariot      
worked on1 but relieved the tedium by   
ever changing study4 ,every year  or    
two1 as long as he could command through
 himself or friends the  resources1     
,raleigh sent privately a reconnoitring 
and intelligence ship  to ,guiana1 to   
keep that pet enterprise alive4 ,in this
 delicate matter  ,hariot was ,sir      
,walter's geographer and assayer1 while 

,hariot's old  college friend1 ,keymis1 
was his factor or shipping agent4       
,then come ,raleigh's ,essays and       
smaller writing with his hopeful        
correspondence with the ,queen and      
,prince ,henry4 ,lady ,raleigh's        
privileges1 after six years1 ceased in  
#afaa2 probably about the time  that    
,cecil was for some unaccountable reason
 prospecting actively for  new evidence 
against both ,sir ,walter and ,percy4   
,the years #afaj and #afaa  were anxious
 times for them both2 but they were     
bright days for ,hariot1  with his      
invention of the telescope and his      
discoveries4 ,whether in the  ,tower1   
administering new scientific delicacies 
and delights to the  prisoners2 or at   
,sion1 unlocking the secrets of the     
starry firmament by  night1 in his      
observatory2 or floating between ,sion  
and the ,tower by  day on the broad     
bosom of the ,thames1 prying into the   
optical secrets  of lenses1 and         
inventing his perspective trunks by     

which he could bring  distant objects   
near1 ,hariot in foggy ,england of the  
north was working  out almost the same  
brilliant series of discoveries that    
,galileo was  making in ,italy4 ,to this
 day1 with our undated and indefinite   
material1  even with the new and much   
more precise evidence now for the first 
time  herewith produced1 it is difficult
 to decide which of them first  invented
 the telescope1 or first by actual      
observation with that  marvellous       
instrument confirmed the truth of the   
,copernican ,system by  revealing the   
spots on the ,sun1 the orbit of ,mars1  
the horns of ,venus1  the satellites of 
,jupiter1 the mountains in the ,moon1   
the elliptical  orbits of comets1 etc4  
,it is manifest1 however1 that they were
 both  working in the same groove and at
 the same time4    ,hariot was          
undoubtedly as great a mathematician and
 astronomer as  ,galileo4 ,in #afjg at  
,ilfracombe and in ,south ,wales1 he had
 taken by hand  and ,jacob's staff1 the 

old patriarchal method1 valuable        
observations of  the comet of that year1
 and compared notes with his            
astronomical pupil  ,william ,lower1 and
 afterwards with ,kepler4 ,this comet1  
now known as  ,halley's1 ought perhaps  
to have been named ,hariot's1 for it    
confirmed  his notions that the motions 
of the planets were not perfect circles 
and afforded probably the germ of his   
reasoning out the elliptical  orbits of 
comets1 especially afterhis friend and  
correspondent see  infra1 pages #agh-ahj
 ,kepler's book de ,motibus ,stella     
,atartis came  out in #afji1 and he had 
invented and improved his telescope or  
perspective #8truncke' or cylinder in   
#afji-aj4    ,it is not positively      
stated that ,hariot held direct         
correspondence with  ,galileo in #afji  
and #afaj or even later1 but the        
evidence is strong that  he was promptly
 kept informedof what was going on in   
,italy in  astronomical and mathematical
 discovery1 as well as in ,germany and  

elsewhere4 ,that he was using a         
#8perspective truncke' or telescope as  
early as the winter of #afji-aj1 and    
that his #8servaunte' ,christopher      
,tooke 7or as ,lower in #afaa familiarly
 called him' ,kitt'7 made lenses  for   
him and fitted them into his #8trunckcs'
 for sale by himself1 is  known4 ,from  
this circumstance1and from the fact that
 he disposed of  many #8trunckes' by his
 will1 and left a considerable stock of 
them to  ,tooke1 it is manifest that he 
manufactured and traded in telescopes   
from #afji to #afba4 ,with his invention
 of the telescope then it required  no  
correspondence with ,galileo to induce  
him to rake the heavens and  sweep our  
planetary system for new astronomical   
discoveries4 ,to an  astronomer of his  
activity and mathematical acumen these  
discoveries  followed as a matter of    
course4 ,like ,galileo he may have      
borrowed from  the ,dutch 7or quite as  
likely they of him7 the idea that by a  
combination of lenses it was possible to

 bring distant objects near1  but that  
he worked out the idea independently of 
,galileo admits hardly  of a doubt4 ,but
 he seems to have been less ambitious   
than ,galileo to  claim priority in     
either the invention or the discoveries 
that  immediately followed4 ,in this    
connection the following hitherto       
unpublished letter will be read with    
interest3    ,,letter ,,of ,,sir        
,,william ,,lower in ,south ,wales to   
,,thomas ,,hariot at ,sion #ba ,june    
#afaj4      ,printed from the holograph 
original in the ,british ,museum      ,i
 gaue your letter a double welcome1 both
 because it came from you and  contained
 newes of that strange nature 2 although
 that wch ,i craued1  you haue deserved 
till another time4 ,me thinkes my       
diligent ,galileus  hath done more in   
his three fold discouerie then          
,magellane in openinge  the streightes  
to the ,south sea or the dutch men that 
weare eaten by  beares in ,noua ,zembla4
 ,i am sure with more ease and saftie to

 him selfe  and more pleasure to mee4 ,i
 am so affected with this newes as ,i   
wish  sommer were past that ,i mighte   
obserue these phenomenes also1 in the   
moone ,i had formerlie observed a       
strange spotted-nesse al ouer1 but had  
no conceite that anie parte therof      
mighte be shadowes2 since ,i haue       
obserued three degrees in the darke     
partes1 of wch the lighter sorte  hath  
some resemblance of shadinesse but that 
they grow shorter or  longer ,i cannot  
yet pceaue4 ther are three starres in   
,orion below the  three in his girdle so
 neere togeather as they appeared vnto  
me alwayes  like a longe starre1        
insomuch as aboute #d yeares since ,i   
was a writing  you newes out of         
,cornwall of a view a strange phenomenon
 but asking  some that had better eyes  
then my selfe they told me1 they were   
three  starres lying close togeather in 
a right line1 thes starres with my      
cylinder this last winter ,i often      
observed1 and it was longe er ,i        

beleued that ,i saw them1 they          
appearinge through the ,cylinder so     
farre  and distinctlie asunder that     
without ,i can not yet disseuer4 the    
discouerie of thes made me then obserue 
the #g starres also in1   ,taurus1 wch  
before ,i alwayes rather beleued to be1 
#g4 then euer could  nomber them1       
through my ,cylinder ,i saw thes also   
plainelie and far  asunder1 and more    
then1 #g4 to1 but because ,i was prejugd
 with that  number1 ,i beleved not myne 
eyes nor was carefull to obserue how    
manie2  the next winter now that you    
have opened mine eyes you shall heare   
much  fr me of this argument1 of the    
third and greatest 7that ,i confesse    
pleased me most7 ,i have least to say1  
sauing that just at the instance  that  
,i receaved your letters wee ,traventane
 ,philosophers were a  consideringe of  
,kepler's99 reasons 99pag4 #ajf4 ,noua  
,stella ,serpentarii  by wch he         
indeauors to ouerthrow ,nolanus and     
,gilberts opinions  concerninge the     

immensitie of the ,spheare of the       
starres and4 that  opinion particularlie
 of ,nolanus by wch he affirmed that the
 eye beinge  placed in anie parte of the
 ,univers the apparence would be still  
all  one as vnto us here4 ,when ,i was a
 sayinge that although ,kepler had sayd 
somethinge to moste that mighte be vrged
 for that opinion of ,nolanus1  yet of  
one principall thinge hee had not       
thought2 for although it may  be true   
that to the ey placed in anie starre of1
  ,cancer1 the  starres in ,capricorne  
will vanish1 yet he hath not therfore so
 soundlie  concluded 7as he thinkes7    
that therfore towards that parte of the 
world  ther wilbe a voidnesse or thin   
scattering of little starres wheras els 
round about ther will appeare huge      
starres close thruste togeather3 for    
sayd ,i 7hauinge heard you say often as 
much7 what is in that huge space        
betweene the starres and ,saturne1 ther 
remaine euer fixed infinite  nombers wch
 may supplie the apparence to the eye   

that shalbe placed in   ,cancer1 wch by 
reason of ther lesser magnitudes doe    
flie our  sighte what is aboute         
,saturn1  ,jupiter1  ,mars1 etc4  ther  
moue other planets also wch appeare not4
 just as ,i was a saying  this comes    
your letter1 wch when ,i had redd1 loe1 
qd ,i1 what ,i spoke  probablie         
experience hath made good 2 so that we  
both with wonder and  delighte fell a   
consideringe your letter1 we are here so
 on fire with  thes thinges that ,i must
 renew my request and your promise to   
send mee  of all sortes of thes         
,cylinders4 my man shal deliuer you     
monie for anie  charge requisite1 and   
contente your man for his paines and    
skill4 ,send  me so manie as you thinke 
needfull vnto thes obseruations1 and in 
requitall1 ,i will send you store of    
observations4 ,send me also one of      
,galileus bookes if anie yet be come    
ouer and you can get them4  ,concerning 
my doubte in ,kepler1 you see what it is
 to bee so far fro  you4 ,what troubled 

me a month you satisfyed in a minute4 ,i
 have  supplied verie fitlie my wante of
 a spheare1 in the desolution of a      
hogshead1 for the hopes therof haue     
framed me a verie fine one4 ,i pray     
also at your leasure answere the other  
pointes of my last letter  concerning   
,vieta1 ,kepler and your selfe4 ,i have 
nothinge to presence  you in counter1   
but gratitude with a will in act to be  
vsefull vnto you  and a power in proxima
 potentia 2 wch ,i will not leaue also  
till ,i haue  broughte ad actum4 ,if you
 in the meane time can further it1 tell 
wher  in ,i may doe you seruice1 and see
 how wholie you shall dispose of me4    
,your most assured and louing friend    
,tra'uenti the longest day of1 #afaj4   
,willm ,lower4   ,addressed3 ,to his    
espesial good frind  ,mr4 ,thomas       
,hariot    ,seal of ,arms1 7,b4 ,m4     
,add4 #fghi47 at ,sion neere ,london4   
,tra'venti or ,trafenty1 near ,lower    
,court1 is eight or nine miles          
south-west of ,caermarthen1 near the    

confluence of the rivers ,taf and       
,cywyn4    ,the writer is fortunately   
able to throw some light upon these     
letters  of ,lower to ,hariot4 ,in the  
,monatlicbe ,correspondenz ,vol4 #h1    
#ahjc1  published by ,f4 ,x4 von ,zach  
at ,gotha1 pages #dg-ef1 is a most      
interesting fragment of an original     
letter in,english to,hariot4 ,dr ,zach  
says that he found this letter at       
,petworth in #aghd1 and it being        
without date or signature he confidently
 assigned its authorship to the  ,earl  
of ,northumberland1 and guessed the date
 to have been prior to  #afai4 ,in his  
many notes he is in raptures over his   
discovery1 and  deplores the misfortune 
of its breaking off in the most         
interesting  place just as the ,earl was
 about to announce the discovery of the 
elliptical orbit of the comet of #afjg1 
as reasoned out of ,hariot's            
observations and the writings of        
,kepler4 ,this famous letter has been   
used or copied in many places1          

particularly in ,ersch and ,gru-ber's   
,algemeine ,encyklopadie under ,hariot4 
,the mystery is now solved by giving    
here the letter in full4 ,it is even    
more important than ,dr ,zach with all  
his enthusiasm supposed4 ,it is  not1   
however1 from the pen of                
,northumberland1 though none the less   
interesting on that account4 ,the letter
 is in the well-known  handwriting of   
,lower1 of ,tra'venti1 on ,mount        
,martin1 near ,llanfihangel1  in ,south 
,wales1 to his dearly loved friend and  
master ,hariot at ,sion1  and is dated  
the #fth of ,february1 #afaj4 ,the      
letter fills two sheets of  foolscap    
paper4 ,the first sheet of four pages   
,dr ,zach found at  ,petworth1 and it is
 to be hoped that it still exists there4
 ,the other  sheet of four pages is     
preserved in the ,british ,museum 7,add4
 #fghi74 ,how  long these two sheets    
have been separated it is difficult to  
tell1 but  probably from ,hariot's day1 
that is1 for more than two centuries and

 a  half4 ,the two fragments are now    
brought together and printed for the    
first time complete1 the first half from
 ,dr ,zach's text1 and the latter  half 
copied verbatim direct from the original
 autograph manuscript1  ,brit4 ,mus4    
,add4 #fghi4      ,,letter ,,from ,,sir 
,,william ,,lower ,,mathematician       
,,and ,,astronomer ,,to ,,thomas        
,,hariot ,,at ,,sion      ,,february #f1
 #afaj4      ,i have receeved the       
perspective ,cylinder that you promised 
me and am  sorrie that my man gave you  
not more warning1 that ,i might have had
  also the #b or #c more that you       
mentioned to chuse for me4 ,hence       
forward  he shall have order to attend  
you better and to defray the charge of  
this and others1 that he forgot to pay  
the worke man4 ,according as you  wished
 ,i have observed the ,mone in all his  
changes4 ,in the new ,i  discover       
manifestlie the earthshine1 a little    
before the ,dichotomic1  that spot which
 reprefents unto me the ,man in the     

,moone 7but without a  head7 is first to
 be feene4 a little after neare the     
brimme of the  gibbous parts towards the
 upper corner appeare luminous parts    
like  starres much brighter then the    
rest and the whole brimme along1 lookes 
like unto the ,description of ,coasts in
 the dutch bookes of voyages1 in  the   
full she appeares like a tarte that my  
,cooke made me the last  ,weeke4 here a 
vaine of bright stuffe1 and there of    
darke1 and so  consufedlie al over4 ,i  
muft confesse ,i can see none of this   
without my  cylinder4 ,yet an ingenious 
younge man that accompanies me here     
often1  and loves you1 and these studies
 much1 sees manie of these things even  
without the helpe of the instrument1 but
 with it sees them most  plainielie4 ,i 
meane the younge ,mr4 ,protherbe4       
,kepler ,i read diligentlie4 but therein
 ,i find what it is to be so far  from  
you4 ,for as himfelf1 he hath almoft put
 me out of my wits1 his  ,aequanes1 his 
sections of excentricities1 librations  

in the diameters  of ,epicycles1        
revolutions in ellipses1 have fo        
thoroughlie seased upon  my imagination 
as ,i do not onlie ever dreame of them1 
but oftentimes  awake lose my selfe1 and
 power of thinkinge with to much        
wantinge to  it4 not of his caufes for  
,i cannot phansie those magnetical      
natures1  but aboute his theorie which  
me thinks 7although ,i cannot yet       
overmafter manie of his particulars7 he 
eftablifheth soundlie and as  you say   
overthrowes the circular ,aftronomie4   
,do you not here startle1 to see every  
day some of your inventions taken  from 
you 2 for ,i remember long since you    
told me as much1 that the  motions of   
the planets were not perfect circles4   
,so you taught me the  curious way to   
observe weight in ,water1 and within a  
while after  ,ghetaldi comes out with it
 in print1 a little before ,vieta       
prevented  anticipated you of the       
gharland of the greate ,invention of    
,algebra1  al these were your deues and 

manie others that ,i could mention 2 and
  yet to great reservednesse had robd   
you of these glories1 but although  the 
inventions be greate1 the first and last
 ,i meane1 yet when ,i survei  your     
storehouse1 ,i see they are the smallest
 things and such as in  comparison of   
manie others are of smal or no value4   
,onlie let this  remember you1 that it  
is possible by to much procrastination  
to be  prevented in the honor of some of
 your rarest inventions and             
speculations4 ,let your ,countrie and   
frinds injoye the comforts they  would  
have in the true and greate honor you   
would purchase your selfe  by publishing
 some of your choise workes1 but you    
know best what you  have to doe4 ,onlie 
,i1 because ,i wish you all good1 with  
this1 and  sometimes the more           
longinglie1 because in one of your      
letters you gave  me some kind of hope  
therof4    ,but againe to ,kepler ,i    
have read him twice over cursoridlie4 ,i
 read him  now with ,calculation4 ,some 

times ,i find a difference of minutes1  
sometimes false prints1 and sometimes an
 utter confufion in his  accounts1 these
 difficulties are so manie1 and often as
 here againe ,i  want your conference1  
for ,i know an hower with you1 would    
advance my  studies more than a yeare   
heare1 to give you a taft of some of    
thes  difficulties that you may judge of
 my capacitie1 ,i will send you onlie   
this one upon the ,locum ,martis out of 
,kepler's ,astronomy1 de motibus        
,stella3 ,martis1 etc4 ,prag1 #afji1    
folio ,ch4 xxvi1 page #acg4 ,for this   
theorie ,i am much in love with these   
particulars2    #a his permutation of   
the medial to the apparent motions1 for 
it is  more rational that all dimensions
 as of ,eccentricities1 apogacies1      
etc44 4 4 should depend rather of the   
habitude to the sun1 then to the        
imaginarie circle of orbis annuus4    #b
 ,his elliptical iter planetarum4 for me
 thinks it shiews a ,way to the  folving
 of the unknown walks of comets4 ,for ai

 his ,ellipfis in the  ,earths motion is
 more a circle here endeth ,dr ,zacb's  
fragment1 and  here beginneth the       
continuation from tie original in the   
,britith  ,museum and in ,mars is more  
longe and in some of the other planets  
may  be longer againe so in thos commets
 that are appeard fixed the ellipsis    
may be neere a right line4    #c4 ,his  
phansie of ecliptica media or his via   
regia of the sun1 vnto wch  the walke of
 al the other planets is obliqj more or 
lesse2 even the  ecliptica uera under   
wch the earth walkes his yeares journie2
 by wch he  solues handsomelie the      
mutation of the starres latitudes4      
,indeed ,i am  much delighted with his  
booke1 but he is so tough in rnanie     
places as ,i  cannot bite him4 ,i pray  
write me some instructions in your next1
 how ,i  may deale with him to          
ouermaster him for ,i am readie to take 
paines1 te  modo jura dantem indigeo1   
dictatorem exposco4 ,but in his booke ,i
 am  much out of loue with thes         

particulars4 ,i4 ,first his manie and   
intolerable atechnies1 whence deriue    
thos manie and vncertaine assayes  of   
calculation4 #b4 ,his finding fault with
 ,vieta for mending the like  things in 
,ptol3 ,cop44444 but se the justice     
,vieta speakes sleightlie of            
,copernicus a greater then ,atlas4      
,kepler speakes as slightlie of ,vieta1 
a greater then ,appollonius whom ,kepler
 everie wher admires4 ,for  whosoever   
can doe the things that ,kepler cannot  
doe1 shalbe to him  great ,appollonius4 
,but enough of ,kepler let me once      
againe intreate  your counsel how to    
read him with best profit1 for ,i am    
wholie  possessed with ,astronomical    
speculations and desires4 ,for your     
declaration of ,vieta's appendicle it is
 so full and plaine1 as you haue        
aboundantlie satisfyed my desire1 for   
wch ,i yield you the thankes ,i  ought1 
onlie in a word tell me whether by it he
 can solue ,copernicus1 #e  cap3 of his 
#e4 booke4 ,the last of ,vieta's        

probleames you leaue to  speake of      
because 7you say7 ,i had a better of    
you1 wch was more  vniuersal and more   
easilie demonstrated1 and findeth the   
point1 ,e4 as  wel out of the plaine of 
the triangle giuen1 as in the plaine4 ,i
 pray  here helpe my memorie or         
vnderstand-inge1 for although ,i haue   
bethought  my selfe vsq ad insaniam1 ,i 
cannot remember or conceaue what        
proposition you meane4 ,if ,i haue had  
such a one of you1 tel me what one  it  
is and by what tokens ,i may know it 2  
,if ,i haue not had1 then let me  now   
haue it1 for you know how much ,i loue  
your things and of all wayes  of        
teaching for richnesse and fullnesse for
 stuffe and forme1 yours  vnto me are   
incomparablie most satisfactorie4 ,if   
your leasure giue you  leaue imparte    
also unto me somewhat els of your riches
 in this  argument4    ,let me intreate 
you to advise and direct this bearer    
,mr4 ,vaughan wher  and how to prouide  
himselfe of a fit sphere 2 that by the  

contemplation  of that our imaginations 
here may be releued in manie            
speculations that  perplexe our         
vnderstandings with diagrammed in plano4
 ,he hath monie to  prouide doe you but 
tell him wher the are to be had and what
 manner of  sphere 7,i meant with what  
and how manie circles7 wilbe most       
vsefull for  vs to thes studies4 ,after 
all this ,i must needs tell you my      
sorrowes4  ,god that gaue him1 hath     
taken from me my onlie sun1 by continual
 and  strange fits of ,epelepsie or     
,apoloxie1 when in apparence1 as he was 
most pleasant and goodlie1 he was most  
healthie1 but amongst other  things1 ,i 
haue learnt of you to setle and submit  
my desires to the will  of god 2 onlie  
my wife with more greife beares this    
affliction1 yet now  againe she begins  
to be comforted4 ,let me heare fro you  
and according  to your leasure and      
frindshippe haue directions in the      
course of studie  ,i am in4 ,aboue al   
things take care of your health1 keepe  

correspondence  with ,kepler and        
wherinsoeuer you can haue vse of me1    
require it with  all libertie4 ,soe ,i  
rest ever1    ,your assured and true    
friend to be vsed in    all things that 
you please4    ,willm ,lowr4            
,tra'vent on ,mount ,martin in ,south   
,wales4 #f ,february1 #afaj4    ,let me 
not make my selfe more able then ther is
 cause4 ,i can not order  the           
calculation by the construction you sent
 me of ,vieta's #c4 probleme1  to find  
the distances of ,c4  ,d4  ,b4 from the 
,apegen or the proportion  of ia4 to ac4
 the eccentricitie4 ,i tooke            
,copernicus1 #c4 observations in  the1  
#f4 chap1 of his1 #e4 booke1 therfore   
helpe here once againe4    ,addressed3  
,to his especiall good friend    ,mr4   
,,tho 3 ,,harryot at ,sion neere        
,london4      ,about this time1 it is   
understood1 ,raleigh took up seriously  
and  earnestly the great literary work  
of his life1 ,the ,history of the       
,world4 ,it must have been brewing in   

his mind for years1 for in his  preface 
he expressed the fears he had           
entertained #8that the darkness of  age 
and death would have overtaken him long 
before the performance4'  ,the work1    
according to ,camden1 was published in  
,april #afad1 just before  the meeting  
of ,parliament4 ,it appeared            
anonymously1 and for obvious  reasons   
was not entered at ,stationers' ,hall4  
,james is said to have had  his         
conscience so pricked by certain        
passages which everywhere pervade  the  
work on the power1 conduct and          
responsibility of princes1 that         
strenuous efforts were made in ,january 
#afae to call in and suppress it1  but  
the king might as well have attempted to
 call back a departed  spirit by ,act of
 ,parliament as to call in that         
#8,history of the ,world'  by royal     
proclamation4 ,the ,book was in type and
 in the hands of the  people of         
,england4 ,it could therefore no more be
 suppressed at that day  by princely    

power than could manifest destiny       
itself4 ,the second  edition of #afba   
was the first with ,raleigh's name4     
,this grand work1 which in almost       
everychapter shows the masterly hand  of
 ,raleigh himself1 needs no comment     
here4 ,it is however no  disparagement  
of the book 7but the contrary7 to say   
that in the  collection1 arrangement and
 condensation of its materials2 that in 
unlocking the muniment room of antiquity
 and perusing the chief authors  of the 
,greek and ,latin classics from         
,heroditus to ,livy and ,eusebius1      
covering a period of near four thousand 
years1 he must have had at  cheerful    
beck powerful and competent aid4 ,to    
collect1 read1 collate1  note down1 and 
digest these vast and scattered         
treasures into  reasonable and          
presentable shape for the master mind1  
required not a  bevy of poets and       
parsons1 but one masterly scholar of    
scientific1  analytic1 mathematical1    
philosophical and religious training4   

,such a  man was ,hariot4    ,we read of
 ,gibbon's twenty years' fag and toil on
 the materials of the  ,history of the  
,roman ,empire alone1 and at a time when
 there were many  aids not existing in  
,raleigh's day4 ,gibbon personally      
ransacked the  libraries of ,europe4    
,raleigh had scarcely four years to     
cover the four  most ancient empires and
 a much longer period1 and was himself  
confined  to ,tower ,hill4 ,but he had  
at command a ,hariot1 a sort of winged  
,mercury1 who was neither entowered nor 
hide-bound with conceit or  ignorance4  
,he was a marvellously good ,greek and  
,latin scholar1 who  wrote ,latin with  
almost as much ease as ,english4 ,one   
has but to read  the vast number of     
notes1 citations and particular         
references in the  ,history of the      
,world to see the height1 depth1 and    
perfect modelling of  the structure4    
,raleigh was unquestionably the         
designer1 the architect and the finisher
  of his ,history of the ,world4 ,to him

 is due the honor and credit of the     
work4 ,but who was the builder 8 ,the   
answer manifestly is ,thomas ,hariot  of
 ,sion on ,thames1 learned1 patient1    
self-forgetting1 painstaking1           
long-waiting1 devoted ,hariot4 ,many    
writers have claimed to be1 or have     
been named as1 ,sir ,walter's assistants
 and polishers4 ,ben ,jonson1 ,rev4  ,dr
 ,burhill1 ,john ,hoskins the poet1 and 
others have each had their              
advocates1but without sufficient        
evidence4 ,it may well be questioned if 
any one of them possessed either the    
ability1 the time1 the access to  the   
,tower1 or the opportunity to perform   
such herculean labors of love4  ,these  
claims are apparently all based on pure 
conjecture1 or  unrectified gossip1 as  
shown by ,mr ,bolton ,corney in his     
razorly reply  to ,mr ,isaac ,d'israeli4
 ,but ,thomas ,hariot1 on the contrary1 
possessed  abundantly what they all     
lacked1 the necessary credentials4 ,for 
proof  of this assertion the doubter1 as

 well as the lover of confirmed         
historical accuracy1 is referred to the 
,hariot papers still preserved  partly  
at ,petworth and partly in the ,british 
,museum4    ,the ,hariot manuscripts1 of
 which there are thousands of folio     
pages all  in his own handwriting1 seem 
to be still in the same confused state  
in  which he left them4 ,he directed    
that the #8waste' should be weeded out  
of his mathematical papers and          
destroyed4 ,but this duty seems1        
fortunately for us1 to have been        
neglected by his executors1 and hence   
among this #8waste' one has even now no 
great difficulty in recognizing  in the 
well-known ,latin handwriting of the'   
magician1' many jottings in  chronology1
 geography and science1 and many        
abstracts and citations of  the         
classics1 that in their time must have  
played parts in the ,history  of the    
,world4 ,the ,will now first produced   
lets in a flood of light on  the history
 of these valued papers1 and dispels a  

great deal of the  heaps of foreign     
pretension1 domestic assertion1 and     
mixed charlatanism  that have since     
#aghd beclouded the memories of both    
,raleigh and ,hariot4  ,it is true that 
on a hint in the previous century from  
,camden of a will  by the great         
mathematician1 many conjectures were    
afloat from the days  of ,pell1         
,collins1 ,wallis and ,wood1 but it has 
not been possible until  now for one1   
with due knowledge of the main events in
 the lives of  these two men1 each      
equally great in his own sphere1 to     
satisfactorily  clear away any          
considerable portion of the             
misconception and  misstatements of     
biographers and historians concerning   
them and their  achievements4 ,the dawn 
however is coming1 when these new       
materials now  first printed by the     
,hercules ,club1 but not worked up1 may 
attract the  attention of some historian
 competent to give them a thorough      
scientific scrutiny and #8pen their     

doctrine4'    ,it is not our purpose    
here to dwell upon ,raleigh's           
masterpiece4 ,from  the preface of the  
,history of the ,world1 which opens with
 #8the  boundless ambition of mortal    
man1' to the epilogue which closes up   
the  work with the glorious triumph of  
,death1 the whole book is replete with  
lessons of wisdom and warning4 ,no one  
can rise from its perusal without       
perceiving that the modern author has   
made himself by apt illustration  an    
accomplished actor in ancient history1  
while the ancient characters  are made  
in their vera effigies to strut on      
modern stages4 ,his pictures  of great  
actions and great men1 noble deeds and  
nobler princes1 are  drawn with such    
masterly perspective of truth1 that they
 serve for all  time 2 while his        
portraiture of tyrants1 villains1 and   
dishonorable  characters are no less    
lifelike and human4 ,one marvels not    
therefore  that ,king ,james1 whose     
political creed was that the people are 

bound to  princes by iron1 and princes  
to the people by cobwebs1 should see in 
,raleigh's portraiture of the upright   
kings no likeness to himself1 but  had  
no difficulty in recognizing in the     
deformed greatness and selfish  virtues 
of the old monarchs qualities suggestive
 of himself and his  favorites4 ,this   
grand history1 extending from the       
creation over the  four great monarchies
 of the world1 near four thousand years1
 closes  with the final triumph of      
,emilius ,paullus in these memorable and
  oft-repeated words from the first     
edition of #afad4    ,kings and ,princes
 have alwayes laid before them1 the     
actions1 but not  the ends1 of those    
great ,ones which precededthem4 ,they   
are alwayes  transported with the glorie
 of the one1 but they never minde the   
miserie of the other1 till they finde   
the experience themselves4 ,they        
neglect the advice of ,god1 while they  
enioy life1 or hope it2 but they  follow
 the counsell of ,death1 upon his first 

approach4 ,it is he that  puts into man 
all the wisdome of the world1 without   
speaking a word 2  which ,god with all  
the words of ,his ,law1 promises1 or    
threats1 doth not  infuse4 ,death which 
hateth and destroyeth man1 is beleeved 2
 ,god1 which  hath made him and loves   
him1 is alwayes deferred4 ,i have       
considered1  saith ,solomon1 all the    
workes that are under the ,sunne1 and   
behold1 all  is vanitie and vexation of 
spirit3 but who beleeves it1 till ,death
  tells it us4 ,it was ,death1 which    
opening the conscience of ,charles the  
fift1 made him enjoyne his sonne ,philip
 to restore ,navarre 2 and ,king        
,francis the ,first of ,france1 to      
command that justice should be done     
upon the murderers of the ,protestants  
in ,merindol and ,cabrieres1 which  till
 then he neglected4 ,it is therefore    
,death alone that can suddenly  make man
 know himselfe4 ,he tells the proud and 
insolent1 that they are  but ,abjects1  
and humbles them at the instant 2 makes 

them crie1  complaine1 and repent2 yea1 
even to hate their forepassed           
happinesse4  ,he takes the account of   
the rich1 and proves him a beggar1 a    
naked  begger1 which hath interest in   
nothing1 but in the grauell that filles 
his mouth4 ,he holds a glasse before the
 eyes of the most beautifull1  and makes
 them see therein their deformitie and  
rottennesse2 and they  acknowledge it4  
,o eloquent1 just and mightie ,death 6  
whom none could advise1 thou hast       
perswaded 2 what none hath dared1 thou  
hast done 2 and whom all the  world hath
 flattered1 thou onely hast cast out of 
the world and  despised 3 thou hast     
drawne together all the farre stretched 
greatnesse1 all the pride1 crueltie1 and
 ambition1 of man1 and covered  it all  
over with those two narrow words 3 ,hic 
jacet4    ,with this outburst of true   
eloquence the historian of the world    
laid  down his pen in #afad4 ,four short
 years later the same historian         
himself1 wickedly sacrificed by his     

hispaniolized monarch1 laid down  his   
life on the scaffold1 with an apotheosis
 scarcely less eloquent4 ,no  death     
recorded in ancient or modern history is
 more grand or  instructive than that of
 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 in many respects
 the  greatest man of his age4    ,on   
the execution being granted in the      
,king's ,bench ,court1 on the  afternoon
 of the #bhth of ,october #afah1 he     
asked for a little time for  pre-       
paration1 but his request was refused1  
,bacon having already in his  pocket the
 death warrant duly signed by the ,king 
before the meeting of  the ,court6 ,sir 
,walter then asked for paper1 pen and   
ink2 and when he  came to die that he   
might be permitted to speak at his      
farewell4 ,to  these last requests he   
appears to have received no reply1 but  
was with  indecent haste hustled off to 
the ,gate ,house for execution early the
  next morning1 the #bith of ,october1  
,lord ,mayor's day1 when it was         
expected that the crowd would go        

cityward4 ,however1 there was a crowd1  
and probably in consequence he was not  
prohibited from speaking4 ,he had       
prepared himself1 and is said to have   
consulted a #8,note of  ,remembrance'   
which he held in his hand while         
speaking4 ,it is possible1  nay1        
probable that this very same ,note still
 survives in  #8paper-saving' ,hariot's 
#8waste1' for a precious little waif1   
all  crumpled and soiled1 just such a   
#8,note of ,remembrance1' it is         
believed1  as ,raleigh held in his hand 
and consulted during that ever memorable
  speech1 has comedown to us1 and is now
 preserved among the ,hariot  papers in 
the ,british ,museum4 ,it has been      
recently recognized and  identified by  
,mr ,stevens1 who has placed it1 with   
other newly  discovered documents       
respecting our philosopher1 at the      
disposition of  the ,hercules ,club4 ,it
 is thought to possess internal evidence
 of having  been drawn out before the   
speech1 and is not therefore ,hariot's  

jottings of remembrance after it4 ,but  
positive proof is wanting4    ,it is    
beyond all doubt1 however1 in the       
well-known handwriting of  ,hariot1 and 
is presumed to be the #8note of         
remembrance' for the  speech1 made in   
the ,gate ,house1 probably from         
dictation1 during the  night before the 
execution4 ,it appears as if hurriedly  
penned with a  blunt quill1 and is on a 
narrow strip of thin foolscap paper such
 as  ,hariot used4 ,it is about twelve  
inches long and nearly four inches      
wide1 about one-third of the lower part 
of the paper being blank4 ,there  is no 
heading1 date1 or anything else on the  
paper4 ,it is rather  difficult to read1
 but every word1 letter and point have  
been made out1  and the whole ,note is  
here given1 line for line1 and verbatim1
 the  heading and press-mark only being 
added 3      ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh',s
 #8,,note ,,or ,,remembrance'    for his
 speech on the ,scaffold ,oct4 #bi      
#afah4    ,two fits of an agew4         

,thankes to god4    of calling god to   
witness4    note    ,that ,he ,speake   
iustly  truely4    ,i47 ,concerning his 
loyalty to ye    ,king4 ,french ,agent1 
,comission fro ye french ,king4    #b47 
of ,slanderous fpeeches touching    his 
majty4 a french man4    ,sr ,l4         
,stukely4    #c47 ,sr ,l4 ,stukely4 ,my 
lo3 ,carewe4    #d47 ,sr,l4 ,stukely4   
,my lo3 of ,danchaster4    #e47 ,sr ,l4 
,st3 ,s' ,edward ,perham4    #f47 ,sr   
,l4 ,st4 ,a letter on london hyway      
l#jjjjli4    #g47 ,mine of ,guiana4     
#h47 ,came back by constreynt4    #i47  
,my ,l4 of ,arundell4    #aj47 ,company 
ufed ill in ye ,voyadge4    #aa4        
,spotting of his face  counterfeiting   
sicknes4    #ab ,the ,e4 of ,eflex4     
,lastly1 he deiired ye company to ioyne 
with him in prayer4 c4    ,brit4 ,,mm4  
,add4 ,,mss4 #fghi4      ,every         
paragraph of the speech is noted1 but   
not quite in the order of  the speech as
 variously reported by those who        
witnessed the execution  and heard it4  

,circumstances occurred after ,sir      
,walter began to speak1  which may have 
caused the slight change in the order as
 here set down4  ,this argues in favor  
of its being a note prepared beforehand4
 ,if so ,it  must have been written     
shortly before the speech1 because the  
order for  the execution was not given  
in the ,king's ,bench ,court till the   
afternoon of the #bhth1 and the         
execution was fixed for early the next  
morning4    ,there is a little confusion
 of the tenses1 but this is not strange 
considering that the note was penned by 
a third person4 ,the last two  lines1   
below the number #ab1 may have been     
added by ,hariot afterwards1  as they   
are in the past tense and third person1 
and are separated from  the rest of the 
note by a dash4 ,this point is not      
numbered4 ,it is  possible that thefirst
 five lines were also added             
subsequently1 as they  are not numbered1
 and are placed near the top of the     
paper1 as if  interpolated1 but they are

 in the same handwriting1 and apparently
 were  written with the same pen and    
ink4    ,at all events1 whether written 
by ,hariot before or after the deed1 it 
is a precious contemporary document1 and
 is another proof1 if any more  be      
needed1 of the genuineness of the       
reported dying speech1 and1             
consequently1 that the famous #8,spanish
 papers' recently reproduced are        
forgeries and false4 ,it requires no    
great stretch of the imagination  with  
this little messenger in hand to believe
 that the ingenious  teacher and friend 
of his youth1 and for nearly two score  
years the  constant companion of his    
manhood1 passed that dreadful night with
 ,sir  ,walter in the ,gate ,house at   
,westminster1 and after #8dear ,bess'   
had  taken her leave at midnight1 penned
 out this note of remembrance for  his  
friend's morning guidance1 that nothing 
should be forgotten in case  the ague   
returned1 which he feared even more than
 death4    ,a little more than a month  

after the execution of his friend1      
,hariot is  found in his observatory at 
,sion taking observations of the comet  
of  ,december #afah4 ,his valuable      
observations are preserved among his    
mathematical papers4 ,during the eleven 
years following his primitive           
observations of the #8,hariot' comet of 
#afjg1 first at ,ilfracombeand  later at
 ,kidwely1 great advances had been made 
in the science of  astronomy1 chiefly in
 consequence of the invention of the    
telescope1  and the discoveries by means
 of it4 ,no mathematician in ,europe was
  probably further advanced in this     
science than ,hariot4    ,what          
particular discoveries belonged to him  
and what to ,galileo1 ,kepler  and other
 contemporaries1 it is very difficult to
 determine1 since it  is now positively 
known that from #afji or #afaj ,hariot  
was a  manufacturer and dealer in       
lenses1 or perspective glasses1 as well 
as  in perspective trunks or telescopes2
 and that he was in correspondence  with

 ,kepler1 and probably with ,galileo4   
,he was easily the chief of  astronomers
 in ,england1 and is known to have      
possessed the earliest  books of        
,galileo and to have sent them to his   
disciples1 ,lower and  ,protheroe1 in   
,wales4 ,respecting this comet of #afah1
 he was in  correspondence with ,alien  
and ,standish of ,oxford and other      
scholars at  home and abroad4    ,in    
#8,certain ,elegant ,poems1 ,written ,by
 ,dr4 ,richard ,corbel1 ,bishop of      
,norwich4 ,r4 ,cotes for ,andrew        
,crooke1 #afdg1 #af- ,the mirth-loving  
,bishop1 in #8,a ,letter sent from      
,doclor ,corbetto ,ma,jler ,sir ,thomas 
,ailebury1 ,decem4 #i4 #afah' on the    
,comet of that year is the following    
allusion to ,hariot3      ,burton to    
,gunter ,cants1 and ,burton heares      
,from ,gunter1 and th' ,exchange both   
tongue  eares  ,by carriage 3 thus doth 
mired ,guy complaine1  ,his ,waggon on  
their letters beares ,charles ,waine1   
,charles ,waine1 to which they fay the  

tayle will reach  ,and at this diftance 
they both heare1 and teach4  ,now for   
the peace of ,god and men1 advise       
7,thou that haft wherewithall to make us
 wise7  ,thine owne rich ftudies1 and   
deepe ,harriots mine1  ,in which there  
is no drosse1 but all refine1  ,o tell  
us what to trust to1 lest we wax  ,all  
stiffe and tupid with his paralex 2     
,say1 shall the old ,philofophy be true 
8  ,or doth he ride above the ,moone    
think you 8 etc4      ,after the        
departure of the #8,blazing ,starr' of  
,december #afah1 very  little is known  
of ,hariot1 except that he lived at     
,sion while his  patron the ,earl was   
still in the ,tower1 where he was       
probably  frequently visited by his man 
of science4 ,the following letter1 dated
  the #aith of ,january #afai1 to him at
 ,sion from ,sir ,thomas ,aylesbury is  
interesting as showing the great        
interest taken in his old master by  his
 #8loytering scholar4' ,many other      
letters of this stamp1 breathing  love  

and ardent friendship1 are found among  
the ,hariot papers1 from ,sir  ,william 
,lower1 ,sir ,john ,protheroe1 ,sir     
,ferdinando ,gorges1 ,dr ,turner1  and  
,sir ,thomas ,aylesbury4 ,here is a     
sample3      ,sr1 ,though ,i have bene  
yet soe little a while att ,new         
,mar-kett1 that ,i  have not any thing  
of moment to ympart2 yet ,i thinke it   
not amisse to  write a bare salutacons1 
and let yo know1 that in theise wearie  
journeys ,i am often times comforted wth
 the remembraunce of yor kind  love and 
paynes bestowed on yor loytering        
scholar1 whose little credit  in the way
 of learning is all-waits underpropped  
wt the name of soe  worthie a ,maister4 
,the ,comet being spent1 the talke of it
 still runnes current here2 ,the  ,kings
 ma before mycumming spake w' one of    
,cambridge called ,olarentia1  7a name  
able to beget beleefe of some           
extraordinarie qualities7 but  what     
satisfaction he gave1 ,i cannot yet     
learne2 here are papers out of  ,spayne 

about it1 yea and fro ,roome1 wc ,i will
 endevor to gett1 and  meane yt yo shall
 partake of the newes as tyme serves4   
,cura ut valeas et me ames1 who am ever 
trulie and unfaynedlyr  yors att        
,commaund4 ,,tho3 ,,aylesburie4         
,newmarkett4 #ai1 ,jan4 #afah_/afai     
,addressed3 ,to my right woorthie frend 
,mr4 ,,thomas ,,harriot    att ,syon1   
theise1 fro ,newmarkett4      ,between  
#afae and #afbj there are evidences of  
,hariot's failing health4  ,he was      
greatly troubled with a cancerous ulcer 
on the lip4 ,how early  this began is   
not apparent4 ,in #afaj his friend      
,lower cautions him to be  careful of   
his health4 ,there is in the ,british   
,museum among the ,hariot  papers the   
drafts of three beautiful letters in    
,latin written from ,sion  in #afae and 
#afaf to a friend of distinction1 name  
not mentioned1 who  had been recently   
appointed to some medical office at     
court1 in which  he describes himself   
and his disease4    ,these letters show 

great resignation and ,christian        
fortitude4 ,he seemed  to be getting    
better in #afaf1 and expressed himself  
as somewhat  hopeful4 ,the progress of  
the cancer and other troubles cannot now
  probably be traced1 but he is found in
 the summer of #afba lodging with  his  
old friend ,thomas ,buckner1 in         
,threadneedle ,street1 near the ,royal  
,exchange1 in the parish of ,st         
,christopher4 ,buckner had been one of  
,raleigh's #8,first ,colonie' to        
,virginia in #aehe with ,hariot1 and    
,hariot1  now in #afba1 had come up from
 ,sion probably for medical advice near 
the  hospital4 ,on the #b;gth of ,june  
he made or executed his ,will1 and died 
three days after at ,buckner's1 on the  
and of ,july #afba4 ,he was buried  the 
next day1 according to the wish         
expressed in his will1 in the old       
parish church of ,st ,christopher in    
,threadneedle ,street4    ,sifte viator1
 leviter preme1  ,iacet hic juxta1 ,quod
 mortale fuit1  ,c4 ,v4  ,,thom         

,,harriott4  ,hic fuit ,doftiffimus ille
 ,harriotus  de ,syon ad ,flumen        
,thamefin1  ,patria  educatione         
,oxonienfis1  ,,qvm omnes fcientias     
,caluit1  ,qui in omnibus excelluit1    
,mathematicis1 ,philofophicis1          
,theologicis4  ,veritatis indagator     
ftudiofiffimus1  ,dei ,trini-uniui      
cultor piiffimus1  ,sexagenarius1 aut eo
 circiter1  ,mortalitati valedixit1 ,non
 vit1  ,anno ,christi ,m4,,dc4,,xxi4    
,iulii #b4      ,shortly after there was
 erected to his memory in the chancel1  
at the  expense1 it is understood1 of   
his noble friend the ,earl of           
,northumberland1 a fine marble monument1
 bearing the above neat and  appropriate
 inscription4    ,st ,christopher's1 a  
very old church1 with its records 7still
 preserved7  extending back in an almost
 unbroken series to #adhh1 passed       
through  many vicissitudes before itwas 
finally swallowed up by the leviathan of
  the world's commerce4 ,the site of it 
is now occupied by the south-west       

cornerof the ,bank of ,england on       
,princes ,street1 to the left of the    
entrance1 nearly opposite the ,mansion  
,house4 ,the church was restored  and   
redecorated the year of ,hariot's death1
 and again twelve years  later1 but was 
burnt in the great fire of #afff4       
,hariot's monument  perished with it1   
but the inscription had been preserved  
by ,stow4 ,the  church was rebuilt on   
the same foundation by ,sir ,christopher
 ,wren in  #afhj4    ,about a century   
ago the church1 with the whole parish of
 ,st ,christopher  7called then ,st     
,christopher-le-stocks because near the 
stocks standing  at the east end of     
,cheapside71 together with a large      
portion of two  other parishes1 ,st     
,margaret's and ,st ,bartholomew's1 was 
purchased by  the ,old ,lady of         
,threadneedle ,street for the site of   
the new ,bank of  ,england4 ,thus one   
great bank of this modern metropolis    
covers a large  part of three parishes  
of old ,london4    ,the whole area of   

the ,bank1 however1 was not given up to 
mammon1 though  still here men most do  
congregate1 and worshippers most do     
worship4 ,one  small consecrated spot1  
enough perhaps to leaven and memorize   
the whole  site1 was respected1 and not 
built over4 ,it was the churchyard of   
,st  ,christopher4 ,this #8,god's acre' 
the architect and the governors have    
dedicated to ,beauty1 ,art1 and ,nature4
 ,the little #8,garden of the ,bank of  
,england1' the loveliest spot in all    
,london at this day1 measuring about    
twenty-four by thirty-two yards1 was    
just a hundred years ago the  little    
churchyard of ,st ,christopher1 where   
still repose the bones of  ,,thomas     
,,hariot4    ,virginia1 which once      
comprehended the present ,united ,states
 from ,south  to ,north1 has been called
 the monument to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 
,so the  ,bank of ,england1 built round 
the churchyard of ,st ,christopher1 may 
be  called the monument to ,thomas      
,hariot4    ,the present year1 #ahgi1 is

 just three centuries since ,hariot went
  forth1 a youth of twenty1 from the    
,university of ,oxford4 ,we have        
briefly told his story4 ,england is all 
the richer for his life1 and the  world 
itself acknowledges the wealth of his   
science and the worth of  his           
philosophy4 ,the ,bank of ,england is   
built round his bones1 but it  cannot   
cover his memory4    ,stay1 traveller1  
tread lightly 2  ,near this spot lies   
what was mortal  of that most celebrated
 man  ,,thomas ,,harriot4  ,he was the  
very learned ,harriot  of ,sion on      
,thames 2  by birth and education  an   
,oxonian1 ,who cultivated all the       
sciences1  and excelled in all1  ,in    
,mathematics1 ,natural ,philosophy1     
,theology4  ,a most studious            
investigator of truth1 ,a most pious    
worshipper of the ,triune ,god1  ,at the
 age of sixty1 or thereabouts1  ,he bade
 farewell to mortality1 not to life1    
,july #b;d ,a4,d4 #afba4      ,he lived1
 died1 and was forgotten in the parish  

of ,st ,christopher4  ,henceforward1    
whenever ,englishmen and ,americans1    
merchants and  scholars1 rich and poor1 
men of genius and men of money1 enter   
this  little' ,garden1' let them read   
there in ,english what ,henry ,percy    
originally set up in ,latin1 the above  
inscription4    ,an impression has gone 
abroad1 traceable chiefly to ,aubrey and
 to  ,anthony  ,wood1 that ,hariot was  
unsound in religious principles and     
matters of belief2 that he was1 in fact1
 not only a ,deist himself1 but  that he
 exerted a baleful influence over       
,raleigh and his ,history as  well as   
over the ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,not 
to misstate this utterly  unfounded     
imputation1 the very words of ,wood1 as 
first printed in his  ,athen in #afia1  
and never since modified1 are here given
 in full3 #8,but  notwithstanding his   
great skill in mathematics1 he had      
strange thoughts  of the scripture1 and 
always undervalued the old story of the 
creation  of the world1 and could never 

believe that trite position1 ,ex nihilo 
nihil fit4 ,he made a ,philosophical    
,theology1 wherein he cast off the      
,,old ,,testament1 so that consequently 
the ,new would have no foundation4  ,he 
wasa,deist1 and his doctrine he did     
impart to the said ,count the  ,earl and
 to ,sir ,walt4 ,raleigh when he was    
compiling the ,history of  the ,world1  
and would controvert the matter with    
eminent divines of  those times2 who    
therefore having no good opinion of him1
 did look on  the manner of his death as
 a judgment upon him for those matters1 
and  for nullifying the scripture4'     
,it is needless to say that in all our  
investigations into the life1  actions1 
and character of this eminent           
philosopher and ,christian1 from  the   
time when1 as a young man in #aehe1 he  
took delight in reading the  ,bible to  
the ,indians of ,virginia1 down to the  
time that he made his  remarkable will  
in #afba1 not one word has been found in
 cor-roboration  of these statements2   

but1 on the contrary1 many passages have
 appeared  to contradict and disprove   
them4 ,let any one notice the numerous  
citations of the various books of the   
,bible in ,raleigh's ,history1 and  he  
will surely fail to discover any        
evidence of ,raleigh's being a  ,deist1 
or that ,hariot had taught him to       
undervalue the scripture4    ,it is not 
necessary here to say more in this      
connection than to quote  the following 
passage from one of the ,latin letters  
in #afaf referred to  above by ,hariot  
to the eminent physician who had just   
received a high  medical appointment at 
,court1 describing himself and his      
terrible  affliction a cancer on the    
lip4 ,the passage is given in ,english1 
but  the original ,latin may be seen in 
the ,british ,museum 7,add4 #fghi74 ,it 
seems to have been written on purpose to
 refute such slanders4 ,he  writes 3    
,think of me as your sincere friend4    
,your interests are involved as well  as
 mine4 ,my recovery will be your        

triumph1 but through the ,almighty who  
is the ,author of all good things4 ,as  
,i have now and then said1 ,i  believe  
these three points4 ,i believe in ,god  
,almighty2 ,i believe that  ,medicine   
was ordained by him 2 ,i trust the      
,physician as his minister4  ,my faith  
is sure1 my hope firm4 ,i wait however  
with patience for  everything in its own
 time according to ,his ,providence4 ,we
 must act  earnestly1 fight boldly1 but 
in ,his name1 and we shall conquer4 ,sic
  transit gloria mundi1 omnia           
transibunt1 nos ibimus1 ibitis1 ibunt4  
,so  passes away the glory of this      
world1 all things shall pass away1 we   
shall pass away1 you will pass away1    
they will pass away4      ,there is     
unfortunately no portrait known of      
,hariot1 and we can form no  idea of his
 personal appearance2 but1 fortunately1 
the drafts of the  three ,latin letters 
to his eminent friend at ,court1 alluded
 to above1  fully describe his terrible 
disease and other bodily infirmities in 

#afae and #afaf1 and give us some notion
 of himself and his personal  habits4   
,his regular physician was ,dr ,turner1 
and his apothecary ,mr  ,may-orne1 both 
employed also by ,sir ,walter4    ,dr   
,alexander ,read1 in his #8,chirurgicall
 ,lectures of ,tumors and ,vlcers       
,delivered in the ,chirurgeans ,hall1   
#afcb-cd4 ,london4 #afch1' #d1 says in  
,treatise #b1 ,lecture #bf1 page #cjg3  
,cancerous ulcers also feize upon this  
part lips4 ,this grief haftened  the end
 of that famous ,mathematician1 ,mr4    
,hariot1 with whom ,i was  acquainted   
but a fhorttime before his death 3 whom 
at one time1  together with ,mr4        
,hughes1 who wrote of the ,globes1 ,mr4 
,warner1 and ,mr4  ,torperley1 the      
,noble ,earl of ,northumberland1 the    
favourer of all good  learning1 and     
,mecnas of learned men1 maintained while
 he was in the  ,tower for their worth  
and various literature      ,a great    
deal of misconception has hitherto      
prevailed respecting  ,hariot's great   

printed work on ,algebra4 ,his          
reputation as a  mathematician has been 
permitted to hinge chiefly upon it1 very
 much to  his disadvantage4 ,a brief    
bibliographical statement of facts will 
probably present the matter in a new    
light4 ,but first let the book be       
described as it lies before us and has  
been described by many others  since the
 days of ,professor ,wallis1 nearly two 
hundred years ago4 ,the  ,title is as   
follows 3 #8,artis ,analytic _/ ,praxis 
_/ ,ad quationes  ,algebraicas nou1     
expedit1  generali _/ methodo1          
resoluendas 3  _/ ,tractatus_/ ,e       
posthumis ,,thom ,,harrioti ,philosophi 
ac ,mathematici ce- _/  leberrimi       
sche-diasmatis summ fide  diligentia _/ 
descriptus3_/  ,et_/,illvstrissimo      
,domino_/,dom4 ,henrico,percio1_/       
,northvmbri ,comiti1_/,qui  hc prim1 sub
 ,patronatus  ,munificenti su auspicjss 
_/ ad proprios  vsus elucubrata1 in     
communem ,mathematicorum _/ vtilitatem1 
denu  reuisenda1 describenda1           

publicanda _/ mandauit1 meritissimi     
,honoris  erg _/ ,nuncupatus4 _/        
,londini _/ ,apud ,robertvm ,barker1    
,typographum _/  ,regium 3 ,et ,hred4   
,io4 ,billii4 _/,anno #afca4 _/ ,title1 
reverse blank2  ,prefatio #d pages2     
,text #ahj pages1 and ,errata #a page   
7,bbb7 followed by a  blank page1 folio4
 ,a very handsomely printed book4 ,in   
the ,british  ,museum1 #ebi m #h1 is    
,charles the ,first's copy in old calf1 
gilt edges1  with the royal arms on the 
sides4 ,in the ,preface the editors     
7,aylesbury  and ,prothero aided by     
,warner7say3      ,artis ,analytic1     
cuius caufa hc agitur1 port eruditum    
illud ,grcorum  fculum antiquitat iamdi 
incult iacentis1 rcftitutionem          
,francifcus ,viete1 ,gallus1 vir        
clariflimus1  ob infignem in fcientijs  
,mathematicis peritiam1 ,gallic gentis  
decus1 primus fingulari confilio        
intentato ante hc conamine aggreffus    
eft2 atque ingenuam hanc animi  fui     
intentionem per varios tractatus1 quos  

in argumenti huius  elaboratione        
eleganter  acut confcripfit1 pofteris   
teftatem rcliquit4  ,dm ver ille veteris
 ,analytices reftitutionem1 quam fibi   
propofuit1  feri molitus eft1 non tm eam
 reftitutam1 qum proprijs inuentionibus 
actam  exornatam1 tanquam nouam  fuam1  
nobis tradidifle videtur4 ,quod         
generali conceptu enuntiatum paulo      
fufius explicandum eft2 vt1 oftenfo  eo 
quod primm  ,vieta in inftituto fuo     
promouendo actum eft1 quid  pofte ab    
authore noftro doctifiimo ,thom         
,harrioto1 qui ilium  certamine ifto    
,analytico fequntus eft1 praeftitum fit1
 melis  innotefcere possit4 ,which done 
into ,english is substantially as       
follows    ,francis ,vieta1 a           
,frenchman1 a most distinguished man1   
and on account of  his remarkable skill 
in ,mathematical ,science the honour of 
the ,french  nation1 first of all with  
singular genius and with industry       
hitherto  unattempted undertook the     
restoration of the analytic art1 of     

which  subject we are here treating1    
which after the learned age of the      
,greeks  for a long time had become     
antiquated and remained uncultivated 3  
and  by various treatises which he      
eloquently and ingeniously wrote in the 
working out of this line of argument1   
left a record to posterity of  this     
noble design of his mind4 ,but while he 
seriously laboured at the  restoration  
of the old ,analysis1 which he had      
proposed to himself1 he  seems not so   
much to have transmitted to us a        
restoration of that  science1 as a new  
and original method1 worked out and     
illustrated by  his own discoveries4    
,this1 having been enunciated in general
 terms1  must be explained a little more
 at length 2 so that having shown what  
was first effected by ,vieta in         
promoting his design1 it may be more    
clear1 what was afterwards performed by 
our very learned author ,thomas         
,harriot1 who followed him in these     
analytical investigations4      ,and at 

the end of the volume1 on page #ahj1 is 
the following explanatory  note 3       
,,ad ,,mathimaticis ,,studiosos4        
#8,ex omnibus ,thoma ,harrioti fcriptis 
,mathematicis1qud opus hoc              
,analyticum primum in publicum emiflum  
fit1 haud inconfulto factum    eft4     
,nam1 qum reliqua eius opera1 multiplici
 inuentorum nouitate    excellentia1    
eodem omnino quo tractatus ifte         
7,logiftices fpeciofs    exemplis       
omnimodis totus compofitus7 ftilo       
,logiftico1 hactens    inufitato1       
confcripta fint1 e cert ratione fit1 vt 
prodromus hic    tractatus1 vltra       
proprium ipfius inftimabilem vfum1      
reliquis    ,harrioti fcriptis1 de      
quorum editione iam ferio cogitatur1 pro
    neceffario preparamento fiue        
introductorio opportun inferuire        
poffit4 ,de qu quidem acceffori operis  
huius vtilitate rerum    ,mathematicarum
 ftudiofos paucis his prmonuiffe        
operprecium efle    duximus4' ,which    
being interpreted reads as follows in   

,english    ,,to ,,students ,,of        
,,mathematics4      ,it is not without  
good reason that1 of all ,thomas        
,harriot's  ,mathematical writings1 this
 on ,analysis has been published first4 
,for  whereas all his remaining works1  
remarkable for their manifold  novelties
 of discovery1 are written precisely in 
the same1 hitherto  unusual1 logical    
style as this treatise 7which consists  
entirely of  varied specimens of        
beautiful reasoning72 this was certainly
 done that  this preliminary treatise1  
besides its own inestimable utility1    
might  suitably serve as a necessary    
preparation or introduction to the study
  of ,harriot's remaining works1 the    
publication of which is now under       
serious consideration4 ,of this         
accessory use of this treatise we have  
thought it worth while to remind        
mathematical students in these brief    
remarks4      ,from this it appears that
 ,hariot's system of ,analytics or      
,algebra was  based on that of his      

friend and correspondent ,francois      
,vieta1 as  ,vieta's was avowedly based 
on that of the ancients4 ,there appears 
to  have been no attempt whatever on the
 part of the ,englishman to  appropriate
 the honors of the ,frenchman1 as many  
foreign writers have  charged4 ,full    
credit was given by ,hariot and his     
friends to the  distinguished ,french   
mathematician4    ,but ,hariot's        
modifications1 improvements1 and        
simplifications were so  distinct and   
marked that from the first1 and long    
before publication1  they were called   
among his students and correspondents   
#8,hariot's  ,method1' meaning thereby  
only ,hariot's peculiarities1 without   
reference  to the great merits of       
,vieta's restoration1 modification1     
adaptation1  and improvement of the old 
analyses from the times of the ,greeks4 
,vieta's' ,canon ,mathematicus' was     
published at ,paris in #aegi1 and was   
reissued in ,london with a new title in 
#aehi as his #8,opera ,mathematica4'    

,but this work does not contain the     
,algebra4 ,that was first published in  
#aeia under the following title 3       
#8,francisci ,viet_/,in,artem           
,analyticam_/,isagoge_/,seorfim excuffa 
ab ,opere  reftitut                     
,mathematic_/,analyfeos1 seu1 ,algebraic
 nou4 _/ ,tvronis1_/ ,apud  ,iametivm   
,mettayer ,typographium ,regium4 _/     
,anno #aeia4' _/ folio4 ,a  ,supplement 
appeared in #aeic4 ,seven years later   
there came out under the  auspices of   
,ghetaldi1 a young ,italian nobleman of 
mathematical tastes1  who had been      
studying in ,paris1 the                 
following3--#8,de ,nvmerosa ,potestatvm 
_/ ,ad ,exegefum _/ ,resolvtione4 _/ ,ex
 ,opere reftitut ,mathematic            
,analyfeos1 _/ feu1 ,algebr nou _/      
,francisci ,viet4 _/ ,parisiis1 _/      
,excudebat ,david le ,clerc4 _/ #afjj4' 
_/ folio4 ,on the last page of this     
book is an interesting letter from      
,marino ,ghetaldi to his preceptor      
,michele ,coignetto1 dated at ,paris the

 ,i#eth of ,february #afjj4    ,these   
three thin folio volumes of great rarity
 are models of  typographic beauty4     
,they manifestly served as the model for
 printing  ,hariot's ,algebra in #afca4 
,the set here described 7the three bound
 in  one volume71 ,prince ,henry's own  
copies1 bearing his arms and the ,prince
  of ,wales' feathers1 is preserved in  
the ,british ,museum1 press-marked      
#ecj1 m4 #aj4    ,thus ,vieta's method  
appears to have been given to the world 
in three  instalments between #aeia and 
#afjj1 while the author himself died in 
#afjc4 ,it was probably in reference to 
one or both of these works that  ,lower 
gently reproached ,hariot for having    
allowed himself to be  anticipated in   
the public announcement of his          
discoveries in ,algebra by  ,vieta4 ,it 
has already been seen1 on page #aja     
above1 what ,torperley1 the  friend of  
,vieta1 wrote of his two masters in     
#afjb1 and also1 on page  #aba1 what    
,lower wrote to ,hariot in #afaj4       

,one is forced1 therefore1 to the       
conclusion that by #afjj1 if not some   
time before1 ,hariot had completed his  
method in ,algebra1 and  distributed his
 well known problems to his admiring    
scholars4 ,it has  also been seen how1  
from #afjc to the day of his death1 he  
was occupied  in many other absorbing   
matters connected with ,raleigh and     
,percy4 ,yet  he may have felt1 as      
,lower expressed it1 that when he       
surveyed his  storehouse of inventions  
this one of ,algebra might seem in      
#8comparison  of manie others smal or of
 no value4' ,the matter is introduced   
here  mainly because certain foreign    
writers1rebutting ,wallis's patriotic   
claims in behalf of ,hariot1 have not   
only accused ,hariot of  appropriating  
,vieta's rights1 but they even describe 
the distinguished  ,english             
mathematician as working on the         
#8,cartesian ,method4' ,while the  truth
 appears to be that ,hariot's method in 
,algebra1 though not  published for more

 than thirty years after its invention1 
must date  from a time when ,descartes  
was scarcely four years old4    ,on the 
other hand1 on looking into ,descartes' 
great and original work  on geometry1   
first published in #afcg1 six years     
after ,hariot's ,algebra  first saw the 
light in print1 one is not disposed to  
accuse the great  philosopher of        
plagiarism because in working out his   
problems of great  novelty in reference 
to geometrical curves he employed any   
systems of  notation and calculation in 
algebra 7,hariot's among the others7    
that  happened to be before the world4  
,the point or essence of ,descartes'    
work was geometry and not algebra4      
,therefore1 in climbing to his loft1  he
 was perfectly justified in using the   
ladder which ,hariot had left1  as it   
was then in general use1 and was only an
 incidental aid in his  independent     
calculations1 especially as the fame of 
his great  mathematical brother was well
 established1 and he had been already   

sixteen years in ,st ,christopher's4    
,vieta therefore had manifestly no  just
 reason to complain1 and ,descartes     
stands acquitted4    ,the history of    
,hariot's ,praxis has attracted a great 
deal of  attention for more than two    
centuries and has long been obscured by 
many misconceptions and erroneous       
statements4 ,in the first place it has  
been always said from the days of       
,collins that it was edited by ,walter  
,warner1 and ,wood adds that ,warner was
 to have his pension continued by       
,algernon ,percy1 for that scientific   
labor4 ,there is evidence that  ,warner1
 though employed on the work by ,sir    
,thomas ,aylesbury1 was not  the sole   
editor4 ,see ,aylesbury's ,letter to the
 ,earl on page #ahi4    ,the book led to
 a great deal of international or       
patriotic controversy1  and with great  
injustice to ,hariot was treated by the 
,english advocates  as his masterpiece  
in science4 ,wallis in #afhe in his     
,history of  ,algebra1 after much       

correspondence with ,collins and others 
on the  subject between #affg and #afgf1
 became ,hariot's ,english champion4    
,the  controversy respecting the        
,methods of ,hariot and of ,descartes   
became as  warm as that respecting the  
discoveries of ,leibnitz and of ,newton4
    ,wallis ranked ,oughtred's ,clavis  
and ,hariot's ,praxis very high1 and    
because both were first printed in      
#afca1 treated them as productions or   
inventions of that year1 whereas        
,hariot's method1 as we have seen1 had  
been long practically before his        
disciples2 and was1 ten years after  the
 author's death1 given to the world     
avowedly as an' accessory' only1  or    
preliminary treatise1 that it #8might   
suitably serve as a necessary           
preparation or introduction to the study
 of ,hariot's remaining works1  the     
publication of which is now under       
serious consideration4'  ,unfortunately 
this excellent scheme fell through1     
probably in  consequence of the death of

 the ,earl of ,northumberland1 and      
perhaps  partly because of the death of 
,nathaniel ,torporley who had long been 
engaged in #8penning the doctrine' of   
,hariot's mathematical papers4 ,they    
both died in #afcb1 shortly after the   
publication of the ,praxis4  ,wallis's  
charge had a basis of truth1 but it was 
narrow and petty4 ,as  an ,algebraist he
 seems to have lost sight of the main   
point1 that  ,descartes' great work was 
on ,geometry and not on ,algebra1 and   
that  ,hariot's method1 though first    
printed in #afca1 was almost as old as  
,descartes himself4 ,montucla the       
,french mathematician1 near the close of
  the last century1 in his ,history of  
,mathematics1 summed up the  controversy
 raised by ,wallis including the minor  
one raised by ,dr ,zach  in #aghe1      
clearing ,descartes of ,wallis's charges
 and relegating ,hariot  to the         
respectability of a second-rate         
mathematician4 ,if ,montucla's  verdict 
be based on mathematical reasoning as   

loose and slipshod as is  his statement 
of the historical points of the case1 to
 say nothing of  his utter ignorance of 
,hariot's biography and true position as
 an  ,english man of science1 one feels 
justified in rejecting it as  worthless 
3 as one also is compelled to do the    
vapid conclusions drawn  from ,montucla 
which have since found their way into   
many recent  biographical dictionaries  
and into many pretentious articles in   
learned  encyclopdias respecting ,hariot
 and his works4 ,the truth seems to be  
that ,hariot was unlucky and fell into  
oblivion accidentally4 ,he was a  man of
 immense industry and great mental      
power1 but perhaps careless of  his     
scientific and literary reputation4 ,as 
has been seen1 he always had  many irons
 in the fire1 and was overtaken by death
 in the prime of  life1 leaving1 as his 
will shows1 many things unfinished1 and 
none of  his papers in a state ready for
 publication4 ,he was surrounded by the 
best of friends1 but time and           

opportunity1 as so often happens in the 
affairs of busy men1 worked against him1
 and he was well nigh consigned  to     
forgetfulness4    ,however1 after a half
 century's slumber1 when the great fire 
of ,london  had destroyed his monument1 
and too late many scholars were minded  
to  attempt the recovery and            
preservation of memorials of the past1  
,john  ,collins the mathematician began 
soundings in the pool of oblivion for   
,hariot and his papers4 ,he and his     
correspondents fished up a great deal   
of truth and history1 but so mixed with 
error and conjecture that the  results1 
though interesting1 are misleading4     
,in the #8,correspondence of ,scientific
 ,men of the ,seventeenth ,century1     
,edited by ,professor ,s4,j4 ,rigaud1 #b
 volumes1 ,oxford #ahda1' #h1 are found 
the following instructive and amusing   
passages 3      ,as for ,geysius1 he    
published an ,algebra and ,stereometria 
divers years  before the first edition  
of the ,clavis of ,oughtred1 #afca was  

extant  in ,mr4 ,harriot's method1 out  
of which ,alsted took what he published 
of  algebra in his ,encylopasdia printed
 in #afcj1 the year before the ,clavis  
was first extant 7see ,christmannus and 
,raymarus74 ,mr4 ,harriot's method  is  
now more used than ,oughtred's1 and     
himself in the esteem of ,dr4  ,wallis  
not beneath ,des ,cartes4 ,dr4          
,hakewill1 in his ,apology1 tells you   
,harriot was the first that squared the 
area of a spherical triangle2  and ,i   
can tell you1 by the perusal of some    
papers of ,torporley's it  appears that 
,harriot could make the sign of any arch
 at demand1 and the  converse1 and apply
 a table of sines to solve all          
equations1 and  treated largely of      
figurate arithmetic4 ,his papers fell   
into the hands  of ,sir ,thomas         
,aylesbury1 father to the ,lord         
,chancellor's lady1 where ,i  hope they 
still are1 unless they had the hard fate
 to be lent out1  before the fire1 and  
be burned1 as some have said4           

,collins to ,wallis1 no date1 circa     
#afgj1 vol4 ii1 page #dgh4    ,as to    
,harriot1 he was so learned1 saith ,dr4 
,pell1 that had he published  all he    
knew in algebra1 he would have left     
little of the chief  mysteries of that  
art unhandled4 ,his papers fell into the
 hands of ,sir  ,thomas ,aylesbury1 who 
was father to the late ,lord            
,chancellor's  ,clarendon ,lady1by which
 means they fell into the ,lord         
,chancellor's  hands1 to whom           
application was made by the members of  
the ,royal ,society  to obtain them3 his
 lordship 7then in the height of his    
dignity and  employments7 gave order for
 a search to be made1 and in result the 
answer was1 they could not be found4 ,i 
am afraid the search was but            
perfunctory1 and that1 if his lordship  
7now at leisure7 were solicited  for    
them1 he might write to his son the     
,lord ,cornbury to make a  diligent     
search for them4 ,one ,mr4 ,protheroe1  
in ,wales1 was executor to  ,mr4        

,harriot1 and from him the ,lord        
,vaughan1 the ,earl of ,carbery's son1  
received more than a quire of ,mr4      
,harriot's ,analytics4 ,the ,lord       
,brounker has about two sheets of       
,harriot de ,motu et ,collisione        
,corporum1 and more of his ,i know not  
of3 there is nothing of ,harriot's      
extant but that piece which ,mons4      
,garibal hath4    ,collint to ,vernon1  
not dated but circa #afga1 vol4 i1 page 
#aec4      ,upon this passage ,professor
 ,rigaud makes the following note1      
written at  ,oxford in #ahda3           
,harriot's will is not to be found1 but 
,camden says that he left his  property 
to ,viscount ,lisle and ,sir ,thomas    
,aylesbury4 ,lord ,lisle's share  of the
 papers appear to have been given up to 
his father-in-law1 ,henry  earl of      
,northumberland1 who had been ,harriot's
 munificent patron1 and  they descended 
with the family property to the ,e4 of  
,egremont1 by whom  a large portion has 
been given to the ,british ,museum1 and 

the remainder  are still preserved at   
,petworth4 ,sir ,thomas ,aylesbury's    
share became  the property of his       
son-in-law ,lord ,chancellor ,clarendon1
 to whom the  ,royal ,society applied1  
but1 as it appears1 without obtaining   
them4 7,see  ,birch1 ,hist4 ,royal      
,society1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #abj1 #aaf1      
#cji47--,vol4 i1 page  #aec4      ,here 
seems to be the germ of ,professor      
,wallis's charge of plagiarism  against 
,descartes1 written to ,collins twelve  
years before it appeared  in thefirst   
editionof his ,history of ,algebra in   
,english in #afhe4 ,it  subsequently    
took a wider range1 and was strenuously 
defended by ,wallis  when opposed3      
,that which ,i most valued in his ,des  
,cartes method1 and which pleased  me   
best1 was the way of bringing over the  
whole equations to one side1  making it 
equal to nothing1 and thereby forming   
his compound equations  by the          
multiplication of simples1 from thence  
also determining the  number of roots1  

real or imaginary1 in each4 ,this       
artifice1 on which  all the rest of his 
doctrine is grounded1 was that which    
most made me  to set a value on him1    
presuming it had been properly his own2 
but  afterwards ,i perceived that he had
 it from ,hariot1 whose ,algebra was    
published after his death in the year   
#afca1 six years before ,des  ,cartes'  
,geometry in ,french in the year #afcg 3
 and yet ,des ,cartes makes  no mention 
at all of ,harriot1 whom he follows in  
designing his species  by small letters1
 and the power3 of them by the number of
 dimensions1  without the characters of 
j1 c1 qq1 c4    ,walla to ,collins1     
,oxford1 #ab ,april #afgc1 vol1 ii1 page
 #egc4    ,and had ,i but known of any  
precedent1 7as since in ,harriot ,i find
 one1  and ,i think but one --dddddd17  
,i should not have scrupled to follow   
it2 but ,i was then too young an        
algebraist to innovate without example4 
,since that time ,i have been more      
venturous1 and ,i find now that others  

do not scruple to use it as well as ,i4 
,just what ,descartes did4 ,he          
#8innovated' prior to #afcg1 when he    
took ,hariot's well recognized  notation
 in algebra to work out his problems in 
geometry for which  ,hariot himself     
would have thanked him4    ,wallis to   
,collins1 ,may #f1 #afgc1 vol4 ii1 page 
#egh4    ,one ,torporley1 long since1   
left a manuscript treatise in ,latin in 
,sion  ,college1 wherein is a much more 
copious table of figurate numbers1      
which ,i have caused to be transcribed1 
with what he says de  combinationibus1  
to send to ,mr4 ,strode4      ,on this  
passage1 extracted from a letter from   
,collins to ,baker1 dated  the #aith of 
,august1 #afgf1 ,professor ,rigaud has  
the following note1  written in #ahda1  
vol4 ii1 page #e 3    ,nath4 ,torporley 
left his manuscripts to ,sion ,college1 
where he spent  the latter years of his 
life 2 but the greater part of them was 
destroyed by the fire of ,london4       
,reading1 in his catalogue of the       

library1 mentions only one1 8,corrector 
,analyticus10 which is an attack  on    
,warner for the manner in which he had  
edited ,harriot's 8,artis  ,analytic    
,praxis40 ,this is a short tract1 and   
incomplete4 ,there is1  however1 another
 volume1 ,a4 #cg-ci1 entitled1          
8,algebraica1 ,tabul  ,sinuum1c40 in    
which ,torporley's hand may be certainly
 recognized4  ,wood1 in the list of his 
works1 speaks of ,congestor opus        
,mathematicam1-- imperfect4 ,a perfect  
copy of this treatise is in ,lord       
,maccles-field's possession1 and        
probably once belonged to ,collins4     
,perhaps the best comment that one can  
make on the wild and  extraordinary     
statements contained in the above       
extracts is to ask the  reader to read  
over ,hariot's ,will1given entire on    
pages #aic-bjc1 and  especially this    
,item respecting his ,mathematical and  
other ,writings1  and the ,rev4         
,nathaniel ,torporley1 from which it    
will appear that all  his valued papers 

were bequeathed with great care to the  
,earl of  ,northumberland1 to be        
deposited in his library in a trunk with
 lock and  key1 after they had been     
looked over and perused1 by ,mr         
,torporley1 and  7the waste papers      
having been weeded out7 the whole       
arranged by him #8to  the end that after
 hee doth vnderstand them he may make   
use in  penning such doctrine that      
belongs unto them for publique use4'    
,this1  of course1 was to be done under 
the supervision of the four ,executors1 
who were persons of no less distinction 
than ,sir ,robert ,sidney ,knight       
,viscount ,lisle1 ,john ,protheroe      
,esquire1 ,thomas ,aylesbury ,esquire1  
and  ,thomas ,buckner ,mercer4          
,,item ,i ordayne and ,constitute the   
aforesaid ,nathaniel ,thorperley first  
to be ,overseer of my ,mathematical     
,writings to be received of my          
,executors to peruse and order and to   
separate the ,chiefe of them from  my   
waste papers1 to the end that after hee 

doth vnderstand them hee may  make use  
in penninge such doctrine that belongs  
vnto them for publique  vses as it shall
 be thought ,convenient by my ,executors
 and him selfe4  ,and if it happen that 
some manner of ,notacions or writings of
 the said  papers shall not be          
understood by him then my desire is that
 it will  please him to confer with ,mr 
,warner or ,mr ,hughes ,attendants on   
the  afore said ,earle ,concerning the  
aforesaid double4 ,and if hee be not    
resolued by either of them ,that then   
hee ,conferre with ihe aforesaid  ,john 
,protheroe ,esquier or the aforesaid    
,thomas ,alesbury ,esquior4 7,i  hopeing
 that some or other of the aforesaid    
fower last nominated can  resolve him74 
,and when hee hath had the use of the   
said papers soe  longe as my ,executors 
and hee have agreed for the use afore   
said ,that  then he deliver them againe 
unto my ,executors to be putt into a    
,convenient ,truncke with a locke and   
key and to be placed in my ,lord of     

,northumberlandes ,library and the key  
thereof to be delivered into his        
,lordshipps hands4 ,and if at anie tyme 
after my ,executors or the afore  said  
,nathaniell ,thorperley shall agayne    
desire the use of some or all  of the   
said ,mathematicall papers ,that then it
 will please the said  ,earle to lett   
anie of the aforesaid to have them for  
theire use soe  long as shall be thought
 ,convenient1 and afterwards to be      
restored  agayne unto the ,truncke in   
the afore said ,earles ,library4        
,secondly my  will and desire is that   
the said ,nathaniell ,thorperley be     
alsoe  ,overseere of other written      
bookes and papers as my ,executors and  
hee  shall thincke ,convenient4         
,this will1 of extraordinary interest1  
has fallen to our lot to exhume1  after 
many antiquaries and scholars had long  
sought it in vain4 ,it was  recently    
discovered in the ,archdeaconry ,court  
of ,london1 just the place  where one   
would least expect to find it4 ,one has 

only to read the  document to read the  
character of the man--good1             
learned1affectionate1  charitable and   
just4 ,he was carried off by a terrible 
disease1 away  from home1 but among     
friends4 ,he left his affairs and fame  
in loving  hands4 ,his will was proved  
on the #dth day after his death by two  
of the  ,executors1 ,sir ,thomas        
,aylesbury and ,mr ,buckner1 with the   
right reserved  to the other two to act 
subsequently4 ,it is found by papers in 
the  ,british ,museum that ,sir ,john   
,protheroe did act1 for there is a very 
long list of manuscripts1 copied from   
,protheroe's list of papers  delivered  
to ,mr ,torporley1 which served as a    
receipt for them1 and  which was        
returned with the papers4    ,mr        
,torporley then1 it is manifest1 had in 
hand the papers and returned  them1 but 
it is not apparent what amount of labor 
he bestowed upon  them4 ,they do not    
appear to be properly arranged1 nor have
 the waste  papers been weeded out4     

,from ,protheroe's list and other       
circumstances  it is likely that nothing
 has been destroyed1 except perhaps the 
,raleigh accounts and the ,irish papers 
in the #8canvas baggs4' ,the papers     
were at ,sion1 and were placed in a     
trunk and delivered to the ,earl1 who   
left the ,tower only sixteen days after 
,hariot's death4 ,they  subsequently    
found their way to ,petworth1 another   
seat of the ,earl1  where the trunk and 
half of the papers still remain1 in the 
possession  of the ,earl of             
,leconsfield1 a branch of the           
,northumberland family4 ,they  are      
briefly described in this manner by ,mr 
,alfred ,j4 ,horwood in the  ,sixth     
,report of the ,historical ,manuscript  
,commission for #ahgg1 page  #cai1      
folio4      ,a black leather box        
containing several hundred leaves of    
figures and  calculations by ,hariot4   
,a large bundle of ,hariot's papers4    
,they are arranged in packets by        
,professor ,rigaud4 ,spots on the ,sun4 

,comets of #afjg and #afah4 ,the ,moon4 
,jupiter's ,satellites4 ,projectiles1   
,centre of ,gravity1 ,reflection of     
bodies4 ,triangles4 ,snell's            
,eratosthenes ,batavus4 ,geometry4      
,calendar4  ,conic ,sections4 ,de       
,stella ,martis4 ,drawings of           
,constellations1 papers on  ,chemistry  
and ,miscellaneous ,calculations4       
,collections from ,observations  of     
,hannelius1 ,warner1 ,copernicus1 ,tycho
 ,brahe4 ,on the vernal and  autumnal   
equinoxes1 the solstices1 orbit of the  
,earth1 length of the  year1 c4         
,algebra4      ,a similar collection1   
but not yet arranged1 catalogued1       
numbered or  bound1 is carefully        
preserved in the ,manuscript ,department
 of the  ,british ,museum 7,additional1 
#fghb-fghi71 in eight thick ,solander   
cases1  probably as much in bulk as the 
,petworth papers4 ,they were presented  
to  the ,museum by the ,earl of         
,egremont in #ahaj4 ,why the two        
collections  were separated does not    

appear4 ,the ,museum papers contain much
 that is  waste1 but much also that is  
of importance equal probably to those at
  ,petworth4 ,mr ,torporley was in      
effect appointed by ,hariot his literary
  and scientific editor under the       
direction of the ,executors4 ,no papers 
were left ready for publication4 ,it    
must have required great study and      
labor to master them sufficiently to pen
 for public use such doctrine  or       
science as belonged to them4 ,torporley 
lived in ,shropshire1 but a  few years  
after ,hariot's death he retired from   
his rectorship and  removed to          
,london1taking rooms in #afcj at ,sion  
,college in ,london ,wall1  when that   
institution was first founded4 ,it      
contained then as now a  library for the
 use of the ,clergy1 and a few suites of
 apartments for  those who desired to   
reside on the premises4 ,it never was a 
,college or  place of instruction1 but a
 sort of guild or ,clergyman's ,club4   
,at this  time ,mr ,torporley was about 

seventy years old4 ,he died in his      
chambers  at ,sion ,college in ,april   
#afcb1 and was buried on the #agth of   
that month  in the ,church of ,st       
,alphage1 close by4 ,in a nuncupative   
will spoken the  #adth of,april1 a copy 
of which is before the writer1 he left  
his books  and manuscripts to the ,sion 
,col ege ,library4 ,a complete list of  
about  #agj books and several           
manuscripts is preserved in the         
#8,donors' ,book4' ,a  few of the books 
are said to have been destroyed by the  
fire of ,london1  but probably none of  
the manuscripts were lost4              
,torporley's manuscripts1 as has been   
stated1 have often been referred  to1   
and sometimes copied1 but their true    
history and character is  explained by  
,hariot's,will4 ,there are really but   
two manuscripts  relating to ,hariot4   
,the more important one comprises #aaf  
closely-written folio leaves1 or #bcb   
pages1 all in ,torporley's  handwriting4
 ,it bears no title or designation4     

,hence various writers  who have seen   
it1 from ,collins1 ,wood1 and ,dr ,zach1
 have given it  different names1 such   
as1 #8,ephemeris ,chysometria1'         
#8,congestor opus  ,matbematicum1' etc4 
but it appears to be nothing more nor   
less than  ,torporley's attempt to pen  
out such doctrine as he found in        
,hariot's  papers4 ,the leaves are      
numbered1 #a to #af containing a        
,treatise on  ,hariot's ,theory of      
,numbers4 ,leaves #ag to #be are tables 
of the divisors  of odd numbers up to   
#bj1cjj4 ,on the verso of leaf #be the  
,theory of  ,numbers is resumed1        
extending to the recto of #bg4 ,on the  
verso of leaf  #bg begins the treatise  
on the properties of ,triangles and ends
 on leaf  #cd4 ,leaves #ce to #ee       
comprise examples of ,algebraical       
processes1 and  leaves #ef to #aaf      
contain ,tables 7probably tabul sinuum  
87 up to #ahj4  ,on the second leaf the 
,author speaks of himself as working    
out1 or  working on ,hariot's           

principles1 and also as making use of   
the writings  of ,vieta4 ,he adds3      
#8,and since it is our principal design 
to explain the improvement in  this     
sciencethe ,properties of ,numbers and  
,triangles discovered by our  friend    
,thomas ,hariot2 but he neither         
completely reformed it 7which  indeed   
was not necessary7 nor gave a full      
account of it1 but only  strengthened it
 where it was defective1 and by treating
 in his own way  the points of the      
science which were heretofore more      
difficult1  rendered them clear and     
easy4'      ,this manuscript was        
probably intended for another printed   
volume of  ,hariot's mathematical works1
 but owing to the deaths about the same 
time1 #afcb1 of the venerable editor and
 the noble patron this work  never bore 
a definite name and never saw the light 
of the press4      ,,corrector          
,,analyticus  ,artis pofthumx ,,thom    
,,harioti  ,vt ,mathematici eximij1     
perraro  ,vt ,philofophi ,audentes1     

frequentius errantis  ,vt ,hominis      
evanidi1 infigniter  ,ad  ,fidedigniorem
 refutationem ,philopfeudofophi         
,atomiftic21 per cum ,reducis1 et pr    
cteris eius ,portentis  feri            
corripiend1 anathematyzandq  ,compendiu 
,antimonitorfi1 et ,speciminale         
exanthorati ia ,senioris  ,na3          
,torporley4  ,vt  ,noverit ,arbiter     
,caveat ,emptor4  non bene ,rip         
,creditur1 ipfe ,aries etiam nunc       
,vellera ficcat4  ,virgil1 ,ecl4 iii4   
#id1ie1      ,this ,second ,manuscript  
is a pretentious but small affair4 ,it  
was  manifestly written at ,sion        
,college after the ,praxis appeared in  
#afca4  ,it is only the preface or the  
opening of a growl of envy or           
disappointment4 ,it shows clearly that  
,torporley himself was not the  editor  
of the ,algebra or ,praxis4 ,the above  
is the pedantic title-page1  given line 
for line and verbatim4    ,the          
manuscript is in small quarto1 and      
exclusive of the title 7which1  indeed1 

is the nub of the achievement7 contains 
only nine pages1  breaking off abruptly 
in the middle of a sentence4 ,he        
criticises the  editors of ,hariot's    
,algebra1 the executors ,aylesbury and  
,protheroe1  aided by ,warner1 who were 
all eminent mathematicians4 ,he speaks  
of the  administrators or editors as if 
more than one1 and does not mention     
,warner1 or lead us to believe that he  
was sole editor4 ,only a small  portion 
of this projected criticism seems ever  
to have been written4 ,it  appears to   
have been begun in senile peevishness1  
containing only a few  prefatory remarks
 and discussing some algebraical        
questions with the  fancied errors of   
the editors4 ,no mention is made of     
the',atomic  ,theory1'as promised on the
 title-page1 which is here done into    
,english1  and is as follows3--    ,,the
 ,,analytical ,,corrector  of the       
posthumous scientific writings  of      
,,thomas ,,harriot4  ,as an excellent   
,mathematician one who very seldom      

erred  ,as a bold ,philosopher one who  
occasionally erred1  ,as a frail ,man   
one who notably erred  ,for  the more   
trustworthy refutation of the           
pseudo-philosophic  atomic theory1      
revived by him and1 outside his  other  
strange notions1 deserving of           
reprehension and anathema4  ,a          
,compendious ,warning with specimens by 
the aged  and retired-from-active-life  
,na3 ,torporley4  ,so that  ,the critic 
may know  ,the buyer may beware4  ,it is
 not safe to trust to the bank1  ,the   
bell-wether himself is drying his       
fleece4      ,the #8,corrector          
,analyticus' may be found printed in    
full 7but without  the quaint titles7 in
 #8,the ,historical ,society of         
,science4 ,a ,collection  of ,letters   
illustrative of ,science1 edited by ,j4 
,o4 ,halliwell1' ,london1  #ahda1 #h1   
,appendix1 pages #aji-aaf4              
,for,torporley's curious paper  entitled
 #8,a ,synopsis of the ,controversie of 
,atoms1' see ,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss1  ,birch 

#ddeh1 #b4    ,mr ,torporley informs us1
 and the papers appear to bear him out  
in the  statement1 that ,hariot wrote   
memoranda1 problems1 etc4 on loose      
pieces  of paper1 and then arranged them
 in sets fastened together according to 
the subjects treated of4 ,he adds1      
#8,first then let me speak of ,hariot's 
method1 of which frequent mention will  
have to be made in the following  pages2
 so that the reader may understand why  
some things are stated and  some passed 
over3 here ,i cannot but complain1 that 
,i find it a serious  defect that his   
,commentators have so completely        
transformed it the  ,praxis that they   
not only do not retain his orderbut not 
evenhis  language4' ,again he writes1   
#8,but not even those well-thought-out  
and  necessary to be known matters1     
which have been delivered to us1 have   
been handed down to posterity by his    
administrators with the fidelity  and   
accuracy promised4' ,the suspicion is   
raised that ,torporley's age  and       

dilatoriness compelled the accomplished 
executors to take the  editorial matter 
in hand themselves and hinc iliae       
lacrym4    ,on the back of the above    
title-page is another attempt of the    
same sort  as follows1 showing that this
 deed of pedantry was committed at ,sion
  ,college3    ,,corrector  sive  ,not  
in ,analyticam  ,novam1 ,novatam1       
,posthuma  quatenus  ,fallacem1         
,defectivam1 ,extrariam  cum            
,apodictica refutatione ,atomorum       
,somnij1 pr cteris ,novatorum  portentis
 corripiendi ,ana-  thematizandiq  ,ex  
,collegio ,sion ,londinenfi  perfuncti  
,senis ,artemq reponentis  ,,nt         
,extremu hoc munus morientis  habetor 3 
,greek ,text  nee bene ,rip  ,creditur  
ipse ,aries etia nunc ,vellera ficcat4  
,there are one or two unimportant papers
 among the ,torperley manuscripts  that 
bear marks of having belonged to the    
,hariot papers1 and there is a          
manuscript by ,warner1 entitled1        
#8,certayne ,definitions of the         

,planisphere4' ,any one curious in the  
history of ,torperley may find in  the  
,calendar of ,state ,papers1 ,domestic  
,series1 #afcf1 page #cfd1 how his      
property was purloined by ,mr ,spencer1 
the first ,librarian of ,sion  ,college4
 ,he was sued by ,mistress ,payne the   
administratrix and was  compelled to    
disgorge #d4j in money1 eleven diamond  
rings1 eight gold  rings1 two bracelets1
 etc4 ,then ,archbishop ,laud took away 
,spencer's  librarianship1 and let him  
drop4    ,mr ,william ,spence of        
,greenock published in ,nov4 #ahad1 a   
work entitled1  #8,outlines of a ,theory
 of ,algebraical ,equations deduced from
 the  ,principles of ,harriott1 and     
extended to the ,fluxional or           
differential  ,calculus4 ,by ,william   
,spence4 ,london1 for the ,author1 by   
,davis and  ,dickson1 #ahad1 #h1 iv and 
#hj pages4 ,privately printed1 intended 
#8exclusively for the perusal of those  
gentlemen to whom it is  addressed4' ,he
 says in his prefatory note that--      

#8,as the principles are drawn from that
 theory of equations1 by which          
,harriott has so far advanced the       
science of algebra4' ,the author says1  
page ,i1' ,until the publication of     
,harriot's ,artis ,analytica ,praxis1   
no extended theory of equations was     
given4 ,harriot considered  algebraical 
equations merely as analytical          
expressions1 detached wholly  from the  
operations by which they might be       
individually produced 2 and1  carrying  
all the terms over to one side1 he      
assumed the hypothesis1  that1 as in    
that state the equation was equal to    
nothing1 it could  always be reduced to 
as many simple factors as there were    
units in the  index of its highest      
power4'      ,between #afjf and #afji a 
very interesting and historically       
instructive  correspondence took place  
between ,kepler and ,hariot upon several
  important scientific subjects4 ,five  
of the letters are given in full in     
#8,joannis ,keppleri ,alio-rumque       

,epistol ,mutu4 ,frankfort #agah1'      
folio1  to which the reader is referred1
 but a brief abstract of them may not   
be out of place here4 ,the letters are  
numbered from #bbb to #bbf and fill     
pages #cgc to #chb4 ,the correspondence 
was begun by ,kepler3      ,letter #abb1
 dated ,prague1 #aa ,october1 #afjf1    
from ,john ,kepler      to ,thomas      
,hariot1      ,kepler had heard of      
,hariot's acquirements in ,natural      
,philosophy from  his friend ,john      
,eriksen4 ,would be glad to know        
,hariot's views as to the  origin and   
essential differences of colours2 also  
on the question of  refraction of rays  
of light2 and the causes of the         
,rainbow2 and of  haloes round the sun4 
,letter #bbc1 dated ,london1 #aa        
,december1 #afjf1;from      ,thomas     
,hariot to ,john ,kepler1      ,had     
received with pleasure ,kepler's letter2
 but should not be able to  answer it at
 length1 being in indifferent health1 so
 that it was not  easy to write or even 

carefully to reflect4 ,sends a table of 
the  results of experiments on equal    
bulks of various liquids and            
transparent solids 7thirteen in number1 
including spring1 rain1 and  salt water2
 ,spanish and ,rhenish wine2 vinegar2   
spirits of wine2 oils  and glass74 ,the 
angle of incidence is #cj in each case2 
also the  specific gravity of each      
substance is given4 ,then he discusses  
the  reason why refraction takes place4 
,promises to write on the ,rainbow2  but
 will merely say at present that it is  
to be explained by the  reflection on   
the concave superficies and the         
refraction at the convex  superficies of
 each separate drop4    ,letter #bbd is 
from ,john ,kepler to ,thomas ,hariot1  
dated at ,prague1  #aa ,august1 #afjg4  
,thanks ,hariot for his table1 which    
supplies matter for serious             
consideration4 ,asks questions as to how
 he defines the angles of  incidence and
 refraction2 and goes on to discuss the 
reasons of  refraction4 ,agrees with    

,hariot as to his views about the       
,rainbow2 but  will be very glad to     
receive his treatises on ,colours and   
the ,rainbow4    ,letter #bbe is from   
,thomas ,hariot to ,john ,kepler1 dated 
at ,syon1      near ,london1 #ac ,july  
7o4s471 #afjh4    ,the departure of     
,eriksen and other matters do not allow 
leisure to  write at length4 ,the       
turpentine 7oleum terebinth inum7 was   
not the same  as that experimented on by
 ,kepler but a purer and lighter article
 7,sp4  grav4 '#hg74 ,the angle of      
incidence is understood as defined by   
,alhazen  and ,vitellio first published 
#aegb4 ,points out some errors in       
,vitellio's second table of refractions4
 ,as to the causes of refraction1       
,hariot believes in the theory of the   
vacuum2 #8where we still stick in  the  
mud'4 ,hopes ,god 7,deum optimum        
maximum7 will soon put an end to  this4 
,wishes for ,kepler's meteorological    
records for the last two  years1 and    
will send his own notes in return4      

,gilbert1 author of a work  on the      
magnet1 had recently died1 leaving in   
his brother's hands a book  entitled    
#8,de ,globo et ,mundo nostro sub lunari
 ,philosophia nova contra               
,peripateticos1 lib4 #e4 ,a treatise1 in
 five books1 on ,natural  ,philosophy1  
in answer to the ,peripatetics4 ,the    
book is likely to be  published before  
the end of the year4 ,hariot had read   
some chapters2  and saw that ,gilbert   
defends the doctrine of a vacuum4 ,not  
to leave a  vacuum on this page 7says   
,hariot71 it is remarkable that though  
gold is  both heavy and opaque1 when    
beaten out into gold-leaf the light of a
  candle can be seen through it1 though 
it appears of a green colour4    ,letter
 #bbf1 from ,john ,kepler to ,thomas    
,hariot1 it dated from      ,prague1    
,september1 #afji4    ,excuses himself  
for not having replied sooner2 having   
been very busy2  but would not lose the 
present opportunity of writing4         
,discusses the  questions of refraction 

and the vacuum4 ,commentaries on ,mars  
entitled  #8,astronomia ,nova ,greek    
,text or ,physica ,clestis1' have been  
published  at ,frankfort2 has not a copy
 by him4 ,regrets to hear of the death  
of  ,gilbert4 ,hopes his work on        
,magnetism will also be published2 and  
that  ,erikson will bring a copy with   
him4 ,promises to send a copy of his own
  meteorological observations2 and hopes
 to receive ,hariot's4      ,these      
studies in optics and this              
correspondence with the learned ,kepler 
indicate ,hariot's great advancement in 
natural philosophy as early as  #afjf to
 #afji and give an earnest of his       
inventive genius and scientific         
enterprise with his telescope in the    
astronomical discoveries which          
immediately followed in #afji to #afac4 
,before awarding all the prizes  for    
discoveries and inventions in           
mathematics1 philosophy and natural     
science to claimants throughout the wide
 ,republic of ,letters1 let  modest     

,hariot be heard and examined4 ,let his 
papers and all his  credentials be laid 
out before the high court of science1   
not in the  light of today1 but         
contemporaneously with those of ,tycho1 
,kepler1  ,galileo1 ,snell1 ,vieta and  
,descartes4 ,hariot himself has claimed 
nothing1 but ,justice and ,historical   
,truth are bound to assign him a  niche 
appropriate to his merits4    ,to show  
that ,hariot1 like his friends ,hakluyt 
and ,purchas1 was alive to  everything  
geographical as well as mathematical    
going on1 the following  is given from  
the original manuscript among the       
,hariot papers in the  ,british ,museum 
7,add4 #fghi73      ,three reasons to   
prove that there is a passage from the  
,north' west  into the ,south-sea4      
#a4 ,the tydes in ,port ,nelson 7where  
,sr4 ,tho 3 ,button did winter1 were    
constantly1 #ae1 or1 #ah1 foote 2 wc is 
not found in any ,bay ,throughout  the  
world but in such seas as lie open att  
both ends to the mayne  ,ocean4      #b4

 ,every strong ,westerne winde did bring
 into the ,harbor where he  wintered1   
soe much water1 that the ,neap-tydes    
were equall to the  ,spring-tydes1      
notwtstanding yt the harbor was open    
only to ye ,e4,n4,e4      #c4 ,in       
comming out of the harbor1 shaping his  
course directly ,north1  about1 #fj1    
degrees1 he found a stronge race of a   
tyde1 set-ting due,east  and ,west1 wc  
in probabilitie could be noe other      
thing1 than the tyde  comming from the  
,west1 and retourning from the ,east1   
,among the manuscripts in the           
handwriting of ,hariot in the ,british  
,museum 7,add4 #fghi7 are these samples 
of ingenious trifling4 ,no evidence  is 
forthcoming that he was ever a married  
man1 but that he occasionally  let      
himself down from pure mathematics and  
high philosophy and amused  himself with
 anagrams is plain enough4 ,here are a  
few specimens on his  own name4         
,,anagrams ,,on ,,thomas ,,hariotus     
,tu homo artis has     traho hosti mufa 

,homo has vt artis     ,o trahit hos    
mufa       ,homo hasta vtris      oh1 os
 trahit mufa       vitus                
oho trahit mifas       rutis            
oho1 trahis mutis       ,humo astra     
hosti      oho1 fum ,charitas4      ,if 
the pertingent ,reader still craves more
 evidence of the extent of  ,hariot's   
friendships1 and the universality of his
 acquirements1 let him  read the        
following pithy1 quaint1 and beautiful  
tribute paid to him by  blind ,old      
,homer's ,chapman in #afaf4 ,it is found
 in the ,preface to the  ,reader in the 
first complete edition of ,homer'sworks 
translated by  ,george ,chapman1 ,london
 #afaf1 fo4      ,no coference had with 
any one liuing in al the noueltiet ,i   
prefume ,i  haue found4 ,only fome one  
or two places ,i haue fhewed to my      
worthy and  moft learned friend1 ,m4    
,harriots1 for his cenfure how much mine
 owne  weighed3 whofe iudgement and     
knowledge in all kinds1 ,i know to be   
incomparable1 and bottomlefle 2 yea1 to 

be admired as much1 as his moft         
blameles life1 and the right facred     
expence of his time1 is to be  honoured 
and reuerenced4 ,which affirmation of   
his cleare vnmatchednefle  in all manner
 of learning2 ,i make in contempt of    
that naftie objection  often thruft vpon
 me 2 that he that will iudge1 muft know
 more then he  of whom he iudgeth 2 for 
fo a man fhould know neither ,god nor   
himfelf4  ,another right learned1       
honeft1 and entirely loued friend of    
mine1 ,m4  ,robert ,hews1 ,i muft needs 
put into my confest conference touching 
,homer1 though very little more than    
that ,i had with ,m4 ,harriots4 ,which  
two1 ,i proteft1 are all1 and preferred 
to all4      ,it remains to say two     
words more about ,baron ,zach's'        
discovery' of the  ,hariot papers at    
,petworth in #aghd4 ,this remarkable    
story has been told  many times1 in many
 books1 and in many languages4 ,it has  
found its way  into many modern         
dictionaries and grave encyclopdias1 but

 it always  appears with an             
unsatisfactory and suspicious flavor4   
,dr ,zach's  #8discovery' is found      
cropping up all over the continent1 and 
everywhere  is made paramount to        
,hariot's papers1 while ,oxford is      
blamed for not  giving the young ,german
 his dues6    ,it seems that ,dr ,zach1 
a young man1 was in ,england with ,count
 ,bruhl1  who had married the dowager   
,lady ,egremont4 ,he thus had easy      
access to  the old ,percy ,library at   
,petworth1 in ,sussex1 where was stored1
 as we  have seen by ,hariot's will1 the
 black trunk containing his mathematical
  writings as bequeathed to the #ith    
,earl of ,northumberland4 ,in #aghe ,dr 
,zach announced with a truly scholastic 
flourish in ,bode's ,berlin  ,ephemeris 
for #aghh his remarkable #8discovery' of
 the papers of ,thomas  ,hariot         
previously known as an eminent          
,algebraist or ,mathematician1 but  now 
elevated to the rank also of a          
first-class ,english ,astronomer4 ,the  

next year1 #aghf1 is celebrated in the  
annals of ,english science from  the    
circumstance of ,oxford's having        
accepted a proposition from ,dr ,zach   
to publish his account of ,hariot and   
his writings4 ,the ,royal ,academy of   
,brussels in #aghh printed in its       
,memoirs ,dr ,zach's paper on the planet
  ,uranus1 with a long note relative to 
the discovery at ,petworth4    ,the     
,berlin paper immediately upon          
publication was translated into         
,english and extensively circulated in  
this country1 conducing1 it is          
suspected1 more to the renown of ,dr    
,zach than to that of ,hariot4 ,in      
#agic ,bode's ,jahrbuch gave from the   
pen of ,dr ,zach an account of the      
,comets of #afjg and #afah1 with        
,hariot's ,observations thereon4 ,but   
these  observations were given with so  
many errors and misreadings1 as shown   
by ,professor ,rigaud1 that they were   
soon pronounced worthless1 to the       
discredit of ,hariot rather than of his 

eminent editor4 ,but matters came  to a 
crisis in #agid1 nine years after the   
grand flourish of the first             
announcement at ,berlin4 ,dr ,zach sent 
to ,oxford for publication his  abstract
 of certain of the scientific papers1   
and the ,earl of ,egremont  intrusted to
 the ,university ,dr ,zach's selection  
of the original papers4  ,zach's        
abstracts were merely sufficient to     
identify himself with the  works of     
,hariot1 but he had performed no real   
editorial labours1 and  had not #8pen'd 
the doctrine' contained in them4 ,here  
were years of  useful work to be done   
which the ,university dreamed not of1 so
 the  whole matter was referred to      
,professors ,robertson and ,powell1 who 
both  reported adversely in #agih1 or   
before4 ,in #agii all the ,hariot papers
  were returned to ,petworth4    ,in the
 mean time the full translation of ,dr  
,zach's account of his  #8discovery1'   
with some curious additions1 found its  
way into ,dr  ,hutton's ,dictionary of  

,mathematics1 under ,hariot1 #agif1 #b  
volumes in  quarto4 ,this publication   
gave an air of solemn record and history
 to  the transactions1 insomuch that    
,oxford began to be blamed for          
withholding from the press ,dr ,zach's  
great work4 ,oxford preserved a         
becoming silence4 ,in #ahjc ,dr ,zach   
published at ,gotha in his ,monatliche  
,correspondenz a fragment of that       
remarkable letter from the ,earl of     
,northumberland to ,hariot 7which letter
 we have shown to be ,lower's1 see  p4  
#abj74 ,this publication1 together with 
the reprint of the original  ,berlin    
paper by ,zach in the second edition of 
,hutton's ,dictionary in  #ahae without 
alteration1 seemed to bring the matter  
to a point4 ,oxford  was obliged to rise
 and explain4    ,the whole question was
 inquired into4 ,professor ,robertson's 
original  report was brought out and    
sent to ,dr ,david ,brewster1 who       
printed it in  his ,edinburgh           
,philosophical ,journal for #ahbb1      

volume vi1 page #cad1 in  an article on 
the ,hariot papers4 ,in the meanwhile1  
in #ahaj1 that  portion of the ,hariot  
papers that did not go to ,oxford was   
presented to  the ,british ,museum by   
the ,earl of ,egremont4 ,the division of
 the papers  7on what principle it is   
difficult to guess7 was unquestionably  
,dr  ,zach's4 ,the value is no doubt    
much depreciated by the separation4     
,under  all these circumstances no one  
can wonder at the ,oxford decision1 or  
that the papers were deemed not worthy  
of publication4 ,yet under other        
circumstances it is almost certain that 
the two collections when worked         
together will yield valuable materials  
for the life of ,hariot and the  history
 and progress of ,english science1      
discovery1 and invention4 ,to           
,professor ,s4 ,f4 ,rigaud is due the   
credit for the most part of working  out
 the crooked and entangled history of   
the ,zachean fiasco1 which has          
apparently depreciated the real value of

 these papers4 ,professor  ,rigaud's    
papers may be seen in the ,royal        
,institution ,journal1 #ahca1  volume   
ii1 pages #bfg-bga1 in the ,proceedings 
of the ,royal ,society1 iii1  #abe1 and 
in the ,appx to ,bradley's ,works4 ,now 
to pick up a few dropped  stitches4     
,notices of ,hariot by ,camden1 ,aubrey1
 ,hakewill1 and others are  omitted from
 press of matter4 ,gabriel ,harvey in   
#aeic1 in his' ,pierces                 
,supererogation1' page #aij1 exclaims   
#8and what profounde ,mathematician     
like ,digges1 ,hariot1 or ,dee esteemeth
 not the pregnant ,mechanician8'        
,mr,j4,o4,halliwell's ,collection of    
,letters referred to on page #agd1      
though  falling late under our eye1 is  
most acceptable and thankfully used4    
,several letters of ,sir ,william ,lower
 are printed from the originals in  the 
,british ,museum4 ,and so is ,john      
,bulkley's dedication to ,hariot of  his
 work on the ,quadrature of the ,circle1
 dated ,kal4 ,martii1 #aeia1 the        

original manuscript of which is in ,sion
 ,college4 ,there is also an            
interesting letter from ,hariot to the  
,earl dated ,sion ,june #ac1 #afai1     
respecting the doctrine of reflections  
as communicated to ,warner and  ,hues   
for the use of the ,earl4 ,but the most 
important letter is the  following on   
page #ga from ,sir ,thomas ,aylesbury1  
one of ,hariot's  executors1 to the     
,earl of ,northumberland1 respecting    
some remuneration  for the extra        
services of ,warner in assisting him in 
passing ,hariot's  #8,artis ,analytic   
,praxis' through the press 3      ,rt4  
,ho4 ,may it plese your lp4 ,july #e1   
#afca4    ,i presumed heretofore to moue
 your lp on the behalf of ,mr4 ,w4 for  
some  consideration to be had of his    
extraordinary expense in attending the  
publication of ,mr4 ,h4 book after the  
copy was finished4 ,the same humble     
request ,i am induced to renew by reson 
of his present wants occasioned  by that
 attendance4    ,for his literary labour

 and paines taken in forming the work   
and  fitting it for the publik view1 he 
looks for no other reward then your  lps
 acceptance therof as an honest         
discharge of his duty4 ,but his long    
attendance through vnexpected           
difficulties in seeking to get the book 
freely printed1 and after that was      
vndertaken the friuolous delaies of  the
 printers and slow preceding of the     
presse1 wch no intreties of his  or myne
 could remedy1 drew him to a gretter    
expence then his meanes  would here1    
including both your lps pencion and the 
arbitrary help of  his frends4 ,it is   
this extraordinary expense1 wch he      
cannot recouer wch  makes both him and  
me for him appele to your ,lps goodnei  
and bounty  for some tollerable         
mitigation thereof4    ,i purpose ,god  
willing to set forth other peeces of    
,mr4 ,h4 wherein by  reson of my owne   
incombrances ,i must of necessitie      
desire the help of  ,mr4 ,w4 rather then
 of any other1 whereto ,i find him redy 

enough because  it tends to your lps    
service1 and may the more freely trouble
 him1 yf  he receive some little        
encouragement from your lp towards the  
repairing of the detrement that lies    
still vpon him by his last  imploiment4 
,but for the future my intention it to  
haue the impression  at my owne charge1 
and not depend on the curtesy of those  
mechaniks1making account that wch may   
seeme to be saued by the other  way will
 not countervaile the trouble and       
tedious prolongation of the  busines4   
,but the copies being made perfect and  
faire written for the  presse they shall
 be sufficiently bound to deliuer the   
books perfectly  clen out of theire     
hands1 and by this meanes the trouble   
and charge of  attending the presse will
 be saued4 ,therfore my ,lo4 what you do
 now  will be but for this once1 and in 
such proportion as shall best like  you 
to favour the humble motion of him who  
is    ,allway most redy at your ,lps    
commaund  4    ,endorsed in the         

handwriting of ,warner1    ,sr ,th4 ,a4 
letters about my busines4    ,b4 ,m4    
,birch1 #dcif1 #hg4                     
,notwithstanding the plain initials ,t4 
,a4 ,mr ,halliwell erroneously          
attributes this letter to ,torporley1   
who had been in his grave three  months4
 ,the handwriting is not ,torporley's   
but ,warner's4 ,the ,earl died  on the  
#eth of ,november following4 ,t4 ,a4    
unquestionably stands for ,sir  ,thomas 
,aylesbury1 who1 as executor and good   
friend1 had the matter in  hand4 ,indeed
 ,warner's endorsement settles the      
question of authorship4    ,six         
shillings and eight pence were paid for 
,hariot's knell1 and #d were  paid as   
his legacy to the parish for the poor1  
according to memoranda  supplied by ,mr 
,edwin ,freshfleld from the ,records of 
,st ,christopher's4  ,see ,will1 page   
#bjj4    ,hariot had a lease from       
,raleigh of #8,pinford grounds1' at     
,sherburne1 for  fifty-eight years1 but 
the ,king wanted it for ,carr1 so of    

course the  title was found defective4  
,in conclusion1 before laying down the  
pen with which has been exhumed  and set
 up on a new pedestal one of ,england's 
worthiest of her many  forgotten        
,worthies1 let the holder crave the     
indulgence of the reader  for the       
illogical1 wordy and mixed style of this
 essay4 ,he is perfectly  aware of these
 shortcomings1 but puts in the plea that
 while groping in  the past as if       
blindfolded he has been decoyed on step 
by step by the  unexpected recovery of  
new materials after the others were in  
type1 so  that as often as he had       
finished his labor of love new facts    
have  turned up which he had not the    
heart to reject4 ,so he has incorporated
  them one after another as best he     
could4 ,the results are more  inartistic
 and crude than he could have wished1   
but he hesitates not on  that account to
 invite lovers of and believers in the  
,truth of ,history  to the banquet he   
has prepared4    ,a well-dined ,reader  

is not likely1 the writer thinks1 to    
quarrel with  his dessert because he has
 to pick out1 with some little patience1
 the  dainty meats of the nuts he has to
 arrange and crack for himself4         
,repetition1 and perhaps some           
contradiction1 are acknowledged4 ,but   
meandering thoughts and ill-digested    
narratives1 though tedious1 are  not    
criminal4 ,when these new materials have
 dried in the noon-day sun  for a year  
and a day1 the writer then1 or at the   
expiration of the  ,horatian period1 may
 bring them back to his anvil to be     
re-hammered4  ,may they then prove as   
true as they now seem new1 is the wish  
of the  admirer of ,thomas ,hariot1 the 
first historian of ,virginia1 the friend
  of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 the         
companion of ,henry ,percy1 and the     
,benefactor  of ,mankind4      ,,the    
,,will of ,,thomas ,,hariot    ,recorded
 in the ,archdeaconry ,court of ,london 
,,in ,,the ,,name ,,of    ,,god ,amen ye
 nine and twentieth daie of june1 in the

 yeare of or ,lord  ,god #afba ,and in  
ye yeares of the reigne of or           
,soueraigne ,lord ,james by  the ,grace 
of ,god of ,england ,scotland ,fraunce  
,ireland ,kinge ,defender  of the       
,faythe  7that is to saie7 of ,england  
,fraunce  ,ireland the  nineteenth ,and 
of ,scotland the fower  fiftieth ,i     
,,thomas ,,harriot of  ,syon in the     
,county of ,midd ,gentleman being       
troubled in my bodie wth  infirmities4  
,but of pfecte minde  memorie ,laude    
prayse be giuen to  ,almightie ,god for 
the same doe make  ordayne this my last 
will and  testamt4 ,in manner and forme 
following 7viz7 ,first  principally ,i  
,comitte my ,soule in to the hands of   
,almighty ,god my maker and of his      
sonne ,jesus ,christe my ,redeemer of   
whose merritts by his grace wrought  in 
mee by the holy ,ghoste ,i doubte not   
but that ,i am made ptaker1 to  thend   
that ,i may enioye the ,kingdome of     
heaven ppared for the electe4  ,item my 
will is that if ,i die in ,londn that my

 bodie bee interred in  the same pishe  
,churche of the house where ,i lye the  
we ,i comitte to  the discrecon of my   
,executors hereafter named1 ,excepte    
taking the  advise and direccon of the  
right honorable my very good ,lord the  
,,earle  ,,of ,,northumberland if it bee
 his pleasure to haue me buryed at      
,ilseworth  in ye ,county of ,midd ,and 
if it be the pleasure of ,god that ,i   
die at  ,syon ,i doe ordayne that my    
buriall bee at ye said ,churche of      
,ilseworth  w'out question ,item ,i will
  bequeath vnto the aforesaid ,earle    
,one  wooden ,boxe full or neere full of
 drawne ,mappes standing nowe at the    
,northeast windowe of that ,roome wch is
 ,called the plor at my house in  ,syon1
 ,and if it pleaseth his ,lorpp to haue 
anie other ,mappes or ,chartes  drawne  
by hand or printed ,or anie ,bookes or  
other thinges that ,i haue ,i  desire my
 ,extors that hee may haue them         
according to his pleasure at  reasonable
 rates excepte my ,mathematicall papers 

in anie other sorte  then is here after 
menconed ,excepting alsoe some other    
thinges giuen  away in ,legacies        
hereafter alsoe specified ,item ,i      
bequeath vnto the  right honorable ,sr  
,,robert ,,sydney ,,knight ,,vicount    
,,lisle1 ,one ,boxe of  papers being    
nowe vppon the table in my ,library at  
,syon1 conteyning  fiue quires of paper1
 more or lesse wch were written by the  
last ,lord  ,harrington1 and ,coppyed   
out of some of my ,mathematicall papers 
for his  instrucon ,alsoe ,i doe        
acknowledge that ,i haue two newe greate
 globes  wch haue ,cous of ,leather the 
wch ,i borrowed of the said ,,lord      
,,lisle ,and  my will is that they bee  
restored vnto him againe ,item ,i giue  
vnto ,,john  ,,protheroe of             
,hawkesbrooke in the ,countie of        
,carmarthen ,esquier ,one  furnace wth  
his apputnnce out of the ,north         
,clossett of my ,library at  ,syon4     
,item ,i giue vnto ,,nathaniell         
,t,h,o,r,p,e,r,l,e,yof ,salwarpe in the 

,countie  of ,worcester ,clarke ,one    
other furnace wth his apputnnce out of  
the same  ,clossett4 ,item ,i glue vnto 
my servaunte ,,christopher ,,tooke one  
other  furnace wth his apputennce out of
 the same ,clossett ,alsoe ,i glue to   
him  an other furnace out of the ,south 
,clossett of my said ,lybrarie ,item ,i 
give and bequeath vnto ,mris ,,buckner  
wife vnto ,,thomas ,,buckner ,mercer at 
whose house being in ,st ,christophers  
pishe ,i nowe lye1 and hereafter        
nominated one of my ,executors the some 
of fiffteene poundes towards the        
repacons of some damages that ,i haue   
made1 or for other vses as shee  shall  
thincke ,convenient' ,item ,i giue vnto 
,mr ,,john ,,buckner theire  eldest     
sonne the some of fiue poundes ,item ,i 
giue  bequeath vnto my  ,cozen ,,thomas 
,,yates my sisters sonne fifty poundes  
towardes the paiemt4  of his debte and  
not otherwise1 ,but if his debt doe fall
 out to be  lesse then fifty poundes    
then the residue to remayne to himselfe 

,item  to ,,john ,,harriott ,late       
servaunte to ,mr ,doleman of ,shawe     
neere ,newbury n  ,barkeshire and being 
the sonne of my vnckle ,john ,harriotte 
but nowe  married and dwelling in       
,churche peene about a ,myle westward   
from the  said ,shawe1 ,i doe giue and  
bequeath fifty poundes ,item ,i giue and
  bequeath vnto ,,christopher ,,tooke my
 foresaid servaunte one hundred         
poundes4 ,item ,i giue  bequeath vnto   
myservaunte ,,john ,,sheller fiue       
poundes more then the forty shillinges  
wch ,i haue of his in  ,custodie1being  
money given vnto him at sevall tymes by 
my frends wch in  all is seauen poundes 
to bee imployed for his vse according to
 the  discrecon of my ,executors for ye 
placing of him wth an other ,master     
,item ,i giue and bequeath to ,,joane my
 servaunte fiue poundes more then  her  
wages4 ,item ,i giue and bequeath vnto  
my svaunte ,,jane wch serveth  vnder the
 said ,,jone fortie shillinges more then
 her wages wch wages is  twenty         

shillinges by yeare ,item ,i giue and   
bequeath to my auncient  svaunte        
,,christopher ,,kellett a ,lymning      
paynter dwelling neare  ,petty,fraunce  
in ,westminster fiue poundes ,item to my
 aincient servaunte  ,,joane wife to    
,paule ,chapman dwelling in ,brayneford 
end ,i bequeath  fortie shillinges4     
,item ,i giue vnto the aforesaid ,,earle
 ,,of  ,,northumberland my two pspectiue
 trunckes wherewth ,i vse espetially to 
see ,venus horned like the ,moone and   
the ,spout in the ,sonne ,the glasses   
of wch trunckes ,i desire to haue       
remooved into two other of the fayrest  
trunckes by my said servaunte           
,,christopher ,,tooke ,item ,i bequeath 
vnto  euyone of my ,executors           
hereafterwards to be named1 ,one        
pspectiue  truncke a peece of the best  
glasses1 and ye fayrest trunckes1 as my 
said servaunte ,can best fitt to theire 
liking ,item ,i giue vnto my said       
servaunte ,,christopher ,,tooke the     
residue of my ,cases of pspectiue       

trunckes wth the other glasses of his   
owne making fitted for pspectiue        
trunckes 7excepting two great longe     
trunckes ,consisting of many ptes  wch  
,i giue vnto the said ,,earle ,,of      
,,northumberland to remayne in his      
,library for such vses as they may be   
put vnto1 ,alsoe ,i bequeath the  dishes
 of iron ,called by the spectacle makers
 tooles to grinde  spectacles1 and other
 pspectiue glasses for trunckes vnto my 
foresaid  servaunte ,,christopher       
,,tooke1 ,item ,concerninge my debts1 ,i
 doe  acknowledg that at this psente ,i 
doe owe moneyes to ,monseir ,mayornes a 
,potycarie ,more to ,mr ,wheately a     
,potticary dwelling neare the ,stockes  
at  the ,east end of ,cheapeside ,item  
to my ,brewer dwelling at ,braynford end
  ,item to ,mr ,john ,bill ,staconer for
 ,bookes ,the some of the debte to all  
fower before meneoned ,i thincke and    
,judge not to bee much more or lesse    
then forty poundes4 ,item ,i doe        
acknowledge to owe vnto ,mr ,christopher

  ,ingram keeper of the house of ,syon  
for the aforesaid ,,earle ,,of          
,,northumberland ,three thousand sixe   
hundred of ,billett wch ,i desire to  be
 repayed vnto him ,item ,i doe          
acknowledge that ,i haue some written   
,coppies to the number of twelue or     
fowerteene 7more or lesse7 lent vnto  me
 by ,thomas ,allen of ,gloster ,hall in 
,oxford ,m of ,artes vnto whome ,i      
desire my ,executors hereafter named to 
restore them safely according to  the   
noate that hee shall deliu of them 7,i  
doubting whether ,i haue anie  true     
noate of them my selfe7 ,item ,i make   
,constitute and ordayne theise  fowre   
following my ,executors ,namely the     
aforesaid ,sr ,,robert ,,sidney         
,,knight ,,viscount ,,lysle 7if his     
,lopp may take soe many paynes in my    
behalfe7 ,also ,,john ,,protheroe of    
,hawkesbrooke in the ,county of         
,carmarthen ,esquio ,alsoe ,,thomas     
,,alesbury of ,westminster ,esquior     
,lastly  ,,thomas ,,buckner ,mercer     

dwelling in ,st ,xpofers pishe in ,lond 
not farre  from ye ,royall ,exchainge   
vnto wch ,executors ,i giue full power  
aucty  to vse theire owne discrecons in 
paying theire ,charges in my behalfe    
out of the rest of my good ,and if my   
,bookes wth other goods doe in  value   
,come to more then ,i haue afore        
supposed ,first ,i desire them to       
bestowe soe much vppon ye poore not     
exceeding twenty poundes as they  shall 
thincke ,convenient somee pte whereof ,i
 giue vnto the poore of the  hospitall  
in ,christes ,churche in ,lond1 ,some   
pte vnto the said pishe of  ,st ,xpofors
 where ,i nowe lye1 and some pte wch ,i 
would haue the greater7  vnto the poore 
of the pshe of ,isleworth neere ,syon in
 the ,countie of  ,midd ,secondly out of
 the said residue of my good1 my will   
is1 ,that the  said ,executors take some
 pte thereof for theire owne vses       
according to  theire discretions ,lastly
 my will and desire is that they bestowe
 the  value of the rest vppon ,sr       

,thomas ,bodleyes ,library in ,oxford1  
or imploy  it to such ,charitable  pious
 vses as they shall thincke best ,item  
my  will and desire is that ,robert     
,hughes gentleman and nowe attendant    
vppon th'afore said ,,earle ,,of        
,,northumberland for matters of         
,learning bee  an ouseer at the prizing 
of my ,bookes1 and some other thinges as
 my  ,executors and hee shall agree vnto
 ,item ,i ordayne and ,constitute the   
aforesaid ,,nathaniell ,,thorperley     
first to be ,ouseer of my ,mathematicall
  ,writinges to be receiued of my       
,executors to pvse and order and to     
sepate the ,cheife of them from my waste
 papers1 to the end that after  hee doth
 vnderstand them hee may make vse in    
penninge such doctrine  that belonges   
vnto them for publique vses as it shall 
be thought  ,convenient by my ,executors
 and him selfe ,and if it happen that   
some  manner of ,notacons or writinges  
of the said papers shall not be         
vnderstood by him then my desire is that

 it will please him to ,conferre  wth   
,mr ,warner or ,mr ,hughes ,attendants  
on the aforesaid ,earle ,concerning  the
 aforesaid doubte4 ,and if hee be not   
resolued by either of them ,that  then  
hee ,conferre wth the aforesaid ,,john  
,,protheroe ,esquior or the  aforesaid  
,,thomas ,,alesbury ,esquior4 7,i hoping
 that some or other of the  aforesaid   
fower last nominated can resolue him7   
,and when hee hath had  the vse of the  
said papers see longe as my ,executors  
and hee have  agreed for the vse afore  
said ,that then he deliu them againe    
vnto my  ,executors to be putt into a   
,convenient ,truncke with a locke  key  
and  to be placed in my ,lord of        
,northumberlandes ,library and the key  
thereof  to be delifted into his        
,lordpps hands ,and if at anie tyme     
after my  ,executors or the afore said  
,,nathaniell ,,thorperley shall agayne  
desire  the vse of some or all of the   
said ,mathematicall paps ,that then it  
will  please the said ,earle to lett    

anie of the aforesaid to haue them for  
theire vse soe long as shall be thought 
,convenient1 and afterwards to  be      
restored agayne vnto the ,truncke in the
 afore said ,earle's ,library  ,secondly
 my will  desire is that the said       
,,nathaniell ,,thorperley be  alsoe     
,ouseere of other written bookes  papers
 as my ,executors and hee  shall thincke
 ,convenient4 ,item ,whereas ,i haue    
diuers waste papers 7of  wch some are in
 a ,canvas bagge7 of my ,accompte to ,sr
 ,walter ,rawley for  all wch ,i haue   
discharges or acquitances lying in some 
boxes or other  my desire is that they  
may bee all burnte4 ,alsoe there is an  
other  ,canvas bagge of papers          
concerning ,irishe ,accompt 7the psons  
whome they  ,concerne are dead many     
yeares since in the raigne of queene    
,elizabeth  wch ,i desire alsoe may be  
burnte as likewise many ,idle paps and  
,cancelled ,deedes wch are good for noe 
vse ,item ,i revoake all former  wills  
by mee heretofore made saue onely this  

my pnte last will and  ,testament wch ,i
 will shalbe in all thinges effectually 
and truely  pformed according to the    
tenor and true meaning of the same ,in  
witnes  whereof ,i the afore said       
,,thomas ,,harriott haue to this my     
psent last  will  ,testament put my hand
  scale yeouen the daie and yeare first 
aboue written ,,tho 3 ,,harriotts4      
,sealed a published and deliued by ye   
wthin named ,,thomas ,,harriott for  and
 as his last will  ,testamt the daie    
yeares wthin written in the  pfice of vs
 ,,immanuell ,,bowrne ,,will3 ,,futter1 
,scr3  ,,tho 3 ,,alford ,svte to  the   
said scr    ,probatum fuit hfnoi ,testum
 sexto die mensis ,julij ,anno ,dni     
#afba4 ,coram  venli viro ,,richardo    
,,clarke legum ,dcore ,surto ,dni       
,offitis c 4 jurio  ,,thome ,,ailesburie
 et ,,thome ,,buckner duorum ,extorum c 
quibus c de bene  c saluo jure c        
,resrvata tamen ptate similem           
,comissionem faciendi ,dno  ,,roberto   
,,sidney militi et ,,johanni ,,prothero 

armigero alteris ,extoribus c  ,cum     
venerint eandem in debita ,juris forma  
petituri4 ,pro ,inveno ,,andree  prox c4
 ,concordat cum ,originali fca exaicoe  
pnos ,,hen3 ,,durham ,norium  ,pubcm    
,,ra3 ,,byrde    ,from the certified    
copy filed in the ,probate ,registry in 
,somerset  ,house1 which has been       
collated with the copy registered1      
,arch4 ,lond4  #afah-afbf_/g1 ,folio    
#ga4 ,the differences in spelling1      
punctuation etc4  are numerous but      
unimportant4            ,,end